doc_id sent_index relation_id relation trigger trigger_offset arg_num arg_head arg_protein arg_domain arg_site arg_sugar arg_head_offset arg_base_np arg_base_np_offset arg_np arg_np_offset sent_text 32117864 11 0 gly glycosites 2012:2021 arg2 glycosites 2012:2021 all glycosites 2008:2021 all glycosites 2008:2021 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 1 from detrimental 2135:2145 arg1 cells 2177:2181 advanced cancer and cancer cells 2150:2181 advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation 2150:2237 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 13 2 theme sialic 2532:2537 arg1 acid 2539:2542 sialic acid 2532:2542 sialic acid 2532:2542 These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 3 3 theme breast 507:512 arg1 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 3 theme breast 507:512 arg1 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 3 theme breast 507:512 arg1 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 3 theme breast 507:512 arg1 lines 519:523 three human breast cell lines 495:523 three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) 495:555 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 9 4 theme sialylation 1647:1657 arg1 status 1659:1664 sialylation status 1647:1664 sialylation status 1647:1664 The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. 32117864 3 5 theme cell 514:517 arg1 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 5 theme cell 514:517 arg1 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 5 theme cell 514:517 arg1 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 5 theme cell 514:517 arg1 lines 519:523 three human breast cell lines 495:523 three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) 495:555 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 8 6 theme category-protein 1338:1353 arg1 chaperones-was 1363:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was 1330:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent 1330:1412 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 10 7 theme glycoengineered 1717:1731 arg1 cells 1740:1744 metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1703:1744 metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1703:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 5 8 from classes 1004:1010 arg1 cells 1053:1057 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1027:1057 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1027:1057 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 11 9 from MCF10A 1992:1997 arg1 minor 1979:1983 minor 1979:1983 minor 1979:1983 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 8 10 gly glycosylation 1437:1449 arg1 proteins 1476:1483 these proteins 1470:1483 these proteins 1470:1483 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 8 11 from role 1429:1432 arg1 activity 1458:1465 the activity 1454:1465 the activity of these proteins 1454:1483 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 4 12 gly sialoglycosites 880:894 arg2 sialoglycosites 880:894 "sialoglycosites 879:894 "sialoglycosites 879:894 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 13 13 from roles 2523:2527 arg1 oncogenesis 2547:2557 oncogenesis 2547:2557 oncogenesis 2547:2557 These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 5 14 dep ontology 903:910 arg1 GO 913:914 GO 913:914 GO 913:914 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 5 15 from proteins 1015:1022 arg1 cells 1053:1057 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1027:1057 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1027:1057 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 4 16 gly glycopeptides 849:861 arg2 glycopeptides 849:861 sialic acid-containing glycopeptides 826:861 sialic acid-containing glycopeptides 826:861 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 0 17 theme Cancer 124:129 arg1 Progression 131:141 Cancer Progression 124:141 Cancer Progression 124:141 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 8 18 theme third 1332:1336 arg1 chaperones-was 1363:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was 1330:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent 1330:1412 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 11 19 theme MDA-MB-231 2068:2077 arg1 line 2079:2082 the MDA-MB-231 line 2064:2082 the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) 2064:2089 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 19 theme MDA-MB-231 2068:2077 arg1 % 2088:2088 ~60% 2085:2088 ~60% 2085:2088 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 10 20 theme increased 1835:1843 arg1 levels 1859:1864 the increased intracellular levels 1831:1864 the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1831:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 6 21 theme greater 1195:1201 arg1 changes 1173:1179 two or more sialylation changes 1149:1179 two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater 1149:1201 Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). 32117864 4 22 theme solid 701:705 arg1 SPEG 742:745 SPEG 742:745 SPEG 742:745 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 4 22 theme solid 701:705 arg1 extraction 713:722 solid phase extraction 701:722 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 3 23 theme " 593:593 arg1 precursor 605:613 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 581:613 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 581:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 23 theme " 593:593 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 562:578 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 562:578 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 562:578 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 9 24 theme flux-responsive 1497:1511 arg1 proteins 1513:1520 The highly flux-responsive proteins 1486:1520 The highly flux-responsive proteins 1486:1520 The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. 32117864 11 25 theme cancer 2170:2175 arg1 cells 2177:2181 advanced cancer and cancer cells 2150:2181 advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation 2150:2237 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 6 26 theme 10-fold 1184:1190 arg1 changes 1173:1179 two or more sialylation changes 1149:1179 two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater 1149:1201 Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). 32117864 1 27 theme sialyltransferases 325:342 arg1 expression 311:320 the expression 307:320 the expression of sialyltransferases (STs) 307:348 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 3 28 theme high 584:587 arg1 " 593:593 a "high flux" 581:593 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 581:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 11 29 theme cancer 2159:2164 arg1 cells 2177:2181 advanced cancer and cancer cells 2150:2181 advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation 2150:2237 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 0 30 theme Sialylation 72:82 arg1 Protein- 12:19 Protein- 12:19 Protein- 12:19 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 0 30 theme Sialylation 72:82 arg1 Line- 5:9 Cell Line- 0:9 Cell Line- 0:9 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 0 30 theme Sialylation 72:82 arg1 Control 50:56 Sialoglycosite-Specific Control 26:56 Sialoglycosite-Specific Control 26:56 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 5 31 theme ontology 903:910 arg1 analysis 917:924 Gene ontology (GO) analysis 898:924 Gene ontology (GO) analysis 898:924 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 0 32 theme Human 87:91 arg1 Cells 100:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 11 33 theme glycosites 2012:2021 arg1 % 2003:2003 <25% 2000:2003 <25% of all glycosites 2000:2021 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 33 theme glycosites 2012:2021 arg1 glycosites 2012:2021 all glycosites 2008:2021 all glycosites 2008:2021 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 10 34 theme notable 1669:1675 arg1 sialylation 1760:1770 decreased sialylation 1750:1770 decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1750:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 34 theme notable 1669:1675 arg1 aspect 1677:1682 A notable aspect 1667:1682 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1667:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 4 35 theme mass 748:751 arg1 proteomics 772:781 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 2 36 theme complementary 381:393 arg1 impact 395:400 the complementary impact 377:400 the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation 377:433 In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. 32117864 4 37 gly glycopeptides 727:739 arg2 glycopeptides 727:739 glycopeptides 727:739 glycopeptides 727:739 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 7 38 theme acid 1309:1312 arg1 roles 1293:1297 well-known roles 1282:1297 well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis 1282:1327 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 4 39 theme extraction 713:722 arg1 proteomics 772:781 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 0 40 theme Cell 0:3 arg1 Line- 5:9 Cell Line- 0:9 Cell Line- 0:9 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 9 41 theme tumor 1565:1569 arg1 suppressors 1571:1581 tumor suppressors 1565:1581 tumor suppressors 1565:1581 The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. 32117864 11 42 theme excess 2107:2112 arg1 acid 2121:2124 excess sialic acid 2107:2124 excess sialic acid 2107:2124 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 12 43 theme oncoproteins 2409:2420 arg1 activities 2383:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities 2345:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2345:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 4 44 theme glycopeptides 727:739 arg1 SPEG 742:745 SPEG 742:745 SPEG 742:745 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 4 44 theme glycopeptides 727:739 arg1 extraction 713:722 solid phase extraction 701:722 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 9 45 theme other 1584:1588 arg1 times 1590:1594 other times 1584:1594 other times as proto-oncogenes 1584:1613 The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. 32117864 2 46 theme flux 415:418 arg1 impact 395:400 the complementary impact 377:400 the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation 377:433 In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. 32117864 3 47 dep lines 519:523 arg1 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 47 dep lines 519:523 arg1 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 47 dep lines 519:523 arg1 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 47 dep lines 519:523 arg1 lines 519:523 three human breast cell lines 495:523 three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) 495:555 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 7 48 theme well-known 1282:1291 arg1 roles 1293:1297 well-known roles 1282:1297 well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis 1282:1327 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 10 49 gly sialylation 1760:1770 arg1 subset 1777:1782 a subset 1775:1782 a subset 1775:1782 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 49 gly sialylation 1760:1770 arg1 unexpected 1809:1818 unexpected 1809:1818 unexpected 1809:1818 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 50 theme intracellular 1845:1857 arg1 levels 1859:1864 the increased intracellular levels 1831:1864 the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1831:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 4 51 theme sialic 826:831 arg1 glycopeptides 849:861 sialic acid-containing glycopeptides 826:861 sialic acid-containing glycopeptides 826:861 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 0 52 theme Sialoglycosite-Specific 26:48 arg1 Control 50:56 Sialoglycosite-Specific Control 26:56 Sialoglycosite-Specific Control 26:56 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 9 53 attach linked 1531:1536 arg2 proteins 1513:1520 The highly flux-responsive proteins 1486:1520 The highly flux-responsive proteins 1486:1520 The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. 32117864 9 53 attach linked 1531:1536 arg1 cancer 1541:1546 cancer 1541:1546 cancer 1541:1546 The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. 32117864 10 54 theme blocks 1895:1900 arg1 levels 1859:1864 the increased intracellular levels 1831:1864 the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1831:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 6 55 dep " 1127:1127 arg1 defined 1138:1144 defined 1138:1144 defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater 1138:1201 Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). 32117864 7 56 from roles 1293:1297 arg1 oncogenesis 1317:1327 oncogenesis 1317:1327 oncogenesis 1317:1327 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 6 57 theme responsive 1117:1126 arg1 " 1127:1127 "highly responsive" 1109:1127 "highly responsive" to flux 1109:1135 Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). 32117864 12 58 theme context-dependent 2345:2361 arg1 activities 2383:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities 2345:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2345:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 3 59 theme acid 630:633 arg1 pathway 648:654 the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 619:654 the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 619:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 10 60 theme cells 1740:1744 arg1 analysis 1691:1698 our analysis 1687:1698 our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1687:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 7 61 theme cell 1234:1237 arg1 signaling 1239:1247 cell signaling 1234:1247 cell signaling 1234:1247 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 10 62 theme 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated 1910:1934 arg1 cells 1936:1940 the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1906:1940 the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1906:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 3 63 theme human 501:505 arg1 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 T-47D 534:538 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 63 theme human 501:505 arg1 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 MDA-MB-231 545:554 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 63 theme human 501:505 arg1 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 MCF10A 526:531 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 63 theme human 501:505 arg1 lines 519:523 three human breast cell lines 495:523 three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) 495:555 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 1 64 theme glycoproteins 246:258 arg1 longevity 233:241 longevity 233:241 longevity 233:241 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 1 64 theme glycoproteins 246:258 arg1 structure 208:216 structure 208:216 structure 208:216 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 1 64 theme glycoproteins 246:258 arg1 activity 219:226 activity 219:226 activity 219:226 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 7 65 theme categories 1218:1227 arg1 Two 1205:1207 Two 1205:1207 Two 1205:1207 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 7 65 theme categories 1218:1227 arg1 categories 1218:1227 these categories 1212:1227 these categories 1212:1227 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 13 66 theme acid 2539:2542 arg1 roles 2523:2527 novel roles 2517:2527 novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis 2517:2557 These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 11 67 theme T-47D 2028:2032 arg1 cells 2041:2045 the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells 1988:2045 cells 2041:2045 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 67 theme T-47D 2028:2032 arg1 % 2038:2038 <15% 2035:2038 <15% 2035:2038 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 6 68 theme sialylation 1161:1171 arg1 changes 1173:1179 two or more sialylation changes 1149:1179 two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater 1149:1201 Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). 32117864 10 69 theme decreased 1750:1758 arg1 sialylation 1760:1770 decreased sialylation 1750:1770 decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1750:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 69 theme decreased 1750:1758 arg1 aspect 1677:1682 A notable aspect 1667:1682 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1667:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 1 70 theme post-translational 159:176 arg1 Sialylation 144:154 Sialylation 144:154 Sialylation 144:154 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 1 70 theme post-translational 159:176 arg1 modification 178:189 a post-translational modification 157:189 a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins 157:258 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 4 71 theme acid-containing 833:847 arg1 glycopeptides 849:861 sialic acid-containing glycopeptides 826:861 sialic acid-containing glycopeptides 826:861 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 13 72 theme novel 2517:2521 arg1 roles 2523:2527 novel roles 2517:2527 novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis 2517:2557 These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 10 73 theme glycosites 1787:1796 arg1 subset 1777:1782 a subset 1775:1782 a subset 1775:1782 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 73 theme glycosites 1787:1796 arg1 unexpected 1809:1818 unexpected 1809:1818 unexpected 1809:1818 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 12 74 theme flux-driven 2252:2262 arg1 changes 2264:2270 flux-driven changes 2252:2270 flux-driven changes to sialylation 2252:2285 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 10 75 theme subset 1777:1782 arg1 sialylation 1760:1770 decreased sialylation 1750:1770 decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1750:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 75 theme subset 1777:1782 arg1 aspect 1677:1682 A notable aspect 1667:1682 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1667:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 5 76 from cells 1053:1057 arg1 classes 1004:1010 classes 1004:1010 classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1004:1057 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 8 77 theme glycosylation 1437:1449 arg1 role 1429:1432 the role 1425:1432 the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins 1425:1483 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 11 78 from minor 1979:1983 arg1 MCF10A 1992:1997 the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells 1988:2045 MCF10A 1992:1997 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 78 from minor 1979:1983 arg1 line 2079:2082 the MDA-MB-231 line 2064:2082 the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) 2064:2089 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 78 from minor 1979:1983 arg1 % 2088:2088 ~60% 2085:2088 ~60% 2085:2088 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 13 79 theme metabolic 2478:2486 arg1 glycoengineering 2488:2503 metabolic glycoengineering 2478:2503 metabolic glycoengineering 2478:2503 These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 12 80 theme novel 2311:2315 arg1 mechanism 2317:2325 an intriguing and novel mechanism 2293:2325 an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2293:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 11 81 from line 2079:2082 arg1 minor 1979:1983 minor 1979:1983 minor 1979:1983 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 82 theme sialylation 1962:1972 arg1 Sites 1943:1947 Sites 1943:1947 Sites of decreased sialylation 1943:1972 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 82 theme sialylation 1962:1972 arg1 sialylation 1962:1972 decreased sialylation 1952:1972 decreased sialylation 1952:1972 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 4 83 theme N-glycan 674:681 arg1 sialylation 683:693 N-glycan sialylation 674:693 N-glycan sialylation 674:693 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 3 84 theme flux 589:592 arg1 " 593:593 a "high flux" 581:593 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 581:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 8 85 theme proteins 1476:1483 arg1 activity 1458:1465 the activity 1454:1465 the activity of these proteins 1454:1483 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 0 86 theme Flux-Based 61:70 arg1 Sialylation 72:82 Flux-Based Sialylation 61:82 Flux-Based Sialylation 61:82 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 0 87 from Protein- 12:19 arg1 Cells 100:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 5 88 theme Gene 898:901 arg1 ontology 903:910 Gene ontology 898:910 Gene ontology (GO) analysis 898:924 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 0 89 from Line- 5:9 arg1 Cells 100:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 10 90 theme building 1886:1893 arg1 blocks 1895:1900 sialometabolite "building blocks 1869:1900 sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1869:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 12 91 theme intriguing 2296:2305 arg1 mechanism 2317:2325 an intriguing and novel mechanism 2293:2325 an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2293:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 0 92 theme Breast 93:98 arg1 Cells 100:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 0 93 from Control 50:56 arg1 Cells 100:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Human Breast Cells 87:104 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 11 94 dep MCF10A 1992:1997 arg1 % 2003:2003 <25% 2000:2003 <25% of all glycosites 2000:2021 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 94 dep MCF10A 1992:1997 arg1 glycosites 2012:2021 all glycosites 2008:2021 all glycosites 2008:2021 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 7 95 theme sialic 1302:1307 arg1 acid 1309:1312 sialic acid 1302:1312 sialic acid 1302:1312 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 1 96 gly glycoproteins 246:258 arg1 glycoproteins 246:258 glycoproteins 246:258 glycoproteins 246:258 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 6 97 theme proteins 1085:1092 arg1 categories 1071:1080 Only three categories 1060:1080 Only three categories of proteins 1060:1092 Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). 32117864 11 98 from cells 2177:2181 arg1 detrimental 2135:2145 detrimental 2135:2145 detrimental 2135:2145 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 4 99 theme phase 707:711 arg1 SPEG 742:745 SPEG 742:745 SPEG 742:745 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 4 99 theme phase 707:711 arg1 extraction 713:722 solid phase extraction 701:722 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 10 100 gly glycosites 1787:1796 arg2 glycosites 1787:1796 glycosites 1787:1796 glycosites 1787:1796 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 5 101 theme flux-based 938:947 arg1 changes 949:955 flux-based changes 938:955 flux-based changes to sialylation 938:970 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 11 102 theme sialic 2114:2119 arg1 acid 2121:2124 excess sialic acid 2107:2124 excess sialic acid 2107:2124 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 10 103 theme sialometabolite 1869:1883 arg1 blocks 1895:1900 sialometabolite "building blocks 1869:1900 sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1869:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 8 104 theme folding 1355:1361 arg1 chaperones-was 1363:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was 1330:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent 1330:1412 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 2 105 theme metabolic 405:413 arg1 flux 415:418 metabolic flux 405:418 metabolic flux 405:418 In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. 32117864 5 106 theme proteins 1015:1022 arg1 classes 1004:1010 classes 1004:1010 classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1004:1057 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 11 107 theme advanced 2150:2157 arg1 cancer 2159:2164 advanced cancer 2150:2164 advanced cancer 2150:2164 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 11 108 dep cells 2177:2181 arg1 evolve 2187:2192 evolve 2187:2192 can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation 2183:2237 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 3 109 theme metabolic 595:603 arg1 precursor 605:613 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 581:613 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 581:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 3 109 theme metabolic 595:603 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 562:578 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 562:578 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 562:578 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 8 110 theme unexpected 1378:1387 arg1 chaperones-was 1363:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was 1330:1376 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent 1330:1412 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 11 111 theme decreased 1952:1960 arg1 sialylation 1962:1972 decreased sialylation 1952:1972 decreased sialylation 1952:1972 Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. 32117864 5 112 theme 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated 1027:1051 arg1 cells 1053:1057 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1027:1057 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1027:1057 Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 7 113 theme cell 1253:1256 arg1 adhesion 1258:1265 cell adhesion 1253:1265 cell adhesion 1253:1265 Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. 32117864 2 114 theme glycoengineering 443:458 arg1 approach 460:467 a glycoengineering approach 441:467 a glycoengineering approach 441:467 In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. 32117864 12 115 theme several 2401:2407 arg1 oncoproteins 2409:2420 the several oncoproteins 2397:2420 the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2397:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 3 116 theme biosynthetic 635:646 arg1 pathway 648:654 the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 619:654 the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 619:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 8 117 theme little 1397:1402 arg1 precedent 1404:1412 little precedent 1397:1412 little precedent 1397:1412 A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. 32117864 10 118 theme analysis 1691:1698 arg1 sialylation 1760:1770 decreased sialylation 1750:1770 decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells 1750:1940 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 10 118 theme analysis 1691:1698 arg1 aspect 1677:1682 A notable aspect 1667:1682 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1667:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 32117864 12 119 theme pro- 2363:2366 arg1 activities 2383:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities 2345:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2345:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 3 120 theme sialic 623:628 arg1 pathway 648:654 the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 619:654 the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway 619:654 Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. 32117864 4 121 theme spectrometry-based 753:770 arg1 proteomics 772:781 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics 701:781 We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." 32117864 0 122 dep Line- 5:9 arg1 Implications 107:118 Implications 107:118 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 0:142 Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. 32117864 2 123 from impact 395:400 arg1 sialylation 423:433 sialylation 423:433 sialylation 423:433 In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. 32117864 12 124 theme anti-cancer 2371:2381 arg1 activities 2383:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities 2345:2392 context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study 2345:2445 In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. 32117864 1 125 dep structure 208:216 arg1 the 204:206 the 204:206 the 204:206 Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). 32117864 10 126 theme breast 1733:1738 arg1 cells 1740:1744 metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1703:1744 metabolically glycoengineered breast cells 1703:1744 A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. 35076459 1 0 theme derivative 76:85 arg1 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 0 theme derivative 76:85 arg1 chitosan 87:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 0 theme derivative 76:85 arg1 polysaccharides 106:120 amino polysaccharides 100:120 amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...] 100:197 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 1 theme interest 131:138 arg1 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 1 theme interest 131:138 arg1 chitosan 87:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 1 theme interest 131:138 arg1 polysaccharides 106:120 amino polysaccharides 100:120 amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...] 100:197 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 2 theme technological 168:180 arg1 properties 182:191 their biological and technological properties 147:191 their biological and technological properties 147:191 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 0 3 theme Chitin- 0:6 arg1 Materials 37:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials 0:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials 0:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials. 35076459 1 4 theme amino 100:104 arg1 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 4 theme amino 100:104 arg1 chitosan 87:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 4 theme amino 100:104 arg1 polysaccharides 106:120 amino polysaccharides 100:120 amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...] 100:197 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 0 5 theme Composite 27:35 arg1 Materials 37:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials 0:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials 0:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials. 35076459 1 6 theme deacetylated 63:74 arg1 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin 48:53 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 6 theme deacetylated 63:74 arg1 chitosan 87:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 its deacetylated derivative chitosan 59:94 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 6 theme deacetylated 63:74 arg1 polysaccharides 106:120 amino polysaccharides 100:120 amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...] 100:197 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 7 theme great 125:129 arg1 interest 131:138 great interest 125:138 great interest 125:138 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 1 8 theme biological 153:162 arg1 properties 182:191 their biological and technological properties 147:191 their biological and technological properties 147:191 Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are amino polysaccharides of great interest due to their biological and technological properties [...]. 35076459 0 9 theme Chitosan-Based 12:25 arg1 Materials 37:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials 0:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials 0:45 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Composite Materials. 33777525 16 0 dep CONCLUSION 2088:2097 arg1 serve 2152:2156 serve 2152:2156 could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties 2146:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 2 1 theme extracellular 343:355 arg1 matrix 357:362 the native extracellular matrix 332:362 the native extracellular matrix 332:362 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 6 2 theme mechanical 948:957 arg1 property 959:966 mechanical property 948:966 mechanical property 948:966 All hydrogels were evaluated for in vitro degradation property, swelling capacity, and mechanical property. 33777525 5 3 theme other 704:708 arg1 hydrogel 762:769 sodium alginate hydrogel 746:769 sodium alginate hydrogel 746:769 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 3 theme other 704:708 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 3 theme other 704:708 arg1 hydrogel 736:743 chitosan hydrogel 727:743 chitosan hydrogel 727:743 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 3 theme other 704:708 arg1 hydrogel 832:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 2 4 theme polysaccharides 301:315 arg1 blends 278:283 blends 278:283 blends of proteins and polysaccharides 278:315 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 12 5 theme composite 1454:1462 arg1 hydrogels 1464:1472 its composite hydrogels 1450:1472 its composite hydrogels 1450:1472 The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 7 6 dep hydrogels 1083:1091 arg1 embedded 1048:1055 embedded 1048:1055 embedded 1048:1055 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 9 7 theme immunofluorescence 1238:1255 arg1 staining 1257:1264 immunofluorescence staining 1238:1264 immunofluorescence staining 1238:1264 The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. 33777525 2 8 theme proteins 288:295 arg1 blends 278:283 blends 278:283 blends of proteins and polysaccharides 278:315 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 1 9 theme new 197:199 arg1 strategy 213:220 a new therapeutic strategy 195:220 a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs 195:250 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 6 10 theme swelling 925:932 arg1 capacity 934:941 swelling capacity 925:941 swelling capacity 925:941 All hydrogels were evaluated for in vitro degradation property, swelling capacity, and mechanical property. 33777525 16 11 theme tissue 2189:2194 arg1 engineering 2196:2206 tissue engineering 2189:2206 tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties 2189:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 15 12 theme hydrogel 1969:1976 arg1 strength 1953:1960 the low strength 1945:1960 the low strength of the hydrogel 1945:1976 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 1 13 theme damaged 226:232 arg1 tissues 234:240 tissues 234:240 tissues 234:240 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 9 14 from effects 1162:1168 arg1 adhesion 1208:1215 adhesion 1208:1215 adhesion 1208:1215 The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. 33777525 9 14 from effects 1162:1168 arg1 survival 1195:1202 ADSC survival 1190:1202 ADSC survival 1190:1202 The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. 33777525 5 15 theme alginate 753:760 arg1 hydrogel 762:769 sodium alginate hydrogel 746:769 sodium alginate hydrogel 746:769 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 15 theme alginate 753:760 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 4 16 dep component 616:624 arg1 alginate 639:646 alginate 639:646 alginate 639:646 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 4 16 dep component 616:624 arg1 chitosan 627:634 chitosan 627:634 chitosan 627:634 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 2 17 theme Scaffold 253:260 arg1 design 262:267 Scaffold design 253:267 Scaffold design 253:267 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 14 18 theme obvious 1788:1794 arg1 effects 1796:1802 obvious effects 1788:1802 obvious effects 1788:1802 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 15 19 theme low 1949:1951 arg1 strength 1953:1960 the low strength 1945:1960 the low strength of the hydrogel 1945:1976 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 13 20 theme composite 1629:1637 arg1 hydrogels 1639:1647 the composite hydrogels 1625:1647 the composite hydrogels 1625:1647 MTT assay results showed that ADSCs proliferated better on the composite hydrogels than on the chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 7 21 link adipose-derived 973:987 arg1 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 7 21 link adipose-derived 973:987 arg1 cells 1002:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells 969:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) 969:1014 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 5 22 theme chitosan 727:734 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 22 theme chitosan 727:734 arg1 hydrogel 736:743 chitosan hydrogel 727:743 chitosan hydrogel 727:743 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 23 theme gelatin 815:821 arg1 hydrogel 832:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 23 theme gelatin 815:821 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 1 24 theme materials 175:183 arg1 selection 153:161 the selection 149:161 the selection of scaffold materials 149:183 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 15 25 theme higher 2028:2033 arg1 modulus 2043:2049 higher elastic modulus 2028:2049 higher elastic modulus 2028:2049 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 10 26 theme tetrazolium 1315:1325 arg1 MTT 1336:1338 MTT 1336:1338 MTT 1336:1338 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 10 26 theme tetrazolium 1315:1325 arg1 bromide 1327:1333 blue tetrazolium bromide 1310:1333 thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 1300:1345 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 5 27 theme mTG/GA 824:829 arg1 hydrogel 832:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 27 theme mTG/GA 824:829 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 14 28 theme cell 1727:1730 arg1 staining 1745:1752 cell cytoskeleton staining 1727:1752 cell cytoskeleton staining 1727:1752 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 16 29 theme attractive 2161:2170 arg1 biomaterials 2172:2183 attractive biomaterials 2161:2183 attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties 2161:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 16 29 theme attractive 2161:2170 arg1 hydrogels 2136:2144 The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels 2099:2144 The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels 2099:2144 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 10 30 theme thiazolyl 1300:1308 arg1 assay 1341:1345 thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 1300:1345 thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 1300:1345 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 11 31 theme Cell 1356:1359 arg1 results 1377:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results showed that the five hydrogels are not cytotoxic. 33777525 2 32 theme tissue 409:414 arg1 engineering 416:426 tissue engineering 409:426 tissue engineering 409:426 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 5 33 theme microbial 776:784 arg1 hydrogel 832:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 33 theme microbial 776:784 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 14 34 theme Light 1694:1698 arg1 observation 1711:1721 Light microscope observation 1694:1721 Light microscope observation 1694:1721 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 7 35 theme stem 997:1000 arg1 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 7 35 theme stem 997:1000 arg1 cells 1002:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells 969:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) 969:1014 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 1 36 theme BACKGROUND 103:112 arg1 engineering 121:131 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering 103:131 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering 103:131 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 3 37 dep OBJECTIVE 429:437 arg1 aimed 450:454 aimed 450:454 aimed to construct composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering 450:536 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering. 33777525 13 38 theme assay 1570:1574 arg1 results 1576:1582 MTT assay results 1566:1582 MTT assay results 1566:1582 MTT assay results showed that ADSCs proliferated better on the composite hydrogels than on the chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 8 39 theme morphological 1098:1110 arg1 features 1112:1119 The morphological features 1094:1119 The morphological features of ADSCs 1094:1128 The morphological features of ADSCs were observed and recorded. 33777525 7 40 theme adipose-derived 973:987 arg1 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 7 40 theme adipose-derived 973:987 arg1 cells 1002:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells 969:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) 969:1014 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 15 41 theme alginate 1866:1873 arg1 hydrogels 1875:1883 alginate hydrogels 1866:1883 alginate hydrogels 1866:1883 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 15 42 with hydrogels 2013:2021 arg1 modulus 2043:2049 higher elastic modulus 2028:2049 higher elastic modulus 2028:2049 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 3 43 theme composite 469:477 arg1 hydrogels 479:487 composite hydrogels 469:487 composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering 469:536 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering. 33777525 0 44 theme gelatin-polysaccharide 36:57 arg1 composite 59:67 gelatin-polysaccharide composite 36:67 gelatin-polysaccharide composite 36:67 Preparation and characterization of gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels for tissue engineering. 33777525 6 45 theme degradation 903:913 arg1 property 915:922 in vitro degradation property 894:922 in vitro degradation property 894:922 All hydrogels were evaluated for in vitro degradation property, swelling capacity, and mechanical property. 33777525 16 46 theme gelatin-polysaccharide 2103:2124 arg1 biomaterials 2172:2183 attractive biomaterials 2161:2183 attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties 2161:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 16 46 theme gelatin-polysaccharide 2103:2124 arg1 hydrogels 2136:2144 The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels 2099:2144 The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels 2099:2144 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 0 47 theme tissue 83:88 arg1 engineering 90:100 tissue engineering 83:100 tissue engineering 83:100 Preparation and characterization of gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels for tissue engineering. 33777525 6 48 theme in 894:895 arg1 property 915:922 in vitro degradation property 894:922 in vitro degradation property 894:922 All hydrogels were evaluated for in vitro degradation property, swelling capacity, and mechanical property. 33777525 9 49 theme hydrogels 1177:1185 arg1 effects 1162:1168 The effects 1158:1168 The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion 1158:1215 The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. 33777525 3 50 theme natural 498:504 arg1 polymers 506:513 natural polymers 498:513 natural polymers for tissue engineering 498:536 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering. 33777525 7 51 theme Rat 969:971 arg1 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 7 51 theme Rat 969:971 arg1 cells 1002:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells 969:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) 969:1014 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 9 52 theme ADSC 1190:1193 arg1 survival 1195:1202 ADSC survival 1190:1202 ADSC survival 1190:1202 The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. 33777525 4 53 dep crosslinked 687:697 arg1 enzyme 680:685 enzyme 680:685 enzyme 680:685 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 12 54 theme higher 1481:1486 arg1 moduli 1500:1505 higher compressive moduli 1481:1505 higher compressive moduli 1481:1505 The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 10 55 theme Cell 1267:1270 arg1 proliferation 1272:1284 Cell proliferation 1267:1284 Cell proliferation 1267:1284 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 12 56 theme single-component 1516:1531 arg1 chitosan 1533:1540 chitosan 1533:1540 chitosan 1533:1540 The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 4 57 theme polysaccharide 601:614 arg1 component 616:624 a polysaccharide component 599:624 a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) 599:647 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 13 58 theme chitosan 1661:1668 arg1 hydrogels 1683:1691 the chitosan and alginate hydrogels 1657:1691 the chitosan and alginate hydrogels 1657:1691 MTT assay results showed that ADSCs proliferated better on the composite hydrogels than on the chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 13 59 theme alginate 1674:1681 arg1 hydrogels 1683:1691 the chitosan and alginate hydrogels 1657:1691 the chitosan and alginate hydrogels 1657:1691 MTT assay results showed that ADSCs proliferated better on the composite hydrogels than on the chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 12 60 theme compressive 1488:1498 arg1 moduli 1500:1505 higher compressive moduli 1481:1505 higher compressive moduli 1481:1505 The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 15 61 dep strength 1953:1960 arg1 spread 2058:2063 spread 2058:2063 could spread out 2052:2067 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 15 61 dep strength 1953:1960 arg1 grew 2074:2077 grew 2074:2077 grew in size 2074:2085 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 4 62 with blends 576:581 arg1 component 616:624 a polysaccharide component 599:624 a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) 599:647 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 1 63 theme therapeutic 201:211 arg1 strategy 213:220 a new therapeutic strategy 195:220 a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs 195:250 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 11 64 theme assay 1371:1375 arg1 results 1377:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results showed that the five hydrogels are not cytotoxic. 33777525 5 65 link transglutaminase-crosslinked 786:813 arg1 hydrogel 832:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 65 link transglutaminase-crosslinked 786:813 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 2 66 theme matrix 357:362 arg1 mimicry 321:327 mimicry 321:327 mimicry of the native extracellular matrix 321:362 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 5 67 theme sodium 746:751 arg1 hydrogel 762:769 sodium alginate hydrogel 746:769 sodium alginate hydrogel 746:769 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 67 theme sodium 746:751 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 14 68 contain had 1784:1786 arg1 strength 1775:1782 hydrogel strength 1766:1782 hydrogel strength 1766:1782 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 14 68 contain had 1784:1786 arg2 effects 1796:1802 obvious effects 1788:1802 obvious effects 1788:1802 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 16 69 theme easy 2221:2224 arg1 preparation 2226:2236 their easy preparation 2215:2236 their easy preparation 2215:2236 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 16 70 theme biophysical 2252:2262 arg1 properties 2264:2273 favorable biophysical properties 2242:2273 favorable biophysical properties 2242:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 7 71 theme above-mentioned 1067:1081 arg1 hydrogels 1083:1091 the above-mentioned hydrogels 1063:1091 (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels 1044:1091 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 14 72 theme hydrogel 1766:1773 arg1 strength 1775:1782 hydrogel strength 1766:1782 hydrogel strength 1766:1782 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 14 73 dep cell 1807:1810 arg1 adhesion 1823:1830 adhesion 1823:1830 adhesion 1823:1830 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 14 73 dep cell 1807:1810 arg1 growth 1812:1817 growth 1812:1817 growth 1812:1817 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 5 74 theme transglutaminase-crosslinked 786:813 arg1 hydrogel 832:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel 776:839 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 5 74 theme transglutaminase-crosslinked 786:813 arg1 hydrogels 716:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels 700:724 The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. 33777525 1 75 theme scaffold 166:173 arg1 materials 175:183 scaffold materials 166:183 scaffold materials 166:183 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 10 76 theme bromide 1327:1333 arg1 assay 1341:1345 thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 1300:1345 thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 1300:1345 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 12 77 dep chitosan 1533:1540 arg1 the 1512:1514 the 1512:1514 the 1512:1514 The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 14 78 theme cytoskeleton 1732:1743 arg1 staining 1745:1752 cell cytoskeleton staining 1727:1752 cell cytoskeleton staining 1727:1752 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 4 79 theme Composite 547:555 arg1 hydrogels 557:565 Composite hydrogels 547:565 Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) 547:647 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 15 80 theme elastic 2035:2041 arg1 modulus 2043:2049 higher elastic modulus 2028:2049 higher elastic modulus 2028:2049 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 10 81 theme blue 1310:1313 arg1 MTT 1336:1338 MTT 1336:1338 MTT 1336:1338 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 10 81 theme blue 1310:1313 arg1 bromide 1327:1333 blue tetrazolium bromide 1310:1333 thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 1300:1345 Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 33777525 14 82 theme microscope 1700:1709 arg1 observation 1711:1721 Light microscope observation 1694:1721 Light microscope observation 1694:1721 Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. 33777525 16 83 theme favorable 2242:2250 arg1 properties 2264:2273 favorable biophysical properties 2242:2273 favorable biophysical properties 2242:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 11 84 theme viability 1361:1369 arg1 results 1377:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results showed that the five hydrogels are not cytotoxic. 33777525 13 85 theme MTT 1566:1568 arg1 results 1576:1582 MTT assay results 1566:1582 MTT assay results 1566:1582 MTT assay results showed that ADSCs proliferated better on the composite hydrogels than on the chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 33777525 1 86 theme Tissue 114:119 arg1 engineering 121:131 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering 103:131 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering 103:131 BACKGROUND Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. 33777525 4 87 theme gelatin 586:592 arg1 blends 576:581 blends 576:581 blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) 576:647 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 11 88 theme RESULTS 1348:1354 arg1 results 1377:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results 1348:1383 RESULTS Cell viability assay results showed that the five hydrogels are not cytotoxic. 33777525 2 89 theme valuable 387:394 arg1 strategy 396:403 a valuable strategy 385:403 a valuable strategy for tissue engineering 385:426 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 8 90 theme ADSCs 1124:1128 arg1 features 1112:1119 The morphological features 1094:1119 The morphological features of ADSCs 1094:1128 The morphological features of ADSCs were observed and recorded. 33777525 7 91 theme stromal 989:995 arg1 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 ADSCs 1009:1013 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 7 91 theme stromal 989:995 arg1 cells 1002:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells 969:1006 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) 969:1014 Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. 33777525 6 92 dep in 894:895 arg1 vitro 897:901 vitro 897:901 vitro 897:901 All hydrogels were evaluated for in vitro degradation property, swelling capacity, and mechanical property. 33777525 0 93 theme composite 59:67 arg1 characterization 16:31 characterization 16:31 characterization 16:31 Preparation and characterization of gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels for tissue engineering. 33777525 0 93 theme composite 59:67 arg1 Preparation 0:10 Preparation 0:10 Preparation 0:10 Preparation and characterization of gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels for tissue engineering. 33777525 4 94 dep METHODS 539:545 arg1 produced 654:661 produced 654:661 produced 654:661 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 4 94 dep METHODS 539:545 arg1 crosslinked 687:697 crosslinked 687:697 enzyme crosslinked 680:697 METHODS Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. 33777525 15 95 theme composite 2003:2011 arg1 hydrogels 2013:2021 composite hydrogels 2003:2021 composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus 2003:2049 The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. 33777525 3 96 theme tissue 519:524 arg1 engineering 526:536 tissue engineering 519:536 tissue engineering 519:536 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering. 33777525 16 97 theme composite 2126:2134 arg1 biomaterials 2172:2183 attractive biomaterials 2161:2183 attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties 2161:2273 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 16 97 theme composite 2126:2134 arg1 hydrogels 2136:2144 The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels 2099:2144 The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels 2099:2144 CONCLUSION The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties. 33777525 2 98 theme native 336:341 arg1 matrix 357:362 the native extracellular matrix 332:362 the native extracellular matrix 332:362 Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. 33777525 12 99 theme alginate 1546:1553 arg1 hydrogels 1555:1563 alginate hydrogels 1546:1563 alginate hydrogels 1546:1563 The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. 34947091 9 0 theme tissue 1407:1412 arg1 defects 1414:1420 filling bone tissue defects 1394:1420 filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size 1394:1442 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 9 1 theme physicochemical 1320:1334 arg1 properties 1351:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 2 2 from polysaccharides 397:411 arg1 form 344:347 the form 340:347 the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 340:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 3 3 theme liquid/gel 479:488 arg1 phase 490:494 The liquid/gel phase 475:494 The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials 475:519 The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials constituted a citrus pectin gel. 34947091 7 4 theme methylcellulose 1116:1130 arg1 addition 1090:1097 the addition 1086:1097 the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 1086:1130 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 6 5 theme dual 811:814 arg1 system 824:829 The dual setting system 807:829 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, 807:927 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 2 6 theme powder 352:357 arg1 form 344:347 the form 340:347 the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 340:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 7 from material 328:335 arg1 form 344:347 the form 340:347 the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 340:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 0 8 from Influence 0:8 arg1 Properties 40:49 Properties 40:49 Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics 40:90 Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics. 34947091 7 9 theme hydroxypropyl 1102:1114 arg1 methylcellulose 1116:1130 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 1102:1130 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 1102:1130 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 3 10 from phase 490:494 arg1 materials 511:519 the studied materials 499:519 the studied materials 499:519 The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials constituted a citrus pectin gel. 34947091 2 11 theme hydroxyapatite-chitosan 294:316 arg1 material 328:335 hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material 287:335 hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 287:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 3 12 theme pectin 542:547 arg1 gel 549:551 a citrus pectin gel 533:551 a citrus pectin gel 533:551 The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials constituted a citrus pectin gel. 34947091 4 13 theme SA 571:572 arg1 influence 558:566 The influence 554:566 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 554:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 3 14 theme citrus 535:540 arg1 gel 549:551 a citrus pectin gel 533:551 a citrus pectin gel 533:551 The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials constituted a citrus pectin gel. 34947091 2 15 theme hybrid 287:292 arg1 material 328:335 hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material 287:335 hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 287:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 9 16 with biomaterials 1292:1303 arg1 properties 1351:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 4 17 from influence 558:566 arg1 properties 656:665 mechanical as well as biological properties 623:665 mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 623:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 17 from influence 558:566 arg1 microstructure 607:620 microstructure 607:620 microstructure 607:620 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 17 from influence 558:566 arg1 reaction 597:604 the setting reaction 585:604 the setting reaction 585:604 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 8 18 theme obtained 1183:1190 arg1 biomicroconcretes 1192:1208 The obtained biomicroconcretes 1179:1208 The obtained biomicroconcretes 1179:1208 The obtained biomicroconcretes were chemically stable and characterized by a high bioactive potential. 34947091 8 18 theme obtained 1183:1190 arg1 stable 1226:1231 stable 1226:1231 stable 1226:1231 The obtained biomicroconcretes were chemically stable and characterized by a high bioactive potential. 34947091 9 19 theme bone 1402:1405 arg1 defects 1414:1420 filling bone tissue defects 1394:1420 filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size 1394:1442 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 3 20 theme studied 503:509 arg1 materials 511:519 the studied materials 499:519 the studied materials 499:519 The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials constituted a citrus pectin gel. 34947091 4 21 theme mechanical 623:632 arg1 properties 656:665 mechanical as well as biological properties 623:665 mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 623:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 21 theme mechanical 623:632 arg1 reaction 597:604 the setting reaction 585:604 the setting reaction 585:604 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 5 22 theme manufactured 728:739 arg1 pastes 748:753 manufactured cement pastes 728:753 manufactured cement pastes 728:753 Studies revealed that manufactured cement pastes were characterized by high plasticity and cohesion. 34947091 6 23 theme setting 886:892 arg1 reaction 894:901 α-TCP setting reaction 880:901 α-TCP setting reaction 880:901 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 9 24 theme shape 1429:1433 arg1 defects 1414:1420 filling bone tissue defects 1394:1420 filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size 1394:1442 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 7 25 with Material 972:979 arg1 content 998:1004 the highest content 986:1004 the highest content of sodium alginate 986:1023 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 6 26 theme α-TCP 880:884 arg1 reaction 894:901 α-TCP setting reaction 880:901 α-TCP setting reaction 880:901 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 5 27 theme cement 741:746 arg1 pastes 748:753 manufactured cement pastes 728:753 manufactured cement pastes 728:753 Studies revealed that manufactured cement pastes were characterized by high plasticity and cohesion. 34947091 9 28 theme prosperous 1369:1378 arg1 materials 1380:1388 prosperous materials 1369:1388 prosperous materials 1369:1388 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 9 28 theme prosperous 1369:1378 arg1 biomaterials 1292:1303 The novel biomaterials 1282:1303 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1282:1360 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 6 29 theme setting 816:822 arg1 system 824:829 The dual setting system 807:829 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, 807:927 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 0 30 theme Polysaccharides 21:35 arg1 Influence 0:8 Influence 0:8 Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics. 0:91 Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics. 34947091 8 31 theme bioactive 1261:1269 arg1 potential 1271:1279 a high bioactive potential 1254:1279 a high bioactive potential 1254:1279 The obtained biomicroconcretes were chemically stable and characterized by a high bioactive potential. 34947091 2 32 theme HAp-CTS 319:325 arg1 material 328:335 hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material 287:335 hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 287:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 33 theme sodium 413:418 arg1 SA 430:431 SA 430:431 SA 430:431 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 33 theme sodium 413:418 arg1 alginate 420:427 sodium alginate 413:427 sodium alginate (SA) 413:432 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 33 theme sodium 413:418 arg1 polysaccharides 397:411 the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 393:472 the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 393:472 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 0 34 theme Natural 13:19 arg1 Polysaccharides 21:35 Natural Polysaccharides 13:35 Natural Polysaccharides 13:35 Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics. 34947091 9 35 theme filling 1394:1400 arg1 defects 1414:1420 filling bone tissue defects 1394:1420 filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size 1394:1442 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 1 36 theme novel 108:112 arg1 composites 143:152 novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites 108:152 novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites 108:152 In this paper, novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites were developed and investigated. 34947091 4 37 theme setting 589:595 arg1 properties 656:665 mechanical as well as biological properties 623:665 mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 623:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 37 theme setting 589:595 arg1 microstructure 607:620 microstructure 607:620 microstructure 607:620 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 37 theme setting 589:595 arg1 reaction 597:604 the setting reaction 585:604 the setting reaction 585:604 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 7 38 theme compressive 1148:1158 arg1 decrease 1169:1176 a subtle compressive strength decrease 1139:1176 a subtle compressive strength decrease 1139:1176 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 4 39 theme biomicroconcretes 670:686 arg1 properties 656:665 mechanical as well as biological properties 623:665 mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 623:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 39 theme biomicroconcretes 670:686 arg1 reaction 597:604 the setting reaction 585:604 the setting reaction 585:604 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 2 40 theme -tricalcium 249:259 arg1 powder 279:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 5 41 theme high 777:780 arg1 plasticity 782:791 high plasticity 777:791 high plasticity 777:791 Studies revealed that manufactured cement pastes were characterized by high plasticity and cohesion. 34947091 6 42 theme compressive 950:960 arg1 strength 962:969 a higher compressive strength 941:969 a higher compressive strength 941:969 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 7 43 theme strength 1160:1167 arg1 decrease 1169:1176 a subtle compressive strength decrease 1139:1176 a subtle compressive strength decrease 1139:1176 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 2 44 theme solid 191:195 arg1 phase 197:201 The solid phase 187:201 The solid phase of materials 187:214 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 45 theme α 247:247 arg1 powder 279:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 7 46 contain possessed 1025:1033 arg2 MPa 1072:1074 ~17 MPa 1068:1074 ~17 MPa 1068:1074 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 7 46 contain possessed 1025:1033 arg1 Material 972:979 Material 972:979 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate 972:1023 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 7 46 contain possessed 1025:1033 arg2 strength 1058:1065 mechanical strength 1047:1065 the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa) 1035:1075 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 2 47 theme hydroxypropyl 437:449 arg1 polysaccharides 397:411 the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 393:472 the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 393:472 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 47 theme hydroxypropyl 437:449 arg1 HPMC 468:471 HPMC 468:471 HPMC 468:471 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 47 theme hydroxypropyl 437:449 arg1 methylcellulose 451:465 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 437:465 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 437:472 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 6 48 theme higher 943:948 arg1 strength 962:969 a higher compressive strength 941:969 a higher compressive strength 941:969 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 6 49 theme biomicroconcretes 844:860 arg1 system 824:829 The dual setting system 807:829 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, 807:927 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 2 50 theme reactive 238:245 arg1 powder 279:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 1 51 theme hybrid 114:119 arg1 composites 143:152 novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites 108:152 novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites 108:152 In this paper, novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites were developed and investigated. 34947091 6 52 theme polymer 907:913 arg1 crosslinking 915:926 polymer crosslinking 907:926 polymer crosslinking 907:926 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 7 53 theme highest 990:996 arg1 content 998:1004 the highest content 986:1004 the highest content of sodium alginate 986:1023 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 9 54 theme biological 1340:1349 arg1 properties 1351:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 6 55 theme developed 834:842 arg1 biomicroconcretes 844:860 developed biomicroconcretes 834:860 developed biomicroconcretes 834:860 The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. 34947091 2 56 dep polysaccharides 397:411 arg1 SA 430:431 SA 430:431 SA 430:431 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 56 dep polysaccharides 397:411 arg1 polysaccharides 397:411 the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 393:472 the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 393:472 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 56 dep polysaccharides 397:411 arg1 alginate 420:427 sodium alginate 413:427 sodium alginate (SA) 413:432 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 56 dep polysaccharides 397:411 arg1 methylcellulose 451:465 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 437:465 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 437:472 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 56 dep polysaccharides 397:411 arg1 HPMC 468:471 HPMC 468:471 HPMC 468:471 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 7 57 theme sodium 1009:1014 arg1 alginate 1016:1023 sodium alginate 1009:1023 sodium alginate 1009:1023 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 1 58 theme biomicroconcrete-type 121:141 arg1 composites 143:152 novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites 108:152 novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites 108:152 In this paper, novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites were developed and investigated. 34947091 7 59 theme highest 1039:1045 arg1 strength 1058:1065 mechanical strength 1047:1065 the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa) 1035:1075 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 7 59 theme highest 1039:1045 arg1 MPa 1072:1074 ~17 MPa 1068:1074 ~17 MPa 1068:1074 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 9 60 theme novel 1286:1290 arg1 materials 1380:1388 prosperous materials 1369:1388 prosperous materials 1369:1388 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 9 60 theme novel 1286:1290 arg1 biomaterials 1292:1303 The novel biomaterials 1282:1303 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1282:1360 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 7 61 theme subtle 1141:1146 arg1 decrease 1169:1176 a subtle compressive strength decrease 1139:1176 a subtle compressive strength decrease 1139:1176 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 7 62 theme alginate 1016:1023 arg1 content 998:1004 the highest content 986:1004 the highest content of sodium alginate 986:1023 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 2 63 from powder 279:284 arg1 form 344:347 the form 340:347 the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 340:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 4 64 theme HPMC 577:580 arg1 influence 558:566 The influence 554:566 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 554:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 7 65 theme mechanical 1047:1056 arg1 strength 1058:1065 mechanical strength 1047:1065 the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa) 1035:1075 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 7 65 theme mechanical 1047:1056 arg1 MPa 1072:1074 ~17 MPa 1068:1074 ~17 MPa 1068:1074 Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. 34947091 2 66 theme α-TCP 272:276 arg1 powder 279:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 0 67 theme Bioceramics 80:90 arg1 Properties 40:49 Properties 40:49 Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics 40:90 Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics. 34947091 2 68 theme materials 206:214 arg1 phase 197:201 The solid phase 187:201 The solid phase of materials 187:214 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 4 69 theme biological 645:654 arg1 properties 656:665 mechanical as well as biological properties 623:665 mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes 623:686 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 4 69 theme biological 645:654 arg1 reaction 597:604 the setting reaction 585:604 the setting reaction 585:604 The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. 34947091 8 70 theme high 1256:1259 arg1 potential 1271:1279 a high bioactive potential 1254:1279 a high bioactive potential 1254:1279 The obtained biomicroconcretes were chemically stable and characterized by a high bioactive potential. 34947091 9 71 theme size 1439:1442 arg1 defects 1414:1420 filling bone tissue defects 1394:1420 filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size 1394:1442 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 0 72 theme Biomicroconcrete-Type 58:78 arg1 Bioceramics 80:90 the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics 54:90 the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics 54:90 Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics. 34947091 9 73 theme favorable 1310:1318 arg1 properties 1351:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 favorable physicochemical and biological properties 1310:1360 The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size. 34947091 2 74 theme phosphate 261:269 arg1 powder 279:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder 229:284 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 34947091 2 75 theme granules 363:370 arg1 form 344:347 the form 340:347 the form of powder and granules (as aggregates) 340:386 The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 32269894 5 0 theme seaweed 1112:1118 arg1 polysaccharides 1120:1134 red seaweed polysaccharides 1108:1134 red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1108:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 6 1 theme degradation 1298:1308 arg1 products 1310:1317 their degradation products 1292:1317 their degradation products 1292:1317 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries. 32269894 4 2 from G. 830:831 arg1 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products 778:880 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 1 3 theme 3 177:177 arg1 6-anhydrogalactose 180:197 6-anhydrogalactose 180:197 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal) 180:205 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 1 3 theme 3 177:177 arg1 monosaccharide 161:174 the monosaccharide 157:174 the monosaccharide 157:174 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 4 4 theme higher 889:894 arg1 % 954:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 4 4 theme higher 889:894 arg1 activity 918:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity 889:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%) 889:955 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 1 5 theme whitening 248:256 arg1 activity 258:265 the potential whitening activity 234:265 the potential whitening activity of the extract 234:280 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 0 6 theme skin-whitening 91:104 arg1 activity 106:113 their potential skin-whitening activity 75:113 their potential skin-whitening activity 75:113 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 3 7 theme tyrosinase 670:679 arg1 assay 692:696 the tyrosinase inhibition assay 666:696 the tyrosinase inhibition assay 666:696 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 2 8 dep Gracilaria 439:448 arg1 blodgettii 450:459 Gracilaria blodgettii 439:459 Gracilaria blodgettii 439:459 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 4 9 theme degradation 861:871 arg1 products 873:880 their degradation products 855:880 P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products 799:880 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 5 10 theme functional 1201:1210 arg1 products 1217:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 5 11 from determination 1074:1086 arg1 polysaccharides 1120:1134 red seaweed polysaccharides 1108:1134 red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1108:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 0 12 from Quantification 0:13 arg1 polysaccharides 55:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 2 13 theme gas 289:291 arg1 spectrometry 313:324 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 289:324 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 289:332 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 13 theme gas 289:291 arg1 GC-MS 327:331 GC-MS 327:331 GC-MS 327:331 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 5 14 theme food 1212:1215 arg1 products 1217:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 5 15 theme AnGal 1091:1095 arg1 determination 1074:1086 the quantitative determination 1057:1086 the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1057:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 2 16 dep Gracilaria 462:471 arg1 lemaneiformis 473:485 Gracilaria lemaneiformis 462:485 Gracilaria lemaneiformis 462:485 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 17 theme galactose 625:633 arg1 AnGal 615:619 AnGal 615:619 AnGal 615:619 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 17 theme galactose 625:633 arg1 1.0:3.1 604:610 1.0:3.1 604:610 1.0:3.1 604:610 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 17 theme galactose 625:633 arg1 Gal 636:638 Gal 636:638 Gal 636:638 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 17 theme galactose 625:633 arg1 galactose 625:633 galactose 625:633 galactose (Gal) 625:639 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 18 theme seaweed 389:395 arg1 species 374:380 six different species 360:380 six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) 360:528 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 5 19 theme Gal 1101:1103 arg1 determination 1074:1086 the quantitative determination 1057:1086 the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1057:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 6 20 theme red 1260:1262 arg1 polysaccharides 1272:1286 red seaweed polysaccharides 1260:1286 red seaweed polysaccharides 1260:1286 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries. 32269894 2 21 theme red 385:387 arg1 seaweed 389:395 red seaweed 385:395 red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) 385:528 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 3 22 theme skin-whitening 703:716 arg1 effect 718:723 the skin-whitening effect 699:723 the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 699:760 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 2 23 theme AnGal 615:619 arg1 AnGal 615:619 AnGal 615:619 AnGal 615:619 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 23 theme AnGal 615:619 arg1 1.0:3.1 604:610 1.0:3.1 604:610 1.0:3.1 604:610 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 23 theme AnGal 615:619 arg1 Gal 636:638 Gal 636:638 Gal 636:638 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 23 theme AnGal 615:619 arg1 galactose 625:633 galactose 625:633 galactose (Gal) 625:639 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 3 24 theme seaweed 738:744 arg1 polysaccharides 746:760 AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 728:760 AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 728:760 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 6 25 theme potential 1324:1332 arg1 ingredients 1334:1344 potential ingredients 1324:1344 potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries 1324:1373 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries. 32269894 6 25 theme potential 1324:1332 arg1 findings 1231:1238 The findings 1227:1238 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products 1227:1317 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries. 32269894 6 26 theme cosmeceutical 1350:1362 arg1 industries 1364:1373 cosmeceutical industries 1350:1373 cosmeceutical industries 1350:1373 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries. 32269894 1 27 theme extract 274:280 arg1 activity 258:265 the potential whitening activity 234:265 the potential whitening activity of the extract 234:280 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 5 28 from application 1173:1183 arg1 products 1217:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 6 29 theme seaweed 1264:1270 arg1 polysaccharides 1272:1286 red seaweed polysaccharides 1260:1286 red seaweed polysaccharides 1260:1286 The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries. 32269894 2 30 theme species 374:380 arg1 composition 345:355 the AnGal composition 335:355 the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) 335:528 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 3 31 theme polysaccharides 746:760 arg1 effect 718:723 the skin-whitening effect 699:723 the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 699:760 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 2 32 dep Gelidium 512:519 arg1 amansii 521:527 Gelidium amansii 512:527 Gelidium amansii 512:527 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 1 33 from composition 142:152 arg1 algae 215:219 red algae 211:219 red algae 211:219 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 0 34 theme 3,6-anhydro-galactose 18:38 arg1 Quantification 0:13 Quantification 0:13 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides 0:69 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 0 34 theme 3,6-anhydro-galactose 18:38 arg1 activity 106:113 their potential skin-whitening activity 75:113 their potential skin-whitening activity 75:113 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 3 35 theme AnGal 728:732 arg1 polysaccharides 746:760 AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 728:760 AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 728:760 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 0 36 from activity 106:113 arg1 polysaccharides 55:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 2 37 theme chromatography-mass 293:311 arg1 spectrometry 313:324 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 289:324 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 289:332 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 37 theme chromatography-mass 293:311 arg1 GC-MS 327:331 GC-MS 327:331 GC-MS 327:331 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 38 theme different 364:372 arg1 species 374:380 six different species 360:380 six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) 360:528 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 0 39 theme seaweed 47:53 arg1 polysaccharides 55:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 3 40 theme red 734:736 arg1 polysaccharides 746:760 AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 728:760 AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides 728:760 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 4 41 theme rates 939:943 arg1 % 954:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 4 41 theme rates 939:943 arg1 activity 918:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity 889:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%) 889:955 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 5 42 theme quantitative 1061:1072 arg1 determination 1074:1086 the quantitative determination 1057:1086 the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1057:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 1 43 theme red 211:213 arg1 algae 215:219 red algae 211:219 red algae 211:219 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 0 44 theme red 43:45 arg1 polysaccharides 55:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 red seaweed polysaccharides 43:69 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 4 45 theme inhibition 928:937 arg1 rates 939:943 inhibition rates 928:943 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 5 46 theme cosmetic 1188:1195 arg1 products 1217:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 cosmetic and functional food products 1188:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 2 47 dep 1.0:3.1 604:610 arg1 to 601:602 to 601:602 to 601:602 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 48 dep Eucheuma 488:495 arg1 galetinae 497:505 Eucheuma galetinae 488:505 Eucheuma galetinae 488:505 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 4 49 theme inhibitory 907:916 arg1 % 954:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 4 49 theme inhibitory 907:916 arg1 activity 918:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity 889:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%) 889:955 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 2 50 theme AnGal 339:343 arg1 composition 345:355 the AnGal composition 335:355 the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) 335:528 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 3 51 theme inhibition 681:690 arg1 assay 692:696 the tyrosinase inhibition assay 666:696 the tyrosinase inhibition assay 666:696 Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. 32269894 5 52 theme red 1108:1110 arg1 polysaccharides 1120:1134 red seaweed polysaccharides 1108:1134 red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1108:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 5 53 theme quality 1034:1040 arg1 control 1042:1048 quality control 1034:1048 quality control 1034:1048 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 4 54 from chouae 818:823 arg1 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products 778:880 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 2 55 theme molar 567:571 arg1 ratios 573:578 molar ratios 567:578 molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively 567:653 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 4 56 theme tyrosinase 896:905 arg1 % 954:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 inhibition rates 24.2-26.8% 928:954 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 4 56 theme tyrosinase 896:905 arg1 activity 918:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity 889:925 higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%) 889:955 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 5 57 theme GC-MS 989:993 arg1 approach 995:1002 the GC-MS approach 985:1002 the GC-MS approach 985:1002 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 0 58 theme potential 81:89 arg1 activity 106:113 their potential skin-whitening activity 75:113 their potential skin-whitening activity 75:113 Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 32269894 2 59 dep seaweed 389:395 arg1 Gelidium 512:519 Gelidium 512:519 Gelidium 512:519 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 59 dep seaweed 389:395 arg1 Gracilaria 420:429 Gracilaria 420:429 Gracilaria 420:429 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 59 dep seaweed 389:395 arg1 chouae 431:436 chouae 431:436 chouae 431:436 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 59 dep seaweed 389:395 arg1 Gracilaria 439:448 Gracilaria 439:448 Gracilaria 439:448 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 59 dep seaweed 389:395 arg1 Eucheuma 488:495 Eucheuma 488:495 Eucheuma 488:495 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 2 59 dep seaweed 389:395 arg1 Gracilaria 462:471 Gracilaria 462:471 Gracilaria 462:471 Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. 32269894 4 60 from haitanensis 802:812 arg1 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products 778:880 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 1 61 theme monosaccharide 161:174 arg1 composition 142:152 the composition 138:152 the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae 138:219 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32269894 5 62 theme potential 1163:1171 arg1 application 1173:1183 their potential application 1157:1183 their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products 1157:1224 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 4 63 from products 873:880 arg1 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides 778:792 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products 778:880 Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). 32269894 5 64 used used 1026:1029 arg2 approach 995:1002 the GC-MS approach 985:1002 the GC-MS approach 985:1002 These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. 32269894 1 65 theme potential 238:246 arg1 activity 258:265 the potential whitening activity 234:265 the potential whitening activity of the extract 234:280 This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. 32920057 2 0 theme galectins 342:350 arg1 role 328:331 the role 324:331 the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) 324:441 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 5 1 dep RESULTS 745:751 arg1 Galectin-1 753:762 Galectin-1 753:762 Galectin-1 753:762 RESULTS Galectin-1 and 9 concentrations were higher in the ILD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.0318 and p < 0.0001, respectively). 32920057 5 1 dep RESULTS 745:751 arg1 concentrations 770:783 9 concentrations 768:783 9 concentrations 768:783 RESULTS Galectin-1 and 9 concentrations were higher in the ILD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.0318 and p < 0.0001, respectively). 32920057 10 2 theme potential 1448:1456 arg1 utility 1458:1464 their potential utility 1442:1464 their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1442:1514 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 3 3 theme ILD 559:561 arg1 patients 563:570 Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients 540:570 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) 532:615 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 9 4 theme function 1308:1315 arg1 parameters 1317:1326 lung function parameters 1303:1326 lung function parameters 1303:1326 Several correlations with lung function parameters were found. 32920057 7 5 theme Gal-1 998:1002 arg1 concentrations 1004:1017 significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations 977:1017 significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations 977:1017 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 5 6 theme ILD 804:806 arg1 group 808:812 the ILD group 800:812 the ILD group 800:812 RESULTS Galectin-1 and 9 concentrations were higher in the ILD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.0318 and p < 0.0001, respectively). 32920057 10 7 theme DISCUSSION 1340:1349 arg1 Galectins 1351:1359 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations 1340:1385 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations 1340:1385 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 1 8 link O-linked 225:232 arg1 glycoproteins 234:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 1 9 theme N-acetylactosamine 182:199 arg1 present 201:207 N-acetylactosamine present 182:207 N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 182:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 12 10 theme case 1634:1637 arg1 series 1639:1644 larger case series 1627:1644 larger case series 1627:1644 Further studies on larger case series would be worthwhile. 32920057 8 11 theme operating 1245:1253 arg1 curve 1255:1259 receiver operating curve 1236:1259 receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis 1236:1274 Specific cut-offs for all galectins were calculated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. 32920057 8 11 theme operating 1245:1253 arg1 ROC 1262:1264 ROC 1262:1264 ROC 1262:1264 Specific cut-offs for all galectins were calculated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. 32920057 12 12 from studies 1616:1622 arg1 series 1639:1644 larger case series 1627:1644 larger case series 1627:1644 Further studies on larger case series would be worthwhile. 32920057 4 13 theme blood 656:660 arg1 concentrations 662:675 Peripheral blood concentrations 645:675 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 645:699 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 1 14 from present 201:207 arg1 glycoproteins 234:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 8 15 theme Specific 1181:1188 arg1 cut-offs 1190:1197 Specific cut-offs 1181:1197 Specific cut-offs for all galectins 1181:1215 Specific cut-offs for all galectins were calculated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. 32920057 5 16 theme healthy 822:828 arg1 controls 830:837 healthy controls 822:837 healthy controls 822:837 RESULTS Galectin-1 and 9 concentrations were higher in the ILD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.0318 and p < 0.0001, respectively). 32920057 6 17 theme ILD 912:914 arg1 patients 916:923 ILD patients 912:923 ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617) 912:959 Galectin-3 was also higher in ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617). 32920057 1 18 link N-linked 212:219 arg1 glycoproteins 234:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 7 19 located found 1024:1028 arg1 patients 1054:1061 sarcoidosis and NSIP patients 1033:1061 patients 1054:1061 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 7 19 located found 1024:1028 arg2 concentrations 1004:1017 significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations 977:1017 significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations 977:1017 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 7 19 located found 1024:1028 arg1 particular 965:974 particular 965:974 particular 965:974 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 0 20 theme pulmonary 56:64 arg1 fibrosis 66:73 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 45:73 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 45:73 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 1 21 gly glycoproteins 234:246 arg1 glycoproteins 234:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 3 22 dep age 580:582 arg1 male 611:614 50 % male 606:614 median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male 573:614 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 2 23 theme healthy 514:520 arg1 subjects 522:529 healthy subjects 514:529 healthy subjects 514:529 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 24 theme non-specific 400:411 arg1 pneumonia 426:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia 389:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) 389:441 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 24 theme non-specific 400:411 arg1 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 7 25 theme p 1079:1079 arg1 0.0015 1083:1088 p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015 1064:1088 0.0015 1083:1088 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 0 26 theme idiopathic 45:54 arg1 fibrosis 66:73 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 45:73 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 45:73 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 8 27 theme curve 1255:1259 arg1 analysis 1267:1274 receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis 1236:1274 receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis 1236:1274 Specific cut-offs for all galectins were calculated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. 32920057 1 28 theme fibrotic 279:286 arg1 mechanisms 288:297 fibrotic mechanisms 279:297 fibrotic mechanisms 279:297 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 11 29 theme pulmonary 1588:1596 arg1 fibrosis 1598:1605 pulmonary fibrosis 1588:1605 pulmonary fibrosis 1588:1605 Inhibition of galectins may be useful in the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis. 32920057 7 30 theme p 1064:1064 arg1 0.0418 1068:1073 p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015 1064:1088 0.0418 1068:1073 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 6 31 theme = 951:951 arg1 p 949:949 borderline significant p 926:949 borderline significant p = 0.0617 926:958 Galectin-3 was also higher in ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617). 32920057 2 32 theme lung 489:492 arg1 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 32 theme lung 489:492 arg1 diseases 494:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases 462:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) 462:508 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 3 33 theme % 609:609 arg1 male 611:614 50 % male 606:614 median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male 573:614 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 6 34 theme significant 937:947 arg1 p 949:949 borderline significant p 926:949 borderline significant p = 0.0617 926:958 Galectin-3 was also higher in ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617). 32920057 2 35 theme chronic 468:474 arg1 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 35 theme chronic 468:474 arg1 diseases 494:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases 462:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) 462:508 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 36 theme serum 336:340 arg1 galectins 342:350 serum galectins 336:350 serum galectins 336:350 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 0 37 theme Potential 21:29 arg1 biomarkers 31:40 Potential biomarkers 21:40 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 0:111 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 5 38 dep higher 790:795 arg1 = 842:842 = 842:842 = 842:842 RESULTS Galectin-1 and 9 concentrations were higher in the ILD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.0318 and p < 0.0001, respectively). 32920057 1 39 theme O-linked 225:232 arg1 glycoproteins 234:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 10 40 theme patients 1422:1429 arg1 serum 1409:1413 serum 1409:1413 serum of ILD patients 1409:1429 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 2 41 theme interstitial 413:424 arg1 pneumonia 426:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia 389:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) 389:441 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 41 theme interstitial 413:424 arg1 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 42 theme pulmonary 366:374 arg1 fibrosis 376:383 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 355:383 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 355:383 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 0 43 dep Galactin-1 0:9 arg1 biomarkers 31:40 Potential biomarkers 21:40 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 0:111 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 2 44 from role 328:331 arg1 pneumonia 426:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia 389:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) 389:441 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 44 from role 328:331 arg1 fibrosis 376:383 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 355:383 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 355:383 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 44 from role 328:331 arg1 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 7 45 theme Gal-9 1112:1116 arg1 concentrations 1118:1131 Gal-9 concentrations 1112:1131 Gal-9 concentrations 1112:1131 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 3 46 theme fibrotic 550:557 arg1 patients 563:570 Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients 540:570 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) 532:615 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 9 47 theme lung 1303:1306 arg1 parameters 1317:1326 lung function parameters 1303:1326 lung function parameters 1303:1326 Several correlations with lung function parameters were found. 32920057 7 48 theme higher 991:996 arg1 concentrations 1004:1017 significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations 977:1017 significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations 977:1017 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 12 49 theme larger 1627:1632 arg1 series 1639:1644 larger case series 1627:1644 larger case series 1627:1644 Further studies on larger case series would be worthwhile. 32920057 10 50 theme diagnostic 1479:1488 arg1 biomarkers 1505:1514 clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1469:1514 clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1469:1514 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 3 51 theme median 573:578 arg1 years 594:598 65 years 591:598 65 years (20) 591:603 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 3 51 theme median 573:578 arg1 IQR 585:587 IQR 585:587 IQR 585:587 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 3 51 theme median 573:578 arg1 age 580:582 median age 573:582 median age (IQR) 573:588 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 10 52 theme clinical 1469:1476 arg1 biomarkers 1505:1514 clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1469:1514 clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1469:1514 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 1 53 theme N-linked 212:219 arg1 glycoproteins 234:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins 212:246 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 10 54 theme prognostic 1494:1503 arg1 biomarkers 1505:1514 clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1469:1514 clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1469:1514 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 7 55 theme = 1081:1081 arg1 0.0015 1083:1088 p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015 1064:1088 0.0015 1083:1088 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 3 56 dep METHODS 532:538 arg1 patients 563:570 Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients 540:570 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) 532:615 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 4 57 theme Peripheral 645:654 arg1 concentrations 662:675 Peripheral blood concentrations 645:675 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 645:699 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 4 58 theme ELISA 733:737 arg1 kits 739:742 commercial ELISA kits 722:742 commercial ELISA kits 722:742 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 2 59 with comparison 446:455 arg1 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 59 with comparison 446:455 arg1 diseases 494:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases 462:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) 462:508 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 59 with comparison 446:455 arg1 subjects 522:529 healthy subjects 514:529 healthy subjects 514:529 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 1 60 theme INTRODUCTION 113:124 arg1 proteins 140:147 proteins 140:147 proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms 140:297 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 1 60 theme INTRODUCTION 113:124 arg1 Galectins 126:134 INTRODUCTION Galectins 113:134 INTRODUCTION Galectins 113:134 INTRODUCTION Galectins are proteins that bind β-galactosides such as N-acetylactosamine present in N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins and that seem to be implicated fibrotic mechanisms. 32920057 6 61 theme borderline 926:935 arg1 p 949:949 borderline significant p 926:949 borderline significant p = 0.0617 926:958 Galectin-3 was also higher in ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617). 32920057 10 62 dep found 1392:1396 arg1 altered 1398:1404 altered 1398:1404 were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers 1387:1514 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 3 63 dep patients 563:570 arg1 years 594:598 65 years 591:598 65 years (20) 591:603 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 3 63 dep patients 563:570 arg1 IQR 585:587 IQR 585:587 IQR 585:587 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 3 63 dep patients 563:570 arg1 age 580:582 median age 573:582 median age (IQR) 573:588 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 12 64 theme Further 1608:1614 arg1 studies 1616:1622 Further studies 1608:1622 Further studies on larger case series 1608:1644 Further studies on larger case series would be worthwhile. 32920057 0 65 from biomarkers 31:40 arg1 diseases 103:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 0 65 from biomarkers 31:40 arg1 fibrosis 66:73 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 45:73 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 45:73 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 0 66 theme other 79:83 arg1 diseases 103:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 11 67 from management 1574:1583 arg1 useful 1548:1553 useful 1548:1553 useful 1548:1553 Inhibition of galectins may be useful in the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis. 32920057 6 68 dep patients 916:923 arg1 p 949:949 borderline significant p 926:949 borderline significant p = 0.0617 926:958 Galectin-3 was also higher in ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617). 32920057 7 69 dep 0.0418 1068:1073 arg1 respectively 1091:1102 respectively 1091:1102 respectively 1091:1102 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 4 70 theme 9 699:699 arg1 concentrations 662:675 Peripheral blood concentrations 645:675 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 645:699 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 0 71 theme lung 98:101 arg1 diseases 103:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 6 72 dep = 951:951 arg1 0.0617 953:958 0.0617 953:958 0.0617 953:958 Galectin-3 was also higher in ILD patients (borderline significant p = 0.0617). 32920057 2 73 theme idiopathic 389:398 arg1 pneumonia 426:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia 389:434 idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) 389:441 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 73 theme idiopathic 389:398 arg1 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 NSIP 437:440 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 10 74 dep Galectins 1351:1359 arg1 3 1364:1364 3 1364:1364 3 1364:1364 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 10 74 dep Galectins 1351:1359 arg1 concentrations 1372:1385 9 concentrations 1370:1385 9 concentrations 1370:1385 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 10 74 dep Galectins 1351:1359 arg1 1 1361:1361 1 1361:1361 1 1361:1361 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 11 75 from useful 1548:1553 arg1 management 1574:1583 the therapeutic management 1558:1583 the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis 1558:1605 Inhibition of galectins may be useful in the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis. 32920057 7 76 dep patients 1054:1061 arg1 0.0015 1083:1088 p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015 1064:1088 0.0015 1083:1088 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 7 76 dep patients 1054:1061 arg1 0.0418 1068:1073 p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015 1064:1088 0.0418 1068:1073 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 4 77 theme galectins-1 680:690 arg1 concentrations 662:675 Peripheral blood concentrations 645:675 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 645:699 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 3 78 theme 50 606:607 arg1 % 609:609 % 609:609 % 609:609 METHODS Forty-one fibrotic ILD patients (median age (IQR), 65 years (20); 50 % male) were enrolled in the study. 32920057 4 79 theme 3 693:693 arg1 concentrations 662:675 Peripheral blood concentrations 645:675 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 645:699 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 7 80 theme NSIP 1049:1052 arg1 patients 1054:1061 sarcoidosis and NSIP patients 1033:1061 patients 1054:1061 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 7 81 theme ILD 1166:1168 arg1 subgroups 1170:1178 all ILD subgroups 1162:1178 all ILD subgroups 1162:1178 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 2 82 theme interstitial 476:487 arg1 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 82 theme interstitial 476:487 arg1 diseases 494:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases 462:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) 462:508 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 11 83 theme therapeutic 1562:1572 arg1 management 1574:1583 the therapeutic management 1558:1583 the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis 1558:1605 Inhibition of galectins may be useful in the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis. 32920057 0 84 theme interstitial 85:96 arg1 diseases 103:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 other interstitial lung diseases 79:110 Galactin-1, 3 and 9: Potential biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. 32920057 7 85 theme sarcoidosis 1033:1043 arg1 patients 1054:1061 sarcoidosis and NSIP patients 1033:1061 patients 1054:1061 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 2 86 theme other 462:466 arg1 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 ILDs 504:507 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 2 86 theme other 462:466 arg1 diseases 494:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases 462:501 other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) 462:508 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 9 87 with correlations 1285:1296 arg1 parameters 1317:1326 lung function parameters 1303:1326 lung function parameters 1303:1326 Several correlations with lung function parameters were found. 32920057 11 88 theme fibrosis 1598:1605 arg1 management 1574:1583 the therapeutic management 1558:1583 the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis 1558:1605 Inhibition of galectins may be useful in the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis. 32920057 4 89 theme commercial 722:731 arg1 kits 739:742 commercial ELISA kits 722:742 commercial ELISA kits 722:742 Peripheral blood concentrations of galectins-1, 3 and 9 were determined with commercial ELISA kits. 32920057 2 90 theme idiopathic 355:364 arg1 fibrosis 376:383 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 355:383 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 355:383 Here we aimed to define the role of serum galectins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) by comparison with other chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and healthy subjects. 32920057 10 91 theme ILD 1418:1420 arg1 patients 1422:1429 ILD patients 1418:1429 ILD patients 1418:1429 DISCUSSION Galectins 1, 3 and 9 concentrations were found altered in serum of ILD patients suggesting their potential utility as clinical, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. 32920057 11 92 theme galectins 1531:1539 arg1 Inhibition 1517:1526 Inhibition 1517:1526 Inhibition of galectins 1517:1539 Inhibition of galectins may be useful in the therapeutic management of pulmonary fibrosis. 32920057 7 93 theme = 1066:1066 arg1 0.0418 1068:1073 p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015 1064:1088 0.0418 1068:1073 In particular, significantly higher Gal-1 concentrations were found in sarcoidosis and NSIP patients (p = 0.0418 and p = 0.0015, respectively), while Gal-9 concentrations were significantly higher in all ILD subgroups. 32920057 9 94 theme Several 1277:1283 arg1 correlations 1285:1296 Several correlations 1277:1296 Several correlations with lung function parameters 1277:1326 Several correlations with lung function parameters were found. 32223834 5 0 theme multilocus 555:564 arg1 comparison 575:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison 544:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison 544:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 3 1 theme gene 421:424 arg1 similarity 435:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 12 2 theme production 1332:1341 arg1 concentrations 1294:1307 increased concentrations 1284:1307 increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids 1284:1368 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 6 3 theme DNA-DNA 704:710 arg1 hybridization 712:724 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 696:724 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 696:724 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 12 4 theme fatty 1358:1362 arg1 acids 1364:1368 unsaturated fatty acids 1346:1368 unsaturated fatty acids 1346:1368 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 12 5 theme unsaturated 1346:1356 arg1 acids 1364:1368 unsaturated fatty acids 1346:1368 unsaturated fatty acids 1346:1368 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 1 6 attach isolated 55:62 arg2 organism 46:53 a pink-coloured organism 30:53 a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese 30:74 nov., a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese made of cow's milk. 32223834 1 6 attach isolated 55:62 arg1 cheese 69:74 cheese 69:74 cheese 69:74 nov., a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese made of cow's milk. 32223834 1 6 attach isolated 55:62 arg2 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov., a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese made of cow's milk. 32223834 6 7 theme nucleotide 672:681 arg1 identity 683:690 Average nucleotide identity 664:690 Average nucleotide identity 664:690 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 8 8 theme Chemotaxonomic 886:899 arg1 analysis 901:908 Chemotaxonomic analysis 886:908 Chemotaxonomic analysis 886:908 Chemotaxonomic analysis determined anteiso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid and MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone. 32223834 12 9 theme bacterioruberin 1312:1326 arg1 concentrations 1294:1307 increased concentrations 1284:1307 increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids 1284:1368 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 4 10 theme DSM 532:534 arg1 20550T 536:541 A. agilis DSM 20550T 522:541 A. agilis DSM 20550T 522:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 5 11 theme KR32T 621:625 arg1 assignment 600:609 the assignment 596:609 the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group' 596:661 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 14 12 theme group 1670:1674 arg1 species 1639:1645 other closely related species 1617:1645 other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group' 1617:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 13 13 theme Strain 1371:1376 arg1 bacterium 1465:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 13 13 theme Strain 1371:1376 arg1 KR32T 1378:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 2 14 theme Arthrobacter 183:194 arg1 group 203:207 the 'Arthrobacter agilis group' 178:208 the 'Arthrobacter agilis group' 178:208 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 3 15 theme group 252:256 arg1 Members 211:217 Members 211:217 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 211:257 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 17 16 theme type 1794:1797 arg1 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T) 1809:1852 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 17 16 theme type 1794:1797 arg1 strain 1799:1804 The type strain 1790:1804 The type strain 1790:1804 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 3 17 theme Arthrobacter 232:243 arg1 group 252:256 the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 222:257 the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 222:257 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 14 18 from species 1639:1645 arg1 differentiation 1581:1595 the differentiation 1577:1595 the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group' 1577:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 5 19 dep clade 634:638 arg1 group 656:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 14 20 theme phenotypic 1549:1558 arg1 analyses 1560:1567 phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses 1532:1567 phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses 1532:1567 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 3 21 theme stable 266:271 arg1 value 296:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 21 theme stable 266:271 arg1 clade 273:277 a stable clade 264:277 a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) 264:301 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 14 22 theme phylogenetic 1532:1543 arg1 analyses 1560:1567 phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses 1532:1567 phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses 1532:1567 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 14 23 theme related 1631:1637 arg1 species 1639:1645 other closely related species 1617:1645 other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group' 1617:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 13 24 theme 27-30 °C and 1498:1509 arg1 pH 1511:1512 27-30 °C and pH 8 1498:1514 27-30 °C and pH 8 1498:1514 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 7 25 theme isolate 856:862 arg1 KR32T 864:868 isolate KR32T 856:868 isolate KR32T 856:868 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 14 26 theme other 1617:1621 arg1 species 1639:1645 other closely related species 1617:1645 other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group' 1617:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 7 27 theme DNA 849:851 arg1 content 826:832 The G+C content 818:832 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T 818:868 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 7 27 theme DNA 849:851 arg1 % 883:883 69.14 mol% 874:883 69.14 mol% 874:883 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 3 28 theme % 284:284 arg1 value 296:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 28 theme % 284:284 arg1 clade 273:277 a stable clade 264:277 a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) 264:301 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 11 29 theme carotenoid 1189:1198 arg1 bacterioruberin 1200:1214 The carotenoid bacterioruberin 1185:1214 The carotenoid bacterioruberin 1185:1214 The carotenoid bacterioruberin was detected as the major pigment. 32223834 11 29 theme carotenoid 1189:1198 arg1 pigment 1242:1248 the major pigment 1232:1248 the major pigment 1232:1248 The carotenoid bacterioruberin was detected as the major pigment. 32223834 14 30 theme isolate 1604:1610 arg1 differentiation 1581:1595 the differentiation 1577:1595 the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group' 1577:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 11 31 theme major 1236:1240 arg1 bacterioruberin 1200:1214 The carotenoid bacterioruberin 1185:1214 The carotenoid bacterioruberin 1185:1214 The carotenoid bacterioruberin was detected as the major pigment. 32223834 11 31 theme major 1236:1240 arg1 pigment 1242:1248 the major pigment 1232:1248 the major pigment 1232:1248 The carotenoid bacterioruberin was detected as the major pigment. 32223834 15 32 theme bussei 1761:1766 arg1 sp 1768:1769 the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1739:1769 the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1739:1769 Therefore, strain KR32T represents a novel species for which the name Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 5 33 theme A. 646:647 arg1 group 656:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 17 34 theme 109896T=LMG 1821:1831 arg1 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T) 1809:1852 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 17 34 theme 109896T=LMG 1821:1831 arg1 100733T 1845:1851 =DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T 1816:1851 =DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T 1816:1851 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 15 35 theme name 1743:1746 arg1 sp 1768:1769 the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1739:1769 the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1739:1769 Therefore, strain KR32T represents a novel species for which the name Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 0 36 theme Arthrobacter 0:11 arg1 sp 20:21 Arthrobacter bussei sp 0:21 Arthrobacter bussei sp. 0:22 Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 8 37 theme predominant 944:954 arg1 acid 962:965 the predominant fatty acid 940:965 the predominant fatty acid 940:965 Chemotaxonomic analysis determined anteiso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid and MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone. 32223834 4 38 theme highest 468:474 arg1 similarity 499:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 468:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T 468:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 4 38 theme highest 468:474 arg1 % 516:516 99.9 % 511:516 99.9 % 511:516 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 3 39 theme Arthrobacter 327:338 arg1 ruber 361:365 ruber 361:365 ruber 361:365 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 39 theme Arthrobacter 327:338 arg1 echini 384:389 echini 384:389 echini 384:389 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 39 theme Arthrobacter 327:338 arg1 agilis 340:345 the species Arthrobacter agilis 315:345 the species Arthrobacter agilis 315:345 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 4 40 theme rRNA 480:483 arg1 similarity 499:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 468:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T 468:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 4 40 theme rRNA 480:483 arg1 % 516:516 99.9 % 511:516 99.9 % 511:516 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 6 41 theme agilis 762:767 arg1 20550T 773:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 3 42 theme % 410:410 arg1 similarity 435:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 14 43 dep pink 1655:1658 arg1 A. 1660:1661 A. 1660:1661 A. 1660:1661 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 9 44 theme Polar 1012:1016 arg1 lipids 1018:1023 Polar lipids 1012:1023 Polar lipids 1012:1023 Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and monoacyldimannosyl-monoacylglycerol. 32223834 17 45 theme 31480T=NCCB 1833:1843 arg1 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T) 1809:1852 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 17 45 theme 31480T=NCCB 1833:1843 arg1 100733T 1845:1851 =DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T 1816:1851 =DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T 1816:1851 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 6 46 theme isolate 741:747 arg1 20550T 773:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 3 47 theme sequence 426:433 arg1 similarity 435:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 8 48 theme predominant 987:997 arg1 menaquinone 999:1009 the predominant menaquinone 983:1009 the predominant menaquinone 983:1009 Chemotaxonomic analysis determined anteiso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid and MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone. 32223834 1 49 theme pink-coloured 32:44 arg1 organism 46:53 a pink-coloured organism 30:53 a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese 30:74 nov., a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese made of cow's milk. 32223834 1 49 theme pink-coloured 32:44 arg1 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov., a pink-coloured organism isolated from cheese made of cow's milk. 32223834 5 50 theme Additional 544:553 arg1 comparison 575:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison 544:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison 544:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 3 51 theme rRNA 416:419 arg1 similarity 435:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 10 52 theme peptidoglycan 1142:1154 arg1 A3α 1180:1182 A3α 1180:1182 A3α 1180:1182 The peptidoglycan type of the isolate was A3α. 32223834 10 52 theme peptidoglycan 1142:1154 arg1 type 1156:1159 The peptidoglycan type 1138:1159 The peptidoglycan type of the isolate 1138:1174 The peptidoglycan type of the isolate was A3α. 32223834 4 53 theme sequence 490:497 arg1 similarity 499:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 468:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T 468:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 4 53 theme sequence 490:497 arg1 % 516:516 99.9 % 511:516 99.9 % 511:516 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 5 54 theme sequence 566:573 arg1 comparison 575:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison 544:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison 544:584 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 6 55 theme hybridization 712:724 arg1 values 726:731 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values 664:731 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 664:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 12 56 theme acids 1364:1368 arg1 production 1332:1341 production 1332:1341 production 1332:1341 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 12 56 theme acids 1364:1368 arg1 bacterioruberin 1312:1326 bacterioruberin 1312:1326 bacterioruberin 1312:1326 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 2 57 theme strain 123:128 arg1 bacterium 112:120 A pink-coloured bacterium 96:120 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) 96:135 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 2 57 theme strain 123:128 arg1 KR32T 130:134 strain KR32T 123:134 strain KR32T 123:134 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 6 58 theme digital 696:702 arg1 hybridization 712:724 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 696:724 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 696:724 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 6 59 theme identity 683:690 arg1 values 726:731 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values 664:731 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 664:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 3 60 contain contain 307:313 arg2 agilis 340:345 the species Arthrobacter agilis 315:345 the species Arthrobacter agilis 315:345 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 60 contain contain 307:313 arg2 echini 384:389 echini 384:389 echini 384:389 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 60 contain contain 307:313 arg2 ruber 361:365 ruber 361:365 ruber 361:365 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 60 contain contain 307:313 arg1 Members 211:217 Members 211:217 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 211:257 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 12 61 theme increased 1284:1292 arg1 concentrations 1294:1307 increased concentrations 1284:1307 increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids 1284:1368 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 5 62 theme strain 614:619 arg1 KR32T 621:625 strain KR32T 614:625 strain KR32T 614:625 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 6 63 theme Average 664:670 arg1 identity 683:690 Average nucleotide identity 664:690 Average nucleotide identity 664:690 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 3 64 theme pink 227:230 arg1 group 252:256 the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 222:257 the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 222:257 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 13 65 from pH 1511:1512 arg1 growth 1488:1493 optimal growth 1480:1493 optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8 1480:1514 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 4 66 theme agilis 525:530 arg1 20550T 536:541 A. agilis DSM 20550T 522:541 A. agilis DSM 20550T 522:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 14 67 theme agilis 1663:1668 arg1 group 1670:1674 the 'pink A. agilis group' 1650:1675 the 'pink A. agilis group' 1650:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 2 68 theme agilis 196:201 arg1 group 203:207 the 'Arthrobacter agilis group' 178:208 the 'Arthrobacter agilis group' 178:208 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 12 69 theme strain 1261:1266 arg1 KR32T 1268:1272 strain KR32T 1261:1272 strain KR32T 1261:1272 At 10 °C, strain KR32T grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. 32223834 13 70 with bacterium 1465:1473 arg1 growth 1488:1493 optimal growth 1480:1493 optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8 1480:1514 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 14 71 theme pink 1655:1658 arg1 group 1670:1674 the 'pink A. agilis group' 1650:1675 the 'pink A. agilis group' 1650:1675 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 14 72 theme analyses 1560:1567 arg1 results 1521:1527 The results 1517:1527 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses 1517:1567 The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 10 73 theme isolate 1168:1174 arg1 A3α 1180:1182 A3α 1180:1182 A3α 1180:1182 The peptidoglycan type of the isolate was A3α. 32223834 10 73 theme isolate 1168:1174 arg1 type 1156:1159 The peptidoglycan type 1138:1159 The peptidoglycan type of the isolate 1138:1174 The peptidoglycan type of the isolate was A3α. 32223834 13 74 theme optimal 1480:1486 arg1 growth 1488:1493 optimal growth 1480:1493 optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8 1480:1514 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 3 75 theme agilis 245:250 arg1 group 252:256 the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 222:257 the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' 222:257 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 15 76 theme strain 1689:1694 arg1 KR32T 1696:1700 strain KR32T 1689:1700 strain KR32T 1689:1700 Therefore, strain KR32T represents a novel species for which the name Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 5 77 theme agilis 649:654 arg1 group 656:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 7 78 theme 69.14 mol 874:882 arg1 content 826:832 The G+C content 818:832 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T 818:868 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 7 78 theme 69.14 mol 874:882 arg1 % 883:883 69.14 mol% 874:883 69.14 mol% 874:883 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 7 79 theme KR32T 864:868 arg1 DNA 849:851 the genomic DNA 837:851 the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T 837:868 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 3 80 theme bootstrap 286:294 arg1 value 296:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 80 theme bootstrap 286:294 arg1 clade 273:277 a stable clade 264:277 a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) 264:301 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 15 81 theme Arthrobacter 1748:1759 arg1 sp 1768:1769 the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1739:1769 the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1739:1769 Therefore, strain KR32T represents a novel species for which the name Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 3 82 theme ≥99.0  404:409 arg1 % 410:410 % 410:410 % 410:410 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 5 83 theme pink 641:644 arg1 group 656:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 pink A. agilis group 641:660 Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32T to the clade 'pink A. agilis group'. 32223834 17 84 theme =DSM 1816:1819 arg1 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T 1809:1813 KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T) 1809:1852 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 17 84 theme =DSM 1816:1819 arg1 100733T 1845:1851 =DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T 1816:1851 =DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T 1816:1851 The type strain is KR32T (=DSM 109896T=LMG 31480T=NCCB 100733T). 32223834 7 85 theme genomic 841:847 arg1 DNA 849:851 the genomic DNA 837:851 the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T 837:868 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 3 86 theme 100  280:283 arg1 value 296:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 100 % bootstrap value 280:300 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 86 theme 100  280:283 arg1 clade 273:277 a stable clade 264:277 a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) 264:301 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 13 87 theme coccus-shaped 1451:1463 arg1 bacterium 1465:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 13 87 theme coccus-shaped 1451:1463 arg1 KR32T 1378:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 0 88 theme bussei 13:18 arg1 sp 20:21 Arthrobacter bussei sp 0:21 Arthrobacter bussei sp. 0:22 Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 8 89 theme fatty 956:960 arg1 acid 962:965 the predominant fatty acid 940:965 the predominant fatty acid 940:965 Chemotaxonomic analysis determined anteiso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid and MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone. 32223834 4 90 theme 16S 476:478 arg1 similarity 499:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 468:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T 468:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 4 90 theme 16S 476:478 arg1 % 516:516 99.9 % 511:516 99.9 % 511:516 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 7 91 theme G+C 822:824 arg1 content 826:832 The G+C content 818:832 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T 818:868 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 7 91 theme G+C 822:824 arg1 % 883:883 69.14 mol% 874:883 69.14 mol% 874:883 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32T was 69.14 mol%. 32223834 2 92 attach isolated 141:148 arg2 KR32T 130:134 strain KR32T 123:134 strain KR32T 123:134 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 2 92 attach isolated 141:148 arg2 bacterium 112:120 A pink-coloured bacterium 96:120 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) 96:135 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 2 92 attach isolated 141:148 arg1 cheese 155:160 cheese 155:160 cheese 155:160 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 4 93 theme gene 485:488 arg1 similarity 499:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 468:508 highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T 468:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 4 93 theme gene 485:488 arg1 % 516:516 99.9 % 511:516 99.9 % 511:516 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 15 94 theme novel 1715:1719 arg1 species 1721:1727 a novel species 1713:1727 a novel species for which the name Arthrobacter bussei sp 1713:1769 Therefore, strain KR32T represents a novel species for which the name Arthrobacter bussei sp. 32223834 13 95 theme catalase-positive 1411:1427 arg1 bacterium 1465:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 13 95 theme catalase-positive 1411:1427 arg1 KR32T 1378:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 6 96 theme DSM 769:771 arg1 20550T 773:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 4 97 theme Isolate 447:453 arg1 KR32T 455:459 Isolate KR32T 447:459 Isolate KR32T 447:459 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 13 98 theme oxidase-positive 1430:1445 arg1 bacterium 1465:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 13 98 theme oxidase-positive 1430:1445 arg1 KR32T 1378:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 6 99 theme A. 759:760 arg1 20550T 773:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 3 100 theme species 319:325 arg1 ruber 361:365 ruber 361:365 ruber 361:365 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 100 theme species 319:325 arg1 echini 384:389 echini 384:389 echini 384:389 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 100 theme species 319:325 arg1 agilis 340:345 the species Arthrobacter agilis 315:345 the species Arthrobacter agilis 315:345 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 3 101 theme 16S 412:414 arg1 similarity 435:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 404:444 Members of the 'pink Arthrobacter agilis group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter ruber and Arthrobacter echini, which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. 32223834 6 102 theme KR32T 749:753 arg1 20550T 773:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T 741:778 Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32T and A. agilis DSM 20550T were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. 32223834 13 103 theme Gram-stain-positive 1390:1408 arg1 bacterium 1465:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium 1388:1473 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 13 103 theme Gram-stain-positive 1390:1408 arg1 KR32T 1378:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T 1371:1382 Strain KR32T was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. 32223834 4 104 theme A. 522:523 arg1 20550T 536:541 A. agilis DSM 20550T 522:541 A. agilis DSM 20550T 522:541 Isolate KR32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to A. agilis DSM 20550T. 32223834 2 105 theme pink-coloured 98:110 arg1 bacterium 112:120 A pink-coloured bacterium 96:120 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) 96:135 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 32223834 2 105 theme pink-coloured 98:110 arg1 KR32T 130:134 strain KR32T 123:134 strain KR32T 123:134 A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32T) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the 'Arthrobacter agilis group'. 33604767 8 0 theme mesenchymal 1046:1056 arg1 cells 1063:1067 mesenchymal stem cells 1046:1067 mesenchymal stem cells 1046:1067 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 1 1 theme matrix 163:168 arg1 characteristics 127:141 the characteristics 123:141 the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest 123:198 Ideally, a bioscaffold should mimic the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest. 33604767 9 2 from phenotype 1262:1270 arg1 gels 1284:1287 the GACO gels 1275:1287 the GACO gels 1275:1287 Nucleus pulposa cells were able to maintain their phenotype in the GACO gels. 33604767 4 3 theme protein 567:573 arg1 content 575:581 protein content 567:581 protein content 567:581 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 3 4 theme aldehyde 354:361 arg1 groups 363:368 aldehyde groups 354:368 aldehyde groups 354:368 Collagen was cross-linked with oxidized gum arabic having aldehyde groups to form a porous block. 33604767 9 5 theme Nucleus 1212:1218 arg1 cells 1228:1232 Nucleus pulposa cells 1212:1232 Nucleus pulposa cells 1212:1232 Nucleus pulposa cells were able to maintain their phenotype in the GACO gels. 33604767 5 6 theme oxidation 655:663 arg1 level 665:669 oxidation level 655:669 oxidation level 655:669 A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. 33604767 6 7 theme cell 798:801 arg1 growth 803:808 the cell growth 794:808 the cell growth 794:808 The scaffolds were tested for their physical properties, stability, biocompatibility and ability to support the cell growth. 33604767 2 8 theme gum 284:286 arg1 arabic 288:293 gum arabic 284:293 gum arabic 284:293 The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. 33604767 8 9 theme pulposa 1081:1087 arg1 cells 1089:1093 nucleus pulposa cells 1073:1093 nucleus pulposa cells 1073:1093 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 8 10 theme stem 1058:1061 arg1 cells 1063:1067 mesenchymal stem cells 1046:1067 mesenchymal stem cells 1046:1067 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 5 11 theme scaffolds 596:604 arg1 series 586:591 A series 584:591 A series of scaffolds 584:604 A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. 33604767 8 12 theme nucleus 1073:1079 arg1 cells 1089:1093 nucleus pulposa cells 1073:1093 nucleus pulposa cells 1073:1093 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 2 13 theme collagen 270:277 arg1 scaffolds 257:265 composite scaffolds 247:265 composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic 247:293 The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. 33604767 10 14 from candidates 1342:1351 arg1 engineering 1385:1395 tissue engineering 1378:1395 tissue engineering 1378:1395 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 10 14 from candidates 1342:1351 arg1 applications 1356:1367 applications 1356:1367 applications 1356:1367 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 10 15 theme cell/tissues 1456:1467 arg1 requirement 1431:1441 the requirement 1427:1441 the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM 1427:1484 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 7 16 theme arabic 942:947 arg1 level 929:933 the oxidation level 915:933 the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior 915:991 Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. 33604767 0 17 theme Tissue 0:5 arg1 engineering 7:17 Tissue engineering 0:17 Tissue engineering of collagen 0:29 Tissue engineering of collagen scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides. 33604767 7 18 theme polysaccharide 841:854 arg1 incorporation 856:868 variable polysaccharide incorporation 832:868 variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds 832:887 Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. 33604767 1 19 theme living 175:180 arg1 organ 182:186 a living organ 173:186 a living organ of interest 173:198 Ideally, a bioscaffold should mimic the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest. 33604767 4 20 theme polysaccharides 462:476 arg1 incorporation 441:453 incorporation 441:453 incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold 441:494 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 10 21 theme different 1446:1454 arg1 cell/tissues 1456:1467 different cell/tissues 1446:1467 different cell/tissues as per their ECM 1446:1484 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 8 22 dep 30 days 1145:1151 arg1 up 1139:1140 up 1139:1140 up 1139:1140 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 4 23 with scaffolds 525:533 arg1 polysaccharide 549:562 variable polysaccharide 540:562 variable polysaccharide to protein content 540:581 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 8 24 theme culture 1120:1126 arg1 conditions 1128:1137 culture conditions 1120:1137 culture conditions 1120:1137 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 1 25 theme organ 182:186 arg1 matrix 163:168 an extracellular matrix 146:168 an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest 146:198 Ideally, a bioscaffold should mimic the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest. 33604767 3 26 theme porous 380:385 arg1 block 387:391 a porous block 378:391 a porous block 378:391 Collagen was cross-linked with oxidized gum arabic having aldehyde groups to form a porous block. 33604767 4 27 theme variable 540:547 arg1 polysaccharide 549:562 variable polysaccharide 540:562 variable polysaccharide to protein content 540:581 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 5 28 theme collagen 628:635 arg1 concentration 637:649 collagen concentration 628:649 collagen concentration 628:649 A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. 33604767 9 29 theme pulposa 1220:1226 arg1 cells 1228:1232 Nucleus pulposa cells 1212:1232 Nucleus pulposa cells 1212:1232 Nucleus pulposa cells were able to maintain their phenotype in the GACO gels. 33604767 2 30 theme present 205:211 arg1 study 213:217 The present study 201:217 The present study 201:217 The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. 33604767 0 31 theme collagen 22:29 arg1 engineering 7:17 Tissue engineering 0:17 Tissue engineering of collagen 0:29 Tissue engineering of collagen scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides. 33604767 8 32 theme viability 1101:1109 arg1 assay 1111:1115 viability assay 1101:1115 viability assay 1101:1115 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 7 33 theme gum 938:940 arg1 arabic 942:947 gum arabic 938:947 gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior 938:991 Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. 33604767 7 34 theme variable 832:839 arg1 incorporation 856:868 variable polysaccharide incorporation 832:868 variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds 832:887 Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. 33604767 1 35 theme interest 191:198 arg1 organ 182:186 a living organ 173:186 a living organ of interest 173:198 Ideally, a bioscaffold should mimic the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest. 33604767 4 36 theme arabic 433:438 arg1 level 420:424 the oxidation level 406:424 the oxidation level of gum arabic 406:438 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 4 37 theme gum 429:431 arg1 arabic 433:438 gum arabic 429:438 gum arabic 429:438 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 8 38 theme gels 1206:1209 arg1 combinations 1190:1201 all combinations 1186:1201 all combinations of gels 1186:1209 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 0 39 theme plant 58:62 arg1 polysaccharides 70:84 plant based polysaccharides 58:84 plant based polysaccharides 58:84 Tissue engineering of collagen scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides. 33604767 8 40 dep cells 1063:1067 arg1 the 1042:1044 the 1042:1044 the 1042:1044 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 0 41 theme based 64:68 arg1 polysaccharides 70:84 plant based polysaccharides 58:84 plant based polysaccharides 58:84 Tissue engineering of collagen scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides. 33604767 10 42 theme potential 1332:1340 arg1 scaffolds 1318:1326 these scaffolds 1312:1326 these scaffolds 1312:1326 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 10 42 theme potential 1332:1340 arg1 candidates 1342:1351 potential candidates 1332:1351 potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering 1332:1395 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 2 43 with scaffolds 257:265 arg1 arabic 288:293 gum arabic 284:293 gum arabic 284:293 The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. 33604767 5 44 theme gum 674:676 arg1 arabic 678:683 gum arabic 674:683 gum arabic 674:683 A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. 33604767 4 45 theme oxidation 410:418 arg1 level 420:424 the oxidation level 406:424 the oxidation level of gum arabic 406:438 By changing the oxidation level of gum arabic, incorporation of the polysaccharides into the scaffold could be varied resulting in scaffolds with variable polysaccharide to protein content. 33604767 0 46 dep scaffolds 31:39 arg1 crosslinked 41:51 crosslinked 41:51 scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides 31:84 Tissue engineering of collagen scaffolds crosslinked with plant based polysaccharides. 33604767 7 47 theme oxidation 919:927 arg1 level 929:933 the oxidation level 915:933 the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior 915:991 Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. 33604767 5 48 theme arabic 678:683 arg1 concentration 637:649 collagen concentration 628:649 collagen concentration 628:649 A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. 33604767 5 48 theme arabic 678:683 arg1 level 665:669 oxidation level 655:669 oxidation level 655:669 A series of scaffolds were made by altering collagen concentration and oxidation level of gum arabic. 33604767 8 49 theme non-toxic 1015:1023 arg1 behavior 1025:1032 non-toxic behavior 1015:1032 non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days 1015:1151 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 33604767 2 50 theme scaffolds 257:265 arg1 formation 234:242 the formation 230:242 the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic 230:293 The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. 33604767 7 51 theme swelling 975:982 arg1 behavior 984:991 the swelling behavior 971:991 the swelling behavior 971:991 Results implied that variable polysaccharide incorporation into the scaffolds was possible depending on the oxidation level of gum arabic which could influence the swelling behavior. 33604767 2 52 theme composite 247:255 arg1 scaffolds 257:265 composite scaffolds 247:265 composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic 247:293 The present study deals with the formation of composite scaffolds of collagen with gum arabic. 33604767 3 53 theme oxidized 327:334 arg1 arabic 340:345 oxidized gum arabic 327:345 oxidized gum arabic 327:345 Collagen was cross-linked with oxidized gum arabic having aldehyde groups to form a porous block. 33604767 6 54 theme physical 722:729 arg1 properties 731:740 their physical properties 716:740 their physical properties 716:740 The scaffolds were tested for their physical properties, stability, biocompatibility and ability to support the cell growth. 33604767 10 55 theme tissue 1378:1383 arg1 engineering 1385:1395 tissue engineering 1378:1395 tissue engineering 1378:1395 The studies show that these scaffolds are potential candidates in applications, such as tissue engineering, and can be designed to match the requirement of different cell/tissues as per their ECM. 33604767 3 56 theme gum 336:338 arg1 arabic 340:345 oxidized gum arabic 327:345 oxidized gum arabic 327:345 Collagen was cross-linked with oxidized gum arabic having aldehyde groups to form a porous block. 33604767 9 57 theme GACO 1279:1282 arg1 gels 1284:1287 the GACO gels 1275:1287 the GACO gels 1275:1287 Nucleus pulposa cells were able to maintain their phenotype in the GACO gels. 33604767 1 58 theme extracellular 149:161 arg1 matrix 163:168 an extracellular matrix 146:168 an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest 146:198 Ideally, a bioscaffold should mimic the characteristics of an extracellular matrix of a living organ of interest. 33604767 8 59 theme cells 1168:1172 arg1 the growth 1154:1163 the growth 1154:1163 the growth of cells 1154:1172 The scaffolds showed non-toxic behavior towards the mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposa cells using viability assay in culture conditions up to 30 days; the growth of cells was seen at all combinations of gels. 34912721 7 0 theme significant 1168:1178 arg1 effect 1190:1195 significant cytotoxic effect 1168:1195 significant cytotoxic effect 1168:1195 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 34912721 4 1 theme cytotoxic 703:711 arg1 effect 713:718 appreciable cytotoxic effect 691:718 appreciable cytotoxic effect 691:718 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 2 2 theme first 497:501 arg1 time 503:506 the first time 493:506 the first time 493:506 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 7 3 theme cytotoxic 1180:1188 arg1 effect 1190:1195 significant cytotoxic effect 1168:1195 significant cytotoxic effect 1168:1195 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 34912721 5 4 theme ethanol 909:915 arg1 precipitation 917:929 ethanol precipitation 909:929 ethanol precipitation 909:929 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 1 5 theme ginseng 180:186 arg1 ingredients 165:175 the main active ingredients 149:175 the main active ingredients of ginseng 149:186 Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 34912721 1 5 theme ginseng 180:186 arg1 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 34912721 4 6 contain possessed 681:689 arg1 MCG 677:679 MCG 677:679 MCG 677:679 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 4 6 contain possessed 681:689 arg2 effect 713:718 appreciable cytotoxic effect 691:718 appreciable cytotoxic effect 691:718 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 2 7 from ginseng 354:360 arg1 polysaccharides 309:323 the polysaccharides 305:323 the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) 305:366 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 6 8 theme polysaccharides 1026:1040 arg1 characteristics 1003:1017 Structural characteristics 992:1017 Structural characteristics of the polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) 992:1056 Structural characteristics of the polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were done by adapting methylation/GC-MS and NMR analysis. 34912721 5 9 theme gel 950:952 arg1 chromatography 965:978 gel permeation chromatography 950:978 gel permeation chromatography 950:978 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 4 10 theme fortified 766:774 arg1 effect 776:781 fortified effect 766:781 fortified effect 766:781 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 4 11 theme HepG2 728:732 arg1 cells 734:738 HepG2 cells 728:738 HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect 728:781 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 0 12 theme Anti-Hepatocellular 45:63 arg1 Activity 75:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 5 13 theme precipitation 917:929 arg1 techniques 980:989 ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques 909:989 ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques 909:989 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 2 14 theme HepG2 472:476 arg1 lines 483:487 HepG2 cell lines 472:487 HepG2 cell lines for the first time 472:506 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 0 15 theme Polysaccharides 87:101 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 0 15 theme Polysaccharides 87:101 arg1 Characterization 23:38 Structural Characterization 12:38 Structural Characterization 12:38 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 0 15 theme Polysaccharides 87:101 arg1 Activity 75:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 7 16 theme MCGP-3 1125:1130 arg1 polysaccharide 1132:1145 MCGP-3 polysaccharide 1125:1145 MCGP-3 polysaccharide 1125:1145 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 34912721 2 17 theme cultivated 343:352 arg1 MCG 363:365 MCG 363:365 MCG 363:365 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 2 17 theme cultivated 343:352 arg1 ginseng 354:360 the mountain cultivated ginseng 330:360 the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) 330:366 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 2 18 theme cytotoxic 403:411 arg1 effect 413:418 cytotoxic effect 403:418 cytotoxic effect 403:418 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 5 19 theme further 814:820 arg1 process 832:838 further isolation process 814:838 further isolation process 814:838 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 2 20 theme mountain 334:341 arg1 MCG 363:365 MCG 363:365 MCG 363:365 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 2 20 theme mountain 334:341 arg1 ginseng 354:360 the mountain cultivated ginseng 330:360 the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) 330:366 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 5 21 theme isolation 822:830 arg1 process 832:838 further isolation process 814:838 further isolation process 814:838 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 4 22 contain possess 758:764 arg1 MTPS-1 751:756 MTPS-1 751:756 MTPS-1 751:756 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 4 22 contain possess 758:764 arg2 effect 776:781 fortified effect 766:781 fortified effect 766:781 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 5 23 theme chromatography 965:978 arg1 techniques 980:989 ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques 909:989 ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques 909:989 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 2 24 theme CG 445:446 arg1 polysaccharide 449:462 cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide 425:462 cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time 425:506 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 0 25 theme Structural 12:21 arg1 Characterization 23:38 Structural Characterization 12:38 Structural Characterization 12:38 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 6 26 theme Structural 992:1001 arg1 characteristics 1003:1017 Structural characteristics 992:1017 Structural characteristics of the polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) 992:1056 Structural characteristics of the polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were done by adapting methylation/GC-MS and NMR analysis. 34912721 5 27 theme permeation 954:963 arg1 chromatography 965:978 gel permeation chromatography 950:978 gel permeation chromatography 950:978 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 4 28 theme appreciable 691:701 arg1 effect 713:718 appreciable cytotoxic effect 691:718 appreciable cytotoxic effect 691:718 Compared to CG, MCG possessed appreciable cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells among that MTPS-1 possess fortified effect. 34912721 1 29 theme active 158:163 arg1 ingredients 165:175 the main active ingredients 149:175 the main active ingredients of ginseng 149:186 Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 34912721 1 29 theme active 158:163 arg1 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 34912721 7 30 theme HepG2 1205:1209 arg1 cells 1211:1215 HepG2 cells 1205:1215 HepG2 cells 1205:1215 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 34912721 5 31 theme ion-exchange 932:943 arg1 techniques 980:989 ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques 909:989 ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques 909:989 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 5 32 theme acidic 850:855 arg1 MCGP-1-MCGP-7 874:886 MCGP-1-MCGP-7 874:886 MCGP-1-MCGP-7 874:886 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 5 32 theme acidic 850:855 arg1 polysaccharides 857:871 seven acidic polysaccharides 844:871 seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) 844:887 Then, MTPS-1 was selected for further isolation process and seven acidic polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were obtained using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography techniques. 34912721 2 33 theme ginseng 436:442 arg1 polysaccharide 449:462 cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide 425:462 cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time 425:506 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 2 34 theme cultivated 425:434 arg1 polysaccharide 449:462 cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide 425:462 cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time 425:506 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 0 35 theme Carcinoma 65:73 arg1 Activity 75:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 2 36 theme cell 478:481 arg1 lines 483:487 HepG2 cell lines 472:487 HepG2 cell lines for the first time 472:506 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 2 37 theme hepatocellular 243:256 arg1 HCC 269:271 HCC 269:271 HCC 269:271 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 2 37 theme hepatocellular 243:256 arg1 carcinoma 258:266 hepatocellular carcinoma 243:266 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 243:272 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 3 38 theme MCG 509:511 arg1 polysaccharides 513:527 MCG polysaccharides 509:527 MCG polysaccharides 509:527 MCG polysaccharides and CG polysaccharides were fractionated into two fractions such as MTPS-1, MTPS-2 and CTPS-1, CTPS-2 by salting out, respectively. 34912721 2 39 theme effective 209:217 arg1 polysaccharides 219:233 the most effective polysaccharides 200:233 the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 200:272 To extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we isolated and characterized the polysaccharides from the mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) and compared their composition and cytotoxic effect with cultivated ginseng (CG) polysaccharide against HepG2 cell lines for the first time. 34912721 1 40 theme main 153:156 arg1 ingredients 165:175 the main active ingredients 149:175 the main active ingredients of ginseng 149:186 Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 34912721 1 40 theme main 153:156 arg1 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides 129:143 Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 34912721 0 41 from Panax 108:112 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 0 41 from Panax 108:112 arg1 Characterization 23:38 Structural Characterization 12:38 Structural Characterization 12:38 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 0 41 from Panax 108:112 arg1 Activity 75:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity 45:82 Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity of Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng Meyer. 34912721 6 42 theme NMR 1102:1104 arg1 analysis 1106:1113 NMR analysis 1102:1113 NMR analysis 1102:1113 Structural characteristics of the polysaccharides (MCGP-1-MCGP-7) were done by adapting methylation/GC-MS and NMR analysis. 34912721 3 43 theme CG 533:534 arg1 polysaccharides 536:550 CG polysaccharides 533:550 CG polysaccharides 533:550 MCG polysaccharides and CG polysaccharides were fractionated into two fractions such as MTPS-1, MTPS-2 and CTPS-1, CTPS-2 by salting out, respectively. 34912721 7 44 theme IC50 1226:1229 arg1 value 1231:1235 the IC50 value 1222:1235 the IC50 value 1222:1235 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 34912721 7 45 contain possess 1160:1166 arg2 effect 1190:1195 significant cytotoxic effect 1168:1195 significant cytotoxic effect 1168:1195 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 34912721 7 45 contain possess 1160:1166 arg1 polysaccharide 1132:1145 MCGP-3 polysaccharide 1125:1145 MCGP-3 polysaccharide 1125:1145 Overall, MCGP-3 polysaccharide was found to possess significant cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with the IC50 value. 35648569 0 0 theme Macromolecules 82:95 arg1 Simulation 68:77 Simulation 68:77 Simulation 68:77 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 0 0 theme Macromolecules 82:95 arg1 Modeling 55:62 Modeling 55:62 Modeling 55:62 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 7 1 with simulations 1643:1653 arg1 types 1666:1670 other types 1660:1670 other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1660:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 7 2 theme hydrogen 1707:1714 arg1 bonding 1716:1722 hydrogen bonding 1707:1722 hydrogen bonding 1707:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 3 3 theme tertiary 819:826 arg1 structures 828:837 stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures 793:837 stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures 793:837 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 5 4 dep discussed 1196:1204 arg1 followed 1213:1220 followed 1213:1220 followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1213:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 6 5 dep DNA 1432:1434 arg1 e.g. 1426:1429 e.g. 1426:1429 e.g. 1426:1429 Model development focused on polynucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.), polypeptides, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers at experimentally relevant conditions are highlighted. 35648569 1 6 theme Macromolecular 160:173 arg1 materials 175:183 Macromolecular materials 160:183 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds 160:236 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 2 7 dep temperature 680:690 arg1 e.g. 674:677 e.g. 674:677 e.g. 674:677 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 0 8 theme Hydrogen 102:109 arg1 Bonds 111:115 Hydrogen Bonds 102:115 Hydrogen Bonds 102:115 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 4 9 with materials 1086:1094 arg1 interactions 1118:1129 hydrogen bonding interactions 1101:1129 hydrogen bonding interactions 1101:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 5 10 from use 1298:1300 arg1 studies 1305:1311 studies 1305:1311 studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1305:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 3 11 theme secondary 805:813 arg1 structures 828:837 stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures 793:837 stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures 793:837 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 4 12 attach present 920:926 arg2 I 918:918 I 918:918 I 918:918 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 4 12 attach present 920:926 arg1 Viewpoint 907:915 this Viewpoint 902:915 this Viewpoint 902:915 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 0 13 with Simulation 68:77 arg1 Bonds 111:115 Hydrogen Bonds 102:115 Hydrogen Bonds 102:115 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 5 14 theme macromolecular 1354:1367 arg1 materials 1369:1377 (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1316:1377 (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1316:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 1 15 theme structure 287:295 arg1 terms 278:282 terms 278:282 terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics 278:325 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 7 16 theme macromolecular 1615:1628 arg1 modeling 1630:1637 macromolecular modeling 1615:1637 macromolecular modeling 1615:1637 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 7 17 theme future 1593:1598 arg1 directions 1600:1609 potential future directions 1583:1609 potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1583:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 5 18 theme materials 1369:1377 arg1 studies 1305:1311 studies 1305:1311 studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1305:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 5 19 theme recent 1241:1246 arg1 developments 1248:1259 recent developments 1241:1259 recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1241:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 2 20 theme external 656:663 arg1 pH 693:694 pH 693:694 pH 693:694 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 2 20 theme external 656:663 arg1 stimuli 665:671 external stimuli 656:671 external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH) 656:695 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 3 21 theme stabilizing 793:803 arg1 structures 828:837 stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures 793:837 stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures 793:837 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 5 22 theme simulations 1180:1190 arg1 successes 1141:1149 successes 1141:1149 successes 1141:1149 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 5 22 theme simulations 1180:1190 arg1 limitations 1155:1165 limitations 1155:1165 limitations 1155:1165 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 2 23 theme interaction 492:502 arg1 valency 465:471 the valency 461:471 the valency of the directional interaction 461:502 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 7 24 theme interactions 1687:1698 arg1 types 1666:1670 other types 1660:1670 other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1660:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 5 25 theme coarse-grained 1264:1277 arg1 modeling 1279:1286 coarse-grained modeling 1264:1286 coarse-grained modeling 1264:1286 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 3 26 theme macromolecules 883:896 arg1 function 865:872 the function 861:872 the function of these macromolecules 861:896 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 1 27 theme directional 190:200 arg1 interactions 202:213 directional interactions 190:213 directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds 190:236 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 1 27 theme directional 190:200 arg1 bonds 232:236 hydrogen bonds 223:236 hydrogen bonds 223:236 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 0 28 theme 100th 0:4 arg1 Anniversary 6:16 100th Anniversary 0:16 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 0:158 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 0 29 theme Macromolecular 21:34 arg1 Viewpoint 44:52 Macromolecular Science Viewpoint 21:52 Macromolecular Science Viewpoint 21:52 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 1 30 theme thermodynamics 298:311 arg1 terms 278:282 terms 278:282 terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics 278:325 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 6 31 theme Model 1380:1384 arg1 development 1386:1396 Model development 1380:1396 Model development focused on polynucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.), polypeptides, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers at experimentally relevant conditions 1380:1539 Model development focused on polynucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.), polypeptides, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers at experimentally relevant conditions are highlighted. 35648569 4 32 theme molecular 977:985 arg1 modeling 987:994 molecular modeling 977:994 molecular modeling 977:994 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 4 33 theme bonding 1110:1116 arg1 interactions 1118:1129 hydrogen bonding interactions 1101:1129 hydrogen bonding interactions 1101:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 7 34 with modeling 1630:1637 arg1 types 1666:1670 other types 1660:1670 other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1660:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 7 35 theme directional 1675:1685 arg1 interactions 1687:1698 directional interactions 1675:1698 directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1675:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 4 36 dep challenges 932:941 arg1 the 928:930 the 928:930 the 928:930 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 2 37 theme geometries 373:382 arg1 tuning 353:358 precise tuning 345:358 precise tuning of desirable geometries 345:382 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 7 38 with ends 1573:1576 arg1 directions 1600:1609 potential future directions 1583:1609 potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1583:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 0 39 theme Viewpoint 44:52 arg1 Anniversary 6:16 100th Anniversary 0:16 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 0:158 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 5 40 dep successes 1141:1149 arg1 The 1132:1134 The 1132:1134 The 1132:1134 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 1 41 theme hydrogen 223:230 arg1 bonds 232:236 hydrogen bonds 223:236 hydrogen bonds 223:236 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 4 42 theme fundamental 1023:1033 arg1 research 1059:1066 fundamental and application-focused research 1023:1066 fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions 1023:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 2 43 theme coordination 427:438 arg1 numbers 440:446 programmable coordination numbers 414:446 programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction 414:502 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 0 44 theme Science 36:42 arg1 Viewpoint 44:52 Macromolecular Science Viewpoint 21:52 Macromolecular Science Viewpoint 21:52 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 1 45 theme dynamics 318:325 arg1 terms 278:282 terms 278:282 terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics 278:325 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 2 46 theme hydrogen 560:567 arg1 bonds 569:573 hydrogen bonds 560:573 hydrogen bonds between the various components 560:604 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 3 47 theme key 781:783 arg1 role 785:788 a key role 779:788 a key role 779:788 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 2 48 theme programmable 414:425 arg1 numbers 440:446 programmable coordination numbers 414:446 programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction 414:502 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 2 49 theme directional 480:490 arg1 interaction 492:502 the directional interaction 476:502 the directional interaction 476:502 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 3 50 dep proteins 726:733 arg1 e.g. 720:723 e.g. 720:723 e.g. 720:723 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 2 51 theme hydrogen 607:614 arg1 bonds 616:620 hydrogen bonds 607:620 hydrogen bonds 607:620 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 3 52 dep biomacromolecules 701:717 arg1 proteins 726:733 proteins 726:733 proteins 726:733 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 3 52 dep biomacromolecules 701:717 arg1 polysaccharides 741:755 polysaccharides 741:755 polysaccharides 741:755 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 3 52 dep biomacromolecules 701:717 arg1 DNA 736:738 DNA 736:738 DNA 736:738 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 5 53 from developments 1248:1259 arg1 use 1298:1300 their use 1292:1300 their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1292:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 5 53 from developments 1248:1259 arg1 modeling 1279:1286 coarse-grained modeling 1264:1286 coarse-grained modeling 1264:1286 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 2 54 theme desirable 363:371 arg1 geometries 373:382 desirable geometries 363:382 desirable geometries 363:382 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 3 55 theme hydrogen 759:766 arg1 bonds 768:772 hydrogen bonds 759:772 hydrogen bonds 759:772 In biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, polysaccharides), hydrogen bonds play a key role in stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures, which in turn define the function of these macromolecules. 35648569 5 56 from modeling 1279:1286 arg1 studies 1305:1311 studies 1305:1311 studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials 1305:1377 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 2 57 dep numbers 440:446 arg1 e.g. 408:411 e.g. 408:411 e.g. 408:411 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 6 58 theme relevant 1521:1528 arg1 conditions 1530:1539 experimentally relevant conditions 1506:1539 experimentally relevant conditions 1506:1539 Model development focused on polynucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.), polypeptides, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers at experimentally relevant conditions are highlighted. 35648569 7 59 theme other 1660:1664 arg1 types 1666:1670 other types 1660:1670 other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1660:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 1 60 with materials 175:183 arg1 interactions 202:213 directional interactions 190:213 directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds 190:236 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 1 60 with materials 175:183 arg1 bonds 232:236 hydrogen bonds 223:236 hydrogen bonds 223:236 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 5 61 dep materials 1369:1377 arg1 relevant 1344:1351 relevant 1344:1351 relevant 1344:1351 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 5 61 dep materials 1369:1377 arg1 synthetic 1317:1325 synthetic 1317:1325 synthetic 1317:1325 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 4 62 theme macromolecular 1071:1084 arg1 materials 1086:1094 macromolecular materials 1071:1094 macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions 1071:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 2 63 theme various 587:593 arg1 components 595:604 the various components 583:604 the various components 583:604 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 2 64 dep state 401:405 arg1 numbers 440:446 programmable coordination numbers 414:446 programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction 414:502 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 0 65 with Modeling 55:62 arg1 Bonds 111:115 Hydrogen Bonds 102:115 Hydrogen Bonds 102:115 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 2 66 theme precise 345:351 arg1 tuning 353:358 precise tuning 345:358 precise tuning of desirable geometries 345:382 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 4 67 theme hydrogen 1101:1108 arg1 interactions 1118:1129 hydrogen bonding interactions 1101:1129 hydrogen bonding interactions 1101:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 1 68 theme numerous 246:253 arg1 features 266:273 numerous attractive features 246:273 numerous attractive features 246:273 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 0 69 dep Anniversary 6:16 arg1 Successes 130:138 Successes 130:138 Successes 130:138 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 0 69 dep Anniversary 6:16 arg1 Opportunities 145:157 Opportunities 145:157 Opportunities 145:157 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 0 69 dep Anniversary 6:16 arg1 Challenges 118:127 Challenges 118:127 Challenges 118:127 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 0 69 dep Anniversary 6:16 arg1 Simulation 68:77 Simulation 68:77 Simulation 68:77 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 0 69 dep Anniversary 6:16 arg1 Modeling 55:62 Modeling 55:62 Modeling 55:62 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Modeling and Simulation of Macromolecules with Hydrogen Bonds: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities. 35648569 6 70 theme synthetic 1484:1492 arg1 polymers 1494:1501 synthetic polymers 1484:1501 synthetic polymers 1484:1501 Model development focused on polynucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.), polypeptides, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers at experimentally relevant conditions are highlighted. 35648569 2 71 theme assembled 391:399 arg1 state 401:405 the assembled state 387:405 the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction) 387:503 Besides enabling precise tuning of desirable geometries in the assembled state (e.g., programmable coordination numbers depending on the valency of the directional interaction), mixing in a blend/composite through stabilization via hydrogen bonds between the various components, hydrogen bonds can also impart responsiveness to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH). 35648569 1 72 theme attractive 255:264 arg1 features 266:273 numerous attractive features 246:273 numerous attractive features 246:273 Macromolecular materials with directional interactions such as hydrogen bonds exhibit numerous attractive features in terms of structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics. 35648569 7 73 theme potential 1583:1591 arg1 directions 1600:1609 potential future directions 1583:1609 potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding 1583:1722 This viewpoint ends with potential future directions for macromolecular modeling and simulations with other types of directional interactions beyond hydrogen bonding. 35648569 5 74 theme past 1136:1139 arg1 successes 1141:1149 successes 1141:1149 successes 1141:1149 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 35648569 4 75 from research 1059:1066 arg1 materials 1086:1094 macromolecular materials 1071:1094 macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions 1071:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 4 76 theme application-focused 1039:1057 arg1 research 1059:1066 fundamental and application-focused research 1023:1066 fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions 1023:1129 In this Viewpoint, I present the challenges, successes, and opportunities for molecular modeling and simulations to conduct fundamental and application-focused research on macromolecular materials with hydrogen bonding interactions. 35648569 5 77 theme atomistic 1170:1178 arg1 simulations 1180:1190 atomistic simulations 1170:1190 atomistic simulations 1170:1190 The past successes and limitations of atomistic simulations are discussed first, followed by highlights from recent developments in coarse-grained modeling and their use in studies of (synthetic and biologically relevant) macromolecular materials. 32718591 4 0 theme viability 573:581 arg1 assay 583:587 Cell viability assay 568:587 Cell viability assay 568:587 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 7 1 theme drug 1146:1149 arg1 release 1151:1157 the nucleolin targeted drug release 1123:1157 the nucleolin targeted drug release 1123:1157 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 3 2 theme molecular 500:508 arg1 interactions 519:530 molecular chemical interactions 500:530 molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs 500:565 FTIR spectrum recorded molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs. 32718591 1 3 theme chitosan 248:255 arg1 nanoparticles 257:269 the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles 174:269 the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) 174:277 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 3 theme chitosan 248:255 arg1 CSNPs 272:276 CSNPs 272:276 CSNPs 272:276 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 5 4 theme cellular 802:809 arg1 uptake 811:816 the cellular uptake 798:816 the cellular uptake of En 798:822 The decoration of the APT improved the cellular uptake of En as evidenced by cellular sensing fluorescence and BioTEM assay. 32718591 2 5 with spherical 414:422 arg1 PDI 463:465 PDI 463:465 PDI of 0.212 463:474 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 2 5 with spherical 414:422 arg1 size 438:441 size 438:441 size of 165.95 d. nm 438:457 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 2 6 theme characterization 346:361 arg1 studies 363:369 The characterization studies 342:369 The characterization studies 342:369 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 7 7 from efficiency 1089:1098 arg1 NSCLC 1109:1113 NSCLC 1109:1113 NSCLC 1109:1113 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 0 8 theme lung 119:122 arg1 carcinoma 124:132 non-small-cell lung carcinoma 104:132 non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 104:140 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 6 9 theme ROS 945:947 arg1 generation 949:958 excessive ROS generation 935:958 excessive ROS generation 935:958 The APT-En-CSNPs induced the apoptosis through excessive ROS generation, nucleus damage and Δψm loss in the A549 cells. 32718591 3 10 with interactions 519:530 arg1 composition 537:547 composition 537:547 composition of En or En-CSNPs 537:565 FTIR spectrum recorded molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs. 32718591 3 11 theme En 552:553 arg1 composition 537:547 composition 537:547 composition of En or En-CSNPs 537:565 FTIR spectrum recorded molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs. 32718591 0 12 theme non-small-cell 104:117 arg1 carcinoma 124:132 non-small-cell lung carcinoma 104:132 non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 104:140 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 6 13 theme excessive 935:943 arg1 generation 949:958 excessive ROS generation 935:958 excessive ROS generation 935:958 The APT-En-CSNPs induced the apoptosis through excessive ROS generation, nucleus damage and Δψm loss in the A549 cells. 32718591 7 14 theme targeted 1137:1144 arg1 release 1151:1157 the nucleolin targeted drug release 1123:1157 the nucleolin targeted drug release 1123:1157 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 4 15 theme receptor-targeted 730:746 arg1 release 748:754 pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release 703:754 pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En 703:760 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 4 16 theme flow 590:593 arg1 cytometry 595:603 flow cytometry 590:603 flow cytometry 590:603 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 4 17 theme cell 684:687 arg1 death 689:693 cancer cell death 677:693 cancer cell death 677:693 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 0 18 theme carcinoma 124:132 arg1 therapy 134:140 non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 104:140 non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 104:140 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 0 19 theme Dual 0:3 arg1 release 24:30 Dual stimuli-responsive release 0:30 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 0:48 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 4 20 theme cancer 677:682 arg1 death 689:693 cancer cell death 677:693 cancer cell death 677:693 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 0 21 theme stimuli-responsive 5:22 arg1 release 24:30 Dual stimuli-responsive release 0:30 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 0:48 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 4 22 theme Cell 568:571 arg1 assay 583:587 Cell viability assay 568:587 Cell viability assay 568:587 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 5 23 theme APT 785:787 arg1 decoration 767:776 The decoration 763:776 The decoration of the APT 763:787 The decoration of the APT improved the cellular uptake of En as evidenced by cellular sensing fluorescence and BioTEM assay. 32718591 2 24 theme d. 453:454 arg1 nm 456:457 165.95 d. nm 446:457 165.95 d. nm 446:457 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 4 25 theme En 759:760 arg1 release 748:754 pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release 703:754 pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En 703:760 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 2 26 theme formulated 385:394 arg1 APT-En-CSNPs 396:407 formulated APT-En-CSNPs 385:407 formulated APT-En-CSNPs 385:407 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 5 27 theme cellular 840:847 arg1 fluorescence 857:868 cellular sensing fluorescence 840:868 cellular sensing fluorescence 840:868 The decoration of the APT improved the cellular uptake of En as evidenced by cellular sensing fluorescence and BioTEM assay. 32718591 6 28 theme A549 996:999 arg1 cells 1001:1005 the A549 cells 992:1005 the A549 cells 992:1005 The APT-En-CSNPs induced the apoptosis through excessive ROS generation, nucleus damage and Δψm loss in the A549 cells. 32718591 3 29 theme En-CSNPs 558:565 arg1 composition 537:547 composition 537:547 composition of En or En-CSNPs 537:565 FTIR spectrum recorded molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs. 32718591 5 30 theme sensing 849:855 arg1 fluorescence 857:868 cellular sensing fluorescence 840:868 cellular sensing fluorescence 840:868 The decoration of the APT improved the cellular uptake of En as evidenced by cellular sensing fluorescence and BioTEM assay. 32718591 1 31 theme promising 283:291 arg1 carcinoma 313:321 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma 283:321 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment 283:339 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 31 theme promising 283:291 arg1 NSCLC 324:328 NSCLC 324:328 NSCLC 324:328 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 7 32 theme En 1103:1104 arg1 efficiency 1089:1098 the therapeutic efficiency 1073:1098 the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC 1073:1113 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 3 33 theme chemical 510:517 arg1 interactions 519:530 molecular chemical interactions 500:530 molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs 500:565 FTIR spectrum recorded molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs. 32718591 1 34 theme decorated 212:220 arg1 nanoparticles 257:269 the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles 174:269 the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) 174:277 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 34 theme decorated 212:220 arg1 CSNPs 272:276 CSNPs 272:276 CSNPs 272:276 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 2 35 theme 0.212 470:474 arg1 PDI 463:465 PDI 463:465 PDI of 0.212 463:474 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 2 35 theme 0.212 470:474 arg1 size 438:441 size 438:441 size of 165.95 d. nm 438:457 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 1 36 theme non-small-cell 293:306 arg1 carcinoma 313:321 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma 283:321 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment 283:339 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 36 theme non-small-cell 293:306 arg1 NSCLC 324:328 NSCLC 324:328 NSCLC 324:328 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 7 37 theme therapeutic 1077:1087 arg1 efficiency 1089:1098 the therapeutic efficiency 1073:1098 the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC 1073:1113 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 1 38 dep loaded 241:246 arg1 En 237:238 En 237:238 En 237:238 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 38 dep loaded 241:246 arg1 erlotinib 226:234 erlotinib 226:234 erlotinib (En) 226:239 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 5 39 theme BioTEM 874:879 arg1 assay 881:885 BioTEM assay 874:885 BioTEM assay 874:885 The decoration of the APT improved the cellular uptake of En as evidenced by cellular sensing fluorescence and BioTEM assay. 32718591 0 40 theme aptamer 35:41 arg1 release 24:30 Dual stimuli-responsive release 0:30 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 0:48 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 1 41 theme lung 308:311 arg1 carcinoma 313:321 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma 283:321 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment 283:339 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 41 theme lung 308:311 arg1 NSCLC 324:328 NSCLC 324:328 NSCLC 324:328 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 0 42 theme erlotinib 60:68 arg1 nanoparticles 86:98 erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles 60:98 erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 60:140 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 1 43 theme carcinoma 313:321 arg1 treatment 331:339 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment 283:339 promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment 283:339 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 4 44 dep assay 583:587 arg1 results 632:638 results 632:638 results 632:638 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 7 45 theme present 1019:1025 arg1 study 1027:1031 the present study 1015:1031 the present study 1015:1031 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 2 46 from spherical 414:422 arg1 shape 427:431 shape 427:431 shape 427:431 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 7 47 theme nucleolin 1127:1135 arg1 release 1151:1157 the nucleolin targeted drug release 1123:1157 the nucleolin targeted drug release 1123:1157 Hence, the present study revealed that the APT-En-CSNPs improved the therapeutic efficiency of En in NSCLC through the nucleolin targeted drug release. 32718591 5 48 theme En 821:822 arg1 uptake 811:816 the cellular uptake 798:816 the cellular uptake of En 798:822 The decoration of the APT improved the cellular uptake of En as evidenced by cellular sensing fluorescence and BioTEM assay. 32718591 4 49 theme pH-sensitive 703:714 arg1 release 748:754 pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release 703:754 pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En 703:760 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 1 50 theme present 147:153 arg1 work 155:158 The present work 143:158 The present work 143:158 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 4 51 theme fluorescent 609:619 arg1 microscopy 621:630 fluorescent microscopy 609:630 fluorescent microscopy 609:630 Cell viability assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy results revealed that APT-En-CSNPs triggered cancer cell death through pH-sensitive and nucleolin receptor-targeted release of En. 32718591 2 52 from shape 427:431 arg1 spherical 414:422 spherical 414:422 spherical 414:422 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 3 53 theme FTIR 477:480 arg1 spectrum 482:489 FTIR spectrum 477:489 FTIR spectrum 477:489 FTIR spectrum recorded molecular chemical interactions with composition of En or En-CSNPs. 32718591 0 54 theme chitosan 77:84 arg1 nanoparticles 86:98 erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles 60:98 erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 60:140 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 0 55 theme loaded 70:75 arg1 nanoparticles 86:98 erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles 60:98 erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy 60:140 Dual stimuli-responsive release of aptamer AS1411 decorated erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung carcinoma therapy. 32718591 6 56 theme nucleus 961:967 arg1 damage 969:974 nucleus damage 961:974 nucleus damage 961:974 The APT-En-CSNPs induced the apoptosis through excessive ROS generation, nucleus damage and Δψm loss in the A549 cells. 32718591 2 57 theme nm 456:457 arg1 PDI 463:465 PDI 463:465 PDI of 0.212 463:474 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 2 57 theme nm 456:457 arg1 size 438:441 size 438:441 size of 165.95 d. nm 438:457 The characterization studies revealed that formulated APT-En-CSNPs were spherical in shape with size of 165.95 d. nm and PDI of 0.212. 32718591 6 58 theme Δψm 980:982 arg1 loss 984:987 Δψm loss 980:987 Δψm loss 980:987 The APT-En-CSNPs induced the apoptosis through excessive ROS generation, nucleus damage and Δψm loss in the A549 cells. 32718591 1 59 theme loaded 241:246 arg1 nanoparticles 257:269 the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles 174:269 the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) 174:277 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 32718591 1 59 theme loaded 241:246 arg1 CSNPs 272:276 CSNPs 272:276 CSNPs 272:276 The present work was developed the pH dependent-aptamer AS1411 (APT) decorated and erlotinib (En) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) for promising non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment. 34579369 0 0 theme Additives 66:74 arg1 Production 52:61 the Production 48:61 the Production of Additives for Lubricants 48:89 Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. 34579369 3 1 from range 409:413 arg1 microalgae 444:453 red microalgae 440:453 red microalgae 440:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 4 2 theme red 706:708 arg1 grisea 731:736 the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 702:736 the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 702:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 3 3 from microalgae 444:453 arg1 range 409:413 the wide range 400:413 the wide range of natural products from red microalgae 400:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 3 3 from microalgae 444:453 arg1 products 426:433 natural products 418:433 natural products from red microalgae 418:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 1 4 theme raw 139:141 arg1 materials 143:151 algae-based raw materials 127:151 algae-based raw materials 127:151 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 11 5 theme soil 1749:1752 arg1 organisms 1754:1762 other soil organisms 1743:1762 other soil organisms 1743:1762 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 7 6 theme bio-additive 1203:1214 arg1 products 1216:1223 different bio-additive products 1193:1223 different bio-additive products 1193:1223 The EPS and biomass significantly differed in their molecular composition, indicating that they might be used for different bio-additive products. 34579369 3 7 theme additive 514:521 arg1 use 523:525 additive use 514:525 additive use 514:525 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 12 8 theme biorefinery 1948:1958 arg1 approach 1960:1967 a biorefinery approach 1946:1967 a biorefinery approach 1946:1967 Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach. 34579369 1 9 from interest 115:122 arg1 materials 143:151 algae-based raw materials 127:151 algae-based raw materials 127:151 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 12 10 theme tribological 1915:1926 arg1 industry 1928:1935 the tribological industry 1911:1935 the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach 1911:1967 Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach. 34579369 8 11 from compounds 1297:1305 arg1 EPS 1310:1312 EPS 1310:1312 EPS 1310:1312 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 2 12 theme algal 286:290 arg1 metabolites 292:302 the different algal metabolites 272:302 the different algal metabolites 272:302 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 8 13 theme separation 1361:1370 arg1 protocol 1372:1379 the separation protocol 1357:1379 the separation protocol 1357:1379 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 5 14 theme molecular 922:930 arg1 composition 932:942 their molecular composition 916:942 their molecular composition 916:942 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 11 15 theme EPS 1645:1647 arg1 implementation 1627:1640 implementation 1627:1640 implementation of EPS as a commercial product 1627:1671 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 2 16 theme different 276:284 arg1 metabolites 292:302 the different algal metabolites 272:302 the different algal metabolites 272:302 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 6 17 theme viscous 973:979 arg1 polymer 981:987 a highly viscous polymer 964:987 a highly viscous polymer 964:987 This alga produces a highly viscous polymer, mainly composed of polysaccharides and proteins, being secreted into the culture medium. 34579369 10 18 theme D. 1557:1558 arg1 grisea 1560:1565 D. grisea 1557:1565 D. grisea 1557:1565 Lyophilized algal fractions obtained from D. grisea were found to be not toxic when EPS were not included. 34579369 3 19 theme extracellular 487:499 arg1 polymers 501:508 extracellular polymers 487:508 extracellular polymers for additive use 487:525 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 7 20 used used 1184:1187 arg2 they 1170:1173 they 1170:1173 they 1170:1173 The EPS and biomass significantly differed in their molecular composition, indicating that they might be used for different bio-additive products. 34579369 4 21 theme molecular 675:683 arg1 composition 685:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition 646:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 646:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 3 22 theme red 440:442 arg1 microalgae 444:453 red microalgae 440:453 red microalgae 440:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 7 23 theme molecular 1131:1139 arg1 composition 1141:1151 their molecular composition 1125:1151 their molecular composition 1125:1151 The EPS and biomass significantly differed in their molecular composition, indicating that they might be used for different bio-additive products. 34579369 12 24 theme environmentally 1854:1868 arg1 friendly 1870:1877 an environmentally friendly 1851:1877 an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach 1851:1967 Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach. 34579369 8 25 theme chemical 1288:1295 arg1 compounds 1297:1305 the major chemical compounds 1278:1305 the major chemical compounds 1278:1305 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 8 25 theme chemical 1288:1295 arg1 proteins 1264:1271 proteins 1264:1271 proteins 1264:1271 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 8 25 theme chemical 1288:1295 arg1 polysaccharides 1244:1258 polysaccharides 1244:1258 polysaccharides 1244:1258 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 8 26 theme lipids 1338:1343 arg1 content 1327:1333 the content 1323:1333 the content of lipids 1323:1343 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 1 27 theme medical 157:163 arg1 applications 192:203 medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 157:203 medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 157:203 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 5 28 theme D. 813:814 arg1 samples 823:829 D. grisea samples 813:829 D. grisea samples 813:829 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 10 29 theme Lyophilized 1515:1525 arg1 fractions 1533:1541 Lyophilized algal fractions 1515:1541 Lyophilized algal fractions obtained from D. grisea 1515:1565 Lyophilized algal fractions obtained from D. grisea were found to be not toxic when EPS were not included. 34579369 2 30 from additives 358:366 arg1 industry 384:391 the chemical industry 371:391 the chemical industry 371:391 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 3 31 theme cellular 564:571 arg1 components 573:582 the cellular components 560:582 the cellular components 560:582 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 3 32 theme products 426:433 arg1 range 409:413 the wide range 400:413 the wide range of natural products from red microalgae 400:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 5 33 theme grisea 816:821 arg1 samples 823:829 D. grisea samples 813:829 D. grisea samples 813:829 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 12 34 theme bio-additive 1879:1890 arg1 friendly 1870:1877 an environmentally friendly 1851:1877 an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach 1851:1967 Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach. 34579369 1 35 theme cosmetic 166:173 arg1 applications 192:203 medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 157:203 medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 157:203 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 0 36 theme Red 17:19 arg1 grisea 37:42 the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea 13:42 the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea 13:42 Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. 34579369 6 37 theme culture 1063:1069 arg1 medium 1071:1076 the culture medium 1059:1076 the culture medium 1059:1076 This alga produces a highly viscous polymer, mainly composed of polysaccharides and proteins, being secreted into the culture medium. 34579369 9 38 theme major 1440:1444 arg1 group 1446:1450 a major group 1438:1450 a major group 1438:1450 Still, they did not represent a major group and were thus classified as a potential valuable side-product. 34579369 12 39 theme possible 1799:1806 arg1 direction 1808:1816 a possible direction 1797:1816 a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach 1797:1967 Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach. 34579369 2 40 theme metabolites 292:302 arg1 properties 258:267 physicochemical properties 242:267 physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites 242:302 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 1 41 theme nutraceutical 178:190 arg1 applications 192:203 medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 157:203 medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 157:203 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 0 42 theme Dixoniella 26:35 arg1 grisea 37:42 the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea 13:42 the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea 13:42 Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. 34579369 8 43 theme major 1282:1286 arg1 compounds 1297:1305 the major chemical compounds 1278:1305 the major chemical compounds 1278:1305 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 8 43 theme major 1282:1286 arg1 proteins 1264:1271 proteins 1264:1271 proteins 1264:1271 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 8 43 theme major 1282:1286 arg1 polysaccharides 1244:1258 polysaccharides 1244:1258 polysaccharides 1244:1258 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 2 44 theme high 224:227 arg1 diversity 229:237 the high diversity 220:237 the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites 220:302 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 4 45 theme intracellular 661:673 arg1 composition 685:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition 646:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 646:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 5 46 theme extracellular 850:862 arg1 medium 890:895 medium 890:895 medium 890:895 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 5 46 theme extracellular 850:862 arg1 EPS 874:876 EPS 874:876 EPS 874:876 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 5 46 theme extracellular 850:862 arg1 cells 880:884 cells 880:884 cells 880:884 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 5 46 theme extracellular 850:862 arg1 polymers 864:871 extracellular polymers 850:871 extracellular polymers (EPS) 850:877 D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. 34579369 0 47 theme Alga 21:24 arg1 grisea 37:42 the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea 13:42 the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea 13:42 Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. 34579369 3 48 theme natural 418:424 arg1 products 426:433 natural products 418:433 natural products from red microalgae 418:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 3 49 theme wide 404:407 arg1 range 409:413 the wide range 400:413 the wide range of natural products from red microalgae 400:453 Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 34579369 11 50 theme commercial 1654:1663 arg1 product 1665:1671 a commercial product 1652:1671 a commercial product 1652:1671 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 2 51 theme possible 349:356 arg1 additives 358:366 possible additives 349:366 possible additives in the chemical industry 349:391 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 2 51 theme possible 349:356 arg1 substances 319:328 these substances 313:328 these substances 313:328 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 0 52 theme grisea 37:42 arg1 Potential 0:8 Potential 0:8 Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. 0:90 Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. 34579369 11 53 theme other 1743:1747 arg1 organisms 1754:1762 other soil organisms 1743:1762 other soil organisms 1743:1762 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 10 54 theme algal 1527:1531 arg1 fractions 1533:1541 Lyophilized algal fractions 1515:1541 Lyophilized algal fractions obtained from D. grisea 1515:1565 Lyophilized algal fractions obtained from D. grisea were found to be not toxic when EPS were not included. 34579369 8 55 theme resulting 1389:1397 arg1 product 1399:1405 the resulting product 1385:1405 the resulting product 1385:1405 We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. 34579369 7 56 theme different 1193:1201 arg1 products 1216:1223 different bio-additive products 1193:1223 different bio-additive products 1193:1223 The EPS and biomass significantly differed in their molecular composition, indicating that they might be used for different bio-additive products. 34579369 4 57 theme microalga 710:718 arg1 grisea 731:736 the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 702:736 the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 702:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 4 58 theme Dixoniella 720:729 arg1 grisea 731:736 the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 702:736 the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 702:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 4 59 theme tribological 790:801 arg1 industry 803:810 the tribological industry 786:810 the tribological industry 786:810 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 2 60 theme properties 258:267 arg1 diversity 229:237 the high diversity 220:237 the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites 220:302 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 1 61 theme increasing 104:113 arg1 interest 115:122 an increasing interest 101:122 an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications 101:203 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 4 62 from grisea 731:736 arg1 composition 685:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition 646:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 646:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 4 63 theme present 600:606 arg1 study 608:612 the present study 596:612 the present study 596:612 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 11 64 theme further 1674:1680 arg1 assessment 1682:1691 further assessment 1674:1691 further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms 1674:1762 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 2 65 theme physicochemical 242:256 arg1 properties 258:267 physicochemical properties 242:267 physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites 242:302 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 9 66 theme valuable 1492:1499 arg1 side-product 1501:1512 a potential valuable side-product 1480:1512 a potential valuable side-product 1480:1512 Still, they did not represent a major group and were thus classified as a potential valuable side-product. 34579369 9 66 theme valuable 1492:1499 arg1 they 1415:1418 they 1415:1418 they 1415:1418 Still, they did not represent a major group and were thus classified as a potential valuable side-product. 34579369 9 67 theme potential 1482:1490 arg1 side-product 1501:1512 a potential valuable side-product 1480:1512 a potential valuable side-product 1480:1512 Still, they did not represent a major group and were thus classified as a potential valuable side-product. 34579369 9 67 theme potential 1482:1490 arg1 they 1415:1418 they 1415:1418 they 1415:1418 Still, they did not represent a major group and were thus classified as a potential valuable side-product. 34579369 2 68 theme chemical 375:382 arg1 industry 384:391 the chemical industry 371:391 the chemical industry 371:391 Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. 34579369 4 69 theme extra- 650:655 arg1 composition 685:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition 646:695 the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea 646:736 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 34579369 11 70 theme environmental 1700:1712 arg1 toxicity 1714:1721 the environmental toxicity 1696:1721 the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms 1696:1762 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 11 71 from assessment 1682:1691 arg1 toxicity 1714:1721 the environmental toxicity 1696:1721 the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms 1696:1762 Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. 34579369 12 72 from application 1896:1906 arg1 industry 1928:1935 the tribological industry 1911:1935 the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach 1911:1967 Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach. 34579369 1 73 theme algae-based 127:137 arg1 materials 143:151 algae-based raw materials 127:151 algae-based raw materials 127:151 There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. 34579369 4 74 theme study 608:612 arg1 aim 589:591 The aim 585:591 The aim of the present study 585:612 The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. 31773422 12 0 theme etoricoxib 1692:1701 arg1 formulation 1677:1687 the validated FFG formulation 1659:1687 the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib 1659:1701 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 10 1 theme irritation 1442:1451 arg1 score 1453:1457 An average irritation score 1431:1457 An average irritation score of 0.555 1431:1466 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 9 2 theme release 1340:1346 arg1 effect 1348:1353 better sustained release effect 1323:1353 better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG 1323:1380 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 3 3 theme dependent 553:561 arg1 viscosity 603:611 viscosity 603:611 viscosity 603:611 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 3 3 theme dependent 553:561 arg1 variables 563:571 The dependent variables 549:571 The dependent variables considered in this study 549:596 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 12 4 theme validated 1663:1671 arg1 formulation 1677:1687 the validated FFG formulation 1659:1687 the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib 1659:1701 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 2 5 theme surface 269:275 arg1 method 284:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 4 6 theme Anti-inflammatory 656:672 arg1 study 674:678 Anti-inflammatory study 656:678 Anti-inflammatory study 656:678 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 5 7 theme fit 867:869 arg1 model 871:875 fit model 867:875 fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses 867:911 Quadratic model was found to be best fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses. 31773422 5 7 theme fit 867:869 arg1 < 880:880 p < 0.0001 878:887 p < 0.0001 878:887 Quadratic model was found to be best fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses. 31773422 6 8 theme HPMC 931:934 arg1 concentration 936:948 HPMC concentration 931:948 HPMC concentration 931:948 The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity was found to be highest whereas concentration of etoricoxib was maximum for Q24. 31773422 12 9 theme above 1633:1637 arg1 investigations 1639:1652 the above investigations 1629:1652 the above investigations 1629:1652 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 10 10 theme scoring 1491:1497 arg1 system 1499:1504 Draize scoring system 1484:1504 Draize scoring system 1484:1504 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 9 11 theme optimized 1368:1376 arg1 FFG 1378:1380 optimized FFG 1368:1380 optimized FFG 1368:1380 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 10 12 theme Draize 1484:1489 arg1 system 1499:1504 Draize scoring system 1484:1504 Draize scoring system 1484:1504 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 4 13 theme albino 704:709 arg1 rats 711:714 Wistar albino rats 697:714 Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations 697:827 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 9 14 theme drug 1414:1417 arg1 suspension 1419:1428 orally administered drug suspension 1394:1428 orally administered drug suspension 1394:1428 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 4 15 dep h. 722:723 arg1 performed 788:796 performed 788:796 were performed for validated FFG formulations 783:827 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 8 16 theme Q24 1227:1229 arg1 viscosity 1189:1197 viscosity 1189:1197 viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918 1189:1271 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 11 17 from months 1570:1575 arg1 conditions 1592:1601 accelerated conditions 1580:1601 accelerated conditions 1580:1601 The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. 31773422 8 18 theme 4639.11 1234:1240 arg1 μg/cm2 1242:1247 4639.11 μg/cm2 1234:1247 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918 1234:1271 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 0 19 theme surface 73:79 arg1 methodology 81:91 research surface methodology 64:91 research surface methodology 64:91 Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. 31773422 1 20 theme film-forming 165:176 arg1 FFG 183:185 transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) 153:186 transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM) 153:254 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 2 21 theme possible 527:534 arg1 formulation 536:546 best possible formulation 522:546 best possible formulation 522:546 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 % 1103:1103 4% 1102:1103 4% of etoricoxib 1102:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 composition 1060:1070 The optimum composition 1048:1070 The optimum composition of the FFG 1048:1081 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 % 1144:1144 0.4% 1141:1144 0.4% of eudragit 1141:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 22 theme HPMC 1131:1134 arg1 % 1126:1126 1.1246% 1120:1126 1.1246% of HPMC 1120:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 4 23 theme stability 765:773 arg1 studies 775:781 accelerated stability studies 753:781 accelerated stability studies 753:781 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 4 24 theme irritation 730:739 arg1 studies 741:747 Skin irritation studies 725:747 Skin irritation studies 725:747 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 2 25 theme eudragit 422:429 arg1 RL100 431:435 eudragit RL100 422:435 eudragit RL100 422:435 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 4 26 theme FFG 812:814 arg1 formulations 816:827 validated FFG formulations 802:827 validated FFG formulations 802:827 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 0 27 theme film-forming 27:38 arg1 gel 40:42 film-forming gel 27:42 film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology 27:91 Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. 31773422 12 28 theme h. 1768:1769 arg1 abstract 1781:1788 8 h. Graphical abstract 1766:1788 8 h. Graphical abstract 1766:1788 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 10 29 theme average 1434:1440 arg1 score 1453:1457 An average irritation score 1431:1457 An average irritation score of 0.555 1431:1466 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 11 30 theme accelerated 1580:1590 arg1 conditions 1592:1601 accelerated conditions 1580:1601 accelerated conditions 1580:1601 The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. 31773422 9 31 theme in 1278:1279 arg1 study 1304:1308 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study 1274:1308 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study 1274:1308 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 2 32 used used 295:298 arg2 method 284:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 8 33 theme Above 1159:1163 arg1 composition 1165:1175 Above composition 1159:1175 Above composition 1159:1175 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 9 34 theme anti-inflammatory 1286:1302 arg1 study 1304:1308 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study 1274:1308 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study 1274:1308 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 12 35 theme drug 1749:1752 arg1 release 1754:1760 sustained drug release 1739:1760 sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract 1739:1788 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 8 36 theme maximum 1219:1225 arg1 Q24 1227:1229 maximum Q24 1219:1229 maximum Q24 1219:1229 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 10 37 theme 0.555 1462:1466 arg1 score 1453:1457 An average irritation score 1431:1457 An average irritation score of 0.555 1431:1466 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 2 38 theme hydroxypropyl 374:386 arg1 methylcellulose 388:402 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 374:402 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M) 374:415 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 38 theme hydroxypropyl 374:386 arg1 K100M 410:414 HPMC K100M 405:414 HPMC K100M 405:414 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 7 39 theme FFG 1079:1081 arg1 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 39 theme FFG 1079:1081 arg1 composition 1060:1070 The optimum composition 1048:1070 The optimum composition of the FFG 1048:1081 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 39 theme FFG 1079:1081 arg1 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 39 theme FFG 1079:1081 arg1 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 39 theme FFG 1079:1081 arg1 % 1103:1103 4% 1102:1103 4% of etoricoxib 1102:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 11 40 theme FFG 1521:1523 arg1 stable 1553:1558 stable 1553:1558 stable 1553:1558 The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. 31773422 11 40 theme FFG 1521:1523 arg1 formulation 1525:1535 The validated FFG formulation 1507:1535 The validated FFG formulation 1507:1535 The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. 31773422 2 41 theme etoricoxib 362:371 arg1 variables 452:460 independent variables 440:460 independent variables 440:460 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 41 theme etoricoxib 362:371 arg1 concentrations 344:357 different concentrations 334:357 different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 334:435 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 9 42 theme sustained 1330:1338 arg1 effect 1348:1353 better sustained release effect 1323:1353 better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG 1323:1380 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 % 1103:1103 4% 1102:1103 4% of etoricoxib 1102:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 composition 1060:1070 The optimum composition 1048:1070 The optimum composition of the FFG 1048:1081 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 % 1144:1144 0.4% 1141:1144 0.4% of eudragit 1141:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 43 theme eudragit 1149:1156 arg1 % 1126:1126 1.1246% 1120:1126 1.1246% of HPMC 1120:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 3 44 from h 639:639 arg1 viscosity 603:611 viscosity 603:611 viscosity 603:611 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 3 44 from h 639:639 arg1 permeation 622:631 drug permeation 617:631 drug permeation 617:631 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 3 44 from h 639:639 arg1 variables 563:571 The dependent variables 549:571 The dependent variables considered in this study 549:596 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 12 45 theme FFG 1673:1675 arg1 formulation 1677:1687 the validated FFG formulation 1659:1687 the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib 1659:1701 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 5 46 theme p 878:878 arg1 model 871:875 fit model 867:875 fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses 867:911 Quadratic model was found to be best fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses. 31773422 5 46 theme p 878:878 arg1 < 880:880 p < 0.0001 878:887 p < 0.0001 878:887 Quadratic model was found to be best fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses. 31773422 7 47 theme optimum 1052:1058 arg1 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 47 theme optimum 1052:1058 arg1 composition 1060:1070 The optimum composition 1048:1070 The optimum composition of the FFG 1048:1081 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 47 theme optimum 1052:1058 arg1 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 47 theme optimum 1052:1058 arg1 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 47 theme optimum 1052:1058 arg1 % 1103:1103 4% 1102:1103 4% of etoricoxib 1102:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 2 48 theme design 277:282 arg1 method 284:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 1 49 theme FFG 183:185 arg1 development 138:148 the development 134:148 the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM) 134:254 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 1 50 theme gel 178:180 arg1 FFG 183:185 transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) 153:186 transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM) 153:254 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 2 51 theme experimental 311:322 arg1 run 324:326 experimental run 311:326 experimental run 311:326 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 3 52 dep viscosity 603:611 arg1 Q24 642:644 Q24 642:644 Q24 642:644 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 3 52 dep viscosity 603:611 arg1 μg/cm2 647:652 μg/cm2 647:652 μg/cm2 647:652 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 6 53 theme concentration 936:948 arg1 influence 918:926 The influence 914:926 The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity 914:965 The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity was found to be highest whereas concentration of etoricoxib was maximum for Q24. 31773422 6 53 theme concentration 936:948 arg1 highest 983:989 highest 983:989 highest 983:989 The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity was found to be highest whereas concentration of etoricoxib was maximum for Q24. 31773422 5 54 theme Quadratic 830:838 arg1 model 840:844 Quadratic model 830:844 Quadratic model 830:844 Quadratic model was found to be best fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses. 31773422 9 55 theme FFG 1378:1380 arg1 effect 1348:1353 better sustained release effect 1323:1353 better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG 1323:1380 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 4 56 theme Wistar 697:702 arg1 rats 711:714 Wistar albino rats 697:714 Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations 697:827 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 2 57 theme Box-Behnken 257:267 arg1 method 284:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method 257:289 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 9 58 theme administered 1401:1412 arg1 suspension 1419:1428 orally administered drug suspension 1394:1428 orally administered drug suspension 1394:1428 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 8 59 theme mPa.s 1209:1213 arg1 viscosity 1189:1197 viscosity 1189:1197 viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918 1189:1271 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 0 60 theme research 64:71 arg1 methodology 81:91 research surface methodology 64:91 research surface methodology 64:91 Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. 31773422 3 61 theme drug 617:620 arg1 permeation 622:631 drug permeation 617:631 drug permeation 617:631 The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). 31773422 1 62 theme research 221:228 arg1 methodology 238:248 research surface methodology 221:248 research surface methodology (RSM) 221:254 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 1 62 theme research 221:228 arg1 RSM 251:253 RSM 251:253 RSM 251:253 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 8 63 with μg/cm2 1242:1247 arg1 desirability 1254:1265 desirability 0.918 1254:1271 desirability 0.918 1254:1271 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 1 64 theme transdermal 153:163 arg1 FFG 183:185 transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) 153:186 transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM) 153:254 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 2 65 theme optimization 479:490 arg1 tool 492:495 Derringer's optimization tool 467:495 Derringer's optimization tool 467:495 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 66 theme best 522:525 arg1 formulation 536:546 best possible formulation 522:546 best possible formulation 522:546 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 9 67 dep in 1278:1279 arg1 vivo 1281:1284 vivo 1281:1284 vivo 1281:1284 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 31773422 8 68 theme μg/cm2 1242:1247 arg1 mPa.s 1209:1213 1549.5 mPa.s 1202:1213 1549.5 mPa.s 1202:1213 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 8 68 theme μg/cm2 1242:1247 arg1 Q24 1227:1229 maximum Q24 1219:1229 maximum Q24 1219:1229 Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. 31773422 10 69 located observed 1472:1479 arg1 system 1499:1504 Draize scoring system 1484:1504 Draize scoring system 1484:1504 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 10 69 located observed 1472:1479 arg2 score 1453:1457 An average irritation score 1431:1457 An average irritation score of 0.555 1431:1466 An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. 31773422 2 70 theme HPMC 405:408 arg1 methylcellulose 388:402 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 374:402 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M) 374:415 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 70 theme HPMC 405:408 arg1 K100M 410:414 HPMC K100M 405:414 HPMC K100M 405:414 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 HPMC 1131:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 eudragit 1149:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 % 1103:1103 4% 1102:1103 4% of etoricoxib 1102:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 etoricoxib 1108:1117 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 composition 1060:1070 The optimum composition 1048:1070 The optimum composition of the FFG 1048:1081 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 % 1144:1144 0.4% 1141:1144 0.4% of eudragit 1141:1156 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 7 71 theme etoricoxib 1108:1117 arg1 % 1126:1126 1.1246% 1120:1126 1.1246% of HPMC 1120:1134 The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. 31773422 2 72 theme independent 440:450 arg1 variables 452:460 independent variables 440:460 independent variables 440:460 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 72 theme independent 440:450 arg1 concentrations 344:357 different concentrations 334:357 different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 334:435 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 73 theme methylcellulose 388:402 arg1 variables 452:460 independent variables 440:460 independent variables 440:460 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 73 theme methylcellulose 388:402 arg1 concentrations 344:357 different concentrations 334:357 different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 334:435 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 1 74 theme present 98:104 arg1 investigation 106:118 The present investigation 94:118 The present investigation 94:118 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 6 75 theme etoricoxib 1016:1025 arg1 concentration 999:1011 concentration 999:1011 concentration of etoricoxib 999:1025 The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity was found to be highest whereas concentration of etoricoxib was maximum for Q24. 31773422 2 76 theme RL100 431:435 arg1 variables 452:460 independent variables 440:460 independent variables 440:460 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 76 theme RL100 431:435 arg1 concentrations 344:357 different concentrations 334:357 different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 334:435 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 6 77 from influence 918:926 arg1 viscosity 957:965 the viscosity 953:965 the viscosity 953:965 The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity was found to be highest whereas concentration of etoricoxib was maximum for Q24. 31773422 4 78 theme Skin 725:728 arg1 studies 741:747 Skin irritation studies 725:747 Skin irritation studies 725:747 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 0 79 theme gel 40:42 arg1 optimization 11:22 optimization 11:22 optimization 11:22 Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. 31773422 0 79 theme gel 40:42 arg1 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. 31773422 12 80 theme Graphical 1771:1779 arg1 abstract 1781:1788 8 h. Graphical abstract 1766:1788 8 h. Graphical abstract 1766:1788 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 4 81 theme validated 802:810 arg1 formulations 816:827 validated FFG formulations 802:827 validated FFG formulations 802:827 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 0 82 theme etoricoxib 47:56 arg1 gel 40:42 film-forming gel 27:42 film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology 27:91 Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. 31773422 12 83 theme sustained 1739:1747 arg1 release 1754:1760 sustained drug release 1739:1760 sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract 1739:1788 It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract. 31773422 2 84 theme different 334:342 arg1 variables 452:460 independent variables 440:460 independent variables 440:460 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 2 84 theme different 334:342 arg1 concentrations 344:357 different concentrations 334:357 different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 334:435 Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. 31773422 4 85 theme accelerated 753:763 arg1 studies 775:781 accelerated stability studies 753:781 accelerated stability studies 753:781 Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. 31773422 1 86 theme surface 230:236 arg1 methodology 238:248 research surface methodology 221:248 research surface methodology (RSM) 221:254 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 1 86 theme surface 230:236 arg1 RSM 251:253 RSM 251:253 RSM 251:253 The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). 31773422 11 87 theme validated 1511:1519 arg1 stable 1553:1558 stable 1553:1558 stable 1553:1558 The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. 31773422 11 87 theme validated 1511:1519 arg1 formulation 1525:1535 The validated FFG formulation 1507:1535 The validated FFG formulation 1507:1535 The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. 31773422 9 88 theme better 1323:1328 arg1 effect 1348:1353 better sustained release effect 1323:1353 better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG 1323:1380 The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. 34753028 2 0 theme anti-aging 312:321 arg1 effects 323:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 2 1 from mechanisms 283:292 arg1 effects 323:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 5 2 theme aging 621:625 arg1 model 633:637 D-Gal aging mouse model 615:637 D-Gal aging mouse model 615:637 In D-Gal aging mouse model, RG and PG (800 mg/kg) were orally administered for 9 weeks. 34753028 6 3 theme Arm 730:732 arg1 RAM 740:742 RAM 740:742 RAM 740:742 The mice performed the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test. 34753028 6 3 theme Arm 730:732 arg1 Maze 734:737 Radial Arm Maze 723:737 the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test 719:757 The mice performed the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test. 34753028 1 4 theme anti-aging 221:230 arg1 treatments 232:241 effective anti-aging treatments 211:241 effective anti-aging treatments 211:241 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) and red ginseng (RG) are considered to be effective anti-aging treatments. 34753028 12 5 theme anti-aging 1788:1797 arg1 effects 1799:1805 anti-aging effects 1788:1805 anti-aging effects 1788:1805 Overall, both PG and RG exerted anti-aging effects, with RG stronger than PG. 34753028 14 6 theme possible 2191:2198 arg1 mechanisms 2200:2209 possible mechanisms 2191:2209 possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG 2191:2359 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 6 theme possible 2191:2198 arg1 changes 2232:2238 beneficial changes 2221:2238 beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG 2221:2359 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 2 7 from difference 298:307 arg1 effects 323:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 8 8 dep RESULTS 928:934 arg1 showed 970:975 showed 970:975 showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG 970:1242 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 0 9 contain has 12:14 arg2 effects 36:42 stronger anti-aging effects 16:42 stronger anti-aging effects 16:42 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 0 9 contain has 12:14 arg1 ginseng 4:10 Red ginseng 0:10 Red ginseng 0:10 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 3 10 theme anti-aging 488:497 arg1 effects 499:505 anti-aging effects 488:505 anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences 488:547 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 14 11 theme beneficial 2221:2230 arg1 changes 2232:2238 beneficial changes 2221:2238 beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG 2221:2359 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 11 12 theme nuclear 1613:1619 arg1 NF-κB 1632:1636 NF-κB 1632:1636 NF-κB 1632:1636 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 11 12 theme nuclear 1613:1619 arg1 factor-κB 1621:1629 nuclear factor-κB 1613:1629 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) 1613:1637 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 8 13 theme non-starch 1144:1153 arg1 polysaccharides 1155:1169 non-starch polysaccharides 1144:1169 non-starch polysaccharides 1144:1169 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 0 14 theme stress 108:113 arg1 regulation 84:93 its regulation 80:93 its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota 80:136 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 10 15 theme brain 1517:1521 arg1 architecture 1530:1541 brain tissue architecture 1517:1541 brain tissue architecture 1517:1541 Meanwhile, both PG and RG could ameliorate brain tissue architecture and behavioral trial. 34753028 13 16 theme greater 2048:2054 arg1 extent 2056:2061 a greater extent 2046:2061 a greater extent 2046:2061 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 4 17 dep METHODS 550:556 arg1 tested 567:572 tested 567:572 tested the chemical components in PG and RG 567:609 METHODS We first tested the chemical components in PG and RG. 34753028 8 18 from proportion 1130:1139 arg1 polysaccharides 1184:1198 the crude polysaccharides 1174:1198 the crude polysaccharides of RG 1174:1204 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 19 theme crude 1178:1182 arg1 polysaccharides 1184:1198 the crude polysaccharides 1174:1198 the crude polysaccharides of RG 1174:1204 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 0 20 theme microbiota 127:136 arg1 regulation 84:93 its regulation 80:93 its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota 80:136 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 7 21 theme MiSeq 901:905 arg1 analysis 918:925 Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis 892:925 Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis 892:925 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 13 22 theme inflammatory 2021:2032 arg1 bacteria 2034:2041 inflammatory bacteria 2021:2041 inflammatory bacteria 2021:2041 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 13 23 from decrease 2009:2016 arg1 bacteria 2034:2041 inflammatory bacteria 2021:2041 inflammatory bacteria 2021:2041 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 13 23 from decrease 2009:2016 arg1 probiotics 1949:1958 probiotics 1949:1958 probiotics 1949:1958 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 14 24 theme microbiome 2318:2327 arg1 structure 2329:2337 gut microbiome structure 2314:2337 gut microbiome structure 2314:2337 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 9 25 from expression 1399:1408 arg1 serum 1467:1471 the serum 1463:1471 the serum 1463:1471 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 1 26 theme Panax 150:154 arg1 PG 165:166 PG 165:166 PG 165:166 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) and red ginseng (RG) are considered to be effective anti-aging treatments. 34753028 1 26 theme Panax 150:154 arg1 ginseng 156:162 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng 139:162 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) 139:167 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) and red ginseng (RG) are considered to be effective anti-aging treatments. 34753028 7 27 theme histological 848:859 arg1 examination 861:871 histological examination 848:871 histological examination 848:871 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 8 28 theme component 951:959 arg1 analysis 961:968 component analysis 951:968 component analysis 951:968 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 0 29 theme Red 0:2 arg1 ginseng 4:10 Red ginseng 0:10 Red ginseng 0:10 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 9 30 theme superoxide 1413:1422 arg1 SOD 1435:1437 SOD 1435:1437 SOD 1435:1437 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 9 30 theme superoxide 1413:1422 arg1 dismutase 1424:1432 superoxide dismutase 1413:1432 superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1413:1438 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 6 31 theme Radial 723:728 arg1 RAM 740:742 RAM 740:742 RAM 740:742 The mice performed the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test. 34753028 6 31 theme Radial 723:728 arg1 Maze 734:737 Radial Arm Maze 723:737 the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test 719:757 The mice performed the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test. 34753028 14 32 theme stress 2291:2296 arg1 inhibition 2298:2307 oxidative stress inhibition 2281:2307 oxidative stress inhibition 2281:2307 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 11 33 dep factors 1683:1689 arg1 Caspase-3 1691:1699 Caspase-3 1691:1699 Caspase-3 1691:1699 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 11 33 dep factors 1683:1689 arg1 pathways 1718:1725 the PI3K/Akt pathways 1705:1725 the PI3K/Akt pathways 1705:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 14 34 theme non-starch 2453:2462 arg1 polysaccharides 2464:2478 non-starch polysaccharides 2453:2478 non-starch polysaccharides 2453:2478 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 0 35 theme anti-aging 25:34 arg1 effects 36:42 stronger anti-aging effects 16:42 stronger anti-aging effects 16:42 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 8 36 from RG 1042:1043 arg1 polyphenols 992:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 36 from RG 1042:1043 arg1 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 14 37 theme ginsenosides 2436:2447 arg1 presence 2395:2402 the presence 2391:2402 the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG 2391:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 8 38 theme rare 1008:1011 arg1 ginsenosides 1013:1024 rare ginsenosides 1008:1024 rare ginsenosides 1008:1024 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 14 39 theme cognitive 2260:2268 arg1 functions 2270:2278 cognitive functions 2260:2278 cognitive functions 2260:2278 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 40 theme aging 2163:2167 arg1 process 2169:2175 the D-Gal-induced aging process 2145:2175 the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG 2145:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 3 41 theme D-Gal-induced 431:443 arg1 mice 451:454 D-Gal-induced aging mice 431:454 D-Gal-induced aging mice 431:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 9 42 theme aging 1262:1266 arg1 mice 1268:1271 D-Gal-induced aging mice 1248:1271 D-Gal-induced aging mice 1248:1271 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 10 43 theme behavioral 1547:1556 arg1 trial 1558:1562 behavioral trial 1547:1562 behavioral trial 1547:1562 Meanwhile, both PG and RG could ameliorate brain tissue architecture and behavioral trial. 34753028 9 44 from increase 1307:1314 arg1 levels 1374:1379 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels 1319:1379 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels 1319:1379 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 14 45 theme total 2412:2416 arg1 polyphenols 2418:2428 more total polyphenols 2407:2428 more total polyphenols 2407:2428 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 11 46 theme pro-apoptotic 1669:1681 arg1 factors 1683:1689 the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways 1665:1725 the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways 1665:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 7 47 theme fecal 798:802 arg1 samples 804:810 fecal samples 798:810 fecal samples 798:810 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 4 48 theme chemical 578:585 arg1 components 587:596 the chemical components 574:596 the chemical components in PG and RG 574:609 METHODS We first tested the chemical components in PG and RG. 34753028 10 49 theme tissue 1523:1528 arg1 architecture 1530:1541 brain tissue architecture 1517:1541 brain tissue architecture 1517:1541 Meanwhile, both PG and RG could ameliorate brain tissue architecture and behavioral trial. 34753028 13 50 theme microbes 1898:1905 arg1 diversity 1881:1889 the diversity 1877:1889 the diversity of gut microbes 1877:1905 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 8 51 from concentrations 1074:1087 arg1 polyphenols 992:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 51 from concentrations 1074:1087 arg1 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 52 attach present 1031:1037 arg2 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 52 attach present 1031:1037 arg2 ginsenosides 1013:1024 rare ginsenosides 1008:1024 rare ginsenosides 1008:1024 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 52 attach present 1031:1037 arg1 RG 1042:1043 RG 1042:1043 RG 1042:1043 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 52 attach present 1031:1037 arg1 concentrations 1074:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 52 attach present 1031:1037 arg2 polyphenols 992:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 14 53 dep CONCLUSION 2079:2088 arg1 suggest 2102:2108 suggest 2102:2108 suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG 2102:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 5 54 theme D-Gal 615:619 arg1 model 633:637 D-Gal aging mouse model 615:637 D-Gal aging mouse model 615:637 In D-Gal aging mouse model, RG and PG (800 mg/kg) were orally administered for 9 weeks. 34753028 6 55 theme Maze 734:737 arg1 test 754:757 the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test 719:757 the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test 719:757 The mice performed the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test. 34753028 7 56 theme brain 780:784 arg1 tissue 786:791 brain tissue 780:791 brain tissue 780:791 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 1 57 theme effective 211:219 arg1 treatments 232:241 effective anti-aging treatments 211:241 effective anti-aging treatments 211:241 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) and red ginseng (RG) are considered to be effective anti-aging treatments. 34753028 2 58 theme therapeutic 271:281 arg1 mechanisms 283:292 their therapeutic mechanisms 265:292 their therapeutic mechanisms 265:292 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 3 59 from difference 474:483 arg1 effects 499:505 anti-aging effects 488:505 anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences 488:547 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 14 60 theme gut 2314:2316 arg1 structure 2329:2337 gut microbiome structure 2314:2337 gut microbiome structure 2314:2337 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 2 61 from effects 323:329 arg1 evidence 253:260 evidence 253:260 evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects 253:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 3 62 theme compositional 523:535 arg1 differences 537:547 their compositional differences 517:547 their compositional differences 517:547 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 8 63 theme greater 1066:1072 arg1 concentrations 1074:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 11 64 theme factor-κB 1621:1629 arg1 translocation 1596:1608 the D-Gal-induced translocation 1578:1608 the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways 1578:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 9 65 theme acetylcholinesterase 1319:1338 arg1 levels 1374:1379 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels 1319:1379 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels 1319:1379 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 2 66 theme difference 298:307 arg1 evidence 253:260 evidence 253:260 evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects 253:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 0 67 theme gut 123:125 arg1 microbiota 127:136 the gut microbiota 119:136 the gut microbiota 119:136 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 8 68 theme polysaccharides 1155:1169 arg1 greater 1220:1226 greater 1220:1226 greater 1220:1226 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 68 theme polysaccharides 1155:1169 arg1 proportion 1130:1139 the proportion 1126:1139 the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG 1126:1204 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 5 69 theme mouse 627:631 arg1 model 633:637 D-Gal aging mouse model 615:637 D-Gal aging mouse model 615:637 In D-Gal aging mouse model, RG and PG (800 mg/kg) were orally administered for 9 weeks. 34753028 13 70 theme gut 1894:1896 arg1 microbes 1898:1905 gut microbes 1894:1905 gut microbes 1894:1905 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 7 71 theme sequencing 907:916 arg1 analysis 918:925 Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis 892:925 Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis 892:925 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 9 72 theme malondialdehyde 1352:1366 arg1 levels 1374:1379 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels 1319:1379 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels 1319:1379 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 4 73 from components 587:596 arg1 RG 608:609 RG 608:609 RG 608:609 METHODS We first tested the chemical components in PG and RG. 34753028 4 73 from components 587:596 arg1 PG 601:602 PG 601:602 PG 601:602 METHODS We first tested the chemical components in PG and RG. 34753028 7 74 theme Illumina 892:899 arg1 analysis 918:925 Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis 892:925 Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis 892:925 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 8 75 theme RG 1203:1204 arg1 polysaccharides 1184:1198 the crude polysaccharides 1174:1198 the crude polysaccharides of RG 1174:1204 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 14 76 from presence 2395:2402 arg1 RG 2483:2484 RG 2483:2484 RG 2483:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 1 77 theme BACKGROUND 139:148 arg1 PG 165:166 PG 165:166 PG 165:166 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) and red ginseng (RG) are considered to be effective anti-aging treatments. 34753028 1 77 theme BACKGROUND 139:148 arg1 ginseng 156:162 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng 139:162 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) 139:167 BACKGROUND Panax ginseng (PG) and red ginseng (RG) are considered to be effective anti-aging treatments. 34753028 2 78 from evidence 253:260 arg1 effects 323:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 anti-aging effects 312:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 8 79 from present 1031:1037 arg1 RG 1042:1043 RG 1042:1043 RG 1042:1043 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 79 from present 1031:1037 arg1 concentrations 1074:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 80 located present 1031:1037 arg2 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 80 located present 1031:1037 arg2 ginsenosides 1013:1024 rare ginsenosides 1008:1024 rare ginsenosides 1008:1024 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 80 located present 1031:1037 arg1 RG 1042:1043 RG 1042:1043 RG 1042:1043 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 80 located present 1031:1037 arg1 concentrations 1074:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations 1048:1087 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 80 located present 1031:1037 arg2 polyphenols 992:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 11 81 theme D-Gal-induced 1582:1594 arg1 translocation 1596:1608 the D-Gal-induced translocation 1578:1608 the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways 1578:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 3 82 from mechanisms 388:397 arg1 damage 421:426 brain damage 415:426 brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice 415:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 7 83 theme western 874:880 arg1 blot 882:885 western blot 874:885 western blot 874:885 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 14 84 from changes 2232:2238 arg1 structure 2329:2337 gut microbiome structure 2314:2337 gut microbiome structure 2314:2337 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 84 from changes 2232:2238 arg1 inhibition 2298:2307 oxidative stress inhibition 2281:2307 oxidative stress inhibition 2281:2307 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 84 from changes 2232:2238 arg1 structure 2249:2257 brain structure 2243:2257 brain structure 2243:2257 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 84 from changes 2232:2238 arg1 functions 2270:2278 cognitive functions 2260:2278 cognitive functions 2260:2278 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 2 85 theme mechanisms 283:292 arg1 evidence 253:260 evidence 253:260 evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects 253:329 However, evidence of their therapeutic mechanisms and difference in anti-aging effects is lacking. 34753028 0 86 theme oxidative 98:106 arg1 stress 108:113 oxidative stress 98:113 oxidative stress 98:113 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 8 87 theme analysis 961:968 arg1 results 940:946 The results 936:946 The results of component analysis 936:968 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 3 88 dep potential 366:374 arg1 therapeutic 376:386 therapeutic 376:386 therapeutic 376:386 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 3 89 theme PG 409:410 arg1 mechanisms 388:397 the potential therapeutic mechanisms 362:397 the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice 362:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 14 90 attach presence 2395:2402 arg1 RG 2483:2484 RG 2483:2484 RG 2483:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 90 attach presence 2395:2402 arg2 polyphenols 2418:2428 more total polyphenols 2407:2428 more total polyphenols 2407:2428 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 90 attach presence 2395:2402 arg2 polysaccharides 2464:2478 non-starch polysaccharides 2453:2478 non-starch polysaccharides 2453:2478 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 90 attach presence 2395:2402 arg2 ginsenosides 2436:2447 rare ginsenosides 2431:2447 rare ginsenosides 2431:2447 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 3 91 theme RG 402:403 arg1 mechanisms 388:397 the potential therapeutic mechanisms 362:397 the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice 362:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 0 92 theme stronger 16:23 arg1 effects 36:42 stronger anti-aging effects 16:42 stronger anti-aging effects 16:42 Red ginseng has stronger anti-aging effects compared to ginseng possibly due to its regulation of oxidative stress and the gut microbiota. 34753028 8 93 theme total 986:990 arg1 polyphenols 992:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 the total polyphenols 982:1002 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 8 93 theme total 986:990 arg1 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 present 1031:1037 RESULTS The results of component analysis showed that the total polyphenols and rare ginsenosides were present in RG in 3.2, and 2.2 fold greater concentrations, respectively, compared to PG, while the proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in the crude polysaccharides of RG was 1.94 fold greater than that of PG. 34753028 7 94 theme biochemical 826:836 arg1 analysis 838:845 biochemical analysis 826:845 biochemical analysis 826:845 We collected blood, brain tissue, and fecal samples and performed biochemical analysis, histological examination, western blot, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. 34753028 9 95 theme dismutase 1424:1432 arg1 expression 1399:1408 the expression 1395:1408 the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum 1395:1471 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 14 96 theme polysaccharides 2464:2478 arg1 presence 2395:2402 the presence 2391:2402 the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG 2391:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 97 theme oxidative 2281:2289 arg1 inhibition 2298:2307 oxidative stress inhibition 2281:2307 oxidative stress inhibition 2281:2307 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 3 98 theme brain 415:419 arg1 damage 421:426 brain damage 415:426 brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice 415:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 14 99 theme rare 2431:2434 arg1 ginsenosides 2436:2447 rare ginsenosides 2431:2447 rare ginsenosides 2431:2447 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 3 100 theme potential 366:374 arg1 mechanisms 388:397 the potential therapeutic mechanisms 362:397 the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice 362:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 13 101 from increase 1937:1944 arg1 bacteria 2034:2041 inflammatory bacteria 2021:2041 inflammatory bacteria 2021:2041 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 13 101 from increase 1937:1944 arg1 probiotics 1949:1958 probiotics 1949:1958 probiotics 1949:1958 Finally, although both PG and RG regulated the diversity of gut microbes, RG appeared to aggravate the increase in probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermania, and the decrease in inflammatory bacteria to a greater extent compared to PG. 34753028 3 102 from damage 421:426 arg1 mice 451:454 D-Gal-induced aging mice 431:454 D-Gal-induced aging mice 431:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 11 103 theme activation 1651:1660 arg1 translocation 1596:1608 the D-Gal-induced translocation 1578:1608 the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways 1578:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 9 104 theme D-Gal-induced 1248:1260 arg1 mice 1268:1271 D-Gal-induced aging mice 1248:1271 D-Gal-induced aging mice 1248:1271 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 6 105 theme behavior 745:752 arg1 test 754:757 the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test 719:757 the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test 719:757 The mice performed the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) behavior test. 34753028 9 106 theme catalase 1445:1452 arg1 expression 1399:1408 the expression 1395:1408 the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum 1395:1471 In D-Gal-induced aging mice, both PG and RG could prevent the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and improved the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the serum. 34753028 14 107 theme polyphenols 2418:2428 arg1 presence 2395:2402 the presence 2391:2402 the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG 2391:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 14 108 theme D-Gal-induced 2149:2161 arg1 process 2169:2175 the D-Gal-induced aging process 2145:2175 the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG 2145:2484 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 3 109 theme aging 445:449 arg1 mice 451:454 D-Gal-induced aging mice 431:454 D-Gal-induced aging mice 431:454 PURPOSE To explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of RG and PG in brain damage in D-Gal-induced aging mice, and evaluate the difference in anti-aging effects caused by their compositional differences. 34753028 14 110 theme brain 2243:2247 arg1 structure 2249:2257 brain structure 2243:2257 brain structure 2243:2257 CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RG is more conducive to delay the D-Gal-induced aging process than PG, with possible mechanisms including beneficial changes in brain structure, cognitive functions, oxidative stress inhibition, and gut microbiome structure and diversity than PG, These mechanisms may rely on the presence of more total polyphenols, rare ginsenosides and non-starch polysaccharides in RG. 34753028 11 111 theme PI3K/Akt 1709:1716 arg1 pathways 1718:1725 the PI3K/Akt pathways 1705:1725 the PI3K/Akt pathways 1705:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 11 112 theme factors 1683:1689 arg1 NF-κB 1632:1636 NF-κB 1632:1636 NF-κB 1632:1636 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 11 112 theme factors 1683:1689 arg1 factor-κB 1621:1629 nuclear factor-κB 1613:1629 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) 1613:1637 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34753028 11 112 theme factors 1683:1689 arg1 activation 1651:1660 activation 1651:1660 activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways 1651:1725 In addition, the D-Gal-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as well as activation of the pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and the PI3K/Akt pathways were inhibited by PG and RG. 34665118 9 0 theme Phenotypic 1647:1656 arg1 studies 1687:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies 1647:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies 1647:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 5 1 theme respiratory 1048:1058 arg1 quinone 1060:1066 the major respiratory quinone 1038:1066 the major respiratory quinone 1038:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 8 2 theme heavy 1633:1637 arg1 metals 1639:1644 heavy metals 1633:1644 heavy metals 1633:1644 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 9 3 theme phylogenomic 1662:1673 arg1 studies 1687:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies 1647:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies 1647:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 7 4 theme vietnamensis 1441:1452 arg1 15-1T 1454:1458 Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T 1427:1458 Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support 1427:1479 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 5 5 theme agar 834:837 arg1 plates 839:844 trypticase soy agar plates 819:844 trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 819:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 6 6 dep anteiso-C15  1102:1113 arg1  0 1115:1116  0 1115:1116  0 1115:1116 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 6 6 dep anteiso-C15  1102:1113 arg1  0 1131:1132  0 1131:1132 anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 1102:1132 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 6 6 dep anteiso-C15  1102:1113 arg1 iso-C15  1122:1129 iso-C15  1122:1129 iso-C15  1122:1129 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 4 7 with rods 540:543 arg1 endospores 564:573 terminal oval endospores 550:573 terminal oval endospores 550:573 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 4 7 with rods 540:543 arg1 sporangia 591:599 non-swollen sporangia 579:599 non-swollen sporangia 579:599 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 6 8 theme polar 1142:1146 arg1 profile 1154:1160 the polar lipid profile 1138:1160 the polar lipid profile 1138:1160 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 5 9 theme cell 1016:1019 arg1 wall 1021:1024 the cell wall 1012:1024 the cell wall 1012:1024 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 10 theme trypticase 819:828 arg1 plates 839:844 trypticase soy agar plates 819:844 trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 819:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 3 11 theme in 284:285 arg1 properties 316:325 in vitro plant growth-promoting properties 284:325 in vitro plant growth-promoting properties 284:325 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 6 12 theme lipid 1148:1152 arg1 profile 1154:1160 the polar lipid profile 1138:1160 the polar lipid profile 1138:1160 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 11 13 theme Type 1835:1838 arg1 strain 1840:1845 Type strain 1835:1845 Type strain 1835:1845 Type strain is EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T). 34665118 7 14 theme relatives 1325:1333 arg1 proteomes 1294:1302 the whole proteomes 1284:1302 the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives 1284:1333 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 1 15 theme phytoremediation 117:132 arg1 tool 134:137 a phytoremediation tool 115:137 a phytoremediation tool 115:137 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 9 16 theme Rossellomorea 1760:1772 arg1 EAR8T 1717:1721 strain EAR8T 1710:1721 strain EAR8T 1710:1721 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 9 16 theme Rossellomorea 1760:1772 arg1 sp 1813:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 9 16 theme Rossellomorea 1760:1772 arg1 representative 1732:1745 a new representative 1726:1745 a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea 1726:1772 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 7 17 theme closest 1307:1313 arg1 relatives 1325:1333 closest sequenced relatives 1307:1333 closest sequenced relatives 1307:1333 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 5 18 theme 2.5  864:867 arg1 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 18 theme 2.5  864:867 arg1 NaCl 870:873 2.5 % NaCl 864:873 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 864:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 3 19 theme plant 293:297 arg1 properties 316:325 in vitro plant growth-promoting properties 284:325 in vitro plant growth-promoting properties 284:325 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 9 20 theme name 1782:1785 arg1 sp 1813:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 5 21 from peptidoglycan 995:1007 arg1 wall 1021:1024 the cell wall 1012:1024 the cell wall 1012:1024 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 21 from peptidoglycan 995:1007 arg1 MK-7 1030:1033 MK-7 1030:1033 MK-7 1030:1033 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 3 22 theme plant 344:348 arg1 growth 350:355 plant growth 344:355 plant growth 344:355 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 1 23 theme growth-promoting 50:65 arg1 bacterium 67:75 a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium 36:75 a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool 36:137 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 1 23 theme growth-promoting 50:65 arg1 nov. 30:33 nov. 30:33 nov. 30:33 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 5 24 theme major 1042:1046 arg1 quinone 1060:1066 the major respiratory quinone 1038:1066 the major respiratory quinone 1038:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 3 25 theme metal 367:371 arg1 accumulation 373:384 heavy metal accumulation 361:384 heavy metal accumulation 361:384 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 4 26 theme EAR8T 485:489 arg1 cells 491:495 strain EAR8T cells 478:495 strain EAR8T cells 478:495 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 0 27 theme Rossellomorea 0:12 arg1 sp 26:27 Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 0:27 Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 0:28 Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 1 28 theme heavy 85:89 arg1 soils 106:110 heavy metal polluted soils 85:110 heavy metal polluted soils 85:110 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 7 29 theme whole 1288:1292 arg1 proteomes 1294:1302 the whole proteomes 1284:1302 the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives 1284:1333 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 4 30 theme terminal 550:557 arg1 endospores 564:573 terminal oval endospores 550:573 terminal oval endospores 550:573 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 5 31 theme optimal 790:796 arg1 conditions 805:814 optimal growth conditions 790:814 optimal growth conditions 790:814 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 1 32 theme polluted 97:104 arg1 soils 106:110 heavy metal polluted soils 85:110 heavy metal polluted soils 85:110 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 8 33 theme siderophore 1545:1555 arg1 biosynthesis 1557:1568 siderophore biosynthesis 1545:1568 siderophore biosynthesis 1545:1568 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 2 34 theme root 158:161 arg1 endophyte 163:171 a root endophyte 156:171 a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain) 156:268 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 2 34 theme root 158:161 arg1 EAR8T 147:151 Strain EAR8T 140:151 Strain EAR8T 140:151 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 3 35 theme phytoremediation 433:448 arg1 strategies 450:459 phytoremediation strategies 433:459 phytoremediation strategies 433:459 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 5 36 theme % 769:769 arg1  NaCl 770:774 tolerated 0-25 % NaCl 754:774 tolerated 0-25 % NaCl 754:774 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 37 theme meso-diaminopimelic 963:981 arg1 acid 983:986 meso-diaminopimelic acid 963:986 meso-diaminopimelic acid 963:986 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 37 theme meso-diaminopimelic 963:981 arg1 peptidoglycan 995:1007 the peptidoglycan 991:1007 the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 991:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 11 38 theme 9072T=DSM 1863:1871 arg1 103900T 1873:1879 =CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T 1857:1879 =CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T 1857:1879 Type strain is EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T). 34665118 11 38 theme 9072T=DSM 1863:1871 arg1 EAR8T 1850:1854 EAR8T 1850:1854 EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T) 1850:1880 Type strain is EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T). 34665118 4 39 theme Gram-positive 502:514 arg1 rods 540:543 Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods 502:543 Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 502:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 2 40 theme Arthrocnemum 187:198 arg1 plants 214:219 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants 187:219 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain) 187:268 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 5 41 from 37 °C 895:899 arg1 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 41 from 37 °C 895:899 arg1 NaCl 870:873 2.5 % NaCl 864:873 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 864:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 4 42 theme beige 612:616 arg1 colonies 658:665 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 7 43 theme maximum 1465:1471 arg1 support 1473:1479 maximum support 1465:1479 maximum support 1465:1479 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 1 44 theme novel 38:42 arg1 bacterium 67:75 a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium 36:75 a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool 36:137 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 1 44 theme novel 38:42 arg1 nov. 30:33 nov. 30:33 nov. 30:33 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 4 45 theme opaque 619:624 arg1 colonies 658:665 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 4 46 theme non-swollen 579:589 arg1 sporangia 591:599 non-swollen sporangia 579:599 non-swollen sporangia 579:599 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 7 47 theme Rossellomorea 1427:1439 arg1 15-1T 1454:1458 Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T 1427:1458 Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support 1427:1479 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 9 48 theme comparative 1675:1685 arg1 studies 1687:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies 1647:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies 1647:1693 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 8 49 contain has 1516:1518 arg1 EAR8T 1510:1514 EAR8T 1510:1514 EAR8T 1510:1514 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 8 49 contain has 1516:1518 arg2 biosynthesis 1557:1568 siderophore biosynthesis 1545:1568 siderophore biosynthesis 1545:1568 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 8 49 contain has 1516:1518 arg2 acid 1536:1539 indole-3-acetic acid 1520:1539 indole-3-acetic acid 1520:1539 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 3 50 dep in 284:285 arg1 vitro 287:291 vitro 287:291 vitro 287:291 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 2 51 theme Strain 140:145 arg1 endophyte 163:171 a root endophyte 156:171 a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain) 156:268 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 2 51 theme Strain 140:145 arg1 EAR8T 147:151 Strain EAR8T 140:151 Strain EAR8T 140:151 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 5 52 theme soy 830:832 arg1 plates 839:844 trypticase soy agar plates 819:844 trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 819:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 4 53 theme irregular 648:656 arg1 colonies 658:665 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 5 54 theme tolerated 754:762 arg1  NaCl 770:774 tolerated 0-25 % NaCl 754:774 tolerated 0-25 % NaCl 754:774 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 9 55 theme strain 1710:1715 arg1 EAR8T 1717:1721 strain EAR8T 1710:1721 strain EAR8T 1710:1721 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 9 55 theme strain 1710:1715 arg1 representative 1732:1745 a new representative 1726:1745 a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea 1726:1772 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 7 56 theme genus 1384:1388 arg1 Rossellomorea 1390:1402 the genus Rossellomorea 1380:1402 the genus Rossellomorea 1380:1402 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 5 57 theme growth 798:803 arg1 conditions 805:814 optimal growth conditions 790:814 optimal growth conditions 790:814 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 6 58 theme fatty 1085:1089 arg1 anteiso-C15  1102:1113 anteiso-C15  1102:1113 anteiso-C15  1102:1113 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 6 58 theme fatty 1085:1089 arg1 acids 1091:1095 The predominant fatty acids 1069:1095 The predominant fatty acids 1069:1095 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 4 59 theme butyrous 627:634 arg1 colonies 658:665 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 9 60 theme new 1728:1730 arg1 EAR8T 1717:1721 strain EAR8T 1710:1721 strain EAR8T 1710:1721 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 9 60 theme new 1728:1730 arg1 representative 1732:1745 a new representative 1726:1745 a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea 1726:1772 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 4 61 theme raised 637:642 arg1 colonies 658:665 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 612:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 9 62 theme Rossellomorea 1787:1799 arg1 sp 1813:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 3 63 from growth 350:355 arg1 soils 398:402 polluted soils 389:402 polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies 389:459 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 7 64 theme strain 1350:1355 arg1 EAR8T 1357:1361 strain EAR8T 1350:1361 strain EAR8T 1350:1361 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 9 65 theme genus 1754:1758 arg1 Rossellomorea 1760:1772 the genus Rossellomorea 1750:1772 the genus Rossellomorea 1750:1772 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 5 66 dep 24 h. 905:909 arg1 showed 935:940 showed 935:940 showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 935:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 8 67 theme Genome 1482:1487 arg1 analyses 1489:1496 Genome analyses 1482:1496 Genome analyses 1482:1496 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 7 68 theme sequenced 1315:1323 arg1 relatives 1325:1333 closest sequenced relatives 1307:1333 closest sequenced relatives 1307:1333 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 5 69 theme % 868:868 arg1 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 69 theme % 868:868 arg1 NaCl 870:873 2.5 % NaCl 864:873 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 864:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 3 70 theme growth-promoting 299:314 arg1 properties 316:325 in vitro plant growth-promoting properties 284:325 in vitro plant growth-promoting properties 284:325 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 4 71 theme aerobic 517:523 arg1 rods 540:543 Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods 502:543 Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 502:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 1 72 theme plant 44:48 arg1 bacterium 67:75 a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium 36:75 a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool 36:137 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 1 72 theme plant 44:48 arg1 nov. 30:33 nov. 30:33 nov. 30:33 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 9 73 theme arthrocnemi 1801:1811 arg1 sp 1813:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 1778:1814 Phenotypic and phylogenomic comparative studies suggested that strain EAR8T is a new representative of the genus Rossellomorea and the name Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 4 74 theme strain 478:483 arg1 cells 491:495 strain EAR8T cells 478:495 strain EAR8T cells 478:495 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 5 75 theme Chemotaxonomic 911:924 arg1 analyses 926:933 Chemotaxonomic analyses 911:933 Chemotaxonomic analyses 911:933 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 8 76 theme indole-3-acetic 1520:1534 arg1 acid 1536:1539 indole-3-acetic acid 1520:1539 indole-3-acetic acid 1520:1539 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 0 77 theme arthrocnemi 14:24 arg1 sp 26:27 Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp 0:27 Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 0:28 Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. 34665118 3 78 from accumulation 373:384 arg1 soils 398:402 polluted soils 389:402 polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies 389:459 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 2 79 attach isolated 173:180 arg2 EAR8T 147:151 Strain EAR8T 140:151 Strain EAR8T 140:151 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 2 79 attach isolated 173:180 arg1 plants 214:219 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants 187:219 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain) 187:268 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 2 79 attach isolated 173:180 arg2 endophyte 163:171 a root endophyte 156:171 a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain) 156:268 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 4 80 theme oval 559:562 arg1 endospores 564:573 terminal oval endospores 550:573 terminal oval endospores 550:573 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 3 81 theme important 415:423 arg1 role 425:428 an important role 412:428 an important role 412:428 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 1 82 theme metal 91:95 arg1 soils 106:110 heavy metal polluted soils 85:110 heavy metal polluted soils 85:110 nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. 34665118 3 83 theme heavy 361:365 arg1 accumulation 373:384 heavy metal accumulation 361:384 heavy metal accumulation 361:384 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 5 84 theme 0-25  764:768 arg1  NaCl 770:774 tolerated 0-25 % NaCl 754:774 tolerated 0-25 % NaCl 754:774 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 7 85 theme Phylogenetic 1253:1264 arg1 analyses 1266:1273 Phylogenetic analyses 1253:1273 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives 1253:1333 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 4 86 theme non-motile 529:538 arg1 rods 540:543 Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods 502:543 Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins 502:687 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 6 87 theme predominant 1073:1083 arg1 anteiso-C15  1102:1113 anteiso-C15  1102:1113 anteiso-C15  1102:1113 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 6 87 theme predominant 1073:1083 arg1 acids 1091:1095 The predominant fatty acids 1069:1095 The predominant fatty acids 1069:1095 The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 34665118 3 88 theme polluted 389:396 arg1 soils 398:402 polluted soils 389:402 polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies 389:459 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 2 89 theme macrostachyum 200:212 arg1 plants 214:219 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants 187:219 Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain) 187:268 Strain EAR8T is a root endophyte isolated from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum plants collected from the Odiel marshes, Huelva (Spain). 34665118 7 90 with clade 1416:1420 arg1 15-1T 1454:1458 Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T 1427:1458 Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support 1427:1479 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 34665118 4 91 dep undulate 672:679 arg1 with 667:670 with 667:670 with 667:670 Phenotypically, strain EAR8T cells were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods with terminal oval endospores and non-swollen sporangia which form beige, opaque, butyrous, raised and irregular colonies with undulate margins. 34665118 8 92 theme related 1603:1609 arg1 genes 1587:1591 genes 1587:1591 genes 1587:1591 Genome analyses showed that EAR8T has indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore biosynthesis and transporters genes and genes related to resistance against heavy metals. 34665118 3 93 dep growth 350:355 arg1 the 340:342 the 340:342 the 340:342 It presented in vitro plant growth-promoting properties and improved the plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in polluted soils playing an important role in phytoremediation strategies. 34665118 11 94 theme =CECT 1857:1861 arg1 103900T 1873:1879 =CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T 1857:1879 =CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T 1857:1879 Type strain is EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T). 34665118 11 94 theme =CECT 1857:1861 arg1 EAR8T 1850:1854 EAR8T 1850:1854 EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T) 1850:1880 Type strain is EAR8T (=CECT 9072T=DSM 103900T). 34665118 5 95 from pH 884:885 arg1 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 w/v 876:878 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 95 from pH 884:885 arg1 NaCl 870:873 2.5 % NaCl 864:873 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 864:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 96 contain has 959:961 arg1 isolate 951:957 the isolate 947:957 the isolate 947:957 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 96 contain has 959:961 arg2 acid 983:986 meso-diaminopimelic acid 963:986 meso-diaminopimelic acid 963:986 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 5 96 contain has 959:961 arg2 peptidoglycan 995:1007 the peptidoglycan 991:1007 the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone 991:1066 The strain was able to grow between 15-45 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and tolerated 0-25 % NaCl (w/v) showing optimal growth conditions on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 2.5 % NaCl (w/v) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C for 24 h. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate has meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. 34665118 7 97 with 15-1T 1454:1458 arg1 support 1473:1479 maximum support 1465:1479 maximum support 1465:1479 Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole proteomes of closest sequenced relatives confirmed that strain EAR8T is affiliated to the genus Rossellomorea and forms a clade with Rossellomorea vietnamensis 15-1T with maximum support. 32946675 8 0 from level 1036:1040 arg1 pups 1071:1074 pups 1071:1074 pups 1071:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 0 from level 1036:1040 arg1 leptin 985:990 leptin 985:990 leptin 985:990 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 0 from level 1036:1040 arg1 trend 1009:1013 a trend 1007:1013 a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1007:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 0 from level 1036:1040 arg1 triglycerides 962:974 triglycerides 962:974 triglycerides 962:974 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 0 from level 1036:1040 arg1 P < .05 993:999 P < .05 993:999 P < .05 993:999 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 0 from level 1036:1040 arg1 LDL 977:979 LDL 977:979 LDL 977:979 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 10 1 theme WTS 1171:1173 arg1 exposure 1175:1182 WTS exposure 1171:1182 WTS exposure during lactation 1171:1199 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 10 2 from profile 1248:1254 arg1 pups 1309:1312 pups 1309:1312 pups 1309:1312 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 10 2 from profile 1248:1254 arg1 dams 1300:1303 dams 1300:1303 dams 1300:1303 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 2 3 from composition 282:292 arg1 pups 347:350 pups 347:350 pups 347:350 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 2 3 from composition 282:292 arg1 dams 338:341 dams 338:341 dams 338:341 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 0 4 theme biochemical 80:90 arg1 changes 92:98 hormonal and biochemical changes 67:98 hormonal and biochemical changes 67:98 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 9 5 theme WTS 1125:1127 arg1 exposure 1129:1136 WTS exposure 1125:1136 WTS exposure in dams and pups 1125:1153 Levels of other parameters were not affected by WTS exposure in dams and pups. 32946675 8 6 from trend 1009:1013 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 3 7 theme control 470:476 arg1 air 465:467 fresh air 459:467 fresh air (control group) 459:483 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 3 7 theme control 470:476 arg1 group 478:482 control group 470:482 control group 470:482 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 2 8 from levels 304:309 arg1 pups 347:350 pups 347:350 pups 347:350 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 2 8 from levels 304:309 arg1 dams 338:341 dams 338:341 dams 338:341 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 8 9 from leptin 985:990 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 0 10 theme rat 103:105 arg1 dams 107:110 rat dams 103:110 rat dams 103:110 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 10 11 theme lipid 1242:1246 arg1 profile 1248:1254 lipid profile 1242:1254 lipid profile 1242:1254 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 10 12 theme glucose 1257:1263 arg1 homeostasis 1265:1275 glucose homeostasis 1257:1275 glucose homeostasis 1257:1275 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 6 13 theme blood 723:727 arg1 level 729:733 the blood level 719:733 the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05) 719:777 WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). 32946675 2 14 theme milk 277:280 arg1 composition 282:292 milk composition 277:292 milk composition 277:292 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 8 15 from LDL 977:979 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 2 16 from effects 207:213 arg1 profile 327:333 biochemical profile 315:333 biochemical profile 315:333 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 2 16 from effects 207:213 arg1 composition 282:292 milk composition 277:292 milk composition 277:292 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 2 16 from effects 207:213 arg1 levels 304:309 hormonal levels 295:309 hormonal levels 295:309 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 8 17 from prolactin 1058:1066 arg1 pups 1071:1074 pups 1071:1074 pups 1071:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 18 theme increase 1018:1025 arg1 triglycerides 962:974 triglycerides 962:974 triglycerides 962:974 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 18 theme increase 1018:1025 arg1 trend 1009:1013 a trend 1007:1013 a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1007:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 18 theme increase 1018:1025 arg1 P < .05 993:999 P < .05 993:999 P < .05 993:999 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 18 theme increase 1018:1025 arg1 leptin 985:990 leptin 985:990 leptin 985:990 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 18 theme increase 1018:1025 arg1 LDL 977:979 LDL 977:979 LDL 977:979 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 2 19 from profile 327:333 arg1 pups 347:350 pups 347:350 pups 347:350 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 2 19 from profile 327:333 arg1 dams 338:341 dams 338:341 dams 338:341 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 8 20 theme prolactin 1058:1066 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 7 21 theme blood 819:823 arg1 glucose 825:831 blood glucose 819:831 blood glucose 819:831 However, the level of milk lactose and blood glucose was reduced in dams after the exposure to WTS during lactation (P < .05). 32946675 3 22 theme Wistar 381:386 arg1 rats 388:391 Lactating Wistar rats 371:391 Lactating Wistar rats 371:391 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 1 23 theme breastfeeding 174:186 arg1 women 188:192 pregnant and breastfeeding women 161:192 pregnant and breastfeeding women 161:192 Waterpipe smoking is common among pregnant and breastfeeding women. 32946675 0 24 theme waterpipe 9:17 arg1 smoke 27:31 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke 0:31 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation 0:57 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 8 25 from nicotine 1045:1052 arg1 pups 1071:1074 pups 1071:1074 pups 1071:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 7 26 theme glucose 825:831 arg1 level 793:797 the level 789:797 the level of milk lactose and blood glucose 789:831 However, the level of milk lactose and blood glucose was reduced in dams after the exposure to WTS during lactation (P < .05). 32946675 6 27 from level 729:733 arg1 dams 764:767 dams 764:767 dams (P < .05) 764:777 WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). 32946675 6 27 from level 729:733 arg1 P < .05 770:776 P < .05 770:776 P < .05 770:776 WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). 32946675 0 28 theme Maternal 0:7 arg1 smoke 27:31 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke 0:31 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation 0:57 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 10 29 theme hormonal 1281:1288 arg1 levels 1290:1295 hormonal levels 1281:1295 hormonal levels in dams and pups 1281:1312 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 7 30 theme lactose 807:813 arg1 level 793:797 the level 789:797 the level of milk lactose and blood glucose 789:831 However, the level of milk lactose and blood glucose was reduced in dams after the exposure to WTS during lactation (P < .05). 32946675 2 31 theme hormonal 295:302 arg1 levels 304:309 hormonal levels 295:309 hormonal levels 295:309 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 9 32 from exposure 1129:1136 arg1 dams 1141:1144 dams 1141:1144 dams 1141:1144 Levels of other parameters were not affected by WTS exposure in dams and pups. 32946675 9 32 from exposure 1129:1136 arg1 pups 1150:1153 pups 1150:1153 pups 1150:1153 Levels of other parameters were not affected by WTS exposure in dams and pups. 32946675 0 33 theme smoke 27:31 arg1 exposure 33:40 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure 0:40 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation 0:57 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 6 34 theme WTS 679:681 arg1 exposure 683:690 WTS exposure 679:690 WTS exposure during lactation 679:707 WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). 32946675 8 35 from triglycerides 962:974 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 0 36 theme tobacco 19:25 arg1 smoke 27:31 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke 0:31 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation 0:57 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 8 37 from increase 1018:1025 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 1 38 theme pregnant 161:168 arg1 women 188:192 pregnant and breastfeeding women 161:192 pregnant and breastfeeding women 161:192 Waterpipe smoking is common among pregnant and breastfeeding women. 32946675 10 39 from homeostasis 1265:1275 arg1 pups 1309:1312 pups 1309:1312 pups 1309:1312 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 10 39 from homeostasis 1265:1275 arg1 dams 1300:1303 dams 1300:1303 dams 1300:1303 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 2 40 theme smoke 236:240 arg1 exposure 248:255 waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure 218:255 waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation 218:272 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 11 41 theme tobacco 1362:1368 arg1 cessation 1370:1378 tobacco cessation 1362:1378 tobacco cessation 1362:1378 It is necessary to adopt strategies to enhance tobacco cessation during breastfeeding. 32946675 8 42 theme nicotine 1045:1052 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 5 43 from pups 585:588 arg1 Blood 564:568 Blood 564:568 Blood 564:568 Blood, from dams and pups, was analysed for insulin, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, prolactin and corticosterone. 32946675 5 44 theme lipid 626:630 arg1 profile 632:638 lipid profile 626:638 lipid profile 626:638 Blood, from dams and pups, was analysed for insulin, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, prolactin and corticosterone. 32946675 2 45 theme tobacco 228:234 arg1 WTS 243:245 WTS 243:245 WTS 243:245 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 2 45 theme tobacco 228:234 arg1 smoke 236:240 tobacco smoke 228:240 waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation 218:272 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 8 46 theme blood 1030:1034 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 8 47 theme trend 1009:1013 arg1 levels 952:957 levels 952:957 levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 952:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 10 48 theme milk 1213:1216 arg1 composition 1218:1228 the milk composition 1209:1228 the milk composition 1209:1228 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 2 49 theme waterpipe 218:226 arg1 exposure 248:255 waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure 218:255 waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation 218:272 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 3 50 theme fresh 459:463 arg1 air 465:467 fresh air 459:467 fresh air (control group) 459:483 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 3 50 theme fresh 459:463 arg1 group 478:482 control group 470:482 control group 470:482 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 8 51 theme triglycerides 962:974 arg1 levels 952:957 levels 952:957 levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 952:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 5 52 from dams 576:579 arg1 Blood 564:568 Blood 564:568 Blood 564:568 Blood, from dams and pups, was analysed for insulin, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, prolactin and corticosterone. 32946675 8 53 theme LDL 977:979 arg1 levels 952:957 levels 952:957 levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 952:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 6 54 theme corticosterone 746:759 arg1 level 729:733 the blood level 719:733 the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05) 719:777 WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). 32946675 3 55 dep WTS 434:436 arg1 2 hours 439:445 2 hours 439:445 2 hours per day 439:453 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 9 56 theme parameters 1093:1102 arg1 Levels 1077:1082 Levels 1077:1082 Levels of other parameters 1077:1102 Levels of other parameters were not affected by WTS exposure in dams and pups. 32946675 2 57 theme exposure 248:255 arg1 effects 207:213 the effects 203:213 the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups 203:350 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 8 58 from pups 1071:1074 arg1 level 1036:1040 blood level 1030:1040 blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups 1030:1074 WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. 32946675 1 59 theme Waterpipe 127:135 arg1 smoking 137:143 Waterpipe smoking 127:143 Waterpipe smoking 127:143 Waterpipe smoking is common among pregnant and breastfeeding women. 32946675 7 60 theme milk 802:805 arg1 lactose 807:813 milk lactose 802:813 milk lactose 802:813 However, the level of milk lactose and blood glucose was reduced in dams after the exposure to WTS during lactation (P < .05). 32946675 6 61 theme HDL 738:740 arg1 level 729:733 the blood level 719:733 the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05) 719:777 WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). 32946675 9 62 theme other 1087:1091 arg1 parameters 1093:1102 other parameters 1087:1102 other parameters 1087:1102 Levels of other parameters were not affected by WTS exposure in dams and pups. 32946675 2 63 theme biochemical 315:325 arg1 profile 327:333 biochemical profile 315:333 biochemical profile 315:333 Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. 32946675 10 64 from levels 1290:1295 arg1 pups 1309:1312 pups 1309:1312 pups 1309:1312 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 10 64 from levels 1290:1295 arg1 dams 1300:1303 dams 1300:1303 dams 1300:1303 In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. 32946675 0 65 theme hormonal 67:74 arg1 changes 92:98 hormonal and biochemical changes 67:98 hormonal and biochemical changes 67:98 Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. 32946675 3 66 theme Lactating 371:379 arg1 rats 388:391 Lactating Wistar rats 371:391 Lactating Wistar rats 371:391 Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). 32946675 4 67 theme total 553:557 arg1 fat 559:561 total fat 553:561 total fat 553:561 Milk was collected on day 21 and analysed for protein, lactose and total fat. 34822216 13 0 theme immune 1788:1793 arg1 system 1795:1800 the immune system 1784:1800 the immune system 1784:1800 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 2 1 theme disease 264:270 arg1 pathogenesis 248:259 the pathogenesis 244:259 the pathogenesis of disease 244:270 It is important to accurately recapitulate the obese state in animal models to understand these effects on the pathogenesis of disease. 34822216 8 2 from Concentrations 1059:1072 arg1 plasma 1093:1098 plasma 1093:1098 plasma 1093:1098 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 8 2 from Concentrations 1059:1072 arg1 chow 1084:1087 chow 1084:1087 chow 1084:1087 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 12 3 theme pulmonary 1559:1567 arg1 responses 1582:1590 pulmonary inflammatory responses 1559:1590 pulmonary inflammatory responses 1559:1590 Our data show that storage conditions affect lipid peroxidation, which in turn affects pulmonary inflammatory responses in a mouse model of disease. 34822216 3 4 theme used 308:311 arg1 model 313:317 a commonly used model 297:317 a commonly used model of obesity 297:328 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 3 4 theme used 308:311 arg1 obesity 286:292 Diet-induced obesity 273:292 Diet-induced obesity 273:292 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 13 5 theme large 1768:1772 arg1 aspect 1774:1779 a large aspect 1766:1779 a large aspect of the immune system 1766:1800 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 6 6 theme nebulized 820:828 arg1 LPS 830:832 nebulized LPS 820:832 nebulized LPS 820:832 Mice were treated with nebulized LPS to induce lung inflammation, and neutrophil levels in bronchoalveolar lavage were determined 24 h later. 34822216 5 7 dep % 703:703 arg1 RT 754:755 RT 754:755 RT 754:755 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 5 7 dep % 703:703 arg1 23°C 758:761 23°C 758:761 23°C 758:761 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 4 8 theme mice 621:624 arg1 lungs 576:580 the lungs 572:580 the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice 572:624 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 7 9 dep oxidation 945:953 arg1 MDA 973:975 MDA 973:975 MDA 973:975 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 7 9 dep oxidation 945:953 arg1 malondialdehyde 956:970 malondialdehyde 956:970 malondialdehyde 956:970 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 5 10 theme low-fat 679:685 arg1 LFD 693:695 LFD 693:695 LFD 693:695 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 5 10 theme low-fat 679:685 arg1 diet 687:690 low-fat diet 679:690 low-fat diet 679:690 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 7 11 theme reactive 1013:1020 arg1 substances 1022:1031 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 993:1031 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma 993:1056 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 1 12 theme lung 122:125 arg1 diseases 127:134 inflammatory lung diseases 109:134 inflammatory lung diseases 109:134 Obesity alters the risks and outcomes of inflammatory lung diseases. 34822216 8 13 theme chow 1141:1144 arg1 storage 1146:1152 RT chow storage 1138:1152 RT chow storage 1138:1152 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 6 14 theme neutrophil 867:876 arg1 levels 878:883 neutrophil levels 867:883 neutrophil levels in bronchoalveolar lavage 867:909 Mice were treated with nebulized LPS to induce lung inflammation, and neutrophil levels in bronchoalveolar lavage were determined 24 h later. 34822216 3 15 theme obesity 322:328 arg1 model 313:317 a commonly used model 297:317 a commonly used model of obesity 297:328 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 3 15 theme obesity 322:328 arg1 obesity 286:292 Diet-induced obesity 273:292 Diet-induced obesity 273:292 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 12 16 theme lipid 1517:1521 arg1 peroxidation 1523:1534 lipid peroxidation 1517:1534 lipid peroxidation 1517:1534 Our data show that storage conditions affect lipid peroxidation, which in turn affects pulmonary inflammatory responses in a mouse model of disease. 34822216 1 17 dep risks 87:91 arg1 the 83:85 the 83:85 the 83:85 Obesity alters the risks and outcomes of inflammatory lung diseases. 34822216 6 18 theme lung 844:847 arg1 inflammation 849:860 lung inflammation 844:860 lung inflammation 844:860 Mice were treated with nebulized LPS to induce lung inflammation, and neutrophil levels in bronchoalveolar lavage were determined 24 h later. 34822216 4 19 theme chow 490:493 arg1 conditions 503:512 high-fat chow storage conditions 481:512 high-fat chow storage conditions 481:512 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 6 20 from levels 878:883 arg1 lavage 904:909 bronchoalveolar lavage 888:909 bronchoalveolar lavage 888:909 Mice were treated with nebulized LPS to induce lung inflammation, and neutrophil levels in bronchoalveolar lavage were determined 24 h later. 34822216 14 21 theme chow 1838:1841 arg1 composition 1811:1821 Dietary composition 1803:1821 Dietary composition 1803:1821 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 14 21 theme chow 1838:1841 arg1 storage 1827:1833 storage 1827:1833 storage 1827:1833 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 10 22 from RT 1323:1324 arg1 2 weeks 1296:1302 2 weeks 1296:1302 2 weeks of chow storage at RT 1296:1324 This effect was reversed after 2 weeks of chow storage at RT. 34822216 7 23 from substances 1022:1031 arg1 plasma 1051:1056 mouse plasma 1045:1056 mouse plasma 1045:1056 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 7 23 from substances 1022:1031 arg1 chow 1036:1039 chow 1036:1039 chow 1036:1039 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 7 24 theme mouse 1045:1049 arg1 plasma 1051:1056 mouse plasma 1045:1056 mouse plasma 1045:1056 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 5 25 theme high-fat 706:713 arg1 % 703:703 60% 701:703 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) 701:762 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 5 25 theme high-fat 706:713 arg1 diet 715:718 high-fat diet 706:718 high-fat diet 706:718 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 2 26 from effects 233:239 arg1 pathogenesis 248:259 the pathogenesis 244:259 the pathogenesis of disease 244:270 It is important to accurately recapitulate the obese state in animal models to understand these effects on the pathogenesis of disease. 34822216 13 27 theme decreased 1711:1719 arg1 variety 1721:1727 variety 1721:1727 variety 1721:1727 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 13 27 theme decreased 1711:1719 arg1 bacteria 1745:1752 bacteria 1745:1752 bacteria 1745:1752 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 0 28 theme Storage 0:6 arg1 conditions 8:17 Storage conditions 0:17 Storage conditions of high-fat diets 0:35 Storage conditions of high-fat diets affect pulmonary inflammation. 34822216 3 29 theme other 351:355 arg1 models 365:370 other disease models 351:370 other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma 351:434 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 10 30 theme chow 1307:1310 arg1 storage 1312:1318 chow storage 1307:1318 chow storage 1307:1318 This effect was reversed after 2 weeks of chow storage at RT. 34822216 5 31 theme room 736:739 arg1 temperature 741:751 room temperature 736:751 room temperature 736:751 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 9 32 theme stored 1170:1175 arg1 <2 weeks 1177:1184 a HFD stored <2 weeks 1164:1184 a HFD stored <2 weeks 1164:1184 Mice fed a HFD stored <2 weeks at RT had an attenuated response 24 h after LPS compared with mice fed an LFD. 34822216 9 33 contain had 1192:1194 arg1 Mice 1155:1158 Mice 1155:1158 Mice fed a HFD stored <2 weeks at RT 1155:1190 Mice fed a HFD stored <2 weeks at RT had an attenuated response 24 h after LPS compared with mice fed an LFD. 34822216 9 33 contain had 1192:1194 arg2 response 1210:1217 an attenuated response 1196:1217 an attenuated response 24 h after LPS 1196:1232 Mice fed a HFD stored <2 weeks at RT had an attenuated response 24 h after LPS compared with mice fed an LFD. 34822216 3 34 theme distress 395:402 arg1 syndrome 404:411 acute respiratory distress syndrome 377:411 acute respiratory distress syndrome 377:411 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 4 35 theme inflammatory 547:558 arg1 response 560:567 inflammatory response 547:567 inflammatory response 547:567 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 7 36 theme acid 1008:1011 arg1 substances 1022:1031 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 993:1031 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma 993:1056 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 0 37 theme diets 31:35 arg1 conditions 8:17 Storage conditions 0:17 Storage conditions of high-fat diets 0:35 Storage conditions of high-fat diets affect pulmonary inflammation. 34822216 14 38 from microbiome 1894:1903 arg1 humans 1908:1913 humans 1908:1913 humans 1908:1913 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 3 39 theme acute 377:381 arg1 syndrome 404:411 acute respiratory distress syndrome 377:411 acute respiratory distress syndrome 377:411 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 0 40 theme pulmonary 44:52 arg1 inflammation 54:65 pulmonary inflammation 44:65 pulmonary inflammation 44:65 Storage conditions of high-fat diets affect pulmonary inflammation. 34822216 13 41 dep significantly 1678:1690 arg1 not 1674:1676 not 1674:1676 not 1674:1676 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 2 42 theme animal 199:204 arg1 models 206:211 animal models 199:211 animal models 199:211 It is important to accurately recapitulate the obese state in animal models to understand these effects on the pathogenesis of disease. 34822216 11 43 theme significant 1396:1406 arg1 alterations 1408:1418 significant alterations 1396:1418 significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1396:1469 Chow stored above freezing underwent lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. 34822216 9 44 theme attenuated 1199:1208 arg1 response 1210:1217 an attenuated response 1196:1217 an attenuated response 24 h after LPS 1196:1232 Mice fed a HFD stored <2 weeks at RT had an attenuated response 24 h after LPS compared with mice fed an LFD. 34822216 14 45 from inflammation 1869:1880 arg1 humans 1908:1913 humans 1908:1913 humans 1908:1913 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 4 46 theme lipopolysaccharide 585:602 arg1 mice 621:624 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice 585:624 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice 585:624 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 11 47 theme inflammatory 1449:1460 arg1 response 1462:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 Chow stored above freezing underwent lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. 34822216 8 48 dep duration 1126:1133 arg1 proportion 1108:1117 proportion 1108:1117 proportion 1108:1117 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 11 49 theme LPS-induced 1427:1437 arg1 response 1462:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 Chow stored above freezing underwent lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. 34822216 12 50 theme mouse 1597:1601 arg1 model 1603:1607 a mouse model 1595:1607 a mouse model of disease 1595:1618 Our data show that storage conditions affect lipid peroxidation, which in turn affects pulmonary inflammatory responses in a mouse model of disease. 34822216 5 51 theme C57BL/6crl 640:649 arg1 mice 651:654 C57BL/6crl mice 640:654 C57BL/6crl mice 640:654 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 2 52 from state 190:194 arg1 models 206:211 animal models 199:211 animal models 199:211 It is important to accurately recapitulate the obese state in animal models to understand these effects on the pathogenesis of disease. 34822216 13 53 theme system 1795:1800 arg1 aspect 1774:1779 a large aspect 1766:1779 a large aspect of the immune system 1766:1800 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 12 54 theme inflammatory 1569:1580 arg1 responses 1582:1590 pulmonary inflammatory responses 1559:1590 pulmonary inflammatory responses 1559:1590 Our data show that storage conditions affect lipid peroxidation, which in turn affects pulmonary inflammatory responses in a mouse model of disease. 34822216 7 55 theme Lipid 939:943 arg1 oxidation 945:953 Lipid oxidation 939:953 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) 939:976 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 5 56 dep diet 715:718 arg1 HFD 721:723 HFD 721:723 HFD 721:723 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 11 57 theme lipid 1364:1368 arg1 oxidation 1370:1378 lipid oxidation 1364:1378 lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1364:1469 Chow stored above freezing underwent lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. 34822216 4 58 theme -challenged 609:619 arg1 mice 621:624 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice 585:624 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice 585:624 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 11 59 from alterations 1408:1418 arg1 response 1462:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 Chow stored above freezing underwent lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. 34822216 1 60 theme inflammatory 109:120 arg1 diseases 127:134 inflammatory lung diseases 109:134 inflammatory lung diseases 109:134 Obesity alters the risks and outcomes of inflammatory lung diseases. 34822216 8 61 theme MDA 1077:1079 arg1 Concentrations 1059:1072 Concentrations 1059:1072 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma 1059:1098 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 3 62 theme Diet-induced 273:284 arg1 model 313:317 a commonly used model 297:317 a commonly used model of obesity 297:328 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 3 62 theme Diet-induced 273:284 arg1 obesity 286:292 Diet-induced obesity 273:292 Diet-induced obesity 273:292 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 13 63 theme bacteria 1745:1752 arg1 richness 1733:1740 richness 1733:1740 richness 1733:1740 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 13 63 theme bacteria 1745:1752 arg1 variety 1721:1727 variety 1721:1727 variety 1721:1727 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 13 63 theme bacteria 1745:1752 arg1 bacteria 1745:1752 bacteria 1745:1752 bacteria 1745:1752 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 1 64 theme diseases 127:134 arg1 outcomes 97:104 outcomes 97:104 outcomes 97:104 Obesity alters the risks and outcomes of inflammatory lung diseases. 34822216 1 64 theme diseases 127:134 arg1 risks 87:91 risks 87:91 risks 87:91 Obesity alters the risks and outcomes of inflammatory lung diseases. 34822216 8 65 theme RT 1138:1139 arg1 storage 1146:1152 RT chow storage 1138:1152 RT chow storage 1138:1152 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 13 66 from changes 1638:1644 arg1 microbiome 1653:1662 the microbiome 1649:1662 the microbiome 1649:1662 It also suggests changes in the microbiome, although not significantly different suggests decreased variety and richness of bacteria in the gut, a large aspect of the immune system. 34822216 4 67 theme high-fat 481:488 arg1 conditions 503:512 high-fat chow storage conditions 481:512 high-fat chow storage conditions 481:512 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 8 68 theme storage 1146:1152 arg1 duration 1126:1133 the duration 1122:1133 the duration of RT chow storage 1122:1152 Concentrations of MDA in chow and plasma rose in proportion to the duration of RT chow storage. 34822216 5 69 dep % 676:676 arg1 LFD 693:695 LFD 693:695 LFD 693:695 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 5 69 dep % 676:676 arg1 diet 687:690 low-fat diet 679:690 low-fat diet 679:690 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 4 70 theme storage 495:501 arg1 conditions 503:512 high-fat chow storage conditions 481:512 high-fat chow storage conditions 481:512 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 5 71 dep 21 781:782 arg1 to 771:772 to 771:772 to 771:772 For 6 weeks, C57BL/6crl mice were fed either a 10% (low-fat diet, LFD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) stored at room temperature (RT, 23°C) for up to 7, 14, 21, or 42 days. 34822216 12 72 theme storage 1491:1497 arg1 conditions 1499:1508 storage conditions 1491:1508 storage conditions 1491:1508 Our data show that storage conditions affect lipid peroxidation, which in turn affects pulmonary inflammatory responses in a mouse model of disease. 34822216 0 73 theme high-fat 22:29 arg1 diets 31:35 high-fat diets 22:35 high-fat diets 22:35 Storage conditions of high-fat diets affect pulmonary inflammation. 34822216 9 74 theme HFD 1166:1168 arg1 <2 weeks 1177:1184 a HFD stored <2 weeks 1164:1184 a HFD stored <2 weeks 1164:1184 Mice fed a HFD stored <2 weeks at RT had an attenuated response 24 h after LPS compared with mice fed an LFD. 34822216 14 75 theme Dietary 1803:1809 arg1 composition 1811:1821 Dietary composition 1803:1821 Dietary composition 1803:1821 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 3 76 theme disease 357:363 arg1 models 365:370 other disease models 351:370 other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma 351:434 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 14 77 theme gut 1890:1892 arg1 microbiome 1894:1903 the gut microbiome 1886:1903 the gut microbiome 1886:1903 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 2 78 theme obese 184:188 arg1 state 190:194 the obese state 180:194 the obese state in animal models to understand these effects on the pathogenesis of disease 180:270 It is important to accurately recapitulate the obese state in animal models to understand these effects on the pathogenesis of disease. 34822216 7 79 theme thiobarbituric 993:1006 arg1 substances 1022:1031 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 993:1031 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma 993:1056 Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in chow and mouse plasma. 34822216 6 80 theme bronchoalveolar 888:902 arg1 lavage 904:909 bronchoalveolar lavage 888:909 bronchoalveolar lavage 888:909 Mice were treated with nebulized LPS to induce lung inflammation, and neutrophil levels in bronchoalveolar lavage were determined 24 h later. 34822216 3 81 theme respiratory 383:393 arg1 syndrome 404:411 acute respiratory distress syndrome 377:411 acute respiratory distress syndrome 377:411 Diet-induced obesity is a commonly used model of obesity, but when applied to other disease models like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and asthma, it yields widely divergent. 34822216 4 82 theme lipid 527:531 arg1 oxidation 533:541 lipid oxidation 527:541 lipid oxidation 527:541 We hypothesized high-fat chow storage conditions would affect lipid oxidation and inflammatory response in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. 34822216 14 83 theme pulmonary 1859:1867 arg1 inflammation 1869:1880 pulmonary inflammation 1859:1880 pulmonary inflammation 1859:1880 Dietary composition and storage of chow may also affect pulmonary inflammation and the gut microbiome in humans. 34822216 10 84 theme storage 1312:1318 arg1 2 weeks 1296:1302 2 weeks 1296:1302 2 weeks of chow storage at RT 1296:1324 This effect was reversed after 2 weeks of chow storage at RT. 34822216 11 85 theme pulmonary 1439:1447 arg1 response 1462:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response 1423:1469 Chow stored above freezing underwent lipid oxidation associated with significant alterations in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. 34822216 12 86 theme disease 1612:1618 arg1 model 1603:1607 a mouse model 1595:1607 a mouse model of disease 1595:1618 Our data show that storage conditions affect lipid peroxidation, which in turn affects pulmonary inflammatory responses in a mouse model of disease. 32485579 0 0 theme fibre-enriched 90:103 arg1 vesicles 105:112 antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles 64:112 antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health 64:134 Advanced strategy to exploit wine-making waste by manufacturing antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health. 32485579 7 1 theme alternative 1056:1066 arg1 application 1017:1027 the potential application 1003:1027 the potential application of grape nutriosomes 1003:1048 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 7 1 theme alternative 1056:1066 arg1 strategy 1068:1075 an alternative strategy 1053:1075 an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract 1053:1118 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 3 2 from 25 °C 514:518 arg1 stable 476:481 stable 476:481 stable 476:481 The vesicles were highly stable during 12 months of storage at 25 °C. 32485579 3 2 from 25 °C 514:518 arg1 vesicles 455:462 The vesicles 451:462 The vesicles 451:462 The vesicles were highly stable during 12 months of storage at 25 °C. 32485579 1 3 theme prebiotic 278:286 arg1 Nutriose®FM06 304:316 a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06) 276:317 Nutriose®FM06 304:316 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 0 4 theme prebiotic 80:88 arg1 vesicles 105:112 antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles 64:112 antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health 64:134 Advanced strategy to exploit wine-making waste by manufacturing antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health. 32485579 2 5 from size 350:353 arg1 nutriosomes 324:334 The nutriosomes 320:334 The nutriosomes 320:334 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 2 5 from size 350:353 arg1 small 341:345 small 341:345 small 341:345 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 2 6 from small 341:345 arg1 size 350:353 size 350:353 size 350:353 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 4 7 theme 37 °C 547:551 arg1 pH 569:570 pH 1.2 569:574 pH 1.2 569:574 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 7 theme 37 °C 547:551 arg1 medium 561:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium 539:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength 539:598 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 8 theme extract 687:693 arg1 increase 632:639 an increase 629:639 an increase of the mean diameter 629:660 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 8 theme extract 687:693 arg1 release 672:678 a low release 666:678 a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration 666:741 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 1 9 theme soluble 289:295 arg1 Nutriose®FM06 304:316 a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06) 276:317 Nutriose®FM06 304:316 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 1 10 theme fibre 297:301 arg1 Nutriose®FM06 304:316 a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06) 276:317 Nutriose®FM06 304:316 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 7 11 theme grape 1032:1036 arg1 nutriosomes 1038:1048 grape nutriosomes 1032:1048 grape nutriosomes 1032:1048 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 5 12 theme stress 848:853 arg1 damage 855:860 oxidative stress damage 838:860 oxidative stress damage 838:860 The formulations were highly biocompatible and able to protect intestinal cells (Caco-2) from oxidative stress damage. 32485579 0 13 theme intestinal 118:127 arg1 health 129:134 intestinal health 118:134 intestinal health 118:134 Advanced strategy to exploit wine-making waste by manufacturing antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health. 32485579 2 14 dep negative 430:437 arg1 -79 mV 442:447 ∼ -79 mV 440:447 ∼ -79 mV 440:447 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 2 15 dep 260 nm 369:374 arg1 to 366:367 to 366:367 to 366:367 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 7 16 theme tract 1114:1118 arg1 protection 1085:1094 the protection 1081:1094 the protection of the intestinal tract 1081:1118 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 4 17 theme low 668:670 arg1 release 672:678 a low release 666:678 a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration 666:741 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 0 18 theme Advanced 0:7 arg1 strategy 9:16 Advanced strategy 0:16 Advanced strategy 0:16 Advanced strategy to exploit wine-making waste by manufacturing antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health. 32485579 4 19 theme diameter 653:660 arg1 increase 632:639 an increase 629:639 an increase of the mean diameter 629:660 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 19 theme diameter 653:660 arg1 release 672:678 a low release 666:678 a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration 666:741 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 5 20 theme intestinal 807:816 arg1 Caco-2 825:830 Caco-2 825:830 Caco-2 825:830 The formulations were highly biocompatible and able to protect intestinal cells (Caco-2) from oxidative stress damage. 32485579 5 20 theme intestinal 807:816 arg1 cells 818:822 intestinal cells 807:822 intestinal cells (Caco-2) 807:831 The formulations were highly biocompatible and able to protect intestinal cells (Caco-2) from oxidative stress damage. 32485579 7 21 theme nutriosomes 1038:1048 arg1 application 1017:1027 the potential application 1003:1027 the potential application of grape nutriosomes 1003:1048 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 7 21 theme nutriosomes 1038:1048 arg1 strategy 1068:1075 an alternative strategy 1053:1075 an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract 1053:1118 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 1 22 theme antioxidant 223:233 arg1 extracts 235:242 antioxidant extracts 223:242 antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06) 223:317 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 7 23 theme intestinal 1103:1112 arg1 tract 1114:1118 the intestinal tract 1099:1118 the intestinal tract 1099:1118 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 7 24 theme potential 1007:1015 arg1 application 1017:1027 the potential application 1003:1027 the potential application of grape nutriosomes 1003:1048 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 7 24 theme potential 1007:1015 arg1 strategy 1068:1075 an alternative strategy 1053:1075 an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract 1053:1118 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 6 25 dep In 863:864 arg1 vivo 866:869 vivo 866:869 vivo 866:869 In vivo results underlined that the composition of mouse microbiota was not affected by the vesicular formulations. 32485579 4 26 theme warmed 539:544 arg1 pH 569:570 pH 1.2 569:574 pH 1.2 569:574 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 26 theme warmed 539:544 arg1 medium 561:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium 539:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength 539:598 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 27 theme strength 591:598 arg1 pH 569:570 pH 1.2 569:574 pH 1.2 569:574 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 27 theme strength 591:598 arg1 medium 561:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium 539:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength 539:598 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 0 28 theme wine-making 29:39 arg1 waste 41:45 wine-making waste 29:45 wine-making waste 29:45 Advanced strategy to exploit wine-making waste by manufacturing antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health. 32485579 6 29 theme microbiota 920:929 arg1 composition 899:909 the composition 895:909 the composition of mouse microbiota 895:929 In vivo results underlined that the composition of mouse microbiota was not affected by the vesicular formulations. 32485579 5 30 theme oxidative 838:846 arg1 damage 855:860 oxidative stress damage 838:860 oxidative stress damage 838:860 The formulations were highly biocompatible and able to protect intestinal cells (Caco-2) from oxidative stress damage. 32485579 4 31 theme ionic 585:589 arg1 strength 591:598 high ionic strength 580:598 high ionic strength 580:598 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 32 theme mean 648:651 arg1 diameter 653:660 the mean diameter 644:660 the mean diameter 644:660 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 6 33 theme In 863:864 arg1 results 871:877 In vivo results 863:877 In vivo results 863:877 In vivo results underlined that the composition of mouse microbiota was not affected by the vesicular formulations. 32485579 7 34 theme Overall 979:985 arg1 results 987:993 Overall results 979:993 Overall results 979:993 Overall results support the potential application of grape nutriosomes as an alternative strategy for the protection of the intestinal tract. 32485579 6 35 theme mouse 914:918 arg1 microbiota 920:929 mouse microbiota 914:929 mouse microbiota 914:929 In vivo results underlined that the composition of mouse microbiota was not affected by the vesicular formulations. 32485579 1 36 theme Grape 137:141 arg1 nutriosomes 183:193 nutriosomes 183:193 nutriosomes 183:193 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 1 36 theme Grape 137:141 arg1 vesicles 173:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles 137:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles 137:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 2 37 dep homogeneous 378:388 arg1 negative 430:437 negative 430:437 negative 430:437 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 2 37 dep homogeneous 378:388 arg1 polydispersity 391:404 polydispersity index < 0.2 391:416 polydispersity index < 0.2 391:416 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 1 38 theme extract-loaded 143:156 arg1 nutriosomes 183:193 nutriosomes 183:193 nutriosomes 183:193 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 1 38 theme extract-loaded 143:156 arg1 vesicles 173:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles 137:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles 137:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 1 39 theme grape 258:262 arg1 pomaces 264:270 grape pomaces 258:270 grape pomaces 258:270 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 1 40 theme fibre-enriched 158:171 arg1 nutriosomes 183:193 nutriosomes 183:193 nutriosomes 183:193 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 1 40 theme fibre-enriched 158:171 arg1 vesicles 173:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles 137:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles 137:180 Grape extract-loaded fibre-enriched vesicles, nutriosomes, were prepared by combining antioxidant extracts obtained from grape pomaces and a prebiotic, soluble fibre (Nutriose®FM06). 32485579 2 41 dep small 341:345 arg1 260 nm 369:374 260 nm 369:374 260 nm 369:374 The nutriosomes were small in size (from ∼140 to 260 nm), homogeneous (polydispersity index < 0.2) and highly negative (∼ -79 mV). 32485579 6 42 theme vesicular 955:963 arg1 formulations 965:976 the vesicular formulations 951:976 the vesicular formulations 951:976 In vivo results underlined that the composition of mouse microbiota was not affected by the vesicular formulations. 32485579 4 43 theme Nutriose 720:727 arg1 concentration 729:741 Nutriose concentration 720:741 Nutriose concentration 720:741 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 44 theme high 580:583 arg1 strength 591:598 high ionic strength 580:598 high ionic strength 580:598 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 45 theme acidic 554:559 arg1 pH 569:570 pH 1.2 569:574 pH 1.2 569:574 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 4 45 theme acidic 554:559 arg1 medium 561:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium 539:566 warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength 539:598 When diluted with warmed (37 °C) acidic medium (pH 1.2) of high ionic strength, the vesicles only displayed an increase of the mean diameter and a low release of the extract, which were dependent on Nutriose concentration. 32485579 0 46 theme antioxidant 64:74 arg1 vesicles 105:112 antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles 64:112 antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health 64:134 Advanced strategy to exploit wine-making waste by manufacturing antioxidant and prebiotic fibre-enriched vesicles for intestinal health. 32485579 3 47 theme storage 503:509 arg1 months 493:498 12 months 490:498 12 months of storage 490:509 The vesicles were highly stable during 12 months of storage at 25 °C. 31991210 7 0 theme porcine 1133:1139 arg1 mucin 1149:1153 porcine stomach mucin 1133:1153 porcine stomach mucin 1133:1153 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 7 0 theme porcine 1133:1139 arg1 substrate 1178:1186 a model substrate 1170:1186 a model substrate 1170:1186 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 8 1 theme important 1335:1343 arg1 microbe 1349:1355 this important gut microbe 1330:1355 this important gut microbe 1330:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 8 2 from involvement 1222:1232 arg1 muciniphila 1272:1282 A. muciniphila 1269:1282 A. muciniphila 1269:1282 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 8 2 from involvement 1222:1232 arg1 machinery 1317:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery 1287:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1287:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 9 3 theme molecular 1418:1426 arg1 interactions 1428:1439 the molecular interactions 1414:1439 the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level 1414:1496 These findings could contribute to the understanding of the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level. 31991210 0 4 theme mucin 90:94 arg1 degradation 96:106 mucin degradation 90:106 mucin degradation 90:106 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 7 5 theme stomach 1141:1147 arg1 mucin 1149:1153 porcine stomach mucin 1133:1153 porcine stomach mucin 1133:1153 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 7 5 theme stomach 1141:1147 arg1 substrate 1178:1186 a model substrate 1170:1186 a model substrate 1170:1186 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 9 6 theme interactions 1428:1439 arg1 understanding 1397:1409 the understanding 1393:1409 the understanding of the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level 1393:1496 These findings could contribute to the understanding of the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level. 31991210 0 7 from Characterization 0:15 arg1 muciniphila 66:76 Akkermansia muciniphila 54:76 Akkermansia muciniphila 54:76 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 7 8 theme structures 1121:1130 arg1 degradation 1091:1101 the degradation 1087:1101 the degradation of mucosal glycan structures 1087:1130 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 2 9 theme potent 308:313 arg1 degrader 315:322 a highly potent degrader 299:322 a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins 299:343 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 9 theme potent 308:313 arg1 organism 287:294 This organism 282:294 This organism 282:294 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 3 10 theme exact 569:573 arg1 mechanisms 591:600 exact mucin degrading mechanisms 569:600 exact mucin degrading mechanisms 569:600 Despite its importance for the hosts' health and microbiota composition, exact mucin degrading mechanisms are still mostly unclear. 31991210 6 11 theme habitat 1011:1017 arg1 mucins 989:994 mucins 989:994 mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila 989:1035 All preferred target structures are prevalent within mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila. 31991210 3 12 theme mucin 575:579 arg1 mechanisms 591:600 exact mucin degrading mechanisms 569:600 exact mucin degrading mechanisms 569:600 Despite its importance for the hosts' health and microbiota composition, exact mucin degrading mechanisms are still mostly unclear. 31991210 0 13 from muciniphila 66:76 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila 0:76 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 0 13 from muciniphila 66:76 arg1 β-galactosidases 32:47 three novel β-galactosidases 20:47 three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila 20:76 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 8 14 theme gut 1345:1347 arg1 microbe 1349:1355 this important gut microbe 1330:1355 this important gut microbe 1330:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 6 15 theme colonic 1003:1009 arg1 habitat 1011:1017 the colonic habitat 999:1017 the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila 999:1035 All preferred target structures are prevalent within mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila. 31991210 8 16 theme complex 1291:1297 arg1 machinery 1317:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery 1287:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1287:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 7 17 theme mucosal 1106:1112 arg1 structures 1121:1130 mucosal glycan structures 1106:1130 mucosal glycan structures 1106:1130 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 4 18 theme extracellular 681:693 arg1 Amuc_0771 713:721 Amuc_0771 713:721 Amuc_0771 713:721 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 4 18 theme extracellular 681:693 arg1 β-galactosidases 695:710 three extracellular β-galactosidases 675:710 three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) 675:748 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 4 18 theme extracellular 681:693 arg1 Amuc_0824 724:732 Amuc_0824 724:732 Amuc_0824 724:732 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 4 18 theme extracellular 681:693 arg1 Amuc_1666 739:747 Amuc_1666 739:747 Amuc_1666 739:747 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 2 19 theme gut 462:464 arg1 microbiota 466:475 the gut microbiota 458:475 the gut microbiota 458:475 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 7 20 theme glycan 1114:1119 arg1 structures 1121:1130 mucosal glycan structures 1106:1130 mucosal glycan structures 1106:1130 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 4 21 dep β-galactosidases 695:710 arg1 Amuc_0771 713:721 Amuc_0771 713:721 Amuc_0771 713:721 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 4 21 dep β-galactosidases 695:710 arg1 β-galactosidases 695:710 three extracellular β-galactosidases 675:710 three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) 675:748 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 4 21 dep β-galactosidases 695:710 arg1 Amuc_0824 724:732 Amuc_0824 724:732 Amuc_0824 724:732 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 4 21 dep β-galactosidases 695:710 arg1 Amuc_1666 739:747 Amuc_1666 739:747 Amuc_1666 739:747 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 9 22 from host 1472:1475 arg1 level 1492:1496 a molecular level 1480:1496 a molecular level 1480:1496 These findings could contribute to the understanding of the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level. 31991210 2 23 theme mucins 338:343 arg1 degrader 315:322 a highly potent degrader 299:322 a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins 299:343 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 23 theme mucins 338:343 arg1 organism 287:294 This organism 282:294 This organism 282:294 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 24 theme carbon 399:404 arg1 sources 406:412 carbon sources 399:412 carbon sources for the organism itself 399:436 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 24 theme carbon 399:404 arg1 compounds 371:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 5 25 theme enzymes 820:826 arg1 spectrum 798:805 The substrate spectrum 784:805 The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes 784:826 The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes was analyzed and the results indicated a preference for different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase. 31991210 2 26 theme intestinal 327:336 arg1 mucins 338:343 intestinal mucins 327:343 intestinal mucins 327:343 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 5 27 theme different 884:892 arg1 linkages 907:914 different galactosidic linkages 884:914 different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase 884:933 The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes was analyzed and the results indicated a preference for different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase. 31991210 0 28 theme novel 26:30 arg1 β-galactosidases 32:47 three novel β-galactosidases 20:47 three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila 20:76 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 8 29 theme degradation 1305:1315 arg1 machinery 1317:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery 1287:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1287:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 1 30 theme gut 113:115 arg1 muciniphila 142:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila 109:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila 109:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. 31991210 2 31 theme other 441:445 arg1 members 447:453 other members 441:453 other members of the gut microbiota 441:475 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 31 theme other 441:445 arg1 compounds 371:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 1 32 theme microbe 117:123 arg1 muciniphila 142:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila 109:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila 109:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. 31991210 5 33 theme substrate 788:796 arg1 spectrum 798:805 The substrate spectrum 784:805 The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes 784:826 The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes was analyzed and the results indicated a preference for different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase. 31991210 9 34 theme molecular 1482:1490 arg1 level 1492:1496 a molecular level 1480:1496 a molecular level 1480:1496 These findings could contribute to the understanding of the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level. 31991210 0 35 theme β-galactosidases 32:47 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila 0:76 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 7 36 theme enzymes 1075:1081 arg1 function 1059:1066 a potential function 1047:1066 a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures 1047:1130 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 1 37 theme different 232:240 arg1 disorders 258:266 different human metabolic disorders 232:266 different human metabolic disorders 232:266 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. 31991210 2 38 theme microbiota 466:475 arg1 sources 406:412 carbon sources 399:412 carbon sources for the organism itself 399:436 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 38 theme microbiota 466:475 arg1 members 447:453 other members 441:453 other members of the gut microbiota 441:475 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 38 theme microbiota 466:475 arg1 compounds 371:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 8 39 theme microbe 1349:1355 arg1 machinery 1317:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery 1287:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1287:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 2 40 theme glycan 364:369 arg1 sources 406:412 carbon sources 399:412 carbon sources for the organism itself 399:436 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 40 theme glycan 364:369 arg1 members 447:453 other members 441:453 other members of the gut microbiota 441:475 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 40 theme glycan 364:369 arg1 compounds 371:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 0 41 theme Akkermansia 54:64 arg1 muciniphila 66:76 Akkermansia muciniphila 54:76 Akkermansia muciniphila 54:76 Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. 31991210 2 42 theme hydrolyzed 353:362 arg1 sources 406:412 carbon sources 399:412 carbon sources for the organism itself 399:436 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 42 theme hydrolyzed 353:362 arg1 members 447:453 other members 441:453 other members of the gut microbiota 441:475 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 2 42 theme hydrolyzed 353:362 arg1 compounds 371:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 the hydrolyzed glycan compounds 349:379 This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. 31991210 6 43 theme target 950:955 arg1 structures 957:966 All preferred target structures 936:966 All preferred target structures 936:966 All preferred target structures are prevalent within mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila. 31991210 8 44 theme β-galactosidases 1247:1262 arg1 involvement 1222:1232 the involvement 1218:1232 the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1218:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 1 45 theme A. 138:139 arg1 muciniphila 142:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila 109:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila 109:152 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. 31991210 4 46 theme muciniphila 758:768 arg1 ATCC 770:773 A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835 755:781 A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835 755:781 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 1 47 theme human 242:246 arg1 disorders 258:266 different human metabolic disorders 232:266 different human metabolic disorders 232:266 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. 31991210 7 48 theme potential 1049:1057 arg1 function 1059:1066 a potential function 1047:1066 a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures 1047:1130 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 3 49 theme microbiota 545:554 arg1 composition 556:566 microbiota composition 545:566 microbiota composition 545:566 Despite its importance for the hosts' health and microbiota composition, exact mucin degrading mechanisms are still mostly unclear. 31991210 4 50 theme A. 755:756 arg1 ATCC 770:773 A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835 755:781 A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835 755:781 In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. 31991210 8 51 theme mucin 1299:1303 arg1 machinery 1317:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery 1287:1325 the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1287:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 1 52 theme metabolic 248:256 arg1 disorders 258:266 different human metabolic disorders 232:266 different human metabolic disorders 232:266 The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. 31991210 8 53 from muciniphila 1272:1282 arg1 β-galactosidases 1247:1262 all three β-galactosidases 1237:1262 all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila 1237:1282 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 8 53 from muciniphila 1272:1282 arg1 involvement 1222:1232 the involvement 1218:1232 the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe 1218:1355 In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. 31991210 5 54 theme galactosidic 894:905 arg1 linkages 907:914 different galactosidic linkages 884:914 different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase 884:933 The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes was analyzed and the results indicated a preference for different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase. 31991210 6 55 theme preferred 940:948 arg1 structures 957:966 All preferred target structures 936:966 All preferred target structures 936:966 All preferred target structures are prevalent within mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila. 31991210 7 56 theme model 1172:1176 arg1 mucin 1149:1153 porcine stomach mucin 1133:1153 porcine stomach mucin 1133:1153 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 7 56 theme model 1172:1176 arg1 substrate 1178:1186 a model substrate 1170:1186 a model substrate 1170:1186 To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. 31991210 3 57 theme degrading 581:589 arg1 mechanisms 591:600 exact mucin degrading mechanisms 569:600 exact mucin degrading mechanisms 569:600 Despite its importance for the hosts' health and microbiota composition, exact mucin degrading mechanisms are still mostly unclear. 31991210 6 58 theme muciniphila 1025:1035 arg1 habitat 1011:1017 the colonic habitat 999:1017 the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila 999:1035 All preferred target structures are prevalent within mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila. 32600257 4 0 from shift 556:560 arg1 exosome 586:592 CRC exosome 582:592 CRC exosome 582:592 RESULTS Firstly, we discovered a shift of miRNA profile in CRC exosome after LPS stimulation. 32600257 11 1 theme CRC 1631:1633 arg1 marker 1598:1603 a potential diagnostic marker 1575:1603 a potential diagnostic marker 1575:1603 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 11 1 theme CRC 1631:1633 arg1 target 1621:1626 therapeutic target 1609:1626 therapeutic target 1609:1626 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 11 1 theme CRC 1631:1633 arg1 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 7 2 theme LPS 1084:1086 arg1 presence 1072:1079 the presence 1068:1079 the presence of LPS 1068:1086 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 11 3 theme diagnostic 1587:1596 arg1 marker 1598:1603 a potential diagnostic marker 1575:1603 a potential diagnostic marker 1575:1603 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 11 3 theme diagnostic 1587:1596 arg1 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 2 4 from component 253:261 arg1 microbiome 270:279 gut microbiome 266:279 gut microbiome 266:279 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 5 5 theme CRC 718:720 arg1 progression 722:732 CRC progression 718:732 CRC progression 718:732 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 11 6 theme therapeutic 1609:1619 arg1 target 1621:1626 therapeutic target 1609:1626 therapeutic target 1609:1626 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 11 6 theme therapeutic 1609:1619 arg1 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 3 7 from species 449:455 arg1 exosome 460:466 exosome 460:466 exosome 460:466 In this study, we aimed to identify miRNA species in exosome which regulates CRC progression after LPS stimulation. 32600257 2 8 theme CRC 297:299 arg1 progression 301:311 CRC progression 297:311 CRC progression 297:311 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 7 9 dep In 886:887 arg1 vitro 889:893 vitro 889:893 vitro 889:893 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 0 10 theme -stimulated 95:105 arg1 CRC 126:128 CRC 126:128 CRC 126:128 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 0 10 theme -stimulated 95:105 arg1 cancer 118:123 colorectal cancer 107:123 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC) 71:129 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 6 11 theme serum 855:859 arg1 exosome 861:867 the serum exosome 851:867 the serum exosome in CRC patients 851:883 Retrospective analysis revealed that miR-200c-3p was elevated in CRC tumor tissues, but decreased in the serum exosome in CRC patients. 32600257 7 12 theme exosomal 925:932 arg1 expression 946:955 exosomal miR-200c-3p expression 925:955 exosomal miR-200c-3p expression 925:955 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 2 13 link CRC-derived 385:395 arg1 exosomes 397:404 CRC-derived exosomes 385:404 CRC-derived exosomes 385:404 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 2 14 theme abundant 244:251 arg1 Lipopolysaccharide 215:232 Lipopolysaccharide 215:232 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 215:238 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 2 14 theme abundant 244:251 arg1 component 253:261 an abundant component 241:261 an abundant component in gut microbiome 241:279 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 5 15 theme potential 691:699 arg1 regulator 705:713 a potential key regulator 689:713 a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis 689:747 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 5 15 theme potential 691:699 arg1 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 8 16 theme ZEB-1 1298:1302 arg1 expression 1312:1321 ZEB-1 protein expression 1298:1321 ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell 1298:1333 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 9 17 theme HCT-116 1392:1398 arg1 cells 1400:1404 HCT-116 cells 1392:1404 HCT-116 cells 1392:1404 In addition, exosomal miR-200c-3p promotes apoptosis of HCT-116 cells. 32600257 0 18 theme cancer 118:123 arg1 migraion 46:53 migraion 46:53 migraion 46:53 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 0 18 theme cancer 118:123 arg1 invasion 59:66 invasion 59:66 invasion 59:66 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 9 19 theme exosomal 1349:1356 arg1 miR-200c-3p 1358:1368 exosomal miR-200c-3p 1349:1368 exosomal miR-200c-3p 1349:1368 In addition, exosomal miR-200c-3p promotes apoptosis of HCT-116 cells. 32600257 10 20 theme exosomal 1446:1453 arg1 miR-200c-3p 1455:1465 exosomal miR-200c-3p 1446:1465 exosomal miR-200c-3p 1446:1465 CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that exosomal miR-200c-3p inhibits CRC migration and invasion, and promotes their apoptosis after LPS stimulation. 32600257 6 21 theme Retrospective 750:762 arg1 analysis 764:771 Retrospective analysis 750:771 Retrospective analysis 750:771 Retrospective analysis revealed that miR-200c-3p was elevated in CRC tumor tissues, but decreased in the serum exosome in CRC patients. 32600257 4 22 theme LPS 600:602 arg1 stimulation 604:614 LPS stimulation 600:614 LPS stimulation 600:614 RESULTS Firstly, we discovered a shift of miRNA profile in CRC exosome after LPS stimulation. 32600257 0 23 theme colorectal 107:116 arg1 CRC 126:128 CRC 126:128 CRC 126:128 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 0 23 theme colorectal 107:116 arg1 cancer 118:123 colorectal cancer 107:123 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC) 71:129 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 8 24 theme ZEB-1 1190:1194 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 24 theme ZEB-1 1190:1194 arg1 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 24 theme ZEB-1 1190:1194 arg1 mRNA 1197:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 7 25 theme In 886:887 arg1 experiments 895:905 In vitro experiments 886:905 In vitro experiments 886:905 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 3 26 theme CRC 484:486 arg1 progression 488:498 CRC progression 484:498 CRC progression 484:498 In this study, we aimed to identify miRNA species in exosome which regulates CRC progression after LPS stimulation. 32600257 11 27 theme potential 1577:1585 arg1 marker 1598:1603 a potential diagnostic marker 1575:1603 a potential diagnostic marker 1575:1603 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 11 27 theme potential 1577:1585 arg1 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It 1556:1557 It is suggested as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of CRC. 32600257 8 28 theme finger 1157:1162 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 28 theme finger 1157:1162 arg1 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 28 theme finger 1157:1162 arg1 mRNA 1197:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 6 29 from exosome 861:867 arg1 patients 876:883 CRC patients 872:883 CRC patients 872:883 Retrospective analysis revealed that miR-200c-3p was elevated in CRC tumor tissues, but decreased in the serum exosome in CRC patients. 32600257 0 30 theme Exosomal 0:7 arg1 miR-200c-3p 9:19 Exosomal miR-200c-3p 0:19 Exosomal miR-200c-3p 0:19 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 7 31 theme invasion 1056:1063 arg1 capacity 1030:1037 their capacity 1024:1037 their capacity of migration and invasion 1024:1063 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 2 32 theme gut 266:268 arg1 microbiome 270:279 gut microbiome 266:279 gut microbiome 266:279 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 8 33 theme miR-200c 1214:1221 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 2 34 theme exosomes 397:404 arg1 composition 370:380 the miRNA composition 360:380 the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes 360:404 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 3 35 theme LPS 506:508 arg1 stimulation 510:520 LPS stimulation 506:520 LPS stimulation 506:520 In this study, we aimed to identify miRNA species in exosome which regulates CRC progression after LPS stimulation. 32600257 1 36 theme leading 172:178 arg1 cancer 180:185 a leading cancer 170:185 a leading cancer 170:185 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 36 theme leading 172:178 arg1 cancer 154:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer 132:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) 132:165 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 2 37 theme CRC-derived 385:395 arg1 exosomes 397:404 CRC-derived exosomes 385:404 CRC-derived exosomes 385:404 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 7 38 theme migration 1042:1050 arg1 capacity 1030:1037 their capacity 1024:1037 their capacity of migration and invasion 1024:1063 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 8 39 from level 1101:1105 arg1 exosome 1110:1116 exosome 1110:1116 exosome 1110:1116 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 4 40 theme profile 571:577 arg1 shift 556:560 a shift 554:560 a shift of miRNA profile in CRC exosome 554:592 RESULTS Firstly, we discovered a shift of miRNA profile in CRC exosome after LPS stimulation. 32600257 5 41 theme progression 722:732 arg1 regulator 705:713 a potential key regulator 689:713 a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis 689:747 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 5 41 theme progression 722:732 arg1 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 2 42 theme miRNA 364:368 arg1 composition 370:380 the miRNA composition 360:380 the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes 360:404 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an abundant component in gut microbiome, is involved in CRC progression and metastasis, potentially through regulating the miRNA composition of CRC-derived exosomes. 32600257 9 43 theme cells 1400:1404 arg1 apoptosis 1379:1387 apoptosis 1379:1387 apoptosis of HCT-116 cells 1379:1404 In addition, exosomal miR-200c-3p promotes apoptosis of HCT-116 cells. 32600257 6 44 theme tumor 819:823 arg1 tissues 825:831 CRC tumor tissues 815:831 CRC tumor tissues 815:831 Retrospective analysis revealed that miR-200c-3p was elevated in CRC tumor tissues, but decreased in the serum exosome in CRC patients. 32600257 8 45 theme homeobox-1 1178:1187 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 45 theme homeobox-1 1178:1187 arg1 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 45 theme homeobox-1 1178:1187 arg1 mRNA 1197:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 7 46 theme cell 979:982 arg1 proliferation 984:996 CRC cell proliferation 975:996 CRC cell proliferation 975:996 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 4 47 theme CRC 582:584 arg1 exosome 586:592 CRC exosome 582:592 CRC exosome 582:592 RESULTS Firstly, we discovered a shift of miRNA profile in CRC exosome after LPS stimulation. 32600257 5 48 theme metastasis 738:747 arg1 regulator 705:713 a potential key regulator 689:713 a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis 689:747 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 5 48 theme metastasis 738:747 arg1 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 8 49 theme exosomal 1129:1136 arg1 expression 1138:1147 exosomal expression 1129:1147 exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, 1129:1276 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 50 theme protein 1304:1310 arg1 expression 1312:1321 ZEB-1 protein expression 1298:1321 ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell 1298:1333 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 6 51 theme CRC 815:817 arg1 tissues 825:831 CRC tumor tissues 815:831 CRC tumor tissues 815:831 Retrospective analysis revealed that miR-200c-3p was elevated in CRC tumor tissues, but decreased in the serum exosome in CRC patients. 32600257 0 52 dep migraion 46:53 arg1 the 42:44 the 42:44 the 42:44 Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). 32600257 8 53 theme CRC 1326:1328 arg1 cell 1330:1333 CRC cell 1326:1333 CRC cell 1326:1333 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 10 54 dep CONCLUSIONS 1407:1417 arg1 indicate 1432:1439 indicate 1432:1439 indicate that exosomal miR-200c-3p inhibits CRC migration and invasion, and promotes their apoptosis after LPS stimulation 1432:1553 CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that exosomal miR-200c-3p inhibits CRC migration and invasion, and promotes their apoptosis after LPS stimulation. 32600257 10 55 theme LPS 1539:1541 arg1 stimulation 1543:1553 LPS stimulation 1539:1553 LPS stimulation 1539:1553 CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that exosomal miR-200c-3p inhibits CRC migration and invasion, and promotes their apoptosis after LPS stimulation. 32600257 3 56 theme miRNA 443:447 arg1 species 449:455 miRNA species 443:455 miRNA species in exosome which regulates CRC progression after LPS stimulation 443:520 In this study, we aimed to identify miRNA species in exosome which regulates CRC progression after LPS stimulation. 32600257 8 57 dep migration 1245:1253 arg1 capacity 1268:1275 capacity 1268:1275 capacity 1268:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 7 58 theme CRC 975:977 arg1 proliferation 984:996 CRC cell proliferation 975:996 CRC cell proliferation 975:996 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 10 59 theme CRC 1476:1478 arg1 migration 1480:1488 CRC migration 1476:1488 CRC migration 1476:1488 CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that exosomal miR-200c-3p inhibits CRC migration and invasion, and promotes their apoptosis after LPS stimulation. 32600257 8 60 from expression 1312:1321 arg1 cell 1330:1333 CRC cell 1326:1333 CRC cell 1326:1333 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 1 61 theme major 193:197 arg1 cause 199:203 a major cause 191:203 a major cause of death 191:212 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 5 62 theme expressed 642:650 arg1 miRNAs 652:657 the differentially expressed miRNAs 623:657 the differentially expressed miRNAs 623:657 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 8 63 theme Zinc 1152:1155 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 63 theme Zinc 1152:1155 arg1 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 63 theme Zinc 1152:1155 arg1 mRNA 1197:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 64 theme mRNA 1197:1200 arg1 expression 1138:1147 exosomal expression 1129:1147 exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, 1129:1276 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 5 65 theme key 701:703 arg1 regulator 705:713 a potential key regulator 689:713 a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis 689:747 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 5 65 theme key 701:703 arg1 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 miR-200c-3p 674:684 Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-200c-3p as a potential key regulator of CRC progression and metastasis. 32600257 8 66 theme targets 1223:1229 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 66 theme targets 1223:1229 arg1 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 66 theme targets 1223:1229 arg1 mRNA 1197:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 1 67 theme BACKGROUND 132:141 arg1 cancer 180:185 a leading cancer 170:185 a leading cancer 170:185 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 67 theme BACKGROUND 132:141 arg1 CRC 162:164 CRC 162:164 CRC 162:164 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 67 theme BACKGROUND 132:141 arg1 cancer 154:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer 132:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) 132:165 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 4 68 theme miRNA 565:569 arg1 profile 571:577 miRNA profile 565:577 miRNA profile 565:577 RESULTS Firstly, we discovered a shift of miRNA profile in CRC exosome after LPS stimulation. 32600257 8 69 theme miR-200c-3p 1089:1099 arg1 level 1101:1105 miR-200c-3p level 1089:1105 miR-200c-3p level in exosome 1089:1116 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 6 70 theme CRC 872:874 arg1 patients 876:883 CRC patients 872:883 CRC patients 872:883 Retrospective analysis revealed that miR-200c-3p was elevated in CRC tumor tissues, but decreased in the serum exosome in CRC patients. 32600257 8 71 theme E-box-binding 1164:1176 arg1 targets 1223:1229 the miR-200c targets 1210:1229 the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity 1210:1275 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 71 theme E-box-binding 1164:1176 arg1 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 one 1203:1205 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 8 71 theme E-box-binding 1164:1176 arg1 mRNA 1197:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA 1152:1200 miR-200c-3p level in exosome influenced exosomal expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1 (ZEB-1) mRNA, one of the miR-200c targets which affects migration and invasion capacity, and further altered ZEB-1 protein expression in CRC cell. 32600257 7 72 theme miR-200c-3p 934:944 arg1 expression 946:955 exosomal miR-200c-3p expression 925:955 exosomal miR-200c-3p expression 925:955 In vitro experiments demonstrated that exosomal miR-200c-3p expression did not influence CRC cell proliferation, but negatively regulated their capacity of migration and invasion in the presence of LPS. 32600257 1 73 theme Colorectal 143:152 arg1 cancer 180:185 a leading cancer 170:185 a leading cancer 170:185 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 73 theme Colorectal 143:152 arg1 CRC 162:164 CRC 162:164 CRC 162:164 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 73 theme Colorectal 143:152 arg1 cancer 154:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer 132:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) 132:165 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 74 theme death 208:212 arg1 cancer 180:185 a leading cancer 170:185 a leading cancer 170:185 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 74 theme death 208:212 arg1 cancer 154:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer 132:159 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) 132:165 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32600257 1 74 theme death 208:212 arg1 cause 199:203 a major cause 191:203 a major cause of death 191:212 BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer and a major cause of death. 32921667 8 0 theme study 1071:1075 arg1 period 1077:1082 the study period 1067:1082 the study period 1067:1082 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 10 1 theme proportional 1423:1434 arg1 model 1444:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 4 2 theme mid-term 691:698 arg1 outcomes 709:716 mid-term clinical outcomes 691:716 mid-term clinical outcomes 691:716 Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether protamine use following elective PCI was associated with mid-term clinical outcomes. 32921667 10 3 theme multivariate 1406:1417 arg1 model 1444:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 6 4 theme thrombosis 941:950 arg1 endpoint 881:888 The primary endpoint 869:888 The primary endpoint 869:888 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 4 theme thrombosis 941:950 arg1 composite 898:906 the composite 894:906 the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis 894:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 4 theme thrombosis 941:950 arg1 TVR 927:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 4 theme thrombosis 941:950 arg1 thrombosis 941:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 0 5 theme Coronary 86:93 arg1 Interventions 95:107 Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions 64:107 Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions 64:107 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 11 6 theme elective 1739:1746 arg1 PCI 1748:1750 elective PCI 1739:1750 elective PCI 1739:1750 In conclusion, immediate protamine use following elective PCI did not increase mid-term ischemia-driven TVR or stent thrombosis. 32921667 1 7 theme current 176:182 arg1 interventions 206:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions 176:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) 176:224 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 1 7 theme current 176:182 arg1 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 6 8 theme stent 935:939 arg1 thrombosis 941:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 11 9 theme mid-term 1769:1776 arg1 TVR 1794:1796 mid-term ischemia-driven TVR 1769:1796 mid-term ischemia-driven TVR 1769:1796 In conclusion, immediate protamine use following elective PCI did not increase mid-term ischemia-driven TVR or stent thrombosis. 32921667 8 10 located observed 1051:1058 arg1 total 1018:1022 total 1018:1022 total 1018:1022 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 8 10 located observed 1051:1058 arg2 endpoints 1036:1044 32 primary endpoints 1025:1044 32 primary endpoints 1025:1044 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 12 11 theme protamine 1838:1846 arg1 use 1848:1850 immediate protamine use 1828:1850 immediate protamine use after PCI 1828:1860 However, immediate protamine use after PCI should be discussed further for the safety of the patient. 32921667 9 12 theme hemodialysis 1292:1303 arg1 length 1233:1238 the lesion length 1222:1238 the lesion length 1222:1238 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 9 12 theme hemodialysis 1292:1303 arg1 degree 1245:1250 the degree 1241:1250 the degree of calcification 1241:1267 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 9 12 theme hemodialysis 1292:1303 arg1 prevalence 1278:1287 the prevalence 1274:1287 the prevalence of hemodialysis 1274:1303 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 10 13 theme hazard 1495:1500 arg1 ratio 1502:1506 non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 1480:1512 non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 1480:1512 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 2 14 theme use 308:310 arg1 effectiveness 281:293 the effectiveness 277:293 the effectiveness of protamine use 277:310 Fortunately, several groups have already reported the effectiveness of protamine use just after PCI to immediately remove any arterial sheath. 32921667 5 15 theme = 827:827 arg1 n 825:825 n = 142 825:831 n = 142 825:831 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 5 15 theme = 827:827 arg1 group 818:822 protamine group 808:822 protamine group (n = 142) 808:832 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 5 16 theme = 861:861 arg1 330 863:865 n = 330 859:865 n = 330 859:865 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 5 16 theme = 861:861 arg1 group 852:856 non-protamine group 838:856 non-protamine group (n = 330) 838:866 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 1 17 from problem 165:171 arg1 interventions 206:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions 176:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) 176:224 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 1 17 from problem 165:171 arg1 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 2 18 theme protamine 298:306 arg1 use 308:310 protamine use 298:310 protamine use 298:310 Fortunately, several groups have already reported the effectiveness of protamine use just after PCI to immediately remove any arterial sheath. 32921667 10 19 theme 95 1518:1519 arg1 % 1520:1520 % 1520:1520 % 1520:1520 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 1 20 theme percutaneous 184:195 arg1 interventions 206:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions 176:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) 176:224 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 1 20 theme percutaneous 184:195 arg1 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 6 21 theme TVR 927:929 arg1 endpoint 881:888 The primary endpoint 869:888 The primary endpoint 869:888 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 21 theme TVR 927:929 arg1 composite 898:906 the composite 894:906 the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis 894:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 21 theme TVR 927:929 arg1 TVR 927:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 21 theme TVR 927:929 arg1 thrombosis 941:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 5 22 theme n 859:859 arg1 330 863:865 n = 330 859:865 n = 330 859:865 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 5 22 theme n 859:859 arg1 group 852:856 non-protamine group 838:856 non-protamine group (n = 330) 838:866 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 12 23 theme immediate 1828:1836 arg1 use 1848:1850 immediate protamine use 1828:1850 immediate protamine use after PCI 1828:1860 However, immediate protamine use after PCI should be discussed further for the safety of the patient. 32921667 1 24 theme coronary 197:204 arg1 interventions 206:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions 176:218 current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) 176:224 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 1 24 theme coronary 197:204 arg1 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 PCI 221:223 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 0 25 theme Clinical 9:16 arg1 Outcomes 18:25 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes 0:25 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use 0:52 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 10 26 theme Cox 1419:1421 arg1 model 1444:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 10 27 theme legion 1642:1647 arg1 length 1649:1654 legion length 1642:1654 legion length 1642:1654 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 3 28 theme non-occlusive 435:447 arg1 thrombus 449:456 non-occlusive thrombus 435:456 non-occlusive thrombus 435:456 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 0 29 theme Mid-term 0:7 arg1 Outcomes 18:25 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes 0:25 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use 0:52 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 6 30 theme ischemia-driven 911:925 arg1 TVR 927:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 31 dep increase 426:433 arg1 lead 472:475 lead 472:475 lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis 472:575 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 1 32 theme Bleeding 110:117 arg1 problem 165:171 a serious problem 155:171 a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) 155:224 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 1 32 theme Bleeding 110:117 arg1 complication 119:130 Bleeding complication 110:130 Bleeding complication 110:130 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 4 33 theme elective 658:665 arg1 PCI 667:669 elective PCI 658:669 elective PCI 658:669 Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether protamine use following elective PCI was associated with mid-term clinical outcomes. 32921667 8 34 theme endpoints 1114:1122 arg1 incidence 1093:1101 the incidence 1089:1101 the incidence of primary endpoints 1089:1122 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 8 34 theme endpoints 1114:1122 arg1 greater 1137:1143 greater 1137:1143 greater 1137:1143 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 8 35 dep greater 1137:1143 arg1 = 1203:1203 = 1203:1203 = 1203:1203 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 5 36 theme protamine 808:816 arg1 n 825:825 n = 142 825:831 n = 142 825:831 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 5 36 theme protamine 808:816 arg1 group 818:822 protamine group 808:822 protamine group (n = 142) 808:832 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 8 37 theme primary 1106:1112 arg1 endpoints 1114:1122 primary endpoints 1106:1122 primary endpoints 1106:1122 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 9 38 theme lesion 1226:1231 arg1 length 1233:1238 the lesion length 1222:1238 the lesion length 1222:1238 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 3 39 theme stent 560:564 arg1 thrombosis 566:575 stent thrombosis 560:575 stent thrombosis 560:575 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 1 40 theme serious 157:163 arg1 problem 165:171 a serious problem 155:171 a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) 155:224 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 1 40 theme serious 157:163 arg1 complication 119:130 Bleeding complication 110:130 Bleeding complication 110:130 Bleeding complication has been considered as a serious problem in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). 32921667 0 41 theme Protamine 40:48 arg1 Use 50:52 Immediate Protamine Use 30:52 Immediate Protamine Use 30:52 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 4 42 theme clinical 700:707 arg1 outcomes 709:716 mid-term clinical outcomes 691:716 mid-term clinical outcomes 691:716 Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether protamine use following elective PCI was associated with mid-term clinical outcomes. 32921667 11 43 theme immediate 1705:1713 arg1 use 1725:1727 immediate protamine use 1705:1727 immediate protamine use following elective PCI 1705:1750 In conclusion, immediate protamine use following elective PCI did not increase mid-term ischemia-driven TVR or stent thrombosis. 32921667 8 44 theme non-protamine 1180:1192 arg1 group 1194:1198 the non-protamine group 1176:1198 the non-protamine group 1176:1198 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 8 45 theme protamine 1152:1160 arg1 group 1162:1166 the protamine group 1148:1166 the protamine group 1148:1166 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 4 46 theme protamine 634:642 arg1 use 644:646 protamine use 634:646 protamine use following elective PCI 634:669 Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether protamine use following elective PCI was associated with mid-term clinical outcomes. 32921667 0 47 theme Immediate 30:38 arg1 Use 50:52 Immediate Protamine Use 30:52 Immediate Protamine Use 30:52 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 10 48 dep use 1455:1457 arg1 = 1557:1557 = 1557:1557 = 1557:1557 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 7 49 theme median 957:962 arg1 period 974:979 The median follow-up period 953:979 The median follow-up period 953:979 The median follow-up period was determined to be at 562 days. 32921667 3 50 theme protamine 403:411 arg1 reversal 413:420 protamine reversal 403:420 protamine reversal 403:420 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 5 51 theme non-protamine 838:850 arg1 330 863:865 n = 330 859:865 n = 330 859:865 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 5 51 theme non-protamine 838:850 arg1 group 852:856 non-protamine group 838:856 non-protamine group (n = 330) 838:866 In total, 472 patients were included in this study; subsequently, they were divided into protamine group (n = 142) and non-protamine group (n = 330). 32921667 8 52 theme primary 1028:1034 arg1 endpoints 1036:1044 32 primary endpoints 1025:1044 32 primary endpoints 1025:1044 In total, 32 primary endpoints were observed during the study period, and the incidence of primary endpoints tended to be greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group (P = 0.056). 32921667 10 53 theme hazards 1436:1442 arg1 model 1444:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 1402:1448 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 2 54 theme several 240:246 arg1 groups 248:253 several groups 240:253 several groups 240:253 Fortunately, several groups have already reported the effectiveness of protamine use just after PCI to immediately remove any arterial sheath. 32921667 7 55 theme follow-up 964:972 arg1 period 974:979 The median follow-up period 953:979 The median follow-up period 953:979 The median follow-up period was determined to be at 562 days. 32921667 3 56 theme cardiovascular 489:502 arg1 revascularization 533:549 target vessel revascularization 519:549 target vessel revascularization (TVR) 519:555 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 56 theme cardiovascular 489:502 arg1 events 504:509 mid-term cardiovascular events 480:509 mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis 480:575 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 56 theme cardiovascular 489:502 arg1 thrombosis 566:575 stent thrombosis 560:575 stent thrombosis 560:575 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 0 57 theme Use 50:52 arg1 Outcomes 18:25 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes 0:25 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use 0:52 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 6 58 theme primary 873:879 arg1 endpoint 881:888 The primary endpoint 869:888 The primary endpoint 869:888 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 58 theme primary 873:879 arg1 composite 898:906 the composite 894:906 the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis 894:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 58 theme primary 873:879 arg1 TVR 927:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 ischemia-driven TVR 911:929 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 6 58 theme primary 873:879 arg1 thrombosis 941:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 stent thrombosis 935:950 The primary endpoint was the composite of ischemia-driven TVR and stent thrombosis. 32921667 9 59 theme protamine 1350:1358 arg1 group 1360:1364 the protamine group 1346:1364 the protamine group 1346:1364 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 2 60 theme arterial 353:360 arg1 sheath 362:367 any arterial sheath 349:367 any arterial sheath 349:367 Fortunately, several groups have already reported the effectiveness of protamine use just after PCI to immediately remove any arterial sheath. 32921667 12 61 theme patient 1912:1918 arg1 safety 1898:1903 the safety 1894:1903 the safety of the patient 1894:1918 However, immediate protamine use after PCI should be discussed further for the safety of the patient. 32921667 11 62 theme protamine 1715:1723 arg1 use 1725:1727 immediate protamine use 1705:1727 immediate protamine use following elective PCI 1705:1750 In conclusion, immediate protamine use following elective PCI did not increase mid-term ischemia-driven TVR or stent thrombosis. 32921667 11 63 theme ischemia-driven 1778:1792 arg1 TVR 1794:1796 mid-term ischemia-driven TVR 1769:1796 mid-term ischemia-driven TVR 1769:1796 In conclusion, immediate protamine use following elective PCI did not increase mid-term ischemia-driven TVR or stent thrombosis. 32921667 9 64 theme non-protamine 1378:1390 arg1 group 1392:1396 the non-protamine group 1374:1396 the non-protamine group 1374:1396 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 9 65 theme calcification 1255:1267 arg1 length 1233:1238 the lesion length 1222:1238 the lesion length 1222:1238 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 9 65 theme calcification 1255:1267 arg1 degree 1245:1250 the degree 1241:1250 the degree of calcification 1241:1267 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 9 65 theme calcification 1255:1267 arg1 prevalence 1278:1287 the prevalence 1274:1287 the prevalence of hemodialysis 1274:1303 However, the lesion length, the degree of calcification, and the prevalence of hemodialysis were significantly determined greater in the protamine group than in the non-protamine group. 32921667 10 66 dep = 1557:1557 arg1 ratio 1502:1506 non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 1480:1512 non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 1480:1512 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 10 66 dep = 1557:1557 arg1 interval 1533:1540 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355 1518:1552 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355 1518:1552 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 10 67 theme primary 1607:1613 arg1 endpoint 1615:1622 the primary endpoint 1603:1622 the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis 1603:1687 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 3 68 theme mid-term 480:487 arg1 revascularization 533:549 target vessel revascularization 519:549 target vessel revascularization (TVR) 519:555 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 68 theme mid-term 480:487 arg1 events 504:509 mid-term cardiovascular events 480:509 mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis 480:575 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 68 theme mid-term 480:487 arg1 thrombosis 566:575 stent thrombosis 560:575 stent thrombosis 560:575 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 0 69 theme Percutaneous 73:84 arg1 Interventions 95:107 Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions 64:107 Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions 64:107 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 3 70 theme target 519:524 arg1 TVR 552:554 TVR 552:554 TVR 552:554 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 70 theme target 519:524 arg1 revascularization 533:549 target vessel revascularization 519:549 target vessel revascularization (TVR) 519:555 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 10 71 theme % 1520:1520 arg1 interval 1533:1540 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355 1518:1552 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355 1518:1552 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 10 72 theme confidence 1522:1531 arg1 interval 1533:1540 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355 1518:1552 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355 1518:1552 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 0 73 theme Elective 64:71 arg1 Interventions 95:107 Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions 64:107 Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions 64:107 Mid-term Clinical Outcomes of Immediate Protamine Use Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. 32921667 11 74 theme stent 1801:1805 arg1 thrombosis 1807:1816 stent thrombosis 1801:1816 stent thrombosis 1801:1816 In conclusion, immediate protamine use following elective PCI did not increase mid-term ischemia-driven TVR or stent thrombosis. 32921667 10 75 theme non-protamine 1480:1492 arg1 ratio 1502:1506 non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 1480:1512 non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 1480:1512 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 10 76 theme protamine 1462:1470 arg1 use 1455:1457 the use 1451:1457 the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) 1451:1564 In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the use of protamine (versus non-protamine: hazard ratio 0.542 and 95% confidence interval 0.217-1.355, P = 0.191) was deemed not to be associated with the primary endpoint after controlling legion length, calcification, and hemodialysis. 32921667 3 77 theme vessel 526:531 arg1 TVR 552:554 TVR 552:554 TVR 552:554 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 3 77 theme vessel 526:531 arg1 revascularization 533:549 target vessel revascularization 519:549 target vessel revascularization (TVR) 519:555 However, there is a concern that protamine reversal may increase non-occlusive thrombus and, in turn, lead to mid-term cardiovascular events such as target vessel revascularization (TVR) or stent thrombosis. 32921667 4 78 theme study 604:608 arg1 purpose 588:594 the purpose 584:594 the purpose of this study 584:608 Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether protamine use following elective PCI was associated with mid-term clinical outcomes. 31529722 12 0 theme composition 2011:2021 arg1 regulation 1982:1991 the regulation 1978:1991 the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1978:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 11 1 from deletion 1790:1797 arg1 mice 1808:1811 ob/ob mice 1802:1811 ob/ob mice 1802:1811 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 7 2 theme HSD-fed 1251:1257 arg1 mice 1263:1266 HSD-fed LKO mice 1251:1266 HSD-fed LKO mice 1251:1266 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 10 3 theme endoplasmic 1678:1688 arg1 reticulum 1690:1698 the endoplasmic reticulum 1674:1698 the endoplasmic reticulum 1674:1698 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 1 4 theme chronic 249:255 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 4 theme chronic 249:255 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 11 5 theme PP2A 1859:1862 arg1 activity 1864:1871 PP2A activity 1859:1871 PP2A activity 1859:1871 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 7 6 theme Pnpla3 1181:1186 arg1 restoration 1188:1198 adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration 1170:1198 adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration 1170:1198 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 8 7 from effect 1386:1391 arg1 sensitivity 1404:1414 insulin sensitivity 1396:1414 insulin sensitivity 1396:1414 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 12 8 theme Pnpla3-mediated 2120:2134 arg1 NAFLD 2136:2140 Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2120:2140 Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2120:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 11 9 theme liver-specific 1768:1781 arg1 deletion 1790:1797 liver-specific Elovl6 deletion 1768:1797 liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice 1768:1811 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 7 10 theme protein 1104:1110 arg1 expression 1123:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 9 11 theme protein 1447:1453 arg1 2A 1467:1468 protein phosphatase 2A 1447:1468 protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity 1447:1484 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 9 11 theme protein 1447:1453 arg1 PP2A 1471:1474 PP2A 1471:1474 PP2A 1471:1474 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 12 12 theme hepatic 1960:1966 arg1 Elovl6 1968:1973 hepatic Elovl6 1960:1973 hepatic Elovl6 1960:1973 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 7 13 theme phospholipase 1072:1084 arg1 protein 1104:1110 patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 1059:1112 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 7 13 theme phospholipase 1072:1084 arg1 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 1 14 theme fatty 204:208 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 14 theme fatty 204:208 arg1 NAFLD 225:229 NAFLD 225:229 NAFLD 225:229 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 14 theme fatty 204:208 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 6 15 theme insulin 948:954 arg1 sensitivity 956:966 higher insulin sensitivity 941:966 higher insulin sensitivity 941:966 Instead, LKO mice exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than controls when consuming a high-sucrose diet (HSD), which induces lipogenesis. 31529722 12 16 theme insulin 2092:2098 arg1 signaling 2100:2108 hepatic insulin signaling 2084:2108 hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2084:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 11 17 theme ob/ob 1802:1806 arg1 mice 1808:1811 ob/ob mice 1802:1811 ob/ob mice 1802:1811 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 7 18 theme Hepatic 1051:1057 arg1 expression 1123:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 1 19 theme disease 216:222 arg1 cause 182:186 a cause 180:186 a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, 180:281 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 19 theme disease 216:222 arg1 metabolism 166:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 7 20 from enhancement 1213:1223 arg1 mice 1263:1266 HSD-fed LKO mice 1251:1266 HSD-fed LKO mice 1251:1266 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 7 20 from enhancement 1213:1223 arg1 sensitivity 1236:1246 insulin sensitivity 1228:1246 insulin sensitivity 1228:1246 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 8 21 theme hepatic 1304:1310 arg1 lower 1345:1349 lower 1345:1349 lower 1345:1349 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 8 21 theme hepatic 1304:1310 arg1 content 1333:1339 the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content 1300:1339 the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content 1300:1339 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 3 22 theme obesity-induced 543:557 arg1 resistance 567:576 obesity-induced insulin resistance 543:576 obesity-induced insulin resistance 543:576 We have previously shown that Elovl6 contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance by modifying hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition. 31529722 11 23 with Consistent 1746:1755 arg1 this 1762:1765 this 1762:1765 this 1762:1765 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 10 24 from complex 1719:1725 arg1 droplets 1736:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 6 25 theme LKO 922:924 arg1 mice 926:929 LKO mice 922:929 LKO mice 922:929 Instead, LKO mice exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than controls when consuming a high-sucrose diet (HSD), which induces lipogenesis. 31529722 12 26 theme potent 2064:2069 arg1 regulator 2071:2079 a potent regulator 2062:2079 a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2062:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 12 26 theme potent 2064:2069 arg1 C18:0-ceramide 2044:2057 that C18:0-ceramide 2039:2057 that C18:0-ceramide 2039:2057 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 3 27 theme C16/C18-related 599:613 arg1 composition 618:628 hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition 591:628 hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition 591:628 We have previously shown that Elovl6 contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance by modifying hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition. 31529722 4 28 theme precise 666:672 arg1 mechanism 684:692 the precise molecular mechanism 662:692 the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease 662:765 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 0 29 theme Acyl-Chain 59:68 arg1 Length 70:75 Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length 50:75 Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length 50:75 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 5 30 theme high-fat 871:878 arg1 resistance 901:910 high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance 871:910 high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance 871:910 Unexpectedly, LKO mice were not protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. 31529722 7 31 theme insulin 1228:1234 arg1 sensitivity 1236:1246 insulin sensitivity 1228:1246 insulin sensitivity 1228:1246 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 5 32 theme insulin 893:899 arg1 resistance 901:910 high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance 871:910 high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance 871:910 Unexpectedly, LKO mice were not protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. 31529722 0 33 theme Insulin 89:95 arg1 Sensitivity 97:107 Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity 81:107 Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity 81:107 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 1 34 theme type 337:340 arg1 diabetes 344:351 type 2 diabetes 337:351 type 2 diabetes 337:351 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 8 35 theme ceramide 1312:1319 arg1 lower 1345:1349 lower 1345:1349 lower 1345:1349 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 8 35 theme ceramide 1312:1319 arg1 content 1333:1339 the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content 1300:1339 the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content 1300:1339 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 10 36 theme Elovl6-ceramide 1628:1642 arg1 complex 1663:1669 an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex 1625:1669 an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex 1625:1669 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 4 37 theme energy 726:731 arg1 homeostasis 733:743 energy homeostasis 726:743 energy homeostasis 726:743 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 2 38 theme fatty 360:364 arg1 elongase 371:378 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 354:380 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) 354:389 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 2 38 theme fatty 360:364 arg1 Elovl6 383:388 Elovl6 383:388 Elovl6 383:388 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 0 39 theme Hepatocyte 0:9 arg1 Elongase 28:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 0:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 0:37 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 1 40 theme liver 257:261 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 40 theme liver 257:261 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 9 41 theme PP2A 1544:1547 arg1 inhibitor 1529:1537 inhibitor 2 1529:1539 inhibitor 2 of PP2A 1529:1547 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 10 42 theme CerS4 1656:1660 arg1 complex 1663:1669 an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex 1625:1669 an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex 1625:1669 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 0 43 theme Fatty 17:21 arg1 Elongase 28:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 0:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 0:37 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 12 44 theme ceramide 2026:2033 arg1 composition 2011:2021 the acyl-chain composition 1996:2021 the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1996:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 2 45 theme monounsaturated 439:453 arg1 FAs 468:470 FAs 468:470 FAs 468:470 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 2 45 theme monounsaturated 439:453 arg1 acids 461:465 C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids 421:465 C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) 421:471 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 4 46 theme LKO 813:815 arg1 mice 818:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 11 47 theme insulin 1889:1895 arg1 resistance 1897:1906 insulin resistance 1889:1906 insulin resistance 1889:1906 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 12 48 from role 1952:1955 arg1 regulation 1982:1991 the regulation 1978:1991 the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1978:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 9 49 theme Akt 1561:1563 arg1 dephosphorylation 1565:1581 Akt dephosphorylation 1561:1581 Akt dephosphorylation 1561:1581 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 2 50 theme saturated 425:433 arg1 FAs 468:470 FAs 468:470 FAs 468:470 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 2 50 theme saturated 425:433 arg1 acids 461:465 C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids 421:465 C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) 421:471 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 8 51 theme insulin 1396:1402 arg1 sensitivity 1404:1414 insulin sensitivity 1396:1414 insulin sensitivity 1396:1414 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 11 52 theme hepatic 1826:1832 arg1 d18:1/18:0 1843:1852 d18:1/18:0 1843:1852 d18:1/18:0 1843:1852 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 11 52 theme hepatic 1826:1832 arg1 ceramide 1834:1841 hepatic ceramide 1826:1841 hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) 1826:1853 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 4 53 theme liver-specific 781:794 arg1 mice 818:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 10 54 theme complex 1663:1669 arg1 formation 1612:1620 the formation 1608:1620 the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets 1608:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 10 55 theme Pnpla3-CerS4 1706:1717 arg1 complex 1719:1725 a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex 1704:1725 a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets 1704:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 1 56 theme hepatic 152:158 arg1 cause 182:186 a cause 180:186 a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, 180:281 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 56 theme hepatic 152:158 arg1 metabolism 166:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 4 57 theme knockout 803:810 arg1 mice 818:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 12 58 theme acyl-chain 2000:2009 arg1 composition 2011:2021 the acyl-chain composition 1996:2021 the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1996:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 12 59 attach linked 2110:2115 arg1 NAFLD 2136:2140 Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2120:2140 Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2120:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 12 59 attach linked 2110:2115 arg2 signaling 2100:2108 hepatic insulin signaling 2084:2108 hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2084:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 7 60 theme LKO 1259:1261 arg1 mice 1263:1266 HSD-fed LKO mice 1251:1266 HSD-fed LKO mice 1251:1266 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 10 61 theme lipid 1730:1734 arg1 droplets 1736:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 1 62 theme common 242:247 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 62 theme common 242:247 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 12 63 theme Elovl6 1968:1973 arg1 role 1952:1955 the key role 1944:1955 the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1944:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 5 64 theme diet-induced 880:891 arg1 resistance 901:910 high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance 871:910 high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance 871:910 Unexpectedly, LKO mice were not protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. 31529722 10 65 from reticulum 1690:1698 arg1 droplets 1736:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 12 66 theme signaling 2100:2108 arg1 regulator 2071:2079 a potent regulator 2062:2079 a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2062:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 12 66 theme signaling 2100:2108 arg1 C18:0-ceramide 2044:2057 that C18:0-ceramide 2039:2057 that C18:0-ceramide 2039:2057 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 7 67 theme domain-containing 1086:1102 arg1 protein 1104:1110 patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 1059:1112 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 7 67 theme domain-containing 1086:1102 arg1 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 12 68 theme key 1948:1950 arg1 role 1952:1955 the key role 1944:1955 the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1944:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 11 69 theme Elovl6 1783:1788 arg1 deletion 1790:1797 liver-specific Elovl6 deletion 1768:1797 liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice 1768:1811 Consistent with this, liver-specific Elovl6 deletion in ob/ob mice reduced both hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) and PP2A activity and ameliorated insulin resistance. 31529722 7 70 theme patatin-like 1059:1070 arg1 protein 1104:1110 patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 1059:1112 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression 1051:1132 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 7 70 theme patatin-like 1059:1070 arg1 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Pnpla3 1115:1120 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 1 71 theme nonalcoholic 191:202 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 71 theme nonalcoholic 191:202 arg1 NAFLD 225:229 NAFLD 225:229 NAFLD 225:229 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 71 theme nonalcoholic 191:202 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 8 72 theme Lipidomic 1269:1277 arg1 analyses 1279:1286 Lipidomic analyses 1269:1286 Lipidomic analyses 1269:1286 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 12 73 dep CONCLUSIONS 1909:1919 arg1 demonstrates 1931:1942 demonstrates 1931:1942 demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide 1931:2033 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 12 73 dep CONCLUSIONS 1909:1919 arg1 regulator 2071:2079 a potent regulator 2062:2079 a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2062:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 12 73 dep CONCLUSIONS 1909:1919 arg1 C18:0-ceramide 2044:2057 that C18:0-ceramide 2039:2057 that C18:0-ceramide 2039:2057 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 3 74 theme insulin 559:565 arg1 resistance 567:576 obesity-induced insulin resistance 543:576 obesity-induced insulin resistance 543:576 We have previously shown that Elovl6 contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance by modifying hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition. 31529722 1 75 theme liver 210:214 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 75 theme liver 210:214 arg1 NAFLD 225:229 NAFLD 225:229 NAFLD 225:229 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 75 theme liver 210:214 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 6 76 theme higher 941:946 arg1 sensitivity 956:966 higher insulin sensitivity 941:966 higher insulin sensitivity 941:966 Instead, LKO mice exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than controls when consuming a high-sucrose diet (HSD), which induces lipogenesis. 31529722 0 77 from Length 70:75 arg1 Mice 112:115 Mice 112:115 Mice 112:115 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 12 78 theme hepatic 2084:2090 arg1 signaling 2100:2108 hepatic insulin signaling 2084:2108 hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD 2084:2140 CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the key role of hepatic Elovl6 in the regulation of the acyl-chain composition of ceramide and that C18:0-ceramide is a potent regulator of hepatic insulin signaling linked to Pnpla3-mediated NAFLD. 31529722 3 79 theme hepatic 591:597 arg1 composition 618:628 hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition 591:628 hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition 591:628 We have previously shown that Elovl6 contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance by modifying hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition. 31529722 0 80 from Sensitivity 97:107 arg1 Mice 112:115 Mice 112:115 Mice 112:115 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 4 81 theme hepatic 703:709 arg1 Elovl6 711:716 hepatic Elovl6 703:716 hepatic Elovl6 703:716 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 9 82 theme phosphatase 1455:1465 arg1 2A 1467:1468 protein phosphatase 2A 1447:1468 protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity 1447:1484 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 9 82 theme phosphatase 1455:1465 arg1 PP2A 1471:1474 PP2A 1471:1474 PP2A 1471:1474 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 1 83 theme Dysfunctional 138:150 arg1 cause 182:186 a cause 180:186 a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, 180:281 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 83 theme Dysfunctional 138:150 arg1 metabolism 166:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 8 84 theme d18:1/18:0 1321:1330 arg1 lower 1345:1349 lower 1345:1349 lower 1345:1349 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 8 84 theme d18:1/18:0 1321:1330 arg1 content 1333:1339 the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content 1300:1339 the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content 1300:1339 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 0 85 theme Hepatic 81:87 arg1 Sensitivity 97:107 Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity 81:107 Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity 81:107 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 1 86 theme insulin 314:320 arg1 resistance 322:331 insulin resistance 314:331 insulin resistance 314:331 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 87 theme lipid 160:164 arg1 cause 182:186 a cause 180:186 a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, 180:281 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 87 theme lipid 160:164 arg1 metabolism 166:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 10 88 from droplets 1736:1743 arg1 formation 1612:1620 the formation 1608:1620 the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets 1608:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 6 89 theme high-sucrose 999:1010 arg1 HSD 1018:1020 HSD 1018:1020 HSD 1018:1020 Instead, LKO mice exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than controls when consuming a high-sucrose diet (HSD), which induces lipogenesis. 31529722 6 89 theme high-sucrose 999:1010 arg1 diet 1012:1015 a high-sucrose diet 997:1015 a high-sucrose diet (HSD) 997:1021 Instead, LKO mice exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than controls when consuming a high-sucrose diet (HSD), which induces lipogenesis. 31529722 2 90 theme fatty 455:459 arg1 FAs 468:470 FAs 468:470 FAs 468:470 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 2 90 theme fatty 455:459 arg1 acids 461:465 C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids 421:465 C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) 421:471 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 4 91 theme molecular 674:682 arg1 mechanism 684:692 the precise molecular mechanism 662:692 the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease 662:765 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 9 92 theme PP2A 1521:1524 arg1 binding 1510:1516 the binding 1506:1516 the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A 1506:1547 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 2 93 theme C18 478:480 arg1 species 482:488 C18 species 478:488 C18 species 478:488 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 4 94 theme metabolic 749:757 arg1 disease 759:765 metabolic disease 749:765 metabolic disease 749:765 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 9 95 theme 2A 1467:1468 arg1 activity 1477:1484 protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity 1447:1484 protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity 1447:1484 Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) enhances protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by interfering with the binding of PP2A to inhibitor 2 of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation. 31529722 1 96 dep BACKGROUND 118:127 arg1 cause 182:186 a cause 180:186 a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, 180:281 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 96 dep BACKGROUND 118:127 arg1 metabolism 166:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism 138:175 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 96 dep BACKGROUND 118:127 arg1 associated 298:307 associated 298:307 is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes 287:351 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 2 97 theme acid 366:369 arg1 elongase 371:378 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 354:380 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) 354:389 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 2 97 theme acid 366:369 arg1 Elovl6 383:388 Elovl6 383:388 Elovl6 383:388 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 0 98 theme ELOVL 11:15 arg1 Elongase 28:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 0:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 0:37 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 2 99 theme ELOVL 354:358 arg1 elongase 371:378 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 354:380 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) 354:389 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 2 99 theme ELOVL 354:358 arg1 Elovl6 383:388 Elovl6 383:388 Elovl6 383:388 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6) is responsible for converting C16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) into C18 species. 31529722 0 100 theme Acid 23:26 arg1 Elongase 28:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 0:35 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 0:37 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 1 101 theme disorder 263:270 arg1 worldwide 272:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide 233:280 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 1 101 theme disorder 263:270 arg1 disease 216:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 191:222 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 191:230 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 31529722 7 102 theme LKO 1156:1158 arg1 mice 1160:1163 LKO mice 1156:1163 LKO mice 1156:1163 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 31529722 3 103 theme FA 615:616 arg1 composition 618:628 hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition 591:628 hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition 591:628 We have previously shown that Elovl6 contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance by modifying hepatic C16/C18-related FA composition. 31529722 10 104 theme synthase 1644:1651 arg1 complex 1663:1669 an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex 1625:1669 an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex 1625:1669 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 0 105 theme Ceramide 50:57 arg1 Length 70:75 Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length 50:75 Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length 50:75 Hepatocyte ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 6 Determines Ceramide Acyl-Chain Length and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. 31529722 10 106 from formation 1612:1620 arg1 reticulum 1690:1698 the endoplasmic reticulum 1674:1698 the endoplasmic reticulum 1674:1698 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 10 106 from formation 1612:1620 arg1 complex 1719:1725 a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex 1704:1725 a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets 1704:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 10 106 from formation 1612:1620 arg1 droplets 1736:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 lipid droplets 1730:1743 Its production involves the formation of an Elovl6-ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and a Pnpla3-CerS4 complex on lipid droplets. 31529722 8 107 theme LKO 1354:1356 arg1 mice 1358:1361 LKO mice 1354:1361 LKO mice 1354:1361 Lipidomic analyses showed that the hepatic ceramide(d18:1/18:0) content was lower in LKO mice, which may explain the effect on insulin sensitivity. 31529722 5 108 theme LKO 838:840 arg1 mice 842:845 LKO mice 838:845 LKO mice 838:845 Unexpectedly, LKO mice were not protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. 31529722 4 109 theme Elovl6 796:801 arg1 mice 818:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice 781:821 APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the precise molecular mechanism by which hepatic Elovl6 affects energy homeostasis and metabolic disease, we generated liver-specific Elovl6 knockout (LKO) mice. 31529722 7 110 theme adenoviral 1170:1179 arg1 restoration 1188:1198 adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration 1170:1198 adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration 1170:1198 Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) expression was down-regulated in LKO mice, and adenoviral Pnpla3 restoration reversed the enhancement in insulin sensitivity in HSD-fed LKO mice. 33391202 4 0 theme bacteria 867:874 arg1 space 858:862 the periplasmic space 842:862 the periplasmic space of bacteria 842:874 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 2 1 theme heterotrophic 339:351 arg1 capabilities 353:364 the heterotrophic capabilities 335:364 the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities 335:399 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 4 2 theme hydrolysis 1015:1024 arg1 products 1026:1033 low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products 988:1033 low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products 988:1033 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 3 3 theme organic 539:545 arg1 degradation 554:564 organic matter degradation 539:564 organic matter degradation 539:564 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 11 4 theme organic 2382:2388 arg1 matter 2390:2395 organic matter 2382:2395 organic matter 2382:2395 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 7 5 theme measurable 1647:1656 arg1 hydrolysis 1667:1676 measurable external hydrolysis 1647:1676 measurable external hydrolysis 1647:1676 One polysaccharide (fucoidan) was selfishly taken up without measurable external hydrolysis at two stations. 33391202 8 6 theme m 1771:1771 arg1 depths 1745:1750 depths 1745:1750 depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1745:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 5 7 theme diatoms 1348:1354 arg1 abundance 1335:1343 a comparatively high abundance 1314:1343 a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1314:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 6 8 theme gyre 1417:1420 arg1 edge 1405:1408 the edge 1401:1408 the edge of the gyre 1401:1420 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 1 9 theme oligotrophic 194:205 arg1 SPG 227:229 SPG 227:229 SPG 227:229 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 1 9 theme oligotrophic 194:205 arg1 Gyre 221:224 the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre 190:224 the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG) 190:230 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 4 10 theme hydrolysis 903:912 arg1 products 914:921 hydrolysis products 903:921 hydrolysis products 903:921 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 11 theme external 1055:1062 arg1 environment 1064:1074 the external environment 1051:1074 the external environment 1051:1074 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 3 12 theme degradation 554:564 arg1 step 531:534 the initial step 519:534 the initial step of organic matter degradation 519:564 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 1 13 theme Pacific 213:219 arg1 SPG 227:229 SPG 227:229 SPG 227:229 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 1 13 theme Pacific 213:219 arg1 Gyre 221:224 the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre 190:224 the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG) 190:230 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 6 14 theme selfish 1570:1576 arg1 uptake 1578:1583 selfish uptake 1570:1583 selfish uptake 1570:1583 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 3 15 theme extracellular 597:609 arg1 enzymes 611:617 extracellular enzymes 597:617 extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes 597:679 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 10 16 theme community 2229:2237 arg1 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 10 16 theme community 2229:2237 arg1 fraction 2213:2220 a considerable fraction 2198:2220 a considerable fraction of the community 2198:2237 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 6 17 theme community 1553:1561 arg1 fraction 1527:1534 a lower fraction 1519:1534 a lower fraction of the bacterial community 1519:1561 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 11 18 theme diverse 2294:2300 arg1 bacteria 2309:2316 bacteria 2309:2316 bacteria 2309:2316 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 11 18 theme diverse 2294:2300 arg1 important 2351:2359 important 2351:2359 important 2351:2359 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 11 18 theme diverse 2294:2300 arg1 set 2302:2304 A diverse set 2292:2304 A diverse set of bacteria 2292:2316 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 8 19 from incubations 1706:1716 arg1 depths 1745:1750 depths 1745:1750 depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1745:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 9 20 theme hydrolysis 2065:2074 arg1 products 2076:2083 LMW hydrolysis products 2061:2083 LMW hydrolysis products 2061:2083 These Alteromonas appear to concurrently selfishly take up laminarin and release LMW hydrolysis products. 33391202 1 21 theme Primary 125:131 arg1 productivity 133:144 Primary productivity 125:144 Primary productivity 125:144 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 8 22 theme gyre 1729:1732 arg1 water 1734:1738 central gyre water 1721:1738 central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1721:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 6 23 theme gyre 1453:1456 arg1 center 1439:1444 the center 1435:1444 the center of the gyre 1435:1456 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 10 24 theme selfish 2254:2260 arg1 uptake 2262:2267 selfish uptake 2254:2267 selfish uptake 2254:2267 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 10 25 from activities 2116:2125 arg1 SPG 2134:2136 the SPG 2130:2136 the SPG 2130:2136 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 2 26 theme organic 489:495 arg1 matter 497:502 marine organic matter 482:502 marine organic matter 482:502 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 0 27 from Processing 20:29 arg1 Gyre 71:74 Gyre 71:74 Gyre 71:74 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 33391202 6 28 theme lower 1521:1525 arg1 fraction 1527:1534 a lower fraction 1519:1534 a lower fraction of the bacterial community 1519:1561 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 1 29 theme euphotic 173:180 arg1 zone 182:185 the deep euphotic zone 164:185 the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients 164:279 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 4 30 theme external 930:937 arg1 environment 939:949 the external environment 926:949 the external environment 926:949 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 0 31 theme Extracellular 99:111 arg1 Hydrolysis 113:122 Extracellular Hydrolysis 99:122 Extracellular Hydrolysis 99:122 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 33391202 8 32 theme central 1721:1727 arg1 water 1734:1738 central gyre water 1721:1738 central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1721:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 4 33 theme molecular 992:1000 arg1 LMW 1010:1012 LMW 1010:1012 LMW 1010:1012 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 33 theme molecular 992:1000 arg1 weight 1002:1007 low molecular weight 988:1007 low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products 988:1033 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 5 34 theme 75 1391:1392 arg1 m 1394:1394 m 1394:1394 m 1394:1394 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 0 35 theme Extensive 0:8 arg1 Processing 20:29 Extensive Microbial Processing 0:29 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 0:123 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 33391202 8 36 theme water 1734:1738 arg1 incubations 1706:1716 Additional incubations 1695:1716 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1695:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 8 37 theme next 1923:1926 arg1 sequencing 1939:1948 next generation sequencing 1923:1948 next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities 1923:1977 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 10 38 theme enzyme 2109:2114 arg1 activities 2116:2125 extracellular enzyme activities 2095:2125 extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG 2095:2136 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 8 39 with m 1771:1771 arg1 laminarin 1778:1786 laminarin 1778:1786 laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1778:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 3 40 theme smaller 667:673 arg1 sizes 675:679 smaller sizes 667:679 smaller sizes 667:679 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 4 41 theme large 806:810 arg1 fragments 827:835 large polysaccharide fragments 806:835 large polysaccharide fragments 806:835 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 0 42 theme Polysaccharides 34:48 arg1 Processing 20:29 Extensive Microbial Processing 0:29 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 0:123 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 33391202 2 43 theme important 459:467 arg1 polysaccharides 439:453 polysaccharides 439:453 polysaccharides 439:453 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 2 43 theme important 459:467 arg1 component 469:477 an important component 456:477 an important component of marine organic matter 456:502 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 10 44 from activities 2154:2163 arg1 regions 2185:2191 non-oligotrophic regions 2168:2191 non-oligotrophic regions 2168:2191 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 4 45 theme fragments 827:835 arg1 transport 793:801 transport 793:801 transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria 793:874 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 46 from " 977:977 arg1 mechanisms 721:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 46 from " 977:977 arg1 uptake 742:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 46 from " 977:977 arg1 hydrolysis 966:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 8 47 theme communities 1967:1977 arg1 counts 1912:1917 cell counts 1907:1917 cell counts 1907:1917 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 8 47 theme communities 1967:1977 arg1 sequencing 1939:1948 next generation sequencing 1923:1948 next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities 1923:1977 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 5 48 theme high 1330:1333 arg1 abundance 1335:1343 a comparatively high abundance 1314:1343 a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1314:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 5 49 from location 1373:1380 arg1 abundance 1335:1343 a comparatively high abundance 1314:1343 a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1314:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 8 50 theme extreme 1837:1843 arg1 growth 1845:1850 extreme growth 1837:1850 extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas) 1837:1890 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 5 51 theme enzymatic 1142:1150 arg1 activity 1152:1159 high enzymatic activity 1137:1159 high enzymatic activity 1137:1159 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 10 52 from stations 2282:2289 arg1 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 10 52 from stations 2282:2289 arg1 fraction 2213:2220 a considerable fraction 2198:2220 a considerable fraction of the community 2198:2237 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 5 53 from depth 1363:1367 arg1 abundance 1335:1343 a comparatively high abundance 1314:1343 a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1314:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 8 54 theme 1,250 1755:1759 arg1 depths 1745:1750 depths 1745:1750 depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1745:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 7 55 theme external 1658:1665 arg1 hydrolysis 1667:1676 measurable external hydrolysis 1647:1676 measurable external hydrolysis 1647:1676 One polysaccharide (fucoidan) was selfishly taken up without measurable external hydrolysis at two stations. 33391202 8 56 from polysaccharide 1801:1814 arg1 ocean 1823:1827 the ocean 1819:1827 the ocean 1819:1827 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 3 57 theme initial 523:529 arg1 step 531:534 the initial step 519:534 the initial step of organic matter degradation 519:564 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 10 58 theme non-oligotrophic 2168:2183 arg1 regions 2185:2191 non-oligotrophic regions 2168:2191 non-oligotrophic regions 2168:2191 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 1 59 theme organic 303:309 arg1 matter 311:316 organic matter 303:316 organic matter 303:316 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 4 60 theme external 957:964 arg1 mechanisms 721:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 60 theme external 957:964 arg1 hydrolysis 966:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 61 theme periplasmic 846:856 arg1 space 858:862 the periplasmic space 842:862 the periplasmic space of bacteria 842:874 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 3 62 theme matter 547:552 arg1 degradation 554:564 organic matter degradation 539:564 organic matter degradation 539:564 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 1 63 theme South 207:211 arg1 SPG 227:229 SPG 227:229 SPG 227:229 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 1 63 theme South 207:211 arg1 Gyre 221:224 the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre 190:224 the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG) 190:230 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 11 64 from recycling 2369:2377 arg1 SPG 2404:2406 the SPG 2400:2406 the SPG 2400:2406 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 11 65 theme matter 2390:2395 arg1 recycling 2369:2377 the recycling 2365:2377 the recycling of organic matter in the SPG 2365:2406 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 8 66 theme abundant 1792:1799 arg1 polysaccharide 1801:1814 an abundant polysaccharide 1789:1814 an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean 1789:1827 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 1 67 theme Gyre 221:224 arg1 zone 182:185 the deep euphotic zone 164:185 the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients 164:279 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 4 68 theme products 914:921 arg1 loss 895:898 no loss 892:898 no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment 892:949 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 9 69 theme LMW 2061:2063 arg1 products 2076:2083 LMW hydrolysis products 2061:2083 LMW hydrolysis products 2061:2083 These Alteromonas appear to concurrently selfishly take up laminarin and release LMW hydrolysis products. 33391202 10 70 theme considerable 2200:2211 arg1 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 10 70 theme considerable 2200:2211 arg1 fraction 2213:2220 a considerable fraction 2198:2220 a considerable fraction of the community 2198:2237 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 6 71 theme bacterial 1543:1551 arg1 community 1553:1561 the bacterial community 1539:1561 the bacterial community 1539:1561 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 4 72 theme distinct 712:719 arg1 mechanisms 721:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 72 theme distinct 712:719 arg1 uptake 742:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 72 theme distinct 712:719 arg1 hydrolysis 966:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 11 73 theme bacteria 2309:2316 arg1 bacteria 2309:2316 bacteria 2309:2316 bacteria 2309:2316 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 11 73 theme bacteria 2309:2316 arg1 important 2351:2359 important 2351:2359 important 2351:2359 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 11 73 theme bacteria 2309:2316 arg1 set 2302:2304 A diverse set 2292:2304 A diverse set of bacteria 2292:2316 A diverse set of bacteria responded to and are potentially important for the recycling of organic matter in the SPG. 33391202 3 74 theme enzymes 611:617 arg1 activities 583:592 the activities 579:592 the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes 579:679 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 5 75 dep depth 1363:1367 arg1 the 1359:1361 the 1359:1361 the 1359:1361 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 2 76 theme matter 497:502 arg1 polysaccharides 439:453 polysaccharides 439:453 polysaccharides 439:453 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 2 76 theme matter 497:502 arg1 component 469:477 an important component 456:477 an important component of marine organic matter 456:502 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 0 77 theme Selfish 80:86 arg1 Uptake 88:93 Selfish Uptake 80:93 Selfish Uptake 80:93 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 33391202 5 78 theme oligotrophic 1087:1098 arg1 nature 1100:1105 the oligotrophic nature 1083:1105 the oligotrophic nature of the SPG 1083:1116 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 1 79 theme deep 168:171 arg1 zone 182:185 the deep euphotic zone 164:185 the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients 164:279 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 2 80 theme marine 482:487 arg1 matter 497:502 marine organic matter 482:502 marine organic matter 482:502 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33391202 10 81 theme extracellular 2095:2107 arg1 activities 2116:2125 extracellular enzyme activities 2095:2125 extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG 2095:2136 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 5 82 theme central 1266:1272 arg1 SPG 1274:1276 the central SPG 1262:1276 the central SPG 1262:1276 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 5 82 theme central 1266:1272 arg1 observations 1279:1290 observations 1279:1290 observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1279:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 5 83 attach linked 1304:1309 arg2 observations 1279:1290 observations 1279:1290 observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1279:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 5 83 attach linked 1304:1309 arg1 abundance 1335:1343 a comparatively high abundance 1314:1343 a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m) 1314:1395 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 5 83 attach linked 1304:1309 arg2 SPG 1274:1276 the central SPG 1262:1276 the central SPG 1262:1276 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 8 84 with 1,250 1755:1759 arg1 laminarin 1778:1786 laminarin 1778:1786 laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1778:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 8 85 theme Additional 1695:1704 arg1 incubations 1706:1716 Additional incubations 1695:1716 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1695:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 10 86 theme uptake 2262:2267 arg1 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 capable 2243:2249 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 10 86 theme uptake 2262:2267 arg1 fraction 2213:2220 a considerable fraction 2198:2220 a considerable fraction of the community 2198:2237 Overall, extracellular enzyme activities in the SPG were similar to activities in non-oligotrophic regions, and a considerable fraction of the community was capable of selfish uptake at all three stations. 33391202 4 87 theme initial 760:766 arg1 hydrolysis 768:777 initial hydrolysis 760:777 initial hydrolysis 760:777 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 8 88 theme bacteria 1869:1876 arg1 growth 1845:1850 extreme growth 1837:1850 extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas) 1837:1890 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 0 89 theme Microbial 10:18 arg1 Processing 20:29 Extensive Microbial Processing 0:29 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 0:123 Extensive Microbial Processing of Polysaccharides in the South Pacific Gyre via Selfish Uptake and Extracellular Hydrolysis. 33391202 8 90 theme generation 1928:1937 arg1 sequencing 1939:1948 next generation sequencing 1923:1948 next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities 1923:1977 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 4 91 theme low 988:990 arg1 LMW 1010:1012 LMW 1010:1012 LMW 1010:1012 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 91 theme low 988:990 arg1 weight 1002:1007 low molecular weight 988:1007 low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products 988:1033 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 5 92 theme m 1394:1394 arg1 depth 1363:1367 depth 1363:1367 depth 1363:1367 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 4 93 theme selfish 734:740 arg1 mechanisms 721:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 93 theme selfish 734:740 arg1 uptake 742:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 1 94 theme nutrients 271:279 arg1 regeneration 255:266 the regeneration 251:266 the regeneration of nutrients 251:279 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 6 95 theme polysaccharides 1471:1485 arg1 four 1459:1462 four 1459:1462 four 1459:1462 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 6 95 theme polysaccharides 1471:1485 arg1 polysaccharides 1471:1485 six polysaccharides 1467:1485 six polysaccharides 1467:1485 At the edge of the gyre and close to the center of the gyre, four of six polysaccharides were externally hydrolyzed, and a lower fraction of the bacterial community showed selfish uptake. 33391202 4 96 dep mechanisms 721:730 arg1 mechanisms 721:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 two distinct mechanisms 708:730 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 96 dep mechanisms 721:730 arg1 " 749:749 " 749:749 " in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment 749:949 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 96 dep mechanisms 721:730 arg1 uptake 742:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 "selfish uptake 733:747 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 96 dep mechanisms 721:730 arg1 hydrolysis 966:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 "external hydrolysis 956:975 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 4 97 theme weight 1002:1007 arg1 products 1026:1033 low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products 988:1033 low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products 988:1033 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 8 98 from depths 1745:1750 arg1 incubations 1706:1716 Additional incubations 1695:1716 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1695:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 8 98 from depths 1745:1750 arg1 water 1734:1738 central gyre water 1721:1738 central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) 1721:1828 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 5 99 theme high 1137:1140 arg1 activity 1152:1159 high enzymatic activity 1137:1159 high enzymatic activity 1137:1159 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 8 100 theme bacterial 1957:1965 arg1 communities 1967:1977 the bacterial communities 1953:1977 the bacterial communities 1953:1977 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 3 101 theme different 638:646 arg1 polysaccharides 648:662 six different polysaccharides 634:662 six different polysaccharides 634:662 We focused on the initial step of organic matter degradation by measuring the activities of extracellular enzymes that hydrolyze six different polysaccharides to smaller sizes. 33391202 8 102 theme opportunistic 1855:1867 arg1 Alteromonas 1879:1889 Alteromonas 1879:1889 Alteromonas 1879:1889 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 8 102 theme opportunistic 1855:1867 arg1 bacteria 1869:1876 opportunistic bacteria 1855:1876 opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas) 1855:1890 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 8 103 theme cell 1907:1910 arg1 counts 1912:1917 cell counts 1907:1917 cell counts 1907:1917 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 5 104 theme SPG 1114:1116 arg1 nature 1100:1105 the oligotrophic nature 1083:1105 the oligotrophic nature of the SPG 1083:1116 Given the oligotrophic nature of the SPG, we did not expect high enzymatic activity; however, we found that all six polysaccharides were hydrolyzed externally and taken up selfishly in the central SPG, observations that may be linked to a comparatively high abundance of diatoms at the depth and location sampled (75 m). 33391202 8 105 dep laminarin 1778:1786 arg1 polysaccharide 1801:1814 an abundant polysaccharide 1789:1814 an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean 1789:1827 Additional incubations of central gyre water from depths of 1,250 and 2,800 m with laminarin (an abundant polysaccharide in the ocean) led to extreme growth of opportunistic bacteria (Alteromonas), as tracked by cell counts and next generation sequencing of the bacterial communities. 33391202 4 106 theme polysaccharide 812:825 arg1 fragments 827:835 large polysaccharide fragments 806:835 large polysaccharide fragments 806:835 This process can occur by two distinct mechanisms: "selfish uptake," in which initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport of large polysaccharide fragments into the periplasmic space of bacteria, with little to no loss of hydrolysis products to the external environment, and "external hydrolysis," in which low molecular weight (LMW) hydrolysis products are produced in the external environment. 33391202 1 107 theme matter 311:316 arg1 recycling 290:298 recycling 290:298 recycling of organic matter 290:316 Primary productivity occurs throughout the deep euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), fueled largely by the regeneration of nutrients and thus recycling of organic matter. 33391202 2 108 theme bacterial 379:387 arg1 communities 389:399 the SPG's bacterial communities 369:399 the SPG's bacterial communities 369:399 We investigated the heterotrophic capabilities of the SPG's bacterial communities by examining their ability to process polysaccharides, an important component of marine organic matter. 33675612 7 0 theme hyaluronic 1229:1238 arg1 nanoparticles 1254:1266 hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles 1229:1266 hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles 1229:1266 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 1 1 theme acid 153:156 arg1 nanocarriers 203:214 intensively studied nanocarriers 183:214 intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery 183:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 1 1 theme acid 153:156 arg1 nanoparticles 165:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 6 2 with spherical 1008:1016 arg1 % 1146:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 2 with spherical 1008:1016 arg1 mV 1096:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 2 with spherical 1008:1016 arg1 charge 1080:1085 a negative surface charge 1061:1085 a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV) 1061:1098 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 2 with spherical 1008:1016 arg1 efficiency 1124:1133 high encapsulation efficiency 1105:1133 high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%) 1105:1147 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 2 with spherical 1008:1016 arg1 size 1034:1037 an average size 1023:1037 an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm 1023:1058 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 4 3 theme cancer 629:634 arg1 metastasis 636:645 cancer metastasis 629:645 cancer metastasis 629:645 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 1 4 theme Poly 129:132 arg1 nanocarriers 203:214 intensively studied nanocarriers 183:214 intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery 183:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 1 4 theme Poly 129:132 arg1 nanoparticles 165:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 3 5 theme CD44 572:575 arg1 receptors 577:585 their overexpressed CD44 receptors 552:585 their overexpressed CD44 receptors 552:585 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 1 6 theme studied 195:201 arg1 nanocarriers 203:214 intensively studied nanocarriers 183:214 intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery 183:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 1 6 theme studied 195:201 arg1 nanoparticles 165:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 4 7 theme targeted 716:723 arg1 system 734:739 targeted delivery system 716:739 targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method 716:792 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 3 8 contain have 473:476 arg1 cells 467:471 Breast cancer cells 453:471 Breast cancer cells 453:471 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 3 8 contain have 473:476 arg2 uptake 486:491 greater uptake 478:491 greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors 478:585 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 8 9 from treatment 1480:1488 arg1 cells 1553:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 6 10 theme ± 1141:1141 arg1 % 1146:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 10 theme ± 1141:1141 arg1 efficiency 1124:1133 high encapsulation efficiency 1105:1133 high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%) 1105:1147 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 1 11 theme lactic-co-glycolic 134:151 arg1 nanocarriers 203:214 intensively studied nanocarriers 183:214 intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery 183:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 1 11 theme lactic-co-glycolic 134:151 arg1 nanoparticles 165:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 7 12 with investigation 1159:1171 arg1 cells 1211:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 9 13 dep In 1602:1603 arg1 vivo 1605:1608 vivo 1605:1608 vivo 1605:1608 Further, optimization is needed including In vivo efficacy and nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies. 33675612 8 14 theme drug 1509:1512 arg1 resistance 1514:1523 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 1493:1523 hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1493:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 5 15 theme metastatic 953:962 arg1 cells 978:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 Then we tested them in vitro on hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 2 16 dep them 357:360 arg1 time 379:382 long circulation time 362:382 them long circulation time 357:382 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 2 17 theme Polyethylene 300:311 arg1 PEG 321:323 PEG 321:323 PEG 321:323 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 2 17 theme Polyethylene 300:311 arg1 glycol 313:318 Polyethylene glycol 300:318 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers 300:349 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 1 18 from nanocarriers 203:214 arg1 delivery 224:231 drug delivery 219:231 drug delivery 219:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 5 19 theme cancer 971:976 arg1 cells 978:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 Then we tested them in vitro on hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 6 20 theme 53 nm 1054:1058 arg1 % 1146:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 20 theme 53 nm 1054:1058 arg1 mV 1096:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 20 theme 53 nm 1054:1058 arg1 charge 1080:1085 a negative surface charge 1061:1085 a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV) 1061:1098 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 20 theme 53 nm 1054:1058 arg1 efficiency 1124:1133 high encapsulation efficiency 1105:1133 high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%) 1105:1147 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 20 theme 53 nm 1054:1058 arg1 size 1034:1037 an average size 1023:1037 an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm 1023:1058 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 8 21 theme cancer 1535:1540 arg1 cells 1553:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 0 22 theme drug 78:81 arg1 resistance 83:92 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 62:92 hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells 62:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 0 23 from nanoparticle 19:30 arg1 resistance 83:92 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 62:92 hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells 62:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 7 24 dep In 1150:1151 arg1 vitro 1153:1157 vitro 1153:1157 vitro 1153:1157 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 0 25 theme breast 108:113 arg1 cells 122:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 6 26 theme average 1026:1032 arg1 size 1034:1037 an average size 1023:1037 an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm 1023:1058 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 7 27 theme free 1341:1344 arg1 DOX 1346:1348 free DOX 1341:1348 free DOX 1341:1348 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 4 28 theme chemical 822:829 arg1 composition 831:841 chemical composition 822:841 chemical composition 822:841 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 2 29 theme reticuloendothelial 425:443 arg1 system 445:450 the reticuloendothelial system 421:450 the reticuloendothelial system 421:450 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 6 30 theme ± 1092:1092 arg1 mV 1096:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 30 theme ± 1092:1092 arg1 charge 1080:1085 a negative surface charge 1061:1085 a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV) 1061:1098 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 0 31 theme Targeted 0:7 arg1 nanoparticle 19:30 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle 0:30 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 0:127 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 9 32 theme pharmacokinetic 1645:1659 arg1 studies 1661:1667 nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies 1623:1667 nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies 1623:1667 Further, optimization is needed including In vivo efficacy and nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies. 33675612 3 33 theme acid 507:510 arg1 uptake 486:491 greater uptake 478:491 greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors 478:585 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 8 34 from cells 1553:1557 arg1 treatment 1480:1488 targeted treatment 1471:1488 targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1471:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 6 35 theme surface 1072:1078 arg1 mV 1096:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 35 theme surface 1072:1078 arg1 charge 1080:1085 a negative surface charge 1061:1085 a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV) 1061:1098 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 3 36 theme Breast 453:458 arg1 cells 467:471 Breast cancer cells 453:471 Breast cancer cells 453:471 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 6 37 theme negative 1063:1070 arg1 mV 1096:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 -15 ± 3 mV 1088:1097 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 37 theme negative 1063:1070 arg1 charge 1080:1085 a negative surface charge 1061:1085 a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV) 1061:1098 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 8 38 theme third 1425:1429 arg1 formulation 1455:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation 1416:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1416:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 0 39 theme anthracycline 36:48 arg1 delivery 50:57 anthracycline delivery 36:57 anthracycline delivery 36:57 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 3 40 theme greater 478:484 arg1 uptake 486:491 greater uptake 478:491 greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors 478:585 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 8 41 theme nanoparticle 1442:1453 arg1 formulation 1455:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation 1416:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1416:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 7 42 theme hypoxia-induced 1302:1316 arg1 resistance 1323:1332 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 1302:1332 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 1302:1332 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 4 43 theme surface 850:856 arg1 charge 858:863 surface charge 850:863 surface charge 850:863 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 2 44 theme circulation 367:377 arg1 time 379:382 long circulation time 362:382 them long circulation time 357:382 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 6 45 theme high 1105:1108 arg1 % 1146:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 45 theme high 1105:1108 arg1 efficiency 1124:1133 high encapsulation efficiency 1105:1133 high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%) 1105:1147 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 7 46 theme MDA-MB-231 1200:1209 arg1 cells 1211:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 7 47 theme acid-targeted 1240:1252 arg1 nanoparticles 1254:1266 hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles 1229:1266 hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles 1229:1266 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 4 48 theme important 611:619 arg1 role 621:624 an important role 608:624 an important role 608:624 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 3 49 theme overexpressed 558:570 arg1 receptors 577:585 their overexpressed CD44 receptors 552:585 their overexpressed CD44 receptors 552:585 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 4 50 theme hyaluronic 697:706 arg1 acid 708:711 hyaluronic acid 697:711 hyaluronic acid 697:711 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 4 51 theme encapsulation 877:889 arg1 efficiency 891:900 encapsulation efficiency 877:900 encapsulation efficiency 877:900 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 1 52 theme drug 219:222 arg1 delivery 224:231 drug delivery 219:231 drug delivery 219:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 8 53 theme hypoxia-induced 1493:1507 arg1 resistance 1514:1523 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 1493:1523 hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1493:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 4 54 theme PEG-PLGA 662:669 arg1 nanoparticles 671:683 PEG-PLGA nanoparticles 662:683 PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method 662:792 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 0 55 from resistance 83:92 arg1 cells 122:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 7 56 theme hypoxia-elevated 1178:1193 arg1 cells 1211:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 5 57 theme hypoxia-optimized 935:951 arg1 cells 978:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 Then we tested them in vitro on hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 8 58 theme breast 1528:1533 arg1 cells 1553:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 2 59 theme glycol 313:318 arg1 coating 326:332 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating 300:332 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers 300:349 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 5 60 theme breast 964:969 arg1 cells 978:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells 935:982 Then we tested them in vitro on hypoxia-optimized metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 8 61 theme metastatic 1542:1551 arg1 cells 1553:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 8 62 from resistance 1514:1523 arg1 cells 1553:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 breast cancer metastatic cells 1528:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 1 63 theme PLGA 159:162 arg1 nanocarriers 203:214 intensively studied nanocarriers 183:214 intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery 183:231 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 1 63 theme PLGA 159:162 arg1 nanoparticles 165:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 129:177 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 6 64 theme ± 1052:1052 arg1 53 nm 1054:1058 about 106 ± 53 nm 1042:1058 about 106 ± 53 nm 1042:1058 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 4 65 theme delivery 725:732 arg1 system 734:739 targeted delivery system 716:739 targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method 716:792 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 7 66 theme CD44 1195:1198 arg1 cells 1211:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1178:1215 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 0 67 theme metastatic 97:106 arg1 cells 122:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 0 68 theme cancer 115:120 arg1 cells 122:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 metastatic breast cancer cells 97:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 9 69 theme In 1602:1603 arg1 efficacy 1610:1617 In vivo efficacy 1602:1617 In vivo efficacy 1602:1617 Further, optimization is needed including In vivo efficacy and nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies. 33675612 2 70 theme long 362:365 arg1 time 379:382 long circulation time 362:382 them long circulation time 357:382 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating for nanocarriers gives them long circulation time in blood and makes them invisible to the reticuloendothelial system. 33675612 7 71 theme nontargeted 1354:1364 arg1 nanoparticles 1366:1378 nontargeted nanoparticles 1354:1378 nontargeted nanoparticles 1354:1378 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 0 72 theme polymeric 9:17 arg1 nanoparticle 19:30 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle 0:30 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 0:127 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 9 73 theme nanoparticle-specific 1623:1643 arg1 studies 1661:1667 nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies 1623:1667 nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies 1623:1667 Further, optimization is needed including In vivo efficacy and nanoparticle-specific pharmacokinetic studies. 33675612 4 74 theme nanoprecipitation 769:785 arg1 method 787:792 nanoprecipitation method 769:792 nanoprecipitation method 769:792 Since hypoxia plays an important role in cancer metastasis; we formulated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid as targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (DOX) using nanoprecipitation method, and characterized them for chemical composition, size, surface charge, shape, and encapsulation efficiency. 33675612 7 75 theme drug 1318:1321 arg1 resistance 1323:1332 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 1302:1332 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 1302:1332 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 3 76 theme cancer 460:465 arg1 cells 467:471 Breast cancer cells 453:471 Breast cancer cells 453:471 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 8 77 theme simple 1418:1423 arg1 formulation 1455:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation 1416:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1416:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 3 78 theme hyaluronic 496:505 arg1 acid 507:510 hyaluronic acid 496:510 hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors 496:585 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 0 79 theme hypoxia-induced 62:76 arg1 resistance 83:92 hypoxia-induced drug resistance 62:92 hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells 62:126 Targeted polymeric nanoparticle for anthracycline delivery in hypoxia-induced drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. 33675612 8 80 theme generation 1431:1440 arg1 formulation 1455:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation 1416:1465 a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1416:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 8 81 theme resistance 1514:1523 arg1 treatment 1480:1488 targeted treatment 1471:1488 targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1471:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 6 82 theme encapsulation 1110:1122 arg1 % 1146:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 73.3 ± 4.1% 1136:1146 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 6 82 theme encapsulation 1110:1122 arg1 efficiency 1124:1133 high encapsulation efficiency 1105:1133 high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%) 1105:1147 The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of about 106 ± 53 nm, a negative surface charge (-15 ± 3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (73.3 ± 4.1%). 33675612 3 83 theme normal 524:529 arg1 cells 531:535 normal cells 524:535 normal cells 524:535 Breast cancer cells have greater uptake of hyaluronic acid compared to normal cells as it binds to their overexpressed CD44 receptors. 33675612 1 84 theme biodegradability 250:265 arg1 characteristics 283:297 their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics 244:297 their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics 244:297 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33675612 8 85 theme targeted 1471:1478 arg1 treatment 1480:1488 targeted treatment 1471:1488 targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells 1471:1557 In conclusion, this study revealed a simple third generation nanoparticle formulation for targeted treatment of hypoxia-induced drug resistance in breast cancer metastatic cells. 33675612 7 86 theme In 1150:1151 arg1 investigation 1159:1171 In vitro investigation 1150:1171 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells 1150:1215 In vitro investigation with hypoxia-elevated CD44 MDA-MB-231 cells showed that hyaluronic acid-targeted nanoparticles maintained their efficacy despite hypoxia-induced drug resistance unlike free DOX and nontargeted nanoparticles. 33675612 1 87 theme biochemical 271:281 arg1 characteristics 283:297 their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics 244:297 their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics 244:297 Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles are intensively studied nanocarriers in drug delivery because of their biodegradability and biochemical characteristics. 33664740 9 0 theme gut 1885:1887 arg1 microbiota 1889:1898 gut microbiota 1885:1898 gut microbiota 1885:1898 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 4 1 theme colitis 597:603 arg1 symptoms 605:612 colitis symptoms 597:612 colitis symptoms 597:612 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 5 2 theme taxifolin 686:694 arg1 Supplementation 667:681 Supplementation 667:681 Supplementation of taxifolin 667:694 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 3 3 theme colitis 522:528 arg1 mice 530:533 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice 485:533 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice 485:533 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 4 theme superoxide 874:883 arg1 dismutase 885:893 superoxide dismutase 874:893 superoxide dismutase 874:893 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 5 theme 16S 1229:1231 arg1 sequencing 1238:1247 16S rDNA sequencing 1229:1247 16S rDNA sequencing 1229:1247 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 1 6 theme various 206:212 arg1 bioactivities 214:226 various bioactivities 206:226 various bioactivities 206:226 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 8 7 from level 1688:1692 arg1 c20 1649:1651 Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis 1631:1675 c20 1649:1651 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 7 from level 1688:1692 arg1 formicilis 1666:1675 Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis 1631:1675 formicilis 1666:1675 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 7 from level 1688:1692 arg1 abundances 1617:1626 the abundances 1613:1626 the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level 1613:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 5 8 theme tumor 738:742 arg1 factor-α 753:760 tumor necrosis factor-α 738:760 tumor necrosis factor-α 738:760 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 9 theme secretory 846:854 arg1 A 871:871 secretory immunoglobulin A 846:871 secretory immunoglobulin A 846:871 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 4 10 theme mice 661:664 arg1 symptoms 605:612 colitis symptoms 597:612 colitis symptoms 597:612 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 4 10 theme mice 661:664 arg1 changes 631:637 histological changes 618:637 histological changes 618:637 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 5 11 theme factor-α 753:760 arg1 secretions 724:733 the secretions 720:733 the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 720:791 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 12 theme A 871:871 arg1 secretions 825:834 the secretions 821:834 the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice 821:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 13 theme DSS-induced 1267:1277 arg1 changes 1279:1285 the DSS-induced changes 1263:1285 the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1263:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 14 theme abundances 1445:1454 arg1 decreases 1428:1436 the decreases 1424:1436 the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1424:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 14 theme abundances 1445:1454 arg1 increases 1600:1608 the increases 1596:1608 the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level 1596:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 1 15 from effects 252:258 arg1 health 273:278 human gut health 263:278 human gut health 263:278 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 5 16 from dismutase 885:893 arg1 mice 959:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 6 17 theme factor 1004:1009 arg1 B 1017:1017 nuclear factor kappa B 996:1017 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling 996:1049 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 8 18 theme Bacteroides 1459:1469 arg1 abundances 1445:1454 the abundances 1441:1454 the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1441:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 19 theme microbiota 1296:1305 arg1 composition 1307:1317 colon microbiota composition 1290:1317 colon microbiota composition 1290:1317 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 20 theme C21 1645:1647 arg1 c20 1649:1651 Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis 1631:1675 c20 1649:1651 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 5 21 theme IL-10 839:843 arg1 secretions 825:834 the secretions 821:834 the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice 821:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 22 theme immunoglobulins 900:914 arg1 secretions 825:834 the secretions 821:834 the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice 821:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 23 theme Clostridium 1472:1482 arg1 ramosum 1484:1490 Clostridium ramosum 1472:1490 Clostridium ramosum 1472:1490 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 24 from abundances 1617:1626 arg1 level 1688:1692 species level 1680:1692 species level 1680:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 1 25 theme natural 170:176 arg1 polyphenol 190:199 a natural antioxidant polyphenol 168:199 a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities 168:226 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 1 25 theme natural 170:176 arg1 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 8 26 theme functions 1333:1341 arg1 changes 1279:1285 the DSS-induced changes 1263:1285 the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1263:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 5 27 theme interleukin 763:773 arg1 IL 776:777 interleukin (IL)-1β 763:781 interleukin (IL)-1β 763:781 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 3 28 from effects 364:370 arg1 pathways 430:437 signaling pathways 420:437 signaling pathways 420:437 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 3 28 from effects 364:370 arg1 symptoms 396:403 colitis symptoms 388:403 colitis symptoms 388:403 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 3 28 from effects 364:370 arg1 microbiota 450:459 colon microbiota 444:459 colon microbiota 444:459 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 3 28 from effects 364:370 arg1 inflammation 406:417 inflammation 406:417 inflammation 406:417 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 29 theme saccharogumia 1505:1517 arg1 abundances 1445:1454 the abundances 1441:1454 the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1441:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 30 theme amino 1344:1348 arg1 metabolism 1355:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 30 theme amino 1344:1348 arg1 functions 1333:1341 microbial functions 1323:1341 microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1323:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 5 31 theme IL 776:777 arg1 secretions 724:733 the secretions 720:733 the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 720:791 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 0 32 theme Sulfate 43:49 arg1 Colitis 66:72 Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis 35:72 Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis 35:72 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 3 33 theme taxifolin 375:383 arg1 effects 364:370 the protective effects 349:370 the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota 349:459 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 34 theme Sphingobacterium 1520:1535 arg1 multivorum 1537:1546 Sphingobacterium multivorum 1520:1546 Sphingobacterium multivorum 1520:1546 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 0 35 theme Dietary 0:6 arg1 Taxifolin 8:16 Dietary Taxifolin 0:16 Dietary Taxifolin 0:16 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 8 36 theme MAPK 1370:1373 arg1 signaling 1375:1383 MAPK signaling 1370:1383 MAPK signaling 1370:1383 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 36 theme MAPK 1370:1373 arg1 functions 1333:1341 microbial functions 1323:1341 microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1323:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 7 37 theme proteins 1143:1150 arg1 expression 1114:1123 The expression 1110:1123 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) 1110:1175 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 9 38 contain has 1756:1758 arg1 taxifolin 1746:1754 dietary taxifolin 1738:1754 dietary taxifolin 1738:1754 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 9 38 contain has 1756:1758 arg2 potential 1768:1776 a great potential 1760:1776 a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota 1760:1898 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 5 39 theme DSS-induced 939:949 arg1 colitis 951:957 DSS-induced colitis 939:957 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 9 40 theme signaling 1821:1829 arg1 pathway 1831:1837 the NF-κB signaling pathway 1811:1837 the NF-κB signaling pathway 1811:1837 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 7 41 theme tight 1128:1132 arg1 proteins 1143:1150 tight junction proteins 1128:1150 tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) 1128:1175 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 7 41 theme tight 1128:1132 arg1 occludin 1167:1174 occludin 1167:1174 occludin 1167:1174 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 7 41 theme tight 1128:1132 arg1 claudin-1 1153:1161 claudin-1 1153:1161 claudin-1 1153:1161 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 0 42 theme Dextran 35:41 arg1 Sulfate 43:49 Dextran Sulfate 35:49 Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis 35:72 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 6 43 theme B 1017:1017 arg1 signaling 1041:1049 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling 996:1049 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling 996:1049 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 3 44 theme colitis 388:394 arg1 symptoms 396:403 colitis symptoms 388:403 colitis symptoms 388:403 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 0 45 theme Sodium-Induced 51:64 arg1 Colitis 66:72 Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis 35:72 Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis 35:72 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 9 46 theme intestinal 1850:1859 arg1 barrier 1861:1867 intestinal barrier 1850:1867 intestinal barrier 1850:1867 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 1 47 contain has 232:234 arg2 effects 252:258 many beneficial effects 236:258 many beneficial effects on human gut health 236:278 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 1 47 contain has 232:234 arg1 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 1 47 contain has 232:234 arg1 polyphenol 190:199 a natural antioxidant polyphenol 168:199 a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities 168:226 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 8 48 theme c20 1649:1651 arg1 abundances 1617:1626 the abundances 1613:1626 the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level 1613:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 1 49 theme beneficial 241:250 arg1 effects 252:258 many beneficial effects 236:258 many beneficial effects on human gut health 236:278 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 1 50 with polyphenol 190:199 arg1 bioactivities 214:226 various bioactivities 206:226 various bioactivities 206:226 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 8 51 theme Gemmiger 1657:1664 arg1 formicilis 1666:1675 Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis 1631:1675 formicilis 1666:1675 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 4 52 theme histological 618:629 arg1 changes 631:637 histological changes 618:637 histological changes 618:637 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 1 53 theme gut 269:271 arg1 health 273:278 human gut health 263:278 human gut health 263:278 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 5 54 dep IL-10 839:843 arg1 IgG 922:924 IgG 922:924 IgG 922:924 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 54 dep IL-10 839:843 arg1 IgM 931:933 IgM 931:933 IgM 931:933 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 54 dep IL-10 839:843 arg1 IgA 917:919 IgA 917:919 IgA 917:919 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 6 55 theme signaling 1041:1049 arg1 activation 982:991 the activation 978:991 the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling 978:1049 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 4 56 theme taxifolin 572:580 arg1 pre-administration 550:567 pre-administration 550:567 pre-administration of taxifolin 550:580 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 5 57 from mice 959:962 arg1 secretions 825:834 the secretions 821:834 the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice 821:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 58 theme Desulfovibrio 1631:1643 arg1 c20 1649:1651 Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis 1631:1675 c20 1649:1651 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 3 59 theme -induced 513:520 arg1 colitis 522:528 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis 485:528 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice 485:533 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 1 60 theme antioxidant 178:188 arg1 polyphenol 190:199 a natural antioxidant polyphenol 168:199 a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities 168:226 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 1 60 theme antioxidant 178:188 arg1 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin 155:163 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 5 61 theme dismutase 885:893 arg1 secretions 825:834 the secretions 821:834 the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice 821:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 0 62 theme Gut 139:141 arg1 Microbiota 143:152 Gut Microbiota 139:152 Gut Microbiota 139:152 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 8 63 theme rDNA 1233:1236 arg1 sequencing 1238:1247 16S rDNA sequencing 1229:1247 16S rDNA sequencing 1229:1247 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 5 64 theme necrosis 744:751 arg1 factor-α 753:760 tumor necrosis factor-α 738:760 tumor necrosis factor-α 738:760 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 65 theme immunoglobulin 856:869 arg1 A 871:871 secretory immunoglobulin A 846:871 secretory immunoglobulin A 846:871 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 4 66 theme DSS-challenged 646:659 arg1 mice 661:664 the DSS-challenged mice 642:664 the DSS-challenged mice 642:664 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 5 67 from A 871:871 arg1 mice 959:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 6 68 theme kappa 1011:1015 arg1 B 1017:1017 nuclear factor kappa B 996:1017 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling 996:1049 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 9 69 theme dietary 1738:1744 arg1 taxifolin 1746:1754 dietary taxifolin 1738:1754 dietary taxifolin 1738:1754 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 0 70 theme NF-κB 78:82 arg1 Signaling 84:92 NF-κB Signaling 78:92 NF-κB Signaling 78:92 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 4 71 dep symptoms 605:612 arg1 the 593:595 the 593:595 the 593:595 Intriguingly, pre-administration of taxifolin alleviated the colitis symptoms and histological changes of the DSS-challenged mice. 33664740 6 72 theme nuclear 996:1002 arg1 B 1017:1017 nuclear factor kappa B 996:1017 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling 996:1049 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 8 73 theme ramosum 1484:1490 arg1 abundances 1445:1454 the abundances 1441:1454 the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1441:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 74 theme colon 1290:1294 arg1 composition 1307:1317 colon microbiota composition 1290:1317 colon microbiota composition 1290:1317 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 9 75 theme great 1762:1766 arg1 potential 1768:1776 a great potential 1760:1776 a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota 1760:1898 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 8 76 theme Clostridium 1493:1503 arg1 saccharogumia 1505:1517 Clostridium saccharogumia 1493:1517 Clostridium saccharogumia 1493:1517 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 7 77 dep proteins 1143:1150 arg1 proteins 1143:1150 tight junction proteins 1128:1150 tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) 1128:1175 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 7 77 dep proteins 1143:1150 arg1 occludin 1167:1174 occludin 1167:1174 occludin 1167:1174 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 7 77 dep proteins 1143:1150 arg1 claudin-1 1153:1161 claudin-1 1153:1161 claudin-1 1153:1161 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 8 78 theme composition 1307:1317 arg1 changes 1279:1285 the DSS-induced changes 1263:1285 the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1263:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 0 79 theme Intestinal 105:114 arg1 Barrier 116:122 Intestinal Barrier 105:122 Intestinal Barrier 105:122 Dietary Taxifolin Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via NF-κB Signaling, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier and Modulating Gut Microbiota. 33664740 5 80 theme colitis 951:957 arg1 mice 959:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 2 81 from function 313:320 arg1 colitis 325:331 colitis 325:331 colitis 325:331 However, little is known of its function on colitis. 33664740 3 82 theme protective 353:362 arg1 effects 364:370 the protective effects 349:370 the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota 349:459 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 83 theme microbial 1323:1331 arg1 metabolism 1355:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 83 theme microbial 1323:1331 arg1 signaling 1375:1383 MAPK signaling 1370:1383 MAPK signaling 1370:1383 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 83 theme microbial 1323:1331 arg1 functions 1333:1341 microbial functions 1323:1341 microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1323:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 6 84 dep B 1017:1017 arg1 NF-κB 1020:1024 NF-κB 1020:1024 NF-κB 1020:1024 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 5 85 from IL-10 839:843 arg1 mice 959:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 5 86 from immunoglobulins 900:914 arg1 mice 959:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 87 theme multivorum 1537:1546 arg1 abundances 1445:1454 the abundances 1441:1454 the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1441:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 6 88 dep NF-κB 1020:1024 arg1 IκBα 1035:1038 IκBα 1035:1038 IκBα 1035:1038 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 6 88 dep NF-κB 1020:1024 arg1 p65 1027:1029 p65 1027:1029 p65 1027:1029 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 5 89 from secretions 825:834 arg1 mice 959:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 DSS-induced colitis mice 939:962 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 90 theme acid 1350:1353 arg1 metabolism 1355:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 90 theme acid 1350:1353 arg1 functions 1333:1341 microbial functions 1323:1341 microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1323:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 3 91 theme signaling 420:428 arg1 pathways 430:437 signaling pathways 420:437 signaling pathways 420:437 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 7 92 theme junction 1134:1141 arg1 proteins 1143:1150 tight junction proteins 1128:1150 tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) 1128:1175 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 7 92 theme junction 1134:1141 arg1 occludin 1167:1174 occludin 1167:1174 occludin 1167:1174 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 7 92 theme junction 1134:1141 arg1 claudin-1 1153:1161 claudin-1 1153:1161 claudin-1 1153:1161 The expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) was significantly increased by taxifolin. 33664740 9 93 theme NF-κB 1815:1819 arg1 pathway 1831:1837 the NF-κB signaling pathway 1811:1837 the NF-κB signaling pathway 1811:1837 In conclusion, these results revealed that dietary taxifolin has a great potential to prevent colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhancing intestinal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota. 33664740 8 94 theme ratio 1557:1561 arg1 abundances 1445:1454 the abundances 1441:1454 the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1441:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 5 95 theme IL-6 788:791 arg1 secretions 724:733 the secretions 720:733 the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 720:791 Supplementation of taxifolin significantly inhibited the secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and significantly increased the secretions of IL-10, secretory immunoglobulin A, superoxide dismutase, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in DSS-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 96 dep functions 1333:1341 arg1 metabolism 1355:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 amino acid metabolism 1344:1364 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 96 dep functions 1333:1341 arg1 signaling 1375:1383 MAPK signaling 1370:1383 MAPK signaling 1370:1383 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 96 dep functions 1333:1341 arg1 functions 1333:1341 microbial functions 1323:1341 microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) 1323:1384 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 97 theme Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1566:1589 arg1 ratio 1557:1561 the ratio 1553:1561 the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1553:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 97 theme Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1566:1589 arg1 Bacteroides 1459:1469 Bacteroides 1459:1469 Bacteroides 1459:1469 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 97 theme Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1566:1589 arg1 ramosum 1484:1490 Clostridium ramosum 1472:1490 Clostridium ramosum 1472:1490 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 97 theme Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1566:1589 arg1 saccharogumia 1505:1517 Clostridium saccharogumia 1493:1517 Clostridium saccharogumia 1493:1517 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 97 theme Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1566:1589 arg1 multivorum 1537:1546 Sphingobacterium multivorum 1520:1546 Sphingobacterium multivorum 1520:1546 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 3 98 theme colon 444:448 arg1 microbiota 450:459 colon microbiota 444:459 colon microbiota 444:459 In this study, the protective effects of taxifolin on colitis symptoms, inflammation, signaling pathways, and colon microbiota were investigated using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. 33664740 8 99 theme abundances 1617:1626 arg1 decreases 1428:1436 the decreases 1424:1436 the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes 1424:1589 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 8 99 theme abundances 1617:1626 arg1 increases 1600:1608 the increases 1596:1608 the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level 1596:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 6 100 theme taxifolin 1083:1091 arg1 supplementation 1093:1107 taxifolin supplementation 1083:1107 taxifolin supplementation 1083:1107 In addition, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; p65 and IκBα) signaling was significantly suppressed by taxifolin supplementation. 33664740 8 101 theme formicilis 1666:1675 arg1 abundances 1617:1626 the abundances 1613:1626 the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level 1613:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 1 102 theme many 236:239 arg1 effects 252:258 many beneficial effects 236:258 many beneficial effects on human gut health 236:278 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33664740 8 103 theme species 1680:1686 arg1 level 1688:1692 species level 1680:1692 species level 1680:1692 Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the DSS-induced changes of colon microbiota composition and microbial functions (amino acid metabolism and MAPK signaling) were restored by taxifolin, including the decreases of the abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and the increases of the abundances of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 and Gemmiger formicilis at species level. 33664740 1 104 theme human 263:267 arg1 health 273:278 human gut health 263:278 human gut health 263:278 Taxifolin is a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities and has many beneficial effects on human gut health. 33628360 9 0 theme microbiota 1723:1732 arg1 composition 1734:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 6 1 theme genes 1074:1078 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis 1021:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis 1021:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 7 2 theme butyric 1360:1366 arg1 acid 1368:1371 butyric acid 1360:1371 butyric acid levels 1360:1378 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 9 3 theme potential 1833:1841 arg1 CGA 1605:1607 CGA 1605:1607 CGA 1605:1607 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 9 3 theme potential 1833:1841 arg1 drug 1843:1846 a potential drug 1831:1846 a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology 1831:1882 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 7 4 theme butyric 1450:1456 arg1 Ruminococcus 1436:1447 Ruminococcus 1436:1447 Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer) 1436:1471 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 7 4 theme butyric 1450:1456 arg1 producer 1463:1470 butyric acid producer 1450:1470 butyric acid producer 1450:1470 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 9 5 theme acids 1801:1805 arg1 production 1769:1778 the production 1765:1778 the production of short-chain fatty acids 1765:1805 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 5 6 theme colon 883:887 arg1 repair 896:901 colon tissue repair 883:901 colon tissue repair 883:901 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 8 7 theme treatment 1576:1584 arg1 group 1586:1590 the CGA treatment group 1568:1590 the CGA treatment group 1568:1590 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 9 8 theme anti-inflammatory 1666:1682 arg1 effects 1684:1690 its anti-inflammatory effects 1662:1690 its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids 1662:1805 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 7 9 theme acid 1458:1461 arg1 Ruminococcus 1436:1447 Ruminococcus 1436:1447 Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer) 1436:1471 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 7 9 theme acid 1458:1461 arg1 producer 1463:1470 butyric acid producer 1450:1470 butyric acid producer 1450:1470 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 5 10 theme tight 997:1001 arg1 protein 1012:1018 the tight junction protein 993:1018 the tight junction protein 993:1018 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 5 11 theme protein 1012:1018 arg1 accumulation 977:988 the accumulation 973:988 the accumulation of the tight junction protein 973:1018 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 3 12 theme CGA 500:502 arg1 effects 489:495 the effects 485:495 the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model 485:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 6 13 theme liver 1121:1125 arg1 tissue 1127:1132 rat liver tissue 1117:1132 rat liver tissue 1117:1132 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 1 14 theme diseases 240:247 arg1 development 225:235 the development 221:235 the development of diseases such as chronic colitis 221:271 A high-fat diet (HFD) has been previously associated with the development of diseases such as chronic colitis. 33628360 0 15 theme Gut 80:82 arg1 Microflora 84:93 Gut Microflora 80:93 Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats 80:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 7 16 theme Ruminococcus 1436:1447 arg1 abundance 1423:1431 the abundance 1419:1431 the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer) 1419:1471 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 0 17 from Accumulation 141:152 arg1 Rats 157:160 Rats 157:160 Rats 157:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 2 18 from effects 418:424 arg1 inflammation 440:451 intestinal inflammation 429:451 intestinal inflammation 429:451 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 6 19 theme CGA 1149:1151 arg1 treatment 1153:1161 CGA treatment 1149:1161 CGA treatment 1149:1161 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 5 20 theme organ 855:859 arg1 gain 868:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 5 21 theme HFD-induced 834:844 arg1 gain 868:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 0 22 theme Adjustment 95:104 arg1 Microflora 84:93 Gut Microflora 80:93 Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats 80:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 9 23 theme fatty 1795:1799 arg1 acids 1801:1805 short-chain fatty acids 1783:1805 short-chain fatty acids 1783:1805 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 6 24 theme tissue 1127:1132 arg1 RNA-seq 1106:1112 the RNA-seq 1102:1112 the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue 1102:1132 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 1 25 theme high-fat 165:172 arg1 diet 174:177 A high-fat diet 163:177 A high-fat diet (HFD) 163:183 A high-fat diet (HFD) has been previously associated with the development of diseases such as chronic colitis. 33628360 1 25 theme high-fat 165:172 arg1 HFD 180:182 HFD 180:182 HFD 180:182 A high-fat diet (HFD) has been previously associated with the development of diseases such as chronic colitis. 33628360 9 26 from colitis 1623:1629 arg1 obesity 1646:1652 HFD-induced obesity 1634:1652 HFD-induced obesity 1634:1652 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 3 27 from changes 618:624 arg1 composition 644:654 gut microbiota composition 629:654 gut microbiota composition 629:654 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 4 28 theme biochemical 706:716 arg1 indicators 718:727 physiological and biochemical indicators 688:727 physiological and biochemical indicators 688:727 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 6 29 theme expressed 1064:1072 arg1 genes 1074:1078 differentially expressed genes 1049:1078 differentially expressed genes 1049:1078 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 2 30 theme antibacterial 343:355 arg1 properties 380:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 0 31 theme Chlorogenic 0:10 arg1 Acid 12:15 Chlorogenic Acid 0:15 Chlorogenic Acid 0:15 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 8 32 theme HFD 1523:1525 arg1 group 1527:1531 the HFD group 1519:1531 the HFD group 1519:1531 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 9 33 theme HFD-induced 1634:1644 arg1 obesity 1646:1652 HFD-induced obesity 1634:1652 HFD-induced obesity 1634:1652 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 5 34 theme internal 846:853 arg1 gain 868:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 9 35 theme pathology 1874:1882 arg1 treatment 1856:1864 the treatment 1852:1864 the treatment of this pathology 1852:1882 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 5 36 theme weight 861:866 arg1 gain 868:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 HFD-induced internal organ weight gain 834:871 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 0 37 theme Colon 28:32 arg1 Damage 42:47 Colon Mucosal Damage 28:47 Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet 28:74 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 1 38 theme chronic 257:263 arg1 colitis 265:271 chronic colitis 257:271 chronic colitis 257:271 A high-fat diet (HFD) has been previously associated with the development of diseases such as chronic colitis. 33628360 0 39 theme Short-Chain 118:128 arg1 Accumulation 141:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation 109:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats 109:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 4 40 theme microflora 786:795 arg1 indicators 718:727 physiological and biochemical indicators 688:727 physiological and biochemical indicators 688:727 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 4 40 theme microflora 786:795 arg1 structure 763:771 the structure 759:771 the structure of the fecal microflora 759:795 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 4 40 theme microflora 786:795 arg1 transcriptome 740:752 the liver transcriptome 730:752 the liver transcriptome 730:752 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 2 41 theme chlorogenic 280:290 arg1 CGA 298:300 CGA 298:300 CGA 298:300 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 2 41 theme chlorogenic 280:290 arg1 acid 292:295 chlorogenic acid 280:295 chlorogenic acid (CGA) 280:301 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 4 42 theme fecal 780:784 arg1 microflora 786:795 the fecal microflora 776:795 the fecal microflora 776:795 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 5 43 theme CGA 798:800 arg1 treatment 802:810 CGA treatment 798:810 CGA treatment 798:810 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 9 44 theme short-chain 1783:1793 arg1 acids 1801:1805 short-chain fatty acids 1783:1805 short-chain fatty acids 1783:1805 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 8 45 theme beneficial 1488:1497 arg1 changes 1499:1505 the beneficial changes 1484:1505 the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group 1484:1531 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 8 45 theme beneficial 1488:1497 arg1 pronounced 1545:1554 pronounced 1545:1554 pronounced 1545:1554 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 0 46 theme Increase 109:116 arg1 Accumulation 141:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation 109:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats 109:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 9 47 from increase 1753:1760 arg1 composition 1734:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 9 47 from increase 1753:1760 arg1 production 1769:1778 the production 1765:1778 the production of short-chain fatty acids 1765:1805 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 5 48 theme inflammatory 936:947 arg1 cytokines 949:957 inflammatory cytokines 936:957 inflammatory cytokines 936:957 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 8 49 located observed 1507:1514 arg1 group 1527:1531 the HFD group 1519:1531 the HFD group 1519:1531 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 8 49 located observed 1507:1514 arg2 changes 1499:1505 the beneficial changes 1484:1505 the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group 1484:1531 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 8 49 located observed 1507:1514 arg2 pronounced 1545:1554 pronounced 1545:1554 pronounced 1545:1554 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 7 50 theme bacteria 1276:1283 arg1 abundance 1263:1271 the abundance 1259:1271 the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia 1259:1344 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 5 51 theme cytokines 949:957 arg1 expression 922:931 the expression 918:931 the expression of inflammatory cytokines 918:957 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 0 52 theme Acid 136:139 arg1 Accumulation 141:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation 109:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats 109:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 3 53 theme rat 557:559 arg1 model 561:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 6 54 theme enrichment 1026:1035 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis 1021:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis 1021:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 2 55 theme intestinal 429:438 arg1 inflammation 440:451 intestinal inflammation 429:451 intestinal inflammation 429:451 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 0 56 theme Mucosal 34:40 arg1 Damage 42:47 Colon Mucosal Damage 28:47 Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet 28:74 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 5 57 theme junction 1003:1010 arg1 protein 1012:1018 the tight junction protein 993:1018 the tight junction protein 993:1018 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 6 58 from RNA-seq 1106:1112 arg1 data 1092:1095 data 1092:1095 data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue 1092:1132 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 2 59 theme anti-inflammatory 362:378 arg1 properties 380:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 3 60 theme HFD-induced 537:547 arg1 model 561:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 5 61 theme tissue 889:894 arg1 repair 896:901 colon tissue repair 883:901 colon tissue repair 883:901 CGA treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced internal organ weight gain, promoted colon tissue repair, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted the accumulation of the tight junction protein. 33628360 0 62 theme Fatty 130:134 arg1 Accumulation 141:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation 109:152 Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats 109:160 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 3 63 theme gut 629:631 arg1 composition 644:654 gut microbiota composition 629:654 gut microbiota composition 629:654 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 3 64 theme obesity 549:555 arg1 model 561:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 6 65 theme lipid 1201:1205 arg1 metabolism 1207:1216 lipid metabolism 1201:1216 lipid metabolism 1201:1216 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 3 66 theme microbiota 633:642 arg1 composition 644:654 gut microbiota composition 629:654 gut microbiota composition 629:654 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 7 67 theme acid 1368:1371 arg1 levels 1373:1378 butyric acid levels 1360:1378 butyric acid levels 1360:1378 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 4 68 theme physiological 688:700 arg1 indicators 718:727 physiological and biochemical indicators 688:727 physiological and biochemical indicators 688:727 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 3 69 theme intestinal 507:516 arg1 inflammation 518:529 intestinal inflammation 507:529 intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model 507:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 4 70 theme liver 734:738 arg1 transcriptome 740:752 the liver transcriptome 730:752 the liver transcriptome 730:752 This was achieved by examining physiological and biochemical indicators, the liver transcriptome, and the structure of the fecal microflora. 33628360 9 71 used used 1823:1826 arg2 drug 1843:1846 a potential drug 1831:1846 a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology 1831:1882 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 9 71 used used 1823:1826 arg2 CGA 1605:1607 CGA 1605:1607 CGA 1605:1607 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 6 72 theme rat 1117:1119 arg1 tissue 1127:1132 rat liver tissue 1117:1132 rat liver tissue 1117:1132 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 9 73 from changes 1708:1714 arg1 composition 1734:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 9 73 from changes 1708:1714 arg1 production 1769:1778 the production 1765:1778 the production of short-chain fatty acids 1765:1805 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 0 74 theme High-Fat 62:69 arg1 Diet 71:74 a High-Fat Diet 60:74 a High-Fat Diet 60:74 Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Colon Mucosal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Gut Microflora Adjustment to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acid Accumulation in Rats. 33628360 6 75 theme KEGG 1021:1024 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis 1021:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis 1021:1044 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 6 76 theme amino 1186:1190 arg1 acid 1192:1195 amino acid 1186:1195 amino acid 1186:1195 KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, applied to data from the RNA-seq of rat liver tissue, revealed that CGA treatment significantly affected amino acid and lipid metabolism in the liver. 33628360 2 77 theme antioxidant 330:340 arg1 properties 380:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 3 78 from inflammation 518:529 arg1 model 561:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 an HFD-induced obesity rat model 534:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33628360 8 79 theme CGA 1572:1574 arg1 group 1586:1590 the CGA treatment group 1568:1590 the CGA treatment group 1568:1590 Moreover, the beneficial changes observed in the HFD group were not as pronounced as those in the CGA treatment group. 33628360 9 80 theme gut 1719:1721 arg1 composition 1734:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 gut microbiota composition 1719:1744 In summary, CGA can alleviate colitis in HFD-induced obesity through its anti-inflammatory effects associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids and thus can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of this pathology. 33628360 7 81 dep genera 1302:1307 arg1 Sutterella 1318:1327 Sutterella 1318:1327 Sutterella 1318:1327 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 7 81 dep genera 1302:1307 arg1 Akkermansia 1334:1344 Akkermansia 1334:1344 Akkermansia 1334:1344 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 7 81 dep genera 1302:1307 arg1 Blautia 1309:1315 Blautia 1309:1315 Blautia 1309:1315 Furthermore, CGA decreased the abundance of bacteria belonging to the genera Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia and increased butyric acid levels, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus (butyric acid producer). 33628360 2 82 theme potent 323:328 arg1 properties 380:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties 323:389 While chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known about its effects on intestinal inflammation. 33628360 3 83 from effects 489:495 arg1 inflammation 518:529 intestinal inflammation 507:529 intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model 507:565 In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on intestinal inflammation in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and assessed whether these effects were related to changes in gut microbiota composition. 33359854 18 0 dep the 2391:2393 arg1 leaves 2395:2400 leaves 2395:2400 leaves 2395:2400 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 20 1 theme agents 3132:3137 arg1 source 3096:3101 a source 3094:3101 a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents 3094:3137 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 19 2 dep CONCLUSIONS 2796:2806 arg1 up 2780:2781 up 2780:2781 up 2780:2781 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 4 3 theme various 478:484 arg1 diabetes 503:510 diabetes 503:510 diabetes 503:510 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 3 theme various 478:484 arg1 pain 532:535 pain 532:535 pain 532:535 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 3 theme various 478:484 arg1 disorders 551:559 digestive disorders 541:559 digestive disorders 541:559 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 3 theme various 478:484 arg1 rheumatism 513:522 rheumatism 513:522 rheumatism 513:522 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 3 theme various 478:484 arg1 diseases 486:493 various diseases 478:493 various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders 478:559 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 3 theme various 478:484 arg1 colic 525:529 colic 525:529 colic 525:529 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 6 4 dep the 885:887 arg1 leaves 889:894 leaves 889:894 leaves 889:894 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 13 5 theme red 1741:1743 arg1 cells 1751:1755 the red blood cells 1737:1755 the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods 1737:1811 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 2 6 theme composition 94:104 arg1 Assessment 68:77 Assessment 68:77 Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts 68:199 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 19 7 from mortality 2729:2737 arg1 animals 2763:2769 animals 2763:2769 animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2763:2806 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 7 from mortality 2729:2737 arg1 doses 2774:2778 doses 2774:2778 doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2774:2806 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 8 8 theme nutritional 1140:1150 arg1 parameters 1152:1161 The various nutritional parameters 1128:1161 The various nutritional parameters 1128:1161 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 13 9 dep cells 1751:1755 arg1 stabilization 1766:1778 membrane stabilization 1757:1778 membrane stabilization 1757:1778 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 13 9 dep cells 1751:1755 arg1 methods 1805:1811 protein denaturation methods 1784:1811 protein denaturation methods 1784:1811 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 13 10 theme in 1703:1704 arg1 assay 1730:1734 the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay 1699:1734 the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay 1699:1734 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 5 11 theme nutritional 630:640 arg1 value 642:646 the nutritional value 626:646 the nutritional value 626:646 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 19 12 from signs 2742:2746 arg1 animals 2763:2769 animals 2763:2769 animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2763:2806 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 12 from signs 2742:2746 arg1 doses 2774:2778 doses 2774:2778 doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2774:2806 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 6 13 theme pharmacological 855:869 arg1 properties 871:880 pharmacological properties 855:880 pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome 855:925 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 4 14 theme medicinal 404:412 arg1 amblyocarpa 369:379 Cleome amblyocarpa 362:379 Cleome amblyocarpa 362:379 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 14 theme medicinal 404:412 arg1 arabica 392:398 Cleome arabica 385:398 Cleome arabica 385:398 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 14 theme medicinal 404:412 arg1 herbs 414:418 medicinal herbs 404:418 medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders 404:559 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 17 15 theme glycosides 2352:2361 arg1 presence 2304:2311 the presence 2300:2311 the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides 2300:2361 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 8 16 theme carbohydrates 1216:1228 arg1 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 16 theme carbohydrates 1216:1228 arg1 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 16 theme carbohydrates 1216:1228 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 16 theme carbohydrates 1216:1228 arg1 amounts 1196:1202 the amounts 1192:1202 particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids 1181:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 16 theme carbohydrates 1216:1228 arg1 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 16 theme carbohydrates 1216:1228 arg1 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 13 17 theme anti-inflammatory 1712:1728 arg1 assay 1730:1734 the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay 1699:1734 the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay 1699:1734 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 5 18 theme few 597:599 arg1 data 601:604 few data 597:604 few data 597:604 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 11 19 theme leaves 1518:1523 arg1 extracts 1525:1532 leaves extracts 1518:1532 leaves extracts 1518:1532 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 16 20 theme C. 2120:2121 arg1 amblyocarpa 2123:2133 C. amblyocarpa 2120:2133 C. amblyocarpa 2120:2133 Our results revealed that the leaves of C. amblyocarpa are rich in flavonoids and glucosinolates. 33359854 3 21 theme Cleomaceae 237:246 arg1 family 248:253 The Cleomaceae family 233:253 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family 202:253 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 4 22 theme Cleome 362:367 arg1 amblyocarpa 369:379 Cleome amblyocarpa 362:379 Cleome amblyocarpa 362:379 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 22 theme Cleome 362:367 arg1 arabica 392:398 Cleome arabica 385:398 Cleome arabica 385:398 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 22 theme Cleome 362:367 arg1 herbs 414:418 medicinal herbs 404:418 medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders 404:559 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 8 23 theme ash 1231:1233 arg1 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 23 theme ash 1231:1233 arg1 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 23 theme ash 1231:1233 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 23 theme ash 1231:1233 arg1 amounts 1196:1202 the amounts 1192:1202 particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids 1181:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 23 theme ash 1231:1233 arg1 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 23 theme ash 1231:1233 arg1 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 18 24 theme vitamins 2453:2460 arg1 quantity 2441:2448 a potential quantity 2429:2448 a potential quantity of vitamins 2429:2460 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 7 25 theme ultra-performance 1050:1066 arg1 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 7 25 theme ultra-performance 1050:1066 arg1 spectrometry 1095:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1050:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 1050:1116 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 10 26 theme toxic 1367:1371 arg1 effects 1373:1379 The acute toxic effects 1357:1379 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1357:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 14 27 theme analgesic 1832:1840 arg1 effect 1842:1847 The analgesic effect 1828:1847 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves 1828:1884 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves was also assessed by acetic acid induced writhing model in mice. 33359854 12 28 theme paw 1676:1678 arg1 edema 1680:1684 the carrageenan induced paw edema 1652:1684 the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats 1652:1692 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 8 29 theme fiber 1236:1240 arg1 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 29 theme fiber 1236:1240 arg1 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 29 theme fiber 1236:1240 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 29 theme fiber 1236:1240 arg1 amounts 1196:1202 the amounts 1192:1202 particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids 1181:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 29 theme fiber 1236:1240 arg1 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 29 theme fiber 1236:1240 arg1 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 5 30 theme biological 678:687 arg1 effects 689:695 biological effects 678:695 biological effects 678:695 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 19 31 from doses 2774:2778 arg1 animals 2763:2769 animals 2763:2769 animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2763:2806 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 31 from doses 2774:2778 arg1 signs 2742:2746 signs 2742:2746 signs 2742:2746 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 31 from doses 2774:2778 arg1 mortality 2729:2737 mortality 2729:2737 mortality 2729:2737 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 6 32 theme Cleome 920:925 arg1 species 909:915 these two species 899:915 these two species of Cleome 899:925 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 4 33 theme other 440:444 arg1 countries 459:467 other North Africa countries 440:467 other North Africa countries 440:467 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 7 34 theme bioactive 984:992 arg1 compounds 994:1002 the bioactive compounds 980:1002 the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species 980:1047 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 8 35 theme protein 1207:1213 arg1 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 35 theme protein 1207:1213 arg1 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 35 theme protein 1207:1213 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 35 theme protein 1207:1213 arg1 amounts 1196:1202 the amounts 1192:1202 particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids 1181:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 35 theme protein 1207:1213 arg1 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 35 theme protein 1207:1213 arg1 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 4 36 theme Africa 452:457 arg1 countries 459:467 other North Africa countries 440:467 other North Africa countries 440:467 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 8 37 theme lipids 1253:1258 arg1 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 37 theme lipids 1253:1258 arg1 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 37 theme lipids 1253:1258 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 37 theme lipids 1253:1258 arg1 amounts 1196:1202 the amounts 1192:1202 particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids 1181:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 37 theme lipids 1253:1258 arg1 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 37 theme lipids 1253:1258 arg1 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 11 38 theme in 1576:1577 arg1 models 1584:1589 the in vitro and in vivo models 1559:1589 the in vitro and in vivo models 1559:1589 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 16 39 from flavonoids 2147:2156 arg1 rich 2139:2142 rich 2139:2142 rich 2139:2142 Our results revealed that the leaves of C. amblyocarpa are rich in flavonoids and glucosinolates. 33359854 3 40 theme secondary 284:292 arg1 metabolites 294:304 secondary metabolites 284:304 secondary metabolites 284:304 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 11 41 theme anti-inflammatory 1490:1506 arg1 effect 1508:1513 The anti-inflammatory effect 1486:1513 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts 1486:1532 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 16 42 from rich 2139:2142 arg1 glucosinolates 2162:2175 glucosinolates 2162:2175 glucosinolates 2162:2175 Our results revealed that the leaves of C. amblyocarpa are rich in flavonoids and glucosinolates. 33359854 16 42 from rich 2139:2142 arg1 flavonoids 2147:2156 flavonoids 2147:2156 flavonoids 2147:2156 Our results revealed that the leaves of C. amblyocarpa are rich in flavonoids and glucosinolates. 33359854 15 43 dep the 2019:2021 arg1 leaves 2023:2028 leaves 2023:2028 leaves 2023:2028 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica were determined. 33359854 20 44 theme species 3041:3047 arg1 traditional 3001:3011 traditional 3001:3011 traditional 3001:3011 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 19 45 theme 800 mg/kg 2786:2794 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 2796:2806 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2786:2806 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS 2786:2806 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 3 46 theme Cleome 320:325 arg1 species 327:333 different Cleome species 310:333 different Cleome species 310:333 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 18 47 contain contain 2421:2427 arg2 quantity 2441:2448 a potential quantity 2429:2448 a potential quantity of vitamins 2429:2460 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 18 47 contain contain 2421:2427 arg1 the 2391:2393 the 2391:2393 the 2391:2393 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 15 48 dep RESULTS 1951:1957 arg1 composition 1977:1987 The phytochemical composition 1959:1987 The phytochemical composition 1959:1987 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica were determined. 33359854 5 49 theme STUDY 573:577 arg1 AIM 562:564 AIM 562:564 AIM OF THE STUDY 562:577 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 2 50 dep Assessment 68:77 arg1 Cleome 49:54 Cleome 49:54 Cleome 49:54 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 10 51 theme extracts 1389:1396 arg1 effects 1373:1379 The acute toxic effects 1357:1379 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1357:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 5 52 theme arabica 703:709 arg1 value 642:646 the nutritional value 626:646 the nutritional value 626:646 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 5 52 theme arabica 703:709 arg1 components 663:672 phytochemical components 649:672 phytochemical components 649:672 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 5 52 theme arabica 703:709 arg1 effects 689:695 biological effects 678:695 biological effects 678:695 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 9 53 theme E 1269:1269 arg1 profiles 1286:1293 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles 1261:1293 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles 1261:1293 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles were also evaluated by HPLC-DAD-FLD and GC-FID, respectively. 33359854 17 54 theme other 2185:2189 arg1 hand 2191:2194 the other hand 2181:2194 the other hand 2181:2194 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 10 55 theme 100 1427:1429 arg1 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1409:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 13 56 theme protein 1784:1790 arg1 methods 1805:1811 protein denaturation methods 1784:1811 protein denaturation methods 1784:1811 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 9 57 theme fatty 1275:1279 arg1 acid 1281:1284 fatty acid 1275:1284 fatty acid 1275:1284 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles were also evaluated by HPLC-DAD-FLD and GC-FID, respectively. 33359854 15 58 theme nutritional 1997:2007 arg1 values 2009:2014 the nutritional values 1993:2014 the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica 1993:2061 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica were determined. 33359854 2 59 dep Cleome 49:54 arg1 L. 64:65 And Cleome arabica L. 45:65 L. 64:65 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 18 60 theme substantial 2550:2560 arg1 activities 2600:2609 substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities 2550:2609 substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities 2550:2609 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 19 61 dep the 2870:2872 arg1 leaves 2874:2879 leaves 2874:2879 leaves 2874:2879 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 10 62 theme 800 mg/kg 1440:1448 arg1 weight 1455:1460 800 mg/kg body weight 1440:1460 800 mg/kg body weight 1440:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 0 63 theme Cleome 10:15 arg1 Barr 29:32 Cleome amblyocarpa Barr 10:32 Cleome amblyocarpa Barr 10:32 Leaves of Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. 33359854 6 64 theme bioactive 831:839 arg1 compounds 841:849 bioactive compounds 831:849 bioactive compounds 831:849 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 15 65 theme phytochemical 1963:1975 arg1 composition 1977:1987 The phytochemical composition 1959:1987 The phytochemical composition 1959:1987 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica were determined. 33359854 4 66 theme digestive 541:549 arg1 disorders 551:559 digestive disorders 541:559 digestive disorders 541:559 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 10 67 theme 500 1432:1434 arg1 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1409:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 8 68 dep particular 1181:1190 arg1 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 carbohydrates 1216:1228 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 68 dep particular 1181:1190 arg1 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 ash 1231:1233 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 68 dep particular 1181:1190 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 68 dep particular 1181:1190 arg1 amounts 1196:1202 the amounts 1192:1202 particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids 1181:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 68 dep particular 1181:1190 arg1 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 protein 1207:1213 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 8 68 dep particular 1181:1190 arg1 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 fiber 1236:1240 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 20 69 dep traditional 3001:3011 arg1 utilize 3013:3019 utilize 3013:3019 utilize 3013:3019 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 7 70 theme chromatography-mass 1075:1093 arg1 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 7 70 theme chromatography-mass 1075:1093 arg1 spectrometry 1095:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1050:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 1050:1116 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 10 71 theme weight 1455:1460 arg1 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1409:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 19 72 theme active 2953:2958 arg1 substances 2960:2969 active substances 2953:2969 active substances 2953:2969 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 13 73 dep in 1703:1704 arg1 vitro 1706:1710 vitro 1706:1710 vitro 1706:1710 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 17 74 dep the 2268:2270 arg1 leaves 2272:2277 leaves 2272:2277 leaves 2272:2277 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 14 75 theme leaves 1879:1884 arg1 extracts 1867:1874 hydroalcoholic extracts 1852:1874 hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves 1852:1884 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves was also assessed by acetic acid induced writhing model in mice. 33359854 17 76 theme arabica 2248:2254 arg1 extract 2256:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 12 77 dep in 1596:1597 arg1 vivo 1599:1602 vivo 1599:1602 vivo 1599:1602 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 14 78 theme extracts 1867:1874 arg1 effect 1842:1847 The analgesic effect 1828:1847 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves 1828:1884 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves was also assessed by acetic acid induced writhing model in mice. 33359854 19 79 theme toxicity 2751:2758 arg1 signs 2742:2746 signs 2742:2746 signs 2742:2746 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 79 theme toxicity 2751:2758 arg1 mortality 2729:2737 mortality 2729:2737 mortality 2729:2737 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 20 80 theme natural 3106:3112 arg1 agents 3132:3137 natural anti-inflammatory agents 3106:3137 natural anti-inflammatory agents 3106:3137 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 17 81 from extract 2256:2262 arg1 present 2230:2236 present 2230:2236 present 2230:2236 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 6 82 theme the 885:887 arg1 value 824:828 the nutritional value 808:828 the nutritional value 808:828 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 6 82 theme the 885:887 arg1 compounds 841:849 bioactive compounds 831:849 bioactive compounds 831:849 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 6 82 theme the 885:887 arg1 properties 871:880 pharmacological properties 855:880 pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome 855:925 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 10 83 from effects 1373:1379 arg1 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations 1409:1422 concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1409:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 10 83 from effects 1373:1379 arg1 mice 1401:1404 mice 1401:1404 mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1401:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 17 84 from present 2230:2236 arg1 extract 2256:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 2 85 theme nutritional 82:92 arg1 LC-ESI-MS/MS 128:139 LC-ESI-MS/MS 128:139 LC-ESI-MS/MS 128:139 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 2 85 theme nutritional 82:92 arg1 composition 94:104 nutritional composition 82:104 nutritional composition 82:104 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 2 85 theme nutritional 82:92 arg1 effects 175:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects 143:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts 143:199 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 6 86 theme present 774:780 arg1 survey 782:787 the present survey 770:787 the present survey 770:787 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 3 87 from richness 272:279 arg1 metabolites 294:304 secondary metabolites 284:304 secondary metabolites 284:304 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 8 88 theme various 1132:1138 arg1 parameters 1152:1161 The various nutritional parameters 1128:1161 The various nutritional parameters 1128:1161 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 3 89 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 202:221 arg1 RELEVANCE 223:231 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 202:231 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family 202:253 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 18 90 theme hydroalcoholic 2516:2529 arg1 extracts 2531:2538 their hydroalcoholic extracts 2510:2538 their hydroalcoholic extracts 2510:2538 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 7 91 theme liquid 1068:1073 arg1 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 7 91 theme liquid 1068:1073 arg1 spectrometry 1095:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1050:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 1050:1116 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 14 92 theme hydroalcoholic 1852:1865 arg1 extracts 1867:1874 hydroalcoholic extracts 1852:1874 hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves 1852:1884 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves was also assessed by acetic acid induced writhing model in mice. 33359854 20 93 theme anti-inflammatory 3114:3130 arg1 agents 3132:3137 natural anti-inflammatory agents 3106:3137 natural anti-inflammatory agents 3106:3137 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 12 94 theme induced 1668:1674 arg1 edema 1680:1684 the carrageenan induced paw edema 1652:1684 the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats 1652:1692 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 2 95 theme profile 119:125 arg1 Assessment 68:77 Assessment 68:77 Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts 68:199 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 11 96 theme extracts 1525:1532 arg1 effect 1508:1513 The anti-inflammatory effect 1486:1513 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts 1486:1532 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 19 97 dep mortality 2729:2737 arg1 any 2725:2727 any 2725:2727 any 2725:2727 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 98 theme acute 2661:2665 arg1 test 2676:2679 the acute toxicity test 2657:2679 the acute toxicity test 2657:2679 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 4 99 theme Cleome 385:390 arg1 amblyocarpa 369:379 Cleome amblyocarpa 362:379 Cleome amblyocarpa 362:379 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 99 theme Cleome 385:390 arg1 arabica 392:398 Cleome arabica 385:398 Cleome arabica 385:398 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 4 99 theme Cleome 385:390 arg1 herbs 414:418 medicinal herbs 404:418 medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders 404:559 Cleome amblyocarpa and Cleome arabica are medicinal herbs used in Tunisia and other North Africa countries to treat various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, colic, pain and digestive disorders. 33359854 3 100 dep RELEVANCE 223:231 arg1 family 248:253 The Cleomaceae family 233:253 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family 202:253 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 7 101 theme Cleome 1034:1039 arg1 species 1041:1047 Cleome species 1034:1047 Cleome species 1034:1047 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 10 102 theme acute 1361:1365 arg1 effects 1373:1379 The acute toxic effects 1357:1379 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1357:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 17 103 located present 2230:2236 arg1 extract 2256:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 17 103 located present 2230:2236 arg1 hand 2191:2194 the other hand 2181:2194 the other hand 2181:2194 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 17 103 located present 2230:2236 arg2 metabolites 2210:2220 these latter metabolites 2197:2220 these latter metabolites 2197:2220 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 11 104 dep in 1563:1564 arg1 vitro 1566:1570 vitro 1566:1570 vitro 1566:1570 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 7 105 theme leaves 1024:1029 arg1 extracts 1012:1019 both extracts 1007:1019 both extracts of leaves of Cleome species 1007:1047 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 19 106 theme toxicity 2667:2674 arg1 test 2676:2679 the acute toxicity test 2657:2679 the acute toxicity test 2657:2679 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 10 107 from concentrations 1409:1422 arg1 mice 1401:1404 mice 1401:1404 mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1401:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 10 107 from concentrations 1409:1422 arg1 effects 1373:1379 The acute toxic effects 1357:1379 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight 1357:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 7 108 from compounds 994:1002 arg1 extracts 1012:1019 both extracts 1007:1019 both extracts of leaves of Cleome species 1007:1047 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 19 109 theme valuable 2920:2927 arg1 the 2870:2872 the 2870:2872 the 2870:2872 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 109 theme valuable 2920:2927 arg1 source 2929:2934 a valuable source 2918:2934 a valuable source of nutrients and active substances 2918:2969 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 3 110 theme different 310:318 arg1 species 327:333 different Cleome species 310:333 different Cleome species 310:333 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 8 111 theme total 1247:1251 arg1 lipids 1253:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 total lipids 1247:1258 The various nutritional parameters were analyzed, in particular the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, and total lipids. 33359854 5 112 theme phytochemical 649:661 arg1 components 663:672 phytochemical components 649:672 phytochemical components 649:672 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 20 113 theme Cleome 3034:3039 arg1 species 3041:3047 these two Cleome species 3024:3047 these two Cleome species 3024:3047 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 12 114 dep induced 1668:1674 arg1 carrageenan 1656:1666 carrageenan 1656:1666 carrageenan 1656:1666 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 5 115 theme amblyocarpa 718:728 arg1 value 642:646 the nutritional value 626:646 the nutritional value 626:646 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 5 115 theme amblyocarpa 718:728 arg1 components 663:672 phytochemical components 649:672 phytochemical components 649:672 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 5 115 theme amblyocarpa 718:728 arg1 effects 689:695 biological effects 678:695 biological effects 678:695 AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, few data are available about the nutritional value, phytochemical components and biological effects of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa cultivated in Tunisia. 33359854 19 116 theme leaf 2697:2700 arg1 extracts 2702:2709 the leaf extracts 2693:2709 the leaf extracts 2693:2709 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 12 117 theme anti-inflammatory 1604:1620 arg1 test 1622:1625 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test 1592:1625 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test 1592:1625 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 20 118 theme painful 3070:3076 arg1 diseases 3078:3085 painful diseases 3070:3085 painful diseases 3070:3085 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 9 119 theme Vitamin 1261:1267 arg1 E 1269:1269 Vitamin E 1261:1269 Vitamin E 1261:1269 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles were also evaluated by HPLC-DAD-FLD and GC-FID, respectively. 33359854 3 120 used used 339:342 arg2 species 327:333 different Cleome species 310:333 different Cleome species 310:333 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 10 121 theme leaf 1384:1387 arg1 extracts 1389:1396 leaf extracts 1384:1396 leaf extracts 1384:1396 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 18 122 theme antinociceptive 2584:2598 arg1 activities 2600:2609 substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities 2550:2609 substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities 2550:2609 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 3 123 theme folk 347:350 arg1 medicine 352:359 folk medicine 347:359 folk medicine 347:359 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Cleomaceae family is known for its richness in secondary metabolites and different Cleome species are used in folk medicine. 33359854 13 124 theme denaturation 1792:1803 arg1 methods 1805:1811 protein denaturation methods 1784:1811 protein denaturation methods 1784:1811 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 16 125 dep the 2106:2108 arg1 leaves 2110:2115 leaves 2110:2115 leaves 2110:2115 Our results revealed that the leaves of C. amblyocarpa are rich in flavonoids and glucosinolates. 33359854 9 126 theme acid 1281:1284 arg1 profiles 1286:1293 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles 1261:1293 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles 1261:1293 Vitamin E and fatty acid profiles were also evaluated by HPLC-DAD-FLD and GC-FID, respectively. 33359854 12 127 theme in 1596:1597 arg1 test 1622:1625 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test 1592:1625 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test 1592:1625 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 18 128 theme potential 2431:2439 arg1 quantity 2441:2448 a potential quantity 2429:2448 a potential quantity of vitamins 2429:2460 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 13 129 theme blood 1745:1749 arg1 cells 1751:1755 the red blood cells 1737:1755 the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods 1737:1811 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 17 130 theme latter 2203:2208 arg1 metabolites 2210:2220 these latter metabolites 2197:2220 these latter metabolites 2197:2220 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 0 131 theme amblyocarpa 17:27 arg1 Barr 29:32 Cleome amblyocarpa Barr 10:32 Cleome amblyocarpa Barr 10:32 Leaves of Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. 33359854 11 132 dep in 1576:1577 arg1 vivo 1579:1582 vivo 1579:1582 vivo 1579:1582 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 12 133 from edema 1680:1684 arg1 rats 1689:1692 rats 1689:1692 rats 1689:1692 The in vivo anti-inflammatory test was assessed by means of the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. 33359854 2 134 theme analgesic 165:173 arg1 composition 94:104 nutritional composition 82:104 nutritional composition 82:104 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 2 134 theme analgesic 165:173 arg1 effects 175:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects 143:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts 143:199 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 13 135 theme membrane 1757:1764 arg1 stabilization 1766:1778 membrane stabilization 1757:1778 membrane stabilization 1757:1778 For the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were employed. 33359854 18 136 theme dietary 2491:2497 arg1 fiber 2499:2503 dietary fiber 2491:2503 dietary fiber 2491:2503 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 20 137 theme diseases 3078:3085 arg1 treatment 3057:3065 the treatment 3053:3065 the treatment of painful diseases 3053:3085 Our observations support the traditional utilize of these two Cleome species for the treatment of painful diseases and as a source of natural anti-inflammatory agents. 33359854 14 138 theme acetic 1907:1912 arg1 acid 1914:1917 acetic acid 1907:1917 acetic acid induced writhing model in mice 1907:1948 The analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves was also assessed by acetic acid induced writhing model in mice. 33359854 17 139 theme flavones 2316:2323 arg1 presence 2304:2311 the presence 2300:2311 the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides 2300:2361 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 2 140 theme anti-inflammatory 143:159 arg1 composition 94:104 nutritional composition 82:104 nutritional composition 82:104 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 2 140 theme anti-inflammatory 143:159 arg1 effects 175:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects 143:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts 143:199 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 19 141 theme substances 2960:2969 arg1 the 2870:2872 the 2870:2872 the 2870:2872 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 141 theme substances 2960:2969 arg1 source 2929:2934 a valuable source 2918:2934 a valuable source of nutrients and active substances 2918:2969 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 7 142 used used 1122:1125 arg2 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 UPLC-MS 1109:1115 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 7 142 used used 1122:1125 arg2 spectrometry 1095:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1050:1106 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 1050:1116 MATERIALS AND METHODS To characterize and determine the bioactive compounds in both extracts of leaves of Cleome species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used. 33359854 6 143 theme nutritional 812:822 arg1 value 824:828 the nutritional value 808:828 the nutritional value 808:828 For this reason, the present survey aimed to determine the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of the leaves of these two species of Cleome. 33359854 16 144 from glucosinolates 2162:2175 arg1 rich 2139:2142 rich 2139:2142 rich 2139:2142 Our results revealed that the leaves of C. amblyocarpa are rich in flavonoids and glucosinolates. 33359854 17 145 theme methoxyflavones 2326:2340 arg1 presence 2304:2311 the presence 2300:2311 the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides 2300:2361 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 19 146 theme nutrients 2939:2947 arg1 the 2870:2872 the 2870:2872 the 2870:2872 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 19 146 theme nutrients 2939:2947 arg1 source 2929:2934 a valuable source 2918:2934 a valuable source of nutrients and active substances 2918:2969 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33359854 2 147 theme extracts 192:199 arg1 composition 94:104 nutritional composition 82:104 nutritional composition 82:104 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 2 147 theme extracts 192:199 arg1 effects 175:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects 143:181 anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts 143:199 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 17 148 theme C. 2245:2246 arg1 extract 2256:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 10 149 theme body 1450:1453 arg1 weight 1455:1460 800 mg/kg body weight 1440:1460 800 mg/kg body weight 1440:1460 The acute toxic effects of leaf extracts in mice at concentrations of 100, 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight have been investigated. 33359854 11 150 theme in 1563:1564 arg1 models 1584:1589 the in vitro and in vivo models 1559:1589 the in vitro and in vivo models 1559:1589 The anti-inflammatory effect of leaves extracts was examined by means of the in vitro and in vivo models. 33359854 18 151 theme anti-inflammatory 2562:2578 arg1 activities 2600:2609 substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities 2550:2609 substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities 2550:2609 Our findings revealed that the leaves of the two species contain a potential quantity of vitamins; proteins, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and their hydroalcoholic extracts indicated substantial anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in all the tests. 33359854 15 152 theme the 2019:2021 arg1 values 2009:2014 the nutritional values 1993:2014 the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica 1993:2061 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica were determined. 33359854 15 152 theme the 2019:2021 arg1 RESULTS 1951:1957 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica 1951:2061 RESULTS 1951:1957 RESULTS The phytochemical composition and the nutritional values of the leaves of C. amblyocarpa and C. arabica were determined. 33359854 17 153 attach present 2230:2236 arg1 extract 2256:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 the C. arabica extract 2241:2262 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 17 153 attach present 2230:2236 arg1 hand 2191:2194 the other hand 2181:2194 the other hand 2181:2194 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 17 153 attach present 2230:2236 arg2 metabolites 2210:2220 these latter metabolites 2197:2220 these latter metabolites 2197:2220 On the other hand, these latter metabolites are not present in the C. arabica extract and the leaves are characterized by the presence of flavones, methoxyflavones and their glycosides. 33359854 2 154 theme chemical 110:117 arg1 profile 119:125 chemical profile 110:125 chemical profile 110:125 And Cleome arabica L.: Assessment of nutritional composition and chemical profile (LC-ESI-MS/MS), anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of their extracts. 33359854 19 155 from test 2676:2679 arg1 data 2647:2650 the data 2643:2650 the data from the acute toxicity test 2643:2679 Additionally, the data from the acute toxicity test proved that the leaf extracts did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in animals at doses up to 800 mg/kg CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that the leaves of C. arabica and C. amblyocarpa are a valuable source of nutrients and active substances. 33279061 7 0 theme latter 1069:1074 arg1 species 1076:1082 The latter species 1065:1082 The latter species 1065:1082 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 1 1 dep De 90:91 arg1 novo 93:96 novo 93:96 novo 93:96 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 5 2 theme bioflavouring 701:713 arg1 potential 715:723 their bioflavouring potential 695:723 their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes) 695:803 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 5 3 theme osmotic 846:852 arg1 stress 854:859 osmotic stress 846:859 osmotic stress 846:859 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 4 4 theme fermentation 640:651 arg1 trials 653:658 initial fermentation trials 632:658 initial fermentation trials 632:658 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 3 5 theme ascomycete 352:361 arg1 species 369:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 6 theme brewing-relevant 506:521 arg1 phenotypes 523:532 brewing-relevant phenotypes 506:532 brewing-relevant phenotypes 506:532 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 7 theme yeast 363:367 arg1 species 369:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 4 8 dep % 591:591 arg1 1 590:590 1 590:590 1 590:590 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 4 8 dep % 591:591 arg1 v/v 594:596 v/v 594:596 v/v 594:596 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 7 9 theme aroma 1204:1208 arg1 4-vinylguaiacol 1210:1224 the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol 1188:1224 the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol 1188:1224 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 3 10 theme phenotypes 523:532 arg1 number 496:501 a number 494:501 a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes 494:532 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 4 11 from wort 624:627 arg1 trials 653:658 initial fermentation trials 632:658 initial fermentation trials 632:658 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 7 12 theme wheat 1151:1155 arg1 beers 1157:1161 low-alcohol wheat beers 1139:1161 low-alcohol wheat beers 1139:1161 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 7 13 theme 4-vinylguaiacol 1210:1224 arg1 production 1174:1183 its production 1170:1183 its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol 1170:1224 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 5 14 theme aldehydes 794:802 arg1 reduction 776:784 reduction 776:784 reduction of wort aldehydes 776:802 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 6 15 theme fermentation 1014:1025 arg1 trials 1027:1032 10 L-scale fermentation trials 1003:1032 10 L-scale fermentation trials 1003:1032 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 5 16 theme stress 806:811 arg1 tolerance 813:821 stress tolerance 806:821 stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) 806:882 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 0 17 theme yeasts 53:58 arg1 reservoirs 22:31 reservoirs 22:31 reservoirs of maltose-negative yeasts for low-alcohol beer brewing 22:87 Sourdough cultures as reservoirs of maltose-negative yeasts for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 5 18 theme volatile 740:747 arg1 aromas 749:754 volatile aromas 740:754 volatile aromas 740:754 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 1 19 theme yeast 170:174 arg1 strains 176:182 yeast strains 170:182 yeast strains 170:182 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 5 20 theme notes 769:773 arg1 production 726:735 production 726:735 production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes 726:773 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 1 21 theme De 90:91 arg1 cultures 108:115 De novo sourdough cultures 90:115 De novo sourdough cultures 90:115 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 1 22 theme strains 176:182 arg1 sources 159:165 sources 159:165 sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing 159:211 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 7 23 theme low-alcohol 1139:1149 arg1 beers 1157:1161 low-alcohol wheat beers 1139:1161 low-alcohol wheat beers 1139:1161 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 2 24 theme type 300:303 arg1 influence 281:289 some influence 276:289 some influence of grain type on fungal community composition 276:335 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 4 25 theme °Plato 617:622 arg1 wort 624:627 a 12 °Plato wort 612:627 a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials 612:658 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 5 26 dep production 726:735 arg1 reduction 776:784 reduction 776:784 reduction of wort aldehydes 776:802 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 5 27 dep tolerance 813:821 arg1 extremes 836:843 temperature extremes 824:843 temperature extremes 824:843 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 5 27 dep tolerance 813:821 arg1 stress 854:859 osmotic stress 846:859 osmotic stress 846:859 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 5 27 dep tolerance 813:821 arg1 tolerance 873:881 ethanol tolerance 865:881 ethanol tolerance 865:881 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 2 28 theme grain 294:298 arg1 type 300:303 grain type 294:303 grain type 294:303 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 1 29 theme low-alcohol 188:198 arg1 brewing 205:211 low-alcohol beer brewing 188:211 low-alcohol beer brewing 188:211 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 6 30 theme sensory 1038:1044 arg1 analysis 1046:1053 sensory analysis 1038:1053 sensory analysis of beers 1038:1062 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 1 31 theme beer 200:203 arg1 brewing 205:211 low-alcohol beer brewing 188:211 low-alcohol beer brewing 188:211 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 0 32 theme maltose-negative 36:51 arg1 yeasts 53:58 maltose-negative yeasts 36:58 maltose-negative yeasts 36:58 Sourdough cultures as reservoirs of maltose-negative yeasts for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 5 33 theme ethanol 865:871 arg1 tolerance 873:881 ethanol tolerance 865:881 ethanol tolerance 865:881 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 5 34 dep potential 715:723 arg1 production 726:735 production 726:735 production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes 726:773 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 7 35 theme beers 1157:1161 arg1 production 1125:1134 production 1125:1134 production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol 1125:1224 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 7 36 theme temperature 1337:1347 arg1 conditions 1349:1358 low temperature conditions 1333:1358 low temperature conditions 1333:1358 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 5 37 theme temperature 824:834 arg1 extremes 836:843 temperature extremes 824:843 temperature extremes 824:843 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 5 38 theme aromas 749:754 arg1 production 726:735 production 726:735 production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes 726:773 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 7 39 theme due 1283:1285 arg1 beers 1277:1281 lager-style beers 1265:1281 lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions 1265:1358 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 4 40 dep alcohol 599:605 arg1 % 591:591 % 591:591 % 591:591 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 7 41 theme low 1333:1335 arg1 conditions 1349:1358 low temperature conditions 1333:1358 low temperature conditions 1333:1358 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 3 42 theme different 342:350 arg1 species 369:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 43 theme different 396:404 arg1 barley 449:454 barley 449:454 barley 449:454 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 43 theme different 396:404 arg1 rye 440:442 rye 440:442 rye 440:442 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 43 theme different 396:404 arg1 types 416:420 different sourdough types 396:420 different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) 396:455 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 43 theme different 396:404 arg1 wheat 433:437 wheat 433:437 wheat 433:437 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 5 44 theme phenolic 760:767 arg1 notes 769:773 phenolic notes 760:773 phenolic notes 760:773 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 6 45 theme beers 1058:1062 arg1 trials 1027:1032 10 L-scale fermentation trials 1003:1032 10 L-scale fermentation trials 1003:1032 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 6 45 theme beers 1058:1062 arg1 analysis 1046:1053 sensory analysis 1038:1053 sensory analysis of beers 1038:1062 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 3 46 theme sourdough 406:414 arg1 barley 449:454 barley 449:454 barley 449:454 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 46 theme sourdough 406:414 arg1 rye 440:442 rye 440:442 rye 440:442 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 46 theme sourdough 406:414 arg1 types 416:420 different sourdough types 396:420 different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) 396:455 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 46 theme sourdough 406:414 arg1 wheat 433:437 wheat 433:437 wheat 433:437 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 6 47 theme 10 L-scale 1003:1012 arg1 trials 1027:1032 10 L-scale fermentation trials 1003:1032 10 L-scale fermentation trials 1003:1032 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 2 48 theme NGS 214:216 arg1 analysis 218:225 NGS analysis 214:225 NGS analysis 214:225 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 7 49 theme clean 1294:1298 arg1 profile 1308:1314 its clean flavour profile 1290:1314 its clean flavour profile 1290:1314 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 3 50 theme these 470:474 arg1 these 470:474 these 470:474 these 470:474 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 50 theme these 470:474 arg1 seven 461:465 seven 461:465 seven 461:465 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 51 attach isolated 382:389 arg2 species 369:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species 338:375 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 51 attach isolated 382:389 arg1 rye 440:442 rye 440:442 rye 440:442 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 51 attach isolated 382:389 arg1 types 416:420 different sourdough types 396:420 different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) 396:455 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 51 attach isolated 382:389 arg1 wheat 433:437 wheat 433:437 wheat 433:437 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 3 51 attach isolated 382:389 arg1 barley 449:454 barley 449:454 barley 449:454 Ten different ascomycete yeast species were isolated from different sourdough types (including wheat, rye, and barley) and seven of these were screened for a number of brewing-relevant phenotypes. 33279061 2 52 theme yeasts 263:268 arg1 abundance 239:247 an abundance 236:247 an abundance of ascomycete yeasts 236:268 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 2 53 theme community 315:323 arg1 composition 325:335 fungal community composition 308:335 fungal community composition 308:335 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 1 54 theme sourdough 98:106 arg1 cultures 108:115 De novo sourdough cultures 90:115 De novo sourdough cultures 90:115 De novo sourdough cultures were here assessed for their potential as sources of yeast strains for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 2 55 theme ascomycete 252:261 arg1 yeasts 263:268 ascomycete yeasts 252:268 ascomycete yeasts 252:268 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 2 56 theme fungal 308:313 arg1 composition 325:335 fungal community composition 308:335 fungal community composition 308:335 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 2 57 from influence 281:289 arg1 composition 325:335 fungal community composition 308:335 fungal community composition 308:335 NGS analysis revealed an abundance of ascomycete yeasts, with some influence of grain type on fungal community composition. 33279061 6 58 theme Pichia 966:971 arg1 fermentans 973:982 Pichia fermentans 966:982 Pichia fermentans 966:982 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 0 59 theme beer 76:79 arg1 brewing 81:87 low-alcohol beer brewing 64:87 low-alcohol beer brewing 64:87 Sourdough cultures as reservoirs of maltose-negative yeasts for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 7 60 theme flavour 1300:1306 arg1 profile 1308:1314 its clean flavour profile 1290:1314 its clean flavour profile 1290:1314 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 5 61 theme wort 789:792 arg1 aldehydes 794:802 wort aldehydes 789:802 wort aldehydes 789:802 Strains were further screened for their bioflavouring potential (production of volatile aromas and phenolic notes, reduction of wort aldehydes), stress tolerance (temperature extremes, osmotic stress and ethanol tolerance) and flocculence. 33279061 4 62 theme initial 632:638 arg1 trials 653:658 initial fermentation trials 632:658 initial fermentation trials 632:658 All seven were maltose-negative and produced less than 1% (v/v) alcohol from a 12 °Plato wort in initial fermentation trials. 33279061 7 63 theme lager-style 1265:1275 arg1 beers 1277:1281 lager-style beers 1265:1281 lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions 1265:1358 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33279061 0 64 theme low-alcohol 64:74 arg1 brewing 81:87 low-alcohol beer brewing 64:87 low-alcohol beer brewing 64:87 Sourdough cultures as reservoirs of maltose-negative yeasts for low-alcohol beer brewing. 33279061 6 65 dep species 930:936 arg1 servazzii 952:960 Kazachstania servazzii 939:960 Kazachstania servazzii 939:960 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 6 65 dep species 930:936 arg1 fermentans 973:982 Pichia fermentans 966:982 Pichia fermentans 966:982 Based on these criteria, two species (Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia fermentans) were selected for 10 L-scale fermentation trials and sensory analysis of beers. 33279061 7 66 theme spice/clove 1192:1202 arg1 4-vinylguaiacol 1210:1224 the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol 1188:1224 the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol 1188:1224 The latter species was considered particularly suitable for production of low-alcohol wheat beers due to its production of the spice/clove aroma 4-vinylguaiacol, while the former showed potential for lager-style beers due to its clean flavour profile and tolerance to low temperature conditions. 33882310 1 0 theme global 354:359 arg1 changes 372:378 global metabolome changes 354:378 global metabolome changes 354:378 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 5 1 theme key 1124:1126 arg1 role 1128:1131 a key role 1122:1131 a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite 1122:1222 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 1 2 from impact 407:412 arg1 metabolism 425:434 glucose metabolism 417:434 glucose metabolism 417:434 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 1 3 theme metabolome 361:370 arg1 changes 372:378 global metabolome changes 354:378 global metabolome changes 354:378 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 0 4 theme malaria 237:243 arg1 parasites 245:253 malaria parasites 237:253 malaria parasites 237:253 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 5 5 theme dietary 1011:1017 arg1 glucose 1019:1025 dietary glucose 1011:1025 dietary glucose 1011:1025 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 5 5 theme dietary 1011:1017 arg1 determinant 1043:1053 an important determinant 1030:1053 an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium 1030:1098 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 0 6 theme mosquito 104:111 arg1 midgut 113:118 mosquito midgut 104:118 mosquito midgut 104:118 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 3 7 theme midgut 745:750 arg1 pH 752:753 midgut pH 745:753 midgut pH 745:753 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 0 8 theme Plant-nectar-derived 124:143 arg1 source 171:176 the major energy source 154:176 the major energy source for mosquitoes 154:191 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 8 theme Plant-nectar-derived 124:143 arg1 sugar 145:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 9 theme vector 215:220 arg1 competence 222:231 vector competence 215:231 vector competence 215:231 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 10 theme pH. 120:122 arg1 source 171:176 the major energy source 154:176 the major energy source for mosquitoes 154:191 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 10 theme pH. 120:122 arg1 sugar 145:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 4 11 from nectars 876:882 arg1 composition 835:845 the sugar composition 825:845 the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars 825:882 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 2 12 theme hemolymph 479:487 arg1 sugars 489:494 the main hemolymph sugars 470:494 the main hemolymph sugars 470:494 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 2 12 theme hemolymph 479:487 arg1 glucose 448:454 glucose 448:454 glucose 448:454 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 2 13 theme main 474:477 arg1 sugars 489:494 the main hemolymph sugars 470:494 the main hemolymph sugars 470:494 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 2 13 theme main 474:477 arg1 glucose 448:454 glucose 448:454 glucose 448:454 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 4 14 theme A. bogorensis 895:907 arg1 growth 909:914 A. bogorensis growth 895:914 A. bogorensis growth 895:914 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 0 15 theme Glucose-mediated 0:15 arg1 proliferation 17:29 Glucose-mediated proliferation 0:29 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium 0:58 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 16 from influence 202:210 arg1 competence 222:231 vector competence 215:231 vector competence 215:231 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 5 17 theme malaria 1207:1213 arg1 parasite 1215:1222 the malaria parasite 1203:1222 the malaria parasite 1203:1222 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 3 18 theme Plasmodium 774:783 arg1 gametogenesis 785:797 Plasmodium gametogenesis 774:797 Plasmodium gametogenesis 774:797 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 4 19 theme different 852:860 arg1 nectars 876:882 different natural plant nectars 852:882 different natural plant nectars 852:882 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 1 20 theme Plasmodium 291:300 arg1 berghei 302:308 Plasmodium berghei 291:308 Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi 291:341 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 3 21 theme Asaia 670:674 arg1 bacterium 659:667 a commensal bacterium 647:667 a commensal bacterium 647:667 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 3 21 theme Asaia 670:674 arg1 bogorensis 676:685 Asaia bogorensis 670:685 Asaia bogorensis 670:685 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 0 22 theme commensal 40:48 arg1 bacterium 50:58 a gut commensal bacterium 34:58 a gut commensal bacterium 34:58 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 1 23 theme berghei 302:308 arg1 infection 310:318 Plasmodium berghei infection 291:318 Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi 291:341 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 0 24 theme major 158:162 arg1 source 171:176 the major energy source 154:176 the major energy source for mosquitoes 154:191 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 24 theme major 158:162 arg1 sugar 145:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 1 25 theme significant 395:405 arg1 impact 407:412 the most significant impact 386:412 the most significant impact on glucose metabolism 386:434 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 5 26 theme vector 1067:1072 arg1 competency 1074:1083 mosquito vector competency 1058:1083 mosquito vector competency 1058:1083 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 0 27 theme gut 36:38 arg1 bacterium 50:58 a gut commensal bacterium 34:58 a gut commensal bacterium 34:58 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 5 28 theme parasite 1215:1222 arg1 development 1188:1198 the development 1184:1198 the development of the malaria parasite 1184:1222 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 2 29 theme Plasmodium 538:547 arg1 infection 549:557 Plasmodium infection 538:557 Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut 538:591 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 3 30 theme bacterium 659:667 arg1 proliferation 630:642 proliferation 630:642 proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis 630:797 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 5 31 theme competency 1074:1083 arg1 glucose 1019:1025 dietary glucose 1011:1025 dietary glucose 1011:1025 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 5 31 theme competency 1074:1083 arg1 determinant 1043:1053 an important determinant 1030:1053 an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium 1030:1098 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 4 32 theme greater 932:938 arg1 permissiveness 940:953 a greater permissiveness 930:953 a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium 930:967 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 5 33 theme mosquito-microbiota 1137:1155 arg1 interactions 1157:1168 mosquito-microbiota interactions 1137:1168 mosquito-microbiota interactions 1137:1168 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 4 34 theme natural 862:868 arg1 nectars 876:882 different natural plant nectars 852:882 different natural plant nectars 852:882 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 0 35 theme bacterium 50:58 arg1 proliferation 17:29 Glucose-mediated proliferation 0:29 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium 0:58 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 1 36 theme Anopheles 323:331 arg1 stephensi 333:341 Anopheles stephensi 323:341 Anopheles stephensi 323:341 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 0 37 theme energy 164:169 arg1 source 171:176 the major energy source 154:176 the major energy source for mosquitoes 154:191 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 37 theme energy 164:169 arg1 sugar 145:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 1 38 theme glucose 417:423 arg1 metabolism 425:434 glucose metabolism 417:434 glucose metabolism 417:434 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 4 39 theme plant 870:874 arg1 nectars 876:882 different natural plant nectars 852:882 different natural plant nectars 852:882 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 1 40 theme stephensi 333:341 arg1 infection 310:318 Plasmodium berghei infection 291:318 Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi 291:341 Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. 33882310 2 41 theme mosquito 577:584 arg1 midgut 586:591 the mosquito midgut 573:591 the mosquito midgut 573:591 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 3 42 theme glucose 702:708 arg1 metabolism 710:719 glucose metabolism 702:719 glucose metabolism 702:719 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 5 43 theme important 1033:1041 arg1 glucose 1019:1025 dietary glucose 1011:1025 dietary glucose 1011:1025 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 5 43 theme important 1033:1041 arg1 determinant 1043:1053 an important determinant 1030:1053 an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium 1030:1098 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 3 44 theme commensal 649:657 arg1 bacterium 659:667 a commensal bacterium 647:667 a commensal bacterium 647:667 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 3 44 theme commensal 649:657 arg1 bogorensis 676:685 Asaia bogorensis 670:685 Asaia bogorensis 670:685 The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. 33882310 0 45 link Plant-nectar-derived 124:143 arg1 source 171:176 the major energy source 154:176 the major energy source for mosquitoes 154:191 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 0 45 link Plant-nectar-derived 124:143 arg1 sugar 145:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar 120:149 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 4 46 theme sugar 829:833 arg1 composition 835:845 the sugar composition 825:845 the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars 825:882 We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. 33882310 0 47 theme Plasmodium 69:78 arg1 infection 80:88 Plasmodium infection 69:88 Plasmodium infection 69:88 Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. 33882310 5 48 theme mosquito 1058:1065 arg1 competency 1074:1083 mosquito vector competency 1058:1083 mosquito vector competency 1058:1083 Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite. 33882310 2 49 from Feeding 437:443 arg1 sugars 489:494 the main hemolymph sugars 470:494 the main hemolymph sugars 470:494 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 2 49 from Feeding 437:443 arg1 trehalose 459:467 trehalose 459:467 trehalose 459:467 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33882310 2 49 from Feeding 437:443 arg1 glucose 448:454 glucose 448:454 glucose 448:454 Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. 33761623 2 0 theme dextran 575:581 arg1 sodium 591:596 dextran sulfate sodium 575:596 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 575:602 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 2 0 theme dextran 575:581 arg1 DSS 599:601 DSS 599:601 DSS 599:601 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 11 1 theme histopathologic 2473:2487 arg1 score 2489:2493 the histopathologic score 2469:2493 the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001) 2469:2548 TSG treatments could markedly lessen the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 3 2 theme Meanwhile 635:643 arg1 β-D-glucoside 679:691 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 635:691 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% 635:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 3 2 theme Meanwhile 635:643 arg1 TSG 694:696 TSG 694:696 TSG 694:696 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 0 3 theme gut 185:187 arg1 microbiota 189:198 gut microbiota 185:198 gut microbiota 185:198 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 10 4 theme TSG 2125:2127 arg1 treatments 2129:2138 TSG treatments 2125:2138 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage 2125:2196 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 7 5 theme anti-inflammatory 1705:1721 arg1 activity 1723:1730 anti-inflammatory activity 1705:1730 anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model 1705:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 15 6 contain had 3482:3484 arg1 treatments 3471:3480 TSG treatments 3467:3480 TSG treatments 3467:3480 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 15 6 contain had 3482:3484 arg2 effect 3514:3519 a desirable pharmacological effect 3486:3519 a desirable pharmacological effect 3486:3519 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 13 7 dep prevention 2837:2846 arg1 the 2833:2835 the 2833:2835 the 2833:2835 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 8 8 theme 16S 1777:1779 arg1 sequencing 1786:1795 16S rDNA sequencing 1777:1795 16S rDNA sequencing technology 1777:1806 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 6 9 theme immunofluorescence 1459:1476 arg1 staining 1478:1485 immunofluorescence staining 1459:1485 immunofluorescence staining 1459:1485 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 3 10 theme water 956:960 arg1 extract 962:968 the water extract 952:968 the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix 952:997 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 10 11 theme barrier 2358:2364 arg1 signs 2296:2300 reduced signs 2288:2300 reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells 2288:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 9 12 theme DAI 2052:2054 arg1 scores 2056:2061 the DAI scores 2048:2061 the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model 2048:2122 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 8 13 theme sequencing 1786:1795 arg1 technology 1797:1806 16S rDNA sequencing technology 1777:1806 16S rDNA sequencing technology 1777:1806 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 2 14 contain has 439:441 arg2 use 467:469 a traditional medicinal use 443:469 a traditional medicinal use 443:469 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 2 14 contain has 439:441 arg1 Polygoni 413:420 Polygoni 413:420 Polygoni 413:420 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 9 15 from scores 2056:2061 arg1 model 2118:2122 the UC model 2111:2122 the UC model 2111:2122 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 10 16 theme 25 mg/kg 2150:2157 arg1 treatments 2129:2138 TSG treatments 2125:2138 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage 2125:2196 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 13 17 theme cytokine 3035:3042 arg1 p < 0.05-0.001 3051:3064 p < 0.05-0.001 3051:3064 p < 0.05-0.001 3051:3064 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 13 17 theme cytokine 3035:3042 arg1 IL-10 3044:3048 anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 3018:3048 anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001) 3018:3065 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 13 18 from molecule 2821:2828 arg1 prevention 2837:2846 prevention 2837:2846 prevention 2837:2846 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 13 18 from molecule 2821:2828 arg1 treatment 2852:2860 treatment 2852:2860 treatment 2852:2860 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 10 19 theme preserved 2338:2346 arg1 barrier 2358:2364 preserved epithelia barrier 2338:2364 preserved epithelia barrier 2338:2364 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 1 20 theme BACKGROUND 201:210 arg1 IBD 240:242 IBD 240:242 IBD 240:242 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 20 theme BACKGROUND 201:210 arg1 disease 231:237 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease 201:237 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 201:243 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 10 21 theme structure 2382:2390 arg1 signs 2296:2300 reduced signs 2288:2300 reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells 2288:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 3 22 theme major 706:710 arg1 component 712:720 the major component 702:720 the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% 702:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 0 23 theme induced 134:140 arg1 colitis 148:154 DSS induced acute colitis 130:154 DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice 130:169 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 6 24 theme junction 1432:1439 arg1 proteins 1441:1448 tight junction proteins 1426:1448 tight junction proteins (TJP) 1426:1454 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 24 theme junction 1432:1439 arg1 TJP 1451:1453 TJP 1451:1453 TJP 1451:1453 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 1 25 theme bowel 225:229 arg1 IBD 240:242 IBD 240:242 IBD 240:242 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 25 theme bowel 225:229 arg1 disease 231:237 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease 201:237 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 201:243 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 12 26 theme TSG-100 2566:2572 arg1 treatment 2574:2582 TSG-100 treatment 2566:2582 TSG-100 treatment 2566:2582 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 0 27 from Radix 102:106 arg1 component 67:75 a major bioactive component 49:75 a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) 49:117 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 0 27 from Radix 102:106 arg1 β-D-glucoside 34:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 10 28 theme restored 2367:2374 arg1 structure 2382:2390 restored crypt structure 2367:2390 restored crypt structure 2367:2390 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 9 29 theme DSS 2086:2088 arg1 p < 0.001 2097:2105 p < 0.001 2097:2105 p < 0.001 2097:2105 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 29 theme DSS 2086:2088 arg1 group 2090:2094 DSS group 2086:2094 DSS group (p < 0.001) 2086:2106 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 10 30 theme intact 2260:2265 arg1 histology 2273:2281 obviously intact colon histology 2250:2281 obviously intact colon histology 2250:2281 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 10 31 theme numbers 2407:2413 arg1 signs 2296:2300 reduced signs 2288:2300 reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells 2288:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 3 32 theme water 729:733 arg1 extract 735:741 the water extract 725:741 the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% 725:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 0 33 theme BALb/c 159:164 arg1 mice 166:169 BALb/c mice 159:169 BALb/c mice 159:169 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 6 34 theme colitis 1516:1522 arg1 model 1524:1528 ulcerative colitis model 1505:1528 ulcerative colitis model 1505:1528 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 15 35 dep CONCLUSION 3421:3430 arg1 suggested 3452:3460 suggested 3452:3460 suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora 3452:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 2 36 theme medicine 538:545 arg1 extract 515:521 the water extract 505:521 the water extract of this herbal medicine 505:545 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 14 37 theme genus 3362:3366 arg1 level 3368:3372 genus level 3362:3372 genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides 3362:3418 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 3 38 theme % 798:798 arg1 yield 777:781 yield 777:781 yield of more than 10% 777:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 2 39 theme intestinal 480:489 arg1 diseases 491:498 intestinal diseases 480:498 intestinal diseases 480:498 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 14 40 theme relative 3130:3137 arg1 abundances 3139:3148 the relative abundances 3126:3148 the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a 3126:3187 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 8 41 theme gut 1875:1877 arg1 microbiota 1879:1888 gut microbiota 1875:1888 gut microbiota of different treatment groups 1875:1918 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 12 42 theme Occludin 2624:2631 arg1 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 42 theme Occludin 2624:2631 arg1 % 2655:2655 back to 80% 2645:2655 back to 80% of those in normal group 2645:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 42 theme Occludin 2624:2631 arg1 intensity 2602:2610 the fluorescence intensity 2585:2610 the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin 2585:2631 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 10 43 theme barrier 2218:2224 arg1 structure 2226:2234 epithelial barrier structure 2207:2234 epithelial barrier structure 2207:2234 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 9 44 theme RESULTS 1921:1927 arg1 treatments 1933:1942 RESULTS TSG treatments 1921:1942 RESULTS TSG treatments 1921:1942 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 10 45 theme goblet 2418:2423 arg1 cells 2425:2429 goblet cells 2418:2429 goblet cells 2418:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 9 46 from group 2003:2007 arg1 those 1990:1994 those 1990:1994 those 1990:1994 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 46 from group 2003:2007 arg1 % 1985:1985 5% 1984:1985 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) 1984:2019 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 12 47 theme ZO-1 2615:2618 arg1 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 47 theme ZO-1 2615:2618 arg1 % 2655:2655 back to 80% 2645:2655 back to 80% of those in normal group 2645:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 47 theme ZO-1 2615:2618 arg1 intensity 2602:2610 the fluorescence intensity 2585:2610 the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin 2585:2631 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 3 48 theme anti-inflammatory 825:841 arg1 activity 843:850 the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity 810:850 the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity 810:850 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 10 49 theme colon 2267:2271 arg1 histology 2273:2281 obviously intact colon histology 2250:2281 obviously intact colon histology 2250:2281 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 10 50 theme infiltration 2324:2335 arg1 signs 2296:2300 reduced signs 2288:2300 reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells 2288:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 14 51 with Bacteroidetes 3168:3180 arg1 a 3187:3187 a 3187:3187 a 3187:3187 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 9 52 theme UC 2115:2116 arg1 model 2118:2122 the UC model 2111:2122 the UC model 2111:2122 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 8 53 theme treatment 1903:1911 arg1 groups 1913:1918 different treatment groups 1893:1918 different treatment groups 1893:1918 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 1 54 theme idiopathic 322:331 arg1 disease 290:296 Crohn's disease 282:296 Crohn's disease (CD) 282:301 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 54 theme idiopathic 322:331 arg1 disease 343:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease 313:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement 313:402 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 54 theme idiopathic 322:331 arg1 colitis 265:271 ulcerative colitis 254:271 ulcerative colitis (UC) 254:276 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 2 55 contain had 547:549 arg1 extract 515:521 the water extract 505:521 the water extract of this herbal medicine 505:545 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 2 55 contain had 547:549 arg2 influence 562:570 a positive influence 551:570 a positive influence 551:570 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 12 56 theme those 2660:2664 arg1 times 2696:2700 1.5 times 2692:2700 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001) 2692:2745 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 56 theme those 2660:2664 arg1 % 2655:2655 back to 80% 2645:2655 back to 80% of those in normal group 2645:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 56 theme those 2660:2664 arg1 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 56 theme those 2660:2664 arg1 intensity 2602:2610 the fluorescence intensity 2585:2610 the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin 2585:2631 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 8 57 dep composition 1837:1847 arg1 the 1833:1835 the 1833:1835 the 1833:1835 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 8 58 theme microbiota 1879:1888 arg1 composition 1837:1847 composition 1837:1847 composition 1837:1847 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 8 58 theme microbiota 1879:1888 arg1 abundance 1862:1870 relative abundance 1853:1870 relative abundance 1853:1870 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 5 59 theme aqueous 1292:1298 arg1 solution 1300:1307 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution 1279:1307 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution 1279:1307 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 0 60 theme 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O- 0:33 arg1 component 67:75 a major bioactive component 49:75 a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) 49:117 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 0 60 theme 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O- 0:33 arg1 β-D-glucoside 34:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 7 61 theme factors 1599:1605 arg1 levels 1571:1576 the levels 1567:1576 the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 1567:1639 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 4 62 theme gut 1168:1170 arg1 microbiota 1172:1181 gut microbiota 1168:1181 gut microbiota 1168:1181 Therefore, the present study aims to explore the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota. 33761623 14 63 with Firmicutes 3153:3162 arg1 a 3187:3187 a 3187:3187 a 3187:3187 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 5 64 theme 3 1279:1279 arg1 % 1280:1280 % 1280:1280 % 1280:1280 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 7 65 theme main 1581:1584 arg1 factors 1599:1605 main inflammatory factors 1581:1605 main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 1581:1639 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 2 66 theme medicinal 457:465 arg1 use 467:469 a traditional medicinal use 443:469 a traditional medicinal use 443:469 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 15 67 theme intestinal 3625:3634 arg1 function 3636:3643 the intestinal function 3621:3643 the intestinal function 3621:3643 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 0 68 theme major 51:55 arg1 component 67:75 a major bioactive component 49:75 a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) 49:117 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 0 68 theme major 51:55 arg1 β-D-glucoside 34:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 10 69 theme cells 2318:2322 arg1 infiltration 2324:2335 inflammatory cells infiltration 2305:2335 inflammatory cells infiltration 2305:2335 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 13 70 theme direct 2762:2767 arg1 evidence 2769:2776 direct evidence 2762:2776 direct evidence 2762:2776 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 10 71 theme inflammatory 2305:2316 arg1 infiltration 2324:2335 inflammatory cells infiltration 2305:2335 inflammatory cells infiltration 2305:2335 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 11 72 theme DSS 2528:2530 arg1 p < 0.001 2539:2547 p < 0.001 2539:2547 p < 0.001 2539:2547 TSG treatments could markedly lessen the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 11 72 theme DSS 2528:2530 arg1 group 2532:2536 DSS group 2528:2536 DSS group (p < 0.001) 2528:2548 TSG treatments could markedly lessen the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 6 73 theme disease 1327:1333 arg1 DAI 1351:1353 DAI 1351:1353 DAI 1351:1353 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 73 theme disease 1327:1333 arg1 index 1344:1348 The disease activity index 1323:1348 The disease activity index (DAI) 1323:1354 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 9 74 from % 2072:2072 arg1 p < 0.001 2097:2105 p < 0.001 2097:2105 p < 0.001 2097:2105 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 74 from % 2072:2072 arg1 group 2090:2094 DSS group 2086:2094 DSS group (p < 0.001) 2086:2106 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 7 75 theme ulcerative 1742:1751 arg1 colitis 1753:1759 ulcerative colitis 1742:1759 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 14 76 theme microbiota 3246:3255 arg1 composition 3257:3267 the gut microbiota composition 3238:3267 the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides 3238:3418 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 15 77 theme pharmacological 3498:3512 arg1 effect 3514:3519 a desirable pharmacological effect 3486:3519 a desirable pharmacological effect 3486:3519 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 7 78 theme TSG 1735:1737 arg1 activity 1723:1730 anti-inflammatory activity 1705:1730 anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model 1705:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 13 79 theme cytokines 2934:2942 arg1 production 2898:2907 the production 2894:2907 the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) 2894:2987 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 0 80 from colitis 148:154 arg1 mice 166:169 BALb/c mice 159:169 BALb/c mice 159:169 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 15 81 theme possible 3584:3591 arg1 mechanism 3593:3601 the possible mechanism 3580:3601 the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora 3580:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 12 82 theme more 2702:2705 arg1 times 2696:2700 1.5 times 2692:2700 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001) 2692:2745 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 15 83 theme flora 3696:3700 arg1 microbiota 3671:3680 the gut microbiota 3663:3680 the gut microbiota of intestinal flora 3663:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 5 84 theme Ulcerative 1192:1201 arg1 colitis 1203:1209 METHODS Ulcerative colitis 1184:1209 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model 1184:1215 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 7 85 theme activity 1723:1730 arg1 confirmation 1689:1700 the further confirmation 1677:1700 the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model 1677:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 7 86 from confirmation 1689:1700 arg1 model 1761:1765 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 12 87 from times 2696:2700 arg1 group 2676:2680 normal group 2669:2680 normal group 2669:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 88 theme fluorescence 2589:2600 arg1 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 88 theme fluorescence 2589:2600 arg1 % 2655:2655 back to 80% 2645:2655 back to 80% of those in normal group 2645:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 88 theme fluorescence 2589:2600 arg1 intensity 2602:2610 the fluorescence intensity 2585:2610 the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin 2585:2631 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 4 89 theme present 1015:1021 arg1 study 1023:1027 the present study 1011:1027 the present study 1011:1027 Therefore, the present study aims to explore the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota. 33761623 3 90 theme 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O- 645:678 arg1 β-D-glucoside 679:691 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 635:691 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% 635:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 3 90 theme 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O- 645:678 arg1 TSG 694:696 TSG 694:696 TSG 694:696 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 8 91 theme rDNA 1781:1784 arg1 sequencing 1786:1795 16S rDNA sequencing 1777:1795 16S rDNA sequencing technology 1777:1806 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 6 92 theme histopathological 1371:1387 arg1 examination 1389:1399 histopathological examination 1371:1399 histopathological examination by H&E 1371:1406 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 2 93 theme positive 553:560 arg1 influence 562:570 a positive influence 551:570 a positive influence 551:570 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 7 94 theme further 1681:1687 arg1 confirmation 1689:1700 the further confirmation 1677:1700 the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model 1677:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 14 95 theme level 3317:3321 arg1 Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 3323:3345 genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 3311:3345 genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 3311:3345 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 4 96 theme compound 1080:1087 arg1 effect 1065:1070 the pharmacological effect 1045:1070 the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota 1045:1181 Therefore, the present study aims to explore the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota. 33761623 10 97 theme epithelia 2348:2356 arg1 barrier 2358:2364 preserved epithelia barrier 2338:2364 preserved epithelia barrier 2338:2364 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 12 98 dep 80 2653:2654 arg1 to 2650:2651 to 2650:2651 to 2650:2651 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 2 99 theme sulfate 583:589 arg1 sodium 591:596 dextran sulfate sodium 575:596 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 575:602 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 2 99 theme sulfate 583:589 arg1 DSS 599:601 DSS 599:601 DSS 599:601 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 3 100 theme Polygoni 973:980 arg1 extract 962:968 the water extract 952:968 the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix 952:997 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 13 101 theme IL-10 3044:3048 arg1 levels 3008:3013 the levels 3004:3013 the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001) 3004:3065 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 4 102 theme pharmacological 1049:1063 arg1 effect 1065:1070 the pharmacological effect 1045:1070 the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota 1045:1181 Therefore, the present study aims to explore the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota. 33761623 14 103 theme Parabacteroides 3404:3418 arg1 level 3368:3372 genus level 3362:3372 genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides 3362:3418 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 7 104 theme ELIZA 1662:1666 arg1 kits 1668:1671 the ELIZA kits 1658:1671 the ELIZA kits 1658:1671 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 0 105 theme acute 142:146 arg1 colitis 148:154 DSS induced acute colitis 130:154 DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice 130:169 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 6 106 theme proteins 1441:1448 arg1 DAI 1351:1353 DAI 1351:1353 DAI 1351:1353 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 106 theme proteins 1441:1448 arg1 levels 1416:1421 the levels 1412:1421 the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining 1412:1485 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 106 theme proteins 1441:1448 arg1 index 1344:1348 The disease activity index 1323:1348 The disease activity index (DAI) 1323:1354 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 106 theme proteins 1441:1448 arg1 length 1363:1368 colon length 1357:1368 colon length 1357:1368 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 106 theme proteins 1441:1448 arg1 examination 1389:1399 histopathological examination 1371:1399 histopathological examination by H&E 1371:1406 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 1 107 theme Inflammatory 212:223 arg1 IBD 240:242 IBD 240:242 IBD 240:242 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 107 theme Inflammatory 212:223 arg1 disease 231:237 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease 201:237 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 201:243 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 13 108 theme UC 2865:2866 arg1 prevention 2837:2846 prevention 2837:2846 prevention 2837:2846 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 13 108 theme UC 2865:2866 arg1 treatment 2852:2860 treatment 2852:2860 treatment 2852:2860 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 10 109 theme 100 mg/kg 2171:2179 arg1 dosage 2191:2196 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage 2171:2196 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage 2171:2196 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 10 110 theme crypt 2376:2380 arg1 structure 2382:2390 restored crypt structure 2367:2390 restored crypt structure 2367:2390 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 1 111 theme specific 361:368 arg1 cure 370:373 a specific cure 359:373 a specific cure 359:373 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 6 112 theme tight 1426:1430 arg1 proteins 1441:1448 tight junction proteins 1426:1448 tight junction proteins (TJP) 1426:1454 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 112 theme tight 1426:1430 arg1 TJP 1451:1453 TJP 1451:1453 TJP 1451:1453 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 2 113 theme water 509:513 arg1 extract 515:521 the water extract 505:521 the water extract of this herbal medicine 505:545 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 14 114 theme Bacteroidetes 3168:3180 arg1 abundances 3139:3148 the relative abundances 3126:3148 the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a 3126:3187 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 15 115 theme intestinal 3685:3694 arg1 flora 3696:3700 intestinal flora 3685:3700 intestinal flora 3685:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 9 116 theme those 2077:2081 arg1 those 2077:2081 those 2077:2081 those 2077:2081 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 116 theme those 2077:2081 arg1 % 2072:2072 the 50% 2066:2072 the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) 2066:2106 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 8 117 theme relative 1853:1860 arg1 abundance 1862:1870 relative abundance 1853:1870 relative abundance 1853:1870 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 10 118 theme dosage 2191:2196 arg1 treatments 2129:2138 TSG treatments 2125:2138 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage 2125:2196 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 14 119 theme Firmicutes 3153:3162 arg1 abundances 3139:3148 the relative abundances 3126:3148 the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a 3126:3187 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 13 120 theme anti-inflammatory 3018:3033 arg1 p < 0.05-0.001 3051:3064 p < 0.05-0.001 3051:3064 p < 0.05-0.001 3051:3064 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 13 120 theme anti-inflammatory 3018:3033 arg1 IL-10 3044:3048 anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 3018:3048 anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001) 3018:3065 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 4 121 theme intestinal 1140:1149 arg1 function 1151:1158 intestinal function 1140:1158 intestinal function 1140:1158 Therefore, the present study aims to explore the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota. 33761623 10 122 theme increased 2397:2405 arg1 numbers 2407:2413 increased numbers 2397:2413 increased numbers of goblet cells 2397:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 5 123 theme BALb/c 1236:1241 arg1 mice 1243:1246 BALb/c mice 1236:1246 BALb/c mice 1236:1246 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 3 124 theme extract 735:741 arg1 component 712:720 the major component 702:720 the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% 702:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 9 125 from group 2090:2094 arg1 those 2077:2081 those 2077:2081 those 2077:2081 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 125 from group 2090:2094 arg1 % 2072:2072 the 50% 2066:2072 the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) 2066:2106 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 6 126 theme ulcerative 1505:1514 arg1 colitis 1516:1522 ulcerative colitis 1505:1522 ulcerative colitis model 1505:1528 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 3 127 theme remarkable 814:823 arg1 activity 843:850 the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity 810:850 the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity 810:850 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 2 128 theme herbal 531:536 arg1 medicine 538:545 this herbal medicine 526:545 this herbal medicine 526:545 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 6 129 theme activity 1335:1342 arg1 DAI 1351:1353 DAI 1351:1353 DAI 1351:1353 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 6 129 theme activity 1335:1342 arg1 index 1344:1348 The disease activity index 1323:1348 The disease activity index (DAI) 1323:1354 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 13 130 theme active 2814:2819 arg1 molecule 2821:2828 a therapeutically active molecule 2796:2828 a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC 2796:2866 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 4 131 theme possible 1109:1116 arg1 mechanism 1118:1126 its possible mechanism 1105:1126 its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota 1105:1181 Therefore, the present study aims to explore the pharmacological effect of this compound on UC model and its possible mechanism to regulate intestinal function through gut microbiota. 33761623 10 132 theme cells 2425:2429 arg1 barrier 2358:2364 preserved epithelia barrier 2338:2364 preserved epithelia barrier 2338:2364 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 10 132 theme cells 2425:2429 arg1 numbers 2407:2413 increased numbers 2397:2413 increased numbers of goblet cells 2397:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 10 132 theme cells 2425:2429 arg1 structure 2382:2390 restored crypt structure 2367:2390 restored crypt structure 2367:2390 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 10 132 theme cells 2425:2429 arg1 infiltration 2324:2335 inflammatory cells infiltration 2305:2335 inflammatory cells infiltration 2305:2335 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 3 133 theme Radix 766:770 arg1 extract 735:741 the water extract 725:741 the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% 725:798 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 8 134 theme different 1893:1901 arg1 groups 1913:1918 different treatment groups 1893:1918 different treatment groups 1893:1918 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 12 135 from group 2676:2680 arg1 times 2696:2700 1.5 times 2692:2700 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001) 2692:2745 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 135 from group 2676:2680 arg1 % 2655:2655 back to 80% 2645:2655 back to 80% of those in normal group 2645:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 135 from group 2676:2680 arg1 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 those 2660:2664 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 135 from group 2676:2680 arg1 intensity 2602:2610 the fluorescence intensity 2585:2610 the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin 2585:2631 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 10 136 theme epithelial 2207:2216 arg1 structure 2226:2234 epithelial barrier structure 2207:2234 epithelial barrier structure 2207:2234 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 9 137 theme TSG 1929:1931 arg1 treatments 1933:1942 RESULTS TSG treatments 1921:1942 RESULTS TSG treatments 1921:1942 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 14 138 theme genus 3311:3315 arg1 Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 3323:3345 genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 3311:3345 genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 3311:3345 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 8 139 theme groups 1913:1918 arg1 microbiota 1879:1888 gut microbiota 1875:1888 gut microbiota of different treatment groups 1875:1918 Finally, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was conducted to explore the composition and relative abundance of gut microbiota of different treatment groups. 33761623 1 140 theme common 315:320 arg1 disease 290:296 Crohn's disease 282:296 Crohn's disease (CD) 282:301 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 140 theme common 315:320 arg1 disease 343:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease 313:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement 313:402 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 140 theme common 315:320 arg1 colitis 265:271 ulcerative colitis 254:271 ulcerative colitis (UC) 254:276 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 15 141 theme TSG 3467:3469 arg1 treatments 3471:3480 TSG treatments 3467:3480 TSG treatments 3467:3480 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 5 142 dep % 1280:1280 arg1 w/v 1283:1285 w/v 1283:1285 w/v 1283:1285 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 14 143 theme TSG 3090:3092 arg1 treatments 3094:3103 TSG treatments 3090:3103 TSG treatments 3090:3103 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 0 144 theme DSS 130:132 arg1 colitis 148:154 DSS induced acute colitis 130:154 DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice 130:169 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 1 145 theme digestive 333:341 arg1 disease 290:296 Crohn's disease 282:296 Crohn's disease (CD) 282:301 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 145 theme digestive 333:341 arg1 disease 343:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease 313:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement 313:402 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 145 theme digestive 333:341 arg1 colitis 265:271 ulcerative colitis 254:271 ulcerative colitis (UC) 254:276 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 2 146 dep Polygoni 413:420 arg1 Radix 433:437 Polygoni multiflori Radix 413:437 Polygoni multiflori Radix 413:437 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 15 147 theme gut 3667:3669 arg1 microbiota 3671:3680 the gut microbiota 3663:3680 the gut microbiota of intestinal flora 3663:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 7 148 from activity 1723:1730 arg1 model 1761:1765 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 12 149 theme normal 2669:2674 arg1 group 2676:2680 normal group 2669:2680 normal group 2669:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 9 150 theme body 1966:1969 arg1 weight 1971:1976 body weight 1966:1976 body weight 1966:1976 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 5 151 theme DSS 1288:1290 arg1 solution 1300:1307 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution 1279:1307 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution 1279:1307 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 9 152 from % 1985:1985 arg1 group 2003:2007 DSS group 1999:2007 DSS group (p < 0.001) 1999:2019 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 152 from % 1985:1985 arg1 p < 0.001 2010:2018 p < 0.001 2010:2018 p < 0.001 2010:2018 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 15 153 theme present 3436:3442 arg1 results 3444:3450 The present results 3432:3450 The present results 3432:3450 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 10 154 theme reduced 2288:2294 arg1 signs 2296:2300 reduced signs 2288:2300 reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells 2288:2429 TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells. 33761623 12 155 from % 2655:2655 arg1 group 2676:2680 normal group 2669:2680 normal group 2669:2680 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 6 156 theme colon 1357:1361 arg1 length 1363:1368 colon length 1357:1368 colon length 1357:1368 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination by H&E and the levels of tight junction proteins (TJP) by immunofluorescence staining were performed in ulcerative colitis model following the protocol. 33761623 5 157 theme % 1280:1280 arg1 solution 1300:1307 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution 1279:1307 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution 1279:1307 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 15 158 dep mechanism 3593:3601 arg1 relate 3603:3608 relate 3603:3608 relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora 3603:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 0 159 theme bioactive 57:65 arg1 component 67:75 a major bioactive component 49:75 a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) 49:117 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 0 159 theme bioactive 57:65 arg1 β-D-glucoside 34:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside 0:46 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. 33761623 15 160 theme acute 3524:3528 arg1 colitis 3530:3536 acute colitis 3524:3536 acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora 3524:3700 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 7 161 theme inflammatory 1586:1597 arg1 factors 1599:1605 main inflammatory factors 1581:1605 main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 1581:1639 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 7 162 from model 1761:1765 arg1 confirmation 1689:1700 the further confirmation 1677:1700 the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model 1677:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 2 163 theme traditional 445:455 arg1 use 467:469 a traditional medicinal use 443:469 a traditional medicinal use 443:469 Because Polygoni multiflori Radix has a traditional medicinal use to treat intestinal diseases, and the water extract of this herbal medicine had a positive influence on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC model in our study. 33761623 9 164 theme those 1990:1994 arg1 those 1990:1994 those 1990:1994 those 1990:1994 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 164 theme those 1990:1994 arg1 % 1985:1985 5% 1984:1985 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) 1984:2019 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 14 165 theme composition 3257:3267 arg1 homeostasis 3223:3233 the homeostasis 3219:3233 the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides 3219:3418 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 9 166 theme DSS 1999:2001 arg1 group 2003:2007 DSS group 1999:2007 DSS group (p < 0.001) 1999:2019 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 9 166 theme DSS 1999:2001 arg1 p < 0.001 2010:2018 p < 0.001 2010:2018 p < 0.001 2010:2018 RESULTS TSG treatments effectively increased body weight about 5% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) as well remarkably reduced the DAI scores to the 50% of those in DSS group (p < 0.001) in the UC model. 33761623 15 167 theme desirable 3488:3496 arg1 effect 3514:3519 a desirable pharmacological effect 3486:3519 a desirable pharmacological effect 3486:3519 CONCLUSION The present results suggested that TSG treatments had a desirable pharmacological effect on acute colitis induced by DSS in the mice as well showed the possible mechanism relate to improve the intestinal function through balancing the gut microbiota of intestinal flora. 33761623 7 168 theme colitis 1753:1759 arg1 model 1761:1765 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 ulcerative colitis model 1742:1765 Furthermore, the levels of main inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by the ELIZA kits for the further confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of TSG on ulcerative colitis model. 33761623 13 169 theme pro-inflammatory 2918:2932 arg1 cytokines 2934:2942 these pro-inflammatory cytokines 2912:2942 these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) 2912:2987 Additionally, direct evidence pointed to TSG as a therapeutically active molecule in the prevention and treatment of UC by significantly reducing the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05-0.001) and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.05-0.001). 33761623 3 170 theme intestinal 922:931 arg1 tract 933:937 intestinal tract 922:937 intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix 922:997 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 14 171 theme gut 3242:3244 arg1 composition 3257:3267 the gut microbiota composition 3238:3267 the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides 3238:3418 Finally, it was found TSG treatments significantly raised the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a dose-dependently and improved the homeostasis of the gut microbiota composition which disrupted by DSS through increasing genus level Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and decreasing genus level of Helicobacter, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides. 33761623 12 172 theme DSS 2725:2727 arg1 p < 0.001 2736:2744 p < 0.001 2736:2744 p < 0.001 2736:2744 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 12 172 theme DSS 2725:2727 arg1 group 2729:2733 the DSS group 2721:2733 the DSS group (p < 0.001) 2721:2745 Especially for TSG-100 treatment, the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 and Occludin were nearly back to 80% of those in normal group, and were 1.5 times more than those in the DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 5 173 theme METHODS 1184:1190 arg1 colitis 1203:1209 METHODS Ulcerative colitis 1184:1209 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model 1184:1215 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 33761623 11 174 dep score 2489:2493 arg1 times 2508:2512 two or three times 2495:2512 the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001) 2469:2548 TSG treatments could markedly lessen the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 11 175 theme TSG 2432:2434 arg1 treatments 2436:2445 TSG treatments 2432:2445 TSG treatments 2432:2445 TSG treatments could markedly lessen the histopathologic score two or three times than those in DSS group (p < 0.001). 33761623 1 176 theme ulcerative 254:263 arg1 disease 343:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease 313:349 a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement 313:402 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 176 theme ulcerative 254:263 arg1 disease 290:296 Crohn's disease 282:296 Crohn's disease (CD) 282:301 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 176 theme ulcerative 254:263 arg1 UC 274:275 UC 274:275 UC 274:275 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 1 176 theme ulcerative 254:263 arg1 colitis 265:271 ulcerative colitis 254:271 ulcerative colitis (UC) 254:276 BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which is a common idiopathic digestive disease without a specific cure or treatment for improvement. 33761623 3 177 dep Polygoni 973:980 arg1 Radix 993:997 Polygoni multiflori Radix 973:997 Polygoni multiflori Radix 973:997 Meanwhile 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as the major component of the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix with yield of more than 10% exhibited the remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, we predicted that TSG may contribute to benefit intestinal tract presented by the water extract of Polygoni multiflori Radix. 33761623 5 178 theme colitis 1203:1209 arg1 model 1211:1215 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model 1184:1215 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model 1184:1215 METHODS Ulcerative colitis model was established in BALb/c mice by continuously administrating 3% (w/v) DSS aqueous solution for one week. 32672529 7 0 theme common 1411:1416 arg1 Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 7 0 theme common 1411:1416 arg1 acids 1424:1428 the most common fatty acids 1402:1428 the most common fatty acids 1402:1428 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 6 1 theme type 1130:1133 arg1 10-1553T 1145:1152 the type strain MI 10-1553T 1126:1152 the type strain MI 10-1553T 1126:1152 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 1 2 theme Staphylococcus 51:64 arg1 group 78:82 the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' 46:83 the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears 46:117 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 2 3 theme Staphylococcus 124:137 arg1 strains 139:145 Six Staphylococcus strains 120:145 Six Staphylococcus strains 120:145 Six Staphylococcus strains were isolated from healthy black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. 32672529 3 4 dep Staphylococcus 501:514 arg1 intermedius 516:526 intermedius 516:526 intermedius 516:526 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 6 5 theme DNA 1107:1109 arg1 relatedness 1111:1121 DNA relatedness 1107:1121 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis 1107:1246 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 11 6 theme 10-1553T 1719:1726 arg1 % 1740:1740 39.3 mol% 1732:1740 39.3 mol% 1732:1740 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 11 6 theme 10-1553T 1719:1726 arg1 content 1705:1711 The G+C content 1697:1711 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T 1697:1726 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 6 7 with relatedness 1111:1121 arg1 strains 1168:1174 the type strains 1159:1174 the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis 1159:1246 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 9 8 dep A3α 1589:1591 arg1 Ser 1605:1607 Ser 1605:1607 Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3 1605:1635 Cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 (Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3). 32672529 12 9 dep genus 1797:1801 arg1 Staphylococcus 1803:1816 the genus Staphylococcus 1793:1816 the genus Staphylococcus 1793:1816 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 12 10 theme Staphylococcus 1849:1862 arg1 sp 1869:1870 Staphylococcus ursi sp 1849:1870 the name Staphylococcus ursi sp 1840:1870 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 5 11 theme β-d-glucopyranoside 1012:1030 arg1 fermentation 1032:1043 methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation 1005:1043 methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation 1005:1043 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 3 12 theme group 528:532 arg1 members 485:491 members 485:491 members 485:491 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 6 13 theme type 1163:1166 arg1 strains 1168:1174 the type strains 1159:1174 the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis 1159:1246 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 11 14 theme 39.3 mol 1732:1739 arg1 % 1740:1740 39.3 mol% 1732:1740 39.3 mol% 1732:1740 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 11 14 theme 39.3 mol 1732:1739 arg1 content 1705:1711 The G+C content 1697:1711 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T 1697:1726 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 3 15 theme Staphylococcus 501:514 arg1 group 528:532 the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' 496:533 the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG) 496:539 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 3 15 theme Staphylococcus 501:514 arg1 SIG 536:538 SIG 536:538 SIG 536:538 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 4 16 from assays 765:770 arg1 positive 692:699 positive 692:699 positive 692:699 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 4 16 from assays 765:770 arg1 strains 679:685 The strains 675:685 The strains 675:685 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 5 17 theme sucrose 869:875 arg1 fermentation 877:888 sucrose fermentation 869:888 sucrose fermentation 869:888 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 6 18 theme MI 1142:1143 arg1 10-1553T 1145:1152 the type strain MI 10-1553T 1126:1152 the type strain MI 10-1553T 1126:1152 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 14 19 theme MI 1897:1898 arg1 1900T 1929:1933 =ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T 1910:1933 =ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T 1910:1933 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 14 19 theme MI 1897:1898 arg1 strain 1887:1892 The type strain 1878:1892 The type strain 1878:1892 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 14 19 theme MI 1897:1898 arg1 10-1553T 1900:1907 MI 10-1553T 1897:1907 MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T) 1897:1934 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 6 20 theme average 1308:1314 arg1 identity 1327:1334 average nucleotide identity 1308:1334 average nucleotide identity calculations 1308:1347 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 5 21 theme DSM 1066:1068 arg1 20771T 1070:1075 S. delphini DSM 20771T 1054:1075 S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose 1054:1104 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 5 22 theme SIG 839:841 arg1 species 843:849 the other SIG species 829:849 the other SIG species 829:849 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 1 23 dep Staphylococcus 51:64 arg1 intermedius 66:76 intermedius 66:76 intermedius 66:76 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 11 24 theme G+C 1701:1703 arg1 % 1740:1740 39.3 mol% 1732:1740 39.3 mol% 1732:1740 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 11 24 theme G+C 1701:1703 arg1 content 1705:1711 The G+C content 1697:1711 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T 1697:1726 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 7 25 dep Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 arg1  0 1394:1395  0 1394:1395  0 1394:1395 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 7 25 dep Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 arg1 anteiso-C17  1381:1392 anteiso-C17  1381:1392 anteiso-C17  1381:1392 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 7 25 dep Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 arg1  0 1374:1375  0 1374:1375  0 1374:1375 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 3 26 theme 16S 313:315 arg1 rRNA 317:320 16S rRNA 313:320 16S rRNA 313:320 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 14 27 theme type 1882:1885 arg1 strain 1887:1892 The type strain 1878:1892 The type strain 1878:1892 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 14 27 theme type 1882:1885 arg1 10-1553T 1900:1907 MI 10-1553T 1897:1907 MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T) 1897:1934 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 5 28 theme DSM 911:913 arg1 20373T 915:920 S. intermedius DSM 20373T 896:920 S. intermedius DSM 20373T 896:920 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 6 29 theme DNA-DNA 1271:1277 arg1 hybridization 1279:1291 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1263:1291 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1263:1291 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 5 30 theme S. 1054:1055 arg1 20771T 1070:1075 S. delphini DSM 20771T 1054:1075 S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose 1054:1104 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 12 31 theme genus 1797:1801 arg1 species 1782:1788 a novel species 1774:1788 a novel species 1774:1788 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 0 32 theme Staphylococcus 0:13 arg1 sp 20:21 Staphylococcus ursi sp 0:21 Staphylococcus ursi sp. 0:22 Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 12 33 theme novel 1776:1780 arg1 species 1782:1788 a novel species 1774:1788 a novel species 1774:1788 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 5 34 theme S. 896:897 arg1 20373T 915:920 S. intermedius DSM 20373T 896:920 S. intermedius DSM 20373T 896:920 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 3 35 theme main 374:377 arg1 profiles 388:395 MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 361:395 MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 361:395 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 9 36 theme Cell-wall 1553:1561 arg1 peptidoglycan 1563:1575 Cell-wall peptidoglycan 1553:1575 Cell-wall peptidoglycan 1553:1575 Cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 (Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3). 32672529 10 37 theme respiratory 1643:1653 arg1 quinone 1655:1661 The respiratory quinone 1639:1661 The respiratory quinone 1639:1661 The respiratory quinone belonged to menaquinone 7 (MK-7). 32672529 6 38 theme identity 1327:1334 arg1 calculations 1336:1347 average nucleotide identity calculations 1308:1347 average nucleotide identity calculations 1308:1347 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 12 39 theme isolated 1747:1754 arg1 strains 1756:1762 The isolated strains 1743:1762 The isolated strains 1743:1762 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 5 40 theme DSM 975:977 arg1 105366T 979:985 S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T 959:985 S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T 959:985 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 4 41 theme species-specific 744:759 arg1 assays 765:770 individual species-specific PCR assays 733:770 individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene 733:787 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 5 42 theme S. 959:960 arg1 105366T 979:985 S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T 959:985 S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T 959:985 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 7 43 theme fatty 1418:1422 arg1 Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 Iso-C15:0 1350:1358 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 7 43 theme fatty 1418:1422 arg1 acids 1424:1428 the most common fatty acids 1402:1428 the most common fatty acids 1402:1428 Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. 32672529 5 44 theme pseudintermedius 926:941 arg1 49543T 948:953 S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T 923:953 S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T 923:953 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 1 45 theme new 32:34 arg1 member 36:41 a new member 30:41 a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears 30:117 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 1 45 theme new 32:34 arg1 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 1 46 attach isolated 85:92 arg2 group 78:82 the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' 46:83 the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears 46:117 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 1 46 attach isolated 85:92 arg1 black 107:111 black 107:111 black 107:111 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 3 47 theme closest 462:468 arg1 relatedness 470:480 the closest relatedness 458:480 the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis 458:672 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 9 48 theme similar 1610:1616 arg1 Ser 1605:1607 Ser 1605:1607 Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3 1605:1635 Cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 (Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3). 32672529 6 49 theme delphini 1182:1189 arg1 strains 1168:1174 the type strains 1159:1174 the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis 1159:1246 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 6 50 theme digital 1263:1269 arg1 hybridization 1279:1291 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1263:1291 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1263:1291 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 11 51 theme MI 1716:1717 arg1 10-1553T 1719:1726 MI 10-1553T 1716:1726 MI 10-1553T 1716:1726 The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. 32672529 5 52 theme methyl 1005:1010 arg1 fermentation 1032:1043 methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation 1005:1043 methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation 1005:1043 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 5 53 theme fermentation 1032:1043 arg1 absence 994:1000 the absence 990:1000 the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation 990:1043 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 12 54 theme ursi 1864:1867 arg1 sp 1869:1870 Staphylococcus ursi sp 1849:1870 the name Staphylococcus ursi sp 1840:1870 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 3 55 theme Phylogenetic 265:276 arg1 analysis 278:285 Phylogenetic analysis 265:285 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 265:395 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 6 56 theme 10-1553T 1145:1152 arg1 relatedness 1111:1121 DNA relatedness 1107:1121 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis 1107:1246 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 6 57 theme nucleotide 1316:1325 arg1 identity 1327:1334 average nucleotide identity 1308:1334 average nucleotide identity calculations 1308:1347 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 5 58 theme other 833:837 arg1 species 843:849 the other SIG species 829:849 the other SIG species 829:849 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 3 59 theme complete 296:303 arg1 genome 305:310 complete genome 296:310 complete genome 296:310 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 6 60 theme strain 1135:1140 arg1 10-1553T 1145:1152 the type strain MI 10-1553T 1126:1152 the type strain MI 10-1553T 1126:1152 DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. 32672529 5 61 dep S. 896:897 arg1 intermedius 899:909 intermedius 899:909 intermedius 899:909 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 8 62 theme Polar 1431:1435 arg1 lipids 1437:1442 Polar lipids 1431:1442 Polar lipids 1431:1442 Polar lipids consisted of phosphadidylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol and aminophospholipid. 32672529 12 63 dep name 1844:1847 arg1 sp 1869:1870 Staphylococcus ursi sp 1849:1870 the name Staphylococcus ursi sp 1840:1870 The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 9 64 theme type 1584:1587 arg1 A3α 1589:1591 type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 1584:1602 type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 (Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3) 1584:1636 Cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 (Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3). 32672529 4 65 from negative 721:728 arg1 positive 692:699 positive 692:699 positive 692:699 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 4 65 from negative 721:728 arg1 strains 679:685 The strains 675:685 The strains 675:685 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 14 66 theme TSD-55T=CCOS 1916:1927 arg1 1900T 1929:1933 =ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T 1910:1933 =ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T 1910:1933 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 14 66 theme TSD-55T=CCOS 1916:1927 arg1 10-1553T 1900:1907 MI 10-1553T 1897:1907 MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T) 1897:1934 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 14 67 theme =ATCC 1910:1914 arg1 1900T 1929:1933 =ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T 1910:1933 =ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T 1910:1933 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 14 67 theme =ATCC 1910:1914 arg1 10-1553T 1900:1907 MI 10-1553T 1897:1907 MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T) 1897:1934 The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T). 32672529 1 68 dep black 107:111 arg1 bears 113:117 bears 113:117 bears 113:117 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 4 69 from SIG-specific 704:715 arg1 positive 692:699 positive 692:699 positive 692:699 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 4 69 from SIG-specific 704:715 arg1 strains 679:685 The strains 675:685 The strains 675:685 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 3 70 theme MALDI-TOF-MS 361:372 arg1 profiles 388:395 MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 361:395 MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 361:395 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 0 71 theme ursi 15:18 arg1 sp 20:21 Staphylococcus ursi sp 0:21 Staphylococcus ursi sp. 0:22 Staphylococcus ursi sp. 32672529 5 72 theme delphini 1057:1064 arg1 20771T 1070:1075 S. delphini DSM 20771T 1054:1075 S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose 1054:1104 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 4 73 from positive 692:699 arg1 assays 765:770 individual species-specific PCR assays 733:770 individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene 733:787 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 4 73 from positive 692:699 arg1 negative 721:728 negative 721:728 negative 721:728 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 4 73 from positive 692:699 arg1 SIG-specific 704:715 SIG-specific 704:715 SIG-specific 704:715 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 5 74 theme fermentation 877:888 arg1 absence 858:864 the absence 854:864 the absence of sucrose fermentation 854:888 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 1 75 theme group 78:82 arg1 member 36:41 a new member 30:41 a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears 30:117 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 1 75 theme group 78:82 arg1 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov. 24:27 nov., a new member of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' isolated from healthy black bears. 32672529 2 76 attach isolated 152:159 arg2 strains 139:145 Six Staphylococcus strains 120:145 Six Staphylococcus strains 120:145 Six Staphylococcus strains were isolated from healthy black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. 32672529 2 76 attach isolated 152:159 arg1 black 174:178 black 174:178 black 174:178 Six Staphylococcus strains were isolated from healthy black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. 32672529 3 77 theme sodA 345:348 arg1 genes 350:354 sodA genes 345:354 sodA genes 345:354 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 3 78 theme spectral 379:386 arg1 profiles 388:395 MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 361:395 MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles 361:395 Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the 'Staphylococcus intermedius group' (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. 32672529 5 79 theme trehalose 1096:1104 arg1 fermentation 1080:1091 fermentation 1080:1091 fermentation of trehalose 1080:1104 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 5 80 theme cornubiensis 962:973 arg1 105366T 979:985 S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T 959:985 S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T 959:985 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 4 81 theme nuc 780:782 arg1 gene 784:787 the nuc gene 776:787 the nuc gene 776:787 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 5 82 theme S. 923:924 arg1 49543T 948:953 S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T 923:953 S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T 923:953 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 2 83 dep black 174:178 arg1 bears 180:184 bears 180:184 bears 180:184 Six Staphylococcus strains were isolated from healthy black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. 32672529 2 83 dep black 174:178 arg1 americanus 193:202 Ursus americanus 187:202 Ursus americanus 187:202 Six Staphylococcus strains were isolated from healthy black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. 32672529 4 84 theme individual 733:742 arg1 assays 765:770 individual species-specific PCR assays 733:770 individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene 733:787 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32672529 5 85 theme CCUG 943:946 arg1 49543T 948:953 S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T 923:953 S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T 923:953 The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. 32672529 4 86 theme PCR 761:763 arg1 assays 765:770 individual species-specific PCR assays 733:770 individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene 733:787 The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. 32228806 12 0 from species 1330:1336 arg1 Differentiation 1274:1288 Differentiation 1274:1288 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species 1274:1336 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 12 1 theme related 1322:1328 arg1 species 1330:1336 the closely related species 1310:1336 the closely related species 1310:1336 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 18 2 theme soluble 1835:1841 arg1 production 1851:1860 soluble pigment production 1835:1860 soluble pigment production 1835:1860 Spore colour, mycelia colour and soluble pigment production were medium-dependent. 32228806 5 3 theme OrthoANI 595:602 arg1 values 604:609 OrthoANI values 595:609 OrthoANI values with S. longwoodensis and S. galbus 595:645 OrthoANI values with S. longwoodensis and S. galbus were 95.50 and 94.41 %, respectively. 32228806 6 4 theme genus 747:751 arg1 Streptomyces 753:764 the genus Streptomyces 743:764 the genus Streptomyces 743:764 Chemotaxonomic characteristics supported inclusion within the genus Streptomyces. 32228806 10 5 theme fatty 1140:1144 arg1 acids 1146:1150 The major cellular fatty acids 1121:1150 The major cellular fatty acids 1121:1150 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 5 theme fatty 1140:1144 arg1 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 12 6 theme 31180T 1298:1303 arg1 Differentiation 1274:1288 Differentiation 1274:1288 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species 1274:1336 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 12 7 theme ATCC 1293:1296 arg1 31180T 1298:1303 ATCC 31180T 1293:1303 ATCC 31180T 1293:1303 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 19 8 theme lasalocidi 1919:1928 arg1 name 1898:1901 The proposed name 1885:1901 The proposed name 1885:1901 The proposed name is Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 19 8 theme lasalocidi 1919:1928 arg1 sp 1930:1931 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 1906:1931 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 1906:1931 The proposed name is Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 20 9 theme ATCC 1962:1965 arg1 strain 1949:1954 the type strain 1940:1954 the type strain 1940:1954 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 20 9 theme ATCC 1962:1965 arg1 31180T 1967:1972 ATCC 31180T 1962:1972 ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T) 1962:1997 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 20 9 theme ATCC 1962:1965 arg1 46487T 1991:1996 =NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T 1975:1996 =NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T 1975:1996 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 17 10 theme Spore 1732:1736 arg1 chains 1738:1743 Spore chains 1732:1743 Spore chains 1732:1743 Spore chains were retinaculum-apertum and spore surfaces were smooth. 32228806 7 11 theme wall 776:779 arg1 peptidoglycan 781:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan 767:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan 767:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 8 12 theme unidentified 1002:1013 arg1 lipid 1015:1019 one unidentified lipid 998:1019 one unidentified lipid 998:1019 Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified glycolipid. 32228806 11 13 contain had 1245:1247 arg2 content 1255:1261 a G+C content 1249:1261 a G+C content of 72.6 % 1249:1271 Its DNA had a G+C content of 72.6 %. 32228806 11 13 contain had 1245:1247 arg1 DNA 1241:1243 Its DNA 1237:1243 Its DNA 1237:1243 Its DNA had a G+C content of 72.6 %. 32228806 11 14 theme G+C 1251:1253 arg1 content 1255:1261 a G+C content 1249:1261 a G+C content of 72.6 % 1249:1271 Its DNA had a G+C content of 72.6 %. 32228806 18 15 theme mycelia 1816:1822 arg1 colour 1824:1829 mycelia colour 1816:1829 mycelia colour 1816:1829 Spore colour, mycelia colour and soluble pigment production were medium-dependent. 32228806 20 16 theme 3382T=DSM 1981:1989 arg1 31180T 1967:1972 ATCC 31180T 1962:1972 ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T) 1962:1997 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 20 16 theme 3382T=DSM 1981:1989 arg1 46487T 1991:1996 =NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T 1975:1996 =NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T 1975:1996 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 4 17 theme type 442:445 arg1 cultures 447:454 The most closely related type cultures 417:454 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity 417:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 17 theme type 442:445 arg1 41677T 536:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T 505:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) 505:549 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 10 18 dep  0 1187:1188 arg1  0 1200:1201  0 1200:1201  0 1200:1201 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 1 19 theme antibiotic 136:145 arg1 lasalocid 147:155 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 122:155 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 122:155 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 19 20 theme proposed 1889:1896 arg1 name 1898:1901 The proposed name 1885:1901 The proposed name 1885:1901 The proposed name is Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 19 20 theme proposed 1889:1896 arg1 sp 1930:1931 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 1906:1931 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 1906:1931 The proposed name is Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 8 21 theme unidentified 1029:1040 arg1 glycolipid 1042:1051 one unidentified glycolipid 1025:1051 one unidentified glycolipid 1025:1051 Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified glycolipid. 32228806 1 22 theme Streptomyces 44:55 arg1 lasaliensis 57:67 formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 34:68 formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 34:68 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 1 22 theme Streptomyces 44:55 arg1 nov 28:30 nov 28:30 nov 28:30 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 0 23 theme Streptomyces 0:11 arg1 sp 24:25 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 0:25 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 0:26 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 14 24 theme phenol 1652:1657 arg1 presence 1607:1614 the presence 1603:1614 the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol 1603:1657 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 14 25 theme 1  1648:1649 arg1 % 1650:1650 % 1650:1650 % 1650:1650 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 4 26 theme longwoodensis 518:530 arg1 cultures 447:454 The most closely related type cultures 417:454 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity 417:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 26 theme longwoodensis 518:530 arg1 41677T 536:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T 505:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) 505:549 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 26 theme longwoodensis 518:530 arg1 % 548:548 100 % 544:548 100 % 544:548 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 2 27 theme Strain 158:163 arg1 31180T 170:175 Strain ATCC 31180T 158:175 Strain ATCC 31180T 158:175 Strain ATCC 31180T was isolated from soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA), and found to produce the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 3 28 theme recognized 383:392 arg1 description 404:414 a recognized taxonomic description 381:414 a recognized taxonomic description 381:414 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' has been in common use since 1974, without a recognized taxonomic description. 32228806 14 29 theme NaN3 1639:1642 arg1 presence 1607:1614 the presence 1603:1614 the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol 1603:1657 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 10 30 dep anteiso-C15  1157:1168 arg1  0 1187:1188  0 1187:1188  0 1187:1188 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 30 dep anteiso-C15  1157:1168 arg1  0 1213:1214  0 1213:1214  0 1213:1214 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 30 dep anteiso-C15  1157:1168 arg1  1 1233:1234  1 1233:1234  1 1233:1234 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 30 dep anteiso-C15  1157:1168 arg1  0 1170:1171  0 1170:1171  0 1170:1171 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 30 dep anteiso-C15  1157:1168 arg1 anteiso-C17  1220:1231 anteiso-C17  1220:1231 anteiso-C17  1220:1231 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 4 31 theme rRNA 470:473 arg1 similarity 489:498 rRNA gene sequence similarity 470:498 rRNA gene sequence similarity 470:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 13 32 theme polyphasic 1503:1512 arg1 analyses 1525:1532 the polyphasic phenotypic analyses 1499:1532 the polyphasic phenotypic analyses 1499:1532 Significant differences were seen in the polyphasic phenotypic analyses. 32228806 14 33 theme 0.01  1632:1636 arg1 % 1637:1637 % 1637:1637 % 1637:1637 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 12 34 theme digital 1355:1361 arg1 hybridization 1371:1383 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1355:1383 digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively 1355:1459 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 4 35 theme sequence 480:487 arg1 similarity 489:498 rRNA gene sequence similarity 470:498 rRNA gene sequence similarity 470:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 2 36 theme antibiotic 280:289 arg1 lasalocid 291:299 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 266:299 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 266:299 Strain ATCC 31180T was isolated from soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA), and found to produce the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 14 37 theme  NaCl 1625:1629 arg1 presence 1607:1614 the presence 1603:1614 the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol 1603:1657 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 12 38 theme hybridization 1371:1383 arg1 values 1385:1390 digital DNA-DNA hybridization values 1355:1390 digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively 1355:1459 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 1 39 dep actinomycete 75:86 arg1 lasaliensis 57:67 formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 34:68 formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 34:68 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 1 39 dep actinomycete 75:86 arg1 nov 28:30 nov 28:30 nov 28:30 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 20 40 dep 31180T 1967:1972 arg1 nov. 1934:1937 nov. 1934:1937 nov. 1934:1937 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 14 41 theme 0-10  1619:1623 arg1 % 1624:1624 % 1624:1624 % 1624:1624 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 1 42 theme formerly 34:41 arg1 lasaliensis 57:67 formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 34:68 formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 34:68 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 1 42 theme formerly 34:41 arg1 nov 28:30 nov 28:30 nov 28:30 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 4 43 theme Streptomyces 555:566 arg1 40089T 579:584 Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T 555:584 Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %) 555:592 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 43 theme Streptomyces 555:566 arg1 % 591:591 100 % 587:591 100 % 587:591 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 1 44 attach isolated 88:95 arg2 actinomycete 75:86 an actinomycete 72:86 an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 72:155 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 1 44 attach isolated 88:95 arg1 soil 102:105 soil 102:105 soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 102:155 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 7 45 theme whole-cell 843:852 arg1 glucose 866:872 glucose 866:872 glucose 866:872 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 7 45 theme whole-cell 843:852 arg1 sugars 854:859 the major whole-cell sugars 833:859 the major whole-cell sugars 833:859 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 18 46 theme pigment 1843:1849 arg1 production 1851:1860 soluble pigment production 1835:1860 soluble pigment production 1835:1860 Spore colour, mycelia colour and soluble pigment production were medium-dependent. 32228806 13 47 theme phenotypic 1514:1523 arg1 analyses 1525:1532 the polyphasic phenotypic analyses 1499:1532 the polyphasic phenotypic analyses 1499:1532 Significant differences were seen in the polyphasic phenotypic analyses. 32228806 7 48 theme ll-diaminopimelic 805:821 arg1 acid 823:826 ll-diaminopimelic acid 805:826 ll-diaminopimelic acid 805:826 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 20 49 theme =NRRL 1975:1979 arg1 31180T 1967:1972 ATCC 31180T 1962:1972 ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T) 1962:1997 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 20 49 theme =NRRL 1975:1979 arg1 46487T 1991:1996 =NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T 1975:1996 =NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T 1975:1996 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 13 50 theme Significant 1462:1472 arg1 differences 1474:1484 Significant differences 1462:1484 Significant differences 1462:1484 Significant differences were seen in the polyphasic phenotypic analyses. 32228806 20 51 theme type 1944:1947 arg1 strain 1949:1954 the type strain 1940:1954 the type strain 1940:1954 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 20 51 theme type 1944:1947 arg1 31180T 1967:1972 ATCC 31180T 1962:1972 ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T) 1962:1997 nov.; the type strain being ATCC 31180T (=NRRL 3382T=DSM 46487T). 32228806 12 52 from values 1385:1390 arg1 evident 1342:1348 evident 1342:1348 evident 1342:1348 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 4 53 theme DSM 575:577 arg1 40089T 579:584 Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T 555:584 Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %) 555:592 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 53 theme DSM 575:577 arg1 % 591:591 100 % 587:591 100 % 587:591 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 7 54 theme cell 771:774 arg1 peptidoglycan 781:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan 767:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan 767:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 17 55 theme spore 1774:1778 arg1 surfaces 1780:1787 spore surfaces 1774:1787 spore surfaces 1774:1787 Spore chains were retinaculum-apertum and spore surfaces were smooth. 32228806 18 56 theme Spore 1802:1806 arg1 colour 1808:1813 Spore colour 1802:1813 Spore colour 1802:1813 Spore colour, mycelia colour and soluble pigment production were medium-dependent. 32228806 4 57 dep Streptomyces 555:566 arg1 galbus 568:573 galbus 568:573 galbus 568:573 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 10 58 theme cellular 1131:1138 arg1 acids 1146:1150 The major cellular fatty acids 1121:1150 The major cellular fatty acids 1121:1150 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 58 theme cellular 1131:1138 arg1 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 1 59 theme polyether 126:134 arg1 lasalocid 147:155 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 122:155 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 122:155 nov. (formerly 'Streptomyces lasaliensis'), an actinomycete isolated from soil which produces the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 12 60 theme % 1411:1411 arg1 values 1385:1390 digital DNA-DNA hybridization values 1355:1390 digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively 1355:1459 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 9 61 theme major 1058:1062 arg1 MK9 1091:1093 MK9 1091:1093 MK9(H4) 1091:1097 The major menaquinones detected were MK9(H4), MK9(H6) and MK9(H8). 32228806 9 61 theme major 1058:1062 arg1 menaquinones 1064:1075 The major menaquinones 1054:1075 The major menaquinones detected 1054:1084 The major menaquinones detected were MK9(H4), MK9(H6) and MK9(H8). 32228806 14 62 theme ATCC 1535:1538 arg1 31180T 1540:1545 ATCC 31180T 1535:1545 ATCC 31180T 1535:1545 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 3 63 theme Streptomyces 312:323 arg1 lasaliensis 325:335 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 302:336 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 302:336 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' has been in common use since 1974, without a recognized taxonomic description. 32228806 2 64 attach isolated 181:188 arg1 soil 195:198 soil 195:198 soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA) 195:242 Strain ATCC 31180T was isolated from soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA), and found to produce the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 2 64 attach isolated 181:188 arg2 31180T 170:175 Strain ATCC 31180T 158:175 Strain ATCC 31180T 158:175 Strain ATCC 31180T was isolated from soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA), and found to produce the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 3 65 theme name 306:309 arg1 lasaliensis 325:335 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 302:336 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' 302:336 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' has been in common use since 1974, without a recognized taxonomic description. 32228806 4 66 theme related 434:440 arg1 cultures 447:454 The most closely related type cultures 417:454 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity 417:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 66 theme related 434:440 arg1 41677T 536:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T 505:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) 505:549 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 10 67 theme major 1125:1129 arg1 acids 1146:1150 The major cellular fatty acids 1121:1150 The major cellular fatty acids 1121:1150 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 10 67 theme major 1125:1129 arg1 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 anteiso-C15  1157:1168 The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1. 32228806 0 68 theme lasalocidi 13:22 arg1 sp 24:25 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 0:25 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 0:26 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 5 69 with values 604:609 arg1 longwoodensis 619:631 S. longwoodensis 616:631 S. longwoodensis 616:631 OrthoANI values with S. longwoodensis and S. galbus were 95.50 and 94.41 %, respectively. 32228806 5 69 with values 604:609 arg1 galbus 640:645 S. galbus 637:645 S. galbus 637:645 OrthoANI values with S. longwoodensis and S. galbus were 95.50 and 94.41 %, respectively. 32228806 4 70 theme Streptomyces 505:516 arg1 cultures 447:454 The most closely related type cultures 417:454 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity 417:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 70 theme Streptomyces 505:516 arg1 41677T 536:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T 505:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) 505:549 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 70 theme Streptomyces 505:516 arg1 % 548:548 100 % 544:548 100 % 544:548 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 14 71 theme % 1650:1650 arg1 phenol 1652:1657 1 % phenol 1648:1657 1 % phenol 1648:1657 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 4 72 theme DSM 532:534 arg1 cultures 447:454 The most closely related type cultures 417:454 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity 417:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 72 theme DSM 532:534 arg1 41677T 536:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T 505:541 Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) 505:549 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 4 72 theme DSM 532:534 arg1 % 548:548 100 % 544:548 100 % 544:548 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 2 73 theme ATCC 165:168 arg1 31180T 170:175 Strain ATCC 31180T 158:175 Strain ATCC 31180T 158:175 Strain ATCC 31180T was isolated from soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA), and found to produce the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 4 74 theme gene 475:478 arg1 similarity 489:498 rRNA gene sequence similarity 470:498 rRNA gene sequence similarity 470:498 The most closely related type cultures determined by rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces longwoodensis DSM 41677T (100 %) and Streptomyces galbus DSM 40089T (100 %). 32228806 6 75 theme Chemotaxonomic 685:698 arg1 characteristics 700:714 Chemotaxonomic characteristics 685:714 Chemotaxonomic characteristics 685:714 Chemotaxonomic characteristics supported inclusion within the genus Streptomyces. 32228806 3 76 theme taxonomic 394:402 arg1 description 404:414 a recognized taxonomic description 381:414 a recognized taxonomic description 381:414 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' has been in common use since 1974, without a recognized taxonomic description. 32228806 14 77 theme % 1637:1637 arg1 NaN3 1639:1642 0.01 % NaN3 1632:1642 0.01 % NaN3 1632:1642 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 3 78 theme common 350:355 arg1 use 357:359 common use 350:359 common use 350:359 The name 'Streptomyces lasaliensis' has been in common use since 1974, without a recognized taxonomic description. 32228806 7 79 contain contained 795:803 arg1 peptidoglycan 781:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan 767:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan 767:793 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 7 79 contain contained 795:803 arg2 acid 823:826 ll-diaminopimelic acid 805:826 ll-diaminopimelic acid 805:826 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 14 80 dep 45 °C 1583:1587 arg1 grew 1567:1570 grew 1567:1570 grew 1567:1570 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 14 80 dep 45 °C 1583:1587 arg1 to 1580:1581 to 1580:1581 to 1580:1581 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 8 81 theme Polar 886:890 arg1 lipids 892:897 Polar lipids 886:897 Polar lipids 886:897 Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified glycolipid. 32228806 2 82 theme polyether 270:278 arg1 lasalocid 291:299 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 266:299 the polyether antibiotic lasalocid 266:299 Strain ATCC 31180T was isolated from soil collected in Hyde Park, Massachusetts (USA), and found to produce the polyether antibiotic lasalocid. 32228806 14 83 theme % 1624:1624 arg1  NaCl 1625:1629 0-10 % NaCl 1619:1629 0-10 % NaCl 1619:1629 ATCC 31180T produced lasalocid, grew from 10 to 45 °C, pH4-8 and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl, 0.01 % NaN3 and 1 % phenol. 32228806 12 84 theme DNA-DNA 1363:1369 arg1 hybridization 1371:1383 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1355:1383 digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively 1355:1459 Differentiation of ATCC 31180T from the closely related species was evident from digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 61.80 and 56.90 % for S. longwoodensis and S. galbus respectively. 32228806 11 85 theme % 1271:1271 arg1 content 1255:1261 a G+C content 1249:1261 a G+C content of 72.6 % 1249:1271 Its DNA had a G+C content of 72.6 %. 32228806 19 86 theme Streptomyces 1906:1917 arg1 name 1898:1901 The proposed name 1885:1901 The proposed name 1885:1901 The proposed name is Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 19 86 theme Streptomyces 1906:1917 arg1 sp 1930:1931 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 1906:1931 Streptomyces lasalocidi sp 1906:1931 The proposed name is Streptomyces lasalocidi sp. 32228806 7 87 theme major 837:841 arg1 glucose 866:872 glucose 866:872 glucose 866:872 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32228806 7 87 theme major 837:841 arg1 sugars 854:859 the major whole-cell sugars 833:859 the major whole-cell sugars 833:859 The cell wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. 32043954 3 0 theme dairy 333:337 arg1 products 339:346 two other dairy products 323:346 two other dairy products 323:346 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 1 1 attach isolated 98:105 arg2 Propionibacteriaceae 77:96 the family Propionibacteriaceae 66:96 the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 66:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 1 attach isolated 98:105 arg1 milk 116:119 raw milk 112:119 raw milk 112:119 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 1 attach isolated 98:105 arg1 products 131:138 dairy products 125:138 dairy products 125:138 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 8 2 theme 67.7 mol 1059:1066 arg1 % 1067:1067 67.7 mol% 1059:1067 67.7 mol% 1059:1067 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 8 2 theme 67.7 mol 1059:1066 arg1 content 1011:1017 The G+C content 1003:1017 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T 1003:1053 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 6 3 theme unidentified 912:923 arg1 glycolipids 925:935 three unidentified glycolipids 906:935 three unidentified glycolipids 906:935 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 9 4 theme whole-cell 1074:1083 arg1 pattern 1091:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern 1070:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern 1070:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 6 5 theme major 834:838 arg1 diphosphatidylglycerol 858:879 diphosphatidylglycerol 858:879 diphosphatidylglycerol 858:879 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 6 5 theme major 834:838 arg1 lipids 846:851 the major polar lipids 830:851 the major polar lipids 830:851 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 9 6 theme sugar 1085:1089 arg1 pattern 1091:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern 1070:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern 1070:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 5 7 contain contained 671:679 arg2 alanine 707:713 alanine 707:713 alanine 707:713 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 5 7 contain contained 671:679 arg1 peptidoglycan 657:669 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 643:669 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 643:669 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 5 7 contain contained 671:679 arg2 acid 728:731 glutamic acid 719:731 glutamic acid 719:731 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 5 7 contain contained 671:679 arg2 acid 701:704 meso-diaminopimelic acid 681:704 meso-diaminopimelic acid 681:704 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 13 8 theme Brevilactibacter 1688:1703 arg1 comb 1720:1723 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 1688:1723 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 1688:1723 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 13 8 theme Brevilactibacter 1688:1703 arg1 reclassification 1647:1662 the reclassification 1643:1662 the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli 1643:1683 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 9 9 contain contained 1099:1107 arg2 galactose 1141:1149 galactose 1141:1149 galactose 1141:1149 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 9 9 contain contained 1099:1107 arg2 arabinose 1127:1135 arabinose 1127:1135 arabinose 1127:1135 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 9 9 contain contained 1099:1107 arg2 rhamnose 1117:1124 rhamnose 1117:1124 rhamnose 1117:1124 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 9 9 contain contained 1099:1107 arg2 ribose 1109:1114 ribose 1109:1114 ribose 1109:1114 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 9 9 contain contained 1099:1107 arg1 pattern 1091:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern 1070:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern 1070:1097 The whole-cell sugar pattern contained ribose, rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. 32043954 10 10 theme novel 1326:1330 arg1 species 1332:1338 a novel species 1324:1338 a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae 1324:1388 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 4 11 theme family 484:489 arg1 Propionibacteriaceae 491:510 the family Propionibacteriaceae 480:510 the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively) 480:640 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 10 12 theme Propionibacteriaceae 1369:1388 arg1 genus 1349:1353 a new genus 1343:1353 a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae 1343:1388 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 8 13 theme genomic 1026:1032 arg1 DNA 1034:1036 the genomic DNA 1022:1036 the genomic DNA of strain VG341T 1022:1053 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 12 14 theme type 1471:1474 arg1 VG341T 1486:1491 VG341T 1486:1491 VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) 1486:1525 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 12 14 theme type 1471:1474 arg1 strain 1476:1481 The type strain 1467:1481 The type strain 1467:1481 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 10 15 dep sp 1445:1446 arg1 name 1405:1408 the name 1401:1408 the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1401:1442 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 3 16 theme rod-shaped 271:280 arg1 bacteria 282:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria 241:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria 241:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 10 17 theme species 1332:1338 arg1 strains 1203:1209 eight strains 1197:1209 eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) 1197:1278 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 17 theme species 1332:1338 arg1 members 1313:1319 members 1313:1319 members 1313:1319 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 1 18 theme novel 47:51 arg1 bacterium 53:61 a novel bacterium 45:61 a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 45:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 18 theme novel 47:51 arg1 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 10 19 from genus 1349:1353 arg1 strains 1203:1209 eight strains 1197:1209 eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) 1197:1278 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 19 from genus 1349:1353 arg1 members 1313:1319 members 1313:1319 members 1313:1319 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 20 theme Brevilactibacter 1410:1425 arg1 nov. 1439:1442 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1410:1442 the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1401:1442 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 4 21 theme 16S 391:393 arg1 sequences 405:413 16S rRNA gene sequences 391:413 16S rRNA gene sequences 391:413 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 13 22 theme P. 1667:1668 arg1 sinopodophylli 1670:1683 P. sinopodophylli 1667:1683 P. sinopodophylli 1667:1683 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 4 23 theme closest 581:587 arg1 relatives 589:597 the closest relatives 577:597 the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively) 577:640 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 0 24 theme flavus 17:22 arg1 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 0 24 theme flavus 17:22 arg1 nov. 29:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 0:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 0:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 4 25 dep relatives 589:597 arg1 % 614:614 94.6 and 93.5 % 600:614 94.6 and 93.5 % similarity 600:625 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 8 26 theme VG341T 1048:1053 arg1 DNA 1034:1036 the genomic DNA 1022:1036 the genomic DNA of strain VG341T 1022:1053 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 8 27 theme DNA 1034:1036 arg1 % 1067:1067 67.7 mol% 1059:1067 67.7 mol% 1059:1067 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 8 27 theme DNA 1034:1036 arg1 content 1011:1017 The G+C content 1003:1017 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T 1003:1053 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 1 28 theme Propioniciclava 164:178 arg1 sinopodophylli 180:193 Propioniciclava sinopodophylli 164:193 Propioniciclava sinopodophylli 164:193 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 0 29 theme Brevilactibacter 0:15 arg1 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 0 29 theme Brevilactibacter 0:15 arg1 nov. 29:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 0:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 0:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 30 from members 1313:1319 arg1 genus 1349:1353 a new genus 1343:1353 a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae 1343:1388 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 3 31 theme anaerobic 261:269 arg1 bacteria 282:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria 241:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria 241:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 4 32 theme gene 400:403 arg1 sequences 405:413 16S rRNA gene sequences 391:413 16S rRNA gene sequences 391:413 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 5 33 theme cell-wall 647:655 arg1 peptidoglycan 657:669 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 643:669 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 643:669 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 1 34 theme sinopodophylli 180:193 arg1 reclassification 144:159 reclassification 144:159 reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 144:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 34 theme sinopodophylli 180:193 arg1 milk 116:119 raw milk 112:119 raw milk 112:119 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 34 theme sinopodophylli 180:193 arg1 products 131:138 dairy products 125:138 dairy products 125:138 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 13 35 theme sinopodophylli 1670:1683 arg1 comb 1720:1723 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 1688:1723 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 1688:1723 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 13 35 theme sinopodophylli 1670:1683 arg1 reclassification 1647:1662 the reclassification 1643:1662 the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli 1643:1683 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 7 36 theme menaquinone 981:991 arg1 H4 998:999 H4 998:999 H4 998:999 The quinone system contained predominantly menaquinone MK-9(H4). 32043954 7 36 theme menaquinone 981:991 arg1 MK-9 993:996 menaquinone MK-9 981:996 menaquinone MK-9(H4) 981:1000 The quinone system contained predominantly menaquinone MK-9(H4). 32043954 4 37 theme rRNA 395:398 arg1 sequences 405:413 16S rRNA gene sequences 391:413 16S rRNA gene sequences 391:413 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 1 38 theme family 70:75 arg1 Propionibacteriaceae 77:96 the family Propionibacteriaceae 66:96 the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 66:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 10 39 theme new 1345:1347 arg1 genus 1349:1353 a new genus 1343:1353 a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae 1343:1388 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 0 40 theme gen. 24:27 arg1 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 0 40 theme gen. 24:27 arg1 nov. 29:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 0:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 0:32 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 3 41 theme raw 310:312 arg1 milk 314:317 raw milk 310:317 raw milk 310:317 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 4 42 theme distinct 456:463 arg1 lineage 465:471 a distinct lineage 454:471 a distinct lineage 454:471 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 1 43 theme Propionibacteriaceae 77:96 arg1 bacterium 53:61 a novel bacterium 45:61 a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 45:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 43 theme Propionibacteriaceae 77:96 arg1 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 1 44 theme Brevilactibacter 198:213 arg1 comb 230:233 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 198:233 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 198:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 10 45 from species 1332:1338 arg1 genus 1349:1353 a new genus 1343:1353 a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae 1343:1388 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 5 46 theme A1γ 748:750 arg1 meso-DAP-direct 758:772 meso-DAP-direct 758:772 meso-DAP-direct 758:772 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 5 46 theme A1γ 748:750 arg1 type 752:755 the A1γ type 744:755 the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct) 744:773 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 10 47 dep name 1405:1408 arg1 nov. 1439:1442 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1410:1442 the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1401:1442 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 1 48 theme sinopodophylli 215:228 arg1 comb 230:233 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 198:233 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 198:233 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 7 49 contain contained 957:965 arg1 system 950:955 The quinone system 938:955 The quinone system 938:955 The quinone system contained predominantly menaquinone MK-9(H4). 32043954 7 49 contain contained 957:965 arg2 H4 998:999 H4 998:999 H4 998:999 The quinone system contained predominantly menaquinone MK-9(H4). 32043954 7 49 contain contained 957:965 arg2 MK-9 993:996 menaquinone MK-9 981:996 menaquinone MK-9(H4) 981:1000 The quinone system contained predominantly menaquinone MK-9(H4). 32043954 10 50 theme genetic 1183:1189 arg1 data 1191:1194 phenotypic and genetic data 1168:1194 phenotypic and genetic data 1168:1194 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 51 theme gen. 1434:1437 arg1 nov. 1439:1442 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1410:1442 the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1401:1442 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 4 52 dep % 614:614 arg1  similarity 615:625  similarity 615:625 94.6 and 93.5 % similarity 600:625 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 4 53 theme phylogenetic 360:371 arg1 analyses 373:380 phylogenetic analyses 360:380 phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences 360:413 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 10 54 theme phenotypic 1168:1177 arg1 data 1191:1194 phenotypic and genetic data 1168:1194 phenotypic and genetic data 1168:1194 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 12 55 theme 100885T=LMG 1507:1517 arg1 VG341T 1486:1491 VG341T 1486:1491 VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) 1486:1525 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 12 55 theme 100885T=LMG 1507:1517 arg1 29089T 1519:1524 =WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T 1494:1524 =WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T 1494:1524 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 5 56 theme glutamic 719:726 arg1 acid 728:731 glutamic acid 719:731 glutamic acid 719:731 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 6 57 theme cellular 786:793 arg1 acid 801:804 The major cellular fatty acid 776:804 The major cellular fatty acid 776:804 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 3 58 attach isolated 296:303 arg2 bacteria 282:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria 241:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria 241:289 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 3 58 attach isolated 296:303 arg1 products 339:346 two other dairy products 323:346 two other dairy products 323:346 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 3 58 attach isolated 296:303 arg1 milk 314:317 raw milk 310:317 raw milk 310:317 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 3 59 theme other 327:331 arg1 products 339:346 two other dairy products 323:346 two other dairy products 323:346 Eight facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from raw milk and two other dairy products. 32043954 10 60 dep data 1191:1194 arg1 the 1155:1157 the 1155:1157 the 1155:1157 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 60 dep data 1191:1194 arg1 basis 1159:1163 basis 1159:1163 basis 1159:1163 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 6 61 theme major 780:784 arg1 acid 801:804 The major cellular fatty acid 776:804 The major cellular fatty acid 776:804 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 5 62 theme meso-diaminopimelic 681:699 arg1 acid 701:704 meso-diaminopimelic acid 681:704 meso-diaminopimelic acid 681:704 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid and was of the A1γ type (meso-DAP-direct). 32043954 8 63 theme strain 1041:1046 arg1 VG341T 1048:1053 strain VG341T 1041:1053 strain VG341T 1041:1053 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 10 64 theme family 1362:1367 arg1 Propionibacteriaceae 1369:1388 the family Propionibacteriaceae 1358:1388 the family Propionibacteriaceae 1358:1388 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 4 65 theme analyses 373:380 arg1 Results 349:355 Results 349:355 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences 349:413 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 1 66 theme raw 112:114 arg1 milk 116:119 raw milk 112:119 raw milk 112:119 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 12 67 theme additional 1537:1546 arg1 strains 1548:1554 seven additional strains 1531:1554 seven additional strains 1531:1554 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 10 68 dep strains 1203:1209 arg1 VG341T 1212:1217 VG341T 1212:1217 VG341T 1212:1217 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 68 dep strains 1203:1209 arg1 WS4901 1253:1258 WS4901 1253:1258 WS4901 1253:1258 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 68 dep strains 1203:1209 arg1 WS 1236:1237 WS 4882 1236:1242 WS 4882 1236:1242 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 10 68 dep strains 1203:1209 arg1 WS4904 1272:1277 WS4904 1272:1277 WS4904 1272:1277 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 6 69 theme fatty 795:799 arg1 acid 801:804 The major cellular fatty acid 776:804 The major cellular fatty acid 776:804 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 10 70 theme flavus 1427:1432 arg1 nov. 1439:1442 Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1410:1442 the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov. 1401:1442 On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, eight strains (VG341T, WS4684, WS4769, WS 4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904) are proposed to be classified as members of a novel species in a new genus of the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Brevilactibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. 32043954 4 71 with Propionibacteriaceae 491:510 arg1 sinopodophylli 533:546 sinopodophylli 533:546 sinopodophylli 533:546 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 4 71 with Propionibacteriaceae 491:510 arg1 tarda 568:572 tarda 568:572 tarda 568:572 Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates are placed in a distinct lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae with Propioniciclava sinopodophylli and Propioniciclava tarda as the closest relatives (94.6 and 93.5 % similarity, respectively). 32043954 7 72 theme quinone 942:948 arg1 system 950:955 The quinone system 938:955 The quinone system 938:955 The quinone system contained predominantly menaquinone MK-9(H4). 32043954 6 73 theme polar 840:844 arg1 diphosphatidylglycerol 858:879 diphosphatidylglycerol 858:879 diphosphatidylglycerol 858:879 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 6 73 theme polar 840:844 arg1 lipids 846:851 the major polar lipids 830:851 the major polar lipids 830:851 The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. 32043954 12 74 theme =WS4900T=DSM 1494:1505 arg1 VG341T 1486:1491 VG341T 1486:1491 VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) 1486:1525 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 12 74 theme =WS4900T=DSM 1494:1505 arg1 29089T 1519:1524 =WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T 1494:1524 =WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T 1494:1524 The type strain is VG341T (=WS4900T=DSM 100885T=LMG 29089T) and seven additional strains are WS4684, WS4769, WS4882, WS4883, WS4901, WS4902 and WS4904. 32043954 8 75 theme G+C 1007:1009 arg1 % 1067:1067 67.7 mol% 1059:1067 67.7 mol% 1059:1067 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 8 75 theme G+C 1007:1009 arg1 content 1011:1017 The G+C content 1003:1017 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T 1003:1053 The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain VG341T was 67.7 mol%. 32043954 1 76 theme dairy 125:129 arg1 products 131:138 dairy products 125:138 dairy products 125:138 nov., a novel bacterium of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from raw milk and dairy products and reclassification of Propioniciclava sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 13 77 theme sinopodophylli 1705:1718 arg1 comb 1720:1723 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 1688:1723 Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb 1688:1723 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 32043954 13 77 theme sinopodophylli 1705:1718 arg1 reclassification 1647:1662 the reclassification 1643:1662 the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli 1643:1683 Furthermore, we propose the reclassification of P. sinopodophylli as Brevilactibacter sinopodophylli comb. 31613745 3 0 theme Strain 272:277 arg1 M30T 279:282 Strain M30T 272:282 Strain M30T 272:282 Strain M30T was strictly aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and non-motile. 31613745 5 1 theme xylanase 631:638 arg1 activities 640:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 2 theme organic 528:534 arg1 sugars 517:522 various sugars 509:522 various sugars 509:522 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 2 theme organic 528:534 arg1 acids 536:540 organic acids 528:540 organic acids 528:540 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 2 theme organic 528:534 arg1 sources 557:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 9 3 theme Phylogenetic 1046:1057 arg1 analysis 1059:1066 Phylogenetic analysis 1046:1066 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence 1046:1098 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 12 4 theme type 1431:1434 arg1 strain 1436:1441 The type strain 1427:1441 The type strain 1427:1441 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 12 4 theme type 1431:1434 arg1 M30T 1446:1449 M30T 1446:1449 M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T) 1446:1488 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 5 5 used utilized 500:507 arg2 It 497:498 It 497:498 It 497:498 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 10 6 theme polyphasic 1290:1299 arg1 study 1301:1305 the current polyphasic study 1278:1305 the current polyphasic study 1278:1305 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 8 7 theme major 959:963 arg1 acids 971:975 the major fatty acids 955:975 the major fatty acids (>10 %) 955:983 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 7 theme major 959:963 arg1 % 982:982 >10 % 978:982 >10 % 978:982 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 4 8 theme NaCl 477:480 arg1 salinities 448:457 salinities 448:457 salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %) 448:494 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 5 9 theme cellulase 595:603 arg1 activities 640:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 2 10 theme alkaliphilic 89:100 arg1 bacterium 167:175 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium 86:175 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) 86:182 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 10 theme alkaliphilic 89:100 arg1 M30T 178:181 M30T 178:181 M30T 178:181 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 8 11 theme fatty 965:969 arg1 acids 971:975 the major fatty acids 955:975 the major fatty acids (>10 %) 955:983 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 11 theme fatty 965:969 arg1 % 982:982 >10 % 978:982 >10 % 978:982 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 7 12 theme DNA 883:885 arg1 content 891:897 The DNA G+C content 879:897 The DNA G+C content 879:897 The DNA G+C content was 48.9 mol%. 31613745 7 12 theme DNA 883:885 arg1 % 911:911 48.9 mol% 903:911 48.9 mol% 903:911 The DNA G+C content was 48.9 mol%. 31613745 4 13 theme 5  491:492 arg1 NaCl 477:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl 462:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %) 462:494 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 4 13 theme 5  491:492 arg1 % 493:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 9 14 theme populi 1186:1191 arg1 FJAT-45347T 1193:1203 Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T 1177:1203 Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) 1177:1212 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 9 14 theme populi 1186:1191 arg1 % 1211:1211 96.4 % 1206:1211 96.4 % 1206:1211 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 5 15 theme sole 545:548 arg1 sugars 517:522 various sugars 509:522 various sugars 509:522 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 15 theme sole 545:548 arg1 acids 536:540 organic acids 528:540 organic acids 528:540 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 15 theme sole 545:548 arg1 sources 557:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 6 16 theme meso-diaminopimelic 690:708 arg1 acid 710:713 meso-diaminopimelic acid 690:713 meso-diaminopimelic acid 690:713 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 4 17 theme optimum 483:489 arg1 NaCl 477:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl 462:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %) 462:494 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 4 17 theme optimum 483:489 arg1 % 493:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 5 18 theme gelatinase 606:615 arg1 activities 640:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 8 19 theme predominant 918:928 arg1 menaquinone 930:940 The predominant menaquinone 914:940 The predominant menaquinone 914:940 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 19 theme predominant 918:928 arg1 MK-7 946:949 MK-7 946:949 MK-7 946:949 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 7 20 theme G+C 887:889 arg1 content 891:897 The DNA G+C content 879:897 The DNA G+C content 879:897 The DNA G+C content was 48.9 mol%. 31613745 7 20 theme G+C 887:889 arg1 % 911:911 48.9 mol% 903:911 48.9 mol% 903:911 The DNA G+C content was 48.9 mol%. 31613745 10 21 theme natronophilus 1391:1403 arg1 sp 1405:1406 Bacillus natronophilus sp 1382:1406 the name Bacillus natronophilus sp 1373:1406 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 9 22 dep Bacillus 1218:1225 arg1 aurantiacus 1227:1237 aurantiacus 1227:1237 aurantiacus 1227:1237 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 5 23 theme various 509:515 arg1 sugars 517:522 various sugars 509:522 various sugars 509:522 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 23 theme various 509:515 arg1 acids 536:540 organic acids 528:540 organic acids 528:540 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 23 theme various 509:515 arg1 sources 557:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 9 24 theme rRNA 1081:1084 arg1 sequence 1091:1098 16S rRNA gene sequence 1077:1098 16S rRNA gene sequence 1077:1098 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 2 25 attach isolated 188:195 arg1 sample 213:218 a sediment sample 202:218 a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania) 202:269 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 25 attach isolated 188:195 arg2 M30T 178:181 M30T 178:181 M30T 178:181 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 25 attach isolated 188:195 arg2 bacterium 167:175 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium 86:175 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) 86:182 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 0 26 theme natronophilus 9:21 arg1 sp 23:24 Bacillus natronophilus sp 0:24 Bacillus natronophilus sp. 0:25 Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 9 27 theme Bacillus 1218:1225 arg1 K1-5T 1239:1243 Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T 1218:1243 Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %) 1218:1252 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 9 27 theme Bacillus 1218:1225 arg1 % 1251:1251 96.2 % 1246:1251 96.2 % 1246:1251 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 6 28 contain contained 680:688 arg1 peptidoglycan 666:678 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 652:678 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 652:678 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 6 28 contain contained 680:688 arg2 acid 710:713 meso-diaminopimelic acid 690:713 meso-diaminopimelic acid 690:713 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 1 29 theme soda 75:78 arg1 lake 80:83 a soda lake 73:83 a soda lake 73:83 nov., an alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a soda lake. 31613745 10 30 dep name 1377:1380 arg1 sp 1405:1406 Bacillus natronophilus sp 1382:1406 the name Bacillus natronophilus sp 1373:1406 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 0 31 theme Bacillus 0:7 arg1 sp 23:24 Bacillus natronophilus sp 0:24 Bacillus natronophilus sp. 0:25 Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 9 32 theme gene 1086:1089 arg1 sequence 1091:1098 16S rRNA gene sequence 1077:1098 16S rRNA gene sequence 1077:1098 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 4 33 dep optimum 421:427 arg1 pH 430:431 pH 9.5-10 430:438 pH 9.5-10 430:438 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 9 34 theme 16S 1077:1079 arg1 rRNA 1081:1084 16S rRNA 1077:1084 16S rRNA gene sequence 1077:1098 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 10 35 from study 1301:1305 arg1 data 1268:1271 the data 1264:1271 the data from the current polyphasic study 1264:1305 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 12 36 theme 1.16739T=MCC 1470:1481 arg1 3010T 1483:1487 =JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T 1452:1487 =JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T 1452:1487 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 12 36 theme 1.16739T=MCC 1470:1481 arg1 M30T 1446:1449 M30T 1446:1449 M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T) 1446:1488 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 12 37 theme =JCM 1452:1455 arg1 3010T 1483:1487 =JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T 1452:1487 =JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T 1452:1487 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 12 37 theme =JCM 1452:1455 arg1 M30T 1446:1449 M30T 1446:1449 M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T) 1446:1488 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 4 38 theme w/v 472:474 arg1 NaCl 477:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl 462:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %) 462:494 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 4 38 theme w/v 472:474 arg1 % 493:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 5 39 theme amylase 586:592 arg1 activities 640:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 12 40 theme 32118T=CGMCC 1457:1468 arg1 3010T 1483:1487 =JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T 1452:1487 =JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T 1452:1487 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 12 40 theme 32118T=CGMCC 1457:1468 arg1 M30T 1446:1449 M30T 1446:1449 M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T) 1446:1488 The type strain is M30T (=JCM 32118T=CGMCC 1.16739T=MCC 3010T). 31613745 8 41 dep anteiso-C15  995:1006 arg1  0 1042:1043  0 1042:1043  0 1042:1043 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 41 dep anteiso-C15  995:1006 arg1  0 1021:1022  0 1021:1022  0 1021:1022 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 41 dep anteiso-C15  995:1006 arg1 anteiso-C17  1029:1040 anteiso-C17  1029:1040 anteiso-C17  1029:1040 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 41 dep anteiso-C15  995:1006 arg1 iso-C15  1012:1019 iso-C15  1012:1019 iso-C15  1012:1019 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 8 41 dep anteiso-C15  995:1006 arg1  0 1008:1009  0 1008:1009  0 1008:1009 The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprised anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31613745 10 42 theme novel 1326:1330 arg1 species 1332:1338 a novel species 1324:1338 a novel species 1324:1338 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 2 43 theme sediment 204:211 arg1 sample 213:218 a sediment sample 202:218 a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania) 202:269 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 10 44 theme Bacillus 1382:1389 arg1 sp 1405:1406 Bacillus natronophilus sp 1382:1406 the name Bacillus natronophilus sp 1373:1406 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 2 45 dep alkaliphilic 89:100 arg1 heterotrophic 126:138 heterotrophic 126:138 heterotrophic 126:138 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 45 dep alkaliphilic 89:100 arg1 halophilic 114:123 halophilic 114:123 halophilic 114:123 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 45 dep alkaliphilic 89:100 arg1 spore-forming 153:165 spore-forming 153:165 spore-forming 153:165 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 45 dep alkaliphilic 89:100 arg1 rod-shaped 141:150 rod-shaped 141:150 rod-shaped 141:150 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 5 46 theme carbon 550:555 arg1 sugars 517:522 various sugars 509:522 various sugars 509:522 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 46 theme carbon 550:555 arg1 acids 536:540 organic acids 528:540 organic acids 528:540 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 5 46 theme carbon 550:555 arg1 sources 557:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 sole carbon sources 545:563 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 4 47 theme % 469:469 arg1 NaCl 477:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl 462:480 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %) 462:494 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 4 47 theme % 469:469 arg1 % 493:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 optimum 5 % 483:493 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 6 48 theme unidentified 825:836 arg1 lipid 838:842 one unidentified lipid 821:842 one unidentified lipid 821:842 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 10 49 theme current 1282:1288 arg1 study 1301:1305 the current polyphasic study 1278:1305 the current polyphasic study 1278:1305 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 6 50 theme cell-wall 656:664 arg1 peptidoglycan 666:678 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 652:678 The cell-wall peptidoglycan 652:678 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 6 51 theme unidentified 852:863 arg1 phospholipid 865:876 one unidentified phospholipid 848:876 one unidentified phospholipid 848:876 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 10 52 theme Bacillus 1353:1360 arg1 species 1332:1338 a novel species 1324:1338 a novel species 1324:1338 Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, M30T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus natronophilus sp. 31613745 2 53 theme soda 237:240 arg1 Tanzania 261:268 Tanzania 261:268 Tanzania 261:268 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 2 53 theme soda 237:240 arg1 lake 242:245 a soda lake 235:245 a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania) 235:269 An alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium (M30T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a soda lake (Lake Magadi, Tanzania). 31613745 9 54 theme Bacillus 1177:1184 arg1 FJAT-45347T 1193:1203 Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T 1177:1203 Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) 1177:1212 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 9 54 theme Bacillus 1177:1184 arg1 % 1211:1211 96.4 % 1206:1211 96.4 % 1206:1211 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 6 55 theme polar 723:727 arg1 lipids 729:734 the polar lipids 719:734 the polar lipids 719:734 The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. 31613745 5 56 theme protease 618:625 arg1 activities 640:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities 586:649 It utilized various sugars and organic acids as sole carbon sources and was positive for amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, protease and xylanase activities. 31613745 4 57 dep optimum 387:393 arg1 25-30 °C 396:403 25-30 °C 396:403 25-30 °C 396:403 Growth occurred at 12-43 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 8.0-12 (optimum, pH 9.5-10) and at salinities of 0.5-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %). 31613745 9 58 theme highest 1153:1159 arg1 similarities 1161:1172 the highest similarities 1149:1172 the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %) 1149:1252 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated M30T to the genus Bacillus and showed the highest similarities to Bacillus populi FJAT-45347T (96.4 %) and Bacillus aurantiacus K1-5T (96.2 %). 31613745 1 59 theme alkaliphilic 36:47 arg1 bacterium 49:57 an alkaliphilic bacterium 33:57 an alkaliphilic bacterium 33:57 nov., an alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a soda lake. 31613745 1 59 theme alkaliphilic 36:47 arg1 nov. 27:30 nov. 27:30 nov. 27:30 nov., an alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a soda lake. 31613745 7 60 theme 48.9 mol 903:910 arg1 content 891:897 The DNA G+C content 879:897 The DNA G+C content 879:897 The DNA G+C content was 48.9 mol%. 31613745 7 60 theme 48.9 mol 903:910 arg1 % 911:911 48.9 mol% 903:911 48.9 mol% 903:911 The DNA G+C content was 48.9 mol%. 31935236 8 0 theme response 1326:1333 arg1 mediators 1271:1279 potential mediators 1261:1279 potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice 1261:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 4 1 theme high-fat 758:765 arg1 diet 767:770 high-fat diet 758:770 high-fat diet induced weight gain 758:790 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 3 2 theme intestinal 531:540 arg1 microbiome 542:551 a markedly altered intestinal microbiome 512:551 a markedly altered intestinal microbiome 512:551 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 6 3 theme acute 991:995 arg1 exposure 997:1004 acute exposure 991:1004 acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium 991:1030 Consistent with this observation, Ogg1-/- mice were significantly more sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. 31935236 8 4 from alterations 1217:1227 arg1 microbiome 1247:1256 the intestinal microbiome 1232:1256 the intestinal microbiome 1232:1256 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 3 5 theme hypercaloric 580:591 arg1 conditions 598:607 both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions 559:607 both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions 559:607 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 0 6 theme mouse 92:96 arg1 model 98:102 a mouse model 90:102 a mouse model 90:102 OGG1 deficiency alters the intestinal microbiome and increases intestinal inflammation in a mouse model. 31935236 3 7 theme diet 593:596 arg1 conditions 598:607 both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions 559:607 both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions 559:607 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 8 8 theme intestinal 1236:1245 arg1 microbiome 1247:1256 the intestinal microbiome 1232:1256 the intestinal microbiome 1232:1256 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 3 9 contain had 508:510 arg2 microbiome 542:551 a markedly altered intestinal microbiome 512:551 a markedly altered intestinal microbiome 512:551 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 3 9 contain had 508:510 arg1 mice 503:506 Ogg1-/- mice 495:506 Ogg1-/- mice 495:506 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 3 10 theme control-fed 564:574 arg1 conditions 598:607 both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions 559:607 both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions 559:607 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 2 11 theme microbial 395:403 arg1 composition 405:415 gut microbial composition 391:415 gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges 391:477 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 1 12 theme age-induced 170:180 arg1 resistance 237:246 insulin resistance 229:246 insulin resistance 229:246 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 1 12 theme age-induced 170:180 arg1 liver 258:262 fatty liver 252:262 fatty liver 252:262 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 1 12 theme age-induced 170:180 arg1 diseases 209:216 age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases 170:216 age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases 170:216 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 6 13 theme intestinal 956:965 arg1 inflammation 967:978 intestinal inflammation 956:978 intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium 956:1030 Consistent with this observation, Ogg1-/- mice were significantly more sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. 31935236 7 14 theme colonic 1166:1172 arg1 inflammation 1174:1185 colonic inflammation 1166:1185 colonic inflammation 1166:1185 Taken together, these data indicate that in addition to their proclivity to obesity and metabolic disease, Ogg1-/- mice are prone to colonic inflammation. 31935236 8 15 theme intestinal 1302:1311 arg1 response 1326:1333 the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response 1284:1333 the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice 1284:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 6 16 with Consistent 872:881 arg1 observation 893:903 this observation 888:903 this observation 888:903 Consistent with this observation, Ogg1-/- mice were significantly more sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. 31935236 4 17 theme Several 610:616 arg1 species 628:634 Several microbial species 610:634 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals 610:673 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 1 18 theme diet-induced 186:197 arg1 resistance 237:246 insulin resistance 229:246 insulin resistance 229:246 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 1 18 theme diet-induced 186:197 arg1 liver 258:262 fatty liver 252:262 fatty liver 252:262 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 1 18 theme diet-induced 186:197 arg1 diseases 209:216 age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases 170:216 age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases 170:216 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 0 19 theme OGG1 0:3 arg1 deficiency 5:14 OGG1 deficiency 0:14 OGG1 deficiency 0:14 OGG1 deficiency alters the intestinal microbiome and increases intestinal inflammation in a mouse model. 31935236 8 20 theme inflammatory 1313:1324 arg1 response 1326:1333 the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response 1284:1333 the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice 1284:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 2 21 theme gut 391:393 arg1 composition 405:415 gut microbial composition 391:415 gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges 391:477 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 2 22 theme nutritional 456:466 arg1 challenges 468:477 different nutritional challenges 446:477 different nutritional challenges 446:477 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 7 23 theme Ogg1-/- 1140:1146 arg1 mice 1148:1151 Ogg1-/- mice 1140:1151 Ogg1-/- mice 1140:1151 Taken together, these data indicate that in addition to their proclivity to obesity and metabolic disease, Ogg1-/- mice are prone to colonic inflammation. 31935236 3 24 theme Ogg1-/- 495:501 arg1 mice 503:506 Ogg1-/- mice 495:506 Ogg1-/- mice 495:506 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 31935236 2 25 theme different 446:454 arg1 challenges 468:477 different nutritional challenges 446:477 different nutritional challenges 446:477 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 4 26 theme microbial 618:626 arg1 species 628:634 Several microbial species 610:634 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals 610:673 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 1 27 theme OGG1-deficient 105:118 arg1 animals 130:136 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals 105:136 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals 105:136 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 8 28 theme Ogg1-/- 1338:1344 arg1 mice 1346:1349 Ogg1-/- mice 1338:1349 Ogg1-/- mice 1338:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 2 29 theme host 353:356 arg1 responses 368:376 host metabolic responses 353:376 host metabolic responses 353:376 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 4 30 with consistent 722:731 arg1 propensity 744:753 their propensity 738:753 their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain 738:790 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 4 31 theme increased 696:704 arg1 harvest 713:719 increased energy harvest 696:719 increased energy harvest 696:719 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 1 32 theme metabolic 199:207 arg1 resistance 237:246 insulin resistance 229:246 insulin resistance 229:246 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 1 32 theme metabolic 199:207 arg1 liver 258:262 fatty liver 252:262 fatty liver 252:262 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 1 32 theme metabolic 199:207 arg1 diseases 209:216 age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases 170:216 age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases 170:216 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 4 33 theme energy 706:711 arg1 harvest 713:719 increased energy harvest 696:719 increased energy harvest 696:719 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 0 34 theme intestinal 27:36 arg1 microbiome 38:47 the intestinal microbiome 23:47 the intestinal microbiome 23:47 OGG1 deficiency alters the intestinal microbiome and increases intestinal inflammation in a mouse model. 31935236 0 35 from inflammation 74:85 arg1 model 98:102 a mouse model 90:102 a mouse model 90:102 OGG1 deficiency alters the intestinal microbiome and increases intestinal inflammation in a mouse model. 31935236 1 36 theme insulin 229:235 arg1 resistance 237:246 insulin resistance 229:246 insulin resistance 229:246 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 5 37 theme Ogg1-/- 858:864 arg1 mice 866:869 Ogg1-/- mice 858:869 Ogg1-/- mice 858:869 In addition, several pro-inflammatory microbes were increased in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 5 38 theme pro-inflammatory 814:829 arg1 microbes 831:838 several pro-inflammatory microbes 806:838 several pro-inflammatory microbes 806:838 In addition, several pro-inflammatory microbes were increased in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 8 39 from response 1326:1333 arg1 mice 1346:1349 Ogg1-/- mice 1338:1349 Ogg1-/- mice 1338:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 2 40 theme metabolic 358:366 arg1 responses 368:376 host metabolic responses 353:376 host metabolic responses 353:376 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 8 41 theme metabolic 1288:1296 arg1 response 1326:1333 the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response 1284:1333 the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice 1284:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 6 42 theme sulfate 1017:1023 arg1 sodium 1025:1030 dextran sulfate sodium 1009:1030 dextran sulfate sodium 1009:1030 Consistent with this observation, Ogg1-/- mice were significantly more sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. 31935236 7 43 theme metabolic 1121:1129 arg1 disease 1131:1137 metabolic disease 1121:1137 metabolic disease 1121:1137 Taken together, these data indicate that in addition to their proclivity to obesity and metabolic disease, Ogg1-/- mice are prone to colonic inflammation. 31935236 1 44 theme Ogg1-/- 121:127 arg1 animals 130:136 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals 105:136 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals 105:136 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 6 45 theme dextran 1009:1015 arg1 sodium 1025:1030 dextran sulfate sodium 1009:1030 dextran sulfate sodium 1009:1030 Consistent with this observation, Ogg1-/- mice were significantly more sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. 31935236 6 46 theme Ogg1-/- 906:912 arg1 mice 914:917 Ogg1-/- mice 906:917 Ogg1-/- mice 906:917 Consistent with this observation, Ogg1-/- mice were significantly more sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by acute exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. 31935236 2 47 theme intestinal 275:284 arg1 microbiome 286:295 the intestinal microbiome 271:295 the intestinal microbiome 271:295 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 2 48 from composition 405:415 arg1 mice 428:431 Ogg1-/- mice 420:431 Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges 420:477 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 4 49 theme Ogg1-/- 659:665 arg1 animals 667:673 Ogg1-/- animals 659:673 Ogg1-/- animals 659:673 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 4 50 theme weight 780:785 arg1 gain 787:790 weight gain 780:790 weight gain 780:790 Several microbial species that were increased in Ogg1-/- animals were associated with increased energy harvest, consistent with their propensity to high-fat diet induced weight gain. 31935236 5 51 theme several 806:812 arg1 microbes 831:838 several pro-inflammatory microbes 806:838 several pro-inflammatory microbes 806:838 In addition, several pro-inflammatory microbes were increased in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 2 52 theme Ogg1-/- 420:426 arg1 mice 428:431 Ogg1-/- mice 420:431 Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges 420:477 Since the intestinal microbiome is increasingly understood to play a role in modulating host metabolic responses, we examined gut microbial composition in Ogg1-/- mice subjected to different nutritional challenges. 31935236 1 53 theme fatty 252:256 arg1 liver 258:262 fatty liver 252:262 fatty liver 252:262 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 0 54 theme intestinal 63:72 arg1 inflammation 74:85 intestinal inflammation 63:85 intestinal inflammation in a mouse model 63:102 OGG1 deficiency alters the intestinal microbiome and increases intestinal inflammation in a mouse model. 31935236 8 55 from mediators 1271:1279 arg1 mice 1346:1349 Ogg1-/- mice 1338:1349 Ogg1-/- mice 1338:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 8 56 theme potential 1261:1269 arg1 mediators 1271:1279 potential mediators 1261:1279 potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice 1261:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 8 57 from mice 1346:1349 arg1 mediators 1271:1279 potential mediators 1261:1279 potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice 1261:1349 Further, these data point to alterations in the intestinal microbiome as potential mediators of the metabolic and intestinal inflammatory response in Ogg1-/- mice. 31935236 1 58 theme increased 146:154 arg1 propensity 156:165 increased propensity 146:165 increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver 146:262 OGG1-deficient (Ogg1-/-) animals display increased propensity to age-induced and diet-induced metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. 31935236 3 59 theme altered 523:529 arg1 microbiome 542:551 a markedly altered intestinal microbiome 512:551 a markedly altered intestinal microbiome 512:551 Interestingly, Ogg1-/- mice had a markedly altered intestinal microbiome under both control-fed and hypercaloric diet conditions. 33082908 5 0 theme oxygen 796:801 arg1 species 803:809 reactive oxygen species 787:809 reactive oxygen species accumulation 787:822 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 7 1 theme blot 1247:1250 arg1 analysis 1252:1259 Western blot analysis 1239:1259 Western blot analysis 1239:1259 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 5 2 theme primary 670:676 arg1 macrophages 695:705 primary mouse peritoneal macrophages 670:705 primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 670:741 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 8 3 theme lipid 1373:1377 arg1 accumulation 1379:1390 lipid accumulation 1373:1390 lipid accumulation 1373:1390 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 5 4 theme species 803:809 arg1 accumulation 811:822 reactive oxygen species accumulation 787:822 reactive oxygen species accumulation 787:822 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 6 5 theme low-density 945:955 arg1 Ox-LDL 970:975 Ox-LDL 970:975 Ox-LDL 970:975 Moreover, lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages was inhibited by SHTL. 33082908 6 5 theme low-density 945:955 arg1 lipoprotein 957:967 oxidized low-density lipoprotein 936:967 oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages 936:991 Moreover, lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages was inhibited by SHTL. 33082908 5 6 theme mouse 678:682 arg1 macrophages 695:705 primary mouse peritoneal macrophages 670:705 primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 670:741 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 8 7 from macrophages 1336:1346 arg1 effect 1290:1295 the protective effect 1275:1295 the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation 1275:1390 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 2 8 theme clinical 356:363 arg1 efficacy 365:372 great clinical efficacy 350:372 great clinical efficacy 350:372 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 1 9 theme attack 263:268 arg1 macrophages 270:280 attack macrophages 263:280 attack macrophages in the endarterium 263:299 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 0 10 theme PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 115:132 arg1 Pathway 134:140 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway 111:140 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway 111:140 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway. 33082908 6 11 theme oxidized 936:943 arg1 Ox-LDL 970:975 Ox-LDL 970:975 Ox-LDL 970:975 Moreover, lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages was inhibited by SHTL. 33082908 6 11 theme oxidized 936:943 arg1 lipoprotein 957:967 oxidized low-density lipoprotein 936:967 oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages 936:991 Moreover, lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages was inhibited by SHTL. 33082908 5 12 theme peritoneal 684:693 arg1 macrophages 695:705 primary mouse peritoneal macrophages 670:705 primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 670:741 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 9 13 theme macrophages 1609:1619 arg1 inflammation 1570:1581 inflammation 1570:1581 inflammation 1570:1581 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 9 13 theme macrophages 1609:1619 arg1 accumulation 1593:1604 lipid accumulation 1587:1604 lipid accumulation 1587:1604 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 7 14 theme Western 1239:1245 arg1 analysis 1252:1259 Western blot analysis 1239:1259 Western blot analysis 1239:1259 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 9 15 theme SHTL 1721:1724 arg1 mechanism 1708:1716 the mechanism 1704:1716 the mechanism of SHTL 1704:1724 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 6 16 from lipoprotein 957:967 arg1 macrophages 981:991 macrophages 981:991 macrophages 981:991 Moreover, lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages was inhibited by SHTL. 33082908 4 17 theme SHTL 592:595 arg1 composition 577:587 the chemical composition 564:587 the chemical composition of SHTL 564:595 In this study, we first investigated the chemical composition of SHTL by fingerprint analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. 33082908 5 18 theme SHTL 758:761 arg1 pretreatment 763:774 SHTL pretreatment 758:774 SHTL pretreatment 758:774 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 8 19 from LPS- 1312:1315 arg1 effect 1290:1295 the protective effect 1275:1295 the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation 1275:1390 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 1 20 dep Atherosclerosis 143:157 arg1 AS 160:161 AS 160:161 AS 160:161 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 1 21 theme human 181:185 arg1 health 187:192 human health 181:192 human health 181:192 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 0 22 theme Pathway 134:140 arg1 Activation 97:106 the Activation 93:106 the Activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway 93:140 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway. 33082908 2 23 from efficacy 365:372 arg1 China 426:430 China 426:430 China 426:430 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 1 24 theme health 187:192 arg1 Atherosclerosis 143:157 Atherosclerosis 143:157 Atherosclerosis (AS) 143:162 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 1 24 theme health 187:192 arg1 killer 171:176 the killer 167:176 the killer 167:176 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 6 25 theme lipid 906:910 arg1 accumulation 912:923 lipid accumulation 906:923 lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages 906:991 Moreover, lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in macrophages was inhibited by SHTL. 33082908 7 26 theme PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 1108:1125 arg1 pathway 1137:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 7 26 theme PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 1108:1125 arg1 targets 1085:1091 the potential targets 1071:1091 the potential targets of SHTL 1071:1099 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 8 27 theme protective 1279:1288 arg1 effect 1290:1295 the protective effect 1275:1295 the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation 1275:1390 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 0 28 theme Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo 0:17 arg1 Formula 19:25 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula 0:25 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula 0:25 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway. 33082908 7 29 theme signaling 1127:1135 arg1 pathway 1137:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 7 29 theme signaling 1127:1135 arg1 targets 1085:1091 the potential targets 1071:1091 the potential targets of SHTL 1071:1099 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 2 30 theme SHTL 326:329 arg1 formula 332:338 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula 302:338 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula 302:338 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 1 31 theme longevity 198:206 arg1 Atherosclerosis 143:157 Atherosclerosis 143:157 Atherosclerosis (AS) 143:162 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 1 31 theme longevity 198:206 arg1 killer 171:176 the killer 167:176 the killer 167:176 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 0 32 theme Macrophage 38:47 arg1 Inflammation 49:60 Macrophage Inflammation 38:60 Macrophage Inflammation 38:60 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway. 33082908 1 33 from macrophages 270:280 arg1 endarterium 289:299 the endarterium 285:299 the endarterium 285:299 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 8 34 theme PPAR-γ 1420:1425 arg1 antagonist 1427:1436 a PPAR-γ antagonist 1418:1436 a PPAR-γ antagonist 1418:1436 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 8 34 theme PPAR-γ 1420:1425 arg1 GW9662 1410:1415 GW9662 1410:1415 GW9662 1410:1415 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 5 35 theme factors 871:877 arg1 increases 841:849 the increases 837:849 the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6 837:893 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 5 36 theme inflammatory 858:869 arg1 TNF-α 880:884 TNF-α 880:884 TNF-α 880:884 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 5 36 theme inflammatory 858:869 arg1 factors 871:877 the inflammatory factors 854:877 the inflammatory factors 854:877 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 5 36 theme inflammatory 858:869 arg1 IL-6 890:893 IL-6 890:893 IL-6 890:893 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 4 37 theme chemical 568:575 arg1 composition 577:587 the chemical composition 564:587 the chemical composition of SHTL 564:595 In this study, we first investigated the chemical composition of SHTL by fingerprint analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. 33082908 8 38 theme SHTL 1300:1303 arg1 effect 1290:1295 the protective effect 1275:1295 the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation 1275:1390 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 8 39 theme pharmacology 1489:1500 arg1 results 1470:1476 the prediction results 1455:1476 the prediction results of network pharmacology 1455:1500 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 2 40 theme Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo 306:323 arg1 formula 332:338 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula 302:338 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula 302:338 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 9 41 theme lipid 1587:1591 arg1 accumulation 1593:1604 lipid accumulation 1587:1604 lipid accumulation 1587:1604 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 4 42 theme liquid 644:649 arg1 chromatography 651:664 high-performance liquid chromatography 627:664 high-performance liquid chromatography 627:664 In this study, we first investigated the chemical composition of SHTL by fingerprint analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. 33082908 7 43 theme ApoE-/- 1185:1191 arg1 mice 1193:1196 ApoE-/- mice 1185:1196 ApoE-/- mice 1185:1196 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 8 44 theme network 1481:1487 arg1 pharmacology 1489:1500 network pharmacology 1481:1500 network pharmacology 1481:1500 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 2 45 theme protective 387:396 arg1 effect 398:403 vascular protective effect 378:403 vascular protective effect 378:403 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 7 46 theme SHTL 1096:1099 arg1 pathway 1137:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 7 46 theme SHTL 1096:1099 arg1 targets 1085:1091 the potential targets 1071:1091 the potential targets of SHTL 1071:1099 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 4 47 theme high-performance 627:642 arg1 chromatography 651:664 high-performance liquid chromatography 627:664 high-performance liquid chromatography 627:664 In this study, we first investigated the chemical composition of SHTL by fingerprint analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. 33082908 2 48 from effect 398:403 arg1 China 426:430 China 426:430 China 426:430 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 8 49 theme Ox-LDL-induced 1321:1334 arg1 macrophages 1336:1346 Ox-LDL-induced macrophages 1321:1346 Ox-LDL-induced macrophages 1321:1346 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 7 50 theme potential 1075:1083 arg1 pathway 1137:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway 1104:1143 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 7 50 theme potential 1075:1083 arg1 targets 1085:1091 the potential targets 1071:1091 the potential targets of SHTL 1071:1099 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 2 51 theme great 350:354 arg1 efficacy 365:372 great clinical efficacy 350:372 great clinical efficacy 350:372 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 0 52 theme Lipid 66:70 arg1 Accumulation 72:83 Lipid Accumulation 66:83 Lipid Accumulation 66:83 Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway. 33082908 9 53 theme AS 1748:1749 arg1 progression 1751:1761 AS progression 1748:1761 AS progression 1748:1761 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 8 54 dep LPS- 1312:1315 arg1 the 1308:1310 the 1308:1310 the 1308:1310 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 8 55 theme prediction 1459:1468 arg1 results 1470:1476 the prediction results 1455:1476 the prediction results of network pharmacology 1455:1500 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 9 56 theme SHTL 1544:1547 arg1 pretreatment 1549:1560 SHTL pretreatment 1544:1560 SHTL pretreatment 1544:1560 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 9 57 theme PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 1639:1656 arg1 pathway 1658:1664 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway 1635:1664 the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway 1635:1664 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 8 58 from effect 1290:1295 arg1 LPS- 1312:1315 LPS- 1312:1315 LPS- 1312:1315 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 8 58 from effect 1290:1295 arg1 macrophages 1336:1346 Ox-LDL-induced macrophages 1321:1346 Ox-LDL-induced macrophages 1321:1346 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 3 59 theme pharmacological 475:489 arg1 mechanism 491:499 its pharmacological mechanism 471:499 its pharmacological mechanism 471:499 However, its pharmacological mechanism needs more investigation. 33082908 4 60 theme fingerprint 600:610 arg1 analysis 612:619 fingerprint analysis 600:619 fingerprint analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography 600:664 In this study, we first investigated the chemical composition of SHTL by fingerprint analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. 33082908 7 61 theme network 1030:1036 arg1 pharmacology 1038:1049 network pharmacology 1030:1049 network pharmacology 1030:1049 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 2 62 theme vascular 378:385 arg1 effect 398:403 vascular protective effect 378:403 vascular protective effect 378:403 The Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo (SHTL) formula has shown great clinical efficacy and vascular protective effect for over 30 years in China, to attenuate AS progression. 33082908 7 63 used used 1055:1058 arg2 pharmacology 1038:1049 network pharmacology 1030:1049 network pharmacology 1030:1049 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 1 64 theme oxidized 236:243 arg1 lipoproteins 245:256 oxidized lipoproteins 236:256 oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium 236:299 Atherosclerosis (AS) is the killer of human health and longevity, which is majorly caused by oxidized lipoproteins that attack macrophages in the endarterium. 33082908 5 65 theme reactive 787:794 arg1 species 803:809 reactive oxygen species 787:809 reactive oxygen species accumulation 787:822 In primary mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that SHTL pretreatment suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and reversed the increases of the inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6. 33082908 7 66 theme histopathological 1201:1217 arg1 staining 1219:1226 histopathological staining 1201:1226 histopathological staining 1201:1226 Additionally, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of SHTL as the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signaling pathway, which was validated in macrophages and ApoE-/- mice by histopathological staining, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. 33082908 8 67 from SHTL 1300:1303 arg1 LPS- 1312:1315 LPS- 1312:1315 LPS- 1312:1315 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 8 67 from SHTL 1300:1303 arg1 macrophages 1336:1346 Ox-LDL-induced macrophages 1321:1346 Ox-LDL-induced macrophages 1321:1346 Importantly, the protective effect of SHTL in the LPS- and Ox-LDL-induced macrophages against inflammation and lipid accumulation was attenuated by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, which confirmed the prediction results of network pharmacology. 33082908 9 68 theme progression 1751:1761 arg1 suppression 1733:1743 the suppression 1729:1743 the suppression of AS progression 1729:1761 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33082908 9 69 theme new 1687:1689 arg1 insight 1691:1697 a new insight 1685:1697 a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL 1685:1724 In summary, these results indicated that SHTL pretreatment reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation of macrophages by activating the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway, which may provide a new insight into the mechanism of SHTL in the suppression of AS progression. 33809375 5 0 theme calcium 1036:1042 arg1 bentonites 1044:1053 sodium and calcium bentonites 1025:1053 sodium and calcium bentonites 1025:1053 k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. 33809375 2 1 theme proteins 629:636 arg1 extraction 594:603 the extraction 590:603 the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) 590:643 PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). 33809375 10 2 theme white 1433:1437 arg1 stabilisation 1452:1464 white wine protein stabilisation 1433:1464 white wine protein stabilisation 1433:1464 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 7 3 theme polysaccharides 1189:1203 arg1 levels 1174:1179 the levels 1170:1179 the levels of wine polysaccharides 1170:1203 On the other hand, FCH decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides by 60%. 33809375 0 4 theme Chitosan 170:177 arg1 Efficiency 156:165 Comparative Efficiency 144:165 Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers 144:226 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 4 5 theme calcium 716:722 arg1 bentonites 724:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites 705:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites 705:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 33809375 4 6 theme fungal 868:873 arg1 FCH 885:887 FCH 885:887 FCH 885:887 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 33809375 4 6 theme fungal 868:873 arg1 chitosan 875:882 fungal chitosan 868:882 fungal chitosan (FCH) 868:888 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 33809375 0 7 from Effect 0:5 arg1 Stability 67:75 Protein Stability 59:75 Protein Stability 59:75 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 10 8 dep agents 1556:1561 arg1 reducing 1564:1571 reducing 1564:1571 reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition 1564:1644 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 6 9 theme PRPs 1105:1108 arg1 levels 1110:1115 PRPs levels 1105:1115 PRPs levels 1105:1115 FCH was unable to heat stabilise both wines, and PRPs levels remained unaltered. 33809375 1 10 theme macromolecular 332:345 arg1 fraction 347:354 the macromolecular fraction 328:354 the macromolecular fraction 328:354 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 0 11 theme k-Carrageenan 180:192 arg1 Efficiency 156:165 Comparative Efficiency 144:165 Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers 144:226 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 12 theme protein 438:444 arg1 stability 446:454 protein stability 438:454 protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines 438:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 5 13 theme protein 959:965 arg1 instability 967:977 the protein instability 955:977 the protein instability 955:977 k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. 33809375 1 14 theme fraction 347:354 arg1 stability 446:454 protein stability 438:454 protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines 438:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 14 theme fraction 347:354 arg1 compounds 396:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 14 theme fraction 347:354 arg1 polysaccharides 357:371 polysaccharides 357:371 polysaccharides 357:371 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 14 theme fraction 347:354 arg1 composition 313:323 the chemical composition 300:323 the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction 300:354 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 14 theme fraction 347:354 arg1 characteristics 417:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 14 theme fraction 347:354 arg1 proteins 377:384 proteins 377:384 proteins 377:384 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 4 15 used used 740:743 arg2 bentonites 724:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites 705:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites 705:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 33809375 5 16 theme instability 967:977 arg1 content 935:941 the content 931:941 the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines 931:991 k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. 33809375 8 17 theme polysaccharides 1276:1290 arg1 levels 1261:1266 the levels 1257:1266 the levels of wine polysaccharides 1257:1290 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 0 18 theme Phenolic 98:105 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability 0:75 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 0 18 theme Phenolic 98:105 arg1 Composition 107:117 Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition 78:117 Composition 107:117 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 0 19 theme Bentonite 198:206 arg1 Efficiency 156:165 Comparative Efficiency 144:165 Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers 144:226 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 7 20 theme other 1144:1148 arg1 hand 1150:1153 the other hand 1140:1153 the other hand 1140:1153 On the other hand, FCH decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides by 60%. 33809375 1 21 theme Albariño 459:466 arg1 wines 487:491 Albariño monovarietal white wines 459:491 Albariño monovarietal white wines 459:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 10 22 theme protein 1444:1450 arg1 stabilisation 1452:1464 white wine protein stabilisation 1433:1464 white wine protein stabilisation 1433:1464 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 9 23 theme wine 1366:1369 arg1 levels 1386:1391 the wine polysaccharide levels 1362:1391 the wine polysaccharide levels 1362:1391 k-Carrageenan did not affect the wine polysaccharide levels. 33809375 2 24 theme phenolic 539:546 arg1 compounds 548:556 phenolic compounds 539:556 phenolic compounds 539:556 PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). 33809375 1 25 theme pre-fermentative 257:272 arg1 maceration 279:288 pre-fermentative skin maceration 257:288 pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) 257:295 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 25 theme pre-fermentative 257:272 arg1 PFSM 291:294 PFSM 291:294 PFSM 291:294 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 0 26 theme Heat 211:214 arg1 Stabilisers 216:226 Heat Stabilisers 211:226 Heat Stabilisers 211:226 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 27 theme monovarietal 468:479 arg1 wines 487:491 Albariño monovarietal white wines 459:491 Albariño monovarietal white wines 459:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 8 28 theme lower 1306:1310 arg1 extent 1312:1317 a lower extent 1304:1317 a lower extent 1304:1317 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 2 29 theme pathogenesis-related 608:627 arg1 PRPs 639:642 PRPs 639:642 PRPs 639:642 PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). 33809375 2 29 theme pathogenesis-related 608:627 arg1 proteins 629:636 pathogenesis-related proteins 608:636 pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) 608:643 PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). 33809375 0 30 theme Maceration 27:36 arg1 Agents 49:54 Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents 10:54 Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents 10:54 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 31 theme skin 274:277 arg1 maceration 279:288 pre-fermentative skin maceration 257:288 pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) 257:295 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 31 theme skin 274:277 arg1 PFSM 291:294 PFSM 291:294 PFSM 291:294 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 0 32 theme Albariño 122:129 arg1 Wines 137:141 Albariño White Wines 122:141 Albariño White Wines 122:141 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 33 theme white 481:485 arg1 wines 487:491 Albariño monovarietal white wines 459:491 Albariño monovarietal white wines 459:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 5 34 theme PRPs 946:949 arg1 content 935:941 the content 931:941 the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines 931:991 k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. 33809375 10 35 theme PRPs 1596:1599 arg1 levels 1577:1582 the levels 1573:1582 the levels of the wine PRPs 1573:1599 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 0 36 theme Pre-Fermentative 10:25 arg1 Agents 49:54 Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents 10:54 Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents 10:54 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 37 theme maceration 279:288 arg1 effect 247:252 the effect 243:252 the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines 243:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 2 38 theme compounds 548:556 arg1 extraction 525:534 the extraction 521:534 the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides 521:576 PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). 33809375 4 39 theme wines 774:778 arg1 stabilisation 757:769 protein stabilisation 749:769 protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM) 749:830 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 33809375 10 40 theme wine 1591:1594 arg1 PRPs 1596:1599 the wine PRPs 1587:1599 the wine PRPs 1587:1599 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 0 41 theme Fining 42:47 arg1 Agents 49:54 Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents 10:54 Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents 10:54 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 8 42 theme wine 1271:1274 arg1 polysaccharides 1276:1290 wine polysaccharides 1271:1290 wine polysaccharides 1271:1290 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 0 43 theme Wines 137:141 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability 0:75 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 0 43 theme Wines 137:141 arg1 Macromolecular 78:91 Macromolecular 78:91 Macromolecular 78:91 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 10 44 theme wine 1505:1508 arg1 fraction 1525:1532 the wine macromolecular fraction 1501:1532 the wine macromolecular fraction 1501:1532 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 9 45 theme polysaccharide 1371:1384 arg1 levels 1386:1391 the wine polysaccharide levels 1362:1391 the wine polysaccharide levels 1362:1391 k-Carrageenan did not affect the wine polysaccharide levels. 33809375 10 46 theme fining 1549:1554 arg1 agents 1556:1561 the other fining agents 1539:1561 the other fining agents 1539:1561 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 0 47 theme White 131:135 arg1 Wines 137:141 Albariño White Wines 122:141 Albariño White Wines 122:141 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 3 48 theme PFSM 646:649 arg1 wine 651:654 PFSM wine 646:654 PFSM wine 646:654 PFSM wine showed significantly higher protein instability. 33809375 3 49 theme higher 677:682 arg1 instability 692:702 significantly higher protein instability 663:702 significantly higher protein instability 663:702 PFSM wine showed significantly higher protein instability. 33809375 1 50 theme wines 487:491 arg1 stability 446:454 protein stability 438:454 protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines 438:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 50 theme wines 487:491 arg1 compounds 396:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 50 theme wines 487:491 arg1 polysaccharides 357:371 polysaccharides 357:371 polysaccharides 357:371 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 50 theme wines 487:491 arg1 composition 313:323 the chemical composition 300:323 the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction 300:354 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 50 theme wines 487:491 arg1 characteristics 417:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 50 theme wines 487:491 arg1 proteins 377:384 proteins 377:384 proteins 377:384 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 10 51 theme desirable 1481:1489 arg1 impact 1491:1496 a more desirable impact 1474:1496 a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition 1474:1644 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 10 52 theme other 1543:1547 arg1 agents 1556:1561 the other fining agents 1539:1561 the other fining agents 1539:1561 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 0 53 theme Comparative 144:154 arg1 Efficiency 156:165 Comparative Efficiency 144:165 Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers 144:226 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 54 theme phenolic 387:394 arg1 compounds 396:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 0 55 theme Agents 49:54 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability 0:75 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 0 55 theme Agents 49:54 arg1 Macromolecular 78:91 Macromolecular 78:91 Macromolecular 78:91 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 0 55 theme Agents 49:54 arg1 Composition 107:117 Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition 78:117 Composition 107:117 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 56 from effect 247:252 arg1 characteristics 417:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 56 from effect 247:252 arg1 stability 446:454 protein stability 438:454 protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines 438:491 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 56 from effect 247:252 arg1 composition 313:323 the chemical composition 300:323 the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction 300:354 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 56 from effect 247:252 arg1 compounds 396:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 phenolic compounds 387:404 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 1 56 from effect 247:252 arg1 polysaccharides 357:371 polysaccharides 357:371 polysaccharides 357:371 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 10 57 from impact 1491:1496 arg1 fraction 1525:1532 the wine macromolecular fraction 1501:1532 the wine macromolecular fraction 1501:1532 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 6 58 dep heat 1074:1077 arg1 stabilise 1079:1087 stabilise 1079:1087 stabilise 1079:1087 FCH was unable to heat stabilise both wines, and PRPs levels remained unaltered. 33809375 6 58 dep heat 1074:1077 arg1 both 1089:1092 both 1089:1092 both 1089:1092 FCH was unable to heat stabilise both wines, and PRPs levels remained unaltered. 33809375 10 59 theme polysaccharide 1619:1632 arg1 composition 1634:1644 polysaccharide composition 1619:1644 polysaccharide composition 1619:1644 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 10 60 theme wine 1439:1442 arg1 stabilisation 1452:1464 white wine protein stabilisation 1433:1464 white wine protein stabilisation 1433:1464 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 5 61 theme sodium 1025:1030 arg1 bentonites 1044:1053 sodium and calcium bentonites 1025:1053 sodium and calcium bentonites 1025:1053 k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. 33809375 8 62 dep Sodium 1213:1218 arg1 bentonite 1232:1240 bentonite 1232:1240 bentonite 1232:1240 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 4 63 theme protein 749:755 arg1 stabilisation 757:769 protein stabilisation 749:769 protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM) 749:830 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 33809375 8 64 theme % 1322:1322 arg1 % 1329:1329 16% to 59% 1320:1329 16% to 59% 1320:1329 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 2 65 theme polysaccharides 562:576 arg1 extraction 525:534 the extraction 521:534 the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides 521:576 PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). 33809375 1 66 theme chromatic 407:415 arg1 characteristics 417:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 chromatic characteristics 407:431 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 8 67 dep decreased 1247:1255 arg1 % 1329:1329 16% to 59% 1320:1329 16% to 59% 1320:1329 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 8 68 dep % 1329:1329 arg1 to 1324:1325 to 1324:1325 to 1324:1325 Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). 33809375 5 69 from content 935:941 arg1 wines 987:991 both wines 982:991 both wines 982:991 k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. 33809375 3 70 theme protein 684:690 arg1 instability 692:702 significantly higher protein instability 663:702 significantly higher protein instability 663:702 PFSM wine showed significantly higher protein instability. 33809375 10 71 theme macromolecular 1510:1523 arg1 fraction 1525:1532 the wine macromolecular fraction 1501:1532 the wine macromolecular fraction 1501:1532 Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition. 33809375 7 72 theme wine 1184:1187 arg1 polysaccharides 1189:1203 wine polysaccharides 1184:1203 wine polysaccharides 1184:1203 On the other hand, FCH decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides by 60%. 33809375 0 73 theme Protein 59:65 arg1 Stability 67:75 Protein Stability 59:75 Protein Stability 59:75 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 1 74 theme chemical 304:311 arg1 composition 313:323 the chemical composition 300:323 the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction 300:354 In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. 33809375 0 75 dep Effect 0:5 arg1 Efficiency 156:165 Comparative Efficiency 144:165 Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers 144:226 Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers. 33809375 4 76 theme Sodium 705:710 arg1 bentonites 724:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites 705:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites 705:733 Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (-PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. 32525930 9 0 theme 7.2 1610:1612 arg1 % 1613:1613 % 1613:1613 % 1613:1613 Also, four QTLs for amylose content were observed with the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83. 32525930 9 1 theme significant 1553:1563 arg1 QTL.amy.8 1565:1573 the highly significant QTL.amy.8 1542:1573 the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83 1542:1636 Also, four QTLs for amylose content were observed with the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83. 32525930 2 2 theme quality 340:346 arg1 rice 348:351 better quality rice 333:351 better quality rice 333:351 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 9 3 theme % 1613:1613 arg1 variance 1615:1622 7.2% variance 1610:1622 7.2% variance 1610:1622 Also, four QTLs for amylose content were observed with the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83. 32525930 7 4 theme trait 1196:1200 arg1 associations 1202:1213 four trait associations 1191:1213 four trait associations 1191:1213 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 5 theme composite 1318:1326 arg1 CIM 1346:1348 CIM 1346:1348 CIM 1346:1348 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 5 theme composite 1318:1326 arg1 mapping 1337:1343 composite interval mapping 1318:1343 composite interval mapping (CIM) 1318:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 2 6 theme better 333:338 arg1 rice 348:351 better quality rice 333:351 better quality rice 333:351 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 11 7 theme new 2029:2031 arg1 varieties 2033:2041 new varieties 2029:2041 new varieties 2029:2041 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 9 8 theme amylose 1507:1513 arg1 content 1515:1521 amylose content 1507:1521 amylose content 1507:1521 Also, four QTLs for amylose content were observed with the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83. 32525930 3 9 theme protein 581:587 arg1 content 589:595 protein content 581:595 protein content 581:595 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 6 10 theme inter-cluster 1111:1123 arg1 distance 1125:1132 a maximum inter-cluster distance 1101:1132 a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV 1101:1160 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 7 11 theme polymorphic 1170:1180 arg1 SSRs 1182:1185 The 45 polymorphic SSRs 1163:1185 The 45 polymorphic SSRs 1163:1185 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 6 12 theme rice 1030:1033 arg1 germplasm 1035:1043 113 rice germplasm 1026:1043 113 rice germplasm 1026:1043 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 3 13 theme frequency 533:541 arg1 distribution 543:554 the normal frequency distribution 522:554 the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm 522:619 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 11 14 theme significant 1933:1943 arg1 role 1945:1948 a significant role 1931:1948 a significant role 1931:1948 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 8 15 theme significant 1363:1373 arg1 QTL 1375:1377 The highly significant QTL 1352:1377 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) 1352:1436 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 6 16 theme maximum 1103:1109 arg1 distance 1125:1132 a maximum inter-cluster distance 1101:1132 a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV 1101:1160 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 11 17 theme heterotic 1879:1887 arg1 response 1889:1896 higher heterotic response 1872:1896 higher heterotic response 1872:1896 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 2 18 theme exploiting 264:273 arg1 Identification 209:222 Identification 209:222 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme 209:301 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 2 18 theme exploiting 264:273 arg1 way 318:320 the easiest way 306:320 the easiest way to develop better quality rice 306:351 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 1 19 theme nutritional 165:175 arg1 value 177:181 its nutritional value 161:181 its nutritional value 161:181 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 11 20 from clusters 1840:1847 arg1 germplasm 1825:1833 germplasm 1825:1833 germplasm from clusters III and IV 1825:1858 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 6 21 dep clusters 1142:1149 arg1 clusters 1142:1149 clusters III and IV 1142:1160 clusters III and IV 1142:1160 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 6 21 dep clusters 1142:1149 arg1 IV 1159:1160 IV 1159:1160 IV 1159:1160 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 6 21 dep clusters 1142:1149 arg1 III 1151:1153 III 1151:1153 III 1151:1153 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 4 22 theme highest 726:732 arg1 values 739:744 the highest mean values 722:744 the highest mean values for Fe (16.9 ppm), Zn (34.1 ppm), amylose (26.6 ppm) and protein content (11.0 ppm) 722:828 Comparatively, the germplasm Radhuni pagal, Kalobakri, Thakurbhog (26.6 ppm) and Hatisail exhibited the highest mean values for Fe (16.9 ppm), Zn (34.1 ppm), amylose (26.6 ppm) and protein content (11.0 ppm), respectively. 32525930 7 23 theme different 1290:1298 arg1 chromosomes 1300:1310 eight different chromosomes 1284:1310 eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM) 1284:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 6 24 theme major 1008:1012 arg1 clusters 1014:1021 four major clusters 1003:1021 four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm 1003:1043 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 3 25 theme rice 394:397 arg1 germplasm 399:407 113 aromatic rice germplasm 381:407 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components 381:492 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 0 26 theme Mapping 0:6 arg1 QTLs 8:11 Mapping QTLs 0:11 Mapping QTLs 0:11 Mapping QTLs underpin nutrition components in aromatic rice germplasm. 32525930 7 27 theme located 1273:1279 arg1 loci 1262:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci 1225:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM) 1225:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 27 theme located 1273:1279 arg1 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 8 28 located observed 1442:1449 arg1 chromosome 1454:1463 chromosome 1 1454:1465 chromosome 1 1454:1465 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 8 28 located observed 1442:1449 arg2 QTL 1375:1377 The highly significant QTL 1352:1377 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) 1352:1436 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 8 28 located observed 1442:1449 arg1 position 1477:1484 94.9cM position 1470:1484 94.9cM position 1470:1484 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 1 29 dep enhancement 146:156 arg1 it 183:184 it 183:184 it 183:184 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 10 30 located located 1682:1688 arg1 LOD 1707:1709 LOD 1.24 1707:1714 LOD 1.24 1707:1714 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 10 30 located located 1682:1688 arg1 chromosome 1693:1702 chromosome 9 1693:1704 chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24) 1693:1715 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 10 30 located located 1682:1688 arg2 QTL 1648:1650 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) 1639:1661 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content 1639:1676 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 1 31 theme value 177:181 arg1 development 130:140 development 130:140 development 130:140 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 1 31 theme value 177:181 arg1 enhancement 146:156 enhancement 146:156 enhancement of its nutritional value it 146:184 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 0 32 theme nutrition 22:30 arg1 components 32:41 nutrition components 22:41 nutrition components 22:41 Mapping QTLs underpin nutrition components in aromatic rice germplasm. 32525930 5 33 theme significant 857:867 arg1 relationship 876:887 a significant linear relationship 855:887 a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) 855:900 Moreover, a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) was observed between Fe and Zn contents. 32525930 8 34 theme variance 1380:1387 arg1 % 1393:1393 variance 7.89% 1380:1393 variance 7.89% 1380:1393 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 8 34 theme variance 1380:1387 arg1 LOD 1396:1398 LOD 2.02 1396:1403 LOD 2.02 1396:1403 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 1 35 theme important 85:93 arg1 food 102:105 an important staple food 82:105 an important staple food 82:105 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 1 35 theme important 85:93 arg1 rice 74:77 rice 74:77 rice 74:77 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 3 36 theme quantitative 430:441 arg1 QTL 455:457 QTL 455:457 QTL 455:457 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 3 36 theme quantitative 430:441 arg1 loci 449:452 quantitative trait loci 430:452 quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components 430:492 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 7 37 theme quantitative 1243:1254 arg1 loci 1262:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci 1225:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM) 1225:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 37 theme quantitative 1243:1254 arg1 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 1 38 theme staple 95:100 arg1 food 102:105 an important staple food 82:105 an important staple food 82:105 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 1 38 theme staple 95:100 arg1 rice 74:77 rice 74:77 rice 74:77 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 11 39 theme biofortification 1962:1977 arg1 program 1988:1994 any rice biofortification breeding program 1953:1994 any rice biofortification breeding program 1953:1994 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 3 40 theme trait 443:447 arg1 QTL 455:457 QTL 455:457 QTL 455:457 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 3 40 theme trait 443:447 arg1 loci 449:452 quantitative trait loci 430:452 quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components 430:492 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 11 41 theme higher 1872:1877 arg1 response 1889:1896 higher heterotic response 1872:1896 higher heterotic response 1872:1896 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 11 42 theme rice 1957:1960 arg1 program 1988:1994 any rice biofortification breeding program 1953:1994 any rice biofortification breeding program 1953:1994 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 10 43 from Zn 1754:1755 arg1 chromosome 1760:1769 chromosome 4 1760:1771 chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) 1760:1782 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 10 43 from Zn 1754:1755 arg1 LOD 1774:1776 LOD 1.71 1774:1781 LOD 1.71 1774:1781 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 3 44 theme rice 606:609 arg1 germplasm 611:619 those rice germplasm 600:619 those rice germplasm 600:619 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 6 45 theme maximum 1076:1082 arg1 germplasm 1087:1095 a maximum 37 germplasm 1074:1095 a maximum 37 germplasm 1074:1095 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 6 46 theme germplasm 1035:1043 arg1 clusters 1014:1021 four major clusters 1003:1021 four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm 1003:1043 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 3 47 theme aromatic 385:392 arg1 germplasm 399:407 113 aromatic rice germplasm 381:407 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components 381:492 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 4 48 theme protein 803:809 arg1 ppm 825:827 11.0 ppm 820:827 11.0 ppm 820:827 Comparatively, the germplasm Radhuni pagal, Kalobakri, Thakurbhog (26.6 ppm) and Hatisail exhibited the highest mean values for Fe (16.9 ppm), Zn (34.1 ppm), amylose (26.6 ppm) and protein content (11.0 ppm), respectively. 32525930 4 48 theme protein 803:809 arg1 content 811:817 protein content 803:817 protein content (11.0 ppm) 803:828 Comparatively, the germplasm Radhuni pagal, Kalobakri, Thakurbhog (26.6 ppm) and Hatisail exhibited the highest mean values for Fe (16.9 ppm), Zn (34.1 ppm), amylose (26.6 ppm) and protein content (11.0 ppm), respectively. 32525930 7 49 theme significant 1231:1241 arg1 loci 1262:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci 1225:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM) 1225:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 49 theme significant 1231:1241 arg1 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 1 50 theme imperative 192:201 arg1 task 203:206 an imperative task 189:206 an imperative task 189:206 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 1 50 theme imperative 192:201 arg1 research 117:124 research 117:124 research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it 117:184 As rice is an important staple food globally, research for development and enhancement of its nutritional value it is an imperative task. 32525930 0 51 theme rice 55:58 arg1 germplasm 60:68 aromatic rice germplasm 46:68 aromatic rice germplasm 46:68 Mapping QTLs underpin nutrition components in aromatic rice germplasm. 32525930 9 52 theme located 1575:1581 arg1 QTL.amy.8 1565:1573 the highly significant QTL.amy.8 1542:1573 the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83 1542:1636 Also, four QTLs for amylose content were observed with the highly significant QTL.amy.8 located on chromosome 8 exhibiting 7.2% variance with LOD 1.83. 32525930 11 53 dep QTLs 1918:1921 arg1 playing 1923:1929 playing 1923:1929 playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program 1923:1994 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 11 53 dep QTLs 1918:1921 arg1 released 2000:2007 released 2000:2007 released with development of new varieties 2000:2041 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 6 54 contain containing 1063:1072 arg2 distance 1125:1132 a maximum inter-cluster distance 1101:1132 a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV 1101:1160 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 6 54 contain containing 1063:1072 arg1 cluster 1051:1057 cluster III 1051:1061 cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV 1051:1160 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 6 54 contain containing 1063:1072 arg2 germplasm 1087:1095 a maximum 37 germplasm 1074:1095 a maximum 37 germplasm 1074:1095 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 6 55 theme D2 981:982 arg1 distances 984:992 Mahalanobis D2 distances 969:992 Mahalanobis D2 distances 969:992 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 0 56 theme aromatic 46:53 arg1 germplasm 60:68 aromatic rice germplasm 46:68 aromatic rice germplasm 46:68 Mapping QTLs underpin nutrition components in aromatic rice germplasm. 32525930 10 57 theme Fe 1667:1668 arg1 content 1670:1676 Fe content 1667:1676 Fe content 1667:1676 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 5 58 theme = 893:893 arg1 R2 890:891 R2 890:891 R2 = 0.693 890:899 Moreover, a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) was observed between Fe and Zn contents. 32525930 3 59 theme nutrition 473:481 arg1 components 483:492 nutrition components 473:492 nutrition components 473:492 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 6 60 theme Mahalanobis 969:979 arg1 distances 984:992 Mahalanobis D2 distances 969:992 Mahalanobis D2 distances 969:992 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 5 61 theme linear 869:874 arg1 relationship 876:887 a significant linear relationship 855:887 a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) 855:900 Moreover, a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) was observed between Fe and Zn contents. 32525930 4 62 theme mean 734:737 arg1 values 739:744 the highest mean values 722:744 the highest mean values for Fe (16.9 ppm), Zn (34.1 ppm), amylose (26.6 ppm) and protein content (11.0 ppm) 722:828 Comparatively, the germplasm Radhuni pagal, Kalobakri, Thakurbhog (26.6 ppm) and Hatisail exhibited the highest mean values for Fe (16.9 ppm), Zn (34.1 ppm), amylose (26.6 ppm) and protein content (11.0 ppm), respectively. 32525930 2 63 theme germplasm 250:258 arg1 Identification 209:222 Identification 209:222 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme 209:301 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 2 63 theme germplasm 250:258 arg1 way 318:320 the easiest way 306:320 the easiest way to develop better quality rice 306:351 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 5 64 dep relationship 876:887 arg1 R2 890:891 R2 890:891 R2 = 0.693 890:899 Moreover, a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) was observed between Fe and Zn contents. 32525930 7 65 theme interval 1328:1335 arg1 CIM 1346:1348 CIM 1346:1348 CIM 1346:1348 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 65 theme interval 1328:1335 arg1 mapping 1337:1343 composite interval mapping 1318:1343 composite interval mapping (CIM) 1318:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 3 66 theme normal 526:531 arg1 distribution 543:554 the normal frequency distribution 522:554 the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm 522:619 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 7 67 theme trait 1256:1260 arg1 loci 1262:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci 1225:1265 eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM) 1225:1349 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 7 67 theme trait 1256:1260 arg1 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 QTL 1268:1270 The 45 polymorphic SSRs and four trait associations exhibited eight significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on eight different chromosomes using composite interval mapping (CIM). 32525930 2 68 theme rice 245:248 arg1 germplasm 250:258 nutrient enriched rice germplasm 227:258 nutrient enriched rice germplasm 227:258 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 2 69 theme easiest 310:316 arg1 Identification 209:222 Identification 209:222 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme 209:301 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 2 69 theme easiest 310:316 arg1 way 318:320 the easiest way 306:320 the easiest way to develop better quality rice 306:351 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 3 70 from distribution 543:554 arg1 germplasm 611:619 those rice germplasm 600:619 those rice germplasm 600:619 In this study, we analyzed 113 aromatic rice germplasm in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning nutrition components and determined by measuring the normal frequency distribution for Fe, Zn, amylose, and protein content in those rice germplasm. 32525930 8 71 theme protein 1410:1416 arg1 QTL.pro.1 1427:1435 QTL.pro.1 1427:1435 QTL.pro.1 1427:1435 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 8 71 theme protein 1410:1416 arg1 content 1418:1424 protein content 1410:1424 protein content (QTL.pro.1) 1410:1436 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 11 72 theme breeding 1979:1986 arg1 program 1988:1994 any rice biofortification breeding program 1953:1994 any rice biofortification breeding program 1953:1994 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 11 73 theme varieties 2033:2041 arg1 development 2014:2024 development 2014:2024 development of new varieties 2014:2041 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 2 74 theme enriched 236:243 arg1 germplasm 250:258 nutrient enriched rice germplasm 227:258 nutrient enriched rice germplasm 227:258 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 8 75 theme 94.9cM 1470:1475 arg1 position 1477:1484 94.9cM position 1470:1484 94.9cM position 1470:1484 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 5 76 dep = 893:893 arg1 0.693 895:899 0.693 895:899 0.693 895:899 Moreover, a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) was observed between Fe and Zn contents. 32525930 10 77 dep two 1722:1724 arg1 QTL.Zn.5 1740:1747 QTL.Zn.5 1740:1747 QTL.Zn.5 1740:1747 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 10 77 dep two 1722:1724 arg1 QTL.Zn.4 1727:1734 QTL.Zn.4 1727:1734 QTL.Zn.4 1727:1734 Only one QTL (QTL.Fe.9) for Fe content was located on chromosome 9 (LOD 1.24), and two (QTL.Zn.4 and QTL.Zn.5) for Zn on chromosome 4 (LOD 1.71) and 5 (LOD 1.18), respectively. 32525930 11 78 theme identified 1907:1916 arg1 QTLs 1918:1921 the identified QTLs 1903:1921 the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties 1903:2041 Overall, germplasm from clusters III and IV might offer higher heterotic response with the identified QTLs playing a significant role in any rice biofortification breeding program and released with development of new varieties. 32525930 2 79 theme nutrient 227:234 arg1 germplasm 250:258 nutrient enriched rice germplasm 227:258 nutrient enriched rice germplasm 227:258 Identification of nutrient enriched rice germplasm and exploiting them for breeding programme is the easiest way to develop better quality rice. 32525930 6 80 theme Cluster 943:949 arg1 analysis 951:958 Cluster analysis 943:958 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances 943:992 Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 distances revealed four major clusters of 113 rice germplasm, with cluster III containing a maximum 37 germplasm and a maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters III and IV. 32525930 8 81 dep QTL 1375:1377 arg1 % 1393:1393 variance 7.89% 1380:1393 variance 7.89% 1380:1393 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 8 81 dep QTL 1375:1377 arg1 LOD 1396:1398 LOD 2.02 1396:1403 LOD 2.02 1396:1403 The highly significant QTL (variance 7.89%, LOD 2.02) for protein content (QTL.pro.1) was observed on chromosome 1 at 94.9cM position. 32525930 5 82 dep Fe 923:924 arg1 contents 933:940 contents 933:940 contents 933:940 Moreover, a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.693) was observed between Fe and Zn contents. 32260127 5 0 theme paw 1032:1034 arg1 edema 1036:1040 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema 1008:1040 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema 1008:1040 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 1 theme carrageenan-induced 1008:1026 arg1 edema 1036:1040 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema 1008:1040 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema 1008:1040 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 4 2 theme UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn 809:825 arg1 analysis 827:834 UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis 809:834 UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis 809:834 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 5 3 theme O2•- 1257:1260 arg1 assays 1273:1278 O2•- scavenging assays 1257:1278 O2•- scavenging assays 1257:1278 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 4 theme Bu 1099:1100 arg1 fraction 1102:1109 Bu fraction 1099:1109 Bu fraction 1099:1109 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 3 5 theme composition 567:577 arg1 richer 596:601 richer 596:601 richer 596:601 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 5 6 theme EA 888:889 arg1 fraction 891:898 EA fraction 888:898 EA fraction 888:898 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 6 7 theme α-amylase 1395:1403 arg1 enzyme 1405:1410 α-amylase enzyme 1395:1410 α-amylase enzyme 1395:1410 Both fractions also showed a strong effect against α-amylase enzyme (IC50 = 8 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL for EA and Bu fraction, respectively). 32260127 2 8 theme benefit 306:312 arg1 properties 314:323 their health benefit properties 293:323 their health benefit properties 293:323 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 3 9 theme acetyl 688:693 arg1 martynoside 695:705 the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside 669:705 the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside 669:705 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 6 10 theme strong 1373:1378 arg1 effect 1380:1385 a strong effect 1371:1385 a strong effect 1371:1385 Both fractions also showed a strong effect against α-amylase enzyme (IC50 = 8 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL for EA and Bu fraction, respectively). 32260127 6 11 theme Bu 1452:1453 arg1 fraction 1455:1462 Bu fraction 1452:1462 Bu fraction 1452:1462 Both fractions also showed a strong effect against α-amylase enzyme (IC50 = 8 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL for EA and Bu fraction, respectively). 32260127 3 12 from compounds 621:629 arg1 richer 596:601 richer 596:601 richer 596:601 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 5 13 theme cupric-reducing 1284:1298 arg1 method 1321:1326 cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method 1284:1326 cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method 1284:1326 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 2 14 dep in 356:357 arg1 vitro 367:371 vitro 367:371 vitro 367:371 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 15 from enzymes 461:467 arg1 α-glucosidase 494:506 α-glucosidase 494:506 α-glucosidase 494:506 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 15 from enzymes 461:467 arg1 diabetes 484:491 diabetes 484:491 diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) 484:521 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 15 from enzymes 461:467 arg1 α-amylase 512:520 α-amylase 512:520 α-amylase 512:520 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 16 theme antioxidant 1300:1310 arg1 method 1321:1326 cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method 1284:1326 cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method 1284:1326 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 2 17 theme Scrophularia 249:260 arg1 tenuipes 262:269 Scrophularia tenuipes 249:269 Scrophularia tenuipes 249:269 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 3 18 from richer 596:601 arg1 compounds 621:629 total phenolic compounds 606:629 total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) 606:644 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 3 18 from richer 596:601 arg1 GAE/g 639:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 2 19 theme anti-inflammatory 373:389 arg1 activities 407:416 in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities 356:416 in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities 356:416 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 3 20 theme phenylethanoid 673:686 arg1 martynoside 695:705 the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside 669:705 the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside 669:705 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 5 21 theme capacity 1312:1319 arg1 method 1321:1326 cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method 1284:1326 cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method 1284:1326 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 1 22 theme Scrophularia 92:103 arg1 species 146:152 an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species 117:152 an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species 117:152 Scrophularia tenuipes is an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species, which has not been studied yet. 32260127 1 22 theme Scrophularia 92:103 arg1 tenuipes 105:112 Scrophularia tenuipes 92:112 Scrophularia tenuipes 92:112 Scrophularia tenuipes is an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species, which has not been studied yet. 32260127 2 23 theme acetate 193:199 arg1 fractions 225:233 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions 187:233 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes 187:269 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 24 theme health 299:304 arg1 properties 314:323 their health benefit properties 293:323 their health benefit properties 293:323 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 25 from mg/kg 955:959 arg1 po 962:963 po 962:963 po 962:963 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 3 26 contain had 538:540 arg2 composition 567:577 a distinct phytochemical composition 542:577 a distinct phytochemical composition 542:577 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 3 26 contain had 538:540 arg1 fractions 528:536 The fractions 524:536 The fractions 524:536 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 4 27 theme major 867:871 arg1 phytochemical 873:885 its major phytochemical 863:885 its major phytochemical 863:885 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 3 28 theme phytochemical 553:565 arg1 composition 567:577 a distinct phytochemical composition 542:577 a distinct phytochemical composition 542:577 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 4 29 theme higher 731:736 arg1 amounts 738:744 higher amounts 731:744 higher amounts of total flavonoids 731:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 4 29 theme higher 731:736 arg1 flavonoids 755:764 total flavonoids 749:764 total flavonoids 749:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 2 30 theme Ethyl 187:191 arg1 EA 202:203 EA 202:203 EA 202:203 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 30 theme Ethyl 187:191 arg1 acetate 193:199 Ethyl acetate 187:199 Ethyl acetate (EA) 187:204 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 0 31 dep Composition 53:63 arg1 Coss 22:25 Coss 22:25 Coss 22:25 Scrophularia Tenuipes Coss and Durieu: Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities. 32260127 0 31 dep Composition 53:63 arg1 Durieu 31:36 Durieu 31:36 Durieu 31:36 Scrophularia Tenuipes Coss and Durieu: Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities. 32260127 2 32 theme key 457:459 arg1 enzymes 461:467 key enzymes 457:467 key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) 457:521 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 4 33 contain had 727:729 arg1 Bu 724:725 Bu 724:725 Bu 724:725 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 4 33 contain had 727:729 arg2 flavonoids 755:764 total flavonoids 749:764 total flavonoids 749:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 4 33 contain had 727:729 arg2 amounts 738:744 higher amounts 731:744 higher amounts of total flavonoids 731:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 5 34 dep effect 984:989 arg1 % 994:994 62% and 52% 992:1002 % 994:994 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 34 dep effect 984:989 arg1 % 1002:1002 62% and 52% 992:1002 % 1002:1002 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 3 35 theme total 606:610 arg1 compounds 621:629 total phenolic compounds 606:629 total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) 606:644 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 3 35 theme total 606:610 arg1 GAE/g 639:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 2 36 theme antioxidant 395:405 arg1 activities 407:416 in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities 356:416 in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities 356:416 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 37 theme xylene-induced 1046:1059 arg1 tests 1071:1075 xylene-induced ear edema tests 1046:1075 xylene-induced ear edema tests 1046:1075 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 3 38 theme phenolic 612:619 arg1 compounds 621:629 total phenolic compounds 606:629 total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) 606:644 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 3 38 theme phenolic 612:619 arg1 GAE/g 639:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 2 39 theme n-butanol 210:218 arg1 fractions 225:233 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions 187:233 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes 187:269 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 40 dep = 1206:1206 arg1 µg/mL 1177:1181 IC50 = 68 µg/mL 1167:1181 IC50 = 68 µg/mL 1167:1181 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 1 41 theme Algerian-Tunisian 120:136 arg1 species 146:152 an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species 117:152 an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species 117:152 Scrophularia tenuipes is an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species, which has not been studied yet. 32260127 1 41 theme Algerian-Tunisian 120:136 arg1 tenuipes 105:112 Scrophularia tenuipes 92:112 Scrophularia tenuipes 92:112 Scrophularia tenuipes is an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species, which has not been studied yet. 32260127 0 42 theme Phytochemical 39:51 arg1 Composition 53:63 Phytochemical Composition 39:63 Phytochemical Composition 39:63 Scrophularia Tenuipes Coss and Durieu: Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities. 32260127 5 43 theme edema 1065:1069 arg1 tests 1071:1075 xylene-induced ear edema tests 1046:1075 xylene-induced ear edema tests 1046:1075 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 1 44 theme endemic 138:144 arg1 species 146:152 an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species 117:152 an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species 117:152 Scrophularia tenuipes is an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species, which has not been studied yet. 32260127 1 44 theme endemic 138:144 arg1 tenuipes 105:112 Scrophularia tenuipes 92:112 Scrophularia tenuipes 92:112 Scrophularia tenuipes is an Algerian-Tunisian endemic species, which has not been studied yet. 32260127 5 45 theme IC50 1167:1170 arg1 µg/mL 1177:1181 IC50 = 68 µg/mL 1167:1181 IC50 = 68 µg/mL 1167:1181 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 3 46 theme distinct 544:551 arg1 composition 567:577 a distinct phytochemical composition 542:577 a distinct phytochemical composition 542:577 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 2 47 dep diabetes 484:491 arg1 α-glucosidase 494:506 α-glucosidase 494:506 α-glucosidase 494:506 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 47 dep diabetes 484:491 arg1 diabetes 484:491 diabetes 484:491 diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) 484:521 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 2 47 dep diabetes 484:491 arg1 α-amylase 512:520 α-amylase 512:520 α-amylase 512:520 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 48 theme scavenging 1262:1271 arg1 assays 1273:1278 O2•- scavenging assays 1257:1278 O2•- scavenging assays 1257:1278 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 49 theme = 1172:1172 arg1 µg/mL 1177:1181 IC50 = 68 µg/mL 1167:1181 IC50 = 68 µg/mL 1167:1181 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 50 dep in 939:940 arg1 vivo 942:945 vivo 942:945 vivo 942:945 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 50 dep in 939:940 arg1 po 962:963 po 962:963 po 962:963 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 51 theme anti-inflammatory 966:982 arg1 effect 984:989 the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect 935:989 the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively) 935:1090 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 52 theme in 939:940 arg1 effect 984:989 the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect 935:989 the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively) 935:1090 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 53 theme stronger 1123:1130 arg1 capacity 1144:1151 a stronger antioxidant capacity 1121:1151 a stronger antioxidant capacity 1121:1151 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 0 54 theme Biological 69:78 arg1 Activities 80:89 Biological Activities 69:89 Biological Activities 69:89 Scrophularia Tenuipes Coss and Durieu: Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities. 32260127 3 55 theme mg 636:637 arg1 compounds 621:629 total phenolic compounds 606:629 total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) 606:644 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 3 55 theme mg 636:637 arg1 GAE/g 639:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 225 mg GAE/g 632:643 The fractions had a distinct phytochemical composition, of which EA was richer in total phenolic compounds (225 mg GAE/g) and mostly composed of the phenylethanoid acetyl martynoside. 32260127 4 56 theme flavonoids 755:764 arg1 amounts 738:744 higher amounts 731:744 higher amounts of total flavonoids 731:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 4 56 theme flavonoids 755:764 arg1 flavonoids 755:764 total flavonoids 749:764 total flavonoids 749:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 2 57 theme in 356:357 arg1 activities 407:416 in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities 356:416 in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities 356:416 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 58 theme antioxidant 1132:1142 arg1 capacity 1144:1151 a stronger antioxidant capacity 1121:1151 a stronger antioxidant capacity 1121:1151 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 5 59 theme rat 1028:1030 arg1 edema 1036:1040 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema 1008:1040 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema 1008:1040 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 32260127 4 60 theme total 749:753 arg1 flavonoids 755:764 total flavonoids 749:764 total flavonoids 749:764 Compared to EA, Bu had higher amounts of total flavonoids, and according to the result obtained from UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, harpagoside (iridoid) was its major phytochemical. 32260127 2 61 with enzymes 461:467 arg1 impact 474:479 impact 474:479 impact 474:479 Ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (Bu) fractions obtained from Scrophularia tenuipes were investigated for their health benefit properties, in particular with respect to in vivo/in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as their potential to inhibit key enzymes with impact in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). 32260127 5 62 theme ear 1061:1063 arg1 tests 1071:1075 xylene-induced ear edema tests 1046:1075 xylene-induced ear edema tests 1046:1075 EA fraction was quite promising with regard to the in vivo (at 200 mg/kg, po) anti-inflammatory effect (62% and 52% for carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests, respectively), while Bu fraction exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in all tests (IC50 = 68 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL, IC50 = 18 µg/mL and A0.50 = 43 µg/mL for DPPH●, ABTS•+, O2•- scavenging assays and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, respectively). 31944242 7 0 theme gene 1845:1848 arg1 expression 1850:1859 jejunal gene expression 1837:1859 jejunal gene expression 1837:1859 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 2 1 theme bacterial 390:398 arg1 toxins 400:405 bacterial toxins 390:405 bacterial toxins in the intestinal lumen 390:429 It has not been adequately evaluated whether these deactivators may detoxify bacterial toxins in the intestinal lumen and subsequently lower the inflammatory response in chickens. 31944242 3 2 theme mycotoxin 559:567 arg1 B 582:582 B 582:582 B 582:582 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 2 theme mycotoxin 559:567 arg1 deactivator 569:579 a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 542:579 a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B) 542:583 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 3 theme n 1112:1112 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 3 theme n 1112:1112 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 6 4 theme P 1662:1662 arg1 < 1664:1664 P < 0.05 1662:1669 P < 0.05 1662:1669 DON reduced (P < 0.05) the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus. 31944242 5 5 theme other 1456:1460 arg1 half 1462:1465 the other half 1452:1465 the other half of birds 1452:1474 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 4 6 theme mg 1267:1268 arg1 DON 1283:1285 DON 1283:1285 DON 1283:1285 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 6 theme mg 1267:1268 arg1 feed 1277:1280 10 mg DON/kg feed 1264:1280 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON) 1264:1286 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 9 7 from NFKB 2101:2104 arg1 expression 2066:2075 lower expression 2060:2075 lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum 2060:2115 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 1 8 theme feed 307:310 arg1 effects 273:279 negative effects 264:279 negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed 264:310 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 31944242 5 9 from BW 1589:1590 arg1 day 1628:1630 the day 1624:1630 the day before sampling 1624:1646 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 8 10 theme unchallenged 1996:2007 arg1 animals 2009:2015 the unchallenged animals 1992:2015 the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05) 1992:2026 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 8 10 theme unchallenged 1996:2007 arg1 < 2020:2020 P < 0.05 2018:2025 P < 0.05 2018:2025 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 9 11 theme B 2126:2126 arg1 diet 2128:2131 the B diet 2122:2131 the B diet 2122:2131 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 10 12 theme NFKB 2237:2240 arg1 expression 2223:2232 jejunal expression 2215:2232 jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 2215:2248 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 3 13 from feed 758:761 arg1 combination 766:776 combination 766:776 combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 766:818 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 13 from feed 758:761 arg1 expression 844:853 expression 844:853 expression of innate immune genes 844:876 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 13 from feed 758:761 arg1 size 838:841 visceral organ size 823:841 visceral organ size 823:841 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 13 from feed 758:761 arg1 permeability 890:901 mucosal permeability 882:901 mucosal permeability in the small intestine 882:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 9 14 theme DON-B 2164:2168 arg1 0.050 2180:2184 P = 0.050 2176:2184 P = 0.050 2176:2184 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 9 14 theme DON-B 2164:2168 arg1 diet 2170:2173 the DON-B diet 2160:2173 the DON-B diet (P = 0.050) 2160:2185 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 3 15 theme visceral 823:830 arg1 size 838:841 visceral organ size 823:841 visceral organ size 823:841 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 16 dep diet 1300:1303 arg1 4 1293:1293 4 1293:1293 4 1293:1293 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 5 17 from B5 1618:1619 arg1 BW 1589:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW 1577:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling 1577:1646 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 3 18 from effect 532:537 arg1 metabolites 976:986 metabolites 976:986 metabolites 976:986 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 18 from effect 532:537 arg1 composition 960:970 cecal bacterial composition 944:970 cecal bacterial composition 944:970 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 7 19 theme = 1809:1809 arg1 0.027 1811:1815 P = 0.027 1807:1815 P = 0.027 1807:1815 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 7 19 theme = 1809:1809 arg1 mucosa 1799:1804 the duodenal mucosa 1786:1804 the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) 1786:1816 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 12 20 theme systemic 2684:2691 arg1 response 2693:2700 the intestinal and systemic response 2665:2700 the intestinal and systemic response 2665:2700 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 6 21 theme thymus 1705:1710 arg1 weight 1676:1681 the weight 1672:1681 the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus 1672:1710 DON reduced (P < 0.05) the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus. 31944242 4 22 from diet 1300:1303 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 22 from diet 1300:1303 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 23 theme 2.5 1323:1325 arg1 mg 1327:1328 mg 1327:1328 mg 1327:1328 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 0 24 theme deoxynivalenol 117:130 arg1 feed 145:148 deoxynivalenol contaminated feed 117:148 deoxynivalenol contaminated feed 117:148 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 3 25 theme multicomponent 544:557 arg1 B 582:582 B 582:582 B 582:582 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 25 theme multicomponent 544:557 arg1 deactivator 569:579 a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 542:579 a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B) 542:583 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 26 from diet 1150:1153 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 26 from diet 1150:1153 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 5 27 theme mg 1579:1580 arg1 BW 1589:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW 1577:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling 1577:1646 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 10 28 theme IL6 2246:2248 arg1 expression 2223:2232 jejunal expression 2215:2232 jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 2215:2248 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 5 29 theme intestinal 1495:1504 arg1 load 1522:1525 their intestinal bacterial toxin load 1489:1525 their intestinal bacterial toxin load 1489:1525 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 3 30 theme capable 632:638 arg1 strain 625:630 a bacterial strain 613:630 a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially 613:694 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 1 31 theme used 238:241 arg1 strategy 243:250 a widely used strategy 229:250 a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed 229:310 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 31944242 1 31 theme used 238:241 arg1 deactivators 212:223 Mycotoxin deactivators 202:223 Mycotoxin deactivators 202:223 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 31944242 7 32 theme duodenal 1790:1797 arg1 0.027 1811:1815 P = 0.027 1807:1815 P = 0.027 1807:1815 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 7 32 theme duodenal 1790:1797 arg1 mucosa 1799:1804 the duodenal mucosa 1786:1804 the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) 1786:1816 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 5 33 theme toxin 1516:1520 arg1 load 1522:1525 their intestinal bacterial toxin load 1489:1525 their intestinal bacterial toxin load 1489:1525 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 4 34 theme DON 1296:1298 arg1 diet 1300:1303 4) DON diet 1293:1303 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B) 1293:1346 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 0 35 theme oral 154:157 arg1 challenge 178:186 oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 154:186 oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1 154:199 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 3 36 theme bacterial 615:623 arg1 strain 625:630 a bacterial strain 613:630 a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially 613:694 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 37 theme small 910:914 arg1 intestine 916:924 the small intestine 906:924 the small intestine 906:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 5 38 with challenge 1562:1570 arg1 BW 1589:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW 1577:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling 1577:1646 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 10 39 theme LPS-challenged 2262:2275 arg1 chickens 2277:2284 LPS-challenged chickens 2262:2284 LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05) 2262:2295 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 10 39 theme LPS-challenged 2262:2275 arg1 < 2289:2289 P < 0.05 2287:2294 P < 0.05 2287:2294 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 3 40 theme innate 858:863 arg1 genes 872:876 innate immune genes 858:876 innate immune genes 858:876 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 9 41 from duodenum 2088:2095 arg1 expression 2066:2075 lower expression 2060:2075 lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum 2060:2115 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 12 42 theme B 2653:2653 arg1 efficacy 2641:2648 the efficacy 2637:2648 the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS 2637:2748 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 11 43 theme host 2405:2408 arg1 physiology 2410:2419 host physiology 2405:2419 host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS 2405:2468 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 11 44 theme cecal 2317:2321 arg1 composition 2334:2344 the cecal microbiota composition 2313:2344 the cecal microbiota composition 2313:2344 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 12 45 from DON 2563:2565 arg1 lumen 2585:2589 the intestinal lumen 2570:2589 the intestinal lumen 2570:2589 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 9 46 theme × 2033:2033 arg1 interactions 2037:2048 DON × B interactions 2029:2048 DON × B interactions 2029:2048 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 11 47 theme small 2428:2432 arg1 intestine 2434:2442 the small intestine 2424:2442 the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS 2424:2468 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 3 48 theme mucosal 882:888 arg1 permeability 890:901 mucosal permeability 882:901 mucosal permeability in the small intestine 882:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 0 49 theme mucosal 76:82 arg1 community 104:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 3 50 from size 838:841 arg1 intestine 916:924 the small intestine 906:924 the small intestine 906:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 51 theme genes 872:876 arg1 expression 844:853 expression 844:853 expression of innate immune genes 844:876 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 51 theme genes 872:876 arg1 size 838:841 visceral organ size 823:841 visceral organ size 823:841 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 51 theme genes 872:876 arg1 permeability 890:901 mucosal permeability 882:901 mucosal permeability in the small intestine 882:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 0 52 theme cecal 88:92 arg1 community 104:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 7 53 theme phosphatase 1771:1781 arg1 level 1742:1746 the expression level 1727:1746 the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase 1727:1781 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 3 54 theme bacterial 950:958 arg1 composition 960:970 cecal bacterial composition 944:970 cecal bacterial composition 944:970 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 55 theme 1-d-old 1016:1022 arg1 chickens 1029:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens 1009:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens 1009:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 0 56 from response 52:59 arg1 chickens1 191:199 chickens1 191:199 chickens1 191:199 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 12 57 contain have 2516:2519 arg1 B 2502:2502 B 2502:2502 B 2502:2502 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 12 57 contain have 2516:2519 arg2 potential 2521:2529 potential 2521:2529 potential 2521:2529 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 9 58 theme lower 2060:2064 arg1 expression 2066:2075 lower expression 2060:2075 lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum 2060:2115 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 0 59 theme community 104:112 arg1 challenge 178:186 oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 154:186 oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1 154:199 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 0 59 theme community 104:112 arg1 response 52:59 the response 48:59 the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed 48:148 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 7 60 theme intestinal 1751:1760 arg1 phosphatase 1771:1781 intestinal alkaline phosphatase 1751:1781 intestinal alkaline phosphatase 1751:1781 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 5 61 theme 1 1577:1577 arg1 mg 1579:1580 mg 1579:1580 mg 1579:1580 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 9 62 theme IL10 2080:2083 arg1 expression 2066:2075 lower expression 2060:2075 lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum 2060:2115 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 3 63 contain containing 586:595 arg2 strain 625:630 a bacterial strain 613:630 a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially 613:694 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 63 contain containing 586:595 arg2 bentonite 599:607 a bentonite 597:607 a bentonite 597:607 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 63 contain containing 586:595 arg1 B 582:582 B 582:582 B 582:582 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 63 contain containing 586:595 arg1 deactivator 569:579 a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 542:579 a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B) 542:583 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 64 theme mg 1211:1212 arg1 feed 1219:1222 2.5 mg B/kg feed 1207:1222 2.5 mg B/kg feed 1207:1222 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 64 theme mg 1211:1212 arg1 B 1204:1204 B 1204:1204 B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B) 1204:1231 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 12 65 theme toxin 2616:2620 arg1 load 2622:2625 the toxin load 2612:2625 the toxin load 2612:2625 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 0 66 theme mycotoxin 17:25 arg1 deactivator 27:37 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 0:37 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 0:37 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 4 67 from diet 1241:1244 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 67 from diet 1241:1244 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 68 theme CON 1237:1239 arg1 diet 1241:1244 3) CON diet 1234:1244 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON) 1234:1286 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 3 69 theme present 497:503 arg1 objective 505:513 The present objective 493:513 The present objective 493:513 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 70 theme treatment 1069:1077 arg1 groups 1079:1084 four treatment groups 1064:1084 four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1064:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 3 71 from expression 844:853 arg1 intestine 916:924 the small intestine 906:924 the small intestine 906:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 12 72 theme chickens 2594:2601 arg1 lumen 2585:2589 the intestinal lumen 2570:2589 the intestinal lumen 2570:2589 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 11 73 from Alterations 2298:2308 arg1 composition 2334:2344 the cecal microbiota composition 2313:2344 the cecal microbiota composition 2313:2344 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 11 73 from Alterations 2298:2308 arg1 profile 2354:2360 VFA profile 2350:2360 VFA profile 2350:2360 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 4 74 from diet 1181:1184 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 74 from diet 1181:1184 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 8 75 theme MUC2 1927:1930 arg1 expression 1932:1941 the jejunal MUC2 expression 1915:1941 the jejunal MUC2 expression 1915:1941 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 3 76 with combination 766:776 arg1 challenge 810:818 an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 783:818 an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 783:818 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 6 77 dep reduced 1653:1659 arg1 < 1664:1664 P < 0.05 1662:1669 P < 0.05 1662:1669 DON reduced (P < 0.05) the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus. 31944242 5 78 theme birds 1470:1474 arg1 half 1462:1465 the other half 1452:1465 the other half of birds 1452:1474 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 5 79 theme LPS/kg 1582:1587 arg1 BW 1589:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW 1577:1590 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling 1577:1646 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 7 80 theme mucosal 1865:1871 arg1 permeability 1873:1884 mucosal permeability 1865:1884 mucosal permeability 1865:1884 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 2 81 from response 471:478 arg1 chickens 483:490 chickens 483:490 chickens 483:490 It has not been adequately evaluated whether these deactivators may detoxify bacterial toxins in the intestinal lumen and subsequently lower the inflammatory response in chickens. 31944242 12 82 theme LPS 2746:2748 arg1 interactions 2718:2729 interactions 2718:2729 interactions of DON, B, and LPS 2718:2748 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 8 83 theme IL6 1965:1967 arg1 expression 1969:1978 IL6 expression 1965:1978 IL6 expression 1965:1978 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 4 84 theme = 1114:1114 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 84 theme = 1114:1114 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 0 85 from challenge 178:186 arg1 chickens1 191:199 chickens1 191:199 chickens1 191:199 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 11 86 from physiology 2410:2419 arg1 intestine 2434:2442 the small intestine 2424:2442 the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS 2424:2468 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 12 87 theme DON 2734:2736 arg1 interactions 2718:2729 interactions 2718:2729 interactions of DON, B, and LPS 2718:2748 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 1 88 theme mycotoxin-contaminated 284:305 arg1 feed 307:310 mycotoxin-contaminated feed 284:310 mycotoxin-contaminated feed 284:310 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 31944242 7 89 theme jejunal 1837:1843 arg1 expression 1850:1859 jejunal gene expression 1837:1859 jejunal gene expression 1837:1859 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 6 90 dep bursa 1686:1690 arg1 fabricii 1692:1699 fabricii 1692:1699 fabricii 1692:1699 DON reduced (P < 0.05) the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus. 31944242 11 91 theme microbiota 2323:2332 arg1 composition 2334:2344 the cecal microbiota composition 2313:2344 the cecal microbiota composition 2313:2344 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 4 92 theme 10 1264:1265 arg1 mg 1267:1268 mg 1267:1268 mg 1267:1268 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 12 93 theme B 2739:2739 arg1 interactions 2718:2729 interactions 2718:2729 interactions of DON, B, and LPS 2718:2748 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 5 94 dep assessed 1401:1408 arg1 whereas 1441:1447 whereas 1441:1447 whereas 1441:1447 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 4 95 theme B/kg 1330:1333 arg1 feed 1335:1338 2.5 mg B/kg feed 1323:1338 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B) 1323:1346 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 95 theme B/kg 1330:1333 arg1 DON-B 1341:1345 DON-B 1341:1345 DON-B 1341:1345 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 2 96 from toxins 400:405 arg1 lumen 425:429 the intestinal lumen 410:429 the intestinal lumen 410:429 It has not been adequately evaluated whether these deactivators may detoxify bacterial toxins in the intestinal lumen and subsequently lower the inflammatory response in chickens. 31944242 4 97 theme DON/kg 1270:1275 arg1 DON 1283:1285 DON 1283:1285 DON 1283:1285 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 97 theme DON/kg 1270:1275 arg1 feed 1277:1280 10 mg DON/kg feed 1264:1280 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON) 1264:1286 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 1 98 theme Mycotoxin 202:210 arg1 strategy 243:250 a widely used strategy 229:250 a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed 229:310 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 31944242 1 98 theme Mycotoxin 202:210 arg1 deactivators 212:223 Mycotoxin deactivators 202:223 Mycotoxin deactivators 202:223 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 31944242 5 99 dep Escherichia 1597:1607 arg1 coli 1609:1612 coli 1609:1612 coli 1609:1612 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 4 100 theme basal 1144:1148 arg1 diet 1150:1153 1) basal diet without DON (CON) 1141:1171 1) basal diet without DON (CON) 1141:1171 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 10 101 theme jejunal 2215:2221 arg1 expression 2223:2232 jejunal expression 2215:2232 jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 2215:2248 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 0 102 theme contaminated 132:143 arg1 feed 145:148 deoxynivalenol contaminated feed 117:148 deoxynivalenol contaminated feed 117:148 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 9 103 theme P 2176:2176 arg1 0.050 2180:2184 P = 0.050 2176:2184 P = 0.050 2176:2184 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 9 103 theme P 2176:2176 arg1 diet 2170:2173 the DON-B diet 2160:2173 the DON-B diet (P = 0.050) 2160:2185 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 8 104 theme P 2018:2018 arg1 animals 2009:2015 the unchallenged animals 1992:2015 the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05) 1992:2026 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 8 104 theme P 2018:2018 arg1 < 2020:2020 P < 0.05 2018:2025 P < 0.05 2018:2025 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 3 105 theme lipopolysaccharide 791:808 arg1 challenge 810:818 an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 783:818 an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 783:818 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 106 dep diet 1181:1184 arg1 2 1174:1174 2 1174:1174 2 1174:1174 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 7 107 theme P 1807:1807 arg1 0.027 1811:1815 P = 0.027 1807:1815 P = 0.027 1807:1815 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 7 107 theme P 1807:1807 arg1 mucosa 1799:1804 the duodenal mucosa 1786:1804 the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) 1786:1816 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 9 108 theme B 2035:2035 arg1 interactions 2037:2048 DON × B interactions 2029:2048 DON × B interactions 2029:2048 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 5 109 theme Escherichia 1597:1607 arg1 B5 1618:1619 Escherichia coli O55:B5 1597:1619 Escherichia coli O55:B5 1597:1619 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 3 110 from metabolites 976:986 arg1 chickens 999:1006 broiler chickens 991:1006 broiler chickens 991:1006 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 6 111 theme bursa 1686:1690 arg1 weight 1676:1681 the weight 1672:1681 the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus 1672:1710 DON reduced (P < 0.05) the weight of bursa fabricii and thymus. 31944242 5 112 theme bacterial 1506:1514 arg1 load 1522:1525 their intestinal bacterial toxin load 1489:1525 their intestinal bacterial toxin load 1489:1525 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 0 113 theme lipopolysaccharide 159:176 arg1 challenge 178:186 oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 154:186 oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1 154:199 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 4 114 dep diet 1150:1153 arg1 1 1141:1141 1 1141:1141 1 1141:1141 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 11 115 from alterations 2390:2400 arg1 physiology 2410:2419 host physiology 2405:2419 host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS 2405:2468 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 3 116 theme organ 832:836 arg1 size 838:841 visceral organ size 823:841 visceral organ size 823:841 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 12 117 dep other 2552:2556 arg1 than 2558:2561 than 2558:2561 than 2558:2561 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 3 118 theme biotransform 657:668 arg1 trichothecenes 670:683 enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes 643:683 enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes 643:683 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 119 dep composition 960:970 arg1 the 940:942 the 940:942 the 940:942 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 120 theme immune 865:870 arg1 genes 872:876 innate immune genes 858:876 innate immune genes 858:876 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 0 121 theme jejunal 68:74 arg1 community 104:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 9 122 from IL10 2080:2083 arg1 duodenum 2088:2095 duodenum 2088:2095 duodenum 2088:2095 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 9 122 from IL10 2080:2083 arg1 NFKB 2101:2104 NFKB 2101:2104 NFKB 2101:2104 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 4 123 theme male 1024:1027 arg1 chickens 1029:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens 1009:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens 1009:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 3 124 from composition 960:970 arg1 chickens 999:1006 broiler chickens 991:1006 broiler chickens 991:1006 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 4 125 theme CON 1177:1179 arg1 diet 1181:1184 2) CON diet 1174:1184 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B) 1174:1231 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 9 126 theme DON 2029:2031 arg1 interactions 2037:2048 DON × B interactions 2029:2048 DON × B interactions 2029:2048 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 3 127 theme oral 786:789 arg1 challenge 810:818 an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 783:818 an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge 783:818 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 9 128 from expression 2066:2075 arg1 duodenum 2088:2095 duodenum 2088:2095 duodenum 2088:2095 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 9 128 from expression 2066:2075 arg1 jejunum 2109:2115 jejunum 2109:2115 jejunum 2109:2115 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 9 128 from expression 2066:2075 arg1 NFKB 2101:2104 NFKB 2101:2104 NFKB 2101:2104 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 3 129 dep bentonite 599:607 arg1 DON 712:714 DON 712:714 DON 712:714 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 129 dep bentonite 599:607 arg1 deoxynivalenol 696:709 deoxynivalenol 696:709 deoxynivalenol (DON) 696:715 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 10 130 theme P 2287:2287 arg1 chickens 2277:2284 LPS-challenged chickens 2262:2284 LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05) 2262:2295 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 10 130 theme P 2287:2287 arg1 < 2289:2289 P < 0.05 2287:2294 P < 0.05 2287:2294 Furthermore, the B lowered jejunal expression of NFKB and IL6 but only in LPS-challenged chickens (P < 0.05). 31944242 4 131 theme mg 1327:1328 arg1 feed 1335:1338 2.5 mg B/kg feed 1323:1338 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B) 1323:1346 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 131 theme mg 1327:1328 arg1 DON-B 1341:1345 DON-B 1341:1345 DON-B 1341:1345 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 0 132 theme bacterial 94:102 arg1 community 104:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community 64:112 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 7 133 theme alkaline 1762:1769 arg1 phosphatase 1771:1781 intestinal alkaline phosphatase 1751:1781 intestinal alkaline phosphatase 1751:1781 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 9 134 theme = 2178:2178 arg1 0.050 2180:2184 P = 0.050 2176:2184 P = 0.050 2176:2184 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 9 134 theme = 2178:2178 arg1 diet 2170:2173 the DON-B diet 2160:2173 the DON-B diet (P = 0.050) 2160:2185 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 4 135 dep diet 1241:1244 arg1 3 1234:1234 3 1234:1234 3 1234:1234 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 136 dep batches 1103:1109 arg1 replicate 1093:1101 replicate 1093:1101 replicate 1093:1101 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 137 theme Eighty 1009:1014 arg1 chickens 1029:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens 1009:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens 1009:1036 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 0 138 theme multicomponent 2:15 arg1 deactivator 27:37 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 0:37 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator 0:37 A multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator modifies the response of the jejunal mucosal and cecal bacterial community to deoxynivalenol contaminated feed and oral lipopolysaccharide challenge in chickens1. 31944242 7 139 theme expression 1731:1740 arg1 level 1742:1746 the expression level 1727:1746 the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase 1727:1781 DON increased the expression level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the duodenal mucosa (P = 0.027) but did not modify jejunal gene expression and mucosal permeability. 31944242 3 140 theme cecal 944:948 arg1 composition 960:970 cecal bacterial composition 944:970 cecal bacterial composition 944:970 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 8 141 theme LPS 1891:1893 arg1 challenge 1895:1903 The LPS challenge 1887:1903 The LPS challenge 1887:1903 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 5 142 theme chickens 1364:1371 arg1 half 1352:1355 half 1352:1355 half of the chickens per treatment 1352:1385 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 4 143 theme B/kg 1214:1217 arg1 feed 1219:1222 2.5 mg B/kg feed 1207:1222 2.5 mg B/kg feed 1207:1222 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 143 theme B/kg 1214:1217 arg1 B 1204:1204 B 1204:1204 B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B) 1204:1231 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 2 144 theme intestinal 414:423 arg1 lumen 425:429 the intestinal lumen 410:429 the intestinal lumen 410:429 It has not been adequately evaluated whether these deactivators may detoxify bacterial toxins in the intestinal lumen and subsequently lower the inflammatory response in chickens. 31944242 3 145 theme broiler 991:997 arg1 chickens 999:1006 broiler chickens 991:1006 broiler chickens 991:1006 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 11 146 theme VFA 2350:2352 arg1 profile 2354:2360 VFA profile 2350:2360 VFA profile 2350:2360 Alterations in the cecal microbiota composition and VFA profile were likely associated with alterations in host physiology in the small intestine caused by DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 2 147 theme inflammatory 458:469 arg1 response 471:478 the inflammatory response 454:478 the inflammatory response in chickens 454:490 It has not been adequately evaluated whether these deactivators may detoxify bacterial toxins in the intestinal lumen and subsequently lower the inflammatory response in chickens. 31944242 4 148 from groups 1079:1084 arg1 batches 1103:1109 two replicate batches 1089:1109 two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate) 1089:1138 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 4 148 from groups 1079:1084 arg1 10/treatment/replicate 1116:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 n = 10/treatment/replicate 1112:1137 Eighty 1-d-old male chickens were randomly allotted to four treatment groups in two replicate batches (n = 10/treatment/replicate): 1) basal diet without DON (CON), 2) CON diet supplemented with B (2.5 mg B/kg feed) (CON-B), 3) CON diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed (DON), and 4) DON diet supplemented with 2.5 mg B/kg feed (DON-B). 31944242 8 149 theme jejunal 1919:1925 arg1 expression 1932:1941 the jejunal MUC2 expression 1915:1941 the jejunal MUC2 expression 1915:1941 The LPS challenge decreased the jejunal MUC2 expression but increased ZO1 and IL6 expression compared to the unchallenged animals (P < 0.05). 31944242 3 150 from permeability 890:901 arg1 intestine 916:924 the small intestine 906:924 the small intestine 906:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 5 151 theme oral 1557:1560 arg1 challenge 1562:1570 an oral challenge 1554:1570 an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling 1554:1646 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 12 152 theme present 2488:2494 arg1 data 2496:2499 the present data 2484:2499 the present data 2484:2499 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 12 153 theme intestinal 2574:2583 arg1 lumen 2585:2589 the intestinal lumen 2570:2589 the intestinal lumen 2570:2589 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 5 154 theme O55 1614:1616 arg1 B5 1618:1619 Escherichia coli O55:B5 1597:1619 Escherichia coli O55:B5 1597:1619 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 12 155 theme intestinal 2669:2678 arg1 response 2693:2700 the intestinal and systemic response 2665:2700 the intestinal and systemic response 2665:2700 According to the present data, B appeared to have potential to detoxify antigens other than DON in the intestinal lumen of chickens, whereby the toxin load may limit the efficacy of B to modify the intestinal and systemic response as indicated by interactions of DON, B, and LPS. 31944242 5 156 theme nonchallenge 1416:1427 arg1 conditions 1429:1438 nonchallenge conditions 1416:1438 nonchallenge conditions 1416:1438 In half of the chickens per treatment, effects were assessed under nonchallenge conditions, whereas in the other half of birds, to increase their intestinal bacterial toxin load, effects were tested after an oral challenge with 1 mg LPS/kg BW from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on the day before sampling. 31944242 9 157 theme higher 2137:2142 arg1 expression 2144:2153 higher expression 2137:2153 higher expression 2137:2153 DON × B interactions indicated lower expression of IL10 in duodenum and NFKB in jejunum with the B diet but higher expression with the DON-B diet (P = 0.050). 31944242 3 158 theme DON-contaminated 741:756 arg1 feed 758:761 a DON-contaminated feed 739:761 a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine 739:924 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 3 159 theme deactivator 569:579 arg1 effect 532:537 the effect 528:537 the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens 528:1006 The present objective was to study the effect of a multicomponent mycotoxin deactivator (B), containing a bentonite and a bacterial strain capable to enzymatically biotransform trichothecenes especially deoxynivalenol (DON), when supplemented to a DON-contaminated feed in combination with an oral lipopolysaccharide challenge on visceral organ size, expression of innate immune genes and mucosal permeability in the small intestine as well as on the cecal bacterial composition and metabolites in broiler chickens. 31944242 1 160 theme negative 264:271 arg1 effects 273:279 negative effects 264:279 negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed 264:310 Mycotoxin deactivators are a widely used strategy to abrogate negative effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed. 32223398 5 0 theme Actinobacteria 1219:1232 arg1 Firmicutes 1178:1187 the phylum Firmicutes 1167:1187 the phylum Firmicutes 1167:1187 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 0 theme Actinobacteria 1219:1232 arg1 XIVa 1281:1284 Clostridium cluster XIVa 1261:1284 Clostridium cluster XIVa 1261:1284 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 0 theme Actinobacteria 1219:1232 arg1 Bifidobacteria 1190:1203 Bifidobacteria 1190:1203 Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers 1190:1254 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 8 1 theme fermentable 1804:1814 arg1 cancer 1836:1841 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 1804:1841 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 1804:1841 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 7 2 theme hydrophilic 1570:1580 arg1 acids 1595:1599 hydrophilic primary bile acids 1570:1599 hydrophilic primary bile acids 1570:1599 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 0 3 theme gut 82:84 arg1 microbiota 86:95 dysbiotic gut microbiota 72:95 dysbiotic gut microbiota 72:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 8 4 theme cancer 1836:1841 arg1 mediators 1791:1799 the critical mediators 1778:1799 the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice 1778:1859 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 5 5 theme gut 1027:1029 arg1 communities 1041:1051 gut bacterial communities 1027:1051 gut bacterial communities 1027:1051 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 6 theme Clostridium 1261:1271 arg1 XIVa 1281:1284 Clostridium cluster XIVa 1261:1284 Clostridium cluster XIVa 1261:1284 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 1 7 theme nutritional 245:255 arg1 value 257:261 their nutritional value 239:261 their nutritional value 239:261 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 7 8 from increase 1617:1624 arg1 ratio 1666:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 8 9 theme liver 1830:1834 arg1 cancer 1836:1841 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 1804:1841 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 1804:1841 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 4 10 theme vancomycin 721:730 arg1 treatment 732:740 vancomycin treatment 721:740 vancomycin treatment 721:740 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 5 11 theme cluster 1273:1279 arg1 XIVa 1281:1284 Clostridium cluster XIVa 1261:1284 Clostridium cluster XIVa 1261:1284 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 12 theme phylum 1212:1217 arg1 Actinobacteria 1219:1232 the phylum Actinobacteria 1208:1232 the phylum Actinobacteria 1208:1232 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 4 13 theme liver 899:903 arg1 injury 905:910 cholestatic liver injury 887:910 cholestatic liver injury 887:910 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 8 14 theme dysbiotic 1846:1854 arg1 mice 1856:1859 dysbiotic mice 1846:1859 dysbiotic mice 1846:1859 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 7 15 theme primary 1582:1588 arg1 acids 1595:1599 hydrophilic primary bile acids 1570:1599 hydrophilic primary bile acids 1570:1599 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 4 16 dep a 692:692 arg1 Such 687:690 Such 687:690 Such 687:690 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 6 17 theme vancomycin-treated 1347:1364 arg1 mice 1366:1369 vancomycin-treated mice 1347:1369 vancomycin-treated mice 1347:1369 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 2 18 theme Toll-like 328:336 arg1 mice 366:369 Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice 328:369 Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis 328:394 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 4 19 theme inulin-fed 800:809 arg1 mice 816:819 inulin-fed T5KO mice 800:819 inulin-fed T5KO mice 800:819 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 8 20 theme bile 1747:1750 arg1 metabolism 1757:1766 bile acid metabolism 1747:1766 bile acid metabolism 1747:1766 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 2 21 theme susceptible 371:381 arg1 mice 366:369 Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice 328:369 Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis 328:394 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 2 22 theme microbiota-dependent 475:494 arg1 manner 496:501 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 469:501 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 469:501 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 0 23 from cancer 52:57 arg1 mice 62:65 mice 62:65 mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota 62:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 6 24 theme bile 1430:1433 arg1 acids 1435:1439 secondary bile acids 1420:1439 secondary bile acids 1420:1439 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 2 25 dep deficient 349:357 arg1 T5KO 360:363 T5KO 360:363 T5KO 360:363 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 1 26 theme refined 166:172 arg1 inulin 174:179 refined inulin 166:179 refined inulin 166:179 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 4 27 theme liver 988:992 arg1 fibrosis 994:1001 liver fibrosis 988:1001 liver fibrosis 988:1001 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 7 28 theme bile 1656:1659 arg1 ratio 1666:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 2 29 theme gut 471:473 arg1 manner 496:501 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 469:501 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 469:501 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 3 30 theme bacterial 549:557 arg1 taxa 559:562 bacterial taxa 549:562 bacterial taxa 549:562 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 5 31 theme vancomycin-treated 1069:1086 arg1 mice 1088:1091 vancomycin-treated mice 1069:1091 vancomycin-treated mice 1069:1091 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 31 theme vancomycin-treated 1069:1086 arg1 Ruminococcaceae 1138:1152 Ruminococcaceae 1138:1152 Ruminococcaceae 1138:1152 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 31 theme vancomycin-treated 1069:1086 arg1 Lachnospiraceae 1118:1132 Lachnospiraceae 1118:1132 Lachnospiraceae 1118:1132 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 32 located observed 1057:1064 arg1 mice 1088:1091 vancomycin-treated mice 1069:1091 vancomycin-treated mice 1069:1091 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 32 located observed 1057:1064 arg1 Ruminococcaceae 1138:1152 Ruminococcaceae 1138:1152 Ruminococcaceae 1138:1152 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 32 located observed 1057:1064 arg1 Lachnospiraceae 1118:1132 Lachnospiraceae 1118:1132 Lachnospiraceae 1118:1132 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 5 32 located observed 1057:1064 arg2 depletion 1014:1022 Selective depletion 1004:1022 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities 1004:1051 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 2 33 theme them 409:412 arg1 subset 399:404 a subset 397:404 a subset of them 397:412 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 5 34 theme phylum 1171:1176 arg1 Firmicutes 1178:1187 the phylum Firmicutes 1167:1187 the phylum Firmicutes 1167:1187 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 4 35 theme T5KO 811:814 arg1 mice 816:819 inulin-fed T5KO mice 800:819 inulin-fed T5KO mice 800:819 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 3 36 theme taxa 559:562 arg1 clearance 536:544 clearance 536:544 clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer 536:646 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 5 37 theme secondary 1301:1309 arg1 acids 1316:1320 secondary bile acids 1301:1320 secondary bile acids 1301:1320 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 0 38 theme fiber-induced 32:44 arg1 cancer 52:57 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 20:57 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota 20:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 6 39 from Lack 1323:1326 arg1 mice 1366:1369 vancomycin-treated mice 1347:1369 vancomycin-treated mice 1347:1369 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 6 40 theme cancer 1337:1342 arg1 Lack 1323:1326 Lack 1323:1326 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice 1323:1369 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 5 41 theme bile 1311:1314 arg1 acids 1316:1320 secondary bile acids 1301:1320 secondary bile acids 1301:1320 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 0 42 theme fermentable 20:30 arg1 cancer 52:57 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 20:57 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota 20:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 7 43 theme conjugated-to-unconjugated 1629:1654 arg1 ratio 1666:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 4 44 theme disease 864:870 arg1 penetrance 872:881 disease penetrance 864:881 disease penetrance 864:881 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 5 45 theme bacterial 1031:1039 arg1 communities 1041:1051 gut bacterial communities 1027:1051 gut bacterial communities 1027:1051 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 8 46 theme metabolism 1757:1766 arg1 regulation 1733:1742 microbiotal regulation 1721:1742 microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism 1721:1766 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 8 47 theme acid 1752:1755 arg1 metabolism 1757:1766 bile acid metabolism 1747:1766 bile acid metabolism 1747:1766 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 2 48 theme liver 453:457 arg1 cancer 459:464 liver cancer 453:464 liver cancer 453:464 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 6 49 theme liver 1331:1335 arg1 cancer 1337:1342 liver cancer 1331:1342 liver cancer 1331:1342 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 4 50 theme cholestatic 887:897 arg1 injury 905:910 cholestatic liver injury 887:910 cholestatic liver injury 887:910 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 5 51 theme communities 1041:1051 arg1 depletion 1014:1022 Selective depletion 1004:1022 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities 1004:1051 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 7 52 theme bile 1528:1531 arg1 acids 1533:1537 serum bile acids 1522:1537 serum bile acids 1522:1537 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 0 53 theme liver 46:50 arg1 cancer 52:57 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 20:57 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota 20:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 6 54 theme secondary 1420:1428 arg1 acids 1435:1439 secondary bile acids 1420:1439 secondary bile acids 1420:1439 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 7 55 theme acids 1533:1537 arg1 composition 1507:1517 the composition 1503:1517 the composition of serum bile acids 1503:1537 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 3 56 theme gut 577:579 arg1 metabolites 581:591 gut metabolites 577:591 gut metabolites 577:591 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 8 57 from mediators 1791:1799 arg1 mice 1856:1859 dysbiotic mice 1846:1859 dysbiotic mice 1846:1859 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 3 58 from disease 664:670 arg1 mice 681:684 these mice 675:684 these mice 675:684 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 4 59 theme cancer 790:795 arg1 development 769:779 the development 765:779 the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice 765:819 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 1 60 theme health 113:118 arg1 benefits 120:127 their health benefits 107:127 their health benefits 107:127 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 8 61 theme microbiotal 1721:1731 arg1 regulation 1733:1742 microbiotal regulation 1721:1742 microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism 1721:1766 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 5 62 theme Selective 1004:1012 arg1 depletion 1014:1022 Selective depletion 1004:1022 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities 1004:1051 Selective depletion of gut bacterial communities was observed in vancomycin-treated mice, including Gram-positive Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, which ferment fibers, and Clostridium cluster XIVa, which produce secondary bile acids. 32223398 4 63 theme liver 784:788 arg1 cancer 790:795 liver cancer 784:795 liver cancer 784:795 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 8 64 theme critical 1782:1789 arg1 mediators 1791:1799 the critical mediators 1778:1799 the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice 1778:1859 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 6 65 from loss 1412:1415 arg1 circulation 1444:1454 circulation 1444:1454 circulation 1444:1454 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 7 66 theme serum 1522:1526 arg1 acids 1533:1537 serum bile acids 1522:1537 serum bile acids 1522:1537 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 4 67 from development 769:779 arg1 mice 816:819 inulin-fed T5KO mice 800:819 inulin-fed T5KO mice 800:819 Such a reshaping of microbiota by vancomycin treatment was sufficient to halt the development of liver cancer in inulin-fed T5KO mice; however, this intervention did not remedy disease penetrance for cholestatic liver injury and its sequelae, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypolipidemia, cholemia and liver fibrosis. 32223398 1 68 theme processed 212:220 arg1 foods 222:226 processed foods 212:226 processed foods 212:226 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 7 69 theme acid 1661:1664 arg1 ratio 1666:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio 1629:1670 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 6 70 theme substantial 1400:1410 arg1 loss 1412:1415 the substantial loss 1396:1415 the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation 1396:1454 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 0 71 with mice 62:65 arg1 microbiota 86:95 dysbiotic gut microbiota 72:95 dysbiotic gut microbiota 72:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 1 72 theme dietary 130:136 arg1 inulin 174:179 refined inulin 166:179 refined inulin 166:179 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 1 72 theme dietary 130:136 arg1 fibers 150:155 dietary fermentable fibers 130:155 dietary fermentable fibers 130:155 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 3 73 dep onset 610:614 arg1 the 606:608 the 606:608 the 606:608 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 0 74 theme dysbiotic 72:80 arg1 microbiota 86:95 dysbiotic gut microbiota 72:95 dysbiotic gut microbiota 72:95 Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota. 32223398 3 75 theme liver 635:639 arg1 cancer 641:646 liver cancer 635:646 liver cancer 635:646 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 3 76 theme metabolites 581:591 arg1 clearance 536:544 clearance 536:544 clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer 536:646 Therefore, we hypothesized that clearance of bacterial taxa, and thereby gut metabolites, involved in the onset and progression to liver cancer could abate the disease in these mice. 32223398 8 77 theme mediators 1791:1799 arg1 one 1771:1773 one 1771:1773 one 1771:1773 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 8 77 theme mediators 1791:1799 arg1 mediators 1791:1799 the critical mediators 1778:1799 the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice 1778:1859 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 1 78 theme fermentable 138:148 arg1 inulin 174:179 refined inulin 166:179 refined inulin 166:179 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 1 78 theme fermentable 138:148 arg1 fibers 150:155 dietary fermentable fibers 130:155 dietary fermentable fibers 130:155 Owing to their health benefits, dietary fermentable fibers, such as refined inulin, are increasingly fortified in processed foods to enhance their nutritional value. 32223398 7 79 theme bile 1590:1593 arg1 acids 1595:1599 hydrophilic primary bile acids 1570:1599 hydrophilic primary bile acids 1570:1599 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32223398 6 80 theme acids 1435:1439 arg1 loss 1412:1415 the substantial loss 1396:1415 the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation 1396:1454 Lack of liver cancer in vancomycin-treated mice strongly correlated with the substantial loss of secondary bile acids in circulation. 32223398 8 81 theme fiber-induced 1816:1828 arg1 cancer 1836:1841 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 1804:1841 fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer 1804:1841 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 2 82 theme deficient 349:357 arg1 mice 366:369 Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice 328:369 Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis 328:394 However, we previously demonstrated that when inulin was fed to Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice susceptible to dysbiosis, a subset of them developed cholestasis and subsequently liver cancer in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32223398 8 83 theme present 1693:1699 arg1 study 1701:1705 the present study 1689:1705 the present study 1689:1705 Taken together, the present study suggests that microbiotal regulation of bile acid metabolism is one of the critical mediators of fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in dysbiotic mice. 32223398 7 84 theme acids 1595:1599 arg1 abundance 1557:1565 an abundance 1554:1565 an abundance 1554:1565 Although cholemia was unabated by vancomycin, the composition of serum bile acids shifted toward an abundance of hydrophilic primary bile acids, denoted by the increase in conjugated-to-unconjugated bile acid ratio. 32896404 4 0 theme barriers 881:888 arg1 factor 843:848 tumor necrosis factor α 828:850 tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers 828:888 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 1 theme systemic 1316:1323 arg1 application 1325:1335 systemic application 1316:1335 systemic application 1316:1335 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 10 2 theme barrier 2096:2102 arg1 opening 2104:2110 LPS-induced barrier opening 2084:2110 LPS-induced barrier opening 2084:2110 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 9 3 theme flunixin 1765:1772 arg1 meglumine 1774:1782 flunixin meglumine 1765:1782 flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL 1765:1795 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 5 4 dep ketoprofen 1049:1058 arg1 mg/mL 1066:1070 1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM 1061:1078 mg/mL 1066:1070 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 4 dep ketoprofen 1049:1058 arg1 mM 1077:1078 1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM 1061:1078 mM 1077:1078 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 5 from coli 1016:1019 arg1 LPS 994:996 LPS 994:996 LPS 994:996 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 5 from coli 1016:1019 arg1 lipopolysaccharide 974:991 lipopolysaccharide 974:991 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 974:1019 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 12 6 theme composition 2519:2529 arg1 recovery 2502:2509 the recovery 2498:2509 the recovery of milk composition 2498:2529 Used in mastitis therapy at an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition. 32896404 10 7 theme effects 1947:1953 arg1 comparison 1927:1936 The comparison 1923:1936 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM 1923:1992 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 4 8 theme mammary 862:868 arg1 barriers 881:888 bovine mammary epithelial barriers 855:888 bovine mammary epithelial barriers 855:888 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 9 theme different 673:681 arg1 selectivity 683:693 different selectivity 673:693 different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition 673:722 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 10 theme dosage 1305:1310 arg1 relations 1276:1284 comparable relations 1265:1284 comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application 1265:1335 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 3 11 theme blood-milk 581:590 arg1 barrier 592:598 the blood-milk barrier 577:598 the blood-milk barrier 577:598 However, the knowledge about their effects on the blood-milk barrier is low. 32896404 1 12 theme mammary 197:203 arg1 cells 216:220 mammary epithelial cells 197:220 mammary epithelial cells 197:220 During inflammation of the mammary gland, the blood-milk barrier, which is predominantly composed of mammary epithelial cells, loses its integrity and gradients between blood and milk cannot be maintained. 32896404 10 13 theme molecular 1967:1975 arg1 quantity 1977:1984 the same molecular quantity 1958:1984 the same molecular quantity of 4 mM 1958:1992 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 2 14 theme Nonsteroidal 302:313 arg1 NSAID 340:344 NSAID 340:344 NSAID 340:344 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 2 14 theme Nonsteroidal 302:313 arg1 drugs 333:337 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 302:337 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) 302:345 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 4 15 from effects 640:646 arg1 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 15 from effects 640:646 arg1 capacitance 781:791 capacitance 781:791 capacitance 781:791 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 15 from effects 640:646 arg1 resistance 759:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance 728:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 728:775 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 15 from effects 640:646 arg1 expression 814:823 expression 814:823 expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro 814:897 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 15 from effects 640:646 arg1 viability 799:807 cell viability 794:807 cell viability 794:807 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 16 theme different 651:659 arg1 NSAID 661:665 different NSAID 651:665 different NSAID 651:665 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 12 17 theme mastitis 2420:2427 arg1 therapy 2429:2435 mastitis therapy 2420:2435 mastitis therapy 2420:2435 Used in mastitis therapy at an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition. 32896404 10 18 theme control 2182:2188 arg1 level 2190:2194 control level 2182:2194 control level 2182:2194 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 11 19 theme flunixin 2313:2320 arg1 meglumine 2322:2330 flunixin meglumine 2313:2330 flunixin meglumine 2313:2330 In conclusion, NSAID do not prevent the mammary epithelial barrier opening by LPS; however, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, and meloxicam obviously support the re-establishment of the barrier integrity. 32896404 10 20 theme mM 1991:1992 arg1 quantity 1977:1984 the same molecular quantity 1958:1984 the same molecular quantity of 4 mM 1958:1992 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 7 21 dep induced 1446:1452 arg1 returned 1491:1498 returned 1491:1498 returned to control level within 14 h. Viability of cells challenged with LPS only was not affected 1491:1589 Lipopolysaccharide with or without NSAID induced a decrease in TEER within 5 h, which returned to control level within 14 h. Viability of cells challenged with LPS only was not affected. 32896404 4 22 theme electrical 748:757 arg1 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 22 theme electrical 748:757 arg1 resistance 759:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance 728:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 728:775 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 23 theme different 938:946 arg1 cows 948:951 3 different cows 936:951 3 different cows 936:951 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 11 24 theme epithelial 2257:2266 arg1 opening 2276:2282 the mammary epithelial barrier opening 2245:2282 the mammary epithelial barrier opening 2245:2282 In conclusion, NSAID do not prevent the mammary epithelial barrier opening by LPS; however, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, and meloxicam obviously support the re-establishment of the barrier integrity. 32896404 11 25 theme barrier 2393:2399 arg1 integrity 2401:2409 the barrier integrity 2389:2409 the barrier integrity 2389:2409 In conclusion, NSAID do not prevent the mammary epithelial barrier opening by LPS; however, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, and meloxicam obviously support the re-establishment of the barrier integrity. 32896404 8 26 theme NSAID 1668:1672 arg1 concentrations 1650:1663 increasing concentrations 1639:1663 increasing concentrations of NSAID 1639:1672 However, the cell viability was decreased with increasing concentrations of NSAID and this effect was amplified with simultaneous LPS challenge. 32896404 5 27 theme Primary 900:906 arg1 cells 927:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells 900:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows 900:951 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 2 28 theme cow 507:509 arg1 well-being 489:498 the well-being 485:498 the well-being of the cow during the disease 485:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 10 29 theme different 2001:2009 arg1 effect 2011:2016 different effect 2001:2016 different effect 2001:2016 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 3 30 from knowledge 544:552 arg1 barrier 592:598 the blood-milk barrier 577:598 the blood-milk barrier 577:598 However, the knowledge about their effects on the blood-milk barrier is low. 32896404 13 31 theme tissue 2581:2586 arg1 irritation 2588:2597 tissue irritation 2581:2597 tissue irritation 2581:2597 However, an overdose of NSAID would likely cause tissue irritation and in turn, a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability. 32896404 5 32 theme epithelial 916:925 arg1 cells 927:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells 900:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows 900:951 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 11 33 theme mammary 2249:2255 arg1 opening 2276:2282 the mammary epithelial barrier opening 2245:2282 the mammary epithelial barrier opening 2245:2282 In conclusion, NSAID do not prevent the mammary epithelial barrier opening by LPS; however, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, and meloxicam obviously support the re-establishment of the barrier integrity. 32896404 1 34 theme blood-milk 142:151 arg1 barrier 153:159 the blood-milk barrier 138:159 the blood-milk barrier 138:159 During inflammation of the mammary gland, the blood-milk barrier, which is predominantly composed of mammary epithelial cells, loses its integrity and gradients between blood and milk cannot be maintained. 32896404 5 35 dep meloxicam 1122:1130 arg1 mM 1162:1163 4 mM 1160:1163 4 mM 1160:1163 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 35 dep meloxicam 1122:1130 arg1 mg/mL 1138:1142 0.25 mg/mL 1133:1142 0.25 mg/mL 1133:1142 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 35 dep meloxicam 1122:1130 arg1 mg/mL 1150:1154 0.75 mg/mL 1145:1154 0.75 mg/mL 1145:1154 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 4 36 theme cell 794:797 arg1 viability 799:807 cell viability 794:807 cell viability 794:807 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 37 theme meglumine 1091:1099 arg1 addition 1037:1044 addition 1037:1044 addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations 1037:1247 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 13 38 theme NSAID 2556:2560 arg1 overdose 2544:2551 an overdose 2541:2551 an overdose of NSAID 2541:2560 However, an overdose of NSAID would likely cause tissue irritation and in turn, a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability. 32896404 2 39 theme local 398:402 arg1 administration 404:417 local administration 398:417 local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 398:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 0 40 theme Nonsteroidal 0:11 arg1 drugs 31:35 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 0:35 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 0:35 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect the mammary epithelial barrier during inflammation. 32896404 8 41 theme LPS 1722:1724 arg1 challenge 1726:1734 simultaneous LPS challenge 1709:1734 simultaneous LPS challenge 1709:1734 However, the cell viability was decreased with increasing concentrations of NSAID and this effect was amplified with simultaneous LPS challenge. 32896404 2 42 theme dairy 463:467 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 463:528 dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 463:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 9 43 theme control 1896:1902 arg1 level 1904:1908 control level 1896:1908 control level 1896:1908 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 5 44 theme ketoprofen 1049:1058 arg1 addition 1037:1044 addition 1037:1044 addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations 1037:1247 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 45 theme celecoxib 1202:1210 arg1 addition 1037:1044 addition 1037:1044 addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations 1037:1247 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 1 46 theme mammary 123:129 arg1 gland 131:135 the mammary gland 119:135 the mammary gland 119:135 During inflammation of the mammary gland, the blood-milk barrier, which is predominantly composed of mammary epithelial cells, loses its integrity and gradients between blood and milk cannot be maintained. 32896404 4 47 theme tumor 828:832 arg1 factor 843:848 tumor necrosis factor α 828:850 tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers 828:888 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 9 48 from mg/mL 1820:1824 arg1 Ketoprofen 1737:1746 Ketoprofen 1737:1746 Ketoprofen at both dosages 1737:1762 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 9 48 from mg/mL 1820:1824 arg1 meglumine 1774:1782 flunixin meglumine 1765:1782 flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL 1765:1795 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 9 48 from mg/mL 1820:1824 arg1 meloxicam 1802:1810 meloxicam 1802:1810 meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL 1802:1824 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 4 49 with NSAID 661:665 arg1 selectivity 683:693 different selectivity 673:693 different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition 673:722 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 50 theme factor 843:848 arg1 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 50 theme factor 843:848 arg1 capacitance 781:791 capacitance 781:791 capacitance 781:791 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 50 theme factor 843:848 arg1 resistance 759:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance 728:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 728:775 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 50 theme factor 843:848 arg1 expression 814:823 expression 814:823 expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro 814:897 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 50 theme factor 843:848 arg1 viability 799:807 cell viability 794:807 cell viability 794:807 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 51 theme comparable 1265:1274 arg1 relations 1276:1284 comparable relations 1265:1284 comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application 1265:1335 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 0 52 theme epithelial 56:65 arg1 barrier 67:73 the mammary epithelial barrier 44:73 the mammary epithelial barrier 44:73 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect the mammary epithelial barrier during inflammation. 32896404 2 53 with combination 381:391 arg1 administration 404:417 local administration 398:417 local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 398:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 10 54 from quantity 1977:1984 arg1 comparison 1927:1936 The comparison 1923:1936 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM 1923:1992 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 2 55 from treatments 449:458 arg1 administration 404:417 local administration 398:417 local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 398:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 6 56 theme similar 1354:1360 arg1 concentration 1368:1380 a similar molar concentration 1352:1380 a similar molar concentration of all NSAID 1352:1393 Additionally, a similar molar concentration of all NSAID was used. 32896404 4 57 theme epithelial 870:879 arg1 barriers 881:888 bovine mammary epithelial barriers 855:888 bovine mammary epithelial barriers 855:888 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 13 58 theme permeability 2646:2657 arg1 recovery 2622:2629 a delayed recovery 2612:2629 a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability 2612:2657 However, an overdose of NSAID would likely cause tissue irritation and in turn, a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability. 32896404 10 59 theme LPS-induced 2084:2094 arg1 opening 2104:2110 LPS-induced barrier opening 2084:2110 LPS-induced barrier opening 2084:2110 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 6 60 used used 1399:1402 arg2 concentration 1368:1380 a similar molar concentration 1352:1380 a similar molar concentration of all NSAID 1352:1393 Additionally, a similar molar concentration of all NSAID was used. 32896404 11 61 theme integrity 2401:2409 arg1 re-establishment 2369:2384 the re-establishment 2365:2384 the re-establishment of the barrier integrity 2365:2409 In conclusion, NSAID do not prevent the mammary epithelial barrier opening by LPS; however, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, and meloxicam obviously support the re-establishment of the barrier integrity. 32896404 5 62 dep or 1026:1027 arg1 adapted 1254:1260 adapted 1254:1260 were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application 1249:1335 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 12 63 theme milk 2514:2517 arg1 composition 2519:2529 milk composition 2514:2529 milk composition 2514:2529 Used in mastitis therapy at an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition. 32896404 9 64 from dosages 1756:1762 arg1 Ketoprofen 1737:1746 Ketoprofen 1737:1746 Ketoprofen at both dosages 1737:1762 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 9 64 from dosages 1756:1762 arg1 meglumine 1774:1782 flunixin meglumine 1765:1782 flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL 1765:1795 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 9 64 from dosages 1756:1762 arg1 meloxicam 1802:1810 meloxicam 1802:1810 meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL 1802:1824 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 10 65 theme NSAID 1941:1945 arg1 effects 1947:1953 NSAID effects 1941:1953 NSAID effects 1941:1953 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 4 66 theme NSAID 661:665 arg1 effects 640:646 effects 640:646 effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro 640:897 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 67 theme recommended 1293:1303 arg1 dosage 1305:1310 the recommended dosage 1289:1310 the recommended dosage for systemic application 1289:1335 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 4 68 theme bovine 855:860 arg1 barriers 881:888 bovine mammary epithelial barriers 855:888 bovine mammary epithelial barriers 855:888 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 5 69 dep diclofenac 1167:1176 arg1 mg/mL 1184:1188 0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM 1179:1196 mg/mL 1184:1188 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 69 dep diclofenac 1167:1176 arg1 mM 1195:1196 0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM 1179:1196 mM 1195:1196 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 2 70 theme anti-inflammatory 315:331 arg1 NSAID 340:344 NSAID 340:344 NSAID 340:344 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 2 70 theme anti-inflammatory 315:331 arg1 drugs 333:337 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 302:337 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) 302:345 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 12 71 dep dosage 2453:2458 arg1 support 2490:2496 support 2490:2496 would likely support the recovery of milk composition 2477:2529 Used in mastitis therapy at an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition. 32896404 1 72 theme epithelial 205:214 arg1 cells 216:220 mammary epithelial cells 197:220 mammary epithelial cells 197:220 During inflammation of the mammary gland, the blood-milk barrier, which is predominantly composed of mammary epithelial cells, loses its integrity and gradients between blood and milk cannot be maintained. 32896404 7 73 theme control 1503:1509 arg1 level 1511:1515 control level 1503:1515 control level 1503:1515 Lipopolysaccharide with or without NSAID induced a decrease in TEER within 5 h, which returned to control level within 14 h. Viability of cells challenged with LPS only was not affected. 32896404 10 74 theme same 1962:1965 arg1 quantity 1977:1984 the same molecular quantity 1958:1984 the same molecular quantity of 4 mM 1958:1992 The comparison of NSAID effects at the same molecular quantity of 4 mM showed different effect on the barrier in which ketoprofen accelerated the recovery after LPS-induced barrier opening, whereas meloxicam and diclofenac slowed down the recovery (return to control level after 24 h). 32896404 12 75 theme optimized 2443:2451 arg1 dosage 2453:2458 an optimized dosage 2440:2458 an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition 2440:2529 Used in mastitis therapy at an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition. 32896404 1 76 theme gland 131:135 arg1 inflammation 103:114 inflammation 103:114 inflammation of the mammary gland 103:135 During inflammation of the mammary gland, the blood-milk barrier, which is predominantly composed of mammary epithelial cells, loses its integrity and gradients between blood and milk cannot be maintained. 32896404 12 77 theme tested 2464:2469 arg1 NSAID 2471:2475 the tested NSAID 2460:2475 the tested NSAID 2460:2475 Used in mastitis therapy at an optimized dosage the tested NSAID would likely support the recovery of milk composition. 32896404 13 78 theme barrier 2638:2644 arg1 permeability 2646:2657 the barrier permeability 2634:2657 the barrier permeability 2634:2657 However, an overdose of NSAID would likely cause tissue irritation and in turn, a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability. 32896404 9 79 from mg/mL 1791:1795 arg1 Ketoprofen 1737:1746 Ketoprofen 1737:1746 Ketoprofen at both dosages 1737:1762 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 9 79 from mg/mL 1791:1795 arg1 meglumine 1774:1782 flunixin meglumine 1765:1782 flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL 1765:1795 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 9 79 from mg/mL 1791:1795 arg1 meloxicam 1802:1810 meloxicam 1802:1810 meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL 1802:1824 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 7 80 dep h. 1527:1528 arg1 affected 1582:1589 affected 1582:1589 was not affected 1574:1589 Lipopolysaccharide with or without NSAID induced a decrease in TEER within 5 h, which returned to control level within 14 h. Viability of cells challenged with LPS only was not affected. 32896404 4 81 theme transepithelial 732:746 arg1 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 TEER 771:774 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 4 81 theme transepithelial 732:746 arg1 resistance 759:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance 728:768 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 728:775 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 8 82 theme increasing 1639:1648 arg1 concentrations 1650:1663 increasing concentrations 1639:1663 increasing concentrations of NSAID 1639:1672 However, the cell viability was decreased with increasing concentrations of NSAID and this effect was amplified with simultaneous LPS challenge. 32896404 9 83 theme TEER 1854:1857 arg1 recovery 1842:1849 the recovery 1838:1849 the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS 1838:1878 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 5 84 theme diclofenac 1167:1176 arg1 addition 1037:1044 addition 1037:1044 addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations 1037:1247 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 13 85 theme delayed 2614:2620 arg1 recovery 2622:2629 a delayed recovery 2612:2629 a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability 2612:2657 However, an overdose of NSAID would likely cause tissue irritation and in turn, a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability. 32896404 5 86 theme mammary 908:914 arg1 cells 927:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells 900:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows 900:951 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 11 87 theme barrier 2268:2274 arg1 opening 2276:2282 the mammary epithelial barrier opening 2245:2282 the mammary epithelial barrier opening 2245:2282 In conclusion, NSAID do not prevent the mammary epithelial barrier opening by LPS; however, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, and meloxicam obviously support the re-establishment of the barrier integrity. 32896404 2 88 used used 360:363 arg2 NSAID 340:344 NSAID 340:344 NSAID 340:344 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 2 88 used used 360:363 arg2 drugs 333:337 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 302:337 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) 302:345 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 4 89 theme cyclooxygenase-inhibition 698:722 arg1 selectivity 683:693 different selectivity 673:693 different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition 673:722 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 8 90 theme cell 1605:1608 arg1 viability 1610:1618 the cell viability 1601:1618 the cell viability 1601:1618 However, the cell viability was decreased with increasing concentrations of NSAID and this effect was amplified with simultaneous LPS challenge. 32896404 5 91 theme flunixin 1082:1089 arg1 meglumine 1091:1099 flunixin meglumine 1082:1099 flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM) 1082:1119 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 0 92 theme anti-inflammatory 13:29 arg1 drugs 31:35 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 0:35 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 0:35 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect the mammary epithelial barrier during inflammation. 32896404 5 93 theme cows 948:951 arg1 cells 927:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells 900:931 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows 900:951 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 9 94 from recovery 1842:1849 arg1 comparison 1862:1871 comparison 1862:1871 comparison to LPS 1862:1878 Ketoprofen at both dosages, flunixin meglumine at 1.0 mg/mL, and meloxicam at 0.75 mg/mL accelerated the recovery of TEER in comparison to LPS only (return to control level within 9 h). 32896404 2 95 theme cows 469:472 arg1 treatments 449:458 mastitis treatments 440:458 mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 440:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 8 96 theme simultaneous 1709:1720 arg1 challenge 1726:1734 simultaneous LPS challenge 1709:1734 simultaneous LPS challenge 1709:1734 However, the cell viability was decreased with increasing concentrations of NSAID and this effect was amplified with simultaneous LPS challenge. 32896404 7 97 theme cells 1543:1547 arg1 Viability 1530:1538 Viability 1530:1538 Viability of cells challenged with LPS only 1530:1572 Lipopolysaccharide with or without NSAID induced a decrease in TEER within 5 h, which returned to control level within 14 h. Viability of cells challenged with LPS only was not affected. 32896404 2 98 theme mastitis 440:447 arg1 treatments 449:458 mastitis treatments 440:458 mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 440:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 0 99 theme mammary 48:54 arg1 barrier 67:73 the mammary epithelial barrier 44:73 the mammary epithelial barrier 44:73 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect the mammary epithelial barrier during inflammation. 32896404 7 100 from decrease 1456:1463 arg1 TEER 1468:1471 TEER 1468:1471 TEER 1468:1471 Lipopolysaccharide with or without NSAID induced a decrease in TEER within 5 h, which returned to control level within 14 h. Viability of cells challenged with LPS only was not affected. 32896404 13 101 from recovery 2622:2629 arg1 turn 2606:2609 turn 2606:2609 turn 2606:2609 However, an overdose of NSAID would likely cause tissue irritation and in turn, a delayed recovery of the barrier permeability. 32896404 5 102 dep meglumine 1091:1099 arg1 mg/mL 1106:1110 1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM 1102:1118 mg/mL 1106:1110 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 5 102 dep meglumine 1091:1099 arg1 mM 1117:1118 1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM 1102:1118 mM 1117:1118 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 2 103 theme antimicrobials 422:435 arg1 administration 404:417 local administration 398:417 local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 398:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 4 104 theme necrosis 834:841 arg1 factor 843:848 tumor necrosis factor α 828:850 tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers 828:888 This study aimed to investigate effects of different NSAID, with different selectivity of cyclooxygenase-inhibition, on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and capacitance, cell viability, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α of bovine mammary epithelial barriers in vitro. 32896404 6 105 theme NSAID 1389:1393 arg1 concentration 1368:1380 a similar molar concentration 1352:1380 a similar molar concentration of all NSAID 1352:1393 Additionally, a similar molar concentration of all NSAID was used. 32896404 5 106 theme meloxicam 1122:1130 arg1 addition 1037:1044 addition 1037:1044 addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations 1037:1247 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 2 107 from administration 404:417 arg1 treatments 449:458 mastitis treatments 440:458 mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 440:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 5 108 theme h. 1231:1232 arg1 Concentrations 1234:1247 6 h. Concentrations 1229:1247 6 h. Concentrations 1229:1247 Primary mammary epithelial cells of 3 different cows were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli with or without addition of ketoprofen (1.25 mg/mL or 4 mM), flunixin meglumine (1.0 mg/mL or 4 mM), meloxicam (0.25 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, or 4 mM), diclofenac (0.75 mg/mL or 4 mM) or celecoxib (0.05 mg/mL) for 6 h. Concentrations were adapted to comparable relations of the recommended dosage for systemic application. 32896404 2 109 from antimicrobials 422:435 arg1 treatments 449:458 mastitis treatments 440:458 mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease 440:528 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly used systemically in combination with local administration of antimicrobials in mastitis treatments of dairy cows to improve the well-being of the cow during the disease. 32896404 6 110 theme molar 1362:1366 arg1 concentration 1368:1380 a similar molar concentration 1352:1380 a similar molar concentration of all NSAID 1352:1393 Additionally, a similar molar concentration of all NSAID was used. 33272669 21 0 theme humic 1689:1693 arg1 substances 1695:1704 more humic substances 1684:1704 more humic substances 1684:1704 caused more humic substances to accumulate in the biofilm. 33272669 24 1 theme reactors 2011:2018 arg1 design 1993:1998 the design 1989:1998 the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation 1989:2042 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 19 2 dep Meanwhile 1618:1626 arg1 sludge 1634:1639 sludge 1634:1639 sludge 1634:1639 Meanwhile, less sludge discharge in MBBRint. 33272669 6 3 from proportion 824:833 arg1 MBBRcon 852:858 MBBRcon 852:858 MBBRcon 852:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 10 4 from rate 1041:1044 arg1 MBBRcon 1049:1055 MBBRcon 1049:1055 MBBRcon 1049:1055 led to more sludge discharge than MBBRint., which was reflected in the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon. 33272669 24 5 theme biofilm 1920:1926 arg1 composition 1932:1942 biofilm EPS composition 1920:1942 biofilm EPS composition 1920:1942 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 6 6 theme dead 838:841 arg1 cells 843:847 dead cells 838:847 dead cells in MBBRcon 838:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 13 7 from MBBRcon 1293:1299 arg1 carriers 1279:1286 carriers 1279:1286 carriers from MBBRcon 1279:1299 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 0 8 theme nitritation 63:73 arg1 biofilm 75:81 nitritation biofilm 63:81 nitritation biofilm 63:81 The connection between aeration regimes and EPS composition in nitritation biofilm. 33272669 1 9 theme biofilm 186:192 arg1 composition 198:208 biofilm EPS composition 186:208 biofilm EPS composition 186:208 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 13 10 from biomass 1223:1229 arg1 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 10 from biomass 1223:1229 arg1 high 1186:1189 high 1186:1189 high 1186:1189 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 10 from biomass 1223:1229 arg1 ratio 1126:1130 The ratio 1122:1130 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS 1122:1180 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 2 11 theme continuous 515:524 arg1 aeration 526:533 continuous aeration 515:533 continuous aeration 515:533 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 9 12 theme microbial 913:921 arg1 activity 923:930 The higher microbial activity 902:930 The higher microbial activity in MBBRcon 902:941 The higher microbial activity in MBBRcon. 33272669 1 13 theme discharge 378:386 arg1 content 388:394 sludge discharge content 371:394 sludge discharge content 371:394 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 18 14 theme substances 1594:1603 arg1 proportion 1574:1583 the proportion 1570:1583 the proportion of humic substances in EPS high 1570:1615 made the proportion of humic substances in EPS high. 33272669 3 15 dep aeration 588:595 arg1 on/15 min 605:613 20 min on/15 min 598:613 20 min on/15 min off 598:617 , while that in the MBBR with intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) (MBBRint.) 33272669 13 16 from ratios 1242:1247 arg1 biofilm 1268:1274 the nitritation biofilm 1252:1274 the nitritation biofilm 1252:1274 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 16 from ratios 1242:1247 arg1 carriers 1279:1286 carriers 1279:1286 carriers from MBBRcon 1279:1299 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 22 17 theme substances 1788:1797 arg1 ratio 1773:1777 the higher ratio 1762:1777 the higher ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in MBBRint 1762:1827 These was responsible for the higher ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in MBBRint. 33272669 16 18 with matrix 1392:1397 arg1 ratios 1409:1414 high ratios 1404:1414 high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides 1404:1453 We hypothesized that biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides are structurally unstable and prone to fall off. 33272669 17 19 theme cells 1547:1551 arg1 proportion 1528:1537 the higher proportion 1517:1537 the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint 1517:1562 In addition, the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint. 33272669 18 20 from proportion 1574:1583 arg1 EPS 1608:1610 EPS high 1608:1615 EPS high 1608:1615 made the proportion of humic substances in EPS high. 33272669 10 21 theme sludge 956:961 arg1 discharge 963:971 more sludge discharge 951:971 more sludge discharge 951:971 led to more sludge discharge than MBBRint., which was reflected in the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon. 33272669 22 22 theme higher 1766:1771 arg1 ratio 1773:1777 the higher ratio 1762:1777 the higher ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in MBBRint 1762:1827 These was responsible for the higher ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in MBBRint. 33272669 5 23 theme ammonia-oxidizing 696:712 arg1 bacteria 714:721 ammonia-oxidizing bacteria 696:721 ammonia-oxidizing bacteria 696:721 Furthermore, the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in MBBRcon. 33272669 22 24 from polysaccharides 1802:1816 arg1 MBBRint 1821:1827 MBBRint 1821:1827 MBBRint 1821:1827 These was responsible for the higher ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in MBBRint. 33272669 24 25 theme aeration 1969:1976 arg1 regimes 1978:1984 aeration regimes 1969:1984 aeration regimes 1969:1984 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 2 26 with reaction 474:481 arg1 aeration 526:533 continuous aeration 515:533 continuous aeration 515:533 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 13 27 dep high 1186:1189 arg1 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 27 dep high 1186:1189 arg1 high 1186:1189 high 1186:1189 high 1186:1189 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 27 dep high 1186:1189 arg1 ratio 1126:1130 The ratio 1122:1130 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS 1122:1180 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 16 28 theme high 1404:1407 arg1 ratios 1409:1414 high ratios 1404:1414 high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides 1404:1453 We hypothesized that biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides are structurally unstable and prone to fall off. 33272669 10 29 theme higher 1015:1020 arg1 rate 1041:1044 the higher biofilm detachment rate 1011:1044 the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon 1011:1055 led to more sludge discharge than MBBRint., which was reflected in the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon. 33272669 24 30 from choice 1959:1964 arg1 design 1993:1998 the design 1989:1998 the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation 1989:2042 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 1 31 dep regimes 108:114 arg1 intermittent 117:128 intermittent 117:128 intermittent 117:128 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 31 dep regimes 108:114 arg1 aeration 145:152 continuous aeration 134:152 continuous aeration 134:152 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 31 dep regimes 108:114 arg1 regimes 108:114 aeration regimes 99:114 aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) 99:153 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 32 theme microbial 348:356 arg1 activity 358:365 the microbial activity 344:365 the microbial activity 344:365 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 6 33 with consistent 798:807 arg1 proportion 824:833 the lower proportion 814:833 the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon 814:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 16 34 theme substances 1425:1434 arg1 ratios 1409:1414 high ratios 1404:1414 high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides 1404:1453 We hypothesized that biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides are structurally unstable and prone to fall off. 33272669 24 35 theme biofilm 2003:2009 arg1 reactors 2011:2018 biofilm reactors 2003:2018 biofilm reactors for partial nitritation 2003:2042 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 17 36 theme higher 1521:1526 arg1 proportion 1528:1537 the higher proportion 1517:1537 the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint 1517:1562 In addition, the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint. 33272669 2 37 theme NO2-/NH4+ 423:431 arg1 ratio 433:437 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio 410:437 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio 410:437 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 18 38 theme humic 1588:1592 arg1 substances 1594:1603 humic substances 1588:1603 humic substances 1588:1603 made the proportion of humic substances in EPS high. 33272669 10 39 theme detachment 1030:1039 arg1 rate 1041:1044 the higher biofilm detachment rate 1011:1044 the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon 1011:1055 led to more sludge discharge than MBBRint., which was reflected in the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon. 33272669 6 40 theme lower 818:822 arg1 proportion 824:833 the lower proportion 814:833 the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon 814:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 1 41 theme aeration 99:106 arg1 intermittent 117:128 intermittent 117:128 intermittent 117:128 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 41 theme aeration 99:106 arg1 aeration 145:152 continuous aeration 134:152 continuous aeration 134:152 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 41 theme aeration 99:106 arg1 regimes 108:114 aeration regimes 99:114 aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) 99:153 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 13 42 from polysaccharides 1155:1169 arg1 EPS 1178:1180 the EPS 1174:1180 the EPS 1174:1180 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 3 43 theme 20 min 598:603 arg1 on/15 min 605:613 20 min on/15 min 598:613 20 min on/15 min off 598:617 , while that in the MBBR with intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) (MBBRint.) 33272669 18 44 theme high 1612:1615 arg1 EPS 1608:1610 EPS high 1608:1615 EPS high 1608:1615 made the proportion of humic substances in EPS high. 33272669 1 45 theme aeration 291:298 arg1 regimes 300:306 the aeration regimes 287:306 the aeration regimes 287:306 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 19 46 theme Meanwhile 1618:1626 arg1 discharge 1641:1649 Meanwhile, less sludge discharge 1618:1649 Meanwhile, less sludge discharge in MBBRint. 1618:1661 Meanwhile, less sludge discharge in MBBRint. 33272669 17 47 from proportion 1528:1537 arg1 MBBRint 1556:1562 MBBRint 1556:1562 MBBRint 1556:1562 In addition, the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint. 33272669 16 48 dep fall 1494:1497 arg1 off 1499:1501 off 1499:1501 off 1499:1501 We hypothesized that biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides are structurally unstable and prone to fall off. 33272669 6 49 from MBBRcon 852:858 arg1 proportion 824:833 the lower proportion 814:833 the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon 814:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 1 50 from effects 88:94 arg1 composition 198:208 biofilm EPS composition 186:208 biofilm EPS composition 186:208 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 50 from effects 88:94 arg1 performance 170:180 nitritation performance 158:180 nitritation performance 158:180 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 51 theme bed 235:237 arg1 MBBRs 257:261 MBBRs 257:261 MBBRs 257:261 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 51 theme bed 235:237 arg1 reactors 247:254 moving bed biofilm reactors 228:254 moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) 228:262 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 21 52 theme more 1684:1687 arg1 substances 1695:1704 more humic substances 1684:1704 more humic substances 1684:1704 caused more humic substances to accumulate in the biofilm. 33272669 16 53 theme biofilm 1384:1390 arg1 matrix 1392:1397 biofilm matrix 1384:1397 biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides 1384:1453 We hypothesized that biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides are structurally unstable and prone to fall off. 33272669 3 54 dep MBBRint 621:627 arg1 that 553:556 that 553:556 that 553:556 , while that in the MBBR with intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) (MBBRint.) 33272669 24 55 theme aeration 1899:1906 arg1 regimes 1908:1914 aeration regimes 1899:1914 aeration regimes 1899:1914 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 6 56 theme cells 843:847 arg1 proportion 824:833 the lower proportion 814:833 the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon 814:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 6 57 from cells 843:847 arg1 MBBRcon 852:858 MBBRcon 852:858 MBBRcon 852:858 was 0.4-7.9 mg-N·L-1·h-1 more than that in MBBRint., which was consistent with the lower proportion of dead cells in MBBRcon. 33272669 1 58 theme nitritation 158:168 arg1 performance 170:180 nitritation performance 158:180 nitritation performance 158:180 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 0 59 theme EPS 44:46 arg1 composition 48:58 EPS composition 44:58 EPS composition 44:58 The connection between aeration regimes and EPS composition in nitritation biofilm. 33272669 13 60 theme humic 1135:1139 arg1 substances 1141:1150 humic substances 1135:1150 humic substances 1135:1150 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 24 61 theme EPS 1928:1930 arg1 composition 1932:1942 biofilm EPS composition 1920:1942 biofilm EPS composition 1920:1942 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 1 62 theme EPS 194:196 arg1 composition 198:208 biofilm EPS composition 186:208 biofilm EPS composition 186:208 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 9 63 theme higher 906:911 arg1 activity 923:930 The higher microbial activity 902:930 The higher microbial activity in MBBRcon 902:941 The higher microbial activity in MBBRcon. 33272669 5 64 from activity 684:691 arg1 MBBRcon 726:732 MBBRcon 726:732 MBBRcon 726:732 Furthermore, the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in MBBRcon. 33272669 13 65 theme nitritation 1256:1266 arg1 biofilm 1268:1274 the nitritation biofilm 1252:1274 the nitritation biofilm 1252:1274 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 1 66 theme regimes 108:114 arg1 effects 88:94 The effects 84:94 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition 84:208 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 22 67 theme humic 1782:1786 arg1 substances 1788:1797 humic substances 1782:1797 humic substances 1782:1797 These was responsible for the higher ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in MBBRint. 33272669 3 68 theme intermittent 575:586 arg1 aeration 588:595 intermittent aeration 575:595 intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) 575:618 , while that in the MBBR with intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) (MBBRint.) 33272669 3 69 with MBBR 565:568 arg1 aeration 588:595 intermittent aeration 575:595 intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) 575:618 , while that in the MBBR with intermittent aeration (20 min on/15 min off) (MBBRint.) 33272669 1 70 theme continuous 134:143 arg1 aeration 145:152 continuous aeration 134:152 continuous aeration 134:152 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 70 theme continuous 134:143 arg1 regimes 108:114 aeration regimes 99:114 aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) 99:153 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 13 71 from high 1186:1189 arg1 biomass 1223:1229 the detachment biomass 1208:1229 the detachment biomass 1208:1229 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 9 72 from activity 923:930 arg1 MBBRcon 935:941 MBBRcon 935:941 MBBRcon 935:941 The higher microbial activity in MBBRcon. 33272669 5 73 theme bacteria 714:721 arg1 activity 684:691 the activity 680:691 the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in MBBRcon 680:732 Furthermore, the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in MBBRcon. 33272669 1 74 theme EPS 315:317 arg1 composition 319:329 EPS composition 315:329 EPS composition 315:329 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 24 75 theme regimes 1978:1984 arg1 choice 1959:1964 the choice 1955:1964 the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation 1955:2042 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 17 76 dep proportion 1528:1537 arg1 addition 1507:1514 addition 1507:1514 addition 1507:1514 In addition, the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint. 33272669 2 77 theme anammox 466:472 arg1 1.07 ± 0.20 484:494 1.07 ± 0.20 484:494 1.07 ± 0.20 484:494 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 2 77 theme anammox 466:472 arg1 reaction 474:481 an anammox reaction 463:481 an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration 463:533 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 0 78 from connection 4:13 arg1 biofilm 75:81 nitritation biofilm 63:81 nitritation biofilm 63:81 The connection between aeration regimes and EPS composition in nitritation biofilm. 33272669 13 79 theme detachment 1212:1221 arg1 biomass 1223:1229 the detachment biomass 1208:1229 the detachment biomass 1208:1229 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 4 80 dep lower 646:650 arg1 0.75 ± 0.19 653:663 0.75 ± 0.19 653:663 0.75 ± 0.19 653:663 was relatively lower (0.75 ± 0.19). 33272669 16 81 theme humic 1419:1423 arg1 substances 1425:1434 humic substances 1419:1434 humic substances to polysaccharides 1419:1453 We hypothesized that biofilm matrix with high ratios of humic substances to polysaccharides are structurally unstable and prone to fall off. 33272669 2 82 dep corresponded 439:450 arg1 MBBRcon 536:542 MBBRcon 536:542 MBBRcon 536:542 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 1 83 theme sludge 371:376 arg1 content 388:394 sludge discharge content 371:394 sludge discharge content 371:394 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 0 84 theme aeration 23:30 arg1 regimes 32:38 aeration regimes 23:38 aeration regimes 23:38 The connection between aeration regimes and EPS composition in nitritation biofilm. 33272669 24 85 theme partial 2024:2030 arg1 nitritation 2032:2042 partial nitritation 2024:2042 partial nitritation 2024:2042 The findings elucidate the connection between aeration regimes and biofilm EPS composition, and guide the choice of aeration regimes in the design of biofilm reactors for partial nitritation. 33272669 2 86 theme effluent 414:421 arg1 ratio 433:437 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio 410:437 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio 410:437 The effluent NO2-/NH4+ ratio corresponded to that of an anammox reaction (1.07 ± 0.20) for the MBBR with continuous aeration (MBBRcon.) 33272669 10 87 theme biofilm 1022:1028 arg1 rate 1041:1044 the higher biofilm detachment rate 1011:1044 the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon 1011:1055 led to more sludge discharge than MBBRint., which was reflected in the higher biofilm detachment rate in MBBRcon. 33272669 17 88 theme dead 1542:1545 arg1 cells 1547:1551 dead cells 1542:1551 dead cells 1542:1551 In addition, the higher proportion of dead cells in MBBRint. 33272669 19 89 from discharge 1641:1649 arg1 MBBRint 1654:1660 MBBRint 1654:1660 MBBRint 1654:1660 Meanwhile, less sludge discharge in MBBRint. 33272669 1 90 theme moving 228:233 arg1 MBBRs 257:261 MBBRs 257:261 MBBRs 257:261 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 90 theme moving 228:233 arg1 reactors 247:254 moving bed biofilm reactors 228:254 moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) 228:262 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 13 91 theme substances 1141:1150 arg1 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 0.96 ± 0.08 1192:1202 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 91 theme substances 1141:1150 arg1 high 1186:1189 high 1186:1189 high 1186:1189 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 13 91 theme substances 1141:1150 arg1 ratio 1126:1130 The ratio 1122:1130 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS 1122:1180 The ratio of humic substances to polysaccharides in the EPS was high (0.96 ± 0.08) in the detachment biomass, while the ratios in the nitritation biofilm on carriers from MBBRcon. 33272669 1 92 theme biofilm 239:245 arg1 MBBRs 257:261 MBBRs 257:261 MBBRs 257:261 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33272669 1 92 theme biofilm 239:245 arg1 reactors 247:254 moving bed biofilm reactors 228:254 moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) 228:262 The effects of aeration regimes (intermittent and continuous aeration) on nitritation performance and biofilm EPS composition were evaluated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and a hypothesis that the aeration regimes affect EPS composition by affecting the microbial activity and sludge discharge content was proposed. 33329463 3 0 theme short-chain 600:610 arg1 acid 618:621 short-chain fatty acid 600:621 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) 600:660 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 0 theme short-chain 600:610 arg1 SCFA 624:627 SCFA 624:627 SCFA 624:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 9 1 theme fiber 1746:1750 arg1 degradability 1752:1764 fiber degradability 1746:1764 fiber degradability 1746:1764 Our findings that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 increased fiber degradability in RSM could help guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in swine industry. 33329463 6 2 theme wall 1173:1176 arg1 structures 1193:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures 1164:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM 1164:1209 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 8 3 theme community 1566:1574 arg1 structure 1576:1584 the microbial community structure 1552:1584 the microbial community structure 1552:1584 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 5 4 theme increased 1052:1060 arg1 genera 1072:1077 The increased microbial genera 1048:1077 The increased microbial genera 1048:1077 The increased microbial genera positively correlated with SCFA production. 33329463 3 5 theme 16S 493:495 arg1 rRNA 497:500 16S rRNA 493:500 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 1 6 theme current 169:175 arg1 study 177:181 current study 169:181 current study 169:181 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 2 7 theme ALK 477:479 arg1 treatment 482:490 an alkaline (ALK) treatment 464:490 an alkaline (ALK) treatment 464:490 RSM was processed enzymatically by a cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or chemically by an alkaline (ALK) treatment. 33329463 7 8 theme NSP 1283:1285 arg1 continuous 1339:1348 continuous 1339:1348 continuous 1339:1348 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 7 8 theme NSP 1283:1285 arg1 dynamic 1322:1328 dynamic 1322:1328 dynamic 1322:1328 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 7 8 theme NSP 1283:1285 arg1 degradation 1268:1278 The degradation 1264:1278 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period 1264:1316 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 4 9 theme propionic 991:999 arg1 acid 1001:1004 propionic acid 991:1004 propionic acid 991:1004 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 0 10 theme in 117:118 arg1 Model 126:130 an in vitro Model 114:130 an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine 114:155 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 1 11 theme swine 346:350 arg1 intestine 358:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 3 12 dep performed 527:535 arg1 whereas 592:598 whereas 592:598 whereas 592:598 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 2 13 theme alkaline 467:474 arg1 treatment 482:490 an alkaline (ALK) treatment 464:490 an alkaline (ALK) treatment 464:490 RSM was processed enzymatically by a cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or chemically by an alkaline (ALK) treatment. 33329463 9 14 theme additive 1795:1802 arg1 strategies 1804:1813 guide feed additive strategies 1784:1813 guide feed additive strategies 1784:1813 Our findings that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 increased fiber degradability in RSM could help guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in swine industry. 33329463 8 15 from microbiota 1475:1484 arg1 analysis 1431:1438 the first detailed analysis 1412:1438 the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota 1412:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 3 16 dep using 712:716 arg1 mAbs 741:744 mAbs 741:744 mAbs 741:744 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 8 17 theme functional 1609:1618 arg1 profile 1632:1638 the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1595:1638 the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1595:1638 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 1 18 theme pretreated 250:259 arg1 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 1 18 theme pretreated 250:259 arg1 meal 270:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal 227:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) 227:279 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 6 19 theme Monoclonal 1123:1132 arg1 antibody 1134:1141 Monoclonal antibody 1123:1141 Monoclonal antibody analyses 1123:1150 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 3 20 theme polysaccharides 677:691 arg1 composition 699:709 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition 666:709 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) 666:745 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 0 21 theme Swine 135:139 arg1 Intestine 147:155 Swine Large Intestine 135:155 Swine Large Intestine 135:155 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 3 22 theme gene 502:505 arg1 data 518:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 8 23 from analysis 1431:1438 arg1 microbiota 1475:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 10 24 theme novel 2017:2021 arg1 treatments 2036:2045 novel carbohydrase treatments 2017:2045 novel carbohydrase treatments 2017:2045 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 10 25 theme current 1877:1883 arg1 study 1885:1889 The current study 1873:1889 The current study 1873:1889 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 6 26 theme RSM 1207:1209 arg1 structures 1193:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures 1164:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM 1164:1209 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 4 27 theme community 856:864 arg1 composition 866:876 microbial community composition 846:876 microbial community composition 846:876 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 10 28 theme feed 1936:1939 arg1 treatment 1923:1931 enzymatic treatment 1913:1931 enzymatic treatment of feed 1913:1939 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 4 29 theme SCFA 1031:1034 arg1 production 1036:1045 total SCFA production 1025:1045 total SCFA production 1025:1045 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 5 30 theme SCFA 1106:1109 arg1 production 1111:1120 SCFA production 1106:1120 SCFA production 1106:1120 The increased microbial genera positively correlated with SCFA production. 33329463 1 31 from community 329:337 arg1 intestine 358:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 8 32 theme total 1667:1671 arg1 production 1678:1687 total SCFA production 1667:1687 total SCFA production 1667:1687 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 0 33 theme Intestine 147:155 arg1 Model 126:130 an in vitro Model 114:130 an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine 114:155 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 0 34 dep in 117:118 arg1 vitro 120:124 vitro 120:124 vitro 120:124 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 3 35 theme fiber 767:771 arg1 degradation 773:783 fiber degradation 767:783 fiber degradation 767:783 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 0 36 theme Microbial 91:99 arg1 Community 101:109 the Microbial Community 87:109 the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine 87:155 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 1 37 theme microbial 319:327 arg1 community 329:337 microbial community 319:337 microbial community 319:337 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 4 38 theme microbial 916:924 arg1 enzymes 942:948 microbial fiber-degrading enzymes 916:948 microbial fiber-degrading enzymes 916:948 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 1 39 theme chemical 241:248 arg1 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 1 39 theme chemical 241:248 arg1 meal 270:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal 227:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) 227:279 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 4 40 theme enzymes 942:948 arg1 abundance 903:911 the predicted abundance 889:911 the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways 889:961 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 8 41 theme detailed 1422:1429 arg1 analysis 1431:1438 the first detailed analysis 1412:1438 the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota 1412:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 8 42 dep altered 1544:1550 arg1 increased 1657:1665 increased 1657:1665 subsequently increased total SCFA production 1644:1687 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 8 42 dep altered 1544:1550 arg1 shifted 1587:1593 shifted 1587:1593 shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1587:1638 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 0 43 theme Rapeseed 16:23 arg1 Meal 25:28 Rapeseed Meal 16:28 Rapeseed Meal 16:28 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 1 44 theme rapeseed 261:268 arg1 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 1 44 theme rapeseed 261:268 arg1 meal 270:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal 227:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) 227:279 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 3 45 theme gut 564:566 arg1 composition 579:589 the gut microbiota composition 560:589 the gut microbiota composition 560:589 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 0 46 theme Recalcitrant 44:55 arg1 Fermentation 63:74 Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation 40:74 Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation 40:74 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 4 47 theme acetic 978:983 arg1 acid 985:988 acetic acid 978:988 acetic acid 978:988 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 8 48 theme swine 1458:1462 arg1 microbiota 1475:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 10 49 theme enzymatic 1913:1921 arg1 treatment 1923:1931 enzymatic treatment 1913:1931 enzymatic treatment of feed 1913:1939 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 1 50 theme in 208:209 arg1 study 217:221 an in vitro study 205:221 an in vitro study 205:221 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 7 51 theme epitope 1363:1369 arg1 recognition 1371:1381 the epitope recognition 1359:1381 the epitope recognition by mAbs 1359:1389 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 4 52 theme pathways 954:961 arg1 abundance 903:911 the predicted abundance 889:911 the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways 889:961 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 8 53 from changes 1443:1449 arg1 microbiota 1475:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 3 54 from changes 549:555 arg1 composition 579:589 the gut microbiota composition 560:589 the gut microbiota composition 560:589 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 55 theme fatty 612:616 arg1 acid 618:621 short-chain fatty acid 600:621 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) 600:660 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 55 theme fatty 612:616 arg1 SCFA 624:627 SCFA 624:627 SCFA 624:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 6 56 theme polysaccharide 1178:1191 arg1 structures 1193:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures 1164:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM 1164:1209 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 9 57 theme swine 1857:1861 arg1 industry 1863:1870 swine industry 1857:1870 swine industry 1857:1870 Our findings that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 increased fiber degradability in RSM could help guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in swine industry. 33329463 1 58 theme enzymatic 227:235 arg1 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 RSM 276:278 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 1 58 theme enzymatic 227:235 arg1 meal 270:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal 227:273 enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) 227:279 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 6 59 theme cell 1168:1171 arg1 structures 1193:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures 1164:1202 the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM 1164:1209 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 4 60 theme total 1025:1029 arg1 production 1036:1045 total SCFA production 1025:1045 total SCFA production 1025:1045 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 8 61 theme microbial 1556:1564 arg1 structure 1576:1584 the microbial community structure 1552:1584 the microbial community structure 1552:1584 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 7 62 theme fermentation 1298:1309 arg1 period 1311:1316 the fermentation period 1294:1316 the fermentation period 1294:1316 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 3 63 theme non-starch 666:675 arg1 NSP 694:696 NSP 694:696 NSP 694:696 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 63 theme non-starch 666:675 arg1 polysaccharides 677:691 non-starch polysaccharides 666:691 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) 666:745 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 1 64 theme study 177:181 arg1 aim 162:164 The aim 158:164 The aim of current study 158:181 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 1 65 dep in 208:209 arg1 vitro 211:215 vitro 211:215 vitro 211:215 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 4 66 theme butyric 1007:1013 arg1 acid 1015:1018 butyric acid 1007:1018 butyric acid 1007:1018 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 1 67 theme large 352:356 arg1 intestine 358:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 3 68 theme sequencing 507:516 arg1 data 518:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 6 69 theme antibody 1134:1141 arg1 analyses 1143:1150 Monoclonal antibody analyses 1123:1150 Monoclonal antibody analyses 1123:1150 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 3 70 used used 752:755 arg2 composition 699:709 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition 666:709 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) 666:745 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 70 used used 752:755 arg2 production 630:639 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 600:639 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) 600:660 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 70 used used 752:755 arg2 ion-chromatography 642:659 ion-chromatography 642:659 ion-chromatography 642:659 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 0 71 theme Large 141:145 arg1 Intestine 147:155 Swine Large Intestine 135:155 Swine Large Intestine 135:155 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 3 72 theme rRNA 497:500 arg1 data 518:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data 493:521 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 8 73 theme predicted 1599:1607 arg1 profile 1632:1638 the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1595:1638 the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1595:1638 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 10 74 theme carbohydrase 2023:2034 arg1 treatments 2036:2045 novel carbohydrase treatments 2017:2045 novel carbohydrase treatments 2017:2045 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 8 75 theme metagenomic 1620:1630 arg1 profile 1632:1638 the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1595:1638 the predicted functional metagenomic profile 1595:1638 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 7 76 dep dynamic 1322:1328 arg1 continuous 1339:1348 continuous 1339:1348 continuous 1339:1348 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 7 76 dep dynamic 1322:1328 arg1 dynamic 1322:1328 dynamic 1322:1328 dynamic 1322:1328 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 7 76 dep dynamic 1322:1328 arg1 degradation 1268:1278 The degradation 1264:1278 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period 1264:1316 The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. 33329463 0 77 from Community 101:109 arg1 Model 126:130 an in vitro Model 114:130 an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine 114:155 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 9 78 theme guide 1784:1788 arg1 strategies 1804:1813 guide feed additive strategies 1784:1813 guide feed additive strategies 1784:1813 Our findings that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 increased fiber degradability in RSM could help guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in swine industry. 33329463 3 79 theme monoclonal 718:727 arg1 antibodies 729:738 monoclonal antibodies 718:738 monoclonal antibodies 718:738 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 4 80 theme microbial 846:854 arg1 composition 866:876 microbial community composition 846:876 microbial community composition 846:876 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 6 81 theme PECT2 1247:1251 arg1 treatment 1253:1261 PECT2 treatment 1247:1261 PECT2 treatment 1247:1261 Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. 33329463 1 82 theme fiber 296:300 arg1 fermentation 302:313 fiber fermentation 296:313 fiber fermentation 296:313 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 3 83 dep composition 699:709 arg1 using 712:716 using 712:716 using monoclonal antibodies 712:738 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 8 84 theme SCFA 1673:1676 arg1 production 1678:1687 total SCFA production 1667:1687 total SCFA production 1667:1687 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 9 85 theme feed 1790:1793 arg1 strategies 1804:1813 guide feed additive strategies 1784:1813 guide feed additive strategies 1784:1813 Our findings that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 increased fiber degradability in RSM could help guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in swine industry. 33329463 10 86 theme swine 2064:2068 arg1 feed 2070:2073 swine feed 2064:2073 swine feed 2064:2073 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 8 87 theme first 1416:1420 arg1 analysis 1431:1438 the first detailed analysis 1412:1438 the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota 1412:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 1 88 dep fermentation 302:313 arg1 the 292:294 the 292:294 the 292:294 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 0 89 theme Meal 25:28 arg1 Pretreatment 0:11 Pretreatment 0:11 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal 0:28 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 5 90 theme microbial 1062:1070 arg1 genera 1072:1077 The increased microbial genera 1048:1077 The increased microbial genera 1048:1077 The increased microbial genera positively correlated with SCFA production. 33329463 4 91 theme fiber-degrading 926:940 arg1 enzymes 942:948 microbial fiber-degrading enzymes 916:948 microbial fiber-degrading enzymes 916:948 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 8 92 theme changes 1443:1449 arg1 analysis 1431:1438 the first detailed analysis 1412:1438 the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota 1412:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 10 93 theme good 1989:1992 arg1 opportunity 1994:2004 good opportunity 1989:2004 good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments 1989:2045 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 1 94 from fermentation 302:313 arg1 intestine 358:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 the swine large intestine 342:366 The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. 33329463 0 95 theme Fiber 57:61 arg1 Fermentation 63:74 Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation 40:74 Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation 40:74 Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. 33329463 4 96 theme predicted 893:901 arg1 abundance 903:911 the predicted abundance 889:911 the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways 889:961 The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. 33329463 8 97 theme intestinal 1464:1473 arg1 microbiota 1475:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 the swine intestinal microbiota 1454:1484 This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. 33329463 3 98 theme microbiota 568:577 arg1 composition 579:589 the gut microbiota composition 560:589 the gut microbiota composition 560:589 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 10 99 theme microbial 1951:1959 arg1 communities 1961:1971 microbial communities 1951:1971 microbial communities 1951:1971 The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed. 33329463 3 100 theme acid 618:621 arg1 ion-chromatography 642:659 ion-chromatography 642:659 ion-chromatography 642:659 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 33329463 3 100 theme acid 618:621 arg1 production 630:639 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 600:639 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) 600:660 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. 31936550 7 0 theme infrared 1092:1099 arg1 spectra 1109:1115 infrared (FT-IR) spectra 1092:1115 infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE 1092:1159 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 6 1 theme molecular 957:965 arg1 weight 967:972 low molecular weight 953:972 low molecular weight fractions 953:982 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 0 2 theme Activity 87:94 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation 0:37 Extraction 0:9 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 0 2 theme Activity 87:94 arg1 Evaluation 28:37 Evaluation 28:37 Evaluation 28:37 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 5 3 theme ultrasonic 656:665 arg1 UAE 688:690 UAE 688:690 UAE 688:690 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 3 theme ultrasonic 656:665 arg1 extraction 676:685 ultrasonic assisted extraction 656:685 ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 656:691 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 7 4 theme antioxidant 1210:1220 arg1 activities 1251:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 6 5 theme low 953:955 arg1 weight 967:972 low molecular weight 953:972 low molecular weight fractions 953:982 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 4 6 theme polysaccharides 522:536 arg1 properties 508:517 the physicochemical properties 488:517 the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods 488:564 The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were also investigated. 31936550 5 7 theme assisted 667:674 arg1 UAE 688:690 UAE 688:690 UAE 688:690 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 7 theme assisted 667:674 arg1 extraction 676:685 ultrasonic assisted extraction 656:685 ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 656:691 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 8 theme ± 615:615 arg1 yields 602:607 The maximum yields 590:607 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 590:691 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 8 theme ± 615:615 arg1 % 621:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 2 9 from activities 212:221 arg1 cv 272:273 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 247:273 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 247:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 5 10 theme 0.18 617:620 arg1 yields 602:607 The maximum yields 590:607 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 590:691 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 10 theme 0.18 617:620 arg1 % 621:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 6 11 theme weight 967:972 arg1 fractions 974:982 low molecular weight fractions 953:982 low molecular weight fractions 953:982 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 3 12 theme extraction 367:376 arg1 progress 378:385 extraction progress 367:385 extraction progress 367:385 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 6 13 theme protein 883:889 arg1 contents 891:898 lower protein contents 877:898 lower protein contents (2.56%) 877:906 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 13 theme protein 883:889 arg1 % 905:905 2.56% 901:905 2.56% 901:905 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 13 theme protein 883:889 arg1 % 946:946 7.08% 942:946 7.08% 942:946 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 0 14 from cv 145:146 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation 0:37 Extraction 0:9 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 0 14 from cv 145:146 arg1 Evaluation 28:37 Evaluation 28:37 Evaluation 28:37 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 0 15 theme Chrysanthemum 120:132 arg1 cv 145:146 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 120:146 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 120:146 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 4 16 theme physicochemical 492:506 arg1 properties 508:517 the physicochemical properties 488:517 the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods 488:564 The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were also investigated. 31936550 0 17 theme morifolium 134:143 arg1 cv 145:146 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 120:146 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 120:146 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 7 18 dep Fourier 1074:1080 arg1 transform 1082:1090 transform 1082:1090 transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE 1082:1159 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 5 19 theme extraction 765:774 arg1 min 784:786 extraction time 19 min 765:786 extraction time 19 min 765:786 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 20 theme polysaccharides 627:641 arg1 yields 602:607 The maximum yields 590:607 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 590:691 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 20 theme polysaccharides 627:641 arg1 % 621:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 21 theme 501 758:760 arg1 W 762:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 2 22 from cv 272:273 arg1 polysaccharides 226:240 polysaccharides 226:240 polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 226:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 2 22 from cv 272:273 arg1 activities 212:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities 178:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 178:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 0 23 theme Polysaccharides 99:113 arg1 Activity 87:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity 42:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides 42:113 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 5 24 theme ratio 793:797 arg1 conditions 727:736 the optimized conditions 713:736 the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 713:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 4 25 from difference 474:483 arg1 properties 508:517 the physicochemical properties 488:517 the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods 488:564 The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were also investigated. 31936550 7 26 dep antioxidant 1210:1220 arg1 stronger 1201:1208 stronger 1201:1208 stronger 1201:1208 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 0 27 theme Antioxidant 46:56 arg1 Activity 87:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity 42:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides 42:113 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 7 28 theme polysaccharides 1120:1134 arg1 spectra 1109:1115 infrared (FT-IR) spectra 1092:1115 infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE 1092:1159 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 3 29 theme response 295:302 arg1 Hangju 276:281 Hangju 276:281 Hangju (CMPs) 276:288 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 3 29 theme response 295:302 arg1 methodology 312:322 the response surface methodology 291:322 the response surface methodology 291:322 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 5 30 theme min 784:786 arg1 conditions 727:736 the optimized conditions 713:736 the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 713:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 31 theme material 816:823 arg1 min 784:786 extraction time 19 min 765:786 extraction time 19 min 765:786 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 31 theme material 816:823 arg1 W 762:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 31 theme material 816:823 arg1 ratio 793:797 ratio 793:797 ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 793:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 32 theme liquid-to-raw 802:814 arg1 material 816:823 liquid-to-raw material 802:823 liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 802:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 3 33 theme surface 304:310 arg1 Hangju 276:281 Hangju 276:281 Hangju (CMPs) 276:288 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 3 33 theme surface 304:310 arg1 methodology 312:322 the response surface methodology 291:322 the response surface methodology 291:322 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 2 34 theme α-glucosidase 198:210 arg1 activities 212:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities 178:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 178:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 7 35 located found 1034:1038 arg1 composition 1058:1068 monosaccharide composition 1043:1068 monosaccharide composition 1043:1068 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 7 35 located found 1034:1038 arg2 differences 1017:1027 No significant differences 1002:1027 No significant differences 1002:1027 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 7 35 located found 1034:1038 arg1 Fourier 1074:1080 Fourier 1074:1080 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE 1074:1159 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 5 36 theme time 776:779 arg1 min 784:786 extraction time 19 min 765:786 extraction time 19 min 765:786 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 7 37 theme significant 1005:1015 arg1 differences 1017:1027 No significant differences 1002:1027 No significant differences 1002:1027 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 7 38 theme FT-IR 1102:1106 arg1 spectra 1109:1115 infrared (FT-IR) spectra 1092:1115 infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE 1092:1159 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 5 39 theme optimized 717:725 arg1 conditions 727:736 the optimized conditions 713:736 the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 713:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 2 40 theme antioxidant 182:192 arg1 activities 212:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities 178:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 178:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 5 41 theme power 752:756 arg1 W 762:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 3 42 theme heat 415:418 arg1 HRE 439:441 HRE 439:441 HRE 439:441 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 3 42 theme heat 415:418 arg1 extraction 427:436 heat reflex extraction 415:436 heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control 415:467 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 6 43 theme uronic 919:924 arg1 acids 926:930 higher uronic acids 912:930 higher uronic acids 912:930 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 5 44 theme W 762:762 arg1 conditions 727:736 the optimized conditions 713:736 the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 713:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 2 45 theme morifolium 261:270 arg1 cv 272:273 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 247:273 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 247:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 6 46 theme lower 877:881 arg1 contents 891:898 lower protein contents 877:898 lower protein contents (2.56%) 877:906 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 46 theme lower 877:881 arg1 % 905:905 2.56% 901:905 2.56% 901:905 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 46 theme lower 877:881 arg1 % 946:946 7.08% 942:946 7.08% 942:946 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 3 47 theme reflex 420:425 arg1 HRE 439:441 HRE 439:441 HRE 439:441 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 3 47 theme reflex 420:425 arg1 extraction 427:436 heat reflex extraction 415:436 heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control 415:467 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31936550 6 48 theme higher 912:917 arg1 acids 926:930 higher uronic acids 912:930 higher uronic acids 912:930 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 2 49 theme Chrysanthemum 247:259 arg1 cv 272:273 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 247:273 Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 247:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 2 50 theme polysaccharides 226:240 arg1 activities 212:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities 178:221 the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 178:273 In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 7 51 theme inhibitory 1240:1249 arg1 activities 1251:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 5 52 theme maximum 594:600 arg1 yields 602:607 The maximum yields 590:607 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 590:691 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 52 theme maximum 594:600 arg1 % 621:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 8.29 ± 0.18% 610:621 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 5 53 theme ultrasonic 741:750 arg1 W 762:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 ultrasonic power 501 W 741:762 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 8 54 theme efficient 1285:1293 arg1 way 1295:1297 an efficient way 1282:1297 an efficient way to obtain CMPs 1282:1312 Therefore, UAE was an efficient way to obtain CMPs. 31936550 8 54 theme efficient 1285:1293 arg1 UAE 1274:1276 UAE 1274:1276 UAE 1274:1276 Therefore, UAE was an efficient way to obtain CMPs. 31936550 7 55 theme monosaccharide 1043:1056 arg1 composition 1058:1068 monosaccharide composition 1043:1068 monosaccharide composition 1043:1068 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 0 56 theme Inhibitory 76:85 arg1 Activity 87:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity 42:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides 42:113 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 5 57 dep material 816:823 arg1 mL/g 828:831 41 mL/g 825:831 liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g 802:831 The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. 31936550 6 58 contain possessed 867:875 arg2 contents 891:898 lower protein contents 877:898 lower protein contents (2.56%) 877:906 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 58 contain possessed 867:875 arg2 acids 926:930 higher uronic acids 912:930 higher uronic acids 912:930 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 58 contain possessed 867:875 arg2 % 905:905 2.56% 901:905 2.56% 901:905 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 58 contain possessed 867:875 arg1 Polysaccharides 834:848 Polysaccharides 834:848 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE 834:865 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 58 contain possessed 867:875 arg2 % 946:946 7.08% 942:946 7.08% 942:946 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 58 contain possessed 867:875 arg2 fractions 974:982 low molecular weight fractions 953:982 low molecular weight fractions 953:982 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 6 59 dep contents 891:898 arg1 contents 932:939 contents 932:939 contents 932:939 Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. 31936550 0 60 theme α-Glucosidase 62:74 arg1 Activity 87:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity 42:94 the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides 42:113 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 0 61 dep Extraction 0:9 arg1 Optimization 11:22 Optimization 11:22 Optimization 11:22 Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 31936550 7 62 contain possessed 1191:1199 arg2 activities 1251:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 7 62 contain possessed 1191:1199 arg1 polysaccharides 1168:1182 polysaccharides 1168:1182 polysaccharides by UAE 1168:1189 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 7 63 theme α-glucosidase 1226:1238 arg1 activities 1251:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities 1201:1260 No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 31936550 3 64 theme CMPs 390:393 arg1 parameters 352:361 the parameters 348:361 the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs 348:393 Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. 31948460 25 0 theme acids 3036:3040 arg1 Concentration 3009:3021 CONCLUSION Concentration 2998:3021 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% 2998:3059 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 10 1 theme free 1253:1256 arg1 acids 1264:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 1 theme free 1253:1256 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 19 2 theme antioxidant 2312:2322 arg1 capacity 2324:2331 Total antioxidant capacity 2306:2331 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2306:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 8 3 theme chia 916:919 arg1 oil 921:923 chia oil 916:923 chia oil 916:923 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 11 4 theme identity 1431:1438 arg1 standards 1418:1426 standards 1418:1426 standards of identity of butter 1418:1448 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 4 5 theme vegetable 562:570 arg1 oils 572:575 vegetable oils 562:575 vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids 562:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 16 6 theme radical 2007:2013 arg1 activity 2026:2033 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity 1963:2033 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil 1963:2050 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 3 7 theme acids 507:511 arg1 it 470:471 it 470:471 it 470:471 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 3 7 theme acids 507:511 arg1 source 487:492 a good source 480:492 a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids 480:511 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 25 8 from microcapsules 3086:3098 arg1 characteristics 3173:3187 sensory characteristics 3165:3187 sensory characteristics 3165:3187 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 22 9 theme free 2711:2714 arg1 acids 2722:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 10 10 theme peroxide 1271:1278 arg1 value 1280:1284 peroxide value 1271:1284 peroxide value 1271:1284 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 10 theme peroxide 1271:1278 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 3 11 theme Ω-3 497:499 arg1 acids 507:511 Ω-3 fatty acids 497:511 Ω-3 fatty acids 497:511 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 1 12 theme therapeutic 162:172 arg1 functions 174:182 several therapeutic functions 154:182 several therapeutic functions 154:182 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 22 13 theme fatty 2716:2720 arg1 acids 2722:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 18 14 theme scavenging 2183:2192 arg1 activity 2194:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity 2165:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 16 15 theme free 2038:2041 arg1 oil 2048:2050 free chia oil 2038:2050 free chia oil 2038:2050 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 22 16 theme period 2772:2777 arg1 end 2757:2759 the end 2753:2759 the end of storage period (90 days) 2753:2787 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 11 17 theme MCO 1377:1379 arg1 Addition 1365:1372 Addition 1365:1372 Addition of MCO in butter 1365:1389 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 18 18 theme free 2170:2173 arg1 radical 2175:2181 DPPH free radical 2165:2181 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 9 19 theme MCO 1097:1099 arg1 supplementation 1078:1092 supplementation 1078:1092 supplementation of MCO 1078:1099 Butter without supplementation of MCO were kept as control. 31948460 4 20 from acids 595:599 arg1 rich 577:580 rich 577:580 rich 577:580 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 15 21 theme docosahexaenoic 1861:1875 arg1 DHA 1883:1885 DHA 1883:1885 DHA 1883:1885 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 15 21 theme docosahexaenoic 1861:1875 arg1 acid 1877:1880 docosahexaenoic acid 1861:1880 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1861:1886 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 25 22 theme Ω-3 3026:3028 arg1 acids 3036:3040 Ω-3 fatty acids 3026:3040 Ω-3 fatty acids 3026:3040 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 20 23 theme chia 2482:2485 arg1 oil 2487:2489 free chia oil 2477:2489 free chia oil 2477:2489 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 13 24 theme alpha-linolenic 1553:1567 arg1 acid 1569:1572 alpha-linolenic acid 1553:1572 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) 1553:1578 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 13 24 theme alpha-linolenic 1553:1567 arg1 ALA 1575:1577 ALA 1575:1577 ALA 1575:1577 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 18 25 from 90 days 2233:2239 arg1 microcapsules 2206:2218 microcapsules 2206:2218 microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2206:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 25 from 90 days 2233:2239 arg1 activity 2194:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity 2165:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 22 26 theme standards 2822:2830 arg1 limit 2832:2836 the European Union standards limit 2803:2836 the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%) 2803:2858 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 12 27 theme oil 1531:1533 arg1 microcapsules 1509:1521 microcapsules 1509:1521 microcapsules of chia oil 1509:1533 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 22 28 theme samples 2742:2748 arg1 acids 2722:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 22 28 theme samples 2742:2748 arg1 value 2701:2705 Peroxide value 2692:2705 Peroxide value 2692:2705 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 20 29 theme induction 2457:2465 arg1 period 2467:2472 induction period 2457:2472 induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules 2457:2507 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 16 30 theme DPPH 1996:1999 arg1 radical 2007:2013 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical 1963:2013 radical 2007:2013 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 5 31 theme chia 657:660 arg1 MCO 667:669 MCO 667:669 MCO 667:669 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 5 31 theme chia 657:660 arg1 oil 662:664 chia oil 657:664 chia oil (MCO) 657:670 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 21 32 theme induction 2616:2624 arg1 period 2626:2631 induction period 2616:2631 induction period of experimental samples 2616:2655 While, induction period of experimental samples was not different from each other. 31948460 19 33 theme 70.53 2386:2390 arg1 % 2408:2408 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52% 2386:2408 % 2408:2408 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 16 34 theme storage 1954:1960 arg1 storage 1954:1960 storage 1954:1960 storage 1954:1960 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 16 34 theme storage 1954:1960 arg1 0 1933:1933 0 1933:1933 0 1933:1933 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 0 35 theme fatty 43:47 arg1 acids 49:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 35 theme fatty 43:47 arg1 characteristics 68:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 35 theme fatty 43:47 arg1 stability 98:106 oxidative stability 88:106 oxidative stability of butter 88:116 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 23 36 theme samples 2901:2907 arg1 characteristics 2869:2883 Sensory characteristics 2861:2883 Sensory characteristics of experimental samples 2861:2907 Sensory characteristics of experimental samples were similar to the control. 31948460 1 37 theme fatty 134:138 arg1 acids 140:144 Ω-3 fatty acids 130:144 Ω-3 fatty acids 130:144 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 16 38 theme free 2002:2005 arg1 radical 2007:2013 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical 1963:2013 radical 2007:2013 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 10 39 theme Butter 1123:1128 arg1 samples 1130:1136 Butter samples 1123:1136 Butter samples 1123:1136 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 18 40 from activity 2194:2201 arg1 storage 2244:2250 storage 2244:2250 storage 2244:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 40 from activity 2194:2201 arg1 90 days 2233:2239 90 days 2233:2239 90 days 2233:2239 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 40 from activity 2194:2201 arg1 45 2226:2227 45 2226:2227 45 2226:2227 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 40 from activity 2194:2201 arg1 0 2223:2223 0 2223:2223 0 2223:2223 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 41 theme 68.52 2403:2407 arg1 % 2408:2408 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52% 2386:2408 % 2408:2408 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 0 42 from Effect 0:5 arg1 acids 49:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 42 from Effect 0:5 arg1 characteristics 68:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 42 from Effect 0:5 arg1 stability 98:106 oxidative stability 88:106 oxidative stability of butter 88:116 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 23 43 theme Sensory 2861:2867 arg1 characteristics 2869:2883 Sensory characteristics 2861:2883 Sensory characteristics of experimental samples 2861:2907 Sensory characteristics of experimental samples were similar to the control. 31948460 15 44 theme eicosapentaenoic 1800:1815 arg1 EPA 1823:1825 EPA 1823:1825 EPA 1823:1825 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 15 44 theme eicosapentaenoic 1800:1815 arg1 acid 1817:1820 eicosapentaenoic acid 1800:1820 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 1800:1826 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 18 45 theme DPPH 2165:2168 arg1 radical 2175:2181 DPPH free radical 2165:2181 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 20 46 theme microcapsules 2495:2507 arg1 period 2467:2472 induction period 2457:2472 induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules 2457:2507 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 25 47 theme sensory 3165:3171 arg1 characteristics 3173:3187 sensory characteristics 3165:3187 sensory characteristics 3165:3187 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 19 48 from capacity 2324:2331 arg1 90 days 2363:2369 90 days 2363:2369 90 days 2363:2369 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 48 from capacity 2324:2331 arg1 45 2356:2357 45 2356:2357 45 2356:2357 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 48 from capacity 2324:2331 arg1 0 2353:2353 0 2353:2353 0 2353:2353 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 48 from capacity 2324:2331 arg1 storage 2374:2380 storage 2374:2380 storage 2374:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 0 49 theme oxidative 88:96 arg1 acids 49:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 49 theme oxidative 88:96 arg1 stability 98:106 oxidative stability 88:106 oxidative stability of butter 88:116 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 5 50 from temperature 752:762 arg1 drying 736:741 spray drying 730:741 spray drying at lower temperature 730:762 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 0 51 theme oil 32:34 arg1 microcapsules 10:22 microcapsules 10:22 microcapsules of chia oil 10:34 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 16 52 dep radical 2007:2013 arg1 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle 1966:1993 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical 1963:2013 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle 1966:1993 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 16 53 from 90 days 1943:1949 arg1 % 2078:2078 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18% 2056:2078 % 2078:2078 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 12 54 theme acid 1493:1496 arg1 profile 1498:1504 fatty acid profile 1487:1504 fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil 1487:1533 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 3 55 theme good 401:404 arg1 Butter 389:394 Butter 389:394 Butter 389:394 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 3 55 theme good 401:404 arg1 source 406:411 a good source 399:411 a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems 399:459 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 25 56 dep 8 3058:3058 arg1 to 3055:3056 to 3055:3056 to 3055:3056 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 1 57 theme inferior 248:255 arg1 stability 267:275 the inferior oxidative stability 244:275 the inferior oxidative stability 244:275 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 15 58 theme storage 1783:1789 arg1 90 days 1772:1778 90 days 1772:1778 90 days of storage 1772:1789 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 24 59 dep improve 2968:2974 arg1 butter 2958:2963 butter 2958:2963 butter 2958:2963 MCO can be added in butter to improve its functional value. 31948460 22 60 from end 2757:2759 arg1 acids 2722:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 free fatty acids 2711:2726 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 22 60 from end 2757:2759 arg1 value 2701:2705 Peroxide value 2692:2705 Peroxide value 2692:2705 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 11 61 dep RESULTS 1357:1363 arg1 have 1399:1402 have 1399:1402 did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter 1391:1448 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 10 62 theme Butter 1173:1178 arg1 value 1280:1284 peroxide value 1271:1284 peroxide value 1271:1284 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 62 theme Butter 1173:1178 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 62 theme Butter 1173:1178 arg1 profile 1226:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 62 theme Butter 1173:1178 arg1 acids 1264:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 62 theme Butter 1173:1178 arg1 capacity 1205:1212 antioxidant capacity 1193:1212 antioxidant capacity 1193:1212 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 62 theme Butter 1173:1178 arg1 period 1245:1250 induction period 1235:1250 induction period 1235:1250 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 3 63 theme antioxidant 441:451 arg1 systems 453:459 antioxidant systems 441:459 antioxidant systems 441:459 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 0 64 theme microcapsules 10:22 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 0:117 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 24 65 theme functional 2980:2989 arg1 value 2991:2995 its functional value 2976:2995 its functional value 2976:2995 MCO can be added in butter to improve its functional value. 31948460 11 66 from Addition 1365:1372 arg1 butter 1384:1389 butter 1384:1389 butter 1384:1389 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 3 67 theme vitamins 428:435 arg1 Butter 389:394 Butter 389:394 Butter 389:394 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 3 67 theme vitamins 428:435 arg1 source 406:411 a good source 399:411 a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems 399:459 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 0 68 theme chia 27:30 arg1 oil 32:34 chia oil 27:34 chia oil 27:34 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 25 69 theme chia 3103:3106 arg1 oil 3108:3110 chia oil 3103:3110 chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability 3103:3146 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 6 70 theme Lactococcus 816:826 arg1 lactis 828:833 Lactococcus lactis 816:833 Lactococcus lactis ssp 816:837 Unsalted butter prepared from cultured cream using Lactococcus lactis ssp. 31948460 14 71 theme butter 1714:1719 arg1 samples 1721:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples were 17.44 and 17.11%, respectively. 31948460 25 72 from effect 3155:3160 arg1 characteristics 3173:3187 sensory characteristics 3165:3187 sensory characteristics 3165:3187 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 19 73 from 45 2356:2357 arg1 capacity 2324:2331 Total antioxidant capacity 2306:2331 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2306:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 73 from 45 2356:2357 arg1 microcapsules 2336:2348 microcapsules 2336:2348 microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2336:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 16 74 theme chia 2043:2046 arg1 oil 2048:2050 free chia oil 2038:2050 free chia oil 2038:2050 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 5 75 theme lower 746:750 arg1 temperature 752:762 lower temperature 746:762 lower temperature 746:762 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 14 76 theme 90 days 1699:1705 arg1 samples 1721:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples were 17.44 and 17.11%, respectively. 31948460 17 77 theme chia 2121:2124 arg1 oil 2126:2128 chia oil 2121:2128 chia oil 2121:2128 However, microcapsules of chia oil had superior antioxidant activity. 31948460 10 78 theme storage 1348:1354 arg1 storage 1348:1354 storage 1348:1354 storage 1348:1354 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 78 theme storage 1348:1354 arg1 0 1327:1327 0 1327:1327 0 1327:1327 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 19 79 theme Total 2306:2310 arg1 capacity 2324:2331 Total antioxidant capacity 2306:2331 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2306:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 21 80 theme experimental 2636:2647 arg1 samples 2649:2655 experimental samples 2636:2655 experimental samples 2636:2655 While, induction period of experimental samples was not different from each other. 31948460 14 81 theme fresh 1689:1693 arg1 samples 1721:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples were 17.44 and 17.11%, respectively. 31948460 20 82 theme lowest 2584:2589 arg1 period 2601:2606 the lowest induction period 2580:2606 the lowest induction period 2580:2606 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 4 83 theme oils 572:575 arg1 microcapsules 545:557 microcapsules 545:557 microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids 545:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 11 84 theme butter 1443:1448 arg1 identity 1431:1438 identity 1431:1438 identity of butter 1431:1448 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 3 85 theme good 482:485 arg1 it 470:471 it 470:471 it 470:471 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 3 85 theme good 482:485 arg1 source 487:492 a good source 480:492 a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids 480:511 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 14 86 theme ALA 1682:1684 arg1 Concentration 1665:1677 Concentration 1665:1677 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1665:1727 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples were 17.44 and 17.11%, respectively. 31948460 20 87 theme butter 2547:2552 arg1 control 2563:2569 control 2563:2569 control revealed the lowest induction period 2563:2606 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 20 87 theme butter 2547:2552 arg1 samples 2554:2560 the butter samples 2543:2560 the butter samples 2543:2560 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 17 88 theme antioxidant 2143:2153 arg1 activity 2155:2162 superior antioxidant activity 2134:2162 superior antioxidant activity 2134:2162 However, microcapsules of chia oil had superior antioxidant activity. 31948460 4 89 from rich 577:580 arg1 acids 595:599 Ω-3 fatty acids 585:599 Ω-3 fatty acids 585:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 10 90 theme fatty 1215:1219 arg1 profile 1226:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 90 theme fatty 1215:1219 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 17 91 contain had 2130:2132 arg2 activity 2155:2162 superior antioxidant activity 2134:2162 superior antioxidant activity 2134:2162 However, microcapsules of chia oil had superior antioxidant activity. 31948460 17 91 contain had 2130:2132 arg1 microcapsules 2104:2116 microcapsules 2104:2116 microcapsules of chia oil 2104:2128 However, microcapsules of chia oil had superior antioxidant activity. 31948460 8 92 theme oil 921:923 arg1 microcapsules 899:911 microcapsules 899:911 microcapsules of chia oil 899:923 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 18 93 theme 36.51 2256:2260 arg1 % 2278:2278 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96% 2256:2278 % 2278:2278 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 6 94 theme Unsalted 765:772 arg1 butter 774:779 Unsalted butter 765:779 Unsalted butter 765:779 Unsalted butter prepared from cultured cream using Lactococcus lactis ssp. 31948460 3 95 theme fatty 501:505 arg1 acids 507:511 Ω-3 fatty acids 497:511 Ω-3 fatty acids 497:511 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 16 96 theme 39.81 2056:2060 arg1 % 2078:2078 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18% 2056:2078 % 2078:2078 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 18 97 dep % 2278:2278 arg1 p > 0.05 2295:2302 p > 0.05 2295:2302 p > 0.05 2295:2302 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 98 theme storage 2244:2250 arg1 storage 2244:2250 storage 2244:2250 storage 2244:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 98 theme storage 2244:2250 arg1 0 2223:2223 0 2223:2223 0 2223:2223 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 10 99 theme induction 1235:1243 arg1 period 1245:1250 induction period 1235:1250 induction period 1235:1250 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 99 theme induction 1235:1243 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 4 100 with Supplementation 514:528 arg1 microcapsules 545:557 microcapsules 545:557 microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids 545:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 25 101 with oil 3108:3110 arg1 stability 3138:3146 reasonable oxidative stability 3117:3146 reasonable oxidative stability 3117:3146 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 1 102 theme several 154:160 arg1 functions 174:182 several therapeutic functions 154:182 several therapeutic functions 154:182 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 25 103 theme CONCLUSION 2998:3007 arg1 Concentration 3009:3021 CONCLUSION Concentration 2998:3021 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% 2998:3059 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 8 104 dep % 1026:1026 arg1 T3 1037:1038 T3 1037:1038 T3 1037:1038 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 8 104 dep % 1026:1026 arg1 T2 1033:1034 T2 1033:1034 T2 1033:1034 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 8 104 dep % 1026:1026 arg1 T4 1044:1045 T4 1044:1045 T4 1044:1045 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 8 104 dep % 1026:1026 arg1 T1 1029:1030 T1 1029:1030 T1 1029:1030 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 8 104 dep % 1026:1026 arg1 i.e. 1008:1011 i.e. 1008:1011 i.e. 1008:1011 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 16 105 theme scavenging 2015:2024 arg1 activity 2026:2033 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity 1963:2033 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil 1963:2050 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 2 106 theme oxidative 293:301 arg1 stability 303:311 oxidative stability 293:311 oxidative stability 293:311 To improve the oxidative stability and release properties of Ω-3 fatty acids, microencapsulation is performed. 31948460 14 107 from Concentration 1665:1677 arg1 samples 1721:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples were 17.44 and 17.11%, respectively. 31948460 15 108 theme acid 1877:1880 arg1 loss 1792:1795 loss 1792:1795 loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1792:1886 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 19 109 from 90 days 2363:2369 arg1 capacity 2324:2331 Total antioxidant capacity 2306:2331 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2306:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 109 from 90 days 2363:2369 arg1 microcapsules 2336:2348 microcapsules 2336:2348 microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2336:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 22 110 theme Peroxide 2692:2699 arg1 value 2701:2705 Peroxide value 2692:2705 Peroxide value 2692:2705 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 21 111 from other 2685:2689 arg1 different 2665:2673 different 2665:2673 different 2665:2673 While, induction period of experimental samples was not different from each other. 31948460 18 112 theme radical 2175:2181 arg1 activity 2194:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity 2165:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 0 113 theme butter 111:116 arg1 acids 49:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 113 theme butter 111:116 arg1 characteristics 68:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 113 theme butter 111:116 arg1 stability 98:106 oxidative stability 88:106 oxidative stability of butter 88:116 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 10 114 theme fatty 1258:1262 arg1 acids 1264:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 114 theme fatty 1258:1262 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 19 115 dep % 2408:2408 arg1 p > 0.05 2425:2432 p > 0.05 2425:2432 p > 0.05 2425:2432 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 2 116 theme acids 349:353 arg1 stability 303:311 oxidative stability 293:311 oxidative stability 293:311 To improve the oxidative stability and release properties of Ω-3 fatty acids, microencapsulation is performed. 31948460 2 116 theme acids 349:353 arg1 properties 325:334 release properties 317:334 release properties 317:334 To improve the oxidative stability and release properties of Ω-3 fatty acids, microencapsulation is performed. 31948460 4 117 theme fatty 589:593 arg1 acids 595:599 Ω-3 fatty acids 585:599 Ω-3 fatty acids 585:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 25 118 theme fatty 3030:3034 arg1 acids 3036:3040 Ω-3 fatty acids 3026:3040 Ω-3 fatty acids 3026:3040 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 20 119 theme free 2477:2480 arg1 oil 2487:2489 free chia oil 2477:2489 free chia oil 2477:2489 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 13 120 theme acid 1569:1572 arg1 Concentration 1536:1548 Concentration 1536:1548 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 1536:1608 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 5 121 theme METHODS 632:638 arg1 Microcapsules 640:652 METHODS Microcapsules 632:652 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) 632:670 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 23 122 theme experimental 2888:2899 arg1 samples 2901:2907 experimental samples 2888:2907 experimental samples 2888:2907 Sensory characteristics of experimental samples were similar to the control. 31948460 5 123 theme oil 662:664 arg1 Microcapsules 640:652 METHODS Microcapsules 632:652 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) 632:670 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 15 124 theme docosapentaenoic 1829:1844 arg1 DPA 1852:1854 DPA 1852:1854 DPA 1852:1854 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 15 124 theme docosapentaenoic 1829:1844 arg1 acid 1846:1849 docosapentaenoic acid 1829:1849 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) 1829:1855 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 20 125 theme oil 2487:2489 arg1 period 2467:2472 induction period 2457:2472 induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules 2457:2507 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 21 126 theme samples 2649:2655 arg1 period 2626:2631 induction period 2616:2631 induction period of experimental samples 2616:2655 While, induction period of experimental samples was not different from each other. 31948460 12 127 theme chia 1526:1529 arg1 oil 1531:1533 chia oil 1526:1533 chia oil 1526:1533 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 22 128 theme butter 2735:2740 arg1 samples 2742:2748 the butter samples 2731:2748 the butter samples 2731:2748 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 19 129 theme microcapsules 2336:2348 arg1 capacity 2324:2331 Total antioxidant capacity 2306:2331 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2306:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 1 130 theme Ω-3 130:132 arg1 acids 140:144 Ω-3 fatty acids 130:144 Ω-3 fatty acids 130:144 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 17 131 theme oil 2126:2128 arg1 microcapsules 2104:2116 microcapsules 2104:2116 microcapsules of chia oil 2104:2128 However, microcapsules of chia oil had superior antioxidant activity. 31948460 11 132 contain have 1399:1402 arg1 Addition 1365:1372 Addition 1365:1372 Addition of MCO in butter 1365:1389 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 11 132 contain have 1399:1402 arg2 effect 1408:1413 any effect 1404:1413 any effect 1404:1413 RESULTS Addition of MCO in butter did not have any effect on standards of identity of butter. 31948460 0 133 theme antioxidant 56:66 arg1 acids 49:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Ω-3 fatty acids 39:53 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 0 133 theme antioxidant 56:66 arg1 characteristics 68:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 antioxidant characteristics 56:82 Effect of microcapsules of chia oil on Ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of butter. 31948460 8 134 theme working 961:967 arg1 stage 969:973 the working stage 957:973 the working stage 957:973 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 25 135 theme oxidative 3128:3136 arg1 stability 3138:3146 reasonable oxidative stability 3117:3146 reasonable oxidative stability 3117:3146 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 25 136 from Concentration 3009:3021 arg1 butter 3045:3050 butter 3045:3050 butter up to 8% 3045:3059 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 22 137 theme storage 2764:2770 arg1 90 days 2780:2786 90 days 2780:2786 90 days 2780:2786 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 22 137 theme storage 2764:2770 arg1 period 2772:2777 storage period 2764:2777 storage period (90 days) 2764:2787 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 10 138 theme sensory 1290:1296 arg1 evaluation 1298:1307 sensory evaluation 1290:1307 sensory evaluation 1290:1307 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 18 139 from 45 2226:2227 arg1 microcapsules 2206:2218 microcapsules 2206:2218 microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2206:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 139 from 45 2226:2227 arg1 activity 2194:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity 2165:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 16 140 from 45 1936:1937 arg1 % 2078:2078 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18% 2056:2078 % 2078:2078 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 12 141 theme microcapsules 1509:1521 arg1 profile 1498:1504 fatty acid profile 1487:1504 fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil 1487:1533 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 1 142 dep BACKGROUND 119:128 arg1 perform 146:152 perform 146:152 perform several therapeutic functions in the body 146:194 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 18 143 theme 35.96 2273:2277 arg1 % 2278:2278 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96% 2256:2278 % 2278:2278 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 8 144 theme different 983:991 arg1 concentrations 993:1006 four different concentrations 978:1006 four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively) 978:1060 Cream was churned at 12 °C and microcapsules of chia oil were added to the butter during the working stage at four different concentrations i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8% (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). 31948460 19 145 theme storage 2374:2380 arg1 0 2353:2353 0 2353:2353 0 2353:2353 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 145 theme storage 2374:2380 arg1 storage 2374:2380 storage 2374:2380 storage 2374:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 7 146 from 21 °C 850:854 arg1 Lactis 840:845 Lactis 840:845 Lactis at 21 °C for 16 Hrs. 840:866 Lactis at 21 °C for 16 Hrs. 31948460 3 147 theme fat-soluble 416:426 arg1 vitamins 428:435 fat-soluble vitamins 416:435 fat-soluble vitamins 416:435 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 12 148 theme fatty 1487:1491 arg1 profile 1498:1504 fatty acid profile 1487:1504 fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil 1487:1533 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 2 149 dep stability 303:311 arg1 the 289:291 the 289:291 the 289:291 To improve the oxidative stability and release properties of Ω-3 fatty acids, microencapsulation is performed. 31948460 25 150 dep butter 3045:3050 arg1 % 3059:3059 % 3059:3059 % 3059:3059 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 1 151 theme oxidative 257:265 arg1 stability 267:275 the inferior oxidative stability 244:275 the inferior oxidative stability 244:275 BACKGROUND Ω-3 fatty acids perform several therapeutic functions in the body, however, their applications are limited due to the inferior oxidative stability. 31948460 19 152 from 0 2353:2353 arg1 capacity 2324:2331 Total antioxidant capacity 2306:2331 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2306:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 19 152 from 0 2353:2353 arg1 microcapsules 2336:2348 microcapsules 2336:2348 microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2336:2380 Total antioxidant capacity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 70.53, 69.88 and 68.52%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 4 153 theme butter 533:538 arg1 Supplementation 514:528 Supplementation 514:528 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids 514:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 10 154 theme -10 °C. 1165:1171 arg1 value 1280:1284 peroxide value 1271:1284 peroxide value 1271:1284 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 154 theme -10 °C. 1165:1171 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 154 theme -10 °C. 1165:1171 arg1 profile 1226:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 154 theme -10 °C. 1165:1171 arg1 acids 1264:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 free fatty acids 1253:1268 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 154 theme -10 °C. 1165:1171 arg1 capacity 1205:1212 antioxidant capacity 1193:1212 antioxidant capacity 1193:1212 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 154 theme -10 °C. 1165:1171 arg1 period 1245:1250 induction period 1235:1250 induction period 1235:1250 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 3 155 theme systems 453:459 arg1 Butter 389:394 Butter 389:394 Butter 389:394 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 3 155 theme systems 453:459 arg1 source 406:411 a good source 399:411 a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems 399:459 Butter is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidant systems however, it is not a good source of Ω-3 fatty acids. 31948460 5 156 theme spray 730:734 arg1 drying 736:741 spray drying 730:741 spray drying at lower temperature 730:762 METHODS Microcapsules of chia oil (MCO) were prepared using chitosan as encapsulating material by spray drying at lower temperature. 31948460 22 157 theme Union 2816:2820 arg1 limit 2832:2836 the European Union standards limit 2803:2836 the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%) 2803:2858 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 6 158 theme lactis 828:833 arg1 ssp 835:837 Lactococcus lactis ssp 816:837 Lactococcus lactis ssp 816:837 Unsalted butter prepared from cultured cream using Lactococcus lactis ssp. 31948460 15 159 theme acid 1846:1849 arg1 loss 1792:1795 loss 1792:1795 loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1792:1886 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 16 160 theme oil 2048:2050 arg1 activity 2026:2033 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity 1963:2033 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil 1963:2050 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 25 161 dep % 3059:3059 arg1 8 3058:3058 8 3058:3058 8 3058:3058 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 13 162 from Concentration 1536:1548 arg1 T3 1600:1601 T3 1600:1601 T3 1600:1601 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 13 162 from Concentration 1536:1548 arg1 T4 1607:1608 T4 1607:1608 T4 1607:1608 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 13 162 from Concentration 1536:1548 arg1 T2 1596:1597 T2 1596:1597 T2 1596:1597 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 13 162 from Concentration 1536:1548 arg1 T1 1592:1593 T1 1592:1593 T1 1592:1593 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 13 162 from Concentration 1536:1548 arg1 control 1583:1589 control 1583:1589 control 1583:1589 Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 0.49, 4.29, 8.41, 13.21 and 17.44%, respectively. 31948460 25 163 theme oil 3108:3110 arg1 effect 3155:3160 no effect 3152:3160 no effect on sensory characteristics 3152:3187 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 25 163 theme oil 3108:3110 arg1 microcapsules 3086:3098 microcapsules 3086:3098 microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability 3086:3146 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 14 164 theme stored 1707:1712 arg1 samples 1721:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 fresh and 90 days stored butter samples 1689:1727 Concentration of ALA in fresh and 90 days stored butter samples were 17.44 and 17.11%, respectively. 31948460 18 165 from 0 2223:2223 arg1 microcapsules 2206:2218 microcapsules 2206:2218 microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2206:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 18 165 from 0 2223:2223 arg1 activity 2194:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity 2165:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 10 166 theme antioxidant 1193:1203 arg1 capacity 1205:1212 antioxidant capacity 1193:1212 antioxidant capacity 1193:1212 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 166 theme antioxidant 1193:1203 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 2 167 theme release 317:323 arg1 properties 325:334 release properties 317:334 release properties 317:334 To improve the oxidative stability and release properties of Ω-3 fatty acids, microencapsulation is performed. 31948460 16 168 from 0 1933:1933 arg1 % 2078:2078 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18% 2056:2078 % 2078:2078 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 25 169 theme reasonable 3117:3126 arg1 stability 3138:3146 reasonable oxidative stability 3117:3146 reasonable oxidative stability 3117:3146 CONCLUSION Concentration of Ω-3 fatty acids in butter up to 8% can be increased through microcapsules of chia oil with reasonable oxidative stability and no effect on sensory characteristics. 31948460 6 170 theme cultured 795:802 arg1 cream 804:808 cultured cream 795:808 cultured cream using Lactococcus lactis ssp 795:837 Unsalted butter prepared from cultured cream using Lactococcus lactis ssp. 31948460 20 171 theme induction 2591:2599 arg1 period 2601:2606 the lowest induction period 2580:2606 the lowest induction period 2580:2606 It was recorded that induction period of free chia oil and microcapsules was only 2.86 h and 8.55 h. Among the butter samples, control revealed the lowest induction period. 31948460 16 172 theme 62.18 2073:2077 arg1 % 2078:2078 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18% 2056:2078 % 2078:2078 At 0, 45 and 90 days of storage, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of free chia oil was 39.81, 71.22 and 62.18%, respectively. 31948460 4 173 theme rich 577:580 arg1 oils 572:575 vegetable oils 562:575 vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids 562:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 22 174 dep limit 2832:2836 arg1 10MeqO2/kg 2839:2848 10MeqO2/kg 2839:2848 10MeqO2/kg 2839:2848 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 22 174 dep limit 2832:2836 arg1 % 2857:2857 0.2% 2854:2857 0.2% 2854:2857 Peroxide value and free fatty acids of the butter samples at the end of storage period (90 days) was less than the European Union standards limit (10MeqO2/kg and 0.2%). 31948460 15 175 theme acid 1817:1820 arg1 loss 1792:1795 loss 1792:1795 loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1792:1886 After 90 days of storage, loss of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.07%, 0.05 and 0.03%, respectively. 31948460 17 176 theme superior 2134:2141 arg1 activity 2155:2162 superior antioxidant activity 2134:2162 superior antioxidant activity 2134:2162 However, microcapsules of chia oil had superior antioxidant activity. 31948460 4 177 theme Ω-3 585:587 arg1 acids 595:599 Ω-3 fatty acids 585:599 Ω-3 fatty acids 585:599 Supplementation of butter with microcapsules of vegetable oils rich in Ω-3 fatty acids is not reported in literature. 31948460 18 178 theme microcapsules 2206:2218 arg1 activity 2194:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity 2165:2201 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage 2165:2250 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of microcapsules at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage was 36.51, 36.43 and 35.96%, respectively (p > 0.05). 31948460 12 179 contain had 1470:1472 arg1 Microencapsulation 1451:1468 Microencapsulation 1451:1468 Microencapsulation 1451:1468 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 12 179 contain had 1470:1472 arg2 effect 1477:1482 no effect 1474:1482 no effect 1474:1482 Microencapsulation had no effect on fatty acid profile of microcapsules of chia oil. 31948460 10 180 theme acid 1221:1224 arg1 profile 1226:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 fatty acid profile 1215:1232 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 10 180 theme acid 1221:1224 arg1 composition 1180:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 -10 °C. Butter composition 1165:1190 Butter samples were stored for 90 days at -10 °C. Butter composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, induction period, free fatty acids, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were performed at 0, 45 and 90 days of storage. 31948460 2 181 theme fatty 343:347 arg1 acids 349:353 Ω-3 fatty acids 339:353 Ω-3 fatty acids 339:353 To improve the oxidative stability and release properties of Ω-3 fatty acids, microencapsulation is performed. 32250024 3 0 theme pathway 1152:1158 arg1 regulation 1119:1128 regulation 1119:1128 regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway 1119:1158 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 1 theme nuclear 1040:1046 arg1 p65 1063:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 1040:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) 1040:1077 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 1 theme nuclear 1040:1046 arg1 p65 1074:1076 NF-κB p65 1068:1076 NF-κB p65 1068:1076 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 2 dep inflammation 918:929 arg1 levels 932:937 levels 932:937 levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) 932:1077 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 2 dep inflammation 918:929 arg1 decrease 1080:1087 decrease 1080:1087 decrease 1080:1087 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 3 theme protein 492:498 arg1 kinase 500:505 mitogen-activated protein kinase 474:505 mitogen-activated protein kinase 474:505 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 2 4 theme LCP 631:633 arg1 properties 617:626 the prebiotic properties 603:626 the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD 603:671 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 3 5 theme kappa-B 1055:1061 arg1 p65 1063:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 1040:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) 1040:1077 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 5 theme kappa-B 1055:1061 arg1 p65 1074:1076 NF-κB p65 1068:1076 NF-κB p65 1068:1076 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 6 theme erythroid-2-related 412:430 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 7 theme enhanced 772:779 arg1 permeability 792:803 enhanced intestinal permeability 772:803 enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases) 772:904 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 8 theme 2/heme 439:444 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 0 9 theme Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 179:192 arg1 Pathways 203:210 the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways 175:210 Pathways 203:210 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 2 10 theme Dawley 702:707 arg1 rats 709:712 Sprague Dawley rats 694:712 Sprague Dawley rats 694:712 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 3 11 theme glucagon-like 806:818 arg1 content 830:836 glucagon-like peptide-2 content 806:836 glucagon-like peptide-2 content 806:836 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 0 12 theme MAPK 198:201 arg1 Pathways 203:210 the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways 175:210 Pathways 203:210 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 6 13 theme LCP 1575:1577 arg1 treatment 1579:1587 CONCLUSION LCP treatment 1564:1587 CONCLUSION LCP treatment 1564:1587 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 6 14 theme oxidative-stress-related 1681:1704 arg1 pathways 1706:1713 oxidative-stress-related pathways 1681:1713 oxidative-stress-related pathways 1681:1713 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 3 15 dep permeability 792:803 arg1 increase 859:866 occludin protein increase 842:866 occludin protein increase 842:866 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 15 dep permeability 792:803 arg1 content 830:836 glucagon-like peptide-2 content 806:836 glucagon-like peptide-2 content 806:836 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 0 16 theme Environment 79:89 arg1 Imbalance 91:99 Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance 43:99 Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance 43:99 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 17 theme intestinal 1474:1483 arg1 taxa 1495:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa 1466:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats 1466:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 3 18 theme occludin 842:849 arg1 increase 859:866 occludin protein increase 842:866 occludin protein increase 842:866 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 19 theme liver 376:380 arg1 injury 382:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 20 theme protein 887:893 arg1 decreases 895:903 claudin-2 protein decreases 877:903 claudin-2 protein decreases 877:903 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 2 21 theme high-fat-diet-induced 647:667 arg1 OSD 669:671 high-fat-diet-induced OSD 647:671 high-fat-diet-induced OSD 647:671 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 0 22 theme Liver 132:136 arg1 Injury 138:143 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury 105:143 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats 105:159 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 1 23 theme nuclear 397:403 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 24 theme intestinal 907:916 arg1 inflammation 918:929 intestinal inflammation 907:929 intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease) 907:1088 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 6 25 theme intestinal 1751:1760 arg1 microbiota 1762:1771 the intestinal microbiota 1747:1771 the intestinal microbiota 1747:1771 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 4 26 theme liver 1199:1203 arg1 injury 1205:1210 LPS-induced liver injury 1187:1210 LPS-induced liver injury 1187:1210 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 0 27 theme Lonicera 0:7 arg1 Polyphenols 21:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols 0:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols 0:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 3 28 theme cytokines 959:967 arg1 levels 932:937 levels 932:937 levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) 932:1077 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 28 theme cytokines 959:967 arg1 decrease 1080:1087 decrease 1080:1087 decrease 1080:1087 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 5 29 theme LPS-induced 1530:1540 arg1 injury 1548:1553 LPS-induced liver injury 1530:1553 LPS-induced liver injury in rats 1530:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 0 30 theme L. 18:19 arg1 Polyphenols 21:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols 0:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols 0:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 1 31 theme intestinal 316:325 arg1 environment 327:337 the intestinal environment 312:337 the intestinal environment 312:337 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 32 theme tumor 978:982 arg1 factor-α 993:1000 tumor necrosis factor-α 978:1000 tumor necrosis factor-α 978:1000 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 4 33 theme MAPK 1288:1291 arg1 pathway 1303:1309 the MAPK signaling pathway 1284:1309 the MAPK signaling pathway 1284:1309 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 0 34 theme Stress-Induced 53:66 arg1 Imbalance 91:99 Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance 43:99 Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance 43:99 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 3 35 theme Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 1137:1150 arg1 pathway 1152:1158 the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway 1133:1158 the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway 1133:1158 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 4 36 theme NF-κB 1256:1260 arg1 p65 1262:1264 NF-κB p65 1256:1264 NF-κB p65 1256:1264 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 1 37 theme oxidative 541:549 arg1 OSD 566:568 OSD 566:568 OSD 566:568 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 37 theme oxidative 541:549 arg1 damage 558:563 oxidative stress damage 541:563 oxidative stress damage (OSD) 541:569 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 38 with treatment 729:737 arg1 LCP 744:746 LCP 744:746 LCP 744:746 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 39 theme caerulea 278:285 arg1 LCPs 303:306 LCPs 303:306 LCPs 303:306 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 39 theme caerulea 278:285 arg1 polyphenols 290:300 Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols 269:300 Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) 269:307 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 2 40 dep METHODS 572:578 arg1 examine 595:601 examine 595:601 To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD 592:671 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 1 41 theme damage 558:563 arg1 model 532:536 a rat model 526:536 a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD) 526:569 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 42 theme polyphenols 290:300 arg1 effects 258:264 the modulatory effects 243:264 the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 243:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 2 43 theme prebiotic 607:615 arg1 properties 617:626 the prebiotic properties 603:626 the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD 603:671 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 1 44 theme mitogen-activated 474:490 arg1 kinase 500:505 mitogen-activated protein kinase 474:505 mitogen-activated protein kinase 474:505 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 4 45 theme pathway 1303:1309 arg1 activation 1270:1279 activation 1270:1279 activation of the MAPK signaling pathway 1270:1309 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 4 45 theme pathway 1303:1309 arg1 translocation 1239:1251 the nuclear translocation 1227:1251 the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 1227:1264 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 1 46 theme kinase 500:505 arg1 pathways 514:521 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 393:521 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 393:521 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 47 theme MAPK 508:511 arg1 pathways 514:521 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 393:521 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 393:521 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 48 theme factor 1048:1053 arg1 p65 1063:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 1040:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) 1040:1077 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 48 theme factor 1048:1053 arg1 p65 1074:1076 NF-κB p65 1068:1076 NF-κB p65 1068:1076 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 4 49 theme nuclear 1231:1237 arg1 translocation 1239:1251 the nuclear translocation 1227:1251 the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 1227:1264 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 1 50 theme factor 432:437 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 51 theme modulatory 247:256 arg1 effects 258:264 the modulatory effects 243:264 the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 243:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 0 52 from Imbalance 91:99 arg1 Rats 156:159 HFD-Fed Rats 148:159 HFD-Fed Rats 148:159 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 3 53 theme intestinal 781:790 arg1 permeability 792:803 enhanced intestinal permeability 772:803 enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases) 772:904 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 54 theme oxygenase-1 446:456 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 55 from effects 258:264 arg1 environment 327:337 the intestinal environment 312:337 the intestinal environment 312:337 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 55 from effects 258:264 arg1 injury 382:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 4 56 theme LPS-induced 1187:1197 arg1 injury 1205:1210 LPS-induced liver injury 1187:1210 LPS-induced liver injury 1187:1210 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 1 57 theme HO-1 459:462 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 58 theme claudin-2 877:885 arg1 decreases 895:903 claudin-2 protein decreases 877:903 claudin-2 protein decreases 877:903 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 5 59 from OSD 1522:1524 arg1 rats 1558:1561 rats 1558:1561 rats 1558:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 0 60 from Injury 138:143 arg1 Rats 156:159 HFD-Fed Rats 148:159 HFD-Fed Rats 148:159 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 3 61 theme peptide-2 820:828 arg1 content 830:836 glucagon-like peptide-2 content 806:836 glucagon-like peptide-2 content 806:836 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 1 62 theme /NQO1 464:468 arg1 pathways 514:521 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 393:521 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 393:521 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 6 63 theme CONCLUSION 1564:1573 arg1 treatment 1579:1587 CONCLUSION LCP treatment 1564:1587 CONCLUSION LCP treatment 1564:1587 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 0 64 theme Lipopolysaccharide-Induced 105:130 arg1 Injury 138:143 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury 105:143 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats 105:159 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 1 65 theme -induced 367:374 arg1 injury 382:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 5 66 from injury 1548:1553 arg1 rats 1558:1561 rats 1558:1561 rats 1558:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 67 theme microbial 1485:1493 arg1 taxa 1495:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa 1466:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats 1466:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 2 68 theme OSD 669:671 arg1 LCP 631:633 LCP 631:633 LCP 631:633 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 2 68 theme OSD 669:671 arg1 model 638:642 a model 636:642 a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD 636:671 METHODS AND RESULTS To examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high-fat-diet-induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. 32250024 3 69 theme protein 851:857 arg1 increase 859:866 occludin protein increase 842:866 occludin protein increase 842:866 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 70 theme related 1500:1506 arg1 taxa 1495:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa 1466:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats 1466:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 0 71 theme HFD-Fed 148:154 arg1 Rats 156:159 HFD-Fed Rats 148:159 HFD-Fed Rats 148:159 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 6 72 theme liver 1653:1657 arg1 injury 1659:1664 liver injury 1653:1664 liver injury 1653:1664 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 6 73 theme microbiota 1762:1771 arg1 composition 1732:1742 the composition 1728:1742 the composition of the intestinal microbiota 1728:1771 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 0 74 theme caerulea 9:16 arg1 Polyphenols 21:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols 0:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols 0:31 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 1 75 theme factor 405:410 arg1 /NQO1 464:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 393:468 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Rothia 1430:1435 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Lactobacillales 1335:1349 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Actinobacteria 1398:1411 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Blautia 1442:1448 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Lactobacillus 1370:1382 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Proteobacteria 1414:1427 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 5 76 theme key 1470:1472 arg1 taxa 1495:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa 1466:1498 the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats 1466:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 6 77 theme intestinal 1615:1624 arg1 environment 1626:1636 the intestinal environment 1611:1636 the intestinal environment 1611:1636 CONCLUSION LCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative-stress-related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. 32250024 5 78 theme liver 1542:1546 arg1 injury 1548:1553 LPS-induced liver injury 1530:1553 LPS-induced liver injury in rats 1530:1561 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 3 79 theme intestinal 1095:1104 arg1 OSD 1106:1108 intestinal OSD 1095:1108 intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway) 1095:1159 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 80 theme pro-inflammatory 942:957 arg1 p65 1063:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 1040:1065 nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) 1040:1077 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 80 theme pro-inflammatory 942:957 arg1 interleukin-6 1003:1015 interleukin-6 1003:1015 interleukin-6 1003:1015 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 80 theme pro-inflammatory 942:957 arg1 cytokines 959:967 pro-inflammatory cytokines 942:967 pro-inflammatory cytokines 942:967 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 80 theme pro-inflammatory 942:957 arg1 cyclooxygenase-2 1018:1033 cyclooxygenase-2 1018:1033 cyclooxygenase-2 1018:1033 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 3 80 theme pro-inflammatory 942:957 arg1 factor-α 993:1000 tumor necrosis factor-α 978:1000 tumor necrosis factor-α 978:1000 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 4 81 theme signaling 1293:1301 arg1 pathway 1303:1309 the MAPK signaling pathway 1284:1309 the MAPK signaling pathway 1284:1309 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 0 82 theme Intestinal 68:77 arg1 Imbalance 91:99 Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance 43:99 Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance 43:99 Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in HFD-Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways. 32250024 1 83 theme lipopolysaccharide 343:360 arg1 injury 382:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 3 84 theme necrosis 984:991 arg1 factor-α 993:1000 tumor necrosis factor-α 978:1000 tumor necrosis factor-α 978:1000 In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon-like peptide-2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin-2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway). 32250024 5 85 theme intestinal 1511:1520 arg1 OSD 1522:1524 intestinal OSD 1511:1524 intestinal OSD 1511:1524 Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS-induced liver injury in rats. 32250024 4 86 theme p65 1262:1264 arg1 activation 1270:1279 activation 1270:1279 activation of the MAPK signaling pathway 1270:1309 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 4 86 theme p65 1262:1264 arg1 translocation 1239:1251 the nuclear translocation 1227:1251 the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 1227:1264 Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS-induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. 32250024 1 87 dep SCOPE 213:217 arg1 investigates 230:241 investigates 230:241 investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD) 230:569 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 88 theme rat 528:530 arg1 model 532:536 a rat model 526:536 a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD) 526:569 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 89 theme LPS 363:365 arg1 injury 382:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury 343:387 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 90 theme Lonicera 269:276 arg1 LCPs 303:306 LCPs 303:306 LCPs 303:306 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 90 theme Lonicera 269:276 arg1 polyphenols 290:300 Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols 269:300 Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) 269:307 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 91 theme stress 551:556 arg1 OSD 566:568 OSD 566:568 OSD 566:568 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 91 theme stress 551:556 arg1 damage 558:563 oxidative stress damage 541:563 oxidative stress damage (OSD) 541:569 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 92 theme L. 287:288 arg1 LCPs 303:306 LCPs 303:306 LCPs 303:306 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32250024 1 92 theme L. 287:288 arg1 polyphenols 290:300 Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols 269:300 Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) 269:307 SCOPE This study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NQO1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD). 32385500 5 0 theme helminth 603:610 arg1 infection 612:620 intestinal helminth infection 592:620 intestinal helminth infection 592:620 In mice, Muc5ac is protective during intestinal helminth infection. 32385500 15 1 theme control 1703:1709 arg1 mice 1711:1714 antibiotic-treated control mice 1684:1714 antibiotic-treated control mice 1684:1714 Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. 32385500 12 2 theme control 1394:1400 arg1 mice 1402:1405 control mice 1394:1405 control mice 1394:1405 Muc5ac-/- mice experienced worsened injury and inflammation in DSS colitis compared with control mice. 32385500 8 3 theme potential 908:916 arg1 role 929:932 the potential functional role 904:932 the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis 904:953 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 6 4 from role 668:671 arg1 biopsies 696:703 UC biopsies 693:703 UC biopsies 693:703 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 6 4 from role 668:671 arg1 colitis 716:722 murine colitis 709:722 murine colitis 709:722 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 7 5 theme sulfate 800:806 arg1 sodium 808:813 dextran sulfate sodium 792:813 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis 792:827 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 7 5 theme sulfate 800:806 arg1 DSS 816:818 DSS 816:818 DSS 816:818 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 8 6 theme Muc5ac 937:942 arg1 role 929:932 the potential functional role 904:932 the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis 904:953 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 11 7 theme murine 1289:1294 arg1 colitis 1296:1302 murine colitis 1289:1302 murine colitis 1289:1302 RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. 32385500 1 8 theme intestinal 179:188 arg1 homeostasis 190:200 intestinal homeostasis 179:200 intestinal homeostasis in health and disease 179:222 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 9 from homeostasis 190:200 arg1 disease 216:222 disease 216:222 disease 216:222 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 9 from homeostasis 190:200 arg1 health 205:210 health 205:210 health 205:210 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 10 10 theme Antibiotic 1073:1082 arg1 treatment 1084:1092 Antibiotic treatment 1073:1092 Antibiotic treatment 1073:1092 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 1 11 dep BACKGROUND 72:81 arg1 layer 97:101 The mucus gel layer 83:101 The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon 83:124 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 11 dep BACKGROUND 72:81 arg1 integral 129:136 integral 129:136 integral 129:136 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 11 dep BACKGROUND 72:81 arg1 maintaining 167:177 maintaining 167:177 maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease 167:222 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 16 12 theme CONCLUSIONS 1717:1727 arg1 induction 1743:1751 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction 1717:1751 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon 1717:1781 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL. 32385500 15 13 from severity 1646:1653 arg1 mice 1668:1671 Muc5ac-/- mice 1658:1671 Muc5ac-/- mice 1658:1671 Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. 32385500 1 14 dep layer 97:101 arg1 lining 109:114 lining 109:114 lining 109:114 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 16 15 theme bacterial 1811:1819 arg1 breach 1821:1826 bacterial breach 1811:1826 bacterial breach of the MGL 1811:1837 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL. 32385500 14 16 theme microbial 1550:1558 arg1 abundance 1560:1568 microbial abundance 1550:1568 microbial abundance 1550:1568 However, no change in microbial abundance or community composition was noted. 32385500 11 17 theme MUC5AC/Muc5ac 1218:1230 arg1 expression 1237:1246 Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression 1210:1246 Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression 1210:1246 RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. 32385500 6 18 from expression 642:651 arg1 biopsies 696:703 UC biopsies 693:703 UC biopsies 693:703 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 6 18 from expression 642:651 arg1 colitis 716:722 murine colitis 709:722 murine colitis 709:722 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 11 19 dep RESULTS 1202:1208 arg1 increased 1248:1256 increased 1248:1256 increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis 1248:1302 RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. 32385500 11 20 theme active 1275:1280 arg1 UC 1282:1283 active UC 1275:1283 active UC 1275:1283 RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. 32385500 6 21 theme functional 657:666 arg1 role 668:671 functional role 657:671 functional role 657:671 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 3 22 theme major 354:358 arg1 MUC2 438:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 3 22 theme major 354:358 arg1 component 375:383 The major macromolecular component 350:383 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL 350:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 2 23 located observed 313:320 arg2 defects 234:240 Some MGL defects 225:240 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface 225:298 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 2 23 located observed 313:320 arg1 UC 345:346 UC 345:346 UC 345:346 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 2 23 located observed 313:320 arg1 colitis 336:342 ulcerative colitis 325:342 ulcerative colitis (UC) 325:347 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 6 24 dep expression 642:651 arg1 the 638:640 the 638:640 the 638:640 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 7 25 dep METHODS 725:731 arg1 measured 736:743 measured 736:743 measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis 736:827 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 3 26 theme MGL 400:402 arg1 MUC2 438:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 3 26 theme MGL 400:402 arg1 component 375:383 The major macromolecular component 350:383 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL 350:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 0 27 theme Muc5ac 0:5 arg1 Expression 7:16 Muc5ac Expression 0:16 Muc5ac Expression 0:16 Muc5ac Expression Protects the Colonic Barrier in Experimental Colitis. 32385500 5 28 from protective 574:583 arg1 mice 558:561 mice 558:561 mice 558:561 In mice, Muc5ac is protective during intestinal helminth infection. 32385500 1 29 theme gel 93:95 arg1 integral 129:136 integral 129:136 integral 129:136 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 29 theme gel 93:95 arg1 MGL 104:106 MGL 104:106 MGL 104:106 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 29 theme gel 93:95 arg1 layer 97:101 The mucus gel layer 83:101 The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon 83:124 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 8 30 theme DSS 843:845 arg1 colitis 847:853 DSS colitis 843:853 DSS colitis 843:853 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 13 31 theme increased 1440:1448 arg1 contact 1471:1477 increased bacterial-epithelial contact 1440:1477 increased bacterial-epithelial contact 1440:1477 This result was associated with increased bacterial-epithelial contact and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 7 32 theme MUC5AC/Muc5ac 745:757 arg1 expression 759:768 MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression 745:768 MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression 745:768 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 16 33 from induction 1743:1751 arg1 colon 1777:1781 the acutely inflamed colon 1756:1781 the acutely inflamed colon 1756:1781 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL. 32385500 9 34 theme lymph 1060:1064 arg1 nodes 1066:1070 mesenteric lymph nodes 1049:1070 mesenteric lymph nodes 1049:1070 To assess MGL integrity, we quantified bacterial-epithelial interaction and translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 3 35 theme gel-forming 420:430 arg1 MUC2 438:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 3 35 theme gel-forming 420:430 arg1 component 375:383 The major macromolecular component 350:383 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL 350:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 0 36 theme Colonic 31:37 arg1 Barrier 39:45 the Colonic Barrier 27:45 the Colonic Barrier in Experimental Colitis 27:69 Muc5ac Expression Protects the Colonic Barrier in Experimental Colitis. 32385500 10 37 theme gene 1107:1110 arg1 sequencing 1112:1121 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1098:1121 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1098:1121 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 8 38 theme deficient 863:871 arg1 mice 858:861 mice 858:861 mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) 858:893 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 6 39 theme murine 709:714 arg1 colitis 716:722 murine colitis 709:722 murine colitis 709:722 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 2 40 theme ulcerative 325:334 arg1 UC 345:346 UC 345:346 UC 345:346 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 2 40 theme ulcerative 325:334 arg1 colitis 336:342 ulcerative colitis 325:342 ulcerative colitis (UC) 325:347 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 10 41 theme 16S 1098:1100 arg1 sequencing 1112:1121 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1098:1121 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1098:1121 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 15 42 theme colitis 1638:1644 arg1 severity 1646:1653 colitis severity 1638:1653 colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice 1638:1671 Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. 32385500 5 43 theme intestinal 592:601 arg1 infection 612:620 intestinal helminth infection 592:620 intestinal helminth infection 592:620 In mice, Muc5ac is protective during intestinal helminth infection. 32385500 16 44 theme inflamed 1768:1775 arg1 colon 1777:1781 the acutely inflamed colon 1756:1781 the acutely inflamed colon 1756:1781 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL. 32385500 8 45 from role 929:932 arg1 colitis 947:953 colitis 947:953 colitis 947:953 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 3 46 from homeostasis 478:488 arg1 health 493:498 health 493:498 health 493:498 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 8 47 theme functional 918:927 arg1 role 929:932 the potential functional role 904:932 the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis 904:953 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 12 48 theme DSS 1368:1370 arg1 colitis 1372:1378 DSS colitis 1368:1378 DSS colitis 1368:1378 Muc5ac-/- mice experienced worsened injury and inflammation in DSS colitis compared with control mice. 32385500 16 49 theme MGL 1835:1837 arg1 breach 1821:1826 bacterial breach 1811:1826 bacterial breach of the MGL 1811:1837 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL. 32385500 15 50 theme antibiotic-treated 1684:1701 arg1 mice 1711:1714 antibiotic-treated control mice 1684:1714 antibiotic-treated control mice 1684:1714 Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. 32385500 7 51 theme sodium 808:813 arg1 colitis 821:827 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis 792:827 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis 792:827 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 1 52 theme bacteria 154:161 arg1 exclusion 141:149 exclusion 141:149 exclusion of bacteria 141:161 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 2 53 theme colonic 284:290 arg1 surface 292:298 the colonic surface 280:298 the colonic surface 280:298 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 7 54 theme dextran 792:798 arg1 sodium 808:813 dextran sulfate sodium 792:813 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis 792:827 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 7 54 theme dextran 792:798 arg1 DSS 816:818 DSS 816:818 DSS 816:818 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 12 55 theme Muc5ac-/- 1305:1313 arg1 mice 1315:1318 Muc5ac-/- mice 1305:1318 Muc5ac-/- mice experienced 1305:1330 Muc5ac-/- mice experienced worsened injury and inflammation in DSS colitis compared with control mice. 32385500 10 56 theme murine 1186:1191 arg1 colitis 1193:1199 murine colitis 1186:1199 murine colitis 1186:1199 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 10 57 from role 1166:1169 arg1 colitis 1193:1199 murine colitis 1186:1199 murine colitis 1186:1199 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 13 58 theme lymph 1515:1519 arg1 nodes 1521:1525 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1500:1525 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1500:1525 This result was associated with increased bacterial-epithelial contact and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 14 59 theme community 1573:1581 arg1 composition 1583:1593 community composition 1573:1593 community composition 1573:1593 However, no change in microbial abundance or community composition was noted. 32385500 10 60 theme bacteria 1174:1181 arg1 role 1166:1169 the role 1162:1169 the role of bacteria in murine colitis 1162:1199 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 2 61 theme MGL 230:232 arg1 defects 234:240 Some MGL defects 225:240 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface 225:298 Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). 32385500 5 62 from mice 558:561 arg1 protective 574:583 protective 574:583 protective 574:583 In mice, Muc5ac is protective during intestinal helminth infection. 32385500 9 63 theme MGL 966:968 arg1 integrity 970:978 MGL integrity 966:978 MGL integrity 966:978 To assess MGL integrity, we quantified bacterial-epithelial interaction and translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 11 64 theme mRNA 1232:1235 arg1 expression 1237:1246 Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression 1210:1246 Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression 1210:1246 RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. 32385500 8 65 from Muc5ac 876:881 arg1 deficient 863:871 deficient 863:871 deficient 863:871 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 0 66 from Barrier 39:45 arg1 Colitis 63:69 Experimental Colitis 50:69 Experimental Colitis 50:69 Muc5ac Expression Protects the Colonic Barrier in Experimental Colitis. 32385500 14 67 from change 1540:1545 arg1 abundance 1560:1568 microbial abundance 1550:1568 microbial abundance 1550:1568 However, no change in microbial abundance or community composition was noted. 32385500 14 67 from change 1540:1545 arg1 composition 1583:1593 community composition 1573:1593 community composition 1573:1593 However, no change in microbial abundance or community composition was noted. 32385500 3 68 theme secreted 411:418 arg1 MUC2 438:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 3 68 theme secreted 411:418 arg1 component 375:383 The major macromolecular component 350:383 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL 350:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 1 69 theme mucus 87:91 arg1 integral 129:136 integral 129:136 integral 129:136 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 69 theme mucus 87:91 arg1 MGL 104:106 MGL 104:106 MGL 104:106 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 1 69 theme mucus 87:91 arg1 layer 97:101 The mucus gel layer 83:101 The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon 83:124 BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. 32385500 8 70 from deficient 863:871 arg1 Muc5ac-/- 884:892 Muc5ac-/- 884:892 Muc5ac-/- 884:892 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 8 70 from deficient 863:871 arg1 Muc5ac 876:881 Muc5ac 876:881 Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) 876:893 We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. 32385500 3 71 theme macromolecular 360:373 arg1 MUC2 438:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 3 71 theme macromolecular 360:373 arg1 component 375:383 The major macromolecular component 350:383 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL 350:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 4 72 theme gel-forming 516:526 arg1 MUC5AC 535:540 MUC5AC 535:540 MUC5AC 535:540 In UC, another gel-forming mucin, MUC5AC, is induced. 32385500 4 72 theme gel-forming 516:526 arg1 mucin 528:532 another gel-forming mucin 508:532 another gel-forming mucin 508:532 In UC, another gel-forming mucin, MUC5AC, is induced. 32385500 13 73 theme mesenteric 1504:1513 arg1 nodes 1521:1525 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1500:1525 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1500:1525 This result was associated with increased bacterial-epithelial contact and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 7 74 theme UC 773:774 arg1 biopsies 776:783 UC biopsies 773:783 UC biopsies 773:783 METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. 32385500 12 75 from inflammation 1352:1363 arg1 colitis 1372:1378 DSS colitis 1368:1378 DSS colitis 1368:1378 Muc5ac-/- mice experienced worsened injury and inflammation in DSS colitis compared with control mice. 32385500 9 76 theme mesenteric 1049:1058 arg1 nodes 1066:1070 mesenteric lymph nodes 1049:1070 mesenteric lymph nodes 1049:1070 To assess MGL integrity, we quantified bacterial-epithelial interaction and translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 13 77 theme bacterial-epithelial 1450:1469 arg1 contact 1471:1477 increased bacterial-epithelial contact 1440:1477 increased bacterial-epithelial contact 1440:1477 This result was associated with increased bacterial-epithelial contact and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 9 78 theme bacterial-epithelial 995:1014 arg1 interaction 1016:1026 bacterial-epithelial interaction 995:1026 bacterial-epithelial interaction 995:1026 To assess MGL integrity, we quantified bacterial-epithelial interaction and translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. 32385500 12 79 from injury 1341:1346 arg1 colitis 1372:1378 DSS colitis 1368:1378 DSS colitis 1368:1378 Muc5ac-/- mice experienced worsened injury and inflammation in DSS colitis compared with control mice. 32385500 3 80 theme colonic 392:398 arg1 MGL 400:402 the colonic MGL 388:402 the colonic MGL 388:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 15 81 theme Muc5ac-/- 1658:1666 arg1 mice 1668:1671 Muc5ac-/- mice 1658:1671 Muc5ac-/- mice 1658:1671 Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. 32385500 3 82 theme mucin 432:436 arg1 MUC2 438:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2 407:441 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 3 82 theme mucin 432:436 arg1 component 375:383 The major macromolecular component 350:383 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL 350:402 The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. 32385500 0 83 theme Experimental 50:61 arg1 Colitis 63:69 Experimental Colitis 50:69 Experimental Colitis 50:69 Muc5ac Expression Protects the Colonic Barrier in Experimental Colitis. 32385500 10 84 theme rRNA 1102:1105 arg1 sequencing 1112:1121 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1098:1121 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1098:1121 Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. 32385500 11 85 theme Colonic 1210:1216 arg1 expression 1237:1246 Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression 1210:1246 Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression 1210:1246 RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. 32385500 6 86 theme MUC5AC/Muc5ac 676:688 arg1 expression 642:651 expression 642:651 expression 642:651 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 6 86 theme MUC5AC/Muc5ac 676:688 arg1 role 668:671 functional role 657:671 functional role 657:671 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 6 87 theme UC 693:694 arg1 biopsies 696:703 UC biopsies 693:703 UC biopsies 693:703 Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. 32385500 16 88 theme MUC5AC/Muc5ac 1729:1741 arg1 induction 1743:1751 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction 1717:1751 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon 1717:1781 CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL. 32385500 15 89 theme Antibiotic 1606:1615 arg1 treatment 1617:1625 Antibiotic treatment 1606:1625 Antibiotic treatment 1606:1625 Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. 33973599 0 0 from modulation 15:24 arg1 sodium 92:97 dextran sodium 84:97 dextran sodium 84:97 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 2 1 theme KLDS 385:388 arg1 1.0318 390:395 Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 361:395 Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 361:395 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 8 2 theme gut 1660:1662 arg1 microbiota 1664:1673 the gut microbiota 1656:1673 the gut microbiota 1656:1673 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 5 3 theme zonulae 1156:1162 arg1 ZO 1175:1176 ZO 1175:1176 ZO 1175:1176 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 3 theme zonulae 1156:1162 arg1 occludens 1164:1172 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 3 theme zonulae 1156:1162 arg1 proteins 1134:1141 tight junction proteins 1119:1141 tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) 1119:1204 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 0 4 theme dextran 84:90 arg1 sodium 92:97 dextran sodium 84:97 dextran sodium 84:97 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 5 5 theme cytokine 1096:1103 arg1 levels 1111:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 6 theme layer 895:899 arg1 integrity 901:909 the colonic mucous layer integrity 876:909 the colonic mucous layer integrity 876:909 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 1 7 theme inflammatory 183:194 arg1 IBD 211:213 IBD 211:213 IBD 211:213 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 1 7 theme inflammatory 183:194 arg1 disease 202:208 inflammatory bowel disease 183:208 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment 183:224 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 5 8 theme mucin 1210:1214 arg1 expressions 1237:1247 mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions 1210:1247 mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions 1210:1247 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 6 9 theme mixed 1278:1282 arg1 lactobacilli 1284:1295 mixed lactobacilli 1278:1295 mixed lactobacilli 1278:1295 In addition, mixed lactobacilli showed better anti-inflammatory effects than single-strain treatment. 33973599 5 10 theme IL-10 1105:1109 arg1 levels 1111:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 11 theme mucous 888:893 arg1 integrity 901:909 the colonic mucous layer integrity 876:909 the colonic mucous layer integrity 876:909 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 4 12 theme myeloperoxidase 743:757 arg1 activity 765:772 myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity 743:772 myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity 743:772 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 7 13 theme acid 1518:1521 arg1 production 1530:1539 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1500:1539 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1500:1539 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 7 14 theme mixed 1399:1403 arg1 lactobacilli 1405:1416 mixed lactobacilli 1399:1416 mixed lactobacilli 1399:1416 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 5 15 dep mucin 1210:1214 arg1 MUC2 1226:1229 MUC2 1226:1229 MUC2 1226:1229 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 15 dep mucin 1210:1214 arg1 MUC1 1217:1220 MUC1 1217:1220 MUC1 1217:1220 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 3 16 theme strains 528:534 arg1 effects 504:510 the effects 500:510 the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice 500:617 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 8 17 theme intestinal 1693:1702 arg1 barrier 1704:1710 the intestinal barrier 1689:1710 the intestinal barrier 1689:1710 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 4 18 theme colon 721:725 arg1 shortening 727:736 colon shortening 721:736 colon shortening 721:736 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 5 19 theme tested 799:804 arg1 strains 806:812 the three tested strains 789:812 the three tested strains 789:812 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 1 20 theme bowel 196:200 arg1 IBD 211:213 IBD 211:213 IBD 211:213 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 1 20 theme bowel 196:200 arg1 disease 202:208 inflammatory bowel disease 183:208 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment 183:224 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 0 21 from properties 48:57 arg1 sodium 92:97 dextran sodium 84:97 dextran sodium 84:97 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 3 22 from effects 504:510 arg1 colitis 594:600 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis 557:600 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice 557:617 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 1 23 theme disease 202:208 arg1 treatment 216:224 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment 183:224 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment 183:224 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 0 24 theme microbiota 4:13 arg1 modulation 15:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 6 25 theme anti-inflammatory 1311:1327 arg1 effects 1329:1335 better anti-inflammatory effects 1304:1335 better anti-inflammatory effects 1304:1335 In addition, mixed lactobacilli showed better anti-inflammatory effects than single-strain treatment. 33973599 4 26 theme disease 691:697 arg1 DAI 715:717 DAI 715:717 DAI 715:717 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 4 26 theme disease 691:697 arg1 index 708:712 the disease activity index 687:712 the disease activity index (DAI) 687:718 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 0 27 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 modulation 15:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 3 28 theme -induced 585:592 arg1 colitis 594:600 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis 557:600 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice 557:617 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 3 29 from colitis 594:600 arg1 mice 614:617 C57BL/6J mice 605:617 C57BL/6J mice 605:617 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 2 30 theme antibacterial 404:416 arg1 activities 453:462 antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities 404:462 antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities 404:462 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 8 31 from application 1764:1774 arg1 future 1783:1788 future 1783:1788 future 1783:1788 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 5 32 theme lower 926:930 arg1 levels 932:937 lower levels 926:937 lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), 926:1048 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 2 33 theme Lactobacillus 319:331 arg1 helveticus 333:342 Lactobacillus helveticus 319:342 Lactobacillus helveticus 319:342 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 5 34 theme E2 956:957 arg1 levels 932:937 lower levels 926:937 lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), 926:1048 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 35 theme anti-inflammatory 1078:1094 arg1 levels 1111:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 0 36 from sodium 92:97 arg1 modulation 15:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 0 36 from sodium 92:97 arg1 properties 48:57 anti-inflammatory properties 30:57 anti-inflammatory properties 30:57 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 2 37 theme plantarum 375:383 arg1 1.0318 390:395 Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 361:395 Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 361:395 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 5 38 theme mRNA 1232:1235 arg1 expressions 1237:1247 mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions 1210:1247 mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions 1210:1247 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 39 theme colonic 880:886 arg1 integrity 901:909 the colonic mucous layer integrity 876:909 the colonic mucous layer integrity 876:909 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 8 40 theme scientific 1730:1739 arg1 basis 1741:1745 a scientific basis 1728:1745 a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future 1728:1788 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 7 41 theme short-chain 1500:1510 arg1 SCFA 1524:1527 SCFA 1524:1527 SCFA 1524:1527 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 7 41 theme short-chain 1500:1510 arg1 acid 1518:1521 short-chain fatty acid 1500:1521 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1500:1539 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 7 42 theme fatty 1512:1516 arg1 SCFA 1524:1527 SCFA 1524:1527 SCFA 1524:1527 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 7 42 theme fatty 1512:1516 arg1 acid 1518:1521 short-chain fatty acid 1500:1521 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1500:1539 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 3 43 theme C57BL/6J 605:612 arg1 mice 614:617 C57BL/6J mice 605:617 C57BL/6J mice 605:617 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 2 44 theme immunomodulatory 436:451 arg1 activities 453:462 antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities 404:462 antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities 404:462 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 0 45 theme anti-inflammatory 30:46 arg1 properties 48:57 anti-inflammatory properties 30:57 anti-inflammatory properties 30:57 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 6 46 theme better 1304:1309 arg1 effects 1329:1335 better anti-inflammatory effects 1304:1335 better anti-inflammatory effects 1304:1335 In addition, mixed lactobacilli showed better anti-inflammatory effects than single-strain treatment. 33973599 6 47 theme single-strain 1342:1354 arg1 treatment 1356:1364 single-strain treatment 1342:1364 single-strain treatment 1342:1364 In addition, mixed lactobacilli showed better anti-inflammatory effects than single-strain treatment. 33973599 8 48 theme lactobacilli 1577:1588 arg1 supplementation 1590:1604 mixed lactobacilli supplementation 1571:1604 mixed lactobacilli supplementation 1571:1604 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 5 49 theme histological 845:856 arg1 damage 858:863 the histological damage 841:863 the histological damage 841:863 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 0 50 theme mixed 62:66 arg1 lactobacilli 68:79 mixed lactobacilli 62:79 mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium 62:97 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 0 51 from lactobacilli 68:79 arg1 sodium 92:97 dextran sodium 84:97 dextran sodium 84:97 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 2 52 theme Lactobacillus 361:373 arg1 1.0318 390:395 Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 361:395 Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 361:395 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 7 53 theme bacterial 1428:1436 arg1 diversity 1438:1446 bacterial diversity 1428:1446 bacterial diversity 1428:1446 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 5 54 theme tight 1119:1123 arg1 claudin-1 1195:1203 claudin-1 1195:1203 claudin-1 1195:1203 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 54 theme tight 1119:1123 arg1 E-cadherin 1144:1153 E-cadherin 1144:1153 E-cadherin 1144:1153 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 54 theme tight 1119:1123 arg1 occludens 1164:1172 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 54 theme tight 1119:1123 arg1 proteins 1134:1141 tight junction proteins 1119:1141 tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) 1119:1204 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 54 theme tight 1119:1123 arg1 occludin 1182:1189 occludin 1182:1189 occludin 1182:1189 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 7 55 theme microbiota 1465:1474 arg1 composition 1476:1486 improved gut microbiota composition 1452:1486 improved gut microbiota composition 1452:1486 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 8 56 theme clinical 1755:1762 arg1 application 1764:1774 its clinical application 1751:1774 its clinical application in the future 1751:1788 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 3 57 theme tested 521:526 arg1 strains 528:534 three tested strains 515:534 three tested strains 515:534 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 3 58 theme current 472:478 arg1 study 480:484 the current study 468:484 the current study 468:484 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 5 59 theme junction 1125:1132 arg1 claudin-1 1195:1203 claudin-1 1195:1203 claudin-1 1195:1203 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 59 theme junction 1125:1132 arg1 E-cadherin 1144:1153 E-cadherin 1144:1153 E-cadherin 1144:1153 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 59 theme junction 1125:1132 arg1 occludens 1164:1172 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 59 theme junction 1125:1132 arg1 proteins 1134:1141 tight junction proteins 1119:1141 tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) 1119:1204 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 59 theme junction 1125:1132 arg1 occludin 1182:1189 occludin 1182:1189 occludin 1182:1189 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 60 theme tumor 967:971 arg1 factor-α 982:989 tumor necrosis factor-α 967:989 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 967:997 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 60 theme tumor 967:971 arg1 E2 956:957 prostaglandin E2 942:957 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 942:964 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 60 theme tumor 967:971 arg1 TNF-α 992:996 TNF-α 992:996 TNF-α 992:996 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 60 theme tumor 967:971 arg1 IL-6 1043:1046 IL-6 1043:1046 IL-6 1043:1046 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 4 61 theme activity 699:706 arg1 DAI 715:717 DAI 715:717 DAI 715:717 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 4 61 theme activity 699:706 arg1 index 708:712 the disease activity index 687:712 the disease activity index (DAI) 687:718 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 5 62 theme prostaglandin 942:954 arg1 factor-α 982:989 tumor necrosis factor-α 967:989 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 967:997 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 62 theme prostaglandin 942:954 arg1 PGE2 960:963 PGE2 960:963 PGE2 960:963 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 62 theme prostaglandin 942:954 arg1 interleukin-6 1028:1040 interleukin-6 1028:1040 interleukin-6 1028:1040 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 62 theme prostaglandin 942:954 arg1 E2 956:957 prostaglandin E2 942:957 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 942:964 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 62 theme prostaglandin 942:954 arg1 interleukin-1β 1000:1013 interleukin-1β 1000:1013 interleukin-1β (IL-1β) 1000:1021 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 1 63 theme research 238:245 arg1 interest 247:254 research interest 238:254 research interest 238:254 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 7 64 theme improved 1452:1459 arg1 composition 1476:1486 improved gut microbiota composition 1452:1486 improved gut microbiota composition 1452:1486 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 5 65 theme necrosis 973:980 arg1 factor-α 982:989 tumor necrosis factor-α 967:989 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 967:997 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 65 theme necrosis 973:980 arg1 E2 956:957 prostaglandin E2 942:957 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 942:964 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 65 theme necrosis 973:980 arg1 TNF-α 992:996 TNF-α 992:996 TNF-α 992:996 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 65 theme necrosis 973:980 arg1 IL-6 1043:1046 IL-6 1043:1046 IL-6 1043:1046 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 1 66 theme gut 153:155 arg1 activities 168:177 gut microbiota activities 153:177 gut microbiota activities 153:177 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 5 67 dep proteins 1134:1141 arg1 ZO 1175:1176 ZO 1175:1176 ZO 1175:1176 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 67 dep proteins 1134:1141 arg1 claudin-1 1195:1203 claudin-1 1195:1203 claudin-1 1195:1203 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 67 dep proteins 1134:1141 arg1 proteins 1134:1141 tight junction proteins 1119:1141 tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) 1119:1204 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 67 dep proteins 1134:1141 arg1 E-cadherin 1144:1153 E-cadherin 1144:1153 E-cadherin 1144:1153 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 67 dep proteins 1134:1141 arg1 occludin 1182:1189 occludin 1182:1189 occludin 1182:1189 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 5 67 dep proteins 1134:1141 arg1 occludens 1164:1172 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 zonulae occludens (ZO)-1 1156:1179 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 7 68 theme gut 1461:1463 arg1 composition 1476:1486 improved gut microbiota composition 1452:1486 improved gut microbiota composition 1452:1486 Our study further revealed that mixed lactobacilli increased bacterial diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. 33973599 2 69 theme previous 264:271 arg1 study 273:277 our previous study 260:277 our previous study 260:277 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 1 70 theme microbiota 157:166 arg1 activities 168:177 gut microbiota activities 153:177 gut microbiota activities 153:177 Correlations between gut microbiota activities and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment are gaining research interest. 33973599 2 71 theme antioxidant 419:429 arg1 activities 453:462 antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities 404:462 antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities 404:462 In our previous study, Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0901, Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701, and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0318 showed antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. 33973599 4 72 theme tested 630:635 arg1 strains 637:643 The three tested strains 620:643 The three tested strains 620:643 The three tested strains and their mixture significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. 33973599 0 73 theme lactobacilli 68:79 arg1 modulation 15:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation 0:24 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 0 73 theme lactobacilli 68:79 arg1 properties 48:57 anti-inflammatory properties 30:57 anti-inflammatory properties 30:57 Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of mixed lactobacilli in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. 33973599 5 74 theme colonic 1070:1076 arg1 levels 1111:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels 1070:1116 Additionally, the three tested strains and their mixture improved the histological damage, increased the colonic mucous layer integrity, and exhibited lower levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while up-regulating colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels, tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, zonulae occludens (ZO)-1, occludin and claudin-1) and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions to some extent. 33973599 3 75 theme mixture 546:552 arg1 effects 504:510 the effects 500:510 the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice 500:617 In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three tested strains and their mixture on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. 33973599 8 76 theme DSS-induced 1622:1632 arg1 colitis 1634:1640 DSS-induced colitis 1622:1640 DSS-induced colitis 1622:1640 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 33973599 8 77 theme mixed 1571:1575 arg1 supplementation 1590:1604 mixed lactobacilli supplementation 1571:1604 mixed lactobacilli supplementation 1571:1604 These results indicated that mixed lactobacilli supplementation could attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier, which provided a scientific basis for its clinical application in the future. 31860430 12 0 theme new 1907:1909 arg1 species 1911:1917 a new species 1905:1917 a new species 1905:1917 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 10 1 theme milensis 1457:1464 arg1 12288T 1470:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T 1399:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1399:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 2 theme identity 1357:1364 arg1 values 1366:1371 The average nucleotide identity values 1334:1371 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1334:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 3 theme average 1338:1344 arg1 identity 1357:1364 average nucleotide identity 1338:1364 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1334:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 2 4 theme pond 271:274 arg1 culture 263:269 a sea cucumber culture pond 248:274 a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N) 248:313 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 10 5 theme ANIb 1478:1481 arg1 % 1501:1501 ANIm 84.1 % 1491:1501 ANIm 84.1 % 1491:1501 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 5 theme ANIb 1478:1481 arg1 % 1488:1488 ANIb 70.1 % 1478:1488 ANIb 70.1 % 1478:1488 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 6 dep 14192T 1417:1422 arg1 % 1434:1434 ANIb 69.5% 1425:1434 ANIb 69.5% 1425:1434 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 6 dep 14192T 1417:1422 arg1 % 1447:1447 ANIm 84.2 % 1437:1447 ANIm 84.2 % 1437:1447 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 5 7 theme milensis 757:764 arg1 halophilus 843:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 7 theme milensis 757:764 arg1 salipiscarius 781:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 7 theme milensis 757:764 arg1 halophilus 814:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 7 theme milensis 757:764 arg1 % 719:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % 693:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus 693:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 7 theme milensis 757:764 arg1 milensis 757:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 4 8 theme NaCl 559:562 arg1 presence 530:537 the presence 526:537 the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl) 526:579 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 10 9 theme ANIm 1491:1494 arg1 % 1501:1501 ANIm 84.1 % 1491:1501 ANIm 84.1 % 1491:1501 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 9 theme ANIm 1491:1494 arg1 % 1488:1488 ANIb 70.1 % 1478:1488 ANIb 70.1 % 1478:1488 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 11 10 theme base 1663:1666 arg1 acid 1655:1658 shikimate acid 1645:1658 shikimate acid 1645:1658 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 11 10 theme base 1663:1666 arg1 compound 1668:1675 a base compound 1661:1675 a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug 1661:1717 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 5 11 theme rRNA 617:620 arg1 sequencing 627:636 16S rRNA gene sequencing 613:636 16S rRNA gene sequencing 613:636 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 12 theme type 728:731 arg1 strains 733:739 the type strains 724:739 the type strains 724:739 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 12 13 theme strain 1818:1823 arg1 B3227T 1825:1830 strain B3227T 1818:1830 strain B3227T 1818:1830 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 12 13 theme strain 1818:1823 arg1 representative 1887:1900 a representative 1885:1900 a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1885:1968 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 4 14 theme 6.0-9.0  565:572 arg1  NaCl 574:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 4 14 theme 6.0-9.0  565:572 arg1 NaCl 559:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl 542:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl) 542:579 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 5 15 theme % 719:719 arg1 similarities 677:688 similarities 677:688 similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus 677:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 4 16 theme Cell 444:447 arg1 growth 449:454 Cell growth 444:454 Cell growth 444:454 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 12 17 theme name 1934:1937 arg1 sp 1967:1968 the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1930:1968 the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1930:1968 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 2 18 from culture 263:269 arg1 N 312:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 18 from culture 263:269 arg1 China 290:294 China 290:294 China 290:294 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 12 19 theme sediminis 1957:1965 arg1 sp 1967:1968 the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1930:1968 the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1930:1968 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 10 20 dep 12288T 1470:1475 arg1 % 1501:1501 ANIm 84.1 % 1491:1501 ANIm 84.1 % 1491:1501 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 20 dep 12288T 1470:1475 arg1 % 1488:1488 ANIb 70.1 % 1478:1488 ANIb 70.1 % 1478:1488 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 5 21 theme physiological 888:900 arg1 analyses 902:909 physiological analyses 888:909 physiological analyses 888:909 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 11 22 theme strain 1611:1616 arg1 B3227T 1618:1623 strain B3227T 1611:1623 strain B3227T 1611:1623 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 10 23 theme JCM 1413:1415 arg1 14192T 1417:1422 JCM 14192T 1413:1422 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) 1399:1448 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 5 24 theme halophilus 814:823 arg1 halophilus 843:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 24 theme halophilus 814:823 arg1 salipiscarius 781:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 24 theme halophilus 814:823 arg1 halophilus 814:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 24 theme halophilus 814:823 arg1 % 719:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % 693:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus 693:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 24 theme halophilus 814:823 arg1 milensis 757:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 10 25 theme H. 1399:1400 arg1 12288T 1470:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T 1399:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1399:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 11 26 theme shikimate 1645:1653 arg1 acid 1655:1658 shikimate acid 1645:1658 shikimate acid 1645:1658 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 11 26 theme shikimate 1645:1653 arg1 compound 1668:1675 a base compound 1661:1675 a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug 1661:1717 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 7 27 theme fatty 1156:1160 arg1 anteiso-C15  1173:1184 anteiso-C15  1173:1184 anteiso-C15  1173:1184 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 7 27 theme fatty 1156:1160 arg1 acids 1162:1166 the dominant fatty acids 1143:1166 the dominant fatty acids 1143:1166 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 12 28 theme phylogenetic 1788:1799 arg1 distinctiveness 1801:1815 phylogenetic distinctiveness 1788:1815 phylogenetic distinctiveness 1788:1815 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 2 29 attach isolated 218:225 arg2 bacterium 184:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 29 attach isolated 218:225 arg1 sediment 236:243 the sediment 232:243 the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N) 232:313 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 12 30 theme physiological 1751:1763 arg1 properties 1765:1774 its morphological and physiological properties 1729:1774 its morphological and physiological properties 1729:1774 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 5 31 theme analyses 902:909 arg1 results 877:883 the results 873:883 the results of physiological analyses 873:909 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 3 32 theme bacterium 389:397 arg1 catalase-positive 404:420 catalase-positive 404:420 catalase-positive 404:420 Its biochemical characteristics analysis revealed that the cells of this bacterium were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. 31860430 3 32 theme bacterium 389:397 arg1 cells 375:379 the cells 371:379 the cells of this bacterium 371:397 Its biochemical characteristics analysis revealed that the cells of this bacterium were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. 31860430 0 33 theme Halalkalibacillus 0:16 arg1 sp 28:29 Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 0:29 Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 0:30 Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 9 34 theme genomic 1295:1301 arg1 content 1311:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 9 34 theme genomic 1295:1301 arg1 % 1331:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 1 35 theme pond 85:88 arg1 cucumber 68:75 sea cucumber 64:75 sea cucumber culture pond 64:88 nov., isolated from sediment of sea cucumber culture pond. 31860430 3 36 theme characteristics 332:346 arg1 analysis 348:355 Its biochemical characteristics analysis 316:355 Its biochemical characteristics analysis 316:355 Its biochemical characteristics analysis revealed that the cells of this bacterium were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. 31860430 9 37 theme G+C 1307:1309 arg1 content 1311:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 9 37 theme G+C 1307:1309 arg1 % 1331:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 7 38 dep anteiso-C15  1173:1184 arg1 anteiso-C17  1193:1204 anteiso-C17  1193:1204 anteiso-C17  1193:1204 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 7 38 dep anteiso-C15  1173:1184 arg1  0 1186:1187  0 1186:1187  0 1186:1187 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 7 38 dep anteiso-C15  1173:1184 arg1  0 1206:1207  0 1206:1207  0 1206:1207 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 2 39 theme beige-pigmented 168:182 arg1 bacterium 184:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 7 40 theme strain 1115:1120 arg1 B3227T 1122:1127 strain B3227T 1115:1127 strain B3227T 1115:1127 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 12 41 theme morphological 1733:1745 arg1 properties 1765:1774 its morphological and physiological properties 1729:1774 its morphological and physiological properties 1729:1774 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 2 42 dep Gram-stain-positive 93:111 arg1 aerobic 156:162 aerobic 156:162 aerobic 156:162 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 10 43 theme F. 1454:1455 arg1 12288T 1470:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T 1399:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1399:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 2 44 dep rod-shaped 114:123 arg1 0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm 126:143 0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm 126:143 0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm 126:143 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 45 theme E 304:304 arg1 N 312:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 45 theme E 304:304 arg1 China 290:294 China 290:294 China 290:294 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 46 theme cucumber 254:261 arg1 culture 263:269 a sea cucumber culture pond 248:274 a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N) 248:313 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 6 47 theme acid-type 1063:1071 arg1 peptidoglycan 1073:1085 an A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan 1035:1085 an A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan 1035:1085 The cells were endospore-forming and comprised an A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan. 31860430 11 48 theme analysis 1588:1595 arg1 results 1572:1578 The results 1568:1578 The results of kegg analysis 1568:1595 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 10 49 theme JCM 1466:1468 arg1 12288T 1470:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T 1399:1475 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1399:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 2 50 theme rod-shaped 114:123 arg1 bacterium 184:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 14 51 theme type 1993:1996 arg1 B3227T 2008:2013 B3227T 2008:2013 B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T) 2008:2042 The type strain is B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T). 31860430 14 51 theme type 1993:1996 arg1 strain 1998:2003 The type strain 1989:2003 The type strain 1989:2003 The type strain is B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T). 31860430 2 52 theme Gram-stain-positive 93:111 arg1 bacterium 184:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium 91:192 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 10 53 theme nucleotide 1346:1355 arg1 identity 1357:1364 average nucleotide identity 1338:1364 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) 1334:1502 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 12 54 theme genus 1858:1862 arg1 Halalkalibacillus 1864:1880 the genus Halalkalibacillus 1854:1880 the genus Halalkalibacillus 1854:1880 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 2 55 theme culture 263:269 arg1 sediment 236:243 the sediment 232:243 the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N) 232:313 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 4 56 theme % 573:573 arg1  NaCl 574:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 4 56 theme % 573:573 arg1 NaCl 559:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl 542:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl) 542:579 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 10 57 theme strain 1381:1386 arg1 B3227T 1388:1393 strain B3227T 1381:1393 strain B3227T 1381:1393 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 14 58 theme 33093T=MCCC 2022:2032 arg1 B3227T 2008:2013 B3227T 2008:2013 B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T) 2008:2042 The type strain is B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T). 31860430 14 58 theme 33093T=MCCC 2022:2032 arg1 1H00193T 2034:2041 =KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T 2016:2041 =KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T 2016:2041 The type strain is B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T). 31860430 5 59 theme 16S 613:615 arg1 sequencing 627:636 16S rRNA gene sequencing 613:636 16S rRNA gene sequencing 613:636 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 10 60 theme cut-off 1519:1525 arg1 level 1527:1531 the cut-off level 1515:1531 the cut-off level (95-96 %) 1515:1541 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 60 theme cut-off 1519:1525 arg1 % 1540:1540 95-96 % 1534:1540 95-96 % 1534:1540 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 5 61 theme gene 622:625 arg1 sequencing 627:636 16S rRNA gene sequencing 613:636 16S rRNA gene sequencing 613:636 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 11 62 theme swine 1704:1708 arg1 drug 1714:1717 the swine flu drug 1700:1717 the swine flu drug 1700:1717 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 5 63 theme Phylogenetic 582:593 arg1 analysis 595:602 Phylogenetic analysis 582:602 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing 582:636 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 8 64 theme polar 1220:1224 arg1 diphosphatidylglycerol 1238:1259 diphosphatidylglycerol 1238:1259 diphosphatidylglycerol 1238:1259 The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 31860430 8 64 theme polar 1220:1224 arg1 lipids 1226:1231 The major polar lipids 1210:1231 The major polar lipids 1210:1231 The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 31860430 5 65 theme genus 963:967 arg1 Halalkalibacillus 969:985 the genus Halalkalibacillus 959:985 the genus Halalkalibacillus 959:985 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 2 66 theme sea 250:252 arg1 culture 263:269 a sea cucumber culture pond 248:274 a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N) 248:313 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 5 67 theme halophilus 843:852 arg1 halophilus 843:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 67 theme halophilus 843:852 arg1 salipiscarius 781:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 67 theme halophilus 843:852 arg1 halophilus 814:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 67 theme halophilus 843:852 arg1 % 719:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % 693:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus 693:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 67 theme halophilus 843:852 arg1 milensis 757:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 12 68 theme Halalkalibacillus 1939:1955 arg1 sp 1967:1968 the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1930:1968 the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1930:1968 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 11 69 theme flu 1710:1712 arg1 drug 1714:1717 the swine flu drug 1700:1717 the swine flu drug 1700:1717 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 5 70 theme salipiscarius 781:793 arg1 halophilus 843:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Piscibacillus halophilus 829:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 70 theme salipiscarius 781:793 arg1 salipiscarius 781:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Piscibacillus salipiscarius 767:793 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 70 theme salipiscarius 781:793 arg1 halophilus 814:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Halalkalibacillus halophilus 796:823 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 70 theme salipiscarius 781:793 arg1 % 719:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % 693:719 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus 693:852 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 5 70 theme salipiscarius 781:793 arg1 milensis 757:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Filobacillus milensis 744:764 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 14 71 theme =KCTC 2016:2020 arg1 B3227T 2008:2013 B3227T 2008:2013 B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T) 2008:2042 The type strain is B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T). 31860430 14 71 theme =KCTC 2016:2020 arg1 1H00193T 2034:2041 =KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T 2016:2041 =KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T 2016:2041 The type strain is B3227T (=KCTC 33093T=MCCC 1H00193T). 31860430 12 72 theme species 1911:1917 arg1 B3227T 1825:1830 strain B3227T 1818:1830 strain B3227T 1818:1830 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 12 72 theme species 1911:1917 arg1 representative 1887:1900 a representative 1885:1900 a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 1885:1968 Based on its morphological and physiological properties, as well as phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain B3227T should be placed into the genus Halalkalibacillus as a representative of a new species, for which the name Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 7 73 theme dominant 1147:1154 arg1 anteiso-C15  1173:1184 anteiso-C15  1173:1184 anteiso-C15  1173:1184 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 7 73 theme dominant 1147:1154 arg1 acids 1162:1166 the dominant fatty acids 1143:1166 the dominant fatty acids 1143:1166 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 2 74 from China 290:294 arg1 sediment 236:243 the sediment 232:243 the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N) 232:313 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 3 75 theme biochemical 320:330 arg1 analysis 348:355 Its biochemical characteristics analysis 316:355 Its biochemical characteristics analysis 316:355 Its biochemical characteristics analysis revealed that the cells of this bacterium were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. 31860430 2 76 theme 122.2° 297:302 arg1 N 312:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 76 theme 122.2° 297:302 arg1 China 290:294 China 290:294 China 290:294 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 5 77 theme strain 653:658 arg1 B3227T 660:665 strain B3227T 653:665 strain B3227T 653:665 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 1 78 theme sea 64:66 arg1 cucumber 68:75 sea cucumber 64:75 sea cucumber culture pond 64:88 nov., isolated from sediment of sea cucumber culture pond. 31860430 10 79 theme ANIb 1425:1428 arg1 % 1434:1434 ANIb 69.5% 1425:1434 ANIb 69.5% 1425:1434 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 79 theme ANIb 1425:1428 arg1 % 1447:1447 ANIm 84.2 % 1437:1447 ANIm 84.2 % 1437:1447 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 0 80 theme sediminis 18:26 arg1 sp 28:29 Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp 0:29 Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 0:30 Halalkalibacillus sediminis sp. 31860430 7 81 theme B3227T 1122:1127 arg1 MK-7 1133:1136 MK-7 1133:1136 MK-7 1133:1136 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 7 81 theme B3227T 1122:1127 arg1 quinone 1104:1110 The respiratory quinone 1088:1110 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T 1088:1127 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 9 82 theme DNA 1303:1305 arg1 content 1311:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 9 82 theme DNA 1303:1305 arg1 % 1331:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 2 83 from sediment 236:243 arg1 N 312:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 83 from sediment 236:243 arg1 China 290:294 China 290:294 China 290:294 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 10 84 theme ANIm 1437:1440 arg1 % 1434:1434 ANIb 69.5% 1425:1434 ANIb 69.5% 1425:1434 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 84 theme ANIm 1437:1440 arg1 % 1447:1447 ANIm 84.2 % 1437:1447 ANIm 84.2 % 1437:1447 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 85 theme species 1547:1553 arg1 delineation 1555:1565 species delineation 1547:1565 species delineation 1547:1565 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 86 dep H. 1399:1400 arg1 halophilus 1402:1411 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) 1399:1448 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) 1399:1448 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 10 86 dep H. 1399:1400 arg1 14192T 1417:1422 JCM 14192T 1413:1422 H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) 1399:1448 The average nucleotide identity values between strain B3227T and H. halophilus JCM 14192T (ANIb 69.5%, ANIm 84.2 %) and F. milensis JCM 12288T (ANIb 70.1 %, ANIm 84.1 %) were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. 31860430 8 87 theme major 1214:1218 arg1 diphosphatidylglycerol 1238:1259 diphosphatidylglycerol 1238:1259 diphosphatidylglycerol 1238:1259 The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 31860430 8 87 theme major 1214:1218 arg1 lipids 1226:1231 The major polar lipids 1210:1231 The major polar lipids 1210:1231 The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. 31860430 7 88 theme respiratory 1092:1102 arg1 MK-7 1133:1136 MK-7 1133:1136 MK-7 1133:1136 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 7 88 theme respiratory 1092:1102 arg1 quinone 1104:1110 The respiratory quinone 1088:1110 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T 1088:1127 The respiratory quinone of strain B3227T was MK-7, and the dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. 31860430 9 89 theme 38.7 mol 1323:1330 arg1 content 1311:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content 1291:1317 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 9 89 theme 38.7 mol 1323:1330 arg1 % 1331:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 38.7 mol% 1323:1331 The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. 31860430 2 90 theme 36.9° 306:310 arg1 N 312:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 122.2° E 36.9° N 297:312 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 2 90 theme 36.9° 306:310 arg1 China 290:294 China 290:294 China 290:294 A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4×1.2-2.0 µm), strictly aerobic and beige-pigmented bacterium, designated B3227T, was isolated from the sediment of a sea cucumber culture pond in Rongcheng, China (122.2° E 36.9° N). 31860430 4 91 dep optimum 478:484 arg1 37 °C 487:491 37 °C 487:491 37 °C 487:491 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 4 92 theme % 551:551 arg1  NaCl 574:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 4 92 theme % 551:551 arg1 NaCl 559:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl 542:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl) 542:579 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 1 93 theme cucumber 68:75 arg1 sediment 52:59 sediment 52:59 sediment of sea cucumber culture pond 52:88 nov., isolated from sediment of sea cucumber culture pond. 31860430 11 94 theme kegg 1583:1586 arg1 analysis 1588:1595 kegg analysis 1583:1595 kegg analysis 1583:1595 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 11 95 theme drug 1714:1717 arg1 formulation 1685:1695 the formulation 1681:1695 the formulation of the swine flu drug 1681:1717 The results of kegg analysis revealed that strain B3227T could biosynthesize shikimate acid, a base compound for the formulation of the swine flu drug. 31860430 5 96 theme strain 925:930 arg1 B3227T 932:937 strain B3227T 925:937 strain B3227T 925:937 Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain B3227T exhibited similarities of 95.7, 95.5, 95.5 and 95.3 % to the type strains of Filobacillus milensis, Piscibacillus salipiscarius, Halalkalibacillus halophilus and Piscibacillus halophilus, respectively, and the results of physiological analyses revealed that strain B3227T was most similar to the genus Halalkalibacillus. 31860430 6 97 theme A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic 1038:1061 arg1 peptidoglycan 1073:1085 an A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan 1035:1085 an A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan 1035:1085 The cells were endospore-forming and comprised an A1-γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan. 31860430 4 98 theme w/v 554:556 arg1  NaCl 574:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 6.0-9.0 % NaCl 565:578 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 31860430 4 98 theme w/v 554:556 arg1 NaCl 559:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl 542:562 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl) 542:579 Cell growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-22.0 % (w/v) NaCl (6.0-9.0 % NaCl). 33682619 6 0 theme IgG1 1186:1189 arg1 hexamerization 1191:1204 the IgG1 hexamerization 1182:1204 the IgG1 hexamerization 1182:1204 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 3 1 theme ovary 548:552 arg1 process 590:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 1 2 theme anti-tumor 184:193 arg1 G 222:222 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G 184:222 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) 184:228 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 2 theme anti-tumor 184:193 arg1 IgG 225:227 IgG 225:227 IgG 225:227 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 6 3 theme Fc 1074:1075 arg1 galactosylation 1093:1107 Fc glycan terminal galactosylation 1074:1107 Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation 1074:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 7 4 theme structure-function 1401:1418 arg1 relationship 1420:1431 the structure-function relationship 1397:1431 the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics 1397:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 3 5 theme biomanufacturing 573:588 arg1 process 590:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 6 6 theme terminal 1084:1091 arg1 galactosylation 1093:1107 Fc glycan terminal galactosylation 1074:1107 Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation 1074:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 1 7 theme complement-dependent 280:299 arg1 CDC 315:317 CDC 315:317 CDC 315:317 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 7 theme complement-dependent 280:299 arg1 cytotoxicity 301:312 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 280:312 complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action 280:345 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 0 8 theme complement 106:115 arg1 activation 117:126 complement activation 106:126 complement activation 106:126 Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. 33682619 1 9 with attribute 170:178 arg1 CDC 315:317 CDC 315:317 CDC 315:317 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 9 with attribute 170:178 arg1 cytotoxicity 301:312 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 280:312 complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action 280:345 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 6 10 theme Fc 1160:1161 arg1 conformation 1140:1151 the three-dimensional conformation 1118:1151 the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation 1118:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 4 11 theme transfer 675:682 arg1 reaction 684:691 galactose transfer reaction 665:691 galactose transfer reaction 665:691 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 5 12 theme data 882:885 arg1 analysis 887:894 a retrospective data analysis 866:894 a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 866:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 7 13 theme galactosylated 1319:1332 arg1 species 1334:1340 galactosylated species 1319:1340 galactosylated species 1319:1340 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 5 14 theme retrospective 868:880 arg1 analysis 887:894 a retrospective data analysis 866:894 a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 866:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 3 15 theme N-glycosylation 504:518 arg1 Heterogeneity 480:492 Heterogeneity 480:492 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 480:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 3 16 theme cell 560:563 arg1 process 590:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 6 17 theme three-dimensional 1122:1138 arg1 conformation 1140:1151 the three-dimensional conformation 1118:1151 the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation 1118:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 1 18 theme recombinant 195:205 arg1 G 222:222 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G 184:222 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) 184:228 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 18 theme recombinant 195:205 arg1 IgG 225:227 IgG 225:227 IgG 225:227 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 5 19 theme small-scale 937:947 arg1 cultures 974:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 4 20 used used 720:723 arg2 we 635:636 we 635:636 we 635:636 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 3 21 theme culture 565:571 arg1 process 590:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 1 22 theme immunoglobulin 207:220 arg1 G 222:222 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G 184:222 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) 184:228 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 22 theme immunoglobulin 207:220 arg1 IgG 225:227 IgG 225:227 IgG 225:227 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 6 23 theme C1q 1222:1224 arg1 avidity 1226:1232 C1q avidity 1222:1232 C1q avidity 1222:1232 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 7 24 theme species 1334:1340 arg1 formation 1306:1314 the formation 1302:1314 the formation of galactosylated species 1302:1340 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 3 25 theme variable 607:614 arg1 potency 620:626 variable CDC potency 607:626 variable CDC potency 607:626 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 4 26 theme Golgi 700:704 arg1 apparatus 706:714 the Golgi apparatus 696:714 the Golgi apparatus 696:714 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 0 27 theme Fc 0:1 arg1 galactosylation 3:17 Fc galactosylation 0:17 Fc galactosylation 0:17 Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. 33682619 3 28 theme CDC 616:618 arg1 potency 620:626 variable CDC potency 607:626 variable CDC potency 607:626 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 0 29 theme consecutive 27:37 arg1 kinetics 48:55 consecutive reaction kinetics 27:55 consecutive reaction kinetics 27:55 Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. 33682619 6 30 theme analytical 1011:1020 arg1 technologies 1022:1033 various analytical technologies 1003:1033 various analytical technologies 1003:1033 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 5 31 theme cell 969:972 arg1 cultures 974:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 4 32 theme galactosylated 785:798 arg1 species 800:806 differently galactosylated species 773:806 differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process 773:836 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 7 33 from activation 1469:1478 arg1 therapeutics 1487:1498 mAb therapeutics 1483:1498 mAb therapeutics 1483:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 3 34 theme Fc 501:502 arg1 N-glycosylation 504:518 the Fc N-glycosylation 497:518 the Fc N-glycosylation 497:518 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 6 35 theme various 1003:1009 arg1 technologies 1022:1033 various analytical technologies 1003:1033 various analytical technologies 1003:1033 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 4 36 theme cell 817:820 arg1 process 830:836 CHO cell culture process 813:836 CHO cell culture process 813:836 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 6 37 theme complement 1249:1258 arg1 activation 1260:1269 subsequent complement activation 1238:1269 subsequent complement activation 1238:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 1 38 theme Fc 129:130 arg1 attribute 170:178 a critical quality attribute 151:178 a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action 151:345 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 38 theme Fc 129:130 arg1 galactosylation 132:146 Fc galactosylation 129:146 Fc galactosylation 129:146 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 2 39 theme structure-function 436:453 arg1 unclear 471:477 unclear 471:477 unclear 471:477 Although the correlation between galactosylation and CDC has been known, the underlying structure-function relationship is unclear. 33682619 2 39 theme structure-function 436:453 arg1 relationship 455:466 the underlying structure-function relationship 421:466 the underlying structure-function relationship 421:466 Although the correlation between galactosylation and CDC has been known, the underlying structure-function relationship is unclear. 33682619 7 40 theme novel 1356:1360 arg1 understanding 1380:1392 a novel three-dimensional understanding 1354:1392 a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics 1354:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 5 41 theme large-scale 953:963 arg1 cultures 974:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 1 42 theme -based 229:234 arg1 therapeutics 262:273 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics 184:273 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics 184:273 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 2 43 theme underlying 425:434 arg1 unclear 471:477 unclear 471:477 unclear 471:477 Although the correlation between galactosylation and CDC has been known, the underlying structure-function relationship is unclear. 33682619 2 43 theme underlying 425:434 arg1 relationship 455:466 the underlying structure-function relationship 421:466 the underlying structure-function relationship 421:466 Although the correlation between galactosylation and CDC has been known, the underlying structure-function relationship is unclear. 33682619 0 44 theme reaction 39:46 arg1 kinetics 48:55 consecutive reaction kinetics 27:55 consecutive reaction kinetics 27:55 Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. 33682619 7 45 theme mAb 1483:1485 arg1 therapeutics 1487:1498 mAb therapeutics 1483:1498 mAb therapeutics 1483:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 1 46 theme monoclonal 236:245 arg1 mAb 257:259 mAb 257:259 mAb 257:259 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 46 theme monoclonal 236:245 arg1 antibody 247:254 monoclonal antibody 236:254 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics 184:273 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 5 47 theme historical 913:922 arg1 samples 924:930 more than 800 historical samples 899:930 more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 899:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 6 48 theme glycan 1077:1082 arg1 galactosylation 1093:1107 Fc glycan terminal galactosylation 1074:1107 Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation 1074:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 7 49 theme complement 1458:1467 arg1 activation 1469:1478 complement activation 1458:1478 complement activation in mAb therapeutics 1458:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 5 50 from analysis 887:894 arg1 cultures 974:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 3 51 theme Chinese 532:538 arg1 CHO 555:557 CHO 555:557 CHO 555:557 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 3 51 theme Chinese 532:538 arg1 ovary 548:552 Chinese hamster ovary 532:552 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 6 52 theme subsequent 1238:1247 arg1 activation 1260:1269 subsequent complement activation 1238:1269 subsequent complement activation 1238:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 33682619 7 53 theme relationship 1420:1431 arg1 understanding 1380:1392 a novel three-dimensional understanding 1354:1392 a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics 1354:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 3 54 theme hamster 540:546 arg1 CHO 555:557 CHO 555:557 CHO 555:557 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 3 54 theme hamster 540:546 arg1 ovary 548:552 Chinese hamster ovary 532:552 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process 532:596 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 1 55 theme action 340:345 arg1 mechanism 327:335 the mechanism 323:335 the mechanism of action 323:345 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 7 56 theme galactose 1445:1453 arg1 relationship 1420:1431 the structure-function relationship 1397:1431 the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics 1397:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 3 57 gly Heterogeneity 480:492 arg1 N-glycosylation 504:518 the Fc N-glycosylation 497:518 the Fc N-glycosylation 497:518 Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. 33682619 5 58 theme CHO 965:967 arg1 cultures 974:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 937:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 1 59 theme antibody 247:254 arg1 therapeutics 262:273 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics 184:273 anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics 184:273 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 4 60 theme CHO 813:815 arg1 process 830:836 CHO cell culture process 813:836 CHO cell culture process 813:836 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 4 61 theme culture 822:828 arg1 process 830:836 CHO cell culture process 813:836 CHO cell culture process 813:836 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 1 62 theme critical 153:160 arg1 attribute 170:178 a critical quality attribute 151:178 a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action 151:345 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 62 theme critical 153:160 arg1 galactosylation 132:146 Fc galactosylation 129:146 Fc galactosylation 129:146 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 5 63 from cultures 974:981 arg1 analysis 887:894 a retrospective data analysis 866:894 a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 866:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 5 63 from cultures 974:981 arg1 samples 924:930 more than 800 historical samples 899:930 more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 899:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 0 64 theme G 85:85 arg1 hexamerization 87:100 immunoglobulin G hexamerization 70:100 immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation 70:126 Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. 33682619 4 65 theme galactose 665:673 arg1 reaction 684:691 galactose transfer reaction 665:691 galactose transfer reaction 665:691 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 7 66 theme three-dimensional 1362:1378 arg1 understanding 1380:1392 a novel three-dimensional understanding 1354:1392 a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics 1354:1498 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 1 67 theme quality 162:168 arg1 attribute 170:178 a critical quality attribute 151:178 a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action 151:345 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 1 67 theme quality 162:168 arg1 galactosylation 132:146 Fc galactosylation 129:146 Fc galactosylation 129:146 Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. 33682619 4 68 theme reaction 684:691 arg1 model 656:660 a kinetic model 646:660 a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction 646:691 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 4 69 theme kinetic 648:654 arg1 model 656:660 a kinetic model 646:660 a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction 646:691 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 0 70 theme immunoglobulin 70:83 arg1 hexamerization 87:100 immunoglobulin G hexamerization 70:100 immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation 70:126 Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. 33682619 7 71 theme terminal 1436:1443 arg1 galactose 1445:1453 terminal galactose 1436:1453 terminal galactose 1436:1453 Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure-function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics. 33682619 4 72 from process 830:836 arg1 species 800:806 differently galactosylated species 773:806 differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process 773:836 Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. 33682619 5 73 theme samples 924:930 arg1 analysis 887:894 a retrospective data analysis 866:894 a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures 866:981 The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. 33682619 6 74 theme molecular 1054:1062 arg1 basis 1064:1068 the molecular basis 1050:1068 the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation 1050:1269 Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. 32515223 1 0 theme neutrophil 150:159 arg1 homeostasis 161:171 neutrophil homeostasis 150:171 neutrophil homeostasis 150:171 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 1 1 theme progenitor 247:256 arg1 decisions 268:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 3 2 contain has 552:554 arg2 implications 556:567 implications 556:567 implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy 556:637 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 3 2 contain has 552:554 arg1 homeostasis 533:543 neutrophil homeostasis 522:543 neutrophil homeostasis 522:543 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 1 3 theme cell 258:261 arg1 decisions 268:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 1 4 theme fate 263:266 arg1 decisions 268:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 1 5 from impact 133:138 arg1 homeostasis 161:171 neutrophil homeostasis 150:171 neutrophil homeostasis 150:171 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 1 6 theme present 98:104 arg1 study 106:110 our present study 94:110 our present study 94:110 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 2 7 theme indispensable 376:388 arg1 sensor 390:395 the indispensable sensor 372:395 the indispensable sensor for oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 372:446 In addition, TLR4 has been identified as the indispensable sensor for oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis. 32515223 2 7 theme indispensable 376:388 arg1 TLR4 344:347 TLR4 344:347 TLR4 344:347 In addition, TLR4 has been identified as the indispensable sensor for oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis. 32515223 0 8 theme Oral 0:3 arg1 intake 5:10 Oral intake 0:10 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide 0:32 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide regulates toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis. 32515223 1 9 theme oral 188:191 arg1 intake 193:198 oral intake 188:198 oral intake 188:198 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 0 10 theme lipopolysaccharide 15:32 arg1 intake 5:10 Oral intake 0:10 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide 0:32 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide regulates toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis. 32515223 3 11 theme gastrointestinal 478:493 arg1 critical 509:516 critical 509:516 critical 509:516 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 3 11 theme gastrointestinal 478:493 arg1 microbiome 495:504 the gastrointestinal microbiome 474:504 the gastrointestinal microbiome 474:504 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 1 12 theme neutrophil 290:299 arg1 lineage 301:307 the neutrophil lineage 286:307 the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF 286:328 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 2 13 theme steady-state 420:431 arg1 granulopoiesis 433:446 oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 401:446 oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 401:446 In addition, TLR4 has been identified as the indispensable sensor for oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis. 32515223 0 14 theme toll-like 44:52 arg1 granulopoiesis 75:88 toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis 44:88 toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis 44:88 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide regulates toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis. 32515223 2 15 theme LPS-modulated 406:418 arg1 granulopoiesis 433:446 oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 401:446 oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 401:446 In addition, TLR4 has been identified as the indispensable sensor for oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis. 32515223 1 16 theme independent 309:319 arg1 lineage 301:307 the neutrophil lineage 286:307 the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF 286:328 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 2 17 theme oral 401:404 arg1 granulopoiesis 433:446 oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 401:446 oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis 401:446 In addition, TLR4 has been identified as the indispensable sensor for oral LPS-modulated steady-state granulopoiesis. 32515223 0 18 theme 4-dependent 63:73 arg1 granulopoiesis 75:88 toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis 44:88 toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis 44:88 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide regulates toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis. 32515223 3 19 theme antimicrobial 617:629 arg1 therapy 631:637 antimicrobial therapy 617:637 antimicrobial therapy 617:637 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 0 20 theme receptor 54:61 arg1 granulopoiesis 75:88 toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis 44:88 toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis 44:88 Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide regulates toll-like receptor 4-dependent granulopoiesis. 32515223 1 21 theme G-CSF 324:328 arg1 independent 309:319 independent 309:319 independent 309:319 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 3 22 theme neutrophil 522:531 arg1 homeostasis 533:543 neutrophil homeostasis 522:543 neutrophil homeostasis 522:543 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 3 23 theme intestinal 704:713 arg1 microbiome 715:724 the intestinal microbiome 700:724 the intestinal microbiome 700:724 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 1 24 theme hematopoietic 224:236 arg1 stem 238:241 hematopoietic stem 224:241 hematopoietic stem 224:241 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 3 25 theme microbiome 715:724 arg1 composition 685:695 the composition 681:695 the composition of the intestinal microbiome 681:724 We provide evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome is critical for neutrophil homeostasis, which has implications for patients being treated with chemotherapy or antimicrobial therapy, since both are significantly influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. 32515223 1 26 theme LPS 143:145 arg1 impact 133:138 the impact 129:138 the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis 129:171 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32515223 1 27 theme stem 238:241 arg1 decisions 268:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions 224:276 In our present study, we investigated the impact of LPS on neutrophil homeostasis and found that oral intake is sufficient to induce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions towards the neutrophil lineage independent of G-CSF. 32777571 2 0 theme fruits 329:334 arg1 type 313:316 two type 309:316 two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) 309:391 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 1 1 theme ripened 239:245 arg1 fruits 247:252 ripened fruits 239:252 ripened fruits 239:252 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 0 2 theme fruit 75:79 arg1 resistance 53:62 resistance 53:62 resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection 53:114 Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. 32777571 7 3 theme defense 1081:1087 arg1 genes 1097:1101 defense related genes 1081:1101 defense related genes 1081:1101 Taken together, chitosan induces defense related genes and protect the fruit quality against Botrytis infection through JA signaling. 32777571 2 4 theme ripened 321:327 arg1 fruits 329:334 ripened fruits 321:334 ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) 321:391 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 2 4 theme ripened 321:327 arg1 grapes 361:366 grapes 361:366 grapes 361:366 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 2 4 theme ripened 321:327 arg1 strawberry 346:355 strawberry 346:355 strawberry 346:355 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 2 5 from effect 299:304 arg1 type 313:316 two type 309:316 two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) 309:391 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 0 6 theme cinerea 98:104 arg1 infection 106:114 Botrytis cinerea infection 89:114 Botrytis cinerea infection 89:114 Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. 32777571 0 7 theme Botrytis 89:96 arg1 infection 106:114 Botrytis cinerea infection 89:114 Botrytis cinerea infection 89:114 Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. 32777571 3 8 theme cell 520:523 arg1 composition 530:540 cell wall composition 520:540 cell wall composition 520:540 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 7 9 theme Botrytis 1141:1148 arg1 infection 1150:1158 Botrytis infection 1141:1158 Botrytis infection 1141:1158 Taken together, chitosan induces defense related genes and protect the fruit quality against Botrytis infection through JA signaling. 32777571 7 10 theme fruit 1119:1123 arg1 quality 1125:1131 the fruit quality 1115:1131 the fruit quality 1115:1131 Taken together, chitosan induces defense related genes and protect the fruit quality against Botrytis infection through JA signaling. 32777571 6 11 from cinerea 1025:1031 arg1 strawberry 1036:1045 strawberry 1036:1045 strawberry 1036:1045 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 2 12 dep strawberry 346:355 arg1 Shine-Muscat 379:390 Shine-Muscat 379:390 Shine-Muscat 379:390 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 2 12 dep strawberry 346:355 arg1 Kyoho 369:373 Kyoho 369:373 Kyoho 369:373 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 6 13 theme B. 1022:1023 arg1 cinerea 1025:1031 B. cinerea 1022:1031 B. cinerea in strawberry 1022:1045 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 1 14 theme resistant 159:167 arg1 plant 153:157 plant 153:157 plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection 153:202 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 6 15 theme VvTPR3 959:964 arg1 VvHDAC19 970:977 VvHDAC19 970:977 VvHDAC19 970:977 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 6 15 theme VvTPR3 959:964 arg1 overexpression 941:954 overexpression 941:954 overexpression of VvTPR3 941:964 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 6 15 theme VvTPR3 959:964 arg1 Meanwhile 930:938 Meanwhile 930:938 Meanwhile 930:938 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 2 16 theme B. 417:418 arg1 cinerea 420:426 B. cinerea 417:426 B. cinerea 417:426 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 1 17 theme Botrytis 177:184 arg1 infection 194:202 Botrytis cinerea infection 177:202 Botrytis cinerea infection 177:202 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 2 18 theme chitosan 290:297 arg1 effect 299:304 the chitosan effect 286:304 the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) 286:391 In this study, we investigated the chitosan effect on two type of ripened fruits including strawberry and grapes (Kyoho and Shine-Muscat) when were infected with B. cinerea. 32777571 1 19 theme cinerea 186:192 arg1 infection 194:202 Botrytis cinerea infection 177:202 Botrytis cinerea infection 177:202 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 0 20 theme acid 26:29 arg1 production 31:40 jasmonic acid production 17:40 jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection 17:114 Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. 32777571 3 21 theme wall 525:528 arg1 composition 530:540 cell wall composition 520:540 cell wall composition 520:540 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 6 22 theme wall 1009:1012 arg1 stability 991:999 the stability 987:999 the stability of cell wall 987:1012 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 0 23 theme jasmonic 17:24 arg1 acid 26:29 jasmonic acid 17:29 jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection 17:114 Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. 32777571 3 24 theme phenolic 497:504 arg1 compounds 506:514 phenolic compounds 497:514 phenolic compounds 497:514 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 6 25 theme cell 1004:1007 arg1 wall 1009:1012 cell wall 1004:1012 cell wall 1004:1012 Meanwhile, overexpression of VvTPR3 and VvHDAC19 reduced the stability of cell wall against B. cinerea in strawberry. 32777571 3 26 theme cinerea 471:477 arg1 growth 479:484 B. cinerea growth 468:484 B. cinerea growth 468:484 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 3 27 theme ripened 615:621 arg1 fruits 623:628 ripened fruits 615:628 ripened fruits 615:628 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 4 28 theme Data-independent 631:646 arg1 DIA 661:663 DIA 661:663 DIA 661:663 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) showed that 224 and 171 proteins were upregulated 1.5-fold by chitosan in Kyoho and Shine-Muscat grape, respectively. 32777571 4 28 theme Data-independent 631:646 arg1 acquisition 648:658 Data-independent acquisition 631:658 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) 631:664 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) showed that 224 and 171 proteins were upregulated 1.5-fold by chitosan in Kyoho and Shine-Muscat grape, respectively. 32777571 1 29 from fruits 247:252 arg1 unclear 228:234 unclear 228:234 unclear 228:234 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 5 30 theme Topless-related 784:798 arg1 TPR3 811:814 TPR3 811:814 TPR3 811:814 Topless-related protein 3 (TPR3) were identified and interacted with histone deacetylase 19 (HDAC19) and negatively regulated by JA and chitosan. 32777571 5 30 theme Topless-related 784:798 arg1 protein 800:806 Topless-related protein 3 784:808 Topless-related protein 3 (TPR3) 784:815 Topless-related protein 3 (TPR3) were identified and interacted with histone deacetylase 19 (HDAC19) and negatively regulated by JA and chitosan. 32777571 7 31 theme related 1089:1095 arg1 genes 1097:1101 defense related genes 1081:1101 defense related genes 1081:1101 Taken together, chitosan induces defense related genes and protect the fruit quality against Botrytis infection through JA signaling. 32777571 1 32 from unclear 228:234 arg1 fruits 247:252 ripened fruits 239:252 ripened fruits 239:252 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 3 33 theme oxidative 553:561 arg1 stress 563:568 oxidative stress 553:568 oxidative stress 553:568 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 7 34 theme JA 1168:1169 arg1 signaling 1171:1179 JA signaling 1168:1179 JA signaling 1168:1179 Taken together, chitosan induces defense related genes and protect the fruit quality against Botrytis infection through JA signaling. 32777571 3 35 theme B. 468:469 arg1 growth 479:484 B. cinerea growth 468:484 B. cinerea growth 468:484 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 4 36 theme Shine-Muscat 750:761 arg1 grape 763:767 Shine-Muscat grape 750:767 Shine-Muscat grape 750:767 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) showed that 224 and 171 proteins were upregulated 1.5-fold by chitosan in Kyoho and Shine-Muscat grape, respectively. 32777571 0 37 theme ripened 67:73 arg1 fruit 75:79 ripened fruit 67:79 ripened fruit 67:79 Chitosan induces jasmonic acid production leading to resistance of ripened fruit against Botrytis cinerea infection. 32777571 3 38 theme jasmonic 582:589 arg1 acid 591:594 jasmonic acid 582:594 jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits 582:628 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 3 38 theme jasmonic 582:589 arg1 JA 597:598 JA 597:598 JA 597:598 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 1 39 theme key 141:143 arg1 role 145:148 a key role 139:148 a key role 139:148 Chitosan can function a key role in plant resistant against Botrytis cinerea infection, while its mechanism is unclear in ripened fruits. 32777571 3 40 theme acid 591:594 arg1 production 601:610 jasmonic acid (JA) production 582:610 jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits 582:628 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 32777571 5 41 theme histone 853:859 arg1 deacetylase 861:871 histone deacetylase 19 853:874 histone deacetylase 19 (HDAC19) 853:883 Topless-related protein 3 (TPR3) were identified and interacted with histone deacetylase 19 (HDAC19) and negatively regulated by JA and chitosan. 32777571 5 41 theme histone 853:859 arg1 HDAC19 877:882 HDAC19 877:882 HDAC19 877:882 Topless-related protein 3 (TPR3) were identified and interacted with histone deacetylase 19 (HDAC19) and negatively regulated by JA and chitosan. 32777571 3 42 from production 601:610 arg1 fruits 623:628 ripened fruits 615:628 ripened fruits 615:628 Results showed that chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth, increased phenolic compounds and cell wall composition, modulated oxidative stress and induced jasmonic acid (JA) production in ripened fruits. 33108941 1 0 theme disease 256:262 arg1 pandemic 280:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 0 1 theme COVID-19 67:74 arg1 pandemic 76:83 the COVID-19 pandemic 63:83 the COVID-19 pandemic 63:83 Fibrinolysis is a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 3 2 theme pre-COVID-19 685:696 arg1 period 698:703 the pre-COVID-19 period 681:703 the pre-COVID-19 period 681:703 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 1 3 theme reperfusion 157:167 arg1 therapies 169:177 reperfusion therapies 157:177 reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 157:231 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 4 theme 2019 264:267 arg1 pandemic 280:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 4 5 theme in-hospital 773:783 arg1 point 818:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 3 6 theme coronary 579:586 arg1 PPCI 602:605 PPCI 602:605 PPCI 602:605 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 3 6 theme coronary 579:586 arg1 intervention 588:599 primary percutaneous coronary intervention 558:599 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) 558:606 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 3 7 dep METHODS 386:392 arg1 characteristics 403:417 Clinical characteristics 394:417 Clinical characteristics 394:417 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 3 8 theme primary 558:564 arg1 PPCI 602:605 PPCI 602:605 PPCI 602:605 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 3 8 theme primary 558:564 arg1 intervention 588:599 primary percutaneous coronary intervention 558:599 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) 558:606 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 6 9 from length 1169:1174 arg1 flow 1240:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 10 theme COVID-19 270:277 arg1 pandemic 280:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 3 11 theme COVID-19 496:503 arg1 pandemic 505:512 the COVID-19 pandemic 492:512 the COVID-19 pandemic 492:512 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 4 12 theme 30-day 789:794 arg1 point 818:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 13 theme pain 1060:1063 arg1 extension 1041:1049 a remarkable extension 1028:1049 a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times 1028:1131 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 13 theme pain 1060:1063 arg1 length 1169:1174 length 1169:1174 length 1169:1174 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 13 theme pain 1060:1063 arg1 number 1158:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 13 theme pain 1060:1063 arg1 thrombolysis 1202:1213 much worse thrombolysis 1191:1213 much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 1191:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 14 theme medical 1080:1086 arg1 FMC 1097:1099 FMC 1097:1099 FMC 1097:1099 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 14 theme medical 1080:1086 arg1 contact 1088:1094 medical contact 1080:1094 medical contact (FMC) 1080:1100 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 15 from advantages 1377:1386 arg1 resources 1410:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 16 theme pre-COVID-19 998:1009 arg1 period 1011:1016 the pre-COVID-19 period 994:1016 the pre-COVID-19 period 994:1016 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 17 from efficacy 1353:1360 arg1 resources 1410:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 18 theme onset-to-first 1065:1078 arg1 pain 1060:1063 chest pain 1054:1063 chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) 1054:1100 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 19 theme reasonable 1452:1461 arg1 alternative 1463:1473 a reasonable alternative 1450:1473 a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic 1450:1517 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 19 theme reasonable 1452:1461 arg1 fibrinolysis 1434:1445 fibrinolysis 1434:1445 fibrinolysis 1434:1445 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 20 theme ST-segment 182:191 arg1 infarction 214:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 182:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 182:231 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 20 theme ST-segment 182:191 arg1 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 4 21 with patients 717:724 arg1 STEMI 731:735 STEMI 731:735 STEMI 731:735 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 22 theme times 1127:1131 arg1 extension 1041:1049 a remarkable extension 1028:1049 a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times 1028:1131 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 22 theme times 1127:1131 arg1 length 1169:1174 length 1169:1174 length 1169:1174 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 22 theme times 1127:1131 arg1 number 1158:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 22 theme times 1127:1131 arg1 thrombolysis 1202:1213 much worse thrombolysis 1191:1213 much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 1191:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 2 23 dep evidence 311:318 arg1 gap 320:322 gap 320:322 gap 320:322 We aimed to fill the evidence gap regarding STEMI reperfusion strategy during the COVID-19 era. 33108941 7 24 from safety 1366:1371 arg1 resources 1410:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 2 25 theme COVID-19 372:379 arg1 era 381:383 the COVID-19 era 368:383 the COVID-19 era 368:383 We aimed to fill the evidence gap regarding STEMI reperfusion strategy during the COVID-19 era. 33108941 0 26 theme reasonable 18:27 arg1 Fibrinolysis 0:11 Fibrinolysis 0:11 Fibrinolysis 0:11 Fibrinolysis is a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 0 26 theme reasonable 18:27 arg1 alternative 29:39 a reasonable alternative 16:39 a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic 16:83 Fibrinolysis is a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 27 from extension 1041:1049 arg1 flow 1240:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 28 theme No 96:97 arg1 data 99:102 OBJECTIVE No data 86:102 OBJECTIVE No data 86:102 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 29 theme myocardial 203:212 arg1 infarction 214:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 182:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 182:231 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 29 theme myocardial 203:212 arg1 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 30 theme OBJECTIVE 86:94 arg1 data 99:102 OBJECTIVE No data 86:102 OBJECTIVE No data 86:102 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 6 31 with patients 953:960 arg1 STEMI 967:971 STEMI 967:971 STEMI 967:971 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 32 theme stents 1179:1184 arg1 extension 1041:1049 a remarkable extension 1028:1049 a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times 1028:1131 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 32 theme stents 1179:1184 arg1 length 1169:1174 length 1169:1174 length 1169:1174 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 32 theme stents 1179:1184 arg1 number 1158:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 32 theme stents 1179:1184 arg1 thrombolysis 1202:1213 much worse thrombolysis 1191:1213 much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 1191:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 2 33 theme reperfusion 340:350 arg1 strategy 352:359 STEMI reperfusion strategy 334:359 STEMI reperfusion strategy 334:359 We aimed to fill the evidence gap regarding STEMI reperfusion strategy during the COVID-19 era. 33108941 6 34 from number 1158:1163 arg1 flow 1240:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 35 theme increased 1148:1156 arg1 number 1158:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 significantly increased number 1134:1163 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 36 theme infarction 1229:1238 arg1 flow 1240:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 37 theme elevation 193:201 arg1 infarction 214:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 182:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 182:231 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 37 theme elevation 193:201 arg1 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 6 38 theme remarkable 1030:1039 arg1 extension 1041:1049 a remarkable extension 1028:1049 a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times 1028:1131 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 39 theme chest 1054:1058 arg1 pain 1060:1063 chest pain 1054:1063 chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) 1054:1100 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 40 theme STEMI 1479:1483 arg1 care 1485:1488 STEMI care 1479:1488 STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic 1479:1517 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 41 theme conserving 1391:1400 arg1 resources 1410:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 4 42 theme comparable 762:771 arg1 point 818:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 43 theme myocardial 1218:1227 arg1 flow 1240:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 3 44 theme Clinical 394:401 arg1 characteristics 403:417 Clinical characteristics 394:417 Clinical characteristics 394:417 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 2 45 theme STEMI 334:338 arg1 strategy 352:359 STEMI reperfusion strategy 334:359 STEMI reperfusion strategy 334:359 We aimed to fill the evidence gap regarding STEMI reperfusion strategy during the COVID-19 era. 33108941 0 46 theme STEMI 45:49 arg1 care 51:54 STEMI care 45:54 STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic 45:83 Fibrinolysis is a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 47 theme COVID-19 1297:1304 arg1 pandemic 1306:1313 the COVID-19 pandemic 1293:1313 the COVID-19 pandemic 1293:1313 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 48 dep onset-to-first 1065:1078 arg1 FMC 1097:1099 FMC 1097:1099 FMC 1097:1099 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 48 dep onset-to-first 1065:1078 arg1 contact 1088:1094 medical contact 1080:1094 medical contact (FMC) 1080:1100 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 49 from PPCI 986:989 arg1 period 1011:1016 the pre-COVID-19 period 994:1016 the pre-COVID-19 period 994:1016 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 50 theme crossing 1118:1125 arg1 times 1127:1131 FMC-to-wire crossing times 1106:1131 FMC-to-wire crossing times 1106:1131 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 51 theme considerable 1340:1351 arg1 efficacy 1353:1360 efficacy 1353:1360 efficacy 1353:1360 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 3 52 with patients 439:446 arg1 STEMI 453:457 STEMI 453:457 STEMI 453:457 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 6 53 theme worse 1196:1200 arg1 thrombolysis 1202:1213 much worse thrombolysis 1191:1213 much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 1191:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 4 54 theme composite 804:812 arg1 point 818:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 55 dep CONCLUSION 1316:1325 arg1 efficacy 1353:1360 efficacy 1353:1360 efficacy 1353:1360 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 55 dep CONCLUSION 1316:1325 arg1 advantages 1377:1386 advantages 1377:1386 advantages 1377:1386 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 55 dep CONCLUSION 1316:1325 arg1 Owing 1327:1331 Owing 1327:1331 Owing 1327:1331 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 55 dep CONCLUSION 1316:1325 arg1 safety 1366:1371 safety 1366:1371 safety 1366:1371 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 56 theme FMC-to-wire 1106:1116 arg1 times 1127:1131 FMC-to-wire crossing times 1106:1131 FMC-to-wire crossing times 1106:1131 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 3 57 theme percutaneous 566:577 arg1 PPCI 602:605 PPCI 602:605 PPCI 602:605 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 3 57 theme percutaneous 566:577 arg1 intervention 588:599 primary percutaneous coronary intervention 558:599 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) 558:606 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 7 58 theme medical 1402:1408 arg1 resources 1410:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 conserving medical resources 1391:1418 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 7 59 theme COVID-19 1501:1508 arg1 pandemic 1510:1517 the COVID-19 pandemic 1497:1517 the COVID-19 pandemic 1497:1517 CONCLUSION Owing to its considerable efficacy and safety and advantages in conserving medical resources, we recommend fibrinolysis as a reasonable alternative for STEMI care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 4 60 theme primary 796:802 arg1 point 818:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 4 61 theme COVID-19 877:884 arg1 pandemic 886:893 the COVID-19 pandemic 873:893 the COVID-19 pandemic 873:893 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 6 62 with patients 1248:1255 arg1 STEMI 1262:1266 STEMI 1262:1266 STEMI 1262:1266 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 63 theme uniform 129:135 arg1 recommendations 137:151 uniform recommendations 129:151 uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 129:231 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 6 64 from thrombolysis 1202:1213 arg1 flow 1240:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 myocardial infarction flow 1218:1243 Compared patients with STEMI who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period, we found a remarkable extension of chest pain onset-to-first medical contact (FMC) and FMC-to-wire crossing times, significantly increased number and length of stents, and much worse thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow in patients with STEMI who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 3 65 from PPCI 673:676 arg1 period 698:703 the pre-COVID-19 period 681:703 the pre-COVID-19 period 681:703 METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 17 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with 20 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), and were further compared with another 41 patients who received PPCI in the pre-COVID-19 period. 33108941 5 66 located detected 918:925 arg1 group 937:941 either group 930:941 either group 930:941 No major bleeding was detected in either group. 33108941 5 66 located detected 918:925 arg2 bleeding 905:912 bleeding 905:912 bleeding 905:912 No major bleeding was detected in either group. 33108941 4 67 theme end 814:816 arg1 point 818:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point 760:822 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 68 from therapies 169:177 arg1 infarction 214:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 182:223 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 182:231 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 1 68 from therapies 169:177 arg1 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 STEMI 226:230 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 33108941 4 69 dep RESULTS 706:712 arg1 achieved 751:758 achieved 751:758 achieved 751:758 RESULTS In patients with STEMI, fibrinolysis achieved a comparable in-hospital and 30-day primary composite end point, as compared with those who received PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. 33108941 1 70 theme coronavirus 244:254 arg1 pandemic 280:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 240:287 OBJECTIVE No data are available to develop uniform recommendations for reperfusion therapies in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 34747275 9 0 theme 0.33 1225:1228 arg1 score 1216:1220 a cumulative score 1203:1220 a cumulative score of 0.33 1203:1228 The irritation study data showed negligible irritation with a cumulative score of 0.33. 34747275 3 1 theme prediction 433:442 arg1 method 444:449 the point prediction method 423:449 the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software 423:490 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 6 2 theme permeation 846:855 arg1 study 857:861 permeation study 846:861 permeation study 846:861 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 6 3 theme gel 757:759 arg1 BT-NPopG 774:781 BT-NPopG 774:781 BT-NPopG 774:781 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 6 3 theme gel 757:759 arg1 formulation 761:771 The prepared topical gel formulation 736:771 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) 736:782 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 3 4 theme Behnken 468:474 arg1 software 483:490 the Box Behnken design software 460:490 the Box Behnken design software 460:490 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 11 5 theme results 1349:1355 arg1 conclusion 1331:1340 The overall conclusion 1319:1340 The overall conclusion of the results 1319:1355 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 6 6 theme topical 749:755 arg1 BT-NPopG 774:781 BT-NPopG 774:781 BT-NPopG 774:781 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 6 6 theme topical 749:755 arg1 formulation 761:771 The prepared topical gel formulation 736:771 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) 736:782 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 3 7 theme design 476:481 arg1 software 483:490 the Box Behnken design software 460:490 the Box Behnken design software 460:490 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 4 8 theme BT-NPop 522:528 arg1 composition 507:517 The optimized composition 493:517 The optimized composition of BT-NPop 493:528 The optimized composition of BT-NPop showed a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11%. 34747275 5 9 theme gel 683:685 arg1 formulation 687:697 gel formulation 683:697 gel formulation using chitosan as a natural polymer 683:733 The optimum composition of BT-NPop was further converted into gel formulation using chitosan as a natural polymer. 34747275 6 10 theme drug 832:835 arg1 release 837:843 drug release 832:843 drug release 832:843 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 4 11 theme 267.21 ± 3.54 nm 556:571 arg1 size 548:551 a particle size 537:551 a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm 537:571 The optimized composition of BT-NPop showed a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11%. 34747275 4 12 theme % 618:618 arg1 efficiency 592:601 an entrapment efficiency 578:601 an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11% 578:618 The optimized composition of BT-NPop showed a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11%. 34747275 3 13 theme optimum 371:377 arg1 composition 379:389 The optimum composition 367:389 The optimum composition of BT-NPs 367:399 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 8 14 theme enhanced 1098:1105 arg1 permeation 1107:1116 significantly enhanced permeation 1084:1116 significantly enhanced permeation 1084:1116 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 3 15 theme Box 464:466 arg1 software 483:490 the Box Behnken design software 460:490 the Box Behnken design software 460:490 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 10 16 theme higher 1269:1274 arg1 activity 1276:1283 higher activity 1269:1283 higher activity than marketed as well as pure BT 1269:1316 The antifungal study results conclude higher activity than marketed as well as pure BT. 34747275 11 17 theme ideal 1381:1385 arg1 system 1396:1401 an ideal delivery system 1378:1401 an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection 1378:1435 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 11 17 theme ideal 1381:1385 arg1 BT-NPopG 1366:1373 BT-NPopG 1366:1373 BT-NPopG 1366:1373 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 1 18 theme loaded 172:177 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 18 theme loaded 172:177 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 11 19 theme delivery 1387:1394 arg1 system 1396:1401 an ideal delivery system 1378:1401 an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection 1378:1435 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 11 19 theme delivery 1387:1394 arg1 BT-NPopG 1366:1373 BT-NPopG 1366:1373 BT-NPopG 1366:1373 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 9 20 theme irritation 1147:1156 arg1 data 1164:1167 The irritation study data 1143:1167 The irritation study data 1143:1167 The irritation study data showed negligible irritation with a cumulative score of 0.33. 34747275 1 21 theme present 98:104 arg1 work 115:118 The present research work 94:118 The present research work 94:118 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 22 theme poly 179:182 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 22 theme poly 179:182 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 8 23 theme permeation 1013:1022 arg1 results 1030:1036 The release and permeation study results 997:1036 results 1030:1036 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 6 24 theme prepared 740:747 arg1 BT-NPopG 774:781 BT-NPopG 774:781 BT-NPopG 774:781 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 6 24 theme prepared 740:747 arg1 formulation 761:771 The prepared topical gel formulation 736:771 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) 736:782 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 2 25 theme probe 278:282 arg1 method 295:300 emulsification probe sonication method 263:300 emulsification probe sonication method 263:300 BT-NPs were prepared by emulsification probe sonication method using PLGA (A), PVA (B) as polymer and stabilizer, respectively. 34747275 1 26 theme lactic 184:189 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 26 theme lactic 184:189 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 2 27 theme sonication 284:293 arg1 method 295:300 emulsification probe sonication method 263:300 emulsification probe sonication method 263:300 BT-NPs were prepared by emulsification probe sonication method using PLGA (A), PVA (B) as polymer and stabilizer, respectively. 34747275 4 28 theme optimized 497:505 arg1 composition 507:517 The optimized composition 493:517 The optimized composition of BT-NPop 493:528 The optimized composition of BT-NPop showed a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11%. 34747275 5 29 theme BT-NPop 648:654 arg1 composition 633:643 The optimum composition 621:643 The optimum composition of BT-NPop 621:654 The optimum composition of BT-NPop was further converted into gel formulation using chitosan as a natural polymer. 34747275 6 30 theme gel 810:812 arg1 characterization 814:829 gel characterization 810:829 gel characterization 810:829 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 2 31 theme emulsification 263:276 arg1 method 295:300 emulsification probe sonication method 263:300 emulsification probe sonication method 263:300 BT-NPs were prepared by emulsification probe sonication method using PLGA (A), PVA (B) as polymer and stabilizer, respectively. 34747275 10 32 theme study 1246:1250 arg1 results 1252:1258 The antifungal study results 1231:1258 The antifungal study results 1231:1258 The antifungal study results conclude higher activity than marketed as well as pure BT. 34747275 1 33 theme co 191:192 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 33 theme co 191:192 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 5 34 theme natural 719:725 arg1 chitosan 705:712 chitosan 705:712 chitosan 705:712 The optimum composition of BT-NPop was further converted into gel formulation using chitosan as a natural polymer. 34747275 5 34 theme natural 719:725 arg1 polymer 727:733 a natural polymer 717:733 a natural polymer 717:733 The optimum composition of BT-NPop was further converted into gel formulation using chitosan as a natural polymer. 34747275 4 35 theme entrapment 581:590 arg1 efficiency 592:601 an entrapment efficiency 578:601 an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11% 578:618 The optimized composition of BT-NPop showed a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11%. 34747275 1 36 dep loaded 172:177 arg1 BT 168:169 BT 168:169 BT 168:169 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 36 dep loaded 172:177 arg1 butenafine 156:165 butenafine 156:165 butenafine (BT) 156:170 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 10 37 theme antifungal 1235:1244 arg1 results 1252:1258 The antifungal study results 1231:1258 The antifungal study results 1231:1258 The antifungal study results conclude higher activity than marketed as well as pure BT. 34747275 1 38 theme glycolic 194:201 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 38 theme glycolic 194:201 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 0 39 theme butenafine 30:39 arg1 evaluation 16:25 evaluation 16:25 evaluation of butenafine 16:39 Formulation and evaluation of butenafine loaded PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel. 34747275 0 39 theme butenafine 30:39 arg1 Formulation 0:10 Formulation 0:10 Formulation 0:10 Formulation and evaluation of butenafine loaded PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel. 34747275 6 40 theme antifungal 880:889 arg1 studies 891:897 antifungal studies 880:897 antifungal studies 880:897 The prepared topical gel formulation (BT-NPopG) was further evaluated for gel characterization, drug release, permeation study, irritation, and antifungal studies. 34747275 8 41 theme study 1024:1028 arg1 results 1030:1036 The release and permeation study results 997:1036 results 1030:1036 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 9 42 theme negligible 1176:1185 arg1 irritation 1187:1196 negligible irritation 1176:1196 negligible irritation 1176:1196 The irritation study data showed negligible irritation with a cumulative score of 0.33. 34747275 1 43 theme acid 203:206 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 43 theme acid 203:206 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 0 44 theme laden 69:73 arg1 gel 89:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 Formulation and evaluation of butenafine loaded PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel. 34747275 8 45 theme slow 1047:1050 arg1 % 1076:1076 42.76 ± 2.87% 1064:1076 42.76 ± 2.87% 1064:1076 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 8 45 theme slow 1047:1050 arg1 release 1055:1061 slow BT release 1047:1061 slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) 1047:1077 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 11 46 theme overall 1323:1329 arg1 conclusion 1331:1340 The overall conclusion 1319:1340 The overall conclusion of the results 1319:1355 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 0 47 theme PLGA-nanoparticulate 48:67 arg1 gel 89:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 Formulation and evaluation of butenafine loaded PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel. 34747275 7 48 theme drug 983:986 arg1 content 988:994 drug content 983:994 drug content 983:994 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation showed optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. 34747275 3 49 theme point 427:431 arg1 method 444:449 the point prediction method 423:449 the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software 423:490 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 11 50 theme fungal 1420:1425 arg1 infection 1427:1435 topical fungal infection 1412:1435 topical fungal infection 1412:1435 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 9 51 theme study 1158:1162 arg1 data 1164:1167 The irritation study data 1143:1167 The irritation study data 1143:1167 The irritation study data showed negligible irritation with a cumulative score of 0.33. 34747275 5 52 theme optimum 625:631 arg1 composition 633:643 The optimum composition 621:643 The optimum composition of BT-NPop 621:654 The optimum composition of BT-NPop was further converted into gel formulation using chitosan as a natural polymer. 34747275 7 53 theme prepared 904:911 arg1 formulation 922:932 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation 900:932 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation 900:932 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation showed optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. 34747275 1 54 theme research 106:113 arg1 work 115:118 The present research work 94:118 The present research work 94:118 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 4 55 theme particle 539:546 arg1 size 548:551 a particle size 537:551 a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm 537:571 The optimized composition of BT-NPop showed a particle size of 267.21 ± 3.54 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 72.43 ± 3.11%. 34747275 8 56 theme BT 1052:1053 arg1 % 1076:1076 42.76 ± 2.87% 1064:1076 42.76 ± 2.87% 1064:1076 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 8 56 theme BT 1052:1053 arg1 release 1055:1061 slow BT release 1047:1061 slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) 1047:1077 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 9 57 theme cumulative 1205:1214 arg1 score 1216:1220 a cumulative score 1203:1220 a cumulative score of 0.33 1203:1228 The irritation study data showed negligible irritation with a cumulative score of 0.33. 34747275 10 58 theme pure 1310:1313 arg1 BT 1315:1316 pure BT 1310:1316 marketed as well as pure BT 1290:1316 The antifungal study results conclude higher activity than marketed as well as pure BT. 34747275 1 59 theme PLGA 209:212 arg1 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 BT-NPs 230:235 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 1 59 theme PLGA 209:212 arg1 nanoparticles 215:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles 156:227 butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs) 156:236 The present research work is designed to prepare and optimize butenafine (BT) loaded poly lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (BT-NPs). 34747275 0 60 theme nano 84:87 arg1 gel 89:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 Formulation and evaluation of butenafine loaded PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel. 34747275 3 61 theme BT-NPs 394:399 arg1 composition 379:389 The optimum composition 367:389 The optimum composition of BT-NPs 367:399 The optimum composition of BT-NPs was selected based on the point prediction method given by the Box Behnken design software. 34747275 7 62 theme optimum 941:947 arg1 pH 949:950 optimum pH 941:950 optimum pH 941:950 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation showed optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. 34747275 11 63 theme topical 1412:1418 arg1 infection 1427:1435 topical fungal infection 1412:1435 topical fungal infection 1412:1435 The overall conclusion of the results revealed BT-NPopG as an ideal delivery system to treat topical fungal infection. 34747275 0 64 theme chitosan 75:82 arg1 gel 89:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel 48:91 Formulation and evaluation of butenafine loaded PLGA-nanoparticulate laden chitosan nano gel. 34747275 8 65 theme egg 1129:1131 arg1 membrane 1133:1140 the egg membrane 1125:1140 the egg membrane 1125:1140 The release and permeation study results revealed slow BT release (42.76 ± 2.87%) with significantly enhanced permeation across the egg membrane. 34747275 7 66 theme BT-NPopG 913:920 arg1 formulation 922:932 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation 900:932 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation 900:932 The prepared BT-NPopG formulation showed optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. 34867850 8 0 theme levels 1310:1315 arg1 composition 1266:1276 the composition 1262:1276 the composition of the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU 1262:1322 As reported before, the composition of the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU classified as Clostridium spp., Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae are associated with the response. 34867850 7 1 theme minor 1176:1180 arg1 changes 1182:1188 minor changes 1176:1188 minor changes in IgY glycosylation 1176:1209 No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. 34867850 9 2 theme new 1490:1492 arg1 birds 1494:1498 new birds 1490:1498 new birds in combination with vaccination 1490:1530 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 10 3 theme E. 1778:1779 arg1 information 1800:1810 information 1800:1810 information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1800:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 10 3 theme E. 1778:1779 arg1 vaccine 1791:1797 the E. coli live vaccine 1774:1797 the E. coli live vaccine 1774:1797 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 10 4 theme vaccine 1791:1797 arg1 efficacy 1762:1769 the efficacy 1758:1769 the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1758:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 3 5 theme Campylobacter 392:404 arg1 load 406:409 the Campylobacter load 388:409 the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 388:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 6 6 from birds 1097:1101 arg1 antisera 1069:1076 antisera 1069:1076 antisera from non-responder birds 1069:1101 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34867850 10 7 theme effector 1711:1718 arg1 function 1720:1727 the IgY effector function 1703:1727 the IgY effector function 1703:1727 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 4 8 theme underlying 603:612 arg1 mechanism 614:622 the underlying mechanism 599:622 the underlying mechanism 599:622 To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. 34867850 5 9 theme genome-wide 765:775 arg1 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 9 theme genome-wide 765:775 arg1 studies 789:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies 754:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 754:802 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 9 10 theme further 1544:1550 arg1 increases 1552:1560 further increases 1544:1560 further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1544:1610 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 3 11 dep colonized 557:565 arg1 non-responders 568:581 non-responders 568:581 non-responders 568:581 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 5 12 theme association 777:787 arg1 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 12 theme association 777:787 arg1 studies 789:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies 754:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 754:802 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 9 13 theme antigen-specific 1581:1596 arg1 responses 1602:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 3 14 theme attenuated 283:292 arg1 strain 324:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain 280:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface 280:378 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 5 15 theme responses 860:868 arg1 levels 830:835 levels 830:835 levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses 830:868 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 15 theme responses 860:868 arg1 analyses 805:812 analyses 805:812 analyses of bird sex 805:824 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 15 theme responses 860:868 arg1 studies 789:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies 754:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 754:802 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 15 theme responses 860:868 arg1 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 1 16 theme Campylobacter 88:100 arg1 jejuni 102:107 Campylobacter jejuni 88:107 Campylobacter jejuni 88:107 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 1 16 theme Campylobacter 88:100 arg1 cause 121:125 a common cause 112:125 a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide 112:156 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 3 17 theme birds 462:466 arg1 birds 462:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 3 17 theme birds 462:466 arg1 % 426:426 more than 50% 414:426 more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 414:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 7 18 theme IgY 1193:1195 arg1 glycosylation 1197:1209 IgY glycosylation 1193:1209 IgY glycosylation 1193:1209 No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. 34867850 2 19 theme Human 159:163 arg1 infection 165:173 Human infection 159:173 Human infection 159:173 Human infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated poultry products. 34867850 3 20 theme Escherichia 294:304 arg1 strain 324:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain 280:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface 280:378 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 9 21 theme responder 1469:1477 arg1 birds 1479:1483 responder birds 1469:1483 responder birds 1469:1483 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 0 22 theme Chicken 10:16 arg1 Responses 18:26 Chicken Responses 10:26 Chicken Responses 10:26 Improving Chicken Responses to Glycoconjugate Vaccination Against Campylobacter jejuni. 34867850 9 23 from birds 1494:1498 arg1 combination 1503:1513 combination 1503:1513 combination with vaccination 1503:1530 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 7 24 theme sera 1143:1146 arg1 N-glycome 1126:1134 the N-glycome 1122:1134 the N-glycome of the sera 1122:1146 No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. 34867850 4 25 theme broiler 688:694 arg1 birds 696:700 135 broiler birds 684:700 135 broiler birds 684:700 To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. 34867850 6 26 theme Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic 1012:1041 arg1 activity 1043:1050 a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity 1003:1050 a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity 1003:1050 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34867850 10 27 theme live 1786:1789 arg1 information 1800:1810 information 1800:1810 information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1800:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 10 27 theme live 1786:1789 arg1 vaccine 1791:1797 the E. coli live vaccine 1774:1797 the E. coli live vaccine 1774:1797 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 10 28 theme vaccines 1870:1877 arg1 development 1846:1856 the development 1842:1856 the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1842:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 8 29 theme OTU 1320:1322 arg1 levels 1310:1315 the microbiota, particularly levels 1281:1315 the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU 1281:1322 As reported before, the composition of the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU classified as Clostridium spp., Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae are associated with the response. 34867850 3 30 theme broiler 454:460 arg1 birds 462:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 7 31 theme further 1219:1225 arg1 investigation 1227:1239 further investigation 1219:1239 further investigation 1219:1239 No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. 34867850 6 32 theme higher 1005:1010 arg1 activity 1043:1050 a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity 1003:1050 a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity 1003:1050 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34867850 3 33 theme vaccine 316:322 arg1 strain 324:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain 280:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface 280:378 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 1 34 theme common 114:119 arg1 jejuni 102:107 Campylobacter jejuni 88:107 Campylobacter jejuni 88:107 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 1 34 theme common 114:119 arg1 cause 121:125 a common cause 112:125 a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide 112:156 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 4 35 theme vaccination 644:654 arg1 studies 670:676 three vaccination and challenge studies 638:676 three vaccination and challenge studies 638:676 To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. 34867850 5 36 theme vaccine-induced 840:854 arg1 responses 860:868 vaccine-induced IgY responses 840:868 vaccine-induced IgY responses 840:868 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 3 37 theme animals 539:545 arg1 remainder 522:530 the remainder 518:530 the remainder of the animals 518:545 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 10 38 from poultry 1925:1931 arg1 elimination 1895:1905 the elimination 1891:1905 the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1891:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 3 39 theme responder 492:500 arg1 levels 484:489 undetectable levels 471:489 undetectable levels (responder birds) 471:507 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 3 39 theme responder 492:500 arg1 birds 502:506 responder birds 492:506 responder birds 492:506 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 3 40 theme vaccinated 431:440 arg1 birds 462:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 4 41 theme similar 714:720 arg1 effect 746:751 a similar responder/non-responder effect 712:751 a similar responder/non-responder effect 712:751 To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. 34867850 3 42 theme coli 306:309 arg1 strain 324:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain 280:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface 280:378 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 4 43 theme challenge 660:668 arg1 studies 670:676 three vaccination and challenge studies 638:676 three vaccination and challenge studies 638:676 To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. 34867850 5 44 theme responder 897:905 arg1 phenotype 928:936 the responder versus non-responder phenotype 893:936 phenotype 928:936 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 3 45 theme undetectable 471:482 arg1 levels 484:489 undetectable levels 471:489 undetectable levels (responder birds) 471:507 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 3 45 theme undetectable 471:482 arg1 birds 502:506 responder birds 492:506 responder birds 492:506 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 0 46 theme Glycoconjugate 31:44 arg1 Vaccination 46:56 Glycoconjugate Vaccination 31:56 Glycoconjugate Vaccination Against Campylobacter jejuni 31:85 Improving Chicken Responses to Glycoconjugate Vaccination Against Campylobacter jejuni. 34867850 3 47 theme live 311:314 arg1 strain 324:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain 280:329 an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface 280:378 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 9 48 theme birds 1479:1483 arg1 microbiota 1455:1464 the cecal microbiota 1445:1464 the cecal microbiota of responder birds 1445:1483 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 9 49 theme microbiota 1455:1464 arg1 Transplantation 1426:1440 Transplantation 1426:1440 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination 1426:1530 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 0 50 theme Campylobacter 66:78 arg1 jejuni 80:85 Campylobacter jejuni 66:85 Campylobacter jejuni 66:85 Improving Chicken Responses to Glycoconjugate Vaccination Against Campylobacter jejuni. 34867850 5 51 theme Subsequent 754:763 arg1 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 51 theme Subsequent 754:763 arg1 studies 789:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies 754:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 754:802 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 3 52 theme C. 346:347 arg1 N-glycan 356:363 the C. jejuni N-glycan 342:363 the C. jejuni N-glycan 342:363 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 3 53 from load 406:409 arg1 birds 462:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 3 53 from load 406:409 arg1 % 426:426 more than 50% 414:426 more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 414:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 6 54 attach isolated 963:970 arg2 antibodies 952:961 antibodies 952:961 antibodies isolated from responder birds 952:991 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34867850 6 54 attach isolated 963:970 arg1 birds 987:991 responder birds 977:991 responder birds 977:991 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34867850 9 55 with combination 1503:1513 arg1 vaccination 1520:1530 vaccination 1520:1530 vaccination 1520:1530 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 4 56 theme responder/non-responder 722:744 arg1 effect 746:751 a similar responder/non-responder effect 712:751 a similar responder/non-responder effect 712:751 To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. 34867850 5 57 theme sex 822:824 arg1 levels 830:835 levels 830:835 levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses 830:868 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 57 theme sex 822:824 arg1 analyses 805:812 analyses 805:812 analyses of bird sex 805:824 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 57 theme sex 822:824 arg1 studies 789:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies 754:795 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 754:802 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 5 57 theme sex 822:824 arg1 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 GWAS 798:801 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 9 58 theme cecal 1449:1453 arg1 microbiota 1455:1464 the cecal microbiota 1445:1464 the cecal microbiota of responder birds 1445:1483 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 3 59 theme jejuni 349:354 arg1 N-glycan 356:363 the C. jejuni N-glycan 342:363 the C. jejuni N-glycan 342:363 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 2 60 theme products 238:245 arg1 ingestion 204:212 the ingestion 200:212 the ingestion of contaminated poultry products 200:245 Human infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated poultry products. 34867850 10 61 dep E. 1778:1779 arg1 coli 1781:1784 coli 1781:1784 coli 1781:1784 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 1 62 theme diarrheal 130:138 arg1 worldwide 148:156 diarrheal disease worldwide 130:156 diarrheal disease worldwide 130:156 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 7 63 from changes 1182:1188 arg1 glycosylation 1197:1209 IgY glycosylation 1193:1209 IgY glycosylation 1193:1209 No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. 34867850 2 64 theme poultry 230:236 arg1 products 238:245 contaminated poultry products 217:245 contaminated poultry products 217:245 Human infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated poultry products. 34867850 9 65 from increases 1552:1560 arg1 responses 1602:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 1 66 theme disease 140:146 arg1 worldwide 148:156 diarrheal disease worldwide 130:156 diarrheal disease worldwide 130:156 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 10 67 theme improved 1861:1868 arg1 vaccines 1870:1877 improved vaccines 1861:1877 improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1861:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 9 68 theme microbiota 1656:1665 arg1 transplants 1667:1677 microbiota transplants 1656:1677 microbiota transplants 1656:1677 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 2 69 theme contaminated 217:228 arg1 products 238:245 contaminated poultry products 217:245 contaminated poultry products 217:245 Human infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated poultry products. 34867850 1 70 theme worldwide 148:156 arg1 jejuni 102:107 Campylobacter jejuni 88:107 Campylobacter jejuni 88:107 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 1 70 theme worldwide 148:156 arg1 cause 121:125 a common cause 112:125 a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide 112:156 Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. 34867850 8 71 theme microbiota 1285:1294 arg1 levels 1310:1315 the microbiota, particularly levels 1281:1315 the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU 1281:1322 As reported before, the composition of the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU classified as Clostridium spp., Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae are associated with the response. 34867850 6 72 theme non-responder 1083:1095 arg1 birds 1097:1101 non-responder birds 1083:1101 non-responder birds 1083:1101 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34867850 10 73 theme IgY 1707:1709 arg1 function 1720:1727 the IgY effector function 1703:1727 the IgY effector function 1703:1727 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 9 74 theme vaccine-induced 1565:1579 arg1 responses 1602:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 10 75 theme jejuni 1913:1918 arg1 elimination 1895:1905 the elimination 1891:1905 the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry 1891:1931 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 5 76 theme IgY 856:858 arg1 responses 860:868 vaccine-induced IgY responses 840:868 vaccine-induced IgY responses 840:868 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 9 77 theme IgY 1598:1600 arg1 responses 1602:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses 1565:1610 Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. 34867850 7 78 from differences 1107:1117 arg1 N-glycome 1126:1134 the N-glycome 1122:1134 the N-glycome of the sera 1122:1146 No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. 34867850 5 79 theme bird 817:820 arg1 sex 822:824 bird sex 817:824 bird sex 817:824 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 3 80 theme leghorn 442:448 arg1 birds 462:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds 431:466 We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). 34867850 10 81 theme C. 1910:1911 arg1 jejuni 1913:1918 C. jejuni 1910:1918 C. jejuni 1910:1918 Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry. 34867850 5 82 theme non-responder 914:926 arg1 phenotype 928:936 the responder versus non-responder phenotype 893:936 phenotype 928:936 Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. 34867850 6 83 theme responder 977:985 arg1 birds 987:991 responder birds 977:991 responder birds 977:991 In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. 34421851 9 0 theme communities 1704:1714 arg1 microbiota 1582:1591 the microbiota 1578:1591 the microbiota of broiler lungs 1578:1608 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 0 theme communities 1704:1714 arg1 stability 1618:1626 the stability 1614:1626 the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities 1614:1714 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 1 1 theme lung 234:237 arg1 microbiota 239:248 the lung microbiota 230:248 the lung microbiota 230:248 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 7 2 theme metabolic 1266:1274 arg1 pathways 1276:1283 these metabolic pathways 1260:1283 these metabolic pathways 1260:1283 These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways play critical roles in shaping broiler microbiota at these age stages. 34421851 2 3 theme lung 576:579 arg1 microbiota 581:590 their lung microbiota 570:590 their lung microbiota 570:590 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 6 4 theme functions 1080:1088 arg1 similar 1113:1119 similar 1113:1119 similar 1113:1119 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 6 4 theme functions 1080:1088 arg1 abundance 1057:1065 The relative abundance 1044:1065 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota 1044:1102 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 1 5 theme complex 158:164 arg1 variety 166:172 a complex variety 156:172 a complex variety of microbiota 156:186 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 1 5 theme complex 158:164 arg1 microbiota 177:186 microbiota 177:186 microbiota 177:186 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 2 6 theme 21 493:494 arg1 days 516:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days 467:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age 467:526 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 2 7 theme 7 475:475 arg1 days 516:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days 467:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age 467:526 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 4 8 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 similar 784:790 similar 784:790 similar 784:790 Specifically, the microbiota composition was similar between 7 and 14D and between 21 and 35D. 34421851 4 8 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 composition 768:778 the microbiota composition 753:778 the microbiota composition 753:778 Specifically, the microbiota composition was similar between 7 and 14D and between 21 and 35D. 34421851 10 9 theme lung 1826:1829 arg1 microbiota 1831:1840 broiler lung microbiota 1818:1840 broiler lung microbiota 1818:1840 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 1 10 theme different 369:377 arg1 ages 379:382 different ages 369:382 different ages 369:382 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 1 11 theme ages 379:382 arg1 broilers 357:364 broilers 357:364 broilers of different ages 357:382 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 9 12 theme age-related 1555:1565 arg1 changes 1567:1573 age-related changes 1555:1573 age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities 1555:1714 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 2 13 from broilers 455:462 arg1 fluid 444:448 lung lavage fluid 432:448 lung lavage fluid from broilers 432:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 2 13 from broilers 455:462 arg1 sequencing 418:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing 404:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers 404:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 5 14 theme bacteria 868:875 arg1 abundance 847:855 The relative abundance 834:855 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs 834:896 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 3 15 theme microbiota 662:671 arg1 function 633:640 function 633:640 function 633:640 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 3 15 theme microbiota 662:671 arg1 composition 617:627 composition 617:627 composition 617:627 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 9 16 from changes 1567:1573 arg1 microbiota 1582:1591 the microbiota 1578:1591 the microbiota of broiler lungs 1578:1608 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 16 from changes 1567:1573 arg1 stability 1618:1626 the stability 1614:1626 the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities 1614:1714 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 2 17 theme lavage 437:442 arg1 fluid 444:448 lung lavage fluid 432:448 lung lavage fluid from broilers 432:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 10 18 theme microbiota 1831:1840 arg1 development 1803:1813 the development 1799:1813 the development of broiler lung microbiota 1799:1840 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 3 19 theme broiler 649:655 arg1 microbiota 662:671 the broiler lung microbiota 645:671 the broiler lung microbiota 645:671 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 9 20 theme broiler 1596:1602 arg1 lungs 1604:1608 broiler lungs 1596:1608 broiler lungs 1596:1608 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 6 21 theme Glycan 1154:1159 arg1 Biosynthesis 1161:1172 Glycan Biosynthesis 1154:1172 Glycan Biosynthesis 1154:1172 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 2 22 theme 16S 404:406 arg1 sequencing 418:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing 404:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers 404:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 2 23 from sequencing 418:427 arg1 broilers 455:462 broilers 455:462 broilers 455:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 0 24 theme Dynamic 0:6 arg1 Changes 8:14 Dynamic Changes 0:14 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 0:86 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 34421851 5 25 theme pathogenic 991:1000 arg1 bacteria 1002:1009 potentially pathogenic bacteria 979:1009 potentially pathogenic bacteria 979:1009 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 0 26 dep Aging 62:66 arg1 Stress 80:85 Stress 80:85 Stress 80:85 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 34421851 0 26 dep Aging 62:66 arg1 Response 50:57 Response 50:57 Response 50:57 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 34421851 1 27 theme laying 262:267 arg1 hens 269:272 laying hens 262:272 laying hens of different ages 262:290 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 7 28 theme age 1344:1346 arg1 stages 1348:1353 these age stages 1338:1353 these age stages 1338:1353 These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways play critical roles in shaping broiler microbiota at these age stages. 34421851 1 29 theme Comprehensive 88:100 arg1 analysis 112:119 Comprehensive microbial analysis 88:119 Comprehensive microbial analysis 88:119 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 9 30 theme short-term 1731:1740 arg1 stress 1750:1755 short-term ammonia stress 1731:1755 short-term ammonia stress 1731:1755 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 5 31 theme relative 957:964 arg1 abundance 966:974 the relative abundance 953:974 the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria 953:1009 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 2 32 theme gene 413:416 arg1 sequencing 418:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing 404:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers 404:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 8 33 theme short-term 1369:1378 arg1 stimulation 1397:1407 short-term external ammonia stimulation 1369:1407 short-term external ammonia stimulation 1369:1407 In addition, short-term external ammonia stimulation significantly increased lung inflammation but did not significantly affect the lung microbiota. 34421851 0 34 theme Broilers 38:45 arg1 Microbiota 24:33 Lung Microbiota 19:33 Lung Microbiota of Broilers 19:45 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 34421851 1 35 theme ages 287:290 arg1 mice 253:256 mice 253:256 mice 253:256 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 1 35 theme ages 287:290 arg1 hens 269:272 laying hens 262:272 laying hens of different ages 262:290 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 7 36 theme broiler 1316:1322 arg1 microbiota 1324:1333 shaping broiler microbiota 1308:1333 shaping broiler microbiota 1308:1333 These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways play critical roles in shaping broiler microbiota at these age stages. 34421851 10 37 theme disease 1902:1908 arg1 prevention 1910:1919 disease prevention 1902:1919 disease prevention 1902:1919 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 8 38 theme ammonia 1389:1395 arg1 stimulation 1397:1407 short-term external ammonia stimulation 1369:1407 short-term external ammonia stimulation 1369:1407 In addition, short-term external ammonia stimulation significantly increased lung inflammation but did not significantly affect the lung microbiota. 34421851 10 39 theme large-scale 1946:1956 arg1 breeding 1958:1965 large-scale breeding 1946:1965 large-scale breeding 1946:1965 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 8 40 theme lung 1488:1491 arg1 microbiota 1493:1502 the lung microbiota 1484:1502 the lung microbiota 1484:1502 In addition, short-term external ammonia stimulation significantly increased lung inflammation but did not significantly affect the lung microbiota. 34421851 7 41 theme critical 1290:1297 arg1 roles 1299:1303 critical roles 1290:1303 critical roles 1290:1303 These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways play critical roles in shaping broiler microbiota at these age stages. 34421851 3 42 theme composition 617:627 arg1 examination 598:608 examination 598:608 examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota 598:671 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 9 43 theme microbial 1694:1702 arg1 communities 1704:1714 these microbial communities 1688:1714 these microbial communities 1688:1714 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 8 44 theme lung 1433:1436 arg1 inflammation 1438:1449 lung inflammation 1433:1449 lung inflammation 1433:1449 In addition, short-term external ammonia stimulation significantly increased lung inflammation but did not significantly affect the lung microbiota. 34421851 5 45 theme highest 1023:1029 arg1 level 1031:1035 its highest level 1019:1035 its highest level 1019:1035 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 9 46 from variation 1645:1653 arg1 composition 1672:1682 the microbial composition 1658:1682 the microbial composition 1658:1682 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 47 dep stability 1618:1626 arg1 variation 1645:1653 the significant variation 1629:1653 the significant variation in the microbial composition 1629:1682 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 1 48 theme microbiota 239:248 arg1 distribution 214:225 the dynamic distribution 202:225 the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages 202:290 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 2 49 theme 14 483:484 arg1 days 516:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days 467:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age 467:526 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 2 50 theme microbiota 581:590 arg1 composition 555:565 the composition 551:565 the composition of their lung microbiota 551:590 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 9 51 theme microbial 1662:1670 arg1 composition 1672:1682 the microbial composition 1658:1682 the microbial composition 1658:1682 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 52 from stability 1618:1626 arg1 dynamics 1543:1550 the dynamics 1539:1550 the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress 1539:1755 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 10 53 theme subsequent 1871:1880 arg1 studies 1882:1888 subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding 1871:1965 subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding 1871:1965 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 9 54 theme ammonia 1742:1748 arg1 stress 1750:1755 short-term ammonia stress 1731:1755 short-term ammonia stress 1731:1755 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 6 55 theme predicted 1070:1078 arg1 functions 1080:1088 predicted functions 1070:1088 predicted functions 1070:1088 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 9 56 from microbiota 1582:1591 arg1 dynamics 1543:1550 the dynamics 1539:1550 the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress 1539:1755 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 5 57 from abundance 847:855 arg1 lungs 892:896 the broiler lungs 880:896 the broiler lungs 880:896 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 1 58 theme microbiota 177:186 arg1 variety 166:172 a complex variety 156:172 a complex variety of microbiota 156:186 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 1 58 theme microbiota 177:186 arg1 microbiota 177:186 microbiota 177:186 microbiota 177:186 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 2 59 from changes 540:546 arg1 composition 555:565 the composition 551:565 the composition of their lung microbiota 551:590 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 10 60 theme new 1781:1783 arg1 insights 1785:1792 new insights 1781:1792 new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota 1781:1840 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 5 61 theme broiler 884:890 arg1 lungs 892:896 the broiler lungs 880:896 the broiler lungs 880:896 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 6 62 theme relative 1048:1055 arg1 similar 1113:1119 similar 1113:1119 similar 1113:1119 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 6 62 theme relative 1048:1055 arg1 abundance 1057:1065 The relative abundance 1044:1065 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota 1044:1102 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 10 63 theme broiler 1818:1824 arg1 microbiota 1831:1840 broiler lung microbiota 1818:1840 broiler lung microbiota 1818:1840 These findings provide new insights into the development of broiler lung microbiota and serve as a reference for subsequent studies to evaluate disease prevention in broilers subjected to large-scale breeding. 34421851 1 64 from distribution 214:225 arg1 mice 253:256 mice 253:256 mice 253:256 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 1 64 from distribution 214:225 arg1 hens 269:272 laying hens 262:272 laying hens of different ages 262:290 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 1 65 theme microbial 102:110 arg1 analysis 112:119 Comprehensive microbial analysis 88:119 Comprehensive microbial analysis 88:119 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 2 66 theme age 524:526 arg1 days 516:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days 467:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age 467:526 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 5 67 theme aerobic 860:866 arg1 bacteria 868:875 aerobic bacteria 860:875 aerobic bacteria 860:875 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 9 68 theme changes 1567:1573 arg1 dynamics 1543:1550 the dynamics 1539:1550 the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress 1539:1755 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 6 69 from abundance 1057:1065 arg1 microbiota 1093:1102 microbiota 1093:1102 microbiota 1093:1102 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 3 70 theme function 633:640 arg1 examination 598:608 examination 598:608 examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota 598:671 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 9 71 from dynamics 1543:1550 arg1 microbiota 1582:1591 the microbiota 1578:1591 the microbiota of broiler lungs 1578:1608 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 71 from dynamics 1543:1550 arg1 stability 1618:1626 the stability 1614:1626 the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities 1614:1714 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 71 from dynamics 1543:1550 arg1 response 1719:1726 response 1719:1726 response to short-term ammonia stress 1719:1755 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 2 72 theme fluid 444:448 arg1 sequencing 418:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing 404:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers 404:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 2 73 theme 3 467:467 arg1 days 516:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days 467:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age 467:526 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 6 74 theme Metabolism 1178:1187 arg1 pathway 1189:1195 the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway 1150:1195 the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota 1150:1209 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 2 75 theme lung 432:435 arg1 fluid 444:448 lung lavage fluid 432:448 lung lavage fluid from broilers 432:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 0 76 from Changes 8:14 arg1 Microbiota 24:33 Lung Microbiota 19:33 Lung Microbiota of Broilers 19:45 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 34421851 2 77 theme 35 507:508 arg1 days 516:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days 467:519 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age 467:526 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 3 78 theme lung 657:660 arg1 microbiota 662:671 the broiler lung microbiota 645:671 the broiler lung microbiota 645:671 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 6 79 theme Biosynthesis 1161:1172 arg1 pathway 1189:1195 the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway 1150:1195 the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota 1150:1209 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 6 80 from pathway 1189:1195 arg1 microbiota 1200:1209 microbiota 1200:1209 microbiota 1200:1209 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 6 81 dep Biosynthesis 1161:1172 arg1 the 1150:1152 the 1150:1152 the 1150:1152 The relative abundance of predicted functions in microbiota was very similar among 3, 7, and 14D, whereas the Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism pathway in microbiota was enriched at 21D. 34421851 9 82 theme lungs 1604:1608 arg1 microbiota 1582:1591 the microbiota 1578:1591 the microbiota of broiler lungs 1578:1608 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 9 82 theme lungs 1604:1608 arg1 stability 1618:1626 the stability 1614:1626 the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities 1614:1714 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 3 83 dep composition 617:627 arg1 the 613:615 the 613:615 the 613:615 Upon examination of the composition and function of the broiler lung microbiota, we found that their maturation increased significantly with age. 34421851 0 84 theme Lung 19:22 arg1 Microbiota 24:33 Lung Microbiota 19:33 Lung Microbiota of Broilers 19:45 Dynamic Changes in Lung Microbiota of Broilers in Response to Aging and Ammonia Stress. 34421851 5 85 theme bacteria 1002:1009 arg1 abundance 966:974 the relative abundance 953:974 the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria 953:1009 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 9 86 theme significant 1633:1643 arg1 variation 1645:1653 the significant variation 1629:1653 the significant variation in the microbial composition 1629:1682 Taken together, these data reveal the dynamics of age-related changes in the microbiota of broiler lungs and the stability (the significant variation in the microbial composition) of these microbial communities in response to short-term ammonia stress. 34421851 8 87 theme external 1380:1387 arg1 stimulation 1397:1407 short-term external ammonia stimulation 1369:1407 short-term external ammonia stimulation 1369:1407 In addition, short-term external ammonia stimulation significantly increased lung inflammation but did not significantly affect the lung microbiota. 34421851 1 88 theme different 277:285 arg1 ages 287:290 different ages 277:290 different ages 277:290 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 5 89 theme relative 838:845 arg1 abundance 847:855 The relative abundance 834:855 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs 834:896 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 2 90 theme rRNA 408:411 arg1 sequencing 418:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing 404:427 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers 404:462 Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of lung lavage fluid from broilers at 3 (3D), 7 (7D), 14 (14D), 21 (21D), and 35 (35D) days of age to evaluate changes in the composition of their lung microbiota. 34421851 5 91 dep increased 908:916 arg1 whereas 945:951 whereas 945:951 whereas 945:951 The relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in the broiler lungs gradually increased as the broilers developed, whereas the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria reached its highest level at 3D. 34421851 1 92 theme dynamic 206:212 arg1 distribution 214:225 the dynamic distribution 202:225 the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages 202:290 Comprehensive microbial analysis has revealed that the lung harbors a complex variety of microbiota, and although the dynamic distribution of the lung microbiota in mice and laying hens of different ages is well established, this distribution has not been clarified in broilers of different ages. 34421851 7 93 theme shaping 1308:1314 arg1 microbiota 1324:1333 shaping broiler microbiota 1308:1333 shaping broiler microbiota 1308:1333 These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways play critical roles in shaping broiler microbiota at these age stages. 33187145 0 0 theme Gum 90:92 arg1 Composition 94:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 0 1 from Resonance 17:25 arg1 Composition 94:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 3 2 theme 1H 464:465 arg1 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 2 theme 1H 464:465 arg1 resonance 492:500 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance 464:500 resonance 492:500 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 0 3 theme Flaxseed 81:88 arg1 Composition 94:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 3 4 theme gravimetric 619:629 arg1 TGA 641:643 TGA 641:643 TGA 641:643 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 4 theme gravimetric 619:629 arg1 analysis 631:638 thermal gravimetric analysis 611:638 thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 611:644 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 5 5 theme protein 834:840 arg1 contents 850:857 the protein and gum contents 830:857 the protein and gum contents 830:857 It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. 33187145 7 6 theme extracted 1258:1266 arg1 samples 1268:1274 the extracted samples 1254:1274 the extracted samples 1254:1274 The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. 33187145 6 7 theme polysaccharides 1142:1156 arg1 yield 1133:1137 the yield 1129:1137 the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins 1129:1178 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 3 8 theme time 371:374 arg1 function 359:366 a function 357:366 a function of time, protein content, gum yield 357:402 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 8 theme time 371:374 arg1 values 408:413 pH values 405:413 pH values 405:413 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 9 theme 13C 471:473 arg1 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 9 theme 13C 471:473 arg1 resonance 492:500 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance 464:500 resonance 492:500 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 6 10 theme ultrasonic 1065:1074 arg1 method 1096:1101 ultrasonic assisted extraction method 1065:1101 ultrasonic assisted extraction method 1065:1101 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 8 11 theme SEM 1298:1300 arg1 experiments 1302:1312 SEM experiments 1298:1312 SEM experiments 1298:1312 For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. 33187145 9 12 theme Supplementary 1463:1475 arg1 organization 1496:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization 1463:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization 1463:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 33187145 6 13 theme magnetic 1039:1046 arg1 method 1057:1062 traditional magnetic stirring method 1027:1062 traditional magnetic stirring method 1027:1062 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 7 14 theme molecules 1241:1249 arg1 increase 1222:1229 the increase 1218:1229 the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples 1218:1274 The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. 33187145 3 15 theme magnetic 483:490 arg1 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 15 theme magnetic 483:490 arg1 resonance 492:500 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance 464:500 resonance 492:500 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 1 16 theme flaxseed 166:173 arg1 composition 180:190 the flaxseed gums composition 162:190 the flaxseed gums composition 162:190 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 0 17 from Investigations 44:57 arg1 Composition 94:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Flaxseed Gum Composition 81:104 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 6 18 theme stirring 1048:1055 arg1 method 1057:1062 traditional magnetic stirring method 1027:1062 traditional magnetic stirring method 1027:1062 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 1 19 from influence 130:138 arg1 composition 180:190 the flaxseed gums composition 162:190 the flaxseed gums composition 162:190 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 1 19 from influence 130:138 arg1 stabilities 210:220 their thermal stabilities 196:220 their thermal stabilities 196:220 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 3 20 theme resonance 492:500 arg1 experiments 508:518 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments 464:518 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments 464:518 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 1 21 theme gums 175:178 arg1 composition 180:190 the flaxseed gums composition 162:190 the flaxseed gums composition 162:190 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 0 22 theme Magnetic 8:15 arg1 Resonance 17:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 4 23 theme lignan 793:798 arg1 derivatives 800:810 lignan derivatives 793:810 lignan derivatives 793:810 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 7 24 theme pH 1198:1199 arg1 variation 1185:1193 The variation 1181:1193 The variation of pH 1181:1199 The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. 33187145 5 25 theme extraction 877:886 arg1 duration 888:895 the extraction duration 873:895 the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction 873:959 It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. 33187145 3 26 theme gum 394:396 arg1 time 371:374 time 371:374 time 371:374 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 26 theme gum 394:396 arg1 yield 398:402 gum yield 394:402 gum yield 394:402 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 0 27 theme Nuclear 0:6 arg1 Resonance 17:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 9 28 theme structures 1600:1609 arg1 nature 1553:1558 the nature 1549:1558 the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1549:1609 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 33187145 2 29 theme stirring 296:303 arg1 method 305:310 classical magnetic stirring method 277:310 classical magnetic stirring method 277:310 In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). 33187145 9 30 theme molecular 1486:1494 arg1 organization 1496:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization 1463:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization 1463:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 33187145 6 31 theme lignans 1159:1165 arg1 yield 1133:1137 the yield 1129:1137 the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins 1129:1178 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 2 32 theme magnetic 287:294 arg1 method 305:310 classical magnetic stirring method 277:310 classical magnetic stirring method 277:310 In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). 33187145 8 33 theme lignan 1326:1331 arg1 derivatives 1333:1343 lignan derivatives 1326:1343 lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins 1326:1404 For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. 33187145 7 34 theme lignan 1234:1239 arg1 molecules 1241:1249 lignan molecules 1234:1249 lignan molecules 1234:1249 The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. 33187145 6 35 theme extraction 1085:1094 arg1 method 1096:1101 ultrasonic assisted extraction method 1065:1101 ultrasonic assisted extraction method 1065:1101 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 2 36 theme classical 277:285 arg1 method 305:310 classical magnetic stirring method 277:310 classical magnetic stirring method 277:310 In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). 33187145 1 37 theme thermal 202:208 arg1 stabilities 210:220 their thermal stabilities 196:220 their thermal stabilities 196:220 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 3 38 theme electron 540:547 arg1 SEM 561:563 SEM 561:563 SEM 561:563 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 38 theme electron 540:547 arg1 microscopy 549:558 scanning electron microscopy 531:558 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 531:564 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 0 39 theme Calorimetric 31:42 arg1 Investigations 44:57 Calorimetric Investigations 31:57 Calorimetric Investigations 31:57 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 3 40 theme differential 567:578 arg1 calorimetry 589:599 differential scanning calorimetry 567:599 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 567:605 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 40 theme differential 567:578 arg1 DSC 602:604 DSC 602:604 DSC 602:604 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 6 41 theme proteins 1171:1178 arg1 yield 1133:1137 the yield 1129:1137 the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins 1129:1178 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 7 42 from increase 1222:1229 arg1 samples 1268:1274 the extracted samples 1254:1274 the extracted samples 1254:1274 The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. 33187145 0 43 theme Extraction 62:71 arg1 Mode 73:76 Extraction Mode 62:76 Extraction Mode 62:76 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 3 44 theme scanning 580:587 arg1 calorimetry 589:599 differential scanning calorimetry 567:599 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 567:605 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 44 theme scanning 580:587 arg1 DSC 602:604 DSC 602:604 DSC 602:604 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 8 45 theme globular 1442:1449 arg1 aggregates 1451:1460 globular aggregates 1442:1460 globular aggregates 1442:1460 For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. 33187145 6 46 theme traditional 1027:1037 arg1 method 1057:1062 traditional magnetic stirring method 1027:1062 traditional magnetic stirring method 1027:1062 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 3 47 theme protein 377:383 arg1 time 371:374 time 371:374 time 371:374 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 47 theme protein 377:383 arg1 content 385:391 protein content 377:391 protein content 377:391 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 6 48 theme assisted 1076:1083 arg1 method 1096:1101 ultrasonic assisted extraction method 1065:1101 ultrasonic assisted extraction method 1065:1101 As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. 33187145 3 49 theme scanning 531:538 arg1 SEM 561:563 SEM 561:563 SEM 561:563 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 49 theme scanning 531:538 arg1 microscopy 549:558 scanning electron microscopy 531:558 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 531:564 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 5 50 theme gum 846:848 arg1 contents 850:857 the protein and gum contents 830:857 the protein and gum contents 830:857 It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. 33187145 5 51 theme traditional 938:948 arg1 extraction 950:959 the traditional extraction 934:959 the traditional extraction 934:959 It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. 33187145 9 52 theme amphiphilic 1567:1577 arg1 structures 1600:1609 the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1563:1609 the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1563:1609 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 33187145 3 53 theme thermal 611:617 arg1 TGA 641:643 TGA 641:643 TGA 641:643 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 53 theme thermal 611:617 arg1 analysis 631:638 thermal gravimetric analysis 611:638 thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 611:644 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 9 54 theme carbohydrate 1587:1598 arg1 structures 1600:1609 the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1563:1609 the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1563:1609 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 33187145 2 55 theme ultrasonic-assisted 316:334 arg1 extraction 336:345 ultrasonic-assisted extraction 316:345 ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) 316:351 In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). 33187145 2 55 theme ultrasonic-assisted 316:334 arg1 UAE 348:350 UAE 348:350 UAE 348:350 In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). 33187145 4 56 theme aqueous 677:683 arg1 solution 685:692 aqueous solution 677:692 aqueous solution 677:692 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 8 57 theme thermic 1281:1287 arg1 methods 1289:1295 thermic methods 1281:1295 thermic methods 1281:1295 For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. 33187145 2 58 theme flaxseed 242:249 arg1 gum 251:253 flaxseed gum 242:253 flaxseed gum 242:253 In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). 33187145 3 59 theme nuclear 475:481 arg1 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 NMR 503:505 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 59 theme nuclear 475:481 arg1 resonance 492:500 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance 464:500 resonance 492:500 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 4 60 theme flaxseed 651:658 arg1 gum 660:662 The flaxseed gum 647:662 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution 647:692 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 5 61 theme same 991:994 arg1 time 996:999 the same time 987:999 the same time 987:999 It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. 33187145 4 62 theme components 731:740 arg1 mixture 710:716 a mixture 708:716 a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives 708:810 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 9 63 theme rod-like 1477:1484 arg1 organization 1496:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization 1463:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization 1463:1507 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 33187145 1 64 theme extraction 143:152 arg1 mode 154:157 extraction mode 143:157 extraction mode 143:157 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 3 65 theme pH 405:406 arg1 function 359:366 a function 357:366 a function of time, protein content, gum yield 357:402 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 3 65 theme pH 405:406 arg1 values 408:413 pH values 405:413 pH values 405:413 As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 33187145 0 66 theme Mode 73:76 arg1 Resonance 17:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0:25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 0 66 theme Mode 73:76 arg1 Investigations 44:57 Calorimetric Investigations 31:57 Calorimetric Investigations 31:57 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. 33187145 8 67 theme aggregates 1451:1460 arg1 formation 1429:1437 the formation 1425:1437 the formation of globular aggregates 1425:1460 For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. 33187145 4 68 theme different 721:729 arg1 proteins 770:777 proteins 770:777 proteins 770:777 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 4 68 theme different 721:729 arg1 components 731:740 different components 721:740 different components 721:740 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 4 68 theme different 721:729 arg1 polysaccharides 753:767 polysaccharides 753:767 polysaccharides 753:767 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 4 68 theme different 721:729 arg1 derivatives 800:810 lignan derivatives 793:810 lignan derivatives 793:810 The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. 33187145 1 69 theme mode 154:157 arg1 influence 130:138 the influence 126:138 the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities 126:220 We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. 33187145 9 70 theme mesogen 1579:1585 arg1 structures 1600:1609 the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1563:1609 the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures 1563:1609 Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures. 32389740 11 0 theme microbiota 1719:1728 arg1 dysbiosis 1730:1738 microbiota dysbiosis 1719:1738 microbiota dysbiosis 1719:1738 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 3 1 theme intestine 299:307 arg1 dysfunction 309:319 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction 266:319 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction 266:319 MR-7 (MR-7) could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot. 32389740 7 2 theme LPS-induced 854:864 arg1 activation 866:875 LPS-induced activation 854:875 LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling 854:898 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 8 3 theme LMR 1059:1061 arg1 group 1063:1067 LMR group 1059:1067 LMR group 1059:1067 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 11 4 theme barrier 1695:1701 arg1 dysfunction 1703:1713 mucosal barrier dysfunction 1687:1713 mucosal barrier dysfunction 1687:1713 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 9 5 theme gene 1213:1216 arg1 expression 1218:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression 1182:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3) 1182:1284 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 6 theme expression 1218:1227 arg1 down-regulation 1163:1177 LPS-induced down-regulation 1151:1177 LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3) 1151:1284 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 7 theme protein-related 1197:1211 arg1 expression 1218:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression 1182:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3) 1182:1284 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 6 8 theme intestinal 765:774 arg1 villus 776:781 higher intestinal villus 758:781 higher intestinal villus 758:781 The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. 32389740 1 9 theme lipopolysaccharide-induced 60:85 arg1 dysfunction 97:107 lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction 60:107 lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction 60:107 MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 32389740 10 10 theme LPS-induced 1353:1363 arg1 changes 1365:1371 MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes 1325:1371 MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes 1325:1371 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 6 11 theme higher 758:763 arg1 villus 776:781 higher intestinal villus 758:781 higher intestinal villus 758:781 The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. 32389740 1 12 theme intestine 87:95 arg1 dysfunction 97:107 lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction 60:107 lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction 60:107 MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 32389740 10 13 theme Further 1287:1293 arg1 investigations 1295:1308 Further investigations 1287:1308 Further investigations 1287:1308 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 11 14 theme function 1620:1627 arg1 disorder 1629:1636 LPS-induced intestine function disorder 1598:1636 LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot 1598:1646 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 4 15 theme LPS 459:461 arg1 group 463:467 the LPS group 455:467 the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS 455:495 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 8 16 theme LPS 1048:1050 arg1 group 1052:1056 the LPS group 1044:1056 the LPS group 1044:1056 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 9 17 theme tight 1182:1186 arg1 expression 1218:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression 1182:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3) 1182:1284 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 4 18 dep Fish 332:335 arg1 weight 343:348 body weight 338:348 body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g 338:364 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 9 19 dep expression 1218:1227 arg1 occluden-1 1237:1246 zonula occluden-1 1230:1246 zonula occluden-1 1230:1246 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 19 dep expression 1218:1227 arg1 claudin-3 1275:1283 claudin-3 1275:1283 claudin-3 1275:1283 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 19 dep expression 1218:1227 arg1 tricellulin 1259:1269 tricellulin 1259:1269 tricellulin 1259:1269 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 19 dep expression 1218:1227 arg1 occludin 1249:1256 occludin 1249:1256 occludin 1249:1256 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 10 20 theme overall 1501:1507 arg1 balance 1520:1526 the overall microbiota balance 1497:1526 the overall microbiota balance 1497:1526 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 9 21 theme junction 1188:1195 arg1 expression 1218:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression 1182:1227 tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3) 1182:1284 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 11 22 theme mucosal 1687:1693 arg1 dysfunction 1703:1713 mucosal barrier dysfunction 1687:1713 mucosal barrier dysfunction 1687:1713 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 7 23 theme Further 807:813 arg1 results 815:821 Further results 807:821 Further results 807:821 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 7 24 theme expression 928:937 arg1 levels 939:944 the normal expression levels 917:944 the normal expression levels of cytokines 917:957 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 7 25 theme normal 921:926 arg1 levels 939:944 the normal expression levels 917:944 the normal expression levels of cytokines 917:957 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 8 26 theme goblet 1078:1083 arg1 cells 1085:1089 less goblet cells 1073:1089 less goblet cells 1073:1089 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 10 27 from changes 1365:1371 arg1 composition 1391:1401 gut microbiota composition 1376:1401 gut microbiota composition 1376:1401 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 10 28 theme bacteria 1428:1435 arg1 Lactobacillus 1437:1449 the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus 1413:1449 the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus 1413:1449 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 6 29 theme intestinal 731:740 arg1 injury 742:747 LPS-induced intestinal injury 719:747 LPS-induced intestinal injury 719:747 The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. 32389740 2 30 theme Shewanella 222:231 arg1 sp 233:234 commensal Shewanella sp 212:234 commensal Shewanella sp 212:234 This study was designed to evaluate whether the administration of commensal Shewanella sp. 32389740 0 31 theme Shewanella 28:37 arg1 sp 39:40 commensal Shewanella sp 18:40 commensal Shewanella sp 18:40 Administration of commensal Shewanella sp. 32389740 4 32 theme LMR 516:518 arg1 group 521:525 the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group 502:525 the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7 502:562 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 6 33 theme LPS-induced 719:729 arg1 injury 742:747 LPS-induced intestinal injury 719:747 LPS-induced intestinal injury 719:747 The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. 32389740 1 34 theme Scophthalmus 120:131 arg1 L 141:141 Scophthalmus maximus L. 120:142 Scophthalmus maximus L. 120:142 MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 32389740 1 34 theme Scophthalmus 120:131 arg1 turbot 112:117 turbot 112:117 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) 112:143 MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 32389740 9 35 theme LPS-induced 1151:1161 arg1 down-regulation 1163:1177 LPS-induced down-regulation 1151:1177 LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3) 1151:1284 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 10 36 theme microbiota 1509:1518 arg1 balance 1520:1526 the overall microbiota balance 1497:1526 the overall microbiota balance 1497:1526 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 0 37 theme commensal 18:26 arg1 sp 39:40 commensal Shewanella sp 18:40 commensal Shewanella sp 18:40 Administration of commensal Shewanella sp. 32389740 7 38 theme intestinal 986:995 arg1 response 1010:1017 the intestinal inflammatory response 982:1017 the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot 982:1027 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 10 39 theme beneficial 1417:1426 arg1 Lactobacillus 1437:1449 the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus 1413:1449 the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus 1413:1449 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 1 40 theme maximus 133:139 arg1 L 141:141 Scophthalmus maximus L. 120:142 Scophthalmus maximus L. 120:142 MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 32389740 1 40 theme maximus 133:139 arg1 turbot 112:117 turbot 112:117 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) 112:143 MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 32389740 4 41 dep weight 343:348 arg1 70.00 ± 2.00 g 351:364 70.00 ± 2.00 g 351:364 body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g 338:364 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 11 42 theme intestine 1610:1618 arg1 disorder 1629:1636 LPS-induced intestine function disorder 1598:1636 LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot 1598:1646 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 5 43 theme continuous 644:653 arg1 days 655:658 7 continuous days 642:658 7 continuous days 642:658 These three groups with 24 fish each were force-fed with 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days. 32389740 9 44 theme zonula 1230:1235 arg1 occluden-1 1237:1246 zonula occluden-1 1230:1246 zonula occluden-1 1230:1246 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 44 theme zonula 1230:1235 arg1 claudin-3 1275:1283 claudin-3 1275:1283 claudin-3 1275:1283 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 44 theme zonula 1230:1235 arg1 tricellulin 1259:1269 tricellulin 1259:1269 tricellulin 1259:1269 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 9 44 theme zonula 1230:1235 arg1 occludin 1249:1256 occludin 1249:1256 occludin 1249:1256 Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). 32389740 7 45 from response 1010:1017 arg1 turbot 1022:1027 turbot 1022:1027 turbot 1022:1027 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 0 46 theme sp 39:40 arg1 Administration 0:13 Administration 0:13 Administration of commensal Shewanella sp 0:40 Administration of commensal Shewanella sp. 32389740 11 47 theme LPS-induced 1598:1608 arg1 disorder 1629:1636 LPS-induced intestine function disorder 1598:1636 LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot 1598:1646 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 4 48 theme body 338:341 arg1 weight 343:348 body weight 338:348 body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g 338:364 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 11 49 from disorder 1629:1636 arg1 turbot 1641:1646 turbot 1641:1646 turbot 1641:1646 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 5 50 dep groups 577:582 arg1 each 597:600 each 597:600 each 597:600 These three groups with 24 fish each were force-fed with 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days. 32389740 10 51 theme counteracted 1340:1351 arg1 changes 1365:1371 MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes 1325:1371 MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes 1325:1371 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 5 52 theme 1 g 622:624 arg1 dough 626:630 1 g dough 622:630 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days 622:658 These three groups with 24 fish each were force-fed with 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days. 32389740 4 53 theme control 421:427 arg1 group 429:433 the control group 417:433 the control group treated with dough 417:452 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 2 54 theme sp 233:234 arg1 administration 194:207 the administration 190:207 the administration of commensal Shewanella sp 190:234 This study was designed to evaluate whether the administration of commensal Shewanella sp. 32389740 6 55 theme MR-7 687:690 arg1 administration 692:705 MR-7 administration 687:705 MR-7 administration 687:705 The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. 32389740 7 56 theme TLR-NF-κB 880:888 arg1 signaling 890:898 TLR-NF-κB signaling 880:898 TLR-NF-κB signaling 880:898 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 4 57 theme LPS+MR-7 506:513 arg1 group 521:525 the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group 502:525 the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7 502:562 Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. 32389740 3 58 theme -induced 290:297 arg1 dysfunction 309:319 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction 266:319 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction 266:319 MR-7 (MR-7) could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot. 32389740 2 59 theme commensal 212:220 arg1 sp 233:234 commensal Shewanella sp 212:234 commensal Shewanella sp 212:234 This study was designed to evaluate whether the administration of commensal Shewanella sp. 32389740 11 60 theme MR-7 1567:1570 arg1 administration 1549:1562 the administration 1545:1562 the administration of MR-7 1545:1570 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 7 61 theme cytokines 949:957 arg1 levels 939:944 the normal expression levels 917:944 the normal expression levels of cytokines 917:957 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 7 62 theme signaling 890:898 arg1 activation 866:875 LPS-induced activation 854:875 LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling 854:898 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 5 63 theme daily 632:636 arg1 dough 626:630 1 g dough 622:630 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days 622:658 These three groups with 24 fish each were force-fed with 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days. 32389740 6 64 theme microvillus 787:797 arg1 height 799:804 microvillus height 787:804 microvillus height 787:804 The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. 32389740 8 65 theme lower 1095:1099 arg1 level 1120:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 5 66 with groups 577:582 arg1 fish 592:595 24 fish 589:595 24 fish 589:595 These three groups with 24 fish each were force-fed with 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days. 32389740 8 67 theme expression 1109:1118 arg1 level 1120:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 7 68 theme inflammatory 997:1008 arg1 response 1010:1017 the intestinal inflammatory response 982:1017 the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot 982:1027 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 32389740 10 69 theme microbiota 1380:1389 arg1 composition 1391:1401 gut microbiota composition 1376:1401 gut microbiota composition 1376:1401 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 8 70 contain had 1069:1071 arg2 cells 1085:1089 less goblet cells 1073:1089 less goblet cells 1073:1089 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 8 70 contain had 1069:1071 arg1 group 1063:1067 LMR group 1059:1067 LMR group 1059:1067 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 8 70 contain had 1069:1071 arg2 level 1120:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 8 71 theme mucin-2 1101:1107 arg1 level 1120:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 lower mucin-2 expression level 1095:1124 Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. 32389740 10 72 theme gut 1376:1378 arg1 composition 1391:1401 gut microbiota composition 1376:1401 gut microbiota composition 1376:1401 Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. 32389740 11 73 theme inflammatory 1664:1675 arg1 response 1677:1684 inflammatory response 1664:1684 inflammatory response 1664:1684 Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. 32389740 7 74 dep inhibit 846:852 arg1 ameliorate 971:980 ameliorate 971:980 ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot 971:1027 Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. 34577024 0 0 from Characterization 17:32 arg1 Fluids 104:109 Culture Fluids 96:109 Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum 96:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 0 from Characterization 17:32 arg1 lucidum 126:132 Ganoderma lucidum 116:132 Ganoderma lucidum 116:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 1 theme Culture 96:102 arg1 Fluids 104:109 Culture Fluids 96:109 Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum 96:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 6 2 theme putative-bioactive 812:829 arg1 polysaccharides 831:845 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides 808:845 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides 808:845 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 0 3 theme Ganoderma 116:124 arg1 lucidum 126:132 Ganoderma lucidum 116:132 Ganoderma lucidum 116:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 4 from Purification 0:11 arg1 Fluids 104:109 Culture Fluids 96:109 Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum 96:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 4 from Purification 0:11 arg1 lucidum 126:132 Ganoderma lucidum 116:132 Ganoderma lucidum 116:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 5 5 theme bioactive 668:676 arg1 neither 693:699 neither 693:699 neither 693:699 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 5 5 theme bioactive 668:676 arg1 compounds 678:686 The bioactive compounds 664:686 The bioactive compounds 664:686 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 4 6 theme proteinase 609:618 arg1 sensitivity 620:630 proteinase sensitivity 609:630 proteinase sensitivity 609:630 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 8 7 theme bacterial 1134:1142 arg1 pathogens 1150:1158 bacterial plant pathogens 1134:1158 bacterial plant pathogens 1134:1158 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 5 8 theme heat 792:795 arg1 stability 797:805 heat stability 792:805 heat stability 792:805 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 3 9 theme antibacterial 372:384 arg1 activity 386:393 the antibacterial activity 368:393 the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum 368:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 4 10 theme heat 524:527 arg1 boiling 529:535 heat boiling 524:535 heat boiling 524:535 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 5 11 theme proteinase 767:776 arg1 digestion 778:786 proteinase digestion 767:786 proteinase digestion 767:786 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 1 12 theme medicinal 193:201 arg1 applications 203:214 its medicinal applications 189:214 its medicinal applications 189:214 Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum have focused on its medicinal applications. 34577024 8 13 theme small 1067:1071 arg1 polysaccharides 1073:1087 small polysaccharides 1067:1087 small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens 1067:1158 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 3 14 theme lucidum 455:461 arg1 fluids 442:447 culture fluids 434:447 culture fluids of G. lucidum 434:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 4 15 theme exclusion 577:585 arg1 GEC 603:605 GEC 603:605 GEC 603:605 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 4 15 theme exclusion 577:585 arg1 chromatography 587:600 gel exclusion chromatography 573:600 gel exclusion chromatography (GEC) 573:606 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 6 16 from Daltons 899:905 arg1 weights 862:868 molecular weights 852:868 molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons 852:905 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 3 17 theme plant 403:407 arg1 bacteria 420:427 plant pathogenic bacteria 403:427 plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum 403:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 4 18 theme gel 573:575 arg1 GEC 603:605 GEC 603:605 GEC 603:605 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 4 18 theme gel 573:575 arg1 chromatography 587:600 gel exclusion chromatography 573:600 gel exclusion chromatography (GEC) 573:606 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 3 19 theme pathogenic 409:418 arg1 bacteria 420:427 plant pathogenic bacteria 403:427 plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum 403:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 8 20 theme polysaccharides 1073:1087 arg1 report 1057:1062 the first report 1047:1062 the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens 1047:1158 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 8 20 theme polysaccharides 1073:1087 arg1 This 1039:1042 This 1039:1042 This 1039:1042 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 5 21 from proteic 739:745 arg1 nature 750:755 nature 750:755 nature 750:755 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 6 22 theme dialysis 924:931 arg1 tubing 933:938 dialysis tubing 924:938 dialysis tubing 924:938 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 0 23 theme Activity 51:58 arg1 Characterization 17:32 Characterization 17:32 Characterization 17:32 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 23 theme Activity 51:58 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 8 24 theme G. 1101:1102 arg1 lucidum 1104:1110 G. lucidum 1101:1110 G. lucidum 1101:1110 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 3 25 theme G. 452:453 arg1 lucidum 455:461 G. lucidum 452:461 G. lucidum 452:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 4 26 theme dialysis 556:563 arg1 tubing 565:570 dialysis tubing 556:570 dialysis tubing 556:570 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 0 27 theme Antibacterial 37:49 arg1 Activity 51:58 Antibacterial Activity 37:58 Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria 37:91 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 3 28 from fluids 442:447 arg1 bacteria 420:427 plant pathogenic bacteria 403:427 plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum 403:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 2 29 theme antibacterial 260:272 arg1 activity 274:281 its antibacterial activity 256:281 its antibacterial activity against plant pathogens 256:305 Limited information is available about its antibacterial activity against plant pathogens. 34577024 8 30 theme first 1051:1055 arg1 report 1057:1062 the first report 1047:1062 the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens 1047:1158 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 8 30 theme first 1051:1055 arg1 This 1039:1042 This 1039:1042 This 1039:1042 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 5 31 dep neither 693:699 arg1 lipid 701:705 lipid 701:705 lipid 701:705 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 0 32 theme Phytopathogenic 68:82 arg1 Bacteria 84:91 Phytopathogenic Bacteria 68:91 Phytopathogenic Bacteria 68:91 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 6 33 theme APCI-MS 949:955 arg1 analysis 957:964 APCI-MS analysis 949:964 APCI-MS analysis 949:964 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 3 34 theme study 331:335 arg1 goal 318:321 the goal 314:321 the goal of this study 314:335 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 4 35 theme bioactive 482:490 arg1 components 492:501 the bioactive components 478:501 the bioactive components 478:501 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 1 36 theme Previous 135:142 arg1 studies 144:150 Previous studies 135:150 Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum 135:171 Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum have focused on its medicinal applications. 34577024 4 37 theme organic 538:544 arg1 solvents 546:553 organic solvents 538:553 organic solvents 538:553 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 6 38 theme molecular 852:860 arg1 weights 862:868 molecular weights 852:868 molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons 852:905 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 4 39 theme components 492:501 arg1 nature 468:473 The nature 464:473 The nature of the bioactive components 464:501 The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. 34577024 0 40 from lucidum 126:132 arg1 Characterization 17:32 Characterization 17:32 Characterization 17:32 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 40 from lucidum 126:132 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 0 40 from lucidum 126:132 arg1 Fluids 104:109 Culture Fluids 96:109 Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum 96:132 Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. 34577024 6 41 dep 4500 894:897 arg1 to 891:892 to 891:892 to 891:892 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 5 42 from nature 750:755 arg1 proteic 739:745 proteic 739:745 proteic 739:745 The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. 34577024 7 43 theme antibacterial 990:1002 arg1 compounds 1004:1012 the antibacterial compounds 986:1012 the antibacterial compounds 986:1012 The composition of the antibacterial compounds was determined by GC-MS. 34577024 1 44 theme Ganoderma 155:163 arg1 lucidum 165:171 Ganoderma lucidum 155:171 Ganoderma lucidum 155:171 Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum have focused on its medicinal applications. 34577024 8 45 theme plant 1144:1148 arg1 pathogens 1150:1158 bacterial plant pathogens 1134:1158 bacterial plant pathogens 1134:1158 This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens. 34577024 2 46 theme Limited 217:223 arg1 information 225:235 Limited information 217:235 Limited information 217:235 Limited information is available about its antibacterial activity against plant pathogens. 34577024 2 47 theme plant 291:295 arg1 pathogens 297:305 plant pathogens 291:305 plant pathogens 291:305 Limited information is available about its antibacterial activity against plant pathogens. 34577024 7 48 theme compounds 1004:1012 arg1 composition 971:981 The composition 967:981 The composition of the antibacterial compounds 967:1012 The composition of the antibacterial compounds was determined by GC-MS. 34577024 1 49 theme lucidum 165:171 arg1 studies 144:150 Previous studies 135:150 Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum 135:171 Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum have focused on its medicinal applications. 34577024 3 50 theme culture 434:440 arg1 fluids 442:447 culture fluids 434:447 culture fluids of G. lucidum 434:461 Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. 34577024 6 51 contain have 847:850 arg1 polysaccharides 831:845 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides 808:845 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides 808:845 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 34577024 6 51 contain have 847:850 arg2 weights 862:868 molecular weights 852:868 molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons 852:905 The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. 32629760 3 0 from cohort 446:451 arg1 Netherlands 460:470 the Netherlands 456:470 the Netherlands 456:470 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 11 1 with associations 1483:1494 arg1 concentrations 1615:1628 lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1593:1628 lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1593:1628 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 11 1 with associations 1483:1494 arg1 triglyceride 1576:1587 higher triglyceride 1569:1587 higher triglyceride 1569:1587 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 3 2 theme carbohydrate 310:321 arg1 intake 323:328 carbohydrate intake 310:328 carbohydrate intake 310:328 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 0 3 from Intake 13:18 arg1 Childhood 29:37 Early Childhood 23:37 Early Childhood 23:37 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 0 3 from Intake 13:18 arg1 Composition 48:58 Body Composition 43:58 Body Composition 43:58 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 9 4 theme per 1247:1249 arg1 g/d 1254:1256 0.02 SDS per 10 g/d 1238:1256 0.02 SDS per 10 g/d 1238:1256 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 5 5 theme years 722:726 arg1 ages 705:708 their ages 699:708 their ages of 1 and 10 years 699:726 We repeatedly measured children's height and weight to calculate BMI between their ages of 1 and 10 years. 32629760 8 6 theme linear 999:1004 arg1 models 1012:1017 multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models 976:1017 multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models 976:1017 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 7 7 theme sexspecific 950:960 arg1 SD-scores 962:970 sexspecific SD-scores 950:970 sexspecific SD-scores 950:970 For all outcomes, we calculated age and sexspecific SD-scores. 32629760 9 8 theme monosaccharides 1148:1162 arg1 intake 1138:1143 A higher intake 1129:1143 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides 1129:1180 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 4 9 theme food-frequency 592:605 arg1 questionnaire 607:619 a food-frequency questionnaire 590:619 a food-frequency questionnaire 590:619 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 3 10 theme body 352:355 arg1 composition 357:367 body composition 352:367 body composition 352:367 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 6 11 theme insulin 887:893 arg1 concentrations 837:850 blood concentrations 831:850 blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin 831:893 At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. 32629760 10 12 theme % 1387:1387 arg1 CI 1389:1390 -0.03 SDS, 95% CI 1374:1390 CI 1389:1390 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 8 13 theme multivariable-adjusted 976:997 arg1 models 1012:1017 multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models 976:1017 multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models 976:1017 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 11 14 theme monosaccharide 1506:1519 arg1 intake 1538:1543 higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1499:1543 higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood 1499:1562 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 9 15 dep g/d 1254:1256 arg1 0.04 1273:1276 0.04 1273:1276 0.04 1273:1276 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 9 15 dep g/d 1254:1256 arg1 % 1261:1261 95% CI: 0.01 1259:1270 95% CI: 0.01 1259:1270 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 0 16 theme Generation 99:108 arg1 Study 112:116 the Generation R Study 95:116 the Generation R Study 95:116 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 8 17 theme intake 1048:1053 arg1 associations 1032:1043 no associations 1029:1043 no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition 1029:1126 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 1 18 from intake 130:135 arg1 childhood 140:148 childhood 140:148 childhood 140:148 High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. 32629760 3 19 theme population-based 429:444 arg1 cohort 446:451 a population-based cohort 427:451 a population-based cohort in the Netherlands 427:470 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 3 20 theme subtypes 338:345 arg1 associations 294:305 associations 294:305 associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands 294:470 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 4 21 theme carbohydrate 489:500 arg1 Intake 473:478 Intake 473:478 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year 473:570 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 9 22 theme higher 1202:1207 arg1 concentrations 1222:1235 higher triglyceride concentrations 1202:1235 higher triglyceride concentrations 1202:1235 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 6 23 theme fat-free 761:768 arg1 mass 770:773 fat-free mass 761:773 fat-free mass 761:773 At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. 32629760 2 24 theme metabolic 249:257 arg1 health 259:264 metabolic health 249:264 metabolic health 249:264 However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. 32629760 10 25 dep associated 1335:1344 arg1 CI 1389:1390 -0.03 SDS, 95% CI 1374:1390 CI 1389:1390 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 11 26 theme disaccharide 1525:1536 arg1 intake 1538:1543 higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1499:1543 higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood 1499:1562 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 3 27 theme metabolic 373:381 arg1 health 383:388 metabolic health 373:388 metabolic health 373:388 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 4 28 theme total 483:487 arg1 carbohydrate 489:500 total carbohydrate 483:500 total carbohydrate 483:500 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 8 29 theme carbohydrates 1058:1070 arg1 intake 1048:1053 intake 1048:1053 intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition 1048:1126 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 0 30 theme Metabolic 64:72 arg1 Health 74:79 Metabolic Health 64:79 Metabolic Health 64:79 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 11 31 theme intake 1538:1543 arg1 associations 1483:1494 associations 1483:1494 associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1483:1628 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 0 32 theme Carbohydrate 0:11 arg1 Intake 13:18 Carbohydrate Intake 0:18 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 0:117 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 2 33 with role 191:194 arg1 health 259:264 metabolic health 249:264 metabolic health 249:264 However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. 32629760 9 34 theme triglyceride 1209:1220 arg1 concentrations 1222:1235 higher triglyceride concentrations 1202:1235 higher triglyceride concentrations 1202:1235 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 8 35 with carbohydrates 1058:1070 arg1 BMI 1104:1106 children's BMI 1093:1106 children's BMI 1093:1106 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 8 35 with carbohydrates 1058:1070 arg1 composition 1116:1126 body composition 1111:1126 body composition 1111:1126 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 3 36 with associations 294:305 arg1 composition 357:367 body composition 352:367 body composition 352:367 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 3 36 with associations 294:305 arg1 health 383:388 metabolic health 373:388 metabolic health 373:388 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 0 37 theme Early 23:27 arg1 Childhood 29:37 Early Childhood 23:37 Early Childhood 23:37 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 4 38 theme age 561:563 arg1 year 567:570 age 1 year 561:570 age 1 year 561:570 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 11 39 theme higher 1499:1504 arg1 intake 1538:1543 higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1499:1543 higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood 1499:1562 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 11 40 with associations 1650:1661 arg1 composition 1673:1683 body composition 1668:1683 body composition 1668:1683 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 0 41 theme R 110:110 arg1 Study 112:116 the Generation R Study 95:116 the Generation R Study 95:116 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 11 42 from associations 1483:1494 arg1 childhood 1554:1562 early childhood 1548:1562 early childhood 1548:1562 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 11 43 from intake 1538:1543 arg1 childhood 1554:1562 early childhood 1548:1562 early childhood 1548:1562 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 10 44 dep CI 1389:1390 arg1 -0.01 1400:1404 -0.01 1400:1404 -0.01 1400:1404 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 10 44 dep CI 1389:1390 arg1 -0.04 1393:1397 -0.04 1393:1397 -0.04 1393:1397 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 6 45 theme triglycerides 855:867 arg1 concentrations 837:850 blood concentrations 831:850 blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin 831:893 At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. 32629760 2 46 theme macronutrient 199:211 arg1 substitutions 213:225 macronutrient substitutions 199:225 macronutrient substitutions 199:225 However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. 32629760 11 47 from childhood 1554:1562 arg1 associations 1483:1494 associations 1483:1494 associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1483:1628 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 8 48 theme subtypes 1079:1086 arg1 intake 1048:1053 intake 1048:1053 intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition 1048:1126 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 9 49 theme SDS 1243:1245 arg1 g/d 1254:1256 0.02 SDS per 10 g/d 1238:1256 0.02 SDS per 10 g/d 1238:1256 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 10 50 theme disaccharide 1306:1317 arg1 intake 1319:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1280:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1280:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 4 51 theme polysaccharides 542:556 arg1 Intake 473:478 Intake 473:478 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year 473:570 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 1 52 attach linked 159:164 arg2 intake 130:135 High sugar intake 119:135 High sugar intake in childhood 119:148 High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. 32629760 1 52 attach linked 159:164 arg1 obesity 169:175 obesity 169:175 obesity 169:175 High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. 32629760 11 53 theme early 1548:1552 arg1 childhood 1554:1562 early childhood 1548:1562 early childhood 1548:1562 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 11 54 theme lower 1593:1597 arg1 concentrations 1615:1628 lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1593:1628 lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1593:1628 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 0 55 theme Body 43:46 arg1 Composition 48:58 Body Composition 43:58 Body Composition 43:58 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 9 56 theme higher 1131:1136 arg1 intake 1138:1143 A higher intake 1129:1143 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides 1129:1180 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 11 57 theme HDL-cholesterol 1599:1613 arg1 concentrations 1615:1628 lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1593:1628 lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations 1593:1628 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 6 58 theme blood 831:835 arg1 concentrations 837:850 blood concentrations 831:850 blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin 831:893 At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. 32629760 10 59 theme SDS 1380:1382 arg1 CI 1389:1390 -0.03 SDS, 95% CI 1374:1390 CI 1389:1390 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 10 60 theme monosaccharide 1287:1300 arg1 intake 1319:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1280:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1280:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 6 61 theme cholesterol 870:880 arg1 concentrations 837:850 blood concentrations 831:850 blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin 831:893 At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. 32629760 2 62 with associations 231:242 arg1 health 259:264 metabolic health 249:264 metabolic health 249:264 However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. 32629760 11 63 theme body 1668:1671 arg1 composition 1673:1683 body composition 1668:1683 body composition 1668:1683 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 8 64 theme mixed 1006:1010 arg1 models 1012:1017 multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models 976:1017 multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models 976:1017 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 9 65 theme disaccharides 1168:1180 arg1 intake 1138:1143 A higher intake 1129:1143 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides 1129:1180 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 10 66 theme lower 1351:1355 arg1 HDL-cholesterol 1357:1371 lower HDL-cholesterol 1351:1371 lower HDL-cholesterol 1351:1371 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 8 67 with subtypes 1079:1086 arg1 BMI 1104:1106 children's BMI 1093:1106 children's BMI 1093:1106 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 8 67 with subtypes 1079:1086 arg1 composition 1116:1126 body composition 1111:1126 body composition 1111:1126 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 10 68 theme Higher 1280:1285 arg1 intake 1319:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1280:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake 1280:1324 Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.03 SDS, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. 32629760 4 69 from year 567:570 arg1 Intake 473:478 Intake 473:478 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year 473:570 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 5 70 dep children 645:652 arg1 weight 667:672 weight 667:672 weight 667:672 We repeatedly measured children's height and weight to calculate BMI between their ages of 1 and 10 years. 32629760 5 70 dep children 645:652 arg1 height 656:661 height 656:661 height 656:661 We repeatedly measured children's height and weight to calculate BMI between their ages of 1 and 10 years. 32629760 5 70 dep children 645:652 arg1 children 645:652 children's height and weight 645:672 children's height and weight 645:672 We repeatedly measured children's height and weight to calculate BMI between their ages of 1 and 10 years. 32629760 1 71 theme High 119:122 arg1 intake 130:135 High sugar intake 119:135 High sugar intake in childhood 119:148 High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. 32629760 3 72 theme intake 323:328 arg1 associations 294:305 associations 294:305 associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands 294:470 We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. 32629760 6 73 theme dual-energy 794:804 arg1 X-ray-absorptiometry 806:825 dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry 794:825 dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry 794:825 At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. 32629760 0 74 dep Intake 13:18 arg1 Results 82:88 Results 82:88 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 0:117 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 11 75 theme higher 1569:1574 arg1 triglyceride 1576:1587 higher triglyceride 1569:1587 higher triglyceride 1569:1587 Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition. 32629760 1 76 theme sugar 124:128 arg1 intake 130:135 High sugar intake 119:135 High sugar intake in childhood 119:148 High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. 32629760 9 77 dep associated 1186:1195 arg1 g/d 1254:1256 0.02 SDS per 10 g/d 1238:1256 0.02 SDS per 10 g/d 1238:1256 A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/d, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). 32629760 0 78 from Study 112:116 arg1 Results 82:88 Results 82:88 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 0:117 Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. 32629760 8 79 theme body 1111:1114 arg1 composition 1116:1126 body composition 1111:1126 body composition 1111:1126 In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children's BMI or body composition. 32629760 4 80 theme monosaccharides 503:517 arg1 Intake 473:478 Intake 473:478 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year 473:570 Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. 32629760 2 81 theme substitutions 213:225 arg1 associations 231:242 associations 231:242 associations with metabolic health 231:264 However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. 32629760 2 81 theme substitutions 213:225 arg1 role 191:194 the role 187:194 the role of macronutrient substitutions 187:225 However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. 33593543 1 0 theme intensive 173:181 arg1 interest 183:190 intensive interest 173:190 intensive interest 173:190 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 6 1 theme alcohol 1131:1137 arg1 introduction 1105:1116 the introduction 1101:1116 the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase 1101:1169 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 3 2 theme Schiff 561:566 arg1 reaction 573:580 Schiff base reaction 561:580 Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment 561:673 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 6 3 theme continuous 1154:1163 arg1 phase 1165:1169 the continuous phase 1150:1169 the continuous phase 1150:1169 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 5 4 theme 100 945:947 arg1 mM 949:950 mM 949:950 mM 949:950 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 4 5 theme rapeseed 804:811 arg1 oil 813:815 edible rapeseed oil 797:815 edible rapeseed oil 797:815 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 6 6 theme cyclohexane-in-water 1045:1064 arg1 HIPPEs 1066:1071 freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs 1031:1071 freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase 1031:1169 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 4 7 theme edible 797:802 arg1 oil 813:815 edible rapeseed oil 797:815 edible rapeseed oil 797:815 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 3 8 with reaction 573:580 arg1 assistance 635:644 the assistance 631:644 the assistance of ultrasonication treatment 631:673 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 5 9 theme mM 949:950 arg1 solutions 965:973 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 935:973 80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 928:973 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 6 10 theme freeze-drying 1031:1043 arg1 HIPPEs 1066:1071 freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs 1031:1071 freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase 1031:1169 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 5 11 theme high 875:878 arg1 stability 880:888 high stability 875:888 high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions) 875:974 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 2 12 theme poor 292:295 arg1 biodegradability 297:312 biodegradability 297:312 biodegradability 297:312 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 5 13 theme 20 935:936 arg1 mM 938:939 mM 938:939 mM 938:939 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 3 14 theme dialdehyde 477:486 arg1 nanoparticles 517:529 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 477:529 namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs) 470:539 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 14 theme dialdehyde 477:486 arg1 kind 438:441 a kind 436:441 a kind of biobased nanoparticles 436:467 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 14 theme dialdehyde 477:486 arg1 DAPCNPs 532:538 DAPCNPs 532:538 DAPCNPs 532:538 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 5 15 theme aqueous 952:958 arg1 solutions 965:973 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 935:973 80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 928:973 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 5 16 theme resultant 832:840 arg1 HIPPEs 861:866 the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs 828:866 the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs 828:866 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 3 17 theme dialdehyde 590:599 arg1 amylopectin 601:611 dialdehyde amylopectin 590:611 dialdehyde amylopectin 590:611 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 18 theme amylopectin/chitosan 488:507 arg1 nanoparticles 517:529 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 477:529 namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs) 470:539 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 18 theme amylopectin/chitosan 488:507 arg1 kind 438:441 a kind 436:441 a kind of biobased nanoparticles 436:467 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 18 theme amylopectin/chitosan 488:507 arg1 DAPCNPs 532:538 DAPCNPs 532:538 DAPCNPs 532:538 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 0 19 theme internal 5:12 arg1 emulsions 30:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 1 20 theme High 109:112 arg1 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 20 theme High 109:112 arg1 emulsions 139:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 109:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) 109:156 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 21 theme great 202:206 arg1 potential 208:216 their great potential 196:216 their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications 196:265 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 0 22 theme High 0:3 arg1 emulsions 30:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 7 23 theme polysaccharides-based 1224:1244 arg1 nanoparticles 1246:1258 polysaccharides-based nanoparticles 1224:1258 polysaccharides-based nanoparticles 1224:1258 These findings would give inspiration for designing polysaccharides-based nanoparticles to stabilize HIPPEs and improve their practical applications. 33593543 2 24 theme inorganic 338:346 arg1 emulsifiers 374:384 inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers 338:384 inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers 338:384 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 4 25 theme various 741:747 arg1 styrene 785:791 styrene 785:791 styrene 785:791 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 4 25 theme various 741:747 arg1 cyclohexane 772:782 cyclohexane 772:782 cyclohexane 772:782 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 4 25 theme various 741:747 arg1 toluene 763:769 toluene 763:769 toluene 763:769 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 4 25 theme various 741:747 arg1 oil 813:815 edible rapeseed oil 797:815 edible rapeseed oil 797:815 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 4 25 theme various 741:747 arg1 oils 749:752 various oils 741:752 various oils 741:752 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 0 26 theme Pickering 20:28 arg1 emulsions 30:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 1 27 theme phase 123:127 arg1 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 27 theme phase 123:127 arg1 emulsions 139:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 109:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) 109:156 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 5 28 theme environmental 904:916 arg1 stresses 918:925 various environmental stresses 896:925 various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions) 896:974 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 1 29 theme internal 114:121 arg1 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 29 theme internal 114:121 arg1 emulsions 139:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 109:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) 109:156 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 30 theme Pickering 129:137 arg1 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 HIPPEs 150:155 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 30 theme Pickering 129:137 arg1 emulsions 139:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 109:147 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) 109:156 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 6 31 theme polyvinyl 1121:1129 arg1 PVA 1140:1142 PVA 1140:1142 PVA 1140:1142 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 6 31 theme polyvinyl 1121:1129 arg1 alcohol 1131:1137 polyvinyl alcohol 1121:1137 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 1121:1143 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 3 32 theme biobased 446:453 arg1 nanoparticles 455:467 biobased nanoparticles 446:467 biobased nanoparticles 446:467 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 4 33 theme O/W 725:727 arg1 HIPPEs 729:734 O/W HIPPEs 725:734 O/W HIPPEs 725:734 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 3 34 theme treatment 665:673 arg1 assistance 635:644 the assistance 631:644 the assistance of ultrasonication treatment 631:673 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 5 35 theme mM 938:939 arg1 solutions 965:973 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 935:973 80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 928:973 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 3 36 theme complex 509:515 arg1 nanoparticles 517:529 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 477:529 namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs) 470:539 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 36 theme complex 509:515 arg1 kind 438:441 a kind 436:441 a kind of biobased nanoparticles 436:467 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 36 theme complex 509:515 arg1 DAPCNPs 532:538 DAPCNPs 532:538 DAPCNPs 532:538 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 37 theme nanoparticles 455:467 arg1 nanoparticles 517:529 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 477:529 namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs) 470:539 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 3 37 theme nanoparticles 455:467 arg1 kind 438:441 a kind 436:441 a kind of biobased nanoparticles 436:467 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 5 38 theme DAPCNPs-stabilized 842:859 arg1 HIPPEs 861:866 the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs 828:866 the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs 828:866 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 0 39 theme dialdehyde 54:63 arg1 nanoparticles 94:106 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 54:106 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 54:106 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 6 40 theme porous 990:995 arg1 scaffolds 997:1005 porous scaffolds 990:1005 porous scaffolds 990:1005 Furthermore, porous scaffolds were also fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane-in-water HIPPEs stabilized by DAPCNPs after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the continuous phase. 33593543 5 41 dep °C 931:932 arg1 solutions 965:973 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 935:973 80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 928:973 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 5 42 theme NaCl 960:963 arg1 solutions 965:973 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 935:973 80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 928:973 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 3 43 theme ultrasonication 649:663 arg1 treatment 665:673 ultrasonication treatment 649:673 ultrasonication treatment 649:673 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 2 44 theme emulsifiers 374:384 arg1 biodegradability 297:312 biodegradability 297:312 biodegradability 297:312 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 2 44 theme emulsifiers 374:384 arg1 biocompatibility 318:333 biocompatibility 318:333 biocompatibility 318:333 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 5 45 dep stresses 918:925 arg1 °C 931:932 80 °C 928:932 80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions 928:973 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 2 46 theme particulate 362:372 arg1 emulsifiers 374:384 inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers 338:384 inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers 338:384 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 4 47 theme resultant 680:688 arg1 DAPCNPs 690:696 The resultant DAPCNPs 676:696 The resultant DAPCNPs 676:696 The resultant DAPCNPs were employed to stabilize O/W HIPPEs with various oils, such as toluene, cyclohexane, styrene and edible rapeseed oil. 33593543 5 48 theme various 896:902 arg1 stresses 918:925 various environmental stresses 896:925 various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions) 896:974 Moreover, the resultant DAPCNPs-stabilized HIPPEs showed high stability under various environmental stresses (80 °C; 20 mM and 100 mM aqueous NaCl solutions). 33593543 2 49 theme synthetic 352:360 arg1 emulsifiers 374:384 inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers 338:384 inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers 338:384 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 0 50 theme complex 86:92 arg1 nanoparticles 94:106 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 54:106 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 54:106 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 1 51 from potential 208:216 arg1 foods 221:225 foods 221:225 foods 221:225 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 51 from potential 208:216 arg1 applications 254:265 biomedical applications 243:265 biomedical applications 243:265 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 1 51 from potential 208:216 arg1 cosmetics 228:236 cosmetics 228:236 cosmetics 228:236 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 3 52 theme base 568:571 arg1 reaction 573:580 Schiff base reaction 561:580 Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment 561:673 Here, a kind of biobased nanoparticles, namely dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles (DAPCNPs), were fabricated by Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde amylopectin and chitosan with the assistance of ultrasonication treatment. 33593543 1 53 theme biomedical 243:252 arg1 applications 254:265 biomedical applications 243:265 biomedical applications 243:265 High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) have attracted intensive interest for their great potential in foods, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. 33593543 0 54 theme amylopectin/chitosan 65:84 arg1 nanoparticles 94:106 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 54:106 dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles 54:106 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 0 55 theme phase 14:18 arg1 emulsions 30:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions 0:38 High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by dialdehyde amylopectin/chitosan complex nanoparticles. 33593543 2 56 theme practical 406:414 arg1 applications 416:427 their practical applications 400:427 their practical applications 400:427 However, the relatively poor biodegradability and biocompatibility of inorganic and synthetic particulate emulsifiers greatly limit their practical applications. 33593543 7 57 theme practical 1298:1306 arg1 applications 1308:1319 their practical applications 1292:1319 their practical applications 1292:1319 These findings would give inspiration for designing polysaccharides-based nanoparticles to stabilize HIPPEs and improve their practical applications. 32587515 4 0 theme composition 720:730 arg1 alteration 691:700 the alteration 687:700 the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function 687:743 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 9 1 theme metabolomic 1373:1383 arg1 changes 1385:1391 significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes 1345:1391 significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes 1345:1391 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 1 2 theme multiple 186:193 arg1 benefits 195:202 multiple benefits 186:202 multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity 186:293 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 5 3 theme species 761:767 arg1 total 748:752 A total 746:752 A total of 188 species, which mainly from Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla, and 36 metabolites 746:874 A total of 188 species, which mainly from Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla, and 36 metabolites were markedly changed by HFD and revered by APS. 32587515 0 4 theme Polysaccharides 76:90 arg1 Effect 55:60 the Effect 51:60 the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 51:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 9 5 link herb-derived 1545:1556 arg1 polysaccharides 1558:1572 herb-derived polysaccharides 1545:1572 herb-derived polysaccharides 1545:1572 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 4 6 theme microbiota 709:718 arg1 composition 720:730 gut microbiota composition 705:730 gut microbiota composition 705:730 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 9 7 theme gut 1476:1478 arg1 species 1490:1496 gut microbial species 1476:1496 gut microbial species 1476:1496 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 0 8 theme High-Fat 107:114 arg1 Disorders 139:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 2 9 theme underlying 309:318 arg1 mechanisms 320:329 the underlying mechanisms 305:329 the underlying mechanisms 305:329 However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. 32587515 2 9 theme underlying 309:318 arg1 unknown 343:349 unknown 343:349 unknown 343:349 However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. 32587515 6 10 theme metabolite 1063:1072 arg1 analysis 1093:1100 metabolite pathway enrichment analysis 1063:1100 metabolite pathway enrichment analysis 1063:1100 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 9 11 theme microbial 1480:1488 arg1 species 1490:1496 gut microbial species 1476:1496 gut microbial species 1476:1496 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 0 12 theme Alleviating 95:105 arg1 Disorders 139:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 0 13 from Effect 55:60 arg1 Disorders 139:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 3 14 theme microbial 493:501 arg1 profile 503:509 gut microbial profile 489:509 gut microbial profile 489:509 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 9 15 theme APS 1415:1417 arg1 intervention 1419:1430 APS intervention 1415:1430 APS intervention 1415:1430 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 9 16 theme gut 1588:1590 arg1 microbiome 1592:1601 gut microbiome and host metabolism 1588:1621 microbiome 1592:1601 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 0 17 theme Metabolic 129:137 arg1 Disorders 139:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 9 18 theme polysaccharides 1558:1572 arg1 mechanisms 1531:1540 mechanisms 1531:1540 mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides 1531:1572 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 7 19 theme microbial 1124:1132 arg1 alteration 1134:1143 the gut microbial alteration 1116:1143 the gut microbial alteration 1116:1143 Furthermore, the gut microbial alteration was associated with the changes of key intestinal metabolites. 32587515 5 20 theme metabolites 864:874 arg1 total 748:752 A total 746:752 A total of 188 species, which mainly from Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla, and 36 metabolites 746:874 A total of 188 species, which mainly from Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla, and 36 metabolites were markedly changed by HFD and revered by APS. 32587515 0 21 theme Diet-Induced 116:127 arg1 Disorders 139:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 1 22 contain possess 178:184 arg2 benefits 195:202 multiple benefits 186:202 multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity 186:293 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 22 contain possess 178:184 arg1 polysaccharides 162:176 Most herbal polysaccharides 150:176 Most herbal polysaccharides 150:176 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 3 23 theme high-fat 399:406 arg1 HFD 414:416 HFD 414:416 HFD 414:416 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 3 23 theme high-fat 399:406 arg1 diet 408:411 high-fat diet 399:411 high-fat diet (HFD) 399:417 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 1 24 theme metabolic 212:220 arg1 disorders 222:230 metabolic disorders 212:230 metabolic disorders 212:230 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 24 theme metabolic 212:220 arg1 obesity 287:293 obesity 287:293 obesity 287:293 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 24 theme metabolic 212:220 arg1 disease 267:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 241:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 241:281 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 0 25 theme Metagenomic 11:21 arg1 Analyses 39:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses 0:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 0:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 0 26 from Analyses 39:46 arg1 Disorders 139:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 95:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 9 27 theme host 1607:1610 arg1 metabolism 1612:1621 gut microbiome and host metabolism 1588:1621 metabolism 1612:1621 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 9 28 theme metabolic 1652:1660 arg1 disorders 1662:1670 metabolic disorders 1652:1670 metabolic disorders 1652:1670 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 9 29 theme metagenomic 1357:1367 arg1 changes 1385:1391 significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes 1345:1391 significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes 1345:1391 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 0 30 theme Integrated 0:9 arg1 Analyses 39:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses 0:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 0:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 6 31 theme metabolism 985:994 arg1 pathways 996:1003 the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways 939:1003 the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways 939:1003 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 7 32 theme gut 1120:1122 arg1 alteration 1134:1143 the gut microbial alteration 1116:1143 the gut microbial alteration 1116:1143 Furthermore, the gut microbial alteration was associated with the changes of key intestinal metabolites. 32587515 3 33 theme untargeted 577:586 arg1 metabolomics 588:599 untargeted metabolomics 577:599 untargeted metabolomics 577:599 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 8 34 theme glutathione 1278:1288 arg1 metabolism 1290:1299 glutathione metabolism 1278:1299 glutathione metabolism 1278:1299 We found 31 and 20 species were correlated with purine metabolism and glutathione metabolism, respectively. 32587515 0 35 theme Metabolomic 27:37 arg1 Analyses 39:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses 0:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 0:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 6 36 theme purine 978:983 arg1 metabolism 985:994 purine metabolism 978:994 purine metabolism 978:994 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 3 37 theme metagenomic 550:560 arg1 sequencing 562:571 metagenomic sequencing 550:571 metagenomic sequencing 550:571 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 4 38 theme HFD-induced 649:659 arg1 disorders 671:679 HFD-induced metabolic disorders 649:679 HFD-induced metabolic disorders 649:679 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 5 39 theme Proteobacteria 835:848 arg1 phyla 850:854 Proteobacteria phyla 835:854 Proteobacteria phyla 835:854 A total of 188 species, which mainly from Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla, and 36 metabolites were markedly changed by HFD and revered by APS. 32587515 9 40 theme HFD 1399:1401 arg1 feeding 1403:1409 HFD feeding 1399:1409 HFD feeding 1399:1409 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 3 41 theme C57BL/6J 363:370 arg1 mice 372:375 male C57BL/6J mice 358:375 male C57BL/6J mice 358:375 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 6 42 theme pathway 1074:1080 arg1 analysis 1093:1100 metabolite pathway enrichment analysis 1063:1100 metabolite pathway enrichment analysis 1063:1100 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 7 43 theme key 1180:1182 arg1 metabolites 1195:1205 key intestinal metabolites 1180:1205 key intestinal metabolites 1180:1205 Furthermore, the gut microbial alteration was associated with the changes of key intestinal metabolites. 32587515 6 44 theme metabolism 963:972 arg1 pathways 996:1003 the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways 939:1003 the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways 939:1003 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 3 45 theme polysaccharides 446:460 arg1 supplementation 468:482 Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation 435:482 Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation 435:482 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 1 46 theme non-alcoholic 241:253 arg1 NAFLD 276:280 NAFLD 276:280 NAFLD 276:280 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 46 theme non-alcoholic 241:253 arg1 disease 267:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 241:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 241:281 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 7 47 theme intestinal 1184:1193 arg1 metabolites 1195:1205 key intestinal metabolites 1180:1205 key intestinal metabolites 1180:1205 Furthermore, the gut microbial alteration was associated with the changes of key intestinal metabolites. 32587515 6 48 theme glutathione 951:961 arg1 metabolism 963:972 altered glutathione metabolism 943:972 altered glutathione metabolism 943:972 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 9 49 theme herb-derived 1545:1556 arg1 polysaccharides 1558:1572 herb-derived polysaccharides 1545:1572 herb-derived polysaccharides 1545:1572 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 4 50 with effective 624:632 arg1 alteration 691:700 the alteration 687:700 the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function 687:743 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 1 51 theme fatty 255:259 arg1 NAFLD 276:280 NAFLD 276:280 NAFLD 276:280 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 51 theme fatty 255:259 arg1 disease 267:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 241:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 241:281 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 0 52 theme Effect 55:60 arg1 Analyses 39:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses 0:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 0:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 6 53 theme altered 943:949 arg1 metabolism 963:972 altered glutathione metabolism 943:972 altered glutathione metabolism 943:972 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 4 54 theme function 736:743 arg1 alteration 691:700 the alteration 687:700 the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function 687:743 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 3 55 theme gut 489:491 arg1 profile 503:509 gut microbial profile 489:509 gut microbial profile 489:509 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 7 56 theme metabolites 1195:1205 arg1 changes 1169:1175 the changes 1165:1175 the changes of key intestinal metabolites 1165:1205 Furthermore, the gut microbial alteration was associated with the changes of key intestinal metabolites. 32587515 1 57 theme Most 150:153 arg1 polysaccharides 162:176 Most herbal polysaccharides 150:176 Most herbal polysaccharides 150:176 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 58 theme liver 261:265 arg1 NAFLD 276:280 NAFLD 276:280 NAFLD 276:280 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 1 58 theme liver 261:265 arg1 disease 267:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 241:273 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 241:281 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 9 59 theme potential 1446:1454 arg1 correlation 1456:1466 the potential correlation 1442:1466 the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites 1442:1512 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 1 60 theme herbal 155:160 arg1 polysaccharides 162:176 Most herbal polysaccharides 150:176 Most herbal polysaccharides 150:176 Most herbal polysaccharides possess multiple benefits against metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. 32587515 8 61 theme purine 1256:1261 arg1 metabolism 1263:1272 purine metabolism 1256:1272 purine metabolism 1256:1272 We found 31 and 20 species were correlated with purine metabolism and glutathione metabolism, respectively. 32587515 6 62 theme function 1041:1048 arg1 analysis 1050:1057 metagenomic function analysis 1029:1057 metagenomic function analysis 1029:1057 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 0 63 theme Astragalus 65:74 arg1 Polysaccharides 76:90 Astragalus Polysaccharides 65:90 Astragalus Polysaccharides 65:90 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 32587515 4 64 theme metabolic 661:669 arg1 disorders 671:679 HFD-induced metabolic disorders 649:679 HFD-induced metabolic disorders 649:679 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 6 65 theme enrichment 1082:1091 arg1 analysis 1093:1100 metabolite pathway enrichment analysis 1063:1100 metabolite pathway enrichment analysis 1063:1100 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 4 66 theme gut 705:707 arg1 composition 720:730 gut microbiota composition 705:730 gut microbiota composition 705:730 APS was effective in alleviating HFD-induced metabolic disorders, with the alteration of gut microbiota composition and function. 32587515 3 67 theme Astragalus 435:444 arg1 APS 463:465 APS 463:465 APS 463:465 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 3 67 theme Astragalus 435:444 arg1 polysaccharides 446:460 Astragalus polysaccharides 435:460 Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation 435:482 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 6 68 theme metagenomic 1029:1039 arg1 analysis 1050:1057 metagenomic function analysis 1029:1057 metagenomic function analysis 1029:1057 Additionally, the altered glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathways were identified by both metagenomic function analysis and metabolite pathway enrichment analysis. 32587515 3 69 theme male 358:361 arg1 mice 372:375 male C57BL/6J mice 358:375 male C57BL/6J mice 358:375 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 9 70 theme significant 1345:1355 arg1 changes 1385:1391 significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes 1345:1391 significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes 1345:1391 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 3 71 theme metabolite 515:524 arg1 profile 526:532 metabolite profile 515:532 metabolite profile 515:532 Here, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation, and gut microbial profile and metabolite profile were studied by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. 32587515 9 72 from benefits 1640:1647 arg1 disorders 1662:1670 metabolic disorders 1652:1670 metabolic disorders 1652:1670 Together, our results showed significant metagenomic and metabolomic changes after HFD feeding and APS intervention, revealed the potential correlation between gut microbial species and metabolites, and highlighted mechanisms of herb-derived polysaccharides by modulating gut microbiome and host metabolism underlying their benefits on metabolic disorders. 32587515 0 73 from Disorders 139:147 arg1 Analyses 39:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses 0:46 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders 0:147 Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Alleviating High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. 33068929 9 0 theme gut 1409:1411 arg1 composition 1381:1391 the composition 1377:1391 the composition of the lung and gut microbiota 1377:1422 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 3 1 theme activities 502:511 arg1 variety 480:486 a variety 478:486 a variety of biological activities 478:511 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 3 1 theme activities 502:511 arg1 activities 502:511 biological activities 491:511 biological activities 491:511 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 3 2 theme biological 491:500 arg1 activities 502:511 biological activities 491:511 biological activities 491:511 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 5 3 from TNF-α 962:966 arg1 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 3 from TNF-α 962:966 arg1 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 1 4 theme life 278:281 arg1 quality 267:273 quality 267:273 quality 267:273 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 4 theme life 278:281 arg1 survival 254:261 survival 254:261 survival 254:261 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 9 5 theme short-chain 1622:1632 arg1 acids 1640:1644 short-chain fatty acids 1622:1644 short-chain fatty acids 1622:1644 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 5 6 from LPS 957:959 arg1 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 6 from LPS 957:959 arg1 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 1 7 theme radiotherapy 183:194 arg1 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 7 theme radiotherapy 183:194 arg1 pneumonia 124:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 7 theme radiotherapy 183:194 arg1 complications 166:178 major clinical complications 151:178 major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients 151:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 6 8 theme factors 1133:1139 arg1 level 1111:1115 the level 1107:1115 the level of inflammatory factors 1107:1139 RESULTS Phycocyanin alleviated the radiation-induced lung injury and reduced the level of inflammatory factors. 33068929 4 9 theme pulmonary 674:682 arg1 fibrosis 684:691 radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 656:691 radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 656:691 However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. 33068929 1 10 theme thoracic 200:207 arg1 patients 215:222 thoracic tumor patients 200:222 thoracic tumor patients 200:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 10 11 from disorder 1707:1714 arg1 lung 1719:1722 lung 1719:1722 lung 1719:1722 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 10 11 from disorder 1707:1714 arg1 microbiota 1732:1741 gut microbiota 1728:1741 gut microbiota of mice 1728:1749 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 4 12 theme protective 619:628 arg1 effects 630:636 the preventive and protective effects 600:636 the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 600:691 However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. 33068929 5 13 theme fibrosis 821:828 arg1 model 802:806 a mouse model 794:806 a mouse model 794:806 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 14 theme X-ray 723:727 arg1 irradiation 741:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 10 15 theme radiation-induced 1767:1783 arg1 inflammation 1790:1801 the radiation-induced lung inflammation 1763:1801 the radiation-induced lung inflammation 1763:1801 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 3 16 theme pulmonary 571:579 arg1 fibrosis 581:588 pulmonary fibrosis 571:588 pulmonary fibrosis 571:588 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 9 17 theme normal 1447:1452 arg1 state 1454:1458 normal state 1447:1458 normal state 1447:1458 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 5 18 from effect 846:851 arg1 TNF-α 962:966 TNF-α 962:966 TNF-α 962:966 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 18 from effect 846:851 arg1 fibrosis 915:922 pulmonary fibrosis 905:922 pulmonary fibrosis 905:922 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 18 from effect 846:851 arg1 IL-6 973:976 IL-6 973:976 IL-6 973:976 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 18 from effect 846:851 arg1 microbiota 929:938 the microbiota 925:938 the microbiota in lung and gut 925:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 18 from effect 846:851 arg1 LPS 957:959 LPS 957:959 LPS 957:959 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 18 from effect 846:851 arg1 change 897:902 pulmonary histopathologic change 871:902 pulmonary histopathologic change 871:902 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 7 19 theme lung 1202:1205 arg1 microbiota 1184:1193 microbiota 1184:1193 microbiota of the lung and gut 1184:1213 Thorax irradiation led to the disorder in microbiota of the lung and gut. 33068929 7 20 theme Thorax 1142:1147 arg1 irradiation 1149:1159 Thorax irradiation 1142:1159 Thorax irradiation 1142:1159 Thorax irradiation led to the disorder in microbiota of the lung and gut. 33068929 1 21 theme major 151:155 arg1 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 21 theme major 151:155 arg1 pneumonia 124:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 21 theme major 151:155 arg1 complications 166:178 major clinical complications 151:178 major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients 151:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 0 22 theme radiation-induced 60:76 arg1 model 97:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 5 23 theme histopathologic 881:895 arg1 change 897:902 pulmonary histopathologic change 871:902 pulmonary histopathologic change 871:902 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 0 24 from Effects 0:6 arg1 microbiota 44:53 pulmonary and gut microbiota 26:53 microbiota 44:53 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 0 25 theme fibrosis 88:95 arg1 model 97:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 10 26 theme gut 1728:1730 arg1 microbiota 1732:1741 gut microbiota 1728:1741 gut microbiota of mice 1728:1749 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 9 27 theme LPS 1486:1488 arg1 level 1477:1481 the level 1473:1481 the level 1473:1481 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 6 28 theme RESULTS 1030:1036 arg1 Phycocyanin 1038:1048 RESULTS Phycocyanin 1030:1048 RESULTS Phycocyanin 1030:1048 RESULTS Phycocyanin alleviated the radiation-induced lung injury and reduced the level of inflammatory factors. 33068929 5 29 theme mouse 796:800 arg1 model 802:806 a mouse model 794:806 a mouse model 794:806 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 30 used used 757:760 arg2 irradiation 741:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 31 from change 897:902 arg1 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 31 from change 897:902 arg1 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 0 32 theme phycocyanin 11:21 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 0:102 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 1 33 theme OBJECTIVE 104:112 arg1 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 33 theme OBJECTIVE 104:112 arg1 pneumonia 124:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 33 theme OBJECTIVE 104:112 arg1 complications 166:178 major clinical complications 151:178 major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients 151:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 3 34 theme responsible 408:418 arg1 Phycocyanin 385:395 Phycocyanin 385:395 Phycocyanin 385:395 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 3 34 theme responsible 408:418 arg1 protein 400:406 a protein 398:406 a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina 398:452 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 5 35 theme mice 778:781 arg1 chest 769:773 the chest 765:773 the chest of mice 765:781 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 0 36 theme pulmonary 26:34 arg1 microbiota 44:53 pulmonary and gut microbiota 26:53 microbiota 44:53 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 9 37 theme inflammation-related 1536:1555 arg1 bacteria 1557:1564 inflammation-related bacteria 1536:1564 inflammation-related bacteria 1536:1564 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 0 38 theme gut 40:42 arg1 microbiota 44:53 pulmonary and gut microbiota 26:53 microbiota 44:53 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 5 39 theme different 981:989 arg1 time 991:994 different time 981:994 different time after irradiation 981:1012 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 2 40 theme protection 328:337 arg1 measures 339:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. 33068929 2 41 theme clinical 371:378 arg1 use 380:382 clinical use 371:382 clinical use 371:382 At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. 33068929 9 42 theme lung 1400:1403 arg1 composition 1381:1391 the composition 1377:1391 the composition of the lung and gut microbiota 1377:1422 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 9 43 theme phycocyanin 1342:1352 arg1 intervention 1354:1365 The phycocyanin intervention 1338:1365 The phycocyanin intervention 1338:1365 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 6 44 theme radiation-induced 1065:1081 arg1 injury 1088:1093 the radiation-induced lung injury 1061:1093 the radiation-induced lung injury 1061:1093 RESULTS Phycocyanin alleviated the radiation-induced lung injury and reduced the level of inflammatory factors. 33068929 5 45 from time 991:994 arg1 effect 846:851 the effect 842:851 the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation 842:1012 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 10 46 theme radiation-induced 1689:1705 arg1 disorder 1707:1714 the radiation-induced disorder 1685:1714 the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice 1685:1749 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 9 47 theme probiotics 1598:1607 arg1 abundance 1585:1593 the abundance 1581:1593 the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids 1581:1644 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 7 48 theme gut 1211:1213 arg1 microbiota 1184:1193 microbiota 1184:1193 microbiota of the lung and gut 1184:1213 Thorax irradiation led to the disorder in microbiota of the lung and gut. 33068929 3 49 theme diseases 551:558 arg1 fibrosis 581:588 pulmonary fibrosis 571:588 pulmonary fibrosis 571:588 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 3 49 theme diseases 551:558 arg1 diseases 551:558 diseases 551:558 diseases 551:558 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 3 49 theme diseases 551:558 arg1 variety 540:546 a variety 538:546 a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis 538:588 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33068929 5 50 theme pulmonary 871:879 arg1 change 897:902 pulmonary histopathologic change 871:902 pulmonary histopathologic change 871:902 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 9 51 theme fatty 1634:1638 arg1 acids 1640:1644 short-chain fatty acids 1622:1644 short-chain fatty acids 1622:1644 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 4 52 theme phycocyanin 641:651 arg1 effects 630:636 the preventive and protective effects 600:636 the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 600:691 However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. 33068929 2 53 theme effective 308:316 arg1 measures 339:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. 33068929 6 54 theme inflammatory 1120:1131 arg1 factors 1133:1139 inflammatory factors 1120:1139 inflammatory factors 1120:1139 RESULTS Phycocyanin alleviated the radiation-induced lung injury and reduced the level of inflammatory factors. 33068929 4 55 theme radiation-induced 656:672 arg1 fibrosis 684:691 radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 656:691 radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 656:691 However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. 33068929 2 56 theme safe 299:302 arg1 measures 339:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. 33068929 4 57 from effects 630:636 arg1 fibrosis 684:691 radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 656:691 radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 656:691 However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. 33068929 5 58 theme pulmonary 811:819 arg1 fibrosis 821:828 pulmonary fibrosis 811:828 pulmonary fibrosis 811:828 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 8 59 theme variation 1220:1228 arg1 trend 1230:1234 The variation trend 1216:1234 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues 1216:1270 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. 33068929 8 59 theme variation 1220:1228 arg1 opposite 1276:1283 opposite 1276:1283 opposite 1276:1283 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. 33068929 5 60 theme DESIGN 716:721 arg1 irradiation 741:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 10 61 theme lung 1785:1788 arg1 inflammation 1790:1801 the radiation-induced lung inflammation 1763:1801 the radiation-induced lung inflammation 1763:1801 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 5 62 from IL-6 973:976 arg1 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 62 from IL-6 973:976 arg1 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 7 63 from disorder 1172:1179 arg1 microbiota 1184:1193 microbiota 1184:1193 microbiota of the lung and gut 1184:1213 Thorax irradiation led to the disorder in microbiota of the lung and gut. 33068929 1 64 theme Radiation 114:122 arg1 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 64 theme Radiation 114:122 arg1 pneumonia 124:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 64 theme Radiation 114:122 arg1 complications 166:178 major clinical complications 151:178 major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients 151:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 8 65 theme diversity 1243:1251 arg1 trend 1230:1234 The variation trend 1216:1234 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues 1216:1270 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. 33068929 8 65 theme diversity 1243:1251 arg1 opposite 1276:1283 opposite 1276:1283 opposite 1276:1283 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. 33068929 5 66 theme pulmonary 905:913 arg1 fibrosis 915:922 pulmonary fibrosis 905:922 pulmonary fibrosis 905:922 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 10 67 theme mice 1746:1749 arg1 lung 1719:1722 lung 1719:1722 lung 1719:1722 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 10 67 theme mice 1746:1749 arg1 microbiota 1732:1741 gut microbiota 1728:1741 gut microbiota of mice 1728:1749 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 1 68 theme tumor 209:213 arg1 patients 215:222 thoracic tumor patients 200:222 thoracic tumor patients 200:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 5 69 theme phycocyanin 856:866 arg1 effect 846:851 the effect 842:851 the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation 842:1012 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 2 70 from present 287:293 arg1 approved 358:365 approved 358:365 approved 358:365 At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. 33068929 8 71 theme tissues 1264:1270 arg1 diversity 1243:1251 the diversity 1239:1251 the diversity of the two tissues 1239:1270 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. 33068929 5 72 theme dose 736:739 arg1 irradiation 741:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 0 73 theme pulmonary 78:86 arg1 model 97:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 1 74 theme clinical 157:164 arg1 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 fibrosis 138:145 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 74 theme clinical 157:164 arg1 pneumonia 124:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia 104:132 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 1 74 theme clinical 157:164 arg1 complications 166:178 major clinical complications 151:178 major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients 151:222 OBJECTIVE Radiation pneumonia and fibrosis are major clinical complications of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor patients, and may significantly reduce survival and quality of life. 33068929 5 75 theme single 729:734 arg1 irradiation 741:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation 716:751 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 0 76 from microbiota 44:53 arg1 model 97:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model 58:101 Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. 33068929 2 77 theme radiation 318:326 arg1 measures 339:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 no safe and effective radiation protection measures 296:346 At present, no safe and effective radiation protection measures have been approved for clinical use. 33068929 5 78 from fibrosis 915:922 arg1 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 78 from fibrosis 915:922 arg1 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 8 79 theme microbiota 1302:1311 arg1 composition 1313:1323 the microbiota composition 1298:1323 the microbiota composition 1298:1323 The variation trend of the diversity of the two tissues was opposite, but that of the microbiota composition was similar. 33068929 7 80 dep lung 1202:1205 arg1 the 1198:1200 the 1198:1200 the 1198:1200 Thorax irradiation led to the disorder in microbiota of the lung and gut. 33068929 9 81 theme bacteria 1557:1564 arg1 abundance 1523:1531 the abundance 1519:1531 the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria 1519:1564 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 9 82 dep lung 1400:1403 arg1 the 1396:1398 the 1396:1398 the 1396:1398 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 9 82 dep lung 1400:1403 arg1 microbiota 1413:1422 microbiota 1413:1422 microbiota 1413:1422 The phycocyanin intervention regulated the composition of the lung and gut microbiota, transformed them into normal state, and reduced the level of LPS, which significantly reduced the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria, and increased the abundance of probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. 33068929 5 83 from microbiota 929:938 arg1 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 gut 952:954 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 5 83 from microbiota 929:938 arg1 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 lung 943:946 DESIGN X-ray single dose irradiation was used on the chest of mice to prepare a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, from which the effect of phycocyanin on pulmonary histopathologic change, pulmonary fibrosis, the microbiota in lung and gut, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at different time after irradiation were evaluated. 33068929 10 84 theme CONCLUSION 1647:1656 arg1 Phycocyanin 1658:1668 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin 1647:1668 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin 1647:1668 CONCLUSION Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation-induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. 33068929 6 85 theme lung 1083:1086 arg1 injury 1088:1093 the radiation-induced lung injury 1061:1093 the radiation-induced lung injury 1061:1093 RESULTS Phycocyanin alleviated the radiation-induced lung injury and reduced the level of inflammatory factors. 33068929 4 86 theme preventive 604:613 arg1 effects 630:636 the preventive and protective effects 600:636 the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis 600:691 However, the preventive and protective effects of phycocyanin on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis have not been studied. 33068929 3 87 from Spirulina 444:452 arg1 photosynthesis 424:437 photosynthesis 424:437 photosynthesis from Spirulina 424:452 Phycocyanin, a protein responsible for photosynthesis from Spirulina, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities and to be beneficial for a variety of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. 33787135 5 0 theme material 1102:1109 arg1 composition 1111:1121 material composition 1102:1121 material composition 1102:1121 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 6 1 from indexes 1221:1227 arg1 law 1174:1176 the law 1170:1176 the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes 1170:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 0 2 with correlation 32:42 arg1 index 57:61 quality index 49:61 quality index 49:61 [Color characterization and its correlation with quality index during ripening of Rubus chingii]. 33787135 4 3 theme total 680:684 arg1 polyphenols 686:696 total polyphenols 680:696 total polyphenols 680:696 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 1 4 theme total 213:217 arg1 flavonoids 219:228 total flavonoids 213:228 total flavonoids 213:228 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 4 theme total 213:217 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 6 5 from change 1189:1194 arg1 indexes 1221:1227 the color and quality indexes 1199:1227 indexes 1221:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 8 6 theme R. 1643:1644 arg1 color 1654:1658 R. chingii color 1643:1658 R. chingii color 1643:1658 The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience. 33787135 1 7 theme digital 146:152 arg1 method 154:159 digital method 146:159 digital method 146:159 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 8 8 theme evaluation 1623:1632 arg1 model 1634:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model 1597:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color 1597:1658 The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience. 33787135 6 9 theme color 1203:1207 arg1 indexes 1221:1227 the color and quality indexes 1199:1227 indexes 1221:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 0 10 theme chingii 88:94 arg1 ripening 70:77 ripening 70:77 ripening of Rubus chingii 70:94 [Color characterization and its correlation with quality index during ripening of Rubus chingii]. 33787135 8 11 theme color 1654:1658 arg1 model 1634:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model 1597:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color 1597:1658 The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience. 33787135 7 12 theme related 1365:1371 arg1 mm 1398:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm 1385:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm in diameter 1385:1411 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 12 theme related 1365:1371 arg1 traits 1358:1363 The agronomic traits 1344:1363 The agronomic traits related to fruit 1344:1380 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 13 theme b~ 1524:1525 arg1 values 1528:1533 b~* values 1524:1533 b~* values 1524:1533 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 1 14 theme total 231:235 arg1 polysaccharides 237:251 total polysaccharides 231:251 total polysaccharides 231:251 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 14 theme total 231:235 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 7 15 theme 14.25±1.19 1414:1423 arg1 mm 1425:1426 (14.25±1.19)mm 1413:1426 (14.25±1.19)mm in height 1413:1436 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 15 theme 14.25±1.19 1414:1423 arg1 mm 1398:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm 1385:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm in diameter 1385:1411 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 8 16 theme chingii 1646:1652 arg1 color 1654:1658 R. chingii color 1643:1658 R. chingii color 1643:1658 The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience. 33787135 5 17 theme total 942:946 arg1 polyphenols 948:958 total polyphenols 942:958 total polyphenols 942:958 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 7 18 theme * 1526:1526 arg1 values 1528:1533 b~* values 1524:1533 b~* values 1524:1533 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 4 19 theme * 641:641 arg1 value 643:647 The a~* value 635:647 The a~* value 635:647 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 5 20 contain had 1067:1069 arg2 correlation 1085:1095 a significant correlation 1071:1095 a significant correlation with material composition 1071:1121 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 5 20 contain had 1067:1069 arg1 color 1061:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 5 21 theme significant 1073:1083 arg1 correlation 1085:1095 a significant correlation 1071:1095 a significant correlation with material composition 1071:1121 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 4 22 theme ellagic 818:824 arg1 acid 826:829 ellagic acid 818:829 ellagic acid 818:829 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 7 23 theme 1.20±0.14 1439:1447 arg1 mm 1398:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm 1385:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm in diameter 1385:1411 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 23 theme 1.20±0.14 1439:1447 arg1 g 1450:1450 (1.20±0.14) g 1438:1450 (1.20±0.14) g in weight 1438:1460 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 5 24 theme polyphenols 948:958 arg1 content 931:937 the content 927:937 the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change 927:1154 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 4 25 theme a~ 639:640 arg1 value 643:647 The a~* value 635:647 The a~* value 635:647 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 6 26 theme quality 1213:1219 arg1 indexes 1221:1227 the color and quality indexes 1199:1227 indexes 1221:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 4 27 theme linden 724:729 arg1 glycosides 731:740 linden glycosides 724:740 linden glycosides 724:740 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 0 28 theme [Color 0:5 arg1 characterization 7:22 [Color characterization 0:22 [Color characterization 0:22 [Color characterization and its correlation with quality index during ripening of Rubus chingii]. 33787135 5 29 theme change 1149:1154 arg1 process 1130:1136 the process 1126:1136 the process of dynamic change 1126:1154 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 7 30 theme chroma 1467:1472 arg1 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 30 theme chroma 1467:1472 arg1 value 1478:1482 the chroma L~* value 1463:1482 the chroma L~* value 1463:1482 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 31 from mm 1425:1426 arg1 height 1431:1436 height 1431:1436 height 1431:1436 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 6 32 theme change 1189:1194 arg1 law 1174:1176 the law 1170:1176 the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes 1170:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 5 33 theme alcohol 984:990 arg1 extract 992:998 alcohol extract 984:998 alcohol extract 984:998 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 1 34 theme total 254:258 arg1 polyphenols 260:270 total polyphenols 254:270 total polyphenols 254:270 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 34 theme total 254:258 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 6 35 theme late 1287:1290 arg1 April 1292:1296 late April 1287:1296 late April to May 1 1287:1305 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 5 36 theme R. 1043:1044 arg1 color 1061:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 7 37 theme a~ 1499:1500 arg1 value 1503:1507 a~* value 1499:1507 a~* value 1499:1507 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 2 38 theme Correlation 342:352 arg1 regression 354:363 Correlation regression 342:363 Correlation regression 342:363 Correlation regression was used to analyze the correlation between color and composition. 33787135 5 39 theme chingii 1046:1052 arg1 color 1061:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 3 40 theme total 584:588 arg1 flavones 590:597 total flavones 584:597 total flavones 584:597 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 7 41 theme * 1501:1501 arg1 value 1503:1507 a~* value 1499:1507 a~* value 1499:1507 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 acid 281:284 ellagic acid 273:284 ellagic acid 273:284 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 extract 204:210 alcohol extract 196:210 alcohol extract 196:210 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 polysaccharides 237:251 total polysaccharides 231:251 total polysaccharides 231:251 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 polyphenols 260:270 total polyphenols 254:270 total polyphenols 254:270 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 glycoside 294:302 linden glycoside 287:302 linden glycoside 287:302 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 flavonoids 219:228 total flavonoids 213:228 total flavonoids 213:228 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 42 theme water 181:185 arg1 kaophenol-3-O-rutin 305:323 kaophenol-3-O-rutin 305:323 kaophenol-3-O-rutin 305:323 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 5 43 theme b~ 836:837 arg1 value 840:844 The b~* value 832:844 The b~* value 832:844 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 7 44 theme L~ 1474:1475 arg1 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 44 theme L~ 1474:1475 arg1 value 1478:1482 the chroma L~* value 1463:1482 the chroma L~* value 1463:1482 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 3 45 theme aqueous 617:623 arg1 extracts 625:632 aqueous extracts 617:632 aqueous extracts 617:632 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 4 46 theme aqueous 796:802 arg1 extracts 804:811 aqueous extracts 796:811 aqueous extracts 796:811 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 1 47 theme extract 187:193 arg1 content 170:176 the content 166:176 the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin 166:323 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 6 48 theme turn 1331:1334 arg1 yellow 1336:1341 turn yellow 1331:1341 turn yellow 1331:1341 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 6 48 theme turn 1331:1334 arg1 fruit 1318:1322 the fruit 1314:1322 the fruit 1314:1322 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 1 49 theme ellagic 273:279 arg1 acid 281:284 ellagic acid 273:284 ellagic acid 273:284 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 49 theme ellagic 273:279 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 7 50 from g 1450:1450 arg1 weight 1455:1460 weight 1455:1460 weight 1455:1460 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 5 51 theme water 881:885 arg1 extract 887:893 the water extract 877:893 the water extract 877:893 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 0 52 theme quality 49:55 arg1 index 57:61 quality index 49:61 quality index 49:61 [Color characterization and its correlation with quality index during ripening of Rubus chingii]. 33787135 6 53 theme harvest 1268:1274 arg1 time 1276:1279 the appropriate harvest time 1252:1279 the appropriate harvest time 1252:1279 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 5 54 theme kaophenol-3-O-rutin 1004:1022 arg1 content 931:937 the content 927:937 the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change 927:1154 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 0 55 with characterization 7:22 arg1 index 57:61 quality index 49:61 quality index 49:61 [Color characterization and its correlation with quality index during ripening of Rubus chingii]. 33787135 5 56 theme mature 1054:1059 arg1 color 1061:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 R. chingii mature color 1043:1065 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 5 57 theme dynamic 1141:1147 arg1 change 1149:1154 dynamic change 1141:1154 dynamic change 1141:1154 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 6 58 theme appropriate 1256:1266 arg1 time 1276:1279 the appropriate harvest time 1252:1279 the appropriate harvest time 1252:1279 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 6 59 theme dynamic 1181:1187 arg1 change 1189:1194 dynamic change 1181:1194 dynamic change in the color and quality indexes 1181:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 4 60 theme total 780:784 arg1 flavones 786:793 total flavones 780:793 total flavones 780:793 The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. 33787135 5 61 theme extract 992:998 arg1 content 931:937 the content 927:937 the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change 927:1154 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 3 62 theme L~ 456:457 arg1 * 458:458 L~* 456:458 L~* 456:458 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 5 63 with correlation 1085:1095 arg1 composition 1111:1121 material composition 1102:1121 material composition 1102:1121 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 7 64 theme agronomic 1348:1356 arg1 mm 1398:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm 1385:1399 (12.49±0.56) mm in diameter 1385:1411 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 64 theme agronomic 1348:1356 arg1 traits 1358:1363 The agronomic traits 1344:1363 The agronomic traits related to fruit 1344:1380 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 5 65 theme total 961:965 arg1 polysaccharides 967:981 total polysaccharides 961:981 total polysaccharides 961:981 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 8 66 theme quantitative 1610:1621 arg1 model 1634:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model 1597:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color 1597:1658 The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience. 33787135 1 67 theme chingii 117:123 arg1 color 102:106 The color 98:106 The color of Rubus chingii 98:123 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 68 theme alcohol 196:202 arg1 extract 204:210 alcohol extract 196:210 alcohol extract 196:210 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 68 theme alcohol 196:202 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 5 69 theme polysaccharides 967:981 arg1 content 931:937 the content 927:937 the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change 927:1154 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 8 70 theme objective 1600:1608 arg1 model 1634:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model 1597:1638 an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color 1597:1658 The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience. 33787135 3 71 theme total 491:495 arg1 tilide 534:539 tilide 534:539 tilide 534:539 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 3 71 theme total 491:495 arg1 kaophenol-3-O-rutin 510:528 kaophenol-3-O-rutin 510:528 kaophenol-3-O-rutin 510:528 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 3 71 theme total 491:495 arg1 polyphenols 497:507 total polyphenols 491:507 total polyphenols 491:507 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 5 72 theme * 838:838 arg1 value 840:844 The b~* value 832:844 The b~* value 832:844 The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. 33787135 7 73 from mm 1398:1399 arg1 diameter 1404:1411 diameter 1404:1411 diameter 1404:1411 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 1 74 theme linden 287:292 arg1 glycoside 294:302 linden glycoside 287:302 linden glycoside 287:302 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 1 74 theme linden 287:292 arg1 extract 187:193 water extract 181:193 water extract 181:193 The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. 33787135 3 75 theme ellagic 600:606 arg1 acid 608:611 ellagic acid 600:611 ellagic acid 600:611 The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. 33787135 2 76 used used 369:372 arg2 regression 354:363 Correlation regression 342:363 Correlation regression 342:363 Correlation regression was used to analyze the correlation between color and composition. 33787135 6 77 from law 1174:1176 arg1 indexes 1221:1227 the color and quality indexes 1199:1227 indexes 1221:1227 According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. 33787135 7 78 theme * 1476:1476 arg1 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 52.87±3.14 1488:1497 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 33787135 7 78 theme * 1476:1476 arg1 value 1478:1482 the chroma L~* value 1463:1482 the chroma L~* value 1463:1482 The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. 34199419 1 0 theme poly- 167:171 arg1 potential 154:162 The potential 150:162 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients 150:218 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 0 1 from Characterization 11:26 arg1 Wall 66:69 the Cell Wall 57:69 the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 57:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 5 2 theme fragments 975:983 arg1 linkages 949:956 linkages 949:956 linkages 949:956 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 2 theme fragments 975:983 arg1 composition 933:943 composition 933:943 composition 933:943 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 3 3 theme chelating 557:565 arg1 CH 575:576 CH 575:576 CH 575:576 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 3 theme chelating 557:565 arg1 buffer 549:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 3 theme chelating 557:565 arg1 agents 567:572 chelating agents 557:572 chelating agents (CH) 557:577 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 1 4 theme monosaccharide 273:286 arg1 residues 288:295 their monosaccharide residues 267:295 their monosaccharide residues 267:295 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 4 5 theme pectin-degrading 821:836 arg1 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 5 theme pectin-degrading 821:836 arg1 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 5 theme pectin-degrading 821:836 arg1 lyase 878:882 pectin lyase 871:882 pectin lyase 871:882 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 5 theme pectin-degrading 821:836 arg1 enzymes 838:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes 798:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both) 798:926 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 5 6 theme type 1123:1126 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 6 theme type 1123:1126 arg1 features 1019:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 6 theme type 1123:1126 arg1 arabinogalactan 1130:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 7 dep composition 933:943 arg1 The 929:931 The 929:931 The 929:931 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 8 theme homogalacturonan 1055:1070 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 1 9 theme residues 288:295 arg1 linkages 255:262 glycosidic linkages 244:262 glycosidic linkages 244:262 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 1 9 theme residues 288:295 arg1 type 235:238 type 235:238 type 235:238 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 0 10 theme Cranberry 90:98 arg1 Wall 66:69 the Cell Wall 57:69 the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 57:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 4 11 theme anion 719:723 arg1 exchange 725:732 anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography 719:766 exchange 725:732 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 12 from extracts 693:700 arg1 present 672:678 present 672:678 present 672:678 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 13 theme gel 738:740 arg1 chromatography 753:766 anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography 719:766 chromatography 753:766 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 0 14 theme Specific 113:120 arg1 Enzymes 141:147 Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 106:147 Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 106:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 5 15 theme important 994:1002 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 15 theme important 994:1002 arg1 arabinogalactan 1130:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 15 theme important 994:1002 arg1 features 1019:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 15 theme important 994:1002 arg1 galactan 1157:1164 pectic galactan 1150:1164 pectic galactan 1150:1164 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 4 16 theme available 811:819 arg1 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 16 theme available 811:819 arg1 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 16 theme available 811:819 arg1 lyase 878:882 pectin lyase 871:882 pectin lyase 871:882 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 16 theme available 811:819 arg1 enzymes 838:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes 798:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both) 798:926 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 17 dep enzymes 838:844 arg1 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both 888:925 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 17 dep enzymes 838:844 arg1 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 endo-polygalacturonase 847:868 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 17 dep enzymes 838:844 arg1 lyase 878:882 pectin lyase 871:882 pectin lyase 871:882 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 17 dep enzymes 838:844 arg1 enzymes 838:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes 798:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both) 798:926 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 1 18 theme oligosaccharides 177:192 arg1 potential 154:162 The potential 150:162 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients 150:218 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 5 19 theme methyl 1084:1089 arg1 esterification 1091:1104 varied methyl esterification 1077:1104 varied methyl esterification extent 1077:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 20 theme varied 1077:1082 arg1 esterification 1091:1104 varied methyl esterification 1077:1104 varied methyl esterification extent 1077:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 2 21 theme cranberry 437:445 arg1 polysaccharides 418:432 the pectic polysaccharides 407:432 the pectic polysaccharides of cranberry 407:445 To isolate the pectic polysaccharides of cranberry, alcohol insoluble solids were first obtained from pomace. 34199419 0 22 from Polysaccharides 38:52 arg1 Wall 66:69 the Cell Wall 57:69 the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 57:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 1 23 theme functional 197:206 arg1 ingredients 208:218 functional ingredients 197:218 functional ingredients 197:218 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 0 24 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 0:148 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 4 25 theme DA 690:691 arg1 extracts 693:700 CH and DA extracts 683:700 extracts 693:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 0 26 theme Pectic 31:36 arg1 Polysaccharides 38:52 Pectic Polysaccharides 31:52 Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 31:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 6 27 theme arabinan 1183:1190 arg1 presence 1171:1178 The presence 1167:1178 The presence of arabinan with galactose branches 1167:1214 The presence of arabinan with galactose branches was suggested upon the analysis of the fragments by LC-MS. 34199419 6 28 theme fragments 1255:1263 arg1 analysis 1239:1246 the analysis 1235:1246 the analysis of the fragments by LC-MS 1235:1272 The presence of arabinan with galactose branches was suggested upon the analysis of the fragments by LC-MS. 34199419 4 29 from present 672:678 arg1 extracts 693:700 CH and DA extracts 683:700 extracts 693:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 3 30 theme sequential 508:517 arg1 extraction 519:528 A sequential extraction 506:528 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide 506:625 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 0 31 theme Pectin-Hydrolyzing 122:139 arg1 Enzymes 141:147 Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 106:147 Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 106:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 6 32 theme galactose 1197:1205 arg1 branches 1207:1214 galactose branches 1197:1214 galactose branches 1197:1214 The presence of arabinan with galactose branches was suggested upon the analysis of the fragments by LC-MS. 34199419 4 33 theme Pectic 649:654 arg1 polysaccharides 656:670 Pectic polysaccharides 649:670 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts 649:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 1 34 theme techno-functional 320:336 arg1 fermentability 380:393 their fermentability 374:393 their fermentability 374:393 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 1 34 theme techno-functional 320:336 arg1 properties 338:347 their techno-functional properties 314:347 their techno-functional properties 314:347 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 1 34 theme techno-functional 320:336 arg1 digestibility 356:368 their digestibility 350:368 their digestibility 350:368 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 6 35 with presence 1171:1178 arg1 branches 1207:1214 galactose branches 1197:1214 galactose branches 1197:1214 The presence of arabinan with galactose branches was suggested upon the analysis of the fragments by LC-MS. 34199419 4 36 theme pectin 871:876 arg1 lyase 878:882 pectin lyase 871:882 pectin lyase 871:882 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 36 theme pectin 871:876 arg1 enzymes 838:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes 798:844 commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both) 798:926 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 2 37 theme insoluble 456:464 arg1 solids 466:471 alcohol insoluble solids 448:471 alcohol insoluble solids 448:471 To isolate the pectic polysaccharides of cranberry, alcohol insoluble solids were first obtained from pomace. 34199419 0 38 theme Polysaccharides 38:52 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 0:148 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 3 39 with extraction 519:528 arg1 hydroxide 617:625 diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide 580:625 hydroxide 617:625 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 39 with extraction 519:528 arg1 diluted 580:586 diluted 580:586 diluted 580:586 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 39 with extraction 519:528 arg1 buffer 549:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 39 with extraction 519:528 arg1 agents 567:572 chelating agents 557:572 chelating agents (CH) 557:577 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 5 40 theme I 1128:1128 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 40 theme I 1128:1128 arg1 features 1019:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 40 theme I 1128:1128 arg1 arabinogalactan 1130:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 2 41 theme alcohol 448:454 arg1 solids 466:471 alcohol insoluble solids 448:471 alcohol insoluble solids 448:471 To isolate the pectic polysaccharides of cranberry, alcohol insoluble solids were first obtained from pomace. 34199419 0 42 theme Cell 61:64 arg1 Wall 66:69 the Cell Wall 57:69 the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 57:147 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 0 43 from Wall 66:69 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 0:148 Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in the Cell Wall of Stevens Variety Cranberry Using Highly Specific Pectin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. 34199419 3 44 theme concentrated 597:608 arg1 hydroxide 617:625 diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide 580:625 hydroxide 617:625 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 44 theme concentrated 597:608 arg1 buffer 549:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 45 theme phosphate 539:547 arg1 hydroxide 617:625 diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide 580:625 hydroxide 617:625 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 45 theme phosphate 539:547 arg1 diluted 580:586 diluted 580:586 diluted 580:586 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 45 theme phosphate 539:547 arg1 buffer 549:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 45 theme phosphate 539:547 arg1 agents 567:572 chelating agents 557:572 chelating agents (CH) 557:577 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 5 46 theme pectic 1150:1155 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 46 theme pectic 1150:1155 arg1 features 1019:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 46 theme pectic 1150:1155 arg1 galactan 1157:1164 pectic galactan 1150:1164 pectic galactan 1150:1164 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 3 47 theme sodium 610:615 arg1 hydroxide 617:625 diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide 580:625 hydroxide 617:625 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 47 theme sodium 610:615 arg1 buffer 549:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 5 48 theme characteristic 1004:1017 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 48 theme characteristic 1004:1017 arg1 arabinogalactan 1130:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 48 theme characteristic 1004:1017 arg1 features 1019:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 48 theme characteristic 1004:1017 arg1 galactan 1157:1164 pectic galactan 1150:1164 pectic galactan 1150:1164 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 49 theme esterification 1091:1104 arg1 extent 1106:1111 varied methyl esterification extent 1077:1111 varied methyl esterification extent 1077:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 4 50 theme filtration 742:751 arg1 chromatography 753:766 anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography 719:766 chromatography 753:766 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 51 attach present 672:678 arg2 polysaccharides 656:670 Pectic polysaccharides 649:670 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts 649:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 4 51 attach present 672:678 arg1 extracts 693:700 CH and DA extracts 683:700 extracts 693:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 1 52 dep type 235:238 arg1 the 231:233 the 231:233 the 231:233 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 3 53 theme hot 535:537 arg1 hydroxide 617:625 diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide 580:625 hydroxide 617:625 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 53 theme hot 535:537 arg1 diluted 580:586 diluted 580:586 diluted 580:586 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 53 theme hot 535:537 arg1 buffer 549:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 hot phosphate buffer 535:554 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 3 53 theme hot 535:537 arg1 agents 567:572 chelating agents 557:572 chelating agents (CH) 557:577 A sequential extraction with hot phosphate buffer, chelating agents (CH), diluted (DA) and concentrated sodium hydroxide was then carried out. 34199419 1 54 theme glycosidic 244:253 arg1 linkages 255:262 glycosidic linkages 244:262 glycosidic linkages 244:262 The potential of poly- and oligosaccharides as functional ingredients depends on the type and glycosidic linkages of their monosaccharide residues, which determine their techno-functional properties, their digestibility and their fermentability. 34199419 4 55 theme present 672:678 arg1 polysaccharides 656:670 Pectic polysaccharides 649:670 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts 649:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 2 56 theme pectic 411:416 arg1 polysaccharides 418:432 the pectic polysaccharides 407:432 the pectic polysaccharides of cranberry 407:445 To isolate the pectic polysaccharides of cranberry, alcohol insoluble solids were first obtained from pomace. 34199419 4 57 theme CH 683:684 arg1 extracts 693:700 CH and DA extracts 683:700 extracts 693:700 Pectic polysaccharides present in CH and DA extracts were purified by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, then sequentially exposed to commercially available pectin-degrading enzymes (endo-polygalacturonase, pectin lyase and endo-arabinanase/endo-galactanase/both). 34199419 5 58 with homogalacturonan 1055:1070 arg1 extent 1106:1111 varied methyl esterification extent 1077:1111 varied methyl esterification extent 1077:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 59 theme branched 1114:1121 arg1 presence 1043:1050 the presence 1039:1050 the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent 1039:1111 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 59 theme branched 1114:1121 arg1 features 1019:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 important characteristic features 994:1026 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 59 theme branched 1114:1121 arg1 arabinogalactan 1130:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 branched type I arabinogalactan 1114:1144 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 34199419 5 60 theme generated 965:973 arg1 fragments 975:983 the generated fragments 961:983 the generated fragments 961:983 The composition and linkages of the generated fragments revealed important characteristic features, including the presence of homogalacturonan with varied methyl esterification extent, branched type I arabinogalactan and pectic galactan. 33222281 12 0 theme chemical 1826:1833 arg1 reactions 1835:1843 the chemical reactions 1822:1843 the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins 1822:1871 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 6 1 theme similar 813:819 arg1 content 821:827 similar content 813:827 similar content of polymeric tannins 813:848 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 4 2 theme polyphenol 580:589 arg1 extraction 591:600 polyphenol extraction 580:600 polyphenol extraction 580:600 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 12 3 dep grape 1901:1905 arg1 composition 1927:1937 composition 1927:1937 composition 1927:1937 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 2 4 theme cell 294:297 arg1 AIS 312:314 AIS 312:314 AIS 312:314 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 2 4 theme cell 294:297 arg1 solids 304:309 alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids 276:309 alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) 276:315 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 6 5 theme anthocyanin 882:892 arg1 content 894:900 their anthocyanin content 876:900 their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) 876:947 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 12 6 theme better 1798:1803 arg1 understanding 1805:1817 a better understanding 1796:1817 a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins 1796:1871 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 10 7 theme protein 1447:1453 arg1 content 1455:1461 protein content 1447:1461 protein content 1447:1461 Skin AISs differed slightly between the two varieties in their carbohydrate composition and protein content, but not between modalities. 33222281 4 8 from composition 550:560 arg1 extraction 591:600 polyphenol extraction 580:600 polyphenol extraction 580:600 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 11 9 theme maceration 1560:1569 arg1 end 1549:1551 the end 1545:1551 the end of the maceration 1545:1569 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 0 10 theme model 98:102 arg1 experiments 125:135 model wine-like maceration experiments 98:135 model wine-like maceration experiments 98:135 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 2 11 theme solids 304:309 arg1 extraction 321:330 extraction 321:330 extraction 321:330 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 2 11 theme solids 304:309 arg1 composition 261:271 the composition 257:271 the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) 257:315 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 8 12 theme anthocyanin 1215:1225 arg1 concentrations 1227:1240 anthocyanin concentrations 1215:1240 anthocyanin concentrations in solution for both varieties 1215:1271 Chemical reactions decreased anthocyanin concentrations in solution for both varieties. 33222281 0 13 theme maceration 114:123 arg1 experiments 125:135 model wine-like maceration experiments 98:135 model wine-like maceration experiments 98:135 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 7 14 theme higher 1141:1146 arg1 levels 1148:1153 the Carignan's higher levels 1126:1153 the Carignan's higher levels in coumaroylated anthocyanins 1126:1183 Anthocyanin extraction was proportionally much higher in Grenache, which was not just related to the Carignan's higher levels in coumaroylated anthocyanins. 33222281 1 15 theme grape 213:217 arg1 skins 219:223 grape skins 213:223 grape skins 213:223 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 0 16 theme size 44:47 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 0:136 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 4 17 dep RESULTS 531:537 arg1 compared 606:613 compared 606:613 was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density 602:722 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 1 18 theme BACKGROUND 138:147 arg1 walls 159:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls 138:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls 138:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 12 19 theme cell 1729:1732 arg1 network 1739:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 6 20 theme coumaroylated 988:1000 arg1 anthocyanins 1002:1013 coumaroylated anthocyanins 988:1013 coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan 988:1025 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 6 21 contain had 809:811 arg1 skins 803:807 Fresh skins 797:807 Fresh skins 797:807 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 6 21 contain had 809:811 arg2 content 821:827 similar content 813:827 similar content of polymeric tannins 813:848 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 6 22 from anthocyanins 1002:1013 arg1 Carignan 1018:1025 Carignan 1018:1025 Carignan 1018:1025 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 5 23 theme model 758:762 arg1 conditions 785:794 model wine-like maceration conditions 758:794 model wine-like maceration conditions 758:794 Extractions were performed under model wine-like maceration conditions. 33222281 1 24 theme cell 154:157 arg1 walls 159:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls 138:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls 138:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 0 25 from Impact 0:5 arg1 extractability 56:69 the extractability 52:69 the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments 52:135 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 12 26 theme Structural 1699:1708 arg1 information 1710:1720 CONCLUSION Structural information 1688:1720 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration 1688:1782 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 7 27 from levels 1148:1153 arg1 anthocyanins 1172:1183 coumaroylated anthocyanins 1158:1183 coumaroylated anthocyanins 1158:1183 Anthocyanin extraction was proportionally much higher in Grenache, which was not just related to the Carignan's higher levels in coumaroylated anthocyanins. 33222281 0 28 theme polyphenols 79:89 arg1 extractability 56:69 the extractability 52:69 the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments 52:135 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 12 29 theme wine 1911:1914 arg1 polyphenol 1916:1925 wine polyphenol 1911:1925 wine polyphenol 1911:1925 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 8 30 from concentrations 1227:1240 arg1 solution 1245:1252 solution 1245:1252 solution 1245:1252 Chemical reactions decreased anthocyanin concentrations in solution for both varieties. 33222281 3 31 theme berry 410:414 arg1 size 416:419 berry size 410:419 berry size 410:419 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 7 32 theme coumaroylated 1158:1170 arg1 anthocyanins 1172:1183 coumaroylated anthocyanins 1158:1183 coumaroylated anthocyanins 1158:1183 Anthocyanin extraction was proportionally much higher in Grenache, which was not just related to the Carignan's higher levels in coumaroylated anthocyanins. 33222281 4 33 theme Grape 539:543 arg1 composition 550:560 Grape skin composition 539:560 Grape skin composition 539:560 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 11 34 theme Polyphenol 1492:1501 arg1 analyses 1503:1510 Polyphenol analyses 1492:1510 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins 1492:1591 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 3 35 theme AIS 442:444 arg1 composition 446:456 skin AIS composition 437:456 skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) 437:484 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 0 36 theme grape 10:14 arg1 variety 16:22 grape variety 10:22 grape variety 10:22 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 3 37 theme variety 401:407 arg1 impact 391:396 the impact 387:396 the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction 387:510 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 5 38 theme maceration 774:783 arg1 conditions 785:794 model wine-like maceration conditions 758:794 model wine-like maceration conditions 758:794 Extractions were performed under model wine-like maceration conditions. 33222281 12 39 theme anthocyanins 1848:1859 arg1 reactions 1835:1843 the chemical reactions 1822:1843 the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins 1822:1871 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 10 40 theme Skin 1355:1358 arg1 AISs 1360:1363 Skin AISs 1355:1363 Skin AISs 1355:1363 Skin AISs differed slightly between the two varieties in their carbohydrate composition and protein content, but not between modalities. 33222281 0 41 theme maturity 31:38 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 0:136 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 3 42 from impact 391:396 arg1 extraction 501:510 polyphenol extraction 490:510 polyphenol extraction 490:510 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 3 42 from impact 391:396 arg1 composition 446:456 skin AIS composition 437:456 skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) 437:484 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 6 43 theme tannins 842:848 arg1 content 821:827 similar content 813:827 similar content of polymeric tannins 813:848 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 12 44 theme tannins 1865:1871 arg1 reactions 1835:1843 the chemical reactions 1822:1843 the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins 1822:1871 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 13 45 theme Chemical 1958:1965 arg1 Industry 1967:1974 Chemical Industry 1958:1974 Chemical Industry 1958:1974 © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry. 33222281 3 46 theme polyphenol 490:499 arg1 extraction 501:510 polyphenol extraction 490:510 polyphenol extraction 490:510 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 3 47 dep composition 446:456 arg1 proteins 476:483 proteins 476:483 proteins 476:483 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 3 47 dep composition 446:456 arg1 polysaccharides 459:473 polysaccharides 459:473 polysaccharides 459:473 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 12 48 theme reactions 1835:1843 arg1 information 1710:1720 CONCLUSION Structural information 1688:1720 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration 1688:1782 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 12 48 theme reactions 1835:1843 arg1 understanding 1805:1817 a better understanding 1796:1817 a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins 1796:1871 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 11 49 with berries 1655:1661 arg1 ripeness 1678:1685 different ripeness 1668:1685 different ripeness 1668:1685 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 6 50 theme higher 903:908 arg1 content 894:900 their anthocyanin content 876:900 their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) 876:947 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 11 51 theme different 1668:1676 arg1 ripeness 1678:1685 different ripeness 1668:1685 different ripeness 1668:1685 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 2 52 theme wall 299:302 arg1 AIS 312:314 AIS 312:314 AIS 312:314 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 2 52 theme wall 299:302 arg1 solids 304:309 alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids 276:309 alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) 276:315 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 12 53 from information 1710:1720 arg1 network 1739:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 12 53 from information 1710:1720 arg1 changes 1758:1764 its changes 1754:1764 its changes during maceration 1754:1782 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 6 54 theme Fresh 797:801 arg1 skins 803:807 Fresh skins 797:807 Fresh skins 797:807 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 2 55 theme alcohol-insoluble 276:292 arg1 AIS 312:314 AIS 312:314 AIS 312:314 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 2 55 theme alcohol-insoluble 276:292 arg1 solids 304:309 alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids 276:309 alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) 276:315 However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. 33222281 0 56 theme wine-like 104:112 arg1 experiments 125:135 model wine-like maceration experiments 98:135 model wine-like maceration experiments 98:135 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 10 57 theme carbohydrate 1418:1429 arg1 composition 1431:1441 their carbohydrate composition 1412:1441 their carbohydrate composition 1412:1441 Skin AISs differed slightly between the two varieties in their carbohydrate composition and protein content, but not between modalities. 33222281 1 58 theme tannin 190:195 arg1 extraction 197:206 tannin extraction 190:206 tannin extraction 190:206 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 8 59 theme Chemical 1186:1193 arg1 reactions 1195:1203 Chemical reactions 1186:1203 Chemical reactions 1186:1203 Chemical reactions decreased anthocyanin concentrations in solution for both varieties. 33222281 6 60 theme ripest 933:938 arg1 berries 940:946 the ripest berries 929:946 the ripest berries 929:946 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 7 61 theme Anthocyanin 1029:1039 arg1 extraction 1041:1050 Anthocyanin extraction 1029:1050 Anthocyanin extraction 1029:1050 Anthocyanin extraction was proportionally much higher in Grenache, which was not just related to the Carignan's higher levels in coumaroylated anthocyanins. 33222281 12 62 dep along 1785:1789 arg1 with 1791:1794 with 1791:1794 with 1791:1794 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 11 63 theme residual 1578:1585 arg1 skins 1587:1591 residual skins 1578:1591 residual skins 1578:1591 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 1 64 from skins 219:223 arg1 anthocyanin 174:184 anthocyanin 174:184 anthocyanin 174:184 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 1 64 from skins 219:223 arg1 extraction 197:206 tannin extraction 190:206 tannin extraction 190:206 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 9 65 theme Tannin 1274:1279 arg1 extraction 1281:1290 Tannin extraction 1274:1290 Tannin extraction for Grenache 1274:1303 Tannin extraction for Grenache was slightly higher and faster than for Carignan. 33222281 0 66 theme berry 25:29 arg1 maturity 31:38 berry maturity 25:38 berry maturity 25:38 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 1 67 theme Skin 149:152 arg1 walls 159:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls 138:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls 138:163 BACKGROUND Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. 33222281 4 68 theme berries 673:679 arg1 skins 664:668 skins 664:668 skins of berries sorted according to their size and density 664:722 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 0 69 theme skin 74:77 arg1 polyphenols 79:89 skin polyphenols 74:89 skin polyphenols 74:89 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 12 70 theme wall 1734:1737 arg1 network 1739:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 6 71 theme higher 966:971 arg1 proportions 973:983 higher proportions 966:983 higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan 966:1025 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 4 72 from impact 570:575 arg1 extraction 591:600 polyphenol extraction 580:600 polyphenol extraction 580:600 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 12 73 theme CONCLUSION 1688:1697 arg1 information 1710:1720 CONCLUSION Structural information 1688:1720 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration 1688:1782 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 12 74 from understanding 1805:1817 arg1 network 1739:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 the cell wall network 1725:1745 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 12 74 from understanding 1805:1817 arg1 changes 1758:1764 its changes 1754:1764 its changes during maceration 1754:1782 CONCLUSION Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. 33222281 3 75 theme ripeness 425:432 arg1 impact 391:396 the impact 387:396 the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction 387:510 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 11 76 from analyses 1503:1510 arg1 precipitates 1519:1530 the precipitates 1515:1530 the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration 1515:1569 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 11 76 from analyses 1503:1510 arg1 skins 1587:1591 residual skins 1578:1591 residual skins 1578:1591 Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. 33222281 4 77 theme skin 545:548 arg1 composition 550:560 Grape skin composition 539:560 Grape skin composition 539:560 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 6 78 from proportions 973:983 arg1 anthocyanins 1002:1013 coumaroylated anthocyanins 988:1013 coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan 988:1025 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 3 79 theme size 416:419 arg1 impact 391:396 the impact 387:396 the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction 387:510 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 0 80 theme variety 16:22 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 0:136 Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments. 33222281 5 81 theme wine-like 764:772 arg1 conditions 785:794 model wine-like maceration conditions 758:794 model wine-like maceration conditions 758:794 Extractions were performed under model wine-like maceration conditions. 33222281 3 82 theme skin 437:440 arg1 composition 446:456 skin AIS composition 437:456 skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) 437:484 Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. 33222281 4 83 dep varieties 623:631 arg1 Grenache 648:655 Grenache 648:655 Grenache 648:655 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 4 83 dep varieties 623:631 arg1 Carignan 635:642 Carignan 635:642 Carignan 635:642 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 4 83 dep varieties 623:631 arg1 varieties 623:631 two varieties 619:631 two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - 619:657 RESULTS Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. 33222281 10 84 from varieties 1399:1407 arg1 composition 1431:1441 their carbohydrate composition 1412:1441 their carbohydrate composition 1412:1441 Skin AISs differed slightly between the two varieties in their carbohydrate composition and protein content, but not between modalities. 33222281 10 84 from varieties 1399:1407 arg1 content 1455:1461 protein content 1447:1461 protein content 1447:1461 Skin AISs differed slightly between the two varieties in their carbohydrate composition and protein content, but not between modalities. 33222281 6 85 dep differed 864:871 arg1 proportions 973:983 higher proportions 966:983 higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan 966:1025 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 33222281 6 86 theme polymeric 832:840 arg1 tannins 842:848 polymeric tannins 832:848 polymeric tannins 832:848 Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). 32241176 6 0 theme liposomal 1103:1111 arg1 doxorubicin 1113:1123 liposomal doxorubicin 1103:1123 liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) 1103:1131 Specifically, liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) was modified by post-insertion with the GBP. 32241176 6 0 theme liposomal 1103:1111 arg1 L-DOX 1126:1130 L-DOX 1126:1130 L-DOX 1126:1130 Specifically, liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) was modified by post-insertion with the GBP. 32241176 2 1 theme lung 345:348 arg1 cancer 350:355 non-small cell lung cancer 330:355 non-small cell lung cancer 330:355 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 5 2 theme GAG-binding 949:959 arg1 GBP 970:972 GBP 970:972 GBP 970:972 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 5 2 theme GAG-binding 949:959 arg1 peptide 961:967 a GAG-binding peptide 947:967 a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity 947:1034 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 10 3 theme enhanced 1715:1722 arg1 targeting 1737:1745 enhanced desmoplastic targeting 1715:1745 enhanced desmoplastic targeting 1715:1745 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 11 4 theme NPs 1879:1881 arg1 distribution 1839:1850 tissue distribution 1832:1850 tissue distribution 1832:1850 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 11 4 theme NPs 1879:1881 arg1 efficiency 1865:1874 delivery efficiency 1856:1874 delivery efficiency 1856:1874 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 4 5 theme extracellular 858:870 arg1 matrix 872:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 3 6 theme NPs 750:752 arg1 penetration 735:745 tissue penetration 728:745 tissue penetration of NPs 728:752 These stroma are composed of protein networks and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that greatly compromise tumor-penetrating performance, leading to insufficient extravasation and tissue penetration of NPs. 32241176 3 6 theme NPs 750:752 arg1 extravasation 710:722 insufficient extravasation 697:722 insufficient extravasation 697:722 These stroma are composed of protein networks and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that greatly compromise tumor-penetrating performance, leading to insufficient extravasation and tissue penetration of NPs. 32241176 3 7 theme protein 584:590 arg1 networks 592:599 protein networks 584:599 protein networks 584:599 These stroma are composed of protein networks and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that greatly compromise tumor-penetrating performance, leading to insufficient extravasation and tissue penetration of NPs. 32241176 5 8 with peptide 961:967 arg1 affinity 985:992 high affinity 980:992 high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity 980:1034 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 5 9 theme delivery 1072:1079 arg1 system 1081:1086 an HS-targeting delivery system 1056:1086 an HS-targeting delivery system 1056:1086 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 8 10 with interaction 1445:1455 arg1 HS 1462:1463 HS 1462:1463 HS 1462:1463 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 10 11 theme GBP 1623:1625 arg1 modification 1627:1638 GBP modification 1623:1638 GBP modification 1623:1638 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 1 12 theme unexpected 204:213 arg1 accumulation 215:226 unexpected accumulation 204:226 unexpected accumulation 204:226 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 4 13 theme NP-mediated 914:924 arg1 delivery 931:938 NP-mediated drug delivery 914:938 NP-mediated drug delivery 914:938 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 7 14 from uptake 1204:1209 arg1 cells 1248:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 8 15 theme GBP-modified 1304:1315 arg1 L-DOX-GBP 1324:1332 L-DOX-GBP 1324:1332 L-DOX-GBP 1324:1332 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 8 15 theme GBP-modified 1304:1315 arg1 L-DOX 1317:1321 GBP-modified L-DOX 1304:1321 GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) 1304:1333 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 8 16 theme HS 1383:1384 arg1 presence 1357:1364 the presence 1353:1364 the presence of extracellular HS 1353:1384 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 0 17 from distribution 99:110 arg1 tumors 115:120 tumors 115:120 tumors 115:120 Heparan sulfate targeting strategy for enhancing liposomal drug accumulation and facilitating deep distribution in tumors. 32241176 7 18 theme A549 1223:1226 arg1 cells 1248:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 7 19 theme L-DOX 1214:1218 arg1 uptake 1204:1209 the in vitro uptake 1191:1209 the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1191:1252 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 8 20 theme surface 1490:1496 arg1 binding 1498:1504 the cell surface binding 1481:1504 the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP 1481:1517 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 2 21 theme cancer-associated 395:411 arg1 fibroblasts 413:423 cancer-associated fibroblasts 395:423 cancer-associated fibroblasts 395:423 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 11 22 dep distribution 1839:1850 arg1 the 1828:1830 the 1828:1830 the 1828:1830 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 2 23 theme extracellular 463:475 arg1 matrix 477:482 a gel-like extracellular matrix 452:482 a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor 452:552 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 2 24 theme adenocarcinoma 379:392 arg1 case 322:325 the case 318:325 the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 318:392 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 0 25 theme Heparan 0:6 arg1 sulfate 8:14 Heparan sulfate 0:14 Heparan sulfate 0:14 Heparan sulfate targeting strategy for enhancing liposomal drug accumulation and facilitating deep distribution in tumors. 32241176 4 26 from presence 769:776 arg1 matrix 872:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 26 from presence 769:776 arg1 surface 840:846 the cell surface 831:846 the cell surface 831:846 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 27 theme heparan 781:787 arg1 HS 798:799 HS 798:799 HS 798:799 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 27 theme heparan 781:787 arg1 sulfate 789:795 heparan sulfate 781:795 heparan sulfate (HS) 781:800 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 28 theme cell 835:838 arg1 surface 840:846 the cell surface 831:846 the cell surface 831:846 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 10 29 theme anticancer 1678:1687 arg1 efficiency 1689:1698 anticancer efficiency 1678:1698 anticancer efficiency 1678:1698 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 10 30 dep distribution 1661:1672 arg1 the 1649:1651 the 1649:1651 the 1649:1651 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 9 31 theme molecular 1583:1591 arg1 composition 1593:1603 the molecular composition 1579:1603 the molecular composition of GBP 1579:1610 The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin positively correlated with the molecular composition of GBP. 32241176 3 32 theme tumor-penetrating 655:671 arg1 performance 673:683 tumor-penetrating performance 655:683 tumor-penetrating performance 655:683 These stroma are composed of protein networks and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that greatly compromise tumor-penetrating performance, leading to insufficient extravasation and tissue penetration of NPs. 32241176 2 33 theme cell 340:343 arg1 cancer 350:355 non-small cell lung cancer 330:355 non-small cell lung cancer 330:355 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 0 34 theme liposomal 49:57 arg1 accumulation 64:75 liposomal drug accumulation 49:75 liposomal drug accumulation 49:75 Heparan sulfate targeting strategy for enhancing liposomal drug accumulation and facilitating deep distribution in tumors. 32241176 4 35 theme related 806:812 arg1 proteoglycans 814:826 related proteoglycans 806:826 related proteoglycans 806:826 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 11 36 theme delivery 1856:1863 arg1 efficiency 1865:1874 delivery efficiency 1856:1874 delivery efficiency 1856:1874 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 1 37 theme accumulation 215:226 arg1 toxicity 192:199 the severe toxicity 181:199 the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues 181:273 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 7 38 theme GBP 1267:1269 arg1 modification 1271:1282 GBP modification 1267:1282 GBP modification 1267:1282 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 8 39 theme GAGs 1419:1422 arg1 presence 1401:1408 the presence 1397:1408 the presence of other GAGs 1397:1422 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 5 40 used used 1040:1043 arg2 GBP 970:972 GBP 970:972 GBP 970:972 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 5 40 used used 1040:1043 arg2 peptide 961:967 a GAG-binding peptide 947:967 a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity 947:1034 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 1 41 theme passively 232:240 arg1 drugs 250:254 passively shuttle drugs 232:254 passively shuttle drugs 232:254 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 5 42 theme high 1005:1008 arg1 activity 1027:1034 high cell-penetrating activity 1005:1034 high cell-penetrating activity 1005:1034 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 2 43 theme cancer 350:355 arg1 case 322:325 the case 318:325 the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 318:392 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 1 44 theme drugs 250:254 arg1 toxicity 192:199 the severe toxicity 181:199 the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues 181:273 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 7 45 theme adenocarcinoma 1233:1246 arg1 cells 1248:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 3 46 theme tissue 728:733 arg1 penetration 735:745 tissue penetration 728:745 tissue penetration of NPs 728:752 These stroma are composed of protein networks and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that greatly compromise tumor-penetrating performance, leading to insufficient extravasation and tissue penetration of NPs. 32241176 1 47 theme tumor 261:265 arg1 tissues 267:273 tumor tissues 261:273 tumor tissues 261:273 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 4 48 theme molecular 892:900 arg1 presence 769:776 the presence 765:776 the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix 765:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 48 theme molecular 892:900 arg1 targets 902:908 molecular targets 892:908 molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery 892:938 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 10 49 theme extensive 1751:1759 arg1 distribution 1761:1772 extensive distribution 1751:1772 extensive distribution 1751:1772 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 4 50 theme tumor 852:856 arg1 matrix 872:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 6 51 mod modified 1137:1144 arg1 doxorubicin 1113:1123 liposomal doxorubicin 1103:1123 liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) 1103:1131 Specifically, liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) was modified by post-insertion with the GBP. 32241176 6 51 mod modified 1137:1144 arg3 post-insertion 1149:1162 post-insertion 1149:1162 post-insertion with the GBP 1149:1175 Specifically, liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) was modified by post-insertion with the GBP. 32241176 6 51 mod modified 1137:1144 arg1 L-DOX 1126:1130 L-DOX 1126:1130 L-DOX 1126:1130 Specifically, liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) was modified by post-insertion with the GBP. 32241176 1 52 theme severe 185:190 arg1 toxicity 192:199 the severe toxicity 181:199 the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues 181:273 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 2 53 theme non-small 330:338 arg1 cancer 350:355 non-small cell lung cancer 330:355 non-small cell lung cancer 330:355 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 6 54 with post-insertion 1149:1162 arg1 GBP 1173:1175 the GBP 1169:1175 the GBP 1169:1175 Specifically, liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) was modified by post-insertion with the GBP. 32241176 2 55 theme tumor 548:552 arg1 stroma 534:539 the desmoplastic stroma 517:539 the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor 517:552 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 4 56 attach presence 769:776 arg1 matrix 872:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 tumor extracellular matrix 852:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 56 attach presence 769:776 arg2 HS 798:799 HS 798:799 HS 798:799 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 56 attach presence 769:776 arg1 surface 840:846 the cell surface 831:846 the cell surface 831:846 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 56 attach presence 769:776 arg2 sulfate 789:795 heparan sulfate 781:795 heparan sulfate (HS) 781:800 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 56 attach presence 769:776 arg2 proteoglycans 814:826 related proteoglycans 806:826 related proteoglycans 806:826 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 8 57 theme Cellular 1285:1292 arg1 uptake 1294:1299 Cellular uptake 1285:1299 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) 1285:1333 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 11 58 theme tissue 1832:1837 arg1 distribution 1839:1850 tissue distribution 1832:1850 tissue distribution 1832:1850 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 4 59 theme drug 926:929 arg1 delivery 931:938 NP-mediated drug delivery 914:938 NP-mediated drug delivery 914:938 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 5 60 theme HS-targeting 1059:1070 arg1 system 1081:1086 an HS-targeting delivery system 1056:1086 an HS-targeting delivery system 1056:1086 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 8 61 theme L-DOX 1317:1321 arg1 uptake 1294:1299 Cellular uptake 1285:1299 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) 1285:1333 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 0 62 theme deep 94:97 arg1 distribution 99:110 deep distribution 94:110 deep distribution in tumors 94:120 Heparan sulfate targeting strategy for enhancing liposomal drug accumulation and facilitating deep distribution in tumors. 32241176 11 63 theme HS-abundant 1891:1901 arg1 neoplasm 1934:1941 HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm 1891:1941 HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm 1891:1941 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 2 64 theme physical 497:504 arg1 barrier 506:512 a physical barrier 495:512 a physical barrier 495:512 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 8 65 theme cell 1485:1488 arg1 binding 1498:1504 the cell surface binding 1481:1504 the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP 1481:1517 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 11 66 theme GBP 1791:1793 arg1 modification 1795:1806 GBP modification 1791:1806 GBP modification 1791:1806 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 7 67 theme in vitro 1195:1202 arg1 uptake 1204:1209 the in vitro uptake 1191:1209 the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1191:1252 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 4 68 theme sulfate 789:795 arg1 presence 769:776 the presence 765:776 the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix 765:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 68 theme sulfate 789:795 arg1 targets 902:908 molecular targets 892:908 molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery 892:938 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 5 69 theme high 980:983 arg1 affinity 985:992 high affinity 980:992 high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity 980:1034 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 2 70 theme desmoplastic 521:532 arg1 stroma 534:539 the desmoplastic stroma 517:539 the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor 517:552 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 8 71 theme L-DOX-GBP 1509:1517 arg1 binding 1498:1504 the cell surface binding 1481:1504 the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP 1481:1517 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 9 72 theme doxorubicin 1540:1550 arg1 cytotoxicity 1524:1535 The cytotoxicity 1520:1535 The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin 1520:1550 The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin positively correlated with the molecular composition of GBP. 32241176 2 73 theme gel-like 454:461 arg1 matrix 477:482 a gel-like extracellular matrix 452:482 a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor 452:552 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 2 74 theme ductal 372:377 arg1 adenocarcinoma 379:392 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 361:392 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 361:392 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 1 75 theme enhanced 278:285 arg1 permeability 287:298 enhanced permeability 278:298 enhanced permeability 278:298 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 32241176 8 76 theme extracellular 1369:1381 arg1 HS 1383:1384 extracellular HS 1369:1384 extracellular HS 1369:1384 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 2 77 theme pancreatic 361:370 arg1 adenocarcinoma 379:392 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 361:392 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 361:392 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 5 78 theme cell-penetrating 1010:1025 arg1 activity 1027:1034 high cell-penetrating activity 1005:1034 high cell-penetrating activity 1005:1034 Here, a GAG-binding peptide (GBP) with high affinity for HS and high cell-penetrating activity was used to develop an HS-targeting delivery system. 32241176 11 79 theme desmoplastic 1903:1914 arg1 neoplasm 1934:1941 HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm 1891:1941 HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm 1891:1941 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 10 80 theme in vivo 1653:1659 arg1 distribution 1661:1672 in vivo distribution 1653:1672 in vivo distribution 1653:1672 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 0 81 theme drug 59:62 arg1 accumulation 64:75 liposomal drug accumulation 49:75 liposomal drug accumulation 49:75 Heparan sulfate targeting strategy for enhancing liposomal drug accumulation and facilitating deep distribution in tumors. 32241176 2 82 theme matrix 477:482 arg1 aggregation 437:447 the aggregation 433:447 the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor 433:552 In the case of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the aggregation of a gel-like extracellular matrix that forms a physical barrier in the desmoplastic stroma of the tumor. 32241176 3 83 theme insufficient 697:708 arg1 extravasation 710:722 insufficient extravasation 697:722 insufficient extravasation 697:722 These stroma are composed of protein networks and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that greatly compromise tumor-penetrating performance, leading to insufficient extravasation and tissue penetration of NPs. 32241176 10 84 theme L-DOX 1703:1707 arg1 distribution 1661:1672 in vivo distribution 1653:1672 in vivo distribution 1653:1672 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 10 84 theme L-DOX 1703:1707 arg1 efficiency 1689:1698 anticancer efficiency 1678:1698 anticancer efficiency 1678:1698 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 4 85 theme proteoglycans 814:826 arg1 presence 769:776 the presence 765:776 the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix 765:877 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 4 85 theme proteoglycans 814:826 arg1 targets 902:908 molecular targets 892:908 molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery 892:938 Moreover, the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and related proteoglycans on the cell surface and tumor extracellular matrix may serve as molecular targets for NP-mediated drug delivery. 32241176 9 86 theme GBP 1608:1610 arg1 composition 1593:1603 the molecular composition 1579:1603 the molecular composition of GBP 1579:1610 The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin positively correlated with the molecular composition of GBP. 32241176 11 87 theme stroma-associated 1916:1932 arg1 neoplasm 1934:1941 HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm 1891:1941 HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm 1891:1941 Taken together, GBP modification may greatly improve the tissue distribution and delivery efficiency of NPs against HS-abundant desmoplastic stroma-associated neoplasm. 32241176 8 88 theme other 1413:1417 arg1 GAGs 1419:1422 other GAGs 1413:1422 other GAGs 1413:1422 Cellular uptake of GBP-modified L-DOX (L-DOX-GBP) was diminished in the presence of extracellular HS but not in the presence of other GAGs, indicating that the interaction with HS is critical for the cell surface binding of L-DOX-GBP. 32241176 10 89 theme desmoplastic 1724:1735 arg1 targeting 1737:1745 enhanced desmoplastic targeting 1715:1745 enhanced desmoplastic targeting 1715:1745 Moreover, GBP modification improved the in vivo distribution and anticancer efficiency of L-DOX, with enhanced desmoplastic targeting and extensive distribution. 32241176 7 90 theme lung 1228:1231 arg1 cells 1248:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells 1223:1252 We show that the in vitro uptake of L-DOX in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells increased by GBP modification. 32241176 1 91 theme shuttle 242:248 arg1 drugs 250:254 passively shuttle drugs 232:254 passively shuttle drugs 232:254 Nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, effectively evade the severe toxicity of unexpected accumulation and passively shuttle drugs into tumor tissues by enhanced permeability and retention. 33710435 4 0 used used 625:628 arg2 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 4 0 used used 625:628 arg2 design 606:611 The face-centered central composite design 570:611 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 570:619 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 6 1 theme 300 μg/mL 931:939 arg1 concentration 914:926 a concentration 912:926 a concentration of 300 μg/mL 912:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 13 2 theme mannose 1955:1961 arg1 linkages 1994:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 11 3 with comparison 1675:1684 arg1 medium 1701:1706 the basal medium 1691:1706 the basal medium 1691:1706 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 1 4 theme bio-hydrometallurgy 305:323 arg1 industries 325:334 bio-hydrometallurgy industries 305:334 bio-hydrometallurgy industries 305:334 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 6 5 from concentration 914:926 arg1 % 787:787 59% 785:787 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 785:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 5 from concentration 914:926 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 5 from concentration 914:926 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 5 from concentration 914:926 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 5 from concentration 914:926 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 5 from concentration 914:926 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 13 6 theme glucose 1933:1939 arg1 linkages 1994:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 6 7 theme activity 820:827 arg1 % 787:787 59% 785:787 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 785:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 7 theme activity 820:827 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 7 theme activity 820:827 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 7 theme activity 820:827 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 7 theme activity 820:827 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 7 theme activity 820:827 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 9 8 theme ECP 1433:1435 arg1 production 1419:1428 the production 1415:1428 the production of ECP 1415:1435 Moreover the production of ECP reached to 2.21 g/L after the optimization of nutritional variables. 33710435 8 9 theme indicus 1257:1263 arg1 M6 1265:1266 Acinetobacter indicus M6 1243:1266 Acinetobacter indicus M6 1243:1266 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 5 10 theme antioxidative 744:756 arg1 activities 758:767 significant antioxidative activities 732:767 significant antioxidative activities 732:767 RESULTS The results have clearly shown that the ECP was found to be endowed with significant antioxidative activities. 33710435 6 11 theme activity 971:978 arg1 % 787:787 59% 785:787 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 785:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 11 theme activity 971:978 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 11 theme activity 971:978 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 11 theme activity 971:978 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 11 theme activity 971:978 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 11 theme activity 971:978 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 10 12 theme 0.99 1590:1593 arg1 value 1581:1585 the R2 value 1574:1585 the R2 value of 0.99 1574:1593 The designed model is statistically significant and is indicated by the R2 value of 0.99. 33710435 7 13 theme GC-MS 1053:1057 arg1 results 1059:1065 HPLC and GC-MS results 1044:1065 HPLC and GC-MS results 1044:1065 Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. 33710435 13 14 link -linked 1925:1931 arg1 1→4 1921:1923 1→4 1921:1923 1→4 1921:1923 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 14 link -linked 1925:1931 arg1 glucose 1933:1939 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose 1905:1939 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose 1905:1939 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 15 dep mannose 1955:1961 arg1 1→4 1943:1945 1→4 1943:1945 1→4 1943:1945 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 6 16 theme radical 952:958 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 16 theme radical 952:958 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 13 17 theme -linked 1947:1953 arg1 mannose 1955:1961 (1→4)-linked mannose 1942:1961 (1→4)-linked mannose 1942:1961 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 12 18 dep CONCLUSIONS 1709:1719 arg1 produces 1756:1763 produces 1756:1763 produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity 1756:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 7 19 theme HPLC 1044:1047 arg1 results 1059:1065 HPLC and GC-MS results 1044:1065 HPLC and GC-MS results 1044:1065 Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. 33710435 9 20 theme nutritional 1483:1493 arg1 variables 1495:1503 nutritional variables 1483:1503 nutritional variables 1483:1503 Moreover the production of ECP reached to 2.21 g/L after the optimization of nutritional variables. 33710435 8 21 theme variables 1318:1326 arg1 optimization 1290:1301 optimization 1290:1301 optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 1290:1369 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 13 22 theme -linked 1925:1931 arg1 1→4 1921:1923 1→4 1921:1923 1→4 1921:1923 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 22 theme -linked 1925:1931 arg1 glucose 1933:1939 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose 1905:1939 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose 1905:1939 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 0 23 theme polysaccharide 70:83 arg1 production 42:51 production 42:51 production of extracellular polysaccharide 42:83 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 15 24 theme ECP 2227:2229 arg1 overproduction 2209:2222 the overproduction 2205:2222 the overproduction of ECP 2205:2229 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 0 25 theme Acinetobacter 88:100 arg1 M6 110:111 Acinetobacter indicus M6 88:111 Acinetobacter indicus M6 88:111 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 1 26 theme marine 192:197 arg1 bacterium 199:207 biofilm-producing marine bacterium 174:207 biofilm-producing marine bacterium 174:207 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 14 27 theme ECP 2068:2070 arg1 production 2054:2063 the production 2050:2063 the production of ECP 2050:2070 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 13 28 theme uncommon 1911:1918 arg1 1→4 1921:1923 1→4 1921:1923 1→4 1921:1923 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 28 theme uncommon 1911:1918 arg1 glucose 1933:1939 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose 1905:1939 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose 1905:1939 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 29 theme glycosidic 1983:1992 arg1 linkages 1994:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 8 30 theme yeast 1346:1350 arg1 variables 1318:1326 nutritional variables 1306:1326 nutritional variables 1306:1326 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 8 30 theme yeast 1346:1350 arg1 extract 1352:1358 yeast extract 1346:1358 yeast extract 1346:1358 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 14 31 with comparison 2099:2108 arg1 medium 2125:2130 the basal medium 2115:2130 the basal medium 2115:2130 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 13 32 link -linked 1947:1953 arg1 mannose 1955:1961 (1→4)-linked mannose 1942:1961 (1→4)-linked mannose 1942:1961 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 0 33 theme production 42:51 arg1 optimization 26:37 optimization 26:37 optimization 26:37 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 0 33 theme production 42:51 arg1 potential 12:20 Antioxidant potential 0:20 Antioxidant potential 0:20 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 13 34 dep -GlcN- 1972:1977 arg1 →4 1969:1970 →4 1969:1970 →4 1969:1970 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 6 35 from concentration 834:846 arg1 % 787:787 59% 785:787 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 785:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 35 from concentration 834:846 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 35 from concentration 834:846 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 35 from concentration 834:846 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 35 from concentration 834:846 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 35 from concentration 834:846 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 0 36 theme Antioxidant 0:10 arg1 potential 12:20 Antioxidant potential 0:20 Antioxidant potential 0:20 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 14 37 theme optimized 2024:2032 arg1 medium 2034:2039 The optimized medium 2020:2039 The optimized medium 2020:2039 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 1 38 theme Extracellular 125:137 arg1 ECPs 156:159 ECPs 156:159 ECPs 156:159 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 1 38 theme Extracellular 125:137 arg1 polysaccharides 139:153 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides 114:153 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium 114:207 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 4 39 theme central 588:594 arg1 design 606:611 The face-centered central composite design 570:611 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 570:619 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 4 39 theme central 588:594 arg1 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 10 40 theme designed 1510:1517 arg1 model 1519:1523 The designed model 1506:1523 The designed model 1506:1523 The designed model is statistically significant and is indicated by the R2 value of 0.99. 33710435 10 40 theme designed 1510:1517 arg1 significant 1542:1552 significant 1542:1552 significant 1542:1552 The designed model is statistically significant and is indicated by the R2 value of 0.99. 33710435 8 41 theme Surface 1384:1390 arg1 Methodology 1392:1402 Response Surface Methodology 1375:1402 "Response Surface Methodology" 1374:1403 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 6 42 theme hydroxyl 792:799 arg1 radical 801:807 hydroxyl radical 792:807 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 12 43 theme efficient 1831:1839 arg1 activity 1853:1860 highly efficient antioxidant activity 1824:1860 highly efficient antioxidant activity 1824:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 6 44 theme activity 892:899 arg1 % 787:787 59% 785:787 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 785:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 44 theme activity 892:899 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 44 theme activity 892:899 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 44 theme activity 892:899 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 44 theme activity 892:899 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 44 theme activity 892:899 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 45 from % 787:787 arg1 concentration 914:926 a concentration 912:926 a concentration of 300 μg/mL 912:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 45 from % 787:787 arg1 concentration 834:846 a concentration 832:846 a concentration of 500 μg/mL 832:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 11 46 theme basal 1695:1699 arg1 medium 1701:1706 the basal medium 1691:1706 the basal medium 1691:1706 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 2 47 theme indicus 394:400 arg1 species 405:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 2 47 theme indicus 394:400 arg1 strain 355:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 11 48 dep two 1655:1657 arg1 folds 1659:1663 folds 1659:1663 folds higher in comparison with the basal medium 1659:1706 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 6 49 theme radical 873:879 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 49 theme radical 873:879 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 13 50 theme -GlcN- 1972:1977 arg1 linkages 1994:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 12 51 theme novel 1767:1771 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 1798:1817 a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide 1765:1817 a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity 1765:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 11 52 theme optimized 1600:1608 arg1 medium 1610:1615 The optimized medium 1596:1615 The optimized medium 1596:1615 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 6 53 theme DPPH˙ 946:950 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 53 theme DPPH˙ 946:950 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 12 54 theme unique 1777:1782 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 1798:1817 a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide 1765:1817 a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity 1765:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 2 55 theme 16S 416:418 arg1 analysis 425:432 16S rDNA analysis 416:432 16S rDNA analysis 416:432 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 12 56 theme M6 1743:1744 arg1 bacterium 1746:1754 Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium 1721:1754 Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium 1721:1754 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 6 57 theme 500 μg/mL 851:859 arg1 concentration 834:846 a concentration 832:846 a concentration of 500 μg/mL 832:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 2 58 theme ECP-producing 341:353 arg1 species 405:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 2 58 theme ECP-producing 341:353 arg1 strain 355:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 1 59 theme great 214:218 arg1 applications 220:231 great applications 214:231 great applications 214:231 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 14 60 theme basal 2119:2123 arg1 medium 2125:2130 the basal medium 2115:2130 the basal medium 2115:2130 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 11 61 theme ECP 1644:1646 arg1 production 1630:1639 the production 1626:1639 the production of ECP 1626:1646 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 7 62 theme isolated 1083:1090 arg1 ECP 1092:1094 the isolated ECP 1079:1094 the isolated ECP 1079:1094 Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. 33710435 7 62 theme isolated 1083:1090 arg1 heteropolymer 1102:1114 a heteropolymer 1100:1114 a heteropolymer composed of glucose 1100:1134 Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. 33710435 12 63 with heteropolysaccharide 1798:1817 arg1 activity 1853:1860 highly efficient antioxidant activity 1824:1860 highly efficient antioxidant activity 1824:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 12 64 theme Acinetobacter 1721:1733 arg1 bacterium 1746:1754 Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium 1721:1754 Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium 1721:1754 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 8 65 theme ECP 1236:1238 arg1 production 1222:1231 the production 1218:1231 the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 1218:1266 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 10 66 theme R2 1578:1579 arg1 value 1581:1585 the R2 value 1574:1585 the R2 value of 0.99 1574:1593 The designed model is statistically significant and is indicated by the R2 value of 0.99. 33710435 5 67 theme significant 732:742 arg1 activities 758:767 significant antioxidative activities 732:767 significant antioxidative activities 732:767 RESULTS The results have clearly shown that the ECP was found to be endowed with significant antioxidative activities. 33710435 6 68 theme scavenging 809:818 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 8 69 theme Acinetobacter 1243:1255 arg1 M6 1265:1266 Acinetobacter indicus M6 1243:1266 Acinetobacter indicus M6 1243:1266 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 6 70 theme scavenging 960:969 arg1 activity 971:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity 946:978 DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) 946:986 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 70 theme scavenging 960:969 arg1 % 985:985 72.2% 981:985 72.2% 981:985 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 15 71 used used 2169:2172 arg2 medium 2153:2158 The newly optimized medium 2133:2158 The newly optimized medium 2133:2158 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 15 71 used used 2169:2172 arg2 alternative 2189:2199 a promising alternative 2177:2199 a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP 2177:2229 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 12 72 dep Acinetobacter 1721:1733 arg1 indicus 1735:1741 indicus 1735:1741 indicus 1735:1741 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 13 73 attach presence 1893:1900 arg1 backbone 2010:2017 the backbone 2006:2017 the backbone 2006:2017 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 73 attach presence 1893:1900 arg2 linkages 1994:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages 1905:2001 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 15 74 theme optimized 2143:2151 arg1 medium 2153:2158 The newly optimized medium 2133:2158 The newly optimized medium 2133:2158 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 15 74 theme optimized 2143:2151 arg1 alternative 2189:2199 a promising alternative 2177:2199 a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP 2177:2229 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 3 75 theme antioxidant 528:538 arg1 activities 540:549 antioxidant activities 528:549 antioxidant activities 528:549 The polymer produced by the isolate was quantified and purified and chemically analyzed, and antioxidant activities have been studied. 33710435 9 76 theme variables 1495:1503 arg1 optimization 1467:1478 the optimization 1463:1478 the optimization of nutritional variables 1463:1503 Moreover the production of ECP reached to 2.21 g/L after the optimization of nutritional variables. 33710435 8 77 theme nutritional 1306:1316 arg1 variables 1318:1326 nutritional variables 1306:1326 nutritional variables 1306:1326 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 8 77 theme nutritional 1306:1316 arg1 glucose 1337:1343 glucose 1337:1343 glucose 1337:1343 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 8 77 theme nutritional 1306:1316 arg1 extract 1352:1358 yeast extract 1346:1358 yeast extract 1346:1358 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 8 77 theme nutritional 1306:1316 arg1 MgSO4 1365:1369 MgSO4 1365:1369 MgSO4 1365:1369 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 0 78 theme indicus 102:108 arg1 M6 110:111 Acinetobacter indicus M6 88:111 Acinetobacter indicus M6 88:111 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 1 79 theme biofilm-producing 174:190 arg1 bacterium 199:207 biofilm-producing marine bacterium 174:207 biofilm-producing marine bacterium 174:207 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 6 80 theme 500 μg/mL 1010:1018 arg1 concentration 993:1005 a concentration 991:1005 a concentration of 500 μg/mL 991:1018 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 4 81 theme face-centered 574:586 arg1 design 606:611 The face-centered central composite design 570:611 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 570:619 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 4 81 theme face-centered 574:586 arg1 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 7 82 theme minor 1189:1193 arg1 monomers 1195:1202 minor monomers 1189:1202 minor monomers 1189:1202 Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. 33710435 13 83 theme GC-MS 1863:1867 arg1 analyses 1869:1876 GC-MS analyses 1863:1876 GC-MS analyses 1863:1876 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 84 theme linkages 1994:2001 arg1 presence 1893:1900 the presence 1889:1900 the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone 1889:2017 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 13 85 from presence 1893:1900 arg1 backbone 2010:2017 the backbone 2006:2017 the backbone 2006:2017 GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. 33710435 5 86 with endowed 719:725 arg1 activities 758:767 significant antioxidative activities 732:767 significant antioxidative activities 732:767 RESULTS The results have clearly shown that the ECP was found to be endowed with significant antioxidative activities. 33710435 14 87 dep two 2079:2081 arg1 folds 2083:2087 folds 2083:2087 folds higher in comparison with the basal medium 2083:2130 The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. 33710435 1 88 theme BACKGROUND 114:123 arg1 ECPs 156:159 ECPs 156:159 ECPs 156:159 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 1 88 theme BACKGROUND 114:123 arg1 polysaccharides 139:153 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides 114:153 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium 114:207 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 7 89 theme major 1141:1145 arg1 monomer 1147:1153 a major monomer 1139:1153 a major monomer 1139:1153 Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. 33710435 4 90 theme composite 596:604 arg1 design 606:611 The face-centered central composite design 570:611 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 570:619 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 4 90 theme composite 596:604 arg1 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 FCCCD 614:618 The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. 33710435 1 91 contain have 209:212 arg1 ECPs 156:159 ECPs 156:159 ECPs 156:159 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 1 91 contain have 209:212 arg1 polysaccharides 139:153 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides 114:153 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium 114:207 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 1 91 contain have 209:212 arg2 applications 220:231 great applications 214:231 great applications 214:231 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 6 92 theme radical 801:807 arg1 activity 820:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 792:827 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL 792:859 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 0 93 theme extracellular 56:68 arg1 polysaccharide 70:83 extracellular polysaccharide 56:83 extracellular polysaccharide 56:83 Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6. 33710435 15 94 theme promising 2179:2187 arg1 medium 2153:2158 The newly optimized medium 2133:2158 The newly optimized medium 2133:2158 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 15 94 theme promising 2179:2187 arg1 alternative 2189:2199 a promising alternative 2177:2199 a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP 2177:2229 The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP. 33710435 12 95 theme antioxidant 1841:1851 arg1 activity 1853:1860 highly efficient antioxidant activity 1824:1860 highly efficient antioxidant activity 1824:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 12 96 theme extracellular 1784:1796 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 1798:1817 a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide 1765:1817 a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity 1765:1860 CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. 33710435 8 97 theme Response 1375:1382 arg1 Methodology 1392:1402 Response Surface Methodology 1375:1402 "Response Surface Methodology" 1374:1403 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 2 98 theme M6 402:403 arg1 species 405:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 2 98 theme M6 402:403 arg1 strain 355:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 6 99 theme scavenging 881:890 arg1 activity 892:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity 862:899 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 6 99 theme scavenging 881:890 arg1 % 906:906 72.4% 902:906 72.4% 902:906 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 8 100 theme Methodology 1392:1402 arg1 " 1403:1403 "Response Surface Methodology" 1374:1403 "Response Surface Methodology" 1374:1403 Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by "Response Surface Methodology". 33710435 2 101 theme Acinetobacter 380:392 arg1 species 405:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 Acinetobacter indicus M6 species 380:411 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 2 101 theme Acinetobacter 380:392 arg1 strain 355:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain 337:360 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33710435 1 102 theme food 267:270 arg1 engineering 272:282 food engineering 267:282 food engineering 267:282 BACKGROUND Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. 33710435 6 103 theme superoxide 862:871 arg1 radical 873:879 superoxide radical 862:879 superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL 862:939 The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. 33710435 5 104 dep RESULTS 651:657 arg1 results 663:669 The results 659:669 RESULTS The results 651:669 RESULTS The results have clearly shown that the ECP was found to be endowed with significant antioxidative activities. 33710435 2 105 theme rDNA 420:423 arg1 analysis 425:432 16S rDNA analysis 416:432 16S rDNA analysis 416:432 The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. 33327053 8 0 theme wound 1104:1108 arg1 healing 1110:1116 wound healing 1104:1116 wound healing 1104:1116 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 8 1 theme diabetic 1196:1203 arg1 model 1209:1213 a type 2 diabetic rat model 1187:1213 a type 2 diabetic rat model 1187:1213 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 2 2 theme diabetic 325:332 arg1 wounds 334:339 diabetic wounds 325:339 diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it 325:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 6 3 theme enzymatic 891:899 arg1 hydrolysis 901:910 enzymatic hydrolysis 891:910 enzymatic hydrolysis 891:910 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 6 4 from hydrolysis 901:910 arg1 PRP 882:884 PRP 882:884 PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis 882:910 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 5 5 theme CBPGCTS-SF 799:808 arg1 PRP 794:796 PRP 794:796 PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 794:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 5 theme CBPGCTS-SF 799:808 arg1 PRP 810:812 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 799:812 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 799:812 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 1 6 theme severe 158:163 arg1 complications 165:177 the severe complications 154:177 the severe complications of diabetes mellitus 154:198 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 8 7 theme defect 1230:1235 arg1 model 1237:1241 a rat skin defect model 1219:1241 a rat skin defect model 1219:1241 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 0 8 theme Plasma 108:113 arg1 Release 115:121 Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 94:121 Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 94:121 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 0 9 with Hydrogel 80:87 arg1 Release 115:121 Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 94:121 Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 94:121 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 5 10 with hydrogel 737:744 arg1 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 10 with hydrogel 737:744 arg1 fibroin 781:787 silk fibroin 776:787 silk fibroin 776:787 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 10 with hydrogel 737:744 arg1 composite 753:761 a composite 751:761 a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 751:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 10 with hydrogel 737:744 arg1 PRP 794:796 PRP 794:796 PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 794:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 11 theme amount 522:527 arg1 presence 502:509 the presence 498:509 the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment 498:579 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 0 12 theme Platelet-Rich 94:106 arg1 Release 115:121 Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 94:121 Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 94:121 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 6 13 theme cells 985:989 arg1 chemotaxis 954:963 the chemotaxis 950:963 the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells 950:989 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 3 14 theme GFs 443:445 arg1 half-life 430:438 the relatively short half-life 409:438 the relatively short half-life of GFs 409:445 However, the relatively short half-life of GFs limits their applications in clinics. 33327053 4 15 theme large 516:520 arg1 proteases 532:540 proteases 532:540 proteases 532:540 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 15 theme large 516:520 arg1 amount 522:527 a large amount 514:527 a large amount of proteases 514:540 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 8 16 theme nerve 1171:1175 arg1 repair 1177:1182 nerve repair 1171:1182 nerve repair 1171:1182 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 5 17 theme wound 838:842 arg1 healing 844:850 diabetic wound healing 829:850 diabetic wound healing 829:850 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 18 from presence 502:509 arg1 microenvironment 564:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 2 19 theme Platelet-rich 263:275 arg1 plasma 277:282 Platelet-rich plasma 263:282 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) 263:288 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 2 19 theme Platelet-rich 263:275 arg1 PRP 285:287 PRP 285:287 PRP 285:287 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 8 20 theme collagen 1132:1139 arg1 deposition 1141:1150 collagen deposition 1132:1150 collagen deposition 1132:1150 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 1 21 theme complications 165:177 arg1 complications 165:177 the severe complications 154:177 the severe complications of diabetes mellitus 154:198 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 1 21 theme complications 165:177 arg1 one 147:149 one 147:149 one 147:149 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 5 22 theme injectable 726:735 arg1 hydrogel 737:744 a self-healing and injectable hydrogel 707:744 a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing 707:850 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 2 23 used used 300:303 arg2 PRP 285:287 PRP 285:287 PRP 285:287 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 2 23 used used 300:303 arg2 plasma 277:282 Platelet-rich plasma 263:282 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) 263:288 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 4 24 attach presence 502:509 arg1 microenvironment 564:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 24 attach presence 502:509 arg2 proteases 532:540 proteases 532:540 proteases 532:540 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 24 attach presence 502:509 arg2 amount 522:527 a large amount 514:527 a large amount of proteases 514:540 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 6 25 theme stem 980:983 arg1 cells 985:989 mesenchymal stem cells 968:989 mesenchymal stem cells 968:989 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 5 26 theme fibroin 781:787 arg1 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 26 theme fibroin 781:787 arg1 fibroin 781:787 silk fibroin 776:787 silk fibroin 776:787 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 26 theme fibroin 781:787 arg1 composite 753:761 a composite 751:761 a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 751:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 26 theme fibroin 781:787 arg1 PRP 794:796 PRP 794:796 PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 794:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 0 27 theme Chronic 10:16 arg1 Healing 33:39 Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing 10:39 Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing 10:39 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 6 28 theme mesenchymal 968:978 arg1 cells 985:989 mesenchymal stem cells 968:989 mesenchymal stem cells 968:989 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 5 29 theme diabetic 829:836 arg1 healing 844:850 diabetic wound healing 829:850 diabetic wound healing 829:850 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 7 30 theme cells 1061:1065 arg1 proliferation 1037:1049 the proliferation 1033:1049 the proliferation of repair cells 1033:1065 The results showed that it could promote the proliferation of repair cells in vitro. 33327053 1 31 theme diabetes 182:189 arg1 mellitus 191:198 diabetes mellitus 182:198 diabetes mellitus 182:198 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 4 32 theme wound 664:668 arg1 healing 670:676 diabetic wound healing 655:676 diabetic wound healing 655:676 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 1 33 theme mellitus 191:198 arg1 complications 165:177 the severe complications 154:177 the severe complications of diabetes mellitus 154:198 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 0 34 theme Wound 27:31 arg1 Healing 33:39 Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing 10:39 Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing 10:39 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 2 35 attach derived 383:389 arg2 GFs 378:380 GFs 378:380 GFs 378:380 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 2 35 attach derived 383:389 arg2 factors 369:375 growth factors 362:375 growth factors (GFs) derived from it 362:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 2 35 attach derived 383:389 arg1 it 396:397 it 396:397 it 396:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 4 36 theme wound 558:562 arg1 microenvironment 564:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 0 37 theme Diabetic 18:25 arg1 Healing 33:39 Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing 10:39 Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing 10:39 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 6 38 theme @ 863:863 arg1 PRP 864:866 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 853:866 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 853:866 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 4 39 theme proteases 532:540 arg1 proteases 532:540 proteases 532:540 proteases 532:540 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 39 theme proteases 532:540 arg1 amount 522:527 a large amount 514:527 a large amount of proteases 514:540 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 40 theme @ 809:809 arg1 PRP 794:796 PRP 794:796 PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 794:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 40 theme @ 809:809 arg1 PRP 810:812 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 799:812 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 799:812 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 41 theme diabetic 549:556 arg1 microenvironment 564:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 the diabetic wound microenvironment 545:579 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 6 42 theme CBPGCTS-SF 853:862 arg1 PRP 864:866 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 853:866 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP 853:866 CBPGCTS-SF@PRP could protect PRP from enzymatic hydrolysis, release PRP sustainably, and enhance the chemotaxis of mesenchymal stem cells. 33327053 5 43 theme chitosan 766:773 arg1 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 43 theme chitosan 766:773 arg1 fibroin 781:787 silk fibroin 776:787 silk fibroin 776:787 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 43 theme chitosan 766:773 arg1 composite 753:761 a composite 751:761 a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 751:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 43 theme chitosan 766:773 arg1 PRP 794:796 PRP 794:796 PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 794:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 2 44 theme factors 369:375 arg1 effect 352:357 the effect 348:357 the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it 348:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 5 45 theme silk 776:779 arg1 fibroin 781:787 silk fibroin 776:787 silk fibroin 776:787 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 9 46 from wounds 1319:1324 arg1 clinics 1329:1335 clinics 1329:1335 clinics 1329:1335 We hope that this study will offer a new treatment for diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics. 33327053 2 47 theme growth 362:367 arg1 factors 369:375 growth factors 362:375 growth factors (GFs) derived from it 362:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 2 47 theme growth 362:367 arg1 GFs 378:380 GFs 378:380 GFs 378:380 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 0 48 theme Injectable 52:61 arg1 Hydrogel 80:87 an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel 49:87 an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 49:121 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 5 49 theme PRP 794:796 arg1 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 chitosan 766:773 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 49 theme PRP 794:796 arg1 fibroin 781:787 silk fibroin 776:787 silk fibroin 776:787 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 49 theme PRP 794:796 arg1 composite 753:761 a composite 751:761 a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 751:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 5 49 theme PRP 794:796 arg1 PRP 794:796 PRP 794:796 PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) 794:813 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 8 50 theme skin 1225:1228 arg1 model 1237:1241 a rat skin defect model 1219:1241 a rat skin defect model 1219:1241 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 8 51 theme rat 1221:1223 arg1 model 1237:1241 a rat skin defect model 1219:1241 a rat skin defect model 1219:1241 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 1 52 theme Diabetic 124:131 arg1 ulcer 138:142 Diabetic skin ulcer 124:142 Diabetic skin ulcer 124:142 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 9 53 theme nonhealing 1308:1317 arg1 wounds 1319:1324 diabetic nonhealing wounds 1299:1324 diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics 1299:1335 We hope that this study will offer a new treatment for diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics. 33327053 1 54 theme skin 133:136 arg1 ulcer 138:142 Diabetic skin ulcer 124:142 Diabetic skin ulcer 124:142 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 1 55 contain has 207:209 arg1 complications 165:177 the severe complications 154:177 the severe complications of diabetes mellitus 154:198 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 1 55 contain has 207:209 arg2 incidence 218:226 a high incidence 211:226 a high incidence 211:226 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 1 55 contain has 207:209 arg1 one 147:149 one 147:149 one 147:149 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 4 56 theme GFs 611:613 arg1 degradation 596:606 the degradation 592:606 the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing 592:676 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 4 57 theme diabetic 655:662 arg1 healing 670:676 diabetic wound healing 655:676 diabetic wound healing 655:676 In addition, the presence of a large amount of proteases in the diabetic wound microenvironment results in the degradation of GFs, which further impedes angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. 33327053 1 58 theme high 213:216 arg1 incidence 218:226 a high incidence 211:226 a high incidence 211:226 Diabetic skin ulcer is one of the severe complications of diabetes mellitus, which has a high incidence and may cause death or disability. 33327053 3 59 theme short 424:428 arg1 half-life 430:438 the relatively short half-life 409:438 the relatively short half-life of GFs 409:445 However, the relatively short half-life of GFs limits their applications in clinics. 33327053 8 60 theme rat 1205:1207 arg1 model 1209:1213 a type 2 diabetic rat model 1187:1213 a type 2 diabetic rat model 1187:1213 Moreover, it could enhance wound healing by expediting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair in a type 2 diabetic rat model and a rat skin defect model. 33327053 0 61 theme Self-Healing 67:78 arg1 Hydrogel 80:87 an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel 49:87 an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release 49:121 Improving Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing through an Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogel with Platelet-Rich Plasma Release. 33327053 9 62 theme diabetic 1299:1306 arg1 wounds 1319:1324 diabetic nonhealing wounds 1299:1324 diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics 1299:1335 We hope that this study will offer a new treatment for diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics. 33327053 2 63 theme due 341:343 arg1 wounds 334:339 diabetic wounds 325:339 diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it 325:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33327053 9 64 theme new 1281:1283 arg1 treatment 1285:1293 a new treatment 1279:1293 a new treatment for diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics 1279:1335 We hope that this study will offer a new treatment for diabetic nonhealing wounds in clinics. 33327053 5 65 theme self-healing 709:720 arg1 hydrogel 737:744 a self-healing and injectable hydrogel 707:744 a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing 707:850 In our study, we fabricated a self-healing and injectable hydrogel with a composite of chitosan, silk fibroin, and PRP (CBPGCTS-SF@PRP) for promoting diabetic wound healing. 33327053 7 66 theme repair 1054:1059 arg1 cells 1061:1065 repair cells 1054:1065 repair cells 1054:1065 The results showed that it could promote the proliferation of repair cells in vitro. 33327053 2 67 theme wounds 334:339 arg1 treatment 312:320 the treatment 308:320 the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it 308:397 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds due to the effect of growth factors (GFs) derived from it. 33757473 0 0 theme agricultural 81:92 arg1 utilization 100:110 agricultural waste utilization 81:110 agricultural waste utilization 81:110 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 0 1 from assessment 9:18 arg1 Trabulsiella 49:60 Trabulsiella 49:60 Trabulsiella 49:60 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 12 2 theme study 1861:1865 arg1 results 1846:1852 the results 1842:1852 the results of the study 1842:1865 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 7 3 theme optimal 968:974 arg1 pH 976:977 optimal pH 968:977 optimal pH 968:977 RESULTS The results have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively. 33757473 1 4 theme growing 168:174 arg1 wastes 155:160 agricultural wastes 142:160 agricultural wastes still growing 142:174 BACKGROUND The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. 33757473 12 5 dep poor-quality 2068:2079 arg1 forage 2081:2086 forage 2081:2086 forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs 2081:2124 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 11 6 dep CONCLUSIONS 1676:1686 arg1 Both 1688:1691 Both 1688:1691 Both 1688:1691 CONCLUSIONS Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. 33757473 7 7 dep RESULTS 932:938 arg1 shown 957:961 shown 957:961 have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively 952:1108 RESULTS The results have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively. 33757473 11 8 theme agricultural 1727:1738 arg1 wastes 1740:1745 agricultural wastes 1727:1745 agricultural wastes 1727:1745 CONCLUSIONS Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. 33757473 0 9 theme waste 94:98 arg1 utilization 100:110 agricultural waste utilization 81:110 agricultural waste utilization 81:110 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 11 10 theme glucose 1798:1804 arg1 glucose 1798:1804 glucose 1798:1804 glucose released when combined 1798:1827 CONCLUSIONS Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. 33757473 11 10 theme glucose 1798:1804 arg1 % 1793:1793 up to 60% 1785:1793 up to 60% of glucose released when combined 1785:1827 CONCLUSIONS Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. 33757473 2 11 theme chemical 289:296 arg1 composition 298:308 their chemical composition 283:308 their chemical composition 283:308 However, the majority of these residues are under-utilized due their chemical composition, which is mainly composed by cellulose. 33757473 10 12 theme pine 1648:1651 arg1 sawdust 1653:1659 pine sawdust 1648:1659 pine sawdust 1648:1659 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 12 13 theme feed 1971:1974 arg1 value 1952:1956 their value 1946:1956 their value 1946:1956 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 12 13 theme feed 1971:1974 arg1 additives 1976:1984 potential feed additives 1961:1984 potential feed additives 1961:1984 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 4 14 theme present 468:474 arg1 experiment 476:485 the present experiment 464:485 the present experiment 464:485 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 12 15 theme cellulose 2051:2059 arg1 degradation 2036:2046 the degradation 2032:2046 the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs 2032:2124 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 5 16 theme Heterotermes 786:797 arg1 sp 799:800 termite Heterotermes sp 778:800 termite Heterotermes sp 778:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 10 17 theme 955.1 ± 116.1 1563:1575 arg1 activity 1551:1558 an activity 1548:1558 an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg 1548:1611 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 8 18 dep Km 1115:1116 arg1 The 1111:1113 The 1111:1113 The 1111:1113 The Km and Vmax for egl-FZYE using CMC as substrate were 11.25 mg/mL and 3921.57 U/mg, respectively, whereas using Avicel were 15.39 mg/mL and 2314.81 U/mg, respectively. 33757473 0 19 theme In 0:1 arg1 assessment 9:18 In vitro assessment 0:18 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella 0:60 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 5 20 located found 708:712 arg1 odontermitis 730:741 Trabulsiella odontermitis 717:741 Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp 717:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 5 20 located found 708:712 arg2 genes 697:701 Those genes 691:701 Those genes 691:701 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 10 21 theme corn 1616:1619 arg1 stover 1621:1626 corn stover 1616:1626 corn stover 1616:1626 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 5 22 theme sp 799:800 arg1 gut 771:773 the gut 767:773 the gut of termite Heterotermes sp 767:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 10 23 from effect 1454:1459 arg1 wastes 1477:1482 agricultural wastes 1464:1482 agricultural wastes 1464:1482 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 3 24 theme high 390:393 arg1 efficiency 395:404 high efficiency 390:404 high efficiency 390:404 Actually, the search of cellulases with high efficiency to degrade this carbohydrate remains as the challenge. 33757473 6 25 dep capability 821:830 arg1 release 835:841 release 835:841 to release sugars from agricultural wastes 832:873 Additionally, the capability to release sugars from agricultural wastes was evaluated in both enzymes, alone and in combination. 33757473 9 26 contain had 1423:1425 arg2 activity 1427:1434 activity 1427:1434 activity 1427:1434 The Km and Vmax for cel-FZYE using Avicel as substrate were 11.49 mg/mL and 2105.26 U/mg, respectively, whereas using CMC the enzyme did not had activity. 33757473 9 26 contain had 1423:1425 arg1 enzyme 1408:1413 the enzyme 1404:1413 the enzyme 1404:1413 The Km and Vmax for cel-FZYE using Avicel as substrate were 11.49 mg/mL and 2105.26 U/mg, respectively, whereas using CMC the enzyme did not had activity. 33757473 3 27 with cellulases 374:383 arg1 efficiency 395:404 high efficiency 390:404 high efficiency 390:404 Actually, the search of cellulases with high efficiency to degrade this carbohydrate remains as the challenge. 33757473 10 28 theme 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg 1595:1611 arg1 activity 1551:1558 an activity 1548:1558 an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg 1548:1611 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 12 29 dep forage 2081:2086 arg1 used 2098:2101 used 2098:2101 forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs 2081:2124 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 7 30 theme 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg 1040:1058 arg1 activity 1008:1015 an activity 1005:1015 an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg 1005:1058 RESULTS The results have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively. 33757473 4 31 theme recombinant 618:628 arg1 enzymes 630:636 their recombinant enzymes 612:636 their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized 612:688 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 4 31 theme recombinant 618:628 arg1 cel-FZYE 652:659 cel-FZYE 652:659 cel-FZYE 652:659 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 4 31 theme recombinant 618:628 arg1 egl-FZYE 639:646 egl-FZYE 639:646 egl-FZYE 639:646 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 3 32 theme cellulases 374:383 arg1 search 364:369 the search 360:369 the search of cellulases with high efficiency to degrade this carbohydrate 360:433 Actually, the search of cellulases with high efficiency to degrade this carbohydrate remains as the challenge. 33757473 1 33 theme growing 211:217 arg1 population 200:209 the population growing 196:217 the population growing 196:217 BACKGROUND The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. 33757473 0 34 theme novel 27:31 arg1 Cellulases 33:42 two novel Cellulases 23:42 two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella 23:60 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 7 35 theme 1051.65 ± 47.78 1020:1034 arg1 activity 1008:1015 an activity 1005:1015 an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg 1005:1058 RESULTS The results have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively. 33757473 6 36 theme agricultural 855:866 arg1 wastes 868:873 agricultural wastes 855:873 agricultural wastes 855:873 Additionally, the capability to release sugars from agricultural wastes was evaluated in both enzymes, alone and in combination. 33757473 10 37 theme sorghum 1629:1635 arg1 stover 1637:1642 sorghum stover 1629:1642 sorghum stover 1629:1642 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 10 38 theme 4016.8 ± 332 1578:1589 arg1 activity 1551:1558 an activity 1548:1558 an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg 1548:1611 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 8 39 dep 11.25 mg/mL 1168:1178 arg1 whereas 1212:1218 whereas 1212:1218 whereas 1212:1218 The Km and Vmax for egl-FZYE using CMC as substrate were 11.25 mg/mL and 3921.57 U/mg, respectively, whereas using Avicel were 15.39 mg/mL and 2314.81 U/mg, respectively. 33757473 4 40 dep enzymes 630:636 arg1 enzymes 630:636 their recombinant enzymes 612:636 their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized 612:688 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 4 40 dep enzymes 630:636 arg1 cel-FZYE 652:659 cel-FZYE 652:659 cel-FZYE 652:659 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 4 40 dep enzymes 630:636 arg1 egl-FZYE 639:646 egl-FZYE 639:646 egl-FZYE 639:646 In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. 33757473 5 41 attach isolated 753:760 arg1 gut 771:773 the gut 767:773 the gut of termite Heterotermes sp 767:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 5 41 attach isolated 753:760 arg2 odontermitis 730:741 Trabulsiella odontermitis 717:741 Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp 717:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 12 42 theme potential 1961:1969 arg1 value 1952:1956 their value 1946:1956 their value 1946:1956 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 12 42 theme potential 1961:1969 arg1 additives 1976:1984 potential feed additives 1961:1984 potential feed additives 1961:1984 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 5 43 theme termite 778:784 arg1 sp 799:800 termite Heterotermes sp 778:800 termite Heterotermes sp 778:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33757473 0 44 from Trabulsiella 49:60 arg1 assessment 9:18 In vitro assessment 0:18 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella 0:60 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 0 44 from Trabulsiella 49:60 arg1 Cellulases 33:42 two novel Cellulases 23:42 two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella 23:60 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 11 45 dep 60 1791:1792 arg1 to 1788:1789 to 1788:1789 to 1788:1789 CONCLUSIONS Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. 33757473 0 46 theme Cellulases 33:42 arg1 assessment 9:18 In vitro assessment 0:18 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella 0:60 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 10 47 contain had 1450:1452 arg1 enzymes 1442:1448 Both enzymes 1437:1448 Both enzymes 1437:1448 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 10 47 contain had 1450:1452 arg2 effect 1454:1459 effect 1454:1459 effect on agricultural wastes 1454:1482 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 9 48 dep Km 1286:1287 arg1 The 1282:1284 The 1282:1284 The 1282:1284 The Km and Vmax for cel-FZYE using Avicel as substrate were 11.49 mg/mL and 2105.26 U/mg, respectively, whereas using CMC the enzyme did not had activity. 33757473 12 49 from degradation 2036:2046 arg1 poor-quality 2068:2079 the poor-quality 2064:2079 the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs 2064:2124 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 12 50 theme ruminant 2106:2113 arg1 feedstuffs 2115:2124 ruminant feedstuffs 2106:2124 ruminant feedstuffs 2106:2124 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 10 51 theme agricultural 1464:1475 arg1 wastes 1477:1482 agricultural wastes 1464:1482 agricultural wastes 1464:1482 Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. 33757473 12 52 used used 2016:2019 arg2 enzymes 1999:2005 the enzymes 1995:2005 the enzymes 1995:2005 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 1 53 theme agricultural 142:153 arg1 wastes 155:160 agricultural wastes 142:160 agricultural wastes still growing 142:174 BACKGROUND The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. 33757473 2 54 theme residues 251:258 arg1 majority 233:240 the majority 229:240 the majority of these residues 229:258 However, the majority of these residues are under-utilized due their chemical composition, which is mainly composed by cellulose. 33757473 1 55 theme population 200:209 arg1 consequence 181:191 a consequence 179:191 a consequence of the population growing 179:217 BACKGROUND The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. 33757473 1 56 theme wastes 155:160 arg1 production 128:137 The production 124:137 The production of agricultural wastes still growing 124:174 BACKGROUND The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. 33757473 0 57 dep In 0:1 arg1 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. 33757473 12 58 theme recombinant 1888:1898 arg1 enzymes 1900:1906 the recombinant enzymes 1884:1906 the recombinant enzymes 1884:1906 In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. 33757473 5 59 theme Trabulsiella 717:728 arg1 odontermitis 730:741 Trabulsiella odontermitis 717:741 Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp 717:800 Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. 33808933 7 0 theme enzymatic 1259:1267 arg1 treatment 1269:1277 enzymatic treatment 1259:1277 enzymatic treatment 1259:1277 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 9 1 theme effective 1583:1591 arg1 carrier 1603:1609 an effective non-toxic carrier 1580:1609 an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract 1580:1687 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 9 1 theme effective 1583:1591 arg1 chitosan 1539:1546 chitosan 1539:1546 chitosan activated with genipin 1539:1569 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 4 2 theme immobilized 744:754 arg1 tannase 756:762 the immobilized tannase 740:762 the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions 740:826 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 7 3 theme composition 1110:1120 arg1 analysis 1122:1129 The catechins composition analysis 1096:1129 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract 1096:1144 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 0 4 theme Tannase 64:70 arg1 Immobilization 72:85 Tannase Immobilization 64:85 Tannase Immobilization 64:85 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 8 5 contain possessed 1386:1394 arg1 extract 1341:1347 tea extract 1337:1347 tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase 1337:1384 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 5 contain possessed 1386:1394 arg2 effect 1443:1448 higher inhibitory effect 1425:1448 higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase 1425:1461 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 5 contain possessed 1386:1394 arg2 activity 1415:1422 higher antioxidant activity 1396:1422 higher antioxidant activity 1396:1422 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 5 contain possessed 1386:1394 arg2 effect 1485:1490 lower inhibitory effect 1468:1490 lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase 1468:1507 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 3 6 theme immobilizations 551:565 arg1 pH 658:659 immobilization pH 643:659 immobilization pH 643:659 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 6 theme immobilizations 551:565 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 6 theme immobilizations 551:565 arg1 time 609:612 immobilization time 594:612 immobilization time 594:612 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 6 theme immobilizations 551:565 arg1 temperature 630:640 immobilization temperature 615:640 immobilization temperature 615:640 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 6 theme immobilizations 551:565 arg1 speed 674:678 shaking speed 666:678 shaking speed 666:678 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 6 theme immobilizations 551:565 arg1 amount 586:591 enzyme amount 579:591 enzyme amount 579:591 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 8 7 from effect 1443:1448 arg1 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 7 from effect 1443:1448 arg1 α-amylase 1453:1461 α-amylase 1453:1461 α-amylase 1453:1461 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 6 8 theme activity 1064:1071 arg1 activity 1064:1071 residual activity 1055:1071 residual activity 1055:1071 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 6 8 theme activity 1064:1071 arg1 % 1050:1050 81.12% 1045:1050 81.12% of residual activity 1045:1071 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 7 9 theme non-ester-type 1182:1195 arg1 catechins 1197:1205 non-ester-type catechins 1182:1205 non-ester-type catechins 1182:1205 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 7 9 theme non-ester-type 1182:1195 arg1 EC 1216:1217 EC 1216:1217 EC 1216:1217 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 7 9 theme non-ester-type 1182:1195 arg1 EGC 1208:1210 EGC 1208:1210 EGC 1208:1210 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 2 10 dep Fourier 370:376 arg1 transform 378:386 transform 378:386 transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis 378:439 The immobilization carriers and immobilized tannase were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. 33808933 9 11 theme enhancing 1642:1650 arg1 activities 1663:1672 enhancing biological activities 1642:1672 enhancing biological activities of tea extract 1642:1687 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 6 12 theme residual 1055:1062 arg1 activity 1064:1071 residual activity 1055:1071 residual activity 1055:1071 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 9 13 theme extract 1681:1687 arg1 immobilization 1623:1636 tannase immobilization 1615:1636 tannase immobilization 1615:1636 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 9 13 theme extract 1681:1687 arg1 activities 1663:1672 enhancing biological activities 1642:1672 enhancing biological activities of tea extract 1642:1687 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 7 14 theme catechins 1197:1205 arg1 concentration 1165:1177 the concentration 1161:1177 the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, 1161:1218 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 3 15 theme immobilization 594:607 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 15 theme immobilization 594:607 arg1 time 609:612 immobilization time 594:612 immobilization time 594:612 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 16 theme activation 530:539 arg1 time 541:544 activation time 530:544 activation time 530:544 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 16 theme activation 530:539 arg1 conditions 453:462 Activation conditions 442:462 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) 442:545 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 8 17 theme extract 1315:1321 arg1 studies 1300:1306 Biological activity studies 1280:1306 Biological activity studies of tea extract 1280:1321 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 3 18 theme enzyme 579:584 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 18 theme enzyme 579:584 arg1 amount 586:591 enzyme amount 579:591 enzyme amount 579:591 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 4 19 theme recovery 723:730 arg1 rate 732:735 recovery rate 723:735 recovery rate 723:735 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 8 20 theme higher 1396:1401 arg1 activity 1415:1422 higher antioxidant activity 1396:1422 higher antioxidant activity 1396:1422 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 0 21 theme Nontoxic 35:42 arg1 Carrier 52:58 A Nontoxic Natural Carrier 33:58 A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 33:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 2 22 dep transform 378:386 arg1 infrared 388:395 infrared 388:395 transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis 378:439 The immobilization carriers and immobilized tannase were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. 33808933 2 23 theme thermogravimetric 414:430 arg1 analysis 432:439 thermogravimetric analysis 414:439 thermogravimetric analysis 414:439 The immobilization carriers and immobilized tannase were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. 33808933 7 24 theme 1758 1238:1241 arg1 % 1242:1242 1758% 1238:1242 1758% 1238:1242 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 6 25 theme immobilized 957:967 arg1 tannase 969:975 The immobilized tannase 953:975 The immobilized tannase 953:975 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 3 26 dep conditions 453:462 arg1 time 541:544 activation time 530:544 activation time 530:544 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 26 dep conditions 453:462 arg1 conditions 453:462 Activation conditions 442:462 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) 442:545 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 26 dep conditions 453:462 arg1 concentration 473:485 genipin concentration 465:485 genipin concentration 465:485 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 26 dep conditions 453:462 arg1 temperature 499:509 activation temperature 488:509 activation temperature 488:509 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 26 dep conditions 453:462 arg1 pH 523:524 activation pH 512:524 activation pH 512:524 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 9 27 theme biological 1652:1661 arg1 activities 1663:1672 enhancing biological activities 1642:1672 enhancing biological activities of tea extract 1642:1687 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 3 28 theme immobilization 615:628 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 28 theme immobilization 615:628 arg1 temperature 630:640 immobilization temperature 615:640 immobilization temperature 615:640 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 29 theme genipin 465:471 arg1 conditions 453:462 Activation conditions 442:462 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) 442:545 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 29 theme genipin 465:471 arg1 concentration 473:485 genipin concentration 465:485 genipin concentration 465:485 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 9 30 theme tea 1677:1679 arg1 extract 1681:1687 tea extract 1677:1687 tea extract 1677:1687 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 8 31 theme inhibitory 1432:1441 arg1 effect 1443:1448 higher inhibitory effect 1425:1448 higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase 1425:1461 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 32 theme higher 1425:1430 arg1 effect 1443:1448 higher inhibitory effect 1425:1448 higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase 1425:1461 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 5 33 theme immobilized 874:884 arg1 tannase 886:892 The immobilized tannase 870:892 The immobilized tannase 870:892 The immobilized tannase exhibited better environmental adaptability and stability. 33808933 0 34 theme Biological 120:129 arg1 Activities 131:140 Enhancing Biological Activities 110:140 Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 110:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 8 35 theme lower 1468:1472 arg1 effect 1485:1490 lower inhibitory effect 1468:1490 lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase 1468:1507 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 2 36 theme immobilization 297:310 arg1 carriers 312:319 The immobilization carriers 293:319 The immobilization carriers 293:319 The immobilization carriers and immobilized tannase were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. 33808933 3 37 theme activation 512:521 arg1 conditions 453:462 Activation conditions 442:462 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) 442:545 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 37 theme activation 512:521 arg1 pH 523:524 activation pH 512:524 activation pH 512:524 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 1 38 theme tannase 284:290 arg1 immobilization 266:279 the immobilization 262:279 the immobilization of tannase 262:290 In this work, a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier was constructed via genipin activation and applied for the immobilization of tannase. 33808933 0 39 theme Enhancing 110:118 arg1 Activities 131:140 Enhancing Biological Activities 110:140 Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 110:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 0 40 from Immobilization 72:85 arg1 Activities 131:140 Enhancing Biological Activities 110:140 Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 110:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 4 41 theme immobilization 802:815 arg1 conditions 817:826 optimal activation and immobilization conditions 779:826 conditions 817:826 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 9 42 theme tannase 1615:1621 arg1 immobilization 1623:1636 tannase immobilization 1615:1636 tannase immobilization 1615:1636 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 1 43 theme chitosan-based 184:197 arg1 carrier 199:205 a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier 172:205 a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier 172:205 In this work, a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier was constructed via genipin activation and applied for the immobilization of tannase. 33808933 8 44 theme tea 1337:1339 arg1 extract 1341:1347 tea extract 1337:1347 tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase 1337:1384 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 45 from effect 1485:1490 arg1 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 45 from effect 1485:1490 arg1 α-amylase 1453:1461 α-amylase 1453:1461 α-amylase 1453:1461 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 5 46 theme environmental 911:923 arg1 adaptability 925:936 adaptability 925:936 adaptability 925:936 The immobilized tannase exhibited better environmental adaptability and stability. 33808933 8 47 theme activity 1291:1298 arg1 studies 1300:1306 Biological activity studies 1280:1306 Biological activity studies of tea extract 1280:1321 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 7 48 theme tea 1134:1136 arg1 extract 1138:1144 tea extract 1134:1144 tea extract 1134:1144 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 6 49 theme days 1082:1085 arg1 storage 1087:1093 30 days storage 1079:1093 30 days storage 1079:1093 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 6 50 theme activity 1007:1014 arg1 activity 1007:1014 the initial activity 995:1014 the initial activity 995:1014 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 6 50 theme activity 1007:1014 arg1 % 990:990 20.1% 986:990 20.1% of the initial activity 986:1014 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 0 51 theme Natural 44:50 arg1 Carrier 52:58 A Nontoxic Natural Carrier 33:58 A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 33:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 7 52 theme extract 1138:1144 arg1 analysis 1122:1129 The catechins composition analysis 1096:1129 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract 1096:1144 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 0 53 theme Extract 149:155 arg1 Activities 131:140 Enhancing Biological Activities 110:140 Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 110:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 8 54 theme inhibitory 1474:1483 arg1 effect 1485:1490 lower inhibitory effect 1468:1490 lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase 1468:1507 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 3 55 theme Activation 442:451 arg1 time 541:544 activation time 530:544 activation time 530:544 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 55 theme Activation 442:451 arg1 conditions 453:462 Activation conditions 442:462 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) 442:545 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 55 theme Activation 442:451 arg1 concentration 473:485 genipin concentration 465:485 genipin concentration 465:485 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 55 theme Activation 442:451 arg1 temperature 499:509 activation temperature 488:509 activation temperature 488:509 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 55 theme Activation 442:451 arg1 pH 523:524 activation pH 512:524 activation pH 512:524 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 0 56 theme Tea 145:147 arg1 Extract 149:155 Tea Extract 145:155 Tea Extract 145:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 3 57 theme immobilization 643:656 arg1 pH 658:659 immobilization pH 643:659 immobilization pH 643:659 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 57 theme immobilization 643:656 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 4 58 theme tannase 756:762 arg1 activity 714:721 activity 714:721 activity 714:721 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 4 58 theme tannase 756:762 arg1 activity 701:708 activity 701:708 activity 701:708 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 4 59 dep activity 701:708 arg1 rate 732:735 recovery rate 723:735 recovery rate 723:735 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 4 59 dep activity 701:708 arg1 The 697:699 The 697:699 The 697:699 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 0 60 from Application 95:105 arg1 Activities 131:140 Enhancing Biological Activities 110:140 Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract 110:155 Chitosan Activated with Genipin: A Nontoxic Natural Carrier for Tannase Immobilization and Its Application in Enhancing Biological Activities of Tea Extract. 33808933 8 61 theme tea 1311:1313 arg1 extract 1315:1321 tea extract 1311:1321 tea extract 1311:1321 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 4 62 theme optimal 779:785 arg1 activation 787:796 optimal activation and immobilization conditions 779:826 activation 787:796 The activity and activity recovery rate of the immobilized tannase prepared using optimal activation and immobilization conditions reached 29.2 U/g and 53.6%, respectively. 33808933 3 63 dep conditions 567:576 arg1 pH 658:659 immobilization pH 643:659 immobilization pH 643:659 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 63 dep conditions 567:576 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 63 dep conditions 567:576 arg1 time 609:612 immobilization time 594:612 immobilization time 594:612 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 63 dep conditions 567:576 arg1 temperature 630:640 immobilization temperature 615:640 immobilization temperature 615:640 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 63 dep conditions 567:576 arg1 speed 674:678 shaking speed 666:678 shaking speed 666:678 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 63 dep conditions 567:576 arg1 amount 586:591 enzyme amount 579:591 enzyme amount 579:591 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 7 64 theme catechins 1100:1108 arg1 analysis 1122:1129 The catechins composition analysis 1096:1129 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract 1096:1144 The catechins composition analysis of tea extract indicated that the concentration of non-ester-type catechins, EGC and EC, were increased by 1758% and 807% after enzymatic treatment. 33808933 8 65 from activity 1415:1422 arg1 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 α-glucosidase 1495:1507 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 8 65 from activity 1415:1422 arg1 α-amylase 1453:1461 α-amylase 1453:1461 α-amylase 1453:1461 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 2 66 theme immobilized 325:335 arg1 tannase 337:343 immobilized tannase 325:343 immobilized tannase 325:343 The immobilization carriers and immobilized tannase were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. 33808933 8 67 theme antioxidant 1403:1413 arg1 activity 1415:1422 higher antioxidant activity 1396:1422 higher antioxidant activity 1396:1422 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 1 68 theme non-toxic 174:182 arg1 carrier 199:205 a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier 172:205 a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier 172:205 In this work, a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier was constructed via genipin activation and applied for the immobilization of tannase. 33808933 9 69 theme non-toxic 1593:1601 arg1 carrier 1603:1609 an effective non-toxic carrier 1580:1609 an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract 1580:1687 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 9 69 theme non-toxic 1593:1601 arg1 chitosan 1539:1546 chitosan 1539:1546 chitosan activated with genipin 1539:1569 Our results demonstrate that chitosan activated with genipin could be an effective non-toxic carrier for tannase immobilization and enhancing biological activities of tea extract. 33808933 3 70 theme activation 488:497 arg1 conditions 453:462 Activation conditions 442:462 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) 442:545 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 70 theme activation 488:497 arg1 temperature 499:509 activation temperature 488:509 activation temperature 488:509 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 1 71 theme genipin 227:233 arg1 activation 235:244 genipin activation 227:244 genipin activation 227:244 In this work, a non-toxic chitosan-based carrier was constructed via genipin activation and applied for the immobilization of tannase. 33808933 8 72 theme Biological 1280:1289 arg1 studies 1300:1306 Biological activity studies 1280:1306 Biological activity studies of tea extract 1280:1321 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 33808933 6 73 theme initial 999:1005 arg1 activity 1007:1014 the initial activity 995:1014 the initial activity 995:1014 The immobilized tannase retained 20.1% of the initial activity after 12 cycles and retained 81.12% of residual activity after 30 days storage. 33808933 3 74 theme shaking 666:672 arg1 conditions 567:576 immobilizations conditions 551:576 immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) 551:679 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 3 74 theme shaking 666:672 arg1 speed 674:678 shaking speed 666:678 shaking speed 666:678 Activation conditions (genipin concentration, activation temperature, activation pH and activation time) and immobilizations conditions (enzyme amount, immobilization time, immobilization temperature, immobilization pH, and shaking speed) were optimized. 33808933 8 75 theme immobilized 1366:1376 arg1 tannase 1378:1384 the immobilized tannase 1362:1384 the immobilized tannase 1362:1384 Biological activity studies of tea extract revealed that tea extract treated with the immobilized tannase possessed higher antioxidant activity, higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and lower inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. 34754326 6 0 theme ROS 911:913 arg1 accumulation 895:906 the accumulation 891:906 the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs 891:1096 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 1 from inflammation 1759:1770 arg1 NPCs 1811:1814 NPCs 1811:1814 NPCs 1811:1814 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 7 2 from treatment 1160:1168 arg1 NPCs 1188:1191 LPS-challenged NPCs 1173:1191 LPS-challenged NPCs 1173:1191 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted by DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 1 3 theme disc 276:279 arg1 IVDD 301:304 IVDD 301:304 IVDD 301:304 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 1 3 theme disc 276:279 arg1 degeneration 287:298 intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration 261:298 intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) 261:305 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 1 4 theme IVD 282:284 arg1 IVDD 301:304 IVDD 301:304 IVDD 301:304 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 1 4 theme IVD 282:284 arg1 degeneration 287:298 intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration 261:298 intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) 261:305 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 11 5 dep CONCLUSION 1665:1674 arg1 suggested 1685:1693 suggested 1685:1693 suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD 1685:1974 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 1 6 theme pulposus 197:204 arg1 cells 206:210 nucleus pulposus cells 189:210 nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis 189:227 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 1 6 theme pulposus 197:204 arg1 NPCs 213:216 NPCs 213:216 NPCs 213:216 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 11 7 from stress 1751:1756 arg1 NPCs 1811:1814 NPCs 1811:1814 NPCs 1811:1814 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 4 8 theme LPS-induced 654:664 arg1 damage 670:675 LPS-induced NPC damage 654:675 LPS-induced NPC damage 654:675 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 2 9 theme Dimethyl 308:315 arg1 DMF 327:329 DMF 327:329 DMF 327:329 Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been found to effectively depress oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 pathway. 34754326 2 9 theme Dimethyl 308:315 arg1 fumarate 317:324 Dimethyl fumarate 308:324 Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) 308:330 Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been found to effectively depress oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 pathway. 34754326 4 10 theme apoptosis 604:612 arg1 assay 576:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay 551:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay 551:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 4 10 theme apoptosis 604:612 arg1 cytometry 591:599 flow cytometry 586:599 flow cytometry of apoptosis 586:612 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 11 11 theme LPS-induced 1729:1739 arg1 stress 1751:1756 LPS-induced oxidative stress 1729:1756 LPS-induced oxidative stress 1729:1756 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 3 12 theme LPS 536:538 arg1 challenge 540:548 LPS challenge 536:548 LPS challenge 536:548 Hence, this project was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms of how DMF protects NPCs from damage by LPS challenge. 34754326 9 13 theme elevated 1434:1441 arg1 levels 1443:1448 the elevated levels 1430:1448 the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen 1430:1522 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 1 14 theme BACKGROUND 142:151 arg1 stress 163:168 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress 142:168 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress 142:168 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 8 15 theme DMF 1230:1232 arg1 treatment 1234:1242 DMF treatment 1230:1242 DMF treatment 1230:1242 Glutathione (GSH) assay showed that DMF treatment improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 8 16 theme Glutathione 1194:1204 arg1 assay 1212:1216 Glutathione (GSH) assay 1194:1216 Glutathione (GSH) assay 1194:1216 Glutathione (GSH) assay showed that DMF treatment improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 17 theme heme 805:808 arg1 HO-1 823:826 HO-1 823:826 HO-1 823:826 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 17 theme heme 805:808 arg1 oxygenase-1 810:820 heme oxygenase-1 805:820 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) 805:827 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 18 with treatment 1700:1708 arg1 DMF 1715:1717 DMF 1715:1717 DMF 1715:1717 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 6 19 theme cytokines 943:951 arg1 accumulation 895:906 the accumulation 891:906 the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs 891:1096 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 20 dep cytokines 943:951 arg1 cytokines 943:951 downregulated inflammatory cytokines 916:951 downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α) 916:979 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 20 dep cytokines 943:951 arg1 IL-1β 963:967 IL-1β 963:967 IL-1β 963:967 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 20 dep cytokines 943:951 arg1 TNF-α 974:978 TNF-α 974:978 TNF-α 974:978 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 20 dep cytokines 943:951 arg1 p-NF-κB 954:960 p-NF-κB 954:960 p-NF-κB 954:960 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 9 21 theme degradation 1460:1470 arg1 enzymes 1472:1478 matrix degradation enzymes 1453:1478 matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) 1453:1502 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 6 22 theme downregulated 916:928 arg1 cytokines 943:951 downregulated inflammatory cytokines 916:951 downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α) 916:979 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 22 theme downregulated 916:928 arg1 IL-1β 963:967 IL-1β 963:967 IL-1β 963:967 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 22 theme downregulated 916:928 arg1 TNF-α 974:978 TNF-α 974:978 TNF-α 974:978 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 22 theme downregulated 916:928 arg1 p-NF-κB 954:960 p-NF-κB 954:960 p-NF-κB 954:960 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 23 theme Western 678:684 arg1 analysis 691:698 Western blot analysis 678:698 Western blot analysis 678:698 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 24 theme treatment 1948:1956 arg1 strategy 1958:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy 1914:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD 1914:1974 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 1 25 theme Oxidative 153:161 arg1 stress 163:168 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress 142:168 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress 142:168 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 8 26 theme glutathione 1273:1283 arg1 ratio 1285:1289 oxidized glutathione ratio 1264:1289 oxidized glutathione ratio 1264:1289 Glutathione (GSH) assay showed that DMF treatment improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 27 theme nuclear 750:756 arg1 factor 785:790 nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 750:792 nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) 750:799 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 27 theme nuclear 750:756 arg1 Nrf2 795:798 Nrf2 795:798 Nrf2 795:798 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 7 28 theme protein 1126:1132 arg1 Bcl-2 1134:1138 antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 1112:1138 antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 1112:1138 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted by DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 0 29 theme Nrf2/HO-1 87:95 arg1 Pathway 97:103 the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway 83:103 the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 83:139 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 9 30 dep enzymes 1472:1478 arg1 aggrecanase 1489:1499 aggrecanase 1 1489:1501 aggrecanase 1 1489:1501 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 30 dep enzymes 1472:1478 arg1 MMP-13 1481:1486 MMP-13 1481:1486 MMP-13 1481:1486 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 11 31 theme NPCs 1894:1897 arg1 dysfunction 1879:1889 LPS-induced dysfunction 1867:1889 LPS-induced dysfunction 1867:1889 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 0 32 theme Disc 123:126 arg1 Degeneration 128:139 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 108:139 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 108:139 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 0 33 theme Cell 47:50 arg1 Dysfunction 52:62 Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction 30:62 Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction 30:62 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 9 34 theme I 1513:1513 arg1 collagen 1515:1522 type I collagen 1508:1522 type I collagen 1508:1522 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 11 35 from apoptosis 1798:1806 arg1 NPCs 1811:1814 NPCs 1811:1814 NPCs 1811:1814 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 2 36 theme oxidative 370:378 arg1 stress 380:385 oxidative stress 370:385 oxidative stress 370:385 Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been found to effectively depress oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 pathway. 34754326 0 37 theme Dimethyl 0:7 arg1 Fumarate 9:16 Dimethyl Fumarate 0:16 Dimethyl Fumarate 0:16 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 2 38 theme Nrf2 412:415 arg1 pathway 417:423 the Nrf2 pathway 408:423 the Nrf2 pathway 408:423 Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been found to effectively depress oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 pathway. 34754326 5 39 theme oxygenase-1 810:820 arg1 expressions 735:745 the expressions 731:745 the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs 731:850 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 40 theme DMF 853:855 arg1 treatment 857:865 DMF treatment 853:865 DMF treatment 853:865 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 9 41 theme reduced 1532:1538 arg1 levels 1540:1545 the reduced levels 1528:1545 the reduced levels of matrix composition 1528:1567 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 11 42 theme LPS-induced 1867:1877 arg1 dysfunction 1879:1889 LPS-induced dysfunction 1867:1889 LPS-induced dysfunction 1867:1889 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 5 43 theme LPS-challenged 832:845 arg1 NPCs 847:850 LPS-challenged NPCs 832:850 LPS-challenged NPCs 832:850 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 0 44 theme Pulposus 38:45 arg1 Dysfunction 52:62 Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction 30:62 Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction 30:62 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 9 45 theme composition 1557:1567 arg1 levels 1540:1545 the reduced levels 1528:1545 the reduced levels of matrix composition 1528:1567 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 45 theme composition 1557:1567 arg1 levels 1443:1448 the elevated levels 1430:1448 the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen 1430:1522 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 6 46 theme LPS-challenged 1078:1091 arg1 NPCs 1093:1096 LPS-challenged NPCs 1078:1096 LPS-challenged NPCs 1078:1096 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 47 theme potential 1922:1930 arg1 strategy 1958:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy 1914:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD 1914:1974 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 6 48 theme stress-associated 989:1005 arg1 proteins 1017:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins 989:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) 989:1073 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 48 theme stress-associated 989:1005 arg1 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 48 theme stress-associated 989:1005 arg1 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 48 theme stress-associated 989:1005 arg1 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 48 theme stress-associated 989:1005 arg1 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 48 theme stress-associated 989:1005 arg1 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 49 theme stress-associated 1780:1796 arg1 apoptosis 1798:1806 ER stress-associated apoptosis 1777:1806 ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs 1777:1814 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 9 50 theme western 1343:1349 arg1 analysis 1356:1363 western blot analysis 1343:1363 western blot analysis 1343:1363 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 51 theme type 1570:1573 arg1 collagen 1578:1585 type II collagen 1570:1585 type II collagen 1570:1585 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 4 52 theme NPC 666:668 arg1 damage 670:675 LPS-induced NPC damage 654:675 LPS-induced NPC damage 654:675 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 11 53 theme Nrf2/HO-1 1824:1832 arg1 pathway 1844:1850 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 1820:1850 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 1820:1850 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 9 54 theme DMF 1404:1406 arg1 treatment 1408:1416 DMF treatment 1404:1416 DMF treatment 1404:1416 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 55 theme analysis 1356:1363 arg1 results 1332:1338 the results 1328:1338 the results of western blot analysis 1328:1363 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 4 56 theme flow 586:589 arg1 cytometry 591:599 flow cytometry 586:599 flow cytometry of apoptosis 586:612 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 10 57 theme DMF 1660:1662 arg1 effects 1649:1655 these protective effects 1632:1655 these protective effects of DMF 1632:1662 However, Nrf2 knockdown abolished these protective effects of DMF. 34754326 1 58 theme intervertebral 261:274 arg1 IVDD 301:304 IVDD 301:304 IVDD 301:304 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 1 58 theme intervertebral 261:274 arg1 degeneration 287:298 intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration 261:298 intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) 261:305 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 4 59 theme METHODS 551:557 arg1 assay 576:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay 551:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay 551:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 9 60 theme LPS-challenged 1383:1396 arg1 NPCs 1398:1401 LPS-challenged NPCs 1383:1401 LPS-challenged NPCs 1383:1401 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 6 61 dep ROS 911:913 arg1 proteins 1017:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins 989:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) 989:1073 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 61 dep ROS 911:913 arg1 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 61 dep ROS 911:913 arg1 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 61 dep ROS 911:913 arg1 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 61 dep ROS 911:913 arg1 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 61 dep ROS 911:913 arg1 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 1 62 theme nucleus 189:195 arg1 cells 206:210 nucleus pulposus cells 189:210 nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis 189:227 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 1 62 theme nucleus 189:195 arg1 NPCs 213:216 NPCs 213:216 NPCs 213:216 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 4 63 theme DMF 629:631 arg1 treatment 633:641 DMF treatment 629:641 DMF treatment 629:641 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 5 64 theme 2-related 775:783 arg1 factor 785:790 nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 750:792 nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) 750:799 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 64 theme 2-related 775:783 arg1 Nrf2 795:798 Nrf2 795:798 Nrf2 795:798 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 7 65 theme LPS-challenged 1173:1186 arg1 NPCs 1188:1191 LPS-challenged NPCs 1173:1191 LPS-challenged NPCs 1173:1191 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted by DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 1 66 theme cells 206:210 arg1 apoptosis 219:227 nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis 189:227 nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis 189:227 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 5 67 theme blot 686:689 arg1 analysis 691:698 Western blot analysis 678:698 Western blot analysis 678:698 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 0 68 from Pathway 97:103 arg1 Degeneration 128:139 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 108:139 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 108:139 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 10 69 theme protective 1638:1647 arg1 effects 1649:1655 these protective effects 1632:1655 these protective effects of DMF 1632:1662 However, Nrf2 knockdown abolished these protective effects of DMF. 34754326 5 70 from expressions 735:745 arg1 NPCs 847:850 LPS-challenged NPCs 832:850 LPS-challenged NPCs 832:850 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 7 71 theme DMF 1156:1158 arg1 treatment 1160:1168 DMF treatment 1156:1168 DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs 1156:1191 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted by DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 4 72 dep METHODS 551:557 arg1 CCK8 571:574 CCK8 571:574 CCK8 571:574 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 9 73 theme matrix 1453:1458 arg1 enzymes 1472:1478 matrix degradation enzymes 1453:1478 matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) 1453:1502 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 6 74 theme inflammatory 930:941 arg1 cytokines 943:951 downregulated inflammatory cytokines 916:951 downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α) 916:979 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 74 theme inflammatory 930:941 arg1 IL-1β 963:967 IL-1β 963:967 IL-1β 963:967 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 74 theme inflammatory 930:941 arg1 TNF-α 974:978 TNF-α 974:978 TNF-α 974:978 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 74 theme inflammatory 930:941 arg1 p-NF-κB 954:960 p-NF-κB 954:960 p-NF-κB 954:960 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 7 75 theme antiapoptotic 1112:1124 arg1 Bcl-2 1134:1138 antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 1112:1138 antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 1112:1138 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted by DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 76 theme pharmacological 1932:1946 arg1 strategy 1958:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy 1914:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD 1914:1974 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 9 77 theme enzymes 1472:1478 arg1 levels 1540:1545 the reduced levels 1528:1545 the reduced levels of matrix composition 1528:1567 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 77 theme enzymes 1472:1478 arg1 levels 1443:1448 the elevated levels 1430:1448 the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen 1430:1522 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 6 78 theme apoptosis 1007:1015 arg1 proteins 1017:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins 989:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) 989:1073 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 78 theme apoptosis 1007:1015 arg1 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 78 theme apoptosis 1007:1015 arg1 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 78 theme apoptosis 1007:1015 arg1 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 78 theme apoptosis 1007:1015 arg1 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 78 theme apoptosis 1007:1015 arg1 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 79 theme novel 1916:1920 arg1 strategy 1958:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy 1914:1965 a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD 1914:1974 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 6 80 theme ER 986:987 arg1 accumulation 895:906 the accumulation 891:906 the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs 891:1096 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 8 81 theme oxidized 1264:1271 arg1 ratio 1285:1289 oxidized glutathione ratio 1264:1289 oxidized glutathione ratio 1264:1289 Glutathione (GSH) assay showed that DMF treatment improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 82 theme factor-erythroid 758:773 arg1 factor 785:790 nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 750:792 nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) 750:799 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 5 82 theme factor-erythroid 758:773 arg1 Nrf2 795:798 Nrf2 795:798 Nrf2 795:798 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 0 83 theme Intervertebral 108:121 arg1 Degeneration 128:139 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 108:139 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 108:139 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 6 84 dep proteins 1017:1024 arg1 proteins 1017:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins 989:1024 stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) 989:1073 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 84 dep proteins 1017:1024 arg1 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 Bip 1027:1029 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 84 dep proteins 1017:1024 arg1 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 caspase-3 1055:1063 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 84 dep proteins 1017:1024 arg1 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 Bax 1070:1072 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 84 dep proteins 1017:1024 arg1 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 calpain-1 1032:1040 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 6 84 dep proteins 1017:1024 arg1 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 caspase-12 1043:1052 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 8 85 theme LPS-challenged 1294:1307 arg1 NPCs 1309:1312 LPS-challenged NPCs 1294:1312 LPS-challenged NPCs 1294:1312 Glutathione (GSH) assay showed that DMF treatment improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 9 86 theme type 1508:1511 arg1 collagen 1515:1522 type I collagen 1508:1522 type I collagen 1508:1522 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 7 87 theme Bcl-2 1134:1138 arg1 level 1103:1107 The level 1099:1107 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 1099:1138 The level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted by DMF treatment in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 88 theme oxidative 1741:1749 arg1 stress 1751:1756 LPS-induced oxidative stress 1729:1756 LPS-induced oxidative stress 1729:1756 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 9 89 theme collagen 1515:1522 arg1 levels 1540:1545 the reduced levels 1528:1545 the reduced levels of matrix composition 1528:1567 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 89 theme collagen 1515:1522 arg1 levels 1443:1448 the elevated levels 1430:1448 the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen 1430:1522 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 0 90 theme Nucleus 30:36 arg1 Dysfunction 52:62 Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction 30:62 Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction 30:62 Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Dysfunction through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 34754326 1 91 theme degeneration 287:298 arg1 pathogenesis 245:256 pathogenesis 245:256 pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) 245:305 BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) apoptosis are involved in pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). 34754326 10 92 theme Nrf2 1607:1610 arg1 knockdown 1612:1620 Nrf2 knockdown 1607:1620 Nrf2 knockdown 1607:1620 However, Nrf2 knockdown abolished these protective effects of DMF. 34754326 5 93 theme factor 785:790 arg1 expressions 735:745 the expressions 731:745 the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs 731:850 Western blot analysis demonstrated that DMF enhanced the expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 9 94 dep ameliorated 1418:1428 arg1 ACAN 1591:1594 ACAN 1591:1594 ACAN 1591:1594 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 94 dep ameliorated 1418:1428 arg1 collagen 1578:1585 type II collagen 1570:1585 type II collagen 1570:1585 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 9 95 theme matrix 1550:1555 arg1 composition 1557:1567 matrix composition 1550:1567 matrix composition 1550:1567 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 3 96 theme underlying 474:483 arg1 mechanisms 485:494 the underlying mechanisms 470:494 the underlying mechanisms of how DMF protects NPCs from damage by LPS challenge 470:548 Hence, this project was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms of how DMF protects NPCs from damage by LPS challenge. 34754326 9 97 theme blot 1351:1354 arg1 analysis 1356:1363 western blot analysis 1343:1363 western blot analysis 1343:1363 Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that in LPS-challenged NPCs, DMF treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of matrix degradation enzymes (MMP-13, aggrecanase 1) and type I collagen and the reduced levels of matrix composition (type II collagen and ACAN). 34754326 8 98 dep improved 1244:1251 arg1 reduced 1253:1259 reduced 1253:1259 improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs 1244:1312 Glutathione (GSH) assay showed that DMF treatment improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 4 99 theme RESULTS 563:569 arg1 assay 576:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay 551:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay 551:580 METHODS AND RESULTS CCK8 assay and flow cytometry of apoptosis indicated that DMF treatment attenuated LPS-induced NPC damage. 34754326 6 100 from accumulation 895:906 arg1 NPCs 1093:1096 LPS-challenged NPCs 1078:1096 LPS-challenged NPCs 1078:1096 DMF treatment significantly decreased the accumulation of ROS, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and ER stress-associated apoptosis proteins (Bip, calpain-1, caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax) in LPS-challenged NPCs. 34754326 11 101 theme signaling 1834:1842 arg1 pathway 1844:1850 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 1820:1850 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 1820:1850 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 34754326 11 102 theme ER 1777:1778 arg1 apoptosis 1798:1806 ER stress-associated apoptosis 1777:1806 ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs 1777:1814 CONCLUSION Our data suggested that treatment with DMF mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress-associated apoptosis in NPCs via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus reliving LPS-induced dysfunction of NPCs, which offered a novel potential pharmacological treatment strategy for IVDD. 33974360 1 0 theme bowel 363:367 arg1 disease 369:375 inflammatory bowel disease 350:375 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 350:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 1 0 theme bowel 363:367 arg1 IBD 378:380 IBD 378:380 IBD 378:380 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 5 1 dep decreasing 908:917 arg1 down-regulating 1056:1070 down-regulating 1056:1070 down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors 1056:1095 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 1 dep decreasing 908:917 arg1 suppressing 1022:1032 suppressing 1022:1032 suppressing the oxidative stress 1022:1053 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 1 dep decreasing 908:917 arg1 suppressing 981:991 suppressing 981:991 suppressing the intestinal permeability 981:1019 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 1 dep decreasing 908:917 arg1 raising 955:961 raising 955:961 raising the colon length 955:978 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 1 dep decreasing 908:917 arg1 up-regulating 1098:1110 up-regulating 1098:1110 up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues 1098:1152 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 8 2 theme outstanding 1439:1449 arg1 advantages 1451:1460 outstanding advantages 1439:1460 outstanding advantages 1439:1460 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL shows outstanding advantages in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal barrier permeability. 33974360 5 3 theme anti-inflammatory 1112:1128 arg1 factor 1130:1135 anti-inflammatory factor 1112:1135 anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues 1112:1152 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 1 4 theme disease 369:375 arg1 models 340:345 animal models 333:345 animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 333:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 0 5 theme Inflammatory 196:207 arg1 Responses 209:217 Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses 140:217 Responses 209:217 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 0 6 theme Induced 258:264 arg1 Colitis 266:272 Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis 235:272 Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice 235:280 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 3 7 theme DHA-enriched 523:534 arg1 DHA-PL 551:556 DHA-PL 551:556 DHA-PL 551:556 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 3 7 theme DHA-enriched 523:534 arg1 phospholipids 536:548 DHA-enriched phospholipids 523:548 DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) 523:557 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 9 8 from DHA 1637:1639 arg1 form 1657:1660 phospholipid form 1644:1660 phospholipid form 1644:1660 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 9 9 theme effective 1678:1686 arg1 choice 1688:1693 a more effective choice 1671:1693 a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis 1671:1751 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 9 9 theme effective 1678:1686 arg1 DHA 1637:1639 DHA 1637:1639 DHA in phospholipid form 1637:1660 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 0 10 theme Sulfate 250:256 arg1 Colitis 266:272 Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis 235:272 Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice 235:280 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 4 11 theme sodium 749:754 arg1 sulfate 756:762 dextran sodium sulfate 741:762 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 5 12 theme activity 931:938 arg1 DAI 949:951 DAI 949:951 DAI 949:951 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 12 theme activity 931:938 arg1 indexes 940:946 the disease activity indexes 919:946 the disease activity indexes (DAI) 919:952 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 1 13 theme SCOPE 283:287 arg1 Studies 289:295 SCOPE Studies 283:295 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 283:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 0 14 theme Intestinal 111:120 arg1 Barrier 122:128 Intestinal Barrier 111:128 Intestinal Barrier 111:128 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 4 15 theme dextran 741:747 arg1 sulfate 756:762 dextran sodium sulfate 741:762 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 3 16 theme DHA-enriched 563:574 arg1 DHA-TG 590:595 DHA-TG 590:595 DHA-TG 590:595 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 3 16 theme DHA-enriched 563:574 arg1 triglyceride 576:587 DHA-enriched triglyceride 563:587 DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) 563:596 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 0 17 from Microbiota 170:179 arg1 Brain 226:230 the Brain 222:230 the Brain 222:230 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 1 18 theme DHA/EPA 306:312 arg1 supplementation 314:328 DHA/EPA supplementation 306:328 DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 306:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 5 19 theme pro-inflammatory 1072:1087 arg1 factors 1089:1095 pro-inflammatory factors 1072:1095 pro-inflammatory factors 1072:1095 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 9 20 theme nutritional 1699:1709 arg1 intervention 1711:1722 nutritional intervention 1699:1722 nutritional intervention 1699:1722 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 4 21 theme Male 639:642 arg1 mice 653:656 Male C57BL6/J mice 639:656 Male C57BL6/J mice 639:656 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 1 22 from supplementation 314:328 arg1 models 340:345 animal models 333:345 animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 333:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 4 23 theme sulfate 756:762 arg1 solution 764:771 a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 734:771 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 5 24 from factor 1130:1135 arg1 tissues 1146:1152 colon tissues 1140:1152 colon tissues 1140:1152 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 0 25 theme Administered 7:18 arg1 Phospholipids 33:45 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids 0:45 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids 0:45 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 1 26 theme controversial 390:402 arg1 results 404:410 controversial results 390:410 controversial results 390:410 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 0 27 theme Sodium 243:248 arg1 Sulfate 250:256 Dextran Sodium Sulfate 235:256 Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice 235:280 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 9 28 theme DHA 1608:1610 arg1 existence 1595:1603 the existence 1591:1603 the existence of DHA 1591:1610 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 9 29 dep affects 1612:1618 arg1 choice 1688:1693 a more effective choice 1671:1693 a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis 1671:1751 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 9 29 dep affects 1612:1618 arg1 DHA 1637:1639 DHA 1637:1639 DHA in phospholipid form 1637:1660 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 0 30 theme Dextran 235:241 arg1 Sulfate 250:256 Dextran Sodium Sulfate 235:256 Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice 235:280 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 4 31 theme consecutive 693:703 arg1 days 705:708 14 consecutive days 690:708 14 consecutive days 690:708 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 2 32 theme DHA 454:456 arg1 forms 445:449 different forms 435:449 different forms of DHA 435:456 It is speculated that different forms of DHA may explain the controversial results. 33974360 0 33 theme Cytokine 153:160 arg1 Microbiota 170:179 Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses 140:217 Microbiota 170:179 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 3 34 from effects 512:518 arg1 IBD 601:603 IBD 601:603 IBD 601:603 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 3 35 theme triglyceride 576:587 arg1 effects 512:518 the effects 508:518 the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD 508:603 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 4 36 theme C57BL6/J 644:651 arg1 mice 653:656 Male C57BL6/J mice 639:656 Male C57BL6/J mice 639:656 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 0 37 theme DHA-Enriched 20:31 arg1 Phospholipids 33:45 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids 0:45 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids 0:45 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 0 38 from Responses 209:217 arg1 Brain 226:230 the Brain 222:230 the Brain 222:230 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 0 39 theme Inflammatory 140:151 arg1 Cytokine 153:160 Inflammatory Cytokine 140:160 Inflammatory Cytokine 140:160 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 8 40 theme oxidative 1476:1484 arg1 stress 1486:1491 oxidative stress 1476:1491 oxidative stress 1476:1491 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL shows outstanding advantages in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal barrier permeability. 33974360 4 41 theme 3.0 736:738 arg1 % 739:739 % 739:739 % 739:739 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 2 42 theme different 435:443 arg1 forms 445:449 different forms 435:449 different forms of DHA 435:456 It is speculated that different forms of DHA may explain the controversial results. 33974360 0 43 theme DHA-Enriched 51:62 arg1 Triglyceride 64:75 DHA-Enriched Triglyceride 51:75 DHA-Enriched Triglyceride 51:75 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 5 44 theme pathological 884:895 arg1 process 897:903 the colitis pathological process 872:903 the colitis pathological process 872:903 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 0 45 theme Gut 166:168 arg1 Microbiota 170:179 Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses 140:217 Microbiota 170:179 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 5 46 theme oxidative 1038:1046 arg1 stress 1048:1053 the oxidative stress 1034:1053 the oxidative stress 1034:1053 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 0 47 dep Relieve 77:83 arg1 Improve 103:109 Improve 103:109 Improve Intestinal Barrier 103:128 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 0 47 dep Relieve 77:83 arg1 Modulate 131:138 Modulate 131:138 Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice 131:280 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 7 48 theme microglia 1403:1411 arg1 activation 1389:1398 the activation 1385:1398 the activation of microglia 1385:1411 Importantly, DHA-PL and DHA-TG obviously attenuate the activation of microglia. 33974360 8 49 theme CONCLUSIONS 1414:1424 arg1 DHA-PL 1426:1431 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL 1414:1431 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL 1414:1431 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL shows outstanding advantages in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal barrier permeability. 33974360 5 50 theme colon 1140:1144 arg1 tissues 1146:1152 colon tissues 1140:1152 colon tissues 1140:1152 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 6 51 theme Odoribacter 1321:1331 arg1 abundance 1308:1316 the abundance 1304:1316 the abundance of Odoribacter 1304:1331 DHA-PL and DHA-TG also regulate the composition of gut microbiota via decreasing of the abundance Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and DHA-TG increases the abundance of Odoribacter. 33974360 2 52 theme controversial 474:486 arg1 results 488:494 the controversial results 470:494 the controversial results 470:494 It is speculated that different forms of DHA may explain the controversial results. 33974360 1 53 theme animal 333:338 arg1 models 340:345 animal models 333:345 animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 333:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 8 54 theme intestinal 1522:1531 arg1 permeability 1541:1552 intestinal barrier permeability 1522:1552 intestinal barrier permeability 1522:1552 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL shows outstanding advantages in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal barrier permeability. 33974360 5 55 theme colitis 876:882 arg1 process 897:903 the colitis pathological process 872:903 the colitis pathological process 872:903 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 56 theme disease 923:929 arg1 DAI 949:951 DAI 949:951 DAI 949:951 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 5 56 theme disease 923:929 arg1 indexes 940:946 the disease activity indexes 919:946 the disease activity indexes (DAI) 919:952 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 8 57 theme barrier 1533:1539 arg1 permeability 1541:1552 intestinal barrier permeability 1522:1552 intestinal barrier permeability 1522:1552 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL shows outstanding advantages in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal barrier permeability. 33974360 5 58 theme intestinal 997:1006 arg1 permeability 1008:1019 the intestinal permeability 993:1019 the intestinal permeability 993:1019 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 4 59 theme IBD 804:806 arg1 model 808:812 IBD model 804:812 IBD model 804:812 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 0 60 from Colitis 266:272 arg1 Mice 277:280 Mice 277:280 Mice 277:280 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 6 61 theme microbiota 1210:1219 arg1 composition 1191:1201 the composition 1187:1201 the composition of gut microbiota 1187:1219 DHA-PL and DHA-TG also regulate the composition of gut microbiota via decreasing of the abundance Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and DHA-TG increases the abundance of Odoribacter. 33974360 5 62 theme colon 967:971 arg1 length 973:978 the colon length 963:978 the colon length 963:978 The results show that both DHA-PL and DHA-TG can reverse the colitis pathological process by decreasing the disease activity indexes (DAI), raising the colon length, suppressing the intestinal permeability, suppressing the oxidative stress, down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factor in colon tissues. 33974360 0 63 theme Meliorate 186:194 arg1 Responses 209:217 Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses 140:217 Responses 209:217 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 8 64 theme inflammatory 1494:1505 arg1 responses 1507:1515 inflammatory responses 1494:1515 inflammatory responses 1494:1515 CONCLUSIONS DHA-PL shows outstanding advantages in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal barrier permeability. 33974360 6 65 theme gut 1206:1208 arg1 microbiota 1210:1219 gut microbiota 1206:1219 gut microbiota 1206:1219 DHA-PL and DHA-TG also regulate the composition of gut microbiota via decreasing of the abundance Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and DHA-TG increases the abundance of Odoribacter. 33974360 4 66 theme ad 723:724 arg1 libitum 726:732 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 4 67 theme % 739:739 arg1 solution 764:771 a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 734:771 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 4 68 dep METHODS 619:625 arg1 receive 715:721 receive 715:721 receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model 715:812 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 4 68 dep METHODS 619:625 arg1 given 662:666 given 662:666 are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days 658:708 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 4 69 dep libitum 726:732 arg1 solution 764:771 a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 734:771 ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution 723:771 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 3 70 theme phospholipids 536:548 arg1 effects 512:518 the effects 508:518 the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD 508:603 Therefore, the effects of DHA-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PL) and DHA-enriched triglyceride (DHA-TG) on IBD are compared. 33974360 0 71 theme Oxidative 85:93 arg1 Stress 95:100 Oxidative Stress 85:100 Oxidative Stress 85:100 Orally Administered DHA-Enriched Phospholipids and DHA-Enriched Triglyceride Relieve Oxidative Stress, Improve Intestinal Barrier, Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine and Gut Microbiota, and Meliorate Inflammatory Responses in the Brain in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Mice. 33974360 1 72 theme inflammatory 350:361 arg1 disease 369:375 inflammatory bowel disease 350:375 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 350:381 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 1 72 theme inflammatory 350:361 arg1 IBD 378:380 IBD 378:380 IBD 378:380 SCOPE Studies based on DHA/EPA supplementation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveal controversial results. 33974360 4 73 theme eighth 780:785 arg1 day 787:789 the eighth day 776:789 the eighth day to establish IBD model 776:812 METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL6/J mice are given DHA-PL and DHA-TG for 14 consecutive days, and receive ad libitum a 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate solution on the eighth day to establish IBD model. 33974360 9 74 theme current 1559:1565 arg1 research 1567:1574 The current research 1555:1574 The current research 1555:1574 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33974360 9 75 theme phospholipid 1644:1655 arg1 form 1657:1660 phospholipid form 1644:1660 phospholipid form 1644:1660 The current research indicates that the existence of DHA affects the improvement, DHA in phospholipid form could be a more effective choice for nutritional intervention to prevent and treat colitis. 33300629 6 0 theme UVAonly 1059:1065 arg1 treatment 1067:1075 High-dose UVAonly treatment 1049:1075 High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) 1049:1086 RESULTS High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) was as efficient as ECP to induce apoptosis within 48 hours. 33300629 6 0 theme UVAonly 1059:1065 arg1 J/cm2 1080:1084 5 J/cm2 1078:1084 5 J/cm2 1078:1084 RESULTS High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) was as efficient as ECP to induce apoptosis within 48 hours. 33300629 5 1 from ability 906:912 arg1 subsets 853:859 WBC subsets 849:859 WBC subsets 849:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 8 2 theme T-cell 1354:1359 arg1 proliferation 1361:1373 anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation 1325:1373 anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation 1325:1373 Both ECP and UVAonly treatment inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation. 33300629 10 3 theme standard 1633:1640 arg1 ECP 1642:1644 standard ECP 1633:1644 standard ECP 1633:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 10 3 theme standard 1633:1640 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 1599:1609 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP 1599:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP 1599:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 2 4 theme white 316:320 arg1 WBCs 335:338 WBCs 335:338 WBCs 335:338 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 2 4 theme white 316:320 arg1 cells 328:332 The patients' white blood cells 302:332 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) 302:339 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 5 5 theme apoptosis 826:834 arg1 induction 836:844 apoptosis induction 826:844 apoptosis induction in WBC subsets 826:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 8 6 theme triggered 1344:1352 arg1 proliferation 1361:1373 anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation 1325:1373 anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation 1325:1373 Both ECP and UVAonly treatment inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation. 33300629 7 7 theme surviving 1200:1208 arg1 cells 1210:1214 the surviving cells 1196:1214 the surviving cells 1196:1214 UVAonly treatment modulated the composition of the surviving cells by improving monocyte survival and promoting CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. 33300629 10 8 dep CONCLUSIONS 1599:1609 arg1 UVAonly 1621:1627 High-dose UVAonly 1611:1627 High-dose UVAonly 1611:1627 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 10 8 dep CONCLUSIONS 1599:1609 arg1 ECP 1642:1644 standard ECP 1633:1644 standard ECP 1633:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 10 8 dep CONCLUSIONS 1599:1609 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 1599:1609 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP 1599:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP 1599:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 1 9 theme used 215:218 arg1 one 192:194 one 192:194 one 192:194 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 1 9 theme used 215:218 arg1 therapies 245:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 1 9 theme used 215:218 arg1 used 215:218 used 215:218 used 215:218 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 5 10 theme lipopolysaccharide 983:1000 arg1 stimulation 1019:1029 lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation 983:1029 lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation 983:1029 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 9 11 theme allogeneic 1499:1508 arg1 proliferation 1517:1529 allogeneic T-cell proliferation 1499:1529 allogeneic T-cell proliferation 1499:1529 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 5 12 dep ability 906:912 arg1 induce 930:935 induce 930:935 to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion 927:963 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 5 12 dep ability 906:912 arg1 respond 972:978 respond 972:978 to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro 969:1038 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 11 13 theme ECP 1799:1801 arg1 therapy 1803:1809 ECP therapy 1799:1809 ECP therapy 1799:1809 Hence, UVAonly treatment can be a simplified alternative to ECP therapy. 33300629 5 14 theme interferon-γ 1006:1017 arg1 stimulation 1019:1029 lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation 983:1029 lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation 983:1029 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 5 15 theme T-cell 876:881 arg1 proliferation 883:895 T-cell proliferation 876:895 T-cell proliferation 876:895 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 4 16 theme Peripheral 674:683 arg1 cells 703:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 0 17 theme high-dose 68:76 arg1 irradiation 98:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 9 18 theme UVAonly 1532:1538 arg1 treatment 1540:1548 UVAonly treatment 1532:1548 UVAonly treatment 1532:1548 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 4 19 theme STUDY 649:653 arg1 DESIGN 655:660 STUDY DESIGN 649:660 STUDY DESIGN 649:660 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 3 20 from use 519:521 arg1 ECP 526:528 ECP 526:528 ECP 526:528 The UVA/8-MOP combination has been in use in ECP for more than 4 decades; however, whether ECP can be simplified by UVA light irradiation only has never been analyzed. 33300629 0 21 theme A 90:90 arg1 irradiation 98:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 3 22 theme UVA 597:599 arg1 irradiation 607:617 UVA light irradiation 597:617 UVA light irradiation 597:617 The UVA/8-MOP combination has been in use in ECP for more than 4 decades; however, whether ECP can be simplified by UVA light irradiation only has never been analyzed. 33300629 5 23 from induction 836:844 arg1 subsets 853:859 WBC subsets 849:859 WBC subsets 849:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 1 24 theme BACKGROUND 143:152 arg1 photopheresis 169:181 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis 143:181 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) 143:187 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 1 24 theme BACKGROUND 143:152 arg1 ECP 184:186 ECP 184:186 ECP 184:186 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 8 25 theme anti-CD3/anti-CD28 1325:1342 arg1 proliferation 1361:1373 anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation 1325:1373 anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation 1325:1373 Both ECP and UVAonly treatment inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation. 33300629 0 26 theme similar 116:122 arg1 efficacy 133:140 similar in vitro efficacy 116:140 similar in vitro efficacy 116:140 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 2 27 theme A 445:445 arg1 light 453:457 ultraviolet A (UVA) light 433:457 ultraviolet A (UVA) light 433:457 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 4 28 theme mononuclear 691:701 arg1 cells 703:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 1 29 theme T-cell-mediated 276:290 arg1 diseases 292:299 T-cell-mediated diseases 276:299 T-cell-mediated diseases 276:299 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 6 30 dep RESULTS 1041:1047 arg1 efficient 1095:1103 efficient 1095:1103 efficient 1095:1103 RESULTS High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) was as efficient as ECP to induce apoptosis within 48 hours. 33300629 0 31 theme extracorporeal 13:26 arg1 procedure 42:50 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure 0:50 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 0:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 12 32 theme novel 1930:1934 arg1 method 1936:1941 a novel method 1928:1941 a novel method for immunoregulation 1928:1962 Furthermore, increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment may provide a novel method for immunoregulation. 33300629 4 33 dep DESIGN 655:660 arg1 cells 703:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 3 34 theme light 601:605 arg1 irradiation 607:617 UVA light irradiation 597:617 UVA light irradiation 597:617 The UVA/8-MOP combination has been in use in ECP for more than 4 decades; however, whether ECP can be simplified by UVA light irradiation only has never been analyzed. 33300629 10 35 theme T-cell 1717:1722 arg1 proliferation 1724:1736 direct T-cell proliferation 1710:1736 direct T-cell proliferation 1710:1736 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 7 36 theme CD8+ 1261:1264 arg1 apoptosis 1273:1281 CD8+ T-cell apoptosis 1261:1281 CD8+ T-cell apoptosis 1261:1281 UVAonly treatment modulated the composition of the surviving cells by improving monocyte survival and promoting CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. 33300629 12 37 theme UVAonly 1898:1904 arg1 treatment 1906:1914 UVAonly treatment 1898:1914 UVAonly treatment 1898:1914 Furthermore, increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment may provide a novel method for immunoregulation. 33300629 11 38 theme simplified 1773:1782 arg1 alternative 1784:1794 a simplified alternative 1771:1794 a simplified alternative to ECP therapy 1771:1809 Hence, UVAonly treatment can be a simplified alternative to ECP therapy. 33300629 11 38 theme simplified 1773:1782 arg1 treatment 1754:1762 UVAonly treatment 1746:1762 UVAonly treatment 1746:1762 Hence, UVAonly treatment can be a simplified alternative to ECP therapy. 33300629 4 39 theme different 744:752 arg1 doses 764:768 different UVA light doses 744:768 different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ) 744:784 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 5 40 theme allogeneic 937:946 arg1 expansion 955:963 allogeneic T-cell expansion 937:963 allogeneic T-cell expansion 937:963 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 7 41 theme monocyte 1229:1236 arg1 survival 1238:1245 monocyte survival 1229:1245 monocyte survival 1229:1245 UVAonly treatment modulated the composition of the surviving cells by improving monocyte survival and promoting CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. 33300629 2 42 theme photosensitizer 387:401 arg1 8-methoxypsoralen 403:419 the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen 383:419 the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) 383:427 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 2 42 theme photosensitizer 387:401 arg1 8-MOP 422:426 8-MOP 422:426 8-MOP 422:426 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 4 43 theme light 758:762 arg1 doses 764:768 different UVA light doses 744:768 different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ) 744:784 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 1 44 theme cell-based 234:243 arg1 therapies 245:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 3 45 theme UVA/8-MOP 485:493 arg1 combination 495:505 The UVA/8-MOP combination 481:505 The UVA/8-MOP combination 481:505 The UVA/8-MOP combination has been in use in ECP for more than 4 decades; however, whether ECP can be simplified by UVA light irradiation only has never been analyzed. 33300629 1 46 theme therapies 245:253 arg1 one 192:194 one 192:194 one 192:194 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 1 46 theme therapies 245:253 arg1 therapies 245:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 1 46 theme therapies 245:253 arg1 used 215:218 used 215:218 used 215:218 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 12 47 with survival 1844:1851 arg1 functionality 1878:1890 partially preserved functionality 1858:1890 partially preserved functionality 1858:1890 Furthermore, increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment may provide a novel method for immunoregulation. 33300629 6 48 theme High-dose 1049:1057 arg1 treatment 1067:1075 High-dose UVAonly treatment 1049:1075 High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) 1049:1086 RESULTS High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) was as efficient as ECP to induce apoptosis within 48 hours. 33300629 6 48 theme High-dose 1049:1057 arg1 J/cm2 1080:1084 5 J/cm2 1078:1084 5 J/cm2 1078:1084 RESULTS High-dose UVAonly treatment (5 J/cm2 ) was as efficient as ECP to induce apoptosis within 48 hours. 33300629 10 49 theme High-dose 1611:1619 arg1 UVAonly 1621:1627 High-dose UVAonly 1611:1627 High-dose UVAonly 1611:1627 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 10 49 theme High-dose 1611:1619 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 1599:1609 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP 1599:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP 1599:1644 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 12 50 theme increased 1825:1833 arg1 survival 1844:1851 increased monocyte survival 1825:1851 increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment 1825:1914 Furthermore, increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment may provide a novel method for immunoregulation. 33300629 9 51 theme reduced 1442:1448 arg1 capacity 1450:1457 a markedly reduced capacity 1431:1457 a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation 1431:1529 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 2 52 theme blood 322:326 arg1 WBCs 335:338 WBCs 335:338 WBCs 335:338 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 2 52 theme blood 322:326 arg1 cells 328:332 The patients' white blood cells 302:332 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) 302:339 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 5 53 theme Treatment 787:795 arg1 efficacy 797:804 Treatment efficacy 787:804 Treatment efficacy 787:804 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 10 54 theme comparable 1653:1662 arg1 efficacy 1664:1671 comparable efficacy 1653:1671 comparable efficacy 1653:1671 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 9 55 theme T-cell 1510:1515 arg1 proliferation 1517:1529 allogeneic T-cell proliferation 1499:1529 allogeneic T-cell proliferation 1499:1529 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 9 56 theme monocyte 1560:1567 arg1 functionality 1569:1581 monocyte functionality 1560:1581 monocyte functionality 1560:1581 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 0 57 theme ultraviolet 78:88 arg1 irradiation 98:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 1 58 theme Extracorporeal 154:167 arg1 photopheresis 169:181 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis 143:181 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) 143:187 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 1 58 theme Extracorporeal 154:167 arg1 ECP 184:186 ECP 184:186 ECP 184:186 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 0 59 theme light 92:96 arg1 irradiation 98:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 5 60 theme WBC 849:851 arg1 subsets 853:859 WBC subsets 849:859 WBC subsets 849:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 7 61 theme UVAonly 1149:1155 arg1 treatment 1157:1165 UVAonly treatment 1149:1165 UVAonly treatment 1149:1165 UVAonly treatment modulated the composition of the surviving cells by improving monocyte survival and promoting CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. 33300629 0 62 dep in 124:125 arg1 vitro 127:131 vitro 127:131 vitro 127:131 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 8 63 theme UVAonly 1297:1303 arg1 treatment 1305:1313 UVAonly treatment 1297:1313 UVAonly treatment 1297:1313 Both ECP and UVAonly treatment inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28 triggered T-cell proliferation. 33300629 0 64 theme in 124:125 arg1 efficacy 133:140 similar in vitro efficacy 116:140 similar in vitro efficacy 116:140 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 5 65 theme monocytes 917:925 arg1 inhibition 862:871 inhibition 862:871 inhibition of T-cell proliferation 862:895 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 5 65 theme monocytes 917:925 arg1 induction 836:844 apoptosis induction 826:844 apoptosis induction in WBC subsets 826:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 5 65 theme monocytes 917:925 arg1 ability 906:912 the ability 902:912 the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro 902:1038 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 4 66 theme classical 727:735 arg1 ECP 737:739 classical ECP 727:739 classical ECP 727:739 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 0 67 theme simplified 2:11 arg1 procedure 42:50 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure 0:50 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 0:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 5 68 theme proliferation 883:895 arg1 inhibition 862:871 inhibition 862:871 inhibition of T-cell proliferation 862:895 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 5 68 theme proliferation 883:895 arg1 induction 836:844 apoptosis induction 826:844 apoptosis induction in WBC subsets 826:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 5 68 theme proliferation 883:895 arg1 ability 906:912 the ability 902:912 the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro 902:1038 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 2 69 theme ultraviolet 433:443 arg1 UVA 448:450 UVA 448:450 UVA 448:450 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 2 69 theme ultraviolet 433:443 arg1 A 445:445 ultraviolet A 433:445 ultraviolet A (UVA) light 433:457 The patients' white blood cells (WBCs) are collected by apheresis and exposed to the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light before retransfusion. 33300629 4 70 theme blood 685:689 arg1 cells 703:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 674:707 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 0 71 theme photopheresis 28:40 arg1 procedure 42:50 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure 0:50 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 0:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 1 72 theme diseases 292:299 arg1 treatment 263:271 the treatment 259:271 the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases 259:299 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 5 73 from inhibition 862:871 arg1 subsets 853:859 WBC subsets 849:859 WBC subsets 849:859 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 7 74 theme T-cell 1266:1271 arg1 apoptosis 1273:1281 CD8+ T-cell apoptosis 1261:1281 CD8+ T-cell apoptosis 1261:1281 UVAonly treatment modulated the composition of the surviving cells by improving monocyte survival and promoting CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. 33300629 11 75 theme UVAonly 1746:1752 arg1 alternative 1784:1794 a simplified alternative 1771:1794 a simplified alternative to ECP therapy 1771:1809 Hence, UVAonly treatment can be a simplified alternative to ECP therapy. 33300629 11 75 theme UVAonly 1746:1752 arg1 treatment 1754:1762 UVAonly treatment 1746:1762 UVAonly treatment 1746:1762 Hence, UVAonly treatment can be a simplified alternative to ECP therapy. 33300629 4 76 dep only 770:773 arg1 UVAonly 776:782 UVAonly 776:782 UVAonly 776:782 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 10 77 theme direct 1710:1715 arg1 proliferation 1724:1736 direct T-cell proliferation 1710:1736 direct T-cell proliferation 1710:1736 CONCLUSIONS High-dose UVAonly and standard ECP showed comparable efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting direct T-cell proliferation. 33300629 0 78 theme single 61:66 arg1 irradiation 98:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation 61:108 A simplified extracorporeal photopheresis procedure based on single high-dose ultraviolet A light irradiation shows similar in vitro efficacy. 33300629 12 79 theme preserved 1868:1876 arg1 functionality 1878:1890 partially preserved functionality 1858:1890 partially preserved functionality 1858:1890 Furthermore, increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment may provide a novel method for immunoregulation. 33300629 9 80 dep capacity 1450:1457 arg1 induce 1492:1497 induce 1492:1497 to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation 1489:1529 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 9 80 dep capacity 1450:1457 arg1 respond 1462:1468 respond 1462:1468 to respond to stimulation 1459:1483 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33300629 1 81 theme effective 224:232 arg1 therapies 245:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 effective cell-based therapies 224:253 BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most widely used and effective cell-based therapies for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases. 33300629 5 82 theme T-cell 948:953 arg1 expansion 955:963 allogeneic T-cell expansion 937:963 allogeneic T-cell expansion 937:963 Treatment efficacy was investigated by apoptosis induction in WBC subsets, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, and the ability of monocytes to induce allogeneic T-cell expansion and to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in vitro. 33300629 12 83 theme monocyte 1835:1842 arg1 survival 1844:1851 increased monocyte survival 1825:1851 increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment 1825:1914 Furthermore, increased monocyte survival with partially preserved functionality after UVAonly treatment may provide a novel method for immunoregulation. 33300629 7 84 theme cells 1210:1214 arg1 composition 1181:1191 the composition 1177:1191 the composition of the surviving cells 1177:1214 UVAonly treatment modulated the composition of the surviving cells by improving monocyte survival and promoting CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. 33300629 4 85 theme UVA 754:756 arg1 doses 764:768 different UVA light doses 744:768 different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ) 744:784 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with classical ECP or different UVA light doses only (UVAonly ). 33300629 9 86 theme ECP-treated 1399:1409 arg1 monocytes 1411:1419 ECP-treated monocytes 1399:1419 ECP-treated monocytes 1399:1419 Interestingly, whereas ECP-treated monocytes exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to respond to stimulation and to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation, UVAonly treatment preserved monocyte functionality to some degree. 33535865 8 0 theme invasion 1275:1282 arg1 stage 1221:1225 the late stage 1212:1225 the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion 1212:1305 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 6 1 theme glycan 883:888 arg1 structures 890:899 eight O-linked glycan structures 868:899 eight O-linked glycan structures 868:899 A total of eight O-linked glycan structures were detected. 33535865 4 2 theme GalNAc 664:669 arg1 localization 605:616 localization 605:616 localization 605:616 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 4 2 theme GalNAc 664:669 arg1 detection 591:599 detection 591:599 detection 591:599 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 7 3 theme Gal2 932:935 arg1 expression 968:977 Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression 932:977 Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression 932:977 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 8 4 theme invasion 1298:1305 arg1 stage 1221:1225 the late stage 1212:1225 the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion 1212:1305 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 5 5 link O-linked 683:690 arg1 glycans 692:698 O-linked glycans 683:698 O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma 683:736 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 2 6 theme Sixty 289:293 arg1 patients 295:302 METHODS Sixty patients 281:302 METHODS Sixty patients with cholangiocarcinoma 281:326 METHODS Sixty patients with cholangiocarcinoma were included in the study. 33535865 1 7 theme glycoprotein 176:187 arg1 glycans 189:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 6 8 link O-linked 874:881 arg1 structures 890:899 eight O-linked glycan structures 868:899 eight O-linked glycan structures 868:899 A total of eight O-linked glycan structures were detected. 33535865 8 9 dep stages 1250:1255 arg1 II-IV 1257:1261 II-IV 1257:1261 stages II-IV 1250:1261 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 7 10 with patients 1019:1026 arg1 cholangiocarcinoma 1033:1050 cholangiocarcinoma 1033:1050 cholangiocarcinoma 1033:1050 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 0 11 link O-linked 26:33 arg1 glycans 35:41 tissue O-linked glycans 19:41 tissue O-linked glycans 19:41 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 4 12 dep GalNAc 664:669 arg1 N-acetyl-galactosamine 640:661 galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1 621:672 N-acetyl-galactosamine 640:661 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 3 13 link O-linked 370:377 arg1 glycans 379:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans 356:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue 356:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 5 14 with acids 816:820 arg1 galactose 795:803 a terminal galactose 784:803 a terminal galactose 784:803 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 9 15 theme cholangiocarcinoma 1489:1506 arg1 invasion 1477:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion 1454:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma 1454:1506 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 1 16 with patients 210:217 arg1 cholangiocarcinoma 224:241 cholangiocarcinoma 224:241 cholangiocarcinoma 224:241 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 9 17 theme cholangiocarcinoma 1384:1401 arg1 progression 1369:1379 progression 1369:1379 progression of cholangiocarcinoma 1369:1401 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 3 18 theme Permethylated 356:368 arg1 glycans 379:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans 356:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue 356:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 3 19 from tissue 451:456 arg1 glycans 379:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans 356:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue 356:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 0 20 theme malignant 64:72 arg1 phenotype 74:82 a malignant phenotype 62:82 a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma 62:104 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 9 21 theme Gal1GalNAc1 1437:1447 arg1 association 1422:1432 the association 1418:1432 the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma 1418:1506 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 1 22 from expression 153:162 arg1 tissue 200:205 tissue 200:205 tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue 200:278 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 3 23 theme intrahepatic 392:403 arg1 tissue 424:429 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue 392:429 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue 392:429 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 5 24 theme sialic 809:814 arg1 acids 816:820 sialic acids 809:820 sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]) 809:854 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 5 24 theme sialic 809:814 arg1 acid 842:845 N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc 823:852 N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc 823:852 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 3 25 from tissue 424:429 arg1 glycans 379:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans 356:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue 356:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 8 26 theme Gal1GalNAc1 1155:1165 arg1 expression 1167:1176 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression 1150:1176 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression 1150:1176 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 3 27 theme ion 507:509 arg1 spectrometry 521:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 9 28 theme vascular 1468:1475 arg1 invasion 1477:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion 1454:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma 1454:1506 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 3 29 theme adjacent 435:442 arg1 tissue 451:456 adjacent normal tissue 435:456 adjacent normal tissue 435:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 4 30 theme agglutinin 560:569 arg1 lectin 571:576 peanut agglutinin lectin 553:576 peanut agglutinin lectin 553:576 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 1 31 link O-linked 167:174 arg1 glycans 189:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 3 32 theme nano-spray 478:487 arg1 spectrometry 521:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 0 33 theme High 0:3 arg1 expression 5:14 High expression 0:14 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans 0:41 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 5 34 with di- 755:757 arg1 galactose 795:803 a terminal galactose 784:803 a terminal galactose 784:803 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 4 35 used used 582:585 arg2 Histochemistry 535:548 Histochemistry 535:548 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin 535:576 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 3 36 theme mass 516:519 arg1 spectrometry 521:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 0 37 theme O-linked 26:33 arg1 glycans 35:41 tissue O-linked glycans 19:41 tissue O-linked glycans 19:41 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 8 38 theme cholangiocarcinoma 1230:1247 arg1 stage 1221:1225 the late stage 1212:1225 the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion 1212:1305 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 5 39 with patients 705:712 arg1 cholangiocarcinoma 719:736 cholangiocarcinoma 719:736 cholangiocarcinoma 719:736 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 9 40 link O-linked 1349:1356 arg1 glycans 1358:1364 O-linked glycans 1349:1364 O-linked glycans 1349:1364 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 1 41 gly glycoprotein 176:187 arg1 glycoprotein 176:187 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 1 42 theme normal 266:271 arg1 tissue 273:278 adjacent normal tissue 257:278 adjacent normal tissue 257:278 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 8 43 theme lymphatic 1265:1273 arg1 invasion 1275:1282 lymphatic invasion 1265:1282 lymphatic invasion 1265:1282 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 6 44 theme O-linked 874:881 arg1 structures 890:899 eight O-linked glycan structures 868:899 eight O-linked glycan structures 868:899 A total of eight O-linked glycan structures were detected. 33535865 7 45 theme GalNAc1 960:966 arg1 expression 968:977 Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression 932:977 Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression 932:977 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 5 46 theme O-linked 683:690 arg1 glycans 692:698 O-linked glycans 683:698 O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma 683:736 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 7 47 theme N-acetyl-glucosamine 937:956 arg1 expression 968:977 Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression 932:977 Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression 932:977 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 1 48 theme O-linked 167:174 arg1 glycans 189:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 O-linked glycoprotein glycans 167:195 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 8 49 theme vascular 1289:1296 arg1 invasion 1298:1305 vascular invasion 1289:1305 vascular invasion 1289:1305 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 1 50 theme glycans 189:195 arg1 expression 153:162 the expression 149:162 the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue 149:278 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 9 51 theme O-linked 1349:1356 arg1 glycans 1358:1364 O-linked glycans 1349:1364 O-linked glycans 1349:1364 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 7 52 theme adjacent 1066:1073 arg1 tissue 1082:1087 adjacent normal tissue 1066:1087 adjacent normal tissue 1066:1087 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 5 53 theme terminal 786:793 arg1 galactose 795:803 a terminal galactose 784:803 a terminal galactose 784:803 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 1 54 theme patients 210:217 arg1 tissue 200:205 tissue 200:205 tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue 200:278 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 7 55 from patients 1019:1026 arg1 tissue 1007:1012 tissue 1007:1012 tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue 1007:1087 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 2 56 theme METHODS 281:287 arg1 patients 295:302 METHODS Sixty patients 281:302 METHODS Sixty patients with cholangiocarcinoma 281:326 METHODS Sixty patients with cholangiocarcinoma were included in the study. 33535865 2 57 with patients 295:302 arg1 cholangiocarcinoma 309:326 cholangiocarcinoma 309:326 cholangiocarcinoma 309:326 METHODS Sixty patients with cholangiocarcinoma were included in the study. 33535865 9 58 from expression 1335:1344 arg1 progression 1369:1379 progression 1369:1379 progression of cholangiocarcinoma 1369:1401 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 5 59 theme N-acetylneuraminic 823:840 arg1 acids 816:820 sialic acids 809:820 sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]) 809:854 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 5 59 theme N-acetylneuraminic 823:840 arg1 acid 842:845 N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc 823:852 N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc 823:852 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 7 60 theme NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 1096:1112 arg1 expression 1114:1123 NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression 1096:1123 NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression 1096:1123 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 9 61 dep CONCLUSION 1308:1317 arg1 highlights 1407:1416 highlights 1407:1416 highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma 1407:1506 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 9 61 dep CONCLUSION 1308:1317 arg1 shows 1329:1333 shows 1329:1333 shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma 1329:1401 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 3 62 theme O-linked 370:377 arg1 glycans 379:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans 356:385 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue 356:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 1 63 dep OBJECTIVE 107:115 arg1 aimed 128:132 aimed 128:132 aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue 128:278 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 33535865 5 64 theme [NeuAc 847:852 arg1 acids 816:820 sialic acids 809:820 sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]) 809:854 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 5 64 theme [NeuAc 847:852 arg1 acid 842:845 N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc 823:852 N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc 823:852 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 8 65 theme High 1150:1153 arg1 expression 1167:1176 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression 1150:1176 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression 1150:1176 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 9 66 theme lymphatic 1454:1462 arg1 invasion 1477:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion 1454:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma 1454:1506 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 9 67 with association 1422:1432 arg1 invasion 1477:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion 1454:1484 lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma 1454:1506 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 9 68 theme glycans 1358:1364 arg1 expression 1335:1344 expression 1335:1344 expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma 1335:1401 CONCLUSION Our study shows expression of O-linked glycans in progression of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights the association of Gal1GalNAc1 with lymphatic and vascular invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 0 69 theme cholangiocarcinoma 87:104 arg1 phenotype 74:82 a malignant phenotype 62:82 a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma 62:104 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 7 70 theme normal 1075:1080 arg1 tissue 1082:1087 adjacent normal tissue 1066:1087 adjacent normal tissue 1066:1087 Gal1GalNAc1 and Gal2 N-acetyl-glucosamine 1 GalNAc1 expression was significantly higher in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue, while NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly lower. 33535865 3 71 theme cholangiocarcinoma 405:422 arg1 tissue 424:429 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue 392:429 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue 392:429 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 4 72 theme peanut 553:558 arg1 lectin 571:576 peanut agglutinin lectin 553:576 peanut agglutinin lectin 553:576 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 4 73 theme lectin 571:576 arg1 Histochemistry 535:548 Histochemistry 535:548 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin 535:576 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 3 74 theme trap 511:514 arg1 spectrometry 521:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 3 75 theme normal 444:449 arg1 tissue 451:456 adjacent normal tissue 435:456 adjacent normal tissue 435:456 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 4 76 theme Gal 632:634 arg1 GalNAc 664:669 galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1 621:672 GalNAc 664:669 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 3 77 theme ionization-linear 489:505 arg1 spectrometry 521:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry 478:532 Permethylated O-linked glycans from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were analyzed using nano-spray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. 33535865 0 78 theme tissue 19:24 arg1 glycans 35:41 tissue O-linked glycans 19:41 tissue O-linked glycans 19:41 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 5 79 from patients 705:712 arg1 glycans 692:698 O-linked glycans 683:698 O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma 683:736 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 8 80 theme late 1216:1219 arg1 stage 1221:1225 the late stage 1212:1225 the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion 1212:1305 High Gal1GalNAc1 expression was significantly associated with the late stage of cholangiocarcinoma (stages II-IV), lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. 33535865 0 81 theme glycans 35:41 arg1 expression 5:14 High expression 0:14 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans 0:41 High expression of tissue O-linked glycans is associated with a malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma. 33535865 4 82 theme galactose 621:629 arg1 GalNAc 664:669 galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1 621:672 GalNAc 664:669 Histochemistry of peanut agglutinin lectin was used for detection and localization of galactose (Gal) 1, N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) 1. 33535865 5 83 dep RESULTS 675:681 arg1 composed 743:750 composed 743:750 were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]) 738:854 RESULTS O-linked glycans from patients with cholangiocarcinoma were composed of di- to hexa-saccharides with a terminal galactose and sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]). 33535865 6 84 theme structures 890:899 arg1 total 859:863 A total 857:863 A total of eight O-linked glycan structures 857:899 A total of eight O-linked glycan structures were detected. 33535865 1 85 theme adjacent 257:264 arg1 tissue 273:278 adjacent normal tissue 257:278 adjacent normal tissue 257:278 OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of O-linked glycoprotein glycans in tissue of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with adjacent normal tissue. 34790690 6 0 theme Lalvin 861:866 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 0 theme Lalvin 861:866 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 10 1 theme high 1431:1434 arg1 HPLC 1471:1474 HPLC 1471:1474 HPLC 1471:1474 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 1 theme high 1431:1434 arg1 chromatography 1455:1468 high performance liquid chromatography 1431:1468 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 1431:1475 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 13 2 theme plum 1891:1894 arg1 wine 1896:1899 Niuxin plum wine 1884:1899 Niuxin plum wine 1884:1899 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 6 3 theme Saccharomyces 836:848 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 3 theme Saccharomyces 836:848 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 2 4 theme wine 128:131 arg1 year 141:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 7 5 theme aromatic 1000:1007 arg1 components 1009:1018 55 aromatic components 997:1018 55 aromatic components 997:1018 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 8 6 theme Niuxin 1069:1074 arg1 wine 1081:1084 Niuxin plum wine 1069:1084 Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) 1069:1101 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 4 7 theme suitable 331:338 arg1 ratio 351:355 its suitable sugar-acid ratio 327:355 its suitable sugar-acid ratio 327:355 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 5 8 theme plum 574:577 arg1 wine 579:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 13 9 theme biological 1853:1862 arg1 polysaccharide 1864:1877 an importantly biological polysaccharide 1838:1877 an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine 1838:1899 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 13 9 theme biological 1853:1862 arg1 NPWP-10 1827:1833 NPWP-10 1827:1833 NPWP-10 1827:1833 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 5 10 theme fermentation 437:448 arg1 technology 450:459 the fermentation technology 433:459 the fermentation technology 433:459 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 9 11 theme different 1329:1337 arg1 weight 1349:1354 different molecular weight 1329:1354 different molecular weight 1329:1354 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 6 12 theme plum 816:819 arg1 wine 821:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 8 13 theme bioactive 1123:1131 arg1 Polysaccharides 1048:1062 Polysaccharides 1048:1062 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) 1048:1101 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 8 13 theme bioactive 1123:1131 arg1 components 1133:1142 the major bioactive components 1113:1142 the major bioactive components 1113:1142 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 7 14 theme vitamins 983:990 arg1 total 936:940 A total 934:940 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components 934:1018 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 3 15 theme salicina 231:238 arg1 Lindl 240:244 Prunus salicina Lindl 224:244 Prunus salicina Lindl. 224:245 Prunus salicina Lindl. 34790690 10 16 theme fourier-transform 1478:1494 arg1 FT-IR 1506:1510 FT-IR 1506:1510 FT-IR 1506:1510 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 16 theme fourier-transform 1478:1494 arg1 infrared 1496:1503 fourier-transform infrared 1478:1503 fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) 1478:1511 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 17 theme nuclear 1517:1523 arg1 NMR 1545:1547 NMR 1545:1547 NMR 1545:1547 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 17 theme nuclear 1517:1523 arg1 resonance 1534:1542 nuclear magnetic resonance 1517:1542 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra 1517:1556 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 7 18 theme mineral 963:969 arg1 elements 971:978 9 mineral elements 961:978 9 mineral elements 961:978 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 2 19 theme fruit 180:184 arg1 wine 186:189 novel fruit wine 174:189 novel fruit wine with high functional activities 174:221 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 5 20 theme nutritional 484:494 arg1 compositions 496:507 nutritional compositions 484:507 nutritional compositions 484:507 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 21 from compositions 496:507 arg1 wine 579:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 12 22 contain contained 1709:1717 arg2 component 1794:1802 the auxiliary component 1780:1802 the auxiliary component 1780:1802 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 12 22 contain contained 1709:1717 arg2 α-configuration 1719:1733 α-configuration 1719:1733 α-configuration 1719:1733 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 12 22 contain contained 1709:1717 arg1 NPWP-10 1701:1707 NPWP-10 1701:1707 NPWP-10 1701:1707 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 12 22 contain contained 1709:1717 arg2 component 1747:1755 the main component 1738:1755 the main component 1738:1755 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 5 23 theme antioxidant 609:619 arg1 activities 638:647 the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities 605:647 the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities 605:647 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 24 from wine 705:708 arg1 components 677:686 major bioactive components 661:686 major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine 661:708 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 7 25 theme amino 948:952 arg1 acids 954:958 17 amino acids 945:958 17 amino acids 945:958 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 2 26 theme functional 201:210 arg1 activities 212:221 high functional activities 196:221 high functional activities 196:221 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 4 27 theme characteristic 358:371 arg1 aroma 373:377 characteristic aroma 358:377 characteristic aroma 358:377 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 5 28 theme plum 700:703 arg1 wine 705:708 Niuxin plum wine 693:708 Niuxin plum wine 693:708 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 29 theme hypoglycemic 625:636 arg1 activities 638:647 the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities 605:647 the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities 605:647 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 11 30 theme molar 1658:1662 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 0 31 theme salicina 68:75 arg1 Lindl 77:81 Prunus salicina Lindl. 61:82 Prunus salicina Lindl. 61:82 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 0 31 theme salicina 68:75 arg1 Plum 55:58 Plum 55:58 Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 55:83 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 9 32 theme molecular 1161:1169 arg1 weight 1171:1176 a molecular weight 1159:1176 a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) 1159:1201 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 13 33 from wine 1896:1899 arg1 polysaccharide 1864:1877 an importantly biological polysaccharide 1838:1877 an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine 1838:1899 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 13 33 from wine 1896:1899 arg1 NPWP-10 1827:1833 NPWP-10 1827:1833 NPWP-10 1827:1833 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 0 34 from Evaluation 0:9 arg1 Lindl 77:81 Prunus salicina Lindl. 61:82 Prunus salicina Lindl. 61:82 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 0 34 from Evaluation 0:9 arg1 Plum 55:58 Plum 55:58 Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 55:83 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 5 35 theme bioactive 667:675 arg1 components 677:686 major bioactive components 661:686 major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine 661:708 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 6 36 theme 20°C 917:920 arg1 % 881:881 0.1% 878:881 0.1% 878:881 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 36 theme 20°C 917:920 arg1 20°C 917:920 20°C 917:920 20°C 917:920 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 36 theme 20°C 917:920 arg1 temperature 902:912 a fermentation temperature 887:912 a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days 887:931 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 9 37 with NPWP 1149:1152 arg1 weight 1171:1176 a molecular weight 1159:1176 a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) 1159:1201 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 13 38 theme wine 1965:1968 arg1 industry 1970:1977 the plum wine industry 1956:1977 the plum wine industry 1956:1977 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 0 39 theme Bioactivities 38:50 arg1 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 0:83 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 0 40 theme Prunus 61:66 arg1 Lindl 77:81 Prunus salicina Lindl. 61:82 Prunus salicina Lindl. 61:82 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 0 40 theme Prunus 61:66 arg1 Plum 55:58 Plum 55:58 Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 55:83 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 10 41 theme NPWP-10 1402:1408 arg1 characterization 1382:1397 the structural characterization 1367:1397 the structural characterization of NPWP-10 1367:1408 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 7 42 located detected 1025:1032 arg1 wine 1042:1045 plum wine 1037:1045 plum wine 1037:1045 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 7 42 located detected 1025:1032 arg2 total 936:940 A total 934:940 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components 934:1018 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 4 43 dep material 286:293 arg1 named 248:252 named 248:252 named as Niuxin plum 248:267 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 0 44 theme Bioactive 14:22 arg1 Compounds 24:32 Bioactive Compounds 14:32 Bioactive Compounds 14:32 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 6 45 theme Niuxin 809:814 arg1 wine 821:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 2 46 theme year 141:144 arg1 demand 112:117 demand 112:117 demand of fruit wine year by year 112:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 9 47 theme DPPH 1230:1233 arg1 capacity 1259:1266 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 12 48 theme auxiliary 1784:1792 arg1 α-configuration 1719:1733 α-configuration 1719:1733 α-configuration 1719:1733 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 12 48 theme auxiliary 1784:1792 arg1 component 1794:1802 the auxiliary component 1780:1802 the auxiliary component 1780:1802 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 6 49 theme % 803:803 arg1 wine 821:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 4 50 theme remarkable 275:284 arg1 material 286:293 a remarkable material 273:293 a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds 273:401 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 2 51 theme year 133:136 arg1 year 141:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 10 52 theme structural 1371:1380 arg1 characterization 1382:1397 the structural characterization 1367:1397 the structural characterization of NPWP-10 1367:1408 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 9 53 theme radical 1240:1246 arg1 scavenging 1248:1257 free radical scavenging 1235:1257 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 12 54 theme main 1742:1745 arg1 α-configuration 1719:1733 α-configuration 1719:1733 α-configuration 1719:1733 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 12 54 theme main 1742:1745 arg1 component 1747:1755 the main component 1738:1755 the main component 1738:1755 NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. 34790690 8 55 dep wine 1081:1084 arg1 named 1087:1091 named 1087:1091 named as NPWPs 1087:1100 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 6 56 theme fermentation 772:783 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 56 theme fermentation 772:783 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 9 57 theme α-glucosidase 1272:1284 arg1 activity 1297:1304 α-glucosidase inhibitory activity 1272:1304 α-glucosidase inhibitory activity 1272:1304 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 10 58 theme performance 1436:1446 arg1 HPLC 1471:1474 HPLC 1471:1474 HPLC 1471:1474 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 58 theme performance 1436:1446 arg1 chromatography 1455:1468 high performance liquid chromatography 1431:1468 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 1431:1475 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 7 59 theme components 1009:1018 arg1 total 936:940 A total 934:940 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components 934:1018 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 8 60 from wine 1081:1084 arg1 Polysaccharides 1048:1062 Polysaccharides 1048:1062 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) 1048:1101 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 8 60 from wine 1081:1084 arg1 components 1133:1142 the major bioactive components 1113:1142 the major bioactive components 1113:1142 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 2 61 with necessary 153:161 arg1 increase 100:107 the increase 96:107 the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year 96:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 6 62 dep Saccharomyces 836:848 arg1 cerevisiae 850:859 cerevisiae 850:859 cerevisiae 850:859 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 4 63 theme sugar-acid 340:349 arg1 ratio 351:355 its suitable sugar-acid ratio 327:355 its suitable sugar-acid ratio 327:355 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 2 64 theme fruit 122:126 arg1 year 141:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 5 65 theme Niuxin 567:572 arg1 wine 579:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 6 66 theme orthogonal 742:751 arg1 tests 753:757 single-factor and orthogonal tests 724:757 single-factor and orthogonal tests 724:757 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 11 67 with rhamnose 1600:1607 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 6 68 theme wine 821:824 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 68 theme wine 821:824 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 4 69 theme fruit 307:311 arg1 wine 313:316 fruit wine 307:316 fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds 307:401 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 6 70 theme single-factor 724:736 arg1 tests 753:757 single-factor and orthogonal tests 724:757 single-factor and orthogonal tests 724:757 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 11 71 with arabinose 1610:1618 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 9 72 theme molecular 1339:1347 arg1 weight 1349:1354 different molecular weight 1329:1354 different molecular weight 1329:1354 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 8 73 theme plum 1076:1079 arg1 wine 1081:1084 Niuxin plum wine 1069:1084 Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) 1069:1101 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 8 74 theme major 1117:1121 arg1 Polysaccharides 1048:1062 Polysaccharides 1048:1062 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) 1048:1101 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 8 74 theme major 1117:1121 arg1 components 1133:1142 the major bioactive components 1113:1142 the major bioactive components 1113:1142 Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. 34790690 7 75 theme elements 971:978 arg1 total 936:940 A total 934:940 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components 934:1018 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 13 76 theme Niuxin 1884:1889 arg1 wine 1896:1899 Niuxin plum wine 1884:1899 Niuxin plum wine 1884:1899 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 2 77 from increase 100:107 arg1 demand 112:117 demand 112:117 demand of fruit wine year by year 112:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 6 78 theme fermentation 889:900 arg1 temperature 902:912 a fermentation temperature 887:912 a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days 887:931 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 4 79 theme bioactive 383:391 arg1 compounds 393:401 bioactive compounds 383:401 bioactive compounds 383:401 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 10 80 theme magnetic 1525:1532 arg1 NMR 1545:1547 NMR 1545:1547 NMR 1545:1547 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 80 theme magnetic 1525:1532 arg1 resonance 1534:1542 nuclear magnetic resonance 1517:1542 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra 1517:1556 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 11 81 theme 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1674:1698 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 11 82 with mannose 1591:1597 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 3 83 theme Prunus 224:229 arg1 Lindl 240:244 Prunus salicina Lindl 224:244 Prunus salicina Lindl. 224:245 Prunus salicina Lindl. 34790690 7 84 theme acids 954:958 arg1 total 936:940 A total 934:940 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components 934:1018 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 2 85 theme novel 174:178 arg1 wine 186:189 novel fruit wine 174:189 novel fruit wine with high functional activities 174:221 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 5 86 dep modify 426:431 arg1 quantify 475:482 quantify 475:482 quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine 475:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 86 dep modify 426:431 arg1 identify 462:469 identify 462:469 identify 462:469 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 86 dep modify 426:431 arg1 evaluate 596:603 evaluate 596:603 evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine 596:708 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 10 87 dep chromatography 1455:1468 arg1 studies 1558:1564 studies 1558:1564 studies 1558:1564 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 5 88 theme volatile 513:520 arg1 profiles 522:529 volatile profiles 513:529 volatile profiles 513:529 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 89 from profiles 522:529 arg1 wine 579:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 11 90 theme galacturonic 1635:1646 arg1 acid 1648:1651 galacturonic acid 1635:1651 galacturonic acid 1635:1651 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 5 91 theme Niuxin 693:698 arg1 wine 705:708 Niuxin plum wine 693:708 Niuxin plum wine 693:708 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 2 92 theme high 196:199 arg1 activities 212:221 high functional activities 196:221 high functional activities 196:221 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 11 93 with galactose 1621:1629 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 5 94 from substances 553:562 arg1 wine 579:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 Niuxin plum wine 567:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 2 95 with wine 186:189 arg1 activities 212:221 high functional activities 196:221 high functional activities 196:221 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 5 96 theme major 661:665 arg1 components 677:686 major bioactive components 661:686 major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine 661:708 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 5 97 theme bioactive 543:551 arg1 substances 553:562 bioactive substances 543:562 bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine 543:582 This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. 34790690 9 98 contain having 1322:1327 arg2 weight 1349:1354 different molecular weight 1329:1354 different molecular weight 1329:1354 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 9 98 contain having 1322:1327 arg1 NPWPs 1316:1320 all NPWPs 1312:1320 all NPWPs having different molecular weight 1312:1354 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 13 99 theme plum 1960:1963 arg1 industry 1970:1977 the plum wine industry 1956:1977 the plum wine industry 1956:1977 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 10 100 theme resonance 1534:1542 arg1 spectra 1550:1556 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra 1517:1556 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra 1517:1556 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 0 101 theme Compounds 24:32 arg1 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 0:83 Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) 34790690 7 102 theme plum 1037:1040 arg1 wine 1042:1045 plum wine 1037:1045 plum wine 1037:1045 A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. 34790690 9 103 theme extraordinary 1216:1228 arg1 capacity 1259:1266 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 6 104 theme vol 805:807 arg1 wine 821:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 799:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 105 from temperature 902:912 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 105 from temperature 902:912 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 2 106 theme by 138:139 arg1 year 141:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 fruit wine year by year 122:144 With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. 34790690 13 107 theme scientific 1924:1933 arg1 basis 1935:1939 a scientific basis 1922:1939 a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry 1922:1977 This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry. 34790690 9 108 theme free 1235:1238 arg1 scavenging 1248:1257 free radical scavenging 1235:1257 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 6 109 theme 13.1 799:802 arg1 % 803:803 % 803:803 % 803:803 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 9 110 theme scavenging 1248:1257 arg1 capacity 1259:1266 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity 1216:1266 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 34790690 6 111 from % 881:881 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 111 from % 881:881 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 11 112 with acid 1648:1651 arg1 ratios 1664:1669 molar ratios 1658:1669 molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1 1658:1698 NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. 34790690 6 113 theme optimal 764:770 arg1 conditions 785:794 the optimal fermentation conditions 760:794 the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine 760:824 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 6 113 theme optimal 764:770 arg1 EC1118 868:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 836:873 According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. 34790690 4 114 theme Niuxin 257:262 arg1 plum 264:267 Niuxin plum 257:267 Niuxin plum 257:267 (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. 34790690 10 115 theme liquid 1448:1453 arg1 HPLC 1471:1474 HPLC 1471:1474 HPLC 1471:1474 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 10 115 theme liquid 1448:1453 arg1 chromatography 1455:1468 high performance liquid chromatography 1431:1468 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 1431:1475 Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. 34790690 9 116 theme inhibitory 1286:1295 arg1 activity 1297:1304 α-glucosidase inhibitory activity 1272:1304 α-glucosidase inhibitory activity 1272:1304 The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. 31941439 4 0 theme small 944:948 arg1 bowel 950:954 the upper small bowel 934:954 the upper small bowel 934:954 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 6 1 theme deleterious 1211:1221 arg1 bacteria 1190:1197 bacteria 1190:1197 bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila 1190:1292 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 6 1 theme deleterious 1211:1221 arg1 Bilophila 1284:1292 Bilophila 1284:1292 Bilophila 1284:1292 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 6 1 theme deleterious 1211:1221 arg1 japonicum 1270:1278 Helicobacter japonicum 1257:1278 Helicobacter japonicum 1257:1278 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 6 2 theme Helicobacter 1257:1268 arg1 japonicum 1270:1278 Helicobacter japonicum 1257:1278 Helicobacter japonicum 1257:1278 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 7 3 theme GK 1554:1555 arg1 functions 1541:1549 the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions 1510:1549 the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1510:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 0 4 theme augmented 65:73 arg1 colitis 75:81 augmented colitis 65:81 augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota 65:151 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 5 5 theme colonic 1083:1089 arg1 involvement 1091:1101 colonic involvement 1083:1101 colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease 1083:1126 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 7 6 dep CONCLUSION 1443:1452 arg1 highlight 1468:1476 highlight 1468:1476 highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1468:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 7 6 dep CONCLUSION 1443:1452 arg1 provide 1561:1567 provide 1561:1567 provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD 1561:1615 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 7 7 theme pro- 1514:1517 arg1 functions 1541:1549 the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions 1510:1549 the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1510:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 6 8 theme control 1404:1410 arg1 mice 1412:1415 Gankyrinf/f control mice 1392:1415 Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition 1392:1440 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 2 9 theme small 503:507 arg1 intestine 509:517 the entire small intestine 492:517 the entire small intestine 492:517 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 0 10 from Deficiency 0:9 arg1 intestine 36:44 the small intestine 26:44 the small intestine 26:44 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 6 11 dep induced 1339:1345 arg1 colitis 1331:1337 colitis 1331:1337 colitis 1331:1337 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 2 12 dep Cdx2-Cre 595:602 arg1 Gankyrinf/f 604:614 Gankyrinf/f 604:614 Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f 595:614 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 3 13 theme dextran 767:773 arg1 sulfate 782:788 dextran sodium sulfate 767:788 dextran sodium sulfate 767:788 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 2 14 theme entire 496:501 arg1 intestine 509:517 the entire small intestine 492:517 the entire small intestine 492:517 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 3 15 theme small 666:670 arg1 bowel 672:676 the upper small bowel 656:676 the upper small bowel 656:676 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 6 16 theme intestinal 1226:1235 arg1 homeostasis 1237:1247 intestinal homeostasis 1226:1247 intestinal homeostasis 1226:1247 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 3 17 theme sodium 775:780 arg1 sulfate 782:788 dextran sodium sulfate 767:788 dextran sodium sulfate 767:788 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 0 18 theme bacterial 106:114 arg1 composition 116:126 altered bacterial composition 98:126 altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota 98:151 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 5 19 theme small 1052:1056 arg1 bowel 1058:1062 the small bowel 1048:1062 the small bowel 1048:1062 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 0 20 theme altered 98:104 arg1 composition 116:126 altered bacterial composition 98:126 altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota 98:151 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 0 21 theme small 30:34 arg1 intestine 36:44 the small intestine 26:44 the small intestine 26:44 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 6 22 theme Gankyrinf/f 1392:1402 arg1 mice 1412:1415 Gankyrinf/f control mice 1392:1415 Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition 1392:1440 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 3 23 theme upper 660:664 arg1 bowel 672:676 the upper small bowel 656:676 the upper small bowel 656:676 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 2 24 theme distal 567:572 arg1 intestine 574:582 the distal intestine 563:582 the distal intestine 563:582 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 6 25 theme amplicons 1179:1187 arg1 sequencing 1141:1150 the sequencing 1137:1150 the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1137:1187 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 1 26 theme possible 274:281 arg1 therapy 301:307 a possible anti-inflammatory therapy 272:307 a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 272:344 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 1 26 theme possible 274:281 arg1 inhibition 244:253 its inhibition 240:253 its inhibition 240:253 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 7 27 theme site 1491:1494 arg1 dependence 1496:1505 the distinct site dependence 1478:1505 the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1478:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 7 28 theme anti-inflammatory 1523:1539 arg1 functions 1541:1549 the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions 1510:1549 the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1510:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 1 29 theme anti-inflammatory 283:299 arg1 therapy 301:307 a possible anti-inflammatory therapy 272:307 a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 272:344 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 1 29 theme anti-inflammatory 283:299 arg1 inhibition 244:253 its inhibition 240:253 its inhibition 240:253 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 4 30 theme antimicrobial 886:898 arg1 -6 927:928 -6 927:928 -6 927:928 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 4 30 theme antimicrobial 886:898 arg1 α-Defensin-5 910:921 α-Defensin-5 910:921 α-Defensin-5 910:921 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 4 30 theme antimicrobial 886:898 arg1 peptides 900:907 antimicrobial peptides 886:907 antimicrobial peptides 886:907 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 6 31 theme rRNA 1169:1172 arg1 amplicons 1179:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 2 32 dep METHODS 347:353 arg1 investigated 373:384 investigated 373:384 investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) 373:615 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 2 33 theme epithelial 404:413 arg1 cells 415:419 epithelial cells 404:419 epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) 404:615 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 0 34 theme Gankyrin 14:21 arg1 Deficiency 0:9 Deficiency 0:9 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine 0:44 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 4 35 theme peptides 900:907 arg1 expression 872:881 the expression 868:881 the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel 868:954 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 2 36 theme GK 473:474 arg1 deletion 476:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 3 37 theme inflammatory 688:699 arg1 activity 701:708 inflammatory activity 688:708 inflammatory activity 688:708 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 0 38 theme microbiota 142:151 arg1 composition 116:126 altered bacterial composition 98:126 altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota 98:151 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 5 39 theme GK 1031:1032 arg1 expression 1034:1043 GK expression 1031:1043 GK expression 1031:1043 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 5 40 theme human 972:976 arg1 samples 978:984 human samples 972:984 human samples 972:984 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 2 41 theme GK 398:399 arg1 role 390:393 the role 386:393 the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) 386:615 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 2 42 theme cell-specific 459:471 arg1 deletion 476:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 1 43 theme inflammatory 313:324 arg1 IBD 341:343 IBD 341:343 IBD 341:343 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 1 43 theme inflammatory 313:324 arg1 disease 332:338 inflammatory bowel disease 313:338 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 313:344 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 0 44 theme intestinal 131:140 arg1 microbiota 142:151 intestinal microbiota 131:151 intestinal microbiota 131:151 Deficiency of Gankyrin in the small intestine is associated with augmented colitis accompanied by altered bacterial composition of intestinal microbiota. 31941439 5 45 theme expression 1034:1043 arg1 reduction 1018:1026 the reduction 1014:1026 the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel 1014:1062 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 5 46 theme samples 978:984 arg1 Examination 957:967 Examination 957:967 Examination of human samples 957:984 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 1 47 theme inflammatory 213:224 arg1 responses 226:234 inflammatory responses 213:234 inflammatory responses 213:234 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 2 48 theme epithelial 448:457 arg1 deletion 476:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 1 49 theme bowel 326:330 arg1 IBD 341:343 IBD 341:343 IBD 341:343 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 1 49 theme bowel 326:330 arg1 disease 332:338 inflammatory bowel disease 313:338 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 313:344 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 6 50 theme induced 1339:1345 arg1 mice 1370:1373 colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice 1331:1373 colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice 1331:1373 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 5 51 from reduction 1018:1026 arg1 bowel 1058:1062 the small bowel 1048:1062 the small bowel 1048:1062 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 6 52 theme gene 1174:1177 arg1 amplicons 1179:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 7 53 theme functions 1541:1549 arg1 dependence 1496:1505 the distinct site dependence 1478:1505 the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1478:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 2 54 theme intestinal 437:446 arg1 deletion 476:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 4 55 from expression 872:881 arg1 bowel 950:954 the upper small bowel 934:954 the upper small bowel 934:954 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 4 56 theme Biochemical 791:801 arg1 analyses 803:810 Biochemical analyses 791:810 Biochemical analyses 791:810 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 2 57 from role 390:393 arg1 cells 415:419 epithelial cells 404:419 epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) 404:615 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 6 58 theme same 1427:1430 arg1 condition 1432:1440 the same condition 1423:1440 the same condition 1423:1440 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 3 59 theme control 724:730 arg1 mice 732:735 control mice 724:735 control mice 724:735 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 6 60 theme 16S 1165:1167 arg1 amplicons 1179:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 2 61 with mice 427:430 arg1 deletion 476:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion 437:483 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 3 62 from GK-deficiency 639:651 arg1 bowel 672:676 the upper small bowel 656:676 the upper small bowel 656:676 RESULT Unexpectedly, GK-deficiency in the upper small bowel augmented inflammatory activity compared with control mice when colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate. 31941439 4 63 theme upper 938:942 arg1 bowel 950:954 the upper small bowel 934:954 the upper small bowel 934:954 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 6 64 theme Villin-Cre 1347:1356 arg1 mice 1370:1373 colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice 1331:1373 colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice 1331:1373 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 7 65 theme distinct 1482:1489 arg1 dependence 1496:1505 the distinct site dependence 1478:1505 the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK 1478:1555 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 6 66 theme bacterial 1155:1163 arg1 amplicons 1179:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons 1155:1187 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 7 67 theme IBD 1613:1615 arg1 pathogenesis 1597:1608 the pathogenesis 1593:1608 the pathogenesis of IBD 1593:1615 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 4 68 from reduction 855:863 arg1 expression 872:881 the expression 868:881 the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel 868:954 Biochemical analyses have revealed GK-deficiency to have caused reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides, α-Defensin-5 and -6, in the upper small bowel. 31941439 6 69 theme Gankyrinf/f 1358:1368 arg1 mice 1370:1373 colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice 1331:1373 colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice 1331:1373 Through the sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, bacteria potentially deleterious to intestinal homeostasis such as Helicobacter japonicum and Bilophila were found to be over-represented in colitis induced Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f mice when compared to Gankyrinf/f control mice under the same condition. 31941439 7 70 theme important 1569:1577 arg1 insights 1579:1586 important insights 1569:1586 important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD 1569:1615 CONCLUSION These results highlight the distinct site dependence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of GK and provide important insights into the pathogenesis of IBD. 31941439 2 71 dep Villin-Cre 530:539 arg1 Gankyrinf/f 541:551 Gankyrinf/f 541:551 Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f 530:551 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 5 72 theme human 1106:1110 arg1 disease 1120:1126 human Crohn's disease 1106:1126 human Crohn's disease 1106:1126 Examination of human samples have further confirmed that the reduction of GK expression in the small bowel is associated with colonic involvement in human Crohn's disease. 31941439 2 73 dep intestine 574:582 arg1 Cdx2-Cre 595:602 Cdx2-Cre 595:602 Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f 595:614 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 2 73 dep intestine 574:582 arg1 ii 559:560 ii 559:560 ii 559:560 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 1 74 theme BACKGROUND 154:163 arg1 GK 175:176 GK 175:176 GK 175:176 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 1 74 theme BACKGROUND 154:163 arg1 Gankyrin 165:172 BACKGROUND Gankyrin 154:172 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) 154:177 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 1 74 theme BACKGROUND 154:163 arg1 oncoprotein 185:195 an oncoprotein 182:195 an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses 182:234 BACKGROUND Gankyrin (GK) is an oncoprotein which regulates inflammatory responses and its inhibition is considered as a possible anti-inflammatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 31941439 2 75 dep intestine 509:517 arg1 i 489:489 i 489:489 i 489:489 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 31941439 2 75 dep intestine 509:517 arg1 Villin-Cre 530:539 Villin-Cre 530:539 Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f 530:551 METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of GK in epithelial cells using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific GK deletion in (i) the entire small intestine and colon (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and (ii) the distal intestine and colon (Cdx2-Cre;Gankyrinf/f). 32934960 2 0 theme suspension 546:555 arg1 RACS 521:524 RACS 521:524 RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel) 521:560 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 0 theme suspension 546:555 arg1 gel 557:559 RAC and sucralfate suspension gel 527:559 gel 557:559 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 11 1 theme RACB 1430:1433 arg1 group 1435:1439 the RACB group 1426:1439 the RACB group according to PCA 1426:1456 The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS was similar to the RACB group according to PCA. 32934960 8 2 theme pylori-induced 1075:1088 arg1 damages 1123:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 10 3 theme RACS 1290:1293 arg1 group 1295:1299 the RACS group 1286:1299 the RACS group 1286:1299 The expression of Occludin in the RACS group was significantly higher than that of the RAC group. 32934960 13 4 theme effects 1660:1666 arg1 mechanisms 1641:1650 The mechanisms 1637:1650 The mechanisms of RACS effects 1637:1666 The mechanisms of RACS effects included decreasing IL-8, enhancing Occludin, and transforming gastric microbiota. 32934960 3 5 theme electron 625:632 arg1 microscopy 634:643 electron microscopy 625:643 electron microscopy 625:643 HE staining and electron microscopy were performed to estimate histological and ultrastructural damages. 32934960 7 6 theme RAC 1022:1024 arg1 group 1026:1030 the RAC group 1018:1030 the RAC group 1018:1030 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 1 7 theme therapeutic 184:194 arg1 efficacy 196:203 the therapeutic efficacy 180:203 the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action 180:306 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 3 8 theme histological 672:683 arg1 damages 705:711 histological and ultrastructural damages 672:711 histological and ultrastructural damages 672:711 HE staining and electron microscopy were performed to estimate histological and ultrastructural damages. 32934960 1 9 theme triple 217:222 arg1 therapy 224:230 standard triple therapy 208:230 standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel 208:270 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 7 10 theme RACS 991:994 arg1 group 996:1000 the RACS group 987:1000 the RACS group 987:1000 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 7 11 theme eradication 954:964 arg1 higher 1006:1011 higher 1006:1011 higher 1006:1011 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 7 11 theme eradication 954:964 arg1 rate 966:969 The eradication rate 950:969 The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group 950:1000 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 3 12 theme HE 609:610 arg1 staining 612:619 HE staining 609:619 HE staining 609:619 HE staining and electron microscopy were performed to estimate histological and ultrastructural damages. 32934960 3 13 theme ultrastructural 689:703 arg1 damages 705:711 histological and ultrastructural damages 672:711 histological and ultrastructural damages 672:711 HE staining and electron microscopy were performed to estimate histological and ultrastructural damages. 32934960 12 14 theme RACS 1475:1478 arg1 regimen 1480:1486 The RACS regimen 1471:1486 The RACS regimen 1471:1486 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 11 15 theme microbiota 1391:1400 arg1 composition 1358:1368 The composition 1354:1368 The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS 1354:1409 The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS was similar to the RACB group according to PCA. 32934960 11 15 theme microbiota 1391:1400 arg1 similar 1415:1421 similar 1415:1421 similar 1415:1421 The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS was similar to the RACB group according to PCA. 32934960 7 16 theme H. 974:975 arg1 pylori 977:982 H. pylori 974:982 H. pylori 974:982 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 0 17 from pylori 100:105 arg1 Flora 142:146 Gastrointestinal Flora 125:146 Gastrointestinal Flora 125:146 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 1 18 theme pylori 330:335 arg1 infection 337:345 H. pylori infection 327:345 H. pylori infection 327:345 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 12 19 theme pylori-induced 1581:1594 arg1 damage 1629:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 0 20 from Efficacy 0:7 arg1 Injury 69:74 Gastric Mucosal Injury 53:74 Gastric Mucosal Injury 53:74 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 9 21 theme IL-8 1222:1225 arg1 levels 1212:1217 the protein and mRNA levels 1191:1217 the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 1191:1225 RACS therapy reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 compared with the RAC group. 32934960 12 22 theme protective 1551:1560 arg1 effects 1562:1568 protective effects 1551:1568 protective effects 1551:1568 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 6 23 theme microbiota 915:924 arg1 genomes 886:892 The genomes 882:892 The genomes of gastric and fecal microbiota 882:924 The genomes of gastric and fecal microbiota were sequenced. 32934960 9 24 theme RAC 1245:1247 arg1 group 1249:1253 the RAC group 1241:1253 the RAC group 1241:1253 RACS therapy reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 compared with the RAC group. 32934960 2 25 theme natural 425:431 arg1 control 433:439 natural control 425:439 natural control 425:439 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 25 theme natural 425:431 arg1 NC 421:422 NC 421:422 NC (natural control) 421:440 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 26 theme bismuth 581:587 arg1 citrate 599:605 bismuth potassium citrate 581:605 bismuth potassium citrate 581:605 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 1 27 dep BACKGROUND 149:158 arg1 explored 171:178 explored 171:178 explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection 171:345 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 RACB 567:570 RACB 567:570 RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate) 567:606 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 control 433:439 natural control 425:439 natural control 425:439 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 RACS 521:524 RACS 521:524 RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel) 521:560 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 infection 457:465 H. pylori infection 447:465 H. pylori infection 447:465 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 gel 557:559 RAC and sucralfate suspension gel 527:559 gel 557:559 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 groups 413:418 5 groups 411:418 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate) 411:606 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 NC 421:422 NC 421:422 NC (natural control) 421:440 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 HP 443:444 HP 443:444 HP (H. pylori infection) 443:466 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 28 dep groups 413:418 arg1 RAC 469:471 RAC 469:471 RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin) 469:518 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 0 29 theme Sucralfate-Combined 12:30 arg1 Therapy 42:48 Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy 12:48 Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy 12:48 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 1 30 theme action 301:306 arg1 efficacy 196:203 the therapeutic efficacy 180:203 the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action 180:306 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 1 30 theme action 301:306 arg1 mechanisms 287:296 the mechanisms 283:296 the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action 180:306 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 2 31 dep RAC 469:471 arg1 amoxicillin 487:497 amoxicillin 487:497 amoxicillin 487:497 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 31 dep RAC 469:471 arg1 clarithromycin 504:517 clarithromycin 504:517 clarithromycin 504:517 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 31 dep RAC 469:471 arg1 rabeprazole 474:484 rabeprazole 474:484 rabeprazole 474:484 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 10 32 from expression 1260:1269 arg1 group 1295:1299 the RACS group 1286:1299 the RACS group 1286:1299 The expression of Occludin in the RACS group was significantly higher than that of the RAC group. 32934960 2 33 theme H. 447:448 arg1 HP 443:444 HP 443:444 HP (H. pylori infection) 443:466 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 33 theme H. 447:448 arg1 infection 457:465 H. pylori infection 447:465 H. pylori infection 447:465 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 4 34 theme TNF-α 735:739 arg1 tissues 759:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues 714:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues 714:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 0 35 theme Therapy 42:48 arg1 Efficacy 0:7 Efficacy 0:7 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury 0:74 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 1 36 theme mouse 311:315 arg1 models 317:322 mouse models 311:322 mouse models of H. pylori infection 311:345 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 4 37 theme gastric 744:750 arg1 antrum 752:757 gastric antrum 744:757 gastric antrum 744:757 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 12 38 dep H. 1499:1500 arg1 pylori 1502:1507 H. pylori 1499:1507 H. pylori infection 1499:1517 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 2 39 theme MATERIALS 348:356 arg1 mice 379:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice 348:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice 348:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 0 40 theme Gastric 53:59 arg1 Injury 69:74 Gastric Mucosal Injury 53:74 Gastric Mucosal Injury 53:74 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 8 41 theme RACS 1033:1036 arg1 therapy 1038:1044 RACS therapy 1033:1044 RACS therapy 1033:1044 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 10 42 theme Occludin 1274:1281 arg1 higher 1319:1324 higher 1319:1324 higher 1319:1324 The expression of Occludin in the RACS group was significantly higher than that of the RAC group. 32934960 10 42 theme Occludin 1274:1281 arg1 expression 1260:1269 The expression 1256:1269 The expression of Occludin in the RACS group 1256:1299 The expression of Occludin in the RACS group was significantly higher than that of the RAC group. 32934960 1 43 theme suspension 257:266 arg1 gel 268:270 sucralfate suspension gel 246:270 sucralfate suspension gel 246:270 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 2 44 theme METHODS 362:368 arg1 mice 379:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice 348:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice 348:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 9 45 theme mRNA 1207:1210 arg1 levels 1212:1217 the protein and mRNA levels 1191:1217 the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 1191:1225 RACS therapy reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 compared with the RAC group. 32934960 2 46 theme sucralfate 535:544 arg1 RACS 521:524 RACS 521:524 RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel) 521:560 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 46 theme sucralfate 535:544 arg1 gel 557:559 RAC and sucralfate suspension gel 527:559 gel 557:559 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 12 47 dep CONCLUSIONS 1459:1469 arg1 showed 1535:1540 showed 1535:1540 showed RACS 1535:1545 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 12 47 dep CONCLUSIONS 1459:1469 arg1 eradicated 1488:1497 eradicated 1488:1497 eradicated H. pylori infection effectively 1488:1529 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 8 48 theme H. 1072:1073 arg1 damages 1123:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 2 49 theme RAC 527:529 arg1 RACS 521:524 RACS 521:524 RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel) 521:560 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 49 theme RAC 527:529 arg1 gel 557:559 RAC and sucralfate suspension gel 527:559 gel 557:559 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 12 50 theme H. 1578:1579 arg1 damage 1629:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 8 51 theme histological 1090:1101 arg1 damages 1123:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 4 52 theme antrum 752:757 arg1 IL-10 724:728 IL-10 724:728 IL-10 724:728 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 4 52 theme antrum 752:757 arg1 TNF-α 735:739 TNF-α 735:739 TNF-α of gastric antrum 735:757 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 4 52 theme antrum 752:757 arg1 IL-8 718:721 IL-8 718:721 IL-8 718:721 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 8 53 theme RAC 1159:1161 arg1 group 1163:1167 the RAC group 1155:1167 the RAC group 1155:1167 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 12 54 theme H. 1499:1500 arg1 infection 1509:1517 H. pylori infection 1499:1517 H. pylori infection 1499:1517 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 8 55 theme ultrastructural 1107:1121 arg1 damages 1123:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages 1072:1129 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 6 56 theme fecal 909:913 arg1 microbiota 915:924 gastric and fecal microbiota 897:924 gastric and fecal microbiota 897:924 The genomes of gastric and fecal microbiota were sequenced. 32934960 14 57 contain have 1775:1778 arg1 RACS 1761:1764 RACS 1761:1764 RACS 1761:1764 Moreover, RACS and RACB have a similar effect on gastrointestinal flora. 32934960 14 57 contain have 1775:1778 arg2 effect 1790:1795 a similar effect 1780:1795 a similar effect 1780:1795 Moreover, RACS and RACB have a similar effect on gastrointestinal flora. 32934960 14 57 contain have 1775:1778 arg1 RACB 1770:1773 RACB 1770:1773 RACB 1770:1773 Moreover, RACS and RACB have a similar effect on gastrointestinal flora. 32934960 0 58 theme Gastrointestinal 125:140 arg1 Flora 142:146 Gastrointestinal Flora 125:146 Gastrointestinal Flora 125:146 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 8 59 contain had 1046:1048 arg2 effects 1061:1067 protective effects 1050:1067 protective effects 1050:1067 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 8 59 contain had 1046:1048 arg1 therapy 1038:1044 RACS therapy 1033:1044 RACS therapy 1033:1044 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 1 60 theme standard 208:215 arg1 therapy 224:230 standard triple therapy 208:230 standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel 208:270 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 6 61 theme gastric 897:903 arg1 microbiota 915:924 gastric and fecal microbiota 897:924 gastric and fecal microbiota 897:924 The genomes of gastric and fecal microbiota were sequenced. 32934960 1 62 theme therapy 224:230 arg1 efficacy 196:203 the therapeutic efficacy 180:203 the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action 180:306 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 1 62 theme therapy 224:230 arg1 mechanisms 287:296 the mechanisms 283:296 the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action 180:306 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 12 63 contain had 1547:1549 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 1459:1469 CONCLUSIONS 1459:1469 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS 1459:1545 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 12 63 contain had 1547:1549 arg2 effects 1562:1568 protective effects 1551:1568 protective effects 1551:1568 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 7 64 from rate 966:969 arg1 group 996:1000 the RACS group 987:1000 the RACS group 987:1000 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 13 65 theme RACS 1655:1658 arg1 effects 1660:1666 RACS effects 1655:1666 RACS effects 1655:1666 The mechanisms of RACS effects included decreasing IL-8, enhancing Occludin, and transforming gastric microbiota. 32934960 7 66 theme pylori 977:982 arg1 higher 1006:1011 higher 1006:1011 higher 1006:1011 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 7 66 theme pylori 977:982 arg1 rate 966:969 The eradication rate 950:969 The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group 950:1000 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 9 67 theme RACS 1170:1173 arg1 therapy 1175:1181 RACS therapy 1170:1181 RACS therapy 1170:1181 RACS therapy reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 compared with the RAC group. 32934960 14 68 theme similar 1782:1788 arg1 effect 1790:1795 a similar effect 1780:1795 a similar effect 1780:1795 Moreover, RACS and RACB have a similar effect on gastrointestinal flora. 32934960 0 69 from Effect 115:120 arg1 Flora 142:146 Gastrointestinal Flora 125:146 Gastrointestinal Flora 125:146 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 11 70 theme fecal 1385:1389 arg1 microbiota 1391:1400 gastric and fecal microbiota 1373:1400 gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS 1373:1409 The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS was similar to the RACB group according to PCA. 32934960 12 71 theme ultrastructural 1613:1627 arg1 damage 1629:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 11 72 theme gastric 1373:1379 arg1 microbiota 1391:1400 gastric and fecal microbiota 1373:1400 gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS 1373:1409 The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS was similar to the RACB group according to PCA. 32934960 9 73 theme protein 1195:1201 arg1 levels 1212:1217 the protein and mRNA levels 1191:1217 the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 1191:1225 RACS therapy reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 compared with the RAC group. 32934960 0 74 theme Helicobacter 87:98 arg1 pylori 100:105 Helicobacter pylori 87:105 Helicobacter pylori 87:105 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 1 75 theme infection 337:345 arg1 models 317:322 mouse models 311:322 mouse models of H. pylori infection 311:345 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 2 76 dep RACB 567:570 arg1 RAC 573:575 RAC 573:575 RAC 573:575 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 76 dep RACB 567:570 arg1 citrate 599:605 bismuth potassium citrate 581:605 bismuth potassium citrate 581:605 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 77 theme pylori 450:455 arg1 HP 443:444 HP 443:444 HP (H. pylori infection) 443:466 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 2 77 theme pylori 450:455 arg1 infection 457:465 H. pylori infection 447:465 H. pylori infection 447:465 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 10 78 theme RAC 1343:1345 arg1 group 1347:1351 the RAC group 1339:1351 the RAC group 1339:1351 The expression of Occludin in the RACS group was significantly higher than that of the RAC group. 32934960 12 79 theme histological 1596:1607 arg1 damage 1629:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage 1578:1634 CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. 32934960 7 80 dep RESULTS 942:948 arg1 higher 1006:1011 higher 1006:1011 higher 1006:1011 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 7 80 dep RESULTS 942:948 arg1 rate 966:969 The eradication rate 950:969 The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group 950:1000 RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. 32934960 14 81 theme gastrointestinal 1800:1815 arg1 flora 1817:1821 gastrointestinal flora 1800:1821 gastrointestinal flora 1800:1821 Moreover, RACS and RACB have a similar effect on gastrointestinal flora. 32934960 2 82 theme potassium 589:597 arg1 citrate 599:605 bismuth potassium citrate 581:605 bismuth potassium citrate 581:605 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32934960 0 83 theme Quadruple 32:40 arg1 Therapy 42:48 Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy 12:48 Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy 12:48 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 0 84 theme Mucosal 61:67 arg1 Injury 69:74 Gastric Mucosal Injury 53:74 Gastric Mucosal Injury 53:74 Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. 32934960 1 85 theme H. 327:328 arg1 infection 337:345 H. pylori infection 327:345 H. pylori infection 327:345 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 4 86 theme IL-8 718:721 arg1 tissues 759:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues 714:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues 714:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 1 87 theme sucralfate 246:255 arg1 gel 268:270 sucralfate suspension gel 246:270 sucralfate suspension gel 246:270 BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. 32934960 8 88 theme protective 1050:1059 arg1 effects 1061:1067 protective effects 1050:1067 protective effects 1050:1067 RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. 32934960 13 89 theme gastric 1731:1737 arg1 microbiota 1739:1748 gastric microbiota 1731:1748 gastric microbiota 1731:1748 The mechanisms of RACS effects included decreasing IL-8, enhancing Occludin, and transforming gastric microbiota. 32934960 4 90 theme IL-10 724:728 arg1 tissues 759:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues 714:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues 714:765 The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. 32934960 2 91 theme C57BL/6J 370:377 arg1 mice 379:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice 348:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice 348:382 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). 32112932 8 0 theme higher 1430:1435 arg1 concentration 1442:1454 higher drug concentration 1430:1454 higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1430:1527 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 7 1 theme 5 1144:1144 arg1 % 1145:1145 % 1145:1145 % 1145:1145 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 7 2 theme In 1059:1060 arg1 studies 1068:1074 In vitro studies 1059:1074 In vitro studies 1059:1074 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 10 3 theme eye 1805:1807 arg1 drops 1809:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 3 4 theme in 496:497 arg1 type 508:511 in situ gel type 496:511 in situ gel type 496:511 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 1 5 theme action 243:248 arg1 rate 220:223 their rapid elimination rate 196:223 their rapid elimination rate 196:223 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 1 5 theme action 243:248 arg1 time 235:238 short time 229:238 short time of action 229:248 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 9 6 theme in 1557:1558 arg1 drops 1573:1577 the two in situ gel eye drops 1549:1577 the two in situ gel eye drops 1549:1577 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 10 7 theme exchange 1790:1797 arg1 drops 1809:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 1 8 theme ophthalmic 160:169 arg1 drops 175:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops 147:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops 147:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 9 9 theme gel 1565:1567 arg1 drops 1573:1577 the two in situ gel eye drops 1549:1577 the two in situ gel eye drops 1549:1577 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 10 10 dep in 1704:1705 arg1 situ 1707:1710 situ 1707:1710 situ 1707:1710 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 9 11 theme drops 1573:1577 arg1 MRT 1542:1544 MRT 1542:1544 MRT 1542:1544 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 9 11 theme drops 1573:1577 arg1 AUC 1534:1536 AUC 1534:1536 AUC 1534:1536 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 7 12 from solution 1164:1171 arg1 addition 1094:1101 addition 1094:1101 addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution 1094:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 9 13 dep AUC 1534:1536 arg1 The 1530:1532 The 1530:1532 The 1530:1532 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 7 14 dep In 1059:1060 arg1 vitro 1062:1066 vitro 1062:1066 vitro 1062:1066 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 0 15 theme drug 101:104 arg1 release 106:112 In vitro drug release 92:112 In vitro drug release 92:112 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 3 16 theme gel 504:506 arg1 type 508:511 in situ gel type 496:511 in situ gel type 496:511 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 7 17 from 606W 1114:1117 arg1 solution 1131:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 7 17 from 606W 1114:1117 arg1 solution 1164:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 3 18 theme sustained 520:528 arg1 release 530:536 the sustained release 516:536 the sustained release behavior 516:545 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 7 19 theme release 1252:1258 arg1 rate 1260:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 8 20 theme tissue 1274:1279 arg1 distribution 1281:1292 In vivo tissue distribution 1266:1292 In vivo tissue distribution study 1266:1298 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 10 21 theme thermosensitive 1688:1702 arg1 gels 1712:1715 the two thermosensitive in situ gels 1680:1715 the two thermosensitive in situ gels 1680:1715 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 5 22 from Influence 805:813 arg1 release 882:888 in vitro drug release 868:888 in vitro drug release 868:888 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 3 23 dep in 496:497 arg1 situ 499:502 situ 499:502 situ 499:502 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 6 24 theme in 978:979 arg1 gels 986:989 two different thermosensitive in situ gels 948:989 two different thermosensitive in situ gels 948:989 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 8 25 theme aqueous 1385:1391 arg1 humor 1393:1397 aqueous humor 1385:1397 aqueous humor irrespective of gel type 1385:1422 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 7 26 theme sustained 1237:1245 arg1 rate 1260:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 10 27 theme broad 1869:1873 arg1 adoptability 1880:1891 broad drug adoptability 1869:1891 broad drug adoptability 1869:1891 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 0 28 theme complex 58:64 arg1 Comparison 0:9 Comparison 0:9 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 0:145 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 3 29 theme tissue 551:556 arg1 distribution 558:569 tissue distribution 551:569 tissue distribution 551:569 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 5 30 theme composition 830:840 arg1 Influence 805:813 Influence 805:813 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release 805:888 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 6 31 theme different 952:960 arg1 gels 986:989 two different thermosensitive in situ gels 948:989 two different thermosensitive in situ gels 948:989 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 9 32 theme resin 1627:1631 arg1 drops 1648:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 8 33 theme irrespective 1399:1410 arg1 humor 1393:1397 aqueous humor 1385:1397 aqueous humor irrespective of gel type 1385:1422 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 9 34 theme suspension 1633:1642 arg1 drops 1648:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 3 35 from influence 483:491 arg1 behavior 538:545 the sustained release behavior 516:545 the sustained release behavior 516:545 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 3 35 from influence 483:491 arg1 distribution 558:569 tissue distribution 551:569 tissue distribution 551:569 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 0 36 theme ocular 70:75 arg1 delivery 82:89 ocular drug delivery 70:89 ocular drug delivery 70:89 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 9 37 theme eye 1644:1646 arg1 drops 1648:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 8 38 theme gel 1415:1417 arg1 type 1419:1422 gel type 1415:1422 gel type 1415:1422 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 5 39 dep in 868:869 arg1 vitro 871:875 vitro 871:875 vitro 871:875 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 7 40 theme 15 1122:1123 arg1 % 1124:1124 % 1124:1124 % 1124:1124 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 2 41 theme exchange 255:262 arg1 resin 264:268 Ion exchange resin 251:268 Ion exchange resin 251:268 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 7 42 theme % 1145:1145 arg1 PEG4000 1147:1153 5% PEG4000 1144:1153 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution 1144:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 0 43 dep In 92:93 arg1 vitro 95:99 vitro 95:99 vitro 95:99 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 6 44 theme ocular 929:934 arg1 delivery 936:943 ocular delivery 929:943 ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels 929:989 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 2 45 theme drug 354:357 arg1 molecules 359:367 drug molecules 354:367 drug molecules 354:367 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 2 46 theme molecules 359:367 arg1 selectivity 339:349 the high selectivity 330:349 the high selectivity of drug molecules 330:367 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 0 47 theme In 92:93 arg1 release 106:112 In vitro drug release 92:112 In vitro drug release 92:112 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 7 48 theme similar 1229:1235 arg1 rate 1260:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 6 49 dep in 978:979 arg1 situ 981:984 situ 981:984 situ 981:984 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 8 50 theme In 1266:1267 arg1 distribution 1281:1292 In vivo tissue distribution 1266:1292 In vivo tissue distribution study 1266:1298 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 7 51 theme % 1107:1107 arg1 606W 1114:1117 4% HPMC 606W 1106:1117 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution 1106:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 10 52 with clinic 1857:1862 arg1 adoptability 1880:1891 broad drug adoptability 1869:1891 broad drug adoptability 1869:1891 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 4 53 theme poloxamer 681:689 arg1 407 691:693 poloxamer 407 681:693 poloxamer 407 681:693 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 0 54 theme thermosensitive 14:28 arg1 gels 38:41 thermosensitive in situ gels 14:41 thermosensitive in situ gels 14:41 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 7 55 theme appropriate 1192:1202 arg1 temperature 1213:1223 appropriate gelation temperature 1192:1223 appropriate gelation temperature 1192:1223 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 4 56 theme in 752:753 arg1 systems 764:770 two thermosensitive in situ gel systems 732:770 two thermosensitive in situ gel systems 732:770 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 8 57 attach presented 1320:1328 arg1 cornea 1360:1365 cornea 1360:1365 cornea 1360:1365 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 8 57 attach presented 1320:1328 arg2 they 1315:1318 they 1315:1318 they 1315:1318 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 8 57 attach presented 1320:1328 arg1 iris-ciliary 1368:1379 iris-ciliary 1368:1379 iris-ciliary 1368:1379 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 8 57 attach presented 1320:1328 arg1 humor 1393:1397 aqueous humor 1385:1397 aqueous humor irrespective of gel type 1385:1422 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 3 58 dep In 402:403 arg1 situ 405:408 situ 405:408 situ 405:408 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 6 59 theme gels 986:989 arg1 delivery 936:943 ocular delivery 929:943 ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels 929:989 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 4 60 theme gel 760:762 arg1 systems 764:770 two thermosensitive in situ gel systems 732:770 two thermosensitive in situ gel systems 732:770 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 2 61 theme drug 312:315 arg1 delivery 317:324 sustained ocular drug delivery 295:324 sustained ocular drug delivery 295:324 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 8 62 theme distribution 1281:1292 arg1 study 1294:1298 In vivo tissue distribution study 1266:1298 In vivo tissue distribution study 1266:1298 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 2 63 theme sustained 295:303 arg1 delivery 317:324 sustained ocular drug delivery 295:324 sustained ocular drug delivery 295:324 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 1 64 theme rapid 202:206 arg1 rate 220:223 their rapid elimination rate 196:223 their rapid elimination rate 196:223 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 7 65 theme % 1159:1159 arg1 solution 1164:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 2 66 used used 279:282 arg2 resin 264:268 Ion exchange resin 251:268 Ion exchange resin 251:268 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 8 67 theme resin 1502:1506 arg1 drops 1523:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 10 68 theme drug 1732:1735 arg1 release 1737:1743 prolonged drug release 1722:1743 prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery 1722:1770 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 8 69 theme drug 1338:1341 arg1 concentration 1343:1355 similar drug concentration 1330:1355 similar drug concentration 1330:1355 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 2 70 theme high 334:337 arg1 selectivity 339:349 the high selectivity 330:349 the high selectivity of drug molecules 330:367 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 9 71 dep in 1557:1558 arg1 situ 1560:1563 situ 1560:1563 situ 1560:1563 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 0 72 dep Comparison 0:9 arg1 distribution 133:144 in vivo tissue distribution 118:144 in vivo tissue distribution 118:144 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 0 72 dep Comparison 0:9 arg1 release 106:112 In vitro drug release 92:112 In vitro drug release 92:112 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 8 73 theme eye 1519:1521 arg1 drops 1523:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 7 74 theme % 1124:1124 arg1 solution 1131:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 10 75 theme ion 1786:1788 arg1 drops 1809:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 1 76 theme short 229:233 arg1 time 235:238 short time 229:238 short time of action 229:248 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 6 77 theme eye 1035:1037 arg1 drop 1039:1042 commercial BH eye drop 1021:1042 commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®) 1021:1056 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 6 77 theme eye 1035:1037 arg1 S® 1054:1055 S® 1054:1055 S® 1054:1055 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 10 78 theme drug 1758:1761 arg1 delivery 1763:1770 ocular drug delivery 1751:1770 ocular drug delivery 1751:1770 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 7 79 from PEG4000 1147:1153 arg1 solution 1131:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 7 79 from PEG4000 1147:1153 arg1 solution 1164:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 10 80 theme resin 1799:1803 arg1 drops 1809:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 ion exchange resin eye drops 1786:1813 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 2 81 theme Ion 251:253 arg1 resin 264:268 Ion exchange resin 251:268 Ion exchange resin 251:268 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 8 82 dep In 1266:1267 arg1 vivo 1269:1272 vivo 1269:1272 vivo 1269:1272 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 1 83 theme Conventional 147:158 arg1 drops 175:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops 147:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops 147:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 7 84 theme P407 1126:1129 arg1 solution 1131:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 3 85 theme type 508:511 arg1 unclear 599:605 unclear 599:605 unclear 599:605 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 3 85 theme type 508:511 arg1 influence 483:491 the influence 479:491 the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application 479:594 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 1 86 theme eye 171:173 arg1 drops 175:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops 147:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops 147:179 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 9 87 theme eye 1569:1571 arg1 drops 1573:1577 the two in situ gel eye drops 1549:1577 the two in situ gel eye drops 1549:1577 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 6 88 theme Tissue 903:908 arg1 distribution 910:921 Tissue distribution 903:921 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels 903:989 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 0 89 theme in 118:119 arg1 distribution 133:144 in vivo tissue distribution 118:144 in vivo tissue distribution 118:144 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 3 90 theme release 530:536 arg1 behavior 538:545 the sustained release behavior 516:545 the sustained release behavior 516:545 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 4 91 dep in 752:753 arg1 situ 755:758 situ 755:758 situ 755:758 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 0 92 theme tissue 126:131 arg1 distribution 133:144 in vivo tissue distribution 118:144 in vivo tissue distribution 118:144 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 4 93 theme betaxolol 640:648 arg1 hydrochloride 650:662 betaxolol hydrochloride 640:662 betaxolol hydrochloride 640:662 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 4 93 theme betaxolol 640:648 arg1 carriers 722:729 the carriers 718:729 the carriers 718:729 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 4 93 theme betaxolol 640:648 arg1 drug 675:678 a model drug 667:678 a model drug 667:678 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 10 94 theme potential 1831:1839 arg1 applications 1841:1852 their potential applications 1825:1852 their potential applications 1825:1852 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 10 95 theme in 1704:1705 arg1 gels 1712:1715 the two thermosensitive in situ gels 1680:1715 the two thermosensitive in situ gels 1680:1715 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 5 96 theme in 868:869 arg1 release 882:888 in vitro drug release 868:888 in vitro drug release 868:888 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 7 97 from solution 1131:1138 arg1 addition 1094:1101 addition 1094:1101 addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution 1094:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 10 98 theme drug 1875:1878 arg1 adoptability 1880:1891 broad drug adoptability 1869:1891 broad drug adoptability 1869:1891 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 5 99 theme formulation 818:828 arg1 composition 830:840 formulation composition type and concentration 818:863 formulation composition type and concentration 818:863 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 6 100 theme thermosensitive 962:976 arg1 gels 986:989 two different thermosensitive in situ gels 948:989 two different thermosensitive in situ gels 948:989 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 9 101 theme commercial 1616:1625 arg1 drops 1648:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1612:1652 The AUC and MRT of the two in situ gel eye drops were 2 times higher than that of the commercial resin suspension eye drops in cornea. 32112932 7 102 theme drug 1247:1250 arg1 rate 1260:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 0 103 theme drug 77:80 arg1 delivery 82:89 ocular drug delivery 70:89 ocular drug delivery 70:89 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 7 104 with gels 1182:1185 arg1 temperature 1213:1223 appropriate gelation temperature 1192:1223 appropriate gelation temperature 1192:1223 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 7 104 with gels 1182:1185 arg1 rate 1260:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 similar sustained drug release rate 1229:1263 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 8 105 theme type 1419:1422 arg1 irrespective 1399:1410 irrespective 1399:1410 irrespective 1399:1410 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 7 106 from addition 1094:1101 arg1 solution 1131:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 15% P407 solution 1122:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 7 106 from addition 1094:1101 arg1 solution 1164:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 7 107 theme HPMC 1109:1112 arg1 606W 1114:1117 4% HPMC 606W 1106:1117 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution 1106:1138 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 3 108 dep strategy 440:447 arg1 address 452:458 address 452:458 to address these problems 449:473 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 10 109 contain have 1717:1720 arg2 release 1737:1743 prolonged drug release 1722:1743 prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery 1722:1770 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 10 109 contain have 1717:1720 arg1 gels 1712:1715 the two thermosensitive in situ gels 1680:1715 the two thermosensitive in situ gels 1680:1715 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 6 110 theme BH 1032:1033 arg1 drop 1039:1042 commercial BH eye drop 1021:1042 commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®) 1021:1056 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 6 110 theme BH 1032:1033 arg1 S® 1054:1055 S® 1054:1055 S® 1054:1055 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 8 111 theme drug 1437:1440 arg1 concentration 1442:1454 higher drug concentration 1430:1454 higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1430:1527 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 3 112 theme gel 410:412 arg1 strategy 440:447 a good strategy 433:447 a good strategy to address these problems 433:473 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 3 112 theme gel 410:412 arg1 system 414:419 In situ gel system 402:419 In situ gel system 402:419 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 7 113 theme 4 1106:1106 arg1 % 1107:1107 % 1107:1107 % 1107:1107 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 5 114 theme drug 877:880 arg1 release 882:888 in vitro drug release 868:888 in vitro drug release 868:888 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 7 115 theme gelation 1204:1211 arg1 temperature 1213:1223 appropriate gelation temperature 1192:1223 appropriate gelation temperature 1192:1223 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 4 116 theme model 669:673 arg1 hydrochloride 650:662 betaxolol hydrochloride 640:662 betaxolol hydrochloride 640:662 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 4 116 theme model 669:673 arg1 drug 675:678 a model drug 667:678 a model drug 667:678 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 3 117 theme In 402:403 arg1 strategy 440:447 a good strategy 433:447 a good strategy to address these problems 433:473 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 3 117 theme In 402:403 arg1 system 414:419 In situ gel system 402:419 In situ gel system 402:419 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 0 118 theme in 30:31 arg1 gels 38:41 thermosensitive in situ gels 14:41 thermosensitive in situ gels 14:41 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 10 119 theme prolonged 1722:1730 arg1 release 1737:1743 prolonged drug release 1722:1743 prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery 1722:1770 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 5 120 dep composition 830:840 arg1 type 842:845 type 842:845 type 842:845 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 5 120 dep composition 830:840 arg1 concentration 851:863 concentration 851:863 concentration 851:863 Influence of formulation composition type and concentration on in vitro drug release was studied. 32112932 2 121 theme broad 383:387 arg1 application 389:399 its broad application 379:399 its broad application 379:399 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 0 122 theme gels 38:41 arg1 Comparison 0:9 Comparison 0:9 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 0:145 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 3 123 theme ocular 577:582 arg1 application 584:594 ocular application 577:594 ocular application 577:594 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 4 124 theme thermosensitive 736:750 arg1 systems 764:770 two thermosensitive in situ gel systems 732:770 two thermosensitive in situ gel systems 732:770 Therefore, in this study, using betaxolol hydrochloride as a model drug, poloxamer 407 and methylcellulose as the carriers, two thermosensitive in situ gel systems were prepared and characterized. 32112932 7 125 theme 606W 1114:1117 arg1 addition 1094:1101 addition 1094:1101 addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution 1094:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 0 126 theme drug-resin 47:56 arg1 complex 58:64 drug-resin complex 47:64 drug-resin complex 47:64 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 7 127 theme MC 1161:1162 arg1 solution 1164:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 2% MC solution 1158:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 8 128 theme commercial 1491:1500 arg1 drops 1523:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 10 129 theme ocular 1751:1756 arg1 delivery 1763:1770 ocular drug delivery 1751:1770 ocular drug delivery 1751:1770 In conclusion, the two thermosensitive in situ gels have prolonged drug release after ocular drug delivery compared with ion exchange resin eye drops, implying their potential applications in clinic with broad drug adoptability. 32112932 2 130 theme ocular 305:310 arg1 delivery 317:324 sustained ocular drug delivery 295:324 sustained ocular drug delivery 295:324 Ion exchange resin has been used to achieve sustained ocular drug delivery but the high selectivity of drug molecules restricts its broad application. 32112932 0 131 dep in 118:119 arg1 vivo 121:124 vivo 121:124 vivo 121:124 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 0 132 dep in 30:31 arg1 situ 33:36 situ 33:36 situ 33:36 Comparison of thermosensitive in situ gels and drug-resin complex for ocular drug delivery: In vitro drug release and in vivo tissue distribution. 32112932 7 133 theme 2 1158:1158 arg1 % 1159:1159 % 1159:1159 % 1159:1159 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 8 134 theme suspension 1508:1517 arg1 drops 1523:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 the commercial resin suspension eye drops 1487:1527 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 32112932 3 135 theme good 435:438 arg1 strategy 440:447 a good strategy 433:447 a good strategy to address these problems 433:473 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 3 135 theme good 435:438 arg1 system 414:419 In situ gel system 402:419 In situ gel system 402:419 In situ gel system seems to be a good strategy to address these problems but the influence of in situ gel type on the sustained release behavior and tissue distribution after ocular application is unclear. 32112932 1 136 theme elimination 208:218 arg1 rate 220:223 their rapid elimination rate 196:223 their rapid elimination rate 196:223 Conventional ophthalmic eye drops are limited by their rapid elimination rate and short time of action. 32112932 7 137 theme PEG4000 1147:1153 arg1 addition 1094:1101 addition 1094:1101 addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution 1094:1171 In vitro studies demonstrated that addition of 4% HPMC 606W in 15% P407 solution and 5% PEG4000 in 2% MC solution obtained gels with appropriate gelation temperature and similar sustained drug release rate. 32112932 6 138 theme commercial 1021:1030 arg1 drop 1039:1042 commercial BH eye drop 1021:1042 commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®) 1021:1056 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 6 138 theme commercial 1021:1030 arg1 S® 1054:1055 S® 1054:1055 S® 1054:1055 Tissue distribution after ocular delivery of two different thermosensitive in situ gels was studied and compared with commercial BH eye drop (Betoptic S®). 32112932 8 139 theme similar 1330:1336 arg1 concentration 1343:1355 similar drug concentration 1330:1355 similar drug concentration 1330:1355 In vivo tissue distribution study indicated that they presented similar drug concentration in cornea, iris-ciliary and aqueous humor irrespective of gel type, with higher drug concentration achieved after 4 h compared to the commercial resin suspension eye drops. 33806985 0 0 theme Hepatic 78:84 arg1 Metabolism 97:106 the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism 55:106 Metabolism 97:106 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 3 1 theme fat 318:320 arg1 extent 300:305 the extent 296:305 the extent of dietary fat 296:320 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 3 1 theme fat 318:320 arg1 alterations 340:350 fiber-induced alterations 326:350 fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 326:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 2 theme PUFAs 957:961 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 3 dep increase 1021:1028 arg1 ii 989:990 ii 989:990 ii 989:990 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 4 theme C17:0 1047:1051 arg1 C17:0 1047:1051 C17:0 1047:1051 C17:0 1047:1051 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 4 theme C17:0 1047:1051 arg1 amount 1037:1042 the amount 1033:1042 the amount of C17:0 1033:1051 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 8 5 theme fiber 1278:1282 arg1 content 1284:1290 fiber content 1278:1290 fiber content 1278:1290 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 7 6 theme n-6 953:955 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 9 7 theme further 1378:1384 arg1 investigations 1386:1399 further investigations 1378:1399 further investigations 1378:1399 To conclude, inulin modulated gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acid composition, and further investigations will determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two parameters. 33806985 1 8 theme gut 149:151 arg1 microbiota 153:162 the gut microbiota 145:162 the gut microbiota which impacts hepatic lipid metabolism 145:201 Diet shapes the gut microbiota which impacts hepatic lipid metabolism. 33806985 4 9 theme fiber 537:541 arg1 inulin 543:548 soluble fiber inulin 529:548 soluble fiber inulin 529:548 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 0 10 theme Acid 92:95 arg1 Metabolism 97:106 the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism 55:106 Metabolism 97:106 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 7 11 theme total 947:951 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 5 12 theme hepatic 563:569 arg1 decreases 571:579 hepatic decreases 563:579 hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 563:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 4 13 contain containing 487:496 arg1 LFD 459:461 LFD 459:461 LFD 459:461 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 4 13 contain containing 487:496 arg1 diet 453:456 a purified low-fat diet 434:456 a purified low-fat diet (LFD) 434:462 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 4 13 contain containing 487:496 arg2 cellulose 516:524 non-soluble fiber cellulose 498:524 non-soluble fiber cellulose 498:524 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 4 13 contain containing 487:496 arg2 inulin 543:548 soluble fiber inulin 529:548 soluble fiber inulin 529:548 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 0 14 theme Fatty 86:90 arg1 Metabolism 97:106 the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism 55:106 Metabolism 97:106 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 5 15 theme C18:1n-7 616:623 arg1 C16:1n-7 606:613 C16:1n-7 606:613 C16:1n-7 606:613 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 15 theme C18:1n-7 616:623 arg1 amounts 588:594 the amounts 584:594 the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 584:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 15 theme C18:1n-7 616:623 arg1 C18:1n-7 616:623 C18:1n-7 616:623 C18:1n-7 616:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 2 16 from Modifications 204:216 arg1 content 231:237 liver fat content 221:237 liver fat content 221:237 Modifications in liver fat content are associated with metabolic disorders. 33806985 7 17 dep prevented 1064:1072 arg1 iii 1059:1061 iii 1059:1061 iii 1059:1061 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 9 18 theme hepatic 1342:1348 arg1 composition 1361:1371 hepatic fatty acid composition 1342:1371 hepatic fatty acid composition 1342:1371 To conclude, inulin modulated gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acid composition, and further investigations will determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two parameters. 33806985 0 19 theme Metabolism 97:106 arg1 Alterations 40:50 Alterations 40:50 Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet 40:130 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 6 20 theme FAs 791:793 arg1 profile 780:786 the profile 776:786 the profile of FAs 776:793 When incorporated in a LFD, inulin poorly affected the profile of FAs. 33806985 3 21 theme hepatic 393:399 arg1 acids 407:411 hepatic fatty acids 393:411 hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 393:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 3 21 theme hepatic 393:399 arg1 FAs 414:416 FAs 414:416 FAs 414:416 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 7 22 theme exacerbated 993:1003 arg1 increase 1021:1028 the HFD-induced increase 1005:1028 (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0 988:1051 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 22 theme exacerbated 993:1003 arg1 increase 863:870 an increase 860:870 an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 860:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 0 23 theme Fiber 8:12 arg1 Consumption 21:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption 0:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption 0:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 3 24 theme fiber-induced 326:338 arg1 alterations 340:350 fiber-induced alterations 326:350 fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 326:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 8 25 theme elongases 1171:1179 arg1 expression/activity 1143:1161 the expression/activity 1139:1161 the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, 1139:1239 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 26 theme C22:0 905:909 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 0 27 theme Soluble 0:6 arg1 Consumption 21:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption 0:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption 0:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 9 28 theme acid 1356:1359 arg1 composition 1361:1371 hepatic fatty acid composition 1342:1371 hepatic fatty acid composition 1342:1371 To conclude, inulin modulated gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acid composition, and further investigations will determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two parameters. 33806985 7 29 theme polyunsaturated 918:932 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 29 theme polyunsaturated 918:932 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 1 30 theme hepatic 178:184 arg1 metabolism 192:201 hepatic lipid metabolism 178:201 hepatic lipid metabolism 178:201 Diet shapes the gut microbiota which impacts hepatic lipid metabolism. 33806985 3 31 theme gut 374:376 arg1 microbiota 378:387 gut microbiota 374:387 gut microbiota 374:387 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 4 32 theme fiber 510:514 arg1 cellulose 516:524 non-soluble fiber cellulose 498:524 non-soluble fiber cellulose 498:524 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 0 33 theme High-Fat 118:125 arg1 Diet 127:130 High-Fat Diet 118:130 High-Fat Diet 118:130 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 8 34 theme desaturases 1185:1195 arg1 expression/activity 1143:1161 the expression/activity 1139:1161 the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, 1139:1239 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 1 35 theme lipid 186:190 arg1 metabolism 192:201 hepatic lipid metabolism 178:201 hepatic lipid metabolism 178:201 Diet shapes the gut microbiota which impacts hepatic lipid metabolism. 33806985 3 36 theme microbiota 378:387 arg1 composition 359:369 the composition 355:369 the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 355:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 4 37 theme soluble 529:535 arg1 inulin 543:548 soluble fiber inulin 529:548 soluble fiber inulin 529:548 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 38 theme FAs 934:936 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 39 dep led 853:855 arg1 i 837:837 i 837:837 i 837:837 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 40 theme HFD-induced 1009:1019 arg1 increase 1021:1028 the HFD-induced increase 1005:1028 (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0 988:1051 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 40 theme HFD-induced 1009:1019 arg1 increase 863:870 an increase 860:870 an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 860:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 9 41 theme fatty 1350:1354 arg1 composition 1361:1371 hepatic fatty acid composition 1342:1371 hepatic fatty acid composition 1342:1371 To conclude, inulin modulated gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acid composition, and further investigations will determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two parameters. 33806985 7 42 theme HFD-induced 1078:1088 arg1 increases 1090:1098 the HFD-induced increases 1074:1098 the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6 1074:1123 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 43 from increase 1021:1028 arg1 C17:0 1047:1051 C17:0 1047:1051 C17:0 1047:1051 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 43 from increase 1021:1028 arg1 amount 1037:1042 the amount 1033:1042 the amount of C17:0 1033:1051 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 44 from increase 863:870 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 45 theme C18:3n-3 964:971 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 46 theme C18:2n-6 978:985 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 47 theme total 912:916 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 47 theme total 912:916 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 4 48 theme low-fat 445:451 arg1 LFD 459:461 LFD 459:461 LFD 459:461 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 4 48 theme low-fat 445:451 arg1 diet 453:456 a purified low-fat diet 434:456 a purified low-fat diet (LFD) 434:462 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 2 49 theme fat 227:229 arg1 content 231:237 liver fat content 221:237 liver fat content 221:237 Modifications in liver fat content are associated with metabolic disorders. 33806985 3 50 theme fatty 401:405 arg1 acids 407:411 hepatic fatty acids 393:411 hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 393:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 3 50 theme fatty 401:405 arg1 FAs 414:416 FAs 414:416 FAs 414:416 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 C22:4n-6 715:722 C22:4n-6 715:722 C22:4n-6 715:722 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 C22:5n-3 681:688 C22:5n-3 681:688 C22:5n-3 681:688 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 C20:2n-6 691:698 C20:2n-6 691:698 C20:2n-6 691:698 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 C20:0 664:668 C20:0 664:668 C20:0 664:668 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 C16:1n-9 671:678 C16:1n-9 671:678 C16:1n-9 671:678 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 C20:3n-6 701:708 C20:3n-6 701:708 C20:3n-6 701:708 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 51 theme C20:0 664:668 arg1 amounts 646:652 the amounts 642:652 the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6 642:722 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 4 52 theme purified 436:443 arg1 LFD 459:461 LFD 459:461 LFD 459:461 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 4 52 theme purified 436:443 arg1 diet 453:456 a purified low-fat diet 434:456 a purified low-fat diet (LFD) 434:462 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 2 53 theme liver 221:225 arg1 content 231:237 liver fat content 221:237 liver fat content 221:237 Modifications in liver fat content are associated with metabolic disorders. 33806985 7 54 from increases 1090:1098 arg1 C20:3n-6 1116:1123 C20:3n-6 1116:1123 C20:3n-6 1116:1123 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 54 from increases 1090:1098 arg1 C16:1n-9 1103:1110 C16:1n-9 1103:1110 C16:1n-9 1103:1110 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 3 55 theme acids 407:411 arg1 composition 359:369 the composition 355:369 the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 355:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 4 56 theme non-soluble 498:508 arg1 cellulose 516:524 non-soluble fiber cellulose 498:524 non-soluble fiber cellulose 498:524 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 3 57 theme dietary 310:316 arg1 fat 318:320 dietary fat 310:320 dietary fat 310:320 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 8 58 theme dietary 1262:1268 arg1 fat 1270:1272 the dietary fat 1258:1272 the dietary fat 1258:1272 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 8 59 theme microbiota 1217:1226 arg1 composition 1228:1238 the gut microbiota composition 1209:1238 the gut microbiota composition 1209:1238 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 7 60 theme hepatic 890:896 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 8 61 theme gut 1213:1215 arg1 composition 1228:1238 the gut microbiota composition 1209:1238 the gut microbiota composition 1209:1238 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 2 62 theme metabolic 259:267 arg1 disorders 269:277 metabolic disorders 259:277 metabolic disorders 259:277 Modifications in liver fat content are associated with metabolic disorders. 33806985 9 63 theme causal 1426:1431 arg1 relationship 1433:1444 a causal relationship 1424:1444 a causal relationship 1424:1444 To conclude, inulin modulated gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acid composition, and further investigations will determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two parameters. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 PUFAs 957:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 total n-6 PUFAs 947:961 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 C18:0 898:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 hepatic C18:0 890:902 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 C22:0 905:909 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 PUFAs 939:943 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 C18:3n-3 964:971 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 amounts 879:885 the amounts 875:885 the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 875:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 C18:2n-6 978:985 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 7 64 theme C18:0 898:902 arg1 FAs 934:936 total polyunsaturated FAs 912:936 total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 912:944 However, when incorporated in a HFD, it (i) specifically led to an increase in the amounts of hepatic C18:0, C22:0, total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), total n-6 PUFAs, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6, (ii) exacerbated the HFD-induced increase in the amount of C17:0, and (iii) prevented the HFD-induced increases in C16:1n-9 and C20:3n-6. 33806985 9 65 theme gut 1323:1325 arg1 microbiota 1327:1336 gut microbiota 1323:1336 gut microbiota 1323:1336 To conclude, inulin modulated gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acid composition, and further investigations will determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two parameters. 33806985 3 66 from extent 300:305 arg1 composition 359:369 the composition 355:369 the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 355:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 0 67 theme Microbiota 63:72 arg1 Alterations 40:50 Alterations 40:50 Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet 40:130 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 3 68 from alterations 340:350 arg1 composition 359:369 the composition 355:369 the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs) 355:417 We investigated the extent of dietary fat and fiber-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbiota and hepatic fatty acids (FAs). 33806985 8 69 theme composition 1228:1238 arg1 expression/activity 1143:1161 the expression/activity 1139:1161 the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, 1139:1239 Importantly, the expression/activity of some elongases and desaturases, as well as the gut microbiota composition, were impacted by the dietary fat and fiber content. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C22:4n-6 715:722 C22:4n-6 715:722 C22:4n-6 715:722 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 amounts 588:594 the amounts 584:594 the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 584:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C22:5n-3 681:688 C22:5n-3 681:688 C22:5n-3 681:688 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C20:2n-6 691:698 C20:2n-6 691:698 C20:2n-6 691:698 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C20:0 664:668 C20:0 664:668 C20:0 664:668 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C16:1n-9 671:678 C16:1n-9 671:678 C16:1n-9 671:678 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C16:1n-7 606:613 C16:1n-7 606:613 C16:1n-7 606:613 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C20:3n-6 701:708 C20:3n-6 701:708 C20:3n-6 701:708 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 amounts 646:652 the amounts 642:652 the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6 642:722 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 70 from decreases 571:579 arg1 C18:1n-7 616:623 C18:1n-7 616:623 C18:1n-7 616:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 0 71 theme Gut 59:61 arg1 Microbiota 63:72 the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism 55:106 Microbiota 63:72 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 4 72 theme high-fat 467:474 arg1 HFD 482:484 HFD 482:484 HFD 482:484 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 4 72 theme high-fat 467:474 arg1 diet 476:479 high-fat diet 467:479 high-fat diet (HFD) 467:485 Mice were fed a purified low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing non-soluble fiber cellulose or soluble fiber inulin. 33806985 0 73 theme Inulin 14:19 arg1 Consumption 21:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption 0:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption 0:31 Soluble Fiber Inulin Consumption Limits Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Caused by High-Fat Diet. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C22:4n-6 715:722 C22:4n-6 715:722 C22:4n-6 715:722 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 amounts 588:594 the amounts 584:594 the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 584:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C22:5n-3 681:688 C22:5n-3 681:688 C22:5n-3 681:688 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C20:2n-6 691:698 C20:2n-6 691:698 C20:2n-6 691:698 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C20:0 664:668 C20:0 664:668 C20:0 664:668 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C16:1n-9 671:678 C16:1n-9 671:678 C16:1n-9 671:678 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C16:1n-7 606:613 C16:1n-7 606:613 C16:1n-7 606:613 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C20:3n-6 701:708 C20:3n-6 701:708 C20:3n-6 701:708 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 amounts 646:652 the amounts 642:652 the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6 642:722 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 33806985 5 74 from increases 629:637 arg1 C18:1n-7 616:623 C18:1n-7 616:623 C18:1n-7 616:623 HFD induced hepatic decreases in the amounts of C14:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7 and increases in the amounts of C17:0, C20:0, C16:1n-9, C22:5n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, and C22:4n-6. 32359574 2 0 theme basal 583:587 arg1 DON 605:607 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON 583:607 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON 583:607 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 0 theme basal 583:587 arg1 DON 578:580 the DON 574:580 the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON) 574:608 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 10 1 theme norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae 2094:2122 arg1 abundances 2080:2089 the relative abundances 2067:2089 the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma 2067:2157 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 9 2 with correlations 1636:1647 arg1 expression 1663:1672 the mRNA expression 1654:1672 the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1654:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 9 3 theme positive 1627:1634 arg1 correlations 1636:1647 most positive correlations 1622:1647 most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1622:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 11 4 theme potential 2488:2496 arg1 candidate 2498:2506 a potential candidate 2486:2506 a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments 2486:2542 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 11 4 theme potential 2488:2496 arg1 supplementation 2329:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 4 5 theme X 886:886 arg1 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 4 5 theme X 886:886 arg1 gene 911:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene 869:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) 869:922 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 7 6 theme phyla 1425:1429 arg1 abundance 1394:1402 the abundance 1390:1402 the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera 1390:1451 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 11 7 theme intestinal 2521:2530 arg1 impairments 2532:2542 intestinal impairments 2521:2542 intestinal impairments 2521:2542 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 9 8 theme mRNA 1658:1661 arg1 expression 1663:1672 the mRNA expression 1654:1672 the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1654:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 11 9 theme community 2443:2451 arg1 composition 2453:2463 the bacterial community composition 2429:2463 the bacterial community composition 2429:2463 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 7 10 theme several 1407:1413 arg1 families 1432:1439 families 1432:1439 families 1432:1439 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 7 10 theme several 1407:1413 arg1 genera 1446:1451 genera 1446:1451 genera 1446:1451 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 7 10 theme several 1407:1413 arg1 phyla 1425:1429 several bacterial phyla 1407:1429 several bacterial phyla 1407:1429 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 2 11 theme male 413:416 arg1 broilers 418:425 144 one-day-old male broilers 397:425 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) 397:439 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 11 theme male 413:416 arg1 Acres 434:438 Arbor Acres 428:438 Arbor Acres 428:438 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 10 12 theme RPS6KB1 1920:1926 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 12 theme RPS6KB1 1920:1926 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 12 theme RPS6KB1 1920:1926 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 6 13 theme acids 1245:1249 arg1 concentrations 1251:1264 propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations 1185:1264 propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet 1185:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 1 14 theme JM113 211:215 arg1 protection 173:182 The protection 169:182 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens 169:325 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 1 14 theme JM113 211:215 arg1 roles 345:349 the potential roles 331:349 the potential roles of gut microbiota 331:367 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 10 15 theme Subdoligranulum 2125:2139 arg1 abundances 2080:2089 the relative abundances 2067:2089 the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma 2067:2157 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 3 16 theme mRNA 725:728 arg1 expression 730:739 the mRNA expression 721:739 the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes 721:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 6 17 theme short-chain 1227:1237 arg1 acids 1245:1249 total short-chain fatty acids 1221:1249 total short-chain fatty acids 1221:1249 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 6 18 theme acid 1211:1214 arg1 concentrations 1251:1264 propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations 1185:1264 propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet 1185:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 9 19 theme gene 1719:1722 arg1 expression 1663:1672 the mRNA expression 1654:1672 the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1654:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 6 20 theme total 1221:1225 arg1 acids 1245:1249 total short-chain fatty acids 1221:1249 total short-chain fatty acids 1221:1249 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 10 21 theme cell 1972:1975 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 21 theme cell 1972:1975 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 3 22 theme defense 752:758 arg1 proteins 760:767 mucosal defense proteins 744:767 mucosal defense proteins 744:767 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 0 23 theme chickens 159:166 arg1 apoptosis 110:118 deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis 87:118 deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis 87:118 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 0 23 theme chickens 159:166 arg1 inflammation 135:146 intestinal inflammation 124:146 intestinal inflammation 124:146 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 5 24 theme jejunal 1064:1070 arg1 mucosa 1072:1077 jejunal mucosa 1064:1077 jejunal mucosa 1064:1077 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 1 25 theme -induced 245:252 arg1 apoptosis 254:262 deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis 225:262 deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis 225:262 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 4 26 theme lymphoma 900:907 arg1 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 4 26 theme lymphoma 900:907 arg1 gene 911:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene 869:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) 869:922 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 7 27 theme bacterial 1346:1354 arg1 structure 1366:1374 bacterial community structure 1346:1374 bacterial community structure 1346:1374 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 10 28 theme positive 2186:2193 arg1 correlation 2195:2205 a strong positive correlation 2177:2205 a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group 2177:2280 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 1 29 from inflammation 279:290 arg1 jejunum 299:305 the jejunum 295:305 the jejunum of broiler chickens 295:325 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 9 30 with correlations 1789:1800 arg1 indicators 1811:1820 the indicators 1807:1820 the indicators 1807:1820 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 6 31 theme n-butyric 1201:1209 arg1 acid 1211:1214 n-butyric acid 1201:1214 n-butyric acid 1201:1214 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 3 32 theme target 785:790 arg1 expression 730:739 the mRNA expression 721:739 the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes 721:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 6 33 theme birds 1287:1291 arg1 contents 1275:1282 cecal contents 1269:1282 cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet 1269:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 5 34 theme immunity-related 1028:1043 arg1 expression 1050:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression 1021:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa 1021:1077 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 6 35 theme acid 1195:1198 arg1 concentrations 1251:1264 propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations 1185:1264 propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet 1185:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 0 36 theme plantarum 61:69 arg1 role 39:42 the protective role 24:42 the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens 24:166 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 5 37 theme antiapoptosis 1105:1117 arg1 status 1119:1124 a superior antiapoptosis status 1094:1124 a superior antiapoptosis status 1094:1124 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 9 38 located observed 1729:1736 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1756:1768 the phylum Bacteroidetes 1745:1768 the phylum Bacteroidetes 1745:1768 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 9 38 located observed 1729:1736 arg2 correlations 1636:1647 most positive correlations 1622:1647 most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1622:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 4 39 theme proapoptosis 967:978 arg1 status 980:985 demonstrated proapoptosis status 954:985 demonstrated proapoptosis status 954:985 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 9 40 theme phylum 1749:1754 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1756:1768 the phylum Bacteroidetes 1745:1768 the phylum Bacteroidetes 1745:1768 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 3 41 theme genes 813:817 arg1 target 785:790 mechanistic target 773:790 mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes 773:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 3 41 theme genes 813:817 arg1 proteins 760:767 mucosal defense proteins 744:767 mucosal defense proteins 744:767 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 1 42 theme Lactobacillus 187:199 arg1 JM113 211:215 Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 187:215 Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 187:215 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 9 43 theme negative 1780:1787 arg1 correlations 1789:1800 most negative correlations 1775:1800 most negative correlations with the indicators 1775:1820 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 3 44 theme rapamycin 795:803 arg1 genes 813:817 rapamycin pathway genes 795:817 rapamycin pathway genes 795:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 11 45 theme JM113 2323:2327 arg1 candidate 2498:2506 a potential candidate 2486:2506 a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments 2486:2542 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 11 45 theme JM113 2323:2327 arg1 supplementation 2329:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 0 46 theme intestinal 124:133 arg1 inflammation 135:146 intestinal inflammation 124:146 intestinal inflammation 124:146 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 8 47 theme gut 1515:1517 arg1 composition 1530:1540 the gut microbiota composition 1511:1540 the gut microbiota composition 1511:1540 Supplementation with JM113 shifted the gut microbiota composition to that of the CON group. 32359574 2 48 theme DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. 645:667 arg1 DL 619:620 the DL 615:620 the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113) 615:684 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 48 theme DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. 645:667 arg1 JM113 679:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 8 49 with Supplementation 1476:1490 arg1 JM113 1497:1501 JM113 1497:1501 JM113 1497:1501 Supplementation with JM113 shifted the gut microbiota composition to that of the CON group. 32359574 0 50 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 microbiota 4:13 Gut microbiota 0:13 Gut microbiota 0:13 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 1 51 theme broiler 310:316 arg1 chickens 318:325 broiler chickens 310:325 broiler chickens 310:325 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 2 52 theme basal 623:627 arg1 DL 619:620 the DL 615:620 the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113) 615:684 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 52 theme basal 623:627 arg1 JM113 679:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 0 53 theme protective 28:37 arg1 role 39:42 the protective role 24:42 the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens 24:166 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 1 54 theme potential 335:343 arg1 roles 345:349 the potential roles 331:349 the potential roles of gut microbiota 331:367 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 2 55 dep 6 501:501 arg1 replicates 503:512 replicates 503:512 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113) 503:684 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 9 56 located observed 1827:1834 arg2 correlations 1789:1800 most negative correlations 1775:1800 most negative correlations with the indicators 1775:1820 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 9 56 located observed 1827:1834 arg1 Firmicutes 1854:1863 the phylum Firmicutes 1843:1863 the phylum Firmicutes 1843:1863 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 10 57 theme relative 2071:2078 arg1 abundances 2080:2089 the relative abundances 2067:2089 the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma 2067:2157 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 6 58 theme propionic 1185:1193 arg1 acid 1195:1198 propionic acid 1185:1198 propionic acid 1185:1198 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 10 59 theme TLR2 1896:1899 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 59 theme TLR2 1896:1899 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 59 theme TLR2 1896:1899 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 60 theme Bcl-2 1889:1893 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 60 theme Bcl-2 1889:1893 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 60 theme Bcl-2 1889:1893 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 1 61 theme intestinal 268:277 arg1 inflammation 279:290 intestinal inflammation 268:290 intestinal inflammation 268:290 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 11 62 theme bacterial 2433:2441 arg1 composition 2453:2463 the bacterial community composition 2429:2463 the bacterial community composition 2429:2463 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 10 63 theme Raptor 1908:1913 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 63 theme Raptor 1908:1913 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 63 theme Raptor 1908:1913 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 64 contain had 2173:2175 arg2 correlation 2195:2205 a strong positive correlation 2177:2205 a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group 2177:2280 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 64 contain had 2173:2175 arg1 they 2168:2171 they 2168:2171 they 2168:2171 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 65 theme mTOR 1902:1905 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 65 theme mTOR 1902:1905 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 65 theme mTOR 1902:1905 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 6 66 theme cecal 1269:1273 arg1 contents 1275:1282 cecal contents 1269:1282 cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet 1269:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 9 67 theme Spearman 1577:1584 arg1 analysis 1598:1605 Spearman correlation analysis 1577:1605 Spearman correlation analysis 1577:1605 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 6 68 from concentrations 1251:1264 arg1 contents 1275:1282 cecal contents 1269:1282 cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet 1269:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 4 69 theme Bcl-2-associated 869:884 arg1 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 4 69 theme Bcl-2-associated 869:884 arg1 gene 911:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene 869:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) 869:922 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 10 70 theme Anaeroplasma 2146:2157 arg1 abundances 2080:2089 the relative abundances 2067:2089 the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma 2067:2157 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 11 71 theme plantarum 2313:2321 arg1 candidate 2498:2506 a potential candidate 2486:2506 a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments 2486:2542 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 11 71 theme plantarum 2313:2321 arg1 supplementation 2329:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 1 72 theme plantarum 201:209 arg1 JM113 211:215 Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 187:215 Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 187:215 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 7 73 theme bacterial 1415:1423 arg1 families 1432:1439 families 1432:1439 families 1432:1439 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 7 73 theme bacterial 1415:1423 arg1 genera 1446:1451 genera 1446:1451 genera 1446:1451 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 7 73 theme bacterial 1415:1423 arg1 phyla 1425:1429 several bacterial phyla 1407:1429 several bacterial phyla 1407:1429 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 11 74 theme L. 2310:2311 arg1 candidate 2498:2506 a potential candidate 2486:2506 a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments 2486:2542 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 11 74 theme L. 2310:2311 arg1 supplementation 2329:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 6 75 dep L. 1134:1135 arg1 plantarum 1137:1145 plantarum 1137:1145 plantarum 1137:1145 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 9 76 theme most 1775:1778 arg1 correlations 1789:1800 most negative correlations 1775:1800 most negative correlations with the indicators 1775:1820 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 6 77 theme fatty 1239:1243 arg1 acids 1245:1249 total short-chain fatty acids 1221:1249 total short-chain fatty acids 1221:1249 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 2 78 theme diet + 10 mg/kg 589:603 arg1 DON 605:607 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON 583:607 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON 583:607 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 78 theme diet + 10 mg/kg 589:603 arg1 DON 578:580 the DON 574:580 the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON) 574:608 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 11 79 theme DON-induced 2362:2372 arg1 apoptosis 2374:2382 DON-induced apoptosis 2362:2382 DON-induced apoptosis 2362:2382 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 0 80 theme broiler 151:157 arg1 chickens 159:166 broiler chickens 151:166 broiler chickens 151:166 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 9 81 theme correlation 1586:1596 arg1 analysis 1598:1605 Spearman correlation analysis 1577:1605 Spearman correlation analysis 1577:1605 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 9 82 theme apoptosis-regulatory 1698:1717 arg1 gene 1719:1722 immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1677:1722 immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1677:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 6 83 theme L. 1134:1135 arg1 JM113 1147:1151 L. plantarum JM113 1134:1151 L. plantarum JM113 1134:1151 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 6 84 dep raised 1167:1172 arg1 P < 0.05 1175:1182 P < 0.05 1175:1182 P < 0.05 1175:1182 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 9 85 theme immunity-related 1677:1692 arg1 gene 1719:1722 immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1677:1722 immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene 1677:1722 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 3 86 theme proteins 760:767 arg1 expression 730:739 the mRNA expression 721:739 the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes 721:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 6 87 theme DON 1302:1304 arg1 diet 1306:1309 DON diet 1302:1309 DON diet 1302:1309 Adding L. plantarum JM113 significantly raised (P < 0.05) propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids concentrations in cecal contents of birds fed with DON diet. 32359574 5 88 theme mucosa 1072:1077 arg1 expression 1050:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression 1021:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa 1021:1077 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 4 89 theme gene/B-cell 888:898 arg1 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Bcl-2 917:921 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 4 89 theme gene/B-cell 888:898 arg1 gene 911:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene 869:914 Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) 869:922 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 7 90 theme community 1356:1364 arg1 structure 1366:1374 bacterial community structure 1346:1374 bacterial community structure 1346:1374 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 10 91 theme strong 2179:2184 arg1 correlation 2195:2205 a strong positive correlation 2177:2205 a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group 2177:2280 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 3 92 theme mucosal 744:750 arg1 proteins 760:767 mucosal defense proteins 744:767 mucosal defense proteins 744:767 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 1 93 from apoptosis 254:262 arg1 jejunum 299:305 the jejunum 295:305 the jejunum of broiler chickens 295:325 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 5 94 theme normal 1021:1026 arg1 expression 1050:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression 1021:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa 1021:1077 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 2 95 theme basal 561:565 arg1 CON 556:558 the CON 552:558 the CON (basal diet) 552:571 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 95 theme basal 561:565 arg1 diet 567:570 basal diet 561:570 basal diet 561:570 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 10 96 theme antiapoptosis 1995:2007 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 96 theme antiapoptosis 1995:2007 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 5 97 theme gene 1045:1048 arg1 expression 1050:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression 1021:1059 normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa 1021:1077 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 7 98 theme DON 1325:1327 arg1 exposure 1329:1336 DON exposure 1325:1336 DON exposure 1325:1336 In addition, DON exposure altered bacterial community structure and disturbed the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, leading to dysbiosis. 32359574 11 99 used used 2478:2481 arg2 candidate 2498:2506 a potential candidate 2486:2506 a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments 2486:2542 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 11 99 used used 2478:2481 arg2 supplementation 2329:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 L. plantarum JM113 supplementation 2310:2343 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 3 100 theme mechanistic 773:783 arg1 target 785:790 mechanistic target 773:790 mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes 773:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 0 101 theme deoxynivalenol-induced 87:108 arg1 apoptosis 110:118 deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis 87:118 deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis 87:118 Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. 32359574 4 102 theme demonstrated 954:965 arg1 status 980:985 demonstrated proapoptosis status 954:985 demonstrated proapoptosis status 954:985 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 1 103 theme microbiota 358:367 arg1 protection 173:182 The protection 169:182 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens 169:325 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 1 103 theme microbiota 358:367 arg1 roles 345:349 the potential roles 331:349 the potential roles of gut microbiota 331:367 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 3 104 theme pathway 805:811 arg1 genes 813:817 rapamycin pathway genes 795:817 rapamycin pathway genes 795:817 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 8 105 theme microbiota 1519:1528 arg1 composition 1530:1540 the gut microbiota composition 1511:1540 the gut microbiota composition 1511:1540 Supplementation with JM113 shifted the gut microbiota composition to that of the CON group. 32359574 2 106 theme plantarum 669:677 arg1 DL 619:620 the DL 615:620 the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113) 615:684 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 106 theme plantarum 669:677 arg1 JM113 679:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 107 theme broilers 418:425 arg1 total 388:392 A total 386:392 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) 386:439 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 5 108 theme superior 1096:1103 arg1 status 1119:1124 a superior antiapoptosis status 1094:1124 a superior antiapoptosis status 1094:1124 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 2 109 theme diet + 10 mg/kg 629:643 arg1 DL 619:620 the DL 615:620 the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113) 615:684 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 109 theme diet + 10 mg/kg 629:643 arg1 JM113 679:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113 623:683 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 110 theme one-day-old 401:411 arg1 broilers 418:425 144 one-day-old male broilers 397:425 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) 397:439 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 110 theme one-day-old 401:411 arg1 Acres 434:438 Arbor Acres 428:438 Arbor Acres 428:438 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 10 111 with correlation 2195:2205 arg1 Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group 2252:2280 Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group 2252:2280 Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group 2252:2280 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 111 with correlation 2195:2205 arg1 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004 2212:2234 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004 2212:2234 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004 2212:2234 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 111 with correlation 2195:2205 arg1 Alistipes 2237:2245 Alistipes 2237:2245 Alistipes 2237:2245 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 1 112 theme chickens 318:325 arg1 jejunum 299:305 the jejunum 295:305 the jejunum of broiler chickens 295:325 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 9 113 theme phylum 1847:1852 arg1 Firmicutes 1854:1863 the phylum Firmicutes 1843:1863 the phylum Firmicutes 1843:1863 Finally, Spearman correlation analysis suggested that most positive correlations with the mRNA expression of immunity-related and apoptosis-regulatory gene were observed within the phylum Bacteroidetes, and most negative correlations with the indicators were observed within the phylum Firmicutes. 32359574 8 114 theme CON 1557:1559 arg1 group 1561:1565 the CON group 1553:1565 the CON group 1553:1565 Supplementation with JM113 shifted the gut microbiota composition to that of the CON group. 32359574 10 115 theme mRNA 1870:1873 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 115 theme mRNA 1870:1873 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 115 theme mRNA 1870:1873 arg1 parameters 2009:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 antiapoptosis parameters 1995:2018 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 2 116 theme Arbor 428:432 arg1 broilers 418:425 144 one-day-old male broilers 397:425 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) 397:439 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 2 116 theme Arbor 428:432 arg1 Acres 434:438 Arbor Acres 428:438 Arbor Acres 428:438 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 3 117 dep decreased 700:708 arg1 P < 0.05 711:718 P < 0.05 711:718 P < 0.05 711:718 The DON-diet decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of mucosal defense proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway genes. 32359574 5 118 theme DL 1005:1006 arg1 group 1008:1012 the DL group 1001:1012 the DL group 1001:1012 In contrast, the DL group showed normal immunity-related gene expression of jejunal mucosa and manifested a superior antiapoptosis status. 32359574 4 119 theme DON 831:833 arg1 Meanwhile 820:828 Meanwhile 820:828 Meanwhile 820:828 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 4 119 theme DON 831:833 arg1 challenge 835:843 DON challenge 831:843 DON challenge 831:843 Meanwhile, DON challenge significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X gene/B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and demonstrated proapoptosis status. 32359574 2 120 theme treatment 470:478 arg1 groups 480:485 3 treatment groups 468:485 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113) 468:684 A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate, including the CON (basal diet), the DON (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON), and the DL (basal diet + 10 mg/kg DON + 1 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum JM113). 32359574 1 121 theme gut 354:356 arg1 microbiota 358:367 gut microbiota 354:367 gut microbiota 354:367 The protection of Lactobacillus plantarum JM113 against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation on the jejunum of broiler chickens and the potential roles of gut microbiota were determined. 32359574 11 122 theme intestinal 2388:2397 arg1 inflammation 2399:2410 intestinal inflammation 2388:2410 intestinal inflammation 2388:2410 These results implied that L. plantarum JM113 supplementation could ameliorate DON-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation via manipulating the bacterial community composition and could be used as a potential candidate to attenuate intestinal impairments. 32359574 10 123 theme important 1962:1970 arg1 expression 1875:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression 1866:1884 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 32359574 10 123 theme important 1962:1970 arg1 proliferation 1977:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 important cell proliferation 1962:1989 The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, TLR2, mTOR, Raptor, and RPS6KB1 (P < 0.05), which are regarded as important cell proliferation and antiapoptosis parameters, were significantly negatively associated with the relative abundances of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Anaeroplasma, whereas they had a strong positive correlation with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. 33375106 0 0 theme Cancer 100:105 arg1 Cells 107:111 Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells 84:111 Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells 84:111 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 6 1 link derived 964:970 arg1 CSCs 972:975 their derived CSCs 958:975 their derived CSCs 958:975 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 7 2 theme C18GEM 1023:1028 arg1 treatment 1030:1038 C18GEM treatment 1023:1038 C18GEM treatment 1023:1038 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 6 3 theme autophagy 906:914 arg1 induction 916:924 autophagy induction 906:924 autophagy induction 906:924 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 0 4 theme Pancreatic 89:98 arg1 Cells 107:111 Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells 84:111 Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells 84:111 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 4 5 theme cancer 479:484 arg1 CSCs 498:501 CSCs 498:501 CSCs 498:501 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 4 5 theme cancer 479:484 arg1 cells 491:495 cancer stem cells 479:495 cancer stem cells (CSCs) 479:502 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 9 6 theme cell 1412:1415 arg1 death 1417:1421 cell death 1412:1421 cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures 1412:1484 Furthermore, C18GEM induces an increase in cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures. 33375106 7 7 dep two-dimensional 1062:1076 arg1 2D 1079:1080 2D 1079:1080 2D 1079:1080 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 8 8 theme fatty 1263:1267 arg1 CD36 1286:1289 fatty acid translocase CD36 1263:1289 fatty acid translocase CD36 1263:1289 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 6 9 theme C18GEM 832:837 arg1 activity 849:856 C18GEM cytotoxic activity 832:856 C18GEM cytotoxic activity 832:856 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 5 10 theme three-dimensional 613:629 arg1 cultures 648:655 three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures 613:655 three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I 613:723 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 9 11 theme 2D 1467:1468 arg1 cultures 1477:1484 2D and 3D cultures 1467:1484 2D and 3D cultures 1467:1484 Furthermore, C18GEM induces an increase in cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures. 33375106 8 12 theme nucleoside 1223:1232 arg1 transporters 1234:1245 membrane nucleoside transporters 1214:1245 membrane nucleoside transporters' expression 1214:1257 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 8 13 theme Panc1 1357:1361 arg1 CSCs 1363:1366 Panc1 CSCs 1357:1366 Panc1 CSCs 1357:1366 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 0 14 theme Cells 107:111 arg1 Responsiveness 47:60 the Responsiveness 43:60 the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine 43:149 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 4 15 theme stroma 443:448 arg1 reaction 450:457 an intense stroma reaction 432:457 an intense stroma reaction 432:457 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 8 16 theme membrane 1214:1221 arg1 transporters 1234:1245 membrane nucleoside transporters 1214:1245 membrane nucleoside transporters' expression 1214:1257 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 4 17 theme PDAC 533:536 arg1 aggressiveness 538:551 PDAC aggressiveness 533:551 PDAC aggressiveness 533:551 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 3 18 theme poor 322:325 arg1 efficacy 327:334 its poor efficacy 318:334 its poor efficacy 318:334 However, due to its poor efficacy, it remains urgent to identify novel strategies to overcome resistance issues. 33375106 4 19 theme intense 435:441 arg1 reaction 450:457 an intense stroma reaction 432:457 an intense stroma reaction 432:457 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 11 20 dep CONCLUSION 1582:1591 arg1 propose 1596:1602 propose 1596:1602 propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment 1596:1706 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 9 21 from increase 1400:1407 arg1 death 1417:1421 cell death 1412:1421 cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures 1412:1484 Furthermore, C18GEM induces an increase in cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures. 33375106 2 22 theme standard 269:276 arg1 drug 278:281 the gold standard drug 260:281 the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment 260:299 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 2 22 theme standard 269:276 arg1 Gemcitabine 231:241 Gemcitabine 231:241 Gemcitabine (GEM) 231:247 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 2 23 used used 252:255 arg2 Gemcitabine 231:241 Gemcitabine 231:241 Gemcitabine (GEM) 231:247 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 2 23 used used 252:255 arg2 drug 278:281 the gold standard drug 260:281 the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment 260:299 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 2 23 used used 252:255 arg2 GEM 244:246 GEM 244:246 GEM 244:246 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 8 24 from endocytosis 1333:1343 arg1 CSCs 1363:1366 Panc1 CSCs 1357:1366 Panc1 CSCs 1357:1366 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 0 25 theme Lipophilic 116:125 arg1 Derivate 127:134 Lipophilic Derivate 116:134 Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine 116:149 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 7 26 theme higher 1001:1006 arg1 sensitivity 1008:1018 higher sensitivity 1001:1018 higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment 1001:1038 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 5 27 theme new 751:753 arg1 -stearoyl-GEM 790:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 5 28 used used 608:611 arg2 We 605:606 We 605:606 We 605:606 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 0 29 theme Matrix 14:19 arg1 Composition 21:31 Extracellular Matrix Composition 0:31 Extracellular Matrix Composition 0:31 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 7 30 dep RESULTS 978:984 arg1 show 996:999 show 996:999 show 996:999 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 7 31 theme PDAC 986:989 arg1 CSCs 991:994 PDAC CSCs 986:994 PDAC CSCs 986:994 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 8 32 from CD36 1349:1352 arg1 CSCs 1363:1366 Panc1 CSCs 1357:1366 Panc1 CSCs 1357:1366 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 3 33 theme resistance 396:405 arg1 issues 407:412 resistance issues 396:412 resistance issues 396:412 However, due to its poor efficacy, it remains urgent to identify novel strategies to overcome resistance issues. 33375106 0 34 theme Extracellular 0:12 arg1 Composition 21:31 Extracellular Matrix Composition 0:31 Extracellular Matrix Composition 0:31 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 11 35 theme alternative 1657:1667 arg1 C18GEM 1604:1609 C18GEM 1604:1609 C18GEM 1604:1609 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 11 35 theme alternative 1657:1667 arg1 approach 1681:1688 a valid alternative therapeutic approach 1649:1688 a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment 1649:1706 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 5 36 theme -stearoyl-GEM 790:802 arg1 effect 737:742 the effect 733:742 the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM 733:817 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 5 37 dep three-dimensional 613:629 arg1 3D 632:633 3D 632:633 3D 632:633 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 5 38 theme potential 755:763 arg1 -stearoyl-GEM 790:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 10 39 theme protective 1514:1523 arg1 autophagy 1525:1533 protective autophagy 1514:1533 protective autophagy 1514:1533 Finally, C18GEM stimulated protective autophagy in Panc1 P and CSCs cultured on 3D conditions. 33375106 0 40 theme Gemcitabine 139:149 arg1 Derivate 127:134 Lipophilic Derivate 116:134 Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine 116:149 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 8 41 theme acid 1269:1272 arg1 CD36 1286:1289 fatty acid translocase CD36 1263:1289 fatty acid translocase CD36 1263:1289 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 5 42 theme prodrug 777:783 arg1 -stearoyl-GEM 790:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 5 43 theme therapeutic 765:775 arg1 -stearoyl-GEM 790:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 2 44 theme PDAC 286:289 arg1 treatment 291:299 PDAC treatment 286:299 PDAC treatment 286:299 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 1 45 theme lethal 215:220 arg1 adenocarcinoma 181:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 152:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) 152:201 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 45 theme lethal 215:220 arg1 disease 222:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 11 46 theme valid 1651:1655 arg1 C18GEM 1604:1609 C18GEM 1604:1609 C18GEM 1604:1609 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 11 46 theme valid 1651:1655 arg1 approach 1681:1688 a valid alternative therapeutic approach 1649:1688 a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment 1649:1706 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 8 47 theme clathrin-mediated 1315:1331 arg1 endocytosis 1333:1343 clathrin-mediated endocytosis 1315:1343 clathrin-mediated endocytosis 1315:1343 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 6 48 theme derived 964:970 arg1 CSCs 972:975 their derived CSCs 958:975 their derived CSCs 958:975 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 8 49 theme intracellular 1154:1166 arg1 due 1207:1209 due 1207:1209 due 1207:1209 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 8 49 theme intracellular 1154:1166 arg1 mechanisms 1175:1184 The intracellular uptake mechanisms 1150:1184 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM 1150:1194 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 5 50 dep METHODS 597:603 arg1 used 608:611 used 608:611 used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM 608:817 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 4 51 theme cells 491:495 arg1 reaction 450:457 an intense stroma reaction 432:457 an intense stroma reaction 432:457 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 4 51 theme cells 491:495 arg1 presence 467:474 the presence 463:474 the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) 463:502 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 5 52 theme extracellular 669:681 arg1 matrix 683:688 an extracellular matrix 666:688 an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I 666:723 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 7 53 theme two-dimensional 1062:1076 arg1 conditions 1090:1099 both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions 1057:1099 both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions 1057:1099 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 11 54 from approach 1681:1688 arg1 treatment 1698:1706 PDAC treatment 1693:1706 PDAC treatment 1693:1706 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 5 55 theme N 788:788 arg1 -stearoyl-GEM 790:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM 747:802 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 0 56 theme Differentiated 65:78 arg1 Responsiveness 47:60 the Responsiveness 43:60 the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine 43:149 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 4 57 theme stem 486:489 arg1 CSCs 498:501 CSCs 498:501 CSCs 498:501 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 4 57 theme stem 486:489 arg1 cells 491:495 cancer stem cells 479:495 cancer stem cells (CSCs) 479:502 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 11 58 theme therapeutic 1669:1679 arg1 C18GEM 1604:1609 C18GEM 1604:1609 C18GEM 1604:1609 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 11 58 theme therapeutic 1669:1679 arg1 approach 1681:1688 a valid alternative therapeutic approach 1649:1688 a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment 1649:1706 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 8 59 theme Panc1 1294:1298 arg1 cells 1302:1306 Panc1 P cells 1294:1306 Panc1 P cells 1294:1306 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 11 60 theme autophagy 1625:1633 arg1 inhibitors 1635:1644 autophagy inhibitors 1625:1644 autophagy inhibitors 1625:1644 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 7 61 theme 3D 1087:1088 arg1 conditions 1090:1099 both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions 1057:1099 both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions 1057:1099 RESULTS PDAC CSCs show higher sensitivity to C18GEM treatment when cultured in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions, especially on collagen I, in comparison to GEM. 33375106 6 62 theme cytotoxic 839:847 arg1 activity 849:856 C18GEM cytotoxic activity 832:856 C18GEM cytotoxic activity 832:856 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 10 63 dep Panc1 1538:1542 arg1 P 1544:1544 P 1544:1544 P 1544:1544 Finally, C18GEM stimulated protective autophagy in Panc1 P and CSCs cultured on 3D conditions. 33375106 8 64 theme uptake 1168:1173 arg1 due 1207:1209 due 1207:1209 due 1207:1209 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 8 64 theme uptake 1168:1173 arg1 mechanisms 1175:1184 The intracellular uptake mechanisms 1150:1184 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM 1150:1194 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 6 65 theme intracellular 859:871 arg1 uptake 873:878 intracellular uptake 859:878 intracellular uptake 859:878 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 5 66 theme organotypic 636:646 arg1 cultures 648:655 three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures 613:655 three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I 613:723 METHODS We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures grown on an extracellular matrix composed of Matrigel or collagen I to test the effect of the new potential therapeutic prodrug 4-(N)-stearoyl-GEM, called C18GEM. 33375106 9 67 theme 3D 1474:1475 arg1 cultures 1477:1484 2D and 3D cultures 1467:1484 2D and 3D cultures 1467:1484 Furthermore, C18GEM induces an increase in cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures. 33375106 8 68 theme translocase 1274:1284 arg1 CD36 1286:1289 fatty acid translocase CD36 1263:1289 fatty acid translocase CD36 1263:1289 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 8 69 theme C18GEM 1189:1194 arg1 due 1207:1209 due 1207:1209 due 1207:1209 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 8 69 theme C18GEM 1189:1194 arg1 mechanisms 1175:1184 The intracellular uptake mechanisms 1150:1184 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM 1150:1194 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 9 70 theme cell 1447:1450 arg1 lines 1452:1456 both cell lines 1442:1456 both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures 1442:1484 Furthermore, C18GEM induces an increase in cell death compared to GEM in both cell lines grown on 2D and 3D cultures. 33375106 4 71 theme metastatic 554:563 arg1 potential 565:573 metastatic potential 554:573 metastatic potential 554:573 In this context, an intense stroma reaction and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to influence PDAC aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. 33375106 8 72 theme P 1300:1300 arg1 cells 1302:1306 Panc1 P cells 1294:1306 Panc1 P cells 1294:1306 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 1 73 theme BACKGROUND 152:161 arg1 disease 222:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 73 theme BACKGROUND 152:161 arg1 PDAC 197:200 PDAC 197:200 PDAC 197:200 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 73 theme BACKGROUND 152:161 arg1 adenocarcinoma 181:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 152:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) 152:201 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 0 74 theme Stem 84:87 arg1 Cells 107:111 Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells 84:111 Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells 84:111 Extracellular Matrix Composition Modulates the Responsiveness of Differentiated and Stem Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Lipophilic Derivate of Gemcitabine. 33375106 8 75 from expression 1248:1257 arg1 cells 1302:1306 Panc1 P cells 1294:1306 Panc1 P cells 1294:1306 The intracellular uptake mechanisms of C18GEM are mainly due to membrane nucleoside transporters' expression and fatty acid translocase CD36 in Panc1 P cells and to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD36 in Panc1 CSCs. 33375106 11 76 theme PDAC 1693:1696 arg1 treatment 1698:1706 PDAC treatment 1693:1706 PDAC treatment 1693:1706 CONCLUSION We propose C18GEM together with autophagy inhibitors as a valid alternative therapeutic approach in PDAC treatment. 33375106 1 77 theme Pancreatic 163:172 arg1 disease 222:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 77 theme Pancreatic 163:172 arg1 PDAC 197:200 PDAC 197:200 PDAC 197:200 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 77 theme Pancreatic 163:172 arg1 adenocarcinoma 181:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 152:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) 152:201 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 2 78 from drug 278:281 arg1 treatment 291:299 PDAC treatment 286:299 PDAC treatment 286:299 Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as the gold standard drug in PDAC treatment. 33375106 6 79 theme cell 940:943 arg1 P 951:951 P 951:951 P 951:951 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 6 79 theme cell 940:943 arg1 line 945:948 Panc1 cell line 934:948 Panc1 cell line (P) 934:952 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 3 80 theme novel 367:371 arg1 strategies 373:382 novel strategies 367:382 novel strategies 367:382 However, due to its poor efficacy, it remains urgent to identify novel strategies to overcome resistance issues. 33375106 10 81 theme 3D 1567:1568 arg1 conditions 1570:1579 3D conditions 1567:1579 3D conditions 1567:1579 Finally, C18GEM stimulated protective autophagy in Panc1 P and CSCs cultured on 3D conditions. 33375106 1 82 theme ductal 174:179 arg1 disease 222:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 a highly lethal disease 206:228 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 82 theme ductal 174:179 arg1 PDAC 197:200 PDAC 197:200 PDAC 197:200 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 1 82 theme ductal 174:179 arg1 adenocarcinoma 181:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 152:194 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) 152:201 BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease. 33375106 6 83 theme Panc1 934:938 arg1 P 951:951 P 951:951 P 951:951 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33375106 6 83 theme Panc1 934:938 arg1 line 945:948 Panc1 cell line 934:948 Panc1 cell line (P) 934:952 We analyzed C18GEM cytotoxic activity, intracellular uptake, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy induction in both Panc1 cell line (P) and their derived CSCs. 33257713 12 0 from rodent studies 1404:1417 arg1 CR 1422:1423 CR 1422:1423 CR 1422:1423 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 4 1 theme over-night 482:491 arg1 fasting 498:504 over-night (ON) fasting 482:504 over-night (ON) fasting 482:504 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 11 2 theme physiological 1354:1366 arg1 parameters 1368:1377 multiple physiological parameters 1345:1377 multiple physiological parameters 1345:1377 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 7 3 theme glucose 898:904 arg1 test 921:924 glucose oral tolerance test 898:924 glucose oral tolerance test 898:924 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 12 4 theme fiber 1473:1477 arg1 consumption 1479:1489 increased fiber consumption 1463:1489 increased fiber consumption 1463:1489 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 3 5 theme bedding 344:350 arg1 type 352:355 the bedding type 340:355 the bedding type 340:355 We aimed at identifying metabolic and microbiota-related parameters affected by the bedding type. 33257713 12 6 theme combined 1437:1444 arg1 effect 1446:1451 the combined effect 1433:1451 the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption 1433:1489 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 9 7 theme wood 1074:1077 arg1 groups 1093:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups 1071:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups 1071:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 1 8 theme metabolic 169:177 arg1 research 179:186 metabolic research 169:186 metabolic research 169:186 Experiments involving food restriction are common practice in metabolic research. 33257713 4 9 theme caloric 453:459 arg1 CR 474:475 CR 474:475 CR 474:475 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 4 9 theme caloric 453:459 arg1 restriction 461:471 caloric restriction 453:471 caloric restriction (CR) 453:476 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 8 10 theme metabolites 1035:1045 arg1 composition 1047:1057 gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition 1012:1057 gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice 1012:1068 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 9 11 theme distinct 1107:1114 arg1 metabolite 1122:1131 distinct cecal metabolite 1107:1131 distinct cecal metabolite 1107:1131 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 9 12 theme cellulose 1083:1091 arg1 groups 1093:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups 1071:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups 1071:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 9 13 theme CR 1071:1072 arg1 groups 1093:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups 1071:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups 1071:1098 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 0 14 theme dietary 86:92 arg1 restriction 94:104 dietary restriction 86:104 dietary restriction 86:104 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 0 15 from profiles 51:58 arg1 studies 69:75 mouse studies 63:75 mouse studies applying dietary restriction 63:104 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 4 16 theme cage 416:419 arg1 feeding 444:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 11 17 theme bedding-derived 1313:1327 arg1 fiber 1329:1333 bedding-derived fiber 1313:1333 bedding-derived fiber 1313:1333 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 6 18 theme with bedding 680:691 arg1 diet 661:664 their diet 655:664 their diet substantially with bedding 655:691 Mice under CR supplemented their diet substantially with bedding; however, the amount varied depending on the kind of bedding. 33257713 12 19 theme consumption 1479:1489 arg1 effect 1446:1451 the combined effect 1433:1451 the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption 1433:1489 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 10 20 theme all ad 1202:1207 arg1 libitum 1209:1215 all ad libitum 1202:1215 all ad libitum 1202:1215 While all ad libitum fed animal groups share similar profiles. 33257713 8 21 theme gut 970:972 arg1 bacteria 974:981 the gut bacteria 966:981 the gut bacteria 966:981 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 4 22 theme corncob 408:414 arg1 feeding 444:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 7 23 theme cecum 810:814 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 23 theme cecum 810:814 arg1 size 816:819 cecum size 810:819 cecum size 810:819 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 11 24 theme multiple 1345:1352 arg1 parameters 1368:1377 multiple physiological parameters 1345:1377 multiple physiological parameters 1345:1377 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 11 25 theme restriction-related 1272:1290 arg1 intake 1303:1308 restriction-related additional intake 1272:1308 restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber 1272:1333 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 6 26 theme bedding 746:752 arg1 kind 738:741 the kind 734:741 the kind of bedding 734:752 Mice under CR supplemented their diet substantially with bedding; however, the amount varied depending on the kind of bedding. 33257713 7 27 theme fat 800:802 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 27 theme fat 800:802 arg1 loss 804:807 fat loss 800:807 fat loss 800:807 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 9 28 theme corncob 1181:1187 arg1 group 1189:1193 the CR corncob group 1174:1193 the CR corncob group 1174:1193 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 7 29 from changes 771:777 arg1 output 844:849 fecal output 838:849 fecal output 838:849 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 29 from changes 771:777 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 29 from changes 771:777 arg1 size 816:819 cecum size 810:819 cecum size 810:819 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 29 from changes 771:777 arg1 weight 830:835 stomach weight 822:835 stomach weight 822:835 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 29 from changes 771:777 arg1 levels 866:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 29 from changes 771:777 arg1 loss 804:807 fat loss 800:807 fat loss 800:807 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 5 30 theme fast 545:548 arg1 group 550:554 fast group 545:554 fast group 545:554 Additionally, two subgroups of the ON fast group were kept without any bedding or on a metal grid preventing coprophagy. 33257713 0 31 theme Cage 0:3 arg1 bedding 5:11 Cage bedding 0:11 Cage bedding 0:11 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 2 32 with diet 236:239 arg1 bedding 251:257 cage bedding 246:257 cage bedding 246:257 Under fasted conditions, mice supplement their diet with cage bedding. 33257713 5 33 theme metal 594:598 arg1 grid 600:603 a metal grid 592:603 a metal grid preventing coprophagy 592:625 Additionally, two subgroups of the ON fast group were kept without any bedding or on a metal grid preventing coprophagy. 33257713 7 34 theme blood 852:856 arg1 levels 866:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 34 theme blood 852:856 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 0 35 theme metabolic 22:30 arg1 profiles 51:58 metabolic and gut microbiota profiles 22:58 profiles 51:58 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 9 36 theme cecal 1116:1120 arg1 metabolite 1122:1131 distinct cecal metabolite 1107:1131 distinct cecal metabolite 1107:1131 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 3 37 theme metabolic 284:292 arg1 parameters 317:326 metabolic and microbiota-related parameters 284:326 metabolic and microbiota-related parameters affected by the bedding type 284:355 We aimed at identifying metabolic and microbiota-related parameters affected by the bedding type. 33257713 1 38 from practice 157:164 arg1 research 179:186 metabolic research 169:186 metabolic research 169:186 Experiments involving food restriction are common practice in metabolic research. 33257713 11 39 link bedding-derived 1313:1327 arg1 fiber 1329:1333 bedding-derived fiber 1313:1333 bedding-derived fiber 1313:1333 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 10 40 theme animal 1221:1226 arg1 groups 1228:1233 animal groups 1221:1233 animal groups 1221:1233 While all ad libitum fed animal groups share similar profiles. 33257713 12 41 theme CR 1456:1457 arg1 effect 1446:1451 the combined effect 1433:1451 the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption 1433:1489 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 2 42 theme fasted 195:200 arg1 conditions 202:211 fasted conditions 195:211 fasted conditions 195:211 Under fasted conditions, mice supplement their diet with cage bedding. 33257713 7 43 from response 886:893 arg1 output 844:849 fecal output 838:849 fecal output 838:849 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 43 from response 886:893 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 43 from response 886:893 arg1 size 816:819 cecum size 810:819 cecum size 810:819 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 43 from response 886:893 arg1 weight 830:835 stomach weight 822:835 stomach weight 822:835 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 43 from response 886:893 arg1 levels 866:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 43 from response 886:893 arg1 loss 804:807 fat loss 800:807 fat loss 800:807 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 44 theme body 782:785 arg1 output 844:849 fecal output 838:849 fecal output 838:849 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 44 theme body 782:785 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 44 theme body 782:785 arg1 size 816:819 cecum size 810:819 cecum size 810:819 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 44 theme body 782:785 arg1 weight 830:835 stomach weight 822:835 stomach weight 822:835 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 44 theme body 782:785 arg1 levels 866:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 44 theme body 782:785 arg1 loss 804:807 fat loss 800:807 fat loss 800:807 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 0 45 theme gut 36:38 arg1 profiles 51:58 metabolic and gut microbiota profiles 22:58 profiles 51:58 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 7 46 theme Bedding-related 755:769 arg1 changes 771:777 Bedding-related changes 755:777 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test 755:924 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 8 47 theme bedding 996:1002 arg1 type 988:991 the type 984:991 the type of bedding 984:1002 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 2 48 theme cage 246:249 arg1 bedding 251:257 cage bedding 246:257 cage bedding 246:257 Under fasted conditions, mice supplement their diet with cage bedding. 33257713 7 49 theme weight 787:792 arg1 output 844:849 fecal output 838:849 fecal output 838:849 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 49 theme weight 787:792 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 49 theme weight 787:792 arg1 size 816:819 cecum size 810:819 cecum size 810:819 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 49 theme weight 787:792 arg1 weight 830:835 stomach weight 822:835 stomach weight 822:835 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 49 theme weight 787:792 arg1 levels 866:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 49 theme weight 787:792 arg1 loss 804:807 fat loss 800:807 fat loss 800:807 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 11 50 theme additional 1292:1301 arg1 intake 1303:1308 restriction-related additional intake 1272:1308 restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber 1272:1333 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 12 51 theme increased 1463:1471 arg1 consumption 1479:1489 increased fiber consumption 1463:1489 increased fiber consumption 1463:1489 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 5 52 from subgroups 525:533 arg1 group 550:554 fast group 545:554 fast group 545:554 Additionally, two subgroups of the ON fast group were kept without any bedding or on a metal grid preventing coprophagy. 33257713 8 53 theme mice 1065:1068 arg1 composition 1047:1057 gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition 1012:1057 gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice 1012:1068 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 8 54 theme gut 1012:1014 arg1 bacteria 1016:1023 gut bacteria 1012:1023 gut bacteria 1012:1023 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 11 55 theme fiber 1329:1333 arg1 intake 1303:1308 restriction-related additional intake 1272:1308 restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber 1272:1333 We show that restriction-related additional intake of bedding-derived fiber modulates multiple physiological parameters. 33257713 5 56 from group 550:554 arg1 subgroups 525:533 two subgroups 521:533 two subgroups of the ON fast group 521:554 Additionally, two subgroups of the ON fast group were kept without any bedding or on a metal grid preventing coprophagy. 33257713 0 57 theme microbiota 40:49 arg1 profiles 51:58 metabolic and gut microbiota profiles 22:58 profiles 51:58 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 4 58 theme ad 433:434 arg1 feeding 444:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 1 59 theme food 129:132 arg1 restriction 134:144 food restriction 129:144 food restriction 129:144 Experiments involving food restriction are common practice in metabolic research. 33257713 7 60 theme ghrelin 858:864 arg1 levels 866:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 blood ghrelin levels 852:871 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 60 theme ghrelin 858:864 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 3 61 theme microbiota-related 298:315 arg1 parameters 317:326 metabolic and microbiota-related parameters 284:326 metabolic and microbiota-related parameters affected by the bedding type 284:355 We aimed at identifying metabolic and microbiota-related parameters affected by the bedding type. 33257713 4 62 theme beddings to 421:431 arg1 feeding 444:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 5 63 theme the 538:540 arg1 subgroups 525:533 two subgroups 521:533 two subgroups of the ON fast group 521:554 Additionally, two subgroups of the ON fast group were kept without any bedding or on a metal grid preventing coprophagy. 33257713 8 64 theme bacteria 1016:1023 arg1 composition 1047:1057 gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition 1012:1057 gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice 1012:1068 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 9 65 theme CR 1178:1179 arg1 group 1189:1193 the CR corncob group 1174:1193 the CR corncob group 1174:1193 CR wood and cellulose groups showed distinct cecal metabolite and microbiome profiles when compared to the CR corncob group. 33257713 7 66 theme oral 906:909 arg1 test 921:924 glucose oral tolerance test 898:924 glucose oral tolerance test 898:924 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 0 67 theme mouse 63:67 arg1 studies 69:75 mouse studies 63:75 mouse studies applying dietary restriction 63:104 Cage bedding modifies metabolic and gut microbiota profiles in mouse studies applying dietary restriction. 33257713 4 68 theme libitum 436:442 arg1 feeding 444:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding 408:450 We exposed mice housed with wooden, cellulose, or corncob cage beddings to ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction (CR), or over-night (ON) fasting. 33257713 7 69 theme tolerance 911:919 arg1 test 921:924 glucose oral tolerance test 898:924 glucose oral tolerance test 898:924 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 1 70 theme common 150:155 arg1 practice 157:164 common practice 150:164 common practice in metabolic research 150:186 Experiments involving food restriction are common practice in metabolic research. 33257713 1 70 theme common 150:155 arg1 Experiments 107:117 Experiments 107:117 Experiments involving food restriction 107:144 Experiments involving food restriction are common practice in metabolic research. 33257713 7 71 theme fecal 838:842 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 71 theme fecal 838:842 arg1 output 844:849 fecal output 838:849 fecal output 838:849 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 8 72 theme fecal 1029:1033 arg1 metabolites 1035:1045 fecal metabolites 1029:1045 fecal metabolites 1029:1045 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 33257713 12 73 theme previous 1395:1402 arg1 rodent studies 1404:1417 the previous rodent studies 1391:1417 the previous rodent studies 1391:1417 Therefore, the previous rodent studies on CR, report the combined effect of CR and increased fiber consumption. 33257713 7 74 theme stomach 822:828 arg1 loss 794:797 body weight loss 782:797 body weight loss 782:797 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 7 74 theme stomach 822:828 arg1 weight 830:835 stomach weight 822:835 stomach weight 822:835 Bedding-related changes in body weight loss, fat loss, cecum size, stomach weight, fecal output, blood ghrelin levels as well as a response to glucose oral tolerance test were recorded. 33257713 8 75 theme CR 1062:1063 arg1 mice 1065:1068 CR mice 1062:1068 CR mice 1062:1068 As fiber is fermented by the gut bacteria, the type of bedding affects gut bacteria and fecal metabolites composition of CR mice. 31974429 4 0 theme gene 790:793 arg1 datasets 803:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets 781:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population 781:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 6 1 theme Bacteroides 1028:1038 arg1 abundances 1008:1017 higher relative abundances 992:1017 higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 992:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 3 2 theme stool 504:508 arg1 microbiome 510:519 the stool microbiome 500:519 the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies 500:583 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 7 3 theme degradation 1195:1205 arg1 pathways 1207:1214 the glycan degradation pathways 1184:1214 the glycan degradation pathways 1184:1214 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 3 4 theme adult 681:685 arg1 individuals 687:697 1,427 adult individuals 675:697 1,427 adult individuals 675:697 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 2 5 theme Large 254:258 arg1 studies 267:273 Large cohort studies 254:273 Large cohort studies 254:273 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 1 6 theme human 158:162 arg1 health 164:169 human health 158:169 human health 158:169 The gut microbiota has been shown to play diverse roles in human health and disease although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. 31974429 4 7 theme 16S 781:783 arg1 rRNA 785:788 16S rRNA 781:788 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population 781:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 3 8 from individuals 687:697 arg1 age-range 619:627 the age-range 615:627 the age-range of 9 to 12 years 615:644 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 7 9 from overrepresentation 1162:1179 arg1 children 1315:1322 children 1315:1322 children 1315:1322 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 10 10 from differences 1842:1852 arg1 microbiome 1861:1870 gut microbiome 1857:1870 gut microbiome 1857:1870 Overall, we identified compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults in a population-based setting. 31974429 6 11 theme genus 1086:1090 arg1 Blautia 1092:1098 genus Blautia 1086:1098 genus Blautia in adults 1086:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 11 12 theme specific 2068:2075 arg1 populations 2086:2096 specific diseased populations 2068:2096 specific diseased populations 2068:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 3 13 theme population-based 553:568 arg1 studies 577:583 two population-based cohort studies 549:583 two population-based cohort studies 549:583 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 11 14 theme future 1984:1989 arg1 studies 1991:1997 future studies 1984:1997 future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations 1984:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 8 15 theme adults 1360:1365 arg1 microbiome 1346:1355 the gut microbiome 1338:1355 the gut microbiome of adults 1338:1365 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 1 16 theme underlying 196:205 arg1 mechanisms 207:216 the underlying mechanisms 192:216 the underlying mechanisms 192:216 The gut microbiota has been shown to play diverse roles in human health and disease although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. 31974429 9 17 theme biosynthetic 1636:1647 arg1 pathways 1649:1656 biosynthetic pathways 1636:1656 biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1636:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 8 18 theme higher 1374:1379 arg1 abundances 1381:1390 higher abundances 1374:1390 higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1374:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 7 19 theme biosynthesis 1290:1301 arg1 pathways 1303:1310 folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways 1270:1310 folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways 1270:1310 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 11 20 theme human 2011:2015 arg1 susceptibility 2025:2038 specific human disease susceptibility 2002:2038 specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations 2002:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 10 21 theme population-based 1905:1920 arg1 setting 1922:1928 a population-based setting 1903:1928 a population-based setting 1903:1928 Overall, we identified compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults in a population-based setting. 31974429 4 22 theme Dutch 829:833 arg1 population 835:844 the Dutch population 825:844 the Dutch population 825:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 3 23 theme Rotterdam 742:750 arg1 Study 752:756 the Rotterdam Study 738:756 the Rotterdam Study 738:756 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 3 23 theme Rotterdam 742:750 arg1 age 733:735 age 733:735 age (the Rotterdam Study) 733:757 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 8 24 theme metabolism 1408:1417 arg1 pathways 1419:1426 carbohydrate metabolism pathways 1395:1426 carbohydrate metabolism pathways 1395:1426 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 6 25 from Blautia 1092:1098 arg1 adults 1103:1108 adults 1103:1108 adults 1103:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 3 26 from studies 577:583 arg1 microbiome 510:519 the stool microbiome 500:519 the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies 500:583 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 11 27 from susceptibility 2025:2038 arg1 adulthood 2054:2062 adulthood 2054:2062 adulthood 2054:2062 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 11 27 from susceptibility 2025:2038 arg1 childhood 2043:2051 childhood 2043:2051 childhood 2043:2051 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 11 27 from susceptibility 2025:2038 arg1 populations 2086:2096 specific diseased populations 2068:2096 specific diseased populations 2068:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 7 28 theme glycan 1188:1193 arg1 pathways 1207:1214 the glycan degradation pathways 1184:1214 the glycan degradation pathways 1184:1214 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 9 29 theme microbiome 1736:1745 arg1 switch 1747:1752 a functional microbiome switch 1723:1752 a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals 1723:1787 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 30 from pathways 1649:1656 arg1 leucine 1677:1683 leucine 1677:1683 leucine 1677:1683 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 30 from pathways 1649:1656 arg1 biosynthesis 1700:1711 isoleucine biosynthesis 1689:1711 isoleucine biosynthesis 1689:1711 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 30 from pathways 1649:1656 arg1 valine 1669:1674 valine 1669:1674 valine 1669:1674 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 30 from pathways 1649:1656 arg1 adults 1661:1666 adults 1661:1666 adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1661:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 0 31 theme children 78:85 arg1 microbiota 64:73 gut microbiota 60:73 gut microbiota of children and adults 60:96 Diversity, compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults. 31974429 8 32 theme resistance 1441:1450 arg1 abundances 1381:1390 higher abundances 1374:1390 higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1374:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 0 33 theme adults 91:96 arg1 microbiota 64:73 gut microbiota 60:73 gut microbiota of children and adults 60:96 Diversity, compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults. 31974429 3 34 dep 88 721:722 arg1 to 718:719 to 718:719 to 718:719 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 5 35 theme cohorts 888:894 arg1 comparison 866:875 The comparison 862:875 The comparison of the two cohorts 862:894 The comparison of the two cohorts showed that children had significantly lower gut microbiome diversity. 31974429 9 36 from pathways 1555:1562 arg1 valine 1577:1582 valine 1577:1582 valine 1577:1582 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 36 from pathways 1555:1562 arg1 children 1567:1574 children 1567:1574 children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) 1567:1619 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 36 from pathways 1555:1562 arg1 leucine 1585:1591 leucine 1585:1591 leucine 1585:1591 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 36 from pathways 1555:1562 arg1 degradation 1608:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 8 37 theme thiamine 1453:1460 arg1 abundances 1381:1390 higher abundances 1374:1390 higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1374:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 6 38 from adults 1103:1108 arg1 children 1043:1050 children 1043:1050 children 1043:1050 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 6 38 from adults 1103:1108 arg1 abundances 1072:1081 higher relative abundances 1056:1081 higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 1056:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 7 39 theme folate 1270:1275 arg1 pathways 1303:1310 folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways 1270:1310 folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways 1270:1310 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 2 40 theme disease 455:461 arg1 processes 463:471 disease processes 455:471 disease processes 455:471 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 8 41 theme vitamin 1463:1469 arg1 thiamine 1453:1460 thiamine 1453:1460 thiamine (vitamin B1) 1453:1473 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 8 41 theme vitamin 1463:1469 arg1 B1 1471:1472 vitamin B1 1463:1472 vitamin B1 1463:1472 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 9 42 theme isoleucine 1597:1606 arg1 children 1567:1574 children 1567:1574 children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) 1567:1619 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 42 theme isoleucine 1597:1606 arg1 degradation 1608:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 2 43 theme pathways 386:393 arg1 characterization 362:377 more precise characterization 349:377 more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes 349:471 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 7 44 theme functional 1121:1130 arg1 analysis 1143:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis 1111:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis 1111:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 4 45 attach derived 812:818 arg2 datasets 803:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets 781:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population 781:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 4 45 attach derived 812:818 arg1 population 835:844 the Dutch population 825:844 the Dutch population 825:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 6 46 theme higher 992:997 arg1 abundances 1008:1017 higher relative abundances 992:1017 higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 992:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 9 47 theme functional 1725:1734 arg1 switch 1747:1752 a functional microbiome switch 1723:1752 a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals 1723:1787 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 0 48 theme compositional 11:23 arg1 differences 40:50 compositional and functional differences 11:50 compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults 11:96 Diversity, compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults. 31974429 3 49 theme children 524:531 arg1 microbiome 510:519 the stool microbiome 500:519 the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies 500:583 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 1 50 theme gut 103:105 arg1 microbiota 107:116 The gut microbiota 99:116 The gut microbiota 99:116 The gut microbiota has been shown to play diverse roles in human health and disease although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. 31974429 7 51 theme vitamin 1254:1260 arg1 pyridoxine 1242:1251 pyridoxine 1242:1251 pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 1242:1264 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 7 51 theme vitamin 1254:1260 arg1 B6 1262:1263 vitamin B6 1254:1263 vitamin B6 1254:1263 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 8 52 theme pantothenic 1479:1489 arg1 pathways 1517:1524 pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1479:1524 pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1479:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 3 53 theme years 640:644 arg1 age-range 619:627 the age-range 615:627 the age-range of 9 to 12 years 615:644 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 3 54 from children 603:610 arg1 age-range 619:627 the age-range 615:627 the age-range of 9 to 12 years 615:644 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 2 55 theme gut 408:410 arg1 microbiota 412:421 the gut microbiota 404:421 the gut microbiota 404:421 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 0 56 theme functional 29:38 arg1 differences 40:50 compositional and functional differences 11:50 compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults 11:96 Diversity, compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults. 31974429 5 57 theme microbiome 945:954 arg1 diversity 956:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 The comparison of the two cohorts showed that children had significantly lower gut microbiome diversity. 31974429 7 58 theme pyridoxine 1242:1251 arg1 overrepresentation 1162:1179 an overrepresentation 1159:1179 an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children 1159:1322 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 8 59 theme vitamin 1492:1498 arg1 pantothenic 1479:1489 pantothenic 1479:1489 pantothenic 1479:1489 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 8 59 theme vitamin 1492:1498 arg1 B5 1500:1501 vitamin B5 1492:1501 vitamin B5 1492:1501 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 10 60 theme gut 1857:1859 arg1 microbiome 1861:1870 gut microbiome 1857:1870 gut microbiome 1857:1870 Overall, we identified compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults in a population-based setting. 31974429 6 61 theme relative 1063:1070 arg1 abundances 1072:1081 higher relative abundances 1056:1081 higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 1056:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 3 62 theme R 662:662 arg1 Study 664:668 the Generation R Study 647:668 the Generation R Study 647:668 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 3 62 theme R 662:662 arg1 children 603:610 2,111 children 597:610 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) 597:669 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 8 63 theme gut 1342:1344 arg1 microbiome 1346:1355 the gut microbiome 1338:1355 the gut microbiome of adults 1338:1365 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 11 64 theme microbiome 1937:1946 arg1 profiles 1948:1955 These microbiome profiles 1931:1955 These microbiome profiles 1931:1955 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 9 65 theme catabolic 1545:1553 arg1 pathways 1555:1562 catabolic pathways 1545:1562 catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) 1545:1619 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 7 66 theme vitamin 1229:1235 arg1 riboflavin 1217:1226 riboflavin 1217:1226 riboflavin (vitamin B2) 1217:1239 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 7 66 theme vitamin 1229:1235 arg1 B2 1237:1238 vitamin B2 1229:1238 vitamin B2 1229:1238 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 8 67 theme pathways 1517:1524 arg1 abundances 1381:1390 higher abundances 1374:1390 higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1374:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 3 68 dep 12 637:638 arg1 to 634:635 to 634:635 to 634:635 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 5 69 theme lower 935:939 arg1 diversity 956:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 The comparison of the two cohorts showed that children had significantly lower gut microbiome diversity. 31974429 7 70 theme riboflavin 1217:1226 arg1 overrepresentation 1162:1179 an overrepresentation 1159:1179 an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children 1159:1322 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 10 71 theme functional 1831:1840 arg1 differences 1842:1852 compositional and functional differences 1813:1852 compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults 1813:1898 Overall, we identified compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults in a population-based setting. 31974429 2 72 theme precise 354:360 arg1 characterization 362:377 more precise characterization 349:377 more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes 349:471 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 9 73 from switch 1747:1752 arg1 individuals 1777:1787 adult individuals 1771:1787 adult individuals 1771:1787 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 4 74 theme rRNA 785:788 arg1 datasets 803:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets 781:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population 781:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 7 75 theme pathways 1207:1214 arg1 overrepresentation 1162:1179 an overrepresentation 1159:1179 an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children 1159:1322 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 5 76 contain had 917:919 arg1 children 908:915 children 908:915 children 908:915 The comparison of the two cohorts showed that children had significantly lower gut microbiome diversity. 31974429 5 76 contain had 917:919 arg2 diversity 956:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 The comparison of the two cohorts showed that children had significantly lower gut microbiome diversity. 31974429 10 77 theme compositional 1813:1825 arg1 differences 1842:1852 compositional and functional differences 1813:1852 compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults 1813:1898 Overall, we identified compositional and functional differences in gut microbiome between children and adults in a population-based setting. 31974429 3 78 theme adults 537:542 arg1 microbiome 510:519 the stool microbiome 500:519 the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies 500:583 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 4 79 theme profile 795:801 arg1 datasets 803:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets 781:810 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population 781:844 For the two cohorts, 16S rRNA gene profile datasets derived from the Dutch population were generated. 31974429 6 80 from abundances 1008:1017 arg1 children 1043:1050 children 1043:1050 children 1043:1050 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 6 80 from abundances 1008:1017 arg1 abundances 1072:1081 higher relative abundances 1056:1081 higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 1056:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 2 81 theme cohort 260:265 arg1 studies 267:273 Large cohort studies 254:273 Large cohort studies 254:273 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 9 82 dep predominance 1529:1540 arg1 compared 1624:1631 compared 1624:1631 compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1624:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 3 83 theme cohort 570:575 arg1 studies 577:583 two population-based cohort studies 549:583 two population-based cohort studies 549:583 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 11 84 theme diseased 2077:2084 arg1 populations 2086:2096 specific diseased populations 2068:2096 specific diseased populations 2068:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 6 85 theme Blautia 1092:1098 arg1 children 1043:1050 children 1043:1050 children 1043:1050 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 6 85 theme Blautia 1092:1098 arg1 abundances 1072:1081 higher relative abundances 1056:1081 higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 1056:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 2 86 theme further 287:293 arg1 understanding 295:307 further understanding 287:307 further understanding 287:307 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 11 87 theme specific 2002:2009 arg1 susceptibility 2025:2038 specific human disease susceptibility 2002:2038 specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations 2002:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 3 88 theme age 733:735 arg1 years 724:728 46 to 88 years 715:728 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study) 715:757 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 9 89 from children 1567:1574 arg1 predominance 1529:1540 A predominance 1527:1540 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1527:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 8 90 theme carbohydrate 1395:1406 arg1 pathways 1419:1426 carbohydrate metabolism pathways 1395:1426 carbohydrate metabolism pathways 1395:1426 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 7 91 theme pathways 1303:1310 arg1 overrepresentation 1162:1179 an overrepresentation 1159:1179 an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children 1159:1322 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 3 92 theme years 724:728 arg1 range 706:710 the range 702:710 the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study) 702:757 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 11 93 theme disease 2017:2023 arg1 susceptibility 2025:2038 specific human disease susceptibility 2002:2038 specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations 2002:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 8 94 theme pathways 1419:1426 arg1 abundances 1381:1390 higher abundances 1374:1390 higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1374:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 8 95 theme beta-lactam 1429:1439 arg1 resistance 1441:1450 beta-lactam resistance 1429:1450 beta-lactam resistance 1429:1450 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 7 96 theme vitamin 1278:1284 arg1 B9 1286:1287 vitamin B9 1278:1287 vitamin B9 1278:1287 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 7 96 theme vitamin 1278:1284 arg1 folate 1270:1275 folate 1270:1275 folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways 1270:1310 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 9 97 dep adults 1661:1666 arg1 leucine 1677:1683 leucine 1677:1683 leucine 1677:1683 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 97 dep adults 1661:1666 arg1 biosynthesis 1700:1711 isoleucine biosynthesis 1689:1711 isoleucine biosynthesis 1689:1711 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 97 dep adults 1661:1666 arg1 valine 1669:1674 valine 1669:1674 valine 1669:1674 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 97 dep adults 1661:1666 arg1 adults 1661:1666 adults 1661:1666 adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1661:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 1 98 theme diverse 141:147 arg1 roles 149:153 diverse roles 141:153 diverse roles 141:153 The gut microbiota has been shown to play diverse roles in human health and disease although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. 31974429 11 99 from studies 1991:1997 arg1 susceptibility 2025:2038 specific human disease susceptibility 2002:2038 specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations 2002:2096 These microbiome profiles can serve as reference for future studies on specific human disease susceptibility in childhood, adulthood and specific diseased populations. 31974429 9 100 theme isoleucine 1689:1698 arg1 biosynthesis 1700:1711 isoleucine biosynthesis 1689:1711 isoleucine biosynthesis 1689:1711 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 100 theme isoleucine 1689:1698 arg1 adults 1661:1666 adults 1661:1666 adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1661:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 7 101 theme metagenome 1132:1141 arg1 analysis 1143:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis 1111:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis 1111:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 7 102 theme Predicted 1111:1119 arg1 analysis 1143:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis 1111:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis 1111:1150 Predicted functional metagenome analysis showed an overrepresentation of the glycan degradation pathways, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis pathways in children. 31974429 6 103 theme relative 999:1006 arg1 abundances 1008:1017 higher relative abundances 992:1017 higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 992:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 9 104 dep children 1567:1574 arg1 valine 1577:1582 valine 1577:1582 valine 1577:1582 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 104 dep children 1567:1574 arg1 children 1567:1574 children 1567:1574 children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) 1567:1619 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 104 dep children 1567:1574 arg1 leucine 1585:1591 leucine 1585:1591 leucine 1585:1591 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 104 dep children 1567:1574 arg1 degradation 1608:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 105 from predominance 1529:1540 arg1 valine 1577:1582 valine 1577:1582 valine 1577:1582 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 105 from predominance 1529:1540 arg1 children 1567:1574 children 1567:1574 children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) 1567:1619 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 105 from predominance 1529:1540 arg1 leucine 1585:1591 leucine 1585:1591 leucine 1585:1591 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 9 105 from predominance 1529:1540 arg1 degradation 1608:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 isoleucine degradation 1597:1618 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 2 106 theme human 434:438 arg1 physiology 440:449 human physiology 434:449 human physiology 434:449 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 5 107 theme gut 941:943 arg1 diversity 956:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 significantly lower gut microbiome diversity 921:964 The comparison of the two cohorts showed that children had significantly lower gut microbiome diversity. 31974429 0 108 theme gut 60:62 arg1 microbiota 64:73 gut microbiota 60:73 gut microbiota of children and adults 60:96 Diversity, compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults. 31974429 0 109 dep differences 40:50 arg1 Diversity 0:8 Diversity 0:8 Diversity 0:8 Diversity, compositional and functional differences between gut microbiota of children and adults. 31974429 8 110 theme biosynthesis 1504:1515 arg1 pathways 1517:1524 pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1479:1524 pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways 1479:1524 In contrast, the gut microbiome of adults showed higher abundances of carbohydrate metabolism pathways, beta-lactam resistance, thiamine (vitamin B1) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) biosynthesis pathways. 31974429 3 111 theme Generation 651:660 arg1 Study 664:668 the Generation R Study 647:668 the Generation R Study 647:668 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 3 111 theme Generation 651:660 arg1 children 603:610 2,111 children 597:610 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) 597:669 Here, we aimed to profile the stool microbiome of children and adults from two population-based cohort studies, comprising 2,111 children in the age-range of 9 to 12 years (the Generation R Study) and 1,427 adult individuals in the range of 46 to 88 years of age (the Rotterdam Study). 31974429 6 112 from abundances 1072:1081 arg1 adults 1103:1108 adults 1103:1108 adults 1103:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 6 113 theme higher 1056:1061 arg1 abundances 1072:1081 higher relative abundances 1056:1081 higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults 1056:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 31974429 9 114 theme adult 1771:1775 arg1 individuals 1777:1787 adult individuals 1771:1787 adult individuals 1771:1787 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 2 115 theme inter-individual 314:329 arg1 differences 331:341 inter-individual differences 314:341 inter-individual differences 314:341 Large cohort studies can provide further understanding into inter-individual differences, with more precise characterization of the pathways by which the gut microbiota influences human physiology and disease processes. 31974429 9 116 theme pathways 1555:1562 arg1 predominance 1529:1540 A predominance 1527:1540 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) 1527:1712 A predominance of catabolic pathways in children (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) as compared to biosynthetic pathways in adults (valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) suggests a functional microbiome switch to the latter in adult individuals. 31974429 6 117 from children 1043:1050 arg1 adults 1103:1108 adults 1103:1108 adults 1103:1108 Furthermore, we observed higher relative abundances of genus Bacteroides in children and higher relative abundances of genus Blautia in adults. 34082069 6 0 theme metagenomic 890:900 arg1 sequencing 902:911 shotgun metagenomic sequencing 882:911 shotgun metagenomic sequencing 882:911 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 6 1 from amounts 990:996 arg1 mutants 1062:1068 the mutants 1058:1068 the mutants 1058:1068 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 6 2 theme Bacteroides 1023:1033 arg1 species 1012:1018 beneficial species 1001:1018 beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides 1001:1053 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 1 3 theme colorectal 147:156 arg1 CRC 166:168 CRC 166:168 CRC 166:168 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 1 3 theme colorectal 147:156 arg1 cancer 158:163 colorectal cancer 147:163 colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women 147:202 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 2 4 from alteration 266:275 arg1 microbiome 284:293 the microbiome 280:293 the microbiome 280:293 One potential risk factor is an alteration in the microbiome. 34082069 0 5 theme colorectal 82:91 arg1 cancer 93:98 colorectal cancer 82:98 colorectal cancer 82:98 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 6 6 theme shotgun 882:888 arg1 sequencing 902:911 shotgun metagenomic sequencing 882:911 shotgun metagenomic sequencing 882:911 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 10 7 theme other 1612:1616 arg1 cancers 1618:1624 other cancers 1612:1624 other cancers 1612:1624 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 1 8 theme cancer 158:163 arg1 incidence 171:179 colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence 147:179 colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women 147:202 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 9 9 theme 5FU 1353:1355 arg1 treatment 1357:1365 5FU treatment 1353:1365 5FU treatment in WT mice 1353:1376 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 9 10 theme compromised 1455:1465 arg1 signaling 1473:1481 compromised TGF-β signaling 1455:1481 compromised TGF-β signaling 1455:1481 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 0 11 theme resistant 100:108 arg1 microbiome 67:76 altered intestinal microbiome 48:76 altered intestinal microbiome 48:76 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 8 12 dep Lachnoclostridium 1214:1230 arg1 sp. 1232:1234 Lachnoclostridium sp. 1214:1234 Lachnoclostridium sp. 1214:1234 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 1 13 from rise 139:142 arg1 incidence 171:179 colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence 147:179 colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women 147:202 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 5 14 theme CRC 871:873 arg1 induction 858:866 induction 858:866 induction of CRC 858:873 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 8 15 theme Mordavella 1241:1250 arg1 abundances 1180:1189 the abundances 1176:1189 the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella 1176:1250 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 5 16 theme intestinal 703:712 arg1 microbiome 714:723 the intestinal microbiome 699:723 the intestinal microbiome 699:723 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 3 17 theme sodium 452:457 arg1 sulfate 459:465 dextran sodium sulfate 444:465 dextran sodium sulfate 444:465 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 5 18 theme chemotherapeutic 807:822 arg1 5FU 847:849 5FU 847:849 5FU 847:849 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 5 18 theme chemotherapeutic 807:822 arg1 5-Fluoro-uracil 830:844 the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil 803:844 the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) 803:850 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 4 19 theme similar 591:597 arg1 phenotypes 599:608 similar phenotypes 591:608 similar phenotypes 591:608 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 6 20 with mice 958:961 arg1 CRC 968:970 CRC 968:970 CRC 968:970 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 3 21 theme chemotherapy 395:406 arg1 microbiome 364:373 the intestinal microbiome 349:373 the intestinal microbiome 349:373 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 3 21 theme chemotherapy 395:406 arg1 efficacy 383:390 the efficacy 379:390 the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice 379:473 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 5 22 theme signaling 774:782 arg1 effect 744:749 the effect 740:749 the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC 740:873 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 4 23 dep mice 527:530 arg1 Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/- 546:562 Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/- 546:562 Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/- 546:562 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 4 23 dep mice 527:530 arg1 Smad4+/- 533:540 Smad4+/- 533:540 Smad4+/- 533:540 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 2 24 theme risk 248:251 arg1 factor 253:258 One potential risk factor 234:258 One potential risk factor 234:258 One potential risk factor is an alteration in the microbiome. 34082069 2 24 theme risk 248:251 arg1 alteration 266:275 an alteration 263:275 an alteration in the microbiome 263:293 One potential risk factor is an alteration in the microbiome. 34082069 4 25 from alterations 626:636 arg1 microbiome 656:665 the intestinal microbiome 641:665 the intestinal microbiome 641:665 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 4 26 theme similar 618:624 arg1 alterations 626:636 similar alterations 618:636 similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome 618:665 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 9 27 theme TGF-β 1467:1471 arg1 signaling 1473:1481 compromised TGF-β signaling 1455:1481 compromised TGF-β signaling 1455:1481 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 4 28 used used 479:482 arg2 We 476:477 We 476:477 We 476:477 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 4 29 theme mice 527:530 arg1 genotypes 488:496 two genotypes 484:496 two genotypes 484:496 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 7 30 with mice 1131:1134 arg1 CRC 1141:1143 CRC 1141:1143 CRC 1141:1143 Furthermore, the mutant mice with CRC were resistant to 5FU. 34082069 8 31 theme B.dorei 1205:1211 arg1 abundances 1180:1189 the abundances 1176:1189 the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella 1176:1250 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 6 32 theme Parabacteroides 1039:1053 arg1 species 1012:1018 beneficial species 1001:1018 beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides 1001:1053 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 3 33 theme TGF-β 330:334 arg1 signaling 336:344 TGF-β signaling 330:344 TGF-β signaling 330:344 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 4 34 theme TGF-β-signaling-deficient 501:525 arg1 mice 527:530 TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice 501:530 TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-) 501:563 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 9 35 from treatment 1357:1365 arg1 mice 1373:1376 WT mice 1370:1376 WT mice 1370:1376 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 9 36 theme WT 1370:1371 arg1 mice 1373:1376 WT mice 1370:1376 WT mice 1370:1376 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 5 37 theme TGF-β 768:772 arg1 signaling 774:782 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 754:782 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 754:782 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 10 38 theme cancers 1618:1624 arg1 treatment 1592:1600 the treatment 1588:1600 the treatment of CRC or other cancers 1588:1624 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 3 39 theme signaling 336:344 arg1 role 322:325 the role 318:325 the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice 318:473 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 1 40 theme young 184:188 arg1 men 190:192 young men 184:192 young men 184:192 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 6 41 theme microbiota 932:941 arg1 composition 943:953 gut microbiota composition 928:953 gut microbiota composition 928:953 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 4 42 contain had 614:616 arg1 genotypes 488:496 two genotypes 484:496 two genotypes 484:496 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 4 42 contain had 614:616 arg2 alterations 626:636 similar alterations 618:636 similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome 618:665 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 8 43 theme boltae 1197:1202 arg1 abundances 1180:1189 the abundances 1176:1189 the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella 1176:1250 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 5 44 theme agent 824:828 arg1 5FU 847:849 5FU 847:849 5FU 847:849 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 5 44 theme agent 824:828 arg1 5-Fluoro-uracil 830:844 the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil 803:844 the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) 803:850 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 5 45 theme dysfunctional 754:766 arg1 signaling 774:782 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 754:782 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 754:782 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 6 46 theme gut 928:930 arg1 composition 943:953 gut microbiota composition 928:953 gut microbiota composition 928:953 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 10 47 theme TGF-β 1571:1575 arg1 pathway 1577:1583 the TGF-β pathway 1567:1583 the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers 1567:1624 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 3 48 from role 322:325 arg1 microbiome 364:373 the intestinal microbiome 349:373 the intestinal microbiome 349:373 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 3 48 from role 322:325 arg1 efficacy 383:390 the efficacy 379:390 the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice 379:473 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 0 49 theme TGF-β 24:28 arg1 signaling 30:38 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 10:38 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 10:38 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 9 50 from alterations 1399:1409 arg1 microbiome 1429:1438 the intestinal microbiome 1414:1438 the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling 1414:1481 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 6 51 theme species 1012:1018 arg1 amounts 990:996 reduced amounts 982:996 reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants 982:1068 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 6 51 theme species 1012:1018 arg1 species 1012:1018 beneficial species 1001:1018 beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides 1001:1053 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 3 52 theme intestinal 353:362 arg1 microbiome 364:373 the intestinal microbiome 349:373 the intestinal microbiome 349:373 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 9 53 dep reduced 1275:1281 arg1 recovered 1320:1328 recovered 1320:1328 recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice 1320:1376 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 10 54 from pathway 1577:1583 arg1 treatment 1592:1600 the treatment 1588:1600 the treatment of CRC or other cancers 1588:1624 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 1 55 theme Emerging 118:125 arg1 data 127:130 Emerging data 118:130 Emerging data 118:130 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 0 56 theme altered 48:54 arg1 microbiome 67:76 altered intestinal microbiome 48:76 altered intestinal microbiome 48:76 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 9 57 with mice 1286:1289 arg1 CRC 1296:1298 CRC 1296:1298 CRC 1296:1298 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 8 58 dep sp 1252:1253 arg1 Whereas 1168:1174 Whereas 1168:1174 Whereas 1168:1174 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 8 58 dep sp 1252:1253 arg1 abundances 1180:1189 the abundances 1176:1189 the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella 1176:1250 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 9 59 theme intestinal 1418:1427 arg1 microbiome 1429:1438 the intestinal microbiome 1414:1438 the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling 1414:1481 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 7 60 theme mutant 1124:1129 arg1 mice 1131:1134 the mutant mice 1120:1134 the mutant mice with CRC 1120:1143 Furthermore, the mutant mice with CRC were resistant to 5FU. 34082069 7 60 theme mutant 1124:1129 arg1 resistant 1150:1158 resistant 1150:1158 resistant 1150:1158 Furthermore, the mutant mice with CRC were resistant to 5FU. 34082069 5 61 from effect 744:749 arg1 response 791:798 the response 787:798 the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC 787:873 Using these mice, we evaluated the intestinal microbiome and determined the effect of dysfunctional TGF-β signaling on the response to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluoro-uracil (5FU) after induction of CRC. 34082069 2 62 theme potential 238:246 arg1 factor 253:258 One potential risk factor 234:258 One potential risk factor 234:258 One potential risk factor is an alteration in the microbiome. 34082069 2 62 theme potential 238:246 arg1 alteration 266:275 an alteration 263:275 an alteration in the microbiome 263:293 One potential risk factor is an alteration in the microbiome. 34082069 0 63 with Mice 0:3 arg1 signaling 30:38 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 10:38 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 10:38 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 6 64 theme WT 1097:1098 arg1 mice 1101:1104 the wild-type (WT) mice 1082:1104 the wild-type (WT) mice 1082:1104 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 6 65 theme beneficial 1001:1010 arg1 species 1012:1018 beneficial species 1001:1018 beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides 1001:1053 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 10 66 theme CRC 1605:1607 arg1 treatment 1592:1600 the treatment 1588:1600 the treatment of CRC or other cancers 1588:1624 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 3 67 theme dextran 444:450 arg1 sulfate 459:465 dextran sodium sulfate 444:465 dextran sodium sulfate 444:465 Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β signaling on the intestinal microbiome and the efficacy of chemotherapy for CRC induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mice. 34082069 8 68 theme Lachnoclostridium 1214:1230 arg1 abundances 1180:1189 the abundances 1176:1189 the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella 1176:1250 Whereas the abundances of E. boltae, B.dorei, Lachnoclostridium sp., and Mordavella sp. 34082069 1 69 from incidence 171:179 arg1 women 198:202 women 198:202 women 198:202 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 1 69 from incidence 171:179 arg1 men 190:192 young men 184:192 young men 184:192 Emerging data show a rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in young men and women that is often chemoresistant. 34082069 6 70 theme wild-type 1086:1094 arg1 mice 1101:1104 the wild-type (WT) mice 1082:1104 the wild-type (WT) mice 1082:1104 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 9 71 theme basal 1333:1337 arg1 amounts 1339:1345 basal amounts 1333:1345 basal amounts 1333:1345 were significantly reduced in mice with CRC, these species only recovered to basal amounts after 5FU treatment in WT mice, suggesting that the alterations in the intestinal microbiome resulting from compromised TGF-β signaling impaired the response to 5FU. 34082069 0 72 theme intestinal 56:65 arg1 microbiome 67:76 altered intestinal microbiome 48:76 altered intestinal microbiome 48:76 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 10 73 contain have 1534:1537 arg2 implications 1539:1550 implications 1539:1550 implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers 1539:1624 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 10 73 contain have 1534:1537 arg1 findings 1519:1526 These findings 1513:1526 These findings 1513:1526 These findings could have implications for inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in the treatment of CRC or other cancers. 34082069 0 74 theme dysfunctional 10:22 arg1 signaling 30:38 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 10:38 dysfunctional TGF-β signaling 10:38 Mice with dysfunctional TGF-β signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU. 34082069 4 75 theme intestinal 645:654 arg1 microbiome 656:665 the intestinal microbiome 641:665 the intestinal microbiome 641:665 We used two genotypes of TGF-β-signaling-deficient mice (Smad4+/- and Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/-), which developed CRC with similar phenotypes and had similar alterations in the intestinal microbiome. 34082069 6 76 theme reduced 982:988 arg1 amounts 990:996 reduced amounts 982:996 reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants 982:1068 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 34082069 6 76 theme reduced 982:988 arg1 species 1012:1018 beneficial species 1001:1018 beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides 1001:1053 Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we determined gut microbiota composition in mice with CRC and found reduced amounts of beneficial species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the mutants compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. 32373209 9 0 from reduction 1254:1262 arg1 loss 1279:1282 body weight loss 1267:1282 body weight loss 1267:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 13 1 theme Targeted 1823:1830 arg1 analysis 1845:1852 Targeted metabolomics analysis 1823:1852 Targeted metabolomics analysis 1823:1852 Targeted metabolomics analysis manifested the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice. 32373209 6 2 theme fatty 828:832 arg1 SCFAs 841:845 SCFAs 841:845 SCFAs 841:845 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 6 2 theme fatty 828:832 arg1 acids 834:838 short-chain fatty acids 816:838 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production 816:857 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 6 3 theme targeted 905:912 arg1 metabolomics 914:925 targeted metabolomics 905:925 targeted metabolomics 905:925 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 18 4 theme gut 2636:2638 arg1 modulator 2651:2659 a potential gut microbiota modulator 2624:2659 a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD 2624:2684 Collectively, our results demonstrated the role of PTL as a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD. 32373209 17 5 theme protective 2405:2414 arg1 mechanism 2416:2424 The underlying protective mechanism 2390:2424 The underlying protective mechanism 2390:2424 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 11 6 theme immunosuppressive 1645:1661 arg1 IL-10 1672:1676 the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 1641:1676 the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue 1641:1692 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 2 7 theme IBD 280:282 arg1 treatment 284:292 IBD treatment 280:292 IBD treatment 280:292 However, the current drugs for IBD treatment are far from optimal. 32373209 4 8 from effect 493:498 arg1 inflammation 516:527 colon inflammation 510:527 colon inflammation 510:527 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 10 9 theme gut 1396:1398 arg1 microbiota 1400:1409 the gut microbiota 1392:1409 the gut microbiota 1392:1409 Notably, when the gut microbiota was depleted using antibiotic cocktails, the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation disappeared. 32373209 6 10 theme 16S 881:883 arg1 sequencing 890:899 16S rRNA sequencing 881:899 16S rRNA sequencing 881:899 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 18 11 theme PTL 2617:2619 arg1 role 2609:2612 the role 2605:2612 the role of PTL as a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD 2605:2684 Collectively, our results demonstrated the role of PTL as a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD. 32373209 5 12 theme body 664:667 arg1 change 676:681 body weight change 664:681 body weight change 664:681 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 1 13 theme gut 188:190 arg1 dysbiosis 203:211 gut microbiota dysbiosis 188:211 gut microbiota dysbiosis 188:211 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 5 14 theme Colon 605:609 arg1 severity 624:631 Colon inflammation severity 605:631 Colon inflammation severity in mouse model 605:646 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 12 15 theme PTL-treated 1730:1740 arg1 mice 1742:1745 PTL-treated mice 1730:1745 PTL-treated mice 1730:1745 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32373209 9 16 theme PTL-treated 1169:1179 arg1 mice 1181:1184 The PTL-treated mice 1165:1184 The PTL-treated mice 1165:1184 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 5 17 theme activity 717:724 arg1 DAI 733:735 DAI 733:735 DAI 733:735 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 5 17 theme activity 717:724 arg1 index 726:730 disease activity index 709:730 disease activity index (DAI) score 709:742 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 17 18 theme SCFAs 2548:2552 arg1 production 2554:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 14 19 theme intestinal 2146:2155 arg1 homeostasis 2157:2167 intestinal homeostasis 2146:2167 intestinal homeostasis 2146:2167 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 7 20 theme colon 1032:1036 arg1 cytokines 1038:1046 the colon cytokines 1028:1046 the colon cytokines profile 1028:1054 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 5 21 theme colon 695:699 arg1 length 701:706 colon length 695:706 colon length 695:706 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 12 22 theme 16S 1695:1697 arg1 sequencing 1704:1713 16S rRNA sequencing 1695:1713 16S rRNA sequencing 1695:1713 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32373209 16 23 theme gut 2357:2359 arg1 manner 2382:2387 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 2355:2387 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 2355:2387 Conclusions: PTL ameliorated colon inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 9 24 theme body 1267:1270 arg1 loss 1279:1282 body weight loss 1267:1282 body weight loss 1267:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 4 25 theme PTL 503:505 arg1 effect 493:498 the protective effect 478:498 the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation 478:527 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 17 26 from balance 2469:2475 arg1 mucosa 2491:2496 intestinal mucosa 2480:2496 intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2480:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 16 27 theme colon 2333:2337 arg1 inflammation 2339:2350 colon inflammation 2333:2350 colon inflammation 2333:2350 Conclusions: PTL ameliorated colon inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 0 28 theme gut 86:88 arg1 manner 111:116 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 84:116 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 84:116 Parthenolide ameliorates colon inflammation through regulating Treg/Th17 balance in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 9 29 theme survival 1285:1292 arg1 rate 1294:1297 survival rate 1285:1297 survival rate 1285:1297 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 9 29 theme survival 1285:1292 arg1 reduction 1254:1262 a reduction 1252:1262 a reduction in body weight loss 1252:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 1 30 theme health 164:169 arg1 problem 171:177 a global health problem 155:177 a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role 155:246 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 1 30 theme health 164:169 arg1 disease 138:144 Inflammatory bowel disease 119:144 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 119:150 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 11 31 from IL-10 1672:1676 arg1 tissue 1687:1692 colon tissue 1681:1692 colon tissue 1681:1692 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 4 32 theme colon 510:514 arg1 inflammation 516:527 colon inflammation 510:527 colon inflammation 510:527 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 14 33 theme Treg 2013:2016 arg1 cells 2019:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 5 34 theme mouse 636:640 arg1 model 642:646 mouse model 636:646 mouse model 636:646 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 13 35 theme SCFAs 1879:1883 arg1 production 1885:1894 the increased SCFAs production 1865:1894 the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice 1865:1914 Targeted metabolomics analysis manifested the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice. 32373209 15 36 theme gut 2268:2270 arg1 mechanism 2293:2301 this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 2263:2301 this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 2263:2301 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 7 37 dep cytokines 1038:1046 arg1 profile 1048:1054 profile 1048:1054 the colon cytokines profile 1028:1054 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 3 38 theme strong 415:420 arg1 activities 440:449 strong anti-inflammatory activities 415:449 not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities 374:449 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 9 39 theme length 1320:1325 arg1 shortening 1300:1309 shortening 1300:1309 shortening of colon length 1300:1325 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 9 39 theme length 1320:1325 arg1 reduction 1254:1262 a reduction 1252:1262 a reduction in body weight loss 1252:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 8 40 theme cells 1081:1085 arg1 frequency 1061:1069 The frequency 1057:1069 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen 1057:1119 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 7 41 theme cytokine 936:943 arg1 microarray 945:954 Luminex cytokine microarray 928:954 Luminex cytokine microarray 928:954 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 14 42 theme cells 2019:2023 arg1 frequency 1978:1986 the frequency 1974:1986 the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1974:2023 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 4 43 theme gut 560:562 arg1 mechanism 585:593 the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 545:593 the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 545:593 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 10 44 theme PTL 1477:1479 arg1 effect 1467:1472 the protective effect 1452:1472 the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation 1452:1501 Notably, when the gut microbiota was depleted using antibiotic cocktails, the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation disappeared. 32373209 0 45 theme colon 25:29 arg1 inflammation 31:42 colon inflammation 25:42 colon inflammation 25:42 Parthenolide ameliorates colon inflammation through regulating Treg/Th17 balance in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 9 46 theme DAI 1328:1330 arg1 score 1332:1336 DAI score 1328:1336 DAI score 1328:1336 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 9 46 theme DAI 1328:1330 arg1 reduction 1254:1262 a reduction 1252:1262 a reduction in body weight loss 1252:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 8 47 theme lamina 1090:1095 arg1 LP 1106:1107 LP 1106:1107 LP 1106:1107 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 8 47 theme lamina 1090:1095 arg1 propria 1097:1103 lamina propria 1090:1103 lamina propria (LP) 1090:1108 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 1 48 theme bowel 132:136 arg1 IBD 147:149 IBD 147:149 IBD 147:149 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 1 48 theme bowel 132:136 arg1 disease 138:144 Inflammatory bowel disease 119:144 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 119:150 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 1 48 theme bowel 132:136 arg1 problem 171:177 a global health problem 155:177 a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role 155:246 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 14 49 theme type 2080:2083 arg1 cells 2095:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 14 50 theme Th17 2089:2092 arg1 cells 2095:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 14 51 theme T 2010:2010 arg1 cells 2019:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 3 52 theme anti-cancer 383:393 arg1 properties 395:404 anti-cancer properties 383:404 not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities 374:449 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 17 53 theme Treg/Th17 2459:2467 arg1 balance 2469:2475 the improved Treg/Th17 balance 2446:2475 the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2446:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 14 54 theme T 2071:2071 arg1 cells 2095:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 0 55 theme Treg/Th17 63:71 arg1 balance 73:79 Treg/Th17 balance 63:79 Treg/Th17 balance 63:79 Parthenolide ameliorates colon inflammation through regulating Treg/Th17 balance in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 14 56 theme colonic 1991:1997 arg1 cells 2019:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 10 57 theme colon 1484:1488 arg1 inflammation 1490:1501 colon inflammation 1484:1501 colon inflammation 1484:1501 Notably, when the gut microbiota was depleted using antibiotic cocktails, the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation disappeared. 32373209 6 58 theme microbiota 790:799 arg1 alteration 801:810 Gut microbiota alteration 786:810 Gut microbiota alteration 786:810 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 9 59 theme relieved 1207:1214 arg1 inflammation 1222:1233 relieved colon inflammation 1207:1233 relieved colon inflammation 1207:1233 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 7 60 theme Luminex 928:934 arg1 microarray 945:954 Luminex cytokine microarray 928:954 Luminex cytokine microarray 928:954 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 9 61 theme colonoscopy 1359:1369 arg1 score 1371:1375 colonoscopy score 1359:1375 colonoscopy score 1359:1375 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 9 61 theme colonoscopy 1359:1369 arg1 reduction 1254:1262 a reduction 1252:1262 a reduction in body weight loss 1252:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 12 62 theme microbial 1780:1788 arg1 diversity 1790:1798 much more abundant gut microbial diversity 1757:1798 much more abundant gut microbial diversity 1757:1798 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32373209 17 63 link microbiota-derived 2529:2546 arg1 production 2554:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 5 64 theme weight 669:674 arg1 change 676:681 body weight change 664:681 body weight change 664:681 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 8 65 theme flow 1140:1143 arg1 cytometry 1145:1153 flow cytometry 1140:1153 flow cytometry 1140:1153 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 17 66 theme underlying 2394:2403 arg1 mechanism 2416:2424 The underlying protective mechanism 2390:2424 The underlying protective mechanism 2390:2424 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 11 67 theme proinflammatory 1557:1571 arg1 IL-17A 1618:1623 IL-17A 1618:1623 IL-17A 1618:1623 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 11 67 theme proinflammatory 1557:1571 arg1 TNF-α 1601:1605 TNF-α 1601:1605 TNF-α 1601:1605 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 11 67 theme proinflammatory 1557:1571 arg1 cytokines 1573:1581 proinflammatory cytokines 1557:1581 proinflammatory cytokines 1557:1581 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 11 67 theme proinflammatory 1557:1571 arg1 IL-1β 1594:1598 IL-1β 1594:1598 IL-1β 1594:1598 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 11 67 theme proinflammatory 1557:1571 arg1 IL-6 1608:1611 IL-6 1608:1611 IL-6 1608:1611 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 6 68 theme short-chain 816:826 arg1 SCFAs 841:845 SCFAs 841:845 SCFAs 841:845 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 6 68 theme short-chain 816:826 arg1 acids 834:838 short-chain fatty acids 816:838 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production 816:857 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 12 69 theme abundant 1767:1774 arg1 diversity 1790:1798 much more abundant gut microbial diversity 1757:1798 much more abundant gut microbial diversity 1757:1798 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32373209 5 70 from severity 624:631 arg1 model 642:646 mouse model 636:646 mouse model 636:646 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 17 71 theme intestinal 2480:2489 arg1 mucosa 2491:2496 intestinal mucosa 2480:2496 intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2480:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 11 72 theme cytokine 1663:1670 arg1 IL-10 1672:1676 the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 1641:1676 the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue 1641:1692 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 11 73 theme PTL 1516:1518 arg1 treatment 1520:1528 PTL treatment 1516:1528 PTL treatment 1516:1528 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 15 74 theme microbiota 2174:2183 arg1 depletion 2185:2193 Gut microbiota depletion 2170:2193 Gut microbiota depletion 2170:2193 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 6 75 theme rRNA 885:888 arg1 sequencing 890:899 16S rRNA sequencing 881:899 16S rRNA sequencing 881:899 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 9 76 theme colon 1216:1220 arg1 inflammation 1222:1233 relieved colon inflammation 1207:1233 relieved colon inflammation 1207:1233 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 3 77 contain had 370:372 arg1 parthenolide 351:362 parthenolide 351:362 parthenolide (PTL) 351:368 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 3 77 contain had 370:372 arg2 properties 395:404 anti-cancer properties 383:404 not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities 374:449 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 3 77 contain had 370:372 arg1 PTL 365:367 PTL 365:367 PTL 365:367 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 3 77 contain had 370:372 arg2 activities 440:449 strong anti-inflammatory activities 415:449 not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities 374:449 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 5 78 theme colonoscopy 762:772 arg1 evaluation 774:783 colonoscopy evaluation 762:783 colonoscopy evaluation 762:783 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 6 79 theme Gut 786:788 arg1 alteration 801:810 Gut microbiota alteration 786:810 Gut microbiota alteration 786:810 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 14 80 theme PTL 1931:1933 arg1 administration 1935:1948 PTL administration 1931:1948 PTL administration 1931:1948 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 8 81 from frequency 1061:1069 arg1 LP 1106:1107 LP 1106:1107 LP 1106:1107 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 8 81 from frequency 1061:1069 arg1 spleen 1114:1119 spleen 1114:1119 spleen 1114:1119 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 8 81 from frequency 1061:1069 arg1 propria 1097:1103 lamina propria 1090:1103 lamina propria (LP) 1090:1108 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 14 82 theme helper 2073:2078 arg1 cells 2095:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 5 83 theme disease 709:715 arg1 DAI 733:735 DAI 733:735 DAI 733:735 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 5 83 theme disease 709:715 arg1 index 726:730 disease activity index 709:730 disease activity index (DAI) score 709:742 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 1 84 theme microbiota 192:201 arg1 dysbiosis 203:211 gut microbiota dysbiosis 188:211 gut microbiota dysbiosis 188:211 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 15 85 theme fecal 2199:2203 arg1 FMT 2233:2235 FMT 2233:2235 FMT 2233:2235 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 15 85 theme fecal 2199:2203 arg1 transplantation 2216:2230 fecal microbiota transplantation 2199:2230 fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 2199:2236 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 17 86 theme microbiota-derived 2529:2546 arg1 production 2554:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 18 87 theme microbiota 2640:2649 arg1 modulator 2651:2659 a potential gut microbiota modulator 2624:2659 a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD 2624:2684 Collectively, our results demonstrated the role of PTL as a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD. 32373209 5 88 theme index 726:730 arg1 score 738:742 disease activity index (DAI) score 709:742 disease activity index (DAI) score 709:742 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 15 89 theme Gut 2170:2172 arg1 depletion 2185:2193 Gut microbiota depletion 2170:2193 Gut microbiota depletion 2170:2193 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 18 90 theme potential 2626:2634 arg1 modulator 2651:2659 a potential gut microbiota modulator 2624:2659 a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD 2624:2684 Collectively, our results demonstrated the role of PTL as a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat IBD. 32373209 2 91 theme current 262:268 arg1 drugs 270:274 the current drugs 258:274 the current drugs for IBD treatment 258:292 However, the current drugs for IBD treatment are far from optimal. 32373209 2 91 theme current 262:268 arg1 optimal 307:313 optimal 307:313 optimal 307:313 However, the current drugs for IBD treatment are far from optimal. 32373209 10 92 from effect 1467:1472 arg1 inflammation 1490:1501 colon inflammation 1484:1501 colon inflammation 1484:1501 Notably, when the gut microbiota was depleted using antibiotic cocktails, the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation disappeared. 32373209 17 93 theme increased 2519:2527 arg1 production 2554:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2515:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 5 94 theme H&E 745:747 arg1 staining 749:756 H&E staining 745:756 H&E staining 745:756 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 9 95 theme weight 1272:1277 arg1 loss 1279:1282 body weight loss 1267:1282 body weight loss 1267:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 15 96 theme microbiota 2205:2214 arg1 FMT 2233:2235 FMT 2233:2235 FMT 2233:2235 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 15 96 theme microbiota 2205:2214 arg1 transplantation 2216:2230 fecal microbiota transplantation 2199:2230 fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 2199:2236 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 12 97 theme rRNA 1699:1702 arg1 sequencing 1704:1713 16S rRNA sequencing 1695:1713 16S rRNA sequencing 1695:1713 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32373209 1 98 theme important 222:230 arg1 role 243:246 an important pathogenic role 219:246 an important pathogenic role 219:246 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 13 99 theme PTL-treated 1899:1909 arg1 mice 1911:1914 PTL-treated mice 1899:1914 PTL-treated mice 1899:1914 Targeted metabolomics analysis manifested the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice. 32373209 7 100 link Enzyme-linked 960:972 arg1 assay 988:992 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 960:992 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 960:1000 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 7 100 link Enzyme-linked 960:972 arg1 ELISA 995:999 ELISA 995:999 ELISA 995:999 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 0 101 theme microbiota-dependent 90:109 arg1 manner 111:116 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 84:116 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 84:116 Parthenolide ameliorates colon inflammation through regulating Treg/Th17 balance in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 1 102 theme global 157:162 arg1 problem 171:177 a global health problem 155:177 a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role 155:246 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 1 102 theme global 157:162 arg1 disease 138:144 Inflammatory bowel disease 119:144 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 119:150 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 3 103 theme Previous 316:323 arg1 researches 325:334 Previous researches 316:334 Previous researches 316:334 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 14 104 theme Treg/Th17 2116:2124 arg1 balance 2126:2132 the Treg/Th17 balance 2112:2132 the Treg/Th17 balance 2112:2132 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 7 105 theme immunosorbent 974:986 arg1 assay 988:992 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 960:992 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 960:1000 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 7 105 theme immunosorbent 974:986 arg1 ELISA 995:999 ELISA 995:999 ELISA 995:999 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 4 106 theme protective 482:491 arg1 effect 493:498 the protective effect 478:498 the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation 478:527 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 13 107 theme increased 1869:1877 arg1 production 1885:1894 the increased SCFAs production 1865:1894 the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice 1865:1914 Targeted metabolomics analysis manifested the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice. 32373209 8 108 theme immune 1074:1079 arg1 cells 1081:1085 immune cells 1074:1085 immune cells 1074:1085 The frequency of immune cells in lamina propria (LP) and spleen were phenotyped by flow cytometry. 32373209 14 109 theme cells 2095:2099 arg1 ratio 2054:2058 the ratio 2050:2058 the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2050:2099 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 9 110 theme colon 1314:1318 arg1 length 1320:1325 colon length 1314:1325 colon length 1314:1325 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 7 111 theme Enzyme-linked 960:972 arg1 assay 988:992 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 960:992 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 960:1000 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 7 111 theme Enzyme-linked 960:972 arg1 ELISA 995:999 ELISA 995:999 ELISA 995:999 Luminex cytokine microarray and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure the colon cytokines profile. 32373209 4 112 theme microbiota-dependent 564:583 arg1 mechanism 585:593 the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 545:593 the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 545:593 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 10 113 theme antibiotic 1430:1439 arg1 cocktails 1441:1449 antibiotic cocktails 1430:1449 antibiotic cocktails 1430:1449 Notably, when the gut microbiota was depleted using antibiotic cocktails, the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation disappeared. 32373209 13 114 theme metabolomics 1832:1843 arg1 analysis 1845:1852 Targeted metabolomics analysis 1823:1852 Targeted metabolomics analysis 1823:1852 Targeted metabolomics analysis manifested the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice. 32373209 3 115 theme anti-inflammatory 422:438 arg1 activities 440:449 strong anti-inflammatory activities 415:449 not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities 374:449 Previous researches indicated that parthenolide (PTL) had not only anti-cancer properties but also strong anti-inflammatory activities. 32373209 5 116 theme inflammation 611:622 arg1 severity 624:631 Colon inflammation severity 605:631 Colon inflammation severity in mouse model 605:646 Methods: Colon inflammation severity in mouse model was measured by body weight change, mortality, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, H&E staining and colonoscopy evaluation. 32373209 1 117 theme Inflammatory 119:130 arg1 IBD 147:149 IBD 147:149 IBD 147:149 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 1 117 theme Inflammatory 119:130 arg1 disease 138:144 Inflammatory bowel disease 119:144 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 119:150 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 1 117 theme Inflammatory 119:130 arg1 problem 171:177 a global health problem 155:177 a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role 155:246 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 11 118 theme colon 1681:1685 arg1 tissue 1687:1692 colon tissue 1681:1692 colon tissue 1681:1692 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 15 119 theme microbiota-dependent 2272:2291 arg1 mechanism 2293:2301 this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 2263:2301 this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 2263:2301 Gut microbiota depletion and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm this gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 17 120 theme improved 2450:2457 arg1 balance 2469:2475 the improved Treg/Th17 balance 2446:2475 the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production 2446:2563 The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in intestinal mucosa mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFAs production. 32373209 10 121 theme protective 1456:1465 arg1 effect 1467:1472 the protective effect 1452:1472 the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation 1452:1501 Notably, when the gut microbiota was depleted using antibiotic cocktails, the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation disappeared. 32373209 9 122 theme histology 1339:1347 arg1 score 1349:1353 histology score 1339:1353 histology score 1339:1353 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 9 122 theme histology 1339:1347 arg1 reduction 1254:1262 a reduction 1252:1262 a reduction in body weight loss 1252:1282 Results: The PTL-treated mice showed significantly relieved colon inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in body weight loss, survival rate, shortening of colon length, DAI score, histology score and colonoscopy score. 32373209 16 123 theme microbiota-dependent 2361:2380 arg1 manner 2382:2387 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 2355:2387 a gut microbiota-dependent manner 2355:2387 Conclusions: PTL ameliorated colon inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. 32373209 14 124 theme regulatory 1999:2008 arg1 cells 2019:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells 1991:2023 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 12 125 theme flora 1804:1808 arg1 composition 1810:1820 flora composition 1804:1820 flora composition 1804:1820 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32373209 4 126 theme underlying 549:558 arg1 mechanism 585:593 the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 545:593 the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism 545:593 Rationale: To investigate the protective effect of PTL on colon inflammation and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. 32373209 14 127 theme colonic 2063:2069 arg1 cells 2095:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells 2063:2099 Additionally, PTL administration selectively upregulated the frequency of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of colonic T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, improving the Treg/Th17 balance to maintain intestinal homeostasis. 32373209 11 128 theme cytokines 1573:1581 arg1 level 1548:1552 the level 1544:1552 the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A 1544:1623 PTL treatment downregulated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A and upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in colon tissue. 32373209 13 129 from production 1885:1894 arg1 mice 1911:1914 PTL-treated mice 1899:1914 PTL-treated mice 1899:1914 Targeted metabolomics analysis manifested the increased SCFAs production in PTL-treated mice. 32373209 1 130 theme pathogenic 232:241 arg1 role 243:246 an important pathogenic role 219:246 an important pathogenic role 219:246 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important pathogenic role. 32373209 6 131 theme acids 834:838 arg1 production 848:857 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production 816:857 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production 816:857 Gut microbiota alteration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. 32373209 12 132 theme gut 1776:1778 arg1 diversity 1790:1798 much more abundant gut microbial diversity 1757:1798 much more abundant gut microbial diversity 1757:1798 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that PTL-treated mice exhibited much more abundant gut microbial diversity and flora composition. 32910315 10 0 from 16 1699:1700 arg1 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 0 from 16 1699:1700 arg1 mechanical- 1658:1668 mechanical- 1658:1668 mechanical- 1658:1668 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 0 from 16 1699:1700 arg1 oedema 1647:1652 oedema 1647:1652 oedema 1647:1652 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 3 1 theme ionization-mass 549:563 arg1 spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 565:587 electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 536:587 electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 536:587 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 12 2 theme safe 2014:2017 arg1 drugs 2023:2027 safe new drugs 2014:2027 safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2014:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 10 3 from 22 days 1706:1712 arg1 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 3 from 22 days 1706:1712 arg1 mechanical- 1658:1668 mechanical- 1658:1668 mechanical- 1658:1668 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 3 from 22 days 1706:1712 arg1 oedema 1647:1652 oedema 1647:1652 oedema 1647:1652 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 4 theme C57bL6 1772:1777 arg1 mice 1779:1782 C57bL6 mice 1772:1782 C57bL6 mice 1772:1782 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 12 5 theme drugs 2023:2027 arg1 development 1999:2009 the development 1995:2009 the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 1995:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 6 6 theme IL-1β 1245:1249 arg1 levels 1251:1256 plasmatic IL-1β levels 1235:1256 plasmatic IL-1β levels 1235:1256 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 4 7 theme isoniazid 756:764 arg1 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 4 7 theme isoniazid 756:764 arg1 concentration 730:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration 707:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 707:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 6 8 theme tuberculosis 1315:1326 arg1 growth 1328:1333 M. tuberculosis growth 1312:1333 M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays) 1312:1373 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 5 9 theme dexamethasone 905:917 arg1 s.c. 943:946 s.c. 943:946 s.c. 943:946 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 9 theme dexamethasone 905:917 arg1 1 mg/kg 950:956 1 mg/kg 950:956 1 mg/kg 950:956 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 9 theme dexamethasone 905:917 arg1 injection 932:940 dexamethasone subcutaneous injection 905:940 dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) 905:957 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 1 10 theme ethanolic 185:193 arg1 extracts 195:202 ethanolic extracts 185:202 ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) 185:253 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 6 11 dep units 1361:1365 arg1 assays 1367:1372 assays 1367:1372 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 12 12 dep confirms 1903:1910 arg1 favorable 2101:2109 favorable 2101:2109 favorable 2101:2109 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 6 13 theme pleurisy 1085:1092 arg1 model 1094:1098 the BCG-induced pleurisy model 1069:1098 the BCG-induced pleurisy model 1069:1098 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 11 14 theme physio-pathologic 1800:1816 arg1 evidence 1788:1795 No evidence 1785:1795 No evidence of physio-pathologic 1785:1816 No evidence of physio-pathologic was observed in Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.). 32910315 4 15 from concentration 730:742 arg1 presence 773:780 the presence 769:780 the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 769:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 1 16 theme Blutaparon 218:227 arg1 EEBP 249:252 EEBP 249:252 EEBP 249:252 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 1 16 theme Blutaparon 218:227 arg1 stem 243:246 Blutaparon portulacoides stem 218:246 Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) 218:253 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 12 17 theme EEBP 1963:1966 arg1 properties 1949:1958 the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties 1912:1958 the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP 1912:1966 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 1 18 dep hasn´t 255:260 arg1 described 280:288 described 280:288 hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment 255:331 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 4 19 theme EEBP 747:750 arg1 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 4 19 theme EEBP 747:750 arg1 concentration 730:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration 707:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 707:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 3 20 theme caffeic 692:698 arg1 acids 700:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 12 21 theme opening 1969:1975 arg1 possibilities 1977:1989 opening possibilities 1969:1989 opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 1969:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 8 22 theme Swiss 1514:1518 arg1 mice 1520:1523 Swiss mice 1514:1523 Swiss mice 1514:1523 c.) significantly prevented carrageenan-induced oedema and mechanical hyperalgesia in Swiss mice. 32910315 12 23 theme pharmacoeconomic 2118:2133 arg1 perspective 2135:2145 a pharmacoeconomic perspective 2116:2145 a pharmacoeconomic perspective 2116:2145 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 11 24 theme Wistar 1834:1839 arg1 rats 1841:1844 Wistar rats 1834:1844 Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) 1834:1889 No evidence of physio-pathologic was observed in Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.). 32910315 12 25 with drugs 2023:2027 arg1 activities which 2075:2090 dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2034:2090 dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2034:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 5 26 theme carrageenan-induced 1022:1040 arg1 pleurisy 1042:1049 carrageenan-induced pleurisy 1022:1049 carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice 1022:1063 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 6 27 theme forming 1353:1359 arg1 organs 1338:1343 organs 1338:1343 organs (colony forming units assays) 1338:1373 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 27 theme forming 1353:1359 arg1 units 1361:1365 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 28 theme pleural 1265:1271 arg1 exudate 1273:1279 pleural exudate 1265:1279 pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice 1265:1297 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 9 29 dep dexamethasone 1597:1609 arg1 1 mg/s 1612:1617 1 mg/s 1612:1617 1 mg/s 1612:1617 The treatments (once a day for 22 days) with EEBP (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 4 30 theme tuberculosis 799:810 arg1 presence 773:780 the presence 769:780 the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 769:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 12 31 theme anti-inflammatory 1916:1932 arg1 properties 1949:1958 the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties 1912:1958 the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP 1912:1966 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 6 32 theme oral 1105:1108 arg1 treatments 1110:1119 the oral treatments 1101:1119 the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), 1101:1207 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 0 33 theme Mycobacterium 100:112 arg1 complex 114:120 Mycobacterium complex 100:120 Mycobacterium complex 100:120 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 12 34 theme antibiotic 1938:1947 arg1 properties 1949:1958 the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties 1912:1958 the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP 1912:1966 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 11 35 dep EEBP 1867:1870 arg1 p.o. 1885:1888 p.o. 1885:1888 p.o. 1885:1888 No evidence of physio-pathologic was observed in Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.). 32910315 11 35 dep EEBP 1867:1870 arg1 2000 mg/kg 1873:1882 2000 mg/kg 1873:1882 2000 mg/kg 1873:1882 No evidence of physio-pathologic was observed in Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.). 32910315 3 36 theme Chemical 507:514 arg1 analysis 516:523 Chemical analysis 507:523 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 507:587 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 5 37 theme EEBP 853:856 arg1 300-1000 mg/kg 886:899 300-1000 mg/kg 886:899 300-1000 mg/kg 886:899 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 37 theme EEBP 853:856 arg1 administration 863:876 EEBP oral administration 853:876 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) 853:900 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 37 theme EEBP 853:856 arg1 p.o. 879:882 p.o. 879:882 p.o. 879:882 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 38 from pleurisy 1042:1049 arg1 mice 1060:1063 Swiss mice 1054:1063 Swiss mice 1054:1063 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 0 39 theme Blutaparon 0:9 arg1 extract 35:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract 0:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract 0:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 9 40 with treatments 1530:1539 arg1 dexamethasone 1597:1609 dexamethasone 1597:1609 dexamethasone (1 mg/s 1597:1617 The treatments (once a day for 22 days) with EEBP (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 9 40 with treatments 1530:1539 arg1 EEBP 1571:1574 EEBP 1571:1574 EEBP (30 mg/kg, p.o.) 1571:1591 The treatments (once a day for 22 days) with EEBP (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 0 41 theme ethanolic 25:33 arg1 extract 35:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract 0:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract 0:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 6 42 from increase 1223:1230 arg1 exudate 1273:1279 pleural exudate 1265:1279 pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice 1265:1297 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 42 from increase 1223:1230 arg1 mice 1294:1297 C57BL-6 mice 1286:1297 C57BL-6 mice 1286:1297 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 42 from increase 1223:1230 arg1 levels 1251:1256 plasmatic IL-1β levels 1235:1256 plasmatic IL-1β levels 1235:1256 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 1 43 theme present 318:324 arg1 moment 326:331 the present moment 314:331 the present moment 314:331 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 7 44 dep EEBP 1376:1379 arg1 p.o. 1396:1399 p.o. 1396:1399 p.o. 1396:1399 EEBP (30-300 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 7 44 dep EEBP 1376:1379 arg1 30-300 mg/kg 1382:1393 30-300 mg/kg 1382:1393 30-300 mg/kg 1382:1393 EEBP (30-300 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 3 45 theme EEBP 528:531 arg1 analysis 516:523 Chemical analysis 507:523 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 507:587 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 6 46 with 7 days 1146:1151 arg1 25 mg/kg 1198:1205 25 mg/kg 1198:1205 25 mg/kg 1198:1205 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 46 with 7 days 1146:1151 arg1 100 mg/kg 1172:1180 100 mg/kg 1172:1180 100 mg/kg 1172:1180 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 46 with 7 days 1146:1151 arg1 isoniazid 1187:1195 isoniazid 1187:1195 isoniazid (25 mg/kg) 1187:1206 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 46 with 7 days 1146:1151 arg1 30 1165:1166 30 1165:1166 30 1165:1166 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 46 with 7 days 1146:1151 arg1 EEBP 1159:1162 EEBP 1159:1162 EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) 1159:1181 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 10 47 theme Adjuvant 1760:1767 arg1 's 1748:1749 Freund's 1742:1749 Freund's Complete Adjuvant 1742:1767 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 8 48 theme mechanical 1487:1496 arg1 hyperalgesia 1498:1509 mechanical hyperalgesia 1487:1509 mechanical hyperalgesia 1487:1509 c.) significantly prevented carrageenan-induced oedema and mechanical hyperalgesia in Swiss mice. 32910315 2 49 theme toxicological 403:415 arg1 effects 417:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects 358:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection 358:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 6 50 theme colony 1346:1351 arg1 organs 1338:1343 organs 1338:1343 organs (colony forming units assays) 1338:1373 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 50 theme colony 1346:1351 arg1 units 1361:1365 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 2 51 theme anti-inflammatory 381:397 arg1 effects 417:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects 358:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection 358:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 12 52 theme anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial 2039:2073 arg1 activities which 2075:2090 dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2034:2090 dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2034:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 3 53 theme 7-methylenedioxy-flavone 631:654 arg1 acids 700:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 6 54 from growth 1328:1333 arg1 organs 1338:1343 organs 1338:1343 organs (colony forming units assays) 1338:1373 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 54 from growth 1328:1333 arg1 units 1361:1365 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 colony forming units assays 1346:1372 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 2 55 theme antimycobacterial 362:378 arg1 effects 417:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects 358:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection 358:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 3 56 theme 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6 600:629 arg1 acids 700:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 7 57 dep dexamethasone 1406:1418 arg1 1 mg/s 1421:1426 1 mg/s 1421:1426 1 mg/s 1421:1426 EEBP (30-300 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 12 58 theme new 2019:2021 arg1 drugs 2023:2027 safe new drugs 2014:2027 safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2014:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 6 59 theme plasmatic 1235:1243 arg1 levels 1251:1256 plasmatic IL-1β levels 1235:1256 plasmatic IL-1β levels 1235:1256 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 60 theme M. 1312:1313 arg1 growth 1328:1333 M. tuberculosis growth 1312:1333 M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays) 1312:1373 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 11 61 located observed 1822:1829 arg1 rats 1841:1844 Wistar rats 1834:1844 Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) 1834:1889 No evidence of physio-pathologic was observed in Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.). 32910315 11 61 located observed 1822:1829 arg2 evidence 1788:1795 No evidence 1785:1795 No evidence of physio-pathologic 1785:1816 No evidence of physio-pathologic was observed in Wistar rats acutely treated with EEBP (2000 mg/kg, p.o.). 32910315 3 62 theme ferulic 669:675 arg1 acids 700:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 1 63 theme extracts 195:202 arg1 benefits 173:180 the health benefits 162:180 the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) 162:253 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 3 64 theme gomphrenol 657:666 arg1 acids 700:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 6 65 theme BCG-induced 1073:1083 arg1 model 1094:1098 the BCG-induced pleurisy model 1069:1098 the BCG-induced pleurisy model 1069:1098 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 4 66 theme inhibitory 719:728 arg1 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 4 66 theme inhibitory 719:728 arg1 concentration 730:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration 707:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 707:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 3 67 theme electrospray 536:547 arg1 spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 565:587 electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 536:587 electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS 536:587 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 1 68 theme portulacoides 229:241 arg1 EEBP 249:252 EEBP 249:252 EEBP 249:252 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 1 68 theme portulacoides 229:241 arg1 stem 243:246 Blutaparon portulacoides stem 218:246 Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) 218:253 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 3 69 theme vanillic 678:685 arg1 acids 700:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids 600:704 Chemical analysis of EEBP by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/HPLC-MS/MS identified 3,5,3'-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone, gomphrenol, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids. 32910315 12 70 from perspective 2135:2145 arg1 favorable 2101:2109 favorable 2101:2109 favorable 2101:2109 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 0 71 from carrageenan 126:136 arg1 mice 141:144 mice 141:144 mice 141:144 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 6 72 theme C57BL-6 1286:1292 arg1 mice 1294:1297 C57BL-6 mice 1286:1297 C57BL-6 mice 1286:1297 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 73 from mice 1294:1297 arg1 increase 1223:1230 the increase 1219:1230 the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice 1219:1297 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 6 73 from mice 1294:1297 arg1 exudate 1273:1279 pleural exudate 1265:1279 pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice 1265:1297 In the BCG-induced pleurisy model, the oral treatments performed once a day for 7 days, with EEBP (30 and 100 mg/kg) and isoniazid (25 mg/kg), inhibited the increase in plasmatic IL-1β levels and in pleural exudate from C57BL-6 mice, and reduced M. tuberculosis growth in organs (colony forming units assays). 32910315 0 74 from complex 114:120 arg1 mice 141:144 mice 141:144 mice 141:144 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 5 75 theme oral 858:861 arg1 300-1000 mg/kg 886:899 300-1000 mg/kg 886:899 300-1000 mg/kg 886:899 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 75 theme oral 858:861 arg1 administration 863:876 EEBP oral administration 853:876 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) 853:900 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 75 theme oral 858:861 arg1 p.o. 879:882 p.o. 879:882 p.o. 879:882 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 1 76 theme health 166:171 arg1 benefits 173:180 the health benefits 162:180 the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) 162:253 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 4 77 theme Mycobacterium 785:797 arg1 tuberculosis 799:810 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 785:810 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 785:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 2 78 from composition 494:504 arg1 models 436:441 models 436:441 models of inflammation/infection 436:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 0 79 dep complex 114:120 arg1 the 96:98 the 96:98 the 96:98 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 2 80 theme EEBP 428:431 arg1 composition 494:504 its chemical composition 481:504 its chemical composition 481:504 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 2 80 theme EEBP 428:431 arg1 effects 417:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects 358:423 the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection 358:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 0 81 theme portulacoides 11:23 arg1 extract 35:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract 0:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract 0:41 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 1 82 from Information 147:157 arg1 benefits 173:180 the health benefits 162:180 the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) 162:253 Information on the health benefits of ethanolic extracts obtained from Blutaparon portulacoides stem (EEBP) hasn´t been consistently described in the literature until the present moment. 32910315 5 83 theme Swiss 1054:1058 arg1 mice 1060:1063 Swiss mice 1054:1063 Swiss mice 1054:1063 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 9 84 dep EEBP 1571:1574 arg1 p.o. 1587:1590 p.o. 1587:1590 p.o. 1587:1590 The treatments (once a day for 22 days) with EEBP (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 9 84 dep EEBP 1571:1574 arg1 30 mg/kg 1577:1584 30 mg/kg 1577:1584 30 mg/kg 1577:1584 The treatments (once a day for 22 days) with EEBP (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (1 mg/s. 32910315 5 85 theme subcutaneous 919:930 arg1 s.c. 943:946 s.c. 943:946 s.c. 943:946 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 85 theme subcutaneous 919:930 arg1 1 mg/kg 950:956 1 mg/kg 950:956 1 mg/kg 950:956 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 5 85 theme subcutaneous 919:930 arg1 injection 932:940 dexamethasone subcutaneous injection 905:940 dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) 905:957 EEBP oral administration (p.o.) (300-1000 mg/kg) or dexamethasone subcutaneous injection (s.c.) (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited leukocytes and proteins resulting from carrageenan-induced pleurisy in Swiss mice. 32910315 2 86 theme inflammation/infection 446:467 arg1 models 436:441 models 436:441 models of inflammation/infection 436:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 0 87 theme inflammatory 61:72 arg1 parameters 74:83 inflammatory parameters 61:83 inflammatory parameters 61:83 Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice. 32910315 2 88 from effects 417:423 arg1 models 436:441 models 436:441 models of inflammation/infection 436:467 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 2 89 theme chemical 485:492 arg1 composition 494:504 its chemical composition 481:504 its chemical composition 481:504 This study investigated the antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and toxicological effects of EEBP in models of inflammation/infection, as well as its chemical composition. 32910315 8 90 theme carrageenan-induced 1456:1474 arg1 oedema 1476:1481 carrageenan-induced oedema 1456:1481 carrageenan-induced oedema 1456:1481 c.) significantly prevented carrageenan-induced oedema and mechanical hyperalgesia in Swiss mice. 32910315 12 91 theme dual 2034:2037 arg1 activities which 2075:2090 dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2034:2090 dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which 2034:2090 This study confirms the anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties of EEBP, opening possibilities for the development of safe new drugs with dual anti-inflammatory/antimycobacterial activities which could be favorable from a pharmacoeconomic perspective. 32910315 10 92 from 11 1695:1696 arg1 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 cold-hyperalgesia 1674:1690 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 92 from 11 1695:1696 arg1 mechanical- 1658:1668 mechanical- 1658:1668 mechanical- 1658:1668 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 92 from 11 1695:1696 arg1 oedema 1647:1652 oedema 1647:1652 oedema 1647:1652 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 10 93 theme Freund 1742:1747 arg1 's 1748:1749 Freund's 1742:1749 Freund's Complete Adjuvant 1742:1767 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32910315 4 94 theme minimum 711:717 arg1 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 123.4 816:820 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 4 94 theme minimum 711:717 arg1 concentration 730:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration 707:742 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 707:810 The minimum inhibitory concentration of EEBP and isoniazid in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 123.4 and 0.030 µg/ml, respectively. 32910315 10 95 theme 's 1748:1749 arg1 administration 1724:1737 the administration 1720:1737 the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant 1720:1767 c.) substantially inhibited oedema and mechanical- and cold-hyperalgesia at 11, 16 and 22 days after the administration of Freund's Complete Adjuvant in C57bL6 mice. 32798494 7 0 theme acute 1865:1869 arg1 processes 1884:1892 acute inflammatory processes 1865:1892 acute inflammatory processes 1865:1892 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 3 1 theme plant 603:607 arg1 oil 609:611 dietary plant oil 595:611 dietary plant oil 595:611 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 4 2 dep oil 868:870 arg1 LO 895:896 LO 895:896 LO 895:896 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 2 dep oil 868:870 arg1 SO 873:874 SO 873:874 SO 873:874 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 2 dep oil 868:870 arg1 blend 879:883 a blend 877:883 a blend of SO 877:889 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 3 dep LO + ARA 986:993 arg1 LOA 996:998 LOA 996:998 LOA 996:998 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 5 4 dep anti-inflammatory 1361:1377 arg1 nf-kbi 1387:1392 nf-kbi 1387:1392 nf-kbi 1387:1392 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 4 dep anti-inflammatory 1361:1377 arg1 il-10 1380:1384 il-10 1380:1384 il-10 1380:1384 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 4 dep anti-inflammatory 1361:1377 arg1 tgf-β1 1395:1400 tgf-β1 1395:1400 tgf-β1 1395:1400 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 6 5 theme inflammatory 1506:1517 arg1 responses 1519:1527 inflammatory responses 1506:1527 inflammatory responses 1506:1527 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 32798494 3 6 theme efficient 620:628 arg1 response 643:650 an efficient inflammatory response 617:650 an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 617:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 2 7 theme fatty 250:254 arg1 acid 293:296 arachidonic acid 281:296 arachidonic acid (ARA) 281:302 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 7 theme fatty 250:254 arg1 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 7 theme fatty 250:254 arg1 acid 322:325 eicosapentaneoic acid 305:325 eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) 305:331 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 7 theme fatty 250:254 arg1 acids 256:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 223:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 223:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 7 theme fatty 250:254 arg1 acid 353:356 docosahexaenoic acid 337:356 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 337:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 4 8 dep diets 934:938 arg1 SOD 973:975 SOD 973:975 SOD 973:975 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 8 dep diets 934:938 arg1 SO + DHA 963:970 SO + DHA 963:970 SO + DHA 963:970 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 7 9 theme basal 1758:1762 arg1 levels 1764:1769 basal levels 1758:1769 basal levels 1758:1769 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 5 10 theme pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 responses 1403:1411 pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses 1299:1411 pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses 1299:1411 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 3 11 theme head 667:670 arg1 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 11 theme head 667:670 arg1 leukocytes 679:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes 655:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 655:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 1 12 theme fatty 178:182 arg1 FA 190:191 FA 190:191 FA 190:191 Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. 32798494 1 12 theme fatty 178:182 arg1 acid 184:187 fatty acid 178:187 fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues 178:220 Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. 32798494 4 13 theme liver 826:830 arg1 CLO 837:839 CLO 837:839 CLO 837:839 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 13 theme liver 826:830 arg1 oil 832:834 cod liver oil 822:834 cod liver oil (CLO) 822:840 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 3 14 theme common 655:660 arg1 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 14 theme common 655:660 arg1 leukocytes 679:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes 655:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 655:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 8 15 theme fish 1970:1973 arg1 mixture 1989:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 0 16 theme different 120:128 arg1 oils 144:147 different dietary plant oils 120:147 different dietary plant oils 120:147 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 8 17 theme plant 1979:1983 arg1 mixture 1989:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 7 18 theme 4 1725:1725 arg1 h-LPS 1727:1731 h-LPS 1727:1731 h-LPS 1727:1731 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 0 19 theme plant 138:142 arg1 oils 144:147 different dietary plant oils 120:147 different dietary plant oils 120:147 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 8 20 theme mixture 1989:1995 arg1 competence 1956:1965 the immune competence 1945:1965 the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture 1945:1995 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 8 20 theme mixture 1989:1995 arg1 comparable 2001:2010 comparable 2001:2010 comparable 2001:2010 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 6 21 theme high 1545:1548 arg1 level 1550:1554 a high level 1543:1554 a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1543:1607 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 32798494 8 22 theme oil 2040:2042 arg1 diet 2044:2047 fish oil diet 2035:2047 fish oil diet 2035:2047 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 5 23 theme cytoprotective 1418:1431 arg1 processes 1449:1457 cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1418:1457 processes 1449:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 2 24 theme inflammatory 422:433 arg1 process 435:441 an inflammatory process 419:441 an inflammatory process 419:441 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 4 25 theme oil 930:932 arg1 diets 934:938 these plant oil diets 918:938 these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) 918:976 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 7 26 theme mediators 1693:1701 arg1 Expression 1633:1642 Expression 1633:1642 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators 1633:1701 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 5 27 theme gpx-1 1434:1438 arg1 processes 1449:1457 cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1418:1457 processes 1449:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 28 from responses 1403:1411 arg1 analyses 1202:1209 expression analyses 1191:1209 expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1191:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 7 29 theme CLO 1909:1911 arg1 diet 1913:1916 those fed CLO diet 1899:1916 those fed CLO diet 1899:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 7 30 theme other 1674:1678 arg1 mediators 1693:1701 other inflammatory mediators 1674:1701 other inflammatory mediators 1674:1701 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 0 31 theme kidney 73:78 arg1 leukocytes 80:89 head kidney leukocytes 68:89 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 1 32 theme Dietary 150:156 arg1 lipids 158:163 Dietary lipids 150:163 Dietary lipids 150:163 Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. 32798494 5 33 used used 1182:1185 arg2 cells 1171:1175 cells 1171:1175 cells 1171:1175 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 2 34 theme chain 228:232 arg1 acid 293:296 arachidonic acid 281:296 arachidonic acid (ARA) 281:302 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 34 theme chain 228:232 arg1 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 34 theme chain 228:232 arg1 acid 322:325 eicosapentaneoic acid 305:325 eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) 305:331 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 34 theme chain 228:232 arg1 acids 256:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 223:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 223:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 34 theme chain 228:232 arg1 acid 353:356 docosahexaenoic acid 337:356 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 337:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 7 35 theme efficient 1841:1849 arg1 regulation 1851:1860 a more efficient regulation 1834:1860 a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes 1834:1892 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 3 36 theme bacterial 724:732 arg1 endotoxin 734:742 a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin 708:742 a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin 708:742 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 36 theme bacterial 724:732 arg1 lipopolysaccharides 762:780 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides 745:780 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 745:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 anti-inflammatory 1361:1377 anti-inflammatory 1361:1377 anti-inflammatory 1361:1377 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 il-6 1323:1326 il-6 1323:1326 il-6 1323:1326 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 il-8 1329:1332 il-8 1329:1332 il-8 1329:1332 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 inos 1349:1352 inos 1349:1352 inos 1349:1352 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 cxc 1355:1357 cxc 1355:1357 cxc 1355:1357 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 il-1 1317:1320 il-1 1317:1320 il-1 1317:1320 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 tnf-α 1335:1339 tnf-α 1335:1339 tnf-α 1335:1339 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 37 dep pro-inflammatory 1299:1314 arg1 nf-kb 1342:1346 nf-kb 1342:1346 nf-kb 1342:1346 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 38 from genes 1224:1228 arg1 metabolism 1273:1282 eicosanoid metabolism 1262:1282 eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox) 1262:1296 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 38 from genes 1224:1228 arg1 responses 1403:1411 pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses 1299:1411 pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses 1299:1411 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 38 from genes 1224:1228 arg1 recognition 1241:1251 pattern recognition 1233:1251 pattern recognition (tlr-4) 1233:1259 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 38 from genes 1224:1228 arg1 processes 1449:1457 cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1418:1457 processes 1449:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 38 from genes 1224:1228 arg1 tlr-4 1254:1258 tlr-4 1254:1258 tlr-4 1254:1258 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 38 from genes 1224:1228 arg1 pge2 1285:1288 pge2 1285:1288 pge2 1285:1288 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 4 39 theme linseed 843:849 arg1 LO 856:857 LO 856:857 LO 856:857 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 39 theme linseed 843:849 arg1 oil 851:853 linseed oil 843:853 linseed oil (LO) 843:858 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 7 40 theme processes 1884:1892 arg1 regulation 1851:1860 a more efficient regulation 1834:1860 a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes 1834:1892 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 6 41 theme immune 1591:1596 arg1 parameters 1598:1607 almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1559:1607 almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1559:1607 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 32798494 2 42 theme docosahexaenoic 337:351 arg1 DHA 359:361 DHA 359:361 DHA 359:361 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 42 theme docosahexaenoic 337:351 arg1 acid 353:356 docosahexaenoic acid 337:356 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 337:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 5 43 dep processes 1449:1457 arg1 prdx-3 1441:1446 cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1418:1457 prdx-3 1441:1446 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 2 44 from status 396:401 arg1 fish 406:409 fish 406:409 fish 406:409 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 6 45 theme targeted 1574:1581 arg1 parameters 1598:1607 almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1559:1607 almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1559:1607 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 32798494 5 46 theme 10 μg/mL 1058:1065 arg1 dose 1050:1053 a dose 1048:1053 a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 1048:1071 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 0 47 theme Pro- 0:3 arg1 responses 27:35 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses 0:35 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 4 48 dep SLO 899:901 arg1 1:1 908:910 v 1:1 906:910 v 1:1 906:910 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 49 attach isolated 799:806 arg1 fish 813:816 fish 813:816 fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks 813:1011 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 49 attach isolated 799:806 arg2 HKLs 789:792 HKLs 789:792 HKLs 789:792 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 5 50 theme candidate 1214:1222 arg1 genes 1224:1228 candidate genes 1214:1228 candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1214:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 0 51 theme anti-inflammatory 9:25 arg1 responses 27:35 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses 0:35 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 4 52 theme sesame 861:866 arg1 oil 868:870 sesame oil 861:870 sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1) 861:911 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 7 53 theme LOA 1807:1809 arg1 diet 1819:1822 SLO, LOA, or SOD diet 1802:1822 SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet 1802:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 5 54 from recognition 1241:1251 arg1 analyses 1202:1209 expression analyses 1191:1209 expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1191:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 2 55 theme immune 389:394 arg1 status 396:401 the immune status 385:401 the immune status in fish 385:409 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 7 56 theme SLO 1802:1804 arg1 diet 1819:1822 SLO, LOA, or SOD diet 1802:1822 SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet 1802:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 0 57 theme carp 47:50 arg1 responses 27:35 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses 0:35 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 5 58 from metabolism 1273:1282 arg1 analyses 1202:1209 expression analyses 1191:1209 expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1191:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 3 59 theme dietary 595:601 arg1 oil 609:611 dietary plant oil 595:611 dietary plant oil 595:611 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 5 60 theme total 1104:1108 arg1 Ig 1110:1111 total Ig 1104:1111 total Ig 1104:1111 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 9 61 theme common 2130:2135 arg1 carp 2137:2140 common carp 2130:2140 common carp 2130:2140 Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp. 32798494 7 62 from fish 1793:1796 arg1 HKLs 1783:1786 24 h. HKLs 1777:1786 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet 1777:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 1 63 theme fish 209:212 arg1 tissues 214:220 fish tissues 209:220 fish tissues 209:220 Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. 32798494 4 64 theme SO 888:889 arg1 LO 895:896 LO 895:896 LO 895:896 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 64 theme SO 888:889 arg1 blend 879:883 a blend 877:883 a blend of SO 877:889 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 5 65 theme 24 h. 1077:1081 arg1 activity 1094:1101 24 h. Peroxidase activity 1077:1101 24 h. Peroxidase activity 1077:1101 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 2 66 theme eicosapentaneoic 305:320 arg1 EPA 328:330 EPA 328:330 EPA 328:330 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 66 theme eicosapentaneoic 305:320 arg1 acid 322:325 eicosapentaneoic acid 305:325 eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) 305:331 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 7 67 theme inflammatory 1647:1658 arg1 cytokines 1660:1668 inflammatory cytokines 1647:1668 inflammatory cytokines 1647:1668 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 3 68 theme oil 609:611 arg1 utilisation 580:590 the utilisation 576:590 the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 576:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 2 69 theme plant 511:515 arg1 oils 517:520 plant oils 511:520 plant oils 511:520 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 4 70 dep blend 879:883 arg1 SLO 899:901 SLO 899:901 SLO 899:901 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 70 dep blend 879:883 arg1 v 904:904 v 904:904 v 904:904 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 8 71 theme immune 1949:1954 arg1 competence 1956:1965 the immune competence 1945:1965 the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture 1945:1995 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 8 71 theme immune 1949:1954 arg1 comparable 2001:2010 comparable 2001:2010 comparable 2001:2010 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 4 72 theme plant 924:928 arg1 diets 934:938 these plant oil diets 918:938 these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) 918:976 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 7 73 theme 24 h. 1777:1781 arg1 HKLs 1783:1786 24 h. HKLs 1777:1786 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet 1777:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 3 74 theme inflammatory 630:641 arg1 response 643:650 an efficient inflammatory response 617:650 an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 617:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 2 75 theme arachidonic 281:291 arg1 ARA 299:301 ARA 299:301 ARA 299:301 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 75 theme arachidonic 281:291 arg1 acid 293:296 arachidonic acid 281:296 arachidonic acid (ARA) 281:302 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 4 76 theme v 906:906 arg1 1:1 908:910 v 1:1 906:910 v 1:1 906:910 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 3 77 from response 643:650 arg1 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 77 from response 643:650 arg1 leukocytes 679:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes 655:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 655:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 78 theme kidney 672:677 arg1 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 78 theme kidney 672:677 arg1 leukocytes 679:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes 655:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 655:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 5 79 theme NO 1118:1119 arg1 levels 1121:1126 NO levels 1118:1126 NO levels 1118:1126 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 1 80 theme acid 184:187 arg1 composition 194:204 fatty acid (FA) composition 178:204 fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues 178:220 Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. 32798494 8 81 theme fed 1975:1977 arg1 mixture 1989:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 4 82 theme cod 822:824 arg1 CLO 837:839 CLO 837:839 CLO 837:839 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 4 82 theme cod 822:824 arg1 oil 832:834 cod liver oil 822:834 cod liver oil (CLO) 822:840 HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. 32798494 3 83 theme carp 662:665 arg1 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 HKLs 691:694 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 83 theme carp 662:665 arg1 leukocytes 679:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes 655:688 common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 655:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 0 84 theme dietary 130:136 arg1 oils 144:147 different dietary plant oils 120:147 different dietary plant oils 120:147 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 8 85 theme oil 1985:1987 arg1 mixture 1989:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 fish fed plant oil mixture 1970:1995 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 7 86 theme h-LPS 1727:1731 arg1 exposure 1733:1740 4 h-LPS exposure 1725:1740 4 h-LPS exposure 1725:1740 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 1 87 from composition 194:204 arg1 tissues 214:220 fish tissues 209:220 fish tissues 209:220 Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. 32798494 2 88 theme polyunsaturated 234:248 arg1 acid 293:296 arachidonic acid 281:296 arachidonic acid (ARA) 281:302 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 88 theme polyunsaturated 234:248 arg1 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 88 theme polyunsaturated 234:248 arg1 acid 322:325 eicosapentaneoic acid 305:325 eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) 305:331 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 88 theme polyunsaturated 234:248 arg1 acids 256:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 223:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 223:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 88 theme polyunsaturated 234:248 arg1 acid 353:356 docosahexaenoic acid 337:356 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 337:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 5 89 from analyses 1202:1209 arg1 metabolism 1273:1282 eicosanoid metabolism 1262:1282 eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox) 1262:1296 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 89 from analyses 1202:1209 arg1 responses 1403:1411 pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses 1299:1411 pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses 1299:1411 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 89 from analyses 1202:1209 arg1 recognition 1241:1251 pattern recognition 1233:1251 pattern recognition (tlr-4) 1233:1259 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 89 from analyses 1202:1209 arg1 processes 1449:1457 cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1418:1457 processes 1449:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 89 from analyses 1202:1209 arg1 tlr-4 1254:1258 tlr-4 1254:1258 tlr-4 1254:1258 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 89 from analyses 1202:1209 arg1 pge2 1285:1288 pge2 1285:1288 pge2 1285:1288 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 3 90 theme gram-negative 710:722 arg1 endotoxin 734:742 a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin 708:742 a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin 708:742 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 90 theme gram-negative 710:722 arg1 lipopolysaccharides 762:780 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides 745:780 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 745:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 0 91 theme head 68:71 arg1 leukocytes 80:89 head kidney leukocytes 68:89 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 3 92 dep Escherichia 745:755 arg1 coli 757:760 coli 757:760 coli 757:760 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 2 93 theme Long 223:226 arg1 acid 293:296 arachidonic acid 281:296 arachidonic acid (ARA) 281:302 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 93 theme Long 223:226 arg1 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 LC-PUFAs 263:270 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 93 theme Long 223:226 arg1 acid 322:325 eicosapentaneoic acid 305:325 eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) 305:331 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 93 theme Long 223:226 arg1 acids 256:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 223:260 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 223:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 2 93 theme Long 223:226 arg1 acid 353:356 docosahexaenoic acid 337:356 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 337:362 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. 32798494 7 94 theme fed 1905:1907 arg1 diet 1913:1916 those fed CLO diet 1899:1916 those fed CLO diet 1899:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 8 95 theme fish 2026:2029 arg1 one 2019:2021 the one 2015:2021 the one of fish fed fish oil diet 2015:2047 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 7 96 theme inflammatory 1680:1691 arg1 mediators 1693:1701 other inflammatory mediators 1674:1701 other inflammatory mediators 1674:1701 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 3 97 theme Escherichia 745:755 arg1 endotoxin 734:742 a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin 708:742 a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin 708:742 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 97 theme Escherichia 745:755 arg1 LPS 783:785 LPS 783:785 LPS 783:785 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 3 97 theme Escherichia 745:755 arg1 lipopolysaccharides 762:780 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides 745:780 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 745:786 This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 32798494 0 98 theme E.coli 94:99 arg1 LPS 101:103 E.coli LPS 94:103 E.coli LPS 94:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 8 99 theme fish 2035:2038 arg1 diet 2044:2047 fish oil diet 2035:2047 fish oil diet 2035:2047 The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. 32798494 7 100 theme inflammatory 1871:1882 arg1 processes 1884:1892 acute inflammatory processes 1865:1892 acute inflammatory processes 1865:1892 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 6 101 theme parameters 1598:1607 arg1 level 1550:1554 a high level 1543:1554 a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1543:1607 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 32798494 5 102 theme culture 1149:1155 arg1 medium 1157:1162 the culture medium 1145:1162 the culture medium 1145:1162 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 6 103 theme humoral 1583:1589 arg1 parameters 1598:1607 almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1559:1607 almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters 1559:1607 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 32798494 5 104 dep pge2 1285:1288 arg1 5-lox 1291:1295 5-lox 1291:1295 5-lox 1291:1295 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 9 105 theme ARA 2083:2085 arg1 supplementation 2064:2078 the supplementation 2060:2078 the supplementation of ARA or DHA 2060:2092 Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp. 32798494 5 106 from processes 1449:1457 arg1 analyses 1202:1209 expression analyses 1191:1209 expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1191:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 107 theme genes 1224:1228 arg1 analyses 1202:1209 expression analyses 1191:1209 expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1191:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 7 108 theme SOD 1815:1817 arg1 diet 1819:1822 SLO, LOA, or SOD diet 1802:1822 SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet 1802:1916 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 0 109 theme common 40:45 arg1 carp 47:50 common carp 40:50 common carp 40:50 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 9 110 theme DHA 2090:2092 arg1 supplementation 2064:2078 the supplementation 2060:2078 the supplementation of ARA or DHA 2060:2092 Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp. 32798494 0 111 dep Cyprinus 52:59 arg1 carpio 61:66 Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes 52:89 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 0 111 dep Cyprinus 52:59 arg1 leukocytes 80:89 head kidney leukocytes 68:89 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS 0:103 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 5 112 theme pattern 1233:1239 arg1 tlr-4 1254:1258 tlr-4 1254:1258 tlr-4 1254:1258 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 112 theme pattern 1233:1239 arg1 recognition 1241:1251 pattern recognition 1233:1251 pattern recognition (tlr-4) 1233:1259 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 113 theme Peroxidase 1083:1092 arg1 activity 1094:1101 24 h. Peroxidase activity 1077:1101 24 h. Peroxidase activity 1077:1101 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 9 114 theme similar 2102:2108 arg1 immunomodulation 2110:2125 similar immunomodulation 2102:2125 similar immunomodulation 2102:2125 Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp. 32798494 5 115 theme expression 1191:1200 arg1 analyses 1202:1209 expression analyses 1191:1209 expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes 1191:1457 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 0 116 dep responses 27:35 arg1 Cyprinus 52:59 Cyprinus 52:59 Cyprinus 52:59 Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. 32798494 7 117 theme cytokines 1660:1668 arg1 Expression 1633:1642 Expression 1633:1642 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators 1633:1701 Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. 32798494 5 118 theme eicosanoid 1262:1271 arg1 pge2 1285:1288 pge2 1285:1288 pge2 1285:1288 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 5 118 theme eicosanoid 1262:1271 arg1 metabolism 1273:1282 eicosanoid metabolism 1262:1282 eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox) 1262:1296 Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. 32798494 6 119 theme gene 1616:1619 arg1 expression 1621:1630 gene expression 1616:1630 gene expression 1616:1630 Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. 33458518 3 0 theme DEAE-52 328:334 arg1 cellulose 336:344 DEAE-52 cellulose 328:344 DEAE-52 cellulose 328:344 Four polysaccharides named BSP-1-BSP-4 were fractionated using DEAE-52 cellulose. 33458518 0 1 theme Polysaccharides 88:102 arg1 Activities 74:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities 35:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata 35:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 6 2 theme pro-coagulant 635:647 arg1 capacities 649:658 pro-coagulant capacities 635:658 pro-coagulant capacities 635:658 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 0 3 theme Bletilla 109:116 arg1 striata 118:124 Bletilla striata 109:124 Bletilla striata 109:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 2 4 from striata 222:228 arg1 polysaccharides 198:212 polysaccharides 198:212 polysaccharides from B. striata (BSP) 198:234 In this study, polysaccharides from B. striata (BSP) were extracted by hot water. 33458518 4 5 theme BSP-3 415:419 arg1 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 4 5 theme BSP-3 415:419 arg1 substitution 399:410 the degrees of substitution 384:410 the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 384:429 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 8 6 theme immunomodulatory 989:1004 arg1 activity 1006:1013 the immunomodulatory activity 985:1013 the immunomodulatory activity 985:1013 Although BSP fractions did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability, they, especially BSP-2, enhanced the immunomodulatory activity by increasing the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 6 7 theme thrombin 740:747 arg1 time 749:752 thrombin time 740:752 thrombin time 740:752 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 4 8 contain contained 361:369 arg2 sulfate 371:377 sulfate 371:377 sulfate 371:377 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 4 8 contain contained 361:369 arg1 fractions 351:359 BSP fractions 347:359 BSP fractions 347:359 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 8 9 theme RAW 926:928 arg1 viability 941:949 RAW 264.7 cell viability 926:949 RAW 264.7 cell viability 926:949 Although BSP fractions did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability, they, especially BSP-2, enhanced the immunomodulatory activity by increasing the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 8 10 theme pinocytic 1033:1041 arg1 capacity 1043:1050 the pinocytic capacity 1029:1050 the pinocytic capacity 1029:1050 Although BSP fractions did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability, they, especially BSP-2, enhanced the immunomodulatory activity by increasing the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 1 11 used used 154:157 arg2 striata 136:142 Bletilla striata 127:142 Bletilla striata 127:142 Bletilla striata is widely used for stanching bleeding. 33458518 4 12 theme of 396:397 arg1 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 4 12 theme of 396:397 arg1 substitution 399:410 the degrees of substitution 384:410 the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 384:429 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 7 13 theme NO 873:874 arg1 production 876:885 NO production 873:885 NO production 873:885 Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by MTT assay, the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 8 14 theme NO 1056:1057 arg1 production 1059:1068 NO production 1056:1068 NO production 1056:1068 Although BSP fractions did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability, they, especially BSP-2, enhanced the immunomodulatory activity by increasing the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 7 15 theme pinocytic 850:858 arg1 capacity 860:867 the pinocytic capacity 846:867 the pinocytic capacity 846:867 Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by MTT assay, the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 6 16 dep in 585:586 arg1 vitro 588:592 vitro 588:592 vitro 588:592 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 4 17 theme degrees 388:394 arg1 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 4 17 theme degrees 388:394 arg1 substitution 399:410 the degrees of substitution 384:410 the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 384:429 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 6 18 theme prothrombin 718:728 arg1 time 730:733 prothrombin time 718:733 prothrombin time 718:733 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 1 19 theme Bletilla 127:134 arg1 striata 136:142 Bletilla striata 127:142 Bletilla striata 127:142 Bletilla striata is widely used for stanching bleeding. 33458518 5 20 theme monosaccharide 477:490 arg1 composition 492:502 monosaccharide composition 477:502 monosaccharide composition 477:502 Analysis of monosaccharide composition showed that four polysaccharides were mainly composed of mannan and glucose. 33458518 8 21 theme cell 936:939 arg1 viability 941:949 RAW 264.7 cell viability 926:949 RAW 264.7 cell viability 926:949 Although BSP fractions did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability, they, especially BSP-2, enhanced the immunomodulatory activity by increasing the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 0 22 theme Pro-Coagulant 39:51 arg1 Activities 74:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities 35:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata 35:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 9 23 with coagulant 1116:1124 arg1 effects 1148:1154 immunomodulatory effects 1131:1154 immunomodulatory effects 1131:1154 Overall, BSP may be developed as a potential coagulant with immunomodulatory effects. 33458518 5 24 theme composition 492:502 arg1 Analysis 465:472 Analysis 465:472 Analysis of monosaccharide composition 465:502 Analysis of monosaccharide composition showed that four polysaccharides were mainly composed of mannan and glucose. 33458518 0 25 theme Immunomodulatory 57:72 arg1 Activities 74:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities 35:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata 35:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 7 26 theme MTT 835:837 arg1 assay 839:843 MTT assay 835:843 MTT assay 835:843 Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by MTT assay, the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 0 27 from Activities 74:83 arg1 striata 118:124 Bletilla striata 109:124 Bletilla striata 109:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 4 28 theme BSP-4 425:429 arg1 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 1.59 436:439 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 4 28 theme BSP-4 425:429 arg1 substitution 399:410 the degrees of substitution 384:410 the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 384:429 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 33458518 6 29 theme thromboplastin 697:710 arg1 time 712:715 the activating partial thromboplastin time 674:715 the activating partial thromboplastin time 674:715 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 2 30 theme B. 219:220 arg1 BSP 231:233 BSP 231:233 BSP 231:233 In this study, polysaccharides from B. striata (BSP) were extracted by hot water. 33458518 2 30 theme B. 219:220 arg1 striata 222:228 B. striata 219:228 B. striata (BSP) 219:234 In this study, polysaccharides from B. striata (BSP) were extracted by hot water. 33458518 6 31 theme partial 689:695 arg1 time 712:715 the activating partial thromboplastin time 674:715 the activating partial thromboplastin time 674:715 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 7 32 theme Immunomodulatory 792:807 arg1 activity 809:816 Immunomodulatory activity 792:816 Immunomodulatory activity 792:816 Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by MTT assay, the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 0 33 from striata 118:124 arg1 Polysaccharides 88:102 Polysaccharides 88:102 Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata 88:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 0 33 from striata 118:124 arg1 Activities 74:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities 35:83 the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata 35:124 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 2 34 theme hot 254:256 arg1 water 258:262 hot water 254:262 hot water 254:262 In this study, polysaccharides from B. striata (BSP) were extracted by hot water. 33458518 6 35 theme fibrinogen 772:781 arg1 content 783:789 the fibrinogen content 768:789 the fibrinogen content 768:789 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 9 36 theme immunomodulatory 1131:1146 arg1 effects 1148:1154 immunomodulatory effects 1131:1154 immunomodulatory effects 1131:1154 Overall, BSP may be developed as a potential coagulant with immunomodulatory effects. 33458518 6 37 theme activating 678:687 arg1 time 712:715 the activating partial thromboplastin time 674:715 the activating partial thromboplastin time 674:715 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 9 38 theme potential 1106:1114 arg1 coagulant 1116:1124 a potential coagulant 1104:1124 a potential coagulant with immunomodulatory effects 1104:1154 Overall, BSP may be developed as a potential coagulant with immunomodulatory effects. 33458518 9 38 theme potential 1106:1114 arg1 BSP 1080:1082 BSP 1080:1082 BSP 1080:1082 Overall, BSP may be developed as a potential coagulant with immunomodulatory effects. 33458518 8 39 theme BSP 897:899 arg1 fractions 901:909 BSP fractions 897:909 BSP fractions 897:909 Although BSP fractions did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability, they, especially BSP-2, enhanced the immunomodulatory activity by increasing the pinocytic capacity and NO production. 33458518 6 40 theme in 585:586 arg1 results 594:600 The in vitro results 581:600 The in vitro results 581:600 The in vitro results showed that BSP-1-BSP-4 elicited pro-coagulant capacities by shortening the activating partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time and elevating the fibrinogen content. 33458518 0 41 theme Activities 74:83 arg1 Evaluation 21:30 Evaluation 21:30 Evaluation 21:30 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 0 41 theme Activities 74:83 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. 33458518 4 42 theme BSP 347:349 arg1 fractions 351:359 BSP fractions 347:359 BSP fractions 347:359 BSP fractions contained sulfate, and the degrees of substitution of BSP-3 and BSP-4 were 1.59 and 1.70, respectively. 32360484 5 0 theme compounds 1078:1086 arg1 targets 1056:1062 the targets 1052:1062 the targets of identified compounds 1052:1086 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 9 1 theme MXSG 1894:1897 arg1 effects 1883:1889 the anti-inflammatory effects 1861:1889 the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM 1861:1957 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 0 2 theme experimental 167:178 arg1 study 180:184 In silico and experimental study 153:184 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 0:185 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 6 3 theme essential 1398:1406 arg1 pathway 1369:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 6 3 theme essential 1398:1406 arg1 pathways 1408:1415 essential pathways 1398:1415 essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1398:1459 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 4 4 theme acids 943:947 arg1 patterns 882:889 specific patterns 873:889 specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %) 873:974 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 9 5 theme results 1768:1774 arg1 integration 1726:1736 the integration 1722:1736 the integration of in silico and experimental results 1722:1774 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 3 6 theme QFPD 703:706 arg1 compounds 690:698 129 compounds 686:698 129 compounds of QFPD 686:706 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 2 7 theme Chinese 508:514 arg1 Decoction 472:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction 458:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD) 458:487 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 7 theme Chinese 508:514 arg1 medicine 516:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine 490:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China 490:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 3 8 theme compounds 690:698 arg1 total 677:681 a total 675:681 a total of 129 compounds of QFPD 675:706 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 0 9 theme Coronavirus 116:126 arg1 Disease 128:134 Coronavirus Disease 2019 116:139 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 116:150 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 0 9 theme Coronavirus 116:126 arg1 COVID-19 142:149 COVID-19 142:149 COVID-19 142:149 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 6 10 theme signaling 1359:1367 arg1 pathway 1369:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 6 10 theme signaling 1359:1367 arg1 pathways 1408:1415 essential pathways 1398:1415 essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1398:1459 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 7 11 theme major 1493:1497 arg1 compounds 1499:1507 major compounds 1493:1507 major compounds in MXSG during decoction 1493:1532 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 4 12 theme flavonoids 894:903 arg1 patterns 882:889 specific patterns 873:889 specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %) 873:974 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 7 13 from MXSG 1512:1515 arg1 content 1482:1488 content 1482:1488 content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction 1482:1532 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 9 14 theme therapeutic 1795:1805 arg1 effects 1807:1813 the therapeutic effects 1791:1813 the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 1791:1838 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 1 15 theme Disease 203:209 arg1 pandemic 227:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 6 16 theme LPS-induced 1294:1304 arg1 pneumonia 1306:1314 LPS-induced pneumonia 1294:1314 LPS-induced pneumonia 1294:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 9 17 from experimental 1755:1766 arg1 integration 1726:1736 the integration 1722:1736 the integration of in silico and experimental results 1722:1774 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 8 18 theme glycyrrhizic 1626:1637 arg1 acid 1639:1642 glycyrrhizic acid 1626:1642 glycyrrhizic acid 1626:1642 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 4 19 theme glycosides 913:922 arg1 patterns 882:889 specific patterns 873:889 specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %) 873:974 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 9 20 from silico 1744:1749 arg1 integration 1726:1736 the integration 1722:1736 the integration of in silico and experimental results 1722:1774 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 6 21 theme expression 1241:1250 arg1 analysis 1224:1231 transcriptomic analysis 1209:1231 transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1209:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 1 22 theme urgent 293:298 arg1 demand 300:305 urgent demand 293:305 urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy 293:350 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 3 23 theme comprehensive 574:586 arg1 analysis 588:595 comprehensive analysis 574:595 comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) 574:672 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 2 24 theme Qingfei 458:464 arg1 QFPD 483:486 QFPD 483:486 QFPD 483:486 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 24 theme Qingfei 458:464 arg1 Decoction 472:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction 458:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD) 458:487 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 24 theme Qingfei 458:464 arg1 medicine 516:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine 490:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China 490:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 5 25 theme QFPD 1005:1008 arg1 model 996:1000 The target network model 977:1000 The target network model 977:1000 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 7 26 from changes 1471:1477 arg1 content 1482:1488 content 1482:1488 content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction 1482:1532 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 8 27 theme TLR 1655:1657 arg1 agonists 1659:1666 inhibited TLR agonists 1645:1666 inhibited TLR agonists 1645:1666 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 6 28 theme transcriptomic 1209:1222 arg1 analysis 1224:1231 transcriptomic analysis 1209:1231 transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1209:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 1 29 theme efficient 321:329 arg1 strategy 343:350 efficient therapeutic strategy 321:350 efficient therapeutic strategy 321:350 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 7 30 from content 1482:1488 arg1 MXSG 1512:1515 MXSG 1512:1515 MXSG during decoction 1512:1532 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 6 31 theme mediated 1426:1433 arg1 effects 1453:1459 MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1421:1459 MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1421:1459 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 5 32 theme QFPD 1181:1184 arg1 efficacy 1169:1176 the therapeutic efficacy 1153:1176 the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD 1153:1184 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 0 33 theme Decoction 98:106 arg1 composition 9:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 0 33 theme Decoction 98:106 arg1 mechanism 41:49 pharmacological mechanism 25:49 pharmacological mechanism 25:49 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 5 34 theme target 981:986 arg1 model 996:1000 The target network model 977:1000 The target network model 977:1000 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 2 35 theme Decoction 472:480 arg1 composition 409:419 the chemical composition 396:419 the chemical composition 396:419 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 35 theme Decoction 472:480 arg1 mechanism 445:453 the pharmacological mechanism 425:453 the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China 425:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 0 36 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 composition 9:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 2 37 from patients 547:554 arg1 China 559:563 China 559:563 China 559:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 4 38 theme mass 780:783 arg1 spectrometry 785:796 mass spectrometry 780:796 mass spectrometry data 780:801 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 2 39 theme study 376:380 arg1 aim 357:359 The aim 353:359 The aim of the present study 353:380 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 4 40 theme carboxylic 932:941 arg1 acids 943:947 carboxylic acids 932:947 carboxylic acids (10 %) 932:954 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 4 40 theme carboxylic 932:941 arg1 % 953:953 10 % 950:953 10 % 950:953 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 0 41 theme Decoction 68:76 arg1 composition 9:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 0 41 theme Decoction 68:76 arg1 mechanism 41:49 pharmacological mechanism 25:49 pharmacological mechanism 25:49 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 4 42 theme data 798:801 arg1 networking 766:775 molecular networking 756:775 molecular networking of mass spectrometry data 756:801 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 6 43 theme MXSG 1258:1261 arg1 administration 1263:1276 MXSG administration 1258:1276 MXSG administration 1258:1276 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 9 44 theme compatibility 1938:1950 arg1 rationality 1919:1929 the rationality 1915:1929 the rationality of the compatibility of TCM 1915:1957 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 1 45 theme 2019 211:214 arg1 pandemic 227:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 3 46 theme resolution 640:649 arg1 MS 670:671 MS 670:671 MS 670:671 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 3 46 theme resolution 640:649 arg1 spectrometry 656:667 high resolution mass spectrometry 635:667 high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) 635:672 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 6 47 theme Toll-like 1334:1342 arg1 TLR 1354:1356 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1334:1357 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1334:1357 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 1 48 theme COVID-19 217:224 arg1 pandemic 227:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 6 49 theme thrombin 1321:1328 arg1 pathway 1369:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 6 49 theme thrombin 1321:1328 arg1 pathways 1408:1415 essential pathways 1398:1415 essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1398:1459 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 5 50 theme identified 1067:1076 arg1 compounds 1078:1086 identified compounds 1067:1086 identified compounds 1067:1086 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 4 51 theme saponins 961:968 arg1 patterns 882:889 specific patterns 873:889 specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %) 873:974 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 4 52 theme main 839:842 arg1 clusters 844:851 14 main clusters 836:851 14 main clusters 836:851 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 9 53 from integration 1726:1736 arg1 experimental 1755:1766 experimental 1755:1766 experimental 1755:1766 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 9 53 from integration 1726:1736 arg1 silico 1744:1749 silico 1744:1749 silico 1744:1749 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 7 54 theme compounds 1499:1507 arg1 content 1482:1488 content 1482:1488 content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction 1482:1532 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 8 55 from compound 1603:1610 arg1 MXSG 1615:1618 MXSG 1615:1618 MXSG 1615:1618 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 2 56 theme used 503:506 arg1 Decoction 472:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction 458:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD) 458:487 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 56 theme used 503:506 arg1 medicine 516:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine 490:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China 490:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 6 57 from model 1285:1289 arg1 analysis 1224:1231 transcriptomic analysis 1209:1231 transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1209:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 1 58 theme Coronavirus 191:201 arg1 pandemic 227:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 187:234 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 5 59 from role 1109:1112 arg1 efficacy 1169:1176 the therapeutic efficacy 1153:1176 the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD 1153:1184 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 0 60 dep In 153:154 arg1 silico 156:161 silico 156:161 silico 156:161 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 9 61 theme QFPD 1818:1821 arg1 effects 1807:1813 the therapeutic effects 1791:1813 the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 1791:1838 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 5 62 theme Decoction 1133:1141 arg1 role 1109:1112 a pivotal role 1099:1112 a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD 1099:1184 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 0 63 theme In 153:154 arg1 study 180:184 In silico and experimental study 153:184 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 0:185 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 6 64 theme anti-inflammatory 1435:1451 arg1 effects 1453:1459 MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1421:1459 MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1421:1459 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 9 65 from results 1768:1774 arg1 experimental 1755:1766 experimental 1755:1766 experimental 1755:1766 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 9 65 from results 1768:1774 arg1 silico 1744:1749 silico 1744:1749 silico 1744:1749 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 2 66 theme Paidu 466:470 arg1 QFPD 483:486 QFPD 483:486 QFPD 483:486 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 66 theme Paidu 466:470 arg1 Decoction 472:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction 458:480 Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD) 458:487 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 2 66 theme Paidu 466:470 arg1 medicine 516:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine 490:523 a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China 490:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 6 67 theme gene 1236:1239 arg1 expression 1241:1250 gene expression 1236:1250 gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1236:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 4 68 theme specific 873:880 arg1 patterns 882:889 specific patterns 873:889 specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %) 873:974 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 1 69 dep huge 249:252 arg1 threaten 254:261 threaten 254:261 threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy 254:350 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 6 70 from expression 1241:1250 arg1 model 1285:1289 rat model 1281:1289 rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1281:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 8 71 theme inhibited 1645:1653 arg1 agonists 1659:1666 inhibited TLR agonists 1645:1666 inhibited TLR agonists 1645:1666 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 9 72 theme anti-inflammatory 1865:1881 arg1 effects 1883:1889 the anti-inflammatory effects 1861:1889 the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM 1861:1957 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 8 73 theme major 1597:1601 arg1 compound 1603:1610 one major compound 1593:1610 one major compound in MXSG 1593:1618 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 1 74 theme therapeutic 331:341 arg1 strategy 343:350 efficient therapeutic strategy 321:350 efficient therapeutic strategy 321:350 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 7 75 theme chemical 1552:1559 arg1 analysis 1561:1568 the chemical analysis 1548:1568 the chemical analysis 1548:1568 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 6 76 theme pneumonia 1306:1314 arg1 model 1285:1289 rat model 1281:1289 rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1281:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 5 77 theme network 988:994 arg1 model 996:1000 The target network model 977:1000 The target network model 977:1000 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 7 78 from compounds 1499:1507 arg1 MXSG 1512:1515 MXSG 1512:1515 MXSG during decoction 1512:1532 Besides, changes in content of major compounds in MXSG during decoction were found by the chemical analysis. 32360484 8 79 theme IL-6 1676:1679 arg1 production 1681:1690 IL-6 production 1676:1690 IL-6 production 1676:1690 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 2 80 theme chemical 400:407 arg1 composition 409:419 the chemical composition 396:419 the chemical composition 396:419 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 9 81 theme TCM 1955:1957 arg1 compatibility 1938:1950 the compatibility 1934:1950 the compatibility of TCM 1934:1957 In conclusion, the integration of in silico and experimental results indicated that the therapeutic effects of QFPD against COVID-19 may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of MXSG, which supports the rationality of the compatibility of TCM. 32360484 0 82 theme pharmacological 25:39 arg1 mechanism 41:49 pharmacological mechanism 25:49 pharmacological mechanism 25:49 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 5 83 theme therapeutic 1157:1167 arg1 efficacy 1169:1176 the therapeutic efficacy 1153:1176 the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD 1153:1184 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 6 84 theme rat 1281:1283 arg1 model 1285:1289 rat model 1281:1289 rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1281:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 1 85 theme global 266:271 arg1 health 273:278 global health 266:278 global health 266:278 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threaten to global health, which raise urgent demand of developing efficient therapeutic strategy. 32360484 2 86 theme pharmacological 429:443 arg1 mechanism 445:453 the pharmacological mechanism 425:453 the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China 425:563 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 3 87 theme liquid 600:605 arg1 chromatography 607:620 liquid chromatography 600:620 liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) 600:672 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 2 88 theme present 368:374 arg1 study 376:380 the present study 364:380 the present study 364:380 The aim of the present study is to dissect the chemical composition and the pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD), a clinically used Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 patients in China. 32360484 6 89 from analysis 1224:1231 arg1 model 1285:1289 rat model 1281:1289 rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia 1281:1314 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 3 90 theme mass 651:654 arg1 MS 670:671 MS 670:671 MS 670:671 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 3 90 theme mass 651:654 arg1 spectrometry 656:667 high resolution mass spectrometry 635:667 high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) 635:672 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 4 91 theme spectrometry 785:796 arg1 data 798:801 mass spectrometry data 780:801 mass spectrometry data 780:801 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 32360484 6 92 theme TLR 1354:1356 arg1 pathway 1369:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 1317:1375 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 6 92 theme TLR 1354:1356 arg1 pathways 1408:1415 essential pathways 1398:1415 essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects 1398:1459 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 8 93 dep acid 1639:1642 arg1 i.e. 1621:1624 i.e. 1621:1624 i.e. 1621:1624 We also validate that one major compound in MXSG, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, inhibited TLR agonists induced IL-6 production in macrophage. 32360484 3 94 theme high 635:638 arg1 MS 670:671 MS 670:671 MS 670:671 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 3 94 theme high 635:638 arg1 spectrometry 656:667 high resolution mass spectrometry 635:667 high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) 635:672 Through comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 129 compounds of QFPD were putatively identified. 32360484 6 95 theme receptor 1344:1351 arg1 TLR 1354:1356 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1334:1357 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1334:1357 Supportively, through transcriptomic analysis of gene expression after MXSG administration in rat model of LPS-induced pneumonia, the thrombin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were suggested to be essential pathways for MXSG mediated anti-inflammatory effects. 32360484 5 96 theme pivotal 1101:1107 arg1 role 1109:1112 a pivotal role 1099:1112 a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD 1099:1184 The target network model of QFPD, established by predicting and collecting the targets of identified compounds, indicated a pivotal role of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSG) in the therapeutic efficacy of QFPD. 32360484 0 97 dep composition 9:19 arg1 study 180:184 In silico and experimental study 153:184 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 0:185 Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In silico and experimental study. 32360484 4 98 theme molecular 756:764 arg1 networking 766:775 molecular networking 756:775 molecular networking of mass spectrometry data 756:801 We also constructed molecular networking of mass spectrometry data to classify these compounds into 14 main clusters, in which exhibited specific patterns of flavonoids (45 %), glycosides (15 %), carboxylic acids (10 %), and saponins (5 %). 34866967 6 0 theme antioxidant 923:933 arg1 % 1032:1032 59.87% 1027:1032 59.87% 1027:1032 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 6 0 theme antioxidant 923:933 arg1 activities 935:944 the antioxidant activities 919:944 the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 919:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 5 1 from 25 µg/mL 861:868 arg1 % 856:856 50.41% 851:856 50.41% 851:856 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 2 2 theme aqueous 380:386 arg1 AAE 409:411 AAE 409:411 AAE 409:411 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 2 2 theme aqueous 380:386 arg1 extraction 397:406 aqueous assisted extraction 380:406 aqueous assisted extraction (AAE) 380:412 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 5 3 theme α-amylase 784:792 arg1 inhibition 794:803 α-amylase inhibition 784:803 α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) 784:826 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 7 4 theme maximum 1091:1097 arg1 effects 1110:1116 maximum inhibitory effects 1091:1116 maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli 1091:1174 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 1 5 theme greater 163:169 arg1 composition 171:181 a greater composition 161:181 a greater composition of edible polysaccharides 161:207 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 6 6 theme ABTS 1017:1020 arg1 values 998:1003 IC50 values 993:1003 IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 993:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 7 7 theme bacterial 1126:1134 arg1 strains 1136:1142 bacterial strains 1126:1142 bacterial strains 1126:1142 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 2 8 from portion 351:357 arg1 extraction 305:314 the extraction 301:314 the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE) 301:412 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 5 9 theme biological 724:733 arg1 activities 735:744 The biological activities 720:744 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 720:878 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 5 9 theme biological 724:733 arg1 inhibition 794:803 α-amylase inhibition 784:803 α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) 784:826 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 5 9 theme biological 724:733 arg1 activity 871:878 anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 832:878 anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 832:878 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 0 10 from pumpkin 68:74 arg1 polysaccharides 47:61 polysaccharides 47:61 polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) 47:100 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 0 10 from pumpkin 68:74 arg1 extraction 33:42 aqueous-assisted extraction 16:42 aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) 16:100 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 8 11 theme polysaccharide 1361:1374 arg1 yield 1376:1380 extracted polysaccharide yield 1351:1380 extracted polysaccharide yield 1351:1380 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 3 12 from 55 °C 539:543 arg1 concentration 565:577 enzyme concentration 558:577 enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min 558:600 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 12 from 55 °C 539:543 arg1 pH 546:547 pH 4.5 546:551 pH 4.5 546:551 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 12 from 55 °C 539:543 arg1 temperature 524:534 extraction temperature 513:534 extraction temperature at 55 °C 513:543 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 13 dep follows 504:510 arg1 concentration 565:577 enzyme concentration 558:577 enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min 558:600 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 13 dep follows 504:510 arg1 pH 546:547 pH 4.5 546:551 pH 4.5 546:551 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 13 dep follows 504:510 arg1 temperature 524:534 extraction temperature 513:534 extraction temperature at 55 °C 513:543 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 6 14 theme DPPH 1008:1011 arg1 values 998:1003 IC50 values 993:1003 IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 993:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 0 15 theme biological 112:121 arg1 activities 123:132 their biological activities 106:132 their biological activities 106:132 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 8 16 theme processing 1314:1323 arg1 time 1325:1328 the processing time 1310:1328 the processing time 1310:1328 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 8 17 theme cost-effective 1266:1279 arg1 method 1291:1296 a cost-effective promising method 1264:1296 a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times 1264:1388 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 8 17 theme cost-effective 1266:1279 arg1 extraction 1247:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction 1226:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction of 1226:1259 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 3 18 theme extraction 450:459 arg1 condition 461:469 the optimal extraction condition 438:469 the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide 438:495 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 1 19 contain contains 152:159 arg2 composition 171:181 a greater composition 161:181 a greater composition of edible polysaccharides 161:207 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 1 19 contain contains 152:159 arg1 pulp 147:150 The pumpkin pulp 135:150 The pumpkin pulp 135:150 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 8 20 theme aqueous 1230:1236 arg1 method 1291:1296 a cost-effective promising method 1264:1296 a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times 1264:1388 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 8 20 theme aqueous 1230:1236 arg1 extraction 1247:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction 1226:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction of 1226:1259 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 5 21 from 1000 µg/mL 816:825 arg1 % 811:811 57.41% 806:811 57.41% 806:811 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 5 22 dep inhibition 794:803 arg1 % 811:811 57.41% 806:811 57.41% 806:811 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 2 23 theme fleshy 344:349 arg1 portion 351:357 the fleshy portion 340:357 the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE) 340:412 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 1 24 theme edible 186:191 arg1 polysaccharides 193:207 edible polysaccharides 186:207 edible polysaccharides 186:207 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 7 25 theme inhibitory 1099:1108 arg1 effects 1110:1116 maximum inhibitory effects 1091:1116 maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli 1091:1174 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 1 26 theme polysaccharides 193:207 arg1 composition 171:181 a greater composition 161:181 a greater composition of edible polysaccharides 161:207 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 0 27 theme extraction 33:42 arg1 Optimization 0:11 Optimization 0:11 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) 0:100 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 0 27 theme extraction 33:42 arg1 activities 123:132 their biological activities 106:132 their biological activities 106:132 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 3 28 theme enzyme 558:563 arg1 concentration 565:577 enzyme concentration 558:577 enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min 558:600 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 29 theme polysaccharide 482:495 arg1 condition 461:469 the optimal extraction condition 438:469 the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide 438:495 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 0 30 theme aqueous-assisted 16:31 arg1 extraction 33:42 aqueous-assisted extraction 16:42 aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) 16:100 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 6 31 theme IC50 993:996 arg1 values 998:1003 IC50 values 993:1003 IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 993:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 2 32 theme polysaccharides 319:333 arg1 extraction 305:314 the extraction 301:314 the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE) 301:412 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 7 33 contain has 1087:1089 arg1 polysaccharide 1072:1085 The pumpkin polysaccharide 1060:1085 The pumpkin polysaccharide 1060:1085 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 7 33 contain has 1087:1089 arg2 effects 1110:1116 maximum inhibitory effects 1091:1116 maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli 1091:1174 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 8 34 theme promising 1281:1289 arg1 method 1291:1296 a cost-effective promising method 1264:1296 a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times 1264:1388 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 8 34 theme promising 1281:1289 arg1 extraction 1247:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction 1226:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction of 1226:1259 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 0 35 theme polysaccharides 47:61 arg1 extraction 33:42 aqueous-assisted extraction 16:42 aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) 16:100 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 3 36 theme optimal 442:448 arg1 condition 461:469 the optimal extraction condition 438:469 the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide 438:495 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 4 37 theme pumpkin 656:662 arg1 polysaccharide 664:677 pumpkin polysaccharide 656:677 pumpkin polysaccharide 656:677 Under the optimal extraction condition, the yield of pumpkin polysaccharide via AAE (15.4) was significantly higher. 34866967 6 38 theme polysaccharides 967:981 arg1 % 1032:1032 59.87% 1027:1032 59.87% 1027:1032 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 6 38 theme polysaccharides 967:981 arg1 activities 935:944 the antioxidant activities 919:944 the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 919:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 7 39 theme pumpkin 1064:1070 arg1 polysaccharide 1072:1085 The pumpkin polysaccharide 1060:1085 The pumpkin polysaccharide 1060:1085 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 5 40 dep activity 871:878 arg1 % 856:856 50.41% 851:856 50.41% 851:856 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 3 41 theme pumpkin 474:480 arg1 polysaccharide 482:495 pumpkin polysaccharide 474:495 pumpkin polysaccharide 474:495 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 6 42 theme pumpkin 959:965 arg1 polysaccharides 967:981 extracted pumpkin polysaccharides 949:981 extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 949:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 6 42 theme pumpkin 959:965 arg1 values 998:1003 IC50 values 993:1003 IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 993:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 3 43 theme µ/g 587:589 arg1 concentration 565:577 enzyme concentration 558:577 enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min 558:600 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 43 theme µ/g 587:589 arg1 pH 546:547 pH 4.5 546:551 pH 4.5 546:551 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 3 43 theme µ/g 587:589 arg1 temperature 524:534 extraction temperature 513:534 extraction temperature at 55 °C 513:543 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 2 44 theme pumpkin 366:372 arg1 portion 351:357 the fleshy portion 340:357 the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE) 340:412 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 8 45 theme assisted 1238:1245 arg1 method 1291:1296 a cost-effective promising method 1264:1296 a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times 1264:1388 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 8 45 theme assisted 1238:1245 arg1 extraction 1247:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction 1226:1256 the aqueous assisted extraction of 1226:1259 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 6 46 theme extracted 949:957 arg1 polysaccharides 967:981 extracted pumpkin polysaccharides 949:981 extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 949:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 6 46 theme extracted 949:957 arg1 values 998:1003 IC50 values 993:1003 IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS 993:1020 Additionally, the antioxidant activities of extracted pumpkin polysaccharides including IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 59.87% and 58.74%, respectively. 34866967 3 47 theme extraction 513:522 arg1 temperature 524:534 extraction temperature 513:534 extraction temperature at 55 °C 513:543 The result showed that the optimal extraction condition of pumpkin polysaccharide was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 °C, pH 4.5, and enzyme concentration of 4000 µ/g for 80 min. 34866967 4 48 theme polysaccharide 664:677 arg1 yield 647:651 the yield 643:651 the yield of pumpkin polysaccharide via AAE (15.4) 643:692 Under the optimal extraction condition, the yield of pumpkin polysaccharide via AAE (15.4) was significantly higher. 34866967 4 48 theme polysaccharide 664:677 arg1 higher 712:717 higher 712:717 higher 712:717 Under the optimal extraction condition, the yield of pumpkin polysaccharide via AAE (15.4) was significantly higher. 34866967 1 49 theme excellent 231:239 arg1 applications 252:263 excellent biological applications 231:263 excellent biological applications 231:263 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 1 50 theme pumpkin 139:145 arg1 pulp 147:150 The pumpkin pulp 135:150 The pumpkin pulp 135:150 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 8 51 theme extracted 1351:1359 arg1 yield 1376:1380 extracted polysaccharide yield 1351:1380 extracted polysaccharide yield 1351:1380 It is suggested that the aqueous assisted extraction of is a cost-effective promising method to decrease the processing time as well as enhancing extracted polysaccharide yield - times. 34866967 1 52 theme biological 241:250 arg1 applications 252:263 excellent biological applications 231:263 excellent biological applications 231:263 The pumpkin pulp contains a greater composition of edible polysaccharides and has reported with excellent biological applications. 34866967 5 53 theme extracted 749:757 arg1 polysaccharide 759:772 extracted polysaccharide 749:772 extracted polysaccharide 749:772 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 5 54 theme anti-inflammatory 832:848 arg1 activity 871:878 anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 832:878 anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 832:878 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 4 55 theme extraction 621:630 arg1 condition 632:640 the optimal extraction condition 609:640 the optimal extraction condition 609:640 Under the optimal extraction condition, the yield of pumpkin polysaccharide via AAE (15.4) was significantly higher. 34866967 5 56 theme polysaccharide 759:772 arg1 activities 735:744 The biological activities 720:744 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 720:878 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 5 56 theme polysaccharide 759:772 arg1 inhibition 794:803 α-amylase inhibition 784:803 α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) 784:826 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 5 56 theme polysaccharide 759:772 arg1 activity 871:878 anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 832:878 anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity 832:878 The biological activities of extracted polysaccharide including α-amylase inhibition (57.41% at 1000 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (50.41% at 25 µg/mL) activity increased significantly. 34866967 0 57 from extraction 33:42 arg1 Duch 96:99 Duch 96:99 Duch 96:99 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 0 57 from extraction 33:42 arg1 pumpkin 68:74 pumpkin 68:74 pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) 68:100 Optimization of aqueous-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) and their biological activities. 34866967 7 58 theme fungal 1189:1194 arg1 strains 1196:1202 fungal strains 1189:1202 fungal strains 1189:1202 The pumpkin polysaccharide has maximum inhibitory effects against bacterial strains especially for Escherichia coli than that of fungal strains. 34866967 2 59 theme assisted 388:395 arg1 AAE 409:411 AAE 409:411 AAE 409:411 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 2 59 theme assisted 388:395 arg1 extraction 397:406 aqueous assisted extraction 380:406 aqueous assisted extraction (AAE) 380:412 This research pertains to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the fleshy portion of the pumpkin using aqueous assisted extraction (AAE). 34866967 4 60 theme optimal 613:619 arg1 condition 632:640 the optimal extraction condition 609:640 the optimal extraction condition 609:640 Under the optimal extraction condition, the yield of pumpkin polysaccharide via AAE (15.4) was significantly higher. 34268859 0 0 theme different 96:104 arg1 areas 106:110 different areas 96:110 different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 96:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 1 from analysis 18:25 arg1 polysaccharides 75:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides 49:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 49:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 1 from analysis 18:25 arg1 areas 106:110 different areas 96:110 different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 96:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 4 2 theme inter-day 755:763 arg1 precision 765:773 inter-day precision 755:773 inter-day precision 755:773 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 7 3 theme evaluation 1222:1231 arg1 model 1233:1237 an evaluation model 1219:1237 an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition 1219:1277 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 7 4 theme monosaccharide 1252:1265 arg1 composition 1267:1277 the monosaccharide composition 1248:1277 the monosaccharide composition 1248:1277 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 9 5 from Hua 1567:1569 arg1 content 1513:1519 the monosaccharide content 1494:1519 the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1494:1569 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 9 5 from Hua 1567:1569 arg1 polysaccharides 1524:1538 polysaccharides 1524:1538 polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1524:1569 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 1 6 theme cyrtonema 292:300 arg1 polysaccharide 306:319 cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide 292:319 cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide 292:319 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg1 polysaccharide 1014:1027 the polysaccharide 1010:1027 the polysaccharide 1010:1027 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg2 mannose 1048:1054 mannose 1048:1054 mannose 1048:1054 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg2 ribose 1078:1083 ribose 1078:1083 ribose 1078:1083 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg2 arabinose 1090:1098 arabinose 1090:1098 arabinose 1090:1098 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg2 rhamnose 1057:1064 rhamnose 1057:1064 rhamnose 1057:1064 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg2 glucose 1039:1045 glucose 1039:1045 glucose 1039:1045 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 6 7 contain contained 1029:1037 arg2 galactose 1067:1075 galactose 1067:1075 galactose 1067:1075 The results indicated the polysaccharide contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, ribose, and arabinose. 34268859 0 8 from Determination 0:12 arg1 polysaccharides 75:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides 49:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 49:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 8 from Determination 0:12 arg1 areas 106:110 different areas 96:110 different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 96:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 4 9 theme repeatability 801:813 arg1 parameters 679:688 The parameters 675:688 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method 675:870 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 5 10 theme target 969:974 arg1 components 976:985 the target components 965:985 the target components 965:985 Satisfactory validation results showed this method could be used to determine the target components. 34268859 1 11 theme Hua 302:304 arg1 polysaccharide 306:319 cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide 292:319 cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide 292:319 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 9 12 theme Chinese 1615:1621 arg1 medicines 1623:1631 Chinese medicines 1615:1631 Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient 1615:1682 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 9 13 theme Polygonatum 1545:1555 arg1 Hua 1567:1569 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1545:1569 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1545:1569 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 0 14 theme liquid 138:143 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 4 15 dep intra-day 741:749 arg1 % 797:797 1.81-2.77% 788:797 1.81-2.77% 788:797 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 4 15 dep intra-day 741:749 arg1 % 785:785 0.69-0.95% 776:785 0.69-0.95% 776:785 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 9 16 theme new 1457:1459 arg1 method 1461:1466 a new method 1455:1466 a new method 1455:1466 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 0 17 theme ultra-high-performance 115:136 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 8 18 theme Qingyang 1336:1343 arg1 County 1345:1350 the Qingyang County 1332:1350 the Qingyang County of Anhui Province 1332:1368 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 7 19 used used 1205:1208 arg2 Technique 1101:1109 Technique 1101:1109 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis 1101:1198 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 9 20 theme polysaccharides 1524:1538 arg1 content 1513:1519 the monosaccharide content 1494:1519 the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1494:1569 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 9 21 with medicines 1623:1631 arg1 polysaccharides 1638:1652 polysaccharides 1638:1652 polysaccharides 1638:1652 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 4 22 theme method 865:870 arg1 parameters 679:688 The parameters 675:688 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method 675:870 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 8 23 from County 1345:1350 arg1 samples 1319:1325 the samples 1315:1325 the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province 1315:1368 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 8 23 from County 1345:1350 arg1 best 1379:1382 best 1379:1382 best 1379:1382 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 9 24 dep Polygonatum 1545:1555 arg1 cyrtonema 1557:1565 cyrtonema 1557:1565 cyrtonema 1557:1565 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 3 25 used used 620:623 arg2 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone 585:614 The 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone 581:614 The 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone 581:614 The 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone was used for pre-column derivatization of monosaccharides. 34268859 9 26 theme main 1661:1664 arg1 ingredient 1673:1682 the main active ingredient 1657:1682 the main active ingredient 1657:1682 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 5 27 theme Satisfactory 887:898 arg1 results 911:917 Satisfactory validation results 887:917 Satisfactory validation results 887:917 Satisfactory validation results showed this method could be used to determine the target components. 34268859 7 28 theme principal 1171:1179 arg1 analysis 1191:1198 principal component analysis 1171:1198 principal component analysis 1171:1198 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 0 29 theme quadrupole 160:169 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 9 30 theme medicines 1623:1631 arg1 quality 1604:1610 the quality 1600:1610 the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient 1600:1682 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 1 31 theme new 225:227 arg1 method 229:234 a new method 223:234 a new method for the determination of monosaccharides 223:275 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 7 32 theme component 1181:1189 arg1 analysis 1191:1198 principal component analysis 1171:1198 principal component analysis 1171:1198 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 1 33 theme ultra-high-performance 331:352 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 34 theme chromatography 145:158 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 3 35 theme pre-column 629:638 arg1 derivatization 640:653 pre-column derivatization 629:653 pre-column derivatization of monosaccharides 629:672 The 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone was used for pre-column derivatization of monosaccharides. 34268859 5 36 theme validation 900:909 arg1 results 911:917 Satisfactory validation results 887:917 Satisfactory validation results 887:917 Satisfactory validation results showed this method could be used to determine the target components. 34268859 4 37 theme intra-day 741:749 arg1 parameters 679:688 The parameters 675:688 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method 675:870 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 1 38 theme liquid 354:359 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 39 theme tandem 176:181 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 4 40 theme stability 717:725 arg1 parameters 679:688 The parameters 675:688 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method 675:870 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 1 41 dep explore 215:221 arg1 using 321:325 using 321:325 using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 321:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 2 42 theme trifluoroacetic 471:485 arg1 acid 487:490 trifluoroacetic acid 471:490 trifluoroacetic acid 471:490 In this study, hydrochloric acid was used instead of trifluoroacetic acid to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and hydrolysis time was greatly reduced from 5-9 h to 1 h. 34268859 0 43 theme monosaccharides 30:44 arg1 analysis 18:25 analysis 18:25 analysis 18:25 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 43 theme monosaccharides 30:44 arg1 Determination 0:12 Determination 0:12 Determination 0:12 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 1 44 theme chromatography 361:374 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 45 theme trap 171:174 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 4 46 theme R2 704:705 arg1 linearity 693:701 linearity 693:701 linearity (R2 > 0.999) 693:714 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 4 46 theme R2 704:705 arg1 > 0.999 707:713 R2 > 0.999 704:713 R2 > 0.999 704:713 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 0 47 theme cyrtonema 61:69 arg1 polysaccharides 75:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides 49:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 49:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 1 48 theme quadrupole 376:385 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 8 49 theme Province 1361:1368 arg1 County 1345:1350 the Qingyang County 1332:1350 the Qingyang County of Anhui Province 1332:1368 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 3 50 theme monosaccharides 658:672 arg1 derivatization 640:653 pre-column derivatization 629:653 pre-column derivatization of monosaccharides 629:672 The 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone was used for pre-column derivatization of monosaccharides. 34268859 0 51 theme Polygonatum 49:59 arg1 polysaccharides 75:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides 49:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 49:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 1 52 theme trap 387:390 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 53 theme mass 183:186 arg1 spectrometry 188:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 115:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 2 54 theme hydrolysis 526:535 arg1 time 537:540 hydrolysis time 526:540 hydrolysis time 526:540 In this study, hydrochloric acid was used instead of trifluoroacetic acid to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and hydrolysis time was greatly reduced from 5-9 h to 1 h. 34268859 7 55 theme order 1115:1119 arg1 preference 1121:1130 order preference 1115:1130 order preference 1115:1130 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 9 56 theme monosaccharide 1498:1511 arg1 content 1513:1519 the monosaccharide content 1494:1519 the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1494:1569 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 1 57 theme tandem 392:397 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 7 58 theme ideal 1152:1156 arg1 solution 1158:1165 an ideal solution 1149:1165 an ideal solution 1149:1165 Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and principal component analysis were used to build an evaluation model based on the monosaccharide composition. 34268859 9 59 from content 1513:1519 arg1 Hua 1567:1569 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1545:1569 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 1545:1569 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 5 60 used used 947:950 arg2 method 931:936 this method 926:936 this method 926:936 Satisfactory validation results showed this method could be used to determine the target components. 34268859 4 61 theme recovery 833:840 arg1 parameters 679:688 The parameters 675:688 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method 675:870 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 4 62 theme linearity 693:701 arg1 parameters 679:688 The parameters 675:688 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method 675:870 The parameters of linearity (R2 > 0.999), stability (1.63-2.52%), intra-day and inter-day precision (0.69-0.95%, 1.81-2.77%), repeatability (1.89-2.65%), and recovery (97.63-102.24%) of the method were verified. 34268859 8 63 theme evaluation 1426:1435 arg1 index 1437:1441 the evaluation index 1422:1441 the evaluation index 1422:1441 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 8 63 theme evaluation 1426:1435 arg1 monosaccharides 1393:1407 the monosaccharides 1389:1407 the monosaccharides 1389:1407 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 2 64 dep h 578:578 arg1 to 573:574 to 573:574 to 573:574 In this study, hydrochloric acid was used instead of trifluoroacetic acid to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and hydrolysis time was greatly reduced from 5-9 h to 1 h. 34268859 8 65 used used 1414:1417 arg2 monosaccharides 1393:1407 the monosaccharides 1389:1407 the monosaccharides 1389:1407 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 8 65 used used 1414:1417 arg2 index 1437:1441 the evaluation index 1422:1441 the evaluation index 1422:1441 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 2 66 theme h 571:571 arg1 h 578:578 5-9 h to 1 h 567:578 5-9 h to 1 h 567:578 In this study, hydrochloric acid was used instead of trifluoroacetic acid to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and hydrolysis time was greatly reduced from 5-9 h to 1 h. 34268859 0 67 from areas 106:110 arg1 analysis 18:25 analysis 18:25 analysis 18:25 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 67 from areas 106:110 arg1 Determination 0:12 Determination 0:12 Determination 0:12 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 67 from areas 106:110 arg1 polysaccharides 75:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides 49:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 49:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 9 68 theme active 1666:1671 arg1 ingredient 1673:1682 the main active ingredient 1657:1682 the main active ingredient 1657:1682 Therefore, a new method was established to detect the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and comprehensively evaluate the quality of Chinese medicines with polysaccharides as the main active ingredient. 34268859 8 69 theme evaluation 1284:1293 arg1 results 1295:1301 The evaluation results 1280:1301 The evaluation results 1280:1301 The evaluation results showed that the samples from the Qingyang County of Anhui Province were the best when the monosaccharides were used as the evaluation index. 34268859 2 70 theme hydrochloric 433:444 arg1 acid 446:449 hydrochloric acid 433:449 hydrochloric acid 433:449 In this study, hydrochloric acid was used instead of trifluoroacetic acid to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and hydrolysis time was greatly reduced from 5-9 h to 1 h. 34268859 1 71 theme monosaccharides 261:275 arg1 determination 244:256 the determination 240:256 the determination of monosaccharides 240:275 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 0 72 theme Hua 71:73 arg1 polysaccharides 75:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides 49:89 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 49:199 Determination and analysis of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides from different areas by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 1 73 theme mass 399:402 arg1 spectrometry 404:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry 327:415 We wanted to explore a new method for the determination of monosaccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole trap tandem mass spectrometry. 34268859 2 74 used used 455:458 arg2 acid 446:449 hydrochloric acid 433:449 hydrochloric acid 433:449 In this study, hydrochloric acid was used instead of trifluoroacetic acid to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and hydrolysis time was greatly reduced from 5-9 h to 1 h. 32246325 10 0 from cholesterol 1574:1584 arg1 blood 1593:1597 the blood 1589:1597 the blood 1589:1597 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 14 1 contain has 2005:2007 arg1 7469 1953:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 1938:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 1938:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 14 1 contain has 2005:2007 arg2 potential 2011:2019 a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout 2009:2106 a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout 2009:2106 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 6 2 theme complement 1086:1095 arg1 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 2 theme complement 1086:1095 arg1 activity 1115:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity 1074:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL) 1074:1133 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 1 3 theme blood 412:416 arg1 chemistry 418:426 blood chemistry 412:426 blood chemistry 412:426 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 11 4 theme rainbow 1771:1777 arg1 trout 1779:1783 rainbow trout 1771:1783 rainbow trout 1771:1783 At the end of the experiment, all groups were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L. 32246325 14 5 theme rainbow 2094:2100 arg1 trout 2102:2106 rainbow trout 2094:2106 rainbow trout 2094:2106 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 6 6 theme total 1011:1015 arg1 protein 1017:1023 total protein 1011:1023 total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL) 1011:1048 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 6 theme total 1011:1015 arg1 protein 993:999 whole-body protein 982:999 whole-body protein (17.51%) 982:1008 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 1 7 theme bacterium 242:250 arg1 effect 220:225 the effect 216:225 the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g) 216:501 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 3 8 theme probiotic 666:674 arg1 sprayed 676:682 a probiotic sprayed 664:682 a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r) 664:700 They were control diet without any additive (C), diet added with beads without probiotic (E), a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r), and encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L. 32246325 10 9 theme lower 1523:1527 arg1 value 1529:1533 a significantly lower value 1507:1533 a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) 1507:1607 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 lysozyme 1051:1058 lysozyme 1051:1058 lysozyme (30.66 U/mL) 1051:1071 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 value 973:977 a significantly higher value 950:977 a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL) 950:1048 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 dismutase 1147:1155 superoxide dismutase 1136:1155 superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein) 1136:1174 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 30.66 U/mL 1061:1070 30.66 U/mL 1061:1070 30.66 U/mL 1061:1070 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 catalase 1181:1188 catalase 1181:1188 catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) 1181:1221 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 activity 1115:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity 1074:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL) 1074:1133 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 P < 0.05 1213:1220 P < 0.05 1213:1220 P < 0.05 1213:1220 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 protein 1167:1173 203 U/mg protein 1158:1173 203 U/mg protein 1158:1173 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 10 theme protein 993:999 arg1 protein 1203:1209 528.33 U/mg protein 1191:1209 528.33 U/mg protein 1191:1209 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 10 11 theme control 1642:1648 arg1 diet 1650:1653 the control diet 1638:1653 the control diet (P < 0.05) 1638:1664 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 11 theme control 1642:1648 arg1 P < 0.05 1656:1663 P < 0.05 1656:1663 P < 0.05 1656:1663 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 6 12 theme superoxide 1136:1145 arg1 protein 1167:1173 203 U/mg protein 1158:1173 203 U/mg protein 1158:1173 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 12 theme superoxide 1136:1145 arg1 dismutase 1147:1155 superoxide dismutase 1136:1155 superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein) 1136:1174 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 1 13 theme current 185:191 arg1 study 193:197 the current study 181:197 the current study 181:197 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 14 theme growth 378:383 arg1 factors 385:391 growth factors 378:391 growth factors 378:391 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 15 dep bacterium 242:250 arg1 coated 344:349 coated 344:349 coated with chitosan 344:363 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 15 dep bacterium 242:250 arg1 microencapsulated 288:304 microencapsulated 288:304 microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch 288:338 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 6 16 theme hemolytic 1105:1113 arg1 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 16 theme hemolytic 1105:1113 arg1 activity 1115:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity 1074:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL) 1074:1133 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 13 17 theme encapsulated 1909:1920 arg1 Lact 1932:1935 that encapsulated probiotic Lact 1904:1935 that encapsulated probiotic Lact 1904:1935 Overall, the results suggested that encapsulated probiotic Lact. 32246325 7 18 theme tumor 1363:1367 arg1 TNF-1α 1392:1397 TNF-1α 1392:1397 TNF-1α 1392:1397 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 7 18 theme tumor 1363:1367 arg1 factor-alpha 1378:1389 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1363:1389 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1363:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 14 19 theme ATCC 1948:1951 arg1 7469 1953:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 1938:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 1938:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 10 20 theme whole 1551:1555 arg1 body 1557:1560 the whole body 1547:1560 the whole body (4.82%) 1547:1568 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 20 theme whole 1551:1555 arg1 % 1567:1567 4.82% 1563:1567 4.82% 1563:1567 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 5 21 with feeding 784:790 arg1 E-Lr 797:800 E-Lr 797:800 E-Lr 797:800 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 6 22 from protein 1017:1023 arg1 4.98 g/dL 1039:1047 4.98 g/dL 1039:1047 4.98 g/dL 1039:1047 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 22 from protein 1017:1023 arg1 blood 1032:1036 the blood 1028:1036 the blood (4.98 g/dL) 1028:1048 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 3 23 theme supplemented 730:741 arg1 diet 743:746 encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet 707:746 encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L 707:751 They were control diet without any additive (C), diet added with beads without probiotic (E), a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r), and encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L. 32246325 1 24 theme hi-maize 324:331 arg1 starch 333:338 hi-maize starch 324:338 hi-maize starch 324:338 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 10 25 from value 1529:1533 arg1 body 1557:1560 the whole body 1547:1560 the whole body (4.82%) 1547:1568 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 25 from value 1529:1533 arg1 % 1567:1567 4.82% 1563:1567 4.82% 1563:1567 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 25 from value 1529:1533 arg1 cholesterol 1574:1584 cholesterol 1574:1584 cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) 1574:1607 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 25 from value 1529:1533 arg1 % 1606:1606 160.67% 1600:1606 160.67% 1600:1606 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 0 26 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Parameters 58:67 Different Parameters 48:67 Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri 48:175 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 3 27 theme encapsulated 707:718 arg1 diet 743:746 encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet 707:746 encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L 707:751 They were control diet without any additive (C), diet added with beads without probiotic (E), a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r), and encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L. 32246325 5 28 theme feed 851:854 arg1 0.95 874:877 0.95 874:877 0.95 874:877 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 5 28 theme feed 851:854 arg1 ratio 867:871 feed conversion ratio 851:871 feed conversion ratio (0.95) 851:878 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 5 29 theme weight 825:830 arg1 84.98 g 838:844 84.98 g 838:844 84.98 g 838:844 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 5 29 theme weight 825:830 arg1 gain 832:835 weight gain 825:835 weight gain (84.98 g) 825:845 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 0 30 theme Rainbow 97:103 arg1 mykiss 125:130 Oncorhynchus mykiss 112:130 Oncorhynchus mykiss 112:130 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 0 30 theme Rainbow 97:103 arg1 Trout 105:109 Rainbow Trout 97:109 Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 97:131 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 10 31 from body 1557:1560 arg1 blood 1593:1597 the blood 1589:1597 the blood 1589:1597 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 6 32 dep fed 932:934 arg1 had 946:948 had 946:948 fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet 932:1263 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 0 33 theme Lactobacillus 11:23 arg1 ATCC 35:38 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 11:43 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 11:43 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 1 34 theme rhamnosus 267:275 arg1 7469 282:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 34 theme rhamnosus 267:275 arg1 bacterium 242:250 a probiotic bacterium 230:250 a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan 230:363 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 7 35 theme immune-related 1309:1322 arg1 interleukin-1 1338:1350 interleukin-1 1338:1350 interleukin-1 (Il-1) 1338:1357 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 7 35 theme immune-related 1309:1322 arg1 factor-alpha 1378:1389 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1363:1389 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1363:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 7 35 theme immune-related 1309:1322 arg1 genes 1324:1328 immune-related genes 1309:1328 immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1309:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 10 36 with comparison 1612:1621 arg1 those 1628:1632 those 1628:1632 those 1628:1632 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 0 37 theme ATCC 35:38 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 0:176 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 1 38 theme trout 464:468 arg1 composition 399:409 body composition 394:409 body composition 394:409 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 38 theme trout 464:468 arg1 factors 385:391 growth factors 378:391 growth factors 378:391 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 38 theme trout 464:468 arg1 response 444:451 the immune response 433:451 the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g) 433:501 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 38 theme trout 464:468 arg1 chemistry 418:426 blood chemistry 412:426 blood chemistry 412:426 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 38 theme trout 464:468 arg1 18.41 ± 0.32 g 487:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 6 39 theme 528.33 U/mg 1191:1201 arg1 catalase 1181:1188 catalase 1181:1188 catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) 1181:1221 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 39 theme 528.33 U/mg 1191:1201 arg1 protein 1203:1209 528.33 U/mg protein 1191:1209 528.33 U/mg protein 1191:1209 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 7 40 theme higher 1279:1284 arg1 expression 1295:1304 a higher relative expression 1277:1304 a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1277:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 14 41 theme flesh 2052:2056 arg1 quality 2058:2064 flesh quality 2052:2064 flesh quality 2052:2064 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 1 42 theme initial 471:477 arg1 response 444:451 the immune response 433:451 the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g) 433:501 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 42 theme initial 471:477 arg1 18.41 ± 0.32 g 487:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 6 43 theme control 1252:1258 arg1 diet 1260:1263 those fed the control diet 1238:1263 those fed the control diet 1238:1263 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 44 theme pathway 1097:1103 arg1 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 44 theme pathway 1097:1103 arg1 activity 1115:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity 1074:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL) 1074:1133 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 45 theme fed 1244:1246 arg1 diet 1260:1263 those fed the control diet 1238:1263 those fed the control diet 1238:1263 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 14 46 theme trout 2102:2106 arg1 performance 2039:2049 growth performance 2032:2049 growth performance 2032:2049 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 14 46 theme trout 2102:2106 arg1 response 2082:2089 the immune response 2071:2089 the immune response of rainbow trout 2071:2106 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 14 46 theme trout 2102:2106 arg1 quality 2058:2064 flesh quality 2052:2064 flesh quality 2052:2064 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 11 47 theme trout 1779:1783 arg1 rate 1763:1766 the survival rate 1750:1766 the survival rate of rainbow trout 1750:1783 At the end of the experiment, all groups were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L. 32246325 6 48 theme E-Lr 936:939 arg1 diet 941:944 E-Lr diet 936:944 E-Lr diet 936:944 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 49 theme alternative 1074:1084 arg1 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 134 U/mL 1125:1132 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 49 theme alternative 1074:1084 arg1 activity 1115:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity 1074:1122 alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL) 1074:1133 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 1 50 theme probiotic 232:240 arg1 7469 282:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 50 theme probiotic 232:240 arg1 bacterium 242:250 a probiotic bacterium 230:250 a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan 230:363 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 14 51 theme immune 2075:2080 arg1 response 2082:2089 the immune response 2071:2089 the immune response of rainbow trout 2071:2106 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 1 52 theme immune 437:442 arg1 18.41 ± 0.32 g 487:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 52 theme immune 437:442 arg1 response 444:451 the immune response 433:451 the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g) 433:501 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 11 53 theme dietary 1789:1795 arg1 E-L 1797:1799 dietary E-L 1789:1799 dietary E-L 1789:1799 At the end of the experiment, all groups were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L. 32246325 0 54 theme Oncorhynchus 112:123 arg1 mykiss 125:130 Oncorhynchus mykiss 112:130 Oncorhynchus mykiss 112:130 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 0 54 theme Oncorhynchus 112:123 arg1 Trout 105:109 Rainbow Trout 97:109 Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 97:131 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 11 55 theme experiment 1685:1694 arg1 end 1674:1676 the end 1670:1676 the end of the experiment 1670:1694 At the end of the experiment, all groups were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L. 32246325 13 56 theme probiotic 1922:1930 arg1 Lact 1932:1935 that encapsulated probiotic Lact 1904:1935 that encapsulated probiotic Lact 1904:1935 Overall, the results suggested that encapsulated probiotic Lact. 32246325 11 57 theme Yersinia 1727:1734 arg1 ruckeri 1736:1742 Yersinia ruckeri 1727:1742 Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L 1727:1799 At the end of the experiment, all groups were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L. 32246325 6 58 theme whole-body 982:991 arg1 protein 1017:1023 total protein 1011:1023 total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL) 1011:1048 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 58 theme whole-body 982:991 arg1 protein 993:999 whole-body protein 982:999 whole-body protein (17.51%) 982:1008 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 58 theme whole-body 982:991 arg1 % 1007:1007 17.51% 1002:1007 17.51% 1002:1007 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 10 59 theme lipid 1538:1542 arg1 value 1529:1533 a significantly lower value 1507:1533 a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) 1507:1607 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 7 60 theme necrosis 1369:1376 arg1 TNF-1α 1392:1397 TNF-1α 1392:1397 TNF-1α 1392:1397 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 7 60 theme necrosis 1369:1376 arg1 factor-alpha 1378:1389 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1363:1389 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1363:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 11 61 theme survival 1754:1761 arg1 rate 1763:1766 the survival rate 1750:1766 the survival rate of rainbow trout 1750:1783 At the end of the experiment, all groups were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri where the survival rate of rainbow trout fed dietary E-L. 32246325 1 62 theme body 394:397 arg1 composition 399:409 body composition 394:409 body composition 394:409 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 10 63 theme 4.82 1563:1566 arg1 body 1557:1560 the whole body 1547:1560 the whole body (4.82%) 1547:1568 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 63 theme 4.82 1563:1566 arg1 % 1567:1567 4.82% 1563:1567 4.82% 1563:1567 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 9 64 theme dietary 1489:1495 arg1 E-L 1497:1499 dietary E-L 1489:1499 dietary E-L 1489:1499 Interestingly, the fish fed dietary E-L. 32246325 0 65 theme Related 69:75 arg1 Parameters 58:67 Different Parameters 48:67 Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri 48:175 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 3 66 dep diet 743:746 arg1 E-L 749:751 E-L 749:751 E-L 749:751 They were control diet without any additive (C), diet added with beads without probiotic (E), a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r), and encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L. 32246325 14 67 theme rhamnosus 1938:1946 arg1 7469 1953:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 1938:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 1938:1956 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32246325 0 68 theme Health 80:85 arg1 Status 87:92 Health Status 80:92 Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 80:131 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 10 69 contain had 1503:1505 arg1 r 1501:1501 r 1501:1501 r 1501:1501 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 10 69 contain had 1503:1505 arg2 value 1529:1533 a significantly lower value 1507:1533 a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) 1507:1607 r had a significantly lower value of lipid in the whole body (4.82%) and cholesterol in the blood (160.67%) in comparison with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). 32246325 3 70 theme probiotic 720:728 arg1 diet 743:746 encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet 707:746 encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L 707:751 They were control diet without any additive (C), diet added with beads without probiotic (E), a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r), and encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L. 32246325 0 71 theme Trout 105:109 arg1 Protection 141:150 the Protection 137:150 the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri 137:175 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 0 71 theme Trout 105:109 arg1 Status 87:92 Health Status 80:92 Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 80:131 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 2 72 theme experimental 509:520 arg1 diets 522:526 Four experimental diets 504:526 Four experimental diets 504:526 Four experimental diets were formulated to feed fish for 60 days. 32246325 5 73 theme conversion 856:865 arg1 0.95 874:877 0.95 874:877 0.95 874:877 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 5 73 theme conversion 856:865 arg1 ratio 867:871 feed conversion ratio 851:871 feed conversion ratio (0.95) 851:878 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 6 74 theme 203 U/mg 1158:1165 arg1 protein 1167:1173 203 U/mg protein 1158:1173 203 U/mg protein 1158:1173 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 6 74 theme 203 U/mg 1158:1165 arg1 dismutase 1147:1155 superoxide dismutase 1136:1155 superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein) 1136:1174 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 3 75 theme control 580:586 arg1 diet 588:591 control diet 580:591 control diet without any additive (C) 580:616 They were control diet without any additive (C), diet added with beads without probiotic (E), a probiotic sprayed to the diet (L.r), and encapsulated probiotic supplemented diet (E-L. 32246325 0 76 theme rhamnosus 25:33 arg1 ATCC 35:38 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 11:43 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 11:43 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 1 77 theme Lactobacillus 253:265 arg1 7469 282:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 77 theme Lactobacillus 253:265 arg1 bacterium 242:250 a probiotic bacterium 230:250 a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan 230:363 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 78 theme ATCC 277:280 arg1 7469 282:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 253:285 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 78 theme ATCC 277:280 arg1 bacterium 242:250 a probiotic bacterium 230:250 a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan 230:363 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 7 79 theme genes 1324:1328 arg1 expression 1295:1304 a higher relative expression 1277:1304 a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1277:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 7 80 theme fed 1423:1425 arg1 E-L 1427:1429 those fed E-L 1417:1429 those fed E-L 1417:1429 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 1 81 theme rainbow 456:462 arg1 trout 464:468 rainbow trout 456:468 rainbow trout 456:468 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 0 82 theme Different 48:56 arg1 Parameters 58:67 Different Parameters 48:67 Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri 48:175 Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on Different Parameters Related to Health Status of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Protection Against Yersinia ruckeri. 32246325 5 83 theme other 896:900 arg1 P < 0.05 910:917 P < 0.05 910:917 P < 0.05 910:917 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 5 83 theme other 896:900 arg1 groups 902:907 the other groups 892:907 the other groups (P < 0.05) 892:918 The results indicated that feeding with E-Lr significantly improved weight gain (84.98 g) and feed conversion ratio (0.95) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 32246325 7 84 theme relative 1286:1293 arg1 expression 1295:1304 a higher relative expression 1277:1304 a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) 1277:1398 Similarly, a higher relative expression of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1 (Il-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-1α) were reported in those fed E-L. 32246325 6 85 theme higher 966:971 arg1 value 973:977 a significantly higher value 950:977 a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL) 950:1048 Also, fish fed E-Lr diet had a significantly higher value of whole-body protein (17.51%), total protein in the blood (4.98 g/dL), lysozyme (30.66 U/mL), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (134 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (203 U/mg protein), and catalase (528.33 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) as compared to those fed the control diet. 32246325 1 86 theme weight 479:484 arg1 response 444:451 the immune response 433:451 the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g) 433:501 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 1 86 theme weight 479:484 arg1 18.41 ± 0.32 g 487:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g 471:500 In the current study, we investigated the effect of a probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469) microencapsulated with alginate and hi-maize starch and coated with chitosan on improving growth factors, body composition, blood chemistry, and the immune response of rainbow trout (initial weight: 18.41 ± 0.32 g). 32246325 14 87 theme growth 2032:2037 arg1 performance 2039:2049 growth performance 2032:2049 growth performance 2032:2049 rhamnosus ATCC 7469 acted better than unencapsulated probiotic and has a potential to improve growth performance, flesh quality, and the immune response of rainbow trout. 32535383 10 0 from prevention 1645:1654 arg1 individuals 1716:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 6 1 dep TSF 917:919 arg1 both 921:924 both 921:924 both 921:924 MCP-1 and TNF-α were decreased by TSF both in the serum and kidney. 32535383 7 2 theme indoxyl 1102:1108 arg1 sulfate 1110:1116 indoxyl sulfate 1102:1116 indoxyl sulfate 1102:1116 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 3 3 theme microbiota 474:483 arg1 composition 485:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 1 4 from toxins 214:219 arg1 dysbiosis 187:195 intestinal dysbiosis 176:195 intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins 176:219 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 3 5 from composition 485:495 arg1 kidney 578:583 the kidney 574:583 the kidney 574:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 2 6 theme herbal 270:275 arg1 Formula 231:237 Tangshen Formula 222:237 Tangshen Formula (TSF) 222:243 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 2 6 theme herbal 270:275 arg1 medicine 277:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine 248:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD 248:316 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 3 7 from impact 453:458 arg1 composition 485:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 7 from impact 453:458 arg1 toxins 510:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 7 from impact 453:458 arg1 pathway 550:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway 522:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney 522:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 2 8 theme traditional 250:260 arg1 Formula 231:237 Tangshen Formula 222:237 Tangshen Formula (TSF) 222:243 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 2 8 theme traditional 250:260 arg1 medicine 277:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine 248:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD 248:316 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 5 9 theme endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 851:880 arg1 dysbiosis 789:797 gut dysbiosis 785:797 gut dysbiosis 785:797 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 5 9 theme endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 851:880 arg1 levels 811:816 reduced levels 803:816 reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 803:880 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 7 10 theme aryl 1070:1073 arg1 hydrocarbon 1075:1085 aryl hydrocarbon 1070:1085 aryl hydrocarbon 1070:1085 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 9 11 theme renal 1439:1443 arg1 injury 1445:1450 diabetic renal injury 1430:1450 diabetic renal injury 1430:1450 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 3 12 theme downstream 526:535 arg1 pathway 550:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway 522:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney 522:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 5 13 theme indoxyl 821:827 arg1 sulfate 829:835 indoxyl sulfate 821:835 indoxyl sulfate 821:835 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 4 14 theme urinary 682:688 arg1 excretion 690:698 urinary excretion 682:698 urinary excretion of albumin 682:709 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 8 15 theme gut 1241:1243 arg1 phyla 1255:1259 gut bacterial phyla 1241:1259 gut bacterial phyla 1241:1259 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 5 16 theme reduced 803:809 arg1 levels 811:816 reduced levels 803:816 reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 803:880 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 8 17 theme Spearman 1187:1194 arg1 analysis 1208:1215 Spearman correlation analysis 1187:1215 Spearman correlation analysis 1187:1215 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 0 18 from toxins 66:71 arg1 rats 97:100 diabetic nephropathy rats 76:100 diabetic nephropathy rats 76:100 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 8 19 theme phyla 1255:1259 arg1 cluster 1230:1236 a cluster 1228:1236 a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera 1228:1270 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 3 20 theme urotoxins 561:569 arg1 composition 485:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 20 theme urotoxins 561:569 arg1 toxins 510:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 20 theme urotoxins 561:569 arg1 pathway 550:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway 522:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney 522:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 7 21 theme inhibitory 985:994 arg1 effect 996:1001 the inhibitory effect 981:1001 the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation 981:1030 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 10 22 from individuals 1716:1726 arg1 prevention 1645:1654 the prevention 1641:1654 the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals 1641:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 8 23 theme genera 1265:1270 arg1 cluster 1230:1236 a cluster 1228:1236 a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera 1228:1270 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 9 24 theme renal 1564:1568 arg1 inflammation 1570:1581 renal inflammation 1564:1581 renal inflammation 1564:1581 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 7 25 theme renal 1013:1017 arg1 inflammation 1019:1030 renal inflammation 1013:1030 renal inflammation 1013:1030 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 1 26 theme kidney 140:145 arg1 DKD 156:158 DKD 156:158 DKD 156:158 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 1 26 theme kidney 140:145 arg1 disease 147:153 diabetic kidney disease 131:153 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 131:159 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 4 27 theme albumin 703:709 arg1 attenuation 632:642 significant attenuation 620:642 significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries 620:676 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 4 27 theme albumin 703:709 arg1 excretion 690:698 urinary excretion 682:698 urinary excretion of albumin 682:709 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 4 28 theme histologic 658:667 arg1 injuries 669:676 both renal histologic injuries 647:676 both renal histologic injuries 647:676 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 3 29 from pathway 550:556 arg1 kidney 578:583 the kidney 574:583 the kidney 574:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 1 30 link gut-derived 202:212 arg1 toxins 214:219 gut-derived toxins 202:219 gut-derived toxins 202:219 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 3 31 from toxins 510:515 arg1 kidney 578:583 the kidney 574:583 the kidney 574:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 0 32 theme diabetic 76:83 arg1 rats 97:100 diabetic nephropathy rats 76:100 diabetic nephropathy rats 76:100 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 9 33 theme lipopolysaccharide 1509:1526 arg1 levels 1499:1504 levels 1499:1504 levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate 1499:1546 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 3 34 link gut-derived 498:508 arg1 toxins 510:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 9 35 theme indoxyl 1532:1538 arg1 sulfate 1540:1546 indoxyl sulfate 1532:1546 indoxyl sulfate 1532:1546 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 8 36 theme renal 1324:1328 arg1 function 1330:1337 renal function 1324:1337 renal function 1324:1337 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 7 37 theme NF-κB 1156:1160 arg1 signaling 1162:1170 JNK and NF-κB signaling 1148:1170 JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney 1148:1184 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 0 38 theme Tangshen 0:7 arg1 formula 9:15 Tangshen formula 0:15 Tangshen formula 0:15 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 3 39 theme streptozotocin 334:347 arg1 injection 349:357 streptozotocin injection 334:357 streptozotocin injection 334:357 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 8 40 theme systemic 1344:1351 arg1 inflammation 1353:1364 systemic inflammation 1344:1364 systemic inflammation 1344:1364 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 3 41 from urotoxins 561:569 arg1 kidney 578:583 the kidney 574:583 the kidney 574:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 42 theme gut-derived 498:508 arg1 toxins 510:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 7 43 theme JNK 1148:1150 arg1 signaling 1162:1170 JNK and NF-κB signaling 1148:1170 JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney 1148:1184 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 3 44 theme diabetic 386:393 arg1 nephropathy 395:405 uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy 363:405 uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) 363:410 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 45 theme TSF 463:465 arg1 impact 453:458 the impact 449:458 the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney 449:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 5 46 theme gut 785:787 arg1 dysbiosis 789:797 gut dysbiosis 785:797 gut dysbiosis 785:797 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 10 47 from agent 1632:1636 arg1 prevention 1645:1654 the prevention 1641:1654 the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals 1641:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 10 48 theme dysbiosis 1663:1671 arg1 prevention 1645:1654 the prevention 1641:1654 the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals 1641:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 10 49 theme DN 1713:1714 arg1 individuals 1716:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 8 50 theme correlation 1196:1206 arg1 analysis 1208:1215 Spearman correlation analysis 1187:1215 Spearman correlation analysis 1187:1215 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 7 51 theme sulfate 1110:1116 arg1 receptor 1090:1097 a receptor 1088:1097 a receptor of indoxyl sulfate 1088:1116 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 7 51 theme sulfate 1110:1116 arg1 TLR4 1123:1126 TLR4 1123:1126 TLR4 1123:1126 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 7 51 theme sulfate 1110:1116 arg1 inhibition 1056:1065 the inhibition 1052:1065 the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon 1052:1085 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 4 52 theme TSF 586:588 arg1 treatment 590:598 TSF treatment 586:598 TSF treatment for 12 weeks 586:611 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 3 53 theme gut 470:472 arg1 composition 485:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 10 54 from dysbiosis 1663:1671 arg1 individuals 1716:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 9 55 theme administered 1389:1400 arg1 TSF 1402:1404 orally administered TSF 1382:1404 orally administered TSF 1382:1404 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 10 56 from elimination 1677:1687 arg1 individuals 1716:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 DN individuals 1713:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 10 57 theme elimination 1677:1687 arg1 prevention 1645:1654 the prevention 1641:1654 the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals 1641:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 7 58 theme hydrocarbon 1075:1085 arg1 receptor 1090:1097 a receptor 1088:1097 a receptor of indoxyl sulfate 1088:1116 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 7 58 theme hydrocarbon 1075:1085 arg1 TLR4 1123:1126 TLR4 1123:1126 TLR4 1123:1126 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 7 58 theme hydrocarbon 1075:1085 arg1 inhibition 1056:1065 the inhibition 1052:1065 the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon 1052:1085 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 2 59 theme Chinese 262:268 arg1 Formula 231:237 Tangshen Formula 222:237 Tangshen Formula (TSF) 222:243 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 2 59 theme Chinese 262:268 arg1 medicine 277:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine 248:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD 248:316 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 5 60 theme metabolic 841:849 arg1 endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 851:880 metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 841:880 metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 841:880 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 0 61 link gut-derived 54:64 arg1 toxins 66:71 gut-derived toxins 54:71 gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats 54:100 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 4 62 theme significant 620:630 arg1 attenuation 632:642 significant attenuation 620:642 significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries 620:676 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 5 63 theme TSF 752:754 arg1 treatment 756:764 TSF treatment 752:764 TSF treatment 752:764 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 3 64 theme inflammatory 537:548 arg1 pathway 550:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway 522:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney 522:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 9 65 theme diabetic 1430:1437 arg1 injury 1445:1450 diabetic renal injury 1430:1450 diabetic renal injury 1430:1450 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 7 66 from effect 996:1001 arg1 inflammation 1019:1030 renal inflammation 1013:1030 renal inflammation 1013:1030 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 1 67 theme intestinal 176:185 arg1 dysbiosis 187:195 intestinal dysbiosis 176:195 intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins 176:219 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 5 68 theme sulfate 829:835 arg1 dysbiosis 789:797 gut dysbiosis 785:797 gut dysbiosis 785:797 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 5 68 theme sulfate 829:835 arg1 levels 811:816 reduced levels 803:816 reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide 803:880 TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. 32535383 7 69 from signaling 1162:1170 arg1 kidney 1179:1184 the kidney 1175:1184 the kidney 1175:1184 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 2 70 theme Tangshen 222:229 arg1 Formula 231:237 Tangshen Formula 222:237 Tangshen Formula (TSF) 222:243 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 2 70 theme Tangshen 222:229 arg1 medicine 277:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine 248:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD 248:316 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 2 70 theme Tangshen 222:229 arg1 TSF 240:242 TSF 240:242 TSF 240:242 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 7 71 theme TSF 1006:1008 arg1 effect 996:1001 the inhibitory effect 981:1001 the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation 981:1030 In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. 32535383 9 72 theme gut 1467:1469 arg1 microbiota 1471:1480 gut microbiota 1467:1480 gut microbiota 1467:1480 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 8 73 theme bacterial 1245:1253 arg1 phyla 1255:1259 gut bacterial phyla 1241:1259 gut bacterial phyla 1241:1259 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 1 74 theme diabetic 131:138 arg1 DKD 156:158 DKD 156:158 DKD 156:158 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 1 74 theme diabetic 131:138 arg1 disease 147:153 diabetic kidney disease 131:153 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 131:159 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 4 75 theme renal 652:656 arg1 injuries 669:676 both renal histologic injuries 647:676 both renal histologic injuries 647:676 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 0 76 theme nephropathy 85:95 arg1 rats 97:100 diabetic nephropathy rats 76:100 diabetic nephropathy rats 76:100 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 3 77 dep injection 349:357 arg1 model 416:420 rat model 412:420 rat model 412:420 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 4 78 theme injuries 669:676 arg1 attenuation 632:642 significant attenuation 620:642 significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries 620:676 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 4 78 theme injuries 669:676 arg1 excretion 690:698 urinary excretion 682:698 urinary excretion of albumin 682:709 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 8 79 theme renal 1307:1311 arg1 pathology 1313:1321 renal pathology 1307:1321 renal pathology 1307:1321 Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. 32535383 3 80 from kidney 578:583 arg1 composition 485:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 gut microbiota composition 470:495 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 80 from kidney 578:583 arg1 toxins 510:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 gut-derived toxins 498:515 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 80 from kidney 578:583 arg1 pathway 550:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway 522:556 the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney 522:583 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 9 81 theme sulfate 1540:1546 arg1 levels 1499:1504 levels 1499:1504 levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate 1499:1546 In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. 32535383 3 82 dep nephropathy 395:405 arg1 DN 408:409 DN 408:409 DN 408:409 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 10 83 used used 1621:1624 arg2 TSF 1610:1612 TSF 1610:1612 TSF 1610:1612 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 10 83 used used 1621:1624 arg2 agent 1632:1636 an agent 1629:1636 an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals 1629:1726 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 3 84 theme uninephrectomy-induced 363:384 arg1 nephropathy 395:405 uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy 363:405 uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) 363:410 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 3 85 theme rat 412:414 arg1 model 416:420 rat model 412:420 rat model 412:420 In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. 32535383 0 86 theme gut 27:29 arg1 Microbiota 31:40 gut Microbiota 27:40 gut Microbiota 27:40 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 1 87 theme Growing 103:109 arg1 evidence 111:118 Growing evidence 103:118 Growing evidence 103:118 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 4 88 theme DN 725:726 arg1 rats 728:731 DN rats 725:731 DN rats without treatment 725:749 TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. 32535383 1 89 theme gut-derived 202:212 arg1 toxins 214:219 gut-derived toxins 202:219 gut-derived toxins 202:219 Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. 32535383 0 90 theme gut-derived 54:64 arg1 toxins 66:71 gut-derived toxins 54:71 gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats 54:100 Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. 32535383 10 91 theme gut 1659:1661 arg1 dysbiosis 1663:1671 gut dysbiosis 1659:1671 gut dysbiosis 1659:1671 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 10 92 theme intestinal 1692:1701 arg1 toxins 1703:1708 intestinal toxins 1692:1708 intestinal toxins 1692:1708 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 2 93 used used 300:303 arg2 medicine 277:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine 248:284 a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD 248:316 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 2 93 used used 300:303 arg2 Formula 231:237 Tangshen Formula 222:237 Tangshen Formula (TSF) 222:243 Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. 32535383 10 94 theme toxins 1703:1708 arg1 elimination 1677:1687 elimination 1677:1687 elimination 1677:1687 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 32535383 10 94 theme toxins 1703:1708 arg1 dysbiosis 1663:1671 gut dysbiosis 1659:1671 gut dysbiosis 1659:1671 Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals. 34575838 3 0 theme 1H 348:349 arg1 experiments 375:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments 348:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments 348:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 5 1 theme water 790:794 arg1 fraction 796:803 the confined water fraction 777:803 the confined water fraction 777:803 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 4 2 theme confined 724:731 arg1 fractions 748:756 confined and free water fractions 724:756 confined and free water fractions 724:756 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 5 3 from vicinity 886:893 arg1 coefficient 848:858 the translation diffusion coefficient 822:858 the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 822:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 3 4 theme polysaccharides 506:520 arg1 influence 479:487 the influence 475:487 the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network 475:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 5 5 theme diffusion 838:846 arg1 coefficient 848:858 the translation diffusion coefficient 822:858 the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 822:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 3 6 theme spin-lattice 351:362 arg1 experiments 375:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments 348:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments 348:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 0 7 from Dynamics 6:13 arg1 Hydrogels 47:55 Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels 18:55 Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels 18:55 Water Dynamics in Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels by Means of NMR Relaxometry. 34575838 3 8 theme black 545:549 arg1 carrot 551:556 black carrot 545:556 black carrot 545:556 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 5 9 theme data 987:990 arg1 basis 963:967 the basis 959:967 the basis of the relaxation data 959:990 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 6 10 dep anisotropic 1064:1074 arg1 two-dimensional 1077:1091 two-dimensional 1077:1091 two-dimensional 1077:1091 Moreover, it was demonstrated that the translation diffusion is highly anisotropic (two-dimensional, 2D). 34575838 3 11 theme carrot 551:556 arg1 presence 533:540 the presence 529:540 the presence of black carrot 529:556 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 4 12 theme free 737:740 arg1 fractions 748:756 confined and free water fractions 724:756 confined and free water fractions 724:756 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 5 13 theme water 863:867 arg1 molecules 869:877 water molecules 863:877 water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 863:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 3 14 theme presence 533:540 arg1 influence 479:487 the influence 475:487 the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network 475:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 3 15 from network 617:623 arg1 properties 571:580 dynamical properties 561:580 dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network 561:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 3 16 from influence 479:487 arg1 properties 571:580 dynamical properties 561:580 dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network 561:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 2 17 theme xanthan 287:293 arg1 gum 295:297 xanthan gum 287:297 xanthan gum 287:297 The hydrogels were blended with gum tragacanth, pectin and xanthan gum polysaccharides for modulating their properties. 34575838 2 18 dep tragacanth 264:273 arg1 polysaccharides 299:313 polysaccharides 299:313 polysaccharides 299:313 The hydrogels were blended with gum tragacanth, pectin and xanthan gum polysaccharides for modulating their properties. 34575838 1 19 with hydrogels 123:131 arg1 extract 180:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 5 20 theme fraction 796:803 arg1 population 763:772 The population 759:772 The population of the confined water fraction 759:803 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 5 20 theme fraction 796:803 arg1 value 813:817 the value 809:817 the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 809:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 0 21 theme NMR 69:71 arg1 Relaxometry 73:83 NMR Relaxometry 69:83 NMR Relaxometry 69:83 Water Dynamics in Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels by Means of NMR Relaxometry. 34575838 1 22 theme Whey-protein-isolate-based 86:111 arg1 hydrogels 123:131 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels 86:131 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 86:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 5 23 from coefficient 848:858 arg1 vicinity 886:893 the vicinity 882:893 the vicinity of the macromolecular network 882:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 4 24 theme relaxation 683:692 arg1 contributions 694:706 relaxation contributions 683:706 relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions 683:756 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 5 25 theme translation 826:836 arg1 coefficient 848:858 the translation diffusion coefficient 822:858 the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 822:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 1 26 theme composite 113:121 arg1 hydrogels 123:131 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels 86:131 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 86:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 1 27 theme heat-induced 205:216 arg1 gelation 218:225 heat-induced gelation 205:225 heat-induced gelation 205:225 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 0 28 theme Whey-Protein-Based 18:35 arg1 Hydrogels 47:55 Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels 18:55 Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels 18:55 Water Dynamics in Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels by Means of NMR Relaxometry. 34575838 5 29 theme relaxation 976:985 arg1 data 987:990 the relaxation data 972:990 the relaxation data 972:990 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 3 30 from molecules 591:599 arg1 network 617:623 the hydrogel network 604:623 the hydrogel network 604:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 4 31 theme spin-lattice 633:644 arg1 data 657:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data 626:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data 626:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 3 32 theme frequency 413:421 arg1 range 423:427 a broad frequency range 405:427 a broad frequency range 405:427 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 3 33 theme dynamical 561:569 arg1 properties 571:580 dynamical properties 561:580 dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network 561:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 4 34 theme 1H 630:631 arg1 data 657:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data 626:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data 626:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 3 35 theme different 496:504 arg1 polysaccharides 506:520 the different polysaccharides 492:520 the different polysaccharides 492:520 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 2 36 theme gum 260:262 arg1 tragacanth 264:273 gum tragacanth 260:273 gum tragacanth 260:273 The hydrogels were blended with gum tragacanth, pectin and xanthan gum polysaccharides for modulating their properties. 34575838 5 37 theme molecules 869:877 arg1 coefficient 848:858 the translation diffusion coefficient 822:858 the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 822:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 0 38 theme Composite 37:45 arg1 Hydrogels 47:55 Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels 18:55 Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels 18:55 Water Dynamics in Whey-Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels by Means of NMR Relaxometry. 34575838 3 39 theme broad 407:411 arg1 range 423:427 a broad frequency range 405:427 a broad frequency range 405:427 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 5 40 from molecules 869:877 arg1 vicinity 886:893 the vicinity 882:893 the vicinity of the macromolecular network 882:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 4 41 theme relaxation 646:655 arg1 data 657:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data 626:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data 626:660 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 5 42 theme macromolecular 902:915 arg1 network 917:923 the macromolecular network 898:923 the macromolecular network 898:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 3 43 theme water 585:589 arg1 molecules 591:599 water molecules 585:599 water molecules in the hydrogel network 585:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 1 44 theme encapsulated 138:149 arg1 extract 180:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 3 45 theme molecules 591:599 arg1 properties 571:580 dynamical properties 561:580 dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network 561:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 1 46 theme black 151:155 arg1 extract 180:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 1 47 theme carrot 157:162 arg1 extract 180:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 6 48 dep two-dimensional 1077:1091 arg1 2D 1094:1095 2D 1094:1095 2D 1094:1095 Moreover, it was demonstrated that the translation diffusion is highly anisotropic (two-dimensional, 2D). 34575838 4 49 theme water 742:746 arg1 fractions 748:756 confined and free water fractions 724:756 confined and free water fractions 724:756 The 1H spin-lattice relaxation data were decomposed into relaxation contributions associated with confined and free water fractions. 34575838 3 50 from properties 571:580 arg1 network 617:623 the hydrogel network 604:623 the hydrogel network 604:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 3 51 theme relaxation 364:373 arg1 experiments 375:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments 348:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments 348:385 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 5 52 theme network 917:923 arg1 vicinity 886:893 the vicinity 882:893 the vicinity of the macromolecular network 882:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 3 53 theme hydrogel 608:615 arg1 network 617:623 the hydrogel network 604:623 the hydrogel network 604:623 1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments were performed in a broad frequency range, from 4 kHz to 30 MHz, to obtain insight into the influence of the different polysaccharides and of the presence of black carrot on dynamical properties of water molecules in the hydrogel network. 34575838 1 54 theme Daucus 165:170 arg1 extract 180:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 5 55 theme confined 781:788 arg1 fraction 796:803 the confined water fraction 777:803 the confined water fraction 777:803 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 5 56 theme coefficient 848:858 arg1 population 763:772 The population 759:772 The population of the confined water fraction 759:803 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 5 56 theme coefficient 848:858 arg1 value 813:817 the value 809:817 the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network 809:923 The population of the confined water fraction and the value of the translation diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular network were quantitatively determined on the basis of the relaxation data. 34575838 1 57 theme carota 172:177 arg1 extract 180:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract 138:186 Whey-protein-isolate-based composite hydrogels with encapsulated black carrot (Daucus carota) extract were prepared by heat-induced gelation. 34575838 6 58 theme translation 1032:1042 arg1 diffusion 1044:1052 the translation diffusion 1028:1052 the translation diffusion 1028:1052 Moreover, it was demonstrated that the translation diffusion is highly anisotropic (two-dimensional, 2D). 32987010 5 0 theme detailed 1195:1202 arg1 analysis 1218:1225 The detailed fragmentation analysis 1191:1225 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS 1191:1285 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 1 1 theme composition 317:327 arg1 determination 296:308 the determination 292:308 the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma 292:405 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 5 2 theme species 1464:1470 arg1 configuration 1409:1421 the molecular configuration 1395:1421 the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role 1395:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 3 3 theme benign 968:973 arg1 tumor 975:979 this benign tumor 963:979 this benign tumor 963:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 1 4 theme nanoelectrospray 150:165 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 4 theme nanoelectrospray 150:165 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 2 5 theme ions 471:474 arg1 discrimination 450:463 the discrimination 446:463 the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 446:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 3 6 theme ganglioside 693:703 arg1 pattern 705:711 a ganglioside pattern 691:711 a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 691:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 2 7 theme optimized 412:420 arg1 platform 428:435 The optimized HR MS platform, 408:436 platform 428:435 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 1 8 theme ionization 167:176 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 8 theme ionization 167:176 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 3 9 theme asialo 872:877 arg1 GA1 879:881 asialo GA1 872:881 asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0) 872:894 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 3 9 theme asialo 872:877 arg1 d18:1/18:0 884:893 d18:1/18:0 884:893 d18:1/18:0 884:893 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 1 10 theme Orbitrap 243:250 arg1 instrument 252:261 Orbitrap instrument 243:261 Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 243:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 0 11 theme cavernous 96:104 arg1 hemangioma 106:115 brain cavernous hemangioma 90:115 brain cavernous hemangioma 90:115 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 12 theme structure 333:341 arg1 determination 296:308 the determination 292:308 the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma 292:405 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 5 13 theme potential 1477:1485 arg1 role 1497:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 2 14 theme gangliosides 652:663 arg1 inventory 605:613 the current inventory 593:613 the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 593:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 4 15 theme brain 1136:1140 arg1 diagnosis 1153:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis 1130:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers 1130:1188 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 5 16 theme biomarker 1487:1495 arg1 role 1497:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 0 17 theme brain 90:94 arg1 hemangioma 106:115 brain cavernous hemangioma 90:115 brain cavernous hemangioma 90:115 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 3 18 theme structures 737:746 arg1 GD-type 726:732 GD-type 726:732 GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 726:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 2 19 theme species 573:579 arg1 number 563:568 the number 559:568 the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 559:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 2 20 theme hemangioma-associated 630:650 arg1 gangliosides 652:663 human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 618:663 human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 618:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 5 21 with species 1464:1470 arg1 role 1497:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 5 22 theme related 1331:1337 arg1 elements 1322:1329 structural elements 1311:1329 structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role 1311:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 3 23 theme sialylation 825:835 arg1 degree 815:820 a low degree 809:820 a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains 809:859 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 2 24 theme different 497:505 arg1 species 519:525 52 different ganglioside species 494:525 52 different ganglioside species 494:525 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 1 25 theme gangliosides 346:357 arg1 structure 333:341 structure 333:341 structure 333:341 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 25 theme gangliosides 346:357 arg1 composition 317:327 composition 317:327 composition 317:327 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 2 26 theme human 618:622 arg1 gangliosides 652:663 human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 618:663 human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 618:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 2 27 theme brain 624:628 arg1 gangliosides 652:663 human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 618:663 human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 618:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 4 28 from use 1123:1125 arg1 diagnosis 1153:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis 1130:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers 1130:1188 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 0 29 theme hemangioma 106:115 arg1 pattern 79:85 the ganglioside pattern 63:85 the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma 63:115 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 5 30 theme molecular 1399:1407 arg1 configuration 1409:1421 the molecular configuration 1395:1421 the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role 1395:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 5 31 theme tandem 1277:1282 arg1 MS 1284:1285 tandem MS 1277:1285 collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS 1240:1285 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 5 32 theme fragmentation 1204:1216 arg1 analysis 1218:1225 The detailed fragmentation analysis 1191:1225 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS 1191:1285 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 1 33 theme nanoESI 179:185 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 33 theme nanoESI 179:185 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 0 34 theme resolution 5:14 arg1 spectrometry 21:32 High resolution mass spectrometry 0:32 High resolution mass spectrometry 0:32 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 5 35 theme glycan 1346:1351 arg1 core 1353:1356 the glycan core and ceramide moiety 1342:1376 core 1353:1356 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 4 36 theme potential 1113:1121 arg1 use 1123:1125 their potential use 1107:1125 their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers 1107:1188 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 0 37 theme High 0:3 arg1 spectrometry 21:32 High resolution mass spectrometry 0:32 High resolution mass spectrometry 0:32 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 2 38 theme current 597:603 arg1 inventory 605:613 the current inventory 593:613 the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides 593:663 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 5 39 theme GD3 1447:1449 arg1 d18:1/24:2 1452:1461 d18:1/24:2 1452:1461 d18:1/24:2 1452:1461 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 5 39 theme GD3 1447:1449 arg1 species 1464:1470 GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species 1426:1470 species 1464:1470 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 1 40 theme high 188:191 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 40 theme high 188:191 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 41 theme negative 270:277 arg1 mode 283:286 the negative ion mode 266:286 the negative ion mode 266:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 42 from instrument 252:261 arg1 mode 283:286 the negative ion mode 266:286 the negative ion mode 266:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 5 43 theme GD3 1426:1428 arg1 configuration 1409:1421 the molecular configuration 1395:1421 the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role 1395:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 1 44 theme resolution 193:202 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 44 theme resolution 193:202 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 0 45 theme mass 16:19 arg1 spectrometry 21:32 High resolution mass spectrometry 0:32 High resolution mass spectrometry 0:32 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 46 theme ion 279:281 arg1 mode 283:286 the negative ion mode 266:286 the negative ion mode 266:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 47 theme human 374:378 arg1 hemangioma 396:405 human brain cavernous hemangioma 374:405 human brain cavernous hemangioma 374:405 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 4 48 theme further 1080:1086 arg1 investigations 1088:1101 further investigations 1080:1101 further investigations 1080:1101 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 5 49 theme structural 1311:1320 arg1 elements 1322:1329 structural elements 1311:1329 structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role 1311:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 1 50 theme mass 204:207 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 50 theme mass 204:207 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 0 51 theme novel 43:47 arg1 insights 49:56 novel insights 43:56 novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma 43:115 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 52 dep composition 317:327 arg1 the 313:315 the 313:315 the 313:315 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 53 theme brain 380:384 arg1 hemangioma 396:405 human brain cavernous hemangioma 374:405 human brain cavernous hemangioma 374:405 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 3 54 theme new 911:913 arg1 perspective 915:925 a new perspective 909:925 a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 909:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 3 55 from composition 948:958 arg1 tumor 975:979 this benign tumor 963:979 this benign tumor 963:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 3 56 theme species 784:790 arg1 structures 737:746 structures 737:746 structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 737:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 3 56 theme species 784:790 arg1 incidence 771:779 an elevated incidence 759:779 structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 737:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 3 57 theme short 841:845 arg1 chains 854:859 short glycan chains 841:859 short glycan chains 841:859 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 1 58 theme cavernous 386:394 arg1 hemangioma 396:405 human brain cavernous hemangioma 374:405 human brain cavernous hemangioma 374:405 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 4 59 theme structures 994:1003 arg1 Many 982:985 Many 982:985 Many 982:985 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 4 59 theme structures 994:1003 arg1 structures 994:1003 the structures 990:1003 the structures 990:1003 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 3 60 theme elevated 762:769 arg1 incidence 771:779 an elevated incidence 759:779 structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 737:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 3 61 theme incidence 771:779 arg1 GD-type 726:732 GD-type 726:732 GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 726:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 4 62 theme molecular 1172:1180 arg1 markers 1182:1188 molecular markers 1172:1188 molecular markers 1172:1188 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 5 63 theme elements 1322:1329 arg1 information 1296:1306 information 1296:1306 information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role 1296:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 5 64 dep dissociation 1258:1269 arg1 MS 1284:1285 tandem MS 1277:1285 collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS 1240:1285 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 3 65 theme ganglioside 936:946 arg1 composition 948:958 the ganglioside composition 932:958 the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor 932:979 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 5 66 theme ceramide 1362:1369 arg1 moiety 1371:1376 the glycan core and ceramide moiety 1342:1376 moiety 1371:1376 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 1 67 theme HR 223:224 arg1 spectrometry 209:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry 150:220 nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode 150:286 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 1 67 theme HR 223:224 arg1 MS 226:227 HR MS 223:227 HR MS 223:227 In this study we have optimized nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (HR MS) performed on Orbitrap instrument in the negative ion mode for the determination of the composition and structure of gangliosides extracted from human brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 4 68 theme early 1130:1134 arg1 diagnosis 1153:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis 1130:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers 1130:1188 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 3 69 theme glycan 847:852 arg1 chains 854:859 short glycan chains 841:859 short glycan chains 841:859 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 5 70 with GD3 1426:1428 arg1 role 1497:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 potential biomarker role 1477:1500 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 0 71 theme ganglioside 67:77 arg1 pattern 79:85 the ganglioside pattern 63:85 the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma 63:115 High resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the ganglioside pattern of brain cavernous hemangioma. 32987010 4 72 theme tumor 1041:1045 arg1 type 1033:1036 this type 1028:1036 this type of tumor 1028:1045 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 2 73 theme HR 422:423 arg1 platform 428:435 The optimized HR MS platform, 408:436 platform 428:435 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 3 74 theme chains 854:859 arg1 degree 815:820 a low degree 809:820 a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains 809:859 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 2 75 theme MS 425:426 arg1 platform 428:435 The optimized HR MS platform, 408:436 platform 428:435 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 32987010 4 76 theme hemangioma 1142:1151 arg1 diagnosis 1153:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis 1130:1161 early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers 1130:1188 Many of the structures are characteristic for this type of tumor only and are to be considered in further investigations for their potential use in early brain hemangioma diagnosis based on molecular markers. 32987010 3 77 theme low 811:813 arg1 degree 815:820 a low degree 809:820 a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains 809:859 The experiments revealed a ganglioside pattern dominated by GD-type of structures as well as an elevated incidence of species characterized by a low degree of sialylation and short glycan chains, including asialo GA1 (d18:1/18:0), which offer a new perspective upon the ganglioside composition in this benign tumor. 32987010 5 78 theme collision-induced 1240:1256 arg1 CID 1272:1274 CID 1272:1274 CID 1272:1274 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 5 78 theme collision-induced 1240:1256 arg1 dissociation 1258:1269 collision-induced dissociation 1240:1269 collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS 1240:1285 The detailed fragmentation analysis performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS provided information of structural elements related to the glycan core and ceramide moiety, which confirmed the molecular configuration of GD3 (d18:1/24:1) and GD3 (d18:1/24:2) species with potential biomarker role. 32987010 2 79 theme ganglioside 507:517 arg1 species 519:525 52 different ganglioside species 494:525 52 different ganglioside species 494:525 The optimized HR MS platform, allowed the discrimination of 62 ions, corresponding to 52 different ganglioside species, which represents roughly twice the number of species existing in the current inventory of human brain hemangioma-associated gangliosides. 34566655 4 0 theme minimal 502:508 arg1 effect 510:515 minimal effect 502:515 minimal effect 502:515 WGP had minimal effect on the growth of hepatocytes. 34566655 6 1 theme Promoter 703:710 arg1 assays 726:731 Promoter reporter gene assays 703:731 Promoter reporter gene assays 703:731 Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. 34566655 5 2 theme protein 603:609 arg1 levels 611:616 the mRNA and protein levels 590:616 the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system 590:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 0 3 theme Human 101:105 arg1 Hepatocytes 107:117 Human Hepatocytes 101:117 Human Hepatocytes 101:117 Polysaccharides Extracted From Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey Enhance Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis in Human Hepatocytes. 34566655 6 4 theme promoter 798:805 arg1 activity 774:781 activity 774:781 activity of the C4 gene promoter 774:805 Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. 34566655 2 5 theme active 269:274 arg1 components 276:285 the main active components 260:285 the main active components of ginseng 260:296 Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. 34566655 9 6 theme new 1048:1050 arg1 explanation 1052:1062 new explanation 1048:1062 new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity 1048:1136 These results provide new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity. 34566655 6 7 theme gene 793:796 arg1 promoter 798:805 the C4 gene promoter 786:805 the C4 gene promoter 786:805 Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. 34566655 2 8 theme main 264:267 arg1 components 276:285 the main active components 260:285 the main active components of ginseng 260:296 Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. 34566655 9 9 theme intrinsic 1072:1080 arg1 mechanism 1082:1090 the intrinsic mechanism 1068:1090 the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity 1068:1136 These results provide new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity. 34566655 9 10 theme human 1116:1120 arg1 capacity 1129:1136 human immune capacity 1116:1136 human immune capacity 1116:1136 These results provide new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity. 34566655 5 11 theme component 632:640 arg1 components 666:675 the core components 657:675 the core components of the complement system 657:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 11 theme component 632:640 arg1 C4 645:646 complement component 4 (C4) 621:647 complement component 4 (C4) 621:647 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 11 theme component 632:640 arg1 one 650:652 one 650:652 one 650:652 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 12 theme complement 621:630 arg1 components 666:675 the core components 657:675 the core components of the complement system 657:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 12 theme complement 621:630 arg1 C4 645:646 complement component 4 (C4) 621:647 complement component 4 (C4) 621:647 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 12 theme complement 621:630 arg1 one 650:652 one 650:652 one 650:652 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 1 13 theme medicinal 166:174 arg1 Panax 120:124 Panax 120:124 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) 120:151 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. 34566655 1 13 theme medicinal 166:174 arg1 plant 176:180 a classic medicinal plant 156:180 a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity 156:230 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. 34566655 1 14 theme classic 158:164 arg1 Panax 120:124 Panax 120:124 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) 120:151 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. 34566655 1 14 theme classic 158:164 arg1 plant 176:180 a classic medicinal plant 156:180 a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity 156:230 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. 34566655 3 15 theme water-soluble 311:323 arg1 WGP 350:352 WGP 350:352 WGP 350:352 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 15 theme water-soluble 311:323 arg1 polysaccharides 333:347 water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides 311:347 water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) 311:353 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 7 16 theme E-box1 846:851 arg1 regions 861:867 the E-box1 and Sp1 regions 842:867 the E-box1 and Sp1 regions 842:867 Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. 34566655 3 17 theme molecular 416:424 arg1 weight 426:431 molecular weight 416:431 molecular weight 416:431 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 18 theme physicochemical 372:386 arg1 characteristics 477:491 structural characteristics 466:491 structural characteristics 466:491 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 18 theme physicochemical 372:386 arg1 composition 449:459 monosaccharide composition 434:459 monosaccharide composition 434:459 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 18 theme physicochemical 372:386 arg1 weight 426:431 molecular weight 416:431 molecular weight 416:431 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 18 theme physicochemical 372:386 arg1 properties 388:397 the physicochemical properties 368:397 the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics 368:491 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 5 19 theme C4 645:646 arg1 levels 611:616 the mRNA and protein levels 590:616 the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system 590:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 20 theme mRNA 594:597 arg1 levels 611:616 the mRNA and protein levels 590:616 the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system 590:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 2 21 theme ginseng 290:296 arg1 components 276:285 the main active components 260:285 the main active components of ginseng 260:296 Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. 34566655 9 22 theme immune 1122:1127 arg1 capacity 1129:1136 human immune capacity 1116:1136 human immune capacity 1116:1136 These results provide new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity. 34566655 8 23 theme transcription 1011:1023 arg1 upregulation 995:1006 upregulation 995:1006 upregulation of transcription 995:1023 Taken together, our results suggest that WGP promotes C4 biosynthesis through upregulation of transcription. 34566655 6 24 theme C4 790:791 arg1 promoter 798:805 the C4 gene promoter 786:805 the C4 gene promoter 786:805 Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. 34566655 5 25 theme complement 684:693 arg1 system 695:700 the complement system 680:700 the complement system 680:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 2 26 theme components 276:285 arg1 components 276:285 the main active components 260:285 the main active components of ginseng 260:296 Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. 34566655 2 26 theme components 276:285 arg1 one 253:255 one 253:255 one 253:255 Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. 34566655 7 27 theme Deletion 808:815 arg1 analyses 817:824 Deletion analyses 808:824 Deletion analyses 808:824 Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. 34566655 3 28 theme structural 466:475 arg1 characteristics 477:491 structural characteristics 466:491 structural characteristics 466:491 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 29 theme WGP 402:404 arg1 characteristics 477:491 structural characteristics 466:491 structural characteristics 466:491 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 29 theme WGP 402:404 arg1 composition 449:459 monosaccharide composition 434:459 monosaccharide composition 434:459 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 29 theme WGP 402:404 arg1 weight 426:431 molecular weight 416:431 molecular weight 416:431 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 29 theme WGP 402:404 arg1 properties 388:397 the physicochemical properties 368:397 the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics 368:491 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 7 30 theme Sp1 857:859 arg1 regions 861:867 the E-box1 and Sp1 regions 842:867 the E-box1 and Sp1 regions 842:867 Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. 34566655 5 31 theme system 695:700 arg1 components 666:675 the core components 657:675 the core components of the complement system 657:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 7 32 theme WGP-induced 887:897 arg1 transcription 902:914 WGP-induced C4 transcription 887:914 WGP-induced C4 transcription 887:914 Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. 34566655 3 33 theme ginseng 325:331 arg1 WGP 350:352 WGP 350:352 WGP 350:352 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 3 33 theme ginseng 325:331 arg1 polysaccharides 333:347 water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides 311:347 water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) 311:353 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 5 34 theme core 661:664 arg1 components 666:675 the core components 657:675 the core components of the complement system 657:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 4 35 contain had 498:500 arg1 WGP 494:496 WGP 494:496 WGP 494:496 WGP had minimal effect on the growth of hepatocytes. 34566655 4 35 contain had 498:500 arg2 effect 510:515 minimal effect 502:515 minimal effect 502:515 WGP had minimal effect on the growth of hepatocytes. 34566655 7 36 theme C4 899:900 arg1 transcription 902:914 WGP-induced C4 transcription 887:914 WGP-induced C4 transcription 887:914 Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. 34566655 4 37 theme hepatocytes 534:544 arg1 growth 524:529 the growth 520:529 the growth of hepatocytes 520:544 WGP had minimal effect on the growth of hepatocytes. 34566655 5 38 theme components 666:675 arg1 components 666:675 the core components 657:675 the core components of the complement system 657:700 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 38 theme components 666:675 arg1 C4 645:646 complement component 4 (C4) 621:647 complement component 4 (C4) 621:647 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 5 38 theme components 666:675 arg1 one 650:652 one 650:652 one 650:652 Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. 34566655 8 39 theme C4 971:972 arg1 biosynthesis 974:985 C4 biosynthesis 971:985 C4 biosynthesis 971:985 Taken together, our results suggest that WGP promotes C4 biosynthesis through upregulation of transcription. 34566655 0 40 theme Component 73:81 arg1 Biosynthesis 85:96 Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis 62:96 Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis 62:96 Polysaccharides Extracted From Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey Enhance Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis in Human Hepatocytes. 34566655 6 41 theme gene 721:724 arg1 assays 726:731 Promoter reporter gene assays 703:731 Promoter reporter gene assays 703:731 Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. 34566655 3 42 theme monosaccharide 434:447 arg1 composition 449:459 monosaccharide composition 434:459 monosaccharide composition 434:459 We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. 34566655 1 43 theme immune 216:221 arg1 capacity 223:230 immune capacity 216:230 immune capacity 216:230 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. 34566655 0 44 theme Complement 62:71 arg1 Biosynthesis 85:96 Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis 62:96 Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis 62:96 Polysaccharides Extracted From Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey Enhance Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis in Human Hepatocytes. 34566655 6 45 theme reporter 712:719 arg1 assays 726:731 Promoter reporter gene assays 703:731 Promoter reporter gene assays 703:731 Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. 34566655 7 46 theme key 874:876 arg1 roles 878:882 key roles 874:882 key roles 874:882 Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. 34711323 10 0 theme developed 1526:1534 arg1 method 1536:1541 The developed method 1522:1541 The developed method 1522:1541 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 7 1 theme acid 1089:1092 arg1 residues 1094:1101 sialic acid residues 1082:1101 sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 1082:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 6 2 theme glycoform 868:876 arg1 resolution 878:887 the poor glycoform resolution 859:887 the poor glycoform resolution 859:887 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 1 3 theme human 91:95 arg1 erythropoietin 97:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin 79:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 79:116 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 3 theme human 91:95 arg1 glycoprotein 143:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein 121:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites 121:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 3 theme human 91:95 arg1 EPO 113:115 EPO 113:115 EPO 113:115 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 5 4 theme MS-based 671:678 arg1 methods 680:686 ESI MS-based methods 667:686 ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms 667:739 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 8 5 theme glycoform 1201:1209 arg1 compositions 1211:1222 up to 199 glycoform compositions 1191:1222 up to 199 glycoform compositions 1191:1222 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 5 6 theme intact 637:642 arg1 EPO 644:646 intact EPO 637:646 intact EPO 637:646 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 6 7 theme mass 781:784 arg1 analyzers 786:794 TOF mass analyzers 777:794 TOF mass analyzers 777:794 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 1 8 theme O-glycosylation 178:192 arg1 sites 194:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 10 9 theme data 1582:1585 arg1 acquisition 1587:1597 a fast and straightforward data acquisition 1555:1597 a fast and straightforward data acquisition 1555:1597 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 7 10 theme improved 1032:1039 arg1 resolution 1051:1060 improved glycoform resolution 1032:1060 improved glycoform resolution 1032:1060 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 2 11 theme quality 286:292 arg1 attribute 294:302 a critical quality attribute 275:302 a critical quality attribute 275:302 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 2 11 theme quality 286:292 arg1 Glycosylation 201:213 Glycosylation 201:213 Glycosylation of EPO 201:220 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 5 12 theme EPO 726:728 arg1 glycoforms 730:739 EPO glycoforms 726:739 EPO glycoforms 726:739 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 7 13 theme MALDI 1124:1128 arg1 analysis 1130:1137 MALDI analysis 1124:1137 MALDI analysis 1124:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 6 14 used used 811:814 arg2 MS 748:749 MALDI MS 742:749 MALDI MS 742:749 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 6 15 theme limited 908:914 arg1 information 926:936 limited glycoform information 908:936 limited glycoform information 908:936 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 4 16 theme EPO 448:450 arg1 glycosylation 452:464 EPO glycosylation 448:464 EPO glycosylation 448:464 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 8 17 theme doubly-charged 1261:1274 arg1 ions 1276:1279 doubly-charged ions 1261:1279 doubly-charged ions 1261:1279 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 2 18 theme EPO 218:220 arg1 attribute 294:302 a critical quality attribute 275:302 a critical quality attribute 275:302 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 2 18 theme EPO 218:220 arg1 Glycosylation 201:213 Glycosylation 201:213 Glycosylation of EPO 201:220 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 7 19 theme FT-ICR 964:969 arg1 MS 971:972 a MALDI FT-ICR MS 956:972 a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 956:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 5 20 theme ESI 667:669 arg1 methods 680:686 ESI MS-based methods 667:686 ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms 667:739 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 7 21 theme glycosylation 989:1001 arg1 profiling 1003:1011 the glycosylation profiling 985:1011 the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 985:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 1 22 theme complex 123:129 arg1 glycoprotein 143:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein 121:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites 121:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 22 theme complex 123:129 arg1 erythropoietin 97:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin 79:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 79:116 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 4 23 theme protein 421:427 arg1 complexity 396:405 the complexity 392:405 the complexity of the intact protein 392:427 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 0 24 theme mass 60:63 arg1 spectrometry 65:76 MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry 47:76 MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry 47:76 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 34711323 4 25 theme released 491:498 arg1 glycan 500:505 released glycan and glycopeptide analysis 491:531 glycan 500:505 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 8 26 theme mass 1315:1318 arg1 spectra 1320:1326 the mass spectra 1311:1326 the mass spectra 1311:1326 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 1 27 with glycoprotein 143:154 arg1 N- 167:168 three N- 161:168 three N- 161:168 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 27 with glycoprotein 143:154 arg1 sites 194:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 5 28 theme glycoform 610:618 arg1 heterogeneity 620:632 the glycoform heterogeneity 606:632 the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO 606:646 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 10 29 theme high-throughput 1650:1664 arg1 comparison 1666:1675 the high-throughput comparison 1646:1675 the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples 1646:1690 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 1 30 theme Recombinant 79:89 arg1 erythropoietin 97:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin 79:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 79:116 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 30 theme Recombinant 79:89 arg1 glycoprotein 143:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein 121:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites 121:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 30 theme Recombinant 79:89 arg1 EPO 113:115 EPO 113:115 EPO 113:115 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 0 31 theme Glycoform 0:8 arg1 analysis 10:17 Glycoform analysis 0:17 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 0:77 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 34711323 5 32 theme comprehensive 578:590 arg1 insights 592:599 comprehensive insights 578:599 comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO 578:646 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 10 33 theme samples 1684:1690 arg1 comparison 1666:1675 the high-throughput comparison 1646:1675 the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples 1646:1690 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 8 34 dep 199 1197:1199 arg1 to 1194:1195 to 1194:1195 to 1194:1195 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 1 35 theme therapeutic 131:141 arg1 glycoprotein 143:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein 121:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites 121:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 35 theme therapeutic 131:141 arg1 erythropoietin 97:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin 79:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 79:116 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 0 36 theme erythropoietin 29:42 arg1 analysis 10:17 Glycoform analysis 0:17 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 0:77 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 34711323 9 37 theme Key 1329:1331 arg1 acetylation 1377:1387 acetylation 1377:1387 acetylation 1377:1387 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 9 37 theme Key 1329:1331 arg1 features 1347:1354 Key glycosylation features 1329:1354 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1329:1420 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 9 37 theme Key 1329:1331 arg1 sialylation 1364:1374 sialylation 1364:1374 sialylation 1364:1374 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 9 37 theme Key 1329:1331 arg1 repeats 1414:1420 N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1394:1420 N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1394:1420 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 6 38 theme EPO 843:845 arg1 analysis 824:831 the analysis 820:831 the analysis of intact EPO 820:845 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 0 39 theme MALDI 47:51 arg1 spectrometry 65:76 MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry 47:76 MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry 47:76 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 34711323 4 40 theme mass 539:542 arg1 MS 558:559 MS 558:559 MS 558:559 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 4 40 theme mass 539:542 arg1 spectrometry 544:555 mass spectrometry 539:555 mass spectrometry (MS) 539:560 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 6 41 theme MALDI 742:746 arg1 MS 748:749 MALDI MS 742:749 MALDI MS 742:749 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 0 42 theme FT-ICR 53:58 arg1 spectrometry 65:76 MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry 47:76 MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry 47:76 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 34711323 7 43 theme sialic 1082:1087 arg1 residues 1094:1101 sialic acid residues 1082:1101 sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 1082:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 4 44 attach derived 478:484 arg1 glycan 500:505 released glycan and glycopeptide analysis 491:531 glycan 500:505 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 4 44 attach derived 478:484 arg1 analysis 524:531 released glycan and glycopeptide analysis 491:531 analysis 524:531 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 4 44 attach derived 478:484 arg2 information 430:440 information 430:440 information about EPO glycosylation 430:464 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 7 45 theme glycoform 1041:1049 arg1 resolution 1051:1060 improved glycoform resolution 1032:1060 improved glycoform resolution 1032:1060 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 10 46 theme straightforward 1566:1580 arg1 acquisition 1587:1597 a fast and straightforward data acquisition 1555:1597 a fast and straightforward data acquisition 1555:1597 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 1 47 gly O-glycosylation 178:192 arg2 sites 194:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 7 48 located observed 1112:1119 arg1 analysis 1130:1137 MALDI analysis 1124:1137 MALDI analysis 1124:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 7 48 located observed 1112:1119 arg2 residues 1094:1101 sialic acid residues 1082:1101 sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 1082:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 2 49 theme critical 277:284 arg1 attribute 294:302 a critical quality attribute 275:302 a critical quality attribute 275:302 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 2 49 theme critical 277:284 arg1 Glycosylation 201:213 Glycosylation 201:213 Glycosylation of EPO 201:220 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 9 50 theme N-acetyllactosamine 1394:1412 arg1 repeats 1414:1420 N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1394:1420 N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1394:1420 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 6 51 theme poor 863:866 arg1 resolution 878:887 the poor glycoform resolution 859:887 the poor glycoform resolution 859:887 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 10 52 theme fast 1557:1560 arg1 acquisition 1587:1597 a fast and straightforward data acquisition 1555:1597 a fast and straightforward data acquisition 1555:1597 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 5 53 theme EPO 644:646 arg1 heterogeneity 620:632 the glycoform heterogeneity 606:632 the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO 606:646 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 4 54 gly glycopeptide 511:522 arg2 glycopeptide 511:522 released glycan and glycopeptide analysis 491:531 glycopeptide 511:522 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 1 55 theme one 174:176 arg1 sites 194:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 one O-glycosylation sites 174:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 8 56 theme EPO 1146:1148 arg1 variants 1150:1157 Three EPO variants 1140:1157 Three EPO variants 1140:1157 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 5 57 theme upfront 704:710 arg1 separation 712:721 upfront separation 704:721 upfront separation of EPO glycoforms 704:739 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 6 58 theme TOF 777:779 arg1 analyzers 786:794 TOF mass analyzers 777:794 TOF mass analyzers 777:794 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 6 59 dep used 811:814 arg1 provided 899:906 provided 899:906 has only provided limited glycoform information 890:936 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 7 60 theme intact 1016:1021 arg1 EPO 1023:1025 intact EPO 1016:1025 intact EPO 1016:1025 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 6 61 theme glycoform 916:924 arg1 information 926:936 limited glycoform information 908:936 limited glycoform information 908:936 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 1 62 gly glycoprotein 143:154 arg1 glycoprotein 143:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein 121:154 a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites 121:198 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 1 62 gly glycoprotein 143:154 arg1 erythropoietin 97:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin 79:110 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 79:116 Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. 34711323 9 63 theme reported 1473:1480 arg1 data 1482:1485 previously reported data 1462:1485 previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses 1462:1519 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 4 64 theme intact 414:419 arg1 protein 421:427 the intact protein 410:427 the intact protein 410:427 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 2 65 gly Glycosylation 201:213 arg1 EPO 218:220 EPO 218:220 EPO 218:220 Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. 34711323 7 66 theme MS 971:972 arg1 method 974:979 a MALDI FT-ICR MS method 956:979 a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 956:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 8 67 theme ions 1276:1279 arg1 evaluation 1247:1256 the evaluation 1243:1256 the evaluation of doubly-charged ions 1243:1279 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 7 68 theme MALDI 958:962 arg1 MS 971:972 a MALDI FT-ICR MS 956:972 a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 956:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 9 69 theme orthogonal 1501:1510 arg1 analyses 1512:1519 orthogonal analyses 1501:1519 orthogonal analyses 1501:1519 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 3 70 theme analytical 311:320 arg1 methods 322:328 analytical methods 311:328 analytical methods for profiling EPO glycosylation 311:360 Thus, analytical methods for profiling EPO glycosylation are highly demanded. 34711323 4 71 theme glycopeptide 511:522 arg1 analysis 524:531 released glycan and glycopeptide analysis 491:531 analysis 524:531 Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). 34711323 5 72 theme glycoforms 730:739 arg1 separation 712:721 upfront separation 704:721 upfront separation of EPO glycoforms 704:739 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 3 73 theme EPO 344:346 arg1 glycosylation 348:360 EPO glycosylation 344:360 EPO glycosylation 344:360 Thus, analytical methods for profiling EPO glycosylation are highly demanded. 34711323 8 74 theme spectra 1320:1326 arg1 deconvolution 1294:1306 any deconvolution 1290:1306 any deconvolution of the mass spectra 1290:1326 Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. 34711323 10 75 used used 1637:1640 arg2 method 1536:1541 The developed method 1522:1541 The developed method 1522:1541 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 7 76 with profiling 1003:1011 arg1 resolution 1051:1060 improved glycoform resolution 1032:1060 improved glycoform resolution 1032:1060 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 5 77 gly glycoforms 730:739 arg1 EPO 726:728 EPO glycoforms 726:739 EPO glycoforms 726:739 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34711323 0 78 theme intact 22:27 arg1 erythropoietin 29:42 intact erythropoietin 22:42 intact erythropoietin 22:42 Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 34711323 10 79 theme EPO 1680:1682 arg1 samples 1684:1690 EPO samples 1680:1690 EPO samples 1680:1690 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 7 80 theme residues 1094:1101 arg1 loss 1074:1077 loss 1074:1077 loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 1074:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 9 81 theme glycosylation 1333:1345 arg1 acetylation 1377:1387 acetylation 1377:1387 acetylation 1377:1387 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 9 81 theme glycosylation 1333:1345 arg1 features 1347:1354 Key glycosylation features 1329:1354 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1329:1420 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 9 81 theme glycosylation 1333:1345 arg1 sialylation 1364:1374 sialylation 1364:1374 sialylation 1364:1374 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 9 81 theme glycosylation 1333:1345 arg1 repeats 1414:1420 N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1394:1420 N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1394:1420 Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. 34711323 6 82 theme intact 836:841 arg1 EPO 843:845 intact EPO 836:845 intact EPO 836:845 MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. 34711323 7 83 theme EPO 1023:1025 arg1 profiling 1003:1011 the glycosylation profiling 985:1011 the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis 985:1137 Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. 34711323 10 84 theme manufacturing 1707:1719 arg1 process 1721:1727 its manufacturing process 1703:1727 its manufacturing process 1703:1727 The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process. 34711323 5 85 gly heterogeneity 620:632 arg1 EPO 644:646 intact EPO 637:646 intact EPO 637:646 Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. 34923442 10 0 theme # 2032:2032 arg1 M2 2033:2034 tested #M2 2025:2034 tested #M2 2025:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 3 1 theme membranes 729:737 arg1 coefficient 704:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient 678:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes 678:737 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 8 2 theme due 1668:1670 arg1 operations 1657:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations 1629:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1629:1716 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 11 3 theme gradual 2345:2351 arg1 stabilization 2353:2365 gradual stabilization 2345:2365 gradual stabilization 2345:2365 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 9 4 theme stabilized 1873:1882 arg1 k0 1884:1885 a finally stabilized k0 1863:1885 a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s 1863:1904 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 8 5 theme long-term 1604:1612 arg1 performance 1614:1624 better long-term performance 1597:1624 better long-term performance 1597:1624 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 11 6 theme # 2309:2309 arg1 M2 2310:2311 #M2 2309:2311 #M2 2309:2311 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 8 7 theme anti-biofouling 1691:1705 arg1 properties 1707:1716 their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1675:1716 their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1675:1716 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 1 8 theme extractive 179:188 arg1 process 199:205 an extractive membrane process 176:205 an extractive membrane process 176:205 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 11 9 dep made 2304:2307 arg1 undergo 2313:2319 undergo 2313:2319 made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2304:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 6 10 theme composite 1137:1145 arg1 membranes 1147:1155 composite membranes 1137:1155 composite membranes for comparison 1137:1170 In addition, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were coated on the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison. 34923442 11 11 from properties 2286:2295 arg1 Ag+release 2200:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release 2160:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2160:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 4 12 theme membrane 934:941 arg1 biofouling 943:952 the membrane biofouling 930:952 the membrane biofouling 930:952 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 7 13 theme due 1358:1360 arg1 surfaces 1349:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces 1309:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers 1309:1382 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 9 14 theme initial 1914:1920 arg1 k0 1922:1923 initial k0 1914:1923 initial k0 1914:1923 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 10 15 theme proteins 1948:1955 arg1 amounts 1937:1943 The least amounts 1927:1943 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 1927:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 15 theme proteins 1948:1955 arg1 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 15 theme proteins 1948:1955 arg1 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 15 theme proteins 1948:1955 arg1 solids 1994:1999 total suspended solids 1978:1999 total suspended solids (TSS) 1978:2005 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 15 theme proteins 1948:1955 arg1 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 9 16 theme composite 1786:1794 arg1 membranes 1796:1804 the composite membranes 1782:1804 the composite membranes developed in this work 1782:1827 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 4 17 theme nanofibrous 886:896 arg1 membranes 908:916 nanofibrous composite membranes 886:916 nanofibrous composite membranes 886:916 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 8 18 theme phenol 1433:1438 arg1 coefficients 1454:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients 1427:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) 1427:1472 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 8 18 theme phenol 1433:1438 arg1 k0 1468:1469 k0's 1468:1471 k0's 1468:1471 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 7 19 theme charged 1341:1347 arg1 surfaces 1349:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces 1309:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers 1309:1382 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 3 20 theme biofilm 613:619 arg1 deposited 621:629 The excessive biofilm deposited 599:629 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface 599:649 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 1 21 theme extractive 129:138 arg1 EMBR 161:164 EMBR 161:164 EMBR 161:164 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 1 21 theme extractive 129:138 arg1 bioreactor 149:158 The extractive membrane bioreactor 125:158 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) 125:165 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 4 22 theme membranes 908:916 arg1 surface 875:881 the PDMS surface 866:881 the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling 866:952 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 8 23 theme transfer 1445:1452 arg1 coefficients 1454:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients 1427:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) 1427:1472 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 8 23 theme transfer 1445:1452 arg1 k0 1468:1469 k0's 1468:1471 k0's 1468:1471 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 10 24 theme total 1978:1982 arg1 solids 1994:1999 total suspended solids 1978:1999 total suspended solids (TSS) 1978:2005 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 24 theme total 1978:1982 arg1 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 7 25 contain possessed 1299:1307 arg2 surfaces 1349:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces 1309:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers 1309:1382 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 7 25 contain possessed 1299:1307 arg1 membranes 1289:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 9 26 theme # 1729:1729 arg1 M2 1730:1731 #M2 1729:1731 #M2 1729:1731 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 10 27 theme polysaccharides 1958:1972 arg1 amounts 1937:1943 The least amounts 1927:1943 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 1927:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 27 theme polysaccharides 1958:1972 arg1 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 27 theme polysaccharides 1958:1972 arg1 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 27 theme polysaccharides 1958:1972 arg1 solids 1994:1999 total suspended solids 1978:1999 total suspended solids (TSS) 1978:2005 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 27 theme polysaccharides 1958:1972 arg1 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 0 28 theme composite 62:70 arg1 surface 81:87 composite membrane surface 62:87 composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor 62:122 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 34923442 11 29 theme anti-biofouling 2108:2122 arg1 performance 2124:2134 This excellent anti-biofouling performance 2093:2134 This excellent anti-biofouling performance 2093:2134 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 11 30 theme stable 2164:2169 arg1 Ag+release 2200:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release 2160:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2160:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 2 31 theme wide 580:583 arg1 applications 585:596 its wide applications 576:596 its wide applications 576:596 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 7 32 theme # 1224:1224 arg1 M0 1225:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 10 33 theme solids 1994:1999 arg1 amounts 1937:1943 The least amounts 1927:1943 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 1927:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 33 theme solids 1994:1999 arg1 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 33 theme solids 1994:1999 arg1 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 33 theme solids 1994:1999 arg1 solids 1994:1999 total suspended solids 1978:1999 total suspended solids (TSS) 1978:2005 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 33 theme solids 1994:1999 arg1 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 0 34 theme extractive 93:102 arg1 bioreactor 113:122 extractive membrane bioreactor 93:122 extractive membrane bioreactor 93:122 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 34923442 5 35 theme Ag-MOFs 973:979 arg1 coating 981:987 Ag-MOFs coating 973:987 Ag-MOFs coating 973:987 The robustness of Ag-MOFs coating on membrane surface was well demonstrated by ultrasonic treatment. 34923442 9 36 theme EMBR 1759:1762 arg1 performance 1764:1774 the most stable EMBR performance 1743:1774 the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s 1743:1904 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 8 37 theme aqueous-aqueous 1481:1495 arg1 process 1517:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process 1477:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers 1477:1567 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 8 38 theme membrane 1508:1515 arg1 process 1517:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process 1477:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers 1477:1567 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 11 39 theme controlled 2172:2181 arg1 Ag+release 2200:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release 2160:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2160:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 7 40 dep AgNPs-coated 1233:1244 arg1 M2 1275:1276 #M2 1274:1276 #M2 1274:1276 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 7 40 dep AgNPs-coated 1233:1244 arg1 M1 1248:1249 #M1 1247:1249 #M1 1247:1249 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 7 41 theme composite 1279:1287 arg1 membranes 1289:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 2 42 theme EMBR 467:470 arg1 operation 472:480 the long-term EMBR operation 453:480 the long-term EMBR operation 453:480 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 8 43 theme due 1525:1527 arg1 process 1517:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process 1477:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers 1477:1567 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 0 44 theme membrane 14:21 arg1 biofouling 23:32 membrane biofouling 14:32 membrane biofouling 14:32 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 34923442 3 45 theme mass 690:693 arg1 coefficient 704:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient 678:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes 678:737 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 8 46 theme modification 1549:1560 arg1 layers 1562:1567 these additional modification layers 1532:1567 these additional modification layers 1532:1567 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 11 47 from Ag-MOFs 2216:2222 arg1 Ag+release 2200:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release 2160:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2160:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 1 48 theme semi-permeable 332:345 arg1 membrane 384:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane 330:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium 330:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 6 49 theme PDMS 1121:1124 arg1 surface 1126:1132 the PDMS surface 1117:1132 the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison 1117:1170 In addition, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were coated on the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison. 34923442 11 50 theme surface 2278:2284 arg1 properties 2286:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 3 51 theme composite 719:727 arg1 membranes 729:737 composite membranes 719:737 composite membranes 719:737 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 5 52 from robustness 959:968 arg1 surface 1001:1007 membrane surface 992:1007 membrane surface 992:1007 The robustness of Ag-MOFs coating on membrane surface was well demonstrated by ultrasonic treatment. 34923442 8 53 theme modified 1398:1405 arg1 membranes 1407:1415 the modified membranes 1394:1415 the modified membranes 1394:1415 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 9 54 theme reported 1839:1846 arg1 membranes 1848:1856 other reported membranes 1833:1856 other reported membranes 1833:1856 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 8 55 theme # 1575:1575 arg1 M1 1576:1577 #M1 1575:1577 #M1 1575:1577 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 4 56 theme organic 804:810 arg1 MOFs 824:827 MOFs 824:827 MOFs 824:827 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 4 56 theme organic 804:810 arg1 frameworks 812:821 the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks 782:821 the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) 782:828 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 1 57 theme recalcitrant 245:256 arg1 wastewater 266:275 saline recalcitrant organic wastewater 238:275 saline recalcitrant organic wastewater 238:275 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 7 58 theme # 1247:1247 arg1 M1 1248:1249 #M1 1247:1249 #M1 1247:1249 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 10 59 theme M2 2033:2034 arg1 surface 2014:2020 the surface 2010:2020 the surface of tested #M2 2010:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 8 60 theme continuous 1641:1650 arg1 operations 1657:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations 1629:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1629:1716 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 7 61 theme AgNPs-coated 1233:1244 arg1 membranes 1289:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 10 62 theme tested 2025:2030 arg1 M2 2033:2034 tested #M2 2025:2034 tested #M2 2025:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 11 63 theme EMBR 2391:2394 arg1 operations 2396:2405 the long-term EMBR operations 2377:2405 the long-term EMBR operations 2377:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 4 64 theme PDMS 870:873 arg1 surface 875:881 the PDMS surface 866:881 the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling 866:952 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 10 65 theme outstanding 2058:2068 arg1 resistance 2081:2090 its outstanding biofouling resistance 2054:2090 its outstanding biofouling resistance 2054:2090 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 8 66 theme better 1597:1602 arg1 performance 1614:1624 better long-term performance 1597:1624 better long-term performance 1597:1624 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 11 67 from made 2304:2307 arg1 Ag+release 2200:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release 2160:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2160:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 9 68 theme 33.0 × 10-7 m/s 1890:1904 arg1 k0 1884:1885 a finally stabilized k0 1863:1885 a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s 1863:1904 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 8 69 theme excellent 1681:1689 arg1 properties 1707:1716 their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1675:1716 their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1675:1716 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 1 70 theme membrane 190:197 arg1 process 199:205 an extractive membrane process 176:205 an extractive membrane process 176:205 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 6 71 theme membranes 1147:1155 arg1 surface 1126:1132 the PDMS surface 1117:1132 the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison 1117:1170 In addition, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were coated on the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison. 34923442 11 72 theme hydrophobic 2245:2255 arg1 properties 2286:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 9 73 dep exhibited 1733:1741 arg1 % 1909:1909 89% 1907:1909 89% of initial k0 1907:1923 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 9 73 dep exhibited 1733:1741 arg1 k0 1922:1923 initial k0 1914:1923 initial k0 1914:1923 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 11 74 theme excellent 2098:2106 arg1 performance 2124:2134 This excellent anti-biofouling performance 2093:2134 This excellent anti-biofouling performance 2093:2134 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 8 75 theme lower 1427:1431 arg1 coefficients 1454:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients 1427:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) 1427:1472 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 8 75 theme lower 1427:1431 arg1 k0 1468:1469 k0's 1468:1471 k0's 1468:1471 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 7 76 with contrast 1176:1183 arg1 M0 1225:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 2 77 theme main 552:555 arg1 obstacles 557:565 the main obstacles 548:565 the main obstacles impeding its wide applications 548:596 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 8 78 theme mass 1440:1443 arg1 coefficients 1454:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients 1427:1465 lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) 1427:1472 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 8 78 theme mass 1440:1443 arg1 k0 1468:1469 k0's 1468:1471 k0's 1468:1471 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 9 79 theme k0 1922:1923 arg1 % 1909:1909 89% 1907:1909 89% of initial k0 1907:1923 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 9 79 theme k0 1922:1923 arg1 k0 1922:1923 initial k0 1914:1923 initial k0 1914:1923 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 7 80 theme unmodified 1194:1203 arg1 M0 1225:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 1 81 theme receiving 425:433 arg1 biomedium 435:443 the receiving biomedium 421:443 the receiving biomedium 421:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 3 82 theme excessive 603:611 arg1 deposited 621:629 The excessive biofilm deposited 599:629 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface 599:649 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 11 83 theme stabilization 2353:2365 arg1 stages 2367:2372 and gradual stabilization stages 2341:2372 stages 2367:2372 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 10 84 theme least 1931:1935 arg1 amounts 1937:1943 The least amounts 1927:1943 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 1927:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 84 theme least 1931:1935 arg1 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 84 theme least 1931:1935 arg1 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 polysaccharides 1958:1972 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 84 theme least 1931:1935 arg1 solids 1994:1999 total suspended solids 1978:1999 total suspended solids (TSS) 1978:2005 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 84 theme least 1931:1935 arg1 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 proteins 1948:1955 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 1 85 theme membrane 140:147 arg1 EMBR 161:164 EMBR 161:164 EMBR 161:164 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 1 85 theme membrane 140:147 arg1 bioreactor 149:158 The extractive membrane bioreactor 125:158 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) 125:165 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 4 86 theme composite 898:906 arg1 membranes 908:916 nanofibrous composite membranes 886:916 nanofibrous composite membranes 886:916 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 0 87 theme membrane 72:79 arg1 surface 81:87 composite membrane surface 62:87 composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor 62:122 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 34923442 3 88 theme membrane 634:641 arg1 surface 643:649 membrane surface 634:649 membrane surface 634:649 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 7 89 theme hydrophobic 1314:1324 arg1 surfaces 1349:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces 1309:1356 less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers 1309:1382 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 11 90 theme long-term 2381:2389 arg1 operations 2396:2405 the long-term EMBR operations 2377:2405 the long-term EMBR operations 2377:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 7 91 theme composite 1205:1213 arg1 M0 1225:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 7 92 theme membrane 1215:1222 arg1 M0 1225:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 the unmodified composite membrane #M0 1190:1226 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 1 93 theme PDMS 368:371 arg1 membrane 384:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane 330:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium 330:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 2 94 theme inevitable 509:518 arg1 one 541:543 one 541:543 one 541:543 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 94 theme inevitable 509:518 arg1 obstacles 557:565 the main obstacles 548:565 the main obstacles impeding its wide applications 548:596 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 94 theme inevitable 509:518 arg1 phenomenon 520:529 an inevitable phenomenon 506:529 an inevitable phenomenon 506:529 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 94 theme inevitable 509:518 arg1 biofouling 492:501 membrane biofouling 483:501 membrane biofouling 483:501 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 0 95 theme membrane 104:111 arg1 bioreactor 113:122 extractive membrane bioreactor 93:122 extractive membrane bioreactor 93:122 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 34923442 1 96 theme composite 374:382 arg1 membrane 384:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane 330:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium 330:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 7 97 theme coating 1369:1375 arg1 layers 1377:1382 the coating layers 1365:1382 the coating layers 1365:1382 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 9 98 theme stable 1752:1757 arg1 performance 1764:1774 the most stable EMBR performance 1743:1774 the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s 1743:1904 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 8 99 theme extractive 1497:1506 arg1 process 1517:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process 1477:1523 the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers 1477:1567 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 10 100 theme suspended 1984:1992 arg1 solids 1994:1999 total suspended solids 1978:1999 total suspended solids (TSS) 1978:2005 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 10 100 theme suspended 1984:1992 arg1 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 TSS 2002:2004 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 1 101 from wastewater 407:416 arg1 membrane 384:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane 330:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium 330:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 10 102 from amounts 1937:1943 arg1 surface 2014:2020 the surface 2010:2020 the surface of tested #M2 2010:2034 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 5 103 theme coating 981:987 arg1 robustness 959:968 The robustness 955:968 The robustness of Ag-MOFs coating on membrane surface 955:1007 The robustness of Ag-MOFs coating on membrane surface was well demonstrated by ultrasonic treatment. 34923442 11 104 theme negative 2261:2268 arg1 properties 2286:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 4 105 theme silver 786:791 arg1 MOFs 824:827 MOFs 824:827 MOFs 824:827 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 4 105 theme silver 786:791 arg1 frameworks 812:821 the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks 782:821 the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) 782:828 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 11 106 theme long-lasting 2187:2198 arg1 Ag+release 2200:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release 2160:2209 the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations 2160:2405 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 1 107 theme feed 402:405 arg1 wastewater 407:416 the feed wastewater 398:416 the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium 398:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 6 108 theme silver 1073:1078 arg1 AgNPs 1095:1099 AgNPs 1095:1099 AgNPs 1095:1099 In addition, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were coated on the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison. 34923442 6 108 theme silver 1073:1078 arg1 nanoparticles 1080:1092 the silver nanoparticles 1069:1092 the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 1069:1100 In addition, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were coated on the PDMS surface of composite membranes for comparison. 34923442 2 109 theme obstacles 557:565 arg1 biofouling 492:501 membrane biofouling 483:501 membrane biofouling 483:501 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 109 theme obstacles 557:565 arg1 one 541:543 one 541:543 one 541:543 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 109 theme obstacles 557:565 arg1 obstacles 557:565 the main obstacles 548:565 the main obstacles impeding its wide applications 548:596 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 109 theme obstacles 557:565 arg1 phenomenon 520:529 an inevitable phenomenon 506:529 an inevitable phenomenon 506:529 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 0 110 theme biofouling 23:32 arg1 Mitigation 0:9 Mitigation 0:9 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 0:123 Mitigation of membrane biofouling via immobilizing Ag-MOFs on composite membrane surface for extractive membrane bioreactor. 34923442 1 111 theme organic 291:297 arg1 contaminations 299:312 the organic contaminations 287:312 the organic contaminations 287:312 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 2 112 theme long-term 457:465 arg1 operation 472:480 the long-term EMBR operation 453:480 the long-term EMBR operation 453:480 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 8 113 theme additional 1538:1547 arg1 layers 1562:1567 these additional modification layers 1532:1567 these additional modification layers 1532:1567 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 3 114 theme organic 682:688 arg1 coefficient 704:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient 678:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes 678:737 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 10 115 theme biofouling 2070:2079 arg1 resistance 2081:2090 its outstanding biofouling resistance 2054:2090 its outstanding biofouling resistance 2054:2090 The least amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and total suspended solids (TSS) on the surface of tested #M2 also demonstrated its outstanding biofouling resistance. 34923442 3 116 from deposited 621:629 arg1 surface 643:649 membrane surface 634:649 membrane surface 634:649 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 7 117 theme modified 1264:1271 arg1 membranes 1289:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes 1229:1297 In contrast with the unmodified composite membrane #M0, the AgNPs-coated (#M1) and Ag-MOFs modified (#M2) composite membranes possessed less hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces due to the coating layers. 34923442 5 118 theme ultrasonic 1034:1043 arg1 treatment 1045:1053 ultrasonic treatment 1034:1053 ultrasonic treatment 1034:1053 The robustness of Ag-MOFs coating on membrane surface was well demonstrated by ultrasonic treatment. 34923442 2 119 theme membrane 483:490 arg1 biofouling 492:501 membrane biofouling 483:501 membrane biofouling 483:501 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 119 theme membrane 483:490 arg1 obstacles 557:565 the main obstacles 548:565 the main obstacles impeding its wide applications 548:596 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 119 theme membrane 483:490 arg1 phenomenon 520:529 an inevitable phenomenon 506:529 an inevitable phenomenon 506:529 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 2 119 theme membrane 483:490 arg1 one 541:543 one 541:543 one 541:543 During the long-term EMBR operation, membrane biofouling is an inevitable phenomenon, which is one of the main obstacles impeding its wide applications. 34923442 1 120 theme polydimethysiloxane 347:365 arg1 membrane 384:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane 330:391 a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium 330:443 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 5 121 theme membrane 992:999 arg1 surface 1001:1007 membrane surface 992:1007 membrane surface 992:1007 The robustness of Ag-MOFs coating on membrane surface was well demonstrated by ultrasonic treatment. 34923442 9 122 with performance 1764:1774 arg1 k0 1884:1885 a finally stabilized k0 1863:1885 a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s 1863:1904 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 9 123 theme other 1833:1837 arg1 membranes 1848:1856 other reported membranes 1833:1856 other reported membranes 1833:1856 Moreover, #M2 exhibited the most stable EMBR performance among the composite membranes developed in this work and other reported membranes with a finally stabilized k0 of 33.0 × 10-7 m/s (89% of initial k0). 34923442 3 124 theme transfer 695:702 arg1 coefficient 704:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient 678:714 the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes 678:737 The excessive biofilm deposited on membrane surface could significantly reduce the organic mass transfer coefficient of composite membranes by more than 40%. 34923442 8 125 theme 12-days 1633:1639 arg1 operations 1657:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations 1629:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1629:1716 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 1 126 theme saline 238:243 arg1 wastewater 266:275 saline recalcitrant organic wastewater 238:275 saline recalcitrant organic wastewater 238:275 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 34923442 11 127 theme charged 2270:2276 arg1 properties 2286:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties 2236:2295 This excellent anti-biofouling performance should be attributed to the stable, controlled and long-lasting Ag+release from Ag-MOFs, as well as its less hydrophobic and negative charged surface properties, which made #M2 undergo the k0's increasing and gradual stabilization stages in the long-term EMBR operations. 34923442 8 128 theme # 1583:1583 arg1 M2 1584:1585 #M2 1583:1585 #M2 1583:1585 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 4 129 theme -metal 797:802 arg1 MOFs 824:827 MOFs 824:827 MOFs 824:827 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 4 129 theme -metal 797:802 arg1 frameworks 812:821 the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks 782:821 the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) 782:828 Therefore, in this work, the silver (Ag)-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the PDMS surface of nanofibrous composite membranes to mitigate the membrane biofouling. 34923442 8 130 theme EMBR 1652:1655 arg1 operations 1657:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations 1629:1666 the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties 1629:1716 Although the modified membranes exhibited lower phenol mass transfer coefficients (k0's) in the aqueous-aqueous extractive membrane process due to these additional modification layers, both #M1 and #M2 displayed better long-term performance in the 12-days continuous EMBR operations due to their excellent anti-biofouling properties. 34923442 1 131 theme organic 258:264 arg1 wastewater 266:275 saline recalcitrant organic wastewater 238:275 saline recalcitrant organic wastewater 238:275 The extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) combines an extractive membrane process and bioreactor to treat highly saline recalcitrant organic wastewater, in which the organic contaminations diffuse through a semi-permeable polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane from the feed wastewater to the receiving biomedium. 33815388 3 0 theme immune 307:312 arg1 responses 319:327 circulating immune cell responses 295:327 circulating immune cell responses to different activators 295:351 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators is lacking. 33815388 4 1 theme classic 506:512 arg1 activators 514:523 classic activators 506:523 classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) 506:587 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 5 2 theme lymphocytes 767:777 arg1 classes 756:762 all classes 752:762 all classes of lymphocytes 752:777 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 7 3 theme later 1211:1215 arg1 state 1234:1238 a later pro-inflammatory state 1209:1238 a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules 1209:1288 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 6 4 theme autoimmune 990:999 arg1 cells 1030:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells 990:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet) 990:1055 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 6 4 theme autoimmune 990:999 arg1 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 3 5 theme cell 314:317 arg1 responses 319:327 circulating immune cell responses 295:327 circulating immune cell responses to different activators 295:351 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators is lacking. 33815388 4 6 theme T 528:528 arg1 cells 530:534 T cells 528:534 T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) 528:568 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 7 theme cost-effective 385:398 arg1 RNA-seq 440:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq 383:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors 383:715 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 7 8 theme pro-inflammatory 1217:1232 arg1 state 1234:1238 a later pro-inflammatory state 1209:1238 a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules 1209:1288 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 4 9 theme monocytes 573:581 arg1 activators 514:523 classic activators 506:523 classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) 506:587 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 5 10 theme Anti-CD3/CD28 718:730 arg1 treatment 732:740 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment 718:740 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment 718:740 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 4 11 dep cells 530:534 arg1 anti-CD3 537:544 anti-CD3 537:544 anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28 537:567 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 1 12 used used 152:155 arg2 assays 128:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays have been widely used for immune monitoring and for understanding disease mechanisms. 33815388 8 13 theme single 1365:1370 arg1 technologies 1377:1388 single cell technologies 1365:1388 single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/) 1365:1425 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 6 14 theme T 876:876 arg1 cells 885:889 Activated T and NK cells 866:889 Activated T and NK cells 866:889 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 5 15 dep or 805:806 arg1 cells 829:833 B and NK cells 820:833 B and NK cells 820:833 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 5 15 dep or 805:806 arg1 cells 798:802 T cells 796:802 T cells 796:802 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 4 16 theme multiplexed 416:426 arg1 RNA-seq 440:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq 383:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors 383:715 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 8 17 theme future 1327:1332 arg1 studies 1352:1358 future immune activation studies 1327:1358 future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/) 1327:1425 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 3 18 theme different 332:340 arg1 activators 342:351 different activators 332:351 different activators 332:351 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators is lacking. 33815388 4 19 theme human 704:708 arg1 donors 710:715 healthy human donors 696:715 healthy human donors 696:715 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 20 theme high-throughput 400:414 arg1 RNA-seq 440:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq 383:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors 383:715 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 21 theme blood 659:663 arg1 PBMCs 684:688 PBMCs 684:688 PBMCs 684:688 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 21 theme blood 659:663 arg1 cells 677:681 peripheral blood mononuclear cells 648:681 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 648:689 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 8 22 theme activation 1341:1350 arg1 studies 1352:1358 future immune activation studies 1327:1358 future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/) 1327:1425 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 1 23 theme immune 161:166 arg1 monitoring 168:177 immune monitoring 161:177 immune monitoring 161:177 Immune cell activation assays have been widely used for immune monitoring and for understanding disease mechanisms. 33815388 0 24 theme Cell 7:10 arg1 Analysis 12:19 Single Cell Analysis 0:19 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells 0:46 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated Through Either LPS or Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28. 33815388 7 25 theme chemoattractants 1188:1203 arg1 expression 1174:1183 the expression 1170:1183 the expression of chemoattractants 1170:1203 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 7 26 theme molecules 1280:1288 arg1 expression 1257:1266 expression 1257:1266 expression of effector molecules 1257:1288 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 6 27 theme NK 882:883 arg1 cells 885:889 Activated T and NK cells 866:889 Activated T and NK cells 866:889 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 6 28 theme Activated 866:874 arg1 cells 885:889 Activated T and NK cells 866:889 Activated T and NK cells 866:889 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 4 29 theme cells 677:681 arg1 profiles 636:643 transcriptional profiles 620:643 transcriptional profiles 620:643 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 29 theme cells 677:681 arg1 composition 604:614 cell composition 599:614 cell composition 599:614 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 0 30 theme Single 0:5 arg1 Analysis 12:19 Single Cell Analysis 0:19 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells 0:46 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated Through Either LPS or Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28. 33815388 6 31 theme B 954:954 arg1 cells 956:960 activated B cells 944:960 activated B cells 944:960 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 6 32 dep CD11c 1043:1047 arg1 e.g. 1037:1040 e.g. 1037:1040 e.g. 1037:1040 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 4 33 theme mononuclear 665:675 arg1 PBMCs 684:688 PBMCs 684:688 PBMCs 684:688 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 33 theme mononuclear 665:675 arg1 cells 677:681 peripheral blood mononuclear cells 648:681 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 648:689 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 5 34 theme NK 826:827 arg1 cells 829:833 B and NK cells 820:833 B and NK cells 820:833 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 6 35 theme activated 944:952 arg1 cells 956:960 activated B cells 944:960 activated B cells 944:960 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 8 36 dep https 1391:1395 arg1 //czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/ 1397:1424 //czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/ 1397:1424 https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/ 1391:1424 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 4 37 theme transcriptional 620:634 arg1 profiles 636:643 transcriptional profiles 620:643 transcriptional profiles 620:643 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 8 38 theme cell 1372:1375 arg1 technologies 1377:1388 single cell technologies 1365:1388 single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/) 1365:1425 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 8 39 with studies 1352:1358 arg1 technologies 1377:1388 single cell technologies 1365:1388 single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/) 1365:1425 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 0 40 theme Mononuclear 30:40 arg1 Cells 42:46 Blood Mononuclear Cells 24:46 Blood Mononuclear Cells 24:46 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated Through Either LPS or Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28. 33815388 4 41 theme healthy 696:702 arg1 donors 710:715 healthy human donors 696:715 healthy human donors 696:715 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 42 theme epitope 462:468 arg1 tagging 470:476 epitope tagging 462:476 epitope tagging (CITE-seq) 462:487 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 42 theme epitope 462:468 arg1 CITE-seq 479:486 CITE-seq 479:486 CITE-seq 479:486 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 5 43 theme monocyte 848:855 arg1 numbers 857:863 monocyte numbers 848:863 monocyte numbers 848:863 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 1 44 theme disease 201:207 arg1 mechanisms 209:218 disease mechanisms 201:218 disease mechanisms 201:218 Immune cell activation assays have been widely used for immune monitoring and for understanding disease mechanisms. 33815388 0 45 theme Blood 24:28 arg1 Cells 42:46 Blood Mononuclear Cells 24:46 Blood Mononuclear Cells 24:46 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated Through Either LPS or Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28. 33815388 7 46 theme main 1123:1126 arg1 states 1128:1133 two main states 1119:1133 two main states 1119:1133 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 5 47 theme T 796:796 arg1 cells 798:802 T cells 796:802 T cells 796:802 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 4 48 theme cells 530:534 arg1 activators 514:523 classic activators 506:523 classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) 506:587 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 1 49 theme Immune 105:110 arg1 assays 128:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays have been widely used for immune monitoring and for understanding disease mechanisms. 33815388 0 50 theme Cells 42:46 arg1 Analysis 12:19 Single Cell Analysis 0:19 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells 0:46 Single Cell Analysis of Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated Through Either LPS or Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28. 33815388 3 51 theme circulating 295:305 arg1 responses 319:327 circulating immune cell responses 295:327 circulating immune cell responses to different activators 295:351 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators is lacking. 33815388 4 52 dep composition 604:614 arg1 the 595:597 the 595:597 the 595:597 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 1 53 theme cell 112:115 arg1 assays 128:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays have been widely used for immune monitoring and for understanding disease mechanisms. 33815388 3 54 theme holistic 277:284 arg1 study 286:290 A holistic study 275:290 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators 275:351 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators is lacking. 33815388 4 55 theme single-cell 428:438 arg1 RNA-seq 440:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq 383:446 a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors 383:715 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 1 56 theme activation 117:126 arg1 assays 128:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays 105:133 Immune cell activation assays have been widely used for immune monitoring and for understanding disease mechanisms. 33815388 4 57 from donors 710:715 arg1 profiles 636:643 transcriptional profiles 620:643 transcriptional profiles 620:643 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 57 from donors 710:715 arg1 composition 604:614 cell composition 599:614 cell composition 599:614 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 6 58 theme B 1028:1028 arg1 cells 1030:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells 990:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet) 990:1055 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 6 58 theme B 1028:1028 arg1 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 7 59 theme effector 1271:1278 arg1 molecules 1280:1288 effector molecules 1271:1288 effector molecules 1271:1288 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 8 60 theme immune 1334:1339 arg1 studies 1352:1358 future immune activation studies 1327:1358 future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/) 1327:1425 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 6 61 theme age-associated 1013:1026 arg1 cells 1030:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells 990:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet) 990:1055 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 6 61 theme age-associated 1013:1026 arg1 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 3 62 theme responses 319:327 arg1 study 286:290 A holistic study 275:290 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators 275:351 A holistic study of circulating immune cell responses to different activators is lacking. 33815388 5 63 theme B 820:820 arg1 cells 829:833 B and NK cells 820:833 B and NK cells 820:833 Anti-CD3/CD28 treatment activated all classes of lymphocytes either directly (T cells) or indirectly (B and NK cells) but reduced monocyte numbers. 33815388 4 64 theme peripheral 648:657 arg1 PBMCs 684:688 PBMCs 684:688 PBMCs 684:688 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 4 64 theme peripheral 648:657 arg1 cells 677:681 peripheral blood mononuclear cells 648:681 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 648:689 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 33815388 8 65 dep technologies 1377:1388 arg1 https 1391:1395 https 1391:1395 https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/ 1391:1424 These data provide a foundation for future immune activation studies with single cell technologies (https://czi-pbmc-cite-seq.jax.org/). 33815388 6 66 theme disease- 1001:1008 arg1 cells 1030:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells 990:1034 autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet) 990:1055 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 6 66 theme disease- 1001:1008 arg1 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 T-bet 1050:1054 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 7 67 theme early 1136:1140 arg1 activation 1142:1151 early activation 1136:1151 early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants 1136:1203 In contrast, LPS specifically targeted monocytes and induced two main states: early activation characterized by the expression of chemoattractants and a later pro-inflammatory state characterized by expression of effector molecules. 33815388 6 68 theme effector 916:923 arg1 molecules 925:933 effector molecules 916:933 effector molecules 916:933 Activated T and NK cells expressed senescence and effector molecules, whereas activated B cells transcriptionally resembled autoimmune disease- or age-associated B cells (e.g., CD11c, T-bet). 33815388 4 69 theme cell 599:602 arg1 composition 604:614 cell composition 599:614 cell composition 599:614 Here we developed a cost-effective high-throughput multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq combined with epitope tagging (CITE-seq) to determine how classic activators of T cells (anti-CD3 coupled with anti-CD28) or monocytes (LPS) alter the cell composition and transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. 32267970 8 0 dep population-Bacteroides 1126:1147 arg1 = 1155:1155 = 1155:1155 = 1155:1155 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 10 1 theme R-type 1386:1391 arg1 individuals 1393:1403 P- or R-type individuals 1380:1403 P- or R-type individuals 1380:1403 Alpha diversity scores were significantly lower in B-type but not in P- or R-type individuals after probiotic treatment. 32267970 9 2 from genera 1262:1267 arg1 samples 1278:1284 fecal samples 1272:1284 fecal samples 1272:1284 There was no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods. 32267970 9 3 theme fecal 1272:1276 arg1 samples 1278:1284 fecal samples 1272:1284 fecal samples 1272:1284 There was no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods. 32267970 5 4 theme participants 688:699 arg1 total 670:674 A total 668:674 A total of 27 adult participants 668:699 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 9 5 from increase 1240:1247 arg1 genera 1262:1267 probiotic genera 1252:1267 probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods 1252:1308 There was no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods. 32267970 12 6 theme probiotic 1665:1673 arg1 treatment 1675:1683 probiotic treatment 1665:1683 probiotic treatment 1665:1683 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 7 7 theme SILVA 1054:1058 arg1 reference 1060:1068 the SILVA reference 1050:1068 the SILVA reference by phylotype 1050:1081 Sequence reads were processed in mothur and assigned using the SILVA reference by phylotype. 32267970 12 8 theme baseline 1568:1575 arg1 characteristics 1591:1605 baseline gut community characteristics 1568:1605 baseline gut community characteristics 1568:1605 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 10 9 theme Alpha 1311:1315 arg1 scores 1327:1332 Alpha diversity scores 1311:1332 Alpha diversity scores 1311:1332 Alpha diversity scores were significantly lower in B-type but not in P- or R-type individuals after probiotic treatment. 32267970 5 10 theme fecal 716:720 arg1 samples 722:728 three fecal samples: 710:729 three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne) 710:879 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 11 11 theme probiotic 1514:1522 arg1 treatment 1538:1546 probiotic (and cayenne) treatment 1514:1546 probiotic (and cayenne) treatment 1514:1546 For the majority of individuals, their enterotype remained constant regardless of probiotic (and cayenne) treatment. 32267970 3 12 with ingestion 390:398 arg1 probiotics 405:414 probiotics 405:414 probiotics 405:414 Cayenne pepper is effective in vitro as a prebiotic for Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, so cayenne ingestion with probiotics may lead to more profound gut microbial shifts. 32267970 5 13 dep treatment 787:795 arg1 probiotic 798:806 probiotic 798:806 probiotic 798:806 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 13 14 theme PRACTICAL 1767:1775 arg1 APPLICATION 1777:1787 PRACTICAL APPLICATION 1767:1787 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community 1767:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community influences their responsiveness to probiotics and prebiotic ingredients. 32267970 9 15 theme treatment 1292:1300 arg1 periods 1302:1308 treatment periods 1292:1308 treatment periods 1292:1308 There was no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods. 32267970 14 16 theme gut 1960:1962 arg1 microbiota 1964:1973 their gut microbiota 1954:1973 their gut microbiota 1954:1973 Consumers must understand that it is difficult to shift their gut microbiota even with simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic. 32267970 8 17 dep = 1178:1178 arg1 P 1173:1173 P 1173:1173 P 1173:1173 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 3 18 theme profound 433:440 arg1 shifts 456:461 more profound gut microbial shifts 428:461 more profound gut microbial shifts 428:461 Cayenne pepper is effective in vitro as a prebiotic for Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, so cayenne ingestion with probiotics may lead to more profound gut microbial shifts. 32267970 5 19 theme prior 731:735 arg1 samples 722:728 three fecal samples: 710:729 three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne) 710:879 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 11 20 theme cayenne 1529:1535 arg1 treatment 1538:1546 probiotic (and cayenne) treatment 1514:1546 probiotic (and cayenne) treatment 1514:1546 For the majority of individuals, their enterotype remained constant regardless of probiotic (and cayenne) treatment. 32267970 13 21 theme microbial 1805:1813 arg1 community 1815:1823 A person's gut microbial community 1790:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community 1767:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community influences their responsiveness to probiotics and prebiotic ingredients. 32267970 8 22 dep Prevotella 1161:1170 arg1 = 1178:1178 = 1178:1178 = 1178:1178 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 12 23 theme probiotics 1755:1764 arg1 administration 1723:1736 administration 1723:1736 administration of prebiotic and probiotics 1723:1764 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 3 24 theme gut 442:444 arg1 shifts 456:461 more profound gut microbial shifts 428:461 more profound gut microbial shifts 428:461 Cayenne pepper is effective in vitro as a prebiotic for Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, so cayenne ingestion with probiotics may lead to more profound gut microbial shifts. 32267970 3 25 theme cayenne 382:388 arg1 ingestion 390:398 cayenne ingestion 382:398 cayenne ingestion with probiotics 382:414 Cayenne pepper is effective in vitro as a prebiotic for Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, so cayenne ingestion with probiotics may lead to more profound gut microbial shifts. 32267970 10 26 theme diversity 1317:1325 arg1 scores 1327:1332 Alpha diversity scores 1311:1332 Alpha diversity scores 1311:1332 Alpha diversity scores were significantly lower in B-type but not in P- or R-type individuals after probiotic treatment. 32267970 6 27 theme V4 920:921 arg1 region 923:928 the V4 region 916:928 the V4 region sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry 916:988 DNA was extracted, amplified, and the V4 region sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry. 32267970 1 28 theme human 99:103 arg1 microbiome 109:118 The human gut microbiome 95:118 The human gut microbiome 95:118 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 13 29 dep APPLICATION 1777:1787 arg1 community 1815:1823 A person's gut microbial community 1790:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community 1767:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community influences their responsiveness to probiotics and prebiotic ingredients. 32267970 5 30 theme cayenne 834:840 arg1 treatment 849:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment 814:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne) 814:879 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 0 31 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 enterotypes 4:14 Gut enterotypes 0:14 Gut enterotypes 0:14 Gut enterotypes are stable during Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation. 32267970 4 32 theme gut 544:546 arg1 composition 568:578 gut bacterial community composition 544:578 gut bacterial community composition 544:578 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 14 33 theme probiotic 2030:2038 arg1 administration 1998:2011 simultaneous administration 1985:2011 simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic 1985:2038 Consumers must understand that it is difficult to shift their gut microbiota even with simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic. 32267970 1 34 theme gut 105:107 arg1 microbiome 109:118 The human gut microbiome 95:118 The human gut microbiome 95:118 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 14 35 theme simultaneous 1985:1996 arg1 administration 1998:2011 simultaneous administration 1985:2011 simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic 1985:2038 Consumers must understand that it is difficult to shift their gut microbiota even with simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic. 32267970 5 36 theme pepper 842:847 arg1 treatment 849:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment 814:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne) 814:879 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 8 37 theme study 1120:1124 arg1 population-Bacteroides 1126:1147 the study population-Bacteroides 1116:1147 the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6) 1116:1158 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 5 38 theme adult 682:686 arg1 participants 688:699 27 adult participants 679:699 27 adult participants 679:699 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 13 39 theme prebiotic 1875:1883 arg1 ingredients 1885:1895 prebiotic ingredients 1875:1895 prebiotic ingredients 1875:1895 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community influences their responsiveness to probiotics and prebiotic ingredients. 32267970 5 40 dep treatment 849:857 arg1 probiotic 860:868 probiotic 860:868 probiotic 860:868 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 5 40 dep treatment 849:857 arg1 cayenne 872:878 cayenne 872:878 cayenne 872:878 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 4 41 theme original 625:632 arg1 enterotype 638:647 the original gut enterotype 621:647 the original gut enterotype of the individual 621:665 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 4 42 theme community 558:566 arg1 composition 568:578 gut bacterial community composition 544:578 gut bacterial community composition 544:578 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 3 43 theme Cayenne 290:296 arg1 pepper 298:303 Cayenne pepper 290:303 Cayenne pepper 290:303 Cayenne pepper is effective in vitro as a prebiotic for Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, so cayenne ingestion with probiotics may lead to more profound gut microbial shifts. 32267970 1 44 dep enterotypes 160:170 arg1 enterotypes 160:170 three distinct enterotypes 145:170 three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus) 145:214 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 1 44 dep enterotypes 160:170 arg1 Prevotella 186:195 Prevotella 186:195 Prevotella 186:195 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 1 44 dep enterotypes 160:170 arg1 Ruminococcus 202:213 Ruminococcus 202:213 Ruminococcus 202:213 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 1 44 dep enterotypes 160:170 arg1 Bacteroides 173:183 Bacteroides 173:183 Bacteroides 173:183 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 4 45 theme bacterial 548:556 arg1 composition 568:578 gut bacterial community composition 544:578 gut bacterial community composition 544:578 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 13 46 theme gut 1801:1803 arg1 community 1815:1823 A person's gut microbial community 1790:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community 1767:1823 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A person's gut microbial community influences their responsiveness to probiotics and prebiotic ingredients. 32267970 8 47 dep = 1208:1208 arg1 R 1203:1203 R 1203:1203 R 1203:1203 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 4 48 theme individual 656:665 arg1 enterotype 638:647 the original gut enterotype 621:647 the original gut enterotype of the individual 621:665 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 3 49 theme microbial 446:454 arg1 shifts 456:461 more profound gut microbial shifts 428:461 more profound gut microbial shifts 428:461 Cayenne pepper is effective in vitro as a prebiotic for Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, so cayenne ingestion with probiotics may lead to more profound gut microbial shifts. 32267970 5 50 theme probiotic 819:827 arg1 treatment 849:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment 814:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne) 814:879 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 4 51 theme cayenne 522:528 arg1 pepper 530:535 cayenne pepper 522:535 cayenne pepper 522:535 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 8 52 dep = 1155:1155 arg1 B 1150:1150 B 1150:1150 B 1150:1150 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 15 53 theme phenomena 2072:2080 arg1 understanding 2049:2061 Greater understanding 2041:2061 Greater understanding of these phenomena 2041:2080 Greater understanding of these phenomena will enable consumers to choose the most efficacious products for their needs. 32267970 5 54 theme post 814:817 arg1 treatment 849:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment 814:857 post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne) 814:879 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 4 55 theme gut 634:636 arg1 enterotype 638:647 the original gut enterotype 621:647 the original gut enterotype of the individual 621:665 We aimed to determine whether probiotics (with or without cayenne pepper) alter gut bacterial community composition and if these changes are associated with the original gut enterotype of the individual. 32267970 0 56 theme Lactobacillus 54:66 arg1 supplementation 78:92 Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation 54:92 Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation 54:92 Gut enterotypes are stable during Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation. 32267970 14 57 theme prebiotic 2016:2024 arg1 administration 1998:2011 simultaneous administration 1985:2011 simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic 1985:2038 Consumers must understand that it is difficult to shift their gut microbiota even with simultaneous administration of prebiotic and probiotic. 32267970 6 58 theme V2 977:978 arg1 chemistry 980:988 V2 chemistry 977:988 V2 chemistry 977:988 DNA was extracted, amplified, and the V4 region sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry. 32267970 5 59 theme probiotic 740:748 arg1 baseline 761:768 baseline 761:768 baseline 761:768 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 5 59 theme probiotic 740:748 arg1 treatment 750:758 probiotic treatment 740:758 probiotic treatment (baseline) 740:769 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 5 60 theme post 772:775 arg1 treatment 787:795 post probiotic treatment 772:795 post probiotic treatment (probiotic) 772:807 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 9 61 theme significant 1228:1238 arg1 increase 1240:1247 no significant increase 1225:1247 no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods 1225:1308 There was no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods. 32267970 12 62 theme prebiotic 1741:1749 arg1 administration 1723:1736 administration 1723:1736 administration of prebiotic and probiotics 1723:1764 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 12 63 theme community 1581:1589 arg1 characteristics 1591:1605 baseline gut community characteristics 1568:1605 baseline gut community characteristics 1568:1605 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 10 64 theme P- 1380:1381 arg1 individuals 1393:1403 P- or R-type individuals 1380:1403 P- or R-type individuals 1380:1403 Alpha diversity scores were significantly lower in B-type but not in P- or R-type individuals after probiotic treatment. 32267970 15 65 theme Greater 2041:2047 arg1 understanding 2049:2061 Greater understanding 2041:2061 Greater understanding of these phenomena 2041:2080 Greater understanding of these phenomena will enable consumers to choose the most efficacious products for their needs. 32267970 11 66 theme individuals 1452:1462 arg1 majority 1440:1447 the majority 1436:1447 the majority of individuals 1436:1462 For the majority of individuals, their enterotype remained constant regardless of probiotic (and cayenne) treatment. 32267970 12 67 theme gut 1577:1579 arg1 characteristics 1591:1605 baseline gut community characteristics 1568:1605 baseline gut community characteristics 1568:1605 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 10 68 theme probiotic 1411:1419 arg1 treatment 1421:1429 probiotic treatment 1411:1429 probiotic treatment 1411:1429 Alpha diversity scores were significantly lower in B-type but not in P- or R-type individuals after probiotic treatment. 32267970 8 69 dep Ruminoccocus 1189:1200 arg1 = 1208:1208 = 1208:1208 = 1208:1208 Three enterotypes characterized the study population-Bacteroides (B; n = 6), Prevotella (P; n = 11), and Ruminoccocus (R; n = 10). 32267970 15 70 dep their 2148:2152 arg1 needs 2154:2158 needs 2154:2158 needs 2154:2158 Greater understanding of these phenomena will enable consumers to choose the most efficacious products for their needs. 32267970 9 71 theme probiotic 1252:1260 arg1 genera 1262:1267 probiotic genera 1252:1267 probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods 1252:1308 There was no significant increase in probiotic genera in fecal samples after treatment periods. 32267970 2 72 dep probiotics 242:251 arg1 enterotype 261:270 enterotype 261:270 enterotype 261:270 The relationship between probiotics and gut enterotype is not yet clear. 32267970 1 73 theme distinct 151:158 arg1 enterotypes 160:170 three distinct enterotypes 145:170 three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus) 145:214 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 1 73 theme distinct 151:158 arg1 Prevotella 186:195 Prevotella 186:195 Prevotella 186:195 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 1 73 theme distinct 151:158 arg1 Ruminococcus 202:213 Ruminococcus 202:213 Ruminococcus 202:213 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 1 73 theme distinct 151:158 arg1 Bacteroides 173:183 Bacteroides 173:183 Bacteroides 173:183 The human gut microbiome has been classified into three distinct enterotypes (Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus). 32267970 15 74 theme efficacious 2123:2133 arg1 products 2135:2142 the most efficacious products 2114:2142 the most efficacious products for their needs 2114:2158 Greater understanding of these phenomena will enable consumers to choose the most efficacious products for their needs. 32267970 6 75 theme MiSeq 956:960 arg1 platform 962:969 the Illumina MiSeq platform 943:969 the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry 943:988 DNA was extracted, amplified, and the V4 region sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry. 32267970 0 76 theme probiotic 68:76 arg1 supplementation 78:92 Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation 54:92 Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation 54:92 Gut enterotypes are stable during Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation. 32267970 5 77 theme probiotic 777:785 arg1 treatment 787:795 post probiotic treatment 772:795 post probiotic treatment (probiotic) 772:807 A total of 27 adult participants provided three fecal samples: prior to probiotic treatment (baseline), post probiotic treatment (probiotic), and post probiotic plus cayenne pepper treatment (probiotic + cayenne). 32267970 12 78 theme enterotype 1611:1620 arg1 classification 1622:1635 enterotype classification 1611:1635 enterotype classification 1611:1635 This suggests that baseline gut community characteristics and enterotype classification influence responsiveness to probiotic treatment, but that enterotype is stable across administration of prebiotic and probiotics. 32267970 6 79 theme Illumina 947:954 arg1 platform 962:969 the Illumina MiSeq platform 943:969 the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry 943:988 DNA was extracted, amplified, and the V4 region sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform using V2 chemistry. 32218367 10 0 theme protein-1 1346:1354 arg1 expression 1159:1168 the expression 1155:1168 the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues 1155:1417 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 11 1 from function 1527:1534 arg1 mice 1558:1561 mice 1558:1561 mice 1558:1561 Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice. 32218367 6 2 theme C57BL/6 469:475 arg1 mice 477:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice 450:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice 450:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. 32218367 8 3 theme adipose 860:866 arg1 tissues 868:874 epididymal adipose tissues 849:874 epididymal adipose tissues 849:874 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 7 4 with HFD 613:615 arg1 muciniphila 677:687 Akkermansia muciniphila 665:687 Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control) 665:731 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 4 with HFD 613:615 arg1 BAA6 627:630 BAA6 627:630 BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group) 627:649 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 4 with HFD 613:615 arg1 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 10 5 theme receptor 1287:1294 arg1 ERRα 1299:1302 ERRα 1299:1302 ERRα 1299:1302 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 10 5 theme receptor 1287:1294 arg1 α 1296:1296 estrogen-related receptor α 1270:1296 estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold) 1270:1328 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 10 6 theme uncoupling 1335:1344 arg1 UCP-1 1357:1361 UCP-1 1357:1361 UCP-1 1357:1361 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 10 6 theme uncoupling 1335:1344 arg1 protein-1 1346:1354 uncoupling protein-1 1335:1354 uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) 1335:1387 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 6 7 theme male 464:467 arg1 mice 477:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice 450:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice 450:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. 32218367 10 8 theme peroxisome 1173:1182 arg1 coactivator 1218:1228 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) 1173:1240 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold) 1173:1267 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 5 9 theme adipose 433:439 arg1 tissues 441:447 adipose tissues 433:447 adipose tissues 433:447 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 7 10 dep BAA6 627:630 arg1 HFD 633:635 HFD 633:635 HFD 633:635 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 10 dep BAA6 627:630 arg1 group 644:648 BAA6 group 639:648 BAA6 group 639:648 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 6 11 theme Four-week-old 450:462 arg1 mice 477:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice 450:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice 450:480 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. 32218367 5 12 theme tissues 441:447 arg1 function 421:428 function 421:428 function 421:428 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 5 12 theme tissues 441:447 arg1 biogenesis 406:415 increased mitochondrial biogenesis 382:415 increased mitochondrial biogenesis 382:415 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 9 13 theme serum 1013:1017 arg1 LPS 1019:1021 serum LPS 1013:1021 serum LPS 1013:1021 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 10 14 theme AKK 1141:1143 arg1 addition 1120:1127 the addition 1116:1127 the addition of BAA6 and AKK 1116:1143 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 8 15 theme serum 769:773 arg1 lipopolysaccharides 775:793 serum lipopolysaccharides 769:793 serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 769:799 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 15 theme serum 769:773 arg1 LPS 796:798 LPS 796:798 LPS 796:798 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 10 16 theme BAA6 1132:1135 arg1 addition 1120:1127 the addition 1116:1127 the addition of BAA6 and AKK 1116:1143 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 9 17 theme fat 942:944 arg1 weight 946:951 relative fat weight 933:951 relative fat weight 933:951 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 10 18 theme estrogen-related 1270:1285 arg1 ERRα 1299:1302 ERRα 1299:1302 ERRα 1299:1302 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 10 18 theme estrogen-related 1270:1285 arg1 α 1296:1296 estrogen-related receptor α 1270:1296 estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold) 1270:1328 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 9 19 theme relative 958:965 arg1 abundance 967:975 the relative abundance 954:975 the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila 954:1006 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 3 20 theme Mitochondrial 207:219 arg1 dysfunction 221:231 Mitochondrial dysfunction 207:231 Mitochondrial dysfunction 207:231 Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to obesity. 32218367 1 21 theme Mitochondrial 87:99 arg1 Biogenesis 101:110 Mitochondrial Biogenesis 87:110 Mitochondrial Biogenesis 87:110 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 4 22 theme animalis 320:327 arg1 subsp 329:333 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp 304:333 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp 304:333 The aim of this study was to illuminate whether Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 32218367 10 23 from expression 1159:1168 arg1 tissues 1411:1417 epididymal adipose tissues 1392:1417 epididymal adipose tissues 1392:1417 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 0 24 theme animalis 16:23 arg1 subsp 25:29 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp 0:29 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 0:30 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 32218367 10 25 theme receptor 1207:1214 arg1 coactivator 1218:1228 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) 1173:1240 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold) 1173:1267 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 8 26 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 lipopolysaccharides 775:793 serum lipopolysaccharides 769:793 serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 769:799 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 26 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 LPS 796:798 LPS 796:798 LPS 796:798 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 26 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 function 837:844 function 837:844 function 837:844 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 26 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 biosynthesis 820:831 mitochondrial biosynthesis 806:831 mitochondrial biosynthesis 806:831 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 26 theme microbiota 757:766 arg1 composition 738:748 The composition 734:748 The composition of the microbiota 734:766 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 4 27 theme Bifidobacterium 304:318 arg1 subsp 329:333 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp 304:333 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp 304:333 The aim of this study was to illuminate whether Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 32218367 0 28 theme Bifidobacterium 0:14 arg1 subsp 25:29 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp 0:29 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 0:30 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 32218367 10 29 theme α 1296:1296 arg1 expression 1159:1168 the expression 1155:1168 the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues 1155:1417 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 9 30 theme AKK 1080:1082 arg1 groups 1084:1089 the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups 1055:1089 groups 1084:1089 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 4 31 theme study 272:276 arg1 aim 260:262 The aim 256:262 The aim of this study 256:276 The aim of this study was to illuminate whether Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. 32218367 9 32 theme p 1092:1092 arg1 < 1094:1094 p < 0.05 1092:1099 p < 0.05 1092:1099 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 7 33 theme positive 715:722 arg1 control 724:730 positive control 715:730 positive control 715:730 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 34 theme final 540:544 arg1 weeks 552:556 the final eight weeks 536:556 the final eight weeks 536:556 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 10 35 theme γ 1216:1216 arg1 coactivator 1218:1228 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) 1173:1240 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold) 1173:1267 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 7 36 theme AKK 702:704 arg1 group 706:710 AKK group 702:710 AKK group 702:710 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 2 37 theme health 190:195 arg1 benefits 197:204 their health benefits 184:204 their health benefits 184:204 Probiotics are widely known for their health benefits. 32218367 9 38 theme Bilophila 998:1006 arg1 weight 925:930 body weight 920:930 body weight 920:930 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 38 theme Bilophila 998:1006 arg1 LPS 1019:1021 serum LPS 1013:1021 serum LPS 1013:1021 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 38 theme Bilophila 998:1006 arg1 abundance 967:975 the relative abundance 954:975 the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila 954:1006 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 38 theme Bilophila 998:1006 arg1 weight 946:951 relative fat weight 933:951 relative fat weight 933:951 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 39 theme Oscillibacter 980:992 arg1 weight 925:930 body weight 920:930 body weight 920:930 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 39 theme Oscillibacter 980:992 arg1 LPS 1019:1021 serum LPS 1013:1021 serum LPS 1013:1021 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 39 theme Oscillibacter 980:992 arg1 abundance 967:975 the relative abundance 954:975 the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila 954:1006 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 9 39 theme Oscillibacter 980:992 arg1 weight 946:951 relative fat weight 933:951 relative fat weight 933:951 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 6 40 theme high-fat 498:505 arg1 HFD 513:515 HFD 513:515 HFD 513:515 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. 32218367 6 40 theme high-fat 498:505 arg1 diet 507:510 a high-fat diet 496:510 a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks 496:529 Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. 32218367 7 41 dep muciniphila 677:687 arg1 HFD 696:698 HFD 696:698 HFD 696:698 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 41 dep muciniphila 677:687 arg1 group 706:710 AKK group 702:710 AKK group 702:710 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 11 42 theme mitochondrial 1498:1510 arg1 biogenesis 1512:1521 mitochondrial biogenesis 1498:1521 mitochondrial biogenesis 1498:1521 Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice. 32218367 9 43 dep decreased 1042:1050 arg1 < 1094:1094 p < 0.05 1092:1099 p < 0.05 1092:1099 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 11 44 theme adipose 1539:1545 arg1 tissues 1547:1553 adipose tissues 1539:1553 adipose tissues 1539:1553 Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice. 32218367 10 45 theme proliferator-activated 1184:1205 arg1 coactivator 1218:1228 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) 1173:1240 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold) 1173:1267 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 9 46 theme HFD 909:911 arg1 group 913:917 the HFD group 905:917 the HFD group 905:917 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 7 47 theme BAA6 639:642 arg1 group 644:648 BAA6 group 639:648 BAA6 group 639:648 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 8 48 theme mitochondrial 806:818 arg1 biosynthesis 820:831 mitochondrial biosynthesis 806:831 mitochondrial biosynthesis 806:831 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 1 49 theme Adipose 128:134 arg1 Tissue 136:141 Adipose Tissue 128:141 Adipose Tissue 128:141 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 10 50 theme epididymal 1392:1401 arg1 tissues 1411:1417 epididymal adipose tissues 1392:1417 epididymal adipose tissues 1392:1417 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 5 51 theme lactis 336:341 arg1 BAA6 347:350 BAA6 347:350 BAA6 347:350 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 5 51 theme lactis 336:341 arg1 A6 343:344 lactis A6 336:344 lactis A6 (BAA6) 336:351 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 7 52 with HFD 656:658 arg1 muciniphila 677:687 Akkermansia muciniphila 665:687 Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control) 665:731 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 52 with HFD 656:658 arg1 BAA6 627:630 BAA6 627:630 BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group) 627:649 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 52 with HFD 656:658 arg1 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 1 53 theme Tissue 136:141 arg1 Function 116:123 Function 116:123 Function 116:123 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 1 53 theme Tissue 136:141 arg1 Biogenesis 101:110 Mitochondrial Biogenesis 87:110 Mitochondrial Biogenesis 87:110 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 1 54 from Function 116:123 arg1 Mice 146:149 Mice 146:149 Mice 146:149 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 1 55 theme lactis 32:37 arg1 A6 39:40 lactis A6 32:40 lactis A6 32:40 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 9 56 theme body 920:923 arg1 weight 925:930 body weight 920:930 body weight 920:930 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 5 57 theme increased 382:390 arg1 biogenesis 406:415 increased mitochondrial biogenesis 382:415 increased mitochondrial biogenesis 382:415 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 7 58 theme HFD 563:565 arg1 group 567:571 the HFD group 559:571 the HFD group 559:571 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 8 59 theme epididymal 849:858 arg1 tissues 868:874 epididymal adipose tissues 849:874 epididymal adipose tissues 849:874 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 1 60 from Biogenesis 101:110 arg1 Mice 146:149 Mice 146:149 Mice 146:149 lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. 32218367 5 61 theme mitochondrial 392:404 arg1 biogenesis 406:415 increased mitochondrial biogenesis 382:415 increased mitochondrial biogenesis 382:415 lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. 32218367 11 62 from biogenesis 1512:1521 arg1 mice 1558:1561 mice 1558:1561 mice 1558:1561 Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice. 32218367 7 63 with HFD 618:620 arg1 muciniphila 677:687 Akkermansia muciniphila 665:687 Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control) 665:731 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 63 with HFD 618:620 arg1 BAA6 627:630 BAA6 627:630 BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group) 627:649 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 63 with HFD 618:620 arg1 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 10 64 theme coactivator 1218:1228 arg1 expression 1159:1168 the expression 1155:1168 the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues 1155:1417 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 7 65 theme Akkermansia 665:675 arg1 muciniphila 677:687 Akkermansia muciniphila 665:687 Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control) 665:731 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 7 65 theme Akkermansia 665:675 arg1 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 AKK 690:692 For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). 32218367 10 66 theme adipose 1403:1409 arg1 tissues 1411:1417 epididymal adipose tissues 1392:1417 epididymal adipose tissues 1392:1417 Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. 32218367 8 67 theme tissues 868:874 arg1 lipopolysaccharides 775:793 serum lipopolysaccharides 769:793 serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 769:799 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 67 theme tissues 868:874 arg1 LPS 796:798 LPS 796:798 LPS 796:798 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 67 theme tissues 868:874 arg1 function 837:844 function 837:844 function 837:844 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 67 theme tissues 868:874 arg1 biosynthesis 820:831 mitochondrial biosynthesis 806:831 mitochondrial biosynthesis 806:831 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 8 67 theme tissues 868:874 arg1 composition 738:748 The composition 734:748 The composition of the microbiota 734:766 The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. 32218367 9 68 theme relative 933:940 arg1 weight 946:951 relative fat weight 933:951 relative fat weight 933:951 Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). 32218367 11 69 theme tissues 1547:1553 arg1 function 1527:1534 function 1527:1534 function 1527:1534 Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice. 32218367 11 69 theme tissues 1547:1553 arg1 biogenesis 1512:1521 mitochondrial biogenesis 1498:1521 mitochondrial biogenesis 1498:1521 Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice. 33359184 3 0 theme its 322:324 arg1 application 307:317 the application 303:317 the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background 303:448 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 2 1 dep DC 218:219 arg1 Cassia 200:205 Cassia 200:205 Cassia 200:205 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to ethnobotanical surveys, Cassia sieberiana DC. 33359184 13 2 theme leaf 2553:2556 arg1 extract 2558:2564 C. sieberiana leaf extract 2539:2564 C. sieberiana leaf extract 2539:2564 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 1 3 from response 63:70 arg1 THP-1 cells 75:85 THP-1 cells 75:85 THP-1 cells 75:85 leaves modulate LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells and inhibit eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes. 33359184 15 4 theme due 2800:2802 arg1 effects 2784:2790 the observed effects 2771:2790 the observed effects 2771:2790 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 9 5 link derived 1740:1746 arg1 macrophages 1748:1758 THP-1 derived macrophages 1734:1758 THP-1 derived macrophages 1734:1758 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 15 6 theme enzymes 2895:2901 arg1 activity 2849:2856 the activity 2845:2856 the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2845:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 4 7 theme disease 652:658 arg1 models 642:647 in vitro models 633:647 in vitro models of disease 633:658 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 10 8 theme anthraquinones 1911:1924 arg1 series 1901:1906 a series 1899:1906 a series 1899:1906 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 12 9 theme selective 2369:2377 arg1 action 2390:2395 a selective inhibitory action 2367:2395 a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1) 2367:2487 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 13 10 theme derived 2612:2618 arg1 macrophages 2620:2630 THP-1 derived macrophages 2606:2630 THP-1 derived macrophages 2606:2630 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 17 11 theme recorded 3269:3276 arg1 effects 3278:3284 recorded effects 3269:3284 recorded effects 3269:3284 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 3 12 theme African 266:272 arg1 Medicine 279:286 African folk Medicine 266:286 African folk Medicine 266:286 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 14 13 located found 2687:2691 arg1 contrast 2659:2666 contrast 2659:2666 contrast 2659:2666 In contrast, TNF-α levels were found to be increased in the same model. 33359184 14 13 located found 2687:2691 arg2 levels 2675:2680 TNF-α levels 2669:2680 TNF-α levels 2669:2680 In contrast, TNF-α levels were found to be increased in the same model. 33359184 15 14 theme acid 2877:2880 arg1 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 14 theme acid 2877:2880 arg1 enzymes 2895:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes 2861:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2861:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 14 theme acid 2877:2880 arg1 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 12 15 theme hydroethanol 2132:2143 arg1 extract 2145:2151 the hydroethanol extract 2128:2151 the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade 2128:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 17 16 theme observed 3217:3224 arg1 properties 3244:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties 3213:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin 3213:3266 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 13 17 theme C. 2539:2540 arg1 extract 2558:2564 C. sieberiana leaf extract 2539:2564 C. sieberiana leaf extract 2539:2564 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 6 18 theme experimental 959:970 arg1 data 972:975 experimental data 959:975 experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf 959:1033 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 11 19 theme compounds 2060:2068 arg1 concentrations 2027:2040 the concentrations 2023:2040 the concentrations of the identified compounds 2023:2068 Considering the concentrations of the identified compounds, quercetin was detached as the main component. 33359184 4 20 theme in 633:634 arg1 models 642:647 in vitro models 633:647 in vitro models of disease 633:658 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 1 21 theme eicosanoid-metabolizing 99:121 arg1 enzymes 123:129 eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 99:129 eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 99:129 leaves modulate LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells and inhibit eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes. 33359184 10 22 theme derivatives 1946:1956 arg1 series 1901:1906 a series 1899:1906 a series 1899:1906 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 13 23 theme inflammatory 2500:2511 arg1 cytokines 2513:2521 inflammatory cytokines 2500:2521 inflammatory cytokines 2500:2521 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 17 24 theme quercetin 3258:3266 arg1 properties 3244:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties 3213:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin 3213:3266 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 17 24 theme quercetin 3258:3266 arg1 occurrence 3143:3152 the occurrence 3139:3152 the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents 3139:3199 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 10 25 dep RESULTS 1789:1795 arg1 elucidated 1838:1847 elucidated 1838:1847 elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated 1838:2008 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 9 26 theme tumour 1682:1687 arg1 TNF-α 1708:1712 TNF-α 1708:1712 TNF-α 1708:1712 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 26 theme tumour 1682:1687 arg1 factor-α 1698:1705 tumour necrosis factor-α 1682:1705 tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 1682:1713 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 5 27 dep amelioration 705:716 arg1 the 701:703 the 701:703 the 701:703 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana leaves extract was prioritized amongst a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau. 33359184 10 28 theme flavonols 1968:1976 arg1 series 1901:1906 a series 1899:1906 a series 1899:1906 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 17 29 with related 3294:3300 arg1 presence 3311:3318 the presence 3307:3318 the presence of several bioactives 3307:3340 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 16 30 theme anti-inflammatory 2936:2952 arg1 effects 2954:2960 The anti-inflammatory effects 2932:2960 The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported 2932:2976 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 9 31 theme factor-α 1698:1705 arg1 levels 1715:1720 interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels 1657:1720 interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages 1657:1758 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 15 32 theme significant 2811:2821 arg1 effects 2834:2840 the significant inhibitory effects 2807:2840 the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2807:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 10 33 theme HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn 1797:1812 arg1 analysis 1814:1821 HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis 1797:1821 HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract 1797:1836 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 6 34 theme sieberiana 1019:1028 arg1 leaf 1030:1033 C. sieberiana leaf 1016:1033 C. sieberiana leaf 1016:1033 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 10 35 dep 3-O-glycosylated 1993:2008 arg1 series 1901:1906 a series 1899:1906 a series 1899:1906 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 10 35 dep 3-O-glycosylated 1993:2008 arg1 most 1979:1982 most 1979:1982 most 1979:1982 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 17 36 theme constituents 3188:3199 arg1 properties 3244:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties 3213:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin 3213:3266 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 17 36 theme constituents 3188:3199 arg1 occurrence 3143:3152 the occurrence 3139:3152 the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents 3139:3199 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 8 37 dep series 1394:1399 arg1 both 1428:1431 both 1428:1431 both 1428:1431 The extract and its main compound were tested towards a series of inflammatory mediators, both in enzymatic and cell-based models. 33359184 16 38 dep provide 2978:2984 arg1 leaves 3027:3032 leaves 3027:3032 leaves 3027:3032 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 7 39 theme hydroethanol 1210:1221 arg1 extract 1223:1229 an hydroethanol extract 1207:1229 an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant 1207:1267 MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical profile of an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was established by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in order to identify bioactives. 33359184 3 40 theme reputed 247:253 arg1 species 255:261 a particularly reputed species 232:261 a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine 232:286 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 6 41 theme anti-inflammatory 984:1000 arg1 properties 1002:1011 the anti-inflammatory properties 980:1011 the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf 980:1033 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 3 42 theme diseases 364:371 arg1 treatment 351:359 the treatment 347:359 the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background 347:448 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 12 43 theme cascade 2232:2238 arg1 enzymes 2200:2206 key enzymes 2196:2206 key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade 2196:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 9 44 theme derived 1740:1746 arg1 macrophages 1748:1758 THP-1 derived macrophages 1734:1758 THP-1 derived macrophages 1734:1758 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 13 45 dep derived 2612:2618 arg1 THP-1 2606:2610 THP-1 2606:2610 THP-1 2606:2610 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 7 46 theme chemical 1187:1194 arg1 profile 1196:1202 The chemical profile 1183:1202 The chemical profile 1183:1202 MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical profile of an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was established by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in order to identify bioactives. 33359184 13 47 from Impact 2490:2495 arg1 cytokines 2513:2521 inflammatory cytokines 2500:2521 inflammatory cytokines 2500:2521 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 15 48 theme inhibitory 2823:2832 arg1 effects 2834:2840 the significant inhibitory effects 2807:2840 the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2807:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 4 49 theme plant 485:489 arg1 roots 472:476 the roots 468:476 the roots of the plant 468:489 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 16 50 dep CONCLUSIONS 2920:2930 arg1 provide 2978:2984 provide 2978:2984 provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 2978:3124 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 5 51 theme conditions 735:744 arg1 treatment 722:730 treatment 722:730 treatment 722:730 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana leaves extract was prioritized amongst a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau. 33359184 5 51 theme conditions 735:744 arg1 amelioration 705:716 amelioration 705:716 amelioration 705:716 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana leaves extract was prioritized amongst a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau. 33359184 3 52 theme inflammatory 426:437 arg1 background 439:448 an inflammatory background 423:448 an inflammatory background 423:448 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 0 53 theme Cassia 0:5 arg1 sieberiana 7:16 Cassia sieberiana 0:16 Cassia sieberiana 0:16 Cassia sieberiana DC. 33359184 7 54 dep the 1245:1247 arg1 leaves 1249:1254 leaves 1249:1254 leaves 1249:1254 MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical profile of an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was established by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in order to identify bioactives. 33359184 1 55 theme inflammatory 50:61 arg1 response 63:70 LPS-induced inflammatory response 38:70 LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells 38:85 leaves modulate LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells and inhibit eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes. 33359184 3 56 theme symptomatology 377:390 arg1 treatment 351:359 the treatment 347:359 the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background 347:448 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 12 57 theme arachidonic 2215:2225 arg1 acid 2227:2230 the arachidonic acid 2211:2230 the arachidonic acid cascade 2211:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 6 58 from use 1139:1141 arg1 Medicine 1151:1158 folk Medicine 1146:1158 folk Medicine 1146:1158 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 6 59 from data 972:975 arg1 properties 1002:1011 the anti-inflammatory properties 980:1011 the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf 980:1033 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 10 60 theme extract 1830:1836 arg1 analysis 1814:1821 HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis 1797:1821 HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract 1797:1836 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 17 61 theme several 3323:3329 arg1 bioactives 3331:3340 several bioactives 3323:3340 several bioactives 3323:3340 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 5 62 theme inflammatory 774:785 arg1 response 787:794 an inflammatory response 771:794 an inflammatory response 771:794 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana leaves extract was prioritized amongst a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau. 33359184 13 63 theme IL-6 2591:2594 arg1 levels 2596:2601 IL-6 levels 2591:2601 IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages 2591:2630 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 14 64 theme same 2716:2719 arg1 model 2721:2725 the same model 2712:2725 the same model 2712:2725 In contrast, TNF-α levels were found to be increased in the same model. 33359184 2 65 theme sieberiana 207:216 arg1 DC 218:219 sieberiana DC 207:219 sieberiana DC 207:219 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to ethnobotanical surveys, Cassia sieberiana DC. 33359184 12 66 theme key 2196:2198 arg1 enzymes 2200:2206 key enzymes 2196:2206 key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade 2196:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 3 67 from species 255:261 arg1 Medicine 279:286 African folk Medicine 266:286 African folk Medicine 266:286 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 8 68 theme mediators 1417:1425 arg1 series 1394:1399 a series 1392:1399 a series of inflammatory mediators 1392:1425 The extract and its main compound were tested towards a series of inflammatory mediators, both in enzymatic and cell-based models. 33359184 16 69 theme body 3115:3118 arg1 aches 3120:3124 arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3089:3124 arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3089:3124 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 0 70 dep DC 18:19 arg1 sieberiana 7:16 Cassia sieberiana 0:16 Cassia sieberiana 0:16 Cassia sieberiana DC. 33359184 4 71 theme anti-inflammatory 594:610 arg1 properties 612:621 their anti-inflammatory properties 588:621 their anti-inflammatory properties 588:621 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 17 72 theme flavonoidic 3157:3167 arg1 constituents 3188:3199 flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents 3157:3199 flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents 3157:3199 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 13 73 from levels 2596:2601 arg1 macrophages 2620:2630 THP-1 derived macrophages 2606:2630 THP-1 derived macrophages 2606:2630 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 9 74 theme cell-free 1617:1625 arg1 systems 1627:1633 cell-free systems 1617:1633 cell-free systems 1617:1633 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 15 75 from effects 2834:2840 arg1 activity 2849:2856 the activity 2845:2856 the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2845:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 13 76 theme sieberiana 2542:2551 arg1 extract 2558:2564 C. sieberiana leaf extract 2539:2564 C. sieberiana leaf extract 2539:2564 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 9 77 theme interleukin 1657:1667 arg1 levels 1715:1720 interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels 1657:1720 interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages 1657:1758 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 4 78 theme detail 559:564 arg1 mechanisms 566:575 further detail mechanisms 551:575 further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties 551:621 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 2 79 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 132:151 arg1 RELEVANCE 153:161 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 132:161 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 132:161 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to ethnobotanical surveys, Cassia sieberiana DC. 33359184 12 80 from COX-2 2402:2406 arg1 comparison 2433:2442 comparison 2433:2442 comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1) 2433:2487 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 11 81 theme main 2101:2104 arg1 component 2106:2114 the main component 2097:2114 the main component 2097:2114 Considering the concentrations of the identified compounds, quercetin was detached as the main component. 33359184 3 82 with related 410:416 arg1 background 439:448 an inflammatory background 423:448 an inflammatory background 423:448 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 12 83 theme inhibitory 2379:2388 arg1 action 2390:2395 a selective inhibitory action 2367:2395 a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1) 2367:2487 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 3 84 dep its 322:324 arg1 leaves 326:331 leaves 326:331 leaves 326:331 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 15 85 theme observed 2775:2782 arg1 effects 2784:2790 the observed effects 2771:2790 the observed effects 2771:2790 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 2 86 theme ethnobotanical 176:189 arg1 surveys 191:197 ethnobotanical surveys 176:197 ethnobotanical surveys 176:197 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to ethnobotanical surveys, Cassia sieberiana DC. 33359184 5 87 theme extracts 866:873 arg1 collection 852:861 a collection 850:861 a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau 850:921 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana leaves extract was prioritized amongst a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau. 33359184 14 88 theme TNF-α 2669:2673 arg1 levels 2675:2680 TNF-α levels 2669:2680 TNF-α levels 2669:2680 In contrast, TNF-α levels were found to be increased in the same model. 33359184 3 89 theme folk 274:277 arg1 Medicine 279:286 African folk Medicine 266:286 African folk Medicine 266:286 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 6 90 theme folk 1146:1149 arg1 Medicine 1151:1158 folk Medicine 1146:1158 folk Medicine 1146:1158 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 3 91 dep species 255:261 arg1 1825 223:226 1825 223:226 1825 223:226 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 17 92 theme anti-inflammatory 3226:3242 arg1 properties 3244:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties 3213:3253 the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin 3213:3266 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 16 93 theme arthritis 3089:3097 arg1 aches 3120:3124 arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3089:3124 arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3089:3124 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 15 94 theme metabolizing 2882:2893 arg1 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 94 theme metabolizing 2882:2893 arg1 enzymes 2895:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes 2861:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2861:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 94 theme metabolizing 2882:2893 arg1 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 9 95 from effects 1646:1652 arg1 levels 1715:1720 interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels 1657:1720 interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages 1657:1758 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 8 96 theme enzymatic 1436:1444 arg1 models 1461:1466 enzymatic and cell-based models 1436:1466 enzymatic and cell-based models 1436:1466 The extract and its main compound were tested towards a series of inflammatory mediators, both in enzymatic and cell-based models. 33359184 15 97 theme arachidonic 2865:2875 arg1 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 97 theme arachidonic 2865:2875 arg1 enzymes 2895:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes 2861:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2861:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 97 theme arachidonic 2865:2875 arg1 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 10 98 theme rhein 1940:1944 arg1 derivatives 1946:1956 rhein derivatives 1940:1956 rhein derivatives 1940:1956 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 16 99 theme rheumatism 3100:3109 arg1 aches 3120:3124 arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3089:3124 arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3089:3124 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 16 100 theme African 3037:3043 arg1 practices 3050:3058 African folk practices 3037:3058 African folk practices 3037:3058 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 11 101 theme identified 2049:2058 arg1 compounds 2060:2068 the identified compounds 2045:2068 the identified compounds 2045:2068 Considering the concentrations of the identified compounds, quercetin was detached as the main component. 33359184 8 102 theme cell-based 1450:1459 arg1 models 1461:1466 enzymatic and cell-based models 1436:1466 enzymatic and cell-based models 1436:1466 The extract and its main compound were tested towards a series of inflammatory mediators, both in enzymatic and cell-based models. 33359184 9 103 dep derived 1740:1746 arg1 THP-1 1734:1738 THP-1 1734:1738 THP-1 1734:1738 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 15 104 dep enzymes 2895:2901 arg1 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 COX-2 2903:2907 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 104 dep enzymes 2895:2901 arg1 enzymes 2895:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes 2861:2901 the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX 2861:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 15 104 dep enzymes 2895:2901 arg1 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 5-LOX 2913:2917 Quercetin appears to partially account for the observed effects, namely due to the significant inhibitory effects on the activity of the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX. 33359184 9 105 theme necrosis 1689:1696 arg1 TNF-α 1708:1712 TNF-α 1708:1712 TNF-α 1708:1712 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 105 theme necrosis 1689:1696 arg1 factor-α 1698:1705 tumour necrosis factor-α 1682:1705 tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 1682:1713 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 17 106 theme bioactives 3331:3340 arg1 presence 3311:3318 the presence 3307:3318 the presence of several bioactives 3307:3340 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 5 107 theme STUDY 672:676 arg1 AIM 661:663 AIM 661:663 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana 661:809 AIM OF THE STUDY Considering its use in the amelioration and treatment of conditions that frequently underlie an inflammatory response, C. sieberiana leaves extract was prioritized amongst a collection of extracts obtained from plants collected in Guinea-Bissau. 33359184 6 108 theme leaf 1030:1033 arg1 properties 1002:1011 the anti-inflammatory properties 980:1011 the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf 980:1033 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 17 109 theme anthraquinonic 3173:3186 arg1 constituents 3188:3199 flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents 3157:3199 flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents 3157:3199 Considering the occurrence of flavonoidic and anthraquinonic constituents, as well as the observed anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin, recorded effects must be related with the presence of several bioactives. 33359184 7 110 theme extract 1223:1229 arg1 MATERIALS 1161:1169 MATERIALS 1161:1169 MATERIALS 1161:1169 MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical profile of an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was established by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in order to identify bioactives. 33359184 7 110 theme extract 1223:1229 arg1 METHODS 1175:1181 METHODS 1175:1181 METHODS 1175:1181 MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical profile of an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was established by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in order to identify bioactives. 33359184 9 111 theme eicosanoid-metabolizing 1504:1526 arg1 enzymes 1528:1534 the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 1500:1534 the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) 1500:1598 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 111 theme eicosanoid-metabolizing 1504:1526 arg1 cyclooxygenase-1 1560:1575 cyclooxygenase-1 1560:1575 cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) 1560:1583 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 111 theme eicosanoid-metabolizing 1504:1526 arg1 5-lipoxygenase 1536:1549 5-lipoxygenase 1536:1549 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) 1536:1557 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 6 112 theme C. 1016:1017 arg1 leaf 1030:1033 C. sieberiana leaf 1016:1033 C. sieberiana leaf 1016:1033 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 13 113 link derived 2612:2618 arg1 macrophages 2620:2630 THP-1 derived macrophages 2606:2630 THP-1 derived macrophages 2606:2630 Impact on inflammatory cytokines was also noted, C. sieberiana leaf extract significantly decreasing IL-6 levels in THP-1 derived macrophages at 250 and 500 μg mL-1. 33359184 16 114 theme folk 3045:3048 arg1 practices 3050:3058 African folk practices 3037:3058 African folk practices 3037:3058 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 3 115 theme roots 337:341 arg1 application 307:317 the application 303:317 the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background 303:448 (1825) is a particularly reputed species in African folk Medicine, namely due to the application of its leaves and roots for the treatment of diseases and symptomatology that appear to be related with an inflammatory background. 33359184 7 116 dep MATERIALS 1161:1169 arg1 profile 1196:1202 The chemical profile 1183:1202 The chemical profile 1183:1202 MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical profile of an hydroethanol extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was established by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in order to identify bioactives. 33359184 12 117 theme extract 2145:2151 arg1 Effects 2117:2123 Effects 2117:2123 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade 2117:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 12 118 theme acid 2227:2230 arg1 cascade 2232:2238 the arachidonic acid cascade 2211:2238 the arachidonic acid cascade 2211:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 6 119 theme chemical 1083:1090 arg1 composition 1092:1102 its chemical composition 1079:1102 its chemical composition 1079:1102 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 12 120 theme concentration-dependent 2264:2286 arg1 inhibition 2288:2297 namely a concentration-dependent inhibition 2255:2297 namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX 2255:2311 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 12 121 with comparison 2433:2442 arg1 IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1 2468:2486 IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1 2468:2486 IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1 2468:2486 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 12 121 with comparison 2433:2442 arg1 COX-1 2461:2465 the isoform COX-1 2449:2465 the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1) 2449:2487 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 12 122 theme isoform 2453:2459 arg1 IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1 2468:2486 IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1 2468:2486 IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1 2468:2486 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 12 122 theme isoform 2453:2459 arg1 COX-1 2461:2465 the isoform COX-1 2449:2465 the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1) 2449:2487 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 8 123 theme main 1358:1361 arg1 compound 1363:1370 its main compound 1354:1370 its main compound 1354:1370 The extract and its main compound were tested towards a series of inflammatory mediators, both in enzymatic and cell-based models. 33359184 4 124 with contrast 454:461 arg1 roots 472:476 the roots 468:476 the roots of the plant 468:489 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 6 125 theme possible 1052:1059 arg1 associations 1061:1072 possible associations 1052:1072 possible associations with its chemical composition 1052:1102 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 4 126 theme further 551:557 arg1 mechanisms 566:575 further detail mechanisms 551:575 further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties 551:621 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 COX-2 1593:1597 COX-2 1593:1597 COX-2 1593:1597 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 enzymes 1528:1534 the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 1500:1534 the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) 1500:1598 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 5-lipoxygenase 1536:1549 5-lipoxygenase 1536:1549 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) 1536:1557 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 COX-1 1578:1582 COX-1 1578:1582 COX-1 1578:1582 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 5-LOX 1552:1556 5-LOX 1552:1556 5-LOX 1552:1556 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 -2 1589:1590 -2 1589:1590 -2 1589:1590 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 9 127 dep enzymes 1528:1534 arg1 cyclooxygenase-1 1560:1575 cyclooxygenase-1 1560:1575 cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) 1560:1583 The capacity to interfere with the eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was evaluated in cell-free systems, while the effects in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels produced by THP-1 derived macrophages were assessed through ELISA. 33359184 6 128 with associations 1061:1072 arg1 composition 1092:1102 its chemical composition 1079:1102 its chemical composition 1079:1102 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 6 129 from rationale 1122:1130 arg1 use 1139:1141 its use 1135:1141 its use in folk Medicine 1135:1158 As such, this work aims to deliver experimental data on the anti-inflammatory properties of C. sieberiana leaf and to establish possible associations with its chemical composition, thus providing a rationale on its use in folk Medicine. 33359184 16 130 theme sieberiana 3016:3025 arg1 use 3006:3008 the use 3002:3008 the use of C. sieberiana 3002:3025 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 4 131 dep in 633:634 arg1 vitro 636:640 vitro 636:640 vitro 636:640 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 16 132 theme aches 3120:3124 arg1 treatment 3076:3084 the treatment 3072:3084 the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches 3072:3124 CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effects herein reported provide a rationale for the use of C. sieberiana leaves in African folk practices, such as in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and body aches. 33359184 4 133 dep the 492:494 arg1 leaves 496:501 leaves 496:501 leaves 496:501 In contrast with the roots of the plant, the leaves remain to be investigated, which prompted us to further detail mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory properties, by using in vitro models of disease. 33359184 10 134 theme chemical 1851:1858 arg1 profile 1860:1866 a chemical profile 1849:1866 a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated 1849:2008 RESULTS HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the extract elucidated a chemical profile qualitatively characterized by a series of anthraquinones, particularly rhein derivatives, and nine flavonols, most of which 3-O-glycosylated. 33359184 8 135 theme inflammatory 1404:1415 arg1 mediators 1417:1425 inflammatory mediators 1404:1425 inflammatory mediators 1404:1425 The extract and its main compound were tested towards a series of inflammatory mediators, both in enzymatic and cell-based models. 33359184 12 136 dep sieberiana 2170:2179 arg1 leaves 2181:2186 leaves 2181:2186 leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade 2181:2238 Effects of the hydroethanol extract obtained from C. sieberiana leaves against key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade were recorded, namely a concentration-dependent inhibition against 5-LOX, at concentrations ranging from 16 to 250 μg mL-1 and a selective inhibitory action upon COX-2 (IC50 = 3.58 μg mL-1) in comparison with the isoform COX-1 (IC50 = 9.10 μg mL-1). 33359184 1 137 theme LPS-induced 38:48 arg1 response 63:70 LPS-induced inflammatory response 38:70 LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells 38:85 leaves modulate LPS-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 cells and inhibit eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes. 34606543 4 0 theme defence 778:784 arg1 responses 786:794 plant defence responses 772:794 plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall 772:878 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 1 1 from sources 193:199 arg1 diet 227:230 human diet 221:230 human diet 221:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 6 2 theme H2O2 1211:1214 arg1 production 1197:1206 the production 1193:1206 the production of H2O2 1193:1214 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 8 3 theme wall 1564:1567 arg1 architecture 1569:1580 cell wall architecture 1559:1580 cell wall architecture 1559:1580 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 3 4 theme wall 648:651 arg1 induction 630:638 the induction 626:638 the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening 626:678 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 7 5 with treatment 1421:1429 arg1 KPhi 1436:1439 KPhi 1436:1439 KPhi 1436:1439 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 7 6 from decrease 1466:1473 arg1 tubers 1515:1520 potato tubers 1508:1520 potato tubers 1508:1520 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 7 7 theme in 1394:1395 arg1 assay 1403:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay 1372:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay 1372:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 6 8 theme compounds 1361:1369 arg1 content 1341:1347 the total content 1331:1347 the total content of phenolic compounds 1331:1369 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 7 9 theme two-phase 1374:1382 arg1 assay 1403:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay 1372:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay 1372:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 8 10 theme new 1658:1660 arg1 practices 1672:1680 new agronomic practices 1658:1680 new agronomic practices 1658:1680 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 1 11 from diet 227:230 arg1 sources 193:199 the main sources 184:199 the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet 184:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 3 12 theme potato 490:495 arg1 plants 497:502 potato plants 490:502 potato plants 490:502 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 4 13 with Treatments 681:690 arg1 borate 719:724 borate 719:724 borate 719:724 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 4 13 with Treatments 681:690 arg1 phosphites 697:706 phosphites 697:706 phosphites (KPhi) 697:713 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 4 13 with Treatments 681:690 arg1 KPhi 709:712 KPhi 709:712 KPhi 709:712 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 3 14 theme defence 528:534 arg1 responses 536:544 plant defence responses 522:544 plant defence responses 522:544 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 0 15 theme cell 111:114 arg1 structure 121:129 the cell wall structure 107:129 the cell wall structure 107:129 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 5 16 theme nutrition 957:965 arg1 medium 967:972 a nutrition medium 955:972 a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate 955:1006 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 8 17 theme GI 1697:1698 arg1 potatoes 1706:1713 low GI index potatoes 1693:1713 low GI index potatoes 1693:1713 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 4 18 from modifications 807:819 arg1 composition 845:855 composition 845:855 composition 845:855 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 4 18 from modifications 807:819 arg1 architecture 828:839 architecture 828:839 architecture 828:839 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 5 19 theme wall 1135:1138 arg1 reinforcement 1114:1126 a reinforcement 1112:1126 a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells 1112:1166 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 7 20 theme potato 1508:1513 arg1 tubers 1515:1520 potato tubers 1508:1520 potato tubers 1508:1520 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 2 21 theme related 420:426 arg1 diseases 428:435 related diseases 420:435 related diseases 420:435 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 7 22 theme rate 1500:1503 arg1 decrease 1466:1473 a significant decrease 1452:1473 a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers 1452:1520 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 4 23 theme plant 864:868 arg1 wall 875:878 the plant cell wall 860:878 the plant cell wall 860:878 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 7 24 theme starch 1482:1487 arg1 rate 1500:1503 the starch hydrolysis rate 1478:1503 the starch hydrolysis rate 1478:1503 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 4 25 theme wall 875:878 arg1 composition 845:855 composition 845:855 composition 845:855 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 4 25 theme wall 875:878 arg1 architecture 828:839 architecture 828:839 architecture 828:839 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 6 26 theme stiffening 1272:1281 arg1 reactions 1283:1291 stiffening reactions 1272:1291 stiffening reactions 1272:1291 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 0 27 theme potato 35:40 arg1 plants 42:47 potato plants 35:47 potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) 35:70 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 5 28 theme suberin 889:895 arg1 autofluorescence 897:912 suberin autofluorescence 889:912 suberin autofluorescence 889:912 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 2 29 theme health 381:386 arg1 priority 388:395 a health priority 379:395 a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases 379:435 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 0 30 theme Borate 0:5 arg1 treatments 21:30 Borate and phosphite treatments 0:30 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept 0:92 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 2 31 theme GI 356:357 arg1 potatoes 359:366 low GI potatoes 352:366 low GI potatoes 352:366 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 0 32 theme phosphite 11:19 arg1 treatments 21:30 Borate and phosphite treatments 0:30 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept 0:92 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 3 33 theme tuber 573:577 arg1 availability 586:597 tuber starch availability 573:597 tuber starch availability 573:597 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 6 34 theme total 1335:1339 arg1 content 1341:1347 the total content 1331:1347 the total content of phenolic compounds 1331:1369 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 0 35 dep plants 42:47 arg1 L. 68:69 Solanum tuberosum L. 50:69 Solanum tuberosum L. 50:69 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 3 36 with treatments 476:485 arg1 elicitors 509:517 elicitors 509:517 elicitors of plant defence responses 509:544 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 3 37 dep wall 648:651 arg1 remodelling 653:663 remodelling 653:663 remodelling 653:663 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 3 38 theme digestibility 603:615 arg1 reduction 560:568 a reduction 558:568 a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility 558:615 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 8 39 theme architecture 1569:1580 arg1 ability 1548:1554 the ability 1544:1554 the ability of cell wall architecture 1544:1580 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 5 40 theme storage 1143:1149 arg1 cells 1162:1166 storage parenchyma cells 1143:1166 storage parenchyma cells 1143:1166 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 3 41 theme availability 586:597 arg1 reduction 560:568 a reduction 558:568 a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility 558:615 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 2 42 theme new 298:300 arg1 strategies 330:339 new agricultural and industrial strategies 298:339 new agricultural and industrial strategies 298:339 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 1 43 theme sources 193:199 arg1 sources 193:199 the main sources 184:199 the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet 184:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 1 43 theme sources 193:199 arg1 one 177:179 one 177:179 one 177:179 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 5 44 theme potato 932:937 arg1 plants 939:944 potato plants 932:944 potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate 932:1006 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 0 45 theme starch 142:147 arg1 digestibility 149:161 starch digestibility 142:161 starch digestibility 142:161 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 1 46 theme carbohydrates 204:216 arg1 sources 193:199 the main sources 184:199 the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet 184:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 6 47 dep elicited 1184:1191 arg1 involved 1234:1241 involved 1234:1241 is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds 1223:1369 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 4 48 theme plant 772:776 arg1 responses 786:794 plant defence responses 772:794 plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall 772:878 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 1 49 contain have 246:249 arg1 they 241:244 they 241:244 they 241:244 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 1 49 contain have 246:249 arg2 index 268:272 a high glycaemic index 251:272 a high glycaemic index (GI) 251:277 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 1 49 contain have 246:249 arg2 GI 275:276 GI 275:276 GI 275:276 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 8 50 theme digestive 1620:1628 arg1 enzymes 1630:1636 digestive enzymes 1620:1636 digestive enzymes 1620:1636 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 1 51 theme human 221:225 arg1 diet 227:230 human diet 221:230 human diet 221:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 7 52 theme digestion 1384:1392 arg1 assay 1403:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay 1372:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay 1372:1407 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 8 53 theme cell 1559:1562 arg1 architecture 1569:1580 cell wall architecture 1559:1580 cell wall architecture 1559:1580 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 0 54 theme plants 42:47 arg1 treatments 21:30 Borate and phosphite treatments 0:30 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept 0:92 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 1 55 theme glycaemic 258:266 arg1 GI 275:276 GI 275:276 GI 275:276 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 1 55 theme glycaemic 258:266 arg1 index 268:272 a high glycaemic index 251:272 a high glycaemic index (GI) 251:277 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 3 56 theme cell 643:646 arg1 wall 648:651 cell wall remodelling and stiffening 643:678 wall 648:651 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 3 57 theme plants 497:502 arg1 treatments 476:485 treatments 476:485 treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses 476:544 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 3 58 theme stiffening 669:678 arg1 induction 630:638 the induction 626:638 the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening 626:678 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 1 59 from carbohydrates 204:216 arg1 diet 227:230 human diet 221:230 human diet 221:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 3 60 theme plant 522:526 arg1 responses 536:544 plant defence responses 522:544 plant defence responses 522:544 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 8 61 theme agronomic 1662:1670 arg1 practices 1672:1680 new agronomic practices 1658:1680 new agronomic practices 1658:1680 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 7 62 dep in 1394:1395 arg1 vitro 1397:1401 vitro 1397:1401 vitro 1397:1401 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 0 63 theme wall 116:119 arg1 structure 121:129 the cell wall structure 107:129 the cell wall structure 107:129 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 8 64 theme low 1693:1695 arg1 potatoes 1706:1713 low GI index potatoes 1693:1713 low GI index potatoes 1693:1713 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 3 65 theme responses 536:544 arg1 elicitors 509:517 elicitors 509:517 elicitors of plant defence responses 509:544 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 8 66 theme index 1700:1704 arg1 potatoes 1706:1713 low GI index potatoes 1693:1713 low GI index potatoes 1693:1713 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 7 67 theme hydrolysis 1489:1498 arg1 rate 1500:1503 the starch hydrolysis rate 1478:1503 the starch hydrolysis rate 1478:1503 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 0 68 theme concept 86:92 arg1 proof 77:81 a proof 75:81 a proof of concept 75:92 Borate and phosphite treatments of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a proof of concept to reinforce the cell wall structure and reduce starch digestibility. 34606543 5 69 theme pectin 1055:1060 arg1 staining 1062:1069 pectin staining 1055:1069 pectin staining 1055:1069 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 4 70 theme cell 870:873 arg1 wall 875:878 the plant cell wall 860:878 the plant cell wall 860:878 Treatments with phosphites (KPhi) and borate were performed, as they are known to activate plant defence responses that cause modifications in the architecture and composition of the plant cell wall. 34606543 1 71 theme main 188:191 arg1 sources 193:199 the main sources 184:199 the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet 184:230 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 2 72 theme industrial 319:328 arg1 strategies 330:339 new agricultural and industrial strategies 298:339 new agricultural and industrial strategies 298:339 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 5 73 theme thicker 1031:1037 arg1 periderm 1039:1046 a thicker periderm 1029:1046 a thicker periderm 1029:1046 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 6 74 theme cell-wall 1246:1254 arg1 remodelling 1256:1266 cell-wall remodelling 1246:1266 cell-wall remodelling 1246:1266 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 2 75 theme agricultural 302:313 arg1 strategies 330:339 new agricultural and industrial strategies 298:339 new agricultural and industrial strategies 298:339 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 6 76 theme phenolic 1352:1359 arg1 compounds 1361:1369 phenolic compounds 1352:1369 phenolic compounds 1352:1369 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 2 77 theme low 352:354 arg1 potatoes 359:366 low GI potatoes 352:366 low GI potatoes 352:366 Hence, developing new agricultural and industrial strategies to produce low GI potatoes represents a health priority to prevent obesity and related diseases. 34606543 6 78 theme content 1341:1347 arg1 increase 1319:1326 an increase 1316:1326 an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds 1316:1369 Both compounds elicited the production of H2O2, which is usually involved in cell-wall remodelling and stiffening reactions while only KPhi caused an increase of the total content of phenolic compounds. 34606543 5 79 theme cells 1162:1166 arg1 wall 1135:1138 the wall 1131:1138 the wall of storage parenchyma cells 1131:1166 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 1 80 theme high 253:256 arg1 GI 275:276 GI 275:276 GI 275:276 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 1 80 theme high 253:256 arg1 index 268:272 a high glycaemic index 251:272 a high glycaemic index (GI) 251:277 Potatoes are one of the main sources of carbohydrates in human diet, however they have a high glycaemic index (GI). 34606543 7 81 theme significant 1454:1464 arg1 decrease 1466:1473 a significant decrease 1452:1473 a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers 1452:1520 A two-phase digestion in vitro assay showed that treatment with KPhi determined a significant decrease of the starch hydrolysis rate in potato tubers. 34606543 5 82 theme KPhi 1089:1092 arg1 treatment 1094:1102 KPhi treatment 1089:1102 KPhi treatment 1089:1102 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 5 83 theme autofluorescence 897:912 arg1 Data 881:884 Data 881:884 Data of suberin autofluorescence 881:912 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34606543 3 84 theme starch 579:584 arg1 availability 586:597 tuber starch availability 573:597 tuber starch availability 573:597 In this work, we investigated whether treatments of potato plants with elicitors of plant defence responses can lead to a reduction of tuber starch availability and digestibility, through the induction of cell wall remodelling and stiffening. 34606543 8 85 theme starch 1596:1601 arg1 accessibility 1603:1615 starch accessibility 1596:1615 starch accessibility to digestive enzymes 1596:1636 This work highlights the ability of cell wall architecture in modulating starch accessibility to digestive enzymes, paving the way for new agronomic practices to produce low GI index potatoes. 34606543 5 86 theme parenchyma 1151:1160 arg1 cells 1162:1166 storage parenchyma cells 1143:1166 storage parenchyma cells 1143:1166 Data of suberin autofluorescence demonstrated that potato plants grown in a nutrition medium supplemented with KPhi and borate produced tubers with a thicker periderm, while pectin staining demonstrated that KPhi treatment induced a reinforcement of the wall of storage parenchyma cells. 34202221 2 0 theme liquid 503:508 arg1 extraction 510:519 pressurized liquid extraction 491:519 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) 491:525 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 0 theme liquid 503:508 arg1 PLE 522:524 PLE 522:524 PLE 522:524 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 1 1 theme extraction 356:365 arg1 parameters 367:376 extraction parameters 356:376 extraction parameters 356:376 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 2 2 theme total 688:692 arg1 sugar 694:698 total sugar 688:698 total sugar 688:698 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 1 3 theme brown 184:188 arg1 algae 190:194 brown algae 184:194 brown algae 184:194 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 3 4 theme highest 777:783 arg1 extraction 800:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction 773:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 773:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 5 theme pressurized 491:501 arg1 extraction 510:519 pressurized liquid extraction 491:519 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) 491:525 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 5 theme pressurized 491:501 arg1 PLE 522:524 PLE 522:524 PLE 522:524 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 6 theme polysaccharide 785:798 arg1 extraction 800:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction 773:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 773:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 7 dep C. 1082:1083 arg1 barbata 1085:1091 barbata 1085:1091 barbata 1085:1091 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 8 theme optimal 1213:1219 arg1 conditions 1221:1230 previously determinate optimal conditions 1190:1230 previously determinate optimal conditions 1190:1230 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 9 dep yield 650:654 arg1 sugar 694:698 total sugar 688:698 total sugar 688:698 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 9 dep yield 650:654 arg1 group 721:725 sulfate group 713:725 sulfate group 713:725 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 9 dep yield 650:654 arg1 fucose 701:706 fucose 701:706 fucose 701:706 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 1 10 theme chemical 280:287 arg1 composition 289:299 its chemical composition 276:299 its chemical composition 276:299 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 3 11 theme F. 1065:1066 arg1 virsoides 1068:1076 the F. virsoides 1061:1076 the F. virsoides 1061:1076 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 12 theme cycles 581:586 arg1 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 12 theme cycles 581:586 arg1 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 12 theme cycles 581:586 arg1 parameters 527:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters 451:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) 451:587 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 12 theme cycles 581:586 arg1 time 561:564 time 561:564 time 561:564 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 12 theme cycles 581:586 arg1 number 571:576 number 571:576 number of cycles 571:586 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 13 theme polysaccharide 635:648 arg1 yield 650:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield 616:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) 616:660 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 13 theme polysaccharide 635:648 arg1 PS 658:659 %PS 657:659 %PS 657:659 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 14 theme PLE 900:902 arg1 H2SO4 926:930 0.1 M H2SO4 920:930 0.1 M H2SO4 920:930 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 14 theme PLE 900:902 arg1 parameters 904:913 the optimal PLE parameters 888:913 the optimal PLE parameters 888:913 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 15 theme parameters 527:536 arg1 influence 438:446 the influence 434:446 the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group) 434:726 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 16 theme min 954:956 arg1 cycles 941:946 two cycles 937:946 two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore 937:979 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 17 theme barbata 627:633 arg1 yield 650:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield 616:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) 616:660 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 17 theme barbata 627:633 arg1 PS 658:659 %PS 657:659 %PS 657:659 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 18 theme determinate 1201:1211 arg1 conditions 1221:1230 previously determinate optimal conditions 1190:1230 previously determinate optimal conditions 1190:1230 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 5 19 theme uronic 1556:1561 arg1 content 1568:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 1 20 attach isolated 170:177 arg2 fucoidan 161:168 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan 137:168 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae 137:194 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 1 20 attach isolated 170:177 arg1 algae 190:194 brown algae 184:194 brown algae 184:194 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 5 21 theme antioxidant 1591:1601 arg1 activity 1603:1610 their antioxidant activity 1585:1610 their antioxidant activity 1585:1610 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 2 22 theme Cystoseira 616:625 arg1 yield 650:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield 616:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) 616:660 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 22 theme Cystoseira 616:625 arg1 PS 658:659 %PS 657:659 %PS 657:659 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 23 theme antioxidant 1037:1047 arg1 activity 1049:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 23 theme antioxidant 1037:1047 arg1 PS 987:988 the %PS 982:988 the %PS 982:988 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 24 theme sulfate 713:719 arg1 group 721:725 sulfate group 713:725 sulfate group 713:725 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 25 theme assisted 461:468 arg1 MAE 482:484 MAE 482:484 MAE 482:484 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 25 theme assisted 461:468 arg1 extraction 470:479 microwave assisted extraction 451:479 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 451:485 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 26 theme 0.1 849:851 arg1 M 853:853 M 853:853 M 853:853 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 27 theme study 412:416 arg1 objective 394:402 the objective 390:402 the objective of this study 390:416 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 0 28 theme Assisted 10:17 arg1 Extraction 19:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 4 29 from virsoides 1298:1306 arg1 PS 1287:1288 a significantly higher %PS 1263:1288 a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides 1263:1306 PLE resulted in a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides, while for C. barbata, a similar yield was achieved with CE and PLE, as well as CE and MAE, for both algae. 34202221 2 30 theme Fucus 596:600 arg1 virsoides 602:610 the Fucus virsoides 592:610 the Fucus virsoides 592:610 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 31 theme polysaccharide 1093:1106 arg1 extracts 1108:1115 C. barbata polysaccharide extracts 1082:1115 C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions 1082:1230 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 5 32 theme acid 1563:1566 arg1 content 1568:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 3 33 theme M 853:853 arg1 H2SO4 855:859 0.1 M H2SO4 849:859 0.1 M H2SO4 849:859 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 33 theme M 853:853 arg1 parameters 745:754 The optimal MAE parameters 729:754 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 729:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 1 34 theme wide 204:207 arg1 range 209:213 a wide range 202:213 a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters 202:376 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 0 35 theme Microwave 0:8 arg1 Extraction 19:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 3 36 from °C. 965:967 arg1 cycles 941:946 two cycles 937:946 two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore 937:979 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 36 from °C. 965:967 arg1 min 954:956 15 min 951:956 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore 951:979 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 37 theme % 657:657 arg1 yield 650:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield 616:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) 616:660 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 37 theme % 657:657 arg1 PS 658:659 %PS 657:659 %PS 657:659 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 38 theme microwave 451:459 arg1 MAE 482:484 MAE 482:484 MAE 482:484 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 38 theme microwave 451:459 arg1 extraction 470:479 microwave assisted extraction 451:479 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 451:485 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 39 theme M 924:924 arg1 H2SO4 926:930 0.1 M H2SO4 920:930 0.1 M H2SO4 920:930 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 39 theme M 924:924 arg1 parameters 904:913 the optimal PLE parameters 888:913 the optimal PLE parameters 888:913 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 40 from °C 878:879 arg1 min 868:870 10 min 865:870 10 min at 80 °C 865:879 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 41 theme C. 1082:1083 arg1 extracts 1108:1115 C. barbata polysaccharide extracts 1082:1115 C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions 1082:1230 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 4 42 theme higher 1279:1284 arg1 PS 1287:1288 a significantly higher %PS 1263:1288 a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides 1263:1306 PLE resulted in a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides, while for C. barbata, a similar yield was achieved with CE and PLE, as well as CE and MAE, for both algae. 34202221 3 43 theme chemical 991:998 arg1 PS 987:988 the %PS 982:988 the %PS 982:988 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 43 theme chemical 991:998 arg1 structure 1000:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 5 44 contain had 1468:1470 arg2 fucose 1506:1511 fucose 1506:1511 fucose 1506:1511 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 5 44 contain had 1468:1470 arg1 polysaccharides 1433:1447 the polysaccharides 1429:1447 the polysaccharides obtained using PLE 1429:1466 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 5 44 contain had 1468:1470 arg2 index 1499:1503 polydispersity index 1484:1503 polydispersity index 1484:1503 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 5 44 contain had 1468:1470 arg2 content 1568:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 5 44 contain had 1468:1470 arg2 content 1532:1538 sulfate group content 1518:1538 sulfate group content 1518:1538 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 3 45 from virsoides 819:827 arg1 extraction 800:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction 773:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 773:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 1 46 theme biological 218:227 arg1 activities 229:238 biological activities 218:238 biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters 218:376 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 0 47 theme Liquid 46:51 arg1 Extraction 53:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 3 48 theme % 986:986 arg1 activity 1049:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 48 theme % 986:986 arg1 PS 987:988 the %PS 982:988 the %PS 982:988 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 48 theme % 986:986 arg1 structure 1000:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 48 theme % 986:986 arg1 properties 1021:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 49 theme conventional 1145:1156 arg1 extraction 1158:1167 conventional extraction 1145:1167 conventional extraction (CE) 1145:1172 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 49 theme conventional 1145:1156 arg1 CE 1170:1171 CE 1170:1171 CE 1170:1171 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 5 50 theme highest 1476:1482 arg1 index 1499:1503 polydispersity index 1484:1503 polydispersity index 1484:1503 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 1 51 theme activities 229:238 arg1 range 209:213 a wide range 202:213 a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters 202:376 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 0 52 theme Pressurized 34:44 arg1 Extraction 53:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 2 53 dep parameters 527:536 arg1 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 53 dep parameters 527:536 arg1 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 53 dep parameters 527:536 arg1 parameters 527:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters 451:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) 451:587 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 53 dep parameters 527:536 arg1 time 561:564 time 561:564 time 561:564 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 53 dep parameters 527:536 arg1 number 571:576 number 571:576 number of cycles 571:586 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 4 54 theme % 1286:1286 arg1 PS 1287:1288 a significantly higher %PS 1263:1288 a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides 1263:1306 PLE resulted in a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides, while for C. barbata, a similar yield was achieved with CE and PLE, as well as CE and MAE, for both algae. 34202221 3 55 theme optimal 733:739 arg1 H2SO4 855:859 0.1 M H2SO4 849:859 0.1 M H2SO4 849:859 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 55 theme optimal 733:739 arg1 parameters 745:754 The optimal MAE parameters 729:754 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 729:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 56 theme molecular 1011:1019 arg1 PS 987:988 the %PS 982:988 the %PS 982:988 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 56 theme molecular 1011:1019 arg1 properties 1021:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 0 57 theme Sulfated 67:74 arg1 Polysaccharides 76:90 Sulfated Polysaccharides 67:90 Sulfated Polysaccharides 67:90 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 5 58 theme lowest 1549:1554 arg1 content 1568:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 the lowest uronic acid content 1545:1574 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 1 59 theme applied 334:340 arg1 technique 342:350 the applied technique 330:350 the applied technique 330:350 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 0 60 from barbata 128:134 arg1 Extraction 19:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 0 60 from barbata 128:134 arg1 Extraction 53:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 2 61 theme chemical 666:673 arg1 composition 675:685 chemical composition 666:685 chemical composition 666:685 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 1 62 theme Sulfated 137:144 arg1 fucoidan 161:168 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan 137:168 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae 137:194 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 5 63 theme polydispersity 1484:1497 arg1 index 1499:1503 polydispersity index 1484:1503 polydispersity index 1484:1503 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 3 64 from barbata 836:842 arg1 extraction 800:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction 773:809 the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 773:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 1 65 theme polysaccharide 146:159 arg1 fucoidan 161:168 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan 137:168 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae 137:194 Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. 34202221 3 66 theme optimal 892:898 arg1 H2SO4 926:930 0.1 M H2SO4 920:930 0.1 M H2SO4 920:930 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 66 theme optimal 892:898 arg1 parameters 904:913 the optimal PLE parameters 888:913 the optimal PLE parameters 888:913 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 5 67 dep index 1499:1503 arg1 the 1472:1474 the 1472:1474 the 1472:1474 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 5 68 theme group 1526:1530 arg1 content 1532:1538 sulfate group content 1518:1538 sulfate group content 1518:1538 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 3 69 dep H2SO4 926:930 arg1 activity 1049:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 69 dep H2SO4 926:930 arg1 PS 987:988 the %PS 982:988 the %PS 982:988 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 69 dep H2SO4 926:930 arg1 structure 1000:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 69 dep H2SO4 926:930 arg1 properties 1021:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 70 from cycles 941:946 arg1 °C. 965:967 140 °C. 961:967 140 °C. Furthermore 961:979 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 0 71 theme Polysaccharides 76:90 arg1 Extraction 19:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 0 71 theme Polysaccharides 76:90 arg1 Extraction 53:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 0 72 from virsoides 103:111 arg1 Extraction 19:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction 0:28 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 0 72 from virsoides 103:111 arg1 Extraction 53:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 34:62 Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. 34202221 5 73 theme sulfate 1518:1524 arg1 content 1532:1538 sulfate group content 1518:1538 sulfate group content 1518:1538 Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower. 34202221 4 74 theme similar 1333:1339 arg1 yield 1341:1345 a similar yield 1331:1345 a similar yield 1331:1345 PLE resulted in a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides, while for C. barbata, a similar yield was achieved with CE and PLE, as well as CE and MAE, for both algae. 34202221 3 75 theme MAE 741:743 arg1 H2SO4 855:859 0.1 M H2SO4 849:859 0.1 M H2SO4 849:859 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 75 theme MAE 741:743 arg1 parameters 745:754 The optimal MAE parameters 729:754 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata 729:842 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 2 76 theme extraction 510:519 arg1 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 76 theme extraction 510:519 arg1 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 76 theme extraction 510:519 arg1 parameters 527:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters 451:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) 451:587 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 76 theme extraction 510:519 arg1 time 561:564 time 561:564 time 561:564 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 76 theme extraction 510:519 arg1 number 571:576 number 571:576 number of cycles 571:586 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 77 from influence 438:446 arg1 PS 658:659 %PS 657:659 %PS 657:659 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 77 from influence 438:446 arg1 yield 650:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield 616:654 Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) 616:660 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 77 from influence 438:446 arg1 virsoides 602:610 the Fucus virsoides 592:610 the Fucus virsoides 592:610 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 78 theme extraction 470:479 arg1 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 temperature 548:558 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 78 theme extraction 470:479 arg1 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 solvent 539:545 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 78 theme extraction 470:479 arg1 parameters 527:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters 451:536 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) 451:587 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 78 theme extraction 470:479 arg1 time 561:564 time 561:564 time 561:564 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 2 78 theme extraction 470:479 arg1 number 571:576 number 571:576 number of cycles 571:586 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). 34202221 3 79 theme virsoides 1068:1076 arg1 activity 1049:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 antioxidant activity 1037:1056 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 79 theme virsoides 1068:1076 arg1 PS 987:988 the %PS 982:988 the %PS 982:988 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 79 theme virsoides 1068:1076 arg1 structure 1000:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 chemical structure 991:1008 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34202221 3 79 theme virsoides 1068:1076 arg1 properties 1021:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 molecular properties 1011:1030 The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. 34945540 6 0 theme FISH 1090:1093 arg1 analysis 1095:1102 FISH analysis 1090:1102 FISH analysis 1090:1102 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 1 1 theme fatty 268:272 arg1 acids 274:278 fatty acids 268:278 fatty acids 268:278 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 6 2 theme phylum 1056:1061 arg1 level 1074:1078 the phylum and family level 1052:1078 level 1074:1078 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 5 3 theme increased 905:913 arg1 bulk 922:925 significantly increased faecal bulk 891:925 significantly increased faecal bulk (20-30%) 891:934 We show that these LMWPs led to significantly increased faecal bulk (20-30%). 34945540 5 3 theme increased 905:913 arg1 % 933:933 20-30% 928:933 20-30% 928:933 We show that these LMWPs led to significantly increased faecal bulk (20-30%). 34945540 0 4 theme Gut 106:108 arg1 Markers 117:123 Human Gut Health Markers 100:123 Human Gut Health Markers 100:123 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 7 5 theme health 1329:1334 arg1 markers 1336:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 3 6 theme prebiotic 530:538 arg1 potential 540:548 the prebiotic potential 526:548 the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy 526:671 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 3 7 theme polysaccharides 574:588 arg1 potential 540:548 the prebiotic potential 526:548 the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy 526:671 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 0 8 theme Human 100:104 arg1 Markers 117:123 Human Gut Health Markers 100:123 Human Gut Health Markers 100:123 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 4 9 theme faecal 775:780 arg1 weight 782:787 faecal weight 775:787 faecal weight 775:787 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 3 10 theme first 501:505 arg1 investigation 507:519 the first investigation 497:519 the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy 497:671 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 4 11 theme microbiota 847:856 arg1 composition 828:838 composition 828:838 composition of gut microbiota 828:856 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 7 12 theme human 1308:1312 arg1 markers 1336:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 2 13 dep in 380:381 arg1 vivo 383:386 vivo 383:386 vivo 383:386 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 3 14 attach derived 598:604 arg1 agar 624:627 agar 624:627 agar 624:627 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 3 14 attach derived 598:604 arg1 alginate 611:618 alginate 611:618 alginate 611:618 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 3 14 attach derived 598:604 arg2 LMWPs 591:595 LMWPs 591:595 LMWPs 591:595 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 3 14 attach derived 598:604 arg2 polysaccharides 574:588 low-molecular-weight polysaccharides 553:588 low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy 553:671 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 2 15 theme gut 399:401 arg1 health 403:408 gut health 399:408 gut health of the polysaccharides 399:431 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 0 16 theme Health 110:115 arg1 Markers 117:123 Human Gut Health Markers 100:123 Human Gut Health Markers 100:123 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 4 17 theme gut 843:845 arg1 microbiota 847:856 gut microbiota 843:856 gut microbiota 843:856 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 0 18 theme Low-Molecular-Weight 0:19 arg1 Polysaccharides 37:51 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides 0:51 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides 0:51 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 1 19 theme significant 187:197 arg1 interest 199:206 significant interest 187:206 significant interest 187:206 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 0 20 theme Seaweed-Derived 21:35 arg1 Polysaccharides 37:51 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides 0:51 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides 0:51 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 8 21 theme rigorous 1407:1414 arg1 testing-in 1430:1439 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 2 22 from information 361:371 arg1 effects 388:394 the in vivo effects 376:394 the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives 376:474 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 4 23 theme agar 761:764 arg1 LWMPs 766:770 alginate and agar LWMPs 748:770 LWMPs 766:770 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 4 24 theme randomized 689:698 arg1 trial 720:724 a randomized; placebo-controlled trial 687:724 a randomized; placebo-controlled trial 687:724 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 2 25 theme low-molecular-weight 443:462 arg1 derivatives 464:474 their low-molecular-weight derivatives 437:474 their low-molecular-weight derivatives 437:474 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 6 26 theme composition 964:974 arg1 Analysis 937:944 Analysis 937:944 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing 937:988 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 7 27 theme microbiome 1318:1327 arg1 markers 1336:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 7 28 theme bacteria 1213:1220 arg1 analysis 1197:1204 Sequence analysis 1188:1204 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria 1188:1220 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 6 29 theme microbiome 953:962 arg1 composition 964:974 gut microbiome composition 949:974 gut microbiome composition 949:974 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 8 30 theme urgent 1380:1385 arg1 need 1387:1390 an urgent need 1377:1390 an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts 1377:1482 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 2 31 theme polysaccharides 417:431 arg1 derivatives 464:474 their low-molecular-weight derivatives 437:474 their low-molecular-weight derivatives 437:474 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 2 31 theme polysaccharides 417:431 arg1 health 403:408 gut health 399:408 gut health of the polysaccharides 399:431 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 6 32 theme gut 949:951 arg1 composition 964:974 gut microbiome composition 949:974 gut microbiome composition 949:974 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 4 33 theme other 793:797 arg1 markers 799:805 other markers 793:805 other markers of gut health 793:819 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 8 34 theme particular 1441:1450 arg1 testing-in 1430:1439 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 4 35 theme LWMPs 766:770 arg1 impact 738:743 the impact 734:743 the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota 734:856 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 1 36 theme sustainable 151:161 arg1 crops 163:167 potentially sustainable crops 139:167 potentially sustainable crops 139:167 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 1 36 theme sustainable 151:161 arg1 Seaweeds 126:133 Seaweeds 126:133 Seaweeds 126:133 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 0 37 theme Increased 61:69 arg1 Bulk 78:81 Increased Faecal Bulk 61:81 Increased Faecal Bulk 61:81 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 7 38 theme gut 1314:1316 arg1 markers 1336:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 human gut microbiome health markers 1308:1342 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 7 39 theme Sequence 1188:1195 arg1 analysis 1197:1204 Sequence analysis 1188:1204 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria 1188:1220 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 1 40 theme rich 225:228 arg1 content 249:255 their rich bioactive compound content; 219:256 their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides 219:333 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 6 41 theme family 1067:1072 arg1 level 1074:1078 the phylum and family level 1052:1078 level 1074:1078 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 1 42 theme complex 311:317 arg1 polysaccharides 319:333 complex polysaccharides 311:333 complex polysaccharides 311:333 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 3 43 theme in 656:657 arg1 efficacy 664:671 their in vivo efficacy 650:671 their in vivo efficacy 650:671 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 2 44 from effects 388:394 arg1 derivatives 464:474 their low-molecular-weight derivatives 437:474 their low-molecular-weight derivatives 437:474 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 2 44 from effects 388:394 arg1 health 403:408 gut health 399:408 gut health of the polysaccharides 399:431 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 1 45 theme bioactive 230:238 arg1 content 249:255 their rich bioactive compound content; 219:256 their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides 219:333 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 7 46 theme gut 1209:1211 arg1 bacteria 1213:1220 gut bacteria 1209:1220 gut bacteria 1209:1220 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 2 47 theme little 354:359 arg1 information 361:371 little information 354:371 little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives 354:474 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 0 48 theme Faecal 71:76 arg1 Bulk 78:81 Increased Faecal Bulk 61:81 Increased Faecal Bulk 61:81 Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. 34945540 8 49 theme seaweed 1467:1473 arg1 extracts 1475:1482 refined seaweed extracts 1459:1482 refined seaweed extracts 1459:1482 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 8 50 theme robust 1396:1401 arg1 testing-in 1430:1439 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 7 51 theme agar 1284:1287 arg1 LWMPs 1289:1293 agar LWMPs 1284:1293 agar LWMPs 1284:1293 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 8 52 dep in 1422:1423 arg1 vivo 1425:1428 vivo 1425:1428 vivo 1425:1428 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 8 53 theme in 1422:1423 arg1 testing-in 1430:1439 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 8 54 theme human 1416:1420 arg1 testing-in 1430:1439 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 human in vivo testing-in particular 1416:1450 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 4 55 dep randomized 689:698 arg1 placebo-controlled 701:718 placebo-controlled 701:718 placebo-controlled 701:718 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 4 56 theme alginate 748:755 arg1 LWMPs 766:770 alginate and agar LWMPs 748:770 LWMPs 766:770 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 1 57 theme compound 240:247 arg1 content 249:255 their rich bioactive compound content; 219:256 their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides 219:333 Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. 34945540 3 58 theme low-molecular-weight 553:572 arg1 polysaccharides 574:588 low-molecular-weight polysaccharides 553:588 low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy 553:671 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 3 58 theme low-molecular-weight 553:572 arg1 LMWPs 591:595 LMWPs 591:595 LMWPs 591:595 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 5 59 theme faecal 915:920 arg1 bulk 922:925 significantly increased faecal bulk 891:925 significantly increased faecal bulk (20-30%) 891:934 We show that these LMWPs led to significantly increased faecal bulk (20-30%). 34945540 5 59 theme faecal 915:920 arg1 % 933:933 20-30% 928:933 20-30% 928:933 We show that these LMWPs led to significantly increased faecal bulk (20-30%). 34945540 6 60 from increase 1114:1121 arg1 subjects 1158:1165 subjects 1158:1165 subjects consuming agar LMWP 1158:1185 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 6 60 from increase 1114:1121 arg1 prausnitzii 1143:1153 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 1126:1153 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 1126:1153 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 8 61 theme refined 1459:1465 arg1 extracts 1475:1482 refined seaweed extracts 1459:1482 refined seaweed extracts 1459:1482 Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing-in particular, using refined seaweed extracts. 34945540 4 62 from impact 738:743 arg1 weight 782:787 faecal weight 775:787 faecal weight 775:787 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 4 62 from impact 738:743 arg1 composition 828:838 composition 828:838 composition of gut microbiota 828:856 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 6 63 theme attributable 1023:1034 arg1 changes 1015:1021 no significant changes 1000:1021 no significant changes attributable to treatment 1000:1047 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 4 64 theme health 814:819 arg1 markers 799:805 other markers 793:805 other markers of gut health 793:819 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 6 65 theme agar 1177:1180 arg1 LMWP 1182:1185 agar LMWP 1177:1185 agar LMWP 1177:1185 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 34945540 2 66 theme in 380:381 arg1 effects 388:394 the in vivo effects 376:394 the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives 376:474 However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. 34945540 7 67 theme FISH 1244:1247 arg1 data 1249:1252 the FISH data 1240:1252 the FISH data 1240:1252 Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. 34945540 4 68 theme gut 810:812 arg1 health 814:819 gut health 810:819 gut health 810:819 We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. 34945540 3 69 dep in 656:657 arg1 vivo 659:662 vivo 659:662 vivo 659:662 Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. 34945540 6 70 theme significant 1003:1013 arg1 changes 1015:1021 no significant changes 1000:1021 no significant changes attributable to treatment 1000:1047 Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. 32671088 7 0 theme zebrafish 1466:1474 arg1 composition 1445:1455 the intestinal microbiota composition 1419:1455 the intestinal microbiota composition 1419:1455 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 8 1 theme adult 1865:1869 arg1 zebrafish 1871:1879 the adult zebrafish 1861:1879 the adult zebrafish 1861:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 1 2 theme therapeutic 280:290 arg1 agents 292:297 therapeutic agents 280:297 therapeutic agents 280:297 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 4 3 theme quantitative 822:833 arg1 reaction 852:859 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 822:859 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 7 4 theme fucoidan 1394:1401 arg1 feeding 1380:1386 feeding 1380:1386 feeding of OM fucoidan 1380:1401 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 3 5 theme zebrafish 559:567 arg1 fucoidan 594:601 larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan 542:601 larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan 542:601 We treated larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan by immersion (100 and 500 μg/mL, 3 days) and by feeding (3 weeks), respectively. 32671088 7 6 theme microbiota 1434:1443 arg1 composition 1445:1455 the intestinal microbiota composition 1419:1455 the intestinal microbiota composition 1419:1455 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 4 7 theme neutrophils 783:793 arg1 reaction 852:859 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 822:859 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 4 7 theme neutrophils 783:793 arg1 imaging 772:778 live imaging 767:778 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 6 8 theme macrophages 1222:1232 arg1 number 1196:1201 the number 1192:1201 the number of neutrophils and macrophages 1192:1232 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 6 8 theme macrophages 1222:1232 arg1 composition 1151:1161 the composition 1147:1161 the composition of the larvae microbiota 1147:1186 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 8 9 theme zebrafish 1871:1879 arg1 intestines 1847:1856 the intestines 1843:1856 the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1843:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 4 10 theme macrophages 799:809 arg1 reaction 852:859 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 822:859 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 4 10 theme macrophages 799:809 arg1 imaging 772:778 live imaging 767:778 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 9 11 theme in 1933:1934 arg1 effects 1952:1958 in vivo modulatory effects 1933:1958 in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish 1933:2031 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 6 12 theme neutrophils 1206:1216 arg1 number 1196:1201 the number 1192:1201 the number of neutrophils and macrophages 1192:1232 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 6 12 theme neutrophils 1206:1216 arg1 composition 1151:1161 the composition 1147:1161 the composition of the larvae microbiota 1147:1186 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 6 13 theme Fucoidan 1105:1112 arg1 treatment 1114:1122 Fucoidan treatment 1105:1122 Fucoidan treatment 1105:1122 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 9 14 theme modulatory 1941:1950 arg1 effects 1952:1958 in vivo modulatory effects 1933:1958 in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish 1933:2031 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 2 15 theme present 321:327 arg1 study 329:333 the present study 317:333 the present study 317:333 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 1 16 theme various 214:220 arg1 activities 233:242 various biological activities 214:242 various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents 214:297 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 4 17 theme cytokine 891:898 arg1 genes 900:904 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 864:904 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 864:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 9 18 from effects 1952:1958 arg1 microbiota 1975:1984 microbiota 1975:1984 microbiota 1975:1984 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 9 18 from effects 1952:1958 arg1 responses 1997:2005 immune responses 1990:2005 immune responses 1990:2005 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 5 19 theme pair-end 1046:1053 arg1 sequencing 1055:1064 Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing 1031:1064 Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes 1031:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 4 20 theme chain 846:850 arg1 reaction 852:859 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 822:859 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 2 21 from composition 505:515 arg1 zebrafish 520:528 zebrafish 520:528 zebrafish 520:528 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 6 22 theme expression 1282:1291 arg1 levels 1293:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 6 23 theme microbiota 1177:1186 arg1 number 1196:1201 the number 1192:1201 the number of neutrophils and macrophages 1192:1232 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 6 23 theme microbiota 1177:1186 arg1 composition 1151:1161 the composition 1147:1161 the composition of the larvae microbiota 1147:1186 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 6 24 theme cytokine 1268:1275 arg1 levels 1293:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 8 25 theme expression 1788:1797 arg1 levels 1799:1804 decreased expression levels 1778:1804 decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1778:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 1 26 theme fucose-rich 135:145 arg1 polysaccharides 156:170 fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides 135:170 fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides 135:170 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 7 27 theme studied 1727:1733 arg1 samples 1735:1741 the studied samples 1723:1741 the studied samples 1723:1741 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 28 theme taxonomic 1569:1577 arg1 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 28 theme taxonomic 1569:1577 arg1 units 1579:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units 1538:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1538:1691 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 2 29 theme microbiota 494:503 arg1 composition 505:515 microbiota composition 494:515 microbiota composition 494:515 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 9 30 theme unchallenged 2010:2021 arg1 zebrafish 2023:2031 unchallenged zebrafish 2010:2031 unchallenged zebrafish 2010:2031 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 8 31 from intestines 1847:1856 arg1 levels 1799:1804 decreased expression levels 1778:1804 decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1778:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 6 32 theme μg/mL 1348:1352 arg1 fucoidan 1357:1364 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan 1344:1364 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan 1344:1364 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 5 33 theme rRNA 1093:1096 arg1 genes 1098:1102 16S rRNA genes 1089:1102 16S rRNA genes 1089:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 4 34 from responses 720:728 arg1 larvae 743:748 zebrafish larvae 733:748 zebrafish larvae 733:748 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 7 35 theme dominant 1698:1705 arg1 emergence 1508:1516 emergence 1508:1516 emergence 1508:1516 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 35 theme dominant 1698:1705 arg1 OTUs 1707:1710 the dominant OTUs 1694:1710 the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples 1694:1741 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 36 theme bacterial 1547:1555 arg1 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 36 theme bacterial 1547:1555 arg1 units 1579:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units 1538:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1538:1691 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 5 37 theme zebrafish 927:935 arg1 larvae 937:942 zebrafish larvae 927:942 zebrafish larvae 927:942 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 5 38 theme V3-V4 1073:1077 arg1 region 1079:1084 the V3-V4 region 1069:1084 the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes 1069:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 7 39 theme coli-related 1661:1672 arg1 Enterobacteriaceae 1674:1691 E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1658:1691 E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1658:1691 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 0 40 from Modulation 33:42 arg1 Zebrafish 47:55 Zebrafish 47:55 Zebrafish 47:55 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 2 41 dep in 354:355 arg1 vivo 357:360 vivo 357:360 vivo 357:360 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 0 42 theme Intestinal 0:9 arg1 Microbiota 11:20 Intestinal Microbiota 0:20 Intestinal Microbiota 0:20 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 4 43 from effect 688:693 arg1 responses 720:728 immune responses 713:728 immune responses in zebrafish larvae 713:748 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 9 44 theme fucoidan 2069:2076 arg1 potential 2056:2064 the potential 2052:2064 the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay 2052:2140 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 4 45 theme OM 698:699 arg1 fucoidan 701:708 OM fucoidan 698:708 OM fucoidan 698:708 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 2 46 theme common 438:443 arg1 edible 445:450 common edible 438:450 common edible seaweed in Japan 438:467 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 2 46 theme common 438:443 arg1 mozuku 405:410 mozuku 405:410 mozuku 405:410 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 9 47 theme modulatory 2088:2097 arg1 role 2099:2102 a modulatory role 2086:2102 a modulatory role 2086:2102 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 3 48 with zebrafish 559:567 arg1 mozuku 582:587 mozuku 582:587 mozuku 582:587 We treated larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan by immersion (100 and 500 μg/mL, 3 days) and by feeding (3 weeks), respectively. 32671088 5 49 theme OM 1002:1003 arg1 fucoidan 1005:1012 OM fucoidan 1002:1012 OM fucoidan 1002:1012 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 4 50 theme zebrafish 733:741 arg1 larvae 743:748 zebrafish larvae 733:748 zebrafish larvae 733:748 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 2 51 theme in 354:355 arg1 effects 362:368 in vivo effects 354:368 in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish 354:528 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 1 52 theme applicable 244:253 arg1 activities 233:242 various biological activities 214:242 various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents 214:297 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 9 53 theme diet-microbiota-host 2111:2130 arg1 interplay 2132:2140 the diet-microbiota-host interplay 2107:2140 the diet-microbiota-host interplay 2107:2140 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 2 54 dep Cladosiphon 413:423 arg1 okamuranus 425:434 Cladosiphon okamuranus 413:434 Cladosiphon okamuranus 413:434 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 1 55 theme functional 259:268 arg1 foods 270:274 functional foods 259:274 functional foods 259:274 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 7 56 theme adult 1460:1464 arg1 zebrafish 1466:1474 adult zebrafish 1460:1474 adult zebrafish 1460:1474 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 5 57 theme adult 973:977 arg1 zebrafish 979:987 adult zebrafish 973:987 adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan 973:1012 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 9 58 theme current 1886:1892 arg1 study 1894:1898 Our current study 1882:1898 Our current study 1882:1898 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 6 59 theme anti-inflammatory 1250:1266 arg1 levels 1293:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 2 60 theme fucoidan 373:380 arg1 effects 362:368 in vivo effects 354:368 in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish 354:528 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 6 61 theme pro- 1241:1244 arg1 levels 1293:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 3 62 theme adult 553:557 arg1 zebrafish 559:567 adult zebrafish 553:567 adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku 553:587 We treated larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan by immersion (100 and 500 μg/mL, 3 days) and by feeding (3 weeks), respectively. 32671088 7 63 theme intestinal 1423:1432 arg1 composition 1445:1455 the intestinal microbiota composition 1419:1455 the intestinal microbiota composition 1419:1455 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 2 64 from effects 362:368 arg1 composition 505:515 microbiota composition 494:515 microbiota composition 494:515 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 2 64 from effects 362:368 arg1 responses 480:488 immune responses 473:488 immune responses 473:488 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 9 65 theme first 1913:1917 arg1 insights 1919:1926 the first insights 1909:1926 the first insights 1909:1926 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 3 66 theme larvae 542:547 arg1 fucoidan 594:601 larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan 542:601 larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan 542:601 We treated larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan by immersion (100 and 500 μg/mL, 3 days) and by feeding (3 weeks), respectively. 32671088 1 67 theme brown 185:189 arg1 seaweeds 191:198 brown seaweeds 185:198 brown seaweeds 185:198 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 7 68 theme OM 1391:1392 arg1 fucoidan 1394:1401 OM fucoidan 1391:1401 OM fucoidan 1391:1401 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 1 69 attach derived 172:178 arg2 polysaccharides 156:170 fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides 135:170 fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides 135:170 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 1 69 attach derived 172:178 arg1 seaweeds 191:198 brown seaweeds 185:198 brown seaweeds 185:198 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 2 70 theme study 329:333 arg1 objective 304:312 The objective 300:312 The objective of the present study 300:333 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 8 71 theme cytokine 1826:1833 arg1 il1b 1835:1838 pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b 1809:1838 pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1809:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 4 72 theme pro- 864:867 arg1 genes 900:904 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 864:904 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 864:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 0 73 from Mozuku 82:87 arg1 Microbiota 11:20 Intestinal Microbiota 0:20 Intestinal Microbiota 0:20 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 0 73 from Mozuku 82:87 arg1 Modulation 33:42 Immune Modulation 26:42 Immune Modulation 26:42 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 8 74 from levels 1799:1804 arg1 intestines 1847:1856 the intestines 1843:1856 the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1843:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 5 75 theme MiSeq 1040:1044 arg1 sequencing 1055:1064 Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing 1031:1064 Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes 1031:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 1 76 theme biological 222:231 arg1 activities 233:242 various biological activities 214:242 various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents 214:297 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 4 77 theme anti-inflammatory 873:889 arg1 genes 900:904 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 864:904 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 864:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 7 78 dep coli-related 1661:1672 arg1 E. 1658:1659 E. 1658:1659 E. 1658:1659 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 9 79 dep in 1933:1934 arg1 vivo 1936:1939 vivo 1936:1939 vivo 1936:1939 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 4 80 theme polymerase 835:844 arg1 reaction 852:859 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 822:859 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 8 81 from il1b 1835:1838 arg1 intestines 1847:1856 the intestines 1843:1856 the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1843:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 6 82 theme gene 1277:1280 arg1 levels 1293:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels 1241:1298 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 7 83 theme units 1579:1583 arg1 predominance 1522:1533 predominance 1522:1533 predominance 1522:1533 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 83 theme units 1579:1583 arg1 emergence 1508:1516 emergence 1508:1516 emergence 1508:1516 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 83 theme units 1579:1583 arg1 OTUs 1707:1710 the dominant OTUs 1694:1710 the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples 1694:1741 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 6 84 theme larvae 1170:1175 arg1 microbiota 1177:1186 the larvae microbiota 1166:1186 the larvae microbiota 1166:1186 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 9 85 theme immune 1990:1995 arg1 responses 1997:2005 immune responses 1990:2005 immune responses 1990:2005 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 8 86 theme decreased 1778:1786 arg1 levels 1799:1804 decreased expression levels 1778:1804 decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1778:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 1 87 theme sulfated 147:154 arg1 polysaccharides 156:170 fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides 135:170 fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides 135:170 Fucoidan represents fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds, which exerts various biological activities applicable for functional foods and therapeutic agents. 32671088 7 88 theme operational 1557:1567 arg1 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 88 theme operational 1557:1567 arg1 units 1579:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units 1538:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1538:1691 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 6 89 theme OM 1354:1355 arg1 fucoidan 1357:1364 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan 1344:1364 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan 1344:1364 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 5 90 theme 16S 1089:1091 arg1 genes 1098:1102 16S rRNA genes 1089:1102 16S rRNA genes 1089:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 7 91 theme multiple 1538:1545 arg1 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 OTUs 1586:1589 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 7 91 theme multiple 1538:1545 arg1 units 1579:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units 1538:1583 multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1538:1691 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 0 92 from Microbiota 11:20 arg1 Zebrafish 47:55 Zebrafish 47:55 Zebrafish 47:55 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 9 93 theme zebrafish 2023:2031 arg1 microbiota 1975:1984 microbiota 1975:1984 microbiota 1975:1984 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 9 93 theme zebrafish 2023:2031 arg1 responses 1997:2005 immune responses 1990:2005 immune responses 1990:2005 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 6 94 theme 500 1344:1346 arg1 μg/mL 1348:1352 μg/mL 1348:1352 μg/mL 1348:1352 Fucoidan treatment only slightly affected the composition of the larvae microbiota and the number of neutrophils and macrophages, while pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were upregulated in the larvae treated with 500 μg/mL OM fucoidan. 32671088 5 95 theme genes 1098:1102 arg1 region 1079:1084 the V3-V4 region 1069:1084 the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes 1069:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 8 96 theme pro-inflammatory 1809:1824 arg1 il1b 1835:1838 pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b 1809:1838 pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1809:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 4 97 theme genes 900:904 arg1 reaction 852:859 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 822:859 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 4 97 theme genes 900:904 arg1 imaging 772:778 live imaging 767:778 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 4 98 theme fucoidan 701:708 arg1 effect 688:693 The effect 684:693 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae 684:748 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 8 99 theme il1b 1835:1838 arg1 levels 1799:1804 decreased expression levels 1778:1804 decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish 1778:1879 These changes were accompanied by decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine il1b in the intestines of the adult zebrafish. 32671088 0 100 dep Cladosiphon 90:100 arg1 okamuranus 102:111 Cladosiphon okamuranus 90:111 Cladosiphon okamuranus 90:111 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 2 101 from responses 480:488 arg1 zebrafish 520:528 zebrafish 520:528 zebrafish 520:528 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 4 102 theme immune 713:718 arg1 responses 720:728 immune responses 713:728 immune responses in zebrafish larvae 713:748 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 5 103 theme region 1079:1084 arg1 sequencing 1055:1064 Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing 1031:1064 Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes 1031:1102 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 7 104 theme Enterobacteriaceae 1674:1691 arg1 expense 1647:1653 the expense 1643:1653 the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae 1643:1691 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 0 105 theme Immune 26:31 arg1 Modulation 33:42 Immune Modulation 26:42 Immune Modulation 26:42 Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Modulation in Zebrafish by Fucoidan From Okinawa Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus). 32671088 5 106 theme Whole 907:911 arg1 microbiota 913:922 Whole microbiota 907:922 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae 907:942 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 5 107 theme larvae 937:942 arg1 microbiota 913:922 Whole microbiota 907:922 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae 907:942 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 5 107 theme larvae 937:942 arg1 microbiota 959:968 intestinal microbiota 948:968 intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan 948:1012 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 3 108 with larvae 542:547 arg1 mozuku 582:587 mozuku 582:587 mozuku 582:587 We treated larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan by immersion (100 and 500 μg/mL, 3 days) and by feeding (3 weeks), respectively. 32671088 5 109 theme zebrafish 979:987 arg1 microbiota 913:922 Whole microbiota 907:922 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae 907:942 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 5 109 theme zebrafish 979:987 arg1 microbiota 959:968 intestinal microbiota 948:968 intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan 948:1012 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 2 110 theme immune 473:478 arg1 responses 480:488 immune responses 473:488 immune responses 473:488 The objective of the present study was to investigate in vivo effects of fucoidan extracted from Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus), common edible seaweed in Japan, on immune responses and microbiota composition in zebrafish. 32671088 7 111 dep emergence 1508:1516 arg1 the 1504:1506 the 1504:1506 the 1504:1506 In contrast, feeding of OM fucoidan clearly altered the intestinal microbiota composition of adult zebrafish, which was characterized by the emergence and predominance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae at the expense of E. coli-related Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant OTUs throughout the studied samples. 32671088 4 112 theme live 767:770 arg1 imaging 772:778 live imaging 767:778 live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes 767:904 The effect of OM fucoidan on immune responses in zebrafish larvae was evaluated by live imaging of neutrophils and macrophages as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. 32671088 5 113 theme intestinal 948:957 arg1 microbiota 959:968 intestinal microbiota 948:968 intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan 948:1012 Whole microbiota of zebrafish larvae and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish treated with OM fucoidan were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq pair-end sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. 32671088 9 114 theme fucoidan 1963:1970 arg1 effects 1952:1958 in vivo modulatory effects 1933:1958 in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish 1933:2031 Our current study provides the first insights into in vivo modulatory effects of fucoidan on microbiota and immune responses of unchallenged zebrafish, which underscores the potential of fucoidan to play a modulatory role in the diet-microbiota-host interplay. 32671088 3 115 dep μg/mL 629:633 arg1 days 638:641 3 days 636:641 3 days 636:641 We treated larvae and adult zebrafish with Okinawa mozuku (OM) fucoidan by immersion (100 and 500 μg/mL, 3 days) and by feeding (3 weeks), respectively. 33586851 1 0 located found 187:191 arg1 form 201:204 free form 196:204 free form 196:204 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 1 0 located found 187:191 arg1 proteins 219:226 anchoring proteins 209:226 anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes 209:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 1 0 located found 187:191 arg2 glycolipids 175:185 complex glycolipids 167:185 complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes 167:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 1 0 located found 187:191 arg2 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols 126:154 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols 126:154 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) 126:161 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 0 1 theme Fragments 101:109 arg1 Behaviour 59:67 the Behaviour 55:67 the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers 55:123 Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers. 33586851 6 2 from role 1061:1064 arg1 organization 1118:1129 the organization 1114:1129 the organization of membranes 1114:1142 These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes. 33586851 3 3 theme glycolipids 539:549 arg1 properties 521:530 the properties 517:530 the properties of the glycolipids 517:549 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 4 4 theme fragments 604:612 arg1 series 590:595 a series 588:595 a series of GPI fragments 588:612 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 5 5 theme membrane 995:1002 arg1 microdomains 1004:1015 membrane microdomains 995:1015 membrane microdomains 995:1015 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 3 6 with presence 383:390 arg1 modifications 438:450 cell-specific modifications 424:450 cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis 424:502 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 0 7 from Behaviour 59:67 arg1 Monolayers 114:123 Monolayers 114:123 Monolayers 114:123 Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers. 33586851 2 8 from sorting 357:363 arg1 membranes 368:376 membranes 368:376 membranes 368:376 GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. 33586851 2 9 theme rafts 339:343 arg1 formation 320:328 the formation 316:328 the formation of lipid rafts 316:343 GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. 33586851 2 9 theme rafts 339:343 arg1 sorting 357:363 protein sorting 349:363 protein sorting on membranes 349:376 GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. 33586851 5 10 theme N-acetylglucosamine 764:782 arg1 deacetylation 784:796 N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation 764:796 N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation 764:796 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 4 11 theme membrane 705:712 arg1 model 714:718 a 2-D membrane model 699:718 a 2-D membrane model 699:718 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 11 theme membrane 705:712 arg1 arrangement 649:659 arrangement 649:659 arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers 649:694 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 11 theme membrane 705:712 arg1 interactions 632:643 the interactions 628:643 the interactions 628:643 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 6 12 theme membranes 1134:1142 arg1 organization 1118:1129 the organization 1114:1129 the organization of membranes 1114:1142 These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes. 33586851 5 13 theme deacetylation 784:796 arg1 need 756:759 the need 752:759 the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains 752:1015 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 3 14 theme conserved 397:405 arg1 core 414:417 a conserved glycan core 395:417 a conserved glycan core 395:417 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 3 15 theme lipid 466:470 arg1 remodelling 472:482 lipid remodelling 466:482 lipid remodelling during biosynthesis 466:502 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 4 16 from interactions 632:643 arg1 monolayers 685:694 monolayers 685:694 monolayers 685:694 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 2 17 theme lipid 333:337 arg1 rafts 339:343 lipid rafts 333:343 lipid rafts 333:343 GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. 33586851 1 18 theme anchoring 209:217 arg1 proteins 219:226 anchoring proteins 209:226 anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes 209:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 0 19 theme Zwitterionic 0:11 arg1 Character 13:21 Zwitterionic Character 0:21 Zwitterionic Character 0:21 Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers. 33586851 4 20 theme 2-D 701:703 arg1 model 714:718 a 2-D membrane model 699:718 a 2-D membrane model 699:718 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 20 theme 2-D 701:703 arg1 arrangement 649:659 arrangement 649:659 arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers 649:694 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 20 theme 2-D 701:703 arg1 interactions 632:643 the interactions 628:643 the interactions 628:643 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 0 21 theme Lipid 27:31 arg1 Composition 33:43 Lipid Composition 27:43 Lipid Composition 27:43 Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers. 33586851 5 22 theme structured 851:860 arg1 lipids 921:926 the unsaturated lipids 905:926 the unsaturated lipids 905:926 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 22 theme structured 851:860 arg1 domains 862:868 highly structured domains 844:868 highly structured domains in the monolayers 844:886 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 23 theme IRRAS 730:734 arg1 analyses 736:743 GIXD and IRRAS analyses 721:743 GIXD and IRRAS analyses 721:743 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 24 theme glycolipids 965:975 arg1 formation 931:939 formation 931:939 formation 931:939 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 24 theme glycolipids 965:975 arg1 localization 945:956 localization 945:956 localization 945:956 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 25 from domains 862:868 arg1 monolayers 877:886 the monolayers 873:886 the monolayers 873:886 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 4 26 theme glycolipids 670:680 arg1 model 714:718 a 2-D membrane model 699:718 a 2-D membrane model 699:718 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 26 theme glycolipids 670:680 arg1 arrangement 649:659 arrangement 649:659 arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers 649:694 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 26 theme glycolipids 670:680 arg1 interactions 632:643 the interactions 628:643 the interactions 628:643 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 4 27 theme GPI 600:602 arg1 fragments 604:612 GPI fragments 600:612 GPI fragments 600:612 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 1 28 theme free 196:199 arg1 form 201:204 free form 196:204 free form 196:204 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 5 29 theme hydrogen 819:826 arg1 bonds 828:832 hydrogen bonds 819:832 hydrogen bonds 819:832 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 30 theme unsaturated 909:919 arg1 lipids 921:926 the unsaturated lipids 905:926 the unsaturated lipids 905:926 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 1 31 theme outer 235:239 arg1 leaflet 241:247 the outer leaflet 231:247 the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes 231:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 3 32 theme cell-specific 424:436 arg1 modifications 438:450 cell-specific modifications 424:450 cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis 424:502 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 5 33 theme bonds 828:832 arg1 formation 806:814 the formation 802:814 the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains 802:1015 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 3 34 theme glycan 407:412 arg1 core 414:417 a conserved glycan core 395:417 a conserved glycan core 395:417 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 1 35 from leaflet 241:247 arg1 eukaryotes 273:282 eukaryotes 273:282 eukaryotes 273:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 3 36 theme core 414:417 arg1 presence 383:390 The presence 379:390 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis 379:502 The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. 33586851 2 37 theme protein 349:355 arg1 sorting 357:363 protein sorting 349:363 protein sorting on membranes 349:376 GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. 33586851 6 38 from modifications 1097:1109 arg1 organization 1118:1129 the organization 1114:1129 the organization of membranes 1114:1142 These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes. 33586851 5 39 theme GIXD 721:724 arg1 analyses 736:743 GIXD and IRRAS analyses 721:743 GIXD and IRRAS analyses 721:743 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 6 40 theme glycolipids 1075:1085 arg1 modifications 1097:1109 their modifications 1091:1109 their modifications in the organization of membranes 1091:1142 These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes. 33586851 6 40 theme glycolipids 1075:1085 arg1 role 1061:1064 the role 1057:1064 the role of these glycolipids 1057:1085 These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes. 33586851 1 41 theme complex 167:173 arg1 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols 126:154 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols 126:154 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) 126:161 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 1 41 theme complex 167:173 arg1 glycolipids 175:185 complex glycolipids 167:185 complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes 167:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 0 42 theme Glycosylphosphatidylinositol 72:99 arg1 Fragments 101:109 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments 72:109 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments 72:109 Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers. 33586851 5 43 theme lipids 921:926 arg1 lipids 921:926 the unsaturated lipids 905:926 the unsaturated lipids 905:926 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 43 theme lipids 921:926 arg1 domains 862:868 highly structured domains 844:868 highly structured domains in the monolayers 844:886 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 5 43 theme lipids 921:926 arg1 effect 895:900 an effect 892:900 an effect of the unsaturated lipids 892:926 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 1 44 theme cell 256:259 arg1 membrane 261:268 the cell membrane 252:268 the cell membrane 252:268 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 33586851 4 45 from arrangement 649:659 arg1 monolayers 685:694 monolayers 685:694 monolayers 685:694 We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. 33586851 5 46 from effect 895:900 arg1 monolayers 877:886 the monolayers 873:886 the monolayers 873:886 GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. 33586851 2 47 from formation 320:328 arg1 membranes 368:376 membranes 368:376 membranes 368:376 GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. 33586851 1 48 theme membrane 261:268 arg1 leaflet 241:247 the outer leaflet 231:247 the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes 231:282 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. 34836344 3 0 theme KEKS 1130:1133 arg1 administration 1140:1153 KEKS food administration 1130:1153 KEKS food administration 1130:1153 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 1 1 theme -generated 348:357 arg1 increase 359:366 the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase 320:366 the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 320:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 2 theme ninth 1117:1121 arg1 day 1123:1125 the ninth day 1113:1125 the ninth day 1113:1125 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 1 3 from number 398:403 arg1 rats 447:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 4 theme DPCPX 850:854 arg1 antagonist 931:940 an antagonist 928:940 an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 928:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 4 theme DPCPX 850:854 arg1 antagonist 832:841 an antagonist 829:841 an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) 829:922 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 0 5 theme Lipopolysaccharide-Generated 93:120 arg1 Increase 122:129 Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase 93:129 Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats 93:175 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 3 6 theme adenosine 708:716 arg1 receptors 718:726 these adenosine receptors 702:726 these adenosine receptors 702:726 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 2 7 theme adenosine 635:643 arg1 receptors 645:653 adenosine receptors 635:653 adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs) 635:678 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 3 8 theme -pyrazolo-[4,3-e 997:1012 arg1 pyrimidine 1036:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 9 dep antagonist 832:841 arg1 mg/kg 1052:1056 0.5 mg/kg 1048:1056 an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg 829:1056 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 2 10 theme adenosine 531:539 arg1 levels 541:546 adenosine levels 531:546 adenosine levels 531:546 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 0 11 theme Absence 134:140 arg1 Activity 152:159 Absence Epileptic Activity 134:159 Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats 134:175 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 2 12 theme KEKS-supplemented 477:493 arg1 ketosis 510:516 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis 477:516 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis 477:516 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 1 13 theme ketone 292:297 arg1 KE 306:307 KE 306:307 KE 306:307 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 13 theme ketone 292:297 arg1 ester 299:303 ketone ester 292:303 ketone ester (KE) 292:308 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 14 with number 821:826 arg1 LPS 1064:1066 LPS 1064:1066 LPS 1064:1066 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 1 15 theme SWD 371:373 arg1 number 398:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number 371:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 371:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 16 theme food 1135:1138 arg1 administration 1140:1153 KEKS food administration 1130:1153 KEKS food administration 1130:1153 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 17 theme 2-furyl 989:995 arg1 pyrimidine 1036:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 18 theme A1R 846:848 arg1 mg/kg 897:901 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg 857:901 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg 857:901 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 18 theme A1R 846:848 arg1 DPCPX 850:854 A1R DPCPX 846:854 A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) 846:922 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 4 19 from effect 1361:1366 arg1 increases 1398:1406 LPS-generated increases 1384:1406 LPS-generated increases in the SWD number 1384:1424 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 3 20 theme KEKS 751:754 arg1 effect 783:788 the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect 747:788 the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect 747:788 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 5 21 theme absence 1605:1611 arg1 activity 1623:1630 absence epileptic activity 1605:1630 absence epileptic activity 1605:1630 Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR. 34836344 0 22 theme Epileptic 142:150 arg1 Activity 152:159 Absence Epileptic Activity 134:159 Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats 134:175 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 1 23 theme spike-wave 376:385 arg1 number 398:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number 371:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 371:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 24 from increase 359:366 arg1 number 398:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number 371:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 371:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 25 theme pyrimidine 1036:1045 arg1 antagonist 931:940 an antagonist 928:940 an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 928:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 25 theme pyrimidine 1036:1045 arg1 antagonist 832:841 an antagonist 829:841 an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) 829:922 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 26 theme SWD 1192:1194 arg1 number 1196:1201 the SWD number 1188:1201 the SWD number 1188:1201 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 27 dep co-injected 1073:1083 arg1 increases 804:812 LPS-evoked increases 793:812 LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day 793:1125 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 27 dep co-injected 1073:1083 arg1 i.p. 1104:1107 i.p. 1104:1107 i.p. 1104:1107 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 5 28 theme neuromodulatory 1551:1565 arg1 benefits 1567:1574 the neuromodulatory benefits 1547:1574 the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity 1547:1630 Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR. 34836344 1 29 theme discharge 387:395 arg1 number 398:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number 371:403 SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 371:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 4 30 from increases 1398:1406 arg1 number 1419:1424 the SWD number 1411:1424 the SWD number 1411:1424 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 4 31 theme SWD 1415:1417 arg1 number 1419:1424 the SWD number 1411:1424 the SWD number 1411:1424 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 1 32 theme KEKS 219:222 arg1 food 224:227 KEKS food 219:227 KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) 219:308 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 0 33 theme Adenosine 0:8 arg1 Receptors 10:18 Adenosine Receptors 0:18 Adenosine Receptors 0:18 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 4 34 theme A1Rs 1330:1333 arg1 inhibition 1316:1325 inhibition 1316:1325 inhibition of A1Rs 1316:1333 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 1 35 theme WAG/Rij 438:444 arg1 rats 447:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 36 theme -1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c 1014:1034 arg1 pyrimidine 1036:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 0 37 from Activity 152:159 arg1 Rats 172:175 WAG/Rij Rats 164:175 WAG/Rij Rats 164:175 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 3 38 theme blood 1216:1220 arg1 glucose 1222:1228 blood glucose 1216:1228 blood glucose 1216:1228 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 4 39 theme blocking 1435:1442 arg1 A2ARs 1444:1448 blocking A2ARs 1435:1448 blocking A2ARs 1435:1448 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 0 40 theme WAG/Rij 164:170 arg1 Rats 172:175 WAG/Rij Rats 164:175 WAG/Rij Rats 164:175 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 3 41 theme A2AR 945:948 arg1 pyrimidine 1036:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 42 theme R-βHB 1255:1259 arg1 levels 1262:1267 R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels 1231:1267 R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels 1231:1267 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 43 theme food-generated 756:769 arg1 effect 783:788 the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect 747:788 the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect 747:788 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 0 44 from Increase 122:129 arg1 Activity 152:159 Absence Epileptic Activity 134:159 Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats 134:175 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 1 45 theme exogenous 240:248 arg1 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 45 theme exogenous 240:248 arg1 salt 278:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt 240:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) 240:286 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 0 46 theme Ketogenic 43:51 arg1 Effect 83:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 3 47 theme alleviating 771:781 arg1 effect 783:788 the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect 747:788 the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect 747:788 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 48 theme R-beta-hydroxybutyrate 1231:1252 arg1 levels 1262:1267 R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels 1231:1267 R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels 1231:1267 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 5 49 from benefits 1567:1574 arg1 activity 1623:1630 absence epileptic activity 1605:1630 absence epileptic activity 1605:1630 Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR. 34836344 2 50 theme food-generated 495:508 arg1 ketosis 510:516 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis 477:516 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis 477:516 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 1 51 theme ketogenic 250:258 arg1 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 51 theme ketogenic 250:258 arg1 salt 278:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt 240:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) 240:286 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 0 52 theme Exogenous 33:41 arg1 Effect 83:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 4 53 theme alleviating 1349:1359 arg1 effect 1361:1366 the alleviating effect 1345:1366 the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number 1345:1424 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 5 54 theme epileptic 1613:1621 arg1 activity 1623:1630 absence epileptic activity 1605:1630 absence epileptic activity 1605:1630 Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR. 34836344 5 55 theme food 1597:1600 arg1 benefits 1567:1574 the neuromodulatory benefits 1547:1574 the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity 1547:1630 Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR. 34836344 1 56 theme supplement 260:269 arg1 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 56 theme supplement 260:269 arg1 salt 278:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt 240:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) 240:286 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 0 57 theme Alleviating 71:81 arg1 Effect 83:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 3 58 theme SWD 817:819 arg1 number 821:826 SWD number 817:826 SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS 817:1066 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 2 59 theme epileptic 608:616 arg1 activity 618:625 epileptic activity 608:625 epileptic activity 608:625 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 1 60 theme Wistar 408:413 arg1 rats 447:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 5 61 theme KEKS-supplemented 1579:1595 arg1 food 1597:1600 KEKS-supplemented food 1579:1600 KEKS-supplemented food 1579:1600 Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR. 34836344 4 62 theme KEKS 1483:1486 arg1 effect 1514:1519 the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect 1479:1519 the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect 1479:1519 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 0 63 theme Supplement-Evoked 53:69 arg1 Effect 83:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect 29:88 Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. 34836344 3 64 theme LPS-evoked 793:802 arg1 increases 804:812 LPS-evoked increases 793:812 LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day 793:1125 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 64 theme LPS-evoked 793:802 arg1 i.p. 1104:1107 i.p. 1104:1107 i.p. 1104:1107 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 1 65 theme Albino 415:420 arg1 rats 447:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 66 with DPCPX 850:854 arg1 LPS 909:911 LPS 909:911 LPS (50 µg/kg) 909:922 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 66 with DPCPX 850:854 arg1 µg/kg 917:921 50 µg/kg 914:921 50 µg/kg 914:921 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 67 theme body 1274:1277 arg1 weight 1279:1284 body weight 1274:1284 body weight 1274:1284 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 4 68 theme KEKS 1371:1374 arg1 food 1376:1379 KEKS food 1371:1379 KEKS food 1371:1379 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 1 69 theme Glaxo/Rijswijk 422:435 arg1 rats 447:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats 408:450 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 4 70 theme beneficial 1503:1512 arg1 effect 1514:1519 the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect 1479:1519 the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect 1479:1519 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 1 71 theme ketone 271:276 arg1 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 71 theme ketone 271:276 arg1 salt 278:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt 240:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) 240:286 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 2 72 theme neuroinflammatory 576:592 arg1 processes 594:602 neuroinflammatory processes 576:602 neuroinflammatory processes 576:602 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 3 73 theme -5-amino-2- 977:987 arg1 pyrimidine 1036:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 4 74 theme food-generated 1488:1501 arg1 effect 1514:1519 the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect 1479:1519 the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect 1479:1519 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 3 75 theme 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine 857:890 arg1 mg/kg 897:901 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg 857:901 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg 857:901 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 75 theme 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine 857:890 arg1 DPCPX 850:854 A1R DPCPX 846:854 A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) 846:922 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 4 76 theme food 1376:1379 arg1 effect 1361:1366 the alleviating effect 1345:1366 the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number 1345:1424 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 34836344 3 77 theme administration 1140:1153 arg1 increases 804:812 LPS-evoked increases 793:812 LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day 793:1125 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 77 theme administration 1140:1153 arg1 i.p. 1104:1107 i.p. 1104:1107 i.p. 1104:1107 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 1 78 contain containing 229:238 arg2 ester 299:303 ketone ester 292:303 ketone ester (KE) 292:308 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 78 contain containing 229:238 arg1 food 224:227 KEKS food 219:227 KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) 219:308 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 78 contain containing 229:238 arg2 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 KS 284:285 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 78 contain containing 229:238 arg2 KE 306:307 KE 306:307 KE 306:307 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 1 78 contain containing 229:238 arg2 salt 278:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt 240:281 exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) 240:286 It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. 34836344 3 79 dep number 821:826 arg1 antagonist 931:940 an antagonist 928:940 an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 928:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 3 79 dep number 821:826 arg1 antagonist 832:841 an antagonist 829:841 an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) 829:922 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 2 80 dep receptors 645:653 arg1 such 656:659 such 656:659 such 656:659 KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). 34836344 3 81 theme 2-phenylethyl 963:975 arg1 pyrimidine 1036:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine 945:1045 To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. 34836344 4 82 theme LPS-generated 1384:1396 arg1 increases 1398:1406 LPS-generated increases 1384:1406 LPS-generated increases in the SWD number 1384:1424 We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. 32948274 2 0 dep Tulasnella 454:463 arg1 sp. 465:467 Tulasnella sp. 454:467 Tulasnella sp. 454:467 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 7 1 theme fungi 1063:1067 arg1 interactions 1069:1080 endophytic fungi interactions 1052:1080 endophytic fungi interactions 1052:1080 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 4 2 theme stem 708:711 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 2 theme stem 708:711 arg1 polysaccharide 713:726 stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content 708:765 polysaccharide 713:726 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 7 3 theme endophytic 1154:1163 arg1 fungi 1165:1169 endophytic fungi 1154:1169 endophytic fungi 1154:1169 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 7 4 theme vital 1095:1099 arg1 information 1101:1111 vital information 1095:1111 vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding 1095:1194 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 1 5 from composition 275:285 arg1 species 310:316 an important orchid species 290:316 an important orchid species 290:316 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 0 6 theme key 94:96 arg1 components 107:116 key chemical components 94:116 key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum 94:140 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 1 7 from content 263:269 arg1 species 310:316 an important orchid species 290:316 an important orchid species 290:316 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 4 8 theme certain 640:646 arg1 flavonoid 777:785 leaf flavonoid 772:785 leaf flavonoid 772:785 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 8 theme certain 640:646 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 8 theme certain 640:646 arg1 biomass 699:705 stem biomass 694:705 stem biomass 694:705 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 8 theme certain 640:646 arg1 content 798:804 phenol content 791:804 phenol content 791:804 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 8 theme certain 640:646 arg1 thickness 683:691 mid-stem thickness 674:691 mid-stem thickness 674:691 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 8 theme certain 640:646 arg1 polysaccharide 713:726 stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content 708:765 polysaccharide 713:726 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 2 9 dep Leptosphaeria 470:482 arg1 microscopica 484:495 Leptosphaeria microscopica 470:495 Leptosphaeria microscopica 470:495 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 10 theme Guignardia 502:511 arg1 sp 513:514 Guignardia sp 502:514 Guignardia sp 502:514 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 10 theme Guignardia 502:511 arg1 endophytes 442:451 Fungal endophytes 435:451 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 435:516 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 1 11 theme Dendrobium 336:345 arg1 cultivars 357:365 four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars 331:365 four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum 331:432 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 0 12 theme Endophytic 0:9 arg1 fungi 11:15 Endophytic fungi 0:15 Endophytic fungi 0:15 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 1 13 theme host 158:161 arg1 genotype 169:176 host plant genotype 158:176 host plant genotype 158:176 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 1 14 theme catenatum 347:355 arg1 cultivars 357:365 four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars 331:365 four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum 331:432 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 2 15 dep endophytes 442:451 arg1 Tulasnella 454:463 Tulasnella 454:463 Tulasnella 454:463 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 15 dep endophytes 442:451 arg1 Leptosphaeria 470:482 Leptosphaeria 470:482 Leptosphaeria 470:482 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 15 dep endophytes 442:451 arg1 endophytes 442:451 Fungal endophytes 435:451 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 435:516 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 15 dep endophytes 442:451 arg1 sp 513:514 Guignardia sp 502:514 Guignardia sp 502:514 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 0 16 theme catenatum 132:140 arg1 components 107:116 key chemical components 94:116 key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum 94:140 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 1 17 theme plant 163:167 arg1 genotype 169:176 host plant genotype 158:176 host plant genotype 158:176 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 2 18 theme Fungal 435:440 arg1 Tulasnella 454:463 Tulasnella 454:463 Tulasnella 454:463 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 18 theme Fungal 435:440 arg1 Leptosphaeria 470:482 Leptosphaeria 470:482 Leptosphaeria 470:482 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 18 theme Fungal 435:440 arg1 endophytes 442:451 Fungal endophytes 435:451 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 435:516 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 2 18 theme Fungal 435:440 arg1 sp 513:514 Guignardia sp 502:514 Guignardia sp 502:514 Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) 32948274 1 19 theme key 250:252 arg1 content 263:269 key chemical content 250:269 key chemical content 250:269 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 7 20 dep D. 1174:1175 arg1 catenatum 1177:1185 D. catenatum breeding 1174:1194 D. catenatum breeding 1174:1194 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 7 20 dep D. 1174:1175 arg1 breeding 1187:1194 breeding 1187:1194 D. catenatum breeding 1174:1194 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 0 21 theme host 18:21 arg1 genotype 23:30 host genotype 18:30 host genotype 18:30 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 1 22 theme chemical 254:261 arg1 content 263:269 key chemical content 250:269 key chemical content 250:269 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 0 23 theme components 107:116 arg1 production 80:89 production 80:89 production 80:89 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 0 23 theme components 107:116 arg1 growth 69:74 growth 69:74 growth 69:74 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 4 24 theme leaf 772:775 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 24 theme leaf 772:775 arg1 flavonoid 777:785 leaf flavonoid 772:785 leaf flavonoid 772:785 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 25 theme growth 648:653 arg1 flavonoid 777:785 leaf flavonoid 772:785 leaf flavonoid 772:785 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 25 theme growth 648:653 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 25 theme growth 648:653 arg1 biomass 699:705 stem biomass 694:705 stem biomass 694:705 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 25 theme growth 648:653 arg1 content 798:804 phenol content 791:804 phenol content 791:804 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 25 theme growth 648:653 arg1 thickness 683:691 mid-stem thickness 674:691 mid-stem thickness 674:691 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 25 theme growth 648:653 arg1 polysaccharide 713:726 stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content 708:765 polysaccharide 713:726 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 5 26 theme chemical 841:848 arg1 components 850:859 some key chemical components 832:859 some key chemical components 832:859 Presence or abundance of some key chemical components was also altered by fungal treatment. 32948274 0 27 theme chemical 98:105 arg1 components 107:116 key chemical components 94:116 key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum 94:140 Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. 32948274 3 28 theme chemical 555:562 arg1 composition 564:574 chemical composition 555:574 chemical composition 555:574 specifically affected the growth and chemical composition of the four cultivars. 32948274 1 29 theme endophytic 179:188 arg1 species 197:203 endophytic fungal species 179:203 endophytic fungal species 179:203 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 7 30 from development 1131:1141 arg1 D. 1174:1175 D. 1174:1175 D. 1174:1175 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 3 31 theme cultivars 588:596 arg1 growth 544:549 growth 544:549 growth 544:549 specifically affected the growth and chemical composition of the four cultivars. 32948274 3 31 theme cultivars 588:596 arg1 composition 564:574 chemical composition 555:574 chemical composition 555:574 specifically affected the growth and chemical composition of the four cultivars. 32948274 1 32 theme fungal 190:195 arg1 species 197:203 endophytic fungal species 179:203 endophytic fungal species 179:203 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 4 33 theme mid-stem 674:681 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 33 theme mid-stem 674:681 arg1 thickness 683:691 mid-stem thickness 674:691 mid-stem thickness 674:691 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 5 34 theme key 837:839 arg1 components 850:859 some key chemical components 832:859 some key chemical components 832:859 Presence or abundance of some key chemical components was also altered by fungal treatment. 32948274 7 35 theme Dendrobium 1037:1046 arg1 understanding 1020:1032 our understanding 1016:1032 our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions 1016:1080 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 1 36 attach isolated 407:414 arg1 D. catenatum 421:432 D. catenatum 421:432 D. catenatum 421:432 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 1 36 attach isolated 407:414 arg2 fungi 390:394 three fungi 384:394 three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum 384:432 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 7 37 theme fungi 1165:1169 arg1 use 1147:1149 use 1147:1149 use 1147:1149 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 7 37 theme fungi 1165:1169 arg1 development 1131:1141 development 1131:1141 development 1131:1141 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 7 38 from use 1147:1149 arg1 D. 1174:1175 D. 1174:1175 D. 1174:1175 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 7 39 theme interactions 1069:1080 arg1 understanding 1020:1032 our understanding 1016:1032 our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions 1016:1080 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 7 40 dep development 1131:1141 arg1 the 1127:1129 the 1127:1129 the 1127:1129 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 6 41 theme host 960:963 arg1 genotype 965:972 the host genotype 956:972 the host genotype 956:972 These increases and alterations were highly dependent on the host genotype. 32948274 1 42 from growth 239:244 arg1 species 310:316 an important orchid species 290:316 an important orchid species 290:316 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 1 43 theme important 293:301 arg1 species 310:316 an important orchid species 290:316 an important orchid species 290:316 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 7 44 theme endophytic 1052:1061 arg1 interactions 1069:1080 endophytic fungi interactions 1052:1080 endophytic fungi interactions 1052:1080 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 4 45 theme extractive 748:757 arg1 content 759:765 stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content 708:765 content 759:765 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 46 theme phenol 791:796 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 46 theme phenol 791:796 arg1 content 798:804 phenol content 791:804 phenol content 791:804 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 47 theme ethanol-soluble 732:746 arg1 content 759:765 stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content 708:765 content 759:765 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 48 theme Fungal 599:604 arg1 infection 606:614 Fungal infection 599:614 Fungal infection 599:614 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 5 49 theme components 850:859 arg1 abundance 819:827 abundance 819:827 abundance 819:827 Presence or abundance of some key chemical components was also altered by fungal treatment. 32948274 5 49 theme components 850:859 arg1 Presence 807:814 Presence 807:814 Presence 807:814 Presence or abundance of some key chemical components was also altered by fungal treatment. 32948274 5 50 theme fungal 881:886 arg1 treatment 888:896 fungal treatment 881:896 fungal treatment 881:896 Presence or abundance of some key chemical components was also altered by fungal treatment. 32948274 1 51 theme orchid 303:308 arg1 species 310:316 an important orchid species 290:316 an important orchid species 290:316 To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. 32948274 7 52 theme study 996:1000 arg1 findings 979:986 The findings 975:986 The findings of this study 975:1000 The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding. 32948274 4 53 theme stem 694:697 arg1 traits 655:660 certain growth traits 640:660 certain growth traits 640:660 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 32948274 4 53 theme stem 694:697 arg1 biomass 699:705 stem biomass 694:705 stem biomass 694:705 Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. 33117620 0 0 theme microbiota 68:77 arg1 production 87:96 the production 83:96 the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice 83:131 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 0 0 theme microbiota 68:77 arg1 structure 51:59 the spatial structure 39:59 the spatial structure of gut microbiota 39:77 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 6 1 from number 1003:1008 arg1 microbiota 1050:1059 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 3 2 from impact 357:362 arg1 microbiota 400:409 the gut microbiota 392:409 the gut microbiota 392:409 However, the impact of morel polysaccharides on the gut microbiota has not yet been explored. 33117620 9 3 theme health 1349:1354 arg1 benefits 1356:1363 the health benefits 1345:1363 the health benefits conferred by morel polysaccharides 1345:1398 These results provide a foundation for further understanding the health benefits conferred by morel polysaccharides. 33117620 1 4 from morels 155:160 arg1 Polysaccharides 134:148 Polysaccharides 134:148 Polysaccharides from morels 134:160 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 2 5 theme critical 292:299 arg1 role 301:304 a critical role 290:304 a critical role 290:304 The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of immune function. 33117620 4 6 theme wild 581:584 arg1 morels 586:591 wild morels 581:591 wild morels 581:591 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 0 7 from structure 51:59 arg1 mice 128:131 mice 128:131 mice 128:131 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 6 8 from Bacteroidetes 1013:1025 arg1 microbiota 1050:1059 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 8 9 theme SCFAs 1269:1273 arg1 production 1255:1264 the production 1251:1264 the production of SCFAs in mice 1251:1281 Moreover, MP promoted the production of SCFAs in mice. 33117620 4 10 from intestine 651:659 arg1 mice 664:667 mice 664:667 mice 664:667 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 10 from intestine 651:659 arg1 production 685:694 the production 681:694 the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 681:729 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 6 11 theme significant 920:930 arg1 decrease 932:939 a significant decrease 918:939 a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes 918:967 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 0 12 theme short-chain 101:111 arg1 acids 119:123 short-chain fatty acids 101:123 short-chain fatty acids 101:123 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 6 13 from decrease 932:939 arg1 number 1003:1008 the number 999:1008 the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota 999:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 6 13 from decrease 932:939 arg1 number 948:953 the number 944:953 the number of Firmicutes 944:967 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 5 14 theme MP 756:757 arg1 treatment 759:767 MP treatment 756:767 MP treatment 756:767 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 5 15 theme unit 815:818 arg1 number 783:788 the number 779:788 the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity 779:839 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 0 16 theme spatial 43:49 arg1 structure 51:59 the spatial structure 39:59 the spatial structure of gut microbiota 39:77 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 4 17 theme pyrosequencing 471:484 arg1 technique 486:494 a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique 453:494 a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique 453:494 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 6 18 theme Firmicutes 958:967 arg1 number 948:953 the number 944:953 the number of Firmicutes 944:967 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 1 19 theme many 170:173 arg1 characteristics 175:189 many characteristics 170:189 many characteristics 170:189 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 1 19 theme many 170:173 arg1 activities 253:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 3 20 theme polysaccharides 373:387 arg1 impact 357:362 the impact 353:362 the impact of morel polysaccharides on the gut microbiota 353:409 However, the impact of morel polysaccharides on the gut microbiota has not yet been explored. 33117620 4 21 theme high-throughput 455:469 arg1 technique 486:494 a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique 453:494 a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique 453:494 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 6 22 theme Bacteroidetes 1013:1025 arg1 number 1003:1008 the number 999:1008 the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota 999:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 8 23 from production 1255:1264 arg1 mice 1278:1281 mice 1278:1281 mice 1278:1281 Moreover, MP promoted the production of SCFAs in mice. 33117620 4 24 theme short-chain 699:709 arg1 SCFAs 724:728 SCFAs 724:728 SCFAs 724:728 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 24 theme short-chain 699:709 arg1 acids 717:721 short-chain fatty acids 699:721 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 699:729 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 7 25 theme mice 1223:1226 arg1 cecum 1193:1197 cecum 1193:1197 cecum 1193:1197 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 7 25 theme mice 1223:1226 arg1 colon 1203:1207 colon 1203:1207 colon 1203:1207 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 5 26 theme small 880:884 arg1 intestine 886:894 the small intestine 876:894 the small intestine 876:894 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 1 27 theme beneficial 191:200 arg1 characteristics 175:189 many characteristics 170:189 many characteristics 170:189 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 1 27 theme beneficial 191:200 arg1 activities 253:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 7 28 theme relative 1092:1099 arg1 abundance 1101:1109 the relative abundance 1088:1109 the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria 1088:1136 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 7 28 theme relative 1092:1099 arg1 Lachnospiraceae 1150:1164 Lachnospiraceae 1150:1164 especially Lachnospiraceae 1139:1164 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 4 29 theme MP 535:536 arg1 effects 524:530 the effects 520:530 the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 520:729 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 0 30 theme acids 119:123 arg1 production 87:96 the production 83:96 the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice 83:131 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 0 30 theme acids 119:123 arg1 structure 51:59 the spatial structure 39:59 the spatial structure of gut microbiota 39:77 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 6 31 from increase 987:994 arg1 number 1003:1008 the number 999:1008 the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota 999:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 6 31 from increase 987:994 arg1 number 948:953 the number 944:953 the number of Firmicutes 944:967 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 4 32 theme acids 717:721 arg1 mice 664:667 mice 664:667 mice 664:667 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 32 theme acids 717:721 arg1 production 685:694 the production 681:694 the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 681:729 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 3 33 theme morel 367:371 arg1 polysaccharides 373:387 morel polysaccharides 367:387 morel polysaccharides 367:387 However, the impact of morel polysaccharides on the gut microbiota has not yet been explored. 33117620 4 34 theme new 541:543 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 545:564 a new heteropolysaccharide 539:564 a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels 539:591 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 34 theme new 541:543 arg1 MP 535:536 MP 535:536 MP 535:536 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 0 35 theme fatty 113:117 arg1 acids 119:123 short-chain fatty acids 101:123 short-chain fatty acids 101:123 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 4 36 theme fatty 711:715 arg1 SCFAs 724:728 SCFAs 724:728 SCFAs 724:728 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 36 theme fatty 711:715 arg1 acids 717:721 short-chain fatty acids 699:721 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 699:729 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 6 37 theme MP 897:898 arg1 treatment 900:908 MP treatment 897:908 MP treatment 897:908 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 7 38 theme bacteria 1129:1136 arg1 abundance 1101:1109 the relative abundance 1088:1109 the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria 1088:1136 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 7 38 theme bacteria 1129:1136 arg1 Lachnospiraceae 1150:1164 Lachnospiraceae 1150:1164 especially Lachnospiraceae 1139:1164 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 6 39 theme significant 975:985 arg1 increase 987:994 a significant increase 973:994 a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota 973:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 5 40 theme operational 793:803 arg1 OTUs 821:824 OTUs 821:824 OTUs 821:824 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 5 40 theme operational 793:803 arg1 unit 815:818 operational taxonomic unit 793:818 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) 793:825 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 4 41 from effects 524:530 arg1 composition 615:625 composition 615:625 composition 615:625 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 41 from effects 524:530 arg1 diversity 601:609 diversity 601:609 diversity 601:609 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 5 42 theme taxonomic 805:813 arg1 OTUs 821:824 OTUs 821:824 OTUs 821:824 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 5 42 theme taxonomic 805:813 arg1 unit 815:818 operational taxonomic unit 793:818 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) 793:825 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 9 43 theme morel 1378:1382 arg1 polysaccharides 1384:1398 morel polysaccharides 1378:1398 morel polysaccharides 1378:1398 These results provide a foundation for further understanding the health benefits conferred by morel polysaccharides. 33117620 1 44 contain possess 162:168 arg1 Polysaccharides 134:148 Polysaccharides 134:148 Polysaccharides from morels 134:160 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 1 44 contain possess 162:168 arg2 activities 253:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 1 44 contain possess 162:168 arg2 characteristics 175:189 many characteristics 170:189 many characteristics 170:189 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 6 45 from microbiota 1050:1059 arg1 number 1003:1008 the number 999:1008 the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota 999:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 7 46 theme MP-treated 1212:1221 arg1 mice 1223:1226 MP-treated mice 1212:1226 MP-treated mice 1212:1226 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 3 47 theme gut 396:398 arg1 microbiota 400:409 the gut microbiota 392:409 the gut microbiota 392:409 However, the impact of morel polysaccharides on the gut microbiota has not yet been explored. 33117620 4 48 dep diversity 601:609 arg1 the 597:599 the 597:599 the 597:599 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 2 49 theme function 334:341 arg1 modulation 313:322 the modulation 309:322 the modulation of immune function 309:341 The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of immune function. 33117620 2 50 theme gut 269:271 arg1 microbiota 273:282 The gut microbiota 265:282 The gut microbiota 265:282 The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of immune function. 33117620 2 51 theme immune 327:332 arg1 function 334:341 immune function 327:341 immune function 327:341 The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of immune function. 33117620 7 52 dep cecum 1193:1197 arg1 the 1189:1191 the 1189:1191 the 1189:1191 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 0 53 from production 87:96 arg1 mice 128:131 mice 128:131 mice 128:131 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 5 54 theme diversity 831:839 arg1 number 783:788 the number 779:788 the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity 779:839 The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. 33117620 1 55 theme anti-tumor 221:230 arg1 activities 253:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33117620 0 56 theme gut 64:66 arg1 microbiota 68:77 gut microbiota 64:77 gut microbiota 64:77 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 6 57 theme small 1034:1038 arg1 intestine 1040:1048 the small intestine 1030:1048 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 6 58 theme intestine 1040:1048 arg1 microbiota 1050:1059 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 the small intestine microbiota 1030:1059 MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. 33117620 4 59 theme microbiota 630:639 arg1 composition 615:625 composition 615:625 composition 615:625 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 4 59 theme microbiota 630:639 arg1 diversity 601:609 diversity 601:609 diversity 601:609 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 0 60 from morels 25:30 arg1 Polysaccharide 0:13 Polysaccharide 0:13 Polysaccharide from wild morels 0:30 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 0 61 theme wild 20:23 arg1 morels 25:30 wild morels 20:30 wild morels 20:30 Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. 33117620 4 62 used used 500:503 arg2 technique 486:494 a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique 453:494 a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique 453:494 In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33117620 7 63 theme SCFA-producing 1114:1127 arg1 bacteria 1129:1136 SCFA-producing bacteria 1114:1136 SCFA-producing bacteria 1114:1136 It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. 33117620 1 64 theme immunomodulatory 236:251 arg1 activities 253:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities 221:262 Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. 33807128 1 0 from resource 259:266 arg1 biorefineries 305:317 second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 271:317 second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 271:317 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 3 1 theme molar 460:464 arg1 masses 466:471 tailored molar masses 451:471 tailored molar masses 451:471 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 7 2 theme pectins 1388:1394 arg1 architecture 1368:1379 the macromolecular architecture 1349:1379 the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce 1349:1435 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 5 3 dep weight 782:787 arg1 M 790:790 M 790:790 M of 59,000 Da 790:803 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 1 4 theme hot 210:212 arg1 water 214:218 pressurized hot water 198:218 pressurized hot water 198:218 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 5 5 with fraction 753:760 arg1 weight 782:787 high molecular weight 767:787 high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) 767:804 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 7 6 theme size 1221:1224 arg1 distributions 1226:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 7 theme macromolecular 1353:1366 arg1 architecture 1368:1379 the macromolecular architecture 1349:1379 the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce 1349:1435 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 4 8 theme molar 648:652 arg1 distribution 659:670 average molar mass distribution 640:670 average molar mass distribution 640:670 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 6 9 theme arabinan 1129:1136 arg1 populations 1138:1148 branched arabinan populations 1120:1148 branched arabinan populations 1120:1148 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 3 10 theme water 527:531 arg1 extract 533:539 the pressurized hot water extract 507:539 the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark 507:557 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 5 11 theme RG-I 834:837 arg1 domain 839:844 a highly branched RG-I domain 816:844 a highly branched RG-I domain 816:844 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 7 12 theme fraction 1295:1302 arg1 distributions 1226:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 12 theme fraction 1295:1302 arg1 composition 1248:1258 domain composition 1241:1258 domain composition 1241:1258 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 12 theme fraction 1295:1302 arg1 lengths 1272:1278 branch lengths 1265:1278 branch lengths 1265:1278 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 3 13 theme pressurized 511:521 arg1 extract 533:539 the pressurized hot water extract 507:539 the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark 507:557 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 5 14 theme Da 802:803 arg1 M 790:790 M 790:790 M of 59,000 Da 790:803 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 6 15 theme branched 1120:1127 arg1 populations 1138:1148 branched arabinan populations 1120:1148 branched arabinan populations 1120:1148 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 4 16 theme monosaccharide 612:625 arg1 composition 627:637 monosaccharide composition 612:637 monosaccharide composition 612:637 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 3 17 theme inner 548:552 arg1 bark 554:557 the inner bark 544:557 the inner bark 544:557 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 4 18 theme glycosidic 681:690 arg1 linkage 692:698 the glycosidic linkage 677:698 the glycosidic linkage 677:698 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 5 19 theme side 964:967 arg1 chains 969:974 arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains 919:974 arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains 919:974 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 3 20 theme size-exclusion 577:590 arg1 chromatography 592:605 preparative size-exclusion chromatography 565:605 preparative size-exclusion chromatography 565:605 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 6 21 theme linear 1078:1083 arg1 domains 1102:1108 linear homogalacturonan domains 1078:1108 linear homogalacturonan domains 1078:1108 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 4 22 theme distribution 659:670 arg1 patterns 700:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns 608:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns 608:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 1 23 theme Norway 118:123 arg1 spruce 125:130 Norway spruce 118:130 Norway spruce (Picea abies) 118:144 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 1 23 theme Norway 118:123 arg1 abies 139:143 Picea abies 133:143 Picea abies 133:143 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 6 24 with fractions 1000:1008 arg1 masses 1027:1032 lower molar masses 1015:1032 lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) 1015:1057 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 6 24 with fractions 1000:1008 arg1 Da 1055:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 5 25 theme pectin 746:751 arg1 fraction 753:760 The pectin fraction 742:760 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) 742:804 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 1 26 theme lignocellulosic 289:303 arg1 biorefineries 305:317 second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 271:317 second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 271:317 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 6 27 theme homogalacturonan 1085:1100 arg1 domains 1102:1108 linear homogalacturonan domains 1078:1108 linear homogalacturonan domains 1078:1108 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 0 28 theme Spruce 84:89 arg1 Bark 69:72 the Bark 65:72 the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies) 65:103 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 2 29 attach present 407:413 arg2 pectins 399:405 the pectins 395:405 the pectins present in spruce bark 395:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 2 29 attach present 407:413 arg1 bark 425:428 spruce bark 418:428 spruce bark 418:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 7 30 from composition 1248:1258 arg1 information 1185:1195 the analytical information 1170:1195 the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction 1170:1302 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 30 from composition 1248:1258 arg1 integration 1155:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 2 31 from present 407:413 arg1 bark 425:428 spruce bark 418:428 spruce bark 418:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 2 32 theme first 351:355 arg1 time 357:360 the first time 347:360 the first time 347:360 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 0 33 theme Picea 92:96 arg1 Spruce 84:89 Norway Spruce 77:89 Norway Spruce (Picea abies) 77:103 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 0 33 theme Picea 92:96 arg1 abies 98:102 Picea abies 92:102 Picea abies 92:102 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 5 34 theme arabinan 919:926 arg1 chains 969:974 arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains 919:974 arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains 919:974 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 7 35 theme domain 1241:1246 arg1 composition 1248:1258 domain composition 1241:1258 domain composition 1241:1258 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 0 36 theme Macromolecular 0:13 arg1 Model 15:19 Macromolecular Model 0:19 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides 0:49 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 5 37 theme fraction 878:885 arg1 % 869:869 80% 867:869 80% of the fraction 867:885 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 5 37 theme fraction 878:885 arg1 fraction 878:885 the fraction 874:885 the fraction 874:885 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 7 38 from lengths 1272:1278 arg1 information 1185:1195 the analytical information 1170:1195 the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction 1170:1302 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 38 from lengths 1272:1278 arg1 integration 1155:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 2 39 theme molecular 374:382 arg1 models 384:389 structural molecular models 363:389 structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark 363:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 7 40 theme macromolecular 1206:1219 arg1 distributions 1226:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 0 41 theme Pectic 28:33 arg1 Polysaccharides 35:49 the Pectic Polysaccharides 24:49 the Pectic Polysaccharides 24:49 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 7 42 theme spruce 1430:1435 arg1 bark 1415:1418 the bark 1411:1418 the bark of Norway spruce 1411:1435 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 5 43 theme molecular 772:780 arg1 weight 782:787 high molecular weight 767:787 high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) 767:804 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 1 44 theme renewable 249:257 arg1 resource 259:266 a valuable renewable resource 238:266 a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 238:317 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 7 45 theme analytical 1174:1183 arg1 information 1185:1195 the analytical information 1170:1195 the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction 1170:1302 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 8 46 theme spruce 1481:1486 arg1 bark 1488:1491 spruce bark 1481:1491 spruce bark pectic polymers 1481:1507 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 1 47 dep 13 161:162 arg1 to 158:159 to 158:159 to 158:159 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 8 48 theme distinct 1549:1556 arg1 structures 1568:1577 distinct polymeric structures 1549:1577 distinct polymeric structures 1549:1577 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 5 49 theme arabinogalactan 932:946 arg1 chains 969:974 arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains 919:974 arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains 919:974 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 6 50 theme molar 1021:1025 arg1 masses 1027:1032 lower molar masses 1015:1032 lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) 1015:1057 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 6 50 theme molar 1021:1025 arg1 Da 1055:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 8 51 theme pectic 1493:1498 arg1 polymers 1500:1507 spruce bark pectic polymers 1481:1507 spruce bark pectic polymers 1481:1507 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 3 52 theme masses 466:471 arg1 fractions 438:446 Pectin fractions 431:446 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses 431:471 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 3 53 theme tailored 451:458 arg1 masses 466:471 tailored molar masses 451:471 tailored molar masses 451:471 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 1 54 theme pressurized 198:208 arg1 water 214:218 pressurized hot water 198:218 pressurized hot water 198:218 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 7 55 theme architecture 1368:1379 arg1 understanding 1332:1344 a comprehensive understanding 1316:1344 a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce 1316:1435 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 1 56 theme Picea 133:137 arg1 spruce 125:130 Norway spruce 118:130 Norway spruce (Picea abies) 118:144 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 1 56 theme Picea 133:137 arg1 abies 139:143 Picea abies 133:143 Picea abies 133:143 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 7 57 from integration 1155:1165 arg1 distributions 1226:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 the macromolecular size distributions 1202:1238 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 57 from integration 1155:1165 arg1 composition 1248:1258 domain composition 1241:1258 domain composition 1241:1258 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 57 from integration 1155:1165 arg1 lengths 1272:1278 branch lengths 1265:1278 branch lengths 1265:1278 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 58 theme comprehensive 1318:1330 arg1 understanding 1332:1344 a comprehensive understanding 1316:1344 a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce 1316:1435 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 4 59 theme composition 627:637 arg1 patterns 700:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns 608:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns 608:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 3 60 theme hot 523:525 arg1 extract 533:539 the pressurized hot water extract 507:539 the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark 507:557 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 5 61 theme branched 825:832 arg1 domain 839:844 a highly branched RG-I domain 816:844 a highly branched RG-I domain 816:844 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 8 62 from valorization 1465:1476 arg1 applications 1521:1532 targeted applications 1512:1532 targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties 1512:1592 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 4 63 theme average 640:646 arg1 distribution 659:670 average molar mass distribution 640:670 average molar mass distribution 640:670 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 6 64 theme = 1037:1037 arg1 masses 1027:1032 lower molar masses 1015:1032 lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) 1015:1057 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 6 64 theme = 1037:1037 arg1 Da 1055:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 1 65 dep pectins 165:171 arg1 % 163:163 % 163:163 % 163:163 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 7 66 theme pectin 1288:1293 arg1 fraction 1295:1302 each pectin fraction 1283:1302 each pectin fraction 1283:1302 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 3 67 theme extract 533:539 arg1 fractionation 490:502 fractionation 490:502 fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark 490:557 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 5 68 dep arabinan 919:926 arg1 type 949:952 type I 949:954 type I 949:954 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 5 68 dep arabinan 919:926 arg1 II 960:961 II 960:961 II 960:961 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 3 69 theme preparative 565:575 arg1 chromatography 592:605 preparative size-exclusion chromatography 565:605 preparative size-exclusion chromatography 565:605 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 7 70 theme branch 1265:1270 arg1 lengths 1272:1278 branch lengths 1265:1278 branch lengths 1265:1278 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 4 71 theme linkage 692:698 arg1 patterns 700:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns 608:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns 608:707 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 3 72 theme bark 554:557 arg1 extract 533:539 the pressurized hot water extract 507:539 the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark 507:557 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 4 73 theme mass 654:657 arg1 distribution 659:670 average molar mass distribution 640:670 average molar mass distribution 640:670 The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. 33807128 0 74 theme Norway 77:82 arg1 Spruce 84:89 Norway Spruce 77:89 Norway Spruce (Picea abies) 77:103 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 0 74 theme Norway 77:82 arg1 abies 98:102 Picea abies 92:102 Picea abies 92:102 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 1 75 theme second-generation 271:287 arg1 biorefineries 305:317 second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 271:317 second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 271:317 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 1 76 theme spruce 125:130 arg1 bark 110:113 The bark 106:113 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) 106:144 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 2 77 from bark 425:428 arg1 present 407:413 present 407:413 present 407:413 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 5 78 contain contained 806:814 arg2 domain 839:844 a highly branched RG-I domain 816:844 a highly branched RG-I domain 816:844 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 5 78 contain contained 806:814 arg1 fraction 753:760 The pectin fraction 742:760 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) 742:804 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 6 79 theme other 984:988 arg1 hand 990:993 the other hand 980:993 the other hand 980:993 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 1 80 contain contains 146:153 arg2 pectins 165:171 up to 13% pectins 155:171 up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 155:317 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 1 80 contain contains 146:153 arg1 bark 110:113 The bark 106:113 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) 106:144 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 2 81 theme structural 363:372 arg1 models 384:389 structural molecular models 363:389 structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark 363:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 0 82 theme Polysaccharides 35:49 arg1 Model 15:19 Macromolecular Model 0:19 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides 0:49 Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). 33807128 7 83 theme information 1185:1195 arg1 integration 1155:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 2 84 theme spruce 418:423 arg1 bark 425:428 spruce bark 418:428 spruce bark 418:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 5 85 theme high 767:770 arg1 weight 782:787 high molecular weight 767:787 high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) 767:804 The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (M of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. 33807128 1 86 theme valuable 240:247 arg1 resource 259:266 a valuable renewable resource 238:266 a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries 238:317 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 2 87 theme present 407:413 arg1 pectins 399:405 the pectins 395:405 the pectins present in spruce bark 395:428 This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. 33807128 8 88 theme bark 1488:1491 arg1 polymers 1500:1507 spruce bark pectic polymers 1481:1507 spruce bark pectic polymers 1481:1507 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 8 89 theme polymeric 1558:1566 arg1 structures 1568:1577 distinct polymeric structures 1549:1577 distinct polymeric structures 1549:1577 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 7 90 theme Norway 1423:1428 arg1 spruce 1430:1435 Norway spruce 1423:1435 Norway spruce 1423:1435 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 8 91 theme polymers 1500:1507 arg1 valorization 1465:1476 the valorization 1461:1476 the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties 1461:1592 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 33807128 1 92 dep % 163:163 arg1 13 161:162 13 161:162 13 161:162 The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. 33807128 3 93 theme Pectin 431:436 arg1 fractions 438:446 Pectin fractions 431:446 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses 431:471 Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. 33807128 7 94 from distributions 1226:1238 arg1 information 1185:1195 the analytical information 1170:1195 the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction 1170:1302 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 7 94 from distributions 1226:1238 arg1 integration 1155:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration 1151:1165 The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. 33807128 6 95 theme lower 1015:1019 arg1 masses 1027:1032 lower molar masses 1015:1032 lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) 1015:1057 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 6 95 theme lower 1015:1019 arg1 Da 1055:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 M = 15,000 and 9000 Da 1035:1056 On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (M = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. 33807128 8 96 theme targeted 1512:1519 arg1 applications 1521:1532 targeted applications 1512:1532 targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties 1512:1592 This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties. 32711559 9 0 from findings 1431:1438 arg1 model 1461:1465 this experimental model 1443:1465 this experimental model 1443:1465 CONCLUSIONS The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life. 32711559 9 1 theme experimental 1448:1459 arg1 model 1461:1465 this experimental model 1443:1465 this experimental model 1443:1465 CONCLUSIONS The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life. 32711559 1 2 theme crucial 169:175 arg1 role 177:180 a crucial role 167:180 a crucial role 167:180 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 9 3 theme early-life 1489:1498 arg1 perturbation 1511:1522 early-life microbiota perturbation 1489:1522 early-life microbiota perturbation 1489:1522 CONCLUSIONS The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life. 32711559 7 4 theme microbial 1096:1104 arg1 community 1106:1114 the microbial community 1092:1114 the microbial community 1092:1114 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 6 5 theme control 913:919 arg1 microbiota 921:930 Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota 889:930 Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota 889:930 Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota were transferred to pups that then were challenged with DSS. 32711559 7 6 theme immune 1137:1142 arg1 composition 1149:1159 mucosal immune cell composition 1129:1159 mucosal immune cell composition 1129:1159 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 8 7 theme DSS 1404:1406 arg1 model 1408:1412 the DSS model 1400:1412 the DSS model 1400:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 4 8 theme colitis 627:633 arg1 model 581:585 a murine model 572:585 a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis 572:633 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 7 9 theme cell 1144:1147 arg1 composition 1149:1159 mucosal immune cell composition 1129:1159 mucosal immune cell composition 1129:1159 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 9 10 theme colitis 1545:1551 arg1 risk 1537:1540 risk 1537:1540 risk of colitis 1537:1551 CONCLUSIONS The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life. 32711559 8 11 dep either 1203:1208 arg1 antibiotic-perturbed 1210:1229 antibiotic-perturbed 1210:1229 antibiotic-perturbed 1210:1229 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 4 12 theme -induced 618:625 arg1 colitis 627:633 dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis 590:633 dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis 590:633 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 6 13 theme Antibiotic-perturbed 889:908 arg1 microbiota 921:930 Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota 889:930 Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota 889:930 Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota were transferred to pups that then were challenged with DSS. 32711559 3 14 theme bowel 534:538 arg1 IBD 549:551 IBD 549:551 IBD 549:551 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 3 14 theme bowel 534:538 arg1 disease 540:546 inflammatory bowel disease 521:546 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 521:552 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 2 15 theme antibiotic 294:303 arg1 use 305:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use 270:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use 270:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 4 16 theme antibiotic 701:710 arg1 PAT 723:725 PAT 723:725 PAT 723:725 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 4 16 theme antibiotic 701:710 arg1 treatment 712:720 early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment 683:720 early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) 683:726 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 3 17 theme antibiotic 486:495 arg1 exposures 497:505 early-life antibiotic exposures 475:505 early-life antibiotic exposures 475:505 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 9 18 theme microbiota 1500:1509 arg1 perturbation 1511:1522 early-life microbiota perturbation 1489:1522 early-life microbiota perturbation 1489:1522 CONCLUSIONS The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life. 32711559 9 19 dep CONCLUSIONS 1415:1425 arg1 provide 1467:1473 provide 1467:1473 provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life 1467:1565 CONCLUSIONS The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life. 32711559 7 20 theme mucosal 1129:1135 arg1 composition 1149:1159 mucosal immune cell composition 1129:1159 mucosal immune cell composition 1129:1159 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 2 21 theme short-course 281:292 arg1 use 305:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use 270:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use 270:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 0 22 theme single 2:7 arg1 course 34:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course 0:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course 0:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. 32711559 8 23 theme germ-free 1183:1191 arg1 mice 1193:1196 germ-free mice 1183:1196 germ-free mice 1183:1196 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 8 24 from severity 1388:1395 arg1 model 1408:1412 the DSS model 1400:1412 the DSS model 1400:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 2 25 theme immunologic 406:416 arg1 development 418:428 immunologic development 406:428 immunologic development 406:428 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 5 26 theme 16S 826:828 arg1 rRNA 830:833 16S rRNA 826:833 the 16S rRNA gene level 822:844 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 5 27 theme T 862:862 arg1 cells 864:868 intestinal T cells 851:868 intestinal T cells 851:868 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 8 28 theme transferrable 1311:1323 arg1 effect 1336:1341 the transferrable and direct effect 1307:1341 the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model 1307:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 3 29 theme early-life 475:484 arg1 exposures 497:505 early-life antibiotic exposures 475:505 early-life antibiotic exposures 475:505 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 0 30 theme antibiotic 23:32 arg1 course 34:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course 0:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course 0:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. 32711559 8 31 theme microbiota 1366:1375 arg1 effect 1336:1341 the transferrable and direct effect 1307:1341 the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model 1307:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 8 32 theme still-perturbed 1350:1364 arg1 microbiota 1366:1375 the still-perturbed microbiota 1346:1375 the still-perturbed microbiota 1346:1375 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 1 33 theme increasing 110:119 arg1 evidence 121:128 increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood 110:267 increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood 110:267 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 3 34 theme inflammatory 521:532 arg1 IBD 549:551 IBD 549:551 IBD 549:551 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 3 34 theme inflammatory 521:532 arg1 disease 540:546 inflammatory bowel disease 521:546 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 521:552 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 0 35 theme early-in-life 9:21 arg1 course 34:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course 0:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course 0:39 A single early-in-life antibiotic course increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. 32711559 7 36 theme PAT 1010:1012 arg1 course 1014:1019 A single PAT course 1001:1019 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 4 37 from effect 653:658 arg1 outcomes 671:678 disease outcomes 663:678 disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) 663:726 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 1 38 theme immune 207:212 arg1 system 214:219 the immune system 203:219 the immune system 203:219 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 2 39 theme conditions 358:367 arg1 progression 324:334 the progression 320:334 the progression of subsequent disease conditions 320:367 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 7 40 dep course 1014:1019 arg1 colitis 1065:1071 early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1021:1071 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 4 41 theme pulsed 694:699 arg1 PAT 723:725 PAT 723:725 PAT 723:725 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 4 41 theme pulsed 694:699 arg1 treatment 712:720 early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment 683:720 early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) 683:726 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 1 42 theme system 214:219 arg1 maturation 189:198 the maturation 185:198 the maturation of the immune system 185:219 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 1 42 theme system 214:219 arg1 prevention 229:238 the prevention 225:238 the prevention of diseases during childhood 225:267 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 4 43 theme early-life 683:692 arg1 PAT 723:725 PAT 723:725 PAT 723:725 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 4 43 theme early-life 683:692 arg1 treatment 712:720 early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment 683:720 early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) 683:726 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 4 44 theme murine 574:579 arg1 model 581:585 a murine model 572:585 a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis 572:633 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 5 45 theme microbiota 800:809 arg1 effects 811:817 microbiota effects 800:817 microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level 800:844 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 5 46 theme rRNA 830:833 arg1 level 840:844 the 16S rRNA gene level 822:844 the 16S rRNA gene level 822:844 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 7 47 theme early-in-life 1021:1033 arg1 colitis 1065:1071 early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1021:1071 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 4 48 theme disease 663:669 arg1 outcomes 671:678 disease outcomes 663:678 disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) 663:726 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 3 49 theme Epidemiologic 431:443 arg1 studies 445:451 Epidemiologic studies 431:451 Epidemiologic studies 431:451 Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 32711559 8 50 dep 40 days 1262:1268 arg1 challenge 1280:1288 the challenge 1276:1288 the challenge ended 1276:1294 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 7 51 theme exacerbated 1035:1045 arg1 colitis 1065:1071 early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1021:1071 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 4 52 dep METHODS 555:561 arg1 evaluated 639:647 evaluated 639:647 evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam 639:784 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 5 53 from level 840:844 arg1 effects 811:817 microbiota effects 800:817 microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level 800:844 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 5 53 from level 840:844 arg1 cells 864:868 intestinal T cells 851:868 intestinal T cells 851:868 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 1 54 dep BACKGROUND 90:99 arg1 is 107:108 is 107:108 is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood 107:267 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 7 55 theme later 1047:1051 arg1 colitis 1065:1071 early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1021:1071 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 8 56 dep microbiota 1242:1251 arg1 either 1203:1208 either 1203:1208 either 1203:1208 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 8 56 dep microbiota 1242:1251 arg1 control 1234:1240 control 1234:1240 control 1234:1240 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 2 57 theme Early-life 270:279 arg1 use 305:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use 270:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use 270:307 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 4 58 theme treatment 712:720 arg1 outcomes 671:678 disease outcomes 663:678 disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) 663:726 METHODS By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. 32711559 1 59 theme intestinal 139:148 arg1 microbiota 150:159 the intestinal microbiota 135:159 the intestinal microbiota 135:159 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 5 60 theme flow 873:876 arg1 cytometry 878:886 flow cytometry 873:886 flow cytometry 873:886 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 8 61 theme direct 1329:1334 arg1 effect 1336:1341 the transferrable and direct effect 1307:1341 the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model 1307:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 7 62 theme DSS-induced 1053:1063 arg1 colitis 1065:1071 early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1021:1071 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 8 63 from effect 1336:1341 arg1 severity 1388:1395 colitis severity 1380:1395 colitis severity in the DSS model 1380:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 2 64 theme subsequent 339:348 arg1 conditions 358:367 subsequent disease conditions 339:367 subsequent disease conditions 339:367 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 2 65 theme disease 350:356 arg1 conditions 358:367 subsequent disease conditions 339:367 subsequent disease conditions 339:367 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 5 66 theme intestinal 851:860 arg1 cells 864:868 intestinal T cells 851:868 intestinal T cells 851:868 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 7 67 theme single 1003:1008 arg1 course 1014:1019 A single PAT course 1001:1019 A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis 1001:1071 RESULTS A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. 32711559 8 68 theme colitis 1380:1386 arg1 severity 1388:1395 colitis severity 1380:1395 colitis severity in the DSS model 1380:1412 By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. 32711559 0 69 theme DSS-induced 69:79 arg1 colitis 81:87 DSS-induced colitis 69:87 DSS-induced colitis 69:87 A single early-in-life antibiotic course increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. 32711559 5 70 theme gene 835:838 arg1 level 840:844 the 16S rRNA gene level 822:844 the 16S rRNA gene level 822:844 We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. 32711559 2 71 theme host 386:389 arg1 microbiota 391:400 host microbiota 386:400 host microbiota 386:400 Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. 32711559 1 72 theme diseases 243:250 arg1 maturation 189:198 the maturation 185:198 the maturation of the immune system 185:219 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 32711559 1 72 theme diseases 243:250 arg1 prevention 229:238 the prevention 225:238 the prevention of diseases during childhood 225:267 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. 34246781 5 0 dep stress 1304:1309 arg1 levels 1419:1424 the plasma corticosterone levels 1393:1424 the plasma corticosterone levels 1393:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 3 1 theme UFC·g-1/animal 680:693 arg1 KM71H 667:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 645:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) 645:714 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 1 theme UFC·g-1/animal 680:693 arg1 route 709:713 8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route 674:713 route 709:713 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 2 2 theme MDD 586:588 arg1 treatment 573:581 treatment 573:581 treatment of MDD 573:588 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 6 3 theme antidepressant-like 1520:1538 arg1 effect 1540:1545 antidepressant-like effect 1520:1545 antidepressant-like effect 1520:1545 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 5 4 theme 1β 1225:1226 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 5 theme decrease 1384:1391 arg1 intestine 1355:1363 intestine 1355:1363 intestine of mice and of the decrease 1355:1391 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 5 theme decrease 1384:1391 arg1 stress 1304:1309 oxidative stress 1294:1309 oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices 1294:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 5 theme decrease 1384:1391 arg1 hippocampi 1339:1348 hippocampi 1339:1348 hippocampi 1339:1348 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 6 6 theme probiotic 1505:1513 arg1 proposal 1493:1500 a new proposal 1487:1500 a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect 1487:1545 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 1 7 theme Many 178:181 arg1 studies 183:189 Many studies 178:189 Many studies 178:189 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 5 8 from prevention 1280:1289 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 8 from prevention 1280:1289 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 9 theme plasma 1397:1402 arg1 levels 1419:1424 the plasma corticosterone levels 1393:1424 the plasma corticosterone levels 1393:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 1 10 from increase 266:273 arg1 cytokines 295:303 pro-inflammatory cytokines 278:303 pro-inflammatory cytokines 278:303 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 1 11 theme major 412:416 arg1 MDD 439:441 MDD 439:441 MDD 439:441 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 1 11 theme major 412:416 arg1 disorder 429:436 major depressive disorder 412:436 major depressive disorder (MDD) 412:442 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 1 12 theme pro-inflammatory 278:293 arg1 cytokines 295:303 pro-inflammatory cytokines 278:303 pro-inflammatory cytokines 278:303 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 3 13 theme neuroendocrine 762:775 arg1 changes 777:783 behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes 731:783 behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 731:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 6 14 theme promising 1561:1569 arg1 strategy 1583:1590 a promising therapeutic strategy 1559:1590 a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD 1559:1598 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 3 15 theme depressive-like 805:819 arg1 behavior 821:828 depressive-like behavior 805:828 depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 805:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 0 16 theme antidepressant-like 150:168 arg1 effect 170:175 antidepressant-like effect 150:175 antidepressant-like effect 150:175 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 5 17 theme barrier 1142:1148 arg1 permeability 1110:1121 the permeability 1106:1121 the permeability of the blood-brain barrier 1106:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 18 theme Indoleamine 1247:1257 arg1 3-dioxygenase 1261:1273 Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1247:1273 Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1247:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 3 19 theme repeated 841:848 arg1 stress 860:865 repeated restraint stress 841:865 repeated restraint stress 841:865 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 0 20 theme animal 85:90 arg1 models 92:97 animal models 85:97 animal models of depression 85:111 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 4 21 theme depression-like 972:986 arg1 behavior 988:995 depression-like behavior 972:995 depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice 972:1051 We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. 34246781 0 22 with probiotic 135:143 arg1 effect 170:175 antidepressant-like effect 150:175 antidepressant-like effect 150:175 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 5 23 theme permeability 1110:1121 arg1 modulation 1092:1101 modulation 1092:1101 modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier 1092:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 23 theme permeability 1110:1121 arg1 prevention 1280:1289 prevention 1280:1289 prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels 1280:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 23 theme permeability 1110:1121 arg1 restoration 1151:1161 restoration 1151:1161 restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1151:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 2 24 theme nervous 526:532 arg1 system 534:539 the central nervous system 514:539 the central nervous system 514:539 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 5 25 from modulation 1092:1101 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 25 from modulation 1092:1101 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 1 26 theme neuropsychiatric 374:389 arg1 disorder 429:436 major depressive disorder 412:436 major depressive disorder (MDD) 412:442 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 1 26 theme neuropsychiatric 374:389 arg1 disorders 391:399 neuropsychiatric disorders 374:399 neuropsychiatric disorders 374:399 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 5 27 theme hippocampi 1339:1348 arg1 modulation 1092:1101 modulation 1092:1101 modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier 1092:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 27 theme hippocampi 1339:1348 arg1 prevention 1280:1289 prevention 1280:1289 prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels 1280:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 27 theme hippocampi 1339:1348 arg1 restoration 1151:1161 restoration 1151:1161 restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1151:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 0 28 theme Komagataella 0:11 arg1 KM71H 22:26 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 0:26 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 0:26 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 2 29 theme Clinical 445:452 arg1 data 454:457 Clinical data 445:457 Clinical data 445:457 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 5 30 theme stress 1304:1309 arg1 modulation 1092:1101 modulation 1092:1101 modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier 1092:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 30 theme stress 1304:1309 arg1 prevention 1280:1289 prevention 1280:1289 prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels 1280:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 30 theme stress 1304:1309 arg1 restoration 1151:1161 restoration 1151:1161 restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1151:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 31 theme factor 1197:1202 arg1 B 1210:1210 the Nuclear factor kappa B 1185:1210 the Nuclear factor kappa B 1185:1210 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 3 32 theme Komagataella 645:656 arg1 KM71H 667:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 645:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) 645:714 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 32 theme Komagataella 645:656 arg1 route 709:713 8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route 674:713 route 709:713 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 33 theme administration 627:640 arg1 benefits 615:622 the benefits 611:622 the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 611:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 0 34 theme oxidative 54:62 arg1 stress 64:69 oxidative stress 54:69 oxidative stress 54:69 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 4 35 from challenge 1035:1043 arg1 mice 1048:1051 mice 1048:1051 mice 1048:1051 We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. 34246781 0 36 dep neuroimmune 38:48 arg1 parameters 71:80 parameters 71:80 parameters 71:80 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 3 37 theme 8 log 674:678 arg1 KM71H 667:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 645:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) 645:714 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 37 theme 8 log 674:678 arg1 route 709:713 8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route 674:713 route 709:713 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 38 theme KM71H 667:671 arg1 administration 627:640 administration 627:640 administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) 627:714 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 6 39 theme pastoris 1453:1460 arg1 KM71H 1462:1466 K. pastoris KM71H 1450:1466 K. pastoris KM71H 1450:1466 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 4 40 from stress 1008:1013 arg1 mice 1048:1051 mice 1048:1051 mice 1048:1051 We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. 34246781 5 41 theme mRNA 1170:1173 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 42 theme B 1210:1210 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 43 theme Interleukin 1213:1223 arg1 1β 1225:1226 Interleukin 1β 1213:1226 Interleukin 1β 1213:1226 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 3 44 theme behavioral 731:740 arg1 changes 777:783 behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes 731:783 behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 731:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 2 45 contain have 489:492 arg1 probiotics 478:487 the probiotics 474:487 the probiotics 474:487 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 2 45 contain have 489:492 arg2 impacts 503:509 positive impacts 494:509 positive impacts on the central nervous system 494:539 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 6 46 theme new 1489:1491 arg1 proposal 1493:1500 a new proposal 1487:1500 a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect 1487:1545 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 4 47 theme mice 941:944 arg1 pretreatment 925:936 pretreatment 925:936 pretreatment of mice with this yeast 925:960 We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. 34246781 2 48 from impacts 503:509 arg1 system 534:539 the central nervous system 514:539 the central nervous system 514:539 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 3 49 theme neurochemical 743:755 arg1 changes 777:783 behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes 731:783 behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 731:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 50 theme animal 788:793 arg1 models 795:800 animal models 788:800 animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 788:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 1 51 theme depressive 418:427 arg1 MDD 439:441 MDD 439:441 MDD 439:441 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 1 51 theme depressive 418:427 arg1 disorder 429:436 major depressive disorder 412:436 major depressive disorder (MDD) 412:442 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 6 52 theme therapeutic 1571:1581 arg1 strategy 1583:1590 a promising therapeutic strategy 1559:1590 a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD 1559:1598 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 5 53 from stress 1304:1309 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 54 theme corticosterone 1404:1417 arg1 levels 1419:1424 the plasma corticosterone levels 1393:1424 the plasma corticosterone levels 1393:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 6 55 with proposal 1493:1500 arg1 effect 1540:1545 antidepressant-like effect 1520:1545 antidepressant-like effect 1520:1545 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 2 56 theme key 561:563 arg1 role 565:568 a key role 559:568 a key role 559:568 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 5 57 from hippocampi 1339:1348 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 3 58 theme behavior 821:828 arg1 models 795:800 animal models 788:800 animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 788:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 5 59 theme 3-dioxygenase 1261:1273 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 60 from cortices 1329:1336 arg1 modulation 1092:1101 modulation 1092:1101 modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier 1092:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 60 from cortices 1329:1336 arg1 prevention 1280:1289 prevention 1280:1289 prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels 1280:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 60 from cortices 1329:1336 arg1 restoration 1151:1161 restoration 1151:1161 restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1151:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 2 61 theme positive 494:501 arg1 impacts 503:509 positive impacts 494:509 positive impacts on the central nervous system 494:539 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 3 62 from changes 777:783 arg1 models 795:800 animal models 788:800 animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) 788:901 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 63 theme restraint 850:858 arg1 stress 860:865 repeated restraint stress 841:865 repeated restraint stress 841:865 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 0 64 theme depression 102:111 arg1 models 92:97 animal models 85:97 animal models of depression 85:111 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 5 65 theme prefrontal 1318:1327 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 66 from intestine 1355:1363 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 2 67 theme central 518:524 arg1 system 534:539 the central nervous system 514:539 the central nervous system 514:539 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 1 68 theme gut 228:230 arg1 composition 242:252 the gut microbial composition 224:252 the gut microbial composition 224:252 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 2 69 contain have 554:557 arg2 role 565:568 a key role 559:568 a key role 559:568 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 2 69 contain have 554:557 arg1 probiotics 478:487 the probiotics 474:487 the probiotics 474:487 Clinical data indicated that the probiotics have positive impacts on the central nervous system and thus may have a key role to treatment of MDD. 34246781 0 70 theme pastoris 13:20 arg1 KM71H 22:26 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 0:26 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 0:26 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 5 71 theme blood-brain 1130:1140 arg1 barrier 1142:1148 the blood-brain barrier 1126:1148 the blood-brain barrier 1126:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 72 theme oxidative 1294:1302 arg1 stress 1304:1309 oxidative stress 1294:1309 oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices 1294:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 73 theme Nuclear 1189:1195 arg1 B 1210:1210 the Nuclear factor kappa B 1185:1210 the Nuclear factor kappa B 1185:1210 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 4 74 with pretreatment 925:936 arg1 yeast 956:960 this yeast 951:960 this yeast 951:960 We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. 34246781 5 75 from restoration 1151:1161 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 75 from restoration 1151:1161 arg1 cortices 1329:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 the prefrontal cortices 1314:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 76 theme kappa 1204:1208 arg1 B 1210:1210 the Nuclear factor kappa B 1185:1210 the Nuclear factor kappa B 1185:1210 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 6 77 contain has 1468:1470 arg2 properties 1472:1481 properties 1472:1481 properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect 1472:1545 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 6 77 contain has 1468:1470 arg1 KM71H 1462:1466 K. pastoris KM71H 1450:1466 K. pastoris KM71H 1450:1466 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 4 78 theme inflammatory 1022:1033 arg1 challenge 1035:1043 an inflammatory challenge 1019:1043 an inflammatory challenge in mice 1019:1051 We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with this yeast prevented depression-like behavior induced by stress and an inflammatory challenge in mice. 34246781 1 79 theme microbial 232:240 arg1 composition 242:252 the gut microbial composition 224:252 the gut microbial composition 224:252 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 5 80 theme mice 1368:1371 arg1 intestine 1355:1363 intestine 1355:1363 intestine of mice and of the decrease 1355:1391 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 80 theme mice 1368:1371 arg1 stress 1304:1309 oxidative stress 1294:1309 oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices 1294:1336 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 80 theme mice 1368:1371 arg1 hippocampi 1339:1348 hippocampi 1339:1348 hippocampi 1339:1348 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 1 81 theme oxidative 318:326 arg1 stress 328:333 oxidative stress 318:333 oxidative stress 318:333 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 0 82 dep modulates 28:36 arg1 proposal 116:123 A proposal 114:123 A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect 114:175 Komagataella pastoris KM71H modulates neuroimmune and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of depression: A proposal for a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effect. 34246781 5 83 theme Interferon 1229:1238 arg1 γ 1240:1240 Interferon γ 1229:1240 Interferon γ 1229:1240 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 3 84 theme intragastric 696:707 arg1 KM71H 667:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H 645:671 Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) 645:714 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 3 84 theme intragastric 696:707 arg1 route 709:713 8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route 674:713 route 709:713 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 34246781 1 85 theme composition 242:252 arg1 imbalance 211:219 imbalance 211:219 imbalance of the gut microbial composition 211:252 Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes oxidative stress, and this are directly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). 34246781 5 86 theme intestine 1355:1363 arg1 modulation 1092:1101 modulation 1092:1101 modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier 1092:1148 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 86 theme intestine 1355:1363 arg1 prevention 1280:1289 prevention 1280:1289 prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels 1280:1424 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 86 theme intestine 1355:1363 arg1 restoration 1151:1161 restoration 1151:1161 restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1151:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 5 87 theme γ 1240:1240 arg1 levels 1175:1180 the mRNA levels 1166:1180 the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1166:1273 We believe that this effect is due to modulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, restoration in the mRNA levels of the Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin 1β, Interferon γ, and Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase, and prevention of oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices, hippocampi, and intestine of mice and of the decrease the plasma corticosterone levels. 34246781 6 88 theme K. 1450:1451 arg1 KM71H 1462:1466 K. pastoris KM71H 1450:1466 K. pastoris KM71H 1450:1466 Thus, we conclude that K. pastoris KM71H has properties for a new proposal of probiotic with antidepressant-like effect, arising as a promising therapeutic strategy for MDD. 34246781 3 89 dep Komagataella 645:656 arg1 pastoris 658:665 pastoris 658:665 pastoris 658:665 This study examined the benefits of administration of Komagataella pastoris KM71H (8 log UFC·g-1/animal, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg). 32731411 0 0 theme Intestinal 84:93 arg1 Cells 106:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 1 1 theme patients 330:337 arg1 microbiota 312:321 the microbiota 308:321 the microbiota of IBD patients 308:337 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 1 2 from microbiota 312:321 arg1 underrepresented 288:303 underrepresented 288:303 underrepresented 288:303 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 2 3 dep Faecalibacterium 431:446 arg1 prausnitzii 448:458 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) 431:475 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) 431:475 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 5 4 theme increased 1358:1366 arg1 release 1368:1374 the increased release 1354:1374 the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus 1354:1482 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 0 5 theme Differentiated 69:82 arg1 Cells 106:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 3 6 theme function 956:963 arg1 impairment 919:928 the impairment 915:928 the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus 915:1000 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 5 7 theme monocyte 1404:1411 arg1 MCP-1 1440:1444 MCP-1 1440:1444 MCP-1 1440:1444 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 5 7 theme monocyte 1404:1411 arg1 protein-1 1429:1437 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 1404:1437 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) 1404:1445 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 2 8 dep faecis 535:540 arg1 faecis 546:551 B. faecis 543:551 B. faecis 543:551 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 6 9 dep R. 1531:1532 arg1 intestinalis 1534:1545 R. intestinalis 1531:1545 R. intestinalis 1531:1545 These findings indicated that F. prausnitzii, R. intestinalis and B. faecis improve the epithelial barrier integrity and limit inflammatory responses. 32731411 3 10 theme permeability 1109:1120 arg1 amelioration 1023:1034 an amelioration 1020:1034 an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer 1020:1142 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 11 theme epithelial 937:946 arg1 function 956:963 the epithelial barrier function 933:963 the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus 933:1000 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 1 12 theme specific 247:254 arg1 species 276:282 specific commensal bacterial species 247:282 specific commensal bacterial species 247:282 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 0 13 theme Epithelial 95:104 arg1 Cells 106:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 4 14 theme commensal 1282:1290 arg1 bacteria 1292:1299 commensal bacteria 1282:1299 commensal bacteria 1282:1299 Moreover, inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression were improved in the cells treated with commensal bacteria. 32731411 2 15 theme in 560:561 arg1 model 569:573 an in vitro model 557:573 an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation 557:600 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 16 theme differentiated 612:625 arg1 Caco-2 627:632 differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells 612:651 Caco-2 627:632 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 17 theme tumor 736:740 arg1 factor-α 751:758 tumor necrosis factor-α 736:758 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) 736:765 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 17 theme tumor 736:740 arg1 TNFα 761:764 TNFα 761:764 TNFα 761:764 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 1 18 theme commensal 256:264 arg1 species 276:282 specific commensal bacterial species 247:282 specific commensal bacterial species 247:282 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 3 19 theme cell 1129:1132 arg1 monolayer 1134:1142 the cell monolayer 1125:1142 the cell monolayer 1125:1142 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 5 20 theme chemoattractant 1413:1427 arg1 MCP-1 1440:1444 MCP-1 1440:1444 MCP-1 1440:1444 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 5 20 theme chemoattractant 1413:1427 arg1 protein-1 1429:1437 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 1404:1437 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) 1404:1445 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 3 21 theme barrier 948:954 arg1 function 956:963 the epithelial barrier function 933:963 the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus 933:1000 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 22 theme monolayer 1134:1142 arg1 resistance 1070:1079 the transepithelial electrical resistance 1039:1079 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 1039:1086 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 22 theme monolayer 1134:1142 arg1 permeability 1109:1120 the paracellular permeability 1092:1120 the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer 1092:1142 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 22 theme monolayer 1134:1142 arg1 TEER 1082:1085 TEER 1082:1085 TEER 1082:1085 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 1 23 from underrepresented 288:303 arg1 microbiota 312:321 the microbiota 308:321 the microbiota of IBD patients 308:337 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 3 24 theme inflammatory 980:991 arg1 stimulus 993:1000 the inflammatory stimulus 976:1000 the inflammatory stimulus 976:1000 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 1 25 theme crucial 175:181 arg1 role 183:186 a crucial role 173:186 a crucial role 173:186 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 0 26 theme Protection 8:17 arg1 Effects 32:38 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects 0:38 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro 0:119 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 0 27 from Effects 32:38 arg1 Cells 106:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells 69:110 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 2 28 theme inflammation 589:600 arg1 model 569:573 an in vitro model 557:573 an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation 557:600 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 0 29 theme Barrier 0:6 arg1 Protection 8:17 Barrier Protection 0:17 Barrier Protection 0:17 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 1 30 theme bacterial 266:274 arg1 species 276:282 specific commensal bacterial species 247:282 specific commensal bacterial species 247:282 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 2 31 theme intestinal 578:587 arg1 inflammation 589:600 intestinal inflammation 578:600 intestinal inflammation 578:600 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 6 32 dep F. 1515:1516 arg1 prausnitzii 1518:1528 F. prausnitzii 1515:1528 F. prausnitzii 1515:1528 These findings indicated that F. prausnitzii, R. intestinalis and B. faecis improve the epithelial barrier integrity and limit inflammatory responses. 32731411 3 33 theme bacterial 877:885 arg1 species 887:893 all three bacterial species 867:893 all three bacterial species 867:893 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 0 34 theme Recovery 23:30 arg1 Effects 32:38 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects 0:38 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro 0:119 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 3 35 theme resistance 1070:1079 arg1 amelioration 1023:1034 an amelioration 1020:1034 an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer 1020:1142 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 1 36 from Alterations 122:132 arg1 composition 156:166 the gut microbiota composition 137:166 the gut microbiota composition 137:166 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 6 37 theme barrier 1584:1590 arg1 integrity 1592:1600 the epithelial barrier integrity 1569:1600 the epithelial barrier integrity 1569:1600 These findings indicated that F. prausnitzii, R. intestinalis and B. faecis improve the epithelial barrier integrity and limit inflammatory responses. 32731411 2 38 theme bacterial 412:420 arg1 species 422:428 three commensal bacterial species 396:428 three commensal bacterial species 396:428 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 39 theme species 422:428 arg1 potential 383:391 the therapeutic potential 367:391 the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species 367:428 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 39 theme species 422:428 arg1 faecis 535:540 Bacteroides faecis 523:540 Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) 523:552 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 40 dep R. 502:503 arg1 intestinalis 505:516 R. intestinalis 502:516 R. intestinalis 502:516 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 41 theme commensal 402:410 arg1 species 422:428 three commensal bacterial species 396:428 three commensal bacterial species 396:428 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 3 42 theme paracellular 1096:1107 arg1 permeability 1109:1120 the paracellular permeability 1092:1120 the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer 1092:1142 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 4 43 theme inflammatory 1155:1166 arg1 stimulus 1168:1175 inflammatory stimulus 1155:1175 inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression 1155:1240 Moreover, inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression were improved in the cells treated with commensal bacteria. 32731411 3 44 theme transepithelial 1043:1057 arg1 resistance 1070:1079 the transepithelial electrical resistance 1039:1079 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 1039:1086 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 44 theme transepithelial 1043:1057 arg1 TEER 1082:1085 TEER 1082:1085 TEER 1082:1085 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 45 theme electrical 1059:1068 arg1 resistance 1070:1079 the transepithelial electrical resistance 1039:1079 the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 1039:1086 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 3 45 theme electrical 1059:1068 arg1 TEER 1082:1085 TEER 1082:1085 TEER 1082:1085 Results obtained in this work demonstrated that all three bacterial species are able to recover the impairment of the epithelial barrier function induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as determined by an amelioration of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular permeability of the cell monolayer. 32731411 2 46 theme necrosis 742:749 arg1 factor-α 751:758 tumor necrosis factor-α 736:758 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) 736:765 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 46 theme necrosis 742:749 arg1 TNFα 761:764 TNFα 761:764 TNFα 761:764 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 47 dep in 560:561 arg1 vitro 563:567 vitro 563:567 vitro 563:567 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 2 48 theme Bacteroides 523:533 arg1 faecis 535:540 Bacteroides faecis 523:540 Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) 523:552 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 5 49 theme protein-1 1429:1437 arg1 release 1368:1374 the increased release 1354:1374 the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus 1354:1482 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 6 50 theme epithelial 1573:1582 arg1 integrity 1592:1600 the epithelial barrier integrity 1569:1600 the epithelial barrier integrity 1569:1600 These findings indicated that F. prausnitzii, R. intestinalis and B. faecis improve the epithelial barrier integrity and limit inflammatory responses. 32731411 1 51 theme inflammatory 211:222 arg1 IBD 239:241 IBD 239:241 IBD 239:241 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 1 51 theme inflammatory 211:222 arg1 disease 230:236 inflammatory bowel disease 211:236 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 211:242 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 0 52 theme Commensal 47:55 arg1 Bacteria 57:64 Gut Commensal Bacteria 43:64 Gut Commensal Bacteria 43:64 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 2 53 dep Roseburia 478:486 arg1 intestinalis 488:499 Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) 478:517 Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) 478:517 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 6 54 theme inflammatory 1612:1623 arg1 responses 1625:1633 inflammatory responses 1612:1633 inflammatory responses 1612:1633 These findings indicated that F. prausnitzii, R. intestinalis and B. faecis improve the epithelial barrier integrity and limit inflammatory responses. 32731411 2 55 theme pro-inflammatory 672:687 arg1 cocktail 689:696 a pro-inflammatory cocktail 670:696 a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 670:816 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 0 56 theme Gut 43:45 arg1 Bacteria 57:64 Gut Commensal Bacteria 43:64 Gut Commensal Bacteria 43:64 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 5 57 theme inflammatory 1462:1473 arg1 stimulus 1475:1482 the inflammatory stimulus 1458:1482 the inflammatory stimulus 1458:1482 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 2 58 theme HT29-MTX 638:645 arg1 cells 647:651 differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells 612:651 cells 647:651 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 4 59 theme occludin 1222:1229 arg1 expression 1231:1240 occludin expression 1222:1240 occludin expression 1222:1240 Moreover, inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression were improved in the cells treated with commensal bacteria. 32731411 4 60 theme claudin-2 1187:1195 arg1 expression 1197:1206 claudin-2 expression 1187:1206 claudin-2 expression 1187:1206 Moreover, inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression were improved in the cells treated with commensal bacteria. 32731411 4 61 dep stimulus 1168:1175 arg1 increased 1177:1185 increased 1177:1185 increased claudin-2 expression 1177:1206 Moreover, inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression were improved in the cells treated with commensal bacteria. 32731411 4 61 dep stimulus 1168:1175 arg1 decreased 1212:1220 decreased 1212:1220 decreased occludin expression 1212:1240 Moreover, inflammatory stimulus increased claudin-2 expression and decreased occludin expression were improved in the cells treated with commensal bacteria. 32731411 1 62 theme bowel 224:228 arg1 IBD 239:241 IBD 239:241 IBD 239:241 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 1 62 theme bowel 224:228 arg1 disease 230:236 inflammatory bowel disease 211:236 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 211:242 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 5 63 theme interleukin-8 1379:1391 arg1 release 1368:1374 the increased release 1354:1374 the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus 1354:1482 Furthermore, the commensals were able to counteract the increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by the inflammatory stimulus. 32731411 6 64 dep B. 1551:1552 arg1 faecis 1554:1559 B. faecis 1551:1559 B. faecis 1551:1559 These findings indicated that F. prausnitzii, R. intestinalis and B. faecis improve the epithelial barrier integrity and limit inflammatory responses. 32731411 1 65 theme disease 230:236 arg1 pathogenesis 195:206 the pathogenesis 191:206 the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 191:242 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 1 66 theme gut 141:143 arg1 composition 156:166 the gut microbiota composition 137:166 the gut microbiota composition 137:166 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 2 67 theme therapeutic 371:381 arg1 potential 383:391 the therapeutic potential 367:391 the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species 367:428 In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of three commensal bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), Roseburia intestinalis (R. intestinalis) and Bacteroides faecis (B. faecis) in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation, by using differentiated Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 32731411 0 68 theme Bacteria 57:64 arg1 Effects 32:38 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects 0:38 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro 0:119 Barrier Protection and Recovery Effects of Gut Commensal Bacteria on Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. 32731411 1 69 theme IBD 326:328 arg1 patients 330:337 IBD patients 326:337 IBD patients 326:337 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 32731411 1 70 theme microbiota 145:154 arg1 composition 156:166 the gut microbiota composition 137:166 the gut microbiota composition 137:166 Alterations in the gut microbiota composition play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as specific commensal bacterial species are underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. 31945398 7 0 theme colony-forming 1058:1071 arg1 CFU 1080:1082 CFU 1080:1082 CFU 1080:1082 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 0 theme colony-forming 1058:1071 arg1 units 1073:1077 colony-forming units 1058:1077 colony-forming units (CFU) 1058:1083 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 3 1 dep UA159 666:670 arg1 ATCC 673:676 ATCC 700610 673:683 ATCC 700610 673:683 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans were used. 31945398 2 2 theme biofilm 597:603 arg1 growth 605:610 biofilm growth 597:610 biofilm growth 597:610 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 3 3 used used 717:720 arg2 METHODS 640:646 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans 640:710 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans 640:710 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans were used. 31945398 2 4 theme study 291:295 arg1 objectives 272:281 The objectives 268:281 The objectives of this study 268:295 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 5 5 theme Gene 803:806 arg1 expressions 808:818 Gene expressions 803:818 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance 803:860 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 12 6 theme composite 1825:1833 arg1 strategy 1788:1795 The dual strategy 1779:1795 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite 1767:1833 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 4 7 theme % 800:800 arg1 fractions 772:780 mass fractions 767:780 mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3% 767:800 DMAHDM was incorporated into a composite at mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3%. 31945398 7 8 theme metabolic 1032:1040 arg1 activity 1042:1049 metabolic activity 1032:1049 metabolic activity (MTT) 1032:1055 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 8 theme metabolic 1032:1040 arg1 MTT 1052:1054 MTT 1052:1054 MTT 1052:1054 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 1 9 theme recurrent 198:206 arg1 reason 225:230 a main reason 218:230 a main reason for composite restoration failures 218:265 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 1 9 theme recurrent 198:206 arg1 caries 208:213 recurrent caries 198:213 recurrent caries 198:213 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 12 10 theme synergistic 1844:1854 arg1 effects 1856:1862 synergistic effects 1844:1862 synergistic effects 1844:1862 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 2 11 theme rnc-deletion 558:569 arg1 effects 494:500 the effects 490:500 the effects 490:500 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 9 12 theme gene 1371:1374 arg1 modification 1376:1387 no gene modification 1368:1387 no gene modification 1368:1387 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 2 13 from effects 494:500 arg1 growth 605:610 biofilm growth 597:610 biofilm growth 597:610 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 2 13 from effects 494:500 arg1 production 628:637 lactic acid production 616:637 lactic acid production 616:637 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 13 14 theme tooth 2024:2028 arg1 structures 2030:2039 tooth structures 2024:2039 tooth structures 2024:2039 This method has great potential to inhibit dental caries and is promising to reduce secondary caries and protect tooth structures. 31945398 1 15 theme main 220:223 arg1 reason 225:230 a main reason 218:230 a main reason for composite restoration failures 218:265 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 1 15 theme main 220:223 arg1 caries 208:213 recurrent caries 198:213 recurrent caries 198:213 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 11 16 theme % 1684:1684 arg1 composite 1693:1701 3% DMAHDM composite 1683:1701 3% DMAHDM composite 1683:1701 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 9 17 theme biofilm 1394:1400 arg1 CFU 1402:1404 the biofilm CFU 1390:1404 the biofilm CFU 1390:1404 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 2 18 theme DMAHDM 576:581 arg1 composite 583:591 DMAHDM composite 576:591 DMAHDM composite 576:591 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 8 19 theme biofilm 1236:1242 arg1 biomass 1244:1250 significantly less biofilm biomass 1217:1250 significantly less biofilm biomass 1217:1250 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 1 20 theme OBJECTIVE 135:143 arg1 restorations 155:166 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations 135:166 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations 135:166 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 2 21 theme gene-deletion 509:521 arg1 effects 494:500 the effects 490:500 the effects 490:500 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 0 22 theme dual 65:68 arg1 strategy 70:77 dual strategy 65:77 dual strategy 65:77 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 4 23 from fractions 772:780 arg1 composite 754:762 a composite 752:762 a composite at mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3% 752:800 DMAHDM was incorporated into a composite at mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3%. 31945398 13 24 theme dental 1954:1959 arg1 caries 1961:1966 dental caries 1954:1966 dental caries 1954:1966 This method has great potential to inhibit dental caries and is promising to reduce secondary caries and protect tooth structures. 31945398 5 25 theme drug 846:849 arg1 resistance 851:860 drug resistance 846:860 drug resistance 846:860 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 13 26 contain has 1923:1925 arg1 method 1916:1921 This method 1911:1921 This method 1911:1921 This method has great potential to inhibit dental caries and is promising to reduce secondary caries and protect tooth structures. 31945398 13 26 contain has 1923:1925 arg2 potential 1933:1941 great potential 1927:1941 great potential 1927:1941 This method has great potential to inhibit dental caries and is promising to reduce secondary caries and protect tooth structures. 31945398 2 27 theme composite 537:545 arg1 effects 494:500 the effects 490:500 the effects 490:500 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 0 28 theme biofilm 91:97 arg1 production 104:113 biofilm acid production 91:113 biofilm acid production 91:113 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 9 29 theme 3 1435:1435 arg1 % 1436:1436 % 1436:1436 % 1436:1436 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 2 30 dep mutans 382:387 arg1 mutans 393:398 S. mutans 390:398 S. mutans 390:398 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 10 31 theme 3 1537:1537 arg1 % 1538:1538 % 1538:1538 % 1538:1538 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 Live/dead 996:1004 Live/dead 996:1004 Live/dead 996:1004 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 production 1101:1110 lactic acid production 1089:1110 lactic acid production 1089:1110 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 activity 1042:1049 metabolic activity 1032:1049 metabolic activity (MTT) 1032:1055 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 units 1073:1077 colony-forming units 1058:1077 colony-forming units (CFU) 1058:1083 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 CFU 1080:1082 CFU 1080:1082 CFU 1080:1082 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 biomass 1007:1013 biomass 1007:1013 biomass 1007:1013 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 MTT 1052:1054 MTT 1052:1054 MTT 1052:1054 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 7 32 theme biofilms 1115:1122 arg1 polysaccharide 1016:1029 polysaccharide 1016:1029 polysaccharide 1016:1029 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 13 33 theme great 1927:1931 arg1 potential 1933:1941 great potential 1927:1941 great potential 1927:1941 This method has great potential to inhibit dental caries and is promising to reduce secondary caries and protect tooth structures. 31945398 5 34 theme real-time 895:903 arg1 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 5 34 theme real-time 895:903 arg1 reaction 922:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 882:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 882:939 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 2 35 theme DMAHDM 457:462 arg1 composite 465:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 2 36 theme methacrylate 443:454 arg1 composite 465:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 7 37 theme lactic 1089:1094 arg1 production 1101:1110 lactic acid production 1089:1110 lactic acid production 1089:1110 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 5 38 theme chain 916:920 arg1 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 5 38 theme chain 916:920 arg1 reaction 922:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 882:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 882:939 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 1 39 theme Composite 145:153 arg1 restorations 155:166 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations 135:166 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations 135:166 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 2 40 theme antibacterial 406:418 arg1 composite 465:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 10 41 theme DMAHDM 1540:1545 arg1 composite 1547:1555 3% DMAHDM composite 1537:1555 3% DMAHDM composite 1537:1555 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 0 42 theme antibacterial 32:44 arg1 composite 52:60 antibacterial resin composite 32:60 antibacterial resin composite 32:60 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 9 43 theme composite 1471:1479 arg1 group 1481:1485 control composite group 1463:1485 control composite group 1463:1485 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 4 44 theme % 792:792 arg1 fractions 772:780 mass fractions 767:780 mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3% 767:800 DMAHDM was incorporated into a composite at mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3%. 31945398 11 45 theme lactic 1725:1730 arg1 production 1737:1746 the biofilm lactic acid production 1713:1746 the biofilm lactic acid production 1713:1746 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 10 46 theme strongest 1570:1578 arg1 biofilm-inhibition 1580:1597 the strongest biofilm-inhibition 1566:1597 the strongest biofilm-inhibition 1566:1597 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 3 47 dep METHODS 640:646 arg1 mutans 705:710 S. mutans 702:710 rnc-deleted S. mutans 690:710 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans were used. 31945398 3 47 dep METHODS 640:646 arg1 mutans 658:663 S. mutans 655:663 S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) 655:684 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans were used. 31945398 3 47 dep METHODS 640:646 arg1 UA159 666:670 UA159 666:670 UA159 666:670 METHODS Parent S. mutans (UA159, ATCC 700610) and rnc-deleted S. mutans were used. 31945398 1 48 theme composite 236:244 arg1 failures 258:265 composite restoration failures 236:265 composite restoration failures 236:265 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 31945398 12 49 theme strongest 1881:1889 arg1 biofilm-inhibition 1891:1908 the strongest biofilm-inhibition 1877:1908 the strongest biofilm-inhibition 1877:1908 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 2 50 theme acid 623:626 arg1 production 628:637 lactic acid production 616:637 lactic acid production 616:637 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 2 51 theme rnc 346:348 arg1 gene-deletion 350:362 rnc gene-deletion 346:362 rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) 346:399 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 2 52 theme dual 319:322 arg1 strategy 324:331 a dual strategy 317:331 a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 317:473 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 12 53 theme DMAHDM 1818:1823 arg1 composite 1825:1833 DMAHDM composite 1818:1833 DMAHDM composite 1818:1833 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 2 54 theme lactic 616:621 arg1 production 628:637 lactic acid production 616:637 lactic acid production 616:637 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 10 55 from reduction 1618:1626 arg1 CFU 1631:1633 CFU 1631:1633 CFU 1631:1633 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 11 56 theme 3 1683:1683 arg1 % 1684:1684 % 1684:1684 % 1684:1684 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 11 57 theme rnc-deletion 1665:1676 arg1 combination 1650:1660 The combination 1646:1660 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite 1646:1701 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 13 58 theme secondary 1995:2003 arg1 caries 2005:2010 secondary caries 1995:2010 secondary caries 1995:2010 This method has great potential to inhibit dental caries and is promising to reduce secondary caries and protect tooth structures. 31945398 8 59 theme rnc-deletion 1186:1197 arg1 technique 1199:1207 the rnc-deletion technique 1182:1207 the rnc-deletion technique 1182:1207 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 10 60 theme dual 1492:1495 arg1 strategy 1497:1504 The dual strategy 1488:1504 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite 1488:1555 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 12 61 theme rnc-deletion 1800:1811 arg1 strategy 1788:1795 The dual strategy 1779:1795 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite 1767:1833 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 2 62 theme composite 583:591 arg1 effects 494:500 the effects 490:500 the effects 490:500 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 11 63 theme DMAHDM 1686:1691 arg1 composite 1693:1701 3% DMAHDM composite 1683:1701 3% DMAHDM composite 1683:1701 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 11 64 with combination 1650:1660 arg1 composite 1693:1701 3% DMAHDM composite 1683:1701 3% DMAHDM composite 1683:1701 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 8 65 theme less 1231:1234 arg1 biomass 1244:1250 significantly less biofilm biomass 1217:1250 significantly less biofilm biomass 1217:1250 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 5 66 theme biofilm 824:830 arg1 formation 832:840 biofilm formation 824:840 biofilm formation 824:840 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 6 67 theme composite 965:973 arg1 surfaces 975:982 composite surfaces 965:982 composite surfaces for 2 days 965:993 Biofilms were grown on composite surfaces for 2 days. 31945398 2 68 theme rnc 505:507 arg1 gene-deletion 509:521 rnc gene-deletion 505:521 rnc gene-deletion alone 505:527 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 9 69 theme 5-6 1423:1425 arg1 logs 1427:1430 5-6 logs 1423:1430 5-6 logs 1423:1430 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 0 70 theme acid 99:102 arg1 production 104:113 biofilm acid production 91:113 biofilm acid production 91:113 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 4 71 theme mass 767:770 arg1 fractions 772:780 mass fractions 767:780 mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3% 767:800 DMAHDM was incorporated into a composite at mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3%. 31945398 12 72 theme dual 1783:1786 arg1 strategy 1788:1795 The dual strategy 1779:1795 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite 1767:1833 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 2 73 theme DMAHDM 530:535 arg1 composite 537:545 DMAHDM composite 530:545 DMAHDM composite alone 530:551 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 8 74 theme metabolic 1270:1278 arg1 activity 1280:1287 metabolic activity 1270:1287 metabolic activity 1270:1287 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 9 75 theme % 1436:1436 arg1 DMAHDM 1438:1443 3% DMAHDM 1435:1443 3% DMAHDM 1435:1443 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 7 76 theme acid 1096:1099 arg1 production 1101:1110 lactic acid production 1089:1110 lactic acid production 1089:1110 Live/dead, biomass, polysaccharide, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production of biofilms were evaluated. 31945398 5 77 theme quantitative 882:893 arg1 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 5 77 theme quantitative 882:893 arg1 reaction 922:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 882:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 882:939 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 5 78 theme polymerase 905:914 arg1 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 qRT-PCR 932:938 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 5 78 theme polymerase 905:914 arg1 reaction 922:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 882:929 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 882:939 Gene expressions for biofilm formation and drug resistance were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 31945398 8 79 theme lactic 1299:1304 arg1 acid 1306:1309 lactic acid 1299:1309 lactic acid 1299:1309 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 2 80 theme dimethylaminohexadecyl 420:441 arg1 composite 465:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite 406:473 The objectives of this study were to investigate a dual strategy of combining rnc gene-deletion for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) with antibacterial dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) composite, and determine the effects of rnc gene-deletion alone, DMAHDM composite alone, and rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite, on biofilm growth and lactic acid production. 31945398 0 81 theme resin 46:50 arg1 composite 52:60 antibacterial resin composite 32:60 antibacterial resin composite 32:60 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 9 82 theme control 1463:1469 arg1 group 1481:1485 control composite group 1463:1485 control composite group 1463:1485 With no gene modification, the biofilm CFU was decreased by 5-6 logs at 3% DMAHDM, when compared to control composite group. 31945398 4 83 theme % 786:786 arg1 fractions 772:780 mass fractions 767:780 mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3% 767:800 DMAHDM was incorporated into a composite at mass fractions of 0%, 1.5%, and 3%. 31945398 10 84 theme % 1538:1538 arg1 composite 1547:1555 3% DMAHDM composite 1537:1555 3% DMAHDM composite 1537:1555 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 11 85 theme acid 1732:1735 arg1 production 1737:1746 the biofilm lactic acid production 1713:1746 the biofilm lactic acid production 1713:1746 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 8 86 theme control 1333:1339 arg1 composite 1341:1349 control composite 1333:1349 control composite (p < 0.05) 1333:1360 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 8 86 theme control 1333:1339 arg1 p < 1352:1354 p < 0.05 1352:1359 p < 0.05 1352:1359 RESULTS Compared to the parent S. mutans, the rnc-deletion technique yielded significantly less biofilm biomass, polysaccharides, metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid for biofilms grown on control composite (p < 0.05). 31945398 11 87 theme biofilm 1717:1723 arg1 production 1737:1746 the biofilm lactic acid production 1713:1746 the biofilm lactic acid production 1713:1746 The combination of rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite decreased the biofilm lactic acid production by 95% (p < 0.05). 31945398 0 88 dep mutans 3:8 arg1 gene-modification 10:26 gene-modification 10:26 gene-modification 10:26 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 0 88 dep mutans 3:8 arg1 composite 52:60 antibacterial resin composite 32:60 antibacterial resin composite 32:60 S. mutans gene-modification and antibacterial resin composite as dual strategy to suppress biofilm acid production and inhibit caries. 31945398 12 89 dep CONCLUSIONS 1767:1777 arg1 strategy 1788:1795 The dual strategy 1779:1795 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite 1767:1833 CONCLUSIONS The dual strategy of rnc-deletion plus DMAHDM composite produced synergistic effects and achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition. 31945398 10 90 theme greatest 1609:1616 arg1 reduction 1618:1626 the greatest reduction 1605:1626 the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs 1605:1643 The dual strategy of combining rnc-deletion with 3% DMAHDM composite achieved the strongest biofilm-inhibition, with the greatest reduction in CFU by 8 logs. 31945398 1 91 theme restoration 246:256 arg1 failures 258:265 composite restoration failures 236:265 composite restoration failures 236:265 OBJECTIVE Composite restorations are increasingly popular, but recurrent caries is a main reason for composite restoration failures. 34445547 9 0 theme ganglioside 1512:1522 arg1 patterns 1535:1542 realistic ganglioside expression patterns 1502:1542 realistic ganglioside expression patterns 1502:1542 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 1 1 from targets 219:225 arg1 composition 252:262 their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness 246:316 their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness 246:316 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 2 2 dep rare 349:352 arg1 malignant 377:385 malignant 377:385 malignant 377:385 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 2 2 dep rare 349:352 arg1 characterized 362:374 characterized 362:374 characterized 362:374 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 7 3 theme sphingoid 1177:1185 arg1 sphingosine 1229:1239 sphingosine 1229:1239 sphingosine (d18:1) 1229:1247 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 7 3 theme sphingoid 1177:1185 arg1 residue 1192:1198 The dominant sphingoid base residue 1164:1198 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides 1164:1223 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 4 4 theme Anaplastic 623:632 arg1 composition 660:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition 623:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition 623:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 1 5 theme antitumor 201:209 arg1 targets 219:225 antitumor therapy targets 201:225 antitumor therapy targets 201:225 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 1 5 theme antitumor 201:209 arg1 Gangliosides 179:190 Gangliosides 179:190 Gangliosides 179:190 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 4 6 theme peritumoral 709:719 arg1 tissue 733:738 both peritumoral and healthy tissue 704:738 both peritumoral and healthy tissue 704:738 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 0 7 theme Mass 121:124 arg1 Spectrometry 126:137 Complementary Mass Spectrometry 107:137 Complementary Mass Spectrometry 107:137 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 9 8 theme ganglioside 1419:1429 arg1 structures 1440:1449 ganglioside ceramide structures 1419:1449 ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma 1419:1488 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 2 9 theme rare 349:352 arg1 ganglioglioma 330:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 2 9 theme rare 349:352 arg1 type 408:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 9 10 theme large 1398:1402 arg1 variability 1404:1414 large variability 1398:1414 large variability 1398:1414 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 9 11 theme malignancy 1588:1597 arg1 tumors 1605:1610 high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1577:1610 high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1577:1610 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 0 12 theme Complementary 107:119 arg1 Spectrometry 126:137 Complementary Mass Spectrometry 107:137 Complementary Mass Spectrometry 107:137 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 9 13 theme ceramide 1431:1438 arg1 structures 1440:1449 ganglioside ceramide structures 1419:1449 ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma 1419:1488 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 9 14 theme expression 1524:1533 arg1 patterns 1535:1542 realistic ganglioside expression patterns 1502:1542 realistic ganglioside expression patterns 1502:1542 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 3 15 theme thin-layer 596:605 arg1 chromatography 607:620 thin-layer chromatography 596:620 thin-layer chromatography 596:620 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 5 16 theme unique 858:863 arg1 residues 872:879 unique glycan residues 858:879 unique glycan residues 858:879 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 4 17 theme healthy 725:731 arg1 tissue 733:738 both peritumoral and healthy tissue 704:738 both peritumoral and healthy tissue 704:738 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 5 18 theme fatty 981:985 arg1 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 18 theme fatty 981:985 arg1 residues 992:999 different fatty acid residues 971:999 different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions 971:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 9 19 theme structures 1440:1449 arg1 composition 1382:1392 Specific ganglioside composition 1361:1392 Specific ganglioside composition 1361:1392 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 9 19 theme structures 1440:1449 arg1 variability 1404:1414 large variability 1398:1414 large variability 1398:1414 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 5 20 theme different 971:979 arg1 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 20 theme different 971:979 arg1 residues 992:999 different fatty acid residues 971:999 different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions 971:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 9 21 theme brain 1599:1603 arg1 tumors 1605:1610 high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1577:1610 high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1577:1610 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 1 22 theme therapy 211:217 arg1 targets 219:225 antitumor therapy targets 201:225 antitumor therapy targets 201:225 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 1 22 theme therapy 211:217 arg1 Gangliosides 179:190 Gangliosides 179:190 Gangliosides 179:190 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 0 23 theme Spectrometry 126:137 arg1 Evidence 169:176 Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence 107:176 Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence 107:176 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 3 24 from characterization 447:462 arg1 tissues 553:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 5 25 theme large 904:908 arg1 number 910:915 large number 904:915 large number 904:915 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 7 26 theme base 1187:1190 arg1 sphingosine 1229:1239 sphingosine 1229:1239 sphingosine (d18:1) 1229:1247 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 7 26 theme base 1187:1190 arg1 residue 1192:1198 The dominant sphingoid base residue 1164:1198 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides 1164:1223 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 8 27 theme ganglioside 1312:1322 arg1 normal 1353:1358 normal 1353:1358 normal 1353:1358 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. 34445547 8 27 theme ganglioside 1312:1322 arg1 composition 1324:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition 1289:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition 1289:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. 34445547 3 28 theme ganglioglioma 505:517 arg1 tissues 553:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 0 29 theme Ganglioside 0:10 arg1 Composition 12:22 Ganglioside Composition 0:22 Ganglioside Composition 0:22 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 9 30 theme anaplastic 1465:1474 arg1 ganglioglioma 1476:1488 anaplastic ganglioglioma 1465:1488 anaplastic ganglioglioma 1465:1488 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 5 31 dep number 910:915 arg1 a 902:902 a 902:902 a 902:902 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 32 with species 958:964 arg1 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 32 with species 958:964 arg1 residues 992:999 different fatty acid residues 971:999 different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions 971:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 4 33 from tissue 733:738 arg1 distinguishable 683:697 distinguishable 683:697 distinguishable 683:697 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 0 34 theme Anaplastic 38:47 arg1 Tissue 69:74 Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue 38:74 Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue 38:74 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 7 35 from residue 1192:1198 arg1 ceramides 1215:1223 ganglioside ceramides 1203:1223 ganglioside ceramides 1203:1223 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 0 36 theme Chromatography 154:167 arg1 Evidence 169:176 Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence 107:176 Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence 107:176 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 8 37 theme peritumoral 1293:1303 arg1 normal 1353:1358 normal 1353:1358 normal 1353:1358 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. 34445547 8 37 theme peritumoral 1293:1303 arg1 composition 1324:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition 1289:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition 1289:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. 34445547 6 38 with GD3 1094:1096 arg1 species 1113:1119 11 species 1110:1119 11 species 1110:1119 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 7 39 theme ganglioside 1203:1213 arg1 ceramides 1215:1223 ganglioside ceramides 1203:1223 ganglioside ceramides 1203:1223 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 3 40 theme comparative 435:445 arg1 characterization 447:462 the first comparative characterization 425:462 the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 425:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 0 41 theme Thin-Layer 143:152 arg1 Chromatography 154:167 Thin-Layer Chromatography 143:167 Thin-Layer Chromatography 143:167 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 5 42 theme individual 947:956 arg1 species 958:964 individual species 947:964 individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions 947:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 0 43 theme Tumor 63:67 arg1 Tissue 69:74 Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue 38:74 Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue 38:74 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 9 44 theme realistic 1502:1510 arg1 patterns 1535:1542 realistic ganglioside expression patterns 1502:1542 realistic ganglioside expression patterns 1502:1542 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 4 45 theme total 779:783 arg1 content 785:791 five to six times lower total content 755:791 five to six times lower total content 755:791 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 3 46 theme healthy 539:545 arg1 tissues 553:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 0 47 theme Ganglioglioma 49:61 arg1 Tissue 69:74 Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue 38:74 Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue 38:74 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 4 48 theme ganglioside 648:658 arg1 composition 660:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition 623:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition 623:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 3 49 theme anaplastic 494:503 arg1 tissues 553:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 3 50 theme first 429:433 arg1 characterization 447:462 the first comparative characterization 425:462 the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 425:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 5 51 theme acid 987:990 arg1 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 C16-C24 1002:1008 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 51 theme acid 987:990 arg1 residues 992:999 different fatty acid residues 971:999 different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions 971:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 3 52 theme brain 547:551 arg1 tissues 553:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 3 53 theme ganglioside 467:477 arg1 composition 479:489 ganglioside composition 467:489 ganglioside composition 467:489 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 4 54 theme ganglioglioma 634:646 arg1 composition 660:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition 623:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition 623:670 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 5 55 theme considerable 921:932 arg1 abundance 934:942 considerable abundance 921:942 considerable abundance 921:942 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 3 56 theme peritumoral 523:533 arg1 tissues 553:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 494:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 9 57 theme tumors 1605:1610 arg1 profile 1566:1572 the profile 1562:1572 the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1562:1610 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 3 58 theme composition 479:489 arg1 characterization 447:462 the first comparative characterization 425:462 the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues 425:559 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 9 59 theme Specific 1361:1368 arg1 composition 1382:1392 Specific ganglioside composition 1361:1392 Specific ganglioside composition 1361:1392 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 7 60 theme dominant 1168:1175 arg1 sphingosine 1229:1239 sphingosine 1229:1239 sphingosine (d18:1) 1229:1247 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 7 60 theme dominant 1168:1175 arg1 residue 1192:1198 The dominant sphingoid base residue 1164:1198 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides 1164:1223 The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). 34445547 6 61 theme major 1037:1041 arg1 class 1067:1071 The major structurally identified class 1033:1071 The major structurally identified class 1033:1071 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 6 61 theme major 1037:1041 arg1 GD3 1094:1096 tumor-associated GD3 1077:1096 tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) 1077:1103 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 4 62 dep six 763:765 arg1 to 760:761 to 760:761 to 760:761 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 2 63 theme tumor 402:406 arg1 ganglioglioma 330:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 2 63 theme tumor 402:406 arg1 type 408:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 5 64 theme MS-identified 812:824 arg1 classes 838:844 twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes 805:844 twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes 805:844 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 2 65 theme Anaplastic 319:328 arg1 ganglioglioma 330:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 2 65 theme Anaplastic 319:328 arg1 type 408:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 1 66 dep composition 252:262 arg1 correlate 273:281 correlate 273:281 correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness 273:316 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 2 67 theme neuronal-glial 387:400 arg1 ganglioglioma 330:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma 319:342 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 2 67 theme neuronal-glial 387:400 arg1 type 408:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type 347:411 Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal-glial tumor type. 34445547 5 68 theme ganglioside 826:836 arg1 classes 838:844 twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes 805:844 twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes 805:844 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 9 69 theme high-grade 1577:1586 arg1 tumors 1605:1610 high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1577:1610 high-grade malignancy brain tumors 1577:1610 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 3 70 theme mass 574:577 arg1 spectrometry 579:590 mass spectrometry 574:590 mass spectrometry 574:590 We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. 34445547 8 71 theme tissue 1305:1310 arg1 normal 1353:1358 normal 1353:1358 normal 1353:1358 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. 34445547 8 71 theme tissue 1305:1310 arg1 composition 1324:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition 1289:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition 1289:1334 The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. 34445547 0 72 theme Brain 93:97 arg1 Tissue 99:104 Peritumoral Brain Tissue 81:104 Peritumoral Brain Tissue 81:104 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 4 73 theme lower 773:777 arg1 content 785:791 five to six times lower total content 755:791 five to six times lower total content 755:791 Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. 34445547 1 74 from aberrations 231:241 arg1 composition 252:262 their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness 246:316 their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness 246:316 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 9 75 theme ganglioside 1370:1380 arg1 composition 1382:1392 Specific ganglioside composition 1361:1392 Specific ganglioside composition 1361:1392 Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors. 34445547 1 76 theme tumor 288:292 arg1 growth 294:299 tumor growth 288:299 tumor growth 288:299 Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. 34445547 0 77 theme Peritumoral 81:91 arg1 Tissue 99:104 Peritumoral Brain Tissue 81:104 Peritumoral Brain Tissue 81:104 Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. 34445547 6 78 theme identified 1056:1065 arg1 class 1067:1071 The major structurally identified class 1033:1071 The major structurally identified class 1033:1071 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 6 78 theme identified 1056:1065 arg1 GD3 1094:1096 tumor-associated GD3 1077:1096 tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) 1077:1103 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 5 79 theme species 958:964 arg1 number 910:915 large number 904:915 large number 904:915 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 79 theme species 958:964 arg1 abundance 934:942 considerable abundance 921:942 considerable abundance 921:942 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 80 from residues 992:999 arg1 portions 1023:1030 ceramide portions 1014:1030 ceramide portions 1014:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 5 81 theme ceramide 1014:1021 arg1 portions 1023:1030 ceramide portions 1014:1030 ceramide portions 1014:1030 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 34445547 6 82 theme tumor-associated 1077:1092 arg1 class 1067:1071 The major structurally identified class 1033:1071 The major structurally identified class 1033:1071 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 6 82 theme tumor-associated 1077:1092 arg1 GD3 1094:1096 tumor-associated GD3 1077:1096 tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) 1077:1103 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 6 82 theme tumor-associated 1077:1092 arg1 % 1102:1102 >50% 1099:1102 >50% 1099:1102 The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. 34445547 5 83 theme glycan 865:870 arg1 residues 872:879 unique glycan residues 858:879 unique glycan residues 858:879 Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16-C24) in ceramide portions. 33278450 6 0 theme 85.28 835:839 arg1 % 840:840 % 840:840 % 840:840 NE exhibited 85.28% transmittance showing the formulation was clear and transparent. 33278450 4 1 theme Central 631:637 arg1 CCRD 667:670 CCRD 667:670 CCRD 667:670 NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). 33278450 4 1 theme Central 631:637 arg1 Design 659:664 Central Composite Rotatable Design 631:664 Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) 631:671 NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). 33278450 12 2 theme better 1490:1495 arg1 management 1497:1506 better management 1490:1506 better management of PD related symptoms 1490:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 5 3 theme chitosan 694:701 arg1 NE 710:711 chitosan coated NE 694:711 chitosan coated NE 694:711 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 0 4 theme In 169:170 arg1 assessment 177:186 In vitro and In vivo assessment 156:186 In vitro and In vivo assessment 156:186 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 11 5 theme better 1330:1335 arg1 picture 1337:1343 better picture 1330:1343 better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms 1330:1398 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 10 6 theme biochemical 1176:1186 arg1 parameters 1188:1197 biochemical parameters 1176:1197 biochemical parameters 1176:1197 Neurobehavioral activity and biochemical parameters corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. 33278450 1 7 theme RHCl 257:260 arg1 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 1 7 theme RHCl 257:260 arg1 nanoemulsion 263:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion 220:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD) 220:325 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 7 8 contain had 926:928 arg2 globules 940:947 spherical globules 930:947 spherical globules 930:947 TEM showed that NE had spherical globules with no aggregation. 33278450 7 8 contain had 926:928 arg1 NE 923:924 NE 923:924 NE 923:924 TEM showed that NE had spherical globules with no aggregation. 33278450 12 9 theme PD 1511:1512 arg1 symptoms 1522:1529 PD related symptoms 1511:1529 PD related symptoms 1511:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 3 10 from receptor 598:605 arg1 length 557:562 a bond length 550:562 a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor 550:605 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 3 10 from receptor 598:605 arg1 2.30 Å 578:583 2.30 Å 578:583 2.30 Å 578:583 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 3 10 from receptor 598:605 arg1 1.89 Å 567:572 1.89 Å 567:572 1.89 Å 567:572 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 12 11 theme enticing 1468:1475 arg1 outcomes 1477:1484 enticing outcomes 1468:1484 enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms 1468:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 11 12 dep induced 1355:1361 arg1 6-OHDA 1348:1353 6-OHDA 1348:1353 6-OHDA 1348:1353 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 3 13 theme residue 499:505 arg1 Arginine 507:514 residue Arginine 201 499:518 residue Arginine 201 499:518 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 10 14 theme pharmacokinetic 1226:1240 arg1 results 1242:1248 the pharmacokinetic results 1222:1248 the pharmacokinetic results 1222:1248 Neurobehavioral activity and biochemical parameters corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. 33278450 11 15 theme toxicity 1363:1370 arg1 picture 1337:1343 better picture 1330:1343 better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms 1330:1398 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 2 16 from site 420:423 arg1 interactions 364:375 interactions 364:375 interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β) 364:441 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 11 17 theme Histopathological 1251:1267 arg1 study 1269:1273 Histopathological study 1251:1273 Histopathological study 1251:1273 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 5 18 theme index 729:733 arg1 size 686:689 The globule size 674:689 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential 674:758 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 18 theme index 729:733 arg1 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 3 19 theme hydrogen 480:487 arg1 bond 489:492 a hydrogen bond 478:492 a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 478:543 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 3 20 from length 557:562 arg1 receptor 598:605 the NF-κβ receptor 588:605 the NF-κβ receptor 588:605 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 5 21 theme NE 710:711 arg1 size 686:689 The globule size 674:689 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential 674:758 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 21 theme NE 710:711 arg1 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 22 theme Polydispersity 714:727 arg1 PDI 736:738 PDI 736:738 PDI 736:738 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 22 theme Polydispersity 714:727 arg1 index 729:733 Polydispersity index 714:733 Polydispersity index (PDI) 714:739 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 2 23 dep In 328:329 arg1 silico 331:336 silico 331:336 silico 331:336 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 11 24 theme PD 1388:1389 arg1 symptoms 1391:1398 PD symptoms 1388:1398 PD symptoms 1388:1398 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 2 25 theme receptor 411:418 arg1 site 420:423 receptor site 411:423 receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β) 411:441 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 0 26 from nanoemulsion 43:54 arg1 management 93:102 the management 89:102 the management of Parkinson's disease 89:125 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 5 27 theme globule 678:684 arg1 size 686:689 The globule size 674:689 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential 674:758 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 27 theme globule 678:684 arg1 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 11 28 theme symptoms 1391:1398 arg1 reversal 1376:1383 reversal 1376:1383 reversal of PD symptoms 1376:1398 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 11 28 theme symptoms 1391:1398 arg1 toxicity 1363:1370 6-OHDA induced toxicity 1348:1370 6-OHDA induced toxicity 1348:1370 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 8 29 contain had 986:988 arg1 formulation 974:984 The formulation 970:984 The formulation 970:984 The formulation had a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18. 33278450 8 29 contain had 986:988 arg2 value 1002:1006 a stable pH value 990:1006 a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18 990:1020 The formulation had a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18. 33278450 11 30 theme induced 1355:1361 arg1 toxicity 1363:1370 6-OHDA induced toxicity 1348:1370 6-OHDA induced toxicity 1348:1370 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 2 31 dep site 420:423 arg1 NFK-β 436:440 NFK-β 436:440 NFK-β 436:440 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 2 31 dep site 420:423 arg1 TNF-α 426:430 TNF-α 426:430 TNF-α 426:430 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 2 32 theme thymoquinone 395:406 arg1 interactions 364:375 interactions 364:375 interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β) 364:441 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 3 33 theme bond 552:555 arg1 length 557:562 a bond length 550:562 a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor 550:605 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 8 34 theme pH 999:1000 arg1 value 1002:1006 a stable pH value 990:1006 a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18 990:1020 The formulation had a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18. 33278450 9 35 theme drug 1130:1133 arg1 suspension 1135:1144 the drug suspension 1126:1144 the drug suspension 1126:1144 In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. 33278450 2 36 theme ropinirole 380:389 arg1 interactions 364:375 interactions 364:375 interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β) 364:441 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 11 37 theme immunohistochemical 1279:1297 arg1 analysis 1299:1306 immunohistochemical analysis 1279:1306 immunohistochemical analysis 1279:1306 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 0 38 theme disease 119:125 arg1 management 93:102 the management 89:102 the management of Parkinson's disease 89:125 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 9 39 theme In 1023:1024 arg1 release 1032:1038 In vitro release 1023:1038 In vitro release 1023:1038 In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. 33278450 5 40 theme zeta 745:748 arg1 potential 750:758 zeta potential 745:758 zeta potential 745:758 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 41 theme coated 703:708 arg1 NE 710:711 chitosan coated NE 694:711 chitosan coated NE 694:711 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 8 42 theme stable 992:997 arg1 value 1002:1006 a stable pH value 990:1006 a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18 990:1020 The formulation had a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18. 33278450 9 43 dep 2 1073:1073 arg1 folds 1075:1079 folds 1075:1079 folds 1075:1079 In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. 33278450 5 44 theme potential 750:758 arg1 size 686:689 The globule size 674:689 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential 674:758 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 5 44 theme potential 750:758 arg1 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 183.7 ± 5.2 nm 765:778 The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. 33278450 3 45 with bond 489:492 arg1 Arginine 507:514 residue Arginine 201 499:518 residue Arginine 201 499:518 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 3 45 with bond 489:492 arg1 residue 524:530 residue 524:530 residue 524:530 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 1 46 theme nigella 286:292 arg1 oil 294:296 nigella oil 286:296 nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD) 286:325 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 0 47 theme Formulation 128:138 arg1 perspective 140:150 Formulation perspective 128:150 Formulation perspective 128:150 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 7 48 theme spherical 930:938 arg1 globules 940:947 spherical globules 930:947 spherical globules 930:947 TEM showed that NE had spherical globules with no aggregation. 33278450 0 49 dep In 169:170 arg1 vivo 172:175 vivo 172:175 vivo 172:175 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 11 50 theme reversal 1376:1383 arg1 picture 1337:1343 better picture 1330:1343 better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms 1330:1398 Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. 33278450 0 51 theme In 156:157 arg1 assessment 177:186 In vitro and In vivo assessment 156:186 In vitro and In vivo assessment 156:186 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 3 52 theme 2.30 Å 578:583 arg1 length 557:562 a bond length 550:562 a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor 550:605 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 1 53 with nanoemulsion 263:274 arg1 oil 294:296 nigella oil 286:296 nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD) 286:325 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 4 54 theme Rotatable 649:657 arg1 CCRD 667:670 CCRD 667:670 CCRD 667:670 NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). 33278450 4 54 theme Rotatable 649:657 arg1 Design 659:664 Central Composite Rotatable Design 631:664 Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) 631:671 NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). 33278450 0 55 theme Ropinirole 59:68 arg1 nanoemulsion 43:54 nanoemulsion 43:54 nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease 43:125 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 8 56 theme 5.8 ± 0.18 1011:1020 arg1 value 1002:1006 a stable pH value 990:1006 a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18 990:1020 The formulation had a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18. 33278450 9 57 theme permeation 1044:1053 arg1 studies 1055:1061 permeation studies 1044:1061 permeation studies 1044:1061 In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. 33278450 4 58 theme Composite 639:647 arg1 CCRD 667:670 CCRD 667:670 CCRD 667:670 NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). 33278450 4 58 theme Composite 639:647 arg1 Design 659:664 Central Composite Rotatable Design 631:664 Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) 631:671 NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). 33278450 12 59 theme synergistic 1438:1448 arg1 NE 1411:1412 the NE 1407:1412 the NE tailored 1407:1421 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 12 59 theme synergistic 1438:1448 arg1 approach 1450:1457 a promising synergistic approach 1426:1457 a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms 1426:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 0 60 dep In 156:157 arg1 vitro 159:163 vitro 159:163 vitro 159:163 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 10 61 theme Neurobehavioral 1147:1161 arg1 activity 1163:1170 Neurobehavioral activity 1147:1170 Neurobehavioral activity 1147:1170 Neurobehavioral activity and biochemical parameters corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. 33278450 12 62 theme related 1514:1520 arg1 symptoms 1522:1529 PD related symptoms 1511:1529 PD related symptoms 1511:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 7 63 theme no 954:955 arg1 aggregation 957:967 no aggregation 954:967 no aggregation 954:967 TEM showed that NE had spherical globules with no aggregation. 33278450 3 64 theme NF-κβ 592:596 arg1 receptor 598:605 the NF-κβ receptor 588:605 the NF-κβ receptor 588:605 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 3 65 theme 1.89 Å 567:572 arg1 length 557:562 a bond length 550:562 a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor 550:605 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 9 66 dep In 1023:1024 arg1 vitro 1026:1030 vitro 1026:1030 vitro 1026:1030 In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. 33278450 9 67 dep 3.4 1085:1087 arg1 folds 1089:1093 folds 1089:1093 folds enhancement 1089:1105 In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. 33278450 1 68 theme developing 220:229 arg1 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 1 68 theme developing 220:229 arg1 nanoemulsion 263:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion 220:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD) 220:325 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 0 69 theme oil 82:84 arg1 nanoemulsion 43:54 nanoemulsion 43:54 nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease 43:125 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 12 70 theme promising 1428:1436 arg1 NE 1411:1412 the NE 1407:1412 the NE tailored 1407:1421 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 12 70 theme promising 1428:1436 arg1 approach 1450:1457 a promising synergistic approach 1426:1457 a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms 1426:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 0 71 dep coated 9:14 arg1 assessment 177:186 In vitro and In vivo assessment 156:186 In vitro and In vivo assessment 156:186 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 0 71 dep coated 9:14 arg1 engineered 32:41 engineered 32:41 coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease 9:125 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 0 71 dep coated 9:14 arg1 perspective 140:150 Formulation perspective 128:150 Formulation perspective 128:150 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 3 72 dep Arginine 507:514 arg1 Arginine 532:539 Arginine 253 532:543 Arginine 253 532:543 Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. 33278450 1 73 theme Ropinirole 231:240 arg1 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 1 73 theme Ropinirole 231:240 arg1 nanoemulsion 263:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion 220:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD) 220:325 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 0 74 theme nigella 74:80 arg1 oil 82:84 nigella oil 74:84 nigella oil 74:84 Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment. 33278450 6 75 theme % 840:840 arg1 transmittance 842:854 85.28% transmittance 835:854 85.28% transmittance showing the formulation was clear and transparent 835:904 NE exhibited 85.28% transmittance showing the formulation was clear and transparent. 33278450 12 76 theme symptoms 1522:1529 arg1 management 1497:1506 better management 1490:1506 better management of PD related symptoms 1490:1529 Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms. 33278450 2 77 theme In 328:329 arg1 study 338:342 In silico study 328:342 In silico study 328:342 In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). 33278450 1 78 theme hydrochloride 242:254 arg1 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 NE 277:278 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 33278450 1 78 theme hydrochloride 242:254 arg1 nanoemulsion 263:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion 220:274 developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD) 220:325 The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). 34474274 9 0 theme gut 1302:1304 arg1 microbiota 1306:1315 gut microbiota 1302:1315 gut microbiota 1302:1315 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 10 1 theme DSS-induced 1483:1493 arg1 colitis 1495:1501 DSS-induced colitis 1483:1501 DSS-induced colitis 1483:1501 In conclusion, matrine ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 11 2 theme therapeutic 1649:1659 arg1 agent 1661:1665 a therapeutic agent 1647:1665 a therapeutic agent for UC treatment 1647:1682 These suggested that matrine may be a therapeutic agent for UC treatment. 34474274 11 2 theme therapeutic 1649:1659 arg1 matrine 1632:1638 matrine 1632:1638 matrine 1632:1638 These suggested that matrine may be a therapeutic agent for UC treatment. 34474274 9 3 theme microbiota 1306:1315 arg1 composition 1273:1283 composition 1273:1283 composition 1273:1283 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 9 3 theme microbiota 1306:1315 arg1 functions 1289:1297 functions 1289:1297 functions 1289:1297 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 9 4 theme rDNA 1223:1226 arg1 sequencing 1228:1237 16S rDNA sequencing 1219:1237 16S rDNA sequencing 1219:1237 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 7 5 theme UC 936:937 arg1 mice 939:942 UC mice 936:942 UC mice 936:942 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 6 6 from analysis 702:709 arg1 tissues 720:726 colon tissues 714:726 colon tissues 714:726 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 7 7 theme mice 939:942 arg1 activity 899:906 clinical activity 890:906 clinical activity 890:906 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 7 7 theme mice 939:942 arg1 changes 925:931 histological changes 912:931 histological changes 912:931 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 7 8 theme gut 1018:1020 arg1 integrity 1030:1038 gut barrier integrity 1018:1038 gut barrier integrity 1018:1038 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 4 9 theme matrine 475:481 arg1 concentrations 457:470 different concentrations 447:470 different concentrations of matrine 447:481 In this study, different concentrations of matrine were given to mice with DSS-induced colitis for a week. 34474274 5 10 theme intestinal 620:629 arg1 function 647:654 intestinal mucosal barrier function 620:654 intestinal mucosal barrier function 620:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 5 11 theme colitis 555:561 arg1 symptoms 543:550 The symptoms 539:550 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function 539:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 2 12 theme ulcerative 288:297 arg1 UC 308:309 UC 308:309 UC 308:309 However, little is known of its function on ulcerative colitis (UC). 34474274 2 12 theme ulcerative 288:297 arg1 colitis 299:305 ulcerative colitis 288:305 ulcerative colitis (UC) 288:310 However, little is known of its function on ulcerative colitis (UC). 34474274 8 13 theme peroxisome 1146:1155 arg1 pathway 1210:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 5 14 theme mucosal 631:637 arg1 function 647:654 intestinal mucosal barrier function 620:654 intestinal mucosal barrier function 620:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 9 15 dep composition 1273:1283 arg1 the 1269:1271 the 1269:1271 the 1269:1271 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 0 16 theme signaling 110:118 arg1 pathway 120:126 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 99:126 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 99:126 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 3 17 from mechanisms 361:370 arg1 mice 426:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 5 18 theme pathology 572:580 arg1 symptoms 543:550 The symptoms 539:550 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function 539:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 5 19 theme colonic 564:570 arg1 pathology 572:580 colonic pathology 564:580 colonic pathology 564:580 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 8 20 theme experimental 1072:1083 arg1 verification 1085:1096 experimental verification 1072:1096 experimental verification 1072:1096 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 0 21 theme PPAR-α 103:108 arg1 pathway 120:126 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 99:126 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 99:126 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 4 22 theme different 447:455 arg1 concentrations 457:470 different concentrations 447:470 different concentrations of matrine 447:481 In this study, different concentrations of matrine were given to mice with DSS-induced colitis for a week. 34474274 9 23 theme 16S 1219:1221 arg1 sequencing 1228:1237 16S rDNA sequencing 1219:1237 16S rDNA sequencing 1219:1237 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 6 24 theme rDNA 751:754 arg1 sequencing 756:765 16S rDNA sequencing 747:765 16S rDNA sequencing 747:765 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 8 25 theme PPAR-α 1192:1197 arg1 pathway 1210:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 10 26 theme gut 1595:1597 arg1 microbiota 1599:1608 gut microbiota 1595:1608 gut microbiota 1595:1608 In conclusion, matrine ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 3 27 theme -induced 414:421 arg1 mice 426:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 5 28 theme inflammation-related 583:602 arg1 indicators 604:613 inflammation-related indicators 583:613 inflammation-related indicators 583:613 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 6 29 theme 16S 747:749 arg1 sequencing 756:765 16S rDNA sequencing 747:765 16S rDNA sequencing 747:765 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 5 30 theme function 647:654 arg1 symptoms 543:550 The symptoms 539:550 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function 539:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 3 31 theme matrine 375:381 arg1 effect 339:344 effect 339:344 effect 339:344 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 3 31 theme matrine 375:381 arg1 mechanisms 361:370 underlying mechanisms 350:370 underlying mechanisms 350:370 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 8 32 theme receptor-α 1180:1189 arg1 pathway 1210:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 5 33 theme indicators 604:613 arg1 symptoms 543:550 The symptoms 539:550 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function 539:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 7 34 theme clinical 890:897 arg1 activity 899:906 clinical activity 890:906 clinical activity 890:906 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 4 35 with mice 497:500 arg1 colitis 519:525 DSS-induced colitis 507:525 DSS-induced colitis for a week 507:536 In this study, different concentrations of matrine were given to mice with DSS-induced colitis for a week. 34474274 1 36 theme occurring 183:191 arg1 alkaloid 207:214 a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid 171:214 a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities 171:241 Matrine is a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities. 34474274 1 36 theme occurring 183:191 arg1 Matrine 160:166 Matrine 160:166 Matrine 160:166 Matrine is a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities. 34474274 3 37 theme underlying 350:359 arg1 mechanisms 361:370 underlying mechanisms 350:370 underlying mechanisms 350:370 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 4 38 theme DSS-induced 507:517 arg1 colitis 519:525 DSS-induced colitis 507:525 DSS-induced colitis for a week 507:536 In this study, different concentrations of matrine were given to mice with DSS-induced colitis for a week. 34474274 8 39 theme RNA-seq 1051:1057 arg1 analysis 1059:1066 RNA-seq analysis 1051:1066 RNA-seq analysis 1051:1066 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 1 40 theme quinolizidine 193:205 arg1 alkaloid 207:214 a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid 171:214 a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities 171:241 Matrine is a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities. 34474274 1 40 theme quinolizidine 193:205 arg1 Matrine 160:166 Matrine 160:166 Matrine 160:166 Matrine is a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities. 34474274 8 41 theme signaling 1200:1208 arg1 pathway 1210:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 9 42 theme Barnesiella 1345:1355 arg1 intestinihominis 1357:1372 Barnesiella intestinihominis 1345:1372 Barnesiella intestinihominis 1345:1372 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 6 43 theme contents 823:830 arg1 microbiota 803:812 the gut microbiota 795:812 the gut microbiota of colon contents 795:830 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 7 44 theme barrier 1022:1028 arg1 integrity 1030:1038 gut barrier integrity 1018:1038 gut barrier integrity 1018:1038 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 6 45 theme colon 817:821 arg1 contents 823:830 colon contents 817:830 colon contents 817:830 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 3 46 theme UC 423:424 arg1 mice 426:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 0 47 theme murine 37:42 arg1 colitis 44:50 DSS-induced murine colitis 25:50 DSS-induced murine colitis 25:50 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 1 48 with alkaloid 207:214 arg1 bioactivities 229:241 various bioactivities 221:241 various bioactivities 221:241 Matrine is a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities. 34474274 3 49 from effect 339:344 arg1 mice 426:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice 386:429 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 0 50 theme DSS-induced 25:35 arg1 colitis 44:50 DSS-induced murine colitis 25:50 DSS-induced murine colitis 25:50 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 7 51 theme pro-inflammatory 977:992 arg1 cytokines 994:1002 the pro-inflammatory cytokines 973:1002 the pro-inflammatory cytokines 973:1002 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 1 52 theme various 221:227 arg1 bioactivities 229:241 various bioactivities 221:241 various bioactivities 221:241 Matrine is a naturally occurring quinolizidine alkaloid with various bioactivities. 34474274 8 53 theme proliferator-activated 1157:1178 arg1 pathway 1210:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway 1142:1216 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis and experimental verification showed that matrine significantly inhibited the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. 34474274 5 54 theme barrier 639:645 arg1 function 647:654 intestinal mucosal barrier function 620:654 intestinal mucosal barrier function 620:654 The symptoms of colitis, colonic pathology, inflammation-related indicators, and intestinal mucosal barrier function were detected and analyzed. 34474274 9 55 theme intestinihominis 1357:1372 arg1 abundance 1332:1340 the abundance 1328:1340 the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis 1328:1372 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 7 56 theme cytokines 994:1002 arg1 production 959:968 the production 955:968 the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines 955:1002 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 10 57 theme signaling 1561:1569 arg1 pathway 1571:1577 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 1550:1577 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 1550:1577 In conclusion, matrine ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 10 58 theme barrier 1520:1526 arg1 integrity 1528:1536 gut barrier integrity 1516:1536 gut barrier integrity 1516:1536 In conclusion, matrine ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 0 59 theme gut 144:146 arg1 microbiota 148:157 gut microbiota 144:157 gut microbiota 144:157 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 6 60 theme gut 799:801 arg1 microbiota 803:812 the gut microbiota 795:812 the gut microbiota of colon contents 795:830 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 2 61 from function 276:283 arg1 UC 308:309 UC 308:309 UC 308:309 However, little is known of its function on ulcerative colitis (UC). 34474274 2 61 from function 276:283 arg1 colitis 299:305 ulcerative colitis 288:305 ulcerative colitis (UC) 288:310 However, little is known of its function on ulcerative colitis (UC). 34474274 9 62 theme Helicobacter 1405:1416 arg1 ganmani 1418:1424 Helicobacter ganmani 1405:1424 Helicobacter ganmani 1405:1424 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 3 63 dep effect 339:344 arg1 the 335:337 the 335:337 the 335:337 Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice. 34474274 6 64 theme colon 714:718 arg1 tissues 720:726 colon tissues 714:726 colon tissues 714:726 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 9 65 theme ganmani 1418:1424 arg1 abundance 1392:1400 the abundance 1388:1400 the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani 1388:1424 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34474274 10 66 theme gut 1516:1518 arg1 integrity 1528:1536 gut barrier integrity 1516:1536 gut barrier integrity 1516:1536 In conclusion, matrine ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 7 67 theme histological 912:923 arg1 changes 925:931 histological changes 912:931 histological changes 912:931 The results showed that matrine significantly alleviated clinical activity and histological changes of UC mice, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved gut barrier integrity. 34474274 0 68 theme barrier 69:75 arg1 integrity 77:85 gut barrier integrity 65:85 gut barrier integrity 65:85 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 10 69 theme PPAR-α 1554:1559 arg1 pathway 1571:1577 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 1550:1577 the PPAR-α signaling pathway 1550:1577 In conclusion, matrine ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 0 70 theme gut 65:67 arg1 integrity 77:85 gut barrier integrity 65:85 gut barrier integrity 65:85 Matrine protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by improving gut barrier integrity, inhibiting the PPAR-α signaling pathway, and modulating gut microbiota. 34474274 6 71 theme RNA-seq 694:700 arg1 analysis 702:709 RNA-seq analysis 694:709 RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues 694:726 Moreover, RNA-seq analysis in colon tissues was conducted, and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to evaluate the gut microbiota of colon contents. 34474274 9 72 theme species 1433:1439 arg1 level 1441:1445 the species level 1429:1445 the species level 1429:1445 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that matrine altered the composition and functions of gut microbiota, increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter ganmani at the species level. 34604681 4 0 theme stronger 693:700 arg1 ability 713:719 stronger scavenging ability 693:719 stronger scavenging ability 693:719 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 1 1 theme lichen 232:237 arg1 longissima 242:251 the lichen U. longissima 228:251 the lichen U. longissima 228:251 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 0 2 from Properties 16:25 arg1 longissima 88:97 Usnea longissima 82:97 Usnea longissima 82:97 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 1 3 theme U. 239:240 arg1 longissima 242:251 the lichen U. longissima 228:251 the lichen U. longissima 228:251 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 0 4 theme Ethanol 109:115 arg1 Precipitation 117:129 Graded Ethanol Precipitation 102:129 Graded Ethanol Precipitation 102:129 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 3 5 dep increased 547:555 arg1 whereas 558:564 whereas 558:564 whereas 558:564 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 4 6 theme free 774:777 arg1 radicals 779:786 hydroxyl free radicals 765:786 hydroxyl free radicals 765:786 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 0 7 theme Graded 102:107 arg1 Precipitation 117:129 Graded Ethanol Precipitation 102:129 Graded Ethanol Precipitation 102:129 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 4 8 theme hydroxyl 765:772 arg1 radicals 779:786 hydroxyl free radicals 765:786 hydroxyl free radicals 765:786 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 1 9 dep polysaccharides 154:168 arg1 ULPs 171:174 ULPs 171:174 ULPs 171:174 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 3 10 theme ethanol 477:483 arg1 concentrations 485:498 the precipitated ethanol concentrations 460:498 the precipitated ethanol concentrations 460:498 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 5 11 theme dermal 880:885 arg1 fibroblasts 887:897 dermal fibroblasts 880:897 dermal fibroblasts 880:897 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 0 12 from Activities 47:56 arg1 longissima 88:97 Usnea longissima 82:97 Usnea longissima 82:97 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 3 13 theme xylose 527:532 arg1 content 505:511 the content 501:511 the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose 501:545 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 7 14 theme polysaccharide 1140:1153 arg1 ULP15 1155:1159 the polysaccharide ULP15 1136:1159 the polysaccharide ULP15 1136:1159 Therefore, this work provides interesting insight into the preparation of cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15. 34604681 4 15 theme better 667:672 arg1 power 683:687 better reducing power 667:687 better reducing power 667:687 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 0 16 theme Physicochemical 0:14 arg1 Properties 16:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 1 17 theme water 257:261 arg1 extraction 263:272 water extraction 257:272 water extraction 257:272 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 0 18 theme Skin 31:34 arg1 Activities 47:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 6 19 theme inhibition 1014:1023 arg1 activity 1025:1032 tyrosinase inhibition activity 1003:1032 tyrosinase inhibition activity 1003:1032 Meanwhile, ULP15 protected HaCaT keratinocytes from UVB-induced proliferation inhibition and exhibited tyrosinase inhibition activity. 34604681 3 20 theme mannose 539:545 arg1 content 505:511 the content 501:511 the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose 501:545 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 2 21 theme major 405:409 arg1 composition 426:436 the major monosaccharide composition 401:436 the major monosaccharide composition 401:436 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 2 21 theme major 405:409 arg1 glucose 389:395 glucose 389:395 glucose 389:395 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 2 22 theme monosaccharide 411:424 arg1 composition 426:436 the major monosaccharide composition 401:436 the major monosaccharide composition 401:436 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 2 22 theme monosaccharide 411:424 arg1 glucose 389:395 glucose 389:395 glucose 389:395 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 6 23 theme tyrosinase 1003:1012 arg1 activity 1025:1032 tyrosinase inhibition activity 1003:1032 tyrosinase inhibition activity 1003:1032 Meanwhile, ULP15 protected HaCaT keratinocytes from UVB-induced proliferation inhibition and exhibited tyrosinase inhibition activity. 34604681 1 24 dep ULPs 171:174 arg1 ULP50 191:195 ULP50 191:195 ULP50 191:195 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 1 24 dep ULPs 171:174 arg1 ULP70 202:206 ULP70 202:206 ULP70 202:206 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 4 25 theme antioxidant 607:617 arg1 test 628:631 the antioxidant activity test 603:631 the antioxidant activity test 603:631 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 1 26 theme graded 278:283 arg1 precipitation 293:305 graded ethanol precipitation 278:305 graded ethanol precipitation 278:305 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 7 27 theme cosmetic 1109:1116 arg1 ingredients 1118:1128 cosmetic ingredients 1109:1128 cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15 1109:1159 Therefore, this work provides interesting insight into the preparation of cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15. 34604681 0 28 from longissima 88:97 arg1 Activities 47:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 0 28 from longissima 88:97 arg1 Properties 16:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 0 28 from longissima 88:97 arg1 Polysaccharides 61:75 Polysaccharides 61:75 Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima 61:97 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 5 29 theme human 850:854 arg1 keratinocytes 862:874 human HaCaT keratinocytes 850:874 human HaCaT keratinocytes 850:874 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 0 30 theme Protection 36:45 arg1 Activities 47:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 1 31 theme ethanol 285:291 arg1 precipitation 293:305 graded ethanol precipitation 278:305 graded ethanol precipitation 278:305 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 7 32 theme ingredients 1118:1128 arg1 preparation 1094:1104 the preparation 1090:1104 the preparation of cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15 1090:1159 Therefore, this work provides interesting insight into the preparation of cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15. 34604681 5 33 theme better 819:824 arg1 effect 840:845 a better proliferative effect 817:845 a better proliferative effect 817:845 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 2 34 with composition 426:436 arg1 proteins 368:375 a few proteins 362:375 a few proteins 362:375 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 5 35 theme HaCaT 856:860 arg1 keratinocytes 862:874 human HaCaT keratinocytes 850:874 human HaCaT keratinocytes 850:874 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 0 36 theme Polysaccharides 61:75 arg1 Activities 47:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Skin Protection Activities 31:56 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 0 36 theme Polysaccharides 61:75 arg1 Properties 16:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 5 37 contain had 813:815 arg1 ULP15 802:806 ULP15 802:806 ULP15 802:806 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 5 37 contain had 813:815 arg2 effect 840:845 a better proliferative effect 817:845 a better proliferative effect 817:845 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 3 38 from increase 448:455 arg1 concentrations 485:498 the precipitated ethanol concentrations 460:498 the precipitated ethanol concentrations 460:498 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 6 39 theme proliferation 964:976 arg1 inhibition 978:987 UVB-induced proliferation inhibition 952:987 UVB-induced proliferation inhibition 952:987 Meanwhile, ULP15 protected HaCaT keratinocytes from UVB-induced proliferation inhibition and exhibited tyrosinase inhibition activity. 34604681 6 40 theme HaCaT 927:931 arg1 keratinocytes 933:945 HaCaT keratinocytes 927:945 HaCaT keratinocytes 927:945 Meanwhile, ULP15 protected HaCaT keratinocytes from UVB-induced proliferation inhibition and exhibited tyrosinase inhibition activity. 34604681 1 41 theme Usnea 137:141 arg1 polysaccharides 154:168 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides 132:168 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) 132:207 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 6 42 theme UVB-induced 952:962 arg1 inhibition 978:987 UVB-induced proliferation inhibition 952:987 UVB-induced proliferation inhibition 952:987 Meanwhile, ULP15 protected HaCaT keratinocytes from UVB-induced proliferation inhibition and exhibited tyrosinase inhibition activity. 34604681 2 43 with heteropolysaccharides 335:355 arg1 proteins 368:375 a few proteins 362:375 a few proteins 362:375 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 4 44 theme reducing 674:681 arg1 power 683:687 better reducing power 667:687 better reducing power 667:687 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 1 45 theme longissima 143:152 arg1 polysaccharides 154:168 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides 132:168 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) 132:207 Four Usnea longissima polysaccharides (ULPs; ULP15, ULP30, ULP50, and ULP70) were obtained from the lichen U. longissima via water extraction and graded ethanol precipitation. 34604681 7 46 theme interesting 1065:1075 arg1 insight 1077:1083 interesting insight 1065:1083 interesting insight into the preparation of cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15 1065:1159 Therefore, this work provides interesting insight into the preparation of cosmetic ingredients using the polysaccharide ULP15. 34604681 2 47 theme obtained 312:319 arg1 ULPs 321:324 The obtained ULPs 308:324 The obtained ULPs 308:324 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 2 47 theme obtained 312:319 arg1 heteropolysaccharides 335:355 all heteropolysaccharides 331:355 all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition 331:436 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 3 48 theme precipitated 464:475 arg1 concentrations 485:498 the precipitated ethanol concentrations 460:498 the precipitated ethanol concentrations 460:498 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 0 49 theme Usnea 82:86 arg1 longissima 88:97 Usnea longissima 82:97 Usnea longissima 82:97 Physicochemical Properties and Skin Protection Activities of Polysaccharides from Usnea longissima by Graded Ethanol Precipitation. 34604681 4 50 theme activity 619:626 arg1 test 628:631 the antioxidant activity test 603:631 the antioxidant activity test 603:631 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34604681 2 51 theme few 364:366 arg1 proteins 368:375 a few proteins 362:375 a few proteins 362:375 The obtained ULPs were all heteropolysaccharides with a few proteins, with which glucose was the major monosaccharide composition. 34604681 5 52 theme proliferative 826:838 arg1 effect 840:845 a better proliferative effect 817:845 a better proliferative effect 817:845 Importantly, ULP15 also had a better proliferative effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 34604681 3 53 theme galactose 516:524 arg1 content 505:511 the content 501:511 the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose 501:545 With the increase in the precipitated ethanol concentrations, the content of galactose, xylose, and mannose increased, whereas that of glucose decreased. 34604681 4 54 theme scavenging 702:711 arg1 ability 713:719 stronger scavenging ability 693:719 stronger scavenging ability 693:719 Moreover, the antioxidant activity test demonstrated that ULP15 exhibited better reducing power and stronger scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. 34872988 2 0 from patients 191:198 arg1 biomarkers 163:172 candidate biomarkers 153:172 candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 153:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 7 1 theme proliferative 1189:1201 arg1 LN 1203:1204 proliferative LN 1189:1204 proliferative LN 1189:1204 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 3 2 theme western 683:689 arg1 assay 696:700 western blot assay 683:700 western blot assay 683:700 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 12 3 with patients 1968:1975 arg1 LN 1996:1997 proliferative LN 1982:1997 proliferative LN 1982:1997 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 11 4 theme multivariate 1785:1796 arg1 analysis 1813:1820 multivariate Cox regression analysis 1785:1820 multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047) 1785:1866 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 12 5 theme CONCLUSIONS 1869:1879 arg1 expression 1892:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression 1869:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression 1869:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 8 6 theme tubulointerstitium 1319:1336 arg1 area 1338:1341 the tubulointerstitium area 1315:1341 the tubulointerstitium area 1315:1341 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 7 7 theme predominant 1073:1083 arg1 Neuraminidase 1040:1052 Neuraminidase 1 1040:1054 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) 1040:1061 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 7 7 theme predominant 1073:1083 arg1 protein 1085:1091 the most predominant protein 1064:1091 the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation 1064:1134 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 12 8 theme NEU1 1887:1890 arg1 expression 1892:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression 1869:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression 1869:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 10 9 from excretion 1556:1564 arg1 group 1579:1583 the CI ≥1 group 1569:1583 the CI ≥1 group 1569:1583 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 3 10 theme proteomic 531:539 arg1 data 541:544 proteomic data 531:544 proteomic data 531:544 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 10 11 theme Urinary 1543:1549 arg1 excretion 1556:1564 Urinary NEU1 excretion 1543:1564 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group 1543:1583 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 3 12 with controls 401:408 arg1 LN 385:386 proliferative LN 371:386 proliferative LN 371:386 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 12 13 theme proliferative 1982:1994 arg1 LN 1996:1997 proliferative LN 1982:1997 proliferative LN 1982:1997 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 11 14 theme renal 1706:1710 arg1 NEU1 1712:1715 renal NEU1 1706:1715 renal NEU1 1706:1715 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 4 15 dep disease 752:758 arg1 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 4 15 dep disease 752:758 arg1 rate 825:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate 793:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 793:835 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 2 16 theme OBJECTIVE 100:108 arg1 approach 120:127 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach 100:127 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach 100:127 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 2 17 from biomarkers 163:172 arg1 patients 191:198 patients 191:198 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 191:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 8 18 theme CI=0 1405:1408 arg1 groups 1417:1422 the CI=0 and NC groups 1401:1422 groups 1417:1422 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 4 19 theme composite 707:715 arg1 endpoints 717:725 The composite endpoints 703:725 The composite endpoints 703:725 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 3 20 theme blot 691:694 arg1 assay 696:700 western blot assay 683:700 western blot assay 683:700 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 12 21 from outcomes 1956:1963 arg1 patients 1968:1975 patients 1968:1975 patients with proliferative LN 1968:1997 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 9 22 theme NEU1 1435:1438 arg1 expression 1440:1449 NEU1 expression 1435:1449 NEU1 expression 1435:1449 Moreover, NEU1 expression was significantly correlated with serum creatinine value, eGFR and CI scores, respectively. 34872988 8 23 theme NC 1414:1415 arg1 groups 1417:1422 the CI=0 and NC groups 1401:1422 groups 1417:1422 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 2 24 theme clinicopathological 251:269 arg1 significance 271:282 their clinicopathological significance 245:282 their clinicopathological significance 245:282 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 7 25 with patients 1175:1182 arg1 LN 1203:1204 proliferative LN 1189:1204 proliferative LN 1189:1204 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 12 26 theme CI 1936:1937 arg1 scores 1939:1944 pathological CI scores 1923:1944 pathological CI scores 1923:1944 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 3 27 theme urine 614:618 arg1 samples 620:626 urine samples 614:626 urine samples 614:626 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 5 28 theme chronicity 908:917 arg1 CI 926:927 CI 926:927 CI 926:927 RESULTS Proteomics detected 48 proteins upregulated in the group with chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 5 28 theme chronicity 908:917 arg1 index 919:923 chronicity index 908:923 chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups 908:968 RESULTS Proteomics detected 48 proteins upregulated in the group with chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 6 29 theme pathway 979:985 arg1 analysis 987:994 Further pathway analysis 971:994 Further pathway analysis 971:994 Further pathway analysis was enriched in 'other glycan degradation'. 34872988 4 30 theme % 767:767 arg1 reduction 769:777 ≥50% reduction 764:777 ≥50% reduction from baseline 764:791 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 11 31 theme % 1836:1836 arg1 CI 1838:1839 95% CI 1.025 to 40.732 1834:1855 95% CI 1.025 to 40.732 1834:1855 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 31 theme % 1836:1836 arg1 6.462 1827:1831 6.462 1827:1831 6.462 1827:1831 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 1 32 theme lupus 72:76 arg1 nephritis 78:86 proliferative lupus nephritis 58:86 proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity 58:97 renal biomarker for proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity. 34872988 4 33 theme renal 746:750 arg1 disease 752:758 end-stage renal disease 736:758 end-stage renal disease 736:758 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 9 34 theme CI 1518:1519 arg1 scores 1521:1526 CI scores 1518:1526 CI scores 1518:1526 Moreover, NEU1 expression was significantly correlated with serum creatinine value, eGFR and CI scores, respectively. 34872988 10 35 theme CI=0 1608:1611 arg1 group 1613:1617 the CI=0 group 1604:1617 the CI=0 group 1604:1617 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 0 36 theme NEU1 13:16 arg1 Discovery 0:8 Discovery 0:8 Discovery of NEU1 as a candidatedone. 0:36 Discovery of NEU1 as a candidatedone. 34872988 7 37 theme endothelial 1260:1270 arg1 podocyte 1233:1240 podocyte 1233:1240 podocyte 1233:1240 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 7 37 theme endothelial 1260:1270 arg1 cells 1272:1276 endothelial cells 1260:1276 endothelial cells 1260:1276 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 6 38 theme glycan 1019:1024 arg1 degradation 1026:1036 'other glycan degradation' 1012:1037 'other glycan degradation' 1012:1037 Further pathway analysis was enriched in 'other glycan degradation'. 34872988 3 39 theme expression 455:464 arg1 profiles 466:473 protein expression profiles 447:473 protein expression profiles 447:473 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 7 40 theme other 1111:1115 arg1 degradation 1124:1134 other glycan degradation 1111:1134 other glycan degradation 1111:1134 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 6 41 theme other 1013:1017 arg1 degradation 1026:1036 'other glycan degradation' 1012:1037 'other glycan degradation' 1012:1037 Further pathway analysis was enriched in 'other glycan degradation'. 34872988 3 42 theme proliferative 493:505 arg1 LN 507:508 proliferative LN 493:508 proliferative LN 493:508 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 2 43 theme lupus 219:223 arg1 LN 236:237 LN 236:237 LN 236:237 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 2 43 theme lupus 219:223 arg1 nephritis 225:233 proliferative lupus nephritis 205:233 proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 205:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 8 44 theme ≥1 1378:1379 arg1 group 1381:1385 the CI ≥1 group 1371:1385 the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups 1371:1422 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 8 45 from expression 1301:1310 arg1 area 1338:1341 the tubulointerstitium area 1315:1341 the tubulointerstitium area 1315:1341 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 4 46 theme filtration 814:823 arg1 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 4 46 theme filtration 814:823 arg1 rate 825:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate 793:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 793:835 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 11 47 theme Cox 1798:1800 arg1 analysis 1813:1820 multivariate Cox regression analysis 1785:1820 multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047) 1785:1866 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 1 48 theme renal 38:42 arg1 biomarker 44:52 renal biomarker 38:52 renal biomarker for proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity 38:97 renal biomarker for proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity. 34872988 2 49 theme Proteomic 110:118 arg1 approach 120:127 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach 100:127 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach 100:127 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 3 50 with NCs 517:519 arg1 LN 507:508 proliferative LN 493:508 proliferative LN 493:508 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 3 51 dep METHODS 325:331 arg1 recruited 344:352 recruited 344:352 recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data 344:434 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 2 52 theme candidate 153:161 arg1 biomarkers 163:172 candidate biomarkers 153:172 candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 153:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 3 53 with patients 479:486 arg1 LN 507:508 proliferative LN 493:508 proliferative LN 493:508 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 2 54 theme prognostic 288:297 arg1 values 299:304 prognostic values 288:304 prognostic values 288:304 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 11 55 dep CI 1838:1839 arg1 to 1847:1848 to 1847:1848 to 1847:1848 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 12 56 theme Renal 1881:1885 arg1 expression 1892:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression 1869:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression 1869:1901 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 10 57 theme NEU1 1551:1554 arg1 excretion 1556:1564 Urinary NEU1 excretion 1543:1564 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group 1543:1583 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 9 58 theme serum 1485:1489 arg1 creatinine 1491:1500 serum creatinine 1485:1500 serum creatinine value 1485:1506 Moreover, NEU1 expression was significantly correlated with serum creatinine value, eGFR and CI scores, respectively. 34872988 10 59 theme CI 1573:1574 arg1 group 1579:1583 the CI ≥1 group 1569:1583 the CI ≥1 group 1569:1583 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 11 60 theme NEU1 1712:1715 arg1 factor 1755:1760 an independent risk factor 1735:1760 an independent risk factor for renal prognosis 1735:1780 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 60 theme NEU1 1712:1715 arg1 expression 1692:1701 the high expression 1683:1701 the high expression of renal NEU1 1683:1715 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 61 theme renal 1766:1770 arg1 prognosis 1772:1780 renal prognosis 1766:1780 renal prognosis 1766:1780 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 3 62 theme proliferative 592:604 arg1 LN 606:607 proliferative LN 592:607 proliferative LN 592:607 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 11 63 theme risk 1750:1753 arg1 factor 1755:1760 an independent risk factor 1735:1760 an independent risk factor for renal prognosis 1735:1780 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 63 theme risk 1750:1753 arg1 expression 1692:1701 the high expression 1683:1701 the high expression of renal NEU1 1683:1715 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 8 64 theme NEU1 1296:1299 arg1 expression 1301:1310 NEU1 expression 1296:1310 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area 1296:1341 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 12 65 theme renal 1950:1954 arg1 outcomes 1956:1963 renal outcomes 1950:1963 renal outcomes 1950:1963 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 4 66 theme estimated 793:801 arg1 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 4 66 theme estimated 793:801 arg1 rate 825:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate 793:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 793:835 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 5 67 theme CI=0 951:954 arg1 groups 963:968 the CI=0 and NC groups 947:968 groups 963:968 RESULTS Proteomics detected 48 proteins upregulated in the group with chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 7 68 theme patients 1175:1182 arg1 kidney 1165:1170 the kidney 1161:1170 the kidney of patients with proliferative LN 1161:1204 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 12 69 from scores 1939:1944 arg1 patients 1968:1975 patients 1968:1975 patients with proliferative LN 1968:1997 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 3 70 with patients 357:364 arg1 LN 385:386 proliferative LN 371:386 proliferative LN 371:386 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 12 71 theme pathological 1923:1934 arg1 scores 1939:1944 pathological CI scores 1923:1944 pathological CI scores 1923:1944 CONCLUSIONS Renal NEU1 expression was associated with pathological CI scores and renal outcomes in patients with proliferative LN. 34872988 7 72 theme degradation 1124:1134 arg1 pathway 1100:1106 the pathway 1096:1106 the pathway of other glycan degradation 1096:1134 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 4 73 from baseline 784:791 arg1 disease 752:758 end-stage renal disease 736:758 end-stage renal disease 736:758 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 4 73 from baseline 784:791 arg1 reduction 769:777 ≥50% reduction 764:777 ≥50% reduction from baseline 764:791 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 3 74 with patients 578:585 arg1 LN 606:607 proliferative LN 592:607 proliferative LN 592:607 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 3 74 with patients 578:585 arg1 samples 620:626 urine samples 614:626 urine samples 614:626 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 9 75 theme creatinine 1491:1500 arg1 value 1502:1506 serum creatinine value 1485:1506 serum creatinine value 1485:1506 Moreover, NEU1 expression was significantly correlated with serum creatinine value, eGFR and CI scores, respectively. 34872988 6 76 theme Further 971:977 arg1 analysis 987:994 Further pathway analysis 971:994 Further pathway analysis 971:994 Further pathway analysis was enriched in 'other glycan degradation'. 34872988 4 77 theme ≥50 764:766 arg1 % 767:767 % 767:767 % 767:767 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 11 78 theme high 1687:1690 arg1 factor 1755:1760 an independent risk factor 1735:1760 an independent risk factor for renal prognosis 1735:1780 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 78 theme high 1687:1690 arg1 expression 1692:1701 the high expression 1683:1701 the high expression of renal NEU1 1683:1715 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 1 79 theme proliferative 58:70 arg1 nephritis 78:86 proliferative lupus nephritis 58:86 proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity 58:97 renal biomarker for proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity. 34872988 7 80 theme tubule 1282:1287 arg1 podocyte 1233:1240 podocyte 1233:1240 podocyte 1233:1240 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 7 80 theme tubule 1282:1287 arg1 cells 1289:1293 tubule cells 1282:1293 tubule cells 1282:1293 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 3 81 theme proliferative 371:383 arg1 LN 385:386 proliferative LN 371:386 proliferative LN 371:386 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 3 82 theme protein 447:453 arg1 profiles 466:473 protein expression profiles 447:473 protein expression profiles 447:473 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 1 83 theme nephritis 78:86 arg1 chronicity 88:97 proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity 58:97 proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity 58:97 renal biomarker for proliferative lupus nephritis chronicity. 34872988 4 84 theme end-stage 736:744 arg1 disease 752:758 end-stage renal disease 736:758 end-stage renal disease 736:758 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 10 85 theme ≥1 1576:1577 arg1 group 1579:1583 the CI ≥1 group 1569:1583 the CI ≥1 group 1569:1583 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 7 86 theme glycan 1117:1122 arg1 degradation 1124:1134 other glycan degradation 1111:1134 other glycan degradation 1111:1134 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 3 87 theme normal 394:399 arg1 controls 401:408 6 normal controls 392:408 6 normal controls (NCs) 392:414 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 3 87 theme normal 394:399 arg1 NCs 411:413 NCs 411:413 NCs 411:413 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 5 88 theme NC 960:961 arg1 groups 963:968 the CI=0 and NC groups 947:968 groups 963:968 RESULTS Proteomics detected 48 proteins upregulated in the group with chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 3 89 theme urinary 644:650 arg1 expression 652:661 the urinary expression 640:661 the urinary expression of the biomarker 640:678 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 10 90 theme CI 1659:1660 arg1 scores 1662:1667 CI scores 1659:1667 CI scores 1659:1667 Urinary NEU1 excretion in the CI ≥1 group was higher than in the CI=0 group and was also positively correlated with CI scores. 34872988 11 91 dep analysis 1813:1820 arg1 HR 1823:1824 HR 1823:1824 HR 1823:1824 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 91 dep analysis 1813:1820 arg1 p=0.047 1859:1865 p=0.047 1859:1865 p=0.047 1859:1865 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 91 dep analysis 1813:1820 arg1 6.462 1827:1831 6.462 1827:1831 6.462 1827:1831 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 7 92 theme mesangial 1243:1251 arg1 podocyte 1233:1240 podocyte 1233:1240 podocyte 1233:1240 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 7 92 theme mesangial 1243:1251 arg1 cells 1253:1257 mesangial cells 1243:1257 mesangial cells 1243:1257 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 3 93 theme proteomic 421:429 arg1 data 431:434 proteomic data 421:434 proteomic data 421:434 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 2 94 theme chronicity 177:186 arg1 biomarkers 163:172 candidate biomarkers 153:172 candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 153:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 11 95 theme independent 1738:1748 arg1 factor 1755:1760 an independent risk factor 1735:1760 an independent risk factor for renal prognosis 1735:1780 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 11 95 theme independent 1738:1748 arg1 expression 1692:1701 the high expression 1683:1701 the high expression of renal NEU1 1683:1715 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 34872988 7 96 from protein 1085:1091 arg1 pathway 1100:1106 the pathway 1096:1106 the pathway of other glycan degradation 1096:1134 Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), the most predominant protein in the pathway of other glycan degradation, was highly expressed in the kidney of patients with proliferative LN and could co-localise with podocyte, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubule cells. 34872988 3 97 theme biomarker 670:678 arg1 expression 652:661 the urinary expression 640:661 the urinary expression of the biomarker 640:678 METHODS This study recruited 10 patients with proliferative LN and 6 normal controls (NCs) with proteomic data to compare protein expression profiles, 58 patients with proliferative LN and 10 NCs to verify proteomic data by immunohistochemistry, and 14 patients with proliferative LN with urine samples to evaluate the urinary expression of the biomarker by western blot assay. 34872988 4 98 theme glomerular 803:812 arg1 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 eGFR 831:834 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 4 98 theme glomerular 803:812 arg1 rate 825:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate 793:828 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 793:835 The composite endpoints included end-stage renal disease and ≥50% reduction from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). 34872988 2 99 with patients 191:198 arg1 LN 236:237 LN 236:237 LN 236:237 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 2 99 with patients 191:198 arg1 nephritis 225:233 proliferative lupus nephritis 205:233 proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 205:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 2 100 theme proliferative 205:217 arg1 LN 236:237 LN 236:237 LN 236:237 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 2 100 theme proliferative 205:217 arg1 nephritis 225:233 proliferative lupus nephritis 205:233 proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 205:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 8 101 theme CI 1375:1376 arg1 group 1381:1385 the CI ≥1 group 1371:1385 the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups 1371:1422 NEU1 expression in the tubulointerstitium area was significantly higher in the CI ≥1 group compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 2 102 from chronicity 177:186 arg1 patients 191:198 patients 191:198 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) 191:238 OBJECTIVE Proteomic approach was applied to identify candidate biomarkers of chronicity in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), and their clinicopathological significance and prognostic values were investigated. 34872988 5 103 dep RESULTS 838:844 arg1 detected 857:864 detected 857:864 detected 48 proteins upregulated in the group with chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups 857:968 RESULTS Proteomics detected 48 proteins upregulated in the group with chronicity index (CI) ≥1 compared with the CI=0 and NC groups. 34872988 11 104 theme regression 1802:1811 arg1 analysis 1813:1820 multivariate Cox regression analysis 1785:1820 multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047) 1785:1866 Furthermore, the high expression of renal NEU1 was identified as an independent risk factor for renal prognosis by multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 6.462 (95% CI 1.025 to 40.732), p=0.047). 32983031 4 0 theme Lean 812:815 arg1 muciniphila 861:871 muciniphila 861:871 muciniphila 861:871 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 0 theme Lean 812:815 arg1 newyorkensis 885:896 newyorkensis 885:896 newyorkensis 885:896 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 0 theme Lean 812:815 arg1 Angelakisella 903:915 Angelakisella 903:915 Angelakisella 903:915 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 0 theme Lean 812:815 arg1 taxa 833:836 Lean mice-associated taxa 812:836 Lean mice-associated taxa 812:836 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 6 1 theme Diet 1098:1101 arg1 supplementation 1103:1117 Diet supplementation 1098:1117 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, 1098:1174 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 3 2 dep fractions 629:637 arg1 fractions 629:637 their fibrous fractions 615:637 their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) 615:649 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 2 dep fractions 629:637 arg1 BF 647:648 BF 647:648 BF 647:648 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 2 dep fractions 629:637 arg1 CF 640:641 CF 640:641 CF 640:641 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 6 3 theme fat 1184:1186 arg1 depots 1193:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 3 theme fat 1184:1186 arg1 weight 1206:1211 body weight 1201:1211 body weight 1201:1211 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 3 theme fat 1184:1186 arg1 efficiency 1224:1233 energy efficiency 1217:1233 energy efficiency 1217:1233 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 10 4 theme enterotype-like 1601:1615 arg1 analysis 1628:1635 The enterotype-like clustering analysis 1597:1635 The enterotype-like clustering analysis 1597:1635 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 3 5 theme gut 669:671 arg1 profile 710:716 the microbial functional profile 685:716 the microbial functional profile 685:716 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 5 theme gut 669:671 arg1 microbiota 673:682 the gut microbiota 665:682 the gut microbiota 665:682 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 6 theme polyphenol-rich 530:544 arg1 cranberry 552:560 polyphenol-rich whole cranberry 530:560 polyphenol-rich whole cranberry 530:560 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 1 7 theme arabino-xyloglucans 266:284 arg1 pectin 291:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 12 8 theme microbiota 2098:2107 arg1 modulation 2076:2085 the compositional and functional modulation 2043:2085 the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota 2043:2107 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 11 9 from enterotype 1860:1869 arg1 microbiota 1820:1829 mice gut microbiota 1811:1829 mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae 1811:1957 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 1 10 theme cell 180:183 arg1 polysaccharides 190:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides 174:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers) 174:213 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 10 theme cell 180:183 arg1 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 10 theme cell 180:183 arg1 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 10 theme cell 180:183 arg1 pectin 291:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 10 theme cell 180:183 arg1 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 10 theme cell 180:183 arg1 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 6 11 with supplementation 1103:1117 arg1 CP 1140:1141 polyphenol-rich CP 1124:1141 polyphenol-rich CP 1124:1141 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 11 with supplementation 1103:1117 arg1 CF 1172:1173 its fiber-rich CF 1157:1173 its fiber-rich CF 1157:1173 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 12 theme fiber-rich 1161:1170 arg1 CF 1172:1173 its fiber-rich CF 1157:1173 its fiber-rich CF 1157:1173 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 3 13 theme microbial 689:697 arg1 profile 710:716 the microbial functional profile 685:716 the microbial functional profile 685:716 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 13 theme microbial 689:697 arg1 microbiota 673:682 the gut microbiota 665:682 the gut microbiota 665:682 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 14 theme blueberry 566:574 arg1 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 14 theme blueberry 566:574 arg1 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 14 theme blueberry 566:574 arg1 powders 582:588 blueberry fruit powders 566:588 blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP) 566:600 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 4 15 with supplementation 951:965 arg1 BP 995:996 BP 995:996 BP 995:996 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 15 with supplementation 951:965 arg1 CP 988:989 polyphenol-rich CP 972:989 polyphenol-rich CP 972:989 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 3 16 theme cranberry 552:560 arg1 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 16 theme cranberry 552:560 arg1 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 16 theme cranberry 552:560 arg1 contribution 514:525 the contribution 510:525 the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry 510:560 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 16 theme cranberry 552:560 arg1 powders 582:588 blueberry fruit powders 566:588 blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP) 566:600 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 10 17 theme long-term 1667:1675 arg1 intake 1682:1687 a long-term diet intake 1665:1687 a long-term diet intake 1665:1687 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 11 18 theme healthier 1900:1908 arg1 status 1915:1920 healthier host status 1900:1920 healthier host status 1900:1920 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 3 19 dep powders 582:588 arg1 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 19 dep powders 582:588 arg1 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 19 dep powders 582:588 arg1 powders 582:588 blueberry fruit powders 566:588 blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP) 566:600 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 6 20 theme body 1201:1204 arg1 depots 1193:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 20 theme body 1201:1204 arg1 weight 1206:1211 body weight 1201:1211 body weight 1201:1211 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 11 21 theme polyphenol-rich 1786:1800 arg1 CP 1802:1803 polyphenol-rich CP 1786:1803 polyphenol-rich CP 1786:1803 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 9 22 theme healthy 1540:1546 arg1 controls 1548:1555 healthy controls 1540:1555 healthy controls 1540:1555 Using multivariate association modeling, taxa and predicted functions distinguishing an obese phenotype from healthy controls and berry-treated mice were identified. 32983031 4 23 theme diet 946:949 arg1 supplementation 951:965 diet supplementation 946:965 diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP 946:996 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 3 24 theme HFHS 788:791 arg1 diet 794:797 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet 765:797 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks 765:809 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 0 25 theme Gut 81:83 arg1 Clustering 112:121 Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering 81:121 Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering 81:121 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 1 26 from polyphenols 158:168 arg1 rich 150:153 rich 150:153 rich 150:153 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 3 27 theme high-sucrose 774:785 arg1 diet 794:797 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet 765:797 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks 765:809 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 0 28 theme Enterotype-Like 96:110 arg1 Clustering 112:121 Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering 81:121 Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering 81:121 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 polysaccharides 190:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides 174:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers) 174:213 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 polyphenols 158:168 polyphenols 158:168 polyphenols 158:168 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 pectin 291:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 29 from rich 150:153 arg1 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 8 30 theme microbial 1359:1367 arg1 functions 1369:1377 microbial functions 1359:1377 microbial functions 1359:1377 Importantly, polyphenol-rich CP-diet normalized microbial functions to a level comparable to that of Chow-fed controls. 32983031 10 31 theme functional 1697:1706 arg1 stratification 1708:1721 the functional stratification 1693:1721 the functional stratification 1693:1721 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 3 32 theme high-fat 765:772 arg1 diet 794:797 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet 765:797 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks 765:809 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 2 33 theme gut 434:436 arg1 microbiota 438:447 the gut microbiota 430:447 the gut microbiota 430:447 Most of polyphenols and fibers are known to be poorly absorbed in the small intestine and reach the colon where they interact with the gut microbiota, conferring health benefits to the host. 32983031 0 34 theme Berry 0:4 arg1 Polyphenols 6:16 Berry Polyphenols 0:16 Berry Polyphenols 0:16 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 1 35 theme rich 286:289 arg1 pectin 291:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 12 36 theme prebiotic 1986:1994 arg1 role 1996:1999 the prebiotic role 1982:1999 the prebiotic role of polyphenols 1982:2014 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 10 37 theme gut 1730:1732 arg1 microbiota 1734:1743 the gut microbiota 1726:1743 the gut microbiota 1726:1743 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 7 38 theme HFHS-fed 1296:1303 arg1 mice 1305:1308 HFHS-fed mice 1296:1308 HFHS-fed mice 1296:1308 However, CF reduced liver triglycerides in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 2 39 theme health 461:466 arg1 benefits 468:475 health benefits 461:475 health benefits 461:475 Most of polyphenols and fibers are known to be poorly absorbed in the small intestine and reach the colon where they interact with the gut microbiota, conferring health benefits to the host. 32983031 9 40 theme multivariate 1437:1448 arg1 modeling 1462:1469 multivariate association modeling 1437:1469 multivariate association modeling 1437:1469 Using multivariate association modeling, taxa and predicted functions distinguishing an obese phenotype from healthy controls and berry-treated mice were identified. 32983031 0 41 theme Microbial 47:55 arg1 Functions 67:75 Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions 38:75 Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions 38:75 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 5 42 theme Fiber-rich 999:1008 arg1 CF 1010:1011 Fiber-rich CF 999:1011 Fiber-rich CF 999:1011 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 6 43 theme polyphenol-rich 1124:1138 arg1 CP 1140:1141 polyphenol-rich CP 1124:1141 polyphenol-rich CP 1124:1141 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 9 44 theme association 1450:1460 arg1 modeling 1462:1469 multivariate association modeling 1437:1469 multivariate association modeling 1437:1469 Using multivariate association modeling, taxa and predicted functions distinguishing an obese phenotype from healthy controls and berry-treated mice were identified. 32983031 10 45 theme clustering 1617:1626 arg1 analysis 1628:1635 The enterotype-like clustering analysis 1597:1635 The enterotype-like clustering analysis 1597:1635 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 4 46 theme mice-associated 817:831 arg1 muciniphila 861:871 muciniphila 861:871 muciniphila 861:871 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 46 theme mice-associated 817:831 arg1 newyorkensis 885:896 newyorkensis 885:896 newyorkensis 885:896 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 46 theme mice-associated 817:831 arg1 Angelakisella 903:915 Angelakisella 903:915 Angelakisella 903:915 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 4 46 theme mice-associated 817:831 arg1 taxa 833:836 Lean mice-associated taxa 812:836 Lean mice-associated taxa 812:836 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 1 47 theme plant 174:178 arg1 polysaccharides 190:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides 174:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers) 174:213 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 47 theme plant 174:178 arg1 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 47 theme plant 174:178 arg1 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 47 theme plant 174:178 arg1 pectin 291:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 47 theme plant 174:178 arg1 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 47 theme plant 174:178 arg1 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 12 48 theme gut 2094:2096 arg1 microbiota 2098:2107 the gut microbiota 2090:2107 the gut microbiota 2090:2107 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 6 49 theme HFHS-fed 1238:1245 arg1 mice 1247:1250 HFHS-fed mice 1238:1250 HFHS-fed mice 1238:1250 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 1 50 theme wall 185:188 arg1 polysaccharides 190:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides 174:204 plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers) 174:213 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 50 theme wall 185:188 arg1 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 cellulose 226:234 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 50 theme wall 185:188 arg1 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 hemicellulose 237:249 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 50 theme wall 185:188 arg1 pectin 291:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin 266:296 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 50 theme wall 185:188 arg1 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 fibers 207:212 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 1 50 theme wall 185:188 arg1 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 arabinans 252:260 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 12 51 theme compositional 2047:2059 arg1 modulation 2076:2085 the compositional and functional modulation 2043:2085 the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota 2043:2107 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 3 52 theme functional 699:708 arg1 profile 710:716 the microbial functional profile 685:716 the microbial functional profile 685:716 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 52 theme functional 699:708 arg1 microbiota 673:682 the gut microbiota 665:682 the gut microbiota 665:682 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 53 theme whole 546:550 arg1 cranberry 552:560 polyphenol-rich whole cranberry 530:560 polyphenol-rich whole cranberry 530:560 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 12 54 theme functional 2065:2074 arg1 modulation 2076:2085 the compositional and functional modulation 2043:2085 the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota 2043:2107 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 10 55 theme diet 1677:1680 arg1 intake 1682:1687 a long-term diet intake 1665:1687 a long-term diet intake 1665:1687 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 11 56 with supplementation 1750:1764 arg1 CP 1802:1803 polyphenol-rich CP 1786:1803 polyphenol-rich CP 1786:1803 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 9 57 theme predicted 1481:1489 arg1 functions 1491:1499 predicted functions 1481:1499 predicted functions 1481:1499 Using multivariate association modeling, taxa and predicted functions distinguishing an obese phenotype from healthy controls and berry-treated mice were identified. 32983031 6 58 theme energy 1217:1222 arg1 depots 1193:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 58 theme energy 1217:1222 arg1 efficiency 1224:1233 energy efficiency 1217:1233 energy efficiency 1217:1233 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 3 59 theme metabolic 734:742 arg1 disorders 744:752 metabolic disorders 734:752 metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks 734:809 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 60 theme fruit 576:580 arg1 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 BP 598:599 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 60 theme fruit 576:580 arg1 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 CP 591:592 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 60 theme fruit 576:580 arg1 powders 582:588 blueberry fruit powders 566:588 blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP) 566:600 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 9 61 theme obese 1519:1523 arg1 phenotype 1525:1533 an obese phenotype 1516:1533 an obese phenotype 1516:1533 Using multivariate association modeling, taxa and predicted functions distinguishing an obese phenotype from healthy controls and berry-treated mice were identified. 32983031 11 62 theme mice 1811:1814 arg1 microbiota 1820:1829 mice gut microbiota 1811:1829 mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae 1811:1957 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 5 63 theme polyphenols-degrading 1028:1048 arg1 Coriobacteriaceae 1059:1075 Coriobacteriaceae 1059:1075 Coriobacteriaceae 1059:1075 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 5 63 theme polyphenols-degrading 1028:1048 arg1 families 1050:1057 polyphenols-degrading families 1028:1057 polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae 1028:1095 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 5 63 theme polyphenols-degrading 1028:1048 arg1 Eggerthellaceae 1081:1095 Eggerthellaceae 1081:1095 Eggerthellaceae 1081:1095 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 1 64 from polysaccharides 190:204 arg1 rich 150:153 rich 150:153 rich 150:153 Berries are rich in polyphenols and plant cell wall polysaccharides (fibers), including cellulose, hemicellulose, arabinans and arabino-xyloglucans rich pectin. 32983031 11 65 theme gut 1816:1818 arg1 microbiota 1820:1829 mice gut microbiota 1811:1829 mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae 1811:1957 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 6 66 theme mass 1188:1191 arg1 depots 1193:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 fat mass depots 1184:1198 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 66 theme mass 1188:1191 arg1 weight 1206:1211 body weight 1201:1211 body weight 1201:1211 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 6 66 theme mass 1188:1191 arg1 efficiency 1224:1233 energy efficiency 1217:1233 energy efficiency 1217:1233 Diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP, but not with its fiber-rich CF, reduced fat mass depots, body weight and energy efficiency in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 0 67 theme Microbiota 85:94 arg1 Clustering 112:121 Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering 81:121 Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering 81:121 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 12 68 theme polyphenols 2004:2014 arg1 role 1996:1999 the prebiotic role 1982:1999 the prebiotic role of polyphenols 1982:2014 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 12 68 theme polyphenols 2004:2014 arg1 contribution 2027:2038 their contribution 2021:2038 their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota 2021:2107 This study highlights the prebiotic role of polyphenols, and their contribution to the compositional and functional modulation of the gut microbiota, counteracting obesity. 32983031 11 69 theme Firmicutes/Ruminococcus 1836:1858 arg1 enterotype 1860:1869 Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype 1836:1869 Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype 1836:1869 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 9 70 theme berry-treated 1561:1573 arg1 mice 1575:1578 berry-treated mice 1561:1578 berry-treated mice 1561:1578 Using multivariate association modeling, taxa and predicted functions distinguishing an obese phenotype from healthy controls and berry-treated mice were identified. 32983031 8 71 theme polyphenol-rich 1324:1338 arg1 CP-diet 1340:1346 polyphenol-rich CP-diet 1324:1346 polyphenol-rich CP-diet 1324:1346 Importantly, polyphenol-rich CP-diet normalized microbial functions to a level comparable to that of Chow-fed controls. 32983031 0 72 theme Obese 126:130 arg1 Mice 132:135 Obese Mice 126:135 Obese Mice 126:135 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 11 73 attach linked 1890:1895 arg1 status 1915:1920 healthier host status 1900:1920 healthier host status 1900:1920 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 11 73 attach linked 1890:1895 arg2 enterotype 1879:1888 an enterotype 1876:1888 an enterotype 1876:1888 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 11 73 attach linked 1890:1895 arg2 Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae 1932:1957 Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae 1932:1957 Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae 1932:1957 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 2 74 theme small 369:373 arg1 intestine 375:383 the small intestine 365:383 the small intestine 365:383 Most of polyphenols and fibers are known to be poorly absorbed in the small intestine and reach the colon where they interact with the gut microbiota, conferring health benefits to the host. 32983031 0 75 theme Distinct 38:45 arg1 Functions 67:75 Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions 38:75 Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions 38:75 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 7 76 theme liver 1273:1277 arg1 triglycerides 1279:1291 liver triglycerides 1273:1291 liver triglycerides 1273:1291 However, CF reduced liver triglycerides in HFHS-fed mice. 32983031 8 77 theme comparable 1390:1399 arg1 level 1384:1388 a level 1382:1388 a level comparable to that of Chow-fed controls 1382:1428 Importantly, polyphenol-rich CP-diet normalized microbial functions to a level comparable to that of Chow-fed controls. 32983031 0 78 theme Metabolic 57:65 arg1 Functions 67:75 Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions 38:75 Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions 38:75 Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice. 32983031 4 79 theme polyphenol-rich 972:986 arg1 CP 988:989 polyphenol-rich CP 972:989 polyphenol-rich CP 972:989 Lean mice-associated taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and Angelakisella, were selectively induced by diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich CP and BP. 32983031 11 80 theme HFHS-diet 1771:1779 arg1 supplementation 1750:1764 The supplementation 1746:1764 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP 1746:1803 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 32983031 3 81 theme fibrous 621:627 arg1 fractions 629:637 their fibrous fractions 615:637 their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) 615:649 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 81 theme fibrous 621:627 arg1 BF 647:648 BF 647:648 BF 647:648 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 3 81 theme fibrous 621:627 arg1 CF 640:641 CF 640:641 CF 640:641 This study assessed the contribution of polyphenol-rich whole cranberry and blueberry fruit powders (CP and BP), and that of their fibrous fractions (CF and BF) on modulating the gut microbiota, the microbial functional profile and influencing metabolic disorders induced by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. 32983031 8 82 theme Chow-fed 1412:1419 arg1 controls 1421:1428 Chow-fed controls 1412:1428 Chow-fed controls 1412:1428 Importantly, polyphenol-rich CP-diet normalized microbial functions to a level comparable to that of Chow-fed controls. 32983031 10 83 theme microbiota 1734:1743 arg1 intake 1682:1687 a long-term diet intake 1665:1687 a long-term diet intake 1665:1687 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 10 83 theme microbiota 1734:1743 arg1 stratification 1708:1721 the functional stratification 1693:1721 the functional stratification 1693:1721 The enterotype-like clustering analysis underlined the link between a long-term diet intake and the functional stratification of the gut microbiota. 32983031 5 84 dep families 1050:1057 arg1 Coriobacteriaceae 1059:1075 Coriobacteriaceae 1059:1075 Coriobacteriaceae 1059:1075 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 5 84 dep families 1050:1057 arg1 families 1050:1057 polyphenols-degrading families 1028:1057 polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae 1028:1095 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 5 84 dep families 1050:1057 arg1 Eggerthellaceae 1081:1095 Eggerthellaceae 1081:1095 Eggerthellaceae 1081:1095 Fiber-rich CF also triggered polyphenols-degrading families Coriobacteriaceae and Eggerthellaceae. 32983031 11 85 theme host 1910:1913 arg1 status 1915:1920 healthier host status 1900:1920 healthier host status 1900:1920 The supplementation of a HFHS-diet with polyphenol-rich CP drove mice gut microbiota from Firmicutes/Ruminococcus enterotype into an enterotype linked to healthier host status, which is Prevotella/Akkermansiaceae. 33600956 6 0 theme metabolites 898:908 arg1 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 866:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 0 theme metabolites 898:908 arg1 metabolism 824:833 metabolism 824:833 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 824:859 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 0 theme metabolites 898:908 arg1 metabolism 812:821 metabolism 812:821 metabolism 812:821 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 0 theme metabolites 898:908 arg1 metabolism 776:785 energy metabolism 769:785 energy metabolism 769:785 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 0 theme metabolites 898:908 arg1 biosynthesis 795:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 9 1 theme unhealthy 1342:1350 arg1 people 1364:1369 unhealthy long-living people 1342:1369 unhealthy long-living people 1342:1369 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 6 2 from abundance 710:718 arg1 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 866:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 2 from abundance 710:718 arg1 metabolism 824:833 metabolism 824:833 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 824:859 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 2 from abundance 710:718 arg1 metabolism 776:785 energy metabolism 769:785 energy metabolism 769:785 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 2 from abundance 710:718 arg1 biosynthesis 795:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 0 3 from microbiota 4:13 arg1 people 52:57 healthy and unhealthy long-living people 18:57 healthy and unhealthy long-living people 18:57 Gut microbiota in healthy and unhealthy long-living people. 33600956 1 4 theme metabolic 144:152 arg1 potential 154:162 its metabolic potential 140:162 its metabolic potential 140:162 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 4 5 theme microbiota 467:476 arg1 composition 478:488 Gut microbiota composition 463:488 Gut microbiota composition 463:488 Gut microbiota composition and function were compared among these two groups. 33600956 2 6 theme metagenomic 311:321 arg1 sequencing 323:332 metagenomic sequencing 311:332 metagenomic sequencing of stool samples 311:349 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 5 7 theme gut 559:561 arg1 microbiota 563:572 the gut microbiota 555:572 the gut microbiota in the healthy long-living group 555:605 We found that the gut microbiota in the healthy long-living group was significantly separated from the unhealthy group. 33600956 9 8 theme glycan 1533:1538 arg1 metabolites 1558:1568 glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites 1533:1568 glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites 1533:1568 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 9 theme thiamine 1544:1551 arg1 metabolites 1558:1568 glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites 1533:1568 glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites 1533:1568 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 8 10 theme decreased 1160:1168 arg1 levels 1170:1175 decreased levels 1160:1175 decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, 1160:1258 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 9 11 theme gut 1324:1326 arg1 microbiota 1328:1337 the gut microbiota 1320:1337 the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people 1320:1369 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 12 contain contains 1371:1378 arg1 microbiota 1328:1337 the gut microbiota 1320:1337 the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people 1320:1369 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 12 contain contains 1371:1378 arg2 bacteria 1396:1403 more pathogenic bacteria 1380:1403 more pathogenic bacteria 1380:1403 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 12 contain contains 1371:1378 arg2 microbiota 1328:1337 the gut microbiota 1320:1337 the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people 1320:1369 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 12 contain contains 1371:1378 arg1 conclusion 1308:1317 conclusion 1308:1317 conclusion 1308:1317 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 7 13 theme pathogenic 987:996 arg1 bacteria 998:1005 other pathogenic bacteria 981:1005 other pathogenic bacteria 981:1005 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 8 14 theme carbohydrate-active 1180:1198 arg1 enzymes 1200:1206 carbohydrate-active enzymes 1180:1206 carbohydrate-active enzymes 1180:1206 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 8 14 theme carbohydrate-active 1180:1198 arg1 host-glycan 1219:1229 host-glycan 1219:1229 host-glycan 1219:1229 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 8 14 theme carbohydrate-active 1180:1198 arg1 enzymes 1251:1257 fiber degrading enzymes 1235:1257 fiber degrading enzymes 1235:1257 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 9 15 theme gut 1422:1424 arg1 microbiota 1426:1435 the overall gut microbiota 1410:1435 the overall gut microbiota 1410:1435 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 7 16 theme higher 943:948 arg1 abundance 950:958 a higher abundance 941:958 a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria 941:1005 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 1 17 theme human 64:68 arg1 microbiota 74:83 The human gut microbiota 60:83 The human gut microbiota in long-living people 60:105 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 6 18 theme long-living 673:683 arg1 group 685:689 The healthy long-living group 661:689 The healthy long-living group 661:689 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 9 19 theme unhealthy 1450:1458 arg1 state 1460:1464 an unhealthy state 1447:1464 an unhealthy state 1447:1464 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 8 20 theme degrading 1241:1249 arg1 enzymes 1251:1257 fiber degrading enzymes 1235:1257 fiber degrading enzymes 1235:1257 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 5 21 theme healthy 581:587 arg1 group 601:605 the healthy long-living group 577:605 the healthy long-living group 577:605 We found that the gut microbiota in the healthy long-living group was significantly separated from the unhealthy group. 33600956 6 22 theme energy 769:774 arg1 metabolism 776:785 energy metabolism 769:785 energy metabolism 769:785 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 1 23 theme gut 70:72 arg1 microbiota 74:83 The human gut microbiota 60:83 The human gut microbiota in long-living people 60:105 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 6 24 theme healthy 665:671 arg1 group 685:689 The healthy long-living group 661:689 The healthy long-living group 661:689 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 8 25 theme enzymes 1200:1206 arg1 levels 1170:1175 decreased levels 1160:1175 decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, 1160:1258 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 8 25 theme enzymes 1200:1206 arg1 increase 1267:1274 an increase 1264:1274 an increase in starch-degrading enzymes 1264:1302 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 5 26 theme long-living 589:599 arg1 group 601:605 the healthy long-living group 577:605 the healthy long-living group 577:605 We found that the gut microbiota in the healthy long-living group was significantly separated from the unhealthy group. 33600956 9 27 theme long-living 1352:1362 arg1 people 1364:1369 unhealthy long-living people 1342:1369 unhealthy long-living people 1342:1369 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 28 theme " 1477:1477 arg1 state 1460:1464 an unhealthy state 1447:1464 an unhealthy state 1447:1464 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 6 29 theme secondary 888:896 arg1 metabolites 898:908 other secondary metabolites 882:908 other secondary metabolites 882:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 7 30 theme bacteria 998:1005 arg1 abundance 950:958 a higher abundance 941:958 a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria 941:1005 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 6 31 theme pathways 757:764 arg1 abundance 710:718 a higher abundance 701:718 a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 701:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 8 32 contain had 1156:1158 arg1 group 1150:1154 the unhealthy group 1136:1154 the unhealthy group 1136:1154 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 8 32 contain had 1156:1158 arg2 levels 1170:1175 decreased levels 1160:1175 decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, 1160:1258 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 8 32 contain had 1156:1158 arg2 increase 1267:1274 an increase 1264:1274 an increase in starch-degrading enzymes 1264:1302 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 2 33 theme samples 343:349 arg1 sequencing 323:332 metagenomic sequencing 311:332 metagenomic sequencing of stool samples 311:349 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 0 34 theme healthy 18:24 arg1 people 52:57 healthy and unhealthy long-living people 18:57 healthy and unhealthy long-living people 18:57 Gut microbiota in healthy and unhealthy long-living people. 33600956 9 35 theme people 1364:1369 arg1 microbiota 1328:1337 the gut microbiota 1320:1337 the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people 1320:1369 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 6 36 theme functional 746:755 arg1 pathways 757:764 Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways 723:764 Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways 723:764 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 2 37 theme long-living 265:275 arg1 participants 277:288 37 Chinese long-living participants 254:288 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) 254:306 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 2 37 theme long-living 265:275 arg1 90 + years 296:305 aged 90 + years 291:305 aged 90 + years 291:305 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 8 38 theme starch-degrading 1279:1294 arg1 enzymes 1296:1302 starch-degrading enzymes 1279:1302 starch-degrading enzymes 1279:1302 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 6 39 theme higher 703:708 arg1 abundance 710:718 a higher abundance 701:718 a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 701:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 40 theme Bacteroidetes 723:735 arg1 pathways 757:764 Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways 723:764 Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways 723:764 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 41 theme vitamins 852:859 arg1 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 866:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 41 theme vitamins 852:859 arg1 metabolism 824:833 metabolism 824:833 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 824:859 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 41 theme vitamins 852:859 arg1 metabolism 812:821 metabolism 812:821 metabolism 812:821 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 41 theme vitamins 852:859 arg1 metabolism 776:785 energy metabolism 769:785 energy metabolism 769:785 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 41 theme vitamins 852:859 arg1 biosynthesis 795:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 2 42 theme Chinese 257:263 arg1 participants 277:288 37 Chinese long-living participants 254:288 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) 254:306 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 2 42 theme Chinese 257:263 arg1 90 + years 296:305 aged 90 + years 291:305 aged 90 + years 291:305 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 3 43 theme unhealthy 432:440 arg1 n = 9 455:459 n = 9 455:459 n = 9 455:459 Participants were categorized into two groups, healthy long-living (n = 28) and unhealthy long-living (n = 9). 33600956 3 43 theme unhealthy 432:440 arg1 long-living 442:452 unhealthy long-living 432:452 unhealthy long-living (n = 9) 432:460 Participants were categorized into two groups, healthy long-living (n = 28) and unhealthy long-living (n = 9). 33600956 3 43 theme unhealthy 432:440 arg1 groups 391:396 two groups 387:396 two groups 387:396 Participants were categorized into two groups, healthy long-living (n = 28) and unhealthy long-living (n = 9). 33600956 6 44 contain contained 691:699 arg2 abundance 710:718 a higher abundance 701:718 a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 701:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 44 contain contained 691:699 arg1 group 685:689 The healthy long-living group 661:689 The healthy long-living group 661:689 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 7 45 contain contained 1017:1025 arg1 group 925:929 The unhealthy group 911:929 The unhealthy group 911:929 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 7 45 contain contained 1017:1025 arg2 pathways 1043:1050 more functional pathways 1027:1050 more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism 1027:1096 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 9 46 theme fatty 1575:1579 arg1 biosynthesis 1586:1597 fatty acid biosynthesis 1575:1597 fatty acid biosynthesis 1575:1597 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 47 theme pathogenic 1385:1394 arg1 bacteria 1396:1403 more pathogenic bacteria 1380:1403 more pathogenic bacteria 1380:1403 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 6 48 theme cofactors 838:846 arg1 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis 866:877 biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites 866:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 48 theme cofactors 838:846 arg1 metabolism 824:833 metabolism 824:833 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 824:859 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 48 theme cofactors 838:846 arg1 metabolism 812:821 metabolism 812:821 metabolism 812:821 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 48 theme cofactors 838:846 arg1 metabolism 776:785 energy metabolism 769:785 energy metabolism 769:785 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 6 48 theme cofactors 838:846 arg1 biosynthesis 795:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 7 49 contain contained 931:939 arg1 group 925:929 The unhealthy group 911:929 The unhealthy group 911:929 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 7 49 contain contained 931:939 arg2 abundance 950:958 a higher abundance 941:958 a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria 941:1005 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 8 50 from increase 1267:1274 arg1 enzymes 1296:1302 starch-degrading enzymes 1279:1302 starch-degrading enzymes 1279:1302 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 7 51 theme functional 1032:1041 arg1 pathways 1043:1050 more functional pathways 1027:1050 more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism 1027:1096 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 9 52 theme acid 1581:1584 arg1 biosynthesis 1586:1597 fatty acid biosynthesis 1575:1597 fatty acid biosynthesis 1575:1597 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 1 53 from group 197:201 arg1 unknown 181:187 unknown 181:187 unknown 181:187 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 0 54 theme long-living 40:50 arg1 people 52:57 healthy and unhealthy long-living people 18:57 healthy and unhealthy long-living people 18:57 Gut microbiota in healthy and unhealthy long-living people. 33600956 5 55 theme unhealthy 644:652 arg1 group 654:658 the unhealthy group 640:658 the unhealthy group 640:658 We found that the gut microbiota in the healthy long-living group was significantly separated from the unhealthy group. 33600956 7 56 theme healthy 1107:1113 arg1 group 1115:1119 the healthy group 1103:1119 the healthy group 1103:1119 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 1 57 from unknown 181:187 arg1 group 197:201 this group 192:201 this group 192:201 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 8 58 theme fiber 1235:1239 arg1 enzymes 1251:1257 fiber degrading enzymes 1235:1257 fiber degrading enzymes 1235:1257 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 7 59 theme unhealthy 915:923 arg1 group 925:929 The unhealthy group 911:929 The unhealthy group 911:929 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 6 60 theme glycan 788:793 arg1 biosynthesis 795:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 glycan biosynthesis 788:806 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 1 61 theme long-living 88:98 arg1 people 100:105 long-living people 88:105 long-living people 88:105 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 8 62 from levels 1170:1175 arg1 enzymes 1296:1302 starch-degrading enzymes 1279:1302 starch-degrading enzymes 1279:1302 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 2 63 theme gut 223:225 arg1 microbiota 227:236 the gut microbiota 219:236 the gut microbiota 219:236 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 7 64 theme other 981:985 arg1 bacteria 998:1005 other pathogenic bacteria 981:1005 other pathogenic bacteria 981:1005 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 2 65 theme aged 291:294 arg1 participants 277:288 37 Chinese long-living participants 254:288 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) 254:306 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 2 65 theme aged 291:294 arg1 90 + years 296:305 aged 90 + years 291:305 aged 90 + years 291:305 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 1 66 from microbiota 74:83 arg1 people 100:105 long-living people 88:105 long-living people 88:105 The human gut microbiota in long-living people has been characterized, however, its metabolic potential is still largely unknown in this group. 33600956 9 67 theme overall 1414:1420 arg1 microbiota 1426:1435 the overall gut microbiota 1410:1435 the overall gut microbiota 1410:1435 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 8 68 theme unhealthy 1140:1148 arg1 group 1150:1154 the unhealthy group 1136:1154 the unhealthy group 1136:1154 Additionally, the unhealthy group had decreased levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including host-glycan and fiber degrading enzymes, and an increase in starch-degrading enzymes. 33600956 5 69 from microbiota 563:572 arg1 group 601:605 the healthy long-living group 577:605 the healthy long-living group 577:605 We found that the gut microbiota in the healthy long-living group was significantly separated from the unhealthy group. 33600956 2 70 theme stool 337:341 arg1 samples 343:349 stool samples 337:349 stool samples 337:349 In this study, the gut microbiota was assessed in 37 Chinese long-living participants (aged 90 + years) by metagenomic sequencing of stool samples. 33600956 6 71 theme other 882:886 arg1 metabolites 898:908 other secondary metabolites 882:908 other secondary metabolites 882:908 The healthy long-living group contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and more functional pathways in energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. 33600956 7 72 dep xenobiotics 1056:1066 arg1 xenobiotics 1056:1066 xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism 1056:1096 xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism 1056:1096 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 7 72 dep xenobiotics 1056:1066 arg1 metabolism 1087:1096 metabolism 1087:1096 metabolism 1087:1096 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 7 72 dep xenobiotics 1056:1066 arg1 biodegradation 1068:1081 biodegradation 1068:1081 biodegradation 1068:1081 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 4 73 theme Gut 463:465 arg1 composition 478:488 Gut microbiota composition 463:488 Gut microbiota composition 463:488 Gut microbiota composition and function were compared among these two groups. 33600956 7 74 theme Streptococcus 963:975 arg1 abundance 950:958 a higher abundance 941:958 a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria 941:1005 The unhealthy group contained a higher abundance of Streptococcus and other pathogenic bacteria, and also contained more functional pathways for xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism than the healthy group. 33600956 9 75 theme carbohydrate 1509:1520 arg1 digestion 1522:1530 carbohydrate digestion 1509:1530 carbohydrate digestion 1509:1530 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 76 from decrease 1497:1504 arg1 metabolites 1558:1568 glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites 1533:1568 glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites 1533:1568 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 76 from decrease 1497:1504 arg1 biosynthesis 1586:1597 fatty acid biosynthesis 1575:1597 fatty acid biosynthesis 1575:1597 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 33600956 9 76 from decrease 1497:1504 arg1 digestion 1522:1530 carbohydrate digestion 1509:1530 carbohydrate digestion 1509:1530 In conclusion, the gut microbiota of unhealthy long-living people contains more pathogenic bacteria, and the overall gut microbiota may be in an unhealthy state, "dysbiosis", which leads to a decrease in carbohydrate digestion, glycan and thiamine (B1) metabolites, and fatty acid biosynthesis. 34820178 7 0 theme HCl-based 995:1003 arg1 extract 1005:1011 HCl-based extract 995:1011 HCl-based extract 995:1011 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 1 1 theme Vero-E6 161:167 arg1 assay 175:179 in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay 152:179 in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay 152:179 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 8 2 theme Ulva 1125:1128 arg1 sp 1130:1131 Ulva sp 1125:1131 Ulva sp 1125:1131 Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. 34820178 4 3 theme oxalate-based 495:507 arg1 protocols 526:534 ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols 486:534 ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols 486:534 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 9 4 theme anti-SARS-CoV-2 1186:1200 arg1 antivirals 1202:1211 novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals 1180:1211 novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals 1180:1211 ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. 34820178 6 5 theme SARS-COV-2 789:798 arg1 activity 800:807 anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 783:807 anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 783:807 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 1 6 theme cells 169:173 arg1 assay 175:179 in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay 152:179 in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay 152:179 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 5 7 theme cytopathic 635:644 arg1 assay 663:667 a cytopathic effect reduction assay 633:667 a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells 633:687 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 6 8 theme anti- 783:787 arg1 activity 800:807 anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 783:807 anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 783:807 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 2 9 theme antiviral 270:278 arg1 activity 280:287 antiviral activity 270:287 antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 270:306 Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. 34820178 7 10 dep higher 902:907 arg1 weight 927:932 average molecular weight 909:932 average molecular weight 909:932 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 7 10 dep higher 902:907 arg1 charge 942:947 higher charge 935:947 higher charge 935:947 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 7 10 dep higher 902:907 arg1 activity 981:988 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity 954:988 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity 954:988 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 3 11 theme in 355:356 arg1 activity 381:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 351:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp 351:413 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 5 12 theme effect 646:651 arg1 assay 663:667 a cytopathic effect reduction assay 633:667 a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells 633:687 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 7 13 theme average 909:915 arg1 weight 927:932 average molecular weight 909:932 average molecular weight 909:932 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 5 14 theme antiviral 598:606 arg1 activity 608:615 their antiviral activity 592:615 their antiviral activity 592:615 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 7 15 theme molecular 917:925 arg1 weight 927:932 average molecular weight 909:932 average molecular weight 909:932 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 1 16 theme extraction 57:66 arg1 protocol 68:75 extract: extraction protocol 48:75 extract: extraction protocol 48:75 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 7 17 theme antiviral 971:979 arg1 activity 981:988 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity 954:988 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity 954:988 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 3 18 theme Ulva 407:410 arg1 sp 412:413 two different Ulva sp 393:413 two different Ulva sp 393:413 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 6 19 theme chemical 761:768 arg1 composition 770:780 the chemical composition 757:780 the chemical composition 757:780 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 2 20 theme novel 249:253 arg1 compounds 255:263 novel compounds 249:263 novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 249:306 Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. 34820178 7 21 contain had 896:898 arg1 extract 862:868 The ulvan extract 852:868 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol 852:894 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 7 21 contain had 896:898 arg2 higher 902:907 higher 902:907 higher 902:907 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 9 22 theme novel 1180:1184 arg1 antivirals 1202:1211 novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals 1180:1211 novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals 1180:1211 ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. 34820178 6 23 contain have 728:731 arg2 impact 747:752 a significant impact 733:752 a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts 733:849 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 6 23 contain have 728:731 arg1 protocols 718:726 the extraction protocols 703:726 the extraction protocols 703:726 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 5 24 theme crude 560:564 arg1 extracts 566:573 the crude extracts 556:573 the crude extracts 556:573 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 1 25 theme crude 91:95 arg1 extract 103:109 crude ulvan extract 91:109 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 3 26 theme vitro anti- 358:368 arg1 activity 381:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 351:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp 351:413 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 8 27 theme bioassay-guided 1056:1070 arg1 investigation 1072:1084 further bioassay-guided investigation 1048:1084 further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds 1048:1114 Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. 34820178 5 28 theme E6 680:681 arg1 cells 683:687 Vero E6 cells 675:687 Vero E6 cells 675:687 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 5 29 theme extracts 566:573 arg1 composition 541:551 The composition 537:551 The composition of the crude extracts 537:573 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 1 30 dep in 152:153 arg1 vitro 155:159 vitro 155:159 vitro 155:159 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 3 31 theme SARS-COV-2 370:379 arg1 activity 381:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 351:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp 351:413 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 6 32 theme extracts 842:849 arg1 impact 747:752 a significant impact 733:752 a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts 733:849 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 1 33 theme extract 103:109 arg1 properties 138:147 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 6 34 from impact 747:752 arg1 activity 800:807 anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 783:807 anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 783:807 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 6 34 from impact 747:752 arg1 cytotoxicity 814:825 cytotoxicity 814:825 cytotoxicity 814:825 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 6 34 from impact 747:752 arg1 composition 770:780 the chemical composition 757:780 the chemical composition 757:780 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 0 35 theme Ulva 39:42 arg1 sp 44:45 green seaweed Ulva sp 25:45 green seaweed Ulva sp 25:45 Fighting SARS-CoV-2 with green seaweed Ulva sp. 34820178 6 36 theme ulvan 836:840 arg1 extracts 842:849 these ulvan extracts 830:849 these ulvan extracts 830:849 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 0 37 theme seaweed 31:37 arg1 sp 44:45 green seaweed Ulva sp 25:45 green seaweed Ulva sp 25:45 Fighting SARS-CoV-2 with green seaweed Ulva sp. 34820178 4 38 dep oxalate-based 495:507 arg1 AOx 510:512 AOx 510:512 AOx 510:512 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 3 39 theme sp 412:413 arg1 activity 381:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity 351:388 the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp 351:413 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 3 39 theme sp 412:413 arg1 composition 335:345 chemical composition 326:345 chemical composition 326:345 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 6 40 theme significant 735:745 arg1 impact 747:752 a significant impact 733:752 a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts 733:849 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 5 41 theme reduction 653:661 arg1 assay 663:667 a cytopathic effect reduction assay 633:667 a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells 633:687 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 1 42 theme anti-SARS-CoV-2 111:125 arg1 properties 138:147 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 3 43 theme different 397:405 arg1 sp 412:413 two different Ulva sp 393:413 two different Ulva sp 393:413 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 4 44 theme extraction 515:524 arg1 protocols 526:534 ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols 486:534 ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols 486:534 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 8 45 theme further 1048:1054 arg1 investigation 1072:1084 further bioassay-guided investigation 1048:1084 further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds 1048:1114 Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. 34820178 4 46 theme crude 416:420 arg1 one 438:440 one 438:440 one 438:440 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 4 46 theme crude 416:420 arg1 extracts 428:435 crude ulvan extracts 416:435 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 416:535 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 4 46 theme crude 416:420 arg1 one 479:481 one 479:481 one 479:481 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 1 47 theme inhibition 127:136 arg1 properties 138:147 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 9 48 theme antivirals 1202:1211 arg1 discovery 1167:1175 the discovery 1163:1175 the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals 1163:1211 ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. 34820178 8 49 theme compounds 1106:1114 arg1 bioactivity 1091:1101 bioactivity 1091:1101 bioactivity of compounds 1091:1114 Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. 34820178 2 50 theme COVID-19 200:207 arg1 pandemic 209:216 the global COVID-19 pandemic 189:216 the global COVID-19 pandemic 189:216 Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. 34820178 7 51 theme higher 964:969 arg1 activity 981:988 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity 954:988 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity 954:988 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 1 52 theme ulvan 97:101 arg1 extract 103:109 crude ulvan extract 91:109 crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties 91:147 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 2 53 with compounds 255:263 arg1 activity 280:287 antiviral activity 270:287 antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 270:306 Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. 34820178 5 54 theme Vero 675:678 arg1 cells 683:687 Vero E6 cells 675:687 Vero E6 cells 675:687 The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. 34820178 2 55 theme global 193:198 arg1 pandemic 209:216 the global COVID-19 pandemic 189:216 the global COVID-19 pandemic 189:216 Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. 34820178 1 56 theme extract 48:54 arg1 protocol 68:75 extract: extraction protocol 48:75 extract: extraction protocol 48:75 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 6 57 theme extraction 707:716 arg1 protocols 718:726 the extraction protocols 703:726 the extraction protocols 703:726 We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. 34820178 4 58 theme ulvan 422:426 arg1 one 438:440 one 438:440 one 438:440 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 4 58 theme ulvan 422:426 arg1 extracts 428:435 crude ulvan extracts 416:435 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 416:535 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 4 58 theme ulvan 422:426 arg1 one 479:481 one 479:481 one 479:481 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 9 59 theme ulvan 1134:1138 arg1 extracts 1140:1147 ulvan extracts 1134:1147 ulvan extracts 1134:1147 ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. 34820178 1 60 theme in 152:153 arg1 assay 175:179 in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay 152:179 in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay 152:179 extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. 34820178 7 61 theme AOx 883:885 arg1 protocol 887:894 the AOx protocol 879:894 the AOx protocol 879:894 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 3 62 theme chemical 326:333 arg1 composition 335:345 chemical composition 326:345 chemical composition 326:345 Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. 34820178 7 63 theme higher 935:940 arg1 charge 942:947 higher charge 935:947 higher charge 935:947 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34820178 4 64 dep extracts 428:435 arg1 one 438:440 one 438:440 one 438:440 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 4 64 dep extracts 428:435 arg1 extracts 428:435 crude ulvan extracts 416:435 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 416:535 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 4 64 dep extracts 428:435 arg1 one 479:481 one 479:481 one 479:481 crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. 34820178 7 65 theme ulvan 856:860 arg1 extract 862:868 The ulvan extract 852:868 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol 852:894 The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. 34801681 13 0 theme IBD 1854:1856 arg1 treatment 1841:1849 the treatment 1837:1849 the treatment of IBD 1837:1856 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 4 1 dep METHODS 487:493 arg1 constructed 515:525 constructed 515:525 was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days 511:615 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 6 2 theme protective 815:824 arg1 effect 826:831 the protective effect 811:831 the protective effect of intestinal flora 811:851 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 9 3 theme transformed 1211:1221 arg1 profiles 1239:1246 transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1211:1246 transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1211:1246 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 7 4 theme Treg 862:865 arg1 cells 867:871 Colonic Treg cells 854:871 Colonic Treg cells 854:871 Colonic Treg cells and related immune responses were detected by flow cytometry. 34801681 11 5 theme bacteria 1415:1422 arg1 experiments 1431:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments were conducted to confirm the above mechanism. 34801681 5 6 theme gut 630:632 arg1 microbiota 634:643 gut microbiota 630:643 gut microbiota 630:643 Analysis of gut microbiota was carried out by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. 34801681 9 7 theme SCFA 1234:1237 arg1 profiles 1239:1246 transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1211:1246 transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1211:1246 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 8 8 theme microbial 1018:1026 arg1 diversity 1028:1036 gut microbial diversity 1014:1036 gut microbial diversity 1014:1036 RESULTS LC treatment significantly alleviated colon inflammation by regulating gut microbial diversity and altering flora composition. 34801681 2 9 theme bipolar 316:322 arg1 disorder 324:331 bipolar disorder 316:331 bipolar disorder 316:331 Lithium carbonate (LC) is one of the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder clinically. 34801681 12 10 theme cell 1641:1644 arg1 responses 1646:1654 Treg cell responses 1636:1654 Treg cell responses 1636:1654 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 2 11 theme drugs 306:310 arg1 one 276:278 one 276:278 one 276:278 Lithium carbonate (LC) is one of the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder clinically. 34801681 2 11 theme drugs 306:310 arg1 drugs 306:310 the most commonly used drugs 283:310 the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder 283:331 Lithium carbonate (LC) is one of the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder clinically. 34801681 1 12 theme gastrointestinal 222:237 arg1 disorders 239:247 gastrointestinal disorders 222:247 gastrointestinal disorders 222:247 BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric stabilizers have a place in resolving gastrointestinal disorders. 34801681 13 13 theme new 1819:1821 arg1 direction 1823:1831 a new direction 1817:1831 a new direction for the treatment of IBD 1817:1856 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 5 14 theme gene 673:676 arg1 sequencing 694:703 rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing 668:703 rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing 668:703 Analysis of gut microbiota was carried out by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. 34801681 2 15 theme Lithium 250:256 arg1 LC 269:270 LC 269:270 LC 269:270 Lithium carbonate (LC) is one of the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder clinically. 34801681 2 15 theme Lithium 250:256 arg1 carbonate 258:266 Lithium carbonate 250:266 Lithium carbonate (LC) 250:271 Lithium carbonate (LC) is one of the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder clinically. 34801681 1 16 theme BACKGROUND 126:135 arg1 evidence 144:151 BACKGROUND Recent evidence 126:151 BACKGROUND Recent evidence 126:151 BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric stabilizers have a place in resolving gastrointestinal disorders. 34801681 10 17 theme Treg 1280:1283 arg1 responses 1290:1298 anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses 1262:1298 anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) 1262:1329 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 9 18 theme LC 1079:1080 arg1 treatment 1082:1090 LC treatment 1079:1090 LC treatment 1079:1090 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 0 19 theme Treg 86:89 arg1 cells 91:95 Treg cells 86:95 Treg cells 86:95 Lithium carbonate alleviates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner. 34801681 13 20 from axis 1784:1787 arg1 study 1796:1800 our study 1792:1800 our study 1792:1800 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 8 21 theme flora 1051:1055 arg1 composition 1057:1067 flora composition 1051:1067 flora composition 1051:1067 RESULTS LC treatment significantly alleviated colon inflammation by regulating gut microbial diversity and altering flora composition. 34801681 13 22 theme muciniphila-SCFA-Treg 1757:1777 arg1 axis 1784:1787 the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis 1750:1787 the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study 1750:1800 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 10 23 dep -dependent 1373:1382 arg1 receptor 1354:1361 G-protein coupled receptor 43 1336:1364 G-protein coupled receptor 43 1336:1364 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 9 24 theme fatty 1116:1120 arg1 acid 1122:1125 short-chain fatty acid 1104:1125 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1104:1246 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 9 24 theme fatty 1116:1120 arg1 SCFA 1128:1131 SCFA 1128:1131 SCFA 1128:1131 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 3 25 theme intestinal 443:452 arg1 flora 454:458 flora 454:458 flora 454:458 Here, we estimate the therapeutic function of LC against colitis and investigate the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation. 34801681 0 26 theme GPR43-dependent 102:116 arg1 manner 118:123 a GPR43-dependent manner 100:123 a GPR43-dependent manner 100:123 Lithium carbonate alleviates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner. 34801681 3 27 theme LC 391:392 arg1 function 379:386 the therapeutic function 363:386 the therapeutic function of LC against colitis 363:408 Here, we estimate the therapeutic function of LC against colitis and investigate the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation. 34801681 4 28 theme colitis 497:503 arg1 model 505:509 A colitis model 495:509 A colitis model 495:509 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 0 29 theme Lithium 0:6 arg1 carbonate 8:16 Lithium carbonate 0:16 Lithium carbonate 0:16 Lithium carbonate alleviates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner. 34801681 4 30 theme sodium 570:575 arg1 sulfate 577:583 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate 557:583 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days 557:615 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 4 30 theme sodium 570:575 arg1 DSS 586:588 DSS 586:588 DSS 586:588 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 10 31 theme G-protein 1336:1344 arg1 receptor 1354:1361 G-protein coupled receptor 43 1336:1364 G-protein coupled receptor 43 1336:1364 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 13 32 theme microbiome-metabolite-immune 1700:1727 arg1 axis 1729:1732 the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis 1696:1732 the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis 1696:1732 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 11 33 theme above 1473:1477 arg1 mechanism 1479:1487 the above mechanism 1469:1487 the above mechanism 1469:1487 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments were conducted to confirm the above mechanism. 34801681 1 34 contain have 196:199 arg2 place 203:207 a place 201:207 a place 201:207 BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric stabilizers have a place in resolving gastrointestinal disorders. 34801681 1 34 contain have 196:199 arg1 stabilizers 184:194 neuropsychiatric stabilizers 167:194 neuropsychiatric stabilizers 167:194 BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric stabilizers have a place in resolving gastrointestinal disorders. 34801681 6 35 theme flora 847:851 arg1 effect 826:831 the protective effect 811:831 the protective effect of intestinal flora 811:851 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 3 36 dep flora 454:458 arg1 modulation 475:484 modulation 475:484 modulation 475:484 Here, we estimate the therapeutic function of LC against colitis and investigate the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation. 34801681 4 37 theme % 560:560 arg1 sulfate 577:583 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate 557:583 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days 557:615 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 4 37 theme % 560:560 arg1 DSS 586:588 DSS 586:588 DSS 586:588 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 13 38 theme therapeutic 1672:1682 arg1 strategy 1684:1691 the therapeutic strategy 1668:1691 the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis 1668:1732 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 6 39 theme faecal 745:750 arg1 FMT 780:782 FMT 780:782 FMT 780:782 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 6 39 theme faecal 745:750 arg1 transplantation 763:777 faecal microbiota transplantation 745:777 faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 745:783 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 7 40 theme flow 919:922 arg1 cytometry 924:932 flow cytometry 919:932 flow cytometry 919:932 Colonic Treg cells and related immune responses were detected by flow cytometry. 34801681 12 41 theme intestinal 1508:1517 arg1 inflammation 1576:1587 colon inflammation 1570:1587 colon inflammation 1570:1587 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 12 41 theme intestinal 1508:1517 arg1 microbiome 1519:1528 an intestinal microbiome 1505:1528 an intestinal microbiome 1505:1528 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 11 42 theme FMT 1400:1402 arg1 experiments 1431:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments were conducted to confirm the above mechanism. 34801681 8 43 theme colon 981:985 arg1 inflammation 987:998 colon inflammation 981:998 colon inflammation 981:998 RESULTS LC treatment significantly alleviated colon inflammation by regulating gut microbial diversity and altering flora composition. 34801681 11 44 theme ABX 1395:1397 arg1 experiments 1431:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments were conducted to confirm the above mechanism. 34801681 11 45 theme gavage 1424:1429 arg1 experiments 1431:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments 1395:1441 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments were conducted to confirm the above mechanism. 34801681 2 46 theme used 301:304 arg1 drugs 306:310 the most commonly used drugs 283:310 the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder 283:331 Lithium carbonate (LC) is one of the most commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder clinically. 34801681 7 47 theme related 877:883 arg1 responses 892:900 related immune responses 877:900 related immune responses 877:900 Colonic Treg cells and related immune responses were detected by flow cytometry. 34801681 8 48 theme gut 1014:1016 arg1 diversity 1028:1036 gut microbial diversity 1014:1036 gut microbial diversity 1014:1036 RESULTS LC treatment significantly alleviated colon inflammation by regulating gut microbial diversity and altering flora composition. 34801681 11 49 theme single 1408:1413 arg1 bacteria 1415:1422 single bacteria 1408:1422 single bacteria 1408:1422 ABX, FMT and single bacteria gavage experiments were conducted to confirm the above mechanism. 34801681 9 50 theme metabolite 1223:1232 arg1 profiles 1239:1246 transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1211:1246 transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1211:1246 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 5 51 theme microbiota 634:643 arg1 Analysis 618:625 Analysis 618:625 Analysis of gut microbiota 618:643 Analysis of gut microbiota was carried out by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. 34801681 7 52 theme Colonic 854:860 arg1 cells 867:871 Colonic Treg cells 854:871 Colonic Treg cells 854:871 Colonic Treg cells and related immune responses were detected by flow cytometry. 34801681 10 53 from responses 1290:1298 arg1 LP 1327:1328 LP 1327:1328 LP 1327:1328 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 10 53 from responses 1290:1298 arg1 propria 1318:1324 colonic lamina propria 1303:1324 colonic lamina propria (LP) 1303:1329 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 10 54 theme colonic 1303:1309 arg1 LP 1327:1328 LP 1327:1328 LP 1327:1328 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 10 54 theme colonic 1303:1309 arg1 propria 1318:1324 colonic lamina propria 1303:1324 colonic lamina propria (LP) 1303:1329 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 5 55 theme rRNA 668:671 arg1 sequencing 694:703 rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing 668:703 rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing 668:703 Analysis of gut microbiota was carried out by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. 34801681 12 56 theme Treg 1636:1639 arg1 responses 1646:1654 Treg cell responses 1636:1654 Treg cell responses 1636:1654 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 10 57 theme cell 1285:1288 arg1 responses 1290:1298 anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses 1262:1298 anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) 1262:1329 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 5 58 theme high-throughput 678:692 arg1 sequencing 694:703 rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing 668:703 rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing 668:703 Analysis of gut microbiota was carried out by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. 34801681 1 59 theme Recent 137:142 arg1 evidence 144:151 BACKGROUND Recent evidence 126:151 BACKGROUND Recent evidence 126:151 BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric stabilizers have a place in resolving gastrointestinal disorders. 34801681 10 60 theme anti-inflammatory 1262:1278 arg1 responses 1290:1298 anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses 1262:1298 anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) 1262:1329 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 12 61 theme GPR43-dependent 1594:1608 arg1 manner 1610:1615 a GPR43-dependent manner 1592:1615 a GPR43-dependent manner 1592:1615 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 10 62 theme lamina 1311:1316 arg1 LP 1327:1328 LP 1327:1328 LP 1327:1328 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 10 62 theme lamina 1311:1316 arg1 propria 1318:1324 colonic lamina propria 1303:1324 colonic lamina propria (LP) 1303:1329 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 12 63 dep CONCLUSIONS 1490:1500 arg1 alleviates 1559:1568 alleviates 1559:1568 alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses 1559:1654 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 13 64 dep provide 1809:1815 arg1 observed 1738:1745 observed 1738:1745 observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study 1738:1800 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 1 65 theme neuropsychiatric 167:182 arg1 stabilizers 184:194 neuropsychiatric stabilizers 167:194 neuropsychiatric stabilizers 167:194 BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric stabilizers have a place in resolving gastrointestinal disorders. 34801681 13 66 theme A. 1754:1755 arg1 axis 1784:1787 the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis 1750:1787 the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study 1750:1800 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 12 67 theme colon 1570:1574 arg1 microbiome 1519:1528 an intestinal microbiome 1505:1528 an intestinal microbiome 1505:1528 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 12 67 theme colon 1570:1574 arg1 inflammation 1576:1587 colon inflammation 1570:1587 colon inflammation 1570:1587 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 3 68 theme therapeutic 367:377 arg1 function 379:386 the therapeutic function 363:386 the therapeutic function of LC against colitis 363:408 Here, we estimate the therapeutic function of LC against colitis and investigate the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation. 34801681 13 69 theme cell 1779:1782 arg1 axis 1784:1787 the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis 1750:1787 the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study 1750:1800 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 9 70 theme short-chain 1104:1114 arg1 acid 1122:1125 short-chain fatty acid 1104:1125 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles 1104:1246 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 9 70 theme short-chain 1104:1114 arg1 SCFA 1128:1131 SCFA 1128:1131 SCFA 1128:1131 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 9 71 dep muciniphila 1177:1187 arg1 muciniphila 1193:1203 A. muciniphila 1190:1203 A. muciniphila 1190:1203 Notably, LC treatment upregulated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), and transformed metabolite SCFA profiles. 34801681 6 72 theme Spectrum 706:713 arg1 ABX 736:738 ABX 736:738 ABX 736:738 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 6 72 theme Spectrum 706:713 arg1 cocktail 726:733 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail 706:733 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) 706:739 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 3 73 theme flora 454:458 arg1 mechanism 430:438 the mechanism 426:438 the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation 426:484 Here, we estimate the therapeutic function of LC against colitis and investigate the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation. 34801681 4 74 theme sulfate 577:583 arg1 solution 591:598 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution 557:598 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days 557:615 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 10 75 theme coupled 1346:1352 arg1 receptor 1354:1361 G-protein coupled receptor 43 1336:1364 G-protein coupled receptor 43 1336:1364 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 0 76 theme colon 29:33 arg1 inflammation 35:46 colon inflammation 29:46 colon inflammation 29:46 Lithium carbonate alleviates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner. 34801681 6 77 theme antibiotic 715:724 arg1 ABX 736:738 ABX 736:738 ABX 736:738 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 6 77 theme antibiotic 715:724 arg1 cocktail 726:733 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail 706:733 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) 706:739 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 4 78 theme 2.5 557:559 arg1 % 560:560 % 560:560 % 560:560 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 13 79 theme axis 1729:1732 arg1 strategy 1684:1691 the therapeutic strategy 1668:1691 the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis 1668:1732 Therefore, the therapeutic strategy of the microbiome-metabolite-immune axis, as observed in the A. muciniphila-SCFA-Treg cell axis in our study, might provide a new direction for the treatment of IBD. 34801681 3 80 theme metabolism 464:473 arg1 mechanism 430:438 the mechanism 426:438 the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation 426:484 Here, we estimate the therapeutic function of LC against colitis and investigate the mechanism of intestinal flora and metabolism modulation. 34801681 0 81 theme gut 67:69 arg1 microbiota 71:80 gut microbiota 67:80 gut microbiota 67:80 Lithium carbonate alleviates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner. 34801681 12 82 theme metabolite 1534:1543 arg1 modulator 1545:1553 metabolite modulator 1534:1553 metabolite modulator 1534:1553 CONCLUSIONS As an intestinal microbiome and metabolite modulator, LC alleviates colon inflammation in a GPR43-dependent manner through activating Treg cell responses. 34801681 4 83 theme dextran 562:568 arg1 sulfate 577:583 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate 557:583 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days 557:615 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 4 83 theme dextran 562:568 arg1 DSS 586:588 DSS 586:588 DSS 586:588 METHODS A colitis model was constructed by continuously administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution daily for 7 days. 34801681 6 84 theme microbiota 752:761 arg1 FMT 780:782 FMT 780:782 FMT 780:782 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 6 84 theme microbiota 752:761 arg1 transplantation 763:777 faecal microbiota transplantation 745:777 faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 745:783 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 6 85 theme intestinal 836:845 arg1 flora 847:851 intestinal flora 836:851 intestinal flora 836:851 Spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were employed to evaluate the protective effect of intestinal flora. 34801681 10 86 theme -dependent 1373:1382 arg1 mechanism 1384:1392 a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism 1334:1392 a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism 1334:1392 LC activated anti-inflammatory Treg cell responses in colonic lamina propria (LP) in a G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-dependent mechanism. 34801681 7 87 theme immune 885:890 arg1 responses 892:900 related immune responses 877:900 related immune responses 877:900 Colonic Treg cells and related immune responses were detected by flow cytometry. 34627217 6 0 theme protein 1023:1029 arg1 concentration 1031:1043 the total protein concentration 1013:1043 the total protein concentration 1013:1043 RESULTS Compared with pretreatment, the total protein concentration was increased already at 6 months post treatment (p < 0.01), and continued to increase up to 2 years post treatment (p < 0.001). 34627217 10 1 theme core 1614:1617 arg1 O-glycans 1630:1638 core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans 1614:1638 O-glycans 1630:1638 The glycomic analysis showed that the percentage of core 2 O-glycans was increased as core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans were decreased. 34627217 12 2 from 6 months 1879:1886 arg1 rate 1832:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 12 2 from 6 months 1879:1886 arg1 sulfation 1857:1865 reduced sulfation 1849:1865 reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment 1849:1901 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 12 3 dep CONCLUSION 1747:1756 arg1 tended 1903:1908 tended 1903:1908 tended to correlate with the patients' 1903:1940 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 3 4 theme stimulated 460:469 arg1 rate 496:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 1 5 theme total 160:164 arg1 protein 166:172 total protein 160:172 total protein 160:172 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 12 6 from sulfation 1857:1865 arg1 output 1770:1775 A decreased output 1758:1775 A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment 1758:1901 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 12 7 theme reduced 1849:1855 arg1 sulfation 1857:1865 reduced sulfation 1849:1865 reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment 1849:1901 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 3 8 theme salivary 477:484 arg1 rate 496:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 13 9 theme infections 2151:2160 arg1 risk 2138:2141 increased risk 2128:2141 increased risk of oral infections 2128:2160 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 12 10 theme secretion 1822:1830 arg1 rate 1832:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 12 11 theme oral 1974:1977 arg1 dryness 1979:1985 oral dryness 1974:1985 oral dryness 1974:1985 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 9 12 theme cancer 1394:1399 arg1 patients 1401:1408 the cancer patients 1390:1408 the cancer patients 1390:1408 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 13 13 theme increased 2128:2136 arg1 risk 2138:2141 increased risk 2128:2141 increased risk of oral infections 2128:2160 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 4 14 theme total 626:630 arg1 concentration 640:652 The total protein concentration 622:652 The total protein concentration 622:652 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 2 15 dep METHODS 282:288 arg1 included 446:453 included 446:453 were included 441:453 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 9 16 theme low 1419:1421 arg1 MUC7 1447:1450 a low abundance/no detectable MUC7 1417:1450 a low abundance/no detectable MUC7 1417:1450 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 2 17 theme head 420:423 arg1 cancer 406:411 cancer 406:411 cancer of the head and neck region 406:439 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 1 18 dep O-glycans 214:222 arg1 MUC7 242:245 MUC7 242:245 MUC7 242:245 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 1 18 dep O-glycans 214:222 arg1 MUC5B 232:236 MUC5B 232:236 MUC5B 232:236 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 1 19 dep BACKGROUND 83:92 arg1 analyse 97:103 analyse 97:103 To analyse over time 94:113 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 1 20 theme cancer 265:270 arg1 patients 272:279 head and neck cancer patients 251:279 head and neck cancer patients 251:279 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 9 21 theme detectable 1436:1445 arg1 MUC7 1447:1450 a low abundance/no detectable MUC7 1417:1450 a low abundance/no detectable MUC7 1417:1450 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 9 22 dep remained 1475:1482 arg1 compared 1485:1492 compared 1485:1492 compared to saliva from a healthy control 1485:1525 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 13 23 with defense 2115:2121 arg1 risk 2138:2141 increased risk 2128:2141 increased risk of oral infections 2128:2160 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 2 24 theme neck 429:432 arg1 cancer 406:411 cancer 406:411 cancer of the head and neck region 406:439 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 4 25 theme Bicinchoninic 701:713 arg1 assay 720:724 Bicinchoninic Acid assay 701:724 Bicinchoninic Acid assay 701:724 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 12 26 theme decreased 1760:1768 arg1 output 1770:1775 A decreased output 1758:1775 A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment 1758:1901 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 9 27 from control 1519:1525 arg1 saliva 1497:1502 saliva 1497:1502 saliva from a healthy control 1497:1525 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 2 28 theme radiation 367:375 arg1 therapy 377:383 curative radiation therapy 358:383 curative radiation therapy 358:383 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 13 29 theme salivary 2067:2074 arg1 rate 2086:2089 a lowered salivary secretion rate 2057:2089 a lowered salivary secretion rate 2057:2089 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 8 30 theme protein 1297:1303 arg1 output/min 1272:1281 the output/min 1268:1281 the output/min of both total protein and IgA 1268:1311 At pretreatment, the output/min of both total protein and IgA was significantly higher than at all time-points post treatment. 34627217 8 30 theme protein 1297:1303 arg1 higher 1331:1336 higher 1331:1336 higher 1331:1336 At pretreatment, the output/min of both total protein and IgA was significantly higher than at all time-points post treatment. 34627217 5 31 theme salivary 804:811 arg1 mucins 813:818 salivary mucins 804:818 salivary mucins 804:818 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 8 32 theme IgA 1309:1311 arg1 output/min 1272:1281 the output/min 1268:1281 the output/min of both total protein and IgA 1268:1311 At pretreatment, the output/min of both total protein and IgA was significantly higher than at all time-points post treatment. 34627217 8 32 theme IgA 1309:1311 arg1 higher 1331:1336 higher 1331:1336 higher 1331:1336 At pretreatment, the output/min of both total protein and IgA was significantly higher than at all time-points post treatment. 34627217 7 33 from changes 1208:1214 arg1 concentration 1223:1235 IgA concentration 1219:1235 IgA concentration 1219:1235 During that period no significant changes in IgA concentration was detected. 34627217 12 34 dep tended 1903:1908 arg1 correlate 1913:1921 correlate 1913:1921 tended to correlate with the patients' 1903:1940 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 9 35 theme healthy 1511:1517 arg1 control 1519:1525 a healthy control 1509:1525 a healthy control 1509:1525 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 7 36 theme significant 1196:1206 arg1 changes 1208:1214 no significant changes 1193:1214 no significant changes in IgA concentration 1193:1235 During that period no significant changes in IgA concentration was detected. 34627217 13 37 theme decreased 2019:2027 arg1 amount 2029:2034 the decreased amount 2015:2034 the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate 2015:2089 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 13 37 theme decreased 2019:2027 arg1 IgA 2039:2041 IgA 2039:2041 IgA 2039:2041 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 5 38 theme mucins 813:818 arg1 pattern 793:799 Glycosylation pattern 779:799 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins 779:818 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 4 39 theme Immunoglobulin 730:743 arg1 IgA 748:750 IgA 748:750 IgA 748:750 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 4 39 theme Immunoglobulin 730:743 arg1 A 745:745 Immunoglobulin A 730:745 Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 730:751 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 5 40 theme Glycosylation 779:791 arg1 pattern 793:799 Glycosylation pattern 779:799 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins 779:818 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 13 41 theme reduced 2102:2108 arg1 defense 2115:2121 a reduced oral defense 2100:2121 a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections 2100:2160 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 3 42 from 6 months 582:589 arg1 time-points 545:555 four time-points 540:555 four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment 540:619 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 0 43 with patients 33:40 arg1 cancer 47:52 cancer 47:52 cancer of the head and neck region 47:80 Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. 34627217 2 44 theme dentate 293:299 arg1 patients 301:308 29 dentate patients 290:308 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region 290:439 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 1 45 theme type 209:212 arg1 O-glycans 214:222 mucin type O-glycans 203:222 mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) 203:246 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 6 46 theme total 1017:1021 arg1 concentration 1031:1043 the total protein concentration 1013:1043 the total protein concentration 1013:1043 RESULTS Compared with pretreatment, the total protein concentration was increased already at 6 months post treatment (p < 0.01), and continued to increase up to 2 years post treatment (p < 0.001). 34627217 13 47 theme oral 2110:2113 arg1 defense 2115:2121 a reduced oral defense 2100:2121 a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections 2100:2160 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 3 48 from pretreatment 561:572 arg1 time-points 545:555 four time-points 540:555 four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment 540:619 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 10 49 theme 4 1628:1628 arg1 O-glycans 1630:1638 core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans 1614:1638 O-glycans 1630:1638 The glycomic analysis showed that the percentage of core 2 O-glycans was increased as core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans were decreased. 34627217 12 50 theme MUC5B 1870:1874 arg1 rate 1832:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 12 50 theme MUC5B 1870:1874 arg1 sulfation 1857:1865 reduced sulfation 1849:1865 reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment 1849:1901 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 3 51 theme secretion 486:494 arg1 rate 496:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 4 52 theme ELISA 762:766 arg1 technique 768:776 ELISA technique 762:776 ELISA technique 762:776 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 9 53 from patients 1401:1408 arg1 Saliva 1378:1383 Saliva 1378:1383 Saliva from the cancer patients 1378:1408 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 5 54 theme PAS 963:965 arg1 staining 967:974 PAS staining 963:974 PAS staining 963:974 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 3 55 theme whole 471:475 arg1 rate 496:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate 456:499 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 1 56 theme Immunoglobulin 175:188 arg1 A 190:190 Immunoglobulin A 175:190 Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 175:196 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 1 56 theme Immunoglobulin 175:188 arg1 IgA 193:195 IgA 193:195 IgA 193:195 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 12 57 theme sticky 1956:1961 arg1 saliva 1963:1968 sticky saliva 1956:1968 sticky saliva 1956:1968 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 10 58 theme glycomic 1532:1539 arg1 analysis 1541:1548 The glycomic analysis 1528:1548 The glycomic analysis 1528:1548 The glycomic analysis showed that the percentage of core 2 O-glycans was increased as core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans were decreased. 34627217 11 59 theme sialylation 1669:1679 arg1 higher 1685:1690 higher 1685:1690 higher 1685:1690 The level of sialylation was higher at 6 months post treatment, while sulfation was lower. 34627217 11 59 theme sialylation 1669:1679 arg1 level 1660:1664 The level 1656:1664 The level of sialylation 1656:1679 The level of sialylation was higher at 6 months post treatment, while sulfation was lower. 34627217 12 60 theme salivary 1813:1820 arg1 rate 1832:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 13 61 theme lowered 2059:2065 arg1 rate 2086:2089 a lowered salivary secretion rate 2057:2089 a lowered salivary secretion rate 2057:2089 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 3 62 from 2 years 598:604 arg1 time-points 545:555 four time-points 540:555 four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment 540:619 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 0 63 theme head 61:64 arg1 cancer 47:52 cancer 47:52 cancer of the head and neck region 47:80 Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. 34627217 13 64 theme oral 2146:2149 arg1 infections 2151:2160 oral infections 2146:2160 oral infections 2146:2160 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 9 65 theme abundance/no 1423:1434 arg1 MUC7 1447:1450 a low abundance/no detectable MUC7 1417:1450 a low abundance/no detectable MUC7 1417:1450 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 0 66 theme neck 70:73 arg1 cancer 47:52 cancer 47:52 cancer of the head and neck region 47:80 Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. 34627217 12 67 theme proteins 1791:1798 arg1 minute 1781:1786 minute 1781:1786 minute of proteins 1781:1798 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 1 68 theme whole 137:141 arg1 saliva 143:148 stimulated whole saliva 126:148 stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients 126:279 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 12 69 theme decreased 1803:1811 arg1 rate 1832:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 decreased salivary secretion rate 1803:1835 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 5 70 theme electrospray 895:906 arg1 LC/MS 889:893 LC/MS electrospray 889:906 LC/MS electrospray 889:906 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 3 71 from 1 592:592 arg1 time-points 545:555 four time-points 540:555 four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment 540:619 The stimulated whole salivary secretion rate was determined and saliva collected at four time-points: at pretreatment, and at 6 months, 1 and 2 years post treatment. 34627217 2 72 dep patients 301:308 arg1 59 ± 8 years 331:342 59 ± 8 years 331:342 59 ± 8 years 331:342 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 2 72 dep patients 301:308 arg1 men 314:316 20 men 311:316 20 men 311:316 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 2 72 dep patients 301:308 arg1 women 324:328 9 women 322:328 9 women 322:328 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 0 73 theme saliva 11:16 arg1 composition 18:28 saliva composition 11:28 saliva composition 11:28 Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. 34627217 2 74 theme curative 358:365 arg1 therapy 377:383 curative radiation therapy 358:383 curative radiation therapy 358:383 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 4 75 theme protein 632:638 arg1 concentration 640:652 The total protein concentration 622:652 The total protein concentration 622:652 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 13 76 theme secretion 2076:2084 arg1 rate 2086:2089 a lowered salivary secretion rate 2057:2089 a lowered salivary secretion rate 2057:2089 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 0 77 dep head 61:64 arg1 the 57:59 the 57:59 the 57:59 Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. 34627217 0 77 dep head 61:64 arg1 region 75:80 region 75:80 region 75:80 Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. 34627217 7 78 theme IgA 1219:1221 arg1 concentration 1223:1235 IgA concentration 1219:1235 IgA concentration 1219:1235 During that period no significant changes in IgA concentration was detected. 34627217 9 79 theme MUC5B 1463:1467 arg1 level 1469:1473 the MUC5B level 1459:1473 the MUC5B level 1459:1473 Saliva from the cancer patients showed a low abundance/no detectable MUC7, while the MUC5B level remained, compared to saliva from a healthy control. 34627217 8 80 theme total 1291:1295 arg1 protein 1297:1303 total protein 1291:1303 total protein 1291:1303 At pretreatment, the output/min of both total protein and IgA was significantly higher than at all time-points post treatment. 34627217 10 81 theme core 1580:1583 arg1 O-glycans 1587:1595 core 2 O-glycans 1580:1595 core 2 O-glycans 1580:1595 The glycomic analysis showed that the percentage of core 2 O-glycans was increased as core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans were decreased. 34627217 5 82 theme SDS-AgPAGE 943:952 arg1 gels 954:957 SDS-AgPAGE gels 943:957 SDS-AgPAGE gels 943:957 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 1 83 theme head 251:254 arg1 patients 272:279 head and neck cancer patients 251:279 head and neck cancer patients 251:279 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 1 84 theme stimulated 126:135 arg1 saliva 143:148 stimulated whole saliva 126:148 stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients 126:279 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 1 85 theme neck 260:263 arg1 patients 272:279 head and neck cancer patients 251:279 head and neck cancer patients 251:279 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 2 86 dep head 420:423 arg1 the 416:418 the 416:418 the 416:418 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 2 86 dep head 420:423 arg1 region 434:439 region 434:439 region 434:439 METHODS 29 dentate patients (20 men and 9 women, 59 ± 8 years) treated with curative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer of the head and neck region were included. 34627217 12 87 from rate 1832:1835 arg1 output 1770:1775 A decreased output 1758:1775 A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment 1758:1901 CONCLUSION A decreased output per minute of proteins at decreased salivary secretion rate, as well as reduced sulfation of MUC5B at 6 months post treatment tended to correlate with the patients' experience of sticky saliva and oral dryness. 34627217 5 88 theme mucin 912:916 arg1 content 918:924 mucin content 912:924 mucin content 912:924 Glycosylation pattern of salivary mucins was determined in samples collected pre- and post treatment by using LC/MS electrospray and mucin content quantified using SDS-AgPAGE gels and PAS staining. 34627217 4 89 theme Acid 715:718 arg1 assay 720:724 Bicinchoninic Acid assay 701:724 Bicinchoninic Acid assay 701:724 The total protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by using Bicinchoninic Acid assay and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by using ELISA technique. 34627217 10 90 theme O-glycans 1587:1595 arg1 percentage 1566:1575 the percentage 1562:1575 the percentage of core 2 O-glycans 1562:1595 The glycomic analysis showed that the percentage of core 2 O-glycans was increased as core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans were decreased. 34627217 10 91 theme 1 1619:1619 arg1 O-glycans 1630:1638 core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans 1614:1638 O-glycans 1630:1638 The glycomic analysis showed that the percentage of core 2 O-glycans was increased as core 1, 3 and 4 O-glycans were decreased. 34627217 1 92 theme mucin 203:207 arg1 O-glycans 214:222 mucin type O-glycans 203:222 mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) 203:246 BACKGROUND To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. 34627217 13 93 theme IgA 2039:2041 arg1 amount 2029:2034 the decreased amount 2015:2034 the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate 2015:2089 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34627217 13 93 theme IgA 2039:2041 arg1 IgA 2039:2041 IgA 2039:2041 IgA 2039:2041 At 2 years post treatment, the decreased amount of IgA combined with a lowered salivary secretion rate indicate a reduced oral defense with increased risk of oral infections. 34202747 5 0 dep temperature 800:810 arg1 i.e. 794:797 i.e. 794:797 i.e. 794:797 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 11 1 theme graft 1714:1718 arg1 copolymerization 1720:1735 the graft copolymerization 1710:1735 the graft copolymerization 1710:1735 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 9 2 theme active 1324:1329 arg1 protein 1396:1402 a blood cancer protein 1381:1402 a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1381:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 2 theme active 1324:1329 arg1 proteins 1355:1362 two lung cancer proteins 1339:1362 two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) 1339:1375 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 2 theme active 1324:1329 arg1 site 1331:1334 the active site 1320:1334 the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1320:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 4 3 theme radical 605:611 arg1 technique 628:636 a free radical polymerization technique 598:636 a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid 598:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 10 4 theme cell 1431:1434 arg1 assays 1461:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays 1425:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA 1425:1483 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 13 5 theme evaluated 1984:1992 arg1 energy 2002:2007 the evaluated binding energy and combining sites 1980:2027 energy 2002:2007 The molecular docking software generated satisfactory results with regard to the evaluated binding energy and combining sites. 34202747 5 6 dep conditions 782:791 arg1 time 813:816 time 813:816 time 813:816 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 6 dep conditions 782:791 arg1 mass 905:908 mass 905:908 mass of ionic liquid 905:924 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 6 dep conditions 782:791 arg1 concentration 829:841 initiator concentration 819:841 initiator concentration 819:841 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 6 dep conditions 782:791 arg1 concentration 872:884 GMA concentration 868:884 GMA concentration 868:884 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 6 dep conditions 782:791 arg1 concentration 853:865 catalyst concentration 844:865 catalyst concentration 844:865 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 6 dep conditions 782:791 arg1 concentration 890:902 PA concentration 887:902 PA concentration 887:902 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 6 7 theme 1H 1086:1087 arg1 NMR 1089:1091 1H NMR 1086:1091 1H NMR 1086:1091 The structure of the composite material structure was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and XRD. 34202747 5 8 theme catalyst 844:851 arg1 time 813:816 time 813:816 time 813:816 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 8 theme catalyst 844:851 arg1 concentration 853:865 catalyst concentration 844:865 catalyst concentration 844:865 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 4 9 theme further 682:688 arg1 esterification 690:703 further esterification 682:703 further esterification 682:703 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 1 10 theme attractive 204:213 arg1 development 131:141 The development 127:141 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties 127:196 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 1 10 theme attractive 204:213 arg1 way 215:217 an attractive way 201:217 an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides 201:277 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 8 11 theme thermal 1173:1179 arg1 stability 1181:1189 The thermal stability 1169:1189 The thermal stability of GMABX-PA 1169:1201 The thermal stability of GMABX-PA was determined by TG-DTG. 34202747 10 12 theme inhibition 1450:1459 arg1 assays 1461:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays 1425:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA 1425:1483 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 11 13 theme gradient 1661:1668 arg1 curves 1670:1675 favorable gradient curves 1651:1675 favorable gradient curves 1651:1675 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 11 14 theme maximum 1689:1695 arg1 G 1697:1697 a maximum G 1687:1697 a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 1687:1761 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 14 15 theme inhibition 2034:2043 arg1 ratio 2045:2049 The inhibition ratio 2030:2049 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) 2030:2093 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 5 16 theme substitution 981:992 arg1 rate 939:942 rate 939:942 rate(G) 939:945 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 16 theme substitution 981:992 arg1 degree 971:976 degree 971:976 degree of substitution(DS) 971:996 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 16 theme substitution 981:992 arg1 rate 959:962 conversion rate 948:962 conversion rate(C) 948:965 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 16 theme substitution 981:992 arg1 C 964:964 C 964:964 C 964:964 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 16 theme substitution 981:992 arg1 G 944:944 G 944:944 G 944:944 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 2 17 theme Bagasse 280:286 arg1 polysaccharide 312:325 a natural polysaccharide 302:325 a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc 302:397 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 2 17 theme Bagasse 280:286 arg1 BX 295:296 BX 295:296 BX 295:296 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 2 17 theme Bagasse 280:286 arg1 Xylan 288:292 Bagasse Xylan 280:292 Bagasse Xylan (BX) 280:297 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 9 18 theme blood 1383:1387 arg1 protein 1396:1402 a blood cancer protein 1381:1402 a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1381:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 18 theme blood 1383:1387 arg1 2M6N 1405:1408 2M6N 1405:1408 2M6N 1405:1408 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 14 19 from ratio 2045:2049 arg1 NCI-H460 2066:2073 NCI-H460 2066:2073 NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) 2066:2093 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 14 19 from ratio 2045:2049 arg1 cells 2088:2092 lung cancer cells 2076:2092 lung cancer cells 2076:2092 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 0 20 theme Metharcylate/Phaytic 56:75 arg1 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 0 20 theme Metharcylate/Phaytic 56:75 arg1 Evaluation 25:34 Biological Evaluation 14:34 Biological Evaluation 14:34 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 15 21 theme potential 2205:2213 arg1 material 2178:2185 the material 2174:2185 the material 2174:2185 Therefore, the material was shown to be a potential candidate for biomedical applications as well as for use as a heat resistant material. 34202747 15 21 theme potential 2205:2213 arg1 candidate 2215:2223 a potential candidate 2203:2223 a potential candidate for biomedical applications as well as for use as a heat resistant material 2203:2299 Therefore, the material was shown to be a potential candidate for biomedical applications as well as for use as a heat resistant material. 34202747 9 22 theme protein 1396:1402 arg1 protein 1396:1402 a blood cancer protein 1381:1402 a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1381:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 22 theme protein 1396:1402 arg1 proteins 1355:1362 two lung cancer proteins 1339:1362 two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) 1339:1375 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 22 theme protein 1396:1402 arg1 site 1331:1334 the active site 1320:1334 the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1320:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 4 23 theme novel 504:508 arg1 acid 539:542 a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid 502:542 a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative 502:577 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 14 24 theme 4.45 2112:2115 arg1 % 2116:2116 29.68% ± 4.45% 2103:2116 29.68% ± 4.45% 2103:2116 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 7 25 theme particle 1120:1127 arg1 morphology 1129:1138 the particle morphology 1116:1138 the particle morphology of the composite derivative 1116:1166 SEM confirmed the particle morphology of the composite derivative. 34202747 13 26 theme docking 1917:1923 arg1 software 1925:1932 The molecular docking software 1903:1932 The molecular docking software 1903:1932 The molecular docking software generated satisfactory results with regard to the evaluated binding energy and combining sites. 34202747 1 27 theme excellent 177:185 arg1 properties 187:196 excellent properties 177:196 excellent properties 177:196 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 4 28 theme metharcylate/phytic 519:537 arg1 acid 539:542 a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid 502:542 a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative 502:577 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 14 29 theme % 2108:2108 arg1 % 2116:2116 29.68% ± 4.45% 2103:2116 29.68% ± 4.45% 2103:2116 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 11 30 theme reaction 1621:1628 arg1 conditions 1630:1639 various reaction conditions 1613:1639 various reaction conditions 1613:1639 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 0 31 theme Xylan 99:103 arg1 Derivative 115:124 Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 91:124 Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 91:124 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 1 32 with materials 162:170 arg1 properties 187:196 excellent properties 177:196 excellent properties 177:196 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 2 33 with polysaccharide 312:325 arg1 activities 351:360 various biological activities 332:360 various biological activities 332:360 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 2 33 with polysaccharide 312:325 arg1 etc 395:397 etc 395:397 etc 395:397 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 2 33 with polysaccharide 312:325 arg1 antioxidant 382:392 antioxidant 382:392 antioxidant 382:392 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 2 33 with polysaccharide 312:325 arg1 antitumor 371:379 antitumor 371:379 antitumor 371:379 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 11 34 theme DS 1751:1752 arg1 G 1697:1697 a maximum G 1687:1697 a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 1687:1761 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 9 35 theme Molecular 1229:1237 arg1 docking 1239:1245 Molecular docking 1229:1245 Molecular docking 1229:1245 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 11 36 theme various 1613:1619 arg1 conditions 1630:1639 various reaction conditions 1613:1639 various reaction conditions 1613:1639 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 1 37 theme natural 146:152 arg1 materials 162:170 natural biomass materials 146:170 natural biomass materials with excellent properties 146:196 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 5 38 theme liquid 919:924 arg1 time 813:816 time 813:816 time 813:816 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 38 theme liquid 919:924 arg1 mass 905:908 mass 905:908 mass of ionic liquid 905:924 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 4 39 theme composite 558:566 arg1 derivative 568:577 a BX composite derivative 553:577 a BX composite derivative 553:577 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 14 40 theme lung 2076:2079 arg1 NCI-H460 2066:2073 NCI-H460 2066:2073 NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) 2066:2093 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 14 40 theme lung 2076:2079 arg1 cells 2088:2092 lung cancer cells 2076:2092 lung cancer cells 2076:2092 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 10 41 theme -2,5-diphenyltetraz 1540:1558 arg1 MTT 1576:1578 MTT 1576:1578 MTT 1576:1578 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 10 41 theme -2,5-diphenyltetraz 1540:1558 arg1 bromide 1567:1573 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide 1512:1573 the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method 1508:1586 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 0 42 theme Biological 14:23 arg1 Evaluation 25:34 Biological Evaluation 14:34 Biological Evaluation 14:34 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 9 43 theme cancer 1389:1394 arg1 protein 1396:1402 a blood cancer protein 1381:1402 a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1381:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 43 theme cancer 1389:1394 arg1 2M6N 1405:1408 2M6N 1405:1408 2M6N 1405:1408 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 11 44 theme 0.267 1757:1761 arg1 % 1704:1704 56% 1702:1704 56% for the graft copolymerization 1702:1735 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 11 44 theme 0.267 1757:1761 arg1 DS 1751:1752 a maximum DS 1741:1752 a maximum DS of 0.267 1741:1761 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 11 44 theme 0.267 1757:1761 arg1 0.267 1757:1761 0.267 1757:1761 0.267 1757:1761 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 10 45 theme 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl 1515:1538 arg1 MTT 1576:1578 MTT 1576:1578 MTT 1576:1578 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 10 45 theme 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl 1515:1538 arg1 bromide 1567:1573 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide 1512:1573 the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method 1508:1586 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 5 46 theme reaction 773:780 arg1 conditions 782:791 the reaction conditions 769:791 the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) 769:925 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 4 47 dep GMA 666:668 arg1 GMABX 671:675 GMABX 671:675 GMA; GMABX 666:675 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 11 48 theme % 1704:1704 arg1 G 1697:1697 a maximum G 1687:1697 a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 1687:1761 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 0 49 theme Novel 41:45 arg1 Metharcylate/Phaytic 56:75 a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic 39:75 a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 39:124 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 9 50 theme combination 1282:1292 arg1 mode 1294:1297 the combination mode 1278:1297 the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1278:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 6 51 theme material 1044:1051 arg1 structure 1053:1061 the composite material structure 1030:1061 the composite material structure 1030:1061 The structure of the composite material structure was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and XRD. 34202747 10 52 theme bromide 1567:1573 arg1 method 1581:1586 the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method 1508:1586 the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method 1508:1586 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 1 53 theme application 234:244 arg1 range 246:250 the application range 230:250 the application range of natural polysaccharides 230:277 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 1 54 theme materials 162:170 arg1 development 131:141 The development 127:141 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties 127:196 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 1 54 theme materials 162:170 arg1 way 215:217 an attractive way 201:217 an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides 201:277 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 4 55 theme polymerization 613:626 arg1 technique 628:636 a free radical polymerization technique 598:636 a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid 598:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 56 with metharcylate 652:663 arg1 PA 723:724 PA 723:724 PA; GMABX-PA 723:734 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 56 with metharcylate 652:663 arg1 acid 717:720 phytic acid 710:720 phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid 710:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 9 57 theme lung 1343:1346 arg1 proteins 1355:1362 two lung cancer proteins 1339:1362 two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) 1339:1375 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 58 theme GMABX-PA 1306:1313 arg1 mode 1294:1297 the combination mode 1278:1297 the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1278:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 0 59 theme Glycidyl 47:54 arg1 Metharcylate/Phaytic 56:75 a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic 39:75 a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 39:124 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 1 60 theme polysaccharides 263:277 arg1 range 246:250 the application range 230:250 the application range of natural polysaccharides 230:277 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 7 61 theme composite 1147:1155 arg1 derivative 1157:1166 the composite derivative 1143:1166 the composite derivative 1143:1166 SEM confirmed the particle morphology of the composite derivative. 34202747 10 62 theme proliferation 1436:1448 arg1 assays 1461:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays 1425:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA 1425:1483 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 4 63 theme free 600:603 arg1 technique 628:636 a free radical polymerization technique 598:636 a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid 598:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 10 64 theme tumor 1425:1429 arg1 assays 1461:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays 1425:1466 tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA 1425:1483 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 4 65 with esterification 690:703 arg1 PA 723:724 PA 723:724 PA; GMABX-PA 723:734 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 65 with esterification 690:703 arg1 acid 717:720 phytic acid 710:720 phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid 710:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 9 66 theme cancer 1348:1353 arg1 proteins 1355:1362 two lung cancer proteins 1339:1362 two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) 1339:1375 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 2 67 theme natural 304:310 arg1 polysaccharide 312:325 a natural polysaccharide 302:325 a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc 302:397 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 2 67 theme natural 304:310 arg1 Xylan 288:292 Bagasse Xylan 280:292 Bagasse Xylan (BX) 280:297 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 5 68 theme PA 887:888 arg1 time 813:816 time 813:816 time 813:816 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 68 theme PA 887:888 arg1 concentration 890:902 PA concentration 887:902 PA concentration 887:902 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 1 69 theme biomass 154:160 arg1 materials 162:170 natural biomass materials 146:170 natural biomass materials with excellent properties 146:196 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 34202747 13 70 theme satisfactory 1944:1955 arg1 results 1957:1963 satisfactory results 1944:1963 satisfactory results 1944:1963 The molecular docking software generated satisfactory results with regard to the evaluated binding energy and combining sites. 34202747 9 71 theme proteins 1355:1362 arg1 protein 1396:1402 a blood cancer protein 1381:1402 a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1381:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 71 theme proteins 1355:1362 arg1 proteins 1355:1362 two lung cancer proteins 1339:1362 two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) 1339:1375 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 71 theme proteins 1355:1362 arg1 site 1331:1334 the active site 1320:1334 the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N) 1320:1409 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 5 72 theme initiator 819:827 arg1 time 813:816 time 813:816 time 813:816 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 72 theme initiator 819:827 arg1 concentration 829:841 initiator concentration 819:841 initiator concentration 819:841 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 4 73 with technique 628:636 arg1 GMA 666:668 GMA 666:668 GMA; GMABX 666:675 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 73 with technique 628:636 arg1 esterification 690:703 further esterification 682:703 further esterification 682:703 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 73 with technique 628:636 arg1 metharcylate 652:663 glycidyl metharcylate 643:663 glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) 643:676 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 12 74 theme thermal 1784:1790 arg1 stability 1792:1800 The thermal stability 1780:1800 The thermal stability 1780:1800 The thermal stability was significantly improved, as demonstrated by the fact that there was still 60% residual at 800 °C. 34202747 8 75 theme GMABX-PA 1194:1201 arg1 stability 1181:1189 The thermal stability 1169:1189 The thermal stability of GMABX-PA 1169:1201 The thermal stability of GMABX-PA was determined by TG-DTG. 34202747 13 76 theme molecular 1907:1915 arg1 software 1925:1932 The molecular docking software 1903:1932 The molecular docking software 1903:1932 The molecular docking software generated satisfactory results with regard to the evaluated binding energy and combining sites. 34202747 2 77 theme biological 340:349 arg1 activities 351:360 various biological activities 332:360 various biological activities 332:360 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 0 78 theme Acid-Based 77:86 arg1 Metharcylate/Phaytic 56:75 a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic 39:75 a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 39:124 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 15 79 theme biomedical 2229:2238 arg1 applications 2240:2251 biomedical applications 2229:2251 biomedical applications 2229:2251 Therefore, the material was shown to be a potential candidate for biomedical applications as well as for use as a heat resistant material. 34202747 5 80 theme GMA 868:870 arg1 time 813:816 time 813:816 time 813:816 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 80 theme GMA 868:870 arg1 concentration 872:884 GMA concentration 868:884 GMA concentration 868:884 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 4 81 theme glycidyl 510:517 arg1 acid 539:542 a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid 502:542 a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative 502:577 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 13 82 theme binding 1994:2000 arg1 energy 2002:2007 the evaluated binding energy and combining sites 1980:2027 energy 2002:2007 The molecular docking software generated satisfactory results with regard to the evaluated binding energy and combining sites. 34202747 0 83 theme Bagasse 91:97 arg1 Derivative 115:124 Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 91:124 Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 91:124 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 4 84 theme phytic 710:715 arg1 PA 723:724 PA 723:724 PA; GMABX-PA 723:734 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 84 theme phytic 710:715 arg1 acid 717:720 phytic acid 710:720 phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid 710:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 14 85 theme ± 2110:2110 arg1 % 2116:2116 29.68% ± 4.45% 2103:2116 29.68% ± 4.45% 2103:2116 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 11 86 theme favorable 1651:1659 arg1 curves 1670:1675 favorable gradient curves 1651:1675 favorable gradient curves 1651:1675 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 0 87 theme Composite 105:113 arg1 Derivative 115:124 Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 91:124 Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative 91:124 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative. 34202747 2 88 dep such 363:366 arg1 as 368:369 as 368:369 as 368:369 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 10 89 theme -olium 1560:1565 arg1 MTT 1576:1578 MTT 1576:1578 MTT 1576:1578 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 10 89 theme -olium 1560:1565 arg1 bromide 1567:1573 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide 1512:1573 the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method 1508:1586 In addition, tumor cell proliferation inhibition assays for BX, GMABX-PA were carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetraz -olium bromide (MTT) method. 34202747 15 90 theme resistant 2282:2290 arg1 material 2292:2299 a heat resistant material 2275:2299 a heat resistant material 2275:2299 Therefore, the material was shown to be a potential candidate for biomedical applications as well as for use as a heat resistant material. 34202747 14 91 theme cancer 2081:2086 arg1 NCI-H460 2066:2073 NCI-H460 2066:2073 NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) 2066:2093 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 14 91 theme cancer 2081:2086 arg1 cells 2088:2092 lung cancer cells 2076:2092 lung cancer cells 2076:2092 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 11 92 theme maximum 1743:1749 arg1 DS 1751:1752 a maximum DS 1741:1752 a maximum DS of 0.267 1741:1761 The results showed that various reaction conditions exhibited favorable gradient curves, and that a maximum G of 56% for the graft copolymerization and a maximum DS of 0.267 can be achieved. 34202747 4 93 dep PA 723:724 arg1 GMABX-PA 727:734 GMABX-PA 727:734 PA; GMABX-PA 723:734 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 3 94 theme biological 424:433 arg1 properties 435:444 Its physic-chemical and biological properties 400:444 Its physic-chemical and biological properties 400:444 Its physic-chemical and biological properties can be improved by functionalization. 34202747 9 95 dep proteins 1355:1362 arg1 5XNV 1365:1368 5XNV 1365:1368 5XNV 1365:1368 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 9 95 dep proteins 1355:1362 arg1 2EB2 1371:1374 2EB2 1371:1374 2EB2 1371:1374 Molecular docking was further performed to study the combination mode of the GMABX-PA into the active site of two lung cancer proteins (5XNV, 2EB2) and a blood cancer protein (2M6N). 34202747 5 96 theme conditions 782:791 arg1 effects 758:764 The effects 754:764 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) 754:996 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 6 97 theme structure 1053:1061 arg1 structure 1017:1025 The structure 1013:1025 The structure of the composite material structure 1013:1061 The structure of the composite material structure was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and XRD. 34202747 3 98 theme physic-chemical 404:418 arg1 properties 435:444 Its physic-chemical and biological properties 400:444 Its physic-chemical and biological properties 400:444 Its physic-chemical and biological properties can be improved by functionalization. 34202747 4 99 theme BX 555:556 arg1 derivative 568:577 a BX composite derivative 553:577 a BX composite derivative 553:577 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 6 100 theme composite 1034:1042 arg1 structure 1053:1061 the composite material structure 1030:1061 the composite material structure 1030:1061 The structure of the composite material structure was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and XRD. 34202747 2 101 theme various 332:338 arg1 activities 351:360 various biological activities 332:360 various biological activities 332:360 Bagasse Xylan (BX) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, etc. 34202747 5 102 theme conversion 948:957 arg1 C 964:964 C 964:964 C 964:964 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 5 102 theme conversion 948:957 arg1 rate 959:962 conversion rate 948:962 conversion rate(C) 948:965 The effects of the reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, GMA concentration, PA concentration, mass of ionic liquid) on grafting rate(G), conversion rate(C) and degree of substitution(DS) are discussed. 34202747 7 103 theme derivative 1157:1166 arg1 morphology 1129:1138 the particle morphology 1116:1138 the particle morphology of the composite derivative 1116:1166 SEM confirmed the particle morphology of the composite derivative. 34202747 4 104 theme glycidyl 643:650 arg1 GMA 666:668 GMA 666:668 GMA; GMABX 666:675 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 4 104 theme glycidyl 643:650 arg1 metharcylate 652:663 glycidyl metharcylate 643:663 glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) 643:676 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 14 105 theme GMABX-PA 2054:2061 arg1 ratio 2045:2049 The inhibition ratio 2030:2049 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) 2030:2093 The inhibition ratio of GMABX-PA on NCI-H460 (lung cancer cells) reached 29.68% ± 4.45%, which is five times higher than that of BX. 34202747 13 106 theme combining 2013:2021 arg1 sites 2023:2027 the evaluated binding energy and combining sites 1980:2027 sites 2023:2027 The molecular docking software generated satisfactory results with regard to the evaluated binding energy and combining sites. 34202747 4 107 from acid 717:720 arg1 liquid 746:751 liquid 746:751 liquid 746:751 For this purpose, a novel glycidyl metharcylate/phytic acid based on a BX composite derivative was synthesized by a free radical polymerization technique with glycidyl metharcylate (GMA; GMABX) and further esterification with phytic acid (PA; GMABX-PA) in ionic liquid. 34202747 1 108 theme natural 255:261 arg1 polysaccharides 263:277 natural polysaccharides 255:277 natural polysaccharides 255:277 The development of natural biomass materials with excellent properties is an attractive way to improve the application range of natural polysaccharides. 33659520 4 0 theme plant 703:707 arg1 growth 709:714 plant growth 703:714 plant growth 703:714 These polysaccharide interactions are vital to plant growth, however they also contribute to the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition. 33659520 1 1 theme vital 225:229 arg1 role 231:234 a vital role 223:234 a vital role 223:234 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 6 2 theme monosaccharide 1053:1066 arg1 quantification 1068:1081 monosaccharide quantification 1053:1081 monosaccharide quantification 1053:1081 Recently, a streamlined approach for monosaccharide quantification was described. 33659520 7 3 theme hydrolysis 1134:1143 arg1 method 1145:1150 a simplified hydrolysis method 1121:1150 a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1121:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 9 4 theme degradation 1503:1513 arg1 inclusion 1470:1478 The inclusion 1466:1478 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis 1466:1649 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 3 5 theme flexibility 498:508 arg1 regions 487:493 regions 487:493 regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall 487:542 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 10 6 theme light-grown 1749:1759 arg1 seedlings 1761:1769 Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings 1737:1769 Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings 1737:1769 This protocol was used to analyze Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings and dark-grown hypocotyls, but is suitable for any plant tissues. 33659520 5 7 theme wall 979:982 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 955:998 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 8 8 theme high-performance 1399:1414 arg1 chromatography 1423:1436 single high-performance liquid chromatography 1392:1436 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 9 9 theme quantification 1566:1579 arg1 accuracy 1581:1588 added quantification accuracy 1560:1588 added quantification accuracy 1560:1588 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 7 10 theme simplified 1123:1132 arg1 method 1145:1150 a simplified hydrolysis method 1121:1150 a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1121:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 3 11 theme cell 534:537 arg1 wall 539:542 the cell wall 530:542 the cell wall 530:542 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 5 12 theme neutral 955:961 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 955:998 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 7 13 theme amperometric 1239:1250 arg1 detection 1252:1260 pulsed amperometric detection 1232:1260 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1232:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 7 13 theme amperometric 1239:1250 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 5 14 theme acidic 967:972 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 955:998 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 5 15 theme cell 892:895 arg1 monosaccharides 902:916 cell wall monosaccharides 892:916 cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose 892:942 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 10 16 theme Arabidopsis 1737:1747 arg1 seedlings 1761:1769 Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings 1737:1769 Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings 1737:1769 This protocol was used to analyze Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings and dark-grown hypocotyls, but is suitable for any plant tissues. 33659520 7 17 theme pulsed 1232:1237 arg1 detection 1252:1260 pulsed amperometric detection 1232:1260 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1232:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 7 17 theme pulsed 1232:1237 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 9 18 theme alternate 1527:1535 arg1 standards 1546:1554 alternate internal standards 1527:1554 alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy 1527:1588 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 8 19 theme updated 1295:1301 arg1 version 1303:1309 an updated version 1292:1309 an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1292:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 1 20 theme plant 71:75 arg1 network 100:106 a complex network 90:106 a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response 90:279 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 1 20 theme plant 71:75 arg1 wall 82:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 9 21 theme starch 1496:1501 arg1 degradation 1503:1513 an enzymatic starch degradation 1483:1513 an enzymatic starch degradation 1483:1513 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 10 22 theme dark-grown 1775:1784 arg1 hypocotyls 1786:1795 dark-grown hypocotyls 1775:1795 dark-grown hypocotyls 1775:1795 This protocol was used to analyze Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings and dark-grown hypocotyls, but is suitable for any plant tissues. 33659520 7 23 theme several 1164:1170 arg1 runs 1172:1175 several runs 1164:1175 several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1164:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 5 24 theme wall 897:900 arg1 monosaccharides 902:916 cell wall monosaccharides 892:916 cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose 892:942 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 9 25 theme added 1560:1564 arg1 accuracy 1581:1588 added quantification accuracy 1560:1588 added quantification accuracy 1560:1588 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 1 26 theme cell 77:80 arg1 network 100:106 a complex network 90:106 a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response 90:279 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 1 26 theme cell 77:80 arg1 wall 82:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 1 27 theme structural 167:176 arg1 integrity 178:186 structural integrity 167:186 structural integrity 167:186 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 0 28 theme HPLC 11:14 arg1 Quantification 16:29 Single-run HPLC Quantification 0:29 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 0:64 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. 33659520 9 29 theme Python 1610:1615 arg1 script 1617:1622 a ready-to-use Python script 1595:1622 a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis 1595:1649 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 2 30 theme Cell 282:285 arg1 polysaccharides 292:306 Cell wall polysaccharides 282:306 Cell wall polysaccharides 282:306 Cell wall polysaccharides can be broadly grouped into three categories: cellulose, pectins, and hemicelluloses. 33659520 7 31 theme chromatography 1212:1225 arg1 runs 1172:1175 several runs 1164:1175 several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1164:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 5 32 theme lengthy 862:868 arg1 protocols 870:878 lengthy protocols 862:878 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 0 33 theme Single-run 0:9 arg1 Quantification 16:29 Single-run HPLC Quantification 0:29 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 0:64 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. 33659520 9 34 theme script 1617:1622 arg1 inclusion 1470:1478 The inclusion 1466:1478 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis 1466:1649 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 9 35 theme data 1637:1640 arg1 analysis 1642:1649 data analysis 1637:1649 data analysis 1637:1649 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 3 36 theme Dynamic 394:400 arg1 interactions 402:413 Dynamic interactions 394:413 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins 394:471 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 7 37 theme high-performance 1180:1195 arg1 chromatography 1212:1225 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography 1180:1225 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1180:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 7 38 with chromatography 1212:1225 arg1 detection 1252:1260 pulsed amperometric detection 1232:1260 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1232:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 7 38 with chromatography 1212:1225 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 HPAEC-PAD 1263:1271 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 8 39 theme HPAEC-PAD 1438:1446 arg1 profile 1457:1463 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 1 40 theme plant 191:195 arg1 cells 197:201 plant cells 191:201 plant cells 191:201 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 7 41 theme anion-exchange 1197:1210 arg1 chromatography 1212:1225 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography 1180:1225 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 1180:1272 This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33659520 5 42 theme cell 974:977 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 955:998 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 8 43 theme chromatography 1423:1436 arg1 profile 1457:1463 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 1 44 theme complex 92:98 arg1 network 100:106 a complex network 90:106 a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response 90:279 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 1 44 theme complex 92:98 arg1 wall 82:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 3 45 theme wall-associated 448:462 arg1 proteins 464:471 cell wall-associated proteins 443:471 cell wall-associated proteins 443:471 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 0 46 theme Cell 40:43 arg1 Monosaccharides 50:64 Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 34:64 Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 34:64 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. 33659520 8 47 theme protocol 1319:1326 arg1 version 1303:1309 an updated version 1292:1309 an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1292:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 9 48 theme internal 1537:1544 arg1 standards 1546:1554 alternate internal standards 1527:1554 alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy 1527:1588 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 4 49 theme wall 817:820 arg1 structure 822:830 cell wall structure 812:830 cell wall structure 812:830 These polysaccharide interactions are vital to plant growth, however they also contribute to the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition. 33659520 3 50 dep growth 591:596 arg1 activation 644:653 activation 644:653 activation 644:653 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 0 51 theme Plant 34:38 arg1 Monosaccharides 50:64 Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 34:64 Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 34:64 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. 33659520 1 52 theme defense 264:270 arg1 response 272:279 defense response 264:279 defense response 264:279 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 9 53 theme utility 1677:1683 arg1 scope 1668:1672 a broadened scope 1656:1672 a broadened scope of utility 1656:1683 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 4 54 theme cell 812:815 arg1 structure 822:830 cell wall structure 812:830 cell wall structure 812:830 These polysaccharide interactions are vital to plant growth, however they also contribute to the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition. 33659520 6 55 theme streamlined 1028:1038 arg1 approach 1040:1047 a streamlined approach 1026:1047 a streamlined approach for monosaccharide quantification 1026:1081 Recently, a streamlined approach for monosaccharide quantification was described. 33659520 0 56 theme Monosaccharides 50:64 arg1 Quantification 16:29 Single-run HPLC Quantification 0:29 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 0:64 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. 33659520 8 57 theme single 1392:1397 arg1 chromatography 1423:1436 single high-performance liquid chromatography 1392:1436 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 3 58 theme stress 628:633 arg1 response 635:642 stress response 628:642 stress response 628:642 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 9 59 theme broadened 1658:1666 arg1 scope 1668:1672 a broadened scope 1656:1672 a broadened scope of utility 1656:1683 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 5 60 used used 1010:1013 arg2 protocols 870:878 lengthy protocols 862:878 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 5 60 used used 1010:1013 arg2 polysaccharides 984:998 neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 955:998 lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides 862:998 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 0 61 theme Wall 45:48 arg1 Monosaccharides 50:64 Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 34:64 Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides 34:64 Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. 33659520 8 62 theme gradient 1448:1455 arg1 profile 1457:1463 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 4 63 theme polysaccharide 662:675 arg1 interactions 677:688 These polysaccharide interactions 656:688 These polysaccharide interactions 656:688 These polysaccharide interactions are vital to plant growth, however they also contribute to the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition. 33659520 10 64 theme plant 1822:1826 arg1 tissues 1828:1834 any plant tissues 1818:1834 any plant tissues 1818:1834 This protocol was used to analyze Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings and dark-grown hypocotyls, but is suitable for any plant tissues. 33659520 5 65 dep protocols 870:878 arg1 quantify 883:890 quantify 883:890 to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose 880:942 In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. 33659520 1 66 theme polysaccharides 111:125 arg1 network 100:106 a complex network 90:106 a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response 90:279 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 1 66 theme polysaccharides 111:125 arg1 wall 82:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 8 67 theme liquid 1416:1421 arg1 chromatography 1423:1436 single high-performance liquid chromatography 1392:1436 a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile 1390:1463 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 4 68 theme difficulty 762:771 arg1 level 753:757 the level 749:757 the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition 749:846 These polysaccharide interactions are vital to plant growth, however they also contribute to the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition. 33659520 8 69 theme wall 1366:1369 arg1 monosaccharides 1371:1385 all nine cell wall monosaccharides 1352:1385 all nine cell wall monosaccharides 1352:1385 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 2 70 theme wall 287:290 arg1 polysaccharides 292:306 Cell wall polysaccharides 282:306 Cell wall polysaccharides 282:306 Cell wall polysaccharides can be broadly grouped into three categories: cellulose, pectins, and hemicelluloses. 33659520 8 71 theme cell 1361:1364 arg1 monosaccharides 1371:1385 all nine cell wall monosaccharides 1352:1385 all nine cell wall monosaccharides 1352:1385 Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. 33659520 9 72 theme standards 1546:1554 arg1 inclusion 1470:1478 The inclusion 1466:1478 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis 1466:1649 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 10 73 used used 1721:1724 arg2 protocol 1708:1715 This protocol 1703:1715 This protocol 1703:1715 This protocol was used to analyze Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings and dark-grown hypocotyls, but is suitable for any plant tissues. 33659520 3 74 theme cell 443:446 arg1 proteins 464:471 cell wall-associated proteins 443:471 cell wall-associated proteins 443:471 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 1 75 theme proteins 131:138 arg1 network 100:106 a complex network 90:106 a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response 90:279 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 1 75 theme proteins 131:138 arg1 wall 82:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall 67:85 The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. 33659520 9 76 theme enzymatic 1486:1494 arg1 degradation 1503:1513 an enzymatic starch degradation 1483:1513 an enzymatic starch degradation 1483:1513 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 3 77 theme environmental 599:611 arg1 adaptation 613:622 environmental adaptation 599:622 environmental adaptation 599:622 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 33659520 9 78 theme ready-to-use 1597:1608 arg1 script 1617:1622 a ready-to-use Python script 1595:1622 a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis 1595:1649 The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. 33659520 3 79 theme rigidity 514:521 arg1 regions 487:493 regions 487:493 regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall 487:542 Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. 35049540 0 0 theme Physicochemical 86:100 arg1 Properties 102:111 Their Physicochemical Properties 80:111 Their Physicochemical Properties 80:111 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi and Their Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities. 35049540 2 1 theme thermal 615:621 arg1 analysis 623:630 thermal analysis 615:630 thermal analysis 615:630 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 1 2 theme purified 160:167 arg1 Artp1 195:199 Artp1 195:199 Artp1 195:199 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 2 theme purified 160:167 arg1 fractions 184:192 two purified polysaccharide fractions 156:192 two purified polysaccharide fractions 156:192 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 2 theme purified 160:167 arg1 Artp2 205:209 Artp2 205:209 Artp2 205:209 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 3 theme crude 354:358 arg1 polysaccharides 360:374 the crude polysaccharides 350:374 the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi 350:393 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 7 4 theme hydroxyl 1423:1430 arg1 radical 1432:1438 hydroxyl radical 1423:1438 hydroxyl radical 1423:1438 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 1 5 theme polysaccharide 169:182 arg1 Artp1 195:199 Artp1 195:199 Artp1 195:199 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 5 theme polysaccharide 169:182 arg1 fractions 184:192 two purified polysaccharide fractions 156:192 two purified polysaccharide fractions 156:192 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 5 theme polysaccharide 169:182 arg1 Artp2 205:209 Artp2 205:209 Artp2 205:209 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 4 6 theme molar 1001:1005 arg1 ratio 1007:1011 the molar ratio 997:1011 the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7 997:1034 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 7 7 theme scavenging 1402:1411 arg1 assay 1413:1417 DPPH radical scavenging assay 1389:1417 DPPH radical scavenging assay 1389:1417 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 5 8 theme methylation 1137:1147 arg1 analysis 1149:1156 the methylation analysis 1133:1156 the methylation analysis 1133:1156 Due to the high yield and the relatively high carbohydrate content, the Artp1 was determined by the methylation analysis and NMR. 35049540 0 9 from Artemisia 60:68 arg1 Extraction 21:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction 0:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia 0:68 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi and Their Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities. 35049540 4 10 theme main 855:858 arg1 proportion 860:869 main proportion 855:869 main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4 855:917 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 7 11 theme effective 1353:1361 arg1 activities 1375:1384 effective antioxidant activities 1353:1384 effective antioxidant activities 1353:1384 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 7 12 theme DPPH 1389:1392 arg1 assay 1413:1417 DPPH radical scavenging assay 1389:1417 DPPH radical scavenging assay 1389:1417 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 1 13 theme Artemisia 379:387 arg1 polysaccharides 360:374 the crude polysaccharides 350:374 the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi 350:393 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 2 14 theme methylation 637:647 arg1 analysis 649:656 methylation analysis 637:656 methylation analysis 637:656 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 9 15 dep the 1575:1577 arg1 uses 1579:1582 uses 1579:1582 uses 1579:1582 provide a scientific basis for the uses of Artp1 and Artp2 as ingredients in functional foods and medicines. 35049540 0 16 theme Antioxidant 117:127 arg1 Activities 129:138 Antioxidant Activities 117:138 Antioxidant Activities 117:138 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi and Their Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities. 35049540 3 17 theme Artp2 706:710 arg1 kDa 739:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 17 theme Artp2 706:710 arg1 weight 681:686 The average molecular weight 659:686 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 659:710 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 17 theme Artp2 706:710 arg1 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 2 18 theme exchange 510:517 arg1 HPAEC 535:539 HPAEC 535:539 HPAEC 535:539 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 18 theme exchange 510:517 arg1 chromatography 519:532 high-performance anion exchange chromatography 487:532 high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) 487:540 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 4 19 theme 25.1:24.7:40.4 904:917 arg1 ratio 895:899 the molar ratio 885:899 the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4 885:917 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 0 20 theme Water 15:19 arg1 Extraction 21:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction 0:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia 0:68 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi and Their Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities. 35049540 5 21 theme high 1048:1051 arg1 yield 1053:1057 the high yield 1044:1057 the high yield 1044:1057 Due to the high yield and the relatively high carbohydrate content, the Artp1 was determined by the methylation analysis and NMR. 35049540 4 22 used occupied 954:961 arg2 Xly 940:942 Xly 940:942 Xly 940:942 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 4 22 used occupied 954:961 arg2 Rha 930:932 the Rha 926:932 the Rha 926:932 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 4 22 used occupied 954:961 arg2 GalA 949:952 GalA 949:952 GalA 949:952 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 2 23 theme physicochemical 402:416 arg1 properties 418:427 Their physicochemical properties 396:427 Their physicochemical properties 396:427 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 0 24 theme Acid-Catalyzed 0:13 arg1 Extraction 21:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction 0:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia 0:68 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi and Their Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities. 35049540 9 25 from ingredients 1606:1616 arg1 medicines 1642:1650 medicines 1642:1650 medicines 1642:1650 provide a scientific basis for the uses of Artp1 and Artp2 as ingredients in functional foods and medicines. 35049540 9 25 from ingredients 1606:1616 arg1 foods 1632:1636 functional foods 1621:1636 functional foods 1621:1636 provide a scientific basis for the uses of Artp1 and Artp2 as ingredients in functional foods and medicines. 35049540 8 26 from investigations 1491:1504 arg1 argyi 1537:1541 A. argyi 1534:1541 A. argyi 1534:1541 These investigations of the polysaccharides from A. argyi. 35049540 1 27 theme DEAE-52 286:292 arg1 cellulose 294:302 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography 286:343 cellulose 294:302 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 2 28 dep Fourier 543:549 arg1 transform 551:559 transform 551:559 transform infrared (FT-IR) 551:576 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 29 theme permeation 454:463 arg1 GPC 481:483 GPC 481:483 GPC 481:483 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 29 theme permeation 454:463 arg1 chromatography 465:478 gel permeation chromatography 450:478 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) 450:484 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 7 30 dep assay 1413:1417 arg1 assay 1451:1455 scavenging assay 1440:1455 scavenging assay 1440:1455 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 4 31 theme molar 889:893 arg1 ratio 895:899 the molar ratio 885:899 the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4 885:917 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 7 32 theme dose-dependent 1462:1475 arg1 manner 1477:1482 a dose-dependent manner 1460:1482 a dose-dependent manner 1460:1482 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 2 33 theme gel 450:452 arg1 GPC 481:483 GPC 481:483 GPC 481:483 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 33 theme gel 450:452 arg1 chromatography 465:478 gel permeation chromatography 450:478 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) 450:484 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 0 34 theme Polysaccharides 39:53 arg1 Extraction 21:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction 0:30 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia 0:68 Acid-Catalyzed Water Extraction of Two Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi and Their Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities. 35049540 4 35 used occupied 846:853 arg2 Rha 827:829 the Rha 823:829 the Rha 823:829 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 4 35 used occupied 846:853 arg2 GalA 841:844 GalA 841:844 GalA 841:844 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 4 35 used occupied 846:853 arg2 Gal 832:834 Gal 832:834 Gal 832:834 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 2 36 dep infrared 561:568 arg1 FT-IR 571:575 FT-IR 571:575 FT-IR 571:575 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 3 37 theme average 663:669 arg1 kDa 739:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 37 theme average 663:669 arg1 weight 681:686 The average molecular weight 659:686 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 659:710 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 37 theme average 663:669 arg1 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 6 38 with backbone 1239:1246 arg1 1,6-Galp 1282:1289 1,6-Galp 1282:1289 1,6-Galp 1282:1289 The results of Artp1 indicated that 1,4-GalpA and 1,2,4-Rhap formed the backbone with some 1,2-Rhap, 1,3-Galp, and 1,6-Galp in the backbone or the side chains. 35049540 6 38 with backbone 1239:1246 arg1 1,2-Rhap 1258:1265 some 1,2-Rhap 1253:1265 some 1,2-Rhap 1253:1265 The results of Artp1 indicated that 1,4-GalpA and 1,2,4-Rhap formed the backbone with some 1,2-Rhap, 1,3-Galp, and 1,6-Galp in the backbone or the side chains. 35049540 6 38 with backbone 1239:1246 arg1 1,3-Galp 1268:1275 1,3-Galp 1268:1275 1,3-Galp 1268:1275 The results of Artp1 indicated that 1,4-GalpA and 1,2,4-Rhap formed the backbone with some 1,2-Rhap, 1,3-Galp, and 1,6-Galp in the backbone or the side chains. 35049540 1 39 from polysaccharides 360:374 arg1 cellulose 294:302 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography 286:343 cellulose 294:302 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 39 from polysaccharides 360:374 arg1 chromatography 330:343 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography 286:343 chromatography 330:343 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 1 40 theme Sephadex 308:315 arg1 chromatography 330:343 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography 286:343 chromatography 330:343 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 2 41 theme anion 504:508 arg1 HPAEC 535:539 HPAEC 535:539 HPAEC 535:539 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 41 theme anion 504:508 arg1 chromatography 519:532 high-performance anion exchange chromatography 487:532 high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) 487:540 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 7 42 theme radical 1394:1400 arg1 assay 1413:1417 DPPH radical scavenging assay 1389:1417 DPPH radical scavenging assay 1389:1417 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 2 43 theme high-performance 487:502 arg1 HPAEC 535:539 HPAEC 535:539 HPAEC 535:539 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 43 theme high-performance 487:502 arg1 chromatography 519:532 high-performance anion exchange chromatography 487:532 high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) 487:540 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 1 44 theme G-200 317:321 arg1 chromatography 330:343 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography 286:343 chromatography 330:343 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 4 45 from proportion 972:981 arg1 Artp2 986:990 Artp2 986:990 Artp2 986:990 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 7 46 theme antioxidant 1363:1373 arg1 activities 1375:1384 effective antioxidant activities 1353:1384 effective antioxidant activities 1353:1384 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 2 47 dep transform 551:559 arg1 infrared 561:568 infrared 561:568 transform infrared (FT-IR) 551:576 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 1 48 theme column 323:328 arg1 chromatography 330:343 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography 286:343 chromatography 330:343 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 4 49 from proportion 860:869 arg1 Artp1 874:878 Artp1 874:878 Artp1 874:878 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 7 50 theme scavenging 1440:1449 arg1 assay 1451:1455 scavenging assay 1440:1455 scavenging assay 1440:1455 Artp1 and Artp2 exhibited effective antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in a dose-dependent manner. 35049540 6 51 theme Artp1 1182:1186 arg1 results 1171:1177 The results 1167:1177 The results of Artp1 1167:1186 The results of Artp1 indicated that 1,4-GalpA and 1,2,4-Rhap formed the backbone with some 1,2-Rhap, 1,3-Galp, and 1,6-Galp in the backbone or the side chains. 35049540 5 52 theme high 1078:1081 arg1 content 1096:1102 the relatively high carbohydrate content 1063:1102 the relatively high carbohydrate content 1063:1102 Due to the high yield and the relatively high carbohydrate content, the Artp1 was determined by the methylation analysis and NMR. 35049540 4 53 with proportion 860:869 arg1 ratio 895:899 the molar ratio 885:899 the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4 885:917 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 9 54 theme functional 1621:1630 arg1 foods 1632:1636 functional foods 1621:1636 functional foods 1621:1636 provide a scientific basis for the uses of Artp1 and Artp2 as ingredients in functional foods and medicines. 35049540 2 55 theme electron 588:595 arg1 SEM 609:611 SEM 609:611 SEM 609:611 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 55 theme electron 588:595 arg1 microscope 597:606 scanning electron microscope 579:606 scanning electron microscope (SEM) 579:612 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 9 56 theme scientific 1554:1563 arg1 basis 1565:1569 a scientific basis 1552:1569 a scientific basis for the uses of Artp1 and Artp2 as ingredients in functional foods and medicines 1552:1650 provide a scientific basis for the uses of Artp1 and Artp2 as ingredients in functional foods and medicines. 35049540 4 57 theme Monosaccharide 773:786 arg1 analysis 800:807 Monosaccharide composition analysis 773:807 Monosaccharide composition analysis 773:807 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 8 58 from argyi 1537:1541 arg1 investigations 1491:1504 These investigations 1485:1504 These investigations of the polysaccharides from A. argyi 1485:1541 These investigations of the polysaccharides from A. argyi. 35049540 8 58 from argyi 1537:1541 arg1 polysaccharides 1513:1527 the polysaccharides 1509:1527 the polysaccharides from A. argyi 1509:1541 These investigations of the polysaccharides from A. argyi. 35049540 2 59 theme scanning 579:586 arg1 SEM 609:611 SEM 609:611 SEM 609:611 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 2 59 theme scanning 579:586 arg1 microscope 597:606 scanning electron microscope 579:606 scanning electron microscope (SEM) 579:612 Their physicochemical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, and methylation analysis. 35049540 3 60 theme molecular 671:679 arg1 kDa 739:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 60 theme molecular 671:679 arg1 weight 681:686 The average molecular weight 659:686 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 659:710 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 60 theme molecular 671:679 arg1 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 8 61 theme polysaccharides 1513:1527 arg1 investigations 1491:1504 These investigations 1485:1504 These investigations of the polysaccharides from A. argyi 1485:1541 These investigations of the polysaccharides from A. argyi. 35049540 1 62 theme acid-catalyzed 232:245 arg1 extraction 253:262 acid-catalyzed water extraction 232:262 acid-catalyzed water extraction 232:262 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 6 63 theme side 1314:1317 arg1 chains 1319:1324 the side chains 1310:1324 the side chains 1310:1324 The results of Artp1 indicated that 1,4-GalpA and 1,2,4-Rhap formed the backbone with some 1,2-Rhap, 1,3-Galp, and 1,6-Galp in the backbone or the side chains. 35049540 4 64 theme 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7 1016:1034 arg1 ratio 1007:1011 the molar ratio 997:1011 the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7 997:1034 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 1 65 theme water 247:251 arg1 extraction 253:262 acid-catalyzed water extraction 232:262 acid-catalyzed water extraction 232:262 In this study, two purified polysaccharide fractions, Artp1 and Artp2, were obtained using acid-catalyzed water extraction, and then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography from the crude polysaccharides of Artemisia argyi. 35049540 3 66 theme Artp1 696:700 arg1 kDa 739:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 42.17 kDa 733:741 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 66 theme Artp1 696:700 arg1 weight 681:686 The average molecular weight 659:686 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 659:710 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 3 66 theme Artp1 696:700 arg1 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 Mw 689:690 The average molecular weight (Mw) of Artp1 and Artp2 were estimated to be 42.17 kDa and 175.22 kDa, respectively. 35049540 4 67 theme composition 788:798 arg1 analysis 800:807 Monosaccharide composition analysis 773:807 Monosaccharide composition analysis 773:807 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 4 68 theme main 967:970 arg1 proportion 972:981 the main proportion 963:981 the main proportion in Artp2 963:990 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the Rha, Gal, and GalA occupied main proportion in Artp1 with the molar ratio of 25.1:24.7:40.4, while the Rha, Gal, Xly, and GalA occupied the main proportion in Artp2 with the molar ratio of 16.7:13.5:12.8:38.7. 35049540 5 69 theme carbohydrate 1083:1094 arg1 content 1096:1102 the relatively high carbohydrate content 1063:1102 the relatively high carbohydrate content 1063:1102 Due to the high yield and the relatively high carbohydrate content, the Artp1 was determined by the methylation analysis and NMR. 32391207 0 0 theme Amaranthus 91:100 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 1 from characterization 14:29 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 2 2 from hybridus 427:434 arg1 polysaccharides 403:417 crude polysaccharides 397:417 crude polysaccharides from A. hybridus (AHP-M) using microwave-assisted extraction 397:478 METHODS In this study, we isolated crude polysaccharides from A. hybridus (AHP-M) using microwave-assisted extraction. 32391207 8 3 theme radical 1122:1128 arg1 rate 1141:1144 the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate 1109:1144 the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate 1109:1144 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 3 4 with chromatography 513:526 arg1 cellulose 541:549 DEAE-32 cellulose 533:549 DEAE-32 cellulose 533:549 Then, the AHP-M was purified by chromatography with DEAE-32 cellulose, and two fractions, AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2, were obtained. 32391207 1 5 with substances 324:333 arg1 activity 352:359 antioxidant activity 340:359 antioxidant activity 340:359 Polysaccharides extracted from traditional Chinese medicines may be effective substances with antioxidant activity. 32391207 0 6 theme L. 111:112 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 7 from Purification 0:11 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 10 8 contain have 1448:1451 arg1 AHP-M-1 1428:1434 AHP-M-1 1428:1434 AHP-M-1 1428:1434 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 8 contain have 1448:1451 arg2 activity 1470:1477 good antioxidant activity 1453:1477 good antioxidant activity 1453:1477 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 8 contain have 1448:1451 arg1 AHP-M-2 1440:1446 AHP-M-2 1440:1446 AHP-M-2 1440:1446 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 9 theme immense 1533:1539 arg1 potential 1541:1549 immense potential 1533:1549 immense potential 1533:1549 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 9 theme immense 1533:1539 arg1 antioxidants 1564:1575 a natural antioxidants 1554:1575 a natural antioxidants 1554:1575 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 0 10 theme hybridus 102:109 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 11 theme ascending 185:193 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 11 theme ascending 185:193 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 11 theme ascending 185:193 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 11 theme ascending 185:193 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 11 theme ascending 185:193 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 12 theme family 238:243 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 12 theme family 238:243 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 12 theme family 238:243 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 12 theme family 238:243 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 12 theme family 238:243 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 8 13 theme radical 1043:1049 arg1 % 1106:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 13 theme radical 1043:1049 arg1 rate 1062:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate 1034:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL 1034:1095 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 0 14 theme Amaranthaceae 224:236 arg1 family 238:243 the Amaranthaceae family 220:243 the Amaranthaceae family 220:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 9 15 theme Vitamin 1368:1374 arg1 Vc 1379:1380 Vc 1379:1380 Vc 1379:1380 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 9 15 theme Vitamin 1368:1374 arg1 C 1376:1376 Vitamin C 1368:1376 Vitamin C (Vc) 1368:1381 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 0 16 theme BACKGROUND 114:123 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 17 from activities 47:56 arg1 Amaranthus 125:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 91:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 8 18 theme anion 1173:1177 arg1 radical 1179:1185 the superoxide anion radical 1158:1185 the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate 1158:1201 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 10 19 theme in 1399:1400 arg1 test 1408:1411 The in vitro test 1395:1411 The in vitro test 1395:1411 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 2 20 theme crude 397:401 arg1 polysaccharides 403:417 crude polysaccharides 397:417 crude polysaccharides from A. hybridus (AHP-M) using microwave-assisted extraction 397:478 METHODS In this study, we isolated crude polysaccharides from A. hybridus (AHP-M) using microwave-assisted extraction. 32391207 2 21 theme microwave-assisted 450:467 arg1 extraction 469:478 microwave-assisted extraction 450:478 microwave-assisted extraction 450:478 METHODS In this study, we isolated crude polysaccharides from A. hybridus (AHP-M) using microwave-assisted extraction. 32391207 9 22 theme total 1276:1280 arg1 capacity 1294:1301 The total antioxidant capacity 1272:1301 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 1272:1326 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 9 22 theme total 1276:1280 arg1 6.42 1332:1335 6.42 1332:1335 6.42 1332:1335 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 10 23 contain has 1529:1531 arg1 polysaccharide 1514:1527 A. hybridus L. polysaccharide 1499:1527 A. hybridus L. polysaccharide 1499:1527 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 23 contain has 1529:1531 arg2 potential 1541:1549 immense potential 1533:1549 immense potential 1533:1549 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 23 contain has 1529:1531 arg2 antioxidants 1564:1575 a natural antioxidants 1554:1575 a natural antioxidants 1554:1575 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 9 24 theme antioxidant 1282:1292 arg1 capacity 1294:1301 The total antioxidant capacity 1272:1301 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 1272:1326 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 9 24 theme antioxidant 1282:1292 arg1 6.42 1332:1335 6.42 1332:1335 6.42 1332:1335 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 1 25 theme traditional 277:287 arg1 medicines 297:305 traditional Chinese medicines 277:305 traditional Chinese medicines 277:305 Polysaccharides extracted from traditional Chinese medicines may be effective substances with antioxidant activity. 32391207 8 26 theme scavenging 1051:1060 arg1 % 1106:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 26 theme scavenging 1051:1060 arg1 rate 1062:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate 1034:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL 1034:1095 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 10 27 theme good 1453:1456 arg1 activity 1470:1477 good antioxidant activity 1453:1477 good antioxidant activity 1453:1477 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 8 28 theme hydroxyl 1113:1120 arg1 radical 1122:1128 the hydroxyl radical 1109:1128 the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate 1109:1144 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 10 29 theme natural 1556:1562 arg1 potential 1541:1549 immense potential 1533:1549 immense potential 1533:1549 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 29 theme natural 1556:1562 arg1 antioxidants 1564:1575 a natural antioxidants 1554:1575 a natural antioxidants 1554:1575 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 30 theme L. 1511:1512 arg1 polysaccharide 1514:1527 A. hybridus L. polysaccharide 1499:1527 A. hybridus L. polysaccharide 1499:1527 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 1 31 theme Chinese 289:295 arg1 medicines 297:305 traditional Chinese medicines 277:305 traditional Chinese medicines 277:305 Polysaccharides extracted from traditional Chinese medicines may be effective substances with antioxidant activity. 32391207 7 32 theme antioxidant 956:966 arg1 better 992:997 better 992:997 better 992:997 The results showed that the antioxidant activity of AHP-M-2 was better than that of AHP-M-1. 32391207 7 32 theme antioxidant 956:966 arg1 activity 968:975 the antioxidant activity 952:975 the antioxidant activity of AHP-M-2 952:986 The results showed that the antioxidant activity of AHP-M-2 was better than that of AHP-M-1. 32391207 4 33 theme AHP-M-1 641:647 arg1 characteristics 622:636 The structural characteristics 607:636 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 607:659 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were investigated, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed in vitro. 32391207 10 34 dep CONCLUSION 1384:1393 arg1 indicated 1413:1421 indicated 1413:1421 indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants 1413:1575 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 35 dep in 1399:1400 arg1 vitro 1402:1406 vitro 1402:1406 vitro 1402:1406 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 36 theme antioxidant 1458:1468 arg1 activity 1470:1477 good antioxidant activity 1453:1477 good antioxidant activity 1453:1477 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 5 37 theme AHP-M-1 793:799 arg1 different 805:813 different 805:813 different 805:813 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 5 37 theme AHP-M-1 793:799 arg1 composition 778:788 the monosaccharide composition 759:788 the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 759:799 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 10 38 theme A. 1499:1500 arg1 polysaccharide 1514:1527 A. hybridus L. polysaccharide 1499:1527 A. hybridus L. polysaccharide 1499:1527 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 10 39 dep A. 1499:1500 arg1 hybridus 1502:1509 hybridus 1502:1509 hybridus 1502:1509 CONCLUSION The in vitro test indicated that AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 have good antioxidant activity, demonstrating that A. hybridus L. polysaccharide has immense potential as a natural antioxidants. 32391207 6 40 theme AHP-M-2 874:880 arg1 weights 851:857 The molecular weights 837:857 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 837:880 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were 77.625 kDa and 93.325 kDa, respectively. 32391207 6 40 theme AHP-M-2 874:880 arg1 kDa 894:896 77.625 kDa 887:896 77.625 kDa 887:896 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were 77.625 kDa and 93.325 kDa, respectively. 32391207 4 41 theme AHP-M-2 653:659 arg1 characteristics 622:636 The structural characteristics 607:636 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 607:659 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were investigated, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed in vitro. 32391207 0 42 theme antioxidant 35:45 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 42 theme antioxidant 35:45 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 42 theme antioxidant 35:45 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 42 theme antioxidant 35:45 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 42 theme antioxidant 35:45 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 8 43 theme superoxide 1162:1171 arg1 radical 1179:1185 the superoxide anion radical 1158:1185 the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate 1158:1201 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 44 theme reduction 1222:1230 arg1 0.90 1266:1269 0.90 1266:1269 0.90 1266:1269 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 44 theme reduction 1222:1230 arg1 ability 1232:1238 the reduction ability 1218:1238 the reduction ability of Fe3+ 1218:1246 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 45 theme scavenging 1187:1196 arg1 rate 1198:1201 the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate 1158:1201 the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate 1158:1201 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 1 46 theme effective 314:322 arg1 substances 324:333 effective substances 314:333 effective substances 314:333 Polysaccharides extracted from traditional Chinese medicines may be effective substances with antioxidant activity. 32391207 8 47 theme mg/mL 1091:1095 arg1 concentration 1072:1084 a concentration 1070:1084 a concentration of 2 mg/mL 1070:1095 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 6 48 theme AHP-M-1 862:868 arg1 weights 851:857 The molecular weights 837:857 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 837:880 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were 77.625 kDa and 93.325 kDa, respectively. 32391207 6 48 theme AHP-M-1 862:868 arg1 kDa 894:896 77.625 kDa 887:896 77.625 kDa 887:896 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were 77.625 kDa and 93.325 kDa, respectively. 32391207 5 49 from that 820:823 arg1 different 805:813 different 805:813 different 805:813 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 5 49 from that 820:823 arg1 composition 778:788 the monosaccharide composition 759:788 the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 759:799 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 8 50 theme radical 1179:1185 arg1 rate 1198:1201 the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate 1158:1201 the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate 1158:1201 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 9 51 theme AHP-M-2 1320:1326 arg1 milligram 1307:1315 milligram 1307:1315 milligram of AHP-M-2 1307:1326 The total antioxidant capacity per milligram of AHP-M-2 was 6.42, which was higher than that of Vitamin C (Vc). 32391207 0 52 theme annual 154:159 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 52 theme annual 154:159 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 52 theme annual 154:159 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 52 theme annual 154:159 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 52 theme annual 154:159 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 53 from Amaranthus 125:134 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 53 from Amaranthus 125:134 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 53 from Amaranthus 125:134 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 53 from Amaranthus 125:134 arg1 polysaccharides 70:84 polysaccharides 70:84 polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus 70:134 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 53 from Amaranthus 125:134 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 53 from Amaranthus 125:134 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 8 54 theme DPPH 1038:1041 arg1 % 1106:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 54 theme DPPH 1038:1041 arg1 rate 1062:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate 1034:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL 1034:1095 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 5 55 dep RESULTS 737:743 arg1 found 748:752 found 748:752 found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2 748:834 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 8 56 theme scavenging 1130:1139 arg1 rate 1141:1144 the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate 1109:1144 the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate 1109:1144 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 0 57 theme erect 162:166 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 57 theme erect 162:166 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 57 theme erect 162:166 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 57 theme erect 162:166 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 57 theme erect 162:166 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 6 58 theme molecular 841:849 arg1 weights 851:857 The molecular weights 837:857 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 837:880 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were 77.625 kDa and 93.325 kDa, respectively. 32391207 6 58 theme molecular 841:849 arg1 kDa 894:896 77.625 kDa 887:896 77.625 kDa 887:896 The molecular weights of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were 77.625 kDa and 93.325 kDa, respectively. 32391207 8 59 theme Fe3+ 1243:1246 arg1 0.90 1266:1269 0.90 1266:1269 0.90 1266:1269 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 59 theme Fe3+ 1243:1246 arg1 ability 1232:1238 the reduction ability 1218:1238 the reduction ability of Fe3+ 1218:1246 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 60 from concentration 1072:1084 arg1 % 1106:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 78.87% 1101:1106 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 8 60 from concentration 1072:1084 arg1 rate 1062:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate 1034:1065 the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL 1034:1095 For AHP-M-2, the DPPH radical scavenging rate at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was 78.87%, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 39.34%, the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 80.2%, and the reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.90. 32391207 0 61 theme polysaccharides 70:84 arg1 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 characterization 14:29 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 61 theme polysaccharides 70:84 arg1 activities 47:56 antioxidant activities 35:56 antioxidant activities in vitro 35:65 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 61 theme polysaccharides 70:84 arg1 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification 0:11 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 61 theme polysaccharides 70:84 arg1 herb 195:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb 151:198 an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family 151:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 0 61 theme polysaccharides 70:84 arg1 member 210:215 a member 208:215 a member of the Amaranthaceae family 208:243 Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. BACKGROUND Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual, erect or less commonly ascending herb that is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. 32391207 4 62 theme antioxidant 690:700 arg1 activities 702:711 their antioxidant activities 684:711 their antioxidant activities 684:711 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were investigated, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed in vitro. 32391207 5 63 theme monosaccharide 763:776 arg1 different 805:813 different 805:813 different 805:813 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 5 63 theme monosaccharide 763:776 arg1 composition 778:788 the monosaccharide composition 759:788 the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 759:799 RESULTS We found that the monosaccharide composition of AHP-M-1 was different from that of AHP-M-2. 32391207 1 64 theme antioxidant 340:350 arg1 activity 352:359 antioxidant activity 340:359 antioxidant activity 340:359 Polysaccharides extracted from traditional Chinese medicines may be effective substances with antioxidant activity. 32391207 7 65 theme AHP-M-2 980:986 arg1 better 992:997 better 992:997 better 992:997 The results showed that the antioxidant activity of AHP-M-2 was better than that of AHP-M-1. 32391207 7 65 theme AHP-M-2 980:986 arg1 activity 968:975 the antioxidant activity 952:975 the antioxidant activity of AHP-M-2 952:986 The results showed that the antioxidant activity of AHP-M-2 was better than that of AHP-M-1. 32391207 4 66 theme structural 611:620 arg1 characteristics 622:636 The structural characteristics 607:636 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 607:659 The structural characteristics of AHP-M-1 and AHP-M-2 were investigated, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed in vitro. 34576543 5 0 theme spray 742:746 arg1 drying 748:753 spray drying 742:753 spray drying 742:753 For all variants, the survival of bacteria during spray drying, and simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. 34576543 8 1 theme probiotic 1462:1470 arg1 LGG 1472:1474 probiotic LGG 1462:1474 probiotic LGG 1462:1474 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 8 2 theme spray 1145:1149 arg1 drying 1151:1156 spray drying 1145:1156 spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%) 1145:1259 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 8 3 dep passed 1267:1272 arg1 reduction 1347:1355 4.39-5.97 log reduction 1333:1355 4.39-5.97 log reduction 1333:1355 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 2 4 dep Lacticaseibacillus 398:415 arg1 rhamnous 417:424 rhamnous 417:424 rhamnous 417:424 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 3 5 dep temperatures 493:504 arg1 °C 511:512 110 °C 507:512 110 °C 507:512 The powders were obtained using three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C), and reconstituted. 34576543 3 5 dep temperatures 493:504 arg1 °C 519:520 140 °C 515:520 140 °C 515:520 The powders were obtained using three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C), and reconstituted. 34576543 3 5 dep temperatures 493:504 arg1 °C 527:528 170 °C 523:528 170 °C 523:528 The powders were obtained using three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C), and reconstituted. 34576543 6 6 theme cholesterol 879:889 arg1 reduction 891:899 cholesterol reduction 879:899 cholesterol reduction 879:899 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 8 7 theme log 1343:1345 arg1 reduction 1347:1355 4.39-5.97 log reduction 1333:1355 4.39-5.97 log reduction 1333:1355 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 2 8 theme oil 314:316 arg1 FOCE 332:335 FOCE 332:335 FOCE 332:335 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 2 8 theme oil 314:316 arg1 extract 323:329 the flaxseed oil cake extract 301:329 the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) 301:336 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 4 9 theme temperature 568:578 arg1 influence 555:563 The influence 551:563 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders 551:675 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 8 10 theme flaxseed 1166:1173 arg1 proteins 1175:1182 flaxseed proteins 1166:1182 flaxseed proteins 1166:1182 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 8 11 dep drying 1151:1156 arg1 due 1159:1161 due 1159:1161 due 1159:1161 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 2 12 theme flaxseed 305:312 arg1 FOCE 332:335 FOCE 332:335 FOCE 332:335 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 2 12 theme flaxseed 305:312 arg1 extract 323:329 the flaxseed oil cake extract 301:329 the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) 301:336 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 1 13 theme promising 192:200 arg1 by-products 176:186 Agro-industrial by-products 160:186 Agro-industrial by-products 160:186 Agro-industrial by-products are promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. 34576543 1 13 theme promising 192:200 arg1 source 202:207 promising source 192:207 promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides 192:262 Agro-industrial by-products are promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. 34576543 4 14 from influence 555:563 arg1 composition 620:630 chemical composition 611:630 chemical composition 611:630 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 14 from influence 555:563 arg1 activity 589:596 water activity 583:596 water activity 583:596 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 14 from influence 555:563 arg1 cohesiveness 649:660 cohesiveness 649:660 cohesiveness of the powders 649:675 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 14 from influence 555:563 arg1 flowability 633:643 flowability 633:643 flowability 633:643 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 14 from influence 555:563 arg1 morphology 599:608 morphology 599:608 morphology 599:608 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 8 15 theme high 1215:1218 arg1 survivability 1220:1232 high survivability 1215:1232 high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%) 1215:1259 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 8 16 theme bacteria 1237:1244 arg1 survivability 1220:1232 high survivability 1215:1232 high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%) 1215:1259 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 6 17 theme features 862:869 arg1 preservation 832:843 The preservation 828:843 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin 828:937 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 5 18 theme bacteria 726:733 arg1 survival 714:721 the survival 710:721 the survival of bacteria during spray drying, and simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract 710:811 For all variants, the survival of bacteria during spray drying, and simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. 34576543 8 19 theme promising 1415:1423 arg1 carrier 1450:1456 a promising environmentally-friendly carrier 1413:1456 a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG 1413:1474 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 2 20 theme Lacticaseibacillus 398:415 arg1 GG 426:427 probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG 388:427 probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG) 388:433 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 2 20 theme Lacticaseibacillus 398:415 arg1 LGG 430:432 LGG 430:432 LGG 430:432 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 0 21 theme Spray-Dried 19:29 arg1 Extract 67:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 8 22 theme simulated 1299:1307 arg1 tract 1326:1330 the simulated gastrointestinal tract 1295:1330 the simulated gastrointestinal tract 1295:1330 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 5 23 theme simulated 760:768 arg1 passage 770:776 simulated passage 760:776 simulated passage 760:776 For all variants, the survival of bacteria during spray drying, and simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. 34576543 3 24 theme drying 480:485 arg1 temperatures 493:504 three spray drying inlet temperatures 468:504 three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C) 468:529 The powders were obtained using three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C), and reconstituted. 34576543 0 25 theme Probiotic 117:125 arg1 Lacticaseibacillus 127:144 Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus 117:144 Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus 117:144 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 6 26 theme probiotic 852:860 arg1 features 862:869 LGG probiotic features 848:869 LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin 848:937 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 6 26 theme probiotic 852:860 arg1 hydrophobicity 902:915 hydrophobicity 902:915 hydrophobicity 902:915 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 6 26 theme probiotic 852:860 arg1 adhesion 921:928 adhesion 921:928 adhesion to mucin 921:937 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 6 26 theme probiotic 852:860 arg1 reduction 891:899 cholesterol reduction 879:899 cholesterol reduction 879:899 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 3 27 theme inlet 487:491 arg1 temperatures 493:504 three spray drying inlet temperatures 468:504 three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C) 468:529 The powders were obtained using three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C), and reconstituted. 34576543 0 28 theme Reconstituted 35:47 arg1 Extract 67:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 6 29 theme LGG 848:850 arg1 features 862:869 LGG probiotic features 848:869 LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin 848:937 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 6 29 theme LGG 848:850 arg1 hydrophobicity 902:915 hydrophobicity 902:915 hydrophobicity 902:915 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 6 29 theme LGG 848:850 arg1 adhesion 921:928 adhesion 921:928 adhesion to mucin 921:937 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 6 29 theme LGG 848:850 arg1 reduction 891:899 cholesterol reduction 879:899 cholesterol reduction 879:899 The preservation of LGG probiotic features such as cholesterol reduction, hydrophobicity and adhesion to mucin were examined. 34576543 1 30 theme biopolymers 212:222 arg1 by-products 176:186 Agro-industrial by-products 160:186 Agro-industrial by-products 160:186 Agro-industrial by-products are promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. 34576543 1 30 theme biopolymers 212:222 arg1 source 202:207 promising source 192:207 promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides 192:262 Agro-industrial by-products are promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. 34576543 4 31 theme powders 669:675 arg1 composition 620:630 chemical composition 611:630 chemical composition 611:630 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 31 theme powders 669:675 arg1 activity 589:596 water activity 583:596 water activity 583:596 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 31 theme powders 669:675 arg1 cohesiveness 649:660 cohesiveness 649:660 cohesiveness of the powders 649:675 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 31 theme powders 669:675 arg1 flowability 633:643 flowability 633:643 flowability 633:643 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 4 31 theme powders 669:675 arg1 morphology 599:608 morphology 599:608 morphology 599:608 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 7 32 theme inlet 1063:1067 arg1 temperature 1069:1079 the inlet temperature 1059:1079 the inlet temperature 1059:1079 Results revealed that all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders were affected by the inlet temperature. 34576543 5 33 theme gastrointestinal 790:805 arg1 tract 807:811 the gastrointestinal tract 786:811 the gastrointestinal tract 786:811 For all variants, the survival of bacteria during spray drying, and simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. 34576543 3 34 theme spray 474:478 arg1 temperatures 493:504 three spray drying inlet temperatures 468:504 three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C) 468:529 The powders were obtained using three spray drying inlet temperatures (110 °C, 140 °C, 170 °C), and reconstituted. 34576543 0 35 theme Oil 58:60 arg1 Extract 67:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 8 36 theme appropriate 1122:1132 arg1 matrix 1134:1139 an appropriate matrix 1119:1139 an appropriate matrix 1119:1139 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 8 36 theme appropriate 1122:1132 arg1 FOCE 1111:1114 FOCE 1111:1114 FOCE 1111:1114 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 0 37 theme Flaxseed 49:56 arg1 Extract 67:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 7 38 theme functional 1000:1009 arg1 characteristics 1011:1025 all physicochemical and functional characteristics 976:1025 all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders 976:1040 Results revealed that all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders were affected by the inlet temperature. 34576543 2 39 theme encapsulating 349:361 arg1 material 363:370 natural encapsulating material 341:370 natural encapsulating material 341:370 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 7 40 theme powders 1034:1040 arg1 characteristics 1011:1025 all physicochemical and functional characteristics 976:1025 all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders 976:1040 Results revealed that all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders were affected by the inlet temperature. 34576543 8 41 theme environmentally-friendly 1425:1448 arg1 carrier 1450:1456 a promising environmentally-friendly carrier 1413:1456 a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG 1413:1474 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 2 42 theme natural 341:347 arg1 material 363:370 natural encapsulating material 341:370 natural encapsulating material 341:370 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 8 43 theme probiotic 1385:1393 arg1 properties 1395:1404 their probiotic properties 1379:1404 their probiotic properties 1379:1404 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 2 44 theme cake 318:321 arg1 FOCE 332:335 FOCE 332:335 FOCE 332:335 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 2 44 theme cake 318:321 arg1 extract 323:329 the flaxseed oil cake extract 301:329 the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) 301:336 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 7 45 theme physicochemical 980:994 arg1 characteristics 1011:1025 all physicochemical and functional characteristics 976:1025 all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders 976:1040 Results revealed that all physicochemical and functional characteristics of the powders were affected by the inlet temperature. 34576543 8 46 theme gastrointestinal 1309:1324 arg1 tract 1326:1330 the simulated gastrointestinal tract 1295:1330 the simulated gastrointestinal tract 1295:1330 This study demonstrated that FOCE is an appropriate matrix for spray drying (due to flaxseed proteins and polysaccharides) providing high survivability of bacteria (89.41-96.32%), that passed meaningfully through the simulated gastrointestinal tract (4.39-5.97 log reduction), largely maintaining their probiotic properties, being a promising environmentally-friendly carrier for probiotic LGG. 34576543 4 47 theme water 583:587 arg1 activity 589:596 water activity 583:596 water activity 583:596 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 0 48 theme Extract 67:73 arg1 Application 4:14 The Application 0:14 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 0:158 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 4 49 theme chemical 611:618 arg1 composition 620:630 chemical composition 611:630 chemical composition 611:630 The influence of temperature on water activity, morphology, chemical composition, flowability and cohesiveness of the powders was estimated. 34576543 2 50 theme probiotic 388:396 arg1 GG 426:427 probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG 388:427 probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG) 388:433 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 2 50 theme probiotic 388:396 arg1 LGG 430:432 LGG 430:432 LGG 430:432 This study was designed to evaluate the flaxseed oil cake extract (FOCE) as natural encapsulating material and carrier for probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnous GG (LGG). 34576543 0 51 theme Cake 62:65 arg1 Extract 67:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract 19:73 The Application of Spray-Dried and Reconstituted Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract as Encapsulating Material and Carrier for Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. 34576543 1 52 theme Agro-industrial 160:174 arg1 by-products 176:186 Agro-industrial by-products 160:186 Agro-industrial by-products 160:186 Agro-industrial by-products are promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. 34576543 1 52 theme Agro-industrial 160:174 arg1 source 202:207 promising source 192:207 promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides 192:262 Agro-industrial by-products are promising source of biopolymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. 32447062 7 0 theme defect 1202:1207 arg1 model 1209:1213 a rat calvarial defect model 1186:1213 a rat calvarial defect model 1186:1213 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 10 1 theme overdosed 1864:1872 arg1 factors 1881:1887 overdosed growth factors 1864:1887 overdosed growth factors 1864:1887 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 3 2 theme bone 508:511 arg1 repair 513:518 the full-range, endogenous bone repair 481:518 the full-range, endogenous bone repair 481:518 Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. 32447062 9 3 theme long-lasting 1576:1587 arg1 dilemma 1618:1624 the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma 1572:1624 the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design 1572:1647 RADIO represents an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design. 32447062 2 4 theme components 302:311 arg1 design 263:268 overly sophisticated design 242:268 overly sophisticated design 242:268 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 2 4 theme components 302:311 arg1 delivery 317:324 delivery 317:324 delivery of exogenous cells 317:343 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 2 4 theme components 302:311 arg1 use 286:288 especially the use 271:288 especially the use of multiple components 271:311 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 10 5 theme clinical 1905:1912 arg1 application 1914:1924 their clinical application 1899:1924 their clinical application 1899:1924 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 10 6 theme tissue 1713:1718 arg1 repair 1720:1725 tissue repair 1713:1725 tissue repair 1713:1725 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 6 7 theme anisotropic 890:900 arg1 porosity 902:909 anisotropic porosity 890:909 anisotropic porosity 890:909 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 7 theme anisotropic 890:900 arg1 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 9 8 theme biomaterials 1629:1640 arg1 design 1642:1647 biomaterials design 1629:1647 biomaterials design 1629:1647 RADIO represents an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design. 32447062 0 9 theme endogenous 57:66 arg1 repair 73:78 endogenous bone repair 57:78 endogenous bone repair 57:78 An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages to direct endogenous bone repair in situ. 32447062 14 10 theme multi-functional 2522:2537 arg1 approach 2539:2546 a scalable and multi-functional approach 2507:2546 a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine 2507:2620 This scaffold represents a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine. 32447062 2 11 theme multiple 293:300 arg1 components 302:311 multiple components 293:311 multiple components 293:311 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 13 12 theme bone 2378:2381 arg1 cascade 2396:2402 the entire bone regenerative cascade 2367:2402 the entire bone regenerative cascade 2367:2402 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 2 13 theme cells 339:343 arg1 design 263:268 overly sophisticated design 242:268 overly sophisticated design 242:268 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 2 13 theme cells 339:343 arg1 delivery 317:324 delivery 317:324 delivery of exogenous cells 317:343 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 2 13 theme cells 339:343 arg1 use 286:288 especially the use 271:288 especially the use of multiple components 271:311 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 5 14 theme bone 844:847 arg1 cells 860:864 the bone progenitor cells 840:864 the bone progenitor cells 840:864 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 13 15 theme host 2300:2303 arg1 macrophages 2305:2315 host macrophages 2300:2315 host macrophages 2300:2315 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 2 16 theme bench-to-bedside 358:373 arg1 translation 375:385 the bench-to-bedside translation 354:385 the bench-to-bedside translation 354:385 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 5 17 theme cells 860:864 arg1 " 802:802 "R" 800:802 "R" 800:802 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 5 17 theme cells 860:864 arg1 " 834:834 "IO" 831:834 "IO" 831:834 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 5 17 theme cells 860:864 arg1 recruitment 787:797 the recruitment 783:797 the recruitment ("R") 783:803 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 5 17 theme cells 860:864 arg1 osteogenesis 817:828 induced osteogenesis 809:828 induced osteogenesis ("IO") 809:835 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 7 18 theme hard 1310:1313 arg1 callus 1315:1320 hard callus 1310:1320 hard callus 1310:1320 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 1 19 theme tissue 103:108 arg1 repair 110:115 tissue repair 103:115 tissue repair 103:115 Scaffolds for tissue repair are designed in an increasingly complicated manner to meet multi-facet biological needs during the healing process. 32447062 8 20 theme scalable 1408:1415 arg1 system 1417:1422 one single scalable system 1397:1422 one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process 1397:1479 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 8 20 theme scalable 1408:1415 arg1 " 1436:1436 "all-in-one" 1425:1436 "all-in-one" 1425:1436 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 11 21 theme successful 1961:1970 arg1 scaffold 1984:1991 a successful integrative scaffold 1959:1991 a successful integrative scaffold 1959:1991 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 6 22 theme D 1009:1009 arg1 distribution 994:1005 distribution 994:1005 distribution ("D") 994:1011 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 22 theme D 1009:1009 arg1 " 1010:1010 "D" 1008:1010 "D" 1008:1010 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 4 23 theme pro-regenerative 719:734 arg1 cytokines 736:744 pro-regenerative cytokines 719:744 pro-regenerative cytokines 719:744 Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. 32447062 7 24 theme calvarial 1192:1200 arg1 model 1209:1213 a rat calvarial defect model 1186:1213 a rat calvarial defect model 1186:1213 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 8 25 theme all-in-one 1426:1435 arg1 system 1417:1422 one single scalable system 1397:1422 one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process 1397:1479 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 8 25 theme all-in-one 1426:1435 arg1 " 1436:1436 "all-in-one" 1425:1436 "all-in-one" 1425:1436 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 0 26 theme bone 68:71 arg1 repair 73:78 endogenous bone repair 57:78 endogenous bone repair 57:78 An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages to direct endogenous bone repair in situ. 32447062 10 27 dep Biomaterials 1677:1688 arg1 becoming 1731:1738 becoming 1731:1738 are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors 1727:1887 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 11 28 theme biochemical 2196:2206 arg1 components 2208:2217 extra multifarious biochemical components 2177:2217 extra multifarious biochemical components 2177:2217 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 6 29 theme progenitor 1041:1050 arg1 cells 1052:1056 bone progenitor cells 1036:1056 bone progenitor cells 1036:1056 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 8 30 theme dynamic 1453:1459 arg1 process 1473:1479 the dynamic bone-repair process 1449:1479 the dynamic bone-repair process 1449:1479 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 7 31 theme rat 1188:1190 arg1 model 1209:1213 a rat calvarial defect model 1186:1213 a rat calvarial defect model 1186:1213 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 10 32 dep STATEMENT 1650:1658 arg1 Biomaterials 1677:1688 Biomaterials 1677:1688 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - 1650:1889 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 14 33 theme regenerative 2600:2611 arg1 medicine 2613:2620 regenerative medicine 2600:2620 regenerative medicine 2600:2620 This scaffold represents a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine. 32447062 11 34 theme healing 2147:2153 arg1 capability 2155:2164 the endogenous healing capability 2132:2164 the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components 2132:2217 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 0 35 theme all-in-one 4:13 arg1 scaffold 16:23 An "all-in-one" scaffold 0:23 An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages 0:45 An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages to direct endogenous bone repair in situ. 32447062 13 36 theme calvarial 2458:2466 arg1 model 2475:2479 a calvarial defect model 2456:2479 a calvarial defect model 2456:2479 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 3 37 theme multi-functional 396:411 arg1 scaffold 450:457 a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold 394:457 a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold 394:457 Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. 32447062 4 38 theme chemically-modified 558:576 arg1 polysaccharide 590:603 a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide 556:603 a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide 556:603 Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. 32447062 10 39 theme multiple 1822:1829 arg1 components 1831:1840 multiple components 1822:1840 multiple components 1822:1840 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 11 40 theme extra 2177:2181 arg1 components 2208:2217 extra multifarious biochemical components 2177:2217 extra multifarious biochemical components 2177:2217 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 3 41 theme full-range 485:494 arg1 repair 513:518 the full-range, endogenous bone repair 481:518 the full-range, endogenous bone repair 481:518 Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. 32447062 14 42 theme sophisticated 2576:2588 arg1 design 2590:2595 the sophisticated design 2572:2595 the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine 2572:2620 This scaffold represents a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine. 32447062 13 43 theme bone 2435:2438 arg1 regeneration 2440:2451 successful bone regeneration 2424:2451 successful bone regeneration 2424:2451 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 4 44 theme immunoactivity 530:543 arg1 screening 545:553 immunoactivity screening 530:553 immunoactivity screening 530:553 Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. 32447062 10 45 theme cells 1853:1857 arg1 use 1815:1817 the use 1811:1817 the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors 1811:1887 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 9 46 theme open 1547:1550 arg1 platform 1552:1559 an open platform 1544:1559 an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design 1544:1647 RADIO represents an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design. 32447062 7 47 theme RADIO 1222:1226 arg1 system 1229:1234 this "RADIO" system 1216:1234 this "RADIO" system 1216:1234 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 8 48 theme macrophages 1514:1524 arg1 power 1500:1504 the power 1496:1504 the power of host macrophages 1496:1524 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 8 49 theme multiple 1373:1380 arg1 functions 1382:1390 multiple functions 1373:1390 multiple functions 1373:1390 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 10 50 theme versatile 1693:1701 arg1 tools 1703:1707 versatile tools 1693:1707 versatile tools for tissue repair 1693:1725 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 10 51 theme growth 1874:1879 arg1 factors 1881:1887 overdosed growth factors 1864:1887 overdosed growth factors 1864:1887 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 6 52 theme carbohydrate 915:926 arg1 signal 928:933 carbohydrate signal 915:933 carbohydrate signal 915:933 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 52 theme carbohydrate 915:926 arg1 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 11 53 theme tissue 2114:2119 arg1 repair 2121:2126 tissue repair 2114:2126 tissue repair 2114:2126 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 10 54 theme complicated 1753:1763 arg1 design 1791:1796 increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design 1740:1796 increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design 1740:1796 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 14 55 theme scalable 2509:2516 arg1 approach 2539:2546 a scalable and multi-functional approach 2507:2546 a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine 2507:2620 This scaffold represents a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine. 32447062 9 56 theme complexity-versus-simplicity 1589:1616 arg1 dilemma 1618:1624 the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma 1572:1624 the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design 1572:1647 RADIO represents an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design. 32447062 2 57 theme exogenous 329:337 arg1 cells 339:343 exogenous cells 329:343 exogenous cells 329:343 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 11 58 theme integrative 1972:1982 arg1 scaffold 1984:1991 a successful integrative scaffold 1959:1991 a successful integrative scaffold 1959:1991 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 1 59 theme complicated 149:159 arg1 manner 161:166 an increasingly complicated manner 133:166 an increasingly complicated manner 133:166 Scaffolds for tissue repair are designed in an increasingly complicated manner to meet multi-facet biological needs during the healing process. 32447062 11 60 theme endogenous 2136:2145 arg1 capability 2155:2164 the endogenous healing capability 2132:2164 the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components 2132:2217 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 6 61 theme latter 1132:1137 arg1 infiltration 1141:1152 the latter's infiltration 1128:1152 the latter's infiltration into the scaffold 1128:1170 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 11 62 theme inherent 2011:2018 arg1 target 2031:2036 an inherent biological target 2008:2036 an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals 2008:2070 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 13 63 theme entire 2371:2376 arg1 cascade 2396:2402 the entire bone regenerative cascade 2367:2402 the entire bone regenerative cascade 2367:2402 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 6 64 theme A 986:986 arg1 " 987:987 "A" 985:987 "A" 985:987 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 64 theme A 986:986 arg1 adhesion 975:982 differential adhesion 962:982 differential adhesion ("A") 962:988 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 11 65 theme biological 2020:2029 arg1 target 2031:2036 an inherent biological target 2008:2036 an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals 2008:2070 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 9 66 from dilemma 1618:1624 arg1 design 1642:1647 biomaterials design 1629:1647 biomaterials design 1629:1647 RADIO represents an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design. 32447062 11 67 theme biomaterial 2052:2062 arg1 signals 2064:2070 biomaterial signals 2052:2070 biomaterial signals 2052:2070 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 4 68 theme porous 651:656 arg1 scaffold 658:665 an anisotropic porous scaffold 636:665 an anisotropic porous scaffold 636:665 Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. 32447062 10 69 theme sophisticated 1777:1789 arg1 design 1791:1796 increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design 1740:1796 increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design 1740:1796 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 5 70 theme progenitor 849:858 arg1 cells 860:864 the bone progenitor cells 840:864 the bone progenitor cells 840:864 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 6 71 theme differential 962:973 arg1 " 987:987 "A" 985:987 "A" 985:987 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 71 theme differential 962:973 arg1 adhesion 975:982 differential adhesion 962:982 differential adhesion ("A") 962:988 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 8 72 theme single 1401:1406 arg1 system 1417:1422 one single scalable system 1397:1422 one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process 1397:1479 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 8 72 theme single 1401:1406 arg1 " 1436:1436 "all-in-one" 1425:1436 "all-in-one" 1425:1436 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 6 73 theme scaffold 942:949 arg1 porosity 902:909 anisotropic porosity 890:909 anisotropic porosity 890:909 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 73 theme scaffold 942:949 arg1 signal 928:933 carbohydrate signal 915:933 carbohydrate signal 915:933 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 73 theme scaffold 942:949 arg1 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile 875:883 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 7 74 theme callus 1315:1320 arg1 formation 1297:1305 the obvious formation 1285:1305 the obvious formation of hard callus 1285:1320 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 2 75 theme sophisticated 249:261 arg1 design 263:268 overly sophisticated design 242:268 overly sophisticated design 242:268 However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. 32447062 5 76 theme R 801:801 arg1 " 802:802 "R" 800:802 "R" 800:802 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 5 76 theme R 801:801 arg1 recruitment 787:797 the recruitment 783:797 the recruitment ("R") 783:803 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 7 77 theme obvious 1289:1295 arg1 formation 1297:1305 the obvious formation 1285:1305 the obvious formation of hard callus 1285:1320 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 10 78 theme SIGNIFICANCE 1663:1674 arg1 STATEMENT 1650:1658 STATEMENT 1650:1658 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - 1650:1889 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 13 79 theme defect 2468:2473 arg1 model 2475:2479 a calvarial defect model 2456:2479 a calvarial defect model 2456:2479 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 13 80 theme single-component 2322:2337 arg1 system 2348:2353 our single-component scaffold system 2318:2353 our single-component scaffold system 2318:2353 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 3 81 dep full-range 485:494 arg1 endogenous 497:506 endogenous 497:506 endogenous 497:506 Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. 32447062 6 82 theme cells 1052:1056 arg1 " 987:987 "A" 985:987 "A" 985:987 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 82 theme cells 1052:1056 arg1 distribution 994:1005 distribution 994:1005 distribution ("D") 994:1011 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 82 theme cells 1052:1056 arg1 adhesion 975:982 differential adhesion 962:982 differential adhesion ("A") 962:988 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 82 theme cells 1052:1056 arg1 " 1010:1010 "D" 1008:1010 "D" 1008:1010 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 8 83 theme bone-repair 1461:1471 arg1 process 1473:1479 the dynamic bone-repair process 1449:1479 the dynamic bone-repair process 1449:1479 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 12 84 theme pivotal 2247:2253 arg1 macrophages 2268:2278 macrophages 2268:2278 macrophages 2268:2278 For bone regeneration, the pivotal regulator is macrophages. 32447062 12 84 theme pivotal 2247:2253 arg1 regulator 2255:2263 the pivotal regulator 2243:2263 the pivotal regulator 2243:2263 For bone regeneration, the pivotal regulator is macrophages. 32447062 3 85 theme bioactive 440:448 arg1 scaffold 450:457 a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold 394:457 a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold 394:457 Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. 32447062 5 86 theme IO 832:833 arg1 " 834:834 "IO" 831:834 "IO" 831:834 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 5 86 theme IO 832:833 arg1 osteogenesis 817:828 induced osteogenesis 809:828 induced osteogenesis ("IO") 809:835 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 6 87 theme bone 1036:1039 arg1 cells 1052:1056 bone progenitor cells 1036:1056 bone progenitor cells 1036:1056 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 3 88 theme mono-compositional 419:436 arg1 scaffold 450:457 a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold 394:457 a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold 394:457 Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. 32447062 0 89 theme " 14:14 arg1 scaffold 16:23 An "all-in-one" scaffold 0:23 An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages 0:45 An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages to direct endogenous bone repair in situ. 32447062 6 90 theme macrophages 1020:1030 arg1 " 987:987 "A" 985:987 "A" 985:987 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 90 theme macrophages 1020:1030 arg1 distribution 994:1005 distribution 994:1005 distribution ("D") 994:1011 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 90 theme macrophages 1020:1030 arg1 adhesion 975:982 differential adhesion 962:982 differential adhesion ("A") 962:988 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 90 theme macrophages 1020:1030 arg1 " 1010:1010 "D" 1008:1010 "D" 1008:1010 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 4 91 theme glucomannan 578:588 arg1 polysaccharide 590:603 a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide 556:603 a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide 556:603 Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. 32447062 14 92 from design 2590:2595 arg1 medicine 2613:2620 regenerative medicine 2600:2620 regenerative medicine 2600:2620 This scaffold represents a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine. 32447062 10 93 theme components 1831:1840 arg1 use 1815:1817 the use 1811:1817 the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors 1811:1887 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 12 94 theme bone 2224:2227 arg1 regeneration 2229:2240 bone regeneration 2224:2240 bone regeneration 2224:2240 For bone regeneration, the pivotal regulator is macrophages. 32447062 5 95 theme induced 809:815 arg1 " 834:834 "IO" 831:834 "IO" 831:834 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 5 95 theme induced 809:815 arg1 osteogenesis 817:828 induced osteogenesis 809:828 induced osteogenesis ("IO") 809:835 These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. 32447062 13 96 theme scaffold 2339:2346 arg1 system 2348:2353 our single-component scaffold system 2318:2353 our single-component scaffold system 2318:2353 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 11 97 theme components 2208:2217 arg1 capability 2155:2164 the endogenous healing capability 2132:2164 the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components 2132:2217 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 4 98 theme anisotropic 639:649 arg1 scaffold 658:665 an anisotropic porous scaffold 636:665 an anisotropic porous scaffold 636:665 Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. 32447062 13 99 theme successful 2424:2433 arg1 regeneration 2440:2451 successful bone regeneration 2424:2451 successful bone regeneration 2424:2451 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 7 100 theme " 1227:1227 arg1 system 1229:1234 this "RADIO" system 1216:1234 this "RADIO" system 1216:1234 Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. 32447062 11 101 theme multifarious 2183:2194 arg1 components 2208:2217 extra multifarious biochemical components 2177:2217 extra multifarious biochemical components 2177:2217 The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. 32447062 8 102 theme host 1509:1512 arg1 macrophages 1514:1524 host macrophages 1509:1524 host macrophages 1509:1524 In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. 32447062 13 103 theme regenerative 2383:2394 arg1 cascade 2396:2402 the entire bone regenerative cascade 2367:2402 the entire bone regenerative cascade 2367:2402 Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. 32447062 10 104 theme exogenous 1843:1851 arg1 cells 1853:1857 exogenous cells 1843:1857 exogenous cells 1843:1857 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 1 105 theme healing 216:222 arg1 process 224:230 the healing process 212:230 the healing process 212:230 Scaffolds for tissue repair are designed in an increasingly complicated manner to meet multi-facet biological needs during the healing process. 32447062 6 106 theme former 1073:1078 arg1 accumulation 1082:1093 the former's accumulation 1069:1093 the former's accumulation 1069:1093 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 6 107 dep porosity 902:909 arg1 the 886:888 the 886:888 the 886:888 Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. 32447062 10 108 theme factors 1881:1887 arg1 use 1815:1817 the use 1811:1817 the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors 1811:1887 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. 32447062 1 109 dep biological 188:197 arg1 needs 199:203 needs 199:203 needs 199:203 Scaffolds for tissue repair are designed in an increasingly complicated manner to meet multi-facet biological needs during the healing process. 34016366 1 0 from variables 410:418 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows 463:472 dairy cows 463:472 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 5 1 theme plasma 1402:1407 arg1 lower 1428:1432 lower 1428:1432 lower 1428:1432 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 1 theme plasma 1402:1407 arg1 level 1418:1422 The plasma cortisol level 1398:1422 The plasma cortisol level 1398:1422 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 2 theme gene 168:171 arg1 expression 173:182 protein gene expression 160:182 protein gene expression 160:182 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 3 3 theme fat-corrected 1033:1045 arg1 yield 1052:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 4 theme dairy 567:571 arg1 cows 573:576 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows 543:576 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) 543:676 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 3 5 theme higher 909:914 arg1 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 5 theme higher 909:914 arg1 intake 927:932 A higher dry matter intake 907:932 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) 907:938 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 6 theme RPT 784:786 arg1 supplementation 788:802 no RPT supplementation 781:802 no RPT supplementation 781:802 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 3 7 theme 3.5 1028:1030 arg1 % 1031:1031 % 1031:1031 % 1031:1031 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 8 theme dairy 201:205 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 1 9 theme shock 430:434 arg1 expression 449:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 0 10 theme Dietary 0:6 arg1 supplementation 8:22 Dietary supplementation 0:22 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan 0:55 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 3 11 theme energy-corrected 1059:1074 arg1 yield 1081:1085 energy-corrected milk yield 1059:1085 energy-corrected milk yield 1059:1085 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 12 theme gene 444:447 arg1 expression 449:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 4 13 theme RPT 1375:1377 arg1 groups 1379:1384 the control and 60 g RPT groups 1354:1384 groups 1379:1384 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 14 theme matter 920:925 arg1 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 14 theme matter 920:925 arg1 intake 927:932 A higher dry matter intake 907:932 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) 907:938 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 15 theme control 759:765 arg1 n = 4 774:778 n = 4 774:778 n = 4 774:778 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 15 theme control 759:765 arg1 group 767:771 control group 759:771 control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation) 759:803 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 3 16 theme fatty 1134:1138 arg1 acid 1140:1143 mono-unsaturated fatty acid 1117:1143 mono-unsaturated fatty acid 1117:1143 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 17 theme serotonin 1445:1453 arg1 concentrations 1469:1482 the serotonin and melatonin concentrations 1441:1482 concentrations 1469:1482 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 17 theme serotonin 1445:1453 arg1 higher 1489:1494 higher 1489:1494 higher 1489:1494 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 18 theme milk 1088:1091 arg1 fat 1093:1095 milk fat 1088:1095 milk fat 1088:1095 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 19 from yield 82:86 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 2 20 theme treatments 747:756 arg1 one 731:733 one 731:733 one 731:733 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 20 theme treatments 747:756 arg1 treatments 747:756 the four treatments 738:756 the four treatments 738:756 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 6 21 theme RPT 1638:1640 arg1 groups 1642:1647 the control and 15 g RPT groups 1617:1647 groups 1642:1647 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 2 22 theme 30 g/d 826:831 arg1 n = 4 838:842 n = 4 838:842 n = 4 838:842 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 22 theme 30 g/d 826:831 arg1 RPT 833:835 30 g/d RPT 826:835 30 g/d RPT (n = 4) 826:843 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 1 23 from levels 341:346 arg1 RPT 328:330 RPT 328:330 RPT 328:330 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 23 from levels 341:346 arg1 supplementation 281:295 dietary supplementation 273:295 dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels 273:346 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 23 from levels 341:346 arg1 tryptophan 316:325 rumen-protected tryptophan 300:325 rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels 300:346 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 24 theme poly-unsaturated 1150:1165 arg1 contents 1178:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 25 theme blood 381:385 arg1 profile 387:393 blood profile 381:393 blood profile 381:393 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 7 26 theme lactose 1819:1825 arg1 concentration 1827:1839 lactose concentration 1819:1839 lactose concentration 1819:1839 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 0 27 from composition 92:102 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 4 28 theme milk 1266:1269 arg1 concentration 1279:1291 The milk lactose concentration 1262:1291 The milk lactose concentration 1262:1291 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 4 28 theme milk 1266:1269 arg1 higher 1311:1316 higher 1311:1316 higher 1311:1316 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 29 theme acid 1173:1176 arg1 contents 1178:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 30 from profile 387:393 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows 463:472 dairy cows 463:472 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 31 theme milk 944:947 arg1 yield 949:953 milk yield 944:953 milk yield 944:953 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 32 theme melatonin 1459:1467 arg1 concentrations 1469:1482 the serotonin and melatonin concentrations 1441:1482 concentrations 1469:1482 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 32 theme melatonin 1459:1467 arg1 higher 1489:1494 higher 1489:1494 higher 1489:1494 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 33 theme serum 1192:1196 arg1 content 1206:1212 serum glucose content 1192:1212 serum glucose content 1192:1212 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 34 theme blood 105:109 arg1 profile 111:117 blood profile 105:117 blood profile 105:117 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 1 35 theme milk 351:354 arg1 yield 356:360 milk yield 351:360 milk yield 351:360 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 fat 1093:1095 milk fat 1088:1095 milk fat 1088:1095 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg1 p < 0.05 1251:1258 p < 0.05 1251:1258 p < 0.05 1251:1258 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 yield 1081:1085 energy-corrected milk yield 1059:1085 energy-corrected milk yield 1059:1085 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 acid 1140:1143 mono-unsaturated fatty acid 1117:1143 mono-unsaturated fatty acid 1117:1143 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 contents 1178:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 content 1206:1212 serum glucose content 1192:1212 serum glucose content 1192:1212 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 yield 1052:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 protein 1098:1104 protein 1098:1104 protein 1098:1104 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg2 β-casein 1107:1114 β-casein 1107:1114 β-casein 1107:1114 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 36 located observed 1219:1226 arg1 group 1244:1248 the 30 g RPT group 1231:1248 the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05) 1231:1259 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 4 37 theme 30 g 1325:1328 arg1 group 1334:1338 the 30 g RPT group 1321:1338 the 30 g RPT group 1321:1338 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 38 from yield 356:360 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows 463:472 dairy cows 463:472 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 6 39 theme HSP 1577:1579 arg1 expression 1585:1594 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression 1557:1594 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression 1557:1594 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 1 40 theme dietary 273:279 arg1 supplementation 281:295 dietary supplementation 273:295 dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels 273:346 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 6 41 theme protein 1568:1574 arg1 HSP 1577:1579 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 1557:1583 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression 1557:1594 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 0 42 theme tryptophan 46:55 arg1 supplementation 8:22 Dietary supplementation 0:22 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan 0:55 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 3 43 theme 30 g 973:976 arg1 group 982:986 the 30 g RPT group 969:986 the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups 969:1017 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 44 theme RPT 856:858 arg1 group 860:864 60 g/d RPT group 849:864 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) 849:880 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 3 45 theme RPT 1240:1242 arg1 p < 0.05 1251:1258 p < 0.05 1251:1258 p < 0.05 1251:1258 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 45 theme RPT 1240:1242 arg1 group 1244:1248 the 30 g RPT group 1231:1248 the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05) 1231:1259 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 46 theme dairy 463:467 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows 463:472 dairy cows 463:472 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 5 47 theme other 1532:1536 arg1 groups 1538:1543 the other groups 1528:1543 the other groups (p < 0.05) 1528:1554 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 47 theme other 1532:1536 arg1 p < 0.05 1546:1553 p < 0.05 1546:1553 p < 0.05 1546:1553 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 48 theme feed 64:67 arg1 intake 69:74 feed intake 64:74 feed intake 64:74 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 1 49 theme tryptophan 316:325 arg1 supplementation 281:295 dietary supplementation 273:295 dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels 273:346 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 50 theme other 1006:1010 arg1 groups 1012:1017 the other groups 1002:1017 the other groups 1002:1017 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 51 from supplementation 281:295 arg1 levels 341:346 four levels 336:346 four levels 336:346 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 52 from expression 449:458 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows 463:472 dairy cows 463:472 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 7 53 theme serotonin 1903:1911 arg1 simulation 1889:1898 the simulation 1885:1898 the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1885:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 4 54 theme 60 g 1370:1373 arg1 groups 1379:1384 the control and 60 g RPT groups 1354:1384 groups 1379:1384 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 55 from variables 134:142 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 7 56 theme RPT 1753:1755 arg1 group 1757:1761 the 30 g RPT group 1744:1761 the 30 g RPT group 1744:1761 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 2 57 theme 15 g/d 806:811 arg1 n = 4 818:822 n = 4 818:822 n = 4 818:822 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 57 theme 15 g/d 806:811 arg1 RPT 813:815 15 g/d RPT 806:815 15 g/d RPT (n = 4) 806:823 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 1 58 theme heat 510:513 arg1 stress 515:520 moderate-severe heat stress 494:520 moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89) 494:540 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 58 theme heat 510:513 arg1 THI = 80~89 529:539 THI = 80~89 529:539 THI = 80~89 529:539 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 7 59 theme improved 1789:1796 arg1 DMI 1798:1800 an improved DMI 1786:1800 an improved DMI 1786:1800 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 6 60 dep downregulated 1600:1612 arg1 whereas 1650:1656 whereas 1650:1656 whereas 1650:1656 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 0 61 from shock 154:158 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 0 62 theme heat-stressed 187:199 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 7 63 theme melatonin 1917:1925 arg1 simulation 1889:1898 the simulation 1885:1898 the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1885:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 3 64 theme milk 1047:1050 arg1 yield 1052:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 65 theme early-lactating 551:565 arg1 cows 573:576 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows 543:576 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) 543:676 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 7 66 theme milk 1803:1806 arg1 yield 1808:1812 milk yield 1803:1812 milk yield 1803:1812 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 1 67 theme heat 425:428 arg1 expression 449:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 68 theme % 1031:1031 arg1 yield 1052:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield 1024:1056 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 69 dep n = 4 774:778 arg1 supplementation 788:802 no RPT supplementation 781:802 no RPT supplementation 781:802 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 70 from days 608:611 arg1 milk = 74.3 ± 7.1 616:632 milk = 74.3 ± 7.1 616:632 milk = 74.3 ± 7.1 616:632 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 1 71 from effects 262:268 arg1 composition 368:378 milk composition 363:378 milk composition 363:378 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 71 from effects 262:268 arg1 profile 387:393 blood profile 381:393 blood profile 381:393 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 71 from effects 262:268 arg1 variables 410:418 physiological variables 396:418 physiological variables 396:418 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 71 from effects 262:268 arg1 expression 449:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 71 from effects 262:268 arg1 yield 356:360 milk yield 351:360 milk yield 351:360 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 72 theme protein 436:442 arg1 expression 449:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 heat shock protein gene expression 425:458 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 73 theme milk 1076:1079 arg1 yield 1081:1085 energy-corrected milk yield 1059:1085 energy-corrected milk yield 1059:1085 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 2 74 theme body 579:582 arg1 weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 584:605 body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 579:605 body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 579:605 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 74 theme body 579:582 arg1 means ± SEM 665:675 means ± SEM 665:675 means ± SEM 665:675 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 74 theme body 579:582 arg1 yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 640:662 milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 635:662 milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 635:662 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 74 theme body 579:582 arg1 days 608:611 days 608:611 days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1 608:632 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 3 75 theme dry 916:918 arg1 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 75 theme dry 916:918 arg1 intake 927:932 A higher dry matter intake 907:932 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) 907:938 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 7 76 theme due 1878:1880 arg1 effects 1870:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects 1786:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1786:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 0 77 theme physiological 120:132 arg1 variables 134:142 physiological variables 120:142 physiological variables 120:142 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 7 78 theme 30 g 1748:1751 arg1 group 1757:1761 the 30 g RPT group 1744:1761 the 30 g RPT group 1744:1761 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 7 79 theme yield 1808:1812 arg1 effects 1870:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects 1786:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1786:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 7 80 theme stress 1863:1868 arg1 effects 1870:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects 1786:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1786:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 5 81 theme cortisol 1409:1416 arg1 lower 1428:1432 lower 1428:1432 lower 1428:1432 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 81 theme cortisol 1409:1416 arg1 level 1418:1422 The plasma cortisol level 1398:1422 The plasma cortisol level 1398:1422 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 82 theme milk 363:366 arg1 composition 368:378 milk composition 363:378 milk composition 363:378 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 83 theme mono-unsaturated 1117:1132 arg1 acid 1140:1143 mono-unsaturated fatty acid 1117:1143 mono-unsaturated fatty acid 1117:1143 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 84 theme heat 149:152 arg1 shock 154:158 heat shock 149:158 heat shock 149:158 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 2 85 dep cows 573:576 arg1 weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 584:605 body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 579:605 body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 579:605 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 85 dep cows 573:576 arg1 means ± SEM 665:675 means ± SEM 665:675 means ± SEM 665:675 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 85 dep cows 573:576 arg1 yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 640:662 milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 635:662 milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 635:662 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 85 dep cows 573:576 arg1 days 608:611 days 608:611 days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1 608:632 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 0 86 from profile 111:117 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 7 87 contain have 1781:1784 arg2 effects 1870:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects 1786:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1786:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 7 87 contain have 1781:1784 arg1 group 1757:1761 the 30 g RPT group 1744:1761 the 30 g RPT group 1744:1761 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 3 88 theme fatty 1167:1171 arg1 contents 1178:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents 1150:1185 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 6 89 theme Heat 1557:1560 arg1 HSP 1577:1579 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 1557:1583 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression 1557:1594 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 0 90 theme protein 160:166 arg1 expression 173:182 protein gene expression 160:182 protein gene expression 160:182 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 7 91 theme concentration 1827:1839 arg1 effects 1870:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects 1786:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1786:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 0 92 theme milk 77:80 arg1 yield 82:86 milk yield 77:86 milk yield 77:86 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 1 93 theme physiological 396:408 arg1 variables 410:418 physiological variables 396:418 physiological variables 396:418 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 7 94 theme anti-heat 1853:1861 arg1 stress 1863:1868 anti-heat stress 1853:1868 anti-heat stress 1853:1868 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 2 95 theme factorial 706:714 arg1 arrangement 716:726 a factorial arrangement 704:726 a factorial arrangement 704:726 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 6 96 theme HSPB1 1686:1690 arg1 expression 1662:1671 the expression 1658:1671 the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 1658:1690 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 2 97 theme milk 635:638 arg1 weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 584:605 body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 579:605 body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg 579:605 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 2 97 theme milk 635:638 arg1 yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 640:662 milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 635:662 milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg 635:662 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 6 98 theme HSP90 1676:1680 arg1 expression 1662:1671 the expression 1658:1671 the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 1658:1690 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 1 99 from composition 368:378 arg1 cows 469:472 dairy cows 463:472 dairy cows 463:472 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 0 100 from intake 69:74 arg1 cows 207:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 heat-stressed dairy cows 187:210 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 1 101 theme stress 515:520 arg1 conditions 480:489 conditions 480:489 conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89) 480:540 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 3 102 theme glucose 1198:1204 arg1 content 1206:1212 serum glucose content 1192:1212 serum glucose content 1192:1212 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 103 theme 30 g 1235:1238 arg1 p < 0.05 1251:1258 p < 0.05 1251:1258 p < 0.05 1251:1258 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 103 theme 30 g 1235:1238 arg1 group 1244:1248 the 30 g RPT group 1231:1248 the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05) 1231:1259 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 5 104 theme 30 g 1503:1506 arg1 group 1508:1512 the 30 g group 1499:1512 the 30 g group 1499:1512 The plasma cortisol level was lower, while the serotonin and melatonin concentrations were higher in the 30 g group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 0 105 theme acetate-conjugated 27:44 arg1 tryptophan 46:55 acetate-conjugated tryptophan 27:55 acetate-conjugated tryptophan 27:55 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 3 106 theme RPT 978:980 arg1 group 982:986 the 30 g RPT group 969:986 the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups 969:1017 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 4 107 theme lactose 1271:1277 arg1 concentration 1279:1291 The milk lactose concentration 1262:1291 The milk lactose concentration 1262:1291 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 4 107 theme lactose 1271:1277 arg1 higher 1311:1316 higher 1311:1316 higher 1311:1316 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 108 theme supplementation 281:295 arg1 effects 262:268 the effects 258:268 the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89) 258:540 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 0 109 dep intake 69:74 arg1 expression 173:182 protein gene expression 160:182 protein gene expression 160:182 Dietary supplementation of acetate-conjugated tryptophan alters feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in heat-stressed dairy cows. 34016366 6 110 theme shock 1562:1566 arg1 HSP 1577:1579 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 1557:1583 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression 1557:1594 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 1 111 theme rumen-protected 300:314 arg1 RPT 328:330 RPT 328:330 RPT 328:330 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 111 theme rumen-protected 300:314 arg1 tryptophan 316:325 rumen-protected tryptophan 300:325 rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels 300:346 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 2 112 theme 60 g/d 849:854 arg1 group 860:864 60 g/d RPT group 849:864 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) 849:880 Sixteen early-lactating dairy cows (body weight = 719 ± 66.4 kg, days in milk = 74.3 ± 7.1, milk yield = 33.55 ± 3.74 kg, means ± SEM) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to one of the four treatments: control group (n = 4, no RPT supplementation), 15 g/d RPT (n = 4), 30 g/d RPT (n = 4), or 60 g/d RPT group per cow (n = 4) supplemented to the TMR. 34016366 3 113 located found 960:964 arg2 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 DMI 935:937 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 113 located found 960:964 arg1 group 982:986 the 30 g RPT group 969:986 the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups 969:1017 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 113 located found 960:964 arg2 intake 927:932 A higher dry matter intake 907:932 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) 907:938 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 3 113 located found 960:964 arg2 yield 949:953 milk yield 944:953 milk yield 944:953 A higher dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were found in the 30 g RPT group compared with the other groups, and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat, protein, β-casein, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid contents, and serum glucose content were observed in the 30 g RPT group (p < 0.05). 34016366 7 114 theme DMI 1798:1800 arg1 effects 1870:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects 1786:1876 an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS 1786:1937 In particular, the 30 g RPT group was considered to have an improved DMI, milk yield, and lactose concentration, as well as anti-heat stress effects due to the simulation of serotonin and melatonin during MSHS. 34016366 6 115 theme 15 g 1633:1636 arg1 groups 1642:1647 the control and 15 g RPT groups 1617:1647 groups 1642:1647 Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression was downregulated in the control and 15 g RPT groups, whereas the expression of HSP90 and HSPB1 remained unchanged among the groups. 34016366 1 116 theme moderate-severe 494:508 arg1 stress 515:520 moderate-severe heat stress 494:520 moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89) 494:540 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 1 116 theme moderate-severe 494:508 arg1 THI = 80~89 529:539 THI = 80~89 529:539 THI = 80~89 529:539 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34016366 4 117 theme RPT 1330:1332 arg1 group 1334:1338 the 30 g RPT group 1321:1338 the 30 g RPT group 1321:1338 The milk lactose concentration was significantly higher in the 30 g RPT group compared with the control and 60 g RPT groups (p < 0.05). 34016366 1 118 theme study 233:237 arg1 purpose 217:223 The purpose 213:223 The purpose of this study 213:237 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected tryptophan (RPT) at four levels on milk yield, milk composition, blood profile, physiological variables, and heat shock protein gene expression in dairy cows under conditions of moderate-severe heat stress (MSHS, THI = 80~89). 34417676 0 0 theme producing 79:87 arg1 areas 89:93 main producing areas 74:93 main producing areas in China 74:102 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 2 1 theme nucleotide 420:429 arg1 polymorphism 431:442 single nucleotide polymorphism 413:442 single nucleotide polymorphism 413:442 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 2 1 theme nucleotide 420:429 arg1 SNP 408:410 SNP 408:410 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) 408:443 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 4 2 theme splenocytes 824:834 arg1 rate 816:819 the proliferation rate 798:819 the proliferation rate of splenocytes 798:834 Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. 34417676 5 3 theme Lingzhi 1059:1065 arg1 areas 1050:1054 the main producing areas 1031:1054 the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China 1031:1074 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 9 4 theme production 1782:1791 arg1 areas 1793:1797 some production areas 1777:1797 some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing 1777:1870 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 7 5 theme proliferation 1506:1518 arg1 rate 1520:1523 the proliferation rate 1502:1523 the proliferation rate of spleen cells 1502:1539 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. 34417676 0 6 theme main 74:77 arg1 areas 89:93 main producing areas 74:93 main producing areas in China 74:102 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 1 7 theme Chinese 290:296 arg1 regions 298:304 different Chinese regions 280:304 different Chinese regions 280:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 6 8 theme triterpenoid 1203:1214 arg1 content 1216:1222 triterpenoid content 1203:1222 triterpenoid content of all samples 1203:1237 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 8 9 theme Lingzhi 1613:1619 arg1 strains 1621:1627 Lingzhi strains 1613:1627 Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China 1613:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 1 10 theme Lingzhi 209:215 arg1 strains 198:204 22 strains 195:204 22 strains of Lingzhi 195:215 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 4 11 theme polysaccharides 717:731 arg1 composition 702:712 the monosaccharide composition 683:712 the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides 683:731 Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. 34417676 5 12 theme phylogenetic 914:925 arg1 trees 927:931 the phylogenetic trees 910:931 the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs 910:986 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 8 13 theme first 1565:1569 arg1 study 1571:1575 the first study 1561:1575 the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China 1561:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 8 13 theme first 1565:1569 arg1 this 1553:1556 this 1553:1556 this 1553:1556 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 9 14 theme fruit 1689:1693 arg1 bodies 1695:1700 some fruit bodies 1684:1700 some fruit bodies 1684:1700 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 5 15 theme producing 1040:1048 arg1 areas 1050:1054 the main producing areas 1031:1054 the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China 1031:1074 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 1 16 from bodies 257:262 arg1 regions 298:304 different Chinese regions 280:304 different Chinese regions 280:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 6 17 theme samples 1231:1237 arg1 ash 1141:1143 ash 1141:1143 ash 1141:1143 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 6 17 theme samples 1231:1237 arg1 extractive 1172:1181 alcohol soluble extractive 1156:1181 alcohol soluble extractive 1156:1181 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 6 17 theme samples 1231:1237 arg1 polysaccharide 1184:1197 polysaccharide 1184:1197 polysaccharide 1184:1197 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 6 17 theme samples 1231:1237 arg1 water 1146:1150 water 1146:1150 water 1146:1150 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 6 17 theme samples 1231:1237 arg1 content 1216:1222 triterpenoid content 1203:1222 triterpenoid content of all samples 1203:1237 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 6 17 theme samples 1231:1237 arg1 moisture 1131:1138 moisture 1131:1138 moisture 1131:1138 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 9 18 theme bodies 1695:1700 arg1 quality 1673:1679 The quality 1669:1679 The quality of some fruit bodies 1669:1700 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 9 19 theme legal 1855:1859 arg1 processing 1861:1870 legal processing 1855:1870 legal processing 1855:1870 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 1 20 used used 123:126 arg2 we 120:121 we 120:121 we 120:121 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 7 21 theme spleen 1528:1533 arg1 cells 1535:1539 spleen cells 1528:1539 spleen cells 1528:1539 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. 34417676 6 22 theme Pharmacopoeia 1281:1293 arg1 requirements 1253:1264 the requirements 1249:1264 the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 1249:1293 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 3 23 theme Pharmacopoeia 647:659 arg1 references 661:670 the US Pharmacopoeia references 640:670 the US Pharmacopoeia references 640:670 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 9 24 dep areas 1793:1797 arg1 given 1824:1828 given 1824:1828 should be given special attention before legal processing 1814:1870 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 2 25 theme transcribed 384:394 arg1 spacer 396:401 Internal transcribed spacer 375:401 Internal transcribed spacer 375:401 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 3 26 from bodies 560:565 arg1 triterpenoids 532:544 triterpenoids 532:544 triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi 532:576 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 26 from bodies 560:565 arg1 Moisture 446:453 Moisture 446:453 Moisture 446:453 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 26 from bodies 560:565 arg1 ash 456:458 ash 456:458 ash 456:458 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 26 from bodies 560:565 arg1 extracts 501:508 alcohol-soluble extracts 485:508 alcohol-soluble extracts 485:508 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 26 from bodies 560:565 arg1 polysaccharides 511:525 polysaccharides 511:525 polysaccharides 511:525 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 26 from bodies 560:565 arg1 extracts 475:482 water-soluble extracts 461:482 water-soluble extracts 461:482 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 2 27 theme strains 336:342 arg1 trees 324:328 The phylogenetic trees 307:328 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains 307:342 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 2 28 theme single 413:418 arg1 polymorphism 431:442 single nucleotide polymorphism 413:442 single nucleotide polymorphism 413:442 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 2 28 theme single 413:418 arg1 SNP 408:410 SNP 408:410 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) 408:443 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 5 29 theme inaccurate 1107:1116 arg1 strains 1118:1124 a few inaccurate strains 1101:1124 a few inaccurate strains 1101:1124 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 5 30 theme strains 899:905 arg1 results 882:888 The identification results 863:888 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs 863:986 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 5 31 theme few 1103:1105 arg1 strains 1118:1124 a few inaccurate strains 1101:1124 a few inaccurate strains 1101:1124 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 1 32 theme different 280:288 arg1 regions 298:304 different Chinese regions 280:304 different Chinese regions 280:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 0 33 theme Genetic 0:6 arg1 diversity 8:16 Genetic diversity 0:16 Genetic diversity 0:16 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 1 34 theme quality 225:231 arg1 differences 233:243 the quality differences 221:243 the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 221:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 1 35 from differences 233:243 arg1 bodies 257:262 15 fruit bodies 248:262 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 248:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 0 36 theme main 22:25 arg1 composition 38:48 main functional composition 22:48 main functional composition 22:48 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 8 37 from areas 1653:1657 arg1 differences 1598:1608 the differences 1594:1608 the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China 1594:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 8 37 from areas 1653:1657 arg1 strains 1621:1627 Lingzhi strains 1613:1627 Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China 1613:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 8 37 from areas 1653:1657 arg1 China 1662:1666 China 1662:1666 China 1662:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 6 38 theme Chinese 1273:1279 arg1 Pharmacopoeia 1281:1293 the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 1269:1293 the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 1269:1293 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 3 39 theme alcohol-soluble 485:499 arg1 extracts 475:482 water-soluble extracts 461:482 water-soluble extracts 461:482 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 39 theme alcohol-soluble 485:499 arg1 extracts 501:508 alcohol-soluble extracts 485:508 alcohol-soluble extracts 485:508 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 8 40 theme producing 1643:1651 arg1 areas 1653:1657 the main producing areas 1634:1657 the main producing areas in China 1634:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 6 41 theme samples 1371:1377 arg1 half 1359:1362 less than half 1349:1362 less than half of the samples 1349:1377 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 5 42 from areas 1050:1054 arg1 China 1070:1074 China 1070:1074 China 1070:1074 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 6 43 theme than 1354:1357 arg1 half 1359:1362 less than half 1349:1362 less than half of the samples 1349:1377 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 4 44 theme monosaccharide 687:700 arg1 composition 702:712 the monosaccharide composition 683:712 the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides 683:731 Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. 34417676 9 45 theme special 1830:1836 arg1 attention 1838:1846 special attention 1830:1846 special attention 1830:1846 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 6 46 theme half 1359:1362 arg1 content 1338:1344 the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content 1302:1344 the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples 1302:1377 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 7 47 theme different 1481:1489 arg1 effects 1491:1497 different effects 1481:1497 different effects 1481:1497 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. 34417676 6 48 theme soluble 1164:1170 arg1 extractive 1172:1181 alcohol soluble extractive 1156:1181 alcohol soluble extractive 1156:1181 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 1 49 from regions 298:304 arg1 bodies 257:262 15 fruit bodies 248:262 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 248:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 1 50 theme fruit 251:255 arg1 bodies 257:262 15 fruit bodies 248:262 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 248:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 0 51 theme functional 27:36 arg1 composition 38:48 main functional composition 22:48 main functional composition 22:48 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 3 52 theme Lingzhi 570:576 arg1 bodies 560:565 15 fruit bodies 551:565 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi 551:576 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 2 53 theme Internal 375:382 arg1 spacer 396:401 Internal transcribed spacer 375:401 Internal transcribed spacer 375:401 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 1 54 theme genetic 174:180 arg1 diversity 182:190 the genetic diversity 170:190 the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi 170:215 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 0 55 theme Lingzhi 53:59 arg1 composition 38:48 main functional composition 22:48 main functional composition 22:48 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 0 55 theme Lingzhi 53:59 arg1 diversity 8:16 Genetic diversity 0:16 Genetic diversity 0:16 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 9 56 theme pharmacopeia 1719:1730 arg1 requirements 1732:1743 the pharmacopeia requirements 1715:1743 the pharmacopeia requirements 1715:1743 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 5 57 theme main 1035:1038 arg1 areas 1050:1054 the main producing areas 1031:1054 the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China 1031:1074 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 4 58 theme polysaccharides 779:793 arg1 effect 769:774 the effect 765:774 the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes 765:834 Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. 34417676 4 59 theme proliferation 802:814 arg1 rate 816:819 the proliferation rate 798:819 the proliferation rate of splenocytes 798:834 Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. 34417676 5 60 theme identification 867:880 arg1 results 882:888 The identification results 863:888 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs 863:986 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 5 61 from China 1070:1074 arg1 areas 1050:1054 the main producing areas 1031:1054 the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China 1031:1074 The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. 34417676 6 62 theme less 1349:1352 arg1 half 1359:1362 less than half 1349:1362 less than half of the samples 1349:1377 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 4 63 from effect 769:774 arg1 rate 816:819 the proliferation rate 798:819 the proliferation rate of splenocytes 798:834 Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. 34417676 1 64 theme Lingzhi 267:273 arg1 bodies 257:262 15 fruit bodies 248:262 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 248:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 1 65 from diversity 182:190 arg1 bodies 257:262 15 fruit bodies 248:262 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 248:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 3 66 theme Chinese 614:620 arg1 Pharmacopoeia 622:634 Chinese Pharmacopoeia 614:634 Chinese Pharmacopoeia 614:634 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 6 67 theme alcohol 1156:1162 arg1 extractive 1172:1181 alcohol soluble extractive 1156:1181 alcohol soluble extractive 1156:1181 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 8 68 from differences 1598:1608 arg1 areas 1653:1657 the main producing areas 1634:1657 the main producing areas in China 1634:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 8 68 from differences 1598:1608 arg1 strains 1621:1627 Lingzhi strains 1613:1627 Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China 1613:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 7 69 theme cells 1535:1539 arg1 rate 1520:1523 the proliferation rate 1502:1523 the proliferation rate of spleen cells 1502:1539 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. 34417676 3 70 theme water-soluble 461:473 arg1 extracts 475:482 water-soluble extracts 461:482 water-soluble extracts 461:482 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 70 theme water-soluble 461:473 arg1 extracts 501:508 alcohol-soluble extracts 485:508 alcohol-soluble extracts 485:508 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 70 theme water-soluble 461:473 arg1 polysaccharides 511:525 polysaccharides 511:525 polysaccharides 511:525 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 9 71 used used 1769:1772 arg2 strains 1756:1762 wrong strains 1750:1762 wrong strains 1750:1762 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 6 72 theme Pharmacopoeia 1413:1425 arg1 requirements 1388:1399 the requirements 1384:1399 the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia 1384:1425 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 8 73 theme main 1638:1641 arg1 areas 1653:1657 the main producing areas 1634:1657 the main producing areas in China 1634:1666 To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. 34417676 0 74 from areas 89:93 arg1 China 98:102 China 98:102 China 98:102 Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China. 34417676 6 75 theme polysaccharide 1306:1319 arg1 content 1338:1344 the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content 1302:1344 the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples 1302:1377 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 7 76 contain have 1476:1479 arg2 effects 1491:1497 different effects 1481:1497 different effects 1481:1497 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. 34417676 7 76 contain have 1476:1479 arg1 polysaccharide 1432:1445 The polysaccharide 1428:1445 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples 1428:1474 The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. 34417676 6 77 theme U.S. 1408:1411 arg1 Pharmacopoeia 1413:1425 the U.S. Pharmacopoeia 1404:1425 the U.S. Pharmacopoeia 1404:1425 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 6 78 theme triterpenoid 1325:1336 arg1 content 1338:1344 the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content 1302:1344 the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples 1302:1377 The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. 34417676 9 79 theme wrong 1750:1754 arg1 strains 1756:1762 wrong strains 1750:1762 wrong strains 1750:1762 The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. 34417676 3 80 theme fruit 554:558 arg1 bodies 560:565 15 fruit bodies 551:565 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi 551:576 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 3 81 theme US 644:645 arg1 references 661:670 the US Pharmacopoeia references 640:670 the US Pharmacopoeia references 640:670 Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. 34417676 2 82 theme phylogenetic 311:322 arg1 trees 324:328 The phylogenetic trees 307:328 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains 307:342 The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). 34417676 1 83 theme strains 198:204 arg1 diversity 182:190 the genetic diversity 170:190 the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi 170:215 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 34417676 1 83 theme strains 198:204 arg1 differences 233:243 the quality differences 221:243 the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions 221:304 In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. 33375491 2 0 theme pregnant 344:351 arg1 primates 374:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 1 1 theme states 253:258 arg1 females 219:225 females 219:225 females of different reproductive states 219:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 6 2 theme potential 892:900 arg1 functions 902:910 their potential functions 886:910 their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study 886:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 2 3 theme gut 276:278 arg1 microbiome 280:289 the gut microbiome 272:289 the gut microbiome 272:289 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 9 4 theme carbohydrates 1489:1501 arg1 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids 1475:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 2 5 from efficiency 330:339 arg1 primates 374:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 3 6 theme different 522:530 arg1 states 545:550 different reproductive states 522:550 different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation) 522:585 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 9 7 theme cofactors 1504:1512 arg1 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids 1475:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 8 8 theme lactating 1312:1320 arg1 females 1322:1328 lactating females 1312:1328 lactating females 1312:1328 In addition, the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) were overrepresented in pregnant females, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacteriaceae) were overrepresented in lactating females. 33375491 1 9 theme varying 172:178 arg1 pressures 206:214 the varying energetic and nutritional pressures 168:214 the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states 168:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 3 10 theme Macaca 497:502 arg1 macaques 487:494 wild female Tibetan macaques 467:494 wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 467:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 3 10 theme Macaca 497:502 arg1 thibetana 504:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 6 11 theme study 952:956 arg1 states 938:943 different reproductive states 915:943 different reproductive states of our study 915:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 10 12 theme important 1669:1677 arg1 role 1679:1682 an important role 1666:1682 an important role 1666:1682 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 5 13 theme Gut 697:699 arg1 composition 721:731 Gut microbial community composition 697:731 Gut microbial community composition 697:731 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 7 14 theme Proteobacteria 1008:1021 arg1 abundance 995:1003 the relative abundance 982:1003 the relative abundance of Proteobacteria 982:1021 In particular, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased significantly during pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 9 15 theme other 1540:1544 arg1 acids 1552:1556 other amino acids 1540:1556 other amino acids 1540:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 6 16 from changes 824:830 arg1 species 958:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 11 17 theme reproductive 1862:1873 arg1 seasonality 1875:1885 reproductive seasonality 1862:1885 reproductive seasonality 1862:1885 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 6 18 theme reproductive 925:936 arg1 states 938:943 different reproductive states 915:943 different reproductive states of our study 915:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 11 19 theme reproductive 1792:1803 arg1 " 1812:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" 1777:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation 1777:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 1 20 theme gut 129:131 arg1 microbiome 133:142 The gut microbiome 125:142 The gut microbiome 125:142 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 11 21 theme reproductive 1895:1906 arg1 physiology 1908:1917 female reproductive physiology 1888:1917 female reproductive physiology 1888:1917 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 4 22 theme different 666:674 arg1 states 689:694 different reproductive states 666:694 different reproductive states 666:694 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 11 23 theme primates 1817:1824 arg1 " 1812:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" 1777:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation 1777:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 0 24 theme Macaca 69:74 arg1 Macaques 59:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques 31:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) 31:85 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 0 24 theme Macaca 69:74 arg1 thibetana 76:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 0 25 from Variation 0:8 arg1 Macaques 59:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques 31:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) 31:85 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 0 25 from Variation 0:8 arg1 thibetana 76:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 11 26 theme " 1812:1812 arg1 studies 1766:1772 Future studies 1759:1772 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation 1759:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 5 27 theme community 711:719 arg1 composition 721:731 Gut microbial community composition 697:731 Gut microbial community composition 697:731 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 9 28 theme predicted 1370:1378 arg1 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids 1475:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 9 28 theme predicted 1370:1378 arg1 genes 1391:1395 predicted functional genes 1370:1395 predicted functional genes 1370:1395 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 3 29 dep states 545:550 arg1 cycling 553:559 cycling 553:559 cycling 553:559 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 3 29 dep states 545:550 arg1 lactation 576:584 lactation 576:584 lactation 576:584 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 3 29 dep states 545:550 arg1 pregnancy 562:570 pregnancy 562:570 pregnancy 562:570 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 0 30 theme Different 94:102 arg1 States 117:122 Different Reproductive States 94:122 Different Reproductive States 94:122 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 9 31 theme genes 1391:1395 arg1 abundance 1357:1365 the relative abundance 1344:1365 the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, 1344:1557 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 11 32 theme ecology 1805:1811 arg1 " 1812:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" 1777:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation 1777:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 9 33 theme several 1400:1406 arg1 pathways 1418:1425 several metabolic pathways 1400:1425 several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition 1400:1464 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 0 34 theme Gut 13:15 arg1 Microbiome 17:26 Gut Microbiome 13:26 Gut Microbiome 13:26 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 9 35 theme pathways 1418:1425 arg1 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids 1475:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 9 35 theme pathways 1418:1425 arg1 genes 1391:1395 predicted functional genes 1370:1395 predicted functional genes 1370:1395 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 6 36 theme composition 859:869 arg1 species 958:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 2 37 from Changes 261:267 arg1 microbiome 280:289 the gut microbiome 272:289 the gut microbiome 272:289 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 3 38 theme bacterial 432:440 arg1 composition 452:462 the gut bacterial community composition 424:462 the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 424:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 8 39 theme relative 1096:1103 arg1 abundance 1105:1113 the relative abundance 1092:1113 the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) 1092:1176 In addition, the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) were overrepresented in pregnant females, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacteriaceae) were overrepresented in lactating females. 33375491 6 40 theme bacterial 839:847 arg1 composition 859:869 gut bacterial taxonomic composition 835:869 gut bacterial taxonomic composition 835:869 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 3 41 theme Tibetan 479:485 arg1 macaques 487:494 wild female Tibetan macaques 467:494 wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 467:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 3 41 theme Tibetan 479:485 arg1 thibetana 504:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 5 42 theme rRNA 782:785 arg1 sequences 792:800 16 S rRNA gene sequences 777:800 16 S rRNA gene sequences 777:800 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 2 43 theme utilizing 320:328 arg1 efficiency 330:339 nutrient utilizing efficiency 311:339 nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates 311:381 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 6 44 theme significant 812:822 arg1 changes 824:830 significant changes 812:830 significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 812:964 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 4 45 theme Fecal 588:592 arg1 samples 594:600 Fecal samples 588:600 Fecal samples (n = 25) 588:609 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 4 45 theme Fecal 588:592 arg1 n 603:603 n = 25 603:608 n = 25 603:608 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 6 46 from functions 902:910 arg1 states 938:943 different reproductive states 915:943 different reproductive states of our study 915:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 10 47 dep energetic 1699:1707 arg1 needs 1709:1713 needs 1709:1713 needs 1709:1713 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 2 48 theme female 367:372 arg1 primates 374:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 5 49 theme S 780:780 arg1 sequences 792:800 16 S rRNA gene sequences 777:800 16 S rRNA gene sequences 777:800 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 6 50 theme different 915:923 arg1 states 938:943 different reproductive states 915:943 different reproductive states of our study 915:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 1 51 theme reproductive 240:251 arg1 states 253:258 different reproductive states 230:258 different reproductive states 230:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 6 52 theme functions 902:910 arg1 species 958:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 6 53 from structure 872:880 arg1 states 938:943 different reproductive states 915:943 different reproductive states of our study 915:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 3 54 theme reproductive 532:543 arg1 states 545:550 different reproductive states 522:550 different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation) 522:585 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 4 55 theme adult 635:639 arg1 females 641:647 ten adult females 631:647 ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states 631:694 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 8 56 theme pregnant 1202:1209 arg1 females 1211:1217 pregnant females 1202:1217 pregnant females 1202:1217 In addition, the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) were overrepresented in pregnant females, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacteriaceae) were overrepresented in lactating females. 33375491 6 57 theme structure 872:880 arg1 species 958:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species 835:964 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 10 58 theme lactating 1731:1739 arg1 macaques 1749:1756 pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques 1718:1756 pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques 1718:1756 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 0 59 theme Female 44:49 arg1 Macaques 59:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques 31:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) 31:85 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 0 59 theme Female 44:49 arg1 thibetana 76:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 10 60 theme gut 1642:1644 arg1 microbiome 1646:1655 the gut microbiome 1638:1655 the gut microbiome 1638:1655 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 1 61 theme energetic 180:188 arg1 pressures 206:214 the varying energetic and nutritional pressures 168:214 the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states 168:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 4 62 theme = 605:605 arg1 samples 594:600 Fecal samples 588:600 Fecal samples (n = 25) 588:609 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 4 62 theme = 605:605 arg1 n 603:603 n = 25 603:608 n = 25 603:608 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 10 63 theme macaques 1749:1756 arg1 energetic 1699:1707 energetic 1699:1707 energetic 1699:1707 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 9 64 theme vitamins 1518:1525 arg1 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids 1475:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 1 65 theme nutritional 194:204 arg1 pressures 206:214 the varying energetic and nutritional pressures 168:214 the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states 168:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 6 66 from composition 859:869 arg1 states 938:943 different reproductive states 915:943 different reproductive states of our study 915:956 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 11 67 theme female 1888:1893 arg1 physiology 1908:1917 female reproductive physiology 1888:1917 female reproductive physiology 1888:1917 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 1 68 from pressures 206:214 arg1 females 219:225 females 219:225 females of different reproductive states 219:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 33375491 9 69 theme amino 1546:1550 arg1 acids 1552:1556 other amino acids 1540:1556 other amino acids 1540:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 4 70 theme reproductive 676:687 arg1 states 689:694 different reproductive states 666:694 different reproductive states 666:694 Fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from ten adult females harvested across different reproductive states. 33375491 3 71 theme wild 467:470 arg1 macaques 487:494 wild female Tibetan macaques 467:494 wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 467:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 3 71 theme wild 467:470 arg1 thibetana 504:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 5 72 theme potential 737:745 arg1 functions 747:755 potential functions 737:755 potential functions 737:755 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 7 73 theme relative 986:993 arg1 abundance 995:1003 the relative abundance 982:1003 the relative abundance of Proteobacteria 982:1021 In particular, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased significantly during pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 11 74 theme microbial 1782:1790 arg1 " 1812:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" 1777:1812 the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation 1777:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 9 75 theme relative 1348:1355 arg1 abundance 1357:1365 the relative abundance 1344:1365 the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, 1344:1557 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 10 76 theme Tibetan 1741:1747 arg1 macaques 1749:1756 pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques 1718:1756 pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques 1718:1756 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 5 77 theme microbial 701:709 arg1 composition 721:731 Gut microbial community composition 697:731 Gut microbial community composition 697:731 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 8 78 dep overrepresented 1183:1197 arg1 whereas 1220:1226 whereas 1220:1226 whereas 1220:1226 In addition, the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) were overrepresented in pregnant females, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacteriaceae) were overrepresented in lactating females. 33375491 3 79 theme female 472:477 arg1 macaques 487:494 wild female Tibetan macaques 467:494 wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 467:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 3 79 theme female 472:477 arg1 thibetana 504:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 Macaca thibetana 497:512 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 0 80 theme Reproductive 104:115 arg1 States 117:122 Different Reproductive States 94:122 Different Reproductive States 94:122 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 9 81 theme functional 1380:1389 arg1 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism 1475:1484 metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids 1475:1556 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 9 81 theme functional 1380:1389 arg1 genes 1391:1395 predicted functional genes 1370:1395 predicted functional genes 1370:1395 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 3 82 theme gut 428:430 arg1 composition 452:462 the gut bacterial community composition 424:462 the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 424:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 5 83 theme gene 787:790 arg1 sequences 792:800 16 S rRNA gene sequences 777:800 16 S rRNA gene sequences 777:800 Gut microbial community composition and potential functions were assessed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. 33375491 11 84 theme food 1843:1846 arg1 availability 1848:1859 food availability 1843:1859 food availability 1843:1859 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 0 85 theme Microbiome 17:26 arg1 Variation 0:8 Variation 0:8 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 0:123 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 9 86 theme metabolic 1408:1416 arg1 pathways 1418:1425 several metabolic pathways 1400:1425 several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition 1400:1464 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 10 87 theme pregnant 1718:1725 arg1 macaques 1749:1756 pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques 1718:1756 pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques 1718:1756 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 0 88 theme Free-Ranging 31:42 arg1 Macaques 59:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques 31:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) 31:85 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 0 88 theme Free-Ranging 31:42 arg1 thibetana 76:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 9 89 theme related 1427:1433 arg1 pathways 1418:1425 several metabolic pathways 1400:1425 several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition 1400:1464 Furthermore, the relative abundance of predicted functional genes of several metabolic pathways related to host's energy and nutrition, such as metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, glycans and other amino acids, were enriched in pregnancy and lactation. 33375491 6 90 theme taxonomic 849:857 arg1 composition 859:869 gut bacterial taxonomic composition 835:869 gut bacterial taxonomic composition 835:869 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 3 91 theme community 442:450 arg1 composition 452:462 the gut bacterial community composition 424:462 the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 424:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 0 92 theme Tibetan 51:57 arg1 Macaques 59:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques 31:66 Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) 31:85 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 0 92 theme Tibetan 51:57 arg1 thibetana 76:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Macaca thibetana 69:84 Variation of Gut Microbiome in Free-Ranging Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) across Different Reproductive States. 33375491 8 93 theme Succinivibrionaceae 1118:1136 arg1 abundance 1105:1113 the relative abundance 1092:1113 the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) 1092:1176 In addition, the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) were overrepresented in pregnant females, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacteriaceae) were overrepresented in lactating females. 33375491 6 94 theme gut 835:837 arg1 composition 859:869 gut bacterial taxonomic composition 835:869 gut bacterial taxonomic composition 835:869 We found significant changes in gut bacterial taxonomic composition, structure and their potential functions in different reproductive states of our study species. 33375491 3 95 theme macaques 487:494 arg1 composition 452:462 the gut bacterial community composition 424:462 the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 424:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 11 96 theme gut 1923:1925 arg1 inflammation 1927:1938 gut inflammation 1923:1938 gut inflammation 1923:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 11 97 theme Future 1759:1764 arg1 studies 1766:1772 Future studies 1759:1772 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation 1759:1938 Future studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates that incorporate food availability, reproductive seasonality, female reproductive physiology and gut inflammation are warranted. 33375491 3 98 from variation 411:419 arg1 composition 452:462 the gut bacterial community composition 424:462 the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 424:513 In this study, we examined variation in the gut bacterial community composition of wild female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) across different reproductive states (cycling, pregnancy and lactation). 33375491 2 99 theme nutrient 311:318 arg1 efficiency 330:339 nutrient utilizing efficiency 311:339 nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates 311:381 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 8 100 theme Succinivibrionaceae 1157:1175 arg1 abundance 1105:1113 the relative abundance 1092:1113 the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) 1092:1176 In addition, the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Succinivibrio (Succinivibrionaceae) were overrepresented in pregnant females, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacteriaceae) were overrepresented in lactating females. 33375491 10 101 from changes 1627:1633 arg1 microbiome 1646:1655 the gut microbiome 1638:1655 the gut microbiome 1638:1655 Our findings suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role in meeting the energetic needs of pregnant and lactating Tibetan macaques. 33375491 2 102 theme lactating 357:365 arg1 primates 374:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 pregnant and lactating female primates 344:381 Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to varying nutrient utilizing efficiency in pregnant and lactating female primates. 33375491 1 103 theme different 230:238 arg1 states 253:258 different reproductive states 230:258 different reproductive states 230:258 The gut microbiome is expected to adapt to the varying energetic and nutritional pressures in females of different reproductive states. 34612696 4 0 theme gut 833:835 arg1 microbiota 837:846 the gut microbiota 829:846 the gut microbiota 829:846 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 8 1 theme LPS 1488:1490 arg1 LBP 1509:1511 LBP 1509:1511 LBP 1509:1511 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 1 theme LPS 1488:1490 arg1 protein 1500:1506 LPS binding protein 1488:1506 LPS binding protein (LBP) 1488:1512 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 6 2 theme gut 1060:1062 arg1 profile 1075:1081 the gut microbiota profile 1056:1081 the gut microbiota profile 1056:1081 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 8 3 theme blood-brain 1570:1580 arg1 barrier 1582:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 3 4 theme Chinese 498:504 arg1 patients 510:517 Chinese AIS patients 498:517 Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity 498:538 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 4 5 from intervention 681:692 arg1 mice 701:704 T2D mice 697:704 T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) 697:768 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 9 6 theme IMPORTANCE 1591:1600 arg1 stroke 1611:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 6 theme IMPORTANCE 1591:1600 arg1 burden 1643:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 7 theme major 1623:1627 arg1 stroke 1611:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 7 theme major 1623:1627 arg1 burden 1643:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 3 8 with patients 510:517 arg1 comorbidity 528:538 T2D comorbidity 524:538 T2D comorbidity 524:538 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 7 9 theme Stroke 1196:1201 arg1 mice 1203:1206 Stroke mice 1196:1206 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice 1196:1256 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 3 10 theme T2D 524:526 arg1 comorbidity 528:538 T2D comorbidity 524:538 T2D comorbidity 524:538 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 9 11 theme global 1629:1634 arg1 stroke 1611:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 11 theme global 1629:1634 arg1 burden 1643:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 2 12 from injury 332:337 arg1 AIS 342:344 AIS 342:344 AIS 342:344 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 8 13 from improvements 1400:1411 arg1 function 1428:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 13 from improvements 1400:1411 arg1 barrier 1582:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 1 14 theme acute 176:180 arg1 stroke 191:196 acute ischemic stroke 176:196 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) 176:202 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 1 14 theme acute 176:180 arg1 AIS 199:201 AIS 199:201 AIS 199:201 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 3 15 theme butyrate-producing 581:598 arg1 bacteria 600:607 fecal butyrate-producing bacteria 575:607 fecal butyrate-producing bacteria 575:607 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 6 16 theme mice 1115:1118 arg1 profile 1075:1081 the gut microbiota profile 1056:1081 the gut microbiota profile 1056:1081 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 6 16 theme mice 1115:1118 arg1 level 1096:1100 butyrate level 1087:1100 butyrate level 1087:1100 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 8 17 from improvements 1550:1561 arg1 function 1428:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 17 from improvements 1550:1561 arg1 barrier 1582:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 7 18 contain had 1258:1260 arg2 volume 1289:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 7 18 contain had 1258:1260 arg1 mice 1203:1206 Stroke mice 1196:1206 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice 1196:1256 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 3 19 theme lower 559:563 arg1 levels 565:570 significantly lower levels 545:570 significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate 545:620 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 7 20 theme NaCl-treated 1340:1351 arg1 mice 1353:1356 NaCl-treated mice 1340:1356 NaCl-treated mice 1340:1356 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 8 21 theme barrier 1420:1426 arg1 function 1428:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 6 22 theme ischemic 1179:1186 arg1 stroke 1188:1193 ischemic stroke 1179:1193 ischemic stroke 1179:1193 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 12 23 theme ischemic 2025:2032 arg1 stroke 2034:2039 ischemic stroke 2025:2039 ischemic stroke 2025:2039 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 5 24 theme C57BL/6 1008:1014 arg1 mice 1016:1019 antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice 989:1019 antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice 989:1019 Fecal samples were collected from T2D mice after SB or NaCl treatment and were transplanted into antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. 34612696 11 25 theme gut 1893:1895 arg1 composition 1908:1918 the gut microbiota composition 1889:1918 the gut microbiota composition 1889:1918 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 1 26 theme type 122:125 arg1 T2D 139:141 T2D 139:141 T2D 139:141 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 1 26 theme type 122:125 arg1 diabetes 129:136 type 2 diabetes 122:136 type 2 diabetes (T2D) 122:142 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 9 27 theme well-known 1664:1673 arg1 T2D 1655:1657 T2D 1655:1657 T2D 1655:1657 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 27 theme well-known 1664:1673 arg1 comorbidity 1675:1685 a well-known comorbidity 1662:1685 a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke 1662:1736 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 4 28 theme sodium 723:728 arg1 SB 740:741 SB 740:741 SB 740:741 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 4 28 theme sodium 723:728 arg1 butyrate 730:737 sodium butyrate 723:737 sodium butyrate (SB) 723:742 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 5 29 theme Fecal 892:896 arg1 samples 898:904 Fecal samples 892:904 Fecal samples 892:904 Fecal samples were collected from T2D mice after SB or NaCl treatment and were transplanted into antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. 34612696 8 30 theme serum 1446:1450 arg1 levels 1452:1457 reduced serum levels 1438:1457 reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines 1438:1543 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 11 31 theme stroke 1928:1933 arg1 outcomes 1935:1942 stroke outcomes 1928:1942 stroke outcomes 1928:1942 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 13 32 theme T2D 2210:2212 arg1 patients 2214:2221 T2D patients 2210:2221 T2D patients with ischemic stroke 2210:2242 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 33 theme brain 1703:1707 arg1 injury 1709:1714 brain injury 1703:1714 brain injury after ischemic stroke 1703:1736 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 2 34 from exacerbation 422:433 arg1 AIS 458:460 AIS 458:460 AIS 458:460 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 4 35 theme T2D 697:699 arg1 mice 701:704 T2D mice 697:704 T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) 697:768 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 0 36 theme Ischemic 78:85 arg1 Injury 94:99 Ischemic Stroke Injury 78:99 Ischemic Stroke Injury 78:99 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury. 34612696 13 37 dep potential 2175:2183 arg1 therapeutic 2185:2195 therapeutic 2185:2195 therapeutic 2185:2195 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 4 38 theme sodium 747:752 arg1 NaCl 764:767 NaCl 764:767 NaCl 764:767 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 4 38 theme sodium 747:752 arg1 chloride 754:761 sodium chloride 747:761 sodium chloride (NaCl) 747:768 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 1 39 theme diabetes 129:136 arg1 complication 106:117 The complication 102:117 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) 102:142 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 2 40 theme administering 367:379 arg1 butyrate 381:388 administering butyrate 367:388 administering butyrate 367:388 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 6 41 theme transplantation 1039:1053 arg1 2 weeks 1028:1034 2 weeks 1028:1034 2 weeks of transplantation 1028:1053 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 2 42 theme infarction 444:453 arg1 exacerbation 422:433 T2D-associated exacerbation 407:433 T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS 407:460 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 0 43 from Mice 33:36 arg1 Transplantation 6:20 Fecal Transplantation 0:20 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate 0:65 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury. 34612696 0 44 theme Fecal 0:4 arg1 Transplantation 6:20 Fecal Transplantation 0:20 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate 0:65 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury. 34612696 7 45 theme infarct 1281:1287 arg1 volume 1289:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 8 46 theme protein 1500:1506 arg1 improvements 1550:1561 improvements 1550:1561 improvements in the blood-brain barrier 1550:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 46 theme protein 1500:1506 arg1 levels 1452:1457 reduced serum levels 1438:1457 reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines 1438:1543 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 46 theme protein 1500:1506 arg1 improvements 1400:1411 improvements 1400:1411 improvements in gut barrier function 1400:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 2 47 theme T2D-associated 407:420 arg1 exacerbation 422:433 T2D-associated exacerbation 407:433 T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS 407:460 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 7 48 theme smaller 1264:1270 arg1 volume 1289:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 2 49 theme brain 326:330 arg1 injury 332:337 attenuated brain injury 315:337 attenuated brain injury in AIS 315:344 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 5 50 theme antibiotic-treated 989:1006 arg1 mice 1016:1019 antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice 989:1019 antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice 989:1019 Fecal samples were collected from T2D mice after SB or NaCl treatment and were transplanted into antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. 34612696 7 51 theme SB-treated 1242:1251 arg1 mice 1253:1256 SB-treated mice 1242:1256 SB-treated mice 1242:1256 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 8 52 theme proinflammatory 1519:1533 arg1 cytokines 1535:1543 proinflammatory cytokines 1519:1543 proinflammatory cytokines 1519:1543 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 12 53 theme stroke 2103:2108 arg1 injury 2110:2115 stroke injury 2103:2115 stroke injury 2103:2115 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 11 54 theme microbiota 1897:1906 arg1 composition 1908:1918 the gut microbiota composition 1889:1918 the gut microbiota composition 1889:1918 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 12 55 theme T2D 1991:1993 arg1 microbiota 1977:1986 the gut microbiota 1969:1986 the gut microbiota of T2D 1969:1993 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 3 56 theme AIS 506:508 arg1 patients 510:517 Chinese AIS patients 498:517 Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity 498:538 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 6 57 theme microbiota 1064:1073 arg1 profile 1075:1081 the gut microbiota profile 1056:1081 the gut microbiota profile 1056:1081 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 58 theme Ischemic 1602:1609 arg1 stroke 1611:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 58 theme Ischemic 1602:1609 arg1 burden 1643:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 13 59 with supplementation 2146:2160 arg1 SB 2167:2168 SB 2167:2168 SB 2167:2168 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 1 60 theme brain 156:160 arg1 infarction 162:171 brain infarction 156:171 brain infarction 156:171 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 4 61 theme diabetic 801:808 arg1 phenotype 810:818 the diabetic phenotype 797:818 the diabetic phenotype 797:818 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 3 62 contain have 540:543 arg2 levels 565:570 significantly lower levels 545:570 significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate 545:620 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 3 62 contain have 540:543 arg1 patients 510:517 Chinese AIS patients 498:517 Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity 498:538 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 9 63 theme health 1636:1641 arg1 stroke 1611:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke 1591:1616 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 9 63 theme health 1636:1641 arg1 burden 1643:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 a major global health burden 1621:1648 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 1 64 theme ischemic 182:189 arg1 stroke 191:196 acute ischemic stroke 176:196 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) 176:202 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 1 64 theme ischemic 182:189 arg1 AIS 199:201 AIS 199:201 AIS 199:201 The complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates brain infarction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 34612696 8 65 theme gut 1416:1418 arg1 function 1428:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 6 66 theme recipient 1105:1113 arg1 mice 1115:1118 recipient mice 1105:1118 recipient mice 1105:1118 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 3 67 theme bacteria 600:607 arg1 levels 565:570 significantly lower levels 545:570 significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate 545:620 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 3 68 theme fecal 575:579 arg1 bacteria 600:607 fecal butyrate-producing bacteria 575:607 fecal butyrate-producing bacteria 575:607 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 13 69 theme ischemic 2228:2235 arg1 stroke 2237:2242 ischemic stroke 2228:2242 ischemic stroke 2228:2242 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 8 70 theme reduced 1438:1444 arg1 levels 1452:1457 reduced serum levels 1438:1457 reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines 1438:1543 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 5 71 dep SB 941:942 arg1 treatment 952:960 treatment 952:960 treatment 952:960 Fecal samples were collected from T2D mice after SB or NaCl treatment and were transplanted into antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. 34612696 3 72 theme AIS 627:629 arg1 patients 631:638 AIS patients 627:638 AIS patients without T2D 627:650 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 4 73 theme brain 865:869 arg1 injury 871:876 brain injury 865:876 brain injury 865:876 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 7 74 theme gut 1320:1322 arg1 microbiota 1324:1333 gut microbiota 1320:1333 gut microbiota 1320:1333 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 6 75 theme butyrate 1087:1094 arg1 level 1096:1100 butyrate level 1087:1100 butyrate level 1087:1100 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 3 76 theme butyrate 613:620 arg1 levels 565:570 significantly lower levels 545:570 significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate 545:620 Therefore, we first validated that Chinese AIS patients with T2D comorbidity have significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate than AIS patients without T2D. 34612696 8 77 theme lipopolysaccharide 1462:1479 arg1 improvements 1550:1561 improvements 1550:1561 improvements in the blood-brain barrier 1550:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 77 theme lipopolysaccharide 1462:1479 arg1 levels 1452:1457 reduced serum levels 1438:1457 reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines 1438:1543 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 77 theme lipopolysaccharide 1462:1479 arg1 improvements 1400:1411 improvements 1400:1411 improvements in gut barrier function 1400:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 6 78 theme recipient 1146:1154 arg1 mice 1156:1159 the recipient mice 1142:1159 the recipient mice 1142:1159 After 2 weeks of transplantation, the gut microbiota profile and butyrate level of recipient mice were tested, and then the recipient mice were subjected to ischemic stroke. 34612696 4 79 theme 4-week 674:679 arg1 intervention 681:692 a 4-week intervention 672:692 a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) 672:768 Then, we performed a 4-week intervention in T2D mice receiving either sodium butyrate (SB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) and found that SB improved the diabetic phenotype, altered the gut microbiota, and ameliorated brain injury after stroke. 34612696 0 80 theme Stroke 87:92 arg1 Injury 94:99 Ischemic Stroke Injury 78:99 Ischemic Stroke Injury 78:99 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury. 34612696 13 81 with patients 2214:2221 arg1 stroke 2237:2242 ischemic stroke 2228:2242 ischemic stroke 2228:2242 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 12 82 theme brain 2006:2010 arg1 injury 2012:2017 brain injury 2006:2017 brain injury 2006:2017 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 8 83 from levels 1452:1457 arg1 function 1428:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 gut barrier function 1416:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 83 from levels 1452:1457 arg1 barrier 1582:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 the blood-brain barrier 1566:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 5 84 theme T2D 926:928 arg1 mice 930:933 T2D mice 926:933 T2D mice 926:933 Fecal samples were collected from T2D mice after SB or NaCl treatment and were transplanted into antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. 34612696 9 85 theme ischemic 1722:1729 arg1 stroke 1731:1736 ischemic stroke 1722:1736 ischemic stroke 1722:1736 IMPORTANCE Ischemic stroke is a major global health burden, and T2D is a well-known comorbidity that aggravates brain injury after ischemic stroke. 34612696 8 86 theme binding 1492:1498 arg1 LBP 1509:1511 LBP 1509:1511 LBP 1509:1511 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 86 theme binding 1492:1498 arg1 protein 1500:1506 LPS binding protein 1488:1506 LPS binding protein (LBP) 1488:1512 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 7 87 theme cerebral 1272:1279 arg1 volume 1289:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 a smaller cerebral infarct volume 1262:1294 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 2 88 theme brain 438:442 arg1 infarction 444:453 brain infarction 438:453 brain infarction 438:453 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 0 89 theme db/db 27:31 arg1 Mice 33:36 db/db Mice 27:36 db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate 27:65 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury. 34612696 13 90 theme potential 2175:2183 arg1 supplementation 2146:2160 supplementation 2146:2160 supplementation with SB 2146:2168 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 13 90 theme potential 2175:2183 arg1 strategy 2197:2204 a potential therapeutic strategy 2173:2204 a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke 2173:2242 These findings suggest that supplementation with SB is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D patients with ischemic stroke. 34612696 2 91 theme butyrate-producing 213:230 arg1 bacteria 232:239 butyrate-producing bacteria 213:239 butyrate-producing bacteria 213:239 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 11 92 theme large 1850:1854 arg1 evidence 1866:1873 evidence 1866:1873 evidence 1866:1873 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 11 92 theme large 1850:1854 arg1 amount 1856:1861 A large amount 1848:1861 A large amount of evidence 1848:1873 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 10 93 theme stroke 1798:1803 arg1 injury 1805:1810 stroke injury 1798:1810 stroke injury 1798:1810 However, the underlying mechanism by which T2D exacerbates stroke injury has not been completely elucidated. 34612696 11 94 theme evidence 1866:1873 arg1 evidence 1866:1873 evidence 1866:1873 evidence 1866:1873 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 11 94 theme evidence 1866:1873 arg1 amount 1856:1861 A large amount 1848:1861 A large amount of evidence 1848:1873 A large amount of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota composition affects stroke outcomes. 34612696 0 95 theme Sodium 51:56 arg1 Butyrate 58:65 Sodium Butyrate 51:65 Sodium Butyrate 51:65 Fecal Transplantation from db/db Mice Treated with Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Injury. 34612696 12 96 mod modified 2054:2061 arg3 SB 2066:2067 SB 2066:2067 SB 2066:2067 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 12 96 mod modified 2054:2061 arg1 microbiota 1977:1986 the gut microbiota 1969:1986 the gut microbiota of T2D 1969:1993 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 8 97 theme cytokines 1535:1543 arg1 improvements 1550:1561 improvements 1550:1561 improvements in the blood-brain barrier 1550:1588 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 97 theme cytokines 1535:1543 arg1 levels 1452:1457 reduced serum levels 1438:1457 reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines 1438:1543 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 8 97 theme cytokines 1535:1543 arg1 improvements 1400:1411 improvements 1400:1411 improvements in gut barrier function 1400:1435 This protection was also associated with improvements in gut barrier function, reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory cytokines, and improvements in the blood-brain barrier. 34612696 2 98 theme attenuated 315:324 arg1 injury 332:337 attenuated brain injury 315:337 attenuated brain injury in AIS 315:344 Because butyrate-producing bacteria are decreased in T2D and butyrate has been reported to be associated with attenuated brain injury in AIS, we hypothesize that administering butyrate could ameliorate T2D-associated exacerbation of brain infarction in AIS. 34612696 7 99 theme gut 1222:1224 arg1 microbiota 1226:1235 gut microbiota 1222:1235 gut microbiota 1222:1235 Stroke mice that received gut microbiota from SB-treated mice had a smaller cerebral infarct volume than mice that received gut microbiota from NaCl-treated mice. 34612696 12 100 theme gut 1973:1975 arg1 microbiota 1977:1986 the gut microbiota 1969:1986 the gut microbiota of T2D 1969:1993 Our results showed that the gut microbiota of T2D aggravated brain injury after ischemic stroke and could be modified by SB to afford neuroprotection against stroke injury. 34612696 10 101 theme underlying 1752:1761 arg1 mechanism 1763:1771 the underlying mechanism 1748:1771 the underlying mechanism by which T2D exacerbates stroke injury 1748:1810 However, the underlying mechanism by which T2D exacerbates stroke injury has not been completely elucidated. 32389828 11 0 theme positioned 1924:1933 arg1 axis 1919:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis 1891:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 1891:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 12 1 theme hematopoietic 2188:2200 arg1 stress 2202:2207 hematopoietic stress 2188:2207 hematopoietic stress 2188:2207 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 4 2 from expression 487:496 arg1 lineages 530:537 bone marrow (BM) lineages 513:537 bone marrow (BM) lineages 513:537 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 12 3 theme physiological 2162:2174 arg1 response 2176:2183 the physiological response 2158:2183 the physiological response to hematopoietic stress 2158:2207 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 7 4 theme GIPR 1295:1298 arg1 signaling 1300:1308 GIPR signaling 1295:1308 GIPR signaling 1295:1308 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 11 5 theme hormone-BM 1908:1917 arg1 axis 1919:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis 1891:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 1891:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 4 6 theme functional 552:561 arg1 roles 563:567 functional roles 552:567 functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis 552:608 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 11 7 theme TLR 2015:2017 arg1 control 2004:2010 the control 2000:2010 the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 2000:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 5 8 with mice 697:700 arg1 deletion 946:953 global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion 916:953 deletion 946:953 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 8 with mice 697:700 arg1 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 9 with mice 906:909 arg1 deletion 946:953 global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion 916:953 deletion 946:953 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 9 with mice 906:909 arg1 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 6 10 theme myeloid 1094:1100 arg1 precursors 1102:1111 myeloid precursors 1094:1111 myeloid precursors 1094:1111 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 7 11 theme function 1264:1271 arg1 studies 1273:1279 function studies 1264:1279 function studies 1264:1279 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 0 12 attach links 30:34 arg1 control 63:69 the control 59:69 the control of hematopoiesis 59:86 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 0 12 attach links 30:34 arg2 GIPR 25:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 5 13 theme Bone 611:614 arg1 marrow 616:621 Bone marrow 611:621 Bone marrow responses 611:631 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 10 14 theme changes 1763:1769 arg1 magnitude 1737:1745 the magnitude 1733:1745 the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling 1733:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 14 theme changes 1763:1769 arg1 modest 1849:1854 modest 1849:1854 modest 1849:1854 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 6 15 theme peripheral 1168:1177 arg1 blood 1179:1183 peripheral blood 1168:1183 peripheral blood 1168:1183 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 5 16 theme selective 936:944 arg1 deletion 946:953 global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion 916:953 deletion 946:953 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 10 17 from magnitude 1737:1745 arg1 response 1791:1798 response 1791:1798 response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling 1791:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 17 from magnitude 1737:1745 arg1 hematopoiesis 1774:1786 hematopoiesis 1774:1786 hematopoiesis 1774:1786 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 4 18 theme hematopoiesis 596:608 arg1 control 585:591 control 585:591 control of hematopoiesis 585:608 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 5 19 theme acute 749:753 arg1 5-FU 771:774 5-FU 771:774 5-FU 771:774 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 19 theme acute 749:753 arg1 5-fluorouracil 755:768 acute 5-fluorouracil 749:768 acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 749:775 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 1 20 theme energy 227:232 arg1 availability 234:245 energy availability 227:245 energy availability 227:245 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 11 21 theme functional 1893:1902 arg1 axis 1919:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis 1891:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 1891:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 6 22 from different 1155:1163 arg1 spleen 1186:1191 spleen 1186:1191 spleen 1186:1191 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 6 22 from different 1155:1163 arg1 BM 1197:1198 BM 1197:1198 BM 1197:1198 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 6 22 from different 1155:1163 arg1 blood 1179:1183 peripheral blood 1168:1183 peripheral blood 1168:1183 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 9 23 theme BM 1562:1563 arg1 profiles 1581:1588 BM gene expression profiles 1562:1588 BM gene expression profiles 1562:1588 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 6 24 theme T 1066:1066 arg1 cells 1068:1072 T cells 1066:1072 T cells 1066:1072 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 1 25 theme OBJECTIVE 89:97 arg1 GIP 145:147 GIP 145:147 GIP 145:147 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 1 25 theme OBJECTIVE 89:97 arg1 polypeptide 132:142 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 89:142 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 89:148 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 10 26 theme GIPR 1819:1822 arg1 signaling 1824:1832 GIPR signaling 1819:1832 GIPR signaling 1819:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 6 27 theme cell 1129:1132 arg1 populations 1134:1144 these cell populations 1123:1144 these cell populations 1123:1144 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 9 28 theme expression 1570:1579 arg1 profiles 1581:1588 BM gene expression profiles 1562:1588 BM gene expression profiles 1562:1588 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 12 29 theme basal 2135:2139 arg1 hematopoiesis 2141:2153 basal hematopoiesis 2135:2153 basal hematopoiesis 2135:2153 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 6 30 theme Gipr-/- 1203:1209 arg1 mice 1227:1230 Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice 1203:1230 Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice 1203:1230 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 12 31 theme GIPR 2098:2101 arg1 signaling 2103:2111 GIPR signaling 2098:2111 GIPR signaling 2098:2111 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 4 32 from roles 563:567 arg1 control 585:591 control 585:591 control of hematopoiesis 585:608 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 7 33 theme genes 1383:1387 arg1 expression 1323:1332 the expression 1319:1332 the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis 1319:1412 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 0 34 theme hematopoiesis 74:86 arg1 control 63:69 the control 59:69 the control of hematopoiesis 59:86 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 6 35 from spleen 1186:1191 arg1 different 1155:1163 different 1155:1163 different 1155:1163 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 3 36 theme signaling 400:408 arg1 gain 378:381 gain 378:381 gain 378:381 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 3 36 theme signaling 400:408 arg1 loss 387:390 loss 387:390 loss 387:390 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 5 37 theme agonist 887:893 arg1 administration 862:875 pharmacological administration 846:875 pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist 846:893 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 11 38 theme genes 2029:2033 arg1 control 2004:2010 the control 2000:2010 the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 2000:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 9 39 theme Gipr 1638:1641 arg1 loss 1626:1629 loss 1626:1629 loss of the Gipr 1626:1641 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 4 40 theme marrow 518:523 arg1 lineages 530:537 bone marrow (BM) lineages 513:537 bone marrow (BM) lineages 513:537 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 0 41 theme hormone 8:14 arg1 GIPR 25:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 6 42 from blood 1179:1183 arg1 different 1155:1163 different 1155:1163 different 1155:1163 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 1 43 theme Glucose-dependent 99:115 arg1 GIP 145:147 GIP 145:147 GIP 145:147 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 1 43 theme Glucose-dependent 99:115 arg1 polypeptide 132:142 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 89:142 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 89:148 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 3 44 theme diverse 414:420 arg1 responses 436:444 diverse hematopoietic responses 414:444 diverse hematopoietic responses 414:444 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 5 45 theme marrow 1003:1008 arg1 BMT 1027:1029 BMT 1027:1029 BMT 1027:1029 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 45 theme marrow 1003:1008 arg1 transplantation 1010:1024 bone marrow transplantation 998:1024 bone marrow transplantation (BMT) 998:1030 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 3 46 theme loss 387:390 arg1 importance 364:373 the importance 360:373 the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses 360:444 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 7 47 theme Toll-like 1340:1348 arg1 TLR 1360:1362 BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1337:1363 BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1337:1363 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 0 48 theme energy 36:41 arg1 availability 43:54 energy availability 36:54 energy availability 36:54 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 9 49 theme energy 1682:1687 arg1 excess 1689:1694 energy excess 1682:1694 energy excess 1682:1694 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 8 50 theme adipose 1460:1466 arg1 inflammation 1475:1486 adipose tissue inflammation 1460:1486 adipose tissue inflammation 1460:1486 Loss of the BM GIPR attenuates the extent of adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulates the hematopoietic response to BMT. 32389828 8 51 theme inflammation 1475:1486 arg1 extent 1450:1455 the extent 1446:1455 the extent of adipose tissue inflammation 1446:1486 Loss of the BM GIPR attenuates the extent of adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulates the hematopoietic response to BMT. 32389828 9 52 theme TLR 1701:1703 arg1 ligands 1705:1711 two TLR ligands 1697:1711 two TLR ligands 1697:1711 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 8 53 theme BM 1427:1428 arg1 GIPR 1430:1433 the BM GIPR 1423:1433 the BM GIPR 1423:1433 Loss of the BM GIPR attenuates the extent of adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulates the hematopoietic response to BMT. 32389828 2 54 theme myeloid 334:340 arg1 lineage 342:348 the myeloid lineage 330:348 the myeloid lineage 330:348 The GIP Receptor (GIPR) is also expressed in the bone marrow, notably in cells of the myeloid lineage. 32389828 5 55 theme marrow 616:621 arg1 responses 623:631 Bone marrow responses 611:631 Bone marrow responses 611:631 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 8 56 theme hematopoietic 1509:1521 arg1 response 1523:1530 the hematopoietic response 1505:1530 the hematopoietic response to BMT 1505:1537 Loss of the BM GIPR attenuates the extent of adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulates the hematopoietic response to BMT. 32389828 7 57 theme studies 1273:1279 arg1 gain 1247:1250 gain 1247:1250 gain 1247:1250 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 7 57 theme studies 1273:1279 arg1 loss 1256:1259 loss 1256:1259 loss of function studies 1256:1279 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 6 58 theme RESULTS 1033:1039 arg1 Gipr 1041:1044 RESULTS Gipr 1033:1044 RESULTS Gipr 1033:1044 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 1 59 theme ingested 175:182 arg1 nutrients 184:192 ingested nutrients 175:192 ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues 175:214 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 5 60 theme hematopoietic 715:727 arg1 Pam3CysSerLys4 803:816 Pam3CysSerLys4 803:816 Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4) 803:827 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 60 theme hematopoietic 715:727 arg1 pamsaccharide 778:790 pamsaccharide 778:790 pamsaccharide (LPS) 778:796 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 60 theme hematopoietic 715:727 arg1 stressors 729:737 hematopoietic stressors 715:737 hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4) 715:827 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 60 theme hematopoietic 715:727 arg1 5-fluorouracil 755:768 acute 5-fluorouracil 749:768 acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 749:775 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 11 61 theme signals 1959:1965 arg1 transduction 1943:1954 the transduction 1939:1954 the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 1939:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 12 62 contain has 2113:2115 arg1 loss 2090:2093 loss 2090:2093 loss 2090:2093 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 12 62 contain has 2113:2115 arg2 impact 2125:2130 minimal impact 2117:2130 minimal impact 2117:2130 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 12 62 contain has 2113:2115 arg1 stimulation 2075:2085 stimulation 2075:2085 stimulation 2075:2085 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 5 63 theme i 650:650 arg1 mice 653:656 (i) mice 649:656 (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets 649:689 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 2 64 theme bone 297:300 arg1 marrow 302:307 the bone marrow 293:307 the bone marrow 293:307 The GIP Receptor (GIPR) is also expressed in the bone marrow, notably in cells of the myeloid lineage. 32389828 10 65 theme cellular 1754:1761 arg1 changes 1763:1769 the cellular changes 1750:1769 the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling 1750:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 2 66 theme GIP 252:254 arg1 GIPR 266:269 GIPR 266:269 GIPR 266:269 The GIP Receptor (GIPR) is also expressed in the bone marrow, notably in cells of the myeloid lineage. 32389828 2 66 theme GIP 252:254 arg1 Receptor 256:263 The GIP Receptor 248:263 The GIP Receptor (GIPR) 248:270 The GIP Receptor (GIPR) is also expressed in the bone marrow, notably in cells of the myeloid lineage. 32389828 1 67 theme peripheral 197:206 arg1 tissues 208:214 peripheral tissues 197:214 peripheral tissues 197:214 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 9 68 theme GIPR 1540:1543 arg1 agonism 1545:1551 GIPR agonism 1540:1551 GIPR agonism 1540:1551 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 6 69 theme myeloid 1075:1081 arg1 cells 1083:1087 myeloid cells 1075:1087 myeloid cells 1075:1087 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 1 70 theme insulinotropic 117:130 arg1 GIP 145:147 GIP 145:147 GIP 145:147 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 1 70 theme insulinotropic 117:130 arg1 polypeptide 132:142 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 89:142 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 89:148 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 11 71 theme gut 1904:1906 arg1 axis 1919:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis 1891:1922 a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 1891:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 9 72 theme gene 1565:1568 arg1 profiles 1581:1588 BM gene expression profiles 1562:1588 BM gene expression profiles 1562:1588 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 12 73 theme signaling 2103:2111 arg1 loss 2090:2093 loss 2090:2093 loss 2090:2093 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 12 73 theme signaling 2103:2111 arg1 stimulation 2075:2085 stimulation 2075:2085 stimulation 2075:2085 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 6 74 from BM 1197:1198 arg1 different 1155:1163 different 1155:1163 different 1155:1163 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 10 75 from changes 1763:1769 arg1 response 1791:1798 response 1791:1798 response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling 1791:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 75 from changes 1763:1769 arg1 hematopoiesis 1774:1786 hematopoiesis 1774:1786 hematopoiesis 1774:1786 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 1 76 from nutrients 184:192 arg1 information 158:168 information 158:168 information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues 158:214 OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) conveys information from ingested nutrients to peripheral tissues, signaling energy availability. 32389828 5 77 theme GIPR 962:965 arg1 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 7 78 theme Notch-related 1369:1381 arg1 genes 1383:1387 Notch-related genes 1369:1387 Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis 1369:1412 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 11 79 theme Notch 2023:2027 arg1 genes 2029:2033 Notch genes 2023:2033 Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 2023:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 12 80 theme minimal 2117:2123 arg1 impact 2125:2130 minimal impact 2117:2130 minimal impact 2117:2130 Nevertheless, stimulation or loss of GIPR signaling has minimal impact on basal hematopoiesis or the physiological response to hematopoietic stress. 32389828 5 81 theme regular 662:668 arg1 diets 685:689 regular or energy-rich diets 662:689 regular or energy-rich diets 662:689 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 82 theme bone 998:1001 arg1 marrow 1003:1008 bone marrow 998:1008 bone marrow transplantation (BMT) 998:1030 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 10 83 from hematopoiesis 1774:1786 arg1 magnitude 1737:1745 the magnitude 1733:1745 the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling 1733:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 83 from hematopoiesis 1774:1786 arg1 modest 1849:1854 modest 1849:1854 modest 1849:1854 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 84 theme signaling 1824:1832 arg1 loss 1811:1814 loss 1811:1814 loss of GIPR signaling 1811:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 84 theme signaling 1824:1832 arg1 gain 1803:1806 gain 1803:1806 gain 1803:1806 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 5 85 theme energy-rich 673:683 arg1 diets 685:689 regular or energy-rich diets 662:689 regular or energy-rich diets 662:689 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 10 86 from response 1791:1798 arg1 magnitude 1737:1745 the magnitude 1733:1745 the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling 1733:1832 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 10 86 from response 1791:1798 arg1 modest 1849:1854 modest 1849:1854 modest 1849:1854 However, the magnitude of the cellular changes in hematopoiesis in response to gain or loss of GIPR signaling was relatively modest. 32389828 5 87 theme GIPR 882:885 arg1 agonist 887:893 a GIPR agonist 880:893 a GIPR agonist 880:893 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 0 88 theme gut 4:6 arg1 GIPR 25:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 3 89 theme GIPR 395:398 arg1 signaling 400:408 GIPR signaling 395:408 GIPR signaling 395:408 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 0 90 theme receptor 16:23 arg1 GIPR 25:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR 0:28 The gut hormone receptor GIPR links energy availability to the control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 4 91 dep METHODS 463:469 arg1 examined 543:550 examined 543:550 examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis 543:608 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 4 91 dep METHODS 463:469 arg1 assessed 474:481 assessed 474:481 assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages 474:537 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 5 92 theme pharmacological 846:860 arg1 administration 862:875 pharmacological administration 846:875 pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist 846:893 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 93 with mice 653:656 arg1 deletion 946:953 global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion 916:953 deletion 946:953 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 5 93 with mice 653:656 arg1 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Gipr-/- 924:930 Bone marrow responses were studied in (i) mice fed regular or energy-rich diets, (ii) mice treated with hematopoietic stressors including acute 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pamsaccharide (LPS), and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), with or without pharmacological administration of a GIPR agonist, and (iii) mice with global (Gipr-/-) or selective deletion of the GIPR (GiprTie2-/-) with and without bone marrow transplantation (BMT). 32389828 11 94 theme nutrient 1975:1982 arg1 availability 1984:1995 nutrient availability 1975:1995 nutrient availability 1975:1995 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 7 95 theme TLR 1360:1362 arg1 expression 1323:1332 the expression 1319:1332 the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis 1319:1412 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 9 96 theme hematopoietic 1655:1667 arg1 responses 1669:1677 the hematopoietic responses 1651:1677 the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU 1651:1721 GIPR agonism modified BM gene expression profiles following 5-FU and Pam3CSK4 whereas loss of the Gipr altered the hematopoietic responses to energy excess, two TLR ligands, and 5-FU. 32389828 4 97 theme Gipr 505:508 arg1 expression 487:496 the expression 483:496 the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages 483:537 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 3 98 theme hematopoietic 422:434 arg1 responses 436:444 diverse hematopoietic responses 414:444 diverse hematopoietic responses 414:444 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 6 99 theme mice 1227:1230 arg1 spleen 1186:1191 spleen 1186:1191 spleen 1186:1191 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 6 99 theme mice 1227:1230 arg1 BM 1197:1198 BM 1197:1198 BM 1197:1198 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 6 99 theme mice 1227:1230 arg1 blood 1179:1183 peripheral blood 1168:1183 peripheral blood 1168:1183 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 7 100 theme receptor 1350:1357 arg1 TLR 1360:1362 BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1337:1363 BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1337:1363 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 3 101 theme gain 378:381 arg1 importance 364:373 the importance 360:373 the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses 360:444 However, the importance of gain and loss of GIPR signaling for diverse hematopoietic responses remains unclear. 32389828 4 102 theme bone 513:516 arg1 BM 526:527 BM 526:527 BM 526:527 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 4 102 theme bone 513:516 arg1 marrow 518:523 bone marrow 513:523 bone marrow (BM) lineages 513:537 METHODS We assessed the expression of the Gipr in bone marrow (BM) lineages and examined functional roles for the GIPR in control of hematopoiesis. 32389828 8 103 theme tissue 1468:1473 arg1 inflammation 1475:1486 adipose tissue inflammation 1460:1486 adipose tissue inflammation 1460:1486 Loss of the BM GIPR attenuates the extent of adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulates the hematopoietic response to BMT. 32389828 7 104 theme BM 1337:1338 arg1 TLR 1360:1362 BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1337:1363 BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1337:1363 Nevertheless, gain and loss of function studies revealed that GIPR signaling controls the expression of BM Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch-related genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 6 105 theme GiprTie2-/- 1215:1225 arg1 mice 1227:1230 Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice 1203:1230 Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice 1203:1230 RESULTS Gipr is expressed within T cells, myeloid cells, and myeloid precursors; however, these cell populations were not different in peripheral blood, spleen, or BM of Gipr-/- and GiprTie2-/- mice. 32389828 8 106 theme GIPR 1430:1433 arg1 Loss 1415:1418 Loss 1415:1418 Loss of the BM GIPR 1415:1433 Loss of the BM GIPR attenuates the extent of adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulates the hematopoietic response to BMT. 32389828 11 107 dep CONCLUSION 1857:1866 arg1 identify 1882:1889 identify 1882:1889 identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis 1882:2058 CONCLUSION These studies identify a functional gut hormone-BM axis positioned for the transduction of signals linking nutrient availability to the control of TLR and Notch genes regulating hematopoiesis. 32389828 2 108 theme lineage 342:348 arg1 cells 321:325 cells 321:325 cells of the myeloid lineage 321:348 The GIP Receptor (GIPR) is also expressed in the bone marrow, notably in cells of the myeloid lineage. 33754054 19 0 from addition 2624:2631 arg1 dependent 2678:2686 dependent 2678:2686 dependent 2678:2686 In addition, FMT demonstrated the effects of pectin were dependent on gut microbiota. 33754054 18 1 dep promote 2544:2550 arg1 enhance 2582:2588 enhance 2582:2588 enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb 2582:2618 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 18 2 from product 2458:2464 arg1 fermentation 2500:2511 gut microbial fermentation 2486:2511 gut microbial fermentation 2486:2511 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 10 3 theme anti-PD-1 1321:1329 arg1 efficacy 1335:1342 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1321:1342 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement 1321:1366 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 18 4 theme mAb 2616:2618 arg1 efficacy 2594:2601 the efficacy 2590:2601 the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb 2590:2618 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 8 5 theme Flow 963:966 arg1 cytometry 968:976 Flow cytometry 963:976 Flow cytometry 963:976 Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to investigate the tumor immune microenvironment after treatment. 33754054 13 6 theme T 1781:1781 arg1 cell 1783:1786 T cell 1781:1786 increased T cell infiltration 1771:1799 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 9 7 theme ribosomal 1184:1192 arg1 RNA 1194:1196 ribosomal RNA 1184:1196 ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing 1184:1223 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 7 theme ribosomal 1184:1192 arg1 rRNA 1203:1206 16S rRNA 1199:1206 16S rRNA 1199:1206 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 2 8 theme small 280:284 arg1 subset 286:291 a small subset 278:291 a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 278:327 However, it only benefits a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 33754054 12 9 theme patient 1706:1712 arg1 microbiota 1718:1727 CRC patient gut microbiota 1702:1727 CRC patient gut microbiota 1702:1727 However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. 33754054 5 10 theme anti-PD-1 615:623 arg1 efficacy 629:636 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 615:636 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 615:636 Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanisms of pectin in improving anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy. 33754054 6 11 theme gut 749:751 arg1 microbiota 753:762 depleted endogenous gut microbiota 729:762 depleted endogenous gut microbiota 729:762 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 2 12 theme CRC 315:317 arg1 patients 320:327 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 296:327 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 296:327 However, it only benefits a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 33754054 18 13 theme T 2552:2552 arg1 cells 2554:2558 T cells 2552:2558 T cells infiltration 2552:2571 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 13 14 theme IHC 1749:1751 arg1 analysis 1753:1760 IHC analysis 1749:1760 IHC analysis 1749:1760 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 2 15 theme cancer 307:312 arg1 patients 320:327 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 296:327 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 296:327 However, it only benefits a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 33754054 4 16 theme consumed 431:438 arg1 Pectin 414:419 Pectin 414:419 Pectin 414:419 Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. 33754054 4 16 theme consumed 431:438 arg1 fiber 448:452 a widely consumed soluble fiber 422:452 a widely consumed soluble fiber 422:452 Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. 33754054 19 17 theme gut 2691:2693 arg1 microbiota 2695:2704 gut microbiota 2691:2704 gut microbiota 2691:2704 In addition, FMT demonstrated the effects of pectin were dependent on gut microbiota. 33754054 9 18 theme gene 1209:1212 arg1 sequencing 1214:1223 ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing 1184:1223 ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing 1184:1223 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 1 19 theme several 235:241 arg1 cancers 243:249 several cancers 235:249 several cancers 235:249 Background: Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapy for several cancers. 33754054 21 20 from efficacy 2906:2913 arg1 CRC 2918:2920 CRC 2918:2920 CRC 2918:2920 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 16 21 theme unique 2169:2174 arg1 modules 2186:2192 unique bacterial modules 2169:2192 unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy 2169:2353 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 13 22 from activation 1805:1814 arg1 microenvironment 1829:1844 the tumor microenvironment 1819:1844 the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin 1819:1891 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 15 23 theme rRNA 2004:2007 arg1 sequencing 2014:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing 2000:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing 2000:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 21 24 theme anti-PD-1 2892:2900 arg1 efficacy 2906:2913 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 2888:2913 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC 2888:2920 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 9 25 theme chromatography-mass 1233:1251 arg1 GC-MS 1267:1271 GC-MS 1267:1271 GC-MS 1267:1271 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 25 theme chromatography-mass 1233:1251 arg1 spectrometry 1253:1264 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1229:1264 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 1229:1272 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 6 26 theme C57BL/6 652:658 arg1 mice 660:663 The C57BL/6 mice 648:663 The C57BL/6 mice 648:663 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 12 27 theme CRC 1702:1704 arg1 microbiota 1718:1727 CRC patient gut microbiota 1702:1727 CRC patient gut microbiota 1702:1727 However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. 33754054 3 28 theme Mounting 330:337 arg1 data 339:342 Mounting data 330:342 Mounting data 330:342 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 10 29 from effect 1293:1298 arg1 efficacy 1335:1342 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1321:1342 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement 1321:1366 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 11 30 theme mAb 1453:1455 arg1 efficacy 1457:1464 The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1439:1464 The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1439:1464 Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. 33754054 0 31 theme tumor-bearing 67:79 arg1 mice 81:84 tumor-bearing mice 67:84 tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer 67:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 16 32 theme good 2324:2327 arg1 response 2329:2336 good response 2324:2336 good response to immunotherapy 2324:2353 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 12 33 theme tumor-bearing 1668:1680 arg1 mice 1682:1685 the tumor-bearing mice 1664:1685 the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota 1664:1727 However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. 33754054 3 34 theme pivotal 357:363 arg1 role 365:368 the pivotal role 353:368 the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system 353:411 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 18 35 theme gut 2486:2488 arg1 fermentation 2500:2511 gut microbial fermentation 2486:2511 gut microbial fermentation 2486:2511 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 0 36 theme gut 101:103 arg1 microbiota 105:114 gut microbiota 101:114 gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer 101:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 9 37 theme microbiota 1098:1107 arg1 profiles 1109:1116 The gut microbiota profiles 1090:1116 The gut microbiota profiles 1090:1116 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 0 38 from efficacy 55:62 arg1 mice 81:84 tumor-bearing mice 67:84 tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer 67:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 13 39 theme mice 1849:1852 arg1 microenvironment 1829:1844 the tumor microenvironment 1819:1844 the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin 1819:1891 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 12 40 theme mAb 1648:1650 arg1 efficacy 1652:1659 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1634:1659 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1634:1659 However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. 33754054 16 41 theme anti-PD-1 2234:2242 arg1 mAb 2244:2246 the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group 2230:2261 mAb 2244:2246 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 3 42 theme microbiota 377:386 arg1 role 365:368 the pivotal role 353:368 the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system 353:411 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 16 43 theme pectin 2250:2255 arg1 group 2257:2261 the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group 2230:2261 group 2257:2261 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 0 44 theme Pectin 0:5 arg1 supplement 7:16 Pectin supplement 0:16 Pectin supplement 0:16 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 8 45 theme tumor 1043:1047 arg1 microenvironment 1056:1071 the tumor immune microenvironment 1039:1071 the tumor immune microenvironment 1039:1071 Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to investigate the tumor immune microenvironment after treatment. 33754054 14 46 theme mAb 1974:1976 arg1 effect 1954:1959 the anti-tumor effect 1939:1959 the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin 1939:1997 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 18 47 theme main 2453:2456 arg1 butyrate 2441:2448 butyrate 2441:2448 butyrate 2441:2448 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 18 47 theme main 2453:2456 arg1 product 2458:2464 a main product 2451:2464 a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation 2451:2511 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 9 48 theme gut 1094:1096 arg1 profiles 1109:1116 The gut microbiota profiles 1090:1116 The gut microbiota profiles 1090:1116 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 14 49 dep In 1894:1895 arg1 vivo 1897:1900 vivo 1897:1900 vivo 1897:1900 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 15 50 theme gene 2009:2012 arg1 sequencing 2014:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing 2000:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing 2000:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 17 51 theme SCFA 2413:2416 arg1 butyrate 2418:2425 SCFA butyrate 2413:2425 SCFA butyrate 2413:2425 Meanwhile, GC-MS showed that pectin altered the level of SCFA butyrate. 33754054 21 52 theme cell 2943:2946 arg1 infiltration 2948:2959 the T cell infiltration 2937:2959 the T cell infiltration 2937:2959 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 16 53 theme indicative 2310:2319 arg1 bacteria 2301:2308 butyrate-producing bacteria 2282:2308 butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy 2282:2353 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 6 54 theme diagnosed 833:841 arg1 patients 847:854 newly diagnosed CRC patients 827:854 newly diagnosed CRC patients 827:854 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 14 55 theme anti-tumor 1943:1952 arg1 effect 1954:1959 the anti-tumor effect 1939:1959 the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin 1939:1997 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 3 56 theme shaping 391:397 arg1 system 406:411 shaping immune system 391:411 shaping immune system 391:411 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 4 57 theme gut 504:506 arg1 microbiota 508:517 gut microbiota 504:517 gut microbiota 504:517 Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. 33754054 18 58 theme fiber 2477:2481 arg1 butyrate 2441:2448 butyrate 2441:2448 butyrate 2441:2448 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 18 58 theme fiber 2477:2481 arg1 product 2458:2464 a main product 2451:2464 a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation 2451:2511 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 16 59 theme butyrate-producing 2282:2299 arg1 bacteria 2301:2308 butyrate-producing bacteria 2282:2308 butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy 2282:2353 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 10 60 theme microbiota 1307:1316 arg1 effect 1293:1298 The effect 1289:1298 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement 1289:1366 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 15 61 theme regulated 2109:2117 arg1 composition 2129:2139 beneficially regulated microbial composition 2096:2139 beneficially regulated microbial composition 2096:2139 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 11 62 theme diagnosed 1531:1539 arg1 patients 1545:1552 newly diagnosed CRC patients 1525:1552 newly diagnosed CRC patients 1525:1552 Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. 33754054 9 63 theme acids 1140:1144 arg1 levels 1154:1159 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 1122:1159 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 1122:1159 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 6 64 theme healthy 807:813 arg1 controls 815:822 healthy controls 807:822 healthy controls 807:822 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 14 65 theme T 1920:1920 arg1 cells 1922:1926 CD8+ T cells 1915:1926 CD8+ T cells 1915:1926 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 13 66 theme cell 1783:1786 arg1 infiltration 1788:1799 increased T cell infiltration 1771:1799 increased T cell infiltration 1771:1799 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 16 67 theme response 2329:2336 arg1 indicative 2310:2319 indicative 2310:2319 indicative 2310:2319 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 7 68 theme anti-PD-1 885:893 arg1 mAb 895:897 anti-PD-1 mAb 885:897 anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin 885:929 The antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin were assessed using these mice. 33754054 15 69 theme microbial 2072:2080 arg1 diversity 2082:2090 gut microbial diversity 2068:2090 gut microbial diversity 2068:2090 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 5 70 theme mAb 625:627 arg1 efficacy 629:636 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 615:636 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 615:636 Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanisms of pectin in improving anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy. 33754054 6 71 theme broad-spectrum 685:698 arg1 cocktail 717:724 a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail 683:724 a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail 683:724 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 0 72 with patients 121:128 arg1 cancer 146:151 colorectal cancer 135:151 colorectal cancer 135:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 11 73 theme CRC 1541:1543 arg1 patients 1545:1552 newly diagnosed CRC patients 1525:1552 newly diagnosed CRC patients 1525:1552 Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. 33754054 2 74 theme colorectal 296:305 arg1 patients 320:327 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 296:327 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 296:327 However, it only benefits a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 33754054 9 75 theme short-chain 1122:1132 arg1 SCFAs 1147:1151 SCFAs 1147:1151 SCFAs 1147:1151 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 75 theme short-chain 1122:1132 arg1 acids 1140:1144 short-chain fatty acids 1122:1144 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 1122:1159 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 11 76 theme healthy 1577:1583 arg1 controls 1585:1592 healthy controls 1577:1592 healthy controls 1577:1592 Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. 33754054 20 77 theme anti-PD-1 2842:2850 arg1 mAb 2852:2854 anti-PD-1 mAb 2842:2854 anti-PD-1 mAb 2842:2854 Importantly, the beneficial effects of pectin were confirmed in the mice humanized with gut microbiota from patient with resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 13 78 theme increased 1771:1779 arg1 infiltration 1788:1799 increased T cell infiltration 1771:1799 increased T cell infiltration 1771:1799 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 21 79 theme tumor 2968:2972 arg1 microenvironment 2974:2989 the tumor microenvironment 2964:2989 the tumor microenvironment 2964:2989 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 5 80 theme pectin 595:600 arg1 effect 555:560 the effect 551:560 the effect 551:560 Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanisms of pectin in improving anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy. 33754054 5 80 theme pectin 595:600 arg1 mechanisms 581:590 the underlying mechanisms 566:590 the underlying mechanisms of pectin 566:600 Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanisms of pectin in improving anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy. 33754054 10 81 theme pectin 1350:1355 arg1 supplement 1357:1366 pectin supplement 1350:1366 pectin supplement 1350:1366 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 9 82 theme RNA 1194:1196 arg1 sequencing 1214:1223 ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing 1184:1223 ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing 1184:1223 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 12 83 theme gut 1714:1716 arg1 microbiota 1718:1727 CRC patient gut microbiota 1702:1727 CRC patient gut microbiota 1702:1727 However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. 33754054 13 84 theme Flow 1730:1733 arg1 cytometry 1735:1743 Flow cytometry 1730:1743 Flow cytometry 1730:1743 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 10 85 theme microbiota 1396:1405 arg1 FMT 1424:1426 FMT 1424:1426 FMT 1424:1426 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 10 85 theme microbiota 1396:1405 arg1 transplantation 1407:1421 fecal microbiota transplantation 1390:1421 fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 1390:1427 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 10 86 theme fecal 1390:1394 arg1 FMT 1424:1426 FMT 1424:1426 FMT 1424:1426 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 10 86 theme fecal 1390:1394 arg1 transplantation 1407:1421 fecal microbiota transplantation 1390:1421 fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 1390:1427 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 14 87 theme In 1894:1895 arg1 depletion 1902:1910 In vivo depletion 1894:1910 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells 1894:1926 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 20 88 theme beneficial 2724:2733 arg1 effects 2735:2741 the beneficial effects 2720:2741 the beneficial effects of pectin 2720:2751 Importantly, the beneficial effects of pectin were confirmed in the mice humanized with gut microbiota from patient with resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 0 89 theme colorectal 135:144 arg1 cancer 146:151 colorectal cancer 135:151 colorectal cancer 135:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 6 90 theme endogenous 738:747 arg1 microbiota 753:762 depleted endogenous gut microbiota 729:762 depleted endogenous gut microbiota 729:762 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 21 91 theme metabolite 3030:3039 arg1 butyrate 3041:3048 the metabolite butyrate 3026:3048 the metabolite butyrate 3026:3048 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 1 92 theme promising 213:221 arg1 therapy 223:229 a promising therapy 211:229 a promising therapy for several cancers 211:249 Background: Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapy for several cancers. 33754054 9 93 theme fatty 1134:1138 arg1 SCFAs 1147:1151 SCFAs 1147:1151 SCFAs 1147:1151 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 93 theme fatty 1134:1138 arg1 acids 1140:1144 short-chain fatty acids 1122:1144 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 1122:1159 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 4 94 theme soluble 440:446 arg1 Pectin 414:419 Pectin 414:419 Pectin 414:419 Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. 33754054 4 94 theme soluble 440:446 arg1 fiber 448:452 a widely consumed soluble fiber 422:452 a widely consumed soluble fiber 422:452 Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. 33754054 16 95 theme bacterial 2176:2184 arg1 modules 2186:2192 unique bacterial modules 2169:2192 unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy 2169:2353 In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. 33754054 21 96 from infiltration 2948:2959 arg1 microenvironment 2974:2989 the tumor microenvironment 2964:2989 the tumor microenvironment 2964:2989 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 3 97 from role 365:368 arg1 system 406:411 shaping immune system 391:411 shaping immune system 391:411 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 20 98 theme gut 2795:2797 arg1 microbiota 2799:2808 gut microbiota 2795:2808 gut microbiota 2795:2808 Importantly, the beneficial effects of pectin were confirmed in the mice humanized with gut microbiota from patient with resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 0 99 from patients 121:128 arg1 microbiota 105:114 gut microbiota 101:114 gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer 101:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 9 100 theme 16S 1199:1201 arg1 RNA 1194:1196 ribosomal RNA 1184:1196 ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing 1184:1223 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 100 theme 16S 1199:1201 arg1 rRNA 1203:1206 16S rRNA 1199:1206 16S rRNA 1199:1206 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 101 theme gas 1229:1231 arg1 GC-MS 1267:1271 GC-MS 1267:1271 GC-MS 1267:1271 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 9 101 theme gas 1229:1231 arg1 spectrometry 1253:1264 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1229:1264 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 1229:1272 The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. 33754054 19 102 from dependent 2678:2686 arg1 addition 2624:2631 addition 2624:2631 addition 2624:2631 In addition, FMT demonstrated the effects of pectin were dependent on gut microbiota. 33754054 11 103 theme anti-PD-1 1443:1451 arg1 efficacy 1457:1464 The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1439:1464 The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1439:1464 Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. 33754054 21 104 theme mAb 2902:2904 arg1 efficacy 2906:2913 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 2888:2913 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC 2888:2920 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 13 105 from infiltration 1788:1799 arg1 microenvironment 1829:1844 the tumor microenvironment 1819:1844 the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin 1819:1891 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 11 106 from patients 1545:1552 arg1 feces 1514:1518 feces 1514:1518 feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients 1514:1552 Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. 33754054 13 107 theme anti-PD-1 1867:1875 arg1 mAb 1877:1879 anti-PD-1 mAb 1867:1879 anti-PD-1 mAb 1867:1879 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 1 108 theme Anti-PD-1-based 166:180 arg1 immunotherapy 182:194 Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy 166:194 Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy 166:194 Background: Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapy for several cancers. 33754054 18 109 theme microbial 2490:2498 arg1 fermentation 2500:2511 gut microbial fermentation 2486:2511 gut microbial fermentation 2486:2511 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 5 110 theme underlying 570:579 arg1 mechanisms 581:590 the underlying mechanisms 566:590 the underlying mechanisms of pectin 566:600 Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanisms of pectin in improving anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy. 33754054 18 111 theme anti-PD-1 2606:2614 arg1 mAb 2616:2618 anti-PD-1 mAb 2606:2618 anti-PD-1 mAb 2606:2618 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 20 112 theme pectin 2746:2751 arg1 effects 2735:2741 the beneficial effects 2720:2741 the beneficial effects of pectin 2720:2751 Importantly, the beneficial effects of pectin were confirmed in the mice humanized with gut microbiota from patient with resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 8 113 theme immune 1049:1054 arg1 microenvironment 1056:1071 the tumor immune microenvironment 1039:1071 the tumor immune microenvironment 1039:1071 Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to investigate the tumor immune microenvironment after treatment. 33754054 12 114 theme anti-PD-1 1638:1646 arg1 efficacy 1652:1659 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1634:1659 the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1634:1659 However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. 33754054 15 115 theme gut 2068:2070 arg1 diversity 2082:2090 gut microbial diversity 2068:2090 gut microbial diversity 2068:2090 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 14 116 theme anti-PD-1 1964:1972 arg1 mAb 1974:1976 anti-PD-1 mAb 1964:1976 anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin 1964:1997 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 3 117 theme gut 373:375 arg1 microbiota 377:386 gut microbiota 373:386 gut microbiota 373:386 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 15 118 theme 16S 2000:2002 arg1 sequencing 2014:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing 2000:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing 2000:2023 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 21 119 theme T 2941:2941 arg1 infiltration 2948:2959 the T cell infiltration 2937:2959 the T cell infiltration 2937:2959 Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate. 33754054 13 120 theme tumor 1823:1827 arg1 microenvironment 1829:1844 the tumor microenvironment 1819:1844 the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin 1819:1891 Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. 33754054 0 121 theme anti-PD-1 45:53 arg1 efficacy 55:62 the anti-PD-1 efficacy 41:62 the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer 41:151 Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. 33754054 6 122 theme CRC 843:845 arg1 patients 847:854 newly diagnosed CRC patients 827:854 newly diagnosed CRC patients 827:854 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 15 123 theme microbial 2119:2127 arg1 composition 2129:2139 beneficially regulated microbial composition 2096:2139 beneficially regulated microbial composition 2096:2139 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. 33754054 4 124 theme microbiota 508:517 arg1 imbalance 491:499 the imbalance 487:499 the imbalance of gut microbiota 487:517 Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. 33754054 6 125 theme depleted 729:736 arg1 microbiota 753:762 depleted endogenous gut microbiota 729:762 depleted endogenous gut microbiota 729:762 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 19 126 theme pectin 2666:2671 arg1 effects 2655:2661 the effects 2651:2661 the effects of pectin 2651:2671 In addition, FMT demonstrated the effects of pectin were dependent on gut microbiota. 33754054 3 127 theme immune 399:404 arg1 system 406:411 shaping immune system 391:411 shaping immune system 391:411 Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. 33754054 18 128 theme dietary 2469:2475 arg1 fiber 2477:2481 dietary fiber 2469:2481 dietary fiber 2469:2481 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 10 129 theme gut 1303:1305 arg1 microbiota 1307:1316 gut microbiota 1303:1316 gut microbiota 1303:1316 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 7 130 theme mAb 895:897 arg1 efficacies 871:880 The antitumor efficacies 857:880 The antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin 857:929 The antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin were assessed using these mice. 33754054 20 131 with patient 2815:2821 arg1 resistance 2828:2837 resistance 2828:2837 resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb 2828:2854 Importantly, the beneficial effects of pectin were confirmed in the mice humanized with gut microbiota from patient with resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 14 132 theme cells 1922:1926 arg1 depletion 1902:1910 In vivo depletion 1894:1910 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells 1894:1926 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 17 133 theme butyrate 2418:2425 arg1 level 2404:2408 the level 2400:2408 the level of SCFA butyrate 2400:2425 Meanwhile, GC-MS showed that pectin altered the level of SCFA butyrate. 33754054 6 134 theme antibiotic 700:709 arg1 cocktail 717:724 a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail 683:724 a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail 683:724 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 6 135 theme ATB 712:714 arg1 cocktail 717:724 a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail 683:724 a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail 683:724 Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. 33754054 2 136 theme patients 320:327 arg1 subset 286:291 a small subset 278:291 a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients 278:327 However, it only benefits a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 33754054 14 137 theme CD8+ 1915:1918 arg1 cells 1922:1926 CD8+ T cells 1915:1926 CD8+ T cells 1915:1926 In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 33754054 18 138 theme cells 2554:2558 arg1 infiltration 2560:2571 T cells infiltration 2552:2571 T cells infiltration 2552:2571 Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. 33754054 10 139 theme mAb 1331:1333 arg1 efficacy 1335:1342 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy 1321:1342 anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement 1321:1366 The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 33754054 7 140 theme antitumor 861:869 arg1 efficacies 871:880 The antitumor efficacies 857:880 The antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin 857:929 The antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin were assessed using these mice. 33787092 0 0 theme Fructus 101:107 arg1 advances 10:17 [Research advances 0:17 [Research advances in chemical constituents 0:42 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 0 0 theme Fructus 101:107 arg1 effect 65:70 hepatoprotective effect 48:70 hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 48:141 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 3 1 theme antioxidant 717:727 arg1 effect 729:734 antioxidant effect 717:734 antioxidant effect 717:734 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 1 2 from use 189:191 arg1 China 196:200 China 196:200 China 196:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 4 3 from composition 783:793 arg1 years 930:934 the past forty years 915:934 the past forty years 915:934 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 4 theme clinical 1015:1022 arg1 application 1024:1034 the clinical application 1011:1034 the clinical application 1011:1034 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 0 5 from advances 10:17 arg1 constituents 31:42 chemical constituents 22:42 chemical constituents 22:42 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 4 6 theme Fructus 904:910 arg1 effect 813:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 6 theme Fructus 904:910 arg1 pharmacokinetics 824:839 pharmacokinetics 824:839 pharmacokinetics 824:839 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 6 theme Fructus 904:910 arg1 composition 783:793 the chemical composition 770:793 the chemical composition 770:793 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 1 7 from history 168:174 arg1 China 196:200 China 196:200 China 196:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 2 8 theme volatile 375:382 arg1 oils 384:387 volatile oils 375:387 volatile oils 375:387 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 oils 384:387 volatile oils 375:387 volatile oils 375:387 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 acids 430:434 organic acids 422:434 organic acids 422:434 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 polysaccharides 390:404 polysaccharides 390:404 polysaccharides 390:404 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 variety 249:255 a variety 247:255 a variety 247:255 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 acids 443:447 amino acids 437:447 amino acids 437:447 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 lignans 366:372 lignans 366:372 lignans 366:372 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 triterpenoids 407:419 triterpenoids 407:419 triterpenoids 407:419 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 9 from Fructus 347:353 arg1 constituents 269:280 chemical constituents 260:280 chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 260:353 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 4 10 theme past 919:922 arg1 years 930:934 the past forty years 915:934 the past forty years 915:934 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 0 11 from effect 65:70 arg1 constituents 31:42 chemical constituents 22:42 chemical constituents 22:42 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 0 12 theme Fructus 135:141 arg1 advances 10:17 [Research advances 0:17 [Research advances in chemical constituents 0:42 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 0 12 theme Fructus 135:141 arg1 effect 65:70 hepatoprotective effect 48:70 hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 48:141 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 3 13 theme lignan 540:545 arg1 monomers 547:554 lignan monomers 540:554 lignan monomers 540:554 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 1 14 theme medicinal 179:187 arg1 use 189:191 medicinal use 179:191 medicinal use in China 179:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 4 15 theme drug 1044:1047 arg1 development 1049:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 16 theme Fructus 870:876 arg1 effect 813:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 16 theme Fructus 870:876 arg1 pharmacokinetics 824:839 pharmacokinetics 824:839 pharmacokinetics 824:839 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 16 theme Fructus 870:876 arg1 composition 783:793 the chemical composition 770:793 the chemical composition 770:793 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 17 from researches 756:765 arg1 effect 813:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 17 from researches 756:765 arg1 pharmacokinetics 824:839 pharmacokinetics 824:839 pharmacokinetics 824:839 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 17 from researches 756:765 arg1 composition 783:793 the chemical composition 770:793 the chemical composition 770:793 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 18 theme chemical 774:781 arg1 composition 783:793 the chemical composition 770:793 the chemical composition 770:793 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 1 19 theme use 189:191 arg1 history 168:174 a long history 161:174 a long history of medicinal use in China 161:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 3 20 theme liver 590:594 arg1 injury 596:601 liver injury 590:601 liver injury 590:601 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 0 21 theme [Research 0:8 arg1 advances 10:17 [Research advances 0:17 [Research advances in chemical constituents 0:42 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 0 22 theme chemical 22:29 arg1 constituents 31:42 chemical constituents 22:42 chemical constituents 22:42 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 2 23 from variety 249:255 arg1 Fructus 313:319 Fructus 313:319 Fructus 313:319 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 23 from variety 249:255 arg1 Fructus 347:353 Fructus 347:353 Fructus 347:353 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 4 24 from effect 813:818 arg1 years 930:934 the past forty years 915:934 the past forty years 915:934 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 3 25 theme water 524:528 arg1 extracts 530:537 water extracts 524:537 water extracts 524:537 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 2 26 theme amino 437:441 arg1 acids 443:447 amino acids 437:447 amino acids 437:447 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 4 27 theme new 1040:1042 arg1 development 1049:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 28 theme Fructus 1124:1130 arg1 development 1049:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 28 theme Fructus 1124:1130 arg1 application 1024:1034 the clinical application 1011:1034 the clinical application 1011:1034 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 3 29 theme enzyme 614:619 arg1 ability 621:627 enzyme ability 614:627 enzyme ability 614:627 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 30 theme Pharmacological 460:474 arg1 studies 476:482 Pharmacological studies 460:482 Pharmacological studies 460:482 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 2 31 theme organic 422:428 arg1 acids 430:434 organic acids 422:434 organic acids 422:434 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 4 32 from development 1049:1059 arg1 protection 1141:1150 liver protection 1135:1150 liver protection 1135:1150 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 3 33 theme hepatoprotective 645:660 arg1 effect 729:734 antioxidant effect 717:734 antioxidant effect 717:734 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 33 theme hepatoprotective 645:660 arg1 effects 662:668 hepatoprotective effects 645:668 hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect 645:734 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 33 theme hepatoprotective 645:660 arg1 enzyme 678:683 enzyme reducing 678:692 enzyme reducing 678:692 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 33 theme hepatoprotective 645:660 arg1 liver 695:699 liver protecting 695:710 liver protecting 695:710 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 4 34 theme Fructus 1090:1096 arg1 development 1049:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 new drug development 1040:1059 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 34 theme Fructus 1090:1096 arg1 application 1024:1034 the clinical application 1011:1034 the clinical application 1011:1034 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 35 theme useful 986:991 arg1 enlightenment 993:1005 useful enlightenment 986:1005 useful enlightenment 986:1005 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 3 36 theme effects 662:668 arg1 effect 729:734 antioxidant effect 717:734 antioxidant effect 717:734 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 36 theme effects 662:668 arg1 variety 634:640 a variety 632:640 a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect 632:734 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 36 theme effects 662:668 arg1 effects 662:668 hepatoprotective effects 645:668 hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect 645:734 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 36 theme effects 662:668 arg1 enzyme 678:683 enzyme reducing 678:692 enzyme reducing 678:692 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 36 theme effects 662:668 arg1 liver 695:699 liver protecting 695:710 liver protecting 695:710 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 3 37 theme alcohol 506:512 arg1 extracts 514:521 their alcohol extracts 500:521 their alcohol extracts 500:521 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 0 38 theme hepatoprotective 48:63 arg1 effect 65:70 hepatoprotective effect 48:70 hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 48:141 [Research advances in chemical constituents and hepatoprotective effect of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus]. 33787092 2 39 theme foreign 216:222 arg1 scholars 224:231 Domestic and foreign scholars 203:231 Domestic and foreign scholars 203:231 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 4 40 theme liver 1135:1139 arg1 protection 1141:1150 liver protection 1135:1150 liver protection 1135:1150 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 3 41 theme protecting 701:710 arg1 liver 695:699 liver protecting 695:710 liver protecting 695:710 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 4 42 theme hepatoprotective 796:811 arg1 effect 813:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 hepatoprotective effect 796:818 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 oils 384:387 volatile oils 375:387 volatile oils 375:387 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 acids 430:434 organic acids 422:434 organic acids 422:434 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 polysaccharides 390:404 polysaccharides 390:404 polysaccharides 390:404 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 variety 249:255 a variety 247:255 a variety 247:255 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 acids 443:447 amino acids 437:447 amino acids 437:447 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 lignans 366:372 lignans 366:372 lignans 366:372 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 triterpenoids 407:419 triterpenoids 407:419 triterpenoids 407:419 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 43 theme constituents 269:280 arg1 constituents 269:280 chemical constituents 260:280 chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 260:353 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 4 44 from pharmacokinetics 824:839 arg1 years 930:934 the past forty years 915:934 the past forty years 915:934 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 4 45 from application 1024:1034 arg1 protection 1141:1150 liver protection 1135:1150 liver protection 1135:1150 In this paper, the researches on the chemical composition, hepatoprotective effect and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in the past forty years were systematically collated, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the clinical application and new drug development of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in liver protection. 33787092 2 46 theme Domestic 203:210 arg1 scholars 224:231 Domestic and foreign scholars 203:231 Domestic and foreign scholars 203:231 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 47 theme chemical 260:267 arg1 constituents 269:280 chemical constituents 260:280 chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 260:353 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 oils 384:387 volatile oils 375:387 volatile oils 375:387 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 acids 430:434 organic acids 422:434 organic acids 422:434 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 polysaccharides 390:404 polysaccharides 390:404 polysaccharides 390:404 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 variety 249:255 a variety 247:255 a variety 247:255 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 acids 443:447 amino acids 437:447 amino acids 437:447 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 lignans 366:372 lignans 366:372 lignans 366:372 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 triterpenoids 407:419 triterpenoids 407:419 triterpenoids 407:419 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 2 48 from Fructus 313:319 arg1 constituents 269:280 chemical constituents 260:280 chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus 260:353 Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated a variety of chemical constituents from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, including lignans, volatile oils, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, organic acids, amino acids and so on. 33787092 3 49 theme reducing 685:692 arg1 enzyme 678:683 enzyme reducing 678:692 enzyme reducing 678:692 Pharmacological studies have shown that their alcohol extracts, water extracts, lignan monomers and polysaccharides could protect liver injury and reduce enzyme ability by a variety of hepatoprotective effects such as enzyme reducing, liver protecting, and antioxidant effect. 33787092 1 50 from China 196:200 arg1 history 168:174 a long history 161:174 a long history of medicinal use in China 161:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 1 51 contain has 157:159 arg1 Schisandrae 145:155 Schisandrae 145:155 Schisandrae 145:155 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 1 51 contain has 157:159 arg2 history 168:174 a long history 161:174 a long history of medicinal use in China 161:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33787092 1 52 theme long 163:166 arg1 history 168:174 a long history 161:174 a long history of medicinal use in China 161:200 Schisandrae has a long history of medicinal use in China. 33668618 8 0 theme hldE 1038:1041 arg1 genes 1043:1047 hldE genes 1038:1047 hldE genes 1038:1047 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 3 1 theme latent 502:507 arg1 periods 509:515 latent periods 502:515 latent periods of 50-80 min 502:528 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 4 2 from bp 671:672 arg1 size 677:680 size 677:680 size 677:680 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 1 3 theme contractile 227:237 arg1 tails 239:243 long contractile tails 222:243 long contractile tails 222:243 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 11 4 theme protein 1304:1310 arg1 Gp38 1312:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 1 5 theme order 314:318 arg1 Caudovirales 320:331 the order Caudovirales 310:331 the order Caudovirales 310:331 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 6 from Tequatroviruses 291:305 arg1 Caudovirales 320:331 the order Caudovirales 310:331 the order Caudovirales 310:331 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 4 7 theme bp 671:672 arg1 dsDNA 632:636 circularly permuted dsDNA 612:636 circularly permuted dsDNA 612:636 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 3 8 theme burst 535:539 arg1 sizes 541:545 burst sizes 535:545 burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell 535:580 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 1 9 dep bacteriophages 149:162 arg1 bacteriophages 149:162 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 9 dep bacteriophages 149:162 arg1 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 9 dep bacteriophages 149:162 arg1 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 9 dep bacteriophages 149:162 arg1 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 11 10 theme long 1284:1287 arg1 Gp38 1312:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 0 11 attach Isolated 23:30 arg1 Stools 41:46 Pig Stools 37:46 Pig Stools 37:46 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools Infect Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis Using LPS and OmpF as Receptors. 33668618 0 11 attach Isolated 23:30 arg2 Bacteriophages 8:21 T4-like Bacteriophages 0:21 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools 0:46 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools Infect Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis Using LPS and OmpF as Receptors. 33668618 4 12 theme C 708:708 arg1 content 710:716 a G + C content 702:716 content 710:716 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 11 13 theme tip 1300:1302 arg1 Gp38 1312:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 1 14 theme elongated 249:257 arg1 heads 259:263 elongated heads 249:263 elongated heads 249:263 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 11 15 theme phage 1372:1376 arg1 S16 1378:1380 Salmonella phage S16 1361:1380 Salmonella phage S16 1361:1380 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 3 16 theme min 526:528 arg1 periods 509:515 latent periods 502:515 latent periods of 50-80 min 502:528 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 10 17 theme galU 1151:1154 arg1 mutants 1166:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants 1141:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants 1141:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants were successfully complemented in trans with respective wild-type genes. 33668618 3 18 contain have 497:500 arg1 phages 490:495 the phages 486:495 the phages 486:495 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 3 18 contain have 497:500 arg2 periods 509:515 latent periods 502:515 latent periods of 50-80 min 502:528 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 4 19 theme 35.3 718:721 arg1 % 722:722 % 722:722 % 722:722 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 11 20 theme tail 1289:1292 arg1 Gp38 1312:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 2 21 theme host 371:374 arg1 ranges 376:381 relatively wide host ranges 355:381 relatively wide host ranges 355:381 The phages exhibited relatively wide host ranges among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and related species. 33668618 5 22 theme predicted 739:747 arg1 genes 749:753 predicted genes 739:753 predicted genes 739:753 The number of predicted genes range from 267 to 271. 33668618 9 23 theme other 1075:1079 arg1 enzymes 1132:1138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes 1094:1138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes 1094:1138 OmpF is a porin, and the other genes encode lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes. 33668618 9 23 theme other 1075:1079 arg1 genes 1081:1085 the other genes 1071:1085 the other genes 1071:1085 OmpF is a porin, and the other genes encode lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes. 33668618 3 24 theme virions 556:562 arg1 sizes 541:545 burst sizes 535:545 burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell 535:580 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 10 25 theme ompF 1145:1148 arg1 mutants 1166:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants 1141:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants 1141:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants were successfully complemented in trans with respective wild-type genes. 33668618 2 26 theme wide 366:369 arg1 ranges 376:381 relatively wide host ranges 355:381 relatively wide host ranges 355:381 The phages exhibited relatively wide host ranges among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and related species. 33668618 0 27 theme T4-like 0:6 arg1 Bacteriophages 8:21 T4-like Bacteriophages 0:21 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools 0:46 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools Infect Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis Using LPS and OmpF as Receptors. 33668618 8 28 theme phage-resistant 972:986 arg1 strains 988:994 The phage-resistant strains 968:994 The phage-resistant strains 968:994 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 9 29 theme biosynthetic 1119:1130 arg1 enzymes 1132:1138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes 1094:1138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes 1094:1138 OmpF is a porin, and the other genes encode lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes. 33668618 9 29 theme biosynthetic 1119:1130 arg1 genes 1081:1085 the other genes 1071:1085 the other genes 1071:1085 OmpF is a porin, and the other genes encode lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes. 33668618 11 30 theme analogous 1318:1326 arg1 Gp38 1312:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 10 31 with trans 1208:1212 arg1 genes 1240:1244 respective wild-type genes 1219:1244 respective wild-type genes 1219:1244 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants were successfully complemented in trans with respective wild-type genes. 33668618 5 32 theme genes 749:753 arg1 number 729:734 The number 725:734 The number of predicted genes 725:753 The number of predicted genes range from 267 to 271. 33668618 11 33 theme distal 1403:1408 arg1 β-helices 1410:1418 the distal β-helices 1399:1418 the distal β-helices connecting loops 1399:1435 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 4 34 from dsDNA 632:636 arg1 size 677:680 size 677:680 size 677:680 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 4 35 theme permuted 623:630 arg1 dsDNA 632:636 circularly permuted dsDNA 612:636 circularly permuted dsDNA 612:636 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 2 36 theme related 421:427 arg1 species 429:435 related species 421:435 related species 421:435 The phages exhibited relatively wide host ranges among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and related species. 33668618 4 37 theme % 722:722 arg1 content 710:716 a G + C content 702:716 content 710:716 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 9 38 theme lipopolysaccharide 1094:1111 arg1 enzymes 1132:1138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes 1094:1138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes 1094:1138 OmpF is a porin, and the other genes encode lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes. 33668618 9 38 theme lipopolysaccharide 1094:1111 arg1 genes 1081:1085 the other genes 1071:1085 the other genes 1071:1085 OmpF is a porin, and the other genes encode lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic enzymes. 33668618 3 39 theme 44-65 550:554 arg1 virions 556:562 44-65 virions 550:562 44-65 virions per infected cell 550:580 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 10 40 theme hldE 1161:1164 arg1 mutants 1166:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants 1141:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants 1141:1172 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants were successfully complemented in trans with respective wild-type genes. 33668618 8 41 contain had 996:998 arg2 mutations 1000:1008 mutations 1000:1008 mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes 1000:1047 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 8 41 contain had 996:998 arg1 strains 988:994 The phage-resistant strains 968:994 The phage-resistant strains 968:994 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 6 42 theme phage 855:859 arg1 T4 861:862 phage T4 855:862 phage T4 855:862 The phage genomes are 84-92% identical to each other and ca 85% identical to phage T4. 33668618 3 43 theme growth 447:452 arg1 experiments 460:470 One-step growth curve experiments 438:470 One-step growth curve experiments 438:470 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 4 44 from size 677:680 arg1 dsDNA 632:636 circularly permuted dsDNA 612:636 circularly permuted dsDNA 612:636 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 2 45 theme Yersinia 389:396 arg1 pseudotuberculosis 398:415 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 389:415 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 389:415 The phages exhibited relatively wide host ranges among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and related species. 33668618 0 46 theme Pig 37:39 arg1 Stools 41:46 Pig Stools 37:46 Pig Stools 37:46 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools Infect Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis Using LPS and OmpF as Receptors. 33668618 6 47 theme phage 782:786 arg1 identical 807:815 identical 807:815 identical 807:815 The phage genomes are 84-92% identical to each other and ca 85% identical to phage T4. 33668618 6 47 theme phage 782:786 arg1 genomes 788:794 The phage genomes 778:794 The phage genomes 778:794 The phage genomes are 84-92% identical to each other and ca 85% identical to phage T4. 33668618 1 48 contain have 217:220 arg2 heads 259:263 elongated heads 249:263 elongated heads 249:263 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 48 contain have 217:220 arg2 tails 239:243 long contractile tails 222:243 long contractile tails 222:243 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 48 contain have 217:220 arg1 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 48 contain have 217:220 arg1 bacteriophages 149:162 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 48 contain have 217:220 arg1 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 48 contain have 217:220 arg1 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 5 49 from 271 773:775 arg1 range 755:759 range 755:759 range 755:759 The number of predicted genes range from 267 to 271. 33668618 1 50 theme pig 205:207 arg1 stools 209:214 pig stools 205:214 pig stools 205:214 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 0 51 theme Yersinia 55:62 arg1 pseudotuberculosis 64:81 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 55:81 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 55:81 T4-like Bacteriophages Isolated from Pig Stools Infect Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis Using LPS and OmpF as Receptors. 33668618 7 52 theme phage-resistant 943:957 arg1 mutants 959:965 spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 931:965 spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 931:965 The phage receptors were identified by whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants. 33668618 3 53 theme infected 568:575 arg1 cell 577:580 infected cell 568:580 infected cell 568:580 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 1 54 theme genus 285:289 arg1 Tequatroviruses 291:305 genus Tequatroviruses 285:305 genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales 285:331 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 7 55 theme mutants 959:965 arg1 sequencing 917:926 whole genome sequencing 904:926 whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 904:965 The phage receptors were identified by whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants. 33668618 1 56 attach isolated 191:198 arg2 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 56 attach isolated 191:198 arg2 bacteriophages 149:162 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 56 attach isolated 191:198 arg2 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 56 attach isolated 191:198 arg2 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 56 attach isolated 191:198 arg1 stools 209:214 pig stools 205:214 pig stools 205:214 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 11 57 theme T-even 1339:1344 arg1 S16 1378:1380 Salmonella phage S16 1361:1380 Salmonella phage S16 1361:1380 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 11 57 theme T-even 1339:1344 arg1 phages 1346:1351 T-even phages 1339:1351 T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16 1339:1380 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 5 58 dep 271 773:775 arg1 to 770:771 to 770:771 to 770:771 The number of predicted genes range from 267 to 271. 33668618 7 59 theme whole 904:908 arg1 sequencing 917:926 whole genome sequencing 904:926 whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 904:965 The phage receptors were identified by whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants. 33668618 10 60 theme respective 1219:1228 arg1 genes 1240:1244 respective wild-type genes 1219:1244 respective wild-type genes 1219:1244 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants were successfully complemented in trans with respective wild-type genes. 33668618 7 61 theme spontaneous 931:941 arg1 mutants 959:965 spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 931:965 spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 931:965 The phage receptors were identified by whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants. 33668618 11 62 theme fiber 1294:1298 arg1 Gp38 1312:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 long tail fiber tip protein Gp38 1284:1315 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 7 63 theme genome 910:915 arg1 sequencing 917:926 whole genome sequencing 904:926 whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants 904:965 The phage receptors were identified by whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants. 33668618 4 64 theme G 704:704 arg1 content 710:716 a G + C content 702:716 content 710:716 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 4 65 theme phage 587:591 arg1 genomes 593:599 The phage genomes 583:599 The phage genomes 583:599 The phage genomes consist of circularly permuted dsDNA of 169,060, 167,058, and 167,132 bp in size, respectively, with a G + C content 35.3%. 33668618 11 66 theme host 1251:1254 arg1 recognition 1256:1266 The host recognition 1247:1266 The host recognition 1247:1266 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 3 67 theme curve 454:458 arg1 experiments 460:470 One-step growth curve experiments 438:470 One-step growth curve experiments 438:470 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 10 68 theme wild-type 1230:1238 arg1 genes 1240:1244 respective wild-type genes 1219:1244 respective wild-type genes 1219:1244 The ompF, galU, and hldE mutants were successfully complemented in trans with respective wild-type genes. 33668618 1 69 theme Yersinia 140:147 arg1 bacteriophages 149:162 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90 136:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 69 theme Yersinia 140:147 arg1 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 fPS-65 171:176 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 69 theme Yersinia 140:147 arg1 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 fPS-90 183:188 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 1 69 theme Yersinia 140:147 arg1 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 fPS-2 164:168 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 33668618 3 70 theme One-step 438:445 arg1 experiments 460:470 One-step growth curve experiments 438:470 One-step growth curve experiments 438:470 One-step growth curve experiments revealed that the phages have latent periods of 50-80 min with burst sizes of 44-65 virions per infected cell. 33668618 8 71 from mutations 1000:1008 arg1 hldD 1029:1032 hldD 1029:1032 hldD 1029:1032 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 8 71 from mutations 1000:1008 arg1 galU 1023:1026 galU 1023:1026 galU 1023:1026 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 8 71 from mutations 1000:1008 arg1 ompF 1017:1020 ompF 1017:1020 ompF 1017:1020 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 8 71 from mutations 1000:1008 arg1 genes 1043:1047 hldE genes 1038:1047 hldE genes 1038:1047 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 6 72 theme ca 835:836 arg1 % 840:840 ca 85% 835:840 ca 85% 835:840 The phage genomes are 84-92% identical to each other and ca 85% identical to phage T4. 33668618 8 73 dep ompF 1017:1020 arg1 the 1013:1015 the 1013:1015 the 1013:1015 The phage-resistant strains had mutations in the ompF, galU, hldD, or hldE genes. 33668618 7 74 theme phage 869:873 arg1 receptors 875:883 The phage receptors 865:883 The phage receptors 865:883 The phage receptors were identified by whole genome sequencing of spontaneous phage-resistant mutants. 33668618 11 75 theme Salmonella 1361:1370 arg1 S16 1378:1380 Salmonella phage S16 1361:1380 Salmonella phage S16 1361:1380 The host recognition was assigned to long tail fiber tip protein Gp38, analogous to that of T-even phages such as Salmonella phage S16, specifically to the distal β-helices connecting loops. 33668618 1 76 theme long 222:225 arg1 tails 239:243 long contractile tails 222:243 long contractile tails 222:243 The Yersinia bacteriophages fPS-2, fPS-65, and fPS-90, isolated from pig stools, have long contractile tails and elongated heads, and they belong to genus Tequatroviruses in the order Caudovirales. 32283743 4 0 theme environmental 819:831 arg1 effects 833:839 the environmental effects 815:839 the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract 815:869 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 10 1 theme targeted 1635:1642 arg1 delivery 1644:1651 targeted delivery 1635:1651 targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation 1635:1677 The potential of the developed capsules for targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation was studied. 32283743 9 2 theme origin 1583:1588 arg1 hydrocolloids 1560:1572 hydrocolloids 1560:1572 hydrocolloids of plant origin 1560:1588 Capsules were obtained on the basis of compositions of hydrocolloids of plant origin. 32283743 3 3 theme PAL 514:516 arg1 transport 501:509 the targeted transport 488:509 the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 488:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 1 4 theme classical 172:180 arg1 phenylketonuria 182:196 classical phenylketonuria 172:196 classical phenylketonuria 172:196 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria is currently represented by many new methods of disease management. 32283743 6 5 theme wide 1080:1083 arg1 range 1085:1089 a wide range 1078:1089 a wide range of polymers used for encapsulation 1078:1124 Currently, there is a wide range of polymers used for encapsulation. 32283743 11 6 theme encapsulated 1715:1726 arg1 form 1728:1731 the encapsulated form 1711:1731 the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation 1711:1761 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 8 7 theme cell 1383:1386 arg1 membranes 1388:1396 the cell membranes 1379:1396 the cell membranes 1379:1396 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 12 8 theme capsule 1900:1906 arg1 shell 1908:1912 the capsule shell 1896:1912 the capsule shell 1896:1912 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 11 9 theme bio-relevant 1793:1804 arg1 media 1806:1810 model bio-relevant media 1787:1810 model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment 1787:1860 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 11 10 theme PAL 1740:1742 arg1 preparation 1751:1761 the PAL enzyme preparation 1736:1761 the PAL enzyme preparation 1736:1761 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 0 11 theme Ammonia-Lyase 121:133 arg1 Preparation 142:152 the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 101:152 the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 101:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 1 12 theme many 226:229 arg1 methods 235:241 many new methods 226:241 many new methods of disease management 226:263 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria is currently represented by many new methods of disease management. 32283743 7 13 theme substances 1287:1296 arg1 half-life 1267:1275 the half-life 1263:1275 the half-life of active substances 1263:1296 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 0 14 theme Preparation 142:152 arg1 Delivery 89:96 Targeted Delivery 80:96 Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 80:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 5 15 theme gastric 974:980 arg1 fluids 982:987 the model gastric fluids 964:987 the model gastric fluids 964:987 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 4 16 theme gastrointestinal 848:863 arg1 tract 865:869 the gastrointestinal tract 844:869 the gastrointestinal tract 844:869 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 12 17 theme plant 2006:2010 arg1 hydrocolloids 2012:2024 plant hydrocolloids 2006:2024 plant hydrocolloids 2006:2024 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 3 18 theme drug 588:591 arg1 incorporation 569:581 the incorporation 565:581 the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 565:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 2 19 from use 292:294 arg1 forms 357:361 various forms 349:361 various forms 349:361 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 4 20 theme enzymes 638:644 arg1 stability 625:633 the stability 621:633 the stability of enzymes 621:644 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 7 21 theme sources 1146:1152 arg1 use 1131:1133 The use 1127:1133 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems 1127:1200 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 0 22 theme Natural 53:59 arg1 Polysaccharides 61:75 Natural Polysaccharides 53:75 Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 53:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 12 23 theme food 2150:2153 arg1 products 2155:2162 the consumed food products 2137:2162 the consumed food products 2137:2162 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 4 24 dep acidity 872:878 arg1 oxidation 894:902 oxidation 894:902 oxidation 894:902 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 4 24 dep acidity 872:878 arg1 temperature 881:891 temperature 881:891 temperature 881:891 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 4 24 dep acidity 872:878 arg1 etc 905:907 etc 905:907 etc 905:907 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 3 25 theme certain 523:529 arg1 organs 531:536 certain organs 523:536 certain organs 523:536 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 3 26 dep mechanisms 462:471 arg1 the 458:460 the 458:460 the 458:460 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 3 27 from use 379:381 arg1 therapy 409:415 therapy 409:415 therapy 409:415 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 3 28 theme understanding 441:453 arg1 lack 433:436 a lack 431:436 a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 431:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 12 29 theme L-phenylalanine 1953:1967 arg1 ammonia-lyase 1969:1981 L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1953:1981 L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1953:1981 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 8 30 from stability 1434:1442 arg1 environment 1462:1472 the aggressive environment 1447:1472 the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract 1447:1502 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 3 31 theme enzyme 386:391 arg1 preparations 393:404 enzyme preparations 386:404 enzyme preparations 386:404 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 4 32 theme characteristics 766:780 arg1 preservation 734:745 the preservation 730:745 the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.) 730:909 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 4 32 theme characteristics 766:780 arg1 rule 716:719 a rule 714:719 a rule 714:719 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 10 33 theme capsules 1622:1629 arg1 potential 1595:1603 The potential 1591:1603 The potential of the developed capsules for targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation 1591:1677 The potential of the developed capsules for targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation was studied. 32283743 4 34 dep applied 804:810 arg1 enzymes 789:795 the enzymes 785:795 the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.) 785:909 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 4 34 dep applied 804:810 arg1 acidity 872:878 acidity 872:878 acidity 872:878 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 5 35 theme model 968:972 arg1 fluids 982:987 the model gastric fluids 964:987 the model gastric fluids 964:987 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 8 36 theme tract 1498:1502 arg1 environment 1462:1472 the aggressive environment 1447:1472 the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract 1447:1502 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 11 37 theme preparation 1751:1761 arg1 form 1728:1731 the encapsulated form 1711:1731 the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation 1711:1761 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 1 38 theme new 231:233 arg1 methods 235:241 many new methods 226:241 many new methods of disease management 226:263 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria is currently represented by many new methods of disease management. 32283743 7 39 theme capsule 1186:1192 arg1 systems 1194:1200 capsule systems 1186:1200 capsule systems 1186:1200 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 3 40 theme targeted 492:499 arg1 transport 501:509 the targeted transport 488:509 the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 488:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 9 41 theme compositions 1544:1555 arg1 basis 1535:1539 the basis 1531:1539 the basis of compositions of hydrocolloids of plant origin 1531:1588 Capsules were obtained on the basis of compositions of hydrocolloids of plant origin. 32283743 2 42 theme various 349:355 arg1 forms 357:361 various forms 349:361 various forms 349:361 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 1 43 theme management 254:263 arg1 methods 235:241 many new methods 226:241 many new methods of disease management 226:263 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria is currently represented by many new methods of disease management. 32283743 9 44 theme hydrocolloids 1560:1572 arg1 compositions 1544:1555 compositions 1544:1555 compositions of hydrocolloids of plant origin 1544:1588 Capsules were obtained on the basis of compositions of hydrocolloids of plant origin. 32283743 12 45 theme shell 1908:1912 arg1 breakdown 1883:1891 the breakdown 1879:1891 the breakdown of the capsule shell 1879:1912 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 9 46 theme plant 1577:1581 arg1 origin 1583:1588 plant origin 1577:1588 plant origin 1577:1588 Capsules were obtained on the basis of compositions of hydrocolloids of plant origin. 32283743 6 47 theme polymers 1094:1101 arg1 range 1085:1089 a wide range 1078:1089 a wide range of polymers used for encapsulation 1078:1124 Currently, there is a wide range of polymers used for encapsulation. 32283743 10 48 theme enzyme 1660:1665 arg1 preparation 1667:1677 the enzyme preparation 1656:1677 the enzyme preparation 1656:1677 The potential of the developed capsules for targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation was studied. 32283743 0 49 theme Capsule 30:36 arg1 Shell 38:42 the Capsule Shell 26:42 the Capsule Shell 26:42 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 5 50 from fluids 982:987 arg1 fluid 1051:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 2 51 theme L-phenylalanine 310:324 arg1 PAL 341:343 PAL 341:343 PAL 341:343 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 2 51 theme L-phenylalanine 310:324 arg1 ammonia-lyase 326:338 the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 299:338 the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) 299:344 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 1 52 theme phenylketonuria 182:196 arg1 treatment 159:167 The treatment 155:167 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria 155:196 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria is currently represented by many new methods of disease management. 32283743 12 53 theme breakdown 1883:1891 arg1 dynamics 1867:1874 The dynamics 1863:1874 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell 1863:1912 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 4 54 theme enzymes 789:795 arg1 characteristics 766:780 the qualitative characteristics 750:780 the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.) 750:909 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 11 55 theme form 1728:1731 arg1 degradation 1696:1706 The degradation 1692:1706 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation 1692:1761 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 0 56 theme L-Phenylalanine 105:119 arg1 Preparation 142:152 the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 101:152 the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 101:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 4 57 theme qualitative 754:764 arg1 characteristics 766:780 the qualitative characteristics 750:780 the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.) 750:909 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 2 58 theme enzyme 303:308 arg1 PAL 341:343 PAL 341:343 PAL 341:343 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 2 58 theme enzyme 303:308 arg1 ammonia-lyase 326:338 the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 299:338 the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) 299:344 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 4 59 theme tract 865:869 arg1 effects 833:839 the environmental effects 815:839 the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract 815:869 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 0 60 from Polysaccharides 61:75 arg1 Delivery 89:96 Targeted Delivery 80:96 Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 80:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 3 61 theme systems 477:483 arg1 understanding 441:453 understanding 441:453 understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 441:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 0 62 theme Enzyme 135:140 arg1 Preparation 142:152 the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 101:152 the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 101:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 11 63 theme enzyme 1744:1749 arg1 preparation 1751:1761 the PAL enzyme preparation 1736:1761 the PAL enzyme preparation 1736:1761 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 5 64 theme drug 1018:1021 arg1 fluids 982:987 the model gastric fluids 964:987 the model gastric fluids 964:987 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 5 64 theme drug 1018:1021 arg1 release 1003:1009 sustained release 993:1009 sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid 993:1055 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 7 65 from use 1131:1133 arg1 technology 1172:1181 the production technology 1157:1181 the production technology of capsule systems 1157:1200 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 4 66 theme delivery 657:664 arg1 process 666:672 the delivery process 653:672 the delivery process 653:672 To ensure the stability of enzymes during the delivery process, encapsulation is preferable, which, as a rule, ensures the preservation of the qualitative characteristics of the enzymes orally applied to the environmental effects of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity, temperature, oxidation, etc.). 32283743 2 67 theme promising 268:276 arg1 method 278:283 A promising method 266:283 A promising method 266:283 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 2 67 theme promising 268:276 arg1 use 292:294 the use 288:294 the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms 288:361 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 12 68 from capsules 1988:1995 arg1 release 1942:1948 the release 1938:1948 the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids 1938:2024 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 7 69 theme active 1280:1285 arg1 substances 1287:1296 active substances 1280:1296 active substances 1280:1296 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 7 70 theme natural 1138:1144 arg1 sources 1146:1152 natural sources 1138:1152 natural sources 1138:1152 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 5 71 theme sustained 993:1001 arg1 release 1003:1009 sustained release 993:1009 sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid 993:1055 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 3 72 theme incorporation 569:581 arg1 result 555:560 a result 553:560 a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 553:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 8 73 theme capsules 1405:1412 arg1 membranes 1388:1396 the cell membranes 1379:1396 the cell membranes 1379:1396 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 12 74 theme ammonia-lyase 1969:1981 arg1 release 1942:1948 the release 1938:1948 the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids 1938:2024 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 0 75 theme Targeted 80:87 arg1 Delivery 89:96 Targeted Delivery 80:96 Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation 80:152 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 12 76 theme consumed 2141:2148 arg1 products 2155:2162 the consumed food products 2137:2162 the consumed food products 2137:2162 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 2 77 theme ammonia-lyase 326:338 arg1 method 278:283 A promising method 266:283 A promising method 266:283 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 2 77 theme ammonia-lyase 326:338 arg1 use 292:294 the use 288:294 the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms 288:361 A promising method is the use of the enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various forms. 32283743 5 78 from release 1003:1009 arg1 fluid 1051:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 12 79 theme products 2155:2162 arg1 components 2123:2132 the protein components 2111:2132 the protein components of the consumed food products 2111:2162 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 12 80 with interaction 2094:2104 arg1 components 2123:2132 the protein components 2111:2132 the protein components of the consumed food products 2111:2162 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 11 81 theme gastric 1827:1833 arg1 environment 1850:1860 the gastric and intestinal environment 1823:1860 the gastric and intestinal environment 1823:1860 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 5 82 theme intestinal 1040:1049 arg1 fluid 1051:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 8 83 theme aggressive 1451:1460 arg1 environment 1462:1472 the aggressive environment 1447:1472 the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract 1447:1502 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 12 84 theme protein 2115:2121 arg1 components 2123:2132 the protein components 2111:2132 the protein components of the consumed food products 2111:2162 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 0 85 theme Potential 13:21 arg1 Study 0:4 Study 0:4 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell 0:42 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 3 86 theme widespread 368:377 arg1 use 379:381 The widespread use 364:381 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy 364:415 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 10 87 theme preparation 1667:1677 arg1 delivery 1644:1651 targeted delivery 1635:1651 targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation 1635:1677 The potential of the developed capsules for targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation was studied. 32283743 11 88 theme model 1787:1791 arg1 media 1806:1810 model bio-relevant media 1787:1810 model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment 1787:1860 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 8 89 theme gastrointestinal 1481:1496 arg1 tract 1498:1502 the gastrointestinal tract 1477:1502 the gastrointestinal tract 1477:1502 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 11 90 theme intestinal 1839:1848 arg1 environment 1850:1860 the gastric and intestinal environment 1823:1860 the gastric and intestinal environment 1823:1860 The degradation of the encapsulated form of the PAL enzyme preparation was studied in vitro in model bio-relevant media simulating the gastric and intestinal environment. 32283743 0 91 theme Shell 38:42 arg1 Potential 13:21 the Potential 9:21 the Potential of the Capsule Shell 9:42 Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. 32283743 5 92 theme simulated 1030:1038 arg1 fluid 1051:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 the simulated intestinal fluid 1026:1055 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 7 93 theme systems 1194:1200 arg1 technology 1172:1181 the production technology 1157:1181 the production technology of capsule systems 1157:1200 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 3 94 theme preparations 393:404 arg1 use 379:381 The widespread use 364:381 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy 364:415 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 8 95 theme method 1321:1326 arg1 advantage 1303:1311 The advantage 1299:1311 The advantage of this method 1299:1326 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 10 96 theme developed 1612:1620 arg1 capsules 1622:1629 the developed capsules 1608:1629 the developed capsules 1608:1629 The potential of the developed capsules for targeted delivery of the enzyme preparation was studied. 32283743 5 97 theme sufficient 940:949 arg1 stability 951:959 sufficient stability 940:959 sufficient stability 940:959 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 5 98 theme Capsule 912:918 arg1 preparations 920:931 Capsule preparations 912:931 Capsule preparations 912:931 Capsule preparations showed sufficient stability in the model gastric fluids and sustained release of the drug in the simulated intestinal fluid. 32283743 12 99 theme upper 2066:2070 arg1 intestines 2072:2081 the upper intestines 2062:2081 the upper intestines 2062:2081 The dynamics of the breakdown of the capsule shell allow us to expect that the release of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from capsules based on plant hydrocolloids will occur no earlier than reaching the upper intestines, where the interaction with the protein components of the consumed food products to neutralize phenylalanine should occur. 32283743 3 100 theme mechanisms 462:471 arg1 understanding 441:453 understanding 441:453 understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier 441:608 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 7 101 theme production 1161:1170 arg1 technology 1172:1181 the production technology 1157:1181 the production technology of capsule systems 1157:1200 The use of natural sources in the production technology of capsule systems improves bioavailability, controls the release, and prolongs the half-life of active substances. 32283743 8 102 theme used 1340:1343 arg1 enzyme 1345:1350 the used enzyme 1336:1350 the used enzyme 1336:1350 The advantage of this method is that the used enzyme is completely protected by the cell membranes of the capsules, which preserve its stability in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract. 32283743 3 103 theme transport 501:509 arg1 systems 477:483 systems 477:483 systems 477:483 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 3 103 theme transport 501:509 arg1 mechanisms 462:471 mechanisms 462:471 mechanisms 462:471 The widespread use of enzyme preparations in therapy is limited by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms and systems of the targeted transport of PAL into certain organs and tissues as a result of the incorporation of a drug into the carrier. 32283743 1 104 theme disease 246:252 arg1 management 254:263 disease management 246:263 disease management 246:263 The treatment of classical phenylketonuria is currently represented by many new methods of disease management. 32145536 0 0 theme Lycium 78:83 arg1 polysaccharides 94:108 Lycium barbarum polysaccharides 78:108 Lycium barbarum polysaccharides 78:108 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 5 1 theme performance 690:700 arg1 chromatography 717:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography 685:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector 685:808 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 4 2 theme polysaccharide 617:630 arg1 contents 632:639 total polysaccharide contents 611:639 total polysaccharide contents 611:639 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 9 3 theme different 1522:1530 arg1 methods 1543:1549 different extraction methods 1522:1549 different extraction methods 1522:1549 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 5 4 theme size 702:705 arg1 chromatography 717:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography 685:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector 685:808 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 5 5 theme exclusion 707:715 arg1 chromatography 717:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography 685:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector 685:808 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 2 6 theme barbarum 324:331 arg1 polysaccharides 333:347 L. barbarum polysaccharides 321:347 L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) 321:354 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 2 6 theme barbarum 324:331 arg1 LBPs 350:353 LBPs 350:353 LBPs 350:353 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 8 7 theme MAE 1299:1301 arg1 LBPs 1313:1316 MAE extracted LBPs 1299:1316 MAE extracted LBPs 1299:1316 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 0 8 theme polysaccharides 94:108 arg1 activity 44:51 immunology activity 33:51 immunology activity 33:51 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 0 8 theme polysaccharides 94:108 arg1 profiles 66:73 chemical profiles 57:73 chemical profiles 57:73 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 0 9 from Effects 0:6 arg1 activity 44:51 immunology activity 33:51 immunology activity 33:51 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 0 9 from Effects 0:6 arg1 profiles 66:73 chemical profiles 57:73 chemical profiles 57:73 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 5 10 theme polydispersity 897:910 arg1 index 912:916 polydispersity index 897:916 polydispersity index 897:916 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 4 11 theme protein 667:673 arg1 contents 675:682 protein contents 667:682 protein contents 667:682 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 6 12 theme immunomodulatory 928:943 arg1 activity 945:952 Then the immunomodulatory activity 919:952 Then the immunomodulatory activity of LBPs 919:960 Then the immunomodulatory activity of LBPs was evaluated through RAW 264.7 cells. 32145536 0 13 theme barbarum 85:92 arg1 polysaccharides 94:108 Lycium barbarum polysaccharides 78:108 Lycium barbarum polysaccharides 78:108 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 7 14 theme extract 1130:1136 arg1 complex 1161:1167 extract polysaccharide-protein complex 1130:1167 extract polysaccharide-protein complex 1130:1167 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 2 15 used used 244:247 arg2 all 270:272 a functional food all 252:272 a functional food all 252:272 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 2 15 used used 244:247 arg2 fruit 228:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 4 16 theme uronic 642:647 arg1 contents 654:661 uronic acid contents 642:661 uronic acid contents 642:661 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 4 17 theme total 611:615 arg1 contents 632:639 total polysaccharide contents 611:639 total polysaccharide contents 611:639 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 9 18 theme LBPs 1583:1586 arg1 composition 1568:1578 composition 1568:1578 composition 1568:1578 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 9 18 theme LBPs 1583:1586 arg1 structure 1554:1562 structure 1554:1562 structure 1554:1562 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 8 19 dep peak 1273:1276 arg1 3 1278:1278 3 1278:1278 3 1278:1278 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 7 20 theme total 1068:1072 arg1 sugar 1074:1078 total sugar and acidic polysaccharides 1068:1105 sugar 1074:1078 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 1 21 contain have 151:154 arg2 bioactivities 156:168 bioactivities 156:168 bioactivities 156:168 It has been proven that polysaccharides have bioactivities and are beneficial to cure many diseases. 32145536 1 21 contain have 151:154 arg1 polysaccharides 135:149 polysaccharides 135:149 polysaccharides 135:149 It has been proven that polysaccharides have bioactivities and are beneficial to cure many diseases. 32145536 3 22 theme classical 372:380 arg1 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 22 theme classical 372:380 arg1 extraction 392:401 classical hot water extraction 372:401 classical hot water extraction (HWE) 372:407 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 4 23 theme chemical 556:563 arg1 properties 565:574 The chemical properties 552:574 The chemical properties of LBPs 552:582 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 2 24 theme food 265:268 arg1 all 270:272 a functional food all 252:272 a functional food all 252:272 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 2 24 theme food 265:268 arg1 fruit 228:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 4 25 theme LBPs 579:582 arg1 properties 565:574 The chemical properties 552:574 The chemical properties of LBPs 552:582 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 5 26 theme multi 745:749 arg1 scattering 769:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 8 27 theme active 1459:1464 arg1 fractions 1482:1490 biologically active polysaccharides fractions 1446:1490 biologically active polysaccharides fractions 1446:1490 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 2 28 theme main 296:299 arg1 component 308:316 main active component 296:316 main active component 296:316 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 3 29 theme water 386:390 arg1 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 29 theme water 386:390 arg1 extraction 392:401 classical hot water extraction 372:401 classical hot water extraction (HWE) 372:407 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 5 30 theme angle 751:755 arg1 scattering 769:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 9 31 theme activities 1634:1643 arg1 variance 1608:1615 their variance 1602:1615 their variance of immunological activities 1602:1643 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 8 32 from fractions 1482:1490 arg1 LBPs 1495:1498 LBPs 1495:1498 LBPs 1495:1498 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 4 33 theme contents 654:661 arg1 terms 602:606 terms 602:606 terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents 602:682 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 9 34 from effect 1512:1517 arg1 composition 1568:1578 composition 1568:1578 composition 1568:1578 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 9 34 from effect 1512:1517 arg1 structure 1554:1562 structure 1554:1562 structure 1554:1562 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 0 35 theme methods 22:28 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 0:109 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 9 36 theme methods 1543:1549 arg1 effect 1512:1517 effect 1512:1517 effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs 1512:1586 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 8 37 theme other 1370:1374 arg1 methods 1389:1395 other 3 extraction methods 1370:1395 other 3 extraction methods 1370:1395 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 3 38 theme pressurized 488:498 arg1 PLE 519:521 PLE 519:521 PLE 519:521 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 38 theme pressurized 488:498 arg1 extraction 507:516 pressurized liquid extraction 488:516 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) 488:522 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 1 39 theme many 197:200 arg1 diseases 202:209 many diseases 197:209 many diseases 197:209 It has been proven that polysaccharides have bioactivities and are beneficial to cure many diseases. 32145536 0 40 theme extraction 11:20 arg1 methods 22:28 extraction methods 11:28 extraction methods 11:28 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 8 41 theme polysaccharides 1466:1480 arg1 fractions 1482:1490 biologically active polysaccharides fractions 1446:1490 biologically active polysaccharides fractions 1446:1490 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 3 42 theme liquid 500:505 arg1 PLE 519:521 PLE 519:521 PLE 519:521 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 42 theme liquid 500:505 arg1 extraction 507:516 pressurized liquid extraction 488:516 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) 488:522 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 43 theme assisted 420:427 arg1 MAE 441:443 MAE 441:443 MAE 441:443 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 43 theme assisted 420:427 arg1 extraction 429:438 microwave assisted extraction 410:438 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 410:444 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 0 44 theme immunology 33:42 arg1 activity 44:51 immunology activity 33:51 immunology activity 33:51 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 5 45 theme molecular 856:864 arg1 weight 866:871 molecular weight 856:871 molecular weight 856:871 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 9 46 theme immunological 1620:1632 arg1 activities 1634:1643 immunological activities 1620:1643 immunological activities 1620:1643 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 7 47 theme immunomodulatory 1208:1223 arg1 polysaccharides 1234:1248 immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides 1208:1248 immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE 1208:1257 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 5 48 theme refractive 784:793 arg1 index 795:799 refractive index 784:799 refractive index 784:799 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 3 49 theme hot 382:384 arg1 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 49 theme hot 382:384 arg1 extraction 392:401 classical hot water extraction 372:401 classical hot water extraction (HWE) 372:407 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 9 50 theme extraction 1532:1541 arg1 methods 1543:1549 different extraction methods 1522:1549 different extraction methods 1522:1549 Therefore, effect of different extraction methods on structure and composition of LBPs attributed to their variance of immunological activities. 32145536 5 51 theme laser 757:761 arg1 scattering 769:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 6 52 theme RAW 984:986 arg1 cells 994:998 RAW 264.7 cells 984:998 RAW 264.7 cells 984:998 Then the immunomodulatory activity of LBPs was evaluated through RAW 264.7 cells. 32145536 7 53 theme highest 1060:1066 arg1 sugar 1074:1078 total sugar and acidic polysaccharides 1068:1105 sugar 1074:1078 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 5 54 theme High 685:688 arg1 chromatography 717:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography 685:730 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector 685:808 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 2 55 theme L. 321:322 arg1 polysaccharides 333:347 L. barbarum polysaccharides 321:347 L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) 321:354 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 2 55 theme L. 321:322 arg1 LBPs 350:353 LBPs 350:353 LBPs 350:353 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 5 56 theme gyration 884:891 arg1 index 912:916 polydispersity index 897:916 polydispersity index 897:916 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 5 56 theme gyration 884:891 arg1 radius 874:879 radius 874:879 radius of gyration 874:891 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 5 56 theme gyration 884:891 arg1 weight 866:871 molecular weight 856:871 molecular weight 856:871 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 2 57 theme Lycium 212:217 arg1 fruit 228:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 2 57 theme Lycium 212:217 arg1 all 270:272 a functional food all 252:272 a functional food all 252:272 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 7 58 theme best 1037:1040 arg1 HWE 1025:1027 HWE 1025:1027 HWE 1025:1027 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 7 58 theme best 1037:1040 arg1 method 1042:1047 the best method 1033:1047 the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides 1033:1105 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 3 59 theme ultrasonic 447:456 arg1 UAE 479:481 UAE 479:481 UAE 479:481 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 59 theme ultrasonic 447:456 arg1 extraction 467:476 ultrasonic assisted extraction 447:476 ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 447:482 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 4 60 theme contents 632:639 arg1 terms 602:606 terms 602:606 terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents 602:682 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 7 61 theme acidic 1084:1089 arg1 polysaccharides 1091:1105 total sugar and acidic polysaccharides 1068:1105 polysaccharides 1091:1105 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 8 62 theme extraction 1378:1387 arg1 methods 1389:1395 other 3 extraction methods 1370:1395 other 3 extraction methods 1370:1395 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 2 63 theme functional 254:263 arg1 all 270:272 a functional food all 252:272 a functional food all 252:272 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 2 63 theme functional 254:263 arg1 fruit 228:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit 212:232 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 8 64 theme LBPs 1313:1316 arg1 chromatogram 1283:1294 chromatogram 1283:1294 chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs 1283:1316 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 extraction 429:438 microwave assisted extraction 410:438 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 410:444 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 UAE 479:481 UAE 479:481 UAE 479:481 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 MAE 441:443 MAE 441:443 MAE 441:443 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 extraction 467:476 ultrasonic assisted extraction 447:476 ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 447:482 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 PLE 519:521 PLE 519:521 PLE 519:521 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 extraction 392:401 classical hot water extraction 372:401 classical hot water extraction (HWE) 372:407 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 extraction 507:516 pressurized liquid extraction 488:516 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) 488:522 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 65 used used 529:532 arg2 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 HWE 404:406 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 4 66 theme contents 675:682 arg1 terms 602:606 terms 602:606 terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents 602:682 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 7 67 theme polysaccharide-protein 1138:1159 arg1 complex 1161:1167 extract polysaccharide-protein complex 1130:1167 extract polysaccharide-protein complex 1130:1167 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 5 68 theme light 763:767 arg1 scattering 769:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 multi angle laser light scattering 745:778 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 2 69 theme active 301:306 arg1 component 308:316 main active component 296:316 main active component 296:316 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 8 70 from peak 1273:1276 arg1 chromatogram 1283:1294 chromatogram 1283:1294 chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs 1283:1316 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 4 71 theme acid 649:652 arg1 contents 654:661 uronic acid contents 642:661 uronic acid contents 642:661 The chemical properties of LBPs were evaluated in terms of total polysaccharide contents, uronic acid contents and protein contents. 32145536 7 72 theme activity 1225:1232 arg1 polysaccharides 1234:1248 immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides 1208:1248 immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE 1208:1257 The results showed that HWE was the best method to get the highest total sugar and acidic polysaccharides, MAE was preferable to extract polysaccharide-protein complex, but PLE, UAE and HWE could get better immunomodulatory activity polysaccharides than MAE. 32145536 5 73 dep scattering 769:778 arg1 detector 801:808 detector 801:808 detector 801:808 High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector was applied to measure the characters such as molecular weight, radius of gyration and polydispersity index. 32145536 3 74 theme microwave 410:418 arg1 MAE 441:443 MAE 441:443 MAE 441:443 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 74 theme microwave 410:418 arg1 extraction 429:438 microwave assisted extraction 410:438 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 410:444 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 75 theme assisted 458:465 arg1 UAE 479:481 UAE 479:481 UAE 479:481 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 3 75 theme assisted 458:465 arg1 extraction 467:476 ultrasonic assisted extraction 447:476 ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) 447:482 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 8 76 theme extracted 1303:1311 arg1 LBPs 1313:1316 MAE extracted LBPs 1299:1316 MAE extracted LBPs 1299:1316 Besides, the peak 3 in chromatogram of MAE extracted LBPs was obviously higher than those of LBPs produced by other 3 extraction methods, which suggested that peak 1 and peak 2 might be biologically active polysaccharides fractions in LBPs. 32145536 2 77 dep Lycium 212:217 arg1 barbarum 219:226 barbarum 219:226 barbarum 219:226 Lycium barbarum fruit is widely used as a functional food all over the world, which main active component is L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). 32145536 0 78 theme chemical 57:64 arg1 profiles 66:73 chemical profiles 57:73 chemical profiles 57:73 Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. 32145536 3 79 theme extracted 537:545 arg1 LBP 547:549 extracted LBP 537:549 extracted LBP 537:549 In this study, classical hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were used to extracted LBP. 32145536 6 80 theme LBPs 957:960 arg1 activity 945:952 Then the immunomodulatory activity 919:952 Then the immunomodulatory activity of LBPs 919:960 Then the immunomodulatory activity of LBPs was evaluated through RAW 264.7 cells. 32093113 4 0 theme different 550:558 arg1 methods 571:577 different extraction methods 550:577 different extraction methods 550:577 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 8 1 theme hot 1575:1577 arg1 extraction 1585:1594 hot water extraction 1575:1594 hot water extraction 1575:1594 A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide was obtained by hot water extraction. 32093113 6 2 theme sequential 1063:1072 arg1 methods 1085:1091 sequential extraction methods 1063:1091 sequential extraction methods 1063:1091 Meanwhile, in order to explore the limitations of single extraction, sequential extraction methods were applied. 32093113 6 3 theme extraction 1051:1060 arg1 limitations 1029:1039 the limitations 1025:1039 the limitations of single extraction 1025:1060 Meanwhile, in order to explore the limitations of single extraction, sequential extraction methods were applied. 32093113 2 4 theme Goji 293:296 arg1 LBPs 315:318 LBPs 315:318 LBPs 315:318 However, the structure of polysaccharides varies according to the extraction methods applied, and the solution used to prepare Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) were limited. 32093113 2 4 theme Goji 293:296 arg1 polysaccharides 298:312 Goji polysaccharides 293:312 Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) 293:319 However, the structure of polysaccharides varies according to the extraction methods applied, and the solution used to prepare Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) were limited. 32093113 5 5 theme polysaccharides 837:851 arg1 structure 814:822 the structure 810:822 the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji 810:861 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 6 theme extraction 678:687 arg1 methods 689:695 different extraction methods 668:695 different extraction methods 668:695 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 7 theme high 967:970 arg1 temperatures 980:991 both high and low temperatures 962:991 both high and low temperatures 962:991 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 9 8 theme branched 1650:1657 arg1 morphologies 1659:1670 branched morphologies 1650:1670 branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1650:1706 SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. 32093113 4 9 theme wall 620:623 arg1 parts 602:606 different parts 592:606 different parts of the cell wall 592:623 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 5 10 theme low 976:978 arg1 temperatures 980:991 both high and low temperatures 962:991 both high and low temperatures 962:991 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 10 11 theme polysaccharides 1769:1783 arg1 extraction 1750:1759 the extraction 1746:1759 the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine 1746:1864 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 5 12 theme single 871:876 arg1 use 887:889 the single separate use 867:889 the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%) 867:956 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 13 theme domains 1271:1277 arg1 persistence 1202:1212 the persistence 1198:1212 the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali 1198:1328 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 7 14 theme RG-I 1265:1268 arg1 domains 1271:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 0 15 theme Lycium 49:54 arg1 Polysaccharides 66:80 Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 43:80 Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 43:80 Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides. 32093113 2 16 theme extraction 232:241 arg1 methods 243:249 the extraction methods 228:249 the extraction methods applied 228:257 However, the structure of polysaccharides varies according to the extraction methods applied, and the solution used to prepare Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) were limited. 32093113 5 17 from structure 814:822 arg1 Goji 858:861 Goji 858:861 Goji 858:861 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 1 18 theme active 139:144 arg1 Polysaccharides 83:97 Polysaccharides 83:97 Polysaccharides 83:97 Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. 32093113 1 18 theme active 139:144 arg1 substances 146:155 the most important active substances 120:155 the most important active substances in Goji 120:163 Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. 32093113 4 19 theme complex 463:469 arg1 composition 471:481 the complex composition 459:481 the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides 459:510 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 1 20 from substances 146:155 arg1 Goji 160:163 Goji 160:163 Goji 160:163 Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. 32093113 9 21 from morphologies 1659:1670 arg1 polysaccharides 1692:1706 alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1675:1706 alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1675:1706 SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. 32093113 7 22 theme Structural 1107:1116 arg1 analysis 1118:1125 Structural analysis 1107:1125 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR 1107:1186 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 6 23 theme extraction 1074:1083 arg1 methods 1085:1091 sequential extraction methods 1063:1091 sequential extraction methods 1063:1091 Meanwhile, in order to explore the limitations of single extraction, sequential extraction methods were applied. 32093113 5 24 theme acid 918:921 arg1 use 887:889 the single separate use 867:889 the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%) 867:956 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 25 theme chain 1487:1491 arg1 part 1470:1473 a substantial part 1456:1473 a substantial part of the side chain 1456:1491 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 0 26 theme barbarum 56:63 arg1 Polysaccharides 66:80 Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 43:80 Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 43:80 Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides. 32093113 3 27 theme extraction 391:400 arg1 methods 402:408 extraction methods 391:408 extraction methods 391:408 Thus, it is important to clarify the connection between extraction methods and structure of Goji polysaccharide. 32093113 0 28 theme Extraction 0:9 arg1 Methods 11:17 Extraction Methods 0:17 Extraction Methods 0:17 Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides. 32093113 5 29 theme hot 894:896 arg1 water 898:902 hot water 894:902 hot water 894:902 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 30 theme rhamnogalacturonan 1243:1260 arg1 domains 1271:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 4 31 theme various 520:526 arg1 forms 528:532 the various forms 516:532 the various forms of interaction 516:547 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 3 32 theme polysaccharide 432:445 arg1 structure 414:422 structure 414:422 structure 414:422 Thus, it is important to clarify the connection between extraction methods and structure of Goji polysaccharide. 32093113 3 32 theme polysaccharide 432:445 arg1 methods 402:408 extraction methods 391:408 extraction methods 391:408 Thus, it is important to clarify the connection between extraction methods and structure of Goji polysaccharide. 32093113 5 33 theme various 790:796 arg1 sources 798:804 various sources 790:804 various sources 790:804 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 9 34 with polymers 1636:1643 arg1 morphologies 1659:1670 branched morphologies 1650:1670 branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1650:1706 SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. 32093113 5 35 theme plant 749:753 arg1 polysaccharides 765:779 plant cell wall polysaccharides 749:779 plant cell wall polysaccharides 749:779 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 36 theme substantial 1458:1468 arg1 part 1470:1473 a substantial part 1456:1473 a substantial part of the side chain 1456:1491 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 7 37 from persistence 1202:1212 arg1 procedures 1286:1295 the procedures 1282:1295 the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali 1282:1328 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 4 38 theme wall 491:494 arg1 polysaccharides 496:510 cell wall polysaccharides 486:510 cell wall polysaccharides 486:510 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 10 39 theme hot 1808:1810 arg1 extraction 1818:1827 the hot water extraction 1804:1827 the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine 1804:1864 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 5 40 theme wall 760:763 arg1 polysaccharides 765:779 plant cell wall polysaccharides 749:779 plant cell wall polysaccharides 749:779 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 10 41 theme Chinese 1849:1855 arg1 medicine 1857:1864 traditional Chinese medicine 1837:1864 traditional Chinese medicine 1837:1864 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 8 42 theme water 1579:1583 arg1 extraction 1585:1594 hot water extraction 1575:1594 hot water extraction 1575:1594 A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide was obtained by hot water extraction. 32093113 5 43 theme sodium 934:939 arg1 hydroxide 941:949 sodium hydroxide 934:949 sodium hydroxide (0.6%) 934:956 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 43 theme sodium 934:939 arg1 % 955:955 0.6% 952:955 0.6% 952:955 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 8 44 theme acidic 1531:1536 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 1538:1557 acidic heteropolysaccharide 1531:1557 acidic heteropolysaccharide 1531:1557 A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide was obtained by hot water extraction. 32093113 5 45 theme different 730:738 arg1 types 740:744 different types 730:744 different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides 730:779 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 46 theme present 630:636 arg1 study 638:642 The present study 626:642 The present study 626:642 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 10 47 theme new 1729:1731 arg1 insight 1733:1739 new insight 1729:1739 new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine 1729:1864 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 7 48 theme more 1391:1394 arg1 HG 1414:1415 HG 1414:1415 HG 1414:1415 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 7 48 theme more 1391:1394 arg1 homogalacturonan 1396:1411 more homogalacturonan 1391:1411 more homogalacturonan (HG) regions 1391:1424 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 4 49 theme extraction 560:569 arg1 methods 571:577 different extraction methods 550:577 different extraction methods 550:577 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 0 50 theme Goji 43:46 arg1 Polysaccharides 66:80 Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 43:80 Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 43:80 Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides. 32093113 7 51 theme homogalacturonan 1396:1411 arg1 regions 1418:1424 more homogalacturonan (HG) regions 1391:1424 more homogalacturonan (HG) regions 1391:1424 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 5 52 theme cell-wall 827:835 arg1 polysaccharides 837:851 cell-wall polysaccharides 827:851 cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji 827:861 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 9 53 theme large-size 1625:1634 arg1 polymers 1636:1643 large-size polymers 1625:1643 large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1625:1706 SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. 32093113 6 54 theme single 1044:1049 arg1 extraction 1051:1060 single extraction 1044:1060 single extraction 1044:1060 Meanwhile, in order to explore the limitations of single extraction, sequential extraction methods were applied. 32093113 5 55 theme different 668:676 arg1 methods 689:695 different extraction methods 668:695 different extraction methods 668:695 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 56 theme methods 689:695 arg1 effects 657:663 the effects 653:663 the effects 653:663 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 4 57 theme cell 615:618 arg1 wall 620:623 the cell wall 611:623 the cell wall 611:623 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 10 58 theme Goji 1764:1767 arg1 polysaccharides 1769:1783 Goji polysaccharides 1764:1783 Goji polysaccharides 1764:1783 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 9 59 theme alkali-extracted 1675:1690 arg1 polysaccharides 1692:1706 alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1675:1706 alkali-extracted polysaccharides 1675:1706 SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. 32093113 5 60 theme separate 878:885 arg1 use 887:889 the single separate use 867:889 the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%) 867:956 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 61 theme monosaccharide 1137:1150 arg1 analysis 1152:1159 monosaccharide analysis 1137:1159 monosaccharide analysis 1137:1159 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 1 62 theme important 129:137 arg1 Polysaccharides 83:97 Polysaccharides 83:97 Polysaccharides 83:97 Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. 32093113 1 62 theme important 129:137 arg1 substances 146:155 the most important active substances 120:155 the most important active substances in Goji 120:163 Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. 32093113 4 63 theme composition 471:481 arg1 forms 528:532 the various forms 516:532 the various forms of interaction 516:547 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 4 63 theme composition 471:481 arg1 view 451:454 view 451:454 view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides 451:510 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 0 64 theme Polysaccharides 66:80 arg1 Structure 30:38 the Structure 26:38 the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides 26:80 Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji (Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides. 32093113 5 65 used used 714:717 arg2 effects 657:663 the effects 653:663 the effects 653:663 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 4 66 theme cell 486:489 arg1 polysaccharides 496:510 cell wall polysaccharides 486:510 cell wall polysaccharides 486:510 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 5 67 theme hydrochloric 905:916 arg1 acid 918:921 hydrochloric acid 905:921 hydrochloric acid (0.4%) 905:928 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 67 theme hydrochloric 905:916 arg1 % 927:927 0.4% 924:927 0.4% 924:927 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 68 theme side 1482:1485 arg1 chain 1487:1491 the side chain 1478:1491 the side chain 1478:1491 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 5 69 from Goji 858:861 arg1 structure 814:822 the structure 810:822 the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji 810:861 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 5 69 from Goji 858:861 arg1 polysaccharides 837:851 cell-wall polysaccharides 827:851 cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji 827:861 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 70 theme I 1262:1262 arg1 domains 1271:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 5 71 theme polysaccharides 765:779 arg1 types 740:744 different types 730:744 different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides 730:779 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 72 theme branched 1234:1241 arg1 domains 1271:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains 1217:1277 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 5 73 theme water 898:902 arg1 use 887:889 the single separate use 867:889 the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%) 867:956 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 4 74 theme interaction 537:547 arg1 forms 528:532 the various forms 516:532 the various forms of interaction 516:547 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 4 74 theme interaction 537:547 arg1 view 451:454 view 451:454 view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides 451:510 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 5 75 theme hydroxide 941:949 arg1 use 887:889 the single separate use 867:889 the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%) 867:956 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 4 76 theme polysaccharides 496:510 arg1 composition 471:481 the complex composition 459:481 the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides 459:510 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 32093113 10 77 theme water 1812:1816 arg1 extraction 1818:1827 the hot water extraction 1804:1827 the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine 1804:1864 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 3 78 theme Goji 427:430 arg1 polysaccharide 432:445 Goji polysaccharide 427:445 Goji polysaccharide 427:445 Thus, it is important to clarify the connection between extraction methods and structure of Goji polysaccharide. 32093113 5 79 theme cell 755:758 arg1 polysaccharides 765:779 plant cell wall polysaccharides 749:779 plant cell wall polysaccharides 749:779 The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. 32093113 7 80 theme part 1470:1473 arg1 removal 1445:1451 the removal 1441:1451 the removal of a substantial part of the side chain 1441:1491 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 2 81 theme polysaccharides 192:206 arg1 structure 179:187 the structure 175:187 the structure of polysaccharides 175:206 However, the structure of polysaccharides varies according to the extraction methods applied, and the solution used to prepare Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) were limited. 32093113 7 82 contain contains 1382:1389 arg1 procedures 1337:1346 procedures 1337:1346 procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid 1337:1380 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 7 82 contain contains 1382:1389 arg2 regions 1418:1424 more homogalacturonan (HG) regions 1391:1424 more homogalacturonan (HG) regions 1391:1424 Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. 32093113 10 83 theme traditional 1837:1847 arg1 medicine 1857:1864 traditional Chinese medicine 1837:1864 traditional Chinese medicine 1837:1864 Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine. 32093113 8 84 theme heteropolysaccharide 1538:1557 arg1 kind 1523:1526 A kind 1521:1526 A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide 1521:1557 A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide was obtained by hot water extraction. 32093113 4 85 theme different 592:600 arg1 parts 602:606 different parts 592:606 different parts of the cell wall 592:623 In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. 34445028 0 0 theme Modified 68:75 arg1 Arginine 77:84 Its Modified Arginine 64:84 Its Modified Arginine 64:84 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 7 1 theme acid 1075:1078 arg1 derivatives 1080:1090 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives 1059:1090 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives 1059:1090 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 10 2 theme metabolic 1724:1732 arg1 syndrome 1734:1741 metabolic syndrome 1724:1741 metabolic syndrome 1724:1741 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 10 3 theme hypolipidemic 1497:1509 arg1 activity 1511:1518 hypolipidemic activity 1497:1518 hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry 1497:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 1 4 theme subtropical 324:334 arg1 regions 350:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions 308:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world 308:369 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 0 5 theme Rat 176:178 arg1 Model 180:184 Rat Model 176:184 Rat Model 176:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 8 6 theme triacylglycerols 1279:1294 arg1 level 1249:1253 the level 1245:1253 the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1245:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 10 7 theme extracts 1547:1554 arg1 activity 1511:1518 hypolipidemic activity 1497:1518 hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry 1497:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 0 8 from Bioactivity 161:171 arg1 Model 180:184 Rat Model 176:184 Rat Model 176:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 4 9 theme arginine 831:838 arg1 addition 819:826 addition 819:826 addition of arginine 819:838 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. 34445028 8 10 theme fructose-enriched 1378:1394 arg1 diet 1396:1399 the fructose-enriched diet 1374:1399 the fructose-enriched diet 1374:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 8 11 theme rats 1334:1337 arg1 serum 1305:1309 blood serum 1299:1309 blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1299:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 0 12 theme Arginine 77:84 arg1 Preparation 86:96 Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation 52:96 Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model 52:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 7 13 theme hydroxycinnamic 1059:1073 arg1 derivatives 1080:1090 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives 1059:1090 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives 1059:1090 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 8 14 theme blood 1299:1303 arg1 serum 1305:1309 blood serum 1299:1309 blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1299:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 1 15 theme berry 256:260 arg1 crop 262:265 a berry crop 254:265 a berry crop 254:265 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 1 16 theme tropical 341:348 arg1 regions 350:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions 308:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world 308:369 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 7 17 theme Quantitative 1029:1040 arg1 determination 1042:1054 Quantitative determination 1029:1054 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts 1029:1138 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 8 18 theme significant 1221:1231 arg1 decrease 1233:1240 a significant decrease 1219:1240 a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1219:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 8 19 theme adult 1314:1318 arg1 rats 1334:1337 adult mature inbred rats 1314:1337 adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1314:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 3 20 from blueberry 550:558 arg1 preparation 533:543 a preparation 531:543 a preparation from blueberry leaves 531:565 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 6 21 theme dominating 1004:1013 arg1 constituents 1015:1026 dominating constituents 1004:1026 dominating constituents 1004:1026 Chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and rutin were shown to be dominating constituents. 34445028 0 22 from Analysis 148:155 arg1 Model 180:184 Rat Model 176:184 Rat Model 176:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 4 23 theme Several 718:724 arg1 schemes 726:732 Several schemes 718:732 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves 718:777 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. 34445028 10 24 theme standardized 1534:1545 arg1 extracts 1547:1554 chemically standardized extracts 1523:1554 chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry 1523:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 7 25 from determination 1042:1054 arg1 extracts 1131:1138 the extracts 1127:1138 the extracts 1127:1138 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 10 26 theme highbush 1561:1568 arg1 blueberry 1570:1578 highbush blueberry 1561:1578 highbush blueberry 1561:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 8 27 from triacylglycerols 1279:1294 arg1 serum 1305:1309 blood serum 1299:1309 blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1299:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 3 28 theme study 511:515 arg1 aim 492:494 the aim 488:494 the aim of the present study 488:515 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 10 29 from potential 1600:1608 arg1 utilization 1634:1644 utilization 1634:1644 utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome 1634:1741 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 8 30 theme mature 1320:1325 arg1 rats 1334:1337 adult mature inbred rats 1314:1337 adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1314:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 1 31 theme Growing 187:193 arg1 blueberry 240:248 blueberry 240:248 blueberry 240:248 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 1 31 theme Growing 187:193 arg1 blueberry 195:203 Growing blueberry 187:203 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop 187:265 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 7 32 theme phenolics 1114:1122 arg1 determination 1042:1054 Quantitative determination 1029:1054 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts 1029:1138 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 3 33 theme metabolic 698:706 arg1 syndrome 708:715 the metabolic syndrome 694:715 the metabolic syndrome 694:715 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 10 34 from activity 1511:1518 arg1 blueberry 1570:1578 highbush blueberry 1561:1578 highbush blueberry 1561:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 8 35 from level 1249:1253 arg1 serum 1305:1309 blood serum 1299:1309 blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1299:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 10 36 dep hypoglycemic 1480:1491 arg1 leaves 1580:1585 leaves 1580:1585 leaves 1580:1585 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 8 37 from insulin 1267:1273 arg1 serum 1305:1309 blood serum 1299:1309 blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1299:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 10 38 theme dietary 1651:1657 arg1 supplement 1659:1668 a dietary supplement 1649:1668 a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome 1649:1741 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 8 39 theme inbred 1327:1332 arg1 rats 1334:1337 adult mature inbred rats 1314:1337 adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1314:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 0 40 from Model 180:184 arg1 Management 106:115 the Management 102:115 the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model 102:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 3 41 theme chemical 580:587 arg1 composition 589:599 their chemical composition 574:599 their chemical composition 574:599 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 3 42 theme present 503:509 arg1 study 511:515 the present study 499:515 the present study 499:515 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 3 43 dep blueberry 550:558 arg1 leaves 560:565 leaves 560:565 leaves 560:565 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 10 44 theme residue 1623:1629 arg1 potential 1600:1608 the potential 1596:1608 the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome 1596:1741 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 5 45 theme phenolic 855:862 arg1 substances 864:873 18 phenolic substances 852:873 18 phenolic substances 852:873 A total of 18 phenolic substances were identified and quantified in the extracts by TLC and HPLC methods. 34445028 0 46 theme Syndrome-Chemical 130:146 arg1 Analysis 148:155 Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis 120:155 Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis 120:155 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 1 47 theme world 365:369 arg1 regions 350:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions 308:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world 308:369 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 7 48 theme other 1108:1112 arg1 phenolics 1114:1122 other phenolics 1108:1122 other phenolics 1108:1122 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 0 49 theme Metabolic 120:128 arg1 Analysis 148:155 Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis 120:155 Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis 120:155 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 8 50 theme insulin 1344:1350 arg1 resistance 1352:1361 insulin resistance 1344:1361 insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1344:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 4 51 dep blueberry 762:770 arg1 leaves 772:777 leaves 772:777 leaves 772:777 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. 34445028 7 52 theme derivatives 1080:1090 arg1 determination 1042:1054 Quantitative determination 1029:1054 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts 1029:1138 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 8 53 with rats 1334:1337 arg1 resistance 1352:1361 insulin resistance 1344:1361 insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1344:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 8 54 from serum 1305:1309 arg1 level 1249:1253 the level 1245:1253 the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1245:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 7 55 theme flavonoids 1093:1102 arg1 determination 1042:1054 Quantitative determination 1029:1054 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts 1029:1138 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 3 56 theme syndrome 708:715 arg1 prophylactic 663:674 prophylactic 663:674 prophylactic 663:674 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 0 57 theme Analysis 148:155 arg1 Management 106:115 the Management 102:115 the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model 102:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 7 58 theme spectrophotometric 1157:1174 arg1 method 1176:1181 spectrophotometric method 1157:1181 spectrophotometric method 1157:1181 Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. 34445028 3 59 theme dietary 636:642 arg1 supplement 644:653 a dietary supplement 634:653 a dietary supplement 634:653 Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. 34445028 1 60 theme warm 308:311 arg1 regions 350:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions 308:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world 308:369 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 4 61 theme obtaining 738:746 arg1 extracts 748:755 obtaining extracts 738:755 obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves 738:777 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. 34445028 0 62 dep Vaccinium 20:28 arg1 L. 41:42 Vaccinium corymbosum L. 20:42 Vaccinium corymbosum L. 20:42 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 4 63 from blueberry 762:770 arg1 extracts 748:755 obtaining extracts 738:755 obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves 738:777 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. 34445028 5 64 theme substances 864:873 arg1 total 843:847 A total 841:847 A total of 18 phenolic substances 841:873 A total of 18 phenolic substances were identified and quantified in the extracts by TLC and HPLC methods. 34445028 0 65 theme Bioactivity 161:171 arg1 Management 106:115 the Management 102:115 the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model 102:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 10 66 from blueberry 1570:1578 arg1 activity 1511:1518 hypolipidemic activity 1497:1518 hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry 1497:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 10 66 from blueberry 1570:1578 arg1 extracts 1547:1554 chemically standardized extracts 1523:1554 chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry 1523:1578 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 5 67 theme HPLC 933:936 arg1 methods 938:944 HPLC methods 933:944 HPLC methods 933:944 A total of 18 phenolic substances were identified and quantified in the extracts by TLC and HPLC methods. 34445028 10 68 theme crop 1618:1621 arg1 residue 1623:1629 this crop residue 1613:1629 this crop residue 1613:1629 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 8 69 theme glucose 1258:1264 arg1 level 1249:1253 the level 1245:1253 the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1245:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 8 70 theme extracts 1188:1195 arg1 administration 1197:1210 The extracts administration 1184:1210 The extracts administration 1184:1210 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 8 71 from glucose 1258:1264 arg1 serum 1305:1309 blood serum 1299:1309 blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1299:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 2 72 theme leaves 461:466 arg1 tons 453:456 tons 453:456 tons of leaves 453:466 When blueberry is cultivated on plantations, the bushes are pruned annually, and tons of leaves become waste. 34445028 10 73 theme ailments 1699:1706 arg1 prevention 1685:1694 prevention 1685:1694 prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome 1685:1741 The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome. 34445028 0 74 theme Extract 52:58 arg1 Preparation 86:96 Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation 52:96 Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model 52:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 34445028 1 75 theme temperate 313:321 arg1 regions 350:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions 308:356 warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world 308:369 Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. 34445028 6 76 theme Chlorogenic 947:957 arg1 acid 959:962 Chlorogenic acid 947:962 Chlorogenic acid 947:962 Chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and rutin were shown to be dominating constituents. 34445028 8 77 from decrease 1233:1240 arg1 level 1249:1253 the level 1245:1253 the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1245:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 8 78 theme insulin 1267:1273 arg1 level 1249:1253 the level 1245:1253 the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet 1245:1399 The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. 34445028 4 79 with one 810:812 arg1 addition 819:826 addition 819:826 addition of arginine 819:838 Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. 34445028 0 80 from Management 106:115 arg1 Model 180:184 Rat Model 176:184 Rat Model 176:184 Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome-Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. 31860302 5 0 theme hydrophilic 740:750 arg1 chromatography 764:777 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 740:777 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 740:777 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 4 1 theme in-depth 439:446 arg1 analyses 464:471 in-depth and large-scale analyses 439:471 analyses 464:471 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 6 2 with glycosylations 1066:1079 arg1 reference 1086:1094 reference 1086:1094 reference to healthy controls 1086:1114 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 2 3 theme Certain 169:175 arg1 glycoforms 189:198 Certain distinctive glycoforms 169:198 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins 169:224 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 7 4 theme 369 1233:1235 arg1 N-glycoproteins 1237:1251 369 N-glycoproteins 1233:1251 369 N-glycoproteins 1233:1251 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 4 5 theme large-scale 452:462 arg1 analyses 464:471 in-depth and large-scale analyses 439:471 analyses 464:471 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 8 6 theme plasma 1371:1376 arg1 glycoproteins 1378:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 Additionally, several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins were identified, including SVEP1 (∼0.54 ng/mL), F8 (∼0.83 ng/mL), and ADAMTS13 (∼1.2 ng/mL). 31860302 5 7 theme high-pH 699:705 arg1 prefractionation 722:737 high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation 699:737 high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation 699:737 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 4 8 theme suitable 407:414 arg1 methods 427:433 suitable analytical methods 407:433 suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 407:509 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 5 9 theme integrated 605:614 arg1 method 616:621 an integrated method 602:621 an integrated method 602:621 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 5 10 theme trypsin 780:786 arg1 digestion 801:809 trypsin and PNGase F digestion 780:809 trypsin and PNGase F digestion 780:809 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 4 11 theme methods 427:433 arg1 absence 396:402 The absence 392:402 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 392:509 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 6 12 with proteins 1053:1060 arg1 reference 1086:1094 reference 1086:1094 reference to healthy controls 1086:1114 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 9 13 theme plasma 1553:1558 arg1 glycopeptides 1567:1579 plasma intact glycopeptides 1553:1579 plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies 1553:1597 These results suggest that this method will be useful for analyzing plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies. 31860302 5 14 theme shotgun 812:818 arg1 proteomics 820:829 shotgun proteomics 812:829 shotgun proteomics 812:829 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 8 15 gly glycoproteins 1378:1390 arg1 glycoproteins 1378:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 Additionally, several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins were identified, including SVEP1 (∼0.54 ng/mL), F8 (∼0.83 ng/mL), and ADAMTS13 (∼1.2 ng/mL). 31860302 0 16 theme Integrated 15:24 arg1 Method 26:31 An Integrated Method 12:31 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 0:105 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 5 17 theme plasma 909:914 arg1 profiling 931:939 the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 891:939 the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 891:939 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 8 18 theme several 1349:1355 arg1 glycoproteins 1378:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 Additionally, several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins were identified, including SVEP1 (∼0.54 ng/mL), F8 (∼0.83 ng/mL), and ADAMTS13 (∼1.2 ng/mL). 31860302 6 19 theme carcinoma-related 1035:1051 arg1 proteins 1053:1060 papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins 1017:1060 papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins 1017:1060 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 7 20 theme plasma 1158:1163 arg1 database 1182:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 9 21 theme future 1584:1589 arg1 studies 1591:1597 future studies 1584:1597 future studies 1584:1597 These results suggest that this method will be useful for analyzing plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies. 31860302 6 22 theme papillary 1017:1025 arg1 proteins 1053:1060 papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins 1017:1060 papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins 1017:1060 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 3 23 theme N-glycoproteome 332:346 arg1 essential 351:359 essential 351:359 essential 351:359 Therefore, the characterization of plasma N-glycoproteome is essential for a new biomarker discovery. 31860302 3 23 theme N-glycoproteome 332:346 arg1 characterization 305:320 the characterization 301:320 the characterization of plasma N-glycoproteome 301:346 Therefore, the characterization of plasma N-glycoproteome is essential for a new biomarker discovery. 31860302 7 24 theme comprehensive 1138:1150 arg1 database 1182:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 1 25 theme various 139:145 arg1 processes 158:166 various biological processes 139:166 various biological processes 139:166 N-glycoproteins are involved in various biological processes. 31860302 3 26 theme biomarker 371:379 arg1 discovery 381:389 a new biomarker discovery 365:389 a new biomarker discovery 365:389 Therefore, the characterization of plasma N-glycoproteome is essential for a new biomarker discovery. 31860302 4 27 theme plasma 490:495 arg1 glycoproteins 497:509 low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 476:509 low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 476:509 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 0 28 theme Comprehensive 50:62 arg1 Profiling 80:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling 37:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma 37:104 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 2 29 theme diagnosis 279:287 arg1 specificity 238:248 specificity 238:248 specificity 238:248 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 4 30 theme glycosylation 559:571 arg1 role 551:554 the role 547:554 the role of glycosylation 547:571 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 5 31 theme PNGase 792:797 arg1 F 799:799 PNGase F 792:799 PNGase F 792:799 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 4 32 theme glycoproteins 497:509 arg1 analyses 464:471 in-depth and large-scale analyses 439:471 analyses 464:471 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 5 33 theme combinatorial 659:671 arg1 libraries 688:696 combinatorial peptide ligand libraries 659:696 combinatorial peptide ligand libraries 659:696 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 7 34 gly N-glycopeptides 1318:1332 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1318:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 2 35 gly glycoforms 189:198 arg2 glycoproteins 212:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 0 36 theme Human 93:97 arg1 Plasma 99:104 Human Plasma 93:104 Human Plasma 93:104 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 5 37 theme ligand 681:686 arg1 libraries 688:696 combinatorial peptide ligand libraries 659:696 combinatorial peptide ligand libraries 659:696 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 10 38 contain has 1631:1633 arg1 method 1624:1629 the Glyco-CPLL method 1609:1629 the Glyco-CPLL method 1609:1629 Besides, the Glyco-CPLL method has a great potential to be translated to clinical applications. 31860302 10 38 contain has 1631:1633 arg2 potential 1643:1651 a great potential 1635:1651 a great potential to be translated to clinical applications 1635:1693 Besides, the Glyco-CPLL method has a great potential to be translated to clinical applications. 31860302 5 39 theme various 836:842 arg1 software 853:860 various analysis software 836:860 various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 836:939 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 5 40 theme analysis 844:851 arg1 software 853:860 various analysis software 836:860 various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 836:939 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 5 41 theme low-abundance 895:907 arg1 profiling 931:939 the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 891:939 the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 891:939 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 5 42 theme glycoproteomic 916:929 arg1 profiling 931:939 the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 891:939 the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling 891:939 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 6 43 used utilized 951:958 arg2 we 948:949 we 948:949 we 948:949 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 10 44 theme Glyco-CPLL 1613:1622 arg1 method 1624:1629 the Glyco-CPLL method 1609:1629 the Glyco-CPLL method 1609:1629 Besides, the Glyco-CPLL method has a great potential to be translated to clinical applications. 31860302 2 45 theme distinctive 177:187 arg1 glycoforms 189:198 Certain distinctive glycoforms 169:198 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins 169:224 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 7 46 gly glycosites 1258:1267 arg2 glycosites 1258:1267 862 glycosites 1254:1267 862 glycosites 1254:1267 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 0 47 theme In-Depth 37:44 arg1 Profiling 80:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling 37:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma 37:104 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 10 48 theme great 1637:1641 arg1 potential 1643:1651 a great potential 1635:1651 a great potential to be translated to clinical applications 1635:1693 Besides, the Glyco-CPLL method has a great potential to be translated to clinical applications. 31860302 0 49 dep Glyco-CPLL 0:9 arg1 Method 26:31 An Integrated Method 12:31 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 0:105 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 5 50 theme interaction 752:762 arg1 chromatography 764:777 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 740:777 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 740:777 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 4 51 gly glycoproteins 497:509 arg1 glycoproteins 497:509 low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 476:509 low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 476:509 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 6 52 theme comparative 984:994 arg1 study 996:1000 a comparative study 982:1000 a comparative study 982:1000 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 7 53 theme 786 1219:1221 arg1 proteins 1223:1230 786 proteins 1219:1230 786 proteins 1219:1230 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 4 54 theme analytical 416:425 arg1 methods 427:433 suitable analytical methods 407:433 suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 407:509 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 8 55 theme low-abundance 1357:1369 arg1 glycoproteins 1378:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 1349:1390 Additionally, several low-abundance plasma glycoproteins were identified, including SVEP1 (∼0.54 ng/mL), F8 (∼0.83 ng/mL), and ADAMTS13 (∼1.2 ng/mL). 31860302 5 56 theme reversed-phase 707:720 arg1 prefractionation 722:737 high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation 699:737 high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation 699:737 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 10 57 theme clinical 1673:1680 arg1 applications 1682:1693 clinical applications 1673:1693 clinical applications 1673:1693 Besides, the Glyco-CPLL method has a great potential to be translated to clinical applications. 31860302 5 58 theme F 799:799 arg1 digestion 801:809 trypsin and PNGase F digestion 780:809 trypsin and PNGase F digestion 780:809 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 3 59 theme plasma 325:330 arg1 N-glycoproteome 332:346 plasma N-glycoproteome 325:346 plasma N-glycoproteome 325:346 Therefore, the characterization of plasma N-glycoproteome is essential for a new biomarker discovery. 31860302 7 60 gly N-glycoproteins 1237:1251 arg1 N-glycoproteins 1237:1251 369 N-glycoproteins 1233:1251 369 N-glycoproteins 1233:1251 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 7 61 theme N-glycoproteomic 1165:1180 arg1 database 1182:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 2 62 theme cancer 272:277 arg1 diagnosis 279:287 cancer diagnosis 272:287 cancer diagnosis 272:287 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 9 63 theme intact 1560:1565 arg1 glycopeptides 1567:1579 plasma intact glycopeptides 1553:1579 plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies 1553:1597 These results suggest that this method will be useful for analyzing plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies. 31860302 5 64 dep software 853:860 arg1 pGlyco2.0 876:884 pGlyco2.0 876:884 pGlyco2.0 876:884 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 5 64 dep software 853:860 arg1 MaxQuant 863:870 MaxQuant 863:870 MaxQuant 863:870 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 7 65 theme intact 1311:1316 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1318:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 7 66 theme human 1152:1156 arg1 database 1182:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 7 67 theme large 1128:1132 arg1 database 1182:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database 1126:1189 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 6 68 theme thyroid 1027:1033 arg1 proteins 1053:1060 papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins 1017:1060 papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins 1017:1060 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 4 69 theme low-abundance 476:488 arg1 glycoproteins 497:509 low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 476:509 low-abundance plasma glycoproteins 476:509 The absence of suitable analytical methods for in-depth and large-scale analyses of low-abundance plasma glycoproteins makes it challenging to investigate the role of glycosylation. 31860302 9 70 gly glycopeptides 1567:1579 arg2 glycopeptides 1567:1579 plasma intact glycopeptides 1553:1579 plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies 1553:1597 These results suggest that this method will be useful for analyzing plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies. 31860302 2 71 gly glycoproteins 212:224 arg1 glycoproteins 212:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 0 72 theme N-Glycoproteome 64:78 arg1 Profiling 80:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling 37:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma 37:104 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 1 73 theme biological 147:156 arg1 processes 158:166 various biological processes 139:166 various biological processes 139:166 N-glycoproteins are involved in various biological processes. 31860302 3 74 theme new 367:369 arg1 discovery 381:389 a new biomarker discovery 365:389 a new biomarker discovery 365:389 Therefore, the characterization of plasma N-glycoproteome is essential for a new biomarker discovery. 31860302 0 75 theme Plasma 99:104 arg1 Profiling 80:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling 37:88 In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma 37:104 Glyco-CPLL: An Integrated Method for In-Depth and Comprehensive N-Glycoproteome Profiling of Human Plasma. 31860302 5 76 theme peptide 673:679 arg1 libraries 688:696 combinatorial peptide ligand libraries 659:696 combinatorial peptide ligand libraries 659:696 In this study, we developed an integrated method termed Glyco-CPLL, which integrates combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, high-pH reversed-phase prefractionation, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, trypsin and PNGase F digestion, shotgun proteomics, and various analysis software (MaxQuant and pGlyco2.0) for the low-abundance plasma glycoproteomic profiling. 31860302 6 77 theme healthy 1099:1105 arg1 controls 1107:1114 healthy controls 1099:1114 healthy controls 1099:1114 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 1 78 gly N-glycoproteins 107:121 arg1 N-glycoproteins 107:121 N-glycoproteins 107:121 N-glycoproteins 107:121 N-glycoproteins are involved in various biological processes. 31860302 7 79 theme 1644 1299:1302 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1318:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 7 80 theme glycan 1274:1279 arg1 compositions 1281:1292 171 glycan compositions 1270:1292 171 glycan compositions 1270:1292 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 2 81 theme specific 203:210 arg1 glycoproteins 212:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 6 82 dep utilized 951:958 arg1 perform 974:980 perform 974:980 to perform a comparative study 971:1000 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 6 82 dep utilized 951:958 arg1 explore 1009:1015 explore 1009:1015 to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls 1006:1114 Then, we utilized the method to perform a comparative study and to explore papillary thyroid carcinoma-related proteins and glycosylations with reference to healthy controls. 31860302 7 83 theme unique 1304:1309 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1318:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides 1299:1332 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 7 84 theme 862 1254:1256 arg1 glycosites 1258:1267 862 glycosites 1254:1267 862 glycosites 1254:1267 Finally, a large and comprehensive human plasma N-glycoproteomic database was established, containing 786 proteins, 369 N-glycoproteins, 862 glycosites, 171 glycan compositions, and 1644 unique intact N-glycopeptides. 31860302 9 85 from glycopeptides 1567:1579 arg1 studies 1591:1597 future studies 1584:1597 future studies 1584:1597 These results suggest that this method will be useful for analyzing plasma intact glycopeptides in future studies. 31860302 2 86 from glycoforms 189:198 arg1 glycoproteins 212:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 specific glycoproteins 203:224 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 2 87 dep specificity 238:248 arg1 the 234:236 the 234:236 the 234:236 Certain distinctive glycoforms on specific glycoproteins enhance the specificity and/or sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. 31860302 11 88 with ProteomeXchange 1719:1733 arg1 identifier 1740:1749 identifier PXD016428 1740:1759 identifier PXD016428 1740:1759 Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016428. 34250066 1 0 theme polysaccharides 259:273 arg1 effects 216:222 the effects 212:222 the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs 212:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 3 1 theme microbial 654:662 arg1 contents 672:679 rumen microbial protein contents 648:679 rumen microbial protein contents 648:679 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 2 from performance 292:302 arg1 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 6 3 theme CMP 1341:1343 arg1 group 1345:1349 the CMP group 1337:1349 the CMP group 1337:1349 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 4 theme P 945:945 arg1 control 936:942 the control 932:942 the control (P < 0.05) 932:953 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 4 theme P 945:945 arg1 < 947:947 P < 0.05 945:952 P < 0.05 945:952 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 5 theme rumen 713:717 arg1 fluid 719:723 rumen fluid 713:723 rumen fluid 713:723 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 6 theme Supplemental 119:130 arg1 Probiotics 132:141 Supplemental Probiotics 119:141 Supplemental Probiotics 119:141 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 6 7 theme probiotics 1230:1239 arg1 group 1241:1245 the probiotics group 1226:1245 the probiotics group 1226:1245 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 8 theme average 814:820 arg1 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 8 theme average 814:820 arg1 gain 828:831 the average daily gain 810:831 the average daily gain (ADG) 810:837 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 9 theme pH 707:708 arg1 value 698:702 the value 694:702 the value of pH in rumen fluid 694:723 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 10 theme Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 1396:1418 arg1 abundance 1383:1391 the relative abundance 1370:1391 the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group 1370:1440 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 11 theme rumen 1547:1551 arg1 fermentation 1561:1572 rumen protein fermentation 1547:1572 rumen protein fermentation 1547:1572 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 0 12 theme Medicine 155:162 arg1 Polysaccharides 164:178 Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides 119:178 Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides 119:178 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 3 13 theme glucose 594:600 arg1 concentrations 570:583 the concentrations 566:583 the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) 566:633 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 14 theme IgG 864:866 arg1 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 14 theme IgG 864:866 arg1 gain 828:831 the average daily gain 810:831 the average daily gain (ADG) 810:837 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 14 theme IgG 864:866 arg1 contents 847:854 the contents 843:854 the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM 843:875 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 15 theme P 1098:1098 arg1 control 1089:1095 the control 1085:1095 the control (P < 0.05) 1085:1106 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 15 theme P 1098:1098 arg1 < 1100:1100 P < 0.05 1098:1105 P < 0.05 1098:1105 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 16 theme rumen 320:324 arg1 fermentation 326:337 rumen fermentation 320:337 rumen fermentation 320:337 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 17 from composition 353:363 arg1 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 7 18 with supplementation 1503:1517 arg1 probiotics 1524:1533 probiotics 1524:1533 probiotics 1524:1533 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 5 19 theme acid 1066:1069 arg1 ratio 1031:1035 the ratio 1027:1035 the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid 1027:1069 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 20 theme Rumen 64:68 arg1 Diversity 80:88 Rumen Bacterial Diversity 64:88 Rumen Bacterial Diversity 64:88 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 0 21 from Response 0:7 arg1 Lambs 93:97 Lambs 93:97 Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides 93:178 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 7 22 dep promote 1539:1545 arg1 improved 1792:1799 improved 1792:1799 ultimately improved the growth performance 1781:1822 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 7 22 dep promote 1539:1545 arg1 changed 1703:1709 changed 1703:1709 changed rumen microbial fermentation mode 1703:1743 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 7 22 dep promote 1539:1545 arg1 increased 1746:1754 increased 1746:1754 increased the immune function 1746:1774 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 7 22 dep promote 1539:1545 arg1 increased 1652:1660 increased 1652:1660 increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria 1652:1700 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 0 23 theme Diversity 80:88 arg1 Response 0:7 Response 0:7 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 0:179 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 1 24 theme bacteria 344:351 arg1 composition 353:363 bacteria composition 344:363 bacteria composition in lambs 344:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 4 25 theme IgA 859:861 arg1 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 25 theme IgA 859:861 arg1 gain 828:831 the average daily gain 810:831 the average daily gain (ADG) 810:837 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 25 theme IgA 859:861 arg1 contents 847:854 the contents 843:854 the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM 843:875 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 26 from value 698:702 arg1 fluid 719:723 rumen fluid 713:723 rumen fluid 713:723 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 27 theme fermentation 1727:1738 arg1 mode 1740:1743 rumen microbial fermentation mode 1711:1743 rumen microbial fermentation mode 1711:1743 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 4 28 theme F 908:908 arg1 ratio 912:916 the F:G ratio 904:916 the F:G ratio 904:916 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 29 theme Growth 12:17 arg1 Performance 19:29 Growth Performance 12:29 Growth Performance 12:29 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 1 30 theme growth 285:290 arg1 performance 292:302 growth performance 285:302 growth performance 285:302 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 7 31 theme rumen 1711:1715 arg1 mode 1740:1743 rumen microbial fermentation mode 1711:1743 rumen microbial fermentation mode 1711:1743 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 6 32 theme Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 1199:1221 arg1 abundance 1186:1194 the relative abundance 1173:1194 the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group 1173:1245 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 33 theme CMP 970:972 arg1 treatments 1006:1015 both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments 965:1015 both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments 965:1015 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 34 from abundance 1275:1283 arg1 group 1345:1349 the CMP group 1337:1349 the CMP group 1337:1349 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 35 from fermentation 326:337 arg1 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 5 36 theme compound 978:985 arg1 treatments 1006:1015 both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments 965:1015 both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments 965:1015 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 37 theme Succiniclasticum 1288:1303 arg1 abundance 1275:1283 the relative abundance 1262:1283 the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group 1262:1349 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 38 theme relative 1666:1673 arg1 abundance 1675:1683 the relative abundance 1662:1683 the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria 1662:1700 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 3 39 theme G 627:627 arg1 concentrations 570:583 the concentrations 566:583 the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) 566:633 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 40 theme acid 1047:1050 arg1 ratio 1031:1035 the ratio 1027:1035 the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid 1027:1069 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 41 theme rumen 1616:1620 arg1 fluid 1622:1626 rumen fluid 1616:1626 rumen fluid 1616:1626 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 4 42 theme G 910:910 arg1 ratio 912:916 the F:G ratio 904:916 the F:G ratio 904:916 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 43 from indices 311:317 arg1 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 lambs 368:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 44 theme medicine 250:257 arg1 polysaccharides 259:273 probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides 227:273 probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) 227:280 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 44 theme medicine 250:257 arg1 CMPs 276:279 CMPs 276:279 CMPs 276:279 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 7 45 theme bacteria 1604:1611 arg1 diversity 1591:1599 the diversity 1587:1599 the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid 1587:1626 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 2 46 dep groups 503:508 arg1 CMP 498:500 CMP 498:500 CMP 498:500 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 2 46 dep groups 503:508 arg1 probiotics 485:494 probiotics 485:494 probiotics 485:494 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 3 47 theme protein 664:670 arg1 contents 672:679 rumen microbial protein contents 648:679 rumen microbial protein contents 648:679 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 48 theme Biochemistry 38:49 arg1 Indices 51:57 Blood Biochemistry Indices 32:57 Blood Biochemistry Indices 32:57 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 7 49 theme growth 1805:1810 arg1 performance 1812:1822 the growth performance 1801:1822 the growth performance 1801:1822 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 6 50 theme sequencing 1125:1134 arg1 data 1136:1139 High-throughput sequencing data 1109:1139 High-throughput sequencing data 1109:1139 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 51 theme norank_f__Muribaculaceae 1309:1332 arg1 abundance 1275:1283 the relative abundance 1262:1283 the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group 1262:1349 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 52 theme Chinese 147:153 arg1 Medicine 155:162 Chinese Medicine 147:162 Chinese Medicine 147:162 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 3 53 theme probiotics 535:544 arg1 treatment 546:554 probiotics treatment 535:554 probiotics treatment 535:554 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 54 from effects 216:222 arg1 composition 353:363 bacteria composition 344:363 bacteria composition in lambs 344:372 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 54 from effects 216:222 arg1 performance 292:302 growth performance 285:302 growth performance 285:302 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 54 from effects 216:222 arg1 indices 311:317 blood indices 305:317 blood indices 305:317 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 54 from effects 216:222 arg1 fermentation 326:337 rumen fermentation 320:337 rumen fermentation 320:337 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 6 55 from abundance 1186:1194 arg1 group 1241:1245 the probiotics group 1226:1245 the probiotics group 1226:1245 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 56 theme blood 588:592 arg1 GLU 603:605 GLU 603:605 GLU 603:605 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 56 theme blood 588:592 arg1 glucose 594:600 blood glucose 588:600 blood glucose (GLU) 588:606 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 57 theme protein 1553:1559 arg1 fermentation 1561:1572 rumen protein fermentation 1547:1572 rumen protein fermentation 1547:1572 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 4 58 theme daily 822:826 arg1 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 58 theme daily 822:826 arg1 gain 828:831 the average daily gain 810:831 the average daily gain (ADG) 810:837 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 59 theme P 1480:1480 arg1 < 1482:1482 P < 0.05 1480:1487 P < 0.05 1480:1487 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 59 theme P 1480:1480 arg1 control 1471:1477 the control 1467:1477 the control (P < 0.05) 1467:1488 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 60 theme relative 1177:1184 arg1 abundance 1186:1194 the relative abundance 1173:1194 the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group 1173:1245 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 61 theme relative 1374:1381 arg1 abundance 1383:1391 the relative abundance 1370:1391 the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group 1370:1440 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 62 with supplementation 776:790 arg1 CMP 797:799 CMP 797:799 CMP 797:799 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 63 theme propionic 1056:1064 arg1 acid 1066:1069 propionic acid 1056:1069 propionic acid 1056:1069 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 64 theme Bacterial 70:78 arg1 Diversity 80:88 Rumen Bacterial Diversity 64:88 Rumen Bacterial Diversity 64:88 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 7 65 theme immune 1760:1765 arg1 function 1767:1774 the immune function 1756:1774 the immune function 1756:1774 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 6 66 from abundance 1383:1391 arg1 group 1436:1440 the compound group 1423:1440 the compound group 1423:1440 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 6 67 theme genus 1160:1164 arg1 level 1166:1170 the genus level 1156:1170 the genus level 1156:1170 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 68 theme P 752:752 arg1 control 743:749 the control 739:749 the control (P < 0.05) 739:760 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 68 theme P 752:752 arg1 < 754:754 P < 0.05 752:759 P < 0.05 752:759 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 2 69 dep groups 426:431 arg1 groups 503:508 compound (probiotics + CMP) groups 475:508 compound (probiotics + CMP) groups 475:508 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 2 69 dep groups 426:431 arg1 control 445:451 control 445:451 control 445:451 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 2 69 dep groups 426:431 arg1 CMP 466:468 CMP 466:468 CMP 466:468 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 2 69 dep groups 426:431 arg1 groups 426:431 four groups 421:431 four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups 421:508 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 2 69 dep groups 426:431 arg1 probiotics 454:463 probiotics 454:463 probiotics 454:463 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 2 70 theme compound 475:482 arg1 groups 503:508 compound (probiotics + CMP) groups 475:508 compound (probiotics + CMP) groups 475:508 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 5 71 dep CMP 970:972 arg1 CMP 1001:1003 CMP 1001:1003 CMP 1001:1003 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 71 dep CMP 970:972 arg1 probiotics 988:997 probiotics 988:997 probiotics 988:997 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 72 theme probiotics 227:236 arg1 polysaccharides 259:273 probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides 227:273 probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) 227:280 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 1 72 theme probiotics 227:236 arg1 CMPs 276:279 CMPs 276:279 CMPs 276:279 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 2 73 theme female 381:386 arg1 lambs 388:392 Forty female lambs 375:392 Forty female lambs 375:392 Forty female lambs were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, probiotics, CMP, and compound (probiotics + CMP) groups. 34250066 7 74 theme microbial 1717:1725 arg1 mode 1740:1743 rumen microbial fermentation mode 1711:1743 rumen microbial fermentation mode 1711:1743 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 0 75 theme Probiotics 132:141 arg1 Polysaccharides 164:178 Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides 119:178 Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides 119:178 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 0 76 theme Performance 19:29 arg1 Response 0:7 Response 0:7 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 0:179 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 6 77 theme compound 1427:1434 arg1 group 1436:1440 the compound group 1423:1440 the compound group 1423:1440 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 78 theme Blood 32:36 arg1 Indices 51:57 Blood Biochemistry Indices 32:57 Blood Biochemistry Indices 32:57 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 7 79 theme Fibrobacteria 1688:1700 arg1 abundance 1675:1683 the relative abundance 1662:1683 the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria 1662:1700 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 4 80 theme IgM 873:875 arg1 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 ADG 834:836 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 80 theme IgM 873:875 arg1 gain 828:831 the average daily gain 810:831 the average daily gain (ADG) 810:837 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 4 80 theme IgM 873:875 arg1 contents 847:854 the contents 843:854 the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM 843:875 Furthermore, supplementation with CMP enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and the contents of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum but decreased the F:G ratio compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 0 81 theme Indices 51:57 arg1 Response 0:7 Response 0:7 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 0:179 Response of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry Indices, and Rumen Bacterial Diversity in Lambs to Diets Containing Supplemental Probiotics and Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides. 34250066 1 82 theme blood 305:309 arg1 indices 311:317 blood indices 305:317 blood indices 305:317 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 34250066 6 83 theme High-throughput 1109:1123 arg1 data 1136:1139 High-throughput sequencing data 1109:1139 High-throughput sequencing data 1109:1139 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 84 theme CMP 1638:1640 arg1 treatment 1642:1650 CMP treatment 1638:1650 CMP treatment 1638:1650 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 3 85 theme immunoglobulin 612:625 arg1 G 627:627 immunoglobulin G 612:627 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 612:633 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 3 85 theme immunoglobulin 612:625 arg1 IgG 630:632 IgG 630:632 IgG 630:632 The results showed that probiotics treatment increased the concentrations of blood glucose (GLU) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and enhanced rumen microbial protein contents but declined the value of pH in rumen fluid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 5 86 theme acetic 1040:1045 arg1 acid 1047:1050 acetic acid 1040:1050 acetic acid 1040:1050 Besides, both CMP and compound (probiotics + CMP) treatments decreased the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 7 87 from diversity 1591:1599 arg1 fluid 1622:1626 rumen fluid 1616:1626 rumen fluid 1616:1626 In summary, supplementation with probiotics can promote rumen protein fermentation but decrease the diversity of bacteria in rumen fluid; however, CMP treatment increased the relative abundance of Fibrobacteria, changed rumen microbial fermentation mode, increased the immune function, and ultimately improved the growth performance. 34250066 6 88 theme relative 1266:1273 arg1 abundance 1275:1283 the relative abundance 1262:1283 the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group 1262:1349 High-throughput sequencing data showed that at the genus level, the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 in the probiotics group was increased, the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and norank_f__Muribaculaceae in the CMP group were enhanced, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 in the compound group was raised compared with the control (P < 0.05). 34250066 1 89 theme Chinese 242:248 arg1 medicine 250:257 Chinese medicine 242:257 Chinese medicine 242:257 This study aims to investigate the effects of probiotics and Chinese medicine polysaccharides (CMPs) on growth performance, blood indices, rumen fermentation, and bacteria composition in lambs. 32724598 0 0 theme Ellis 109:113 arg1 flower 115:120 J. Ellis flower 106:120 J. Ellis flower 106:120 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 6 1 from apple 911:915 arg1 pectin 899:904 pectin 899:904 pectin 899:904 FT-IR spectra analysis showed a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple. 32724598 6 1 from apple 911:915 arg1 GFPF 890:893 GFPF 890:893 GFPF 890:893 FT-IR spectra analysis showed a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple. 32724598 14 2 theme low 1737:1739 arg1 pectin 1749:1754 low methoxy pectin 1737:1754 low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry 1737:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 14 3 theme pectin 1749:1754 arg1 resource 1725:1732 a new resource 1719:1732 a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry 1719:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 14 3 theme pectin 1749:1754 arg1 GFPF 1707:1710 GFPF 1707:1710 GFPF 1707:1710 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 12 4 theme low 1569:1571 arg1 pectin 1581:1586 low methoxy pectin 1569:1586 low methoxy pectin 1569:1586 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 14 5 with pectin 1749:1754 arg1 application 1771:1781 potential application 1761:1781 potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry 1761:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 0 6 theme J. 106:107 arg1 flower 115:120 J. Ellis flower 106:120 J. Ellis flower 106:120 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 9 7 theme high 1206:1209 arg1 viscosities 1220:1230 high apparent viscosities 1206:1230 high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1206:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 12 8 with polysaccharides 1548:1562 arg1 pectin 1581:1586 low methoxy pectin 1569:1586 low methoxy pectin 1569:1586 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 5 9 theme esterification 789:802 arg1 degree 779:784 Its degree 775:784 Its degree of esterification 775:802 Its degree of esterification was 32.76 ± 1.52%. 32724598 9 10 with fluid 1195:1199 arg1 viscosities 1220:1230 high apparent viscosities 1206:1230 high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1206:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 9 11 theme apparent 1211:1218 arg1 viscosities 1220:1230 high apparent viscosities 1206:1230 high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1206:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 10 12 theme pseudoplasticity 1273:1288 arg1 degree 1263:1268 The degree 1259:1268 The degree of pseudoplasticity of the solutions 1259:1305 The degree of pseudoplasticity of the solutions increased with the concentrations increased and the temperatures decreased. 32724598 3 13 theme uronic 509:514 arg1 acid 516:519 uronic acid 509:519 uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%) 509:535 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 13 theme uronic 509:514 arg1 % 534:534 35.21 ± 0.17% 522:534 35.21 ± 0.17% 522:534 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 13 theme uronic 509:514 arg1 sugars 485:490 neutral sugars 477:490 neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%) 477:506 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 10 14 theme solutions 1297:1305 arg1 pseudoplasticity 1273:1288 pseudoplasticity 1273:1288 pseudoplasticity of the solutions 1273:1305 The degree of pseudoplasticity of the solutions increased with the concentrations increased and the temperatures decreased. 32724598 13 15 contain had 1652:1654 arg1 It 1589:1590 It 1589:1590 It 1589:1590 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 13 15 contain had 1652:1654 arg2 activity 1673:1680 good antioxidant activity 1656:1680 good antioxidant activity 1656:1680 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 11 16 theme antioxidant 1467:1477 arg1 activity 1479:1486 relatively high antioxidant activity 1451:1486 relatively high antioxidant activity 1451:1486 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 1 17 theme medicine 189:196 arg1 plant 198:202 an edible medicine plant 179:202 an edible medicine plant in China 179:211 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) is regarded as an edible medicine plant in China. 32724598 1 17 theme medicine 189:196 arg1 Gardenia 123:130 Gardenia 123:130 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) 123:162 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) is regarded as an edible medicine plant in China. 32724598 14 18 theme gelling 1797:1803 arg1 agents 1805:1810 thicker or gelling agents 1786:1810 thicker or gelling agents 1786:1810 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 8 19 theme high 1072:1075 arg1 temperature 1077:1087 high temperature 1072:1087 high temperature 1072:1087 Thermogravimetric analysis and zeta potential analysis indicated that the pectin was stable under high temperature and alkaline condition. 32724598 4 20 theme glucuronic 731:740 arg1 acid 742:745 glucuronic acid 731:745 glucuronic acid 731:745 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 9 21 theme Steady 1113:1118 arg1 rheology 1120:1127 Steady rheology 1113:1127 Steady rheology 1113:1127 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 2 22 theme GFPF 382:385 arg1 activities 368:377 antioxidant activities 356:377 antioxidant activities 356:377 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 2 22 theme GFPF 382:385 arg1 composition 315:325 its chemical composition 302:325 its chemical composition 302:325 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 2 22 theme GFPF 382:385 arg1 properties 340:349 rheological properties 328:349 rheological properties 328:349 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 8 23 theme alkaline 1093:1100 arg1 condition 1102:1110 alkaline condition 1093:1110 alkaline condition 1093:1110 Thermogravimetric analysis and zeta potential analysis indicated that the pectin was stable under high temperature and alkaline condition. 32724598 14 24 theme new 1721:1723 arg1 resource 1725:1732 a new resource 1719:1732 a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry 1719:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 14 24 theme new 1721:1723 arg1 GFPF 1707:1710 GFPF 1707:1710 GFPF 1707:1710 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 12 25 theme pectin 1541:1546 arg1 polysaccharides 1548:1562 pectin polysaccharides 1541:1562 pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin 1541:1586 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 8 26 theme Thermogravimetric 974:990 arg1 analysis 992:999 Thermogravimetric analysis 974:999 Thermogravimetric analysis 974:999 Thermogravimetric analysis and zeta potential analysis indicated that the pectin was stable under high temperature and alkaline condition. 32724598 3 27 theme extraction 415:424 arg1 yield 426:430 The GFPF extraction yield 406:430 The GFPF extraction yield 406:430 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 27 theme extraction 415:424 arg1 % 448:448 18.04 ± 1.81% 436:448 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) 436:454 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 0 28 theme Physicochemical 0:14 arg1 characterization 32:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization 0:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia 0:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 11 29 contain had 1447:1449 arg1 GFPF 1442:1445 GFPF 1442:1445 GFPF 1442:1445 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 11 29 contain had 1447:1449 arg2 activity 1479:1486 relatively high antioxidant activity 1451:1486 relatively high antioxidant activity 1451:1486 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 13 30 theme good 1656:1659 arg1 activity 1673:1680 good antioxidant activity 1656:1680 good antioxidant activity 1656:1680 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 11 31 theme ABTS 1392:1395 arg1 scavenging 1410:1419 ABTS free radical scavenging 1392:1419 ABTS free radical scavenging 1392:1419 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 14 32 theme thicker 1786:1792 arg1 agents 1805:1810 thicker or gelling agents 1786:1810 thicker or gelling agents 1786:1810 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 6 33 theme absorption 863:872 arg1 pattern 874:880 a similar absorption pattern 853:880 a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple 853:915 FT-IR spectra analysis showed a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple. 32724598 7 34 theme methoxy 958:964 arg1 pectin 966:971 low methoxy pectin 954:971 low methoxy pectin 954:971 The results suggested that GFPF was low methoxy pectin. 32724598 11 35 theme free 1397:1400 arg1 scavenging 1410:1419 ABTS free radical scavenging 1392:1419 ABTS free radical scavenging 1392:1419 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 13 36 contain had 1592:1594 arg2 viscosities 1610:1620 high apparent viscosities 1596:1620 high apparent viscosities 1596:1620 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 13 36 contain had 1592:1594 arg1 It 1589:1590 It 1589:1590 It 1589:1590 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 0 37 theme rheological 20:30 arg1 characterization 32:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization 0:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia 0:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 6 38 theme similar 855:861 arg1 pattern 874:880 a similar absorption pattern 853:880 a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple 853:915 FT-IR spectra analysis showed a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple. 32724598 12 39 from polysaccharides 1548:1562 arg1 rich 1533:1536 rich 1533:1536 rich 1533:1536 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 14 40 theme methoxy 1741:1747 arg1 pectin 1749:1754 low methoxy pectin 1737:1754 low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry 1737:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 11 41 theme DPPH 1383:1386 arg1 assay 1421:1425 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay 1383:1425 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay 1383:1425 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 12 42 theme methoxy 1573:1579 arg1 pectin 1581:1586 low methoxy pectin 1569:1586 low methoxy pectin 1569:1586 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 0 43 theme pectin-rich 52:62 arg1 polysaccharides 64:78 pectin-rich polysaccharides 52:78 pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia 52:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 4 44 theme Galacturonic 602:613 arg1 acid 615:618 Galacturonic acid 602:618 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) 602:634 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 44 theme Galacturonic 602:613 arg1 % 633:633 41.05 ± 0.59% 621:633 41.05 ± 0.59% 621:633 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 44 theme Galacturonic 602:613 arg1 monosaccharide 649:662 the main monosaccharide 640:662 the main monosaccharide 640:662 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 13 45 theme high 1596:1599 arg1 viscosities 1610:1620 high apparent viscosities 1596:1620 high apparent viscosities 1596:1620 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 9 46 theme GFPF 1145:1148 arg1 dispersion 1150:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 9 46 theme GFPF 1145:1148 arg1 fluid 1195:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid 1165:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1165:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 2 47 theme polysaccharide 236:249 arg1 GFPF 261:264 GFPF 261:264 GFPF 261:264 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 2 47 theme polysaccharide 236:249 arg1 fraction 251:258 gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction 220:258 gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) 220:265 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 11 48 theme scavenging 1410:1419 arg1 assay 1421:1425 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay 1383:1425 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay 1383:1425 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 3 49 theme GFPF 410:413 arg1 yield 426:430 The GFPF extraction yield 406:430 The GFPF extraction yield 406:430 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 49 theme GFPF 410:413 arg1 % 448:448 18.04 ± 1.81% 436:448 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) 436:454 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 13 50 theme antioxidant 1661:1671 arg1 activity 1673:1680 good antioxidant activity 1656:1680 good antioxidant activity 1656:1680 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 7 51 theme low 954:956 arg1 pectin 966:971 low methoxy pectin 954:971 low methoxy pectin 954:971 The results suggested that GFPF was low methoxy pectin. 32724598 3 52 theme total 566:570 arg1 sugars 485:490 neutral sugars 477:490 neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%) 477:506 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 52 theme total 566:570 arg1 phenol 572:577 total phenol 566:577 total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g) 566:599 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 52 theme total 566:570 arg1 mgGAE/g 592:598 9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g 580:598 9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g 580:598 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 2 53 theme flower 229:234 arg1 GFPF 261:264 GFPF 261:264 GFPF 261:264 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 2 53 theme flower 229:234 arg1 fraction 251:258 gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction 220:258 gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) 220:265 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 14 54 theme food 1815:1818 arg1 industry 1820:1827 food industry 1815:1827 food industry 1815:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 14 55 theme potential 1761:1769 arg1 application 1771:1781 potential application 1761:1781 potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry 1761:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 12 56 theme gardenia 1513:1520 arg1 flower 1522:1527 gardenia flower 1513:1527 gardenia flower 1513:1527 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 8 57 theme potential 1010:1018 arg1 analysis 1020:1027 zeta potential analysis 1005:1027 zeta potential analysis 1005:1027 Thermogravimetric analysis and zeta potential analysis indicated that the pectin was stable under high temperature and alkaline condition. 32724598 0 58 from Gardenia 85:92 arg1 characterization 32:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization 0:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia 0:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 0 58 from Gardenia 85:92 arg1 polysaccharides 64:78 pectin-rich polysaccharides 52:78 pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia 52:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 2 59 theme gardenia 220:227 arg1 GFPF 261:264 GFPF 261:264 GFPF 261:264 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 2 59 theme gardenia 220:227 arg1 fraction 251:258 gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction 220:258 gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) 220:265 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 2 60 theme rheological 328:338 arg1 properties 340:349 rheological properties 328:349 rheological properties 328:349 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 0 61 theme polysaccharides 64:78 arg1 characterization 32:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization 0:47 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia 0:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 6 62 theme spectra 829:835 arg1 analysis 837:844 FT-IR spectra analysis 823:844 FT-IR spectra analysis 823:844 FT-IR spectra analysis showed a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple. 32724598 8 63 theme zeta 1005:1008 arg1 analysis 1020:1027 zeta potential analysis 1005:1027 zeta potential analysis 1005:1027 Thermogravimetric analysis and zeta potential analysis indicated that the pectin was stable under high temperature and alkaline condition. 32724598 3 64 theme neutral 477:483 arg1 protein 538:544 protein 538:544 protein (1.63 ± 0.34%) 538:559 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 64 theme neutral 477:483 arg1 acid 516:519 uronic acid 509:519 uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%) 509:535 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 64 theme neutral 477:483 arg1 phenol 572:577 total phenol 566:577 total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g) 566:599 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 64 theme neutral 477:483 arg1 sugars 485:490 neutral sugars 477:490 neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%) 477:506 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 3 64 theme neutral 477:483 arg1 % 505:505 46.83 ± 3.14% 493:505 46.83 ± 3.14% 493:505 The GFPF extraction yield was 18.04 ± 1.81% (W/W) and mainly comprised neutral sugars (46.83 ± 3.14%), uronic acid (35.21 ± 0.17%), protein (1.63 ± 0.34%), and total phenol (9.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g). 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 galactose 669:677 galactose 669:677 galactose 669:677 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 rhamnose 700:707 rhamnose 700:707 rhamnose 700:707 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 glucose 680:686 glucose 680:686 glucose 680:686 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 xylose 710:715 xylose 710:715 xylose 710:715 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 acid 742:745 glucuronic acid 731:745 glucuronic acid 731:745 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 arabinose 689:697 arabinose 689:697 arabinose 689:697 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg2 mannose 718:724 mannose 718:724 mannose 718:724 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 65 located detected 757:764 arg1 GFPF 769:772 GFPF 769:772 GFPF 769:772 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 6 66 theme FT-IR 823:827 arg1 spectra 829:835 FT-IR spectra 823:835 FT-IR spectra analysis 823:844 FT-IR spectra analysis showed a similar absorption pattern between GFPF and pectin from apple. 32724598 9 67 theme shear 1167:1171 arg1 dispersion 1150:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 9 67 theme shear 1167:1171 arg1 fluid 1195:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid 1165:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1165:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 11 68 theme high 1462:1465 arg1 activity 1479:1486 relatively high antioxidant activity 1451:1486 relatively high antioxidant activity 1451:1486 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 4 69 theme main 644:647 arg1 monosaccharide 649:662 the main monosaccharide 640:662 the main monosaccharide 640:662 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 4 69 theme main 644:647 arg1 acid 615:618 Galacturonic acid 602:618 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) 602:634 Galacturonic acid (41.05 ± 0.59%) was the main monosaccharide, and galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were also detected in GFPF. 32724598 13 70 theme apparent 1601:1608 arg1 viscosities 1610:1620 high apparent viscosities 1596:1620 high apparent viscosities 1596:1620 It had high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% and had good antioxidant activity. 32724598 9 71 theme thinned 1173:1179 arg1 dispersion 1150:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 9 71 theme thinned 1173:1179 arg1 fluid 1195:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid 1165:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1165:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 2 72 theme chemical 306:313 arg1 composition 315:325 its chemical composition 302:325 its chemical composition 302:325 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 11 73 theme radical 1402:1408 arg1 scavenging 1410:1419 ABTS free radical scavenging 1392:1419 ABTS free radical scavenging 1392:1419 DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay indicated that GFPF had relatively high antioxidant activity. 32724598 9 74 theme pseudoplastic 1181:1193 arg1 dispersion 1150:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 the GFPF dispersion 1141:1159 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 9 74 theme pseudoplastic 1181:1193 arg1 fluid 1195:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid 1165:1199 a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1165:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 32724598 12 75 from rich 1533:1536 arg1 polysaccharides 1548:1562 pectin polysaccharides 1541:1562 pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin 1541:1586 The results showed that gardenia flower was rich in pectin polysaccharides with low methoxy pectin. 32724598 1 76 from plant 198:202 arg1 China 207:211 China 207:211 China 207:211 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) is regarded as an edible medicine plant in China. 32724598 2 77 theme antioxidant 356:366 arg1 activities 368:377 antioxidant activities 356:377 antioxidant activities 356:377 Here, gardenia flower polysaccharide fraction (GFPF) was extracted by water at 90°C and its chemical composition, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities of GFPF were investigated. 32724598 1 78 theme edible 182:187 arg1 plant 198:202 an edible medicine plant 179:202 an edible medicine plant in China 179:211 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) is regarded as an edible medicine plant in China. 32724598 1 78 theme edible 182:187 arg1 Gardenia 123:130 Gardenia 123:130 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) 123:162 Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) is regarded as an edible medicine plant in China. 32724598 0 79 from characterization 32:47 arg1 Gardenia 85:92 Gardenia 85:92 Gardenia 85:92 Physicochemical and rheological characterization of pectin-rich polysaccharides from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis flower. 32724598 14 80 from application 1771:1781 arg1 industry 1820:1827 food industry 1815:1827 food industry 1815:1827 The data suggested that GFPF can be a new resource of low methoxy pectin with potential application as thicker or gelling agents in food industry. 32724598 9 81 from concentration 1235:1247 arg1 viscosities 1220:1230 high apparent viscosities 1206:1230 high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2% 1206:1256 Steady rheology showed that the GFPF dispersion was a shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with high apparent viscosities at concentration above 2%. 33921866 0 0 theme Fructose 84:91 arg1 Intake 93:98 High Fructose Intake 79:98 High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats 79:117 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 7 1 theme fructose-rich 1185:1197 arg1 diet 1199:1202 fructose-rich diet 1185:1202 fructose-rich diet 1185:1202 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 7 2 theme Liver 1094:1098 arg1 SCD 1149:1151 SCD 1149:1151 SCD 1149:1151 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 7 2 theme Liver 1094:1098 arg1 synthase 1111:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase 1094:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase 1094:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 1 3 theme unhealthy 153:161 arg1 diets 163:167 unhealthy diets 153:167 unhealthy diets 153:167 Persistence of damage induced by unhealthy diets during youth has been little addressed. 33921866 0 4 theme High 79:82 arg1 Intake 93:98 High Fructose Intake 79:98 High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats 79:117 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 0 5 from Changes 10:16 arg1 Activity 43:50 Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity 21:50 Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity 21:50 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 0 5 from Changes 10:16 arg1 Sensitivity 64:74 Insulin Sensitivity 56:74 Insulin Sensitivity 56:74 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 7 6 theme fatty 1100:1104 arg1 SCD 1149:1151 SCD 1149:1151 SCD 1149:1151 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 7 6 theme fatty 1100:1104 arg1 synthase 1111:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase 1094:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase 1094:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 3 7 theme control 497:503 arg1 diet 505:508 a control diet 495:508 a control diet for further three weeks 495:532 Adolescent rats were fed a fructose-rich diet for three weeks and then switched to a control diet for further three weeks. 33921866 6 8 theme fructose-rich 976:988 arg1 diet 990:993 fructose-rich diet 976:993 fructose-rich diet 976:993 Hepatic steatosis and ceramide were increased by fructose-rich diet, but reversed by returning to a control diet, while altered hepatic response to insulin persisted. 33921866 8 9 theme proliferator 1438:1449 arg1 upregulation 1292:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation 1275:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α 1275:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 2 10 theme liver 285:289 arg1 activity 301:308 liver metabolic activity 285:308 liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats 285:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 8 11 theme coactivator 1402:1412 arg1 alpha 1416:1420 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha 1353:1420 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha 1353:1420 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 5 12 theme control 706:712 arg1 diet 714:717 a control diet 704:717 a control diet 704:717 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 8 13 theme mitochondrial 1326:1338 arg1 respiration 1340:1350 complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration 1308:1350 complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration 1308:1350 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 4 14 theme rescue 676:681 arg1 period 683:688 the rescue period 672:688 the rescue period 672:688 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 5 15 theme tumor 882:886 arg1 alpha 904:908 tumor necrosis factor alpha 882:908 tumor necrosis factor alpha 882:908 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 6 16 theme altered 1047:1053 arg1 response 1063:1070 altered hepatic response 1047:1070 altered hepatic response to insulin 1047:1081 Hepatic steatosis and ceramide were increased by fructose-rich diet, but reversed by returning to a control diet, while altered hepatic response to insulin persisted. 33921866 2 17 theme diet 277:280 arg1 persistence 346:356 the putative persistence 333:356 the putative persistence of alterations 333:371 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 2 17 theme diet 277:280 arg1 impact 240:245 the impact 236:245 the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats 236:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 4 18 theme lipid 644:648 arg1 gain 650:653 lipid gain 644:653 lipid gain 644:653 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 0 19 theme Adolescent 103:112 arg1 Rats 114:117 Adolescent Rats 103:117 Adolescent Rats 103:117 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 5 20 theme fructose 755:762 arg1 upregulation 732:743 the upregulation 728:743 the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin 728:801 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 7 21 theme acid 1106:1109 arg1 SCD 1149:1151 SCD 1149:1151 SCD 1149:1151 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 7 21 theme acid 1106:1109 arg1 synthase 1111:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase 1094:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase 1094:1118 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 2 22 theme fructose-rich 263:275 arg1 diet 277:280 a short-term fructose-rich diet 250:280 a short-term fructose-rich diet 250:280 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 6 23 theme hepatic 1055:1061 arg1 response 1063:1070 altered hepatic response 1047:1070 altered hepatic response to insulin 1047:1081 Hepatic steatosis and ceramide were increased by fructose-rich diet, but reversed by returning to a control diet, while altered hepatic response to insulin persisted. 33921866 3 24 theme fructose-rich 439:451 arg1 diet 453:456 a fructose-rich diet 437:456 a fructose-rich diet 437:456 Adolescent rats were fed a fructose-rich diet for three weeks and then switched to a control diet for further three weeks. 33921866 9 25 theme prolonged 1552:1560 arg1 dysregulation 1579:1591 prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation 1552:1591 prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity 1552:1619 In conclusion, our results show prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity. 33921866 5 26 theme plasma 748:753 arg1 fructose 755:762 plasma fructose 748:762 plasma fructose 748:762 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 2 27 from persistence 346:356 arg1 activity 301:308 liver metabolic activity 285:308 liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats 285:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 2 28 theme adolescent 313:322 arg1 rats 324:327 adolescent rats 313:327 adolescent rats 313:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 5 29 theme alanine 832:838 arg1 aminotransferase 840:855 alanine aminotransferase 832:855 alanine aminotransferase 832:855 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 5 30 theme lipocalin 776:784 arg1 upregulation 732:743 the upregulation 728:743 the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin 728:801 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 7 31 theme SCD 1209:1211 arg1 activity 1213:1220 SCD activity 1209:1220 SCD activity 1209:1220 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 8 32 theme proliferator-activated 1364:1385 arg1 receptor-gamma 1387:1400 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 1353:1400 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha 1353:1420 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 0 33 theme Hepatic 21:27 arg1 Activity 43:50 Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity 21:50 Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity 21:50 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 4 34 theme Body 535:538 arg1 composition 540:550 Body composition 535:550 Body composition 535:550 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 8 35 theme complex 1308:1314 arg1 respiration 1340:1350 complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration 1308:1350 complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration 1308:1350 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 2 36 from impact 240:245 arg1 activity 301:308 liver metabolic activity 285:308 liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats 285:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 4 37 theme increased 618:626 arg1 lipids 633:638 increased body lipids 618:638 increased body lipids 618:638 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 8 38 theme receptor-gamma 1387:1400 arg1 alpha 1416:1420 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha 1353:1420 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha 1353:1420 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 4 39 theme energy 556:561 arg1 balance 563:569 energy balance 556:569 energy balance 556:569 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 8 40 theme peroxisome 1353:1362 arg1 receptor-gamma 1387:1400 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 1353:1400 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha 1353:1420 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 2 41 theme metabolic 291:299 arg1 activity 301:308 liver metabolic activity 285:308 liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats 285:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 9 42 theme fructose-induced 1562:1577 arg1 dysregulation 1579:1591 prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation 1552:1591 prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity 1552:1619 In conclusion, our results show prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity. 33921866 3 43 theme Adolescent 412:421 arg1 rats 423:426 Adolescent rats 412:426 Adolescent rats 412:426 Adolescent rats were fed a fructose-rich diet for three weeks and then switched to a control diet for further three weeks. 33921866 9 44 theme activity 1612:1619 arg1 dysregulation 1579:1591 prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation 1552:1591 prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity 1552:1619 In conclusion, our results show prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity. 33921866 8 45 dep respiration 1340:1350 arg1 α 1470:1470 activated receptor α 1451:1470 activated receptor α 1451:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 7 46 theme control 1261:1267 arg1 diet 1269:1272 the control diet 1257:1272 the control diet 1257:1272 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 0 47 theme Mitochondrial 29:41 arg1 Activity 43:50 Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity 21:50 Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity 21:50 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 6 48 theme Hepatic 927:933 arg1 steatosis 935:943 Hepatic steatosis 927:943 Hepatic steatosis 927:943 Hepatic steatosis and ceramide were increased by fructose-rich diet, but reversed by returning to a control diet, while altered hepatic response to insulin persisted. 33921866 7 49 theme stearoyl-CoA 1124:1135 arg1 desaturase 1137:1146 stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1124:1146 stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1124:1146 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 7 50 theme desaturase 1137:1146 arg1 activities 1154:1163 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities 1094:1163 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities 1094:1163 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 5 51 theme plasma 810:815 arg1 triglycerides 817:829 plasma triglycerides 810:829 plasma triglycerides 810:829 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 4 52 theme body 628:631 arg1 lipids 633:638 increased body lipids 618:638 increased body lipids 618:638 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 0 53 theme Insulin 56:62 arg1 Sensitivity 64:74 Insulin Sensitivity 56:74 Insulin Sensitivity 56:74 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 8 54 theme respiration 1340:1350 arg1 upregulation 1292:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation 1275:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α 1275:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 8 55 theme peroxisome 1427:1436 arg1 proliferator 1438:1449 peroxisome proliferator 1427:1449 peroxisome proliferator 1427:1449 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 2 56 theme putative 337:344 arg1 persistence 346:356 the putative persistence 333:356 the putative persistence of alterations 333:371 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 5 57 theme acid 770:773 arg1 upregulation 732:743 the upregulation 728:743 the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin 728:801 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 8 58 theme control 1506:1512 arg1 diet 1514:1517 control diet 1506:1517 control diet 1506:1517 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 5 59 theme necrosis 888:895 arg1 alpha 904:908 tumor necrosis factor alpha 882:908 tumor necrosis factor alpha 882:908 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 7 60 theme synthase 1111:1118 arg1 activities 1154:1163 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities 1094:1163 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities 1094:1163 Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. 33921866 8 61 theme activated 1451:1459 arg1 α 1470:1470 activated receptor α 1451:1470 activated receptor α 1451:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 2 62 theme short-term 252:261 arg1 diet 277:280 a short-term fructose-rich diet 250:280 a short-term fructose-rich diet 250:280 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 8 63 theme alpha 1416:1420 arg1 upregulation 1292:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation 1275:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α 1275:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 5 64 theme factor 897:902 arg1 alpha 904:908 tumor necrosis factor alpha 882:908 tumor necrosis factor alpha 882:908 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 4 65 theme fructose-rich 592:604 arg1 diet 606:609 fructose-rich diet 592:609 fructose-rich diet 592:609 Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. 33921866 9 66 theme metabolic 1602:1610 arg1 activity 1612:1619 liver metabolic activity 1596:1619 liver metabolic activity 1596:1619 In conclusion, our results show prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity. 33921866 6 67 theme control 1027:1033 arg1 diet 1035:1038 a control diet 1025:1038 a control diet 1025:1038 Hepatic steatosis and ceramide were increased by fructose-rich diet, but reversed by returning to a control diet, while altered hepatic response to insulin persisted. 33921866 1 68 theme damage 135:140 arg1 Persistence 120:130 Persistence 120:130 Persistence of damage induced by unhealthy diets during youth 120:180 Persistence of damage induced by unhealthy diets during youth has been little addressed. 33921866 8 69 theme II-driven 1316:1324 arg1 respiration 1340:1350 complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration 1308:1350 complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration 1308:1350 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 8 70 theme Fructose-induced 1275:1290 arg1 upregulation 1292:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation 1275:1303 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α 1275:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 0 71 from Intake 93:98 arg1 Rats 114:117 Adolescent Rats 103:117 Adolescent Rats 103:117 Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. 33921866 5 72 theme haptoglobin 791:801 arg1 upregulation 732:743 the upregulation 728:743 the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin 728:801 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 5 73 theme uric 765:768 arg1 acid 770:773 uric acid 765:773 uric acid 765:773 Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. 33921866 8 74 theme receptor 1461:1468 arg1 α 1470:1470 activated receptor α 1451:1470 activated receptor α 1451:1470 Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. 33921866 9 75 theme liver 1596:1600 arg1 activity 1612:1619 liver metabolic activity 1596:1619 liver metabolic activity 1596:1619 In conclusion, our results show prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity. 33921866 2 76 theme alterations 361:371 arg1 persistence 346:356 the putative persistence 333:356 the putative persistence of alterations 333:371 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 2 76 theme alterations 361:371 arg1 impact 240:245 the impact 236:245 the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats 236:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33921866 2 77 from activity 301:308 arg1 rats 324:327 adolescent rats 313:327 adolescent rats 313:327 Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. 33390949 8 0 theme quality 1461:1467 arg1 control 1469:1475 the quality control 1457:1475 the quality control of APSs 1457:1483 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 8 1 theme immune 1416:1421 arg1 activities 1423:1432 immune activities 1416:1432 immune activities 1416:1432 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 3 2 theme values 496:501 arg1 fragments 470:478 three fragments 464:478 three fragments of different Mw values 464:501 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 3 2 theme values 496:501 arg1 >2,000 kDa 504:513 >2,000 kDa 504:513 >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ) 504:521 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 0 3 theme Molecular 92:100 arg1 Weights 102:108 Different Molecular Weights 82:108 Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix 82:129 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 8 4 theme APSs 1480:1483 arg1 control 1469:1475 the quality control 1457:1475 the quality control of APSs 1457:1483 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 5 5 theme cyclophosphamide 851:866 arg1 experiments 899:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 2 6 from weights 352:358 arg1 AR 368:369 AR 368:369 AR 368:369 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 4 7 theme FT-IR 726:730 arg1 spectrum 732:739 FT-IR spectrum 726:739 FT-IR spectrum 726:739 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 5 8 theme immunogenic 1007:1017 arg1 fragment 1019:1026 the most immunogenic fragment 998:1026 the most immunogenic fragment in APSs 998:1034 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 2 9 theme polysaccharides 311:325 arg1 study 273:277 systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening 252:306 study 273:277 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 2 9 theme polysaccharides 311:325 arg1 screening 298:306 systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening 252:306 screening 298:306 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 6 10 theme attachment 1113:1122 arg1 sites 1124:1128 different attachment sites 1103:1128 different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues 1103:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 10 theme attachment 1113:1122 arg1 residues 1148:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 1 11 with substance 166:174 arg1 activity 209:216 the strongest immunological activity 181:216 the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR) 181:240 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 5 12 theme specific 939:946 arg1 screening 963:971 nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening 923:971 nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening 923:971 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 5 13 theme Cellular 801:808 arg1 experiments 826:836 Cellular immune activity experiments 801:836 Cellular immune activity experiments 801:836 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 5 14 theme immunosuppression 868:884 arg1 experiments 899:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 4 15 theme resonance 781:789 arg1 analysis 791:798 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 764:798 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 764:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 5 16 theme immunoactivity 948:961 arg1 screening 963:971 nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening 923:971 nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening 923:971 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 1 17 theme strongest 185:193 arg1 activity 209:216 the strongest immunological activity 181:216 the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR) 181:240 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 4 18 theme magnetic 772:779 arg1 resonance 781:789 nuclear magnetic resonance 764:789 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 764:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 2 19 theme immunoactivity 283:296 arg1 screening 298:306 systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening 252:306 screening 298:306 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 1 20 theme immunological 195:207 arg1 activity 209:216 the strongest immunological activity 181:216 the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR) 181:240 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 7 21 theme Immune 1158:1163 arg1 experiments 1175:1185 Immune screening experiments 1158:1185 Immune screening experiments 1158:1185 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 7 22 contain had 1258:1260 arg1 APS-Ⅱ 1252:1256 APS-Ⅱ 1252:1256 APS-Ⅱ 1252:1256 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 7 22 contain had 1258:1260 arg2 activity 1292:1299 the strongest immunoenhancing activity 1262:1299 the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products 1262:1318 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 6 23 theme monosaccharide 1133:1146 arg1 residues 1148:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 8 24 from study 1372:1376 arg1 APSs 1381:1384 APSs 1381:1384 APSs with different structures and immune activities 1381:1432 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 5 25 theme activity 817:824 arg1 experiments 826:836 Cellular immune activity experiments 801:836 Cellular immune activity experiments 801:836 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 0 26 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 8 27 theme APS 1512:1514 arg1 products 1516:1523 new APS products 1508:1523 new APS products 1508:1523 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 4 28 theme analysis 791:798 arg1 basis 689:693 the basis 685:693 the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 685:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 2 29 theme molecular 342:350 arg1 Mw 361:362 Mw 361:362 Mw 361:362 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 2 29 theme molecular 342:350 arg1 weights 352:358 different molecular weights 332:358 different molecular weights (Mw) in AR 332:369 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 8 30 theme different 1391:1399 arg1 structures 1401:1410 different structures 1391:1410 different structures 1391:1410 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 6 31 theme analysis 1045:1052 arg1 results 1054:1060 Linkage analysis results 1037:1060 Linkage analysis results 1037:1060 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 0 32 theme Immune 32:37 arg1 Screening 48:56 Immune Activity Screening 32:56 Immune Activity Screening 32:56 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 4 33 theme linkage 742:748 arg1 analysis 750:757 linkage analysis 742:757 linkage analysis 742:757 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 2 34 theme different 332:340 arg1 Mw 361:362 Mw 361:362 Mw 361:362 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 2 34 theme different 332:340 arg1 weights 352:358 different molecular weights 332:358 different molecular weights (Mw) in AR 332:369 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 5 35 from fragment 1019:1026 arg1 APSs 1031:1034 APSs 1031:1034 APSs 1031:1034 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 6 36 theme Linkage 1037:1043 arg1 results 1054:1060 Linkage analysis results 1037:1060 Linkage analysis results 1037:1060 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 5 37 theme nonspecific 923:933 arg1 screening 963:971 nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening 923:971 nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening 923:971 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 4 38 theme structural 621:630 arg1 differences 632:642 The structural differences 617:642 The structural differences of the three products 617:664 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 5 39 theme animal 886:891 arg1 experiments 899:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 7 40 dep strongest 1266:1274 arg1 immunoenhancing 1276:1290 immunoenhancing 1276:1290 immunoenhancing 1276:1290 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 7 41 theme screening 1165:1173 arg1 experiments 1175:1185 Immune screening experiments 1158:1185 Immune screening experiments 1158:1185 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 7 42 theme strongest 1266:1274 arg1 activity 1292:1299 the strongest immunoenhancing activity 1262:1299 the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products 1262:1318 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 0 43 theme Activity 39:46 arg1 Screening 48:56 Immune Activity Screening 32:56 Immune Activity Screening 32:56 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 3 44 theme Astragalus 412:421 arg1 APSs 440:443 APSs 440:443 APSs 440:443 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 3 44 theme Astragalus 412:421 arg1 polysaccharides 423:437 Astragalus polysaccharides 412:437 Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) 412:444 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 6 45 contain have 1098:1101 arg1 APS-Ⅱ 1081:1085 APS-Ⅱ 1081:1085 APS-Ⅱ 1081:1085 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 45 contain have 1098:1101 arg1 APS-Ⅲ 1092:1096 APS-Ⅲ 1092:1096 APS-Ⅲ 1092:1096 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 45 contain have 1098:1101 arg1 APS-Ⅰ 1074:1078 APS-Ⅰ 1074:1078 APS-Ⅰ 1074:1078 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 45 contain have 1098:1101 arg2 residues 1148:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 45 contain have 1098:1101 arg2 sites 1124:1128 different attachment sites 1103:1128 different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues 1103:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 4 46 theme analysis 750:757 arg1 basis 689:693 the basis 685:693 the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 685:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 0 47 theme Polysaccharides 61:75 arg1 Screening 48:56 Immune Activity Screening 32:56 Immune Activity Screening 32:56 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 0 47 theme Polysaccharides 61:75 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 8 48 theme new 1508:1510 arg1 products 1516:1523 new APS products 1508:1523 new APS products 1508:1523 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 4 49 theme nuclear 764:770 arg1 resonance 781:789 nuclear magnetic resonance 764:789 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 764:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 3 50 theme different 483:491 arg1 values 496:501 different Mw values 483:501 different Mw values 483:501 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 8 51 theme products 1516:1523 arg1 guidance 1444:1451 a guidance 1442:1451 a guidance for the quality control of APSs 1442:1483 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 8 51 theme products 1516:1523 arg1 research 1326:1333 This research 1321:1333 This research 1321:1333 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 8 51 theme products 1516:1523 arg1 development 1493:1503 the development 1489:1503 the development of new APS products 1489:1523 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 0 52 with Characterization 11:26 arg1 Weights 102:108 Different Molecular Weights 82:108 Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix 82:129 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 3 53 theme Mw 493:494 arg1 values 496:501 different Mw values 483:501 different Mw values 483:501 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 0 54 from Radix 125:129 arg1 Weights 102:108 Different Molecular Weights 82:108 Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix 82:129 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 4 55 theme spectrum 732:739 arg1 basis 689:693 the basis 685:693 the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 685:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 5 56 theme model 893:897 arg1 experiments 899:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments 851:909 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 8 57 theme further 1364:1370 arg1 study 1372:1376 further study 1364:1376 further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities 1364:1432 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 4 58 theme composition 713:723 arg1 basis 689:693 the basis 685:693 the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis 685:798 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 4 59 theme monosaccharide 698:711 arg1 composition 713:723 monosaccharide composition 698:723 monosaccharide composition 698:723 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 1 60 from activity 209:216 arg1 Radix 231:235 Radix 231:235 Radix 231:235 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 1 60 from activity 209:216 arg1 AR 238:239 AR 238:239 AR 238:239 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 4 61 theme products 657:664 arg1 differences 632:642 The structural differences 617:642 The structural differences of the three products 617:664 The structural differences of the three products were determined on the basis of monosaccharide composition, FT-IR spectrum, linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. 33390949 6 62 theme different 1103:1111 arg1 sites 1124:1128 different attachment sites 1103:1128 different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues 1103:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 62 theme different 1103:1111 arg1 residues 1148:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 0 63 theme Different 82:90 arg1 Weights 102:108 Different Molecular Weights 82:108 Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix 82:129 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 3 64 theme first 605:609 arg1 time 611:614 the first time 601:614 the first time 601:614 In this study, Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs) were divided into three fragments of different Mw values, >2,000 kDa (APS-Ⅰ), about 10 kDa (APS-Ⅱ), and about 300 Da (APS-Ⅲ), by using ultrafiltration for the first time. 33390949 2 65 theme structure 263:271 arg1 study 273:277 systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening 252:306 study 273:277 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 6 66 theme residues 1148:1155 arg1 sites 1124:1128 different attachment sites 1103:1128 different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues 1103:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 6 66 theme residues 1148:1155 arg1 residues 1148:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 monosaccharide residues 1133:1155 Linkage analysis results showed that APS-Ⅰ, APS-Ⅱ, and APS-Ⅲ have different attachment sites of monosaccharide residues. 33390949 1 67 theme abundant 157:164 arg1 substance 166:174 the most abundant substance 148:174 the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR) 148:240 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 1 67 theme abundant 157:164 arg1 Saccharides 132:142 Saccharides 132:142 Saccharides 132:142 Saccharides are the most abundant substance with the strongest immunological activity in Astragali Radix (AR). 33390949 5 68 theme immune 810:815 arg1 experiments 826:836 Cellular immune activity experiments 801:836 Cellular immune activity experiments 801:836 Cellular immune activity experiments in vitro and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression animal model experiments in vivo for nonspecific and specific immunoactivity screening were applied to identify the most immunogenic fragment in APSs. 33390949 2 69 with polysaccharides 311:325 arg1 Mw 361:362 Mw 361:362 Mw 361:362 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 2 69 with polysaccharides 311:325 arg1 weights 352:358 different molecular weights 332:358 different molecular weights (Mw) in AR 332:369 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 7 70 theme APSs 1216:1219 arg1 Mw 1206:1207 the Mw 1202:1207 the Mw of the APSs 1202:1219 Immune screening experiments indicated that the Mw of the APSs influenced their activity, and APS-Ⅱ had the strongest immunoenhancing activity among the products. 33390949 2 71 theme systematic 252:261 arg1 study 273:277 systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening 252:306 study 273:277 However, systematic structure study and immunoactivity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) in AR have yet to be conducted. 33390949 0 72 with Screening 48:56 arg1 Weights 102:108 Different Molecular Weights 82:108 Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix 82:129 Structural Characterization and Immune Activity Screening of Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights From Astragali Radix. 33390949 8 73 with APSs 1381:1384 arg1 structures 1401:1410 different structures 1391:1410 different structures 1391:1410 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 33390949 8 73 with APSs 1381:1384 arg1 activities 1423:1432 immune activities 1416:1432 immune activities 1416:1432 This research may serve as a reference for further study on APSs with different structures and immune activities, and as a guidance for the quality control of APSs and the development of new APS products. 32756673 7 0 theme molecular 1233:1241 arg1 weight 1243:1248 molecular weight 1233:1248 molecular weight 1233:1248 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 6 1 theme cellulose 912:920 arg1 surfaces 922:929 hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces 887:929 surfaces 922:929 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 11 2 theme increasing 1732:1741 arg1 amount 1752:1757 increasing adsorbed amount 1732:1757 increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose 1732:1770 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 6 3 dep galactomannans 1015:1028 arg1 GMs 1031:1033 GMs 1031:1033 GMs 1031:1033 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 12 4 theme flat 1981:1984 arg1 conformation 1986:1997 flat conformation 1981:1997 flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface 1981:2035 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 7 5 from conformation 1261:1272 arg1 bulk 1315:1318 the bulk 1311:1318 the bulk 1311:1318 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 7 6 theme samples 1125:1131 arg1 solutions 1108:1116 Aqueous solutions 1100:1116 Aqueous solutions of all samples 1100:1131 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 1 7 theme other 275:279 arg1 products 281:288 other products 275:288 other products 275:288 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, has so far been discarded. 32756673 7 8 theme substitution 1216:1227 arg1 weight 1243:1248 molecular weight 1233:1248 molecular weight 1233:1248 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 7 8 theme substitution 1216:1227 arg1 degree 1195:1200 the degree 1191:1200 the degree of side-group substitution 1191:1227 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 11 9 theme molecular 1692:1700 arg1 weight 1702:1707 molecular weight 1692:1707 molecular weight of polysaccharides 1692:1726 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 4 10 theme cellulose 745:753 arg1 products 761:768 cellulose based products 745:768 cellulose based products 745:768 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 6 11 theme hemicelluloses 999:1012 arg1 silica 901:906 hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces 887:929 silica 901:906 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 6 11 theme hemicelluloses 999:1012 arg1 surfaces 922:929 hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces 887:929 surfaces 922:929 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 0 12 theme molecular 84:92 arg1 structure 94:102 molecular structure 84:102 molecular structure 84:102 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 6 13 theme hydrophobized 887:899 arg1 silica 901:906 hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces 887:929 silica 901:906 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 0 14 with interaction 7:17 arg1 surfaces 60:67 cellulose surfaces 50:67 cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose 50:150 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 7 15 from aggregation 1278:1288 arg1 bulk 1315:1318 the bulk 1311:1318 the bulk 1311:1318 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 5 16 theme cellulose 843:851 arg1 surface 853:859 the cellulose surface 839:859 the cellulose surface 839:859 This study is focused on the interactions between hemicellulose and the cellulose surface. 32756673 0 17 theme physicochemical 108:122 arg1 properties 124:133 physicochemical properties 108:133 physicochemical properties 108:133 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 11 18 theme adsorbed 1743:1750 arg1 amount 1752:1757 increasing adsorbed amount 1732:1757 increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose 1732:1770 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 4 19 theme products 761:768 arg1 properties 731:740 the properties 727:740 the properties of cellulose based products 727:768 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 2 20 theme hemicellulose 391:403 arg1 properties 368:377 the interfacial properties 352:377 the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure 352:483 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 6 21 theme seed 994:997 arg1 galactomannans 1015:1028 galactomannans 1015:1028 galactomannans 1015:1028 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 6 21 theme seed 994:997 arg1 hemicelluloses 999:1012 structurally similar seed hemicelluloses 973:1012 structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) 973:1034 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 11 22 theme polysaccharides 1712:1726 arg1 weight 1702:1707 molecular weight 1692:1707 molecular weight of polysaccharides 1692:1726 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 0 23 theme hemicellulose 31:43 arg1 interaction 7:17 the interaction 3:17 the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose 3:150 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 3 24 theme GGM 525:527 arg1 composition 510:520 the sugar composition 500:520 the sugar composition of GGM 500:527 In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 32756673 1 25 theme water-soluble 181:193 arg1 fraction 209:216 the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction 177:216 the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction 177:216 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, has so far been discarded. 32756673 4 26 contain has 702:704 arg2 ability 710:716 the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products 706:768 the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products 706:768 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 4 26 contain has 702:704 arg1 hemicellulose 648:660 hemicellulose 648:660 hemicellulose 648:660 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 7 27 dep conformation 1261:1272 arg1 the 1257:1259 the 1257:1259 the 1257:1259 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 7 28 theme polymers 1299:1306 arg1 aggregation 1278:1288 aggregation 1278:1288 aggregation 1278:1288 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 7 28 theme polymers 1299:1306 arg1 conformation 1261:1272 conformation 1261:1272 conformation 1261:1272 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 1 29 theme hemicellulose 195:207 arg1 fraction 209:216 the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction 177:216 the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction 177:216 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, has so far been discarded. 32756673 6 30 theme similar 986:992 arg1 galactomannans 1015:1028 galactomannans 1015:1028 galactomannans 1015:1028 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 6 30 theme similar 986:992 arg1 hemicelluloses 999:1012 structurally similar seed hemicelluloses 973:1012 structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) 973:1034 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 7 31 theme Aqueous 1100:1106 arg1 solutions 1108:1116 Aqueous solutions 1100:1116 Aqueous solutions of all samples 1100:1131 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 12 32 from surface 2029:2035 arg1 conformation 1986:1997 flat conformation 1981:1997 flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface 1981:2035 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 1 33 theme fraction 209:216 arg1 part 169:172 The substantial part 153:172 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, 153:289 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, has so far been discarded. 32756673 2 34 dep hemicellulose 391:403 arg1 galactoglucomannan 406:423 galactoglucomannan 406:423 galactoglucomannan 406:423 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 2 34 dep hemicellulose 391:403 arg1 GGM 426:428 GGM 426:428 GGM 426:428 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 12 35 theme bulk 1934:1937 arg1 data 1950:1953 bulk scattering data 1934:1953 bulk scattering data 1934:1953 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 9 36 theme globular 1473:1480 arg1 particles 1482:1490 globular particles 1473:1490 globular particles 1473:1490 Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. 32756673 6 37 theme neutron 1077:1083 arg1 reflectometry 1085:1097 neutron reflectometry 1077:1097 neutron reflectometry 1077:1097 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 12 38 theme scattering 1939:1948 arg1 data 1950:1953 bulk scattering data 1934:1953 bulk scattering data 1934:1953 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 8 39 theme backbone 1394:1401 arg1 flexibility 1403:1413 backbone flexibility 1394:1413 backbone flexibility 1394:1413 In addition, hemicellulose samples were studied with SAXS to investigate backbone flexibility. 32756673 3 40 theme chemical 550:557 arg1 analysis 559:566 chemical analysis 550:566 chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 550:604 In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 32756673 3 41 theme sugar 504:508 arg1 composition 510:520 the sugar composition 500:520 the sugar composition of GGM 500:527 In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 32756673 2 42 theme solution 466:473 arg1 structure 475:483 their molecular and solution structure 446:483 structure 475:483 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 6 43 theme samples 961:967 arg1 silica 901:906 hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces 887:929 silica 901:906 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 6 43 theme samples 961:967 arg1 surfaces 922:929 hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces 887:929 surfaces 922:929 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 3 44 theme 1D 579:580 arg1 spectroscopy 593:604 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 579:604 chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 550:604 In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 32756673 11 45 from increase 1680:1687 arg1 weight 1702:1707 molecular weight 1692:1707 molecular weight of polysaccharides 1692:1726 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 45 from increase 1680:1687 arg1 cellulose 1762:1770 cellulose 1762:1770 cellulose 1762:1770 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 0 46 theme softwood 22:29 arg1 hemicellulose 31:43 softwood hemicellulose 22:43 softwood hemicellulose 22:43 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 6 47 theme hemicellulose 947:959 arg1 samples 961:967 two softwood hemicellulose samples 934:967 two softwood hemicellulose samples 934:967 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 0 48 theme hemicellulose 138:150 arg1 structure 94:102 molecular structure 84:102 molecular structure 84:102 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 0 48 theme hemicellulose 138:150 arg1 properties 124:133 physicochemical properties 108:133 physicochemical properties 108:133 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 12 49 from conformation 1986:1997 arg1 surface 2029:2035 the surface 2025:2035 the surface 2025:2035 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 7 50 theme side-group 1205:1214 arg1 substitution 1216:1227 side-group substitution 1205:1227 side-group substitution 1205:1227 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 0 51 theme cellulose 50:58 arg1 surfaces 60:67 cellulose surfaces 50:67 cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose 50:150 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 6 52 theme softwood 938:945 arg1 samples 961:967 two softwood hemicellulose samples 934:967 two softwood hemicellulose samples 934:967 Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. 32756673 10 53 theme hydrophobic 1626:1636 arg1 surfaces 1638:1645 hydrophobic surfaces 1626:1645 hydrophobic surfaces 1626:1645 The polysaccharides exhibit higher adsorption to cellulose than on hydrophobic surfaces. 32756673 0 54 from surfaces 60:67 arg1 relation 72:79 relation 72:79 relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose 72:150 On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. 32756673 11 55 from amount 1752:1757 arg1 weight 1702:1707 molecular weight 1692:1707 molecular weight of polysaccharides 1692:1726 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 55 from amount 1752:1757 arg1 cellulose 1762:1770 cellulose 1762:1770 cellulose 1762:1770 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 2 56 from properties 368:377 arg1 relation 434:441 relation 434:441 relation to their molecular and solution structure 434:483 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 9 57 theme rod-like 1522:1529 arg1 aggregates 1531:1540 rod-like aggregates 1522:1540 rod-like aggregates in the solution 1522:1556 Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. 32756673 7 58 theme light 1157:1161 arg1 scattering 1163:1172 light scattering 1157:1172 light scattering 1157:1172 Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. 32756673 11 59 theme weight 1879:1884 arg1 independent 1850:1860 independent 1850:1860 independent 1850:1860 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 59 theme weight 1879:1884 arg1 amount 1805:1810 the adsorbed amount 1792:1810 the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface 1792:1837 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 60 from amount 1805:1810 arg1 surface 1831:1837 the hydrophobic surface 1815:1837 the hydrophobic surface 1815:1837 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 10 61 theme higher 1587:1592 arg1 adsorption 1594:1603 higher adsorption 1587:1603 higher adsorption to cellulose 1587:1616 The polysaccharides exhibit higher adsorption to cellulose than on hydrophobic surfaces. 32756673 12 62 theme polysaccharides 2006:2020 arg1 conformation 1986:1997 flat conformation 1981:1997 flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface 1981:2035 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 12 63 theme obtained 1891:1898 arg1 thickness 1906:1914 The obtained layer thickness 1887:1914 The obtained layer thickness 1887:1914 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 2 64 theme work 334:337 arg1 aim 322:324 The aim 318:324 The aim of this work 318:337 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 9 65 from aggregates 1531:1540 arg1 solution 1549:1556 the solution 1545:1556 the solution 1545:1556 Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. 32756673 4 66 contain has 662:664 arg1 hemicellulose 648:660 hemicellulose 648:660 hemicellulose 648:660 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 4 66 contain has 662:664 arg2 affinity 671:678 high affinity 666:678 high affinity towards cellulose 666:696 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 9 67 theme Light 1416:1420 arg1 results 1433:1439 Light scattering results 1416:1439 Light scattering results 1416:1439 Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. 32756673 4 68 theme based 755:759 arg1 products 761:768 cellulose based products 745:768 cellulose based products 745:768 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 9 69 theme GM 1456:1457 arg1 polymers 1459:1466 GM polymers 1456:1466 GM polymers 1456:1466 Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. 32756673 8 70 theme hemicellulose 1334:1346 arg1 samples 1348:1354 hemicellulose samples 1334:1354 hemicellulose samples 1334:1354 In addition, hemicellulose samples were studied with SAXS to investigate backbone flexibility. 32756673 11 71 theme molecular 1869:1877 arg1 weight 1879:1884 the molecular weight 1865:1884 the molecular weight 1865:1884 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 4 72 theme high 666:669 arg1 affinity 671:678 high affinity 666:678 high affinity towards cellulose 666:696 Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. 32756673 9 73 theme scattering 1422:1431 arg1 results 1433:1439 Light scattering results 1416:1439 Light scattering results 1416:1439 Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. 32756673 12 74 theme layer 1900:1904 arg1 thickness 1906:1914 The obtained layer thickness 1887:1914 The obtained layer thickness 1887:1914 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 12 75 from polysaccharides 2006:2020 arg1 surface 2029:2035 the surface 2025:2035 the surface 2025:2035 The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface. 32756673 3 76 theme 2D 586:587 arg1 spectroscopy 593:604 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 579:604 chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 550:604 In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 32756673 2 77 theme interfacial 356:366 arg1 properties 368:377 the interfacial properties 352:377 the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure 352:483 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 2 78 theme softwood 382:389 arg1 hemicellulose 391:403 softwood hemicellulose 382:403 softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) 382:429 The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. 32756673 11 79 theme adsorbed 1796:1803 arg1 independent 1850:1860 independent 1850:1860 independent 1850:1860 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 79 theme adsorbed 1796:1803 arg1 amount 1805:1810 the adsorbed amount 1792:1810 the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface 1792:1837 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 80 theme hydrophobic 1819:1829 arg1 surface 1831:1837 the hydrophobic surface 1815:1837 the hydrophobic surface 1815:1837 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 11 81 theme clear 1650:1654 arg1 correlation 1656:1666 A clear correlation 1648:1666 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose 1648:1770 A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. 32756673 3 82 theme NMR 589:591 arg1 spectroscopy 593:604 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 579:604 chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy 550:604 In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 32756673 1 83 theme substantial 157:167 arg1 part 169:172 The substantial part 153:172 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, 153:289 The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, has so far been discarded. 32480222 0 0 theme emarginata 92:101 arg1 acerola 108:114 acerola 108:114 acerola 108:114 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 0 0 theme emarginata 92:101 arg1 D.C 103:105 Malpighia emarginata D.C 82:105 Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) 82:115 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 2 1 theme powder 471:476 arg1 blend 478:482 an powder blend 468:482 an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively 468:662 Here we develop an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively. 32480222 5 2 theme in 1136:1137 arg1 response 1158:1165 the in vitro inflammatory response 1132:1165 the in vitro inflammatory response 1132:1165 We observed that co-treatment with blends was able to modulate the redox parameters in cells during the in vitro inflammatory response. 32480222 0 3 theme Malpighia 82:90 arg1 acerola 108:114 acerola 108:114 acerola 108:114 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 0 3 theme Malpighia 82:90 arg1 D.C 103:105 Malpighia emarginata D.C 82:105 Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) 82:115 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 2 4 theme higher 585:590 arg1 content 592:598 the composition higher content 569:598 the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively 569:662 Here we develop an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively. 32480222 1 5 theme different 410:418 arg1 conditions 440:449 different physio pathological conditions 410:449 different physio pathological conditions 410:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 6 6 dep cytokines 1280:1288 arg1 cytokines 1280:1288 cytokines 1280:1288 cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α 1280:1318 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 6 6 dep cytokines 1280:1288 arg1 IL-10 1303:1307 IL-10 1303:1307 IL-10 1303:1307 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 6 6 dep cytokines 1280:1288 arg1 TNF-α 1314:1318 TNF-α 1314:1318 TNF-α 1314:1318 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 6 6 dep cytokines 1280:1288 arg1 IL-6 1297:1300 IL-6 1297:1300 IL-6 1297:1300 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 6 6 dep cytokines 1280:1288 arg1 IL-1β 1290:1294 IL-1β 1290:1294 IL-1β 1290:1294 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 1 7 theme Malpighia 262:270 arg1 acerola 288:294 acerola 288:294 acerola 288:294 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 7 theme Malpighia 262:270 arg1 D.C 283:285 Malpighia emarginata D.C 262:285 Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) 262:295 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 4 8 theme LPS-stimulated 985:998 arg1 line 1026:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 3 9 theme biocompounds 718:729 arg1 microencapsulation 696:713 microencapsulation 696:713 microencapsulation of biocompounds 696:729 Using different conditions for microencapsulation of biocompounds, we performed the powder production through spray-drying process. 32480222 0 10 theme RAW 187:189 arg1 macrophages 197:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 1 11 theme physio 420:425 arg1 conditions 440:449 different physio pathological conditions 410:449 different physio pathological conditions 410:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 6 12 theme inflammatory 1229:1240 arg1 response 1242:1249 inflammatory response 1229:1249 inflammatory response 1229:1249 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 1 13 theme emarginata 272:281 arg1 acerola 288:294 acerola 288:294 acerola 288:294 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 13 theme emarginata 272:281 arg1 D.C 283:285 Malpighia emarginata D.C 262:285 Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) 262:295 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 0 14 theme D.C 103:105 arg1 compounds 69:77 compounds 69:77 compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 69:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 3 15 theme powder 749:754 arg1 production 756:765 the powder production 745:765 the powder production 745:765 Using different conditions for microencapsulation of biocompounds, we performed the powder production through spray-drying process. 32480222 0 16 theme lipopolysaccharide-stimulated 157:185 arg1 macrophages 197:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 1 17 theme pathological 427:438 arg1 conditions 440:449 different physio pathological conditions 410:449 different physio pathological conditions 410:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 7 18 theme Camellia 1470:1477 arg1 L 1488:1488 Camellia sinensis L 1470:1488 Camellia sinensis L 1470:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 1 19 theme D.C 283:285 arg1 properties 248:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 210:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) 210:332 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 19 theme D.C 283:285 arg1 alternative 372:382 an alternative 369:382 an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions 369:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 4 20 theme macrophage 1010:1019 arg1 line 1026:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 2 21 theme epigallatocathechin-3-gallate 621:649 arg1 content 592:598 the composition higher content 569:598 the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively 569:662 Here we develop an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively. 32480222 2 22 dep Camellia 534:541 arg1 L. 552:553 Camellia sinensis L. 534:553 Camellia sinensis L. 534:553 Here we develop an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively. 32480222 1 23 dep Camellia 301:308 arg1 sinensis 310:317 sinensis 310:317 sinensis 310:317 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 2 24 theme acid 612:615 arg1 content 592:598 the composition higher content 569:598 the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively 569:662 Here we develop an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively. 32480222 4 25 dep in 947:948 arg1 vitro 950:954 vitro 950:954 vitro 950:954 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 0 26 from macrophages 197:207 arg1 compounds 69:77 compounds 69:77 compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 69:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 8 27 from use 1549:1551 arg1 products 1560:1567 the products 1556:1567 the products 1556:1567 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 2 28 theme ascorbic 603:610 arg1 acid 612:615 ascorbic acid 603:615 ascorbic acid 603:615 Here we develop an powder blend formulated with both Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. which have in the composition higher content of ascorbic acid and epigallatocathechin-3-gallate respectively. 32480222 7 29 theme emarginata 1451:1460 arg1 D.C 1462:1464 Malpighia emarginata D.C 1441:1464 Malpighia emarginata D.C 1441:1464 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 0 30 theme Anti-inflammatory 0:16 arg1 properties 33:42 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties 0:42 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend 0:51 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 8 31 theme beneficial 1578:1587 arg1 heath 1572:1576 heath beneficial 1572:1587 heath beneficial 1572:1587 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 7 32 theme D.C 1462:1464 arg1 effects 1396:1402 the synergistic effects 1380:1402 the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L 1380:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 5 33 dep in 1136:1137 arg1 vitro 1139:1143 vitro 1139:1143 vitro 1139:1143 We observed that co-treatment with blends was able to modulate the redox parameters in cells during the in vitro inflammatory response. 32480222 7 34 theme first 1369:1373 arg1 time 1375:1378 the first time 1365:1378 the first time 1365:1378 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 7 35 theme antioxidant 1404:1414 arg1 effects 1396:1402 the synergistic effects 1380:1402 the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L 1380:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 0 36 theme antixidant 22:31 arg1 properties 33:42 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties 0:42 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend 0:51 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 7 37 theme Malpighia 1441:1449 arg1 D.C 1462:1464 Malpighia emarginata D.C 1441:1464 Malpighia emarginata D.C 1441:1464 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 7 38 theme synergistic 1384:1394 arg1 effects 1396:1402 the synergistic effects 1380:1402 the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L 1380:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 0 39 theme blend 47:51 arg1 properties 33:42 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties 0:42 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend 0:51 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 3 40 theme spray-drying 775:786 arg1 process 788:794 spray-drying process 775:794 spray-drying process 775:794 Using different conditions for microencapsulation of biocompounds, we performed the powder production through spray-drying process. 32480222 8 41 theme prevention 1614:1623 arg1 terms 1605:1609 terms 1605:1609 terms of prevention of chronic diseases 1605:1643 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 7 42 theme L 1488:1488 arg1 effects 1396:1402 the synergistic effects 1380:1402 the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L 1380:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 1 43 theme Camellia 301:308 arg1 tea 329:331 green tea 323:331 green tea 323:331 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 43 theme Camellia 301:308 arg1 L 319:319 Camellia sinensis L 301:319 Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) 301:332 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 0 44 theme sinensis 130:137 arg1 compounds 69:77 compounds 69:77 compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 69:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 6 45 theme cytokines 1280:1288 arg1 secretion 1267:1275 the secretion 1263:1275 the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α 1263:1318 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 4 46 theme RAW-264.7 1000:1008 arg1 line 1026:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 4 47 dep Camellia 920:927 arg1 L. 938:939 Camellia sinensis L. 920:939 Camellia sinensis L. 920:939 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 5 48 from parameters 1105:1114 arg1 cells 1119:1123 cells 1119:1123 cells 1119:1123 We observed that co-treatment with blends was able to modulate the redox parameters in cells during the in vitro inflammatory response. 32480222 0 49 from compounds 69:77 arg1 macrophages 197:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 8 50 theme blend 1532:1536 arg1 powder 1538:1543 the blend powder 1528:1543 the blend powder 1528:1543 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 5 51 theme inflammatory 1145:1156 arg1 response 1158:1165 the in vitro inflammatory response 1132:1165 the in vitro inflammatory response 1132:1165 We observed that co-treatment with blends was able to modulate the redox parameters in cells during the in vitro inflammatory response. 32480222 4 52 theme inflammation 965:976 arg1 model 956:960 an in vitro model 944:960 an in vitro model of inflammation 944:976 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 1 53 theme L 319:319 arg1 properties 248:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 210:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) 210:332 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 53 theme L 319:319 arg1 alternative 372:382 an alternative 369:382 an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions 369:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 6 54 with co-treatment 1182:1193 arg1 blends 1200:1205 blends 1200:1205 blends 1200:1205 Moreover, the co-treatment with blends were able to modulate inflammatory response by altering the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. 32480222 4 55 theme blends 868:873 arg1 properties 854:863 the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 816:863 the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation 816:976 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 8 56 theme chronic 1628:1634 arg1 diseases 1636:1643 chronic diseases 1628:1643 chronic diseases 1628:1643 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 1 57 theme medicinal 387:395 arg1 approach 397:404 medicinal approach 387:404 medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions 387:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 4 58 theme antioxidant 820:830 arg1 properties 854:863 the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 816:863 the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation 816:976 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 7 59 theme anti-inflammatory 1420:1436 arg1 effects 1396:1402 the synergistic effects 1380:1402 the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L 1380:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 1 60 theme antioxidant 214:224 arg1 properties 248:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 210:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) 210:332 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 60 theme antioxidant 214:224 arg1 alternative 372:382 an alternative 369:382 an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions 369:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 4 61 theme in 947:948 arg1 model 956:960 an in vitro model 944:960 an in vitro model of inflammation 944:976 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 3 62 theme different 671:679 arg1 conditions 681:690 different conditions 671:690 different conditions for microencapsulation of biocompounds 671:729 Using different conditions for microencapsulation of biocompounds, we performed the powder production through spray-drying process. 32480222 7 63 theme sinensis 1479:1486 arg1 L 1488:1488 Camellia sinensis L 1470:1488 Camellia sinensis L 1470:1488 Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. 32480222 8 64 theme further 1513:1519 arg1 use 1521:1523 further use 1513:1523 further use of the blend powder for use in the products 1513:1567 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 5 65 theme redox 1099:1103 arg1 parameters 1105:1114 the redox parameters 1095:1114 the redox parameters in cells 1095:1123 We observed that co-treatment with blends was able to modulate the redox parameters in cells during the in vitro inflammatory response. 32480222 5 66 with co-treatment 1049:1060 arg1 blends 1067:1072 blends 1067:1072 blends 1067:1072 We observed that co-treatment with blends was able to modulate the redox parameters in cells during the in vitro inflammatory response. 32480222 0 67 from D.C 103:105 arg1 macrophages 197:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages 157:207 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 4 68 theme anti-inflammatory 836:852 arg1 properties 854:863 the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 816:863 the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation 816:976 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 1 69 theme anti-inflammatory 230:246 arg1 properties 248:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 210:257 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) 210:332 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 1 69 theme anti-inflammatory 230:246 arg1 alternative 372:382 an alternative 369:382 an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions 369:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 32480222 4 70 theme cell 1021:1024 arg1 line 1026:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line 985:1029 After, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of blends formulated with Malpighia emarginata D.C and Camellia sinensis L. in an in vitro model of inflammation, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. 32480222 8 71 theme powder 1538:1543 arg1 use 1521:1523 further use 1513:1523 further use of the blend powder for use in the products 1513:1567 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 8 72 theme diseases 1636:1643 arg1 prevention 1614:1623 prevention 1614:1623 prevention of chronic diseases 1614:1643 These results warrant further use of the blend powder for use in the products to heath beneficial, principally in terms of prevention of chronic diseases. 32480222 0 73 dep sinensis 130:137 arg1 L 139:139 L 139:139 Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) 121:152 Anti-inflammatory and antixidant properties of blend formulated with compounds of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 32480222 1 74 from alternative 372:382 arg1 approach 397:404 medicinal approach 387:404 medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions 387:449 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Malpighia emarginata D.C (acerola) and Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) have been studied, particularly as an alternative in medicinal approach for different physio pathological conditions. 33747454 6 0 theme good 906:909 arg1 stability 911:919 good stability 906:919 good stability 906:919 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 1 1 theme food 146:149 arg1 industry 151:158 food industry 146:158 food industry 146:158 Heat treatment is widely used in food industry. 33747454 9 2 theme prepared 1379:1386 arg1 nanoparticles 1396:1408 these prepared natural nanoparticles 1373:1408 these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment 1373:1426 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 0 3 theme treatment 64:72 arg1 efficiency 101:110 enhanced encapsulation efficiency 78:110 enhanced encapsulation efficiency 78:110 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 33747454 0 3 theme treatment 64:72 arg1 Effect 49:54 Effect 49:54 Effect of heat treatment 49:72 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 33747454 7 4 theme UV 946:947 arg1 fluorescence 950:961 UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy 946:984 fluorescence 950:961 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 9 5 theme natural 1388:1394 arg1 nanoparticles 1396:1408 these prepared natural nanoparticles 1373:1408 these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment 1373:1426 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 0 6 theme encapsulation 87:99 arg1 efficiency 101:110 enhanced encapsulation efficiency 78:110 enhanced encapsulation efficiency 78:110 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 33747454 8 7 theme spherical 1309:1317 arg1 structure 1330:1338 a spherical core-shell structure 1307:1338 a spherical core-shell structure 1307:1338 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 3 8 theme β-lactoglobulin-gum 369:387 arg1 β-Lg-GA 407:413 β-Lg-GA 407:413 β-Lg-GA 407:413 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 3 8 theme β-lactoglobulin-gum 369:387 arg1 complexes 396:404 β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes 369:404 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) 351:414 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 6 9 theme composite 882:890 arg1 particles 892:900 the formed composite particles 871:900 the formed composite particles 871:900 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 7 10 theme protein 1086:1092 arg1 aggregation 1071:1081 aggregation 1071:1081 aggregation 1071:1081 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 7 10 theme protein 1086:1092 arg1 denaturation 1054:1065 thermal denaturation 1046:1065 thermal denaturation 1046:1065 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 9 11 dep -epigallocatechin-3-gallate 1486:1512 arg1 - 1484:1484 - 1484:1484 - 1484:1484 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 2 12 theme functional 316:325 arg1 properties 327:336 functional properties 316:336 functional properties 316:336 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 2 13 from polymers 211:218 arg1 food 223:226 food 223:226 food 223:226 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 2 14 theme proteins 341:348 arg1 conformation 299:310 conformation 299:310 conformation 299:310 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 2 14 theme proteins 341:348 arg1 properties 327:336 functional properties 316:336 functional properties 316:336 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 4 15 theme smaller 642:648 arg1 size 650:653 a smaller size 640:653 a smaller size of 273 nm 640:663 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes decreased with temperature increased, at 85°C, a smaller size of 273 nm was obtained. 33747454 8 16 theme electron 1211:1218 arg1 microscope 1220:1229 Scanning electron microscope 1202:1229 Scanning electron microscope 1202:1229 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 9 17 theme higher 1447:1452 arg1 efficiency 1468:1477 significantly higher encapsulation efficiency 1433:1477 significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 1433:1519 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 8 18 theme core-shell 1319:1328 arg1 structure 1330:1338 a spherical core-shell structure 1307:1338 a spherical core-shell structure 1307:1338 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 8 19 theme good 1265:1268 arg1 compatibility 1270:1282 good compatibility 1265:1282 good compatibility 1265:1282 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 1 20 used used 138:141 arg2 treatment 118:126 Heat treatment 113:126 Heat treatment 113:126 Heat treatment is widely used in food industry. 33747454 5 21 theme β-Lg/GA 737:743 arg1 ratio 728:732 mass ratio 723:732 mass ratio of β-Lg/GA 723:743 A saturated adsorption of GA was found when mass ratio of β-Lg/GA was <1:2. 33747454 7 22 theme bonding 1140:1146 arg1 important 1191:1199 important 1191:1199 important 1191:1199 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 7 22 theme bonding 1140:1146 arg1 interactions 1148:1159 the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions 1095:1159 the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA 1095:1179 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 7 23 theme thermal 1046:1052 arg1 denaturation 1054:1065 thermal denaturation 1046:1065 thermal denaturation 1046:1065 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 8 24 theme molecular 1343:1351 arg1 level 1353:1357 molecular level 1343:1357 molecular level 1343:1357 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 6 25 theme formed 875:880 arg1 particles 892:900 the formed composite particles 871:900 the formed composite particles 871:900 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 4 26 theme β-Lg-GA 575:581 arg1 complexes 583:591 β-Lg-GA complexes 575:591 β-Lg-GA complexes 575:591 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes decreased with temperature increased, at 85°C, a smaller size of 273 nm was obtained. 33747454 6 27 theme electrostatic 772:784 arg1 attraction 786:795 electrostatic attraction 772:795 electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA 772:815 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 3 28 theme arabic 389:394 arg1 β-Lg-GA 407:413 β-Lg-GA 407:413 β-Lg-GA 407:413 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 3 28 theme arabic 389:394 arg1 complexes 396:404 β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes 369:404 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) 351:414 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 9 29 theme heat 1413:1416 arg1 treatment 1418:1426 heat treatment 1413:1426 heat treatment 1413:1426 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 8 30 dep indicated 1239:1247 arg1 had 1261:1263 had 1261:1263 indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility 1239:1282 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 9 31 theme encapsulation 1454:1466 arg1 efficiency 1468:1477 significantly higher encapsulation efficiency 1433:1477 significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 1433:1519 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 0 32 theme β-lactoglobulin 16:30 arg1 Complexation 0:11 Complexation 0:11 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum 0:39 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 33747454 8 33 contain had 1303:1305 arg2 structure 1330:1338 a spherical core-shell structure 1307:1338 a spherical core-shell structure 1307:1338 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 8 33 contain had 1303:1305 arg1 complexes 1293:1301 the complexes 1289:1301 the complexes 1289:1301 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 3 34 theme physicochemical 469:483 arg1 properties 485:494 physicochemical properties 469:494 physicochemical properties of the complexes 469:511 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 7 35 theme hydrophobic 1114:1124 arg1 important 1191:1199 important 1191:1199 important 1191:1199 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 7 35 theme hydrophobic 1114:1124 arg1 interactions 1148:1159 the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions 1095:1159 the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA 1095:1179 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 4 36 theme complexes 583:591 arg1 size 567:570 The average particle size 546:570 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes 546:591 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes decreased with temperature increased, at 85°C, a smaller size of 273 nm was obtained. 33747454 4 37 theme 273 nm 658:663 arg1 size 650:653 a smaller size 640:653 a smaller size of 273 nm 640:663 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes decreased with temperature increased, at 85°C, a smaller size of 273 nm was obtained. 33747454 9 38 dep show 1428:1431 arg1 used 1558:1561 used 1558:1561 could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances 1549:1619 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 3 39 theme heat 451:454 arg1 treatment 456:464 heat treatment 451:464 heat treatment 451:464 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 8 40 theme Scanning 1202:1209 arg1 microscope 1220:1229 Scanning electron microscope 1202:1229 Scanning electron microscope 1202:1229 Scanning electron microscope further indicated β-Lg and GA had good compatibility, and the complexes had a spherical core-shell structure at molecular level. 33747454 4 41 theme average 550:556 arg1 size 567:570 The average particle size 546:570 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes 546:591 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes decreased with temperature increased, at 85°C, a smaller size of 273 nm was obtained. 33747454 5 42 theme mass 723:726 arg1 ratio 728:732 mass ratio 723:732 mass ratio of β-Lg/GA 723:743 A saturated adsorption of GA was found when mass ratio of β-Lg/GA was <1:2. 33747454 3 43 theme treatment 456:464 arg1 effect 441:446 the effect 437:446 the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes 437:511 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 7 44 theme electrostatic 1099:1111 arg1 important 1191:1199 important 1191:1199 important 1191:1199 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 7 44 theme electrostatic 1099:1111 arg1 interactions 1148:1159 the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions 1095:1159 the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA 1095:1179 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 3 45 theme induced 361:367 arg1 β-Lg-GA 407:413 β-Lg-GA 407:413 β-Lg-GA 407:413 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 3 45 theme induced 361:367 arg1 complexes 396:404 β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes 369:404 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) 351:414 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 5 46 theme saturated 681:689 arg1 adsorption 691:700 A saturated adsorption 679:700 A saturated adsorption of GA 679:706 A saturated adsorption of GA was found when mass ratio of β-Lg/GA was <1:2. 33747454 6 47 theme constant 838:845 arg1 turbidity 847:855 a fairly constant turbidity 829:855 a fairly constant turbidity 829:855 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 9 48 theme promising 1568:1576 arg1 carrier 1578:1584 a promising carrier 1566:1584 a promising carrier for biologically active substances 1566:1619 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 1 49 theme Heat 113:116 arg1 treatment 118:126 Heat treatment 113:126 Heat treatment 113:126 Heat treatment is widely used in food industry. 33747454 7 50 theme nanoparticles 1022:1034 arg1 formation 1005:1013 formation 1005:1013 formation of the nanoparticles 1005:1034 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 3 51 theme complexes 503:511 arg1 properties 485:494 physicochemical properties 469:494 physicochemical properties of the complexes 469:511 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 4 52 theme particle 558:565 arg1 size 567:570 The average particle size 546:570 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes 546:591 The average particle size of β-Lg-GA complexes decreased with temperature increased, at 85°C, a smaller size of 273 nm was obtained. 33747454 2 53 theme natural 203:209 arg1 polymers 211:218 important natural polymers 193:218 important natural polymers in food 193:226 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 0 54 with Complexation 0:11 arg1 gum 37:39 gum 37:39 gum 37:39 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 33747454 5 55 theme GA 705:706 arg1 adsorption 691:700 A saturated adsorption 679:700 A saturated adsorption of GA 679:706 A saturated adsorption of GA was found when mass ratio of β-Lg/GA was <1:2. 33747454 2 56 theme important 193:201 arg1 polymers 211:218 important natural polymers 193:218 important natural polymers in food 193:226 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 2 57 dep conformation 299:310 arg1 the 295:297 the 295:297 the 295:297 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 0 58 theme heat 59:62 arg1 treatment 64:72 heat treatment 59:72 heat treatment 59:72 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 33747454 9 59 theme active 1603:1608 arg1 substances 1610:1619 biologically active substances 1590:1619 biologically active substances 1590:1619 In addition, these prepared natural nanoparticles by heat treatment show significantly higher encapsulation efficiency for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) than that of unheated, thus could be used as a promising carrier for biologically active substances. 33747454 7 60 theme FTIR 968:971 arg1 spectroscopy 973:984 UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy 946:984 spectroscopy 973:984 Through UV, fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy, it was found that formation of the nanoparticles relied on thermal denaturation and aggregation of protein, the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions between β-Lg and GA were also important. 33747454 6 61 contain had 902:904 arg2 stability 911:919 good stability 906:919 good stability 906:919 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 6 61 contain had 902:904 arg1 particles 892:900 the formed composite particles 871:900 the formed composite particles 871:900 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 2 62 theme heat 235:238 arg1 treatment 240:248 heat treatment 235:248 heat treatment 235:248 Proteins and polysaccharides as important natural polymers in food, under heat treatment, the interactions between them could mediate the conformation and functional properties of proteins. 33747454 3 63 from effect 441:446 arg1 properties 485:494 physicochemical properties 469:494 physicochemical properties of the complexes 469:511 Thermally induced β-lactoglobulin-gum arabic complexes (β-Lg-GA) were fabricated, and the effect of heat treatment on physicochemical properties of the complexes was systematically investigated. 33747454 6 64 theme pH 928:929 arg1 value 931:935 the pH value 924:935 the pH value 924:935 At pH = 4.2-7.0, electrostatic attraction between β-Lg and GA was low and a fairly constant turbidity was observed, the formed composite particles had good stability to the pH value. 33747454 0 65 theme enhanced 78:85 arg1 efficiency 101:110 enhanced encapsulation efficiency 78:110 enhanced encapsulation efficiency 78:110 Complexation of β-lactoglobulin with gum arabic: Effect of heat treatment and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. 34946757 10 0 theme binding 2172:2178 arg1 energy 2180:2185 binding energy 2172:2185 binding energy 2172:2185 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 10 1 theme Anti-glucosidase 1975:1990 arg1 potential 1992:2000 Anti-glucosidase potential 1975:2000 Anti-glucosidase potential 1975:2000 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 8 2 theme IC50 1774:1777 arg1 µg/mL 1807:1811 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL 1791:1811 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL 1791:1811 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 8 2 theme IC50 1774:1777 arg1 values 1779:1784 the IC50 values 1770:1784 the IC50 values 1770:1784 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 13 3 theme in 2635:2636 arg1 constituents 2582:2593 valuable bioactive constituents 2563:2593 valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2563:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 3 theme in 2635:2636 arg1 agents 2659:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 14 4 theme responsible 2725:2735 arg1 compounds 2737:2745 individual responsible compounds 2714:2745 individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs 2714:2830 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 13 5 dep in 2635:2636 arg1 vivo 2638:2641 vivo 2638:2641 vivo 2638:2641 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 2 6 dep in 333:334 arg1 vitro 336:340 vitro 336:340 vitro 336:340 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 14 7 theme novel 2820:2824 arg1 drugs 2826:2830 novel drugs 2820:2830 novel drugs 2820:2830 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 13 8 theme edelbergii 2542:2551 arg1 fraction 2527:2534 the n-hexane fraction 2514:2534 the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii 2514:2551 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 10 9 theme binding 2192:2198 arg1 affinity 2200:2207 binding affinity 2192:2207 binding affinity 2192:2207 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 2 10 theme n-hexane 215:222 arg1 fraction 224:231 the n-hexane fraction 211:231 the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii 211:257 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 8 11 theme µg/mL 1627:1631 arg1 values 1601:1606 IC50 values 1596:1606 IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL 1596:1631 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 4 12 theme acid 762:765 arg1 ester 774:778 linolenic acid methyl ester 752:778 linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%) 752:787 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 12 theme acid 762:765 arg1 % 786:786 11.67% 781:786 11.67% 781:786 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 6 13 theme antibacterial 1172:1184 arg1 activities 1186:1195 Substantial antibacterial activities 1160:1195 Substantial antibacterial activities 1160:1195 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 3 14 theme gas 510:512 arg1 analysis 555:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 8 15 theme extracted 1637:1645 arg1 oil 1647:1649 extracted oil 1637:1649 extracted oil 1637:1649 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 4 16 theme acid 803:806 arg1 % 826:826 11.01% 821:826 11.01% 821:826 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 16 theme acid 803:806 arg1 ester 814:818 palmitic acid ethyl ester 794:818 palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%) 794:827 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 2 17 dep explore 174:180 arg1 obtained 197:204 obtained 197:204 obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii 197:257 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 2 17 dep explore 174:180 arg1 analyzed 271:278 analyzed 271:278 analyzed 271:278 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 2 18 theme edelbergii 248:257 arg1 fraction 224:231 the n-hexane fraction 211:231 the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii 211:257 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 9 19 dep potent 1880:1885 arg1 inhibiting 1888:1897 inhibiting 1888:1897 inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard 1888:1972 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 9 19 dep potent 1880:1885 arg1 oils 1866:1869 The oils 1862:1869 The oils 1862:1869 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 9 19 dep potent 1880:1885 arg1 potent 1880:1885 potent 1880:1885 potent 1880:1885 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 10 20 theme docking 2035:2041 arg1 simulations 2043:2053 molecular docking simulations 2025:2053 molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity 2025:2207 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 14 21 theme biological 2763:2772 arg1 potentials 2774:2783 the observed biological potentials 2750:2783 the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs 2750:2830 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 14 21 theme biological 2763:2772 arg1 helpful 2800:2806 helpful 2800:2806 helpful 2800:2806 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 3 22 theme GC-MS 548:552 arg1 analysis 555:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 13 23 dep in 2611:2612 arg1 vitro 2614:2618 vitro 2614:2618 vitro 2614:2618 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 23 dep in 2611:2612 arg1 biological 2620:2629 biological 2620:2629 biological 2620:2629 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 8 24 theme tested 1840:1845 arg1 radicals 1852:1859 the tested free radicals 1836:1859 the tested free radicals 1836:1859 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 3 25 theme spectrometry 534:545 arg1 analysis 555:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 1 26 theme In 104:105 arg1 Approach 137:144 In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach 104:144 In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach 104:144 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 13 27 theme pharmacological 2643:2657 arg1 constituents 2582:2593 valuable bioactive constituents 2563:2593 valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2563:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 27 theme pharmacological 2643:2657 arg1 agents 2659:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 4 28 theme ethyl 696:700 arg1 % 714:714 19.67% 709:714 19.67% 709:714 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 28 theme ethyl 696:700 arg1 % 748:748 18.45% 743:748 18.45% 743:748 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 28 theme ethyl 696:700 arg1 ester 702:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester 682:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%) 682:749 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 28 theme ethyl 696:700 arg1 components 666:675 the major components 656:675 the major components 656:675 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 2 29 theme analgesic 431:439 arg1 activities 441:450 analgesic activities 431:450 analgesic activities 431:450 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 12 30 theme acid-induced 2469:2480 arg1 bioassay 2491:2498 the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay 2458:2498 the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay 2458:2498 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 5 31 theme antimicrobial 1134:1146 arg1 efficacy 1148:1155 the potential antimicrobial efficacy 1120:1155 the potential antimicrobial efficacy's 1120:1157 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 0 32 theme n-Hexane 50:57 arg1 Fraction 59:66 n-Hexane Fraction 50:66 n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech 50:97 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 8 33 theme ABTS 1715:1718 arg1 assays 1720:1725 ABTS assays 1715:1725 ABTS assays 1715:1725 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 5 34 theme minimum 986:992 arg1 MBC 1022:1024 MBC 1022:1024 MBC 1022:1024 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 34 theme minimum 986:992 arg1 concentration 1007:1019 minimum bactericidal concentration 986:1019 minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 986:1025 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 7 35 theme Candida 1460:1466 arg1 albicans 1468:1475 Candida albicans 1460:1475 Candida albicans 1460:1475 The oils were also effective against Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum when evaluated for their antifungal potential. 34946757 0 36 theme edelbergii 83:92 arg1 Rech 94:97 Scutellaria edelbergii Rech 71:97 Scutellaria edelbergii Rech 71:97 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 5 37 theme inhibitory 953:962 arg1 MIC 980:982 MIC 980:982 MIC 980:982 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 37 theme inhibitory 953:962 arg1 concentrations 964:977 its minimum inhibitory concentrations 941:977 its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 941:983 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 2 38 dep in 400:401 arg1 vivo 403:406 vivo 403:406 vivo 403:406 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 8 39 theme standard 1741:1748 arg1 acid 1759:1762 standard ascorbic acid 1741:1762 standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals 1741:1859 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 5 40 theme Tetrazolium 830:840 arg1 assay 860:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 9 41 theme 5.45 1923:1926 arg1 enzyme 1942:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme 1899:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard 1899:1972 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 9 41 theme 5.45 1923:1926 arg1 µg/mL 1935:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 2 42 theme in 333:334 arg1 antibacterial 342:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 6 43 theme clinical 1223:1230 arg1 isolates 1232:1239 the clinical isolates 1219:1239 the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1219:1357 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 5 44 theme plate 850:854 arg1 assay 860:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 2 45 theme antidiabetic 382:393 arg1 antibacterial 342:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 10 46 theme enzyme 2142:2147 arg1 inhibitors 2115:2124 the leading inhibitors 2103:2124 the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity 2103:2207 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 10 46 theme enzyme 2142:2147 arg1 compounds 2065:2073 ten compounds 2061:2073 ten compounds of the oil 2061:2084 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 4 47 theme linoleic 682:689 arg1 % 714:714 19.67% 709:714 19.67% 709:714 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 47 theme linoleic 682:689 arg1 % 748:748 18.45% 743:748 18.45% 743:748 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 47 theme linoleic 682:689 arg1 ester 702:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester 682:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%) 682:749 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 47 theme linoleic 682:689 arg1 components 666:675 the major components 656:675 the major components 656:675 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 0 48 theme GC-MS 0:4 arg1 Analysis 6:13 GC-MS Analysis 0:13 GC-MS Analysis 0:13 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 14 49 theme observed 2754:2761 arg1 potentials 2774:2783 the observed biological potentials 2750:2783 the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs 2750:2830 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 14 49 theme observed 2754:2761 arg1 helpful 2800:2806 helpful 2800:2806 helpful 2800:2806 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 2 50 theme antioxidant 369:379 arg1 antibacterial 342:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 8 51 with potential 1581:1589 arg1 values 1601:1606 IC50 values 1596:1606 IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL 1596:1631 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 1 52 dep In 114:115 arg1 Vivo 117:120 Vivo 117:120 Vivo 117:120 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 2 53 theme antifungal 357:366 arg1 antibacterial 342:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 5 54 theme inhibitory 1041:1050 arg1 IC50 1068:1071 IC50 1068:1071 IC50 1068:1071 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 54 theme inhibitory 1041:1050 arg1 concentrations 1052:1065 half-maximal inhibitory concentrations 1028:1065 half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) 1028:1072 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 1 55 dep Approach 137:144 arg1 f. 100:101 f. 100:101 f. 100:101 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 3 56 theme resultant 577:585 arg1 chromatogram 587:598 the resultant chromatogram 573:598 the resultant chromatogram 573:598 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 3 56 theme resultant 577:585 arg1 constituents 614:625 42 bioactive constituents 601:625 42 bioactive constituents 601:625 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 2 57 dep antifungal 357:366 arg1 anti-inflammatory 408:424 anti-inflammatory 408:424 anti-inflammatory 408:424 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 2 58 theme first 289:293 arg1 time 295:298 the first time 285:298 the first time 285:298 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 0 59 theme Oil 41:43 arg1 Analysis 6:13 GC-MS Analysis 0:13 GC-MS Analysis 0:13 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 0 59 theme Oil 41:43 arg1 Therapy 30:36 Biomedical Therapy 19:36 Biomedical Therapy 19:36 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 12 60 from activity 2387:2394 arg1 correlation 2399:2409 correlation 2399:2409 correlation with the standard aspirin 2399:2435 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 6 61 theme Gram-positive 1368:1380 arg1 strain 1392:1397 one Gram-positive bacterial strain 1364:1397 one Gram-positive bacterial strain 1364:1397 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 6 61 theme Gram-positive 1368:1380 arg1 faecalis 1413:1420 Enterococcus faecalis 1400:1420 Enterococcus faecalis 1400:1420 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 13 62 theme valuable 2563:2570 arg1 constituents 2582:2593 valuable bioactive constituents 2563:2593 valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2563:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 62 theme valuable 2563:2570 arg1 agents 2659:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 3 63 theme bioactive 604:612 arg1 chromatogram 587:598 the resultant chromatogram 573:598 the resultant chromatogram 573:598 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 3 63 theme bioactive 604:612 arg1 constituents 614:625 42 bioactive constituents 601:625 42 bioactive constituents 601:625 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 4 64 theme ethyl 729:733 arg1 oleate 735:740 ethyl oleate 729:740 ethyl oleate 729:740 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 5 65 used used 903:906 arg2 methods 890:896 agar-well diffusion methods 870:896 agar-well diffusion methods 870:896 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 65 used used 903:906 arg2 assay 860:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 8 66 theme antioxidant 1569:1579 arg1 potential 1581:1589 significant antioxidant potential 1557:1589 significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil 1557:1649 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 5 67 theme agar-well 870:878 arg1 methods 890:896 agar-well diffusion methods 870:896 agar-well diffusion methods 870:896 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 6 68 theme Gram-negative 1261:1273 arg1 aeruginosa 1348:1357 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1336:1357 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1336:1357 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 6 68 theme Gram-negative 1261:1273 arg1 pneumoniae 1320:1329 Klebsiella pneumoniae 1309:1329 Klebsiella pneumoniae 1309:1329 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 6 68 theme Gram-negative 1261:1273 arg1 coli 1303:1306 Escherichia coli 1291:1306 Escherichia coli 1291:1306 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 6 68 theme Gram-negative 1261:1273 arg1 bacteria 1275:1282 three Gram-negative bacteria 1255:1282 three Gram-negative bacteria 1255:1282 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 4 69 theme methyl 767:772 arg1 ester 774:778 linolenic acid methyl ester 752:778 linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%) 752:787 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 69 theme methyl 767:772 arg1 % 786:786 11.67% 781:786 11.67% 781:786 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 12 70 theme analgesic 2377:2385 arg1 % 2374:2374 48.28% 2369:2374 48.28% 2369:2374 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 12 70 theme analgesic 2377:2385 arg1 activity 2387:2394 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity 2353:2394 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin 2353:2435 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 1 71 dep In 127:128 arg1 Silico 130:135 Silico 130:135 Silico 130:135 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 2 72 theme Scutellaria 236:246 arg1 edelbergii 248:257 Scutellaria edelbergii 236:257 Scutellaria edelbergii 236:257 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 12 73 with correlation 2399:2409 arg1 aspirin 2429:2435 the standard aspirin 2416:2435 the standard aspirin 2416:2435 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 10 74 theme molecular 2025:2033 arg1 simulations 2043:2053 molecular docking simulations 2025:2053 molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity 2025:2207 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 12 75 theme appreciable 2356:2366 arg1 % 2374:2374 48.28% 2369:2374 48.28% 2369:2374 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 12 75 theme appreciable 2356:2366 arg1 activity 2387:2394 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity 2353:2394 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin 2353:2435 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 3 76 theme phytochemical 461:473 arg1 composition 475:485 the phytochemical composition 457:485 the phytochemical composition 457:485 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 1 77 theme In 127:128 arg1 Approach 137:144 In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach 104:144 In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach 104:144 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 13 78 theme bioactive 2572:2580 arg1 constituents 2582:2593 valuable bioactive constituents 2563:2593 valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2563:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 78 theme bioactive 2572:2580 arg1 agents 2659:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 4 79 theme linolenic 752:760 arg1 ester 774:778 linolenic acid methyl ester 752:778 linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%) 752:787 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 79 theme linolenic 752:760 arg1 % 786:786 11.67% 781:786 11.67% 781:786 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 11 80 theme anti-inflammatory 2247:2263 arg1 % 2268:2268 61% 2266:2268 61% 2266:2268 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 11 80 theme anti-inflammatory 2247:2263 arg1 oil 2214:2216 The oil 2210:2216 The oil 2210:2216 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 11 80 theme anti-inflammatory 2247:2263 arg1 agent 2271:2275 an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent 2234:2275 an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) 2234:2316 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 7 81 theme antifungal 1525:1534 arg1 potential 1536:1544 their antifungal potential 1519:1544 their antifungal potential 1519:1544 The oils were also effective against Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum when evaluated for their antifungal potential. 34946757 4 82 theme palmitic 794:801 arg1 % 826:826 11.01% 821:826 11.01% 821:826 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 82 theme palmitic 794:801 arg1 ester 814:818 palmitic acid ethyl ester 794:818 palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%) 794:827 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 14 83 theme further 2676:2682 arg1 studies 2684:2690 further studies 2676:2690 further studies 2676:2690 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 13 84 theme n-hexane 2518:2525 arg1 fraction 2527:2534 the n-hexane fraction 2514:2534 the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii 2514:2551 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 14 85 theme potentials 2774:2783 arg1 compounds 2737:2745 individual responsible compounds 2714:2745 individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs 2714:2830 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 2 86 theme crude 186:190 arg1 oils 192:195 the crude oils 182:195 the crude oils 182:195 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 6 87 theme bacterial 1382:1390 arg1 strain 1392:1397 one Gram-positive bacterial strain 1364:1397 one Gram-positive bacterial strain 1364:1397 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 6 87 theme bacterial 1382:1390 arg1 faecalis 1413:1420 Enterococcus faecalis 1400:1420 Enterococcus faecalis 1400:1420 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 4 88 theme ethyl 808:812 arg1 % 826:826 11.01% 821:826 11.01% 821:826 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 88 theme ethyl 808:812 arg1 ester 814:818 palmitic acid ethyl ester 794:818 palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%) 794:827 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 0 89 from Fraction 59:66 arg1 Analysis 6:13 GC-MS Analysis 0:13 GC-MS Analysis 0:13 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 0 89 from Fraction 59:66 arg1 Therapy 30:36 Biomedical Therapy 19:36 Biomedical Therapy 19:36 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 10 90 theme oil 2082:2084 arg1 inhibitors 2115:2124 the leading inhibitors 2103:2124 the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity 2103:2207 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 10 90 theme oil 2082:2084 arg1 compounds 2065:2073 ten compounds 2061:2073 ten compounds of the oil 2061:2084 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 8 91 theme free 1847:1850 arg1 radicals 1852:1859 the tested free radicals 1836:1859 the tested free radicals 1836:1859 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 5 92 theme minimum 945:951 arg1 MIC 980:982 MIC 980:982 MIC 980:982 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 92 theme minimum 945:951 arg1 concentrations 964:977 its minimum inhibitory concentrations 941:977 its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 941:983 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 3 93 theme chromatography-mass 514:532 arg1 analysis 555:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 510:562 For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. 34946757 13 94 from fraction 2527:2534 arg1 oil 2505:2507 The oil 2501:2507 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii 2501:2551 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 5 95 theme potential 1124:1132 arg1 efficacy 1148:1155 the potential antimicrobial efficacy 1120:1155 the potential antimicrobial efficacy's 1120:1157 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 6 96 theme Substantial 1160:1170 arg1 activities 1186:1195 Substantial antibacterial activities 1160:1195 Substantial antibacterial activities 1160:1195 Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. 34946757 7 97 theme Fusarium 1481:1488 arg1 oxysporum 1490:1498 Fusarium oxysporum 1481:1498 Fusarium oxysporum 1481:1498 The oils were also effective against Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum when evaluated for their antifungal potential. 34946757 12 98 theme writhing 2482:2489 arg1 bioassay 2491:2498 the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay 2458:2498 the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay 2458:2498 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 4 99 theme major 660:664 arg1 ester 702:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester 682:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%) 682:749 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 99 theme major 660:664 arg1 components 666:675 the major components 656:675 the major components 656:675 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 5 100 theme isolated 924:931 arg1 oil 933:935 the isolated oil 920:935 the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's 920:1157 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 1 101 theme In 114:115 arg1 Approach 137:144 In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach 104:144 In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach 104:144 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 13 102 theme in 2611:2612 arg1 constituents 2582:2593 valuable bioactive constituents 2563:2593 valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2563:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 102 theme in 2611:2612 arg1 agents 2659:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 11 103 theme carrageenan-induced 2326:2344 arg1 assay 2346:2350 the carrageenan-induced assay 2322:2350 the carrageenan-induced assay 2322:2350 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 0 104 theme Scutellaria 71:81 arg1 Rech 94:97 Scutellaria edelbergii Rech 71:97 Scutellaria edelbergii Rech 71:97 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 9 105 theme α-glucosidase 1903:1915 arg1 enzyme 1942:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme 1899:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard 1899:1972 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 9 105 theme α-glucosidase 1903:1915 arg1 µg/mL 1935:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 14 106 theme individual 2714:2723 arg1 compounds 2737:2745 individual responsible compounds 2714:2745 individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs 2714:2830 However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs. 34946757 0 107 theme Rech 94:97 arg1 Fraction 59:66 n-Hexane Fraction 50:66 n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech 50:97 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 5 108 theme bactericidal 994:1005 arg1 MBC 1022:1024 MBC 1022:1024 MBC 1022:1024 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 108 theme bactericidal 994:1005 arg1 concentration 1007:1019 minimum bactericidal concentration 986:1019 minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 986:1025 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 10 109 theme leading 2107:2113 arg1 inhibitors 2115:2124 the leading inhibitors 2103:2124 the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity 2103:2207 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 10 109 theme leading 2107:2113 arg1 compounds 2065:2073 ten compounds 2061:2073 ten compounds of the oil 2061:2084 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 9 110 theme IC50 1918:1921 arg1 enzyme 1942:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme 1899:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard 1899:1972 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 9 110 theme IC50 1918:1921 arg1 µg/mL 1935:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 5 111 theme 96-well 842:848 arg1 assay 860:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 9 112 theme ± 1928:1928 arg1 enzyme 1942:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme 1899:1947 the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard 1899:1972 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 9 112 theme ± 1928:1928 arg1 µg/mL 1935:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL 1918:1939 The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. 34946757 1 113 dep In 104:105 arg1 Vitro 107:111 Vitro 107:111 Vitro 107:111 f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach. 34946757 8 114 theme ascorbic 1750:1757 arg1 acid 1759:1762 standard ascorbic acid 1741:1762 standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals 1741:1859 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 10 115 theme selected 2133:2140 arg1 enzyme 2142:2147 the selected enzyme 2129:2147 the selected enzyme 2129:2147 Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. 34946757 2 116 theme chemical 311:318 arg1 composition 320:330 their chemical composition 305:330 their chemical composition 305:330 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 0 117 theme Biomedical 19:28 arg1 Therapy 30:36 Biomedical Therapy 19:36 Biomedical Therapy 19:36 GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. 34946757 5 118 theme half-maximal 1028:1039 arg1 IC50 1068:1071 IC50 1068:1071 IC50 1068:1071 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 118 theme half-maximal 1028:1039 arg1 concentrations 1052:1065 half-maximal inhibitory concentrations 1028:1065 half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) 1028:1072 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 11 119 theme effective 2237:2245 arg1 % 2268:2268 61% 2266:2268 61% 2266:2268 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 11 119 theme effective 2237:2245 arg1 oil 2214:2216 The oil 2210:2216 The oil 2210:2216 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 11 119 theme effective 2237:2245 arg1 agent 2271:2275 an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent 2234:2275 an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) 2234:2316 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 4 120 theme acid 691:694 arg1 % 714:714 19.67% 709:714 19.67% 709:714 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 120 theme acid 691:694 arg1 % 748:748 18.45% 743:748 18.45% 743:748 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 120 theme acid 691:694 arg1 ester 702:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester 682:706 linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%) 682:749 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 4 120 theme acid 691:694 arg1 components 666:675 the major components 656:675 the major components 656:675 Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). 34946757 5 121 theme diffusion 880:888 arg1 methods 890:896 agar-well diffusion methods 870:896 agar-well diffusion methods 870:896 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 2 122 theme in 400:401 arg1 antibacterial 342:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 in vitro antibacterial 333:354 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 13 123 contain contained 2553:2561 arg1 oil 2505:2507 The oil 2501:2507 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii 2501:2551 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 123 contain contained 2553:2561 arg2 agents 2659:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2611:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 13 123 contain contained 2553:2561 arg2 constituents 2582:2593 valuable bioactive constituents 2563:2593 valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents 2563:2664 The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. 34946757 8 124 theme significant 1557:1567 arg1 potential 1581:1589 significant antioxidant potential 1557:1589 significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil 1557:1649 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 12 125 theme standard 2420:2427 arg1 aspirin 2429:2435 the standard aspirin 2416:2435 the standard aspirin 2416:2435 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 5 126 theme MTT 856:858 arg1 assay 860:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay 830:864 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 2 127 theme current 151:157 arg1 study 159:163 The current study 147:163 The current study 147:163 The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 34946757 11 128 theme diclofenac 2291:2300 arg1 sodium 2302:2307 diclofenac sodium 2291:2307 diclofenac sodium (70.92%) 2291:2316 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 11 128 theme diclofenac 2291:2300 arg1 % 2315:2315 70.92% 2310:2315 70.92% 2310:2315 The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. 34946757 12 129 theme acetic 2462:2467 arg1 bioassay 2491:2498 the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay 2458:2498 the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay 2458:2498 An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. 34946757 8 130 theme IC50 1596:1599 arg1 values 1601:1606 IC50 values 1596:1606 IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL 1596:1631 Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 concentrations 964:977 its minimum inhibitory concentrations 941:977 its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 941:983 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 concentrations 1052:1065 half-maximal inhibitory concentrations 1028:1065 half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) 1028:1072 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 zone 1079:1082 zone 1079:1082 zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's 1079:1157 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 concentration 1007:1019 minimum bactericidal concentration 986:1019 minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 986:1025 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 MIC 980:982 MIC 980:982 MIC 980:982 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 MBC 1022:1024 MBC 1022:1024 MBC 1022:1024 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 34946757 5 131 theme inhibitions 1087:1097 arg1 IC50 1068:1071 IC50 1068:1071 IC50 1068:1071 Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. 32244903 8 0 theme B. 1175:1176 arg1 A19 1213:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 2 1 theme live 355:358 arg1 vaccines 371:378 live attenuated vaccines 355:378 live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals 355:403 However, no efficacious brucellosis vaccine is yet available, and live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals can cause human infection. 32244903 9 2 with challenge 1342:1350 arg1 A19 1357:1359 A19 1357:1359 A19 1357:1359 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 1 3 theme economic 253:260 arg1 losses 262:267 major economic losses 247:267 major economic losses 247:267 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 9 4 theme lethal 1335:1340 arg1 challenge 1342:1350 lethal challenge 1335:1350 lethal challenge with A19 1335:1359 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 8 5 theme B. 1050:1051 arg1 IgG 1080:1082 B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG 1050:1082 B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG 1050:1082 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 7 6 theme enterocolitica 963:976 arg1 antibodies 993:1002 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies 963:1002 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies. 963:1003 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies. 32244903 9 7 theme severe 1286:1291 arg1 damage 1300:1305 severe tissue damage 1286:1305 severe tissue damage 1286:1305 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 8 8 theme hypovirulent 1186:1197 arg1 A19 1213:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 0 9 from Application 0:10 arg1 O:9 84:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 8 10 theme serum 1074:1078 arg1 IgG 1080:1082 B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG 1050:1082 B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG 1050:1082 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 7 11 theme O:9 978:980 arg1 antibodies 993:1002 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies 963:1002 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies. 963:1003 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies. 32244903 3 12 theme vaccines 563:570 arg1 production 525:534 the production 521:534 the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines 521:570 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 11 13 theme large-scale 1576:1586 arg1 culture 1588:1594 large-scale culture 1576:1594 large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus 1576:1630 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 4 14 dep applied 582:588 arg1 has 725:727 has 725:727 has 725:727 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 8 15 theme OPS-specific 1061:1072 arg1 IgG 1080:1082 B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG 1050:1082 B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG 1050:1082 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 1 16 theme endemic 272:278 arg1 regions 280:286 endemic regions 272:286 endemic regions 272:286 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 0 17 theme Candidate 106:114 arg1 Vaccine 116:122 a New Candidate Vaccine 100:122 a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus 100:147 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 4 18 theme serotype 681:688 arg1 O:9 713:715 Y. enterocolitica O:9 695:715 Y. enterocolitica O:9 695:715 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 18 theme serotype 681:688 arg1 O:9 690:692 serotype O:9 681:692 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9) 657:716 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 18 theme serotype 681:688 arg1 bacterium 646:654 a low-pathogenicity bacterium 626:654 a low-pathogenicity bacterium 626:654 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 8 19 theme strain 1206:1211 arg1 A19 1213:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 8 20 with infection 1156:1164 arg1 A19 1213:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 3 21 theme successful 539:548 arg1 vaccines 563:570 successful bioconjugate vaccines 539:570 successful bioconjugate vaccines 539:570 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 1 22 theme major 167:171 arg1 worldwide 203:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 1 22 theme major 167:171 arg1 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 0 23 theme New 102:104 arg1 Vaccine 116:122 a New Candidate Vaccine 100:122 a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus 100:147 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 0 24 from System 41:46 arg1 O:9 84:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 4 25 theme O-linked 593:600 arg1 system 616:621 an O-linked glycosylation system 590:621 an O-linked glycosylation system 590:621 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 10 26 theme significant 1470:1480 arg1 protection 1482:1491 significant protection 1470:1491 significant protection against brucellosis 1470:1511 Overall, the results indicated that the bioconjugate vaccine elicited a strong immune response and provided significant protection against brucellosis. 32244903 3 27 theme bioconjugate 550:561 arg1 vaccines 563:570 successful bioconjugate vaccines 539:570 successful bioconjugate vaccines 539:570 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 1 28 theme zoonotic 173:180 arg1 worldwide 203:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 1 28 theme zoonotic 173:180 arg1 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 8 29 from loads 1126:1130 arg1 spleen 1139:1144 the spleen 1135:1144 the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1135:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 4 30 theme bioconjugate 844:855 arg1 vaccine 857:863 a bioconjugate vaccine 842:863 a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella 842:880 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 31 theme polysaccharide 758:771 arg1 units 739:743 repeating units 729:743 repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) 729:828 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 1 32 theme public 182:187 arg1 worldwide 203:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 1 32 theme public 182:187 arg1 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 11 33 theme described 1518:1526 arg1 safe 1560:1563 safe 1560:1563 safe 1560:1563 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 11 33 theme described 1518:1526 arg1 strategy 1548:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy 1514:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy 1514:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 3 34 link O-linked 439:446 arg1 glycosylation 448:460 O-linked glycosylation 439:460 O-linked glycosylation 439:460 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 9 35 theme B. 1251:1252 arg1 infection 1262:1270 B. abortus infection 1251:1270 B. abortus infection 1251:1270 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 2 36 theme brucellosis 313:323 arg1 vaccine 325:331 no efficacious brucellosis vaccine 298:331 no efficacious brucellosis vaccine 298:331 However, no efficacious brucellosis vaccine is yet available, and live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals can cause human infection. 32244903 11 37 theme vaccine 1528:1534 arg1 safe 1560:1563 safe 1560:1563 safe 1560:1563 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 11 37 theme vaccine 1528:1534 arg1 strategy 1548:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy 1514:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy 1514:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 1 38 theme health 189:194 arg1 worldwide 203:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 1 38 theme health 189:194 arg1 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 0 39 theme O-Linked 18:25 arg1 System 41:46 an O-Linked Glycosylation System 15:46 an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 15:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 8 40 theme smooth 1199:1204 arg1 A19 1213:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1171:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 8 41 theme bioconjugate 1020:1031 arg1 doses 1011:1015 Three doses 1005:1015 Three doses of bioconjugate 1005:1031 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 2 42 theme efficacious 301:311 arg1 vaccine 325:331 no efficacious brucellosis vaccine 298:331 no efficacious brucellosis vaccine 298:331 However, no efficacious brucellosis vaccine is yet available, and live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals can cause human infection. 32244903 10 43 theme immune 1441:1446 arg1 response 1448:1455 a strong immune response 1432:1455 a strong immune response 1432:1455 Overall, the results indicated that the bioconjugate vaccine elicited a strong immune response and provided significant protection against brucellosis. 32244903 1 44 theme threat 196:201 arg1 worldwide 203:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide 165:211 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 1 44 theme threat 196:201 arg1 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis 150:160 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 4 45 theme O-antigen 748:756 arg1 OPS 774:776 OPS 774:776 OPS 774:776 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 45 theme O-antigen 748:756 arg1 polysaccharide 758:771 O-antigen polysaccharide 748:771 O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) 748:828 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 5 46 dep glycoprotein 887:898 arg1 we 900:901 we 900:901 we 900:901 The glycoprotein we produced was recognized by both anti-B. 32244903 2 47 theme human 415:419 arg1 infection 421:429 human infection 415:429 human infection 415:429 However, no efficacious brucellosis vaccine is yet available, and live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals can cause human infection. 32244903 0 48 theme System 41:46 arg1 Application 0:10 Application 0:10 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 0:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 0 49 from O:9 84:86 arg1 Application 0:10 Application 0:10 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 0:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 3 50 theme N- 432:433 arg1 systems 462:468 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems 432:468 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems 432:468 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 3 51 theme glycosylation 448:460 arg1 systems 462:468 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems 432:468 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems 432:468 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 0 52 theme Glycosylation 27:39 arg1 System 41:46 an O-Linked Glycosylation System 15:46 an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 15:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 1 53 from losses 262:267 arg1 regions 280:286 endemic regions 272:286 endemic regions 272:286 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 8 54 dep B. 1050:1051 arg1 abortus 1053:1059 abortus 1053:1059 abortus 1053:1059 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 4 55 dep Y. 695:696 arg1 enterocolitica 698:711 Y. enterocolitica 695:711 Y. enterocolitica O:9 695:715 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 0 56 theme Yersinia 51:58 arg1 enterocolitica 60:73 Yersinia enterocolitica 51:73 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 5 57 gly glycoprotein 887:898 arg1 glycoprotein 887:898 The glycoprotein 883:898 The glycoprotein we produced 883:910 The glycoprotein we produced was recognized by both anti-B. 32244903 8 58 dep mice 1087:1090 arg1 reducing 1107:1114 reducing 1107:1114 reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1107:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 4 59 contain has 725:727 arg2 units 739:743 repeating units 729:743 repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) 729:828 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 59 contain has 725:727 arg1 which 719:723 which 719:723 which 719:723 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 60 theme repeating 729:737 arg1 units 739:743 repeating units 729:743 repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) 729:828 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 8 61 theme bacterial 1116:1124 arg1 loads 1126:1130 bacterial loads 1116:1130 bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19 1116:1215 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 9 62 theme tissue 1293:1298 arg1 damage 1300:1305 severe tissue damage 1286:1305 severe tissue damage 1286:1305 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 8 63 dep B. 1175:1176 arg1 abortus 1178:1184 abortus 1178:1184 abortus 1178:1184 Three doses of bioconjugate vaccine-elicited B. abortus OPS-specific serum IgG in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the spleen following infection with the B. abortus hypovirulent smooth strain A19. 32244903 4 64 theme Y. 695:696 arg1 O:9 713:715 Y. enterocolitica O:9 695:715 Y. enterocolitica O:9 695:715 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 64 theme Y. 695:696 arg1 O:9 690:692 serotype O:9 681:692 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9) 657:716 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 11 65 theme abortus 1624:1630 arg1 culture 1588:1594 large-scale culture 1576:1594 large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus 1576:1630 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 10 66 theme strong 1434:1439 arg1 response 1448:1455 a strong immune response 1432:1455 a strong immune response 1432:1455 Overall, the results indicated that the bioconjugate vaccine elicited a strong immune response and provided significant protection against brucellosis. 32244903 1 67 theme veterinary 222:231 arg1 morbidity 233:241 veterinary morbidity 222:241 veterinary morbidity 222:241 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 1 68 from morbidity 233:241 arg1 regions 280:286 endemic regions 272:286 endemic regions 272:286 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 32244903 4 69 link O-linked 593:600 arg1 system 616:621 an O-linked glycosylation system 590:621 an O-linked glycosylation system 590:621 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 70 theme identical 779:787 arg1 OPS 774:776 OPS 774:776 OPS 774:776 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 70 theme identical 779:787 arg1 polysaccharide 758:771 O-antigen polysaccharide 748:771 O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) 748:828 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 11 71 theme preparation 1536:1546 arg1 safe 1560:1563 safe 1560:1563 safe 1560:1563 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 11 71 theme preparation 1536:1546 arg1 strategy 1548:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy 1514:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy 1514:1555 The described vaccine preparation strategy is safe and avoids large-scale culture of the highly pathogenic B. abortus. 32244903 9 72 theme candidate 1223:1231 arg1 vaccine 1233:1239 This candidate vaccine 1218:1239 This candidate vaccine 1218:1239 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 0 73 theme Serotype 75:82 arg1 O:9 84:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 10 74 theme bioconjugate 1402:1413 arg1 vaccine 1415:1421 the bioconjugate vaccine 1398:1421 the bioconjugate vaccine 1398:1421 Overall, the results indicated that the bioconjugate vaccine elicited a strong immune response and provided significant protection against brucellosis. 32244903 4 75 dep abortus 809:815 arg1 abortus 821:827 B. abortus 818:827 B. abortus 818:827 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 3 76 theme O-linked 439:446 arg1 glycosylation 448:460 O-linked glycosylation 439:460 O-linked glycosylation 439:460 N- and O-linked glycosylation systems have been successfully developed and exploited for the production of successful bioconjugate vaccines. 32244903 4 77 theme glycosylation 602:614 arg1 system 616:621 an O-linked glycosylation system 590:621 an O-linked glycosylation system 590:621 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 0 78 theme enterocolitica 60:73 arg1 O:9 84:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 51:86 Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus. 32244903 4 79 theme low-pathogenicity 628:644 arg1 O:9 690:692 serotype O:9 681:692 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9) 657:716 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 4 79 theme low-pathogenicity 628:644 arg1 bacterium 646:654 a low-pathogenicity bacterium 626:654 a low-pathogenicity bacterium 626:654 Here, we applied an O-linked glycosylation system to a low-pathogenicity bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (Y. enterocolitica O:9), which has repeating units of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) identical to that of Brucella abortus (B. abortus), to develop a bioconjugate vaccine against Brucella. 32244903 7 80 theme monoclonal 982:991 arg1 antibodies 993:1002 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies 963:1002 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies. 963:1003 enterocolitica O:9 monoclonal antibodies. 32244903 2 81 theme attenuated 360:369 arg1 vaccines 371:378 live attenuated vaccines 355:378 live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals 355:403 However, no efficacious brucellosis vaccine is yet available, and live attenuated vaccines commonly used in animals can cause human infection. 32244903 9 82 dep B. 1251:1252 arg1 abortus 1254:1260 abortus 1254:1260 abortus 1254:1260 This candidate vaccine mitigated B. abortus infection and prevented severe tissue damage, thereby protecting against lethal challenge with A19. 32244903 1 83 theme major 247:251 arg1 losses 262:267 major economic losses 247:267 major economic losses 247:267 Brucellosis is a major zoonotic public health threat worldwide, causing veterinary morbidity and major economic losses in endemic regions. 34685994 7 0 theme inhibition 966:975 arg1 effect 948:953 The strongest effect 934:953 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model 934:992 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 2 1 theme in 278:279 arg1 antimicrobial 286:298 in vitro and in situ antimicrobial 265:298 in vitro and in situ antimicrobial 265:298 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 1 2 theme good 199:202 arg1 activity 215:222 its good biological activity 195:222 its good biological activity 195:222 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) is known for its good biological activity. 34685994 9 3 theme tested 1239:1244 arg1 surfaces 1246:1253 the tested surfaces 1235:1253 the tested surfaces (wood, glass) 1235:1267 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 5 4 theme P. 770:771 arg1 expansum 774:781 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum 726:781 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum 726:781 Among the tested bacteria and fungi, the lowest values of MIC were determined for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum, respectively. 34685994 7 5 theme strongest 938:946 arg1 effect 948:953 The strongest effect 934:953 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model 934:992 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 0 6 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Antimicrobial 43:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 6 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Activities 73:82 Antibiofilm Activities 61:82 Antibiofilm Activities 61:82 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 6 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 1 7 theme Syzygium 151:158 arg1 aromaticum 165:174 Syzygium (S.) aromaticum 151:174 Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) 151:180 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) is known for its good biological activity. 34685994 1 7 theme Syzygium 151:158 arg1 CEO 177:179 CEO 177:179 CEO 177:179 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) is known for its good biological activity. 34685994 8 8 theme antimicrobial 1076:1088 arg1 activity 1090:1097 The best antimicrobial activity 1067:1097 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model 1067:1124 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model was found against P. chrysosenum. 34685994 7 9 located observed 998:1005 arg1 concentrations 1030:1043 concentrations 1030:1043 concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL 1030:1064 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 7 9 located observed 998:1005 arg2 effect 948:953 The strongest effect 934:953 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model 934:992 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 12 10 theme chemical 1739:1746 arg1 preservatives 1753:1765 chemical food preservatives 1739:1765 chemical food preservatives 1739:1765 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 6 11 theme CEO 817:819 arg1 phase 808:812 The vapor phase 798:812 The vapor phase of CEO 798:819 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 9 12 from sample 1285:1290 arg1 spectra 1189:1195 the mass spectra 1180:1195 the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample 1180:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 10 13 theme mass 1363:1366 arg1 spectra 1368:1374 mass spectra 1363:1374 mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture 1363:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 11 14 theme protein 1543:1549 arg1 structure 1551:1559 the protein structure 1539:1559 the protein structure of older biofilms 1539:1577 These findings confirmed the impact of CEO on the protein structure of older biofilms. 34685994 1 15 theme aromaticum 165:174 arg1 oil 144:146 The essential oil 130:146 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) 130:180 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) is known for its good biological activity. 34685994 0 16 theme Essential 115:123 arg1 Oil 125:127 Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil 87:127 Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil 87:127 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 8 17 theme carrot 1113:1118 arg1 model 1120:1124 the carrot model 1109:1124 the carrot model 1109:1124 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model was found against P. chrysosenum. 34685994 11 18 theme biofilms 1570:1577 arg1 structure 1551:1559 the protein structure 1539:1559 the protein structure of older biofilms 1539:1577 These findings confirmed the impact of CEO on the protein structure of older biofilms. 34685994 6 19 theme fungi 873:877 arg1 growth 835:840 the growth 831:840 the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium 831:902 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 7 20 theme μL/mL 1060:1064 arg1 concentrations 1030:1043 concentrations 1030:1043 concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL 1030:1064 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 4 21 with weak 481:484 arg1 zones 517:521 inhibition zones 506:521 inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi 506:641 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 6 22 theme microscopic 849:859 arg1 fungi 873:877 the microscopic filamentous fungi 845:877 the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium 845:902 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 0 23 theme Antibiofilm 61:71 arg1 Activities 73:82 Antibiofilm Activities 61:82 Antibiofilm Activities 61:82 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 23 theme Antibiofilm 61:71 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 9 24 from spectra 1189:1195 arg1 surfaces 1246:1253 the tested surfaces 1235:1253 the tested surfaces (wood, glass) 1235:1267 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 9 24 from spectra 1189:1195 arg1 sample 1285:1290 the control sample 1273:1290 the control sample 1273:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 9 25 theme culture 1327:1333 arg1 day 1320:1322 the seventh day 1308:1322 the seventh day of culture 1308:1333 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 2 26 dep in 265:266 arg1 vitro 268:272 vitro 268:272 vitro 268:272 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 5 27 theme lowest 685:690 arg1 values 692:697 the lowest values 681:697 the lowest values of MIC 681:704 Among the tested bacteria and fungi, the lowest values of MIC were determined for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum, respectively. 34685994 4 28 dep 18.56 614:618 arg1 to 611:612 to 611:612 to 611:612 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 4 29 theme antimicrobial 447:459 arg1 activity 461:468 The antimicrobial activity 443:468 The antimicrobial activity 443:468 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 4 29 theme antimicrobial 447:459 arg1 weak 481:484 weak 481:484 weak 481:484 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 3 30 theme CEO 391:393 arg1 % 412:412 eugenol 82.4% 400:412 eugenol 82.4% 400:412 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 3 30 theme CEO 391:393 arg1 components 377:386 The main components 368:386 The main components of CEO 368:393 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 6 31 theme Penicillium 892:902 arg1 fungi 873:877 the microscopic filamentous fungi 845:877 the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium 845:902 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 12 32 contain has 1669:1671 arg1 aromaticum 1658:1667 S. aromaticum 1655:1667 S. aromaticum 1655:1667 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 12 32 contain has 1669:1671 arg2 activity 1687:1694 antimicrobial activity 1673:1694 antimicrobial activity 1673:1694 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 2 33 theme oil 342:344 arg1 antimicrobial 286:298 in vitro and in situ antimicrobial 265:298 in vitro and in situ antimicrobial 265:298 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 2 33 theme oil 342:344 arg1 activity 316:323 antibiofilm activity 304:323 antibiofilm activity 304:323 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 9 34 theme mass 1184:1187 arg1 spectra 1189:1195 the mass spectra 1180:1195 the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample 1180:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 0 35 dep In 35:36 arg1 Situ 38:41 Situ 38:41 Situ 38:41 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 9 36 dep surfaces 1246:1253 arg1 wood 1256:1259 wood 1256:1259 wood 1256:1259 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 9 36 dep surfaces 1246:1253 arg1 glass 1262:1266 glass 1262:1266 glass 1262:1266 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 0 37 theme In 35:36 arg1 Antimicrobial 43:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 37 theme In 35:36 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 10 38 located observed 1425:1432 arg2 maltophilia 1401:1411 Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia 1379:1411 Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia 1379:1411 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 10 38 located observed 1425:1432 arg2 S. 1397:1398 S. 1397:1398 S. 1397:1398 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 10 38 located observed 1425:1432 arg1 groups 1455:1460 both experimental groups 1437:1460 both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture 1437:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 3 39 theme eugenol 400:406 arg1 % 412:412 eugenol 82.4% 400:412 eugenol 82.4% 400:412 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 3 39 theme eugenol 400:406 arg1 components 377:386 The main components 368:386 The main components of CEO 368:393 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 9 40 from surfaces 1246:1253 arg1 spectra 1189:1195 the mass spectra 1180:1195 the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample 1180:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 7 41 theme mycelia 958:964 arg1 inhibition 966:975 mycelia inhibition 958:975 mycelia inhibition 958:975 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 10 42 theme culture 1484:1490 arg1 day 1477:1479 the fifth day 1467:1479 the fifth day of culture 1467:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 9 43 theme biofilms 1223:1230 arg1 spectra 1189:1195 the mass spectra 1180:1195 the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample 1180:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 1 44 theme biological 204:213 arg1 activity 215:222 its good biological activity 195:222 its good biological activity 195:222 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) is known for its good biological activity. 34685994 12 45 theme food 1748:1751 arg1 preservatives 1753:1765 chemical food preservatives 1739:1765 chemical food preservatives 1739:1765 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 10 46 from day 1477:1479 arg1 groups 1455:1460 both experimental groups 1437:1460 both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture 1437:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 9 47 theme seventh 1312:1318 arg1 day 1320:1322 the seventh day 1308:1322 the seventh day of culture 1308:1333 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 12 48 dep safe 1622:1625 arg1 attractive 1643:1652 attractive 1643:1652 attractive 1643:1652 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 5 49 theme Staphylococcus 726:739 arg1 expansum 774:781 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum 726:781 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum 726:781 Among the tested bacteria and fungi, the lowest values of MIC were determined for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum, respectively. 34685994 10 50 theme Stenotrophomonas 1379:1394 arg1 S. 1397:1398 S. 1397:1398 S. 1397:1398 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 10 50 theme Stenotrophomonas 1379:1394 arg1 maltophilia 1401:1411 Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia 1379:1411 Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia 1379:1411 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 5 51 theme tested 654:659 arg1 bacteria 661:668 the tested bacteria 650:668 the tested bacteria 650:668 Among the tested bacteria and fungi, the lowest values of MIC were determined for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum, respectively. 34685994 4 52 from mm 550:551 arg1 fungi 637:641 fungi 637:641 fungi 637:641 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 4 52 from mm 550:551 arg1 bacteria 588:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 4 52 from mm 550:551 arg1 yeasts 626:631 yeasts 626:631 yeasts 626:631 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 8 53 theme best 1071:1074 arg1 activity 1090:1097 The best antimicrobial activity 1067:1097 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model 1067:1124 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model was found against P. chrysosenum. 34685994 11 54 theme older 1564:1568 arg1 biofilms 1570:1577 older biofilms 1564:1577 older biofilms 1564:1577 These findings confirmed the impact of CEO on the protein structure of older biofilms. 34685994 2 55 theme research 240:247 arg1 aim 229:231 The aim 225:231 The aim of the research 225:247 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 5 56 theme MIC 702:704 arg1 values 692:697 the lowest values 681:697 the lowest values of MIC 681:704 Among the tested bacteria and fungi, the lowest values of MIC were determined for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Penicillium (P.) expansum, respectively. 34685994 10 57 theme maltophilia 1401:1411 arg1 spectra 1368:1374 mass spectra 1363:1374 mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture 1363:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 0 58 theme Oil 125:127 arg1 Antimicrobial 43:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 58 theme Oil 125:127 arg1 Activities 73:82 Antibiofilm Activities 61:82 Antibiofilm Activities 61:82 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 58 theme Oil 125:127 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 4 59 theme gram-positive 556:568 arg1 bacteria 588:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 6 60 theme vapor 802:806 arg1 phase 808:812 The vapor phase 798:812 The vapor phase of CEO 798:819 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 8 61 theme CEO 1102:1104 arg1 activity 1090:1097 The best antimicrobial activity 1067:1097 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model 1067:1124 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model was found against P. chrysosenum. 34685994 9 62 theme control 1277:1283 arg1 sample 1285:1290 the control sample 1273:1290 the control sample 1273:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 11 63 from impact 1522:1527 arg1 structure 1551:1559 the protein structure 1539:1559 the protein structure of older biofilms 1539:1577 These findings confirmed the impact of CEO on the protein structure of older biofilms. 34685994 2 64 theme in 265:266 arg1 antimicrobial 286:298 in vitro and in situ antimicrobial 265:298 in vitro and in situ antimicrobial 265:298 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 6 65 theme filamentous 861:871 arg1 fungi 873:877 the microscopic filamentous fungi 845:877 the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium 845:902 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 4 66 theme gram-negative 574:586 arg1 bacteria 588:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 12 67 theme antimicrobial 1673:1685 arg1 activity 1687:1694 antimicrobial activity 1673:1694 antimicrobial activity 1673:1694 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 8 68 from activity 1090:1097 arg1 model 1120:1124 the carrot model 1109:1124 the carrot model 1109:1124 The best antimicrobial activity of CEO in the carrot model was found against P. chrysosenum. 34685994 1 69 theme essential 134:142 arg1 oil 144:146 The essential oil 130:146 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) 130:180 The essential oil of Syzygium (S.) aromaticum (CEO) is known for its good biological activity. 34685994 2 70 dep in 278:279 arg1 situ 281:284 situ 281:284 situ 281:284 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 11 71 theme CEO 1532:1534 arg1 impact 1522:1527 the impact 1518:1527 the impact of CEO on the protein structure of older biofilms 1518:1577 These findings confirmed the impact of CEO on the protein structure of older biofilms. 34685994 3 72 theme main 372:375 arg1 % 412:412 eugenol 82.4% 400:412 eugenol 82.4% 400:412 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 3 72 theme main 372:375 arg1 components 377:386 The main components 368:386 The main components of CEO 368:393 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 12 73 dep potential 1714:1722 arg1 substitute 1724:1733 substitute 1724:1733 substitute for chemical food preservatives 1724:1765 The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorially attractive, S. aromaticum has antimicrobial activity, which makes it a potential substitute for chemical food preservatives. 34685994 2 74 theme antibiofilm 304:314 arg1 activity 316:323 antibiofilm activity 304:323 antibiofilm activity 304:323 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 0 75 theme In 22:23 arg1 Antimicrobial 43:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial 22:55 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 0 75 theme In 22:23 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 10 76 theme experimental 1442:1453 arg1 groups 1455:1460 both experimental groups 1437:1460 both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture 1437:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 7 77 theme bread 982:986 arg1 model 988:992 a bread model 980:992 a bread model 980:992 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 9 78 from biofilms 1223:1230 arg1 surfaces 1246:1253 the tested surfaces 1235:1253 the tested surfaces (wood, glass) 1235:1267 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 9 78 from biofilms 1223:1230 arg1 sample 1285:1290 the control sample 1273:1290 the control sample 1273:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 4 79 dep 15.78 544:548 arg1 to 541:542 to 541:542 to 541:542 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 6 80 theme genus 886:890 arg1 Penicillium 892:902 the genus Penicillium 882:902 the genus Penicillium 882:902 The vapor phase of CEO inhibited the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium when tested in situ on bread. 34685994 7 81 from effect 948:953 arg1 model 988:992 a bread model 980:992 a bread model 980:992 The strongest effect of mycelia inhibition in a bread model was observed against P. expansum at concentrations of 250 and 500 μL/mL. 34685994 2 82 theme essential 332:340 arg1 oil 342:344 the essential oil 328:344 the essential oil produced in Slovakia 328:365 The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil produced in Slovakia. 34685994 10 83 theme fifth 1471:1475 arg1 day 1477:1479 the fifth day 1467:1479 the fifth day of culture 1467:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 4 84 from mm 620:621 arg1 fungi 637:641 fungi 637:641 fungi 637:641 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 4 84 from mm 620:621 arg1 bacteria 588:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 556:595 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 4 84 from mm 620:621 arg1 yeasts 626:631 yeasts 626:631 yeasts 626:631 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 9 85 theme Bacillus 1200:1207 arg1 biofilms 1223:1230 Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms 1200:1230 Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample 1200:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 34685994 0 86 dep In 22:23 arg1 Vitro 25:29 Vitro 25:29 Vitro 25:29 Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. 34685994 4 87 theme inhibition 506:515 arg1 zones 517:521 inhibition zones 506:521 inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi 506:641 The antimicrobial activity was either weak or very strong with inhibition zones ranging from 4.67 to 15.78 mm in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and from 8.22 to 18.56 mm in yeasts and fungi. 34685994 10 88 from changes 1352:1358 arg1 spectra 1368:1374 mass spectra 1363:1374 mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture 1363:1490 There were some changes in mass spectra of Stenotrophomonas (S.) maltophilia, which were observed in both experimental groups from the fifth day of culture. 34685994 3 89 theme -caryophyllene 421:434 arg1 E 419:419 E 419:419 E 419:419 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 3 89 theme -caryophyllene 421:434 arg1 % 440:440 (E)-caryophyllene 14.0% 418:440 (E)-caryophyllene 14.0% 418:440 The main components of CEO were eugenol 82.4% and (E)-caryophyllene 14.0%. 34685994 9 90 theme subtilis 1214:1221 arg1 biofilms 1223:1230 Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms 1200:1230 Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample 1200:1290 Differences between the mass spectra of Bacillus (B.) subtilis biofilms on the tested surfaces (wood, glass) and the control sample were noted from the seventh day of culture. 32762645 1 0 link N-linked 239:246 arg1 glycans 248:254 O- and N-linked glycans 232:254 glycans 248:254 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 4 1 theme immune 801:806 arg1 sera 808:811 rabbit immune sera 794:811 rabbit immune sera 794:811 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 0 2 from response 77:84 arg1 macrophages 89:99 macrophages 89:99 macrophages infected with Candida albicans 89:130 Peptidorhamnomannan from Lomentospora prolificans modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with Candida albicans. 32762645 1 3 theme cell 272:275 arg1 surface 277:283 the cell surface 268:283 the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates 268:396 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 11 4 from pattern 2047:2053 arg1 pathogen 2071:2078 the invading pathogen 2058:2078 the invading pathogen 2058:2078 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 4 5 theme rabbit 794:799 arg1 sera 808:811 rabbit immune sera 794:811 rabbit immune sera 794:811 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 4 6 theme host 964:967 arg1 cells 976:980 host immune cells 964:980 host immune cells 964:980 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 7 7 theme fungicidal 1468:1477 arg1 activity 1479:1486 an increased fungicidal activity 1455:1486 an increased fungicidal activity in macrophages 1455:1501 Macrophages treated with peptidorhamnomannan led to a lower fungal survival, suggesting that peptidorhamnomannan induces an increased fungicidal activity in macrophages. 32762645 3 8 theme L. 623:624 arg1 wall 652:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 3 9 theme cell 647:650 arg1 wall 652:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 0 10 theme Candida 115:121 arg1 albicans 123:130 Candida albicans 115:130 Candida albicans 115:130 Peptidorhamnomannan from Lomentospora prolificans modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with Candida albicans. 32762645 1 11 theme temperate 379:387 arg1 climates 389:396 temperate climates 379:396 temperate climates 379:396 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 4 12 theme immune 969:974 arg1 cells 976:980 host immune cells 964:980 host immune cells 964:980 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 4 13 theme prolificans 849:859 arg1 mycelial 816:823 mycelial 816:823 mycelial 816:823 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 6 14 from effect 1245:1250 arg1 interaction 1307:1317 the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1278:1317 the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1278:1317 In order to confirm this possibility, the effect of peptidorhamnomannan on the macrophage - C. albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 8 15 theme TNF-α 1517:1521 arg1 levels 1523:1528 TNF-α levels 1517:1528 TNF-α levels 1517:1528 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 10 16 theme or 1852:1853 arg1 effect 1866:1871 any inhibitory or fungicidal effect 1837:1871 any inhibitory or fungicidal effect 1837:1871 Besides, peptidorhamnomannan did not show any inhibitory or fungicidal effect in C. albicans when used at 100 μg/ml but it was able to kill C. albicans at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. 32762645 1 17 theme peptide 203:209 arg1 chain 211:215 a peptide chain 201:215 a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans 201:254 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 11 18 theme invading 2062:2069 arg1 pathogen 2071:2078 the invading pathogen 2058:2078 the invading pathogen 2058:2078 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 2 19 link O-linked 399:406 arg1 oligosaccharides 408:423 O-linked oligosaccharides 399:423 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia 399:495 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 8 20 from beginning 1691:1699 arg1 production 1673:1682 a higher TNF-α production 1658:1682 a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction 1658:1718 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 10 21 theme inhibitory 1841:1850 arg1 effect 1866:1871 any inhibitory or fungicidal effect 1837:1871 any inhibitory or fungicidal effect 1837:1871 Besides, peptidorhamnomannan did not show any inhibitory or fungicidal effect in C. albicans when used at 100 μg/ml but it was able to kill C. albicans at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. 32762645 10 22 theme 400 μg/ml 1969:1977 arg1 concentration 1952:1964 a concentration 1950:1964 a concentration of 400 μg/ml 1950:1977 Besides, peptidorhamnomannan did not show any inhibitory or fungicidal effect in C. albicans when used at 100 μg/ml but it was able to kill C. albicans at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. 32762645 4 23 theme Purified 738:745 arg1 peptidorhamnomannan 747:765 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan 730:765 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan 730:765 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 8 24 theme TNF-α 1667:1671 arg1 production 1673:1682 a higher TNF-α production 1658:1682 a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction 1658:1718 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 11 25 dep CONCLUSION 1980:1989 arg1 suggest 1994:2000 suggest 1994:2000 suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans 1994:2182 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 8 26 theme higher 1660:1665 arg1 production 1673:1682 a higher TNF-α production 1658:1682 a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction 1658:1718 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 1 27 theme prolificans 301:311 arg1 surface 277:283 the cell surface 268:283 the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates 268:396 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 9 28 theme incubation 1783:1792 arg1 1 h 1776:1778 1 h 1776:1778 1 h of incubation 1776:1792 However, the release of TNF-α was not maintained after 1 h of incubation. 32762645 4 29 dep mycelial 816:823 arg1 forms 837:841 forms 837:841 forms 837:841 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 7 30 from activity 1479:1486 arg1 macrophages 1491:1501 macrophages 1491:1501 macrophages 1491:1501 Macrophages treated with peptidorhamnomannan led to a lower fungal survival, suggesting that peptidorhamnomannan induces an increased fungicidal activity in macrophages. 32762645 11 31 theme molecular 2037:2045 arg1 pattern 2047:2053 a molecular pattern 2035:2053 a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen 2035:2078 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 6 32 theme C. 1295:1296 arg1 albicans 1298:1305 C. albicans 1295:1305 C. albicans 1295:1305 In order to confirm this possibility, the effect of peptidorhamnomannan on the macrophage - C. albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 3 33 theme mycelium 638:645 arg1 wall 652:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 3 34 from role 665:668 arg1 interaction 703:713 macrophage - Candida albicans interaction 673:713 macrophage - Candida albicans interaction 673:713 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 1 35 theme O- 232:233 arg1 glycans 248:254 O- and N-linked glycans 232:254 glycans 248:254 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 0 36 theme Lomentospora 25:36 arg1 prolificans 38:48 Lomentospora prolificans 25:48 Lomentospora prolificans 25:48 Peptidorhamnomannan from Lomentospora prolificans modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with Candida albicans. 32762645 6 37 theme peptidorhamnomannan 1255:1273 arg1 effect 1245:1250 the effect 1241:1250 the effect of peptidorhamnomannan on the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1241:1317 In order to confirm this possibility, the effect of peptidorhamnomannan on the macrophage - C. albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 5 38 theme beneficial 1149:1158 arg1 role 1160:1163 a beneficial role 1147:1163 a beneficial role 1147:1163 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 1 39 theme BACKGROUND 133:142 arg1 Peptidorhamnomannan 144:162 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan 133:162 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan 133:162 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 1 39 theme BACKGROUND 133:142 arg1 glycoconjugate 169:182 a glycoconjugate 167:182 a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates 167:396 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 10 40 theme fungicidal 1855:1864 arg1 effect 1866:1871 any inhibitory or fungicidal effect 1837:1871 any inhibitory or fungicidal effect 1837:1871 Besides, peptidorhamnomannan did not show any inhibitory or fungicidal effect in C. albicans when used at 100 μg/ml but it was able to kill C. albicans at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. 32762645 2 41 theme conidia 550:556 arg1 interaction 558:568 macrophage - conidia interaction 537:568 macrophage - conidia interaction 537:568 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 1 42 theme saprophytic 316:326 arg1 prolificans 301:311 Lomentospora prolificans 288:311 Lomentospora prolificans 288:311 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 1 42 theme saprophytic 316:326 arg1 fungus 328:333 a saprophytic fungus 314:333 a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates 314:396 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 11 43 theme macrophage 2128:2137 arg1 activity 2150:2157 macrophage fungicidal activity 2128:2157 macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans 2128:2182 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 4 44 theme RESULTS 730:736 arg1 peptidorhamnomannan 747:765 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan 730:765 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan 730:765 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 2 45 dep Lomentospora 464:475 arg1 conidia 489:495 Lomentospora prolificans conidia 464:495 Lomentospora prolificans conidia 464:495 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 3 46 attach isolated 609:616 arg2 peptidorhamnomannan 585:603 peptidorhamnomannan 585:603 peptidorhamnomannan 585:603 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 3 46 attach isolated 609:616 arg1 wall 652:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 L. prolificans mycelium cell wall 623:655 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 1 47 theme N-linked 239:246 arg1 glycans 248:254 O- and N-linked glycans 232:254 glycans 248:254 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32762645 5 48 contain have 1142:1145 arg1 glycoconjugate 1123:1136 this glycoconjugate 1118:1136 this glycoconjugate 1118:1136 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 5 48 contain have 1142:1145 arg2 role 1160:1163 a beneficial role 1147:1163 a beneficial role 1147:1163 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 8 49 dep C. 1579:1580 arg1 albicans 1582:1589 albicans 1582:1589 albicans 1582:1589 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 11 50 theme fungicidal 2139:2148 arg1 activity 2150:2157 macrophage fungicidal activity 2128:2157 macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans 2128:2182 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 8 51 theme C. 1579:1580 arg1 interaction 1591:1601 C. albicans interaction 1579:1601 C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan 1579:1639 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 3 52 theme macrophage 673:682 arg1 interaction 703:713 macrophage - Candida albicans interaction 673:713 macrophage - Candida albicans interaction 673:713 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 2 53 theme macrophage 537:546 arg1 interaction 558:568 macrophage - conidia interaction 537:568 macrophage - conidia interaction 537:568 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 7 54 theme increased 1458:1466 arg1 activity 1479:1486 an increased fungicidal activity 1455:1486 an increased fungicidal activity in macrophages 1455:1501 Macrophages treated with peptidorhamnomannan led to a lower fungal survival, suggesting that peptidorhamnomannan induces an increased fungicidal activity in macrophages. 32762645 6 55 theme albicans 1298:1305 arg1 interaction 1307:1317 the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1278:1317 the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1278:1317 In order to confirm this possibility, the effect of peptidorhamnomannan on the macrophage - C. albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 5 56 theme fungal 1184:1189 arg1 infections 1191:1200 fungal infections 1184:1200 fungal infections 1184:1200 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 11 57 dep promotes 2081:2088 arg1 increases 2118:2126 increases 2118:2126 increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans 2118:2182 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 0 58 theme inflammatory 64:75 arg1 response 77:84 the inflammatory response 60:84 the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with Candida albicans 60:130 Peptidorhamnomannan from Lomentospora prolificans modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with Candida albicans. 32762645 9 59 theme TNF-α 1745:1749 arg1 release 1734:1740 the release 1730:1740 the release of TNF-α 1730:1749 However, the release of TNF-α was not maintained after 1 h of incubation. 32762645 8 60 theme interaction 1591:1601 arg1 treatment 1641:1649 macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment 1566:1649 macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction 1566:1718 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 4 61 theme fungal 916:921 arg1 surface 923:929 the fungal surface 912:929 the fungal surface 912:929 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 4 62 theme sera 808:811 arg1 reactivity 780:789 the reactivity 776:789 the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans 776:859 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 5 63 theme incubation 1090:1099 arg1 1 1074:1074 1 1074:1074 1 1074:1074 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 5 63 theme incubation 1090:1099 arg1 incubation 1090:1099 incubation 1090:1099 incubation 1090:1099 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 11 64 theme Candida 2167:2173 arg1 albicans 2175:2182 Candida albicans 2167:2182 Candida albicans 2167:2182 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 2 65 attach isolated 450:457 arg2 oligosaccharides 408:423 O-linked oligosaccharides 399:423 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia 399:495 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 2 65 attach isolated 450:457 arg1 Lomentospora 464:475 Lomentospora 464:475 Lomentospora 464:475 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 3 66 theme albicans 694:701 arg1 interaction 703:713 macrophage - Candida albicans interaction 673:713 macrophage - Candida albicans interaction 673:713 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 2 67 from peptidorhamnomannan 430:448 arg1 oligosaccharides 408:423 O-linked oligosaccharides 399:423 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia 399:495 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 3 68 dep L. 623:624 arg1 prolificans 626:636 prolificans 626:636 prolificans 626:636 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 5 69 theme J774 1053:1056 arg1 macrophages 1058:1068 J774 macrophages 1053:1068 J774 macrophages 1053:1068 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 8 70 theme interaction 1708:1718 arg1 beginning 1691:1699 the beginning 1687:1699 the beginning of the interaction 1687:1718 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 11 71 theme TNF-α 2090:2094 arg1 production 2096:2105 TNF-α production 2090:2105 TNF-α production 2090:2105 CONCLUSION We suggest that peptidorhamnomannan acts as a molecular pattern on the invading pathogen, promotes TNF-α production and, thus, increases macrophage fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. 32762645 8 72 theme macrophage 1566:1575 arg1 treatment 1641:1649 macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment 1566:1649 macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction 1566:1718 Furthermore, TNF-α levels were measured in supernatants after macrophage - C. albicans interaction for 1, 2 and 3 h. Peptidorhamnomannan treatment led to a higher TNF-α production at the beginning of the interaction. 32762645 6 73 theme macrophage 1282:1291 arg1 interaction 1307:1317 the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1278:1317 the macrophage - C. albicans interaction 1278:1317 In order to confirm this possibility, the effect of peptidorhamnomannan on the macrophage - C. albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 5 74 theme TNF-α 1033:1037 arg1 production 1039:1048 TNF-α production 1033:1048 TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation 1033:1099 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 5 75 from production 1039:1048 arg1 macrophages 1058:1068 J774 macrophages 1053:1068 J774 macrophages 1053:1068 We demonstrated that peptidorhamnomannan leads to TNF-α production in J774 macrophages for 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation, suggesting that this glycoconjugate may have a beneficial role in the response to fungal infections. 32762645 4 76 with interaction 947:957 arg1 cells 976:980 host immune cells 964:980 host immune cells 964:980 RESULTS Purified peptidorhamnomannan inhibits the reactivity of rabbit immune sera to mycelial and conidia forms of L. prolificans, indicating that this glycoconjugate is exposed on the fungal surface and can mediate interaction with host immune cells. 32762645 2 77 theme O-linked 399:406 arg1 oligosaccharides 408:423 O-linked oligosaccharides 399:423 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia 399:495 O-linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannan isolated from Lomentospora prolificans conidia are recognized by macrophages mediating macrophage - conidia interaction. 32762645 7 78 theme fungal 1394:1399 arg1 survival 1401:1408 a lower fungal survival 1386:1408 a lower fungal survival 1386:1408 Macrophages treated with peptidorhamnomannan led to a lower fungal survival, suggesting that peptidorhamnomannan induces an increased fungicidal activity in macrophages. 32762645 0 79 from prolificans 38:48 arg1 Peptidorhamnomannan 0:18 Peptidorhamnomannan 0:18 Peptidorhamnomannan from Lomentospora prolificans 0:48 Peptidorhamnomannan from Lomentospora prolificans modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with Candida albicans. 32762645 3 80 theme Candida 686:692 arg1 albicans 694:701 Candida albicans 686:701 Candida albicans 686:701 In this work, peptidorhamnomannan was isolated from L. prolificans mycelium cell wall and its role in macrophage - Candida albicans interaction was evaluated. 32762645 1 81 with regions 366:372 arg1 climates 389:396 temperate climates 379:396 temperate climates 379:396 BACKGROUND Peptidorhamnomannan is a glycoconjugate that consists of a peptide chain substituted by O- and N-linked glycans, present on the cell surface of Lomentospora prolificans, a saprophytic fungus which is widely distributed in regions with temperate climates. 32640409 11 0 theme sphere-covered 1313:1326 arg1 hydrophobic 1360:1370 hydrophobic 1360:1370 hydrophobic 1360:1370 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 11 0 theme sphere-covered 1313:1326 arg1 cuticle 1328:1334 The sphere-covered cuticle 1309:1334 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus 1309:1350 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 11 1 from cuticle 1381:1387 arg1 species 1475:1481 a related species 1465:1481 a related species 1465:1481 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 10 2 theme epidermal 1292:1300 arg1 cells 1302:1306 epidermal cells 1292:1306 epidermal cells 1292:1306 They are deposited early in the premolt stage of the molt cycle around branching extensions of epidermal cells. 32640409 1 3 theme minute 233:238 arg1 spheres 240:246 minute spheres 233:246 minute spheres 233:246 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 0 4 theme woodlouse 60:68 arg1 exoskeleton 41:51 the exoskeleton 37:51 the exoskeleton of the woodlouse 37:68 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 0 5 from origin 4:9 arg1 exoskeleton 41:51 the exoskeleton 37:51 the exoskeleton of the woodlouse 37:68 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 8 6 gly glycoproteins 1022:1034 arg1 glycoproteins 1022:1034 glycoproteins 1022:1034 glycoproteins 1022:1034 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 5 7 theme spheres 655:661 arg1 composition 636:646 the composition 632:646 the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy 632:714 We determined the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy after applying various chemicals. 32640409 0 8 from exoskeleton 41:51 arg1 origin 4:9 The origin 0:9 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse 0:68 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 8 9 theme detectable 1072:1081 arg1 lipids 1094:1099 lipids 1094:1099 lipids 1094:1099 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 8 9 theme detectable 1072:1081 arg1 amounts 1083:1089 detectable amounts 1072:1089 detectable amounts of lipids 1072:1099 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 0 10 dep Crustacea 96:104 arg1 Isopoda 107:113 Isopoda 107:113 Isopoda 107:113 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 0 11 from effect 126:131 arg1 hydrophobicity 140:153 its hydrophobicity 136:153 its hydrophobicity 136:153 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 11 12 theme scale-covered 1440:1452 arg1 cuticle 1454:1460 the scale-covered cuticle 1436:1460 experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle 1394:1460 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 6 13 theme droplets 914:921 arg1 angles 898:903 contact angles 890:903 contact angles of water droplets with its surface 890:938 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 8 14 theme lipids 1094:1099 arg1 lipids 1094:1099 lipids 1094:1099 lipids 1094:1099 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 8 14 theme lipids 1094:1099 arg1 amounts 1083:1089 detectable amounts 1072:1089 detectable amounts of lipids 1072:1099 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 6 15 with angles 898:903 arg1 surface 932:938 its surface 928:938 its surface 928:938 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 10 16 theme premolt 1229:1235 arg1 stage 1237:1241 the premolt stage 1225:1241 the premolt stage of the molt cycle 1225:1259 They are deposited early in the premolt stage of the molt cycle around branching extensions of epidermal cells. 32640409 6 17 theme water 908:912 arg1 droplets 914:921 water droplets 908:921 water droplets 908:921 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 8 18 contain contain 1001:1007 arg2 glycoproteins 1022:1034 glycoproteins 1022:1034 glycoproteins 1022:1034 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 8 18 contain contain 1001:1007 arg2 proteins 1009:1016 proteins 1009:1016 proteins 1009:1016 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 8 18 contain contain 1001:1007 arg1 They 996:999 They 996:999 They 996:999 They contain proteins and glycoproteins or possibly polysaccharides without detectable amounts of lipids. 32640409 6 19 theme electron 810:817 arg1 microscopy 819:828 transmission electron microscopy 797:828 transmission electron microscopy 797:828 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 0 20 dep pruinosus 85:93 arg1 Crustacea 96:104 Crustacea 96:104 Crustacea 96:104 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 11 21 theme related 1467:1473 arg1 species 1475:1481 a related species 1465:1481 a related species 1465:1481 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 0 22 from spheres 26:32 arg1 exoskeleton 41:51 the exoskeleton 37:51 the exoskeleton of the woodlouse 37:68 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 6 23 theme transmission 797:808 arg1 microscopy 819:828 transmission electron microscopy 797:828 transmission electron microscopy 797:828 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 1 24 theme dorsal 160:165 arg1 surface 167:173 The dorsal surface 156:173 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus 156:215 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 0 25 from pruinosus 85:93 arg1 hydrophobicity 140:153 its hydrophobicity 136:153 its hydrophobicity 136:153 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 0 26 theme microscopic 14:24 arg1 spheres 26:32 microscopic spheres 14:32 microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse 14:68 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 1 27 theme characteristic 263:276 arg1 appearance 287:296 its characteristic powdered appearance 259:296 its characteristic powdered appearance 259:296 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 6 28 theme formation 782:790 arg1 process 765:771 the process 761:771 the process of their formation 761:790 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 9 29 theme spheres 1135:1141 arg1 formation 1118:1126 the formation 1114:1126 the formation of the spheres 1114:1141 By studying the formation of the spheres we established that they are epicuticular structures. 32640409 3 30 theme surface 464:470 arg1 hydrophobicity 432:445 the hydrophobicity 428:445 the hydrophobicity of the cuticular surface 428:470 A previously suggested function of these structures was to increase the hydrophobicity of the cuticular surface. 32640409 3 31 theme suggested 373:381 arg1 function 383:390 A previously suggested function 360:390 A previously suggested function of these structures 360:410 A previously suggested function of these structures was to increase the hydrophobicity of the cuticular surface. 32640409 1 32 theme powdered 278:285 arg1 appearance 287:296 its characteristic powdered appearance 259:296 its characteristic powdered appearance 259:296 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 11 33 with cuticle 1381:1387 arg1 cuticle 1454:1460 the scale-covered cuticle 1436:1460 experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle 1394:1460 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 11 33 with cuticle 1381:1387 arg1 spheres 1417:1423 experimentally removed spheres 1394:1423 experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle 1394:1460 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 11 34 theme removed 1409:1415 arg1 spheres 1417:1423 experimentally removed spheres 1394:1423 experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle 1394:1460 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 6 35 theme contact 890:896 arg1 angles 898:903 contact angles 890:903 contact angles of water droplets with its surface 890:938 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 1 36 theme woodlouse 182:190 arg1 pruinosus 207:215 the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus 178:215 the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus 178:215 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 0 37 theme spheres 26:32 arg1 origin 4:9 The origin 0:9 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse 0:68 The origin of microscopic spheres on the exoskeleton of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea: Isopoda) and their effect on its hydrophobicity. 32640409 5 38 theme various 731:737 arg1 chemicals 739:747 various chemicals 731:747 various chemicals 731:747 We determined the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy after applying various chemicals. 32640409 1 39 theme Porcellionides 192:205 arg1 pruinosus 207:215 the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus 178:215 the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus 178:215 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 3 40 theme structures 401:410 arg1 function 383:390 A previously suggested function 360:390 A previously suggested function of these structures 360:410 A previously suggested function of these structures was to increase the hydrophobicity of the cuticular surface. 32640409 6 41 theme cuticle 869:875 arg1 hydrophobicity 847:860 the hydrophobicity 843:860 the hydrophobicity of the cuticle 843:875 We studied the process of their formation with transmission electron microscopy and assessed the hydrophobicity of the cuticle by measuring contact angles of water droplets with its surface. 32640409 5 42 with composition 636:646 arg1 histochemistry 668:681 histochemistry 668:681 histochemistry 668:681 We determined the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy after applying various chemicals. 32640409 5 42 with composition 636:646 arg1 microscopy 705:714 scanning electron microscopy 687:714 scanning electron microscopy 687:714 We determined the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy after applying various chemicals. 32640409 10 43 theme branching 1268:1276 arg1 extensions 1278:1287 branching extensions 1268:1287 branching extensions of epidermal cells 1268:1306 They are deposited early in the premolt stage of the molt cycle around branching extensions of epidermal cells. 32640409 4 44 theme spheres 537:543 arg1 composition 504:514 composition 504:514 composition 504:514 We studied the ultrastructure, composition and formation of the spheres as well as tested whether they affect the hydrophobicity of the cuticle. 32640409 4 44 theme spheres 537:543 arg1 ultrastructure 488:501 ultrastructure 488:501 ultrastructure 488:501 We studied the ultrastructure, composition and formation of the spheres as well as tested whether they affect the hydrophobicity of the cuticle. 32640409 4 44 theme spheres 537:543 arg1 formation 520:528 formation 520:528 formation 520:528 We studied the ultrastructure, composition and formation of the spheres as well as tested whether they affect the hydrophobicity of the cuticle. 32640409 5 45 theme scanning 687:694 arg1 microscopy 705:714 scanning electron microscopy 687:714 scanning electron microscopy 687:714 We determined the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy after applying various chemicals. 32640409 9 46 theme epicuticular 1172:1183 arg1 they 1163:1166 they 1163:1166 they 1163:1166 By studying the formation of the spheres we established that they are epicuticular structures. 32640409 9 46 theme epicuticular 1172:1183 arg1 structures 1185:1194 epicuticular structures 1172:1194 epicuticular structures 1172:1194 By studying the formation of the spheres we established that they are epicuticular structures. 32640409 1 47 theme pruinosus 207:215 arg1 surface 167:173 The dorsal surface 156:173 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus 156:215 The dorsal surface of the woodlouse Porcellionides pruinosus is covered with minute spheres, providing its characteristic powdered appearance. 32640409 5 48 theme electron 696:703 arg1 microscopy 705:714 scanning electron microscopy 687:714 scanning electron microscopy 687:714 We determined the composition of the spheres with histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy after applying various chemicals. 32640409 10 49 theme cycle 1255:1259 arg1 stage 1237:1241 the premolt stage 1225:1241 the premolt stage of the molt cycle 1225:1259 They are deposited early in the premolt stage of the molt cycle around branching extensions of epidermal cells. 32640409 3 50 theme cuticular 454:462 arg1 surface 464:470 the cuticular surface 450:470 the cuticular surface 450:470 A previously suggested function of these structures was to increase the hydrophobicity of the cuticular surface. 32640409 10 51 theme molt 1250:1253 arg1 cycle 1255:1259 the molt cycle 1246:1259 the molt cycle 1246:1259 They are deposited early in the premolt stage of the molt cycle around branching extensions of epidermal cells. 32640409 11 52 theme P. pruinosus 1339:1350 arg1 hydrophobic 1360:1370 hydrophobic 1360:1370 hydrophobic 1360:1370 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 11 52 theme P. pruinosus 1339:1350 arg1 cuticle 1328:1334 The sphere-covered cuticle 1309:1334 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus 1309:1350 The sphere-covered cuticle of P. pruinosus is more hydrophobic than the cuticle with experimentally removed spheres as well as the scale-covered cuticle in a related species. 32640409 10 53 theme cells 1302:1306 arg1 extensions 1278:1287 branching extensions 1268:1287 branching extensions of epidermal cells 1268:1306 They are deposited early in the premolt stage of the molt cycle around branching extensions of epidermal cells. 32640409 4 54 theme cuticle 609:615 arg1 hydrophobicity 587:600 the hydrophobicity 583:600 the hydrophobicity of the cuticle 583:615 We studied the ultrastructure, composition and formation of the spheres as well as tested whether they affect the hydrophobicity of the cuticle. 33888690 5 0 theme extract 702:708 arg1 methods 721:727 extract processing methods 702:727 extract processing methods 702:727 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 5 1 from concentrations 753:766 arg1 systems 796:802 CFE systems 792:802 CFE systems 792:802 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 5 2 theme processing 710:719 arg1 methods 721:727 extract processing methods 702:727 extract processing methods 702:727 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 1 3 from extracts 161:168 arg1 systems 133:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems 101:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts 101:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 8 4 gly glycoprotein 1182:1193 arg1 glycoprotein 1182:1193 on-demand glycoprotein production 1172:1204 on-demand glycoprotein production 1172:1204 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 5 5 from vesicles 780:787 arg1 systems 796:802 CFE systems 792:802 CFE systems 792:802 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 7 6 theme lipid-linked 1023:1034 arg1 oligosaccharides 1036:1051 lipid-linked oligosaccharides 1023:1051 lipid-linked oligosaccharides 1023:1051 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 7 7 theme cell-free 1067:1075 arg1 synthesis 1112:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 2 8 theme CFE 335:337 arg1 systems 339:345 bacterial CFE systems 325:345 bacterial CFE systems 325:345 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 7 9 theme membrane-bound 977:990 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferases 992:1017 membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases 977:1017 membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases 977:1017 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 2 10 link cell-derived 300:311 arg1 vesicles 313:320 cell-derived vesicles 300:320 cell-derived vesicles 300:320 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 5 11 theme CFE 792:794 arg1 systems 796:802 CFE systems 792:802 CFE systems 792:802 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 2 12 theme bacterial 325:333 arg1 systems 339:345 bacterial CFE systems 325:345 bacterial CFE systems 325:345 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 8 13 theme on-demand 1172:1180 arg1 production 1195:1204 on-demand glycoprotein production 1172:1204 on-demand glycoprotein production 1172:1204 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 6 14 theme vesicle 845:851 arg1 number 853:858 vesicle number 845:858 vesicle number 845:858 Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. 33888690 2 15 theme vesicles 313:320 arg1 functionality 283:295 activating membrane-dependent functionality 253:295 activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems 253:345 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 1 16 theme much 185:188 arg1 attention 190:198 much attention 185:198 much attention 185:198 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 0 17 theme cell-free 10:18 arg1 synthesis 33:41 cell-free glycoprotein synthesis 10:41 cell-free glycoprotein synthesis 10:41 Improving cell-free glycoprotein synthesis by characterizing and enriching native membrane vesicles. 33888690 3 18 from vesicles 432:439 arg1 extracts 471:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 7 19 gly glycoprotein 1099:1110 arg1 glycoprotein 1099:1110 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 1 20 theme Cell-free 101:109 arg1 systems 133:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems 101:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts 101:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 8 21 with systems 1225:1231 arg1 activities 1258:1267 membrane-associated activities 1238:1267 membrane-associated activities 1238:1267 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 5 22 theme membrane 771:778 arg1 vesicles 780:787 membrane vesicles 771:787 membrane vesicles in CFE systems 771:802 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 7 23 link N-linked 1077:1084 arg1 synthesis 1112:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 8 24 theme glycoprotein 1182:1193 arg1 production 1195:1204 on-demand glycoprotein production 1172:1204 on-demand glycoprotein production 1172:1204 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 5 25 theme multiple 632:639 arg1 techniques 653:662 multiple, orthogonal techniques 632:662 multiple, orthogonal techniques 632:662 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 1 26 theme gene 111:114 arg1 systems 133:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems 101:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts 101:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 2 27 from functionality 283:295 arg1 systems 339:345 bacterial CFE systems 325:345 bacterial CFE systems 325:345 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 5 28 used used 736:739 arg2 methods 721:727 extract processing methods 702:727 extract processing methods 702:727 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 4 29 theme bacterial 591:599 arg1 glycoengineering 601:616 bacterial glycoengineering 591:616 bacterial glycoengineering 591:616 As a model, we focus on bacterial glycoengineering. 33888690 1 30 theme expression 116:125 arg1 systems 133:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems 101:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts 101:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 1 31 theme biomanufacturing 204:219 arg1 biology 235:241 biomanufacturing and synthetic biology 204:241 biomanufacturing and synthetic biology 204:241 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 0 32 theme glycoprotein 20:31 arg1 synthesis 33:41 cell-free glycoprotein synthesis 10:41 cell-free glycoprotein synthesis 10:41 Improving cell-free glycoprotein synthesis by characterizing and enriching native membrane vesicles. 33888690 7 33 link O-linked 1090:1097 arg1 synthesis 1112:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 5 34 from systems 796:802 arg1 concentrations 753:766 concentrations 753:766 concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems 753:802 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 8 35 theme new 1217:1219 arg1 systems 1225:1231 new CFE systems 1217:1231 new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities 1217:1267 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 3 36 theme native 416:421 arg1 vesicles 432:439 native membrane vesicles 416:439 native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 416:478 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 3 37 theme coli-based 456:465 arg1 extracts 471:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 3 38 with vesicles 513:520 arg1 machinery 556:564 heterologous, membrane-bound machinery 527:564 heterologous, membrane-bound machinery 527:564 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 6 39 theme cargo 930:934 arg1 concentrations 882:895 enhanced concentrations 873:895 enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo 873:934 Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. 33888690 2 40 theme activating 253:262 arg1 functionality 283:295 activating membrane-dependent functionality 253:295 activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems 253:345 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 1 41 theme synthetic 225:233 arg1 biology 235:241 biomanufacturing and synthetic biology 204:241 biomanufacturing and synthetic biology 204:241 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 3 42 theme CFE 467:469 arg1 extracts 471:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 5 43 theme vesicles 780:787 arg1 concentrations 753:766 concentrations 753:766 concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems 753:802 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 6 44 theme protein 922:928 arg1 cargo 930:934 heterologous membrane protein cargo 900:934 heterologous membrane protein cargo 900:934 Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. 33888690 3 45 theme enrich 506:511 arg1 vesicles 513:520 enrich vesicles 506:520 enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery 506:564 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 6 46 theme membrane 913:920 arg1 cargo 930:934 heterologous membrane protein cargo 900:934 heterologous membrane protein cargo 900:934 Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. 33888690 0 47 gly glycoprotein 20:31 arg1 glycoprotein 20:31 cell-free glycoprotein synthesis 10:41 cell-free glycoprotein synthesis 10:41 Improving cell-free glycoprotein synthesis by characterizing and enriching native membrane vesicles. 33888690 1 48 theme CFE 128:130 arg1 systems 133:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems 101:139 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts 101:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 3 49 theme Escherichia 444:454 arg1 extracts 471:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 444:478 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 6 50 theme heterologous 900:911 arg1 cargo 930:934 heterologous membrane protein cargo 900:934 heterologous membrane protein cargo 900:934 Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. 33888690 8 51 theme CFE 1221:1223 arg1 systems 1225:1231 new CFE systems 1217:1231 new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities 1217:1267 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 2 52 theme cell-derived 300:311 arg1 vesicles 313:320 cell-derived vesicles 300:320 cell-derived vesicles 300:320 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 3 53 theme heterologous 527:538 arg1 machinery 556:564 heterologous, membrane-bound machinery 527:564 heterologous, membrane-bound machinery 527:564 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 8 54 theme membrane-associated 1238:1256 arg1 activities 1258:1267 membrane-associated activities 1238:1267 membrane-associated activities 1238:1267 We anticipate that these methods will facilitate on-demand glycoprotein production and enable new CFE systems with membrane-associated activities. 33888690 3 55 dep heterologous 527:538 arg1 membrane-bound 541:554 membrane-bound 541:554 membrane-bound 541:554 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 7 56 theme O-linked 1090:1097 arg1 synthesis 1112:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 0 57 theme membrane 82:89 arg1 vesicles 91:98 native membrane vesicles 75:98 native membrane vesicles 75:98 Improving cell-free glycoprotein synthesis by characterizing and enriching native membrane vesicles. 33888690 6 58 theme enhanced 873:880 arg1 concentrations 882:895 enhanced concentrations 873:895 enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo 873:934 Then, we show that extracts enriched in vesicle number also display enhanced concentrations of heterologous membrane protein cargo. 33888690 7 59 theme glycoprotein 1099:1110 arg1 synthesis 1112:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 1 60 theme crude 146:150 arg1 extracts 161:168 crude cellular extracts 146:168 crude cellular extracts 146:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 3 61 theme membrane 423:430 arg1 vesicles 432:439 native membrane vesicles 416:439 native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts 416:478 Here, we address this limitation by characterizing native membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-based CFE extracts and describing methods to enrich vesicles with heterologous, membrane-bound machinery. 33888690 0 62 theme native 75:80 arg1 vesicles 91:98 native membrane vesicles 75:98 native membrane vesicles 75:98 Improving cell-free glycoprotein synthesis by characterizing and enriching native membrane vesicles. 33888690 2 63 theme membrane-dependent 264:281 arg1 functionality 283:295 activating membrane-dependent functionality 253:295 activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems 253:345 However, activating membrane-dependent functionality of cell-derived vesicles in bacterial CFE systems has been limited. 33888690 7 64 theme N-linked 1077:1084 arg1 synthesis 1112:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis 1067:1120 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 33888690 1 65 theme cellular 152:159 arg1 extracts 161:168 crude cellular extracts 146:168 crude cellular extracts 146:168 Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems from crude cellular extracts have attracted much attention for biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. 33888690 5 66 dep multiple 632:639 arg1 orthogonal 642:651 orthogonal 642:651 orthogonal 642:651 We first use multiple, orthogonal techniques to characterize vesicles and show how extract processing methods can be used to increase concentrations of membrane vesicles in CFE systems. 33888690 7 67 link lipid-linked 1023:1034 arg1 oligosaccharides 1036:1051 lipid-linked oligosaccharides 1023:1051 lipid-linked oligosaccharides 1023:1051 Finally, we apply our methods to enrich membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferases and lipid-linked oligosaccharides for improving cell-free N-linked and O-linked glycoprotein synthesis. 32899886 4 0 from temperature 626:636 arg1 membrane 609:616 an insoluble membrane 596:616 an insoluble membrane at room temperature 596:636 This was to produce an insoluble membrane at room temperature where MB reagent could be immobilized to build an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis. 32899886 9 1 theme simple 1373:1378 arg1 means 1402:1406 a simple, rapid, and sensitive means 1371:1406 a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis 1371:1430 Thus, this sensor provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis. 32899886 1 2 theme confectionery 188:200 arg1 products 202:209 confectionery products 188:209 confectionery products 188:209 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 7 3 contain has 1080:1082 arg2 advantages 1088:1097 the advantages 1084:1097 the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan 1084:1159 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 7 3 contain has 1080:1082 arg1 sensor 1073:1078 The optical sensor 1061:1078 The optical sensor 1061:1078 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 4 4 theme insoluble 599:607 arg1 membrane 609:616 an insoluble membrane 596:616 an insoluble membrane at room temperature 596:636 This was to produce an insoluble membrane at room temperature where MB reagent could be immobilized to build an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis. 32899886 7 5 theme hydrocolloids 1193:1205 arg1 types 1184:1188 other types 1178:1188 other types of hydrocolloids 1178:1205 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 8 6 theme sophisticated 1247:1259 arg1 techniques 1261:1270 most sophisticated techniques 1242:1270 most sophisticated techniques for carageenan analysis 1242:1294 Its sensitivity was comparable to most sophisticated techniques for carageenan analysis but better than other types of optical sensors. 32899886 2 7 theme acrylate 382:389 arg1 membrane 412:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane 351:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 351:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 5 8 from L-1 937:939 arg1 limit 921:925 a detection limit 909:925 a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1 909:939 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 9 from intensity 746:754 arg1 membrane 779:786 the composite membrane 765:786 the composite membrane 765:786 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 10 dep = 891:891 arg1 mg 880:881 1.0-20.0 mg 871:881 1.0-20.0 mg L-1 871:885 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 2 11 with membrane 412:419 arg1 methylene 438:446 methylene blue 438:451 immobilized methylene blue (MB) 426:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 2 11 with membrane 412:419 arg1 MB 454:455 MB 454:455 MB 454:455 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 8 12 theme sensors 1335:1341 arg1 types 1318:1322 other types 1312:1322 other types of optical sensors 1312:1341 Its sensitivity was comparable to most sophisticated techniques for carageenan analysis but better than other types of optical sensors. 32899886 5 13 theme mg 934:935 arg1 L-1 937:939 0.4 mg L-1 930:939 0.4 mg L-1 930:939 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 6 14 theme carrageenan 961:971 arg1 Recovery 942:949 Recovery 942:949 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products 942:1008 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products showed percentage recoveries between 90% and 102%. 32899886 5 15 theme MB 759:760 arg1 proportional 804:815 proportional 804:815 proportional 804:815 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 15 theme MB 759:760 arg1 intensity 746:754 The fluorescence intensity 729:754 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane 729:786 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 16 from concentrations 836:849 arg1 manner 863:868 a linear manner 854:868 a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) 854:898 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 17 with concentrations 836:849 arg1 limit 921:925 a detection limit 909:925 a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1 909:939 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 8 18 theme optical 1327:1333 arg1 sensors 1335:1341 optical sensors 1327:1341 optical sensors 1327:1341 Its sensitivity was comparable to most sophisticated techniques for carageenan analysis but better than other types of optical sensors. 32899886 6 19 theme spiked 954:959 arg1 carrageenan 961:971 spiked carrageenan 954:971 spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products 954:1008 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products showed percentage recoveries between 90% and 102%. 32899886 4 20 theme carrageenan 707:717 arg1 analysis 719:726 carrageenan analysis 707:726 carrageenan analysis 707:726 This was to produce an insoluble membrane at room temperature where MB reagent could be immobilized to build an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis. 32899886 5 21 theme linear 856:861 arg1 manner 863:868 a linear manner 854:868 a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) 854:898 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 3 22 theme Mc 489:490 arg1 membrane 500:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 2 23 theme determination 300:312 arg1 way 281:283 A new and simpler way 263:283 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 263:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 4 24 theme optical 688:694 arg1 sensor 696:701 an optical sensor 685:701 an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis 685:726 This was to produce an insoluble membrane at room temperature where MB reagent could be immobilized to build an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis. 32899886 7 25 theme sensitivity 1111:1121 arg1 advantages 1088:1097 the advantages 1084:1097 the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan 1084:1159 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 6 26 theme commercial 978:987 arg1 products 1001:1008 commercial fruit juice products 978:1008 commercial fruit juice products 978:1008 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products showed percentage recoveries between 90% and 102%. 32899886 2 27 theme carrageenan 288:298 arg1 determination 300:312 carrageenan determination 288:312 carrageenan determination 288:312 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 3 28 mod modified 526:533 arg3 polymer 567:573 a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer 540:573 a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer 540:573 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 3 28 mod modified 526:533 arg1 membrane 500:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 0 29 theme Sensitive 7:15 arg1 Sensor 30:35 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor 0:35 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 0:107 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 32899886 5 30 theme composite 769:777 arg1 membrane 779:786 the composite membrane 765:786 the composite membrane 765:786 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 31 theme 0.4 930:932 arg1 mg 934:935 mg 934:935 mg 934:935 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 2 32 theme composite 402:410 arg1 membrane 412:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane 351:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 351:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 5 33 theme carrageenan 824:834 arg1 concentrations 836:849 the carrageenan concentrations 820:849 the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1 820:939 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 9 34 theme sensitive 1392:1400 arg1 means 1402:1406 a simple, rapid, and sensitive means 1371:1406 a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis 1371:1430 Thus, this sensor provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis. 32899886 7 35 theme optical 1065:1071 arg1 sensor 1073:1078 The optical sensor 1061:1078 The optical sensor 1061:1078 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 7 36 theme selectivity 1134:1144 arg1 advantages 1088:1097 the advantages 1084:1097 the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan 1084:1159 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 2 37 theme optical 326:332 arg1 sensor 334:339 an optical sensor 323:339 an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 323:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 1 38 theme detrimental 227:237 arg1 effect 239:244 a detrimental effect 225:244 a detrimental effect 225:244 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 0 39 theme Fluorescence 17:28 arg1 Sensor 30:35 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor 0:35 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 0:107 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 32899886 3 40 theme hydrophobic 547:557 arg1 polymer 567:573 a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer 540:573 a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer 540:573 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 1 41 theme sulphated 133:141 arg1 polysaccharides 143:157 linear sulphated polysaccharides 126:157 linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health 126:260 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 1 41 theme sulphated 133:141 arg1 Carrageenans 109:120 Carrageenans 109:120 Carrageenans 109:120 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 2 42 theme blue 448:451 arg1 methylene 438:446 methylene blue 438:451 immobilized methylene blue (MB) 426:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 2 42 theme blue 448:451 arg1 MB 454:455 MB 454:455 MB 454:455 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 5 43 theme fluorescence 733:744 arg1 proportional 804:815 proportional 804:815 proportional 804:815 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 5 43 theme fluorescence 733:744 arg1 intensity 746:754 The fluorescence intensity 729:754 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane 729:786 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 0 44 from Membrane 99:106 arg1 Sensor 30:35 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor 0:35 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 0:107 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 32899886 2 45 theme new 265:267 arg1 way 281:283 A new and simpler way 263:283 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 263:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 7 46 theme better 1127:1132 arg1 selectivity 1134:1144 better selectivity 1127:1144 better selectivity to carrageenan 1127:1159 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 6 47 theme juice 995:999 arg1 products 1001:1008 commercial fruit juice products 978:1008 commercial fruit juice products 978:1008 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products showed percentage recoveries between 90% and 102%. 32899886 2 48 theme immobilized 426:436 arg1 methylene 438:446 methylene blue 438:451 immobilized methylene blue (MB) 426:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 2 48 theme immobilized 426:436 arg1 MB 454:455 MB 454:455 MB 454:455 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 7 49 theme improved 1102:1109 arg1 sensitivity 1111:1121 improved sensitivity 1102:1121 improved sensitivity 1102:1121 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 7 50 theme other 1178:1182 arg1 types 1184:1188 other types 1178:1188 other types of hydrocolloids 1178:1205 The optical sensor has the advantages of improved sensitivity and better selectivity to carrageenan when compared to other types of hydrocolloids. 32899886 6 51 theme percentage 1017:1026 arg1 recoveries 1028:1037 percentage recoveries 1017:1037 percentage recoveries between 90% and 102% 1017:1058 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products showed percentage recoveries between 90% and 102%. 32899886 2 52 theme n-butyl 374:380 arg1 membrane 412:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane 351:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 351:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 4 53 theme room 621:624 arg1 temperature 626:636 room temperature 621:636 room temperature 621:636 This was to produce an insoluble membrane at room temperature where MB reagent could be immobilized to build an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis. 32899886 5 54 dep mg 880:881 arg1 L-1 883:885 L-1 883:885 1.0-20.0 mg L-1 871:885 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 8 55 theme carageenan 1276:1285 arg1 analysis 1287:1294 carageenan analysis 1276:1294 carageenan analysis 1276:1294 Its sensitivity was comparable to most sophisticated techniques for carageenan analysis but better than other types of optical sensors. 32899886 5 56 dep manner 863:868 arg1 = 891:891 = 891:891 = 891:891 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 2 57 theme methylcellulose/poly 353:372 arg1 membrane 412:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane 351:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 351:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 1 58 theme linear 126:131 arg1 polysaccharides 143:157 linear sulphated polysaccharides 126:157 linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health 126:260 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 1 58 theme linear 126:131 arg1 Carrageenans 109:120 Carrageenans 109:120 Carrageenans 109:120 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 3 59 theme acrylic 559:565 arg1 polymer 567:573 a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer 540:573 a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer 540:573 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 8 60 theme other 1312:1316 arg1 types 1318:1322 other types 1312:1322 other types of optical sensors 1312:1341 Its sensitivity was comparable to most sophisticated techniques for carageenan analysis but better than other types of optical sensors. 32899886 5 61 theme detection 911:919 arg1 limit 921:925 a detection limit 909:925 a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1 909:939 The fluorescence intensity of MB in the composite membrane was found to be proportional to the carrageenan concentrations in a linear manner (1.0-20.0 mg L-1, R2 = 0.992) and with a detection limit at 0.4 mg L-1. 32899886 3 62 theme polymer 492:498 arg1 membrane 500:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 0 63 theme Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate 70:97 arg1 Membrane 99:106 a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane 58:106 a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane 58:106 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 32899886 1 64 theme human 249:253 arg1 health 255:260 human health 249:260 human health 249:260 Carrageenans are linear sulphated polysaccharides that are commonly added into confectionery products but may exert a detrimental effect to human health. 32899886 2 65 theme simpler 273:279 arg1 way 281:283 A new and simpler way 263:283 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 263:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 3 66 theme hydrophilic 477:487 arg1 membrane 500:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane 473:507 The hydrophilic Mc polymer membrane was successfully modified with a more hydrophobic acrylic polymer. 32899886 2 67 theme Mc/PnBA 393:399 arg1 membrane 412:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane 351:419 a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) 351:456 A new and simpler way of carrageenan determination based on an optical sensor utilizing a methylcellulose/poly(n-butyl acrylate) (Mc/PnBA) composite membrane with immobilized methylene blue (MB) was developed. 32899886 9 68 theme carageenan 1412:1421 arg1 analysis 1423:1430 carageenan analysis 1412:1430 carageenan analysis 1412:1430 Thus, this sensor provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis. 32899886 4 69 theme MB 644:645 arg1 reagent 647:653 MB reagent 644:653 MB reagent 644:653 This was to produce an insoluble membrane at room temperature where MB reagent could be immobilized to build an optical sensor for carrageenan analysis. 32899886 0 70 theme Composite 60:68 arg1 Membrane 99:106 a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane 58:106 a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane 58:106 Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Carrageenan from a Composite Methylcellulose/Polyacrylate Membrane. 32899886 9 71 theme rapid 1381:1385 arg1 means 1402:1406 a simple, rapid, and sensitive means 1371:1406 a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis 1371:1430 Thus, this sensor provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive means for carageenan analysis. 32899886 6 72 theme fruit 989:993 arg1 products 1001:1008 commercial fruit juice products 978:1008 commercial fruit juice products 978:1008 Recovery of spiked carrageenan into commercial fruit juice products showed percentage recoveries between 90% and 102%. 33849982 4 0 theme monosaccharide 968:981 arg1 composition 983:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 3 1 theme available 733:741 arg1 monosaccharides 717:731 the monosaccharides 713:731 the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins 713:808 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 4 2 theme cell 958:961 arg1 composition 983:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 7 3 theme wall 1509:1512 arg1 history 1482:1488 the complex evolutionary history 1457:1488 the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1457:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 3 4 theme cell 766:769 arg1 polysaccharides 776:790 cell wall polysaccharides 766:790 cell wall polysaccharides 766:790 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 7 5 theme fungal 1497:1502 arg1 wall 1509:1512 the fungal cell wall 1493:1512 the fungal cell wall 1493:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 4 6 theme wall 963:966 arg1 composition 983:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 2 7 dep dynamism 282:289 arg1 the 278:280 the 278:280 the 278:280 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 10 8 theme antifungal 2064:2073 arg1 compounds 2075:2083 antifungal compounds 2064:2083 antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens 2064:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 2 9 theme wall 324:327 arg1 matrix 332:337 a matrix 330:337 a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies 330:416 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 9 theme wall 324:327 arg1 target 430:435 a major target 422:435 a major target in the development of antifungal compounds 422:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 9 theme wall 324:327 arg1 diversity 295:303 diversity 295:303 diversity 295:303 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 9 theme wall 324:327 arg1 dynamism 282:289 dynamism 282:289 dynamism 282:289 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 1 10 theme aerobic 209:215 arg1 habitat 217:223 every aerobic habitat 203:223 every aerobic habitat 203:223 The fungi are an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth. 33849982 4 11 theme fungal 1006:1011 arg1 taxa 1013:1016 491 fungal taxa 1002:1016 491 fungal taxa 1002:1016 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 6 12 theme monosaccharide 1197:1210 arg1 diversity 1212:1220 monosaccharide diversity 1197:1220 monosaccharide diversity 1197:1220 In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. 33849982 5 13 theme fungal 1130:1135 arg1 wall 1142:1145 the fungal cell wall 1126:1145 the fungal cell wall 1126:1145 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 2 14 theme fungal 312:317 arg1 wall 324:327 the fungal cell wall 308:327 the fungal cell wall 308:327 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 4 15 used used 833:836 arg2 we 825:826 we 825:826 we 825:826 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 8 16 theme fungal 1527:1532 arg1 enzymes 1534:1540 fungal enzymes 1527:1540 fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall 1527:1676 We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. 33849982 7 17 theme evolutionary 1469:1480 arg1 history 1482:1488 the complex evolutionary history 1457:1488 the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1457:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 5 18 theme wall 1142:1145 arg1 history 1059:1065 a complex evolutionary history 1036:1065 a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall 1036:1145 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 3 19 theme nucleotide-sugar 631:646 arg1 substrates 648:657 their nucleotide-sugar substrates 625:657 their nucleotide-sugar substrates 625:657 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 9 20 theme NSI 1817:1819 arg1 proteins 1821:1828 NSI proteins 1817:1828 NSI proteins 1817:1828 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 6 21 theme terrestrial 1283:1293 arg1 habitats 1295:1302 terrestrial habitats 1283:1302 terrestrial habitats 1283:1302 In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. 33849982 9 22 theme enzymes 1753:1759 arg1 profiles 1696:1703 Species-specific profiles 1679:1703 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi 1679:1773 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 2 23 from diversity 295:303 arg1 development 444:454 the development 440:454 the development of antifungal compounds 440:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 10 24 theme specific 2119:2126 arg1 pathogens 2128:2136 specific pathogens 2119:2136 specific pathogens 2119:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 10 25 theme cell 1929:1932 arg1 walls 1934:1938 cell walls 1929:1938 cell walls 1929:1938 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 1 26 theme eukaryotic 165:174 arg1 fungi 130:134 The fungi 126:134 The fungi 126:134 The fungi are an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth. 33849982 1 26 theme eukaryotic 165:174 arg1 lineage 176:182 an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage 140:182 an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth 140:232 The fungi are an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth. 33849982 0 27 theme Wall 99:102 arg1 Composition 104:114 Cell Wall Composition 94:114 Cell Wall Composition 94:114 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes Illuminate Cell Wall Composition in Fungi. 33849982 9 28 theme cell 1863:1866 arg1 architecture 1873:1884 cell wall architecture 1863:1884 cell wall architecture 1863:1884 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 5 29 theme evolutionary 1046:1057 arg1 history 1059:1065 a complex evolutionary history 1036:1065 a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall 1036:1145 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 9 30 theme architecture 1873:1884 arg1 diversity 1850:1858 the rich diversity 1841:1858 the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom 1841:1903 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 2 31 theme major 424:428 arg1 target 430:435 a major target 422:435 a major target in the development of antifungal compounds 422:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 3 32 gly glycoproteins 796:808 arg1 glycoproteins 796:808 glycoproteins 796:808 glycoproteins 796:808 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 2 33 theme life 394:397 arg1 strategies 407:416 fungal life history strategies 387:416 fungal life history strategies 387:416 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 0 34 theme Phylogenomic 0:11 arg1 Analyses 13:20 Phylogenomic Analyses 0:20 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes 0:81 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes Illuminate Cell Wall Composition in Fungi. 33849982 2 35 from dynamism 282:289 arg1 development 444:454 the development 440:454 the development of antifungal compounds 440:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 7 36 theme later-diverging 1376:1390 arg1 lineages.IMPORTANCE 1399:1417 later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE 1376:1417 later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1376:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 8 37 theme building 1645:1652 arg1 blocks 1654:1659 the fundamental building blocks 1629:1659 the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall 1629:1676 We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. 33849982 4 38 theme enzymatic 867:875 arg1 pathways 877:884 the enzymatic pathways 863:884 the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars 863:935 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 0 39 theme Biosynthetic 42:53 arg1 Analyses 13:20 Phylogenomic Analyses 0:20 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes 0:81 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes Illuminate Cell Wall Composition in Fungi. 33849982 9 40 theme Species-specific 1679:1694 arg1 profiles 1696:1703 Species-specific profiles 1679:1703 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi 1679:1773 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 2 41 theme compounds 470:478 arg1 development 444:454 the development 440:454 the development of antifungal compounds 440:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 10 42 theme important 2018:2026 arg1 implications 2028:2039 important implications 2018:2039 important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens 2018:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 2 43 theme polysaccharides 342:356 arg1 matrix 332:337 a matrix 330:337 a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies 330:416 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 43 theme polysaccharides 342:356 arg1 target 430:435 a major target 422:435 a major target in the development of antifungal compounds 422:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 43 theme polysaccharides 342:356 arg1 diversity 295:303 diversity 295:303 diversity 295:303 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 43 theme polysaccharides 342:356 arg1 dynamism 282:289 dynamism 282:289 dynamism 282:289 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 0 44 theme Interconverting 59:73 arg1 Enzymes 75:81 Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes 25:81 Enzymes 75:81 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes Illuminate Cell Wall Composition in Fungi. 33849982 6 45 theme significant 1172:1182 arg1 reduction 1184:1192 a significant reduction 1170:1192 a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution 1170:1244 In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. 33849982 8 46 theme cell 1668:1671 arg1 wall 1673:1676 the cell wall 1664:1676 the cell wall 1664:1676 We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. 33849982 4 47 theme phylogenomic 838:849 arg1 analyses 851:858 phylogenomic analyses 838:858 phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars 838:935 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 7 48 dep lineages.IMPORTANCE 1399:1417 arg1 provides 1430:1437 provides 1430:1437 provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1430:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 3 49 theme wall 486:489 arg1 polysaccharides 491:505 Cell wall polysaccharides 481:505 Cell wall polysaccharides 481:505 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 5 50 theme cell 1076:1079 arg1 pathways 1093:1100 these cell wall enzyme pathways 1070:1100 these cell wall enzyme pathways 1070:1100 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 3 51 theme Leloir 536:541 arg1 enzymes 565:571 enzymes 565:571 enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize 565:618 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 3 51 theme Leloir 536:541 arg1 glycosyltransferases 543:562 Leloir glycosyltransferases 536:562 Leloir glycosyltransferases 536:562 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 5 52 theme enzyme 1086:1091 arg1 pathways 1093:1100 these cell wall enzyme pathways 1070:1100 these cell wall enzyme pathways 1070:1100 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 2 53 from target 430:435 arg1 development 444:454 the development 440:454 the development of antifungal compounds 440:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 10 54 theme sugar 1997:2001 arg1 diversity 2003:2011 sugar diversity 1997:2011 sugar diversity 1997:2011 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 2 55 theme glycoproteins 362:374 arg1 matrix 332:337 a matrix 330:337 a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies 330:416 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 55 theme glycoproteins 362:374 arg1 target 430:435 a major target 422:435 a major target in the development of antifungal compounds 422:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 55 theme glycoproteins 362:374 arg1 diversity 295:303 diversity 295:303 diversity 295:303 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 55 theme glycoproteins 362:374 arg1 dynamism 282:289 dynamism 282:289 dynamism 282:289 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 2 56 from matrix 332:337 arg1 development 444:454 the development 440:454 the development of antifungal compounds 440:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 10 57 theme variation 1984:1992 arg1 observations 1968:1979 our observations 1964:1979 our observations of variation in sugar diversity 1964:2011 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 4 58 theme potential 948:956 arg1 composition 983:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 potential cell wall monosaccharide composition 948:993 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 10 59 from observations 1968:1979 arg1 diversity 2003:2011 sugar diversity 1997:2011 sugar diversity 1997:2011 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 6 60 theme fungal 1229:1234 arg1 evolution 1236:1244 fungal evolution 1229:1244 fungal evolution 1229:1244 In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. 33849982 3 61 theme wall 771:774 arg1 polysaccharides 776:790 cell wall polysaccharides 766:790 cell wall polysaccharides 766:790 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 9 62 theme multiple 1788:1795 arg1 losses 1797:1802 multiple losses 1788:1802 multiple losses 1788:1802 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 7 63 theme cell 1504:1507 arg1 wall 1509:1512 the fungal cell wall 1493:1512 the fungal cell wall 1493:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 10 64 contain have 2013:2016 arg2 implications 2028:2039 important implications 2018:2039 important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens 2018:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 10 64 contain have 2013:2016 arg1 observations 1968:1979 our observations 1964:1979 our observations of variation in sugar diversity 1964:2011 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 2 65 theme cell 319:322 arg1 wall 324:327 the fungal cell wall 308:327 the fungal cell wall 308:327 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 5 66 theme cell 1137:1140 arg1 wall 1142:1145 the fungal cell wall 1126:1145 the fungal cell wall 1126:1145 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 6 67 theme habitats 1295:1302 arg1 colonization 1267:1278 the colonization 1263:1278 the colonization of terrestrial habitats 1263:1302 In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. 33849982 2 68 theme spectacular 240:250 arg1 expansion 252:260 This spectacular expansion 235:260 This spectacular expansion 235:260 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 9 69 theme proteins 1821:1828 arg1 gains 1808:1812 gains 1808:1812 gains 1808:1812 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 9 69 theme proteins 1821:1828 arg1 losses 1797:1802 multiple losses 1788:1802 multiple losses 1788:1802 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 7 70 theme complex 1461:1467 arg1 history 1482:1488 the complex evolutionary history 1457:1488 the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1457:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 10 71 theme compounds 2075:2083 arg1 development 2049:2059 the development 2045:2059 the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens 2045:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 0 72 theme Cell 94:97 arg1 Composition 104:114 Cell Wall Composition 94:114 Cell Wall Composition 94:114 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes Illuminate Cell Wall Composition in Fungi. 33849982 1 73 theme successful 154:163 arg1 fungi 130:134 The fungi 126:134 The fungi 126:134 The fungi are an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth. 33849982 1 73 theme successful 154:163 arg1 lineage 176:182 an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage 140:182 an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth 140:232 The fungi are an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth. 33849982 9 74 theme rich 1845:1848 arg1 diversity 1850:1858 the rich diversity 1841:1858 the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom 1841:1903 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 7 75 theme new 1439:1441 arg1 insights 1443:1450 new insights 1439:1450 new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1439:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 10 76 theme sugar 2101:2105 arg1 profiles 2107:2114 the sugar profiles 2097:2114 the sugar profiles of specific pathogens 2097:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 8 77 theme diverse 1601:1607 arg1 sugars 1609:1614 the diverse sugars 1597:1614 the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall 1597:1676 We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. 33849982 9 78 theme nucleotide-sugar 1714:1729 arg1 NSI 1748:1750 NSI 1748:1750 NSI 1748:1750 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 9 78 theme nucleotide-sugar 1714:1729 arg1 interconverting 1731:1745 nucleotide-sugar interconverting 1714:1745 these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes 1708:1759 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 5 79 theme complex 1038:1044 arg1 history 1059:1065 a complex evolutionary history 1036:1065 a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall 1036:1145 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 9 80 theme wall 1868:1871 arg1 architecture 1873:1884 cell wall architecture 1863:1884 cell wall architecture 1863:1884 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 10 81 theme pathogens 2128:2136 arg1 profiles 2107:2114 the sugar profiles 2097:2114 the sugar profiles of specific pathogens 2097:2136 Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens. 33849982 2 82 theme history 399:405 arg1 strategies 407:416 fungal life history strategies 387:416 fungal life history strategies 387:416 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 7 83 theme fungal 1392:1397 arg1 lineages.IMPORTANCE 1399:1417 later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE 1376:1417 later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall 1376:1512 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 8 84 theme fundamental 1633:1643 arg1 blocks 1654:1659 the fundamental building blocks 1629:1659 the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall 1629:1676 We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. 33849982 2 85 theme fungal 387:392 arg1 strategies 407:416 fungal life history strategies 387:416 fungal life history strategies 387:416 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 5 86 theme wall 1081:1084 arg1 pathways 1093:1100 these cell wall enzyme pathways 1070:1100 these cell wall enzyme pathways 1070:1100 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 3 87 theme Cell 481:484 arg1 polysaccharides 491:505 Cell wall polysaccharides 481:505 Cell wall polysaccharides 481:505 Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. 33849982 5 88 theme pathways 1093:1100 arg1 history 1059:1065 a complex evolutionary history 1036:1065 a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall 1036:1145 The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 2 89 gly glycoproteins 362:374 arg1 glycoproteins 362:374 glycoproteins 362:374 glycoproteins 362:374 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 0 90 theme Enzymes 75:81 arg1 Analyses 13:20 Phylogenomic Analyses 0:20 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes 0:81 Phylogenomic Analyses of Nucleotide-Sugar Biosynthetic and Interconverting Enzymes Illuminate Cell Wall Composition in Fungi. 33849982 2 91 theme antifungal 459:468 arg1 compounds 470:478 antifungal compounds 459:478 antifungal compounds 459:478 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33849982 8 92 theme wall 1673:1676 arg1 blocks 1654:1659 the fundamental building blocks 1629:1659 the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall 1629:1676 We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. 33849982 4 93 theme pathways 877:884 arg1 analyses 851:858 phylogenomic analyses 838:858 phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars 838:935 In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. 33849982 6 94 from reduction 1184:1192 arg1 diversity 1212:1220 monosaccharide diversity 1197:1220 monosaccharide diversity 1197:1220 In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. 33849982 9 95 theme interconverting 1731:1745 arg1 enzymes 1753:1759 these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes 1708:1759 these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes 1708:1759 Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. 33849982 7 96 theme monosaccharide 1314:1327 arg1 distribution 1329:1340 monosaccharide distribution 1314:1340 monosaccharide distribution 1314:1340 However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages.IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. 33849982 2 97 theme pivotal 376:382 arg1 polysaccharides 342:356 polysaccharides 342:356 polysaccharides 342:356 This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. 33262700 0 0 theme Gastric 94:100 arg1 Injury 110:115 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury 78:115 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury 78:115 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo Leaves Protect Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vitro and vivo. 33262700 2 1 dep effective 309:317 arg1 remains 497:503 remains 497:503 remains unknown 497:511 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 0 2 theme Ethanol-Induced 78:92 arg1 Injury 110:115 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury 78:115 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury 78:115 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo Leaves Protect Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vitro and vivo. 33262700 5 3 theme species 987:993 arg1 level 962:966 the level 958:966 the level of reactive oxygen species 958:993 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 6 4 theme reversed 1220:1227 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 4 5 theme 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4 779:797 arg1 ratio 770:774 a molar ratio 762:774 a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4 762:797 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 6 6 theme downregulated 1162:1174 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 0 7 theme Mucosal 102:108 arg1 Injury 110:115 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury 78:115 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury 78:115 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo Leaves Protect Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vitro and vivo. 33262700 6 8 theme expression 1180:1189 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 9 theme Bcl-2 1272:1276 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 9 theme Bcl-2 1272:1276 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 9 theme Bcl-2 1272:1276 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 10 theme LC3β 1136:1139 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 10 theme LC3β 1136:1139 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 10 theme LC3β 1136:1139 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 2 11 from injury 490:495 arg1 LDOP-1 444:449 LDOP-1 444:449 LDOP-1 444:449 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 2 11 from injury 490:495 arg1 mucosa 462:467 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa 400:467 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury 400:495 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 6 12 theme p-AMPK 1128:1133 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 12 theme p-AMPK 1128:1133 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 12 theme p-AMPK 1128:1133 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 3 13 theme mucosal 558:564 arg1 protection 566:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 4 14 theme galacturonic 706:717 arg1 acid 719:722 galacturonic acid 706:722 galacturonic acid 706:722 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 1 15 theme Ethanol-induced 172:186 arg1 disorder 240:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 1 15 theme Ethanol-induced 172:186 arg1 injury 204:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 5 16 theme GES-1 1026:1030 arg1 apoptosis 1013:1021 the apoptosis 1009:1021 the apoptosis of GES-1 1009:1030 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 1 17 theme gastric 188:194 arg1 disorder 240:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 1 17 theme gastric 188:194 arg1 injury 204:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 2 18 theme ethanol-induced 474:488 arg1 injury 490:495 ethanol-induced injury 474:495 ethanol-induced injury 474:495 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 5 19 theme Pharmacological 800:814 arg1 results 816:822 Pharmacological results 800:822 Pharmacological results 800:822 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 6 20 theme Bax 1263:1265 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 20 theme Bax 1263:1265 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 20 theme Bax 1263:1265 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 2 21 theme mucosal 347:353 arg1 injury 355:360 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 323:360 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 323:360 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 1 22 theme mucosal 196:202 arg1 disorder 240:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 1 22 theme mucosal 196:202 arg1 injury 204:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 2 23 theme gastric 339:345 arg1 injury 355:360 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 323:360 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 323:360 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 7 24 theme gastric 1369:1375 arg1 injury 1385:1390 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 1353:1390 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 1353:1390 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33262700 5 25 theme antioxidant 928:938 arg1 capacity 940:947 antioxidant capacity 928:947 antioxidant capacity 928:947 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 5 26 theme gastric 865:871 arg1 injury 881:886 gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury 865:916 injury 881:886 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 5 27 dep injury 881:886 arg1 score 888:892 score 888:892 score 888:892 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 0 28 theme Signaling 135:143 arg1 Pathway 145:151 the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway 121:151 the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway 121:151 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo Leaves Protect Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vitro and vivo. 33262700 2 29 theme ethanol-induced 323:337 arg1 injury 355:360 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 323:360 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 323:360 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 2 30 theme protected 452:460 arg1 LDOP-1 444:449 LDOP-1 444:449 LDOP-1 444:449 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 2 30 theme protected 452:460 arg1 mucosa 462:467 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa 400:467 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury 400:495 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 0 31 theme AMPK/mTOR 125:133 arg1 Pathway 145:151 the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway 121:151 the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway 121:151 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo Leaves Protect Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vitro and vivo. 33262700 4 32 theme molar 764:768 arg1 ratio 770:774 a molar ratio 762:774 a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4 762:797 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 4 33 theme LDOP-1 652:657 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 665:684 a heteropolysaccharide 663:684 a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4 663:797 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 4 33 theme LDOP-1 652:657 arg1 composition 637:647 The chemical composition 624:647 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 624:657 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 6 34 theme Beclin-1 1152:1159 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 34 theme Beclin-1 1152:1159 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 34 theme Beclin-1 1152:1159 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 35 theme caspase3 1253:1260 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 35 theme caspase3 1253:1260 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 35 theme caspase3 1253:1260 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 36 theme expression 1108:1117 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 1 37 theme common 216:221 arg1 disorder 240:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 1 37 theme common 216:221 arg1 injury 204:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 2 38 theme Migo 431:434 arg1 LDOP-1 444:449 LDOP-1 444:449 LDOP-1 444:449 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 2 38 theme Migo 431:434 arg1 mucosa 462:467 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa 400:467 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury 400:495 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 1 39 theme gastrointestinal 223:238 arg1 disorder 240:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 a common gastrointestinal disorder 214:247 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 1 39 theme gastrointestinal 223:238 arg1 injury 204:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 172:209 Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is a common gastrointestinal disorder. 33262700 6 40 theme LDOP-1 1072:1077 arg1 pretreatment 1079:1090 LDOP-1 pretreatment 1072:1090 LDOP-1 pretreatment 1072:1090 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 7 41 theme mucosal 1377:1383 arg1 injury 1385:1390 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 1353:1390 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 1353:1390 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33262700 0 42 theme Migo 50:53 arg1 Polysaccharides 0:14 Polysaccharides 0:14 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo 0:53 Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo Leaves Protect Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vitro and vivo. 33262700 3 43 contain carried 538:544 arg3 vivo 608:611 vivo 608:611 vivo 608:611 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 43 contain carried 538:544 arg3 vitro 617:621 vitro 617:621 vitro 617:621 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 43 contain carried 538:544 arg2 protection 566:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 43 contain carried 538:544 arg1 study 532:536 the present study 520:536 the present study 520:536 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 43 contain carried 538:544 arg2 mechanism 585:593 the mechanism 581:593 the mechanism of LDOP-1 581:603 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 6 44 theme expression 1233:1242 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 3 45 theme present 524:530 arg1 study 532:536 the present study 520:536 the present study 520:536 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 46 theme LDOP-1 598:603 arg1 protection 566:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 46 theme LDOP-1 598:603 arg1 mechanism 585:593 the mechanism 581:593 the mechanism of LDOP-1 581:603 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 7 47 theme ethanol-induced 1353:1367 arg1 injury 1385:1390 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 1353:1390 ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury 1353:1390 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33262700 5 48 theme reactive 971:978 arg1 species 987:993 reactive oxygen species 971:993 reactive oxygen species 971:993 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 7 49 theme AMPK/mTOR 1400:1408 arg1 pathway 1420:1426 the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway 1396:1426 the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo 1396:1444 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33262700 4 50 theme chemical 628:635 arg1 heteropolysaccharide 665:684 a heteropolysaccharide 663:684 a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4 663:797 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 4 50 theme chemical 628:635 arg1 composition 637:647 The chemical composition 624:647 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 624:657 The chemical composition of LDOP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprising mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 2.0:1.1:0.7:0.5:0.4. 33262700 6 51 theme p62 1211:1213 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 51 theme p62 1211:1213 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 51 theme p62 1211:1213 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 5 52 theme oxygen 980:985 arg1 species 987:993 reactive oxygen species 971:993 reactive oxygen species 971:993 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 7 53 from pathway 1420:1426 arg1 vivo 1441:1444 vivo 1441:1444 vivo 1441:1444 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33262700 7 53 from pathway 1420:1426 arg1 vitro 1431:1435 vitro 1431:1435 vitro 1431:1435 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33262700 5 54 theme pathological 898:909 arg1 injury 911:916 pathological injury 898:916 pathological injury 898:916 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 2 55 dep Migo 431:434 arg1 leaves 436:441 leaves 436:441 leaves 436:441 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 6 56 theme HO-1 1142:1145 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 56 theme HO-1 1142:1145 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 56 theme HO-1 1142:1145 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 57 theme p-mTOR 1200:1205 arg1 level 1119:1123 the expression level 1104:1123 the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1 1104:1159 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 57 theme p-mTOR 1200:1205 arg1 level 1191:1195 the expression level 1176:1195 downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62 1162:1213 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 6 57 theme p-mTOR 1200:1205 arg1 level 1244:1248 the expression level 1229:1248 reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 1220:1276 Research showed that LDOP-1 pretreatment upregulated the expression level of p-AMPK, LC3β, HO-1, and Beclin-1; downregulated the expression level of p-mTOR and p62; and reversed the expression level of caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2. 33262700 2 58 from mucosa 462:467 arg1 polysaccharides 379:393 the polysaccharides 375:393 the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury 375:495 Polysaccharides separated from herbs have been shown to be effective for ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, but whether the polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo leaves (LDOP-1) protected mucosa from ethanol-induced injury remains unknown. 33262700 5 59 theme mucosal 873:879 arg1 injury 881:886 gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury 865:916 injury 881:886 Pharmacological results showed that LDOP-1 significantly reduced gastric mucosal injury score and pathological injury, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced the level of reactive oxygen species, and reversed the apoptosis of GES-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 3 60 theme gastric 550:556 arg1 protection 566:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 gastric mucosal protection 550:575 Thus, the present study carried out gastric mucosal protection and the mechanism of LDOP-1 in vivo and vitro. 33262700 7 61 theme signaling 1410:1418 arg1 pathway 1420:1426 the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway 1396:1426 the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo 1396:1444 This study was the first to demonstrate that LDOP-1 could protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and vivo. 33218993 9 0 from clouding 1840:1847 arg1 foods 1864:1868 plant-based foods 1852:1868 plant-based foods 1852:1868 These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. 33218993 9 0 from clouding 1840:1847 arg1 beverages 1873:1881 beverages 1873:1881 beverages 1873:1881 These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. 33218993 10 1 theme glycoside 1908:1916 arg1 degradation 1918:1928 Flavonoid glycoside degradation 1898:1928 Flavonoid glycoside degradation 1898:1928 Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. 33218993 6 2 theme increased 1255:1263 arg1 thermostability 1265:1279 increased thermostability 1255:1279 increased thermostability 1255:1279 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 3 theme CD 1464:1465 arg1 profile 1467:1473 a typical α-helical CD profile 1444:1473 a typical α-helical CD profile 1444:1473 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 9 4 from taste 1831:1835 arg1 foods 1864:1868 plant-based foods 1852:1868 plant-based foods 1852:1868 These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. 33218993 9 4 from taste 1831:1835 arg1 beverages 1873:1881 beverages 1873:1881 beverages 1873:1881 These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. 33218993 10 5 theme alternative 1954:1964 arg1 pathways 1976:1983 two alternative enzymatic pathways 1950:1983 two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase 1950:2074 Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. 33218993 4 6 link 3-O-linked 1001:1010 arg1 glucosides 1022:1031 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 986:1031 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 3 7 theme crystal 516:522 arg1 structure 524:532 The crystal structure 512:532 The crystal structure of rAoRutM 512:543 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 8 8 theme IMPORTANCE 1686:1695 arg1 glycosides 1707:1716 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides 1686:1716 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides 1686:1716 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides constitute a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature. 33218993 1 9 theme mature 281:286 arg1 investigation 239:251 investigation 239:251 investigation 239:251 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 3 10 from cleft 799:803 arg1 located 781:787 located 781:787 located 781:787 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 3 10 from cleft 799:803 arg1 site 772:775 the catalytic site 758:775 the catalytic site 758:775 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 4 11 link 7-O-linked 986:995 arg1 glucosides 1022:1031 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 986:1031 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 1 12 theme native 165:170 arg1 sequence 179:186 its native signal sequence 161:186 its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study 161:357 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 11 13 theme A. 2147:2148 arg1 investigation 2130:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation 2099:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase 2099:2168 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 6 14 with treatment 1287:1295 arg1 endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 1302:1331 endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 1302:1331 endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed 1302:1555 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 15 dep endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 1302:1331 arg1 showed 1437:1442 showed 1437:1442 showed a typical α-helical CD profile 1437:1473 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 3 16 from located 781:787 arg1 cleft 799:803 a deep cleft 792:803 a deep cleft 792:803 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 6 17 theme dichroism 1345:1353 arg1 spectra 1360:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra 1333:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation 1333:1435 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 18 theme H. 1333:1334 arg1 spectra 1360:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra 1333:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation 1333:1435 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 1 19 from oryzae 205:210 arg1 sequence 179:186 its native signal sequence 161:186 its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study 161:357 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 2 20 from utilization 466:476 arg1 forward 451:457 forward 451:457 forward 451:457 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 3 21 from niger 657:661 arg1 rutinosidase 627:638 rutinosidase 627:638 rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present 627:889 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 1 22 dep mature 281:286 arg1 A. 288:289 A. 288:289 A. 288:289 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 3 23 theme crystal 726:732 arg1 structure 734:742 The crystal structure 722:742 The crystal structure 722:742 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 3 24 theme TIM 573:575 arg1 fold 584:587 a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold 564:587 a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present 564:889 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 6 25 theme rAoRutM 1387:1393 arg1 spectra 1360:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra 1333:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation 1333:1435 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 5 26 theme catalytic 1057:1065 arg1 activity 1067:1074 high catalytic activity 1052:1074 high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1052:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 11 27 theme potential 2181:2189 arg1 biocatalyst 2191:2201 a potential biocatalyst 2179:2201 a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids 2179:2243 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 6 28 from 212 nm 1541:1546 arg1 values 1507:1512 the molar ellipticity values 1485:1512 the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1485:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 28 from 212 nm 1541:1546 arg1 peaks 1521:1525 the peaks 1517:1525 the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1517:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 4 29 theme Purified 892:899 arg1 rAoRutM 901:907 Purified rAoRutM 892:907 Purified rAoRutM 892:907 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 6 30 theme purified 1371:1378 arg1 rAoRutM 1387:1393 purified intact rAoRutM 1371:1393 purified intact rAoRutM 1371:1393 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 2 31 theme potential 492:500 arg1 catalyst 502:509 a potential catalyst 490:509 a potential catalyst 490:509 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 2 32 theme crystal 379:385 arg1 structure 387:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure 360:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM 360:406 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 6 33 theme CD 1356:1357 arg1 spectra 1360:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra 1333:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation 1333:1435 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 9 34 theme bitter 1824:1829 arg1 taste 1831:1835 bitter taste or clouding 1824:1847 taste 1831:1835 These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. 33218993 6 35 from 208 nm 1530:1535 arg1 values 1507:1512 the molar ellipticity values 1485:1512 the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1485:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 35 from 208 nm 1530:1535 arg1 peaks 1521:1525 the peaks 1517:1525 the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1517:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 2 36 theme 1.7-Å 362:366 arg1 structure 387:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure 360:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM 360:406 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 0 37 theme Aspergillus 0:10 arg1 oryzae 12:17 Aspergillus oryzae 0:17 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase 0:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase: Biochemical and Structural Investigation. 33218993 3 38 theme internal 835:842 arg1 cavities 844:851 internal cavities 835:851 internal cavities 835:851 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 4 39 theme flavonoid 955:963 arg1 rutinosides 965:975 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides 929:975 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 1 40 theme gene 107:110 arg1 Aorut 112:116 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut 75:116 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut 75:116 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 2 41 theme forward 451:457 arg1 which 424:428 which 424:428 which 424:428 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 2 41 theme forward 451:457 arg1 step 446:449 an essential step 433:449 an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst 433:509 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 3 42 theme structural 594:603 arg1 similarity 605:614 structural similarity 594:614 structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present 594:889 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 6 43 theme enzyme 1406:1411 arg1 spectra 1360:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra 1333:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation 1333:1435 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 5 44 theme 3-O-linked 1093:1102 arg1 substrates 1104:1113 quercetin 3-O-linked substrates 1083:1113 quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1083:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 5 44 theme 3-O-linked 1093:1102 arg1 rutin 1123:1127 rutin 1123:1127 rutin 1123:1127 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 0 45 theme Biochemical 33:43 arg1 Investigation 60:72 Biochemical and Structural Investigation 33:72 Biochemical and Structural Investigation 33:72 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase: Biochemical and Structural Investigation. 33218993 2 46 theme essential 436:444 arg1 which 424:428 which 424:428 which 424:428 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 2 46 theme essential 436:444 arg1 step 446:449 an essential step 433:449 an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst 433:509 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 0 47 theme Structural 49:58 arg1 Investigation 60:72 Biochemical and Structural Investigation 33:72 Biochemical and Structural Investigation 33:72 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase: Biochemical and Structural Investigation. 33218993 5 48 link 3-O-linked 1093:1102 arg1 substrates 1104:1113 quercetin 3-O-linked substrates 1083:1113 quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1083:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 5 48 link 3-O-linked 1093:1102 arg1 rutin 1123:1127 rutin 1123:1127 rutin 1123:1127 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 4 49 theme 3-O-linked 1001:1010 arg1 glucosides 1022:1031 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 986:1031 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 1 50 dep oryzae 205:210 arg1 performed 335:343 performed 335:343 was performed in this study 331:357 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 5 51 theme 7-O-linked 1167:1176 arg1 substrate 1178:1186 the 7-O-linked substrate 1163:1186 the 7-O-linked substrate 1163:1186 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 5 51 theme 7-O-linked 1167:1176 arg1 quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1189:1211 quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1189:1211 quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1189:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 3 52 located located 781:787 arg2 site 772:775 the catalytic site 758:775 the catalytic site 758:775 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 3 52 located located 781:787 arg1 cleft 799:803 a deep cleft 792:803 a deep cleft 792:803 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 3 52 located located 781:787 arg2 located 781:787 located 781:787 located 781:787 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 1 53 theme Pichia 140:145 arg1 pastoris 147:154 Pichia pastoris 140:154 Pichia pastoris 140:154 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 11 54 theme industrial 2207:2216 arg1 applications 2218:2229 industrial applications 2207:2229 industrial applications of flavonoids 2207:2243 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 4 55 theme 7-O-linked 986:995 arg1 glucosides 1022:1031 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 986:1031 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 10 56 theme Flavonoid 1898:1906 arg1 degradation 1918:1928 Flavonoid glycoside degradation 1898:1928 Flavonoid glycoside degradation 1898:1928 Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. 33218993 6 57 theme α-helical 1454:1462 arg1 profile 1467:1473 a typical α-helical CD profile 1444:1473 a typical α-helical CD profile 1444:1473 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 11 58 theme structural 2119:2128 arg1 investigation 2130:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation 2099:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase 2099:2168 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 8 59 theme Flavonoid 1697:1705 arg1 glycosides 1707:1716 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides 1686:1716 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides 1686:1716 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides constitute a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature. 33218993 6 60 theme purified 1228:1235 arg1 rAoRutM 1237:1243 purified rAoRutM 1228:1243 purified rAoRutM 1228:1243 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 3 61 theme rAoRutM 537:543 arg1 structure 524:532 The crystal structure 512:532 The crystal structure of rAoRutM 512:543 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 6 62 theme peaks 1521:1525 arg1 values 1507:1512 the molar ellipticity values 1485:1512 the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1485:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 1 63 theme signal 172:177 arg1 sequence 179:186 its native signal sequence 161:186 its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study 161:357 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 5 64 link 7-O-linked 1167:1176 arg1 substrate 1178:1186 the 7-O-linked substrate 1163:1186 the 7-O-linked substrate 1163:1186 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 5 64 link 7-O-linked 1167:1176 arg1 quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1189:1211 quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1189:1211 quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1189:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 3 65 with fold 584:587 arg1 similarity 605:614 structural similarity 594:614 structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present 594:889 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 11 66 theme present 2081:2087 arg1 report 2089:2094 The present report 2077:2094 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase 2077:2168 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 11 67 dep A. 2147:2148 arg1 rutinosidase 2157:2168 A. oryzae rutinosidase 2147:2168 A. oryzae rutinosidase 2147:2168 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 3 68 theme exo-β- 678:683 arg1 -glucanase 689:698 an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase 675:698 an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase 675:698 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 6 69 theme Circular 1336:1343 arg1 spectra 1360:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra 1333:1366 H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation 1333:1435 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 70 theme ellipticity 1495:1505 arg1 values 1507:1512 the molar ellipticity values 1485:1512 the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1485:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 3 71 theme Candida 705:711 arg1 albicans 713:720 Candida albicans 705:720 Candida albicans 705:720 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 8 72 theme secondary 1740:1748 arg1 metabolites 1750:1760 secondary metabolites 1740:1760 secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature 1740:1789 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides constitute a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature. 33218993 11 73 theme biochemical 2103:2113 arg1 investigation 2130:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation 2099:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase 2099:2168 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 7 74 theme kcat 1568:1571 arg1 higher 1625:1630 higher 1625:1630 higher 1625:1630 The K and kcat values for the substrates modified by rutinose were higher than those for the substrates modified by β-d-glucose. 33218993 7 74 theme kcat 1568:1571 arg1 values 1573:1578 The K and kcat values 1558:1578 The K and kcat values for the substrates modified by rutinose 1558:1618 The K and kcat values for the substrates modified by rutinose were higher than those for the substrates modified by β-d-glucose. 33218993 3 75 theme β/α 567:569 arg1 fold 584:587 a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold 564:587 a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present 564:889 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 7 76 theme K 1562:1562 arg1 higher 1625:1630 higher 1625:1630 higher 1625:1630 The K and kcat values for the substrates modified by rutinose were higher than those for the substrates modified by β-d-glucose. 33218993 7 76 theme K 1562:1562 arg1 values 1573:1578 The K and kcat values 1558:1578 The K and kcat values for the substrates modified by rutinose 1558:1618 The K and kcat values for the substrates modified by rutinose were higher than those for the substrates modified by β-d-glucose. 33218993 6 77 theme intact 1380:1385 arg1 rAoRutM 1387:1393 purified intact rAoRutM 1371:1393 purified intact rAoRutM 1371:1393 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 1 78 dep A. 288:289 arg1 Rut 298:300 Rut 298:300 the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut) 256:308 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 1 78 dep A. 288:289 arg1 oryzae 291:296 A. oryzae Rut (AoRut) 288:308 the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut) 256:308 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 1 78 dep A. 288:289 arg1 AoRut 303:307 AoRut 303:307 AoRut 303:307 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 4 79 link 3-O-linked 944:953 arg1 rutinosides 965:975 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides 929:975 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 3 80 theme catalytic 762:770 arg1 located 781:787 located 781:787 located 781:787 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 3 80 theme catalytic 762:770 arg1 site 772:775 the catalytic site 758:775 the catalytic site 758:775 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 5 81 theme quercetin 1083:1091 arg1 substrates 1104:1113 quercetin 3-O-linked substrates 1083:1113 quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1083:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 5 81 theme quercetin 1083:1091 arg1 rutin 1123:1127 rutin 1123:1127 rutin 1123:1127 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 3 82 theme deep 794:797 arg1 cleft 799:803 a deep cleft 792:803 a deep cleft 792:803 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 10 83 dep pathways 1976:1983 arg1 another 2031:2037 another 2031:2037 another 2031:2037 Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. 33218993 10 83 dep pathways 1976:1983 arg1 one 1986:1988 one 1986:1988 one 1986:1988 Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. 33218993 4 84 link 7-O-linked 929:938 arg1 rutinosides 965:975 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides 929:975 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 3 85 dep -glucanase 689:698 arg1 1,3 685:687 1,3 685:687 1,3 685:687 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 2 86 theme AoRut 481:485 arg1 utilization 466:476 the utilization 462:476 the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst 462:509 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 2 87 from forward 451:457 arg1 utilization 466:476 the utilization 462:476 the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst 462:509 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 2 88 theme resolution 368:377 arg1 structure 387:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure 360:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM 360:406 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 0 89 theme oryzae 12:17 arg1 Rutinosidase 19:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase 0:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase 0:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase: Biochemical and Structural Investigation. 33218993 5 90 theme high 1052:1055 arg1 activity 1067:1074 high catalytic activity 1052:1074 high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside 1052:1211 rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. 33218993 6 91 from values 1507:1512 arg1 212 nm 1541:1546 212 nm 1541:1546 212 nm 1541:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 6 91 from values 1507:1512 arg1 208 nm 1530:1535 208 nm 1530:1535 208 nm 1530:1535 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 4 92 theme 7-O-linked 929:938 arg1 rutinosides 965:975 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides 929:975 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 10 93 theme enzymatic 1966:1974 arg1 pathways 1976:1983 two alternative enzymatic pathways 1950:1983 two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase 1950:2074 Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. 33218993 1 94 theme -encoding 97:105 arg1 gene 107:110 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene 75:110 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut 75:116 The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. 33218993 4 95 theme 3-O-linked 944:953 arg1 rutinosides 965:975 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides 929:975 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 2 96 theme rAoRutM 400:406 arg1 structure 387:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure 360:395 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM 360:406 A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. 33218993 3 97 dep niger 657:661 arg1 revealed 744:751 revealed 744:751 revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft 744:803 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 0 98 dep Investigation 60:72 arg1 Rutinosidase 19:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase 0:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase 0:30 Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase: Biochemical and Structural Investigation. 33218993 11 99 theme flavonoids 2234:2243 arg1 applications 2218:2229 industrial applications 2207:2229 industrial applications of flavonoids 2207:2243 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 3 100 theme barrel 577:582 arg1 fold 584:587 a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold 564:587 a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present 564:889 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 11 101 from report 2089:2094 arg1 investigation 2130:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation 2099:2142 the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase 2099:2168 The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids. 33218993 6 102 theme molar 1489:1493 arg1 values 1507:1512 the molar ellipticity values 1485:1512 the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm 1485:1546 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 33218993 3 103 theme water 857:861 arg1 molecules 863:871 water molecules 857:871 water molecules 857:871 The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. 33218993 9 104 theme plant-based 1852:1862 arg1 foods 1864:1868 plant-based foods 1852:1868 plant-based foods 1852:1868 These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. 33218993 8 105 theme metabolites 1750:1760 arg1 class 1731:1735 a class 1729:1735 a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature 1729:1789 IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides constitute a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature. 33218993 4 106 theme flavonoid 1012:1020 arg1 glucosides 1022:1031 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 986:1031 not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides 920:1031 Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. 33218993 6 107 theme typical 1446:1452 arg1 profile 1467:1473 a typical α-helical CD profile 1444:1473 a typical α-helical CD profile 1444:1473 Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. 32366164 2 0 theme immunohistochemical 577:595 arg1 improvement 597:607 both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement 557:607 both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement 557:607 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 11 1 theme excellent 2133:2141 arg1 anatomical 2143:2152 its excellent anatomical 2129:2152 its excellent anatomical 2129:2152 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 9 2 theme autogenic 1913:1921 arg1 groups 1927:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups 1892:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05) 1892:1942 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 9 2 theme autogenic 1913:1921 arg1 > .05 1937:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 1 3 theme morphological 248:260 arg1 features 275:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 2 4 theme anatomical 562:571 arg1 improvement 597:607 both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement 557:607 both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement 557:607 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 4 5 theme Transforming 983:994 arg1 Receptor 1012:1019 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 5 theme Transforming 983:994 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 3 6 theme normal 693:698 arg1 control 700:706 normal control 693:706 five groups: normal control 680:706 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 1 7 theme chemical 266:273 arg1 features 275:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 9 8 theme p 1935:1935 arg1 groups 1927:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups 1892:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05) 1892:1942 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 9 8 theme p 1935:1935 arg1 > .05 1937:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 6 9 theme 25 1334:1335 arg1 % 1336:1336 % 1336:1336 % 1336:1336 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 4 10 theme Morphogenetic 1055:1067 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 10 theme Morphogenetic 1055:1067 arg1 Protein 1069:1075 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 1050:1077 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 1050:1077 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 3 11 theme surgical 717:724 arg1 procedure 726:734 surgical procedure 717:734 surgical procedure 717:734 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 11 theme surgical 717:724 arg1 control 746:752 negative control 737:752 negative control 737:752 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 8 12 theme collagen 1694:1701 arg1 lower 1773:1777 lower 1773:1777 lower 1773:1777 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 8 12 theme collagen 1694:1701 arg1 score 1703:1707 The collagen score 1690:1707 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups 1690:1752 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 2 13 theme defect 528:533 arg1 model 535:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 7 14 theme autogenic 1581:1589 arg1 group 1595:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 0 15 theme Experimental 119:130 arg1 Model 139:143 An Experimental Rabbit Model 116:143 An Experimental Rabbit Model 116:143 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 2 16 theme lamellar 511:518 arg1 model 535:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 6 17 theme viable 1510:1515 arg1 group 1534:1538 viable in autogenic PRF group 1510:1538 viable in autogenic PRF group 1510:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 4 18 theme Growth 1035:1040 arg1 Factor 1042:1047 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1024:1047 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1024:1047 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 18 theme Growth 1035:1040 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 8 19 theme control 1721:1727 arg1 lower 1773:1777 lower 1773:1777 lower 1773:1777 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 8 19 theme control 1721:1727 arg1 score 1703:1707 The collagen score 1690:1707 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups 1690:1752 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 3 20 dep model 770:774 arg1 graft 852:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 20 dep model 770:774 arg1 PRF 869:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 20 dep model 770:774 arg1 graft 806:810 SDM+HAM graft 798:810 SDM+HAM graft 798:810 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 20 dep model 770:774 arg1 sclera 823:828 allogenic sclera 813:828 allogenic sclera 813:828 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 20 dep model 770:774 arg1 graft 892:896 SDM+autogenic PRF graft 874:896 SDM+autogenic PRF graft 874:896 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 4 21 theme Acid 969:972 arg1 Fuchsin 974:980 Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin 960:980 Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin 960:980 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 21 theme Acid 969:972 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 6 22 theme group 1446:1450 arg1 location 1497:1504 the normal location 1486:1504 the normal location 1486:1504 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 1 23 theme second-generation 197:213 arg1 concentrate 224:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 23 theme second-generation 197:213 arg1 fibrin 181:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin 155:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) 155:192 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 11 24 theme xenogenic 2236:2244 arg1 HAM 2246:2248 single-layered xenogenic HAM 2221:2248 single-layered xenogenic HAM 2221:2248 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 8 25 theme xenogenic 1733:1741 arg1 groups 1747:1752 xenogenic HAM groups 1733:1752 xenogenic HAM groups 1733:1752 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 6 26 theme xenogenic 1432:1440 arg1 p 1453:1453 p > .05 1453:1459 p > .05 1453:1459 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 6 26 theme xenogenic 1432:1440 arg1 group 1446:1450 xenogenic HAM group 1432:1450 xenogenic HAM group (p > .05) 1432:1460 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 3 27 theme SDM+HAM 798:804 arg1 graft 806:810 SDM+HAM graft 798:810 SDM+HAM graft 798:810 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 27 theme SDM+HAM 798:804 arg1 sclera 823:828 allogenic sclera 813:828 allogenic sclera 813:828 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 8 28 theme groups 1747:1752 arg1 lower 1773:1777 lower 1773:1777 lower 1773:1777 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 8 28 theme groups 1747:1752 arg1 score 1703:1707 The collagen score 1690:1707 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups 1690:1752 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 6 29 dep rabbits 1421:1427 arg1 location 1497:1504 the normal location 1486:1504 the normal location 1486:1504 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 10 30 theme closest 1975:1981 arg1 values 1983:1988 the closest values 1971:1988 the closest values to normal control group 1971:2012 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 3 31 theme scleral 755:761 arg1 model 770:774 scleral defect model 755:774 scleral defect model (SDM) 755:780 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 31 theme scleral 755:761 arg1 HAM 793:795 xenogenic HAM 783:795 xenogenic HAM 783:795 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 31 theme scleral 755:761 arg1 SDM 777:779 SDM 777:779 SDM 777:779 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 0 32 theme Autogenic 73:81 arg1 Grafts 108:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 6 33 from viable 1510:1515 arg1 PRF 1530:1532 autogenic PRF 1520:1532 autogenic PRF 1520:1532 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 6 34 theme 33.3 1415:1418 arg1 % 1419:1419 % 1419:1419 % 1419:1419 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 0 35 dep Model 139:143 arg1 Outcomes 33:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes 0:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 0:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 10 36 located detected 2019:2026 arg2 values 1983:1988 the closest values 1971:1988 the closest values to normal control group 1971:2012 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 10 36 located detected 2019:2026 arg1 group 2045:2049 autogenic PRF group 2031:2049 autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers 2031:2071 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 2 37 theme allogenic 465:473 arg1 sclera 475:480 allogenic sclera 465:480 allogenic sclera 465:480 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 4 38 theme collagen 1080:1087 arg1 type 1089:1092 collagen type 1 1080:1094 collagen type 1 1080:1094 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 38 theme collagen 1080:1087 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 5 39 theme Ocular 1163:1168 arg1 inflammation 1178:1189 Ocular surface inflammation 1163:1189 Ocular surface inflammation 1163:1189 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 0 40 theme Allogenic 84:92 arg1 Grafts 108:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 10 41 theme PRF 2041:2043 arg1 group 2045:2049 autogenic PRF group 2031:2049 autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers 2031:2071 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 6 42 from PRF 1530:1532 arg1 viable 1510:1515 viable 1510:1515 viable 1510:1515 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 11 43 theme sclera 2264:2269 arg1 grafts 2271:2276 allogenic sclera grafts 2254:2276 allogenic sclera grafts 2254:2276 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 7 44 dep inflammation 1545:1556 arg1 The 1541:1543 The 1541:1543 The 1541:1543 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 0 45 theme Xenogenic 98:106 arg1 Grafts 108:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 2 46 theme autogenic 487:495 arg1 PRF 497:499 autogenic PRF 487:499 autogenic PRF 487:499 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 6 47 theme group 1534:1538 arg1 rabbits 1338:1344 25% rabbits 1334:1344 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1334:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 2 48 link human-derived 426:438 arg1 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 2 48 link human-derived 426:438 arg1 membrane 449:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane 416:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM) 416:462 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 0 49 theme Scleral 45:51 arg1 Reconstruction 53:66 Scleral Reconstruction 45:66 Scleral Reconstruction 45:66 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 3 50 theme SDM+allogenic 831:843 arg1 graft 852:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 50 theme SDM+allogenic 831:843 arg1 PRF 869:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 2 51 theme amniotic 440:447 arg1 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 2 51 theme amniotic 440:447 arg1 membrane 449:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane 416:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM) 416:462 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 6 52 theme autogenic 1520:1528 arg1 PRF 1530:1532 autogenic PRF 1520:1532 autogenic PRF 1520:1532 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 0 53 theme Surgical 0:7 arg1 Outcomes 33:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes 0:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 0:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 2 54 theme xenogenic 416:424 arg1 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 2 54 theme xenogenic 416:424 arg1 membrane 449:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane 416:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM) 416:462 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 11 55 theme scleral 2183:2189 arg1 regeneration 2191:2202 scleral regeneration 2183:2202 scleral regeneration 2183:2202 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 7 56 theme HAM 1661:1663 arg1 groups 1665:1670 xenogenic HAM groups 1651:1670 xenogenic HAM groups 1651:1670 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 0 57 theme Immunohistochemical 13:31 arg1 Outcomes 33:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes 0:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 0:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 3 58 theme autogenic 859:867 arg1 graft 852:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 58 theme autogenic 859:867 arg1 PRF 869:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 5 59 theme autogenic 1237:1245 arg1 groups 1251:1256 autogenic PRF groups 1237:1256 autogenic PRF groups (p < .001) 1237:1267 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 5 59 theme autogenic 1237:1245 arg1 p 1259:1259 p < .001 1259:1266 p < .001 1259:1266 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 6 60 theme scleral 1312:1318 arg1 area 1326:1329 scleral wound area 1312:1329 scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1312:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 3 61 dep groups 685:690 arg1 control 700:706 normal control 693:706 five groups: normal control 680:706 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 4 62 theme Masson 942:947 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 62 theme Masson 942:947 arg1 Trichrome 949:957 Masson Trichrome 942:957 Masson Trichrome 942:957 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 0 63 theme Reconstruction 53:66 arg1 Outcomes 33:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes 0:40 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 0:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 3 64 theme PRF 888:890 arg1 graft 892:896 SDM+autogenic PRF graft 874:896 SDM+autogenic PRF graft 874:896 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 4 65 theme β 1010:1010 arg1 Receptor 1012:1019 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 65 theme β 1010:1010 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 3 66 theme rabbits 651:657 arg1 total 621:625 A total 619:625 A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 619:657 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 1 67 theme platelet 215:222 arg1 concentrate 224:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 67 theme platelet 215:222 arg1 fibrin 181:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin 155:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) 155:192 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 7 68 theme p 1679:1679 arg1 < .001 1681:1686 p < .001 1679:1686 p < .001 1679:1686 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 7 68 theme p 1679:1679 arg1 HE 1675:1676 HE 1675:1676 HE (p < .001) 1675:1687 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 11 69 theme Autogenic 2086:2094 arg1 PRF 2096:2098 Autogenic PRF 2086:2098 Autogenic PRF 2086:2098 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 3 70 theme New 639:641 arg1 rabbits 651:657 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 630:657 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 630:657 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 6 71 theme group 1366:1370 arg1 rabbits 1338:1344 25% rabbits 1334:1344 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1334:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 3 72 theme defect 763:768 arg1 model 770:774 scleral defect model 755:774 scleral defect model (SDM) 755:780 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 72 theme defect 763:768 arg1 HAM 793:795 xenogenic HAM 783:795 xenogenic HAM 783:795 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 72 theme defect 763:768 arg1 SDM 777:779 SDM 777:779 SDM 777:779 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 2 73 from use 409:411 arg1 model 535:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 6 74 theme allogenic 1349:1357 arg1 p 1373:1373 p = .02 1373:1379 p = .02 1373:1379 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 6 74 theme allogenic 1349:1357 arg1 group 1366:1370 allogenic sclera group 1349:1370 allogenic sclera group (p = .02) 1349:1380 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 1 75 theme unique 241:246 arg1 features 275:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 4 76 theme Growth 996:1001 arg1 Receptor 1012:1019 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 76 theme Growth 996:1001 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 9 77 theme PRF 1923:1925 arg1 groups 1927:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups 1892:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05) 1892:1942 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 9 77 theme PRF 1923:1925 arg1 > .05 1937:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 8 78 dep control 1791:1797 arg1 groups 1839:1844 groups 1839:1844 groups 1839:1844 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 4 79 theme Bone 1050:1053 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 79 theme Bone 1050:1053 arg1 Protein 1069:1075 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 1050:1077 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 1050:1077 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 6 80 theme scleral 1398:1404 arg1 wound 1406:1410 the scleral wound 1394:1410 the scleral wound 1394:1410 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 1 81 theme platelet-rich 167:179 arg1 concentrate 224:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 81 theme platelet-rich 167:179 arg1 PRF 189:191 PRF 189:191 PRF 189:191 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 81 theme platelet-rich 167:179 arg1 fibrin 181:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin 155:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) 155:192 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 81 theme platelet-rich 167:179 arg1 scaffold 311:318 a scaffold 309:318 a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration 309:361 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 7 82 theme negative 1630:1637 arg1 control 1639:1645 negative control 1630:1645 negative control 1630:1645 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 7 83 theme PRF 1591:1593 arg1 group 1595:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 7 84 from inflammation 1545:1556 arg1 group 1595:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 4 85 theme Fibroblast 1024:1033 arg1 Factor 1042:1047 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1024:1047 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1024:1047 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 85 theme Fibroblast 1024:1033 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 0 86 theme Rabbit 132:137 arg1 Model 139:143 An Experimental Rabbit Model 116:143 An Experimental Rabbit Model 116:143 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 8 87 theme autogenic 1814:1822 arg1 p 1829:1829 p < .001 1829:1836 p < .001 1829:1836 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 8 87 theme autogenic 1814:1822 arg1 PRF 1824:1826 autogenic PRF 1814:1826 autogenic PRF (p < .001) 1814:1837 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 2 88 theme scleral 520:526 arg1 model 535:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 7 89 from vascularization 1562:1576 arg1 group 1595:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 autogenic PRF group 1581:1599 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 6 90 from area 1326:1329 arg1 rabbits 1338:1344 25% rabbits 1334:1344 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1334:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 1 91 contain has 237:239 arg2 features 275:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 unique morphological and chemical features 241:282 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 91 contain has 237:239 arg1 PRF 189:191 PRF 189:191 PRF 189:191 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 91 contain has 237:239 arg1 concentrate 224:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 a second-generation platelet concentrate 195:234 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 91 contain has 237:239 arg1 fibrin 181:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin 155:186 Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) 155:192 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 1 91 contain has 237:239 arg1 scaffold 311:318 a scaffold 309:318 a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration 309:361 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 2 92 theme rabbit 504:509 arg1 model 535:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 504:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 11 93 theme single-layered 2221:2234 arg1 HAM 2246:2248 single-layered xenogenic HAM 2221:2248 single-layered xenogenic HAM 2221:2248 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 8 94 theme HAM 1743:1745 arg1 groups 1747:1752 xenogenic HAM groups 1733:1752 xenogenic HAM groups 1733:1752 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 6 95 theme HAM 1442:1444 arg1 p 1453:1453 p > .05 1453:1459 p > .05 1453:1459 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 6 95 theme HAM 1442:1444 arg1 group 1446:1450 xenogenic HAM group 1432:1450 xenogenic HAM group (p > .05) 1432:1460 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 8 96 theme negative 1712:1719 arg1 control 1721:1727 negative control 1712:1727 negative control 1712:1727 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 6 97 theme normal 1490:1495 arg1 location 1497:1504 the normal location 1486:1504 the normal location 1486:1504 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 3 98 theme negative 737:744 arg1 procedure 726:734 surgical procedure 717:734 surgical procedure 717:734 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 98 theme negative 737:744 arg1 control 746:752 negative control 737:752 negative control 737:752 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 10 99 theme control 2000:2006 arg1 group 2008:2012 normal control group 1993:2012 normal control group 1993:2012 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 9 100 theme insignificant 1858:1870 arg1 differences 1872:1882 insignificant differences 1858:1882 insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05) 1858:1942 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 11 101 theme allogenic 2254:2262 arg1 grafts 2271:2276 allogenic sclera grafts 2254:2276 allogenic sclera grafts 2254:2276 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 6 102 theme % 1419:1419 arg1 rabbits 1421:1427 33.3% rabbits 1415:1427 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location 1415:1504 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 11 103 theme superior 2107:2114 arg1 features 2116:2123 superior features 2107:2123 superior features 2107:2123 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 2 104 theme sclera 475:480 arg1 use 409:411 the use 405:411 the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 405:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Metalloproteinase 1118:1134 Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 1111:1136 Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 1111:1136 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Fuchsin 974:980 Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin 960:980 Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin 960:980 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Protein 1069:1075 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 1050:1077 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 1050:1077 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 aggrecan 1097:1104 aggrecan 1097:1104 aggrecan 1097:1104 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Hematoxylin&Eozin 918:934 Hematoxylin&Eozin 918:934 Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE) 918:939 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Trichrome 949:957 Masson Trichrome 942:957 Masson Trichrome 942:957 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Factor 1042:1047 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1024:1047 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1024:1047 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 type 1089:1092 collagen type 1 1080:1094 collagen type 1 1080:1094 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 105 theme Clinical 899:906 arg1 Receptor 1012:1019 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 8 106 theme normal 1784:1789 arg1 p 1800:1800 p < .001 1800:1807 p < .001 1800:1807 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 8 106 theme normal 1784:1789 arg1 control 1791:1797 normal control 1784:1797 normal control (p < .001) 1784:1808 The collagen score of negative control and xenogenic HAM groups were significantly lower than normal control (p < .001) and autogenic PRF (p < .001) groups. 32366164 1 107 theme scleral 324:330 arg1 reinforcement 332:344 scleral reinforcement 324:344 scleral reinforcement 324:344 Purpose: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has unique morphological and chemical features and may be considered as a scaffold for scleral reinforcement and regeneration. 32366164 11 108 theme chemical 2158:2165 arg1 composition 2167:2177 chemical composition 2158:2177 chemical composition 2158:2177 Conclusion: Autogenic PRF showed superior features via its excellent anatomical and chemical composition for scleral regeneration when compared to single-layered xenogenic HAM and allogenic sclera grafts. 32366164 5 109 theme surface 1170:1176 arg1 inflammation 1178:1189 Ocular surface inflammation 1163:1189 Ocular surface inflammation 1163:1189 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 3 110 theme xenogenic 783:791 arg1 model 770:774 scleral defect model 755:774 scleral defect model (SDM) 755:780 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 110 theme xenogenic 783:791 arg1 HAM 793:795 xenogenic HAM 783:795 xenogenic HAM 783:795 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 111 theme allogenic 813:821 arg1 graft 806:810 SDM+HAM graft 798:810 SDM+HAM graft 798:810 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 111 theme allogenic 813:821 arg1 sclera 823:828 allogenic sclera 813:828 allogenic sclera 813:828 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 2 112 theme PRF 497:499 arg1 use 409:411 the use 405:411 the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 405:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 10 113 theme normal 1993:1998 arg1 group 2008:2012 normal control group 1993:2012 normal control group 1993:2012 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 5 114 theme PRF 1247:1249 arg1 groups 1251:1256 autogenic PRF groups 1237:1256 autogenic PRF groups (p < .001) 1237:1267 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 5 114 theme PRF 1247:1249 arg1 p 1259:1259 p < .001 1259:1266 p < .001 1259:1266 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 6 115 dep avascular 1280:1288 arg1 integrated 1298:1307 integrated 1298:1307 integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1298:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 6 116 from wound 1406:1410 arg1 rabbits 1421:1427 33.3% rabbits 1415:1427 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location 1415:1504 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 4 117 theme Matrix 1111:1116 arg1 Metalloproteinase 1118:1134 Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 1111:1136 Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 1111:1136 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 117 theme Matrix 1111:1116 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 2 118 theme study 384:388 arg1 purpose 368:374 The purpose 364:374 The purpose of this study 364:388 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 6 119 theme % 1336:1336 arg1 rabbits 1338:1344 25% rabbits 1334:1344 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1334:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 3 120 theme sclera 845:850 arg1 graft 852:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 SDM+allogenic sclera graft 831:856 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 3 120 theme sclera 845:850 arg1 PRF 869:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 autogenic PRF 859:871 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 2 121 theme human-derived 426:438 arg1 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 HAM 459:461 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 2 121 theme human-derived 426:438 arg1 membrane 449:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane 416:456 xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM) 416:462 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 9 122 theme allogenic 1892:1900 arg1 groups 1927:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups 1892:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05) 1892:1942 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 9 122 theme allogenic 1892:1900 arg1 > .05 1937:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 5 123 theme normal 1218:1223 arg1 control 1225:1231 normal control 1218:1231 normal control 1218:1231 Results: Ocular surface inflammation was significantly lower in normal control and autogenic PRF groups (p < .001). 32366164 3 124 theme SDM+autogenic 874:886 arg1 graft 892:896 SDM+autogenic PRF graft 874:896 SDM+autogenic PRF graft 874:896 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 4 125 theme Verhoeff 960:967 arg1 Fuchsin 974:980 Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin 960:980 Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin 960:980 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 125 theme Verhoeff 960:967 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 6 126 theme wound 1320:1324 arg1 area 1326:1329 scleral wound area 1312:1329 scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group 1312:1538 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 0 127 with Outcomes 33:40 arg1 Grafts 108:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts 73:113 Surgical and Immunohistochemical Outcomes of Scleral Reconstruction with Autogenic, Allogenic and Xenogenic Grafts: An Experimental Rabbit Model. 32366164 2 128 theme membrane 449:456 arg1 use 409:411 the use 405:411 the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model 405:539 The purpose of this study was to compare the use of xenogenic human-derived amniotic membrane (HAM), allogenic sclera, and autogenic PRF in rabbit lamellar scleral defect model with respect to both anatomical and immunohistochemical improvement. 32366164 3 129 theme Zealand 643:649 arg1 rabbits 651:657 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 630:657 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 630:657 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 10 130 theme autogenic 2031:2039 arg1 group 2045:2049 autogenic PRF group 2031:2049 autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers 2031:2071 For immunohistochemistry, the closest values to normal control group were detected in autogenic PRF group for all immunomarkers. 32366164 4 131 theme Factor 1003:1008 arg1 Receptor 1012:1019 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1 983:1021 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 4 131 theme Factor 1003:1008 arg1 findings 908:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings 899:915 Clinical findings, Hematoxylin&Eozin (HE), Masson Trichrome, Verhoeff Acid Fuchsin, Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor 1, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, collagen type 1, aggrecan, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 were evaluated. 32366164 3 132 theme adult 633:637 arg1 rabbits 651:657 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 630:657 45 adult New Zealand rabbits 630:657 Methods: A total of 45 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups: normal control; without surgical procedure, negative control; scleral defect model (SDM), xenogenic HAM; SDM+HAM graft, allogenic sclera; SDM+allogenic sclera graft, autogenic PRF; SDM+autogenic PRF graft. 32366164 7 133 theme xenogenic 1651:1659 arg1 groups 1665:1670 xenogenic HAM groups 1651:1670 xenogenic HAM groups 1651:1670 The inflammation and vascularization in autogenic PRF group was significantly lower than negative control and xenogenic HAM groups in HE (p < .001). 32366164 9 134 theme sclera 1902:1907 arg1 groups 1927:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups 1892:1932 allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05) 1892:1942 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 9 134 theme sclera 1902:1907 arg1 > .05 1937:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 p > .05 1935:1941 There were insignificant differences between allogenic sclera and autogenic PRF groups (p > .05). 32366164 6 135 theme sclera 1359:1364 arg1 p 1373:1373 p = .02 1373:1379 p = .02 1373:1379 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32366164 6 135 theme sclera 1359:1364 arg1 group 1366:1370 allogenic sclera group 1349:1370 allogenic sclera group (p = .02) 1349:1380 Graft was avascular and not integrated to scleral wound area in 25% rabbits of allogenic sclera group (p = .02), was out of the scleral wound in 33.3% rabbits of xenogenic HAM group (p > .05), all the grafts were at the normal location and viable in autogenic PRF group. 32256675 1 0 theme severe 166:171 arg1 worldwide 194:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 1 0 theme severe 166:171 arg1 Obesity 153:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 3 1 from effects 389:395 arg1 obesity 477:483 high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 449:483 high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 449:483 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 9 2 theme related 1425:1431 arg1 disorders 1443:1451 its related metabolic disorders 1421:1451 its related metabolic disorders 1421:1451 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 5 3 theme gut 750:752 arg1 microbiota 754:763 gut microbiota 750:763 gut microbiota 750:763 Body weight, obesity-related metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota were examined at the end of the experiment. 32256675 7 4 theme microbiota 1114:1123 arg1 composition 1095:1105 the composition 1091:1105 the composition of gut microbiota 1091:1123 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 1 5 theme public 173:178 arg1 worldwide 194:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 1 5 theme public 173:178 arg1 Obesity 153:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 6 6 theme liver 879:883 arg1 steatosis 885:893 liver steatosis 879:893 liver steatosis 879:893 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 7 7 theme gut 1110:1112 arg1 microbiota 1114:1123 gut microbiota 1110:1123 gut microbiota 1110:1123 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 3 8 from mechanisms 504:513 arg1 obesity 477:483 high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 449:483 high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 449:483 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 3 9 theme gut 543:545 arg1 composition 558:568 the gut microbiota composition 539:568 the gut microbiota composition 539:568 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 4 10 theme normal 595:600 arg1 diet 607:610 a normal chow diet 593:610 a normal chow diet 593:610 METHODS Mice were fed a normal chow diet and a high-fat diet with or without PEW (300 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. 32256675 0 11 from obesity 70:76 arg1 mice 81:84 mice 81:84 mice 81:84 Polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. 32256675 2 12 theme related 305:311 arg1 complications 323:335 its related metabolic complications 301:335 its related metabolic complications 301:335 Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with obesity and its related metabolic complications. 32256675 3 13 theme microbiota 547:556 arg1 composition 558:568 the gut microbiota composition 539:568 the gut microbiota composition 539:568 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 9 14 theme metabolic 1433:1441 arg1 disorders 1443:1451 its related metabolic disorders 1421:1451 its related metabolic disorders 1421:1451 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 0 15 theme intestinal 119:128 arg1 microbiota 130:139 intestinal microbiota 119:139 intestinal microbiota 119:139 Polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. 32256675 4 16 theme high-fat 618:625 arg1 diet 627:630 a high-fat diet 616:630 a high-fat diet 616:630 METHODS Mice were fed a normal chow diet and a high-fat diet with or without PEW (300 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. 32256675 1 17 theme health 180:185 arg1 worldwide 194:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 1 17 theme health 180:185 arg1 Obesity 153:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 5 18 theme metabolic 725:733 arg1 disorders 735:743 obesity-related metabolic disorders 709:743 obesity-related metabolic disorders 709:743 Body weight, obesity-related metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota were examined at the end of the experiment. 32256675 6 19 theme adipose 858:864 arg1 hypertrophy 866:876 adipose hypertrophy 858:876 adipose hypertrophy 858:876 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 8 20 theme HFD-fed 1226:1232 arg1 mice 1234:1237 HFD-fed mice 1226:1237 HFD-fed mice 1226:1237 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 1 21 theme threat 187:192 arg1 worldwide 194:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 1 21 theme threat 187:192 arg1 Obesity 153:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 3 22 theme polysaccharide 400:413 arg1 mechanisms 504:513 the potential mechanisms 490:513 the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition 490:568 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 3 22 theme polysaccharide 400:413 arg1 effects 389:395 the effects 385:395 the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 385:483 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 8 23 theme Bacteroidetes 1144:1156 arg1 ratio 1158:1162 Bacteroidetes ratio 1144:1162 Bacteroidetes ratio 1144:1162 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 6 24 from steatosis 885:893 arg1 mice 952:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 8 25 theme PEW 1262:1264 arg1 supplementation 1266:1280 PEW supplementation 1262:1280 PEW supplementation 1262:1280 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 6 26 from weight 850:855 arg1 mice 952:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 8 27 theme relative 1172:1179 arg1 abundance 1181:1189 the relative abundance 1168:1189 the relative abundance of Proteobacteria 1168:1207 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 7 28 theme PEW 1064:1066 arg1 supplementation 1068:1082 PEW supplementation 1064:1082 PEW supplementation 1064:1082 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 3 29 theme composition 558:568 arg1 modulation 525:534 modulation 525:534 modulation of the gut microbiota composition 525:568 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 5 30 theme experiment 797:806 arg1 end 786:788 the end 782:788 the end of the experiment 782:806 Body weight, obesity-related metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota were examined at the end of the experiment. 32256675 9 31 used used 1367:1370 arg2 ingredient 1387:1396 a bioactive ingredient 1375:1396 a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota 1375:1499 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 9 31 used used 1367:1370 arg2 PEW 1356:1358 PEW 1356:1358 PEW 1356:1358 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 6 32 theme HFD-fed 944:950 arg1 mice 952:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 0 33 theme microbiota 130:139 arg1 composition 104:114 the composition 100:114 the composition of intestinal microbiota 100:139 Polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. 32256675 4 34 theme oral 671:674 arg1 gavage 676:681 oral gavage 671:681 oral gavage for 8 weeks 671:693 METHODS Mice were fed a normal chow diet and a high-fat diet with or without PEW (300 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. 32256675 3 35 theme -induced 468:475 arg1 obesity 477:483 high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 449:483 high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity 449:483 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 0 36 theme high-fat 48:55 arg1 obesity 70:76 high-fat diet-induced obesity 48:76 high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice 48:84 Polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. 32256675 4 37 theme METHODS 571:577 arg1 Mice 579:582 METHODS Mice 571:582 METHODS Mice 571:582 METHODS Mice were fed a normal chow diet and a high-fat diet with or without PEW (300 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. 32256675 6 38 theme body 845:848 arg1 weight 850:855 body weight 845:855 body weight 845:855 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 9 39 theme gut 1486:1488 arg1 microbiota 1490:1499 gut microbiota 1486:1499 gut microbiota 1486:1499 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 3 40 theme high-fat 449:456 arg1 HFD 464:466 HFD 464:466 HFD 464:466 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 3 40 theme high-fat 449:456 arg1 diet 458:461 high-fat diet 449:461 high-fat diet (HFD) 449:467 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 5 41 theme Body 696:699 arg1 weight 701:706 Body weight 696:706 Body weight 696:706 Body weight, obesity-related metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota were examined at the end of the experiment. 32256675 9 42 theme microbiota 1490:1499 arg1 composition 1471:1481 the composition 1467:1481 the composition of gut microbiota 1467:1499 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 6 43 from hypertrophy 866:876 arg1 mice 952:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 3 44 theme potential 494:502 arg1 mechanisms 504:513 the potential mechanisms 490:513 the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition 490:568 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 7 45 theme rRNA 1032:1035 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis 1012:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis 1012:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 2 46 theme microbiota 241:250 arg1 dysbiosis 252:260 gut microbiota dysbiosis 237:260 gut microbiota dysbiosis 237:260 Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with obesity and its related metabolic complications. 32256675 7 47 theme High-throughput 1012:1026 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis 1012:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis 1012:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 8 48 theme control 1303:1309 arg1 levels 1311:1316 approximately the control levels 1285:1316 approximately the control levels 1285:1316 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 0 49 theme diet-induced 57:68 arg1 obesity 70:76 high-fat diet-induced obesity 48:76 high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice 48:84 Polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. 32256675 9 50 dep CONCLUSIONS 1319:1329 arg1 suggest 1343:1349 suggest 1343:1349 suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota 1343:1499 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 6 51 from resistance 904:913 arg1 mice 952:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 6 52 theme PEW 817:819 arg1 supplementation 821:835 RESULTS PEW supplementation 809:835 RESULTS PEW supplementation 809:835 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 2 53 theme gut 237:239 arg1 dysbiosis 252:260 gut microbiota dysbiosis 237:260 gut microbiota dysbiosis 237:260 Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with obesity and its related metabolic complications. 32256675 9 54 theme bioactive 1377:1385 arg1 ingredient 1387:1396 a bioactive ingredient 1375:1396 a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota 1375:1499 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 9 54 theme bioactive 1377:1385 arg1 PEW 1356:1358 PEW 1356:1358 PEW 1356:1358 CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 6 55 from inflammation 928:939 arg1 mice 952:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 HFD-fed mice 944:955 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 6 56 theme RESULTS 809:815 arg1 supplementation 821:835 RESULTS PEW supplementation 809:835 RESULTS PEW supplementation 809:835 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 1 57 theme BACKGROUND 142:151 arg1 worldwide 194:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 a severe public health threat worldwide 164:202 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 1 57 theme BACKGROUND 142:151 arg1 Obesity 153:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity 142:159 BACKGROUND Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. 32256675 5 58 theme obesity-related 709:723 arg1 disorders 735:743 obesity-related metabolic disorders 709:743 obesity-related metabolic disorders 709:743 Body weight, obesity-related metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota were examined at the end of the experiment. 32256675 7 59 theme 16S 1028:1030 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis 1012:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis 1012:1044 High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. 32256675 2 60 theme metabolic 313:321 arg1 complications 323:335 its related metabolic complications 301:335 its related metabolic complications 301:335 Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with obesity and its related metabolic complications. 32256675 4 61 theme chow 602:605 arg1 diet 607:610 a normal chow diet 593:610 a normal chow diet 593:610 METHODS Mice were fed a normal chow diet and a high-fat diet with or without PEW (300 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. 32256675 3 62 theme present 353:359 arg1 study 361:365 the present study 349:365 the present study 349:365 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 2 63 theme Emerging 205:212 arg1 evidence 214:221 Emerging evidence 205:221 Emerging evidence 205:221 Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with obesity and its related metabolic complications. 32256675 6 64 theme epithelium 990:999 arg1 integrity 1001:1009 intestinal epithelium integrity 979:1009 intestinal epithelium integrity 979:1009 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 3 65 theme study 361:365 arg1 aim 342:344 The aim 338:344 The aim of the present study 338:365 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. 32256675 6 66 theme insulin 896:902 arg1 resistance 904:913 insulin resistance 896:913 insulin resistance 896:913 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 8 67 theme Proteobacteria 1194:1207 arg1 Firmicutes 1130:1139 The Firmicutes 1126:1139 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio 1126:1162 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 8 67 theme Proteobacteria 1194:1207 arg1 abundance 1181:1189 the relative abundance 1168:1189 the relative abundance of Proteobacteria 1168:1207 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. 32256675 6 68 theme systemic 919:926 arg1 inflammation 928:939 systemic inflammation 919:939 systemic inflammation 919:939 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 32256675 6 69 theme intestinal 979:988 arg1 integrity 1001:1009 intestinal epithelium integrity 979:1009 intestinal epithelium integrity 979:1009 RESULTS PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. 34573108 6 0 theme sodium 963:968 arg1 treatment 952:960 heat treatment 947:960 heat treatment 947:960 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 0 theme sodium 963:968 arg1 chloride 970:977 sodium chloride 963:977 sodium chloride 963:977 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 5 1 theme diffraction 657:667 arg1 investigations 669:682 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations 638:682 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations 638:682 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 1 2 theme high 177:180 arg1 capabilities 190:201 their high loading capabilities 171:201 their high loading capabilities 171:201 Hollow nanoparticles are preferred over solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density. 34573108 9 3 theme zein 1444:1447 arg1 particles 1449:1457 composite hollow zein particles 1427:1457 composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides 1427:1506 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 0 4 theme Complex 99:105 arg1 Coating 107:113 Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 83:113 Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 83:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 6 5 from radicals 1103:1110 arg1 medium 1127:1132 the aqueous medium 1115:1132 the aqueous medium 1115:1132 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 1 6 theme loading 182:188 arg1 capabilities 190:201 their high loading capabilities 171:201 their high loading capabilities 171:201 Hollow nanoparticles are preferred over solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density. 34573108 8 7 theme storage 1283:1289 arg1 stability 1291:1299 The storage stability 1279:1299 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin 1279:1322 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin was enhanced both at 25 and 45 °C in hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin. 34573108 5 8 from change 740:745 arg1 state 763:767 its physical state 750:767 its physical state 750:767 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 5 9 from incorporation 804:816 arg1 particles 835:843 the composite particles 821:843 the composite particles 821:843 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 8 10 dep °C 1355:1356 arg1 both 1337:1340 both 1337:1340 both 1337:1340 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin was enhanced both at 25 and 45 °C in hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin. 34573108 9 11 theme bioactive 1579:1587 arg1 components 1589:1598 bioactive components 1579:1598 bioactive components 1579:1598 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 5 12 from zein 727:730 arg1 state 763:767 its physical state 750:767 its physical state 750:767 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 6 13 theme heat 947:950 arg1 treatment 952:960 heat treatment 947:960 heat treatment 947:960 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 13 theme heat 947:950 arg1 chloride 970:977 sodium chloride 963:977 sodium chloride 963:977 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 14 theme complex 1010:1016 arg1 coating 1018:1024 The complex coating 1006:1024 The complex coating 1006:1024 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 7 15 from entrapment 1188:1197 arg1 particles 1219:1227 the particles 1215:1227 the particles 1215:1227 The entrapment of quercetin in the particles improved its storage and photochemical stability. 34573108 2 16 theme medium 365:370 arg1 temperature 346:356 temperature 346:356 temperature 346:356 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 2 16 theme medium 365:370 arg1 pH 339:340 pH 339:340 pH 339:340 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 2 16 theme medium 365:370 arg1 strength 329:336 ionic strength 323:336 ionic strength 323:336 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 4 17 theme % 606:606 arg1 capacity 583:590 capacity 583:590 capacity 583:590 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 4 17 theme % 606:606 arg1 efficiency 568:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 5 18 theme physical 754:761 arg1 state 763:767 its physical state 750:767 its physical state 750:767 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 8 19 theme entrapped 1304:1312 arg1 quercetin 1314:1322 entrapped quercetin 1304:1322 entrapped quercetin 1304:1322 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin was enhanced both at 25 and 45 °C in hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin. 34573108 2 20 theme slight 299:304 arg1 variation 306:314 a slight variation 297:314 a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium 297:370 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 5 21 with interaction 697:707 arg1 zein 727:730 zein 727:730 zein 727:730 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 5 21 with interaction 697:707 arg1 change 740:745 the change 736:745 the change in its physical state 736:767 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 8 22 theme hollow 1361:1366 arg1 particles 1373:1381 hollow zein particles 1361:1381 hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin 1361:1413 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin was enhanced both at 25 and 45 °C in hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin. 34573108 3 23 theme quercetin-loaded 407:422 arg1 particles 436:444 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 407:444 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 407:444 This study was aimed to fabricate quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles with chitosan and pectin coating to improve their physicochemical stability. 34573108 6 24 theme particles 929:937 arg1 stability 887:895 the stability 883:895 the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability 883:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 3 25 theme hollow 424:429 arg1 particles 436:444 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 407:444 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 407:444 This study was aimed to fabricate quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles with chitosan and pectin coating to improve their physicochemical stability. 34573108 4 26 contain had 554:556 arg2 capacity 583:590 capacity 583:590 capacity 583:590 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 4 26 contain had 554:556 arg2 efficiency 568:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 4 26 contain had 554:556 arg1 Quercetin 523:531 Quercetin 523:531 Quercetin as a model flavonoid 523:552 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 0 27 theme Physicochemical 10:24 arg1 Stability 26:34 Physicochemical Stability 10:34 Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 10:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 6 28 theme zein 924:927 arg1 particles 929:937 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 900:937 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 900:937 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 7 29 theme photochemical 1254:1266 arg1 stability 1268:1276 photochemical stability 1254:1276 photochemical stability 1254:1276 The entrapment of quercetin in the particles improved its storage and photochemical stability. 34573108 5 30 theme Infrared 638:645 arg1 investigations 669:682 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations 638:682 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations 638:682 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 1 31 theme sustained 204:212 arg1 release 214:220 sustained release 204:220 sustained release 204:220 Hollow nanoparticles are preferred over solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density. 34573108 6 32 from stability 887:895 arg1 range 993:997 a wide range 986:997 a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability 986:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 5 33 theme X-ray 651:655 arg1 diffraction 657:667 X-ray diffraction 651:667 X-ray diffraction 651:667 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 1 34 theme Hollow 116:121 arg1 nanoparticles 123:135 Hollow nanoparticles 116:135 Hollow nanoparticles 116:135 Hollow nanoparticles are preferred over solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density. 34573108 6 35 theme free 1098:1101 arg1 radicals 1103:1110 free radicals 1098:1110 free radicals in the aqueous medium 1098:1132 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 36 theme pH. 1002:1004 arg1 range 993:997 a wide range 986:997 a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability 986:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 2 37 theme ionic 323:327 arg1 strength 329:336 ionic strength 323:336 ionic strength 323:336 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 8 38 theme quercetin 1314:1322 arg1 stability 1291:1299 The storage stability 1279:1299 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin 1279:1322 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin was enhanced both at 25 and 45 °C in hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin. 34573108 7 39 theme quercetin 1202:1210 arg1 entrapment 1188:1197 The entrapment 1184:1197 The entrapment of quercetin in the particles 1184:1227 The entrapment of quercetin in the particles improved its storage and photochemical stability. 34573108 5 40 dep amorphous 789:797 arg1 crystalline 774:784 crystalline 774:784 crystalline 774:784 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 6 41 theme hollow 917:922 arg1 particles 929:937 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 900:937 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 900:937 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 42 theme aqueous 1119:1125 arg1 medium 1127:1132 the aqueous medium 1115:1132 the aqueous medium 1115:1132 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 1 43 theme low 226:228 arg1 density 230:236 low density 226:236 low density 226:236 Hollow nanoparticles are preferred over solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density. 34573108 0 44 theme Hollow 56:61 arg1 Particles 68:76 Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles 39:76 Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 39:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 6 45 theme quercetin-loaded 900:915 arg1 particles 929:937 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 900:937 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 900:937 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 9 46 theme polysaccharides 1492:1506 arg1 combination 1477:1487 a combination 1475:1487 a combination of polysaccharides 1475:1506 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 6 47 theme zein 1078:1081 arg1 particles 1083:1091 hollow zein particles 1071:1091 hollow zein particles 1071:1091 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 0 48 theme Quercetin-Loaded 39:54 arg1 Particles 68:76 Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles 39:76 Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 39:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 6 49 theme wide 988:991 arg1 range 993:997 a wide range 986:997 a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability 986:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 3 50 theme zein 431:434 arg1 particles 436:444 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 407:444 quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles 407:444 This study was aimed to fabricate quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles with chitosan and pectin coating to improve their physicochemical stability. 34573108 9 51 theme composite 1427:1435 arg1 particles 1449:1457 composite hollow zein particles 1427:1457 composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides 1427:1506 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 4 52 dep Quercetin 523:531 arg1 flavonoid 544:552 flavonoid 544:552 Quercetin as a model flavonoid 523:552 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 0 53 theme Particles 68:76 arg1 Stability 26:34 Physicochemical Stability 10:34 Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 10:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 6 54 theme hollow 1071:1076 arg1 particles 1083:1091 hollow zein particles 1071:1091 hollow zein particles 1071:1091 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 2 55 theme zein 246:249 arg1 particles 251:259 Hollow zein particles 239:259 Hollow zein particles 239:259 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 9 56 from role 1525:1528 arg1 encapsulation 1537:1549 encapsulation 1537:1549 encapsulation 1537:1549 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 9 56 from role 1525:1528 arg1 delivery 1567:1574 delivery 1567:1574 delivery 1567:1574 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 9 56 from role 1525:1528 arg1 protection 1552:1561 protection 1552:1561 protection 1552:1561 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 6 57 theme scavenging 1164:1173 arg1 ability 1175:1181 its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1147:1181 its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1147:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 0 58 theme Zein 63:66 arg1 Particles 68:76 Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles 39:76 Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 39:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 4 59 theme loading 560:566 arg1 efficiency 568:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 2 60 theme Hollow 239:244 arg1 particles 251:259 Hollow zein particles 239:259 Hollow zein particles 239:259 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 6 61 theme radical 1156:1162 arg1 ability 1175:1181 its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1147:1181 its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1147:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 2 62 with aggregation 280:290 arg1 variation 306:314 a slight variation 297:314 a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium 297:370 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 5 63 theme quercetin 712:720 arg1 interaction 697:707 the interaction 693:707 the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state 693:767 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 1 64 theme solid 156:160 arg1 ones 162:165 solid ones 156:165 solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density 156:236 Hollow nanoparticles are preferred over solid ones for their high loading capabilities, sustained release and low density. 34573108 4 65 theme % 621:621 arg1 capacity 583:590 capacity 583:590 capacity 583:590 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 4 65 theme % 621:621 arg1 efficiency 568:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 a loading efficiency 558:577 Quercetin as a model flavonoid had a loading efficiency and capacity of about 86-94% and 2.22-5.89%, respectively. 34573108 9 66 dep encapsulation 1537:1549 arg1 the 1533:1535 the 1533:1535 the 1533:1535 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 0 67 with Particles 68:76 arg1 Coating 107:113 Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 83:113 Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 83:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 3 68 theme physicochemical 496:510 arg1 stability 512:520 their physicochemical stability 490:520 their physicochemical stability 490:520 This study was aimed to fabricate quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles with chitosan and pectin coating to improve their physicochemical stability. 34573108 8 69 theme zein 1368:1371 arg1 particles 1373:1381 hollow zein particles 1361:1381 hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin 1361:1413 The storage stability of entrapped quercetin was enhanced both at 25 and 45 °C in hollow zein particles coated with chitosan and pectin. 34573108 6 70 theme DPPH 1151:1154 arg1 ability 1175:1181 its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1147:1181 its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1147:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 0 71 theme Chitosan/Pectin 83:97 arg1 Coating 107:113 Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 83:113 Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating 83:113 Improving Physicochemical Stability of Quercetin-Loaded Hollow Zein Particles with Chitosan/Pectin Complex Coating. 34573108 6 72 theme chitosan/pectin 850:864 arg1 coating 866:872 The chitosan/pectin coating 846:872 The chitosan/pectin coating 846:872 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 73 dep pH. 1002:1004 arg1 protected 1026:1034 protected 1026:1034 protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium 1026:1132 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 6 73 dep pH. 1002:1004 arg1 enhanced 1138:1145 enhanced 1138:1145 enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability 1138:1181 The chitosan/pectin coating improved the stability of quercetin-loaded hollow zein particles against heat treatment, sodium chloride and in a wide range of pH. The complex coating protected quercetin that was encapsulated in hollow zein particles from free radicals in the aqueous medium and enhanced its DPPH radical scavenging ability. 34573108 2 74 from variation 306:314 arg1 temperature 346:356 temperature 346:356 temperature 346:356 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 2 74 from variation 306:314 arg1 pH 339:340 pH 339:340 pH 339:340 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 2 74 from variation 306:314 arg1 strength 329:336 ionic strength 323:336 ionic strength 323:336 Hollow zein particles are susceptible to aggregation with a slight variation in the ionic strength, pH and temperature of the medium. 34573108 9 75 theme components 1589:1598 arg1 encapsulation 1537:1549 encapsulation 1537:1549 encapsulation 1537:1549 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 9 75 theme components 1589:1598 arg1 delivery 1567:1574 delivery 1567:1574 delivery 1567:1574 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 9 75 theme components 1589:1598 arg1 protection 1552:1561 protection 1552:1561 protection 1552:1561 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34573108 5 76 theme composite 825:833 arg1 particles 835:843 the composite particles 821:843 the composite particles 821:843 Infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations revealed the interaction of quercetin with zein and the change in its physical state from crystalline to amorphous upon incorporation in the composite particles. 34573108 9 77 theme hollow 1437:1442 arg1 particles 1449:1457 composite hollow zein particles 1427:1457 composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides 1427:1506 Therefore, composite hollow zein particles fabricated with a combination of polysaccharides can expand their role in the encapsulation, protection and delivery of bioactive components. 34163443 4 0 theme main 555:558 arg1 S 593:593 S 593:593 S 593:593 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 0 theme main 555:558 arg1 G 587:587 G 587:587 G 587:587 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 0 theme main 555:558 arg1 lineages 577:584 two main S. saprophyticus lineages 551:584 two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach 551:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 1 theme saprophyticus 563:575 arg1 S 593:593 S 593:593 S 593:593 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 1 theme saprophyticus 563:575 arg1 G 587:587 G 587:587 G 587:587 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 1 theme saprophyticus 563:575 arg1 lineages 577:584 two main S. saprophyticus lineages 551:584 two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach 551:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 1 2 theme Biofilm 104:110 arg1 formation 112:120 Biofilm formation 104:120 Biofilm formation 104:120 Biofilm formation has been shown to be critical to the success of uropathogens. 34163443 7 3 theme DNA 1067:1069 arg1 -polysaccharides 1077:1092 protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides 1045:1092 protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each) 1045:1110 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 9 4 theme atl 1356:1358 arg1 sraP 1409:1412 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sraP 1409:1412 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 4 theme atl 1356:1358 arg1 genes 1336:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 5 5 theme biofilm 756:762 arg1 formation 764:772 biofilm formation 756:772 biofilm formation 756:772 To identify factors that could be associated with biofilm formation and structure variation, we used a pangenome-wide association study approach. 34163443 6 6 dep % 879:879 arg1 n 882:882 n = 384/422 882:892 n = 384/422 882:892 Almost all the isolates (91%; n = 384/422) produced biofilm. 34163443 2 7 theme production 281:290 arg1 capacity 292:299 its biofilm production capacity 269:299 its biofilm production capacity 269:299 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 11 8 theme other 1923:1927 arg1 staphylococci 1948:1960 other coagulase-negative staphylococci 1923:1960 other coagulase-negative staphylococci 1923:1960 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 8 9 theme environmental 1191:1203 arg1 isolates 1205:1212 environmental isolates 1191:1212 environmental isolates 1191:1212 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 11 10 theme complete 1829:1836 arg1 cluster 1847:1853 the complete icaADBCR cluster 1825:1853 the complete icaADBCR cluster 1825:1853 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 12 11 from distinct 2021:2028 arg1 isolates 2060:2067 environmental and clinical isolates 2033:2067 environmental and clinical isolates 2033:2067 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 11 12 theme icaADBCR 1838:1845 arg1 cluster 1847:1853 the complete icaADBCR cluster 1825:1853 the complete icaADBCR cluster 1825:1853 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 8 13 theme protein-based 1223:1235 arg1 biofilms 1237:1244 protein-based biofilms 1223:1244 protein-based biofilms 1223:1244 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 2 14 theme urinary 243:249 arg1 infections 257:266 urinary tract infections 243:266 urinary tract infections 243:266 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 5 15 theme association 824:834 arg1 approach 842:849 a pangenome-wide association study approach 807:849 a pangenome-wide association study approach 807:849 To identify factors that could be associated with biofilm formation and structure variation, we used a pangenome-wide association study approach. 34163443 4 16 theme biofilm 677:683 arg1 approach 696:703 biofilm detachment approach 677:703 biofilm detachment approach 677:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 6 17 theme = 884:884 arg1 n 882:882 n = 384/422 882:892 n = 384/422 882:892 Almost all the isolates (91%; n = 384/422) produced biofilm. 34163443 11 18 theme multiple 1868:1875 arg1 times 1877:1881 multiple times 1868:1881 multiple times 1868:1881 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 13 19 theme other 2291:2295 arg1 staphylococci 2297:2309 other staphylococci 2291:2309 other staphylococci 2291:2309 Moreover, biofilm production in S. saprophyticus is ica-independent, and the complete icaADBCR was acquired from other staphylococci. 34163443 8 20 contain containing 1122:1131 arg1 Biofilms 1113:1120 Biofilms 1113:1120 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides 1113:1160 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 8 20 contain containing 1122:1131 arg2 protein-eDNA-polysaccharides 1133:1160 protein-eDNA-polysaccharides 1133:1160 protein-eDNA-polysaccharides 1133:1160 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 8 21 attach linked 1167:1172 arg1 G 1185:1185 lineage G 1177:1185 lineage G 1177:1185 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 8 21 attach linked 1167:1172 arg1 isolates 1205:1212 environmental isolates 1191:1212 environmental isolates 1191:1212 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 8 21 attach linked 1167:1172 arg2 Biofilms 1113:1120 Biofilms 1113:1120 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides 1113:1160 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 0 22 theme Distinct 74:81 arg1 Composition 91:101 Distinct Biofilm Composition 74:101 Distinct Biofilm Composition 74:101 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins Have Distinct Biofilm Composition. 34163443 2 23 theme infections 257:266 arg1 cause 234:238 a common cause 225:238 a common cause of urinary tract infections 225:266 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 2 23 theme infections 257:266 arg1 saprophyticus 208:220 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 193:220 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 193:220 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 12 24 theme biofilm 2100:2106 arg1 structure 2108:2116 biofilm structure 2100:2116 biofilm structure 2100:2116 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 8 25 theme infection 1277:1285 arg1 isolates 1287:1294 infection isolates 1277:1294 infection isolates (p < 0.05) 1277:1305 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 8 25 theme infection 1277:1285 arg1 < 1299:1299 p < 0.05 1297:1304 p < 0.05 1297:1304 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 10 26 from collection 1608:1617 arg1 ubiquitous 1590:1599 ubiquitous 1590:1599 ubiquitous 1590:1599 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 12 27 theme clinical 2051:2058 arg1 isolates 2060:2067 environmental and clinical isolates 2033:2067 environmental and clinical isolates 2033:2067 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 4 28 theme detachment 685:694 arg1 approach 696:703 biofilm detachment approach 677:703 biofilm detachment approach 677:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 3 29 theme saprophyticus 438:450 arg1 collection 421:430 a large and diverse collection 401:430 a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422) 401:460 We investigated biofilm formation in a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422). 34163443 4 30 theme matrix 471:476 arg1 composition 478:488 Biofilm matrix composition 463:488 Biofilm matrix composition 463:488 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 3 31 theme biofilm 380:386 arg1 formation 388:396 biofilm formation 380:396 biofilm formation 380:396 We investigated biofilm formation in a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422). 34163443 12 32 theme environmental 2033:2045 arg1 isolates 2060:2067 environmental and clinical isolates 2033:2067 environmental and clinical isolates 2033:2067 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 3 33 theme diverse 413:419 arg1 collection 421:430 a large and diverse collection 401:430 a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422) 401:460 We investigated biofilm formation in a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422). 34163443 13 34 from production 2196:2205 arg1 saprophyticus 2213:2225 S. saprophyticus 2210:2225 S. saprophyticus 2210:2225 Moreover, biofilm production in S. saprophyticus is ica-independent, and the complete icaADBCR was acquired from other staphylococci. 34163443 1 35 theme uropathogens 170:181 arg1 success 159:165 the success 155:165 the success of uropathogens 155:181 Biofilm formation has been shown to be critical to the success of uropathogens. 34163443 12 36 from step 2133:2136 arg1 pathogenicity 2145:2157 the pathogenicity 2141:2157 the pathogenicity of these bacteria 2141:2175 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 3 37 theme large 403:407 arg1 collection 421:430 a large and diverse collection 401:430 a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422) 401:460 We investigated biofilm formation in a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422). 34163443 12 38 theme biofilms 2008:2015 arg1 composition 1976:1986 the composition 1972:1986 the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms 1972:2015 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 12 38 theme biofilms 2008:2015 arg1 distinct 2021:2028 distinct 2021:2028 distinct 2021:2028 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 10 39 theme ica 1698:1700 arg1 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 10 39 theme ica 1698:1700 arg1 cluster 1707:1713 a complete ica gene cluster 1687:1713 a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) 1687:1724 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 9 40 theme biofilm-associated 1317:1334 arg1 aas 1351:1353 aas 1351:1353 aas 1351:1353 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 40 theme biofilm-associated 1317:1334 arg1 genes 1423:1427 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 genes 1423:1427 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 40 theme biofilm-associated 1317:1334 arg1 genes 1336:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 40 theme biofilm-associated 1317:1334 arg1 sraP 1409:1412 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sraP 1409:1412 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 11 41 theme comparative 1790:1800 arg1 approach 1810:1817 a comparative genomic approach 1788:1817 a comparative genomic approach 1788:1817 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 8 42 theme lineage 1177:1183 arg1 G 1185:1185 lineage G 1177:1185 lineage G 1177:1185 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 12 43 theme bacteria 2168:2175 arg1 pathogenicity 2145:2157 the pathogenicity 2141:2157 the pathogenicity of these bacteria 2141:2175 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 7 44 theme protein-extracellular 1045:1065 arg1 DNA 1067:1069 protein-extracellular DNA 1045:1069 protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each) 1045:1110 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 7 44 theme protein-extracellular 1045:1065 arg1 eDNA 1072:1075 eDNA 1072:1075 eDNA 1072:1075 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 0 45 contain Have 69:72 arg1 saprophyticus 15:27 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 0:27 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins 0:67 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins Have Distinct Biofilm Composition. 34163443 0 45 contain Have 69:72 arg2 Composition 91:101 Distinct Biofilm Composition 74:101 Distinct Biofilm Composition 74:101 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins Have Distinct Biofilm Composition. 34163443 11 46 theme genomic 1802:1808 arg1 approach 1810:1817 a comparative genomic approach 1788:1817 a comparative genomic approach 1788:1817 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 12 47 from isolates 2060:2067 arg1 composition 1976:1986 the composition 1972:1986 the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms 1972:2015 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 12 47 from isolates 2060:2067 arg1 distinct 2021:2028 distinct 2021:2028 distinct 2021:2028 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 5 48 theme study 836:840 arg1 approach 842:849 a pangenome-wide association study approach 807:849 a pangenome-wide association study approach 807:849 To identify factors that could be associated with biofilm formation and structure variation, we used a pangenome-wide association study approach. 34163443 4 49 theme human 611:615 arg1 infection 617:625 human infection 611:625 human infection 611:625 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 11 50 theme coagulase-negative 1929:1946 arg1 staphylococci 1948:1960 other coagulase-negative staphylococci 1923:1960 other coagulase-negative staphylococci 1923:1960 We provided evidence, using a comparative genomic approach, that the complete icaADBCR cluster was acquired multiple times by S. saprophyticus and originated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. 34163443 2 51 theme common 227:232 arg1 cause 234:238 a common cause 225:238 a common cause of urinary tract infections 225:266 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 2 51 theme common 227:232 arg1 saprophyticus 208:220 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 193:220 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 193:220 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 2 52 theme genetic 315:321 arg1 basis 323:327 genetic basis 315:327 genetic basis 315:327 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 2 53 theme tract 251:255 arg1 infections 257:266 urinary tract infections 243:266 urinary tract infections 243:266 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 5 54 theme pangenome-wide 809:822 arg1 approach 842:849 a pangenome-wide association study approach 807:849 a pangenome-wide association study approach 807:849 To identify factors that could be associated with biofilm formation and structure variation, we used a pangenome-wide association study approach. 34163443 7 55 theme biofilm 970:976 arg1 phenotypes 985:994 eight biofilm matrix phenotypes 964:994 eight biofilm matrix phenotypes 964:994 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 9 56 theme matrix 1556:1561 arg1 types 1563:1567 matrix types 1556:1567 matrix types 1556:1567 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 12 57 theme key 2129:2131 arg1 step 2133:2136 a key step 2127:2136 a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria 2127:2175 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 12 57 theme key 2129:2131 arg1 modulation 2086:2095 modulation 2086:2095 modulation of biofilm structure 2086:2116 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 7 58 theme matrix 978:983 arg1 phenotypes 985:994 eight biofilm matrix phenotypes 964:994 eight biofilm matrix phenotypes 964:994 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 2 59 theme biofilm 273:279 arg1 capacity 292:299 its biofilm production capacity 269:299 its biofilm production capacity 269:299 Although Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, its biofilm production capacity, composition, genetic basis, and origin are poorly understood. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 sdrE 1397:1400 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sdrE 1397:1400 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 ebpS 1361:1364 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 ebpS 1361:1364 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 sdrC 1403:1406 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sdrC 1403:1406 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 uafA 1367:1370 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 uafA 1367:1370 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 sdrH 1385:1388 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sdrH 1385:1388 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 splE 1391:1394 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 splE 1391:1394 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 sasF 1373:1376 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sasF 1373:1376 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 60 dep sraP 1409:1412 arg1 sasD 1379:1382 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sasD 1379:1382 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 0 61 theme Biofilm 83:89 arg1 Composition 91:101 Distinct Biofilm Composition 74:101 Distinct Biofilm Composition 74:101 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins Have Distinct Biofilm Composition. 34163443 4 62 dep lineages 577:584 arg1 S 593:593 S 593:593 S 593:593 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 62 dep lineages 577:584 arg1 G 587:587 G 587:587 G 587:587 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 62 dep lineages 577:584 arg1 lineages 577:584 two main S. saprophyticus lineages 551:584 two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach 551:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 12 63 theme structure 2108:2116 arg1 modulation 2086:2095 modulation 2086:2095 modulation of biofilm structure 2086:2116 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 12 63 theme structure 2108:2116 arg1 step 2133:2136 a key step 2127:2136 a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria 2127:2175 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 8 64 theme lineage 1263:1269 arg1 S 1271:1271 lineage S 1263:1271 lineage S 1263:1271 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 7 65 theme representative 926:939 arg1 strains 941:947 the 63 representative strains 919:947 the 63 representative strains 919:947 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 10 66 from ubiquitous 1590:1599 arg1 collection 1608:1617 the collection 1604:1617 the collection 1604:1617 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 4 67 theme representative 506:519 arg1 n 530:530 n = 63 530:535 n = 63 530:535 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 67 theme representative 506:519 arg1 strains 521:527 representative strains 506:527 representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach 506:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 68 theme food-related 646:657 arg1 environment 659:669 food-related environment 646:669 food-related environment 646:669 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 69 theme Biofilm 463:469 arg1 composition 478:488 Biofilm matrix composition 463:488 Biofilm matrix composition 463:488 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 13 70 theme complete 2255:2262 arg1 icaADBCR 2264:2271 the complete icaADBCR 2251:2271 the complete icaADBCR 2251:2271 Moreover, biofilm production in S. saprophyticus is ica-independent, and the complete icaADBCR was acquired from other staphylococci. 34163443 7 71 dep -polysaccharides 1077:1092 arg1 % 1097:1097 38% 1095:1097 38% 1095:1097 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 7 71 dep -polysaccharides 1077:1092 arg1 each 1106:1109 each 1106:1109 each 1106:1109 Among the 63 representative strains, we identified eight biofilm matrix phenotypes, but the most common were composed of protein or protein-extracellular DNA (eDNA)-polysaccharides (38%, 24/63 each). 34163443 8 72 theme p 1297:1297 arg1 isolates 1287:1294 infection isolates 1277:1294 infection isolates (p < 0.05) 1277:1305 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 8 72 theme p 1297:1297 arg1 < 1299:1299 p < 0.05 1297:1304 p < 0.05 1297:1304 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 5 73 theme structure 778:786 arg1 variation 788:796 structure variation 778:796 structure variation 778:796 To identify factors that could be associated with biofilm formation and structure variation, we used a pangenome-wide association study approach. 34163443 9 74 theme ica 1419:1421 arg1 genes 1423:1427 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 genes 1423:1427 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 74 theme ica 1419:1421 arg1 genes 1336:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 75 theme biofilm 1534:1540 arg1 production 1542:1551 biofilm production 1534:1551 biofilm production 1534:1551 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 0 76 theme Clinical 34:41 arg1 Origins 61:67 Clinical and Environmental Origins 34:67 Clinical and Environmental Origins 34:67 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins Have Distinct Biofilm Composition. 34163443 5 77 used used 802:805 arg2 we 799:800 we 799:800 we 799:800 To identify factors that could be associated with biofilm formation and structure variation, we used a pangenome-wide association study approach. 34163443 8 78 dep linked 1167:1172 arg1 whereas 1215:1221 whereas 1215:1221 whereas 1215:1221 Biofilms containing protein-eDNA-polysaccharides were linked to lineage G and environmental isolates, whereas protein-based biofilms were produced by lineage S and infection isolates (p < 0.05). 34163443 0 79 theme Environmental 47:59 arg1 Origins 61:67 Clinical and Environmental Origins 34:67 Clinical and Environmental Origins 34:67 Staphylococcus saprophyticus From Clinical and Environmental Origins Have Distinct Biofilm Composition. 34163443 13 80 theme biofilm 2188:2194 arg1 production 2196:2205 biofilm production 2188:2205 biofilm production in S. saprophyticus 2188:2225 Moreover, biofilm production in S. saprophyticus is ica-independent, and the complete icaADBCR was acquired from other staphylococci. 34163443 3 81 theme = 455:455 arg1 saprophyticus 438:450 S. saprophyticus 435:450 S. saprophyticus (n = 422) 435:460 We investigated biofilm formation in a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422). 34163443 3 81 theme = 455:455 arg1 n 453:453 n = 422 453:459 n = 422 453:459 We investigated biofilm formation in a large and diverse collection of S. saprophyticus (n = 422). 34163443 9 82 theme different 1446:1454 arg1 frequencies 1456:1466 different frequencies 1446:1466 different frequencies (3-100%) 1446:1475 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 82 theme different 1446:1454 arg1 % 1474:1474 3-100% 1469:1474 3-100% 1469:1474 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 4 83 theme = 532:532 arg1 n 530:530 n = 63 530:535 n = 63 530:535 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 4 83 theme = 532:532 arg1 strains 521:527 representative strains 506:527 representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach 506:703 Biofilm matrix composition was assessed in representative strains (n = 63) belonging to two main S. saprophyticus lineages (G and S) recovered from human infection, colonization, and food-related environment using biofilm detachment approach. 34163443 10 84 theme gene 1702:1705 arg1 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 10 84 theme gene 1702:1705 arg1 cluster 1707:1713 a complete ica gene cluster 1687:1713 a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) 1687:1724 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 12 85 theme saprophyticus 1994:2006 arg1 biofilms 2008:2015 S. saprophyticus biofilms 1991:2015 S. saprophyticus biofilms 1991:2015 Overall, the composition of S. saprophyticus biofilms was distinct in environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that modulation of biofilm structure could be a key step in the pathogenicity of these bacteria. 34163443 9 86 theme Putative 1308:1315 arg1 aas 1351:1353 aas 1351:1353 aas 1351:1353 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 86 theme Putative 1308:1315 arg1 genes 1423:1427 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 genes 1423:1427 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 86 theme Putative 1308:1315 arg1 genes 1336:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes 1308:1340 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 9 86 theme Putative 1308:1315 arg1 sraP 1409:1412 atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes 1356:1427 sraP 1409:1412 Putative biofilm-associated genes, namely, aas, atl, ebpS, uafA, sasF, sasD, sdrH, splE, sdrE, sdrC, sraP, and ica genes, were found with different frequencies (3-100%), but there was no correlation between their presence and biofilm production or matrix types. 34163443 10 87 theme complete 1689:1696 arg1 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 10 87 theme complete 1689:1696 arg1 cluster 1707:1713 a complete ica gene cluster 1687:1713 a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) 1687:1724 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 10 88 contain carried 1679:1685 arg1 strains 1671:1677 only four strains 1661:1677 only four strains 1661:1677 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 10 88 contain carried 1679:1685 arg2 cluster 1707:1713 a complete ica gene cluster 1687:1713 a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) 1687:1724 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34163443 10 88 contain carried 1679:1685 arg2 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 icaADBCR 1716:1723 Notably, icaC_1 was ubiquitous in the collection, while icaR was lineage G-associated, and only four strains carried a complete ica gene cluster (icaADBCR) except one that was without icaR. 34182612 6 0 theme expression 1258:1267 arg1 process 1269:1275 the expression process 1254:1275 the expression process 1254:1275 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 4 1 theme immunological 794:806 arg1 consequences 808:819 important immunological consequences 784:819 important immunological consequences 784:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 3 2 from expression 523:532 arg1 cerevisiae 540:549 S. cerevisiae 537:549 S. cerevisiae 537:549 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 1 3 theme modification 185:196 arg1 type 159:162 one type 155:162 one type of posttranslational modification that proteins undergo during expression 155:236 N-linked glycosylation is one type of posttranslational modification that proteins undergo during expression. 34182612 7 4 theme proteins 1525:1532 arg1 families 1504:1511 the largest families 1492:1511 the largest families of membrane proteins 1492:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 5 5 theme high-level 1013:1022 arg1 yields 1035:1040 high-level expression yields 1013:1040 high-level expression yields 1013:1040 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 4 6 theme important 784:792 arg1 consequences 808:819 important immunological consequences 784:819 important immunological consequences 784:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 4 7 theme N-linked 651:658 arg1 glycosylation 660:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation 640:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation 640:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 6 8 theme glycosylation 1233:1245 arg1 consequences 1208:1219 the unwanted consequences 1195:1219 the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation 1195:1245 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 3 9 used used 574:577 arg2 workhorse 584:592 a workhorse 582:592 a workhorse in both research and industrial applications 582:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 9 used used 574:577 arg2 consideration 457:469 an important consideration 444:469 an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications 444:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 9 used used 574:577 arg2 expression 523:532 expression 523:532 expression 523:532 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 9 used used 574:577 arg2 glycosylation 407:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 7 10 with targets 1416:1422 arg1 emphasis 1437:1444 special emphasis 1429:1444 special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins 1429:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 0 11 link N-linked 21:28 arg1 sites 44:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 5 12 theme non-native 898:907 arg1 glycosylation 918:930 non-native N-linked glycosylation 898:930 non-native N-linked glycosylation 898:930 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 2 13 from emphasis 360:367 arg1 cerevisiae 386:395 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 372:395 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 372:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 0 14 theme Saccharomyces 103:115 arg1 cerevisiae 117:126 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 103:126 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 103:126 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 7 15 from benefits 1318:1325 arg1 cerevisiae 1367:1376 S. cerevisiae 1364:1376 S. cerevisiae 1364:1376 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 3 16 theme N-linked 398:405 arg1 consideration 457:469 an important consideration 444:469 an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications 444:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 16 theme N-linked 398:405 arg1 glycosylation 407:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 7 17 theme expression 1405:1414 arg1 targets 1416:1422 expression targets 1405:1422 expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins 1405:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 4 18 theme proteins 867:874 arg1 production 838:847 the production 834:847 the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides 834:886 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 2 19 from effects 267:273 arg1 expression 332:341 high-level membrane protein expression 304:341 high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 304:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 5 20 theme premature 973:981 arg1 degradation 983:993 premature degradation 973:993 premature degradation 973:993 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 3 21 from workhorse 584:592 arg1 research 602:609 research 602:609 research 602:609 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 21 from workhorse 584:592 arg1 applications 626:637 industrial applications 615:637 industrial applications 615:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 7 22 contain have 1303:1306 arg1 considerations 1284:1297 These considerations 1278:1297 These considerations 1278:1297 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 22 contain have 1303:1306 arg2 benefits 1318:1325 long-term benefits 1308:1325 long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae 1308:1376 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 6 23 theme unwanted 1199:1206 arg1 consequences 1208:1219 the unwanted consequences 1195:1219 the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation 1195:1245 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 4 24 theme yeast 755:759 arg1 species 761:767 many yeast species 750:767 many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences 750:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 2 25 with yeast 346:350 arg1 emphasis 360:367 an emphasis 357:367 an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 357:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 5 26 theme expression 1024:1033 arg1 yields 1035:1040 high-level expression yields 1013:1040 high-level expression yields 1013:1040 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 2 27 theme protein 324:330 arg1 expression 332:341 high-level membrane protein expression 304:341 high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 304:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 6 28 theme N-linked 1224:1231 arg1 glycosylation 1233:1245 N-linked glycosylation 1224:1245 N-linked glycosylation 1224:1245 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 4 29 theme many 750:753 arg1 species 761:767 many yeast species 750:767 many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences 750:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 0 30 theme N-terminal 10:19 arg1 sites 44:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 4 31 from expression 714:723 arg1 species 761:767 many yeast species 750:767 many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences 750:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 7 32 theme high-level 1331:1340 arg1 production 1350:1359 high-level protein production 1331:1359 high-level protein production 1331:1359 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 3 33 theme gene 503:506 arg1 constructs 508:517 membrane protein gene constructs 486:517 membrane protein gene constructs 486:517 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 0 34 theme Predicted 0:8 arg1 sites 44:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 6 35 theme different 1139:1147 arg1 methods 1149:1155 different methods 1139:1155 different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process 1139:1275 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 7 36 theme membrane 1516:1523 arg1 proteins 1525:1532 membrane proteins 1516:1532 membrane proteins 1516:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 2 37 gly glycosylation 287:299 arg1 protein 324:330 high-level membrane protein expression 304:341 high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 304:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 2 37 gly glycosylation 287:299 arg1 membrane 315:322 high-level membrane protein expression 304:341 high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 304:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 5 38 theme downstream 1053:1062 arg1 analysis 1064:1071 downstream analysis 1053:1071 downstream analysis 1053:1071 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 3 39 theme industrial 615:624 arg1 applications 626:637 industrial applications 615:637 industrial applications 615:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 4 40 theme mammalian 728:736 arg1 proteins 738:745 mammalian proteins 728:745 mammalian proteins 728:745 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 0 41 theme N-linked 21:28 arg1 sites 44:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 4 42 theme Non-native 640:649 arg1 glycosylation 660:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation 640:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation 640:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 3 43 link N-linked 398:405 arg1 consideration 457:469 an important consideration 444:469 an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications 444:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 43 link N-linked 398:405 arg1 glycosylation 407:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 1 44 theme N-linked 129:136 arg1 glycosylation 138:150 N-linked glycosylation 129:150 N-linked glycosylation 129:150 N-linked glycosylation is one type of posttranslational modification that proteins undergo during expression. 34182612 5 45 theme protein 953:959 arg1 folding 961:967 improper protein folding 944:967 improper protein folding 944:967 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 3 46 theme membrane 486:493 arg1 constructs 508:517 membrane protein gene constructs 486:517 membrane protein gene constructs 486:517 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 7 47 theme coupled 1466:1472 arg1 receptors 1474:1482 G-protein coupled receptors 1456:1482 G-protein coupled receptors 1456:1482 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 47 theme coupled 1466:1472 arg1 families 1504:1511 the largest families 1492:1511 the largest families of membrane proteins 1492:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 47 theme coupled 1466:1472 arg1 one 1485:1487 one 1485:1487 one 1485:1487 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 0 48 from patterns 91:98 arg1 cerevisiae 117:126 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 103:126 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 103:126 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 2 49 theme N-linked 278:285 arg1 glycosylation 287:299 N-linked glycosylation 278:299 N-linked glycosylation 278:299 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 7 50 theme G-protein 1456:1464 arg1 receptors 1474:1482 G-protein coupled receptors 1456:1482 G-protein coupled receptors 1456:1482 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 50 theme G-protein 1456:1464 arg1 families 1504:1511 the largest families 1492:1511 the largest families of membrane proteins 1492:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 50 theme G-protein 1456:1464 arg1 one 1485:1487 one 1485:1487 one 1485:1487 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 3 51 theme protein 495:501 arg1 constructs 508:517 membrane protein gene constructs 486:517 membrane protein gene constructs 486:517 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 7 52 theme long-term 1308:1316 arg1 benefits 1318:1325 long-term benefits 1308:1325 long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae 1308:1376 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 0 53 theme glycosylation 30:42 arg1 sites 44:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 4 54 theme proteins 738:745 arg1 expression 714:723 the heterologous expression 697:723 the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences 697:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 0 55 theme membrane 63:70 arg1 patterns 91:98 membrane protein expression patterns 63:98 membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 63:126 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 6 56 theme Multiple 1074:1081 arg1 strategies 1083:1092 Multiple strategies 1074:1092 Multiple strategies 1074:1092 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 5 57 theme N-linked 909:916 arg1 glycosylation 918:930 non-native N-linked glycosylation 898:930 non-native N-linked glycosylation 898:930 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 0 58 theme protein 72:78 arg1 patterns 91:98 membrane protein expression patterns 63:98 membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 63:126 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 4 59 contain have 779:782 arg1 species 761:767 many yeast species 750:767 many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences 750:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 4 59 contain have 779:782 arg2 consequences 808:819 important immunological consequences 784:819 important immunological consequences 784:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 7 60 theme broad 1387:1391 arg1 spectrum 1393:1400 a broad spectrum 1385:1400 a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins 1385:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 0 61 gly glycosylation 30:42 arg2 sites 44:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites 0:48 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 7 62 theme largest 1496:1502 arg1 families 1504:1511 the largest families 1492:1511 the largest families of membrane proteins 1492:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 2 63 from expression 332:341 arg1 yeast 346:350 yeast 346:350 yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 346:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 6 64 link N-linked 1224:1231 arg1 glycosylation 1233:1245 N-linked glycosylation 1224:1245 N-linked glycosylation 1224:1245 Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N-linked glycosylation during the expression process. 34182612 2 65 theme membrane 315:322 arg1 expression 332:341 high-level membrane protein expression 304:341 high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 304:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 5 66 link N-linked 909:916 arg1 glycosylation 918:930 non-native N-linked glycosylation 898:930 non-native N-linked glycosylation 898:930 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 7 67 theme special 1429:1435 arg1 emphasis 1437:1444 special emphasis 1429:1444 special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins 1429:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 4 68 theme biotherapeutic 852:865 arg1 proteins 867:874 biotherapeutic proteins 852:874 biotherapeutic proteins 852:874 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 4 69 theme peptides 879:886 arg1 production 838:847 the production 834:847 the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides 834:886 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 2 70 theme high-level 304:313 arg1 expression 332:341 high-level membrane protein expression 304:341 high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 304:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 2 71 theme Saccharomyces 372:384 arg1 cerevisiae 386:395 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 372:395 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 372:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 0 72 theme expression 80:89 arg1 patterns 91:98 membrane protein expression patterns 63:98 membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 63:126 Predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 4 73 link N-linked 651:658 arg1 glycosylation 660:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation 640:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation 640:672 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34182612 7 74 theme families 1504:1511 arg1 receptors 1474:1482 G-protein coupled receptors 1456:1482 G-protein coupled receptors 1456:1482 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 74 theme families 1504:1511 arg1 families 1504:1511 the largest families 1492:1511 the largest families of membrane proteins 1492:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 7 74 theme families 1504:1511 arg1 one 1485:1487 one 1485:1487 one 1485:1487 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 5 75 theme improper 944:951 arg1 folding 961:967 improper protein folding 944:967 improper protein folding 944:967 Further, non-native N-linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high-level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. 34182612 7 76 theme targets 1416:1422 arg1 spectrum 1393:1400 a broad spectrum 1385:1400 a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins 1385:1532 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 3 77 theme important 447:455 arg1 expression 523:532 expression 523:532 expression 523:532 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 77 theme important 447:455 arg1 consideration 457:469 an important consideration 444:469 an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications 444:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 77 theme important 447:455 arg1 glycosylation 407:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation 398:419 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 3 77 theme important 447:455 arg1 workhorse 584:592 a workhorse 582:592 a workhorse in both research and industrial applications 582:637 N-linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. 34182612 2 78 link N-linked 278:285 arg1 glycosylation 287:299 N-linked glycosylation 278:299 N-linked glycosylation 278:299 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 1 79 link N-linked 129:136 arg1 glycosylation 138:150 N-linked glycosylation 129:150 N-linked glycosylation 129:150 N-linked glycosylation is one type of posttranslational modification that proteins undergo during expression. 34182612 2 80 theme glycosylation 287:299 arg1 effects 267:273 the effects 263:273 the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 263:395 The following describes the effects of N-linked glycosylation on high-level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 34182612 1 81 theme posttranslational 167:183 arg1 modification 185:196 posttranslational modification 167:196 posttranslational modification 167:196 N-linked glycosylation is one type of posttranslational modification that proteins undergo during expression. 34182612 7 82 theme protein 1342:1348 arg1 production 1350:1359 high-level protein production 1331:1359 high-level protein production 1331:1359 These considerations may have long-term benefits for high-level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G-protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins. 34182612 4 83 theme heterologous 701:712 arg1 expression 714:723 the heterologous expression 697:723 the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences 697:819 Non-native N-linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. 34073872 7 0 theme LPS 1379:1381 arg1 administration 1383:1396 LPS administration 1379:1396 LPS administration 1379:1396 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 1 from phosphorylation 973:987 arg1 ALI 1172:1174 ALI 1172:1174 ALI 1172:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 3 2 theme LPS-induced 454:464 arg1 ALI 466:468 LPS-induced ALI 454:468 LPS-induced ALI 454:468 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. 34073872 1 3 theme specific 218:225 arg1 therapy 227:233 no specific therapy 215:233 no specific therapy 215:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 6 4 theme IL 862:863 arg1 release 818:824 release 818:824 cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 808:922 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 7 5 from activation 1158:1167 arg1 ALI 1172:1174 ALI 1172:1174 ALI 1172:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 4 6 theme intratracheal 555:567 arg1 administration 569:582 LPS intratracheal administration 551:582 LPS intratracheal administration 551:582 Histopathological analysis reveals that um-PEA reduced alteration in lung after LPS intratracheal administration. 34073872 7 7 theme enhancer 1039:1046 arg1 NF-κB 1151:1155 NF-κB 1151:1155 NF-κB 1151:1155 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 7 theme enhancer 1039:1046 arg1 factor 1000:1005 nuclear factor 992:1005 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI 992:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 6 8 theme interleukin 849:859 arg1 IL 862:863 interleukin (IL)-1β 849:867 interleukin (IL)-1β 849:867 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 7 9 from ALI 1172:1174 arg1 phosphorylation 973:987 the phosphorylation 969:987 the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI 969:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 10 theme protein 1316:1322 arg1 kinase 1324:1329 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1294:1329 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) 1294:1340 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 10 theme protein 1316:1322 arg1 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 11 theme polypeptide 1022:1032 arg1 enhancer 1039:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer 1010:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1010:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 12 theme nuclear 1087:1093 arg1 kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1102:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1087:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1087:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 12 theme nuclear 1087:1093 arg1 B-cells 1051:1057 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 13 from factor 1000:1005 arg1 alpha 1070:1074 alpha 1070:1074 alpha (IκBα) 1070:1081 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 13 from factor 1000:1005 arg1 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 13 from factor 1000:1005 arg1 kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1102:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1087:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1087:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 13 from factor 1000:1005 arg1 B-cells 1051:1057 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 14 theme p38 1294:1296 arg1 kinase 1324:1329 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1294:1329 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) 1294:1340 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 14 theme p38 1294:1296 arg1 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 15 theme kappa 1010:1014 arg1 enhancer 1039:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer 1010:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1010:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 1 16 theme common 149:154 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 16 theme common 149:154 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 16 theme common 149:154 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 7 17 dep B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 alpha 1070:1074 alpha 1070:1074 alpha (IκBα) 1070:1081 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 17 dep B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 17 dep B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1102:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1087:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1087:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 17 dep B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 IκBα 1077:1080 IκBα 1077:1080 IκBα 1077:1080 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 17 dep B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 B-cells 1051:1057 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 18 theme factor 1000:1005 arg1 activation 1158:1167 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation 992:1167 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI 992:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 1 19 theme devastating 160:170 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 19 theme devastating 160:170 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 19 theme devastating 160:170 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 6 20 theme factor 885:890 arg1 release 818:824 release 818:824 cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 808:922 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 7 21 theme N-terminal 1266:1275 arg1 kinase 1277:1282 c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1260:1282 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1260:1288 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 21 theme N-terminal 1266:1275 arg1 JNK 1285:1287 JNK 1285:1287 JNK 1285:1287 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 22 theme gene 1034:1037 arg1 enhancer 1039:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer 1010:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1010:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 6 23 theme tumor 870:874 arg1 factor 885:890 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 870:898 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 870:898 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 6 23 theme tumor 870:874 arg1 TNF 893:895 TNF 893:895 TNF 893:895 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 5 24 theme neutrophils 665:675 arg1 marker 655:660 a marker 653:660 a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells 653:724 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 24 theme neutrophils 665:675 arg1 ratio 626:630 weight ratio 619:630 weight ratio 619:630 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 1 25 theme acute 102:106 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 25 theme acute 102:106 arg1 ARDS 139:142 ARDS 139:142 ARDS 139:142 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 25 theme acute 102:106 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 25 theme acute 102:106 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 5 26 theme mast 737:740 arg1 degranulation 748:760 mast cells degranulation 737:760 mast cells degranulation 737:760 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 1 27 theme distress 120:127 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 27 theme distress 120:127 arg1 ARDS 139:142 ARDS 139:142 ARDS 139:142 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 27 theme distress 120:127 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 27 theme distress 120:127 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 7 28 theme cells 1144:1148 arg1 alpha 1070:1074 alpha 1070:1074 alpha (IκBα) 1070:1081 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 28 theme cells 1144:1148 arg1 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 28 theme cells 1144:1148 arg1 kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1102:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1087:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1087:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 28 theme cells 1144:1148 arg1 IκBα 1077:1080 IκBα 1077:1080 IκBα 1077:1080 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 28 theme cells 1144:1148 arg1 B-cells 1051:1057 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 6 29 theme IL 917:918 arg1 release 818:824 release 818:824 cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 808:922 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 5 30 theme immune 713:718 arg1 cells 720:724 total immune cells 707:724 total immune cells 707:724 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 6 31 theme interleukin 904:914 arg1 IL 917:918 interleukin (IL)-18 904:922 interleukin (IL)-18 904:922 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 3 32 theme ultramicronized 371:385 arg1 preparation 387:397 an ultramicronized preparation 368:397 an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) 368:431 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. 34073872 4 33 theme LPS 551:553 arg1 administration 569:582 LPS intratracheal administration 551:582 LPS intratracheal administration 551:582 Histopathological analysis reveals that um-PEA reduced alteration in lung after LPS intratracheal administration. 34073872 3 34 theme study 332:336 arg1 aim 320:322 The aim 316:322 The aim of this study 316:336 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. 34073872 4 35 from alteration 526:535 arg1 lung 540:543 lung 540:543 lung 540:543 Histopathological analysis reveals that um-PEA reduced alteration in lung after LPS intratracheal administration. 34073872 1 36 theme lung 80:83 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 36 theme lung 80:83 arg1 ALI 93:95 ALI 93:95 ALI 93:95 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 36 theme lung 80:83 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 36 theme lung 80:83 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 7 37 theme kinase 1239:1244 arg1 expression 1342:1351 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression 1208:1351 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression 1208:1351 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 8 38 theme LPS-induced 1442:1452 arg1 ALI 1454:1456 LPS-induced ALI 1442:1456 LPS-induced ALI 1442:1456 Our study suggested that um-PEA contrasted LPS-induced ALI, exerting its potential role as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapeutic for treating lung injury, maybe also by p38/NF-κB pathway. 34073872 0 39 theme Acute 14:18 arg1 Injury 25:30 Acute Lung Injury 14:30 Acute Lung Injury 14:30 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 34073872 1 40 with disorders 181:189 arg1 mortality 201:209 high mortality 196:209 high mortality 196:209 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 40 with disorders 181:189 arg1 therapy 227:233 no specific therapy 215:233 no specific therapy 215:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 7 41 theme extracellular 1208:1220 arg1 kinase 1239:1244 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 1208:1248 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) 1208:1257 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 41 theme extracellular 1208:1220 arg1 ERK1/2 1251:1256 ERK1/2 1251:1256 ERK1/2 1251:1256 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 0 42 theme Injury 25:30 arg1 Management 0:9 Management 0:9 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 0:72 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 34073872 7 43 from enhancer 1039:1046 arg1 alpha 1070:1074 alpha 1070:1074 alpha (IκBα) 1070:1081 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 43 from enhancer 1039:1046 arg1 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 inhibitor 1059:1067 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 43 from enhancer 1039:1046 arg1 kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1102:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1087:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1087:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 43 from enhancer 1039:1046 arg1 B-cells 1051:1057 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 44 from B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 NF-κB 1151:1155 NF-κB 1151:1155 NF-κB 1151:1155 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 44 from B-cells 1051:1057 arg1 factor 1000:1005 nuclear factor 992:1005 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI 992:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 2 45 used used 272:275 arg2 Lipopolysaccharide 236:253 Lipopolysaccharide 236:253 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 236:259 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is usually used intratracheally to induce ALI in mice. 34073872 2 45 used used 272:275 arg2 LPS 256:258 LPS 256:258 LPS 256:258 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is usually used intratracheally to induce ALI in mice. 34073872 7 46 theme factor 1095:1100 arg1 kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1102:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1087:1127 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1087:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 46 theme factor 1095:1100 arg1 B-cells 1051:1057 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1051:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 0 47 dep Management 0:9 arg1 Palmitoylethanolamide 33:53 Palmitoylethanolamide 33:53 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 0:72 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 34073872 4 48 theme Histopathological 471:487 arg1 analysis 489:496 Histopathological analysis 471:496 Histopathological analysis 471:496 Histopathological analysis reveals that um-PEA reduced alteration in lung after LPS intratracheal administration. 34073872 7 49 theme B 1142:1142 arg1 cells 1144:1148 activated B cells 1132:1148 activated B cells 1132:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 5 50 theme ratio 626:630 arg1 number 726:731 wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number 611:731 wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number 611:731 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 8 51 theme p38/NF-κB 1572:1580 arg1 pathway 1582:1588 p38/NF-κB pathway 1572:1588 p38/NF-κB pathway 1572:1588 Our study suggested that um-PEA contrasted LPS-induced ALI, exerting its potential role as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapeutic for treating lung injury, maybe also by p38/NF-κB pathway. 34073872 7 52 theme activation 1158:1167 arg1 phosphorylation 973:987 the phosphorylation 969:987 the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI 969:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 5 53 theme myeloperoxidase 636:650 arg1 number 726:731 wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number 611:731 wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number 611:731 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 8 54 theme lung 1545:1548 arg1 maybe 1558:1562 maybe 1558:1562 maybe 1558:1562 Our study suggested that um-PEA contrasted LPS-induced ALI, exerting its potential role as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapeutic for treating lung injury, maybe also by p38/NF-κB pathway. 34073872 8 54 theme lung 1545:1548 arg1 injury 1550:1555 lung injury 1545:1555 lung injury 1545:1555 Our study suggested that um-PEA contrasted LPS-induced ALI, exerting its potential role as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapeutic for treating lung injury, maybe also by p38/NF-κB pathway. 34073872 7 55 dep inhibited 959:967 arg1 decreased 1198:1206 decreased 1198:1206 decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration 1198:1396 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 56 theme light 1016:1020 arg1 enhancer 1039:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer 1010:1046 kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1010:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 57 theme kinase 1324:1329 arg1 expression 1342:1351 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression 1208:1351 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression 1208:1351 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 5 58 theme wet/dry 611:617 arg1 number 726:731 wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number 611:731 wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number 611:731 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 59 theme weight 619:624 arg1 marker 655:660 a marker 653:660 a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells 653:724 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 59 theme weight 619:624 arg1 ratio 626:630 weight ratio 619:630 weight ratio 619:630 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 7 60 theme mitogen-activated 1298:1314 arg1 kinase 1324:1329 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1294:1329 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) 1294:1340 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 60 theme mitogen-activated 1298:1314 arg1 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 p38/MAPK 1332:1339 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 61 theme nuclear 992:998 arg1 NF-κB 1151:1155 NF-κB 1151:1155 NF-κB 1151:1155 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 61 theme nuclear 992:998 arg1 factor 1000:1005 nuclear factor 992:1005 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI 992:1174 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 5 62 theme macrophages 691:701 arg1 marker 655:660 a marker 653:660 a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells 653:724 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 62 theme macrophages 691:701 arg1 ratio 626:630 weight ratio 619:630 weight ratio 619:630 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 1 63 theme clinical 172:179 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 63 theme clinical 172:179 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 63 theme clinical 172:179 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 6 64 theme necrosis 876:883 arg1 factor 885:890 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 870:898 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 870:898 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 6 64 theme necrosis 876:883 arg1 TNF 893:895 TNF 893:895 TNF 893:895 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 7 65 theme kinase 1277:1282 arg1 expression 1342:1351 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression 1208:1351 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression 1208:1351 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 66 theme c-Jun 1260:1264 arg1 kinase 1277:1282 c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1260:1282 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1260:1288 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 66 theme c-Jun 1260:1264 arg1 JNK 1285:1287 JNK 1285:1287 JNK 1285:1287 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 0 67 theme New 60:62 arg1 Approach 64:71 a New Approach 58:71 a New Approach 58:71 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 34073872 1 68 theme respiratory 108:118 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 68 theme respiratory 108:118 arg1 ARDS 139:142 ARDS 139:142 ARDS 139:142 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 68 theme respiratory 108:118 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 68 theme respiratory 108:118 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 7 69 theme activated 1132:1140 arg1 cells 1144:1148 activated B cells 1132:1148 activated B cells 1132:1148 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 5 70 theme cells 742:746 arg1 degranulation 748:760 mast cells degranulation 737:760 mast cells degranulation 737:760 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 71 theme total 707:711 arg1 cells 720:724 total immune cells 707:724 total immune cells 707:724 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 3 72 from effects 357:363 arg1 mice 436:439 mice 436:439 mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI 436:468 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. 34073872 5 73 dep neutrophils 665:675 arg1 infiltration 677:688 infiltration 677:688 infiltration 677:688 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 74 theme cells 720:724 arg1 marker 655:660 a marker 653:660 a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells 653:724 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 5 74 theme cells 720:724 arg1 ratio 626:630 weight ratio 619:630 weight ratio 619:630 Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophils infiltration, macrophages and total immune cells number and mast cells degranulation in lung. 34073872 3 75 theme preparation 387:397 arg1 effects 357:363 the effects 353:363 the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI 353:468 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. 34073872 1 76 theme Acute 74:78 arg1 syndrome 129:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome 102:136 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 102:143 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 76 theme Acute 74:78 arg1 ALI 93:95 ALI 93:95 ALI 93:95 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 76 theme Acute 74:78 arg1 injury 85:90 Acute lung injury 74:90 Acute lung injury (ALI) 74:96 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 1 76 theme Acute 74:78 arg1 disorders 181:189 common and devastating clinical disorders 149:189 common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy 149:233 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 34073872 7 77 theme signal-regulated 1222:1237 arg1 kinase 1239:1244 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 1208:1248 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) 1208:1257 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 7 77 theme signal-regulated 1222:1237 arg1 ERK1/2 1251:1256 ERK1/2 1251:1256 ERK1/2 1251:1256 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 6 78 dep cytokines 808:816 arg1 release 818:824 release 818:824 cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 808:922 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 0 79 theme Lung 20:23 arg1 Injury 25:30 Acute Lung Injury 14:30 Acute Lung Injury 14:30 Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach. 34073872 6 80 theme IL 842:843 arg1 release 818:824 release 818:824 cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 808:922 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 7 81 theme same 1188:1191 arg1 time 1193:1196 the same time 1184:1196 the same time 1184:1196 Furthermore, um-PEA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in ALI, and at the same time decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) expression, that was increased after LPS administration. 34073872 8 82 theme potential 1472:1480 arg1 role 1482:1485 its potential role 1468:1485 its potential role as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapeutic for treating lung injury, maybe also by p38/NF-κB pathway 1468:1588 Our study suggested that um-PEA contrasted LPS-induced ALI, exerting its potential role as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapeutic for treating lung injury, maybe also by p38/NF-κB pathway. 34073872 3 83 theme palmitoylethanolamide 402:422 arg1 preparation 387:397 an ultramicronized preparation 368:397 an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) 368:431 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. 34073872 6 84 theme interleukin 829:839 arg1 IL 842:843 interleukin (IL)-6 829:846 interleukin (IL)-6 829:846 Moreover, um-PEA could also decrease cytokines release of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18. 34073872 1 85 theme high 196:199 arg1 mortality 201:209 high mortality 196:209 high mortality 196:209 Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. 33547363 8 0 attach presence 1333:1340 arg2 sites 1368:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 0 attach presence 1333:1340 arg1 1a 1413:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a 1377:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) 1377:1423 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 0 attach presence 1333:1340 arg1 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 7 1 contain had 1259:1261 arg1 peptides 1250:1257 The identified peptides 1235:1257 The identified peptides 1235:1257 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 33547363 7 1 contain had 1259:1261 arg2 motifs 1276:1281 81% NXT-type motifs 1263:1281 81% NXT-type motifs 1263:1281 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 33547363 6 2 link N-linked 1095:1102 arg1 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 6 2 link N-linked 1095:1102 arg1 peptides 1117:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1095:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) 1095:1131 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 0 3 link N-linked 0:7 arg1 enzymes 23:29 N-linked glycosylation enzymes 0:29 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 0:66 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 4 4 theme glycosylation 695:707 arg1 pathway 709:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 682:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica 682:730 Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. 33547363 6 5 link 118 N-linked 1142:1153 arg1 peptides 1168:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1142:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions 1142:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 3 6 theme growth-limiting 557:571 arg1 concentrations 578:591 growth-limiting iron concentrations 557:591 growth-limiting iron concentrations 557:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 1 7 theme posttranslational 171:187 arg1 modification 189:200 a posttranslational modification 169:200 a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function 169:239 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 1 7 theme posttranslational 171:187 arg1 glycosylation 152:164 N-linked glycosylation 143:164 N-linked glycosylation 143:164 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 3 8 link N-linked 456:463 arg1 diatom 528:533 an open ocean diatom 514:533 an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations 514:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 3 8 link N-linked 456:463 arg1 pathway 479:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 452:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica 452:511 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 9 9 theme gene 1557:1560 arg1 databases 1562:1570 extensive oceanic gene databases 1539:1570 extensive oceanic gene databases 1539:1570 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 8 10 theme N-linked 1345:1352 arg1 sites 1368:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 2 11 theme further 315:321 arg1 knowledge 323:331 further knowledge 315:331 further knowledge 315:331 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 8 12 theme sites 1368:1372 arg1 presence 1333:1340 The presence 1329:1340 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) 1329:1423 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 0 13 theme NXT-type 127:134 arg1 sites 136:140 NXT-type sites 127:140 NXT-type sites 127:140 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 2 14 theme N-linked 246:253 arg1 pathway 269:275 The N-linked glycosylation pathway 242:275 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae 242:284 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 8 15 from presence 1333:1340 arg1 1a 1413:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a 1377:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) 1377:1423 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 15 from presence 1333:1340 arg1 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 9 16 theme global 1581:1586 arg1 distribution 1588:1599 a global distribution 1579:1599 a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT 1579:1630 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 4 17 theme T. 720:721 arg1 oceanica 723:730 T. oceanica 720:730 T. oceanica 720:730 Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. 33547363 8 18 theme starvation-induced 1386:1403 arg1 1a 1413:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a 1377:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) 1377:1423 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 18 theme starvation-induced 1386:1403 arg1 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 5 19 theme Transcript 733:742 arg1 levels 744:749 Transcript levels 733:749 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions 733:943 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 8 20 gly glycosylation 1354:1366 arg2 sites 1368:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 5 21 theme significant 989:999 arg1 decrease 1001:1008 a significant decrease 987:1008 a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts 987:1044 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 6 22 theme peptides 1117:1124 arg1 extraction 1081:1090 Solid-phase extraction 1069:1090 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) 1069:1131 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 4 23 theme oceanica 723:730 arg1 pathway 709:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 682:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica 682:730 Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. 33547363 1 24 theme N-linked 143:150 arg1 modification 189:200 a posttranslational modification 169:200 a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function 169:239 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 1 24 theme N-linked 143:150 arg1 glycosylation 152:164 N-linked glycosylation 143:164 N-linked glycosylation 143:164 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 6 25 theme N-linked 1095:1102 arg1 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 6 25 theme N-linked 1095:1102 arg1 peptides 1117:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1095:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) 1095:1131 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 0 26 from enzymes 23:29 arg1 oceanica 59:66 the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 34:66 the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 34:66 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 0 27 theme diel 78:81 arg1 cycle 83:87 a diel cycle 76:87 a diel cycle in transcript abundance 76:111 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 5 28 theme transcription 959:971 arg1 patterns 973:980 diel transcription patterns 954:980 diel transcription patterns 954:980 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 6 29 from cells 1182:1186 arg1 peptides 1168:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1142:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions 1142:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 5 30 theme transcripts 1034:1044 arg1 decrease 1001:1008 a significant decrease 987:1008 a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts 987:1044 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 8 31 theme predicted 1439:1447 arg1 topology 1449:1456 its predicted topology 1435:1456 its predicted topology 1435:1456 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 2 32 theme N-linked 404:411 arg1 glycosylation 413:425 N-linked glycosylation 404:425 N-linked glycosylation 404:425 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 0 33 theme N-linked 0:7 arg1 enzymes 23:29 N-linked glycosylation enzymes 0:29 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 0:66 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 9 34 theme glycosylation 1663:1675 arg1 importance 1649:1658 the importance 1645:1658 the importance of glycosylation in microalgae 1645:1689 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 6 35 theme glycosylated 1155:1166 arg1 peptides 1168:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1142:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions 1142:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 7 36 theme % 1265:1265 arg1 motifs 1276:1281 81% NXT-type motifs 1263:1281 81% NXT-type motifs 1263:1281 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 33547363 8 37 theme biochemical 1479:1489 arg1 characterization 1491:1506 the biochemical characterization 1475:1506 the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins 1475:1524 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 3 38 theme open 517:520 arg1 pathway 479:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 452:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica 452:511 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 3 38 theme open 517:520 arg1 diatom 528:533 an open ocean diatom 514:533 an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations 514:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 0 39 theme Thalassiosira 45:57 arg1 oceanica 59:66 the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 34:66 the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 34:66 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 6 40 gly glycosylated 1155:1166 arg1 peptides 1168:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1142:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions 1142:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 8 41 theme proteins 1517:1524 arg1 characterization 1491:1506 the biochemical characterization 1475:1506 the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins 1475:1524 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 42 link N-linked 1345:1352 arg1 sites 1368:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 6 43 theme low-iron 1207:1214 arg1 conditions 1223:1232 high- and low-iron growth conditions 1197:1232 high- and low-iron growth conditions 1197:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 9 44 theme extensive 1539:1547 arg1 databases 1562:1570 extensive oceanic gene databases 1539:1570 extensive oceanic gene databases 1539:1570 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 6 45 theme high- 1197:1201 arg1 conditions 1223:1232 high- and low-iron growth conditions 1197:1232 high- and low-iron growth conditions 1197:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 6 46 gly glycosylated 1104:1115 arg1 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 6 46 gly glycosylated 1104:1115 arg1 peptides 1117:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1095:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) 1095:1131 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 3 47 theme iron 573:576 arg1 concentrations 578:591 growth-limiting iron concentrations 557:591 growth-limiting iron concentrations 557:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 2 48 theme cell 361:364 arg1 biology 366:372 the cell biology 357:372 the cell biology of algae 357:381 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 9 49 theme oceanic 1549:1555 arg1 databases 1562:1570 extensive oceanic gene databases 1539:1570 extensive oceanic gene databases 1539:1570 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 5 50 theme high- 908:912 arg1 conditions 934:943 high- and low-iron growth conditions 908:943 high- and low-iron growth conditions 908:943 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 7 51 theme identified 1239:1248 arg1 peptides 1250:1257 The identified peptides 1235:1257 The identified peptides 1235:1257 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 33547363 4 52 theme N-linked 686:693 arg1 pathway 709:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 682:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica 682:730 Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. 33547363 7 53 theme amino 1301:1305 arg1 acids 1307:1311 any amino acids 1297:1311 any amino acids except proline 1297:1326 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 33547363 5 54 theme low-iron 918:925 arg1 conditions 934:943 high- and low-iron growth conditions 908:943 high- and low-iron growth conditions 908:943 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 1 55 theme protein 212:218 arg1 folding 220:226 protein folding 212:226 protein folding 212:226 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 0 56 from cycle 83:87 arg1 abundance 103:111 transcript abundance 92:111 transcript abundance 92:111 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 9 57 theme UGGT 1627:1630 arg1 distribution 1588:1599 a global distribution 1579:1599 a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT 1579:1630 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 2 58 theme glycosylation 255:267 arg1 pathway 269:275 The N-linked glycosylation pathway 242:275 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae 242:284 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 5 59 theme growth 927:932 arg1 conditions 934:943 high- and low-iron growth conditions 908:943 high- and low-iron growth conditions 908:943 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 8 60 theme glycosylation 1354:1366 arg1 sites 1368:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 N-linked glycosylation sites 1345:1372 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 4 61 link N-linked 686:693 arg1 pathway 709:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 682:715 the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica 682:730 Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. 33547363 7 62 theme 81 1263:1264 arg1 % 1265:1265 % 1265:1265 % 1265:1265 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 33547363 9 63 theme calreticulin 1604:1615 arg1 distribution 1588:1599 a global distribution 1579:1599 a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT 1579:1630 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 8 64 theme iron 1381:1384 arg1 1a 1413:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a 1377:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) 1377:1423 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 64 theme iron 1381:1384 arg1 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 9 65 theme databases 1562:1570 arg1 Analysis 1527:1534 Analysis 1527:1534 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases 1527:1570 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 9 66 theme OST 1618:1620 arg1 distribution 1588:1599 a global distribution 1579:1599 a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT 1579:1630 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 6 67 theme glycosylated 1104:1115 arg1 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 SPEG 1127:1130 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 6 67 theme glycosylated 1104:1115 arg1 peptides 1117:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1095:1124 N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) 1095:1131 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 8 68 theme protein 1405:1411 arg1 1a 1413:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a 1377:1414 the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) 1377:1423 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 8 68 theme protein 1405:1411 arg1 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 ISIP1a 1417:1422 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 2 69 link N-linked 246:253 arg1 pathway 269:275 The N-linked glycosylation pathway 242:275 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae 242:284 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 5 70 theme diel 954:957 arg1 patterns 973:980 diel transcription patterns 954:980 diel transcription patterns 954:980 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 9 71 from importance 1649:1658 arg1 microalgae 1680:1689 microalgae 1680:1689 microalgae 1680:1689 Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae. 33547363 0 72 theme transcript 92:101 arg1 abundance 103:111 transcript abundance 92:111 transcript abundance 92:111 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 5 73 theme OST 1030:1032 arg1 transcripts 1034:1044 OST transcripts 1030:1044 OST transcripts 1030:1044 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 6 74 theme Solid-phase 1069:1079 arg1 extraction 1081:1090 Solid-phase extraction 1069:1090 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) 1069:1131 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 3 75 theme glycosylation 465:477 arg1 diatom 528:533 an open ocean diatom 514:533 an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations 514:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 3 75 theme glycosylation 465:477 arg1 pathway 479:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 452:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica 452:511 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 0 76 theme glycosylation 9:21 arg1 enzymes 23:29 N-linked glycosylation enzymes 0:29 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 0:66 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 5 77 theme UDP-glucose 863:873 arg1 UGGT 896:899 UGGT 896:899 UGGT 896:899 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 5 77 theme UDP-glucose 863:873 arg1 glucosyltransferase 875:893 UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase 863:893 UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) 863:900 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 5 78 theme calreticulin 1013:1024 arg1 decrease 1001:1008 a significant decrease 987:1008 a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts 987:1044 Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. 33547363 2 79 from pathway 269:275 arg1 algae 280:284 algae 280:284 algae 280:284 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 6 80 theme 118 N-linked 1142:1153 arg1 peptides 1168:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides 1142:1175 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions 1142:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 0 81 theme diatom 38:43 arg1 oceanica 59:66 the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 34:66 the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica 34:66 N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. 33547363 3 82 theme N-linked 456:463 arg1 diatom 528:533 an open ocean diatom 514:533 an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations 514:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 3 82 theme N-linked 456:463 arg1 pathway 479:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 452:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica 452:511 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 1 83 link N-linked 143:150 arg1 modification 189:200 a posttranslational modification 169:200 a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function 169:239 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 1 83 link N-linked 143:150 arg1 glycosylation 152:164 N-linked glycosylation 143:164 N-linked glycosylation 143:164 N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. 33547363 2 84 link N-linked 404:411 arg1 glycosylation 413:425 N-linked glycosylation 404:425 N-linked glycosylation 404:425 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 3 85 from pathway 479:485 arg1 Thalassiosira 490:502 Thalassiosira 490:502 Thalassiosira 490:502 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 2 86 theme glycosylation 413:425 arg1 evolution 391:399 the evolution 387:399 the evolution of N-linked glycosylation 387:425 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 2 86 theme glycosylation 413:425 arg1 biology 366:372 the cell biology 357:372 the cell biology of algae 357:381 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 3 87 theme ocean 522:526 arg1 pathway 479:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway 452:485 the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica 452:511 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 3 87 theme ocean 522:526 arg1 diatom 528:533 an open ocean diatom 514:533 an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations 514:591 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 6 88 theme growth 1216:1221 arg1 conditions 1223:1232 high- and low-iron growth conditions 1197:1232 high- and low-iron growth conditions 1197:1232 Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. 33547363 8 89 theme ISIP1 1511:1515 arg1 proteins 1517:1524 ISIP1 proteins 1511:1524 ISIP1 proteins 1511:1524 The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. 33547363 2 90 theme algae 377:381 arg1 evolution 391:399 the evolution 387:399 the evolution of N-linked glycosylation 387:425 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 2 90 theme algae 377:381 arg1 biology 366:372 the cell biology 357:372 the cell biology of algae 357:381 The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. 33547363 3 91 dep Thalassiosira 490:502 arg1 oceanica 504:511 Thalassiosira oceanica 490:511 Thalassiosira oceanica 490:511 This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. 33547363 4 92 theme essential 652:660 arg1 enzymes 662:668 the essential enzymes 648:668 the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica 648:730 Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. 33547363 7 93 theme NXT-type 1267:1274 arg1 motifs 1276:1281 81% NXT-type motifs 1263:1281 81% NXT-type motifs 1263:1281 The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. 35493687 0 0 theme acid 97:100 arg1 contaminants 102:113 silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants 71:113 silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants 71:113 Polysaccharides derived from Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process. 35493687 4 1 theme glucuronic 765:774 arg1 acid 776:779 (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid 750:779 (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid 750:779 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 4 2 theme Ep 670:671 arg1 backbone 658:665 the backbone 654:665 the backbone of Ep 654:671 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 0 3 theme nanoparticle-humic 78:95 arg1 contaminants 102:113 silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants 71:113 silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants 71:113 Polysaccharides derived from Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process. 35493687 7 4 theme membrane 1289:1296 arg1 blocking 1270:1277 less pore blocking 1260:1277 less pore blocking 1260:1277 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 4 theme membrane 1289:1296 arg1 resistance 1245:1254 lower cake resistance 1234:1254 lower cake resistance 1234:1254 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 4 5 theme -linked 757:763 arg1 acid 776:779 (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid 750:779 (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid 750:779 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 5 6 theme charge 791:796 arg1 neutralization 798:811 the charge neutralization 787:811 the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates 787:831 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 4 7 dep -linked 696:702 arg1 → 692:692 1 → 4 690:694 1 → 4 690:694 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 2 8 used used 442:445 arg2 polysaccharides 351:365 polysaccharides 351:365 polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), 351:435 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 7 9 theme looser 1197:1202 arg1 sizes 1141:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 9 theme looser 1197:1202 arg1 structures 1204:1213 looser structures 1197:1213 looser structures 1197:1213 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 4 10 theme l-rhamnopyranose 704:719 arg1 d-xylose 737:744 l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose 704:744 l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose 704:744 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 0 11 theme contaminants 102:113 arg1 removal 60:66 the removal 56:66 the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process 56:154 Polysaccharides derived from Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process. 35493687 7 12 theme pore 1265:1268 arg1 blocking 1270:1277 less pore blocking 1260:1277 less pore blocking 1260:1277 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 4 13 theme -linked 696:702 arg1 d-xylose 737:744 l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose 704:744 l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose 704:744 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 0 14 theme coagulation-ultrafiltration 120:146 arg1 process 148:154 a coagulation-ultrafiltration process 118:154 a coagulation-ultrafiltration process 118:154 Polysaccharides derived from Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process. 35493687 7 15 theme UF 1286:1287 arg1 membrane 1289:1296 the UF membrane 1282:1296 the UF membrane 1282:1296 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 16 theme cake 1240:1243 arg1 resistance 1245:1254 lower cake resistance 1234:1254 lower cake resistance 1234:1254 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 6 17 theme mg 1038:1039 arg1 L-1 1041:1043 0.3 mg L-1 1034:1043 0.3 mg L-1 1034:1043 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 1 18 theme serious 191:197 arg1 risks 206:210 serious health risks 191:210 serious health risks to humans 191:220 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 35493687 2 19 theme composite 472:480 arg1 contaminant 482:492 the AgNP-HA composite contaminant 460:492 the AgNP-HA composite contaminant 460:492 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 6 20 theme Ep 1003:1004 arg1 L-1 1026:1028 2.0 mg L-1 1019:1028 2.0 mg L-1 1019:1028 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 20 theme Ep 1003:1004 arg1 dosages 1006:1012 the PAC and Ep dosages 991:1012 dosages 1006:1012 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 21 theme 0.3 1034:1036 arg1 mg 1038:1039 mg 1038:1039 mg 1038:1039 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 1 22 theme health 199:204 arg1 risks 206:210 serious health risks 191:210 serious health risks to humans 191:220 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 35493687 0 23 theme silver 71:76 arg1 contaminants 102:113 silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants 71:113 silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants 71:113 Polysaccharides derived from Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process. 35493687 7 24 theme lower 1234:1238 arg1 resistance 1245:1254 lower cake resistance 1234:1254 lower cake resistance 1234:1254 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 25 theme faster 1148:1153 arg1 sizes 1141:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 25 theme faster 1148:1153 arg1 rates 1162:1166 faster growth rates 1148:1166 faster growth rates 1148:1166 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 5 26 theme bridging-sweep 841:854 arg1 role 856:859 the bridging-sweep role 837:859 the bridging-sweep role of Ep 837:865 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 6 27 theme membrane 955:962 arg1 performance 939:949 The coagulation performance 923:949 The coagulation performance 923:949 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 27 theme membrane 955:962 arg1 flux 964:967 membrane flux 955:967 membrane flux 955:967 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 27 theme membrane 955:962 arg1 highest 978:984 highest 978:984 highest 978:984 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 0 28 theme Enteromorpha 29:40 arg1 prolifera 42:50 Enteromorpha prolifera 29:50 Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process 29:154 Polysaccharides derived from Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of silver nanoparticle-humic acid contaminants by a coagulation-ultrafiltration process. 35493687 7 29 theme better 1169:1174 arg1 ability 1185:1191 better recovery ability 1169:1191 better recovery ability 1169:1191 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 29 theme better 1169:1174 arg1 sizes 1141:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 30 theme recovery 1176:1183 arg1 ability 1185:1191 better recovery ability 1169:1191 better recovery ability 1169:1191 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 30 theme recovery 1176:1183 arg1 sizes 1141:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 6 31 theme mg 1023:1024 arg1 L-1 1026:1028 2.0 mg L-1 1019:1028 2.0 mg L-1 1019:1028 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 31 theme mg 1023:1024 arg1 dosages 1006:1012 the PAC and Ep dosages 991:1012 dosages 1006:1012 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 5 32 theme Ep 864:865 arg1 role 856:859 the bridging-sweep role 837:859 the bridging-sweep role of Ep 837:865 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 5 32 theme Ep 864:865 arg1 neutralization 798:811 the charge neutralization 787:811 the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates 787:831 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 4 33 link -linked 757:763 arg1 acid 776:779 (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid 750:779 (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid 750:779 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 2 34 theme C-UF 529:532 arg1 process 535:541 a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process 498:541 a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process 498:541 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 6 35 theme 2.0 1019:1021 arg1 mg 1023:1024 mg 1023:1024 mg 1023:1024 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 2 36 theme Enteromorpha 397:408 arg1 alga 391:394 a marine alga 382:394 a marine alga 382:394 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 2 36 theme Enteromorpha 397:408 arg1 prolifera 410:418 Enteromorpha prolifera 397:418 Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep) 397:434 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 4 37 dep l-rhamnopyranose 704:719 arg1 -linked 729:735 -linked 729:735 -linked 729:735 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 7 38 theme growth 1155:1160 arg1 sizes 1141:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 38 theme growth 1155:1160 arg1 rates 1162:1166 faster growth rates 1148:1166 faster growth rates 1148:1166 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 6 39 theme coagulation 927:937 arg1 performance 939:949 The coagulation performance 923:949 The coagulation performance 923:949 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 39 theme coagulation 927:937 arg1 flux 964:967 membrane flux 955:967 membrane flux 955:967 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 39 theme coagulation 927:937 arg1 highest 978:984 highest 978:984 highest 978:984 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 2 40 theme marine 384:389 arg1 alga 391:394 a marine alga 382:394 a marine alga 382:394 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 2 40 theme marine 384:389 arg1 prolifera 410:418 Enteromorpha prolifera 397:418 Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep) 397:434 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 2 41 theme coagulation-ultrafiltration 500:526 arg1 process 535:541 a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process 498:541 a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process 498:541 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 3 42 theme fouling 604:610 arg1 structure 548:556 The structure 544:556 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling 544:610 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling were analyzed. 35493687 3 43 theme AgNP-HA 565:571 arg1 mechanism 581:589 AgNP-HA removal mechanism 565:589 AgNP-HA removal mechanism 565:589 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling were analyzed. 35493687 4 44 dep -linked 729:735 arg1 → 725:725 1 → 4 723:727 1 → 4 723:727 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 2 45 dep prolifera 410:418 arg1 denoted 421:427 denoted 421:427 denoted as Ep 421:433 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 4 46 dep -linked 757:763 arg1 → 753:753 1 → 4 751:755 1 → 4 751:755 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 8 47 theme Ep 1388:1389 arg1 addition 1376:1383 the addition 1372:1383 the addition of Ep 1372:1389 Consequently, the membrane flux could be improved by about 25-30% due to the addition of Ep. 35493687 3 48 theme Ep 561:562 arg1 structure 548:556 The structure 544:556 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling 544:610 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling were analyzed. 35493687 5 49 theme PAC 816:818 arg1 hydrolysates 820:831 PAC hydrolysates 816:831 PAC hydrolysates 816:831 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 1 50 theme surface 313:319 arg1 water 321:325 surface water 313:325 surface water 313:325 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 35493687 5 51 theme C-UF 909:912 arg1 process 914:920 the C-UF process 905:920 the C-UF process 905:920 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 1 52 theme Silver 157:162 arg1 AgNPs 179:183 AgNPs 179:183 AgNPs 179:183 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 35493687 1 52 theme Silver 157:162 arg1 nanoparticles 164:176 Silver nanoparticles 157:176 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 157:184 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 35493687 3 53 theme membrane 595:602 arg1 fouling 604:610 membrane fouling 595:610 membrane fouling 595:610 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling were analyzed. 35493687 4 54 link -linked 696:702 arg1 d-xylose 737:744 l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose 704:744 l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose 704:744 The results indicated that the backbone of Ep was composed of (1 → 4)-linked l-rhamnopyranose, (1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid. 35493687 5 55 theme hydrolysates 820:831 arg1 role 856:859 the bridging-sweep role 837:859 the bridging-sweep role of Ep 837:865 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 5 55 theme hydrolysates 820:831 arg1 neutralization 798:811 the charge neutralization 787:811 the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates 787:831 With the charge neutralization of PAC hydrolysates and the bridging-sweep role of Ep, AgNPs could be removed completely by the C-UF process. 35493687 2 56 theme AgNP-HA 464:470 arg1 contaminant 482:492 the AgNP-HA composite contaminant 460:492 the AgNP-HA composite contaminant 460:492 To solve this problem, polysaccharides extracted from a marine alga, Enteromorpha prolifera (denoted as Ep), were used to eliminate the AgNP-HA composite contaminant via a coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process. 35493687 7 57 theme larger 1134:1139 arg1 sizes 1141:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 larger sizes 1134:1145 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 57 theme larger 1134:1139 arg1 ability 1185:1191 better recovery ability 1169:1191 better recovery ability 1169:1191 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 57 theme larger 1134:1139 arg1 rates 1162:1166 faster growth rates 1148:1166 faster growth rates 1148:1166 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 7 57 theme larger 1134:1139 arg1 structures 1204:1213 looser structures 1197:1213 looser structures 1197:1213 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 3 58 theme removal 573:579 arg1 mechanism 581:589 AgNP-HA removal mechanism 565:589 AgNP-HA removal mechanism 565:589 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling were analyzed. 35493687 6 59 theme PAC 995:997 arg1 L-1 1026:1028 2.0 mg L-1 1019:1028 2.0 mg L-1 1019:1028 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 6 59 theme PAC 995:997 arg1 dosages 1006:1012 the PAC and Ep dosages 991:1012 dosages 1006:1012 The coagulation performance and membrane flux were the highest when the PAC and Ep dosages were 2.0 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively. 35493687 8 60 theme membrane 1317:1324 arg1 flux 1326:1329 the membrane flux 1313:1329 the membrane flux 1313:1329 Consequently, the membrane flux could be improved by about 25-30% due to the addition of Ep. 35493687 3 61 theme mechanism 581:589 arg1 structure 548:556 The structure 544:556 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling 544:610 The structure of Ep, AgNP-HA removal mechanism and membrane fouling were analyzed. 35493687 7 62 theme C-UF 1100:1103 arg1 process 1105:1111 the C-UF process 1096:1111 the C-UF process 1096:1111 In addition, when Ep was applied in the C-UF process, the flocs exhibited larger sizes, faster growth rates, better recovery ability and looser structures, which resulted in lower cake resistance and less pore blocking of the UF membrane. 35493687 1 63 theme humic 258:262 arg1 HA 270:271 HA 270:271 HA 270:271 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 35493687 1 63 theme humic 258:262 arg1 acid 264:267 humic acid 258:267 humic acid (HA) 258:272 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose serious health risks to humans as the adsorption between AgNPs and humic acid (HA) makes it difficult to remove them from surface water. 34681302 3 0 theme C57BL/6J 724:731 arg1 mice 733:736 C57BL/6J mice 724:736 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 7 1 theme subcutaneous 1416:1427 arg1 fat 1429:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 HFD 801:803 HFD 801:803 HFD 801:803 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 CMP 840:842 CMP 840:842 CMP 840:842 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 CHOW 783:786 CHOW 783:786 CHOW 783:786 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 HFD 790:792 HFD 790:792 HFD alone 790:798 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 polysaccharides 823:837 C. militaris polysaccharides 810:837 C. militaris polysaccharides 810:837 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 diet 777:780 a normal diet 768:780 a normal diet (CHOW) 768:787 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 2 theme SeCMP 875:879 arg1 dosage 865:870 low/medium/high dosage 849:870 low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP 849:879 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 2 3 from effect 381:386 arg1 disorder 483:490 associated metabolic disorder 462:490 associated metabolic disorder 462:490 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 3 from effect 381:386 arg1 obesity 450:456 obesity 450:456 obesity 450:456 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 3 from effect 381:386 arg1 composition 511:521 gut microbiota composition 496:521 gut microbiota composition 496:521 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 7 4 theme pro-inflammation 1366:1381 arg1 expression 1388:1397 pro-inflammation gene expression 1366:1397 pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat 1366:1431 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 6 5 theme SeCMP-200 1216:1224 arg1 group 1226:1230 the SeCMP-200 group 1212:1230 the SeCMP-200 group 1212:1230 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 11 6 theme microbiota 2004:2013 arg1 dysbiosis 2015:2023 gut microbiota dysbiosis 2000:2023 gut microbiota dysbiosis 2000:2023 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 6 7 theme HFD-fed 1124:1130 arg1 mice 1132:1135 HFD-fed mice 1124:1135 HFD-fed mice 1124:1135 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 2 8 theme polysaccharides 332:346 arg1 activities 298:307 Biological activities 287:307 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides 287:346 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 1 9 theme gut 208:210 arg1 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation of polysaccharides 158:191 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 1 9 theme gut 208:210 arg1 method 244:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method 196:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases 196:284 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 7 10 from expression 1388:1397 arg1 colon 1406:1410 colon 1406:1410 colon 1406:1410 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 10 from expression 1388:1397 arg1 fat 1429:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 11 theme adiponectin 1343:1353 arg1 level 1355:1359 adiponectin level 1343:1359 adiponectin level 1343:1359 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 10 12 theme SeCMP-100 1897:1905 arg1 groups 1907:1912 SeCMP-100 groups 1897:1912 SeCMP-100 groups 1897:1912 There was no significant difference between CMP and SeCMP-100 groups. 34681302 1 13 theme therapeutic 232:242 arg1 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation of polysaccharides 158:191 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 1 13 theme therapeutic 232:242 arg1 method 244:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method 196:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases 196:284 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 3 14 dep Se-rich 674:680 arg1 militaris 685:693 Se-rich C. militaris 674:693 Se-rich C. militaris 674:693 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 11 15 theme SeCMP 1951:1955 arg1 potential 2033:2041 potential 2033:2041 potential 2033:2041 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 15 theme SeCMP 1951:1955 arg1 dose 1943:1946 a high dose 1936:1946 a high dose of SeCMP 1936:1955 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 15 theme SeCMP 1951:1955 arg1 foods 2068:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 9 16 theme Dorea 1694:1698 arg1 Ruminococcus 1729:1740 Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus 1694:1740 Ruminococcus 1729:1740 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 9 16 theme Dorea 1694:1698 arg1 Lactobacillus 1701:1713 Lactobacillus 1701:1713 Lactobacillus 1701:1713 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 7 17 theme lipopolysaccharide-binding 1300:1325 arg1 proteins 1327:1334 serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins 1294:1334 serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP) 1294:1340 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 17 theme lipopolysaccharide-binding 1300:1325 arg1 LBP 1337:1339 LBP 1337:1339 LBP 1337:1339 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 3 18 theme crude 637:641 arg1 polysaccharides 643:657 crude polysaccharides 637:657 crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris 637:693 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 11 19 theme HFD-induced 1971:1981 arg1 dyslipidemia 1983:1994 HFD-induced dyslipidemia 1971:1994 HFD-induced dyslipidemia 1971:1994 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 5 20 theme short-chain 1019:1029 arg1 SCFAs 1044:1048 SCFAs 1044:1048 SCFAs 1044:1048 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 20 theme short-chain 1019:1029 arg1 acids 1037:1041 short-chain fatty acids 1019:1041 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 1019:1049 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 2 21 theme Cordyceps 312:320 arg1 polysaccharides 332:346 Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides 312:346 Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides 312:346 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 5 22 theme fat 907:909 arg1 content 911:917 fat content 907:917 fat content 907:917 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 6 23 theme serum 1142:1146 arg1 triglyceride 1148:1159 serum triglyceride 1142:1159 serum triglyceride 1142:1159 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 6 24 from cholesterol 1189:1199 arg1 group 1226:1230 the SeCMP-200 group 1212:1230 the SeCMP-200 group 1212:1230 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 0 25 theme Selenium-Rich 71:83 arg1 Polysaccharides 105:119 Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides 71:119 Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides 71:119 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 2 26 theme Biological 287:296 arg1 activities 298:307 Biological activities 287:307 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides 287:346 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 1 27 theme polysaccharides 177:191 arg1 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation of polysaccharides 158:191 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 1 27 theme polysaccharides 177:191 arg1 method 244:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method 196:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases 196:284 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 7 28 theme obese-induced 1541:1553 arg1 inflammation 1555:1566 obese-induced inflammation 1541:1566 obese-induced inflammation 1541:1566 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 0 29 theme militaris 95:103 arg1 Polysaccharides 105:119 Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides 71:119 Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides 71:119 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 6 30 from triglyceride 1148:1159 arg1 group 1226:1230 the SeCMP-200 group 1212:1230 the SeCMP-200 group 1212:1230 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 5 31 theme appetite 933:940 arg1 hormone 942:948 appetite hormone 933:948 appetite hormone 933:948 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 0 32 from Effects 60:66 arg1 Mice 146:149 the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 124:149 the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 124:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 0 33 theme High-Fat 128:135 arg1 Mice 146:149 the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 124:149 the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 124:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 5 34 theme gut 1056:1058 arg1 structure 1071:1079 gut microbiota structure 1056:1079 gut microbiota structure of the mice 1056:1091 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 9 35 theme obesity 1775:1781 arg1 traits 1783:1788 obesity traits 1775:1788 obesity traits 1775:1788 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 4 36 theme normal 770:775 arg1 diet 777:780 a normal diet 768:780 a normal diet (CHOW) 768:787 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 4 36 theme normal 770:775 arg1 CHOW 783:786 CHOW 783:786 CHOW 783:786 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 2 37 theme polysaccharides 423:437 arg1 effect 381:386 the effect 377:386 the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition 377:521 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 0 38 theme Anti-Hyperlipidemia 0:18 arg1 Effects 60:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects 0:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 0:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 2 39 theme metabolic 473:481 arg1 disorder 483:490 associated metabolic disorder 462:490 associated metabolic disorder 462:490 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 0 40 theme Gut 24:26 arg1 Regulation 49:58 Gut Microbiota Community Regulation 24:58 Gut Microbiota Community Regulation 24:58 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 9 41 theme mucosal 1804:1810 arg1 Akkermansia 1832:1842 mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia 1804:1842 mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia 1804:1842 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 6 42 theme lipoprotein 1177:1187 arg1 LDL-C 1202:1206 LDL-C 1202:1206 LDL-C 1202:1206 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 6 42 theme lipoprotein 1177:1187 arg1 cholesterol 1189:1199 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 1165:1199 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 1165:1207 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 3 43 theme diet 709:712 arg1 model 738:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 4 44 theme militaris 813:821 arg1 polysaccharides 823:837 C. militaris polysaccharides 810:837 C. militaris polysaccharides 810:837 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 3 45 from effect 627:632 arg1 model 738:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 0 46 theme Community 39:47 arg1 Regulation 49:58 Gut Microbiota Community Regulation 24:58 Gut Microbiota Community Regulation 24:58 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 7 47 theme gene 1475:1478 arg1 expression 1480:1489 anti-inflammation gene expression 1457:1489 anti-inflammation gene expression 1457:1489 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 2 48 theme microbiota 500:509 arg1 composition 511:521 gut microbiota composition 496:521 gut microbiota composition 496:521 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 5 49 theme thermogenic 998:1008 arg1 protein 1010:1016 thermogenic protein 998:1016 thermogenic protein 998:1016 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 3 50 theme -fed 719:722 arg1 model 738:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 8 51 theme obese 1628:1632 arg1 mice 1634:1637 obese mice 1628:1637 obese mice 1628:1637 Meanwhile, SeCMP-200 promoted satiety and thermogenesis of obese mice. 34681302 1 52 theme metabolic 267:275 arg1 diseases 277:284 metabolic diseases 267:284 metabolic diseases 267:284 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 11 53 theme gut 2000:2002 arg1 dysbiosis 2015:2023 gut microbiota dysbiosis 2000:2023 gut microbiota dysbiosis 2000:2023 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 5 54 theme gene 957:960 arg1 expression 962:971 lipid gene expression 951:971 lipid gene expression 951:971 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 10 55 theme significant 1858:1868 arg1 difference 1870:1879 no significant difference 1855:1879 no significant difference between CMP and SeCMP-100 groups 1855:1912 There was no significant difference between CMP and SeCMP-100 groups. 34681302 2 56 theme C. 410:411 arg1 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 56 theme C. 410:411 arg1 polysaccharides 423:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides 391:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) 391:445 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 9 57 theme bacteria 1823:1830 arg1 Akkermansia 1832:1842 mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia 1804:1842 mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia 1804:1842 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 4 58 theme low/medium/high 849:863 arg1 dosage 865:870 low/medium/high dosage 849:870 low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP 849:879 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 3 59 theme mice 733:736 arg1 model 738:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 3 60 theme anti-obesity 584:595 arg1 effect 627:632 the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect 580:632 the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 580:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 7 61 theme gene 1383:1386 arg1 expression 1388:1397 pro-inflammation gene expression 1366:1397 pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat 1366:1431 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 1 62 theme promising 198:206 arg1 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation of polysaccharides 158:191 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 1 62 theme promising 198:206 arg1 method 244:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method 196:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases 196:284 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 3 63 theme modulatory 616:625 arg1 effect 627:632 the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect 580:632 the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 580:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 1 64 theme microbiota-targeted 212:230 arg1 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation 158:172 Supplementation of polysaccharides 158:191 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 1 64 theme microbiota-targeted 212:230 arg1 method 244:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method 196:249 a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases 196:284 Supplementation of polysaccharides is a promising gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic method for obesity and metabolic diseases. 34681302 9 65 theme gut 1672:1674 arg1 Ruminococcus 1729:1740 Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus 1694:1740 Ruminococcus 1729:1740 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 9 65 theme gut 1672:1674 arg1 bacteria 1676:1683 gut bacteria 1672:1683 gut bacteria 1672:1683 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 9 66 dep Ruminococcus 1729:1740 arg1 Clostridium 1716:1726 Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus 1694:1740 Clostridium 1716:1726 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 11 67 theme functional 2057:2066 arg1 dose 1943:1946 a high dose 1936:1946 a high dose of SeCMP 1936:1955 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 67 theme functional 2057:2066 arg1 foods 2068:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 3 68 theme polysaccharides 643:657 arg1 effect 627:632 the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect 580:632 the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 580:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 11 69 theme high 1938:1941 arg1 potential 2033:2041 potential 2033:2041 potential 2033:2041 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 69 theme high 1938:1941 arg1 dose 1943:1946 a high dose 1936:1946 a high dose of SeCMP 1936:1955 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 69 theme high 1938:1941 arg1 foods 2068:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 5 70 theme Body 894:897 arg1 weight 899:904 Body weight 894:904 Body weight 894:904 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 6 71 theme low-density 1165:1175 arg1 LDL-C 1202:1206 LDL-C 1202:1206 LDL-C 1202:1206 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 6 71 theme low-density 1165:1175 arg1 cholesterol 1189:1199 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 1165:1199 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 1165:1207 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 2 72 theme militaris 322:330 arg1 polysaccharides 332:346 Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides 312:346 Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides 312:346 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 7 73 theme serum 1294:1298 arg1 proteins 1327:1334 serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins 1294:1334 serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP) 1294:1340 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 73 theme serum 1294:1298 arg1 LBP 1337:1339 LBP 1337:1339 LBP 1337:1339 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 6 74 dep triglyceride 1148:1159 arg1 the 1138:1140 the 1138:1140 the 1138:1140 Compared with HFD-fed mice, the serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the SeCMP-200 group were decreased by 51.5% and 44.1%, respectively. 34681302 0 75 theme Cordyceps 85:93 arg1 Polysaccharides 105:119 Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides 71:119 Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides 71:119 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 5 76 theme fatty 1031:1035 arg1 SCFAs 1044:1048 SCFAs 1044:1048 SCFAs 1044:1048 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 76 theme fatty 1031:1035 arg1 acids 1037:1041 short-chain fatty acids 1019:1041 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 1019:1049 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 7 77 from level 1355:1359 arg1 colon 1406:1410 colon 1406:1410 colon 1406:1410 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 77 from level 1355:1359 arg1 fat 1429:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 0 78 theme Polysaccharides 105:119 arg1 Effects 60:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects 0:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 0:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 0 79 dep Model 151:155 arg1 Effects 60:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects 0:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 0:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 expression 962:971 lipid gene expression 951:971 lipid gene expression 951:971 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 weight 899:904 Body weight 894:904 Body weight 894:904 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 protein 1010:1016 thermogenic protein 998:1016 thermogenic protein 998:1016 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 hormone 942:948 appetite hormone 933:948 appetite hormone 933:948 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 cytokines 987:995 inflammation cytokines 974:995 inflammation cytokines 974:995 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 content 911:917 fat content 907:917 fat content 907:917 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 acids 1037:1041 short-chain fatty acids 1019:1041 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 1019:1049 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 lipid 926:930 serum lipid 920:930 serum lipid 920:930 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 SCFAs 1044:1048 SCFAs 1044:1048 SCFAs 1044:1048 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 5 80 theme mice 1088:1091 arg1 structure 1071:1079 gut microbiota structure 1056:1079 gut microbiota structure of the mice 1056:1091 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 0 81 theme Diet-Fed 137:144 arg1 Mice 146:149 the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 124:149 the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 124:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 5 82 theme microbiota 1060:1069 arg1 structure 1071:1079 gut microbiota structure 1056:1079 gut microbiota structure of the mice 1056:1091 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 2 83 theme militaris 413:421 arg1 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 83 theme militaris 413:421 arg1 polysaccharides 423:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides 391:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) 391:445 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 0 84 theme Microbiota 28:37 arg1 Regulation 49:58 Gut Microbiota Community Regulation 24:58 Gut Microbiota Community Regulation 24:58 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 5 85 theme serum 920:924 arg1 lipid 926:930 serum lipid 920:930 serum lipid 920:930 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 7 86 from proteins 1327:1334 arg1 colon 1406:1410 colon 1406:1410 colon 1406:1410 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 86 from proteins 1327:1334 arg1 fat 1429:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 subcutaneous fat 1416:1431 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 2 87 theme associated 462:471 arg1 disorder 483:490 associated metabolic disorder 462:490 associated metabolic disorder 462:490 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 3 88 theme high-fat 700:707 arg1 HFD 715:717 HFD 715:717 HFD 715:717 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 3 88 theme high-fat 700:707 arg1 diet 709:712 a high-fat diet 698:712 a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model 698:742 This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effect of crude polysaccharides separated from Se-rich C. militaris on a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice model. 34681302 0 89 theme Regulation 49:58 arg1 Effects 60:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects 0:66 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice 0:149 Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Gut Microbiota Community Regulation Effects of Selenium-Rich Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides on the High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model. 34681302 5 90 theme inflammation 974:985 arg1 cytokines 987:995 inflammation cytokines 974:995 inflammation cytokines 974:995 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 9 91 theme beneficial 1812:1821 arg1 bacteria 1823:1830 beneficial bacteria 1812:1830 mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia 1804:1842 It also significantly decreased gut bacteria, such as Dorea, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, that negatively correlated with obesity traits and increased mucosal beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. 34681302 4 92 theme C. 810:811 arg1 polysaccharides 823:837 C. militaris polysaccharides 810:837 C. militaris polysaccharides 810:837 Mice were treated with a normal diet (CHOW), HFD alone, HFD plus C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP), or low/medium/high dosage of SeCMP for 8 weeks. 34681302 2 93 theme gut 496:498 arg1 composition 511:521 gut microbiota composition 496:521 gut microbiota composition 496:521 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 94 theme selenium 391:398 arg1 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 94 theme selenium 391:398 arg1 polysaccharides 423:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides 391:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) 391:445 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 8 95 theme mice 1634:1637 arg1 thermogenesis 1611:1623 thermogenesis 1611:1623 thermogenesis 1611:1623 Meanwhile, SeCMP-200 promoted satiety and thermogenesis of obese mice. 34681302 8 95 theme mice 1634:1637 arg1 satiety 1599:1605 satiety 1599:1605 satiety 1599:1605 Meanwhile, SeCMP-200 promoted satiety and thermogenesis of obese mice. 34681302 7 96 dep colon 1406:1410 arg1 the 1402:1404 the 1402:1404 the 1402:1404 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 7 97 theme anti-inflammation 1457:1473 arg1 expression 1480:1489 anti-inflammation gene expression 1457:1489 anti-inflammation gene expression 1457:1489 Furthermore, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), adiponectin level, and pro-inflammation gene expression in the colon and subcutaneous fat were inhibited, whereas anti-inflammation gene expression was improved, reflecting SeCMP-200 might mitigate obese-induced inflammation. 34681302 5 98 theme lipid 951:955 arg1 expression 962:971 lipid gene expression 951:971 lipid gene expression 951:971 Body weight, fat content, serum lipid, appetite hormone, lipid gene expression, inflammation cytokines, thermogenic protein, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota structure of the mice were determined. 34681302 11 99 used used 2049:2052 arg2 potential 2033:2041 potential 2033:2041 potential 2033:2041 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 99 used used 2049:2052 arg2 foods 2068:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 functional foods 2057:2072 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 11 99 used used 2049:2052 arg2 dose 1943:1946 a high dose 1936:1946 a high dose of SeCMP 1936:1955 Our results revealed a high dose of SeCMP could prevent HFD-induced dyslipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis and was potential to be used as functional foods. 34681302 2 100 theme -rich 404:408 arg1 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 SeCMP 440:444 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 34681302 2 100 theme -rich 404:408 arg1 polysaccharides 423:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides 391:437 selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) 391:445 Biological activities of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides have been well reported, but the effect of selenium (Se)-rich C. militaris polysaccharides (SeCMP) on obesity and associated metabolic disorder and gut microbiota composition has been rarely studied. 35009980 4 0 dep 300 520:522 arg1 to 517:518 to 517:518 to 517:518 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 35009980 7 1 contain have 842:845 arg2 similarities 852:863 high similarities 847:863 high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses 847:924 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 7 1 contain have 842:845 arg1 They 832:835 They 832:835 They 832:835 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 3 2 theme constituent 339:349 arg1 components 351:360 constituent components 339:360 constituent components 339:360 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 5 3 theme particle 626:633 arg1 size 635:638 their particle size 620:638 their particle size 620:638 root, according to their particle size by the means of size-exclusive chromatography. 35009980 6 4 theme disclosed 795:803 arg1 nanoparticles 817:829 the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles 791:829 the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles 791:829 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 3 5 theme paying 376:381 arg1 attention 383:391 worth paying attention 370:391 worth paying attention to 370:394 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 10 6 theme antiviral 1410:1418 arg1 activity 1420:1427 antiviral activity 1410:1427 antiviral activity 1410:1427 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 7 7 from similarities 852:863 arg1 compositions 874:885 other compositions 868:885 other compositions 868:885 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 7 7 from similarities 852:863 arg1 charge 896:901 surface charge 888:901 surface charge 888:901 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 7 7 from similarities 852:863 arg1 stimuli 908:914 stimuli 908:914 stimuli 908:914 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 2 8 theme numerous 149:156 arg1 nanoparticles 158:170 numerous nanoparticles 149:170 numerous nanoparticles 149:170 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 8 9 theme antiviral 1015:1023 arg1 activity 1025:1032 significant antiviral activity 1003:1032 significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1 1003:1061 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 7 10 theme high 847:850 arg1 similarities 852:863 high similarities 847:863 high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses 847:924 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 7 11 dep compositions 874:885 arg1 responses 916:924 responses 916:924 responses 916:924 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 3 12 theme worth 370:374 arg1 attention 383:391 worth paying attention 370:391 worth paying attention to 370:394 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 9 13 theme well-known 1263:1272 arg1 phytochemicals 1284:1297 its well-known antiviral phytochemicals 1259:1297 its well-known antiviral phytochemicals 1259:1297 It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. 35009980 4 14 attach isolated 546:553 arg1 decoction 564:572 the decoction 560:572 the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort 560:598 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 35009980 4 14 attach isolated 546:553 arg2 groups 466:471 six groups 462:471 six groups 462:471 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 35009980 4 14 attach isolated 546:553 arg2 nanoparticles 476:488 nanoparticles 476:488 nanoparticles 476:488 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 35009980 4 15 theme nanoparticles 476:488 arg1 nanoparticles 476:488 nanoparticles 476:488 nanoparticles 476:488 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 35009980 4 15 theme nanoparticles 476:488 arg1 groups 466:471 six groups 462:471 six groups 462:471 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 35009980 8 16 theme significant 1003:1013 arg1 activity 1025:1032 significant antiviral activity 1003:1032 significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1 1003:1061 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 10 17 theme particle 1501:1508 arg1 properties 1474:1483 the physicochemical properties 1454:1483 the physicochemical properties 1454:1483 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 17 theme particle 1501:1508 arg1 size 1510:1513 the particle size 1497:1513 especially the particle size 1486:1513 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 18 theme physicochemical 1458:1472 arg1 properties 1474:1483 the physicochemical properties 1454:1483 the physicochemical properties 1454:1483 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 18 theme physicochemical 1458:1472 arg1 size 1510:1513 the particle size 1497:1513 especially the particle size 1486:1513 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 5 19 theme chromatography 671:684 arg1 means 647:651 the means 643:651 the means of size-exclusive chromatography 643:684 root, according to their particle size by the means of size-exclusive chromatography. 35009980 6 20 theme polysaccharides 744:758 arg1 content 733:739 a high content 726:739 a high content 726:739 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 10 21 theme polysaccharide 1353:1366 arg1 activity 1420:1427 antiviral activity 1410:1427 antiviral activity 1410:1427 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 21 theme polysaccharide 1353:1366 arg1 nanoparticles 1368:1380 these polysaccharide nanoparticles 1347:1380 these polysaccharide nanoparticles 1347:1380 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 21 theme polysaccharide 1353:1366 arg1 cytotoxicity 1393:1404 cytotoxicity 1393:1404 cytotoxicity 1393:1404 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 22 with correlative 1437:1447 arg1 properties 1474:1483 the physicochemical properties 1454:1483 the physicochemical properties 1454:1483 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 22 with correlative 1437:1447 arg1 size 1510:1513 the particle size 1497:1513 especially the particle size 1486:1513 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 3 23 theme physiological 293:305 arg1 effects 307:313 physiological effects 293:313 physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet 293:444 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 1 24 theme Antiviral 103:111 arg1 Activity 113:120 Antiviral Activity 103:120 Antiviral Activity 103:120 Root Decoction: Diversity, Cytotoxicity, and Antiviral Activity. 35009980 8 25 theme influenza 1042:1050 arg1 H1N1 1058:1061 influenza virus H1N1 1042:1061 influenza virus H1N1 1042:1061 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 9 26 theme antiviral 1178:1186 arg1 efficacy 1188:1195 the antiviral efficacy 1174:1195 the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction 1174:1212 It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. 35009980 2 27 theme decoctions 245:254 arg1 preparation 202:212 the boiling preparation 190:212 the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups 190:273 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 3 28 contain possess 285:291 arg1 They 276:279 They 276:279 They 276:279 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 3 28 contain possess 285:291 arg2 effects 307:313 physiological effects 293:313 physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet 293:444 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 2 29 theme medical 237:243 arg1 decoctions 245:254 traditional Chinese medical decoctions 217:254 traditional Chinese medical decoctions 217:254 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 8 30 theme MDCK 1120:1123 arg1 cells 1125:1129 MDCK cells 1120:1129 MDCK cells 1120:1129 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 3 31 dep effects 307:313 arg1 different 315:323 different 315:323 different 315:323 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 3 31 dep effects 307:313 arg1 attention 383:391 worth paying attention 370:391 worth paying attention to 370:394 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 2 32 theme Chinese 229:235 arg1 decoctions 245:254 traditional Chinese medical decoctions 217:254 traditional Chinese medical decoctions 217:254 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 1 33 dep Diversity 74:82 arg1 Decoction 63:71 Root Decoction 58:71 Root Decoction 58:71 Root Decoction: Diversity, Cytotoxicity, and Antiviral Activity. 35009980 6 34 contain have 721:724 arg1 nanoparticles 707:719 the obtained nanoparticles 694:719 the obtained nanoparticles 694:719 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 6 34 contain have 721:724 arg2 content 733:739 a high content 726:739 a high content 726:739 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 6 34 contain have 721:724 arg1 All 687:689 All 687:689 All 687:689 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 8 35 theme virus 1052:1056 arg1 H1N1 1058:1061 influenza virus H1N1 1042:1061 influenza virus H1N1 1042:1061 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 9 36 theme BLG 1200:1202 arg1 decoction 1204:1212 BLG decoction 1200:1212 BLG decoction 1200:1212 It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. 35009980 2 37 theme traditional 217:227 arg1 decoctions 245:254 traditional Chinese medical decoctions 217:254 traditional Chinese medical decoctions 217:254 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 6 38 theme high 728:731 arg1 content 733:739 a high content 726:739 a high content 726:739 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 1 39 theme Root 58:61 arg1 Decoction 63:71 Root Decoction 58:71 Root Decoction 58:71 Root Decoction: Diversity, Cytotoxicity, and Antiviral Activity. 35009980 9 40 theme decoction 1204:1212 arg1 efficacy 1188:1195 the antiviral efficacy 1174:1195 the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction 1174:1212 It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. 35009980 8 41 dep four 936:939 arg1 F2 973:974 F2 973:974 F2 973:974 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 8 41 dep four 936:939 arg1 F4 981:982 F4 981:982 F4 981:982 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 8 41 dep four 936:939 arg1 F5 989:990 F5 989:990 F5 989:990 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 5 42 theme size-exclusive 656:669 arg1 chromatography 671:684 size-exclusive chromatography 656:684 size-exclusive chromatography 656:684 root, according to their particle size by the means of size-exclusive chromatography. 35009980 2 43 theme boiling 194:200 arg1 preparation 202:212 the boiling preparation 190:212 the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups 190:273 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 2 44 theme soups 269:273 arg1 preparation 202:212 the boiling preparation 190:212 the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups 190:273 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 10 45 theme biological 1325:1334 arg1 effects 1336:1342 the biological effects 1321:1342 the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, 1321:1428 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 45 theme biological 1325:1334 arg1 correlative 1437:1447 correlative 1437:1447 correlative 1437:1447 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 8 46 theme antiviral 1074:1082 arg1 activities 1084:1093 their antiviral activities 1068:1093 their antiviral activities 1068:1093 However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. 35009980 6 47 theme BLG 805:807 arg1 nanoparticles 817:829 the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles 791:829 the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles 791:829 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 2 48 theme culinary 260:267 arg1 soups 269:273 culinary soups 260:273 culinary soups 260:273 It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. 35009980 6 49 theme protein 809:815 arg1 nanoparticles 817:829 the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles 791:829 the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles 791:829 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 7 50 theme surface 888:894 arg1 charge 896:901 surface charge 888:901 surface charge 888:901 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 10 51 theme nanoparticles 1368:1380 arg1 effects 1336:1342 the biological effects 1321:1342 the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, 1321:1428 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 10 51 theme nanoparticles 1368:1380 arg1 correlative 1437:1447 correlative 1437:1447 correlative 1437:1447 It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size. 35009980 3 52 from those 330:334 arg1 different 315:323 different 315:323 different 315:323 They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. 35009980 6 53 theme obtained 698:705 arg1 nanoparticles 707:719 the obtained nanoparticles 694:719 the obtained nanoparticles 694:719 All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. 35009980 9 54 theme antiviral 1274:1282 arg1 phytochemicals 1284:1297 its well-known antiviral phytochemicals 1259:1297 its well-known antiviral phytochemicals 1259:1297 It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. 35009980 7 55 theme other 868:872 arg1 compositions 874:885 other compositions 868:885 other compositions 868:885 They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. 35009980 4 56 theme Fort 595:598 arg1 decoction 564:572 the decoction 560:572 the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort 560:598 In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. 32210936 0 0 theme Salt-Tolerant 86:98 arg1 Bacterium 113:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 0 0 theme Salt-Tolerant 86:98 arg1 sp 136:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 1 attach isolated 382:389 arg2 sp 445:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 1 attach isolated 382:389 arg2 bacterium 368:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 1 attach isolated 382:389 arg1 wastewater 404:413 tannery wastewater 396:413 tannery wastewater 396:413 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 10 2 theme structures 1472:1481 arg1 compositions 1410:1421 the compositions 1406:1421 the compositions of EPS 1406:1428 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 10 2 theme structures 1472:1481 arg1 distribution 1438:1449 the distribution 1434:1449 the distribution of protein secondary structures 1434:1481 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 6 3 theme elevated 734:741 arg1 content 748:754 elevated NaCl content 734:754 elevated NaCl content 734:754 Even greater auto-aggregation ability was observed with elevated NaCl content. 32210936 0 4 theme Novel 80:84 arg1 Bacterium 113:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 0 4 theme Novel 80:84 arg1 sp 136:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 10 5 theme secondary 1462:1470 arg1 structures 1472:1481 protein secondary structures 1454:1481 protein secondary structures 1454:1481 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 8 6 theme protein 995:1001 arg1 content 1003:1009 the protein content 991:1009 the protein content 991:1009 The polysaccharide content was almost unaffected by NaCl stress, while the protein content increased with NaCl stress, and the proteins may play a more important role in auto-aggregation. 32210936 9 7 theme NaCl 1221:1224 arg1 content 1226:1232 NaCl content 1221:1232 NaCl content 1221:1232 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 11 8 theme denitrifying 1529:1540 arg1 performance 1542:1552 the denitrifying performance 1525:1552 the denitrifying performance 1525:1552 This study provided further insight into the denitrifying performance, and the relationship between aggregation ability and EPS characteristics under NaCl stress. 32210936 10 9 theme auto-aggregation 1365:1380 arg1 performance 1382:1392 the auto-aggregation performance 1361:1392 the auto-aggregation performance 1361:1392 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 0 10 theme Bacterium 113:121 arg1 Characteristics 0:14 Characteristics 0:14 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal 0:34 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 0 10 theme Bacterium 113:121 arg1 Substances 64:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 40:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp 40:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 5 11 theme salt 665:668 arg1 stress 670:675 salt stress 665:675 salt stress 665:675 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 7 12 dep infrared 812:819 arg1 FTIR 822:825 FTIR 822:825 FTIR 822:825 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 0 13 theme Denitrifying 100:111 arg1 Bacterium 113:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 0 13 theme Denitrifying 100:111 arg1 sp 136:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 9 14 theme NaCl 1315:1318 arg1 stress 1320:1325 NaCl stress 1315:1325 NaCl stress 1315:1325 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 5 15 theme NaCl 531:534 arg1 contents 536:543 NaCl contents 531:543 NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L 531:568 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 11 16 theme EPS 1608:1610 arg1 characteristics 1612:1626 EPS characteristics 1608:1626 EPS characteristics 1608:1626 This study provided further insight into the denitrifying performance, and the relationship between aggregation ability and EPS characteristics under NaCl stress. 32210936 0 17 theme Pseudomonas 124:134 arg1 Bacterium 113:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium 78:121 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 0 17 theme Pseudomonas 124:134 arg1 sp 136:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Pseudomonas sp 124:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 2 18 theme wastewater 294:303 arg1 treatment 305:313 wastewater treatment 294:313 wastewater treatment 294:313 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 7 19 theme EPS 881:883 arg1 components 867:876 the main components 858:876 the main components of EPS 858:883 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 7 19 theme EPS 881:883 arg1 proteins 890:897 proteins 890:897 proteins 890:897 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 0 20 theme Polymeric 54:62 arg1 Substances 64:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 40:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp 40:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 2 21 theme polymeric 161:169 arg1 EPS 183:185 EPS 183:185 EPS 183:185 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 2 21 theme polymeric 161:169 arg1 substances 171:180 Extracellular polymeric substances 147:180 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 147:186 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 5 22 theme enzyme 594:599 arg1 activity 601:608 high antioxidative enzyme activity 575:608 high antioxidative enzyme activity 575:608 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 5 22 theme enzyme 594:599 arg1 that 622:625 that 622:625 that 622:625 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 7 23 theme main 862:865 arg1 components 867:876 the main components 858:876 the main components of EPS 858:883 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 7 23 theme main 862:865 arg1 proteins 890:897 proteins 890:897 proteins 890:897 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 2 24 theme Extracellular 147:159 arg1 EPS 183:185 EPS 183:185 EPS 183:185 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 2 24 theme Extracellular 147:159 arg1 substances 171:180 Extracellular polymeric substances 147:180 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 147:186 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 8 25 theme important 1072:1080 arg1 role 1082:1085 a more important role 1065:1085 a more important role 1065:1085 The polysaccharide content was almost unaffected by NaCl stress, while the protein content increased with NaCl stress, and the proteins may play a more important role in auto-aggregation. 32210936 9 26 from increase 1263:1270 arg1 response 1303:1310 response 1303:1310 response to NaCl stress 1303:1325 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 9 27 theme auto-aggregation 1275:1290 arg1 ability 1292:1298 auto-aggregation ability 1275:1298 auto-aggregation ability 1275:1298 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 5 28 theme denitrifying 500:511 arg1 performance 513:523 denitrifying performance 500:523 denitrifying performance 500:523 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 3 29 theme tannery 396:402 arg1 wastewater 404:413 tannery wastewater 396:413 tannery wastewater 396:413 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 7 30 theme spectrum 828:835 arg1 analyses 837:844 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses 794:844 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses 794:844 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 10 31 theme EPS 1426:1428 arg1 compositions 1410:1421 the compositions 1406:1421 the compositions of EPS 1406:1428 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 10 31 theme EPS 1426:1428 arg1 distribution 1438:1449 the distribution 1434:1449 the distribution of protein secondary structures 1434:1481 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 6 32 theme greater 683:689 arg1 ability 708:714 Even greater auto-aggregation ability 678:714 Even greater auto-aggregation ability 678:714 Even greater auto-aggregation ability was observed with elevated NaCl content. 32210936 0 33 theme Nitrogen 19:26 arg1 Removal 28:34 Nitrogen Removal 19:34 Nitrogen Removal 19:34 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 10 34 theme NaCl 1339:1342 arg1 stress 1344:1349 NaCl stress 1339:1349 NaCl stress 1339:1349 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 9 35 theme contents 1124:1131 arg1 Analysis 1108:1115 Analysis 1108:1115 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure 1108:1169 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 5 36 dep 50 563:564 arg1 to 560:561 to 560:561 to 560:561 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 0 37 theme Extracellular 40:52 arg1 Substances 64:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 40:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp 40:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 2 38 theme important 252:260 arg1 role 262:265 an important role 249:265 an important role 249:265 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 8 39 theme polysaccharide 924:937 arg1 unaffected 958:967 unaffected 958:967 unaffected 958:967 The polysaccharide content was almost unaffected by NaCl stress, while the protein content increased with NaCl stress, and the proteins may play a more important role in auto-aggregation. 32210936 8 39 theme polysaccharide 924:937 arg1 content 939:945 The polysaccharide content 920:945 The polysaccharide content 920:945 The polysaccharide content was almost unaffected by NaCl stress, while the protein content increased with NaCl stress, and the proteins may play a more important role in auto-aggregation. 32210936 11 40 theme aggregation 1584:1594 arg1 ability 1596:1602 aggregation ability 1584:1602 aggregation ability 1584:1602 This study provided further insight into the denitrifying performance, and the relationship between aggregation ability and EPS characteristics under NaCl stress. 32210936 7 41 theme Fourier-transform 794:810 arg1 analyses 837:844 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses 794:844 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses 794:844 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 6 42 theme auto-aggregation 691:706 arg1 ability 708:714 Even greater auto-aggregation ability 678:714 Even greater auto-aggregation ability 678:714 Even greater auto-aggregation ability was observed with elevated NaCl content. 32210936 0 43 theme Removal 28:34 arg1 Characteristics 0:14 Characteristics 0:14 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal 0:34 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 0 43 theme Removal 28:34 arg1 Substances 64:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 40:73 Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp 40:137 Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Extracellular Polymeric Substances of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Denitrifying Bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 9 44 theme structure 1161:1169 arg1 contents 1124:1131 the contents 1120:1131 the contents of each protein's secondary structure 1120:1169 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 7 45 dep Fourier-transform 794:810 arg1 infrared 812:819 infrared 812:819 infrared 812:819 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 3 46 theme Pseudomonas 433:443 arg1 sp 445:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 46 theme Pseudomonas 433:443 arg1 bacterium 368:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 2 47 theme cells 234:238 arg1 performance 219:229 the auto-aggregation performance 198:229 the auto-aggregation performance of cells 198:238 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 5 48 theme high 575:578 arg1 activity 601:608 high antioxidative enzyme activity 575:608 high antioxidative enzyme activity 575:608 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 5 48 theme high 575:578 arg1 that 622:625 that 622:625 that 622:625 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 10 49 theme protein 1454:1460 arg1 structures 1472:1481 protein secondary structures 1454:1481 protein secondary structures 1454:1481 Therefore, NaCl stress increased the auto-aggregation performance by altering the compositions of EPS and the distribution of protein secondary structures. 32210936 8 50 theme NaCl 1026:1029 arg1 stress 1031:1036 NaCl stress 1026:1036 NaCl stress 1026:1036 The polysaccharide content was almost unaffected by NaCl stress, while the protein content increased with NaCl stress, and the proteins may play a more important role in auto-aggregation. 32210936 5 51 theme antioxidative 580:592 arg1 activity 601:608 high antioxidative enzyme activity 575:608 high antioxidative enzyme activity 575:608 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 5 51 theme antioxidative 580:592 arg1 that 622:625 that 622:625 that 622:625 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 5 52 theme significant 477:487 arg1 growth 489:494 significant growth 477:494 significant growth 477:494 The strain exhibited significant growth and denitrifying performance, with NaCl contents ranging from 0 to 50 g/L, and high antioxidative enzyme activity, especially that of catalase (CAT), was detected under salt stress. 32210936 11 53 theme NaCl 1634:1637 arg1 stress 1639:1644 NaCl stress 1634:1644 NaCl stress 1634:1644 This study provided further insight into the denitrifying performance, and the relationship between aggregation ability and EPS characteristics under NaCl stress. 32210936 2 54 theme nitrogen 270:277 arg1 removal 279:285 nitrogen removal 270:285 nitrogen removal 270:285 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 9 55 theme secondary 1151:1159 arg1 structure 1161:1169 each protein's secondary structure 1136:1169 each protein's secondary structure 1136:1169 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 11 56 theme further 1504:1510 arg1 insight 1512:1518 further insight 1504:1518 further insight into the denitrifying performance 1504:1552 This study provided further insight into the denitrifying performance, and the relationship between aggregation ability and EPS characteristics under NaCl stress. 32210936 3 57 theme aerobic 347:353 arg1 sp 445:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 57 theme aerobic 347:353 arg1 bacterium 368:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 2 58 theme auto-aggregation 202:217 arg1 performance 219:229 the auto-aggregation performance 198:229 the auto-aggregation performance of cells 198:238 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influence the auto-aggregation performance of cells and play an important role in nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. 32210936 3 59 theme salt-tolerant 333:345 arg1 sp 445:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 59 theme salt-tolerant 333:345 arg1 bacterium 368:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 8 60 theme NaCl 972:975 arg1 stress 977:982 NaCl stress 972:982 NaCl stress 972:982 The polysaccharide content was almost unaffected by NaCl stress, while the protein content increased with NaCl stress, and the proteins may play a more important role in auto-aggregation. 32210936 7 61 theme Extinction-emission 757:775 arg1 matrix 777:782 Extinction-emission matrix 757:782 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) 757:788 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 7 61 theme Extinction-emission 757:775 arg1 EEM 785:787 EEM 785:787 EEM 785:787 Extinction-emission matrix (EEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum analyses showed that the main components of EPS were proteins and polysaccharides. 32210936 3 62 theme denitrifying 355:366 arg1 sp 445:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 Pseudomonas sp 433:446 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 3 62 theme denitrifying 355:366 arg1 bacterium 368:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium 331:376 In this study, a salt-tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacterium was isolated from tannery wastewater and identified as Pseudomonas sp. 32210936 9 63 theme ability 1292:1298 arg1 increase 1263:1270 the increase 1259:1270 the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress 1259:1325 Analysis of the contents of each protein's secondary structure suggested that β-Sheets increased with increasing NaCl content, which may be related to the increase of auto-aggregation ability in response to NaCl stress. 32210936 6 64 theme NaCl 743:746 arg1 content 748:754 elevated NaCl content 734:754 elevated NaCl content 734:754 Even greater auto-aggregation ability was observed with elevated NaCl content. 32111928 9 0 theme leaf 1625:1628 arg1 content 1639:1645 leaf nitrogen content 1625:1645 leaf nitrogen content in rice 1625:1653 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 3 1 theme segment 500:506 arg1 lines 521:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines 488:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 488:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 7 2 theme Golgi 1101:1105 arg1 apparatus 1107:1115 Golgi apparatus 1101:1115 Golgi apparatus 1101:1115 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 1 3 theme leaf 270:273 arg1 content 284:290 leaf nitrogen content 270:290 leaf nitrogen content 270:290 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 4 theme plant 188:192 arg1 growth 194:199 plant growth 188:199 plant growth 188:199 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 3 5 theme accession 561:569 arg1 ACC10 571:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 6 dep variety 588:594 arg1 Zhenshan 596:603 Zhenshan 596:603 Zhenshan 596:603 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 7 theme wild 551:554 arg1 ACC10 571:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 5 8 theme allele 811:816 arg1 OsGUX1AC 818:825 The allele OsGUX1AC 807:825 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 807:836 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 1 9 theme chlorophyll 125:135 arg1 content 137:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 9 theme chlorophyll 125:135 arg1 indicator 175:183 an important physiological indicator 148:183 an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status 148:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 10 theme status 229:234 arg1 content 137:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 10 theme status 229:234 arg1 indicator 175:183 an important physiological indicator 148:183 an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status 148:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 8 11 theme primary 1443:1449 arg1 wall 1456:1459 the primary cell wall 1439:1459 the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells 1439:1478 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 5 12 theme leaf 906:909 arg1 content 871:877 nitrogen content 862:877 nitrogen content 862:877 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 5 12 theme leaf 906:909 arg1 content 895:901 chlorophyll content 883:901 chlorophyll content 883:901 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 8 13 dep wall 1406:1409 arg1 deposition 1411:1420 deposition 1411:1420 deposition 1411:1420 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 7 14 from occurring 1209:1217 arg1 tissues 1164:1170 the tissues 1160:1170 the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1160:1217 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 8 15 theme acid 1305:1308 arg1 residues 1310:1317 glucuronic acid residues 1294:1317 glucuronic acid residues onto xylan 1294:1328 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 0 16 theme cellular 69:76 arg1 composition 78:88 cellular composition 69:88 cellular composition 69:88 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 5 17 from ACC10 832:836 arg1 OsGUX1AC 818:825 The allele OsGUX1AC 807:825 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 807:836 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 1 18 theme important 151:159 arg1 content 137:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 18 theme important 151:159 arg1 indicator 175:183 an important physiological indicator 148:183 an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status 148:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 7 19 theme wall 1194:1197 arg1 occurring 1209:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 1 20 dep important 151:159 arg1 physiological 161:173 physiological 161:173 physiological 161:173 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 7 21 theme primary 1181:1187 arg1 occurring 1209:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 0 22 from effects 58:64 arg1 rice 114:117 rice 114:117 rice 114:117 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 0 22 from effects 58:64 arg1 composition 78:88 cellular composition 69:88 cellular composition 69:88 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 0 22 from effects 58:64 arg1 development 99:109 leaf development 94:109 leaf development 94:109 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 2 23 theme gene 403:406 arg1 identification 353:366 identification 353:366 identification 353:366 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 2 23 theme gene 403:406 arg1 cloning 341:347 cloning 341:347 cloning 341:347 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 0 24 theme pleiotropic 46:56 arg1 effects 58:64 pleiotropic effects 46:64 pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice 46:117 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 6 25 theme rice 1069:1072 arg1 leaf 1074:1077 rice leaf 1069:1077 rice leaf 1069:1077 The overexpression of OsGUX1 reduced chlorophyll content, and the suppression of this gene increased chlorophyll content of rice leaf. 32111928 8 26 theme chlorophyll 1509:1519 arg1 content 1521:1527 reduced chlorophyll content 1501:1527 reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf 1501:1540 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 4 27 theme them 716:719 arg1 locus 707:711 One major locus 697:711 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content 697:752 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 2 28 theme xylan 373:377 arg1 OsGUX1 409:414 OsGUX1 409:414 OsGUX1 409:414 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 2 28 theme xylan 373:377 arg1 gene 403:406 a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene 371:406 a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf 371:470 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 1 29 theme nitrogen 275:282 arg1 content 284:290 leaf nitrogen content 270:290 leaf nitrogen content 270:290 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 8 30 theme mesophyll 1464:1472 arg1 cells 1474:1478 mesophyll cells 1464:1478 mesophyll cells 1464:1478 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 2 31 theme relative 430:437 arg1 content 451:457 relative chlorophyll content 430:457 relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf 430:470 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 4 32 theme relative 725:732 arg1 content 746:752 relative chlorophyll content 725:752 relative chlorophyll content 725:752 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 0 33 theme glucuronosyltransferase 8:30 arg1 gene 32:35 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene 0:35 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene 0:35 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 7 34 from located 1090:1096 arg1 apparatus 1107:1115 Golgi apparatus 1101:1115 Golgi apparatus 1101:1115 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 2 35 theme rice 462:465 arg1 leaf 467:470 rice leaf 462:470 rice leaf 462:470 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 8 36 theme cell 1401:1404 arg1 wall 1406:1409 the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf 1397:1540 wall 1406:1409 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 9 37 theme wall 1604:1607 arg1 components 1609:1618 cell wall components 1599:1618 cell wall components 1599:1618 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 3 38 theme quantitative 639:650 arg1 loci 658:661 numerous quantitative trait loci 630:661 numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content 630:694 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 39 theme substitution 508:519 arg1 lines 521:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines 488:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 488:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 7 40 theme cell 1189:1192 arg1 occurring 1209:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 3 41 theme chromosomal 488:498 arg1 lines 521:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines 488:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 488:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 9 42 theme nitrogen 1630:1637 arg1 content 1639:1645 leaf nitrogen content 1625:1645 leaf nitrogen content in rice 1625:1653 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 9 43 with association 1584:1594 arg1 content 1639:1645 leaf nitrogen content 1625:1645 leaf nitrogen content in rice 1625:1653 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 3 44 theme relative 667:674 arg1 content 688:694 relative chlorophyll content 667:694 relative chlorophyll content 667:694 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 8 45 from accumulation 1350:1361 arg1 wall 1406:1409 the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf 1397:1540 wall 1406:1409 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 3 46 theme rice 556:559 arg1 ACC10 571:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 1 47 theme growth 194:199 arg1 content 137:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 47 theme growth 194:199 arg1 indicator 175:183 an important physiological indicator 148:183 an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status 148:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 6 48 theme OsGUX1 967:972 arg1 overexpression 949:962 The overexpression 945:962 The overexpression of OsGUX1 945:972 The overexpression of OsGUX1 reduced chlorophyll content, and the suppression of this gene increased chlorophyll content of rice leaf. 32111928 8 49 theme experimental 1224:1235 arg1 data 1237:1240 Our experimental data 1220:1240 Our experimental data 1220:1240 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 1 50 theme metabolism 202:211 arg1 content 137:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 50 theme metabolism 202:211 arg1 indicator 175:183 an important physiological indicator 148:183 an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status 148:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 3 51 theme indica 581:586 arg1 ACC10 571:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 51 theme indica 581:586 arg1 variety 588:594 indica variety 581:594 indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 581:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 5 52 theme nitrogen 862:869 arg1 content 871:877 nitrogen content 862:877 nitrogen content 862:877 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 1 53 theme nutritional 217:227 arg1 status 229:234 nutritional status 217:234 nutritional status 217:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 9 54 from content 1639:1645 arg1 rice 1650:1653 rice 1650:1653 rice 1650:1653 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 8 55 theme cell 1451:1454 arg1 wall 1456:1459 the primary cell wall 1439:1459 the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells 1439:1478 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 3 56 theme ACC10 571:575 arg1 variety 588:594 indica variety 581:594 indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 581:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 56 theme ACC10 571:575 arg1 ACC10 571:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 56 theme ACC10 571:575 arg1 cross 542:546 a cross 540:546 a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 540:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 1 57 theme Leaf 120:123 arg1 content 137:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content 120:143 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 1 57 theme Leaf 120:123 arg1 indicator 175:183 an important physiological indicator 148:183 an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status 148:234 Leaf chlorophyll content is an important physiological indicator of plant growth, metabolism and nutritional status, and it is highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis. 32111928 8 58 theme cells 1474:1478 arg1 wall 1456:1459 the primary cell wall 1439:1459 the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells 1439:1478 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 4 59 theme major 701:705 arg1 locus 707:711 One major locus 697:711 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content 697:752 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 7 60 theme synthesis 1199:1207 arg1 occurring 1209:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 primary cell wall synthesis occurring 1181:1217 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 8 61 theme glucuronic 1294:1303 arg1 residues 1310:1317 glucuronic acid residues 1294:1317 glucuronic acid residues onto xylan 1294:1328 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 0 62 theme leaf 94:97 arg1 development 99:109 leaf development 94:109 leaf development 94:109 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 5 63 theme chlorophyll 883:893 arg1 content 895:901 chlorophyll content 883:901 chlorophyll content 883:901 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 2 64 from content 451:457 arg1 leaf 467:470 rice leaf 462:470 rice leaf 462:470 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 8 65 theme residues 1310:1317 arg1 addition 1282:1289 addition 1282:1289 addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan 1282:1328 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 6 66 theme chlorophyll 982:992 arg1 content 994:1000 chlorophyll content 982:1000 chlorophyll content 982:1000 The overexpression of OsGUX1 reduced chlorophyll content, and the suppression of this gene increased chlorophyll content of rice leaf. 32111928 8 67 theme reduced 1501:1507 arg1 content 1521:1527 reduced chlorophyll content 1501:1527 reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf 1501:1540 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 4 68 theme chlorophyll 734:744 arg1 content 746:752 relative chlorophyll content 725:752 relative chlorophyll content 725:752 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 4 69 contain contains 790:797 arg1 region 778:783 a 10.3-kb region 768:783 a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1 768:804 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 4 69 contain contains 790:797 arg2 OsGUX1 799:804 OsGUX1 799:804 OsGUX1 799:804 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 6 70 theme leaf 1074:1077 arg1 content 1058:1064 chlorophyll content 1046:1064 chlorophyll content of rice leaf 1046:1077 The overexpression of OsGUX1 reduced chlorophyll content, and the suppression of this gene increased chlorophyll content of rice leaf. 32111928 2 71 theme glucuronosyltransferase 379:401 arg1 OsGUX1 409:414 OsGUX1 409:414 OsGUX1 409:414 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 2 71 theme glucuronosyltransferase 379:401 arg1 gene 403:406 a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene 371:406 a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf 371:470 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 0 72 theme xylan 2:6 arg1 gene 32:35 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene 0:35 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene 0:35 A xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene exhibits pleiotropic effects on cellular composition and leaf development in rice. 32111928 2 73 theme chlorophyll 439:449 arg1 content 451:457 relative chlorophyll content 430:457 relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf 430:470 In this study, we report the cloning and identification of a xylan glucuronosyltransferase gene (OsGUX1) that affects relative chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 8 74 theme rice 1532:1535 arg1 leaf 1537:1540 rice leaf 1532:1540 rice leaf 1532:1540 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 7 75 theme seedling 1142:1149 arg1 leaf 1151:1154 seedling leaf 1142:1154 seedling leaf 1142:1154 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 6 76 theme chlorophyll 1046:1056 arg1 content 1058:1064 chlorophyll content 1046:1064 chlorophyll content of rice leaf 1046:1077 The overexpression of OsGUX1 reduced chlorophyll content, and the suppression of this gene increased chlorophyll content of rice leaf. 32111928 8 77 theme cellulose 1366:1374 arg1 accumulation 1350:1361 accumulation 1350:1361 accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf 1350:1540 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 8 78 from content 1521:1527 arg1 leaf 1537:1540 rice leaf 1532:1540 rice leaf 1532:1540 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 3 79 attach derived 527:533 arg2 lines 521:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines 488:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 488:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 79 attach derived 527:533 arg1 cross 542:546 a cross 540:546 a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 540:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 79 attach derived 527:533 arg1 ACC10 571:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 wild rice accession ACC10 551:575 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 79 attach derived 527:533 arg1 variety 588:594 indica variety 581:594 indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 581:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 6 80 theme gene 1031:1034 arg1 suppression 1011:1021 the suppression 1007:1021 the suppression of this gene 1007:1034 The overexpression of OsGUX1 reduced chlorophyll content, and the suppression of this gene increased chlorophyll content of rice leaf. 32111928 8 81 theme hemicellulose 1380:1392 arg1 accumulation 1350:1361 accumulation 1350:1361 accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf 1350:1540 Our experimental data indicate that OsGUX1 is responsible for addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylan and participates in accumulation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall deposition, thus thickening the primary cell wall of mesophyll cells, which might lead to reduced chlorophyll content in rice leaf. 32111928 7 82 from apparatus 1107:1115 arg1 located 1090:1096 located 1090:1096 located 1090:1096 OsGUX1 is located in Golgi apparatus, and highly expressed in seedling leaf and the tissues in which primary cell wall synthesis occurring. 32111928 3 83 theme trait 652:656 arg1 loci 658:661 numerous quantitative trait loci 630:661 numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content 630:694 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 5 84 from ZS97 939:942 arg1 OsGUX1ZS 925:932 OsGUX1ZS 925:932 OsGUX1ZS from ZS97 925:942 The allele OsGUX1AC from ACC10 significantly decreases nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaf compared with OsGUX1ZS from ZS97. 32111928 9 85 theme cell 1599:1602 arg1 components 1609:1618 cell wall components 1599:1618 cell wall components 1599:1618 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 3 86 theme numerous 630:637 arg1 loci 658:661 numerous quantitative trait loci 630:661 numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content 630:694 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 9 87 theme components 1609:1618 arg1 association 1584:1594 the association 1580:1594 the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice 1580:1653 These findings provide insights into the association of cell wall components with leaf nitrogen content in rice. 32111928 3 88 theme chlorophyll 676:686 arg1 content 688:694 relative chlorophyll content 667:694 relative chlorophyll content 667:694 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 4 89 theme 10.3-kb 770:776 arg1 region 778:783 a 10.3-kb region 768:783 a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1 768:804 One major locus of them for relative chlorophyll content was mapped to a 10.3-kb region that contains OsGUX1. 32111928 3 90 theme lines 521:525 arg1 set 481:483 a set 479:483 a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 479:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32111928 3 90 theme lines 521:525 arg1 lines 521:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines 488:525 chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) 488:613 Using a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines derived from a cross of wild rice accession ACC10 and indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97), we identified numerous quantitative trait loci for relative chlorophyll content. 32468498 4 0 theme TLR4 558:561 arg1 ligand 548:553 the possible ligand 535:553 the possible ligand of TLR4 within 535:568 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 8 1 theme LPS 1667:1669 arg1 treatment 1671:1679 LPS treatment 1667:1679 LPS treatment 1667:1679 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 6 2 with Treatment 1003:1011 arg1 XRF 1018:1020 XRF 1018:1020 XRF 1018:1020 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 0 3 theme Signaling 135:143 arg1 Cascades 145:152 TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades 124:152 TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades 124:152 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxyxanthone Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades. 32468498 8 4 theme RAW264.7 1642:1649 arg1 cells 1651:1655 RAW264.7 cells 1642:1655 RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment 1642:1679 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 8 5 theme pro-inflammatory 1601:1616 arg1 cytokines 1618:1626 pro-inflammatory cytokines 1601:1626 pro-inflammatory cytokines 1601:1626 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 4 6 theme XRF 640:642 arg1 differences 621:631 chemical composition differences 600:631 chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances 600:716 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 7 7 theme molecular 1308:1316 arg1 simulation 1326:1335 molecular docking simulation 1308:1335 molecular docking simulation 1308:1335 CETSA and molecular docking simulation demonstrated that XAN could bind to TLR4 directly on a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2. 32468498 9 8 theme potent 1758:1763 arg1 effects 1783:1789 potent anti-inflammatory effects 1758:1789 potent anti-inflammatory effects 1758:1789 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 8 9 theme XAN 1451:1453 arg1 treatment 1455:1463 XAN treatment 1451:1463 XAN treatment 1451:1463 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 4 10 theme culture 660:666 arg1 medium 668:673 cell culture medium 655:673 cell culture medium 655:673 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 7 11 theme docking 1318:1324 arg1 simulation 1326:1335 molecular docking simulation 1308:1335 molecular docking simulation 1308:1335 CETSA and molecular docking simulation demonstrated that XAN could bind to TLR4 directly on a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2. 32468498 4 12 theme possible 539:546 arg1 ligand 548:553 the possible ligand 535:553 the possible ligand of TLR4 within 535:568 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 4 13 theme lipopolysaccharides 481:499 arg1 cells 524:528 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 481:528 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 481:528 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 9 14 theme Overall 1682:1688 arg1 evidences 1690:1698 Overall evidences 1682:1698 Overall evidences 1682:1698 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 4 15 theme cell 655:658 arg1 medium 668:673 cell culture medium 655:673 cell culture medium 655:673 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 2 16 theme herbal 229:234 arg1 native 245:250 native 245:250 native 245:250 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 2 16 theme herbal 229:234 arg1 medicine 236:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 10 17 theme xanthone 1816:1823 arg1 derivatives 1825:1835 xanthone derivatives 1816:1835 xanthone derivatives 1816:1835 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 6 18 theme increased 1282:1290 arg1 TLR4 1292:1295 increased TLR4 1282:1295 increased TLR4 1282:1295 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 7 19 theme contact 1422:1428 arg1 interface 1430:1438 its contact interface 1418:1438 its contact interface with MD-2 1418:1448 CETSA and molecular docking simulation demonstrated that XAN could bind to TLR4 directly on a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2. 32468498 5 20 theme dual-luciferase 945:959 arg1 reporter 961:968 dual-luciferase reporter 945:968 dual-luciferase reporter 945:968 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 5 21 theme molecular 817:825 arg1 simulation 835:844 molecular docking simulation 817:844 molecular docking simulation 817:844 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 2 22 theme anti-rheumatic 214:227 arg1 native 245:250 native 245:250 native 245:250 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 2 22 theme anti-rheumatic 214:227 arg1 medicine 236:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 5 23 theme TLR4/NF-κB 851:860 arg1 status 870:875 TLR4/NF-κB pathway status 851:875 TLR4/NF-κB pathway status 851:875 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 6 24 from 12.5 min 1150:1157 arg1 XAN 1142:1144 XAN 1142:1144 XAN 1142:1144 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 6 24 from 12.5 min 1150:1157 arg1 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone 1105:1139 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone 1105:1139 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 1105:1177 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 4 25 theme xanthone-rich 366:378 arg1 XRF 390:392 XRF 390:392 XRF 390:392 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 4 25 theme xanthone-rich 366:378 arg1 fraction 380:387 its xanthone-rich fraction 362:387 its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) 362:393 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 6 26 with interaction 1265:1275 arg1 TLR4 1292:1295 increased TLR4 1282:1295 increased TLR4 1282:1295 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 2 27 theme Chinese 206:212 arg1 native 245:250 native 245:250 native 245:250 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 2 27 theme Chinese 206:212 arg1 medicine 236:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 3 28 theme possible 302:309 arg1 inhibitor 316:324 a possible TLR4 inhibitor 300:324 a possible TLR4 inhibitor 300:324 In this study, we identified a possible TLR4 inhibitor from this plant. 32468498 5 29 theme docking 827:833 arg1 simulation 835:844 molecular docking simulation 817:844 molecular docking simulation 817:844 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 9 30 with inhibitor 1743:1751 arg1 effects 1783:1789 potent anti-inflammatory effects 1758:1789 potent anti-inflammatory effects 1758:1789 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 7 31 with interface 1430:1438 arg1 MD-2 1445:1448 MD-2 1445:1448 MD-2 1445:1448 CETSA and molecular docking simulation demonstrated that XAN could bind to TLR4 directly on a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2. 32468498 6 32 theme 289.29 1172:1177 arg1 mass 1164:1167 mass 1164:1167 mass of 289.29 1164:1177 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 3 33 theme TLR4 311:314 arg1 inhibitor 316:324 a possible TLR4 inhibitor 300:324 a possible TLR4 inhibitor 300:324 In this study, we identified a possible TLR4 inhibitor from this plant. 32468498 4 34 theme immunoblotting 441:454 arg1 experiments 456:466 immunoblotting experiments 441:466 immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 441:528 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 6 35 theme enhanced 1256:1263 arg1 interaction 1265:1275 enhanced interaction 1256:1275 enhanced interaction with increased TLR4 1256:1295 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 4 36 theme RAW264.7 515:522 arg1 cells 524:528 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 481:528 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 481:528 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 8 37 from production 1628:1637 arg1 cells 1651:1655 RAW264.7 cells 1642:1655 RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment 1642:1679 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 4 38 theme composition 609:619 arg1 differences 621:631 chemical composition differences 600:631 chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances 600:716 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 5 39 theme thermal 785:791 arg1 CETSA 806:810 CETSA 806:810 CETSA 806:810 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 5 39 theme thermal 785:791 arg1 assay 799:803 cellular thermal shift assay 776:803 cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) 776:811 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 8 40 theme TLR4 1495:1498 arg1 activity 1520:1527 transcriptional activity 1504:1527 transcriptional activity of NF-κB 1504:1536 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 8 40 theme TLR4 1495:1498 arg1 dimerization 1479:1490 the dimerization 1475:1490 the dimerization of TLR4 1475:1498 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 0 41 theme Lipopolysaccharide-Induced 45:70 arg1 Inflammation 72:83 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation 45:83 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages 45:107 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxyxanthone Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades. 32468498 5 42 theme shift 793:797 arg1 CETSA 806:810 CETSA 806:810 CETSA 806:810 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 5 42 theme shift 793:797 arg1 assay 799:803 cellular thermal shift assay 776:803 cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) 776:811 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 10 43 theme TLR4 1930:1933 arg1 inhibitors 1935:1944 TLR4 inhibitors 1930:1944 TLR4 inhibitors 1930:1944 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 4 44 theme General 343:349 arg1 effects 351:357 General effects 343:357 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro 343:418 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 6 45 theme containing 1208:1217 arg1 medium 1219:1224 XRF containing medium 1204:1224 XRF containing medium 1204:1224 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 0 46 theme RAW264.7 88:95 arg1 Macrophages 97:107 RAW264.7 Macrophages 88:107 RAW264.7 Macrophages 88:107 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxyxanthone Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades. 32468498 7 47 theme smooth 1392:1397 arg1 region 1399:1404 a smooth region 1390:1404 a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2 1390:1448 CETSA and molecular docking simulation demonstrated that XAN could bind to TLR4 directly on a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2. 32468498 2 48 theme southern 255:262 arg1 China 264:268 southern China 255:268 southern China 255:268 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 8 49 theme transcriptional 1504:1518 arg1 activity 1520:1527 transcriptional activity 1504:1527 transcriptional activity of NF-κB 1504:1536 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 4 50 from effects 351:357 arg1 inflammation 398:409 inflammation 398:409 inflammation 398:409 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 5 51 theme pathway 862:868 arg1 status 870:875 TLR4/NF-κB pathway status 851:875 TLR4/NF-κB pathway status 851:875 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 9 52 theme selective 1728:1736 arg1 XAN 1713:1715 XAN 1713:1715 XAN 1713:1715 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 9 52 theme selective 1728:1736 arg1 inhibitor 1743:1751 a selective TLR4 inhibitor 1726:1751 a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects 1726:1789 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 10 53 from application 1867:1877 arg1 inflammations 1903:1915 many immune-mediated inflammations 1882:1915 many immune-mediated inflammations 1882:1915 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 7 54 theme adjacent 1406:1413 arg1 region 1399:1404 a smooth region 1390:1404 a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2 1390:1448 CETSA and molecular docking simulation demonstrated that XAN could bind to TLR4 directly on a smooth region adjacent to its contact interface with MD-2. 32468498 6 55 from decrease 1046:1053 arg1 p-JNK 1068:1072 p-JNK 1068:1072 p-JNK 1068:1072 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 6 55 from decrease 1046:1053 arg1 p-p65 1058:1062 p-p65 1058:1062 p-p65 1058:1062 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 8 56 theme p65 1569:1571 arg1 accumulation 1573:1584 p65 accumulation 1569:1584 p65 accumulation 1569:1584 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 9 57 theme TLR4 1738:1741 arg1 XAN 1713:1715 XAN 1713:1715 XAN 1713:1715 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 9 57 theme TLR4 1738:1741 arg1 inhibitor 1743:1751 a selective TLR4 inhibitor 1726:1751 a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects 1726:1789 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 10 58 theme clinical 1858:1865 arg1 application 1867:1877 promising clinical application 1848:1877 promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations 1848:1915 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 4 59 theme chemical 600:607 arg1 differences 621:631 chemical composition differences 600:631 chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances 600:716 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 0 60 from Inflammation 72:83 arg1 Macrophages 97:107 RAW264.7 Macrophages 88:107 RAW264.7 Macrophages 88:107 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxyxanthone Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades. 32468498 6 61 with 12.5 min 1150:1157 arg1 mass 1164:1167 mass 1164:1167 mass of 289.29 1164:1177 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 4 62 contain containing 644:653 arg1 XRF 640:642 the XRF 636:642 the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances 636:716 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 4 62 contain containing 644:653 arg2 medium 668:673 cell culture medium 655:673 cell culture medium 655:673 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 6 63 theme LPS 1232:1234 arg1 stimulus 1236:1243 LPS stimulus 1232:1243 LPS stimulus 1232:1243 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 6 64 theme significant 1034:1044 arg1 decrease 1046:1053 significant decrease 1034:1053 significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK 1034:1072 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 10 65 theme immune-mediated 1887:1901 arg1 inflammations 1903:1915 many immune-mediated inflammations 1882:1915 many immune-mediated inflammations 1882:1915 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 5 66 theme cellular 776:783 arg1 CETSA 806:810 CETSA 806:810 CETSA 806:810 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 5 66 theme cellular 776:783 arg1 assay 799:803 cellular thermal shift assay 776:803 cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) 776:811 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 4 67 theme -treated 506:513 arg1 cells 524:528 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 481:528 lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells 481:528 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 8 68 theme NF-κB 1532:1536 arg1 activity 1520:1527 transcriptional activity 1504:1527 transcriptional activity of NF-κB 1504:1536 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 8 68 theme NF-κB 1532:1536 arg1 dimerization 1479:1490 the dimerization 1475:1490 the dimerization of TLR4 1475:1498 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 10 69 theme many 1882:1885 arg1 inflammations 1903:1915 many immune-mediated inflammations 1882:1915 many immune-mediated inflammations 1882:1915 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 10 70 contain have 1843:1846 arg2 application 1867:1877 promising clinical application 1848:1877 promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations 1848:1915 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 10 70 contain have 1843:1846 arg1 derivatives 1825:1835 xanthone derivatives 1816:1835 xanthone derivatives 1816:1835 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 0 71 theme TLR4/NF-κB 124:133 arg1 Cascades 145:152 TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades 124:152 TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades 124:152 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxyxanthone Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascades. 32468498 10 72 theme promising 1848:1856 arg1 application 1867:1877 promising clinical application 1848:1877 promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations 1848:1915 Also, it indicated that xanthone derivatives could have promising clinical application in many immune-mediated inflammations by acting as TLR4 inhibitors. 32468498 9 73 theme anti-inflammatory 1765:1781 arg1 effects 1783:1789 potent anti-inflammatory effects 1758:1789 potent anti-inflammatory effects 1758:1789 Overall evidences suggest that XAN could be a selective TLR4 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. 32468498 4 74 theme fraction 380:387 arg1 effects 351:357 General effects 343:357 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro 343:418 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 5 75 theme immunoblotting 975:988 arg1 experiments 990:1000 immunoblotting experiments 975:1000 immunoblotting experiments 975:1000 The interaction between ligand and TLR4 was validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking simulation, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway status was investigated by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter, and immunoblotting experiments. 32468498 4 76 theme inflammatory 691:702 arg1 circumstances 704:716 different inflammatory circumstances 681:716 different inflammatory circumstances 681:716 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 32468498 2 77 theme traditional 194:204 arg1 native 245:250 native 245:250 native 245:250 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 2 77 theme traditional 194:204 arg1 medicine 236:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine 192:243 is a traditional Chinese anti-rheumatic herbal medicine native to southern China. 32468498 8 78 theme HEK293T 1541:1547 arg1 cells 1549:1553 HEK293T cells 1541:1553 HEK293T cells 1541:1553 XAN treatment inhibited the dimerization of TLR4 and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in HEK293T cells and decreased p65 accumulation in nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 cells receiving LPS treatment. 32468498 6 79 theme XRF 1204:1206 arg1 medium 1219:1224 XRF containing medium 1204:1224 XRF containing medium 1204:1224 Treatment with XRF resulted in significant decrease in p-p65 and p-JNK, and the signal accounting for 1,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN) at 12.5 min with mass of 289.29 was greatly decreased in XRF containing medium after LPS stimulus because of enhanced interaction with increased TLR4. 32468498 4 80 theme different 681:689 arg1 circumstances 704:716 different inflammatory circumstances 681:716 different inflammatory circumstances 681:716 General effects of its xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on inflammation in vitro were investigated by immunoblotting experiments performed on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, and the possible ligand of TLR4 within was screened out by analyzing chemical composition differences of the XRF containing cell culture medium under different inflammatory circumstances. 31949043 3 0 theme skin 673:676 arg1 fibroblasts 678:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 7 1 theme H1 1117:1118 arg1 agonist 1120:1126 Histamine H1 agonist 1107:1126 Histamine H1 agonist 1107:1126 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 10 2 theme receptor 1768:1775 arg1 H1 1777:1778 histamine receptor H1 1758:1778 histamine receptor H1 1758:1778 These results indicate that histamine controls HA metabolism by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 via distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1. 31949043 9 3 theme mast 1455:1458 arg1 cells 1460:1464 tryptase-positive mast cells 1437:1464 tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin 1437:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 3 4 theme HA 543:544 arg1 synthase 546:553 HA synthase 543:553 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 5 5 theme skin 866:869 arg1 fibroblasts 871:881 human skin fibroblasts 860:881 human skin fibroblasts 860:881 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 11 6 theme skin 1845:1848 arg1 damage 1850:1855 photoaged skin damage 1835:1855 photoaged skin damage 1835:1855 They further suggest that histamine may contribute to photoaged skin damage by skewing HA metabolism toward degradation. 31949043 1 7 theme skin 227:230 arg1 HA 254:255 HA 254:255 HA 254:255 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 1 7 theme skin 227:230 arg1 hyaluronan 242:251 the essential skin component hyaluronan 213:251 the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA) 213:256 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 5 8 theme time-dependent 898:911 arg1 manner 913:918 a dose- and time-dependent manner 886:918 a dose- and time-dependent manner 886:918 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 8 9 theme kinase 1247:1252 arg1 Cδ 1254:1255 protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling 1239:1277 Cδ 1254:1255 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 1 10 theme hyaluronan 242:251 arg1 metabolism 199:208 the metabolism 195:208 the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA) 195:256 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 2 11 dep HYBID 328:332 arg1 KIAA1199 424:431 KIAA1199 424:431 KIAA1199 424:431 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 2 11 dep HYBID 328:332 arg1 protein 354:360 hyaluronan-binding protein 335:360 hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization 335:400 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 2 11 dep HYBID 328:332 arg1 CEMIP 415:419 also called CEMIP 403:419 also called CEMIP 403:419 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 11 12 theme HA 1868:1869 arg1 metabolism 1871:1880 skewing HA metabolism 1860:1880 skewing HA metabolism toward degradation 1860:1899 They further suggest that histamine may contribute to photoaged skin damage by skewing HA metabolism toward degradation. 31949043 3 13 theme molecular 577:585 arg1 sizes 587:591 the molecular sizes 573:591 the molecular sizes of HA species produced 573:614 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 9 14 theme expression 1506:1515 arg1 levels 1517:1522 HYBID and HAS2 expression levels 1491:1522 HYBID and HAS2 expression levels 1491:1522 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 5 15 dep amounts 952:958 arg1 the 942:944 the 942:944 the 942:944 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 1 16 theme compound 161:168 arg1 histamine 170:178 The immune-regulatory compound histamine 139:178 The immune-regulatory compound histamine 139:178 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 8 17 theme signaling 1269:1277 arg1 blockade 1227:1234 blockade 1227:1234 blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling 1227:1277 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 8 18 theme histamine-mediated 1289:1306 arg1 stimulation 1314:1324 histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation 1289:1324 histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation 1289:1324 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 3 19 theme species 599:605 arg1 receptors 631:639 histamine receptors 621:639 histamine receptors 621:639 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 19 theme species 599:605 arg1 sizes 587:591 the molecular sizes 573:591 the molecular sizes of HA species produced 573:614 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 19 theme species 599:605 arg1 pathways 661:668 their signaling pathways 645:668 their signaling pathways 645:668 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 19 theme species 599:605 arg1 effects 532:538 histamine's effects 520:538 histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression 520:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 5 20 from HAS2 852:855 arg1 fibroblasts 871:881 human skin fibroblasts 860:881 human skin fibroblasts 860:881 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 6 21 theme Histamine 992:1000 arg1 blocker 1005:1011 Histamine H1 blocker 992:1011 Histamine H1 blocker 992:1011 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 0 22 theme hyaluronan 75:84 arg1 metabolism 86:95 hyaluronan metabolism 75:95 hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 75:136 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 5 23 theme dose- 888:892 arg1 manner 913:918 a dose- and time-dependent manner 886:918 a dose- and time-dependent manner 886:918 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 8 24 theme HAS2 1330:1333 arg1 suppression 1335:1345 HAS2 suppression 1330:1345 HAS2 suppression 1330:1345 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 7 25 theme similar 1187:1193 arg1 levels 1152:1157 HA levels 1149:1157 HA levels 1149:1157 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 0 26 theme skin 121:124 arg1 fibroblasts 126:136 histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 100:136 histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 100:136 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 2 27 theme HA 461:462 arg1 degradation 464:474 HA degradation 461:474 HA degradation 461:474 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 4 28 theme photoaged 724:732 arg1 skin 734:737 photoaged skin 724:737 photoaged skin 724:737 Moreover, histamine's effects on photoaged skin remain elusive. 31949043 5 29 theme HA 794:795 arg1 degradation 797:807 HA degradation 794:807 HA degradation 794:807 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 6 30 theme HYBID 1048:1052 arg1 up-regulation 1054:1066 HYBID up-regulation 1048:1066 HYBID up-regulation 1048:1066 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 9 31 dep increased 1529:1537 arg1 compared 1568:1575 compared 1568:1575 compared with photoprotected skin 1568:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 10 32 theme signaling 1725:1733 arg1 pathways 1735:1742 distinct signaling pathways 1716:1742 distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1 1716:1778 These results indicate that histamine controls HA metabolism by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 via distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1. 31949043 0 33 theme alias 7:11 arg1 HYBID 0:4 HYBID 0:4 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) 0:27 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 0 33 theme alias 7:11 arg1 KIAA1199/CEMIP 13:26 alias KIAA1199/CEMIP 7:26 alias KIAA1199/CEMIP 7:26 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 5 34 theme total 946:950 arg1 HA 988:989 newly produced HA 973:989 newly produced HA 973:989 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 5 34 theme total 946:950 arg1 amounts 952:958 amounts 952:958 amounts 952:958 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 3 35 theme histamine 621:629 arg1 receptors 631:639 histamine receptors 621:639 histamine receptors 621:639 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 10 36 theme histamine 1758:1766 arg1 H1 1777:1778 histamine receptor H1 1758:1778 histamine receptor H1 1758:1778 These results indicate that histamine controls HA metabolism by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 via distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1. 31949043 0 37 theme hyaluronan 33:42 arg1 synthase 44:51 hyaluronan synthase 33:51 hyaluronan synthase 33:51 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 9 38 theme Immunohistochemical 1362:1380 arg1 experiments 1382:1392 Immunohistochemical experiments 1362:1392 Immunohistochemical experiments 1362:1392 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 5 39 theme produced 979:986 arg1 HA 988:989 newly produced HA 973:989 newly produced HA 973:989 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 3 40 theme signaling 651:659 arg1 pathways 661:668 their signaling pathways 645:668 their signaling pathways 645:668 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 2 41 theme called 408:413 arg1 CEMIP 415:419 also called CEMIP 403:419 also called CEMIP 403:419 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 2 41 theme called 408:413 arg1 protein 354:360 hyaluronan-binding protein 335:360 hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization 335:400 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 9 42 theme significant 1405:1415 arg1 increase 1425:1432 a significant ∼2-fold increase 1403:1432 a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin 1403:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 9 43 from cells 1460:1464 arg1 skin 1479:1482 photoaged skin 1469:1482 photoaged skin 1469:1482 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 3 44 from pathways 661:668 arg1 expression 561:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 44 from pathways 661:668 arg1 fibroblasts 678:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 7 45 theme Histamine 1107:1115 arg1 agonist 1120:1126 Histamine H1 agonist 1107:1126 Histamine H1 agonist 1107:1126 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 10 46 theme H1 1777:1778 arg1 downstream 1744:1753 downstream 1744:1753 downstream 1744:1753 These results indicate that histamine controls HA metabolism by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 via distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1. 31949043 3 47 theme synthase 546:553 arg1 expression 561:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 9 48 theme tryptase-positive 1437:1453 arg1 cells 1460:1464 tryptase-positive mast cells 1437:1464 tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin 1437:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 3 49 from receptors 631:639 arg1 expression 561:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 49 from receptors 631:639 arg1 fibroblasts 678:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 2 50 theme hyaluronan 374:383 arg1 depolymerization 385:400 hyaluronan depolymerization 374:400 hyaluronan depolymerization 374:400 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 3 51 from effects 532:538 arg1 expression 561:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 51 from effects 532:538 arg1 fibroblasts 678:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 5 52 theme human 860:864 arg1 fibroblasts 871:881 human skin fibroblasts 860:881 human skin fibroblasts 860:881 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 2 53 theme hyaluronan-binding 335:352 arg1 KIAA1199 424:431 KIAA1199 424:431 KIAA1199 424:431 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 2 53 theme hyaluronan-binding 335:352 arg1 protein 354:360 hyaluronan-binding protein 335:360 hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization 335:400 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 2 53 theme hyaluronan-binding 335:352 arg1 CEMIP 415:419 also called CEMIP 403:419 also called CEMIP 403:419 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 9 54 theme photoaged 1469:1477 arg1 skin 1479:1482 photoaged skin 1469:1482 photoaged skin 1469:1482 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 11 55 theme skewing 1860:1866 arg1 metabolism 1871:1880 skewing HA metabolism 1860:1880 skewing HA metabolism toward degradation 1860:1899 They further suggest that histamine may contribute to photoaged skin damage by skewing HA metabolism toward degradation. 31949043 6 56 from effects 1037:1043 arg1 up-regulation 1054:1066 HYBID up-regulation 1048:1066 HYBID up-regulation 1048:1066 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 6 56 from effects 1037:1043 arg1 suppression 1074:1084 HAS2 suppression 1069:1084 HAS2 suppression 1069:1084 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 6 56 from effects 1037:1043 arg1 degradation 1094:1104 HA degradation 1091:1104 HA degradation 1091:1104 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 2 57 theme HYBID 328:332 arg1 expression 314:323 the expression 310:323 the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation 310:474 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 1 58 theme essential 217:225 arg1 HA 254:255 HA 254:255 HA 254:255 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 1 58 theme essential 217:225 arg1 hyaluronan 242:251 the essential skin component hyaluronan 213:251 the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA) 213:256 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 0 59 from metabolism 86:95 arg1 fibroblasts 126:136 histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 100:136 histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 100:136 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 1 60 theme component 232:240 arg1 HA 254:255 HA 254:255 HA 254:255 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 1 60 theme component 232:240 arg1 hyaluronan 242:251 the essential skin component hyaluronan 213:251 the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA) 213:256 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 8 61 theme protein 1239:1245 arg1 Cδ 1254:1255 protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling 1239:1277 Cδ 1254:1255 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 10 62 theme HA 1650:1651 arg1 metabolism 1653:1662 HA metabolism 1650:1662 HA metabolism 1650:1662 These results indicate that histamine controls HA metabolism by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 via distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1. 31949043 9 63 theme HAS2 1501:1504 arg1 expression 1506:1515 HAS2 expression 1501:1515 HAS2 expression 1501:1515 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 8 64 theme Cδ 1254:1255 arg1 blockade 1227:1234 blockade 1227:1234 blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling 1227:1277 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 1 65 theme immune-regulatory 143:159 arg1 histamine 170:178 The immune-regulatory compound histamine 139:178 The immune-regulatory compound histamine 139:178 The immune-regulatory compound histamine is involved in the metabolism of the essential skin component hyaluronan (HA). 31949043 8 66 theme PI3K-Akt 1260:1267 arg1 signaling 1269:1277 protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling 1239:1277 signaling 1269:1277 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 3 67 theme HA 596:597 arg1 species 599:605 HA species 596:605 HA species produced 596:614 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 6 68 theme H1 1002:1003 arg1 blocker 1005:1011 Histamine H1 blocker 992:1011 Histamine H1 blocker 992:1011 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 7 69 from effects 1138:1144 arg1 breakdown 1177:1185 breakdown 1177:1185 breakdown 1177:1185 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 7 69 from effects 1138:1144 arg1 levels 1152:1157 HA levels 1149:1157 HA levels 1149:1157 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 7 69 from effects 1138:1144 arg1 composition 1160:1170 composition 1160:1170 composition 1160:1170 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 8 70 theme HYBID 1308:1312 arg1 stimulation 1314:1324 histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation 1289:1324 histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation 1289:1324 Of note, blockade of protein kinase Cδ or PI3K-Akt signaling abolished histamine-mediated HYBID stimulation and HAS2 suppression, respectively. 31949043 11 71 theme photoaged 1835:1843 arg1 damage 1850:1855 photoaged skin damage 1835:1855 photoaged skin damage 1835:1855 They further suggest that histamine may contribute to photoaged skin damage by skewing HA metabolism toward degradation. 31949043 0 72 theme histamine-stimulated 100:119 arg1 fibroblasts 126:136 histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 100:136 histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts 100:136 HYBID (alias KIAA1199/CEMIP) and hyaluronan synthase coordinately regulate hyaluronan metabolism in histamine-stimulated skin fibroblasts. 31949043 6 73 theme HAS2 1069:1072 arg1 suppression 1074:1084 HAS2 suppression 1069:1084 HAS2 suppression 1069:1084 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 9 74 theme photoprotected 1582:1595 arg1 skin 1597:1600 photoprotected skin 1582:1600 photoprotected skin 1582:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 7 75 theme HA 1149:1150 arg1 levels 1152:1157 HA levels 1149:1157 HA levels 1149:1157 Histamine H1 agonist exhibited effects on HA levels, composition, and breakdown similar to those of histamine. 31949043 2 76 theme key 449:451 arg1 role 453:456 a key role 447:456 a key role 447:456 We previously reported that histamine up-regulates the expression of HYBID (hyaluronan-binding protein involved in hyaluronan depolymerization, also called CEMIP or KIAA1199), which plays a key role in HA degradation. 31949043 3 77 dep synthase 546:553 arg1 HAS 556:558 HAS 556:558 HAS 556:558 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 78 from sizes 587:591 arg1 expression 561:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 HA synthase (HAS) expression 543:570 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 3 78 from sizes 587:591 arg1 fibroblasts 678:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 skin fibroblasts 673:688 However, no information is available about histamine's effects on HA synthase (HAS) expression, the molecular sizes of HA species produced, and histamine receptors and their signaling pathways in skin fibroblasts. 31949043 10 79 theme distinct 1716:1723 arg1 pathways 1735:1742 distinct signaling pathways 1716:1742 distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1 1716:1778 These results indicate that histamine controls HA metabolism by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 via distinct signaling pathways downstream of histamine receptor H1. 31949043 9 80 from increase 1425:1432 arg1 cells 1460:1464 tryptase-positive mast cells 1437:1464 tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin 1437:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 9 81 theme HYBID 1491:1495 arg1 levels 1517:1522 HYBID and HAS2 expression levels 1491:1522 HYBID and HAS2 expression levels 1491:1522 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 31949043 6 82 theme histamine 1027:1035 arg1 effects 1037:1043 the histamine effects 1023:1043 the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation 1023:1104 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 4 83 from effects 713:719 arg1 skin 734:737 photoaged skin 724:737 photoaged skin 724:737 Moreover, histamine's effects on photoaged skin remain elusive. 31949043 5 84 theme HA 988:989 arg1 HA 988:989 newly produced HA 973:989 newly produced HA 973:989 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 5 84 theme HA 988:989 arg1 sizes 964:968 sizes 964:968 sizes 964:968 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 5 84 theme HA 988:989 arg1 amounts 952:958 amounts 952:958 amounts 952:958 Here, we show that histamine increases HA degradation by up-regulating HYBID and down-regulating HAS2 in human skin fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner and thereby decreases the total amounts and sizes of newly produced HA. 31949043 6 85 theme HA 1091:1092 arg1 degradation 1094:1104 HA degradation 1091:1104 HA degradation 1091:1104 Histamine H1 blocker abrogated the histamine effects on HYBID up-regulation, HAS2 suppression, and HA degradation. 31949043 9 86 theme ∼2-fold 1417:1423 arg1 increase 1425:1432 a significant ∼2-fold increase 1403:1432 a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin 1403:1600 Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant ∼2-fold increase in tryptase-positive mast cells in photoaged skin, where HYBID and HAS2 expression levels were increased and decreased, respectively, compared with photoprotected skin. 33004979 4 0 theme resistance 606:615 arg1 protein 617:623 Multidrug resistance protein 2 596:625 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 2 1 theme right-side 334:343 arg1 inflammation 363:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 6 2 theme bile 907:910 arg1 composition 917:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 3 3 theme underlying 518:527 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms 506:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone 506:593 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 9 4 theme cholestasis-associated 1517:1538 arg1 colitis 1540:1546 cholestasis-associated colitis 1517:1546 cholestasis-associated colitis 1517:1546 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 10 5 theme PSC-IBD 1659:1665 arg1 treatment 1646:1654 potential treatment 1636:1654 potential treatment 1636:1654 Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD. 33004979 10 5 theme PSC-IBD 1659:1665 arg1 pathogenesis 1619:1630 pathogenesis 1619:1630 pathogenesis 1619:1630 Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD. 33004979 3 6 theme chronic 559:565 arg1 diseases 573:580 other chronic liver diseases 553:580 other chronic liver diseases 553:580 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 1 7 theme fibrosing 157:165 arg1 cholangitis 122:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 103:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 103:138 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 7 theme fibrosing 157:165 arg1 disease 185:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease 143:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 143:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 8 theme liver 179:183 arg1 cholangitis 122:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 103:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 103:138 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 8 theme liver 179:183 arg1 disease 185:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease 143:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 143:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 8 9 theme combined 1235:1242 arg1 model 1256:1260 the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model 1231:1260 the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model 1231:1260 In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 6 10 theme adhesion 988:995 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 10 theme adhesion 988:995 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 7 11 theme ursodeoxycholic 1096:1110 arg1 UDCA 1118:1121 UDCA 1118:1121 UDCA 1118:1121 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 7 11 theme ursodeoxycholic 1096:1110 arg1 acid 1112:1115 ursodeoxycholic acid 1096:1115 ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment 1096:1135 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 3 12 theme disease 529:535 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms 506:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone 506:593 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 6 13 theme increased 970:978 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 13 theme increased 970:978 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 4 14 theme cholestatic 671:681 arg1 injury 689:694 spontaneous cholestatic liver injury 659:694 spontaneous cholestatic liver injury 659:694 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 7 15 theme TNF-α-induced 1181:1193 arg1 expression 1216:1225 TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1181:1225 TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1181:1225 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 8 16 theme UDCA 1263:1266 arg1 supplementation 1268:1282 UDCA supplementation 1263:1282 UDCA supplementation 1263:1282 In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 1 17 theme sclerosing 111:120 arg1 cholangitis 122:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 103:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 103:138 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 17 theme sclerosing 111:120 arg1 disease 185:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease 143:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 143:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 17 theme sclerosing 111:120 arg1 PSC 135:137 PSC 135:137 PSC 135:137 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 6 18 theme enhanced 933:940 arg1 susceptibility 950:963 enhanced colitis susceptibility 933:963 enhanced colitis susceptibility 933:963 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 5 19 with mice 778:781 arg1 sodium 804:809 dextran sulfate sodium 788:809 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 788:815 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 5 19 with mice 778:781 arg1 DSS 812:814 DSS 812:814 DSS 812:814 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 3 20 from IBD 585:587 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms 506:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone 506:593 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 4 21 theme human 719:723 arg1 PSC 725:727 human PSC 719:727 human PSC 719:727 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 5 22 theme Mdr2-/- 770:776 arg1 mice 778:781 Mdr2-/- mice 770:781 Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 770:815 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 5 22 theme Mdr2-/- 770:776 arg1 model 741:745 a novel model 733:745 a novel model of PSC-IBD 733:756 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 6 23 theme addressin-cell 1039:1052 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 23 theme addressin-cell 1039:1052 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 23 theme addressin-cell 1039:1052 arg1 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 3 24 from diseases 573:580 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms 506:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone 506:593 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 0 25 theme cholestasis 78:88 arg1 model 60:64 a murine model 51:64 a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis 51:100 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 0 26 theme colitis 94:100 arg1 model 60:64 a murine model 51:64 a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis 51:100 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 9 27 theme potential 1387:1395 arg1 role 1409:1412 a potential mechanistic role 1385:1412 a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis 1385:1546 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 2 28 theme increased 380:388 arg1 risk 390:393 increased risk 380:393 increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD 380:438 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 0 29 theme Bile 0:3 arg1 acids 5:9 Bile acids 0:9 Bile acids 0:9 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 6 30 theme Mdr2-/- 861:867 arg1 mice 869:872 Mdr2-/- mice 861:872 Mdr2-/- mice 861:872 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 10 31 theme new 1598:1600 arg1 insight 1602:1608 new insight 1598:1608 new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD 1598:1665 Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD. 33004979 3 32 theme unique 470:475 arg1 phenotype 477:485 unique phenotype 470:485 unique phenotype 470:485 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 7 33 theme endothelial 1195:1205 arg1 expression 1216:1225 TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1181:1225 TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1181:1225 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 3 34 theme other 553:557 arg1 diseases 573:580 other chronic liver diseases 553:580 other chronic liver diseases 553:580 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 7 35 theme expression 1216:1225 arg1 attenuation 1166:1176 a dose dependent attenuation 1149:1176 a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1149:1225 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 2 36 theme cancer 409:414 arg1 risk 390:393 increased risk 380:393 increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD 380:438 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 2 36 theme cancer 409:414 arg1 inflammation 363:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 0 37 theme MAdCAM-1 28:35 arg1 expression 37:46 colonic MAdCAM-1 expression 20:46 colonic MAdCAM-1 expression 20:46 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 9 38 theme bile 1433:1436 arg1 acid 1438:1441 bile acid 1433:1441 bile acid signaling 1433:1451 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 5 39 theme sulfate 796:802 arg1 sodium 804:809 dextran sulfate sodium 788:809 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 788:815 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 5 39 theme sulfate 796:802 arg1 DSS 812:814 DSS 812:814 DSS 812:814 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 0 40 theme murine 53:58 arg1 model 60:64 a murine model 51:64 a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis 51:100 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 7 41 theme dependent 1156:1164 arg1 attenuation 1166:1176 a dose dependent attenuation 1149:1176 a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1149:1225 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 9 42 from susceptibility 1499:1512 arg1 colitis 1540:1546 cholestasis-associated colitis 1517:1546 cholestasis-associated colitis 1517:1546 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 4 43 theme knockout 627:634 arg1 mice 646:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 1 44 theme inflammatory 226:237 arg1 IBD 254:256 IBD 254:256 IBD 254:256 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 44 theme inflammatory 226:237 arg1 disease 245:251 inflammatory bowel disease 226:251 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 226:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 4 45 theme Mdr2-/- 637:643 arg1 mice 646:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 10 46 theme potential 1636:1644 arg1 treatment 1646:1654 potential treatment 1636:1654 potential treatment 1636:1654 Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD. 33004979 10 47 dep pathogenesis 1619:1630 arg1 the 1615:1617 the 1615:1617 the 1615:1617 Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD. 33004979 2 48 theme predominant 345:355 arg1 inflammation 363:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 9 49 theme colitis 1491:1497 arg1 susceptibility 1499:1512 colitis susceptibility 1491:1512 colitis susceptibility 1491:1512 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 6 50 theme acid 912:915 arg1 composition 917:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 4 51 theme Multidrug 596:604 arg1 protein 617:623 Multidrug resistance protein 2 596:625 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 6 52 from alterations 886:896 arg1 susceptibility 950:963 enhanced colitis susceptibility 933:963 enhanced colitis susceptibility 933:963 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 52 from alterations 886:896 arg1 composition 917:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 3 53 theme liver 567:571 arg1 diseases 573:580 other chronic liver diseases 553:580 other chronic liver diseases 553:580 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 6 54 theme fecal 901:905 arg1 composition 917:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 fecal bile acid composition 901:927 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 4 55 theme protein 617:623 arg1 mice 646:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice 596:649 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 2 56 theme PSC-associated 260:273 arg1 IBD 275:277 PSC-associated IBD 260:277 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) 260:287 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 2 56 theme PSC-associated 260:273 arg1 PSC-IBD 280:286 PSC-IBD 280:286 PSC-IBD 280:286 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 1 57 theme progressive 145:155 arg1 cholangitis 122:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 103:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 103:138 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 57 theme progressive 145:155 arg1 disease 185:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease 143:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 143:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 4 58 theme liver 683:687 arg1 injury 689:694 spontaneous cholestatic liver injury 659:694 spontaneous cholestatic liver injury 659:694 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 7 59 theme acid 1112:1115 arg1 co-treatment 1124:1135 ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment 1096:1135 ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment 1096:1135 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 1 60 theme cholestatic 167:177 arg1 cholangitis 122:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 103:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 103:138 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 60 theme cholestatic 167:177 arg1 disease 185:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease 143:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 143:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 6 61 theme molecule 997:1004 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 61 theme molecule 997:1004 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 8 62 theme colitis 1295:1301 arg1 severity 1303:1310 colitis severity 1295:1310 colitis severity 1295:1310 In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 6 63 theme colonic 980:986 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 63 theme colonic 980:986 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 5 64 theme novel 735:739 arg1 mice 778:781 Mdr2-/- mice 770:781 Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 770:815 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 5 64 theme novel 735:739 arg1 model 741:745 a novel model 733:745 a novel model of PSC-IBD 733:756 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 8 65 theme Mdr2-/-/DSS 1244:1254 arg1 model 1256:1260 the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model 1231:1260 the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model 1231:1260 In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 8 66 theme intestinal 1330:1339 arg1 expression 1350:1359 intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression 1330:1359 intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression 1330:1359 In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 1 67 theme Primary 103:109 arg1 cholangitis 122:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 103:132 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 103:138 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 67 theme Primary 103:109 arg1 disease 185:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease 143:191 a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 143:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 67 theme Primary 103:109 arg1 PSC 135:137 PSC 135:137 PSC 135:137 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 6 68 theme colitis 942:948 arg1 susceptibility 950:963 enhanced colitis susceptibility 933:963 enhanced colitis susceptibility 933:963 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 69 theme adhesion 1054:1061 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 69 theme adhesion 1054:1061 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 69 theme adhesion 1054:1061 arg1 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 5 70 theme PSC-IBD 750:756 arg1 mice 778:781 Mdr2-/- mice 770:781 Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 770:815 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 5 70 theme PSC-IBD 750:756 arg1 model 741:745 a novel model 733:745 a novel model of PSC-IBD 733:756 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 0 71 theme combined 69:76 arg1 cholestasis 78:88 combined cholestasis 69:88 combined cholestasis 69:88 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 6 72 theme mucosal 1031:1037 arg1 expression 1006:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 increased colonic adhesion molecule expression 970:1015 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 72 theme mucosal 1031:1037 arg1 molecule 1063:1070 mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 1031:1072 particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) 1018:1083 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 6 72 theme mucosal 1031:1037 arg1 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 MAdCAM-1 1075:1082 Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). 33004979 2 73 theme unique 300:305 arg1 phenotype 307:315 a unique phenotype 298:315 a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD 298:438 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 9 74 from alterations 1418:1428 arg1 signaling 1443:1451 bile acid signaling 1433:1451 bile acid signaling 1433:1451 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 3 75 theme frequent 445:452 arg1 association 454:464 frequent association 445:464 frequent association 445:464 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 7 76 theme MAdCAM-1 1207:1214 arg1 expression 1216:1225 TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1181:1225 TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression 1181:1225 In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 9 77 theme mechanistic 1397:1407 arg1 role 1409:1412 a potential mechanistic role 1385:1412 a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis 1385:1546 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 0 78 theme colonic 20:26 arg1 expression 37:46 colonic MAdCAM-1 expression 20:46 colonic MAdCAM-1 expression 20:46 Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. 33004979 5 79 theme dextran 788:794 arg1 sodium 804:809 dextran sulfate sodium 788:809 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 788:815 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 5 79 theme dextran 788:794 arg1 DSS 812:814 DSS 812:814 DSS 812:814 As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). 33004979 8 80 theme MAdCAM-1 1341:1348 arg1 expression 1350:1359 intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression 1330:1359 intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression 1330:1359 In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. 33004979 10 81 theme novel 1582:1586 arg1 model 1588:1592 a novel model 1580:1592 a novel model 1580:1592 Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD. 33004979 2 82 theme colorectal 398:407 arg1 cancer 409:414 colorectal cancer 398:414 colorectal cancer 398:414 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 9 83 theme acid 1438:1441 arg1 signaling 1443:1451 bile acid signaling 1433:1451 bile acid signaling 1433:1451 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 9 84 from expression 1476:1485 arg1 colitis 1540:1546 cholestasis-associated colitis 1517:1546 cholestasis-associated colitis 1517:1546 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 3 85 theme distinctive 506:516 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms 506:546 distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone 506:593 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 3 86 dep association 454:464 arg1 The 441:443 The 441:443 The 441:443 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 3 87 theme PSC-IBD 490:496 arg1 association 454:464 frequent association 445:464 frequent association 445:464 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 3 87 theme PSC-IBD 490:496 arg1 phenotype 477:485 unique phenotype 470:485 unique phenotype 470:485 The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. 33004979 9 88 theme MAdCAM-1 1467:1474 arg1 expression 1476:1485 MAdCAM-1 expression 1467:1485 MAdCAM-1 expression 1467:1485 These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. 33004979 4 89 theme spontaneous 659:669 arg1 injury 689:694 spontaneous cholestatic liver injury 659:694 spontaneous cholestatic liver injury 659:694 Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. 33004979 2 90 theme colon 357:361 arg1 inflammation 363:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 right-side predominant colon inflammation 334:374 PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. 33004979 1 91 theme bowel 239:243 arg1 IBD 254:256 IBD 254:256 IBD 254:256 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 33004979 1 91 theme bowel 239:243 arg1 disease 245:251 inflammatory bowel disease 226:251 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 226:257 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 34832175 0 0 theme Lime-Metakaolin 70:84 arg1 Paste 86:90 Lime-Metakaolin Paste 70:90 Lime-Metakaolin Paste 70:90 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 10 1 theme water 1236:1240 arg1 absorption 1242:1251 water absorption 1236:1251 water absorption 1236:1251 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 12 2 dep soaked 1501:1506 arg1 not 1497:1499 not 1497:1499 not 1497:1499 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 1 3 theme concretes 238:246 arg1 properties 212:221 the properties 208:221 the properties of mortars and concretes 208:246 Organic admixtures based on polysaccharides are used in construction for modifying the properties of mortars and concretes. 34832175 5 4 theme compressive 671:681 arg1 strength 683:690 flexural and compressive strength 658:690 the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 620:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 0 5 from Influence 4:12 arg1 Properties 56:65 the Mechanical Properties 41:65 the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste 41:90 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 10 6 theme compressive 1257:1267 arg1 strength 1269:1276 compressive strength 1257:1276 compressive strength 1257:1276 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 11 7 theme composite 1327:1335 arg1 strength 1311:1318 The strength 1307:1318 The strength of the composite soaked in water 1307:1351 The strength of the composite soaked in water was also tested. 34832175 6 8 theme paste 759:763 arg1 porosity 743:750 the total porosity 733:750 the total porosity of the paste 733:763 The admixture enhanced the total porosity of the paste, increasing the pore diameter compared with the reference formulation. 34832175 10 9 theme hemp 1281:1284 arg1 concrete 1286:1293 hemp concrete 1281:1293 hemp concrete 1281:1293 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 5 10 theme size 629:632 arg1 distribution 634:645 the pore size distribution 620:645 the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 620:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 2 11 theme Gum 249:251 arg1 example 266:272 an example 263:272 an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer 263:309 Gum arabic is an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer. 34832175 2 11 theme Gum 249:251 arg1 arabic 253:258 Gum arabic 249:258 Gum arabic 249:258 Gum arabic is an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer. 34832175 4 12 theme binder 574:579 arg1 mix 581:583 the binder mix 570:583 the binder mix 570:583 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 0 13 theme Paste 86:90 arg1 Properties 56:65 the Mechanical Properties 41:65 the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste 41:90 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 10 14 theme modification 1216:1227 arg1 influence 1196:1204 The influence 1192:1204 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete 1192:1293 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 3 15 theme article 327:333 arg1 aim 316:318 The aim 312:318 The aim of the article 312:333 The aim of the article was to investigate the possibilities of improving the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin. 34832175 9 16 theme tested 1119:1124 arg1 binder 1148:1153 a binder 1146:1153 a binder in a composite based on hemp shives 1146:1189 The tested pastes were used as a binder in a composite based on hemp shives. 34832175 9 16 theme tested 1119:1124 arg1 pastes 1126:1131 The tested pastes 1115:1131 The tested pastes 1115:1131 The tested pastes were used as a binder in a composite based on hemp shives. 34832175 12 17 with modification 1374:1385 arg1 gum 1406:1408 gum 1406:1408 gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% 1406:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 18 from amount 1424:1429 arg1 arabic 1410:1415 arabic 1410:1415 arabic 1410:1415 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 3 19 theme paste 421:425 arg1 parameters 398:407 the strength parameters 385:407 the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin 385:463 The aim of the article was to investigate the possibilities of improving the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin. 34832175 9 20 used used 1138:1141 arg2 pastes 1126:1131 The tested pastes 1115:1131 The tested pastes 1115:1131 The tested pastes were used as a binder in a composite based on hemp shives. 34832175 9 20 used used 1138:1141 arg2 binder 1148:1153 a binder 1146:1153 a binder in a composite based on hemp shives 1146:1189 The tested pastes were used as a binder in a composite based on hemp shives. 34832175 8 21 from increase 985:992 arg1 strengths 1073:1081 the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths 997:1081 the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively) 997:1112 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 10 22 theme binder 1209:1214 arg1 modification 1216:1227 binder modification 1209:1227 binder modification 1209:1227 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 10 23 dep absorption 1242:1251 arg1 the 1232:1234 the 1232:1234 the 1232:1234 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 12 24 theme % 1435:1435 arg1 % 1442:1442 5% 1441:1442 5% 1441:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 24 theme % 1435:1435 arg1 amount 1424:1429 the amount 1420:1429 the amount of 3% and 5% 1420:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 24 theme % 1435:1435 arg1 % 1435:1435 3% 1434:1435 3% 1434:1435 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 4 25 from % 522:522 arg1 arabic 507:512 arabic 507:512 arabic 507:512 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 6 26 theme pore 781:784 arg1 diameter 786:793 the pore diameter 777:793 the pore diameter 777:793 The admixture enhanced the total porosity of the paste, increasing the pore diameter compared with the reference formulation. 34832175 12 27 theme hemp 1482:1485 arg1 concrete 1487:1494 hemp concrete 1482:1494 hemp concrete (not soaked in water) 1482:1516 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 6 28 theme reference 813:821 arg1 formulation 823:833 the reference formulation 809:833 the reference formulation 809:833 The admixture enhanced the total porosity of the paste, increasing the pore diameter compared with the reference formulation. 34832175 4 29 theme powdered 494:501 arg1 gum 503:505 powdered gum 494:505 powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) 494:539 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 4 30 mod modified 480:487 arg3 gum 503:505 powdered gum 494:505 powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) 494:539 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 4 30 mod modified 480:487 arg1 replacement 554:564 a partial replacement 544:564 a partial replacement for the binder mix 544:583 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 4 30 mod modified 480:487 arg1 paste 470:474 The paste 466:474 The paste 466:474 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 2 31 theme biopolymer 300:309 arg1 example 266:272 an example 263:272 an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer 263:309 Gum arabic is an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer. 34832175 2 31 theme biopolymer 300:309 arg1 arabic 253:258 Gum arabic 249:258 Gum arabic 249:258 Gum arabic is an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer. 34832175 12 32 theme arabic 1410:1415 arg1 gum 1406:1408 gum 1406:1408 gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% 1406:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 3 33 theme binder 414:419 arg1 paste 421:425 a binder paste 412:425 a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin 412:463 The aim of the article was to investigate the possibilities of improving the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin. 34832175 0 34 theme Gum 17:19 arg1 Admixture 28:36 Gum Arabic Admixture 17:36 Gum Arabic Admixture 17:36 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 8 35 from admixture 927:935 arg1 amount 944:949 the amount 940:949 the amount of 3% and 5% 940:962 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 35 from admixture 927:935 arg1 % 955:955 3% 954:955 3% 954:955 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 35 from admixture 927:935 arg1 % 962:962 5% 961:962 5% 961:962 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 5 36 theme admixture 607:615 arg1 influence 590:598 The influence 586:598 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 586:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 2 37 theme polysaccharide-based 279:298 arg1 biopolymer 300:309 a polysaccharide-based biopolymer 277:309 a polysaccharide-based biopolymer 277:309 Gum arabic is an example of a polysaccharide-based biopolymer. 34832175 4 38 theme partial 546:552 arg1 replacement 554:564 a partial replacement 544:564 a partial replacement for the binder mix 544:583 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 4 38 theme partial 546:552 arg1 paste 470:474 The paste 466:474 The paste 466:474 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 4 39 from % 518:518 arg1 arabic 507:512 arabic 507:512 arabic 507:512 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 8 40 from % 1023:1023 arg1 relation 1028:1035 relation 1028:1035 relation to reference paste 1028:1054 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 41 theme % 955:955 arg1 amount 944:949 the amount 940:949 the amount of 3% and 5% 940:962 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 41 theme % 955:955 arg1 % 955:955 3% 954:955 3% 954:955 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 41 theme % 955:955 arg1 % 962:962 5% 961:962 5% 961:962 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 12 42 theme concrete 1487:1494 arg1 strength 1470:1477 the compressive strength 1454:1477 the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) 1454:1516 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 10 43 from influence 1196:1204 arg1 absorption 1242:1251 water absorption 1236:1251 water absorption 1236:1251 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 10 43 from influence 1196:1204 arg1 strength 1269:1276 compressive strength 1257:1276 compressive strength 1257:1276 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 0 44 theme Admixture 28:36 arg1 Influence 4:12 The Influence 0:12 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste 0:90 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 12 45 theme binder 1394:1399 arg1 modification 1374:1385 The modification 1370:1385 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% 1370:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 8 46 theme % 962:962 arg1 amount 944:949 the amount 940:949 the amount of 3% and 5% 940:962 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 46 theme % 962:962 arg1 % 955:955 3% 954:955 3% 954:955 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 46 theme % 962:962 arg1 % 962:962 5% 961:962 5% 961:962 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 0 47 theme Arabic 21:26 arg1 Admixture 28:36 Gum Arabic Admixture 17:36 Gum Arabic Admixture 17:36 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 4 48 theme arabic 507:512 arg1 gum 503:505 powdered gum 494:505 powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) 494:539 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34832175 5 49 theme pore 624:627 arg1 distribution 634:645 the pore size distribution 620:645 the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 620:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 8 50 theme flexural 1001:1008 arg1 strengths 1073:1081 the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths 997:1081 the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively) 997:1112 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 8 51 theme reference 1040:1048 arg1 paste 1050:1054 reference paste 1040:1054 reference paste 1040:1054 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 3 52 theme hydrated 436:443 arg1 lime 445:448 hydrated lime 436:448 hydrated lime 436:448 The aim of the article was to investigate the possibilities of improving the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin. 34832175 8 53 theme compressive 1061:1071 arg1 strengths 1073:1081 the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths 997:1081 the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively) 997:1112 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 5 54 theme flexural 658:665 arg1 strength 683:690 flexural and compressive strength 658:690 the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 620:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 3 55 theme strength 389:396 arg1 parameters 398:407 the strength parameters 385:407 the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin 385:463 The aim of the article was to investigate the possibilities of improving the strength parameters of a binder paste based on hydrated lime and metakaolin. 34832175 0 56 from Binder 100:105 arg1 Concrete 115:122 Concrete 115:122 Concrete 115:122 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 8 57 dep flexural 1001:1008 arg1 % 1023:1023 about 300% 1014:1023 about 300% in relation to reference paste 1014:1054 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 7 58 theme mechanical 890:899 arg1 strength 901:908 the mechanical strength 886:908 the mechanical strength 886:908 The increase in porosity, in turn, did not reduce the mechanical strength. 34832175 7 59 from increase 840:847 arg1 porosity 852:859 porosity 852:859 porosity 852:859 The increase in porosity, in turn, did not reduce the mechanical strength. 34832175 7 59 from increase 840:847 arg1 turn 865:868 turn 865:868 turn 865:868 The increase in porosity, in turn, did not reduce the mechanical strength. 34832175 12 60 theme compressive 1458:1468 arg1 strength 1470:1477 the compressive strength 1454:1477 the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) 1454:1516 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 61 theme mass 1563:1566 arg1 absorptivity 1568:1579 the mass absorptivity 1559:1579 the mass absorptivity 1559:1579 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 9 62 from binder 1148:1153 arg1 composite 1160:1168 a composite 1158:1168 a composite based on hemp shives 1158:1189 The tested pastes were used as a binder in a composite based on hemp shives. 34832175 12 63 from arabic 1410:1415 arg1 % 1442:1442 5% 1441:1442 5% 1441:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 63 from arabic 1410:1415 arg1 amount 1424:1429 the amount 1420:1429 the amount of 3% and 5% 1420:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 63 from arabic 1410:1415 arg1 % 1435:1435 3% 1434:1435 3% 1434:1435 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 8 64 theme significant 973:983 arg1 increase 985:992 a significant increase 971:992 a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively) 971:1112 Conversely, the admixture in the amount of 3% and 5% caused a significant increase in the flexural (by about 300% in relation to reference paste) and compressive strengths (by 25% and 60%, respectively). 34832175 1 65 used used 173:176 arg2 admixtures 133:142 Organic admixtures 125:142 Organic admixtures based on polysaccharides 125:167 Organic admixtures based on polysaccharides are used in construction for modifying the properties of mortars and concretes. 34832175 12 66 dep concrete 1487:1494 arg1 soaked 1501:1506 soaked 1501:1506 soaked in water 1501:1515 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 9 67 theme hemp 1179:1182 arg1 shives 1184:1189 hemp shives 1179:1189 hemp shives 1179:1189 The tested pastes were used as a binder in a composite based on hemp shives. 34832175 10 68 theme concrete 1286:1293 arg1 absorption 1242:1251 water absorption 1236:1251 water absorption 1236:1251 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 10 68 theme concrete 1286:1293 arg1 strength 1269:1276 compressive strength 1257:1276 compressive strength 1257:1276 The influence of binder modification on the water absorption and compressive strength of hemp concrete was tested. 34832175 6 69 theme total 737:741 arg1 porosity 743:750 the total porosity 733:750 the total porosity of the paste 733:763 The admixture enhanced the total porosity of the paste, increasing the pore diameter compared with the reference formulation. 34832175 1 70 theme Organic 125:131 arg1 admixtures 133:142 Organic admixtures 125:142 Organic admixtures based on polysaccharides 125:167 Organic admixtures based on polysaccharides are used in construction for modifying the properties of mortars and concretes. 34832175 1 71 theme mortars 226:232 arg1 properties 212:221 the properties 208:221 the properties of mortars and concretes 208:246 Organic admixtures based on polysaccharides are used in construction for modifying the properties of mortars and concretes. 34832175 0 72 theme Mechanical 45:54 arg1 Properties 56:65 the Mechanical Properties 41:65 the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste 41:90 The Influence of Gum Arabic Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Paste Used as Binder in Hemp Concrete. 34832175 5 73 from influence 590:598 arg1 strength 683:690 flexural and compressive strength 658:690 the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 620:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 5 73 from influence 590:598 arg1 distribution 634:645 the pore size distribution 620:645 the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength 620:690 The influence of the admixture on the pore size distribution as well as flexural and compressive strength was investigated. 34832175 12 74 theme % 1442:1442 arg1 % 1442:1442 5% 1441:1442 5% 1441:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 74 theme % 1442:1442 arg1 amount 1424:1429 the amount 1420:1429 the amount of 3% and 5% 1420:1442 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 12 74 theme % 1442:1442 arg1 % 1435:1435 3% 1434:1435 3% 1434:1435 The modification of the binder with gum arabic in the amount of 3% and 5% increased the compressive strength of hemp concrete (not soaked in water) by 53% and 92%, respectively and reduced the mass absorptivity by 6.6% and 10.4%, respectively. 34832175 4 75 from % 529:529 arg1 arabic 507:512 arabic 507:512 arabic 507:512 The paste was modified with powdered gum arabic at 1%, 3% and 5% (by mass) as a partial replacement for the binder mix. 34175617 0 0 theme resilient 69:77 arg1 crumbs 79:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs 50:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds 50:119 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 1 1 from solubilization 157:170 arg1 flours 209:214 okra flours 204:214 okra flours 204:214 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 1 1 from solubilization 157:170 arg1 changes 224:230 the changes 220:230 the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics 220:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 1 2 theme free 250:253 arg1 phenolics 265:273 free and bound phenolics 250:273 free and bound phenolics 250:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 2 3 dep 10.02 g/100 g. 529:542 arg1 to 526:527 to 526:527 to 526:527 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 4 theme significant 581:591 arg1 increase 593:600 a significant increase 579:600 a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction 579:837 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 5 theme quercetin-3-O-glucoside 781:803 arg1 portion 770:776 a small portion 762:776 a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside 762:803 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 0 6 theme rich 86:89 arg1 crumbs 79:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs 50:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds 50:119 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 3 7 theme % 872:872 arg1 level 886:890 15% replacement level 870:890 15% replacement level 870:890 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 1 8 theme bound 259:263 arg1 phenolics 265:273 free and bound phenolics 250:273 free and bound phenolics 250:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 2 9 theme fiber 510:514 arg1 increase 482:489 an increase 479:489 an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 479:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 10 theme phenolic 620:627 arg1 acids 629:633 phenolic acids 620:633 phenolic acids 620:633 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 10 theme phenolic 620:627 arg1 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 11 theme acids 629:633 arg1 increase 593:600 a significant increase 579:600 a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction 579:837 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 3 12 from EWF-EOF 858:864 arg1 crumbs 846:851 Bread crumbs 840:851 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) 840:891 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 2 13 theme epigallocatechin 725:740 arg1 acid 676:679 ferulic acid 668:679 ferulic acid 668:679 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 13 theme epigallocatechin 725:740 arg1 degradation 705:715 the thermal degradation 693:715 the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin 693:740 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 1 14 theme cell 175:178 arg1 polysaccharides 185:199 cell wall polysaccharides 175:199 cell wall polysaccharides 175:199 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 0 15 theme health-promoting 94:109 arg1 compounds 111:119 health-promoting compounds 94:119 health-promoting compounds 94:119 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 3 16 theme textural 1095:1102 arg1 attributes 1104:1113 the textural attributes 1091:1113 the textural attributes of wheat bread 1091:1128 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 2 17 theme bound 614:618 arg1 acids 629:633 phenolic acids 620:633 phenolic acids 620:633 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 17 theme bound 614:618 arg1 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 18 theme ferulic 668:674 arg1 acid 676:679 ferulic acid 668:679 ferulic acid 668:679 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 19 theme extruded 328:335 arg1 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 19 theme extruded 328:335 arg1 flour 361:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour 328:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) 328:374 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 20 theme free 720:723 arg1 epigallocatechin 725:740 free epigallocatechin 720:740 free epigallocatechin 720:740 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 1 21 theme wall 180:183 arg1 polysaccharides 185:199 cell wall polysaccharides 175:199 cell wall polysaccharides 175:199 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 0 22 theme wheat/okra 12:21 arg1 blends 33:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends 0:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends 0:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 2 23 theme dietary 502:508 arg1 fiber 510:514 soluble dietary fiber 494:514 soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 494:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 3 24 theme 15 870:871 arg1 % 872:872 % 872:872 % 872:872 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 1 25 theme polysaccharides 185:199 arg1 solubilization 157:170 the partial solubilization 145:170 the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics 145:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 0 26 theme Co-extruded 0:10 arg1 blends 33:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends 0:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends 0:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 1 27 theme phenolics 265:273 arg1 profile 239:245 the profile 235:245 the profile of free and bound phenolics 235:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 2 28 theme free 605:608 arg1 acids 629:633 phenolic acids 620:633 phenolic acids 620:633 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 28 theme free 605:608 arg1 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 29 theme composite 431:439 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 30 theme extruded 380:387 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 31 theme binding 751:757 arg1 increase 593:600 a significant increase 579:600 a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction 579:837 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 1 32 theme okra 204:207 arg1 flours 209:214 okra flours 204:214 okra flours 204:214 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 0 33 theme composite 23:31 arg1 blends 33:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends 0:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends 0:38 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 1 34 theme twin-screw 283:292 arg1 extrusion 294:302 twin-screw extrusion 283:302 twin-screw extrusion 283:302 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 2 35 from increase 482:489 arg1 Extrusion 544:552 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion 521:552 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 521:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 3 36 theme replacement 874:884 arg1 level 886:890 15% replacement level 870:890 15% replacement level 870:890 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 3 37 theme Bread 840:844 arg1 crumbs 846:851 Bread crumbs 840:851 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) 840:891 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 3 38 from level 886:890 arg1 EWF-EOF 858:864 EWF-EOF 858:864 EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) 858:891 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 2 39 theme flour 415:419 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 40 theme flour-extruded 395:408 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 3 41 dep 7.54 1023:1026 arg1 to 1020:1021 to 1020:1021 to 1020:1021 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 3 42 theme wheat 1118:1122 arg1 bread 1124:1128 wheat bread 1118:1128 wheat bread 1118:1128 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 2 43 theme okra 410:413 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 3 44 theme lower 919:923 arg1 hardness 925:932 a significantly lower hardness 903:932 a significantly lower hardness 903:932 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 2 45 theme okra 356:359 arg1 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 45 theme okra 356:359 arg1 flour 361:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour 328:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) 328:374 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 0 46 theme soft 50:53 arg1 crumbs 79:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs 50:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds 50:119 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 3 47 theme bread 1124:1128 arg1 attributes 1104:1113 the textural attributes 1091:1113 the textural attributes of wheat bread 1091:1128 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 0 48 from compounds 111:119 arg1 rich 86:89 rich 86:89 rich 86:89 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 2 49 theme flour-native 343:354 arg1 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 49 theme flour-native 343:354 arg1 flour 361:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour 328:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) 328:374 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 1 50 from changes 224:230 arg1 profile 239:245 the profile 235:245 the profile of free and bound phenolics 235:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 3 51 dep elasticity 945:954 arg1 0.99 1031:1034 0.99 1031:1034 0.99 1031:1034 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 3 51 dep elasticity 945:954 arg1 0.35 1046:1049 0.35 1046:1049 0.35 1046:1049 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 1 52 from flours 209:214 arg1 profile 239:245 the profile 235:245 the profile of free and bound phenolics 235:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 2 53 theme wheat 337:341 arg1 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 EWF-OF 368:373 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 53 theme wheat 337:341 arg1 flour 361:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour 328:365 extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) 328:374 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 54 theme portion 770:776 arg1 acids 629:633 phenolic acids 620:633 phenolic acids 620:633 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 54 theme portion 770:776 arg1 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 latter 640:645 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 54 theme portion 770:776 arg1 binding 751:757 the binding 747:757 the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction 747:837 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 55 theme okra 557:560 arg1 Extrusion 544:552 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion 521:552 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 521:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 56 theme thermal 697:703 arg1 degradation 705:715 the thermal degradation 693:715 the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin 693:740 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 57 theme small 764:768 arg1 portion 770:776 a small portion 762:776 a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside 762:803 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 58 theme soluble 494:500 arg1 fiber 510:514 soluble dietary fiber 494:514 soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 494:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 0 59 from rich 86:89 arg1 compounds 111:119 health-promoting compounds 94:119 health-promoting compounds 94:119 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 2 60 theme EWF-EOF 422:428 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 61 theme wheat 389:393 arg1 blends 441:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends 380:446 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 0 62 theme cohesive 56:63 arg1 crumbs 79:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs 50:84 soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds 50:119 Co-extruded wheat/okra composite blends result in soft, cohesive and resilient crumbs rich in health-promoting compounds. 34175617 2 63 from Extrusion 544:552 arg1 fiber 510:514 soluble dietary fiber 494:514 soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 494:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 2 63 from Extrusion 544:552 arg1 increase 482:489 an increase 479:489 an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra 479:560 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34175617 3 64 theme higher 938:943 arg1 elasticity 945:954 higher elasticity 938:954 higher elasticity 938:954 Bread crumbs from EWF-EOF (at 15% replacement level) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and higher elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience (from 28.28 N, 0.94, 0.49 and 0.17 to 7.54 N, 0.99, 0.70 and 0.35, respectively), which closely resembled the textural attributes of wheat bread. 34175617 1 65 theme partial 149:155 arg1 solubilization 157:170 the partial solubilization 145:170 the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics 145:273 This work investigates the partial solubilization of cell wall polysaccharides in okra flours and the changes in the profile of free and bound phenolics through twin-screw extrusion. 34175617 2 66 theme carbohydrate 817:828 arg1 fraction 830:837 a carbohydrate fraction 815:837 a carbohydrate fraction 815:837 The comparison between extruded wheat flour-native okra flour (EWF-OF) and extruded wheat flour-extruded okra flour (EWF-EOF) composite blends revealed that extrusion led to an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 7.76 to 10.02 g/100 g. Extrusion of okra also resulted in a significant increase of free and bound phenolic acids, the latter consisting mostly of ferulic acid, as well as the thermal degradation of free epigallocatechin, and the binding of a small portion of quercetin-3-O-glucoside likely to a carbohydrate fraction. 34402647 1 0 theme Lactococcus 333:343 arg1 lactis 345:350 Lactococcus lactis 333:350 Lactococcus lactis 333:350 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 4 1 theme associated 905:914 arg1 polysaccharides 926:940 the associated cell wall polysaccharides 901:940 the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) 901:947 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 1 theme associated 905:914 arg1 CWPS 943:946 CWPS 943:946 CWPS 943:946 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 1 2 theme Food 165:168 arg1 fermentations 170:182 Food fermentations 165:182 Food fermentations 165:182 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 0 3 theme Acid 102:105 arg1 Bacteria 107:114 Lactic Acid Bacteria 95:114 Lactic Acid Bacteria 95:114 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 5 4 theme findings 1142:1149 arg1 implications 1120:1131 the implications 1116:1131 the implications of these findings 1116:1149 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 5 4 theme findings 1142:1149 arg1 development 1064:1074 the development 1060:1074 the development of rational starter culture systems 1060:1110 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 5 5 theme recognition 1013:1023 arg1 identification 983:996 the identification 979:996 the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies 979:1046 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 0 6 from Streptococci 151:162 arg1 Lessons 117:123 Lessons 117:123 Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci 117:162 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 0 7 theme Lactic 95:100 arg1 Bacteria 107:114 Lactic Acid Bacteria 95:114 Lactic Acid Bacteria 95:114 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 5 8 theme culture 1096:1102 arg1 systems 1104:1110 rational starter culture systems 1079:1110 rational starter culture systems 1079:1110 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 9 theme chemical 867:874 arg1 composition/structure 876:896 the chemical composition/structure 863:896 the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) 863:947 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 10 theme interactome 766:776 arg1 combination 673:683 a combination 671:683 a combination of functional and comparative genomics 671:722 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 10 theme interactome 766:776 arg1 analysis 739:746 structural analysis 728:746 structural analysis of the phage-host interactome 728:776 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 11 attach link 801:804 arg2 it 779:780 it 779:780 it 779:780 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 11 attach link 801:804 arg1 composition/structure 876:896 the chemical composition/structure 863:896 the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) 863:947 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 12 theme functional 688:697 arg1 genomics 715:722 functional and comparative genomics 688:722 genomics 715:722 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 5 13 theme systems 1104:1110 arg1 implications 1120:1131 the implications 1116:1131 the implications of these findings 1116:1149 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 5 13 theme systems 1104:1110 arg1 development 1064:1074 the development 1060:1074 the development of rational starter culture systems 1060:1110 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 14 theme certain 834:840 arg1 species 852:858 certain bacterial species 834:858 certain bacterial species 834:858 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 0 15 theme Cell 0:3 arg1 Polysaccharides 13:27 Cell Surface Polysaccharides 0:27 Cell Surface Polysaccharides 0:27 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 2 16 theme phage 402:406 arg1 proliferation 409:421 Bacteriophage (or phage) proliferation 384:421 proliferation 409:421 Bacteriophage (or phage) proliferation remains one of the most significant threats to the fermentation industry. 34402647 0 17 theme Surface 5:11 arg1 Polysaccharides 13:27 Cell Surface Polysaccharides 0:27 Cell Surface Polysaccharides 0:27 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 4 18 theme species 852:858 arg1 strains 823:829 strains 823:829 strains of certain bacterial species 823:858 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 2 19 theme significant 447:457 arg1 threats 459:465 the most significant threats 438:465 the most significant threats to the fermentation industry 438:494 Bacteriophage (or phage) proliferation remains one of the most significant threats to the fermentation industry. 34402647 5 20 theme sustainable 1169:1179 arg1 systems 1197:1203 sustainable food production systems 1169:1203 sustainable food production systems 1169:1203 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 21 theme bacterial 842:850 arg1 species 852:858 certain bacterial species 834:858 certain bacterial species 834:858 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 5 22 theme food 1181:1184 arg1 systems 1197:1203 sustainable food production systems 1169:1203 sustainable food production systems 1169:1203 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 23 theme polysaccharides 926:940 arg1 composition/structure 876:896 the chemical composition/structure 863:896 the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) 863:947 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 3 24 theme fermented 556:564 arg1 foods 566:570 fermented foods 556:570 fermented foods 556:570 Therefore, it is imperative to define the phage ecology of fermented foods and to elucidate the mechanisms by which they recognize and bind to their bacterial hosts. 34402647 5 25 theme production 1186:1195 arg1 systems 1197:1203 sustainable food production systems 1169:1203 sustainable food production systems 1169:1203 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 26 theme wall 921:924 arg1 polysaccharides 926:940 the associated cell wall polysaccharides 901:940 the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) 901:947 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 26 theme wall 921:924 arg1 CWPS 943:946 CWPS 943:946 CWPS 943:946 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 3 27 theme foods 566:570 arg1 ecology 545:551 the phage ecology 535:551 the phage ecology of fermented foods 535:570 Therefore, it is imperative to define the phage ecology of fermented foods and to elucidate the mechanisms by which they recognize and bind to their bacterial hosts. 34402647 0 28 theme Common 41:46 arg1 Strategy 48:55 a Common Strategy 39:55 a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria 39:114 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 5 29 theme systems 1197:1203 arg1 context 1158:1164 the context 1154:1164 the context of sustainable food production systems 1154:1203 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 3 30 theme bacterial 646:654 arg1 hosts 656:660 their bacterial hosts 640:660 their bacterial hosts 640:660 Therefore, it is imperative to define the phage ecology of fermented foods and to elucidate the mechanisms by which they recognize and bind to their bacterial hosts. 34402647 5 31 theme common 1001:1006 arg1 recognition 1013:1023 common host recognition 1001:1023 common host recognition 1001:1023 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 1 32 theme robust 211:216 arg1 cultures 236:243 robust bacterial starter cultures 211:243 robust bacterial starter cultures 211:243 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 2 33 theme fermentation 474:485 arg1 industry 487:494 the fermentation industry 470:494 the fermentation industry 470:494 Bacteriophage (or phage) proliferation remains one of the most significant threats to the fermentation industry. 34402647 0 34 theme Dairy 130:134 arg1 Lactococci 136:145 Dairy Lactococci 130:145 Dairy Lactococci 130:145 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 5 35 theme rational 1079:1086 arg1 systems 1104:1110 rational starter culture systems 1079:1110 rational starter culture systems 1079:1110 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 0 36 from Lactococci 136:145 arg1 Lessons 117:123 Lessons 117:123 Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci 117:162 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 1 37 theme bacterial 218:226 arg1 cultures 236:243 robust bacterial starter cultures 211:243 robust bacterial starter cultures 211:243 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 1 38 theme lactic 302:307 arg1 lactis 345:350 Lactococcus lactis 333:350 Lactococcus lactis 333:350 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 1 38 theme lactic 302:307 arg1 thermophilus 370:381 Streptococcus thermophilus 356:381 Streptococcus thermophilus 356:381 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 1 38 theme lactic 302:307 arg1 bacteria 314:321 the lactic acid bacteria 298:321 the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus 298:381 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 5 39 theme starter 1088:1094 arg1 systems 1104:1110 rational starter culture systems 1079:1110 rational starter culture systems 1079:1110 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 40 theme strains 823:829 arg1 genotypes 810:818 the genotypes 806:818 the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species 806:858 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 41 theme genomics 715:722 arg1 combination 673:683 a combination 671:683 a combination of functional and comparative genomics 671:722 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 41 theme genomics 715:722 arg1 analysis 739:746 structural analysis 728:746 structural analysis of the phage-host interactome 728:776 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 1 42 theme acid 309:312 arg1 lactis 345:350 Lactococcus lactis 333:350 Lactococcus lactis 333:350 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 1 42 theme acid 309:312 arg1 thermophilus 370:381 Streptococcus thermophilus 356:381 Streptococcus thermophilus 356:381 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 1 42 theme acid 309:312 arg1 bacteria 314:321 the lactic acid bacteria 298:321 the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus 298:381 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 5 43 theme binding 1029:1035 arg1 strategies 1037:1046 binding strategies 1029:1046 binding strategies 1029:1046 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 44 theme comparative 703:713 arg1 genomics 715:722 functional and comparative genomics 688:722 genomics 715:722 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 1 45 theme bacteria 314:321 arg1 members 287:293 members 287:293 members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus 287:381 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 4 46 theme cell 916:919 arg1 polysaccharides 926:940 the associated cell wall polysaccharides 901:940 the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) 901:947 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 46 theme cell 916:919 arg1 CWPS 943:946 CWPS 943:946 CWPS 943:946 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 5 47 theme strategies 1037:1046 arg1 identification 983:996 the identification 979:996 the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies 979:1046 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 0 48 dep Represent 29:37 arg1 Lessons 117:123 Lessons 117:123 Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci 117:162 Cell Surface Polysaccharides Represent a Common Strategy for Adsorption among Phages Infecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: Lessons from Dairy Lactococci and Streptococci. 34402647 5 49 theme host 1008:1011 arg1 recognition 1013:1023 common host recognition 1001:1023 common host recognition 1001:1023 In this paper, I discuss how the identification of common host recognition and binding strategies facilitates the development of rational starter culture systems and the implications of these findings in the context of sustainable food production systems. 34402647 4 50 theme structural 728:737 arg1 analysis 739:746 structural analysis 728:746 structural analysis of the phage-host interactome 728:776 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 4 51 theme phage-host 755:764 arg1 interactome 766:776 the phage-host interactome 751:776 the phage-host interactome 751:776 Through a combination of functional and comparative genomics and structural analysis of the phage-host interactome, it is now possible to link the genotypes of strains of certain bacterial species to the chemical composition/structure of the associated cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS). 34402647 1 52 theme starter 228:234 arg1 cultures 236:243 robust bacterial starter cultures 211:243 robust bacterial starter cultures 211:243 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 3 53 theme phage 539:543 arg1 ecology 545:551 the phage ecology 535:551 the phage ecology of fermented foods 535:570 Therefore, it is imperative to define the phage ecology of fermented foods and to elucidate the mechanisms by which they recognize and bind to their bacterial hosts. 34402647 1 54 theme cultures 236:243 arg1 majority 250:257 the majority 246:257 the majority 246:257 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 1 54 theme cultures 236:243 arg1 application 196:206 the application 192:206 the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus 192:381 Food fermentations rely on the application of robust bacterial starter cultures, the majority of which are represented by members of the lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. 34402647 2 55 theme threats 459:465 arg1 threats 459:465 the most significant threats 438:465 the most significant threats to the fermentation industry 438:494 Bacteriophage (or phage) proliferation remains one of the most significant threats to the fermentation industry. 34402647 2 55 theme threats 459:465 arg1 one 431:433 one 431:433 one 431:433 Bacteriophage (or phage) proliferation remains one of the most significant threats to the fermentation industry. 33505386 0 0 theme Combinations 69:80 arg1 Result 51:56 a Result 49:56 a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate 49:157 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 0 1 from Variation 16:24 arg1 Chickens 37:44 Broiler Chickens 29:44 Broiler Chickens 29:44 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 11 2 theme NSP 1574:1576 arg1 source 1564:1569 The source 1560:1569 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation 1560:1618 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 2 3 theme bacterial 339:347 arg1 fermentation 349:360 bacterial fermentation 339:360 bacterial fermentation 339:360 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 0 4 theme Dietary 61:67 arg1 Combinations 69:80 Dietary Combinations 61:80 Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate 61:157 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 4 5 theme broiler 788:794 arg1 chickens 796:803 broiler chickens 788:803 broiler chickens with 21 days 788:816 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 5 6 theme overall 823:829 arg1 structure 831:839 The overall structure 819:839 The overall structure of bacterial communities 819:864 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 3 7 from interest 507:514 arg1 nutrition 428:436 broiler's nutrition 418:436 broiler's nutrition 418:436 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 10 8 theme intestinal 1537:1546 arg1 microbiota 1548:1557 broilers' intestinal microbiota 1527:1557 broilers' intestinal microbiota 1527:1557 The composition of diets affected the overall structure of broilers' intestinal microbiota. 33505386 6 9 dep Bifidobacteriaceae 1007:1024 arg1 xylanisolvens 1042:1054 xylanisolvens 1042:1054 xylanisolvens 1042:1054 Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, which can degrade complex carbohydrates. 33505386 6 10 theme complex 1075:1081 arg1 carbohydrates 1083:1095 complex carbohydrates 1075:1095 complex carbohydrates 1075:1095 Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, which can degrade complex carbohydrates. 33505386 2 11 theme Indigestible 269:280 arg1 polysaccharides 293:307 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides 269:307 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 269:313 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 2 11 theme Indigestible 269:280 arg1 substrates 324:333 substrates 324:333 substrates for bacterial fermentation 324:360 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 2 11 theme Indigestible 269:280 arg1 NSP 310:312 NSP 310:312 NSP 310:312 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 4 12 theme cereal 693:698 arg1 type 700:703 the cereal type 689:703 the cereal type (maize and wheat) 689:721 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 9 13 theme cereal 1359:1364 arg1 type 1366:1369 the cereal type 1355:1369 the cereal type 1355:1369 Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. 33505386 11 14 theme stronger 1626:1633 arg1 stimulus 1635:1642 a stronger stimulus 1624:1642 a stronger stimulus 1624:1642 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 4 15 theme ceca 647:650 arg1 ecology 632:638 the microbial ecology 618:638 the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate 618:783 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 5 16 theme communities 854:864 arg1 structure 831:839 The overall structure 819:839 The overall structure of bacterial communities 819:864 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 4 17 dep type 700:703 arg1 maize 706:710 maize 706:710 maize 706:710 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 17 dep type 700:703 arg1 wheat 716:720 wheat 716:720 wheat 716:720 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 18 theme sodium 769:774 arg1 butyrate 776:783 sodium butyrate 769:783 sodium butyrate 769:783 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 9 19 theme type 1366:1369 arg1 significance 1389:1400 a statistical significance 1375:1400 a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions 1375:1465 Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. 33505386 9 19 theme type 1366:1369 arg1 effect 1345:1350 an effect 1342:1350 an effect of the cereal type 1342:1369 Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. 33505386 4 20 theme microbial 622:630 arg1 ecology 632:638 the microbial ecology 618:638 the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate 618:783 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 2 21 theme fatty 388:392 arg1 acids 394:398 short-chain fatty acids 376:398 short-chain fatty acids like butyrate 376:412 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 0 22 theme Cereal 92:97 arg1 Supplementation 106:120 Supplementation 106:120 Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate 106:157 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 0 22 theme Cereal 92:97 arg1 Types 99:103 Two Cereal Types 88:103 Two Cereal Types 88:103 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 3 23 theme particular 496:505 arg1 interest 507:514 particular interest 496:514 particular interest 496:514 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 2 24 theme short-chain 376:386 arg1 acids 394:398 short-chain fatty acids 376:398 short-chain fatty acids like butyrate 376:412 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 7 25 theme Bacteroides 1141:1151 arg1 vulgatus 1153:1160 Bacteroides vulgatus 1141:1160 Bacteroides vulgatus 1141:1160 Maize positively affected the abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus. 33505386 4 26 from effect 608:613 arg1 chickens 796:803 broiler chickens 788:803 broiler chickens with 21 days 788:816 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 26 from effect 608:613 arg1 ecology 632:638 the microbial ecology 618:638 the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate 618:783 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 1 27 theme intestinal 164:173 arg1 microbiome 175:184 The intestinal microbiome 160:184 The intestinal microbiome 160:184 The intestinal microbiome can influence the efficiency and the health status of its host's digestive system. 33505386 1 28 theme digestive 251:259 arg1 system 261:266 its host's digestive system 240:266 its host's digestive system 240:266 The intestinal microbiome can influence the efficiency and the health status of its host's digestive system. 33505386 4 29 theme butyrate 776:783 arg1 type 700:703 the cereal type 689:703 the cereal type (maize and wheat) 689:721 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 29 theme butyrate 776:783 arg1 levels 733:738 adequate levels 724:738 adequate levels of CP 724:744 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 29 theme butyrate 776:783 arg1 supplementation 750:764 supplementation 750:764 supplementation of sodium butyrate 750:783 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 3 30 theme intestinal 534:543 arg1 health 545:550 intestinal health 534:550 intestinal health 534:550 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 8 31 theme sodium 1223:1228 arg1 butyrate 1230:1237 sodium butyrate 1223:1237 sodium butyrate as feed supplement 1223:1256 The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. 33505386 6 32 from Wheat 946:950 arg1 diet 959:962 the diet 955:962 the diet 955:962 Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, which can degrade complex carbohydrates. 33505386 4 33 theme CP 743:744 arg1 type 700:703 the cereal type 689:703 the cereal type (maize and wheat) 689:721 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 33 theme CP 743:744 arg1 levels 733:738 adequate levels 724:738 adequate levels of CP 724:744 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 33 theme CP 743:744 arg1 supplementation 750:764 supplementation 750:764 supplementation of sodium butyrate 750:783 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 3 34 theme crude 447:451 arg1 CP 462:463 CP 462:463 CP 462:463 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 3 34 theme crude 447:451 arg1 protein 453:459 dietary crude protein 439:459 dietary crude protein (CP) 439:464 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 6 35 theme Bifidobacteriaceae 1007:1024 arg1 presence 977:984 the presence 973:984 the presence 973:984 Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, which can degrade complex carbohydrates. 33505386 2 36 theme non-starch 282:291 arg1 polysaccharides 293:307 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides 269:307 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 269:313 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 2 36 theme non-starch 282:291 arg1 substrates 324:333 substrates 324:333 substrates for bacterial fermentation 324:360 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 2 36 theme non-starch 282:291 arg1 NSP 310:312 NSP 310:312 NSP 310:312 Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. 33505386 11 37 contain had 1620:1622 arg2 stimulus 1635:1642 a stronger stimulus 1624:1642 a stronger stimulus 1624:1642 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 11 37 contain had 1620:1622 arg1 source 1564:1569 The source 1560:1569 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation 1560:1618 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 9 38 theme corresponding 1440:1452 arg1 interactions 1454:1465 their corresponding interactions 1434:1465 their corresponding interactions 1434:1465 Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. 33505386 0 39 theme Crude 125:129 arg1 Protein 131:137 Crude Protein 125:137 Crude Protein 125:137 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 3 40 theme growth 556:561 arg1 performance 563:573 growth performance 556:573 growth performance 556:573 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 0 41 theme Broiler 29:35 arg1 Chickens 37:44 Broiler Chickens 29:44 Broiler Chickens 29:44 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 3 42 theme dietary 439:445 arg1 CP 462:463 CP 462:463 CP 462:463 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 3 42 theme dietary 439:445 arg1 protein 453:459 dietary crude protein 439:459 dietary crude protein (CP) 439:464 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 10 43 theme diets 1487:1491 arg1 composition 1472:1482 The composition 1468:1482 The composition of diets 1468:1491 The composition of diets affected the overall structure of broilers' intestinal microbiota. 33505386 11 44 theme bacterial 1647:1655 arg1 communities 1657:1667 bacterial communities 1647:1667 bacterial communities 1647:1667 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 5 45 theme = 936:936 arg1 p 934:934 p = 0.001 934:942 p = 0.001 934:942 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 5 45 theme = 936:936 arg1 butyrate 924:931 sodium butyrate 917:931 sodium butyrate (p = 0.001) 917:943 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 8 46 theme family 1288:1293 arg1 Lachnospiraceae 1295:1309 the family Lachnospiraceae 1284:1309 the family Lachnospiraceae 1284:1309 The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. 33505386 4 47 theme dietary 655:661 arg1 supplementations 663:678 dietary supplementations 655:678 dietary supplementations 655:678 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 11 48 theme bacterial 1597:1605 arg1 fermentation 1607:1618 bacterial fermentation 1597:1618 bacterial fermentation 1597:1618 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 0 49 theme Protein 131:137 arg1 Supplementation 106:120 Supplementation 106:120 Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate 106:157 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 0 49 theme Protein 131:137 arg1 Types 99:103 Two Cereal Types 88:103 Two Cereal Types 88:103 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 6 50 theme Bacteroides 1030:1040 arg1 presence 977:984 the presence 973:984 the presence 973:984 Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, which can degrade complex carbohydrates. 33505386 9 51 theme Functional 1312:1321 arg1 predictions 1323:1333 Functional predictions 1312:1333 Functional predictions 1312:1333 Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. 33505386 0 52 theme Butyrate 150:157 arg1 Supplementation 106:120 Supplementation 106:120 Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate 106:157 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 0 52 theme Butyrate 150:157 arg1 Types 99:103 Two Cereal Types 88:103 Two Cereal Types 88:103 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 8 53 theme CP 1179:1180 arg1 addition 1167:1174 The addition 1163:1174 The addition of CP 1163:1180 The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. 33505386 5 54 theme bacterial 844:852 arg1 communities 854:864 bacterial communities 844:864 bacterial communities 844:864 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 3 55 from impact 524:529 arg1 health 545:550 intestinal health 534:550 intestinal health 534:550 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 3 55 from impact 524:529 arg1 performance 563:573 growth performance 556:573 growth performance 556:573 In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. 33505386 0 56 theme Sodium 143:148 arg1 Butyrate 150:157 Sodium Butyrate 143:157 Sodium Butyrate 143:157 Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate. 33505386 11 57 theme CP 1674:1675 arg1 content 1677:1683 CP content 1674:1683 CP content 1674:1683 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 5 58 theme cereal 896:901 arg1 type 903:906 cereal type 896:906 cereal type 896:906 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 4 59 theme supplementations 663:678 arg1 ceca 647:650 the ceca 643:650 the ceca 643:650 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 4 60 with chickens 796:803 arg1 days 813:816 21 days 810:816 21 days 810:816 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 7 61 theme vulgatus 1153:1160 arg1 abundance 1128:1136 the abundance 1124:1136 the abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus 1124:1160 Maize positively affected the abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus. 33505386 8 62 theme family 1195:1200 arg1 Rikenellaceae 1202:1214 the family Rikenellaceae 1191:1214 the family Rikenellaceae 1191:1214 The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. 33505386 5 63 theme sodium 917:922 arg1 p 934:934 p = 0.001 934:942 p = 0.001 934:942 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 5 63 theme sodium 917:922 arg1 butyrate 924:931 sodium butyrate 917:931 sodium butyrate (p = 0.001) 917:943 The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). 33505386 8 64 theme feed 1242:1245 arg1 supplement 1247:1256 feed supplement 1242:1256 feed supplement 1242:1256 The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. 33505386 1 65 theme health 223:228 arg1 status 230:235 the health status 219:235 the health status 219:235 The intestinal microbiome can influence the efficiency and the health status of its host's digestive system. 33505386 10 66 theme overall 1506:1512 arg1 structure 1514:1522 the overall structure 1502:1522 the overall structure of broilers' intestinal microbiota 1502:1557 The composition of diets affected the overall structure of broilers' intestinal microbiota. 33505386 9 67 theme statistical 1377:1387 arg1 significance 1389:1400 a statistical significance 1375:1400 a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions 1375:1465 Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. 33505386 4 68 theme adequate 724:731 arg1 levels 733:738 adequate levels 724:738 adequate levels of CP 724:744 In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. 33505386 11 69 theme butyrate 1707:1714 arg1 content 1677:1683 CP content 1674:1683 CP content 1674:1683 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33505386 11 69 theme butyrate 1707:1714 arg1 supplementation 1688:1702 supplementation 1688:1702 supplementation of butyrate 1688:1714 The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate. 33959359 3 0 theme seed 710:713 arg1 profile 662:668 the chemical profile 649:668 the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed 649:713 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 2 1 dep rosehips 419:426 arg1 rosehips 419:426 rosehips 419:426 rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia 419:487 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 2 1 dep rosehips 419:426 arg1 seed 444:447 seed 444:447 seed 444:447 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 2 1 dep rosehips 419:426 arg1 hypanthium 429:438 hypanthium 429:438 hypanthium 429:438 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 2 2 theme multivariate 534:545 arg1 analysis 552:559 multivariate data analysis 534:559 multivariate data analysis 534:559 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 3 3 theme cultivated 796:805 arg1 rosehip 807:813 wild and cultivated rosehip 787:813 rosehip 807:813 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 0 4 from characterization 6:21 arg1 rosehip 69:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 5 5 theme storage 1230:1236 arg1 conditions 1238:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 5 5 theme storage 1230:1236 arg1 factors 1199:1205 abiotic factors 1191:1205 abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions) 1191:1248 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 3 6 theme rosehip 807:813 arg1 samples 776:782 the samples 772:782 the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip 772:813 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 4 7 theme phenolic 926:933 arg1 compounds 935:943 phenolic compounds 926:943 phenolic compounds 926:943 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 1 8 theme food 299:302 arg1 industry 304:311 the food industry 295:311 the food industry 295:311 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 4 9 dep polysaccharides 985:999 arg1 cellulose 1010:1018 cellulose 1010:1018 cellulose 1010:1018 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 4 9 dep polysaccharides 985:999 arg1 pectin 1002:1007 pectin 1002:1007 pectin 1002:1007 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 4 9 dep polysaccharides 985:999 arg1 polysaccharides 985:999 polysaccharides 985:999 polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) 985:1037 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 4 9 dep polysaccharides 985:999 arg1 hemicellulose 1024:1036 hemicellulose 1024:1036 hemicellulose 1024:1036 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 5 10 theme rosehip 1154:1160 arg1 samples 1162:1168 the rosehip samples 1150:1168 the rosehip samples 1150:1168 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 3 11 theme wild 787:790 arg1 rosehip 807:813 wild and cultivated rosehip 787:813 rosehip 807:813 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 3 12 theme cells 700:704 arg1 profile 662:668 the chemical profile 649:668 the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed 649:713 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 2 13 theme data 547:550 arg1 analysis 552:559 multivariate data analysis 534:559 multivariate data analysis 534:559 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 4 14 theme sample 1094:1099 arg1 discrimination 1101:1114 the seed sample discrimination 1085:1114 the seed sample discrimination 1085:1114 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 5 15 theme abiotic 1191:1197 arg1 conditions 1238:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 5 15 theme abiotic 1191:1197 arg1 factors 1199:1205 abiotic factors 1191:1205 abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions) 1191:1248 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 0 16 theme microscopy 99:108 arg1 application 78:88 application 78:88 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 0:145 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 4 17 theme seed 1089:1092 arg1 discrimination 1101:1114 the seed sample discrimination 1085:1114 the seed sample discrimination 1085:1114 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 4 18 theme hypanthium 844:853 arg1 samples 855:861 the hypanthium samples 840:861 the hypanthium samples compared 840:870 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 0 19 theme Raman 93:97 arg1 microscopy 99:108 Raman microscopy 93:108 Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis 93:144 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 0 20 from seed 41:44 arg1 rosehip 69:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 2 21 theme phytochemical 390:402 arg1 composition 404:414 the phytochemical composition 386:414 the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia 386:487 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 2 22 theme innovative 338:347 arg1 report 349:354 an innovative report 335:354 an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia 335:487 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 2 23 theme composition 404:414 arg1 evaluation 372:381 the evaluation 368:381 the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia 368:487 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 3 24 theme parenchyma 689:698 arg1 cells 700:704 hypanthium parenchyma cells 678:704 hypanthium parenchyma cells 678:704 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 5 25 theme polyphenols 1304:1314 arg1 biosynthesis 1316:1327 the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis 1285:1327 biosynthesis 1316:1327 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 1 26 theme dog 173:175 arg1 rose 177:180 dog rose 173:180 dog rose 173:180 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 0 27 theme Rapid 0:4 arg1 characterization 6:21 Rapid characterization 0:21 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 0:145 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 1 28 theme nutritional 230:240 arg1 properties 254:263 nutritional and sensory properties 230:263 nutritional and sensory properties 230:263 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 1 29 theme rose 177:180 arg1 Rosehip 147:153 Rosehip 147:153 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose 147:180 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 1 29 theme rose 177:180 arg1 pseudo-fruit 156:167 pseudo-fruit 156:167 pseudo-fruit 156:167 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 0 30 theme hypanthium 26:35 arg1 characterization 6:21 Rapid characterization 0:21 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 0:145 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 3 31 theme significant 567:577 arg1 differences 579:589 Some significant differences 562:589 Some significant differences 562:589 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 2 32 theme Raman 496:500 arg1 microspectroscopy 502:518 Raman microspectroscopy 496:518 Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis 496:559 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 1 33 contain has 268:270 arg2 place 286:290 a significant place 272:290 a significant place 272:290 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 1 33 contain has 268:270 arg1 it 265:266 it 265:266 it 265:266 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 5 34 theme significant 1263:1273 arg1 impact 1275:1280 a significant impact 1261:1280 a significant impact 1261:1280 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 1 35 theme sensory 246:252 arg1 properties 254:263 nutritional and sensory properties 230:263 nutritional and sensory properties 230:263 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 3 36 theme rosehip 618:624 arg1 samples 626:632 the analysed rosehip samples 605:632 the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed 605:713 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 0 37 theme seed 41:44 arg1 characterization 6:21 Rapid characterization 0:21 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 0:145 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 5 38 theme carotenoid 1289:1298 arg1 biosynthesis 1316:1327 the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis 1285:1327 biosynthesis 1316:1327 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 4 39 theme carotenoids 913:923 arg1 content 902:908 the content 898:908 the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides 898:963 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 0 40 from rosehip 69:75 arg1 characterization 6:21 Rapid characterization 0:21 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 0:145 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 5 41 contain had 1257:1259 arg1 conditions 1238:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 5 41 contain had 1257:1259 arg1 factors 1199:1205 abiotic factors 1191:1205 abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions) 1191:1248 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 5 41 contain had 1257:1259 arg2 impact 1275:1280 a significant impact 1261:1280 a significant impact 1261:1280 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 0 42 theme multivariate 124:135 arg1 analysis 137:144 multivariate analysis 124:144 multivariate analysis 124:144 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 4 43 theme compounds 935:943 arg1 content 902:908 the content 898:908 the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides 898:963 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 0 44 theme wild 49:52 arg1 rosehip 69:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 2 45 theme different 459:467 arg1 locations 469:477 different locations 459:477 different locations 459:477 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 1 46 dep valued 209:214 arg1 L. 195:196 L. 195:196 L. 195:196 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 3 47 theme analysed 609:616 arg1 samples 626:632 the analysed rosehip samples 605:632 the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed 605:713 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 3 48 theme hypanthium 678:687 arg1 cells 700:704 hypanthium parenchyma cells 678:704 hypanthium parenchyma cells 678:704 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 3 49 theme evident 728:734 arg1 discrimination 736:749 no evident discrimination 725:749 no evident discrimination 725:749 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 4 50 theme polysaccharides 949:963 arg1 content 902:908 the content 898:908 the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides 898:963 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 1 51 theme significant 274:284 arg1 place 286:290 a significant place 272:290 a significant place 272:290 Rosehip (pseudo-fruit) of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is highly valued, and owing to nutritional and sensory properties it has a significant place in the food industry. 33959359 3 52 theme chemical 653:660 arg1 profile 662:668 the chemical profile 649:668 the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed 649:713 Some significant differences arose between the analysed rosehip samples with regard to the chemical profile of both hypanthium parenchyma cells and seed, although no evident discrimination was recorded between the samples of wild and cultivated rosehip. 33959359 0 53 theme cultivated 58:67 arg1 rosehip 69:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 0 54 dep characterization 6:21 arg1 application 78:88 application 78:88 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 0:145 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 4 55 theme lower 1056:1060 arg1 extent 1062:1067 a lower extent 1054:1067 a lower extent 1054:1067 The differences between the hypanthium samples compared were mainly determined by the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, whereas phenolics, polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose) and lipids (to a lower extent) contributed to the seed sample discrimination. 33959359 5 56 theme growing 1208:1214 arg1 conditions 1238:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 5 56 theme growing 1208:1214 arg1 factors 1199:1205 abiotic factors 1191:1205 abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions) 1191:1248 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 2 57 theme rosehips 419:426 arg1 composition 404:414 the phytochemical composition 386:414 the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia 386:487 This work represents an innovative report focusing on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of rosehips (hypanthium and seed) grown in different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis. 33959359 0 58 from hypanthium 26:35 arg1 rosehip 69:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 wild and cultivated rosehip 49:75 Rapid characterization of hypanthium and seed in wild and cultivated rosehip: application of Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis. 33959359 5 59 theme ripening 1217:1224 arg1 conditions 1238:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 growing, ripening and storage conditions 1208:1247 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33959359 5 59 theme ripening 1217:1224 arg1 factors 1199:1205 abiotic factors 1191:1205 abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions) 1191:1248 The differences observed between the rosehip samples may be attributed to abiotic factors (growing, ripening and storage conditions), which had a significant impact on the carotenoid and polyphenols biosynthesis. 33428594 10 0 theme immune 1328:1333 arg1 infiltration 1335:1346 tumor immune infiltration 1322:1346 tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC 1322:1355 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 3 1 theme PrognoScan 431:440 arg1 database 442:449 the PrognoScan database 427:449 the PrognoScan database 427:449 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 7 2 theme patients 948:955 arg1 subtype 937:943 a subtype 935:943 a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC 935:983 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 1 3 theme cancer 210:215 arg1 development 190:200 the development 186:200 the development of lung cancer 186:215 A recent study has reported that tsukushi (TSKU) may be related to the development of lung cancer. 33428594 0 4 theme B 80:80 arg1 cells 82:86 tumor-infiltrating B cells 61:86 tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer 61:116 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 9 5 theme low 1180:1182 arg1 infiltration 1184:1195 low infiltration 1180:1195 low infiltration of B cells 1180:1206 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 9 6 theme TSKU 1150:1153 arg1 expression 1155:1164 high TSKU expression 1145:1164 high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells 1145:1206 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 6 7 theme lung 729:732 arg1 patients 741:748 lung cancer patients 729:748 lung cancer patients 729:748 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 2 8 theme infiltration 299:310 arg1 cells 312:316 the prognosis and immune infiltration cells 274:316 the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 274:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 7 9 from survival 967:974 arg1 NSCLC 979:983 NSCLC 979:983 NSCLC 979:983 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 0 10 theme non-small 91:99 arg1 cancer 111:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 6 11 theme overall 823:829 arg1 survival 831:838 poor overall survival 818:838 poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05) 818:852 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 6 11 theme overall 823:829 arg1 P 841:841 P =1.90E-05 841:851 P =1.90E-05 841:851 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 7 12 theme TSKU 879:882 arg1 expression 884:893 high TSKU expression 874:893 high TSKU expression 874:893 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 3 13 theme Cancer 472:477 arg1 Atlas 486:490 The Cancer Genome Atlas 468:490 The Cancer Genome Atlas 468:490 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 4 14 theme cells 531:535 arg1 composition 497:507 The composition 493:507 The composition of tumor infiltrating cells 493:535 The composition of tumor infiltrating cells was quantified by methylation and expression data. 33428594 7 15 theme low 899:901 arg1 infiltration 903:914 low infiltration 899:914 low infiltration 899:914 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 6 16 theme poor 818:821 arg1 survival 831:838 poor overall survival 818:838 poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05) 818:852 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 6 16 theme poor 818:821 arg1 P 841:841 P =1.90E-05 841:851 P =1.90E-05 841:851 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 8 17 with patients 1089:1096 arg1 hypomethylation 1108:1122 TSKU hypomethylation 1103:1122 TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001) 1103:1133 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 8 17 with patients 1089:1096 arg1 P 1125:1125 P <0.001 1125:1132 P <0.001 1125:1132 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 3 18 theme Genome 479:484 arg1 Atlas 486:490 The Cancer Genome Atlas 468:490 The Cancer Genome Atlas 468:490 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 4 19 theme infiltrating 518:529 arg1 cells 531:535 tumor infiltrating cells 512:535 tumor infiltrating cells 512:535 The composition of tumor infiltrating cells was quantified by methylation and expression data. 33428594 0 20 theme lung 106:109 arg1 cancer 111:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 9 21 theme B 1200:1200 arg1 cells 1202:1206 B cells 1200:1206 B cells 1200:1206 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 10 22 theme tumor 1322:1326 arg1 infiltration 1335:1346 tumor immune infiltration 1322:1346 tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC 1322:1355 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 6 23 dep cohort 701:706 arg1 GSE31210 709:716 GSE31210 709:716 GSE31210 709:716 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 6 23 dep cohort 701:706 arg1 N=204 719:723 N=204 719:723 N=204 719:723 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 3 24 theme TSKU 371:374 arg1 expression 376:385 TSKU expression 371:385 TSKU expression 371:385 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 0 25 theme cell 101:104 arg1 cancer 111:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 9 26 theme cells 1202:1206 arg1 infiltration 1184:1195 low infiltration 1180:1195 low infiltration of B cells 1180:1206 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 4 27 theme tumor 512:516 arg1 cells 531:535 tumor infiltrating cells 512:535 tumor infiltrating cells 512:535 The composition of tumor infiltrating cells was quantified by methylation and expression data. 33428594 2 28 from cells 312:316 arg1 cancer 341:346 non-small cell lung cancer 321:346 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 321:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 2 28 from cells 312:316 arg1 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 2 29 theme few 227:229 arg1 studies 231:237 few studies 227:237 few studies 227:237 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 3 30 theme expression 376:385 arg1 effect 361:366 The effect 357:366 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC 357:409 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 8 31 from proportion 999:1008 arg1 patients 1030:1037 NSCLC patients 1024:1037 NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation 1024:1064 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 8 32 theme NSCLC 1024:1028 arg1 patients 1030:1037 NSCLC patients 1024:1037 NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation 1024:1064 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 2 33 theme lung 336:339 arg1 cancer 341:346 non-small cell lung cancer 321:346 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 321:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 2 33 theme lung 336:339 arg1 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 10 34 theme potential 1279:1287 arg1 TSKU 1263:1266 TSKU 1263:1266 TSKU 1263:1266 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 10 34 theme potential 1279:1287 arg1 biomarker 1300:1308 a potential prognostic biomarker 1277:1308 a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC 1277:1355 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 7 35 dep expression 884:893 arg1 cells 918:922 B cells 916:922 B cells 916:922 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 2 36 theme cell 331:334 arg1 cancer 341:346 non-small cell lung cancer 321:346 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 321:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 2 36 theme cell 331:334 arg1 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 0 37 theme novel 14:18 arg1 biomarker 31:39 a novel prognostic biomarker 12:39 a novel prognostic biomarker 12:39 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 0 37 theme novel 14:18 arg1 Tsukushi 0:7 Tsukushi 0:7 Tsukushi 0:7 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 6 38 theme cohort 701:706 arg1 analysis 687:694 The analysis 683:694 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients 683:748 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 7 39 theme high 874:877 arg1 expression 884:893 high TSKU expression 874:893 high TSKU expression 874:893 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 4 40 theme expression 571:580 arg1 data 582:585 expression data 571:585 expression data 571:585 The composition of tumor infiltrating cells was quantified by methylation and expression data. 33428594 3 41 with prognosis 390:398 arg1 NSCLC 405:409 NSCLC 405:409 NSCLC 405:409 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 0 42 from cells 82:86 arg1 cancer 111:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 non-small cell lung cancer 91:116 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 2 43 theme if 250:251 arg1 TSKU 253:256 if TSKU 250:256 if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 250:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 10 44 theme prognostic 1289:1298 arg1 TSKU 1263:1266 TSKU 1263:1266 TSKU 1263:1266 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 10 44 theme prognostic 1289:1298 arg1 biomarker 1300:1308 a potential prognostic biomarker 1277:1308 a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC 1277:1355 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 9 45 theme poor 1229:1232 arg1 prognosis 1234:1242 a poor prognosis 1227:1242 a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients 1227:1260 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 7 46 theme poor 962:965 arg1 survival 967:974 poor survival 962:974 poor survival in NSCLC 962:983 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 0 47 theme prognostic 20:29 arg1 biomarker 31:39 a novel prognostic biomarker 12:39 a novel prognostic biomarker 12:39 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 0 47 theme prognostic 20:29 arg1 Tsukushi 0:7 Tsukushi 0:7 Tsukushi 0:7 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 8 48 theme TSKU 1103:1106 arg1 hypomethylation 1108:1122 TSKU hypomethylation 1103:1122 TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001) 1103:1133 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 8 48 theme TSKU 1103:1106 arg1 P 1125:1125 P <0.001 1125:1132 P <0.001 1125:1132 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 6 49 theme TSKU 773:776 arg1 expression 778:787 high TSKU expression 768:787 high TSKU expression 768:787 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 7 50 with patients 948:955 arg1 survival 967:974 poor survival 962:974 poor survival in NSCLC 962:983 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 10 51 from infiltration 1335:1346 arg1 NSCLC 1351:1355 NSCLC 1351:1355 NSCLC 1351:1355 TSKU might be a potential prognostic biomarker involved in tumor immune infiltration in NSCLC. 33428594 5 52 theme tumor 610:614 arg1 cells 629:633 tumor infiltrating cells 610:633 tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU 610:643 We combined levels of tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU to evaluate the survival of patients. 33428594 6 53 theme high 768:771 arg1 expression 778:787 high TSKU expression 768:787 high TSKU expression 768:787 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 8 54 theme cells 1015:1019 arg1 proportion 999:1008 the proportion 995:1008 the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation 995:1064 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 8 54 theme cells 1015:1019 arg1 higher 1071:1076 higher 1071:1076 higher 1071:1076 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 2 55 theme immune 292:297 arg1 infiltration 299:310 immune infiltration 292:310 immune infiltration 292:310 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 9 56 theme NSCLC 1247:1251 arg1 patients 1253:1260 NSCLC patients 1247:1260 NSCLC patients 1247:1260 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 5 57 theme infiltrating 616:627 arg1 cells 629:633 tumor infiltrating cells 610:633 tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU 610:643 We combined levels of tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU to evaluate the survival of patients. 33428594 5 58 with cells 629:633 arg1 TSKU 640:643 TSKU 640:643 TSKU 640:643 We combined levels of tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU to evaluate the survival of patients. 33428594 7 59 theme B 916:916 arg1 cells 918:922 B cells 916:922 B cells 916:922 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 9 60 theme patients 1253:1260 arg1 prognosis 1234:1242 a poor prognosis 1227:1242 a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients 1227:1260 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 5 61 theme cells 629:633 arg1 levels 600:605 levels 600:605 levels of tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU 600:643 We combined levels of tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU to evaluate the survival of patients. 33428594 8 62 theme TSKU 1044:1047 arg1 hypermethylation 1049:1064 TSKU hypermethylation 1044:1064 TSKU hypermethylation 1044:1064 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 8 63 with patients 1030:1037 arg1 hypermethylation 1049:1064 TSKU hypermethylation 1044:1064 TSKU hypermethylation 1044:1064 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 2 64 theme prognosis 278:286 arg1 cells 312:316 the prognosis and immune infiltration cells 274:316 the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 274:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 5 65 theme patients 673:680 arg1 survival 661:668 the survival 657:668 the survival of patients 657:680 We combined levels of tumor infiltrating cells with TSKU to evaluate the survival of patients. 33428594 8 66 theme B 1013:1013 arg1 cells 1015:1019 B cells 1013:1019 B cells 1013:1019 Besides, the proportion of B cells in NSCLC patients with TSKU hypermethylation were higher than those patients with TSKU hypomethylation (P <0.001). 33428594 6 67 theme patients 741:748 arg1 cohort 701:706 a cohort 699:706 a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients 699:748 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 3 68 from effect 361:366 arg1 prognosis 390:398 prognosis 390:398 prognosis with NSCLC 390:409 The effect of TSKU expression on prognosis with NSCLC was analyzed in the PrognoScan database and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. 33428594 1 69 theme recent 121:126 arg1 study 128:132 A recent study 119:132 A recent study 119:132 A recent study has reported that tsukushi (TSKU) may be related to the development of lung cancer. 33428594 0 70 theme tumor-infiltrating 61:78 arg1 cells 82:86 tumor-infiltrating B cells 61:86 tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer 61:116 Tsukushi is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlates with tumor-infiltrating B cells in non-small cell lung cancer. 33428594 6 71 theme cancer 734:739 arg1 patients 741:748 lung cancer patients 729:748 lung cancer patients 729:748 The analysis of a cohort (GSE31210, N=204) of lung cancer patients demonstrated that high TSKU expression was strongly associated with poor overall survival (P =1.90E-05). 33428594 7 72 theme infiltration 903:914 arg1 combination 859:869 The combination 855:869 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells 855:922 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 2 73 theme non-small 321:329 arg1 cancer 341:346 non-small cell lung cancer 321:346 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 321:354 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 2 73 theme non-small 321:329 arg1 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 NSCLC 349:353 However, few studies focused on if TSKU associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 33428594 9 74 theme high 1145:1148 arg1 expression 1155:1164 high TSKU expression 1145:1164 high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells 1145:1206 Overall, high TSKU expression combined with low infiltration of B cells may associate with a poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. 33428594 7 75 theme expression 884:893 arg1 combination 859:869 The combination 855:869 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells 855:922 The combination of high TSKU expression and low infiltration B cells identified a subtype of patients with poor survival in NSCLC. 33428594 1 76 theme lung 205:208 arg1 cancer 210:215 lung cancer 205:215 lung cancer 205:215 A recent study has reported that tsukushi (TSKU) may be related to the development of lung cancer. 32679889 6 0 theme rot 946:948 arg1 cinerea 966:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 6 1 theme expressing 858:867 arg1 plants 869:874 PGIP1 expressing plants 852:874 particularly PGIP1 expressing plants 839:874 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 6 1 theme expressing 858:867 arg1 lines 832:836 These lines 826:836 These lines 826:836 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 3 2 theme defence 519:525 arg1 responses 535:543 defence priming responses 519:543 defence priming responses 519:543 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 8 3 theme constituent 1197:1207 arg1 monolignols 1209:1219 constituent monolignols 1197:1219 constituent monolignols 1197:1219 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 1 4 theme Vitis 171:175 arg1 vinifera 177:184 Vitis vinifera 171:184 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) 171:234 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 16 5 dep VviPGIP1 2163:2170 arg1 the 2159:2161 the 2159:2161 the 2159:2161 The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. 32679889 0 6 theme Infection 142:150 arg1 Absence 124:130 the Absence 120:130 the Absence of Fungal Infection 120:150 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 7 7 theme priming 1109:1115 arg1 phenomena 1117:1125 potential priming phenomena 1099:1125 potential priming phenomena 1099:1125 In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. 32679889 9 8 theme Significant 1272:1282 arg1 concentrations 1284:1297 Significant concentrations 1272:1297 Significant concentrations of lignin 1272:1307 Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. 32679889 1 9 theme polygalacturonase 186:202 arg1 protein 215:221 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 171:223 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) 171:234 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 1 9 theme polygalacturonase 186:202 arg1 VviPGIP1 226:233 VviPGIP1 226:233 VviPGIP1 226:233 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 8 10 theme gas 1252:1254 arg1 chromatography 1256:1269 pyrolysis gas chromatography 1242:1269 pyrolysis gas chromatography 1242:1269 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 12 11 theme comprehensive 1702:1714 arg1 CoMPP 1746:1750 CoMPP 1746:1750 CoMPP 1746:1750 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 12 11 theme comprehensive 1702:1714 arg1 profiling 1735:1743 comprehensive microarray polymer profiling 1702:1743 comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) 1702:1751 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 10 12 theme transgenic 1471:1480 arg1 plants 1496:1501 transgenic and wild type plants 1471:1501 transgenic and wild type plants 1471:1501 Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. 32679889 15 13 from defence 2070:2076 arg1 past 2085:2088 past 2085:2088 past 2085:2088 Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. 32679889 1 14 theme protein 215:221 arg1 expression 157:166 The expression 153:166 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum 153:255 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 12 15 theme polymer 1727:1733 arg1 CoMPP 1746:1750 CoMPP 1746:1750 CoMPP 1746:1750 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 12 15 theme polymer 1727:1733 arg1 profiling 1735:1743 comprehensive microarray polymer profiling 1702:1743 comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) 1702:1751 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 14 16 contain had 1877:1879 arg1 fraction 1844:1851 The pectin fraction 1833:1851 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines 1833:1875 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 14 16 contain had 1877:1879 arg2 variations 1888:1897 subtle variations 1881:1897 subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type 1881:2009 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 4 17 theme cell 665:668 arg1 alterations 675:685 cell wall alterations 665:685 cell wall alterations 665:685 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 15 18 theme esterification 2019:2032 arg1 levels 2034:2039 Pectin esterification levels 2012:2039 Pectin esterification levels 2012:2039 Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. 32679889 5 19 theme tobacco-derived 707:721 arg1 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 5 19 theme tobacco-derived 707:721 arg1 dehydrogenase 740:752 tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 707:752 the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene 703:767 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 7 20 theme cell 1020:1023 arg1 modulations 1030:1040 the cell wall modulations 1016:1040 the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes 1016:1140 In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. 32679889 6 21 theme Botrytis 957:964 arg1 cinerea 966:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 5 22 theme alcohol 732:738 arg1 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 5 22 theme alcohol 732:738 arg1 dehydrogenase 740:752 tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 707:752 the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene 703:767 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 5 23 theme lignin 790:795 arg1 biosynthesis 797:808 lignin biosynthesis 790:808 lignin biosynthesis 790:808 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 12 24 theme wall 1657:1660 arg1 components 1670:1679 cell wall protein components 1652:1679 cell wall protein components 1652:1679 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 0 25 from Overexpression 0:13 arg1 Tobacco 42:48 Tobacco 42:48 Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays 42:82 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 14 26 dep lines 1988:1992 arg1 both 1951:1954 both 1951:1954 both 1951:1954 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 14 26 dep lines 1988:1992 arg1 transgenic 1977:1986 transgenic 1977:1986 transgenic 1977:1986 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 11 27 theme constituent 1589:1599 arg1 monosaccharides 1601:1615 constituent monosaccharides 1589:1615 constituent monosaccharides 1589:1615 The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. 32679889 0 28 theme Cell 92:95 arg1 Reorganisation 102:115 Cell Wall Reorganisation 92:115 Cell Wall Reorganisation 92:115 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 9 29 theme NtCAD14 1359:1365 arg1 plants 1382:1387 NtCAD14 overexpressing plants 1359:1387 NtCAD14 overexpressing plants 1359:1387 Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. 32679889 16 30 theme most 2095:2098 arg1 changes 2107:2113 The most marked changes 2091:2113 The most marked changes 2091:2113 The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. 32679889 12 31 theme leaf 1628:1631 arg1 polysaccharide 1633:1646 The major leaf polysaccharide 1618:1646 The major leaf polysaccharide 1618:1646 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 4 32 theme screening 571:579 arg1 approach 581:588 a screening approach 569:588 a screening approach 569:588 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 2 33 theme biosynthesis 379:390 arg1 pathway 392:398 the lignin biosynthesis pathway 368:398 the lignin biosynthesis pathway 368:398 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 11 34 theme gas 1559:1561 arg1 GC-MS 1579:1583 GC-MS 1579:1583 GC-MS 1579:1583 The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. 32679889 11 34 theme gas 1559:1561 arg1 chromatography 1563:1576 gas chromatography 1559:1576 gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides 1559:1615 The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. 32679889 2 35 theme composition 440:450 arg1 upregulation 352:363 an upregulation 349:363 an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway 349:398 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 2 35 theme composition 440:450 arg1 reorganisation 404:417 reorganisation 404:417 reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition 404:450 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 0 36 theme VviPGIP1 18:25 arg1 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays 0:82 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 14 37 theme methylesterification 1917:1936 arg1 epitopes 1938:1945 methylesterification epitopes 1917:1945 methylesterification epitopes 1917:1945 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 10 38 from changes 1418:1424 arg1 composition 1440:1450 monolignol composition 1429:1450 monolignol composition 1429:1450 Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. 32679889 9 39 dep the 1345:1347 arg1 leaves 1349:1354 leaves 1349:1354 leaves 1349:1354 Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. 32679889 13 40 theme significant 1763:1773 arg1 changes 1775:1781 The most significant changes 1754:1781 The most significant changes 1754:1781 The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. 32679889 0 41 theme NtCAD14 31:37 arg1 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays 0:82 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 1 42 theme cell 297:300 arg1 level 307:311 the cell wall level 293:311 the cell wall level 293:311 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 4 43 theme present 550:556 arg1 study 558:562 The present study 546:562 The present study 546:562 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 17 44 theme transgenic 2274:2283 arg1 tobacco 2293:2299 transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco 2274:2299 transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco 2274:2299 Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco. 32679889 8 45 theme Leaf 1143:1146 arg1 composition 1155:1165 Leaf lignin composition 1143:1165 Leaf lignin composition 1143:1165 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 3 46 attach linked 509:514 arg2 wall 472:475 cell wall tightening occurs 467:493 cell wall tightening occurs 467:493 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 3 46 attach linked 509:514 arg1 responses 535:543 defence priming responses 519:543 defence priming responses 519:543 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 10 47 theme monolignol 1429:1438 arg1 composition 1440:1450 monolignol composition 1429:1450 monolignol composition 1429:1450 Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. 32679889 3 48 theme priming 527:533 arg1 responses 535:543 defence priming responses 519:543 defence priming responses 519:543 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 17 49 theme arabinogalactan 2204:2218 arg1 proteins 2220:2227 arabinogalactan proteins 2204:2227 arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) 2204:2234 Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco. 32679889 17 49 theme arabinogalactan 2204:2218 arg1 AGPs 2230:2233 AGPs 2230:2233 AGPs 2230:2233 Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco. 32679889 14 50 theme transgenic 1860:1869 arg1 lines 1871:1875 the transgenic lines 1856:1875 the transgenic lines 1856:1875 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 6 51 theme fungus 950:955 arg1 cinerea 966:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 4 52 theme NtCAD14 621:627 arg1 lines 655:659 four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines 616:659 four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines 616:659 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 1 53 from level 307:311 arg1 modifications 276:288 modifications 276:288 modifications at the cell wall level 276:311 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 8 54 theme relative 1171:1178 arg1 concentration 1180:1192 relative concentration 1171:1192 relative concentration 1171:1192 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 6 55 theme grey 941:944 arg1 cinerea 966:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 941:972 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 6 56 from decrease 906:913 arg1 susceptibility 918:931 susceptibility 918:931 susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea 918:972 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 4 57 used used 564:567 arg2 study 558:562 The present study 546:562 The present study 546:562 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 6 58 theme PGIP1 852:856 arg1 plants 869:874 PGIP1 expressing plants 852:874 particularly PGIP1 expressing plants 839:874 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 6 58 theme PGIP1 852:856 arg1 lines 832:836 These lines 826:836 These lines 826:836 These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. 32679889 14 59 theme pectin 1837:1842 arg1 fraction 1844:1851 The pectin fraction 1833:1851 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines 1833:1875 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 8 60 theme monolignols 1209:1219 arg1 composition 1155:1165 Leaf lignin composition 1143:1165 Leaf lignin composition 1143:1165 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 8 60 theme monolignols 1209:1219 arg1 concentration 1180:1192 relative concentration 1171:1192 relative concentration 1171:1192 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 15 61 attach linked 2051:2056 arg1 defence 2070:2076 pathogen defence 2061:2076 pathogen defence in the past 2061:2088 Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. 32679889 15 61 attach linked 2051:2056 arg2 levels 2034:2039 Pectin esterification levels 2012:2039 Pectin esterification levels 2012:2039 Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. 32679889 4 62 theme wall 670:673 arg1 alterations 675:685 cell wall alterations 665:685 cell wall alterations 665:685 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 7 63 theme potential 1099:1107 arg1 phenomena 1117:1125 potential priming phenomena 1099:1125 potential priming phenomena 1099:1125 In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. 32679889 10 64 theme type 1491:1494 arg1 plants 1496:1501 transgenic and wild type plants 1471:1501 transgenic and wild type plants 1471:1501 Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. 32679889 1 65 theme vinifera 177:184 arg1 protein 215:221 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 171:223 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) 171:234 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 1 65 theme vinifera 177:184 arg1 VviPGIP1 226:233 VviPGIP1 226:233 VviPGIP1 226:233 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 12 66 theme microarray 1716:1725 arg1 CoMPP 1746:1750 CoMPP 1746:1750 CoMPP 1746:1750 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 12 66 theme microarray 1716:1725 arg1 profiling 1735:1743 comprehensive microarray polymer profiling 1702:1743 comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) 1702:1751 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 10 67 theme wild 1486:1489 arg1 plants 1496:1501 transgenic and wild type plants 1471:1501 transgenic and wild type plants 1471:1501 Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. 32679889 5 68 theme dehydrogenase 740:752 arg1 gene 764:767 the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene 703:767 the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene 703:767 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 1 69 theme inhibiting 204:213 arg1 protein 215:221 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 171:223 Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) 171:234 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 1 69 theme inhibiting 204:213 arg1 VviPGIP1 226:233 VviPGIP1 226:233 VviPGIP1 226:233 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 8 70 theme pyrolysis 1242:1250 arg1 chromatography 1256:1269 pyrolysis gas chromatography 1242:1269 pyrolysis gas chromatography 1242:1269 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 4 71 theme transgenic 644:653 arg1 lines 655:659 four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines 616:659 four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines 616:659 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 15 72 theme Pectin 2012:2017 arg1 levels 2034:2039 Pectin esterification levels 2012:2039 Pectin esterification levels 2012:2039 Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. 32679889 0 73 theme Fungal 135:140 arg1 Infection 142:150 Fungal Infection 135:150 Fungal Infection 135:150 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 9 74 theme lignin 1302:1307 arg1 concentrations 1284:1297 Significant concentrations 1272:1297 Significant concentrations of lignin 1272:1307 Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. 32679889 14 75 theme wild 2001:2004 arg1 type 2006:2009 wild type 2001:2009 wild type 2001:2009 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 5 76 theme cinnamyl 723:730 arg1 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 5 76 theme cinnamyl 723:730 arg1 dehydrogenase 740:752 tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 707:752 the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene 703:767 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 7 77 theme wall 1025:1028 arg1 modulations 1030:1040 the cell wall modulations 1016:1040 the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes 1016:1140 In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. 32679889 12 78 theme cell 1652:1655 arg1 components 1670:1679 cell wall protein components 1652:1679 cell wall protein components 1652:1679 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 0 79 theme Glycan 65:70 arg1 Microarrays 72:82 Glycan Microarrays 65:82 Glycan Microarrays 65:82 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 1 80 attach linked 266:271 arg2 expression 157:166 The expression 153:166 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum 153:255 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 1 80 attach linked 266:271 arg1 modifications 276:288 modifications 276:288 modifications at the cell wall level 276:311 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 12 81 theme protein 1662:1668 arg1 components 1670:1679 cell wall protein components 1652:1679 cell wall protein components 1652:1679 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 15 82 theme pathogen 2061:2068 arg1 defence 2070:2076 pathogen defence 2061:2076 pathogen defence in the past 2061:2088 Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. 32679889 11 83 theme monosaccharides 1601:1615 arg1 GC-MS 1579:1583 GC-MS 1579:1583 GC-MS 1579:1583 The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. 32679889 11 83 theme monosaccharides 1601:1615 arg1 chromatography 1563:1576 gas chromatography 1559:1576 gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides 1559:1615 The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. 32679889 16 84 gly glycoprotein 2127:2138 arg1 glycoprotein 2127:2138 glycoprotein abundance 2127:2148 glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines 2127:2188 The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. 32679889 12 85 theme major 1622:1626 arg1 polysaccharide 1633:1646 The major leaf polysaccharide 1618:1646 The major leaf polysaccharide 1618:1646 The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). 32679889 13 86 theme protein 1818:1824 arg1 level 1826:1830 the polysaccharide and protein level 1795:1830 level 1826:1830 The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. 32679889 0 87 theme Wall 97:100 arg1 Reorganisation 102:115 Cell Wall Reorganisation 92:115 Cell Wall Reorganisation 92:115 Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. 32679889 1 88 from expression 157:166 arg1 tabacum 249:255 Nicotiana tabacum 239:255 Nicotiana tabacum 239:255 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 16 89 theme marked 2100:2105 arg1 changes 2107:2113 The most marked changes 2091:2113 The most marked changes 2091:2113 The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. 32679889 11 90 theme polysaccharide 1508:1521 arg1 modifications 1523:1535 The polysaccharide modifications 1504:1535 The polysaccharide modifications 1504:1535 The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. 32679889 2 91 theme Previous 314:321 arg1 investigations 323:336 Previous investigations 314:336 Previous investigations 314:336 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 9 92 theme overexpressing 1367:1380 arg1 plants 1382:1387 NtCAD14 overexpressing plants 1359:1387 NtCAD14 overexpressing plants 1359:1387 Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. 32679889 3 93 theme cell 467:470 arg1 wall 472:475 cell wall tightening occurs 467:493 cell wall tightening occurs 467:493 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 16 94 theme glycoprotein 2127:2138 arg1 abundance 2140:2148 glycoprotein abundance 2127:2148 glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines 2127:2188 The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. 32679889 13 95 theme polysaccharide 1799:1812 arg1 level 1826:1830 the polysaccharide and protein level 1795:1830 level 1826:1830 The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. 32679889 2 96 theme lignin 372:377 arg1 pathway 392:398 the lignin biosynthesis pathway 368:398 the lignin biosynthesis pathway 368:398 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 13 97 theme most 1758:1761 arg1 changes 1775:1781 The most significant changes 1754:1781 The most significant changes 1754:1781 The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. 32679889 2 98 theme arabinoxyloglucan 422:438 arg1 composition 440:450 arabinoxyloglucan composition 422:450 arabinoxyloglucan composition 422:450 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 14 99 from variations 1888:1897 arg1 type 2006:2009 wild type 2001:2009 wild type 2001:2009 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 14 99 from variations 1888:1897 arg1 patterning 1902:1911 patterning 1902:1911 patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines 1902:1992 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 10 100 theme significant 1406:1416 arg1 changes 1418:1424 no significant changes 1403:1424 no significant changes in monolignol composition 1403:1450 Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. 32679889 3 101 theme tightening 477:486 arg1 wall 472:475 cell wall tightening occurs 467:493 cell wall tightening occurs 467:493 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 1 102 theme wall 302:305 arg1 level 307:311 the cell wall level 293:311 the cell wall level 293:311 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 32679889 16 103 theme NtCAD14 2176:2182 arg1 lines 2184:2188 NtCAD14 lines 2176:2188 NtCAD14 lines 2176:2188 The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. 32679889 14 104 dep both 1951:1954 arg1 VviPGIP1 1956:1963 VviPGIP1 1956:1963 VviPGIP1 1956:1963 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 14 105 theme subtle 1881:1886 arg1 variations 1888:1897 subtle variations 1881:1897 subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type 1881:2009 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 8 106 theme lignin 1148:1153 arg1 composition 1155:1165 Leaf lignin composition 1143:1165 Leaf lignin composition 1143:1165 Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. 32679889 3 107 dep wall 472:475 arg1 occurs 488:493 occurs 488:493 occurs 488:493 This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. 32679889 17 108 theme NtCAD14 2285:2291 arg1 tobacco 2293:2299 transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco 2274:2299 transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco 2274:2299 Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco. 32679889 5 109 link tobacco-derived 707:721 arg1 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 NtCAD14 755:761 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 5 109 link tobacco-derived 707:721 arg1 dehydrogenase 740:752 tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 707:752 the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene 703:767 Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. 32679889 14 110 theme lines 1871:1875 arg1 fraction 1844:1851 The pectin fraction 1833:1851 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines 1833:1875 The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. 32679889 2 111 theme pathway 392:398 arg1 upregulation 352:363 an upregulation 349:363 an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway 349:398 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 2 111 theme pathway 392:398 arg1 reorganisation 404:417 reorganisation 404:417 reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition 404:450 Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. 32679889 4 112 theme overexpressing 629:642 arg1 lines 655:659 four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines 616:659 four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines 616:659 The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. 32679889 1 113 theme Nicotiana 239:247 arg1 tabacum 249:255 Nicotiana tabacum 239:255 Nicotiana tabacum 239:255 The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. 34371619 0 0 theme Food 71:74 arg1 Preserver 76:84 a Modern Food Preserver 62:84 a Modern Food Preserver 62:84 Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity as a Modern Food Preserver. 34371619 8 1 from bread 1085:1089 arg1 inhibitor 1057:1065 a growth inhibitor 1048:1065 the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread 987:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 8 1 from bread 1085:1089 arg1 phase 997:1001 the vapor phase 987:1001 the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread 987:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 4 2 theme antimicrobial 454:466 arg1 activity 468:475 The highest antimicrobial activity 442:475 The highest antimicrobial activity 442:475 The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and biofilm-forming bacteria. 34371619 0 3 theme Modern 64:69 arg1 Preserver 76:84 a Modern Food Preserver 62:84 a Modern Food Preserver 62:84 Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity as a Modern Food Preserver. 34371619 5 4 dep Bacillus 726:733 arg1 subtilis 735:742 subtilis 735:742 subtilis 735:742 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 5 5 located observed 714:721 arg2 effect 703:708 the most pronounced effect 683:708 the most pronounced effect 683:708 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 5 5 located observed 714:721 arg1 biofilm 744:750 Bacillus subtilis biofilm 726:750 Bacillus subtilis biofilm 726:750 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 1 6 theme chemical 128:135 arg1 composition 137:147 chemical composition 128:147 chemical composition 128:147 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 4 7 theme highest 446:452 arg1 activity 468:475 The highest antimicrobial activity 442:475 The highest antimicrobial activity 442:475 The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and biofilm-forming bacteria. 34371619 5 8 theme serpyllum 622:630 arg1 application 635:645 T. serpyllum EO application 619:645 T. serpyllum EO application 619:645 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 8 9 from inhibitor 1057:1065 arg1 bread 1085:1089 bread 1085:1089 bread 1085:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 8 9 from inhibitor 1057:1065 arg1 storage 1010:1016 the storage 1006:1016 the storage of root vegetables 1006:1035 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 7 10 theme suitable 875:882 arg1 alternative 884:894 a suitable alternative 873:894 a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants as well as antimicrobials 873:946 T. serpyllum should be a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants as well as antimicrobials. 34371619 7 10 theme suitable 875:882 arg1 serpyllum 853:861 T. serpyllum 850:861 T. serpyllum 850:861 T. serpyllum should be a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants as well as antimicrobials. 34371619 3 11 theme scavenging 412:421 arg1 activity 423:430 free-radical scavenging activity 399:430 free-radical scavenging activity 399:430 It was found that free-radical scavenging activity was high. 34371619 1 12 theme Thymus 218:223 arg1 serpyllum 225:233 Thymus serpyllum 218:233 Thymus serpyllum 218:233 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 5 13 theme EO 632:633 arg1 application 635:645 T. serpyllum EO application 619:645 T. serpyllum EO application 619:645 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 1 14 theme serpyllum 225:233 arg1 activity 180:187 biological and antibiofilm activity 153:187 activity 180:187 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 1 14 theme serpyllum 225:233 arg1 composition 137:147 chemical composition 128:147 chemical composition 128:147 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 8 15 theme growth 1050:1055 arg1 inhibitor 1057:1065 a growth inhibitor 1048:1065 the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread 987:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 8 16 theme serpyllum 962:970 arg1 EO 953:954 The EO 949:954 The EO of T. serpyllum 949:970 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 8 17 theme Penicillium 1070:1080 arg1 inhibitor 1057:1065 a growth inhibitor 1048:1065 the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread 987:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 8 17 theme Penicillium 1070:1080 arg1 phase 997:1001 the vapor phase 987:1001 the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread 987:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 4 18 theme biofilm-forming 550:564 arg1 bacteria 566:573 biofilm-forming bacteria 550:573 biofilm-forming bacteria 550:573 The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and biofilm-forming bacteria. 34371619 8 19 from phase 997:1001 arg1 bread 1085:1089 bread 1085:1089 bread 1085:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 8 19 from phase 997:1001 arg1 storage 1010:1016 the storage 1006:1016 the storage of root vegetables 1006:1035 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 6 20 theme phase 790:794 arg1 activity 768:775 The antifungal activity 753:775 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase 753:794 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase was the most effective against Penicillium crustosum. 34371619 6 20 theme phase 790:794 arg1 effective 809:817 effective 809:817 effective 809:817 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase was the most effective against Penicillium crustosum. 34371619 3 21 theme free-radical 399:410 arg1 activity 423:430 free-radical scavenging activity 399:430 free-radical scavenging activity 399:430 It was found that free-radical scavenging activity was high. 34371619 6 22 theme vapor 784:788 arg1 phase 790:794 the vapor phase 780:794 the vapor phase 780:794 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase was the most effective against Penicillium crustosum. 34371619 1 23 theme biological 153:162 arg1 activity 180:187 biological and antibiofilm activity 153:187 activity 180:187 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 8 24 used used 979:982 arg2 EO 953:954 The EO 949:954 The EO of T. serpyllum 949:970 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 5 25 theme biofilm 595:601 arg1 structure 603:611 the biofilm structure 591:611 the biofilm structure 591:611 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 1 26 theme antibiofilm 168:178 arg1 activity 180:187 biological and antibiofilm activity 153:187 activity 180:187 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 0 27 theme Essential 17:25 arg1 Oil 27:29 Essential Oil 17:29 Essential Oil 17:29 Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity as a Modern Food Preserver. 34371619 8 28 theme vapor 991:995 arg1 phase 997:1001 the vapor phase 987:1001 the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread 987:1089 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 5 29 theme T. 619:620 arg1 application 635:645 T. serpyllum EO application 619:645 T. serpyllum EO application 619:645 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 8 30 theme vegetables 1026:1035 arg1 storage 1010:1016 the storage 1006:1016 the storage of root vegetables 1006:1035 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 5 31 theme pronounced 692:701 arg1 effect 703:708 the most pronounced effect 683:708 the most pronounced effect 683:708 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 1 32 theme MALDI-TOF 253:261 arg1 MS 263:264 MALDI-TOF MS 253:264 a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 251:273 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 6 33 theme antifungal 757:766 arg1 activity 768:775 The antifungal activity 753:775 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase 753:794 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase was the most effective against Penicillium crustosum. 34371619 6 33 theme antifungal 757:766 arg1 effective 809:817 effective 809:817 effective 809:817 The antifungal activity of the vapor phase was the most effective against Penicillium crustosum. 34371619 1 34 dep composition 137:147 arg1 the 124:126 the 124:126 the 124:126 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 0 35 theme Biological 39:48 arg1 Activity 50:57 Its Biological Activity 35:57 Its Biological Activity 35:57 Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity as a Modern Food Preserver. 34371619 1 36 theme MS 263:264 arg1 Biotyper 266:273 a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 251:273 a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 251:273 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 2 37 theme main 280:283 arg1 thymol 310:315 thymol 310:315 thymol 310:315 The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. 34371619 2 37 theme main 280:283 arg1 compounds 285:293 The main compounds 276:293 The main compounds of the EO 276:303 The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. 34371619 1 38 theme Biotyper 266:273 arg1 use 244:246 the use 240:246 the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 240:273 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 1 39 theme study 103:107 arg1 aim 91:93 The aim 87:93 The aim of this study 87:107 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 1 40 theme essential 196:204 arg1 EO 211:212 EO 211:212 EO 211:212 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 1 40 theme essential 196:204 arg1 oil 206:208 the essential oil 192:208 the essential oil (EO) 192:213 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 7 41 theme synthetic 899:907 arg1 antioxidants 909:920 synthetic antioxidants 899:920 synthetic antioxidants 899:920 T. serpyllum should be a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants as well as antimicrobials. 34371619 1 42 theme oil 206:208 arg1 activity 180:187 biological and antibiofilm activity 153:187 activity 180:187 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 1 42 theme oil 206:208 arg1 composition 137:147 chemical composition 128:147 chemical composition 128:147 The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and biological and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum with the use of a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. 34371619 8 43 theme root 1021:1024 arg1 vegetables 1026:1035 root vegetables 1021:1035 root vegetables 1021:1035 The EO of T. serpyllum can be used in the vapor phase in the storage of root vegetables as well as a growth inhibitor of Penicillium on bread. 34371619 2 44 dep % 322:322 arg1 o-cymene 343:350 o-cymene 343:350 o-cymene 343:350 The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. 34371619 2 44 dep % 322:322 arg1 carvacrol 325:333 carvacrol 325:333 carvacrol 325:333 The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. 34371619 5 45 theme inhibitory 661:670 arg1 action 672:677 the inhibitory action 657:677 the inhibitory action 657:677 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 5 46 theme Bacillus 726:733 arg1 biofilm 744:750 Bacillus subtilis biofilm 726:750 Bacillus subtilis biofilm 726:750 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34371619 2 47 theme EO 302:303 arg1 thymol 310:315 thymol 310:315 thymol 310:315 The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. 34371619 2 47 theme EO 302:303 arg1 compounds 285:293 The main compounds 276:293 The main compounds of the EO 276:303 The main compounds of the EO were thymol, 18.8%; carvacrol, 17.4%; o-cymene, 15.4%; and geraniol, 10.7%. 34371619 5 48 from changes 580:586 arg1 structure 603:611 the biofilm structure 591:611 the biofilm structure 591:611 The changes in the biofilm structure after T. serpyllum EO application confirmed the inhibitory action and the most pronounced effect was observed on Bacillus subtilis biofilm. 34774386 11 0 theme cumulative 1339:1348 arg1 survival 1350:1357 lowest cumulative survival 1332:1357 lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043) 1332:1398 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 12 1 theme Elevated 1413:1420 arg1 levels 1439:1444 Elevated serum galectin-1 levels 1413:1444 Elevated serum galectin-1 levels 1413:1444 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 1 2 with protein 167:173 arg1 properties 204:213 broad anti-inflammatory properties 180:213 broad anti-inflammatory properties 180:213 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 11 3 theme highest 1303:1309 arg1 group 1322:1326 the highest galectin-1 group 1299:1326 the highest galectin-1 group 1299:1326 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 12 4 theme all-cause 1500:1508 arg1 mortality 1510:1518 all-cause mortality 1500:1518 all-cause mortality 1500:1518 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 0 5 theme heart 77:81 arg1 failure 83:89 heart failure 77:89 heart failure 77:89 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 8 6 theme DD 955:956 arg1 indexes 905:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 6 theme DD 955:956 arg1 diameters 926:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 6 theme DD 955:956 arg1 prevalence 941:950 prevalence 941:950 prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05) 941:1009 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 12 7 theme composite 1478:1486 arg1 endpoint 1488:1495 the composite endpoint 1474:1495 the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF 1474:1537 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 0 8 theme preserved 96:104 arg1 fraction 115:122 preserved ejection fraction 96:122 preserved ejection fraction 96:122 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 12 9 theme galectin-1 1428:1437 arg1 levels 1439:1444 Elevated serum galectin-1 levels 1413:1444 Elevated serum galectin-1 levels 1413:1444 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 12 10 theme incident 1524:1531 arg1 HFpEF 1533:1537 incident HFpEF 1524:1537 incident HFpEF 1524:1537 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 7 11 dep RESULTS 696:702 arg1 grouped 778:784 grouped 778:784 grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels 778:825 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 7 11 dep RESULTS 696:702 arg1 enrolled 732:739 enrolled 732:739 enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) 732:772 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 11 12 from patients 1287:1294 arg1 group 1322:1326 the highest galectin-1 group 1299:1326 the highest galectin-1 group 1299:1326 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 8 13 theme galectin-1 852:861 arg1 group 863:867 the highest galectin-1 group 840:867 the highest galectin-1 group 840:867 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 10 14 theme high 1159:1162 arg1 levels 1175:1180 high galectin-1 levels 1159:1180 high galectin-1 levels 1159:1180 After adjusting for confounding factors, high galectin-1 levels remained significantly associated with DD (odds ratio 2.44, p=0.005). 34774386 11 15 theme endpoint 1372:1379 arg1 survival 1350:1357 lowest cumulative survival 1332:1357 lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043) 1332:1398 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 8 16 contain had 869:871 arg2 prevalence 941:950 prevalence 941:950 prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05) 941:1009 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 16 contain had 869:871 arg1 Patients 828:835 Patients 828:835 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group 828:867 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 16 contain had 869:871 arg2 diameters 926:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 16 contain had 869:871 arg2 indexes 905:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 17 theme highest 844:850 arg1 group 863:867 the highest galectin-1 group 840:867 the highest galectin-1 group 840:867 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 1 18 theme broad 180:184 arg1 properties 204:213 broad anti-inflammatory properties 180:213 broad anti-inflammatory properties 180:213 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 0 19 theme ejection 106:113 arg1 fraction 115:122 preserved ejection fraction 96:122 preserved ejection fraction 96:122 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 4 20 theme METHODS 493:499 arg1 Patients 501:508 METHODS Patients 493:508 METHODS Patients with symptoms of angina pectoris 493:541 METHODS Patients with symptoms of angina pectoris were enrolled. 34774386 10 21 dep associated 1205:1214 arg1 odds 1225:1228 odds 1225:1228 odds 1225:1228 After adjusting for confounding factors, high galectin-1 levels remained significantly associated with DD (odds ratio 2.44, p=0.005). 34774386 10 21 dep associated 1205:1214 arg1 p=0.005 1242:1248 p=0.005 1242:1248 p=0.005 1242:1248 After adjusting for confounding factors, high galectin-1 levels remained significantly associated with DD (odds ratio 2.44, p=0.005). 34774386 6 22 theme study 622:626 arg1 composite 643:651 a composite 641:651 a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF 641:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 22 theme study 622:626 arg1 mortality 666:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 22 theme study 622:626 arg1 HFpEF 689:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 22 theme study 622:626 arg1 endpoint 628:635 The study endpoint 618:635 The study endpoint 618:635 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 1 23 theme anti-inflammatory 186:202 arg1 properties 204:213 broad anti-inflammatory properties 180:213 broad anti-inflammatory properties 180:213 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 3 24 theme serum 405:409 arg1 level 422:426 serum galectin-1 level 405:426 serum galectin-1 level 405:426 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 11 25 theme Kaplan-Meier 1256:1267 arg1 analysis 1269:1276 The Kaplan-Meier analysis 1252:1276 The Kaplan-Meier analysis 1252:1276 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 3 26 with associations 384:395 arg1 HFpEF 485:489 HFpEF 485:489 HFpEF 485:489 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 3 26 with associations 384:395 arg1 fraction 475:482 preserved ejection fraction 456:482 preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 456:490 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 3 27 theme galectin-1 411:420 arg1 level 422:426 serum galectin-1 level 405:426 serum galectin-1 level 405:426 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 12 28 dep CONCLUSIONS 1401:1411 arg1 associated 1451:1460 associated 1451:1460 were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF 1446:1537 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 10 29 dep odds 1225:1228 arg1 ratio 1230:1234 ratio 2.44 1230:1239 ratio 2.44 1230:1239 After adjusting for confounding factors, high galectin-1 levels remained significantly associated with DD (odds ratio 2.44, p=0.005). 34774386 8 30 theme lower 983:987 arg1 tertiles 989:996 the lower tertiles 979:996 the lower tertiles (all p<0.05) 979:1009 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 30 theme lower 983:987 arg1 p<0.05 1003:1008 all p<0.05 999:1008 all p<0.05 999:1008 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 7 31 theme galectin-1 809:818 arg1 levels 820:825 galectin-1 levels 809:825 galectin-1 levels 809:825 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 3 32 theme heart 437:441 arg1 failure 443:449 heart failure 437:449 heart failure 437:449 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 8 33 from Patients 828:835 arg1 group 863:867 the highest galectin-1 group 840:867 the highest galectin-1 group 840:867 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 34 theme increased 873:881 arg1 indexes 905:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 35 theme atrial 919:924 arg1 diameters 926:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 7 36 dep % 744:744 arg1 years 767:771 mean age 68±12 years 752:771 63% male; mean age 68±12 years 742:771 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 8 37 theme ventricular 888:898 arg1 indexes 905:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 38 theme mass 900:903 arg1 indexes 905:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 8 39 theme left 883:886 arg1 indexes 905:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 increased left ventricular mass indexes 873:911 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 0 40 theme ventricular 38:48 arg1 dysfunction 60:70 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 33:70 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 33:70 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 9 41 theme galectin-1 1031:1040 arg1 levels 1042:1047 elevated galectin-1 levels 1022:1047 elevated galectin-1 levels 1022:1047 Moreover, elevated galectin-1 levels were significantly associated with the composite endpoint (p=0.039). 34774386 6 42 theme HFpEF 689:693 arg1 composite 643:651 a composite 641:651 a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF 641:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 42 theme HFpEF 689:693 arg1 mortality 666:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 42 theme HFpEF 689:693 arg1 HFpEF 689:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 42 theme HFpEF 689:693 arg1 endpoint 628:635 The study endpoint 618:635 The study endpoint 618:635 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 3 43 theme preserved 456:464 arg1 HFpEF 485:489 HFpEF 485:489 HFpEF 485:489 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 3 43 theme preserved 456:464 arg1 fraction 475:482 preserved ejection fraction 456:482 preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 456:490 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 0 44 theme left 33:36 arg1 dysfunction 60:70 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 33:70 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 33:70 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 4 45 theme pectoris 534:541 arg1 symptoms 515:522 symptoms 515:522 symptoms of angina pectoris 515:541 METHODS Patients with symptoms of angina pectoris were enrolled. 34774386 11 46 theme lowest 1332:1337 arg1 survival 1350:1357 lowest cumulative survival 1332:1357 lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043) 1332:1398 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 9 47 theme composite 1088:1096 arg1 p=0.039 1108:1114 p=0.039 1108:1114 p=0.039 1108:1114 Moreover, elevated galectin-1 levels were significantly associated with the composite endpoint (p=0.039). 34774386 9 47 theme composite 1088:1096 arg1 endpoint 1098:1105 the composite endpoint 1084:1105 the composite endpoint (p=0.039) 1084:1115 Moreover, elevated galectin-1 levels were significantly associated with the composite endpoint (p=0.039). 34774386 3 48 theme ejection 466:473 arg1 HFpEF 485:489 HFpEF 485:489 HFpEF 485:489 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 3 48 theme ejection 466:473 arg1 fraction 475:482 preserved ejection fraction 456:482 preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 456:490 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 11 49 theme galectin-1 1311:1320 arg1 group 1322:1326 the highest galectin-1 group 1299:1326 the highest galectin-1 group 1299:1326 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 4 50 theme angina 527:532 arg1 pectoris 534:541 angina pectoris 527:541 angina pectoris 527:541 METHODS Patients with symptoms of angina pectoris were enrolled. 34774386 3 51 theme DD 331:332 arg1 complex 337:343 complex 337:343 complex 337:343 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 3 51 theme DD 331:332 arg1 pathophysiology 312:326 The pathophysiology 308:326 The pathophysiology of DD 308:332 The pathophysiology of DD is complex and our study aimed to investigate the associations between serum galectin-1 level, DD, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 34774386 11 52 theme composite 1362:1370 arg1 endpoint 1372:1379 composite endpoint 1362:1379 composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043) 1362:1398 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 11 52 theme composite 1362:1370 arg1 rank 1386:1389 log rank p=0.043 1382:1397 log rank p=0.043 1382:1397 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 5 53 theme Serum 558:562 arg1 levels 575:580 Serum galectin-1 levels 558:580 Serum galectin-1 levels 558:580 Serum galectin-1 levels and echocardiography were assessed. 34774386 0 54 theme diastolic 50:58 arg1 dysfunction 60:70 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 33:70 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 33:70 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 7 55 theme age 757:759 arg1 years 767:771 mean age 68±12 years 752:771 63% male; mean age 68±12 years 742:771 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 11 56 theme log 1382:1384 arg1 endpoint 1372:1379 composite endpoint 1362:1379 composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043) 1362:1398 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 11 56 theme log 1382:1384 arg1 rank 1386:1389 log rank p=0.043 1382:1397 log rank p=0.043 1382:1397 The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed patients in the highest galectin-1 group had lowest cumulative survival of composite endpoint (log rank p=0.043). 34774386 7 57 dep enrolled 732:739 arg1 % 744:744 63% male 742:749 63% male; mean age 68±12 years 742:771 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 5 58 theme galectin-1 564:573 arg1 levels 575:580 Serum galectin-1 levels 558:580 Serum galectin-1 levels 558:580 Serum galectin-1 levels and echocardiography were assessed. 34774386 1 59 theme BACKGROUND 125:134 arg1 Galectin-1 136:145 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 125:145 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 125:145 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 1 59 theme BACKGROUND 125:134 arg1 protein 167:173 a glycan-binding protein 150:173 a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties 150:213 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 6 60 theme new-onset 679:687 arg1 HFpEF 689:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 2 61 theme diastolic 233:241 arg1 DD 256:257 DD 256:257 DD 256:257 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 2 61 theme diastolic 233:241 arg1 dysfunction 243:253 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 216:253 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) 216:258 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 0 62 with Associations 0:11 arg1 fraction 115:122 preserved ejection fraction 96:122 preserved ejection fraction 96:122 Associations between galectin-1, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 34774386 12 63 theme HFpEF 1533:1537 arg1 DD 1467:1468 DD 1467:1468 DD 1467:1468 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 12 63 theme HFpEF 1533:1537 arg1 endpoint 1488:1495 the composite endpoint 1474:1495 the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF 1474:1537 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 8 64 theme left 914:917 arg1 diameters 926:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 left atrial diameters 914:934 Patients in the highest galectin-1 group had increased left ventricular mass indexes, left atrial diameters, and prevalence of DD compared to those in the lower tertiles (all p<0.05). 34774386 2 65 theme ventricular 221:231 arg1 DD 256:257 DD 256:257 DD 256:257 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 2 65 theme ventricular 221:231 arg1 dysfunction 243:253 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 216:253 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) 216:258 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 2 66 theme heart 279:283 arg1 failure 285:291 heart failure 279:291 heart failure 279:291 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 4 67 with Patients 501:508 arg1 symptoms 515:522 symptoms 515:522 symptoms of angina pectoris 515:541 METHODS Patients with symptoms of angina pectoris were enrolled. 34774386 6 68 theme mortality 666:674 arg1 composite 643:651 a composite 641:651 a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF 641:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 68 theme mortality 666:674 arg1 mortality 666:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 68 theme mortality 666:674 arg1 HFpEF 689:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 new-onset HFpEF 679:693 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 6 68 theme mortality 666:674 arg1 endpoint 628:635 The study endpoint 618:635 The study endpoint 618:635 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 7 69 theme mean 752:755 arg1 years 767:771 mean age 68±12 years 752:771 63% male; mean age 68±12 years 742:771 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 34774386 2 70 theme Left 216:219 arg1 DD 256:257 DD 256:257 DD 256:257 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 2 70 theme Left 216:219 arg1 dysfunction 243:253 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 216:253 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) 216:258 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) is associated with heart failure and mortality. 34774386 12 71 theme mortality 1510:1518 arg1 DD 1467:1468 DD 1467:1468 DD 1467:1468 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 12 71 theme mortality 1510:1518 arg1 endpoint 1488:1495 the composite endpoint 1474:1495 the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF 1474:1537 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 6 72 theme all-cause 656:664 arg1 mortality 666:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 all-cause mortality 656:674 The study endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or new-onset HFpEF. 34774386 10 73 theme confounding 1138:1148 arg1 factors 1150:1156 confounding factors 1138:1156 confounding factors 1138:1156 After adjusting for confounding factors, high galectin-1 levels remained significantly associated with DD (odds ratio 2.44, p=0.005). 34774386 10 74 theme galectin-1 1164:1173 arg1 levels 1175:1180 high galectin-1 levels 1159:1180 high galectin-1 levels 1159:1180 After adjusting for confounding factors, high galectin-1 levels remained significantly associated with DD (odds ratio 2.44, p=0.005). 34774386 12 75 theme serum 1422:1426 arg1 levels 1439:1444 Elevated serum galectin-1 levels 1413:1444 Elevated serum galectin-1 levels 1413:1444 CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum galectin-1 levels were associated with DD and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and incident HFpEF. 34774386 1 76 theme glycan-binding 152:165 arg1 Galectin-1 136:145 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 125:145 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 125:145 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 1 76 theme glycan-binding 152:165 arg1 protein 167:173 a glycan-binding protein 150:173 a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties 150:213 BACKGROUND Galectin-1 is a glycan-binding protein with broad anti-inflammatory properties. 34774386 9 77 theme elevated 1022:1029 arg1 levels 1042:1047 elevated galectin-1 levels 1022:1047 elevated galectin-1 levels 1022:1047 Moreover, elevated galectin-1 levels were significantly associated with the composite endpoint (p=0.039). 34774386 7 78 theme male 746:749 arg1 % 744:744 63% male 742:749 63% male; mean age 68±12 years 742:771 RESULTS In total, 258 patients were enrolled (63% male; mean age 68±12 years) and grouped into tertiles based on galectin-1 levels. 33171989 0 0 from Characterization 10:25 arg1 Rhizobacteria 105:117 the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads 95:169 Rhizobacteria 105:117 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 0 from Characterization 10:25 arg1 Pseudomonads 158:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 8 1 theme components 1339:1348 arg1 distribution 1301:1312 the phylogenetic distribution 1284:1312 the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1284:1391 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 1 2 theme complex 185:191 arg1 Biofilms 172:179 Biofilms 172:179 Biofilms 172:179 Biofilms are complex structures that are crucial during host-bacteria interaction and colonization. 33171989 1 2 theme complex 185:191 arg1 structures 193:202 complex structures 185:202 complex structures that are crucial during host-bacteria interaction and colonization 185:269 Biofilms are complex structures that are crucial during host-bacteria interaction and colonization. 33171989 6 3 dep adhesins 953:960 arg1 LapA 962:965 LapA 962:965 LapA 962:965 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 3 dep adhesins 953:960 arg1 PsmE 977:980 PsmE 977:980 PsmE 977:980 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 3 dep adhesins 953:960 arg1 adhesins 953:960 the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE 949:980 the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE 949:980 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 3 dep adhesins 953:960 arg1 MapA 968:971 MapA 968:971 MapA 968:971 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 7 4 theme different 1208:1216 arg1 pilus 1191:1195 Flp/Tad pilus 1183:1195 Flp/Tad pilus 1183:1195 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 4 5 theme ECM 533:535 arg1 composition 537:547 the ECM composition 529:547 the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads 529:580 However, neither the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads nor their phylogenetic distribution within the genus has been so thoroughly studied. 33171989 5 6 theme in 688:689 arg1 methods 698:704 in silico methods 688:704 in silico methods 688:704 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 9 7 theme lifestyle 1580:1588 arg1 specialization 1590:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 0 8 theme Model 99:103 arg1 Rhizobacteria 105:117 the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads 95:169 Rhizobacteria 105:117 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 9 9 theme pathogen 1571:1578 arg1 specialization 1590:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 8 10 from distribution 1301:1312 arg1 genomes 1385:1391 nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1353:1391 nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1353:1391 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 0 11 dep Pseudomonas 119:129 arg1 fluorescens 131:141 fluorescens 131:141 fluorescens 131:141 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 9 12 theme diverse 1451:1457 arg1 set 1459:1461 a diverse set 1449:1461 a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1449:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 9 12 theme diverse 1451:1457 arg1 clusters 1476:1483 gene/gene clusters 1466:1483 gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1466:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 0 13 dep Rhizobacteria 105:117 arg1 F113 143:146 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 119:146 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 119:146 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 9 14 theme gene/gene 1466:1474 arg1 clusters 1476:1483 gene/gene clusters 1466:1483 gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1466:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 0 15 theme Pseudomonas 119:129 arg1 F113 143:146 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 119:146 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 119:146 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 16 from Distribution 44:55 arg1 Rhizobacteria 105:117 the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads 95:169 Rhizobacteria 105:117 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 16 from Distribution 44:55 arg1 Pseudomonads 158:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 7 17 theme pilus 1191:1195 arg1 Pap 1113:1115 Pap 1113:1115 Pap 1113:1115 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 7 17 theme pilus 1191:1195 arg1 type 1175:1178 a novel type 1167:1178 a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa 1167:1256 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 7 17 theme pilus 1191:1195 arg1 polysaccharide 1097:1110 the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide 1074:1110 the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap) 1074:1116 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 7 17 theme pilus 1191:1195 arg1 components 1062:1071 novel components 1056:1071 novel components 1056:1071 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 5 18 dep in 688:689 arg1 silico 691:696 silico 691:696 silico 691:696 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 19 theme plant 773:777 arg1 rhizobacteria 796:808 a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 771:808 a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 771:808 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 19 theme plant 773:777 arg1 F113 765:768 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 741:768 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 741:768 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 3 20 theme components 449:458 arg1 variety 434:440 a variety 432:440 a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized 432:509 Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. 33171989 3 20 theme components 449:458 arg1 components 449:458 ECM components 445:458 ECM components 445:458 Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. 33171989 0 21 theme In 0:1 arg1 Characterization 10:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 4 22 theme phylogenetic 592:603 arg1 distribution 605:616 their phylogenetic distribution 586:616 their phylogenetic distribution within the genus 586:633 However, neither the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads nor their phylogenetic distribution within the genus has been so thoroughly studied. 33171989 3 23 contain contain 424:430 arg1 Pseudomonads 411:422 Pseudomonads 411:422 Pseudomonads 411:422 Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. 33171989 3 23 contain contain 424:430 arg2 components 449:458 ECM components 445:458 ECM components 445:458 Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. 33171989 3 23 contain contain 424:430 arg2 variety 434:440 a variety 432:440 a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized 432:509 Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. 33171989 8 24 theme Pseudomonas 1373:1383 arg1 genomes 1385:1391 nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1353:1391 nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1353:1391 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 8 25 theme complete 1364:1371 arg1 genomes 1385:1391 nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1353:1391 nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1353:1391 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 9 26 theme Pseudomonas 1417:1427 arg1 populations 1429:1439 Pseudomonas populations 1417:1439 Pseudomonas populations 1417:1439 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 9 27 contain contain 1441:1447 arg2 set 1459:1461 a diverse set 1449:1461 a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1449:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 9 27 contain contain 1441:1447 arg2 clusters 1476:1483 gene/gene clusters 1466:1483 gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1466:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 9 27 contain contain 1441:1447 arg1 populations 1429:1439 Pseudomonas populations 1417:1439 Pseudomonas populations 1417:1439 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 5 28 theme ECM 722:724 arg1 composition 726:736 the ECM composition 718:736 the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization 718:847 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 29 theme rhizosphere 824:834 arg1 colonization 836:847 rhizosphere colonization 824:847 rhizosphere colonization 824:847 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 6 30 theme functional 991:1000 arg1 amyloids 1002:1009 the functional amyloids 987:1009 the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas 987:1024 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 2 31 theme extracellular 318:330 arg1 matrix 332:337 an extracellular matrix 315:337 an extracellular matrix (ECM) typically composed of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and DNA 315:408 Bacteria within biofilms are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM) typically composed of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and DNA. 33171989 2 31 theme extracellular 318:330 arg1 ECM 340:342 ECM 340:342 ECM 340:342 Bacteria within biofilms are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM) typically composed of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and DNA. 33171989 8 32 theme ECM 1335:1337 arg1 components 1339:1348 the most relevant ECM components 1317:1348 the most relevant ECM components 1317:1348 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 7 33 theme novel 1169:1173 arg1 type 1175:1178 a novel type 1167:1178 a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa 1167:1256 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 1 34 theme host-bacteria 228:240 arg1 interaction 242:252 host-bacteria interaction 228:252 host-bacteria interaction 228:252 Biofilms are complex structures that are crucial during host-bacteria interaction and colonization. 33171989 9 35 theme clusters 1476:1483 arg1 set 1459:1461 a diverse set 1449:1461 a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1449:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 9 35 theme clusters 1476:1483 arg1 clusters 1476:1483 gene/gene clusters 1466:1483 gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs 1466:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 9 36 theme certain 1546:1552 arg1 specialization 1590:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 0 37 theme Phylogenetic 31:42 arg1 Distribution 44:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 4 38 theme plant-associated 552:567 arg1 pseudomonads 569:580 plant-associated pseudomonads 552:580 plant-associated pseudomonads 552:580 However, neither the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads nor their phylogenetic distribution within the genus has been so thoroughly studied. 33171989 0 39 theme Other 152:156 arg1 Pseudomonads 158:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 40 from Components 81:90 arg1 Rhizobacteria 105:117 the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads 95:169 Rhizobacteria 105:117 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 40 from Components 81:90 arg1 Pseudomonads 158:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 Other Pseudomonads 152:169 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 7 41 theme novel 1056:1060 arg1 components 1062:1071 novel components 1056:1071 novel components 1056:1071 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 0 42 theme Extracellular 60:72 arg1 Components 81:90 Extracellular Matrix Components 60:90 Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads 60:169 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 5 43 dep Pseudomonas 741:751 arg1 fluorescens 753:763 fluorescens 753:763 fluorescens 753:763 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 7 44 theme Pseudomonas 1078:1088 arg1 Pap 1113:1115 Pap 1113:1115 Pap 1113:1115 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 7 44 theme Pseudomonas 1078:1088 arg1 polysaccharide 1097:1110 the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide 1074:1110 the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap) 1074:1116 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 5 45 theme growth-promoting 779:794 arg1 rhizobacteria 796:808 a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 771:808 a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 771:808 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 45 theme growth-promoting 779:794 arg1 F113 765:768 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 741:768 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 741:768 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 46 theme Pseudomonas 741:751 arg1 model 814:818 model 814:818 model for rhizosphere colonization 814:847 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 46 theme Pseudomonas 741:751 arg1 rhizobacteria 796:808 a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 771:808 a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 771:808 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 5 46 theme Pseudomonas 741:751 arg1 F113 765:768 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 741:768 Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 741:768 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 33171989 9 47 theme commensal 1554:1562 arg1 specialization 1590:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization 1546:1603 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 7 48 theme acidic 1090:1095 arg1 Pap 1113:1115 Pap 1113:1115 Pap 1113:1115 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 7 48 theme acidic 1090:1095 arg1 polysaccharide 1097:1110 the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide 1074:1110 the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap) 1074:1116 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 6 49 dep polysaccharides 879:893 arg1 alginate 895:902 alginate 895:902 alginate 895:902 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 49 dep polysaccharides 879:893 arg1 PNAG 932:935 PNAG 932:935 PNAG 932:935 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 49 dep polysaccharides 879:893 arg1 levan 942:946 levan 942:946 levan 942:946 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 49 dep polysaccharides 879:893 arg1 poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine 905:929 poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine 905:929 poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) 905:936 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 6 49 dep polysaccharides 879:893 arg1 polysaccharides 879:893 the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan 875:946 the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan 875:946 These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. 33171989 8 50 theme phylogenetic 1288:1299 arg1 distribution 1301:1312 the phylogenetic distribution 1284:1312 the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes 1284:1391 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 4 51 theme pseudomonads 569:580 arg1 composition 537:547 the ECM composition 529:547 the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads 529:580 However, neither the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads nor their phylogenetic distribution within the genus has been so thoroughly studied. 33171989 7 52 from one 1227:1229 arg1 different 1208:1216 different 1208:1216 different 1208:1216 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 0 53 from Pseudomonads 158:169 arg1 Characterization 10:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 53 from Pseudomonads 158:169 arg1 Distribution 44:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 54 from Rhizobacteria 105:117 arg1 Characterization 10:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 54 from Rhizobacteria 105:117 arg1 Distribution 44:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 9 55 theme ECMs 1532:1535 arg1 formation 1513:1521 the formation 1509:1521 the formation of their ECMs 1509:1535 Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization. 33171989 0 56 theme Components 81:90 arg1 Characterization 10:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization 0:25 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 0 56 theme Components 81:90 arg1 Distribution 44:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 Phylogenetic Distribution 31:55 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 8 57 theme relevant 1326:1333 arg1 components 1339:1348 the most relevant ECM components 1317:1348 the most relevant ECM components 1317:1348 Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. 33171989 0 58 theme Matrix 74:79 arg1 Components 81:90 Extracellular Matrix Components 60:90 Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads 60:169 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 3 59 theme ECM 445:447 arg1 components 449:458 ECM components 445:458 ECM components 445:458 Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. 33171989 0 60 dep In 0:1 arg1 Silico 3:8 Silico 3:8 Silico 3:8 In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads. 33171989 7 61 theme Flp/Tad 1183:1189 arg1 pilus 1191:1195 Flp/Tad pilus 1183:1195 Flp/Tad pilus 1183:1195 Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. 33171989 5 62 theme F113 765:768 arg1 composition 726:736 the ECM composition 718:736 the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization 718:847 In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. 34828995 3 0 theme sediment 310:317 arg1 formation 319:327 sediment formation 310:327 sediment formation 310:327 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 K 806:806 K 806:806 K 806:806 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 acid 787:790 glutamic acid 778:790 glutamic acid 778:790 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 components 848:857 the main monomer components 831:857 the main monomer components 831:857 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 acid 761:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 1 theme main 835:838 arg1 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 8 2 theme ingredients 890:900 arg1 regulation 870:879 Effective regulation 860:879 Effective regulation of these ingredients 860:900 Effective regulation of these ingredients will greatly help the quality of ginseng beverages. 34828995 5 3 theme interaction 412:422 arg1 model 424:428 The composition interaction model 396:428 The composition interaction model 396:428 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 6 4 theme crystals 729:736 arg1 structures 653:662 typical structures 645:662 typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 645:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 8 5 theme Effective 860:868 arg1 regulation 870:879 Effective regulation 860:879 Effective regulation of these ingredients 860:900 Effective regulation of these ingredients will greatly help the quality of ginseng beverages. 34828995 6 6 theme proteins 667:674 arg1 structures 653:662 typical structures 645:662 typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 645:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 6 7 theme dihydrate 713:721 arg1 crystals 729:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 3 8 theme first 257:261 arg1 days 266:269 The first 30 days 253:269 The first 30 days of storage 253:280 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 3 8 theme first 257:261 arg1 period 299:304 the critical period 286:304 the critical period for sediment formation 286:327 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 5 9 theme Ca2+-pectin 505:515 arg1 cross-linking 448:460 the cross-linking 444:460 the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin 444:515 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 9 theme Ca2+-pectin 505:515 arg1 cause 530:534 the main cause 521:534 the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract 521:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 8 10 theme ginseng 935:941 arg1 beverages 943:951 ginseng beverages 935:951 ginseng beverages 935:951 Effective regulation of these ingredients will greatly help the quality of ginseng beverages. 34828995 6 11 theme calcium 697:703 arg1 crystals 729:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 6 12 theme sediment 619:626 arg1 characterization 586:601 the characterization 582:601 the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS) 582:632 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 6 13 theme irreversible 606:617 arg1 IRS 629:631 IRS 629:631 IRS 629:631 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 6 13 theme irreversible 606:617 arg1 sediment 619:626 irreversible sediment 606:626 irreversible sediment (IRS) 606:632 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 4 14 theme chemical 366:373 arg1 composition 375:385 the chemical composition 362:385 the chemical composition 362:385 As the time of storage extends, the chemical composition changes. 34828995 1 15 theme key 90:92 arg1 Sediment 76:83 Sediment 76:83 Sediment 76:83 Sediment is a key issue in the beverage industry. 34828995 1 15 theme key 90:92 arg1 issue 94:98 a key issue 88:98 a key issue in the beverage industry 88:123 Sediment is a key issue in the beverage industry. 34828995 5 16 theme protein-pectin 465:478 arg1 cross-linking 448:460 the cross-linking 444:460 the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin 444:515 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 16 theme protein-pectin 465:478 arg1 cause 530:534 the main cause 521:534 the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract 521:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 3 17 theme storage 274:280 arg1 days 266:269 The first 30 days 253:269 The first 30 days of storage 253:280 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 3 17 theme storage 274:280 arg1 period 299:304 the critical period 286:304 the critical period for sediment formation 286:327 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 8 18 theme beverages 943:951 arg1 quality 924:930 the quality 920:930 the quality of ginseng beverages 920:951 Effective regulation of these ingredients will greatly help the quality of ginseng beverages. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 K 806:806 K 806:806 K 806:806 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 acid 787:790 glutamic acid 778:790 glutamic acid 778:790 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 components 848:857 the main monomer components 831:857 the main monomer components 831:857 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 acid 761:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 19 theme glutamic 778:785 arg1 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 4 20 theme storage 345:351 arg1 time 337:340 the time 333:340 the time of storage 333:351 As the time of storage extends, the chemical composition changes. 34828995 5 21 theme protein-oxalic 481:494 arg1 acid 496:499 protein-oxalic acid 481:499 protein-oxalic acid 481:499 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 6 22 theme polysaccharides 677:691 arg1 structures 653:662 typical structures 645:662 typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 645:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 0 23 theme Sediment 47:54 arg1 Characterization 14:29 Characterization 14:29 Characterization 14:29 Formation and Characterization of Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract. 34828995 0 23 theme Sediment 47:54 arg1 Formation 0:8 Formation 0:8 Formation 0:8 Formation and Characterization of Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract. 34828995 6 24 theme oxalate 705:711 arg1 crystals 729:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 2 25 theme irreversible 167:178 arg1 sediments 180:188 reversible and irreversible sediments 152:188 reversible and irreversible sediments 152:188 This study confirmed that reversible and irreversible sediments were formed during low-temperature storage of ginseng extract. 34828995 2 26 theme extract 244:250 arg1 storage 225:231 low-temperature storage 209:231 low-temperature storage of ginseng extract 209:250 This study confirmed that reversible and irreversible sediments were formed during low-temperature storage of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 27 theme acid 496:499 arg1 cross-linking 448:460 the cross-linking 444:460 the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin 444:515 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 27 theme acid 496:499 arg1 cause 530:534 the main cause 521:534 the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract 521:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 0 28 theme Irreversible 34:45 arg1 Sediment 47:54 Irreversible Sediment 34:54 Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract 34:73 Formation and Characterization of Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract. 34828995 2 29 theme ginseng 236:242 arg1 extract 244:250 ginseng extract 236:250 ginseng extract 236:250 This study confirmed that reversible and irreversible sediments were formed during low-temperature storage of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 30 theme turbidity 543:551 arg1 cross-linking 448:460 the cross-linking 444:460 the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin 444:515 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 30 theme turbidity 543:551 arg1 cause 530:534 the main cause 521:534 the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract 521:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 0 31 theme Ginseng 59:65 arg1 Extract 67:73 Ginseng Extract 59:73 Ginseng Extract 59:73 Formation and Characterization of Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract. 34828995 2 32 theme reversible 152:161 arg1 sediments 180:188 reversible and irreversible sediments 152:188 reversible and irreversible sediments 152:188 This study confirmed that reversible and irreversible sediments were formed during low-temperature storage of ginseng extract. 34828995 2 33 theme low-temperature 209:223 arg1 storage 225:231 low-temperature storage 209:231 low-temperature storage of ginseng extract 209:250 This study confirmed that reversible and irreversible sediments were formed during low-temperature storage of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 34 theme ginseng 556:562 arg1 extract 564:570 ginseng extract 556:570 ginseng extract 556:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 1 35 theme beverage 107:114 arg1 industry 116:123 the beverage industry 103:123 the beverage industry 103:123 Sediment is a key issue in the beverage industry. 34828995 1 36 from issue 94:98 arg1 industry 116:123 the beverage industry 103:123 the beverage industry 103:123 Sediment is a key issue in the beverage industry. 34828995 5 37 theme extract 564:570 arg1 turbidity 543:551 the turbidity 539:551 the turbidity of ginseng extract 539:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 6 38 theme typical 645:651 arg1 structures 653:662 typical structures 645:662 typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 645:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 3 39 theme critical 290:297 arg1 days 266:269 The first 30 days 253:269 The first 30 days of storage 253:280 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 3 39 theme critical 290:297 arg1 period 299:304 the critical period 286:304 the critical period for sediment formation 286:327 The first 30 days of storage are the critical period for sediment formation. 34828995 5 40 theme main 525:528 arg1 cross-linking 448:460 the cross-linking 444:460 the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin 444:515 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 5 40 theme main 525:528 arg1 cause 530:534 the main cause 521:534 the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract 521:570 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 K 806:806 K 806:806 K 806:806 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 acid 787:790 glutamic acid 778:790 glutamic acid 778:790 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 components 848:857 the main monomer components 831:857 the main monomer components 831:857 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 acid 761:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 41 theme galacturonic 748:759 arg1 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 aspartate 767:775 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Ca 802:803 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose 739:745 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 K 806:806 K 806:806 K 806:806 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Na 817:818 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 acid 787:790 glutamic acid 778:790 glutamic acid 778:790 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 components 848:857 the main monomer components 831:857 the main monomer components 831:857 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Fe 824:825 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 leucine 793:799 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Al 809:810 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 acid 761:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 galacturonic acid 748:764 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 7 42 theme monomer 840:846 arg1 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Mg 813:814 Glucose, galacturonic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, leucine, Ca, K, Al, Mg, Na and Fe are the main monomer components. 34828995 0 43 theme Extract 67:73 arg1 Sediment 47:54 Irreversible Sediment 34:54 Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract 34:73 Formation and Characterization of Irreversible Sediment of Ginseng Extract. 34828995 6 44 theme COD 724:726 arg1 crystals 729:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals 697:736 Based on the characterization of irreversible sediment (IRS), there are typical structures of proteins, polysaccharides and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. 34828995 5 45 theme composition 400:410 arg1 model 424:428 The composition interaction model 396:428 The composition interaction model 396:428 The composition interaction model verified that the cross-linking of protein-pectin, protein-oxalic acid and Ca2+-pectin was the main cause of the turbidity of ginseng extract. 34590532 0 0 theme gut 77:79 arg1 microbiota 81:90 the gut microbiota 73:90 the gut microbiota 73:90 A blend of 3 mushrooms dose-dependently increases butyrate production by the gut microbiota. 34590532 8 1 theme SCFA 1652:1655 arg1 % 1637:1637 up 53.1% 1630:1637 up 53.1% of the total SCFA 1630:1655 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 8 1 theme SCFA 1652:1655 arg1 SCFA 1652:1655 the total SCFA 1642:1655 the total SCFA 1642:1655 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 9 2 theme substantial 1805:1815 arg1 increase 1817:1824 substantial increase 1805:1824 substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota 1805:1858 In conclusion, the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend led to substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota. 34590532 5 3 theme healthy 944:950 arg1 adults 952:957 healthy adults 944:957 healthy adults 944:957 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 8 4 theme total 1646:1650 arg1 SCFA 1652:1655 the total SCFA 1642:1655 the total SCFA 1642:1655 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 1 5 theme crucial 141:147 arg1 role 149:152 a crucial role 139:152 a crucial role 139:152 The gut microbiota has been indicated to play a crucial role in health and disease. 34590532 5 6 theme adults 952:957 arg1 microbiota 930:939 a pooled microbiota 921:939 a pooled microbiota of healthy adults 921:957 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 2 7 theme microbial 307:315 arg1 activity 317:324 also microbial activity 302:324 also microbial activity 302:324 Apart from changes in composition between healthy individuals and those with a disease or disorder, it has become clear that also microbial activity is important for health. 34590532 7 8 theme high-dose 1575:1583 arg1 blend 1594:1598 the high-dose mushroom blend 1571:1598 the high-dose mushroom blend 1571:1598 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 4 9 theme AM 647:648 arg1 P36 650:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 10 theme Grifola 627:633 arg1 P36 650:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 11 theme colon 801:805 arg1 model 788:792 a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model 737:792 a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2) 737:813 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 12 theme validated 739:747 arg1 model 788:792 a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model 737:792 a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2) 737:813 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 13 dep mushrooms 586:594 arg1 P-38 621:624 P-38 621:624 P-38 621:624 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 14 theme GF 644:645 arg1 P36 650:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 15 from doses 852:856 arg1 blend 837:841 Predigested mushroom blend 816:841 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) 816:908 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 16 theme microbiota 1006:1015 arg1 composition 1017:1027 microbiota composition 1006:1027 microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) 1006:1094 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 4 17 theme mushrooms 586:594 arg1 blend 571:575 a blend 569:575 a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) 569:689 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 9 18 from polysaccharides 1759:1773 arg1 the 1778:1780 the 1778:1780 the 1778:1780 In conclusion, the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend led to substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota. 34590532 8 19 theme high-dose 1674:1682 arg1 blend 1693:1697 the high-dose mushroom blend 1670:1697 the high-dose mushroom blend 1670:1697 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 7 20 theme mushroom 1585:1592 arg1 blend 1594:1598 the high-dose mushroom blend 1571:1598 the high-dose mushroom blend 1571:1598 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 5 21 theme mushroom 828:835 arg1 blend 837:841 Predigested mushroom blend 816:841 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) 816:908 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 2 22 from changes 188:194 arg1 composition 199:209 composition 199:209 composition between healthy individuals 199:237 Apart from changes in composition between healthy individuals and those with a disease or disorder, it has become clear that also microbial activity is important for health. 34590532 8 23 from % 1714:1714 arg1 medium 1731:1736 the control medium 1719:1736 the control medium 1719:1736 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 10 24 theme future 1883:1888 arg1 research 1902:1909 future mechanistic research 1883:1909 future mechanistic research 1883:1909 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 4 25 theme microbiota 698:707 arg1 composition 709:719 gut microbiota composition 694:719 gut microbiota composition 694:719 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 26 theme short-chain 1110:1120 arg1 SCFA 1134:1137 SCFA 1134:1137 SCFA 1134:1137 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 26 theme short-chain 1110:1120 arg1 acid 1128:1131 short-chain fatty acid 1110:1131 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1110:1149 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 9 27 from increase 1817:1824 arg1 butyrate 1829:1836 butyrate 1829:1836 butyrate 1829:1836 In conclusion, the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend led to substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota. 34590532 10 28 theme microbial 1977:1985 arg1 metabolites 1987:1997 the microbial metabolites 1973:1997 the microbial metabolites 1973:1997 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 5 29 theme pooled 923:928 arg1 microbiota 930:939 a pooled microbiota 921:939 a pooled microbiota of healthy adults 921:957 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 10 30 theme barrier 2041:2047 arg1 function 2049:2056 barrier function 2041:2056 barrier function 2041:2056 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 5 31 theme fatty 1122:1126 arg1 SCFA 1134:1137 SCFA 1134:1137 SCFA 1134:1137 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 31 theme fatty 1122:1126 arg1 acid 1128:1131 short-chain fatty acid 1110:1131 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1110:1149 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 4 32 from effect 559:564 arg1 activity 725:732 activity 725:732 activity 725:732 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 32 from effect 559:564 arg1 composition 709:719 gut microbiota composition 694:719 gut microbiota composition 694:719 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 33 theme blend 571:575 arg1 effect 559:564 the effect 555:564 the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity 555:732 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 8 34 theme mushroom 1684:1691 arg1 blend 1693:1697 the high-dose mushroom blend 1670:1697 the high-dose mushroom blend 1670:1697 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 7 35 theme butyrate 1442:1449 arg1 butyrate 1442:1449 butyrate 1442:1449 butyrate 1442:1449 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 7 35 theme butyrate 1442:1449 arg1 amount 1432:1437 the cumulative amount 1417:1437 the cumulative amount of butyrate 1417:1449 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 5 36 theme ingested 885:892 arg1 blend 903:907 ingested mushroom blend 885:907 ingested mushroom blend 885:907 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 10 37 theme metabolites 1987:1997 arg1 metabolites 1987:1997 the microbial metabolites 1973:1997 the microbial metabolites 1973:1997 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 10 37 theme metabolites 1987:1997 arg1 one 1966:1968 one 1966:1968 one 1966:1968 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 5 38 theme rRNA 1085:1088 arg1 gene 1090:1093 the 16S rRNA gene 1077:1093 the 16S rRNA gene 1077:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 4 39 dep Pleurotus 658:666 arg1 ostreatus 668:676 ostreatus 668:676 ostreatus 668:676 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 7 40 from amount 1505:1510 arg1 blend 1594:1598 the high-dose mushroom blend 1571:1598 the high-dose mushroom blend 1571:1598 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 7 41 dep control 1528:1534 arg1 medium 1537:1542 medium 1537:1542 medium 1537:1542 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 5 42 theme gene 1090:1093 arg1 region 1067:1072 the V3-V4 region 1057:1072 the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene 1057:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 43 dep doses 852:856 arg1 g/day 876:880 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day 859:880 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend 859:907 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 44 theme mushroom 894:901 arg1 blend 903:907 ingested mushroom blend 885:907 ingested mushroom blend 885:907 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 1 45 theme gut 97:99 arg1 microbiota 101:110 The gut microbiota 93:110 The gut microbiota 93:110 The gut microbiota has been indicated to play a crucial role in health and disease. 34590532 5 46 theme Predigested 816:826 arg1 blend 837:841 Predigested mushroom blend 816:841 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) 816:908 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 4 47 dep Grifola 627:633 arg1 frondosa 635:642 frondosa 635:642 frondosa 635:642 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 48 theme blend 903:907 arg1 g/day 876:880 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day 859:880 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend 859:907 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 3 49 theme immune 508:513 arg1 system 515:520 the host's immune system 497:520 the host's immune system 497:520 For instance, butyrate has been proven to be beneficial for health, because, amongst others, it is a substrate for the colonocytes, and modulates the host's immune system and metabolism. 34590532 6 50 theme mushroom 1329:1336 arg1 blend 1338:1342 the mushroom blend 1325:1342 the mushroom blend 1325:1342 The butyrate producing genera Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214-group are all dose-dependently increased when the mushroom blend was fed. 34590532 9 51 theme mushroom 1783:1790 arg1 blend 1792:1796 the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend 1754:1796 the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend 1754:1796 In conclusion, the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend led to substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota. 34590532 0 52 theme mushrooms 13:21 arg1 blend 2:6 A blend 0:6 A blend of 3 mushrooms 0:21 A blend of 3 mushrooms dose-dependently increases butyrate production by the gut microbiota. 34590532 4 53 dep validated 739:747 arg1 computer-controlled 759:777 computer-controlled 759:777 computer-controlled 759:777 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 53 dep validated 739:747 arg1 dynamic 750:756 dynamic 750:756 dynamic 750:756 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 54 dep composition 1017:1027 arg1 sequencing 1030:1039 sequencing 1030:1039 sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene 1030:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 0 55 theme butyrate 50:57 arg1 production 59:68 butyrate production 50:68 butyrate production 50:68 A blend of 3 mushrooms dose-dependently increases butyrate production by the gut microbiota. 34590532 7 56 theme cumulative 1421:1430 arg1 butyrate 1442:1449 butyrate 1442:1449 butyrate 1442:1449 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 7 56 theme cumulative 1421:1430 arg1 amount 1432:1437 the cumulative amount 1417:1437 the cumulative amount of butyrate 1417:1449 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 4 57 theme gut 694:696 arg1 composition 709:719 gut microbiota composition 694:719 gut microbiota composition 694:719 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 8 58 theme control 1723:1729 arg1 medium 1731:1736 the control medium 1719:1736 the control medium 1719:1736 Butyrate proportionally made up 53.1% of the total SCFA upon feeding the high-dose mushroom blend, compared to 27% on the control medium. 34590532 7 59 theme butyrate-producers 1397:1414 arg1 increase 1379:1386 the increase 1375:1386 the increase of these butyrate-producers 1375:1414 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 7 60 with line 1365:1368 arg1 increase 1379:1386 the increase 1375:1386 the increase of these butyrate-producers 1375:1414 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 4 61 theme Ganoderma 597:605 arg1 lucidum 607:613 Ganoderma lucidum 597:613 Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38 597:624 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 62 theme region 1067:1072 arg1 amplicons 1044:1052 amplicons 1044:1052 amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene 1044:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 4 63 theme PO 678:679 arg1 AM-GP37 681:687 Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37 658:687 Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37 658:687 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 64 theme in 779:780 arg1 model 788:792 a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model 737:792 a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2) 737:813 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 9 65 theme gut 1845:1847 arg1 microbiota 1849:1858 the gut microbiota 1841:1858 the gut microbiota 1841:1858 In conclusion, the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend led to substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota. 34590532 10 66 theme mechanistic 1890:1900 arg1 research 1902:1909 future mechanistic research 1883:1909 future mechanistic research 1883:1909 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 10 67 theme mushroom 1918:1925 arg1 blend 1927:1931 the mushroom blend 1914:1931 the mushroom blend 1914:1931 These results warrant future mechanistic research on the mushroom blend, as butyrate is considered to be one of the microbial metabolites that contributes to health, by increasing barrier function and modulating inflammation. 34590532 7 68 theme mushroom 1552:1559 arg1 blend 1561:1565 mushroom blend 1552:1565 mushroom blend 1552:1565 Entirely in line with the increase of these butyrate-producers, the cumulative amount of butyrate also dose-dependently increased, to roughly twice the amount compared to the control (medium without mushroom blend) on the high-dose mushroom blend. 34590532 4 69 theme Pleurotus 658:666 arg1 AM-GP37 681:687 Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37 658:687 Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37 658:687 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 70 theme acid 1128:1131 arg1 activity 1100:1107 activity 1100:1107 activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production) 1100:1150 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 70 theme acid 1128:1131 arg1 production 1140:1149 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1110:1149 short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 1110:1149 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 4 71 dep P-38 621:624 arg1 AM-GP37 681:687 Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37 658:687 Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37 658:687 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 71 dep P-38 621:624 arg1 P36 650:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 627:652 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 4 72 dep in 779:780 arg1 vitro 782:786 vitro 782:786 vitro 782:786 Here, we studied the effect of a blend of three mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum GL AM P-38, Grifola frondosa GF AM P36 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO AM-GP37)) on gut microbiota composition and activity in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). 34590532 5 73 theme V3-V4 1061:1065 arg1 region 1067:1072 the V3-V4 region 1057:1072 the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene 1057:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 5 74 theme 16S 1081:1083 arg1 gene 1090:1093 the 16S rRNA gene 1077:1093 the 16S rRNA gene 1077:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 34590532 2 75 theme healthy 219:225 arg1 individuals 227:237 healthy individuals 219:237 healthy individuals 219:237 Apart from changes in composition between healthy individuals and those with a disease or disorder, it has become clear that also microbial activity is important for health. 34590532 9 76 dep mushroom 1783:1790 arg1 polysaccharides 1759:1773 polysaccharides 1759:1773 polysaccharides in the 1759:1780 In conclusion, the (polysaccharides in the) mushroom blend led to substantial increase in butyrate by the gut microbiota. 34590532 5 77 theme amplicons 1044:1052 arg1 sequencing 1030:1039 sequencing 1030:1039 sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene 1030:1093 Predigested mushroom blend at three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/day of ingested mushroom blend) was fed to a pooled microbiota of healthy adults for 72 h, and samples were taken every day for microbiota composition (sequencing of amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and activity (short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production). 32872611 10 0 theme microscopic 1533:1543 arg1 fungi 1545:1549 microscopic fungi 1533:1549 microscopic fungi 1533:1549 Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO were investigated against microscopic fungi. 32872611 6 1 theme microdilution 897:909 arg1 method 911:916 the agar microdilution method 888:916 the agar microdilution method 888:916 The antibiofilm activity was observed with the agar microdilution method. 32872611 2 2 theme maltophilia 333:343 arg1 profile 303:309 The biofilm profile 291:309 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 291:365 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 8 3 theme differentiated 1157:1170 arg1 branch 1172:1177 A differentiated branch 1155:1177 A differentiated branch 1155:1177 A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. 32872611 0 4 theme Oil 84:86 arg1 Profile 46:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 0 4 theme Oil 84:86 arg1 Activity 11:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 0 5 from Activity 11:18 arg1 Model 118:122 a Food Model 111:122 a Food Model 111:122 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 7 6 theme formation 956:964 arg1 differences 933:943 The molecular differences 919:943 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days 919:982 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 11 7 theme in 1668:1669 arg1 bread 1651:1655 bread 1651:1655 bread 1651:1655 The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ. 32872611 10 8 theme inhibitory 1478:1487 arg1 doses 1489:1493 the minimum inhibitory doses 1466:1493 the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO 1466:1505 Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO were investigated against microscopic fungi. 32872611 1 9 theme antibiofilm 228:238 arg1 activity 240:247 antibiofilm activity 228:247 antibiofilm activity 228:247 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 0 10 theme Application 96:106 arg1 Profile 46:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 0 10 theme Application 96:106 arg1 Activity 11:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 7 11 theme grouping 1102:1109 arg1 profiles 1111:1118 the grouping profiles 1098:1118 the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis 1098:1152 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 10 12 theme minimum 1470:1476 arg1 doses 1489:1493 the minimum inhibitory doses 1466:1493 the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO 1466:1505 Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO were investigated against microscopic fungi. 32872611 4 13 theme DPPH 685:688 arg1 method 690:695 the DPPH method 681:695 the DPPH method 681:695 The antioxidant activity of CAEO was determined using the DPPH method. 32872611 9 14 theme subtilis 1347:1354 arg1 pattern 1333:1339 the grouping pattern 1320:1339 the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix 1320:1404 The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32872611 2 15 theme spectrometry 396:407 arg1 MS 419:420 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS 387:420 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 387:429 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 5 16 used used 818:821 arg2 phase 808:812 the vapor phase 798:812 the vapor phase 798:812 The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. 32872611 1 17 theme study 145:149 arg1 aim 134:136 The main aim 125:136 The main aim of the study 125:149 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 7 18 theme maltophilia 1126:1136 arg1 profiles 1111:1118 the grouping profiles 1098:1118 the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis 1098:1152 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 0 19 from Profile 46:52 arg1 Model 118:122 a Food Model 111:122 a Food Model 111:122 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 5 20 theme biofilm 764:770 arg1 bacteria 782:789 two biofilm producing bacteria 760:789 two biofilm producing bacteria 760:789 The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. 32872611 7 21 theme MSP 1072:1074 arg1 spectra 1076:1082 MSP spectra 1072:1082 MSP spectra 1072:1082 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 8 22 theme maltophilia 1224:1234 arg1 variants 1209:1216 early growth variants 1196:1216 early growth variants of S. maltophilia 1196:1234 A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. 32872611 2 23 theme aurantium 470:478 arg1 activity 451:458 the antibiofilm activity 435:458 the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) 435:485 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 5 24 theme disc 741:744 arg1 diffusion 746:754 disc diffusion 741:754 disc diffusion 741:754 The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. 32872611 8 25 theme planktonic 1240:1249 arg1 cells 1251:1255 planktonic cells 1240:1255 planktonic cells 1240:1255 A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. 32872611 4 26 theme antioxidant 631:641 arg1 activity 643:650 The antioxidant activity 627:650 The antioxidant activity of CAEO 627:658 The antioxidant activity of CAEO was determined using the DPPH method. 32872611 0 27 theme Biological 0:9 arg1 Activity 11:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 1 28 theme Citrus 252:257 arg1 CAEO 284:287 CAEO 284:287 CAEO 284:287 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 1 28 theme Citrus 252:257 arg1 oil 279:281 Citrus aurantium essential oil 252:281 Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO) 252:288 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 2 29 theme subtilis 358:365 arg1 profile 303:309 The biofilm profile 291:309 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 291:365 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 0 30 theme Antibiofilm 24:34 arg1 Profile 46:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 1 31 theme aurantium 259:267 arg1 CAEO 284:287 CAEO 284:287 CAEO 284:287 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 1 31 theme aurantium 259:267 arg1 oil 279:281 Citrus aurantium essential oil 252:281 Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO) 252:288 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 7 32 theme biofilm 948:954 arg1 formation 956:964 biofilm formation 948:964 biofilm formation 948:964 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 8 33 theme early 1196:1200 arg1 variants 1209:1216 early growth variants 1196:1216 early growth variants of S. maltophilia 1196:1234 A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. 32872611 9 34 theme clear 1419:1423 arg1 differences 1425:1435 clear differences 1419:1435 clear differences among variants 1419:1450 The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32872611 2 35 theme MALDI-TOF 409:417 arg1 MS 419:420 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS 387:420 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 387:429 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 2 36 theme MS 419:420 arg1 Biotyper 422:429 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 387:429 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 387:429 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 1 37 theme essential 269:277 arg1 CAEO 284:287 CAEO 284:287 CAEO 284:287 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 1 37 theme essential 269:277 arg1 oil 279:281 Citrus aurantium essential oil 252:281 Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO) 252:288 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 0 38 theme Food 113:116 arg1 Model 118:122 a Food Model 111:122 a Food Model 111:122 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 6 39 theme antibiofilm 849:859 arg1 activity 861:868 The antibiofilm activity 845:868 The antibiofilm activity 845:868 The antibiofilm activity was observed with the agar microdilution method. 32872611 3 40 theme semi-quantitative 529:545 arg1 composition 547:557 A semi-quantitative composition 527:557 A semi-quantitative composition using a modified version 527:582 A semi-quantitative composition using a modified version was applied for the CAEO characterization. 32872611 7 41 theme subtilis 1145:1152 arg1 profiles 1111:1118 the grouping profiles 1098:1118 the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis 1098:1152 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 1 42 theme chemical 174:181 arg1 composition 183:193 the chemical composition 170:193 the chemical composition 170:193 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 2 43 theme Citrus 463:468 arg1 CAEO 481:484 CAEO 481:484 CAEO 481:484 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 2 43 theme Citrus 463:468 arg1 aurantium 470:478 Citrus aurantium 463:478 Citrus aurantium (CAEO) 463:485 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 1 44 theme oil 279:281 arg1 antimicrobial 209:221 antimicrobial 209:221 antimicrobial 209:221 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 1 44 theme oil 279:281 arg1 activity 240:247 antibiofilm activity 228:247 antibiofilm activity 228:247 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 1 44 theme oil 279:281 arg1 antioxidant 196:206 antioxidant 196:206 antioxidant 196:206 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 1 44 theme oil 279:281 arg1 composition 183:193 the chemical composition 170:193 the chemical composition 170:193 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 2 45 theme glass 511:515 arg1 surfaces 517:524 wood and glass surfaces 502:524 surfaces 517:524 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 0 46 from Oil 84:86 arg1 Model 118:122 a Food Model 111:122 a Food Model 111:122 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 5 47 theme antimicrobial 702:714 arg1 activity 716:723 The antimicrobial activity 698:723 The antimicrobial activity 698:723 The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. 32872611 4 48 theme CAEO 655:658 arg1 activity 643:650 The antioxidant activity 627:650 The antioxidant activity of CAEO 627:658 The antioxidant activity of CAEO was determined using the DPPH method. 32872611 2 49 theme mass 391:394 arg1 spectrometry 396:407 mass spectrometry 391:407 the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 387:429 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 0 50 theme Molecular 36:44 arg1 Profile 46:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 5 51 theme producing 772:780 arg1 bacteria 782:789 two biofilm producing bacteria 760:789 two biofilm producing bacteria 760:789 The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. 32872611 5 52 theme vapor 802:806 arg1 phase 808:812 the vapor phase 798:812 the vapor phase 798:812 The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. 32872611 8 53 theme experimental 1265:1276 arg1 groups 1278:1283 all experimental groups 1261:1283 all experimental groups 1261:1283 A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. 32872611 0 54 theme Citrus 57:62 arg1 Oil 84:86 Citrus aurantium Essential Oil 57:86 Citrus aurantium Essential Oil 57:86 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 2 55 theme wood 502:505 arg1 surfaces 517:524 wood and glass surfaces 502:524 surfaces 517:524 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 8 56 theme growth 1202:1207 arg1 variants 1209:1216 early growth variants 1196:1216 early growth variants of S. maltophilia 1196:1234 A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. 32872611 9 57 theme grouping 1324:1331 arg1 pattern 1333:1339 the grouping pattern 1320:1339 the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix 1320:1404 The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32872611 7 58 theme genetic 1007:1013 arg1 similarity 1015:1024 the genetic similarity 1003:1024 the genetic similarity 1003:1024 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 2 59 theme antibiofilm 439:449 arg1 activity 451:458 the antibiofilm activity 435:458 the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) 435:485 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 11 60 theme vapor 1635:1639 arg1 phase 1641:1645 the vapor phase 1631:1645 the vapor phase 1631:1645 The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ. 32872611 6 61 theme agar 892:895 arg1 method 911:916 the agar microdilution method 888:916 the agar microdilution method 888:916 The antibiofilm activity was observed with the agar microdilution method. 32872611 3 62 theme modified 567:574 arg1 version 576:582 a modified version 565:582 a modified version 565:582 A semi-quantitative composition using a modified version was applied for the CAEO characterization. 32872611 10 63 theme CAEO 1502:1505 arg1 doses 1489:1493 the minimum inhibitory doses 1466:1493 the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO 1466:1505 Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO were investigated against microscopic fungi. 32872611 7 64 theme molecular 923:931 arg1 differences 933:943 The molecular differences 919:943 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days 919:982 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 2 65 theme biofilm 295:301 arg1 profile 303:309 The biofilm profile 291:309 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 291:365 The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. 32872611 0 66 from Application 96:106 arg1 Model 118:122 a Food Model 111:122 a Food Model 111:122 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 3 67 theme CAEO 604:607 arg1 characterization 609:624 the CAEO characterization 600:624 the CAEO characterization 600:624 A semi-quantitative composition using a modified version was applied for the CAEO characterization. 32872611 7 68 from differences 933:943 arg1 days 979:982 different days 969:982 different days 969:982 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 11 69 dep in 1668:1669 arg1 situ 1671:1674 situ 1671:1674 situ 1671:1674 The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ. 32872611 0 70 theme Essential 74:82 arg1 Oil 84:86 Citrus aurantium Essential Oil 57:86 Citrus aurantium Essential Oil 57:86 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 11 71 from active 1590:1595 arg1 phase 1641:1645 the vapor phase 1631:1645 the vapor phase 1631:1645 The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ. 32872611 1 72 theme main 129:132 arg1 aim 134:136 The main aim 125:136 The main aim of the study 125:149 The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). 32872611 0 73 from Model 118:122 arg1 Profile 46:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Antibiofilm Molecular Profile 24:52 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 0 73 from Model 118:122 arg1 Activity 11:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity 0:18 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 0 74 theme aurantium 64:72 arg1 Oil 84:86 Citrus aurantium Essential Oil 57:86 Citrus aurantium Essential Oil 57:86 Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. 32872611 9 75 theme time 1290:1293 arg1 span 1295:1298 The time span 1286:1298 The time span 1286:1298 The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32872611 7 76 theme different 969:977 arg1 days 979:982 different days 969:982 different days 969:982 The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. 32872611 11 77 from phase 1641:1645 arg1 active 1590:1595 active 1590:1595 active 1590:1595 The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ. 32872611 9 78 theme media 1393:1397 arg1 matrix 1399:1404 the media matrix 1389:1404 the media matrix 1389:1404 The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32361625 8 0 from raw 1702:1704 arg1 % 1682:1682 86 % 1679:1682 86 % of the water from raw AS 1679:1707 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 8 0 from raw 1702:1704 arg1 water 1691:1695 the water 1687:1695 the water from raw AS 1687:1707 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 5 1 theme absorbance 1019:1028 arg1 indices 1037:1043 specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices 998:1043 specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices 998:1043 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 1 theme absorbance 1019:1028 arg1 hydrophilicity 982:995 their hydrophilicity 976:995 their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 976:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 7 2 from substances 1336:1345 arg1 polysaccharides 1374:1388 polysaccharides 1374:1388 polysaccharides 1374:1388 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 7 2 from substances 1336:1345 arg1 protein 1362:1368 particular protein 1351:1368 particular protein 1351:1368 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 8 3 theme novel 1529:1533 arg1 methods 1551:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 0 4 theme sludge 80:85 arg1 dewatering 56:65 dewatering 56:65 dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 56:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 4 5 theme DI 774:775 arg1 water 778:782 deionized (DI) water 763:782 deionized (DI) water 763:782 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 8 6 theme mono-chloramine 1588:1602 arg1 pre-treatment 1604:1616 mono-chloramine pre-treatment 1588:1616 mono-chloramine pre-treatment 1588:1616 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 1 7 theme FO 238:239 arg1 membrane 242:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 0 8 theme thin 95:98 arg1 film 100:103 a thin film 93:103 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 7 9 theme key 1395:1397 arg1 components 1399:1408 key components 1395:1408 key components 1395:1408 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 6 10 theme L/m-mg 1160:1165 arg1 DOC 1167:1169 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC 1149:1169 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC 1149:1169 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 6 11 theme SUVA 1118:1121 arg1 indices 1129:1135 SUVA value indices 1118:1135 SUVA value indices 1118:1135 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 5 12 theme fouling 1098:1104 arg1 potentials 1106:1115 the different fouling potentials 1084:1115 the different fouling potentials 1084:1115 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 6 13 dep 0.6 1156:1158 arg1 to 1153:1154 to 1153:1154 to 1153:1154 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 8 14 theme fouling 1535:1541 arg1 methods 1551:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 4 15 theme organic 696:702 arg1 carbon 704:709 dissolved organic carbon 686:709 dissolved organic carbon 686:709 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 4 16 theme foulant 583:589 arg1 irreversible 636:647 irreversible 636:647 irreversible 636:647 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 4 16 theme foulant 583:589 arg1 layer 591:595 The foulant layer 579:595 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface 579:623 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 0 17 theme composite 105:113 arg1 membrane 131:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 6 18 theme hydrophilic 1190:1200 arg1 compounds 1202:1210 hydrophilic compounds 1190:1210 hydrophilic compounds 1190:1210 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 7 19 theme hydrophilic 1324:1334 arg1 substances 1336:1345 aromatic and hydrophilic substances 1311:1345 aromatic and hydrophilic substances 1311:1345 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 8 20 theme pre-treatment 1604:1616 arg1 combination 1573:1583 the combination 1569:1583 the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH 1569:1646 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 0 21 theme film 100:103 arg1 membrane 131:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 7 22 theme particular 1351:1360 arg1 protein 1362:1368 particular protein 1351:1368 particular protein 1351:1368 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 3 23 theme concentration 478:490 arg1 factor 492:497 a concentration factor 476:497 a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 476:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 3 23 theme concentration 478:490 arg1 times 514:518 three times 508:518 three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 508:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 8 24 theme cleaning 1631:1638 arg1 combination 1573:1583 the combination 1569:1583 the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH 1569:1646 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 3 25 theme TFC 412:414 arg1 membrane 419:426 the TFC FO membrane 408:426 the TFC FO membrane 408:426 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 5 26 theme aromatic 909:916 arg1 compounds 926:934 aromatic organic compounds 909:934 aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 909:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 27 theme specific 998:1005 arg1 absorbance 1019:1028 specific ultraviolet absorbance 998:1028 specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices 998:1043 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 27 theme specific 998:1005 arg1 SUVA 1031:1034 SUVA 1031:1034 SUVA 1031:1034 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 4 28 dep mg-C/cm2 659:666 arg1 carbon 704:709 dissolved organic carbon 686:709 dissolved organic carbon 686:709 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 4 29 from layer 591:595 arg1 surface 617:623 the TFC membrane surface 600:623 the TFC membrane surface 600:623 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 4 30 theme TFC 604:606 arg1 surface 617:623 the TFC membrane surface 600:623 the TFC membrane surface 600:623 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 4 31 theme deionized 763:771 arg1 water 778:782 deionized (DI) water 763:782 deionized (DI) water 763:782 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 3 32 theme higher 520:525 arg1 factor 492:497 a concentration factor 476:497 a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 476:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 3 32 theme higher 520:525 arg1 times 514:518 three times 508:518 three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 508:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 5 33 theme dominant 1055:1062 arg1 amount 899:904 the amount 895:904 the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 895:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 33 theme dominant 1055:1062 arg1 factors 1064:1070 the dominant factors 1051:1070 the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials 1051:1115 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 33 theme dominant 1055:1062 arg1 compounds 926:934 aromatic organic compounds 909:934 aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 909:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 0 34 theme osmosis 123:129 arg1 membrane 131:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 4 35 theme dissolved 686:694 arg1 carbon 704:709 dissolved organic carbon 686:709 dissolved organic carbon 686:709 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 7 36 theme membrane 1486:1493 arg1 fouling 1495:1501 membrane fouling 1486:1501 membrane fouling 1486:1501 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 1 37 theme thin 195:198 arg1 film 200:203 a thin film 193:203 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 0 38 theme forward 115:121 arg1 membrane 131:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 93:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 8 39 theme membrane 1622:1629 arg1 cleaning 1631:1638 membrane cleaning 1622:1638 membrane cleaning 1622:1638 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 1 40 theme film 200:203 arg1 membrane 242:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 0 41 theme fouling 41:47 arg1 control 21:27 control 21:27 control 21:27 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 0 41 theme fouling 41:47 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 5 42 theme principle 814:822 arg1 PCA 844:846 PCA 844:846 PCA 844:846 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 42 theme principle 814:822 arg1 analysis 834:841 principle component analysis 814:841 principle component analysis (PCA) 814:847 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 8 43 from % 1682:1682 arg1 raw 1702:1704 raw 1702:1704 raw AS 1702:1707 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 3 44 theme FO 416:417 arg1 membrane 419:426 the TFC FO membrane 408:426 the TFC FO membrane 408:426 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 1 45 theme composite 205:213 arg1 membrane 242:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 0 46 theme membrane 32:39 arg1 fouling 41:47 membrane fouling 32:47 membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane 32:138 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 1 47 theme activated 272:280 arg1 sludge 282:287 activated sludge 272:287 activated sludge 272:287 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 5 48 theme different 1088:1096 arg1 potentials 1106:1115 the different fouling potentials 1084:1115 the different fouling potentials 1084:1115 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 8 49 theme water 1691:1695 arg1 % 1682:1682 86 % 1679:1682 86 % of the water from raw AS 1679:1707 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 8 49 theme water 1691:1695 arg1 water 1691:1695 the water 1687:1695 the water from raw AS 1687:1707 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 3 50 theme cellulose 541:549 arg1 membrane 569:576 a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 539:576 a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 539:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 6 51 theme membrane 1238:1245 arg1 fouling 1247:1253 membrane fouling 1238:1253 membrane fouling than hydrophobic components 1238:1281 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 7 52 theme fouling 1417:1423 arg1 layers 1425:1430 the fouling layers 1413:1430 the fouling layers 1413:1430 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 1 53 theme sludge 282:287 arg1 dewatering 258:267 dewatering 258:267 dewatering 258:267 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 6 54 theme hydrophobic 1260:1270 arg1 components 1272:1281 hydrophobic components 1260:1281 hydrophobic components 1260:1281 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 7 55 theme fouling 1495:1501 arg1 reduction 1473:1481 a reduction 1471:1481 a reduction of membrane fouling 1471:1501 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 5 56 theme organic 918:924 arg1 compounds 926:934 aromatic organic compounds 909:934 aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 909:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 7 57 theme aromatic 1311:1318 arg1 substances 1336:1345 aromatic and hydrophilic substances 1311:1345 aromatic and hydrophilic substances 1311:1345 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 6 58 theme value 1123:1127 arg1 indices 1129:1135 SUVA value indices 1118:1135 SUVA value indices 1118:1135 SUVA value indices ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 L/m-mg DOC, illustrating that hydrophilic compounds were more responsible for membrane fouling than hydrophobic components. 32361625 5 59 theme ultraviolet 1007:1017 arg1 absorbance 1019:1028 specific ultraviolet absorbance 998:1028 specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices 998:1043 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 59 theme ultraviolet 1007:1017 arg1 SUVA 1031:1034 SUVA 1031:1034 SUVA 1031:1034 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 7 60 theme layers 1425:1430 arg1 components 1399:1408 key components 1395:1408 key components 1395:1408 These results implied that aromatic and hydrophilic substances, in particular protein and polysaccharides were key components of the fouling layers, which need to be considered to enable a reduction of membrane fouling. 32361625 5 61 theme compounds 926:934 arg1 amount 899:904 the amount 895:904 the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 895:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 61 theme compounds 926:934 arg1 factors 1064:1070 the dominant factors 1051:1070 the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials 1051:1115 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 61 theme compounds 926:934 arg1 compounds 926:934 aromatic organic compounds 909:934 aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) 909:1044 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 2 62 theme Membrane 295:302 arg1 fouling 304:310 Membrane fouling 295:310 Membrane fouling 295:310 Membrane fouling was investigated and controlled to enhance the system's performance. 32361625 8 63 theme several 1521:1527 arg1 methods 1551:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 3 64 theme CTA 564:566 arg1 membrane 569:576 a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 539:576 a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 539:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 4 65 theme sodium 735:740 arg1 hydroxide 742:750 sodium hydroxide 735:750 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 735:757 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 4 65 theme sodium 735:740 arg1 NaOH 753:756 NaOH 753:756 NaOH 753:756 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 3 66 theme water 439:443 arg1 higher 465:470 higher 465:470 higher 465:470 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 3 66 theme water 439:443 arg1 flux 445:448 a water flux 437:448 a water flux that was 120 % higher 437:470 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 1 67 theme TFC 216:218 arg1 membrane 242:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 5 68 theme operating 873:881 arg1 conditions 883:892 the operating conditions 869:892 the operating conditions 869:892 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 69 theme analysis 834:841 arg1 results 803:809 The results 799:809 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) 799:847 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 70 theme component 824:832 arg1 PCA 844:846 PCA 844:846 PCA 844:846 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 5 70 theme component 824:832 arg1 analysis 834:841 principle component analysis 814:841 principle component analysis (PCA) 814:847 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 0 71 theme activated 70:78 arg1 sludge 80:85 activated sludge 70:85 activated sludge 70:85 Characterization and control of membrane fouling during dewatering of activated sludge using a thin film composite forward osmosis membrane. 32361625 5 72 theme UV254 950:954 arg1 values 956:961 UV254 values 950:961 UV254 values 950:961 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 3 73 theme tri-acetate 551:561 arg1 membrane 569:576 a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 539:576 a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane 539:576 Investigations showed that the TFC FO membrane provided a water flux that was 120 % higher and a concentration factor that was three times higher compared to a cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) membrane. 32361625 5 74 dep compounds 926:934 arg1 indicated 937:945 indicated 937:945 indicated by UV254 values 937:961 The results of principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that among the operating conditions, the amount of aromatic organic compounds (indicated by UV254 values) followed by their hydrophilicity (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) indices) were the dominant factors controlling the different fouling potentials. 32361625 1 75 theme forward 221:227 arg1 membrane 242:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 8 76 theme control 1543:1549 arg1 methods 1551:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 several novel fouling control methods 1521:1557 We thus employed several novel fouling control methods, in which the combination of mono-chloramine pre-treatment and membrane cleaning by NaOH resulted in the recovery up to 86 % of the water from raw AS. 32361625 1 77 dep dewatering 258:267 arg1 AS 290:291 AS 290:291 AS 290:291 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 32361625 4 78 theme membrane 608:615 arg1 surface 617:623 the TFC membrane surface 600:623 the TFC membrane surface 600:623 The foulant layer on the TFC membrane surface was mostly irreversible when 1.44 mg-C/cm2 and 0.13 mg-C/cm2 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and deionized (DI) water, respectively. 32361625 1 79 theme osmosis 229:235 arg1 membrane 242:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane 193:249 This study investigated the feasibility of applying a thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane in the dewatering of activated sludge (AS). 34860526 8 0 theme first 1292:1296 arg1 steps 1298:1302 the first steps 1288:1302 the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI 1288:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 0 1 from Imaging 18:24 arg1 Prostate 90:97 a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate 49:97 a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate 49:97 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 5 2 theme N-linked 867:874 arg1 glycans 876:882 N-linked glycans 867:882 N-linked glycans 867:882 Here, we demonstrate the first analysis of N-linked glycans in situ by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 0 3 theme Human 84:88 arg1 Prostate 90:97 a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate 49:97 a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate 49:97 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 5 4 theme IR-MALDESI 895:904 arg1 MSI 906:908 IR-MALDESI MSI 895:908 IR-MALDESI MSI 895:908 Here, we demonstrate the first analysis of N-linked glycans in situ by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 6 5 theme prostate 952:959 arg1 tissue 961:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue 911:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue 911:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 7 6 link N-linked 1145:1152 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 Fifty-three N-linked glycans 1133:1160 Fifty-three N-linked glycans 1133:1160 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 0 7 theme Infrared 102:109 arg1 Ionization 157:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 7 8 theme acid 1250:1253 arg1 residues 1255:1262 sialic acid residues 1243:1262 sialic acid residues 1243:1262 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 3 9 theme mass 607:610 arg1 MSI 634:636 MSI 634:636 MSI 634:636 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 9 theme mass 607:610 arg1 imaging 625:631 mass spectrometry imaging 607:631 mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 607:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 2 10 theme complex 348:354 arg1 nature 356:361 their complex nature 342:361 their complex nature 342:361 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 6 11 theme glycans 1124:1130 arg1 digestion 1102:1110 enzymatic digestion 1092:1110 enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans 1092:1130 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 6 12 theme antigen 1031:1037 arg1 retrieval 1039:1047 antigen retrieval 1031:1047 antigen retrieval 1031:1047 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 9 13 from available 1391:1399 arg1 identifier 1413:1422 identifier 1413:1422 identifier: MSV000088414 1413:1436 Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414). 34860526 9 13 from available 1391:1399 arg1 MassIVE 1404:1410 MassIVE 1404:1410 MassIVE 1404:1410 Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414). 34860526 5 14 link N-linked 867:874 arg1 glycans 876:882 N-linked glycans 867:882 N-linked glycans 867:882 Here, we demonstrate the first analysis of N-linked glycans in situ by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 6 15 theme N-linked 1115:1122 arg1 glycans 1124:1130 N-linked glycans 1115:1130 N-linked glycans 1115:1130 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 0 16 theme Laser 127:131 arg1 Ionization 157:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 8 17 theme glycan 1316:1321 arg1 imaging 1323:1329 N-linked glycan imaging 1307:1329 N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI 1307:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 4 18 theme N-linked 740:747 arg1 glycans 749:755 N-linked glycans 740:755 N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection 740:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 3 19 theme imaging 625:631 arg1 applications 639:650 mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 607:650 mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 607:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 4 20 theme prior 804:808 arg1 derivatization 789:802 chemical derivatization 780:802 chemical derivatization prior to detection 780:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 1 21 theme diverse 203:209 arg1 glycans 178:184 N-Linked glycans 169:184 N-Linked glycans 169:184 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 1 21 theme diverse 203:209 arg1 polysaccharides 211:225 structurally diverse polysaccharides 190:225 structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer 190:332 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 0 22 theme Matrix-Assisted 111:125 arg1 Ionization 157:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 6 23 theme washing 1022:1028 arg1 tissue 1015:1020 tissue washing 1015:1028 tissue washing 1015:1028 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 3 24 theme matrix-assisted 486:500 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 24 theme matrix-assisted 486:500 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 24 theme matrix-assisted 486:500 arg1 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 2 25 theme continued 427:435 arg1 development 437:447 the continued development 423:447 the continued development of analytical technologies 423:474 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 0 26 theme Spectrometry 5:16 arg1 Imaging 18:24 Mass Spectrometry Imaging 0:24 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 0:167 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 9 27 from MassIVE 1404:1410 arg1 available 1391:1399 available 1391:1399 available 1391:1399 Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414). 34860526 2 28 theme N-linked 364:371 arg1 glycans 373:379 N-linked glycans 364:379 N-linked glycans 364:379 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 3 29 theme desorption 508:517 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 29 theme desorption 508:517 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 29 theme desorption 508:517 arg1 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 0 30 theme Mass 0:3 arg1 Imaging 18:24 Mass Spectrometry Imaging 0:24 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 0:167 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 9 31 dep identifier 1413:1422 arg1 MSV000088414 1425:1436 MSV000088414 1425:1436 identifier: MSV000088414 1413:1436 Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414). 34860526 4 32 theme chemical 780:787 arg1 derivatization 789:802 chemical derivatization 780:802 chemical derivatization prior to detection 780:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 6 33 link N-linked 1115:1122 arg1 glycans 1124:1130 N-linked glycans 1115:1130 N-linked glycans 1115:1130 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 2 34 theme technologies 463:474 arg1 development 437:447 the continued development 423:447 the continued development of analytical technologies 423:474 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 3 35 theme electrospray 519:530 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 35 theme electrospray 519:530 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 35 theme electrospray 519:530 arg1 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 8 36 theme tissues 1345:1351 arg1 imaging 1323:1329 N-linked glycan imaging 1307:1329 N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI 1307:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 8 37 theme N-linked 1307:1314 arg1 imaging 1323:1329 N-linked glycan imaging 1307:1329 N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI 1307:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 0 38 theme Electrospray 144:155 arg1 Ionization 157:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 6 39 theme formalin-fixed 913:926 arg1 tissue 961:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue 911:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue 911:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 8 40 theme IR-MALDESI 1356:1365 arg1 MSI 1367:1369 IR-MALDESI MSI 1356:1369 IR-MALDESI MSI 1356:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 6 41 dep formalin-fixed 913:926 arg1 paraffin-embedded 928:944 paraffin-embedded 928:944 paraffin-embedded 928:944 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 1 42 theme significant 242:252 arg1 relevance 265:273 significant biological relevance 242:273 significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer 242:332 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 8 43 theme biological 1334:1343 arg1 tissues 1345:1351 biological tissues 1334:1351 biological tissues 1334:1351 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 6 44 theme enzymatic 1092:1100 arg1 digestion 1102:1110 enzymatic digestion 1092:1110 enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans 1092:1130 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 0 45 theme Desorption 133:142 arg1 Ionization 157:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization 102:166 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 9 46 theme Raw 1372:1374 arg1 files 1381:1385 Raw data files 1372:1385 Raw data files 1372:1385 Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414). 34860526 0 47 dep Formalin-Fixed 51:64 arg1 Paraffin-Embedded 66:82 Paraffin-Embedded 66:82 Paraffin-Embedded 66:82 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 1 48 theme biological 254:263 arg1 relevance 265:273 significant biological relevance 242:273 significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer 242:332 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 0 49 theme Glycans 38:44 arg1 Imaging 18:24 Mass Spectrometry Imaging 0:24 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 0:167 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 4 50 theme Previous 653:660 arg1 work 662:665 Previous work 653:665 Previous work 653:665 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 9 51 theme data 1376:1379 arg1 files 1381:1385 Raw data files 1372:1385 Raw data files 1372:1385 Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414). 34860526 7 52 contain contained 1233:1241 arg2 residues 1255:1262 sialic acid residues 1243:1262 sialic acid residues 1243:1262 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 7 52 contain contained 1233:1241 arg1 % 1231:1231 more than 60% 1219:1231 more than 60% 1219:1231 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 0 53 theme N-Linked 29:36 arg1 Glycans 38:44 N-Linked Glycans 29:44 N-Linked Glycans 29:44 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 6 54 theme F 1086:1086 arg1 tissue 1015:1020 tissue washing 1015:1028 tissue washing 1015:1028 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 6 54 theme F 1086:1086 arg1 application 1064:1074 pneumatic application 1054:1074 pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans 1054:1130 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 6 54 theme F 1086:1086 arg1 retrieval 1039:1047 antigen retrieval 1031:1047 antigen retrieval 1031:1047 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 3 55 theme laser 502:506 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 55 theme laser 502:506 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 55 theme laser 502:506 arg1 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 6 56 theme ionization 993:1002 arg1 mode 1004:1007 negative ionization mode 984:1007 negative ionization mode 984:1007 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 1 57 theme due 275:277 arg1 relevance 265:273 significant biological relevance 242:273 significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer 242:332 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 5 58 theme first 849:853 arg1 analysis 855:862 the first analysis 845:862 the first analysis of N-linked glycans 845:882 Here, we demonstrate the first analysis of N-linked glycans in situ by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 1 59 from involvement 288:298 arg1 disease 303:309 disease progression and cancer 303:332 disease 303:309 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 1 59 from involvement 288:298 arg1 cancer 327:332 cancer 327:332 cancer 327:332 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 6 60 theme negative 984:991 arg1 mode 1004:1007 negative ionization mode 984:1007 negative ionization mode 984:1007 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 2 61 theme analytical 391:400 arg1 challenges 402:411 many analytical challenges 386:411 many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies 386:474 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 3 62 theme Infrared 477:484 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 62 theme Infrared 477:484 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 62 theme Infrared 477:484 arg1 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 IR-MALDESI 544:553 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 2 63 link N-linked 364:371 arg1 glycans 373:379 N-linked glycans 364:379 N-linked glycans 364:379 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 7 64 theme prostate 1197:1204 arg1 sample 1206:1211 the prostate sample 1193:1211 the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues 1193:1262 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 7 65 theme sialic 1243:1248 arg1 residues 1255:1262 sialic acid residues 1243:1262 sialic acid residues 1243:1262 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 7 66 theme N-linked 1145:1152 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 Fifty-three N-linked glycans 1133:1160 Fifty-three N-linked glycans 1133:1160 Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. 34860526 2 67 theme many 386:389 arg1 challenges 402:411 many analytical challenges 386:411 many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies 386:474 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 6 68 theme human 946:950 arg1 tissue 961:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue 911:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue 911:966 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 3 69 theme hybrid 561:566 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 69 theme hybrid 561:566 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 4 70 theme sialic 717:722 arg1 acid 724:727 sialic acid 717:727 sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection 717:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 1 71 dep disease 303:309 arg1 progression 311:321 progression 311:321 progression 311:321 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 4 72 contain containing 729:738 arg1 acid 724:727 sialic acid 717:727 sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection 717:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 4 72 contain containing 729:738 arg2 glycans 749:755 N-linked glycans 740:755 N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection 740:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 3 73 theme ionization 568:577 arg1 technique 579:587 a hybrid ionization technique 559:587 a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 559:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 73 theme ionization 568:577 arg1 ionization 532:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization 477:541 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) 477:554 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 5 74 theme glycans 876:882 arg1 analysis 855:862 the first analysis 845:862 the first analysis of N-linked glycans 845:882 Here, we demonstrate the first analysis of N-linked glycans in situ by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 8 75 from steps 1298:1302 arg1 imaging 1323:1329 N-linked glycan imaging 1307:1329 N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI 1307:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 8 76 link N-linked 1307:1314 arg1 imaging 1323:1329 N-linked glycan imaging 1307:1329 N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI 1307:1369 This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. 34860526 1 77 theme N-Linked 169:176 arg1 glycans 178:184 N-Linked glycans 169:184 N-Linked glycans 169:184 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 1 77 theme N-Linked 169:176 arg1 polysaccharides 211:225 structurally diverse polysaccharides 190:225 structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer 190:332 N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. 34860526 2 78 theme analytical 452:461 arg1 technologies 463:474 analytical technologies 452:474 analytical technologies 452:474 Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. 34860526 0 79 theme Formalin-Fixed 51:64 arg1 Prostate 90:97 a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate 49:97 a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate 49:97 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. 34860526 6 80 theme pneumatic 1054:1062 arg1 application 1064:1074 pneumatic application 1054:1074 pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans 1054:1130 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34860526 4 81 link N-linked 740:747 arg1 glycans 749:755 N-linked glycans 740:755 N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection 740:821 Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. 34860526 3 82 theme spectrometry 612:623 arg1 MSI 634:636 MSI 634:636 MSI 634:636 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 3 82 theme spectrometry 612:623 arg1 imaging 625:631 mass spectrometry imaging 607:631 mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications 607:650 Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. 34860526 6 83 theme PNGase 1079:1084 arg1 F 1086:1086 PNGase F 1079:1086 PNGase F 1079:1086 A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. 34367134 13 0 from exposure 2212:2219 arg1 patients 2235:2242 the patients 2231:2242 the patients 2231:2242 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 10 1 theme Atopobium 1599:1607 arg1 spp 1609:1611 Atopobium spp 1599:1611 Atopobium spp 1599:1611 The fraction of Faecalibacterium was reduced in patients with APECED while that of Atopobium spp. 34367134 5 2 theme intestinal 691:700 arg1 composition 713:723 the intestinal microbiota composition 687:723 the intestinal microbiota composition 687:723 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 1 3 theme Regulator 240:248 arg1 gene 250:253 the Autoimmune Regulator gene 225:253 the Autoimmune Regulator gene 225:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 4 4 theme gut 633:635 arg1 commensals 637:646 gut commensals 633:646 gut commensals 633:646 Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. 34367134 14 5 theme severe 2321:2326 arg1 symptoms 2345:2352 more severe gastrointestinal symptoms 2316:2352 more severe gastrointestinal symptoms 2316:2352 The most pronounced alterations in the microbiota were associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 7 6 theme microbiota 1146:1155 arg1 analysis 1126:1133 analysis 1126:1133 analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi 1126:1278 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 13 7 theme Gut 2044:2046 arg1 microbiota 2048:2057 Conclusions Gut microbiota 2032:2057 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED 2032:2081 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 11 8 dep Prevotella 1709:1718 arg1 e.g. 1691:1694 e.g. 1691:1694 e.g. 1691:1694 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 11 9 theme several 1618:1624 arg1 genera 1640:1645 several gram-negative genera 1618:1645 several gram-negative genera 1618:1645 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 7 10 theme 16S 1163:1165 arg1 sequencing 1186:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 2 11 theme patients 284:291 arg1 proportion 270:279 A significant proportion 256:279 A significant proportion of patients 256:291 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 1 12 theme autoimmune 183:192 arg1 disease 194:200 a rare autoimmune disease 176:200 a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene 176:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 1 12 theme autoimmune 183:192 arg1 APECED 166:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 6 13 theme age 1008:1010 arg1 years 1017:1021 median age 46.4 years 1001:1021 median age 46.4 years 1001:1021 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 6 13 theme age 1008:1010 arg1 patients 979:986 15 patients 976:986 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 976:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 6 14 attach isolated 943:950 arg2 DNA 935:937 Methods DNA 927:937 Methods DNA 927:937 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 6 14 attach isolated 943:950 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 957:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 5 15 theme gastrointestinal 900:915 arg1 symptoms 917:924 gastrointestinal symptoms 900:924 gastrointestinal symptoms 900:924 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 16 attach linked 1879:1884 arg1 severity 1993:2000 severity 1993:2000 severity of gastrointestinal symptoms 1993:2029 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 16 attach linked 1879:1884 arg1 characteristics 1897:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 16 attach linked 1879:1884 arg2 differences 1844:1854 The differences 1840:1854 The differences in gut microbiota 1840:1872 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 16 attach linked 1879:1884 arg1 presence 1929:1936 the presence 1925:1936 the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) 1925:1987 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 5 17 theme predicted 726:734 arg1 functions 736:744 predicted functions 726:744 predicted functions 726:744 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 7 18 theme gut 1142:1144 arg1 microbiota 1146:1155 the gut microbiota 1138:1155 the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi 1138:1278 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 14 19 from alterations 2265:2275 arg1 microbiota 2284:2293 the microbiota 2280:2293 the microbiota 2280:2293 The most pronounced alterations in the microbiota were associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 5 20 with controls 822:829 arg1 APECED 803:808 APECED 803:808 APECED 803:808 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 1 21 from mutations 212:220 arg1 gene 250:253 the Autoimmune Regulator gene 225:253 the Autoimmune Regulator gene 225:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 6 22 theme mass 1059:1062 arg1 index 1064:1068 body mass index 1054:1068 body mass index 1054:1068 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 0 23 from Symptoms 95:102 arg1 Patients 107:114 Patients 107:114 Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study 107:142 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 13 24 theme Conclusions 2032:2042 arg1 microbiota 2048:2057 Conclusions Gut microbiota 2032:2057 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED 2032:2081 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 6 25 dep patients 979:986 arg1 controls 1086:1093 matched healthy controls 1070:1093 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 976:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 6 26 dep together 1024:1031 arg1 with 1033:1036 with 1033:1036 with 1033:1036 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 7 27 theme quantitative 1253:1264 arg1 PCR 1266:1268 quantitative PCR 1253:1268 quantitative PCR for fungi 1253:1278 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 12 28 theme gastrointestinal 2005:2020 arg1 symptoms 2022:2029 gastrointestinal symptoms 2005:2029 gastrointestinal symptoms 2005:2029 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 6 29 from index 1064:1068 arg1 samples 1041:1047 15 samples 1038:1047 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 976:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 7 30 theme PICRUSt2 1229:1236 arg1 algorithm 1238:1246 the PICRUSt2 algorithm 1225:1246 the PICRUSt2 algorithm 1225:1246 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 13 31 theme biofilm 2172:2178 arg1 formation 2180:2188 biofilm formation 2172:2188 biofilm formation 2172:2188 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 6 32 from samples 1041:1047 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 957:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 3 33 theme gastrointestinal 425:440 arg1 symptoms 442:449 the gastrointestinal symptoms 421:449 the gastrointestinal symptoms 421:449 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 0 34 theme Fecal 0:4 arg1 Bacteria 6:13 Fecal Bacteria 0:13 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production 0:46 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 9 35 theme gut 1388:1390 arg1 microbiota 1392:1401 gut microbiota 1388:1401 gut microbiota 1388:1401 Results Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that both alpha- and beta-diversity were altered in patients with APECED compared to healthy controls. 34367134 13 36 with patients 2062:2069 arg1 APECED 2076:2081 APECED 2076:2081 APECED 2076:2081 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 7 37 theme imputed 1198:1204 arg1 metagenomics 1206:1217 imputed metagenomics 1198:1217 imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm 1198:1246 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 3 38 theme underlying 554:563 arg1 autoimmunity 519:530 autoimmunity 519:530 autoimmunity 519:530 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 3 38 theme underlying 554:563 arg1 cause 565:569 the most common underlying cause 538:569 the most common underlying cause 538:569 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 11 39 theme lipopolysaccharide 1780:1797 arg1 synthesis 1805:1813 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis 1780:1813 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics 1780:1837 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 9 40 theme healthy 1498:1504 arg1 controls 1506:1513 healthy controls 1498:1513 healthy controls 1498:1513 Results Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that both alpha- and beta-diversity were altered in patients with APECED compared to healthy controls. 34367134 0 41 theme Biofilm 29:35 arg1 Production 37:46 Biofilm Production 29:46 Biofilm Production 29:46 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 6 42 theme matched 1070:1076 arg1 controls 1086:1093 matched healthy controls 1070:1093 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 976:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 3 43 theme pathological 394:405 arg1 background 407:416 The pathological background 390:416 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms 390:449 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 5 44 theme healthy 814:820 arg1 controls 822:829 healthy controls 814:829 healthy controls 814:829 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 13 45 theme bacterial 2140:2148 arg1 taxa 2150:2153 predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa 2112:2153 predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients 2112:2242 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 7 46 theme gene 1172:1175 arg1 sequencing 1186:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 2 47 contain have 298:301 arg1 proportion 270:279 A significant proportion 256:279 A significant proportion of patients 256:291 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 47 contain have 298:301 arg2 symptoms 320:327 gastrointestinal symptoms 303:327 gastrointestinal symptoms 303:327 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 47 contain have 298:301 arg2 diarrhea 363:370 chronic diarrhea 355:370 chronic diarrhea 355:370 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 47 contain have 298:301 arg2 malabsorption 340:352 malabsorption 340:352 malabsorption 340:352 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 47 contain have 298:301 arg2 obstipation 377:387 obstipation 377:387 obstipation 377:387 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 9 48 dep Results 1368:1374 arg1 Analysis 1376:1383 Analysis 1376:1383 Results Analysis of gut microbiota 1368:1401 Results Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that both alpha- and beta-diversity were altered in patients with APECED compared to healthy controls. 34367134 4 49 with Patients 572:579 arg1 APECED 586:591 APECED 586:591 APECED 586:591 Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. 34367134 9 50 with patients 1465:1472 arg1 APECED 1479:1484 APECED 1479:1484 APECED 1479:1484 Results Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that both alpha- and beta-diversity were altered in patients with APECED compared to healthy controls. 34367134 6 51 from patients 979:986 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 957:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 2 52 theme chronic 355:361 arg1 diarrhea 363:370 chronic diarrhea 355:370 chronic diarrhea 355:370 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 1 53 theme Autoimmune 229:238 arg1 gene 250:253 the Autoimmune Regulator gene 225:253 the Autoimmune Regulator gene 225:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 4 54 theme immune 608:613 arg1 responses 615:623 increased immune responses 598:623 increased immune responses 598:623 Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. 34367134 14 55 theme gastrointestinal 2328:2343 arg1 symptoms 2345:2352 more severe gastrointestinal symptoms 2316:2352 more severe gastrointestinal symptoms 2316:2352 The most pronounced alterations in the microbiota were associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 5 56 theme microbiota 702:711 arg1 composition 713:723 the intestinal microbiota composition 687:723 the intestinal microbiota composition 687:723 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 2 57 theme gastrointestinal 303:318 arg1 symptoms 320:327 gastrointestinal symptoms 303:327 gastrointestinal symptoms 303:327 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 57 theme gastrointestinal 303:318 arg1 malabsorption 340:352 malabsorption 340:352 malabsorption 340:352 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 57 theme gastrointestinal 303:318 arg1 diarrhea 363:370 chronic diarrhea 355:370 chronic diarrhea 355:370 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 2 57 theme gastrointestinal 303:318 arg1 obstipation 377:387 obstipation 377:387 obstipation 377:387 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 6 58 theme fecal 957:961 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 957:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 12 59 theme gut 1859:1861 arg1 microbiota 1863:1872 gut microbiota 1859:1872 gut microbiota 1859:1872 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 2 60 theme significant 258:268 arg1 proportion 270:279 A significant proportion 256:279 A significant proportion of patients 256:291 A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. 34367134 1 61 theme Aims 161:164 arg1 disease 194:200 a rare autoimmune disease 176:200 a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene 176:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 1 61 theme Aims 161:164 arg1 APECED 166:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 0 62 with Patients 107:114 arg1 APECED 121:126 APECED 121:126 APECED 121:126 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 0 62 with Patients 107:114 arg1 Study 138:142 A Pilot Study 130:142 A Pilot Study 130:142 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 4 63 contain have 593:596 arg1 Patients 572:579 Patients 572:579 Patients with APECED 572:591 Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. 34367134 4 63 contain have 593:596 arg2 responses 615:623 increased immune responses 598:623 increased immune responses 598:623 Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. 34367134 8 64 theme Extensive 1281:1289 arg1 correlations 1291:1302 Extensive correlations 1281:1302 Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics 1281:1349 Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics were determined. 34367134 5 65 theme fungal 749:754 arg1 abundance 756:764 fungal abundance 749:764 fungal abundance 749:764 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 11 66 theme gram-negative 1626:1638 arg1 genera 1640:1645 several gram-negative genera 1618:1645 several gram-negative genera 1618:1645 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 1 67 theme rare 178:181 arg1 disease 194:200 a rare autoimmune disease 176:200 a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene 176:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 1 67 theme rare 178:181 arg1 APECED 166:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 0 68 theme Pilot 132:136 arg1 Study 138:142 A Pilot Study 130:142 A Pilot Study 130:142 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 6 69 theme median 1001:1006 arg1 years 1017:1021 median age 46.4 years 1001:1021 median age 46.4 years 1001:1021 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 6 69 theme median 1001:1006 arg1 patients 979:986 15 patients 976:986 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 976:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 8 70 theme microbiota 1311:1320 arg1 correlations 1291:1302 Extensive correlations 1281:1302 Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics 1281:1349 Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics were determined. 34367134 14 71 theme pronounced 2254:2263 arg1 alterations 2265:2275 The most pronounced alterations 2245:2275 The most pronounced alterations in the microbiota 2245:2293 The most pronounced alterations in the microbiota were associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 5 72 with patients 789:796 arg1 APECED 803:808 APECED 803:808 APECED 803:808 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 8 73 theme patient 1327:1333 arg1 characteristics 1335:1349 patient characteristics 1327:1349 patient characteristics 1327:1349 Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics were determined. 34367134 13 74 theme patients 2062:2069 arg1 microbiota 2048:2057 Conclusions Gut microbiota 2032:2057 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED 2032:2081 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 5 75 theme clinical 877:884 arg1 phenotype 886:894 the patients' clinical phenotype 863:894 the patients' clinical phenotype 863:894 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 10 76 with patients 1564:1571 arg1 APECED 1578:1583 APECED 1578:1583 APECED 1578:1583 The fraction of Faecalibacterium was reduced in patients with APECED while that of Atopobium spp. 34367134 6 77 theme body 1054:1057 arg1 index 1064:1068 body mass index 1054:1068 body mass index 1054:1068 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 11 78 theme imputed 1818:1824 arg1 metagenomics 1826:1837 imputed metagenomics 1818:1837 imputed metagenomics 1818:1837 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 0 79 theme Gastrointestinal 78:93 arg1 Symptoms 95:102 Gastrointestinal Symptoms 78:102 Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study 78:142 Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. 34367134 12 80 theme symptoms 2022:2029 arg1 severity 1993:2000 severity 1993:2000 severity of gastrointestinal symptoms 1993:2029 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 80 theme symptoms 2022:2029 arg1 characteristics 1897:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 80 theme symptoms 2022:2029 arg1 presence 1929:1936 the presence 1925:1936 the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) 1925:1987 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 1 81 theme Backgrounds 145:155 arg1 disease 194:200 a rare autoimmune disease 176:200 a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene 176:253 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 1 81 theme Backgrounds 145:155 arg1 APECED 166:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED 145:171 Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. 34367134 11 82 from synthesis 1805:1813 arg1 metagenomics 1826:1837 imputed metagenomics 1818:1837 imputed metagenomics 1818:1837 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 12 83 theme cerevisiae 1960:1969 arg1 antibodies 1971:1980 anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies 1941:1980 anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) 1941:1987 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 83 theme cerevisiae 1960:1969 arg1 ASCA 1983:1986 ASCA 1983:1986 ASCA 1983:1986 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 5 84 theme Finnish 781:787 arg1 patients 789:796 Finnish patients 781:796 Finnish patients with APECED 781:808 Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 13 85 theme increased 2202:2210 arg1 exposure 2212:2219 increased exposure 2202:2219 increased exposure to LPS in the patients 2202:2242 Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. 34367134 10 86 theme Faecalibacterium 1532:1547 arg1 fraction 1520:1527 The fraction 1516:1527 The fraction of Faecalibacterium 1516:1547 The fraction of Faecalibacterium was reduced in patients with APECED while that of Atopobium spp. 34367134 12 87 from differences 1844:1854 arg1 microbiota 1863:1872 gut microbiota 1859:1872 gut microbiota 1859:1872 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 7 88 theme DNA 1096:1098 arg1 samples 1100:1106 DNA samples 1096:1106 DNA samples 1096:1106 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 3 89 theme symptoms 442:449 arg1 background 407:416 The pathological background 390:416 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms 390:449 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 9 90 theme microbiota 1392:1401 arg1 Analysis 1376:1383 Analysis 1376:1383 Results Analysis of gut microbiota 1368:1401 Results Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that both alpha- and beta-diversity were altered in patients with APECED compared to healthy controls. 34367134 12 91 theme antibodies 1971:1980 arg1 severity 1993:2000 severity 1993:2000 severity of gastrointestinal symptoms 1993:2029 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 91 theme antibodies 1971:1980 arg1 characteristics 1897:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 91 theme antibodies 1971:1980 arg1 presence 1929:1936 the presence 1925:1936 the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) 1925:1987 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 4 92 theme increased 598:606 arg1 responses 615:623 increased immune responses 598:623 increased immune responses 598:623 Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. 34367134 3 93 theme multiple 496:503 arg1 factors 505:511 multiple factors 496:511 multiple factors 496:511 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 7 94 theme amplicon 1177:1184 arg1 sequencing 1186:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 6 95 theme Methods 927:933 arg1 DNA 935:937 Methods DNA 927:937 Methods DNA 927:937 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 6 96 theme healthy 1078:1084 arg1 controls 1086:1093 matched healthy controls 1070:1093 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls 976:1093 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 11 97 theme biofilm 1672:1678 arg1 formation 1680:1688 biofilm formation 1672:1688 biofilm formation 1672:1688 and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. 34367134 7 98 theme rRNA 1167:1170 arg1 sequencing 1186:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 1163:1195 DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. 34367134 12 99 theme patient 1889:1895 arg1 severity 1993:2000 severity 1993:2000 severity of gastrointestinal symptoms 1993:2029 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 99 theme patient 1889:1895 arg1 characteristics 1897:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 patient characteristics 1889:1911 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 99 theme patient 1889:1895 arg1 presence 1929:1936 the presence 1925:1936 the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) 1925:1987 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 100 theme anti-Saccharomyces 1941:1958 arg1 antibodies 1971:1980 anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies 1941:1980 anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) 1941:1987 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 12 100 theme anti-Saccharomyces 1941:1958 arg1 ASCA 1983:1986 ASCA 1983:1986 ASCA 1983:1986 The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. 34367134 6 101 with patients 979:986 arg1 APECED 993:998 APECED 993:998 APECED 993:998 Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. 34367134 8 102 with correlations 1291:1302 arg1 characteristics 1335:1349 patient characteristics 1327:1349 patient characteristics 1327:1349 Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics were determined. 34367134 3 103 theme common 547:552 arg1 autoimmunity 519:530 autoimmunity 519:530 autoimmunity 519:530 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34367134 3 103 theme common 547:552 arg1 cause 565:569 the most common underlying cause 538:569 the most common underlying cause 538:569 The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. 34641617 4 0 theme ≤2 887:888 arg1 fractions 871:879 eleven fractions 864:879 eleven fractions 864:879 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 4 0 theme ≤2 887:888 arg1 kDa 890:892 each ≤2 kDa 882:892 each ≤2 kDa 882:892 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 3 1 theme higher 688:693 arg1 capability 711:720 significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability 663:720 significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability 663:720 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 2 2 theme action 369:374 arg1 mechanisms 355:364 mechanisms 355:364 mechanisms 355:364 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 2 theme action 369:374 arg1 benefits 342:349 the potential benefits 328:349 the potential benefits 328:349 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 1 3 theme research 278:285 arg1 interest 287:294 increased research interest 268:294 increased research interest 268:294 Identifying materials contributing to skin hydration, essential for normal skin homeostasis, has recently gained increased research interest. 34641617 8 4 theme skin 1782:1785 arg1 damage 1795:1800 skin barrier damage 1782:1800 skin barrier damage induced by external stresses 1782:1829 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 2 5 from benefits 342:349 arg1 hydration 454:462 hydration 454:462 hydration 454:462 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 5 from benefits 342:349 arg1 proliferation 436:448 proliferation 436:448 proliferation 436:448 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 3 6 theme proliferation 731:743 arg1 activity 745:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 6 7 theme MAPK 1503:1506 arg1 activation 1508:1517 p44/42 MAPK activation 1496:1517 p44/42 MAPK activation 1496:1517 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 2 8 from mechanisms 355:364 arg1 hydration 454:462 hydration 454:462 hydration 454:462 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 8 from mechanisms 355:364 arg1 proliferation 436:448 proliferation 436:448 proliferation 436:448 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 5 9 theme genes 1159:1163 arg1 expression 1145:1154 the expression 1141:1154 the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1141:1276 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 3 10 theme wheat 597:601 arg1 peptone 603:609 unfermented wheat peptone 585:609 unfermented wheat peptone 585:609 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 1 11 theme essential 209:217 arg1 hydration 198:206 skin hydration 193:206 skin hydration 193:206 Identifying materials contributing to skin hydration, essential for normal skin homeostasis, has recently gained increased research interest. 34641617 4 12 theme antioxidant 1080:1090 arg1 properties 1092:1101 antioxidant properties 1080:1101 antioxidant properties 1080:1101 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 1 13 theme normal 223:228 arg1 homeostasis 235:245 normal skin homeostasis 223:245 normal skin homeostasis 223:245 Identifying materials contributing to skin hydration, essential for normal skin homeostasis, has recently gained increased research interest. 34641617 7 14 theme skin 1587:1590 arg1 hydration 1592:1600 increased skin hydration 1577:1600 increased skin hydration 1577:1600 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 0 15 theme MAPK 149:152 arg1 Activation 128:137 Activation 128:137 Activation of p44/42 MAPK 128:152 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 3 16 theme NO 794:795 arg1 production 797:806 lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production 767:806 lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells 767:825 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 3 17 theme acid 645:648 arg1 composition 650:660 amino acid composition 639:660 amino acid composition 639:660 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 0 18 theme Proliferation 69:81 arg1 Potential 56:64 the Potential 52:64 the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes 52:118 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 3 19 theme improved 630:637 arg1 activity 745:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 8 20 theme potential 1743:1751 arg1 agent 1765:1769 a potential therapeutic agent 1741:1769 a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses 1741:1829 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 8 20 theme potential 1743:1751 arg1 AFW4 1719:1722 AFW4 1719:1722 AFW4 1719:1722 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 7 21 theme clinical 1532:1539 arg1 studies 1541:1547 clinical studies 1532:1547 clinical studies 1532:1547 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 4 22 theme proliferation 969:981 arg1 assay 983:987 the cell proliferation assay 960:987 the cell proliferation assay 960:987 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 5 23 theme acid 1260:1263 arg1 synthase 1265:1272 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 0 24 theme Hydration 87:95 arg1 Potential 56:64 the Potential 52:64 the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes 52:118 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 0 25 theme Human 100:104 arg1 Keratinocytes 106:118 Human Keratinocytes 100:118 Human Keratinocytes 100:118 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 2 26 theme cell 534:537 arg1 lines 539:543 HaCaT cell lines 528:543 HaCaT cell lines 528:543 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 6 27 theme p38 1336:1338 arg1 MAPK 1340:1343 p38 MAPK 1336:1343 p38 MAPK 1336:1343 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 8 28 theme barrier 1787:1793 arg1 damage 1795:1800 skin barrier damage 1782:1800 skin barrier damage induced by external stresses 1782:1829 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 2 29 theme human 467:471 arg1 keratinocytes 478:490 human skin keratinocytes 467:490 human skin keratinocytes 467:490 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 30 theme peptone 414:420 arg1 action 369:374 action 369:374 action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) 369:427 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 0 31 theme Aspergillus 0:10 arg1 Peptone 35:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone 0:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone 0:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 3 32 dep higher 688:693 arg1 < 680:680 p < 0.05 678:685 p < 0.05 678:685 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 7 33 theme water 1630:1634 arg1 loss 1636:1639 trans-epidermal water loss 1614:1639 trans-epidermal water loss 1614:1639 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 4 34 theme key 1013:1015 arg1 component 1017:1025 the key component 1009:1025 the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP 1009:1109 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 4 34 theme key 1013:1015 arg1 fraction 905:912 fraction 4 905:914 fraction 4 (AFW4) 905:921 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 0 35 theme Wheat 29:33 arg1 Peptone 35:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone 0:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone 0:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 5 36 theme natural 1174:1180 arg1 synthase 1265:1272 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 5 36 theme natural 1174:1180 arg1 transglutaminase-1 1225:1242 transglutaminase-1 1225:1242 transglutaminase-1 1225:1242 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 5 36 theme natural 1174:1180 arg1 factors 1195:1201 natural moisturizing factors 1174:1201 natural moisturizing factors 1174:1201 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 5 36 theme natural 1174:1180 arg1 filaggrin 1214:1222 filaggrin 1214:1222 filaggrin 1214:1222 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 2 37 theme keratinocytes 478:490 arg1 hydration 454:462 hydration 454:462 hydration 454:462 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 37 theme keratinocytes 478:490 arg1 proliferation 436:448 proliferation 436:448 proliferation 436:448 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 38 dep proliferation 436:448 arg1 the 432:434 the 432:434 the 432:434 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 6 39 theme MAPK 1372:1375 arg1 inhibitor 1377:1385 a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor 1363:1385 a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor 1363:1385 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 6 39 theme MAPK 1372:1375 arg1 PD98059 1354:1360 PD98059 1354:1360 PD98059 1354:1360 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 2 40 dep in 501:502 arg1 vitro 504:508 vitro 504:508 vitro 504:508 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 8 41 dep potential 1743:1751 arg1 therapeutic 1753:1763 therapeutic 1753:1763 therapeutic 1753:1763 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 2 42 theme oryzae-fermented 391:406 arg1 AFWP 423:426 AFWP 423:426 AFWP 423:426 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 42 theme oryzae-fermented 391:406 arg1 peptone 414:420 Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone 379:420 Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) 379:427 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 4 43 theme responsible 1027:1037 arg1 component 1017:1025 the key component 1009:1025 the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP 1009:1109 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 4 43 theme responsible 1027:1037 arg1 fraction 905:912 fraction 4 905:914 fraction 4 (AFW4) 905:921 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 3 44 theme capability 711:720 arg1 activity 745:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 8 45 theme external 1813:1820 arg1 stresses 1822:1829 external stresses 1813:1829 external stresses 1813:1829 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 1 46 theme increased 268:276 arg1 interest 287:294 increased research interest 268:294 increased research interest 268:294 Identifying materials contributing to skin hydration, essential for normal skin homeostasis, has recently gained increased research interest. 34641617 3 47 theme DPPH 695:698 arg1 capability 711:720 significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability 663:720 significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability 663:720 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 6 48 theme AFW4 1425:1428 arg1 effects 1414:1420 the beneficial effects 1399:1420 the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin 1399:1440 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 3 49 theme unfermented 585:595 arg1 peptone 603:609 unfermented wheat peptone 585:609 unfermented wheat peptone 585:609 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 6 50 theme p44/42 1496:1501 arg1 MAPK 1503:1506 p44/42 MAPK 1496:1506 p44/42 MAPK activation 1496:1517 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 1 51 theme skin 193:196 arg1 hydration 198:206 skin hydration 193:206 skin hydration 193:206 Identifying materials contributing to skin hydration, essential for normal skin homeostasis, has recently gained increased research interest. 34641617 3 52 theme cell 726:729 arg1 proliferation 731:743 cell proliferation 726:743 cell proliferation 726:743 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 2 53 theme potential 332:340 arg1 benefits 342:349 the potential benefits 328:349 the potential benefits 328:349 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 3 54 theme lipopolysaccharide-induced 767:792 arg1 production 797:806 lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production 767:806 lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells 767:825 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 6 55 theme AFW4 1474:1477 arg1 effects 1463:1469 the effects 1459:1469 the effects of AFW4 1459:1477 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 7 56 theme increased 1577:1585 arg1 hydration 1592:1600 increased skin hydration 1577:1600 increased skin hydration 1577:1600 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 4 57 theme AFWP 1106:1109 arg1 potential 1066:1074 cell proliferation potential 1047:1074 cell proliferation potential 1047:1074 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 4 57 theme AFWP 1106:1109 arg1 properties 1092:1101 antioxidant properties 1080:1101 antioxidant properties 1080:1101 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 1 58 theme skin 230:233 arg1 homeostasis 235:245 normal skin homeostasis 223:245 normal skin homeostasis 223:245 Identifying materials contributing to skin hydration, essential for normal skin homeostasis, has recently gained increased research interest. 34641617 4 59 theme proliferation 1052:1064 arg1 potential 1066:1074 cell proliferation potential 1047:1074 cell proliferation potential 1047:1074 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 3 60 theme RAW 811:813 arg1 cells 821:825 RAW 264.7 cells 811:825 RAW 264.7 cells 811:825 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 6 61 from effects 1414:1420 arg1 skin 1437:1440 the skin 1433:1440 the skin 1433:1440 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 7 62 theme AFW4 1550:1553 arg1 treatment 1555:1563 AFW4 treatment 1550:1563 AFW4 treatment 1550:1563 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 3 63 theme amino 639:643 arg1 composition 650:660 amino acid composition 639:660 amino acid composition 639:660 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 6 64 theme p44/42 1365:1370 arg1 inhibitor 1377:1385 a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor 1363:1385 a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor 1363:1385 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 6 64 theme p44/42 1365:1370 arg1 PD98059 1354:1360 PD98059 1354:1360 PD98059 1354:1360 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 5 65 theme hyaluronic 1249:1258 arg1 synthase 1265:1272 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 4 66 theme cell 964:967 arg1 assay 983:987 the cell proliferation assay 960:987 the cell proliferation assay 960:987 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 3 67 from production 797:806 arg1 cells 821:825 RAW 264.7 cells 811:825 RAW 264.7 cells 811:825 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 8 68 used used 1733:1736 arg2 agent 1765:1769 a potential therapeutic agent 1741:1769 a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses 1741:1829 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 8 68 used used 1733:1736 arg2 AFW4 1719:1722 AFW4 1719:1722 AFW4 1719:1722 Collectively, these data provide evidence that AFW4 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to improve skin barrier damage induced by external stresses. 34641617 0 69 theme Keratinocytes 106:118 arg1 Hydration 87:95 Hydration 87:95 Hydration 87:95 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 0 69 theme Keratinocytes 106:118 arg1 Proliferation 69:81 Proliferation 69:81 Proliferation 69:81 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 7 70 theme placebo 1657:1663 arg1 group 1665:1669 a placebo group 1655:1669 a placebo group 1655:1669 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 2 71 theme HaCaT 528:532 arg1 lines 539:543 HaCaT cell lines 528:543 HaCaT cell lines 528:543 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 72 theme in 501:502 arg1 experiments 510:520 in vitro experiments 501:520 in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines 501:543 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 0 73 theme oryzae-Fermented 12:27 arg1 Peptone 35:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone 0:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone 0:41 Aspergillus oryzae-Fermented Wheat Peptone Enhances the Potential of Proliferation and Hydration of Human Keratinocytes through Activation of p44/42 MAPK. 34641617 4 74 dep potential 1066:1074 arg1 the 1043:1045 the 1043:1045 the 1043:1045 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 2 75 theme wheat 408:412 arg1 AFWP 423:426 AFWP 423:426 AFWP 423:426 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 75 theme wheat 408:412 arg1 peptone 414:420 Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone 379:420 Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) 379:427 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 6 76 theme beneficial 1403:1412 arg1 effects 1414:1420 the beneficial effects 1399:1420 the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin 1399:1440 Furthermore, AFW4 activated p44/42 MAPK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the beneficial effects of AFW4 on the skin, suggesting that the effects of AFW4 are mediated via p44/42 MAPK activation. 34641617 5 77 theme moisturizing 1182:1193 arg1 synthase 1265:1272 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3 1249:1276 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 5 77 theme moisturizing 1182:1193 arg1 transglutaminase-1 1225:1242 transglutaminase-1 1225:1242 transglutaminase-1 1225:1242 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 5 77 theme moisturizing 1182:1193 arg1 factors 1195:1201 natural moisturizing factors 1174:1201 natural moisturizing factors 1174:1201 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 5 77 theme moisturizing 1182:1193 arg1 filaggrin 1214:1222 filaggrin 1214:1222 filaggrin 1214:1222 Additionally, AFW4 increased the expression of genes encoding natural moisturizing factors, including filaggrin, transglutaminase-1, and hyaluronic acid synthase 1-3. 34641617 7 78 theme trans-epidermal 1614:1628 arg1 loss 1636:1639 trans-epidermal water loss 1614:1639 trans-epidermal water loss 1614:1639 Finally, in clinical studies, AFW4 treatment resulted in increased skin hydration and reduced trans-epidermal water loss compared with a placebo group. 34641617 3 79 theme composition 650:660 arg1 activity 745:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity 627:752 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 4 80 theme highest 940:946 arg1 efficacy 948:955 the highest efficacy 936:955 the highest efficacy 936:955 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 2 81 theme skin 473:476 arg1 keratinocytes 478:490 human skin keratinocytes 467:490 human skin keratinocytes 467:490 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 4 82 theme cell 1047:1050 arg1 potential 1066:1074 cell proliferation potential 1047:1074 cell proliferation potential 1047:1074 Furthermore, we separated AFWP into eleven fractions, each ≤2 kDa; of these, fraction 4 (AFW4) demonstrated the highest efficacy in the cell proliferation assay and was found to be the key component responsible for the cell proliferation potential and antioxidant properties of AFWP. 34641617 3 83 theme p 678:678 arg1 < 680:680 p < 0.05 678:685 p < 0.05 678:685 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 3 84 theme scavenging 700:709 arg1 capability 711:720 significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability 663:720 significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability 663:720 The findings revealed that compared to unfermented wheat peptone, AFWP exhibited an improved amino acid composition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH scavenging capability and cell proliferation activity, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. 34641617 2 85 theme Aspergillus 379:389 arg1 AFWP 423:426 AFWP 423:426 AFWP 423:426 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34641617 2 85 theme Aspergillus 379:389 arg1 peptone 414:420 Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone 379:420 Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) 379:427 In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented wheat peptone (AFWP) on the proliferation and hydration of human skin keratinocytes, through in vitro experiments using HaCaT cell lines. 34426248 1 0 theme reactor 362:368 arg1 R1 370:371 reactor R1 362:371 reactor R1 362:371 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 0 theme reactor 362:368 arg1 nanoparticles 337:349 copper oxide nanoparticles 324:349 copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) 324:372 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 1 theme genes 500:504 arg1 expression 506:515 resistance genes expression 489:515 resistance genes expression 489:515 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 2 2 theme influent 546:553 arg1 demands 571:577 influent chemical oxygen demands 546:577 influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) 546:583 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 2 2 theme influent 546:553 arg1 COD 580:582 COD 580:582 COD 580:582 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 0 3 theme resistance 85:94 arg1 genes 96:100 resistance genes 85:100 resistance genes 85:100 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 2 4 theme demands 571:577 arg1 removal 535:541 The removal 531:541 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N 531:594 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 1 5 theme humic 390:394 arg1 HA 402:403 HA 402:403 HA 402:403 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 5 theme humic 390:394 arg1 acid 396:399 humic acid 390:399 humic acid (HA) 390:404 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 4 6 theme metal-resistance 857:872 arg1 genes 874:878 metal-resistance genes 857:878 metal-resistance genes (MRGs) 857:885 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 6 theme metal-resistance 857:872 arg1 MRGs 881:884 MRGs 881:884 MRGs 881:884 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 0 7 from Response 0:7 arg1 genes 96:100 resistance genes 85:100 resistance genes 85:100 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 2 8 theme oxygen 564:569 arg1 demands 571:577 influent chemical oxygen demands 546:577 influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) 546:583 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 2 8 theme oxygen 564:569 arg1 COD 580:582 COD 580:582 COD 580:582 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 4 9 theme proteins 961:968 arg1 compositions 925:936 the primary compositions 913:936 the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins 913:968 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 1 10 theme wastewater 292:301 arg1 treatment 303:311 wastewater treatment 292:311 wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) 292:417 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 2 11 theme chemical 555:562 arg1 demands 571:577 influent chemical oxygen demands 546:577 influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) 546:583 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 2 11 theme chemical 555:562 arg1 COD 580:582 COD 580:582 COD 580:582 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 4 12 theme intI1 892:896 arg1 related 902:908 related 902:908 related 902:908 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 12 theme intI1 892:896 arg1 expression 797:806 The expression 793:806 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 793:896 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 3 13 theme microbial 739:747 arg1 community 749:757 microbial community 739:757 microbial community 739:757 However, the EPS production and microbial community were affected by the HA addition. 34426248 1 14 theme CuO 378:380 arg1 NPs 382:384 CuO NPs 378:384 CuO NPs 378:384 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 14 theme CuO 378:380 arg1 R2 415:416 reactor R2 407:416 reactor R2 407:416 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 2 15 theme NH4+-N 589:594 arg1 removal 535:541 The removal 531:541 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N 531:594 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 1 16 theme sequencing 430:439 arg1 bioreactors 447:457 both sequencing batch bioreactors 425:457 both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs) 425:464 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 16 theme sequencing 430:439 arg1 SBRs 460:463 SBRs 460:463 SBRs 460:463 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 17 from response 477:484 arg1 expression 506:515 resistance genes expression 489:515 resistance genes expression 489:515 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 0 18 theme wastewater 116:125 arg1 treatment 127:135 wastewater treatment 116:135 wastewater treatment 116:135 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 1 19 theme batch 441:445 arg1 bioreactors 447:457 both sequencing batch bioreactors 425:457 both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs) 425:464 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 19 theme batch 441:445 arg1 SBRs 460:463 SBRs 460:463 SBRs 460:463 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 20 contain containing 313:322 arg2 R2 415:416 reactor R2 407:416 reactor R2 407:416 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 20 contain containing 313:322 arg2 nanoparticles 337:349 copper oxide nanoparticles 324:349 copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) 324:372 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 20 contain containing 313:322 arg2 R1 370:371 reactor R1 362:371 reactor R1 362:371 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 20 contain containing 313:322 arg2 NPs 356:358 CuO NPs 352:358 CuO NPs 352:358 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 20 contain containing 313:322 arg2 NPs 382:384 CuO NPs 378:384 CuO NPs 378:384 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 20 contain containing 313:322 arg1 treatment 303:311 wastewater treatment 292:311 wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) 292:417 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 21 theme extracellular 195:207 arg1 EPS 231:233 EPS 231:233 EPS 231:233 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 21 theme extracellular 195:207 arg1 substances 219:228 The extracellular polymeric substances 191:228 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 191:234 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 4 22 theme primary 917:923 arg1 compositions 925:936 the primary compositions 913:936 the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins 913:968 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 0 23 from substances 36:45 arg1 genes 96:100 resistance genes 85:100 resistance genes 85:100 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 1 24 theme polymeric 209:217 arg1 EPS 231:233 EPS 231:233 EPS 231:233 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 24 theme polymeric 209:217 arg1 substances 219:228 The extracellular polymeric substances 191:228 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 191:234 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 5 25 theme genes 1075:1079 arg1 expression 1050:1059 the expression 1046:1059 the expression of resistance genes 1046:1079 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 2 26 theme NPs 632:634 arg1 stress 645:650 CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress 628:650 CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress 628:650 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 4 27 from level 1026:1030 arg1 related 902:908 related 902:908 related 902:908 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 27 from level 1026:1030 arg1 expression 797:806 The expression 793:806 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 793:896 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 0 28 theme polymeric 26:34 arg1 substances 36:45 extracellular polymeric substances 12:45 extracellular polymeric substances 12:45 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 1 29 theme copper 324:329 arg1 oxide 331:335 copper oxide 324:335 copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) 324:372 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 0 30 theme copper 148:153 arg1 nanoparticles 161:173 copper oxide nanoparticles 148:173 copper oxide nanoparticles 148:173 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 2 31 theme CuO 628:630 arg1 NPs 632:634 CuO NPs 628:634 CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress 628:650 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 2 31 theme CuO 628:630 arg1 5 mg/L 637:642 5 mg/L 637:642 5 mg/L 637:642 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 0 32 theme extracellular 12:24 arg1 substances 36:45 extracellular polymeric substances 12:45 extracellular polymeric substances 12:45 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 1 33 theme oxide 331:335 arg1 R1 370:371 reactor R1 362:371 reactor R1 362:371 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 33 theme oxide 331:335 arg1 nanoparticles 337:349 copper oxide nanoparticles 324:349 copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) 324:372 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 33 theme oxide 331:335 arg1 NPs 356:358 CuO NPs 352:358 CuO NPs 352:358 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 4 34 theme genes 843:847 arg1 related 902:908 related 902:908 related 902:908 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 34 theme genes 843:847 arg1 expression 797:806 The expression 793:806 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 793:896 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 0 35 from genes 96:100 arg1 Response 0:7 Response 0:7 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment 0:135 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 5 36 from expression 1169:1178 arg1 treatment 1194:1202 wastewater treatment 1183:1202 wastewater treatment 1183:1202 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 4 37 theme genus 1020:1024 arg1 level 1026:1030 the genus level 1016:1030 the genus level 1016:1030 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 5 38 theme wastewater 1183:1192 arg1 treatment 1194:1202 wastewater treatment 1183:1202 wastewater treatment 1183:1202 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 5 39 theme CuO 1106:1108 arg1 stress 1114:1119 CuO NPs stress 1106:1119 CuO NPs stress 1106:1119 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 0 40 theme substances 36:45 arg1 Response 0:7 Response 0:7 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment 0:135 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 0 41 theme oxide 155:159 arg1 nanoparticles 161:173 copper oxide nanoparticles 148:173 copper oxide nanoparticles 148:173 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 4 42 from communities 1001:1011 arg1 related 902:908 related 902:908 related 902:908 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 42 from communities 1001:1011 arg1 expression 797:806 The expression 793:806 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 793:896 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 43 theme genes 874:878 arg1 related 902:908 related 902:908 related 902:908 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 43 theme genes 874:878 arg1 expression 797:806 The expression 793:806 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 793:896 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 0 44 theme community 61:69 arg1 structures 71:80 microbial community structures 51:80 microbial community structures on resistance genes 51:100 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 1 45 theme CuO 352:354 arg1 nanoparticles 337:349 copper oxide nanoparticles 324:349 copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) 324:372 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 45 theme CuO 352:354 arg1 NPs 356:358 CuO NPs 352:358 CuO NPs 352:358 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 0 46 theme humic 179:183 arg1 acid 185:188 humic acid 179:188 humic acid 179:188 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 0 47 from structures 71:80 arg1 genes 96:100 resistance genes 85:100 resistance genes 85:100 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 0 48 theme microbial 51:59 arg1 structures 71:80 microbial community structures 51:80 microbial community structures on resistance genes 51:100 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 4 49 theme different 811:819 arg1 ARGs 850:853 ARGs 850:853 ARGs 850:853 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 49 theme different 811:819 arg1 genes 843:847 different antibiotic resistance genes 811:847 different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) 811:854 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 0 50 dep substances 36:45 arg1 expression 102:111 expression 102:111 expression in wastewater treatment 102:135 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 4 51 theme polysaccharides 941:955 arg1 compositions 925:936 the primary compositions 913:936 the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins 913:968 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 5 52 theme resistance 1064:1073 arg1 genes 1075:1079 resistance genes 1064:1079 resistance genes 1064:1079 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 4 53 theme resistance 832:841 arg1 ARGs 850:853 ARGs 850:853 ARGs 850:853 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 53 theme resistance 832:841 arg1 genes 843:847 different antibiotic resistance genes 811:847 different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) 811:854 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 5 54 theme NPs 1110:1112 arg1 stress 1114:1119 CuO NPs stress 1106:1119 CuO NPs stress 1106:1119 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 3 55 theme HA 780:781 arg1 addition 783:790 the HA addition 776:790 the HA addition 776:790 However, the EPS production and microbial community were affected by the HA addition. 34426248 1 56 theme microbial 240:248 arg1 structures 260:269 microbial community structures 240:269 microbial community structures 240:269 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 4 57 theme antibiotic 821:830 arg1 ARGs 850:853 ARGs 850:853 ARGs 850:853 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 57 theme antibiotic 821:830 arg1 genes 843:847 different antibiotic resistance genes 811:847 different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) 811:854 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 1 58 theme reactor 407:413 arg1 NPs 382:384 CuO NPs 378:384 CuO NPs 378:384 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 1 58 theme reactor 407:413 arg1 R2 415:416 reactor R2 407:416 reactor R2 407:416 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 2 59 theme HA 675:676 arg1 function 663:670 the function 659:670 the function of HA (10 mg/L) 659:686 The removal of influent chemical oxygen demands (COD) and NH4+-N was moderately influenced under CuO NPs (5 mg/L) stress, while the function of HA (10 mg/L) was not reflected. 34426248 4 60 from EPS 973:975 arg1 related 902:908 related 902:908 related 902:908 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 60 from EPS 973:975 arg1 expression 797:806 The expression 793:806 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 793:896 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 61 theme microbial 991:999 arg1 communities 1001:1011 different microbial communities 981:1011 different microbial communities 981:1011 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 1 62 theme community 250:258 arg1 structures 260:269 microbial community structures 240:269 microbial community structures 240:269 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 0 63 from expression 102:111 arg1 treatment 127:135 wastewater treatment 116:135 wastewater treatment 116:135 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 4 64 theme different 981:989 arg1 communities 1001:1011 different microbial communities 981:1011 different microbial communities 981:1011 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 5 65 theme supplying 1126:1134 arg1 HA 1136:1137 supplying HA 1126:1137 supplying HA 1126:1137 Furthermore, the expression of resistance genes was not stimulated under CuO NPs stress, and supplying HA was suggested to reduce their expression in wastewater treatment. 34426248 0 66 theme structures 71:80 arg1 Response 0:7 Response 0:7 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment 0:135 Response of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structures on resistance genes expression in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. 34426248 1 67 theme resistance 489:498 arg1 genes 500:504 resistance genes 489:504 resistance genes expression 489:515 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structures were investigated in wastewater treatment containing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (reactor R1) and CuO NPs and humic acid (HA) (reactor R2) using both sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), and their response on resistance genes expression was analyzed. 34426248 3 68 theme EPS 720:722 arg1 production 724:733 the EPS production 716:733 the EPS production 716:733 However, the EPS production and microbial community were affected by the HA addition. 34426248 4 69 from related 902:908 arg1 communities 1001:1011 different microbial communities 981:1011 different microbial communities 981:1011 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34426248 4 69 from related 902:908 arg1 EPS 973:975 EPS 973:975 EPS 973:975 The expression of different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal-resistance genes (MRGs), and intI1 was related to the primary compositions of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS and different microbial communities at the genus level. 34950687 10 0 dep Firmicutes 1840:1849 arg1 Clostridiales 1870:1882 order Clostridiales 1864:1882 order Clostridiales 1864:1882 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 7 1 theme OP 1091:1092 arg1 rats 1094:1097 OP rats 1091:1097 OP rats 1091:1097 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 9 2 theme starch 1605:1610 arg1 enzymes 1622:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 0 3 from Differences 156:166 arg1 Phenotype 177:185 Their Phenotype 171:185 Their Phenotype 171:185 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 10 4 theme bacterial 1811:1819 arg1 counts 1821:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts 1790:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium 1790:1901 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 3 5 theme starch 661:666 arg1 fermentation 635:646 fermentation 635:646 fermentation of resistant starch (RS) 635:671 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 2 6 theme phenotype 447:455 arg1 differences 457:467 phenotype differences 447:467 phenotype differences between obese prone (OP) and obese resistant (OR) rats 447:522 We hypothesized that differences in gut microbiota composition account for phenotype differences between obese prone (OP) and obese resistant (OR) rats. 34950687 13 7 theme lower 2456:2460 arg1 fat 2467:2469 lower body fat 2456:2469 lower body fat 2456:2469 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 14 8 theme leaner 2566:2571 arg1 phenotype 2573:2581 a leaner phenotype 2564:2581 a leaner phenotype 2564:2581 However, robust RS fermentation caused a lower diversity and evenness and did not result in a leaner phenotype. 34950687 11 9 theme bacterial 1996:2004 arg1 chemotaxis 2006:2015 enhanced bacterial chemotaxis 1987:2015 enhanced bacterial chemotaxis 1987:2015 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 5 10 theme causal 761:766 arg1 role 768:771 causal role 761:771 causal role of microbiota on phenotypes 761:799 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 6 11 theme predicted 1003:1011 arg1 function 1024:1031 predicted microbiota function 1003:1031 predicted microbiota function 1003:1031 We determined microbiota composition by 16S sequencing and predicted microbiota function by PICRUSt2. 34950687 0 12 theme CD 132:133 arg1 Rats 135:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 3 13 theme gut 540:542 arg1 composition 555:565 the gut microbiota composition 536:565 the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats 536:582 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 1 14 theme outbred 201:207 arg1 rats 227:230 outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats 201:230 outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats 201:230 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 13 15 theme Clostridiales 2360:2372 arg1 proportions 2345:2355 higher proportions 2338:2355 higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats 2338:2399 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 10 16 theme higher 1804:1809 arg1 counts 1821:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts 1790:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium 1790:1901 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 10 17 theme order 1864:1868 arg1 Clostridiales 1870:1882 order Clostridiales 1864:1882 order Clostridiales 1864:1882 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 5 18 theme % 938:938 arg1 RS 940:941 20% RS 936:941 20% RS 936:941 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 3 19 theme rats 579:582 arg1 composition 555:565 the gut microbiota composition 536:565 the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats 536:582 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 1 20 theme CD 224:225 arg1 rats 227:230 outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats 201:230 outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats 201:230 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 9 21 theme OP 1461:1462 arg1 rats 1464:1467 OP rats 1461:1467 OP rats 1461:1467 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 3 22 theme OPand 570:574 arg1 composition 555:565 the gut microbiota composition 536:565 the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats 536:582 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 9 23 theme RS 1700:1701 arg1 fermentation 1684:1695 fermentation 1684:1695 fermentation of RS 1684:1701 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 11 24 theme LPS 2150:2152 arg1 pathways 2167:2174 higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2120:2174 pathways 2167:2174 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 3 25 theme fat 597:599 arg1 diet 606:609 a high fat (HF) diet 590:609 a high fat (HF) diet 590:609 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 9 26 theme higher 1474:1479 arg1 Muribaculaceae 1547:1560 family Muribaculaceae 1540:1560 specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7) 1527:1568 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 26 theme higher 1474:1479 arg1 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria from order Bacteroidales 1492:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 26 theme higher 1474:1479 arg1 amounts 1481:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 14 27 theme lower 2513:2517 arg1 diversity 2519:2527 a lower diversity 2511:2527 a lower diversity 2511:2527 However, robust RS fermentation caused a lower diversity and evenness and did not result in a leaner phenotype. 34950687 8 28 theme OP 1390:1391 arg1 rats 1393:1396 OP rats 1390:1396 OP rats 1390:1396 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 0 29 theme Prone 81:85 arg1 Rats 135:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 1 30 theme high 335:338 arg1 intake 348:353 a high calorie intake 333:353 a high calorie intake 333:353 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 11 31 theme rats 1978:1981 arg1 microbiota 1961:1970 The microbiota 1957:1970 The microbiota of OR rats 1957:1981 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 10 32 theme higher 1742:1747 arg1 diversity 1759:1767 higher bacterial diversity 1742:1767 higher bacterial diversity 1742:1767 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 2 33 dep prone 483:487 arg1 rats 519:522 rats 519:522 rats 519:522 We hypothesized that differences in gut microbiota composition account for phenotype differences between obese prone (OP) and obese resistant (OR) rats. 34950687 5 34 from role 768:771 arg1 phenotypes 790:799 phenotypes 790:799 phenotypes 790:799 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 10 35 theme Akkermansia 1944:1954 arg1 bacterium 1921:1929 an uncultured bacterium 1907:1929 an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia 1907:1954 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 10 35 theme Akkermansia 1944:1954 arg1 counts 1821:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts 1790:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium 1790:1901 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 11 36 contain had 1983:1985 arg2 PTS 2045:2047 PTS 2045:2047 PTS 2045:2047 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 36 contain had 1983:1985 arg2 biosynthesis 2066:2077 fatty acid biosynthesis 2055:2077 fatty acid biosynthesis 2055:2077 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 36 contain had 1983:1985 arg1 microbiota 1961:1970 The microbiota 1957:1970 The microbiota of OR rats 1957:1981 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 36 contain had 1983:1985 arg2 system 2037:2042 phosphotransferase system 2018:2042 phosphotransferase system (PTS) 2018:2048 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 36 contain had 1983:1985 arg2 chemotaxis 2006:2015 enhanced bacterial chemotaxis 1987:2015 enhanced bacterial chemotaxis 1987:2015 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 13 37 theme higher 2338:2343 arg1 proportions 2345:2355 higher proportions 2338:2355 higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats 2338:2399 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 7 38 theme similar 1056:1062 arg1 intake 1072:1077 a similar calorie intake 1054:1077 a similar calorie intake 1054:1077 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 12 39 theme microbiota 2181:2190 arg1 transplant 2192:2201 The microbiota transplant 2177:2201 The microbiota transplant 2177:2201 The microbiota transplant did not change obesity phenotype or microbiota composition. 34950687 0 40 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 Composition 15:25 Gut Microbiota Composition 0:25 Gut Microbiota Composition 0:25 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 14 41 theme robust 2481:2486 arg1 fermentation 2491:2502 robust RS fermentation 2481:2502 robust RS fermentation 2481:2502 However, robust RS fermentation caused a lower diversity and evenness and did not result in a leaner phenotype. 34950687 8 42 theme short 1312:1316 arg1 acids 1330:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 11 43 theme higher 2120:2125 arg1 degradation 2134:2144 higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2120:2174 degradation 2134:2144 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 1 44 theme phenotype 288:296 arg1 inheritance 263:273 inheritance 263:273 inheritance of the obese phenotype 263:296 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 9 45 from Bacteroidales 1512:1524 arg1 Muribaculaceae 1547:1560 family Muribaculaceae 1540:1560 specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7) 1527:1568 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 45 from Bacteroidales 1512:1524 arg1 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria from order Bacteroidales 1492:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 45 from Bacteroidales 1512:1524 arg1 amounts 1481:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 5 46 theme microbiota 816:825 arg1 transplant 827:836 a microbiota transplant 814:836 a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes 814:863 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 8 47 theme fatty 1324:1328 arg1 acids 1330:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 2 48 theme gut 408:410 arg1 composition 423:433 gut microbiota composition 408:433 gut microbiota composition 408:433 We hypothesized that differences in gut microbiota composition account for phenotype differences between obese prone (OP) and obese resistant (OR) rats. 34950687 0 49 theme Predicted 31:39 arg1 Pathways 61:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 3 50 theme HF 602:603 arg1 diet 606:609 a high fat (HF) diet 590:609 a high fat (HF) diet 590:609 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 0 51 theme Metabolic 51:59 arg1 Pathways 61:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 2 52 from differences 393:403 arg1 composition 423:433 gut microbiota composition 408:433 gut microbiota composition 408:433 We hypothesized that differences in gut microbiota composition account for phenotype differences between obese prone (OP) and obese resistant (OR) rats. 34950687 8 53 theme increased 1341:1349 arg1 weight 1351:1356 increased weight 1341:1356 increased weight of the cecum 1341:1369 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 10 54 theme OR 1708:1709 arg1 rats 1711:1714 The OR rats 1704:1714 The OR rats 1704:1714 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 8 55 theme rats 1393:1396 arg1 microbiota 1376:1385 microbiota 1376:1385 microbiota of OP rats 1376:1396 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 11 56 contain had 2116:2118 arg2 degradation 2134:2144 higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2120:2174 degradation 2134:2144 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 56 contain had 2116:2118 arg1 microbiota 2105:2114 microbiota 2105:2114 microbiota 2105:2114 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 56 contain had 2116:2118 arg2 pathways 2167:2174 higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2120:2174 pathways 2167:2174 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 8 57 theme OP 1219:1220 arg1 rats 1222:1225 The OP rats 1215:1225 The OP rats 1215:1225 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 9 58 contain had 1470:1472 arg1 microbiota 1447:1456 The microbiota 1443:1456 The microbiota 1443:1456 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 58 contain had 1470:1472 arg2 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria from order Bacteroidales 1492:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 58 contain had 1470:1472 arg2 amounts 1481:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 58 contain had 1470:1472 arg2 Muribaculaceae 1547:1560 family Muribaculaceae 1540:1560 specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7) 1527:1568 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 59 theme several 1597:1603 arg1 enzymes 1622:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 8 60 theme cecum 1365:1369 arg1 acids 1330:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 8 60 theme cecum 1365:1369 arg1 bacteria 1302:1309 total bacteria 1296:1309 total bacteria 1296:1309 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 8 60 theme cecum 1365:1369 arg1 weight 1351:1356 increased weight 1341:1356 increased weight of the cecum 1341:1369 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 3 61 theme resistant 651:659 arg1 RS 669:670 RS 669:670 RS 669:670 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 3 61 theme resistant 651:659 arg1 starch 661:666 resistant starch 651:666 resistant starch (RS) 651:671 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 8 62 theme alpha 1413:1417 arg1 diversity 1419:1427 much lower alpha diversity 1402:1427 much lower alpha diversity 1402:1427 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 9 63 theme degrading 1612:1620 arg1 enzymes 1622:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 1 64 theme inheritance 263:273 arg1 pattern 252:258 a polygenic pattern 240:258 a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype 240:296 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 13 65 from proportions 2345:2355 arg1 rats 2396:2399 OR rats 2393:2399 OR rats 2393:2399 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 7 66 dep = 1209:1209 arg1 < 1198:1198 P < 0.001 1196:1204 P < 0.001 1196:1204 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 12 67 theme microbiota 2239:2248 arg1 composition 2250:2260 microbiota composition 2239:2260 microbiota composition 2239:2260 The microbiota transplant did not change obesity phenotype or microbiota composition. 34950687 4 68 theme HF 730:731 arg1 diet 733:736 a HF diet 728:736 a HF diet 728:736 In phase 1 of the study 28 OP and 28 OR rats were fed a HF diet. 34950687 11 69 theme enhanced 1987:1994 arg1 chemotaxis 2006:2015 enhanced bacterial chemotaxis 1987:2015 enhanced bacterial chemotaxis 1987:2015 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 3 70 theme microbiota 544:553 arg1 composition 555:565 the gut microbiota composition 536:565 the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats 536:582 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 13 71 theme body 2462:2465 arg1 fat 2467:2469 lower body fat 2456:2469 lower body fat 2456:2469 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 6 72 theme microbiota 1013:1022 arg1 function 1024:1031 predicted microbiota function 1003:1031 predicted microbiota function 1003:1031 We determined microbiota composition by 16S sequencing and predicted microbiota function by PICRUSt2. 34950687 9 73 theme previous 1650:1657 arg1 studies 1659:1665 previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS 1650:1701 previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS 1650:1701 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 0 74 theme Rats 135:138 arg1 Composition 15:25 Gut Microbiota Composition 0:25 Gut Microbiota Composition 0:25 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 0 74 theme Rats 135:138 arg1 Pathways 61:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 11 75 theme phosphotransferase 2018:2035 arg1 system 2037:2042 phosphotransferase system 2018:2042 phosphotransferase system (PTS) 2018:2048 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 75 theme phosphotransferase 2018:2035 arg1 PTS 2045:2047 PTS 2045:2047 PTS 2045:2047 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 5 76 theme 20 936:937 arg1 % 938:938 % 938:938 % 938:938 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 13 77 theme metabolic 2431:2439 arg1 phenotype 2441:2449 a better metabolic phenotype 2422:2449 a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat 2422:2469 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 1 78 theme Sprague-Dawley 209:222 arg1 rats 227:230 outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats 201:230 outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats 201:230 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 10 79 theme uncultured 1910:1919 arg1 bacterium 1921:1929 an uncultured bacterium 1907:1929 an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia 1907:1954 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 7 80 theme calorie 1064:1070 arg1 intake 1072:1077 a similar calorie intake 1054:1077 a similar calorie intake 1054:1077 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 9 81 theme rats 1464:1467 arg1 microbiota 1447:1456 The microbiota 1443:1456 The microbiota 1443:1456 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 7 82 theme P 1196:1196 arg1 < 1198:1198 P < 0.001 1196:1204 P < 0.001 1196:1204 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 5 83 theme HF 910:911 arg1 diet 913:916 a HF diet 908:916 a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS 908:941 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 3 84 theme high 592:595 arg1 diet 606:609 a high fat (HF) diet 590:609 a high fat (HF) diet 590:609 We studied the gut microbiota composition of OPand OR rats after a high fat (HF) diet and how they respond to fermentation of resistant starch (RS). 34950687 8 85 theme OR 1268:1269 arg1 rats 1271:1274 OR rats 1268:1274 OR rats 1268:1274 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 10 86 theme genus 1938:1942 arg1 Akkermansia 1944:1954 the genus Akkermansia 1934:1954 the genus Akkermansia 1934:1954 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 13 87 theme OR 2393:2394 arg1 rats 2396:2399 OR rats 2393:2399 OR rats 2393:2399 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 8 88 contain had 1398:1400 arg2 evenness 1433:1440 evenness 1433:1440 evenness 1433:1440 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 8 88 contain had 1398:1400 arg1 microbiota 1376:1385 microbiota 1376:1385 microbiota of OP rats 1376:1396 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 8 88 contain had 1398:1400 arg2 diversity 1419:1427 much lower alpha diversity 1402:1427 much lower alpha diversity 1402:1427 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 10 89 theme fermented 1716:1724 arg1 RS 1726:1727 fermented RS 1716:1727 fermented RS 1716:1727 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 5 90 theme microbiota 776:785 arg1 role 768:771 causal role 761:771 causal role of microbiota on phenotypes 761:799 In order to determine causal role of microbiota on phenotypes, In phase 2, a microbiota transplant between the two phenotypes was performed before switching all rats to a HF diet supplemented with 20% RS. 34950687 11 91 theme acid 2061:2064 arg1 biosynthesis 2066:2077 fatty acid biosynthesis 2055:2077 fatty acid biosynthesis 2055:2077 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 9 92 theme bacteria 1492:1499 arg1 Muribaculaceae 1547:1560 family Muribaculaceae 1540:1560 specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7) 1527:1568 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 92 theme bacteria 1492:1499 arg1 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria from order Bacteroidales 1492:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 92 theme bacteria 1492:1499 arg1 amounts 1481:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 11 93 theme biosynthesis 2154:2165 arg1 pathways 2167:2174 higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2120:2174 pathways 2167:2174 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 10 94 theme bacterial 1749:1757 arg1 diversity 1759:1767 higher bacterial diversity 1742:1767 higher bacterial diversity 1742:1767 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 0 95 theme Resistant 99:107 arg1 Rats 135:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 1 96 theme calorie 340:346 arg1 intake 348:353 a high calorie intake 333:353 a high calorie intake 333:353 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 9 97 theme order 1506:1510 arg1 Bacteroidales 1512:1524 order Bacteroidales 1506:1524 order Bacteroidales 1506:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 8 98 theme total 1296:1300 arg1 bacteria 1302:1309 total bacteria 1296:1309 total bacteria 1296:1309 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 11 99 theme OP 2091:2092 arg1 rats 2094:2097 OP rats 2091:2097 OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2091:2174 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 12 100 theme obesity 2218:2224 arg1 phenotype 2226:2234 obesity phenotype 2218:2234 obesity phenotype 2218:2234 The microbiota transplant did not change obesity phenotype or microbiota composition. 34950687 0 101 theme Sprague-Dawley 117:130 arg1 Rats 135:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 7 102 dep rats 1190:1193 arg1 = 1209:1209 = 1209:1209 = 1209:1209 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 11 103 theme OR 1975:1976 arg1 rats 1978:1981 OR rats 1975:1981 OR rats 1975:1981 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 10 104 contain had 1738:1740 arg2 diversity 1759:1767 higher bacterial diversity 1742:1767 higher bacterial diversity 1742:1767 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 10 104 contain had 1738:1740 arg2 evenness 1773:1780 evenness 1773:1780 evenness 1773:1780 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 10 104 contain had 1738:1740 arg1 rats 1711:1714 The OR rats 1704:1714 The OR rats 1704:1714 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 4 105 theme study 692:696 arg1 OP 701:702 the study 28 OP 688:702 the study 28 OP 688:702 In phase 1 of the study 28 OP and 28 OR rats were fed a HF diet. 34950687 13 106 theme Akkermansia 2378:2388 arg1 proportions 2345:2355 higher proportions 2338:2355 higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats 2338:2399 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 0 107 theme Microbiota 4:13 arg1 Composition 15:25 Gut Microbiota Composition 0:25 Gut Microbiota Composition 0:25 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 14 108 theme RS 2488:2489 arg1 fermentation 2491:2502 robust RS fermentation 2481:2502 robust RS fermentation 2481:2502 However, robust RS fermentation caused a lower diversity and evenness and did not result in a leaner phenotype. 34950687 9 109 theme family 1540:1545 arg1 Muribaculaceae 1547:1560 family Muribaculaceae 1540:1560 specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7) 1527:1568 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 109 theme family 1540:1545 arg1 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria from order Bacteroidales 1492:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 109 theme family 1540:1545 arg1 S24-7 1563:1567 S24-7 1563:1567 S24-7 1563:1567 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 8 110 theme chain 1318:1322 arg1 acids 1330:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 1 111 theme obese 282:286 arg1 phenotype 288:296 the obese phenotype 278:296 the obese phenotype 278:296 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34950687 13 112 dep higher 2280:2285 arg1 evenness 2307:2314 evenness 2307:2314 evenness 2307:2314 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 13 112 dep higher 2280:2285 arg1 alpha-diversity 2287:2301 alpha-diversity 2287:2301 alpha-diversity 2287:2301 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 9 113 contain possess 1589:1595 arg2 enzymes 1622:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 several starch degrading enzymes 1597:1628 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 113 contain possess 1589:1595 arg1 Muribaculaceae 1547:1560 family Muribaculaceae 1540:1560 specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7) 1527:1568 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 113 contain possess 1589:1595 arg1 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria 1492:1499 bacteria from order Bacteroidales 1492:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 9 113 contain possess 1589:1595 arg1 amounts 1481:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 higher amounts 1474:1487 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 2 114 theme microbiota 412:421 arg1 composition 423:433 gut microbiota composition 408:433 gut microbiota composition 408:433 We hypothesized that differences in gut microbiota composition account for phenotype differences between obese prone (OP) and obese resistant (OR) rats. 34950687 0 115 theme Microbial 41:49 arg1 Pathways 61:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways 31:68 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 7 116 theme abdominal 1139:1147 arg1 fat 1149:1151 more abdominal fat 1134:1151 more abdominal fat 1134:1151 Despite a similar calorie intake, in phase 2 OP rats gained more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat in both phase 1 and 2 compared to OR rats (P < 0.001; n = 6). 34950687 0 117 theme Outbred 109:115 arg1 Rats 135:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats 73:138 Gut Microbiota Composition and Predicted Microbial Metabolic Pathways of Obesity Prone and Obesity Resistant Outbred Sprague-Dawley CD Rats May Account for Differences in Their Phenotype. 34950687 10 118 from Firmicutes 1840:1849 arg1 bacterium 1921:1929 an uncultured bacterium 1907:1929 an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia 1907:1954 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 10 118 from Firmicutes 1840:1849 arg1 counts 1821:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts 1790:1826 significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium 1790:1901 The OR rats fermented RS less but had higher bacterial diversity and evenness and had significantly higher bacterial counts from phylum Firmicutes particularly order Clostridiales, genus Clostridium and an uncultured bacterium of the genus Akkermansia. 34950687 11 119 theme glycan 2127:2132 arg1 degradation 2134:2144 higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways 2120:2174 degradation 2134:2144 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 11 120 theme fatty 2055:2059 arg1 biosynthesis 2066:2077 fatty acid biosynthesis 2055:2077 fatty acid biosynthesis 2055:2077 The microbiota of OR rats had enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and fatty acid biosynthesis compared to OP rats whose microbiota had higher glycan degradation and LPS biosynthesis pathways. 34950687 13 121 with phenotype 2441:2449 arg1 fat 2467:2469 lower body fat 2456:2469 lower body fat 2456:2469 In conclusion, a higher alpha-diversity and evenness of the microbiota and higher proportions of Clostridiales and Akkermansia in OR rats were associated with a better metabolic phenotype with lower body fat. 34950687 4 122 theme OP 701:702 arg1 phase 677:681 phase 1 677:683 phase 1 of the study 28 OP 677:702 In phase 1 of the study 28 OP and 28 OR rats were fed a HF diet. 34950687 8 123 theme lower 1407:1411 arg1 diversity 1419:1427 much lower alpha diversity 1402:1427 much lower alpha diversity 1402:1427 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 9 124 from amounts 1481:1487 arg1 Bacteroidales 1512:1524 order Bacteroidales 1506:1524 order Bacteroidales 1506:1524 The microbiota of OP rats, had higher amounts of bacteria from order Bacteroidales, specifically family Muribaculaceae (S24-7), which is known to possess several starch degrading enzymes and was reported in previous studies to increase with fermentation of RS. 34950687 6 125 theme microbiota 958:967 arg1 composition 969:979 microbiota composition 958:979 microbiota composition 958:979 We determined microbiota composition by 16S sequencing and predicted microbiota function by PICRUSt2. 34950687 8 126 from increase 1284:1291 arg1 acids 1330:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 short chain fatty acids 1312:1334 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 8 126 from increase 1284:1291 arg1 bacteria 1302:1309 total bacteria 1296:1309 total bacteria 1296:1309 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 8 126 from increase 1284:1291 arg1 weight 1351:1356 increased weight 1341:1356 increased weight of the cecum 1341:1369 The OP rats fermented RS more robustly compared with OR rats with an increase in total bacteria, short chain fatty acids, and increased weight of the cecum, but microbiota of OP rats had much lower alpha diversity and evenness. 34950687 1 127 theme polygenic 242:250 arg1 pattern 252:258 a polygenic pattern 240:258 a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype 240:296 Like humans, outbred Sprague-Dawley CD rats exhibit a polygenic pattern of inheritance of the obese phenotype and not all individuals exposed to a high calorie intake develop obesity. 34451348 1 0 theme rheological 172:182 arg1 derivatives 86:96 Hydrophobic derivatives 74:96 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides 74:115 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 0 theme rheological 172:182 arg1 modifiers 184:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 4 1 from soluble 762:768 arg1 media 781:785 aqueous media 773:785 aqueous media 773:785 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 5 2 theme chosen 1025:1030 arg1 conditions 1032:1041 the chosen conditions 1021:1041 the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis 1021:1070 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 4 3 theme soluble 762:768 arg1 products 753:760 products 753:760 products soluble in aqueous media 753:785 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 5 4 theme synthesis 1062:1070 arg1 conditions 1032:1041 the chosen conditions 1021:1041 the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis 1021:1070 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 6 5 theme film 1234:1237 arg1 modulus 1219:1225 the elastic modulus 1207:1225 the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1207:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 3 6 dep structure 521:529 arg1 The 508:510 The 508:510 The 508:510 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 1 7 theme amphiphilic 128:138 arg1 behavior 140:147 an amphiphilic behavior 125:147 an amphiphilic behavior 125:147 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 3 8 theme elemental 605:613 arg1 analysis 615:622 elemental analysis 605:622 elemental analysis 605:622 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 2 9 theme chitosan 341:348 arg1 alkylation 350:359 chitosan alkylation 341:359 chitosan alkylation 341:359 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 1 10 theme Hydrophobic 74:84 arg1 derivatives 86:96 Hydrophobic derivatives 74:96 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides 74:115 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 10 theme Hydrophobic 74:84 arg1 sorbents 205:212 selective sorbents 195:212 selective sorbents 195:212 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 10 theme Hydrophobic 74:84 arg1 modifiers 184:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 10 theme Hydrophobic 74:84 arg1 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 0 11 theme Hydrophobic 0:10 arg1 Modification 12:23 Hydrophobic Modification 0:23 Hydrophobic Modification of Chitosan via Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion 0:71 Hydrophobic Modification of Chitosan via Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion. 34451348 5 12 theme substituent 966:976 arg1 chain 947:951 the carbon chain 936:951 the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent 936:976 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 4 13 theme 500-2000 912:919 arg1 polymerization 894:907 polymerization 894:907 polymerization of 500-2000 894:919 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 3 14 theme chemical 512:519 arg1 structure 521:529 chemical structure 512:529 chemical structure 512:529 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 5 15 theme mechanochemical 1046:1060 arg1 synthesis 1062:1070 mechanochemical synthesis 1046:1070 mechanochemical synthesis 1046:1070 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 5 16 theme alkyl 960:964 arg1 substituent 966:976 the alkyl substituent 956:976 the alkyl substituent 956:976 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 1 17 used used 164:167 arg2 modifiers 184:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 17 used used 164:167 arg2 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 17 used used 164:167 arg2 sorbents 205:212 selective sorbents 195:212 selective sorbents 195:212 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 17 used used 164:167 arg2 derivatives 86:96 Hydrophobic derivatives 74:96 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides 74:115 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 18 theme selective 195:203 arg1 sorbents 205:212 selective sorbents 195:212 selective sorbents 195:212 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 18 theme selective 195:203 arg1 derivatives 86:96 Hydrophobic derivatives 74:96 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides 74:115 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 2 19 theme twin-screw 487:496 arg1 extruder 498:505 a pilot twin-screw extruder 479:505 a pilot twin-screw extruder 479:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 3 20 theme derivatives 571:581 arg1 structure 521:529 chemical structure 512:529 chemical structure 512:529 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 3 20 theme derivatives 571:581 arg1 properties 544:553 physical properties 535:553 physical properties 535:553 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 2 21 from docosylglycidyl 383:397 arg1 absence 435:441 the absence 431:441 the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder 431:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 1 22 theme polysaccharides 101:115 arg1 derivatives 86:96 Hydrophobic derivatives 74:96 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides 74:115 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 22 theme polysaccharides 101:115 arg1 sorbents 205:212 selective sorbents 195:212 selective sorbents 195:212 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 22 theme polysaccharides 101:115 arg1 modifiers 184:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 22 theme polysaccharides 101:115 arg1 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 2 23 theme pilot 481:485 arg1 extruder 498:505 a pilot twin-screw extruder 479:505 a pilot twin-screw extruder 479:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 2 24 from ethers 421:426 arg1 absence 435:441 the absence 431:441 the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder 431:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 5 25 theme carbon 940:945 arg1 chain 947:951 the carbon chain 936:951 the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent 936:976 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 0 26 theme Chitosan 28:35 arg1 Modification 12:23 Hydrophobic Modification 0:23 Hydrophobic Modification of Chitosan via Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion 0:71 Hydrophobic Modification of Chitosan via Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion. 34451348 3 27 theme mechanical 705:714 arg1 tests 716:720 mechanical tests 705:720 mechanical tests 705:720 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 2 28 theme mechanochemical 312:326 arg1 reactions 328:336 the mechanochemical reactions 308:336 the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation 308:359 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 2 29 theme shear 458:462 arg1 deformation 464:474 shear deformation 458:474 shear deformation 458:474 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 0 30 theme Reactive 41:48 arg1 Extrusion 63:71 Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion 41:71 Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion 41:71 Hydrophobic Modification of Chitosan via Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion. 34451348 3 31 theme light 653:657 arg1 scattering 659:668 dynamic light scattering 645:668 dynamic light scattering 645:668 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 6 32 theme macromolecules 1140:1153 arg1 ability 1125:1131 the packing ability 1113:1131 the packing ability of the macromolecules 1113:1153 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 6 33 from drop 1199:1202 arg1 modulus 1219:1225 the elastic modulus 1207:1225 the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1207:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 2 34 theme solvents 446:453 arg1 absence 435:441 the absence 431:441 the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder 431:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 5 35 theme chain 947:951 arg1 length 926:931 The length 922:931 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent 922:976 The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. 34451348 4 36 theme polymerization 894:907 arg1 degree 884:889 a degree 882:889 a degree of polymerization of 500-2000 882:919 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 6 37 theme plasticity 1184:1193 arg1 drop 1199:1202 drop 1199:1202 drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1199:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 6 37 theme plasticity 1184:1193 arg1 increase 1172:1179 an increase 1169:1179 an increase of plasticity 1169:1193 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 3 38 theme physical 535:542 arg1 properties 544:553 physical properties 535:553 physical properties 535:553 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 0 39 theme Solvent-Free 50:61 arg1 Extrusion 63:71 Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion 41:71 Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion 41:71 Hydrophobic Modification of Chitosan via Reactive Solvent-Free Extrusion. 34451348 1 40 contain possess 117:123 arg1 derivatives 86:96 Hydrophobic derivatives 74:96 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides 74:115 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 40 contain possess 117:123 arg2 behavior 140:147 an amphiphilic behavior 125:147 an amphiphilic behavior 125:147 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 40 contain possess 117:123 arg1 sorbents 205:212 selective sorbents 195:212 selective sorbents 195:212 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 40 contain possess 117:123 arg1 modifiers 184:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 rheological modifiers 172:192 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 1 40 contain possess 117:123 arg1 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 stabilizers 219:229 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 3 41 theme dynamic 645:651 arg1 scattering 659:668 dynamic light scattering 645:668 dynamic light scattering 645:668 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 4 42 with possible 795:802 arg1 degree 884:889 a degree 882:889 a degree of polymerization of 500-2000 882:919 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 4 43 theme aqueous 773:779 arg1 media 781:785 aqueous media 773:785 aqueous media 773:785 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 3 44 theme FT-IR 625:629 arg1 spectroscopy 631:642 FT-IR spectroscopy 625:642 FT-IR spectroscopy 625:642 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 4 45 theme chitosan 854:861 arg1 macromolecule 863:875 chitosan macromolecule 854:875 chitosan macromolecule 854:875 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 3 46 theme electron 680:687 arg1 microscopy 689:698 scanning electron microscopy 671:698 scanning electron microscopy 671:698 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 2 47 from absence 435:441 arg1 extruder 498:505 a pilot twin-screw extruder 479:505 a pilot twin-screw extruder 479:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 2 47 from absence 435:441 arg1 deformation 464:474 shear deformation 458:474 shear deformation 458:474 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 4 48 theme hydrophobic 828:838 arg1 fragments 840:848 about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments 817:848 about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments 817:848 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 6 49 theme chitosan 1278:1285 arg1 samples 1287:1293 the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1249:1293 the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1249:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 6 50 from increase 1172:1179 arg1 modulus 1219:1225 the elastic modulus 1207:1225 the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1207:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 2 51 theme alkylation 350:359 arg1 reactions 328:336 the mechanochemical reactions 308:336 the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation 308:359 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 4 52 from media 781:785 arg1 soluble 762:768 soluble 762:768 soluble 762:768 According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. 34451348 6 53 theme packing 1117:1123 arg1 ability 1125:1131 the packing ability 1113:1131 the packing ability of the macromolecules 1113:1153 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 6 54 theme modified 1269:1276 arg1 samples 1287:1293 the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1249:1293 the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1249:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 3 55 theme obtained 562:569 arg1 derivatives 571:581 the obtained derivatives 558:581 the obtained derivatives 558:581 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 1 56 theme various 261:267 arg1 applications 269:280 various applications 261:280 various applications 261:280 Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various applications. 34451348 6 57 theme elastic 1211:1217 arg1 modulus 1219:1225 the elastic modulus 1207:1225 the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples 1207:1293 It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples. 34451348 3 58 theme scanning 671:678 arg1 microscopy 689:698 scanning electron microscopy 671:698 scanning electron microscopy 671:698 The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. 34451348 2 59 from deformation 464:474 arg1 absence 435:441 the absence 431:441 the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder 431:505 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 2 59 from deformation 464:474 arg1 solvents 446:453 solvents 446:453 solvents at shear deformation 446:474 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 34451348 2 60 theme hexadecylglycidyl 403:419 arg1 ethers 421:426 hexadecylglycidyl ethers 403:426 hexadecylglycidyl ethers 403:426 In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. 32053773 10 0 theme area 1530:1533 arg1 fraction 1535:1542 area fraction 1530:1542 ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase 1525:1570 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 10 1 dep ϕLo 1525:1527 arg1 fraction 1535:1542 area fraction 1530:1542 ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase 1525:1570 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 6 2 theme phase-separated 952:966 arg1 vesicle 978:984 a phase-separated spherical vesicle 950:984 a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique 950:1132 Based on this theoretical prediction, we applied a point force to a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique. 32053773 11 3 theme heterogeneous 1748:1760 arg1 membranes 1777:1785 heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1748:1785 heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1748:1785 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 5 4 theme membrane 833:840 arg1 R 749:749 R 749:749 R 749:749 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 4 theme membrane 833:840 arg1 viscosities 814:824 the viscosities 810:824 the viscosities of the membrane 810:840 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 4 theme membrane 833:840 arg1 radius 758:763 the radius 754:763 the radius of the spherical membrane 754:789 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 4 theme membrane 833:840 arg1 medium 862:867 the surrounding medium 846:867 the surrounding medium 846:867 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 4 theme membrane 833:840 arg1 ηm 796:797 ηm 796:797 ηm 796:797 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 4 theme membrane 833:840 arg1 ηw 803:804 ηw 803:804 ηw 803:804 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 4 5 theme tangential 508:517 arg1 force 525:529 A tangential point force 506:529 A tangential point force at the north pole 506:547 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 10 6 theme membrane 1457:1464 arg1 viscosity 1466:1474 The membrane viscosity 1453:1474 The membrane viscosity 1453:1474 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 10 6 theme membrane 1457:1464 arg1 constant 1486:1493 constant 1486:1493 constant 1486:1493 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 8 7 theme center 1334:1339 arg1 position 1311:1318 the position 1307:1318 the position of the vortex center 1307:1339 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 1 8 theme molecular 237:245 arg1 aggregates 247:256 molecular aggregates 237:256 molecular aggregates 237:256 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 10 9 theme phase 1566:1570 arg1 fraction 1535:1542 area fraction 1530:1542 ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase 1525:1570 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 10 10 dep ≤ 1518:1518 arg1 ϕLo 1525:1527 ϕLo 1525:1527 ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase 1525:1570 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 9 11 theme phase 1438:1442 arg1 diagram 1444:1450 the phase diagram 1434:1450 the phase diagram 1434:1450 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions are mapped on the phase diagram. 32053773 5 12 theme surrounding 850:860 arg1 medium 862:867 the surrounding medium 846:867 the surrounding medium 846:867 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 10 13 theme ϕLo < 1609:1613 arg1 range 1594:1598 the range 1590:1598 the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 1590:1617 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 4 14 theme vortices 567:574 arg1 pair 559:562 a pair 557:562 a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force 557:687 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 10 15 theme liquid 1551:1556 arg1 phase 1566:1570 the liquid ordered phase 1547:1570 the liquid ordered phase 1547:1570 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 5 16 theme spherical 772:780 arg1 membrane 782:789 the spherical membrane 768:789 the spherical membrane 768:789 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 8 17 theme membrane 1264:1271 arg1 viscosity 1273:1281 the membrane viscosity 1260:1281 estimated the membrane viscosity 1250:1281 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 2 18 theme cell 383:386 arg1 functionality 388:400 cell functionality 383:400 cell functionality 383:400 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 6 19 theme theoretical 898:908 arg1 prediction 910:919 this theoretical prediction 893:919 this theoretical prediction 893:919 Based on this theoretical prediction, we applied a point force to a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique. 32053773 11 20 theme basic 1709:1713 arg1 understanding 1715:1727 a basic understanding 1707:1727 a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1707:1785 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 10 21 theme ϕLo 1660:1662 arg1 increase 1648:1655 increase 1648:1655 increase of ϕLo 1648:1662 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 4 22 theme point 625:629 arg1 force 631:635 the point force 621:635 the point force 621:635 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 7 23 theme microdomains 1184:1195 arg1 trajectories 1168:1179 trajectories 1168:1179 trajectories of microdomains 1168:1195 The pathlines were visualized by trajectories of microdomains. 32053773 9 24 theme obtained 1356:1363 arg1 viscosities 1383:1393 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities 1352:1393 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions 1352:1418 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions are mapped on the phase diagram. 32053773 10 25 theme ordered 1558:1564 arg1 phase 1566:1570 the liquid ordered phase 1547:1570 the liquid ordered phase 1547:1570 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 5 26 theme vortex 710:715 arg1 center 717:722 the vortex center 706:722 the vortex center 706:722 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 2 27 theme multicomponent 299:312 arg1 membrane 314:321 the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane 281:321 the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane 281:321 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 2 28 theme membrane 371:378 arg1 roles 358:362 the roles 354:362 the roles of the membrane in cell functionality 354:400 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 0 29 theme Viscosity 0:8 arg1 Landscape 10:18 Viscosity Landscape 0:18 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane 0:52 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane Estimated from Fluid Velocity Field. 32053773 8 30 theme estimated 1250:1258 arg1 viscosity 1273:1281 the membrane viscosity 1260:1281 estimated the membrane viscosity 1250:1281 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 1 31 theme cell 94:97 arg1 membranes 99:107 cell membranes 94:107 cell membranes 94:107 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 10 32 theme 0.5 ≤ 1603:1607 arg1 ϕLo < 1609:1613 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 1603:1617 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 1603:1617 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 0 33 theme Phase-Separated 23:37 arg1 Membrane 45:52 Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane 23:52 Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane 23:52 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane Estimated from Fluid Velocity Field. 32053773 4 34 theme north 538:542 arg1 pole 544:547 the north pole 534:547 the north pole 534:547 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 10 35 theme 0 <ϕLo 1511:1516 arg1 ≤ 1518:1518 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 1511:1522 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase) 1511:1571 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 2 36 from roles 358:362 arg1 functionality 388:400 cell functionality 383:400 cell functionality 383:400 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 4 37 theme perpendicular 604:616 arg1 line 599:602 a line 597:602 a line perpendicular to the point force 597:635 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 2 38 theme heterogeneous 285:297 arg1 membrane 314:321 the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane 281:321 the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane 281:321 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 11 39 theme membranes 1777:1785 arg1 fluidity 1736:1743 the fluidity 1732:1743 the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1732:1785 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 11 40 theme fluidity 1736:1743 arg1 understanding 1715:1727 a basic understanding 1707:1727 a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1707:1785 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 3 41 theme molecular 461:469 arg1 diffusion 471:479 molecular diffusion 461:479 molecular diffusion 461:479 Recently, Henle and Levine described the hydrodynamics of molecular diffusion in a spherical membrane. 32053773 0 42 theme Membrane 45:52 arg1 Landscape 10:18 Viscosity Landscape 0:18 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane 0:52 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane Estimated from Fluid Velocity Field. 32053773 3 43 theme spherical 486:494 arg1 membrane 496:503 a spherical membrane 484:503 a spherical membrane 484:503 Recently, Henle and Levine described the hydrodynamics of molecular diffusion in a spherical membrane. 32053773 11 44 theme obtained 1669:1676 arg1 landscape 1688:1696 The obtained viscosity landscape 1665:1696 The obtained viscosity landscape 1665:1696 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 5 45 theme membrane 782:789 arg1 R 749:749 R 749:749 R 749:749 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 45 theme membrane 782:789 arg1 viscosities 814:824 the viscosities 810:824 the viscosities of the membrane 810:840 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 45 theme membrane 782:789 arg1 radius 758:763 the radius 754:763 the radius of the spherical membrane 754:789 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 45 theme membrane 782:789 arg1 medium 862:867 the surrounding medium 846:867 the surrounding medium 846:867 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 45 theme membrane 782:789 arg1 ηm 796:797 ηm 796:797 ηm 796:797 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 5 45 theme membrane 782:789 arg1 ηw 803:804 ηw 803:804 ηw 803:804 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 0 46 theme Lipid 39:43 arg1 Membrane 45:52 Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane 23:52 Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane 23:52 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane Estimated from Fluid Velocity Field. 32053773 9 47 theme apparent 1365:1372 arg1 viscosities 1383:1393 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities 1352:1393 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions 1352:1418 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions are mapped on the phase diagram. 32053773 11 48 theme multicomponent 1762:1775 arg1 membranes 1777:1785 heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1748:1785 heterogeneous multicomponent membranes 1748:1785 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 4 49 from pole 544:547 arg1 force 525:529 A tangential point force 506:529 A tangential point force at the north pole 506:547 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 8 50 theme position 1311:1318 arg1 dependence 1293:1302 the dependence 1289:1302 the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw 1289:1349 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 8 51 theme center 1239:1244 arg1 position 1216:1223 the position 1212:1223 the position of the vortex center 1212:1244 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 8 51 theme center 1239:1244 arg1 viscosity 1273:1281 the membrane viscosity 1260:1281 estimated the membrane viscosity 1250:1281 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 4 52 theme point 519:523 arg1 force 525:529 A tangential point force 506:529 A tangential point force at the north pole 506:547 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 5 53 theme center 717:722 arg1 position 694:701 The position 690:701 The position of the vortex center 690:722 The position of the vortex center depends on ηm/Rηw, where R is the radius of the spherical membrane, and ηm and ηw are the viscosities of the membrane and the surrounding medium, respectively. 32053773 3 54 from hydrodynamics 444:456 arg1 membrane 496:503 a spherical membrane 484:503 a spherical membrane 484:503 Recently, Henle and Levine described the hydrodynamics of molecular diffusion in a spherical membrane. 32053773 4 55 theme point 677:681 arg1 force 683:687 the point force 673:687 the point force 673:687 A tangential point force at the north pole induces a pair of vortices whose centers lie on a line perpendicular to the point force and are symmetrical with respect to the point force. 32053773 8 56 theme vortex 1232:1237 arg1 center 1239:1244 the vortex center 1228:1244 the vortex center 1228:1244 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 10 57 from range 1502:1506 arg1 viscosity 1466:1474 The membrane viscosity 1453:1474 The membrane viscosity 1453:1474 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 10 57 from range 1502:1506 arg1 constant 1486:1493 constant 1486:1493 constant 1486:1493 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 1 58 theme functional 114:123 arg1 constituents 125:136 the functional constituents 110:136 the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides 110:184 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 1 58 theme functional 114:123 arg1 peptides 146:153 peptides 146:153 peptides 146:153 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 1 58 theme functional 114:123 arg1 polysaccharides 170:184 polysaccharides 170:184 polysaccharides 170:184 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 1 58 theme functional 114:123 arg1 proteins 156:163 proteins 156:163 proteins 156:163 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 10 59 from constant 1486:1493 arg1 range 1502:1506 the range 1498:1506 the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase) 1498:1571 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 3 60 theme diffusion 471:479 arg1 hydrodynamics 444:456 the hydrodynamics 440:456 the hydrodynamics of molecular diffusion in a spherical membrane 440:503 Recently, Henle and Levine described the hydrodynamics of molecular diffusion in a spherical membrane. 32053773 6 61 theme microinjection 1109:1122 arg1 technique 1124:1132 a microinjection technique 1107:1132 a microinjection technique 1107:1132 Based on this theoretical prediction, we applied a point force to a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique. 32053773 1 62 theme lipids 206:211 arg1 sea 199:201 a sea 197:201 a sea of lipids 197:211 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 10 63 theme ≤ 1518:1518 arg1 range 1502:1506 the range 1498:1506 the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase) 1498:1571 The membrane viscosity is almost constant in the range of 0 <ϕLo ≤ 0.5 (ϕLo: area fraction of the liquid ordered phase), whereas that in the range of 0.5 ≤ ϕLo < 1.0 exponentially increases with increase of ϕLo. 32053773 11 64 theme viscosity 1678:1686 arg1 landscape 1688:1696 The obtained viscosity landscape 1665:1696 The obtained viscosity landscape 1665:1696 The obtained viscosity landscape provides a basic understanding of the fluidity of heterogeneous multicomponent membranes. 32053773 8 65 from dependence 1293:1302 arg1 ηm/Rηw 1344:1349 ηm/Rηw 1344:1349 ηm/Rηw 1344:1349 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 2 66 theme membrane 314:321 arg1 important 326:334 important 326:334 important 326:334 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 2 66 theme membrane 314:321 arg1 fluidity 269:276 the fluidity 265:276 the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane 265:321 Thus, the fluidity of the heterogeneous multicomponent membrane is important for understanding the roles of the membrane in cell functionality. 32053773 6 67 theme point 935:939 arg1 force 941:945 a point force 933:945 a point force 933:945 Based on this theoretical prediction, we applied a point force to a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique. 32053773 0 68 theme Velocity 75:82 arg1 Field 84:88 Fluid Velocity Field 69:88 Fluid Velocity Field 69:88 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane Estimated from Fluid Velocity Field. 32053773 6 69 theme spherical 968:976 arg1 vesicle 978:984 a phase-separated spherical vesicle 950:984 a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique 950:1132 Based on this theoretical prediction, we applied a point force to a phase-separated spherical vesicle composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol by means of a microinjection technique. 32053773 8 70 theme vortex 1327:1332 arg1 center 1334:1339 the vortex center 1323:1339 the vortex center 1323:1339 We determined the position of the vortex center and estimated the membrane viscosity using the dependence of the position of the vortex center on ηm/Rηw. 32053773 1 71 theme single 216:221 arg1 molecules 223:231 single molecules 216:231 single molecules 216:231 In cell membranes, the functional constituents such as peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides diffuse in a sea of lipids as single molecules and molecular aggregates. 32053773 0 72 theme Fluid 69:73 arg1 Field 84:88 Fluid Velocity Field 69:88 Fluid Velocity Field 69:88 Viscosity Landscape of Phase-Separated Lipid Membrane Estimated from Fluid Velocity Field. 32053773 9 73 theme various 1399:1405 arg1 compositions 1407:1418 various compositions 1399:1418 various compositions 1399:1418 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions are mapped on the phase diagram. 32053773 9 74 theme membrane 1374:1381 arg1 viscosities 1383:1393 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities 1352:1393 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions 1352:1418 The obtained apparent membrane viscosities for various compositions are mapped on the phase diagram. 33383703 9 0 theme historic 1257:1264 arg1 conservation 1266:1277 historic conservation 1257:1277 historic conservation 1257:1277 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 4 1 theme time-of-flight 446:459 arg1 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 1 theme time-of-flight 446:459 arg1 spectrometry 480:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry 446:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 446:502 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 1 2 theme lacquer 141:147 arg1 trees 149:153 lacquer trees 141:153 lacquer trees 141:153 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 6 3 theme calibration 886:896 arg1 curves 898:903 linear calibration curves 879:903 linear calibration curves 879:903 We used Py-GC/MS and HPLC to obtain linear calibration curves. 33383703 5 4 from information 696:706 arg1 films 729:733 polymeric lacquer films 711:733 polymeric lacquer films 711:733 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 4 5 theme mass 475:478 arg1 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 5 theme mass 475:478 arg1 spectrometry 480:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry 446:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 446:502 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 5 6 theme polymeric 711:719 arg1 films 729:733 polymeric lacquer films 711:733 polymeric lacquer films 711:733 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 4 7 theme ion 471:473 arg1 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 7 theme ion 471:473 arg1 spectrometry 480:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry 446:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 446:502 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 5 8 theme quantitative 633:644 arg1 results 646:652 quantitative results 633:652 quantitative results for blended lacquers 633:673 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 9 9 theme physical 1158:1165 arg1 properties 1167:1176 the physical properties 1154:1176 the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films 1154:1203 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 2 10 gly glycoproteins 248:260 arg1 glycoproteins 248:260 glycoproteins 248:260 glycoproteins 248:260 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 2 10 gly glycoproteins 248:260 arg1 polysaccharides 231:245 polysaccharides 231:245 polysaccharides 231:245 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 4 11 theme two 435:437 arg1 blends 421:426 blends 421:426 blends of the two 421:437 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 11 theme two 435:437 arg1 compositions 367:378 the compositions 363:378 the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers 363:414 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 9 12 from quality 1233:1239 arg1 industry 1244:1251 industry 1244:1251 industry 1244:1251 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 9 12 from quality 1233:1239 arg1 conservation 1266:1277 historic conservation 1257:1277 historic conservation 1257:1277 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 7 13 theme linear 940:945 arg1 function 947:954 a linear function 938:954 a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends 938:1015 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 7 13 theme linear 940:945 arg1 intensity 924:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 6 14 theme linear 879:884 arg1 curves 898:903 linear calibration curves 879:903 linear calibration curves 879:903 We used Py-GC/MS and HPLC to obtain linear calibration curves. 33383703 6 15 used used 846:849 arg2 We 843:844 We 843:844 We 843:844 We used Py-GC/MS and HPLC to obtain linear calibration curves. 33383703 9 16 theme polymeric 1181:1189 arg1 films 1199:1203 polymeric lacquer films 1181:1203 polymeric lacquer films 1181:1203 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 5 17 theme urushiol-laccol 795:809 arg1 dimers 766:771 dimers 766:771 dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives 766:840 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 9 18 theme lacquer 1191:1197 arg1 films 1199:1203 polymeric lacquer films 1181:1203 polymeric lacquer films 1181:1203 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 0 19 theme Quantitative 0:11 arg1 Analysis 13:20 Quantitative Analysis 0:20 Quantitative Analysis of Blended Asian Lacquers 0:46 Quantitative Analysis of Blended Asian Lacquers Using ToF-SIMS, Py-GC/MS and HPLC. 33383703 4 20 theme pyrolysis-gas 505:517 arg1 Py-GC/MS 553:560 Py-GC/MS 553:560 Py-GC/MS 553:560 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 20 theme pyrolysis-gas 505:517 arg1 spectrometry 539:550 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 505:550 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) 505:561 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 7 21 theme peak 919:922 arg1 function 947:954 a linear function 938:954 a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends 938:1015 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 7 21 theme peak 919:922 arg1 intensity 924:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 1 22 theme Asian 83:87 arg1 material 120:127 a special polymeric material 100:127 a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees 100:153 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 1 22 theme Asian 83:87 arg1 lacquer 89:95 Asian lacquer 83:95 Asian lacquer 83:95 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 3 23 theme blended 332:338 arg1 lacquers 340:347 blended lacquers 332:347 blended lacquers 332:347 Researchers have not yet quantitatively analyzed blended lacquers. 33383703 9 24 theme films 1199:1203 arg1 properties 1167:1176 the physical properties 1154:1176 the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films 1154:1203 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 5 25 theme laccol-laccol 816:828 arg1 derivatives 830:840 laccol-laccol derivatives 816:840 laccol-laccol derivatives 816:840 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 5 26 theme structural 685:694 arg1 information 696:706 structural information 685:706 structural information on polymeric lacquer films 685:733 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 5 27 theme derivatives 830:840 arg1 dimers 766:771 dimers 766:771 dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives 766:840 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 0 28 theme Lacquers 39:46 arg1 Analysis 13:20 Quantitative Analysis 0:20 Quantitative Analysis of Blended Asian Lacquers 0:46 Quantitative Analysis of Blended Asian Lacquers Using ToF-SIMS, Py-GC/MS and HPLC. 33383703 4 29 theme chromatography/mass 519:537 arg1 Py-GC/MS 553:560 Py-GC/MS 553:560 Py-GC/MS 553:560 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 29 theme chromatography/mass 519:537 arg1 spectrometry 539:550 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 505:550 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) 505:561 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 5 30 theme dimers 766:771 arg1 presence 754:761 the presence 750:761 the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives 750:840 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 5 31 theme lacquer 721:727 arg1 films 729:733 polymeric lacquer films 711:733 polymeric lacquer films 711:733 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 2 32 theme compounds 195:203 arg1 mixture 184:190 a complex mixture 174:190 a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water 174:280 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 2 32 theme compounds 195:203 arg1 sap 167:169 The tree's sap 156:169 The tree's sap 156:169 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 8 33 theme same 1084:1087 arg1 results 1089:1095 the same results 1080:1095 the same results 1080:1095 For an unknown mixture, all three techniques gave essentially the same results. 33383703 9 34 theme lacquer 1225:1231 arg1 quality 1233:1239 the lacquer quality 1221:1239 the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation 1221:1277 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 9 35 theme quantitative 1104:1115 arg1 methods 1117:1123 These quantitative methods 1098:1123 These quantitative methods 1098:1123 These quantitative methods will be useful for improving the physical properties of polymeric lacquer films, and evaluating the lacquer quality in industry and historic conservation. 33383703 5 36 theme urushiol-urushiol 776:792 arg1 dimers 766:771 dimers 766:771 dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives 766:840 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 5 37 theme blended 658:664 arg1 lacquers 666:673 blended lacquers 658:673 blended lacquers 658:673 ToF-SIMS provided quantitative results for blended lacquers; provided structural information on polymeric lacquer films; and indicated the presence of dimers of urushiol-urushiol, urushiol-laccol, and laccol-laccol derivatives. 33383703 2 38 theme complex 176:182 arg1 mixture 184:190 a complex mixture 174:190 a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water 174:280 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 2 38 theme complex 176:182 arg1 sap 167:169 The tree's sap 156:169 The tree's sap 156:169 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 8 39 theme unknown 1025:1031 arg1 mixture 1033:1039 an unknown mixture 1022:1039 an unknown mixture 1022:1039 For an unknown mixture, all three techniques gave essentially the same results. 33383703 7 40 theme Vietnamese 984:993 arg1 lacquer 995:1001 Vietnamese lacquer 984:1001 Vietnamese lacquer 984:1001 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 1 41 theme special 102:108 arg1 material 120:127 a special polymeric material 100:127 a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees 100:153 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 1 41 theme special 102:108 arg1 lacquer 89:95 Asian lacquer 83:95 Asian lacquer 83:95 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 4 42 theme Japanese 383:390 arg1 blends 421:426 blends 421:426 blends of the two 421:437 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 42 theme Japanese 383:390 arg1 compositions 367:378 the compositions 363:378 the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers 363:414 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 1 43 theme polymeric 110:118 arg1 material 120:127 a special polymeric material 100:127 a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees 100:153 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 1 43 theme polymeric 110:118 arg1 lacquer 89:95 Asian lacquer 83:95 Asian lacquer 83:95 Asian lacquer is a special polymeric material tapped from lacquer trees. 33383703 7 44 theme specific 910:917 arg1 function 947:954 a linear function 938:954 a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends 938:1015 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 7 44 theme specific 910:917 arg1 intensity 924:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 4 45 theme high-performance 568:583 arg1 HPLC 608:611 HPLC 608:611 HPLC 608:611 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 45 theme high-performance 568:583 arg1 chromatography 592:605 high-performance liquid chromatography 568:605 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 568:612 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 2 46 theme catechol 214:221 arg1 lipids 223:228 catechol lipids 214:228 catechol lipids 214:228 The tree's sap is a complex mixture of compounds, such as catechol lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and water. 33383703 7 47 theme Japanese 972:979 arg1 ratio 963:967 the ratio 959:967 the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer 959:1001 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 4 48 theme Vietnamese 396:405 arg1 blends 421:426 blends 421:426 blends of the two 421:437 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 48 theme Vietnamese 396:405 arg1 compositions 367:378 the compositions 363:378 the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers 363:414 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 49 theme secondary 461:469 arg1 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 ToF-SIMS 494:501 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 49 theme secondary 461:469 arg1 spectrometry 480:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry 446:491 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 446:502 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 50 dep Japanese 383:390 arg1 lacquers 407:414 lacquers 407:414 lacquers 407:414 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 7 51 theme ratio 963:967 arg1 function 947:954 a linear function 938:954 a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends 938:1015 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 7 51 theme ratio 963:967 arg1 intensity 924:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity 906:932 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 7 52 from function 947:954 arg1 blends 1010:1015 the blends 1006:1015 the blends 1006:1015 The specific peak intensity was a linear function of the ratio of Japanese to Vietnamese lacquer in the blends. 33383703 4 53 theme liquid 585:590 arg1 HPLC 608:611 HPLC 608:611 HPLC 608:611 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33383703 4 53 theme liquid 585:590 arg1 chromatography 592:605 high-performance liquid chromatography 568:605 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 568:612 We evaluated the compositions of Japanese and Vietnamese lacquers, and blends of the two, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 32156822 9 0 theme Sulfolobus 1681:1690 arg1 species 1692:1698 different Sulfolobus species 1671:1698 different Sulfolobus species 1671:1698 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 6 1 theme IV 1153:1154 arg1 pili 1156:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 5 2 theme recognition 725:735 arg1 process 737:743 the recognition process 721:743 the recognition process 721:743 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 10 3 theme unique 1772:1777 arg1 features 1779:1786 the unique features 1768:1786 the unique features of each species 1768:1802 We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. 32156822 6 4 theme different 1258:1266 arg1 processes 1268:1276 different processes 1258:1276 different processes 1258:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 5 theme unique 949:954 arg1 composition 965:975 unique N-glycan composition 949:975 unique N-glycan composition 949:975 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 9 6 theme surface-layer 1712:1724 arg1 patterns 1742:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 7 7 theme crenarchaeal 1344:1355 arg1 species 1370:1376 the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1340:1376 the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1340:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 2 8 theme double-strand 284:296 arg1 breaks 298:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. 32156822 6 9 from addition 749:756 arg1 N-glycan 763:770 the N-glycan 759:770 the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii 759:808 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 9 from addition 749:756 arg1 different 813:821 different 813:821 different 813:821 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 10 10 theme mating 1838:1843 arg1 partners 1845:1852 specific mating partners 1829:1852 specific mating partners 1829:1852 We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. 32156822 1 11 theme cellular 205:212 arg1 aggregates 214:223 species-specific cellular aggregates 188:223 species-specific cellular aggregates 188:223 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 7 12 theme UV-inducible 1283:1294 arg1 system 1301:1306 UV-inducible pili system 1283:1306 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1279:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 7 12 theme UV-inducible 1283:1294 arg1 Ups 1325:1327 Ups 1325:1327 Ups 1325:1327 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 5 13 from assays 634:639 arg1 presence 648:655 the presence 644:655 the presence of different sugars 644:675 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 7 14 theme mating 1425:1430 arg1 partners 1432:1439 species-specific mating partners 1408:1439 species-specific mating partners 1408:1439 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 5 15 theme Aggregation 622:632 arg1 assays 634:639 Aggregation assays 622:639 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars 622:675 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 8 16 theme different 1510:1518 arg1 species 1531:1537 different Sulfolobus species 1510:1537 different Sulfolobus species 1510:1537 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 2 17 theme repair 273:278 arg1 breaks 298:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. 32156822 6 18 located found 1168:1172 arg1 surface 1186:1192 the cell surface 1177:1192 the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1177:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 18 located found 1168:1172 arg2 repair 1102:1107 DNA repair 1098:1107 DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1098:1159 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 2 19 dep breaks 298:303 arg1 to 270:271 to 270:271 to 270:271 Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. 32156822 2 20 theme DNA 266:268 arg1 breaks 298:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. 32156822 6 21 theme same 1061:1064 arg1 species 1066:1072 only the same species 1052:1072 only the same species 1052:1072 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 21 theme same 1061:1064 arg1 essential 1084:1092 essential 1084:1092 essential 1084:1092 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 8 22 theme specific 1544:1551 arg1 regions 1553:1559 specific regions 1544:1559 specific regions 1544:1559 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 6 23 from species 1066:1072 arg1 cells 1041:1045 cells 1041:1045 cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1041:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 0 24 theme Glycosylation 87:99 arg1 Patterns 101:108 S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns 79:108 S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns 79:108 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales Mediated by UV-Inducible Pili and S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns. 32156822 5 25 theme different 660:668 arg1 sugars 670:675 different sugars 660:675 different sugars 660:675 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 7 26 theme species-specific 1408:1423 arg1 partners 1432:1439 species-specific mating partners 1408:1439 species-specific mating partners 1408:1439 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 3 27 theme subunits 387:394 arg1 Substitution 335:346 Substitution 335:346 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii 335:453 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 8 28 theme Ups 1570:1572 arg1 subunits 1579:1586 their Ups pili subunits 1564:1586 their Ups pili subunits 1564:1586 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 6 29 theme homologous 1112:1121 arg1 pili 1156:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 4 30 theme conservation 539:550 arg1 important 590:598 important 590:598 important 590:598 A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs is primarily important for this specificity. 32156822 4 30 theme conservation 539:550 arg1 region 525:530 A region 523:530 A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs 523:575 A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs is primarily important for this specificity. 32156822 0 31 theme Species-Specific 0:15 arg1 Recognition 17:27 Species-Specific Recognition 0:27 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales 0:43 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales Mediated by UV-Inducible Pili and S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns. 32156822 7 32 theme Sulfolobales 1357:1368 arg1 species 1370:1376 the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1340:1376 the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1340:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 5 33 from importance 688:697 arg1 process 737:743 the recognition process 721:743 the recognition process 721:743 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 6 34 theme binding 930:936 arg1 pocket 938:943 a unique UpsA binding pocket 916:943 a unique UpsA binding pocket 916:943 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 1 35 theme pili 128:131 arg1 system 133:138 The UV-inducible pili system 111:138 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) 111:160 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 1 35 theme pili 128:131 arg1 Ups 157:159 Ups 157:159 Ups 157:159 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 6 36 theme unique 918:923 arg1 pocket 938:943 a unique UpsA binding pocket 916:943 a unique UpsA binding pocket 916:943 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 3 37 dep subunits 387:394 arg1 UpsA 396:399 UpsA 396:399 UpsA 396:399 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 3 37 dep subunits 387:394 arg1 subunits 387:394 the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits 351:394 the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB 351:408 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 3 37 dep subunits 387:394 arg1 UpsB 405:408 UpsB 405:408 UpsB 405:408 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 0 38 theme UV-Inducible 57:68 arg1 Pili 70:73 UV-Inducible Pili 57:73 UV-Inducible Pili 57:73 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales Mediated by UV-Inducible Pili and S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns. 32156822 6 39 from different 813:821 arg1 addition 749:756 addition 749:756 addition 749:756 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 40 theme archaea 1202:1208 arg1 surface 1186:1192 the cell surface 1177:1192 the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1177:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 7 41 theme Sulfolobales 1311:1322 arg1 system 1301:1306 UV-inducible pili system 1283:1306 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1279:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 7 41 theme Sulfolobales 1311:1322 arg1 Ups 1325:1327 Ups 1325:1327 Ups 1325:1327 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 6 42 theme tokodaii 801:808 arg1 S-layer 787:793 the S-layer 783:793 the S-layer of S. tokodaii 783:808 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 11 43 theme archaeal 1932:1939 arg1 self-recognition 1941:1956 archaeal self-recognition 1932:1956 archaeal self-recognition 1932:1956 This knowledge for the first time gives insights into the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition. 32156822 10 44 theme species 1796:1802 arg1 features 1779:1786 the unique features 1768:1786 the unique features of each species 1768:1802 We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. 32156822 9 45 theme different 1671:1679 arg1 species 1692:1698 different Sulfolobus species 1671:1698 different Sulfolobus species 1671:1698 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 7 46 from species 1370:1376 arg1 essential 1382:1390 essential 1382:1390 essential 1382:1390 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 7 46 from species 1370:1376 arg1 pili 1330:1333 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili 1279:1333 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1279:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 7 47 theme system 1301:1306 arg1 essential 1382:1390 essential 1382:1390 essential 1382:1390 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 7 47 theme system 1301:1306 arg1 pili 1330:1333 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili 1279:1333 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1279:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 8 48 theme same 1643:1646 arg1 species 1648:1654 the same species 1639:1654 the same species 1639:1654 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 6 49 theme Type 1148:1151 arg1 pili 1156:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 50 theme Sulfolobus 873:882 arg1 species 884:890 each Sulfolobus species 868:890 each Sulfolobus species 868:890 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 2 51 theme homologous 309:318 arg1 recombination 320:332 homologous recombination 309:332 homologous recombination 309:332 Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. 32156822 7 52 theme genome 1463:1468 arg1 stability 1470:1478 genome stability 1463:1478 genome stability 1463:1478 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 6 53 theme N-glycan 956:963 arg1 composition 965:975 unique N-glycan composition 949:975 unique N-glycan composition 949:975 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 9 54 theme unique 1705:1710 arg1 patterns 1742:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 6 55 theme bacteria 1214:1221 arg1 surface 1186:1192 the cell surface 1177:1192 the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1177:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 9 56 theme N-glycosylation 1726:1740 arg1 patterns 1742:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 6 57 with exchange 1027:1034 arg1 cells 1041:1045 cells 1041:1045 cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1041:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 58 theme many 1197:1200 arg1 archaea 1202:1208 many archaea 1197:1208 many archaea 1197:1208 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 5 59 theme N-glycosylation 702:716 arg1 importance 688:697 the importance 684:697 the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process 684:743 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 6 60 theme acidocaldarius 842:855 arg1 one 832:834 the one 828:834 the one of S. acidocaldarius 828:855 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 10 61 theme partners 1845:1852 arg1 recognition 1814:1824 the recognition 1810:1824 the recognition of specific mating partners 1810:1852 We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. 32156822 1 62 theme species-specific 188:203 arg1 aggregates 214:223 species-specific cellular aggregates 188:223 species-specific cellular aggregates 188:223 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 8 63 from species 1648:1654 arg1 cells 1628:1632 cells 1628:1632 cells from the same species 1628:1654 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 10 64 theme specific 1829:1836 arg1 partners 1845:1852 specific mating partners 1829:1852 specific mating partners 1829:1852 We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. 32156822 1 65 theme aggregates 214:223 arg1 formation 175:183 the formation 171:183 the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates 171:223 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 6 66 theme DNA 1023:1025 arg1 exchange 1027:1034 DNA exchange 1023:1034 DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1023:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 67 theme cell 1181:1184 arg1 surface 1186:1192 the cell surface 1177:1192 the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1177:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 8 68 theme Sulfolobus 1520:1529 arg1 species 1531:1537 different Sulfolobus species 1510:1537 different Sulfolobus species 1510:1537 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 11 69 theme first 1878:1882 arg1 time 1884:1887 the first time 1874:1887 the first time 1874:1887 This knowledge for the first time gives insights into the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition. 32156822 2 70 theme DNA 280:282 arg1 breaks 298:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks 266:303 Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA to repair DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. 32156822 1 71 theme Sulfolobales 143:154 arg1 system 133:138 The UV-inducible pili system 111:138 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) 111:160 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 1 71 theme Sulfolobales 143:154 arg1 Ups 157:159 Ups 157:159 Ups 157:159 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 6 72 theme important 1239:1247 arg1 roles 1249:1253 important roles 1239:1253 important roles 1239:1253 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 73 with aggregation 987:997 arg1 cells 1041:1045 cells 1041:1045 cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes 1041:1276 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 0 74 theme S-Layer 79:85 arg1 Patterns 101:108 S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns 79:108 S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns 79:108 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales Mediated by UV-Inducible Pili and S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns. 32156822 3 75 theme pilin 381:385 arg1 UpsA 396:399 UpsA 396:399 UpsA 396:399 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 3 75 theme pilin 381:385 arg1 subunits 387:394 the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits 351:394 the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB 351:408 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 3 75 theme pilin 381:385 arg1 UpsB 405:408 UpsB 405:408 UpsB 405:408 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 4 76 theme UpsA 563:566 arg1 homologs 568:575 the UpsA homologs 559:575 the UpsA homologs 559:575 A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs is primarily important for this specificity. 32156822 3 77 from tokodaii 446:453 arg1 homologs 421:428 their homologs 415:428 their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii 415:453 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 8 78 theme pili 1574:1577 arg1 subunits 1579:1586 their Ups pili subunits 1564:1586 their Ups pili subunits 1564:1586 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 3 79 theme Sulfolobus 355:364 arg1 UpsA 396:399 UpsA 396:399 UpsA 396:399 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 3 79 theme Sulfolobus 355:364 arg1 subunits 387:394 the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits 351:394 the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB 351:408 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 3 79 theme Sulfolobus 355:364 arg1 UpsB 405:408 UpsB 405:408 UpsB 405:408 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 5 80 theme sugars 670:675 arg1 presence 648:655 the presence 644:655 the presence of different sugars 644:675 Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. 32156822 4 81 theme low 535:537 arg1 conservation 539:550 low conservation 535:550 low conservation within the UpsA homologs 535:575 A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs is primarily important for this specificity. 32156822 6 82 theme recombination.IMPORTANCE 1123:1146 arg1 pili 1156:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1112:1159 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 9 83 contain have 1700:1703 arg2 patterns 1742:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns 1705:1749 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 9 83 contain have 1700:1703 arg1 species 1692:1698 different Sulfolobus species 1671:1698 different Sulfolobus species 1671:1698 Additionally, different Sulfolobus species have unique surface-layer N-glycosylation patterns. 32156822 3 84 with Substitution 335:346 arg1 homologs 421:428 their homologs 415:428 their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii 415:453 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 0 85 theme Sulfolobales 32:43 arg1 Recognition 17:27 Species-Specific Recognition 0:27 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales 0:43 Species-Specific Recognition of Sulfolobales Mediated by UV-Inducible Pili and S-Layer Glycosylation Patterns. 32156822 1 86 theme UV-inducible 115:126 arg1 system 133:138 The UV-inducible pili system 111:138 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) 111:160 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 1 86 theme UV-inducible 115:126 arg1 Ups 157:159 Ups 157:159 Ups 157:159 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. 32156822 6 87 theme DNA 1098:1100 arg1 repair 1102:1107 DNA repair 1098:1107 DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili 1098:1159 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 3 88 dep Sulfolobus 355:364 arg1 acidocaldarius 366:379 acidocaldarius 366:379 acidocaldarius 366:379 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 6 89 theme UpsA 925:928 arg1 pocket 938:943 a unique UpsA binding pocket 916:943 a unique UpsA binding pocket 916:943 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 11 90 theme molecular 1913:1921 arg1 basis 1923:1927 the molecular basis 1909:1927 the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition 1909:1956 This knowledge for the first time gives insights into the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition. 32156822 6 91 from one 832:834 arg1 N-glycan 763:770 the N-glycan 759:770 the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii 759:808 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 6 91 from one 832:834 arg1 different 813:821 different 813:821 different 813:821 In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and, consequently, also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.IMPORTANCE Type IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. 32156822 8 92 contain have 1539:1542 arg1 species 1531:1537 different Sulfolobus species 1510:1537 different Sulfolobus species 1510:1537 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 8 92 contain have 1539:1542 arg2 regions 1553:1559 specific regions 1544:1559 specific regions 1544:1559 With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have specific regions in their Ups pili subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. 32156822 7 93 theme pili 1296:1299 arg1 system 1301:1306 UV-inducible pili system 1283:1306 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species 1279:1376 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 7 93 theme pili 1296:1299 arg1 Ups 1325:1327 Ups 1325:1327 Ups 1325:1327 The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, thereby assisting in genome stability. 32156822 3 94 theme species-specific 493:508 arg1 aggregation 510:520 species-specific aggregation 493:520 species-specific aggregation 493:520 Substitution of the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. 32156822 11 95 theme self-recognition 1941:1956 arg1 basis 1923:1927 the molecular basis 1909:1927 the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition 1909:1956 This knowledge for the first time gives insights into the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 endocan 465:471 endocan 465:471 endocan 465:471 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 FGF-21 456:461 FGF-21 456:461 FGF-21 456:461 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 factor 394:399 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 peptide 507:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 474:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) 474:526 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 outcomes 539:546 renal outcomes 533:546 renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 533:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 0 theme patients 551:558 arg1 factor 445:450 fibroblast growth factor 21 427:453 fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) 427:462 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 1 theme type 159:162 arg1 mellitus 175:182 type 2 diabetes mellitus 159:182 type 2 diabetes mellitus 159:182 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 2 2 theme outcomes 539:546 arg1 association 356:366 the association 352:366 the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 352:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 3 3 theme prospective 650:660 arg1 study 676:680 a prospective observational study 648:680 a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 648:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 0 4 theme diabetes 166:173 arg1 mellitus 175:182 type 2 diabetes mellitus 159:182 type 2 diabetes mellitus 159:182 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 9 5 with patients 1754:1761 arg1 diabetes 1775:1782 type 2 diabetes 1768:1782 type 2 diabetes 1768:1782 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 2 6 theme clinical 576:583 arg1 signs 585:589 clinical signs 576:589 clinical signs of DKD 576:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 7 7 dep % 1547:1547 arg1 CI 1549:1550 CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001 1549:1572 CI 1549:1550 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 4 8 theme a > 30 820:825 arg1 % 826:826 % 826:826 % 826:826 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 9 9 theme markers 1827:1833 arg1 combination 1793:1803 the combination 1789:1803 the combination of the abovementioned markers 1789:1833 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 8 10 theme renal 1634:1638 arg1 function 1640:1647 preserved renal function 1624:1647 preserved renal function 1624:1647 The results were consistent among patients with preserved renal function and normoalbuminuria. 33834419 6 11 theme hazard 1267:1272 arg1 [HR 1281:1283 hazard ration [HR] 2.76 1267:1289 hazard ration [HR] 2.76 1267:1289 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 9 12 theme better 1844:1849 arg1 predictability 1851:1864 better predictability 1844:1864 better predictability 1844:1864 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 2 13 theme N-terminal 474:483 arg1 peptide 507:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 474:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) 474:526 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 13 theme N-terminal 474:483 arg1 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 14 theme better 106:111 arg1 prediction 113:122 better prediction 106:122 better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 106:182 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 4 15 from tests 895:899 arg1 decline 828:834 either a > 30% decline 813:834 either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period 813:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 1 16 theme PURPOSE 185:191 arg1 biomarkers 202:211 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers 185:211 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 185:244 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 2 17 theme natriuretic 495:505 arg1 peptide 507:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 474:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) 474:526 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 17 theme natriuretic 495:505 arg1 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 3 18 theme glomerular 723:732 arg1 eGFR 752:755 eGFR 752:755 eGFR 752:755 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 3 18 theme glomerular 723:732 arg1 rates 745:749 estimated glomerular filtration rates 713:749 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 7 19 dep one 1516:1518 arg1 either 1509:1514 either 1509:1514 either 1509:1514 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 9 20 theme FGF-21 1698:1703 arg1 levels 1705:1710 Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels 1682:1710 Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels 1682:1710 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 4 21 theme worsening 848:856 arg1 albuminuria 858:868 eGFR and worsening albuminuria 839:868 eGFR and worsening albuminuria 839:868 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 0 22 theme outcomes 133:140 arg1 prediction 113:122 better prediction 106:122 better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 106:182 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 4 23 theme eGFR 839:842 arg1 albuminuria 858:868 eGFR and worsening albuminuria 839:868 eGFR and worsening albuminuria 839:868 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 7 24 theme adjusted 1527:1534 arg1 HR 1536:1537 adjusted HR 4.45 1527:1542 adjusted HR 4.45 1527:1542 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 4 25 theme follow-up 934:942 arg1 period 944:949 a 3.5-year follow-up period 923:949 a 3.5-year follow-up period 923:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 6 26 theme FGF-21 1167:1172 arg1 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL 1174:1192 FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL 1167:1192 FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL 1167:1192 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 3 27 theme rates 745:749 arg1  < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 757:776 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 6 28 theme sTNFR1 1346:1351 arg1 level 1353:1357 sTNFR1 level 1346:1357 sTNFR1 level 1346:1357 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 0 29 with patients 145:152 arg1 mellitus 175:182 type 2 diabetes mellitus 159:182 type 2 diabetes mellitus 159:182 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 4 30 from decline 828:834 arg1 albuminuria 858:868 eGFR and worsening albuminuria 839:868 eGFR and worsening albuminuria 839:868 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 4 30 from decline 828:834 arg1 both 873:876 both 873:876 both 873:876 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 4 30 from decline 828:834 arg1 tests 895:899 consecutive tests 883:899 consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period 883:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 4 31 theme blood/urine 904:914 arg1 tests 895:899 consecutive tests 883:899 consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period 883:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 2 32 theme DKD 594:596 arg1 signs 585:589 clinical signs 576:589 clinical signs of DKD 576:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 33 theme growth 80:85 arg1 factor 87:92 fibroblast growth factor 21 69:95 fibroblast growth factor 21 69:95 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 5 34 theme renal 1050:1054 arg1 outcomes 1056:1063 renal outcomes 1050:1063 renal outcomes 1050:1063 RESULTS Higher sTNFR1 and FGF-21, rather than endocan and NT-pro-BNP, levels were associated with renal outcomes but the significance was lost after adjusting for confounders. 33834419 7 35 theme renal 1485:1489 arg1 outcomes 1491:1498 renal outcomes 1485:1498 renal outcomes 1485:1498 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 2 36 theme endocan 465:471 arg1 association 356:366 the association 352:366 the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 352:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 37 theme tumor 379:383 arg1 factor 394:399 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 7 38 dep HR 1536:1537 arg1 % 1547:1547 95% 1545:1547 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001 1545:1572 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 1 39 theme renal 266:270 arg1 prognosis 272:280 renal prognosis 266:280 renal prognosis 266:280 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 7 40 theme better 1461:1466 arg1 association 1468:1478 even better association 1456:1478 even better association with renal outcomes 1456:1498 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 2 41 theme factor 445:450 arg1 association 356:366 the association 352:366 the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 352:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 42 dep factor 394:399 arg1 sTNFR1 418:423 sTNFR1 418:423 sTNFR1 418:423 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 42 dep factor 394:399 arg1 type 410:413 receptor type 1 401:415 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 43 theme factor 394:399 arg1 association 356:366 the association 352:366 the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 352:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 44 theme tumor 27:31 arg1 factor 42:47 soluble tumor necrosis factor 19:47 soluble tumor necrosis factor 19:47 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 0 45 dep factor 42:47 arg1 type 58:61 receptor type 1 49:63 receptor type 1 49:63 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 2 46 theme fibroblast 427:436 arg1 FGF-21 456:461 FGF-21 456:461 FGF-21 456:461 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 46 theme fibroblast 427:436 arg1 factor 445:450 fibroblast growth factor 21 427:453 fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) 427:462 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 4 47 theme renal 789:793 arg1 outcomes 795:802 Composite renal outcomes 779:802 Composite renal outcomes 779:802 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 0 48 theme factor 42:47 arg1 combination 4:14 The combination 0:14 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 0:95 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 1 49 theme kidney 225:230 arg1 DKD 241:243 DKD 241:243 DKD 241:243 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 1 49 theme kidney 225:230 arg1 disease 232:238 diabetic kidney disease 216:238 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 216:244 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 9 50 theme in 1751:1752 arg1 patients 1754:1761 in patients 1751:1761 in patients with type 2 diabetes 1751:1782 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 6 51 theme ration 1274:1279 arg1 [HR 1281:1283 hazard ration [HR] 2.76 1267:1289 hazard ration [HR] 2.76 1267:1289 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 3 52 dep METHODS 599:605 arg1 enrolled 636:643 enrolled 636:643 were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 631:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 4 53 theme % 826:826 arg1 decline 828:834 either a > 30% decline 813:834 either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period 813:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 3 54 theme patients 622:629 arg1 total 609:613 A total 607:613 A total of 312 patients 607:629 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 6 55 dep confounders 1254:1264 arg1 [HR 1281:1283 hazard ration [HR] 2.76 1267:1289 hazard ration [HR] 2.76 1267:1289 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 2 56 theme renal 533:537 arg1 outcomes 539:546 renal outcomes 533:546 renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 533:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 6 57 theme sTNFR1 1137:1142 arg1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL 1144:1162 sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL 1137:1162 sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL 1137:1162 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 3 58 theme observational 662:674 arg1 study 676:680 a prospective observational study 648:680 a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 648:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 9 59 theme sTNFR1 1687:1692 arg1 levels 1705:1710 Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels 1682:1710 Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels 1682:1710 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 9 60 theme patients 1754:1761 arg1 outcomes 1739:1746 renal outcomes 1733:1746 renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes 1733:1782 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 9 61 theme abovementioned 1812:1825 arg1 markers 1827:1833 the abovementioned markers 1808:1833 the abovementioned markers 1808:1833 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 6 62 dep [HR 1281:1283 arg1 % 1371:1371 95% CI 1.03-3.69 1369:1384 95% CI 1.03-3.69 1369:1384 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 6 62 dep [HR 1281:1283 arg1 [CI 1316:1318 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60 1292:1329 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60 1292:1329 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 6 62 dep [HR 1281:1283 arg1 HR 1360:1361 HR 1.95 1360:1366 HR 1.95 1360:1366 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 6 62 dep [HR 1281:1283 arg1 p = 0.005 1332:1340 p = 0.005 1332:1340 p = 0.005 1332:1340 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 6 62 dep [HR 1281:1283 arg1 p = 0.03 1387:1394 p = 0.03 1387:1394 p = 0.03 1387:1394 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 6 63 theme interval 1307:1314 arg1 [CI 1316:1318 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60 1292:1329 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60 1292:1329 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 8 64 theme preserved 1624:1632 arg1 function 1640:1647 preserved renal function 1624:1647 preserved renal function 1624:1647 The results were consistent among patients with preserved renal function and normoalbuminuria. 33834419 2 65 theme peptide 507:513 arg1 association 356:366 the association 352:366 the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD 352:596 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 66 theme renal 127:131 arg1 outcomes 133:140 renal outcomes 127:140 renal outcomes 127:140 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 7 67 with association 1468:1478 arg1 outcomes 1491:1498 renal outcomes 1485:1498 renal outcomes 1485:1498 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 1 68 theme Numerous 193:200 arg1 biomarkers 202:211 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers 185:211 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 185:244 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 4 69 theme consecutive 883:893 arg1 tests 895:899 consecutive tests 883:899 consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period 883:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 6 70 theme renal 1215:1219 arg1 outcomes 1221:1228 renal outcomes 1215:1228 renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level) 1215:1412 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 3 71 theme filtration 734:743 arg1 eGFR 752:755 eGFR 752:755 eGFR 752:755 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 3 71 theme filtration 734:743 arg1 rates 745:749 estimated glomerular filtration rates 713:749 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 9 72 dep CONCLUSION 1671:1680 arg1 associated 1717:1726 associated 1717:1726 were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes 1712:1782 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 3 73 theme estimated 713:721 arg1 eGFR 752:755 eGFR 752:755 eGFR 752:755 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 3 73 theme estimated 713:721 arg1 rates 745:749 estimated glomerular filtration rates 713:749 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 5 74 dep sTNFR1 967:972 arg1 Higher 960:965 Higher 960:965 Higher 960:965 RESULTS Higher sTNFR1 and FGF-21, rather than endocan and NT-pro-BNP, levels were associated with renal outcomes but the significance was lost after adjusting for confounders. 33834419 4 75 theme 3.5-year 925:932 arg1 period 944:949 a 3.5-year follow-up period 923:949 a 3.5-year follow-up period 923:949 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 0 76 theme fibroblast 69:78 arg1 factor 87:92 fibroblast growth factor 21 69:95 fibroblast growth factor 21 69:95 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 8 77 with patients 1610:1617 arg1 normoalbuminuria 1653:1668 normoalbuminuria 1653:1668 normoalbuminuria 1653:1668 The results were consistent among patients with preserved renal function and normoalbuminuria. 33834419 8 77 with patients 1610:1617 arg1 function 1640:1647 preserved renal function 1624:1647 preserved renal function 1624:1647 The results were consistent among patients with preserved renal function and normoalbuminuria. 33834419 7 78 dep did 1505:1507 arg1 HR 1536:1537 adjusted HR 4.45 1527:1542 adjusted HR 4.45 1527:1542 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 0 79 theme factor 87:92 arg1 combination 4:14 The combination 0:14 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 0:95 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 2 80 theme soluble 371:377 arg1 factor 394:399 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 6 81 theme % 1294:1294 arg1 [CI 1316:1318 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60 1292:1329 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60 1292:1329 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 0 82 theme soluble 19:25 arg1 factor 42:47 soluble tumor necrosis factor 19:47 soluble tumor necrosis factor 19:47 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 3 83 with individuals 696:706 arg1  < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 757:776 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 713:776 METHODS A total of 312 patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study that excluded individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. 33834419 9 84 theme renal 1733:1737 arg1 outcomes 1739:1746 renal outcomes 1733:1746 renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes 1733:1782 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 2 85 theme receptor 401:408 arg1 sTNFR1 418:423 sTNFR1 418:423 sTNFR1 418:423 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 85 theme receptor 401:408 arg1 type 410:413 receptor type 1 401:415 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 86 theme necrosis 33:40 arg1 factor 42:47 soluble tumor necrosis factor 19:47 soluble tumor necrosis factor 19:47 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 2 87 theme growth 438:443 arg1 FGF-21 456:461 FGF-21 456:461 FGF-21 456:461 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 87 theme growth 438:443 arg1 factor 445:450 fibroblast growth factor 21 427:453 fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) 427:462 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 88 theme necrosis 385:392 arg1 factor 394:399 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) 371:424 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 0 89 theme receptor 49:56 arg1 type 58:61 receptor type 1 49:63 receptor type 1 49:63 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 1 90 theme head-to-head 286:297 arg1 comparisons 299:309 head-to-head comparisons 286:309 head-to-head comparisons 286:309 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 2 91 theme pro-brain 485:493 arg1 peptide 507:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 474:513 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) 474:526 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 2 91 theme pro-brain 485:493 arg1 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 NT-pro-BNP 516:525 This study aimed to examine the association of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), endocan, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and renal outcomes of patients with or without clinical signs of DKD. 33834419 4 92 theme Composite 779:787 arg1 outcomes 795:802 Composite renal outcomes 779:802 Composite renal outcomes 779:802 Composite renal outcomes included either a > 30% decline in eGFR and worsening albuminuria or both from consecutive tests of blood/urine during a 3.5-year follow-up period. 33834419 7 93 theme levels 1439:1444 arg1 combination 1419:1429 The combination 1415:1429 The combination of both levels 1415:1444 The combination of both levels exhibited even better association with renal outcomes than did either one alone (adjusted HR 4.45, 95% CI 1.86-10.65, p = 0.001). 33834419 9 94 theme type 1768:1771 arg1 diabetes 1775:1782 type 2 diabetes 1768:1782 type 2 diabetes 1768:1782 CONCLUSION Both sTNFR1 and FGF-21 levels were associated with renal outcomes of in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of the abovementioned markers exhibits better predictability. 33834419 1 95 theme diabetic 216:223 arg1 DKD 241:243 DKD 241:243 DKD 241:243 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 1 95 theme diabetic 216:223 arg1 disease 232:238 diabetic kidney disease 216:238 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 216:244 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33834419 0 96 from prediction 113:122 arg1 patients 145:152 patients 145:152 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 145:182 The combination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 exhibits better prediction of renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 33834419 6 97 theme FGF-21 1400:1405 arg1 level 1407:1411 FGF-21 level 1400:1411 FGF-21 level 1400:1411 However, sTNFR1 levels ≥ 9.79 pg/dL or FGF-21 levels ≥ 1.40 pg/dL were associated with renal outcomes after adjusting for the confounders (hazard ration [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-5.60, p = 0.005 for sTNFR1 level; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.69, p = 0.03 for FGF-21 level). 33834419 1 98 theme disease 232:238 arg1 biomarkers 202:211 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers 185:211 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 185:244 PURPOSE Numerous biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are associated with renal prognosis but head-to-head comparisons are lacking. 33860037 7 0 theme glucagon 1105:1112 arg1 pathway 1124:1130 the glucagon signaling pathway 1101:1130 the glucagon signaling pathway 1101:1130 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 1 1 theme derivative 257:266 arg1 transcription 268:280 transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription 237:280 transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription 237:280 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 3 2 theme expressed 540:548 arg1 tRFs 550:553 tRFs 550:553 tRFs 550:553 The differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs between HGSOC and paired adjacent normal samples were screened. 33860037 7 3 theme glycosphingolipid 1069:1085 arg1 biosynthesis 1087:1098 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1069:1098 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1069:1098 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 2 4 from profiles 362:369 arg1 tissues 423:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 4 from profiles 362:369 arg1 pairs 380:384 three pairs 374:384 three pairs of HGSOC 374:393 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 4 5 theme tRFs 677:680 arg1 genes 643:647 The targeted genes 630:647 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs 630:691 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs were screened. 33860037 7 6 theme mucin-type 1035:1044 arg1 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 6 theme mucin-type 1035:1044 arg1 tRFs 1015:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 6 theme mucin-type 1035:1044 arg1 biosynthesis 1055:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 6 7 theme downregulated 915:927 arg1 tRFs 929:932 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs 865:932 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs 865:932 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 3 8 theme adjacent 591:598 arg1 samples 607:613 paired adjacent normal samples 584:613 paired adjacent normal samples 584:613 The differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs between HGSOC and paired adjacent normal samples were screened. 33860037 1 9 from expression 223:232 arg1 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 9 from expression 223:232 arg1 cancer 311:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer 285:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 285:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 8 10 theme fatty 1450:1454 arg1 elongation 1461:1470 fatty acid elongation 1450:1470 fatty acid elongation 1450:1470 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 1 11 from composition 207:217 arg1 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 11 from composition 207:217 arg1 cancer 311:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer 285:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 285:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 6 12 theme upregulated 882:892 arg1 tRFs 929:932 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs 865:932 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs 865:932 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 9 13 from tiRNAs 1573:1578 arg1 tissues 1589:1595 HGSOC tissues 1583:1595 HGSOC tissues 1583:1595 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 6 14 theme paracarcinoma 978:990 arg1 group 992:996 the paracarcinoma group 974:996 the paracarcinoma group 974:996 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 2 15 theme half 496:499 arg1 sequencing 509:518 tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing 491:518 tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing 491:518 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 7 16 theme sucrose 1332:1338 arg1 metabolism 1340:1349 sucrose metabolism 1332:1349 sucrose metabolism 1332:1349 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 4 17 theme tiRNAs 686:691 arg1 genes 643:647 The targeted genes 630:647 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs 630:691 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs were screened. 33860037 0 18 theme RNA-Derived 69:79 arg1 Fragments 81:89 Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments 60:89 Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments 60:89 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 7 19 theme signaling 1142:1150 arg1 pathway 1152:1158 the AMPK signaling pathway 1133:1158 the AMPK signaling pathway 1133:1158 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 9 20 from tRFs 1564:1567 arg1 tissues 1589:1595 HGSOC tissues 1583:1595 HGSOC tissues 1583:1595 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 0 21 from Profiles 24:31 arg1 Cancer 120:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 6 22 theme cancer 957:962 arg1 group 964:968 the cancer group 953:968 the cancer group 953:968 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 8 23 theme fatty 1505:1509 arg1 acids 1511:1515 unsaturated fatty acids 1493:1515 unsaturated fatty acids 1493:1515 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 0 24 theme Serous 105:110 arg1 Cancer 120:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 2 25 theme tiRNA 502:506 arg1 sequencing 509:518 tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing 491:518 tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing 491:518 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 26 link tRNA-derived 449:460 arg1 fragment 472:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment 449:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) 449:485 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 26 link tRNA-derived 449:460 arg1 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 1 27 dep BACKGROUND 128:137 arg1 aimed 160:164 aimed 160:164 is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 157:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 2 28 theme adjacent 399:406 arg1 tissues 423:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 29 theme small 462:466 arg1 fragment 472:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment 449:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) 449:485 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 29 theme small 462:466 arg1 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 0 30 theme Fragments 81:89 arg1 Profiles 24:31 Differential Expression Profiles 0:31 Differential Expression Profiles 0:31 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 0 30 theme Fragments 81:89 arg1 Prediction 46:55 Function Prediction 37:55 Function Prediction 37:55 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 2 31 theme HGSOC 389:393 arg1 tissues 423:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 31 theme HGSOC 389:393 arg1 pairs 380:384 three pairs 374:384 three pairs of HGSOC 374:393 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 0 32 theme Differential 0:11 arg1 Profiles 24:31 Differential Expression Profiles 0:31 Differential Expression Profiles 0:31 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 1 33 theme high-grade 285:294 arg1 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 33 theme high-grade 285:294 arg1 cancer 311:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer 285:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 285:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 5 34 theme target 789:794 arg1 genes 796:800 target genes 789:800 target genes 789:800 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 1 35 theme ovarian 303:309 arg1 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 35 theme ovarian 303:309 arg1 cancer 311:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer 285:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 285:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 8 36 theme other 1390:1394 arg1 tRFs 1370:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 36 theme other 1390:1394 arg1 degradation 1403:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 36 theme other 1390:1394 arg1 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 2 37 theme ovarian 415:421 arg1 tissues 423:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 1 38 theme systematic 179:188 arg1 insight 190:196 systematic insight 179:196 systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 179:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 0 39 theme Function 37:44 arg1 Prediction 46:55 Function Prediction 37:55 Function Prediction 37:55 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 7 40 theme leukocyte 1282:1290 arg1 migration 1309:1317 leukocyte transendothelial migration 1282:1317 leukocyte transendothelial migration 1282:1317 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 5 41 dep Ontology 717:724 arg1 GO 727:728 GO 727:728 GO 727:728 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 2 42 theme expression 351:360 arg1 profiles 362:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles 327:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues 327:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 8 43 theme vitamin 1416:1422 arg1 digestion 1424:1432 vitamin digestion 1416:1432 vitamin digestion 1416:1432 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 2 44 theme tRNA 335:338 arg1 profiles 362:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles 327:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues 327:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 1 45 theme transfer 237:244 arg1 tRNA 251:254 tRNA 251:254 tRNA 251:254 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 45 theme transfer 237:244 arg1 RNA 246:248 transfer RNA 237:248 transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription 237:280 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 9 46 theme potential 1620:1628 arg1 biomarkers 1641:1650 potential diagnostic biomarkers 1620:1650 potential diagnostic biomarkers 1620:1650 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 6 47 dep RESULTS 836:842 arg1 are 850:852 are 850:852 are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group 850:996 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 1 48 dep composition 207:217 arg1 the 203:205 the 203:205 the 203:205 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 5 49 theme Genomes 771:777 arg1 Ontology 717:724 The Gene Ontology 708:724 The Gene Ontology (GO) 708:729 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 7 50 theme signaling 1243:1251 arg1 pathway 1253:1259 the insulin signaling pathway 1231:1259 the insulin signaling pathway 1231:1259 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 starch 1320:1325 starch 1320:1325 starch 1320:1325 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 tRFs 1015:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 pathway 1152:1158 the AMPK signaling pathway 1133:1158 the AMPK signaling pathway 1133:1158 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 biosynthesis 1055:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 migration 1309:1317 leukocyte transendothelial migration 1282:1317 leukocyte transendothelial migration 1282:1317 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 pathway 1124:1130 the glucagon signaling pathway 1101:1130 the glucagon signaling pathway 1101:1130 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 pathway 1253:1259 the insulin signaling pathway 1231:1259 the insulin signaling pathway 1231:1259 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 biosynthesis 1217:1228 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1199:1228 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1199:1228 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 resistance 1270:1279 insulin resistance 1262:1279 insulin resistance 1262:1279 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 diabetes 1176:1183 maturity-onset diabetes 1161:1183 maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1161:1196 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 biosynthesis 1087:1098 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1069:1098 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1069:1098 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 51 theme young 1192:1196 arg1 metabolism 1340:1349 sucrose metabolism 1332:1349 sucrose metabolism 1332:1349 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 9 52 theme therapeutic 1656:1666 arg1 targets 1668:1674 therapeutic targets 1656:1674 therapeutic targets for HGSOC 1656:1684 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 1 53 theme transcription 268:280 arg1 expression 223:232 expression 223:232 expression 223:232 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 53 theme transcription 268:280 arg1 composition 207:217 composition 207:217 composition 207:217 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 5 54 theme tiRNAs 814:819 arg1 Ontology 717:724 The Gene Ontology 708:724 The Gene Ontology (GO) 708:729 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 7 55 theme O-glycan 1046:1053 arg1 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 55 theme O-glycan 1046:1053 arg1 tRFs 1015:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 55 theme O-glycan 1046:1053 arg1 biosynthesis 1055:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 4 56 theme expressed 667:675 arg1 tRFs 677:680 tRFs 677:680 tRFs 677:680 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs were screened. 33860037 0 57 theme Transfer 60:67 arg1 Fragments 81:89 Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments 60:89 Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments 60:89 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 5 58 theme genes 796:800 arg1 Ontology 717:724 The Gene Ontology 708:724 The Gene Ontology (GO) 708:729 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 6 59 theme tRFs 929:932 arg1 total 856:860 a total 854:860 a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs 854:932 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 6 59 theme tRFs 929:932 arg1 tiRNAs 938:943 tiRNAs 938:943 tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group 938:996 RESULTS There are a total of 20 significantly upregulated and 15 significantly downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs between the cancer group and the paracarcinoma group. 33860037 5 60 theme Gene 712:715 arg1 Ontology 717:724 The Gene Ontology 708:724 The Gene Ontology (GO) 708:729 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 3 61 theme paired 584:589 arg1 samples 607:613 paired adjacent normal samples 584:613 paired adjacent normal samples 584:613 The differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs between HGSOC and paired adjacent normal samples were screened. 33860037 5 62 theme tRFs 805:808 arg1 Ontology 717:724 The Gene Ontology 708:724 The Gene Ontology (GO) 708:729 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 8 63 theme acid 1456:1459 arg1 elongation 1461:1470 fatty acid elongation 1450:1470 fatty acid elongation 1450:1470 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 4 64 theme targeted 634:641 arg1 genes 643:647 The targeted genes 630:647 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs 630:691 The targeted genes of differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs were screened. 33860037 7 65 theme upregulated 1003:1013 arg1 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 tiRNAs 1024:1029 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 65 theme upregulated 1003:1013 arg1 tRFs 1015:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs 999:1018 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 65 theme upregulated 1003:1013 arg1 biosynthesis 1055:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis 1035:1066 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 1 66 theme present 143:149 arg1 study 151:155 The present study 139:155 The present study 139:155 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 7 67 theme glycosphingolipid 1199:1215 arg1 biosynthesis 1217:1228 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1199:1228 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1199:1228 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 3 68 theme normal 600:605 arg1 samples 607:613 paired adjacent normal samples 584:613 paired adjacent normal samples 584:613 The differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs between HGSOC and paired adjacent normal samples were screened. 33860037 3 69 dep tRFs 550:553 arg1 The 521:523 The 521:523 The 521:523 The differentially expressed tRFs and tiRNAs between HGSOC and paired adjacent normal samples were screened. 33860037 2 70 theme tRNA 491:494 arg1 sequencing 509:518 tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing 491:518 tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing 491:518 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 8 71 theme unsaturated 1493:1503 arg1 acids 1511:1515 unsaturated fatty acids 1493:1515 unsaturated fatty acids 1493:1515 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 0 72 theme High-Grade 94:103 arg1 Cancer 120:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 absorption 1438:1447 absorption 1438:1447 absorption 1438:1447 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 degradation 1403:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 tRFs 1370:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 digestion 1424:1432 vitamin digestion 1416:1432 vitamin digestion 1416:1432 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 elongation 1461:1470 fatty acid elongation 1450:1470 fatty acid elongation 1450:1470 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 73 theme acids 1511:1515 arg1 biosynthesis 1477:1488 biosynthesis 1477:1488 biosynthesis 1477:1488 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 0 74 theme Ovarian 112:118 arg1 Cancer 120:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 7 75 theme maturity-onset 1161:1174 arg1 diabetes 1176:1183 maturity-onset diabetes 1161:1183 maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1161:1196 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 0 76 from Prediction 46:55 arg1 Cancer 120:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 94:125 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 0 77 theme Expression 13:22 arg1 Profiles 24:31 Differential Expression Profiles 0:31 Differential Expression Profiles 0:31 Differential Expression Profiles and Function Prediction of Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. 33860037 2 78 theme tRNA-derived 449:460 arg1 fragment 472:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment 449:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) 449:485 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 78 theme tRNA-derived 449:460 arg1 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 8 79 theme downregulated 1356:1368 arg1 tRFs 1370:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 79 theme downregulated 1356:1368 arg1 degradation 1403:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 79 theme downregulated 1356:1368 arg1 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 7 80 theme AMPK 1137:1140 arg1 pathway 1152:1158 the AMPK signaling pathway 1133:1158 the AMPK signaling pathway 1133:1158 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 1 81 theme serous 296:301 arg1 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 HGSOC 319:323 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 1 81 theme serous 296:301 arg1 cancer 311:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer 285:316 high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) 285:324 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 9 82 theme HGSOC 1583:1587 arg1 tissues 1589:1595 HGSOC tissues 1583:1595 HGSOC tissues 1583:1595 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 7 83 theme transendothelial 1292:1307 arg1 migration 1309:1317 leukocyte transendothelial migration 1282:1317 leukocyte transendothelial migration 1282:1317 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 9 84 dep CONCLUSIONS 1518:1528 arg1 expressed 1554:1562 expressed 1554:1562 are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues 1536:1595 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 9 84 dep CONCLUSIONS 1518:1528 arg1 provide 1612:1618 provide 1612:1618 may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC 1608:1684 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 5 85 theme Genes 761:765 arg1 Ontology 717:724 The Gene Ontology 708:724 The Gene Ontology (GO) 708:729 The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of target genes of tRFs and tiRNAs were analyzed. 33860037 2 86 theme normal 408:413 arg1 tissues 423:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 adjacent normal ovarian tissues 399:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 7 87 theme signaling 1114:1122 arg1 pathway 1124:1130 the glucagon signaling pathway 1101:1130 the glucagon signaling pathway 1101:1130 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 7 88 theme insulin 1262:1268 arg1 resistance 1270:1279 insulin resistance 1262:1279 insulin resistance 1262:1279 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 33860037 2 89 theme RNA 468:470 arg1 fragment 472:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment 449:479 tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) 449:485 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 89 theme RNA 468:470 arg1 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 tRF 482:484 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 8 90 theme glycan 1396:1401 arg1 tRFs 1370:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs 1352:1373 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 90 theme glycan 1396:1401 arg1 degradation 1403:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 other glycan degradation 1390:1413 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 8 90 theme glycan 1396:1401 arg1 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 tiRNAs 1379:1384 The downregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are other glycan degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, fatty acid elongation, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 33860037 2 91 theme derivative 340:349 arg1 profiles 362:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles 327:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues 327:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 2 92 theme METHODS 327:333 arg1 profiles 362:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles 327:369 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues 327:429 METHODS tRNA derivative expression profiles in three pairs of HGSOC and adjacent normal ovarian tissues were conducted by tRNA-derived small RNA fragment (tRF) and tRNA half (tiRNA) sequencing. 33860037 1 93 theme RNA 246:248 arg1 transcription 268:280 transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription 237:280 transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription 237:280 BACKGROUND The present study is aimed at providing systematic insight into the composition and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) derivative transcription in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). 33860037 9 94 theme diagnostic 1630:1639 arg1 biomarkers 1641:1650 potential diagnostic biomarkers 1620:1650 potential diagnostic biomarkers 1620:1650 CONCLUSIONS There are significantly expressed tRFs and tiRNAs in HGSOC tissues, and these may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC. 33860037 7 95 theme insulin 1235:1241 arg1 pathway 1253:1259 the insulin signaling pathway 1231:1259 the insulin signaling pathway 1231:1259 The upregulated tRFs and tiRNAs are mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the glucagon signaling pathway, the AMPK signaling pathway, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, starch, and sucrose metabolism. 32908631 4 0 located found 763:767 arg2 alterations 746:756 no viability alterations 733:756 no viability alterations 733:756 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 4 0 located found 763:767 arg1 range 788:792 the 10-50 μg/ml range 772:792 the 10-50 μg/ml range 772:792 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 11 1 theme abundant 1769:1776 arg1 class 1778:1782 the most abundant class 1760:1782 the most abundant class of polyphenols 1760:1797 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 11 1 theme abundant 1769:1776 arg1 flavonoids 1745:1754 flavonoids 1745:1754 flavonoids 1745:1754 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 13 2 theme use 2052:2054 arg1 mechanism 2023:2031 the mechanism 2019:2031 the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant 2019:2067 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 5 3 from addition 886:893 arg1 able 920:923 able 920:923 able 920:923 In addition, treatment with CTEE was able to rescue LPS-induced injury in terms of cell viability. 32908631 1 4 theme tomentosum 178:187 arg1 Govaerts 197:204 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts 166:204 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts 166:204 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 1 4 theme tomentosum 178:187 arg1 species 220:226 an endemic species 209:226 an endemic species 209:226 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 12 5 theme DPPH 1862:1865 arg1 assays 1876:1881 the DPPH and ORAC assays 1858:1881 assays 1876:1881 The CTEE antioxidant activity was also showed by means of the DPPH and ORAC assays. 32908631 1 6 used used 252:255 arg2 it 246:247 it 246:247 it 246:247 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 1 6 used used 252:255 arg2 plant 281:285 an anti-inflammatory plant 260:285 an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections 260:331 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 6 7 theme test 1047:1050 arg1 analysis 1052:1059 scratch test analysis 1039:1059 scratch test analysis 1039:1059 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 5 8 from able 920:923 arg1 addition 886:893 addition 886:893 addition 886:893 In addition, treatment with CTEE was able to rescue LPS-induced injury in terms of cell viability. 32908631 12 9 theme ORAC 1871:1874 arg1 assays 1876:1881 the DPPH and ORAC assays 1858:1881 assays 1876:1881 The CTEE antioxidant activity was also showed by means of the DPPH and ORAC assays. 32908631 7 10 theme increased 1279:1287 arg1 junctions 1296:1304 the increased master junctions 1275:1304 the increased master junctions' number 1275:1312 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 11 11 theme phenolic 1681:1688 arg1 content 1690:1696 Total phenolic content 1675:1696 Total phenolic content 1675:1696 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 0 12 theme Primary 112:118 arg1 Cultures 120:127 Primary Cultures 112:127 Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 112:163 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 3 13 theme angiogenesis 521:532 arg1 activity 534:541 angiogenesis activity 521:541 angiogenesis activity 521:541 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 8 14 theme other 1322:1326 arg1 hand 1328:1331 the other hand 1318:1331 the other hand 1318:1331 On the other hand, CTEE at 100 μg/ml did not induce the same effects. 32908631 5 15 theme cell 966:969 arg1 viability 971:979 cell viability 966:979 cell viability 966:979 In addition, treatment with CTEE was able to rescue LPS-induced injury in terms of cell viability. 32908631 3 16 theme primary 564:570 arg1 cultures 572:579 primary cultures 564:579 primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) 564:623 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 4 17 theme slight 803:808 arg1 effect 842:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 11 18 theme flavonoid 1708:1716 arg1 content 1718:1724 total flavonoid content 1702:1724 total flavonoid content 1702:1724 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 0 19 theme Aortic 140:145 arg1 Cells 159:163 Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 132:163 Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 132:163 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 6 20 theme network 1095:1101 arg1 assay 1103:1107 an in vitro capillary-like network assay 1068:1107 an in vitro capillary-like network assay 1068:1107 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 4 21 theme CTEE 674:677 arg1 100 μg/ml 721:729 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml 705:729 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml 705:729 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 4 21 theme CTEE 674:677 arg1 concentrations 689:702 CTEE different concentrations 674:702 CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) 674:730 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 1 22 from species 220:226 arg1 Ecuador 231:237 Ecuador 231:237 Ecuador 231:237 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 13 23 theme initial 1991:1997 arg1 step 1999:2002 an initial step 1988:2002 an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant 1988:2067 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 3 24 theme aortic 592:597 arg1 pAECs 618:622 pAECs 618:622 pAECs 618:622 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 3 24 theme aortic 592:597 arg1 cells 611:615 porcine aortic endothelial cells 584:615 porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) 584:623 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 7 25 with Treatment 1110:1118 arg1 25-50 μg/ml 1125:1135 25-50 μg/ml 1125:1135 25-50 μg/ml 1125:1135 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 4 26 located observed 853:860 arg2 effect 842:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 4 26 located observed 853:860 arg1 dose 877:880 the highest dose 865:880 the highest dose 865:880 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 13 27 theme dose-dependent 1949:1962 arg1 manner 1964:1969 a dose-dependent manner 1947:1969 a dose-dependent manner 1947:1969 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 9 28 theme Quantitative 1385:1396 arg1 data 1402:1405 Quantitative PCR data 1385:1405 Quantitative PCR data 1385:1405 Quantitative PCR data demonstrated that FLK-1 mRNA expression significantly increased at a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml. 32908631 2 29 theme plant 444:448 arg1 parts 431:435 aerial parts 424:435 aerial parts of the plant 424:448 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 0 30 theme Cells 159:163 arg1 Cultures 120:127 Primary Cultures 112:127 Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 112:163 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 12 31 theme antioxidant 1809:1819 arg1 activity 1821:1828 The CTEE antioxidant activity 1800:1828 The CTEE antioxidant activity 1800:1828 The CTEE antioxidant activity was also showed by means of the DPPH and ORAC assays. 32908631 2 32 theme endothelium 481:491 arg1 functions 493:501 vascular endothelium functions 472:501 vascular endothelium functions 472:501 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 8 33 theme same 1371:1374 arg1 effects 1376:1382 the same effects 1367:1382 the same effects 1367:1382 On the other hand, CTEE at 100 μg/ml did not induce the same effects. 32908631 13 34 theme angiogenic 1924:1933 arg1 capacity 1935:1942 an angiogenic capacity 1921:1942 an angiogenic capacity 1921:1942 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 2 35 theme Clinopodium 361:371 arg1 CTEE 403:406 CTEE 403:406 CTEE 403:406 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 2 35 theme Clinopodium 361:371 arg1 extract 394:400 a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract 359:400 a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE) 359:407 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 9 36 theme mRNA 1431:1434 arg1 expression 1436:1445 FLK-1 mRNA expression 1425:1445 FLK-1 mRNA expression 1425:1445 Quantitative PCR data demonstrated that FLK-1 mRNA expression significantly increased at a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml. 32908631 11 37 theme polyphenols 1787:1797 arg1 class 1778:1782 the most abundant class 1760:1782 the most abundant class of polyphenols 1760:1797 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 11 37 theme polyphenols 1787:1797 arg1 flavonoids 1745:1754 flavonoids 1745:1754 flavonoids 1745:1754 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 7 38 theme formation 1207:1215 arg1 capabilities 1217:1228 pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1181:1228 pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1181:1228 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 10 39 theme rosmarinic 1565:1574 arg1 components 1663:1672 major phenolic components 1648:1672 major phenolic components 1648:1672 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 10 39 theme rosmarinic 1565:1574 arg1 acid 1576:1579 rosmarinic acid 1565:1579 rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids 1565:1632 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 2 40 theme ethanolic 384:392 arg1 CTEE 403:406 CTEE 403:406 CTEE 403:406 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 2 40 theme ethanolic 384:392 arg1 extract 394:400 a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract 359:400 a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE) 359:407 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 9 41 theme CTEE 1476:1479 arg1 dose 1481:1484 a CTEE dose 1474:1484 a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml 1474:1496 Quantitative PCR data demonstrated that FLK-1 mRNA expression significantly increased at a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml. 32908631 2 42 theme aerial 424:429 arg1 parts 431:435 aerial parts 424:435 aerial parts of the plant 424:448 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 3 43 theme cells 611:615 arg1 cultures 572:579 primary cultures 564:579 primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) 564:623 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 6 44 dep ability 991:997 arg1 affect 1002:1007 affect 1002:1007 to affect angiogenesis 999:1020 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 0 45 theme Leaf 40:43 arg1 Extract 45:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract 0:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract 0:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 6 46 theme in 1071:1072 arg1 assay 1103:1107 an in vitro capillary-like network assay 1068:1107 an in vitro capillary-like network assay 1068:1107 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 1 47 theme endemic 212:218 arg1 Govaerts 197:204 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts 166:204 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts 166:204 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 1 47 theme endemic 212:218 arg1 species 220:226 an endemic species 209:226 an endemic species 209:226 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 7 48 theme significant 1157:1167 arg1 increase 1169:1176 a significant increase 1155:1176 a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1155:1228 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 13 49 contain possesses 1911:1919 arg1 CTEE 1906:1909 CTEE 1906:1909 CTEE 1906:1909 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 13 49 contain possesses 1911:1919 arg2 capacity 1935:1942 an angiogenic capacity 1921:1942 an angiogenic capacity 1921:1942 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 5 50 with treatment 896:904 arg1 CTEE 911:914 CTEE 911:914 CTEE 911:914 In addition, treatment with CTEE was able to rescue LPS-induced injury in terms of cell viability. 32908631 2 51 dep Clinopodium 361:371 arg1 tomentosum 373:382 tomentosum 373:382 tomentosum 373:382 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 13 52 theme plant 2063:2067 arg1 use 2052:2054 the therapeutic use 2036:2054 the therapeutic use of the plant 2036:2067 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 6 53 theme CTEE 986:989 arg1 ability 991:997 The CTEE ability 982:997 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis 982:1020 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 4 54 theme 10-50 μg/ml 776:786 arg1 range 788:792 the 10-50 μg/ml range 772:792 the 10-50 μg/ml range 772:792 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 10 55 theme major 1648:1652 arg1 components 1663:1672 major phenolic components 1648:1672 major phenolic components 1648:1672 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 10 55 theme major 1648:1652 arg1 acid 1576:1579 rosmarinic acid 1565:1579 rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids 1565:1632 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 13 56 theme therapeutic 2040:2050 arg1 use 2052:2054 the therapeutic use 2036:2054 the therapeutic use of the plant 2036:2067 Results indicate that CTEE possesses an angiogenic capacity in a dose-dependent manner; this represents an initial step in elucidating the mechanism of the therapeutic use of the plant. 32908631 9 57 theme PCR 1398:1400 arg1 data 1402:1405 Quantitative PCR data 1385:1405 Quantitative PCR data 1385:1405 Quantitative PCR data demonstrated that FLK-1 mRNA expression significantly increased at a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml. 32908631 7 58 from increase 1169:1176 arg1 capabilities 1217:1228 pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1181:1228 pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1181:1228 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 6 59 theme scratch 1039:1045 arg1 analysis 1052:1059 scratch test analysis 1039:1059 scratch test analysis 1039:1059 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 11 60 theme total 1702:1706 arg1 content 1718:1724 total flavonoid content 1702:1724 total flavonoid content 1702:1724 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 4 61 theme significant 815:825 arg1 effect 842:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 7 62 theme master 1289:1294 arg1 junctions 1296:1304 the increased master junctions 1275:1304 the increased master junctions' number 1275:1312 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 10 63 theme CTEE 1503:1506 arg1 composition 1522:1532 The CTEE phytochemical composition 1499:1532 The CTEE phytochemical composition 1499:1532 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 11 64 theme content 1690:1696 arg1 assays 1726:1731 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays 1675:1731 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays 1675:1731 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 0 65 theme Porcine 132:138 arg1 Cells 159:163 Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 132:163 Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 132:163 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 4 66 theme proliferative 828:840 arg1 effect 842:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 a slight, but significant, proliferative effect 801:847 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 0 67 theme Endothelial 147:157 arg1 Cells 159:163 Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 132:163 Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells 132:163 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 5 68 theme viability 971:979 arg1 terms 957:961 terms 957:961 terms of cell viability 957:979 In addition, treatment with CTEE was able to rescue LPS-induced injury in terms of cell viability. 32908631 6 69 dep in 1071:1072 arg1 capillary-like 1080:1093 capillary-like 1080:1093 capillary-like 1080:1093 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 6 69 dep in 1071:1072 arg1 vitro 1074:1078 vitro 1074:1078 vitro 1074:1078 The CTEE ability to affect angiogenesis was evaluated by scratch test analysis and by an in vitro capillary-like network assay. 32908631 11 70 theme content 1718:1724 arg1 assays 1726:1731 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays 1675:1731 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays 1675:1731 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 5 71 theme LPS-induced 935:945 arg1 injury 947:952 LPS-induced injury 935:952 LPS-induced injury 935:952 In addition, treatment with CTEE was able to rescue LPS-induced injury in terms of cell viability. 32908631 3 72 theme porcine 584:590 arg1 pAECs 618:622 pAECs 618:622 pAECs 618:622 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 3 72 theme porcine 584:590 arg1 cells 611:615 porcine aortic endothelial cells 584:615 porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) 584:623 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 4 73 dep concentrations 689:702 arg1 presence 662:669 presence 662:669 presence 662:669 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 4 73 dep concentrations 689:702 arg1 the 658:660 the 658:660 the 658:660 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 0 74 theme in 64:65 arg1 Proliferation 78:90 Cell Proliferation 73:90 Cell Proliferation 73:90 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 4 75 theme highest 869:875 arg1 dose 877:880 the highest dose 865:880 the highest dose 865:880 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 7 76 theme untreated 1242:1250 arg1 cells 1252:1256 untreated cells 1242:1256 untreated cells 1242:1256 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 0 77 theme Cell 73:76 arg1 Proliferation 78:90 Cell Proliferation 73:90 Cell Proliferation 73:90 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 1 78 theme digestive 312:320 arg1 affections 322:331 respiratory and digestive affections 296:331 respiratory and digestive affections 296:331 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 7 79 dep junctions 1296:1304 arg1 number 1307:1312 number 1307:1312 the increased master junctions' number 1275:1312 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 11 80 theme Total 1675:1679 arg1 content 1690:1696 Total phenolic content 1675:1696 Total phenolic content 1675:1696 Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content assays showed that flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols. 32908631 10 81 theme phenolic 1654:1661 arg1 components 1663:1672 major phenolic components 1648:1672 major phenolic components 1648:1672 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 10 81 theme phenolic 1654:1661 arg1 acid 1576:1579 rosmarinic acid 1565:1579 rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids 1565:1632 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 2 82 theme vascular 472:479 arg1 functions 493:501 vascular endothelium functions 472:501 vascular endothelium functions 472:501 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 8 83 from 100 μg/ml 1342:1350 arg1 CTEE 1334:1337 CTEE 1334:1337 CTEE at 100 μg/ml 1334:1350 On the other hand, CTEE at 100 μg/ml did not induce the same effects. 32908631 9 84 theme FLK-1 1425:1429 arg1 expression 1436:1445 FLK-1 mRNA expression 1425:1445 FLK-1 mRNA expression 1425:1445 Quantitative PCR data demonstrated that FLK-1 mRNA expression significantly increased at a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml. 32908631 1 85 dep plant 281:285 arg1 treat 290:294 treat 290:294 to treat respiratory and digestive affections 287:331 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 0 86 theme tomentosum 12:21 arg1 Extract 45:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract 0:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract 0:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 12 87 theme CTEE 1804:1807 arg1 activity 1821:1828 The CTEE antioxidant activity 1800:1828 The CTEE antioxidant activity 1800:1828 The CTEE antioxidant activity was also showed by means of the DPPH and ORAC assays. 32908631 7 88 theme tube 1202:1205 arg1 formation 1207:1215 tube formation 1202:1215 tube formation 1202:1215 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 4 89 theme different 679:687 arg1 100 μg/ml 721:729 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml 705:729 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml 705:729 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 4 89 theme different 679:687 arg1 concentrations 689:702 CTEE different concentrations 674:702 CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) 674:730 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 10 90 theme phytochemical 1508:1520 arg1 composition 1522:1532 The CTEE phytochemical composition 1499:1532 The CTEE phytochemical composition 1499:1532 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 0 91 dep in 64:65 arg1 vitro 67:71 vitro 67:71 vitro 67:71 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 7 92 theme migration 1188:1196 arg1 capabilities 1217:1228 pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1181:1228 pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities 1181:1228 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 32908631 2 93 theme extract 394:400 arg1 effects 348:354 effects 348:354 effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, 348:449 In this work, effects of a Clinopodium tomentosum ethanolic extract (CTEE), prepared from aerial parts of the plant, were investigated on vascular endothelium functions. 32908631 0 94 theme Govaerts 31:38 arg1 Extract 45:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract 0:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract 0:51 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts Leaf Extract Influences in vitro Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. 32908631 1 95 theme anti-inflammatory 263:279 arg1 it 246:247 it 246:247 it 246:247 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 1 95 theme anti-inflammatory 263:279 arg1 plant 281:285 an anti-inflammatory plant 260:285 an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections 260:331 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 3 96 theme endothelial 599:609 arg1 pAECs 618:622 pAECs 618:622 pAECs 618:622 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 3 96 theme endothelial 599:609 arg1 cells 611:615 porcine aortic endothelial cells 584:615 porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) 584:623 In particularly, angiogenesis activity was evaluated, using primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). 32908631 4 97 theme viability 736:744 arg1 alterations 746:756 no viability alterations 733:756 no viability alterations 733:756 Cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of CTEE different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml); no viability alterations were found in the 10-50 μg/ml range, while a slight, but significant, proliferative effect was observed at the highest dose. 32908631 10 98 theme phenolic 1587:1594 arg1 acids 1596:1600 phenolic acids 1587:1600 phenolic acids 1587:1600 The CTEE phytochemical composition was assessed through HPLC-DAD; rosmarinic acid among phenolic acids and hesperidin among flavonoids were found as major phenolic components. 32908631 1 99 theme respiratory 296:306 arg1 affections 322:331 respiratory and digestive affections 296:331 respiratory and digestive affections 296:331 Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts is an endemic species in Ecuador, where it is used as an anti-inflammatory plant to treat respiratory and digestive affections. 32908631 9 100 theme 25 μg/ml 1489:1496 arg1 dose 1481:1484 a CTEE dose 1474:1484 a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml 1474:1496 Quantitative PCR data demonstrated that FLK-1 mRNA expression significantly increased at a CTEE dose of 25 μg/ml. 32908631 7 101 theme extract 1140:1146 arg1 Treatment 1110:1118 Treatment 1110:1118 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract 1110:1146 Treatment with 25-50 μg/ml of extract caused a significant increase in pAEC's migration and tube formation capabilities compared to untreated cells, as results from the increased master junctions' number. 35021797 6 0 theme uniform 1344:1350 arg1 deposition 1360:1369 uniform mineral deposition 1344:1369 uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds 1344:1394 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 4 1 theme ECM 911:913 arg1 architecture 890:901 multiscale architecture 879:901 multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen 879:936 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 1 2 theme growth 265:270 arg1 factor 272:277 potent growth factor 258:277 potent growth factor 258:277 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 2 theme growth 265:270 arg1 protein-2 297:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 280:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) 280:313 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 0 3 theme Growth 97:102 arg1 Factors 104:110 Added Growth Factors 91:110 Added Growth Factors 91:110 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 4 4 theme bone 906:909 arg1 ECM 911:913 bone ECM 906:913 bone ECM 906:913 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 1 5 theme last 197:200 arg1 decade 202:207 the last decade 193:207 the last decade 193:207 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 5 6 theme polysaccharides 1051:1065 arg1 self-assembly 1015:1027 bottom-up self-assembly 1005:1027 bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers 1005:1176 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 4 7 theme bone 808:811 arg1 regeneration 813:824 bone regeneration 808:824 bone regeneration 808:824 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 3 8 theme biomimetic 597:606 arg1 microenvironment 608:623 a favorable biomimetic microenvironment 585:623 a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential 585:663 Incorporation of these properties offers great potential to create a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential. 35021797 9 9 theme great 1703:1707 arg1 potential 1709:1717 a great potential 1701:1717 a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors 1701:1776 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 6 10 theme cylindrical 1260:1270 arg1 RegenMatrix 1272:1282 robust cylindrical RegenMatrix 1253:1282 robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds 1253:1394 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 5 11 theme charged 1043:1049 arg1 kappa-carrageenan 1081:1097 kappa-carrageenan 1081:1097 kappa-carrageenan 1081:1097 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 5 11 theme charged 1043:1049 arg1 chitosan 1068:1075 chitosan 1068:1075 chitosan 1068:1075 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 5 11 theme charged 1043:1049 arg1 polysaccharides 1051:1065 oppositely charged polysaccharides 1032:1065 oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) 1032:1098 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 1 12 theme bone 280:283 arg1 factor 272:277 potent growth factor 258:277 potent growth factor 258:277 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 12 theme bone 280:283 arg1 BMP-2 308:312 BMP-2 308:312 BMP-2 308:312 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 12 theme bone 280:283 arg1 protein-2 297:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 280:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) 280:313 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 7 13 from RegenMatrix 1397:1407 arg1 forms 1449:1453 both nonmineralized and mineralized forms 1413:1453 both nonmineralized and mineralized forms 1413:1453 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 2 14 theme hydrogels 351:359 arg1 properties 337:346 biophysical properties 325:346 biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture 325:461 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 4 15 theme multiscale 879:888 arg1 architecture 890:901 multiscale architecture 879:901 multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen 879:936 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 6 16 theme robust 1253:1258 arg1 RegenMatrix 1272:1282 robust cylindrical RegenMatrix 1253:1282 robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds 1253:1394 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 9 17 contain has 1697:1699 arg1 RegenMatrix 1661:1671 the RegenMatrix 1657:1671 the RegenMatrix developed in this study 1657:1695 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 9 17 contain has 1697:1699 arg2 potential 1709:1717 a great potential 1701:1717 a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors 1701:1776 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 2 18 theme extracellular 410:422 arg1 ECM 432:434 ECM 432:434 ECM 432:434 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 2 18 theme extracellular 410:422 arg1 matrix 424:429 bone extracellular matrix 405:429 bone extracellular matrix (ECM) 405:435 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 2 19 theme bone 505:508 arg1 grafts 510:515 current bone grafts 497:515 current bone grafts 497:515 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 2 20 theme biophysical 325:335 arg1 properties 337:346 biophysical properties 325:346 biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture 325:461 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 2 21 theme bone 405:408 arg1 ECM 432:434 ECM 432:434 ECM 432:434 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 2 21 theme bone 405:408 arg1 matrix 424:429 bone extracellular matrix 405:429 bone extracellular matrix (ECM) 405:435 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 0 22 theme Self-assembled 10:23 arg1 Composites 42:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites 0:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites 0:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 3 23 theme great 559:563 arg1 potential 565:573 great potential 559:573 great potential to create a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential 559:663 Incorporation of these properties offers great potential to create a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential. 35021797 6 24 theme mineral 1352:1358 arg1 deposition 1360:1369 uniform mineral deposition 1344:1369 uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds 1344:1394 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 5 25 from scales 1119:1124 arg1 self-assembly 1015:1027 bottom-up self-assembly 1005:1027 bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers 1005:1176 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 5 26 theme polyelectrolyte 965:979 arg1 complexation 981:992 polyelectrolyte complexation 965:992 polyelectrolyte complexation 965:992 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 4 27 theme hydrogel 737:744 arg1 scaffolds 746:754 collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds 709:754 collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") 709:785 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 0 28 theme Bottom-Up 0:8 arg1 Composites 42:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites 0:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites 0:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 1 29 theme morphogenic 285:295 arg1 factor 272:277 potent growth factor 258:277 potent growth factor 258:277 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 29 theme morphogenic 285:295 arg1 BMP-2 308:312 BMP-2 308:312 BMP-2 308:312 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 29 theme morphogenic 285:295 arg1 protein-2 297:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 280:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) 280:313 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 4 30 theme RegenMatrix 773:783 arg1 " 784:784 "RegenMatrix" 772:784 "RegenMatrix" 772:784 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 4 31 theme collagen-inspired 709:725 arg1 scaffolds 746:754 collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds 709:754 collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") 709:785 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 1 32 theme Hydrogel-based 113:126 arg1 biomaterials 128:139 Hydrogel-based biomaterials 113:139 Hydrogel-based biomaterials 113:139 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 4 33 theme bioactive 727:735 arg1 scaffolds 746:754 collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds 709:754 collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") 709:785 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 6 34 theme excellent 1289:1297 arg1 retention 1299:1307 excellent retention 1289:1307 excellent retention of the multiscale architecture 1289:1338 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 7 35 theme bone 1465:1468 arg1 regeneration 1470:1481 bone regeneration 1465:1481 bone regeneration 1465:1481 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 3 36 theme favorable 587:595 arg1 microenvironment 608:623 a favorable biomimetic microenvironment 585:623 a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential 585:663 Incorporation of these properties offers great potential to create a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential. 35021797 7 37 theme ulna 1507:1510 arg1 defect 1512:1517 the semiload-bearing ulna defect 1486:1517 the semiload-bearing ulna defect 1486:1517 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 5 38 theme bottom-up 1005:1013 arg1 self-assembly 1015:1027 bottom-up self-assembly 1005:1027 bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers 1005:1176 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 0 39 theme Hydrogel-Mineral 25:40 arg1 Composites 42:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites 0:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites 0:51 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 6 40 with RegenMatrix 1272:1282 arg1 deposition 1360:1369 uniform mineral deposition 1344:1369 uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds 1344:1394 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 6 40 with RegenMatrix 1272:1282 arg1 retention 1299:1307 excellent retention 1289:1307 excellent retention of the multiscale architecture 1289:1338 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 7 41 theme empty 1540:1544 arg1 defect 1546:1551 the empty defect 1536:1551 the empty defect 1536:1551 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 3 42 theme properties 541:550 arg1 Incorporation 518:530 Incorporation 518:530 Incorporation of these properties 518:550 Incorporation of these properties offers great potential to create a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential. 35021797 7 43 theme nonmineralized 1418:1431 arg1 forms 1449:1453 both nonmineralized and mineralized forms 1413:1453 both nonmineralized and mineralized forms 1413:1453 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 0 44 theme Rabbit 64:69 arg1 Defect 76:81 Rabbit Ulna Defect 64:81 Rabbit Ulna Defect 64:81 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 3 45 theme regenerative 642:653 arg1 potential 655:663 their regenerative potential 636:663 their regenerative potential 636:663 Incorporation of these properties offers great potential to create a favorable biomimetic microenvironment to harness their regenerative potential. 35021797 7 46 theme mineralized 1437:1447 arg1 forms 1449:1453 both nonmineralized and mineralized forms 1413:1453 both nonmineralized and mineralized forms 1413:1453 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 2 47 theme current 497:503 arg1 grafts 510:515 current bone grafts 497:515 current bone grafts 497:515 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 1 48 contain have 141:144 arg1 biomaterials 128:139 Hydrogel-based biomaterials 113:139 Hydrogel-based biomaterials 113:139 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 48 contain have 141:144 arg2 approaches 179:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 9 49 theme added 1757:1761 arg1 factors 1770:1776 any added growth factors 1753:1776 any added growth factors 1753:1776 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 6 50 theme architecture 1327:1338 arg1 retention 1299:1307 excellent retention 1289:1307 excellent retention of the multiscale architecture 1289:1338 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 6 50 theme architecture 1327:1338 arg1 deposition 1360:1369 uniform mineral deposition 1344:1369 uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds 1344:1394 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 9 51 theme growth 1763:1768 arg1 factors 1770:1776 any added growth factors 1753:1776 any added growth factors 1753:1776 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 5 52 dep polysaccharides 1051:1065 arg1 kappa-carrageenan 1081:1097 kappa-carrageenan 1081:1097 kappa-carrageenan 1081:1097 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 5 52 dep polysaccharides 1051:1065 arg1 chitosan 1068:1075 chitosan 1068:1075 chitosan 1068:1075 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 5 52 dep polysaccharides 1051:1065 arg1 polysaccharides 1051:1065 oppositely charged polysaccharides 1032:1065 oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) 1032:1098 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 4 53 theme native 922:927 arg1 collagen 929:936 native collagen 922:936 native collagen 922:936 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 8 54 theme greater 1578:1584 arg1 histocompatibility 1586:1603 greater histocompatibility 1578:1603 greater histocompatibility 1578:1603 RegenMatrix also showed greater histocompatibility without any fibrous tissue formation. 35021797 6 55 theme multiscale 1316:1325 arg1 architecture 1327:1338 the multiscale architecture 1312:1338 the multiscale architecture 1312:1338 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 4 56 theme architecture 890:901 arg1 mimicry 868:874 the mimicry 864:874 the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen 864:936 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 1 57 theme advanced 146:153 arg1 approaches 179:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 0 58 theme Ulna 71:74 arg1 Defect 76:81 Rabbit Ulna Defect 64:81 Rabbit Ulna Defect 64:81 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 5 59 theme multiple 1103:1110 arg1 scales 1119:1124 multiple length scales 1103:1124 multiple length scales 1103:1124 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 7 60 theme semiload-bearing 1490:1505 arg1 defect 1512:1517 the semiload-bearing ulna defect 1486:1517 the semiload-bearing ulna defect 1486:1517 RegenMatrix, in both nonmineralized and mineralized forms, enhanced bone regeneration in the semiload-bearing ulna defect when compared to the empty defect. 35021797 1 61 theme bone 155:158 arg1 approaches 179:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 4 62 theme ulna 838:841 arg1 model 850:854 a rabbit ulna defect model 829:854 a rabbit ulna defect model 829:854 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 5 63 theme length 1112:1117 arg1 scales 1119:1124 multiple length scales 1103:1124 multiple length scales 1103:1124 Specifically, we employed polyelectrolyte complexation to promote bottom-up self-assembly of oppositely charged polysaccharides (chitosan and kappa-carrageenan) at multiple length scales forming fibrils, which further assemble into fibers. 35021797 4 64 theme rabbit 831:836 arg1 model 850:854 a rabbit ulna defect model 829:854 a rabbit ulna defect model 829:854 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 9 65 theme bone 1734:1737 arg1 graft 1739:1743 a bioactive bone graft 1722:1743 a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors 1722:1776 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 1 66 theme tissue 160:165 arg1 approaches 179:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 6 67 theme fabrication 1222:1232 arg1 method 1234:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 4 68 dep scaffolds 746:754 arg1 referred 757:764 referred 757:764 referred to as "RegenMatrix" 757:784 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 8 69 theme tissue 1625:1630 arg1 formation 1632:1640 any fibrous tissue formation 1613:1640 any fibrous tissue formation 1613:1640 RegenMatrix also showed greater histocompatibility without any fibrous tissue formation. 35021797 2 70 dep hierarchy 391:399 arg1 microarchitecture 445:461 -mimetic microarchitecture 436:461 -mimetic microarchitecture 436:461 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 1 71 theme engineering 167:177 arg1 approaches 179:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 advanced bone tissue engineering approaches 146:188 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 6 72 theme bioinspired 1201:1211 arg1 method 1234:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 6 73 theme self-assembly 1183:1195 arg1 method 1234:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 0 74 theme Added 91:95 arg1 Factors 104:110 Added Growth Factors 91:110 Added Growth Factors 91:110 Bottom-Up Self-assembled Hydrogel-Mineral Composites Regenerate Rabbit Ulna Defect without Added Growth Factors. 35021797 8 75 theme fibrous 1617:1623 arg1 formation 1632:1640 any fibrous tissue formation 1613:1640 any fibrous tissue formation 1613:1640 RegenMatrix also showed greater histocompatibility without any fibrous tissue formation. 35021797 4 76 theme defect 843:848 arg1 model 850:854 a rabbit ulna defect model 829:854 a rabbit ulna defect model 829:854 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 2 77 theme structural 380:389 arg1 hierarchy 391:399 multiscale structural hierarchy 369:399 multiscale structural hierarchy 369:399 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 9 78 theme bioactive 1724:1732 arg1 graft 1739:1743 a bioactive bone graft 1722:1743 a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors 1722:1776 Collectively, the RegenMatrix developed in this study has a great potential as a bioactive bone graft without any added growth factors. 35021797 4 79 dep collagen 929:936 arg1 i.e. 916:919 i.e. 916:919 i.e. 916:919 Here, we present our approach to fabricate collagen-inspired bioactive hydrogel scaffolds (referred to as "RegenMatrix") to guide and enhance bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna defect model through the mimicry of multiscale architecture of bone ECM, i.e., native collagen. 35021797 6 80 theme scaffold 1213:1220 arg1 method 1234:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method 1179:1239 The self-assembly and bioinspired scaffold fabrication method resulted in robust cylindrical RegenMatrix with excellent retention of the multiscale architecture and uniform mineral deposition throughout the scaffolds. 35021797 2 81 theme -mimetic 436:443 arg1 microarchitecture 445:461 -mimetic microarchitecture 436:461 -mimetic microarchitecture 436:461 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 2 82 theme multiscale 369:378 arg1 hierarchy 391:399 multiscale structural hierarchy 369:399 multiscale structural hierarchy 369:399 However, biophysical properties of hydrogels such as multiscale structural hierarchy and bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic microarchitecture are underutilized while designing current bone grafts. 35021797 1 83 theme potent 258:263 arg1 factor 272:277 potent growth factor 258:277 potent growth factor 258:277 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 35021797 1 83 theme potent 258:263 arg1 protein-2 297:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 280:305 bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) 280:313 Hydrogel-based biomaterials have advanced bone tissue engineering approaches in the last decade, through their ability to serve as a carrier for potent growth factor, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). 32643525 4 0 theme cancer 874:879 arg1 tissues 881:887 cancer tissues 874:887 cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy 874:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 6 1 theme non-glycosylated 1260:1275 arg1 antibodies 1277:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 8 2 theme improved 1689:1696 arg1 vectors 1718:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors 1689:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action 1689:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 3 3 theme production 722:731 arg1 cells 733:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 8 4 theme gene 1705:1708 arg1 vectors 1718:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors 1689:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action 1689:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 1 5 theme increasing 259:268 arg1 number 270:275 an increasing number 256:275 an increasing number of gene delivery methods available 256:310 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 7 6 theme produced 1464:1471 arg1 antibodies 1473:1482 in-vivo produced antibodies 1456:1482 in-vivo produced antibodies 1456:1482 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 4 7 theme approved 840:847 arg1 antibodies 849:858 clinically approved antibodies 829:858 clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy 829:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 3 8 theme non-human 702:710 arg1 cells 733:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 0 9 theme Malignant 0:8 arg1 tissues 10:16 Malignant tissues 0:16 Malignant tissues 0:16 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 8 10 theme vectors 1718:1724 arg1 development 1674:1684 development 1674:1684 development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action 1674:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 8 11 theme action 1855:1860 arg1 mode 1847:1850 the desired mode 1835:1850 the desired mode of action 1835:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 7 12 theme different 1390:1398 arg1 cells 1409:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 5 13 theme antibody 1078:1085 arg1 isotype 1087:1093 the antibody isotype 1074:1093 the antibody isotype 1074:1093 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 8 14 theme in 1743:1744 arg1 glycoengineering 1751:1766 in vivo glycoengineering 1743:1766 in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies 1743:1819 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 1 15 theme human 214:218 arg1 tissues 220:226 healthy or cancerous human tissues 193:226 healthy or cancerous human tissues 193:226 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 6 16 theme high 1237:1240 arg1 amounts 1242:1248 high amounts 1237:1248 high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies 1237:1286 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 6 16 theme high 1237:1240 arg1 % 1254:1254 >20% 1251:1254 >20% 1251:1254 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 6 16 theme high 1237:1240 arg1 antibodies 1277:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 6 17 theme sensitive 1311:1319 arg1 cells 1305:1309 cells 1305:1309 cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies 1305:1360 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 3 18 theme hamster 754:760 arg1 cells 768:772 Chinese hamster ovary cells 746:772 Chinese hamster ovary cells 746:772 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 5 19 theme producer 1054:1061 arg1 tissue 1063:1068 the producer tissue 1050:1068 the producer tissue 1050:1068 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 8 20 theme expressed 1771:1779 arg1 antibodies 1781:1790 expressed antibodies 1771:1790 expressed antibodies 1771:1790 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 4 21 dep in 912:913 arg1 vivo 915:918 vivo 915:918 vivo 915:918 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 5 22 theme producer 1128:1135 arg1 types 1142:1146 optimal producer cell types 1120:1146 optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody 1120:1202 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 3 23 theme different 585:593 arg1 glycosylation 595:607 different glycosylation 585:607 different glycosylation 585:607 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 0 24 theme gene 83:86 arg1 therapy 88:94 cancer gene therapy 76:94 cancer gene therapy effectiveness 76:108 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 1 25 theme therapeutic 167:177 arg1 antibodies 179:188 therapeutic antibodies 167:188 therapeutic antibodies 167:188 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 4 26 theme mass 947:950 arg1 spectrometry 952:963 native mass spectrometry 940:963 native mass spectrometry 940:963 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 6 27 theme produced 1342:1349 arg1 antibodies 1351:1360 the produced antibodies 1338:1360 the produced antibodies 1338:1360 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 2 28 theme therapy 492:498 arg1 approaches 500:509 gene therapy approaches 487:509 gene therapy approaches 487:509 Yet, little is known about the biophysical changes introduced by expressing antibodies from producer cells or tissues targeted by gene therapy approaches, nor about the consequences for the type of glycosylation. 32643525 3 29 dep cells 768:772 arg1 i.e. 740:743 i.e. 740:743 i.e. 740:743 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 8 30 theme desired 1839:1845 arg1 mode 1847:1850 the desired mode 1835:1850 the desired mode of action 1835:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 4 31 gly glycosylation 806:818 arg1 antibodies 849:858 clinically approved antibodies 829:858 clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy 829:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 2 32 theme biophysical 388:398 arg1 changes 400:406 the biophysical changes 384:406 the biophysical changes introduced by expressing antibodies from producer cells or tissues targeted by gene therapy approaches 384:509 Yet, little is known about the biophysical changes introduced by expressing antibodies from producer cells or tissues targeted by gene therapy approaches, nor about the consequences for the type of glycosylation. 32643525 1 33 theme gene 280:283 arg1 methods 294:300 gene delivery methods 280:300 gene delivery methods available 280:310 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 1 34 theme therapy 116:122 arg1 approaches 124:133 Gene therapy approaches 111:133 Gene therapy approaches 111:133 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 7 35 from glycosylation 1373:1385 arg1 cells 1409:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 4 36 theme glycosylation 806:818 arg1 state 820:824 the glycosylation state 802:824 the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy 802:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 3 37 from effects 574:580 arg1 antibodies 624:633 therapeutic antibodies 612:633 therapeutic antibodies 612:633 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 0 38 theme antibody 36:43 arg1 glycosylation 45:57 divergent antibody glycosylation 26:57 divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness 26:108 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 1 39 theme methods 294:300 arg1 number 270:275 an increasing number 256:275 an increasing number of gene delivery methods available 256:310 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 7 40 theme action 1518:1523 arg1 mode 1510:1513 the desired mode 1498:1513 the desired mode of action 1498:1523 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 5 41 theme desired 1165:1171 arg1 mode 1173:1176 the desired mode 1161:1176 the desired mode of action of the antibody 1161:1202 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 1 42 theme cell 317:320 arg1 type 322:325 the cell type 313:325 the cell type for expression 313:340 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 5 43 theme antibody 1000:1007 arg1 sialylation 1009:1019 antibody sialylation 1000:1019 antibody sialylation 1000:1019 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 6 44 theme antibodies 1277:1286 arg1 amounts 1242:1248 high amounts 1237:1248 high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies 1237:1286 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 6 44 theme antibodies 1277:1286 arg1 % 1254:1254 >20% 1251:1254 >20% 1251:1254 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 6 44 theme antibodies 1277:1286 arg1 antibodies 1277:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 5 45 theme antibody 1195:1202 arg1 action 1181:1186 action 1181:1186 action of the antibody 1181:1202 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 7 46 theme antibodies 1473:1482 arg1 potency 1445:1451 an altered potency 1434:1451 an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies 1434:1482 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 3 47 theme glycan 679:684 arg1 compositions 686:697 their glycan compositions 673:697 their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells 673:772 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 7 48 theme in-vivo 1456:1462 arg1 antibodies 1473:1482 in-vivo produced antibodies 1456:1482 in-vivo produced antibodies 1456:1482 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 2 49 theme glycosylation 555:567 arg1 type 547:550 the type 543:550 the type of glycosylation 543:567 Yet, little is known about the biophysical changes introduced by expressing antibodies from producer cells or tissues targeted by gene therapy approaches, nor about the consequences for the type of glycosylation. 32643525 7 50 theme altered 1437:1443 arg1 potency 1445:1451 an altered potency 1434:1451 an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies 1434:1482 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 8 51 theme cancer 1698:1703 arg1 vectors 1718:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors 1689:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action 1689:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 1 52 theme antibodies 179:188 arg1 production 153:162 the production 149:162 the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues 149:226 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 3 53 theme mammalian 712:720 arg1 cells 733:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 8 54 theme therapy 1710:1716 arg1 vectors 1718:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors 1689:1724 improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action 1689:1860 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 1 55 theme healthy 193:199 arg1 tissues 220:226 healthy or cancerous human tissues 193:226 healthy or cancerous human tissues 193:226 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 4 56 theme antibodies 849:858 arg1 state 820:824 the glycosylation state 802:824 the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy 802:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 3 57 theme Chinese 746:752 arg1 cells 768:772 Chinese hamster ovary cells 746:772 Chinese hamster ovary cells 746:772 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 1 58 theme cancerous 204:212 arg1 tissues 220:226 healthy or cancerous human tissues 193:226 healthy or cancerous human tissues 193:226 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 4 59 theme gene 920:923 arg1 therapy 925:931 in vivo gene therapy 912:931 in vivo gene therapy 912:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 7 60 theme producer 1400:1407 arg1 cells 1409:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 7 61 gly glycosylation 1373:1385 arg1 serum 1547:1551 their serum half-lives 1541:1562 their serum half-lives 1541:1562 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 7 61 gly glycosylation 1373:1385 arg1 cells 1409:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 different producer cells 1390:1413 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 3 62 from compositions 686:697 arg1 cells 733:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 non-human mammalian production cells 702:737 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 7 63 theme Different 1363:1371 arg1 glycosylation 1373:1385 Different glycosylation 1363:1385 Different glycosylation in different producer cells 1363:1413 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 3 64 theme ovary 762:766 arg1 cells 768:772 Chinese hamster ovary cells 746:772 Chinese hamster ovary cells 746:772 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 3 65 theme glycosylation 595:607 arg1 effects 574:580 The effects 570:580 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies 570:633 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 4 66 theme in 912:913 arg1 therapy 925:931 in vivo gene therapy 912:931 in vivo gene therapy 912:931 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 0 67 theme cancer 76:81 arg1 therapy 88:94 cancer gene therapy 76:94 cancer gene therapy effectiveness 76:108 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 8 68 theme antibodies 1781:1790 arg1 glycoengineering 1751:1766 in vivo glycoengineering 1743:1766 in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies 1743:1819 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 6 69 gly non-glycosylated 1260:1275 arg1 antibodies 1277:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 non-glycosylated antibodies 1260:1286 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 0 70 theme therapy 88:94 arg1 effectiveness 96:108 cancer gene therapy effectiveness 76:108 cancer gene therapy effectiveness 76:108 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 5 71 theme cell 1137:1140 arg1 types 1142:1146 optimal producer cell types 1120:1146 optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody 1120:1202 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 7 72 theme serum 1547:1551 arg1 half-lives 1553:1562 their serum half-lives 1541:1562 their serum half-lives 1541:1562 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 32643525 8 73 dep in 1743:1744 arg1 vivo 1746:1749 vivo 1746:1749 vivo 1746:1749 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 6 74 theme antibodies 1351:1360 arg1 action 1328:1333 the action 1324:1333 the action of the produced antibodies 1324:1360 Furthermore, we discovered that high amounts (>20%) of non-glycosylated antibodies were produced in cells sensitive to the action of the produced antibodies. 32643525 0 75 gly glycosylation 45:57 arg1 relevance 62:70 relevance 62:70 relevance 62:70 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 4 76 theme native 940:945 arg1 spectrometry 952:963 native mass spectrometry 940:963 native mass spectrometry 940:963 Therefore, we investigated the glycosylation state of clinically approved antibodies secreted from cancer tissues frequently targeted by in vivo gene therapy, using native mass spectrometry and glycoproteomics. 32643525 2 77 theme gene 487:490 arg1 approaches 500:509 gene therapy approaches 487:509 gene therapy approaches 487:509 Yet, little is known about the biophysical changes introduced by expressing antibodies from producer cells or tissues targeted by gene therapy approaches, nor about the consequences for the type of glycosylation. 32643525 5 78 theme optimal 1120:1126 arg1 types 1142:1146 optimal producer cell types 1120:1146 optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody 1120:1202 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 0 79 theme divergent 26:34 arg1 glycosylation 45:57 divergent antibody glycosylation 26:57 divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness 26:108 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 5 80 theme action 1181:1186 arg1 mode 1173:1176 the desired mode 1161:1176 the desired mode of action of the antibody 1161:1202 We found that antibody sialylation and fucosylation depended on the producer tissue and the antibody isotype, allowing us to identify optimal producer cell types according to the desired mode of action of the antibody. 32643525 1 81 theme Gene 111:114 arg1 approaches 124:133 Gene therapy approaches 111:133 Gene therapy approaches 111:133 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 1 82 theme delivery 285:292 arg1 methods 294:300 gene delivery methods 280:300 gene delivery methods available 280:310 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 2 83 theme producer 449:456 arg1 cells 458:462 producer cells 449:462 producer cells 449:462 Yet, little is known about the biophysical changes introduced by expressing antibodies from producer cells or tissues targeted by gene therapy approaches, nor about the consequences for the type of glycosylation. 32643525 3 84 theme therapeutic 612:622 arg1 antibodies 624:633 therapeutic antibodies 612:633 therapeutic antibodies 612:633 The effects of different glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies have been well studied by controlling their glycan compositions in non-human mammalian production cells, i.e., Chinese hamster ovary cells. 32643525 0 85 theme relevance 62:70 arg1 glycosylation 45:57 divergent antibody glycosylation 26:57 divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness 26:108 Malignant tissues produce divergent antibody glycosylation of relevance for cancer gene therapy effectiveness. 32643525 1 86 theme available 302:310 arg1 methods 294:300 gene delivery methods 280:300 gene delivery methods available 280:310 Gene therapy approaches now allow for the production of therapeutic antibodies by healthy or cancerous human tissues directly in vivo, and, with an increasing number of gene delivery methods available, the cell type for expression can be chosen. 32643525 8 87 theme gene 1651:1654 arg1 therapy 1656:1662 gene therapy 1651:1662 gene therapy 1651:1662 These results increase our knowledge about antibodies produced from cells targeted by gene therapy, enabling development of improved cancer gene therapy vectors that can include in vivo glycoengineering of expressed antibodies to optimize their efficacies, depending on the desired mode of action. 32643525 7 88 theme desired 1502:1508 arg1 mode 1510:1513 the desired mode 1498:1513 the desired mode of action 1498:1523 Different glycosylation in different producer cells can translate into an altered potency of in-vivo produced antibodies, depending on the desired mode of action, and can affect their serum half-lives. 33023112 2 0 theme controls 578:585 arg1 administration 539:552 intra-amniotic administration 524:552 intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5% 524:751 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 3 1 theme treatment 758:766 arg1 groups 768:773 The treatment groups 754:773 The treatment groups 754:773 The treatment groups were compared to each other and to controls. 33023112 2 2 theme teff 687:690 arg1 % 703:703 (5) teff extract 2.5% 683:703 (5) teff extract 2.5% 683:703 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 3 theme extract 715:721 arg1 % 724:724 (6) teff extract 5% 706:724 (6) teff extract 5% 706:724 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 0 4 theme tef 159:161 arg1 Extracts 169:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 2 5 theme extracts 562:569 arg1 administration 539:552 intra-amniotic administration 524:552 intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5% 524:751 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 1 6 dep minerals 365:372 arg1 Fe 386:387 Fe 386:387 especially Fe 375:387 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 4 7 theme beneficial 1055:1064 arg1 changes 1080:1086 beneficial morphological changes 1055:1086 beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells 1055:1121 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 0 8 theme Seed 164:167 arg1 Extracts 169:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 1 9 theme gluten-free 223:233 arg1 teff 198:201 teff 198:201 teff (Eragrostis tef) 198:218 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 1 9 theme gluten-free 223:233 arg1 grain 242:246 a gluten-free cereal grain 221:246 a gluten-free cereal grain 221:246 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 7 10 theme staple 1556:1561 arg1 crop 1568:1571 a promising staple food crop 1544:1571 a promising staple food crop 1544:1571 Therefore, teff appeared to represent a promising staple food crop and should be further evaluated. 33023112 2 11 theme % 652:652 arg1 % 680:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 5 12 theme 16S 1181:1183 arg1 sequencing 1190:1199 16S rRNA sequencing 1181:1199 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota 1181:1223 No significant taxonomic alterations were observed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota. 33023112 2 13 theme teff 666:669 arg1 % 680:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 1 14 theme fatty 346:350 arg1 acids 352:356 unsaturated fatty acids 334:356 unsaturated fatty acids 334:356 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 6 15 theme physiological 1471:1483 arg1 status 1485:1490 the physiological status 1467:1490 the physiological status of Fe and Zn 1467:1503 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 6 16 theme relative 1347:1354 arg1 concentration 1362:1374 teff's high relative fiber concentration 1335:1374 teff's high relative fiber concentration 1335:1374 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 2 17 theme intra-amniotic 524:537 arg1 administration 539:552 intra-amniotic administration 524:552 intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5% 524:751 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 18 theme 18Ω 629:631 arg1 H2O 633:635 non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O 611:635 non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O 611:635 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 19 theme gallus 463:468 arg1 model 493:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 1 20 theme dense 274:278 arg1 composition 289:299 its dense nutrient composition 270:299 its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals 270:408 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 2 21 theme clinically-validated 435:454 arg1 model 493:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 0 22 theme Trace 62:66 arg1 Status 76:81 Trace Mineral Status 62:81 Trace Mineral Status 62:81 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 0 23 from Alterations 0:10 arg1 Status 76:81 Trace Mineral Status 62:81 Trace Mineral Status 62:81 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 0 23 from Alterations 0:10 arg1 Morphology 30:39 the Intestinal Morphology 15:39 the Intestinal Morphology 15:39 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 0 23 from Alterations 0:10 arg1 Microbiota 46:55 Gut Microbiota 42:55 Gut Microbiota 42:55 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 1 24 theme complex 311:317 arg1 carbohydrates 319:331 complex carbohydrates 311:331 complex carbohydrates 311:331 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 2 25 theme amniotic 476:483 arg1 model 493:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 5 26 theme microbiota 1214:1223 arg1 sequencing 1190:1199 16S rRNA sequencing 1181:1199 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota 1181:1223 No significant taxonomic alterations were observed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota. 33023112 0 27 theme Intra-Amniotic 93:106 arg1 gallus 131:136 Gallus gallus 124:136 Gallus gallus 124:136 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 0 27 theme Intra-Amniotic 93:106 arg1 Administration 108:121 Intra-Amniotic Administration 93:121 Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 93:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 6 28 theme important 1394:1402 arg1 interaction 1419:1429 an important bacterial-host interaction 1391:1429 an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn 1391:1503 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 4 29 theme concomitant 943:953 arg1 changes 975:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 1 30 theme cereal 235:240 arg1 teff 198:201 teff 198:201 teff (Eragrostis tef) 198:218 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 1 30 theme cereal 235:240 arg1 grain 242:246 a gluten-free cereal grain 221:246 a gluten-free cereal grain 221:246 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 2 31 dep H2O 633:635 arg1 2 626:626 2 626:626 2 626:626 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 4 32 theme concentration 961:973 arg1 changes 975:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 7 33 theme promising 1546:1554 arg1 crop 1568:1571 a promising staple food crop 1544:1571 a promising staple food crop 1544:1571 Therefore, teff appeared to represent a promising staple food crop and should be further evaluated. 33023112 6 34 from improvements 1451:1462 arg1 status 1485:1490 the physiological status 1467:1490 the physiological status of Fe and Zn 1467:1503 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 4 35 theme border 1025:1030 arg1 proteins 1041:1048 various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 1001:1048 proteins 1041:1048 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 36 theme proteins 1041:1048 arg1 changes 1080:1086 beneficial morphological changes 1055:1086 beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells 1055:1121 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 36 theme proteins 1041:1048 arg1 up-regulation 984:996 up-regulation 984:996 up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 984:1048 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 36 theme proteins 1041:1048 arg1 changes 975:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 5 37 theme taxonomic 1139:1147 arg1 alterations 1149:1159 No significant taxonomic alterations 1124:1159 No significant taxonomic alterations 1124:1159 No significant taxonomic alterations were observed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota. 33023112 0 38 theme Gut 42:44 arg1 Microbiota 46:55 Gut Microbiota 42:55 Gut Microbiota 42:55 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 4 39 theme Fe 1009:1010 arg1 changes 1080:1086 beneficial morphological changes 1055:1086 beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells 1055:1121 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 39 theme Fe 1009:1010 arg1 up-regulation 984:996 up-regulation 984:996 up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 984:1048 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 39 theme Fe 1009:1010 arg1 changes 975:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 1 40 theme teff 198:201 arg1 consumption 183:193 The consumption 179:193 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, 179:247 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 4 41 theme hepatic 871:877 arg1 Fe 885:886 Fe 885:886 Fe 885:886 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 41 theme hepatic 871:877 arg1 iron 879:882 hepatic iron 871:882 hepatic iron (Fe) 871:887 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 42 theme Zn 1016:1017 arg1 proteins 1041:1048 various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 1001:1048 proteins 1041:1048 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 6 43 theme bacterial 1244:1252 arg1 pathways 1264:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 1 44 theme Eragrostis 204:213 arg1 teff 198:201 teff 198:201 teff (Eragrostis tef) 198:218 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 1 44 theme Eragrostis 204:213 arg1 tef 215:217 Eragrostis tef 204:217 Eragrostis tef 204:217 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 2 45 theme extract 692:698 arg1 % 703:703 (5) teff extract 2.5% 683:703 (5) teff extract 2.5% 683:703 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 6 46 theme Several 1226:1232 arg1 pathways 1264:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 2 47 theme teff 710:713 arg1 % 724:724 (6) teff extract 5% 706:724 (6) teff extract 5% 706:724 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 48 used utilized 422:429 arg2 study 416:420 This study 411:420 This study 411:420 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 0 49 theme Extracts 169:176 arg1 gallus 131:136 Gallus gallus 124:136 Gallus gallus 124:136 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 0 49 theme Extracts 169:176 arg1 Administration 108:121 Intra-Amniotic Administration 93:121 Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 93:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 2 50 theme teff 557:560 arg1 extracts 562:569 teff extracts 557:569 teff extracts 557:569 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 7 51 theme food 1563:1566 arg1 crop 1568:1571 a promising staple food crop 1544:1571 a promising staple food crop 1544:1571 Therefore, teff appeared to represent a promising staple food crop and should be further evaluated. 33023112 4 52 theme zinc 893:896 arg1 concentration 903:915 hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration 871:915 hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration 871:915 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 5 53 theme cecal 1208:1212 arg1 microbiota 1214:1223 the cecal microbiota 1204:1223 the cecal microbiota 1204:1223 No significant taxonomic alterations were observed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota. 33023112 2 54 theme groups 599:604 arg1 % 680:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 55 dep % 680:680 arg1 % 751:751 7.5% 748:751 7.5% 748:751 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 55 dep % 680:680 arg1 4 663:663 4 663:663 4 663:663 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 56 theme inulin 654:659 arg1 % 680:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 4 57 theme morphological 1066:1078 arg1 changes 1080:1086 beneficial morphological changes 1055:1086 beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells 1055:1121 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 6 58 theme teff 1309:1312 arg1 group 1314:1318 the teff group 1305:1318 the teff group 1305:1318 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 2 59 theme extract 671:677 arg1 % 680:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1% 593:680 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 0 60 theme Gallus 124:129 arg1 gallus 131:136 Gallus gallus 124:136 Gallus gallus 124:136 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 0 60 theme Gallus 124:129 arg1 Administration 108:121 Intra-Amniotic Administration 93:121 Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 93:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 5 61 theme rRNA 1185:1188 arg1 sequencing 1190:1199 16S rRNA sequencing 1181:1199 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota 1181:1223 No significant taxonomic alterations were observed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota. 33023112 2 62 dep groups 599:604 arg1 injected 637:644 injected 637:644 injected 637:644 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 6 63 theme Fe 1495:1496 arg1 status 1485:1490 the physiological status 1467:1490 the physiological status of Fe and Zn 1467:1503 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 4 64 theme DGLA 924:927 arg1 ratio 929:933 LA:DGLA ratio 921:933 LA:DGLA ratio 921:933 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 65 theme goblet 1110:1115 arg1 cells 1117:1121 goblet cells 1110:1121 goblet cells 1110:1121 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 0 66 theme Teff 142:145 arg1 Extracts 169:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 1 67 theme trace 359:363 arg1 minerals 365:372 trace minerals 359:372 trace minerals (especially Fe) 359:388 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 6 68 theme fiber 1356:1360 arg1 concentration 1362:1374 teff's high relative fiber concentration 1335:1374 teff's high relative fiber concentration 1335:1374 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 0 69 theme Eragrostis 148:157 arg1 Extracts 169:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts 142:176 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 6 70 theme high 1342:1345 arg1 concentration 1362:1374 teff's high relative fiber concentration 1335:1374 teff's high relative fiber concentration 1335:1374 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 4 71 from improvement 856:866 arg1 ratio 929:933 LA:DGLA ratio 921:933 LA:DGLA ratio 921:933 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 71 from improvement 856:866 arg1 concentration 903:915 hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration 871:915 hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration 871:915 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 72 theme iron 879:882 arg1 concentration 903:915 hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration 871:915 hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration 871:915 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 2 73 theme Gallus 456:461 arg1 model 493:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 4 74 theme LA 921:922 arg1 ratio 929:933 LA:DGLA ratio 921:933 LA:DGLA ratio 921:933 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 0 75 theme Mineral 68:74 arg1 Status 76:81 Trace Mineral Status 62:81 Trace Mineral Status 62:81 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 1 76 theme nutrient 280:287 arg1 composition 289:299 its dense nutrient composition 270:299 its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals 270:408 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 6 77 theme due 1328:1330 arg1 group 1314:1318 the teff group 1305:1318 the teff group 1305:1318 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 2 78 theme non-injected 611:622 arg1 H2O 633:635 non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O 611:635 non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O 611:635 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 79 theme feeding 485:491 arg1 model 493:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 4 80 theme various 1001:1007 arg1 Fe 1009:1010 various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 1001:1048 Fe 1009:1010 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 6 81 theme bacterial-host 1404:1417 arg1 interaction 1419:1429 an important bacterial-host interaction 1391:1429 an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn 1391:1503 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 2 82 theme intra 470:474 arg1 model 493:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model 431:497 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 6 83 theme Zn 1502:1503 arg1 status 1485:1490 the physiological status 1467:1490 the physiological status of Fe and Zn 1467:1503 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 4 84 theme serum 955:959 arg1 changes 975:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 concomitant serum concentration changes 943:981 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 1 85 theme unsaturated 334:344 arg1 acids 352:356 unsaturated fatty acids 334:356 unsaturated fatty acids 334:356 The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. 33023112 0 86 theme Intestinal 19:28 arg1 Morphology 30:39 the Intestinal Morphology 15:39 the Intestinal Morphology 15:39 Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. 33023112 4 87 theme membrane 1032:1039 arg1 proteins 1041:1048 various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 1001:1048 proteins 1041:1048 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 2 88 dep injected 637:644 arg1 3 648:648 3 648:648 3 648:648 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 88 dep injected 637:644 arg1 1 608:608 1 608:608 1 608:608 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 2 89 theme teff 735:738 arg1 extract 740:746 (7) teff extract 731:746 (7) teff extract 731:746 This study utilized the clinically-validated Gallus gallus intra amniotic feeding model to assess the effects of intra-amniotic administration of teff extracts versus controls using seven groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18Ω H2O injected; (3) 5% inulin; (4) teff extract 1%; (5) teff extract 2.5%; (6) teff extract 5%; and (7) teff extract 7.5%. 33023112 5 90 theme significant 1127:1137 arg1 alterations 1149:1159 No significant taxonomic alterations 1124:1159 No significant taxonomic alterations 1124:1159 No significant taxonomic alterations were observed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the cecal microbiota. 33023112 4 91 theme significant 844:854 arg1 improvement 856:866 a significant improvement 842:866 a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells 842:1121 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 4 92 theme brush 1019:1023 arg1 proteins 1041:1048 various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins 1001:1048 proteins 1041:1048 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 6 93 theme metabolic 1254:1262 arg1 pathways 1264:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 33023112 4 94 theme duodenal 1091:1098 arg1 villi 1100:1104 duodenal villi 1091:1104 duodenal villi 1091:1104 Our data demonstrated a significant improvement in hepatic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration and LA:DGLA ratio without concomitant serum concentration changes, up-regulation of various Fe and Zn brush border membrane proteins, and beneficial morphological changes to duodenal villi and goblet cells. 33023112 6 95 theme important 1234:1242 arg1 pathways 1264:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways 1226:1271 Several important bacterial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the teff group, likely due to teff's high relative fiber concentration, demonstrating an important bacterial-host interaction that contributed to improvements in the physiological status of Fe and Zn. 34698201 2 0 theme 114.54 628:633 arg1 nm 642:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 0 theme 114.54 628:633 arg1 size 622:625 a smaller particle size 603:625 a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm) 603:644 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 8 1 theme zein-SSPS 1583:1591 arg1 nanoparticles 1593:1605 DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles 1571:1605 DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles 1571:1605 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 3 2 theme zein 685:688 arg1 nanoparticles 700:712 the zein composite nanoparticles 681:712 the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) 681:727 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 2 theme zein 685:688 arg1 ± 721:721 256.5 ± 4.81 715:726 256.5 ± 4.81 715:726 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 0 3 theme Emulsions 195:203 arg1 Stability 172:180 Stability 172:180 Stability of Pickering Emulsions 172:203 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 3 theme Emulsions 195:203 arg1 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 3 theme Emulsions 195:203 arg1 Properties 157:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 6 4 theme ± 1289:1289 arg1 % 1306:1306 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 1282:1308 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 1282:1308 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 5 dep % 1306:1306 arg1 to 1298:1299 to 1298:1299 to 1298:1299 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 8 6 theme emulsion 1827:1834 arg1 structure 1804:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 6 theme emulsion 1827:1834 arg1 capacity 1760:1767 water-binding capacity 1746:1767 water-binding capacity 1746:1767 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 6 7 theme b 1296:1296 arg1 % 1306:1306 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 1282:1308 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 1282:1308 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 2 8 theme dual-frequency 567:580 arg1 ultrasound 582:591 dual-frequency ultrasound 567:591 dual-frequency ultrasound 567:591 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 1 9 theme phase 411:415 arg1 HIPEs 428:432 HIPEs 428:432 HIPEs 428:432 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 1 9 theme phase 411:415 arg1 emulsions 417:425 high internal phase emulsions 397:425 high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) 397:433 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 0 10 from Ultrasound 98:107 arg1 Stability 172:180 Stability 172:180 Stability of Pickering Emulsions 172:203 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 10 from Ultrasound 98:107 arg1 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 10 from Ultrasound 98:107 arg1 Properties 157:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 11 theme Rheological 145:155 arg1 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 11 theme Rheological 145:155 arg1 Properties 157:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 5 12 theme dichroism 1089:1097 arg1 spectroscopy 1104:1115 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 1080:1115 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 1080:1115 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 1 13 theme soybean 228:234 arg1 SSPS 253:256 SSPS 253:256 SSPS 253:256 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 1 13 theme soybean 228:234 arg1 polysaccharides 236:250 soluble soybean polysaccharides 220:250 soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) 220:257 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 2 14 theme smaller 605:611 arg1 nm 642:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 14 theme smaller 605:611 arg1 size 622:625 a smaller particle size 603:625 a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm) 603:644 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 5 15 theme zein-SSPS 1148:1156 arg1 nanoparticles 1168:1180 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles 1148:1180 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles 1148:1180 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 3 16 theme ± 866:866 arg1 mv 873:874 -21.90 ± 0.46 mv 859:874 -21.90 ± 0.46 mv 859:874 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 16 theme ± 866:866 arg1 zeta-potential 843:856 lower zeta-potential 837:856 lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) 837:875 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 0 17 from Roles 120:124 arg1 Stability 172:180 Stability 172:180 Stability of Pickering Emulsions 172:203 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 17 from Roles 120:124 arg1 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Microstructure 129:142 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 17 from Roles 120:124 arg1 Properties 157:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Rheological Properties 145:166 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 6 18 theme SSPS 1228:1231 arg1 treatment 1233:1241 SSPS treatment 1228:1241 SSPS treatment 1228:1241 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 3 19 theme fluorescence 800:811 arg1 intensity 813:821 larger fluorescence intensity 793:821 larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28) 793:920 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 8 20 theme better 1709:1714 arg1 stability 1716:1724 better stability 1709:1724 better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion 1709:1834 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 7 21 theme storage 1532:1538 arg1 stability 1540:1548 better storage stability 1525:1548 better storage stability 1525:1548 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 3 22 theme lower 837:841 arg1 mv 873:874 -21.90 ± 0.46 mv 859:874 -21.90 ± 0.46 mv 859:874 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 22 theme lower 837:841 arg1 zeta-potential 843:856 lower zeta-potential 837:856 lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) 837:875 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 6 23 theme % 1352:1352 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 23 theme % 1352:1352 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 2 24 theme nanoparticles 534:546 arg1 samples 548:554 the zein nanoparticles samples 525:554 the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound 525:591 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 5 25 used used 1127:1130 arg2 Fourier 1029:1035 Fourier 1029:1035 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 1029:1115 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 6 26 theme α-helix 1330:1336 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 26 theme α-helix 1330:1336 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 1 27 theme high 397:400 arg1 HIPEs 428:432 HIPEs 428:432 HIPEs 428:432 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 1 27 theme high 397:400 arg1 emulsions 417:425 high internal phase emulsions 397:425 high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) 397:433 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 2 28 theme 132.23 506:511 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 28 theme 132.23 506:511 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 8 29 theme three-dimensional 1773:1789 arg1 structure 1804:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 2 30 theme colloidal 478:486 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 30 theme colloidal 478:486 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 0 31 theme Multifrequency 83:96 arg1 Ultrasound 98:107 Multifrequency Ultrasound 83:107 Multifrequency Ultrasound 83:107 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 32 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 Fabrication 6:16 Novel Fabrication 0:16 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 0:204 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 1 33 theme multifrequency 287:300 arg1 ultrasound 302:311 multifrequency ultrasound 287:311 multifrequency ultrasound 287:311 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 8 34 theme 3D 1792:1793 arg1 structure 1804:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 35 theme HIPEs 1821:1825 arg1 emulsion 1827:1834 the HIPEs emulsion 1817:1834 the HIPEs emulsion 1817:1834 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 2 36 theme treated 465:471 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 36 theme treated 465:471 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 4 37 theme enhanced 1001:1008 arg1 stability 1018:1026 enhanced thermal stability 1001:1026 enhanced thermal stability 1001:1026 Meanwhile, zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU showed remarkably enhanced thermal stability. 34698201 6 38 theme % 1371:1371 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 38 theme % 1371:1371 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 39 from % 1306:1306 arg1 c 1315:1315 0.37 c 1310:1315 0.37 c 1310:1315 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 39 from % 1306:1306 arg1 β-sheets 1267:1274 β-sheets 1267:1274 β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) 1267:1316 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 0 40 theme Soybean 34:40 arg1 Nanocomposites 57:70 Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 21:70 Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 21:70 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 1 41 theme zein 326:329 arg1 nanocomposites 331:344 zein nanocomposites 326:344 zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) 326:433 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 0 42 theme Nanocomposites 57:70 arg1 Fabrication 6:16 Novel Fabrication 0:16 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 0:204 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 7 43 theme dual-frequency 1460:1473 arg1 DFU 1500:1502 DFU 1500:1502 DFU 1500:1502 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 7 43 theme dual-frequency 1460:1473 arg1 ultrasound 1488:1497 dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound 1460:1497 dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz 1460:1516 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 5 44 theme infrared 1047:1054 arg1 spectroscopy 1063:1074 infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 1047:1074 infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 1047:1074 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 8 45 theme higher 1617:1622 arg1 modulus 1632:1638 higher storage modulus 1617:1638 higher storage modulus (G') 1617:1643 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 45 theme higher 1617:1622 arg1 G 1641:1641 G' 1641:1642 G' 1641:1642 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 7 46 theme zein-SSPS 1424:1432 arg1 nanocomposites 1434:1447 zein-SSPS nanocomposites 1424:1447 zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz 1424:1516 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 8 47 dep together 1695:1702 arg1 with 1704:1707 with 1704:1707 with 1704:1707 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 48 theme network 1796:1802 arg1 structure 1804:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 three-dimensional (3D) network structure 1773:1812 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 49 theme induced 1575:1581 arg1 nanoparticles 1593:1605 DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles 1571:1605 DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles 1571:1605 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 3 50 theme composite 690:698 arg1 nanoparticles 700:712 the zein composite nanoparticles 681:712 the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) 681:727 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 50 theme composite 690:698 arg1 ± 721:721 256.5 ± 4.81 715:726 256.5 ± 4.81 715:726 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 2 51 theme particle 613:620 arg1 nm 642:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 51 theme particle 613:620 arg1 size 622:625 a smaller particle size 603:625 a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm) 603:644 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 6 52 theme % 1287:1287 arg1 % 1306:1306 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 1282:1308 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 1282:1308 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 8 53 theme loss 1649:1652 arg1 G″ 1663:1664 G″ 1663:1664 G″ 1663:1664 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 53 theme loss 1649:1652 arg1 modulus 1654:1660 loss modulus 1649:1660 loss modulus (G″) 1649:1665 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 2 54 theme particle 488:495 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 54 theme particle 488:495 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 5 55 dep infrared 1047:1054 arg1 FTIR 1057:1060 FTIR 1057:1060 FTIR 1057:1060 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 2 56 theme ± 635:635 arg1 nm 642:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 114.54 ± 0.23 nm 628:643 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 56 theme ± 635:635 arg1 size 622:625 a smaller particle size 603:625 a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm) 603:644 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 8 57 dep capacity 1760:1767 arg1 the 1742:1744 the 1742:1744 the 1742:1744 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 5 58 dep Fourier 1029:1035 arg1 transform 1037:1045 transform 1037:1045 transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 1037:1115 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 3 59 theme SPSS 755:758 arg1 coating 760:766 SPSS coating 755:766 SPSS coating 755:766 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 6 60 theme reduced 1322:1328 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 60 theme reduced 1322:1328 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 9 61 theme study 1858:1862 arg1 findings 1841:1848 The findings 1837:1848 The findings of this study 1837:1862 The findings of this study indicate that this method can be utilized and integrated to further extend the application of zein and SSPS and explore HIPEs. 34698201 1 62 theme emulsions 417:425 arg1 stability 384:392 the stability 380:392 the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) 380:433 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 1 63 theme soluble 220:226 arg1 SSPS 253:256 SSPS 253:256 SSPS 253:256 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 1 63 theme soluble 220:226 arg1 polysaccharides 236:250 soluble soybean polysaccharides 220:250 soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) 220:257 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 9 64 used utilized 1897:1904 arg2 method 1883:1888 this method 1878:1888 this method 1878:1888 The findings of this study indicate that this method can be utilized and integrated to further extend the application of zein and SSPS and explore HIPEs. 34698201 4 65 theme zein-SSPS 934:942 arg1 nanoparticles 954:966 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles 934:966 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU 934:981 Meanwhile, zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU showed remarkably enhanced thermal stability. 34698201 4 65 theme zein-SSPS 934:942 arg1 Meanwhile 923:931 Meanwhile 923:931 Meanwhile 923:931 Meanwhile, zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU showed remarkably enhanced thermal stability. 34698201 8 66 theme lower 1679:1683 arg1 fluidity 1685:1692 lower fluidity 1679:1692 lower fluidity 1679:1692 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 0 67 theme Pickering 185:193 arg1 Emulsions 195:203 Pickering Emulsions 185:203 Pickering Emulsions 185:203 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 0 68 theme Polysaccharide 42:55 arg1 Nanocomposites 57:70 Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 21:70 Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 21:70 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 6 69 theme b 1361:1361 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 69 theme b 1361:1361 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 3 70 theme -21.90 859:864 arg1 mv 873:874 -21.90 ± 0.46 mv 859:874 -21.90 ± 0.46 mv 859:874 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 70 theme -21.90 859:864 arg1 zeta-potential 843:856 lower zeta-potential 837:856 lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) 837:875 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 7 71 theme better 1525:1530 arg1 stability 1540:1548 better storage stability 1525:1548 better storage stability 1525:1548 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 3 72 theme larger 793:798 arg1 intensity 813:821 larger fluorescence intensity 793:821 larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28) 793:920 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 6 73 theme ± 1354:1354 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 73 theme ± 1354:1354 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 3 74 theme surface 881:887 arg1 hydrophobicity 889:902 surface hydrophobicity 881:902 surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28) 881:920 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 74 theme surface 881:887 arg1 37.28 915:919 4992.15 ± 37.28 905:919 4992.15 ± 37.28 905:919 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 2 75 theme ± 513:513 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 75 theme ± 513:513 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 76 theme zein 529:532 arg1 samples 548:554 the zein nanoparticles samples 525:554 the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound 525:591 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 8 77 theme water-binding 1746:1758 arg1 capacity 1760:1767 water-binding capacity 1746:1767 water-binding capacity 1746:1767 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 3 78 theme ± 913:913 arg1 hydrophobicity 889:902 surface hydrophobicity 881:902 surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28) 881:920 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 78 theme ± 913:913 arg1 37.28 915:919 4992.15 ± 37.28 905:919 4992.15 ± 37.28 905:919 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 4 79 theme composite 944:952 arg1 nanoparticles 954:966 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles 934:966 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU 934:981 Meanwhile, zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU showed remarkably enhanced thermal stability. 34698201 4 79 theme composite 944:952 arg1 Meanwhile 923:931 Meanwhile 923:931 Meanwhile 923:931 Meanwhile, zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU showed remarkably enhanced thermal stability. 34698201 9 80 theme zein 1958:1961 arg1 application 1943:1953 the application 1939:1953 the application of zein and SSPS 1939:1970 The findings of this study indicate that this method can be utilized and integrated to further extend the application of zein and SSPS and explore HIPEs. 34698201 1 81 theme internal 402:409 arg1 HIPEs 428:432 HIPEs 428:432 HIPEs 428:432 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 1 81 theme internal 402:409 arg1 emulsions 417:425 high internal phase emulsions 397:425 high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) 397:433 In this work, soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) were employed together with multifrequency ultrasound to fabricate zein nanocomposites which were conducive to enhancing the stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). 34698201 2 82 theme zein 473:476 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 82 theme zein 473:476 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 9 83 theme SSPS 1967:1970 arg1 application 1943:1953 the application 1939:1953 the application of zein and SSPS 1939:1970 The findings of this study indicate that this method can be utilized and integrated to further extend the application of zein and SSPS and explore HIPEs. 34698201 5 84 theme Circular 1080:1087 arg1 CD 1100:1101 CD 1100:1101 CD 1100:1101 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 5 84 theme Circular 1080:1087 arg1 dichroism 1089:1097 Circular dichroism 1080:1097 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 1080:1115 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 0 85 theme Zein-Soluble 21:32 arg1 Nanocomposites 57:70 Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 21:70 Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 21:70 Novel Fabrication of Zein-Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Induced by Multifrequency Ultrasound, and Their Roles on Microstructure, Rheological Properties and Stability of Pickering Emulsions. 34698201 2 86 theme non-ultrasonic 450:463 arg1 nm 520:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 132.23 ± 0.85 nm 506:521 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 2 86 theme non-ultrasonic 450:463 arg1 samples 497:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples 450:503 non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm) 450:522 Compared with non-ultrasonic treated zein colloidal particle samples (132.23 ± 0.85 nm), the zein nanoparticles samples induced by dual-frequency ultrasound exhibited a smaller particle size (114.54 ± 0.23 nm). 34698201 6 87 theme ± 1373:1373 arg1 a 1380:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a 1347:1380 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 6 87 theme ± 1373:1373 arg1 content 1338:1344 reduced α-helix content 1322:1344 reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) 1322:1381 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 7 88 from kHz 1514:1516 arg1 DFU 1500:1502 DFU 1500:1502 DFU 1500:1502 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 7 88 from kHz 1514:1516 arg1 ultrasound 1488:1497 dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound 1460:1497 dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz 1460:1516 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 5 89 theme composite 1158:1166 arg1 nanoparticles 1168:1180 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles 1148:1180 zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles 1148:1180 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also used to characterize zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles. 34698201 6 90 dep a 1380:1380 arg1 to 1363:1364 to 1363:1364 to 1363:1364 The results confirmed that DFU combined with SSPS treatment significantly increased β-sheets (from 12.60% ± 0.25 b to 21.53% ± 0.37 c) and reduced α-helix content (34.83% ± 0.71 b to 23.86% ± 0.66 a) remarkably. 34698201 4 91 theme thermal 1010:1016 arg1 stability 1018:1026 enhanced thermal stability 1001:1026 enhanced thermal stability 1001:1026 Meanwhile, zein-SSPS composite nanoparticles induced by DFU showed remarkably enhanced thermal stability. 34698201 8 92 theme storage 1624:1630 arg1 modulus 1632:1638 higher storage modulus 1617:1638 higher storage modulus (G') 1617:1643 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 8 92 theme storage 1624:1630 arg1 G 1641:1641 G' 1641:1642 G' 1641:1642 HIPEs stabilized by DFU induced zein-SSPS nanoparticles exhibited higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″), leading to lower fluidity, together with better stability contributing to the water-binding capacity and three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the HIPEs emulsion. 34698201 7 93 theme simultaneous 1475:1486 arg1 DFU 1500:1502 DFU 1500:1502 DFU 1500:1502 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 7 93 theme simultaneous 1475:1486 arg1 ultrasound 1488:1497 dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound 1460:1497 dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz 1460:1516 Notably, HIPEs prepared from zein-SSPS nanocomposites induced by dual-frequency simultaneous ultrasound (DFU) at 40/60 kHz showed better storage stability. 34698201 3 94 theme particle 664:671 arg1 size 673:676 the particle size 660:676 the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) 660:727 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 34698201 3 95 theme nanoparticles 700:712 arg1 size 673:676 the particle size 660:676 the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) 660:727 Furthermore, the particle size of the zein composite nanoparticles (256.5 ± 4.81) remarkably increased with SPSS coating, consequently leading to larger fluorescence intensity together with lower zeta-potential (-21.90 ± 0.46 mv) and surface hydrophobicity (4992.15 ± 37.28). 31985438 9 0 theme efficient 1388:1396 arg1 way 1411:1413 an efficient and accurate way 1385:1413 an efficient and accurate way 1385:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 4 1 theme computational 571:583 arg1 method 585:590 a reliable computational method 560:590 a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort 560:681 There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. 31985438 5 2 theme position-based 830:843 arg1 features 845:852 position-based features 830:852 position-based features 830:852 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 1 3 theme proteins 153:160 arg1 modification 230:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification 184:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 184:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 3 theme proteins 153:160 arg1 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells 136:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 4 theme pivotal 254:260 arg1 role 262:265 its pivotal role 250:265 its pivotal role 250:265 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 5 5 theme Pseudo 769:774 arg1 Composition 787:797 the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition 758:797 the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) 758:806 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 5 5 theme Pseudo 769:774 arg1 PseAAC 800:805 PseAAC 800:805 PseAAC 800:805 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 7 6 theme negative 1141:1148 arg1 results 1150:1156 the positive and negative results 1124:1156 the positive and negative results 1124:1156 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 10 7 theme iGlycoS-PseAAC 1466:1479 arg1 higher 1484:1489 higher 1484:1489 higher 1484:1489 The overall results show that the accuracy of the iGlycoS-PseAAC is higher than the existing tools. 31985438 10 7 theme iGlycoS-PseAAC 1466:1479 arg1 accuracy 1450:1457 the accuracy 1446:1457 the accuracy of the iGlycoS-PseAAC 1446:1479 The overall results show that the accuracy of the iGlycoS-PseAAC is higher than the existing tools. 31985438 2 8 theme glycosylation 367:379 arg1 sites 381:385 glycosylation sites 367:385 glycosylation sites 367:385 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 0 9 theme Position 85:92 arg1 Features 103:110 Blending Position Relative Features 76:110 Blending Position Relative Features 76:110 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 10 10 theme overall 1420:1426 arg1 results 1428:1434 The overall results 1416:1434 The overall results 1416:1434 The overall results show that the accuracy of the iGlycoS-PseAAC is higher than the existing tools. 31985438 0 11 theme Blending 76:83 arg1 Features 103:110 Blending Position Relative Features 76:110 Blending Position Relative Features 76:110 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 6 12 theme serine 1005:1010 arg1 sites 1012:1016 serine sites 1005:1016 serine sites 1005:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 1 13 from Glycosylation 136:148 arg1 cells 175:179 eukaryote cells 165:179 eukaryote cells 165:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 2 14 theme sites 381:385 arg1 Identification 349:362 Identification 349:362 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain 349:408 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 2 14 theme sites 381:385 arg1 task 425:428 an easy task 417:428 an easy task due to multiple impediments 417:456 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 9 15 link O-linked 1347:1354 arg1 sites 1376:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites 1343:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way 1343:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 4 16 theme precise 596:602 arg1 determination 604:616 precise determination 596:616 precise determination of such sites 596:630 There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. 31985438 7 17 theme overall 1039:1045 arg1 accuracy 1047:1054 The overall accuracy 1035:1054 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results 1035:1156 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 7 17 theme overall 1039:1045 arg1 percent 1166:1172 97.2 percent 1161:1172 97.2 percent 1161:1172 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 10 18 theme existing 1500:1507 arg1 tools 1509:1513 the existing tools 1496:1513 the existing tools 1496:1513 The overall results show that the accuracy of the iGlycoS-PseAAC is higher than the existing tools. 31985438 2 19 from Identification 349:362 arg1 chain 404:408 a polypeptide chain 390:408 a polypeptide chain 390:408 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 8 20 theme results 1283:1289 arg1 aggregating 1249:1259 aggregating 1249:1259 aggregating of all the prediction results 1249:1289 The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test is 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results. 31985438 1 21 theme eukaryote 165:173 arg1 cells 175:179 eukaryote cells 165:179 eukaryote cells 165:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 0 22 theme Relative 94:101 arg1 Features 103:110 Blending Position Relative Features 76:110 Blending Position Relative Features 76:110 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 9 23 theme O-linked 1347:1354 arg1 sites 1376:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites 1343:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way 1343:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 6 24 theme 98.8 1021:1024 arg1 accuracy 898:905 the accuracy 894:905 the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites 894:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 6 24 theme 98.8 1021:1024 arg1 percent 1026:1032 percent 1026:1032 percent 1026:1032 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 8 25 theme Jackknife 1213:1221 arg1 test 1223:1226 Jackknife test 1213:1226 Jackknife test 1213:1226 The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test is 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results. 31985438 9 26 theme glycosylated 1356:1367 arg1 sites 1376:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites 1343:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way 1343:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 6 27 theme O-linked 975:982 arg1 glycosylation 984:996 O-linked glycosylation 975:996 O-linked glycosylation having serine sites 975:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 5 28 theme novel 705:709 arg1 predictor 711:719 a novel predictor 703:719 a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) 703:806 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 9 29 theme serine 1369:1374 arg1 sites 1376:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites 1343:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way 1343:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 9 30 from sites 1376:1380 arg1 way 1411:1413 an efficient and accurate way 1385:1413 an efficient and accurate way 1385:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 2 31 theme polypeptide 392:402 arg1 chain 404:408 a polypeptide chain 390:408 a polypeptide chain 390:408 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 0 32 theme 5-Steps 13:19 arg1 Rule 21:24 CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule 6:24 CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule 6:24 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 1 33 theme crucial 288:294 arg1 functions 310:318 crucial physiological functions 288:318 crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 288:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 0 34 theme Statistical 116:126 arg1 Moment 128:133 Statistical Moment 116:133 Statistical Moment 116:133 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 7 35 theme positive 1128:1135 arg1 results 1150:1156 the positive and negative results 1124:1156 the positive and negative results 1124:1156 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 1 36 theme important 187:195 arg1 modification 230:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification 184:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 184:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 36 theme important 187:195 arg1 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells 136:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 37 theme physiological 296:308 arg1 functions 310:318 crucial physiological functions 288:318 crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 288:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 6 38 theme glycosylation 984:996 arg1 prediction 961:970 prediction 961:970 prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites 961:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 5 39 theme Amino 776:780 arg1 Composition 787:797 the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition 758:797 the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) 758:806 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 5 39 theme Amino 776:780 arg1 PseAAC 800:805 PseAAC 800:805 PseAAC 800:805 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 4 40 theme reliable 562:569 arg1 method 585:590 a reliable computational method 560:590 a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort 560:681 There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. 31985438 2 41 gly glycosylation 367:379 arg2 sites 381:385 glycosylation sites 367:385 glycosylation sites 367:385 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 2 42 theme easy 420:423 arg1 Identification 349:362 Identification 349:362 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain 349:408 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 2 42 theme easy 420:423 arg1 task 425:428 an easy task 417:428 an easy task due to multiple impediments 417:456 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 6 43 link O-linked 975:982 arg1 glycosylation 984:996 O-linked glycosylation 975:996 O-linked glycosylation having serine sites 975:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 8 44 theme prediction 1272:1281 arg1 results 1283:1289 all the prediction results 1264:1289 all the prediction results 1264:1289 The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test is 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results. 31985438 1 45 theme complicated 201:211 arg1 modification 230:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification 184:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 184:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 45 theme complicated 201:211 arg1 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells 136:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 5 46 theme Acid 782:785 arg1 Composition 787:797 the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition 758:797 the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) 758:806 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 5 46 theme Acid 782:785 arg1 PseAAC 800:805 PseAAC 800:805 PseAAC 800:805 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 4 47 theme dire 539:542 arg1 need 544:547 a dire need 537:547 a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort 537:681 There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. 31985438 7 48 theme 10-fold 1086:1092 arg1 validation 1100:1109 10-fold cross validation 1086:1109 10-fold cross validation 1086:1109 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 5 49 theme iGlycoS-PseAAC 728:741 arg1 predictor 711:719 a novel predictor 703:719 a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) 703:806 Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. 31985438 2 50 theme multiple 437:444 arg1 impediments 446:456 multiple impediments 437:456 multiple impediments 437:456 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 1 51 theme post-translation 213:228 arg1 modification 230:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification 184:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 184:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 51 theme post-translation 213:228 arg1 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells 136:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 0 52 theme O-Linked 37:44 arg1 Sites 67:71 O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites 37:71 O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites 37:71 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 7 53 theme cross 1094:1098 arg1 validation 1100:1109 10-fold cross validation 1086:1109 10-fold cross validation 1086:1109 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 7 54 theme predictor 1059:1067 arg1 accuracy 1047:1054 The overall accuracy 1035:1054 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results 1035:1156 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 7 54 theme predictor 1059:1067 arg1 percent 1166:1172 97.2 percent 1161:1172 97.2 percent 1161:1172 The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. 31985438 6 55 theme self-consistency 859:874 arg1 results 876:882 The self-consistency results 855:882 The self-consistency results 855:882 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 1 56 with association 271:281 arg1 functions 310:318 crucial physiological functions 288:318 crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 288:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 9 57 theme accurate 1402:1409 arg1 way 1411:1413 an efficient and accurate way 1385:1413 an efficient and accurate way 1385:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 1 58 gly Glycosylation 136:148 arg1 proteins 153:160 proteins 153:160 proteins 153:160 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 6 59 contain having 998:1003 arg1 glycosylation 984:996 O-linked glycosylation 975:996 O-linked glycosylation having serine sites 975:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 6 59 contain having 998:1003 arg2 sites 1012:1016 serine sites 1005:1016 serine sites 1005:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 9 60 gly glycosylated 1356:1367 arg1 sites 1376:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites 1343:1380 the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way 1343:1413 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 6 61 theme benchmark 939:947 arg1 dataset 949:955 the benchmark dataset 935:955 the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites 935:1016 The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. 31985438 8 62 theme overall 1179:1185 arg1 accuracy 1187:1194 The overall accuracy 1175:1194 The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test 1175:1226 The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test is 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results. 31985438 8 62 theme overall 1179:1185 arg1 percent 1238:1244 96.195 percent 1231:1244 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results 1231:1289 The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test is 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results. 31985438 1 63 with role 262:265 arg1 functions 310:318 crucial physiological functions 288:318 crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 288:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 3 64 theme sites 494:498 arg1 identification 470:483 Analytical identification 459:483 Analytical identification of these sites 459:498 Analytical identification of these sites is expensive and laborious. 31985438 4 65 theme such 621:624 arg1 sites 626:630 such sites 621:630 such sites 621:630 There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. 31985438 1 66 theme due 243:245 arg1 modification 230:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification 184:241 an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins 184:346 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 1 66 theme due 243:245 arg1 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation 136:148 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells 136:179 Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. 31985438 0 67 theme Glycosylation 53:65 arg1 Sites 67:71 O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites 37:71 O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites 37:71 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 9 68 theme proposed 1301:1308 arg1 predictor 1310:1318 the proposed predictor 1297:1318 the proposed predictor 1297:1318 Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. 31985438 3 69 theme Analytical 459:468 arg1 identification 470:483 Analytical identification 459:483 Analytical identification of these sites 459:498 Analytical identification of these sites is expensive and laborious. 31985438 2 70 theme due 430:432 arg1 Identification 349:362 Identification 349:362 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain 349:408 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 2 70 theme due 430:432 arg1 task 425:428 an easy task 417:428 an easy task due to multiple impediments 417:456 Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. 31985438 0 71 theme Serine 46:51 arg1 Sites 67:71 O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites 37:71 O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites 37:71 Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. 31985438 4 72 theme sites 626:630 arg1 determination 604:616 precise determination 596:616 precise determination of such sites 596:630 There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. 33430440 6 0 theme activity 855:862 arg1 tests 864:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 6 1 theme chelating 814:822 arg1 ability 824:830 metal chelating ability 808:830 metal chelating ability 808:830 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 6 2 theme antioxidant 843:853 arg1 tests 864:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 6 3 theme β-carotene 757:766 arg1 bleaching 768:776 β-carotene bleaching 757:776 β-carotene bleaching 757:776 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 2 4 theme duration 353:360 arg1 percentage 312:321 the percentage 308:321 the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration 308:360 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 6 5 theme total 837:841 arg1 tests 864:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 7 6 theme % 903:903 arg1 treatment 908:916 the 50% US treatment 897:916 the 50% US treatment 897:916 The results indicate that the 50% US treatment leads to the best antioxidant activity. 33430440 0 7 theme Ornithogalum 101:112 arg1 Species 90:96 a Wild Species 83:96 a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon 83:125 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 5 8 theme thermal 670:676 arg1 stability 678:686 high thermal stability 665:686 high thermal stability 665:686 The thermal analyses indicate that all samples have high thermal stability. 33430440 9 9 theme human 1108:1112 arg1 cells 1114:1118 human cells 1108:1118 human cells 1108:1118 The results showed that 0 and 50% US samples are not toxic to human cells, in contrary to 100% US. 33430440 4 10 theme protein 583:589 arg1 content 591:597 protein content 583:597 protein content 583:597 The composition of the extracts was determined from the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements. 33430440 8 11 theme extracts 982:989 arg1 Biocompatibility 958:973 Biocompatibility 958:973 Biocompatibility of the extracts 958:989 Biocompatibility of the extracts was evaluated using hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays. 33430440 2 12 theme mild 281:284 arg1 conditions 286:295 mild conditions 281:295 mild conditions 281:295 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 1 13 theme biopolymers 184:194 arg1 properties 170:179 the properties 166:179 the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant 166:243 The present study aims to investigate the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant. 33430440 5 14 contain have 660:663 arg2 stability 678:686 high thermal stability 665:686 high thermal stability 665:686 The thermal analyses indicate that all samples have high thermal stability. 33430440 5 14 contain have 660:663 arg1 samples 652:658 all samples 648:658 all samples 648:658 The thermal analyses indicate that all samples have high thermal stability. 33430440 2 15 dep % 410:410 arg1 US 412:413 US 412:413 US 412:413 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 6 16 theme extracts 723:730 arg1 activities 705:714 The antioxidant activities 689:714 The antioxidant activities of the extracts 689:730 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 2 17 theme ultra-sound 326:336 arg1 duration 353:360 ultra-sound (US) treatment duration 326:360 ultra-sound (US) treatment duration 326:360 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 4 18 theme content 571:577 arg1 measurements 599:610 the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements 548:610 the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements 548:610 The composition of the extracts was determined from the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements. 33430440 0 19 theme Antioxidant 0:10 arg1 Activity 12:19 Antioxidant Activity 0:19 Antioxidant Activity 0:19 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 2 20 theme extraction 373:382 arg1 time 384:387 a total extraction time 365:387 a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US) 365:414 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 7 21 theme 50 901:902 arg1 % 903:903 % 903:903 % 903:903 The results indicate that the 50% US treatment leads to the best antioxidant activity. 33430440 4 22 theme total 552:556 arg1 content 571:577 total carbohydrate content 552:577 total carbohydrate content 552:577 The composition of the extracts was determined from the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements. 33430440 8 23 theme hemolysis 1011:1019 arg1 assays 1038:1043 hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays 1011:1043 hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays 1011:1043 Biocompatibility of the extracts was evaluated using hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays. 33430440 6 24 theme metal 808:812 arg1 ability 824:830 metal chelating ability 808:830 metal chelating ability 808:830 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 3 25 theme DSC 482:484 arg1 analyses 486:493 DSC analyses 482:493 DSC analyses 482:493 The extracts were characterized using FTIR, SEC, GC-MS, TGA, and DSC analyses. 33430440 9 26 dep % 1078:1078 arg1 US 1080:1081 US 1080:1081 US 1080:1081 The results showed that 0 and 50% US samples are not toxic to human cells, in contrary to 100% US. 33430440 1 27 theme Lebanese 213:220 arg1 plant 239:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 The present study aims to investigate the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant. 33430440 0 28 theme Fructo-Polysaccharides 45:66 arg1 Biocompatibility 25:40 Biocompatibility 25:40 Biocompatibility 25:40 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 0 28 theme Fructo-Polysaccharides 45:66 arg1 Activity 12:19 Antioxidant Activity 0:19 Antioxidant Activity 0:19 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 0 29 from Species 90:96 arg1 Lebanon 119:125 Lebanon 119:125 Lebanon 119:125 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 4 30 theme carbohydrate 558:569 arg1 content 571:577 total carbohydrate content 552:577 total carbohydrate content 552:577 The composition of the extracts was determined from the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements. 33430440 4 31 theme content 591:597 arg1 measurements 599:610 the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements 548:610 the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements 548:610 The composition of the extracts was determined from the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements. 33430440 1 32 theme onion 222:226 arg1 plant 239:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 The present study aims to investigate the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant. 33430440 8 33 theme cytotoxicity 1025:1036 arg1 assays 1038:1043 hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays 1011:1043 hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays 1011:1043 Biocompatibility of the extracts was evaluated using hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays. 33430440 6 34 theme ABTS 802:805 arg1 bleaching 768:776 β-carotene bleaching 757:776 β-carotene bleaching 757:776 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 6 34 theme ABTS 802:805 arg1 activity 790:797 scavenging activity 779:797 scavenging activity of ABTS 779:805 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 6 34 theme ABTS 802:805 arg1 ability 824:830 metal chelating ability 808:830 metal chelating ability 808:830 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 6 34 theme ABTS 802:805 arg1 tests 864:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 total antioxidant activity tests 837:868 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 2 35 dep min 395:397 arg1 % 410:410 0, 50, 100% 400:410 0, 50, 100% US 400:413 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 7 36 theme antioxidant 936:946 arg1 activity 948:955 the best antioxidant activity 927:955 the best antioxidant activity 927:955 The results indicate that the 50% US treatment leads to the best antioxidant activity. 33430440 1 37 theme non 228:230 arg1 plant 239:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 The present study aims to investigate the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant. 33430440 6 38 theme antioxidant 693:703 arg1 activities 705:714 The antioxidant activities 689:714 The antioxidant activities of the extracts 689:730 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 2 39 theme treatment 343:351 arg1 duration 353:360 ultra-sound (US) treatment duration 326:360 ultra-sound (US) treatment duration 326:360 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 6 40 theme scavenging 779:788 arg1 activity 790:797 scavenging activity 779:797 scavenging activity of ABTS 779:805 The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated, using β-carotene bleaching, scavenging activity of ABTS, metal chelating ability, and total antioxidant activity tests. 33430440 1 41 theme present 132:138 arg1 study 140:144 The present study 128:144 The present study 128:144 The present study aims to investigate the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant. 33430440 5 42 theme thermal 617:623 arg1 analyses 625:632 The thermal analyses 613:632 The thermal analyses 613:632 The thermal analyses indicate that all samples have high thermal stability. 33430440 0 43 from Lebanon 119:125 arg1 Species 90:96 a Wild Species 83:96 a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon 83:125 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 0 43 from Lebanon 119:125 arg1 Ornithogalum 101:112 Ornithogalum 101:112 Ornithogalum from Lebanon 101:125 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 7 44 theme best 931:934 arg1 activity 948:955 the best antioxidant activity 927:955 the best antioxidant activity 927:955 The results indicate that the 50% US treatment leads to the best antioxidant activity. 33430440 2 45 dep ultra-sound 326:336 arg1 US 339:340 US 339:340 US 339:340 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 1 46 theme edible 232:237 arg1 plant 239:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 a Lebanese onion non edible plant 211:243 The present study aims to investigate the properties of biopolymers extracted from a Lebanese onion non edible plant. 33430440 9 47 theme % 1078:1078 arg1 samples 1083:1089 0 and 50% US samples 1070:1089 0 and 50% US samples 1070:1089 The results showed that 0 and 50% US samples are not toxic to human cells, in contrary to 100% US. 33430440 4 48 theme extracts 519:526 arg1 composition 500:510 The composition 496:510 The composition of the extracts 496:526 The composition of the extracts was determined from the total carbohydrate content and protein content measurements. 33430440 0 49 theme Wild 85:88 arg1 Species 90:96 a Wild Species 83:96 a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon 83:125 Antioxidant Activity and Biocompatibility of Fructo-Polysaccharides Extracted from a Wild Species of Ornithogalum from Lebanon. 33430440 2 50 theme min 395:397 arg1 time 384:387 a total extraction time 365:387 a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US) 365:414 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 2 51 theme total 367:371 arg1 time 384:387 a total extraction time 365:387 a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US) 365:414 The extraction was performed under mild conditions by varying the percentage of ultra-sound (US) treatment duration to a total extraction time of 30 min (0, 50, 100% US). 33430440 7 52 theme US 905:906 arg1 treatment 908:916 the 50% US treatment 897:916 the 50% US treatment 897:916 The results indicate that the 50% US treatment leads to the best antioxidant activity. 33430440 9 53 dep % 1139:1139 arg1 US 1141:1142 US 1141:1142 US 1141:1142 The results showed that 0 and 50% US samples are not toxic to human cells, in contrary to 100% US. 33430440 5 54 theme high 665:668 arg1 stability 678:686 high thermal stability 665:686 high thermal stability 665:686 The thermal analyses indicate that all samples have high thermal stability. 32437802 2 0 theme polysaccharide 131:144 arg1 PS-4 175:178 PS-4 175:178 PS-4 175:178 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 0 theme polysaccharide 131:144 arg1 PS-1 157:160 PS-1 157:160 PS-1 157:160 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 0 theme polysaccharide 131:144 arg1 PS-2 163:166 PS-2 163:166 PS-2 163:166 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 0 theme polysaccharide 131:144 arg1 PS-5 184:187 PS-5 184:187 PS-5 184:187 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 0 theme polysaccharide 131:144 arg1 fractions 146:154 Five polysaccharide fractions 126:154 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) 126:188 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 0 theme polysaccharide 131:144 arg1 PS-3 169:172 PS-3 169:172 PS-3 169:172 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 4 1 theme cytoprotective 315:328 arg1 activities 330:339 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities 300:339 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities 300:339 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities and the underlying mechanisms were explored in this paper. 32437802 6 2 from production 831:840 arg1 cells 887:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 6 3 theme mitochondrial 704:716 arg1 potential 727:735 mitochondrial membrane potential 704:735 mitochondrial membrane potential levels 704:742 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 0 4 from characteristics 9:23 arg1 Multidentatum 97:109 Multidentatum 97:109 Multidentatum 97:109 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 0 4 from characteristics 9:23 arg1 Doll 112:115 Doll 112:115 Doll 112:115 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 9 5 theme protective 1288:1297 arg1 mechanisms 1299:1308 the protective mechanisms 1284:1308 the protective mechanisms of the active fractions 1284:1332 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 7 6 theme Akt 980:982 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 6 7 theme polysaccharide 581:594 arg1 fractions 596:604 these polysaccharide fractions 575:604 these polysaccharide fractions 575:604 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 9 8 theme fractions 1324:1332 arg1 mechanisms 1299:1308 the protective mechanisms 1284:1308 the protective mechanisms of the active fractions 1284:1332 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 8 9 theme polysaccharide 1127:1140 arg1 fractions 1142:1150 the polysaccharide fractions 1123:1150 the polysaccharide fractions 1123:1150 Current findings suggested that the polysaccharide fractions decreased H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. 32437802 6 10 from apoptosis 782:790 arg1 cells 887:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 6 11 theme reactive 807:814 arg1 species 823:829 reactive oxygen species 807:829 intracellular reactive oxygen species production 793:840 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 8 12 theme H2O2-induced 1162:1173 arg1 apoptosis 1175:1183 H2O2-induced apoptosis 1162:1183 H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs 1162:1193 Current findings suggested that the polysaccharide fractions decreased H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. 32437802 9 13 theme signaling 1244:1252 arg1 pathways 1254:1261 Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways 1234:1261 Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways 1234:1261 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 7 14 theme powerful 1035:1042 arg1 effects 1044:1050 the most powerful effects 1026:1050 the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes 1026:1088 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 9 15 theme PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a 1214:1228 arg1 activation 1200:1209 The activation 1196:1209 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways 1196:1261 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 6 16 theme intracellular 793:805 arg1 production 831:840 intracellular reactive oxygen species production 793:840 intracellular reactive oxygen species production 793:840 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg2 fractions 146:154 Five polysaccharide fractions 126:154 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) 126:188 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg2 PS-3 169:172 PS-3 169:172 PS-3 169:172 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg2 PS-1 157:160 PS-1 157:160 PS-1 157:160 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg2 PS-4 175:178 PS-4 175:178 PS-4 175:178 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg1 Multidentatum 231:243 Multidentatum 231:243 Multidentatum 231:243 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg2 PS-2 163:166 PS-2 163:166 PS-2 163:166 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg2 PS-5 184:187 PS-5 184:187 PS-5 184:187 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 17 attach isolated 208:215 arg1 Doll 246:249 Doll 246:249 Doll 246:249 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 7 18 theme PI3K 974:977 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 10 19 theme Multidentatum 1413:1425 arg1 ingredients 1389:1399 the key bioactive ingredients 1371:1399 the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum 1371:1425 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 10 20 theme key 1375:1377 arg1 ingredients 1389:1399 the key bioactive ingredients 1371:1399 the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum 1371:1425 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 5 21 theme monosaccharide 531:544 arg1 compositions 546:557 monosaccharide compositions 531:557 monosaccharide compositions 531:557 Chemical analysis suggested that the five polysaccharide fractions were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. 32437802 11 22 theme oxidative 1462:1470 arg1 damage 1472:1477 oxidative damage 1462:1477 oxidative damage 1462:1477 Ching for the treatment of oxidative damage. 32437802 11 23 theme damage 1472:1477 arg1 treatment 1449:1457 the treatment 1445:1457 the treatment of oxidative damage 1445:1477 Ching for the treatment of oxidative damage. 32437802 9 24 theme active 1317:1322 arg1 fractions 1324:1332 the active fractions 1313:1332 the active fractions 1313:1332 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 6 25 theme nitric 681:686 arg1 oxide 688:692 nitric oxide 681:692 nitric oxide contents 681:701 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 6 26 theme oxide 688:692 arg1 contents 694:701 nitric oxide contents 681:701 nitric oxide contents 681:701 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 0 27 from activities 44:53 arg1 Multidentatum 97:109 Multidentatum 97:109 Multidentatum 97:109 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 0 27 from activities 44:53 arg1 Doll 112:115 Doll 112:115 Doll 112:115 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 6 28 theme Bcl-2/Bax 748:756 arg1 ratios 758:763 Bcl-2/Bax ratios 748:763 Bcl-2/Bax ratios 748:763 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 6 29 theme cell 777:780 arg1 apoptosis 782:790 cell apoptosis 777:790 cell apoptosis 777:790 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 0 30 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 characteristics 9:23 Chemical characteristics 0:23 Chemical characteristics 0:23 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 7 31 theme polysaccharide 910:923 arg1 fractions 925:933 these polysaccharide fractions 904:933 these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 904:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 6 32 with Treatment 560:568 arg1 fractions 596:604 these polysaccharide fractions 575:604 these polysaccharide fractions 575:604 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 7 33 theme PS-4 1011:1014 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 10 34 theme bioactive 1379:1387 arg1 ingredients 1389:1399 the key bioactive ingredients 1371:1399 the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum 1371:1425 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 7 35 theme mRNA 948:951 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 0 36 theme cytoprotective 29:42 arg1 activities 44:53 cytoprotective activities 29:53 cytoprotective activities 29:53 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 10 37 dep one 1364:1366 arg1 Doll 1428:1431 Doll 1428:1431 Doll 1428:1431 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 7 38 theme FOXO3a 985:990 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 6 39 theme H2O2-damaged 874:885 arg1 cells 887:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 5 40 theme different 499:507 arg1 weights 519:525 different molecular weights 499:525 different molecular weights 499:525 Chemical analysis suggested that the five polysaccharide fractions were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. 32437802 6 41 theme species 823:829 arg1 production 831:840 intracellular reactive oxygen species production 793:840 intracellular reactive oxygen species production 793:840 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 3 42 theme anion-exchange 262:275 arg1 chromatography 284:297 anion-exchange column chromatography 262:297 anion-exchange column chromatography 262:297 Ching by anion-exchange column chromatography. 32437802 5 43 theme molecular 509:517 arg1 weights 519:525 different molecular weights 499:525 different molecular weights 499:525 Chemical analysis suggested that the five polysaccharide fractions were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. 32437802 6 44 theme dismutase/catalase 650:667 arg1 activities 669:678 superoxide dismutase/catalase activities 639:678 superoxide dismutase/catalase activities 639:678 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 0 45 from Multidentatum 97:109 arg1 characteristics 9:23 Chemical characteristics 0:23 Chemical characteristics 0:23 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 0 45 from Multidentatum 97:109 arg1 activities 44:53 cytoprotective activities 29:53 cytoprotective activities 29:53 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 0 45 from Multidentatum 97:109 arg1 fractions 73:81 polysaccharide fractions 58:81 polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 58:117 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 6 46 theme superoxide 639:648 arg1 dismutase/catalase 650:667 superoxide dismutase/catalase 639:667 superoxide dismutase/catalase activities 639:678 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 9 47 theme Nrf2/HO-1 1234:1242 arg1 pathways 1254:1261 Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways 1234:1261 Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways 1234:1261 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 0 48 theme fractions 73:81 arg1 characteristics 9:23 Chemical characteristics 0:23 Chemical characteristics 0:23 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 0 48 theme fractions 73:81 arg1 activities 44:53 cytoprotective activities 29:53 cytoprotective activities 29:53 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 7 49 theme expression 953:962 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 7 50 theme genes 1084:1088 arg1 expression 1064:1073 the mRNA expression 1055:1073 the mRNA expression of these genes 1055:1088 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 0 51 theme polysaccharide 58:71 arg1 fractions 73:81 polysaccharide fractions 58:81 polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 58:117 Chemical characteristics and cytoprotective activities of polysaccharide fractions from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 52 dep fractions 146:154 arg1 PS-4 175:178 PS-4 175:178 PS-4 175:178 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 52 dep fractions 146:154 arg1 PS-1 157:160 PS-1 157:160 PS-1 157:160 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 52 dep fractions 146:154 arg1 PS-2 163:166 PS-2 163:166 PS-2 163:166 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 52 dep fractions 146:154 arg1 PS-5 184:187 PS-5 184:187 PS-5 184:187 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 52 dep fractions 146:154 arg1 fractions 146:154 Five polysaccharide fractions 126:154 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) 126:188 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 2 52 dep fractions 146:154 arg1 PS-3 169:172 PS-3 169:172 PS-3 169:172 Five polysaccharide fractions (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 and PS-5) were successfully isolated from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 8 53 theme HUVECs 1188:1193 arg1 apoptosis 1175:1183 H2O2-induced apoptosis 1162:1183 H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs 1162:1193 Current findings suggested that the polysaccharide fractions decreased H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. 32437802 6 54 theme malondialdehyde 846:860 arg1 contents 862:869 malondialdehyde contents 846:869 malondialdehyde contents 846:869 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 5 55 theme polysaccharide 442:455 arg1 fractions 457:465 the five polysaccharide fractions 433:465 the five polysaccharide fractions 433:465 Chemical analysis suggested that the five polysaccharide fractions were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. 32437802 8 56 theme Current 1091:1097 arg1 findings 1099:1106 Current findings 1091:1106 Current findings 1091:1106 Current findings suggested that the polysaccharide fractions decreased H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. 32437802 3 57 theme column 277:282 arg1 chromatography 284:297 anion-exchange column chromatography 262:297 anion-exchange column chromatography 262:297 Ching by anion-exchange column chromatography. 32437802 10 58 theme ingredients 1389:1399 arg1 ingredients 1389:1399 the key bioactive ingredients 1371:1399 the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum 1371:1425 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 10 58 theme ingredients 1389:1399 arg1 one 1364:1366 one 1364:1366 one 1364:1366 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 10 58 theme ingredients 1389:1399 arg1 polysaccharides 1339:1353 The polysaccharides 1335:1353 The polysaccharides 1335:1353 The polysaccharides might be one of the key bioactive ingredients of Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) 32437802 4 59 theme underlying 349:358 arg1 mechanisms 360:369 the underlying mechanisms 345:369 the underlying mechanisms 345:369 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities and the underlying mechanisms were explored in this paper. 32437802 7 60 theme mRNA 1059:1062 arg1 expression 1064:1073 the mRNA expression 1055:1073 the mRNA expression of these genes 1055:1088 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 4 61 dep in 306:307 arg1 vitro 309:313 vitro 309:313 vitro 309:313 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities and the underlying mechanisms were explored in this paper. 32437802 6 62 from contents 862:869 arg1 cells 887:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 H2O2-damaged cells 874:891 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 7 63 theme Nrf2 993:996 arg1 levels 964:969 the mRNA expression levels 944:969 the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 944:1014 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 6 64 theme cell 621:624 arg1 viabilities 626:636 cell viabilities 621:636 cell viabilities 621:636 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 4 65 theme in 306:307 arg1 activities 330:339 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities 300:339 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities 300:339 Their in vitro cytoprotective activities and the underlying mechanisms were explored in this paper. 32437802 9 66 theme pathways 1254:1261 arg1 activation 1200:1209 The activation 1196:1209 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways 1196:1261 The activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways might be involved in the protective mechanisms of the active fractions. 32437802 6 67 theme potential 727:735 arg1 levels 737:742 mitochondrial membrane potential levels 704:742 mitochondrial membrane potential levels 704:742 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 5 68 theme Chemical 400:407 arg1 analysis 409:416 Chemical analysis 400:416 Chemical analysis 400:416 Chemical analysis suggested that the five polysaccharide fractions were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions. 32437802 6 69 theme oxygen 816:821 arg1 species 823:829 reactive oxygen species 807:829 intracellular reactive oxygen species production 793:840 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 32437802 7 70 from effects 1044:1050 arg1 expression 1064:1073 the mRNA expression 1055:1073 the mRNA expression of these genes 1055:1088 Moreover, these polysaccharide fractions enhanced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, FOXO3a, Nrf2 and HO-1 and PS-4 exhibited the most powerful effects on the mRNA expression of these genes. 32437802 6 71 theme membrane 718:725 arg1 potential 727:735 mitochondrial membrane potential 704:735 mitochondrial membrane potential levels 704:742 Treatment with these polysaccharide fractions could increase cell viabilities, superoxide dismutase/catalase activities, nitric oxide contents, mitochondrial membrane potential levels and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and reduce cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde contents in H2O2-damaged cells. 33540314 0 0 from effect 15:20 arg1 adsorption 84:93 trimethoprim adsorption 71:93 trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge 71:113 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 5 1 theme activated 1101:1109 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 1 theme activated 1101:1109 arg1 sludge 1111:1116 anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge 1074:1116 anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge 1074:1116 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 2 theme activated 884:892 arg1 sludge 894:899 activated sludge 884:899 activated sludge 884:899 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 3 theme cell 1352:1355 arg1 membrane 1357:1364 the cell membrane 1348:1364 the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction 1348:1443 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 0 4 theme trimethoprim 71:82 arg1 adsorption 84:93 trimethoprim adsorption 71:93 trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge 71:113 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 3 5 theme inhibitory 491:500 arg1 effect 502:507 an inhibitory effect 488:507 an inhibitory effect 488:507 However, recent studies showed the EPS had an inhibitory effect on pollutant sorption, which is contradictory to previous viewpoint. 33540314 5 6 theme treatment 1037:1045 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 6 theme treatment 1037:1045 arg1 sludge 1063:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 0 7 theme activated 98:106 arg1 sludge 108:113 activated sludge 98:113 activated sludge 98:113 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 5 8 dep experiments 830:840 arg1 results 842:848 results 842:848 results 842:848 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 3 9 dep showed 469:474 arg1 had 484:486 had 484:486 showed the EPS had an inhibitory effect on pollutant sorption, which is contradictory to previous viewpoint 469:575 However, recent studies showed the EPS had an inhibitory effect on pollutant sorption, which is contradictory to previous viewpoint. 33540314 7 10 theme activated 1407:1415 arg1 sludge 1417:1422 activated sludge 1407:1422 activated sludge 1407:1422 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 4 11 used used 686:689 arg2 types 610:614 three types 604:614 three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions 604:679 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 5 12 theme 28.33 μg/g 944:953 arg1 VSS 955:957 28.33 μg/g VSS 944:957 28.33 μg/g VSS 944:957 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 13 theme contact 1267:1273 arg1 angles 1275:1280 contact angles 1267:1280 contact angles 1267:1280 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 5 14 theme anaerobic 1074:1082 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 14 theme anaerobic 1074:1082 arg1 sludge 1111:1116 anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge 1074:1116 anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge 1074:1116 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 15 from 2.98 929:932 arg1 sludge 1018:1023 nitrifying activated sludge 997:1023 nitrifying activated sludge 997:1023 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 3 16 theme pollutant 512:520 arg1 sorption 522:529 pollutant sorption 512:529 pollutant sorption 512:529 However, recent studies showed the EPS had an inhibitory effect on pollutant sorption, which is contradictory to previous viewpoint. 33540314 7 17 theme replacing 1315:1323 arg1 proteins 1325:1332 TMP replacing proteins 1311:1332 TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction 1311:1443 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 1 18 theme activated 164:172 arg1 sludge 174:179 activated sludge 164:179 activated sludge 164:179 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 8 19 from proteins 1481:1488 arg1 EPS 1493:1495 EPS 1493:1495 EPS of activated sludge 1493:1515 Our results demonstrated that less proteins in EPS of activated sludge is more beneficial for TMP adsorption removal. 33540314 5 20 theme sludge 894:899 arg1 capacity 872:879 the adsorption capacity 857:879 the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP 857:907 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 21 theme TMP 1311:1313 arg1 proteins 1325:1332 TMP replacing proteins 1311:1332 TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction 1311:1443 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 6 22 theme adsorption 1157:1166 arg1 process 1168:1174 The adsorption process 1153:1174 The adsorption process 1153:1174 The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. 33540314 2 23 theme good 372:375 arg1 ability 388:394 a good adsorption ability 370:394 a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups 370:442 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 0 24 theme inhibitory 4:13 arg1 effect 15:20 The inhibitory effect 0:20 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge 0:113 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 2 25 with pollutants 400:409 arg1 groups 437:442 different functional groups 416:442 different functional groups 416:442 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 7 26 theme infrared 1286:1293 arg1 spectrum 1295:1302 infrared spectrum 1286:1302 infrared spectrum 1286:1302 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 4 27 theme sludge 629:634 arg1 types 610:614 three types 604:614 three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions 604:679 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 7 28 theme sludge 1417:1422 arg1 capacity 1395:1402 the TMP adsorption capacity 1376:1402 the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge 1376:1422 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 4 29 theme EPS 651:653 arg1 contents 655:662 different EPS contents 641:662 different EPS contents 641:662 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 8 30 theme activated 1500:1508 arg1 sludge 1510:1515 activated sludge 1500:1515 activated sludge 1500:1515 Our results demonstrated that less proteins in EPS of activated sludge is more beneficial for TMP adsorption removal. 33540314 3 31 theme previous 558:565 arg1 viewpoint 567:575 previous viewpoint 558:575 previous viewpoint 558:575 However, recent studies showed the EPS had an inhibitory effect on pollutant sorption, which is contradictory to previous viewpoint. 33540314 4 32 theme different 641:649 arg1 contents 655:662 different EPS contents 641:662 different EPS contents 641:662 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 2 33 theme functional 426:435 arg1 groups 437:442 different functional groups 416:442 different functional groups 416:442 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 4 34 from role 710:713 arg1 process 767:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 5 35 theme activated 1008:1016 arg1 sludge 1018:1023 nitrifying activated sludge 997:1023 nitrifying activated sludge 997:1023 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 36 theme 150.24 μg/g 978:988 arg1 VSS 990:992 150.24 μg/g VSS 978:992 150.24 μg/g VSS 978:992 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 3 37 theme recent 454:459 arg1 studies 461:467 recent studies 454:467 recent studies 454:467 However, recent studies showed the EPS had an inhibitory effect on pollutant sorption, which is contradictory to previous viewpoint. 33540314 2 38 theme different 416:424 arg1 groups 437:442 different functional groups 416:442 different functional groups 416:442 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 4 39 theme TMP 753:755 arg1 process 767:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 2 40 contain have 365:368 arg2 ability 388:394 a good adsorption ability 370:394 a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups 370:442 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 2 40 contain have 365:368 arg1 EPS 361:363 EPS 361:363 EPS 361:363 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 4 41 theme EPS 718:720 arg1 role 710:713 the role 706:713 the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 706:773 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 8 42 theme adsorption 1544:1553 arg1 removal 1555:1561 TMP adsorption removal 1540:1561 TMP adsorption removal 1540:1561 Our results demonstrated that less proteins in EPS of activated sludge is more beneficial for TMP adsorption removal. 33540314 5 43 theme in 822:823 arg1 experiments 830:840 The in situ experiments 818:840 The in situ experiments results 818:848 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 44 dep 2.98 929:932 arg1 12.93 968:972 12.93 968:972 12.93 968:972 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 44 dep 2.98 929:932 arg1 VSS 990:992 150.24 μg/g VSS 978:992 150.24 μg/g VSS 978:992 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 44 dep 2.98 929:932 arg1 7.87 962:965 7.87 962:965 7.87 962:965 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 44 dep 2.98 929:932 arg1 to 959:960 to 959:960 to 959:960 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 45 theme spectrum 1295:1302 arg1 Results 1240:1246 Results 1240:1246 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum 1240:1302 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 4 46 theme activated 619:627 arg1 sludge 629:634 activated sludge 619:634 activated sludge 619:634 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 4 47 theme relevant 794:801 arg1 concentration 803:815 environmentally relevant concentration 778:815 environmentally relevant concentration 778:815 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 5 48 theme adsorption 861:870 arg1 capacity 872:879 the adsorption capacity 857:879 the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP 857:907 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 1 49 theme high 198:201 arg1 polymers 220:227 high molecular weight polymers 198:227 high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms 198:254 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 0 50 theme in 25:26 arg1 substances 57:66 in situ extracellular polymeric substances 25:66 in situ extracellular polymeric substances 25:66 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 7 51 theme zeta 1251:1254 arg1 potential 1256:1264 zeta potential 1251:1264 zeta potential 1251:1264 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 5 52 theme activated 1053:1061 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 52 theme activated 1053:1061 arg1 sludge 1063:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 53 dep proteins 1325:1332 arg1 embedded 1334:1341 embedded 1334:1341 embedded 1334:1341 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 7 54 theme TMP 1380:1382 arg1 capacity 1395:1402 the TMP adsorption capacity 1376:1402 the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge 1376:1422 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 1 55 theme molecular 203:211 arg1 polymers 220:227 high molecular weight polymers 198:227 high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms 198:254 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 0 56 theme polymeric 47:55 arg1 substances 57:66 in situ extracellular polymeric substances 25:66 in situ extracellular polymeric substances 25:66 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 6 57 theme kinetic 1225:1231 arg1 model 1233:1237 the pseudo-second-order kinetic model 1201:1237 the pseudo-second-order kinetic model 1201:1237 The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. 33540314 5 58 theme ammonia-oxidized 1084:1099 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 58 theme ammonia-oxidized 1084:1099 arg1 sludge 1111:1116 anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge 1074:1116 anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge 1074:1116 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 59 theme angles 1275:1280 arg1 Results 1240:1246 Results 1240:1246 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum 1240:1302 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 0 60 theme extracellular 33:45 arg1 substances 57:66 in situ extracellular polymeric substances 25:66 in situ extracellular polymeric substances 25:66 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 2 61 theme adsorption 377:386 arg1 ability 388:394 a good adsorption ability 370:394 a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups 370:442 It is widely accepted that EPS have a good adsorption ability for pollutants with different functional groups. 33540314 5 62 theme nitrifying 997:1006 arg1 sludge 1018:1023 nitrifying activated sludge 997:1023 nitrifying activated sludge 997:1023 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 0 63 dep in 25:26 arg1 situ 28:31 situ 28:31 situ 28:31 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 1 64 theme extracellular 120:132 arg1 EPS 156:158 EPS 156:158 EPS 156:158 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 64 theme extracellular 120:132 arg1 substances 144:153 The extracellular polymeric substances 116:153 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge 116:179 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 64 theme extracellular 120:132 arg1 mixture 187:193 a mixture 185:193 a mixture 185:193 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 6 65 theme pseudo-second-order 1205:1223 arg1 model 1233:1237 the pseudo-second-order kinetic model 1201:1237 the pseudo-second-order kinetic model 1201:1237 The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. 33540314 1 66 theme humic 316:320 arg1 substances 322:331 humic substances 316:331 humic substances 316:331 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 4 67 theme sorption 758:765 arg1 process 767:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 7 68 theme EPS 1430:1432 arg1 extraction 1434:1443 EPS extraction 1430:1443 EPS extraction 1430:1443 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 1 69 theme polymeric 134:142 arg1 EPS 156:158 EPS 156:158 EPS 156:158 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 69 theme polymeric 134:142 arg1 substances 144:153 The extracellular polymeric substances 116:153 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge 116:179 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 69 theme polymeric 134:142 arg1 mixture 187:193 a mixture 185:193 a mixture 185:193 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 70 theme weight 213:218 arg1 polymers 220:227 high molecular weight polymers 198:227 high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms 198:254 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 4 71 with types 610:614 arg1 compositions 668:679 compositions 668:679 compositions 668:679 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 4 71 with types 610:614 arg1 contents 655:662 different EPS contents 641:662 different EPS contents 641:662 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 4 72 theme antibiotic-trimethoprim 728:750 arg1 process 767:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process 725:773 Therefore, in this study, three types of activated sludge with different EPS contents and compositions were used to investigate the role of EPS in an antibiotic-trimethoprim (TMP) sorption process at environmentally relevant concentration. 33540314 5 73 theme plant 1047:1051 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 73 theme plant 1047:1051 arg1 sludge 1063:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 74 theme adsorption 1384:1393 arg1 capacity 1395:1402 the TMP adsorption capacity 1376:1402 the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge 1376:1422 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 33540314 1 75 theme polymers 220:227 arg1 substances 144:153 The extracellular polymeric substances 116:153 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge 116:179 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 75 theme polymers 220:227 arg1 mixture 187:193 a mixture 185:193 a mixture 185:193 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 8 76 theme less 1476:1479 arg1 proteins 1481:1488 less proteins 1476:1488 less proteins in EPS of activated sludge 1476:1515 Our results demonstrated that less proteins in EPS of activated sludge is more beneficial for TMP adsorption removal. 33540314 5 77 theme wastewater 1026:1035 arg1 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 2.98 929:932 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 5 77 theme wastewater 1026:1035 arg1 sludge 1063:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 wastewater treatment plant activated sludge 1026:1068 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 8 78 theme TMP 1540:1542 arg1 removal 1555:1561 TMP adsorption removal 1540:1561 TMP adsorption removal 1540:1561 Our results demonstrated that less proteins in EPS of activated sludge is more beneficial for TMP adsorption removal. 33540314 5 79 dep showed 850:855 arg1 increased 914:922 increased 914:922 increased 914:922 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 1 80 theme sludge 174:179 arg1 EPS 156:158 EPS 156:158 EPS 156:158 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 80 theme sludge 174:179 arg1 substances 144:153 The extracellular polymeric substances 116:153 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge 116:179 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 1 80 theme sludge 174:179 arg1 mixture 187:193 a mixture 185:193 a mixture 185:193 The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge are a mixture of high molecular weight polymers secreted by microorganisms, which are mainly composed of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. 33540314 0 81 theme substances 57:66 arg1 effect 15:20 The inhibitory effect 0:20 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge 0:113 The inhibitory effect of in situ extracellular polymeric substances on trimethoprim adsorption by activated sludge. 33540314 8 82 theme sludge 1510:1515 arg1 EPS 1493:1495 EPS 1493:1495 EPS of activated sludge 1493:1515 Our results demonstrated that less proteins in EPS of activated sludge is more beneficial for TMP adsorption removal. 33540314 5 83 dep in 822:823 arg1 situ 825:828 situ 825:828 situ 825:828 The in situ experiments results showed the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for TMP were increased from 2.98, 5.37 and 28.33 μg/g VSS to 7.87, 12.93 and 150.24 μg/g VSS in nitrifying activated sludge, wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidized activated sludge, respectively after EPS extracted. 33540314 7 84 theme potential 1256:1264 arg1 Results 1240:1246 Results 1240:1246 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum 1240:1302 Results of zeta potential, contact angles and infrared spectrum showed TMP replacing proteins embedded into the cell membrane enhancing the TMP adsorption capacity of activated sludge after EPS extraction. 32627479 5 0 theme bio-active 553:562 arg1 substances 564:573 bio-active substances 553:573 bio-active substances 553:573 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 9 1 theme materials 1620:1628 arg1 application 1589:1599 application 1589:1599 application of functional food materials 1589:1628 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 9 1 theme materials 1620:1628 arg1 basis 1561:1565 a theoretical basis 1547:1565 a theoretical basis for the mechanism 1547:1583 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 8 2 from steps 1091:1095 arg1 body 1132:1135 the body 1128:1135 the body 1128:1135 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 5 3 theme substances 564:573 arg1 variety 542:548 a variety 540:548 a variety of bio-active substances 540:573 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 3 theme substances 564:573 arg1 substances 564:573 bio-active substances 553:573 bio-active substances 553:573 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 6 4 theme modern 716:721 arg1 ideas 723:727 modern ideas 716:727 modern ideas 716:727 It's a combination of traditional medicine and modern ideas. 32627479 1 5 theme culture 144:150 arg1 medicine 107:114 Traditional Chinese medicine 87:114 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) 87:119 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 5 theme culture 144:150 arg1 treasure 128:135 treasure 128:135 treasure 128:135 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 7 6 dep microenvironment 834:849 arg1 homeostasis 851:861 homeostasis 851:861 homeostasis 851:861 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 9 7 theme theoretical 1549:1559 arg1 basis 1561:1565 a theoretical basis 1547:1565 a theoretical basis for the mechanism 1547:1583 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 7 8 theme main 776:779 arg1 compositions 781:792 the main compositions 772:792 the main compositions of Astragali Radix 772:811 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 7 8 theme main 776:779 arg1 Flavonoids 730:739 Flavonoids 730:739 Flavonoids 730:739 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 2 9 theme functional 274:283 arg1 ideas 290:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 Many of its concepts can be unified and balanced with modern functional food ideas. 32627479 8 10 theme intestinal 1001:1010 arg1 flora 1012:1016 intestinal flora 1001:1016 intestinal flora 1001:1016 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 7 11 theme intestinal 936:945 arg1 function 952:959 intestinal cell function 936:959 intestinal cell function 936:959 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 6 12 theme medicine 703:710 arg1 combination 676:686 a combination 674:686 a combination of traditional medicine and modern ideas 674:727 It's a combination of traditional medicine and modern ideas. 32627479 8 13 theme essential 1228:1236 arg1 role 1238:1241 an essential role 1225:1241 an essential role 1225:1241 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 9 14 theme future 1684:1689 arg1 development 1691:1701 their future development 1678:1701 their future development 1678:1701 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 6 15 theme traditional 691:701 arg1 medicine 703:710 traditional medicine 691:710 traditional medicine 691:710 It's a combination of traditional medicine and modern ideas. 32627479 3 16 theme same 376:379 arg1 source 381:386 the same source 372:386 the same source 372:386 Even in ancient days, people had already found that medicine and food have the same source. 32627479 3 17 theme ancient 305:311 arg1 days 313:316 ancient days 305:316 ancient days 305:316 Even in ancient days, people had already found that medicine and food have the same source. 32627479 8 18 theme relevant 1250:1257 arg1 mechanism 1259:1267 the relevant mechanism 1246:1267 the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness 1246:1290 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 19 contain has 1144:1146 arg1 body 1132:1135 the body 1128:1135 the body 1128:1135 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 19 contain has 1144:1146 arg2 impact 1151:1156 an impact 1148:1156 an impact on their effectiveness 1148:1179 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 20 theme other 1085:1089 arg1 steps 1091:1095 other steps 1085:1095 other steps 1085:1095 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 5 21 used used 503:506 arg2 medicine 525:532 medicine 525:532 medicine 525:532 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 21 used used 503:506 arg2 herbs 487:491 some other herbs 476:491 some other herbs 476:491 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 21 used used 503:506 arg2 food 516:519 food 516:519 food 516:519 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 21 used used 503:506 arg2 Radix 466:470 Radix 466:470 Radix 466:470 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 9 22 from ingredients 1372:1382 arg1 Radix 1397:1401 Radix 1397:1401 Radix 1397:1401 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 1 23 theme Traditional 87:97 arg1 TCM 116:118 TCM 116:118 TCM 116:118 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 23 theme Traditional 87:97 arg1 medicine 107:114 Traditional Chinese medicine 87:114 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) 87:119 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 23 theme Traditional 87:97 arg1 treasure 128:135 treasure 128:135 treasure 128:135 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 24 theme TCM 157:159 arg1 theory 161:166 TCM theory 157:166 TCM theory 157:166 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 24 theme TCM 157:159 arg1 core 175:178 the core 171:178 the core of traditional Chinese medicine 171:210 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 7 25 theme flora 975:979 arg1 metabolism 921:930 metabolism 921:930 metabolism 921:930 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 7 25 theme flora 975:979 arg1 structure 910:918 population structure 899:918 population structure 899:918 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 7 25 theme flora 975:979 arg1 function 952:959 intestinal cell function 936:959 intestinal cell function 936:959 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 9 26 theme food 1615:1618 arg1 materials 1620:1628 functional food materials 1604:1628 functional food materials 1604:1628 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 8 27 from metabolism 1054:1063 arg1 body 1132:1135 the body 1128:1135 the body 1128:1135 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 2 28 theme modern 267:272 arg1 ideas 290:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 Many of its concepts can be unified and balanced with modern functional food ideas. 32627479 0 29 theme functional 32:41 arg1 Radix 58:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 [Interaction between homologous functional food Astragali Radix and intestinal flora]. 32627479 7 30 theme intestinal 823:832 arg1 microenvironment 834:849 intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health 823:878 microenvironment 834:849 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 8 31 theme ingredients 1113:1123 arg1 absorption 1042:1051 absorption 1042:1051 absorption 1042:1051 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 31 theme ingredients 1113:1123 arg1 transformation 1066:1079 transformation 1066:1079 transformation 1066:1079 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 31 theme ingredients 1113:1123 arg1 steps 1091:1095 other steps 1085:1095 other steps 1085:1095 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 31 theme ingredients 1113:1123 arg1 metabolism 1054:1063 metabolism 1054:1063 metabolism 1054:1063 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 9 32 theme above 1349:1353 arg1 ingredients 1372:1382 the above three functional ingredients 1345:1382 the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix 1345:1401 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 1 33 theme Chinese 99:105 arg1 TCM 116:118 TCM 116:118 TCM 116:118 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 33 theme Chinese 99:105 arg1 medicine 107:114 Traditional Chinese medicine 87:114 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) 87:119 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 33 theme Chinese 99:105 arg1 treasure 128:135 treasure 128:135 treasure 128:135 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 8 34 theme other 989:993 arg1 hand 995:998 the other hand 985:998 the other hand 985:998 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 4 35 theme Nowadays 389:396 arg1 homology 399:406 Nowadays, homology 389:406 homology 399:406 Nowadays, homology between drug and food has been accepted widely. 32627479 7 36 theme human 867:871 arg1 health 873:878 human health 867:878 human health 867:878 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 0 37 theme Astragali 48:56 arg1 Radix 58:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 [Interaction between homologous functional food Astragali Radix and intestinal flora]. 32627479 9 38 theme functional 1604:1613 arg1 materials 1620:1628 functional food materials 1604:1628 functional food materials 1604:1628 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 5 39 theme characteristics 605:619 arg1 herbs 584:588 such herbs 579:588 such herbs 579:588 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 39 theme characteristics 605:619 arg1 resources 621:629 characteristics resources 605:629 characteristics resources 605:629 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 8 40 from absorption 1042:1051 arg1 body 1132:1135 the body 1128:1135 the body 1128:1135 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 7 41 dep structure 910:918 arg1 the 895:897 the 895:897 the 895:897 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 9 42 theme functional 1361:1370 arg1 ingredients 1372:1382 the above three functional ingredients 1345:1382 the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix 1345:1401 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 0 43 theme food 43:46 arg1 Radix 58:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 [Interaction between homologous functional food Astragali Radix and intestinal flora]. 32627479 8 44 dep absorption 1042:1051 arg1 the 1038:1040 the 1038:1040 the 1038:1040 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 45 theme active 1106:1111 arg1 ingredients 1113:1123 these active ingredients 1100:1123 these active ingredients 1100:1123 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 8 46 theme effectiveness 1278:1290 arg1 mechanism 1259:1267 the relevant mechanism 1246:1267 the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness 1246:1290 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 5 47 theme such 579:582 arg1 herbs 584:588 such herbs 579:588 such herbs 579:588 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 47 theme such 579:582 arg1 resources 621:629 characteristics resources 605:629 characteristics resources 605:629 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 9 48 theme homologous 1500:1509 arg1 drugs 1511:1515 other homologous drugs 1494:1515 other homologous drugs 1494:1515 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 5 49 theme other 481:485 arg1 Radix 466:470 Radix 466:470 Radix 466:470 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 49 theme other 481:485 arg1 medicine 525:532 medicine 525:532 medicine 525:532 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 49 theme other 481:485 arg1 herbs 487:491 some other herbs 476:491 some other herbs 476:491 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 49 theme other 481:485 arg1 food 516:519 food 516:519 food 516:519 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 9 50 from flora 1418:1422 arg1 Radix 1397:1401 Radix 1397:1401 Radix 1397:1401 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 5 51 used used 597:600 arg2 resources 621:629 characteristics resources 605:629 characteristics resources 605:629 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 5 51 used used 597:600 arg2 herbs 584:588 such herbs 579:588 such herbs 579:588 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 7 52 theme intestinal 964:973 arg1 flora 975:979 intestinal flora 964:979 intestinal flora 964:979 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 8 53 from transformation 1066:1079 arg1 body 1132:1135 the body 1128:1135 the body 1128:1135 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 7 54 theme cell 947:950 arg1 function 952:959 intestinal cell function 936:959 intestinal cell function 936:959 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 3 55 contain have 367:370 arg1 medicine 349:356 medicine 349:356 medicine 349:356 Even in ancient days, people had already found that medicine and food have the same source. 32627479 3 55 contain have 367:370 arg2 source 381:386 the same source 372:386 the same source 372:386 Even in ancient days, people had already found that medicine and food have the same source. 32627479 3 55 contain have 367:370 arg1 food 362:365 food 362:365 food 362:365 Even in ancient days, people had already found that medicine and food have the same source. 32627479 2 56 theme concepts 225:232 arg1 Many 213:216 Many 213:216 Many 213:216 Many of its concepts can be unified and balanced with modern functional food ideas. 32627479 2 56 theme concepts 225:232 arg1 concepts 225:232 its concepts 221:232 its concepts 221:232 Many of its concepts can be unified and balanced with modern functional food ideas. 32627479 9 57 theme other 1494:1498 arg1 drugs 1511:1515 other homologous drugs 1494:1515 other homologous drugs 1494:1515 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 9 58 theme functional 1468:1477 arg1 ingredients 1479:1489 these three functional ingredients 1456:1489 these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora 1456:1536 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 1 59 theme traditional 183:193 arg1 medicine 203:210 traditional Chinese medicine 183:210 traditional Chinese medicine 183:210 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 9 60 theme intestinal 1521:1530 arg1 flora 1532:1536 intestinal flora 1521:1536 intestinal flora 1521:1536 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 7 61 theme population 899:908 arg1 structure 910:918 population structure 899:918 population structure 899:918 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 2 62 theme food 285:288 arg1 ideas 290:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 Many of its concepts can be unified and balanced with modern functional food ideas. 32627479 5 63 dep food 516:519 arg1 both 508:511 both 508:511 both 508:511 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 1 64 theme Chinese 195:201 arg1 medicine 203:210 traditional Chinese medicine 183:210 traditional Chinese medicine 183:210 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 5 65 theme functional 652:661 arg1 food 663:666 functional food 652:666 functional food 652:666 Astragali Radix and some other herbs have been used both as food and medicine, with a variety of bio-active substances, so such herbs can be used as characteristics resources to be developed into functional food. 32627479 6 66 theme ideas 723:727 arg1 combination 676:686 a combination 674:686 a combination of traditional medicine and modern ideas 674:727 It's a combination of traditional medicine and modern ideas. 32627479 9 67 theme flora 1532:1536 arg1 ingredients 1479:1489 these three functional ingredients 1456:1489 these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora 1456:1536 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 9 68 theme intestinal 1407:1416 arg1 flora 1418:1422 intestinal flora 1407:1422 intestinal flora 1407:1422 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 9 68 theme intestinal 1407:1416 arg1 sum 1425:1427 sum 1425:1427 sum 1425:1427 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 7 69 theme Radix 807:811 arg1 compositions 781:792 the main compositions 772:792 the main compositions of Astragali Radix 772:811 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 7 69 theme Radix 807:811 arg1 Flavonoids 730:739 Flavonoids 730:739 Flavonoids 730:739 Flavonoids, polysaccharides and saponins, the main compositions of Astragali Radix, can keep intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and human health by influencing the population structure, metabolism and intestinal cell function of intestinal flora. 32627479 1 70 theme medicine 203:210 arg1 theory 161:166 TCM theory 157:166 TCM theory 157:166 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 1 70 theme medicine 203:210 arg1 core 175:178 the core 171:178 the core of traditional Chinese medicine 171:210 Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the treasure of our culture, and TCM theory is the core of traditional Chinese medicine. 32627479 0 71 theme intestinal 68:77 arg1 flora 79:83 intestinal flora 68:83 intestinal flora 68:83 [Interaction between homologous functional food Astragali Radix and intestinal flora]. 32627479 0 72 theme homologous 21:30 arg1 Radix 58:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 homologous functional food Astragali Radix 21:62 [Interaction between homologous functional food Astragali Radix and intestinal flora]. 32627479 8 73 from impact 1151:1156 arg1 effectiveness 1167:1179 their effectiveness 1161:1179 their effectiveness 1161:1179 On the other hand, intestinal flora is also involved in the absorption, metabolism, transformation and other steps of these active ingredients in the body, which has an impact on their effectiveness and improves their bioavailability, playing an essential role in the relevant mechanism of their effectiveness. 32627479 9 74 theme drugs 1511:1515 arg1 ingredients 1479:1489 these three functional ingredients 1456:1489 these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora 1456:1536 In this paper, we summarize the interaction between the above three functional ingredients in Astragali Radix and intestinal flora, sum up the interaction between these three functional ingredients of other homologous drugs and intestinal flora, provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism and application of functional food materials, and propose some suggestions and prospects for their future development. 32627479 2 75 with unified 241:247 arg1 ideas 290:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 modern functional food ideas 267:294 Many of its concepts can be unified and balanced with modern functional food ideas. 34262722 8 0 theme fed 1156:1158 arg1 replacer 1171:1178 fed basal milk replacer 1156:1178 fed basal milk replacer 1156:1178 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 14 1 theme % 2216:2216 arg1 BYWP 2218:2221 0.5% BYWP 2213:2221 0.5% BYWP 2213:2221 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 5 2 theme mannose 863:869 arg1 ratio 854:858 ratio 854:858 ratio of mannose to glucose 854:880 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 5 2 theme mannose 863:869 arg1 weight 843:848 the molecular weight 829:848 the molecular weight 829:848 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 16 3 theme BYWP 2596:2599 arg1 supplementation 2577:2591 the supplementation 2573:2591 the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs 2573:2633 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 8 4 theme milk 1166:1169 arg1 replacer 1171:1178 fed basal milk replacer 1156:1178 fed basal milk replacer 1156:1178 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 6 5 theme biological 925:934 arg1 functions 936:944 the biological functions 921:944 the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs 921:974 The feeding trial was used to observe the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 2 6 from ratio 346:350 arg1 compositions 377:388 compositions 377:388 compositions of BYWP 377:396 Besides, the molecular weight and the ratio of mannose to glucose in compositions of BYWP were determined. 34262722 4 7 theme Single-factor 601:613 arg1 tests 615:619 Single-factor tests 601:619 Single-factor tests 601:619 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 13 8 theme jejunum 2162:2168 arg1 morphology 2104:2113 the intestinal morphology 2089:2113 the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05) 2089:2185 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 15 9 theme Salmonella 2477:2486 arg1 growth 2467:2472 the growth 2463:2472 the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05) 2463:2524 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 3 10 theme microbial 544:552 arg1 flora 554:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 12 11 from addition 1825:1832 arg1 replacer 1870:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 12 theme feed 1930:1933 arg1 rate 1946:1949 the average daily gain and feed conversion rate 1903:1949 rate 1946:1949 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 7 13 dep 3 1072:1072 arg1 replicates 1074:1083 replicates 1074:1083 replicates 1074:1083 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. 34262722 9 14 theme ultrasound-assisted 1367:1385 arg1 parameters 1398:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 1355:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 1355:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 16 15 theme lambs 2629:2633 arg1 diet 2608:2611 the diet 2604:2611 the diet of early-weaned lambs 2604:2633 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 3 16 theme lambs 576:580 arg1 morphology 496:505 intestinal morphology 485:505 intestinal morphology 485:505 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 16 theme lambs 576:580 arg1 ratio 458:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 16 theme lambs 576:580 arg1 frequency 474:482 diarrhea frequency 465:482 diarrhea frequency 465:482 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 16 theme lambs 576:580 arg1 flora 554:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 16 theme lambs 576:580 arg1 immunity 519:526 intestinal immunity 508:526 intestinal immunity 508:526 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 1 17 theme optimal 196:202 arg1 parameters 235:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 192:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 192:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 12 18 theme average 1907:1913 arg1 gain 1921:1924 the average daily gain and feed conversion rate 1903:1949 gain 1921:1924 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 19 theme diarrhea 1994:2001 arg1 rate 2003:2006 diarrhea rate 1994:2006 diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs 1994:2028 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 2 20 theme molecular 321:329 arg1 weight 331:336 the molecular weight 317:336 the molecular weight 317:336 Besides, the molecular weight and the ratio of mannose to glucose in compositions of BYWP were determined. 34262722 16 21 theme occurrence 2793:2802 arg1 rate 2776:2779 the rate 2772:2779 the rate of diarrhea occurrence 2772:2802 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 1 22 theme extraction 224:233 arg1 parameters 235:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 192:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 192:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 8 23 theme basal 1252:1256 arg1 % 1275:1275 basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP 1252:1280 basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III) 1252:1292 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 23 theme basal 1252:1256 arg1 Group 1283:1287 Group III 1283:1291 Group III 1283:1291 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 2 24 theme BYWP 393:396 arg1 compositions 377:388 compositions 377:388 compositions of BYWP 377:396 Besides, the molecular weight and the ratio of mannose to glucose in compositions of BYWP were determined. 34262722 5 25 theme Sephadex 745:752 arg1 chromatography 767:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 4 26 used used 675:678 arg2 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 4 26 used used 675:678 arg2 tests 615:619 Single-factor tests 601:619 Single-factor tests 601:619 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 4 26 used used 675:678 arg2 analysis 655:662 Response surface optimization analysis 625:662 Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) 625:668 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 8 27 theme milk 1216:1219 arg1 II 1247:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 27 theme milk 1216:1219 arg1 % 1233:1233 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP 1210:1238 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II) 1210:1249 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 28 theme milk 1258:1261 arg1 % 1275:1275 basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP 1252:1280 basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III) 1252:1292 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 28 theme milk 1258:1261 arg1 Group 1283:1287 Group III 1283:1291 Group III 1283:1291 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 12 29 from replacer 1870:1877 arg1 addition 1825:1832 The addition 1821:1832 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer 1821:1877 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 9 30 theme addition 1431:1438 arg1 yield 1534:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 7 31 theme early-weaned 1012:1023 arg1 lambs 1025:1029 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs 988:1029 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs 988:1029 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. 34262722 10 32 from proportions 1654:1664 arg1 BYWP 1669:1672 BYWP 1669:1672 BYWP 1669:1672 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 12 33 theme BYWP 1851:1854 arg1 addition 1825:1832 The addition 1821:1832 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer 1821:1877 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 15 34 theme BYWP 2376:2379 arg1 addition 2350:2357 The addition 2346:2357 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP 2346:2379 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 16 35 theme utilization 2655:2665 arg1 rate 2667:2670 feed utilization rate 2650:2670 feed utilization rate 2650:2670 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 12 36 from BYWP 1851:1854 arg1 replacer 1870:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 2 37 from weight 331:336 arg1 compositions 377:388 compositions 377:388 compositions of BYWP 377:396 Besides, the molecular weight and the ratio of mannose to glucose in compositions of BYWP were determined. 34262722 4 38 theme ultrasound-assisted 702:720 arg1 conditions 733:742 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions 690:742 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions 690:742 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 16 39 theme immunological 2708:2720 arg1 morphology 2696:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 16 39 theme immunological 2708:2720 arg1 competence 2722:2731 immunological competence 2708:2731 immunological competence 2708:2731 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 9 40 theme power 1460:1464 arg1 143.15 W 1467:1474 ultrasonic power: 143.15 W 1449:1474 ultrasonic power: 143.15 W 1449:1474 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 16 41 from supplementation 2577:2591 arg1 diet 2608:2611 the diet 2604:2611 the diet of early-weaned lambs 2604:2633 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 13 42 dep BYWP 2061:2064 arg1 % 2059:2059 % 2059:2059 % 2059:2059 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 0 43 theme biological 102:111 arg1 functions 113:121 its biological functions 98:121 its biological functions on early-weaned lambs 98:143 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 9 44 theme 143.15 W 1467:1474 arg1 yield 1534:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 8 45 theme basal 1299:1303 arg1 % 1322:1322 basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP 1299:1327 basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV) 1299:1338 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 45 theme basal 1299:1303 arg1 Group 1330:1334 Group IV 1330:1337 Group IV 1330:1337 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 16 46 theme flora 2744:2748 arg1 morphology 2696:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 16 46 theme flora 2744:2748 arg1 balance 2750:2756 microbial flora balance 2734:2756 microbial flora balance 2734:2756 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 9 47 theme ultrasonic 1477:1486 arg1 86.20 min 1494:1502 ultrasonic time: 86.20 min 1477:1502 ultrasonic time: 86.20 min 1477:1502 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 7 48 with groups 1060:1065 arg1 3 1072:1072 3 1072:1072 3 1072:1072 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. 34262722 5 49 theme liquid 786:791 arg1 chromatography 793:806 liquid chromatography 786:806 liquid chromatography 786:806 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 11 50 theme BLC-2 1761:1765 arg1 proportions 1716:1726 The proportions 1712:1726 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 1712:1765 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 11 50 theme BLC-2 1761:1765 arg1 % 1777:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 0 51 theme Ultrasound-assisted 0:18 arg1 extraction 20:29 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 0:29 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 0:144 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 52 theme early-weaned 2011:2022 arg1 lambs 2024:2028 early-weaned lambs 2011:2028 early-weaned lambs 2011:2028 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 15 53 theme Lactobacillus 2419:2431 arg1 number 2409:2414 the number 2405:2414 the number of Lactobacillus 2405:2431 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 14 54 theme IL-10 2269:2273 arg1 levels 2250:2255 the levels 2246:2255 the levels of SIgA and IL-10 2246:2273 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 15 55 dep % 2374:2374 arg1 0.5 2371:2373 0.5 2371:2373 0.5 2371:2373 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 15 55 dep % 2374:2374 arg1 % 2365:2365 % 2365:2365 % 2365:2365 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 10 56 theme main 1581:1584 arg1 components 1586:1595 main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 1581:1611 main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 1581:1611 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 10 56 theme main 1581:1584 arg1 BLC-2 1607:1611 BLC-2 1607:1611 BLC-2 1607:1611 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 10 56 theme main 1581:1584 arg1 BLC-1 1597:1601 BLC-1 1597:1601 BLC-1 1597:1601 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 12 57 theme fecal 1978:1982 arg1 index 1984:1988 the average fecal index 1966:1988 the average fecal index 1966:1988 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 3 58 theme gain 448:451 arg1 ratio 458:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 0 59 theme yeast 44:48 arg1 polysaccharides 60:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 6 60 theme feeding 887:893 arg1 trial 895:899 The feeding trial 883:899 The feeding trial 883:899 The feeding trial was used to observe the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 11 61 theme glucose 1731:1737 arg1 proportions 1716:1726 The proportions 1712:1726 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 1712:1765 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 11 61 theme glucose 1731:1737 arg1 % 1777:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 5 62 theme molecular 833:841 arg1 weight 843:848 the molecular weight 829:848 the molecular weight 829:848 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 9 63 theme extraction 1523:1532 arg1 yield 1534:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 7 64 with lambs 1101:1105 arg1 3 1072:1072 3 1072:1072 3 1072:1072 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. 34262722 3 65 theme diarrhea 465:472 arg1 frequency 474:482 diarrhea frequency 465:482 diarrhea frequency 465:482 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 1 66 theme Saccharomyces 249:261 arg1 BYWP 301:304 BYWP 301:304 BYWP 301:304 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 1 66 theme Saccharomyces 249:261 arg1 polysaccharides 284:298 Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides 249:298 Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 249:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 6 67 from functions 936:944 arg1 lambs 970:974 early-weaned lambs 957:974 early-weaned lambs 957:974 The feeding trial was used to observe the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 3 68 theme intestinal 508:517 arg1 immunity 519:526 intestinal immunity 508:526 intestinal immunity 508:526 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 13 69 theme villus 2116:2121 arg1 height 2123:2128 villus height 2116:2128 villus height 2116:2128 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 1 70 theme yeast 273:277 arg1 BYWP 301:304 BYWP 301:304 BYWP 301:304 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 1 70 theme yeast 273:277 arg1 polysaccharides 284:298 Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides 249:298 Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 249:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 16 71 theme intestinal 2685:2694 arg1 morphology 2696:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 16 71 theme intestinal 2685:2694 arg1 competence 2722:2731 immunological competence 2708:2731 immunological competence 2708:2731 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 16 71 theme intestinal 2685:2694 arg1 balance 2750:2756 microbial flora balance 2734:2756 microbial flora balance 2734:2756 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 6 72 theme BYWP 949:952 arg1 functions 936:944 the biological functions 921:944 the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs 921:974 The feeding trial was used to observe the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 4 73 theme Response 625:632 arg1 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 4 73 theme Response 625:632 arg1 analysis 655:662 Response surface optimization analysis 625:662 Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) 625:668 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 11 74 theme mannose 1740:1746 arg1 proportions 1716:1726 The proportions 1712:1726 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 1712:1765 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 11 74 theme mannose 1740:1746 arg1 % 1777:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 1 75 theme polysaccharides 284:298 arg1 parameters 235:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 192:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 192:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 14 76 theme 0.5 2213:2215 arg1 % 2216:2216 % 2216:2216 % 2216:2216 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 3 77 theme intestinal 533:542 arg1 flora 554:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 8 78 theme basal 1160:1164 arg1 replacer 1171:1178 fed basal milk replacer 1156:1178 fed basal milk replacer 1156:1178 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 14 79 theme % 2207:2207 arg1 addition 2192:2199 The addition 2188:2199 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP 2188:2221 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 12 80 theme basal 1859:1863 arg1 replacer 1870:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 16 81 theme early-weaned 2616:2627 arg1 lambs 2629:2633 early-weaned lambs 2616:2633 early-weaned lambs 2616:2633 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 9 82 theme optimal 1359:1365 arg1 parameters 1398:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 1355:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 1355:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 0 83 theme wall 55:58 arg1 polysaccharides 60:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 3 84 theme early-weaned 563:574 arg1 lambs 576:580 early-weaned lambs 563:580 early-weaned lambs 563:580 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 9 85 theme extraction 1387:1396 arg1 parameters 1398:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 1355:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 1355:1407 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 12 86 theme conversion 1935:1944 arg1 rate 1946:1949 the average daily gain and feed conversion rate 1903:1949 rate 1946:1949 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 16 87 theme present 2546:2552 arg1 study 2554:2558 the present study 2542:2558 the present study 2542:2558 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 14 88 theme SIgA 2260:2263 arg1 levels 2250:2255 the levels 2246:2255 the levels of SIgA and IL-10 2246:2273 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 1 89 theme ultrasound-assisted 204:222 arg1 parameters 235:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters 192:244 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 192:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 4 90 theme optimization 642:653 arg1 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 4 90 theme optimization 642:653 arg1 analysis 655:662 Response surface optimization analysis 625:662 Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) 625:668 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 2 91 theme mannose 355:361 arg1 weight 331:336 the molecular weight 317:336 the molecular weight 317:336 Besides, the molecular weight and the ratio of mannose to glucose in compositions of BYWP were determined. 34262722 2 91 theme mannose 355:361 arg1 ratio 346:350 the ratio 342:350 the ratio of mannose to glucose 342:372 Besides, the molecular weight and the ratio of mannose to glucose in compositions of BYWP were determined. 34262722 16 92 theme diarrhea 2784:2791 arg1 occurrence 2793:2802 diarrhea occurrence 2784:2802 diarrhea occurrence 2784:2802 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 9 93 theme follows 1417:1423 arg1 yield 1534:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 0 94 from Characterization 77:92 arg1 lambs 139:143 early-weaned lambs 126:143 early-weaned lambs 126:143 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 95 theme daily 1915:1919 arg1 gain 1921:1924 the average daily gain and feed conversion rate 1903:1949 gain 1921:1924 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 16 96 theme microbial 2734:2742 arg1 morphology 2696:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 intestinal morphology 2685:2705 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 16 96 theme microbial 2734:2742 arg1 balance 2750:2756 microbial flora balance 2734:2756 microbial flora balance 2734:2756 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 9 97 theme NaOH 1426:1429 arg1 addition 1431:1438 NaOH addition 1426:1438 NaOH addition 1426:1438 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 8 98 theme basal 1210:1214 arg1 II 1247:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 98 theme basal 1210:1214 arg1 % 1233:1233 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP 1210:1238 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II) 1210:1249 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 6 99 theme early-weaned 957:968 arg1 lambs 970:974 early-weaned lambs 957:974 early-weaned lambs 957:974 The feeding trial was used to observe the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 100 theme milk 1865:1868 arg1 replacer 1870:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 basal milk replacer 1859:1877 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 4 101 theme extraction 722:731 arg1 conditions 733:742 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions 690:742 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions 690:742 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 15 102 theme perfringens 2504:2514 arg1 growth 2467:2472 the growth 2463:2472 the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05) 2463:2524 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 13 103 theme BYWP 2061:2064 arg1 addition 2035:2042 The addition 2031:2042 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP 2031:2064 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 14 104 theme IL-1 2317:2320 arg1 level 2308:2312 the level 2304:2312 the level of IL-1 2304:2320 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 0 105 from functions 113:121 arg1 lambs 139:143 early-weaned lambs 126:143 early-weaned lambs 126:143 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 11 106 from BLC-2 1761:1765 arg1 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 6 107 used used 905:908 arg2 trial 895:899 The feeding trial 883:899 The feeding trial 883:899 The feeding trial was used to observe the biological functions of BYWP on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 7 108 theme lambs 1025:1029 arg1 total 979:983 A total 977:983 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs 977:1029 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. 34262722 9 109 theme % 1446:1446 arg1 yield 1534:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 5 110 theme column 760:765 arg1 chromatography 767:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 7 111 theme crossbred 1002:1010 arg1 lambs 1025:1029 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs 988:1029 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs 988:1029 A total of 72 36-day-old crossbred early-weaned lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. 34262722 9 112 theme ultrasonic 1449:1458 arg1 143.15 W 1467:1474 ultrasonic power: 143.15 W 1449:1474 ultrasonic power: 143.15 W 1449:1474 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 8 113 dep replacer 1171:1178 arg1 Group 1283:1287 Group III 1283:1291 Group III 1283:1291 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 113 dep replacer 1171:1178 arg1 % 1233:1233 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP 1210:1238 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II) 1210:1249 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 113 dep replacer 1171:1178 arg1 % 1322:1322 basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP 1299:1327 basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV) 1299:1338 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 113 dep replacer 1171:1178 arg1 % 1275:1275 basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP 1252:1280 basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III) 1252:1292 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 113 dep replacer 1171:1178 arg1 II 1247:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 113 dep replacer 1171:1178 arg1 Group 1330:1334 Group IV 1330:1337 Group IV 1330:1337 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 11 114 from mannose 1740:1746 arg1 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 4 115 theme optimal 694:700 arg1 conditions 733:742 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions 690:742 the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions 690:742 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 5 116 theme G-100 754:758 arg1 chromatography 767:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 3 117 from effects 425:431 arg1 frequency 474:482 diarrhea frequency 465:482 diarrhea frequency 465:482 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 117 from effects 425:431 arg1 ratio 458:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 117 from effects 425:431 arg1 flora 554:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 intestinal microbial flora 533:558 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 117 from effects 425:431 arg1 morphology 496:505 intestinal morphology 485:505 intestinal morphology 485:505 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 3 117 from effects 425:431 arg1 immunity 519:526 intestinal immunity 508:526 intestinal immunity 508:526 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 8 118 from Lambs 1122:1126 arg1 treatments 1140:1149 the four treatments 1131:1149 the four treatments 1131:1149 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 11 119 from BLC-1 1751:1755 arg1 proportions 1716:1726 The proportions 1712:1726 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 1712:1765 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 11 119 from BLC-1 1751:1755 arg1 % 1777:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 47.68% 1772:1777 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 12 120 theme lambs 2024:2028 arg1 index 1984:1988 the average fecal index 1966:1988 the average fecal index 1966:1988 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 120 theme lambs 2024:2028 arg1 rate 2003:2006 diarrhea rate 1994:2006 diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs 1994:2028 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 0 121 theme early-weaned 126:137 arg1 lambs 139:143 early-weaned lambs 126:143 early-weaned lambs 126:143 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 5 122 used used 813:816 arg2 chromatography 793:806 liquid chromatography 786:806 liquid chromatography 786:806 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 5 122 used used 813:816 arg2 chromatography 767:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography 745:780 Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the molecular weight and ratio of mannose to glucose. 34262722 8 123 theme Group 1241:1245 arg1 II 1247:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Group II 1241:1248 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 123 theme Group 1241:1245 arg1 % 1233:1233 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP 1210:1238 basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II) 1210:1249 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 12 124 dep BYWP 1851:1854 arg1 % 1849:1849 % 1849:1849 % 1849:1849 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 11 125 from proportions 1716:1726 arg1 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 13 126 dep % 2059:2059 arg1 % 2050:2050 % 2050:2050 % 2050:2050 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 13 126 dep % 2059:2059 arg1 0.5 2056:2058 0.5 2056:2058 0.5 2056:2058 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 10 127 theme molecular 1560:1568 arg1 weights 1570:1576 The molecular weights 1556:1576 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 1556:1611 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 10 127 theme molecular 1560:1568 arg1 KDa 1625:1627 164.68 KDa 1618:1627 164.68 KDa 1618:1627 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 16 128 theme feed 2650:2653 arg1 rate 2667:2670 feed utilization rate 2650:2670 feed utilization rate 2650:2670 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 9 129 theme time 1488:1491 arg1 86.20 min 1494:1502 ultrasonic time: 86.20 min 1477:1502 ultrasonic time: 86.20 min 1477:1502 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 11 130 from glucose 1731:1737 arg1 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 BLC-1 1751:1755 The proportions of glucose, mannose in BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 47.68%, 39.18%, and 76.59%, 6.86%, respectively. 34262722 8 131 theme milk 1305:1308 arg1 % 1322:1322 basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP 1299:1327 basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV) 1299:1338 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 8 131 theme milk 1305:1308 arg1 Group 1330:1334 Group IV 1330:1337 Group IV 1330:1337 Lambs in the four treatments were fed basal milk replacer without supplement (Group I), basal milk replacer+0.1% BYWP (Group II), basal milk replacer+0.3% BYWP (Group III), and basal milk replacer+0.5% BYWP (Group IV), respectively. 34262722 3 132 theme BYWP 436:439 arg1 effects 425:431 the effects 421:431 the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs 421:580 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 0 133 theme boulardii 34:42 arg1 polysaccharides 60:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 9 134 theme 86.20 min 1494:1502 arg1 yield 1534:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield 1417:1538 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 10 135 theme components 1586:1595 arg1 weights 1570:1576 The molecular weights 1556:1576 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 1556:1611 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 10 135 theme components 1586:1595 arg1 KDa 1625:1627 164.68 KDa 1618:1627 164.68 KDa 1618:1627 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 0 136 theme cell 50:53 arg1 polysaccharides 60:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides 34:74 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 13 137 theme intestinal 2093:2102 arg1 morphology 2104:2113 the intestinal morphology 2089:2113 the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05) 2089:2185 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 13 138 theme V/C 2148:2150 arg1 value 2152:2156 V/C value 2148:2156 V/C value 2148:2156 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 15 139 dep BYWP 2376:2379 arg1 % 2374:2374 % 2374:2374 % 2374:2374 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus, but significantly suppressed the growth of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens (p < .05). 34262722 12 140 theme average 1970:1976 arg1 index 1984:1988 the average fecal index 1966:1988 the average fecal index 1966:1988 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 3 141 theme feed 453:456 arg1 ratio 458:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 the gain feed ratio 444:462 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 0 142 theme polysaccharides 60:74 arg1 extraction 20:29 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 0:29 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 0:144 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 9 143 theme optimized 1513:1521 arg1 extraction 1523:1532 the optimized extraction 1509:1532 the optimized extraction 1509:1532 The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: NaOH addition: 52.63%, ultrasonic power: 143.15 W, ultrasonic time: 86.20 min, and the optimized extraction yield reached 37.54%. 34262722 16 144 theme study 2554:2558 arg1 results 2531:2537 The results 2527:2537 The results of the present study 2527:2558 The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of BYWP in the diet of early-weaned lambs could increase feed utilization rate, and enhance intestinal morphology, immunological competence, microbial flora balance, and decrease the rate of diarrhea occurrence. 34262722 14 145 theme BYWP 2218:2221 arg1 addition 2192:2199 The addition 2188:2199 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP 2188:2221 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly improved the levels of SIgA and IL-10, but significantly decreased the level of IL-1 in the ileum (p < .05). 34262722 10 146 dep components 1586:1595 arg1 components 1586:1595 main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 1581:1611 main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 1581:1611 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 10 146 dep components 1586:1595 arg1 BLC-2 1607:1611 BLC-2 1607:1611 BLC-2 1607:1611 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 10 146 dep components 1586:1595 arg1 BLC-1 1597:1601 BLC-1 1597:1601 BLC-1 1597:1601 The molecular weights of main components BLC-1 and BLC-2 were 164.68 KDa and 13.21 KDa, and their proportions in BYWP were 24.57% and 66.08%, respectively. 34262722 3 147 theme intestinal 485:494 arg1 morphology 496:505 intestinal morphology 485:505 intestinal morphology 485:505 Also, the effects of BYWP on the gain feed ratio, diarrhea frequency, intestinal morphology, intestinal immunity, and intestinal microbial flora of early-weaned lambs were investigated. 34262722 13 148 theme crypt 2131:2135 arg1 depth 2137:2141 crypt depth 2131:2141 crypt depth 2131:2141 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 12 149 dep % 1849:1849 arg1 % 1840:1840 % 1840:1840 % 1840:1840 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 12 149 dep % 1849:1849 arg1 0.5 1846:1848 0.5 1846:1848 0.5 1846:1848 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP in basal milk replacer significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and decreased the average fecal index and diarrhea rate of early-weaned lambs. 34262722 13 150 dep morphology 2104:2113 arg1 value 2152:2156 V/C value 2148:2156 V/C value 2148:2156 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 13 150 dep morphology 2104:2113 arg1 height 2123:2128 villus height 2116:2128 villus height 2116:2128 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 13 150 dep morphology 2104:2113 arg1 depth 2137:2141 crypt depth 2131:2141 crypt depth 2131:2141 The addition of 0.3% and 0.5% BYWP significantly enhanced the intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and V/C value) of jejunum, ileum (p < .05). 34262722 1 151 dep Saccharomyces 249:261 arg1 boulardii 263:271 boulardii 263:271 boulardii 263:271 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 0 152 dep extraction 20:29 arg1 functions 113:121 its biological functions 98:121 its biological functions on early-weaned lambs 98:143 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 0 152 dep extraction 20:29 arg1 Characterization 77:92 Characterization 77:92 Characterization 77:92 Ultrasound-assisted extraction of boulardii yeast cell wall polysaccharides: Characterization and its biological functions on early-weaned lambs. 34262722 4 153 theme surface 634:640 arg1 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 RSA 665:667 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 4 153 theme surface 634:640 arg1 analysis 655:662 Response surface optimization analysis 625:662 Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) 625:668 Single-factor tests and Response surface optimization analysis (RSA) were used to obtain the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions. 34262722 1 154 theme wall 279:282 arg1 BYWP 301:304 BYWP 301:304 BYWP 301:304 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 34262722 1 154 theme wall 279:282 arg1 polysaccharides 284:298 Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides 249:298 Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP) 249:305 Firstly, this study was designed to determine the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of Saccharomyces boulardii yeast wall polysaccharides (BYWP). 33072001 0 0 theme Membrane 91:98 arg1 Vesicles 100:107 Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles 74:107 Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles 74:107 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 1 1 theme cell 167:170 arg1 structures 181:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 11 2 theme DNA 1442:1444 arg1 release 1446:1452 DNA release 1442:1452 DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates 1442:1495 With OMVs, P22 ejected its DNA more rapidly and could release more DNA against elevated osmotic pressures compared to DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates. 33072001 4 3 theme glycan 597:602 arg1 block 613:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 0 4 theme Outer 85:89 arg1 Vesicles 100:107 Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles 74:107 Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles 74:107 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 6 5 theme host 880:883 arg1 lysis 848:852 mechanical cell lysis 832:852 mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host 832:883 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 1 6 theme envelope 172:179 arg1 structures 181:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 6 7 theme mechanical 832:841 arg1 lysis 848:852 mechanical cell lysis 832:852 mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host 832:883 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 4 8 theme membrane 588:595 arg1 block 613:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 3 9 theme outer 399:403 arg1 vesicles 414:421 outer membrane vesicles 399:421 outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) 399:428 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 3 9 theme outer 399:403 arg1 OMVs 424:427 OMVs 424:427 OMVs 424:427 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 12 10 from regulation 1560:1569 arg1 system 1615:1620 the system 1611:1620 the system 1611:1620 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 6 11 theme S. 865:866 arg1 host 880:883 the P22 S. Typhimurium host 857:883 the P22 S. Typhimurium host 857:883 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 9 12 theme P22 1141:1143 arg1 particles 1145:1153 the phage P22 particles 1131:1153 the phage P22 particles 1131:1153 However, only about one third of the phage P22 particles actively ejected their genome. 33072001 8 13 with interaction 1016:1026 arg1 OMVs 1033:1036 OMVs 1033:1036 OMVs 1033:1036 Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that upon interaction with OMVs, bacteriophage P22 released its DNA into the vesicle lumen. 33072001 4 14 theme building 604:611 arg1 block 613:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 3 15 theme phage 353:357 arg1 control 370:376 phage population control 353:376 phage population control 353:376 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 6 16 theme P22 861:863 arg1 host 880:883 the P22 S. Typhimurium host 857:883 the P22 S. Typhimurium host 857:883 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 9 17 theme particles 1145:1153 arg1 third 1122:1126 third 1122:1126 third 1122:1126 However, only about one third of the phage P22 particles actively ejected their genome. 33072001 12 18 theme infective 1574:1582 arg1 particles 1598:1606 infective bacteriophage particles 1574:1606 infective bacteriophage particles 1574:1606 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 1 19 theme structures 181:190 arg1 number 137:142 a large number 129:142 a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures 129:190 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 1 19 theme structures 181:190 arg1 receptors 195:203 receptors 195:203 receptors for surface attachment 195:226 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 3 20 theme population 359:368 arg1 control 370:376 phage population control 353:376 phage population control 353:376 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 2 21 theme control 284:290 arg1 point 292:296 a major control point 276:296 a major control point for the defense against phage attack 276:333 As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage attack. 33072001 2 21 theme control 284:290 arg1 consequence 234:244 a consequence 232:244 a consequence 232:244 As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage attack. 33072001 10 22 from phages 1262:1267 arg1 system 1276:1281 the system 1272:1281 the system 1272:1281 For the larger part, no genome release was observed, albeit the majority of phages in the system had lost infectivity towards their host. 33072001 12 23 theme key 1540:1542 arg1 composition 1523:1533 OMV composition 1519:1533 OMV composition 1519:1533 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 12 23 theme key 1540:1542 arg1 feature 1544:1550 a key feature 1538:1550 a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system 1538:1620 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 8 24 theme bacteriophage 1039:1051 arg1 P22 1053:1055 bacteriophage P22 1039:1055 bacteriophage P22 1039:1055 Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that upon interaction with OMVs, bacteriophage P22 released its DNA into the vesicle lumen. 33072001 5 25 theme P22 749:751 arg1 interactions 703:714 interactions 703:714 interactions of Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 with OMVs 703:761 In this work, we have analyzed interactions of Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 with OMVs. 33072001 3 26 theme vesicles 414:421 arg1 strategy 340:347 One strategy 336:347 One strategy for phage population control 336:376 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 3 26 theme vesicles 414:421 arg1 production 385:394 the production 381:394 the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) 381:428 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 4 27 from OMVs 666:669 arg1 present 650:656 present 650:656 present 650:656 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 10 28 from system 1276:1281 arg1 majority 1250:1257 the majority 1246:1257 the majority of phages in the system 1246:1281 For the larger part, no genome release was observed, albeit the majority of phages in the system had lost infectivity towards their host. 33072001 0 29 theme In 0:1 arg1 Analysis 9:16 In vitro Analysis 0:16 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 0:108 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 11 30 theme LPS 1482:1484 arg1 aggregates 1486:1495 protein-free LPS aggregates 1469:1495 protein-free LPS aggregates 1469:1495 With OMVs, P22 ejected its DNA more rapidly and could release more DNA against elevated osmotic pressures compared to DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates. 33072001 2 31 theme phage 322:326 arg1 attack 328:333 phage attack 322:333 phage attack 322:333 As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage attack. 33072001 12 32 theme bacteriophage 1584:1596 arg1 particles 1598:1606 infective bacteriophage particles 1574:1606 infective bacteriophage particles 1574:1606 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 6 33 theme cell 843:846 arg1 lysis 848:852 mechanical cell lysis 832:852 mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host 832:883 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 8 34 theme Fluorescence 973:984 arg1 spectroscopy 986:997 Fluorescence spectroscopy 973:997 Fluorescence spectroscopy 973:997 Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that upon interaction with OMVs, bacteriophage P22 released its DNA into the vesicle lumen. 33072001 11 35 theme more 1386:1389 arg1 DNA 1391:1393 more DNA 1386:1393 more DNA 1386:1393 With OMVs, P22 ejected its DNA more rapidly and could release more DNA against elevated osmotic pressures compared to DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates. 33072001 1 36 theme surface 209:215 arg1 attachment 217:226 surface attachment 209:226 surface attachment 209:226 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 10 37 theme phages 1262:1267 arg1 majority 1250:1257 the majority 1246:1257 the majority of phages in the system 1246:1281 For the larger part, no genome release was observed, albeit the majority of phages in the system had lost infectivity towards their host. 33072001 4 38 theme outer 582:586 arg1 block 613:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 4 39 from present 650:656 arg1 OMVs 666:669 OMVs 666:669 OMVs 666:669 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 12 40 theme particles 1598:1606 arg1 regulation 1560:1569 the regulation 1556:1569 the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system 1556:1620 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 0 41 theme Bacteriophage 40:52 arg1 Inactivation 58:69 O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation 21:69 O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation 21:69 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 4 42 theme essential 572:580 arg1 block 613:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 an essential outer membrane glycan building block 569:617 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 4 43 theme host 448:451 arg1 bacteria 453:460 Gram-negative host bacteria 434:460 Gram-negative host bacteria 434:460 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 2 44 theme bacterial 247:255 arg1 surfaces 257:264 bacterial surfaces 247:264 bacterial surfaces 247:264 As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage attack. 33072001 11 45 theme protein-free 1469:1480 arg1 aggregates 1486:1495 protein-free LPS aggregates 1469:1495 protein-free LPS aggregates 1469:1495 With OMVs, P22 ejected its DNA more rapidly and could release more DNA against elevated osmotic pressures compared to DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates. 33072001 0 46 theme O-Antigen-Specific 21:38 arg1 Inactivation 58:69 O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation 21:69 O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation 21:69 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 5 47 theme Salmonella 719:728 arg1 P22 749:751 Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 719:751 Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 719:751 In this work, we have analyzed interactions of Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 with OMVs. 33072001 4 48 theme O-antigen-specific 463:480 arg1 bacteriophages 482:495 O-antigen-specific bacteriophages 463:495 O-antigen-specific bacteriophages 463:495 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 5 49 theme bacteriophage 735:747 arg1 P22 749:751 Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 719:751 Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 719:751 In this work, we have analyzed interactions of Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 with OMVs. 33072001 3 50 theme membrane 405:412 arg1 vesicles 414:421 outer membrane vesicles 399:421 outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) 399:428 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 3 50 theme membrane 405:412 arg1 OMVs 424:427 OMVs 424:427 OMVs 424:427 One strategy for phage population control is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). 33072001 5 51 dep Salmonella 719:728 arg1 S. 731:732 S. 731:732 S. 731:732 In this work, we have analyzed interactions of Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 with OMVs. 33072001 0 52 theme P22 54:56 arg1 Inactivation 58:69 O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation 21:69 O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation 21:69 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 4 53 located present 650:656 arg2 receptor 622:629 receptor 622:629 receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs 622:669 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 4 53 located present 650:656 arg1 OMVs 666:669 OMVs 666:669 OMVs 666:669 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 7 54 theme particles 962:970 arg1 number 936:941 the number 932:941 the number of infective phage particles 932:970 In vitro, these OMVs could efficiently reduce the number of infective phage particles. 33072001 1 55 theme large 131:135 arg1 number 137:142 a large number 129:142 a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures 129:190 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 1 55 theme large 131:135 arg1 receptors 195:203 receptors 195:203 receptors for surface attachment 195:226 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 10 56 theme larger 1194:1199 arg1 part 1201:1204 the larger part 1190:1204 the larger part 1190:1204 For the larger part, no genome release was observed, albeit the majority of phages in the system had lost infectivity towards their host. 33072001 10 57 from majority 1250:1257 arg1 system 1276:1281 the system 1272:1281 the system 1272:1281 For the larger part, no genome release was observed, albeit the majority of phages in the system had lost infectivity towards their host. 33072001 4 58 attach present 650:656 arg2 receptor 622:629 receptor 622:629 receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs 622:669 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 4 58 attach present 650:656 arg1 OMVs 666:669 OMVs 666:669 OMVs 666:669 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 2 59 theme major 278:282 arg1 point 292:296 a major control point 276:296 a major control point for the defense against phage attack 276:333 As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage attack. 33072001 2 59 theme major 278:282 arg1 consequence 234:244 a consequence 232:244 a consequence 232:244 As a consequence, bacterial surfaces represent a major control point for the defense against phage attack. 33072001 9 60 theme phage 1135:1139 arg1 particles 1145:1153 the phage P22 particles 1131:1153 the phage P22 particles 1131:1153 However, only about one third of the phage P22 particles actively ejected their genome. 33072001 6 61 theme large 811:815 arg1 amounts 817:823 large amounts 811:823 large amounts 811:823 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 11 62 theme osmotic 1412:1418 arg1 pressures 1420:1428 elevated osmotic pressures 1403:1428 elevated osmotic pressures 1403:1428 With OMVs, P22 ejected its DNA more rapidly and could release more DNA against elevated osmotic pressures compared to DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates. 33072001 8 63 theme vesicle 1083:1089 arg1 lumen 1091:1095 the vesicle lumen 1079:1095 the vesicle lumen 1079:1095 Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that upon interaction with OMVs, bacteriophage P22 released its DNA into the vesicle lumen. 33072001 4 64 theme Gram-negative 434:446 arg1 bacteria 453:460 Gram-negative host bacteria 434:460 Gram-negative host bacteria 434:460 In Gram-negative host bacteria, O-antigen-specific bacteriophages address lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate infection, thus relying on an essential outer membrane glycan building block as receptor that is constantly present also in OMVs. 33072001 7 65 theme infective 946:954 arg1 particles 962:970 infective phage particles 946:970 infective phage particles 946:970 In vitro, these OMVs could efficiently reduce the number of infective phage particles. 33072001 12 66 theme OMV 1519:1521 arg1 composition 1523:1533 OMV composition 1519:1533 OMV composition 1519:1533 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 12 66 theme OMV 1519:1521 arg1 feature 1544:1550 a key feature 1538:1550 a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system 1538:1620 This emphasizes that OMV composition is a key feature for the regulation of infective bacteriophage particles in the system. 33072001 0 67 theme Salmonella 74:83 arg1 Vesicles 100:107 Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles 74:107 Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles 74:107 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 5 68 with interactions 703:714 arg1 OMVs 758:761 OMVs 758:761 OMVs 758:761 In this work, we have analyzed interactions of Salmonella (S.) bacteriophage P22 with OMVs. 33072001 7 69 theme phage 956:960 arg1 particles 962:970 infective phage particles 946:970 infective phage particles 946:970 In vitro, these OMVs could efficiently reduce the number of infective phage particles. 33072001 1 70 theme different 147:155 arg1 structures 181:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 6 71 dep S. 865:866 arg1 Typhimurium 868:878 Typhimurium 868:878 Typhimurium 868:878 For this, we isolated OMVs that were formed in large amounts during mechanical cell lysis of the P22 S. Typhimurium host. 33072001 0 72 theme Inactivation 58:69 arg1 Analysis 9:16 In vitro Analysis 0:16 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 0:108 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 0 73 dep In 0:1 arg1 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 In vitro Analysis of O-Antigen-Specific Bacteriophage P22 Inactivation by Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles. 33072001 1 74 theme bacterial 157:165 arg1 structures 181:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 different bacterial cell envelope structures 147:190 Bacteriophages use a large number of different bacterial cell envelope structures as receptors for surface attachment. 33072001 10 75 theme genome 1210:1215 arg1 release 1217:1223 no genome release 1207:1223 no genome release 1207:1223 For the larger part, no genome release was observed, albeit the majority of phages in the system had lost infectivity towards their host. 33072001 11 76 theme elevated 1403:1410 arg1 pressures 1420:1428 elevated osmotic pressures 1403:1428 elevated osmotic pressures 1403:1428 With OMVs, P22 ejected its DNA more rapidly and could release more DNA against elevated osmotic pressures compared to DNA release triggered with protein-free LPS aggregates. 34277753 10 0 theme antibiotic 2000:2009 arg1 rationalization 2011:2025 antibiotic rationalization 2000:2025 antibiotic rationalization 2000:2025 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 3 1 theme gut 462:464 arg1 modulation 477:486 gut microbiome modulation 462:486 gut microbiome modulation in pigs 462:494 Herein, we evaluated the roles of colistin in gut microbiome modulation in pigs. 34277753 5 2 theme Resistance 641:650 arg1 Genes 652:656 Antibiotic Resistance Genes 630:656 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis 630:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 1 3 theme serious 245:251 arg1 disease 253:259 serious disease 245:259 serious disease 245:259 The gut microbiome plays important roles in maintaining host health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause imbalance, which may contribute to serious disease. 34277753 1 4 theme gut 98:100 arg1 microbiome 102:111 The gut microbiome 94:111 The gut microbiome 94:111 The gut microbiome plays important roles in maintaining host health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause imbalance, which may contribute to serious disease. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 5 theme protein 1736:1742 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 6 theme signaling 1751:1759 arg1 pathway-yeast 1761:1773 signaling pathway-yeast 1751:1773 signaling pathway-yeast 1751:1773 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 1 7 theme inappropriate 167:179 arg1 use 181:183 inappropriate use 167:183 inappropriate use of antibiotics 167:198 The gut microbiome plays important roles in maintaining host health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause imbalance, which may contribute to serious disease. 34277753 6 8 theme distribution 947:958 arg1 patterns 960:967 the microbiome distribution patterns 932:967 the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels 932:999 Colistin also affected the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels. 34277753 2 9 from effects 336:342 arg1 composition 374:384 gut microbiome composition 359:384 gut microbiome composition in pig 359:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 34277753 9 10 dep Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 coli 1698:1701 coli 1698:1701 coli 1698:1701 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 5 11 theme following 694:702 arg1 treatment 713:721 following colistin treatment 694:721 following colistin treatment 694:721 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 9 12 from kinase 1744:1749 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 12 from kinase 1744:1749 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 13 theme dominant 1784:1791 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 4 14 theme control 615:621 arg1 group 623:627 the control group 611:627 the control group 611:627 Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that overall microbial diversity was higher in the colistin group compared with the control group. 34277753 10 15 theme microbial 1888:1896 arg1 diversity 1898:1906 microbial diversity 1888:1906 microbial diversity 1888:1906 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 5 16 theme Database 658:665 arg1 analysis 667:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis 630:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis 630:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 17 theme antibiotic 880:889 arg1 genes 902:906 antibiotic resistance genes 880:906 antibiotic resistance genes 880:906 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 18 theme protein 1545:1551 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 7 19 theme fermentans 1240:1249 arg1 abundance 1182:1190 the abundance 1178:1190 the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group 1178:1279 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 9 20 from types 1598:1602 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 20 from types 1598:1602 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 0 21 from Analysis 23:30 arg1 Microbiome 82:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 6 22 from levels 994:999 arg1 patterns 960:967 the microbiome distribution patterns 932:967 the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels 932:999 Colistin also affected the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels. 34277753 1 23 theme host 150:153 arg1 health 155:160 host health 150:160 host health 150:160 The gut microbiome plays important roles in maintaining host health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause imbalance, which may contribute to serious disease. 34277753 0 24 theme Gut 78:80 arg1 Microbiome 82:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 25 theme various 1590:1596 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 5 26 theme genes 902:906 arg1 transformation 862:875 transformation 862:875 transformation of antibiotic resistance genes 862:906 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 8 27 theme cellular 1377:1384 arg1 terms 1450:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 27 theme cellular 1377:1384 arg1 process 1415:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 27 theme cellular 1377:1384 arg1 process 1368:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 27 theme cellular 1377:1384 arg1 process 1386:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 2 28 theme microbiome 363:372 arg1 composition 374:384 gut microbiome composition 359:384 gut microbiome composition in pig 359:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 34277753 1 29 theme important 119:127 arg1 roles 129:133 important roles 119:133 important roles 119:133 The gut microbiome plays important roles in maintaining host health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause imbalance, which may contribute to serious disease. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 oleb 765:768 oleb 765:768 oleb 765:768 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 mexh 789:792 mexh 789:792 mexh 789:792 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 treatment 713:721 following colistin treatment 694:721 following colistin treatment 694:721 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 ant6ia 751:756 ant6ia 751:756 ant6ia 751:756 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 norm 771:774 norm 771:774 norm 771:774 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 ant3ia 777:782 ant3ia 777:782 ant3ia 777:782 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 levels 735:740 expression levels 724:740 expression levels of tsnr 724:748 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 5 30 theme tsnr 745:748 arg1 tetq 759:762 tetq 759:762 tetq 759:762 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 0 31 theme Metagenomic 0:10 arg1 Analysis 23:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis 0:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 0:92 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1616:1627 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 8 33 theme single-organism 1399:1413 arg1 terms 1450:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 33 theme single-organism 1399:1413 arg1 process 1415:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 33 theme single-organism 1399:1413 arg1 process 1368:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 33 theme single-organism 1399:1413 arg1 process 1386:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 7 34 theme stercorea 1155:1163 arg1 abundance 1072:1080 the abundance 1068:1080 the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea 1068:1163 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 35 theme protein 1630:1636 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 36 from processing 1638:1647 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 36 from processing 1638:1647 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 0 37 theme Sulfate 59:65 arg1 Effects 39:45 the Effects 35:45 the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome 35:91 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 8 38 theme dominant 1432:1439 arg1 terms 1450:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 38 theme dominant 1432:1439 arg1 process 1415:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 38 theme dominant 1432:1439 arg1 process 1368:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 38 theme dominant 1432:1439 arg1 process 1386:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 7 39 theme succinatutens 1125:1137 arg1 abundance 1072:1080 the abundance 1068:1080 the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea 1068:1163 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 2 40 theme metagenomic 298:308 arg1 sequencing 310:319 metagenomic sequencing 298:319 metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig 298:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 41 theme pathogenic 1675:1684 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 8 42 with treatment 1333:1341 arg1 colistin 1348:1355 colistin 1348:1355 colistin 1348:1355 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 3 43 theme microbiome 466:475 arg1 modulation 477:486 gut microbiome modulation 462:486 gut microbiome modulation in pigs 462:494 Herein, we evaluated the roles of colistin in gut microbiome modulation in pigs. 34277753 7 44 theme control 1267:1273 arg1 group 1275:1279 the control group 1263:1279 the control group 1263:1279 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 4 45 theme colistin 582:589 arg1 group 591:595 the colistin group 578:595 the colistin group 578:595 Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that overall microbial diversity was higher in the colistin group compared with the control group. 34277753 7 46 theme succinifaciens 1205:1218 arg1 abundance 1182:1190 the abundance 1178:1190 the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group 1178:1279 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 7 47 theme copri 1096:1100 arg1 abundance 1072:1080 the abundance 1068:1080 the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea 1068:1163 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 10 48 theme microbiome 1929:1938 arg1 composition 1940:1950 gut microbiome composition 1925:1950 gut microbiome composition in pig 1925:1957 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 4 49 theme microbial 544:552 arg1 diversity 554:562 overall microbial diversity 536:562 overall microbial diversity 536:562 Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that overall microbial diversity was higher in the colistin group compared with the control group. 34277753 5 50 theme Antibiotic 630:639 arg1 Genes 652:656 Antibiotic Resistance Genes 630:656 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis 630:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 51 theme mitogen-activated 1718:1734 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 52 from processing 1553:1562 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 52 from processing 1553:1562 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 10 53 theme human 2040:2044 arg1 health 2057:2062 human and animal health 2040:2062 human and animal health 2040:2062 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 3 54 from modulation 477:486 arg1 pigs 491:494 pigs 491:494 pigs 491:494 Herein, we evaluated the roles of colistin in gut microbiome modulation in pigs. 34277753 9 55 theme Encyclopedia 1463:1474 arg1 analysis 1497:1504 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis 1457:1504 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis 1457:1504 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 10 56 theme pertinent 2027:2035 arg1 strategy 1988:1995 novel strategy 1982:1995 novel strategy 1982:1995 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 3 57 from roles 441:445 arg1 modulation 477:486 gut microbiome modulation 462:486 gut microbiome modulation in pigs 462:494 Herein, we evaluated the roles of colistin in gut microbiome modulation in pigs. 34277753 6 58 theme microbiome 936:945 arg1 patterns 960:967 the microbiome distribution patterns 932:967 the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels 932:999 Colistin also affected the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels. 34277753 10 59 theme animal 2050:2055 arg1 health 2057:2062 human and animal health 2040:2062 human and animal health 2040:2062 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 5 60 theme colistin 704:711 arg1 treatment 713:721 following colistin treatment 694:721 following colistin treatment 694:721 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 1 61 theme antibiotics 188:198 arg1 use 181:183 inappropriate use 167:183 inappropriate use of antibiotics 167:198 The gut microbiome plays important roles in maintaining host health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause imbalance, which may contribute to serious disease. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 62 theme signaling 1793:1801 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 8 63 theme Gene 1282:1285 arg1 analysis 1296:1303 Gene Ontology analysis 1282:1303 Gene Ontology analysis 1282:1303 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 5 64 theme Genes 652:656 arg1 analysis 667:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis 630:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis 630:674 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 65 theme oxidative 1518:1526 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 66 from infection 1703:1711 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 66 from infection 1703:1711 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 67 from phosphorylation 1528:1542 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 67 from phosphorylation 1528:1542 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 10 68 theme gut 1925:1927 arg1 composition 1940:1950 gut microbiome composition 1925:1950 gut microbiome composition in pig 1925:1957 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 5 69 theme resistance 891:900 arg1 genes 902:906 antibiotic resistance genes 880:906 antibiotic resistance genes 880:906 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 9 70 theme colistin 1819:1826 arg1 group 1828:1832 the colistin group 1815:1832 the colistin group 1815:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 0 71 from Microbiome 82:91 arg1 Analysis 23:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis 0:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 0:92 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 7 72 theme Acidaminococcus 1224:1238 arg1 fermentans 1240:1249 Acidaminococcus fermentans 1224:1249 Acidaminococcus fermentans 1224:1249 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 9 73 from pathways 1803:1810 arg1 group 1828:1832 the colistin group 1815:1832 the colistin group 1815:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 6 74 dep both 972:975 arg1 genus 977:981 genus 977:981 genus 977:981 Colistin also affected the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels. 34277753 5 75 theme expression 724:733 arg1 levels 735:740 expression levels 724:740 expression levels of tsnr 724:748 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database analysis demonstrated that following colistin treatment, expression levels of tsnr, ant6ia, tetq, oleb, norm, ant3ia, and mexh were significantly upregulated, indicating that colistin may induce transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. 34277753 0 76 theme Pig 74:76 arg1 Microbiome 82:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 9 77 theme endoplasmic 1567:1577 arg1 reticulum 1579:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 endoplasmic reticulum 1567:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 6 78 dep levels 994:999 arg1 both 972:975 both 972:975 both 972:975 Colistin also affected the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels. 34277753 6 78 dep levels 994:999 arg1 phylum 987:992 phylum 987:992 phylum 987:992 Colistin also affected the microbiome distribution patterns at both genus and phylum levels. 34277753 8 79 theme metabolic 1358:1366 arg1 terms 1450:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 79 theme metabolic 1358:1366 arg1 process 1415:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 79 theme metabolic 1358:1366 arg1 process 1368:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 79 theme metabolic 1358:1366 arg1 process 1386:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 0 80 from Effects 39:45 arg1 Microbiome 82:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 the Pig Gut Microbiome 70:91 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 9 81 dep phosphorylation 1528:1542 arg1 pathway-yeast 1761:1773 signaling pathway-yeast 1751:1773 signaling pathway-yeast 1751:1773 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 2 82 theme gut 359:361 arg1 composition 374:384 gut microbiome composition 359:384 gut microbiome composition in pig 359:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 34277753 0 83 theme Sequencing 12:21 arg1 Analysis 23:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis 0:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 0:92 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 9 84 theme N-glycan 1607:1614 arg1 biosynthesis 1616:1627 N-glycan biosynthesis 1607:1627 N-glycan biosynthesis 1607:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 7 85 theme species 1022:1028 arg1 level 1030:1034 the species level 1018:1034 the species level 1018:1034 In addition, at the species level, colistin significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, and Prevotella stercorea and enhanced the abundance of Treponema succinifaciens and Acidaminococcus fermentans compared to the control group. 34277753 2 86 theme colistin 347:354 arg1 effects 336:342 the effects 332:342 the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig 332:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 34277753 4 87 theme overall 536:542 arg1 diversity 554:562 overall microbial diversity 536:562 overall microbial diversity 536:562 Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that overall microbial diversity was higher in the colistin group compared with the control group. 34277753 2 88 dep sequencing 310:319 arg1 explore 324:330 explore 324:330 to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig 321:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 34277753 0 89 theme Effects 39:45 arg1 Analysis 23:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis 0:30 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 0:92 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 8 90 theme Ontology 1287:1294 arg1 analysis 1296:1303 Gene Ontology analysis 1282:1303 Gene Ontology analysis 1282:1303 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 0 91 theme Colistin 50:57 arg1 Sulfate 59:65 Colistin Sulfate 50:65 Colistin Sulfate 50:65 Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Colistin Sulfate on the Pig Gut Microbiome. 34277753 9 92 theme endoplasmic 1652:1662 arg1 reticulum 1664:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 endoplasmic reticulum 1652:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 4 93 theme Metagenomic 497:507 arg1 analysis 509:516 Metagenomic analysis 497:516 Metagenomic analysis 497:516 Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that overall microbial diversity was higher in the colistin group compared with the control group. 34277753 10 94 theme novel 1982:1986 arg1 strategy 1988:1995 novel strategy 1982:1995 novel strategy 1982:1995 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 3 95 theme colistin 450:457 arg1 roles 441:445 the roles 437:445 the roles of colistin in gut microbiome modulation in pigs 437:494 Herein, we evaluated the roles of colistin in gut microbiome modulation in pigs. 34277753 8 96 theme affected 1441:1448 arg1 terms 1450:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 the dominant affected terms 1428:1454 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 96 theme affected 1441:1448 arg1 process 1415:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 single-organism process 1399:1421 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 96 theme affected 1441:1448 arg1 process 1368:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 metabolic process 1358:1374 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 8 96 theme affected 1441:1448 arg1 process 1386:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 cellular process 1377:1392 Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that following treatment with colistin, metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process were the dominant affected terms. 34277753 10 97 from composition 1940:1950 arg1 pig 1955:1957 pig 1955:1957 pig 1955:1957 Overall, our results suggested that colistin affects microbial diversity and may modulate gut microbiome composition in pig, potentially providing novel strategy or antibiotic rationalization pertinent to human and animal health. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 infection 1703:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 pathogenic Escherichia coli infection 1675:1711 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 phosphorylation 1528:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 oxidative phosphorylation 1518:1542 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 pathways 1803:1810 the dominant signaling pathways 1780:1810 the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group 1780:1832 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 types 1598:1602 various types 1590:1602 various types of N-glycan biosynthesis 1590:1627 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 kinase 1744:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1718:1749 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 processing 1638:1647 protein processing 1630:1647 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1630:1672 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 9 98 theme Escherichia 1686:1696 arg1 processing 1553:1562 protein processing 1545:1562 protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum 1545:1587 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast were the dominant signaling pathways in the colistin group. 34277753 2 99 from composition 374:384 arg1 pig 389:391 pig 389:391 pig 389:391 However, despite its promise, using metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of colistin on gut microbiome composition in pig has not been reported. 32334133 2 0 theme cosmetic 298:305 arg1 applications 307:318 cosmetic applications 298:318 cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products 298:358 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 9 1 theme method 1835:1840 arg1 sensitivity 1842:1852 the method sensitivity 1831:1852 the method sensitivity 1831:1852 Size distribution was also defined by using a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity. 32334133 8 2 from detectable 1637:1646 arg1 separations 1660:1670 the RPLC separations 1651:1670 the RPLC separations 1651:1670 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 0 3 theme Chromatographic 0:14 arg1 profiling 16:24 Chromatographic profiling 0:24 Chromatographic profiling 0:24 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 5 4 theme weight 829:834 arg1 distribution 836:847 molecular weight distribution 819:847 molecular weight distribution 819:847 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 7 5 theme hydrophobic 1401:1411 arg1 components 1413:1422 hydrophobic components 1401:1422 hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2) 1401:1465 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 6 6 theme diverse 1133:1139 arg1 methods 1152:1158 two diverse extraction methods 1129:1158 two diverse extraction methods 1129:1158 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 5 7 theme molecular 801:809 arg1 weight 811:816 average molecular weight 793:816 average molecular weight 793:816 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 7 8 theme protein 1371:1377 arg1 hydrophilicity 1379:1392 protein hydrophilicity 1371:1392 protein hydrophilicity 1371:1392 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 3 9 theme cell 566:569 arg1 culture 571:577 cell culture 566:577 cell culture 566:577 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 1 10 theme silk 199:202 arg1 SF 213:214 SF 213:214 SF 213:214 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 1 10 theme silk 199:202 arg1 fibroin 204:210 silk fibroin 199:210 silk fibroin (SF) 199:215 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 3 11 dep anticoagulant 551:563 arg1 additive 579:586 additive 579:586 additive 579:586 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 10 12 theme SS 1931:1932 arg1 samples 1934:1940 the SS samples 1927:1940 the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods 1927:1981 Taken together, the chromatographic data allowed to better characterize the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods, and the structural properties were correlated to their biological activities. 32334133 3 13 theme anticoagulant 551:563 arg1 agent 603:607 wound healing agent 589:607 wound healing agent 589:607 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 13 theme anticoagulant 551:563 arg1 drug 545:548 anticancer drug 534:548 anticancer drug 534:548 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 14 theme wound 589:593 arg1 healing 595:601 wound healing 589:601 wound healing agent 589:607 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 7 15 theme protein 1328:1334 arg1 characterization 1336:1351 intact protein characterization 1321:1351 intact protein characterization 1321:1351 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 4 16 theme SS 648:649 arg1 use 651:653 SS use 648:653 SS use in biomedical applications 648:680 Reasons for SS use in biomedical applications derive from its physical-chemical composition. 32334133 10 17 theme different 1954:1962 arg1 methods 1975:1981 different extraction methods 1954:1981 different extraction methods 1954:1981 Taken together, the chromatographic data allowed to better characterize the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods, and the structural properties were correlated to their biological activities. 32334133 7 18 theme Map 1241:1243 arg1 column 1245:1250 an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1220:1250 an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1220:1250 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 5 19 from characterization 758:773 arg1 terms 784:788 terms 784:788 terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character 784:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 5 20 theme character 870:878 arg1 terms 784:788 terms 784:788 terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character 784:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 10 21 theme structural 1992:2001 arg1 properties 2003:2012 the structural properties 1988:2012 the structural properties 1988:2012 Taken together, the chromatographic data allowed to better characterize the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods, and the structural properties were correlated to their biological activities. 32334133 7 22 theme AdvanceBio 1223:1232 arg1 column 1245:1250 an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1220:1250 an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1220:1250 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 8 23 from differences 1602:1612 arg1 hydrophobicity 1617:1630 hydrophobicity 1617:1630 hydrophobicity 1617:1630 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 8 24 theme higher 1470:1475 arg1 character 1489:1497 A higher hydrophilic character 1468:1497 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 1468:1505 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 2 25 theme products 351:358 arg1 formulation 327:337 the formulation 323:337 the formulation of specific products 323:358 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 7 26 theme intact 1321:1326 arg1 characterization 1336:1351 intact protein characterization 1321:1351 intact protein characterization 1321:1351 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 4 27 theme physical-chemical 698:714 arg1 composition 716:726 its physical-chemical composition 694:726 its physical-chemical composition 694:726 Reasons for SS use in biomedical applications derive from its physical-chemical composition. 32334133 7 28 theme liquid 1185:1190 arg1 HILIC 1208:1212 HILIC 1208:1212 HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1208:1250 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 28 theme liquid 1185:1190 arg1 chromatography 1192:1205 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 1161:1205 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) 1161:1251 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 29 from data 1363:1366 arg1 components 1413:1422 hydrophobic components 1401:1422 hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2) 1401:1465 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 29 from data 1363:1366 arg1 hydrophilicity 1379:1392 protein hydrophilicity 1371:1392 protein hydrophilicity 1371:1392 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 6 30 theme modes 1046:1050 arg1 application 987:997 the application 983:997 the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes 983:1050 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 9 31 theme SuperSW2000 1750:1760 arg1 column 1762:1767 TSKgel SuperSW2000 column 1743:1767 TSKgel SuperSW2000 column 1743:1767 Size distribution was also defined by using a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity. 32334133 8 32 theme SS 1502:1503 arg1 # 1504:1504 SS#1 1502:1505 SS#1 1502:1505 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 7 33 theme Hydrophilic 1161:1171 arg1 HILIC 1208:1212 HILIC 1208:1212 HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1208:1250 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 33 theme Hydrophilic 1161:1171 arg1 chromatography 1192:1205 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 1161:1205 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) 1161:1251 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 6 34 theme complementary 1016:1028 arg1 modes 1046:1050 different and complementary chromatographic modes 1002:1050 different and complementary chromatographic modes 1002:1050 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 3 35 theme drug 613:616 arg1 delivery 618:625 drug delivery 613:625 drug delivery carrier 613:633 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 8 36 from separations 1660:1670 arg1 detectable 1637:1646 detectable 1637:1646 detectable 1637:1646 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 2 37 theme skin 364:367 arg1 care 369:372 skin care 364:372 skin care 364:372 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 0 38 theme sericin 34:40 arg1 profiling 16:24 Chromatographic profiling 0:24 Chromatographic profiling 0:24 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 1 39 theme silkworm 254:261 arg1 cocoon 263:268 the silkworm cocoon 250:268 the silkworm cocoon 250:268 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 5 40 theme detailed 749:756 arg1 characterization 758:773 a detailed characterization 747:773 a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character 747:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 5 40 theme detailed 749:756 arg1 crucial 883:889 crucial 883:889 crucial 883:889 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 7 41 theme C18 1293:1295 arg1 column 1297:1302 Symmetry300 C18 column 1281:1302 Symmetry300 C18 column 1281:1302 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 2 42 theme physical-chemical 403:419 arg1 composition 421:431 its peculiar physical-chemical composition 390:431 its peculiar physical-chemical composition 390:431 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 7 43 dep preparations 1438:1449 arg1 # 1454:1454 SS#1 1452:1455 SS#1 1452:1455 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 43 dep preparations 1438:1449 arg1 SS 1461:1462 SS 1461:1462 SS 1461:1462 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 0 44 theme cosmetic 61:68 arg1 use 70:72 biomedical and cosmetic use 46:72 biomedical and cosmetic use 46:72 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 0 45 theme biomedical 46:55 arg1 use 70:72 biomedical and cosmetic use 46:72 biomedical and cosmetic use 46:72 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 8 46 theme HILIC 1523:1527 arg1 trace 1529:1533 HILIC trace 1523:1533 HILIC trace 1523:1533 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 2 47 theme ideal 277:281 arg1 ingredient 283:292 ideal ingredient 277:292 ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair 277:381 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 6 48 theme different 1002:1010 arg1 modes 1046:1050 different and complementary chromatographic modes 1002:1050 different and complementary chromatographic modes 1002:1050 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 8 49 theme significant 1590:1600 arg1 differences 1602:1612 no significant differences 1587:1612 no significant differences in hydrophobicity 1587:1630 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 7 50 theme reverse 1257:1263 arg1 RP 1272:1273 RP 1272:1273 RP using Symmetry300 C18 column 1272:1302 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 50 theme reverse 1257:1263 arg1 phase 1265:1269 reverse phase 1257:1269 reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) 1257:1303 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 3 51 theme great 451:455 arg1 potential 457:465 a great potential 449:465 a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications 449:528 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 4 52 from use 651:653 arg1 applications 669:680 biomedical applications 658:680 biomedical applications 658:680 Reasons for SS use in biomedical applications derive from its physical-chemical composition. 32334133 10 53 theme biological 2039:2048 arg1 activities 2050:2059 their biological activities 2033:2059 their biological activities 2033:2059 Taken together, the chromatographic data allowed to better characterize the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods, and the structural properties were correlated to their biological activities. 32334133 8 54 theme preparation 1556:1566 arg1 method 1568:1573 the preparation method 1552:1573 the preparation method used 1552:1578 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 3 55 from potential 457:465 arg1 pharmacological 480:494 pharmacological 480:494 pharmacological 480:494 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 55 from potential 457:465 arg1 applications 517:528 different pharmacological and biotechnological applications 470:528 applications 517:528 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 56 theme biotechnological 500:515 arg1 applications 517:528 different pharmacological and biotechnological applications 470:528 applications 517:528 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 7 57 theme SS 1452:1453 arg1 # 1454:1454 SS#1 1452:1455 SS#1 1452:1455 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 58 theme SS 1435:1436 arg1 preparations 1438:1449 the two SS preparations 1427:1449 the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2) 1427:1465 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 10 59 theme chromatographic 1875:1889 arg1 data 1891:1894 the chromatographic data 1871:1894 the chromatographic data 1871:1894 Taken together, the chromatographic data allowed to better characterize the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods, and the structural properties were correlated to their biological activities. 32334133 5 60 theme molecular 819:827 arg1 distribution 836:847 molecular weight distribution 819:847 molecular weight distribution 819:847 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 7 61 theme preparations 1438:1449 arg1 components 1413:1422 hydrophobic components 1401:1422 hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2) 1401:1465 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 2 62 from applications 307:318 arg1 formulation 327:337 the formulation 323:337 the formulation of specific products 323:358 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 3 63 theme anticancer 534:543 arg1 carrier 627:633 drug delivery carrier 613:633 drug delivery carrier 613:633 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 63 theme anticancer 534:543 arg1 agent 603:607 wound healing agent 589:607 wound healing agent 589:607 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 63 theme anticancer 534:543 arg1 drug 545:548 anticancer drug 534:548 anticancer drug 534:548 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 8 64 theme RPLC 1655:1658 arg1 separations 1660:1670 the RPLC separations 1651:1670 the RPLC separations 1651:1670 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 5 65 theme distribution 836:847 arg1 terms 784:788 terms 784:788 terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character 784:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 6 66 theme extraction 1141:1150 arg1 methods 1152:1158 two diverse extraction methods 1129:1158 two diverse extraction methods 1129:1158 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 0 67 theme size 123:126 arg1 exclusion 128:136 size exclusion 123:136 size exclusion 123:136 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 5 68 theme average 793:799 arg1 weight 811:816 average molecular weight 793:816 average molecular weight 793:816 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 0 69 theme chromatographic 138:152 arg1 methods 154:160 chromatographic methods 138:160 chromatographic methods 138:160 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 5 70 theme weight 811:816 arg1 terms 784:788 terms 784:788 terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character 784:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 9 71 theme Size 1673:1676 arg1 distribution 1678:1689 Size distribution 1673:1689 Size distribution 1673:1689 Size distribution was also defined by using a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity. 32334133 4 72 theme biomedical 658:667 arg1 applications 669:680 biomedical applications 658:680 biomedical applications 658:680 Reasons for SS use in biomedical applications derive from its physical-chemical composition. 32334133 10 73 theme extraction 1964:1973 arg1 methods 1975:1981 different extraction methods 1954:1981 different extraction methods 1954:1981 Taken together, the chromatographic data allowed to better characterize the SS samples obtained by different extraction methods, and the structural properties were correlated to their biological activities. 32334133 7 74 theme Glycan 1234:1239 arg1 column 1245:1250 an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1220:1250 an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1220:1250 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 5 75 theme hydro/lipophilic 853:868 arg1 character 870:878 hydro/lipophilic character 853:878 hydro/lipophilic character 853:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 0 76 theme complementary 77:89 arg1 hydrophylic 91:101 complementary hydrophylic 77:101 complementary hydrophylic 77:101 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 1 77 theme Silk 163:166 arg1 SS 177:178 SS 177:178 SS 177:178 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 1 77 theme Silk 163:166 arg1 sericin 168:174 Silk sericin 163:174 Silk sericin (SS) 163:179 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 3 78 theme delivery 618:625 arg1 carrier 627:633 drug delivery carrier 613:633 drug delivery carrier 613:633 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 78 theme delivery 618:625 arg1 drug 545:548 anticancer drug 534:548 anticancer drug 534:548 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 0 79 dep phase 113:117 arg1 methods 154:160 chromatographic methods 138:160 chromatographic methods 138:160 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 9 80 theme SEC-UV-MS 1719:1727 arg1 method 1729:1734 a SEC-UV-MS method 1717:1734 a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity 1717:1852 Size distribution was also defined by using a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity. 32334133 8 81 theme hydrophilic 1477:1487 arg1 character 1489:1497 A higher hydrophilic character 1468:1497 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 1468:1505 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 6 82 dep different 1002:1010 arg1 chromatographic 1030:1044 chromatographic 1030:1044 chromatographic 1030:1044 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 5 83 theme pharmacological 947:961 arg1 use 963:965 pharmacological use 947:965 pharmacological use 947:965 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 6 84 theme detailed 1061:1068 arg1 investigation 1070:1082 a detailed investigation 1059:1082 a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods 1059:1158 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 2 85 theme specific 342:349 arg1 products 351:358 specific products 342:358 specific products 342:358 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 5 86 theme SS 778:779 arg1 characterization 758:773 a detailed characterization 747:773 a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character 747:878 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 5 86 theme SS 778:779 arg1 crucial 883:889 crucial 883:889 crucial 883:889 As a consequence, a detailed characterization of SS in terms of average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and hydro/lipophilic character is crucial to properly address and assess its quality, cosmetic or pharmacological use. 32334133 9 87 theme TSKgel 1743:1748 arg1 column 1762:1767 TSKgel SuperSW2000 column 1743:1767 TSKgel SuperSW2000 column 1743:1767 Size distribution was also defined by using a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity. 32334133 8 88 theme # 1504:1504 arg1 character 1489:1497 A higher hydrophilic character 1468:1497 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 1468:1505 A higher hydrophilic character of SS#1 was observed by HILIC trace, coherently with the preparation method used, while no significant differences in hydrophobicity were detectable in the RPLC separations. 32334133 0 89 theme silk 29:32 arg1 sericin 34:40 silk sericin 29:40 silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use 29:72 Chromatographic profiling of silk sericin for biomedical and cosmetic use by complementary hydrophylic, reversed phase and size exclusion chromatographic methods. 32334133 1 90 theme proteins 233:240 arg1 one 218:220 one 218:220 one 218:220 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 1 90 theme proteins 233:240 arg1 proteins 233:240 the two proteins 225:240 the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon 225:268 Silk sericin (SS) is, together with silk fibroin (SF), one of the two proteins forming the silkworm cocoon. 32334133 7 91 theme Symmetry300 1281:1291 arg1 column 1297:1302 Symmetry300 C18 column 1281:1302 Symmetry300 C18 column 1281:1302 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 3 92 theme healing 595:601 arg1 agent 603:607 wound healing agent 589:607 wound healing agent 589:607 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 3 92 theme healing 595:601 arg1 drug 545:548 anticancer drug 534:548 anticancer drug 534:548 SS also showed a great potential in different pharmacological and biotechnological applications, as anticancer drug, anticoagulant, cell culture additive, wound healing agent and drug delivery carrier. 32334133 2 93 theme peculiar 394:401 arg1 composition 421:431 its peculiar physical-chemical composition 390:431 its peculiar physical-chemical composition 390:431 SS is ideal ingredient for cosmetic applications in the formulation of specific products for skin care and hair due to its peculiar physical-chemical composition. 32334133 7 94 dep # 1454:1454 arg1 # 1463:1463 #2 1463:1464 #2 1463:1464 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 6 95 attach isolated 1098:1105 arg1 wastewater 1112:1121 wastewater 1112:1121 wastewater 1112:1121 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 6 95 attach isolated 1098:1105 arg2 protein 1090:1096 SS protein 1087:1096 SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods 1087:1158 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 6 96 theme SS 1087:1088 arg1 protein 1090:1096 SS protein 1087:1096 SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods 1087:1158 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 6 97 theme protein 1090:1096 arg1 investigation 1070:1082 a detailed investigation 1059:1082 a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods 1059:1158 In this study, the application of different and complementary chromatographic modes allows a detailed investigation of SS protein isolated from wastewater using two diverse extraction methods. 32334133 9 98 theme size 1810:1813 arg1 selectivity 1815:1825 the size selectivity 1806:1825 the size selectivity 1806:1825 Size distribution was also defined by using a SEC-UV-MS method (using TSKgel SuperSW2000 column) properly optimized to maximize both the size selectivity and the method sensitivity. 32334133 7 99 theme interaction 1173:1183 arg1 HILIC 1208:1212 HILIC 1208:1212 HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column 1208:1250 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32334133 7 99 theme interaction 1173:1183 arg1 chromatography 1192:1205 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 1161:1205 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) 1161:1251 Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC using an AdvanceBio Glycan Map column) and reverse phase (RP using Symmetry300 C18 column) were applied to intact protein characterization to derive data on protein hydrophilicity and on hydrophobic components of the two SS preparations (SS#1 and SS#2). 32630095 11 0 theme microbial 1832:1840 arg1 community 1842:1850 a complex microbial community 1822:1850 a complex microbial community 1822:1850 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 7 1 theme spectrometry-based 1086:1103 arg1 profiling 1119:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling 1081:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins 1081:1142 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 11 2 theme complex 1824:1830 arg1 community 1842:1850 a complex microbial community 1822:1850 a complex microbial community 1822:1850 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 7 3 used utilized 1072:1079 arg2 We 1069:1070 We 1069:1070 We 1069:1070 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 1 4 theme extracellular 115:127 arg1 vesicles 129:136 extracellular vesicles 115:136 extracellular vesicles 115:136 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 2 5 theme Previous 266:273 arg1 studies 275:281 Previous studies 266:281 Previous studies 266:281 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 2 6 from cultures 346:353 arg1 presence 304:311 the presence 300:311 the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 300:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 2 6 from cultures 346:353 arg1 supernatants 323:334 supernatants 323:334 supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 323:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 4 7 theme conventional 676:687 arg1 fibers 697:702 conventional dietary fibers 676:702 conventional dietary fibers 676:702 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 10 8 theme abundant 1558:1565 arg1 proteins 1567:1574 The most abundant proteins 1549:1574 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome 1549:1612 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 1 9 theme prokaryotic 172:182 arg1 cells 199:203 both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 167:203 both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 167:203 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 8 10 attach isolated 1274:1281 arg2 EVs 1270:1272 EVs 1270:1272 EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan 1270:1316 For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. 32630095 8 10 attach isolated 1274:1281 arg1 culture 1292:1298 the culture 1288:1298 the culture grown on β-mannan 1288:1316 For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. 32630095 1 11 theme eukaryotic 188:197 arg1 cells 199:203 both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 167:203 both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 167:203 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 2 12 attach presence 304:311 arg2 EVs 316:318 EVs 316:318 EVs 316:318 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 2 12 attach presence 304:311 arg1 supernatants 323:334 supernatants 323:334 supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 323:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 1 13 theme vesicles 129:136 arg1 process 156:162 a common process 147:162 a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis 147:263 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 1 13 theme vesicles 129:136 arg1 EVs 139:141 EVs 139:141 EVs 139:141 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 1 13 theme vesicles 129:136 arg1 secretion 102:110 The secretion 98:110 The secretion of extracellular vesicles 98:136 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 5 14 theme fecal 884:888 arg1 microbiota 890:899 pig fecal microbiota 880:899 pig fecal microbiota 880:899 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 5 15 theme 24 907:908 arg1 h 910:910 h 910:910 h 910:910 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 7 16 theme porcine 1215:1221 arg1 colon 1223:1227 the porcine colon 1211:1227 the porcine colon 1211:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 11 17 theme microbes 1931:1938 arg1 response 1910:1917 the response 1906:1917 the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source 1906:1975 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 1 18 from process 156:162 arg1 cells 199:203 both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 167:203 both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 167:203 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 2 19 from presence 304:311 arg1 supernatants 323:334 supernatants 323:334 supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 323:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 2 19 from presence 304:311 arg1 cultures 346:353 pure cultures 341:353 pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 341:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 6 20 theme tracking 1000:1007 arg1 analysis 1009:1016 nanoparticle tracking analysis 987:1016 nanoparticle tracking analysis 987:1016 Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. 32630095 0 21 theme Porcine 78:84 arg1 Microbiota 86:95 Porcine Microbiota 78:95 Porcine Microbiota 78:95 Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted In Vitro by Porcine Microbiota. 32630095 1 22 theme common 149:154 arg1 process 156:162 a common process 147:162 a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis 147:263 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 1 22 theme common 149:154 arg1 secretion 102:110 The secretion 98:110 The secretion of extracellular vesicles 98:136 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 8 23 theme most 1319:1322 arg1 proteins 1324:1331 most proteins 1319:1331 most proteins 1319:1331 For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. 32630095 6 24 theme electron 963:970 arg1 microscopy 972:981 transmission electron microscopy 950:981 transmission electron microscopy 950:981 Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. 32630095 7 25 from database 1154:1161 arg1 colon 1223:1227 the porcine colon 1211:1227 the porcine colon 1211:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 11 26 theme EVs 1893:1895 arg1 content 1878:1884 the protein content 1866:1884 the protein content of the EVs 1866:1895 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 2 27 theme Gram-negative 396:408 arg1 commensals 431:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 7 28 theme genomes 1191:1197 arg1 database 1154:1161 a database 1152:1161 a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon 1152:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 0 29 theme Vesicles 48:55 arg1 Characterization 14:29 Characterization 14:29 Characterization 14:29 Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted In Vitro by Porcine Microbiota. 32630095 0 29 theme Vesicles 48:55 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted In Vitro by Porcine Microbiota. 32630095 4 30 theme porcine 733:739 arg1 composition 756:766 the porcine gut microbiota composition 729:766 the porcine gut microbiota composition 729:766 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 2 31 theme Gram-positive 378:390 arg1 commensals 431:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 7 32 theme 355 1166:1168 arg1 MAGs 1200:1203 MAGs 1200:1203 MAGs 1200:1203 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 7 32 theme 355 1166:1168 arg1 genomes 1191:1197 355 metagenome-assembled genomes 1166:1197 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon 1166:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 9 33 theme order 1524:1528 arg1 Enterobacteriales 1530:1546 the order Enterobacteriales 1520:1546 the order Enterobacteriales 1520:1546 Furthermore, the MAG with the third-most-detected protein was MAG 343, belonging to the order Enterobacteriales. 32630095 6 34 theme average 1045:1051 arg1 size 1053:1056 an average size 1042:1056 an average size of 165 nm 1042:1066 Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. 32630095 4 35 theme microbiota 745:754 arg1 composition 756:766 the porcine gut microbiota composition 729:766 the porcine gut microbiota composition 729:766 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 10 36 theme energy 1644:1649 arg1 production 1651:1660 energy production 1644:1660 energy production 1644:1660 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 5 37 theme complex 926:932 arg1 β-mannan 934:941 complex β-mannan 926:941 complex β-mannan 926:941 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 9 38 theme third-most-detected 1466:1484 arg1 protein 1486:1492 the third-most-detected protein 1462:1492 the third-most-detected protein 1462:1492 Furthermore, the MAG with the third-most-detected protein was MAG 343, belonging to the order Enterobacteriales. 32630095 4 39 theme recent 573:578 arg1 paper 580:584 a recent paper 571:584 a recent paper 571:584 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 2 40 theme gut 427:429 arg1 commensals 431:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 0 41 theme Extracellular 34:46 arg1 Vesicles 48:55 Extracellular Vesicles 34:55 Extracellular Vesicles 34:55 Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted In Vitro by Porcine Microbiota. 32630095 10 42 located detected 1576:1583 arg2 proteins 1567:1574 The most abundant proteins 1549:1574 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome 1549:1612 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 10 42 located detected 1576:1583 arg1 proteome 1605:1612 the β-mannan EVs proteome 1588:1612 the β-mannan EVs proteome 1588:1612 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 2 43 theme pure 341:344 arg1 cultures 346:353 pure cultures 341:353 pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 341:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 7 44 theme EV 1132:1133 arg1 proteins 1135:1142 EV proteins 1132:1142 EV proteins 1132:1142 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 11 45 theme EVs 1804:1806 arg1 isolation 1791:1799 the successful isolation 1776:1799 the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community 1776:1850 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 1 46 theme intercellular 209:221 arg1 communication 223:235 intercellular communication 209:235 intercellular communication 209:235 The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. 32630095 11 47 theme carbohydrate 1957:1968 arg1 source 1970:1975 the available carbohydrate source 1943:1975 the available carbohydrate source 1943:1975 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 4 48 theme wood-derived 602:613 arg1 β-mannan 624:631 wood-derived, complex β-mannan 602:631 wood-derived, complex β-mannan 602:631 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 5 49 from enrichment 912:921 arg1 β-mannan 934:941 complex β-mannan 926:941 complex β-mannan 926:941 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 7 50 theme metaproteomic 1105:1117 arg1 profiling 1119:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling 1081:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins 1081:1142 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 3 51 theme microbial 516:524 arg1 community 526:534 a complex microbial community 506:534 a complex microbial community 506:534 However, the isolation and characterization of EVs secreted by a complex microbial community have not been clearly reported. 32630095 5 52 dep production 817:826 arg1 the 813:815 the 813:815 the 813:815 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 7 53 from colon 1223:1227 arg1 database 1154:1161 a database 1152:1161 a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon 1152:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 7 53 from colon 1223:1227 arg1 MAGs 1200:1203 MAGs 1200:1203 MAGs 1200:1203 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 7 53 from colon 1223:1227 arg1 genomes 1191:1197 355 metagenome-assembled genomes 1166:1197 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon 1166:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 6 54 theme nm 1065:1066 arg1 size 1053:1056 an average size 1042:1056 an average size of 165 nm 1042:1066 Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. 32630095 7 55 theme mass 1081:1084 arg1 profiling 1119:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling 1081:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins 1081:1142 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 11 56 theme available 1947:1955 arg1 source 1970:1975 the available carbohydrate source 1943:1975 the available carbohydrate source 1943:1975 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 4 57 theme structural 649:658 arg1 similarity 660:669 a structural similarity 647:669 a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers 647:702 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 11 58 attach released 1808:1815 arg2 EVs 1804:1806 EVs 1804:1806 EVs released from a complex microbial community 1804:1850 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 11 58 attach released 1808:1815 arg1 community 1842:1850 a complex microbial community 1822:1850 a complex microbial community 1822:1850 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 2 59 theme EVs 316:318 arg1 presence 304:311 the presence 300:311 the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 300:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 6 60 theme transmission 950:961 arg1 microscopy 972:981 transmission electron microscopy 950:981 transmission electron microscopy 950:981 Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. 32630095 5 61 theme pig 880:882 arg1 microbiota 890:899 pig fecal microbiota 880:899 pig fecal microbiota 880:899 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 9 62 theme MAG 1498:1500 arg1 343 1502:1504 MAG 343 1498:1504 MAG 343 1498:1504 Furthermore, the MAG with the third-most-detected protein was MAG 343, belonging to the order Enterobacteriales. 32630095 9 62 theme MAG 1498:1500 arg1 MAG 1453:1455 the MAG 1449:1455 the MAG with the third-most-detected protein 1449:1492 Furthermore, the MAG with the third-most-detected protein was MAG 343, belonging to the order Enterobacteriales. 32630095 10 63 theme β-mannan 1592:1599 arg1 proteome 1605:1612 the β-mannan EVs proteome 1588:1612 the β-mannan EVs proteome 1588:1612 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 3 64 theme complex 508:514 arg1 community 526:534 a complex microbial community 506:534 a complex microbial community 506:534 However, the isolation and characterization of EVs secreted by a complex microbial community have not been clearly reported. 32630095 8 65 dep orders 1388:1393 arg1 Bacilli 1413:1419 Bacilli 1413:1419 Bacilli 1413:1419 For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. 32630095 8 65 dep orders 1388:1393 arg1 Clostridiales 1395:1407 Clostridiales 1395:1407 Clostridiales 1395:1407 For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. 32630095 8 65 dep orders 1388:1393 arg1 orders 1388:1393 the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli 1384:1419 the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli 1384:1419 For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. 32630095 11 66 theme successful 1780:1789 arg1 isolation 1791:1799 the successful isolation 1776:1799 the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community 1776:1850 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 4 67 dep wood-derived 602:613 arg1 complex 616:622 complex 616:622 complex 616:622 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 11 68 theme specific 1922:1929 arg1 microbes 1931:1938 specific microbes 1922:1938 specific microbes 1922:1938 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 5 69 theme EVs 864:866 arg1 composition 835:845 composition 835:845 composition 835:845 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 5 69 theme EVs 864:866 arg1 proteome 852:859 proteome 852:859 proteome 852:859 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 5 69 theme EVs 864:866 arg1 size 829:832 size 829:832 size 829:832 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 5 69 theme EVs 864:866 arg1 production 817:826 production 817:826 production 817:826 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 4 70 theme dietary 689:695 arg1 fibers 697:702 conventional dietary fibers 676:702 conventional dietary fibers 676:702 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 6 71 theme nanoparticle 987:998 arg1 analysis 1009:1016 nanoparticle tracking analysis 987:1016 nanoparticle tracking analysis 987:1016 Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. 32630095 7 72 theme metagenome-assembled 1170:1189 arg1 MAGs 1200:1203 MAGs 1200:1203 MAGs 1200:1203 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 7 72 theme metagenome-assembled 1170:1189 arg1 genomes 1191:1197 355 metagenome-assembled genomes 1166:1197 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon 1166:1227 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 4 73 used used 712:715 arg2 β-mannan 624:631 wood-derived, complex β-mannan 602:631 wood-derived, complex β-mannan 602:631 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 11 74 theme protein 1870:1876 arg1 content 1878:1884 the protein content 1866:1884 the protein content of the EVs 1866:1895 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 11 75 theme proof-of-concept 1740:1755 arg1 study 1757:1761 this proof-of-concept study 1735:1761 this proof-of-concept study 1735:1761 Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source. 32630095 5 76 theme h 910:910 arg1 enrichment 912:921 24 h enrichment 907:921 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan 907:941 In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. 32630095 9 77 with MAG 1453:1455 arg1 protein 1486:1492 the third-most-detected protein 1462:1492 the third-most-detected protein 1462:1492 Furthermore, the MAG with the third-most-detected protein was MAG 343, belonging to the order Enterobacteriales. 32630095 10 78 theme EVs 1601:1603 arg1 proteome 1605:1612 the β-mannan EVs proteome 1588:1612 the β-mannan EVs proteome 1588:1612 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 4 79 theme gut 741:743 arg1 composition 756:766 the porcine gut microbiota composition 729:766 the porcine gut microbiota composition 729:766 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 3 80 theme EVs 490:492 arg1 characterization 470:485 characterization 470:485 characterization 470:485 However, the isolation and characterization of EVs secreted by a complex microbial community have not been clearly reported. 32630095 3 80 theme EVs 490:492 arg1 isolation 456:464 isolation 456:464 isolation 456:464 However, the isolation and characterization of EVs secreted by a complex microbial community have not been clearly reported. 32630095 7 81 theme proteins 1135:1142 arg1 profiling 1119:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling 1081:1127 mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins 1081:1142 We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. 32630095 4 82 with similarity 660:669 arg1 fibers 697:702 conventional dietary fibers 676:702 conventional dietary fibers 676:702 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 2 83 theme glycan-degrading 410:425 arg1 commensals 431:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 378:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 4 84 link wood-derived 602:613 arg1 β-mannan 624:631 wood-derived, complex β-mannan 602:631 wood-derived, complex β-mannan 602:631 In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. 32630095 10 85 theme amino 1663:1667 arg1 acid 1669:1672 amino acid 1663:1672 amino acid 1663:1672 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 32630095 2 86 theme bacteria 358:365 arg1 cultures 346:353 pure cultures 341:353 pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals 341:440 Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. 32630095 10 87 theme carbohydrate 1679:1690 arg1 transport 1692:1700 carbohydrate transport 1679:1700 carbohydrate transport 1679:1700 The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. 33592704 0 0 theme chemometric 73:83 arg1 treatments 85:94 chemometric treatments 73:94 chemometric treatments of infrared data 73:111 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 2 1 theme pure 482:485 arg1 approach 496:503 a pure variable approach 480:503 a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables 480:559 This tool is a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables. 33592704 2 1 theme pure 482:485 arg1 tool 472:475 This tool 467:475 This tool 467:475 This tool is a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables. 33592704 10 2 from conservation/alteration 1665:1687 arg1 balms 1704:1708 the studied balms 1692:1708 the studied balms 1692:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 6 3 theme fourth 1026:1031 arg1 markers 1125:1131 markers 1125:1131 markers of good conservation of individuals 1125:1167 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 6 3 theme fourth 1026:1031 arg1 spectrum 1038:1045 The fourth pure spectrum 1022:1045 The fourth pure spectrum 1022:1045 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 8 4 theme pure 1238:1241 arg1 spectra 1243:1249 two pure spectra 1234:1249 two pure spectra 1234:1249 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 9 5 theme conservation/degradation 1504:1527 arg1 state 1495:1499 their state 1489:1499 their state of conservation/degradation 1489:1527 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach allowed the composition of each balm to be studied and their state of conservation/degradation to be characterized. 33592704 10 6 theme studied 1696:1702 arg1 balms 1704:1708 the studied balms 1692:1708 the studied balms 1692:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 9 7 theme simple 1398:1403 arg1 approach 1425:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach 1387:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach 1387:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach allowed the composition of each balm to be studied and their state of conservation/degradation to be characterized. 33592704 5 8 dep second 915:920 arg1 identification 929:942 the identification 925:942 the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin 925:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 1 9 theme efficiency 342:351 arg1 evaluation 324:333 the evaluation 320:333 the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy 320:464 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 1 10 theme infrared 444:451 arg1 spectroscopy 453:464 infrared spectroscopy 444:464 infrared spectroscopy 444:464 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 1 11 theme gas 258:260 arg1 chromatography 262:275 gas chromatography 258:275 gas chromatography 258:275 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 0 12 theme data 108:111 arg1 treatments 85:94 chemometric treatments 73:94 chemometric treatments of infrared data 73:111 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 3 13 theme Ancient 741:747 arg1 Egypt 749:753 Ancient Egypt 741:753 Ancient Egypt 741:753 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 3 14 from Egypt 749:753 arg1 balms 730:734 human mummies' balms 715:734 human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt 715:753 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 10 15 theme conservation/alteration 1665:1687 arg1 states 1655:1660 different states 1645:1660 different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1645:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 8 16 theme other 1348:1352 arg1 hand 1354:1357 the other hand 1344:1357 the other hand 1344:1357 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 9 17 theme non-destructive 1409:1423 arg1 approach 1425:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach 1387:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach 1387:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach allowed the composition of each balm to be studied and their state of conservation/degradation to be characterized. 33592704 0 18 theme infrared 99:106 arg1 data 108:111 infrared data 99:111 infrared data 99:111 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 9 19 theme fast 1392:1395 arg1 approach 1425:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach 1387:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach 1387:1432 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach allowed the composition of each balm to be studied and their state of conservation/degradation to be characterized. 33592704 4 20 theme pure 778:781 arg1 spectra 783:789 6 pure spectra 776:789 6 pure spectra 776:789 This treatment gave 6 pure spectra and their corresponding extracted concentration profiles. 33592704 5 21 contain have 997:1000 arg2 origin 1014:1019 a pyrolytic origin 1002:1019 a pyrolytic origin 1002:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 5 21 contain have 997:1000 arg1 molecules 981:989 molecules 981:989 molecules which have a pyrolytic origin 981:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 5 21 contain have 997:1000 arg1 hydrocarbons 967:978 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 947:978 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 947:978 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 5 22 theme residual 889:896 arg1 species 898:904 residual species 889:904 residual species 889:904 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 1 23 theme original 359:366 arg1 method 368:373 an original method 356:373 an original method 356:373 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 5 24 theme aromatic 958:965 arg1 molecules 981:989 molecules 981:989 molecules which have a pyrolytic origin 981:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 5 24 theme aromatic 958:965 arg1 hydrocarbons 967:978 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 947:978 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 947:978 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 10 25 theme proteins 1588:1595 arg1 presence 1576:1583 the presence 1572:1583 the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter 1572:1629 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 25 theme proteins 1588:1595 arg1 beeswax 1634:1640 beeswax 1634:1640 beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1634:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 26 theme polysaccharides 1598:1612 arg1 presence 1576:1583 the presence 1572:1583 the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter 1572:1629 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 26 theme polysaccharides 1598:1612 arg1 beeswax 1634:1640 beeswax 1634:1640 beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1634:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 5 27 theme hydrocarbons 967:978 arg1 identification 929:942 the identification 925:942 the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin 925:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 0 28 theme characterization 16:31 arg1 method 33:38 a characterization method 14:38 a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms 14:68 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 10 29 attach presence 1576:1583 arg2 matter 1624:1629 fatty matter 1618:1629 fatty matter 1618:1629 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 29 attach presence 1576:1583 arg2 polysaccharides 1598:1612 polysaccharides 1598:1612 polysaccharides 1598:1612 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 29 attach presence 1576:1583 arg1 states 1655:1660 different states 1645:1660 different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1645:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 29 attach presence 1576:1583 arg2 proteins 1588:1595 proteins 1588:1595 proteins 1588:1595 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 5 30 theme polycyclic 947:956 arg1 molecules 981:989 molecules 981:989 molecules which have a pyrolytic origin 981:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 5 30 theme polycyclic 947:956 arg1 hydrocarbons 967:978 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 947:978 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 947:978 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 1 31 attach presents 311:318 arg2 paper 305:309 this paper 300:309 this paper 300:309 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 1 31 attach presents 311:318 arg1 context 121:127 the context 117:127 the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry 117:297 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 5 32 theme first 853:857 arg1 spectrum 864:871 The first pure spectrum 849:871 The first pure spectrum 849:871 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 4 33 theme corresponding 801:813 arg1 profiles 839:846 their corresponding extracted concentration profiles 795:846 their corresponding extracted concentration profiles 795:846 This treatment gave 6 pure spectra and their corresponding extracted concentration profiles. 33592704 1 34 theme mass 281:284 arg1 spectrometry 286:297 mass spectrometry 281:297 mass spectrometry 281:297 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 2 35 theme variables 551:559 arg1 selection 526:534 the selection 522:534 the selection of calibration variables 522:559 This tool is a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables. 33592704 1 36 theme method 368:373 arg1 efficiency 342:351 the efficiency 338:351 the efficiency of an original method 338:373 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 3 37 theme developed 567:575 arg1 approach 577:584 This developed approach 562:584 This developed approach 562:584 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 5 38 theme pure 859:862 arg1 spectrum 864:871 The first pure spectrum 849:871 The first pure spectrum 849:871 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 7 39 theme fifth 1174:1178 arg1 spectrum 1185:1192 The fifth pure spectrum 1170:1192 The fifth pure spectrum 1170:1192 The fifth pure spectrum characterized polysaccharides. 33592704 2 40 theme calibration 539:549 arg1 variables 551:559 calibration variables 539:559 calibration variables 539:559 This tool is a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables. 33592704 3 41 theme chemometric 604:614 arg1 treatment 616:624 chemometric treatment 604:624 chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) 604:655 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 3 41 theme chemometric 604:614 arg1 analysis 647:654 principal component analysis 627:654 principal component analysis 627:654 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 0 42 theme method 33:38 arg1 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 0:112 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 7 43 theme pure 1180:1183 arg1 spectrum 1185:1192 The fifth pure spectrum 1170:1192 The fifth pure spectrum 1170:1192 The fifth pure spectrum characterized polysaccharides. 33592704 4 44 theme concentration 825:837 arg1 profiles 839:846 their corresponding extracted concentration profiles 795:846 their corresponding extracted concentration profiles 795:846 This treatment gave 6 pure spectra and their corresponding extracted concentration profiles. 33592704 10 45 from beeswax 1634:1640 arg1 states 1655:1660 different states 1645:1660 different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1645:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 9 46 theme balm 1466:1469 arg1 composition 1446:1456 the composition 1442:1456 the composition of each balm 1442:1469 This fast, simple and non-destructive approach allowed the composition of each balm to be studied and their state of conservation/degradation to be characterized. 33592704 0 47 theme human 52:56 arg1 balms 64:68 Egyptian human mummy balms 43:68 Egyptian human mummy balms 43:68 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 1 48 from balms 227:231 arg1 substance 198:206 each substance 193:206 each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry 193:297 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 1 49 theme mummification 391:403 arg1 balms 405:409 mummification balms 391:409 mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy 391:464 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 6 50 theme individuals 1157:1167 arg1 conservation 1141:1152 good conservation 1136:1152 good conservation of individuals 1136:1167 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 0 51 theme Egyptian 43:50 arg1 balms 64:68 Egyptian human mummy balms 43:68 Egyptian human mummy balms 43:68 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 10 52 from presence 1576:1583 arg1 states 1655:1660 different states 1645:1660 different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1645:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 3 53 theme principal 627:635 arg1 treatment 616:624 chemometric treatment 604:624 chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) 604:655 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 3 53 theme principal 627:635 arg1 analysis 647:654 principal component analysis 627:654 principal component analysis 627:654 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 10 54 theme matter 1624:1629 arg1 presence 1576:1583 the presence 1572:1583 the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter 1572:1629 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 54 theme matter 1624:1629 arg1 beeswax 1634:1640 beeswax 1634:1640 beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1634:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 3 55 theme Infrared 695:702 arg1 spectra 704:710 Infrared spectra 695:710 Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt 695:753 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 3 56 theme component 637:645 arg1 treatment 616:624 chemometric treatment 604:624 chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) 604:655 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 3 56 theme component 637:645 arg1 analysis 647:654 principal component analysis 627:654 principal component analysis 627:654 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 8 57 theme fatty 1373:1377 arg1 matter 1379:1384 fatty matter 1373:1384 fatty matter 1373:1384 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 6 58 theme conservation 1141:1152 arg1 markers 1125:1131 markers 1125:1131 markers of good conservation of individuals 1125:1167 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 6 58 theme conservation 1141:1152 arg1 spectrum 1038:1045 The fourth pure spectrum 1022:1045 The fourth pure spectrum 1022:1045 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 6 59 theme good 1136:1139 arg1 conservation 1141:1152 good conservation 1136:1152 good conservation of individuals 1136:1167 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 5 60 theme pyrolytic 1004:1012 arg1 origin 1014:1019 a pyrolytic origin 1002:1019 a pyrolytic origin 1002:1019 The first pure spectrum corresponded to residual species, and the second to the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules which have a pyrolytic origin. 33592704 2 61 theme variable 487:494 arg1 approach 496:503 a pure variable approach 480:503 a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables 480:559 This tool is a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables. 33592704 2 61 theme variable 487:494 arg1 tool 472:475 This tool 467:475 This tool 467:475 This tool is a pure variable approach corresponding to the selection of calibration variables. 33592704 8 62 theme same 1262:1265 arg1 unaltered 1326:1334 unaltered 1326:1334 unaltered 1326:1334 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 62 theme same 1262:1265 arg1 substance 1275:1283 the same natural substance 1258:1283 the same natural substance 1258:1283 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 62 theme same 1262:1265 arg1 fat 1293:1295 fat 1293:1295 namely fat 1286:1295 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 62 theme same 1262:1265 arg1 degraded 1364:1371 degraded 1364:1371 was degraded fatty matter 1360:1384 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 1 63 theme mummification 213:225 arg1 balms 227:231 mummification balms 213:231 mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry 213:297 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 0 64 theme balms 64:68 arg1 method 33:38 a characterization method 14:38 a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms 14:68 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 1 65 theme SIMPLISMA 421:429 arg1 algorithm 431:439 the SIMPLISMA algorithm 417:439 the SIMPLISMA algorithm 417:439 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 4 66 theme extracted 815:823 arg1 profiles 839:846 their corresponding extracted concentration profiles 795:846 their corresponding extracted concentration profiles 795:846 This treatment gave 6 pure spectra and their corresponding extracted concentration profiles. 33592704 10 67 from states 1655:1660 arg1 balms 1704:1708 the studied balms 1692:1708 the studied balms 1692:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 10 68 from balms 1704:1708 arg1 states 1655:1660 different states 1645:1660 different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1645:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 8 69 theme natural 1267:1273 arg1 unaltered 1326:1334 unaltered 1326:1334 unaltered 1326:1334 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 69 theme natural 1267:1273 arg1 substance 1275:1283 the same natural substance 1258:1283 the same natural substance 1258:1283 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 69 theme natural 1267:1273 arg1 fat 1293:1295 fat 1293:1295 namely fat 1286:1295 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 69 theme natural 1267:1273 arg1 degraded 1364:1371 degraded 1364:1371 was degraded fatty matter 1360:1384 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 10 70 theme different 1645:1653 arg1 states 1655:1660 different states 1645:1660 different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms 1645:1708 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 0 71 theme mummy 58:62 arg1 balms 64:68 Egyptian human mummy balms 43:68 Egyptian human mummy balms 43:68 Evaluation of a characterization method of Egyptian human mummy balms by chemometric treatments of infrared data. 33592704 3 72 theme human 715:719 arg1 balms 730:734 human mummies' balms 715:734 human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt 715:753 This developed approach was combined with chemometric treatment (principal component analysis) to interpret the 47 Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of human mummies' balms from Ancient Egypt. 33592704 1 73 used used 157:160 arg2 protocols 143:151 lengthy protocols 135:151 lengthy protocols 135:151 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 8 74 dep unaltered 1326:1334 arg1 unaltered 1326:1334 unaltered 1326:1334 unaltered 1326:1334 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 74 dep unaltered 1326:1334 arg1 substance 1275:1283 the same natural substance 1258:1283 the same natural substance 1258:1283 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 8 74 dep unaltered 1326:1334 arg1 degraded 1364:1371 degraded 1364:1371 was degraded fatty matter 1360:1384 Finally, two pure spectra showed the same natural substance, namely fat, which, on the one hand, was unaltered and, on the other hand, was degraded fatty matter. 33592704 1 75 theme lengthy 135:141 arg1 protocols 143:151 lengthy protocols 135:151 lengthy protocols 135:151 In the context where lengthy protocols are used to extract and to characterize each substance from mummification balms using techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, this paper presents the evaluation of the efficiency of an original method to characterize mummification balms using the SIMPLISMA algorithm in infrared spectroscopy. 33592704 10 76 theme fatty 1618:1622 arg1 matter 1624:1629 fatty matter 1618:1629 fatty matter 1618:1629 This approach enabled the presence of proteins, polysaccharides and fatty matter or beeswax in different states of conservation/alteration in the studied balms to be characterized. 33592704 6 77 theme pure 1033:1036 arg1 markers 1125:1131 markers 1125:1131 markers of good conservation of individuals 1125:1167 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 33592704 6 77 theme pure 1033:1036 arg1 spectrum 1038:1045 The fourth pure spectrum 1022:1045 The fourth pure spectrum 1022:1045 The fourth pure spectrum corresponded to proteins which were characterized, and could be considered as markers of good conservation of individuals. 35186020 5 0 theme phase-dependent 1208:1222 arg1 characteristics 1224:1238 phase-dependent characteristics 1208:1238 phase-dependent characteristics 1208:1238 Similarly, small-molecule metabolites, such as D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate, which was upregulated during the YMP, dihydromyricetin, which was upregulated during the MMP, and L-citrulline, which was upregulated during the PMP, also showed phase-dependent characteristics. 35186020 7 1 theme sextelata 1657:1665 arg1 growth 1644:1649 the vegetative growth 1629:1649 the vegetative growth of M. sextelata 1629:1665 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 1 2 with fungus 169:174 arg1 value 223:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 7 3 theme vegetative 1777:1786 arg1 growth 1788:1793 the vegetative growth 1773:1793 the vegetative growth 1773:1793 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 4 4 theme pathways 854:861 arg1 enrichment 840:849 the significant enrichment 824:849 the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism 824:968 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 8 5 from process 1880:1886 arg1 sextelata 1920:1928 M. sextelata 1917:1928 M. sextelata 1917:1928 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 8 5 from process 1880:1886 arg1 clues 1938:1942 new clues 1934:1942 new clues 1934:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 6 6 theme metabolome 1295:1304 arg1 traits 1306:1311 metabolome traits 1295:1311 metabolome traits 1295:1311 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 4 7 theme carbon 941:946 arg1 metabolism 959:968 carbon and purine metabolism 941:968 metabolism 959:968 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 4 8 theme plant 877:881 arg1 growth 883:888 plant growth 877:888 plant growth 877:888 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 3 9 theme metabolomics 552:563 arg1 data 565:568 metabolomics data 552:568 metabolomics data 552:568 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 8 10 theme development 1902:1912 arg1 process 1880:1886 the dynamic process 1868:1886 the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues 1868:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 6 11 theme different 1383:1391 arg1 stages 1400:1405 different growth stages 1383:1405 different growth stages of M. sextelata 1383:1421 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 6 12 theme transcriptome 1272:1284 arg1 data 1286:1289 the transcriptome data 1268:1289 the transcriptome data 1268:1289 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 8 13 theme dynamic 1872:1878 arg1 process 1880:1886 the dynamic process 1868:1886 the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues 1868:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 2 14 theme stable 320:325 arg1 production 327:336 its stable production 316:336 its stable production 316:336 Recently, M. sextelata has been produced through artificial cultivation in China, but its stable production remains problematic because the details of its growth and development process are limitedly understood. 35186020 4 15 theme purine 952:957 arg1 metabolism 959:968 carbon and purine metabolism 941:968 metabolism 959:968 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 3 16 dep transcriptomics 532:546 arg1 the 528:530 the 528:530 the 528:530 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 4 17 theme significant 828:838 arg1 enrichment 840:849 the significant enrichment 824:849 the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism 824:968 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 3 18 theme M. 488:489 arg1 development 501:511 M. sextelata development 488:511 M. sextelata development 488:511 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 2 19 theme artificial 279:288 arg1 cultivation 290:300 artificial cultivation 279:300 artificial cultivation in China 279:309 Recently, M. sextelata has been produced through artificial cultivation in China, but its stable production remains problematic because the details of its growth and development process are limitedly understood. 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 period 711:716 physiological maturity period 688:716 physiological maturity period (PMP) 688:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 YMP 646:648 YMP 646:648 YMP 646:648 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 MMP 678:680 MMP 678:680 MMP 678:680 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 PMP 719:721 PMP 719:721 PMP 719:721 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 period 638:643 the young mushroom period 619:643 the young mushroom period (YMP) 619:649 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 20 dep stages 611:616 arg1 period 670:675 marketable mature period 652:675 marketable mature period (MMP) 652:681 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 1 21 theme high 181:184 arg1 value 223:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 4 22 dep such 907:910 arg1 as 912:913 as 912:913 as 912:913 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 3 23 theme physiological 688:700 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 23 theme physiological 688:700 arg1 PMP 719:721 PMP 719:721 PMP 719:721 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 23 theme physiological 688:700 arg1 period 711:716 physiological maturity period 688:716 physiological maturity period (PMP) 688:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 8 24 from growth 1891:1896 arg1 sextelata 1920:1928 M. sextelata 1917:1928 M. sextelata 1917:1928 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 8 24 from growth 1891:1896 arg1 clues 1938:1942 new clues 1934:1942 new clues 1934:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 7 25 dep transcriptomics 1573:1587 arg1 data 1606:1609 data 1606:1609 data 1606:1609 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 1 26 theme nutritional 186:196 arg1 value 223:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 3 27 theme maturity 702:709 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 27 theme maturity 702:709 arg1 PMP 719:721 PMP 719:721 PMP 719:721 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 27 theme maturity 702:709 arg1 period 711:716 physiological maturity period 688:716 physiological maturity period (PMP) 688:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 6 28 theme sextelata 1413:1421 arg1 stages 1400:1405 different growth stages 1383:1405 different growth stages of M. sextelata 1383:1421 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 3 29 theme sextelata 576:584 arg1 transcriptomics 532:546 transcriptomics 532:546 transcriptomics 532:546 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 29 theme sextelata 576:584 arg1 data 565:568 metabolomics data 552:568 metabolomics data 552:568 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 2 30 theme growth 385:390 arg1 details 370:376 the details 366:376 the details of its growth and development process 366:414 Recently, M. sextelata has been produced through artificial cultivation in China, but its stable production remains problematic because the details of its growth and development process are limitedly understood. 35186020 7 31 theme different 1674:1682 arg1 stages 1698:1703 different developmental stages 1674:1703 different developmental stages 1674:1703 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 6 32 theme combined 1247:1254 arg1 analysis 1256:1263 combined analysis 1247:1263 combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits 1247:1311 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 8 33 theme new 1934:1936 arg1 clues 1938:1942 new clues 1934:1942 new clues 1934:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 7 34 theme several 1716:1722 arg1 genes 1728:1732 several key genes 1716:1732 several key genes 1716:1732 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 1 35 theme medicinal 199:207 arg1 value 223:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 7 36 theme developmental 1684:1696 arg1 stages 1698:1703 different developmental stages 1674:1703 different developmental stages 1674:1703 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 6 37 theme metabolic 1356:1364 arg1 molecules 1366:1374 metabolic molecules 1356:1374 metabolic molecules 1356:1374 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 8 38 theme growth 1891:1896 arg1 process 1880:1886 the dynamic process 1868:1886 the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues 1868:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 7 39 theme key 1724:1726 arg1 genes 1728:1732 several key genes 1716:1732 several key genes 1716:1732 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 3 40 theme dynamic 469:475 arg1 process 477:483 the dynamic process 465:483 the dynamic process of M. sextelata development 465:511 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 0 41 theme Transcriptomics 15:29 arg1 Integration 0:10 Integration 0:10 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 0:120 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 35186020 7 42 theme metabolomics 1593:1604 arg1 integration 1558:1568 this integration 1553:1568 this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages 1553:1703 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 1 43 theme Morchella 122:130 arg1 sextelata 132:140 Morchella sextelata 122:140 Morchella sextelata 122:140 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 1 43 theme Morchella 122:130 arg1 fungus 169:174 an edible and medicinal fungus 145:174 an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 145:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 3 44 from stages 611:616 arg1 transcriptomics 532:546 transcriptomics 532:546 transcriptomics 532:546 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 44 from stages 611:616 arg1 data 565:568 metabolomics data 552:568 metabolomics data 552:568 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 8 45 from development 1902:1912 arg1 sextelata 1920:1928 M. sextelata 1917:1928 M. sextelata 1917:1928 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 8 45 from development 1902:1912 arg1 clues 1938:1942 new clues 1934:1942 new clues 1934:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 0 46 from Growth 91:96 arg1 Sextelata 111:119 Sextelata 111:119 Sextelata 111:119 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 35186020 6 47 theme transcriptome 1518:1530 arg1 modules 1532:1538 two opposite transcriptome modules 1505:1538 two opposite transcriptome modules 1505:1538 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 1 48 theme economic 214:221 arg1 value 223:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 181:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 2 49 theme development 396:406 arg1 process 408:414 development process 396:414 development process 396:414 Recently, M. sextelata has been produced through artificial cultivation in China, but its stable production remains problematic because the details of its growth and development process are limitedly understood. 35186020 0 50 theme Metabolomics 35:46 arg1 Integration 0:10 Integration 0:10 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 0:120 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 35186020 4 51 theme different 790:798 arg1 stages 800:805 different stages 790:805 different stages 790:805 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 2 52 theme process 408:414 arg1 details 370:376 the details 366:376 the details of its growth and development process 366:414 Recently, M. sextelata has been produced through artificial cultivation in China, but its stable production remains problematic because the details of its growth and development process are limitedly understood. 35186020 6 53 theme specific 1427:1434 arg1 enzymes 1436:1442 specific enzymes 1427:1442 specific enzymes 1427:1442 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 6 53 theme specific 1427:1434 arg1 glucanase 1471:1479 glucanase 1471:1479 glucanase 1471:1479 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 6 53 theme specific 1427:1434 arg1 α-glucosidase 1453:1465 α-glucosidase 1453:1465 α-glucosidase 1453:1465 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 6 54 theme growth 1393:1398 arg1 stages 1400:1405 different growth stages 1383:1405 different growth stages of M. sextelata 1383:1421 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 8 55 theme cultivation 1979:1989 arg1 application 1991:2001 its cultivation application 1975:2001 its cultivation application 1975:2001 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 6 56 theme M. 1410:1411 arg1 sextelata 1413:1421 M. sextelata 1410:1421 M. sextelata 1410:1421 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 3 57 theme sextelata 491:499 arg1 development 501:511 M. sextelata development 488:511 M. sextelata development 488:511 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 4 58 theme N-glycan 915:922 arg1 biosynthesis 924:935 N-glycan biosynthesis 915:935 N-glycan biosynthesis 915:935 The results showed that the transcriptome changed dynamically at different stages and demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways that regulate plant growth and development, such as N-glycan biosynthesis and carbon and purine metabolism. 35186020 7 59 theme vegetative 1633:1642 arg1 growth 1644:1649 the vegetative growth 1629:1649 the vegetative growth of M. sextelata 1629:1665 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 3 60 theme developmental 597:609 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 60 theme developmental 597:609 arg1 period 711:716 physiological maturity period 688:716 physiological maturity period (PMP) 688:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 60 theme developmental 597:609 arg1 period 670:675 marketable mature period 652:675 marketable mature period (MMP) 652:681 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 60 theme developmental 597:609 arg1 period 638:643 the young mushroom period 619:643 the young mushroom period (YMP) 619:649 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 61 theme development 501:511 arg1 process 477:483 the dynamic process 465:483 the dynamic process of M. sextelata development 465:511 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 6 62 theme opposite 1509:1516 arg1 modules 1532:1538 two opposite transcriptome modules 1505:1538 two opposite transcriptome modules 1505:1538 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 5 63 theme small-molecule 982:995 arg1 D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate 1018:1043 D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate 1018:1043 D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate 1018:1043 Similarly, small-molecule metabolites, such as D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate, which was upregulated during the YMP, dihydromyricetin, which was upregulated during the MMP, and L-citrulline, which was upregulated during the PMP, also showed phase-dependent characteristics. 35186020 5 63 theme small-molecule 982:995 arg1 L-citrulline 1144:1155 L-citrulline 1144:1155 L-citrulline 1144:1155 Similarly, small-molecule metabolites, such as D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate, which was upregulated during the YMP, dihydromyricetin, which was upregulated during the MMP, and L-citrulline, which was upregulated during the PMP, also showed phase-dependent characteristics. 35186020 5 63 theme small-molecule 982:995 arg1 dihydromyricetin 1084:1099 dihydromyricetin 1084:1099 dihydromyricetin 1084:1099 Similarly, small-molecule metabolites, such as D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate, which was upregulated during the YMP, dihydromyricetin, which was upregulated during the MMP, and L-citrulline, which was upregulated during the PMP, also showed phase-dependent characteristics. 35186020 5 63 theme small-molecule 982:995 arg1 metabolites 997:1007 small-molecule metabolites 982:1007 small-molecule metabolites 982:1007 Similarly, small-molecule metabolites, such as D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate, which was upregulated during the YMP, dihydromyricetin, which was upregulated during the MMP, and L-citrulline, which was upregulated during the PMP, also showed phase-dependent characteristics. 35186020 3 64 theme mushroom 629:636 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 64 theme mushroom 629:636 arg1 YMP 646:648 YMP 646:648 YMP 646:648 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 64 theme mushroom 629:636 arg1 period 638:643 the young mushroom period 619:643 the young mushroom period (YMP) 619:649 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 6 65 theme traits 1306:1311 arg1 analysis 1256:1263 combined analysis 1247:1263 combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits 1247:1311 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 3 66 theme marketable 652:661 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 66 theme marketable 652:661 arg1 MMP 678:680 MMP 678:680 MMP 678:680 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 66 theme marketable 652:661 arg1 period 670:675 marketable mature period 652:675 marketable mature period (MMP) 652:681 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 1 67 theme edible 148:153 arg1 sextelata 132:140 Morchella sextelata 122:140 Morchella sextelata 122:140 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 1 67 theme edible 148:153 arg1 fungus 169:174 an edible and medicinal fungus 145:174 an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 145:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 8 68 from sextelata 1920:1928 arg1 process 1880:1886 the dynamic process 1868:1886 the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues 1868:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 0 69 theme Vegetative 80:89 arg1 Growth 91:96 the Different Vegetative Growth 66:96 the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata 66:119 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 35186020 3 70 theme mature 663:668 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 70 theme mature 663:668 arg1 MMP 678:680 MMP 678:680 MMP 678:680 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 70 theme mature 663:668 arg1 period 670:675 marketable mature period 652:675 marketable mature period (MMP) 652:681 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 7 71 theme transcriptomics 1573:1587 arg1 integration 1558:1568 this integration 1553:1568 this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages 1553:1703 In summary, this integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data for understanding the vegetative growth of M. sextelata during different developmental stages implicated several key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in the vegetative growth. 35186020 2 72 from cultivation 290:300 arg1 China 305:309 China 305:309 China 305:309 Recently, M. sextelata has been produced through artificial cultivation in China, but its stable production remains problematic because the details of its growth and development process are limitedly understood. 35186020 0 73 theme Different 70:78 arg1 Growth 91:96 the Different Vegetative Growth 66:96 the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata 66:119 Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Different Vegetative Growth in Morchella Sextelata. 35186020 3 74 theme young 623:627 arg1 stages 611:616 three developmental stages 591:616 three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP) 591:722 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 74 theme young 623:627 arg1 YMP 646:648 YMP 646:648 YMP 646:648 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 3 74 theme young 623:627 arg1 period 638:643 the young mushroom period 619:643 the young mushroom period (YMP) 619:649 Herein, to investigate the dynamic process of M. sextelata development, we integrated the transcriptomics and metabolomics data of M. sextelata from three developmental stages: the young mushroom period (YMP), marketable mature period (MMP), and physiological maturity period (PMP). 35186020 8 75 theme comprehensive 1840:1852 arg1 insights 1854:1861 comprehensive insights 1840:1861 comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues 1840:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 35186020 1 76 theme medicinal 159:167 arg1 sextelata 132:140 Morchella sextelata 122:140 Morchella sextelata 122:140 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 1 76 theme medicinal 159:167 arg1 fungus 169:174 an edible and medicinal fungus 145:174 an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value 145:227 Morchella sextelata is an edible and medicinal fungus with high nutritional, medicinal, and economic value. 35186020 6 77 theme data 1286:1289 arg1 analysis 1256:1263 combined analysis 1247:1263 combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits 1247:1311 Then, combined analysis of the transcriptome data and metabolome traits revealed that the transcriptome may affect metabolic molecules during different growth stages of M. sextelata via specific enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and glucanase, which were included in two opposite transcriptome modules. 35186020 8 78 from clues 1938:1942 arg1 process 1880:1886 the dynamic process 1868:1886 the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues 1868:1942 We believe that these findings will provide comprehensive insights into the dynamic process of growth and development in M. sextelata and new clues for optimizing the methods for its cultivation application. 31923541 4 0 theme METHODS 631:637 arg1 extract 647:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract 617:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) 617:684 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 7 1 theme colon 1063:1067 arg1 segments 1069:1076 colon segments 1063:1076 colon segments 1063:1076 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 1 2 theme oxidative 302:310 arg1 stress 312:317 oxidative stress 302:317 oxidative stress 302:317 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 7 3 theme diarrhea 1039:1046 arg1 degree 1022:1027 degree 1022:1027 degree of bloody diarrhea 1022:1046 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 7 3 theme diarrhea 1039:1046 arg1 loss 996:999 body weight loss 984:999 body weight loss 984:999 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 7 3 theme diarrhea 1039:1046 arg1 character 1008:1016 fecal character 1002:1016 fecal character 1002:1016 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 0 4 theme Aqueous 0:6 arg1 extract 8:14 Aqueous extract 0:14 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 0:39 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 1 5 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 194:213 arg1 RELEVANCE 215:223 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 194:223 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) 194:247 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 0 6 theme sulfate 73:79 arg1 sodium 81:86 dextran sulfate sodium 65:86 dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota 65:191 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 13 7 theme DSS-induced 1856:1866 arg1 colitis 1879:1885 DSS-induced ulcerative colitis 1856:1885 DSS-induced ulcerative colitis 1856:1885 CONCLUSION ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 9 8 theme ABL 1411:1413 arg1 treatment 1415:1423 ABL treatment 1411:1423 ABL treatment 1411:1423 SOD activity, levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis were restored remarkably after ABL treatment. 31923541 8 9 theme DAI 1221:1223 arg1 mice 1309:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 2 10 theme folk 325:328 arg1 medicine 330:337 a folk medicine 323:337 a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea 323:370 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 10 theme folk 325:328 arg1 activities 447:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 7 11 theme fecal 1002:1006 arg1 character 1008:1016 fecal character 1002:1016 fecal character 1002:1016 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 8 12 theme length 1239:1244 arg1 shortening 1246:1255 colon length shortening 1233:1255 colon length shortening 1233:1255 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 4 13 used used 690:693 arg2 extract 647:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract 617:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) 617:684 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 7 14 theme body 984:987 arg1 loss 996:999 body weight loss 984:999 body weight loss 984:999 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 7 15 theme disease 945:951 arg1 DAI 969:971 DAI 969:971 DAI 969:971 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 7 15 theme disease 945:951 arg1 index 962:966 disease activity index 945:966 disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea 945:1046 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 10 16 from increases 1440:1448 arg1 levels 1453:1458 levels 1453:1458 levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice 1453:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 8 17 theme damage 1279:1284 arg1 mice 1309:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 13 18 theme protective 1830:1839 arg1 effect 1841:1846 protective effect 1830:1846 protective effect 1830:1846 CONCLUSION ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 7 19 theme microbiota 1176:1185 arg1 analysis 1187:1194 intestinal microbiota analysis 1165:1194 intestinal microbiota analysis 1165:1194 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 4 20 theme MATERIALS 617:625 arg1 extract 647:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract 617:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) 617:684 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 0 21 theme intestinal 171:180 arg1 microbiota 182:191 intestinal microbiota 171:191 intestinal microbiota 171:191 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 8 22 theme DSS-induced 1289:1299 arg1 colitis 1301:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 5 23 theme sodium 798:803 arg1 DSS 806:808 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 779:809 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days 779:820 Murine UC was established through access to 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. 31923541 0 24 theme ulcerative 96:105 arg1 colitis 107:113 ulcerative colitis 96:113 ulcerative colitis in mice 96:121 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 2 25 dep possesses 400:408 arg1 indicated 465:473 indicated 465:473 indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect 465:523 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 7 26 theme intestinal 1165:1174 arg1 analysis 1187:1194 intestinal microbiota analysis 1165:1194 intestinal microbiota analysis 1165:1194 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 7 27 theme further 1119:1125 arg1 analysis 1127:1134 further analysis 1119:1134 further analysis 1119:1134 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 12 28 theme mice 1799:1802 arg1 microbiota 1777:1786 intestinal microbiota 1766:1786 intestinal microbiota of colitis mice 1766:1802 As shown in microbiota analysis, ABL modulated composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice. 31923541 8 29 from damage 1279:1284 arg1 colitis 1301:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 13 30 theme NF-κB 1907:1911 arg1 activation 1913:1922 NF-κB activation 1907:1922 NF-κB activation 1907:1922 CONCLUSION ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 7 31 theme activity 953:960 arg1 DAI 969:971 DAI 969:971 DAI 969:971 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 7 31 theme activity 953:960 arg1 index 962:966 disease activity index 945:966 disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea 945:1046 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 4 32 theme present 720:726 arg1 study 728:732 the present study 716:732 the present study 716:732 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 0 33 theme dextran 65:71 arg1 sodium 81:86 dextran sulfate sodium 65:86 dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota 65:191 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 0 34 theme gymnorrhiza 29:39 arg1 extract 8:14 Aqueous extract 0:14 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 0:39 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 9 35 theme SOD 1325:1327 arg1 activity 1329:1336 SOD activity 1325:1336 SOD activity 1325:1336 SOD activity, levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis were restored remarkably after ABL treatment. 31923541 12 36 theme intestinal 1766:1775 arg1 microbiota 1777:1786 intestinal microbiota 1766:1786 intestinal microbiota of colitis mice 1766:1802 As shown in microbiota analysis, ABL modulated composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice. 31923541 10 37 from IL-6 1491:1494 arg1 mice 1537:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 5 38 theme dextran 782:788 arg1 DSS 806:808 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 779:809 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days 779:820 Murine UC was established through access to 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. 31923541 3 39 theme STUDY 537:541 arg1 AIM 526:528 AIM 526:528 AIM OF THE STUDY 526:541 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. 31923541 10 40 from IL-1β 1497:1501 arg1 mice 1537:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 12 41 theme microbiota 1716:1725 arg1 analysis 1727:1734 microbiota analysis 1716:1734 microbiota analysis 1716:1734 As shown in microbiota analysis, ABL modulated composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice. 31923541 10 42 theme COX-2 1471:1475 arg1 levels 1453:1458 levels 1453:1458 levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice 1453:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 11 43 theme COX-2 1648:1652 arg1 levels 1638:1643 mRNA levels 1633:1643 mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis 1633:1701 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 10 44 from IL-4 1504:1507 arg1 mice 1537:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 6 45 with sulfasalazine 890:902 arg1 ABL 863:865 ABL 863:865 ABL 863:865 Meanwhile, mice accepted treatment with ABL (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) once daily. 31923541 10 46 from IL-10 1510:1514 arg1 mice 1537:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 4 47 theme gymnorrhiza 661:671 arg1 extract 647:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract 617:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) 617:684 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 13 48 theme intestinal 1939:1948 arg1 microbiota 1950:1959 intestinal microbiota 1939:1959 intestinal microbiota 1939:1959 CONCLUSION ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 1 49 theme inflammation 276:287 arg1 response 289:296 inflammation response 276:296 inflammation response 276:296 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 10 50 from IL-11 1520:1524 arg1 mice 1537:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 3 51 from effect 558:563 arg1 UC 613:614 experimental UC 600:614 experimental UC 600:614 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. 31923541 3 52 theme gymnorrhiza 585:595 arg1 effect 558:563 effect 558:563 effect 558:563 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. 31923541 3 52 theme gymnorrhiza 585:595 arg1 mechanism 569:577 mechanism 569:577 mechanism 569:577 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. 31923541 4 53 theme Aqueous 639:645 arg1 extract 647:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract 617:653 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) 617:684 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 7 54 theme bloody 1032:1037 arg1 diarrhea 1039:1046 bloody diarrhea 1032:1046 bloody diarrhea 1032:1046 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 3 55 from mechanism 569:577 arg1 UC 613:614 experimental UC 600:614 experimental UC 600:614 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. 31923541 2 56 theme anti-colitis 505:516 arg1 effect 518:523 anti-colitis effect 505:523 anti-colitis effect 505:523 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 11 57 theme NF-κB 1580:1584 arg1 p65 1586:1588 NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation 1580:1612 p65 1586:1588 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 1 58 theme RELEVANCE 215:223 arg1 UC 245:246 UC 245:246 UC 245:246 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 1 58 theme RELEVANCE 215:223 arg1 colitis 236:242 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis 194:242 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) 194:247 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 8 59 theme RESULTS 1197:1203 arg1 ABL 1205:1207 RESULTS ABL 1197:1207 RESULTS ABL 1197:1207 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 5 60 theme Murine 735:740 arg1 UC 742:743 Murine UC 735:743 Murine UC 735:743 Murine UC was established through access to 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. 31923541 13 61 theme ulcerative 1868:1877 arg1 colitis 1879:1885 DSS-induced ulcerative colitis 1856:1885 DSS-induced ulcerative colitis 1856:1885 CONCLUSION ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 3 62 theme experimental 600:611 arg1 UC 613:614 experimental UC 600:614 experimental UC 600:614 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. 31923541 1 63 theme Ulcerative 225:234 arg1 UC 245:246 UC 245:246 UC 245:246 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 1 63 theme Ulcerative 225:234 arg1 colitis 236:242 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis 194:242 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) 194:247 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. 31923541 8 64 theme scores 1225:1230 arg1 mice 1309:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 10 65 theme colitis 1529:1535 arg1 mice 1537:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 colitis mice 1529:1540 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 7 66 theme weight 989:994 arg1 loss 996:999 body weight loss 984:999 body weight loss 984:999 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 8 67 theme colon 1233:1237 arg1 shortening 1246:1255 colon length shortening 1233:1255 colon length shortening 1233:1255 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 13 68 theme CONCLUSION 1805:1814 arg1 ABL 1816:1818 CONCLUSION ABL 1805:1818 CONCLUSION ABL 1805:1818 CONCLUSION ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 4 69 dep gymnorrhiza 661:671 arg1 leaves 673:678 leaves 673:678 leaves 673:678 MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. 31923541 8 70 from shortening 1246:1255 arg1 colitis 1301:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 0 71 from colitis 107:113 arg1 mice 118:121 mice 118:121 mice 118:121 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 8 72 theme shortening 1246:1255 arg1 mice 1309:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice 1221:1312 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 11 73 theme TNF-α 1661:1665 arg1 levels 1638:1643 mRNA levels 1633:1643 mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis 1633:1701 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 5 74 theme % 780:780 arg1 DSS 806:808 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 779:809 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days 779:820 Murine UC was established through access to 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. 31923541 8 75 from scores 1225:1230 arg1 colitis 1301:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 DSS-induced colitis 1289:1307 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 8 76 theme histopathological 1261:1277 arg1 damage 1279:1284 histopathological damage 1261:1284 histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis 1261:1307 RESULTS ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. 31923541 11 77 theme iNOS 1655:1658 arg1 levels 1638:1643 mRNA levels 1633:1643 mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis 1633:1701 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 5 78 theme sulfate 790:796 arg1 DSS 806:808 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 779:809 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days 779:820 Murine UC was established through access to 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. 31923541 11 79 theme IL-1β 1677:1681 arg1 levels 1638:1643 mRNA levels 1633:1643 mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis 1633:1701 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 7 80 theme last 935:938 arg1 day 940:942 the last day 931:942 the last day 931:942 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 11 81 theme IL-6 1668:1671 arg1 levels 1638:1643 mRNA levels 1633:1643 mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis 1633:1701 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 12 82 theme colitis 1791:1797 arg1 mice 1799:1802 colitis mice 1791:1802 colitis mice 1791:1802 As shown in microbiota analysis, ABL modulated composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice. 31923541 2 83 theme anti-oxidative 432:445 arg1 medicine 330:337 a folk medicine 323:337 a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea 323:370 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 83 theme anti-oxidative 432:445 arg1 activities 447:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 84 contain possesses 400:408 arg1 gymnorrhiza 383:393 gymnorrhiza 383:393 gymnorrhiza 383:393 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 84 contain possesses 400:408 arg2 medicine 330:337 a folk medicine 323:337 a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea 323:370 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 84 contain possesses 400:408 arg2 activities 447:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 85 theme anti-inflammatory 410:426 arg1 medicine 330:337 a folk medicine 323:337 a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea 323:370 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 2 85 theme anti-inflammatory 410:426 arg1 activities 447:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities 410:456 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 7 86 theme length 1096:1101 arg1 measurement 1103:1113 length measurement 1096:1113 length measurement 1096:1113 On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. 31923541 6 87 dep treatment 848:856 arg1 100 mg/kg 876:884 100 mg/kg 876:884 100 mg/kg 876:884 Meanwhile, mice accepted treatment with ABL (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) once daily. 31923541 12 88 theme microbiota 1777:1786 arg1 composition 1751:1761 composition 1751:1761 composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice 1751:1802 As shown in microbiota analysis, ABL modulated composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice. 31923541 6 89 with treatment 848:856 arg1 ABL 863:865 ABL 863:865 ABL 863:865 Meanwhile, mice accepted treatment with ABL (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) once daily. 31923541 11 90 theme IκB 1594:1596 arg1 phosphorylation 1598:1612 NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation 1580:1612 phosphorylation 1598:1612 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 0 91 dep leaves 41:46 arg1 protects 48:55 protects 48:55 leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota 41:191 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 0 92 theme NF-κB 139:143 arg1 activation 145:154 NF-κB activation 139:154 NF-κB activation 139:154 Aqueous extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves protects against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice via suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota. 31923541 2 93 theme diarrhea 363:370 arg1 treatment 350:358 treatment 350:358 treatment of diarrhea 350:370 As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 COX-2 1471:1475 colonic COX-2 1463:1475 colonic COX-2 1463:1475 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 IL-11 1520:1524 IL-11 1520:1524 IL-11 1520:1524 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 iNOS 1478:1481 iNOS 1478:1481 iNOS 1478:1481 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 IL-1β 1497:1501 IL-1β 1497:1501 IL-1β 1497:1501 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 IL-4 1504:1507 IL-4 1504:1507 IL-4 1504:1507 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 TNF-α 1484:1488 TNF-α 1484:1488 TNF-α 1484:1488 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 IL-6 1491:1494 IL-6 1491:1494 IL-6 1491:1494 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 10 94 theme colonic 1463:1469 arg1 IL-10 1510:1514 IL-10 1510:1514 IL-10 1510:1514 ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. 31923541 11 95 theme mRNA 1633:1636 arg1 levels 1638:1643 mRNA levels 1633:1643 mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis 1633:1701 Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. 31923541 9 96 theme MDA 1349:1351 arg1 levels 1339:1344 levels 1339:1344 levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis 1339:1378 SOD activity, levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis were restored remarkably after ABL treatment. 31923541 9 97 theme GSH 1357:1359 arg1 levels 1339:1344 levels 1339:1344 levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis 1339:1378 SOD activity, levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis were restored remarkably after ABL treatment. 33024038 9 0 theme attractive 1605:1614 arg1 component 1620:1628 a robust and attractive new component 1592:1628 a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox 1592:1659 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 9 0 theme attractive 1605:1614 arg1 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 3 1 theme glycoprotease 547:559 arg1 CpaA 561:564 the glycoprotease CpaA 543:564 the glycoprotease CpaA 543:564 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains employ their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence. 33024038 8 2 from ring 1338:1341 arg1 substrate 1369:1377 the substrate 1365:1377 the substrate 1365:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 11 3 theme multiple 2090:2097 arg1 targets 2099:2105 multiple targets 2090:2105 multiple targets 2090:2105 Here, we show that CpaA cleaves multiple targets precisely at O-glycosylation sites preceded by a Pro residue. 33024038 10 4 theme baumannii-calcoaceticus 1940:1962 arg1 complex 1964:1970 the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1922:1970 the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1922:1970 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 5 theme possible 1720:1727 arg1 glycoprotease 1884:1896 a glycoprotease 1882:1896 a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1882:1970 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 5 theme possible 1720:1727 arg1 application 1729:1739 possible application 1720:1739 possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1720:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 8 6 from residue 1354:1360 arg1 substrate 1369:1377 the substrate 1365:1377 the substrate 1365:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 9 7 theme toolbox 1653:1659 arg1 component 1620:1628 a robust and attractive new component 1592:1628 a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox 1592:1659 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 9 7 theme toolbox 1653:1659 arg1 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 4 8 theme reduced 694:700 arg1 coagulation 708:718 reduced blood coagulation 694:718 reduced blood coagulation 694:718 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 1 9 theme proteolytic 215:225 arg1 degradation 227:237 proteolytic degradation 215:237 proteolytic degradation 215:237 Glycans decorate proteins and affect their biological function, including protection against proteolytic degradation. 33024038 8 10 theme Molecular 1239:1247 arg1 modeling 1249:1256 Molecular modeling 1239:1256 Molecular modeling 1239:1256 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 7 11 dep serine 1128:1133 arg1 residue 1148:1154 residue 1148:1154 residue 1148:1154 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 7 12 theme consensus 1070:1078 arg1 sequence 1087:1094 a unique consensus target sequence 1061:1094 a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue 1061:1154 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 2 13 theme steric 339:344 arg1 impediment 346:355 the steric impediment 335:355 the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates 335:378 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 5 14 theme complement 854:863 arg1 activation 865:874 complement activation 854:874 complement activation 854:874 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 10 15 theme bona 1993:1996 arg1 factor 2022:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor 1983:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species 1983:2055 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 15 theme bona 1993:1996 arg1 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 6 16 theme cell 940:943 arg1 surface 945:951 the cell surface 936:951 the cell surface 936:951 However, only CD55 was removed from the cell surface, while CD46 remained unaltered during the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay. 33024038 12 17 theme O-linked 2318:2325 arg1 protein 2333:2339 O-linked human protein 2318:2339 O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2318:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 2 18 theme pathogenic 249:258 arg1 bacteria 275:282 pathogenic, and commensal bacteria 249:282 pathogenic, and commensal bacteria 249:282 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 9 19 theme bacterial 1457:1465 arg1 glycoproteases 1467:1480 Similar bacterial glycoproteases 1449:1480 Similar bacterial glycoproteases 1449:1480 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 8 20 theme CpaA 1422:1425 arg1 selectivity 1436:1446 CpaA sequence selectivity 1422:1446 CpaA sequence selectivity 1422:1446 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 15 21 theme host 2699:2702 arg1 glycoproteins 2704:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 8 22 theme CpaA 1286:1289 arg1 modeling 1249:1256 Molecular modeling 1239:1256 Molecular modeling 1239:1256 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 8 22 theme CpaA 1286:1289 arg1 analysis 1274:1281 mutagenesis analysis 1262:1281 mutagenesis analysis of CpaA 1262:1289 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 10 23 theme broad-spectrum 1784:1797 arg1 glycoproteases 1809:1822 broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases 1784:1822 broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1784:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 24 theme secreted 2003:2010 arg1 factor 2022:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor 1983:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species 1983:2055 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 24 theme secreted 2003:2010 arg1 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 5 25 theme broader 763:769 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 25 theme broader 763:769 arg1 range 771:775 a broader range 761:775 a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46 761:897 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 10 26 theme class 1775:1779 arg1 CpaA 1744:1747 CpaA 1744:1747 CpaA 1744:1747 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 26 theme class 1775:1779 arg1 member 1752:1757 a member 1750:1757 a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1750:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 1 27 theme biological 165:174 arg1 function 176:183 their biological function 159:183 their biological function 159:183 Glycans decorate proteins and affect their biological function, including protection against proteolytic degradation. 33024038 8 28 theme indole 1308:1313 arg1 ring 1315:1318 the indole ring 1304:1318 the indole ring of Trp493 1304:1328 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 0 29 theme Multiple 84:91 arg1 Glycoproteins 107:119 Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins 84:119 Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins 84:119 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Targets Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins. 33024038 12 30 theme attractive 2282:2291 arg1 tool 2293:2296 an attractive tool 2279:2296 an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2279:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 0 31 theme Host 102:105 arg1 Glycoproteins 107:119 Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins 84:119 Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins 84:119 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Targets Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins. 33024038 4 32 gly glycoproteins 649:661 arg1 factors 664:670 factors V and XII 664:680 factors V and XII 664:680 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 4 32 gly glycoproteins 649:661 arg1 glycoproteins 649:661 two O-linked glycoproteins 636:661 two O-linked glycoproteins 636:661 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 13 33 theme blood 2429:2433 arg1 coagulation 2435:2445 blood coagulation 2429:2445 blood coagulation 2429:2445 Previous work identified proteins involved in blood coagulation as targets of CpaA. 33024038 14 34 theme additional 2529:2538 arg1 roles 2540:2544 additional roles 2529:2544 additional roles in bacterium-host interactions 2529:2575 Our work broadens the set of targets of CpaA, pointing toward additional roles in bacterium-host interactions. 33024038 15 35 theme defined 2645:2651 arg1 glycoproteases 2653:2666 functionally defined glycoproteases 2632:2666 functionally defined glycoproteases 2632:2666 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 5 36 theme several 820:826 arg1 CD55 885:888 CD55 885:888 CD55 885:888 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 36 theme several 820:826 arg1 CD46 894:897 CD46 894:897 CD46 894:897 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 36 theme several 820:826 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 9 37 theme human 1548:1552 arg1 glycoproteins 1554:1566 human glycoproteins 1548:1566 human glycoproteins 1548:1566 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 7 38 contain has 1057:1059 arg1 CpaA 1052:1055 CpaA 1052:1055 CpaA 1052:1055 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 7 38 contain has 1057:1059 arg2 sequence 1087:1094 a unique consensus target sequence 1061:1094 a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue 1061:1154 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 7 39 theme proline 1164:1170 arg1 P-S/T 1181:1185 P-S/T 1181:1185 P-S/T 1181:1185 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 7 39 theme proline 1164:1170 arg1 residue 1172:1178 a proline residue 1162:1178 a proline residue (P-S/T) 1162:1186 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 3 40 theme relevant 456:463 arg1 strains 479:485 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains 446:485 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains 446:485 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains employ their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence. 33024038 8 41 theme residue 1354:1360 arg1 ring 1338:1341 the ring 1334:1341 the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate 1334:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 8 41 theme residue 1354:1360 arg1 ring 1315:1318 the indole ring 1304:1318 the indole ring of Trp493 1304:1328 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 5 42 theme human 789:793 arg1 glycoproteins 795:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 42 theme human 789:793 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 4 43 link O-linked 640:647 arg1 factors 664:670 factors V and XII 664:680 factors V and XII 664:680 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 4 43 link O-linked 640:647 arg1 glycoproteins 649:661 two O-linked glycoproteins 636:661 two O-linked glycoproteins 636:661 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 10 44 theme glycoproteases 1809:1822 arg1 class 1775:1779 a widespread class 1762:1779 a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1762:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 0 45 theme Relevant 45:52 arg1 Species 68:74 Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species 35:74 Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species 35:74 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Targets Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins. 33024038 10 46 theme bacterial 1799:1807 arg1 glycoproteases 1809:1822 broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases 1784:1822 broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1784:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 4 47 dep factors 664:670 arg1 factors 664:670 factors V and XII 664:680 factors V and XII 664:680 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 4 47 dep factors 664:670 arg1 XII 678:680 XII 678:680 XII 678:680 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 4 47 dep factors 664:670 arg1 V 672:672 V 672:672 V 672:672 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 12 48 link O-linked 2318:2325 arg1 protein 2333:2339 O-linked human protein 2318:2339 O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2318:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 9 49 gly glycoproteins 1554:1566 arg1 glycoproteins 1554:1566 human glycoproteins 1548:1566 human glycoproteins 1548:1566 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 14 50 theme bacterium-host 2549:2562 arg1 interactions 2564:2575 bacterium-host interactions 2549:2575 bacterium-host interactions 2549:2575 Our work broadens the set of targets of CpaA, pointing toward additional roles in bacterium-host interactions. 33024038 12 51 theme diagnostic 2362:2371 arg1 purposes 2373:2380 biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2345:2380 biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2345:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 10 52 theme interactions.IMPORTANCE 1850:1872 arg1 CpaA 1874:1877 host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1836:1877 host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1836:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 8 53 theme key 1386:1388 arg1 interaction 1390:1400 a key interaction 1384:1400 a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity 1384:1446 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 2 54 theme glycosylation 423:435 arg1 s 442:442 s 442:442 s 442:442 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 2 54 theme glycosylation 423:435 arg1 site 437:440 their glycosylation site 417:440 their glycosylation site(s) 417:443 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 8 55 from ring 1315:1318 arg1 substrate 1369:1377 the substrate 1365:1377 the substrate 1365:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 5 56 theme glycoproteins 795:807 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 56 theme glycoproteins 795:807 arg1 range 771:775 a broader range 761:775 a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46 761:897 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 7 57 theme glycosylated 1115:1126 arg1 serine 1128:1133 a glycosylated serine 1113:1133 a glycosylated serine 1113:1133 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 9 58 theme new 1616:1618 arg1 component 1620:1628 a robust and attractive new component 1592:1628 a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox 1592:1659 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 9 58 theme new 1616:1618 arg1 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 12 59 theme protein 2333:2339 arg1 analysis 2306:2313 the analysis 2302:2313 the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2302:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 14 60 from roles 2540:2544 arg1 interactions 2564:2575 bacterium-host interactions 2549:2575 bacterium-host interactions 2549:2575 Our work broadens the set of targets of CpaA, pointing toward additional roles in bacterium-host interactions. 33024038 12 61 theme biotechnical 2345:2356 arg1 purposes 2373:2380 biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2345:2380 biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2345:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 10 62 theme Acinetobacter 1926:1938 arg1 complex 1964:1970 the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1922:1970 the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1922:1970 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 9 63 theme glycoproteomics 1637:1651 arg1 toolbox 1653:1659 the glycoproteomics toolbox 1633:1659 the glycoproteomics toolbox 1633:1659 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 15 64 theme multiple 2681:2688 arg1 glycoproteins 2704:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 7 65 theme target 1080:1085 arg1 sequence 1087:1094 a unique consensus target sequence 1061:1094 a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue 1061:1154 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 15 66 theme expanding 2613:2621 arg1 class 2623:2627 an expanding class 2610:2627 an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2610:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 10 67 dep bona 1993:1996 arg1 fide 1998:2001 fide 1998:2001 fide 1998:2001 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 7 68 theme unique 1063:1068 arg1 sequence 1087:1094 a unique consensus target sequence 1061:1094 a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue 1061:1154 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 13 69 theme Previous 2383:2390 arg1 work 2392:2395 Previous work 2383:2395 Previous work 2383:2395 Previous work identified proteins involved in blood coagulation as targets of CpaA. 33024038 10 70 theme CpaA 1744:1747 arg1 glycoprotease 1884:1896 a glycoprotease 1882:1896 a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1882:1970 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 70 theme CpaA 1744:1747 arg1 application 1729:1739 possible application 1720:1739 possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1720:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 7 71 gly glycosylated 1115:1126 arg1 serine 1128:1133 a glycosylated serine 1113:1133 a glycosylated serine 1113:1133 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 10 72 theme complex 1964:1970 arg1 members 1911:1917 members 1911:1917 members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex 1911:1970 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 2 73 theme commensal 265:273 arg1 bacteria 275:282 pathogenic, and commensal bacteria 249:282 pathogenic, and commensal bacteria 249:282 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 8 74 from substrate 1369:1377 arg1 ring 1338:1341 the ring 1334:1341 the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate 1334:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 8 74 from substrate 1369:1377 arg1 ring 1315:1318 the indole ring 1304:1318 the indole ring of Trp493 1304:1328 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 12 75 theme human 2327:2331 arg1 protein 2333:2339 O-linked human protein 2318:2339 O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes 2318:2380 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 10 76 theme first 1987:1991 arg1 factor 2022:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor 1983:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species 1983:2055 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 76 theme first 1987:1991 arg1 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 5 77 link O-linked 780:787 arg1 glycoproteins 795:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 77 link O-linked 780:787 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 9 78 theme Similar 1449:1455 arg1 glycoproteases 1467:1480 Similar bacterial glycoproteases 1449:1480 Similar bacterial glycoproteases 1449:1480 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 8 79 theme sequence 1427:1434 arg1 selectivity 1436:1446 CpaA sequence selectivity 1422:1446 CpaA sequence selectivity 1422:1446 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 8 80 theme mutagenesis 1262:1272 arg1 analysis 1274:1281 mutagenesis analysis 1262:1281 mutagenesis analysis of CpaA 1262:1289 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 13 81 theme CpaA 2461:2464 arg1 proteins 2408:2415 proteins 2408:2415 proteins involved in blood coagulation 2408:2445 Previous work identified proteins involved in blood coagulation as targets of CpaA. 33024038 13 81 theme CpaA 2461:2464 arg1 targets 2450:2456 targets 2450:2456 targets of CpaA 2450:2464 Previous work identified proteins involved in blood coagulation as targets of CpaA. 33024038 2 82 theme specific 297:304 arg1 glycoproteases 306:319 specific glycoproteases 297:319 specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s) 297:443 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 15 83 link O-linked 2690:2697 arg1 glycoproteins 2704:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 10 84 theme virulence 2012:2020 arg1 factor 2022:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor 1983:2027 the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species 1983:2055 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 10 84 theme virulence 2012:2020 arg1 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 it 1977:1978 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 15 85 theme O-linked 2690:2697 arg1 glycoproteins 2704:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 6 86 theme infection 1022:1030 arg1 assay 1032:1036 the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay 991:1036 the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay 991:1036 However, only CD55 was removed from the cell surface, while CD46 remained unaltered during the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay. 33024038 4 87 theme blood 702:706 arg1 coagulation 708:718 reduced blood coagulation 694:718 reduced blood coagulation 694:718 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 0 88 theme O-Linked 93:100 arg1 Glycoproteins 107:119 Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins 84:119 Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins 84:119 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Targets Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins. 33024038 6 89 theme Acinetobacter 995:1007 arg1 assay 1032:1036 the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay 991:1036 the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay 991:1036 However, only CD55 was removed from the cell surface, while CD46 remained unaltered during the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay. 33024038 6 90 dep Acinetobacter 995:1007 arg1 nosocomialis 1009:1020 nosocomialis 1009:1020 nosocomialis 1009:1020 However, only CD55 was removed from the cell surface, while CD46 remained unaltered during the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay. 33024038 15 91 theme glycoproteases 2653:2666 arg1 class 2623:2627 an expanding class 2610:2627 an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2610:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 12 92 theme CpaA 2246:2249 arg1 activity 2251:2258 CpaA activity 2246:2258 CpaA activity 2246:2258 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 12 93 theme sialic 2218:2223 arg1 acid 2225:2228 sialic acid 2218:2228 sialic acid 2218:2228 This feature, together with the observation that sialic acid does not impact CpaA activity, makes this enzyme an attractive tool for the analysis of O-linked human protein for biotechnical and diagnostic purposes. 33024038 9 94 theme proteomic 1526:1534 arg1 analysis 1536:1543 proteomic analysis 1526:1543 proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins 1526:1566 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 8 95 theme Trp493 1323:1328 arg1 ring 1338:1341 the ring 1334:1341 the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate 1334:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 8 95 theme Trp493 1323:1328 arg1 ring 1315:1318 the indole ring 1304:1318 the indole ring of Trp493 1304:1328 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 3 96 theme type 500:503 arg1 secretion 508:516 type II secretion 500:516 their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence 494:596 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains employ their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence. 33024038 0 97 theme Glycoprotease 4:16 arg1 CpaA 18:21 The Glycoprotease CpaA 0:21 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species 0:74 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Targets Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins. 33024038 11 98 gly O-glycosylation 2120:2134 arg2 sites 2136:2140 O-glycosylation sites 2120:2140 O-glycosylation sites preceded by a Pro residue 2120:2166 Here, we show that CpaA cleaves multiple targets precisely at O-glycosylation sites preceded by a Pro residue. 33024038 9 99 theme glycoproteins 1554:1566 arg1 analysis 1536:1543 proteomic analysis 1526:1543 proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins 1526:1566 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 10 100 theme widespread 1764:1773 arg1 class 1775:1779 a widespread class 1762:1779 a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1762:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 11 101 theme Pro 2156:2158 arg1 residue 2160:2166 a Pro residue 2154:2166 a Pro residue 2154:2166 Here, we show that CpaA cleaves multiple targets precisely at O-glycosylation sites preceded by a Pro residue. 33024038 2 102 gly glycosylation 423:435 arg2 site 437:440 their glycosylation site 417:440 their glycosylation site(s) 417:443 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 2 102 gly glycosylation 423:435 arg2 s 442:442 s 442:442 s 442:442 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 10 103 theme host-pathogen 1836:1848 arg1 CpaA 1874:1877 host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1836:1877 host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA 1836:1877 Combined, our work provides insight into the function and possible application of CpaA, a member of a widespread class of broad-spectrum bacterial glycoproteases involved in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE CpaA is a glycoprotease expressed by members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, and it is the first bona fide secreted virulence factor identified in these species. 33024038 6 104 attach removed 923:929 arg2 CD55 914:917 CD55 914:917 CD55 914:917 However, only CD55 was removed from the cell surface, while CD46 remained unaltered during the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay. 33024038 6 104 attach removed 923:929 arg1 surface 945:951 the cell surface 936:951 the cell surface 936:951 However, only CD55 was removed from the cell surface, while CD46 remained unaltered during the Acinetobacter nosocomialis infection assay. 33024038 5 105 theme O-linked 780:787 arg1 glycoproteins 795:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 105 theme O-linked 780:787 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 3 106 theme Acinetobacter 465:477 arg1 strains 479:485 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains 446:485 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains 446:485 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains employ their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence. 33024038 8 107 theme Pro 1350:1352 arg1 residue 1354:1360 the Pro residue 1346:1360 the Pro residue in the substrate 1346:1377 Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis of CpaA suggest that the indole ring of Trp493 and the ring of the Pro residue in the substrate form a key interaction that contributes to CpaA sequence selectivity. 33024038 3 108 theme secretion 508:516 arg1 T2SS 526:529 T2SS 526:529 T2SS 526:529 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains employ their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence. 33024038 3 108 theme secretion 508:516 arg1 system 518:523 their type II secretion system 494:523 their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence 494:596 Medically relevant Acinetobacter strains employ their type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete the glycoprotease CpaA, which contributes to virulence. 33024038 0 109 theme Acinetobacter 54:66 arg1 Species 68:74 Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species 35:74 Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species 35:74 The Glycoprotease CpaA Secreted by Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Targets Multiple O-Linked Host Glycoproteins. 33024038 15 110 gly glycoproteins 2704:2716 arg1 glycoproteins 2704:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 multiple O-linked host glycoproteins 2681:2716 We propose that CpaA belongs to an expanding class of functionally defined glycoproteases that targets multiple O-linked host glycoproteins. 33024038 14 111 theme CpaA 2507:2510 arg1 targets 2496:2502 targets 2496:2502 targets of CpaA 2496:2510 Our work broadens the set of targets of CpaA, pointing toward additional roles in bacterium-host interactions. 33024038 2 112 gly glycoproteins 390:402 arg1 glycoproteins 390:402 glycoproteins 390:402 glycoproteins 390:402 However, pathogenic, and commensal bacteria have evolved specific glycoproteases that overcome the steric impediment posed by carbohydrates, cleaving glycoproteins precisely at their glycosylation site(s). 33024038 5 113 gly glycoproteins 828:840 arg1 CD55 885:888 CD55 885:888 CD55 885:888 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 113 gly glycoproteins 828:840 arg1 CD46 894:897 CD46 894:897 CD46 894:897 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 113 gly glycoproteins 828:840 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 11 114 theme O-glycosylation 2120:2134 arg1 sites 2136:2140 O-glycosylation sites 2120:2140 O-glycosylation sites preceded by a Pro residue 2120:2166 Here, we show that CpaA cleaves multiple targets precisely at O-glycosylation sites preceded by a Pro residue. 33024038 14 115 theme targets 2496:2502 arg1 targets 2496:2502 targets 2496:2502 targets of CpaA 2496:2510 Our work broadens the set of targets of CpaA, pointing toward additional roles in bacterium-host interactions. 33024038 14 115 theme targets 2496:2502 arg1 set 2489:2491 the set 2485:2491 the set of targets of CpaA 2485:2510 Our work broadens the set of targets of CpaA, pointing toward additional roles in bacterium-host interactions. 33024038 4 116 theme O-linked 640:647 arg1 factors 664:670 factors V and XII 664:680 factors V and XII 664:680 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 4 116 theme O-linked 640:647 arg1 glycoproteins 649:661 two O-linked glycoproteins 636:661 two O-linked glycoproteins 636:661 Previously, CpaA was shown to cleave two O-linked glycoproteins, factors V and XII, leading to reduced blood coagulation. 33024038 9 117 theme robust 1594:1599 arg1 component 1620:1628 a robust and attractive new component 1592:1628 a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox 1592:1659 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 9 117 theme robust 1594:1599 arg1 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 CpaA 1573:1576 Similar bacterial glycoproteases have recently gained attention as tools for proteomic analysis of human glycoproteins, and CpaA appears to be a robust and attractive new component of the glycoproteomics toolbox. 33024038 7 118 theme sialic 1225:1230 arg1 acids 1232:1236 sialic acids 1225:1236 sialic acids 1225:1236 We show that CpaA has a unique consensus target sequence that consists of a glycosylated serine or threonine residue after a proline residue (P-S/T), and its activity is not affected by sialic acids. 33024038 5 119 gly glycoproteins 795:807 arg1 glycoproteins 795:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 O-linked human glycoproteins 780:807 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 33024038 5 119 gly glycoproteins 795:807 arg1 glycoproteins 828:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 several glycoproteins 820:840 In this work, we show that CpaA cleaves a broader range of O-linked human glycoproteins, including several glycoproteins involved in complement activation, such as CD55 and CD46. 35222452 0 0 theme Root 81:84 arg1 Growth 57:62 Elongation Growth 46:62 Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root 46:84 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 7 1 theme elongation 1197:1206 arg1 termination 1208:1218 elongation termination 1197:1218 elongation termination 1197:1218 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 10 2 theme many 1477:1480 arg1 hydrolases 1492:1501 many glycoside hydrolases 1477:1501 many glycoside hydrolases 1477:1501 The possibility that many glycoside hydrolases act as transglycosylases in muro is discussed. 35222452 3 3 from growth 435:440 arg1 grasses 445:451 grasses 445:451 grasses 445:451 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 1 4 theme cell 143:146 arg1 composition 153:163 cell wall composition 143:163 cell wall composition 143:163 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 6 5 theme maize 1022:1026 arg1 root 1028:1031 the maize root 1018:1031 the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively 1018:1101 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 0 6 theme Primary 73:79 arg1 Root 81:84 Maize Primary Root 67:84 Maize Primary Root 67:84 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 7 7 from stage 1146:1150 arg1 set 1114:1116 The first set 1104:1116 The first set 1104:1116 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 7 7 from stage 1146:1150 arg1 pronounced 1128:1137 pronounced 1128:1137 pronounced 1128:1137 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 1 8 theme wall 148:151 arg1 composition 153:163 cell wall composition 143:163 cell wall composition 143:163 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 9 9 theme elongation 1436:1445 arg1 process 1447:1453 the cell elongation process 1427:1453 the cell elongation process 1427:1453 It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. 35222452 6 10 theme capable 882:888 arg1 enzymes 874:880 enzymes 874:880 enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 874:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 3 11 theme primary 513:519 arg1 root 527:530 the primary maize root 509:530 the primary maize root 509:530 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 6 12 theme enzymes 874:880 arg1 α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 947:982 bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 934:982 bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 934:982 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 12 theme enzymes 874:880 arg1 β-xylanases 988:998 β-xylanases 988:998 β-xylanases 988:998 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 12 theme enzymes 874:880 arg1 enzymes 874:880 enzymes 874:880 enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 874:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 12 theme enzymes 874:880 arg1 sets 866:869 Two different sets 852:869 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 852:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 4 13 theme xyloglucan 723:732 arg1 endotransglycosidases 734:754 hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases 707:754 hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases 707:754 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 1 14 from changes 132:138 arg1 properties 169:178 properties 169:178 properties 169:178 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 1 14 from changes 132:138 arg1 composition 153:163 cell wall composition 143:163 cell wall composition 143:163 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 3 15 theme maize 521:525 arg1 root 527:530 the primary maize root 509:530 the primary maize root 509:530 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 4 16 theme elongation 554:563 arg1 initiation 540:549 the initiation 536:549 the initiation of elongation 536:563 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 3 17 contain carried 457:463 arg2 study 486:490 a transcriptomic study 469:490 a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root 469:530 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 3 17 contain carried 457:463 arg1 we 454:455 we 454:455 we 454:455 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 2 18 theme components 274:283 arg1 synthesis 240:248 the differential synthesis 223:248 the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components 223:283 Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. 35222452 3 19 theme elongation 424:433 arg1 growth 435:440 elongation growth 424:440 elongation growth in grasses 424:451 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 7 20 theme first 1108:1112 arg1 set 1114:1116 The first set 1104:1116 The first set 1104:1116 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 7 20 theme first 1108:1112 arg1 pronounced 1128:1137 pronounced 1128:1137 pronounced 1128:1137 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 2 21 theme wall 269:272 arg1 components 274:283 individual cell wall components 253:283 individual cell wall components 253:283 Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. 35222452 3 22 theme growth 435:440 arg1 stages 414:419 stages 414:419 stages of elongation growth in grasses 414:451 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 4 23 attach linked 653:658 arg2 it 643:644 it 643:644 it 643:644 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 4 23 attach linked 653:658 arg1 polysaccharides 669:683 other polysaccharides 663:683 other polysaccharides 663:683 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 6 24 theme cell 1078:1081 arg1 walls 1083:1087 primary and secondary cell walls 1056:1087 primary and secondary cell walls 1056:1087 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 0 25 theme Forgotten 0:8 arg1 Actors 10:15 Forgotten Actors 0:15 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 0:85 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 10 26 theme glycoside 1482:1490 arg1 hydrolases 1492:1501 many glycoside hydrolases 1477:1501 many glycoside hydrolases 1477:1501 The possibility that many glycoside hydrolases act as transglycosylases in muro is discussed. 35222452 1 27 theme Plant 87:91 arg1 enlargement 98:108 Plant cell enlargement 87:108 Plant cell enlargement 87:108 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 4 28 theme endotransglycosidases 734:754 arg1 action 697:702 the action 693:702 the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage 693:793 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 6 29 theme secondary 1068:1076 arg1 walls 1083:1087 primary and secondary cell walls 1056:1087 primary and secondary cell walls 1056:1087 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 0 30 theme Glycoside 18:26 arg1 Hydrolases 28:37 Glycoside Hydrolases 18:37 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 0:85 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 1 31 theme cell 93:96 arg1 enlargement 98:108 Plant cell enlargement 87:108 Plant cell enlargement 87:108 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 7 32 theme elongation 1162:1171 arg1 stage 1146:1150 the stage 1142:1150 the stage of active elongation 1142:1171 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 6 33 theme primary 1056:1062 arg1 walls 1083:1087 primary and secondary cell walls 1056:1087 primary and secondary cell walls 1056:1087 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 2 34 theme differential 227:238 arg1 synthesis 240:248 the differential synthesis 223:248 the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components 223:283 Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. 35222452 8 35 theme glycoside 1244:1252 arg1 hydrolases 1254:1263 several glycoside hydrolases 1236:1263 several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan 1236:1309 Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. 35222452 5 36 theme xyloglucan 813:822 arg1 hydrolases 824:833 xyloglucan hydrolases 813:833 xyloglucan hydrolases 813:833 Later, genes for xyloglucan hydrolases are upregulated. 35222452 8 37 theme several 1236:1242 arg1 hydrolases 1254:1263 several glycoside hydrolases 1236:1263 several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan 1236:1309 Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. 35222452 7 38 theme active 1155:1160 arg1 elongation 1162:1171 active elongation 1155:1171 active elongation 1155:1171 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 9 39 theme cell 1431:1434 arg1 process 1447:1453 the cell elongation process 1427:1453 the cell elongation process 1427:1453 It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. 35222452 4 40 theme hetero-specific 707:721 arg1 endotransglycosidases 734:754 hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases 707:754 hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases 707:754 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 8 41 theme mixed-linkage 1290:1302 arg1 glucan 1304:1309 mixed-linkage glucan 1290:1309 mixed-linkage glucan 1290:1309 Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. 35222452 6 42 theme bifunctional 934:945 arg1 enzymes 874:880 enzymes 874:880 enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 874:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 42 theme bifunctional 934:945 arg1 α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 947:982 bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 934:982 bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 934:982 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 42 theme bifunctional 934:945 arg1 sets 866:869 Two different sets 852:869 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 852:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 3 43 from grasses 445:451 arg1 stages 414:419 stages 414:419 stages of elongation growth in grasses 414:451 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 4 44 theme other 663:667 arg1 polysaccharides 669:683 other polysaccharides 663:683 other polysaccharides 663:683 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 0 45 theme Elongation 46:55 arg1 Growth 57:62 Elongation Growth 46:62 Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root 46:84 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 9 46 theme glucans 1415:1421 arg1 significance 1385:1396 the significance 1381:1396 the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process 1381:1453 It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. 35222452 3 47 theme transcriptomic 471:484 arg1 study 486:490 a transcriptomic study 469:490 a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root 469:530 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 7 48 from pronounced 1128:1137 arg1 stage 1146:1150 the stage 1142:1150 the stage of active elongation 1142:1171 The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. 35222452 6 49 theme different 856:864 arg1 α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 947:982 bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 934:982 bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases 934:982 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 49 theme different 856:864 arg1 β-xylanases 988:998 β-xylanases 988:998 β-xylanases 988:998 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 49 theme different 856:864 arg1 enzymes 874:880 enzymes 874:880 enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 874:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 6 49 theme different 856:864 arg1 sets 866:869 Two different sets 852:869 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans 852:924 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 2 50 theme cell 264:267 arg1 components 274:283 individual cell wall components 253:283 individual cell wall components 253:283 Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. 35222452 3 51 theme root 527:530 arg1 zones 500:504 five zones 495:504 five zones of the primary maize root 495:530 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 9 52 theme mixed-linkage 1401:1413 arg1 glucans 1415:1421 mixed-linkage glucans 1401:1421 mixed-linkage glucans 1401:1421 It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. 35222452 2 53 theme individual 253:262 arg1 components 274:283 individual cell wall components 253:283 individual cell wall components 253:283 Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. 35222452 3 54 from stages 414:419 arg1 grasses 445:451 grasses 445:451 grasses 445:451 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 35222452 1 55 theme dynamic 124:130 arg1 changes 132:138 dynamic changes 124:138 dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties 124:178 Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. 35222452 8 56 theme active 1349:1354 arg1 elongation 1356:1365 the active elongation 1345:1365 the active elongation 1345:1365 Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. 35222452 4 57 theme significant 566:576 arg1 changes 578:584 significant changes 566:584 significant changes 566:584 In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. 35222452 0 58 theme Maize 67:71 arg1 Root 81:84 Maize Primary Root 67:84 Maize Primary Root 67:84 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 2 59 theme Such 181:184 arg1 rearrangements 186:199 Such rearrangements 181:199 Such rearrangements 181:199 Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. 35222452 0 60 dep Actors 10:15 arg1 Hydrolases 28:37 Glycoside Hydrolases 18:37 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 0:85 Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. 35222452 6 61 theme walls 1083:1087 arg1 xylans 1046:1051 the xylans 1042:1051 the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively 1042:1101 Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. 35222452 3 62 theme zones 500:504 arg1 study 486:490 a transcriptomic study 469:490 a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root 469:530 To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. 33312549 4 0 dep volume 503:508 arg1 ml 520:521 ml 520:521 ml 520:521 The exaction temperature (°C), yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml), and time (h) were employed effects. 33312549 4 0 dep volume 503:508 arg1 2 mg/ml 511:517 2 mg/ml 511:517 2 mg/ml 511:517 The exaction temperature (°C), yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml), and time (h) were employed effects. 33312549 8 1 theme ferreous 1162:1169 arg1 ions 1171:1174 ferreous ions 1162:1174 ferreous ions 1162:1174 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 0 2 theme surface 85:91 arg1 methodology 93:103 response surface methodology 76:103 response surface methodology 76:103 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 7 3 theme CPP1 1006:1009 arg1 mannose 1032:1038 mannose 1032:1038 mannose (1.76%) 1032:1046 The monosaccharide composition of CPP1 was determined to be mannose (1.76%), glucose (97.38%), and arabinose (0.76%). 33312549 7 3 theme CPP1 1006:1009 arg1 composition 991:1001 The monosaccharide composition 972:1001 The monosaccharide composition of CPP1 972:1009 The monosaccharide composition of CPP1 was determined to be mannose (1.76%), glucose (97.38%), and arabinose (0.76%). 33312549 0 4 from Extraction 0:9 arg1 pilosula 46:53 pilosula 46:53 pilosula 46:53 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 5 5 theme best 588:591 arg1 conditions 604:613 the best extraction conditions 584:613 the best extraction conditions 584:613 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 5 theme best 588:591 arg1 following 624:632 the following 620:632 the following 620:632 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 2 6 theme Codonopsis 279:288 arg1 pilosula 290:297 Codonopsis pilosula 279:297 Codonopsis pilosula 279:297 Polysaccharide is one of main components of Codonopsis pilosula. 33312549 5 7 theme yeast 667:671 arg1 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 7 theme yeast 667:671 arg1 2.96 ml 687:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml 667:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg) 667:703 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 8 theme extraction 593:602 arg1 conditions 604:613 the best extraction conditions 584:613 the best extraction conditions 584:613 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 8 theme extraction 593:602 arg1 following 624:632 the following 620:632 the following 620:632 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 8 9 from activities 1122:1131 arg1 radicals 1196:1203 superoxide ion radicals 1181:1203 superoxide ion radicals 1181:1203 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 8 9 from activities 1122:1131 arg1 ions 1171:1174 ferreous ions 1162:1174 ferreous ions 1162:1174 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 8 9 from activities 1122:1131 arg1 radicals 1152:1159 scavenging ABTS radicals 1136:1159 scavenging ABTS radicals 1136:1159 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 5 10 theme liquid 673:678 arg1 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 10 theme liquid 673:678 arg1 2.96 ml 687:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml 667:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg) 667:703 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 7 11 theme monosaccharide 976:989 arg1 mannose 1032:1038 mannose 1032:1038 mannose (1.76%) 1032:1046 The monosaccharide composition of CPP1 was determined to be mannose (1.76%), glucose (97.38%), and arabinose (0.76%). 33312549 7 11 theme monosaccharide 976:989 arg1 composition 991:1001 The monosaccharide composition 972:1001 The monosaccharide composition of CPP1 972:1009 The monosaccharide composition of CPP1 was determined to be mannose (1.76%), glucose (97.38%), and arabinose (0.76%). 33312549 2 12 theme components 265:274 arg1 one 253:255 one 253:255 one 253:255 Polysaccharide is one of main components of Codonopsis pilosula. 33312549 2 12 theme components 265:274 arg1 components 265:274 main components 260:274 main components of Codonopsis pilosula 260:297 Polysaccharide is one of main components of Codonopsis pilosula. 33312549 3 13 theme polysaccharides 420:434 arg1 parameters 386:395 the extraction parameters 371:395 the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) 371:440 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 5 14 theme fermentation 712:723 arg1 time 725:728 a fermentation time 710:728 a fermentation time of 21.03 hr 710:740 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 0 15 from pilosula 46:53 arg1 polysaccharides 14:28 polysaccharides 14:28 polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula 14:53 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 0 15 from pilosula 46:53 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 0:104 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 2 16 theme main 260:263 arg1 components 265:274 main components 260:274 main components of Codonopsis pilosula 260:297 Polysaccharide is one of main components of Codonopsis pilosula. 33312549 1 17 theme weak 182:185 arg1 spleens 187:193 weak spleens 182:193 weak spleens 182:193 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 4 18 theme exaction 463:470 arg1 °C 485:486 °C 485:486 °C 485:486 The exaction temperature (°C), yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml), and time (h) were employed effects. 33312549 4 18 theme exaction 463:470 arg1 temperature 472:482 The exaction temperature 459:482 The exaction temperature (°C) 459:487 The exaction temperature (°C), yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml), and time (h) were employed effects. 33312549 0 19 theme response 76:83 arg1 methodology 93:103 response surface methodology 76:103 response surface methodology 76:103 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 3 20 theme Codonopsis 400:409 arg1 polysaccharides 420:434 Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides 400:434 Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) 400:440 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 3 20 theme Codonopsis 400:409 arg1 CPP 437:439 CPP 437:439 CPP 437:439 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 1 21 theme Codonopsis 106:115 arg1 pilosula 117:124 Codonopsis pilosula 106:124 Codonopsis pilosula 106:124 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 1 21 theme Codonopsis 106:115 arg1 kind 131:134 a kind 129:134 a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens 129:193 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 8 22 theme superoxide 1181:1190 arg1 radicals 1196:1203 superoxide ion radicals 1181:1203 superoxide ion radicals 1181:1203 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 3 23 theme pilosula 411:418 arg1 polysaccharides 420:434 Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides 400:434 Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) 400:440 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 3 23 theme pilosula 411:418 arg1 CPP 437:439 CPP 437:439 CPP 437:439 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 5 24 theme 21.03 hr 733:740 arg1 2.96 ml 687:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml 667:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg) 667:703 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 24 theme 21.03 hr 733:740 arg1 24.75°C 658:664 extraction temperature 24.75°C 635:664 extraction temperature 24.75°C 635:664 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 24 theme 21.03 hr 733:740 arg1 conditions 604:613 the best extraction conditions 584:613 the best extraction conditions 584:613 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 24 theme 21.03 hr 733:740 arg1 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 24 theme 21.03 hr 733:740 arg1 time 725:728 a fermentation time 710:728 a fermentation time of 21.03 hr 710:740 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 24 theme 21.03 hr 733:740 arg1 following 624:632 the following 620:632 the following 620:632 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 6 25 theme infrared 891:898 arg1 spectroscopy 907:918 infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 891:918 infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 891:918 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 3 26 used used 354:357 arg2 RSM 345:347 RSM 345:347 RSM 345:347 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 3 26 used used 354:357 arg2 methodology 332:342 response surface methodology 315:342 response surface methodology (RSM) 315:348 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 1 27 theme stomach 196:202 arg1 problems 204:211 stomach problems 196:211 stomach problems 196:211 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 0 28 theme polysaccharides 14:28 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 0:104 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 5 29 theme extraction 635:644 arg1 24.75°C 658:664 extraction temperature 24.75°C 635:664 extraction temperature 24.75°C 635:664 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 2 30 theme pilosula 290:297 arg1 components 265:274 main components 260:274 main components of Codonopsis pilosula 260:297 Polysaccharide is one of main components of Codonopsis pilosula. 33312549 6 31 theme ultraviolet-visible 834:852 arg1 spectroscopy 859:870 ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy 834:870 ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy 834:870 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 5 32 theme temperature 646:656 arg1 24.75°C 658:664 extraction temperature 24.75°C 635:664 extraction temperature 24.75°C 635:664 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 8 33 theme high 1105:1108 arg1 activities 1122:1131 high antioxidant activities 1105:1131 high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals 1105:1203 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 4 34 theme liquid 496:501 arg1 volume 503:508 yeast liquid volume 490:508 yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml) 490:522 The exaction temperature (°C), yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml), and time (h) were employed effects. 33312549 6 35 theme Sephadex 776:783 arg1 G-100 785:789 Sephadex G-100 776:789 Sephadex G-100 776:789 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 36 dep resonance 942:950 arg1 13C 966:968 13C 966:968 13C 966:968 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 36 dep resonance 942:950 arg1 1H 959:960 1H 959:960 1H 959:960 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 5 37 theme volume 680:685 arg1 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 5.92 mg 696:702 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 5 37 theme volume 680:685 arg1 2.96 ml 687:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml 667:693 yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg) 667:703 Results indicated that the best extraction conditions were the following: extraction temperature 24.75°C, yeast liquid volume 2.96 ml (5.92 mg), and a fermentation time of 21.03 hr. 33312549 4 38 theme yeast 490:494 arg1 volume 503:508 yeast liquid volume 490:508 yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml) 490:522 The exaction temperature (°C), yeast liquid volume (2 mg/ml, ml), and time (h) were employed effects. 33312549 6 39 theme molecular 796:804 arg1 structure 806:814 the molecular structure 792:814 the molecular structure 792:814 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 8 40 theme ABTS 1147:1150 arg1 radicals 1152:1159 scavenging ABTS radicals 1136:1159 scavenging ABTS radicals 1136:1159 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 3 41 theme extraction 375:384 arg1 parameters 386:395 the extraction parameters 371:395 the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) 371:440 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 8 42 theme antioxidant 1110:1120 arg1 activities 1122:1131 high antioxidant activities 1105:1131 high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals 1105:1203 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 6 43 theme UV 855:856 arg1 spectroscopy 859:870 ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy 834:870 ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy 834:870 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 44 dep Fourier 873:879 arg1 transform 881:889 transform 881:889 transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 881:918 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 8 45 theme ion 1192:1194 arg1 radicals 1196:1203 superoxide ion radicals 1181:1203 superoxide ion radicals 1181:1203 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 0 46 with Extraction 0:9 arg1 methodology 93:103 response surface methodology 76:103 response surface methodology 76:103 Extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula by fermentation with response surface methodology. 33312549 8 47 theme scavenging 1136:1145 arg1 radicals 1152:1159 scavenging ABTS radicals 1136:1159 scavenging ABTS radicals 1136:1159 CPP1 exhibited high antioxidant activities in scavenging ABTS radicals, ferreous ions, and superoxide ion radicals. 33312549 1 48 theme traditional 139:149 arg1 medicine 159:166 traditional Chinese medicine 139:166 traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens 139:193 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 9 49 used used 1226:1229 arg2 antioxidant 1237:1247 antioxidant 1237:1247 antioxidant 1237:1247 Thus, CPP1 could be used as an antioxidant or functional food. 33312549 9 49 used used 1226:1229 arg2 CPP1 1212:1215 CPP1 1212:1215 CPP1 1212:1215 Thus, CPP1 could be used as an antioxidant or functional food. 33312549 9 49 used used 1226:1229 arg2 food 1263:1266 functional food 1252:1266 functional food 1252:1266 Thus, CPP1 could be used as an antioxidant or functional food. 33312549 6 50 theme magnetic 933:940 arg1 NMR 953:955 NMR 953:955 NMR 953:955 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 50 theme magnetic 933:940 arg1 resonance 942:950 nuclear magnetic resonance 925:950 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C) 925:969 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 3 51 theme response 315:322 arg1 RSM 345:347 RSM 345:347 RSM 345:347 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 3 51 theme response 315:322 arg1 methodology 332:342 response surface methodology 315:342 response surface methodology (RSM) 315:348 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 6 52 dep infrared 891:898 arg1 FTIR 901:904 FTIR 901:904 FTIR 901:904 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 53 with purification 749:760 arg1 DE52 767:770 DE52 767:770 DE52 767:770 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 53 with purification 749:760 arg1 G-100 785:789 Sephadex G-100 776:789 Sephadex G-100 776:789 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 1 54 theme Chinese 151:157 arg1 medicine 159:166 traditional Chinese medicine 139:166 traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens 139:193 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 9 55 theme functional 1252:1261 arg1 food 1263:1266 functional food 1252:1266 functional food 1252:1266 Thus, CPP1 could be used as an antioxidant or functional food. 33312549 9 55 theme functional 1252:1261 arg1 CPP1 1212:1215 CPP1 1212:1215 CPP1 1212:1215 Thus, CPP1 could be used as an antioxidant or functional food. 33312549 6 56 theme nuclear 925:931 arg1 NMR 953:955 NMR 953:955 NMR 953:955 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 6 56 theme nuclear 925:931 arg1 resonance 942:950 nuclear magnetic resonance 925:950 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C) 925:969 After purification with DE52 and Sephadex G-100, the molecular structure was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C). 33312549 3 57 theme surface 324:330 arg1 RSM 345:347 RSM 345:347 RSM 345:347 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 3 57 theme surface 324:330 arg1 methodology 332:342 response surface methodology 315:342 response surface methodology (RSM) 315:348 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) by fermentation. 33312549 1 58 theme medicine 159:166 arg1 fatigue 226:232 fatigue 226:232 fatigue 226:232 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 1 58 theme medicine 159:166 arg1 problems 204:211 stomach problems 196:211 stomach problems 196:211 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 1 58 theme medicine 159:166 arg1 pilosula 117:124 Codonopsis pilosula 106:124 Codonopsis pilosula 106:124 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 1 58 theme medicine 159:166 arg1 kind 131:134 a kind 129:134 a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens 129:193 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 33312549 1 58 theme medicine 159:166 arg1 anemia 214:219 anemia 214:219 anemia 214:219 Codonopsis pilosula is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat weak spleens, stomach problems, anemia, and fatigue. 34020366 5 0 theme relative 796:803 arg1 abundance 805:813 the relative abundance 792:813 the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas 792:879 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 1 1 theme regulation 347:356 arg1 capabilities 358:369 their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 291:369 their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 291:369 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 5 2 theme rRNA 709:712 arg1 results 730:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 6 3 theme interleukin 1080:1090 arg1 factor-α 1131:1138 interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α 1080:1138 interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α 1080:1138 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 2 4 theme -induced 402:409 arg1 model 419:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model 372:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model 372:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to clarify the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis. 34020366 6 5 theme intestinal 1281:1290 arg1 mucosa 1292:1297 intestinal mucosa 1281:1297 intestinal mucosa 1281:1297 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 1 6 theme inflammatory 262:273 arg1 diseases 275:282 inflammatory diseases 262:282 inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 262:369 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 5 7 theme 200 mg/kg 753:761 arg1 EWPs 763:766 200 mg/kg EWPs 753:766 200 mg/kg EWPs 753:766 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 8 theme sequencing 719:728 arg1 results 730:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 0 9 theme pro-inflammatory 116:131 arg1 cytokines 133:141 pro-inflammatory cytokines 116:141 pro-inflammatory cytokines 116:141 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 2 10 from effects 460:466 arg1 colitis 479:485 colitis 479:485 colitis 479:485 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to clarify the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis. 34020366 5 11 dep bacteria 829:836 arg1 bacteria 829:836 beneficial bacteria 818:836 beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas 818:879 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 11 dep bacteria 829:836 arg1 Candidatus_Saccharimonas 856:879 Candidatus_Saccharimonas 856:879 Candidatus_Saccharimonas 856:879 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 11 dep bacteria 829:836 arg1 Lactobacillus 838:850 Lactobacillus 838:850 Lactobacillus 838:850 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 6 12 theme -1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor 1096:1120 arg1 factor-α 1131:1138 interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α 1080:1138 interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α 1080:1138 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 5 13 theme bacteria 931:938 arg1 abundance 907:915 the relative abundance 894:915 the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia 894:972 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 1 14 theme Egg 189:191 arg1 peptides 199:206 Egg white peptides 189:206 Egg white peptides (EWPs) 189:213 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 1 14 theme Egg 189:191 arg1 EWPs 209:212 EWPs 209:212 EWPs 209:212 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 1 15 theme white 193:197 arg1 peptides 199:206 Egg white peptides 189:206 Egg white peptides (EWPs) 189:213 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 1 15 theme white 193:197 arg1 EWPs 209:212 EWPs 209:212 EWPs 209:212 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 0 16 theme white 4:8 arg1 peptides 10:17 Egg white peptides 0:17 Egg white peptides 0:17 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 4 17 theme dose-dependent 682:695 arg1 manner 697:702 a dose-dependent manner 680:702 a dose-dependent manner 680:702 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 34020366 0 18 theme Egg 0:2 arg1 peptides 10:17 Egg white peptides 0:17 Egg white peptides 0:17 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 1 19 theme due 284:286 arg1 diseases 275:282 inflammatory diseases 262:282 inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 262:369 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 5 20 theme pathogenic 920:929 arg1 bacteria 931:938 pathogenic bacteria 920:938 pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia 920:972 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 20 theme pathogenic 920:929 arg1 Akkermansia 962:972 Akkermansia 962:972 Akkermansia 962:972 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 20 theme pathogenic 920:929 arg1 Ruminiclostridium 940:956 Ruminiclostridium 940:956 Ruminiclostridium 940:956 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 21 theme gene 714:717 arg1 results 730:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 22 theme bacteria 829:836 arg1 abundance 805:813 the relative abundance 792:813 the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas 792:879 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 6 23 theme anti-inflammatory 1244:1260 arg1 effects 1262:1268 anti-inflammatory effects 1244:1268 anti-inflammatory effects 1244:1268 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 0 24 theme cytokines 133:141 arg1 modulation 147:156 modulation 147:156 modulation of gut microbiota composition 147:186 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 0 24 theme cytokines 133:141 arg1 production 102:111 the production 98:111 the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 98:141 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 6 25 theme injury 1229:1234 arg1 alleviation 1178:1188 the alleviation 1174:1188 the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota 1174:1331 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 0 26 theme sulfate 38:44 arg1 symptoms 75:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 1 27 theme anti-oxidation 297:310 arg1 capabilities 358:369 their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 291:369 their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 291:369 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 5 28 theme relative 898:905 arg1 abundance 907:915 the relative abundance 894:915 the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia 894:972 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 29 dep bacteria 931:938 arg1 bacteria 931:938 pathogenic bacteria 920:938 pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia 920:972 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 29 dep bacteria 931:938 arg1 Akkermansia 962:972 Akkermansia 962:972 Akkermansia 962:972 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 29 dep bacteria 931:938 arg1 Ruminiclostridium 940:956 Ruminiclostridium 940:956 Ruminiclostridium 940:956 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 4 30 theme crypt 664:668 arg1 damage 670:675 crypt damage 664:675 crypt damage 664:675 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 34020366 0 31 theme dextran 30:36 arg1 sulfate 38:44 dextran sulfate 30:44 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 6 32 theme pro-inflammatory 1022:1037 arg1 cytokines 1039:1047 pro-inflammatory cytokines 1022:1047 pro-inflammatory cytokines 1022:1047 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 2 33 theme EWPs 471:474 arg1 effects 460:466 the regulatory effects 445:466 the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis 445:485 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to clarify the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis. 34020366 6 34 theme microbiota 1322:1331 arg1 modulation 1304:1313 modulation 1304:1313 modulation of gut microbiota 1304:1331 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 34 theme microbiota 1322:1331 arg1 repair 1271:1276 repair 1271:1276 repair of intestinal mucosa 1271:1297 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 34 theme microbiota 1322:1331 arg1 effects 1262:1268 anti-inflammatory effects 1244:1268 anti-inflammatory effects 1244:1268 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 2 35 theme colitis 411:417 arg1 model 419:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model 372:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model 372:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to clarify the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis. 34020366 0 36 theme acute 61:65 arg1 symptoms 75:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 1 37 theme anti-inflammation 313:329 arg1 capabilities 358:369 their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 291:369 their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities 291:369 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 0 38 theme microbiota 165:174 arg1 composition 176:186 gut microbiota composition 161:186 gut microbiota composition 161:186 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 6 39 theme gut 1318:1320 arg1 microbiota 1322:1331 gut microbiota 1318:1331 gut microbiota 1318:1331 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 3 40 theme Forty-three 488:498 arg1 sequences 508:516 Forty-three peptide sequences 488:516 Forty-three peptide sequences 488:516 Forty-three peptide sequences were identified from EWPs using LC-MS/MS. 34020366 0 41 theme sodium-induced 46:59 arg1 symptoms 75:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 6 42 theme correlation 1002:1012 arg1 degree 992:997 the degree 988:997 the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota 988:1062 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 0 43 theme gut 161:163 arg1 composition 176:186 gut microbiota composition 161:186 gut microbiota composition 161:186 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 3 44 theme peptide 500:506 arg1 sequences 508:516 Forty-three peptide sequences 488:516 Forty-three peptide sequences 488:516 Forty-three peptide sequences were identified from EWPs using LC-MS/MS. 34020366 6 45 theme mucosa 1292:1297 arg1 modulation 1304:1313 modulation 1304:1313 modulation of gut microbiota 1304:1331 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 45 theme mucosa 1292:1297 arg1 repair 1271:1276 repair 1271:1276 repair of intestinal mucosa 1271:1297 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 45 theme mucosa 1292:1297 arg1 effects 1262:1268 anti-inflammatory effects 1244:1268 anti-inflammatory effects 1244:1268 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 5 46 theme 16S 705:707 arg1 rRNA 709:712 16S rRNA 705:712 16S rRNA gene sequencing results 705:736 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 2 47 used used 429:432 arg2 model 419:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model 372:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model 372:423 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to clarify the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis. 34020366 4 48 theme pro-inflammatory 619:634 arg1 cytokines 636:644 pro-inflammatory cytokines 619:644 pro-inflammatory cytokines 619:644 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 34020366 0 49 theme composition 176:186 arg1 modulation 147:156 modulation 147:156 modulation of gut microbiota composition 147:186 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 0 49 theme composition 176:186 arg1 production 102:111 the production 98:111 the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 98:141 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 1 50 used used 234:237 arg2 EWPs 209:212 EWPs 209:212 EWPs 209:212 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 1 50 used used 234:237 arg2 peptides 199:206 Egg white peptides 189:206 Egg white peptides (EWPs) 189:213 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 6 51 theme symptoms 1201:1208 arg1 alleviation 1178:1188 the alleviation 1174:1188 the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota 1174:1331 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 52 theme intestinal 1218:1227 arg1 injury 1229:1234 the intestinal injury 1214:1234 the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota 1214:1331 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 53 theme necrosis 1122:1129 arg1 factor-α 1131:1138 interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α 1080:1138 interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α 1080:1138 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 6 54 theme colitis 1193:1199 arg1 symptoms 1201:1208 colitis symptoms 1193:1208 colitis symptoms 1193:1208 In addition, the degree of correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbiota was as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β > IL-8 > IL-6 > tumor necrosis factor-α To summarize, EWPs contributed to the alleviation of colitis symptoms and the intestinal injury through anti-inflammatory effects, repair of intestinal mucosa, and modulation of gut microbiota. 34020366 4 55 theme damage 670:675 arg1 levels 609:614 the levels 605:614 the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines 605:644 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 34020366 4 55 theme damage 670:675 arg1 extent 654:659 the extent 650:659 the extent of crypt damage 650:675 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 34020366 0 56 theme colitis 67:73 arg1 symptoms 75:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms 30:82 Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition. 34020366 1 57 theme microbiota 336:345 arg1 regulation 347:356 microbiota regulation 336:356 microbiota regulation 336:356 Egg white peptides (EWPs) can be effectively used to alleviate and treat inflammatory diseases due to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and microbiota regulation capabilities. 34020366 5 58 theme beneficial 818:827 arg1 bacteria 829:836 beneficial bacteria 818:836 beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas 818:879 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 58 theme beneficial 818:827 arg1 Candidatus_Saccharimonas 856:879 Candidatus_Saccharimonas 856:879 Candidatus_Saccharimonas 856:879 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 5 58 theme beneficial 818:827 arg1 Lactobacillus 838:850 Lactobacillus 838:850 Lactobacillus 838:850 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that 200 mg/kg EWPs significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia. 34020366 2 59 theme regulatory 449:458 arg1 effects 460:466 the regulatory effects 445:466 the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis 445:485 A dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to clarify the regulatory effects of EWPs on colitis. 34020366 4 60 theme cytokines 636:644 arg1 levels 609:614 the levels 605:614 the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines 605:644 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 34020366 4 60 theme cytokines 636:644 arg1 extent 654:659 the extent 650:659 the extent of crypt damage 650:675 The results demonstrated that EWPs decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the extent of crypt damage in a dose-dependent manner. 33203617 12 0 theme metabolites 1990:2000 arg1 effects 1969:1975 the dietary effects 1957:1975 the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA 1957:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 6 1 theme splenic 873:879 arg1 Treg 900:903 Treg 900:903 Treg 900:903 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 6 1 theme splenic 873:879 arg1 cell 894:897 splenic regulatory T cell 873:897 splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion 873:914 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 11 2 from role 1787:1790 arg1 CIA 1805:1807 CIA 1805:1807 CIA 1805:1807 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 10 3 theme β-acids 1483:1489 arg1 addition 1471:1478 addition 1471:1478 addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD 1471:1548 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 3 4 theme microbiome 506:515 arg1 strategy 545:552 a preventive strategy 532:552 a preventive strategy to RA development 532:570 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 3 4 theme microbiome 506:515 arg1 changes 517:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 9 5 theme propionate 1372:1381 arg1 levels 1319:1324 serum levels 1313:1324 serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS 1313:1418 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 12 6 from effects 1969:1975 arg1 regulation 2012:2021 immune regulation 2005:2021 immune regulation in experimental RA 2005:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 10 7 theme drinking 1516:1523 arg1 water 1525:1529 the drinking water 1512:1529 the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD 1512:1548 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 2 8 theme early 285:289 arg1 treatment 291:299 The early treatment 281:299 The early treatment of RA 281:305 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 2 8 theme early 285:289 arg1 critical 310:317 critical 310:317 critical 310:317 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 1 9 theme RA 277:278 arg1 persistence 262:272 persistence 262:272 persistence 262:272 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 1 9 theme RA 277:278 arg1 initiation 247:256 initiation 247:256 initiation 247:256 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 12 10 theme dietary 1961:1967 arg1 effects 1969:1975 the dietary effects 1957:1975 the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA 1957:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 6 11 theme RS-HFD 845:850 arg1 effects 834:840 The therapeutic effects 818:840 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD 818:850 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 0 12 theme Resistant 0:8 arg1 intake 17:22 Resistant starch intake 0:22 Resistant starch intake 0:22 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 10 13 from production 1682:1691 arg1 mice 1700:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 12 14 theme mechanistic 1929:1939 arg1 explanation 1941:1951 at least one mechanistic explanation 1916:1951 at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA 1916:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 12 14 theme mechanistic 1929:1939 arg1 effect 1851:1856 The direct effect 1840:1856 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro 1840:1890 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 4 15 theme fiber 616:620 arg1 diet 622:625 a high fiber diet 609:625 a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) 609:663 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 15 theme fiber 616:620 arg1 HFD 628:630 HFD 628:630 HFD 628:630 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 3 16 theme RA 557:558 arg1 development 560:570 RA development 557:570 RA development 557:570 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 13 17 theme early 2275:2279 arg1 stage 2281:2285 the early stage 2271:2285 the early stage of RA 2271:2291 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 8 18 theme CIA 1258:1260 arg1 mice 1262:1265 CIA mice 1258:1265 CIA mice 1258:1265 Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. 33203617 10 19 theme serum 1574:1578 arg1 propionate 1580:1589 serum propionate 1574:1589 serum propionate 1574:1589 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 11 20 theme RS-HFD 1795:1800 arg1 role 1787:1790 the protective role 1772:1790 the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA 1772:1807 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 7 21 theme genera 1022:1027 arg1 abundance 973:981 The increased abundance 959:981 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA 959:1048 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 9 22 theme CIA 1443:1445 arg1 mice 1447:1450 CIA mice 1443:1450 CIA mice fed RS-HFD 1443:1461 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 6 23 theme T 892:892 arg1 Treg 900:903 Treg 900:903 Treg 900:903 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 6 23 theme T 892:892 arg1 cell 894:897 splenic regulatory T cell 873:897 splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion 873:914 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 12 24 theme immune 2005:2010 arg1 regulation 2012:2021 immune regulation 2005:2021 immune regulation in experimental RA 2005:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 1 25 theme clinic 171:176 arg1 symptoms 178:185 clinic symptoms 171:185 clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 171:214 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 0 26 theme gut 84:86 arg1 microbiota 88:97 gut microbiota 84:97 gut microbiota 84:97 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 12 27 theme T 1875:1875 arg1 cells 1877:1881 T cells 1875:1881 T cells 1875:1881 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 1 28 from symptoms 178:185 arg1 RA 212:213 RA 212:213 RA 212:213 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 1 28 from symptoms 178:185 arg1 arthritis 201:209 rheumatoid arthritis 190:209 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 190:214 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 13 29 theme gut 2120:2122 arg1 composition 2134:2144 gut microbial composition 2120:2144 gut microbial composition 2120:2144 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 4 30 theme microbial 709:717 arg1 composition 719:729 gut microbial composition 705:729 gut microbial composition 705:729 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 6 31 theme interleukin-10 926:939 arg1 increase 949:956 serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase 920:956 serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase 920:956 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 10 32 theme RS-HFD-induced 1617:1630 arg1 improvement 1640:1650 RS-HFD-induced disease improvement 1617:1650 RS-HFD-induced disease improvement 1617:1650 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 9 33 theme isobutyrate 1387:1397 arg1 levels 1319:1324 serum levels 1313:1324 serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS 1313:1418 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 9 34 theme microbiome 1293:1302 arg1 changes 1304:1310 the gut microbiome changes 1285:1310 the gut microbiome changes 1285:1310 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 3 35 theme dietary 389:395 arg1 interventions 397:409 dietary interventions 389:409 dietary interventions 389:409 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 5 36 theme arthritis 769:777 arg1 severity 779:786 arthritis severity 769:786 arthritis severity 769:786 RS-HFD significantly reduced arthritis severity and bone erosion in CIA mice. 33203617 12 37 theme propionate 1861:1870 arg1 effect 1851:1856 The direct effect 1840:1856 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro 1840:1890 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 12 37 theme propionate 1861:1870 arg1 explanation 1941:1951 at least one mechanistic explanation 1916:1951 at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA 1916:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 8 38 dep Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group 1188:1216 arg1 genera 1248:1253 genera 1248:1253 genera 1248:1253 Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. 33203617 10 39 theme Treg 1653:1656 arg1 increase 1663:1670 Treg cell increase 1653:1670 Treg cell increase 1653:1670 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 6 40 theme therapeutic 822:832 arg1 effects 834:840 The therapeutic effects 818:840 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD 818:850 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 4 41 with rich 633:636 arg1 RS 661:662 RS 661:662 RS 661:662 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 41 with rich 633:636 arg1 starch 653:658 resistant starch 643:658 resistant starch (RS) 643:663 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 0 42 theme collagen-induced 35:50 arg1 arthritis 52:60 collagen-induced arthritis 35:60 collagen-induced arthritis in mice 35:68 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 10 43 from extract 1501:1507 arg1 β-acids 1483:1489 β-acids 1483:1489 β-acids from hops extract 1483:1507 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 10 43 from extract 1501:1507 arg1 addition 1471:1478 addition 1471:1478 addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD 1471:1548 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 9 44 dep changes 1304:1310 arg1 increased 1430:1438 increased 1430:1438 were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD 1420:1461 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 10 45 theme IL-10 1676:1680 arg1 production 1682:1691 IL-10 production 1676:1691 IL-10 production 1676:1691 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 9 46 theme fatty 1345:1349 arg1 SCFA 1357:1360 SCFA 1357:1360 SCFA 1357:1360 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 9 46 theme fatty 1345:1349 arg1 acid 1351:1354 the short-chain fatty acid 1329:1354 the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate 1329:1369 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 2 47 theme better 322:327 arg1 outcome 338:344 better clinical outcome 322:344 better clinical outcome 322:344 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 13 48 theme microbial 2124:2132 arg1 composition 2134:2144 gut microbial composition 2120:2144 gut microbial composition 2120:2144 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 10 49 from improvement 1640:1650 arg1 mice 1700:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 10 50 theme disease 1632:1638 arg1 improvement 1640:1650 RS-HFD-induced disease improvement 1617:1650 RS-HFD-induced disease improvement 1617:1650 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 6 51 theme regulatory 881:890 arg1 Treg 900:903 Treg 900:903 Treg 900:903 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 6 51 theme regulatory 881:890 arg1 cell 894:897 splenic regulatory T cell 873:897 splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion 873:914 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 3 52 theme gut 502:504 arg1 strategy 545:552 a preventive strategy 532:552 a preventive strategy to RA development 532:570 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 3 52 theme gut 502:504 arg1 changes 517:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 12 53 theme microbial 1980:1988 arg1 metabolites 1990:2000 microbial metabolites 1980:2000 microbial metabolites 1980:2000 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 10 54 from increase 1663:1670 arg1 mice 1700:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 7 55 theme CIA 1069:1071 arg1 mice 1073:1076 CIA mice 1069:1076 CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet 1069:1096 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 3 56 theme preventive 534:543 arg1 strategy 545:552 a preventive strategy 532:552 a preventive strategy to RA development 532:570 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 3 56 theme preventive 534:543 arg1 changes 517:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 11 57 theme reduced 1819:1825 arg1 damage 1832:1837 reduced bone damage 1819:1837 reduced bone damage 1819:1837 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 1 58 theme rheumatoid 190:199 arg1 RA 212:213 RA 212:213 RA 212:213 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 1 58 theme rheumatoid 190:199 arg1 arthritis 201:209 rheumatoid arthritis 190:209 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 190:214 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 13 59 theme RA 2290:2291 arg1 stage 2281:2285 the early stage 2271:2285 the early stage of RA 2271:2291 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 6 60 theme serum 920:924 arg1 IL-10 942:946 IL-10 942:946 IL-10 942:946 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 6 60 theme serum 920:924 arg1 interleukin-10 926:939 serum interleukin-10 920:939 serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase 920:956 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 4 61 theme rich 633:636 arg1 diet 622:625 a high fiber diet 609:625 a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) 609:663 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 61 theme rich 633:636 arg1 HFD 628:630 HFD 628:630 HFD 628:630 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 10 62 theme mice 1534:1537 arg1 water 1525:1529 the drinking water 1512:1529 the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD 1512:1548 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 11 63 theme protective 1776:1785 arg1 role 1787:1790 the protective role 1772:1790 the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA 1772:1807 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 7 64 theme concomitant 1029:1039 arg1 genera 1022:1027 Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera 986:1027 Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA 986:1048 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 13 65 from therapy 2249:2255 arg1 stage 2281:2285 the early stage 2271:2285 the early stage of RA 2271:2291 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 2 66 theme RA 304:305 arg1 treatment 291:299 The early treatment 281:299 The early treatment of RA 281:305 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 2 66 theme RA 304:305 arg1 critical 310:317 critical 310:317 critical 310:317 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 5 67 theme bone 792:795 arg1 erosion 797:803 bone erosion 792:803 bone erosion 792:803 RS-HFD significantly reduced arthritis severity and bone erosion in CIA mice. 33203617 8 68 theme Bacteroidales_S24-7_group 1222:1246 arg1 abundances 1174:1183 abundances 1174:1183 abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice 1174:1265 Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. 33203617 2 69 theme clinical 329:336 arg1 outcome 338:344 better clinical outcome 322:344 better clinical outcome 322:344 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 7 70 theme Lachnoclostridium 1004:1020 arg1 genera 1022:1027 Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera 986:1027 Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA 986:1048 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 8 71 theme Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group 1188:1216 arg1 abundances 1174:1183 abundances 1174:1183 abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice 1174:1265 Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. 33203617 8 72 theme Bacteroidetes 1145:1157 arg1 predominance 1129:1140 a predominance 1127:1140 a predominance of Bacteroidetes 1127:1157 Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. 33203617 4 73 theme diet 622:625 arg1 effect 599:604 the effect 595:604 the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition 595:729 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 7 74 theme Lactobacillus 986:998 arg1 genera 1022:1027 Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera 986:1027 Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA 986:1048 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 13 75 theme bone 2096:2099 arg1 damage 2101:2106 bone damage 2096:2106 bone damage 2096:2106 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 7 76 theme increased 963:971 arg1 abundance 973:981 The increased abundance 959:981 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA 959:1048 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 13 77 theme promising 2239:2247 arg1 therapy 2249:2255 a promising therapy 2237:2255 a promising therapy 2237:2255 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 13 77 theme promising 2239:2247 arg1 diet 2223:2226 RS-rich diet 2215:2226 RS-rich diet 2215:2226 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 6 78 theme cell 894:897 arg1 expansion 906:914 splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion 873:914 splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion 873:914 The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. 33203617 12 79 theme experimental 2026:2037 arg1 RA 2039:2040 experimental RA 2026:2040 experimental RA 2026:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 8 80 from abundances 1174:1183 arg1 mice 1262:1265 CIA mice 1258:1265 CIA mice 1258:1265 Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. 33203617 1 81 theme Gut 148:150 arg1 dysbiosis 152:160 Gut dysbiosis 148:160 Gut dysbiosis 148:160 Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. 33203617 4 82 theme collagen-induced 668:683 arg1 CIA 696:698 CIA 696:698 CIA 696:698 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 82 theme collagen-induced 668:683 arg1 arthritis 685:693 collagen-induced arthritis 668:693 collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) 668:699 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 11 83 theme exogenous 1716:1724 arg1 propionate 1726:1735 exogenous propionate 1716:1735 exogenous propionate added to drinking water 1716:1759 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 12 84 from regulation 2012:2021 arg1 RA 2039:2040 experimental RA 2026:2040 experimental RA 2026:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 4 85 theme resistant 643:651 arg1 RS 661:662 RS 661:662 RS 661:662 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 85 theme resistant 643:651 arg1 starch 653:658 resistant starch 643:658 resistant starch (RS) 643:663 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 86 from effect 599:604 arg1 composition 719:729 gut microbial composition 705:729 gut microbial composition 705:729 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 86 from effect 599:604 arg1 CIA 696:698 CIA 696:698 CIA 696:698 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 86 from effect 599:604 arg1 arthritis 685:693 collagen-induced arthritis 668:693 collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) 668:699 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 11 87 theme drinking 1746:1753 arg1 water 1755:1759 drinking water 1746:1759 drinking water 1746:1759 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 4 88 theme gut 705:707 arg1 composition 719:729 gut microbial composition 705:729 gut microbial composition 705:729 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 0 89 theme propionate 125:134 arg1 production 136:145 concomitant propionate production 113:145 concomitant propionate production 113:145 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 9 90 theme gut 1289:1291 arg1 changes 1304:1310 the gut microbiome changes 1285:1310 the gut microbiome changes 1285:1310 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 4 91 theme high 611:614 arg1 diet 622:625 a high fiber diet 609:625 a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) 609:663 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 4 91 theme high 611:614 arg1 HFD 628:630 HFD 628:630 HFD 628:630 Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. 33203617 10 92 from addition 1471:1478 arg1 extract 1501:1507 hops extract 1496:1507 hops extract 1496:1507 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 0 93 from arthritis 52:60 arg1 mice 65:68 mice 65:68 mice 65:68 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 3 94 theme RA 451:452 arg1 patients 454:461 RA patients 451:461 RA patients 451:461 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 0 95 theme starch 10:15 arg1 intake 17:22 Resistant starch intake 0:22 Resistant starch intake 0:22 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 12 96 from effect 1851:1856 arg1 cells 1877:1881 T cells 1875:1881 T cells 1875:1881 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 9 97 theme serum 1313:1317 arg1 levels 1319:1324 serum levels 1313:1324 serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS 1313:1418 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 13 98 theme RS-rich 2215:2221 arg1 therapy 2249:2255 a promising therapy 2237:2255 a promising therapy 2237:2255 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 13 98 theme RS-rich 2215:2221 arg1 diet 2223:2226 RS-rich diet 2215:2226 RS-rich diet 2215:2226 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 12 99 theme direct 1844:1849 arg1 effect 1851:1856 The direct effect 1840:1856 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro 1840:1890 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 12 99 theme direct 1844:1849 arg1 explanation 1941:1951 at least one mechanistic explanation 1916:1951 at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA 1916:2040 The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. 33203617 7 100 with concomitant 1029:1039 arg1 CIA 1046:1048 CIA 1046:1048 CIA 1046:1048 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 11 101 theme bone 1827:1830 arg1 damage 1832:1837 reduced bone damage 1819:1837 reduced bone damage 1819:1837 Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. 33203617 0 102 theme concomitant 113:123 arg1 production 136:145 concomitant propionate production 113:145 concomitant propionate production 113:145 Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. 33203617 7 103 theme RS-HFD 1086:1091 arg1 diet 1093:1096 the RS-HFD diet 1082:1096 the RS-HFD diet 1082:1096 The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. 33203617 9 104 theme short-chain 1333:1343 arg1 SCFA 1357:1360 SCFA 1357:1360 SCFA 1357:1360 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 9 104 theme short-chain 1333:1343 arg1 acid 1351:1354 the short-chain fatty acid 1329:1354 the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate 1329:1369 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 2 105 theme joint 361:365 arg1 destruction 367:377 joint destruction 361:377 joint destruction 361:377 The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. 33203617 3 106 theme diet-induced 489:500 arg1 strategy 545:552 a preventive strategy 532:552 a preventive strategy to RA development 532:570 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 3 106 theme diet-induced 489:500 arg1 changes 517:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 diet-induced gut microbiome changes 489:523 Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. 33203617 9 107 theme acid 1351:1354 arg1 acetate 1363:1369 the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate 1329:1369 the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate 1329:1369 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 33203617 10 108 theme cell 1658:1661 arg1 increase 1663:1670 Treg cell increase 1653:1670 Treg cell increase 1653:1670 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 5 109 theme CIA 808:810 arg1 mice 812:815 CIA mice 808:815 CIA mice 808:815 RS-HFD significantly reduced arthritis severity and bone erosion in CIA mice. 33203617 10 110 theme hops 1496:1499 arg1 extract 1501:1507 hops extract 1496:1507 hops extract 1496:1507 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 13 111 theme concomitant 2151:2161 arg1 increase 2163:2170 concomitant increase 2151:2170 concomitant increase in circulating propionate 2151:2196 Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA. 33203617 10 112 theme CIA 1696:1698 arg1 mice 1700:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 CIA mice 1696:1703 While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. 33203617 9 113 theme acetate 1363:1369 arg1 levels 1319:1324 serum levels 1313:1324 serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS 1313:1418 Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. 32776095 8 0 from absent 1579:1584 arg1 core 1589:1592 core 2 1589:1594 core 2 carrying cells 1589:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 1 1 theme chains 274:279 arg1 termination 250:260 the early termination 240:260 the early termination of O-glycan chains 240:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 2 link O-linked 114:121 arg1 occurrence 149:158 a common occurrence 140:158 a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains 140:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 2 link O-linked 114:121 arg1 glycosylation 123:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 8 3 contain carrying 1596:1603 arg1 core 1589:1592 core 2 1589:1594 core 2 carrying cells 1589:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 3 contain carrying 1596:1603 arg2 cells 1605:1609 cells 1605:1609 cells 1605:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 5 4 theme ST3Gal1 990:996 arg1 levels 980:985 high levels 975:985 high levels of ST3Gal1 975:996 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 4 5 theme different 755:763 arg1 signatures 781:790 different gene expression signatures 755:790 different gene expression signatures 755:790 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 2 6 link O-linked 293:300 arg1 glycosylation 302:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 282:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 282:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 5 7 theme ER-positive 926:936 arg1 carcinoma 945:953 ER-positive breast carcinoma 926:953 ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans 926:1041 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 3 8 from Galectin-3 608:617 arg1 cancers 636:642 some cancers 631:642 some cancers 631:642 Upon EGF ligation, EGFR induces a signaling cascade and may also translocate to the nucleus where it directly regulates gene transcription, a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers. 32776095 2 9 gly glycosylation 302:314 arg2 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 2 9 gly glycosylation 302:314 arg2 glycoproteins 373:385 many cell surface glycoproteins 355:385 many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited 355:442 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 4 10 contain carrying 702:709 arg1 cells 696:700 breast cancer cells 682:700 breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans 682:729 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 4 10 contain carrying 702:709 arg2 O-glycans 721:729 different O-glycans 711:729 different O-glycans 711:729 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 0 11 link O-linked 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 20:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 0:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 0:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation regulates the transcriptional programme downstream of EGFR. 32776095 4 12 theme expression 770:779 arg1 signatures 781:790 different gene expression signatures 755:790 different gene expression signatures 755:790 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 3 13 theme EGF 450:452 arg1 ligation 454:461 EGF ligation 450:461 EGF ligation 450:461 Upon EGF ligation, EGFR induces a signaling cascade and may also translocate to the nucleus where it directly regulates gene transcription, a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers. 32776095 8 14 theme complex 1484:1490 arg1 formation 1437:1445 the formation 1433:1445 the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1433:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 15 from cells 1531:1535 arg1 surface 1504:1510 the cell surface 1495:1510 the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1495:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 15 from cells 1531:1535 arg1 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 1 16 from occurrence 149:158 arg1 cancer 163:168 cancer 163:168 cancer 163:168 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 17 theme Aberrant 94:101 arg1 occurrence 149:158 a common occurrence 140:158 a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains 140:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 17 theme Aberrant 94:101 arg1 glycosylation 123:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 3 18 from MUC1 623:626 arg1 cancers 636:642 some cancers 631:642 some cancers 631:642 Upon EGF ligation, EGFR induces a signaling cascade and may also translocate to the nucleus where it directly regulates gene transcription, a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers. 32776095 1 19 theme sialyltransferases 196:213 arg1 upregulation 180:191 the upregulation 176:191 the upregulation of sialyltransferases 176:213 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 0 20 theme mucin-type 9:18 arg1 glycosylation 20:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 0:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 0:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation regulates the transcriptional programme downstream of EGFR. 32776095 8 21 theme core 1552:1555 arg1 O-glycans 1565:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 5 22 gly sialylated 851:860 arg1 glycans 869:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 5 23 contain carrying 842:849 arg2 glycans 869:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 5 23 contain carrying 842:849 arg1 cells 836:840 cells 836:840 cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans 836:875 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 1 24 theme mucin-type 103:112 arg1 occurrence 149:158 a common occurrence 140:158 a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains 140:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 24 theme mucin-type 103:112 arg1 glycosylation 123:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 6 25 theme isogenic 1057:1064 arg1 cells 1066:1070 isogenic cells 1057:1070 isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans 1057:1105 In contrast, isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans upregulate CX3CL1 and FGFBP1 and these genes are upregulated in ER-negative breast carcinomas, also known to express longer core 2 O-glycans. 32776095 0 26 theme O-linked 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 20:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 0:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 0:32 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation regulates the transcriptional programme downstream of EGFR. 32776095 8 27 theme short 1546:1550 arg1 O-glycans 1565:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 6 28 theme core 1231:1234 arg1 O-glycans 1238:1246 longer core 2 O-glycans 1224:1246 longer core 2 O-glycans 1224:1246 In contrast, isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans upregulate CX3CL1 and FGFBP1 and these genes are upregulated in ER-negative breast carcinomas, also known to express longer core 2 O-glycans. 32776095 1 29 theme O-linked 114:121 arg1 occurrence 149:158 a common occurrence 140:158 a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains 140:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 29 theme O-linked 114:121 arg1 glycosylation 123:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 5 30 gly sialylated 1022:1031 arg1 O-glycans 1033:1041 core 1 sialylated O-glycans 1015:1041 core 1 sialylated O-glycans 1015:1041 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 5 31 theme principal 804:812 arg1 MMP10 793:797 MMP10 793:797 MMP10 793:797 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 5 31 theme principal 804:812 arg1 gene 814:817 the principal gene 800:817 the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF 800:900 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 7 32 theme O-glycan 1363:1370 arg1 cells 1383:1387 O-glycan expressing cells 1363:1387 O-glycan expressing cells 1363:1387 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 4 33 theme different 711:719 arg1 O-glycans 721:729 different O-glycans 711:729 different O-glycans 711:729 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 8 34 theme 1-based 1557:1563 arg1 O-glycans 1565:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 5 35 theme breast 938:943 arg1 carcinoma 945:953 ER-positive breast carcinoma 926:953 ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans 926:1041 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 6 36 theme ER-negative 1171:1181 arg1 carcinomas 1190:1199 ER-negative breast carcinomas 1171:1199 ER-negative breast carcinomas 1171:1199 In contrast, isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans upregulate CX3CL1 and FGFBP1 and these genes are upregulated in ER-negative breast carcinomas, also known to express longer core 2 O-glycans. 32776095 3 37 theme gene 565:568 arg1 transcription 570:582 gene transcription 565:582 gene transcription 565:582 Upon EGF ligation, EGFR induces a signaling cascade and may also translocate to the nucleus where it directly regulates gene transcription, a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers. 32776095 3 37 theme gene 565:568 arg1 process 587:593 a process 585:593 a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers 585:642 Upon EGF ligation, EGFR induces a signaling cascade and may also translocate to the nucleus where it directly regulates gene transcription, a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers. 32776095 7 38 theme signal 1304:1309 arg1 transduction 1311:1322 signal transduction downstream 1304:1333 signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells 1304:1387 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 0 39 theme transcriptional 48:62 arg1 programme 64:72 the transcriptional programme 44:72 the transcriptional programme 44:72 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation regulates the transcriptional programme downstream of EGFR. 32776095 2 40 theme cell 360:363 arg1 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 2 40 theme cell 360:363 arg1 glycoproteins 373:385 many cell surface glycoproteins 355:385 many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited 355:442 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 2 41 gly glycoproteins 373:385 arg1 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 2 41 gly glycoproteins 373:385 arg1 glycoproteins 373:385 many cell surface glycoproteins 355:385 many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited 355:442 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 6 42 theme longer 1224:1229 arg1 O-glycans 1238:1246 longer core 2 O-glycans 1224:1246 longer core 2 O-glycans 1224:1246 In contrast, isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans upregulate CX3CL1 and FGFBP1 and these genes are upregulated in ER-negative breast carcinomas, also known to express longer core 2 O-glycans. 32776095 5 43 theme core 862:865 arg1 glycans 869:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 8 44 from core 1589:1592 arg1 absent 1579:1584 absent 1579:1584 absent 1579:1584 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 4 45 theme breast 682:687 arg1 cells 696:700 breast cancer cells 682:700 breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans 682:729 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 5 46 theme core 1015:1018 arg1 O-glycans 1033:1041 core 1 sialylated O-glycans 1015:1041 core 1 sialylated O-glycans 1015:1041 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 5 47 theme sialylated 851:860 arg1 glycans 869:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 sialylated core 1 glycans 851:875 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 2 48 theme sites 423:427 arg1 number 413:418 the number 409:418 the number of sites 409:427 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 8 49 from present 1520:1526 arg1 cells 1531:1535 cells 1531:1535 cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans 1531:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 7 50 dep core 1346:1349 arg1 cells 1383:1387 O-glycan expressing cells 1363:1387 O-glycan expressing cells 1363:1387 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 8 51 from surface 1504:1510 arg1 formation 1437:1445 the formation 1433:1445 the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1433:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 2 52 theme surface 365:371 arg1 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 2 52 theme surface 365:371 arg1 glycoproteins 373:385 many cell surface glycoproteins 355:385 many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited 355:442 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 8 53 located observed 1421:1428 arg1 formation 1437:1445 the formation 1433:1445 the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1433:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 53 located observed 1421:1428 arg2 changes 1408:1414 striking changes 1399:1414 striking changes 1399:1414 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 54 theme EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin 1453:1482 arg1 complex 1484:1490 an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex 1450:1490 an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex 1450:1490 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 5 55 theme sialylated 1022:1031 arg1 O-glycans 1033:1041 core 1 sialylated O-glycans 1015:1041 core 1 sialylated O-glycans 1015:1041 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 1 56 theme common 142:147 arg1 occurrence 149:158 a common occurrence 140:158 a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains 140:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 1 56 theme common 142:147 arg1 glycosylation 123:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 94:135 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 4 57 theme cancer 689:694 arg1 cells 696:700 breast cancer cells 682:700 breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans 682:729 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 7 58 from Changes 1249:1255 arg1 O-glycosylation 1260:1274 O-glycosylation 1260:1274 O-glycosylation 1260:1274 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 2 59 theme O-linked 293:300 arg1 glycosylation 302:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 282:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 282:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 7 60 theme expressing 1372:1381 arg1 cells 1383:1387 O-glycan expressing cells 1363:1387 O-glycan expressing cells 1363:1387 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 2 61 theme many 355:358 arg1 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 EGFR 397:400 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 2 61 theme many 355:358 arg1 glycoproteins 373:385 many cell surface glycoproteins 355:385 many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited 355:442 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 1 62 theme early 244:248 arg1 termination 250:260 the early termination 240:260 the early termination of O-glycan chains 240:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 32776095 4 63 theme gene 765:768 arg1 signatures 781:790 different gene expression signatures 755:790 different gene expression signatures 755:790 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 2 64 theme Mucin-type 282:291 arg1 glycosylation 302:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 282:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 282:314 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is not limited to mucins and occurs on many cell surface glycoproteins including EGFR, where the number of sites can be limited. 32776095 7 65 from transduction 1311:1322 arg1 core 1346:1349 core 1 1346:1351 core 1 1346:1351 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 7 65 from transduction 1311:1322 arg1 core 1356:1359 core 2 1356:1361 core 2 1356:1361 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 8 66 attach present 1520:1526 arg2 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 66 attach present 1520:1526 arg1 cells 1531:1535 cells 1531:1535 cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans 1531:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 66 attach present 1520:1526 arg2 surface 1504:1510 the cell surface 1495:1510 the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1495:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 3 67 theme signaling 479:487 arg1 cascade 489:495 a signaling cascade 477:495 a signaling cascade 477:495 Upon EGF ligation, EGFR induces a signaling cascade and may also translocate to the nucleus where it directly regulates gene transcription, a process modulated by Galectin-3 and MUC1 in some cancers. 32776095 8 68 theme striking 1399:1406 arg1 changes 1408:1414 striking changes 1399:1414 striking changes 1399:1414 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 5 69 theme high 975:978 arg1 levels 980:985 high levels 975:985 high levels of ST3Gal1 975:996 MMP10, the principal gene upregulated when cells carrying sialylated core 1 glycans were stimulated with EGF, is also upregulated in ER-positive breast carcinoma reported to express high levels of ST3Gal1 and hence mainly core 1 sialylated O-glycans. 32776095 4 70 theme EGF 669:671 arg1 binding 673:679 EGF binding 669:679 EGF binding 669:679 Here, we show that upon EGF binding, breast cancer cells carrying different O-glycans respond by transcribing different gene expression signatures. 32776095 7 71 theme EGFR 1338:1341 arg1 transduction 1311:1322 signal transduction downstream 1304:1333 signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells 1304:1387 Changes in O-glycosylation did not significantly alter signal transduction downstream of EGFR in core 1 or core 2 O-glycan expressing cells. 32776095 8 72 located present 1520:1526 arg2 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 72 located present 1520:1526 arg2 surface 1504:1510 the cell surface 1495:1510 the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1495:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 72 located present 1520:1526 arg1 cells 1531:1535 cells 1531:1535 cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans 1531:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 73 theme cell 1499:1502 arg1 surface 1504:1510 the cell surface 1495:1510 the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells 1495:1609 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 73 theme cell 1499:1502 arg1 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 present 1520:1526 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 6 74 theme breast 1183:1188 arg1 carcinomas 1190:1199 ER-negative breast carcinomas 1171:1199 ER-negative breast carcinomas 1171:1199 In contrast, isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans upregulate CX3CL1 and FGFBP1 and these genes are upregulated in ER-negative breast carcinomas, also known to express longer core 2 O-glycans. 32776095 8 75 contain carrying 1537:1544 arg2 O-glycans 1565:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 short core 1-based O-glycans 1546:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 8 75 contain carrying 1537:1544 arg1 cells 1531:1535 cells 1531:1535 cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans 1531:1573 However, striking changes were observed in the formation of an EGFR/galectin-3/MUC1/β-catenin complex at the cell surface that is present in cells carrying short core 1-based O-glycans but absent in core 2 carrying cells. 32776095 6 76 theme core 1092:1095 arg1 glycans 1099:1105 core 2 glycans 1092:1105 core 2 glycans 1092:1105 In contrast, isogenic cells engineered to carry core 2 glycans upregulate CX3CL1 and FGFBP1 and these genes are upregulated in ER-negative breast carcinomas, also known to express longer core 2 O-glycans. 32776095 1 77 theme O-glycan 265:272 arg1 chains 274:279 O-glycan chains 265:279 O-glycan chains 265:279 Aberrant mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common occurrence in cancer where the upregulation of sialyltransferases is often seen leading to the early termination of O-glycan chains. 33570396 0 0 theme Cell 110:113 arg1 Walls 115:119 Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls 91:119 Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls 91:119 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 5 1 theme similar 670:676 arg1 profile 684:690 a similar sugar profile 668:690 a similar sugar profile 668:690 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 8 2 theme targeted 1104:1111 arg1 approach 1125:1132 a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach 1083:1132 a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach 1083:1132 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach. 33570396 0 3 theme vulgaris 101:108 arg1 Walls 115:119 Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls 91:119 Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls 91:119 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 5 4 theme sugar 678:682 arg1 profile 684:690 a similar sugar profile 668:690 a similar sugar profile 668:690 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 6 5 theme exponential 838:848 arg1 phase 850:854 the exponential phase 834:854 the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase 834:888 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 4 6 theme CWPSs 602:606 arg1 glucose 567:573 glucose 567:573 glucose 567:573 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 4 6 theme CWPSs 602:606 arg1 component 589:597 the major component 579:597 the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii 579:642 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 6 7 theme main 911:914 arg1 layers 916:921 two main layers 907:921 two main layers 907:921 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 2 8 theme rigid 319:323 arg1 wall 347:350 the rigid and indigestible cell wall 315:350 the rigid and indigestible cell wall 315:350 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 0 9 theme Walls 115:119 arg1 Characterization 30:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization 0:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 0:120 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 1 10 dep food 156:159 arg1 the 152:154 the 152:154 the 152:154 Microalgae are attractive for the food and cosmetic industries because of their nutrient composition. 33570396 1 10 dep food 156:159 arg1 industries 174:183 industries 174:183 industries 174:183 Microalgae are attractive for the food and cosmetic industries because of their nutrient composition. 33570396 4 11 theme exopolysaccharides 612:629 arg1 glucose 567:573 glucose 567:573 glucose 567:573 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 4 11 theme exopolysaccharides 612:629 arg1 component 589:597 the major component 579:597 the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii 579:642 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 5 12 theme vulgaris 648:655 arg1 CWPSs 657:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs 645:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs 645:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 5 13 theme C. 645:646 arg1 CWPSs 657:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs 645:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs 645:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 2 14 from bioaccessibility 237:252 arg1 microalgae 289:298 microalgae 289:298 microalgae 289:298 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 3 15 theme study 370:374 arg1 goal 357:360 The goal 353:360 The goal of this study 353:374 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 7 16 theme thecal 1009:1014 arg1 plates 1016:1021 thecal plates 1009:1021 thecal plates 1009:1021 C. cohnii's cell wall was 133 nm thick and composed of several membranes surrounding thecal plates. 33570396 8 17 theme microalgae 1045:1054 arg1 wall 1061:1064 the microalgae cell wall 1041:1064 the microalgae cell wall 1041:1064 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach. 33570396 7 18 theme cell 936:939 arg1 wall 941:944 C. cohnii's cell wall 924:944 C. cohnii's cell wall 924:944 C. cohnii's cell wall was 133 nm thick and composed of several membranes surrounding thecal plates. 33570396 3 19 theme wall 399:402 arg1 CWPSs 421:425 CWPSs 421:425 CWPSs 421:425 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 3 19 theme wall 399:402 arg1 polysaccharides 404:418 cell wall polysaccharides 394:418 cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition 394:438 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 6 20 from nm 828:829 arg1 phase 850:854 the exponential phase 834:854 the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase 834:888 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 3 21 theme cell 394:397 arg1 CWPSs 421:425 CWPSs 421:425 CWPSs 421:425 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 3 21 theme cell 394:397 arg1 polysaccharides 404:418 cell wall polysaccharides 394:418 cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition 394:438 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 2 22 from extractability 258:271 arg1 microalgae 289:298 microalgae 289:298 microalgae 289:298 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 1 23 theme nutrient 202:209 arg1 composition 211:221 their nutrient composition 196:221 their nutrient composition 196:221 Microalgae are attractive for the food and cosmetic industries because of their nutrient composition. 33570396 0 24 theme Biochemical 0:10 arg1 Characterization 30:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization 0:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 0:120 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 4 25 theme major 583:587 arg1 glucose 567:573 glucose 567:573 glucose 567:573 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 4 25 theme major 583:587 arg1 component 589:597 the major component 579:597 the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii 579:642 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 8 26 theme wall 1061:1064 arg1 Understanding 1024:1036 Understanding 1024:1036 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall 1024:1064 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach. 33570396 2 27 theme cell 342:345 arg1 wall 347:350 the rigid and indigestible cell wall 315:350 the rigid and indigestible cell wall 315:350 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 1 28 theme composition 211:221 arg1 food 156:159 food 156:159 food 156:159 Microalgae are attractive for the food and cosmetic industries because of their nutrient composition. 33570396 6 29 from nm 863:864 arg1 phase 884:888 the stationary phase 869:888 the stationary phase 869:888 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 4 30 from component 589:597 arg1 cohnii 637:642 C. cohnii 634:642 C. cohnii 634:642 Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. 33570396 2 31 theme indigestible 329:340 arg1 wall 347:350 the rigid and indigestible cell wall 315:350 the rigid and indigestible cell wall 315:350 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 0 32 theme Morphological 16:28 arg1 Characterization 30:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization 0:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 0:120 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 2 33 dep bioaccessibility 237:252 arg1 the 233:235 the 233:235 the 233:235 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 0 34 theme Heterotrophic 50:62 arg1 cohnii 80:85 Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii 50:85 Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii 50:85 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 8 35 theme efficient 1090:1098 arg1 approach 1125:1132 a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach 1083:1132 a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach 1083:1132 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach. 33570396 6 36 theme stationary 873:882 arg1 phase 884:888 the stationary phase 869:888 the stationary phase 869:888 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 3 37 dep composition 428:438 arg1 the 390:392 the 390:392 the 390:392 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 3 38 theme heterotrophic 458:470 arg1 biomasses 518:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 5 39 from profile 684:690 arg1 phases 722:727 exponential and stationary phases 695:727 exponential and stationary phases 695:727 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 5 40 contain have 663:666 arg2 profile 684:690 a similar sugar profile 668:690 a similar sugar profile 668:690 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 5 40 contain have 663:666 arg1 CWPSs 657:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs 645:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs 645:661 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 6 41 theme wall 795:798 arg1 thickness 800:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 3 42 theme Crypthecodinium 472:486 arg1 biomasses 518:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 3 43 theme polysaccharides 404:418 arg1 composition 428:438 cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition 394:438 cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition 394:438 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 5 44 theme exponential 695:705 arg1 phases 722:727 exponential and stationary phases 695:727 exponential and stationary phases 695:727 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 6 45 theme cell 790:793 arg1 thickness 800:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 0 46 theme Crypthecodinium 64:78 arg1 cohnii 80:85 Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii 50:85 Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii 50:85 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 3 47 dep Chlorella 499:507 arg1 vulgaris 509:516 vulgaris 509:516 vulgaris 509:516 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 6 48 theme vulgaris 781:788 arg1 thickness 800:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 5 49 theme stationary 711:720 arg1 phases 722:727 exponential and stationary phases 695:727 exponential and stationary phases 695:727 C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. 33570396 6 50 theme C. 778:779 arg1 thickness 800:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness 778:808 C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. 33570396 3 51 theme Chlorella 499:507 arg1 biomasses 518:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 7 52 theme C. 924:925 arg1 wall 941:944 C. cohnii's cell wall 924:944 C. cohnii's cell wall 924:944 C. cohnii's cell wall was 133 nm thick and composed of several membranes surrounding thecal plates. 33570396 8 53 theme biorefinery 1113:1123 arg1 approach 1125:1132 a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach 1083:1132 a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach 1083:1132 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach. 33570396 3 54 dep Crypthecodinium 472:486 arg1 cohnii 488:493 cohnii 488:493 cohnii 488:493 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 3 55 from composition 428:438 arg1 biomasses 518:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 0 56 theme Chlorella 91:99 arg1 Walls 115:119 Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls 91:119 Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls 91:119 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 7 57 theme several 979:985 arg1 membranes 987:995 several membranes 979:995 several membranes surrounding thecal plates 979:1021 C. cohnii's cell wall was 133 nm thick and composed of several membranes surrounding thecal plates. 33570396 0 58 theme cohnii 80:85 arg1 Characterization 30:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization 0:45 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 0:120 Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. 33570396 2 59 theme nutrients 276:284 arg1 extractability 258:271 extractability 258:271 extractability 258:271 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 2 59 theme nutrients 276:284 arg1 bioaccessibility 237:252 bioaccessibility 237:252 bioaccessibility 237:252 However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. 33570396 3 60 from morphology 444:453 arg1 biomasses 518:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses 458:526 The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. 33570396 8 61 theme cell 1056:1059 arg1 wall 1061:1064 the microalgae cell wall 1041:1064 the microalgae cell wall 1041:1064 Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach. 32002580 7 0 theme N-linked 1224:1231 arg1 enrichment 1246:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1224:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest 1224:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 7 1 theme detection 1133:1141 arg1 limit 1143:1147 a low detection limit 1127:1147 a low detection limit (1 fmol) 1127:1156 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 7 1 theme detection 1133:1141 arg1 fmol 1152:1155 1 fmol 1150:1155 1 fmol 1150:1155 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 3 2 theme improved 521:528 arg1 stability 551:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 11 3 dep abstract 1714:1721 arg1 Graphical 1704:1712 Graphical 1704:1712 Graphical 1704:1712 Graphical abstract. 32002580 9 4 link 372 N-linked 1392:1403 arg1 glycopeptides 1405:1417 372 N-linked glycopeptides 1392:1417 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins 1392:1458 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 5 5 with structure 787:795 arg1 porosity 807:814 high porosity 802:814 high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite 802:887 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 4 6 theme electron 625:632 arg1 Fourier 717:723 Fourier 717:723 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET 717:770 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 6 theme electron 625:632 arg1 microscopy 674:683 transmission electron microscopy 652:683 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 652:689 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 6 theme electron 625:632 arg1 SEM 646:648 SEM 646:648 SEM 646:648 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 6 theme electron 625:632 arg1 diffraction 698:708 X-ray diffraction 692:708 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 692:714 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 6 theme electron 625:632 arg1 microscopy 634:643 scanning electron microscopy 616:643 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 616:649 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 9 7 theme 372 N-linked 1392:1403 arg1 glycopeptides 1405:1417 372 N-linked glycopeptides 1392:1417 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins 1392:1458 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 9 8 theme only 1480:1483 arg1 1 μL 1485:1488 only 1 μL 1480:1488 only 1 μL of human serum digest 1480:1510 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 7 9 from digest 1266:1271 arg1 enrichment 1246:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1224:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest 1224:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 7 10 theme @ 1096:1096 arg1 nanoparticles 1108:1120 @UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles 1096:1120 @UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles 1096:1120 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 1 11 theme spectrometric 199:211 arg1 analysis 213:220 mass spectrometric analysis 194:220 mass spectrometric analysis 194:220 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 7 12 link N-linked 1224:1231 arg1 enrichment 1246:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1224:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest 1224:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 4 13 theme transmission 652:663 arg1 TEM 686:688 TEM 686:688 TEM 686:688 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 13 theme transmission 652:663 arg1 microscopy 674:683 transmission electron microscopy 652:683 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 652:689 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 13 theme transmission 652:663 arg1 microscopy 634:643 scanning electron microscopy 616:643 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 616:649 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 14 dep Fourier 717:723 arg1 transform 725:733 transform 725:733 transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET 725:770 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 9 15 gly glycopeptides 1405:1417 arg2 glycopeptides 1405:1417 372 N-linked glycopeptides 1392:1417 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins 1392:1458 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 5 16 theme good 848:851 arg1 hydrophilicity 853:866 good hydrophilicity 848:866 good hydrophilicity 848:866 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 6 17 theme @ 945:945 arg1 nanocomposite 957:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite 939:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite 939:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 10 18 theme N-linked 1591:1598 arg1 enrichment 1613:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 1 19 theme glycopeptides 128:140 arg1 enrichment 105:114 Highly specific enrichment 89:114 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 89:172 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 9 20 gly glycoproteins 1446:1458 arg1 glycoproteins 1446:1458 different glycoproteins 1436:1458 different glycoproteins 1436:1458 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 2 21 theme composite 275:283 arg1 framework 265:273 a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite 237:283 a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite 237:283 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 1 22 theme complex 147:153 arg1 samples 166:172 complex biological samples 147:172 complex biological samples 147:172 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 2 23 from growth 304:309 arg1 sheets 337:342 graphene sheets 328:342 graphene sheets 328:342 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 6 24 theme peroxidase 1051:1060 arg1 digests 1028:1034 tryptic digests 1020:1034 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 1020:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 8 25 theme UiO-66-PBA 1301:1310 arg1 capacity 1286:1293 The binding capacity 1274:1293 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA 1274:1310 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 8 25 theme UiO-66-PBA 1301:1310 arg1 84 mg/g 1315:1321 84 mg/g 1315:1321 84 mg/g for protein concentration 1315:1347 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 0 26 theme N-linked 55:62 arg1 enrichment 77:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 Boronic acid functionalized MOFs as HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 32002580 2 27 theme metal-organic 251:263 arg1 framework 265:273 a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite 237:283 a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite 237:283 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 9 28 theme digest 1505:1510 arg1 1 μL 1485:1488 only 1 μL 1480:1488 only 1 μL of human serum digest 1480:1510 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 5 29 theme enrichment 903:912 arg1 tool 914:917 an enrichment tool 900:917 an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics 900:936 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 6 30 theme tryptic 1020:1026 arg1 digests 1028:1034 tryptic digests 1020:1034 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 1020:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 8 31 theme protein 1327:1333 arg1 concentration 1335:1347 protein concentration 1327:1347 protein concentration 1327:1347 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 0 32 gly glycopeptide 64:75 arg2 glycopeptide 64:75 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 Boronic acid functionalized MOFs as HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 32002580 9 33 theme human 1493:1497 arg1 digest 1505:1510 human serum digest 1493:1510 human serum digest 1493:1510 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 10 34 gly glycopeptide 1600:1611 arg2 glycopeptide 1600:1611 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 6 35 from digests 1028:1034 arg1 glycopeptides 1001:1013 N-linked glycopeptides 992:1013 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 992:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 2 36 theme boronic 399:405 arg1 acid 407:410 boronic acid 399:410 boronic acid 399:410 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 0 37 theme Boronic 0:6 arg1 acid 8:11 Boronic acid 0:11 Boronic acid 0:11 Boronic acid functionalized MOFs as HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 32002580 5 38 from tool 914:917 arg1 glycoproteomics 922:936 glycoproteomics 922:936 glycoproteomics 922:936 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 1 39 theme specific 96:103 arg1 enrichment 105:114 Highly specific enrichment 89:114 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 89:172 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 4 40 theme synthesized 566:576 arg1 nanocomposite 582:594 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite 562:594 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite 562:594 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 3 41 theme composite 473:481 arg1 fabrication 439:449 The fabrication 435:449 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite 435:481 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 5 42 theme large 825:829 arg1 area 839:842 large surface area 825:842 large surface area 825:842 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 9 43 theme serum 1499:1503 arg1 digest 1505:1510 human serum digest 1493:1510 human serum digest 1493:1510 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 3 44 theme graphene 454:461 arg1 composite 473:481 graphene oxide-MOF composite 454:481 graphene oxide-MOF composite 454:481 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 5 45 theme crystalline 775:785 arg1 structure 787:795 A crystalline structure 773:795 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite 773:887 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 10 46 from samples 1637:1643 arg1 platform 1578:1585 an efficient separation platform 1554:1585 an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1554:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 10 46 from samples 1637:1643 arg1 work 1542:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 3 47 theme surface 503:509 arg1 area 511:514 enhanced surface area 494:514 enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability 494:559 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 1 48 link N-linked 119:126 arg1 glycopeptides 128:140 N-linked glycopeptides 119:140 N-linked glycopeptides 119:140 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 10 49 theme routine 1686:1692 arg1 analysis 1694:1701 cost-effective routine analysis 1671:1701 cost-effective routine analysis 1671:1701 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 4 50 theme X-ray 692:696 arg1 XRD 711:713 XRD 711:713 XRD 711:713 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 50 theme X-ray 692:696 arg1 diffraction 698:708 X-ray diffraction 692:708 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 692:714 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 50 theme X-ray 692:696 arg1 microscopy 634:643 scanning electron microscopy 616:643 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 616:649 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 10 51 theme research 1533:1540 arg1 platform 1578:1585 an efficient separation platform 1554:1585 an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1554:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 10 51 theme research 1533:1540 arg1 work 1542:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 3 52 theme thermal 530:536 arg1 stability 551:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 7 53 theme low 1129:1131 arg1 limit 1143:1147 a low detection limit 1127:1147 a low detection limit (1 fmol) 1127:1156 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 7 53 theme low 1129:1131 arg1 fmol 1152:1155 1 fmol 1150:1155 1 fmol 1150:1155 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 2 54 theme post-synthetic 361:374 arg1 modification 376:387 its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA 357:432 its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA 357:432 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 9 55 theme different 1436:1444 arg1 glycoproteins 1446:1458 different glycoproteins 1436:1458 different glycoproteins 1436:1458 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 7 56 theme glycopeptide 1233:1244 arg1 enrichment 1246:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1224:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest 1224:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 4 57 theme scanning 616:623 arg1 Fourier 717:723 Fourier 717:723 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET 717:770 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 57 theme scanning 616:623 arg1 microscopy 674:683 transmission electron microscopy 652:683 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 652:689 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 57 theme scanning 616:623 arg1 SEM 646:648 SEM 646:648 SEM 646:648 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 57 theme scanning 616:623 arg1 diffraction 698:708 X-ray diffraction 692:708 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 692:714 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 57 theme scanning 616:623 arg1 microscopy 634:643 scanning electron microscopy 616:643 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 616:649 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 7 58 theme UiO-66-PBA 1097:1106 arg1 nanoparticles 1108:1120 @UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles 1096:1120 @UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles 1096:1120 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 3 59 theme chemical 542:549 arg1 stability 551:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 9 60 theme glycopeptides 1405:1417 arg1 total 1383:1387 A total 1381:1387 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins 1381:1458 A total of 372 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to different glycoproteins are identified from only 1 μL of human serum digest. 32002580 10 61 link N-linked 1591:1598 arg1 enrichment 1613:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 2 62 theme graphene 328:335 arg1 sheets 337:342 graphene sheets 328:342 graphene sheets 328:342 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 1 63 theme mass 194:197 arg1 analysis 213:220 mass spectrometric analysis 194:220 mass spectrometric analysis 194:220 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 6 64 theme N-linked 992:999 arg1 glycopeptides 1001:1013 N-linked glycopeptides 992:1013 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 992:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 3 65 with area 511:514 arg1 stability 551:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 improved thermal and chemical stability 521:559 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 10 66 theme separation 1567:1576 arg1 platform 1578:1585 an efficient separation platform 1554:1585 an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1554:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 10 66 theme separation 1567:1576 arg1 work 1542:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 1 67 gly glycopeptides 128:140 arg2 glycopeptides 128:140 N-linked glycopeptides 119:140 N-linked glycopeptides 119:140 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 2 68 theme UiO-66-NH2 314:323 arg1 growth 304:309 the growth 300:309 the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets 300:342 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 5 69 theme surface 831:837 arg1 area 839:842 large surface area 825:842 large surface area 825:842 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 7 70 dep GO 1094:1095 arg1 show 1122:1125 show 1122:1125 show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest 1122:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 2 71 theme hydrophilic 239:249 arg1 framework 265:273 a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite 237:283 a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite 237:283 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 5 72 theme nanocomposite 875:887 arg1 area 839:842 large surface area 825:842 large surface area 825:842 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 5 72 theme nanocomposite 875:887 arg1 hydrophilicity 853:866 good hydrophilicity 848:866 good hydrophilicity 848:866 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 6 73 theme UiO-66-PBA 946:955 arg1 nanocomposite 957:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite 939:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite 939:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 4 74 theme electron 665:672 arg1 TEM 686:688 TEM 686:688 TEM 686:688 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 74 theme electron 665:672 arg1 microscopy 674:683 transmission electron microscopy 652:683 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 652:689 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 74 theme electron 665:672 arg1 microscopy 634:643 scanning electron microscopy 616:643 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 616:649 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 10 75 theme glycopeptide 1600:1611 arg1 enrichment 1613:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1591:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 6 76 link N-linked 992:999 arg1 glycopeptides 1001:1013 N-linked glycopeptides 992:1013 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 992:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 1 77 theme N-linked 119:126 arg1 glycopeptides 128:140 N-linked glycopeptides 119:140 N-linked glycopeptides 119:140 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 6 78 theme GO 943:944 arg1 nanocomposite 957:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite 939:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite 939:969 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 8 79 theme binding 1278:1284 arg1 capacity 1286:1293 The binding capacity 1274:1293 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA 1274:1310 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 8 79 theme binding 1278:1284 arg1 84 mg/g 1315:1321 84 mg/g 1315:1321 84 mg/g for protein concentration 1315:1347 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 0 80 theme glycopeptide 64:75 arg1 enrichment 77:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 Boronic acid functionalized MOFs as HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 32002580 1 81 theme biological 155:164 arg1 samples 166:172 complex biological samples 147:172 complex biological samples 147:172 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 6 82 theme horseradish 1039:1049 arg1 HRP 1063:1065 HRP 1063:1065 HRP 1063:1065 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 6 82 theme horseradish 1039:1049 arg1 peroxidase 1051:1060 horseradish peroxidase 1039:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 1039:1066 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 10 83 theme efficient 1557:1565 arg1 platform 1578:1585 an efficient separation platform 1554:1585 an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1554:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 10 83 theme efficient 1557:1565 arg1 work 1542:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 8 84 theme @ 1300:1300 arg1 UiO-66-PBA 1301:1310 GO@UiO-66-PBA 1298:1310 GO@UiO-66-PBA 1298:1310 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 10 85 theme cost-effective 1671:1684 arg1 analysis 1694:1701 cost-effective routine analysis 1671:1701 cost-effective routine analysis 1671:1701 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 1 86 from samples 166:172 arg1 enrichment 105:114 Highly specific enrichment 89:114 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 89:172 Highly specific enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples is crucial prior to mass spectrometric analysis. 32002580 5 87 theme high 802:805 arg1 porosity 807:814 high porosity 802:814 high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite 802:887 A crystalline structure with high porosity offering large surface area and good hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite assists as an enrichment tool in glycoproteomics. 32002580 4 88 dep transform 725:733 arg1 infrared 735:742 infrared 735:742 transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET 725:770 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 4 89 theme MOF 578:580 arg1 nanocomposite 582:594 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite 562:594 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite 562:594 The synthesized MOF nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. 32002580 10 90 theme complex 1629:1635 arg1 samples 1637:1643 complex samples 1629:1643 complex samples 1629:1643 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 6 91 theme immunoglobulin 1072:1085 arg1 digests 1028:1034 tryptic digests 1020:1034 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 1020:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 8 92 theme good 1357:1360 arg1 recovery 1362:1369 a good recovery 1355:1369 a good recovery of 86.5% 1355:1378 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 2 93 theme @ 422:422 arg1 UiO-66-PBA 423:432 @UiO-66-PBA 422:432 @UiO-66-PBA 422:432 In this work, a hydrophilic metal-organic framework composite is prepared by the growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene sheets, followed by its post-synthetic modification to attach boronic acid to form GO@UiO-66-PBA. 32002580 0 94 theme HILIC 36:40 arg1 material 42:49 HILIC material 36:49 HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 36:86 Boronic acid functionalized MOFs as HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 32002580 7 95 gly glycopeptide 1233:1244 arg2 glycopeptide 1233:1244 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1224:1255 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest 1224:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 3 96 theme oxide-MOF 463:471 arg1 composite 473:481 graphene oxide-MOF composite 454:481 graphene oxide-MOF composite 454:481 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 8 97 dep UiO-66-PBA 1301:1310 arg1 GO 1298:1299 GO 1298:1299 GO 1298:1299 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 8 98 with 84 mg/g 1315:1321 arg1 recovery 1362:1369 a good recovery 1355:1369 a good recovery of 86.5% 1355:1378 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 8 99 theme % 1378:1378 arg1 recovery 1362:1369 a good recovery 1355:1369 a good recovery of 86.5% 1355:1378 The binding capacity of GO@UiO-66-PBA is 84 mg/g for protein concentration, with a good recovery of 86.5%. 32002580 6 100 gly glycopeptides 1001:1013 arg2 glycopeptides 1001:1013 N-linked glycopeptides 992:1013 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 992:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 6 100 gly glycopeptides 1001:1013 arg1 digests 1028:1034 tryptic digests 1020:1034 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG) 1020:1091 The GO@UiO-66-PBA nanocomposite selectively enriches N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunoglobulin (IgG). 32002580 0 101 link N-linked 55:62 arg1 enrichment 77:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 55:86 Boronic acid functionalized MOFs as HILIC material for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 32002580 7 102 theme IgG 1262:1264 arg1 digest 1266:1271 IgG digest 1262:1271 IgG digest 1262:1271 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 3 103 theme enhanced 494:501 arg1 area 511:514 enhanced surface area 494:514 enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability 494:559 The fabrication of graphene oxide-MOF composite results in enhanced surface area with improved thermal and chemical stability. 32002580 10 104 theme presented 1523:1531 arg1 platform 1578:1585 an efficient separation platform 1554:1585 an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment 1554:1622 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 10 104 theme presented 1523:1531 arg1 work 1542:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 the presented research work 1519:1545 Thus, the presented research work can be an efficient separation platform for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from complex samples, which can be extended to cost-effective routine analysis. 32002580 7 105 theme good 1162:1165 arg1 1:200 1180:1184 1:200 1180:1184 1:200 1180:1184 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 32002580 7 105 theme good 1162:1165 arg1 specificity 1167:1177 good specificity 1162:1177 good specificity (1:200) 1162:1185 GO@UiO-66-PBA nanoparticles show a low detection limit (1 fmol) and good specificity (1:200), reusability and reproducibility for N-linked glycopeptide enrichment from IgG digest. 34124001 0 0 theme Fungi 92:96 arg1 Composition 77:87 the Surface Chemical Composition 56:87 the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses 56:108 Applying Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Study the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses. 34124001 3 1 from key 413:415 arg1 research 435:442 research 435:442 research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms 435:560 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 3 2 from research 435:442 arg1 key 413:415 key 413:415 key 413:415 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 3 3 theme device-related 497:510 arg1 infections 512:521 device-related infections 497:521 device-related infections from different types of microorganisms 497:560 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 4 4 theme photoelectron 586:598 arg1 spectroscopy 600:611 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 580:611 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 580:617 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 4 4 theme photoelectron 586:598 arg1 technique 633:641 a powerful technique 622:641 a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism 622:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 4 4 theme photoelectron 586:598 arg1 XPS 614:616 XPS 614:616 XPS 614:616 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 10 5 theme surface 1638:1644 arg1 blocks 1622:1627 specific building blocks 1604:1627 specific building blocks of their surface 1604:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 9 6 theme surface 1513:1519 arg1 layers 1521:1526 their very different surface layers 1492:1526 their very different surface layers 1492:1526 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 4 7 theme X-ray 580:584 arg1 spectroscopy 600:611 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 580:611 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 580:617 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 4 7 theme X-ray 580:584 arg1 technique 633:641 a powerful technique 622:641 a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism 622:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 4 7 theme X-ray 580:584 arg1 XPS 614:616 XPS 614:616 XPS 614:616 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 0 8 theme Viruses 102:108 arg1 Composition 77:87 the Surface Chemical Composition 56:87 the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses 56:108 Applying Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Study the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses. 34124001 11 9 theme composition 1748:1758 arg1 analysis 1715:1722 future analysis 1708:1722 future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems 1708:1780 These results aims to guide future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems. 34124001 7 10 theme algal 1091:1095 arg1 surfaces 1097:1104 bacterial and algal surfaces 1077:1104 bacterial and algal surfaces 1077:1104 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 3 11 theme microorganisms 547:560 arg1 types 538:542 different types 528:542 different types of microorganisms 528:560 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 9 12 theme data 1405:1408 arg1 treatment 1410:1418 data treatment 1405:1418 data treatment of XPS spectra 1405:1433 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 11 13 theme future 1708:1713 arg1 analysis 1715:1722 future analysis 1708:1722 future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems 1708:1780 These results aims to guide future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems. 34124001 8 14 with microorganisms 1262:1275 arg1 modes 1316:1320 modes 1316:1320 modes 1316:1320 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 14 with microorganisms 1262:1275 arg1 architecture 1299:1310 widely different architecture 1282:1310 widely different architecture 1282:1310 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 10 15 theme specific 1604:1611 arg1 blocks 1622:1627 specific building blocks 1604:1627 specific building blocks of their surface 1604:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 2 16 theme layers 298:303 arg1 composition 269:279 the overall chemical composition 248:279 the overall chemical composition of these surface layers 248:303 An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers may give clues on how these interactions occur and suggest mechanisms to manipulate them. 34124001 4 17 theme structures 718:727 arg1 studies 685:691 studies 685:691 studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism 685:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 7 18 theme peptide 1171:1177 arg1 composition 1128:1138 their composition 1122:1138 their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan) 1122:1208 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 3 19 theme devices 485:491 arg1 infections 512:521 device-related infections 497:521 device-related infections from different types of microorganisms 497:560 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 3 19 theme devices 485:491 arg1 colonization 461:472 colonization 461:472 colonization of medical devices 461:491 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 7 20 theme bacterial 1077:1085 arg1 surfaces 1097:1104 bacterial and algal surfaces 1077:1104 bacterial and algal surfaces 1077:1104 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 4 21 theme powerful 624:631 arg1 spectroscopy 600:611 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 580:611 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 580:617 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 4 21 theme powerful 624:631 arg1 technique 633:641 a powerful technique 622:641 a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism 622:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 2 22 theme surface 290:296 arg1 layers 298:303 these surface layers 284:303 these surface layers 284:303 An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers may give clues on how these interactions occur and suggest mechanisms to manipulate them. 34124001 9 23 theme spectra 1427:1433 arg1 treatment 1410:1418 data treatment 1405:1418 data treatment of XPS spectra 1405:1433 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 8 24 theme life 1325:1328 arg1 modes 1316:1320 modes 1316:1320 modes 1316:1320 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 24 theme life 1325:1328 arg1 architecture 1299:1310 widely different architecture 1282:1310 widely different architecture 1282:1310 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 5 25 theme specific 750:757 arg1 interest 759:766 specific interest 750:766 specific interest for the study of biological systems 750:802 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 6 26 theme hydrated 885:892 arg1 samples 894:900 intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 866:900 intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 866:900 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 5 27 theme cryogenic 807:815 arg1 XPS 817:819 cryogenic XPS 807:819 cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS) 807:830 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 5 27 theme cryogenic 807:815 arg1 cryo-XPS 822:829 cryo-XPS 822:829 cryo-XPS 822:829 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 11 28 theme systems 1774:1780 arg1 composition 1748:1758 the surface chemical composition 1727:1758 the surface chemical composition of biological systems 1727:1780 These results aims to guide future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems. 34124001 4 29 theme analysis 650:657 arg1 depth 659:663 its analysis depth 646:663 its analysis depth below 10 nm 646:675 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 0 30 theme Cryo-X-ray 9:18 arg1 Spectroscopy 34:45 Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 9:45 Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 9:45 Applying Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Study the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses. 34124001 6 31 theme fast-frozen 873:883 arg1 samples 894:900 intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 866:900 intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 866:900 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 9 32 theme different 1503:1511 arg1 layers 1521:1526 their very different surface layers 1492:1526 their very different surface layers 1492:1526 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 6 33 theme samples 894:900 arg1 studies 855:861 studies 855:861 studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 855:900 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 1 34 theme cell 200:203 arg1 wall 205:208 the cell wall or cell envelope 196:225 wall 205:208 Interaction between microorganisms and their surroundings are generally mediated via the cell wall or cell envelope. 34124001 10 35 theme reference 1570:1578 arg1 substances 1580:1589 reference substances 1570:1589 model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface 1543:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 4 36 theme microorganism 732:744 arg1 structures 718:727 the outermost surface structures 696:727 the outermost surface structures of microorganism 696:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 8 37 theme other 1246:1250 arg1 fungi 1338:1342 fungi 1338:1342 fungi 1338:1342 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 37 theme other 1246:1250 arg1 groups 1252:1257 two other groups 1242:1257 two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life 1242:1328 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 37 theme other 1246:1250 arg1 viruses 1348:1354 viruses 1348:1354 viruses 1348:1354 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 37 theme other 1246:1250 arg1 microorganisms 1262:1275 microorganisms 1262:1275 microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life 1262:1328 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 7 38 theme lipids 1143:1148 arg1 composition 1128:1138 their composition 1122:1138 their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan) 1122:1208 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 11 39 theme biological 1763:1772 arg1 systems 1774:1780 biological systems 1763:1780 biological systems 1763:1780 These results aims to guide future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems. 34124001 8 40 theme different 1289:1297 arg1 architecture 1299:1310 widely different architecture 1282:1310 widely different architecture 1282:1310 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 5 41 theme systems 796:802 arg1 study 776:780 the study 772:780 the study of biological systems 772:802 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 0 42 theme Photoelectron 20:32 arg1 Spectroscopy 34:45 Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 9:45 Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 9:45 Applying Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Study the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses. 34124001 6 43 theme cell 967:970 arg1 structure 972:980 the cell structure 963:980 the cell structure to collapse 963:992 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 6 44 theme intact 866:871 arg1 samples 894:900 intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 866:900 intact fast-frozen hydrated samples 866:900 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 4 45 from technique 633:641 arg1 context 571:577 this context 566:577 this context 566:577 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 1 46 theme cell 213:216 arg1 envelope 218:225 the cell wall or cell envelope 196:225 envelope 218:225 Interaction between microorganisms and their surroundings are generally mediated via the cell wall or cell envelope. 34124001 10 47 theme model 1543:1547 arg1 organisms 1549:1557 model organisms 1543:1557 model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface 1543:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 9 48 theme chemical 1468:1475 arg1 composition 1477:1487 the chemical composition 1464:1487 the chemical composition of their very different surface layers 1464:1526 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 8 49 theme microorganisms 1262:1275 arg1 fungi 1338:1342 fungi 1338:1342 fungi 1338:1342 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 49 theme microorganisms 1262:1275 arg1 groups 1252:1257 two other groups 1242:1257 two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life 1242:1328 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 49 theme microorganisms 1262:1275 arg1 viruses 1348:1354 viruses 1348:1354 viruses 1348:1354 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 8 49 theme microorganisms 1262:1275 arg1 microorganisms 1262:1275 microorganisms 1262:1275 microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life 1262:1328 This contribution focuses onto two other groups of microorganisms with widely different architecture and modes of life, namely fungi and viruses. 34124001 5 50 theme biological 785:794 arg1 systems 796:802 biological systems 785:802 biological systems 785:802 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 10 51 theme building 1613:1620 arg1 blocks 1622:1627 specific building blocks 1604:1627 specific building blocks of their surface 1604:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 6 52 theme water 1023:1027 arg1 loss 1015:1018 the loss 1011:1018 the loss of water 1011:1027 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 0 53 theme Surface 60:66 arg1 Composition 77:87 the Surface Chemical Composition 56:87 the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses 56:108 Applying Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Study the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses. 34124001 7 54 dep peptide 1171:1177 arg1 protein 1180:1186 protein 1180:1186 protein 1180:1186 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 7 54 dep peptide 1171:1177 arg1 peptidoglycan 1195:1207 peptidoglycan 1195:1207 peptidoglycan 1195:1207 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 10 55 theme XPS 1529:1531 arg1 data 1533:1536 XPS data 1529:1536 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface 1529:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 4 56 dep technique 633:641 arg1 enables 677:683 enables 677:683 enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism 677:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 4 57 theme surface 710:716 arg1 structures 718:727 the outermost surface structures 696:727 the outermost surface structures of microorganism 696:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 9 58 theme layers 1521:1526 arg1 composition 1477:1487 the chemical composition 1464:1487 the chemical composition of their very different surface layers 1464:1526 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 4 59 theme outermost 700:708 arg1 structures 718:727 the outermost surface structures 696:727 the outermost surface structures of microorganism 696:744 In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. 34124001 11 60 theme surface 1731:1737 arg1 composition 1748:1758 the surface chemical composition 1727:1758 the surface chemical composition of biological systems 1727:1780 These results aims to guide future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems. 34124001 2 61 theme composition 269:279 arg1 understanding 231:243 An understanding 228:243 An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers 228:303 An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers may give clues on how these interactions occur and suggest mechanisms to manipulate them. 34124001 10 62 from substances 1580:1589 arg1 data 1533:1536 XPS data 1529:1536 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface 1529:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 3 63 theme medical 477:483 arg1 devices 485:491 medical devices 477:491 medical devices 477:491 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 11 64 theme chemical 1739:1746 arg1 composition 1748:1758 the surface chemical composition 1727:1758 the surface chemical composition of biological systems 1727:1780 These results aims to guide future analysis of the surface chemical composition of biological systems. 34124001 5 65 theme interest 759:766 arg1 XPS 817:819 cryogenic XPS 807:819 cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS) 807:830 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 5 65 theme interest 759:766 arg1 cryo-XPS 822:829 cryo-XPS 822:829 cryo-XPS 822:829 Of specific interest for the study of biological systems is cryogenic XPS (cryo-XPS). 34124001 10 66 from organisms 1549:1557 arg1 data 1533:1536 XPS data 1529:1536 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface 1529:1644 XPS data from model organisms as well as reference substances representing specific building blocks of their surface were collected and are presented. 34124001 2 67 theme chemical 260:267 arg1 composition 269:279 the overall chemical composition 248:279 the overall chemical composition of these surface layers 248:303 An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers may give clues on how these interactions occur and suggest mechanisms to manipulate them. 34124001 7 68 theme polysaccharides 1151:1165 arg1 composition 1128:1138 their composition 1122:1138 their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan) 1122:1208 Previously, cryo-XPS has been applied to study bacterial and algal surfaces with respect to their composition of lipids, polysaccharides and peptide (protein and/or peptidoglycan). 34124001 9 69 theme XPS 1423:1425 arg1 spectra 1427:1433 XPS spectra 1423:1433 XPS spectra 1423:1433 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 34124001 0 70 theme Chemical 68:75 arg1 Composition 77:87 the Surface Chemical Composition 56:87 the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses 56:108 Applying Cryo-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Study the Surface Chemical Composition of Fungi and Viruses. 34124001 6 71 theme pre-treatment 923:935 arg1 procedures 937:946 pre-treatment procedures 923:946 pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water 923:1027 This technique allows studies of intact fast-frozen hydrated samples without the need for pre-treatment procedures that may cause the cell structure to collapse or change due to the loss of water. 34124001 2 72 theme overall 252:258 arg1 composition 269:279 the overall chemical composition 248:279 the overall chemical composition of these surface layers 248:303 An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers may give clues on how these interactions occur and suggest mechanisms to manipulate them. 34124001 3 73 theme different 528:536 arg1 types 538:542 different types 528:542 different types of microorganisms 528:560 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 3 74 from types 538:542 arg1 infections 512:521 device-related infections 497:521 device-related infections from different types of microorganisms 497:560 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 3 74 from types 538:542 arg1 colonization 461:472 colonization 461:472 colonization of medical devices 461:491 This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. 34124001 9 75 theme existing 1385:1392 arg1 models 1394:1399 existing models 1385:1399 existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra 1385:1433 It evaluates to what extent existing models for data treatment of XPS spectra can be applied to understand the chemical composition of their very different surface layers. 33438241 4 0 theme extracted 615:623 arg1 KMM 625:627 The extracted KMM 611:627 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa 611:664 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 5 1 theme droplet 784:790 arg1 size 792:795 droplet size 784:795 droplet size 784:795 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 3 2 dep 90 603:604 arg1 to 600:601 to 600:601 to 600:601 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 0 3 theme marxianus 93:101 arg1 mannoprotein 103:114 Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein 79:114 Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein 79:114 Stress response and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein. 33438241 3 4 dep 500 mM 565:570 arg1 to 562:563 to 562:563 to 562:563 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 9 5 theme functional 1266:1275 arg1 properties 1277:1286 their functional properties 1260:1286 their functional properties 1260:1286 In this study, we extracted mannoproteins from the yeast cell wall and evaluated their functional properties to be used as an emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions. 33438241 8 6 theme rich 1145:1148 arg1 Yeasts 1132:1137 Yeasts 1132:1137 Yeasts 1132:1137 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 8 6 theme rich 1145:1148 arg1 source 1150:1155 a rich source 1143:1155 a rich source of natural materials 1143:1176 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 9 7 theme yeast 1230:1234 arg1 wall 1241:1244 the yeast cell wall 1226:1244 the yeast cell wall 1226:1244 In this study, we extracted mannoproteins from the yeast cell wall and evaluated their functional properties to be used as an emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions. 33438241 10 8 theme yeast-derived 1386:1398 arg1 good 1418:1421 good 1418:1421 good 1418:1421 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 8 theme yeast-derived 1386:1398 arg1 mannoproteins 1400:1412 the yeast-derived mannoproteins 1382:1412 the yeast-derived mannoproteins 1382:1412 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 8 theme yeast-derived 1386:1398 arg1 either 1454:1459 either 1454:1459 either 1454:1459 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 7 9 from effective 1064:1072 arg1 emulsions 1089:1097 stabilizing emulsions 1077:1097 stabilizing emulsions 1077:1097 In conclusion, KMM can be used as a bioemulsifier and be more effective in stabilizing emulsions than WPC. 33438241 8 10 theme natural 1160:1166 arg1 materials 1168:1176 natural materials 1160:1176 natural materials 1160:1176 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 9 11 theme cell 1236:1239 arg1 wall 1241:1244 the yeast cell wall 1226:1244 the yeast cell wall 1226:1244 In this study, we extracted mannoproteins from the yeast cell wall and evaluated their functional properties to be used as an emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions. 33438241 3 12 theme ionic 541:545 arg1 NaCl 572:575 0 to 500 mM NaCl 560:575 0 to 500 mM NaCl 560:575 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 3 12 theme ionic 541:545 arg1 composition 547:557 ionic composition 541:557 ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl) 541:576 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 2 13 theme stress-response 312:326 arg1 function 328:335 the stress-response function 308:335 the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions 308:356 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 3 14 dep 9 537:537 arg1 to 534:535 to 534:535 to 534:535 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 4 15 with KMM 625:627 arg1 weight 646:651 a molecular weight 634:651 a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa 634:664 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 10 16 theme different 1491:1499 arg1 conditions 1515:1524 different environmental conditions 1491:1524 different environmental conditions 1491:1524 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 5 17 theme ∼1 854:855 arg1 μ 857:857 ∼1 μ 854:857 ∼1 μ 854:857 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 1 18 theme emulsifying 191:201 arg1 properties 203:212 physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties 156:212 properties 203:212 This study was intended to investigate physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM). 33438241 7 19 from emulsions 1089:1097 arg1 effective 1064:1072 effective 1064:1072 effective 1064:1072 In conclusion, KMM can be used as a bioemulsifier and be more effective in stabilizing emulsions than WPC. 33438241 5 20 theme KMM 731:733 arg1 concentration 735:747 the KMM concentration 727:747 the KMM concentration 727:747 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 2 21 theme WPC 414:416 arg1 emulsions 419:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions 384:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 384:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 2 22 theme size 457:460 arg1 terms 432:436 terms 432:436 terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 432:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 4 23 dep % 674:674 arg1 proteins 676:683 proteins 676:683 28.8% proteins 670:683 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 10 24 theme study 1363:1367 arg1 results 1347:1353 The results 1343:1353 The results of this study 1343:1367 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 2 25 theme emulsions 348:356 arg1 function 328:335 the stress-response function 308:335 the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions 308:356 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 0 26 theme Stress 0:5 arg1 response 7:14 Stress response 0:14 Stress response 0:14 Stress response and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein. 33438241 7 27 used used 1028:1031 arg2 KMM 1017:1019 KMM 1017:1019 KMM 1017:1019 In conclusion, KMM can be used as a bioemulsifier and be more effective in stabilizing emulsions than WPC. 33438241 7 27 used used 1028:1031 arg2 bioemulsifier 1038:1050 a bioemulsifier 1036:1050 a bioemulsifier 1036:1050 In conclusion, KMM can be used as a bioemulsifier and be more effective in stabilizing emulsions than WPC. 33438241 10 28 theme conditions 1515:1524 arg1 presence 1468:1475 presence 1468:1475 presence 1468:1475 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 28 theme conditions 1515:1524 arg1 absence 1480:1486 absence 1480:1486 absence 1480:1486 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 4 29 theme 107.2 kDa 656:664 arg1 weight 646:651 a molecular weight 634:651 a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa 634:664 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 2 30 theme concentrate 401:411 arg1 emulsions 419:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions 384:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 384:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 2 31 theme potential 446:454 arg1 terms 432:436 terms 432:436 terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 432:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 8 32 dep APPLICATION 1119:1129 arg1 Yeasts 1132:1137 Yeasts 1132:1137 Yeasts 1132:1137 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 8 32 dep APPLICATION 1119:1129 arg1 source 1150:1155 a rich source 1143:1155 a rich source of natural materials 1143:1176 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 5 33 theme emulsions 828:836 arg1 potential 773:781 zeta potential 768:781 zeta potential 768:781 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 5 33 theme emulsions 828:836 arg1 size 792:795 droplet size 784:795 droplet size 784:795 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 5 33 theme emulsions 828:836 arg1 viscosity 811:819 apparent viscosity 802:819 apparent viscosity 802:819 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 1 34 theme emulsions 230:238 arg1 rheological 174:184 rheological 174:184 rheological 174:184 This study was intended to investigate physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM). 33438241 2 35 theme zeta 441:444 arg1 potential 446:454 zeta potential 441:454 zeta potential 441:454 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 3 36 theme different 518:526 arg1 9 537:537 9 537:537 9 537:537 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 3 36 theme different 518:526 arg1 pH 528:529 different pH 518:529 different pH (3 to 9) 518:538 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 0 37 theme oil-in-water 40:51 arg1 emulsions 53:61 oil-in-water emulsions 40:61 oil-in-water emulsions 40:61 Stress response and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein. 33438241 4 38 contain had 666:668 arg1 KMM 625:627 The extracted KMM 611:627 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa 611:664 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 4 38 contain had 666:668 arg2 % 694:694 68.22% 689:694 68.22% carbohydrates 689:708 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 4 38 contain had 666:668 arg2 % 674:674 28.8% 670:674 28.8% proteins 670:683 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 10 39 theme environmental 1501:1513 arg1 conditions 1515:1524 different environmental conditions 1491:1524 different environmental conditions 1491:1524 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 1 40 theme oil-in-water 217:228 arg1 emulsions 230:238 oil-in-water emulsions 217:238 oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM) 217:299 This study was intended to investigate physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM). 33438241 2 41 theme rheology 467:474 arg1 terms 432:436 terms 432:436 terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 432:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 1 42 dep Kluyveromyces 258:270 arg1 marxianus 272:280 marxianus 272:280 marxianus 272:280 This study was intended to investigate physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM). 33438241 10 43 dep good 1418:1421 arg1 good 1418:1421 good 1418:1421 good 1418:1421 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 43 dep good 1418:1421 arg1 mannoproteins 1400:1412 the yeast-derived mannoproteins 1382:1412 the yeast-derived mannoproteins 1382:1412 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 43 dep good 1418:1421 arg1 either 1454:1459 either 1454:1459 either 1454:1459 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 4 44 dep % 694:694 arg1 carbohydrates 696:708 carbohydrates 696:708 68.22% carbohydrates 689:708 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 4 45 theme molecular 636:644 arg1 weight 646:651 a molecular weight 634:651 a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa 634:664 The extracted KMM with a molecular weight of 107.2 kDa had 28.8% proteins and 68.22% carbohydrates. 33438241 0 46 theme emulsions 53:61 arg1 characterization 20:35 characterization 20:35 characterization 20:35 Stress response and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein. 33438241 0 46 theme emulsions 53:61 arg1 response 7:14 Stress response 0:14 Stress response 0:14 Stress response and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein. 33438241 9 47 theme oil-in-water 1319:1330 arg1 emulsions 1332:1340 oil-in-water emulsions 1319:1340 oil-in-water emulsions 1319:1340 In this study, we extracted mannoproteins from the yeast cell wall and evaluated their functional properties to be used as an emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions. 33438241 6 48 theme WPC 987:989 arg1 emulsions 991:999 the WPC emulsions 983:999 the WPC emulsions 983:999 After applying pH, ionic composition, and temperature, the KMM emulsions were more stable than the WPC emulsions. 33438241 8 49 theme PRACTICAL 1109:1117 arg1 APPLICATION 1119:1129 PRACTICAL APPLICATION 1109:1129 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 1109:1177 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 7 50 theme stabilizing 1077:1087 arg1 emulsions 1089:1097 stabilizing emulsions 1077:1097 stabilizing emulsions 1077:1097 In conclusion, KMM can be used as a bioemulsifier and be more effective in stabilizing emulsions than WPC. 33438241 9 51 from emulsifier 1305:1314 arg1 emulsions 1332:1340 oil-in-water emulsions 1319:1340 oil-in-water emulsions 1319:1340 In this study, we extracted mannoproteins from the yeast cell wall and evaluated their functional properties to be used as an emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions. 33438241 5 52 theme apparent 802:809 arg1 viscosity 811:819 apparent viscosity 802:819 apparent viscosity 802:819 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 5 53 theme zeta 768:771 arg1 potential 773:781 zeta potential 768:781 zeta potential 768:781 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 1 54 theme Kluyveromyces 258:270 arg1 KMM 296:298 the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM) 254:299 the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM) 254:299 This study was intended to investigate physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM). 33438241 8 55 theme materials 1168:1176 arg1 Yeasts 1132:1137 Yeasts 1132:1137 Yeasts 1132:1137 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 8 55 theme materials 1168:1176 arg1 source 1150:1155 a rich source 1143:1155 a rich source of natural materials 1143:1176 PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yeasts are a rich source of natural materials. 33438241 6 56 theme ionic 907:911 arg1 composition 913:923 ionic composition 907:923 ionic composition 907:923 After applying pH, ionic composition, and temperature, the KMM emulsions were more stable than the WPC emulsions. 33438241 3 57 theme stress 481:486 arg1 experiments 488:498 The stress experiments 477:498 The stress experiments 477:498 The stress experiments were conducted at different pH (3 to 9), ionic composition (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (30 to 90 °C). 33438241 0 58 theme Kluyveromyces 79:91 arg1 mannoprotein 103:114 Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein 79:114 Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein 79:114 Stress response and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein. 33438241 5 59 dep potential 773:781 arg1 the 764:766 the 764:766 the 764:766 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 5 60 theme ∼9 864:865 arg1 mPa·s 867:871 ∼9 mPa·s 864:871 ∼9 mPa·s 864:871 With increasing the KMM concentration to 1.5% (w/w), the zeta potential, droplet size, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions reached -35 mV, ∼1 μ, and ∼9 mPa·s, respectively. 33438241 2 61 from emulsions 419:427 arg1 terms 432:436 terms 432:436 terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 432:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 2 62 theme protein 393:399 arg1 emulsions 419:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions 384:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 384:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 33438241 1 63 theme mannoprotein 282:293 arg1 KMM 296:298 the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM) 254:299 the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM) 254:299 This study was intended to investigate physico-chemical, rheological, and emulsifying properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from the Kluyveromyces marxianus mannoprotein (KMM). 33438241 10 64 dep presence 1468:1475 arg1 the 1464:1466 the 1464:1466 the 1464:1466 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 65 link yeast-derived 1386:1398 arg1 good 1418:1421 good 1418:1421 good 1418:1421 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 65 link yeast-derived 1386:1398 arg1 mannoproteins 1400:1412 the yeast-derived mannoproteins 1382:1412 the yeast-derived mannoproteins 1382:1412 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 10 65 link yeast-derived 1386:1398 arg1 either 1454:1459 either 1454:1459 either 1454:1459 The results of this study confirm that the yeast-derived mannoproteins are good at stabilizing these emulsions either in the presence or absence of different environmental conditions. 33438241 2 66 theme whey 388:391 arg1 emulsions 419:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions 384:427 the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology 384:474 Also, the stress-response function of the KMM emulsions was compared with that of the whey protein concentrate (WPC) emulsions in terms of zeta potential, size, and rheology. 34641490 7 0 theme Toll-like 1725:1733 arg1 Domain 1797:1802 Pyrin Domain 1791:1802 Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1791:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 0 theme Toll-like 1725:1733 arg1 pathway 1755:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 0 1 theme metel 192:196 arg1 Seeds 198:202 Datura metel Seeds 185:202 Datura metel Seeds 185:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 7 2 theme BV2 1933:1935 arg1 cells 1948:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 2 3 theme novel 533:537 arg1 system 551:556 a novel recognition system 531:556 a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot 531:623 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 0 4 from Lignin-Amides 166:178 arg1 Mechanism 114:122 the Mechanism 110:122 the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds 110:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 9 5 theme neuroinflammatory 2287:2303 arg1 disorders 2305:2313 microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders 2268:2313 microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders 2268:2313 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 6 6 theme cyclooxygenase 1486:1499 arg1 expression 1416:1425 the expression 1412:1425 the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1412:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 7 from expression 1900:1909 arg1 cells 1948:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 2 8 theme plasmon 575:581 arg1 SPR 594:596 SPR 594:596 SPR 594:596 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 8 theme plasmon 575:581 arg1 resonance 583:591 surface plasmon resonance 567:591 surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot 567:623 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 8 9 theme necrosis 2068:2075 arg1 TNFα 2091:2094 TNFα 2091:2094 TNFα 2091:2094 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 8 9 theme necrosis 2068:2075 arg1 factor-alpha 2077:2088 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 2062:2088 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) 2062:2095 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 2 10 theme mass 687:690 arg1 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 10 theme mass 687:690 arg1 spectrometry 692:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry 654:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 654:713 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 11 theme inflammasome 1887:1898 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 6 12 theme Oxide 1463:1467 arg1 Synthase 1469:1476 inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase 1446:1476 inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) 1446:1483 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 12 theme Oxide 1463:1467 arg1 iNOS 1479:1482 iNOS 1479:1482 iNOS 1479:1482 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 1 13 theme new 210:212 arg1 receptor 274:281 the triggering receptor 259:281 the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) 259:318 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 1 13 theme new 210:212 arg1 protein 221:227 a new target protein 208:227 a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD) 208:256 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 7 14 theme Caspase-1 1876:1884 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 9 15 contain has 2211:2213 arg1 LDS 2207:2209 LDS 2207:2209 LDS 2207:2209 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 9 15 contain has 2211:2213 arg2 agent 2254:2258 an anti-neuroinflammatory agent 2228:2258 an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders 2228:2313 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 9 15 contain has 2211:2213 arg2 potential 2215:2223 potential 2215:2223 potential 2215:2223 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 0 16 theme Activity 150:157 arg1 Mechanism 114:122 the Mechanism 110:122 the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds 110:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 6 17 theme tau 1543:1545 arg1 expression 1416:1425 the expression 1412:1425 the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1412:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 18 theme proteinase-1 1862:1873 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 6 19 theme microtubule-associated 1512:1533 arg1 Tau 1548:1550 Tau 1548:1550 Tau 1548:1550 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 19 theme microtubule-associated 1512:1533 arg1 tau 1543:1545 microtubule-associated protein tau 1512:1545 microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau) 1512:1551 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 20 theme TREM2/DNAX-activating 1660:1680 arg1 kDa 1696:1698 TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa 1660:1698 TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) 1660:1706 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 20 theme TREM2/DNAX-activating 1660:1680 arg1 DAP12 1701:1705 DAP12 1701:1705 DAP12 1701:1705 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 5 21 theme LDS 1230:1232 arg1 activity 1218:1225 the anti-inflammatory activity 1196:1225 the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS 1196:1232 Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS was evaluated in BV2 microglia induced by LPS. 34641490 5 21 theme LDS 1230:1232 arg1 Meanwhile 1185:1193 Meanwhile 1185:1193 Meanwhile 1185:1193 Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS was evaluated in BV2 microglia induced by LPS. 34641490 6 22 theme molecule 1590:1597 arg1 expression 1416:1425 the expression 1412:1425 the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1412:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 2 23 theme time-of-flight 665:678 arg1 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 23 theme time-of-flight 665:678 arg1 spectrometry 692:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry 654:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 654:713 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 0 24 theme Biosensor-UPLC/MS 54:70 arg1 System 84:89 SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System 50:89 SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System 50:89 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 6 25 theme microglia 1371:1379 arg1 cells 1381:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 26 theme specific 1853:1860 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 6 27 theme adapter 1582:1588 arg1 molecule 1590:1597 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 1558:1599 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1558:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 27 theme adapter 1582:1588 arg1 IBA-1 1602:1606 IBA-1 1602:1606 IBA-1 1602:1606 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 4 28 theme metel 1172:1176 arg1 seeds 1178:1182 Datura metel seeds 1165:1182 Datura metel seeds 1165:1182 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 29 theme /cysteinyl 1832:1841 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 6 30 theme ionized 1558:1564 arg1 molecule 1590:1597 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 1558:1599 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1558:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 30 theme ionized 1558:1564 arg1 IBA-1 1602:1606 IBA-1 1602:1606 IBA-1 1602:1606 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 31 theme experimental 1285:1296 arg1 results 1298:1304 Our experimental results 1281:1304 Our experimental results 1281:1304 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 32 theme NLRP3 1826:1830 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 2 33 theme TREM2 607:611 arg1 spot 620:623 the TREM2 target spot 603:623 the TREM2 target spot 603:623 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 5 34 theme BV2 1251:1253 arg1 microglia 1255:1263 BV2 microglia 1251:1263 BV2 microglia induced by LPS 1251:1278 Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS was evaluated in BV2 microglia induced by LPS. 34641490 9 35 theme present 2178:2184 arg1 results 2186:2192 The present results 2174:2192 The present results 2174:2192 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 0 36 theme Active 13:18 arg1 Ingredients 20:30 Active Ingredients 13:30 Active Ingredients 13:30 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 2 37 dep established 629:639 arg1 coupled 641:647 coupled 641:647 coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 641:713 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 8 38 theme inflammatory 1987:1998 arg1 factors 2000:2006 inflammatory factors 1987:2006 inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1987:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 6 39 theme LPS-treated 1355:1365 arg1 cells 1381:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 40 theme Pyrin 1791:1795 arg1 Domain 1797:1802 Pyrin Domain 1791:1802 Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1791:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 40 theme Pyrin 1791:1795 arg1 pathway 1755:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 3 41 theme recognition 906:916 arg1 analysis 918:925 SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis 884:925 SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis 884:925 The results showed that four lignan-amides were discovered as candidate compounds by SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis. 34641490 8 42 theme Interleukin 2008:2018 arg1 IL-1β 2028:2032 IL-1β 2028:2032 IL-1β 2028:2032 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 8 42 theme Interleukin 2008:2018 arg1 beta 2022:2025 Interleukin 1 beta 2008:2025 Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) 2008:2033 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 4 43 theme active 961:966 arg1 ingredients 968:978 the active ingredients 957:978 the active ingredients discovered by the system 957:1003 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 3 44 theme SPR 884:886 arg1 analysis 918:925 SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis 884:925 SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis 884:925 The results showed that four lignan-amides were discovered as candidate compounds by SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis. 34641490 8 45 theme beta 2022:2025 arg1 cytokines 2110:2118 Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 2008:2118 inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1987:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 4 46 theme Datura 1029:1034 arg1 LDS 1049:1051 LDS 1049:1051 LDS 1049:1051 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 4 46 theme Datura 1029:1034 arg1 seeds 1042:1046 Datura metel seeds 1029:1046 Datura metel seeds (LDS) 1029:1052 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 47 theme Recombinant 1767:1777 arg1 Family 1783:1788 Recombinant NLR Family 1767:1788 Recombinant NLR Family 1767:1788 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 48 theme receptor 1735:1742 arg1 Domain 1797:1802 Pyrin Domain 1791:1802 Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1791:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 48 theme receptor 1735:1742 arg1 pathway 1755:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 0 49 from Activity 150:157 arg1 Lignin-Amides 166:178 the Lignin-Amides 162:178 the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds 162:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 2 50 theme Datura 779:784 arg1 seeds 792:796 Datura metel seeds 779:796 Datura metel seeds 779:796 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 51 theme recognition 539:549 arg1 system 551:556 a novel recognition system 531:556 a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot 531:623 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 9 52 theme microglia-mediated 2268:2285 arg1 disorders 2305:2313 microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders 2268:2313 microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders 2268:2313 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 7 53 theme microglial 1937:1946 arg1 cells 1948:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 8 54 dep factors 2000:2006 arg1 cytokines 2110:2118 Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 2008:2118 inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1987:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 7 55 theme LPS-induced 1921:1931 arg1 cells 1948:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1921:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 2 56 theme surface 567:573 arg1 SPR 594:596 SPR 594:596 SPR 594:596 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 56 theme surface 567:573 arg1 resonance 583:591 surface plasmon resonance 567:591 surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot 567:623 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 57 theme kDa 1696:1698 arg1 expression 1646:1655 the expression 1642:1655 the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) 1642:1706 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 4 58 theme containing 1087:1096 arg1 lignin-amides 1010:1022 the lignin-amides 1006:1022 the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) 1006:1052 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 4 58 theme containing 1087:1096 arg1 lignan-amides 1101:1113 containing 27 lignan-amides 1087:1113 containing 27 lignan-amides 1087:1113 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 59 theme of 1690:1691 arg1 kDa 1696:1698 TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa 1660:1698 TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) 1660:1706 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 59 theme of 1690:1691 arg1 DAP12 1701:1705 DAP12 1701:1705 DAP12 1701:1705 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 8 60 theme Tumor 2062:2066 arg1 TNFα 2091:2094 TNFα 2091:2094 TNFα 2091:2094 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 8 60 theme Tumor 2062:2066 arg1 factor-alpha 2077:2088 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 2062:2088 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) 2062:2095 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 0 61 theme Anti-Neuroinflammatory 127:148 arg1 Activity 150:157 Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity 127:157 Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds 127:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 6 62 theme Synthase 1469:1476 arg1 expression 1416:1425 the expression 1412:1425 the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1412:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 8 63 theme factor-alpha 2077:2088 arg1 cytokines 2110:2118 Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 2008:2118 inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1987:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 1 64 theme microglia 352:360 arg1 surface 341:347 the surface 337:347 the surface of microglia 337:360 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 6 65 theme Nitric 1456:1461 arg1 Synthase 1469:1476 inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase 1446:1476 inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) 1446:1483 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 65 theme Nitric 1456:1461 arg1 iNOS 1479:1482 iNOS 1479:1482 iNOS 1479:1482 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 1 66 theme target 214:219 arg1 receptor 274:281 the triggering receptor 259:281 the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) 259:318 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 1 66 theme target 214:219 arg1 protein 221:227 a new target protein 208:227 a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD) 208:256 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 2 67 theme active 739:744 arg1 ingredients 746:756 the active ingredients 735:756 the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds 735:796 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 68 from seeds 792:796 arg1 TREM2 768:772 TREM2 768:772 TREM2 from Datura metel seeds 768:796 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 6 69 theme protein 1535:1541 arg1 Tau 1548:1550 Tau 1548:1550 Tau 1548:1550 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 69 theme protein 1535:1541 arg1 tau 1543:1545 microtubule-associated protein tau 1512:1545 microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau) 1512:1551 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 4 70 from seeds 1042:1046 arg1 lignin-amides 1010:1022 the lignin-amides 1006:1022 the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) 1006:1052 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 4 70 from seeds 1042:1046 arg1 lignan-amides 1101:1113 containing 27 lignan-amides 1087:1113 containing 27 lignan-amides 1087:1113 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 0 71 from Mechanism 114:122 arg1 Lignin-Amides 166:178 the Lignin-Amides 162:178 the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds 162:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 8 72 theme inflammatory 2097:2108 arg1 cytokines 2110:2118 Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 2008:2118 inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1987:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 0 73 theme Datura 185:190 arg1 Seeds 198:202 Datura metel Seeds 185:202 Datura metel Seeds 185:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 6 74 from release 1344:1350 arg1 cells 1381:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 75 theme protein 1682:1688 arg1 kDa 1696:1698 TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa 1660:1698 TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) 1660:1706 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 75 theme protein 1682:1688 arg1 DAP12 1701:1705 DAP12 1701:1705 DAP12 1701:1705 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 76 theme TLR4 1749:1752 arg1 Domain 1797:1802 Pyrin Domain 1791:1802 Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1791:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 76 theme TLR4 1749:1752 arg1 pathway 1755:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 2 77 theme tandem 680:685 arg1 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 77 theme tandem 680:685 arg1 spectrometry 692:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry 654:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 654:713 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 0 78 theme Recognition 72:82 arg1 System 84:89 SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System 50:89 SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System 50:89 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 2 79 theme quadrupole 654:663 arg1 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 UPLC-MS 706:712 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 79 theme quadrupole 654:663 arg1 spectrometry 692:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry 654:703 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) 654:713 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 80 theme aspartate 1843:1851 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 4 81 theme seeds 1178:1182 arg1 HP-20 1156:1160 the HP-20 1152:1160 the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds 1152:1182 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 5 82 theme anti-inflammatory 1200:1216 arg1 activity 1218:1225 the anti-inflammatory activity 1196:1225 the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS 1196:1232 Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS was evaluated in BV2 microglia induced by LPS. 34641490 5 82 theme anti-inflammatory 1200:1216 arg1 Meanwhile 1185:1193 Meanwhile 1185:1193 Meanwhile 1185:1193 Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of LDS was evaluated in BV2 microglia induced by LPS. 34641490 6 83 theme calcium-binding 1566:1580 arg1 molecule 1590:1597 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 1558:1599 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1558:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 83 theme calcium-binding 1566:1580 arg1 IBA-1 1602:1606 IBA-1 1602:1606 IBA-1 1602:1606 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 1 84 dep Cells 304:308 arg1 TREM2 313:317 TREM2 313:317 TREM2 313:317 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 1 84 dep Cells 304:308 arg1 2 310:310 2 310:310 2 310:310 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 8 85 theme inhibitory 1965:1974 arg1 release 1976:1982 the inhibitory release 1961:1982 the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1961:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 2 86 theme target 613:618 arg1 spot 620:623 the TREM2 target spot 603:623 the TREM2 target spot 603:623 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 7 87 theme Protein 1815:1821 arg1 expression 1900:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression 1815:1909 Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1815:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 4 88 theme ingredients 968:978 arg1 guidance 945:952 the guidance 941:952 the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system 941:1003 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 4 89 theme Datura 1165:1170 arg1 seeds 1178:1182 Datura metel seeds 1165:1182 Datura metel seeds 1165:1182 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 0 90 theme Ingredients 20:30 arg1 Discovery 0:8 Discovery 0:8 Discovery of Active Ingredients 0:30 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 1 91 theme triggering 263:272 arg1 receptor 274:281 the triggering receptor 259:281 the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) 259:318 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 1 91 theme triggering 263:272 arg1 protein 221:227 a new target protein 208:227 a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD) 208:256 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 8 92 theme factors 2000:2006 arg1 release 1976:1982 the inhibitory release 1961:1982 the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1961:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 0 93 from Seeds 198:202 arg1 Lignin-Amides 166:178 the Lignin-Amides 162:178 the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds 162:202 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 6 94 theme BV2 1367:1369 arg1 cells 1381:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells 1355:1385 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 8 95 theme neuroinflammatory 2145:2161 arg1 responses 2163:2171 neuroinflammatory responses 2145:2171 neuroinflammatory responses 2145:2171 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 3 96 theme candidate 861:869 arg1 compounds 871:879 candidate compounds 861:879 candidate compounds 861:879 The results showed that four lignan-amides were discovered as candidate compounds by SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis. 34641490 3 96 theme candidate 861:869 arg1 lignan-amides 828:840 four lignan-amides 823:840 four lignan-amides 823:840 The results showed that four lignan-amides were discovered as candidate compounds by SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis. 34641490 1 97 theme neuropathologic 442:456 arg1 neuropathologic 442:456 neuropathologic 442:456 neuropathologic 442:456 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 1 97 theme neuropathologic 442:456 arg1 variety 431:437 a variety 429:437 a variety of neuropathologic 429:456 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 0 98 theme SPR 50:52 arg1 System 84:89 SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System 50:89 SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System 50:89 Discovery of Active Ingredients Targeted TREM2 by SPR Biosensor-UPLC/MS Recognition System, and Investigating the Mechanism of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity on the Lignin-Amides from Datura metel Seeds. 34641490 1 99 theme myeloid 296:302 arg1 Cells 304:308 myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) 296:318 myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) 296:318 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 7 100 theme NLR 1779:1781 arg1 Family 1783:1788 Recombinant NLR Family 1767:1788 Recombinant NLR Family 1767:1788 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 6 101 theme inducible 1446:1454 arg1 Synthase 1469:1476 inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase 1446:1476 inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) 1446:1483 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 6 101 theme inducible 1446:1454 arg1 iNOS 1479:1482 iNOS 1479:1482 iNOS 1479:1482 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 3 102 theme biosensor-UPLC/MS 888:904 arg1 analysis 918:925 SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis 884:925 SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis 884:925 The results showed that four lignan-amides were discovered as candidate compounds by SPR biosensor-UPLC/MS recognition analysis. 34641490 6 103 theme proteins 1434:1441 arg1 expression 1416:1425 the expression 1412:1425 the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) 1412:1607 Our experimental results demonstrated that LDS could reduce NO release in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells and significantly reduce the expression of the proteins of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). 34641490 7 104 theme SX4 1744:1746 arg1 Domain 1797:1802 Pyrin Domain 1791:1802 Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells 1791:1952 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 7 104 theme SX4 1744:1746 arg1 pathway 1755:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway 1721:1761 Accordingly, LDS might increase the expression of TREM2/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and suppress the Toll-like receptor SX4 (TLR4) pathway and Recombinant NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) inflammasome expression by LDS in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. 34641490 8 105 theme Interleukin 2036:2046 arg1 cytokines 2110:2118 Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 2008:2118 inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines 1987:2118 Then, the inhibitory release of inflammatory factors Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines were detected to inhibit neuroinflammatory responses. 34641490 4 106 theme metel 1036:1040 arg1 LDS 1049:1051 LDS 1049:1051 LDS 1049:1051 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 4 106 theme metel 1036:1040 arg1 seeds 1042:1046 Datura metel seeds 1029:1046 Datura metel seeds (LDS) 1029:1052 According to the guidance of the active ingredients discovered by the system, the lignin-amides from Datura metel seeds (LDS) were preliminarily identified as containing 27 lignan-amides, which were enriched compositions by the HP-20 of Datura metel seeds. 34641490 2 107 theme metel 786:790 arg1 seeds 792:796 Datura metel seeds 779:796 Datura metel seeds 779:796 In this study, a novel recognition system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the TREM2 target spot was established coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), in order to screen the active ingredients targeting TREM2 from Datura metel seeds. 34641490 1 108 theme potential 477:485 arg1 indicator 487:495 a potential indicator 475:495 a potential indicator for monitoring AD 475:513 As a new target protein for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) was expressed on the surface of microglia, which was shown to regulate neuroinflammation, be associated with a variety of neuropathologic, and regarded as a potential indicator for monitoring AD. 34641490 9 109 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 2231:2252 arg1 potential 2215:2223 potential 2215:2223 potential 2215:2223 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 34641490 9 109 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 2231:2252 arg1 agent 2254:2258 an anti-neuroinflammatory agent 2228:2258 an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders 2228:2313 The present results propose that LDS has potential as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. 32684451 8 0 theme SLAMF7 1517:1522 arg1 amplicon 1533:1540 the SLAMF7 complete amplicon 1513:1540 the SLAMF7 complete amplicon 1513:1540 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 6 1 theme SLAMF7 1192:1197 arg1 fragments 1208:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 1 2 theme healthy 417:423 arg1 cows 453:456 healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 417:456 healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 417:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 8 3 theme CNS 1570:1572 arg1 cows 1582:1585 the CNS and CPS cows 1566:1585 cows 1582:1585 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 1 4 theme SLAMF7 269:274 arg1 gene 277:280 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 4 5 theme microbiological 811:825 arg1 analysis 827:834 microbiological analysis 811:834 microbiological analysis 811:834 Milk samples were taken for microbiological analysis 2 d before slaughter and examined for the presence of bacteria. 32684451 9 6 theme SLAMF7 1747:1752 arg1 gene 1754:1757 the SLAMF7 gene 1743:1757 the SLAMF7 gene 1743:1757 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 11 7 theme infected 2009:2016 arg1 animals 2018:2024 the infected animals 2005:2024 the infected animals 2005:2024 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 5 8 from bacteria 1070:1077 arg1 milk 1082:1085 milk 1082:1085 milk 1082:1085 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 1 9 theme mastitis-infected 429:445 arg1 cows 453:456 healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 417:456 healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 417:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 8 10 theme CPS 1578:1580 arg1 cows 1582:1585 the CNS and CPS cows 1566:1585 cows 1582:1585 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 1 11 theme gene 277:280 arg1 variants 201:208 Splice variants 194:208 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 194:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 11 12 theme homozygotes 1944:1954 arg1 AA 1956:1957 homozygotes AA 1944:1957 homozygotes AA 1944:1957 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 5 13 dep groups 982:987 arg1 healthy 1042:1048 healthy 1042:1048 healthy 1042:1048 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 13 dep groups 982:987 arg1 CPS 1167:1169 CPS 1167:1169 CPS 1167:1169 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 13 dep groups 982:987 arg1 staphylococci 1152:1164 coagulase-positive staphylococci 1133:1164 coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) 1133:1170 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 13 dep groups 982:987 arg1 CNS 1123:1125 CNS 1123:1125 CNS 1123:1125 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 13 dep groups 982:987 arg1 staphylococci 1108:1120 coagulase-negative staphylococci 1089:1120 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) 1089:1126 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 1 14 theme cows 453:456 arg1 glands 407:412 the mammary glands 395:412 the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 395:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 2 15 theme splice 589:594 arg1 variants 596:603 different splice variants 579:603 different splice variants 579:603 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 12 16 theme group 2312:2316 arg1 cows 2321:2324 the group II cows 2308:2324 the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2308:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 12 16 theme group 2312:2316 arg1 cows 2362:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 14 17 theme % 2682:2682 arg1 average 2662:2668 an average 2659:2668 an average of ∼66 to 68% 2659:2682 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 13 18 from genotype 2462:2469 arg1 exon 2485:2488 the second exon 2474:2488 the second exon 2474:2488 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 9 19 from variant 1713:1719 arg1 exon 1735:1738 the second exon 1724:1738 the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene 1724:1757 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 12 20 theme subclinical 2259:2269 arg1 occurrence-was 2280:2293 subclinical mastitis occurrence-was 2259:2293 subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2259:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 8 21 theme variant 1610:1616 arg1 higher 1627:1632 higher 1627:1632 higher 1627:1632 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 8 21 theme variant 1610:1616 arg1 expression 1591:1600 the expression 1587:1600 the expression of this variant 1587:1616 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 6 22 dep variants 1233:1240 arg1 V1 1256:1257 V1 1256:1257 V1 1256:1257 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 22 dep variants 1233:1240 arg1 variants 1233:1240 2 alternative variants 1219:1240 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) 1219:1265 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 22 dep variants 1233:1240 arg1 V2 1263:1264 V2 1263:1264 V2 1263:1264 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 10 23 dep AA 1873:1874 arg1 wild-type 1877:1885 wild-type 1877:1885 wild-type 1877:1885 Two genotypes were detected: AA (wild-type) and AB (insertion A). 32684451 14 24 theme methylation 2591:2601 arg1 percentage 2557:2566 the percentage 2553:2566 the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation 2553:2601 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 12 25 theme occurrence-was 2280:2293 arg1 indicators 2245:2254 indicators 2245:2254 indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2245:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 6 26 theme alternative 1221:1231 arg1 V1 1256:1257 V1 1256:1257 V1 1256:1257 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 26 theme alternative 1221:1231 arg1 variants 1233:1240 2 alternative variants 1219:1240 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) 1219:1265 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 26 theme alternative 1221:1231 arg1 V2 1263:1264 V2 1263:1264 V2 1263:1264 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 5 27 theme health 1006:1011 arg1 status 1013:1018 the health status 1002:1018 the health status of the mammary gland 1002:1039 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 1 28 theme lymphocytic 227:237 arg1 molecule 250:257 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 213:257 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 12 29 theme cell 2172:2175 arg1 count 2177:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 14 30 theme SLAMF7-targeted 2571:2585 arg1 methylation 2591:2601 SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation 2571:2601 SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation 2571:2601 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 2 31 theme cows 659:662 arg1 cows 659:662 dairy cows 653:662 dairy cows 653:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 31 theme cows 659:662 arg1 group 644:648 one group 640:648 one group of dairy cows 640:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 3 32 theme Holstein-Friesian 712:728 arg1 cows 736:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 702:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I) 702:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 11 33 theme healthy 1913:1919 arg1 cows 1921:1924 healthy cows 1913:1924 healthy cows 1913:1924 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 2 34 theme SLAM7 544:548 arg1 exon 555:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 12 35 theme identified 2108:2117 arg1 count 2177:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 6 36 theme DNA 1204:1206 arg1 fragments 1208:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 11 37 from opposite 2062:2069 arg1 animals 2018:2024 the infected animals 2005:2024 the infected animals 2005:2024 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 2 38 theme significant 477:487 arg1 associations 489:500 significant associations 477:500 significant associations 477:500 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 9 39 theme SLAMF7 1836:1841 arg1 function 1824:1831 function 1824:1831 function 1824:1831 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 9 39 theme SLAMF7 1836:1841 arg1 structure 1810:1818 protein structure 1802:1818 protein structure 1802:1818 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 4 40 dep d 838:838 arg1 slaughter 847:855 slaughter 847:855 slaughter 847:855 Milk samples were taken for microbiological analysis 2 d before slaughter and examined for the presence of bacteria. 32684451 12 41 theme association 2075:2085 arg1 analysis 2087:2094 An association analysis 2072:2094 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content 2072:2230 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 3 42 theme group 773:777 arg1 variety 764:770 the Black and White variety 744:770 the Black and White variety (group I) 744:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 3 42 theme group 773:777 arg1 I 779:779 group I 773:779 group I 773:779 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 0 43 theme family 84:89 arg1 gene 102:105 family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 84:105 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 1 44 from differences 308:318 arg1 expression 327:336 the expression 323:336 the expression of this gene 323:349 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 7 45 theme individual 1452:1461 arg1 variants 1463:1470 individual variants 1452:1470 individual variants 1452:1470 Separate analyses performed for each isoform showed that the health status of the cow was strongly associated with the expression level of individual variants. 32684451 3 46 theme variety 764:770 arg1 cows 736:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 702:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I) 702:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 13 47 theme AB 2409:2410 arg1 animals 2412:2418 AB animals 2409:2418 AB animals 2409:2418 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 4 48 theme bacteria 890:897 arg1 presence 878:885 the presence 874:885 the presence of bacteria 874:897 Milk samples were taken for microbiological analysis 2 d before slaughter and examined for the presence of bacteria. 32684451 13 49 theme second 2478:2483 arg1 exon 2485:2488 the second exon 2474:2488 the second exon 2474:2488 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 6 50 theme gene 1250:1253 arg1 V1 1256:1257 V1 1256:1257 V1 1256:1257 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 50 theme gene 1250:1253 arg1 variants 1233:1240 2 alternative variants 1219:1240 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) 1219:1265 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 50 theme gene 1250:1253 arg1 expression 1285:1294 complete gene expression 1271:1294 complete gene expression 1271:1294 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 6 50 theme gene 1250:1253 arg1 V2 1263:1264 V2 1263:1264 V2 1263:1264 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 5 51 theme mammary 1027:1033 arg1 gland 1035:1039 the mammary gland 1023:1039 the mammary gland 1023:1039 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 9 52 theme Sanger 1650:1655 arg1 sequencing 1657:1666 Sanger sequencing 1650:1666 Sanger sequencing 1650:1666 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 0 53 theme molecule 75:82 arg1 analysis 26:33 Structural and functional analysis 0:33 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 0:192 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 0 54 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 analysis 26:33 Structural and functional analysis 0:33 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 0:192 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 2 55 theme mastitis 628:635 arg1 deletion 528:535 a deletion 526:535 a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon 526:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 55 theme mastitis 628:635 arg1 occurrence 614:623 the occurrence 610:623 the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows 610:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 55 theme mastitis 628:635 arg1 occurrence 565:574 the occurrence 561:574 the occurrence of different splice variants 561:603 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 0 56 theme functional 15:24 arg1 analysis 26:33 Structural and functional analysis 0:33 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 0:192 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 5 57 theme coagulase-negative 1089:1106 arg1 CNS 1123:1125 CNS 1123:1125 CNS 1123:1125 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 57 theme coagulase-negative 1089:1106 arg1 staphylococci 1108:1120 coagulase-negative staphylococci 1089:1120 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) 1089:1126 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 14 58 theme animals 2625:2631 arg1 groups 2615:2620 the groups 2611:2620 the groups of animals 2611:2631 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 14 58 theme animals 2625:2631 arg1 animals 2625:2631 animals 2625:2631 animals 2625:2631 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 2 59 from occurrence 565:574 arg1 cows 659:662 dairy cows 653:662 dairy cows 653:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 59 from occurrence 565:574 arg1 group 644:648 one group 640:648 one group of dairy cows 640:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 59 from occurrence 565:574 arg1 exon 555:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 5 60 theme pathogenic 1059:1068 arg1 bacteria 1070:1077 pathogenic bacteria 1059:1077 pathogenic bacteria in milk 1059:1085 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 14 61 with significant 2641:2651 arg1 average 2662:2668 an average 2659:2668 an average of ∼66 to 68% 2659:2682 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 0 62 theme activation 64:73 arg1 molecule 75:82 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 6 63 theme gene 1280:1283 arg1 expression 1285:1294 complete gene expression 1271:1294 complete gene expression 1271:1294 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 7 64 theme cow 1395:1397 arg1 status 1381:1386 the health status 1370:1386 the health status of the cow 1370:1397 Separate analyses performed for each isoform showed that the health status of the cow was strongly associated with the expression level of individual variants. 32684451 11 65 theme AA 1956:1957 arg1 higher 1963:1968 higher 1963:1968 higher 1963:1968 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 11 65 theme AA 1956:1957 arg1 frequency 1931:1939 the frequency 1927:1939 the frequency of homozygotes AA 1927:1957 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 10 66 theme insertion 1896:1904 arg1 AB 1892:1893 AB 1892:1893 AB (insertion A) 1892:1907 Two genotypes were detected: AA (wild-type) and AB (insertion A). 32684451 10 66 theme insertion 1896:1904 arg1 A 1906:1906 insertion A 1896:1906 insertion A 1896:1906 Two genotypes were detected: AA (wild-type) and AB (insertion A). 32684451 1 67 theme activation 239:248 arg1 molecule 250:257 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 213:257 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 13 68 from status 2505:2510 arg1 exon 2485:2488 the second exon 2474:2488 the second exon 2474:2488 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 5 69 theme mammary 929:935 arg1 samples 944:950 mammary tissue samples 929:950 mammary tissue samples 929:950 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 14 70 from difference 2539:2548 arg1 percentage 2557:2566 the percentage 2553:2566 the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation 2553:2601 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 1 71 theme family 259:264 arg1 gene 277:280 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 7 72 theme health 1374:1379 arg1 status 1381:1386 the health status 1370:1386 the health status of the cow 1370:1397 Separate analyses performed for each isoform showed that the health status of the cow was strongly associated with the expression level of individual variants. 32684451 4 73 theme Milk 783:786 arg1 samples 788:794 Milk samples 783:794 Milk samples 783:794 Milk samples were taken for microbiological analysis 2 d before slaughter and examined for the presence of bacteria. 32684451 2 74 from deletion 528:535 arg1 cows 659:662 dairy cows 653:662 dairy cows 653:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 74 from deletion 528:535 arg1 group 644:648 one group 640:648 one group of dairy cows 640:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 74 from deletion 528:535 arg1 exon 555:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 6 75 theme gene 1199:1202 arg1 fragments 1208:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 12 76 theme Polish 2331:2336 arg1 cows 2321:2324 the group II cows 2308:2324 the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2308:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 12 76 theme Polish 2331:2336 arg1 cows 2362:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 6 77 theme different 1182:1190 arg1 fragments 1208:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments 1182:1216 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 13 78 theme cows 2515:2518 arg1 genotype 2462:2469 genotype 2462:2469 genotype in the second exon 2462:2488 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 13 78 theme cows 2515:2518 arg1 status 2505:2510 the health status 2494:2510 the health status of cows 2494:2518 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 8 79 located detected 1500:1507 arg1 cows 1553:1556 healthy cows 1545:1556 healthy cows 1545:1556 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 8 79 located detected 1500:1507 arg2 expression 1485:1494 The highest expression 1473:1494 The highest expression 1473:1494 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 9 80 theme gene 1754:1757 arg1 exon 1735:1738 the second exon 1724:1738 the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene 1724:1757 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 8 81 theme complete 1524:1531 arg1 amplicon 1533:1540 the SLAMF7 complete amplicon 1513:1540 the SLAMF7 complete amplicon 1513:1540 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 1 82 theme dairy 447:451 arg1 cows 453:456 healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 417:456 healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 417:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 0 83 theme signaling 42:50 arg1 molecule 75:82 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 2 84 theme variants 596:603 arg1 deletion 528:535 a deletion 526:535 a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon 526:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 84 theme variants 596:603 arg1 occurrence 614:623 the occurrence 610:623 the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows 610:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 84 theme variants 596:603 arg1 occurrence 565:574 the occurrence 561:574 the occurrence of different splice variants 561:603 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 7 85 theme Separate 1313:1320 arg1 analyses 1322:1329 Separate analyses 1313:1329 Separate analyses performed for each isoform 1313:1356 Separate analyses performed for each isoform showed that the health status of the cow was strongly associated with the expression level of individual variants. 32684451 12 86 theme II 2318:2319 arg1 cows 2321:2324 the group II cows 2308:2324 the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2308:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 12 86 theme II 2318:2319 arg1 cows 2362:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 3 87 theme expression 668:677 arg1 study 679:683 An expression study 665:683 An expression study 665:683 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 9 88 dep structure 1810:1818 arg1 the 1798:1800 the 1798:1800 the 1798:1800 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 1 89 theme Splice 194:199 arg1 variants 201:208 Splice variants 194:208 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 194:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 2 90 theme different 579:587 arg1 variants 596:603 different splice variants 579:603 different splice variants 579:603 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 9 91 theme greatest 1779:1786 arg1 effect 1788:1793 the greatest effect 1775:1793 the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7 1775:1841 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 3 92 theme Polish 705:710 arg1 cows 736:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 702:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I) 702:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 12 93 theme somatic 2164:2170 arg1 count 2177:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 12 94 theme mastitis 2271:2278 arg1 occurrence-was 2280:2293 subclinical mastitis occurrence-was 2259:2293 subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2259:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 1 95 theme mRNA 381:384 arg1 level 386:390 the mRNA level 377:390 the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 377:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 1 96 theme signaling 217:225 arg1 molecule 250:257 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 213:257 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 12 97 theme dairy 2356:2360 arg1 cows 2321:2324 the group II cows 2308:2324 the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2308:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 12 97 theme dairy 2356:2360 arg1 cows 2362:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 14 98 theme DNA 2587:2589 arg1 methylation 2591:2601 SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation 2571:2601 SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation 2571:2601 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 9 99 theme protein 1802:1808 arg1 structure 1810:1818 protein structure 1802:1818 protein structure 1802:1818 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 1 100 from level 386:390 arg1 glands 407:412 the mammary glands 395:412 the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 395:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 0 101 theme coagulase-negative 137:154 arg1 staphylococci 179:191 coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci 137:191 staphylococci 179:191 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 2 102 theme gene 550:553 arg1 exon 555:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 12 103 theme polymorphism 2119:2130 arg1 count 2177:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 9 104 from effect 1788:1793 arg1 function 1824:1831 function 1824:1831 function 1824:1831 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 9 104 from effect 1788:1793 arg1 structure 1810:1818 protein structure 1802:1818 protein structure 1802:1818 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 2 105 theme dairy 653:657 arg1 cows 659:662 dairy cows 653:662 dairy cows 653:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 0 106 with infection 122:130 arg1 staphylococci 179:191 coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci 137:191 staphylococci 179:191 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 3 107 theme dairy 730:734 arg1 cows 736:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 702:739 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I) 702:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 0 108 theme coagulase-positive 160:177 arg1 staphylococci 179:191 coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci 137:191 staphylococci 179:191 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 1 109 theme mammary 399:405 arg1 glands 407:412 the mammary glands 395:412 the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows 395:456 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 12 110 theme production 2136:2145 arg1 count 2177:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 2 111 from occurrence 614:623 arg1 cows 659:662 dairy cows 653:662 dairy cows 653:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 111 from occurrence 614:623 arg1 exon 555:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 the SLAM7 gene exon 540:558 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 111 from occurrence 614:623 arg1 group 644:648 one group 640:648 one group of dairy cows 640:662 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 3 112 theme White 758:762 arg1 variety 764:770 the Black and White variety 744:770 the Black and White variety (group I) 744:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 3 112 theme White 758:762 arg1 I 779:779 group I 773:779 group I 773:779 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 6 113 theme complete 1271:1278 arg1 expression 1285:1294 complete gene expression 1271:1294 complete gene expression 1271:1294 Based on different SLAMF7 gene DNA fragments, 2 alternative variants of this gene (V1 and V2) and complete gene expression were identified. 32684451 7 114 theme variants 1463:1470 arg1 level 1443:1447 the expression level 1428:1447 the expression level of individual variants 1428:1470 Separate analyses performed for each isoform showed that the health status of the cow was strongly associated with the expression level of individual variants. 32684451 0 115 from analysis 26:33 arg1 response 110:117 response 110:117 response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci 110:191 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 3 116 theme Black 748:752 arg1 variety 764:770 the Black and White variety 744:770 the Black and White variety (group I) 744:780 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 3 116 theme Black 748:752 arg1 I 779:779 group I 773:779 group I 773:779 An expression study was conducted on 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of the Black and White variety (group I). 32684451 2 117 theme same 466:469 arg1 time 471:474 the same time 462:474 the same time 462:474 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 0 118 theme SLAMF7 94:99 arg1 gene 102:105 family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 84:105 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 1 119 theme gene 346:349 arg1 expression 327:336 the expression 323:336 the expression of this gene 323:349 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 7 120 theme expression 1432:1441 arg1 level 1443:1447 the expression level 1428:1447 the expression level of individual variants 1428:1470 Separate analyses performed for each isoform showed that the health status of the cow was strongly associated with the expression level of individual variants. 32684451 13 121 theme animals 2412:2418 arg1 number 2399:2404 the low number 2391:2404 the low number of AB animals 2391:2418 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 11 122 theme genotypic 2031:2039 arg1 distribution 2041:2052 the genotypic distribution 2027:2052 the genotypic distribution 2027:2052 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 11 122 theme genotypic 2031:2039 arg1 opposite 2062:2069 opposite 2062:2069 opposite 2062:2069 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 1 123 theme molecule 250:257 arg1 gene 277:280 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 213:280 Splice variants of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene have been identified, and differences in the expression of this gene have been demonstrated at the mRNA level in the mammary glands of healthy and mastitis-infected dairy cows. 32684451 5 124 theme gland 1035:1039 arg1 status 1013:1018 the health status 1002:1018 the health status of the mammary gland 1002:1039 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 12 125 theme traits-including 2147:2162 arg1 count 2177:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count 2104:2181 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 13 126 theme low 2395:2397 arg1 number 2399:2404 the low number 2391:2404 the low number of AB animals 2391:2418 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32684451 0 127 dep molecule 75:82 arg1 gene 102:105 family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 84:105 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 12 128 theme casein 2217:2222 arg1 content 2224:2230 casein content 2217:2230 casein content 2217:2230 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 0 129 theme lymphocytic 52:62 arg1 molecule 75:82 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene 38:105 Structural and functional analysis of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7) gene in response to infection with coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci. 32684451 2 130 located found 512:516 arg1 time 471:474 the same time 462:474 the same time 462:474 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 2 130 located found 512:516 arg2 associations 489:500 significant associations 477:500 significant associations 477:500 At the same time, significant associations have been found between a deletion in the SLAM7 gene exon, the occurrence of different splice variants, and the occurrence of mastitis in one group of dairy cows. 32684451 9 131 theme polymorphism/indel 1694:1711 arg1 variant 1713:1719 the polymorphism/indel variant 1690:1719 the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene 1690:1757 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 8 132 theme highest 1477:1483 arg1 expression 1485:1494 The highest expression 1473:1494 The highest expression 1473:1494 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 8 133 theme healthy 1545:1551 arg1 cows 1553:1556 healthy cows 1545:1556 healthy cows 1545:1556 The highest expression was detected for the SLAMF7 complete amplicon in healthy cows, and in the CNS and CPS cows the expression of this variant was also higher than V1 and V2. 32684451 14 134 dep 68 2680:2681 arg1 to 2677:2678 to 2677:2678 to 2677:2678 Additionally, the difference in the percentage of SLAMF7-targeted DNA methylation between the groups of animals was not significant, with an average of ∼66 to 68%. 32684451 12 135 theme Holstein-Friesian 2338:2354 arg1 cows 2321:2324 the group II cows 2308:2324 the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows) 2308:2366 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 12 135 theme Holstein-Friesian 2338:2354 arg1 cows 2362:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 2327:2365 An association analysis between the identified polymorphism and production traits-including somatic cell count, as well as lactose, protein, and casein content and yield as indicators of subclinical mastitis occurrence-was performed on the group II cows (166 Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows). 32684451 11 136 from animals 2018:2024 arg1 distribution 2041:2052 the genotypic distribution 2027:2052 the genotypic distribution 2027:2052 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 11 136 from animals 2018:2024 arg1 opposite 2062:2069 opposite 2062:2069 opposite 2062:2069 In healthy cows, the frequency of homozygotes AA was higher than the heterozygotes, whereas in the infected animals, the genotypic distribution was the opposite. 32684451 5 137 theme coagulase-positive 1133:1150 arg1 CPS 1167:1169 CPS 1167:1169 CPS 1167:1169 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 137 theme coagulase-positive 1133:1150 arg1 staphylococci 1152:1164 coagulase-positive staphylococci 1133:1164 coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) 1133:1170 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 5 138 theme tissue 937:942 arg1 samples 944:950 mammary tissue samples 929:950 mammary tissue samples 929:950 Immediately after slaughter, mammary tissue samples were taken and divided into 3 groups according to the health status of the mammary gland: healthy (without pathogenic bacteria in milk), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). 32684451 9 139 theme second 1728:1733 arg1 exon 1735:1738 the second exon 1724:1738 the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene 1724:1757 Sanger sequencing was applied to detect the polymorphism/indel variant in the second exon of the SLAMF7 gene probably having the greatest effect on the protein structure and function of SLAMF7. 32684451 13 140 theme health 2498:2503 arg1 status 2505:2510 the health status 2494:2510 the health status of cows 2494:2518 Unfortunately, due to the low number of AB animals, no relationship was demonstrated between genotype in the second exon and the health status of cows. 32886125 11 0 theme LRKO 1829:1832 arg1 mice 1834:1837 LRKO mice 1829:1837 LRKO mice 1829:1837 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 4 1 theme Greek-style 904:914 arg1 YP 924:925 YP 924:925 YP 924:925 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 1 theme Greek-style 904:914 arg1 yogurt 916:921 Greek-style yogurt 904:921 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 3 2 theme 22 675:676 arg1 % 677:677 % 677:677 % 677:677 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 7 3 theme body 1296:1299 arg1 weight 1301:1306 initial body weight 1288:1306 initial body weight 1288:1306 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 3 4 theme % 702:702 arg1 carbohydrates 684:696 22% kcal carbohydrates 675:696 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose) 675:711 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 4 theme % 702:702 arg1 sucrose 704:710 100% sucrose 699:710 100% sucrose 699:710 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 5 theme male 572:575 arg1 mice 577:580 Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 503:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 495:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 11 6 theme FMP 2029:2031 arg1 molecule 2052:2059 FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 2029:2061 FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) 2029:2069 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 6 theme FMP 2029:2031 arg1 VCAM1 2064:2068 VCAM1 2064:2068 VCAM1 2064:2068 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 6 7 theme multiplex 1128:1136 arg1 assays 1138:1143 multiplex assays 1128:1143 multiplex assays 1128:1143 Hepatic inflammation and circulating adhesion molecules were measured by multiplex assays. 32886125 11 8 theme hepatic 1879:1885 arg1 inflammation 1887:1898 hepatic inflammation 1879:1898 hepatic inflammation 1879:1898 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 3 9 theme 12 714:715 arg1 % 716:716 % 716:716 % 716:716 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 1 10 theme fermented 199:207 arg1 products 215:222 fermented dairy products 199:222 fermented dairy products 199:222 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 4 11 theme NDP 817:819 arg1 energy 821:826 the NDP energy 813:826 the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP) 813:848 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 0 12 theme Obese 123:127 arg1 Mice 129:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 1 13 theme products 215:222 arg1 consumption 184:194 the consumption 180:194 the consumption of fermented dairy products 180:222 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 0 14 from Microbiota 68:77 arg1 Mice 129:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 10 15 theme LRKO 1738:1741 arg1 mice 1743:1746 LRKO mice 1738:1746 LRKO mice 1738:1746 In LRKO mice, feeding YP compared with MP improved insulin sensitivity by 65% (P = 0.039). 32886125 4 16 dep % 777:777 arg1 NDP 797:799 NDP 797:799 NDP 797:799 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 16 dep % 777:777 arg1 protein 788:794 nondairy protein 779:794 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 1 17 theme type 232:235 arg1 diabetes 239:246 type 2 diabetes 232:246 type 2 diabetes 232:246 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 6 18 theme adhesion 1092:1099 arg1 molecules 1101:1109 circulating adhesion molecules 1080:1109 circulating adhesion molecules 1080:1109 Hepatic inflammation and circulating adhesion molecules were measured by multiplex assays. 32886125 3 19 theme  kcal 717:721 arg1 proteins 723:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 19 theme  kcal 717:721 arg1 lipids 667:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 9 20 dep jejunal 1582:1588 arg1 P = 0.049 1608:1616 P = 0.049 1608:1616 P = 0.049 1608:1616 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 9 20 dep jejunal 1582:1588 arg1 Reg3b 1591:1595 Reg3b 1591:1595 Reg3b 1591:1595 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 11 21 theme circulating 2197:2207 arg1 molecules 2218:2226 circulating adhesion molecules 2197:2226 circulating adhesion molecules 2197:2226 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 12 22 theme diet-induced 2317:2328 arg1 mice 2336:2339 diet-induced obese mice 2317:2339 diet-induced obese mice 2317:2339 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 1 23 theme BACKGROUND 135:144 arg1 meta-analyses 153:165 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses 135:165 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses 135:165 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 7 24 theme % 1191:1191 arg1 increase 1193:1200 a 74% increase 1187:1200 a 74% increase in body weight 1187:1215 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 12 25 theme cardiometabolic 2285:2299 arg1 factors 2306:2312 cardiometabolic risk factors 2285:2312 cardiometabolic risk factors 2285:2312 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 5 26 theme intestinal 984:993 arg1 expression 1000:1009 intestinal gene expression 984:1009 intestinal gene expression 984:1009 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 9 27 dep Ocln 1630:1633 arg1 P = 0.038 1673:1681 P = 0.038 1673:1681 P = 0.038 1673:1681 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 9 27 dep Ocln 1630:1633 arg1 P = 0.018 1700:1708 P = 0.018 1700:1708 P = 0.018 1700:1708 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 9 27 dep Ocln 1630:1633 arg1 3.8-fold 1690:1697 3.8-fold 1690:1697 3.8-fold 1690:1697 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 9 27 dep Ocln 1630:1633 arg1 Nos2 1684:1687 Nos2 1684:1687 Nos2 1684:1687 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 9 28 theme genes 1564:1568 arg1 expression 1550:1559 the expression 1546:1559 the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity 1546:1732 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 11 29 dep attenuated 1868:1877 arg1 protein 1926:1932 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 1901:1934 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 1901:1934 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 0 30 theme Cardiometabolic 83:97 arg1 Markers 99:105 Cardiometabolic Markers 83:105 Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice 83:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 5 31 theme 16S 943:945 arg1 sequencing 972:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 9 32 dep ileal 1623:1627 arg1 Ocln 1630:1633 Ocln 1630:1633 Ocln 1630:1633 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 9 32 dep ileal 1623:1627 arg1 P = 0.047 1646:1654 P = 0.047 1646:1654 P = 0.047 1646:1654 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 11 33 theme adhesion 2043:2050 arg1 molecule 2052:2059 FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 2029:2061 FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) 2029:2069 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 33 theme adhesion 2043:2050 arg1 VCAM1 2064:2068 VCAM1 2064:2068 VCAM1 2064:2068 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 5 34 theme gene-based 952:961 arg1 sequencing 972:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 11 35 theme monocyte 1901:1908 arg1 protein 1926:1932 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 1901:1934 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 1901:1934 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 7 36 theme 74 1189:1190 arg1 % 1191:1191 % 1191:1191 % 1191:1191 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 2 37 theme obesity 478:484 arg1 models 455:460 mouse models 449:460 mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD 449:492 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 11 38 theme intracellular 2131:2143 arg1 molecule 2154:2161 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 2131:2163 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 2131:2163 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 2 39 dep OBJECTIVE 338:346 arg1 evaluated 351:359 evaluated 351:359 evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD 351:492 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 2 40 theme gut 402:404 arg1 microbiota 406:415 gut microbiota 402:415 gut microbiota 402:415 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 0 41 theme Distinct 0:7 arg1 Effects 9:15 Distinct Effects 0:15 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice 0:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 5 42 theme tolerance 1024:1032 arg1 test 1034:1037 glucose tolerance test 1016:1037 glucose tolerance test 1016:1037 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 6 43 theme Hepatic 1055:1061 arg1 inflammation 1063:1074 Hepatic inflammation 1055:1074 Hepatic inflammation 1055:1074 Hepatic inflammation and circulating adhesion molecules were measured by multiplex assays. 32886125 11 44 dep protein 1926:1932 arg1 P 1947:1947 P ˂ 0.0001 1947:1956 P ˂ 0.0001 1947:1956 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 44 dep protein 1926:1932 arg1 2.1-fold 1937:1944 2.1-fold 1937:1944 2.1-fold 1937:1944 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 44 dep protein 1926:1932 arg1 P = 0.002 2005:2013 P = 0.002 2005:2013 P = 0.002 2005:2013 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 44 dep protein 1926:1932 arg1 IL1-β 1959:1963 IL1-β 1959:1963 IL1-β 1959:1963 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 44 dep protein 1926:1932 arg1 P = 0.0003 1976:1985 P = 0.0003 1976:1985 P = 0.0003 1976:1985 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 45 dep YP 2098:2099 arg1 P = 0.013 2120:2128 P = 0.013 2120:2128 P = 0.013 2120:2128 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 45 dep YP 2098:2099 arg1 1.04-fold 2109:2117 1.04-fold 2109:2117 1.04-fold 2109:2117 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 45 dep YP 2098:2099 arg1 P = 0.028 2176:2184 P = 0.028 2176:2184 P = 0.028 2176:2184 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 45 dep YP 2098:2099 arg1 VCAM1 2102:2106 VCAM1 2102:2106 VCAM1 2102:2106 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 2 46 theme mouse 449:453 arg1 models 455:460 mouse models 449:460 mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD 449:492 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 4 47 theme Lactobacillus 869:881 arg1 helveticus 883:892 Lactobacillus helveticus 869:892 Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP) 869:898 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 47 theme Lactobacillus 869:881 arg1 FMP 895:897 FMP 895:897 FMP 895:897 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 11 48 dep VCAM1 2102:2106 arg1 molecule 2154:2161 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 2131:2163 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 2131:2163 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 1 49 theme underlying 300:309 arg1 mechanisms 311:320 the underlying mechanisms 296:320 the underlying mechanisms 296:320 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 2 50 theme CVD 490:492 arg1 models 455:460 mouse models 449:460 mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD 449:492 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 7 51 contain had 1252:1254 arg2 increase 1265:1272 a 101.5% increase 1256:1272 a 101.5% increase 1256:1272 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 7 51 contain had 1252:1254 arg1 mice 1247:1250 the LRKO mice 1238:1250 the LRKO mice 1238:1250 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 3 52 theme high-fat/high-sucrose 630:650 arg1 % 660:660 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% 628:660 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 53 theme wild-type 527:535 arg1 mice 577:580 Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 503:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 495:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 0 54 theme Dairy 47:51 arg1 Protein 53:59 Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein 20:59 Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein 20:59 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 7 55 theme WT 1162:1163 arg1 mice 1165:1168 WT mice 1162:1168 WT mice 1162:1168 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 4 56 theme protein 928:934 arg1 sources 746:752 The protein sources 734:752 The protein sources of the 4 diets 734:767 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 56 theme protein 928:934 arg1 energy 821:826 the NDP energy 813:826 the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP) 813:848 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 56 theme protein 928:934 arg1 % 777:777 100% 774:777 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 56 theme protein 928:934 arg1 milk 851:854 milk 851:854 milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP) 851:898 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 56 theme protein 928:934 arg1 % 808:808 50% 806:808 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 806:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 56 theme protein 928:934 arg1 protein 928:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 8 57 theme gut 1379:1381 arg1 composition 1394:1404 the gut microbiota composition 1375:1404 the gut microbiota composition 1375:1404 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 4 58 theme protein 738:744 arg1 sources 746:752 The protein sources 734:752 The protein sources of the 4 diets 734:767 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 58 theme protein 738:744 arg1 protein 928:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 58 theme protein 738:744 arg1 milk 851:854 milk 851:854 milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP) 851:898 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 58 theme protein 738:744 arg1 energy 821:826 the NDP energy 813:826 the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP) 813:848 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 58 theme protein 738:744 arg1 % 777:777 100% 774:777 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 3 59 theme Eight-week-old 503:516 arg1 mice 577:580 Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 503:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 495:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 60 theme  kcal 661:665 arg1 proteins 723:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 60 theme  kcal 661:665 arg1 carbohydrates 684:696 22% kcal carbohydrates 675:696 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose) 675:711 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 60 theme  kcal 661:665 arg1 lipids 667:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 11 61 dep P = 0.0003 1976:1985 arg1 INF-γ 1988:1992 INF-γ 1988:1992 INF-γ 1988:1992 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 3 62 dep METHODS 495:501 arg1 mice 577:580 Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 503:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 495:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 4 63 theme yogurt 916:921 arg1 protein 928:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 2 64 theme dairy 369:373 arg1 products 383:390 dairy protein products 369:390 dairy protein products 369:390 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 1 65 theme disease 267:273 arg1 risk 281:284 cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk 252:284 cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk 252:284 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 7 66 theme initial 1288:1294 arg1 weight 1301:1306 initial body weight 1288:1306 initial body weight 1288:1306 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 8 67 theme clustering 1419:1428 arg1 pattern 1430:1436 a similar clustering pattern 1409:1436 a similar clustering pattern 1409:1436 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 3 68 theme % 677:677 arg1 carbohydrates 684:696 22% kcal carbohydrates 675:696 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose) 675:711 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 68 theme % 677:677 arg1 lipids 667:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 68 theme % 677:677 arg1 sucrose 704:710 100% sucrose 699:710 100% sucrose 699:710 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 7 69 theme 101.5 1258:1262 arg1 % 1263:1263 % 1263:1263 % 1263:1263 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 7 70 theme % 1263:1263 arg1 increase 1265:1272 a 101.5% increase 1256:1272 a 101.5% increase 1256:1272 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 12 71 dep CONCLUSION 2229:2238 arg1 reduce 2278:2283 reduce 2278:2283 reduce 2278:2283 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 4 72 theme nondairy 779:786 arg1 NDP 797:799 NDP 797:799 NDP 797:799 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 72 theme nondairy 779:786 arg1 protein 788:794 nondairy protein 779:794 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 7 73 theme LRKO 1242:1245 arg1 mice 1247:1250 the LRKO mice 1238:1250 the LRKO mice 1238:1250 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 3 74 theme % 716:716 arg1 proteins 723:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 74 theme % 716:716 arg1 lipids 667:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 1 75 theme dairy 209:213 arg1 products 215:222 fermented dairy products 199:222 fermented dairy products 199:222 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 11 76 with feeding 1840:1846 arg1 NDP 1864:1866 NDP 1864:1866 NDP 1864:1866 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 76 with feeding 1840:1846 arg1 FMP 1853:1855 FMP 1853:1855 FMP 1853:1855 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 9 77 theme ileal 1623:1627 arg1 immunity 1711:1718 jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity 1582:1718 jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity 1582:1718 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 4 78 theme energy 821:826 arg1 sources 746:752 The protein sources 734:752 The protein sources of the 4 diets 734:767 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 78 theme energy 821:826 arg1 energy 821:826 the NDP energy 813:826 the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP) 813:848 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 78 theme energy 821:826 arg1 % 777:777 100% 774:777 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 78 theme energy 821:826 arg1 milk 851:854 milk 851:854 milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP) 851:898 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 78 theme energy 821:826 arg1 % 808:808 50% 806:808 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 806:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 78 theme energy 821:826 arg1 protein 928:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 11 79 theme ˂ 1949:1949 arg1 P 1947:1947 P ˂ 0.0001 1947:1956 P ˂ 0.0001 1947:1956 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 5 80 theme Fecal 937:941 arg1 sequencing 972:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 9 81 theme WT 1498:1499 arg1 mice 1501:1504 WT mice 1498:1504 WT mice 1498:1504 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 6 82 theme circulating 1080:1090 arg1 molecules 1101:1109 circulating adhesion molecules 1080:1109 circulating adhesion molecules 1080:1109 Hepatic inflammation and circulating adhesion molecules were measured by multiplex assays. 32886125 12 83 theme obese 2330:2334 arg1 mice 2336:2339 diet-induced obese mice 2317:2339 diet-induced obese mice 2317:2339 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 0 84 from Markers 99:105 arg1 Mice 129:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 7 85 theme body 1205:1208 arg1 weight 1210:1215 body weight 1205:1215 body weight 1205:1215 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 10 86 theme feeding 1749:1755 arg1 YP 1757:1758 feeding YP 1749:1758 feeding YP compared with MP 1749:1775 In LRKO mice, feeding YP compared with MP improved insulin sensitivity by 65% (P = 0.039). 32886125 0 87 theme Gut 64:66 arg1 Microbiota 68:77 Gut Microbiota 64:77 Gut Microbiota 64:77 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 1 88 theme Recent 146:151 arg1 meta-analyses 153:165 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses 135:165 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses 135:165 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 12 89 theme risk 2301:2304 arg1 factors 2306:2312 cardiometabolic risk factors 2285:2312 cardiometabolic risk factors 2285:2312 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 4 90 theme milk 851:854 arg1 sources 746:752 The protein sources 734:752 The protein sources of the 4 diets 734:767 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 90 theme milk 851:854 arg1 energy 821:826 the NDP energy 813:826 the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP) 813:848 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 90 theme milk 851:854 arg1 % 777:777 100% 774:777 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 90 theme milk 851:854 arg1 milk 851:854 milk 851:854 milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP) 851:898 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 90 theme milk 851:854 arg1 % 808:808 50% 806:808 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 806:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 90 theme milk 851:854 arg1 protein 928:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 0 91 from Effects 9:15 arg1 Microbiota 68:77 Gut Microbiota 64:77 Gut Microbiota 64:77 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 0 91 from Effects 9:15 arg1 Markers 99:105 Cardiometabolic Markers 83:105 Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice 83:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 12 92 theme fermented 2245:2253 arg1 products 2269:2276 Both fermented dairy protein products 2240:2276 Both fermented dairy protein products 2240:2276 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 5 93 theme gene 995:998 arg1 expression 1000:1009 intestinal gene expression 984:1009 intestinal gene expression 984:1009 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 12 94 theme protein 2261:2267 arg1 products 2269:2276 Both fermented dairy protein products 2240:2276 Both fermented dairy protein products 2240:2276 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 11 95 theme adhesion 2145:2152 arg1 molecule 2154:2161 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 2131:2163 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 2131:2163 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 96 theme [vascular 2033:2041 arg1 molecule 2052:2059 FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 2029:2061 FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) 2029:2069 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 96 theme [vascular 2033:2041 arg1 VCAM1 2064:2068 VCAM1 2064:2068 VCAM1 2064:2068 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 0 97 theme Diet-Induced 110:121 arg1 Mice 129:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Diet-Induced Obese Mice 110:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 5 98 theme rRNA 947:950 arg1 sequencing 972:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 3 99 dep wild-type 527:535 arg1 WT 538:539 WT 538:539 WT 538:539 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 7 100 from increase 1193:1200 arg1 weight 1210:1215 body weight 1205:1215 body weight 1205:1215 RESULTS Feeding WT mice for 12 wk led to a 74% increase in body weight, whereas after 24 wk the LRKO mice had a 101.5% increase compared with initial body weight. 32886125 12 101 theme gut 2369:2371 arg1 microbiota 2373:2382 the gut microbiota 2365:2382 the gut microbiota 2365:2382 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 9 102 theme jejunal 1582:1588 arg1 immunity 1711:1718 jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity 1582:1718 jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity 1582:1718 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 5 103 theme amplicon 963:970 arg1 sequencing 972:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing 937:981 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 2 104 theme diet-induced 465:476 arg1 obesity 478:484 diet-induced obesity 465:484 diet-induced obesity 465:484 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 8 105 theme FMP 1354:1356 arg1 consumption 1339:1349 the consumption 1335:1349 the consumption of FMP and YP 1335:1363 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 0 106 theme Milk-Derived 20:31 arg1 Protein 53:59 Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein 20:59 Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein 20:59 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 12 107 theme dairy 2255:2259 arg1 products 2269:2276 Both fermented dairy protein products 2240:2276 Both fermented dairy protein products 2240:2276 CONCLUSION Both fermented dairy protein products reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in diet-induced obese mice, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. 32886125 8 108 theme YP 1362:1363 arg1 consumption 1339:1349 the consumption 1335:1349 the consumption of FMP and YP 1335:1363 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 3 109 theme diet 652:655 arg1 % 660:660 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% 628:660 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 0 110 theme Fermented 37:45 arg1 Protein 53:59 Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein 20:59 Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein 20:59 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 11 111 theme chemoattractant 1910:1924 arg1 protein 1926:1932 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 1901:1934 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 1901:1934 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 11 112 theme adhesion 2209:2216 arg1 molecules 2218:2226 circulating adhesion molecules 2197:2226 circulating adhesion molecules 2197:2226 In LRKO mice, feeding with FMP versus NDP attenuated hepatic inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.1-fold, P ˂ 0.0001; IL1-β, 5.7-fold, P = 0.0003; INF-γ, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002) whereas both FMP [vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 1.3-fold, P = 0.0003] and YP (VCAM1, 1.04-fold, P = 0.013; intracellular adhesion molecule 1, 1.4-fold, P = 0.028) decreased circulating adhesion molecules. 32886125 2 113 theme cardiometabolic 421:435 arg1 features 437:444 cardiometabolic features 421:444 cardiometabolic features 421:444 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 0 114 theme Protein 53:59 arg1 Effects 9:15 Distinct Effects 0:15 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice 0:132 Distinct Effects of Milk-Derived and Fermented Dairy Protein on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Markers in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. 32886125 9 115 theme feeding 1507:1513 arg1 YP 1515:1516 feeding YP 1507:1516 feeding YP compared with NDP 1507:1534 In WT mice, feeding YP compared with NDP increased the expression of genes involved in jejunal (Reg3b, 7.3-fold, P = 0.049) and ileal (Ocln, 1.7-fold, P = 0.047; Il1-β,1.7-fold, P = 0.038; Nos2, 3.8-fold, P = 0.018) immunity and integrity. 32886125 8 116 theme microbiota 1383:1392 arg1 composition 1394:1404 the gut microbiota composition 1375:1404 the gut microbiota composition 1375:1404 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 4 117 theme diets 763:767 arg1 sources 746:752 The protein sources 734:752 The protein sources of the 4 diets 734:767 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 117 theme diets 763:767 arg1 protein 928:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein 904:934 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 117 theme diets 763:767 arg1 milk 851:854 milk 851:854 milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP) 851:898 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 117 theme diets 763:767 arg1 energy 821:826 the NDP energy 813:826 the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP) 813:848 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 4 117 theme diets 763:767 arg1 % 777:777 100% 774:777 100% nondairy protein (NDP) 774:800 The protein sources of the 4 diets were 100% nondairy protein (NDP), or 50% of the NDP energy replaced by milk (MP), milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus (FMP), or Greek-style yogurt (YP) protein. 32886125 8 118 theme Streptococcus 1456:1468 arg1 genus 1470:1474 the Streptococcus genus 1452:1474 the Streptococcus genus 1452:1474 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 5 119 theme glucose 1016:1022 arg1 test 1034:1037 glucose tolerance test 1016:1037 glucose tolerance test 1016:1037 Fecal 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, intestinal gene expression, and glucose tolerance test were conducted. 32886125 3 120 theme % 660:660 arg1 proteins 723:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 12% kcal proteins 714:730 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 120 theme % 660:660 arg1 carbohydrates 684:696 22% kcal carbohydrates 675:696 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose) 675:711 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 120 theme % 660:660 arg1 lipids 667:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 121 theme C57BL/6J 518:525 arg1 mice 577:580 Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 503:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice 495:580 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 10 122 theme insulin 1786:1792 arg1 sensitivity 1794:1804 insulin sensitivity 1786:1804 insulin sensitivity 1786:1804 In LRKO mice, feeding YP compared with MP improved insulin sensitivity by 65% (P = 0.039). 32886125 8 123 theme similar 1411:1417 arg1 pattern 1430:1436 a similar clustering pattern 1409:1436 a similar clustering pattern 1409:1436 Compared with NDP and MP, the consumption of FMP and YP modulated the gut microbiota composition in a similar clustering pattern, upregulating the Streptococcus genus in both genotypes. 32886125 3 124 theme  kcal 678:682 arg1 carbohydrates 684:696 22% kcal carbohydrates 675:696 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose) 675:711 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 124 theme  kcal 678:682 arg1 lipids 667:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids 628:672 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 3 124 theme  kcal 678:682 arg1 sucrose 704:710 100% sucrose 699:710 100% sucrose 699:710 METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 (LRKO) male mice were fed for 12 and 24 wk, respectively, with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet [66% kcal lipids, 22% kcal carbohydrates (100% sucrose), 12% kcal proteins]. 32886125 2 125 theme protein 375:381 arg1 products 383:390 dairy protein products 369:390 dairy protein products 369:390 OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether dairy protein products modulated gut microbiota and cardiometabolic features in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and CVD. 32886125 1 126 theme cardiovascular 252:265 arg1 CVD 276:278 CVD 276:278 CVD 276:278 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 32886125 1 126 theme cardiovascular 252:265 arg1 disease 267:273 cardiovascular disease 252:273 cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk 252:284 BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses suggest that the consumption of fermented dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 34418081 4 0 gly glycosylation 642:654 arg2 sites 656:660 three glycosylation sites 636:660 three glycosylation sites 636:660 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 4 0 gly glycosylation 642:654 arg2 three 636:640 three 636:640 three 636:640 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 6 1 from effect 945:950 arg1 sheets 980:985 endothelial cell sheets 963:985 endothelial cell sheets 963:985 Anti-AZU1 antibodies diminished the effect of SEVs on endothelial cell sheets. 34418081 7 2 theme endothelial 1154:1164 arg1 cells 1166:1170 endothelial cells 1154:1170 endothelial cells 1154:1170 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 3 theme potent 1129:1134 arg1 permeabilizers 1136:1149 potent permeabilizers 1129:1149 potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells 1129:1170 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 3 theme potent 1129:1134 arg1 SEVs 1109:1112 AZU1-positive SEVs 1095:1112 AZU1-positive SEVs 1095:1112 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 3 4 theme AZU1 535:538 arg1 loading 540:546 AZU1 loading 535:546 AZU1 loading 535:546 Here, we examined the relationship between N-linked glycosylation and AZU1 loading into small EVs (SEVs). 34418081 5 5 theme AZU1-wild-type 728:741 arg1 cells 743:747 AZU1-wild-type cells 728:747 AZU1-wild-type cells 728:747 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 5 6 contain had 882:884 arg2 effect 901:906 no significant effect 886:906 no significant effect 886:906 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 5 6 contain had 882:884 arg1 SEVs 845:848 SEVs 845:848 SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells 845:880 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 0 7 theme renal 116:120 arg1 cells 137:141 renal cell carcinoma cells 116:141 renal cell carcinoma cells 116:141 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 6 8 theme Anti-AZU1 909:917 arg1 antibodies 919:928 Anti-AZU1 antibodies 909:928 Anti-AZU1 antibodies 909:928 Anti-AZU1 antibodies diminished the effect of SEVs on endothelial cell sheets. 34418081 7 9 gly glycosylation 1025:1037 arg1 AZU1 1042:1045 AZU1 1042:1045 AZU1 1042:1045 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 2 10 theme extracellular 386:398 arg1 vesicles 400:407 extracellular vesicles 386:407 extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues 386:462 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 2 10 theme extracellular 386:398 arg1 EVs 410:412 EVs 410:412 EVs 410:412 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 7 11 theme cells 1230:1234 arg1 migration 1213:1221 enhanced transendothelial migration 1187:1221 enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells 1187:1234 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 5 12 theme endothelial 785:795 arg1 cells 797:801 endothelial cells 785:801 endothelial cells 785:801 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 7 13 theme AZU1-positive 1095:1107 arg1 permeabilizers 1136:1149 potent permeabilizers 1129:1149 potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells 1129:1170 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 13 theme AZU1-positive 1095:1107 arg1 SEVs 1109:1112 AZU1-positive SEVs 1095:1112 AZU1-positive SEVs 1095:1112 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 5 14 attach released 714:721 arg1 cells 743:747 AZU1-wild-type cells 728:747 AZU1-wild-type cells 728:747 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 5 14 attach released 714:721 arg2 SEVs 709:712 SEVs 709:712 SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells 709:747 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 4 15 theme glycosylation 642:654 arg1 sites 656:660 three glycosylation sites 636:660 three glycosylation sites 636:660 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 5 16 theme endothelial 811:821 arg1 permeability 823:834 the endothelial permeability 807:834 the endothelial permeability 807:834 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 5 17 from permeability 823:834 arg1 cells 797:801 endothelial cells 785:801 endothelial cells 785:801 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 7 18 dep directs 1047:1053 arg1 leading 1176:1182 leading 1176:1182 leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells 1176:1234 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 18 dep directs 1047:1053 arg1 enabling 1086:1093 enabling 1086:1093 enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells 1086:1170 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 1 19 theme antimicrobial 168:180 arg1 permeabilizer 281:293 a permeabilizer 279:293 a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells 279:323 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 1 19 theme antimicrobial 168:180 arg1 protein 182:188 an antimicrobial protein 165:188 an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells 165:323 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 1 19 theme antimicrobial 168:180 arg1 Azurocidin 144:153 Azurocidin 144:153 Azurocidin (AZU1) 144:160 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 1 19 theme antimicrobial 168:180 arg1 chemoattractant 229:243 a chemoattractant 227:243 a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages 227:273 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 2 20 theme carcinoma 440:448 arg1 tissues 456:462 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues 429:462 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues 429:462 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 7 21 link N-linked 1016:1023 arg1 glycosylation 1025:1037 N-linked glycosylation 1016:1037 N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 1016:1045 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 2 22 from present 375:381 arg1 vesicles 400:407 extracellular vesicles 386:407 extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues 386:462 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 2 22 from present 375:381 arg1 EVs 410:412 EVs 410:412 EVs 410:412 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 5 23 from concentration 768:780 arg1 cells 797:801 endothelial cells 785:801 endothelial cells 785:801 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 5 24 theme significant 889:899 arg1 effect 901:906 no significant effect 886:906 no significant effect 886:906 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 2 25 theme cell 435:438 arg1 carcinoma 440:448 renal cell carcinoma 429:448 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues 429:462 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 2 25 theme cell 435:438 arg1 RCC 451:453 RCC 451:453 RCC 451:453 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 0 26 theme carcinoma 127:135 arg1 cells 137:141 renal cell carcinoma cells 116:141 renal cell carcinoma cells 116:141 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 2 27 theme renal 429:433 arg1 carcinoma 440:448 renal cell carcinoma 429:448 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues 429:462 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 2 27 theme renal 429:433 arg1 RCC 451:453 RCC 451:453 RCC 451:453 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 0 28 theme cell 122:125 arg1 cells 137:141 renal cell carcinoma cells 116:141 renal cell carcinoma cells 116:141 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 3 29 theme small 553:557 arg1 SEVs 564:567 SEVs 564:567 SEVs 564:567 Here, we examined the relationship between N-linked glycosylation and AZU1 loading into small EVs (SEVs). 34418081 3 29 theme small 553:557 arg1 EVs 559:561 small EVs 553:561 small EVs (SEVs) 553:568 Here, we examined the relationship between N-linked glycosylation and AZU1 loading into small EVs (SEVs). 34418081 4 30 from mutations 623:631 arg1 sites 656:660 three glycosylation sites 636:660 three glycosylation sites 636:660 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 4 31 theme introducing 611:621 arg1 mutations 623:631 introducing mutations 611:631 introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites 611:660 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 0 32 theme extracellular 32:44 arg1 vesicles 46:53 small extracellular vesicles 26:53 small extracellular vesicles 26:53 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 4 33 theme AZU1 672:675 arg1 loading 677:683 AZU1 loading 672:683 AZU1 loading into SEVs 672:693 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 0 34 theme small 26:30 arg1 vesicles 46:53 small extracellular vesicles 26:53 small extracellular vesicles 26:53 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 1 35 theme vascular 298:305 arg1 cells 319:323 vascular endothelial cells 298:323 vascular endothelial cells 298:323 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 0 36 theme cells 137:141 arg1 intravasation 99:111 intravasation 99:111 intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells 99:141 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 4 37 link N-linked 585:592 arg1 glycosylation 594:606 N-linked glycosylation 585:606 N-linked glycosylation 585:606 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 7 38 theme enhanced 1187:1194 arg1 migration 1213:1221 enhanced transendothelial migration 1187:1221 enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells 1187:1234 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 39 theme AZU1 1042:1045 arg1 glycosylation 1025:1037 N-linked glycosylation 1016:1037 N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 1016:1045 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 5 40 theme AZU1-mutant 864:874 arg1 cells 876:880 AZU1-mutant cells 864:880 AZU1-mutant cells 864:880 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 7 41 theme cells 1166:1170 arg1 permeabilizers 1136:1149 potent permeabilizers 1129:1149 potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells 1129:1170 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 41 theme cells 1166:1170 arg1 SEVs 1109:1112 AZU1-positive SEVs 1095:1112 AZU1-positive SEVs 1095:1112 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 1 42 theme endothelial 307:317 arg1 cells 319:323 vascular endothelial cells 298:323 vascular endothelial cells 298:323 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 3 43 link N-linked 508:515 arg1 glycosylation 517:529 N-linked glycosylation 508:529 N-linked glycosylation 508:529 Here, we examined the relationship between N-linked glycosylation and AZU1 loading into small EVs (SEVs). 34418081 1 44 theme cells 319:323 arg1 permeabilizer 281:293 a permeabilizer 279:293 a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells 279:323 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 1 44 theme cells 319:323 arg1 chemoattractant 229:243 a chemoattractant 227:243 a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages 227:273 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 1 44 theme cells 319:323 arg1 protein 182:188 an antimicrobial protein 165:188 an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells 165:323 Azurocidin (AZU1) is an antimicrobial protein secreted by neutrophils that acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages and a permeabilizer of vascular endothelial cells. 34418081 5 45 attach released 850:857 arg2 SEVs 845:848 SEVs 845:848 SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells 845:880 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 5 45 attach released 850:857 arg1 cells 876:880 AZU1-mutant cells 864:880 AZU1-mutant cells 864:880 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 0 46 link N-linked 63:70 arg1 glycosylation 72:84 its N-linked glycosylation 59:84 its N-linked glycosylation 59:84 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 6 47 theme SEVs 955:958 arg1 effect 945:950 the effect 941:950 the effect of SEVs on endothelial cell sheets 941:985 Anti-AZU1 antibodies diminished the effect of SEVs on endothelial cell sheets. 34418081 6 48 theme cell 975:978 arg1 sheets 980:985 endothelial cell sheets 963:985 endothelial cell sheets 963:985 Anti-AZU1 antibodies diminished the effect of SEVs on endothelial cell sheets. 34418081 2 49 from vesicles 400:407 arg1 present 375:381 present 375:381 present 375:381 We previously identified AZU1 to be specifically present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. 34418081 4 50 theme N-linked 585:592 arg1 glycosylation 594:606 N-linked glycosylation 585:606 N-linked glycosylation 585:606 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34418081 0 51 theme N-linked 63:70 arg1 glycosylation 72:84 its N-linked glycosylation 59:84 its N-linked glycosylation 59:84 Azurocidin is loaded into small extracellular vesicles via its N-linked glycosylation and promotes intravasation of renal cell carcinoma cells. 34418081 7 52 theme N-linked 1016:1023 arg1 glycosylation 1025:1037 N-linked glycosylation 1016:1037 N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 1016:1045 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 5 53 theme Ca2+ 763:766 arg1 concentration 768:780 the Ca2+ concentration 759:780 the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells 759:801 Furthermore, SEVs released from AZU1-wild-type cells increased the Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cells and the endothelial permeability, whereas SEVs released from AZU1-mutant cells had no significant effect. 34418081 7 54 theme RCC 1226:1228 arg1 cells 1230:1234 RCC cells 1226:1234 RCC cells 1226:1234 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 7 55 theme transendothelial 1196:1211 arg1 migration 1213:1221 enhanced transendothelial migration 1187:1221 enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells 1187:1234 Collectively, we found that N-linked glycosylation of AZU1 directs its loading into SEVs, thereby enabling AZU1-positive SEVs to function as potent permeabilizers of endothelial cells and leading to enhanced transendothelial migration of RCC cells. 34418081 3 56 theme N-linked 508:515 arg1 glycosylation 517:529 N-linked glycosylation 508:529 N-linked glycosylation 508:529 Here, we examined the relationship between N-linked glycosylation and AZU1 loading into small EVs (SEVs). 34418081 6 57 theme endothelial 963:973 arg1 sheets 980:985 endothelial cell sheets 963:985 endothelial cell sheets 963:985 Anti-AZU1 antibodies diminished the effect of SEVs on endothelial cell sheets. 34418081 4 58 theme glycosylation 594:606 arg1 Inhibition 571:580 Inhibition 571:580 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites 571:660 Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation by introducing mutations in three glycosylation sites inhibited AZU1 loading into SEVs. 34945676 0 0 theme Production 74:83 arg1 Characterization 9:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks 0:40 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 0 0 theme Production 74:83 arg1 By-Product 45:54 a By-Product 43:54 a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production 43:83 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 8 1 theme potential 1148:1156 arg1 applications 1158:1169 potential applications 1148:1169 potential applications in food 1148:1177 Blanched CH1 presented more appropriate properties than CH2 for potential applications in food. 34945676 6 2 theme husk 737:740 arg1 types 728:732 Two types 724:732 Two types of husk 724:740 Two types of husk were studied: one comprised mostly of outer skin and pulp (CH1); and other comprised mostly of parchment (CH2). 34945676 7 3 theme protocathecuic 1027:1040 arg1 effects 877:883 positive effects 868:883 positive effects 868:883 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 3 theme protocathecuic 1027:1040 arg1 acid 1042:1045 protocathecuic acid 1027:1045 protocathecuic acid 1027:1045 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 0 4 theme arabica 66:72 arg1 Production 74:83 Coffea arabica Production 59:83 Coffea arabica Production 59:83 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 5 5 theme phenolic 673:680 arg1 compounds 682:690 phenolic compounds 673:690 phenolic compounds of coffee husks 673:706 Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of coffee husks were evaluated. 34945676 3 6 theme coffee 346:351 arg1 husks 353:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks 320:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks 320:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 4 7 theme total 516:520 arg1 contents 551:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined, together with the husks' technological properties. 34945676 5 8 theme compounds 682:690 arg1 bioaccessibility 653:668 bioaccessibility 653:668 bioaccessibility 653:668 Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of coffee husks were evaluated. 34945676 5 8 theme compounds 682:690 arg1 activity 640:647 Antioxidant activity 628:647 Antioxidant activity 628:647 Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of coffee husks were evaluated. 34945676 2 9 theme adequate 263:270 arg1 evaluation 272:281 an adequate evaluation 260:281 an adequate evaluation of their potential for valorization 260:317 The aim of this work was to chemically characterize coffee husks to allow for an adequate evaluation of their potential for valorization. 34945676 7 10 theme phenolics 963:971 arg1 bioaccessibility 943:958 the bioaccessibility 939:958 the bioaccessibility of phenolics 939:971 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 8 11 theme more 1107:1110 arg1 properties 1124:1133 more appropriate properties 1107:1133 more appropriate properties 1107:1133 Blanched CH1 presented more appropriate properties than CH2 for potential applications in food. 34945676 5 12 theme Antioxidant 628:638 arg1 activity 640:647 Antioxidant activity 628:647 Antioxidant activity 628:647 Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of coffee husks were evaluated. 34945676 3 13 theme trigonelline 435:446 arg1 content 448:454 trigonelline content 435:454 trigonelline content 435:454 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 13 theme trigonelline 435:446 arg1 phenolics 414:422 extractable and non-extractable phenolics 382:422 extractable and non-extractable phenolics 382:422 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 14 theme non-blanched 333:344 arg1 husks 353:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks 320:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks 320:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 10 15 theme arabinogalactans 1363:1378 arg1 type 1380:1383 arabinogalactans type II 1363:1386 arabinogalactans type II 1363:1386 Tentatively identified polysaccharides included galactomannans, arabinogalactans type II, pectin and cellulose. 34945676 7 16 theme chlorogenic 915:925 arg1 phenolics 904:912 non-extractable phenolics 888:912 non-extractable phenolics 888:912 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 16 theme chlorogenic 915:925 arg1 acid 927:930 chlorogenic acid 915:930 chlorogenic acid 915:930 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 0 17 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Characterization 9:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks 0:40 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 0 17 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 By-Product 45:54 a By-Product 43:54 a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production 43:83 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 2 18 theme potential 292:300 arg1 evaluation 272:281 an adequate evaluation 260:281 an adequate evaluation of their potential for valorization 260:317 The aim of this work was to chemically characterize coffee husks to allow for an adequate evaluation of their potential for valorization. 34945676 3 19 theme extractable 382:392 arg1 caffeine 425:432 caffeine 425:432 caffeine 425:432 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 19 theme extractable 382:392 arg1 content 448:454 trigonelline content 435:454 trigonelline content 435:454 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 19 theme extractable 382:392 arg1 phenolics 414:422 extractable and non-extractable phenolics 382:422 extractable and non-extractable phenolics 382:422 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 9 20 theme other 1270:1274 arg1 by-products 1286:1296 other agri-food by-products 1270:1296 other agri-food by-products 1270:1296 It also presented better antioxidant, hydration, and oil holding properties than those of other agri-food by-products. 34945676 1 21 theme Coffee 86:91 arg1 by-product 111:120 a major by-product 103:120 a major by-product of coffee production 103:141 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34945676 1 21 theme Coffee 86:91 arg1 husks 93:97 Coffee husks 86:97 Coffee husks 86:97 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34945676 0 22 theme Coffee 29:34 arg1 Husks 36:40 Coffee Husks 29:40 Coffee Husks 29:40 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 6 23 theme outer 780:784 arg1 skin 786:789 outer skin 780:789 outer skin 780:789 Two types of husk were studied: one comprised mostly of outer skin and pulp (CH1); and other comprised mostly of parchment (CH2). 34945676 7 24 from effects 877:883 arg1 phenolics 904:912 non-extractable phenolics 888:912 non-extractable phenolics 888:912 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 24 from effects 877:883 arg1 acid 927:930 chlorogenic acid 915:930 chlorogenic acid 915:930 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 24 from effects 877:883 arg1 bioaccessibility 943:958 the bioaccessibility 939:958 the bioaccessibility of phenolics 939:971 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 25 theme trigonelline 1061:1072 arg1 effects 877:883 positive effects 868:883 positive effects 868:883 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 25 theme trigonelline 1061:1072 arg1 contents 1074:1081 trigonelline contents 1061:1081 trigonelline contents 1061:1081 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 26 from reductions 990:999 arg1 phenolics 1016:1024 extractable phenolics 1004:1024 extractable phenolics 1004:1024 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 9 27 theme oil 1233:1235 arg1 properties 1245:1254 oil holding properties 1233:1254 oil holding properties 1233:1254 It also presented better antioxidant, hydration, and oil holding properties than those of other agri-food by-products. 34945676 7 28 contain had 864:866 arg1 Blanching 854:862 Blanching 854:862 Blanching 854:862 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 28 contain had 864:866 arg2 contents 1074:1081 trigonelline contents 1061:1081 trigonelline contents 1061:1081 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 28 contain had 864:866 arg2 effects 877:883 positive effects 868:883 positive effects 868:883 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 28 contain had 864:866 arg2 acid 1042:1045 protocathecuic acid 1027:1045 protocathecuic acid 1027:1045 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 28 contain had 864:866 arg2 caffeine 1048:1055 caffeine 1048:1055 caffeine 1048:1055 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 10 29 theme identified 1311:1320 arg1 polysaccharides 1322:1336 Tentatively identified polysaccharides 1299:1336 Tentatively identified polysaccharides 1299:1336 Tentatively identified polysaccharides included galactomannans, arabinogalactans type II, pectin and cellulose. 34945676 0 30 theme Husks 36:40 arg1 Characterization 9:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks 0:40 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 0 30 theme Husks 36:40 arg1 By-Product 45:54 a By-Product 43:54 a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production 43:83 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 8 31 theme Blanched 1084:1091 arg1 CH1 1093:1095 Blanched CH1 1084:1095 Blanched CH1 1084:1095 Blanched CH1 presented more appropriate properties than CH2 for potential applications in food. 34945676 9 32 theme holding 1237:1243 arg1 properties 1245:1254 oil holding properties 1233:1254 oil holding properties 1233:1254 It also presented better antioxidant, hydration, and oil holding properties than those of other agri-food by-products. 34945676 4 33 theme soluble 523:529 arg1 contents 551:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined, together with the husks' technological properties. 34945676 5 34 theme coffee 695:700 arg1 husks 702:706 coffee husks 695:706 coffee husks 695:706 Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of coffee husks were evaluated. 34945676 7 35 theme extractable 1004:1014 arg1 phenolics 1016:1024 extractable phenolics 1004:1024 extractable phenolics 1004:1024 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 3 36 theme proximal 490:497 arg1 composition 499:509 proximal composition 490:509 proximal composition 490:509 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 37 theme non-extractable 398:412 arg1 caffeine 425:432 caffeine 425:432 caffeine 425:432 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 37 theme non-extractable 398:412 arg1 content 448:454 trigonelline content 435:454 trigonelline content 435:454 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 3 37 theme non-extractable 398:412 arg1 phenolics 414:422 extractable and non-extractable phenolics 382:422 extractable and non-extractable phenolics 382:422 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 4 38 theme fiber 545:549 arg1 contents 551:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined, together with the husks' technological properties. 34945676 5 39 theme husks 702:706 arg1 compounds 682:690 phenolic compounds 673:690 phenolic compounds of coffee husks 673:706 Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of coffee husks were evaluated. 34945676 2 40 theme work 198:201 arg1 aim 186:188 The aim 182:188 The aim of this work 182:201 The aim of this work was to chemically characterize coffee husks to allow for an adequate evaluation of their potential for valorization. 34945676 7 41 theme small 984:988 arg1 reductions 990:999 small reductions 984:999 small reductions in extractable phenolics 984:1024 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 1 42 theme major 105:109 arg1 by-product 111:120 a major by-product 103:120 a major by-product of coffee production 103:141 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34945676 1 42 theme major 105:109 arg1 husks 93:97 Coffee husks 86:97 Coffee husks 86:97 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34945676 4 43 theme insoluble 535:543 arg1 contents 551:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents 512:558 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined, together with the husks' technological properties. 34945676 7 44 theme non-extractable 888:902 arg1 phenolics 904:912 non-extractable phenolics 888:912 non-extractable phenolics 888:912 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 44 theme non-extractable 888:902 arg1 acid 927:930 chlorogenic acid 915:930 chlorogenic acid 915:930 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 4 45 theme technological 602:614 arg1 properties 616:625 the husks' technological properties 591:625 the husks' technological properties 591:625 The total, soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined, together with the husks' technological properties. 34945676 8 46 theme appropriate 1112:1122 arg1 properties 1124:1133 more appropriate properties 1107:1133 more appropriate properties 1107:1133 Blanched CH1 presented more appropriate properties than CH2 for potential applications in food. 34945676 7 47 theme positive 868:875 arg1 effects 877:883 positive effects 868:883 positive effects 868:883 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 47 theme positive 868:875 arg1 contents 1074:1081 trigonelline contents 1061:1081 trigonelline contents 1061:1081 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 47 theme positive 868:875 arg1 acid 1042:1045 protocathecuic acid 1027:1045 protocathecuic acid 1027:1045 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 7 47 theme positive 868:875 arg1 caffeine 1048:1055 caffeine 1048:1055 caffeine 1048:1055 Blanching had positive effects on non-extractable phenolics, chlorogenic acid and on the bioaccessibility of phenolics, promoting small reductions in extractable phenolics, protocathecuic acid, caffeine and trigonelline contents. 34945676 0 48 theme Coffea 59:64 arg1 Production 74:83 Coffea arabica Production 59:83 Coffea arabica Production 59:83 Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husks, a By-Product of Coffea arabica Production. 34945676 8 49 from applications 1158:1169 arg1 food 1174:1177 food 1174:1177 food 1174:1177 Blanched CH1 presented more appropriate properties than CH2 for potential applications in food. 34945676 2 50 theme coffee 234:239 arg1 husks 241:245 coffee husks 234:245 coffee husks 234:245 The aim of this work was to chemically characterize coffee husks to allow for an adequate evaluation of their potential for valorization. 34945676 1 51 theme coffee 125:130 arg1 production 132:141 coffee production 125:141 coffee production 125:141 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34945676 3 52 theme Blanched 320:327 arg1 husks 353:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks 320:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks 320:357 Blanched and non-blanched coffee husks were characterized for extractable and non-extractable phenolics, caffeine, trigonelline content, and for their polysaccharide and proximal composition. 34945676 9 53 theme agri-food 1276:1284 arg1 by-products 1286:1296 other agri-food by-products 1270:1296 other agri-food by-products 1270:1296 It also presented better antioxidant, hydration, and oil holding properties than those of other agri-food by-products. 34945676 1 54 theme production 132:141 arg1 by-product 111:120 a major by-product 103:120 a major by-product of coffee production 103:141 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34945676 1 54 theme production 132:141 arg1 husks 93:97 Coffee husks 86:97 Coffee husks 86:97 Coffee husks are a major by-product of coffee production and are currently being underutilized. 34745193 9 0 theme ethylene 1608:1615 arg1 treatments 1617:1626 exogenous ethylene treatments 1598:1626 exogenous ethylene treatments 1598:1626 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 6 1 theme cellular 1051:1058 arg1 polysaccharides 1065:1079 cellular wall polysaccharides 1051:1079 cellular wall polysaccharides 1051:1079 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 5 2 dep 144 763:765 arg1 to 760:761 to 760:761 to 760:761 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 4 3 theme cracking 623:630 arg1 process 632:638 the cracking process 619:638 the cracking process 619:638 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 9 4 theme signal 1656:1661 arg1 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 4 theme signal 1656:1661 arg1 factors 1677:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors 1643:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) 1643:1701 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 4 theme signal 1656:1661 arg1 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 1 5 theme high 161:164 arg1 value 176:180 high medicinal value 161:180 high medicinal value 161:180 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 5 6 dep increased 741:749 arg1 followed 802:809 followed 802:809 followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 802:963 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 4 7 theme transcriptomic 588:601 arg1 response 603:610 transcriptomic response 588:610 transcriptomic response 588:610 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 9 8 theme different 1531:1539 arg1 factors 1555:1561 different transcription factors 1531:1561 different transcription factors 1531:1561 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 8 9 theme ethylene 1397:1404 arg1 biosynthesis 1406:1417 ethylene biosynthesis 1397:1417 ethylene biosynthesis 1397:1417 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 8 10 theme pathway 1253:1259 arg1 analysis 1261:1268 KEGG pathway analysis 1248:1268 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs 1248:1276 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 2 11 theme seed 225:228 arg1 dispersal 230:238 seed dispersal 225:238 seed dispersal 225:238 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 1 12 dep grandis 92:98 arg1 Merrillii 101:109 Merrillii 101:109 Merrillii 101:109 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 3 13 theme grandis 326:332 arg1 aril 334:337 T. grandis aril 323:337 T. grandis aril 323:337 However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. 34745193 5 14 theme parenchymatous 841:854 arg1 layers 861:866 parenchymatous cell layers 841:866 parenchymatous cell layers 841:866 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 4 15 theme physiological 438:450 arg1 levels 466:471 the physiological and molecular levels 434:471 the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process 434:638 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 0 16 theme Nut 68:70 arg1 Maturation 72:81 Nut Maturation 68:81 Nut Maturation 68:81 Acceleration of Aril Cracking by Ethylene in Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation. 34745193 1 17 theme great 133:137 arg1 value 151:155 great nutritional value 133:155 great nutritional value 133:155 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 9 18 theme T. 1737:1738 arg1 grandis 1740:1746 T. grandis 1737:1746 T. grandis 1737:1746 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 4 19 theme molecular 456:464 arg1 levels 466:471 the physiological and molecular levels 434:471 the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process 434:638 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 1 20 with nut 124:126 arg1 value 176:180 high medicinal value 161:180 high medicinal value 161:180 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 1 20 with nut 124:126 arg1 value 151:155 great nutritional value 133:155 great nutritional value 133:155 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 4 21 theme comprehensive 412:424 arg1 view 426:429 a comprehensive view 410:429 a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process 410:638 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 5 22 theme cell 715:718 arg1 layers 720:725 both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 681:725 layers 720:725 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 9 23 theme networks 1514:1521 arg1 results 1489:1495 the analysis results 1476:1495 the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments 1476:1626 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 6 24 theme significant 1024:1034 arg1 degradation 1036:1046 a significant degradation 1022:1046 a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides 1022:1079 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 3 25 theme aril 334:337 arg1 mechanism 310:318 the cracking mechanism 297:318 the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage 297:365 However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. 34745193 7 26 from changes 1150:1156 arg1 arils 1161:1165 arils 1161:1165 arils 1161:1165 To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. 34745193 5 27 theme seed 778:781 arg1 DASP 795:798 DASP 795:798 DASP 795:798 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 5 27 theme seed 778:781 arg1 protrusion 783:792 seed protrusion 778:792 seed protrusion (DASP) 778:799 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 1 28 theme Torreya 84:90 arg1 nut 124:126 a famous nut 115:126 a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value 115:180 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 1 28 theme Torreya 84:90 arg1 grandis 92:98 Torreya grandis 84:98 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' 84:110 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 3 29 theme T. 323:324 arg1 aril 334:337 T. grandis aril 323:337 T. grandis aril 323:337 However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. 34745193 4 30 theme T. 493:494 arg1 grandis 496:502 T. grandis 493:502 T. grandis 493:502 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 7 31 theme gene 1134:1137 arg1 changes 1150:1156 the global gene expression changes 1123:1156 the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process 1123:1193 To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. 34745193 6 32 theme composition 998:1008 arg1 analyses 976:983 analyses 976:983 analyses of cell wall composition 976:1008 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 0 33 theme Aril 16:19 arg1 Acceleration 0:11 Acceleration 0:11 Acceleration of Aril 0:19 Acceleration of Aril Cracking by Ethylene in Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation. 34745193 9 34 theme cell 1564:1567 arg1 genes 1587:1591 cell wall modification genes 1564:1591 cell wall modification genes 1564:1591 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 6 35 theme cell 988:991 arg1 composition 998:1008 cell wall composition 988:1008 cell wall composition 988:1008 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 10 36 theme new 1800:1802 arg1 insights 1804:1811 new insights 1800:1811 new insights into the aril cracking trait in T. grandis 1800:1854 Our findings provided new insights into the aril cracking trait in T. grandis. 34745193 8 37 theme cell 1343:1346 arg1 modification 1353:1364 cell wall modification 1343:1364 cell wall modification 1343:1364 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 9 38 theme modification 1574:1585 arg1 genes 1587:1591 cell wall modification genes 1564:1591 cell wall modification genes 1564:1591 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 5 39 theme cell 953:956 arg1 layers 958:963 epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 924:963 layers 958:963 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 9 40 theme exogenous 1598:1606 arg1 treatments 1617:1626 exogenous ethylene treatments 1598:1626 exogenous ethylene treatments 1598:1626 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 6 41 theme wall 1060:1063 arg1 polysaccharides 1065:1079 cellular wall polysaccharides 1051:1079 cellular wall polysaccharides 1051:1079 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 9 42 dep factors 1677:1683 arg1 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 42 dep factors 1677:1683 arg1 factors 1677:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors 1643:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) 1643:1701 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 42 dep factors 1677:1683 arg1 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 8 43 theme signal 1432:1437 arg1 transduction 1439:1450 ethylene signal transduction 1423:1450 ethylene signal transduction 1423:1450 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 10 44 theme T. 1845:1846 arg1 grandis 1848:1854 T. grandis 1845:1854 T. grandis 1845:1854 Our findings provided new insights into the aril cracking trait in T. grandis. 34745193 4 45 theme anatomical 536:545 arg1 structure 547:555 its anatomical structure 532:555 its anatomical structure 532:555 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 1 46 theme nutritional 139:149 arg1 value 151:155 great nutritional value 133:155 great nutritional value 133:155 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 9 47 theme ethylene 1647:1654 arg1 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 47 theme ethylene 1647:1654 arg1 factors 1677:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors 1643:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) 1643:1701 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 47 theme ethylene 1647:1654 arg1 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 2 48 theme seed 271:274 arg1 maturation 276:285 seed maturation 271:285 seed maturation 271:285 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 5 49 theme clear 816:820 arg1 separation 822:831 a clear separation 814:831 a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers 814:866 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 9 50 theme transcription 1663:1675 arg1 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 ERF11 1686:1690 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 50 theme transcription 1663:1675 arg1 factors 1677:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors 1643:1683 the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) 1643:1701 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 50 theme transcription 1663:1675 arg1 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 ERF1A 1696:1700 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 1 51 theme medicinal 166:174 arg1 value 176:180 high medicinal value 161:180 high medicinal value 161:180 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 9 52 theme analysis 1480:1487 arg1 results 1489:1495 the analysis results 1476:1495 the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments 1476:1626 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 2 53 theme important 203:211 arg1 indicator 258:266 an indicator 255:266 an indicator of seed maturation 255:285 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 2 53 theme important 203:211 arg1 process 213:219 an important process 200:219 an important process 200:219 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 2 53 theme important 203:211 arg1 Aril 183:186 Aril 183:186 Aril cracking 183:195 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 8 54 dep top 1301:1303 arg1 pathways 1317:1324 enriched pathways 1308:1324 the top 10 enriched pathways 1297:1324 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 8 55 theme ethylene 1423:1430 arg1 transduction 1439:1450 ethylene signal transduction 1423:1450 ethylene signal transduction 1423:1450 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 8 56 theme KEGG 1248:1251 arg1 analysis 1261:1268 KEGG pathway analysis 1248:1268 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs 1248:1276 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 5 57 theme layers 720:725 arg1 length 671:676 the length 667:676 the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 667:725 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 1 58 theme famous 117:122 arg1 nut 124:126 a famous nut 115:126 a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value 115:180 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 1 58 theme famous 117:122 arg1 grandis 92:98 Torreya grandis 84:98 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' 84:110 Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. 34745193 7 59 theme cracking 1178:1185 arg1 process 1187:1193 the cracking process 1174:1193 the cracking process 1174:1193 To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. 34745193 5 60 theme cell 856:859 arg1 layers 861:866 parenchymatous cell layers 841:866 parenchymatous cell layers 841:866 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 4 61 theme levels 466:471 arg1 view 426:429 a comprehensive view 410:429 a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process 410:638 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 8 62 theme DEGs 1273:1276 arg1 analysis 1261:1268 KEGG pathway analysis 1248:1268 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs 1248:1276 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 5 63 theme epidermal 686:694 arg1 length 671:676 the length 667:676 the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 667:725 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 5 64 theme parenchymatous 700:713 arg1 layers 720:725 both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 681:725 layers 720:725 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 5 65 theme epidermal 924:932 arg1 layers 958:963 epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 924:963 layers 958:963 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 3 66 theme cracking 301:308 arg1 mechanism 310:318 the cracking mechanism 297:318 the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage 297:365 However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. 34745193 0 67 from Ethylene 33:40 arg1 grandis 53:59 Torreya grandis 45:59 Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation 45:81 Acceleration of Aril Cracking by Ethylene in Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation. 34745193 7 68 theme expression 1139:1148 arg1 changes 1150:1156 the global gene expression changes 1123:1156 the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process 1123:1193 To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. 34745193 9 69 theme EXP 1765:1767 arg1 regulation 1751:1760 regulation 1751:1760 regulation of EXP and PME 1751:1775 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 8 70 theme top 1301:1303 arg1 4 1292:1292 4 1292:1292 4 1292:1292 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 8 70 theme top 1301:1303 arg1 top 1301:1303 the top 10 enriched pathways 1297:1324 the top 10 enriched pathways 1297:1324 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 7 71 theme global 1127:1132 arg1 changes 1150:1156 the global gene expression changes 1123:1156 the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process 1123:1193 To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. 34745193 9 72 theme transcription 1541:1553 arg1 factors 1555:1561 different transcription factors 1531:1561 different transcription factors 1531:1561 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 73 theme PME 1773:1775 arg1 regulation 1751:1760 regulation 1751:1760 regulation of EXP and PME 1751:1775 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 9 74 theme co-expression 1500:1512 arg1 networks 1514:1521 co-expression networks 1500:1521 co-expression networks 1500:1521 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 8 75 theme enriched 1308:1315 arg1 pathways 1317:1324 enriched pathways 1308:1324 the top 10 enriched pathways 1297:1324 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 6 76 theme wall 993:996 arg1 composition 998:1008 cell wall composition 988:1008 cell wall composition 988:1008 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 4 77 theme aril 476:479 arg1 levels 466:471 the physiological and molecular levels 434:471 the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process 434:638 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 0 78 theme Torreya 45:51 arg1 grandis 53:59 Torreya grandis 45:59 Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation 45:81 Acceleration of Aril Cracking by Ethylene in Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation. 34745193 9 79 theme wall 1569:1572 arg1 genes 1587:1591 cell wall modification genes 1564:1591 cell wall modification genes 1564:1591 Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. 34745193 6 80 theme cracking 1102:1109 arg1 aril 1097:1100 aril cracking 1097:1109 aril cracking 1097:1109 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 34745193 3 81 theme maturation 350:359 arg1 stage 361:365 the maturation stage 346:365 the maturation stage 346:365 However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. 34745193 5 82 theme parenchymatous 938:951 arg1 layers 958:963 epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers 924:963 layers 958:963 These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. 34745193 4 83 theme physiological 558:570 arg1 parameters 572:581 physiological parameters 558:581 physiological parameters 558:581 Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. 34745193 8 84 theme wall 1348:1351 arg1 modification 1353:1364 cell wall modification 1343:1364 cell wall modification 1343:1364 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. 34745193 2 85 theme maturation 276:285 arg1 indicator 258:266 an indicator 255:266 an indicator of seed maturation 255:285 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 2 85 theme maturation 276:285 arg1 process 213:219 an important process 200:219 an important process 200:219 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 2 85 theme maturation 276:285 arg1 Aril 183:186 Aril 183:186 Aril cracking 183:195 Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. 34745193 6 86 theme polysaccharides 1065:1079 arg1 degradation 1036:1046 a significant degradation 1022:1046 a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides 1022:1079 Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. 32751842 0 0 theme Grape 60:64 arg1 Impacts 21:27 Chemical and Sensory Impacts 0:27 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 0:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 5 1 theme polysaccharide 711:724 arg1 concentration 726:738 Wine polysaccharide concentration 706:738 Wine polysaccharide concentration 706:738 Wine polysaccharide concentration was mainly increased in response to the maceration time rather than the ACE technique. 32751842 10 2 theme alcohol 1490:1496 arg1 level 1498:1502 the wine alcohol level 1481:1502 the wine alcohol level 1481:1502 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 10 3 theme important 1517:1525 arg1 components 1536:1545 important textural components 1517:1545 important textural components 1517:1545 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 6 4 theme earthy/dusty 856:867 arg1 flavour 869:875 the earthy/dusty flavour 852:875 the earthy/dusty flavour 852:875 ACE appeared to increase the earthy/dusty flavour, possibly due to the different precursors released by the greater skin breakage. 32751842 3 5 theme further 463:469 arg1 aim 471:473 A further aim 461:473 A further aim 461:473 A further aim was to investigate any potential influence provided by ACE on the pre-fermentation water addition to must. 32751842 1 6 theme grape 231:235 arg1 skins 237:241 grape skins 231:241 grape skins 231:241 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 6 7 theme greater 935:941 arg1 breakage 948:955 the greater skin breakage 931:955 the greater skin breakage 931:955 ACE appeared to increase the earthy/dusty flavour, possibly due to the different precursors released by the greater skin breakage. 32751842 8 8 theme wine 1131:1134 arg1 quality 1145:1151 the wine textural quality 1127:1151 the wine textural quality 1127:1151 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 8 9 theme ACE 1084:1086 arg1 technique 1088:1096 the ACE technique 1080:1096 the ACE technique 1080:1096 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 8 10 theme quality 1214:1220 arg1 sub-qualities 1222:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 5 11 theme ACE 812:814 arg1 technique 816:824 the ACE technique 808:824 the maceration time rather than the ACE technique 776:824 Wine polysaccharide concentration was mainly increased in response to the maceration time rather than the ACE technique. 32751842 0 12 theme Extraction 82:91 arg1 Technique 93:101 Extraction Technique 82:101 Extraction Technique 82:101 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 10 13 theme water 1456:1460 arg1 dilution 1462:1469 pre-fermentation water dilution 1439:1469 pre-fermentation water dilution 1439:1469 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 10 14 theme wine 1407:1410 arg1 producers 1412:1420 wine producers 1407:1420 wine producers 1407:1420 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 8 15 theme textural 1136:1143 arg1 quality 1145:1151 the wine textural quality 1127:1151 the wine textural quality 1127:1151 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 10 16 with ACE 1430:1432 arg1 dilution 1462:1469 pre-fermentation water dilution 1439:1469 pre-fermentation water dilution 1439:1469 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 2 17 theme ACE 346:348 arg1 effect 336:341 the effect 332:341 the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles 332:458 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 9 18 theme chemical 1293:1300 arg1 factors 1302:1308 the chemical factors 1289:1308 the chemical factors influencing the astringency sensations 1289:1347 Furthermore, insights into the chemical factors influencing the astringency sensations were provided in this study. 32751842 10 19 theme pre-fermentation 1439:1454 arg1 dilution 1462:1469 pre-fermentation water dilution 1439:1469 pre-fermentation water dilution 1439:1469 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 1 20 dep Edges 136:140 arg1 grape 172:176 a recently developed grape 151:176 a recently developed grape 151:176 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 4 21 theme wine 617:620 arg1 colour 622:627 Shiraz wine colour 610:627 Shiraz wine colour 610:627 ACE did not visually affect Shiraz wine colour, but significantly enhanced the concentration of tannin and total phenolics. 32751842 0 22 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Impacts 21:27 Chemical and Sensory Impacts 0:27 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 0:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 7 23 theme astringency 1039:1049 arg1 profiles 1051:1058 astringency profiles 1039:1058 astringency profiles 1039:1058 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 7 23 theme astringency 1039:1049 arg1 aromas 1018:1023 the wine aromas 1009:1023 the wine aromas 1009:1023 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 4 24 theme tannin 678:683 arg1 phenolics 695:703 tannin and total phenolics 678:703 tannin and total phenolics 678:703 ACE did not visually affect Shiraz wine colour, but significantly enhanced the concentration of tannin and total phenolics. 32751842 8 25 theme water 1103:1107 arg1 addition 1109:1116 water addition 1103:1116 water addition 1103:1116 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 4 26 theme Shiraz 610:615 arg1 colour 622:627 Shiraz wine colour 610:627 Shiraz wine colour 610:627 ACE did not visually affect Shiraz wine colour, but significantly enhanced the concentration of tannin and total phenolics. 32751842 1 27 theme small 248:252 arg1 fragments 254:262 small fragments 248:262 small fragments 248:262 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 0 28 theme Shiraz 106:111 arg1 Wines 113:117 Shiraz Wines 106:117 Shiraz Wines 106:117 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 3 29 theme potential 498:506 arg1 influence 508:516 any potential influence 494:516 any potential influence provided by ACE on the pre-fermentation water addition to must 494:579 A further aim was to investigate any potential influence provided by ACE on the pre-fermentation water addition to must. 32751842 2 30 theme basic 367:371 arg1 composition 382:392 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 2 31 theme chemical 373:380 arg1 composition 382:392 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 4 32 theme total 689:693 arg1 phenolics 695:703 tannin and total phenolics 678:703 tannin and total phenolics 678:703 ACE did not visually affect Shiraz wine colour, but significantly enhanced the concentration of tannin and total phenolics. 32751842 2 33 theme phenolic 403:410 arg1 compounds 412:420 phenolic compounds 403:420 phenolic compounds 403:420 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 1 34 theme developed 162:170 arg1 grape 172:176 a recently developed grape 151:176 a recently developed grape 151:176 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 0 35 theme Accentuated 32:42 arg1 Grape 60:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 9 36 theme astringency 1326:1336 arg1 sensations 1338:1347 the astringency sensations 1322:1347 the astringency sensations 1322:1347 Furthermore, insights into the chemical factors influencing the astringency sensations were provided in this study. 32751842 7 37 theme wine 1013:1016 arg1 profiles 1051:1058 astringency profiles 1039:1058 astringency profiles 1039:1058 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 7 37 theme wine 1013:1016 arg1 aromas 1018:1023 the wine aromas 1009:1023 the wine aromas 1009:1023 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 7 37 theme wine 1013:1016 arg1 flavours 1026:1033 flavours 1026:1033 flavours 1026:1033 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 8 38 theme sub-qualities 1222:1234 arg1 intensities 1171:1181 the intensities 1167:1181 the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess 1167:1259 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 8 39 theme wine 1209:1212 arg1 sub-qualities 1222:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 8 40 theme astringent 1198:1207 arg1 sub-qualities 1222:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 6 41 theme different 898:906 arg1 precursors 908:917 the different precursors 894:917 the different precursors released by the greater skin breakage 894:955 ACE appeared to increase the earthy/dusty flavour, possibly due to the different precursors released by the greater skin breakage. 32751842 3 42 theme pre-fermentation 541:556 arg1 addition 564:571 the pre-fermentation water addition 537:571 the pre-fermentation water addition to must 537:579 A further aim was to investigate any potential influence provided by ACE on the pre-fermentation water addition to must. 32751842 2 43 theme Shiraz 353:358 arg1 wine 360:363 Shiraz wine's 353:365 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 0 44 theme Edges 48:52 arg1 Grape 60:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 1 45 theme seed 278:281 arg1 integrity 283:291 seed integrity 278:291 seed integrity 278:291 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 5 46 theme Wine 706:709 arg1 concentration 726:738 Wine polysaccharide concentration 706:738 Wine polysaccharide concentration 706:738 Wine polysaccharide concentration was mainly increased in response to the maceration time rather than the ACE technique. 32751842 2 47 from effect 336:341 arg1 polysaccharides 423:437 polysaccharides 423:437 polysaccharides 423:437 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 2 47 from effect 336:341 arg1 colour 395:400 colour 395:400 colour 395:400 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 2 47 from effect 336:341 arg1 compounds 412:420 phenolic compounds 403:420 phenolic compounds 403:420 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 2 47 from effect 336:341 arg1 composition 382:392 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition 353:392 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 2 47 from effect 336:341 arg1 profiles 451:458 sensory profiles 443:458 sensory profiles 443:458 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 0 48 theme Cut 44:46 arg1 Grape 60:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 10 49 theme wine 1485:1488 arg1 level 1498:1502 the wine alcohol level 1481:1502 the wine alcohol level 1481:1502 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 10 50 theme textural 1527:1534 arg1 components 1536:1545 important textural components 1517:1545 important textural components 1517:1545 This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components. 32751842 5 51 dep time 791:794 arg1 response 764:771 response 764:771 response 764:771 Wine polysaccharide concentration was mainly increased in response to the maceration time rather than the ACE technique. 32751842 8 52 theme graininess 1250:1259 arg1 sub-qualities 1222:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 7 53 theme pre-fermentation 962:977 arg1 addition 979:986 The pre-fermentation addition 958:986 The pre-fermentation addition of the water 958:999 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 4 54 theme phenolics 695:703 arg1 concentration 661:673 the concentration 657:673 the concentration of tannin and total phenolics 657:703 ACE did not visually affect Shiraz wine colour, but significantly enhanced the concentration of tannin and total phenolics. 32751842 6 55 theme skin 943:946 arg1 breakage 948:955 the greater skin breakage 931:955 the greater skin breakage 931:955 ACE appeared to increase the earthy/dusty flavour, possibly due to the different precursors released by the greater skin breakage. 32751842 7 56 theme water 995:999 arg1 addition 979:986 The pre-fermentation addition 958:986 The pre-fermentation addition of the water 958:999 The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. 32751842 0 57 from Polyphenol 71:80 arg1 Wines 113:117 Shiraz Wines 106:117 Shiraz Wines 106:117 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 5 58 theme maceration 780:789 arg1 time 791:794 the maceration time 776:794 the maceration time rather than the ACE technique 776:824 Wine polysaccharide concentration was mainly increased in response to the maceration time rather than the ACE technique. 32751842 0 59 theme ACE 55:57 arg1 Grape 60:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 32:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 8 60 theme adhesive 1237:1244 arg1 sub-qualities 1222:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 3 61 theme water 558:562 arg1 addition 564:571 the pre-fermentation water addition 537:571 the pre-fermentation water addition to must 537:579 A further aim was to investigate any potential influence provided by ACE on the pre-fermentation water addition to must. 32751842 1 62 theme Accentuated 120:130 arg1 ACE 143:145 ACE 143:145 ACE 143:145 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 1 62 theme Accentuated 120:130 arg1 Edges 136:140 Accentuated Cut Edges 120:140 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape 120:176 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 8 63 theme crucial 1190:1196 arg1 sub-qualities 1222:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities 1186:1234 However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. 32751842 2 64 theme sensory 443:449 arg1 profiles 451:458 sensory profiles 443:458 sensory profiles 443:458 This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine's basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. 32751842 0 65 theme Sensory 13:19 arg1 Impacts 21:27 Chemical and Sensory Impacts 0:27 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape 0:64 Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. 32751842 1 66 theme Cut 132:134 arg1 ACE 143:145 ACE 143:145 ACE 143:145 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32751842 1 66 theme Cut 132:134 arg1 Edges 136:140 Accentuated Cut Edges 120:140 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape 120:176 Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. 32806493 5 0 contain had 733:735 arg1 NACOS 727:731 NACOS 727:731 NACOS 727:731 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 0 contain had 733:735 arg2 effects 764:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 1 1 theme N-acetyl 171:178 arg1 oligosaccharides 228:243 chitosan oligosaccharides 219:243 chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) 219:249 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 1 1 theme N-acetyl 171:178 arg1 NACOS 203:207 NACOS 203:207 NACOS 203:207 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 1 1 theme N-acetyl 171:178 arg1 chitooligosaccharides 180:200 N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides 171:200 N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS) 171:208 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 8 2 from effects 1339:1345 arg1 cells 1368:1372 RAW264.7 cells 1359:1372 RAW264.7 cells 1359:1372 We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. 32806493 5 3 theme similar 737:743 arg1 effects 764:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 0 4 from Effects 17:23 arg1 Macrophages 71:81 RAW264.7 Macrophages 62:81 RAW264.7 Macrophages 62:81 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages. 32806493 1 5 theme chitooligosaccharides 180:200 arg1 commercialization 150:166 the commercialization 146:166 the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) 146:249 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 3 6 theme polymerization 502:515 arg1 degree 492:497 a single degree 483:497 a single degree of polymerization 483:515 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 5 7 theme pro-inflammation 902:917 arg1 IL-6 937:940 IL-6 937:940 IL-6 937:940 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 7 theme pro-inflammation 902:917 arg1 TNF-α 947:951 TNF-α 947:951 TNF-α 947:951 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 7 theme pro-inflammation 902:917 arg1 IL-1β 930:934 IL-1β 930:934 IL-1β 930:934 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 7 theme pro-inflammation 902:917 arg1 cytokines 919:927 pro-inflammation cytokines 902:927 pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) 902:952 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 8 8 theme immunomodulatory 1322:1337 arg1 effects 1339:1345 the immunomodulatory effects 1318:1345 the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells 1318:1372 We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. 32806493 7 9 theme inflammatory 1179:1190 arg1 response 1192:1199 the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response 1154:1199 the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response 1154:1199 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 7 10 theme RAW264.7 1170:1177 arg1 response 1192:1199 the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response 1154:1199 the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response 1154:1199 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 9 11 from health 1482:1487 arg1 degrees 1447:1453 varying different degrees 1429:1453 varying different degrees of polymerization in human health 1429:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 1 12 theme ongoing 88:94 arg1 development 96:106 The ongoing development 84:106 The ongoing development of new production methods 84:132 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 6 13 theme oxide 1054:1058 arg1 production 1065:1074 nitric oxide (NO) production 1047:1074 nitric oxide (NO) production 1047:1074 However, unlike COS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NACOS1 and NACOS6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. 32806493 2 14 contain have 340:343 arg1 they 335:338 they 335:338 they 335:338 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 2 14 contain have 340:343 arg2 groups 357:362 more acetyl groups 345:362 more acetyl groups 345:362 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 6 15 theme nitric 1047:1052 arg1 NO 1061:1062 NO 1061:1062 NO 1061:1062 However, unlike COS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NACOS1 and NACOS6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. 32806493 6 15 theme nitric 1047:1052 arg1 oxide 1054:1058 nitric oxide 1047:1058 nitric oxide (NO) production 1047:1074 However, unlike COS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NACOS1 and NACOS6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. 32806493 9 16 from polymerization 1458:1471 arg1 health 1482:1487 human health 1476:1487 human health 1476:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 7 17 theme enhancement 1098:1108 arg1 effects 1110:1116 their immune enhancement effects 1085:1116 their immune enhancement effects 1085:1116 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 5 18 theme reactive 826:833 arg1 ROS 851:853 ROS 851:853 ROS 851:853 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 18 theme reactive 826:833 arg1 species 842:848 reactive oxygen species 826:848 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 826:854 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 19 theme RAW264.7 775:782 arg1 cells 784:788 RAW264.7 cells 775:788 RAW264.7 cells 775:788 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 19 theme RAW264.7 775:782 arg1 generation 812:821 the generation 808:821 the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 808:854 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 19 theme RAW264.7 775:782 arg1 production 888:897 the production 884:897 the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) 884:952 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 19 theme RAW264.7 775:782 arg1 activity 870:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 7 20 theme polymerization 1239:1252 arg1 degrees 1254:1260 various polymerization degrees 1231:1260 various polymerization degrees 1231:1260 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 3 21 theme immunomodulatory 533:548 arg1 effects 550:556 their immunomodulatory effects 527:556 their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 527:593 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 7 22 theme immune 1091:1096 arg1 effects 1110:1116 their immune enhancement effects 1085:1116 their immune enhancement effects 1085:1116 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 5 23 theme oxygen 835:840 arg1 ROS 851:853 ROS 851:853 ROS 851:853 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 23 theme oxygen 835:840 arg1 species 842:848 reactive oxygen species 826:848 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 826:854 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 0 24 theme Immunomodulatory 0:15 arg1 Effects 17:23 Immunomodulatory Effects 0:23 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages 0:81 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages. 32806493 9 25 from degrees 1447:1453 arg1 health 1482:1487 human health 1476:1487 human health 1476:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 1 26 theme new 111:113 arg1 methods 126:132 new production methods 111:132 new production methods 111:132 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 2 27 theme acetyl 350:355 arg1 groups 357:362 more acetyl groups 345:362 more acetyl groups 345:362 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 0 28 theme N-Acetyl 28:35 arg1 Chitooligosaccharides 37:57 N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides 28:57 N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides 28:57 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages. 32806493 1 29 theme production 115:124 arg1 methods 126:132 new production methods 111:132 new production methods 111:132 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 9 30 theme NACOS 1418:1422 arg1 application 1403:1413 the application 1399:1413 the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health 1399:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 9 31 theme polymerization 1458:1471 arg1 degrees 1447:1453 varying different degrees 1429:1453 varying different degrees of polymerization in human health 1429:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 8 32 theme NACOS 1350:1354 arg1 effects 1339:1345 the immunomodulatory effects 1318:1345 the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells 1318:1372 We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. 32806493 1 33 theme methods 126:132 arg1 development 96:106 The ongoing development 84:106 The ongoing development of new production methods 84:132 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 9 34 theme human 1476:1480 arg1 health 1482:1487 human health 1476:1487 human health 1476:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 5 35 theme immune 745:750 arg1 effects 764:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 4 36 theme single 670:675 arg1 degree 677:682 a single degree 668:682 a single degree of polymerization 668:700 We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. 32806493 3 37 theme different 420:428 arg1 compositions 440:451 different molecular compositions 420:451 different molecular compositions 420:451 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 3 38 theme RAW264.7 565:572 arg1 line 590:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 3 39 theme produced 400:407 arg1 NACOS 409:413 two enzymatically produced NACOS 382:413 two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization 382:515 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 1 40 theme chitosan 219:226 arg1 COS 246:248 COS 246:248 COS 246:248 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 1 40 theme chitosan 219:226 arg1 oligosaccharides 228:243 chitosan oligosaccharides 219:243 chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) 219:249 The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). 32806493 0 41 theme Chitooligosaccharides 37:57 arg1 Effects 17:23 Immunomodulatory Effects 0:23 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages 0:81 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages. 32806493 5 42 theme enhancement 752:762 arg1 effects 764:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 similar immune enhancement effects 737:770 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 3 43 theme macrophage 574:583 arg1 line 590:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 3 44 theme molecular 430:438 arg1 compositions 440:451 different molecular compositions 420:451 different molecular compositions 420:451 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 9 45 with application 1403:1413 arg1 degrees 1447:1453 varying different degrees 1429:1453 varying different degrees of polymerization in human health 1429:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 9 46 theme varying 1429:1435 arg1 degrees 1447:1453 varying different degrees 1429:1453 varying different degrees of polymerization in human health 1429:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 4 47 with NACOS 657:661 arg1 degree 677:682 a single degree 668:682 a single degree of polymerization 668:700 We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. 32806493 5 48 theme phagocytotic 857:868 arg1 activity 870:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 0 49 theme RAW264.7 62:69 arg1 Macrophages 71:81 RAW264.7 Macrophages 62:81 RAW264.7 Macrophages 62:81 Immunomodulatory Effects of N-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages. 32806493 8 50 theme RAW264.7 1359:1366 arg1 cells 1368:1372 RAW264.7 cells 1359:1372 RAW264.7 cells 1359:1372 We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. 32806493 2 51 dep detailed 296:303 arg1 although 278:285 although 278:285 although 278:285 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 3 52 with NACOS 409:413 arg1 degree 492:497 a single degree 483:497 a single degree of polymerization 483:515 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 3 52 with NACOS 409:413 arg1 NACOS1-6 468:475 NACOS1-6 468:475 NACOS1-6 468:475 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 3 52 with NACOS 409:413 arg1 compositions 440:451 different molecular compositions 420:451 different molecular compositions 420:451 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 3 52 with NACOS 409:413 arg1 NACOS 461:465 six NACOS 457:465 six NACOS (NACOS1-6) 457:476 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 4 53 theme COS 641:643 arg1 NACOS 657:661 COS and various NACOS 641:661 NACOS 657:661 We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. 32806493 2 54 theme NACOS 271:275 arg1 bioactivity 256:266 The bioactivity 252:266 The bioactivity of NACOS 252:275 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 4 55 theme various 649:655 arg1 NACOS 657:661 COS and various NACOS 641:661 NACOS 657:661 We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. 32806493 4 56 theme polymerization 687:700 arg1 degree 677:682 a single degree 668:682 a single degree of polymerization 668:700 We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. 32806493 5 57 theme species 842:848 arg1 activity 870:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 57 theme species 842:848 arg1 generation 812:821 the generation 808:821 the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 808:854 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 57 theme species 842:848 arg1 production 888:897 the production 884:897 the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) 884:952 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 3 58 used used 377:380 arg2 We 374:375 We 374:375 We 374:375 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 5 59 theme cytokines 919:927 arg1 activity 870:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 phagocytotic activity 857:877 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 59 theme cytokines 919:927 arg1 generation 812:821 the generation 808:821 the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 808:854 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 59 theme cytokines 919:927 arg1 production 888:897 the production 884:897 the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) 884:952 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 2 60 dep differs 306:312 arg1 detailed 296:303 detailed 296:303 not well detailed 287:303 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 8 61 theme NF-κB 1285:1289 arg1 pathway 1291:1297 the NF-κB pathway 1281:1297 the NF-κB pathway 1281:1297 We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. 32806493 5 62 dep cytokines 919:927 arg1 IL-6 937:940 IL-6 937:940 IL-6 937:940 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 62 dep cytokines 919:927 arg1 TNF-α 947:951 TNF-α 947:951 TNF-α 947:951 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 62 dep cytokines 919:927 arg1 IL-1β 930:934 IL-1β 930:934 IL-1β 930:934 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 5 62 dep cytokines 919:927 arg1 cytokines 919:927 pro-inflammation cytokines 902:927 pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) 902:952 The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). 32806493 9 63 theme different 1437:1445 arg1 degrees 1447:1453 varying different degrees 1429:1453 varying different degrees of polymerization in human health 1429:1487 This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. 32806493 3 64 theme cell 585:588 arg1 line 590:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 2 65 theme more 345:348 arg1 groups 357:362 more acetyl groups 345:362 more acetyl groups 345:362 The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. 32806493 3 66 from effects 550:556 arg1 line 590:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line 561:593 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32806493 7 67 theme LPS-induced 1158:1168 arg1 response 1192:1199 the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response 1154:1199 the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response 1154:1199 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 7 68 theme various 1231:1237 arg1 degrees 1254:1260 various polymerization degrees 1231:1260 various polymerization degrees 1231:1260 Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. 32806493 3 69 theme single 485:490 arg1 degree 492:497 a single degree 483:497 a single degree of polymerization 483:515 We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1-6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 32590114 4 0 theme underlying 1032:1041 arg1 mechanism 1043:1051 the underlying mechanism 1028:1051 the underlying mechanism 1028:1051 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 11 1 theme ROS 1875:1877 arg1 productions 1856:1866 the productions 1852:1866 the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 1852:1894 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 15 2 theme % 2557:2557 arg1 fraction 2563:2570 100% EAE fraction 2554:2570 100% EAE fraction (Fr 2554:2574 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 6 3 dep in 1287:1288 arg1 vivo 1290:1293 vivo 1290:1293 vivo 1290:1293 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 7 4 theme paw 1500:1502 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 4 theme paw 1500:1502 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 22 5 theme drug 3152:3155 arg1 EAE 3116:3118 EAE 3116:3118 EAE 3116:3118 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 5 theme drug 3152:3155 arg1 candidate 3157:3165 a potential drug candidate 3140:3165 a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases 3140:3223 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 5 theme drug 3152:3155 arg1 % 3111:3111 100% 3108:3111 100% of EAE 3108:3118 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 6 6 theme potential 1187:1195 arg1 properties 1215:1224 The potential anti-inflammatory properties 1183:1224 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE 1183:1254 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 17 7 dep carried 2690:2696 arg1 out 2698:2700 out 2698:2700 out 2698:2700 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 14 8 theme animal 2354:2359 arg1 models 2361:2366 two inflammatory animal models 2337:2366 two inflammatory animal models 2337:2366 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 4 9 from extract 950:956 arg1 potential 908:916 the anti-inflammatory potential 886:916 the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism 886:1051 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 4 9 from extract 950:956 arg1 fractions 931:939 different fractions 921:939 different fractions 921:939 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 9 10 used used 1697:1700 arg2 UHPLC-MS/MS 1681:1691 UHPLC-MS/MS 1681:1691 UHPLC-MS/MS 1681:1691 UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 4 11 theme STUDY 834:838 arg1 AIM 823:825 AIM 823:825 AIM OF THE STUDY 823:838 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 7 12 theme inflammation 1423:1434 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 12 theme inflammation 1423:1434 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 12 theme inflammation 1423:1434 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 19 13 theme mediators 2919:2927 arg1 release 2895:2901 the release 2891:2901 the release of inflammatory mediators 2891:2927 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 6 14 theme in 1274:1275 arg1 model 1295:1299 in vitro and in vivo model 1274:1299 in vitro and in vivo model 1274:1299 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 10 15 theme EAE 1778:1780 arg1 fractions 1782:1790 Different EAE fractions 1768:1790 Different EAE fractions (especially the Fr 1768:1809 RESULTS Different EAE fractions (especially the Fr. 32590114 7 16 dep in 1380:1381 arg1 vitro 1383:1387 vitro 1383:1387 vitro 1383:1387 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 17 theme ear 1466:1468 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 17 theme ear 1466:1468 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 9 18 theme chemical 1717:1724 arg1 composition 1726:1736 the chemical composition 1713:1736 the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction 1713:1757 UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 7 19 theme typical 1409:1415 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 19 theme typical 1409:1415 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 19 theme typical 1409:1415 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 14 20 theme inflammatory 2482:2493 arg1 cytokines 2495:2503 significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines 2456:2503 significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines 2456:2503 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 11 21 theme MeOH 1820:1823 arg1 MeOH 1820:1823 MeOH 1820:1823 MeOH 1820:1823 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 11 21 theme MeOH 1820:1823 arg1 % 1815:1815 100% 1812:1815 100% of MeOH:H2O) 1812:1828 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 15 22 dep fraction 2563:2570 arg1 Fr 2573:2574 Fr 2573:2574 Fr 2573:2574 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 3 23 with components 608:617 arg1 number 626:631 a number 624:631 a number of biological activities 624:656 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 7 24 dep studies 1389:1395 arg1 used 1516:1519 used 1516:1519 were used for anti-inflammatory studies 1511:1549 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 12 25 theme expression 1975:1984 arg1 levels 1986:1991 The expression levels 1971:1991 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes 1971:2017 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 15 26 with treatment 2510:2518 arg1 fraction 2563:2570 100% EAE fraction 2554:2570 100% EAE fraction (Fr 2554:2574 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 4 27 theme fractions 931:939 arg1 potential 908:916 the anti-inflammatory potential 886:916 the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism 886:1051 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 7 28 theme in 1380:1381 arg1 studies 1389:1395 in vitro studies 1380:1395 in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies 1380:1549 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 0 29 theme NF-κB 118:122 arg1 down-regulation 99:113 down-regulation 99:113 down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways 99:150 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 1 30 theme disease 363:369 arg1 risk 355:358 risk 355:358 risk of disease 355:369 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 3 31 theme phytochemical 525:537 arg1 studies 539:545 Previous phytochemical studies 516:545 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum 516:559 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 9 32 theme % 1744:1744 arg1 fraction 1750:1757 100% EAE fraction 1741:1757 100% EAE fraction 1741:1757 UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 17 33 located found 2741:2745 arg1 which 2705:2709 which 2705:2709 which 2705:2709 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 17 33 located found 2741:2745 arg2 analogues 2726:2734 the androstane analogues 2711:2734 the androstane analogues 2711:2734 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 9 34 theme fraction 1750:1757 arg1 composition 1726:1736 the chemical composition 1713:1736 the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction 1713:1757 UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 3 35 theme auritum 769:775 arg1 mechanism 749:757 the underlying mechanism 734:757 the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases 734:800 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 3 35 theme auritum 769:775 arg1 unresolved 811:820 unresolved 811:820 unresolved 811:820 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 0 36 theme MAPK 128:131 arg1 pathways 143:150 MAPK signaling pathways 128:150 MAPK signaling pathways 128:150 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 4 37 theme anti-inflammatory 890:906 arg1 potential 908:916 the anti-inflammatory potential 886:916 the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism 886:1051 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 13 38 theme nuclear 2186:2192 arg1 translocation 2194:2206 the nuclear translocation 2182:2206 the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα 2182:2322 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 1 39 used used 223:226 arg2 RELEVANCE 174:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 153:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum 153:199 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 39 used used 223:226 arg2 medicine 254:261 traditional medicine 242:261 traditional medicine 242:261 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 39 used used 223:226 arg2 " 237:237 a "dai" 231:237 a "dai" 231:237 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 14 40 theme ameliorated 2470:2480 arg1 cytokines 2495:2503 significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines 2456:2503 significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines 2456:2503 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 0 41 theme pathways 143:150 arg1 down-regulation 99:113 down-regulation 99:113 down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways 99:150 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 1 42 theme healthier 383:391 arg1 aging 393:397 healthier aging 383:397 healthier aging 383:397 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 3 43 theme auritum 553:559 arg1 studies 539:545 Previous phytochemical studies 516:545 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum 516:559 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 16 44 theme inflammatory 2622:2633 arg1 cytokines 2635:2643 elevated inflammatory cytokines 2613:2643 elevated inflammatory cytokines 2613:2643 100%) suppressed the expressions of elevated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 6 45 theme different 1229:1237 arg1 fractions 1239:1247 different fractions 1229:1247 different fractions of EAE 1229:1254 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 22 46 theme inflammatory 3203:3214 arg1 diseases 3216:3223 inflammatory diseases 3203:3223 inflammatory diseases 3203:3223 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 13 47 theme % 2091:2091 arg1 fraction 2097:2104 100% EAE fraction 2088:2104 100% EAE fraction 2088:2104 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 3 48 theme characteristic 593:606 arg1 components 608:617 main characteristic components 588:617 main characteristic components 588:617 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 3 48 theme characteristic 593:606 arg1 steroids 575:582 steroids 575:582 steroids 575:582 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 0 49 from auritum 83:89 arg1 effects 39:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects 0:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 0:151 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 0 49 from auritum 83:89 arg1 extracts 60:67 different extracts 50:67 different extracts from Epigynum auritum 50:89 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 18 50 theme Different 2795:2803 arg1 fractions 2805:2813 Different fractions 2795:2813 Different fractions 2795:2813 CONCLUSION Different fractions (especially Fr. 32590114 10 51 dep fractions 1782:1790 arg1 Fr 1808:1809 the Fr 1804:1809 especially the Fr 1793:1809 RESULTS Different EAE fractions (especially the Fr. 32590114 3 52 theme inflammatory 780:791 arg1 diseases 793:800 inflammatory diseases 780:800 inflammatory diseases 780:800 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 0 53 theme different 50:58 arg1 extracts 60:67 different extracts 50:67 different extracts from Epigynum auritum 50:89 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 19 54 theme 100 2831:2833 arg1 % 2834:2834 % 2834:2834 % 2834:2834 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 9 55 theme 100 1741:1743 arg1 % 1744:1744 % 1744:1744 % 1744:1744 UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 19 56 theme MAPK 2951:2954 arg1 pathways 2966:2973 the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways 2937:2973 pathways 2966:2973 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 7 57 used used 1371:1374 arg2 macrophages 1348:1358 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1302:1358 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells 1302:1364 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 5 58 theme macroporous 1131:1141 arg1 D101 1149:1152 macroporous resin D101 1131:1152 macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions 1131:1180 MATERIALS AND METHODS The EAE was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions. 32590114 15 59 theme inflammatory 2529:2540 arg1 models 2542:2547 these inflammatory models 2523:2547 these inflammatory models 2523:2547 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 16 60 theme 100 2577:2579 arg1 % 2580:2580 % 2580:2580 % 2580:2580 100%) suppressed the expressions of elevated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 4 61 theme auritum 964:970 arg1 extract 950:956 the extract 946:956 the extract of E. auritum (EAE) 946:976 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 0 62 from effects 39:45 arg1 auritum 83:89 Epigynum auritum 74:89 Epigynum auritum 74:89 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 11 63 theme IL-6 1891:1894 arg1 productions 1856:1866 the productions 1852:1866 the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 1852:1894 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 4 64 with fractions 931:939 arg1 ingredients 1006:1016 their possible active ingredients 984:1016 their possible active ingredients 984:1016 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 7 65 theme RAW264.7 1339:1346 arg1 macrophages 1348:1358 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1302:1358 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells 1302:1364 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 2 66 theme Epigynum 417:424 arg1 extract 434:440 Epigynum auritum extract 417:440 Epigynum auritum extract 417:440 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 3 67 from mechanism 749:757 arg1 diseases 793:800 inflammatory diseases 780:800 inflammatory diseases 780:800 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 0 68 theme In 0:1 arg1 effects 39:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects 0:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 0:151 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 3 69 dep especially 659:668 arg1 anti-inflammatory 692:708 anti-inflammatory 692:708 anti-inflammatory 692:708 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 3 69 dep especially 659:668 arg1 immunosuppressive 670:686 immunosuppressive 670:686 immunosuppressive 670:686 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 17 70 theme androstane 2715:2724 arg1 analogues 2726:2734 the androstane analogues 2711:2734 the androstane analogues 2711:2734 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 8 71 theme molecular 1566:1574 arg1 mechanisms 1576:1585 The important molecular mechanisms 1552:1585 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation 1552:1609 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation were also analyzed by ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. 32590114 1 72 theme inflammation 284:295 arg1 treatment 271:279 the treatment 267:279 the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury 267:335 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 17 73 theme main 2758:2761 arg1 components 2772:2781 a main chemical components 2756:2781 a main chemical components 2756:2781 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 8 74 theme related 1587:1593 arg1 mechanisms 1576:1585 The important molecular mechanisms 1552:1585 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation 1552:1609 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation were also analyzed by ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. 32590114 11 75 theme LPS-induced 1899:1909 arg1 macrophages 1920:1930 LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1899:1930 LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1899:1930 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 13 76 theme inhibitor 2298:2306 arg1 protein 2308:2314 inhibitor protein 2298:2314 inhibitor protein of IκBα 2298:2322 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 1 77 theme swelling 298:305 arg1 treatment 271:279 the treatment 267:279 the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury 267:335 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 17 78 theme UHPLC-HRMS/MS 2658:2670 arg1 analysis 2672:2679 the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis 2654:2679 the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis 2654:2679 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 12 79 theme iNOS 1996:1999 arg1 enzymes 2011:2017 iNOS and COX-2 enzymes 1996:2017 iNOS and COX-2 enzymes 1996:2017 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 4 80 theme active 999:1004 arg1 ingredients 1006:1016 their possible active ingredients 984:1016 their possible active ingredients 984:1016 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 13 81 theme MAPK 2164:2167 arg1 phosphorylation 2120:2134 the phosphorylation 2116:2134 the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK 2116:2167 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 1 82 dep Epigynum 184:191 arg1 auritum 193:199 auritum 193:199 auritum 193:199 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 4 83 dep aimed 851:855 arg1 AIM 823:825 AIM 823:825 AIM OF THE STUDY 823:838 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 1 84 theme severe 311:316 arg1 pain 318:321 severe pain 311:321 severe pain 311:321 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 13 85 theme 100 2088:2090 arg1 % 2091:2091 % 2091:2091 % 2091:2091 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 3 86 dep components 608:617 arg1 especially 659:668 especially 659:668 especially 659:668 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 3 87 theme biological 636:645 arg1 activities 647:656 biological activities 636:656 biological activities 636:656 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 13 88 dep phosphorylation 2263:2277 arg1 the 2259:2261 the 2259:2261 the 2259:2261 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 10 89 theme Different 1768:1776 arg1 fractions 1782:1790 Different EAE fractions 1768:1790 Different EAE fractions (especially the Fr 1768:1809 RESULTS Different EAE fractions (especially the Fr. 32590114 13 90 theme protein 2308:2314 arg1 degradation 2283:2293 degradation 2283:2293 degradation 2283:2293 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 13 90 theme protein 2308:2314 arg1 phosphorylation 2263:2277 phosphorylation 2263:2277 phosphorylation 2263:2277 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 12 91 theme COX-2 2005:2009 arg1 enzymes 2011:2017 iNOS and COX-2 enzymes 1996:2017 iNOS and COX-2 enzymes 1996:2017 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 0 92 dep In 0:1 arg1 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 14 93 theme xylene-induced 2369:2382 arg1 edema 2388:2392 xylene-induced ear edema 2369:2392 xylene-induced ear edema 2369:2392 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 1 94 theme traditional 242:252 arg1 medicine 254:261 traditional medicine 242:261 traditional medicine 242:261 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 94 theme traditional 242:252 arg1 RELEVANCE 174:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 153:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum 153:199 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 6 95 dep in 1274:1275 arg1 vitro 1277:1281 vitro 1277:1281 vitro 1277:1281 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 7 96 theme carrageenan-induced 1480:1498 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 96 theme carrageenan-induced 1480:1498 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 5 97 dep MATERIALS 1054:1062 arg1 fractionated 1088:1099 fractionated 1088:1099 was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions 1084:1180 MATERIALS AND METHODS The EAE was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions. 32590114 6 98 theme in 1287:1288 arg1 model 1295:1299 in vitro and in vivo model 1274:1299 in vitro and in vivo model 1274:1299 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 15 99 theme EAE 2559:2561 arg1 fraction 2563:2570 100% EAE fraction 2554:2570 100% EAE fraction (Fr 2554:2574 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 13 100 theme ERK1/2 2143:2148 arg1 phosphorylation 2120:2134 the phosphorylation 2116:2134 the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK 2116:2167 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 22 101 theme potential 3142:3150 arg1 EAE 3116:3118 EAE 3116:3118 EAE 3116:3118 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 101 theme potential 3142:3150 arg1 candidate 3157:3165 a potential drug candidate 3140:3165 a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases 3140:3223 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 101 theme potential 3142:3150 arg1 % 3111:3111 100% 3108:3111 100% of EAE 3108:3118 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 12 102 theme % 2059:2059 arg1 fraction 2065:2072 100% EAE fraction 2056:2072 100% EAE fraction 2056:2072 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 14 103 theme inflammatory 2341:2352 arg1 models 2361:2366 two inflammatory animal models 2337:2366 two inflammatory animal models 2337:2366 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 1 104 theme Epigynum 184:191 arg1 " 237:237 a "dai" 231:237 a "dai" 231:237 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 104 theme Epigynum 184:191 arg1 medicine 254:261 traditional medicine 242:261 traditional medicine 242:261 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 104 theme Epigynum 184:191 arg1 RELEVANCE 174:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 153:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum 153:199 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 2 105 theme auritum 426:432 arg1 extract 434:440 Epigynum auritum extract 417:440 Epigynum auritum extract 417:440 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 7 106 theme xylene-induced 1451:1464 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 106 theme xylene-induced 1451:1464 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 107 theme murine 1436:1441 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 107 theme murine 1436:1441 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 107 theme murine 1436:1441 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 22 108 dep prevention 3175:3184 arg1 the 3171:3173 the 3171:3173 the 3171:3173 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 11 109 dep MeOH 1820:1823 arg1 H2O 1825:1827 H2O 1825:1827 H2O 1825:1827 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 7 110 theme acute 1417:1421 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 110 theme acute 1417:1421 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 110 theme acute 1417:1421 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 3 111 theme Previous 516:523 arg1 studies 539:545 Previous phytochemical studies 516:545 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum 516:559 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 7 112 dep macrophages 1348:1358 arg1 cells 1360:1364 cells 1360:1364 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells 1302:1364 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 2 113 theme inflammation 502:513 arg1 type 494:497 a type 492:497 a type of inflammation 492:513 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 2 113 theme inflammation 502:513 arg1 treatment 468:476 arhritis treatment 459:476 arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation 459:513 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 3 114 theme underlying 738:747 arg1 mechanism 749:757 the underlying mechanism 734:757 the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases 734:800 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 3 114 theme underlying 738:747 arg1 unresolved 811:820 unresolved 811:820 unresolved 811:820 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 0 115 theme signaling 133:141 arg1 pathways 143:150 MAPK signaling pathways 128:150 MAPK signaling pathways 128:150 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 13 116 theme IκBα 2319:2322 arg1 protein 2308:2314 inhibitor protein 2298:2314 inhibitor protein of IκBα 2298:2322 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 16 117 theme elevated 2613:2620 arg1 cytokines 2635:2643 elevated inflammatory cytokines 2613:2643 elevated inflammatory cytokines 2613:2643 100%) suppressed the expressions of elevated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 9 118 theme EAE 1746:1748 arg1 fraction 1750:1757 100% EAE fraction 1741:1757 100% EAE fraction 1741:1757 UHPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 6 119 theme EAE 1252:1254 arg1 fractions 1239:1247 different fractions 1229:1247 different fractions of EAE 1229:1254 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 19 120 theme inflammatory 2906:2917 arg1 mediators 2919:2927 inflammatory mediators 2906:2927 inflammatory mediators 2906:2927 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 20 121 theme anti-inflammatory 3065:3081 arg1 activity 3083:3090 the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3052:3090 the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3052:3090 The androstane and its derivatives might be performing an important role in the observed anti-inflammatory activity. 32590114 16 122 theme cytokines 2635:2643 arg1 expressions 2598:2608 the expressions 2594:2608 the expressions of elevated inflammatory cytokines 2594:2643 100%) suppressed the expressions of elevated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 13 123 dep ERK1/2 2143:2148 arg1 the 2139:2141 the 2139:2141 the 2139:2141 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 6 124 theme fractions 1239:1247 arg1 properties 1215:1224 The potential anti-inflammatory properties 1183:1224 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE 1183:1254 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 12 125 theme EAE 2061:2063 arg1 fraction 2065:2072 100% EAE fraction 2056:2072 100% EAE fraction 2056:2072 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 20 126 from role 3044:3047 arg1 activity 3083:3090 the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3052:3090 the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3052:3090 The androstane and its derivatives might be performing an important role in the observed anti-inflammatory activity. 32590114 4 127 from potential 908:916 arg1 extract 950:956 the extract 946:956 the extract of E. auritum (EAE) 946:976 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 3 128 theme main 588:591 arg1 components 608:617 main characteristic components 588:617 main characteristic components 588:617 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 3 128 theme main 588:591 arg1 steroids 575:582 steroids 575:582 steroids 575:582 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 7 129 dep models 1443:1448 arg1 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 129 dep models 1443:1448 arg1 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 129 dep models 1443:1448 arg1 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 14 130 theme carrageenan-stimulated 2398:2419 arg1 edema 2425:2429 carrageenan-stimulated paw edema 2398:2429 carrageenan-stimulated paw edema 2398:2429 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 0 131 theme extracts 60:67 arg1 effects 39:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects 0:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 0:151 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 13 132 theme EAE 2093:2095 arg1 fraction 2097:2104 100% EAE fraction 2088:2104 100% EAE fraction 2088:2104 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 11 133 theme IL-10 1964:1968 arg1 expression 1950:1959 the expression 1946:1959 the expression of IL-10 1946:1968 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 13 134 theme NF-κB 2211:2215 arg1 translocation 2194:2206 the nuclear translocation 2182:2206 the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα 2182:2322 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 20 135 theme observed 3056:3063 arg1 activity 3083:3090 the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3052:3090 the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3052:3090 The androstane and its derivatives might be performing an important role in the observed anti-inflammatory activity. 32590114 2 136 theme arhritis 459:466 arg1 type 494:497 a type 492:497 a type of inflammation 492:513 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 2 136 theme arhritis 459:466 arg1 treatment 468:476 arhritis treatment 459:476 arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation 459:513 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 6 137 theme anti-inflammatory 1197:1213 arg1 properties 1215:1224 The potential anti-inflammatory properties 1183:1224 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE 1183:1254 The potential anti-inflammatory properties of different fractions of EAE were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo model. 32590114 13 138 theme JNK 2151:2153 arg1 phosphorylation 2120:2134 the phosphorylation 2116:2134 the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK 2116:2167 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 32590114 1 139 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 153:172 arg1 " 237:237 a "dai" 231:237 a "dai" 231:237 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 139 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 153:172 arg1 medicine 254:261 traditional medicine 242:261 traditional medicine 242:261 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 139 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 153:172 arg1 RELEVANCE 174:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 153:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum 153:199 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 4 140 theme different 921:929 arg1 fractions 931:939 different fractions 921:939 different fractions 921:939 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 19 141 theme signaling 2956:2964 arg1 pathways 2966:2973 the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways 2937:2973 pathways 2966:2973 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 12 142 theme 100 2056:2058 arg1 % 2059:2059 % 2059:2059 % 2059:2059 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 5 143 with chromatography 1111:1124 arg1 D101 1149:1152 macroporous resin D101 1131:1152 macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions 1131:1180 MATERIALS AND METHODS The EAE was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions. 32590114 5 144 theme resin 1143:1147 arg1 D101 1149:1152 macroporous resin D101 1131:1152 macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions 1131:1180 MATERIALS AND METHODS The EAE was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions. 32590114 15 145 theme 100 2554:2556 arg1 % 2557:2557 % 2557:2557 % 2557:2557 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 15 146 theme models 2542:2547 arg1 treatment 2510:2518 The treatment 2506:2518 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr 2506:2574 The treatment of these inflammatory models with 100% EAE fraction (Fr. 32590114 7 147 theme -induced 1330:1337 arg1 macrophages 1348:1358 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1302:1358 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells 1302:1364 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 8 148 theme important 1556:1564 arg1 mechanisms 1576:1585 The important molecular mechanisms 1552:1585 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation 1552:1609 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation were also analyzed by ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. 32590114 22 149 theme diseases 3216:3223 arg1 treatment 3190:3198 treatment 3190:3198 treatment 3190:3198 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 149 theme diseases 3216:3223 arg1 prevention 3175:3184 prevention 3175:3184 prevention 3175:3184 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 5 150 theme column 1104:1109 arg1 chromatography 1111:1124 column chromatography 1104:1124 column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions 1104:1180 MATERIALS AND METHODS The EAE was fractionated by column chromatography with macroporous resin D101 which yielded six fractions. 32590114 22 151 theme EAE 3116:3118 arg1 candidate 3157:3165 a potential drug candidate 3140:3165 a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases 3140:3223 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 151 theme EAE 3116:3118 arg1 EAE 3116:3118 EAE 3116:3118 EAE 3116:3118 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 22 151 theme EAE 3116:3118 arg1 % 3111:3111 100% 3108:3111 100% of EAE 3108:3118 100% of EAE could be applied as a potential drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 32590114 0 152 theme in 13:14 arg1 effects 39:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects 0:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 0:151 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 3 153 dep immunosuppressive 670:686 arg1 activity 710:717 activity 710:717 activity 710:717 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 18 154 dep CONCLUSION 2784:2793 arg1 Fr 2827:2828 Fr 2827:2828 especially Fr 2816:2828 CONCLUSION Different fractions (especially Fr. 32590114 0 155 theme anti-inflammatory 21:37 arg1 effects 39:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects 0:45 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 0:151 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 17 156 theme chemical 2763:2770 arg1 components 2772:2781 a main chemical components 2756:2781 a main chemical components 2756:2781 Besides the UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis was also carried out in which the androstane analogues were found to be as a main chemical components. 32590114 7 157 used used 1516:1519 arg2 models 1443:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models 1405:1448 two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) 1405:1509 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 157 used used 1516:1519 arg2 edema 1504:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 carrageenan-induced paw edema 1480:1508 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 7 157 used used 1516:1519 arg2 edema 1470:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 xylene-induced ear edema 1451:1474 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 8 158 theme western 1640:1646 arg1 blotting 1648:1655 western blotting 1640:1655 western blotting 1640:1655 The important molecular mechanisms related to inflammation were also analyzed by ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. 32590114 11 159 theme RAW264.7 1911:1918 arg1 macrophages 1920:1930 LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1899:1930 LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages 1899:1930 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 4 160 theme possible 990:997 arg1 ingredients 1006:1016 their possible active ingredients 984:1016 their possible active ingredients 984:1016 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to comparatively investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of different fractions from the extract of E. auritum (EAE), with their possible active ingredients to reveal the underlying mechanism. 32590114 2 161 used used 451:454 arg2 extract 434:440 Epigynum auritum extract 417:440 Epigynum auritum extract 417:440 Apart from this, Epigynum auritum extract was also used in arhritis treatment which is also a type of inflammation. 32590114 14 162 theme paw 2421:2423 arg1 edema 2425:2429 carrageenan-stimulated paw edema 2398:2429 carrageenan-stimulated paw edema 2398:2429 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 11 163 theme NO 1871:1872 arg1 productions 1856:1866 the productions 1852:1866 the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 1852:1894 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 1 164 theme pain 318:321 arg1 treatment 271:279 the treatment 267:279 the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury 267:335 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 7 165 theme anti-inflammatory 1525:1541 arg1 studies 1543:1549 anti-inflammatory studies 1525:1549 anti-inflammatory studies 1525:1549 The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages cells were used for in vitro studies however two typical acute inflammation murine models (xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used for anti-inflammatory studies. 32590114 0 166 dep in 13:14 arg1 vivo 16:19 vivo 16:19 vivo 16:19 In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from Epigynum auritum through down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 20 167 theme important 3034:3042 arg1 role 3044:3047 an important role 3031:3047 an important role in the observed anti-inflammatory activity 3031:3090 The androstane and its derivatives might be performing an important role in the observed anti-inflammatory activity. 32590114 1 168 theme dai 234:236 arg1 " 237:237 a "dai" 231:237 a "dai" 231:237 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 1 168 theme dai 234:236 arg1 RELEVANCE 174:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 153:182 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum 153:199 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epigynum auritum has been historically used as a "dai" or traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, swelling and severe pain during injury; these may reduce risk of disease and lead to healthier aging. 32590114 12 169 theme enzymes 2011:2017 arg1 levels 1986:1991 The expression levels 1971:1991 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes 1971:2017 The expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes were significantly down-regulated by 100% EAE fraction. 32590114 3 170 theme activities 647:656 arg1 number 626:631 a number 624:631 a number of biological activities 624:656 Previous phytochemical studies of E. auritum revealed that steroids are main characteristic components with a number of biological activities (especially immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity) Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the E. auritum on inflammatory diseases is still unresolved. 32590114 19 171 theme inhibitory 2843:2852 arg1 effect 2854:2859 inhibitory effect 2843:2859 inhibitory effect 2843:2859 100%) exert inhibitory effect on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 32590114 14 172 theme ear 2384:2386 arg1 edema 2388:2392 xylene-induced ear edema 2369:2392 xylene-induced ear edema 2369:2392 In addition two inflammatory animal models; xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-stimulated paw edema were also developed with significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines. 32590114 11 173 theme TNF-α 1880:1884 arg1 productions 1856:1866 the productions 1852:1866 the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 1852:1894 100% of MeOH:H2O) significantly reduced the productions of NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-10. 32590114 13 174 theme p38 2160:2162 arg1 MAPK 2164:2167 p38 MAPK 2160:2167 p38 MAPK 2160:2167 Furthermore, 100% EAE fraction inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB which prevents its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of IκBα. 34523246 7 0 from microbiota 1271:1280 arg1 group 1298:1302 TDEP group 1293:1302 TDEP group 1293:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 3 1 dep groups 531:536 arg1 4 539:539 4 539:539 4 539:539 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 2 2 theme gut 280:282 arg1 microbiota 284:293 gut microbiota 280:293 gut microbiota 280:293 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 4 3 theme high-performance 799:814 arg1 chromatography 823:836 high-performance liquid chromatography 799:836 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 799:843 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 3 theme high-performance 799:814 arg1 HPLC 839:842 HPLC 839:842 HPLC 839:842 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 3 4 theme 16 mg/kg 562:569 arg1 group 585:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 3 4 theme 16 mg/kg 562:569 arg1 group 519:523 control group 511:523 control group 511:523 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 4 5 from factors 650:656 arg1 feces 732:736 feces 732:736 feces 732:736 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 5 from factors 650:656 arg1 acids 715:719 short chain fatty acids 697:719 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 697:727 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 5 from factors 650:656 arg1 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 10 6 theme possible 1869:1876 arg1 mechanism 1878:1886 its possible mechanism 1865:1886 its possible mechanism 1865:1886 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 2 7 theme mucosal 310:316 arg1 barrier 318:324 intestinal mucosal barrier 299:324 intestinal mucosal barrier 299:324 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 10 8 dep feces 1931:1935 arg1 disrupted 1938:1946 disrupted 1938:1946 disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon 1938:1984 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 10 8 dep feces 1931:1935 arg1 increasing 1990:1999 increasing 1990:1999 increasing the contents of inflammatory factors 1990:2036 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 10 9 theme factors 2030:2036 arg1 contents 2005:2012 the contents 2001:2012 the contents of inflammatory factors 2001:2036 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 2 10 theme Euphorbia 249:257 arg1 TDEP 271:274 TDEP 271:274 TDEP 271:274 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 2 10 theme Euphorbia 249:257 arg1 pekinensis 259:268 Euphorbia pekinensis 249:268 Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) 249:275 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 3 11 theme  + antibiotic 571:583 arg1 group 585:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 3 11 theme  + antibiotic 571:583 arg1 group 519:523 control group 511:523 control group 511:523 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 4 12 dep weeks 596:600 arg1 administration 621:634 intragastric administration 608:634 intragastric administration 608:634 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 5 13 theme tight 878:882 arg1 TJ 894:895 TJ 894:895 TJ 894:895 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. 34523246 5 13 theme tight 878:882 arg1 junction 884:891 tight junction 878:891 tight junction (TJ) protein 878:904 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. 34523246 8 14 theme gut 1406:1408 arg1 microbiota 1410:1419 gut microbiota 1406:1419 gut microbiota 1406:1419 When antibiotics were added, the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly reduced, and the colon injury was more serious. 34523246 0 15 theme Euphorbia 62:70 arg1 pekinensis 72:81 Euphorbia pekinensis 62:81 Euphorbia pekinensis 62:81 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis aggravates intestinal mucosal damage. 34523246 1 16 theme intestinal 158:167 arg1 damage 169:174 intestinal damage 158:174 intestinal damage 158:174 Gut microbiota disorder will lead to intestinal damage. 34523246 7 17 theme dose-dependent 1166:1179 arg1 manners 1181:1187 dose-dependent manners 1166:1187 dose-dependent manners 1166:1187 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 1 18 theme Gut 121:123 arg1 disorder 136:143 Gut microbiota disorder 121:143 Gut microbiota disorder 121:143 Gut microbiota disorder will lead to intestinal damage. 34523246 7 19 theme factors 1155:1161 arg1 levels 1132:1137 the levels 1128:1137 the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners 1128:1187 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 20 theme microbiota 1271:1280 arg1 composition 1252:1262 the composition 1248:1262 the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group 1248:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 20 theme microbiota 1271:1280 arg1 different 1322:1330 different 1322:1330 different 1322:1330 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 9 21 theme colon 1735:1739 arg1 injury 1741:1746 colon injury 1735:1746 colon injury caused by TDEP 1735:1761 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 8 22 theme colon 1456:1460 arg1 serious 1478:1484 serious 1478:1484 serious 1478:1484 When antibiotics were added, the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly reduced, and the colon injury was more serious. 34523246 8 22 theme colon 1456:1460 arg1 injury 1462:1467 the colon injury 1452:1467 the colon injury 1452:1467 When antibiotics were added, the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly reduced, and the colon injury was more serious. 34523246 4 23 theme chain 703:707 arg1 SCFAs 722:726 SCFAs 722:726 SCFAs 722:726 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 23 theme chain 703:707 arg1 acids 715:719 short chain fatty acids 697:719 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 697:727 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 23 theme chain 703:707 arg1 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 2 24 theme intestinal 406:415 arg1 barrier 425:431 intestinal mucosal barrier 406:431 intestinal mucosal barrier 406:431 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 0 25 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 disorder 15:22 Gut microbiota disorder 0:22 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis 0:81 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis aggravates intestinal mucosal damage. 34523246 7 26 from group 1298:1302 arg1 composition 1252:1262 the composition 1248:1262 the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group 1248:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 26 from group 1298:1302 arg1 different 1322:1330 different 1322:1330 different 1322:1330 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 4 27 link Enzyme-linked 753:765 arg1 ELISA 788:792 ELISA 788:792 ELISA 788:792 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 27 link Enzyme-linked 753:765 arg1 assay 781:785 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 753:785 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 753:793 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 2 28 theme Spearman 450:457 arg1 analysis 471:478 Spearman correlation analysis 450:478 Spearman correlation analysis 450:478 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 10 29 from decrease 1910:1917 arg1 feces 1931:1935 feces 1931:1935 feces 1931:1935 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 9 30 theme correlation 1504:1514 arg1 analysis 1516:1523 correlation analysis 1504:1523 correlation analysis 1504:1523 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 6 31 theme TDEP 977:980 arg1 effects 966:972 the effects 962:972 the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice 962:1016 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 4 32 theme immunosorbent 767:779 arg1 ELISA 788:792 ELISA 788:792 ELISA 788:792 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 32 theme immunosorbent 767:779 arg1 assay 781:785 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 753:785 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 753:793 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 6 33 theme high-throughput 1052:1066 arg1 sequencing 1068:1077 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing 1044:1077 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing 1044:1077 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 10 34 theme protein 1969:1975 arg1 expression 1952:1961 the expression 1948:1961 the expression of TJ protein in colon 1948:1984 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 2 35 theme total 215:219 arg1 diterpenoids 221:232 total diterpenoids 215:232 total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) 215:275 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 3 36 theme control 511:517 arg1 group 585:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 3 36 theme control 511:517 arg1 group 519:523 control group 511:523 control group 511:523 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 3 36 theme control 511:517 arg1 groups 531:536 TDEP groups 526:536 TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg) 526:553 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 6 37 theme gut 985:987 arg1 community 1000:1008 gut microbiota community 985:1008 gut microbiota community in mice 985:1016 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 7 38 from composition 1252:1262 arg1 group 1298:1302 TDEP group 1293:1302 TDEP group 1293:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 39 theme TJ 1222:1223 arg1 protein 1225:1231 TJ protein 1222:1231 TJ protein 1222:1231 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 10 40 theme gut 1799:1801 arg1 microbiota 1803:1812 gut microbiota 1799:1812 gut microbiota caused by TDEP 1799:1827 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 4 41 from LPS 683:685 arg1 feces 732:736 feces 732:736 feces 732:736 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 41 from LPS 683:685 arg1 acids 715:719 short chain fatty acids 697:719 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 697:727 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 41 from LPS 683:685 arg1 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 42 theme liquid 816:821 arg1 chromatography 823:836 high-performance liquid chromatography 799:836 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 799:843 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 42 theme liquid 816:821 arg1 HPLC 839:842 HPLC 839:842 HPLC 839:842 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 2 43 theme intestinal 299:308 arg1 barrier 318:324 intestinal mucosal barrier 299:324 intestinal mucosal barrier 299:324 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 2 44 from influence 202:210 arg1 barrier 318:324 intestinal mucosal barrier 299:324 intestinal mucosal barrier 299:324 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 2 44 from influence 202:210 arg1 microbiota 284:293 gut microbiota 280:293 gut microbiota 280:293 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 10 45 theme inflammatory 2017:2028 arg1 factors 2030:2036 inflammatory factors 2017:2036 inflammatory factors 2017:2036 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 6 46 from community 1000:1008 arg1 mice 1013:1016 mice 1013:1016 mice 1013:1016 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 10 47 theme colon 1847:1851 arg1 injury 1853:1858 the colon injury 1843:1858 the colon injury 1843:1858 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 6 48 from effects 966:972 arg1 community 1000:1008 gut microbiota community 985:1008 gut microbiota community in mice 985:1016 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 2 49 theme long-term 332:340 arg1 administration 342:355 long-term administration 332:355 long-term administration 332:355 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 7 50 theme control 1345:1351 arg1 group 1353:1357 control group 1345:1357 control group 1345:1357 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 51 from levels 1132:1137 arg1 manners 1181:1187 dose-dependent manners 1166:1187 dose-dependent manners 1166:1187 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 9 52 dep bacteria 1549:1556 arg1 Bilophila 1667:1675 Bilophila 1667:1675 Bilophila 1667:1675 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 9 52 dep bacteria 1549:1556 arg1 Muribaculaceae_unclassified 1572:1598 Muribaculaceae_unclassified 1572:1598 Muribaculaceae_unclassified 1572:1598 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 9 52 dep bacteria 1549:1556 arg1 Ruminiclostridium 1693:1709 Ruminiclostridium 1693:1709 Ruminiclostridium 1693:1709 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 9 52 dep bacteria 1549:1556 arg1 Alistipes 1656:1664 Alistipes 1656:1664 Alistipes 1656:1664 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 9 52 dep bacteria 1549:1556 arg1 Candidatus_Arthromitus 1617:1638 Candidatus_Arthromitus 1617:1638 Candidatus_Arthromitus 1617:1638 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 4 53 theme inflammatory 637:648 arg1 factors 650:656 inflammatory factors 637:656 inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) 637:677 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 1 54 theme microbiota 125:134 arg1 disorder 136:143 Gut microbiota disorder 121:143 Gut microbiota disorder 121:143 Gut microbiota disorder will lead to intestinal damage. 34523246 7 55 from that 1337:1340 arg1 composition 1252:1262 the composition 1248:1262 the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group 1248:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 55 from that 1337:1340 arg1 different 1322:1330 different 1322:1330 different 1322:1330 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 8 56 theme microbiota 1410:1419 arg1 diversity 1393:1401 the diversity 1389:1401 the diversity of gut microbiota 1389:1419 When antibiotics were added, the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly reduced, and the colon injury was more serious. 34523246 7 57 theme TDEP 1293:1296 arg1 group 1298:1302 TDEP group 1293:1302 TDEP group 1293:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 10 58 theme SCFAs 1922:1926 arg1 decrease 1910:1917 the decrease 1906:1917 the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors 1906:2036 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 7 59 theme mice 1285:1288 arg1 microbiota 1271:1280 gut microbiota 1267:1280 gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group 1267:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 0 60 theme mucosal 105:111 arg1 damage 113:118 intestinal mucosal damage 94:118 intestinal mucosal damage 94:118 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis aggravates intestinal mucosal damage. 34523246 0 61 theme intestinal 94:103 arg1 damage 113:118 intestinal mucosal damage 94:118 intestinal mucosal damage 94:118 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis aggravates intestinal mucosal damage. 34523246 7 62 theme inflammatory 1142:1153 arg1 factors 1155:1161 inflammatory factors 1142:1161 inflammatory factors 1142:1161 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 5 63 theme protein 898:904 arg1 expression 864:873 The expression 860:873 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon 860:913 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. 34523246 3 64 theme TDEP 556:559 arg1 group 585:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group 556:589 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 3 64 theme TDEP 556:559 arg1 group 519:523 control group 511:523 control group 511:523 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 10 65 from expression 1952:1961 arg1 colon 1980:1984 colon 1980:1984 colon 1980:1984 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 7 66 theme gut 1267:1269 arg1 microbiota 1271:1280 gut microbiota 1267:1280 gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group 1267:1302 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 2 67 theme mucosal 417:423 arg1 barrier 425:431 intestinal mucosal barrier 406:431 intestinal mucosal barrier 406:431 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 0 68 theme microbiota 4:13 arg1 disorder 15:22 Gut microbiota disorder 0:22 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis 0:81 Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis aggravates intestinal mucosal damage. 34523246 5 69 theme junction 884:891 arg1 protein 898:904 tight junction (TJ) protein 878:904 tight junction (TJ) protein 878:904 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. 34523246 6 70 theme microbiota 989:998 arg1 community 1000:1008 gut microbiota community 985:1008 gut microbiota community in mice 985:1016 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 7 71 dep showed 1092:1097 arg1 increased 1118:1126 increased 1118:1126 significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners 1104:1187 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 7 71 dep showed 1092:1097 arg1 decreased 1194:1202 decreased 1194:1202 decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs 1194:1241 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 4 72 theme short 697:701 arg1 SCFAs 722:726 SCFAs 722:726 SCFAs 722:726 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 72 theme short 697:701 arg1 acids 715:719 short chain fatty acids 697:719 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 697:727 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 72 theme short 697:701 arg1 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 5 73 theme western 931:937 arg1 blotting 939:946 western blotting 931:946 western blotting 931:946 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. 34523246 5 74 from expression 864:873 arg1 colon 909:913 colon 909:913 colon 909:913 The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. 34523246 2 75 theme correlation 459:469 arg1 analysis 471:478 Spearman correlation analysis 450:478 Spearman correlation analysis 450:478 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 4 76 theme fatty 709:713 arg1 SCFAs 722:726 SCFAs 722:726 SCFAs 722:726 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 76 theme fatty 709:713 arg1 acids 715:719 short chain fatty acids 697:719 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 697:727 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 76 theme fatty 709:713 arg1 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 serum 690:694 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 77 dep factors 650:656 arg1 TNF-α 659:663 TNF-α 659:663 TNF-α 659:663 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 77 dep factors 650:656 arg1 IL-1β 672:676 IL-1β 672:676 IL-1β 672:676 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 77 dep factors 650:656 arg1 IL-6 666:669 IL-6 666:669 IL-6 666:669 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 7 78 theme SCFAs 1237:1241 arg1 expression 1208:1217 the expression 1204:1217 the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs 1204:1241 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 4 79 theme Enzyme-linked 753:765 arg1 ELISA 788:792 ELISA 788:792 ELISA 788:792 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 4 79 theme Enzyme-linked 753:765 arg1 assay 781:785 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 753:785 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 753:793 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 7 80 theme protein 1225:1231 arg1 expression 1208:1217 the expression 1204:1217 the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs 1204:1241 The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose-dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. 34523246 2 81 theme diterpenoids 221:232 arg1 influence 202:210 the influence 198:210 the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier 198:324 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 34523246 3 82 theme TDEP 526:529 arg1 group 519:523 control group 511:523 control group 511:523 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 3 82 theme TDEP 526:529 arg1 groups 531:536 TDEP groups 526:536 TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg) 526:553 Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. 34523246 6 83 theme 16SrDNA 1044:1050 arg1 sequencing 1068:1077 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing 1044:1077 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing 1044:1077 Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing. 34523246 10 84 theme TJ 1966:1967 arg1 protein 1969:1975 TJ protein 1966:1975 TJ protein 1966:1975 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 10 85 theme microbiota 1803:1812 arg1 disturbance 1784:1794 the disturbance 1780:1794 the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP 1780:1827 Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors. 34523246 9 86 theme key 1545:1547 arg1 bacteria 1549:1556 nine key bacteria 1540:1556 nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP 1540:1761 Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. 34523246 4 87 theme intragastric 608:619 arg1 administration 621:634 intragastric administration 608:634 intragastric administration 608:634 Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 34523246 2 88 theme gut 387:389 arg1 microbiota 391:400 gut microbiota 387:400 gut microbiota 387:400 This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long-term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. 32582961 3 0 theme major 340:344 arg1 component 353:361 the major active component 336:361 the major active component of isoflavone 336:375 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 0 theme major 340:344 arg1 Genistein 323:331 Genistein 323:331 Genistein 323:331 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 6 1 theme aggrecan 920:927 arg1 levels 894:899 expression levels 883:899 expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan 883:927 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 4 2 theme inflammation‑induced 699:718 arg1 OA 720:721 inflammation‑induced OA 699:721 inflammation‑induced OA 699:721 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 3 3 theme active 346:351 arg1 component 353:361 the major active component 336:361 the major active component of isoflavone 336:375 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 3 theme active 346:351 arg1 Genistein 323:331 Genistein 323:331 Genistein 323:331 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 4 dep composition 394:404 arg1 a 383:383 a 383:383 a 383:383 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 6 5 theme different 811:819 arg1 concentrations 821:834 different concentrations 811:834 different concentrations of genistein 811:847 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 1 6 theme chondrocyte 169:179 arg1 degeneration 181:192 chondrocyte degeneration 169:192 chondrocyte degeneration 169:192 Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that is mainly characterized by chondrocyte degeneration. 32582961 9 7 theme TNF‑α 1418:1422 arg1 levels 1408:1413 the levels 1404:1413 the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑1β 1404:1432 Genistein increased the collagen and acid glycosaminoglycan content, as well as decreased the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑1β. 32582961 7 8 theme chondrocyte 1143:1153 arg1 apoptosis 1155:1163 chondrocyte apoptosis 1143:1163 chondrocyte apoptosis 1143:1163 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 2 9 theme cartilage 312:320 arg1 destruction 293:303 destruction 293:303 destruction 293:303 Inflammatory mediators participate in the development of OA, leading to chondrocyte apoptosis and destruction of the cartilage. 32582961 2 9 theme cartilage 312:320 arg1 apoptosis 279:287 apoptosis 279:287 apoptosis 279:287 Inflammatory mediators participate in the development of OA, leading to chondrocyte apoptosis and destruction of the cartilage. 32582961 4 10 theme present 589:595 arg1 study 597:601 the present study 585:601 the present study 585:601 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 10 11 theme caspase 1569:1575 arg1 expression 1555:1564 the expression 1551:1564 the expression of caspase 3 1551:1577 Genistein also promoted the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan in the articular cartilage, and decreased the expression of caspase 3, thus alleviating cartilage degradation. 32582961 6 12 theme collagen 904:911 arg1 levels 894:899 expression levels 883:899 expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan 883:927 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 3 13 theme action 551:556 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 its underlying mechanisms 522:546 its underlying mechanisms of action 522:556 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 9 14 theme IL‑1β 1428:1432 arg1 levels 1408:1413 the levels 1404:1413 the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑1β 1404:1432 Genistein increased the collagen and acid glycosaminoglycan content, as well as decreased the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑1β. 32582961 3 15 theme isoflavone 366:375 arg1 component 353:361 the major active component 336:361 the major active component of isoflavone 336:375 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 15 theme isoflavone 366:375 arg1 Genistein 323:331 Genistein 323:331 Genistein 323:331 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 8 16 theme OA 1300:1301 arg1 model 1307:1311 an OA rat model 1297:1311 an OA rat model 1297:1311 Furthermore, the in vitro data were evaluated in an OA rat model. 32582961 3 17 theme underlying 526:535 arg1 mechanisms 537:546 its underlying mechanisms 522:546 its underlying mechanisms of action 522:556 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 10 18 theme collagen 1484:1491 arg1 levels 1474:1479 the expression levels 1459:1479 the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan 1459:1507 Genistein also promoted the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan in the articular cartilage, and decreased the expression of caspase 3, thus alleviating cartilage degradation. 32582961 4 19 theme genistein 652:660 arg1 effects 641:647 the anti‑apoptotic effects 622:647 the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA 622:721 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 0 20 theme apoptosis 17:25 arg1 effect 27:32 apoptosis effect 17:32 apoptosis effect of genistein 17:45 Anti‑chondrocyte apoptosis effect of genistein in treating inflammation‑induced osteoarthritis. 32582961 6 21 theme expression 883:892 arg1 levels 894:899 expression levels 883:899 expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan 883:927 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 10 22 theme expression 1463:1472 arg1 levels 1474:1479 the expression levels 1459:1479 the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan 1459:1507 Genistein also promoted the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan in the articular cartilage, and decreased the expression of caspase 3, thus alleviating cartilage degradation. 32582961 10 23 theme articular 1516:1524 arg1 cartilage 1526:1534 the articular cartilage 1512:1534 the articular cartilage 1512:1534 Genistein also promoted the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan in the articular cartilage, and decreased the expression of caspase 3, thus alleviating cartilage degradation. 32582961 6 24 theme caspase 987:993 arg1 expression 997:1006 caspase 3 expression 987:1006 caspase 3 expression 987:1006 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 5 25 used used 748:751 arg2 ‑1β 740:742 Interleukin (IL)‑1β 724:742 Interleukin (IL)‑1β 724:742 Interleukin (IL)‑1β was used to establish a chondrocyte OA model. 32582961 8 26 dep in 1265:1266 arg1 vitro 1268:1272 vitro 1268:1272 vitro 1268:1272 Furthermore, the in vitro data were evaluated in an OA rat model. 32582961 8 27 theme in 1265:1266 arg1 data 1274:1277 the in vitro data 1261:1277 the in vitro data 1261:1277 Furthermore, the in vitro data were evaluated in an OA rat model. 32582961 3 28 theme chemical 385:392 arg1 composition 394:404 chemical composition 385:404 chemical composition 385:404 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 10 29 theme aggrecan 1500:1507 arg1 levels 1474:1479 the expression levels 1459:1479 the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan 1459:1507 Genistein also promoted the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan in the articular cartilage, and decreased the expression of caspase 3, thus alleviating cartilage degradation. 32582961 4 30 from effects 641:647 arg1 chondrocytes 665:676 chondrocytes 665:676 chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA 665:721 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 4 31 theme anti‑apoptotic 626:639 arg1 effects 641:647 the anti‑apoptotic effects 622:647 the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA 622:721 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 7 32 theme factor 1205:1210 arg1 levels 1180:1185 the levels 1176:1185 the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner 1176:1245 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 9 33 theme acid 1351:1354 arg1 content 1374:1380 the collagen and acid glycosaminoglycan content 1334:1380 content 1374:1380 Genistein increased the collagen and acid glycosaminoglycan content, as well as decreased the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑1β. 32582961 7 34 theme tumor 1190:1194 arg1 factor 1205:1210 tumor necrosis factor 1190:1210 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner 1190:1245 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 7 34 theme tumor 1190:1194 arg1 TNF 1213:1215 TNF 1213:1215 TNF 1213:1215 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 5 35 theme chondrocyte 768:778 arg1 model 783:787 a chondrocyte OA model 766:787 a chondrocyte OA model 766:787 Interleukin (IL)‑1β was used to establish a chondrocyte OA model. 32582961 4 36 theme OA 720:721 arg1 treatment 686:694 the treatment 682:694 the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA 682:721 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 5 37 theme Interleukin 724:734 arg1 ‑1β 740:742 Interleukin (IL)‑1β 724:742 Interleukin (IL)‑1β 724:742 Interleukin (IL)‑1β was used to establish a chondrocyte OA model. 32582961 2 38 theme Inflammatory 195:206 arg1 mediators 208:216 Inflammatory mediators 195:216 Inflammatory mediators 195:216 Inflammatory mediators participate in the development of OA, leading to chondrocyte apoptosis and destruction of the cartilage. 32582961 11 39 theme anti‑apoptotic 1705:1718 arg1 role 1720:1723 an anti‑apoptotic role 1702:1723 an anti‑apoptotic role 1702:1723 In conclusion, the results indicated that genistein mediated inflammation and had an anti‑apoptotic role in treating OA. 32582961 0 40 theme genistein 37:45 arg1 effect 27:32 apoptosis effect 17:32 apoptosis effect of genistein 17:45 Anti‑chondrocyte apoptosis effect of genistein in treating inflammation‑induced osteoarthritis. 32582961 6 41 theme concentration‑dependent 949:971 arg1 manner 973:978 a concentration‑dependent manner 947:978 a concentration‑dependent manner 947:978 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 5 42 theme OA 780:781 arg1 model 783:787 a chondrocyte OA model 766:787 a chondrocyte OA model 766:787 Interleukin (IL)‑1β was used to establish a chondrocyte OA model. 32582961 7 43 theme necrosis 1196:1203 arg1 factor 1205:1210 tumor necrosis factor 1190:1210 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner 1190:1245 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 7 43 theme necrosis 1196:1203 arg1 TNF 1213:1215 TNF 1213:1215 TNF 1213:1215 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 3 44 theme biological 412:421 arg1 effect 423:428 a biological effect 410:428 a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens 410:465 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 44 theme biological 412:421 arg1 similar 438:444 similar 438:444 similar 438:444 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 7 45 theme flow 1067:1070 arg1 cytometry 1072:1080 flow cytometry 1067:1080 flow cytometry 1067:1080 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 6 46 theme western 850:856 arg1 blotting 858:865 western blotting 850:865 western blotting 850:865 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 2 47 theme OA 252:253 arg1 development 237:247 the development 233:247 the development of OA 233:253 Inflammatory mediators participate in the development of OA, leading to chondrocyte apoptosis and destruction of the cartilage. 32582961 1 48 theme chronic 121:127 arg1 Osteoarthritis 96:109 Osteoarthritis 96:109 Osteoarthritis (OA) 96:114 Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that is mainly characterized by chondrocyte degeneration. 32582961 1 48 theme chronic 121:127 arg1 disease 129:135 a chronic disease 119:135 a chronic disease that is mainly characterized by chondrocyte degeneration 119:192 Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that is mainly characterized by chondrocyte degeneration. 32582961 7 49 theme ELISA 1086:1090 arg1 results 1092:1098 flow cytometry and ELISA results 1067:1098 flow cytometry and ELISA results 1067:1098 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 7 50 theme cytometry 1072:1080 arg1 results 1092:1098 flow cytometry and ELISA results 1067:1098 flow cytometry and ELISA results 1067:1098 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 3 51 theme cartilage 502:510 arg1 degradation 487:497 the degradation 483:497 the degradation of cartilage 483:510 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 6 52 theme genistein 839:847 arg1 concentrations 821:834 different concentrations 811:834 different concentrations of genistein 811:847 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 9 53 theme glycosaminoglycan 1356:1372 arg1 content 1374:1380 the collagen and acid glycosaminoglycan content 1334:1380 content 1374:1380 Genistein increased the collagen and acid glycosaminoglycan content, as well as decreased the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑1β. 32582961 7 54 theme dose‑dependent 1225:1238 arg1 manner 1240:1245 a dose‑dependent manner 1223:1245 a dose‑dependent manner 1223:1245 Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA results demonstrated that genistein could decrease chondrocyte apoptosis and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in a dose‑dependent manner. 32582961 8 55 theme rat 1303:1305 arg1 model 1307:1311 an OA rat model 1297:1311 an OA rat model 1297:1311 Furthermore, the in vitro data were evaluated in an OA rat model. 32582961 4 56 theme study 597:601 arg1 aim 578:580 The aim 574:580 The aim of the present study 574:601 The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑apoptotic effects of genistein on chondrocytes for the treatment of inflammation‑induced OA. 32582961 3 57 with component 353:361 arg1 effect 423:428 a biological effect 410:428 a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens 410:465 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 57 with component 353:361 arg1 similar 438:444 similar 438:444 similar 438:444 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 3 57 with component 353:361 arg1 composition 394:404 chemical composition 385:404 chemical composition 385:404 Genistein is the major active component of isoflavone, with a chemical composition and a biological effect that is similar to that of estrogens, which prevents the degradation of cartilage; however, its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. 32582961 12 58 theme alternative 1778:1788 arg1 genistein 1752:1760 genistein 1752:1760 genistein 1752:1760 Therefore, genistein may serve as an alternative treatment for OA. 32582961 12 58 theme alternative 1778:1788 arg1 treatment 1790:1798 an alternative treatment 1775:1798 an alternative treatment for OA 1775:1805 Therefore, genistein may serve as an alternative treatment for OA. 32582961 6 59 theme genistein 1034:1042 arg1 application 1044:1054 genistein application 1034:1054 genistein application 1034:1054 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 0 60 theme inflammation‑induced 59:78 arg1 osteoarthritis 80:93 inflammation‑induced osteoarthritis 59:93 inflammation‑induced osteoarthritis 59:93 Anti‑chondrocyte apoptosis effect of genistein in treating inflammation‑induced osteoarthritis. 32582961 10 61 theme cartilage 1597:1605 arg1 degradation 1607:1617 cartilage degradation 1597:1617 cartilage degradation 1597:1617 Genistein also promoted the expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan in the articular cartilage, and decreased the expression of caspase 3, thus alleviating cartilage degradation. 32582961 6 62 with treatment 796:804 arg1 concentrations 821:834 different concentrations 811:834 different concentrations of genistein 811:847 After treatment with different concentrations of genistein, western blotting identified that expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan were increased in a concentration‑dependent manner, while caspase 3 expression gradually decreased after genistein application. 32582961 11 63 contain had 1698:1700 arg1 genistein 1662:1670 genistein 1662:1670 genistein 1662:1670 In conclusion, the results indicated that genistein mediated inflammation and had an anti‑apoptotic role in treating OA. 32582961 11 63 contain had 1698:1700 arg2 role 1720:1723 an anti‑apoptotic role 1702:1723 an anti‑apoptotic role 1702:1723 In conclusion, the results indicated that genistein mediated inflammation and had an anti‑apoptotic role in treating OA. 32101118 3 0 theme precise 272:278 arg1 effects 280:286 its precise effects 268:286 its precise effects 268:286 Engler, is used in Chinese and Korean medicine to regulate blood sugar levels; however, little is known about its precise effects. 32101118 11 1 theme isolated 1579:1586 arg1 compounds 1588:1596 these isolated compounds 1573:1596 these isolated compounds 1573:1596 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 8 2 theme cytokines 1000:1008 arg1 expression 942:951 the LPS-induced expression 926:951 the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) 926:1135 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 5 3 theme organic 489:495 arg1 solvents 497:504 different organic solvents 479:504 different organic solvents 479:504 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 9 4 dep A. 1151:1152 arg1 tabularis 1154:1162 tabularis 1154:1162 tabularis 1154:1162 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 8 5 theme inducible 1040:1048 arg1 iNOS 1073:1076 iNOS 1073:1076 iNOS 1073:1076 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 5 theme inducible 1040:1048 arg1 synthase 1063:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1040:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1040:1077 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 12 6 theme antioxidant 1757:1767 arg1 activity 1769:1776 antioxidant activity 1757:1776 antioxidant activity 1757:1776 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 8 7 theme pro-inflammatory 983:998 arg1 cytokines 1000:1008 pro-inflammatory cytokines 983:1008 pro-inflammatory cytokines 983:1008 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 10 8 theme flavonoid 1314:1322 arg1 content 1324:1330 total phenol and flavonoid content 1297:1330 content 1324:1330 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 11 9 theme potent 1620:1625 arg1 activity 1656:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 7 10 theme ethyl 814:818 arg1 EtOAc 829:833 EtOAc 829:833 EtOAc 829:833 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 7 10 theme ethyl 814:818 arg1 acetate 820:826 ethyl acetate 814:826 the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract 797:842 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 5 11 theme antioxidant 520:530 arg1 activities 532:541 in vitro antioxidant activities 511:541 in vitro antioxidant activities 511:541 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 8 12 theme RAW 1013:1015 arg1 cells 1023:1027 RAW 264.7 cells 1013:1027 RAW 264.7 cells 1013:1027 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 12 theme RAW 1013:1015 arg1 cyclooxygenase-2 1080:1095 cyclooxygenase-2 1080:1095 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 1080:1103 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 12 theme RAW 1013:1015 arg1 synthase 1063:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1040:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1040:1077 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 12 theme RAW 1013:1015 arg1 beta 1124:1127 interleukin-1 beta 1110:1127 interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) 1110:1135 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 6 13 theme RAW 752:754 arg1 cells 762:766 RAW 264.7 cells 752:766 RAW 264.7 cells 752:766 The extracts were also evaluated based on their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 32101118 7 14 theme acetate 820:826 arg1 extract 836:842 the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract 797:842 the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract 797:842 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 12 15 theme A. 1727:1728 arg1 extracts 1740:1747 A. tabularis extracts 1727:1747 A. tabularis extracts 1727:1747 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 9 16 theme cancer 1241:1246 arg1 lines 1253:1257 HeLa cancer cell lines 1236:1257 HeLa cancer cell lines 1236:1257 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 3 17 theme Korean 189:194 arg1 medicine 196:203 Chinese and Korean medicine 177:203 medicine 196:203 Engler, is used in Chinese and Korean medicine to regulate blood sugar levels; however, little is known about its precise effects. 32101118 5 18 theme DPPH 564:567 arg1 radical-scavenging 574:591 DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays 564:617 radical-scavenging 574:591 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 4 19 dep MATERIALS 289:297 arg1 aimed 329:333 aimed 329:333 aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis 329:438 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis. 32101118 12 20 theme numerous 1816:1823 arg1 features 1825:1832 numerous features 1816:1832 numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development 1816:1884 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 7 21 theme A. 801:802 arg1 extract 836:842 the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract 797:842 the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract 797:842 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 3 22 theme sugar 223:227 arg1 levels 229:234 blood sugar levels 217:234 blood sugar levels 217:234 Engler, is used in Chinese and Korean medicine to regulate blood sugar levels; however, little is known about its precise effects. 32101118 5 23 theme free 569:572 arg1 radical-scavenging 574:591 DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays 564:617 radical-scavenging 574:591 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 5 24 theme Various 441:447 arg1 extracts 449:456 Various extracts 441:456 Various extracts 441:456 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 12 25 from compounds 1714:1722 arg1 extracts 1740:1747 A. tabularis extracts 1727:1747 A. tabularis extracts 1727:1747 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 8 26 theme interleukin-1 1110:1122 arg1 IL-1ß 1130:1134 IL-1ß 1130:1134 IL-1ß 1130:1134 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 26 theme interleukin-1 1110:1122 arg1 beta 1124:1127 interleukin-1 beta 1110:1127 interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) 1110:1135 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 4 27 theme tabularis 430:438 arg1 capacities 413:422 the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities 373:422 the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis 346:438 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis. 32101118 4 27 theme tabularis 430:438 arg1 composition 350:360 the composition 346:360 the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis 346:438 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis. 32101118 12 28 dep CONCLUSION 1666:1675 arg1 suggest 1692:1698 suggest 1692:1698 suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development 1692:1884 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 8 29 theme inflammatory 956:967 arg1 mediators 969:977 inflammatory mediators 956:977 inflammatory mediators 956:977 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 12 30 theme phenolic 1705:1712 arg1 compounds 1714:1722 phenolic compounds 1705:1722 phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts 1705:1747 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 4 31 theme A. 427:428 arg1 tabularis 430:438 A. tabularis 427:438 A. tabularis 427:438 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis. 32101118 5 32 theme reducing 597:604 arg1 assays 612:617 DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays 564:617 assays 612:617 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 3 33 theme Chinese 177:183 arg1 medicine 196:203 Chinese and Korean medicine 177:203 medicine 196:203 Engler, is used in Chinese and Korean medicine to regulate blood sugar levels; however, little is known about its precise effects. 32101118 9 34 theme cell 1248:1251 arg1 lines 1253:1257 HeLa cancer cell lines 1236:1257 HeLa cancer cell lines 1236:1257 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 0 35 theme Biological 0:9 arg1 Activities 11:20 Biological Activities 0:20 Biological Activities 0:20 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 2 36 dep tabularis 139:147 arg1 Astilboides 127:137 Astilboides 127:137 Astilboides 127:137 INTRODUCTION The plant, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 5 37 theme power 606:610 arg1 assays 612:617 DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays 564:617 assays 612:617 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 7 38 theme antioxidant 863:873 arg1 activity 875:882 significant antioxidant activity 851:882 significant antioxidant activity 851:882 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 3 39 used used 169:172 arg2 Engler 158:163 Engler 158:163 Engler 158:163 Engler, is used in Chinese and Korean medicine to regulate blood sugar levels; however, little is known about its precise effects. 32101118 9 40 theme EtOAc 1164:1168 arg1 extract 1170:1176 the A. tabularis EtOAc extract 1147:1176 the A. tabularis EtOAc extract 1147:1176 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 0 41 theme Phenolic 26:33 arg1 Content 44:50 Phenolic Compound Content 26:50 Phenolic Compound Content 26:50 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 3 42 theme blood 217:221 arg1 levels 229:234 blood sugar levels 217:234 blood sugar levels 217:234 Engler, is used in Chinese and Korean medicine to regulate blood sugar levels; however, little is known about its precise effects. 32101118 8 43 theme nitric 1050:1055 arg1 iNOS 1073:1076 iNOS 1073:1076 iNOS 1073:1076 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 43 theme nitric 1050:1055 arg1 synthase 1063:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1040:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1040:1077 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 44 theme mediators 969:977 arg1 expression 942:951 the LPS-induced expression 926:951 the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) 926:1135 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 10 45 theme flavonoid 1372:1380 arg1 compounds-catechin 1382:1399 four flavonoid compounds-catechin 1367:1399 four flavonoid compounds-catechin 1367:1399 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 11 46 theme nuclear 1541:1547 arg1 resonance 1558:1566 nuclear magnetic resonance 1541:1566 nuclear magnetic resonance 1541:1566 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 12 47 theme tabularis 1730:1738 arg1 extracts 1740:1747 A. tabularis extracts 1727:1747 A. tabularis extracts 1727:1747 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32101118 7 48 dep A. 801:802 arg1 tabularis 804:812 tabularis 804:812 tabularis 804:812 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 11 49 theme DPPH 1627:1630 arg1 activity 1656:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 0 50 dep tabularis 67:75 arg1 Hemsl 78:82 Hemsl 78:82 Hemsl. 78:83 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 11 51 theme radical-scavenging 1637:1654 arg1 activity 1656:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 5 52 dep in 511:512 arg1 vitro 514:518 vitro 514:518 vitro 514:518 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 4 53 theme antioxidant 377:387 arg1 capacities 413:422 the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities 373:422 the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis 346:438 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis. 32101118 11 54 theme free 1632:1635 arg1 activity 1656:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity 1620:1663 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 7 55 theme RESULTS 769:775 arg1 Research 777:784 RESULTS Research 769:784 RESULTS Research 769:784 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 6 56 from production 738:747 arg1 cells 762:766 RAW 264.7 cells 752:766 RAW 264.7 cells 752:766 The extracts were also evaluated based on their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 32101118 0 57 theme Compound 35:42 arg1 Content 44:50 Phenolic Compound Content 26:50 Phenolic Compound Content 26:50 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 8 58 theme oxide 1057:1061 arg1 iNOS 1073:1076 iNOS 1073:1076 iNOS 1073:1076 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 58 theme oxide 1057:1061 arg1 synthase 1063:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1040:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1040:1077 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 4 59 theme anti-proliferative 394:411 arg1 capacities 413:422 the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities 373:422 the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis 346:438 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to measure the composition as well as the antioxidant, and anti-proliferative capacities of A. tabularis. 32101118 6 60 theme Oxide 727:731 arg1 production 738:747 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production 687:747 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells 687:766 The extracts were also evaluated based on their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 32101118 0 61 theme Astilboides 55:65 arg1 tabularis 67:75 Astilboides tabularis 55:75 Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 55:84 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 2 62 dep INTRODUCTION 103:114 arg1 tabularis 139:147 tabularis 139:147 tabularis 139:147 INTRODUCTION The plant, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 2 62 dep INTRODUCTION 103:114 arg1 Hemsl 150:154 Hemsl 150:154 Hemsl 150:154 INTRODUCTION The plant, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 10 63 theme EtOAc 1466:1470 arg1 extract 1472:1478 the EtOAc extract 1462:1478 the EtOAc extract 1462:1478 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 6 64 theme Nitric 720:725 arg1 NO 734:735 NO 734:735 NO 734:735 The extracts were also evaluated based on their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 32101118 6 64 theme Nitric 720:725 arg1 Oxide 727:731 Nitric Oxide 720:731 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells 687:766 The extracts were also evaluated based on their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 32101118 8 65 from expression 942:951 arg1 cells 1023:1027 RAW 264.7 cells 1013:1027 RAW 264.7 cells 1013:1027 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 65 from expression 942:951 arg1 cyclooxygenase-2 1080:1095 cyclooxygenase-2 1080:1095 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 1080:1103 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 65 from expression 942:951 arg1 synthase 1063:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1040:1070 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1040:1077 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 8 65 from expression 942:951 arg1 beta 1124:1127 interleukin-1 beta 1110:1127 interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) 1110:1135 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 9 66 theme HeLa 1236:1239 arg1 lines 1253:1257 HeLa cancer cell lines 1236:1257 HeLa cancer cell lines 1236:1257 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 6 67 theme -induced 711:718 arg1 production 738:747 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production 687:747 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells 687:766 The extracts were also evaluated based on their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 32101118 10 68 attach isolated 1448:1455 arg2 kaempferol 1402:1411 kaempferol 1402:1411 kaempferol 1402:1411 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 10 68 attach isolated 1448:1455 arg1 extract 1472:1478 the EtOAc extract 1462:1478 the EtOAc extract 1462:1478 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 10 68 attach isolated 1448:1455 arg2 compounds-catechin 1382:1399 four flavonoid compounds-catechin 1367:1399 four flavonoid compounds-catechin 1367:1399 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 10 68 attach isolated 1448:1455 arg2 isoquercetin 1430:1441 isoquercetin 1430:1441 isoquercetin 1430:1441 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 10 68 attach isolated 1448:1455 arg2 quercitrin 1414:1423 quercitrin 1414:1423 quercitrin 1414:1423 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 9 69 theme A. 1151:1152 arg1 extract 1170:1176 the A. tabularis EtOAc extract 1147:1176 the A. tabularis EtOAc extract 1147:1176 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 9 70 theme potent 1193:1198 arg1 effects 1210:1216 potent cytotoxic effects 1193:1216 potent cytotoxic effects 1193:1216 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 9 71 theme MTT 1277:1279 arg1 assays 1281:1286 MTT assays 1277:1286 MTT assays 1277:1286 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 5 72 theme in 511:512 arg1 activities 532:541 in vitro antioxidant activities 511:541 in vitro antioxidant activities 511:541 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 8 73 theme LPS-induced 930:940 arg1 expression 942:951 the LPS-induced expression 926:951 the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) 926:1135 Additionally, this extract could inhibit the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). 32101118 7 74 theme significant 851:861 arg1 activity 875:882 significant antioxidant activity 851:882 significant antioxidant activity 851:882 RESULTS Research shows that the A. tabularis ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed significant antioxidant activity. 32101118 9 75 theme cytotoxic 1200:1208 arg1 effects 1210:1216 potent cytotoxic effects 1193:1216 potent cytotoxic effects 1193:1216 Notably, the A. tabularis EtOAc extract also displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, as determined by MTT assays. 32101118 11 76 theme mass 1519:1522 arg1 spectrometry 1524:1535 mass spectrometry 1519:1535 mass spectrometry 1519:1535 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 11 77 theme magnetic 1549:1556 arg1 resonance 1558:1566 nuclear magnetic resonance 1541:1566 nuclear magnetic resonance 1541:1566 Their structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and these isolated compounds were found to display potent DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. 32101118 10 78 theme total 1297:1301 arg1 phenol 1303:1308 total phenol and flavonoid content 1297:1330 phenol 1303:1308 Lastly, total phenol and flavonoid content was measured for all extracts, and four flavonoid compounds-catechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercetin were isolated from the EtOAc extract. 32101118 0 79 theme tabularis 67:75 arg1 Content 44:50 Phenolic Compound Content 26:50 Phenolic Compound Content 26:50 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 0 79 theme tabularis 67:75 arg1 Activities 11:20 Biological Activities 0:20 Biological Activities 0:20 Biological Activities and Phenolic Compound Content of Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) 32101118 5 80 theme different 479:487 arg1 solvents 497:504 different organic solvents 479:504 different organic solvents 479:504 Various extracts were generated using different organic solvents, and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. 32101118 12 81 theme therapeutic 1862:1872 arg1 development 1874:1884 therapeutic development 1862:1884 therapeutic development 1862:1884 CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggest that phenolic compounds in A. tabularis extracts promote antioxidant activity, and furthermore, these extracts show numerous features that indicate potential for therapeutic development. 32518939 2 0 theme same 430:433 arg1 EGF-LD 435:440 the same EGF-LD 426:440 the same EGF-LD 426:440 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 3 1 with database 528:535 arg1 sequence 585:592 an EGF-LD sequence 575:592 an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 575:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 9 2 theme full-length 1509:1519 arg1 PAMR1 1539:1543 full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1509:1543 full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1509:1543 Their presence was individually confirmed on EGF-LD of full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1, with at least some molecules modified by both O-Glc1 and O-Fuc. 32518939 7 3 theme folded 1101:1106 arg1 EGF-LD 1108:1113 a correctly folded EGF-LD 1089:1113 a correctly folded EGF-LD 1089:1113 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 1 4 theme O-linked 230:237 arg1 monosaccharides 239:253 O-linked monosaccharides 230:253 O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 230:378 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 4 theme O-linked 230:237 arg1 O-glucose 263:271 O-glucose 263:271 O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 263:378 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 8 5 theme PAMR1 1379:1383 arg1 EGF-LD 1385:1390 isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD 1370:1390 isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD 1370:1390 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 9 6 theme mouse 1521:1525 arg1 PAMR1 1539:1543 full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1509:1543 full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1509:1543 Their presence was individually confirmed on EGF-LD of full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1, with at least some molecules modified by both O-Glc1 and O-Fuc. 32518939 7 7 theme Escherichia 1131:1141 arg1 periplasm 1148:1156 Escherichia coli periplasm 1131:1156 Escherichia coli periplasm 1131:1156 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 10 8 theme triple 1671:1676 arg1 EGF-LD 1693:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 8 9 theme isolated 1370:1377 arg1 EGF-LD 1385:1390 isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD 1370:1390 isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD 1370:1390 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 9 10 theme recombinant 1527:1537 arg1 PAMR1 1539:1543 full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1509:1543 full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1509:1543 Their presence was individually confirmed on EGF-LD of full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1, with at least some molecules modified by both O-Glc1 and O-Fuc. 32518939 10 11 attach presence 1657:1664 arg2 EGF-LD 1693:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 10 11 attach presence 1657:1664 arg1 PAMR1 1709:1713 mouse PAMR1 1703:1713 mouse PAMR1 1703:1713 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 0 12 mod modified 45:52 arg1 PAMR1 36:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 12 mod modified 45:52 arg3 O-Glucose 57:65 O-Glucose 57:65 O-Glucose 57:65 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 12 mod modified 45:52 arg1 domain 20:25 The single EGF-like domain 0:25 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 0:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 12 mod modified 45:52 arg3 O-Fucose 68:75 O-Fucose 68:75 O-Fucose 68:75 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 12 mod modified 45:52 arg3 O-GlcNAc 81:88 O-GlcNAc 81:88 O-GlcNAc 81:88 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 9 13 theme PAMR1 1539:1543 arg1 EGF-LD 1499:1504 EGF-LD 1499:1504 EGF-LD of full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1 1499:1543 Their presence was individually confirmed on EGF-LD of full-length mouse recombinant PAMR1, with at least some molecules modified by both O-Glc1 and O-Fuc. 32518939 1 14 link O-linked 230:237 arg1 monosaccharides 239:253 O-linked monosaccharides 230:253 O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 230:378 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 14 link O-linked 230:237 arg1 O-glucose 263:271 O-glucose 263:271 O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 263:378 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 7 15 dep Escherichia 1131:1141 arg1 coli 1143:1146 coli 1143:1146 coli 1143:1146 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 10 16 from presence 1657:1664 arg1 PAMR1 1709:1713 mouse PAMR1 1703:1713 mouse PAMR1 1703:1713 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 5 17 theme O-linked 825:832 arg1 modification 840:851 only one O-linked sugar modification 816:851 only one O-linked sugar modification 816:851 Around 68% of EGF-LDs were subjected to only one O-linked sugar modification and near 5% to three modifications. 32518939 3 18 gly O-glycosylation 638:652 arg2 four 623:626 four 623:626 four 623:626 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 3 18 gly O-glycosylation 638:652 arg2 three 614:618 three 614:618 three 614:618 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 3 18 gly O-glycosylation 638:652 arg2 sites 664:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 6 19 theme muscle 979:984 arg1 regeneration 986:997 muscle regeneration 1 979:999 muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1) 979:1007 Among these latter, we focused on the peptidase domain-containing protein associated with muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1), having only one EGF-LD. 32518939 6 19 theme muscle 979:984 arg1 PAMR1 1002:1006 PAMR1 1002:1006 PAMR1 1002:1006 Among these latter, we focused on the peptidase domain-containing protein associated with muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1), having only one EGF-LD. 32518939 10 20 theme O-glycosylated 1678:1691 arg1 EGF-LD 1693:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 1 21 theme membrane 141:148 arg1 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 21 theme membrane 141:148 arg1 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 21 theme membrane 141:148 arg1 domains 120:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains 91:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins 91:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 21 theme membrane 141:148 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 7 22 theme domain 1062:1067 arg1 ability 1046:1052 the ability 1042:1052 the ability of this domain to be glycosylated 1042:1086 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 4 23 contain had 717:719 arg1 most 712:715 most 712:715 most 712:715 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 4 23 contain had 717:719 arg2 sites 769:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 2 24 link O-linked 403:410 arg1 sugars 412:417 three O-linked sugars 397:417 three O-linked sugars 397:417 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 2 24 link O-linked 403:410 arg1 EGF-LD 454:459 EGF-LD 20 454:462 EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1 454:472 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 8 25 theme click 1331:1335 arg1 chemistry 1337:1345 click chemistry 1331:1345 click chemistry 1331:1345 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 0 26 theme single 4:9 arg1 domain 20:25 The single EGF-like domain 0:25 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 0:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 26 theme single 4:9 arg1 PAMR1 36:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 5 27 theme sugar 834:838 arg1 modification 840:851 only one O-linked sugar modification 816:851 only one O-linked sugar modification 816:851 Around 68% of EGF-LDs were subjected to only one O-linked sugar modification and near 5% to three modifications. 32518939 1 28 dep positions 294:302 arg1 O-Glc 305:309 O-Glc 1 305:311 O-Glc 1 305:311 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 28 dep positions 294:302 arg1 O-Glc2 317:322 O-Glc2 317:322 O-Glc2 317:322 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 28 dep positions 294:302 arg1 positions 294:302 two positions 290:302 two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2) 290:323 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 29 theme secreted 154:161 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 3 30 theme O-glycosylation 638:652 arg1 sites 664:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 4 31 theme O-GlcNAcylation 753:767 arg1 sites 769:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 10 32 with consistent 1637:1646 arg1 presence 1657:1664 the presence 1653:1664 the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1 1653:1713 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg2 O-glucose 263:271 O-glucose 263:271 O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 263:378 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 O-Glc2 317:322 O-Glc2 317:322 O-Glc2 317:322 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 positions 294:302 two positions 290:302 two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2) 290:323 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg2 O-Glc 274:278 O-Glc 274:278 O-Glc 274:278 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 O-N-acetylglucosamine 347:367 O-N-acetylglucosamine 347:367 O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 347:378 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 O-fucose 326:333 O-fucose 326:333 O-fucose (O-Fuc) 326:341 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 O-GlcNAc 370:377 O-GlcNAc 370:377 O-GlcNAc 370:377 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 O-Glc 305:309 O-Glc 1 305:311 O-Glc 1 305:311 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 33 located found 281:285 arg1 O-Fuc 336:340 O-Fuc 336:340 O-Fuc 336:340 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 34 theme proteins 163:170 arg1 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 34 theme proteins 163:170 arg1 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 34 theme proteins 163:170 arg1 domains 120:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains 91:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins 91:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 34 theme proteins 163:170 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 3 35 theme consensus 654:662 arg1 sites 664:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 8 36 link O-linked 1437:1444 arg1 sugars 1446:1451 the three O-linked sugars 1427:1451 the three O-linked sugars 1427:1451 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 4 37 gly O-fucosylation 731:744 arg2 sites 769:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 0 38 theme EGF-like 11:18 arg1 domain 20:25 The single EGF-like domain 0:25 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 0:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 38 theme EGF-like 11:18 arg1 PAMR1 36:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 2 39 theme NOTCH1 467:472 arg1 EGF-LD 454:459 EGF-LD 20 454:462 EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1 454:472 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 7 40 gly glycosylated 1075:1086 arg1 domain 1062:1067 this domain to be glycosylated 1057:1086 this domain to be glycosylated 1057:1086 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 6 41 theme peptidase 927:935 arg1 protein 955:961 the peptidase domain-containing protein 923:961 the peptidase domain-containing protein associated with muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1) 923:1007 Among these latter, we focused on the peptidase domain-containing protein associated with muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1), having only one EGF-LD. 32518939 0 42 theme mouse 30:34 arg1 PAMR1 36:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 3 43 theme potential 628:636 arg1 sites 664:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 604:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 3 44 theme human 555:559 arg1 proteins 561:568 human proteins 555:568 human proteins 555:568 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 7 45 theme in 1185:1186 arg1 incubations 1194:1204 in vitro incubations 1185:1204 in vitro incubations 1185:1204 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 2 46 theme sugars 412:417 arg1 presence 385:392 The presence 381:392 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, 381:473 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 8 47 theme O-linked 1437:1444 arg1 sugars 1446:1451 the three O-linked sugars 1427:1451 the three O-linked sugars 1427:1451 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 7 48 dep in 1185:1186 arg1 vitro 1188:1192 vitro 1188:1192 vitro 1188:1192 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 2 49 theme O-linked 403:410 arg1 sugars 412:417 three O-linked sugars 397:417 three O-linked sugars 397:417 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 2 49 theme O-linked 403:410 arg1 EGF-LD 454:459 EGF-LD 20 454:462 EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1 454:472 The presence of three O-linked sugars within the same EGF-LD, such as in EGF-LD 20 of NOTCH1, has rarely been evidenced. 32518939 10 50 theme EGF-LD 1693:1698 arg1 presence 1657:1664 the presence 1653:1664 the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1 1653:1713 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 10 51 theme mouse 1703:1707 arg1 PAMR1 1709:1713 mouse PAMR1 1703:1713 mouse PAMR1 1703:1713 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 32518939 4 52 theme predicted 721:729 arg1 sites 769:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 1 53 theme Epidermal 91:99 arg1 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 53 theme Epidermal 91:99 arg1 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 53 theme Epidermal 91:99 arg1 domains 120:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains 91:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins 91:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 53 theme Epidermal 91:99 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 0 54 theme PAMR1 36:40 arg1 domain 20:25 The single EGF-like domain 0:25 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 0:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 0 54 theme PAMR1 36:40 arg1 PAMR1 36:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 mouse PAMR1 30:40 The single EGF-like domain of mouse PAMR1 is modified by O-Glucose, O-Fucose and O-GlcNAc. 32518939 5 55 link O-linked 825:832 arg1 modification 840:851 only one O-linked sugar modification 816:851 only one O-linked sugar modification 816:851 Around 68% of EGF-LDs were subjected to only one O-linked sugar modification and near 5% to three modifications. 32518939 4 56 theme O-fucosylation 731:744 arg1 sites 769:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites 721:773 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 8 57 mod modified 1415:1422 arg3 sugars 1446:1451 the three O-linked sugars 1427:1451 the three O-linked sugars 1427:1451 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 8 57 mod modified 1415:1422 arg1 EGF-LD 1385:1390 isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD 1370:1390 isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD 1370:1390 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 1 58 theme growth 101:106 arg1 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 58 theme growth 101:106 arg1 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 58 theme growth 101:106 arg1 domains 120:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains 91:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins 91:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 58 theme growth 101:106 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 4 59 theme retrieved 692:700 arg1 proteins 702:709 the 129 murine retrieved proteins 677:709 the 129 murine retrieved proteins 677:709 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 3 60 theme EGF-LD 578:583 arg1 sequence 585:592 an EGF-LD sequence 575:592 an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 575:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 4 61 theme murine 685:690 arg1 proteins 702:709 the 129 murine retrieved proteins 677:709 the 129 murine retrieved proteins 677:709 Among the 129 murine retrieved proteins, most had predicted O-fucosylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation sites. 32518939 1 62 theme factor-like 108:118 arg1 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 62 theme factor-like 108:118 arg1 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 62 theme factor-like 108:118 arg1 domains 120:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains 91:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins 91:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 62 theme factor-like 108:118 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 3 63 dep list 540:543 arg1 mouse 545:549 mouse 545:549 mouse 545:549 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 7 64 with incubations 1194:1204 arg1 EOGT 1270:1273 EOGT 1270:1273 EOGT 1270:1273 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 7 64 with incubations 1194:1204 arg1 POFUT1 1259:1264 POFUT1 1259:1264 POFUT1 1259:1264 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 7 64 with incubations 1194:1204 arg1 POGLUT1 1250:1256 the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1 1211:1256 the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1 1211:1256 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 8 65 theme mass 1351:1354 arg1 spectrometry 1356:1367 mass spectrometry 1351:1367 mass spectrometry 1351:1367 Using click chemistry and mass spectrometry, isolated PAMR1 EGF-LD was demonstrated to be modified by the three O-linked sugars. 32518939 7 66 theme O-glycosyltransferases 1227:1248 arg1 POGLUT1 1250:1256 the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1 1211:1256 the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1 1211:1256 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 5 67 theme EGF-LDs 790:796 arg1 EGF-LDs 790:796 EGF-LDs 790:796 EGF-LDs 790:796 Around 68% of EGF-LDs were subjected to only one O-linked sugar modification and near 5% to three modifications. 32518939 5 67 theme EGF-LDs 790:796 arg1 % 785:785 Around 68% 776:785 Around 68% of EGF-LDs 776:796 Around 68% of EGF-LDs were subjected to only one O-linked sugar modification and near 5% to three modifications. 32518939 3 68 theme KEGG 517:520 arg1 database 528:535 KEGG GENES database 517:535 KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 517:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 6 69 theme domain-containing 937:953 arg1 protein 955:961 the peptidase domain-containing protein 923:961 the peptidase domain-containing protein associated with muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1) 923:1007 Among these latter, we focused on the peptidase domain-containing protein associated with muscle regeneration 1 (PAMR1), having only one EGF-LD. 32518939 7 70 theme recombinant 1215:1225 arg1 POGLUT1 1250:1256 the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1 1211:1256 the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1 1211:1256 To test the ability of this domain to be glycosylated, a correctly folded EGF-LD was produced in Escherichia coli periplasm, purified and subjected to in vitro incubations with the recombinant O-glycosyltransferases POGLUT1, POFUT1 and EOGT, adding O-Glc1, O-Fuc and O-GlcNAc, respectively. 32518939 3 71 theme GENES 522:526 arg1 database 528:535 KEGG GENES database 517:535 KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites 517:668 We searched in KEGG GENES database to list mouse and human proteins with an EGF-LD sequence including one, two, three or four potential O-glycosylation consensus sites. 32518939 1 72 mod modified 179:186 arg3 N-glycans 191:199 N-glycans 191:199 N-glycans 191:199 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 72 mod modified 179:186 arg1 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 EGF-LDs 129:135 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 72 mod modified 179:186 arg1 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 membrane 141:148 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 72 mod modified 179:186 arg1 domains 120:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains 91:126 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins 91:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 1 72 mod modified 179:186 arg1 proteins 163:170 secreted proteins 154:170 secreted proteins 154:170 Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LDs) of membrane and secreted proteins can be modified by N-glycans and/or potentially elongated O-linked monosaccharides such as O-glucose (O-Glc) found at two positions (O-Glc 1 and O-Glc2), O-fucose (O-Fuc) and O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32518939 10 73 gly O-glycosylated 1678:1691 arg1 EGF-LD 1693:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD 1669:1698 Overall, these results are consistent with the presence of a triple O-glycosylated EGF-LD in mouse PAMR1. 34004049 6 0 theme Basic 1297:1301 arg1 Protocol 1303:1310 galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 1266:1312 galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 1266:1312 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 1 theme glycans 1343:1349 arg1 Characterization 1315:1330 Characterization 1315:1330 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 2 theme Basic 730:734 arg1 Protocol 736:743 analysis Basic Protocol 2 721:745 analysis Basic Protocol 2 721:745 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 3 theme cytoplasmic 161:171 arg1 proteins 173:180 nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins 133:180 nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins 133:180 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 4 dep Protocol 1027:1034 arg1 Digestion 1039:1047 Digestion 1039:1047 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 4 dep Protocol 1027:1034 arg1 Autogalactosylation 1192:1210 Autogalactosylation 1192:1210 Autogalactosylation 1192:1210 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 4 dep Protocol 1027:1034 arg1 Detection 1101:1109 Detection 1101:1109 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 4 dep Protocol 1027:1034 arg1 Assay 1257:1261 Assay 1257:1261 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 4 dep Protocol 1027:1034 arg1 Detection 1405:1413 Detection 1405:1413 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 4 dep Protocol 1027:1034 arg1 Characterization 1315:1330 Characterization 1315:1330 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 5 theme 96-well 1430:1436 arg1 plates 1438:1443 96-well plates 1430:1443 96-well plates 1430:1443 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 6 theme labeled 1335:1341 arg1 glycans 1343:1349 labeled glycans 1335:1349 labeled glycans 1335:1349 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 7 theme proteins 173:180 arg1 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 1 7 theme proteins 173:180 arg1 modification 117:128 a common post-translational modification 89:128 a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response 89:242 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 8 theme OGT 1473:1475 arg1 Protocol 1494:1501 OGT activity Support Protocol 5 1473:1503 OGT activity Support Protocol 5 1473:1503 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 9 theme galactosyltransferase 1215:1235 arg1 Protocol 1245:1252 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4 1215:1254 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4 1215:1254 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 10 theme galactosyltransferase 1150:1170 arg1 Protocol 1180:1187 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3 1150:1189 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3 1150:1189 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 11 theme O-GlcNAc 1418:1425 arg1 Detection 1405:1413 Detection 1405:1413 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 12 theme analysis 721:728 arg1 Protocol 736:743 analysis Basic Protocol 2 721:745 analysis Basic Protocol 2 721:745 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 2 13 theme heart 330:334 arg1 failure 336:342 heart failure 330:342 heart failure 330:342 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. 34004049 6 14 theme Support 891:897 arg1 Protocol 899:906 the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 875:908 the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 875:908 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 5 15 theme Periodicals 626:636 arg1 LLC 638:640 Wiley Periodicals LLC 620:640 Wiley Periodicals LLC 620:640 Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. 34004049 5 16 theme Wiley 620:624 arg1 LLC 638:640 Wiley Periodicals LLC 620:640 Wiley Periodicals LLC 620:640 Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. 34004049 6 17 theme hexosaminidase 1066:1079 arg1 Protocol 1091:1098 hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol 1066:1098 hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol 1066:1098 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 3 18 theme simple 435:440 arg1 techniques 460:469 simple and comprehensive techniques 435:469 simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O-GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O-GlcNAc 435:566 These protocols cover simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O-GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O-GlcNAc. 34004049 6 19 theme enrichment 978:987 arg1 Protocol 1451:1458 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 20 theme sWGA 886:889 arg1 Protocol 899:906 the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 875:908 the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 875:908 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 21 from enrichment 978:987 arg1 plates 1438:1443 96-well plates 1430:1443 96-well plates 1430:1443 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 22 dep antibodies 797:806 arg1 Protocol 814:821 Basic Protocol 3 808:823 Basic Protocol 3 808:823 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 23 theme Alternate 1081:1089 arg1 Protocol 1091:1098 hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol 1066:1098 hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol 1066:1098 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 24 theme lectin 879:884 arg1 Protocol 899:906 the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 875:908 the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 875:908 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 25 theme Protocol 1303:1310 arg1 Assay 1257:1261 Assay 1257:1261 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 26 from stoichiometry 676:688 arg1 proteins 705:712 proteins 705:712 proteins 705:712 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 27 theme O-GlcNAcase 1568:1578 arg1 activity 1580:1587 O-GlcNAcase activity 1568:1587 O-GlcNAcase activity 1568:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 28 theme normal 197:202 arg1 physiology 204:213 normal physiology 197:213 normal physiology 197:213 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 29 theme Support 1486:1492 arg1 Protocol 1494:1501 OGT activity Support Protocol 5 1473:1503 OGT activity Support Protocol 5 1473:1503 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 30 theme O-linked 923:930 arg1 Protocol 952:959 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 31 theme common 91:96 arg1 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 1 31 theme common 91:96 arg1 modification 117:128 a common post-translational modification 89:128 a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response 89:242 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 32 theme O-GlcNAc 693:700 arg1 stoichiometry 676:688 the stoichiometry 672:688 the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins 672:712 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 33 theme activity 1477:1484 arg1 Protocol 1494:1501 OGT activity Support Protocol 5 1473:1503 OGT activity Support Protocol 5 1473:1503 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 34 theme Protocol 1245:1252 arg1 Protocol 1027:1034 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2 1007:1036 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 5 35 theme Current 589:595 arg1 Protocols 597:605 Current Protocols 589:605 Current Protocols 589:605 Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. 34004049 1 36 theme post-translational 98:115 arg1 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc 77:84 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 1 36 theme post-translational 98:115 arg1 modification 117:128 a common post-translational modification 89:128 a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response 89:242 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 37 theme proteins 1052:1059 arg1 Digestion 1039:1047 Digestion 1039:1047 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 2 38 theme diabetes 320:327 arg1 etiology 300:307 the etiology 296:307 the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease 296:381 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. 34004049 2 38 theme diabetes 320:327 arg1 cardioprotection 395:410 cardioprotection 395:410 cardioprotection 395:410 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. 34004049 2 39 theme type 312:315 arg1 diabetes 320:327 type II diabetes 312:327 type II diabetes 312:327 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. 34004049 6 40 dep Protocol 814:821 arg1 Detection 826:834 Detection 826:834 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 4 41 theme © 569:569 arg1 2021 571:574 © 2021 569:574 © 2021 569:574 © 2021 The Authors. 34004049 1 42 theme cell 223:226 arg1 response 235:242 the cell stress response 219:242 the cell stress response 219:242 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 43 theme activity 1288:1295 arg1 Protocol 1303:1310 galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 1266:1312 galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 1266:1312 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 3 44 theme comprehensive 446:458 arg1 techniques 460:469 simple and comprehensive techniques 435:469 simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O-GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O-GlcNAc 435:566 These protocols cover simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O-GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O-GlcNAc. 34004049 0 45 theme Proteins 26:33 arg1 Analysis 14:21 Analysis 14:21 Analysis 14:21 Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine. 34004049 0 45 theme Proteins 26:33 arg1 Detection 0:8 Detection 0:8 Detection 0:8 Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine. 34004049 6 46 theme proteins 992:999 arg1 enrichment 978:987 enrichment 978:987 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 4 47 dep Authors 580:586 arg1 2021 571:574 © 2021 569:574 © 2021 569:574 © 2021 The Authors. 34004049 6 48 theme galactosyltransferase 1266:1286 arg1 Protocol 1303:1310 galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 1266:1312 galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 1266:1312 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 49 theme stress 228:233 arg1 response 235:242 the cell stress response 219:242 the cell stress response 219:242 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 0 50 theme O-Linked 47:54 arg1 N-Acetylglucosamine 56:74 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine 47:74 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine 47:74 Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine. 34004049 6 51 theme Basic 946:950 arg1 Protocol 952:959 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 52 theme chromatography 1372:1385 arg1 Protocol 1393:1400 chromatography Basic Protocol 6 1372:1402 chromatography Basic Protocol 6 1372:1402 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 53 dep Detection 826:834 arg1 Assay 1463:1467 Assay 1463:1467 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 53 dep Detection 826:834 arg1 Control 911:917 Control 911:917 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 53 dep Detection 826:834 arg1 Desalting 1506:1514 Desalting 1506:1514 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 53 dep Detection 826:834 arg1 Detection 964:972 Detection 964:972 Detection 964:972 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 53 dep Detection 826:834 arg1 Protocol 1451:1458 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 53 dep Detection 826:834 arg1 Assay 1558:1562 Assay 1558:1562 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 54 theme proteins 761:768 arg1 Detection 748:756 Detection 748:756 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 748:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 55 theme Basic 1387:1391 arg1 Protocol 1393:1400 chromatography Basic Protocol 6 1372:1402 chromatography Basic Protocol 6 1372:1402 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 56 theme glycosylation 932:944 arg1 Protocol 952:959 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 57 theme nuclear 133:139 arg1 proteins 173:180 nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins 133:180 nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins 133:180 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 58 theme Protocol 1546:1553 arg1 Desalting 1506:1514 Desalting 1506:1514 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 59 theme Support 1237:1243 arg1 Protocol 1245:1252 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4 1215:1254 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4 1215:1254 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 60 theme proteins 839:846 arg1 Detection 826:834 Detection 826:834 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 826:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 61 theme Basic 1540:1544 arg1 Protocol 1546:1553 O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 1519:1555 O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 1519:1555 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 62 theme Support 1172:1178 arg1 Protocol 1180:1187 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3 1150:1189 galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3 1150:1189 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 63 with proteins 1052:1059 arg1 Protocol 1091:1098 hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol 1066:1098 hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol 1066:1098 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 64 link O-linked 923:930 arg1 Protocol 952:959 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 923:961 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 1 65 theme mitochondrial 142:154 arg1 proteins 173:180 nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins 133:180 nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins 133:180 O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. 34004049 6 66 theme transferase 1528:1538 arg1 Protocol 1546:1553 O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 1519:1555 O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 1519:1555 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 67 theme Basic 808:812 arg1 Protocol 814:821 Basic Protocol 3 808:823 Basic Protocol 3 808:823 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 2 68 theme cycling 271:277 arg1 Dysregulation 245:257 Dysregulation 245:257 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling 245:277 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. 34004049 6 69 dep Protocol 649:656 arg1 Increasing 661:670 Increasing 661:670 Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2 661:745 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 70 theme proteins 1114:1121 arg1 Detection 1101:1109 Detection 1101:1109 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 71 theme O-GlcNAc 1519:1526 arg1 Protocol 1546:1553 O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 1519:1555 O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 1519:1555 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 72 theme Support 1019:1025 arg1 Protocol 1027:1034 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2 1007:1036 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 73 theme Basic 1445:1449 arg1 Protocol 1451:1458 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 978:1460 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 2 74 theme O-GlcNAc 262:269 arg1 cycling 271:277 O-GlcNAc cycling 262:277 O-GlcNAc cycling 262:277 Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. 34004049 6 75 dep Increasing 661:670 arg1 Detection 748:756 Detection 748:756 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity 748:1587 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 76 theme Basic 643:647 arg1 Protocol 649:656 Basic Protocol 1 643:658 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 643:1588 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 34004049 6 77 theme WGA-agarose 1007:1017 arg1 Protocol 1027:1034 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2 1007:1036 WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc 1007:1425 Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity. 33180459 4 0 theme fibril 1009:1014 arg1 rung 999:1002 every rung 993:1002 every rung of a fibril 993:1014 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 1 1 theme such 357:360 arg1 glycans 362:368 such glycans 357:368 such glycans 357:368 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 4 2 theme β-solenoid 897:906 arg1 model 908:912 an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 873:912 an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 873:912 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 2 3 theme reported 516:523 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 0 4 from Accommodation 0:12 arg1 Cores 71:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 2 5 theme PIRIBS 597:602 arg1 architecture 604:615 a PIRIBS architecture 595:615 a PIRIBS architecture 595:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 2 6 with model 584:588 arg1 architecture 604:615 a PIRIBS architecture 595:615 a PIRIBS architecture 595:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 3 7 theme monomer 836:842 arg1 sites 822:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites 794:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer 794:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 3 7 theme monomer 836:842 arg1 monomer 836:842 each monomer 831:842 each monomer 831:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 4 8 theme Å 980:980 arg1 spacing 982:988 ∼4.8 Å spacing 975:988 ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril 975:1014 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 3 9 theme triantennary 727:738 arg1 glycans 740:746 triantennary glycans 727:746 triantennary glycans 727:746 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 1 10 theme glycosylated 275:286 arg1 strains 302:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 2 11 theme molecular 641:649 arg1 studies 660:666 in silico molecular dynamics studies 631:666 in silico molecular dynamics studies 631:666 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 2 12 theme dynamics 651:658 arg1 studies 660:666 in silico molecular dynamics studies 631:666 in silico molecular dynamics studies 631:666 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 0 13 theme Prion 49:53 arg1 Cores 71:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 5 14 theme PIRIBS 1124:1129 arg1 architectures 1131:1143 PIRIBS architectures 1124:1143 PIRIBS architectures for prions 1124:1154 Altogether, we conclude that steric intermolecular clashes between glycans do not, in themselves, preclude PIRIBS architectures for prions. 33180459 2 15 dep in 631:632 arg1 silico 634:639 silico 634:639 silico 634:639 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 1 16 dep questioned 319:328 arg1 based 330:334 based 330:334 based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril 330:437 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 2 17 theme in 631:632 arg1 studies 660:666 in silico molecular dynamics studies 631:666 in silico molecular dynamics studies 631:666 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 1 18 theme prion 87:91 arg1 fibrils 101:107 prion protein fibrils 87:107 prion protein fibrils 87:107 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 4 19 theme ∼4.8 975:978 arg1 Å 980:980 Å 980:980 Å 980:980 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 1 20 theme natural 288:294 arg1 strains 302:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 1 21 gly glycosylated 275:286 arg1 strains 302:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 1 22 theme protein 93:99 arg1 fibrils 101:107 prion protein fibrils 87:107 prion protein fibrils 87:107 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 0 23 theme N-Linked 29:36 arg1 Glycans 38:44 In-Register N-Linked Glycans 17:44 In-Register N-Linked Glycans 17:44 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 1 24 theme prion 296:300 arg1 strains 302:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 263:308 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 2 25 theme prion 562:566 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 5 26 theme intermolecular 1053:1066 arg1 clashes 1068:1074 steric intermolecular clashes 1046:1074 steric intermolecular clashes between glycans 1046:1090 Altogether, we conclude that steric intermolecular clashes between glycans do not, in themselves, preclude PIRIBS architectures for prions. 33180459 1 27 theme β-solenoid 192:201 arg1 architectures 203:215 β-solenoid architectures 192:215 β-solenoid architectures 192:215 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 0 28 theme In-Register 17:27 arg1 Glycans 38:44 In-Register N-Linked Glycans 17:44 In-Register N-Linked Glycans 17:44 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 2 29 theme human 556:560 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 1 30 theme stacked 387:393 arg1 in-register 395:405 stacked in-register 387:405 stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril 387:437 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 2 31 theme microscopy-based 539:554 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 3 32 link N-linked 799:806 arg1 sites 822:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites 794:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer 794:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 3 32 link N-linked 799:806 arg1 monomer 836:842 each monomer 831:842 each monomer 831:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 0 33 theme Glycans 38:44 arg1 Accommodation 0:12 Accommodation 0:12 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 0:76 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 2 34 theme cryo-electron 525:537 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 3 35 theme glycosylation 808:820 arg1 sites 822:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites 794:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer 794:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 3 35 theme glycosylation 808:820 arg1 monomer 836:842 each monomer 831:842 each monomer 831:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 1 36 from in-register 395:405 arg1 monomer 415:421 each monomer 410:421 each monomer 410:421 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 0 37 theme Protein 55:61 arg1 Cores 71:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 3 38 theme N-linked 799:806 arg1 sites 822:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites 794:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer 794:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 3 38 theme N-linked 799:806 arg1 monomer 836:842 each monomer 831:842 each monomer 831:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 2 39 theme N-linked 485:492 arg1 glycans 494:500 N-linked glycans 485:500 N-linked glycans 485:500 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 5 40 theme steric 1046:1051 arg1 clashes 1068:1074 steric intermolecular clashes 1046:1074 steric intermolecular clashes between glycans 1046:1090 Altogether, we conclude that steric intermolecular clashes between glycans do not, in themselves, preclude PIRIBS architectures for prions. 33180459 1 41 contain have 113:116 arg2 architectures 203:215 β-solenoid architectures 192:215 β-solenoid architectures 192:215 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 1 41 contain have 113:116 arg2 PIRIBS 170:175 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 1 41 contain have 113:116 arg1 fibrils 101:107 prion protein fibrils 87:107 prion protein fibrils 87:107 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 4 42 theme Additional 845:854 arg1 simulations 856:866 Additional simulations 845:866 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 845:912 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 2 43 theme amyloid 576:582 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 4 44 from spacing 982:988 arg1 rung 999:1002 every rung 993:1002 every rung of a fibril 993:1014 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 2 45 link N-linked 485:492 arg1 glycans 494:500 N-linked glycans 485:500 N-linked glycans 485:500 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 1 46 theme parallel-in-register 125:144 arg1 PIRIBS 170:175 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 4 47 with simulations 856:866 arg1 model 908:912 an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 873:912 an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 873:912 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 2 48 theme protein 568:574 arg1 model 584:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model 505:588 a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture 505:615 To directly assess this issue, we have added N-linked glycans to a recently reported cryo-electron microscopy-based human prion protein amyloid model with a PIRIBS architecture and performed in silico molecular dynamics studies to determine if the glycans can fit. 33180459 4 49 theme mutated 889:895 arg1 model 908:912 an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 873:912 an artificially mutated β-solenoid model 873:912 Additional simulations with an artificially mutated β-solenoid model confirmed that glycans can be accommodated when aligned with ∼4.8 Å spacing on every rung of a fibril. 33180459 1 50 theme intermolecular 146:159 arg1 PIRIBS 170:175 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 3 51 gly glycosylation 808:820 arg1 monomer 836:842 each monomer 831:842 each monomer 831:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 3 51 gly glycosylation 808:820 arg2 sites 822:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites 794:826 both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer 794:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 3 51 gly glycosylation 808:820 arg2 monomer 836:842 each monomer 831:842 each monomer 831:842 Our results show that triantennary glycans can be sterically accommodated in-register on both N-linked glycosylation sites of each monomer. 33180459 1 52 theme β-sheet 161:167 arg1 PIRIBS 170:175 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) 125:176 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 1 53 theme PIRIBS 238:243 arg1 architectures 245:257 PIRIBS architectures 238:257 PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 238:308 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 33180459 0 54 theme Amyloid 63:69 arg1 Cores 71:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Prion Protein Amyloid Cores 49:75 Accommodation of In-Register N-Linked Glycans on Prion Protein Amyloid Cores. 33180459 1 55 theme architectures 245:257 arg1 plausibility 222:233 the plausibility 218:233 the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains 218:308 Although prion protein fibrils can have either parallel-in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) or, probably, β-solenoid architectures, the plausibility of PIRIBS architectures for the usually glycosylated natural prion strains has been questioned based the expectation that such glycans would not fit if stacked in-register on each monomer within a fibril. 32059349 4 0 dep line 782:785 arg1 derivative 787:796 derivative 787:796 a PC12 cell line derivative 770:796 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 5 1 theme different 935:943 arg1 digestions 955:964 different enzymatic digestions 935:964 different enzymatic digestions 935:964 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 6 2 theme neurite 1108:1114 arg1 outgrowth 1116:1124 neurite outgrowth 1108:1124 neurite outgrowth 1108:1124 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 1 3 theme major 230:234 arg1 implications 236:247 major implications 230:247 major implications in the field of CNS injury 230:274 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 0 4 theme Neurite 101:107 arg1 Outgrowth 109:117 Neurite Outgrowth 101:117 Neurite Outgrowth 101:117 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 4 5 from cells 763:767 arg1 outgrowth 743:751 neurite outgrowth 735:751 neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 735:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 4 6 theme NS-1 758:761 arg1 line 782:785 a PC12 cell line 770:785 a PC12 cell line derivative 770:796 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 4 6 theme NS-1 758:761 arg1 cells 763:767 NS-1 cells 758:767 NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 758:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 4 7 theme neurite 735:741 arg1 outgrowth 743:751 neurite outgrowth 735:751 neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 735:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 6 8 theme sequential 975:984 arg1 approach 996:1003 a sequential digestion approach 973:1003 a sequential digestion approach 973:1003 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 3 9 theme robust 522:527 arg1 analyses 546:553 more robust and quantitative analyses 517:553 more robust and quantitative analyses 517:553 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. 32059349 4 10 theme modifications 704:716 arg1 effect 667:672 the effect 663:672 the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 663:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 6 11 theme outgrowth 1116:1124 arg1 inhibition 1094:1103 inhibition 1094:1103 inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan 1094:1152 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 6 12 theme keratan 1063:1069 arg1 sulfate 1071:1077 keratan sulfate 1063:1077 keratan sulfate 1063:1077 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 1 13 theme central 165:171 arg1 system 181:186 the central nervous system 161:186 the central nervous system (CNS) 161:192 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 13 theme central 165:171 arg1 CNS 189:191 CNS 189:191 CNS 189:191 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 0 14 theme Outgrowth 109:117 arg1 Inhibition 87:96 Inhibition 87:96 Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan 87:129 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 1 15 theme nervous 173:179 arg1 system 181:186 the central nervous system 161:186 the central nervous system (CNS) 161:192 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 15 theme nervous 173:179 arg1 CNS 189:191 CNS 189:191 CNS 189:191 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 7 16 theme first 1163:1167 arg1 time 1169:1172 the first time 1159:1172 the first time 1159:1172 For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis. 32059349 7 17 theme N-linked 1194:1201 arg1 oligosaccharides 1203:1218 N-linked oligosaccharides 1194:1218 N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan 1194:1230 For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis. 32059349 1 18 from role 136:139 arg1 system 181:186 the central nervous system 161:186 the central nervous system (CNS) 161:192 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 18 from role 136:139 arg1 CNS 189:191 CNS 189:191 CNS 189:191 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 2 19 theme sulfate 289:295 arg1 CSPGs 312:316 CSPGs 312:316 CSPGs 312:316 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. 32059349 2 19 theme sulfate 289:295 arg1 proteoglycans 297:309 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 277:309 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) 277:317 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. 32059349 4 20 theme high-throughput 628:642 arg1 assay 644:648 a high-throughput assay 626:648 a high-throughput assay 626:648 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 2 21 theme Chondroitin 277:287 arg1 CSPGs 312:316 CSPGs 312:316 CSPGs 312:316 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. 32059349 2 21 theme Chondroitin 277:287 arg1 proteoglycans 297:309 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 277:309 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) 277:317 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. 32059349 4 22 theme assay 644:648 arg1 use 619:621 the use 615:621 the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 615:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 0 23 theme Sulfate 29:35 arg1 Contributions 0:12 Contributions 0:12 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan 0:129 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 4 24 theme aggrecan 721:728 arg1 modifications 704:716 various post-translational modifications 677:716 various post-translational modifications of aggrecan 677:728 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 1 25 from implications 236:247 arg1 field 256:260 the field 252:260 the field of CNS injury 252:274 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 5 26 contain contains 809:816 arg2 sulfate 847:853 keratan sulfate 839:853 keratan sulfate 839:853 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 26 contain contains 809:816 arg2 N-glycans 887:895 N-glycans 887:895 N-glycans 887:895 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 26 contain contains 809:816 arg2 each 899:902 each 899:902 each 899:902 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 26 contain contains 809:816 arg1 Aggrecan 800:807 Aggrecan 800:807 Aggrecan 800:807 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 26 contain contains 809:816 arg2 oligosaccharides 869:884 N-linked oligosaccharides 860:884 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) 860:896 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 26 contain contains 809:816 arg2 sulfate 830:836 chondroitin sulfate 818:836 chondroitin sulfate 818:836 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 6 27 theme substrate-bound 1129:1143 arg1 aggrecan 1145:1152 substrate-bound aggrecan 1129:1152 substrate-bound aggrecan 1129:1152 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 2 28 theme neurite 389:395 arg1 outgrowth 397:405 neurite outgrowth 389:405 neurite outgrowth 389:405 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. 32059349 0 29 theme Chondroitin 17:27 arg1 Sulfate 29:35 Chondroitin Sulfate 17:35 Chondroitin Sulfate 17:35 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 3 30 theme quantitative 533:544 arg1 analyses 546:553 more robust and quantitative analyses 517:553 more robust and quantitative analyses 517:553 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. 32059349 5 31 theme chondroitin 818:828 arg1 sulfate 830:836 chondroitin sulfate 818:836 chondroitin sulfate 818:836 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 0 32 theme Keratan 38:44 arg1 Sulfate 46:52 Keratan Sulfate 38:52 Keratan Sulfate 38:52 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 1 33 theme CNS 265:267 arg1 injury 269:274 CNS injury 265:274 CNS injury 265:274 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 5 34 link N-linked 860:867 arg1 N-glycans 887:895 N-glycans 887:895 N-glycans 887:895 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 34 link N-linked 860:867 arg1 each 899:902 each 899:902 each 899:902 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 34 link N-linked 860:867 arg1 oligosaccharides 869:884 N-linked oligosaccharides 860:884 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) 860:896 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 4 35 theme cell 777:780 arg1 line 782:785 a PC12 cell line 770:785 a PC12 cell line derivative 770:796 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 4 35 theme cell 777:780 arg1 cells 763:767 NS-1 cells 758:767 NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 758:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 2 36 theme spinal 365:370 arg1 cord 372:375 the spinal cord 361:375 the spinal cord 361:375 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. 32059349 1 37 theme injury 269:274 arg1 field 256:260 the field 252:260 the field of CNS injury 252:274 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 6 38 theme digestion 986:994 arg1 approach 996:1003 a sequential digestion approach 973:1003 a sequential digestion approach 973:1003 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 6 39 theme chondroitin 1020:1030 arg1 sulfate 1032:1038 chondroitin sulfate 1020:1038 chondroitin sulfate 1020:1038 Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. 32059349 3 40 theme Major 408:412 arg1 advances 414:421 Major advances 408:421 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites 408:482 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. 32059349 3 41 theme further 558:564 arg1 understanding 570:582 further our understanding 558:582 further our understanding of this interaction 558:602 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. 32059349 4 42 theme post-translational 685:702 arg1 modifications 704:716 various post-translational modifications 677:716 various post-translational modifications of aggrecan 677:728 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 0 43 theme Sulfate 46:52 arg1 Contributions 0:12 Contributions 0:12 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan 0:129 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 7 44 theme neuritogenesis 1264:1277 arg1 inhibition 1250:1259 its inhibition 1246:1259 its inhibition of neuritogenesis 1246:1277 For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis. 32059349 4 45 theme various 677:683 arg1 modifications 704:716 various post-translational modifications 677:716 various post-translational modifications of aggrecan 677:728 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 3 46 theme interaction 592:602 arg1 understanding 570:582 further our understanding 558:582 further our understanding of this interaction 558:602 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. 32059349 4 47 theme PC12 772:775 arg1 line 782:785 a PC12 cell line 770:785 a PC12 cell line derivative 770:796 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 4 47 theme PC12 772:775 arg1 cells 763:767 NS-1 cells 758:767 NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative) 758:797 We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). 32059349 0 48 link N-linked 58:65 arg1 Oligosaccharides 67:82 N-linked Oligosaccharides 58:82 N-linked Oligosaccharides 58:82 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 7 49 from oligosaccharides 1203:1218 arg1 aggrecan 1223:1230 aggrecan 1223:1230 aggrecan 1223:1230 For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis. 32059349 5 50 theme enzymatic 945:953 arg1 digestions 955:964 different enzymatic digestions 935:964 different enzymatic digestions 935:964 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 51 theme keratan 839:845 arg1 sulfate 847:853 keratan sulfate 839:853 keratan sulfate 839:853 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 3 52 theme outgrowing 464:473 arg1 neurites 475:482 outgrowing neurites 464:482 outgrowing neurites 464:482 Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. 32059349 1 53 theme evolving 207:214 arg1 field 216:220 a rapidly evolving field 197:220 a rapidly evolving field 197:220 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 53 theme evolving 207:214 arg1 role 136:139 The role 132:139 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) 132:192 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 0 54 theme Oligosaccharides 67:82 arg1 Contributions 0:12 Contributions 0:12 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan 0:129 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 5 55 theme N-linked 860:867 arg1 N-glycans 887:895 N-glycans 887:895 N-glycans 887:895 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 55 theme N-linked 860:867 arg1 each 899:902 each 899:902 each 899:902 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 5 55 theme N-linked 860:867 arg1 oligosaccharides 869:884 N-linked oligosaccharides 860:884 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) 860:896 Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. 32059349 0 56 theme N-linked 58:65 arg1 Oligosaccharides 67:82 N-linked Oligosaccharides 58:82 N-linked Oligosaccharides 58:82 Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. 32059349 1 57 contain has 226:228 arg1 field 216:220 a rapidly evolving field 197:220 a rapidly evolving field 197:220 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 57 contain has 226:228 arg1 role 136:139 The role 132:139 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) 132:192 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 57 contain has 226:228 arg2 implications 236:247 major implications 230:247 major implications in the field of CNS injury 230:274 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 58 theme proteoglycans 144:156 arg1 field 216:220 a rapidly evolving field 197:220 a rapidly evolving field 197:220 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 1 58 theme proteoglycans 144:156 arg1 role 136:139 The role 132:139 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) 132:192 The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. 32059349 7 59 link N-linked 1194:1201 arg1 oligosaccharides 1203:1218 N-linked oligosaccharides 1194:1218 N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan 1194:1230 For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis. 34656594 0 0 theme acid 80:83 arg1 conditioners 52:63 composite conditioners 42:63 composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant 42:98 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 3 1 theme dry 617:619 arg1 DS 629:630 DS 629:630 DS 629:630 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 3 1 theme dry 617:619 arg1 sludge 621:626 0.91 g/g dry sludge 608:626 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) 600:631 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 9 2 theme PS 1431:1432 arg1 PN 1435:1436 PN 1435:1436 PN 1435:1436 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 9 2 theme PS 1431:1432 arg1 content 1446:1452 EPS content 1442:1452 EPS content 1442:1452 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 9 2 theme PS 1431:1432 arg1 influence 1407:1415 the influence 1403:1415 the influence of the sludge PS 1403:1432 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 9 3 theme quantitative 1343:1354 arg1 model 1356:1360 a quantitative model 1341:1360 a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content 1341:1452 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 1 4 theme wastewater 234:243 arg1 plant 255:259 wastewater treatment plant 234:259 wastewater treatment plant 234:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 2 5 contain has 382:384 arg2 potential 390:398 the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80% 386:494 the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80% 386:494 It has the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80%. 34656594 2 5 contain has 382:384 arg1 It 379:380 It 379:380 It 379:380 It has the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80%. 34656594 1 6 theme treatment 245:253 arg1 plant 255:259 wastewater treatment plant 234:259 wastewater treatment plant 234:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 7 theme flocculant 89:98 arg1 conditioners 52:63 composite conditioners 42:63 composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant 42:98 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 9 8 theme EPS 1442:1444 arg1 content 1446:1452 EPS content 1442:1452 EPS content 1442:1452 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 7 9 theme sludge 1237:1242 arg1 particles 1244:1252 the sludge particles 1233:1252 the sludge particles 1233:1252 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 1 10 theme sodium 334:339 arg1 SDS 358:360 SDS 358:360 SDS 358:360 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 1 10 theme sodium 334:339 arg1 sulfate 349:355 sodium dodecyl sulfate 334:355 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 334:361 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 7 11 dep -1.72 mV 1094:1101 arg1 -13.80 mV 1081:1089 -13.80 mV 1081:1089 -13.80 mV 1081:1089 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 5 12 theme insoluble 837:845 arg1 peel 851:854 the insoluble EPS peel 833:854 the insoluble EPS peel off 833:858 The acid (HCl) enhanced the decomposition of the sludge flocs, making the insoluble EPS peel off and turn into the liquid phase. 34656594 1 13 theme dodecyl 341:347 arg1 SDS 358:360 SDS 358:360 SDS 358:360 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 1 13 theme dodecyl 341:347 arg1 sulfate 349:355 sodium dodecyl sulfate 334:355 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 334:361 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 4 14 theme substances 745:754 arg1 dissolution 706:716 the dissolution 702:716 the dissolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 702:760 The surfactant (SDS) promoted the dissolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34656594 5 15 theme EPS 847:849 arg1 peel 851:854 the insoluble EPS peel 833:854 the insoluble EPS peel off 833:858 The acid (HCl) enhanced the decomposition of the sludge flocs, making the insoluble EPS peel off and turn into the liquid phase. 34656594 7 16 theme dissolution 1156:1166 arg1 process 1168:1174 EPS dissolution process 1152:1174 EPS dissolution process 1152:1174 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 3 17 dep sludge 621:626 arg1 to 605:606 to 605:606 to 605:606 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 3 18 dep 59.65 584:588 arg1 to 581:582 to 581:582 to 581:582 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 7 19 theme neutralization 992:1005 arg1 effect 1007:1012 the neutralization effect 988:1012 the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3 988:1033 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 7 20 theme dispersed 1111:1119 arg1 particles 1128:1136 the dispersed sludge particles 1107:1136 the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process 1107:1174 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 7 20 theme dispersed 1111:1119 arg1 re-flocculated 1181:1194 re-flocculated 1181:1194 re-flocculated 1181:1194 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 2 21 theme sludge 464:469 arg1 dewaterability 429:442 the dewaterability 425:442 the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80% 425:494 It has the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80%. 34656594 5 22 theme sludge 812:817 arg1 flocs 819:823 the sludge flocs 808:823 the sludge flocs 808:823 The acid (HCl) enhanced the decomposition of the sludge flocs, making the insoluble EPS peel off and turn into the liquid phase. 34656594 1 23 theme difficult 159:167 arg1 disposal 169:176 difficult disposal 159:176 difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant 159:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 24 theme Deep 0:3 arg1 dewatering 5:14 Deep dewatering 0:14 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 0:131 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 5 25 theme flocs 819:823 arg1 decomposition 791:803 the decomposition 787:803 the decomposition of the sludge flocs 787:823 The acid (HCl) enhanced the decomposition of the sludge flocs, making the insoluble EPS peel off and turn into the liquid phase. 34656594 1 26 theme disposal 169:176 arg1 problem 148:154 the problem 144:154 the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant 144:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 27 theme activated 19:27 arg1 sludge 29:34 activated sludge 19:34 activated sludge 19:34 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 3 28 theme moisture 501:508 arg1 content 510:516 The moisture content 497:516 The moisture content (MC) 497:521 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 3 28 theme moisture 501:508 arg1 MC 519:520 MC 519:520 MC 519:520 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 7 29 theme average 1217:1223 arg1 size 1225:1228 the average size 1213:1228 the average size of the sludge particles 1213:1252 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 7 30 theme particles 1244:1252 arg1 size 1225:1228 the average size 1213:1228 the average size of the sludge particles 1213:1252 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 9 31 theme SCC 1383:1385 arg1 agents 1387:1392 SCC agents 1383:1392 SCC agents 1383:1392 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 9 32 theme optimum 1365:1371 arg1 dosage 1373:1378 optimum dosage 1365:1378 optimum dosage of SCC agents 1365:1392 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 2 33 theme % 494:494 arg1 VSS/MLSS 480:487 the VSS/MLSS 476:487 the VSS/MLSS of 80% 476:494 It has the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80%. 34656594 7 34 theme protons 1017:1023 arg1 effect 1007:1012 the neutralization effect 988:1012 the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3 988:1033 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 3 35 theme bound 527:531 arg1 content 539:545 bound water content 527:545 bound water content of sludge 527:555 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 6 36 theme total 905:909 arg1 EPS 911:913 total EPS 905:913 total EPS 905:913 As a result, total EPS decreased by 52.70% compared to the original sludge. 34656594 1 37 theme poor 188:191 arg1 dewaterability 193:206 poor dewaterability 188:206 poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant 188:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 38 theme sludge 29:34 arg1 dewatering 5:14 Deep dewatering 0:14 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 0:131 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 1 39 theme sludge 285:290 arg1 SCC 315:317 SCC 315:317 SCC 315:317 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 1 39 theme sludge 285:290 arg1 conditioner 302:312 a sludge composite conditioner 283:312 a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3 283:376 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 40 theme dosage 119:124 arg1 model 126:130 dosage model 119:130 dosage model 119:130 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 10 41 theme effective 1605:1613 arg1 pathway 1615:1621 an effective pathway 1602:1621 an effective pathway for sludge deep dewatering 1602:1648 In general, the SCC provided an effective pathway for sludge deep dewatering. 34656594 3 42 theme water 533:537 arg1 content 539:545 bound water content 527:545 bound water content of sludge 527:555 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 7 43 theme sludge 1121:1126 arg1 particles 1128:1136 the dispersed sludge particles 1107:1136 the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process 1107:1174 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 7 43 theme sludge 1121:1126 arg1 re-flocculated 1181:1194 re-flocculated 1181:1194 re-flocculated 1181:1194 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 1 44 theme composite 292:300 arg1 SCC 315:317 SCC 315:317 SCC 315:317 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 1 44 theme composite 292:300 arg1 conditioner 302:312 a sludge composite conditioner 283:312 a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3 283:376 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 9 45 theme conditioner 1515:1525 arg1 dosage 1500:1505 the dosage 1496:1505 the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge 1496:1570 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 4 46 theme extracellular 721:733 arg1 EPS 757:759 EPS 757:759 EPS 757:759 The surfactant (SDS) promoted the dissolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34656594 4 46 theme extracellular 721:733 arg1 substances 745:754 extracellular polymeric substances 721:754 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 721:760 The surfactant (SDS) promoted the dissolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34656594 1 47 from dewaterability 193:206 arg1 plant 255:259 wastewater treatment plant 234:259 wastewater treatment plant 234:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 48 theme composite 42:50 arg1 conditioners 52:63 composite conditioners 42:63 composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant 42:98 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 7 49 theme EPS 1152:1154 arg1 process 1168:1174 EPS dissolution process 1152:1174 EPS dissolution process 1152:1174 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 4 50 theme polymeric 735:743 arg1 EPS 757:759 EPS 757:759 EPS 757:759 The surfactant (SDS) promoted the dissolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34656594 4 50 theme polymeric 735:743 arg1 substances 745:754 extracellular polymeric substances 721:754 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 721:760 The surfactant (SDS) promoted the dissolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34656594 7 51 theme Zeta 1040:1043 arg1 potential 1045:1053 the Zeta potential 1036:1053 the Zeta potential 1036:1053 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 34656594 8 52 theme proteins 1268:1275 arg1 PN 1278:1279 PN 1278:1279 PN 1278:1279 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) also increased from 1.69 to 3.81. 34656594 8 52 theme proteins 1268:1275 arg1 ratio 1259:1263 The ratio 1255:1263 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) 1255:1301 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) also increased from 1.69 to 3.81. 34656594 9 53 theme sludge 1424:1429 arg1 PS 1431:1432 the sludge PS 1420:1432 the sludge PS 1420:1432 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 8 54 dep 3.81 1331:1334 arg1 to 1328:1329 to 1328:1329 to 1328:1329 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) also increased from 1.69 to 3.81. 34656594 3 55 theme sludge 550:555 arg1 content 510:516 The moisture content 497:516 The moisture content (MC) 497:521 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 3 55 theme sludge 550:555 arg1 content 539:545 bound water content 527:545 bound water content of sludge 527:555 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 3 55 theme sludge 550:555 arg1 MC 519:520 MC 519:520 MC 519:520 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 5 56 theme liquid 878:883 arg1 phase 885:889 the liquid phase 874:889 the liquid phase 874:889 The acid (HCl) enhanced the decomposition of the sludge flocs, making the insoluble EPS peel off and turn into the liquid phase. 34656594 6 57 theme original 951:958 arg1 sludge 960:965 the original sludge 947:965 the original sludge 947:965 As a result, total EPS decreased by 52.70% compared to the original sludge. 34656594 10 58 theme deep 1634:1637 arg1 dewatering 1639:1648 sludge deep dewatering 1627:1648 sludge deep dewatering 1627:1648 In general, the SCC provided an effective pathway for sludge deep dewatering. 34656594 9 59 theme target 1558:1563 arg1 sludge 1565:1570 target sludge 1558:1570 target sludge 1558:1570 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 9 60 theme agents 1387:1392 arg1 dosage 1373:1378 optimum dosage 1365:1378 optimum dosage of SCC agents 1365:1392 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 1 61 theme high-organic 211:222 arg1 sludge 224:229 high-organic sludge 211:229 high-organic sludge 211:229 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 0 62 theme surfactant 68:77 arg1 conditioners 52:63 composite conditioners 42:63 composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant 42:98 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 10 63 theme sludge 1627:1632 arg1 dewatering 1639:1648 sludge deep dewatering 1627:1648 sludge deep dewatering 1627:1648 In general, the SCC provided an effective pathway for sludge deep dewatering. 34656594 0 64 dep dewatering 5:14 arg1 mechanism 105:113 The mechanism 101:113 The mechanism 101:113 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 0 64 dep dewatering 5:14 arg1 model 126:130 dosage model 119:130 dosage model 119:130 Deep dewatering of activated sludge using composite conditioners of surfactant, acid and flocculant: The mechanism and dosage model. 34656594 9 65 theme dosage 1373:1378 arg1 model 1356:1360 a quantitative model 1341:1360 a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content 1341:1452 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 1 66 theme sludge 224:229 arg1 dewaterability 193:206 poor dewaterability 188:206 poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant 188:259 To address the problem of difficult disposal caused by poor dewaterability of high-organic sludge in wastewater treatment plant, this study developed a sludge composite conditioner (SCC) consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), HCl and FeCl3. 34656594 2 67 theme high-organic 451:462 arg1 sludge 464:469 the high-organic sludge 447:469 the high-organic sludge 447:469 It has the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80%. 34656594 3 68 theme 0.91 g/g 608:615 arg1 DS 629:630 DS 629:630 DS 629:630 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 3 68 theme 0.91 g/g 608:615 arg1 sludge 621:626 0.91 g/g dry sludge 608:626 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) 600:631 The moisture content (MC) and bound water content of sludge were reduced from 98.00 to 59.65% and from 3.42 to 0.91 g/g dry sludge (DS) after being conditioned, respectively. 34656594 8 69 theme ratio 1259:1263 arg1 PS 1299:1300 PS 1299:1300 PS 1299:1300 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) also increased from 1.69 to 3.81. 34656594 8 69 theme ratio 1259:1263 arg1 /polysaccharides 1281:1296 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides 1255:1296 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) 1255:1301 The ratio of proteins (PN)/polysaccharides (PS) also increased from 1.69 to 3.81. 34656594 2 70 with dewaterability 429:442 arg1 VSS/MLSS 480:487 the VSS/MLSS 476:487 the VSS/MLSS of 80% 476:494 It has the potential to significantly improve the dewaterability of the high-organic sludge with the VSS/MLSS of 80%. 34656594 9 71 theme sludge 1565:1570 arg1 properties 1544:1553 the properties 1540:1553 the properties of target sludge 1540:1570 And a quantitative model of optimum dosage of SCC agents based on the influence of the sludge PS, PN and EPS content has been established, aiming to determine the dosage of each conditioner according to the properties of target sludge. 34656594 7 72 theme FeCl3 1029:1033 arg1 effect 1007:1012 the neutralization effect 988:1012 the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3 988:1033 In addition, due to the neutralization effect of protons and FeCl3, the Zeta potential increased remarkably from -13.80 mV to -1.72 mV and the dispersed sludge particles formed during EPS dissolution process were re-flocculated, which increased the average size of the sludge particles. 32572633 6 0 theme large 957:961 arg1 area 971:974 large surface area 957:974 large surface area 957:974 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 9 1 theme acetaminophen 1701:1713 arg1 determination 1672:1684 the voltammetric determination 1655:1684 the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described 1655:1753 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 9 2 theme domperidone 1716:1726 arg1 determination 1672:1684 the voltammetric determination 1655:1684 the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described 1655:1753 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 3 3 theme seen 542:545 arg1 morphology 555:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 4 dep diffraction 581:591 arg1 2 579:579 2 579:579 2 579:579 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 7 5 theme DOM 1209:1211 arg1 determination 1181:1193 determination 1181:1193 determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM 1181:1220 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 0 6 theme nanocomposite 131:143 arg1 film 150:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 An electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan based on self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film. 32572633 3 7 theme defined 567:573 arg1 peak 593:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak 567:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° 567:604 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 8 8 from screening 1442:1450 arg1 samples 1496:1502 urine and blood serum samples 1474:1502 urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21% 1474:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 5 9 theme enhanced 855:862 arg1 activities 881:890 enhanced electrocatalytic activities 855:890 enhanced electrocatalytic activities 855:890 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 6 10 theme catalytic 986:994 arg1 properties 996:1005 high catalytic properties 981:1005 high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene 981:1024 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 8 11 theme analytes 1462:1469 arg1 screening 1442:1450 voltammetric screening 1429:1450 voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21% 1429:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 7 12 theme ACOP 1203:1206 arg1 determination 1181:1193 determination 1181:1193 determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM 1181:1220 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 8 13 theme urine 1474:1478 arg1 samples 1496:1502 urine and blood serum samples 1474:1502 urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21% 1474:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 4 14 theme sensor 689:694 arg1 performance 670:680 The electrochemical performance 650:680 The electrochemical performance of the sensor 650:694 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 8 15 theme blood 1484:1488 arg1 samples 1496:1502 urine and blood serum samples 1474:1502 urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21% 1474:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 4 16 theme electrochemical 654:668 arg1 performance 670:680 The electrochemical performance 650:680 The electrochemical performance of the sensor 650:694 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 5 17 theme analytes 923:930 arg1 oxidation 903:911 the oxidation 899:911 the oxidation of target analytes 899:930 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 8 18 theme recoveries 1509:1518 arg1 % 1527:1527 recoveries > 95.21% 1509:1527 recoveries > 95.21% 1509:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 6 19 theme synergistic 1033:1043 arg1 effects 1045:1051 synergistic effects 1033:1051 synergistic effects 1033:1051 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 4 20 theme stripping 750:758 arg1 voltammetry 779:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 3 21 from morphology 555:564 arg1 39° 645:647 39° 645:647 39° 645:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 6 22 theme Ti3C2-MXene 1014:1024 arg1 properties 996:1005 high catalytic properties 981:1005 high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene 981:1024 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 6 22 theme Ti3C2-MXene 1014:1024 arg1 area 971:974 large surface area 957:974 large surface area 957:974 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 6 22 theme Ti3C2-MXene 1014:1024 arg1 conductivity 943:954 Excellent conductivity 933:954 Excellent conductivity 933:954 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 7 23 theme 0.00031 1332:1338 arg1 limits 1322:1327 low detection limits 1308:1327 low detection limits of 0.00031 1308:1338 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 4 24 theme pulse 773:777 arg1 voltammetry 779:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 7 25 theme SUM 1218:1220 arg1 determination 1181:1193 determination 1181:1193 determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM 1181:1220 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 9 26 theme MXene/MWCNT/chitosan 1588:1607 arg1 nanocomposite 1609:1621 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1573:1621 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1573:1621 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 6 27 theme targets 1113:1119 arg1 limits 1103:1108 low detection limits 1089:1108 low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility 1089:1161 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 4 28 theme cyclic 716:721 arg1 voltammetry 723:733 cyclic voltammetry 716:733 cyclic voltammetry 716:733 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 3 29 from absence 619:625 arg1 39° 645:647 39° 645:647 39° 645:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 5 30 theme glassy 822:827 arg1 electrode 836:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 6 31 theme low 1089:1091 arg1 limits 1103:1108 low detection limits 1089:1108 low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility 1089:1161 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 5 32 theme target 916:921 arg1 analytes 923:930 target analytes 916:930 target analytes 916:930 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 5 33 theme Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit 796:811 arg1 electrode 836:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 9 34 theme voltammetric 1659:1670 arg1 determination 1672:1684 the voltammetric determination 1655:1684 the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described 1655:1753 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 7 35 theme low 1308:1310 arg1 limits 1322:1327 low detection limits 1308:1327 low detection limits of 0.00031 1308:1338 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 1 36 theme composite 235:243 arg1 sensor 272:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor 235:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan 235:356 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 1 37 theme multi-walled 160:171 arg1 nanotubes 180:188 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes 156:188 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have 156:367 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 3 38 theme Structural 435:444 arg1 characterizations 459:475 Structural and chemical characterizations 435:475 Structural and chemical characterizations 435:475 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 8 39 theme target 1455:1460 arg1 analytes 1462:1469 target analytes 1455:1469 target analytes 1455:1469 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 3 40 theme Ti3C2-MXene 517:527 arg1 preparation 502:512 the successful preparation 487:512 the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene 487:527 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 1 41 theme electrochemical 256:270 arg1 sensor 272:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor 235:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan 235:356 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 6 42 theme surface 963:969 arg1 area 971:974 large surface area 957:974 large surface area 957:974 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 1 43 dep  have 363:367 arg1 sensor 272:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor 235:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan 235:356 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 3 44 from 39° 645:647 arg1 peak 593:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak 567:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° 567:604 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 44 from 39° 645:647 arg1 morphology 555:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 44 from 39° 645:647 arg1 plane 636:640 1 0 4 plane 630:640 1 0 4 plane at 39° 630:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 44 from 39° 645:647 arg1 absence 619:625 complete absence 610:625 complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39° 610:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 6 45 theme high 1126:1129 arg1 selectivity 1131:1141 high selectivity 1126:1141 high selectivity 1126:1141 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 3 46 theme layered 547:553 arg1 morphology 555:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 6 47 theme Excellent 933:941 arg1 conductivity 943:954 Excellent conductivity 933:954 Excellent conductivity 933:954 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 9 48 theme sumatriptan described 1733:1753 arg1 determination 1672:1684 the voltammetric determination 1655:1684 the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described 1655:1753 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 3 49 dep peak 593:596 arg1 diffraction 581:591 diffraction 581:591 diffraction 581:591 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 0 50 theme thin 145:148 arg1 film 150:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 An electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan based on self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film. 32572633 1 51 theme  have 363:367 arg1 Ti3C2-MXene 203:213 Ti3C2-MXene 203:213 Ti3C2-MXene 203:213 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 1 51 theme  have 363:367 arg1 chit 229:232 chit 229:232 chit 229:232 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 5 52 theme electrocatalytic 864:879 arg1 activities 881:890 enhanced electrocatalytic activities 855:890 enhanced electrocatalytic activities 855:890 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 6 53 theme high 981:984 arg1 properties 996:1005 high catalytic properties 981:1005 high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene 981:1024 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 8 54 theme serum 1490:1494 arg1 samples 1496:1502 urine and blood serum samples 1474:1502 urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21% 1474:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 3 55 theme complete 610:617 arg1 absence 619:625 complete absence 610:625 complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39° 610:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 9 56 theme Schematic 1530:1538 arg1 illustration 1540:1551 Schematic illustration 1530:1551 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1530:1621 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 1 57 theme New 156:158 arg1 nanotubes 180:188 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes 156:188 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have 156:367 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 7 58 theme concentration 1229:1241 arg1 ranges 1243:1248 the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively 1225:1386 the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively 1225:1386 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 1 59 theme carbon 173:178 arg1 nanotubes 180:188 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes 156:188 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have 156:367 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 9 60 theme synthesis 1560:1568 arg1 illustration 1540:1551 Schematic illustration 1530:1551 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1530:1621 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 4 61 theme adsorptive 739:748 arg1 voltammetry 779:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 3 62 from 7.5° 601:604 arg1 peak 593:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak 567:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° 567:604 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 62 from 7.5° 601:604 arg1 morphology 555:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 62 from 7.5° 601:604 arg1 absence 619:625 complete absence 610:625 complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39° 610:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 0 63 theme MXene/MWCNT/chitosan 110:129 arg1 film 150:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 An electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan based on self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film. 32572633 9 64 theme self-assembled 1573:1586 arg1 nanocomposite 1609:1621 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1573:1621 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1573:1621 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 4 65 theme differential 760:771 arg1 voltammetry 779:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry 739:789 The electrochemical performance of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. 32572633 5 66 theme modified 813:820 arg1 electrode 836:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 9 67 theme nanocomposite 1609:1621 arg1 synthesis 1560:1568 the synthesis 1556:1568 the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite 1556:1621 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 2 68 theme fluoride 418:425 arg1 method 427:432 a fluoride method 416:432 a fluoride method 416:432 Ti3C2-MXene was synthesized by a fluoride method. 32572633 10 69 dep abstract 1766:1773 arg1 Graphical 1756:1764 Graphical 1756:1764 Graphical 1756:1764 Graphical abstract. 32572633 5 70 theme carbon 829:834 arg1 electrode 836:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode 792:844 The Ti3C2/MWCNT/Chit modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of target analytes. 32572633 6 71 theme detection 1093:1101 arg1 limits 1103:1108 low detection limits 1089:1108 low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility 1089:1161 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.00028 1341:1347 0.00028 1341:1347 0.00028 1341:1347 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.0042-7.1 1262:1271 0.0042-7.1 1262:1271 0.0042-7.1 1262:1271 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.00034 1350:1356 0.00034 1350:1356 0.00034 1350:1356 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.0046-7.3 1274:1283 0.0046-7.3 1274:1283 0.0046-7.3 1274:1283 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.0011-1.0 1250:1259 0.0011-1.0 1250:1259 0.0011-1.0 1250:1259 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.00042 μM 1363:1372 0.00042 μM 1363:1372 0.00042 μM 1363:1372 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 72 dep ranges 1243:1248 arg1 0.0033-61 μM 1290:1301 0.0033-61 μM 1290:1301 0.0033-61 μM 1290:1301 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 3 73 from peak 593:596 arg1 39° 645:647 39° 645:647 39° 645:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 74 theme chemical 450:457 arg1 characterizations 459:475 Structural and chemical characterizations 435:475 Structural and chemical characterizations 435:475 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 7 75 theme IFO 1198:1200 arg1 determination 1181:1193 determination 1181:1193 determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM 1181:1220 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 7 76 theme detection 1312:1320 arg1 limits 1322:1327 low detection limits 1308:1327 low detection limits of 0.00031 1308:1338 The assay allows determination of IFO, ACOP, DOM, and SUM in the concentration ranges 0.0011-1.0, 0.0042-7.1, 0.0046-7.3, and 0.0033-61 μM with low detection limits of 0.00031, 0.00028, 0.00034, and 0.00042 μM, respectively. 32572633 0 77 theme self-assembled 95:108 arg1 film 150:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film 95:153 An electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan based on self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film. 32572633 6 78 with targets 1113:1119 arg1 reproducibility 1147:1161 reproducibility 1147:1161 reproducibility 1147:1161 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 6 78 with targets 1113:1119 arg1 selectivity 1131:1141 high selectivity 1126:1141 high selectivity 1126:1141 Excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high catalytic properties of the Ti3C2-MXene showed synergistic effects with MWCNTs and helped in achieving low detection limits of targets with high selectivity and reproducibility. 32572633 3 79 theme successful 491:500 arg1 preparation 502:512 the successful preparation 487:512 the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene 487:527 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 80 theme plane 636:640 arg1 peak 593:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak 567:596 defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° 567:604 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 80 theme plane 636:640 arg1 morphology 555:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 clearly seen layered morphology 534:564 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 3 80 theme plane 636:640 arg1 absence 619:625 complete absence 610:625 complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39° 610:647 Structural and chemical characterizations suggested the successful preparation of Ti3C2-MXene with clearly seen layered morphology, defined 0 0 2 diffraction peak at 7.5° and complete absence of 1 0 4 plane at 39°. 32572633 8 81 theme voltammetric 1429:1440 arg1 screening 1442:1450 voltammetric screening 1429:1450 voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21% 1429:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 8 82 with samples 1496:1502 arg1 % 1527:1527 recoveries > 95.21% 1509:1527 recoveries > 95.21% 1509:1527 The sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric screening of target analytes in urine and blood serum samples with recoveries > 95.21%. 32572633 1 83 theme film-based 245:254 arg1 sensor 272:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor 235:277 composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan 235:356 New multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported on Ti3C2-MXene and chitosan (chit) composite film-based electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide (IFO), acetaminophen (ACOP), domperidone (DOM), and sumatriptan (SUM) have been developed. 32572633 9 84 theme ifosfamide 1689:1698 arg1 determination 1672:1684 the voltammetric determination 1655:1684 the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described 1655:1753 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite is given and its application to the voltammetric determination of ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan described. 32572633 0 85 theme electrochemical 3:17 arg1 sensor 19:24 An electrochemical sensor 0:24 An electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan 0:84 An electrochemical sensor for ifosfamide, acetaminophen, domperidone, and sumatriptan based on self-assembled MXene/MWCNT/chitosan nanocomposite thin film. 34441483 0 0 theme Fiber 84:88 arg1 Consideration 59:71 Special Consideration 51:71 Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants 51:118 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 2 1 theme potential 456:464 arg1 contaminants 479:490 potential heat-induced contaminants 456:490 potential heat-induced contaminants 456:490 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 6 2 theme macroelements 1257:1269 arg1 presence 1245:1252 the presence 1241:1252 the presence of macroelements in large amounts 1241:1286 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 7 3 theme µg/kg 1421:1425 arg1 levels 1404:1409 levels 1404:1409 levels of 24-161 µg/kg 1404:1425 Acrylamide was quantified with levels of 24-161 µg/kg. 34441483 1 4 theme large 155:159 arg1 amounts 161:167 large amounts 155:167 large amounts 155:167 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 5 5 theme coffee 1072:1077 arg1 skin 1086:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 6 6 dep showed 1234:1239 arg1 whereas 1289:1295 whereas 1289:1295 whereas 1289:1295 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 0 7 theme Dietary 76:82 arg1 Fiber 84:88 Dietary Fiber 76:88 Dietary Fiber 76:88 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 3 8 theme molecular 679:687 arg1 weight 689:694 low molecular weight 675:694 low molecular weight soluble fiber 675:708 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 5 9 theme essential 1034:1042 arg1 acids 1050:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 5 10 dep g/100 1017:1021 arg1 to 1011:1012 to 1011:1012 to 1011:1012 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 2 11 dep species 262:268 arg1 pellets 354:360 silver skin pellets 342:360 silver skin pellets 342:360 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 2 11 dep species 262:268 arg1 Pierre 309:314 Pierre 309:314 Pierre 309:314 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 0 12 theme Heat-Induced 94:105 arg1 Contaminants 107:118 Heat-Induced Contaminants 94:118 Heat-Induced Contaminants 94:118 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 3 13 theme weight 689:694 arg1 fiber 704:708 low molecular weight soluble fiber 675:708 low molecular weight soluble fiber 675:708 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 4 14 theme soluble 899:905 arg1 fraction 921:928 the soluble dietary fiber fraction 895:928 the soluble dietary fiber fraction 895:928 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 4 15 theme fiber 839:843 arg1 fraction 845:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 3 16 theme fiber 560:564 arg1 content 566:572 the dietary fiber content 548:572 the dietary fiber content 548:572 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 4 17 theme methylation 746:756 arg1 analysis 758:765 Compositional and methylation analysis 728:765 analysis 758:765 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 5 18 located present 1061:1067 arg1 skin 1086:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 5 18 located present 1061:1067 arg2 acids 1050:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 3 19 theme content 566:572 arg1 determination 531:543 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination 493:543 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content 493:572 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 2 20 theme species 262:268 arg1 skin 250:253 coffee silver skin 236:253 coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry 236:392 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 5 21 theme silver 1079:1084 arg1 skin 1086:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 2 22 theme coffee 378:383 arg1 industry 385:392 the coffee industry 374:392 the coffee industry 374:392 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 0 23 theme Contaminants 107:118 arg1 Consideration 59:71 Special Consideration 51:71 Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants 51:118 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 6 24 attach presence 1245:1252 arg2 macroelements 1257:1269 macroelements 1257:1269 macroelements 1257:1269 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 24 attach presence 1245:1252 arg1 amounts 1280:1286 large amounts 1274:1286 large amounts 1274:1286 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 5 25 theme fat 1100:1102 arg1 contents 1104:1111 fat contents 1100:1111 fat contents 1100:1111 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 3 26 theme dietary 552:558 arg1 content 566:572 the dietary fiber content 548:572 the dietary fiber content 548:572 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 4 27 theme cellulose 793:801 arg1 presence 781:788 the presence 777:788 the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 777:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 0 28 theme Silver 7:12 arg1 Skin 14:17 Coffee Silver Skin 0:17 Coffee Silver Skin 0:17 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 6 29 theme trace 1342:1346 arg1 amounts 1348:1354 trace amounts 1342:1354 trace amounts 1342:1354 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 4 30 theme pectic 863:868 arg1 polysaccharides 870:884 pectic polysaccharides 863:884 pectic polysaccharides 863:884 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 2 31 dep Pierre 309:314 arg1 ex 316:317 Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets 270:360 ex 316:317 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 2 31 dep Pierre 309:314 arg1 Froehner 322:329 Froehner 322:329 Froehner 322:329 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 2 32 theme skin 349:352 arg1 pellets 354:360 silver skin pellets 342:360 silver skin pellets 342:360 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 0 33 theme Coffee 0:5 arg1 Skin 14:17 Coffee Silver Skin 0:17 Coffee Silver Skin 0:17 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 4 34 theme Compositional 728:740 arg1 analysis 758:765 Compositional and methylation analysis 728:765 analysis 758:765 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 2 35 theme silver 342:347 arg1 pellets 354:360 silver skin pellets 342:360 silver skin pellets 342:360 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 6 36 theme coupled 1192:1198 arg1 ICP-MS 1226:1231 ICP-MS 1226:1231 ICP-MS 1226:1231 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 36 theme coupled 1192:1198 arg1 spectrometry 1212:1223 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1180:1223 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 1180:1232 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 37 located detected 1330:1337 arg2 elements 1311:1318 toxic mineral elements 1297:1318 toxic mineral elements 1297:1318 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 37 located detected 1330:1337 arg1 amounts 1348:1354 trace amounts 1342:1354 trace amounts 1342:1354 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 5 38 from skin 1086:1089 arg1 present 1061:1067 present 1061:1067 present 1061:1067 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 4 39 attach presence 781:788 arg2 cellulose 793:801 cellulose 793:801 cellulose 793:801 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 4 39 attach presence 781:788 arg1 fraction 845:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 4 39 attach presence 781:788 arg2 xylans 807:812 xylans 807:812 xylans 807:812 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 6 40 theme mineral 1303:1309 arg1 elements 1311:1318 toxic mineral elements 1297:1318 toxic mineral elements 1297:1318 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 41 theme Elemental 1158:1166 arg1 analysis 1168:1175 Elemental analysis 1158:1175 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 1158:1232 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 3 42 theme Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic 493:529 arg1 determination 531:543 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination 493:543 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content 493:572 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 5 43 theme g 1023:1023 arg1 range 999:1003 the range 995:1003 the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g 995:1023 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 1 44 theme coffee 196:201 arg1 process 212:218 the coffee roasting process 192:218 the coffee roasting process 192:218 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 5 45 theme protein 935:941 arg1 content 943:949 The protein content 931:949 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method 931:986 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 6 46 theme plasma 1200:1205 arg1 ICP-MS 1226:1231 ICP-MS 1226:1231 ICP-MS 1226:1231 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 46 theme plasma 1200:1205 arg1 spectrometry 1212:1223 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1180:1223 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 1180:1232 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 3 47 theme soluble 652:658 arg1 fiber 660:664 soluble fiber 652:664 soluble fiber 652:664 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 4 48 theme insoluble 821:829 arg1 fraction 845:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 3 49 dep g/100 610:614 arg1 to 604:605 to 604:605 to 604:605 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 1 50 theme roasting 203:210 arg1 process 212:218 the coffee roasting process 192:218 the coffee roasting process 192:218 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 0 51 theme Chemical 20:27 arg1 Characterization 29:44 Chemical Characterization 20:44 Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants 20:118 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 2 52 theme nutritional 434:444 arg1 value 446:450 nutritional value 434:450 nutritional value 434:450 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 3 53 theme high 636:639 arg1 portion 641:647 a comparably high portion 623:647 a comparably high portion of soluble fiber 623:664 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 6 54 theme mass 1207:1210 arg1 ICP-MS 1226:1231 ICP-MS 1226:1231 ICP-MS 1226:1231 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 6 54 theme mass 1207:1210 arg1 spectrometry 1212:1223 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1180:1223 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 1180:1232 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 0 55 theme Special 51:57 arg1 Consideration 59:71 Special Consideration 51:71 Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants 51:118 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 5 56 from present 1061:1067 arg1 skin 1086:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 4 57 theme fiber 915:919 arg1 fraction 921:928 the soluble dietary fiber fraction 895:928 the soluble dietary fiber fraction 895:928 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 6 58 theme toxic 1297:1301 arg1 elements 1311:1318 toxic mineral elements 1297:1318 toxic mineral elements 1297:1318 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 0 59 dep Characterization 29:44 arg1 Skin 14:17 Coffee Silver Skin 0:17 Coffee Silver Skin 0:17 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 8 60 theme determination 1516:1528 arg1 limit 1507:1511 the limit 1503:1511 the limit of determination 1503:1528 Although 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was detected, its concentration was below the limit of determination. 34441483 1 61 theme Coffee 121:126 arg1 skin 135:138 Coffee silver skin 121:138 Coffee silver skin 121:138 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 1 61 theme Coffee 121:126 arg1 by-product 174:183 a by-product 172:183 a by-product during the coffee roasting process 172:218 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 5 62 theme high 1123:1126 arg1 contents 1132:1139 high ash contents 1123:1139 high ash contents 1123:1139 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 4 63 theme dietary 907:913 arg1 fraction 921:928 the soluble dietary fiber fraction 895:928 the soluble dietary fiber fraction 895:928 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 4 64 theme dietary 831:837 arg1 fraction 845:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 1 65 theme silver 128:133 arg1 skin 135:138 Coffee silver skin 121:138 Coffee silver skin 121:138 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 1 65 theme silver 128:133 arg1 by-product 174:183 a by-product 172:183 a by-product during the coffee roasting process 172:218 Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. 34441483 5 66 theme ash 1128:1130 arg1 contents 1132:1139 high ash contents 1123:1139 high ash contents 1123:1139 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 6 67 theme large 1274:1278 arg1 amounts 1280:1286 large amounts 1274:1286 large amounts 1274:1286 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 3 68 theme low 675:677 arg1 weight 689:694 low molecular weight 675:694 low molecular weight soluble fiber 675:708 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 4 69 from presence 781:788 arg1 fraction 845:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 817:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 6 70 from presence 1245:1252 arg1 amounts 1280:1286 large amounts 1274:1286 large amounts 1274:1286 Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. 34441483 3 71 theme fiber 660:664 arg1 portion 641:647 a comparably high portion 623:647 a comparably high portion of soluble fiber 623:664 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 2 72 theme silver 243:248 arg1 skin 250:253 coffee silver skin 236:253 coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry 236:392 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 5 73 dep content 943:949 arg1 determined 954:963 determined 954:963 determined by the Kjeldahl method 954:986 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 5 74 theme amino 1044:1048 arg1 acids 1050:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 2 75 theme coffee 236:241 arg1 skin 250:253 coffee silver skin 236:253 coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry 236:392 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 5 76 theme Kjeldahl 972:979 arg1 method 981:986 the Kjeldahl method 968:986 the Kjeldahl method 968:986 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 9 77 theme Furfuryl 1531:1538 arg1 alcohol 1540:1546 Furfuryl alcohol 1531:1546 Furfuryl alcohol 1531:1546 Furfuryl alcohol was not detected. 34441483 2 78 theme heat-induced 466:477 arg1 contaminants 479:490 potential heat-induced contaminants 456:490 potential heat-induced contaminants 456:490 In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. 34441483 3 79 theme soluble 696:702 arg1 fiber 704:708 low molecular weight soluble fiber 675:708 low molecular weight soluble fiber 675:708 Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. 34441483 4 80 theme xylans 807:812 arg1 presence 781:788 the presence 777:788 the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction 777:852 Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. 34441483 0 81 with Characterization 29:44 arg1 Consideration 59:71 Special Consideration 51:71 Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants 51:118 Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants. 34441483 5 82 attach present 1061:1067 arg1 skin 1086:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 coffee silver skin 1072:1089 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 34441483 5 82 attach present 1061:1067 arg2 acids 1050:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 all essential amino acids 1030:1054 The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. 32019882 8 0 theme surface 1265:1271 arg1 glycans 1282:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 7 1 link O-linked 986:993 arg1 glycans 995:1001 truncated O-linked glycans 976:1001 truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 976:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 1 link O-linked 986:993 arg1 ligands 1008:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 1 2 theme brain 167:171 arg1 Glioblastoma 131:142 Glioblastoma 131:142 Glioblastoma 131:142 Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain malignancy, for which immunotherapy has failed to prolong survival. 32019882 1 2 theme brain 167:171 arg1 malignancy 173:182 the most aggressive brain malignancy 147:182 the most aggressive brain malignancy 147:182 Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain malignancy, for which immunotherapy has failed to prolong survival. 32019882 6 3 theme increased 714:722 arg1 expression 724:733 increased expression 714:733 increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 714:785 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 8 4 theme cell 1260:1263 arg1 glycans 1282:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 4 5 from signaling 566:574 arg1 TAMs 579:582 TAMs 579:582 TAMs 579:582 These tumor-associated glycans trigger inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors. 32019882 0 6 link O-linked 32:39 arg1 glycans 41:47 truncated O-linked glycans 22:47 truncated O-linked glycans 22:47 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 0 7 theme macrophage 97:106 arg1 lectin 123:128 the macrophage galactose-type lectin 93:128 the macrophage galactose-type lectin 93:128 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 7 8 theme wide 1061:1064 arg1 heterogeneity 1066:1078 a wide heterogeneity 1059:1078 a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells 1059:1108 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 9 theme myeloid 1096:1102 arg1 cells 1104:1108 infiltrating myeloid cells 1083:1108 infiltrating myeloid cells 1083:1108 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 5 10 theme immune 683:688 arg1 suppressor 690:699 a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor 665:699 a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor 665:699 We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. 32019882 5 10 theme immune 683:688 arg1 glycocalyx 651:660 the glioblastoma glycocalyx 634:660 the glioblastoma glycocalyx 634:660 We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. 32019882 8 11 link O-linked 1273:1280 arg1 glycans 1282:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 8 12 theme O-linked 1273:1280 arg1 glycans 1282:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 cell surface O-linked glycans 1260:1288 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 2 13 theme immune 379:384 arg1 suppression 386:396 immune suppression 379:396 immune suppression 379:396 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 6 14 theme galactose-type 818:831 arg1 MGL 841:843 MGL 841:843 MGL 841:843 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 14 theme galactose-type 818:831 arg1 lectin 833:838 macrophage galactose-type lectin 807:838 macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) 807:844 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 14 theme galactose-type 818:831 arg1 receptor 797:804 their receptor 791:804 their receptor 791:804 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 7 15 gly heterogeneity 1066:1078 arg1 cells 1104:1108 infiltrating myeloid cells 1083:1108 infiltrating myeloid cells 1083:1108 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 8 16 theme local 1294:1298 arg1 modulation 1319:1328 local and distant immune modulation 1294:1328 local and distant immune modulation 1294:1328 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 7 17 theme truncated 976:984 arg1 glycans 995:1001 truncated O-linked glycans 976:1001 truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 976:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 17 theme truncated 976:984 arg1 ligands 1008:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 6 18 theme macrophage 807:816 arg1 MGL 841:843 MGL 841:843 MGL 841:843 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 18 theme macrophage 807:816 arg1 lectin 833:838 macrophage galactose-type lectin 807:838 macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) 807:844 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 18 theme macrophage 807:816 arg1 receptor 797:804 their receptor 791:804 their receptor 791:804 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 0 19 theme galactose-type 108:121 arg1 lectin 123:128 the macrophage galactose-type lectin 93:128 the macrophage galactose-type lectin 93:128 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 6 20 link O-linked 770:777 arg1 glycans 779:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 5 21 theme glioblastoma 638:649 arg1 suppressor 690:699 a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor 665:699 a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor 665:699 We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. 32019882 5 21 theme glioblastoma 638:649 arg1 glycocalyx 651:660 the glioblastoma glycocalyx 634:660 the glioblastoma glycocalyx 634:660 We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. 32019882 2 22 theme tumor-associated 301:316 arg1 microglia 334:342 microglia 334:342 microglia (TAMs) 334:349 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 22 theme tumor-associated 301:316 arg1 mediators 366:374 key mediators 362:374 key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy 362:428 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 22 theme tumor-associated 301:316 arg1 macrophages 318:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 7 23 from marrow 1196:1201 arg1 infiltration 1125:1136 increased infiltration 1115:1136 increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM) 1115:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 3 24 theme glycans 481:487 arg1 expression 467:476 aberrant expression 458:476 aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types 458:513 We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. 32019882 8 25 theme distant 1304:1310 arg1 modulation 1319:1328 local and distant immune modulation 1294:1328 local and distant immune modulation 1294:1328 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 4 26 theme tumor-associated 522:537 arg1 glycans 539:545 These tumor-associated glycans 516:545 These tumor-associated glycans 516:545 These tumor-associated glycans trigger inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors. 32019882 6 27 theme patient-derived 878:892 arg1 tissues 900:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 3 28 theme aberrant 458:465 arg1 expression 467:476 aberrant expression 458:476 aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types 458:513 We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. 32019882 6 29 theme glioblastoma 865:876 arg1 tissues 900:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 7 30 theme glioma 942:947 arg1 model 955:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model 912:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 912:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 2 31 theme resistance 402:411 arg1 microglia 334:342 microglia 334:342 microglia (TAMs) 334:349 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 31 theme resistance 402:411 arg1 mediators 366:374 key mediators 362:374 key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy 362:428 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 31 theme resistance 402:411 arg1 macrophages 318:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 0 32 theme O-linked 32:39 arg1 glycans 41:47 truncated O-linked glycans 22:47 truncated O-linked glycans 22:47 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 7 33 theme bone 1191:1194 arg1 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 33 theme bone 1191:1194 arg1 marrow 1196:1201 the bone marrow 1187:1201 the bone marrow (BM) 1187:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 5 34 theme tumor-intrinsic 667:681 arg1 suppressor 690:699 a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor 665:699 a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor 665:699 We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. 32019882 5 34 theme tumor-intrinsic 667:681 arg1 glycocalyx 651:660 the glioblastoma glycocalyx 634:660 the glioblastoma glycocalyx 634:660 We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. 32019882 3 35 theme cancer 502:507 arg1 types 509:513 different cancer types 492:513 different cancer types 492:513 We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. 32019882 0 36 theme truncated 22:30 arg1 glycans 41:47 truncated O-linked glycans 22:47 truncated O-linked glycans 22:47 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 7 37 theme orthotopic 931:940 arg1 model 955:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model 912:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 912:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 6 38 theme glycans 779:785 arg1 lectin 833:838 macrophage galactose-type lectin 807:838 macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) 807:844 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 38 theme glycans 779:785 arg1 expression 724:733 increased expression 714:733 increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 714:785 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 38 theme glycans 779:785 arg1 receptor 797:804 their receptor 791:804 their receptor 791:804 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 7 39 theme O-linked 986:993 arg1 glycans 995:1001 truncated O-linked glycans 976:1001 truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 976:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 39 theme O-linked 986:993 arg1 ligands 1008:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 6 40 link patient-derived 878:892 arg1 tissues 900:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 2 41 theme immune 265:270 arg1 infiltrates 272:282 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates 241:282 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates 241:282 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 6 42 theme O-linked 770:777 arg1 glycans 779:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 7 43 from TAMs 1148:1151 arg1 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 43 from TAMs 1148:1151 arg1 marrow 1196:1201 the bone marrow 1187:1201 the bone marrow (BM) 1187:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 44 theme high-dimensional 1018:1033 arg1 cytometry 1040:1048 high-dimensional mass cytometry 1018:1048 high-dimensional mass cytometry 1018:1048 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 45 from infiltration 1125:1136 arg1 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 45 from infiltration 1125:1136 arg1 marrow 1196:1201 the bone marrow 1187:1201 the bone marrow (BM) 1187:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 2 46 theme Glioblastoma-associated 241:263 arg1 infiltrates 272:282 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates 241:282 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates 241:282 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 7 47 theme TAMs 1148:1151 arg1 infiltration 1125:1136 increased infiltration 1115:1136 increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM) 1115:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 3 48 theme different 492:500 arg1 types 509:513 different cancer types 492:513 different cancer types 492:513 We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. 32019882 7 49 theme mouse 949:953 arg1 model 955:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model 912:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 912:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 50 theme distant 1164:1170 arg1 alterations 1172:1182 distant alterations 1164:1182 PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM) 1141:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 6 51 theme CD163+ 850:855 arg1 TAMs 857:860 CD163+ TAMs 850:860 CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 850:906 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 0 52 theme local 53:57 arg1 modulation 78:87 local and distant immune modulation 53:87 local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin 53:128 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 7 53 theme alterations 1172:1182 arg1 infiltration 1125:1136 increased infiltration 1115:1136 increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM) 1115:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 2 54 theme key 362:364 arg1 microglia 334:342 microglia 334:342 microglia (TAMs) 334:349 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 54 theme key 362:364 arg1 mediators 366:374 key mediators 362:374 key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy 362:428 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 54 theme key 362:364 arg1 macrophages 318:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 6 55 theme truncated 760:768 arg1 glycans 779:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 4 56 theme glycan-binding 592:605 arg1 receptors 607:615 glycan-binding receptors 592:615 glycan-binding receptors 592:615 These tumor-associated glycans trigger inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors. 32019882 6 57 theme tumor 894:898 arg1 tissues 900:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 7 58 theme PD-L1+ 1141:1146 arg1 TAMs 1148:1151 PD-L1+ TAMs 1141:1151 PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM) 1141:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 6 59 from TAMs 857:860 arg1 tissues 900:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues 865:906 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 6 60 theme tumor-associated 743:758 arg1 glycans 779:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans 738:785 We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. 32019882 7 61 theme increased 1115:1123 arg1 infiltration 1125:1136 increased infiltration 1115:1136 increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM) 1115:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 1 62 theme aggressive 156:165 arg1 Glioblastoma 131:142 Glioblastoma 131:142 Glioblastoma 131:142 Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain malignancy, for which immunotherapy has failed to prolong survival. 32019882 1 62 theme aggressive 156:165 arg1 malignancy 173:182 the most aggressive brain malignancy 147:182 the most aggressive brain malignancy 147:182 Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain malignancy, for which immunotherapy has failed to prolong survival. 32019882 7 63 theme immunocompetent 915:929 arg1 model 955:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model 912:959 an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 912:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 0 64 theme immune 71:76 arg1 modulation 78:87 local and distant immune modulation 53:87 local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin 53:128 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 3 65 from expression 467:476 arg1 types 509:513 different cancer types 492:513 different cancer types 492:513 We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. 32019882 7 66 theme infiltrating 1083:1094 arg1 cells 1104:1108 infiltrating myeloid cells 1083:1108 infiltrating myeloid cells 1083:1108 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 67 theme mass 1035:1038 arg1 cytometry 1040:1048 high-dimensional mass cytometry 1018:1048 high-dimensional mass cytometry 1018:1048 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 0 68 theme distant 63:69 arg1 modulation 78:87 local and distant immune modulation 53:87 local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin 53:128 Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. 32019882 4 69 theme inhibitory 555:564 arg1 signaling 566:574 inhibitory signaling 555:574 inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors 555:615 These tumor-associated glycans trigger inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors. 32019882 8 70 theme immune 1312:1317 arg1 modulation 1319:1328 local and distant immune modulation 1294:1328 local and distant immune modulation 1294:1328 Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation. 32019882 7 71 theme cells 1104:1108 arg1 heterogeneity 1066:1078 a wide heterogeneity 1059:1078 a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells 1059:1108 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 2 72 theme suppression 386:396 arg1 microglia 334:342 microglia 334:342 microglia (TAMs) 334:349 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 72 theme suppression 386:396 arg1 mediators 366:374 key mediators 362:374 key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy 362:428 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 2 72 theme suppression 386:396 arg1 macrophages 318:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 tumor-associated macrophages 301:328 Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. 32019882 7 73 theme MGL 1004:1006 arg1 glycans 995:1001 truncated O-linked glycans 976:1001 truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands) 976:1015 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 73 theme MGL 1004:1006 arg1 ligands 1008:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 MGL ligands 1004:1014 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 74 from alterations 1172:1182 arg1 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 BM 1204:1205 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 32019882 7 74 from alterations 1172:1182 arg1 marrow 1196:1201 the bone marrow 1187:1201 the bone marrow (BM) 1187:1206 In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). 33363554 12 0 theme material 1582:1589 arg1 sources 1563:1569 sources 1563:1569 sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits 1563:1620 Genotypes from semi-arid climates might offer sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits. 33363554 10 1 theme vapor 1218:1222 arg1 deficit 1233:1239 the vapor pressure deficit 1214:1239 the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone 1214:1277 Mucilage exudation was positively associated with the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone. 33363554 11 2 theme vapor 1343:1347 arg1 pressure 1349:1356 high vapor pressure 1338:1356 high vapor pressure deficit 1338:1364 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 0 3 from Polysaccharide 9:22 arg1 Regions 85:91 Contrasting Climatic Regions 64:91 Contrasting Climatic Regions 64:91 Mucilage Polysaccharide Composition and Exudation in Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions. 33363554 0 3 from Polysaccharide 9:22 arg1 Maize 53:57 Maize 53:57 Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions 53:91 Mucilage Polysaccharide Composition and Exudation in Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions. 33363554 10 4 theme agroecological 1259:1272 arg1 zone 1274:1277 the genotypes' agroecological zone 1244:1277 the genotypes' agroecological zone 1244:1277 Mucilage exudation was positively associated with the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone. 33363554 11 5 theme higher 1376:1381 arg1 exudation 1392:1400 higher mucilage exudation 1376:1400 higher mucilage exudation 1376:1400 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 4 6 theme exudation 599:607 arg1 amount 609:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 4 6 theme exudation 599:607 arg1 sugars 625:630 neutral sugars 617:630 neutral sugars 617:630 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 4 6 theme exudation 599:607 arg1 acids 643:647 uronic acids 636:647 uronic acids 636:647 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 7 7 theme Glucuronic 873:882 arg1 acid 884:887 Glucuronic acid 873:887 Glucuronic acid (∼3-5%) 873:895 Glucuronic acid (∼3-5%) was the only uronic acid detected. 33363554 7 7 theme Glucuronic 873:882 arg1 % 894:894 ∼3-5% 890:894 ∼3-5% 890:894 Glucuronic acid (∼3-5%) was the only uronic acid detected. 33363554 11 8 theme mucilage 1383:1390 arg1 exudation 1392:1400 higher mucilage exudation 1376:1400 higher mucilage exudation 1376:1400 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 4 9 theme neutral 617:623 arg1 amount 609:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 4 9 theme neutral 617:623 arg1 sugars 625:630 neutral sugars 617:630 neutral sugars 617:630 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 3 10 theme field 572:576 arg1 experiment 578:587 a randomized field experiment 559:587 a randomized field experiment 559:587 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 9 11 theme M 1073:1073 arg1 Gold 1075:1078 900 M Gold 1069:1078 900 M Gold 1069:1078 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 9 11 theme M 1073:1073 arg1 Indian 1061:1066 the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes 1057:1108 Indian 1061:1066 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 3 12 theme randomized 561:570 arg1 experiment 578:587 a randomized field experiment 559:587 a randomized field experiment 559:587 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 7 13 dep detected 922:929 arg1 acid 917:920 the only uronic acid 901:920 the only uronic acid 901:920 Glucuronic acid (∼3-5%) was the only uronic acid detected. 33363554 5 14 from sugars 770:775 arg1 mucilage 791:798 nodal root mucilage 780:798 nodal root mucilage 780:798 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 8 15 theme polysaccharide 936:949 arg1 composition 951:961 The polysaccharide composition 932:961 The polysaccharide composition 932:961 The polysaccharide composition differed significantly between maize genotypes. 33363554 2 16 from composition 353:363 arg1 amounts 322:328 mucilage amounts 313:328 mucilage amounts 313:328 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 12 17 from climates 1542:1549 arg1 Genotypes 1517:1525 Genotypes 1517:1525 Genotypes from semi-arid climates 1517:1549 Genotypes from semi-arid climates might offer sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits. 33363554 11 18 theme pressure 1349:1356 arg1 deficit 1358:1364 high vapor pressure deficit 1338:1364 high vapor pressure deficit 1338:1364 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 1 19 theme maize 175:179 arg1 tips 208:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 Mucilage, a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides, is exuded by maize nodal and underground root tips. 33363554 12 20 theme semi-arid 1532:1540 arg1 climates 1542:1549 semi-arid climates 1532:1549 semi-arid climates 1532:1549 Genotypes from semi-arid climates might offer sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits. 33363554 1 21 theme nodal 181:185 arg1 tips 208:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 Mucilage, a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides, is exuded by maize nodal and underground root tips. 33363554 3 22 theme Zea 430:432 arg1 L. 439:440 Zea mays L. 430:440 Zea mays L. 430:440 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 3 22 theme Zea 430:432 arg1 maize 423:427 eight maize 417:427 eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones 417:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 5 23 theme major 756:760 arg1 mannose 705:711 mannose 705:711 mannose (∼11-14%) 705:721 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 23 theme major 756:760 arg1 Galactose 666:674 Galactose 666:674 Galactose (∼39-42%) 666:684 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 23 theme major 756:760 arg1 arabinose 728:736 arabinose 728:736 arabinose (∼8-11%) 728:745 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 23 theme major 756:760 arg1 fucose 687:692 fucose 687:692 fucose (∼22-30%) 687:702 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 23 theme major 756:760 arg1 sugars 770:775 the major neutral sugars 752:775 the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage 752:798 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 12 24 theme mucilage 1606:1613 arg1 traits 1615:1620 beneficial mucilage traits 1595:1620 beneficial mucilage traits 1595:1620 Genotypes from semi-arid climates might offer sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits. 33363554 3 25 from zones 504:508 arg1 genotypes 443:451 eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes 417:451 eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones 417:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 11 26 theme deficit 1508:1514 arg1 periods 1477:1483 periods 1477:1483 periods of high vapor pressure deficit 1477:1514 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 3 27 theme mays 434:437 arg1 L. 439:440 Zea mays L. 430:440 Zea mays L. 430:440 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 3 27 theme mays 434:437 arg1 maize 423:427 eight maize 417:427 eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones 417:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 5 28 theme neutral 762:768 arg1 mannose 705:711 mannose 705:711 mannose (∼11-14%) 705:721 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 28 theme neutral 762:768 arg1 Galactose 666:674 Galactose 666:674 Galactose (∼39-42%) 666:684 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 28 theme neutral 762:768 arg1 arabinose 728:736 arabinose 728:736 arabinose (∼8-11%) 728:745 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 28 theme neutral 762:768 arg1 fucose 687:692 fucose 687:692 fucose (∼22-30%) 687:702 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 5 28 theme neutral 762:768 arg1 sugars 770:775 the major neutral sugars 752:775 the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage 752:798 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 9 29 theme Kenyan 1085:1090 arg1 DH 1093:1094 DH 02 1093:1097 DH 02 1093:1097 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 9 29 theme Kenyan 1085:1090 arg1 genotypes 1100:1108 the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes 1057:1108 genotypes 1100:1108 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 10 30 theme zone 1274:1277 arg1 deficit 1233:1239 the vapor pressure deficit 1214:1239 the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone 1214:1277 Mucilage exudation was positively associated with the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone. 33363554 2 31 theme mucilage 313:320 arg1 amounts 322:328 mucilage amounts 313:328 mucilage amounts 313:328 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 9 32 theme Mucilage 1011:1018 arg1 exudation 1020:1028 Mucilage exudation 1011:1028 Mucilage exudation 1011:1028 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 1 33 theme root 203:206 arg1 tips 208:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 Mucilage, a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides, is exuded by maize nodal and underground root tips. 33363554 11 34 theme pressure 1499:1506 arg1 deficit 1508:1514 high vapor pressure deficit 1488:1514 high vapor pressure deficit 1488:1514 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 4 35 theme Mucilage 590:597 arg1 amount 609:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 4 35 theme Mucilage 590:597 arg1 sugars 625:630 neutral sugars 617:630 neutral sugars 617:630 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 4 35 theme Mucilage 590:597 arg1 acids 643:647 uronic acids 636:647 uronic acids 636:647 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 11 36 with environments 1320:1331 arg1 deficit 1358:1364 high vapor pressure deficit 1338:1364 high vapor pressure deficit 1338:1364 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 1 37 theme gelatinous 106:115 arg1 substance 117:125 a gelatinous substance 104:125 a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides 104:159 Mucilage, a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides, is exuded by maize nodal and underground root tips. 33363554 1 37 theme gelatinous 106:115 arg1 Mucilage 94:101 Mucilage 94:101 Mucilage 94:101 Mucilage, a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides, is exuded by maize nodal and underground root tips. 33363554 10 38 theme Mucilage 1164:1171 arg1 exudation 1173:1181 Mucilage exudation 1164:1181 Mucilage exudation 1164:1181 Mucilage exudation was positively associated with the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone. 33363554 5 39 theme nodal 780:784 arg1 mucilage 791:798 nodal root mucilage 780:798 nodal root mucilage 780:798 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 3 40 theme maize 423:427 arg1 genotypes 443:451 eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes 417:451 eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones 417:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 6 41 theme minor 854:858 arg1 proportions 860:870 minor proportions 854:870 minor proportions 854:870 Xylose (∼1-4%), and glucose (∼1-4%) occurred only in minor proportions. 33363554 0 42 from Regions 85:91 arg1 Maize 53:57 Maize 53:57 Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions 53:91 Mucilage Polysaccharide Composition and Exudation in Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions. 33363554 0 42 from Regions 85:91 arg1 Polysaccharide 9:22 Polysaccharide 9:22 Polysaccharide 9:22 Mucilage Polysaccharide Composition and Exudation in Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions. 33363554 1 43 theme underground 191:201 arg1 tips 208:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 maize nodal and underground root tips 175:211 Mucilage, a gelatinous substance comprising mostly polysaccharides, is exuded by maize nodal and underground root tips. 33363554 5 44 theme root 786:789 arg1 mucilage 791:798 nodal root mucilage 780:798 nodal root mucilage 780:798 Galactose (∼39-42%), fucose (∼22-30%), mannose (∼11-14%), and arabinose (∼8-11%) were the major neutral sugars in nodal root mucilage. 33363554 8 45 theme maize 994:998 arg1 genotypes 1000:1008 maize genotypes 994:1008 maize genotypes 994:1008 The polysaccharide composition differed significantly between maize genotypes. 33363554 2 46 theme several 241:247 arg1 benefits 249:256 several benefits 241:256 several benefits for rhizosphere functions 241:282 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 12 47 theme genetic 1574:1580 arg1 material 1582:1589 genetic material 1574:1589 genetic material 1574:1589 Genotypes from semi-arid climates might offer sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits. 33363554 11 48 theme hydraulic 1452:1460 arg1 failure 1462:1468 hydraulic failure 1452:1468 hydraulic failure 1452:1468 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 12 49 theme beneficial 1595:1604 arg1 traits 1615:1620 beneficial mucilage traits 1595:1620 beneficial mucilage traits 1595:1620 Genotypes from semi-arid climates might offer sources of genetic material for beneficial mucilage traits. 33363554 7 50 theme uronic 910:915 arg1 acid 917:920 the only uronic acid 901:920 the only uronic acid 901:920 Glucuronic acid (∼3-5%) was the only uronic acid detected. 33363554 11 51 theme high 1488:1491 arg1 pressure 1499:1506 high vapor pressure 1488:1506 high vapor pressure deficit 1488:1514 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 11 52 theme failure 1462:1468 arg1 onset 1443:1447 the onset 1439:1447 the onset of hydraulic failure 1439:1468 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 2 53 theme polysaccharide 338:351 arg1 composition 353:363 its polysaccharide composition 334:363 its polysaccharide composition 334:363 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 2 54 from studies 285:291 arg1 composition 353:363 its polysaccharide composition 334:363 its polysaccharide composition 334:363 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 2 54 from studies 285:291 arg1 variation 300:308 the variation 296:308 the variation in mucilage amounts 296:328 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 11 55 theme vapor 1493:1497 arg1 pressure 1499:1506 high vapor pressure 1488:1506 high vapor pressure deficit 1488:1514 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 3 56 theme agroecological 489:502 arg1 zones 504:508 different globally distributed agroecological zones 458:508 different globally distributed agroecological zones 458:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 2 57 from variation 300:308 arg1 amounts 322:328 mucilage amounts 313:328 mucilage amounts 313:328 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 3 58 theme distributed 477:487 arg1 zones 504:508 different globally distributed agroecological zones 458:508 different globally distributed agroecological zones 458:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 0 59 theme Climatic 76:83 arg1 Regions 85:91 Contrasting Climatic Regions 64:91 Contrasting Climatic Regions 64:91 Mucilage Polysaccharide Composition and Exudation in Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions. 33363554 9 60 theme central 1122:1128 arg1 genotypes 1139:1147 the central European genotypes 1118:1147 the central European genotypes 1118:1147 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 2 61 theme rhizosphere 262:272 arg1 functions 274:282 rhizosphere functions 262:282 rhizosphere functions 262:282 Although mucilage provides several benefits for rhizosphere functions, studies on the variation in mucilage amounts and its polysaccharide composition between genotypes are still lacking. 33363554 3 62 theme different 458:466 arg1 zones 504:508 different globally distributed agroecological zones 458:508 different globally distributed agroecological zones 458:508 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 3 63 theme identical 527:535 arg1 conditions 545:554 identical abiotic conditions 527:554 identical abiotic conditions 527:554 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 11 64 theme high 1338:1341 arg1 pressure 1349:1356 high vapor pressure 1338:1356 high vapor pressure deficit 1338:1364 The results indicate that selection for environments with high vapor pressure deficit may favor higher mucilage exudation, possibly because mucilage can delay the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. 33363554 0 65 theme Contrasting 64:74 arg1 Regions 85:91 Contrasting Climatic Regions 64:91 Contrasting Climatic Regions 64:91 Mucilage Polysaccharide Composition and Exudation in Maize From Contrasting Climatic Regions. 33363554 9 66 theme European 1130:1137 arg1 genotypes 1139:1147 the central European genotypes 1118:1147 the central European genotypes 1118:1147 Mucilage exudation was 135 and 125% higher in the Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) genotypes than in the central European genotypes, respectively. 33363554 10 67 theme pressure 1224:1231 arg1 deficit 1233:1239 the vapor pressure deficit 1214:1239 the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone 1214:1277 Mucilage exudation was positively associated with the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes' agroecological zone. 33363554 3 68 theme abiotic 537:543 arg1 conditions 545:554 identical abiotic conditions 527:554 identical abiotic conditions 527:554 In this study, eight maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes from different globally distributed agroecological zones were grown under identical abiotic conditions in a randomized field experiment. 33363554 4 69 theme uronic 636:641 arg1 amount 609:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount 590:614 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 33363554 4 69 theme uronic 636:641 arg1 acids 643:647 uronic acids 636:647 uronic acids 636:647 Mucilage exudation amount, neutral sugars and uronic acids were quantified. 34136164 6 0 theme stronger 1454:1461 arg1 activity 1475:1482 stronger antioxidant activity 1454:1482 stronger antioxidant activity 1454:1482 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 7 1 theme products 1632:1639 arg1 development 1606:1616 the development 1602:1616 the development of functional products 1602:1639 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 0 2 theme Nutritional 68:78 arg1 properties 112:121 Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties 68:121 Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties 68:121 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 4 3 theme ethanol 893:899 arg1 % 903:903 ethanol 30% 893:903 ethanol 30% 893:903 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 7 4 from focus 1593:1597 arg1 development 1606:1616 the development 1602:1616 the development of functional products 1602:1639 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 3 5 theme antioxidant 549:559 arg1 ability 561:567 antioxidant ability 549:567 antioxidant ability 549:567 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 4 6 theme total 673:677 arg1 vitamins 650:657 vitamins 650:657 vitamins 650:657 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 6 theme total 673:677 arg1 polyphenols 679:689 total polyphenols 673:689 total polyphenols 673:689 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 7 theme proximate 617:625 arg1 composition 627:637 proximate composition 617:637 proximate composition 617:637 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 0 8 theme phytochemical 81:93 arg1 properties 112:121 Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties 68:121 Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties 68:121 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 4 9 theme vitamins 650:657 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 6 10 contain possessed 1444:1452 arg1 extract 1436:1442 ethanol extract 1428:1442 ethanol extract 1428:1442 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 10 contain possessed 1444:1452 arg2 activity 1475:1482 stronger antioxidant activity 1454:1482 stronger antioxidant activity 1454:1482 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 2 11 dep distributed 297:307 arg1 exploited 344:352 exploited 344:352 are deficiently exploited 328:352 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 0 12 theme antioxidant 100:110 arg1 properties 112:121 Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties 68:121 Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties 68:121 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 4 13 theme berries 871:877 arg1 extracts 854:861 extracts 854:861 extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% 854:933 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 3 14 theme compounds 450:458 arg1 source 422:427 a source 420:427 a source of natural bioactive compounds 420:458 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 2 15 theme health-promoting 257:272 arg1 features 274:281 illustrated health-promoting features 245:281 illustrated health-promoting features 245:281 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 2 16 dep berry 228:232 arg1 Saxifraaceae 164:175 Saxifraaceae 164:175 Saxifraaceae 164:175 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 2 16 dep berry 228:232 arg1 Grossulariaceae 188:202 Grossulariaceae 188:202 Grossulariaceae 188:202 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 2 16 dep berry 228:232 arg1 Ribes 211:215 genus Ribes 205:215 genus Ribes 205:215 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 2 16 dep berry 228:232 arg1 subfamily 178:186 subfamily 178:186 subfamily 178:186 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 7 17 theme himalense 1520:1528 arg1 fruit 1530:1534 Ribes himalense fruit 1514:1534 Ribes himalense fruit 1514:1534 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 4 18 theme wild 866:869 arg1 berries 871:877 wild berries 866:877 wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% 866:933 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 2 19 theme illustrated 245:255 arg1 features 274:281 illustrated health-promoting features 245:281 illustrated health-promoting features 245:281 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 6 20 theme ethanol 1428:1434 arg1 extract 1436:1442 ethanol extract 1428:1442 ethanol extract 1428:1442 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 21 theme important 1147:1155 arg1 composition 1167:1177 the most important bioactive composition 1138:1177 the most important bioactive composition 1138:1177 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 21 theme important 1147:1155 arg1 procyanidin 1183:1193 procyanidin 1183:1193 procyanidin (0.72%) 1183:1201 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 22 theme vitamin 1251:1257 arg1 C 1259:1259 vitamin C 1251:1259 vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW) 1251:1277 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 22 theme vitamin 1251:1257 arg1 FW 1275:1276 64.6 mg/100g FW 1262:1276 64.6 mg/100g FW 1262:1276 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 3 23 theme himalense 407:415 arg1 potential 386:394 the potential 382:394 the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds 382:458 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 4 24 theme Fresh 570:574 arg1 berries 576:582 Fresh berries 570:582 Fresh berries 570:582 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 25 dep composition 627:637 arg1 contents 757:764 contents 757:764 contents 757:764 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 26 theme polysaccharides 741:755 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 27 theme Food 789:792 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 0 28 theme potential 19:27 arg1 source 29:34 potential source 19:34 potential source of natural bioactive compounds 19:65 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 4 29 theme ethanol 923:929 arg1 % 933:933 ethanol 95% 923:933 ethanol 95% 923:933 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 3 30 theme bioactive 440:448 arg1 compounds 450:458 natural bioactive compounds 432:458 natural bioactive compounds 432:458 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 7 31 theme great 1540:1544 arg1 potential 1546:1554 great potential 1540:1554 great potential 1540:1554 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 4 32 theme Standard 801:808 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 7 33 contain has 1536:1538 arg1 fruit 1530:1534 Ribes himalense fruit 1514:1534 Ribes himalense fruit 1514:1534 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 7 33 contain has 1536:1538 arg2 potential 1546:1554 great potential 1540:1554 great potential 1540:1554 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 7 34 theme human 1570:1574 arg1 health 1576:1581 human health 1570:1581 human health 1570:1581 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 1 35 theme Royle 140:144 arg1 Decne 149:153 Royle ex Decne 140:153 Royle ex Decne 140:153 Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. 34136164 6 36 theme 64.6 mg/100g 1262:1273 arg1 C 1259:1259 vitamin C 1251:1259 vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW) 1251:1277 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 36 theme 64.6 mg/100g 1262:1273 arg1 FW 1275:1276 64.6 mg/100g FW 1262:1276 64.6 mg/100g FW 1262:1276 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 5 37 theme ethanol 1023:1029 arg1 extract 1031:1037 the ethanol extract 1019:1037 the ethanol extract 1019:1037 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 6 38 dep procyanidin 1183:1193 arg1 FW 1303:1304 218.44 mg/100 g FW 1287:1304 218.44 mg/100 g FW 1287:1304 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 3 39 theme Ribes 401:405 arg1 himalense 407:415 a Ribes himalense 399:415 a Ribes himalense 399:415 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 5 40 theme extract 1031:1037 arg1 activity 1007:1014 antioxidant activity 995:1014 antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract 995:1037 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 3 41 theme natural 432:438 arg1 compounds 450:458 natural bioactive compounds 432:458 natural bioactive compounds 432:458 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 0 42 theme bioactive 47:55 arg1 compounds 57:65 natural bioactive compounds 39:65 natural bioactive compounds 39:65 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 6 43 theme total 1225:1229 arg1 flavonoids 1231:1240 total flavonoids 1225:1240 total flavonoids (0.38%) 1225:1248 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 43 theme total 1225:1229 arg1 % 1247:1247 0.38% 1243:1247 0.38% 1243:1247 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 4 44 theme procyanidin 724:734 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 0 45 theme natural 39:45 arg1 compounds 57:65 natural bioactive compounds 39:65 natural bioactive compounds 39:65 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 7 46 theme Ribes 1514:1518 arg1 fruit 1530:1534 Ribes himalense fruit 1514:1534 Ribes himalense fruit 1514:1534 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 4 47 theme ethanol 906:912 arg1 % 916:916 ethanol 50% 906:916 ethanol 50% 906:916 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 48 theme extracts 854:861 arg1 characterization 815:830 the characterization 811:830 the characterization 811:830 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 48 theme extracts 854:861 arg1 identification 836:849 identification 836:849 identification 836:849 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 3 49 theme nutraceutical 487:499 arg1 characteristics 501:515 its nutraceutical characteristics 483:515 its nutraceutical characteristics 483:515 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 2 50 with fruit 234:238 arg1 features 274:281 illustrated health-promoting features 245:281 illustrated health-promoting features 245:281 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 5 51 theme different 1057:1065 arg1 ABTS 1095:1098 ABTS 1095:1098 ABTS 1095:1098 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 51 theme different 1057:1065 arg1 methods 1073:1079 different assay methods 1057:1079 different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP 1057:1108 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 51 theme different 1057:1065 arg1 DPPH 1089:1092 DPPH 1089:1092 DPPH 1089:1092 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 51 theme different 1057:1065 arg1 FRAP 1105:1108 FRAP 1105:1108 FRAP 1105:1108 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 52 theme antioxidant 995:1005 arg1 activity 1007:1014 antioxidant activity 995:1014 antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract 995:1037 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 4 53 theme total 692:696 arg1 vitamins 650:657 vitamins 650:657 vitamins 650:657 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 53 theme total 692:696 arg1 flavonoids 698:707 total flavonoids 692:707 total flavonoids 692:707 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 6 54 theme compounds 1326:1334 arg1 total 1314:1318 a total 1312:1318 a total of 95 compounds 1312:1334 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 54 theme compounds 1326:1334 arg1 dominant 1409:1416 dominant 1409:1416 dominant 1409:1416 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 55 theme bioactive 1157:1165 arg1 composition 1167:1177 the most important bioactive composition 1138:1177 the most important bioactive composition 1138:1177 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 6 55 theme bioactive 1157:1165 arg1 procyanidin 1183:1193 procyanidin 1183:1193 procyanidin (0.72%) 1183:1201 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 5 56 theme assay 1067:1071 arg1 ABTS 1095:1098 ABTS 1095:1098 ABTS 1095:1098 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 56 theme assay 1067:1071 arg1 methods 1073:1079 different assay methods 1057:1079 different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP 1057:1108 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 56 theme assay 1067:1071 arg1 DPPH 1089:1092 DPPH 1089:1092 DPPH 1089:1092 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 5 56 theme assay 1067:1071 arg1 FRAP 1105:1108 FRAP 1105:1108 FRAP 1105:1108 Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. 34136164 2 57 theme fruit 234:238 arg1 berry 228:232 a wild berry 221:232 a wild berry 221:232 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 2 58 theme Northwest 312:320 arg1 China 322:326 Northwest China 312:326 Northwest China 312:326 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 4 59 theme composition 627:637 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 60 theme amino 660:664 arg1 vitamins 650:657 vitamins 650:657 vitamins 650:657 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 4 60 theme amino 660:664 arg1 acids 666:670 amino acids 660:670 amino acids 660:670 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34136164 3 61 theme phytochemicals 518:531 arg1 properties 533:542 phytochemicals properties 518:542 phytochemicals properties 518:542 This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. 34136164 0 62 theme compounds 57:65 arg1 source 29:34 potential source 19:34 potential source of natural bioactive compounds 19:65 Ribes himalense as potential source of natural bioactive compounds: Nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties. 34136164 2 63 theme wild 223:226 arg1 berry 228:232 a wild berry 221:232 a wild berry 221:232 (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health-promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. 34136164 6 64 theme antioxidant 1463:1473 arg1 activity 1475:1482 stronger antioxidant activity 1454:1482 stronger antioxidant activity 1454:1482 The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. 34136164 1 65 theme ex 146:147 arg1 Decne 149:153 Royle ex Decne 140:153 Royle ex Decne 140:153 Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. 34136164 7 66 theme functional 1621:1630 arg1 products 1632:1639 functional products 1621:1639 functional products 1621:1639 These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products. 34136164 4 67 theme minerals 640:647 arg1 Safety 794:799 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard 617:808 Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS2. 34536471 3 0 theme gbiomass-1 308:317 arg1 d-1 319:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 3 0 theme gbiomass-1 308:317 arg1 productivity 284:295 The highest PHB productivity 268:295 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) 268:322 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 4 1 theme incubation 471:480 arg1 period 482:487 an incubation period 468:487 an incubation period of 7 days 468:497 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 acids 948:952 unsaturated fatty acids 930:952 unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms) 930:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 % 1024:1024 46% 1022:1024 46% of PHB 1022:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 % 1003:1003 28% 1001:1003 28% of proteins 1001:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 2 theme unsaturated 930:940 arg1 % 979:979 12% 977:979 12% of polysaccharides 977:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 4 3 theme 7 days 492:497 arg1 medium 390:395 phosphorus-free medium 374:395 phosphorus-free medium 374:395 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 4 3 theme 7 days 492:497 arg1 presence 408:415 the presence 404:415 the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration) 404:459 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 4 3 theme 7 days 492:497 arg1 period 482:487 an incubation period 468:487 an incubation period of 7 days 468:497 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 5 4 theme equal 595:599 arg1 efficiency 584:593 a photosynthetic efficiency 567:593 a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control 567:614 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 5 theme dry 538:540 arg1 weight 542:547 a dry weight 536:547 a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1 536:560 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 6 from weight 542:547 arg1 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 6 7 theme 7 days 879:884 arg1 period 869:874 an incubation period 855:874 an incubation period of 7 days 855:884 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 acids 948:952 unsaturated fatty acids 930:952 unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms) 930:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 % 1024:1024 46% 1022:1024 46% of PHB 1022:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 % 1003:1003 28% 1001:1003 28% of proteins 1001:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 8 theme proteins 1008:1015 arg1 % 979:979 12% 977:979 12% of polysaccharides 977:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 4 9 theme phosphorus-free 374:388 arg1 medium 390:395 phosphorus-free medium 374:395 phosphorus-free medium 374:395 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 7 10 contain had 1064:1066 arg2 PDI 1102:1104 a PDI 1100:1104 a PDI of 1.7 1100:1111 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 7 10 contain had 1064:1066 arg1 PHB 1060:1062 The extracted PHB 1046:1062 The extracted PHB 1046:1062 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 7 10 contain had 1064:1066 arg2 weight 1080:1085 a molecular weight 1068:1085 a molecular weight of 3 MDa 1068:1094 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 9 11 theme mixotrophic 1296:1306 arg1 conditions 1308:1317 photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions 1276:1317 photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions 1276:1317 can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions. 34536471 6 12 dep evaluate 693:700 arg1 content 889:895 a content 887:895 a content of 6% of lipids 887:911 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 5 13 from biomass 527:533 arg1 content 502:508 A content 500:508 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass 500:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 13 from biomass 527:533 arg1 weight 542:547 a dry weight 536:547 a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1 536:560 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 13 from biomass 527:533 arg1 efficiency 584:593 a photosynthetic efficiency 567:593 a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control 567:614 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 14 theme 0.1 g L-1 552:560 arg1 content 502:508 A content 500:508 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass 500:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 14 theme 0.1 g L-1 552:560 arg1 weight 542:547 a dry weight 536:547 a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1 536:560 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 14 theme 0.1 g L-1 552:560 arg1 efficiency 584:593 a photosynthetic efficiency 567:593 a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control 567:614 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 1 15 theme Polyhydroxybutyrate 73:91 arg1 production 99:108 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production 73:108 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by the cyanobacterium 73:130 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by the cyanobacterium cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 5 16 from content 502:508 arg1 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 6 17 with acids 948:952 arg1 atoms 969:973 18 carbon atoms) 959:974 18 carbon atoms) 959:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 18 theme main 761:764 arg1 composition 766:776 the main composition 757:776 the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids) 757:846 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 9 19 theme Cyanobacteria 1199:1211 arg1 species 1213:1219 the Cyanobacteria species 1195:1219 the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 1195:1264 can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions. 34536471 6 20 theme biomass 785:791 arg1 composition 766:776 the main composition 757:776 the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids) 757:846 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 7 21 theme extracted 1050:1058 arg1 PHB 1060:1062 The extracted PHB 1046:1062 The extracted PHB 1046:1062 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 7 22 theme 3 MDa 1090:1094 arg1 weight 1080:1085 a molecular weight 1068:1085 a molecular weight of 3 MDa 1068:1094 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 7 22 theme 3 MDa 1090:1094 arg1 PDI 1102:1104 a PDI 1100:1104 a PDI of 1.7 1100:1111 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 6 23 theme proteins 809:816 arg1 lipids 840:845 lipids 840:845 lipids 840:845 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 23 theme proteins 809:816 arg1 content 798:804 the content 794:804 the content of proteins 794:816 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 23 theme proteins 809:816 arg1 polysaccharides 819:833 polysaccharides 819:833 polysaccharides 819:833 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 24 theme incubation 858:867 arg1 period 869:874 an incubation period 855:874 an incubation period of 7 days 855:884 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 5 25 theme photosynthetic 569:582 arg1 efficiency 584:593 a photosynthetic efficiency 567:593 a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control 567:614 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 8 26 theme promising 1120:1128 arg1 results 1130:1136 These promising results 1114:1136 These promising results 1114:1136 These promising results demonstrated that cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 9 27 theme able 1221:1224 arg1 species 1213:1219 the Cyanobacteria species 1195:1219 the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 1195:1264 can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions. 34536471 3 28 theme Anabaena 358:365 arg1 sp 367:368 Anabaena sp 358:368 Anabaena sp 358:368 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 3 29 theme highest 272:278 arg1 d-1 319:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 3 29 theme highest 272:278 arg1 productivity 284:295 The highest PHB productivity 268:295 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) 268:322 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 6 30 theme produced 729:736 arg1 PHB 738:740 the produced PHB 725:740 the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids) 725:846 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 9 31 dep species 1213:1219 arg1 either 1266:1271 either 1266:1271 either 1266:1271 can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions. 34536471 0 32 theme polyhydroxybutyrate 14:32 arg1 Production 0:9 Production 0:9 Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by the cyanobacterium 0:54 Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by the cyanobacterium cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 3 33 theme PHB 280:282 arg1 d-1 319:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 3 33 theme PHB 280:282 arg1 productivity 284:295 The highest PHB productivity 268:295 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) 268:322 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 9 34 theme phosphorus-free 1354:1368 arg1 conditions 1370:1379 phosphorus-free conditions 1354:1379 phosphorus-free conditions 1354:1379 can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions. 34536471 6 35 theme lipids 906:911 arg1 lipids 906:911 lipids 906:911 lipids 906:911 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 35 theme lipids 906:911 arg1 % 901:901 6% 900:901 6% of lipids 900:911 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 7 36 theme molecular 1070:1078 arg1 weight 1080:1085 a molecular weight 1068:1085 a molecular weight of 3 MDa 1068:1094 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 4 37 theme acetate 427:433 arg1 medium 390:395 phosphorus-free medium 374:395 phosphorus-free medium 374:395 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 4 37 theme acetate 427:433 arg1 presence 408:415 the presence 404:415 the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration) 404:459 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 4 37 theme acetate 427:433 arg1 period 482:487 an incubation period 468:487 an incubation period of 7 days 468:497 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 8 38 theme Anabaena 1160:1167 arg1 sp 1169:1170 Anabaena sp 1160:1170 Anabaena sp 1160:1170 These promising results demonstrated that cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 6 39 dep composition 766:776 arg1 relation 745:752 relation 745:752 relation 745:752 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 5 40 from % 515:515 arg1 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 0 41 theme Anabaena 60:67 arg1 sp 69:70 Anabaena sp 60:70 Anabaena sp 60:70 Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by the cyanobacterium cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 6 42 theme % 901:901 arg1 content 889:895 a content 887:895 a content of 6% of lipids 887:911 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 4 43 theme 5.0 g L-1 436:444 arg1 acetate 427:433 sodium acetate 420:433 sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration) 420:459 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 4 43 theme 5.0 g L-1 436:444 arg1 concentration 446:458 5.0 g L-1 concentration 436:458 5.0 g L-1 concentration 436:458 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 5 44 theme % 515:515 arg1 content 502:508 A content 500:508 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass 500:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 44 theme % 515:515 arg1 weight 542:547 a dry weight 536:547 a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1 536:560 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 44 theme % 515:515 arg1 efficiency 584:593 a photosynthetic efficiency 567:593 a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control 567:614 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 45 from efficiency 584:593 arg1 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 biomass 527:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 3 46 theme gPHB 303:306 arg1 d-1 319:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1 298:321 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 3 46 theme gPHB 303:306 arg1 productivity 284:295 The highest PHB productivity 268:295 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) 268:322 The highest PHB productivity (0.06 gPHB gbiomass-1 d-1) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 2 47 theme carbon 208:213 arg1 source 215:220 the carbon source 204:220 the carbon source 204:220 was here studied by varying the medium composition and the carbon source used to induce mixotrophic growth conditions. 34536471 6 48 theme carbon 962:967 arg1 atoms 969:973 18 carbon atoms) 959:974 18 carbon atoms) 959:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 7 49 theme 1.7 1109:1111 arg1 weight 1080:1085 a molecular weight 1068:1085 a molecular weight of 3 MDa 1068:1094 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 7 49 theme 1.7 1109:1111 arg1 PDI 1102:1104 a PDI 1100:1104 a PDI of 1.7 1100:1111 The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. 34536471 5 50 theme PHB 520:522 arg1 % 515:515 40% 513:515 40% of PHB on biomass 513:533 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 5 50 theme PHB 520:522 arg1 PHB 520:522 PHB 520:522 PHB 520:522 A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L-1, and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. 34536471 4 51 theme sodium 420:425 arg1 acetate 427:433 sodium acetate 420:433 sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration) 420:459 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 4 51 theme sodium 420:425 arg1 concentration 446:458 5.0 g L-1 concentration 436:458 5.0 g L-1 concentration 436:458 in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L-1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. 34536471 2 52 theme growth 249:254 arg1 conditions 256:265 mixotrophic growth conditions 237:265 mixotrophic growth conditions 237:265 was here studied by varying the medium composition and the carbon source used to induce mixotrophic growth conditions. 34536471 6 53 theme larger 670:675 arg1 10 L 684:687 10 L 684:687 10 L 684:687 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 53 theme larger 670:675 arg1 scale 677:681 a larger scale 668:681 a larger scale (10 L) 668:688 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 1 54 theme Anabaena 136:143 arg1 sp 145:146 Anabaena sp 136:146 Anabaena sp 136:146 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by the cyanobacterium cf. Anabaena sp. 34536471 6 55 dep biomass 785:791 arg1 lipids 840:845 lipids 840:845 lipids 840:845 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 55 dep biomass 785:791 arg1 content 798:804 the content 794:804 the content of proteins 794:816 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 55 dep biomass 785:791 arg1 polysaccharides 819:833 polysaccharides 819:833 polysaccharides 819:833 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 2 56 theme medium 181:186 arg1 composition 188:198 the medium composition 177:198 the medium composition 177:198 was here studied by varying the medium composition and the carbon source used to induce mixotrophic growth conditions. 34536471 2 57 theme mixotrophic 237:247 arg1 conditions 256:265 mixotrophic growth conditions 237:265 mixotrophic growth conditions 237:265 was here studied by varying the medium composition and the carbon source used to induce mixotrophic growth conditions. 34536471 9 58 theme photoautotrophic 1276:1291 arg1 conditions 1308:1317 photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions 1276:1317 photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions 1276:1317 can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 acids 948:952 unsaturated fatty acids 930:952 unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms) 930:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 % 1024:1024 46% 1022:1024 46% of PHB 1022:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 % 1003:1003 28% 1001:1003 28% of proteins 1001:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 59 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 % 979:979 12% 977:979 12% of polysaccharides 977:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 acids 948:952 unsaturated fatty acids 930:952 unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms) 930:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 % 1024:1024 46% 1022:1024 46% of PHB 1022:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 % 1003:1003 28% 1001:1003 28% of proteins 1001:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 60 theme PHB 1029:1031 arg1 % 979:979 12% 977:979 12% of polysaccharides 977:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 proteins 1008:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 PHB 1029:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 polysaccharides 984:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 acids 948:952 unsaturated fatty acids 930:952 unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms) 930:974 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 % 1024:1024 46% 1022:1024 46% of PHB 1022:1031 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 % 1003:1003 28% 1001:1003 28% of proteins 1001:1015 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 34536471 6 61 theme fatty 942:946 arg1 % 979:979 12% 977:979 12% of polysaccharides 977:998 The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. 33808608 0 0 theme Plant-based 109:119 arg1 systems 121:127 Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 88:127 Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 88:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 7 1 theme HPTLC 1312:1316 arg1 study 1318:1322 the HPTLC study 1308:1322 the HPTLC study to determine its composition 1308:1351 A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. 33808608 4 2 theme information 733:743 arg1 paucity 722:728 a paucity 720:728 a paucity of information 720:743 Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. 33808608 6 3 dep Asphodelus 1084:1093 arg1 L. 1103:1104 Asphodelus ramosus L. 1084:1104 Asphodelus ramosus L. 1084:1104 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 1 4 theme various 259:265 arg1 species 278:284 various herbaceous species 259:284 various herbaceous species 259:284 Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. 33808608 0 5 theme L. 106:107 arg1 systems 121:127 Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 88:127 Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 88:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 0 6 from Characterization 11:26 arg1 Root-Tubers 73:83 Root-Tubers 73:83 Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 73:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 8 7 theme 7-8 1623:1625 arg1 polymerization 1605:1618 polymerization 1605:1618 polymerization of 7-8 1605:1625 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 1 8 theme herbaceous 267:276 arg1 species 278:284 various herbaceous species 259:284 various herbaceous species 259:284 Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. 33808608 4 9 theme fructan-like 824:835 arg1 derivatives 837:847 fructan-like derivatives 824:847 fructan-like derivatives 824:847 Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. 33808608 8 10 theme A. 1506:1507 arg1 roots 1517:1521 A. ramosus roots 1506:1521 A. ramosus roots 1506:1521 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 8 11 theme structure 1450:1458 arg1 presence 1423:1430 the presence 1419:1430 the presence of an inulin-type structure 1419:1458 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 8 12 with fructooligosaccharide 1566:1586 arg1 degree 1595:1600 a degree 1593:1600 a degree of polymerization of 7-8 1593:1625 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 6 13 theme extraction 1055:1064 arg1 investigation 1025:1037 the investigation 1021:1037 the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L. 1021:1104 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 0 14 theme systems 121:127 arg1 Root-Tubers 73:83 Root-Tubers 73:83 Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 73:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 0 15 from Root-Tubers 73:83 arg1 Fructooligosaccharide 46:66 an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide 31:66 an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 31:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 0 15 from Root-Tubers 73:83 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Analytical Characterization 0:26 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 0:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 8 16 theme inulin-type 1438:1448 arg1 structure 1450:1458 an inulin-type structure 1435:1458 an inulin-type structure 1435:1458 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 5 17 theme assisted 961:968 arg1 times 955:959 times 955:959 times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds 955:998 The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. 33808608 6 18 theme alkaline 1046:1053 arg1 extraction 1055:1064 the alkaline extraction 1042:1064 the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L. 1042:1104 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 7 19 theme alkaline 1287:1294 arg1 extraction 1296:1305 alkaline extraction 1287:1305 alkaline extraction 1287:1305 A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. 33808608 7 20 theme main 1376:1379 arg1 fructose 1360:1367 fructose 1360:1367 fructose 1360:1367 A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. 33808608 7 20 theme main 1376:1379 arg1 monosaccharide 1381:1394 the main monosaccharide 1372:1394 the main monosaccharide 1372:1394 A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. 33808608 4 21 theme carbohydrate 777:788 arg1 composition 790:800 the carbohydrate composition 773:800 the carbohydrate composition 773:800 Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. 33808608 3 22 theme different 554:562 arg1 constituents 564:575 different constituents 554:575 different constituents 554:575 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 2 23 theme skin 491:494 arg1 disorders 496:504 inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 463:504 inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 463:504 These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. 33808608 3 24 theme constituents 564:575 arg1 presence 542:549 the presence 538:549 the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids 538:645 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 5 25 theme water 934:938 arg1 extraction 940:949 water extraction 934:949 water extraction 934:949 The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. 33808608 8 26 contain contain 1523:1529 arg2 polysaccharide 1531:1544 polysaccharide 1531:1544 polysaccharide 1531:1544 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 8 26 contain contain 1523:1529 arg1 roots 1517:1521 A. ramosus roots 1506:1521 A. ramosus roots 1506:1521 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 3 27 theme triterpenoids 601:613 arg1 presence 542:549 the presence 538:549 the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids 538:645 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 0 28 theme Analytical 0:9 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Analytical Characterization 0:26 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 0:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 8 29 theme NMR 1465:1467 arg1 analyses 1469:1476 NMR analyses 1465:1476 NMR analyses 1465:1476 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 6 30 theme root-tubers 1069:1079 arg1 extraction 1055:1064 the alkaline extraction 1042:1064 the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L. 1042:1104 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 5 31 theme water-soluble 868:880 arg1 polysaccharides 890:904 water-soluble neutral polysaccharides 868:904 water-soluble neutral polysaccharides 868:904 The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. 33808608 0 32 theme pivotal 148:154 arg1 role 156:159 a pivotal role 146:159 a pivotal role 146:159 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 3 33 theme anthraquinones 585:598 arg1 presence 542:549 the presence 538:549 the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids 538:645 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 5 34 theme polysaccharides 890:904 arg1 extraction 854:863 The extraction 850:863 The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides 850:904 The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. 33808608 2 35 theme several 430:436 arg1 diseases 438:445 several diseases 430:445 several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 430:504 These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. 33808608 7 36 dep study 1318:1322 arg1 determine 1327:1335 determine 1327:1335 to determine its composition 1324:1351 A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. 33808608 0 37 theme Fructooligosaccharide 46:66 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Analytical Characterization 0:26 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 0:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 1 38 theme trivial 300:306 arg1 Asphodelus 313:322 the trivial name Asphodelus 296:322 the trivial name Asphodelus 296:322 Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. 33808608 2 39 theme infectious 480:489 arg1 disorders 496:504 inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 463:504 inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 463:504 These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. 33808608 1 40 theme name 308:311 arg1 Asphodelus 313:322 the trivial name Asphodelus 296:322 the trivial name Asphodelus 296:322 Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. 33808608 0 41 theme Inulin-Type 34:44 arg1 Fructooligosaccharide 46:66 an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide 31:66 an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 31:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 6 42 theme Asphodelus 1084:1093 arg1 root-tubers 1069:1079 root-tubers 1069:1079 root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L. 1069:1104 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 8 43 theme FT-IR 1397:1401 arg1 analysis 1403:1410 FT-IR analysis 1397:1410 FT-IR analysis 1397:1410 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 8 44 theme inulin-type 1554:1564 arg1 fructooligosaccharide 1566:1586 an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide 1551:1586 an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8 1551:1625 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 3 45 theme phenolic 616:623 arg1 acids 625:629 phenolic acids 616:629 phenolic acids 616:629 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 3 46 theme Phytochemical 507:519 arg1 studies 521:527 Phytochemical studies 507:527 Phytochemical studies 507:527 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 2 47 theme inflammatory 463:474 arg1 disorders 496:504 inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 463:504 inflammatory and infectious skin disorders 463:504 These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. 33808608 3 48 theme acids 625:629 arg1 presence 542:549 the presence 538:549 the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids 538:645 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 6 49 theme subsequent 1211:1220 arg1 purification 1222:1233 its subsequent purification 1207:1233 its subsequent purification by chromatography 1207:1251 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 1 50 dep Asphodelus 223:232 arg1 L. 234:235 Asphodelus L. 223:235 Asphodelus L. 223:235 Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. 33808608 2 51 dep food 379:382 arg1 uses 400:403 uses 400:403 uses 400:403 These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. 33808608 8 52 theme polymerization 1605:1618 arg1 degree 1595:1600 a degree 1593:1600 a degree of polymerization of 7-8 1593:1625 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 0 53 theme Asphodelusramosus 88:104 arg1 systems 121:127 Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 88:127 Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems 88:127 Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L. Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. 33808608 3 54 theme flavonoids 636:645 arg1 presence 542:549 the presence 538:549 the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids 538:645 Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. 33808608 6 55 theme water-soluble 1121:1133 arg1 polysaccharides 1135:1149 the water-soluble polysaccharides 1117:1149 the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography 1117:1251 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 8 56 dep A. 1506:1507 arg1 ramosus 1509:1515 ramosus 1509:1515 ramosus 1509:1515 FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7-8. 33808608 4 57 theme extensive 657:665 arg1 literature 667:676 extensive literature 657:676 extensive literature 657:676 Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. 33808608 5 58 theme neutral 882:888 arg1 polysaccharides 890:904 water-soluble neutral polysaccharides 868:904 water-soluble neutral polysaccharides 868:904 The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. 33808608 6 59 from extract 1195:1201 arg1 purification 1222:1233 its subsequent purification 1207:1233 its subsequent purification by chromatography 1207:1251 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 6 59 from extract 1195:1201 arg1 precipitation 1163:1175 precipitation 1163:1175 precipitation from the alkaline extract 1163:1201 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33808608 6 60 theme alkaline 1186:1193 arg1 extract 1195:1201 the alkaline extract 1182:1201 the alkaline extract 1182:1201 Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. 33270417 8 0 theme protein 1356:1362 arg1 A 1370:1370 protein RNase A 1356:1370 protein RNase A 1356:1370 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 3 1 link N-linked 456:463 arg1 glycosylation 465:477 N-linked glycosylation 456:477 N-linked glycosylation 456:477 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 9 2 theme therapeutic 1419:1429 arg1 peptide 1431:1437 a therapeutic peptide 1417:1437 a therapeutic peptide 1417:1437 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 9 2 theme therapeutic 1419:1429 arg1 INGAP-P 1408:1414 INGAP-P 1408:1414 INGAP-P 1408:1414 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 3 3 theme functions 519:527 arg1 variety 485:491 a variety 483:491 a variety of significant biological functions 483:527 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 3 3 theme functions 519:527 arg1 functions 519:527 significant biological functions 496:527 significant biological functions 496:527 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 1 4 theme drug 273:276 arg1 efficacy 278:285 protein/peptide drug efficacy 257:285 protein/peptide drug efficacy 257:285 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 9 5 theme N-linked 1382:1389 arg1 glycosylation 1391:1403 N-linked glycosylation 1382:1403 N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, 1382:1438 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 7 6 theme N-linked 1219:1226 arg1 glycosylation 1228:1240 N-linked glycosylation 1219:1240 N-linked glycosylation 1219:1240 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 1 7 theme prevalent 171:179 arg1 concern 181:187 a prevalent concern 169:187 a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry 169:218 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 7 theme prevalent 171:179 arg1 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 8 theme efficacy 278:285 arg1 reduction 244:252 the reduction 240:252 the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases 240:317 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 8 9 theme RNase 1259:1263 arg1 glycoprotein 1245:1256 A glycoprotein 1243:1256 A glycoprotein 1243:1256 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 8 9 theme RNase 1259:1263 arg1 B 1265:1265 RNase B 1259:1265 RNase B 1259:1265 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 7 10 gly nonglycosylated 992:1006 arg1 peptides 1008:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides 984:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides 984:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 3 11 theme deamidation 571:581 arg1 site-asparagine 583:597 the deamidation site-asparagine 567:597 the deamidation site-asparagine 567:597 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 6 12 gly nonglycosylated 913:927 arg1 peptides 929:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. 33270417 1 13 theme shelf 291:295 arg1 life 297:300 shelf life 291:300 shelf life 291:300 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 9 14 from glycosylation 1391:1403 arg1 peptide 1431:1437 a therapeutic peptide 1417:1437 a therapeutic peptide 1417:1437 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 9 14 from glycosylation 1391:1403 arg1 INGAP-P 1408:1414 INGAP-P 1408:1414 INGAP-P 1408:1414 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 1 15 theme spontaneous 122:132 arg1 pathway 134:140 a common spontaneous pathway 113:140 a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation 113:163 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 15 theme spontaneous 122:132 arg1 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 9 16 gly glycosylation 1391:1403 arg1 peptide 1431:1437 a therapeutic peptide 1417:1437 a therapeutic peptide 1417:1437 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 9 16 gly glycosylation 1391:1403 arg1 INGAP-P 1408:1414 INGAP-P 1408:1414 INGAP-P 1408:1414 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 6 17 theme deamidation 965:975 arg1 rates 977:981 their deamidation rates 959:981 their deamidation rates 959:981 Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. 33270417 8 18 theme deamidation 1306:1316 arg1 half-life 1318:1326 a significantly elongated deamidation half-life 1280:1326 a significantly elongated deamidation half-life 1280:1326 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 7 19 contain have 1017:1020 arg2 half-lives 1032:1041 different half-lives 1022:1041 different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days 1022:1069 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 7 19 contain have 1017:1020 arg1 peptides 1008:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides 984:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides 984:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 3 20 theme significant 496:506 arg1 functions 519:527 significant biological functions 496:527 significant biological functions 496:527 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 5 21 theme N-linked 857:864 arg1 glycosylation 866:878 naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation 837:878 naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation 837:878 Our results presented that deamidation is prevented by naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 7 22 dep 20 1063:1064 arg1 to 1060:1061 to 1060:1061 to 1060:1061 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 8 23 theme RNase 1364:1368 arg1 A 1370:1370 protein RNase A 1356:1370 protein RNase A 1356:1370 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 0 24 theme N-Linked 0:7 arg1 Glycosylation 9:21 N-Linked Glycosylation 0:21 N-Linked Glycosylation 0:21 N-Linked Glycosylation Prevents Deamidation of Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein. 33270417 1 25 theme life 297:300 arg1 reduction 244:252 the reduction 240:252 the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases 240:317 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 4 26 theme N-glycosylation 750:764 arg1 role 742:745 the role 738:745 the role of N-glycosylation on deamidation 738:779 It has been perceived that N-glycosylation could prevent deamidation, but experimental support is still lacking for clearly understanding the role of N-glycosylation on deamidation. 33270417 2 27 theme human 398:402 arg1 diseases 404:411 several human diseases 390:411 several human diseases 390:411 More importantly, deamidation of physiological proteins is related to several human diseases and considered a "timer" for the diseases. 33270417 7 28 theme deamidation 1149:1159 arg1 reaction 1161:1168 the deamidation reaction 1145:1168 the deamidation reaction 1145:1168 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 1 29 from pathway 134:140 arg1 industry 211:218 the pharmaceutical industry 192:218 the pharmaceutical industry 192:218 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 9 30 theme INGAP-P 1479:1485 arg1 half-life 1466:1474 the deamidation half-life 1450:1474 the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency 1450:1520 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 9 30 theme INGAP-P 1479:1485 arg1 potency 1514:1520 its therapeutic potency 1498:1520 the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency 1450:1520 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 1 31 theme several 305:311 arg1 cases 313:317 several cases 305:317 several cases 305:317 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 32 theme common 115:120 arg1 pathway 134:140 a common spontaneous pathway 113:140 a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation 113:163 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 32 theme common 115:120 arg1 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 2 33 theme timer 431:435 arg1 " 436:436 a "timer" 428:436 a "timer" for the diseases 428:453 More importantly, deamidation of physiological proteins is related to several human diseases and considered a "timer" for the diseases. 33270417 0 34 theme Glycopeptide 47:58 arg1 Deamidation 32:42 Deamidation 32:42 Deamidation of Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein 32:75 N-Linked Glycosylation Prevents Deamidation of Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein. 33270417 3 35 theme biological 508:517 arg1 functions 519:527 significant biological functions 496:527 significant biological functions 496:527 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 4 36 theme experimental 674:685 arg1 support 687:693 experimental support 674:693 experimental support 674:693 It has been perceived that N-glycosylation could prevent deamidation, but experimental support is still lacking for clearly understanding the role of N-glycosylation on deamidation. 33270417 1 37 theme pharmaceutical 196:209 arg1 industry 211:218 the pharmaceutical industry 192:218 the pharmaceutical industry 192:218 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 3 38 theme N-linked 456:463 arg1 glycosylation 465:477 N-linked glycosylation 456:477 N-linked glycosylation 456:477 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 6 39 used used 943:946 arg2 Glycopeptides 881:893 Glycopeptides 881:893 Glycopeptides 881:893 Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. 33270417 6 39 used used 943:946 arg2 peptides 929:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. 33270417 9 40 theme deamidation 1454:1464 arg1 half-life 1466:1474 the deamidation half-life 1450:1474 the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency 1450:1520 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 8 41 gly glycoprotein 1245:1256 arg1 glycoprotein 1245:1256 A glycoprotein 1243:1256 A glycoprotein 1243:1256 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 8 41 gly glycoprotein 1245:1256 arg1 B 1265:1265 RNase B 1259:1265 RNase B 1259:1265 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 9 42 theme therapeutic 1502:1512 arg1 potency 1514:1520 its therapeutic potency 1498:1520 the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency 1450:1520 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 7 43 link N-linked 1219:1226 arg1 glycosylation 1228:1240 N-linked glycosylation 1219:1240 N-linked glycosylation 1219:1240 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 0 44 theme Glycoprotein 64:75 arg1 Deamidation 32:42 Deamidation 32:42 Deamidation of Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein 32:75 N-Linked Glycosylation Prevents Deamidation of Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein. 33270417 8 45 theme elongated 1296:1304 arg1 half-life 1318:1326 a significantly elongated deamidation half-life 1280:1326 a significantly elongated deamidation half-life 1280:1326 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 3 46 contain has 479:481 arg1 glycosylation 465:477 N-linked glycosylation 456:477 N-linked glycosylation 456:477 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 3 46 contain has 479:481 arg2 functions 519:527 significant biological functions 496:527 significant biological functions 496:527 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 3 46 contain has 479:481 arg2 variety 485:491 a variety 483:491 a variety of significant biological functions 483:527 N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. 33270417 2 47 theme proteins 367:374 arg1 deamidation 338:348 deamidation 338:348 deamidation of physiological proteins 338:374 More importantly, deamidation of physiological proteins is related to several human diseases and considered a "timer" for the diseases. 33270417 5 48 theme occurring 847:855 arg1 glycosylation 866:878 naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation 837:878 naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation 837:878 Our results presented that deamidation is prevented by naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 7 49 gly glycosylated 1094:1105 arg1 peptides 1107:1114 the corresponding glycosylated peptides 1076:1114 the corresponding glycosylated peptides 1076:1114 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 6 50 theme nonglycosylated 913:927 arg1 peptides 929:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. 33270417 7 51 theme corresponding 1080:1092 arg1 peptides 1107:1114 the corresponding glycosylated peptides 1076:1114 the corresponding glycosylated peptides 1076:1114 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 2 52 theme physiological 353:365 arg1 proteins 367:374 physiological proteins 353:374 physiological proteins 353:374 More importantly, deamidation of physiological proteins is related to several human diseases and considered a "timer" for the diseases. 33270417 7 53 theme nonglycosylated 992:1006 arg1 peptides 1008:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides 984:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides 984:1015 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 7 54 theme different 1022:1030 arg1 half-lives 1032:1041 different half-lives 1022:1041 different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days 1022:1069 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 8 55 dep showed 1273:1278 arg1 compared 1328:1335 compared 1328:1335 showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A 1273:1370 A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. 33270417 1 56 theme degradation 153:163 arg1 concern 181:187 a prevalent concern 169:187 a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry 169:218 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 56 theme degradation 153:163 arg1 pathway 134:140 a common spontaneous pathway 113:140 a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation 113:163 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 56 theme degradation 153:163 arg1 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation 78:88 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 7 57 theme glycosylated 1094:1105 arg1 peptides 1107:1114 the corresponding glycosylated peptides 1076:1114 the corresponding glycosylated peptides 1076:1114 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 1 58 from reduction 244:252 arg1 cases 313:317 several cases 305:317 several cases 305:317 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 6 59 theme corresponding 899:911 arg1 peptides 929:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 corresponding nonglycosylated peptides 899:936 Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. 33270417 9 60 link N-linked 1382:1389 arg1 glycosylation 1391:1403 N-linked glycosylation 1382:1403 N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, 1382:1438 At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency. 33270417 1 61 theme protein 145:151 arg1 degradation 153:163 protein degradation 145:163 protein degradation 145:163 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 5 62 link N-linked 857:864 arg1 glycosylation 866:878 naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation 837:878 naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation 837:878 Our results presented that deamidation is prevented by naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 2 63 theme several 390:396 arg1 diseases 404:411 several human diseases 390:411 several human diseases 390:411 More importantly, deamidation of physiological proteins is related to several human diseases and considered a "timer" for the diseases. 33270417 4 64 from role 742:745 arg1 deamidation 769:779 deamidation 769:779 deamidation 769:779 It has been perceived that N-glycosylation could prevent deamidation, but experimental support is still lacking for clearly understanding the role of N-glycosylation on deamidation. 33270417 7 65 theme glycosylation 1228:1240 arg1 introduction 1203:1214 the introduction 1199:1214 the introduction of N-linked glycosylation 1199:1240 All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. 33270417 1 66 from concern 181:187 arg1 industry 211:218 the pharmaceutical industry 192:218 the pharmaceutical industry 192:218 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33270417 1 67 theme protein/peptide 257:271 arg1 efficacy 278:285 protein/peptide drug efficacy 257:285 protein/peptide drug efficacy 257:285 Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. 33347911 3 0 theme adenomas 650:657 arg1 multiplicity 628:639 the multiplicity 624:639 the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) 624:666 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 8 1 theme inflammatory 1396:1407 arg1 diseases 1415:1422 inflammatory bowel diseases 1396:1422 inflammatory bowel diseases 1396:1422 Furthermore, δTE-13' counteracted AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. 33347911 3 2 theme colon 502:506 arg1 cancer 508:513 the murine colitis-associated colon cancer 472:513 the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 472:582 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 2 theme colon 502:506 arg1 CAC 516:518 CAC 516:518 CAC 516:518 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 10 3 theme pro-inflammatory 1561:1576 arg1 cytokines 1578:1586 pro-inflammatory cytokines 1561:1586 pro-inflammatory cytokines 1561:1586 Our study demonstrates that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited tumorigenesis, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated gut microbiota in a murine CAC model. 33347911 2 4 theme gut 354:356 arg1 flora 358:362 gut flora 354:362 gut flora 354:362 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 8 5 theme AOM/DSS-induced 1310:1324 arg1 depletion 1326:1334 AOM/DSS-induced depletion 1310:1334 AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases 1310:1422 Furthermore, δTE-13' counteracted AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. 33347911 4 6 theme diminished 752:761 arg1 GM-CSF 781:786 δTE-13' diminished AOM/DSS-increased GM-CSF 744:786 δTE-13' diminished AOM/DSS-increased GM-CSF 744:786 δTE-13' diminished AOM/DSS-increased GM-CSF and MCP-1, and δTE decreased IL-1β. 33347911 11 7 theme gut 1807:1809 arg1 microbes 1811:1818 gut microbes 1807:1818 gut microbes 1807:1818 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 5 8 theme rRNA 834:837 arg1 sequencing 844:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing 830:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs 830:867 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 7 9 theme gut 1262:1264 arg1 microbes 1266:1273 gut microbes 1262:1273 gut microbes 1262:1273 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 10 10 theme gut 1602:1604 arg1 microbiota 1606:1615 gut microbiota 1602:1615 gut microbiota 1602:1615 Our study demonstrates that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited tumorigenesis, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated gut microbiota in a murine CAC model. 33347911 0 11 theme gut 124:126 arg1 microbiota 128:137 gut microbiota 124:137 gut microbiota in mice 124:145 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 5 12 theme gene 839:842 arg1 sequencing 844:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing 830:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs 830:867 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 11 13 theme new 1663:1665 arg1 activities 1680:1689 new and distinct activities 1663:1689 new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' 1663:1708 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 2 14 from impact 344:349 arg1 effects 436:442 δTE's beneficial effects 419:442 δTE's beneficial effects 419:442 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 14 from impact 344:349 arg1 flora 358:362 gut flora 354:362 gut flora 354:362 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 1 15 theme colon 191:195 arg1 cancer 197:202 colon cancer 191:202 colon cancer 191:202 The gut microbiota play important roles in colon cancer. 33347911 5 16 theme gut 952:954 arg1 microbes 956:963 gut microbes 952:963 gut microbes 952:963 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 0 17 theme E 8:8 arg1 delta-tocotrienol 10:26 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol 0:26 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol 0:26 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 5 18 theme microbes 956:963 arg1 richness 940:947 the richness 936:947 the composition but not the richness of gut microbes 912:963 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 11 19 theme δTE 1694:1696 arg1 activities 1680:1689 new and distinct activities 1663:1689 new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' 1663:1708 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 7 20 theme microbes 1266:1273 arg1 modulation 1248:1257 δTE's modulation 1242:1257 δTE's modulation of gut microbes 1242:1273 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 7 21 theme metabolite 1181:1190 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 fecal concentrations 1128:1147 fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite 1128:1190 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 0 22 theme Vitamin 0:6 arg1 delta-tocotrienol 10:26 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol 0:26 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol 0:26 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 9 23 theme elevated 1438:1445 arg1 δTE 1425:1427 δTE 1425:1427 δTE uniquely elevated (Eubacterium) 1425:1459 δTE uniquely elevated (Eubacterium) coprostanoloigenes. 33347911 9 23 theme elevated 1438:1445 arg1 Eubacterium 1448:1458 Eubacterium 1448:1458 Eubacterium 1448:1458 δTE uniquely elevated (Eubacterium) coprostanoloigenes. 33347911 2 24 theme beneficial 425:434 arg1 effects 436:442 δTE's beneficial effects 419:442 δTE's beneficial effects 419:442 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 11 25 theme microbes 1811:1818 arg1 modulation 1793:1802 δTE's anticancer and modulation 1772:1802 modulation 1793:1802 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 11 25 theme microbes 1811:1818 arg1 anticancer 1778:1787 δTE's anticancer and modulation 1772:1802 anticancer 1778:1787 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 2 26 theme cancer-preventive 307:323 arg1 effects 325:331 cancer-preventive effects 307:331 cancer-preventive effects 307:331 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 27 theme Vitamin 205:211 arg1 E 213:213 Vitamin E 205:213 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) 205:233 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 5 28 theme 16S 830:832 arg1 sequencing 844:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing 830:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs 830:867 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 7 29 theme hydrogenated 1168:1179 arg1 metabolite 1181:1190 its hydrogenated metabolite 1164:1190 its hydrogenated metabolite 1164:1190 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 7 30 theme δTE-13 1152:1157 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 fecal concentrations 1128:1147 fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite 1128:1190 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 2 31 theme metabolite 243:252 arg1 δTE-13 280:285 δTE-13 280:285 δTE-13 280:285 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 31 theme metabolite 243:252 arg1 δTE-13'-carboxychromanol 254:277 its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol 239:277 its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') 239:287 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 32 theme metabolite 405:414 arg1 impact 344:349 their impact 338:349 their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis 338:383 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 32 theme metabolite 405:414 arg1 role 393:396 the role 389:396 the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects 389:442 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 0 33 theme metabolite 32:41 arg1 13'-carboxychromanol 43:62 metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol 32:62 metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol 32:62 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 2 34 contain have 302:305 arg1 δ-tocotrienol 215:227 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol 205:227 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) 205:233 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 34 contain have 302:305 arg2 effects 325:331 cancer-preventive effects 307:331 cancer-preventive effects 307:331 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 34 contain have 302:305 arg1 δTE-13 280:285 δTE-13 280:285 δTE-13 280:285 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 34 contain have 302:305 arg1 δTE-13'-carboxychromanol 254:277 its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol 239:277 its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') 239:287 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 34 contain have 302:305 arg1 δTE 230:232 δTE 230:232 δTE 230:232 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 11 35 theme distinct 1671:1678 arg1 activities 1680:1689 new and distinct activities 1663:1689 new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' 1663:1708 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 8 36 with patients 1382:1389 arg1 diseases 1415:1422 inflammatory bowel diseases 1396:1422 inflammatory bowel diseases 1396:1422 Furthermore, δTE-13' counteracted AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. 33347911 0 37 theme colitis-associated 72:89 arg1 tumorigenesis 97:109 colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis 72:109 colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis 72:109 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 3 38 theme dextran 555:561 arg1 sodium 571:576 dextran sulfate sodium 555:576 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 555:582 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 38 theme dextran 555:561 arg1 DSS 579:581 DSS 579:581 DSS 579:581 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 8 39 theme bowel 1409:1413 arg1 diseases 1415:1422 inflammatory bowel diseases 1396:1422 inflammatory bowel diseases 1396:1422 Furthermore, δTE-13' counteracted AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. 33347911 3 40 theme murine 476:481 arg1 cancer 508:513 the murine colitis-associated colon cancer 472:513 the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 472:582 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 40 theme murine 476:481 arg1 CAC 516:518 CAC 516:518 CAC 516:518 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 11 41 theme δTE-13 1702:1707 arg1 activities 1680:1689 new and distinct activities 1663:1689 new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' 1663:1708 These findings uncover new and distinct activities of δTE and δTE-13' and support the notion that the metabolite may play a role in δTE's anticancer and modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 4 42 theme AOM/DSS-increased 763:779 arg1 GM-CSF 781:786 δTE-13' diminished AOM/DSS-increased GM-CSF 744:786 δTE-13' diminished AOM/DSS-increased GM-CSF 744:786 δTE-13' diminished AOM/DSS-increased GM-CSF and MCP-1, and δTE decreased IL-1β. 33347911 3 43 theme sulfate 563:569 arg1 sodium 571:576 dextran sulfate sodium 555:576 dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 555:582 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 43 theme sulfate 563:569 arg1 DSS 579:581 DSS 579:581 DSS 579:581 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 44 theme colitis-associated 483:500 arg1 cancer 508:513 the murine colitis-associated colon cancer 472:513 the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 472:582 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 44 theme colitis-associated 483:500 arg1 CAC 516:518 CAC 516:518 CAC 516:518 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 45 theme control 730:736 arg1 diet 738:741 the control diet 726:741 the control diet 726:741 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 8 46 theme Roseburia 1339:1347 arg1 depletion 1326:1334 AOM/DSS-induced depletion 1310:1334 AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases 1310:1422 Furthermore, δTE-13' counteracted AOM/DSS-induced depletion of Roseburia that is known to be decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. 33347911 5 47 theme fecal 858:862 arg1 DNAs 864:867 fecal DNAs 858:867 fecal DNAs 858:867 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 2 48 from role 393:396 arg1 effects 436:442 δTE's beneficial effects 419:442 δTE's beneficial effects 419:442 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 48 from role 393:396 arg1 flora 358:362 gut flora 354:362 gut flora 354:362 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 1 49 theme gut 152:154 arg1 microbiota 156:165 The gut microbiota 148:165 The gut microbiota 148:165 The gut microbiota play important roles in colon cancer. 33347911 0 50 from microbiota 128:137 arg1 mice 142:145 mice 142:145 mice 142:145 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 5 51 theme DNAs 864:867 arg1 sequencing 844:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing 830:853 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs 830:867 Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNAs, we observe that δTE and δTE-13' modulated the composition but not the richness of gut microbes compared to the control. 33347911 10 52 theme murine 1622:1627 arg1 model 1633:1637 a murine CAC model 1620:1637 a murine CAC model 1620:1637 Our study demonstrates that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited tumorigenesis, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated gut microbiota in a murine CAC model. 33347911 7 53 theme fecal 1128:1132 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 fecal concentrations 1128:1147 fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite 1128:1190 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33347911 2 54 theme E 213:213 arg1 δ-tocotrienol 215:227 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol 205:227 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) 205:233 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 2 54 theme E 213:213 arg1 δTE 230:232 δTE 230:232 δTE 230:232 Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (δTE) and its metabolite δTE-13'-carboxychromanol (δTE-13') are known to have cancer-preventive effects, but their impact on gut flora during tumorigenesis and the role of the metabolite in δTE's beneficial effects remain to be determined. 33347911 10 55 theme CAC 1629:1631 arg1 model 1633:1637 a murine CAC model 1620:1637 a murine CAC model 1620:1637 Our study demonstrates that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited tumorigenesis, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated gut microbiota in a murine CAC model. 33347911 0 56 theme colon 91:95 arg1 tumorigenesis 97:109 colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis 72:109 colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis 72:109 Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol and metabolite 13'-carboxychromanol inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis and modulate gut microbiota in mice. 33347911 3 57 theme large 644:648 arg1 adenomas 650:657 large adenomas 644:657 large adenomas (>2 mm2) 644:666 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 3 57 theme large 644:648 arg1 mm2 663:665 >2 mm2 660:665 >2 mm2 660:665 In the murine colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), we show that δTE and δTE-13' inhibited the multiplicity of large adenomas (>2 mm2) by 34% (P<.05) and 55% (P<.01), respectively, compared to the control diet. 33347911 6 58 theme beneficial 1032:1041 arg1 Lactococcus 1043:1053 Lactococcus 1043:1053 Lactococcus 1043:1053 Both δTE and δTE-13' enhanced potentially beneficial Lactococcus and Bacteroides. 33347911 1 59 theme important 172:180 arg1 roles 182:186 important roles 172:186 important roles 172:186 The gut microbiota play important roles in colon cancer. 33347911 7 60 theme Lactococcus 1089:1099 arg1 elevation 1076:1084 The elevation 1072:1084 The elevation of Lactococcus 1072:1099 The elevation of Lactococcus positively correlated with fecal concentrations of δTE-13' and its hydrogenated metabolite, suggesting that the metabolite may contribute to δTE's modulation of gut microbes. 33562070 6 0 from development 989:999 arg1 response 1032:1039 response 1032:1039 response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin 1032:1083 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 0 1 theme Microbiome-Intestine-Pancreas 70:98 arg1 Axis 100:103 the Microbiome-Intestine-Pancreas Axis 66:103 the Microbiome-Intestine-Pancreas Axis 66:103 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt Prevents Diabetes by Improving the Microbiome-Intestine-Pancreas Axis. 33562070 4 2 theme human-origin 660:671 arg1 probiotics 673:682 human-origin probiotics 660:682 human-origin probiotics 660:682 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 9 3 from effects 1580:1586 arg1 islets 1591:1596 islets 1591:1596 islets 1591:1596 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 6 4 theme yogurt 956:961 arg1 feeding 931:937 the feeding 927:937 the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt 927:961 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 10 5 used used 1708:1711 arg2 therapeutic 1718:1728 therapeutic 1718:1728 therapeutic 1718:1728 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 10 5 used used 1708:1711 arg2 yogurt 1656:1661 our newly developed synbiotic yogurt 1626:1661 our newly developed synbiotic yogurt 1626:1661 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 4 6 theme diet- 742:746 arg1 T2D 775:777 diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D 742:777 diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D 742:777 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 5 7 theme yogurt 829:834 arg1 effects 804:810 the effects 800:810 the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt) 800:895 We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). 33562070 10 8 theme synbiotic 1646:1654 arg1 therapeutic 1718:1728 therapeutic 1718:1728 therapeutic 1718:1728 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 10 8 theme synbiotic 1646:1654 arg1 yogurt 1656:1661 our newly developed synbiotic yogurt 1626:1661 our newly developed synbiotic yogurt 1626:1661 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 1 9 theme type 124:127 arg1 T2D 150:152 T2D 150:152 T2D 150:152 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 1 9 theme type 124:127 arg1 mellitus 140:147 type 2 diabetes mellitus 124:147 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) 124:153 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 6 10 theme diet 1053:1056 arg1 feeding 1058:1064 high-fat diet feeding 1044:1064 high-fat diet feeding 1044:1064 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 6 11 theme hyperglycemia 1004:1016 arg1 development 989:999 the development 985:999 the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin 985:1083 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 9 12 theme islet 1489:1493 arg1 morphology 1495:1504 pancreatic islet morphology 1478:1504 pancreatic islet morphology 1478:1504 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 1 13 theme increasing 158:167 arg1 prevalence 110:119 The prevalence 106:119 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) 106:153 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 1 13 theme increasing 158:167 arg1 worldwide 169:177 increasing worldwide 158:177 increasing worldwide 158:177 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 6 14 theme synbiotic 946:954 arg1 yogurt 956:961 the synbiotic yogurt 942:961 the synbiotic yogurt 942:961 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 6 15 theme milk-fed 1097:1104 arg1 controls 1106:1113 milk-fed controls 1097:1113 milk-fed controls 1097:1113 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 4 16 theme streptozotocin-induced 752:773 arg1 T2D 775:777 diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D 742:777 diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D 742:777 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 6 17 theme high-fat 1044:1051 arg1 feeding 1058:1064 high-fat diet feeding 1044:1064 high-fat diet feeding 1044:1064 Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. 33562070 7 18 theme diabetes 1161:1168 arg1 progression 1170:1180 exacerbated diabetes progression 1149:1180 exacerbated diabetes progression 1149:1180 Surprisingly, the control yogurt exacerbated diabetes progression. 33562070 4 19 from impact 732:737 arg1 mice 782:785 mice 782:785 mice 782:785 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 4 19 from impact 732:737 arg1 T2D 775:777 diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D 742:777 diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D 742:777 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 2 20 theme microbiome 373:382 arg1 modulators 384:393 microbiome modulators 373:393 microbiome modulators 373:393 Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. 33562070 10 21 theme developed 1636:1644 arg1 therapeutic 1718:1728 therapeutic 1718:1728 therapeutic 1718:1728 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 10 21 theme developed 1636:1644 arg1 yogurt 1656:1661 our newly developed synbiotic yogurt 1626:1661 our newly developed synbiotic yogurt 1626:1661 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 2 22 theme gut 300:302 arg1 microbiome 304:313 the gut microbiome 296:313 the gut microbiome 296:313 Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. 33562070 8 23 theme bacteria 1378:1385 arg1 abundance 1353:1361 the abundance 1349:1361 the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae 1349:1431 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 4 24 theme synbiotic 630:638 arg1 yogurt 640:645 a novel synbiotic yogurt 622:645 a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics 622:709 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 0 25 theme Synbiotic 18:26 arg1 Yogurt 28:33 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt 0:33 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt 0:33 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt Prevents Diabetes by Improving the Microbiome-Intestine-Pancreas Axis. 33562070 2 26 theme T2D 417:419 arg1 prevention 421:430 T2D prevention 417:430 T2D prevention 417:430 Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. 33562070 0 27 theme Developed 8:16 arg1 Yogurt 28:33 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt 0:33 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt 0:33 A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt Prevents Diabetes by Improving the Microbiome-Intestine-Pancreas Axis. 33562070 4 28 theme pro- 581:584 arg1 studies 600:606 our previous pro- and prebiotic studies 568:606 our previous pro- and prebiotic studies 568:606 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 5 29 theme control 881:887 arg1 yogurt 873:878 a commercially available yogurt 848:878 a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt) 848:895 We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). 33562070 5 29 theme control 881:887 arg1 yogurt 889:894 control yogurt 881:894 control yogurt 881:894 We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). 33562070 9 30 theme worse 1574:1578 arg1 effects 1580:1586 worse effects 1574:1586 worse effects on islets 1574:1596 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 5 31 theme synbiotic 819:827 arg1 yogurt 829:834 our synbiotic yogurt 815:834 our synbiotic yogurt 815:834 We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). 33562070 1 32 dep stop 232:235 arg1 growth 242:247 this growth 237:247 stop this growth 232:247 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 3 33 theme microbiome 442:451 arg1 modulators 453:462 microbiome modulators 442:462 microbiome modulators that are effective, safe, affordable, and able to be administered daily 442:534 However, microbiome modulators that are effective, safe, affordable, and able to be administered daily are not yet available. 33562070 4 34 theme novel 624:628 arg1 yogurt 640:645 a novel synbiotic yogurt 622:645 a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics 622:709 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 8 35 theme control 1282:1288 arg1 yogurt 1290:1295 the control yogurt 1278:1295 the control yogurt 1278:1295 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 1 36 theme long-term 197:205 arg1 strategies 218:227 no long-term preventive strategies 194:227 no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth 194:247 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 8 37 theme microbiota 1231:1240 arg1 composition 1242:1252 the gut microbiota composition 1223:1252 the gut microbiota composition 1223:1252 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 10 38 theme diabetes 1741:1748 arg1 progression 1750:1760 diabetes progression 1741:1760 diabetes progression 1741:1760 These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression. 33562070 4 39 theme plant-based 688:698 arg1 prebiotics 700:709 plant-based prebiotics 688:709 plant-based prebiotics 688:709 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 8 40 theme gut 1227:1229 arg1 composition 1242:1252 the gut microbiota composition 1223:1252 the gut microbiota composition 1223:1252 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 8 41 theme Synbiotic 1183:1191 arg1 yogurt 1193:1198 Synbiotic yogurt 1183:1198 Synbiotic yogurt 1183:1198 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 2 42 theme Emerging 250:257 arg1 research 259:266 Emerging research 250:266 Emerging research 250:266 Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. 33562070 1 43 theme diabetes 131:138 arg1 T2D 150:152 T2D 150:152 T2D 150:152 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 1 43 theme diabetes 131:138 arg1 mellitus 140:147 type 2 diabetes mellitus 124:147 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) 124:153 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 1 44 theme preventive 207:216 arg1 strategies 218:227 no long-term preventive strategies 194:227 no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth 194:247 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 8 45 theme detrimental 1366:1376 arg1 Enterobacteriaceae 1414:1431 Enterobacteriaceae 1414:1431 Enterobacteriaceae 1414:1431 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 8 45 theme detrimental 1366:1376 arg1 bacteria 1378:1385 detrimental bacteria 1366:1385 detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae 1366:1431 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 8 45 theme detrimental 1366:1376 arg1 Proteobacteria 1395:1408 Proteobacteria 1395:1408 Proteobacteria 1395:1408 Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. 33562070 3 46 dep modulators 453:462 arg1 administered 517:528 administered 517:528 to be administered daily 511:534 However, microbiome modulators that are effective, safe, affordable, and able to be administered daily are not yet available. 33562070 1 47 theme mellitus 140:147 arg1 prevalence 110:119 The prevalence 106:119 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) 106:153 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 1 47 theme mellitus 140:147 arg1 worldwide 169:177 increasing worldwide 158:177 increasing worldwide 158:177 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. 33562070 2 48 from perturbations 279:291 arg1 microbiome 304:313 the gut microbiome 296:313 the gut microbiome 296:313 Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. 33562070 4 49 theme previous 572:579 arg1 studies 600:606 our previous pro- and prebiotic studies 568:606 our previous pro- and prebiotic studies 568:606 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 9 50 theme milk 1522:1525 arg1 control 1527:1533 the milk control 1518:1533 the milk control 1518:1533 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 9 51 theme control 1546:1552 arg1 yogurt 1554:1559 the control yogurt 1542:1559 the control yogurt 1542:1559 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 5 52 theme available 863:871 arg1 yogurt 873:878 a commercially available yogurt 848:878 a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt) 848:895 We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). 33562070 5 52 theme available 863:871 arg1 yogurt 889:894 control yogurt 881:894 control yogurt 881:894 We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). 33562070 9 53 theme pancreatic 1478:1487 arg1 morphology 1495:1504 pancreatic islet morphology 1478:1504 pancreatic islet morphology 1478:1504 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 4 54 theme prebiotic 590:598 arg1 studies 600:606 our previous pro- and prebiotic studies 568:606 our previous pro- and prebiotic studies 568:606 Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. 33562070 9 55 theme synbiotic 1451:1459 arg1 yogurt 1461:1466 the synbiotic yogurt 1447:1466 the synbiotic yogurt 1447:1466 In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. 33562070 7 56 theme exacerbated 1149:1159 arg1 progression 1170:1180 exacerbated diabetes progression 1149:1180 exacerbated diabetes progression 1149:1180 Surprisingly, the control yogurt exacerbated diabetes progression. 33562070 2 57 theme T2D 362:364 arg1 development 347:357 the development 343:357 the development of T2D 343:364 Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. 33417767 5 0 theme peak 1118:1121 arg1 pairs 1123:1127 all peak pairs 1114:1127 all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data 1114:1196 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 2 1 theme strategies 374:383 arg1 responsible 415:425 responsible 415:425 responsible 415:425 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 2 1 theme strategies 374:383 arg1 development 326:336 The development 322:336 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software 322:410 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 2 2 theme derivatization 359:372 arg1 strategies 374:383 multiple chemical derivatization strategies 341:383 multiple chemical derivatization strategies 341:383 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 0 3 theme N-Linked 102:109 arg1 Glycans 111:117 INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans 86:117 INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans 86:117 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 4 4 theme MS1 890:892 arg1 data 904:907 MS1 glycomics data 890:907 MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT 890:1012 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 3 5 theme derivatization 531:544 arg1 strategy 508:515 The INLIGHT strategy 496:515 The INLIGHT strategy 496:515 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 5 theme derivatization 531:544 arg1 technique 546:554 a chemical derivatization technique 520:554 a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry 520:580 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 0 6 theme INLIGHT-Labeled 86:100 arg1 Glycans 111:117 INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans 86:117 INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans 86:117 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 1 7 theme glycomics 267:275 arg1 unsolvable 277:286 glycomics unsolvable 267:286 glycomics unsolvable 267:286 Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. 33417767 4 8 theme relative 951:958 arg1 quantification 960:973 relative quantification 951:973 relative quantification 951:973 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 3 9 dep stable-isotope 684:697 arg1 SIL 706:708 SIL 706:708 SIL 706:708 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 9 dep stable-isotope 684:697 arg1 label 699:703 label 699:703 label 699:703 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 9 dep stable-isotope 684:697 arg1 13C6 711:714 13C6 711:714 13C6 711:714 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 0 10 theme Glycans 111:117 arg1 Quantification 68:81 Relative Quantification 59:81 Relative Quantification 59:81 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 0 10 theme Glycans 111:117 arg1 Detection 45:53 Detection 45:53 Detection 45:53 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 6 11 theme search 1242:1247 arg1 parameters 1249:1258 the search parameters 1238:1258 the search parameters 1238:1258 It also includes the ability to tailor the search parameters and export the results for further analysis using Skyline or Excel. 33417767 3 12 theme hydrazide 562:570 arg1 chemistry 572:580 hydrazide chemistry 562:580 hydrazide chemistry 562:580 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 13 theme relative 730:737 arg1 quantification 739:752 relative quantification 730:752 relative quantification 730:752 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 5 14 theme N-linked 1166:1173 arg1 glycans 1175:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans 1145:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data 1145:1196 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 3 15 theme reducing 600:607 arg1 end 609:611 the reducing end 596:611 the reducing end of N-linked glycans 596:631 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 5 16 theme SIL-labeled 1154:1164 arg1 glycans 1175:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans 1145:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data 1145:1196 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 1 17 theme unsolvable 277:286 arg1 field 258:262 the field 254:262 the field of glycomics unsolvable 254:286 Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. 33417767 2 18 theme software 403:410 arg1 responsible 415:425 responsible 415:425 responsible 415:425 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 2 18 theme software 403:410 arg1 development 326:336 The development 322:336 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software 322:410 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 0 19 theme Open-Source 16:26 arg1 Software 28:35 An Open-Source Software 13:35 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 0:118 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 3 20 theme glycans 625:631 arg1 end 609:611 the reducing end 596:611 the reducing end of N-linked glycans 596:631 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 2 21 theme greatest 443:450 arg1 gains 463:467 the greatest analytical gains 439:467 the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics 439:493 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 2 22 theme analytical 452:461 arg1 gains 463:467 the greatest analytical gains 439:467 the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics 439:493 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 4 23 theme NAT 917:919 arg1 pair 929:932 a NAT and SIL pair 915:932 pair 929:932 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 5 24 theme file 1058:1061 arg1 formats 1063:1069 the commonly used data file formats 1035:1069 the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML 1035:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 24 theme file 1058:1061 arg1 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 24 theme file 1058:1061 arg1 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 3 25 theme chemical 522:529 arg1 strategy 508:515 The INLIGHT strategy 496:515 The INLIGHT strategy 496:515 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 25 theme chemical 522:529 arg1 technique 546:554 a chemical derivatization technique 520:554 a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry 520:580 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 1 26 theme many 148:151 arg1 activities 164:173 many biological activities 148:173 many biological activities 148:173 Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. 33417767 4 27 theme limited 994:1000 arg1 INLIGHT 1006:1012 but not limited to, INLIGHT 986:1012 but not limited to, INLIGHT 986:1012 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 1 28 theme single 293:298 arg1 technique 311:319 a single analytical technique 291:319 a single analytical technique 291:319 Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. 33417767 0 29 dep Detection 45:53 arg1 the 41:43 the 41:43 the 41:43 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 2 30 theme glycomics 485:493 arg1 field 476:480 the field 472:480 the field of glycomics 472:493 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 1 31 theme analytical 300:309 arg1 technique 311:319 a single analytical technique 291:319 a single analytical technique 291:319 Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. 33417767 3 32 link N-linked 616:623 arg1 glycans 625:631 N-linked glycans 616:631 N-linked glycans 616:631 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 5 33 theme MS1 1189:1191 arg1 data 1193:1196 MS1 data 1189:1196 MS1 data 1189:1196 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 3 34 dep natural 659:665 arg1 12C6 673:676 12C6 673:676 12C6 673:676 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 34 dep natural 659:665 arg1 NAT 668:670 NAT 668:670 NAT 668:670 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 5 35 theme NAT- 1145:1148 arg1 glycans 1175:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans 1145:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data 1145:1196 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 2 36 theme chemical 350:357 arg1 strategies 374:383 multiple chemical derivatization strategies 341:383 multiple chemical derivatization strategies 341:383 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 4 37 theme SIL 925:927 arg1 pair 929:932 a NAT and SIL pair 915:932 pair 929:932 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 4 38 theme glycomics 894:902 arg1 data 904:907 MS1 glycomics data 890:907 MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT 890:1012 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 3 39 theme N-linked 616:623 arg1 glycans 625:631 N-linked glycans 616:631 N-linked glycans 616:631 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 2 40 theme multiple 341:348 arg1 strategies 374:383 multiple chemical derivatization strategies 341:383 multiple chemical derivatization strategies 341:383 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 4 41 theme user-friendly 786:798 arg1 software 800:807 a user-friendly software 784:807 a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT 784:1012 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 4 41 theme user-friendly 786:798 arg1 GlycoHunter 771:781 GlycoHunter 771:781 GlycoHunter 771:781 Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. 33417767 6 42 theme further 1287:1293 arg1 analysis 1295:1302 further analysis 1287:1302 further analysis using Skyline or Excel 1287:1325 It also includes the ability to tailor the search parameters and export the results for further analysis using Skyline or Excel. 33417767 5 43 theme used 1048:1051 arg1 formats 1063:1069 the commonly used data file formats 1035:1069 the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML 1035:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 43 theme used 1048:1051 arg1 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 43 theme used 1048:1051 arg1 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 3 44 theme INLIGHT 500:506 arg1 strategy 508:515 The INLIGHT strategy 496:515 The INLIGHT strategy 496:515 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 3 44 theme INLIGHT 500:506 arg1 technique 546:554 a chemical derivatization technique 520:554 a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry 520:580 The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. 33417767 0 45 theme Relative 59:66 arg1 Quantification 68:81 Relative Quantification 59:81 Relative Quantification 59:81 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 5 46 theme data 1053:1056 arg1 formats 1063:1069 the commonly used data file formats 1035:1069 the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML 1035:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 46 theme data 1053:1056 arg1 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 46 theme data 1053:1056 arg1 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 2 47 theme bioinformatic 389:401 arg1 software 403:410 bioinformatic software 389:410 bioinformatic software 389:410 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 2 48 from gains 463:467 arg1 field 476:480 the field 472:480 the field of glycomics 472:493 The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. 33417767 0 49 dep GlycoHunter 0:10 arg1 Software 28:35 An Open-Source Software 13:35 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 0:118 GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. 33417767 5 50 link N-linked 1166:1173 arg1 glycans 1175:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans 1145:1181 NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data 1145:1196 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 1 51 theme biological 153:162 arg1 activities 164:173 many biological activities 148:173 many biological activities 148:173 Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. 33417767 5 52 dep formats 1063:1069 arg1 formats 1063:1069 the commonly used data file formats 1035:1069 the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML 1035:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 52 dep formats 1063:1069 arg1 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 mzXML 1081:1085 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33417767 5 52 dep formats 1063:1069 arg1 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 imzML 1071:1075 GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. 33679767 6 0 theme mouse 944:948 arg1 model 950:954 a mouse model 942:954 a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) 942:1005 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 10 1 theme Vγ4+γδ 1672:1677 arg1 cells 1681:1685 Vγ4+γδ T cells 1672:1685 Vγ4+γδ T cells 1672:1685 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 9 2 theme protective 1393:1402 arg1 effect 1404:1409 the protective effect 1389:1409 the protective effect of L. acidipiscis 1389:1427 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 8 3 theme FOXP3+ 1170:1175 arg1 cells 1190:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells 1165:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1165:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 8 4 from cells 1190:1194 arg1 nodes 1220:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1199:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1199:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 4 5 from Changes 504:510 arg1 structure 535:543 structure 535:543 structure 535:543 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 4 5 from Changes 504:510 arg1 composition 519:529 composition 519:529 composition 519:529 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 8 6 theme T 1188:1188 arg1 cells 1190:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells 1165:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1165:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 6 7 theme Lactobacillus 913:925 arg1 acidipiscis 927:937 Lactobacillus acidipiscis 913:937 Lactobacillus acidipiscis 913:937 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 7 8 theme EAE 1121:1123 arg1 development 1125:1135 EAE development 1121:1135 EAE development 1121:1135 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 0 9 theme Lactobacillus 0:12 arg1 acidipiscis 14:24 Lactobacillus acidipiscis 0:24 Lactobacillus acidipiscis 0:24 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 9 10 theme acidipiscis 1417:1427 arg1 effect 1404:1409 the protective effect 1389:1409 the protective effect of L. acidipiscis 1389:1427 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 4 11 theme central 676:682 arg1 system 692:697 system 692:697 system 692:697 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 11 12 theme acidipiscis 1743:1753 arg1 ability 1729:1735 the ability 1725:1735 the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE 1725:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 8 13 theme mesenteric 1203:1212 arg1 nodes 1220:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1199:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1199:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 7 14 from amount 1026:1031 arg1 tract 1069:1073 the intestinal tract 1054:1073 the intestinal tract 1054:1073 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 3 15 from studies 342:348 arg1 regulation 357:366 the regulation 353:366 the regulation of gastrointestinal flora 353:392 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 5 16 theme intestinal 859:868 arg1 dysbacteriosis 870:883 intestinal dysbacteriosis 859:883 intestinal dysbacteriosis 859:883 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 11 17 theme encephalomyelitic 1838:1854 arg1 Th1 1856:1858 the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells 1834:1873 Th1 1856:1858 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 10 18 theme including 1581:1589 arg1 acidipiscis 1594:1604 including L. acidipiscis 1581:1604 including L. acidipiscis 1581:1604 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 4 19 dep characteristics 590:604 arg1 the 586:588 the 586:588 the 586:588 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 5 20 theme barrier 841:847 arg1 destruction 811:821 the continuous destruction 796:821 the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis 796:883 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 9 21 theme cell-deficient 1446:1459 arg1 mice 1461:1464 γδ T cell-deficient mice 1441:1464 γδ T cell-deficient mice 1441:1464 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 8 22 theme mice 1229:1232 arg1 nodes 1220:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1199:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1199:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 6 23 theme autoimmune 972:981 arg1 EAE 1002:1004 EAE 1002:1004 EAE 1002:1004 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 6 23 theme autoimmune 972:981 arg1 encephalomyelitis 983:999 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis 959:999 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) 959:1005 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 9 24 from cells 1535:1539 arg1 epithelium 1559:1568 the intestinal epithelium 1544:1568 the intestinal epithelium 1544:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 9 25 theme cells 1535:1539 arg1 presence 1507:1514 the presence 1503:1514 the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium 1503:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 1 26 theme autoimmune 155:164 arg1 disease 166:172 a chronic autoimmune disease 145:172 a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system 145:209 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 1 26 theme autoimmune 155:164 arg1 sclerosis 132:140 Multiple sclerosis 123:140 Multiple sclerosis 123:140 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 5 27 dep occurrence 724:733 arg1 The 720:722 The 720:722 The 720:722 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 4 28 theme system 692:697 arg1 events 712:717 central nervous system inflammation events 676:717 central nervous system inflammation events 676:717 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 4 29 theme events 712:717 arg1 series 666:671 a series 664:671 a series of central nervous system inflammation events 664:717 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 0 30 theme Experimental 80:91 arg1 Encephalomyelitis 104:120 Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 80:120 Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 80:120 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 1 31 theme central 188:194 arg1 system 204:209 the central nervous system 184:209 the central nervous system 184:209 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 8 32 theme cells 1337:1341 arg1 differentiation 1311:1325 the differentiation 1307:1325 the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells 1307:1363 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 11 33 theme Th1 1856:1858 arg1 progress 1883:1890 the progress 1879:1890 the progress of EAE 1879:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 11 33 theme Th1 1856:1858 arg1 development 1819:1829 the development 1815:1829 the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells 1815:1873 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 5 34 theme sclerosis 763:771 arg1 development 739:749 development 739:749 development 739:749 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 5 34 theme sclerosis 763:771 arg1 occurrence 724:733 occurrence 724:733 occurrence 724:733 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 9 35 theme regulatory 1519:1528 arg1 cells 1535:1539 regulatory γδ T cells 1519:1539 regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium 1519:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 3 36 theme flora 388:392 arg1 regulation 357:366 the regulation 353:366 the regulation of gastrointestinal flora 353:392 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 3 37 theme mammalian 424:432 arg1 system 441:446 the mammalian immune system 420:446 the mammalian immune system 420:446 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 5 38 theme intestinal 830:839 arg1 barrier 841:847 the intestinal barrier 826:847 the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis 826:883 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 9 39 theme T 1533:1533 arg1 cells 1535:1539 regulatory γδ T cells 1519:1539 regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium 1519:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 9 40 from epithelium 1559:1568 arg1 presence 1507:1514 the presence 1503:1514 the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium 1503:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 4 41 theme gastrointestinal 552:567 arg1 flora 569:573 the gastrointestinal flora 548:573 the gastrointestinal flora 548:573 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 10 42 theme cells 1643:1647 arg1 development 1619:1629 the development 1615:1629 the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells 1615:1647 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 11 43 theme Th17 1864:1867 arg1 cells 1869:1873 the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells 1834:1873 cells 1869:1873 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 10 44 theme Vγ1+γδ 1634:1639 arg1 cells 1643:1647 Vγ1+γδ T cells 1634:1647 Vγ1+γδ T cells 1634:1647 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 0 45 theme Gamma 45:49 arg1 Cells 59:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 4 46 dep composition 519:529 arg1 the 515:517 the 515:517 the 515:517 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 5 47 theme continuous 800:809 arg1 destruction 811:821 the continuous destruction 796:821 the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis 796:883 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 9 48 theme intestinal 1548:1557 arg1 epithelium 1559:1568 the intestinal epithelium 1544:1568 the intestinal epithelium 1544:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 11 49 theme cells 1795:1799 arg1 generation 1765:1774 generation 1765:1774 generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE 1765:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 0 50 theme T 57:57 arg1 Cells 59:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 11 51 theme γδ 1790:1791 arg1 cells 1795:1799 regulatory γδ T cells 1779:1799 regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE 1779:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 11 52 theme cells 1869:1873 arg1 progress 1883:1890 the progress 1879:1890 the progress of EAE 1879:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 11 52 theme cells 1869:1873 arg1 development 1819:1829 the development 1815:1829 the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells 1815:1873 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 4 53 theme host 629:632 arg1 system 641:646 the host immune system 625:646 the host immune system 625:646 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 10 54 theme T 1679:1679 arg1 cells 1681:1685 Vγ4+γδ T cells 1672:1685 Vγ4+γδ T cells 1672:1685 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 7 55 theme development 1125:1135 arg1 progress 1109:1116 the progress 1105:1116 the progress of EAE development 1105:1135 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 2 56 theme good 295:298 arg1 treatment 300:308 no good treatment 292:308 no good treatment 292:308 Its pathogenesis is complicated, and there is no good treatment. 33679767 8 57 theme CD4+ 1165:1168 arg1 cells 1190:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells 1165:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1165:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 8 58 theme CD4+ 1330:1333 arg1 cells 1337:1341 CD4+ T cells 1330:1341 CD4+ T cells 1330:1341 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 1 59 theme nervous 196:202 arg1 system 204:209 the central nervous system 184:209 the central nervous system 184:209 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 8 60 theme regulatory 1177:1186 arg1 cells 1190:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells 1165:1194 CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1165:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 8 61 from nodes 1220:1224 arg1 number 1155:1160 the number 1151:1160 the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1151:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 8 62 theme cells 1190:1194 arg1 number 1155:1160 the number 1151:1160 the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1151:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 8 63 dep Th1 1346:1348 arg1 cells 1359:1363 cells 1359:1363 cells 1359:1363 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 4 64 theme system 641:646 arg1 development 610:620 development 610:620 development 610:620 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 4 64 theme system 641:646 arg1 characteristics 590:604 characteristics 590:604 characteristics 590:604 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 10 65 theme L. 1591:1592 arg1 acidipiscis 1594:1604 including L. acidipiscis 1581:1604 including L. acidipiscis 1581:1604 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 11 66 theme EAE 1895:1897 arg1 progress 1883:1890 the progress 1879:1890 the progress of EAE 1879:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 11 66 theme EAE 1895:1897 arg1 development 1819:1829 the development 1815:1829 the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells 1815:1873 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 1 67 theme high 224:227 arg1 rate 240:243 a high disability rate 222:243 a high disability rate 222:243 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 8 68 theme lymph 1214:1218 arg1 nodes 1220:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1199:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1199:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 6 69 theme encephalomyelitis 983:999 arg1 model 950:954 a mouse model 942:954 a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) 942:1005 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 11 70 theme regulatory 1779:1788 arg1 cells 1795:1799 regulatory γδ T cells 1779:1799 regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE 1779:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 7 71 theme intestinal 1058:1067 arg1 tract 1069:1073 the intestinal tract 1054:1073 the intestinal tract 1054:1073 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 7 72 theme acidipiscis 1039:1049 arg1 proportional 1089:1100 proportional 1089:1100 proportional 1089:1100 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 7 72 theme acidipiscis 1039:1049 arg1 amount 1026:1031 the amount 1022:1031 the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract 1022:1073 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 7 72 theme acidipiscis 1039:1049 arg1 acidipiscis 1039:1049 L. acidipiscis 1036:1049 L. acidipiscis 1036:1049 We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. 33679767 6 73 theme experimental 959:970 arg1 EAE 1002:1004 EAE 1002:1004 EAE 1002:1004 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 6 73 theme experimental 959:970 arg1 encephalomyelitis 983:999 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis 959:999 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) 959:1005 In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 33679767 3 74 theme recent 314:319 arg1 years 321:325 recent years 314:325 recent years 314:325 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 1 75 theme chronic 147:153 arg1 disease 166:172 a chronic autoimmune disease 145:172 a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system 145:209 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 1 75 theme chronic 147:153 arg1 sclerosis 132:140 Multiple sclerosis 123:140 Multiple sclerosis 123:140 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 3 76 theme in-depth 333:340 arg1 studies 342:348 in-depth studies 333:348 in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora 333:392 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 4 77 theme nervous 684:690 arg1 system 692:697 system 692:697 system 692:697 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 0 78 theme Autoimmune 93:102 arg1 Encephalomyelitis 104:120 Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 80:120 Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 80:120 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 4 79 theme inflammation 699:710 arg1 events 712:717 central nervous system inflammation events 676:717 central nervous system inflammation events 676:717 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 9 80 from presence 1507:1514 arg1 epithelium 1559:1568 the intestinal epithelium 1544:1568 the intestinal epithelium 1544:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 8 81 theme T 1335:1335 arg1 cells 1337:1341 CD4+ T cells 1330:1341 CD4+ T cells 1330:1341 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 5 82 theme multiple 754:761 arg1 sclerosis 763:771 multiple sclerosis 754:771 multiple sclerosis 754:771 The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. 33679767 9 83 theme γδ 1530:1531 arg1 cells 1535:1539 regulatory γδ T cells 1519:1539 regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium 1519:1568 However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. 33679767 4 84 theme flora 569:573 arg1 structure 535:543 structure 535:543 structure 535:543 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 4 84 theme flora 569:573 arg1 composition 519:529 composition 519:529 composition 519:529 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 33679767 3 85 theme immune 434:439 arg1 system 441:446 the mammalian immune system 420:446 the mammalian immune system 420:446 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 0 86 theme Regulatory 34:43 arg1 Cells 59:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 1 87 theme Multiple 123:130 arg1 disease 166:172 a chronic autoimmune disease 145:172 a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system 145:209 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 1 87 theme Multiple 123:130 arg1 sclerosis 132:140 Multiple sclerosis 123:140 Multiple sclerosis 123:140 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 3 88 theme gastrointestinal 371:386 arg1 flora 388:392 gastrointestinal flora 371:392 gastrointestinal flora 371:392 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 10 89 theme T 1641:1641 arg1 cells 1643:1647 Vγ1+γδ T cells 1634:1647 Vγ1+γδ T cells 1634:1647 Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. 33679767 0 90 theme Delta 51:55 arg1 Cells 59:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells 34:63 Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. 33679767 8 91 from number 1155:1160 arg1 nodes 1220:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes 1199:1224 the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice 1199:1232 In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. 33679767 3 92 theme intestinal 456:465 arg1 flora 467:471 the intestinal flora 452:471 the intestinal flora 452:471 In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. 33679767 11 93 theme T 1793:1793 arg1 cells 1795:1799 regulatory γδ T cells 1779:1799 regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE 1779:1897 In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE. 33679767 1 94 theme disability 229:238 arg1 rate 240:243 a high disability rate 222:243 a high disability rate 222:243 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. 33679767 4 95 theme immune 634:639 arg1 system 641:646 the host immune system 625:646 the host immune system 625:646 Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. 34133441 0 0 theme matrix-degrading 87:102 arg1 enzymes 104:110 extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes 73:110 extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes 73:110 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 10 1 theme diverse 1851:1857 arg1 mechanisms 1859:1868 the diverse mechanisms 1847:1868 the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains 1847:1913 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 4 2 theme biofilm 820:826 arg1 susceptibility 828:841 biofilm susceptibility 820:841 biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes 820:856 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 9 3 theme strains 1555:1561 arg1 analyses 1543:1550 Our compositional and imaging analyses 1513:1550 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 1513:1580 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 8 4 theme essential 1470:1478 arg1 role 1480:1483 an essential role 1467:1483 an essential role 1467:1483 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 0 5 theme extracellular 73:85 arg1 enzymes 104:110 extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes 73:110 extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes 73:110 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 0 6 from variation 7:15 arg1 biofilms 36:43 Bacillus cereus biofilms 20:43 Bacillus cereus biofilms 20:43 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 cellulase 667:675 cellulase 667:675 cellulase 667:675 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 amyloglucosidase 678:693 amyloglucosidase 678:693 amyloglucosidase 678:693 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 K 652:652 proteinase K 641:652 proteinase K 641:652 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 enzymes 624:630 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 II 663:664 dispase II 655:664 dispase II 655:664 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 α-amylase 700:708 α-amylase 700:708 α-amylase 700:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 7 theme extracellular 593:605 arg1 I 638:638 DNase I 632:638 DNase I 632:638 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 10 8 theme biofilms 1790:1797 arg1 diverse 1813:1819 diverse 1813:1819 diverse 1813:1819 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 10 8 theme biofilms 1790:1797 arg1 matrix 1770:1775 the extracellular matrix 1752:1775 the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms 1752:1797 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 9 9 theme physicochemical 1601:1615 arg1 distinct 1650:1657 distinct 1650:1657 distinct 1650:1657 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 9 9 theme physicochemical 1601:1615 arg1 properties 1617:1626 the physicochemical properties 1597:1626 the physicochemical properties of their biofilms 1597:1644 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 1 10 from biofilms 166:173 arg1 surfaces 191:198 food contact surfaces 178:198 food contact surfaces 178:198 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 3 11 theme 10987 507:511 arg1 strain 523:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 9 12 theme imaging 1535:1541 arg1 analyses 1543:1550 Our compositional and imaging analyses 1513:1550 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 1513:1580 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 6 13 contain have 1090:1093 arg2 DNA 1109:1111 extracellular DNA 1095:1111 extracellular DNA 1095:1111 This result suggests that some strains may not have extracellular DNA, or their extracellular DNA may be protected in their biofilms. 34133441 6 13 contain have 1090:1093 arg1 strains 1074:1080 some strains 1069:1080 some strains 1069:1080 This result suggests that some strains may not have extracellular DNA, or their extracellular DNA may be protected in their biofilms. 34133441 4 14 theme biofilms 900:907 arg1 morphology 869:878 morphology 869:878 four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates 784:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 4 14 theme biofilms 900:907 arg1 patterns 799:806 four different patterns 784:806 four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates 784:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 5 15 theme BC72 1037:1040 arg1 formation 969:977 the biofilm formation 957:977 the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72 957:1040 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 4 16 theme susceptibility 828:841 arg1 terms 811:815 terms 811:815 terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes 811:856 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 3 17 theme reference 513:521 arg1 strain 523:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 4 18 theme cell 922:925 arg1 aggregates 927:936 suspended cell aggregates 912:936 suspended cell aggregates 912:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 10 19 theme formation 1881:1889 arg1 mechanisms 1859:1868 the diverse mechanisms 1847:1868 the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains 1847:1913 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 2 20 from variation 356:364 arg1 structure 373:381 the structure 369:381 the structure of B. cereus biofilms 369:403 While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. 34133441 2 21 dep B. 386:387 arg1 cereus 389:394 cereus 389:394 cereus 389:394 While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. 34133441 1 22 theme contact 183:189 arg1 surfaces 191:198 food contact surfaces 178:198 food contact surfaces 178:198 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 3 23 theme B. 442:443 arg1 strains 452:458 B. cereus strains 442:458 B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) 442:492 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 4 24 theme suspended 912:920 arg1 aggregates 927:936 suspended cell aggregates 912:936 suspended cell aggregates 912:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 4 25 from patterns 799:806 arg1 terms 811:815 terms 811:815 terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes 811:856 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 4 26 theme different 789:797 arg1 patterns 799:806 four different patterns 784:806 four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates 784:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 3 27 theme ATCC 502:505 arg1 strain 523:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 1 28 theme food 178:181 arg1 surfaces 191:198 food contact surfaces 178:198 food contact surfaces 178:198 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 8 29 dep strains 1333:1339 arg1 BC4 1356:1358 BC4 1356:1358 BC4 1356:1358 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 8 29 dep strains 1333:1339 arg1 10987 1346:1350 ATCC 10987 1341:1350 ATCC 10987 1341:1350 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 9 30 theme biofilms 1637:1644 arg1 distinct 1650:1657 distinct 1650:1657 distinct 1650:1657 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 9 30 theme biofilms 1637:1644 arg1 properties 1617:1626 the physicochemical properties 1597:1626 the physicochemical properties of their biofilms 1597:1644 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 6 31 theme extracellular 1095:1107 arg1 DNA 1109:1111 extracellular DNA 1095:1111 extracellular DNA 1095:1111 This result suggests that some strains may not have extracellular DNA, or their extracellular DNA may be protected in their biofilms. 34133441 10 32 dep B. 1897:1898 arg1 cereus 1900:1905 cereus 1900:1905 cereus 1900:1905 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 2 33 theme biofilms 396:403 arg1 structure 373:381 the structure 369:381 the structure of B. cereus biofilms 369:403 While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. 34133441 0 34 theme Strain 0:5 arg1 variation 7:15 Strain variation 0:15 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms 0:43 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 8 35 theme biofilm 1494:1500 arg1 formation 1502:1510 their biofilm formation 1488:1510 their biofilm formation 1488:1510 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 10 36 dep B. 1780:1781 arg1 cereus 1783:1788 cereus 1783:1788 cereus 1783:1788 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 9 37 theme compositional 1517:1529 arg1 analyses 1543:1550 Our compositional and imaging analyses 1513:1550 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 1513:1580 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 5 38 theme strains 1020:1026 arg1 formation 969:977 the biofilm formation 957:977 the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72 957:1040 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 0 39 theme Bacillus 20:27 arg1 biofilms 36:43 Bacillus cereus biofilms 20:43 Bacillus cereus biofilms 20:43 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 5 40 theme biofilm 961:967 arg1 formation 969:977 the biofilm formation 957:977 the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72 957:1040 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 7 41 theme susceptibility 1234:1247 arg1 patterns 1222:1229 different patterns 1212:1229 different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes 1212:1294 In addition, the strains exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. 34133441 2 42 theme strain-dependent 273:288 arg1 variation 290:298 strain-dependent variation 273:298 strain-dependent variation 273:298 While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 cellulase 667:675 cellulase 667:675 cellulase 667:675 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 amyloglucosidase 678:693 amyloglucosidase 678:693 amyloglucosidase 678:693 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 K 652:652 proteinase K 641:652 proteinase K 641:652 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 enzymes 624:630 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 II 663:664 dispase II 655:664 dispase II 655:664 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 α-amylase 700:708 α-amylase 700:708 α-amylase 700:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 43 theme matrix-degrading 607:622 arg1 I 638:638 DNase I 632:638 DNase I 632:638 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 7 44 theme protein- 1252:1259 arg1 enzymes 1288:1294 protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes 1252:1294 protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes 1252:1294 In addition, the strains exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. 34133441 10 45 theme B. 1897:1898 arg1 strains 1907:1913 B. cereus strains 1897:1913 B. cereus strains 1897:1913 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 4 46 theme surface-attached 883:898 arg1 biofilms 900:907 surface-attached biofilms 883:907 surface-attached biofilms 883:907 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 3 47 theme enzymes 624:630 arg1 presence 577:584 the presence 573:584 the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes 573:754 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 10 48 theme extracellular 1756:1768 arg1 diverse 1813:1819 diverse 1813:1819 diverse 1813:1819 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 10 48 theme extracellular 1756:1768 arg1 matrix 1770:1775 the extracellular matrix 1752:1775 the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms 1752:1797 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 5 49 dep strains 982:988 arg1 strains 982:988 strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 982:1007 strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 982:1007 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 5 49 dep strains 982:988 arg1 ATCC 990:993 ATCC 10987 990:999 ATCC 10987 990:999 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 5 49 dep strains 982:988 arg1 BC4 1005:1007 BC4 1005:1007 BC4 1005:1007 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 7 50 theme carbohydrate-degrading 1265:1286 arg1 enzymes 1288:1294 protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes 1252:1294 protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes 1252:1294 In addition, the strains exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. 34133441 9 51 dep ratio 1705:1709 arg1 to 1694:1695 to 1694:1695 to 1694:1695 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 4 52 from morphology 869:878 arg1 terms 811:815 terms 811:815 terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes 811:856 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 5 53 theme strains 982:988 arg1 formation 969:977 the biofilm formation 957:977 the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72 957:1040 DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. 34133441 1 54 theme food 214:217 arg1 problems 227:234 food hygiene problems 214:234 food hygiene problems 214:234 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 0 55 from susceptibility 55:68 arg1 biofilms 36:43 Bacillus cereus biofilms 20:43 Bacillus cereus biofilms 20:43 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 3 56 dep B. 442:443 arg1 cereus 445:450 cereus 445:450 cereus 445:450 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 10 57 theme biofilm 1873:1879 arg1 formation 1881:1889 biofilm formation 1873:1889 biofilm formation 1873:1889 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 3 58 from tatsoi 465:470 arg1 strain 523:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 the ATCC 10987 reference strain 498:528 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 58 from tatsoi 465:470 arg1 strains 452:458 B. cereus strains 442:458 B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) 442:492 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 7 59 theme different 1212:1220 arg1 patterns 1222:1229 different patterns 1212:1229 different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes 1212:1294 In addition, the strains exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. 34133441 9 60 theme carbohydrate 1681:1692 arg1 ratio 1705:1709 the carbohydrate to protein ratio 1677:1709 the carbohydrate to protein ratio 1677:1709 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 3 61 theme proteinase 641:650 arg1 K 652:652 proteinase K 641:652 proteinase K 641:652 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 61 theme proteinase 641:650 arg1 enzymes 624:630 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 0 62 dep Bacillus 20:27 arg1 cereus 29:34 cereus 29:34 cereus 29:34 Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. 34133441 8 63 theme ATCC 1341:1344 arg1 10987 1346:1350 ATCC 10987 1341:1350 ATCC 10987 1341:1350 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 1 64 theme foodborne 134:142 arg1 pathogen 144:151 a foodborne pathogen 132:151 a foodborne pathogen 132:151 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 1 64 theme foodborne 134:142 arg1 cereus 122:127 Bacillus cereus 113:127 Bacillus cereus 113:127 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 1 65 theme hygiene 219:225 arg1 problems 227:234 food hygiene problems 214:234 food hygiene problems 214:234 Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. 34133441 8 66 theme other 1303:1307 arg1 strains 1309:1315 other strains 1303:1315 other strains 1303:1315 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 3 67 theme DNase 632:636 arg1 I 638:638 DNase I 632:638 DNase I 632:638 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 67 theme DNase 632:636 arg1 enzymes 624:630 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 10 68 theme B. 1780:1781 arg1 biofilms 1790:1797 B. cereus biofilms 1780:1797 B. cereus biofilms 1780:1797 Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains. 34133441 2 69 theme strain-to-strain 339:354 arg1 variation 356:364 strain-to-strain variation 339:364 strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms 339:403 While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. 34133441 9 70 theme protein 1697:1703 arg1 ratio 1705:1709 the carbohydrate to protein ratio 1677:1709 the carbohydrate to protein ratio 1677:1709 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 8 71 theme similar 1424:1430 arg1 polysaccharides 1432:1446 its similar polysaccharides 1420:1446 its similar polysaccharides 1420:1446 While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. 34133441 3 72 dep tatsoi 465:470 arg1 BC10 478:481 BC10 478:481 BC10 478:481 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 72 dep tatsoi 465:470 arg1 BC72 488:491 BC72 488:491 BC72 488:491 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 72 dep tatsoi 465:470 arg1 BC4 473:475 BC4 473:475 BC4 473:475 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 2 73 theme B. 386:387 arg1 biofilms 396:403 B. cereus biofilms 386:403 B. cereus biofilms 386:403 While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. 34133441 9 74 dep strains 1555:1561 arg1 strains 1555:1561 strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 1555:1580 strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 1555:1580 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 9 74 dep strains 1555:1561 arg1 ATCC 1563:1566 ATCC 10987 1563:1572 ATCC 10987 1563:1572 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 9 74 dep strains 1555:1561 arg1 BC4 1578:1580 BC4 1578:1580 BC4 1578:1580 Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. 34133441 4 75 theme aggregates 927:936 arg1 morphology 869:878 morphology 869:878 four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates 784:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 4 75 theme aggregates 927:936 arg1 patterns 799:806 four different patterns 784:806 four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates 784:936 The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. 34133441 3 76 theme dispase 655:661 arg1 II 663:664 dispase II 655:664 dispase II 655:664 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 76 theme dispase 655:661 arg1 enzymes 624:630 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 6 77 theme extracellular 1123:1135 arg1 DNA 1137:1139 their extracellular DNA 1117:1139 their extracellular DNA 1117:1139 This result suggests that some strains may not have extracellular DNA, or their extracellular DNA may be protected in their biofilms. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 cellulase 667:675 cellulase 667:675 cellulase 667:675 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 amyloglucosidase 678:693 amyloglucosidase 678:693 amyloglucosidase 678:693 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 K 652:652 proteinase K 641:652 proteinase K 641:652 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 enzymes 624:630 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase 589:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 II 663:664 dispase II 655:664 dispase II 655:664 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 α-amylase 700:708 α-amylase 700:708 α-amylase 700:708 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 34133441 3 78 dep enzymes 624:630 arg1 I 638:638 DNase I 632:638 DNase I 632:638 In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. 33639593 18 0 theme mouse 1997:2001 arg1 model 2003:2007 the LPS-induced mouse model 1981:2007 the LPS-induced mouse model 1981:2007 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 17 1 theme iNOs 1820:1823 arg1 expression 1806:1815 the mRNA expression 1797:1815 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 1797:1847 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 18 2 theme p65 2233:2235 arg1 translocation 2210:2222 the nuclear translocation 2198:2222 the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 2198:2235 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 13 3 theme new 1336:1338 arg1 compounds 1340:1348 five new compounds 1331:1348 five new compounds 1331:1348 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 21 4 dep component 2451:2459 arg1 13 2485:2486 13 2485:2486 13 2485:2486 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 21 4 dep component 2451:2459 arg1 B 2482:2482 -acutissimalignan B 2464:2482 the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) 2435:2487 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 3 5 theme herbal 220:225 arg1 medicine 227:234 herbal medicine 220:234 herbal medicine 220:234 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. 33639593 4 6 theme Daphne 429:434 arg1 var 445:447 Daphne kiusiana var 429:447 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 9 7 theme components 775:784 arg1 effects 749:755 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects 722:755 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components 722:784 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 6 8 theme in 557:558 arg1 assays 565:570 both in vitro and in vivo assays 539:570 both in vitro and in vivo assays 539:570 F. Maekawa in neuroinflammation by phytochemistry and bioassays using both in vitro and in vivo assays. 33639593 23 9 from information 2691:2701 arg1 var 2718:2720 D. kiusiana var 2706:2720 D. kiusiana var 2706:2720 Our current findings provide new information on D. kiusiana var. 33639593 11 10 theme promising 1002:1010 arg1 component 1012:1020 The most promising component 993:1020 The most promising component 993:1020 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 2 11 theme Signaling 140:148 arg1 pathway 150:156 NF-κB Signaling pathway 134:156 NF-κB Signaling pathway 134:156 F. Maekawa inhibits neuroinflammation via NF-κB Signaling pathway. 33639593 12 12 theme pathway 1213:1219 arg1 activation 1189:1198 the activation 1185:1198 the activation of the NF-κB pathway 1185:1219 Furthermore, the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism involved in the activation of the NF-κB pathway was investigated using western blot and immunofluorescence. 33639593 9 13 theme LPS-induced 804:814 arg1 cells 821:825 LPS-induced BV-2 cells 804:825 LPS-induced BV-2 cells 804:825 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 22 14 theme action 2581:2586 arg1 mechanism 2568:2576 Its mechanism 2564:2576 Its mechanism of action 2564:2586 Its mechanism of action may be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33639593 3 15 theme neurodegenerative 292:308 arg1 diseases 310:317 neurodegenerative diseases 292:317 neurodegenerative diseases 292:317 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. 33639593 4 16 theme herbal 413:418 arg1 medicine 420:427 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 18 17 from activation 2092:2101 arg1 cortex 2123:2128 cortex 2123:2128 cortex 2123:2128 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 18 17 from activation 2092:2101 arg1 hippocampus 2134:2144 hippocampus 2134:2144 hippocampus 2134:2144 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 18 18 theme NK-κB 2227:2231 arg1 p65 2233:2235 NK-κB p65 2227:2235 NK-κB p65 2227:2235 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 21 19 dep in 2547:2548 arg1 vitro 2550:2554 vitro 2550:2554 vitro 2550:2554 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 10 20 theme neuroinflammatory 911:927 arg1 model 929:933 a neuroinflammatory model 909:933 a neuroinflammatory model 909:933 C57BL/6 mice were used to construct a neuroinflammatory model by injecting LPS into the lateral ventricle of the brain. 33639593 17 21 theme NK-κB 1928:1932 arg1 p65 1934:1936 NK-κB p65 1928:1936 NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells 1928:1950 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 8 22 theme chromatography 666:679 arg1 technologies 681:692 multiple chromatography technologies 657:692 multiple chromatography technologies 657:692 atrocaulis was clarified using multiple chromatography technologies and spectroscopic analysis. 33639593 18 23 theme IL-1β 2289:2293 arg1 expression 2262:2271 the mRNA expression 2253:2271 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex 2253:2317 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 18 24 from expression 2262:2271 arg1 cortex 2312:2317 the cortex 2308:2317 the cortex 2308:2317 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 9 25 theme nitric 859:864 arg1 oxide 866:870 nitric oxide 859:870 nitric oxide 859:870 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 15 26 theme BV-2 1543:1546 arg1 cells 1548:1552 BV-2 cells 1543:1552 BV-2 cells 1543:1552 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 17 27 from cells 1946:1950 arg1 translocation 1911:1923 the nuclear translocation 1899:1923 the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS 1899:1965 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 11 28 theme cells 1077:1081 arg1 expression 1087:1096 expression 1087:1096 expression of inflammatory factors 1087:1120 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 11 28 theme cells 1077:1081 arg1 number 1061:1066 the number 1057:1066 the number of Iba-1 cells 1057:1081 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 18 29 theme microglia 2106:2114 arg1 activation 2092:2101 the activation 2088:2101 the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus 2088:2144 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 15 30 theme NO 1537:1538 arg1 production 1523:1532 the LPS-induced production 1507:1532 the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells 1507:1552 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 21 31 dep in 2535:2536 arg1 vivo 2538:2541 vivo 2538:2541 vivo 2538:2541 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 16 32 theme potential 1683:1691 arg1 μM 1716:1717 IC50 5.41 μM 1706:1717 IC50 5.41 μM 1706:1717 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 16 32 theme potential 1683:1691 arg1 compound 1693:1700 the most potential compound 13 1674:1703 the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) 1674:1718 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 11 33 theme inflammatory 1101:1112 arg1 factors 1114:1120 inflammatory factors 1101:1120 inflammatory factors 1101:1120 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 12 34 theme western 1244:1250 arg1 blot 1252:1255 western blot 1244:1255 western blot 1244:1255 Furthermore, the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism involved in the activation of the NF-κB pathway was investigated using western blot and immunofluorescence. 33639593 17 35 from translocation 1911:1923 arg1 cells 1946:1950 BV-2 cells 1941:1950 BV-2 cells 1941:1950 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 3 36 theme Emerging 170:177 arg1 evidence 179:186 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence 159:186 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence 159:186 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. 33639593 16 37 theme IC50 1706:1709 arg1 μM 1716:1717 IC50 5.41 μM 1706:1717 IC50 5.41 μM 1706:1717 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 16 37 theme IC50 1706:1709 arg1 compound 1693:1700 the most potential compound 13 1674:1703 the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) 1674:1718 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 7 38 theme var 621:623 arg1 composition 594:604 The chemical composition 581:604 The chemical composition of D. kiusiana var 581:623 METHODS The chemical composition of D. kiusiana var. 33639593 18 39 theme mRNA 2257:2260 arg1 expression 2262:2271 the mRNA expression 2253:2271 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex 2253:2317 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 23 40 theme kiusiana 2709:2716 arg1 var 2718:2720 D. kiusiana var 2706:2720 D. kiusiana var 2706:2720 Our current findings provide new information on D. kiusiana var. 33639593 0 41 theme Acutissimalignan 0:15 arg1 B 17:17 Acutissimalignan B 0:17 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine 0:50 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 20 42 contain had 2373:2375 arg2 activity 2391:2398 an inhibitory activity 2377:2398 an inhibitory activity 2377:2398 atrocaulis had an inhibitory activity on neuroinflammation. 33639593 20 42 contain had 2373:2375 arg1 atrocaulis 2362:2371 atrocaulis 2362:2371 atrocaulis 2362:2371 atrocaulis had an inhibitory activity on neuroinflammation. 33639593 7 43 theme D. 609:610 arg1 var 621:623 D. kiusiana var 609:623 D. kiusiana var 609:623 METHODS The chemical composition of D. kiusiana var. 33639593 21 44 theme active 2444:2449 arg1 component 2451:2459 the main active component 2435:2459 the main active component 2435:2459 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 6 45 theme in 544:545 arg1 assays 565:570 both in vitro and in vivo assays 539:570 both in vitro and in vivo assays 539:570 F. Maekawa in neuroinflammation by phytochemistry and bioassays using both in vitro and in vivo assays. 33639593 3 46 theme important 202:210 arg1 role 212:215 the important role 198:215 the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases 198:317 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. 33639593 17 47 theme TNF-α 1826:1830 arg1 expression 1806:1815 the mRNA expression 1797:1815 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 1797:1847 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 18 48 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 2041:2062 arg1 activity 2064:2071 anti-neuroinflammatory activity 2041:2071 anti-neuroinflammatory activity 2041:2071 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 0 49 dep var 68:70 arg1 B 17:17 Acutissimalignan B 0:17 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine 0:50 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 15 50 from production 1523:1532 arg1 cells 1548:1552 BV-2 cells 1543:1552 BV-2 cells 1543:1552 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 13 51 theme D. 1385:1386 arg1 var 1397:1399 D. kiusiana var 1385:1399 D. kiusiana var 1385:1399 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 24 52 dep atrocaulis 2723:2732 arg1 treatment 2741:2749 the treatment 2737:2749 the treatment of neuroinflammation 2737:2770 atrocaulis in the treatment of neuroinflammation. 33639593 23 53 theme new 2687:2689 arg1 information 2691:2701 new information 2687:2701 new information on D. kiusiana var 2687:2720 Our current findings provide new information on D. kiusiana var. 33639593 0 54 theme herbal 36:41 arg1 medicine 43:50 traditional herbal medicine 24:50 traditional herbal medicine 24:50 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 17 55 theme IL-1β 1833:1837 arg1 expression 1806:1815 the mRNA expression 1797:1815 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 1797:1847 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 3 56 theme medicine 227:234 arg1 role 212:215 the important role 198:215 the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases 198:317 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. 33639593 6 57 dep in 544:545 arg1 vitro 547:551 vitro 547:551 vitro 547:551 F. Maekawa in neuroinflammation by phytochemistry and bioassays using both in vitro and in vivo assays. 33639593 13 58 theme kiusiana 1388:1395 arg1 var 1397:1399 D. kiusiana var 1385:1399 D. kiusiana var 1385:1399 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 4 59 theme traditional 401:411 arg1 medicine 420:427 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 16 60 theme acetate 1742:1748 arg1 fraction 1750:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 17 61 theme mRNA 1801:1804 arg1 expression 1806:1815 the mRNA expression 1797:1815 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 1797:1847 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 9 62 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 726:747 arg1 effects 749:755 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects 722:755 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components 722:784 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 22 63 theme NF-κB 2633:2637 arg1 pathway 2649:2655 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2629:2655 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2629:2655 Its mechanism of action may be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33639593 4 64 theme primary 365:371 arg1 mechanisms 373:382 primary mechanisms 365:382 primary mechanisms 365:382 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 18 65 theme LPS-induced 1985:1995 arg1 model 2003:2007 the LPS-induced mouse model 1981:2007 the LPS-induced mouse model 1981:2007 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 4 66 theme kiusiana 436:443 arg1 var 445:447 Daphne kiusiana var 429:447 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 9 67 theme identified 764:773 arg1 components 775:784 the identified components 760:784 the identified components 760:784 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 6 68 dep in 557:558 arg1 vivo 560:563 vivo 560:563 vivo 560:563 F. Maekawa in neuroinflammation by phytochemistry and bioassays using both in vitro and in vivo assays. 33639593 19 69 dep CONCLUSION 2320:2329 arg1 found 2334:2338 found 2334:2338 found that D. kiusiana var 2334:2359 CONCLUSION We found that D. kiusiana var. 33639593 17 70 theme Acutissimalignan 1760:1775 arg1 B 1777:1777 Acutissimalignan B 1760:1777 Acutissimalignan B (13) 1760:1782 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 17 70 theme Acutissimalignan 1760:1775 arg1 13 1780:1781 13 1780:1781 13 1780:1781 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 2 71 theme NF-κB 134:138 arg1 pathway 150:156 NF-κB Signaling pathway 134:156 NF-κB Signaling pathway 134:156 F. Maekawa inhibits neuroinflammation via NF-κB Signaling pathway. 33639593 12 72 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 1140:1161 arg1 mechanism 1163:1171 the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism 1136:1171 the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism involved in the activation of the NF-κB pathway 1136:1219 Furthermore, the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism involved in the activation of the NF-κB pathway was investigated using western blot and immunofluorescence. 33639593 13 73 dep RESULTS 1281:1287 arg1 1-32 1314:1317 1-32 1314:1317 1-32 1314:1317 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 13 73 dep RESULTS 1281:1287 arg1 constituents 1300:1311 Thirty-two constituents 1289:1311 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32) 1281:1318 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 17 74 theme nuclear 1903:1909 arg1 translocation 1911:1923 the nuclear translocation 1899:1923 the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS 1899:1965 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 21 75 theme -acutissimalignan 2464:2480 arg1 13 2485:2486 13 2485:2486 13 2485:2486 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 21 75 theme -acutissimalignan 2464:2480 arg1 B 2482:2482 -acutissimalignan B 2464:2482 the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) 2435:2487 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 4 76 theme medicine 420:427 arg1 action 387:392 action 387:392 action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 387:447 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 9 77 theme BV-2 816:819 arg1 cells 821:825 LPS-induced BV-2 cells 804:825 LPS-induced BV-2 cells 804:825 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 10 78 used used 891:894 arg2 mice 881:884 C57BL/6 mice 873:884 C57BL/6 mice 873:884 C57BL/6 mice were used to construct a neuroinflammatory model by injecting LPS into the lateral ventricle of the brain. 33639593 21 79 theme in 2535:2536 arg1 assays 2556:2561 both in vivo and in vitro assays 2530:2561 both in vivo and in vitro assays 2530:2561 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 18 80 located found 2026:2030 arg2 compound 2010:2017 compound 13 2010:2020 compound 13 2010:2020 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 18 80 located found 2026:2030 arg1 model 2003:2007 the LPS-induced mouse model 1981:2007 the LPS-induced mouse model 1981:2007 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 17 81 theme p65 1934:1936 arg1 translocation 1911:1923 the nuclear translocation 1899:1923 the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS 1899:1965 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 20 82 theme inhibitory 2380:2389 arg1 activity 2391:2398 an inhibitory activity 2377:2398 an inhibitory activity 2377:2398 atrocaulis had an inhibitory activity on neuroinflammation. 33639593 17 83 theme BV-2 1941:1944 arg1 cells 1946:1950 BV-2 cells 1941:1950 BV-2 cells 1941:1950 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 18 84 theme IκBα 2181:2184 arg1 phosphorylation 2162:2176 the phosphorylation 2158:2176 the phosphorylation of IκBα 2158:2184 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 21 85 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 2496:2517 arg1 effects 2519:2525 anti-neuroinflammatory effects 2496:2525 anti-neuroinflammatory effects 2496:2525 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 15 86 theme anti-neuroinflammatory 1575:1596 arg1 activities 1598:1607 stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities 1566:1607 stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities 1566:1607 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 13 87 theme Thirty-two 1289:1298 arg1 1-32 1314:1317 1-32 1314:1317 1-32 1314:1317 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 13 87 theme Thirty-two 1289:1298 arg1 constituents 1300:1311 Thirty-two constituents 1289:1311 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32) 1281:1318 RESULTS Thirty-two constituents (1-32), including five new compounds, were successfully identified from D. kiusiana var. 33639593 4 88 dep medicine 420:427 arg1 var 445:447 Daphne kiusiana var 429:447 the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var 397:447 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 11 89 theme Iba-1 1071:1075 arg1 cells 1077:1081 Iba-1 cells 1071:1081 Iba-1 cells 1071:1081 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 19 90 dep found 2334:2338 arg1 var 2357:2359 var 2357:2359 var 2357:2359 CONCLUSION We found that D. kiusiana var. 33639593 9 91 theme oxide 866:870 arg1 production 845:854 the production 841:854 the production of nitric oxide 841:870 The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the identified components were evaluated in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by monitoring the production of nitric oxide. 33639593 21 92 theme in 2547:2548 arg1 assays 2556:2561 both in vivo and in vitro assays 2530:2561 both in vivo and in vitro assays 2530:2561 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 11 93 theme factors 1114:1120 arg1 expression 1087:1096 expression 1087:1096 expression of inflammatory factors 1087:1120 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 11 93 theme factors 1114:1120 arg1 number 1061:1066 the number 1057:1066 the number of Iba-1 cells 1057:1081 The most promising component was evaluated in vivo by measuring the number of Iba-1 cells and expression of inflammatory factors. 33639593 18 94 theme IL-6 2300:2303 arg1 expression 2262:2271 the mRNA expression 2253:2271 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex 2253:2317 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 10 95 theme lateral 961:967 arg1 ventricle 969:977 the lateral ventricle 957:977 the lateral ventricle of the brain 957:990 C57BL/6 mice were used to construct a neuroinflammatory model by injecting LPS into the lateral ventricle of the brain. 33639593 22 96 theme signaling 2639:2647 arg1 pathway 2649:2655 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2629:2655 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2629:2655 Its mechanism of action may be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33639593 17 97 from p65 1934:1936 arg1 cells 1946:1950 BV-2 cells 1941:1950 BV-2 cells 1941:1950 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 24 98 theme neuroinflammation 2754:2770 arg1 treatment 2741:2749 the treatment 2737:2749 the treatment of neuroinflammation 2737:2770 atrocaulis in the treatment of neuroinflammation. 33639593 15 99 from μM 1476:1477 arg1 values 1450:1455 IC50 values 1445:1455 IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM 1445:1477 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 3 100 theme BACKGROUND 159:168 arg1 evidence 179:186 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence 159:186 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence 159:186 BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates the important role of herbal medicine for neuroinflammation, which is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. 33639593 15 101 theme LPS-induced 1511:1521 arg1 production 1523:1532 the LPS-induced production 1507:1532 the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells 1507:1552 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 16 102 theme compound 1693:1700 arg1 fraction 1750:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 16 102 theme compound 1693:1700 arg1 % 1727:1727 5.4% 1724:1727 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction 1724:1757 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 16 102 theme compound 1693:1700 arg1 concentration 1657:1669 The concentration 1653:1669 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) 1653:1718 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 17 103 theme IκBα 1881:1884 arg1 phosphorylation 1862:1876 the phosphorylation 1858:1876 the phosphorylation of IκBα 1858:1884 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 7 104 theme kiusiana 612:619 arg1 var 621:623 D. kiusiana var 609:623 D. kiusiana var 609:623 METHODS The chemical composition of D. kiusiana var. 33639593 15 105 dep 57.27 1470:1474 arg1 to 1467:1468 to 1467:1468 to 1467:1468 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 4 106 dep characteristics 345:359 arg1 the 341:343 the 341:343 the 341:343 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 21 107 theme main 2439:2442 arg1 component 2451:2459 the main active component 2435:2459 the main active component 2435:2459 In addition, the main active component (-)-acutissimalignan B (13) showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays. 33639593 0 108 theme traditional 24:34 arg1 medicine 43:50 traditional herbal medicine 24:50 traditional herbal medicine 24:50 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 7 109 theme chemical 585:592 arg1 composition 594:604 The chemical composition 581:604 The chemical composition of D. kiusiana var 581:623 METHODS The chemical composition of D. kiusiana var. 33639593 18 110 theme TNF-α 2282:2286 arg1 expression 2262:2271 the mRNA expression 2253:2271 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex 2253:2317 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 10 111 theme brain 986:990 arg1 ventricle 969:977 the lateral ventricle 957:977 the lateral ventricle of the brain 957:990 C57BL/6 mice were used to construct a neuroinflammatory model by injecting LPS into the lateral ventricle of the brain. 33639593 23 112 theme D. 2706:2707 arg1 var 2718:2720 D. kiusiana var 2706:2720 D. kiusiana var 2706:2720 Our current findings provide new information on D. kiusiana var. 33639593 10 113 theme C57BL/6 873:879 arg1 mice 881:884 C57BL/6 mice 873:884 C57BL/6 mice 873:884 C57BL/6 mice were used to construct a neuroinflammatory model by injecting LPS into the lateral ventricle of the brain. 33639593 23 114 theme current 2662:2668 arg1 findings 2670:2677 Our current findings 2658:2677 Our current findings 2658:2677 Our current findings provide new information on D. kiusiana var. 33639593 18 115 theme iNOs 2276:2279 arg1 expression 2262:2271 the mRNA expression 2253:2271 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex 2253:2317 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 8 116 theme multiple 657:664 arg1 technologies 681:692 multiple chromatography technologies 657:692 multiple chromatography technologies 657:692 atrocaulis was clarified using multiple chromatography technologies and spectroscopic analysis. 33639593 12 117 theme NF-κB 1207:1211 arg1 pathway 1213:1219 the NF-κB pathway 1203:1219 the NF-κB pathway 1203:1219 Furthermore, the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism involved in the activation of the NF-κB pathway was investigated using western blot and immunofluorescence. 33639593 0 118 from medicine 43:50 arg1 B 17:17 Acutissimalignan B 0:17 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine 0:50 Acutissimalignan B from traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 15 119 theme stronger 1566:1573 arg1 activities 1598:1607 stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities 1566:1607 stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities 1566:1607 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 17 120 theme IL-6 1844:1847 arg1 expression 1806:1815 the mRNA expression 1797:1815 the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 1797:1847 Acutissimalignan B (13) could reduce the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. 33639593 4 121 theme action 387:392 arg1 characteristics 345:359 characteristics 345:359 characteristics 345:359 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 4 121 theme action 387:392 arg1 mechanisms 373:382 primary mechanisms 365:382 primary mechanisms 365:382 OBJECTIVE To clarify the characteristics and primary mechanisms of action of the traditional herbal medicine Daphne kiusiana var. 33639593 18 122 theme nuclear 2202:2208 arg1 translocation 2210:2222 the nuclear translocation 2198:2222 the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65 2198:2235 Moreover, in the LPS-induced mouse model, compound 13 was found to exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus, repressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65, and decreasing the mRNA expression of iNOs, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex. 33639593 8 123 theme spectroscopic 698:710 arg1 analysis 712:719 spectroscopic analysis 698:719 spectroscopic analysis 698:719 atrocaulis was clarified using multiple chromatography technologies and spectroscopic analysis. 33639593 15 124 theme IC50 1445:1448 arg1 values 1450:1455 IC50 values 1445:1455 IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM 1445:1477 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 16 125 theme ethyl 1736:1740 arg1 fraction 1750:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 22 126 theme pathway 2649:2655 arg1 inhibition 2615:2624 the inhibition 2611:2624 the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway 2611:2655 Its mechanism of action may be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33639593 15 127 dep Compounds 1414:1422 arg1 values 1450:1455 IC50 values 1445:1455 IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM 1445:1477 Compounds 3, 5, 12-15, and 20 (IC50 values from 5.41 to 57.27 μM) could considerably inhibit the LPS-induced production of NO in BV-2 cells, displaying stronger anti-neuroinflammatory activities than that of minocycline (IC50 = 67.08 μM). 33639593 16 128 theme fraction 1750:1757 arg1 fraction 1750:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 the ethyl acetate fraction 1732:1757 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 16 128 theme fraction 1750:1757 arg1 % 1727:1727 5.4% 1724:1727 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction 1724:1757 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33639593 16 128 theme fraction 1750:1757 arg1 concentration 1657:1669 The concentration 1653:1669 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) 1653:1718 The concentration of the most potential compound 13 (IC50 5.41 μM) was 5.4% of the ethyl acetate fraction. 33019534 4 0 theme screw 859:863 arg1 speeds 865:870 various screw speeds 851:870 various screw speeds 851:870 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 8 1 theme stable 1700:1705 arg1 polysaccharide 1713:1726 a more stable fiber polysaccharide 1693:1726 a more stable fiber polysaccharide 1693:1726 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 7 2 theme fiber 1360:1364 arg1 content 1333:1339 the content 1329:1339 the content of soluble dietary fiber 1329:1364 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 10 3 theme extrusion 1914:1922 arg1 processing 1924:1933 extrusion processing 1914:1933 extrusion processing 1914:1933 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33019534 1 4 dep fruit 144:148 arg1 processing 164:173 processing 164:173 processing 164:173 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 6 5 theme extrusion 1159:1167 arg1 processing 1169:1178 extrusion processing 1159:1178 extrusion processing 1159:1178 The water absorption increased from 5 to 19 Pa·s and the paste viscosity from 5 to 339 Pa·s by extrusion processing. 33019534 1 6 theme functional 265:274 arg1 properties 276:285 valuable functional properties 256:285 valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening 256:322 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 6 theme functional 265:274 arg1 thickening 313:322 thickening 313:322 thickening 313:322 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 6 theme functional 265:274 arg1 binding 301:307 water binding 295:307 water binding 295:307 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 7 7 theme soluble 1344:1350 arg1 fiber 1360:1364 soluble dietary fiber 1344:1364 soluble dietary fiber 1344:1364 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 4 8 theme extrusion 828:836 arg1 trials 838:843 extrusion trials 828:843 extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures 828:911 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 9 9 theme methylation 1749:1759 arg1 degree 1739:1744 the degree 1735:1744 the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides 1735:1789 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 3 10 from application 628:638 arg1 foods 658:662 foods 658:662 foods 658:662 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 9 11 theme polysaccharides 1775:1789 arg1 methylation 1749:1759 methylation 1749:1759 methylation of the pectic polysaccharides 1749:1789 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 5 12 dep = 977:977 arg1 °C 983:984 100 °C 979:984 100 °C 979:984 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 3 13 theme extrusion 527:535 arg1 technology 537:546 extrusion technology 527:546 extrusion technology 527:546 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 7 14 theme = 1294:1294 arg1 n 1292:1292 n 1292:1292 n = 700 min-1 1292:1304 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 10 15 theme macromolecular 1969:1982 arg1 structure 1984:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33019534 7 16 dep stress 1284:1289 arg1 = 1312:1312 = 1312:1312 = 1312:1312 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 7 17 theme fiber 1496:1500 arg1 formation 1454:1462 the formation 1450:1462 the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber 1450:1500 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 0 18 from Studies 54:60 arg1 Properties 117:126 Functional Properties 106:126 Functional Properties 106:126 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 0 18 from Studies 54:60 arg1 Composition 69:79 the Composition 65:79 the Composition 65:79 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 0 18 from Studies 54:60 arg1 Structures 90:99 Polymer Structures 82:99 Polymer Structures 82:99 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 4 19 theme process 683:689 arg1 parameters 691:700 the process parameters 679:700 the process parameters 679:700 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 3 20 theme by-product 561:570 arg1 functionality 572:584 food by-product functionality 556:584 food by-product functionality 556:584 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 7 21 theme low-molecular-weight 1467:1486 arg1 fiber 1496:1500 low-molecular-weight dietary fiber 1467:1500 low-molecular-weight dietary fiber 1467:1500 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 7 22 theme thermo-mechanical 1266:1282 arg1 stress 1284:1289 thermo-mechanical stress 1266:1289 thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) 1266:1317 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 2 23 used utilized 372:379 arg2 they 360:363 they 360:363 they 360:363 Due to these favorable properties, they can be utilized to reformulate widely-consumed foods, e.g., bakery products or beverages. 33019534 7 24 dep g/100 1384:1388 arg1 to 1376:1377 to 1376:1377 to 1376:1377 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 8 25 theme minor 1651:1655 arg1 polysaccharides 1657:1671 minor polysaccharides 1651:1671 minor polysaccharides 1651:1671 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 10 26 theme pore 1883:1886 arg1 analysis 1893:1900 pore size analysis 1883:1900 pore size analysis 1883:1900 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33019534 8 27 theme polysaccharide 1713:1726 arg1 xylans 1626:1631 xylans 1626:1631 xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) 1626:1672 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 8 27 theme polysaccharide 1713:1726 arg1 example 1682:1688 an example 1679:1688 an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide 1679:1726 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 5 28 theme apple 944:948 arg1 pomace 950:955 apple pomace 944:955 apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% 944:1014 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 4 29 theme structural 755:764 arg1 properties 781:790 the structural and functional properties 751:790 the structural and functional properties of apple pomace 751:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 7 30 dep g 1390:1390 arg1 matter 1396:1401 dry matter 1392:1401 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter 1371:1401 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 5 31 theme water 1036:1040 arg1 solubility 1042:1051 an increased water solubility 1023:1051 an increased water solubility up to 33% 1023:1061 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 7 32 theme structures 1241:1250 arg1 Analyses 1181:1188 Analyses 1181:1188 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures 1181:1250 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 4 33 theme extent 710:715 arg1 effect 669:674 The effect 665:674 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace 665:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 7 34 theme fiber 1220:1224 arg1 structures 1241:1250 fiber polysaccharide structures 1220:1250 fiber polysaccharide structures 1220:1250 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 2 35 theme bakery 425:430 arg1 products 432:439 bakery products 425:439 bakery products 425:439 Due to these favorable properties, they can be utilized to reformulate widely-consumed foods, e.g., bakery products or beverages. 33019534 5 36 dep % 1061:1061 arg1 33 1059:1060 33 1059:1060 33 1059:1060 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 4 37 theme thermo-mechanical 720:736 arg1 treatment 738:746 thermo-mechanical treatment 720:746 thermo-mechanical treatment 720:746 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 0 38 theme Apple 16:20 arg1 Pomace 22:27 Apple Pomace 16:27 Apple Pomace 16:27 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 7 39 theme contents 1207:1214 arg1 Analyses 1181:1188 Analyses 1181:1188 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures 1181:1250 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 10 40 theme cell 1959:1962 arg1 structure 1984:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33019534 4 41 theme pomace 801:806 arg1 properties 781:790 the structural and functional properties 751:790 the structural and functional properties of apple pomace 751:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 7 42 theme dry 1392:1394 arg1 matter 1396:1401 dry matter 1392:1401 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter 1371:1401 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 7 43 theme dietary 1193:1199 arg1 contents 1207:1214 dietary fiber contents 1193:1214 dietary fiber contents 1193:1214 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 5 44 dep solubility 1042:1051 arg1 % 1061:1061 % 1061:1061 % 1061:1061 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 3 45 theme apple 470:474 arg1 pomace 476:481 apple pomace 470:481 apple pomace 470:481 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 3 45 theme apple 470:474 arg1 system 503:508 a model system 495:508 a model system 495:508 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 5 46 theme = 989:989 arg1 n 987:987 n 987:987 n = 700 min-1 987:999 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 4 47 theme functional 770:779 arg1 properties 781:790 the structural and functional properties 751:790 the structural and functional properties of apple pomace 751:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 8 48 theme neutral 1517:1523 arg1 chains 1551:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 8 49 dep group 1642:1646 arg1 i.e. 1634:1637 i.e. 1634:1637 i.e. 1634:1637 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 3 50 theme by-products 643:653 arg1 application 628:638 the application 624:638 the application of by-products in foods 624:662 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 8 51 theme I 1544:1544 arg1 chains 1551:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 1 52 theme fiber 228:232 arg1 By-products 129:139 By-products 129:139 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing 129:173 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 52 theme fiber 228:232 arg1 source 210:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source 179:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber 179:232 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 0 53 dep Modification 0:11 arg1 Studies 54:60 Studies 54:60 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 0:127 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 9 54 theme 15 1824:1825 arg1 % 1819:1819 % 1819:1819 % 1819:1819 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 8 55 theme fiber 1707:1711 arg1 polysaccharide 1713:1726 a more stable fiber polysaccharide 1693:1726 a more stable fiber polysaccharide 1693:1726 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 4 56 from effect 669:674 arg1 properties 781:790 the structural and functional properties 751:790 the structural and functional properties of apple pomace 751:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 6 57 dep Pa·s 1151:1154 arg1 to 1144:1145 to 1144:1145 to 1144:1145 The water absorption increased from 5 to 19 Pa·s and the paste viscosity from 5 to 339 Pa·s by extrusion processing. 33019534 7 58 theme dietary 1352:1358 arg1 fiber 1360:1364 soluble dietary fiber 1344:1364 soluble dietary fiber 1344:1364 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 4 59 theme various 851:857 arg1 speeds 865:870 various screw speeds 851:870 various screw speeds 851:870 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 1 60 theme valuable 256:263 arg1 properties 276:285 valuable functional properties 256:285 valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening 256:322 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 60 theme valuable 256:263 arg1 thickening 313:322 thickening 313:322 thickening 313:322 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 60 theme valuable 256:263 arg1 binding 301:307 water binding 295:307 water binding 295:307 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 10 61 theme wall 1964:1967 arg1 structure 1984:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33019534 2 62 theme favorable 338:346 arg1 properties 348:357 these favorable properties 332:357 these favorable properties 332:357 Due to these favorable properties, they can be utilized to reformulate widely-consumed foods, e.g., bakery products or beverages. 33019534 3 63 theme model 497:501 arg1 pomace 476:481 apple pomace 470:481 apple pomace 470:481 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 3 63 theme model 497:501 arg1 system 503:508 a model system 495:508 a model system 495:508 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 9 64 dep % 1819:1819 arg1 to 1821:1822 to 1821:1822 to 1821:1822 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 1 65 theme vegetable 154:162 arg1 By-products 129:139 By-products 129:139 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing 129:173 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 65 theme vegetable 154:162 arg1 source 210:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source 179:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber 179:232 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 10 66 theme rigid 1953:1957 arg1 structure 1984:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure 1949:1992 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33019534 5 67 dep = 989:989 arg1 min-1 995:999 700 min-1 991:999 700 min-1 991:999 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 7 68 dep = 1294:1294 arg1 min-1 1300:1304 700 min-1 1296:1304 700 min-1 1296:1304 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 6 69 theme water 1068:1072 arg1 absorption 1074:1083 The water absorption 1064:1083 The water absorption 1064:1083 The water absorption increased from 5 to 19 Pa·s and the paste viscosity from 5 to 339 Pa·s by extrusion processing. 33019534 9 70 theme pectic 1768:1773 arg1 polysaccharides 1775:1789 the pectic polysaccharides 1764:1789 the pectic polysaccharides 1764:1789 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 0 71 theme Functional 106:115 arg1 Properties 117:126 Functional Properties 106:126 Functional Properties 106:126 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 8 72 theme thermo-mechanical 1592:1608 arg1 stress 1610:1615 thermo-mechanical stress 1592:1615 thermo-mechanical stress 1592:1615 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 1 73 theme inexpensive 182:192 arg1 By-products 129:139 By-products 129:139 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing 129:173 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 73 theme inexpensive 182:192 arg1 source 210:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source 179:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber 179:232 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 4 74 theme barrel 893:898 arg1 temperatures 900:911 barrel temperatures 893:911 barrel temperatures 893:911 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 7 75 dep = 1312:1312 arg1 n 1292:1292 n 1292:1292 n = 700 min-1 1292:1304 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 1 76 theme sustainable 198:208 arg1 By-products 129:139 By-products 129:139 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing 129:173 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 76 theme sustainable 198:208 arg1 source 210:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source 179:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber 179:232 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 7 77 theme dietary 1488:1494 arg1 fiber 1496:1500 low-molecular-weight dietary fiber 1467:1500 low-molecular-weight dietary fiber 1467:1500 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 3 78 theme food 556:559 arg1 functionality 572:584 food by-product functionality 556:584 food by-product functionality 556:584 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 4 79 theme water 873:877 arg1 contents 879:886 water contents 873:886 water contents 873:886 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 6 80 theme paste 1121:1125 arg1 viscosity 1127:1135 the paste viscosity 1117:1135 the paste viscosity 1117:1135 The water absorption increased from 5 to 19 Pa·s and the paste viscosity from 5 to 339 Pa·s by extrusion processing. 33019534 9 81 theme 50 1817:1818 arg1 % 1819:1819 % 1819:1819 % 1819:1819 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 6 82 dep 19 1105:1106 arg1 to 1102:1103 to 1102:1103 to 1102:1103 The water absorption increased from 5 to 19 Pa·s and the paste viscosity from 5 to 339 Pa·s by extrusion processing. 33019534 3 83 used used 487:490 arg2 pomace 476:481 apple pomace 470:481 apple pomace 470:481 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 3 83 used used 487:490 arg2 system 503:508 a model system 495:508 a model system 495:508 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 4 84 theme parameters 691:700 arg1 effect 669:674 The effect 665:674 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace 665:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 1 85 theme fruit 144:148 arg1 By-products 129:139 By-products 129:139 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing 129:173 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 1 85 theme fruit 144:148 arg1 source 210:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source 179:215 an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber 179:232 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 7 86 theme harshest 1417:1424 arg1 conditions 1426:1435 the harshest conditions 1413:1435 the harshest conditions even 1413:1440 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 9 87 theme thermo-mechanical 1833:1849 arg1 stress 1851:1856 thermo-mechanical stress 1833:1856 thermo-mechanical stress 1833:1856 Also, the degree of methylation of the pectic polysaccharides was strongly reduced from 50% to 15% when thermo-mechanical stress was applied. 33019534 0 88 theme Polymer 82:88 arg1 Structures 90:99 Polymer Structures 82:99 Polymer Structures 82:99 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 8 89 theme polysaccharides 1657:1671 arg1 group 1642:1646 a group 1640:1646 a group of minor polysaccharides 1640:1671 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 8 89 theme polysaccharides 1657:1671 arg1 polysaccharides 1657:1671 minor polysaccharides 1651:1671 minor polysaccharides 1651:1671 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 4 90 theme treatment 738:746 arg1 parameters 691:700 the process parameters 679:700 the process parameters 679:700 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 4 90 theme treatment 738:746 arg1 extent 710:715 the extent 706:715 the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment 706:746 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 5 91 theme increased 1026:1034 arg1 solubility 1042:1051 an increased water solubility 1023:1051 an increased water solubility up to 33% 1023:1061 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 7 92 theme polysaccharide 1226:1239 arg1 structures 1241:1250 fiber polysaccharide structures 1220:1250 fiber polysaccharide structures 1220:1250 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 5 93 dep 33 1059:1060 arg1 to 1056:1057 to 1056:1057 to 1056:1057 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 0 94 theme Pomace 22:27 arg1 Modification 0:11 Modification 0:11 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 0:127 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 5 95 theme raw 930:932 arg1 material 934:941 the raw material 926:941 the raw material 926:941 Compared to the raw material, apple pomace extruded at Tbarrel = 100 °C, n = 700 min-1 and mH2O = 17% showed an increased water solubility up to 33%. 33019534 7 96 theme fiber 1201:1205 arg1 contents 1207:1214 dietary fiber contents 1193:1214 dietary fiber contents 1193:1214 Analyses of dietary fiber contents and fiber polysaccharide structures revealed that thermo-mechanical stress (n = 700 min-1, mH2O = 22%) increased the content of soluble dietary fiber from 12.5 to 16.7 g/100 g dry matter, and that the harshest conditions even enabled the formation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber. 33019534 0 97 theme Extrusion 32:40 arg1 Processing 42:51 Extrusion Processing 32:51 Extrusion Processing 32:51 Modification of Apple Pomace by Extrusion Processing: Studies on the Composition, Polymer Structures, and Functional Properties. 33019534 1 98 theme water 295:299 arg1 binding 301:307 water binding 295:307 water binding 295:307 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 4 99 theme apple 795:799 arg1 pomace 801:806 apple pomace 795:806 apple pomace 795:806 The effect of the process parameters and the extent of thermo-mechanical treatment on the structural and functional properties of apple pomace were analyzed after extrusion trials using various screw speeds, water contents, and barrel temperatures. 33019534 2 100 theme widely-consumed 396:410 arg1 foods 412:416 widely-consumed foods 396:416 widely-consumed foods 396:416 Due to these favorable properties, they can be utilized to reformulate widely-consumed foods, e.g., bakery products or beverages. 33019534 8 101 theme rhamnogalacturonan 1525:1542 arg1 chains 1551:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 3 102 contain has 595:597 arg2 potential 603:611 the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods 599:662 the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods 599:662 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 3 102 contain has 595:597 arg1 technology 537:546 extrusion technology 527:546 extrusion technology 527:546 In this study, apple pomace was used as a model system to study whether extrusion technology affects food by-product functionality and thus has the potential to broaden the application of by-products in foods. 33019534 8 103 theme side 1546:1549 arg1 chains 1551:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1517:1556 Arabinans (as neutral rhamnogalacturonan I side chains) appeared to be most sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress, whereas xylans (i.e., a group of minor polysaccharides) were an example of a more stable fiber polysaccharide. 33019534 1 104 theme dietary 220:226 arg1 fiber 228:232 dietary fiber 220:232 dietary fiber 220:232 By-products of fruit and vegetable processing are an inexpensive and sustainable source of dietary fiber, potentially offering valuable functional properties such as water binding and thickening. 33019534 10 105 theme size 1888:1891 arg1 analysis 1893:1900 pore size analysis 1883:1900 pore size analysis 1883:1900 Imaging and pore size analysis showed that extrusion processing could disrupt the rigid cell wall macromolecular structure. 33546740 1 0 from structure 240:248 arg1 roots 278:282 the roots 274:282 the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) 274:315 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 7 1 theme malondialdehyde 1545:1559 arg1 level 1567:1571 malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1545:1571 malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1545:1571 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 3 2 from glucose 515:521 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 7 3 theme lactate 1491:1497 arg1 dehydrogenase 1499:1511 lactate dehydrogenase 1491:1511 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity 1491:1526 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 7 3 theme lactate 1491:1497 arg1 LDH 1514:1516 LDH 1514:1516 LDH 1514:1516 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 4 4 theme chromatography-refractive 649:673 arg1 permeation 638:647 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 5 theme laser 692:696 arg1 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 5 theme laser 692:696 arg1 scattering 704:713 index-multiangle laser light scattering 675:713 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 6 6 theme chelating 1189:1197 arg1 potency 1199:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 1 7 from roots 278:282 arg1 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 1 7 from roots 278:282 arg1 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 1 7 from roots 278:282 arg1 polysaccharides 253:267 polysaccharides 253:267 polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) 253:315 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 5 8 contain had 936:938 arg2 conformation 964:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 5 8 contain had 936:938 arg1 THP 932:934 the THP 928:934 the THP 928:934 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 4 9 theme gel 634:636 arg1 permeation 638:647 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 0 10 theme oxidative 144:152 arg1 damage 154:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 7 11 theme superoxide 1441:1450 arg1 dismutase 1452:1460 superoxide dismutase 1441:1460 superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1441:1466 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 7 11 theme superoxide 1441:1450 arg1 SOD 1463:1465 SOD 1463:1465 SOD 1463:1465 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 3 12 theme galacturonic 575:586 arg1 acid 588:591 galacturonic acid 575:591 galacturonic acid 575:591 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 6 13 theme scavenging 1275:1284 arg1 capacity 1286:1293 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity 1223:1293 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity 1223:1293 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 4 14 theme light 698:702 arg1 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 14 theme light 698:702 arg1 scattering 704:713 index-multiangle laser light scattering 675:713 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 3 15 from acid 555:558 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 0 16 from effects 95:101 arg1 polysaccharides 20:34 polysaccharides 20:34 polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells 20:178 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 16 from effects 95:101 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 0:179 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 16 from effects 95:101 arg1 activity 118:125 antioxidant activity 106:125 antioxidant activity 106:125 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 16 from effects 95:101 arg1 damage 154:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 16 from effects 95:101 arg1 cells 174:178 RAW 264.7 cells 164:178 RAW 264.7 cells 164:178 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 6 17 theme 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1237:1265 arg1 scavenging 1275:1284 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging 1223:1284 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity 1223:1293 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 7 18 theme intracellular 1387:1399 arg1 levels 1405:1410 intracellular ROS levels 1387:1410 intracellular ROS levels 1387:1410 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 3 19 from galactose 561:569 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 0 20 theme Gilg 74:77 arg1 Roots 79:83 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 1 21 theme associated 325:334 arg1 activity 348:355 its associated antioxidant activity 321:355 its associated antioxidant activity 321:355 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 3 22 theme different 597:605 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 5 23 theme red 893:895 arg1 assay 905:909 Congo red binding assay 887:909 Congo red binding assay 887:909 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 6 24 theme activity 1011:1018 arg1 assays 989:994 assays 989:994 assays of antioxidant activity 989:1018 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 0 25 from Characterization 0:15 arg1 Roots 79:83 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 25 from Characterization 0:15 arg1 effects 95:101 their effects 89:101 their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells 89:178 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 6 26 theme concentration-dependent 1054:1076 arg1 radical 1087:1093 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical 1043:1093 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical 1043:1093 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 2 27 theme THP 403:405 arg1 effect 393:398 the protective effect 378:398 the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells 378:423 It further explores the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells against cytotoxicity induced by H2O2. 33546740 0 28 theme antioxidant 106:116 arg1 activity 118:125 antioxidant activity 106:125 antioxidant activity 106:125 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 6 29 theme superoxide 1099:1108 arg1 radical 1110:1116 superoxide radical 1099:1116 superoxide radical 1099:1116 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 6 30 theme radical 1087:1093 arg1 activities 1129:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 4 31 theme molecular 765:773 arg1 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 31 theme molecular 765:773 arg1 Mw 781:782 Mw 781:782 Mw 781:782 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 31 theme molecular 765:773 arg1 mass 775:778 the relative molecular mass 752:778 the relative molecular mass (Mw) 752:783 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 0 32 theme polysaccharides 20:34 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 0:179 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 1 33 theme hemsleyanum 299:309 arg1 roots 278:282 the roots 274:282 the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) 274:315 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 5 34 theme α-triple 949:956 arg1 conformation 964:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 7 35 theme ROS 1401:1403 arg1 levels 1405:1410 intracellular ROS levels 1387:1410 intracellular ROS levels 1387:1410 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 2 36 theme RAW264.7 410:417 arg1 cells 419:423 RAW264.7 cells 410:423 RAW264.7 cells 410:423 It further explores the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells against cytotoxicity induced by H2O2. 33546740 0 37 dep Diels 65:69 arg1 et 71:72 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et 41:72 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 2 38 from effect 393:398 arg1 cells 419:423 RAW264.7 cells 410:423 RAW264.7 cells 410:423 It further explores the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells against cytotoxicity induced by H2O2. 33546740 0 39 theme Diels 65:69 arg1 Roots 79:83 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots 41:83 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 8 40 dep in 1598:1599 arg1 vitro 1601:1605 vitro 1601:1605 vitro 1601:1605 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 7 41 dep decreasing 1376:1385 arg1 increasing 1480:1489 increasing 1480:1489 increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1480:1571 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 7 41 dep decreasing 1376:1385 arg1 reducing 1413:1420 reducing 1413:1420 reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities 1413:1477 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 6 42 theme inhibition 1154:1163 arg1 ability 1165:1171 peroxidation inhibition ability 1141:1171 peroxidation inhibition ability 1141:1171 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 8 43 theme polysaccharides 1667:1681 arg1 capability 1653:1662 the antioxidant capability 1637:1662 the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides 1637:1681 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 4 44 dep permeation 638:647 arg1 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 44 dep permeation 638:647 arg1 scattering 704:713 index-multiangle laser light scattering 675:713 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 7 45 theme RAW264.7 1324:1331 arg1 cells 1333:1337 RAW264.7 cells 1324:1337 RAW264.7 cells 1324:1337 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 8 46 theme T. 1688:1689 arg1 extracts 1708:1715 T. hemsleyanum root extracts 1688:1715 T. hemsleyanum root extracts 1688:1715 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 1 47 theme polysaccharides 253:267 arg1 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 1 47 theme polysaccharides 253:267 arg1 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 6 48 theme scavenging 1118:1127 arg1 activities 1129:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 8 49 theme root 1703:1706 arg1 extracts 1708:1715 T. hemsleyanum root extracts 1688:1715 T. hemsleyanum root extracts 1688:1715 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 6 50 theme ferrous 1177:1183 arg1 potency 1199:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 7 51 theme dehydrogenase 1499:1511 arg1 activity 1519:1526 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity 1491:1526 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity 1491:1526 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 7 52 from activity 1519:1526 arg1 level 1567:1571 malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1545:1571 malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1545:1571 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 4 53 theme index-multiangle 675:690 arg1 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 GPC-RI-MALS 716:726 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 53 theme index-multiangle 675:690 arg1 scattering 704:713 index-multiangle laser light scattering 675:713 gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) 634:727 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 0 54 theme H2O2-induced 131:142 arg1 damage 154:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 3 55 theme glucuronic 544:553 arg1 acid 555:558 glucuronic acid 544:558 glucuronic acid 544:558 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 7 56 from increment 1532:1540 arg1 level 1567:1571 malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1545:1571 malondialdehyde (MDA) level 1545:1571 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 6 57 theme ion 1185:1187 arg1 potency 1199:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 5 58 theme infrared 853:860 arg1 FT-IR 876:880 FT-IR 876:880 FT-IR 876:880 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 5 58 theme infrared 853:860 arg1 spectroscopy 862:873 infrared spectroscopy 853:873 infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) 853:881 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 0 59 from Roots 79:83 arg1 polysaccharides 20:34 polysaccharides 20:34 polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells 20:178 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 59 from Roots 79:83 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 0:179 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 59 from Roots 79:83 arg1 activity 118:125 antioxidant activity 106:125 antioxidant activity 106:125 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 59 from Roots 79:83 arg1 damage 154:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 H2O2-induced oxidative damage 131:159 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 59 from Roots 79:83 arg1 cells 174:178 RAW 264.7 cells 164:178 RAW 264.7 cells 164:178 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 0 60 theme RAW 164:166 arg1 cells 174:178 RAW 264.7 cells 164:178 RAW 264.7 cells 164:178 Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells. 33546740 7 61 theme dismutase 1452:1460 arg1 activities 1468:1477 catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities 1422:1477 catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities 1422:1477 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 1 62 from composition 224:234 arg1 roots 278:282 the roots 274:282 the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) 274:315 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 3 63 theme molar 607:611 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 1 64 from investigation 203:215 arg1 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 1 64 from investigation 203:215 arg1 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 6 65 theme radical 1267:1273 arg1 scavenging 1275:1284 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging 1223:1284 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity 1223:1293 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg2 arabinose 524:532 arabinose 524:532 arabinose 524:532 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg2 mannose 535:541 mannose 535:541 mannose 535:541 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg2 acid 555:558 glucuronic acid 544:558 glucuronic acid 544:558 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg2 glucose 515:521 glucose 515:521 glucose 515:521 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg2 acid 588:591 galacturonic acid 575:591 galacturonic acid 575:591 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg2 galactose 561:569 galactose 561:569 galactose 561:569 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 66 contain contained 505:513 arg1 THP 501:503 THP 501:503 THP 501:503 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 6 67 theme significant 1225:1235 arg1 scavenging 1275:1284 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging 1223:1284 a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity 1223:1293 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 6 68 dep capacity 1286:1293 arg1 addition 1211:1218 addition 1211:1218 addition 1211:1218 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 3 69 from arabinose 524:532 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 1 70 theme antioxidant 336:346 arg1 activity 348:355 its associated antioxidant activity 321:355 its associated antioxidant activity 321:355 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 5 71 theme binding 897:903 arg1 assay 905:909 Congo red binding assay 887:909 Congo red binding assay 887:909 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 6 72 theme antioxidant 999:1009 arg1 activity 1011:1018 antioxidant activity 999:1018 antioxidant activity 999:1018 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 3 73 from mannose 535:541 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 5 74 theme helix 958:962 arg1 conformation 964:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 6 75 contain had 1039:1041 arg2 ability 1165:1171 peroxidation inhibition ability 1141:1171 peroxidation inhibition ability 1141:1171 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 6 75 contain had 1039:1041 arg2 potency 1199:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 ferrous ion chelating potency 1177:1205 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 6 75 contain had 1039:1041 arg2 activities 1129:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 6 75 contain had 1039:1041 arg1 THP 1035:1037 THP 1035:1037 THP 1035:1037 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 6 76 theme radical 1110:1116 arg1 activities 1129:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities 1043:1138 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 8 77 theme in 1598:1599 arg1 models 1607:1612 the in vitro models 1594:1612 the in vitro models 1594:1612 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 2 78 theme protective 382:391 arg1 effect 393:398 the protective effect 378:398 the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells 378:423 It further explores the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells against cytotoxicity induced by H2O2. 33546740 1 79 theme Tetrastigma 287:297 arg1 hemsleyanum 299:309 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum 287:309 Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) 287:315 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 1 79 theme Tetrastigma 287:297 arg1 THP 312:314 THP 312:314 THP 312:314 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 5 80 theme steady 942:947 arg1 conformation 964:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 a steady α-triple helix conformation 940:975 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 6 81 theme hydroxyl 1078:1085 arg1 radical 1087:1093 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical 1043:1093 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical 1043:1093 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 4 82 theme relative 756:763 arg1 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 82 theme relative 756:763 arg1 Mw 781:782 Mw 781:782 Mw 781:782 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 82 theme relative 756:763 arg1 mass 775:778 the relative molecular mass 752:778 the relative molecular mass (Mw) 752:783 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 3 83 from acid 588:591 arg1 ratios 613:618 different molar ratios 597:618 different molar ratios 597:618 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 1 84 from activity 348:355 arg1 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 structure 240:248 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 1 84 from activity 348:355 arg1 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 composition 224:234 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 6 85 theme reasonable 1043:1052 arg1 radical 1087:1093 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical 1043:1093 reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical 1043:1093 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 8 86 theme antioxidant 1641:1651 arg1 capability 1653:1662 the antioxidant capability 1637:1662 the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides 1637:1681 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 3 87 theme Ion 463:465 arg1 IC 483:484 IC 483:484 IC 483:484 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 3 87 theme Ion 463:465 arg1 chromatography 467:480 Ion chromatography 463:480 Ion chromatography (IC) 463:485 Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. 33546740 7 88 theme H2O2-induced 1347:1358 arg1 cytotoxicity 1360:1371 H2O2-induced cytotoxicity 1347:1371 H2O2-induced cytotoxicity 1347:1371 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 1 89 dep composition 224:234 arg1 the 220:222 the 220:222 the 220:222 This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. 33546740 5 90 dep transform 843:851 arg1 highlighted 911:921 highlighted 911:921 transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation 843:975 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. 33546740 6 91 theme peroxidation 1141:1152 arg1 ability 1165:1171 peroxidation inhibition ability 1141:1171 peroxidation inhibition ability 1141:1171 Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. 33546740 7 92 theme catalase 1422:1429 arg1 activities 1468:1477 catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities 1422:1477 catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities 1422:1477 Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. 33546740 8 93 theme hemsleyanum 1691:1701 arg1 extracts 1708:1715 T. hemsleyanum root extracts 1688:1715 T. hemsleyanum root extracts 1688:1715 Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts. 33546740 4 94 theme polysaccharide 792:805 arg1 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa 818:832 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 94 theme polysaccharide 792:805 arg1 Mw 781:782 Mw 781:782 Mw 781:782 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33546740 4 94 theme polysaccharide 792:805 arg1 mass 775:778 the relative molecular mass 752:778 the relative molecular mass (Mw) 752:783 Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (Mw) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. 33042155 5 0 theme TMAO 692:695 arg1 LPS 744:746 LPS 744:746 LPS 744:746 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 5 0 theme TMAO 692:695 arg1 markers 711:717 inflammatory markers 698:717 inflammatory markers 698:717 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 5 0 theme TMAO 692:695 arg1 concentrations 674:687 plasma concentrations 667:687 plasma concentrations of TMAO 667:695 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 5 0 theme TMAO 692:695 arg1 lipopolysaccharide 724:741 lipopolysaccharide 724:741 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 724:747 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 11 1 theme gut 1804:1806 arg1 abundance 1818:1826 gut microbial abundance 1804:1826 gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 1804:1849 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 5 2 theme inflammatory 698:709 arg1 markers 711:717 inflammatory markers 698:717 inflammatory markers 698:717 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 10 3 theme = 1544:1544 arg1 p 1542:1542 p = 0.138 1542:1550 p = 0.138 1542:1550 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 3 theme = 1544:1544 arg1 egg 1537:1539 egg 1537:1539 egg (p = 0.138) 1537:1551 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 9 4 theme p 1387:1387 arg1 0.008 1391:1395 p = 0.008 1387:1395 p = 0.008 1387:1395 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 8 5 theme CVID 1173:1176 arg1 patients 1178:1185 CVID patients 1173:1185 CVID patients 1173:1185 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 11 6 theme p 1852:1852 arg1 0.021 1856:1860 p = 0.021 1852:1860 p = 0.021 1852:1860 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 3 7 theme metabolic 468:476 arg1 disorders 495:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 9 8 dep = 1474:1474 arg1 0.034 1463:1467 p = 0.034 1459:1467 p = 0.034 1459:1467 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 7 9 theme plasma 1101:1106 arg1 concentrations 1113:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 1 10 theme inflammatory 201:212 arg1 complications 229:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications 201:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology 201:261 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 6 11 theme dietary 888:894 arg1 metabolites 896:906 dietary metabolites 888:906 dietary metabolites 888:906 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 11 12 theme Gammaproteobacteria 1831:1849 arg1 abundance 1818:1826 gut microbial abundance 1804:1826 gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 1804:1849 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 10 13 theme 2-week 1681:1686 arg1 course 1688:1693 a 2-week course 1679:1693 a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975) 1679:1738 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 7 14 theme rifaximin 1088:1096 arg1 questionnaire 1040:1052 a food frequency questionnaire 1023:1052 a food frequency questionnaire 1023:1052 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 7 14 theme rifaximin 1088:1096 arg1 effect 1062:1067 the effect 1058:1067 the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations 1058:1126 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 2 15 theme microbial 350:358 arg1 dysbiosis 360:368 their gut microbial dysbiosis 340:368 their gut microbial dysbiosis 340:368 We have previously shown that systemic inflammation in CVID correlates with their gut microbial dysbiosis. 33042155 12 16 from present 1900:1906 arg1 samples 1935:1941 significantly more CVID samples 1911:1941 significantly more CVID samples (75%) 1911:1947 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 16 from present 1900:1906 arg1 % 1946:1946 75% 1944:1946 75% 1944:1946 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 1 17 theme autoimmune 218:227 arg1 complications 229:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications 201:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology 201:261 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 8 18 theme higher 1195:1200 arg1 concentrations 1209:1222 higher plasma concentrations 1195:1222 higher plasma concentrations of TMAO 1195:1230 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 11 19 theme plasma 1750:1755 arg1 concentrations 1762:1775 plasma TMAO concentrations 1750:1775 plasma TMAO concentrations 1750:1775 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 9 20 theme p 1459:1459 arg1 0.034 1463:1467 p = 0.034 1459:1467 p = 0.034 1459:1467 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 7 21 theme oral 1072:1075 arg1 rifaximin 1088:1096 oral antibiotic rifaximin 1072:1096 oral antibiotic rifaximin 1072:1096 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 10 22 theme Dietary 1483:1489 arg1 intake 1491:1496 Dietary intake 1483:1496 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) 1483:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 23 theme oral 1702:1705 arg1 p 1729:1729 p = 0.975 1729:1737 p = 0.975 1729:1737 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 23 theme oral 1702:1705 arg1 rifaximin 1718:1726 the oral antibiotic rifaximin 1698:1726 the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975) 1698:1738 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 13 24 theme systemic 2154:2161 arg1 inflammation 2163:2174 systemic inflammation 2154:2174 systemic inflammation 2154:2174 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 12 25 dep related 1993:1999 arg1 = 1972:1972 = 1972:1972 = 1972:1972 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 10 26 theme = 1572:1572 arg1 p 1570:1570 p = 0.284 1570:1578 p = 0.284 1570:1578 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 26 theme = 1572:1572 arg1 products 1560:1567 dairy products 1554:1567 dairy products (p = 0.284) 1554:1579 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 1 27 theme etiology 254:261 arg1 complications 229:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications 201:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology 201:261 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 8 28 theme TMAO 1227:1230 arg1 concentrations 1209:1222 higher plasma concentrations 1195:1222 higher plasma concentrations of TMAO 1195:1230 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 12 29 from samples 1935:1941 arg1 present 1900:1906 present 1900:1906 present 1900:1906 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 13 30 theme TMAO 2114:2117 arg1 concentrations 2119:2132 elevated TMAO concentrations 2105:2132 elevated TMAO concentrations 2105:2132 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 13 31 theme elevated 2105:2112 arg1 concentrations 2119:2132 elevated TMAO concentrations 2105:2132 elevated TMAO concentrations 2105:2132 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 12 32 from abundance 2018:2026 arg1 samples 2060:2066 these samples 2054:2066 these samples 2054:2066 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 13 33 from abundance 2204:2212 arg1 patients 2245:2252 CVID patients 2240:2252 CVID patients 2240:2252 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 8 34 contain have 1190:1193 arg1 patients 1178:1185 CVID patients 1173:1185 CVID patients 1173:1185 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 8 34 contain have 1190:1193 arg2 concentrations 1209:1222 higher plasma concentrations 1195:1222 higher plasma concentrations of TMAO 1195:1230 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 7 35 theme frequency 1030:1038 arg1 questionnaire 1040:1052 a food frequency questionnaire 1023:1052 a food frequency questionnaire 1023:1052 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 2 36 theme systemic 294:301 arg1 inflammation 303:314 systemic inflammation 294:314 systemic inflammation in CVID 294:322 We have previously shown that systemic inflammation in CVID correlates with their gut microbial dysbiosis. 33042155 9 37 theme = 1429:1429 arg1 0.012 1431:1435 p = 0.012 1427:1435 p = 0.012 1427:1435 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 9 38 theme p 1427:1427 arg1 0.012 1431:1435 p = 0.012 1427:1435 p = 0.012 1427:1435 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 3 39 theme gut 375:377 arg1 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 39 theme gut 375:377 arg1 N-oxide 426:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide 371:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 371:439 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 9 40 dep factor 1379:1384 arg1 = 1402:1402 = 1402:1402 = 1402:1402 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 8 41 theme = 1287:1287 arg1 p 1285:1285 p 1285:1285 p = 0.022 1285:1293 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 13 42 theme microbial 2304:2312 arg1 dysbiosis 2314:2322 gut microbial dysbiosis 2300:2322 gut microbial dysbiosis 2300:2322 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 10 43 theme rifaximin 1718:1726 arg1 course 1688:1693 a 2-week course 1679:1693 a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975) 1679:1738 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 0 44 theme Common 80:85 arg1 Immunodeficiency 96:111 Common Variable Immunodeficiency 80:111 Common Variable Immunodeficiency 80:111 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide Associates With Inflammation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. 33042155 10 45 theme antibiotic 1707:1716 arg1 p 1729:1729 p = 0.975 1729:1737 p = 0.975 1729:1737 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 45 theme antibiotic 1707:1716 arg1 rifaximin 1718:1726 the oral antibiotic rifaximin 1698:1726 the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975) 1698:1738 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 13 46 theme Gammaproteobacteria 2217:2235 arg1 abundance 2204:2212 increased gut microbial abundance 2180:2212 increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 2180:2235 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 13 46 theme Gammaproteobacteria 2217:2235 arg1 inflammation 2163:2174 systemic inflammation 2154:2174 systemic inflammation 2154:2174 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 3 47 theme trimethylamine 411:424 arg1 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 47 theme trimethylamine 411:424 arg1 N-oxide 426:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide 371:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 371:439 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 5 48 theme CVID 756:759 arg1 patients 761:768 104 CVID patients 752:768 104 CVID patients 752:768 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 12 49 theme gene 1886:1889 arg1 CntA 1891:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 1 50 theme variable 163:170 arg1 CVID 190:193 CVID 190:193 CVID 190:193 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 1 50 theme variable 163:170 arg1 immunodeficiency 172:187 common variable immunodeficiency 156:187 common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 156:194 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 3 51 theme dependent 390:398 arg1 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 51 theme dependent 390:398 arg1 N-oxide 426:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide 371:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 371:439 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 9 52 dep interleukin-12 1411:1424 arg1 = 1442:1442 = 1442:1442 = 1442:1442 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 3 53 theme inflammatory 482:493 arg1 disorders 495:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 4 54 from inflammation 616:627 arg1 CVID 632:635 CVID 632:635 CVID 632:635 We hypothesized that TMAO is involved in systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 6 55 from controls 1000:1007 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls 957:1007 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 13 56 theme gut 2300:2302 arg1 dysbiosis 2314:2322 gut microbial dysbiosis 2300:2322 gut microbial dysbiosis 2300:2322 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 10 57 theme meat 1501:1504 arg1 intake 1491:1496 Dietary intake 1483:1496 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) 1483:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 0 58 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 N-Oxide 40:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide 0:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide 0:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide Associates With Inflammation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. 33042155 1 59 theme substantial 116:126 arg1 proportion 128:137 A substantial proportion 114:137 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 114:194 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 0 60 theme Trimethylamine 25:38 arg1 N-Oxide 40:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide 0:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide 0:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide Associates With Inflammation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. 33042155 2 61 from inflammation 303:314 arg1 CVID 319:322 CVID 319:322 CVID 319:322 We have previously shown that systemic inflammation in CVID correlates with their gut microbial dysbiosis. 33042155 14 62 theme potential 2394:2402 arg1 composition 2366:2376 Gut microbiota composition 2351:2376 Gut microbiota composition 2351:2376 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 14 62 theme potential 2394:2402 arg1 target 2416:2421 a potential therapeutic target 2392:2421 a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID 2392:2461 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 10 63 theme = 1595:1595 arg1 p 1593:1593 p = 0.767 1593:1601 p = 0.767 1593:1601 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 63 theme = 1595:1595 arg1 fiber 1586:1590 fiber 1586:1590 fiber (p = 0.767) 1586:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 13 64 theme CVID 2240:2243 arg1 patients 2245:2252 CVID patients 2240:2252 CVID patients 2240:2252 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 1 65 contain have 196:199 arg1 proportion 128:137 A substantial proportion 114:137 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 114:194 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 1 65 contain have 196:199 arg2 complications 229:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications 201:241 inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology 201:261 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 12 66 theme Bacterial 1876:1884 arg1 CntA 1891:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 10 67 theme = 1527:1527 arg1 p 1525:1525 p = 0.715 1525:1533 p = 0.715 1525:1533 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 67 theme = 1527:1527 arg1 fish 1519:1522 fish 1519:1522 fish (p = 0.715) 1519:1534 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 9 68 theme TMAO 1318:1321 arg1 concentration 1323:1335 The TMAO concentration 1314:1335 The TMAO concentration 1314:1335 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 14 69 theme microbiota 2355:2364 arg1 composition 2366:2376 Gut microbiota composition 2351:2376 Gut microbiota composition 2351:2376 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 14 69 theme microbiota 2355:2364 arg1 target 2416:2421 a potential therapeutic target 2392:2421 a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID 2392:2461 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 12 70 theme increased 2008:2016 arg1 abundance 2018:2026 the increased abundance 2004:2026 the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples 2004:2066 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 9 71 dep = 1402:1402 arg1 0.008 1391:1395 p = 0.008 1387:1395 p = 0.008 1387:1395 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 14 72 from inflammation 2442:2453 arg1 CVID 2458:2461 CVID 2458:2461 CVID 2458:2461 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 10 73 theme egg 1537:1539 arg1 intake 1491:1496 Dietary intake 1483:1496 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) 1483:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 8 74 dep 3.2 1270:1272 arg1 [2.2-6.3 1274:1281 [2.2-6.3 1274:1281 [2.2-6.3 1274:1281 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 13 75 theme microbial 2194:2202 arg1 abundance 2204:2212 increased gut microbial abundance 2180:2212 increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 2180:2235 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 9 76 theme necrosis 1370:1377 arg1 factor 1379:1384 tumor necrosis factor 1364:1384 tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26) 1364:1408 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 7 77 theme antibiotic 1077:1086 arg1 rifaximin 1088:1096 oral antibiotic rifaximin 1072:1096 oral antibiotic rifaximin 1072:1096 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 7 78 from effect 1062:1067 arg1 concentrations 1113:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 7 79 theme TMAO 1108:1111 arg1 concentrations 1113:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 11 80 theme microbial 1808:1816 arg1 abundance 1818:1826 gut microbial abundance 1804:1826 gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 1804:1849 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 6 81 from trimethylamine 911:924 arg1 colon 933:937 the colon 929:937 the colon 929:937 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 82 theme bacterial 819:827 arg1 genes 829:833 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 82 theme bacterial 819:827 arg1 CntA 844:847 CntA 844:847 CntA 844:847 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 82 theme bacterial 819:827 arg1 CutC 835:838 CutC 835:838 CutC 835:838 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 82 theme bacterial 819:827 arg1 profiles 802:809 Gut microbiota profiles 787:809 Gut microbiota profiles 787:809 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 82 theme bacterial 819:827 arg1 enzymes 863:869 enzymes 863:869 enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon 863:937 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 9 83 theme = 1389:1389 arg1 0.008 1391:1395 p = 0.008 1387:1395 p = 0.008 1387:1395 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 12 84 located present 1900:1906 arg1 samples 1935:1941 significantly more CVID samples 1911:1941 significantly more CVID samples (75%) 1911:1947 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 84 located present 1900:1906 arg1 % 1946:1946 75% 1944:1946 75% 1944:1946 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 84 located present 1900:1906 arg2 CntA 1891:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 11 85 theme = 1854:1854 arg1 0.021 1856:1860 p = 0.021 1852:1860 p = 0.021 1852:1860 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 5 86 theme plasma 667:672 arg1 concentrations 674:687 plasma concentrations 667:687 plasma concentrations of TMAO 667:695 To explore this, we measured plasma concentrations of TMAO, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 104 CVID patients and 30 controls. 33042155 10 87 theme products 1560:1567 arg1 intake 1491:1496 Dietary intake 1483:1496 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) 1483:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 88 from impact 1626:1631 arg1 concentrations 1645:1658 the TMAO concentrations 1636:1658 the TMAO concentrations in plasma 1636:1668 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 6 89 theme CVID 979:982 arg1 patients 984:991 40 CVID patients 976:991 40 CVID patients 976:991 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 13 90 theme gut 2190:2192 arg1 abundance 2204:2212 increased gut microbial abundance 2180:2212 increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 2180:2235 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 6 91 dep genes 829:833 arg1 genes 829:833 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 91 dep genes 829:833 arg1 CntA 844:847 CntA 844:847 CntA 844:847 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 91 dep genes 829:833 arg1 CutC 835:838 CutC 835:838 CutC 835:838 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 14 92 dep potential 2394:2402 arg1 therapeutic 2404:2414 therapeutic 2404:2414 therapeutic 2404:2414 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 6 93 theme microbiota 791:800 arg1 genes 829:833 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 93 theme microbiota 791:800 arg1 profiles 802:809 Gut microbiota profiles 787:809 Gut microbiota profiles 787:809 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 93 theme microbiota 791:800 arg1 enzymes 863:869 enzymes 863:869 enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon 863:937 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 2 94 theme gut 346:348 arg1 dysbiosis 360:368 their gut microbial dysbiosis 340:368 their gut microbial dysbiosis 340:368 We have previously shown that systemic inflammation in CVID correlates with their gut microbial dysbiosis. 33042155 10 95 theme dairy 1554:1558 arg1 p 1570:1570 p = 0.284 1570:1578 p = 0.284 1570:1578 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 95 theme dairy 1554:1558 arg1 products 1560:1567 dairy products 1554:1567 dairy products (p = 0.284) 1554:1579 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 13 96 from inflammation 2163:2174 arg1 patients 2245:2252 CVID patients 2240:2252 CVID patients 2240:2252 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 11 97 theme TMAO 1757:1760 arg1 concentrations 1762:1775 plasma TMAO concentrations 1750:1775 plasma TMAO concentrations 1750:1775 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 13 98 theme current 2073:2079 arg1 study 2081:2085 The current study 2069:2085 The current study 2069:2085 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 13 99 theme systemic 2328:2335 arg1 inflammation 2337:2348 systemic inflammation 2328:2348 systemic inflammation 2328:2348 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 1 100 theme unknown 246:252 arg1 etiology 254:261 unknown etiology 246:261 unknown etiology 246:261 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 8 101 theme plasma 1202:1207 arg1 concentrations 1209:1222 higher plasma concentrations 1195:1222 higher plasma concentrations of TMAO 1195:1230 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 6 102 theme fecal 957:961 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls 957:1007 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 3 103 attach linked 450:455 arg2 N-oxide 426:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide 371:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 371:439 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 103 attach linked 450:455 arg1 disorders 495:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 103 attach linked 450:455 arg2 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 1 104 theme patients 142:149 arg1 proportion 128:137 A substantial proportion 114:137 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 114:194 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 9 105 dep LPS 1454:1456 arg1 = 1474:1474 = 1474:1474 = 1474:1474 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 7 106 theme food 1025:1028 arg1 questionnaire 1040:1052 a food frequency questionnaire 1023:1052 a food frequency questionnaire 1023:1052 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 10 107 theme fiber 1586:1590 arg1 intake 1491:1496 Dietary intake 1483:1496 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) 1483:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 1 108 theme common 156:161 arg1 CVID 190:193 CVID 190:193 CVID 190:193 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 1 108 theme common 156:161 arg1 immunodeficiency 172:187 common variable immunodeficiency 156:187 common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 156:194 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 0 109 theme Variable 87:94 arg1 Immunodeficiency 96:111 Common Variable Immunodeficiency 80:111 Common Variable Immunodeficiency 80:111 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide Associates With Inflammation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. 33042155 3 110 theme microbiota 379:388 arg1 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 110 theme microbiota 379:388 arg1 N-oxide 426:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide 371:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 371:439 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 12 111 attach present 1900:1906 arg1 samples 1935:1941 significantly more CVID samples 1911:1941 significantly more CVID samples (75%) 1911:1947 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 111 attach present 1900:1906 arg1 % 1946:1946 75% 1944:1946 75% 1944:1946 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 111 attach present 1900:1906 arg2 CntA 1891:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA 1876:1894 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 8 112 with median 1296:1301 arg1 IQR 1308:1310 IQR 1308:1310 IQR 1308:1310 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 11 113 dep = 1867:1867 arg1 0.021 1856:1860 p = 0.021 1852:1860 p = 0.021 1852:1860 However, plasma TMAO concentrations correlated positively with gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (p = 0.021, rho = 0.36). 33042155 10 114 theme = 1731:1731 arg1 p 1729:1729 p = 0.975 1729:1737 p = 0.975 1729:1737 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 114 theme = 1731:1731 arg1 rifaximin 1718:1726 the oral antibiotic rifaximin 1698:1726 the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975) 1698:1738 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 14 115 theme systemic 2433:2440 arg1 inflammation 2442:2453 systemic inflammation 2433:2453 systemic inflammation in CVID 2433:2461 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 3 116 theme metabolite 400:409 arg1 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 TMAO 435:438 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 3 116 theme metabolite 400:409 arg1 N-oxide 426:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide 371:432 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 371:439 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 6 117 from patients 984:991 arg1 samples 963:969 fecal samples 957:969 fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls 957:1007 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 12 118 theme more 1925:1928 arg1 samples 1935:1941 significantly more CVID samples 1911:1941 significantly more CVID samples (75%) 1911:1947 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 118 theme more 1925:1928 arg1 % 1946:1946 75% 1944:1946 75% 1944:1946 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 0 119 theme Microbiota-Dependent 4:23 arg1 N-Oxide 40:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide 0:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide 0:46 Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide Associates With Inflammation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. 33042155 1 120 with patients 142:149 arg1 CVID 190:193 CVID 190:193 CVID 190:193 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 1 120 with patients 142:149 arg1 immunodeficiency 172:187 common variable immunodeficiency 156:187 common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 156:194 A substantial proportion of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory and autoimmune complications of unknown etiology. 33042155 8 121 dep TMAO 1247:1250 arg1 [2.9-8.6 1256:1263 [2.9-8.6 1256:1263 [2.9-8.6 1256:1263 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 8 121 dep TMAO 1247:1250 arg1 3.2 1270:1272 3.2 1270:1272 3.2 1270:1272 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 9 122 dep = 1442:1442 arg1 0.012 1431:1435 p = 0.012 1427:1435 p = 0.012 1427:1435 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 9 123 theme = 1461:1461 arg1 0.034 1463:1467 p = 0.034 1459:1467 p = 0.034 1459:1467 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33042155 4 124 theme systemic 607:614 arg1 inflammation 616:627 systemic inflammation 607:627 systemic inflammation in CVID 607:635 We hypothesized that TMAO is involved in systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 12 125 theme CVID 1930:1933 arg1 samples 1935:1941 significantly more CVID samples 1911:1941 significantly more CVID samples (75%) 1911:1947 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 12 125 theme CVID 1930:1933 arg1 % 1946:1946 75% 1944:1946 75% 1944:1946 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 3 126 theme several 460:466 arg1 disorders 495:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 several metabolic and inflammatory disorders 460:503 The gut microbiota dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, but has hitherto not been investigated in relation to CVID. 33042155 10 127 from concentrations 1645:1658 arg1 plasma 1663:1668 plasma 1663:1668 plasma 1663:1668 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 12 128 theme Gammaproteobacteria 2031:2049 arg1 abundance 2018:2026 the increased abundance 2004:2026 the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples 2004:2066 Bacterial gene CntA was present in significantly more CVID samples (75%) than controls (53%), p = 0.020, potentially related to the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in these samples. 33042155 6 129 theme Gut 787:789 arg1 genes 829:833 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 the bacterial genes CutC and CntA 815:847 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 129 theme Gut 787:789 arg1 profiles 802:809 Gut microbiota profiles 787:809 Gut microbiota profiles 787:809 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 6 129 theme Gut 787:789 arg1 enzymes 863:869 enzymes 863:869 enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon 863:937 Gut microbiota profiles and the bacterial genes CutC and CntA, which encode enzymes that can convert dietary metabolites to trimethylamine in the colon, were examined in fecal samples from 40 CVID patients and 86 controls. 33042155 10 130 theme = 1509:1509 arg1 p 1507:1507 p = 0.678 1507:1515 p = 0.678 1507:1515 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 10 130 theme = 1509:1509 arg1 meat 1501:1504 meat 1501:1504 meat (p = 0.678) 1501:1516 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 13 131 theme increased 2180:2188 arg1 abundance 2204:2212 increased gut microbial abundance 2180:2212 increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria 2180:2235 The current study demonstrates that elevated TMAO concentrations are associated with systemic inflammation and increased gut microbial abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in CVID patients, suggesting that TMAO could be a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. 33042155 8 132 dep = 1287:1287 arg1 0.022 1289:1293 0.022 1289:1293 0.022 1289:1293 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 10 133 theme fish 1519:1522 arg1 intake 1491:1496 Dietary intake 1483:1496 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) 1483:1602 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 8 134 dep median 1296:1301 arg1 TMAO 1247:1250 TMAO 1247:1250 TMAO 1247:1250 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 8 134 dep median 1296:1301 arg1 p 1285:1285 p 1285:1285 p = 0.022 1285:1293 We found CVID patients to have higher plasma concentrations of TMAO than controls (TMAO 5.0 [2.9-8.6] vs. 3.2 [2.2-6.3], p = 0.022, median with IQR). 33042155 14 135 theme Gut 2351:2353 arg1 composition 2366:2376 Gut microbiota composition 2351:2376 Gut microbiota composition 2351:2376 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 14 135 theme Gut 2351:2353 arg1 target 2416:2421 a potential therapeutic target 2392:2421 a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID 2392:2461 Gut microbiota composition could thus be a potential therapeutic target to reduce systemic inflammation in CVID. 33042155 7 136 from questionnaire 1040:1052 arg1 concentrations 1113:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 plasma TMAO concentrations 1101:1126 Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire and the effect of oral antibiotic rifaximin on plasma TMAO concentrations were explored in these 40 patients. 33042155 10 137 theme TMAO 1640:1643 arg1 concentrations 1645:1658 the TMAO concentrations 1636:1658 the TMAO concentrations in plasma 1636:1668 Dietary intake of meat (p = 0.678), fish (p = 0.715), egg (p = 0.138), dairy products (p = 0.284), and fiber (p = 0.767) did not significantly impact on the TMAO concentrations in plasma, nor did a 2-week course of the oral antibiotic rifaximin (p = 0.975). 33042155 9 138 theme tumor 1364:1368 arg1 factor 1379:1384 tumor necrosis factor 1364:1384 tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26) 1364:1408 The TMAO concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor (p = 0.008, rho = 0.26), interleukin-12 (p = 0.012, rho = 0.25) and LPS (p = 0.034, rho = 0.21). 33550548 6 0 theme biofilms 978:985 arg1 composition 953:963 The chemical composition 940:963 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms 940:985 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 0 theme biofilms 978:985 arg1 tool 1007:1010 an effective tool 994:1010 an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses 994:1055 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 1 theme biofilms 1192:1199 arg1 fraction 1180:1187 the organic fraction 1168:1187 the organic fraction of biofilms 1168:1199 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 0 2 from composition 8:18 arg1 urban 64:68 urban 64:68 urban 64:68 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 0 2 from composition 8:18 arg1 agricultural 47:58 agricultural 47:58 agricultural 47:58 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 2 3 theme River 380:384 arg1 activities 354:363 the surrounding anthropic activities 328:363 the surrounding anthropic activities 328:363 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 2 3 theme River 380:384 arg1 patterns 315:322 the chemistry alteration patterns 290:322 the chemistry alteration patterns 290:322 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 3 4 from resonance 597:605 arg1 region 518:523 the IR region 511:523 the IR region 511:523 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 4 5 theme epilithic 651:659 arg1 biofilms 661:668 epilithic biofilms 651:668 epilithic biofilms 651:668 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 3 6 from chromatography 457:470 arg1 region 518:523 the IR region 511:523 the IR region 511:523 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 4 7 theme ethers 852:857 arg1 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 1 8 dep adsorption 148:157 arg1 the 144:146 the 144:146 the 144:146 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 4 9 theme alcohols 834:841 arg1 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 2 10 theme alteration 304:313 arg1 patterns 315:322 the chemistry alteration patterns 290:322 the chemistry alteration patterns 290:322 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 0 11 from agricultural 47:58 arg1 composition 8:18 Organic composition 0:18 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 0:95 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 0 11 from agricultural 47:58 arg1 biofilms 33:40 epilithic biofilms 23:40 epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil 23:94 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 4 12 theme nitrogen-containing 710:728 arg1 compounds 730:738 nitrogen-containing compounds 710:738 nitrogen-containing compounds 710:738 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 2 13 theme chemistry 294:302 arg1 patterns 315:322 the chemistry alteration patterns 290:322 the chemistry alteration patterns 290:322 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 4 14 contain have 793:796 arg2 groups 809:814 functional groups 798:814 functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides 798:869 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 14 contain have 793:796 arg1 lipids 741:746 lipids 741:746 lipids 741:746 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 14 contain have 793:796 arg1 polysaccharides 693:707 polysaccharides 693:707 polysaccharides 693:707 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 14 contain have 793:796 arg1 structures 775:784 aromatic and phenolic structures 753:784 aromatic and phenolic structures 753:784 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 14 contain have 793:796 arg1 compounds 730:738 nitrogen-containing compounds 710:738 nitrogen-containing compounds 710:738 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 6 15 theme different 1068:1076 arg1 actions 1088:1094 the different anthropic actions 1064:1094 the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds 1064:1118 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 15 theme different 1068:1076 arg1 agriculture 1128:1138 agriculture 1128:1138 agriculture 1128:1138 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 15 theme different 1068:1076 arg1 areas 1150:1154 urban areas 1144:1154 urban areas 1144:1154 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 16 theme chemical 944:951 arg1 composition 953:963 The chemical composition 940:963 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms 940:985 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 16 theme chemical 944:951 arg1 tool 1007:1010 an effective tool 994:1010 an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses 994:1055 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 3 17 theme magnetic 588:595 arg1 resonance 597:605 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 564:605 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 564:605 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 1 18 theme contaminants 177:188 arg1 adsorption 148:157 adsorption 148:157 adsorption 148:157 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 1 18 theme contaminants 177:188 arg1 desorption 163:172 desorption 163:172 desorption 163:172 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 3 19 theme instrumental 401:412 arg1 analyses 414:421 The instrumental analyses 397:421 The instrumental analyses 397:421 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 2 20 theme anthropic 344:352 arg1 activities 354:363 the surrounding anthropic activities 328:363 the surrounding anthropic activities 328:363 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 0 21 theme Organic 0:6 arg1 composition 8:18 Organic composition 0:18 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 0:95 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 6 22 theme anthropic 1078:1086 arg1 actions 1088:1094 the different anthropic actions 1064:1094 the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds 1064:1118 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 22 theme anthropic 1078:1086 arg1 agriculture 1128:1138 agriculture 1128:1138 agriculture 1128:1138 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 22 theme anthropic 1078:1086 arg1 areas 1150:1154 urban areas 1144:1154 urban areas 1144:1154 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 1 23 from groups 115:120 arg1 biofilms 125:132 biofilms 125:132 biofilms 125:132 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 2 24 theme surrounding 332:342 arg1 activities 354:363 the surrounding anthropic activities 328:363 the surrounding anthropic activities 328:363 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 1 25 theme nutrients 194:202 arg1 adsorption 148:157 adsorption 148:157 adsorption 148:157 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 1 25 theme nutrients 194:202 arg1 desorption 163:172 desorption 163:172 desorption 163:172 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 0 26 theme epilithic 23:31 arg1 biofilms 33:40 epilithic biofilms 23:40 epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil 23:94 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 4 27 theme Spectrometric 608:620 arg1 techniques 622:631 Spectrometric techniques 608:631 Spectrometric techniques 608:631 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 3 28 with spectroscopy 495:506 arg1 reflectance 547:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 4 29 theme functional 798:807 arg1 groups 809:814 functional groups 798:814 functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides 798:869 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 1 30 theme Active 97:102 arg1 groups 115:120 Active functional groups 97:120 Active functional groups in biofilms 97:132 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 5 31 theme environmental 915:927 arg1 pressures 929:937 the environmental pressures 911:937 the environmental pressures 911:937 The polysaccharide levels reflect well the environmental pressures. 33550548 3 32 theme nuclear 580:586 arg1 resonance 597:605 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 564:605 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 564:605 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 6 33 theme epilithic 968:976 arg1 biofilms 978:985 epilithic biofilms 968:985 epilithic biofilms 968:985 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 1 34 theme functional 104:113 arg1 groups 115:120 Active functional groups 97:120 Active functional groups in biofilms 97:132 Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. 33550548 3 35 theme IR 515:516 arg1 region 518:523 the IR region 511:523 the IR region 511:523 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 3 36 theme gas 453:455 arg1 chromatography 457:470 gas chromatography 453:470 gas chromatography 453:470 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 3 37 theme mass 476:479 arg1 spectroscopy 481:492 mass spectroscopy 476:492 mass spectroscopy 476:492 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 0 38 theme biofilms 33:40 arg1 composition 8:18 Organic composition 0:18 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 0:95 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 0 39 from watershed 70:78 arg1 Brazil 89:94 Brazil 89:94 Brazil 89:94 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 0 40 dep agricultural 47:58 arg1 watershed 70:78 watershed 70:78 watershed 70:78 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 3 41 from spectroscopy 495:506 arg1 region 518:523 the IR region 511:523 the IR region 511:523 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 6 42 theme urban 1144:1148 arg1 actions 1088:1094 the different anthropic actions 1064:1094 the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds 1064:1118 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 42 theme urban 1144:1148 arg1 areas 1150:1154 urban areas 1144:1154 urban areas 1144:1154 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 3 43 with resonance 597:605 arg1 reflectance 547:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 0 44 from urban 64:68 arg1 composition 8:18 Organic composition 0:18 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 0:95 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 0 44 from urban 64:68 arg1 biofilms 33:40 epilithic biofilms 23:40 epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil 23:94 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 3 45 theme attenuated 530:539 arg1 reflectance 547:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 5 46 theme polysaccharide 876:889 arg1 levels 891:896 The polysaccharide levels 872:896 The polysaccharide levels 872:896 The polysaccharide levels reflect well the environmental pressures. 33550548 6 47 from assessment 1030:1039 arg1 watercourses 1044:1055 watercourses 1044:1055 watercourses 1044:1055 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 3 48 theme total 541:545 arg1 reflectance 547:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 3 49 with spectroscopy 481:492 arg1 reflectance 547:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 4 50 theme aromatic 753:760 arg1 structures 775:784 aromatic and phenolic structures 753:784 aromatic and phenolic structures 753:784 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 51 theme characteristic 816:829 arg1 groups 809:814 functional groups 798:814 functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides 798:869 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 52 theme esters 844:849 arg1 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 3 53 with chromatography 457:470 arg1 reflectance 547:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 attenuated total reflectance 530:557 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 2 54 theme Epilithic 205:213 arg1 biofilms 215:222 Epilithic biofilms 205:222 Epilithic biofilms 205:222 Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. 33550548 4 55 theme amides 864:869 arg1 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 characteristic 816:829 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 4 56 theme phenolic 766:773 arg1 structures 775:784 aromatic and phenolic structures 753:784 aromatic and phenolic structures 753:784 Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. 33550548 0 57 from Brazil 89:94 arg1 watershed 70:78 watershed 70:78 watershed 70:78 Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. 33550548 6 58 theme organic 1172:1178 arg1 fraction 1180:1187 the organic fraction 1168:1187 the organic fraction of biofilms 1168:1199 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 59 theme effective 997:1005 arg1 tool 1007:1010 an effective tool 994:1010 an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses 994:1055 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 59 theme effective 997:1005 arg1 composition 953:963 The chemical composition 940:963 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms 940:985 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 6 60 theme environmental 1016:1028 arg1 assessment 1030:1039 environmental assessment 1016:1039 environmental assessment in watercourses 1016:1055 The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms. 33550548 3 61 from spectroscopy 481:492 arg1 region 518:523 the IR region 511:523 the IR region 511:523 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33550548 3 62 theme two-dimensional 564:578 arg1 resonance 597:605 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 564:605 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 564:605 The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. 33556632 9 0 theme 39.1 1659:1662 arg1 % 1663:1663 39.1% 1659:1663 39.1% 1659:1663 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 8 1 contain had 1271:1273 arg2 faction 1285:1291 a greater faction 1275:1291 a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1275:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 1 contain had 1271:1273 arg1 biofilms 1262:1269 The irremovable biofilms 1246:1269 The irremovable biofilms 1246:1269 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 3 2 theme water 566:570 arg1 flushing 572:579 water flushing 566:579 water flushing 566:579 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 8 3 contain had 1432:1434 arg1 biofilms 1423:1430 the removable biofilms 1409:1430 the removable biofilms 1409:1430 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 3 contain had 1432:1434 arg2 fraction 1446:1453 a greater fraction 1436:1453 a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1436:1490 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 7 4 theme microbial 1089:1097 arg1 community 1099:1107 microbial community 1089:1107 microbial community 1089:1107 Further study found that the composition and microbial community between the irremovable and removable biofilms were significantly different, which differentiated the biofilm adhesion and removability. 33556632 4 5 theme irremovable 662:672 arg1 biofilms 674:681 irremovable biofilms 662:681 irremovable biofilms 662:681 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 2 6 theme support 308:314 arg1 materials 316:324 support materials 308:324 support materials 308:324 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 1 7 theme in-situ 185:191 arg1 biofilms 200:207 the in-situ formed biofilms 181:207 the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials 181:228 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 6 8 theme low 939:941 arg1 SRT 943:945 low SRT 939:945 low SRT 939:945 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 2 9 theme biofilms 296:303 arg1 development 269:279 The development 265:279 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials 265:324 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 5 10 theme 20-day 819:824 arg1 SRT 826:828 20-day SRT 819:828 20-day SRT 819:828 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 9 11 theme EPS 1710:1712 arg1 matrix 1714:1719 the particular EPS matrix 1695:1719 the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion 1695:1758 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 5 12 from SRT 826:828 arg1 biofilms 835:842 the biofilms 831:842 the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time 831:899 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 5 12 from SRT 826:828 arg1 removable 912:920 removable 912:920 removable 912:920 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 1 13 theme support 212:218 arg1 materials 220:228 support materials 212:228 support materials 212:228 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 8 14 theme proteins 1296:1303 arg1 faction 1285:1291 a greater faction 1275:1291 a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1275:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 7 15 dep composition 1073:1083 arg1 the 1069:1071 the 1069:1071 the 1069:1071 Further study found that the composition and microbial community between the irremovable and removable biofilms were significantly different, which differentiated the biofilm adhesion and removability. 33556632 5 16 theme operation 886:894 arg1 time 896:899 the same operation time 877:899 the same operation time 877:899 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 2 17 from development 269:279 arg1 materials 316:324 support materials 308:324 support materials 308:324 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 8 18 theme polymeric 1376:1384 arg1 EPS 1397:1399 EPS 1397:1399 EPS 1397:1399 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 18 theme polymeric 1376:1384 arg1 substance 1386:1394 extracellular polymeric substance 1362:1394 extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1362:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 19 from faction 1285:1291 arg1 EPS 1397:1399 EPS 1397:1399 EPS 1397:1399 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 19 from faction 1285:1291 arg1 substance 1386:1394 extracellular polymeric substance 1362:1394 extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1362:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 20 theme α-d-glucopyranose 1458:1474 arg1 polysaccharides 1476:1490 α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1458:1490 α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1458:1490 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 0 21 theme dynamic 59:65 arg1 bioreactor 76:85 dynamic membrane bioreactor 59:85 dynamic membrane bioreactor 59:85 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 1 22 theme membrane 145:152 arg1 bioreactors 154:164 Dynamic membrane bioreactors 137:164 Dynamic membrane bioreactors 137:164 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 8 23 theme β-d-glucopyranose 1317:1333 arg1 polysaccharides 1335:1349 β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1317:1349 β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) 1317:1357 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 23 theme β-d-glucopyranose 1317:1333 arg1 % 1356:1356 17.8% 1352:1356 17.8% 1352:1356 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 3 24 from time 537:540 arg1 materials 501:509 support materials 493:509 support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 493:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 2 25 from materials 316:324 arg1 development 269:279 The development 265:279 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials 265:324 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 6 26 theme water 960:964 arg1 flushing 966:973 repeated water flushing 951:973 repeated water flushing 951:973 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 2 27 theme water 424:428 arg1 flushing 430:437 water flushing 424:437 water flushing 424:437 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 2 28 theme low 404:406 arg1 permeability 408:419 low permeability 404:419 low permeability by water flushing 404:437 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 0 29 theme Water 0:4 arg1 community 126:134 microbial community 116:134 microbial community 116:134 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 29 theme Water 0:4 arg1 biofilms 27:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms 0:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 0:135 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 29 theme Water 0:4 arg1 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 29 theme Water 0:4 arg1 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 4 30 theme rapid 740:744 arg1 rising 746:751 rapid rising 740:751 rapid rising in transmembrane pressure 740:777 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 0 31 theme irremovable 15:25 arg1 community 126:134 microbial community 116:134 microbial community 116:134 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 31 theme irremovable 15:25 arg1 biofilms 27:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms 0:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 0:135 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 31 theme irremovable 15:25 arg1 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 31 theme irremovable 15:25 arg1 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 1 32 theme Dynamic 137:143 arg1 bioreactors 154:164 Dynamic membrane bioreactors 137:164 Dynamic membrane bioreactors 137:164 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 7 33 theme removable 1137:1145 arg1 biofilms 1147:1154 the irremovable and removable biofilms 1117:1154 the irremovable and removable biofilms 1117:1154 Further study found that the composition and microbial community between the irremovable and removable biofilms were significantly different, which differentiated the biofilm adhesion and removability. 33556632 9 34 theme irremovable 1611:1621 arg1 biofilms 1623:1630 the irremovable biofilms 1607:1630 the irremovable biofilms 1607:1630 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 6 35 theme irremovable 1001:1011 arg1 biofilms 1013:1020 irremovable biofilms 1001:1020 irremovable biofilms 1001:1020 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 2 36 theme cleaning 343:350 arg1 efficiency 352:361 the cleaning efficiency 339:361 the cleaning efficiency 339:361 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 7 37 theme irremovable 1121:1131 arg1 biofilms 1147:1154 the irremovable and removable biofilms 1117:1154 the irremovable and removable biofilms 1117:1154 Further study found that the composition and microbial community between the irremovable and removable biofilms were significantly different, which differentiated the biofilm adhesion and removability. 33556632 3 38 theme formed 474:479 arg1 removable 553:561 removable 553:561 removable 553:561 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 38 theme formed 474:479 arg1 biofilms 481:488 the initial formed biofilms 462:488 the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 462:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 9 39 theme relative 1637:1644 arg1 abundance 1646:1654 a relative abundance 1635:1654 a relative abundance 1635:1654 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 9 40 theme off-line 1522:1529 arg1 flushing 1537:1544 off-line water flushing 1522:1544 off-line water flushing 1522:1544 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 4 41 theme repeated 588:595 arg1 cleaning 597:604 repeated cleaning 588:604 repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation 588:650 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 8 42 theme removable 1413:1421 arg1 biofilms 1423:1430 the removable biofilms 1409:1430 the removable biofilms 1409:1430 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 3 43 theme 5-day 514:518 arg1 SRT 543:545 SRT 543:545 SRT 543:545 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 43 theme 5-day 514:518 arg1 time 537:540 5-day solids retention time 514:540 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 514:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 2 44 with biofilms 390:397 arg1 permeability 408:419 low permeability 404:419 low permeability by water flushing 404:437 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 9 45 theme % 1663:1663 arg1 abundance 1646:1654 a relative abundance 1635:1654 a relative abundance 1635:1654 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 2 46 theme irremovable 284:294 arg1 biofilms 296:303 irremovable biofilms 284:303 irremovable biofilms on support materials 284:324 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 3 47 theme retention 527:535 arg1 SRT 543:545 SRT 543:545 SRT 543:545 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 47 theme retention 527:535 arg1 time 537:540 5-day solids retention time 514:540 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 514:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 48 from biofilms 481:488 arg1 materials 501:509 support materials 493:509 support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 493:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 8 49 theme irremovable 1250:1260 arg1 biofilms 1262:1269 The irremovable biofilms 1246:1269 The irremovable biofilms 1246:1269 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 7 50 theme Further 1044:1050 arg1 study 1052:1056 Further study 1044:1056 Further study 1044:1056 Further study found that the composition and microbial community between the irremovable and removable biofilms were significantly different, which differentiated the biofilm adhesion and removability. 33556632 1 51 theme formed 193:198 arg1 biofilms 200:207 the in-situ formed biofilms 181:207 the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials 181:228 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 9 52 theme particular 1699:1708 arg1 matrix 1714:1719 the particular EPS matrix 1695:1719 the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion 1695:1758 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 4 53 theme water 620:624 arg1 flushing 626:633 off-line water flushing 611:633 off-line water flushing 611:633 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 1 54 from particles 245:253 arg1 water 258:262 water 258:262 water 258:262 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 4 55 dep three 804:808 arg1 to 801:802 to 801:802 to 801:802 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 8 56 theme greater 1438:1444 arg1 fraction 1446:1453 a greater fraction 1436:1453 a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1436:1490 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 57 theme greater 1277:1283 arg1 faction 1285:1291 a greater faction 1275:1291 a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1275:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 4 58 with cleaning 597:604 arg1 flushing 626:633 off-line water flushing 611:633 off-line water flushing 611:633 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 5 59 theme same 881:884 arg1 time 896:899 the same operation time 877:899 the same operation time 877:899 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 0 60 theme microbial 116:124 arg1 community 126:134 microbial community 116:134 microbial community 116:134 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 60 theme microbial 116:124 arg1 biofilms 27:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms 0:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 0:135 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 1 61 from biofilms 200:207 arg1 materials 220:228 support materials 212:228 support materials 212:228 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 33556632 9 62 theme repeated 1499:1506 arg1 cleaning 1508:1515 repeated cleaning 1499:1515 repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation 1499:1561 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 9 63 theme biofilm 1743:1749 arg1 adhesion 1751:1758 the biofilm adhesion 1739:1758 the biofilm adhesion 1739:1758 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 8 64 theme polysaccharides 1476:1490 arg1 fraction 1446:1453 a greater fraction 1436:1453 a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1436:1490 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 4 65 theme mesh 719:722 arg1 pores 724:728 the mesh pores 715:728 the mesh pores 715:728 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 3 66 from removable 553:561 arg1 study 455:459 the present study 443:459 the present study 443:459 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 0 67 theme membrane 67:74 arg1 bioreactor 76:85 dynamic membrane bioreactor 59:85 dynamic membrane bioreactor 59:85 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 5 68 theme support 854:860 arg1 materials 862:870 support materials 854:870 support materials with the same operation time 854:899 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 0 69 from biofilms 27:34 arg1 bioreactor 76:85 dynamic membrane bioreactor 59:85 dynamic membrane bioreactor 59:85 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 69 from biofilms 27:34 arg1 material 47:54 support material 39:54 support material 39:54 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 7 70 theme biofilm 1211:1217 arg1 adhesion 1219:1226 the biofilm adhesion 1207:1226 the biofilm adhesion 1207:1226 Further study found that the composition and microbial community between the irremovable and removable biofilms were significantly different, which differentiated the biofilm adhesion and removability. 33556632 9 71 theme water 1531:1535 arg1 flushing 1537:1544 off-line water flushing 1522:1544 off-line water flushing 1522:1544 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 2 72 from biofilms 296:303 arg1 materials 316:324 support materials 308:324 support materials 308:324 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 5 73 with materials 862:870 arg1 time 896:899 the same operation time 877:899 the same operation time 877:899 At 20-day SRT, the biofilms formed on support materials with the same operation time were still removable. 33556632 6 74 theme repeated 951:958 arg1 flushing 966:973 repeated water flushing 951:973 repeated water flushing 951:973 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 6 75 from formation 988:996 arg1 materials 1033:1041 support materials 1025:1041 support materials 1025:1041 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 8 76 theme polysaccharides 1335:1349 arg1 faction 1285:1291 a greater faction 1275:1291 a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1275:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 4 77 from rising 746:751 arg1 pressure 770:777 transmembrane pressure 756:777 transmembrane pressure 756:777 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 9 78 with cleaning 1508:1515 arg1 flushing 1537:1544 off-line water flushing 1522:1544 off-line water flushing 1522:1544 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, Nitrospiraceae was selectively enriched in the irremovable biofilms at a relative abundance of 39.1%, which could have resulted in the particular EPS matrix that strengthened the biofilm adhesion. 33556632 4 79 theme transmembrane 756:768 arg1 pressure 770:777 transmembrane pressure 756:777 transmembrane pressure 756:777 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 3 80 theme present 447:453 arg1 study 455:459 the present study 443:459 the present study 443:459 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 0 81 theme flushing 6:13 arg1 community 126:134 microbial community 116:134 microbial community 116:134 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 81 theme flushing 6:13 arg1 biofilms 27:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms 0:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 0:135 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 81 theme flushing 6:13 arg1 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 81 theme flushing 6:13 arg1 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 2 82 theme unwanted 381:388 arg1 biofilms 390:397 the unwanted biofilms 377:397 the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing 377:437 The development of irremovable biofilms on support materials can decrease the cleaning efficiency when removing the unwanted biofilms with low permeability by water flushing. 33556632 6 83 theme support 1025:1031 arg1 materials 1033:1041 support materials 1025:1041 support materials 1025:1041 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 8 84 theme extracellular 1362:1374 arg1 EPS 1397:1399 EPS 1397:1399 EPS 1397:1399 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 8 84 theme extracellular 1362:1374 arg1 substance 1386:1394 extracellular polymeric substance 1362:1394 extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 1362:1400 The irremovable biofilms had a greater faction of proteins (49.0%) and β-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides (17.8%) in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), while the removable biofilms had a greater fraction of α-d-glucopyranose polysaccharides. 33556632 3 85 theme initial 466:472 arg1 removable 553:561 removable 553:561 removable 553:561 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 85 theme initial 466:472 arg1 biofilms 481:488 the initial formed biofilms 462:488 the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 462:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 0 86 theme support 39:45 arg1 material 47:54 support material 39:54 support material 39:54 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 6 87 theme biofilms 1013:1020 arg1 formation 988:996 the formation 984:996 the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials 984:1041 Therefore, both low SRT and repeated water flushing promoted the formation of irremovable biofilms on support materials. 33556632 3 88 from study 455:459 arg1 removable 553:561 removable 553:561 removable 553:561 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 88 from study 455:459 arg1 biofilms 481:488 the initial formed biofilms 462:488 the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 462:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 89 theme support 493:499 arg1 materials 501:509 support materials 493:509 support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 493:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 0 90 dep biofilms 27:34 arg1 community 126:134 microbial community 116:134 microbial community 116:134 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 90 dep biofilms 27:34 arg1 biofilms 27:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms 0:34 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 0:135 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 90 dep biofilms 27:34 arg1 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 composition 99:109 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 0 90 dep biofilms 27:34 arg1 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Formation 88:96 Water flushing irremovable biofilms on support material in dynamic membrane bioreactor: Formation, composition, and microbial community. 33556632 4 91 theme off-line 611:618 arg1 flushing 626:633 off-line water flushing 611:633 off-line water flushing 611:633 After repeated cleaning with off-line water flushing during operation, however, irremovable biofilms were developed gradually inside the mesh pores and thus, rapid rising in transmembrane pressure occurred in every one to three days. 33556632 3 92 theme solids 520:525 arg1 SRT 543:545 SRT 543:545 SRT 543:545 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 3 92 theme solids 520:525 arg1 time 537:540 5-day solids retention time 514:540 5-day solids retention time (SRT) 514:546 In the present study, the initial formed biofilms on support materials at 5-day solids retention time (SRT) were removable by water flushing. 33556632 1 93 theme fine 240:243 arg1 particles 245:253 fine particles 240:253 fine particles in water 240:262 Dynamic membrane bioreactors mainly rely on the in-situ formed biofilms on support materials to reject fine particles in water. 32925035 8 0 theme non-PSCCID 1247:1256 arg1 patients 1258:1265 non-PSCCID patients 1247:1265 non-PSCCID patients 1247:1265 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 12 1 theme diagnostic 1930:1939 arg1 biomarkers 1941:1950 non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers 1917:1950 non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples 1917:1980 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 10 2 theme amino 1541:1545 arg1 metabolism 1552:1561 amino acid metabolism 1541:1561 amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients 1541:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 7 3 theme characteristic 910:923 arg1 microbiota 929:938 the characteristic gut microbiota 906:938 the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID 906:948 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 1 4 theme acute 279:283 arg1 stroke 285:290 acute stroke 279:290 acute stroke 279:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 10 5 theme biosynthesis 1486:1497 arg1 orthologs 1466:1474 the enriched orthologs 1453:1474 the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1453:1512 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 6 6 theme communities 651:661 arg1 composition 622:632 The composition 618:632 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients 618:673 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 4 7 dep OBJECTIVE 468:476 arg1 aimed 481:485 aimed 481:485 aimed to characterize the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID 481:548 OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID. 32925035 8 8 theme increased 1040:1048 arg1 abundance 1050:1058 an increased abundance 1037:1058 an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, 1037:1151 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 10 9 theme PSCCID 1566:1571 arg1 patients 1573:1580 PSCCID patients 1566:1580 PSCCID patients 1566:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 2 10 theme Gut 293:295 arg1 dysbiosis 308:316 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 293:316 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 293:316 Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with many psychiatric disorders. 32925035 12 11 theme clinical 1862:1869 arg1 parameters 1871:1880 clinical parameters 1862:1880 clinical parameters 1862:1880 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 10 12 theme metabolism 1552:1561 arg1 orthologs 1528:1536 orthologs 1528:1536 orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients 1528:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 2 13 theme many 337:340 arg1 disorders 354:362 many psychiatric disorders 337:362 many psychiatric disorders 337:362 Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with many psychiatric disorders. 32925035 10 14 from patients 1573:1580 arg1 orthologs 1528:1536 orthologs 1528:1536 orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients 1528:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 11 15 theme 0.847 1685:1689 arg1 curve 1676:1680 the curve 1672:1680 the curve of 0.847 1672:1689 Importantly, the characteristic gut microbiota was identified and achieved an area under the curve of 0.847 between the two groups. 32925035 11 16 theme gut 1615:1617 arg1 microbiota 1619:1628 the characteristic gut microbiota 1596:1628 the characteristic gut microbiota 1596:1628 Importantly, the characteristic gut microbiota was identified and achieved an area under the curve of 0.847 between the two groups. 32925035 5 17 dep METHOD 551:556 arg1 total 560:564 A total 558:564 METHOD A total of 175 stroke patients 551:587 METHOD A total of 175 stroke patients were recruited in the study. 32925035 0 18 theme Clinical 135:142 arg1 Features 144:151 Clinical Features 135:151 Clinical Features 135:151 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 5 19 theme stroke 573:578 arg1 patients 580:587 175 stroke patients 569:587 175 stroke patients 569:587 METHOD A total of 175 stroke patients were recruited in the study. 32925035 12 20 theme gut 1842:1844 arg1 microbiota 1846:1855 the altered gut microbiota 1830:1855 the altered gut microbiota 1830:1855 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 12 21 from samples 1974:1980 arg1 PSCCID 1956:1961 PSCCID 1956:1961 PSCCID from fecal samples 1956:1980 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 9 22 theme Gammaproteobacteria 1285:1303 arg1 abundance 1272:1280 The abundance 1268:1280 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae 1268:1326 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae showed negative correlations with the MoCA score. 32925035 3 23 from Alterations 365:375 arg1 composition 384:394 the composition 380:394 the composition of gut microbiota 380:412 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 8 24 dep RESULTS 998:1004 arg1 Patients 1006:1013 Patients 1006:1013 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID 998:1025 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 0 25 theme Post-Stroke 53:63 arg1 Impairment 84:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 1 26 theme BACKGROUND 154:163 arg1 complication 260:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication 234:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke 234:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 26 theme BACKGROUND 154:163 arg1 impairment 196:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 26 theme BACKGROUND 154:163 arg1 depression 211:220 depression 211:220 depression (PSCCID) 211:229 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 6 27 theme bacterial 641:649 arg1 communities 651:661 gut bacterial communities 637:661 gut bacterial communities 637:661 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 0 28 theme Cognitive 74:82 arg1 Impairment 84:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 3 29 from role 438:441 arg1 patients 446:453 patients 446:453 patients with PSCCID 446:465 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 1 30 theme comorbid 177:184 arg1 complication 260:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication 234:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke 234:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 30 theme comorbid 177:184 arg1 impairment 196:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 30 theme comorbid 177:184 arg1 depression 211:220 depression 211:220 depression (PSCCID) 211:229 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 10 31 theme Genes 1414:1418 arg1 Genomes 1424:1430 Genomes 1424:1430 Genomes 1424:1430 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 4 32 theme microbial 507:515 arg1 profiles 517:524 the microbial profiles 503:524 the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID 503:548 OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID. 32925035 6 33 theme Miseq 711:715 arg1 sequencing 717:726 ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing 697:726 ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing 697:726 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 0 34 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Change 11:16 Structural Change 0:16 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 0:152 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 9 35 with correlations 1344:1355 arg1 score 1371:1375 the MoCA score 1362:1375 the MoCA score 1362:1375 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae showed negative correlations with the MoCA score. 32925035 3 36 theme microbiota 403:412 arg1 composition 384:394 the composition 380:394 the composition of gut microbiota 380:412 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 12 37 theme further 1896:1902 arg1 step 1904:1907 a further step 1894:1907 a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples 1894:1980 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 6 38 theme ribosomal 697:705 arg1 RNA 707:709 ribosomal RNA 697:709 ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing 697:726 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 11 39 theme characteristic 1600:1613 arg1 microbiota 1619:1628 the characteristic gut microbiota 1596:1628 the characteristic gut microbiota 1596:1628 Importantly, the characteristic gut microbiota was identified and achieved an area under the curve of 0.847 between the two groups. 32925035 12 40 theme PSCCID 1780:1785 arg1 patients 1787:1794 PSCCID patients 1780:1794 PSCCID patients 1780:1794 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 0 41 with Correlation 118:128 arg1 Depression 99:108 Depression 99:108 Depression 99:108 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 0 41 with Correlation 118:128 arg1 Features 144:151 Clinical Features 135:151 Clinical Features 135:151 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 0 41 with Correlation 118:128 arg1 Impairment 84:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 0 42 theme Microbiota 25:34 arg1 Change 11:16 Structural Change 0:16 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 0:152 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 8 43 with Patients 1006:1013 arg1 PSCCID 1020:1025 PSCCID 1020:1025 PSCCID 1020:1025 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 8 44 theme several 1182:1188 arg1 bacteria 1224:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 12 45 theme fecal 1968:1972 arg1 samples 1974:1980 fecal samples 1968:1980 fecal samples 1968:1980 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 10 46 theme enriched 1457:1464 arg1 orthologs 1466:1474 the enriched orthologs 1453:1474 the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1453:1512 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 4 47 with patients 529:536 arg1 PSCCID 543:548 PSCCID 543:548 PSCCID 543:548 OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID. 32925035 7 48 theme discriminant 963:974 arg1 analysis 976:983 linear discriminant analysis 956:983 linear discriminant analysis effect size 956:995 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 8 49 theme fatty 1202:1206 arg1 bacteria 1224:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 6 50 theme gut 868:870 arg1 microbiota 872:881 gut microbiota 868:881 gut microbiota 868:881 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 10 51 theme glycan 1479:1484 arg1 biosynthesis 1486:1497 glycan biosynthesis 1479:1497 glycan biosynthesis 1479:1497 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 12 52 theme non-invasive 1917:1928 arg1 biomarkers 1941:1950 non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers 1917:1950 non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples 1917:1980 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 10 53 theme metabolism 1503:1512 arg1 orthologs 1466:1474 the enriched orthologs 1453:1474 the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1453:1512 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 1 54 theme neuropsychiatric 243:258 arg1 complication 260:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication 234:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke 234:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 54 theme neuropsychiatric 243:258 arg1 impairment 196:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 54 theme neuropsychiatric 243:258 arg1 depression 211:220 depression 211:220 depression (PSCCID) 211:229 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 8 55 theme bacteria 1224:1231 arg1 abundance 1169:1177 a decreased abundance 1157:1177 a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1157:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 8 55 theme bacteria 1224:1231 arg1 abundance 1050:1058 an increased abundance 1037:1058 an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, 1037:1151 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 6 56 theme Phylogenetic 733:744 arg1 Investigation 746:758 Phylogenetic Investigation 733:758 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 733:812 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 12 57 dep CONCLUSION 1715:1724 arg1 study 1734:1738 this study 1729:1738 this study 1729:1738 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 6 58 theme functional 842:851 arg1 alterations 853:863 the functional alterations 838:863 the functional alterations of gut microbiota 838:881 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 7 59 theme gut 925:927 arg1 microbiota 929:938 the characteristic gut microbiota 906:938 the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID 906:948 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 9 60 theme Enterobacteriaceae 1309:1326 arg1 abundance 1272:1280 The abundance 1268:1280 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae 1268:1326 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae showed negative correlations with the MoCA score. 32925035 2 61 theme microbiota 297:306 arg1 dysbiosis 308:316 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 293:316 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 293:316 Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with many psychiatric disorders. 32925035 1 62 theme cognitive 186:194 arg1 complication 260:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication 234:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke 234:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 62 theme cognitive 186:194 arg1 impairment 196:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 62 theme cognitive 186:194 arg1 depression 211:220 depression 211:220 depression (PSCCID) 211:229 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 8 63 theme Proteobacteria 1063:1076 arg1 abundance 1169:1177 a decreased abundance 1157:1177 a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1157:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 8 63 theme Proteobacteria 1063:1076 arg1 abundance 1050:1058 an increased abundance 1037:1058 an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, 1037:1151 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 9 64 theme negative 1335:1342 arg1 correlations 1344:1355 negative correlations 1335:1355 negative correlations with the MoCA score 1335:1375 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae showed negative correlations with the MoCA score. 32925035 2 65 theme psychiatric 342:352 arg1 disorders 354:362 many psychiatric disorders 337:362 many psychiatric disorders 337:362 Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with many psychiatric disorders. 32925035 6 66 used used 818:821 arg2 Investigation 746:758 Phylogenetic Investigation 733:758 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 733:812 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 6 67 theme States 807:812 arg1 Reconstruction 778:791 Reconstruction 778:791 Reconstruction of Unobserved States 778:812 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 9 68 theme MoCA 1366:1369 arg1 score 1371:1375 the MoCA score 1362:1375 the MoCA score 1362:1375 The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae showed negative correlations with the MoCA score. 32925035 3 69 with patients 446:453 arg1 PSCCID 460:465 PSCCID 460:465 PSCCID 460:465 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 10 70 theme acid 1547:1550 arg1 metabolism 1552:1561 amino acid metabolism 1541:1561 amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients 1541:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 5 71 theme patients 580:587 arg1 total 560:564 A total 558:564 METHOD A total of 175 stroke patients 551:587 METHOD A total of 175 stroke patients were recruited in the study. 32925035 12 72 theme altered 1834:1840 arg1 microbiota 1846:1855 the altered gut microbiota 1830:1855 the altered gut microbiota 1830:1855 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 6 73 theme patients 666:673 arg1 composition 622:632 The composition 618:632 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients 618:673 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 0 74 theme Comorbid 65:72 arg1 Impairment 84:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 10 75 dep Encyclopedia 1398:1409 arg1 results 1432:1438 results 1432:1438 results 1432:1438 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 12 76 theme microbiota 1846:1855 arg1 correlations 1814:1825 the correlations 1810:1825 the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples 1810:1980 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 4 77 theme patients 529:536 arg1 profiles 517:524 the microbial profiles 503:524 the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID 503:548 OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the microbial profiles of patients with PSCCID. 32925035 7 78 dep analysis 976:983 arg1 size 992:995 effect size 985:995 linear discriminant analysis effect size 956:995 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 1 79 theme Post-stroke 165:175 arg1 complication 260:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication 234:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke 234:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 79 theme Post-stroke 165:175 arg1 impairment 196:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 79 theme Post-stroke 165:175 arg1 depression 211:220 depression 211:220 depression (PSCCID) 211:229 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 0 80 from Change 11:16 arg1 Correlation 118:128 Its Correlation 114:128 Its Correlation with Clinical Features 114:151 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 0 80 from Change 11:16 arg1 Patients 39:46 Patients 39:46 Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression 39:108 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 6 81 theme gut 637:639 arg1 communities 651:661 gut bacterial communities 637:661 gut bacterial communities 637:661 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 3 82 theme gut 399:401 arg1 microbiota 403:412 gut microbiota 399:412 gut microbiota 399:412 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 12 83 theme patients 1787:1794 arg1 microbiota 1766:1775 the gut microbiota 1758:1775 the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients 1758:1794 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 6 84 theme RNA 707:709 arg1 sequencing 717:726 ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing 697:726 ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing 697:726 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 0 85 theme Gut 21:23 arg1 Microbiota 25:34 Gut Microbiota 21:34 Gut Microbiota 21:34 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 8 86 theme decreased 1159:1167 arg1 abundance 1169:1177 a decreased abundance 1157:1177 a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1157:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 7 87 theme effect 985:990 arg1 size 992:995 effect size 985:995 linear discriminant analysis effect size 956:995 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 12 88 with correlations 1814:1825 arg1 parameters 1871:1880 clinical parameters 1862:1880 clinical parameters 1862:1880 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 12 89 theme gut 1762:1764 arg1 microbiota 1766:1775 the gut microbiota 1758:1775 the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients 1758:1794 CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota of PSCCID patients, and revealed the correlations of the altered gut microbiota with clinical parameters, which took a further step towards non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PSCCID from fecal samples. 32925035 0 90 with Patients 39:46 arg1 Depression 99:108 Depression 99:108 Depression 99:108 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 0 90 with Patients 39:46 arg1 Features 144:151 Clinical Features 135:151 Clinical Features 135:151 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 0 90 with Patients 39:46 arg1 Impairment 84:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment 53:93 Structural Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Post-Stroke Comorbid Cognitive Impairment and Depression and Its Correlation with Clinical Features. 32925035 6 91 theme Unobserved 796:805 arg1 States 807:812 Unobserved States 796:812 Unobserved States 796:812 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 8 92 theme short-chain 1190:1200 arg1 bacteria 1224:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 10 93 from orthologs 1528:1536 arg1 patients 1573:1580 PSCCID patients 1566:1580 PSCCID patients 1566:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 32925035 3 94 theme critical 429:436 arg1 Alterations 365:375 Alterations 365:375 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota 365:412 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 3 94 theme critical 429:436 arg1 role 438:441 a critical role 427:441 a critical role in patients with PSCCID 427:465 Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota may serve as a critical role in patients with PSCCID. 32925035 7 95 theme linear 956:961 arg1 analysis 976:983 linear discriminant analysis 956:983 linear discriminant analysis effect size 956:995 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 8 96 theme acids-producing 1208:1222 arg1 bacteria 1224:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria 1182:1231 RESULTS Patients with PSCCID exhibited an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, including Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decreased abundance of several short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria compared with non-PSCCID patients. 32925035 6 97 theme microbiota 872:881 arg1 alterations 853:863 the functional alterations 838:863 the functional alterations of gut microbiota 838:881 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 6 98 theme Communities 763:773 arg1 Investigation 746:758 Phylogenetic Investigation 733:758 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 733:812 The composition of gut bacterial communities of patients was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing, and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to demonstrate the functional alterations of gut microbiota. 32925035 7 99 theme PSCCID 943:948 arg1 microbiota 929:938 the characteristic gut microbiota 906:938 the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID 906:948 We further identified the characteristic gut microbiota of PSCCID using linear discriminant analysis effect size. 32925035 1 100 theme severe 236:241 arg1 complication 260:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication 234:271 a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke 234:290 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 100 theme severe 236:241 arg1 impairment 196:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment 154:205 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 1 100 theme severe 236:241 arg1 depression 211:220 depression 211:220 depression (PSCCID) 211:229 BACKGROUND Post-stroke comorbid cognitive impairment and depression (PSCCID) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication after acute stroke. 32925035 10 101 from metabolism 1552:1561 arg1 patients 1573:1580 PSCCID patients 1566:1580 PSCCID patients 1566:1580 Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results demonstrated the enriched orthologs of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and decreased orthologs of amino acid metabolism in PSCCID patients. 33424783 4 0 theme butyrate 884:891 arg1 concentrations 893:906 cecal butyrate concentrations 878:906 cecal butyrate concentrations 878:906 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 2 1 theme age 713:715 arg1 days 705:708 28 days 702:708 28 days of age 702:715 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 2 theme functional 1263:1272 arg1 profiles 1274:1281 The functional profiles 1259:1281 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis 1259:1347 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 3 theme short-chain 257:267 arg1 SCFAs 282:286 SCFAs 282:286 SCFAs 282:286 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 1 3 theme short-chain 257:267 arg1 acids 275:279 short-chain fatty acids 257:279 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 257:287 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 5 4 from % 1066:1066 arg1 supplementation 1046:1060 Inulin supplementation 1039:1060 Inulin supplementation at 1% 1039:1066 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 5 theme related 1647:1653 arg1 pathways 1638:1645 pathways 1638:1645 pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair 1638:1719 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 6 theme acids 275:279 arg1 levels 289:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 211:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 211:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 2 7 theme % 626:626 arg1 InSE 627:630 0.5%InSE 623:630 0.5%InSE 623:630 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 7 theme % 626:626 arg1 SE 619:620 SE 619:620 SE 619:620 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 8 theme CON 1739:1741 arg1 group 1743:1747 the CON group 1735:1747 the CON group (p < 0.05) 1735:1758 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 8 theme CON 1739:1741 arg1 < 1752:1752 p < 0.05 1750:1757 p < 0.05 1750:1757 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 9 from levels 289:294 arg1 chickens 328:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens 299:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 299:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 5 10 theme SE 1238:1239 arg1 group 1241:1245 the SE group 1234:1245 the SE group (p < 0.05) 1234:1256 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 5 10 theme SE 1238:1239 arg1 < 1250:1250 p < 0.05 1248:1255 p < 0.05 1248:1255 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 11 theme SE 1361:1362 arg1 infection 1364:1372 SE infection 1361:1372 SE infection 1361:1372 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 12 theme inulin 954:959 arg1 supplementation 961:975 inulin supplementation 954:975 inulin supplementation 954:975 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 7 13 theme SE 1901:1902 arg1 infection 1904:1912 SE infection 1901:1912 SE infection 1901:1912 In conclusion, inulin modulated the dysbiosis induced by SE infection via affecting SCFA metabolism and microbial functional profiles. 33424783 1 14 theme inulin 201:206 arg1 effects 190:196 the effects 186:196 the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 186:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 2 15 theme % 634:634 arg1 SE 619:620 SE 619:620 SE 619:620 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 15 theme % 634:634 arg1 InSE 635:638 1%InSE 633:638 1%InSE 633:638 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 16 theme sequencing 1329:1338 arg1 analysis 1340:1347 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1317:1347 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1317:1347 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 17 theme cecal 878:882 arg1 concentrations 893:906 cecal butyrate concentrations 878:906 cecal butyrate concentrations 878:906 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 18 theme carbohydrate 1436:1447 arg1 metabolism 1449:1458 carbohydrate metabolism 1436:1458 carbohydrate metabolism 1436:1458 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 19 theme microbiota 219:228 arg1 levels 289:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 211:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 211:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 2 20 from days 705:708 arg1 challenge 689:697 SE challenge 686:697 SE challenge at 28 days of age 686:715 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 21 theme related 1425:1431 arg1 pathways 1416:1423 pathways 1416:1423 pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05) 1416:1589 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 22 theme SE 1018:1019 arg1 < 1030:1030 p < 0.05 1028:1035 p < 0.05 1028:1035 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 22 theme SE 1018:1019 arg1 group 1021:1025 the SE group 1014:1025 the SE group (p < 0.05) 1014:1036 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 23 theme functions 242:250 arg1 levels 289:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 211:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 211:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 1 24 theme SPF 323:325 arg1 chickens 328:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens 299:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 299:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 1 25 theme current 159:165 arg1 study 167:171 The current study 155:171 The current study 155:171 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 0 26 theme Microbiota 81:90 arg1 Composition 92:102 Cecum Microbiota Composition 75:102 Cecum Microbiota Composition 75:102 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 2 27 theme basal 567:571 arg1 diet 573:576 a basal diet 565:576 a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) 565:653 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 28 dep % 616:616 arg1 InSE 635:638 1%InSE 633:638 1%InSE 633:638 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 28 dep % 616:616 arg1 InSE 627:630 0.5%InSE 623:630 0.5%InSE 623:630 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 28 dep % 616:616 arg1 SE 619:620 SE 619:620 SE 619:620 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 29 theme control 459:465 arg1 CON 474:476 CON 474:476 CON 474:476 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 29 theme control 459:465 arg1 group 467:471 a control group 457:471 a control group (CON) 457:477 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 30 theme inulin 1796:1801 arg1 % 1829:1829 0.5 and 1% 1820:1829 0.5 and 1% 1820:1829 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 30 theme inulin 1796:1801 arg1 supplementation 1803:1817 inulin supplementation 1796:1817 inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05) 1796:1841 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 30 theme inulin 1796:1801 arg1 < 1835:1835 p < 0.05 1833:1840 p < 0.05 1833:1840 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 2 31 theme SPF 380:382 arg1 chickens 396:403 SPF Arbor Acres chickens 380:403 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) 380:424 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 32 dep n 406:406 arg1 1-day-old 415:423 1-day-old 415:423 1-day-old 415:423 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 33 theme acid 1467:1470 arg1 metabolism 1472:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 34 theme glycan 1545:1550 arg1 biosynthesis 1552:1563 glycan biosynthesis 1545:1563 glycan biosynthesis 1545:1563 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 0 35 theme Dietary 0:6 arg1 Supplementation 15:29 Dietary Inulin Supplementation 0:29 Dietary Inulin Supplementation 0:29 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 2 36 theme = 408:408 arg1 n 406:406 n = 240 406:412 n = 240 406:412 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 37 theme Acres 390:394 arg1 chickens 396:403 SPF Arbor Acres chickens 380:403 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) 380:424 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 0 38 theme Short-Chain 41:51 arg1 Acid 59:62 Short-Chain Fatty Acid 41:62 Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels 41:69 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 4 39 theme SE 841:842 arg1 infection 844:852 SE infection 841:852 SE infection 841:852 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 7 40 theme functional 1958:1967 arg1 profiles 1969:1976 microbial functional profiles 1948:1976 microbial functional profiles 1948:1976 In conclusion, inulin modulated the dysbiosis induced by SE infection via affecting SCFA metabolism and microbial functional profiles. 33424783 0 41 theme Acid 59:62 arg1 Levels 64:69 Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels 41:69 Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels 41:69 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 1 42 theme pathogen-free 308:320 arg1 chickens 328:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens 299:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 299:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 4 43 theme CON 926:928 arg1 group 930:934 the CON group 922:934 the CON group (p < 0.05) 922:945 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 43 theme CON 926:928 arg1 < 939:939 p < 0.05 937:944 p < 0.05 937:944 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 7 44 theme SCFA 1928:1931 arg1 metabolism 1933:1942 SCFA metabolism 1928:1942 SCFA metabolism 1928:1942 In conclusion, inulin modulated the dysbiosis induced by SE infection via affecting SCFA metabolism and microbial functional profiles. 33424783 6 45 theme microbial 1286:1294 arg1 communities 1296:1306 microbial communities 1286:1306 microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis 1286:1347 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 5 46 theme Inulin 1039:1044 arg1 supplementation 1046:1060 Inulin supplementation 1039:1060 Inulin supplementation at 1% 1039:1066 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 3 47 theme 1-day 795:799 arg1 post-infection 801:814 1-day post-infection 795:814 1-day post-infection 795:814 Cecal SCFA contents and microbiome composition and function were analyzed at 1-day post-infection. 33424783 2 48 theme SE 530:531 arg1 infection 533:541 SE infection 530:541 SE infection 530:541 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 1 49 theme fatty 269:273 arg1 SCFAs 282:286 SCFAs 282:286 SCFAs 282:286 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 1 49 theme fatty 269:273 arg1 acids 275:279 short-chain fatty acids 257:279 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 257:287 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 6 50 theme pathways 1638:1645 arg1 abundances 1624:1633 the abundances 1620:1633 the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair 1620:1719 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 2 51 theme 0.5 623:625 arg1 % 626:626 % 626:626 % 626:626 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 5 52 theme p 1248:1248 arg1 group 1241:1245 the SE group 1234:1245 the SE group (p < 0.05) 1234:1256 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 5 52 theme p 1248:1248 arg1 < 1250:1250 p < 0.05 1248:1255 p < 0.05 1248:1255 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 2 53 theme 1 633:633 arg1 % 634:634 % 634:634 % 634:634 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 54 theme metagenomic 1317:1327 arg1 analysis 1340:1347 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1317:1347 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1317:1347 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 55 theme gut 215:217 arg1 microbiota 219:228 the gut microbiota 211:228 the gut microbiota 211:228 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 < 1583:1583 p < 0.05 1581:1588 p < 0.05 1581:1588 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 metabolism 1503:1512 metabolism 1503:1512 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 1503:1538 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 biosynthesis 1552:1563 glycan biosynthesis 1545:1563 glycan biosynthesis 1545:1563 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 metabolism 1472:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 metabolism 1569:1578 metabolism 1569:1578 metabolism (p < 0.05) 1569:1589 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 metabolism 1491:1500 energy metabolism 1484:1500 energy metabolism 1484:1500 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 56 theme vitamins 1531:1538 arg1 metabolism 1449:1458 carbohydrate metabolism 1436:1458 carbohydrate metabolism 1436:1458 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 < 1583:1583 p < 0.05 1581:1588 p < 0.05 1581:1588 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 metabolism 1503:1512 metabolism 1503:1512 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 1503:1538 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 biosynthesis 1552:1563 glycan biosynthesis 1545:1563 glycan biosynthesis 1545:1563 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 metabolism 1472:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 metabolism 1569:1578 metabolism 1569:1578 metabolism (p < 0.05) 1569:1589 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 metabolism 1491:1500 energy metabolism 1484:1500 energy metabolism 1484:1500 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 57 theme cofactors 1517:1525 arg1 metabolism 1449:1458 carbohydrate metabolism 1436:1458 carbohydrate metabolism 1436:1458 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 58 theme pathways 1416:1423 arg1 abundances 1402:1411 the abundances 1398:1411 the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05) 1398:1589 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 2 59 theme basal 485:489 arg1 diet 491:494 a basal diet 483:494 a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection 483:541 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 2 60 theme inulin 504:509 arg1 supplementation 511:525 inulin supplementation 504:525 inulin supplementation 504:525 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 4 61 theme p 937:937 arg1 group 930:934 the CON group 922:934 the CON group (p < 0.05) 922:945 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 61 theme p 937:937 arg1 < 939:939 p < 0.05 937:944 p < 0.05 937:944 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 0 62 theme Cecum 75:79 arg1 Composition 92:102 Cecum Microbiota Composition 75:102 Cecum Microbiota Composition 75:102 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 2 63 dep inulin 596:601 arg1 % 616:616 0, 0.5, and 1% 603:616 inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) 596:653 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 6 64 theme p 1750:1750 arg1 group 1743:1747 the CON group 1735:1747 the CON group (p < 0.05) 1735:1758 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 64 theme p 1750:1750 arg1 < 1752:1752 p < 0.05 1750:1757 p < 0.05 1750:1757 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 65 from effects 190:196 arg1 levels 289:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels 211:294 the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 211:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 6 66 theme p 1581:1581 arg1 metabolism 1569:1578 metabolism 1569:1578 metabolism (p < 0.05) 1569:1589 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 66 theme p 1581:1581 arg1 < 1583:1583 p < 0.05 1581:1588 p < 0.05 1581:1588 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 67 theme energy 1484:1489 arg1 metabolism 1491:1500 energy metabolism 1484:1500 energy metabolism 1484:1500 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 68 theme nucleotide 1658:1667 arg1 metabolism 1669:1678 nucleotide metabolism 1658:1678 nucleotide metabolism 1658:1678 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 3 69 theme SCFA 724:727 arg1 contents 729:736 Cecal SCFA contents 718:736 Cecal SCFA contents 718:736 Cecal SCFA contents and microbiome composition and function were analyzed at 1-day post-infection. 33424783 4 70 theme p 1028:1028 arg1 < 1030:1030 p < 0.05 1028:1035 p < 0.05 1028:1035 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 4 70 theme p 1028:1028 arg1 group 1021:1025 the SE group 1014:1025 the SE group (p < 0.05) 1014:1036 The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 0 71 theme Inulin 8:13 arg1 Supplementation 15:29 Dietary Inulin Supplementation 0:29 Dietary Inulin Supplementation 0:29 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 6 72 theme amino 1461:1465 arg1 metabolism 1472:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 amino acid metabolism 1461:1481 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 3 73 theme Cecal 718:722 arg1 contents 729:736 Cecal SCFA contents 718:736 Cecal SCFA contents 718:736 Cecal SCFA contents and microbiome composition and function were analyzed at 1-day post-infection. 33424783 5 74 theme Lactobacillus 1110:1122 arg1 abundances 1096:1105 the abundances 1092:1105 the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus 1092:1140 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 5 75 theme Streptococcus 1128:1140 arg1 abundances 1096:1105 the abundances 1092:1105 the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus 1092:1140 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 0 76 theme Fatty 53:57 arg1 Acid 59:62 Short-Chain Fatty Acid 41:62 Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels 41:69 Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella. 33424783 3 77 theme microbiome 742:751 arg1 composition 753:763 microbiome composition 742:763 microbiome composition 742:763 Cecal SCFA contents and microbiome composition and function were analyzed at 1-day post-infection. 33424783 6 78 theme p 1833:1833 arg1 supplementation 1803:1817 inulin supplementation 1796:1817 inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05) 1796:1841 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 6 78 theme p 1833:1833 arg1 < 1835:1835 p < 0.05 1833:1840 p < 0.05 1833:1840 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 5 79 theme Sellimonas 1209:1218 arg1 abundances 1175:1184 the abundances 1171:1184 the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas 1171:1218 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 33424783 2 80 theme Arbor 384:388 arg1 chickens 396:403 SPF Arbor Acres chickens 380:403 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) 380:424 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 1 81 theme specific 299:306 arg1 chickens 328:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens 299:335 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) 299:377 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 2 82 dep chickens 396:403 arg1 n 406:406 n = 240 406:412 n = 240 406:412 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 7 83 theme microbial 1948:1956 arg1 profiles 1969:1976 microbial functional profiles 1948:1976 microbial functional profiles 1948:1976 In conclusion, inulin modulated the dysbiosis induced by SE infection via affecting SCFA metabolism and microbial functional profiles. 33424783 6 84 theme communities 1296:1306 arg1 profiles 1274:1281 The functional profiles 1259:1281 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis 1259:1347 The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p < 0.05). 33424783 1 85 theme microbiome 231:240 arg1 functions 242:250 microbiome functions 231:250 microbiome functions 231:250 The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 33424783 2 86 theme SE 686:687 arg1 challenge 689:697 SE challenge 686:697 SE challenge at 28 days of age 686:715 SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. 33424783 5 87 theme Subdoligranulum 1189:1203 arg1 abundances 1175:1184 the abundances 1171:1184 the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas 1171:1218 Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p < 0.05). 35028187 3 0 theme fluorescent 448:458 arg1 reporter 460:467 The fluorescent reporter 444:467 The fluorescent reporter 444:467 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 1 1 theme cancer 265:270 arg1 therapy 272:278 cancer therapy 265:278 cancer therapy 265:278 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 0 2 theme drugs 85:89 arg1 screening 61:69 high-throughput screening 45:69 high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs 45:89 A living cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs. 35028187 3 3 theme switch 654:659 arg1 reference 546:554 an internal reference 534:554 an internal reference (red fluorescent protein) 534:580 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 3 theme switch 654:659 arg1 operator 590:597 an operator 587:597 an operator (neuronal differentiation 1) 587:626 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 3 theme switch 654:659 arg1 reporter 490:497 a reporter 488:497 a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)) 488:531 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 3 theme switch 654:659 arg1 " 660:660 a "sweet switch" 645:660 a "sweet switch" 645:660 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 5 4 from O-GlcNAcylation 988:1002 arg1 HeLa 1007:1010 HeLa 1007:1010 HeLa 1007:1010 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 5 4 from O-GlcNAcylation 988:1002 arg1 carcinoma-116 cells 1033:1051 human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 1016:1051 human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 1016:1051 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 2 5 theme fluorescent 361:371 arg1 reporter 373:380 a cell-based fluorescent reporter 348:380 a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells 348:441 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 3 6 theme fluorescent 561:571 arg1 reference 546:554 an internal reference 534:554 an internal reference (red fluorescent protein) 534:580 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 6 theme fluorescent 561:571 arg1 protein 573:579 red fluorescent protein 557:579 red fluorescent protein 557:579 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 6 7 theme conducting 1216:1225 arg1 studies 1246:1252 conducting gene transcription studies 1216:1252 conducting gene transcription studies 1216:1252 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 1 8 theme O-linked 116:123 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 1 8 theme O-linked 116:123 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 125:151 cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 107:151 cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 107:169 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 4 9 from lines 843:847 arg1 levels 792:797 reduced levels 784:797 reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines 784:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 3 10 theme red 557:559 arg1 reference 546:554 an internal reference 534:554 an internal reference (red fluorescent protein) 534:580 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 10 theme red 557:559 arg1 protein 573:579 red fluorescent protein 557:579 red fluorescent protein 557:579 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 6 11 theme drug 1185:1188 arg1 screening 1190:1198 anti-tumor drug screening 1174:1198 anti-tumor drug screening 1174:1198 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 1 12 theme β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 125:151 arg1 Suppression 92:102 Suppression 92:102 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 92:169 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 4 13 theme several 830:836 arg1 lines 843:847 several cell lines 830:847 several cell lines 830:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 6 14 theme anti-tumor 1174:1183 arg1 screening 1190:1198 anti-tumor drug screening 1174:1198 anti-tumor drug screening 1174:1198 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 1 15 theme various 214:220 arg1 cells 229:233 various cancer cells 214:233 various cancer cells 214:233 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 3 16 theme GFP 673:675 arg1 expression 677:686 GFP expression 673:686 GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes 673:734 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 17 theme internal 537:544 arg1 reference 546:554 an internal reference 534:554 an internal reference (red fluorescent protein) 534:580 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 17 theme internal 537:544 arg1 reporter 490:497 a reporter 488:497 a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)) 488:531 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 17 theme internal 537:544 arg1 operator 590:597 an operator 587:597 an operator (neuronal differentiation 1) 587:626 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 17 theme internal 537:544 arg1 protein 573:579 red fluorescent protein 557:579 red fluorescent protein 557:579 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 17 theme internal 537:544 arg1 " 660:660 a "sweet switch" 645:660 a "sweet switch" 645:660 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 5 18 theme protein 980:986 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 988:1002 protein O-GlcNAcylation 980:1002 protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 980:1051 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 6 19 theme strategy 1161:1168 arg1 development 1138:1148 the development 1134:1148 the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies 1134:1252 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 2 20 theme cellular 401:408 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 410:424 cellular O-GlcNAcylation 401:424 cellular O-GlcNAcylation 401:424 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 3 21 from expression 677:686 arg1 response 691:698 response 691:698 response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes 691:734 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 22 theme O-GlcNAcylation 712:726 arg1 changes 728:734 cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes 703:734 cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes 703:734 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 4 23 theme cell 838:841 arg1 lines 843:847 several cell lines 830:847 several cell lines 830:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 2 24 theme transcription 321:333 arg1 regulation 294:303 the regulation 290:303 the regulation of insulin gene transcription 290:333 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 1 25 theme cancer 222:227 arg1 cells 229:233 various cancer cells 214:233 various cancer cells 214:233 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 0 26 theme fluorescent 20:30 arg1 reporter 32:39 cell-based fluorescent reporter 9:39 cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs 9:89 A living cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs. 35028187 4 27 theme reduced 784:790 arg1 levels 792:797 reduced levels 784:797 reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines 784:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 5 28 theme human 1016:1020 arg1 carcinoma-116 cells 1033:1051 human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 1016:1051 human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 1016:1051 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 2 29 theme gene 316:319 arg1 transcription 321:333 insulin gene transcription 308:333 insulin gene transcription 308:333 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 1 30 theme cells 229:233 arg1 migration 201:209 migration 201:209 migration 201:209 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 1 30 theme cells 229:233 arg1 proliferation 183:195 proliferation 183:195 proliferation 183:195 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 0 31 theme cell-based 9:18 arg1 reporter 32:39 cell-based fluorescent reporter 9:39 cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs 9:89 A living cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs. 35028187 2 32 theme insulin 308:314 arg1 transcription 321:333 insulin gene transcription 308:333 insulin gene transcription 308:333 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 6 33 theme novel 1155:1159 arg1 strategy 1161:1168 a novel strategy 1153:1168 a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies 1153:1252 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 3 34 theme cellular 703:710 arg1 changes 728:734 cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes 703:734 cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes 703:734 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 5 35 theme migration 1071:1079 arg1 in vitro 1081:1088 their migration in vitro 1065:1088 their migration in vitro 1065:1088 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 6 36 theme transcription 1232:1244 arg1 studies 1246:1252 conducting gene transcription studies 1216:1252 conducting gene transcription studies 1216:1252 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 5 37 theme fluorescent 860:870 arg1 reporter 872:879 the fluorescent reporter 856:879 the fluorescent reporter 856:879 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 6 38 theme gene 1227:1230 arg1 studies 1246:1252 conducting gene transcription studies 1216:1252 conducting gene transcription studies 1216:1252 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 4 39 from O-GlcNAcylation 811:825 arg1 lines 843:847 several cell lines 830:847 several cell lines 830:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 2 40 theme HEK293T 429:435 arg1 cells 437:441 HEK293T cells 429:441 HEK293T cells 429:441 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 4 41 theme O-GlcNAcylation 811:825 arg1 levels 792:797 reduced levels 784:797 reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines 784:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 2 42 theme cell-based 350:359 arg1 reporter 373:380 a cell-based fluorescent reporter 348:380 a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells 348:441 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 35028187 0 43 theme high-throughput 45:59 arg1 screening 61:69 high-throughput screening 45:69 high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs 45:89 A living cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs. 35028187 5 44 theme colorectal 1022:1031 arg1 carcinoma-116 cells 1033:1051 human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 1016:1051 human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells 1016:1051 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 4 45 theme cellular 802:809 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 811:825 cellular O-GlcNAcylation 802:825 cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines 802:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 5 46 theme natural 898:904 arg1 products 906:913 120 natural products 894:913 120 natural products 894:913 Using the fluorescent reporter, we screened 120 natural products and obtained one compound, sesamin, which could markedly inhibit protein O-GlcNAcylation in HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma-116 cells and repress their migration in vitro. 35028187 3 47 theme sweet 648:652 arg1 reference 546:554 an internal reference 534:554 an internal reference (red fluorescent protein) 534:580 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 47 theme sweet 648:652 arg1 operator 590:597 an operator 587:597 an operator (neuronal differentiation 1) 587:626 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 47 theme sweet 648:652 arg1 reporter 490:497 a reporter 488:497 a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)) 488:531 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 47 theme sweet 648:652 arg1 " 660:660 a "sweet switch" 645:660 a "sweet switch" 645:660 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 4 48 from levels 792:797 arg1 lines 843:847 several cell lines 830:847 several cell lines 830:847 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 3 49 theme green 500:504 arg1 protein 518:524 green fluorescent protein 500:524 green fluorescent protein (GFP) 500:530 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 49 theme green 500:504 arg1 GFP 527:529 GFP 527:529 GFP 527:529 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 1 50 theme cellular 107:114 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 1 50 theme cellular 107:114 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 125:151 cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 107:151 cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 107:169 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 4 51 theme fluorescent 741:751 arg1 reporter 753:760 The fluorescent reporter 737:760 The fluorescent reporter 737:760 The fluorescent reporter can efficiently sense reduced levels of cellular O-GlcNAcylation in several cell lines. 35028187 3 52 theme fluorescent 506:516 arg1 protein 518:524 green fluorescent protein 500:524 green fluorescent protein (GFP) 500:530 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 52 theme fluorescent 506:516 arg1 GFP 527:529 GFP 527:529 GFP 527:529 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 1 53 theme new 250:252 arg1 avenue 254:259 a new avenue 248:259 a new avenue for cancer therapy 248:278 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 0 54 theme anti-tumor 74:83 arg1 drugs 85:89 anti-tumor drugs 74:89 anti-tumor drugs 74:89 A living cell-based fluorescent reporter for high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drugs. 35028187 3 55 dep reporter 490:497 arg1 protein 518:524 green fluorescent protein 500:524 green fluorescent protein (GFP) 500:530 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 55 dep reporter 490:497 arg1 GFP 527:529 GFP 527:529 GFP 527:529 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 6 56 theme present 1107:1113 arg1 study 1115:1119 the present study 1103:1119 the present study 1103:1119 Altogether, the present study demonstrated the development of a novel strategy for anti-tumor drug screening, as well as for conducting gene transcription studies. 35028187 1 57 link O-linked 116:123 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 O-GlcNAcylation 154:168 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 1 57 link O-linked 116:123 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 125:151 cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 107:151 cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 107:169 Suppression of cellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) can repress proliferation and migration of various cancer cells, which opens a new avenue for cancer therapy. 35028187 3 58 theme neuronal 600:607 arg1 operator 590:597 an operator 587:597 an operator (neuronal differentiation 1) 587:626 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 3 58 theme neuronal 600:607 arg1 differentiation 609:623 neuronal differentiation 1 600:625 neuronal differentiation 1 600:625 The fluorescent reporter mainly consists of a reporter (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), an internal reference (red fluorescent protein), and an operator (neuronal differentiation 1), which serves as a "sweet switch" to control GFP expression in response to cellular O-GlcNAcylation changes. 35028187 2 59 theme capable 382:388 arg1 reporter 373:380 a cell-based fluorescent reporter 348:380 a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells 348:441 Based on the regulation of insulin gene transcription, we designed a cell-based fluorescent reporter capable of sensing cellular O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 33985438 4 0 theme expression 916:925 arg1 ratio 927:931 IL-10 expression ratio 910:931 IL-10 expression ratio 910:931 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 8 1 theme PAC000664_g 1719:1729 arg1 populations 1760:1770 the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations 1697:1770 the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations 1697:1770 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 3 2 theme -induced 702:709 arg1 inflammation 720:731 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation 678:731 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation 678:731 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 6 3 theme TNF-α 1329:1333 arg1 expression 1335:1344 TNF-α expression 1329:1344 TNF-α expression 1329:1344 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 10 4 from inflammation 2273:2284 arg1 host 2293:2296 the host 2289:2296 the host with inflammation 2289:2314 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 3 5 theme breastfeeding 560:572 arg1 infants 574:580 breastfeeding infants 560:580 breastfeeding infants 560:580 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 7 6 theme TNF-α 1533:1537 arg1 expression 1539:1548 TNF-α expression 1533:1548 TNF-α expression 1533:1548 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 6 7 theme LPS-suppressed 1235:1248 arg1 ratios 1250:1255 LPS-suppressed ratios 1235:1255 LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 1235:1324 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 9 8 theme PAC001070_s 2013:2023 arg1 population 2031:2040 the PAC001070_s group population 2009:2040 the PAC001070_s group population 2009:2040 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 2 9 theme Oral 308:311 arg1 administration 313:326 Oral administration 308:326 Oral administration of probiotics 308:340 Oral administration of probiotics modulates gut microbiota composition. 33985438 7 10 theme IL-10 1524:1528 arg1 ratio 1515:1519 the ratio 1511:1519 the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression 1511:1548 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 9 11 from expression 1978:1987 arg1 colon 1996:2000 the colon 1992:2000 the colon 1992:2000 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 6 12 theme T-bet 1298:1302 arg1 expression 1304:1313 Foxp3 to T-bet expression 1289:1313 Foxp3 to T-bet expression 1289:1313 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 2 13 theme microbiota 356:365 arg1 composition 367:377 gut microbiota composition 352:377 gut microbiota composition 352:377 Oral administration of probiotics modulates gut microbiota composition. 33985438 4 14 theme control 957:963 arg1 mice 965:968 control mice 957:968 control mice 957:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 5 15 theme macrophage 1106:1115 arg1 phagocytosis 1117:1128 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 1095:1128 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 1095:1128 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 1 16 theme balanced 237:244 arg1 homeostasis 253:263 a balanced immune homeostasis 235:263 a balanced immune homeostasis 235:263 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 7 17 theme NF-κB+/CD11c+ 1461:1473 arg1 population 1480:1489 NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population 1461:1489 NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population 1461:1489 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 10 18 theme immune 2123:2128 arg1 response 2130:2137 the immune response 2119:2137 the immune response 2119:2137 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 4 19 theme fecal 938:942 arg1 level 948:952 fecal IgA level 938:952 fecal IgA level in control mice 938:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 8 20 dep Deferribacteres 1784:1798 arg1 populations 1850:1860 populations 1850:1860 populations 1850:1860 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 4 21 theme Oral 742:745 arg1 administration 747:760 Oral administration 742:760 Oral administration of HDB1258 742:771 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 4 22 from level 948:952 arg1 mice 965:968 control mice 957:968 control mice 957:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 1 23 theme BACKGROUND 156:165 arg1 microbiota 171:180 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota 156:180 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota 156:180 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 6 24 theme cell 1272:1275 arg1 population 1277:1286 cell population 1272:1286 Th1 cell population 1268:1286 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 10 25 theme innate 2153:2158 arg1 immunity 2160:2167 innate immunity 2153:2167 innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity 2153:2229 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 7 26 theme colon 1414:1418 arg1 shortening 1420:1429 LPS-induced colon shortening 1402:1429 LPS-induced colon shortening 1402:1429 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 10 27 theme gut 2337:2339 arg1 microbiota 2341:2350 gut microbiota 2337:2350 gut microbiota 2337:2350 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 10 28 from ratio 2382:2386 arg1 cells 2398:2402 immune cells 2391:2402 immune cells 2391:2402 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 3 29 theme immune 638:643 arg1 response 645:652 the homeostatic immune response 622:652 the homeostatic immune response 622:652 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 3 30 dep Lactobacillus 414:426 arg1 rhamnosus 428:436 rhamnosus 428:436 rhamnosus 428:436 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 10 31 theme macrophage 2182:2191 arg1 phagocytosis 2193:2204 macrophage phagocytosis 2182:2204 macrophage phagocytosis 2182:2204 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 5 32 theme LPS-induced 1176:1186 arg1 inflammation 1197:1208 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1176:1208 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1176:1208 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 9 33 theme PAC001066_g 1878:1888 arg1 populations 1906:1916 PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations 1878:1916 PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations 1878:1916 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 4 34 theme cell 808:811 arg1 cytotoxicity 813:824 splenic NK cell cytotoxicity 797:824 splenic NK cell cytotoxicity 797:824 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 5 35 theme prostaglandin 1140:1152 arg1 E2 1154:1155 blood prostaglandin E2 1134:1155 blood prostaglandin E2 level 1134:1161 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 36 theme Treg 985:988 arg1 differentiation 995:1009 Treg cell differentiation 985:1009 Treg cell differentiation 985:1009 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 8 37 theme gut 1597:1599 arg1 composition 1612:1622 gut microbiota composition 1597:1622 gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1597:1681 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 0 38 theme systemic 133:140 arg1 inflammation 142:153 lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation 106:153 lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation 106:153 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 7 39 theme LPS-induced 1402:1412 arg1 shortening 1420:1429 LPS-induced colon shortening 1402:1429 LPS-induced colon shortening 1402:1429 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 3 40 theme factor 476:481 arg1 expression 515:524 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression 461:524 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages 461:539 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 3 41 theme Lactobacillus 414:426 arg1 HDB1258 438:444 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 414:444 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 414:444 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 10 42 theme expression 2371:2380 arg1 ratio 2382:2386 TNF-α expression ratio 2365:2386 TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells 2365:2402 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 4 43 theme splenic 797:803 arg1 cytotoxicity 813:824 splenic NK cell cytotoxicity 797:824 splenic NK cell cytotoxicity 797:824 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 3 44 theme interleukin 495:505 arg1 IL 508:509 interleukin (IL)-10 495:513 interleukin (IL)-10 495:513 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 45 dep RESULTS 734:740 arg1 increased 787:795 increased 787:795 increased 787:795 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 3 46 theme tumor 461:465 arg1 TNF 484:486 TNF 484:486 TNF 484:486 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 3 46 theme tumor 461:465 arg1 factor 476:481 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 461:489 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 461:489 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 0 47 theme gut 42:44 arg1 response 73:80 gut microbiota-mediated immune response 42:80 gut microbiota-mediated immune response 42:80 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 8 48 from composition 1612:1622 arg1 mice 1627:1630 mice 1627:1630 mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1627:1681 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 7 49 theme Oral 1347:1350 arg1 administration 1352:1365 Oral administration 1347:1365 Oral administration of HDB1258 1347:1376 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 8 50 theme LPS-induced 1649:1659 arg1 inflammation 1670:1681 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1649:1681 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1649:1681 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 3 51 theme present 387:393 arg1 study 395:399 the present study 383:399 the present study 383:399 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 52 theme TNF-α 883:887 arg1 expression 889:898 splenic and colonic TNF-α expression 863:898 splenic and colonic TNF-α expression 863:898 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 0 53 theme immune 66:71 arg1 response 73:80 gut microbiota-mediated immune response 42:80 gut microbiota-mediated immune response 42:80 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 5 54 theme HDB1258 1052:1058 arg1 treatment 1060:1068 HDB1258 treatment 1052:1068 HDB1258 treatment 1052:1068 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 10 55 dep CONCLUSIONS 2069:2079 arg1 Oral 2081:2084 Oral 2081:2084 Oral 2081:2084 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 10 56 theme cell 2213:2216 arg1 cytotoxicity 2218:2229 NK cell cytotoxicity 2210:2229 NK cell cytotoxicity 2210:2229 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 4 57 theme macrophage 838:847 arg1 phagocytosis 849:860 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 827:860 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 827:860 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 3 58 theme IL 508:509 arg1 expression 515:524 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression 461:524 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages 461:539 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 1 59 theme gastrointestinal 272:287 arg1 tract 289:293 the gastrointestinal tract 268:293 the gastrointestinal tract of the host 268:305 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 0 60 dep Lactobacillus 0:12 arg1 HDB1258 24:30 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 0:30 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 0:30 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 10 61 theme healthy 2238:2244 arg1 host 2246:2249 the healthy host 2234:2249 the healthy host 2234:2249 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 4 62 theme IL-10 910:914 arg1 ratio 927:931 IL-10 expression ratio 910:931 IL-10 expression ratio 910:931 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 3 63 theme systemic 711:718 arg1 inflammation 720:731 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation 678:731 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation 678:731 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 2 64 theme probiotics 331:340 arg1 administration 313:326 Oral administration 308:326 Oral administration of probiotics 308:340 Oral administration of probiotics modulates gut microbiota composition. 33985438 1 65 theme host 302:305 arg1 tract 289:293 the gastrointestinal tract 268:293 the gastrointestinal tract of the host 268:305 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 10 66 theme systemic 2264:2271 arg1 inflammation 2273:2284 systemic inflammation 2264:2284 systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation 2264:2314 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 1 67 theme immune 209:214 arg1 system 216:221 the immune system 205:221 the immune system 205:221 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 9 68 theme group 2025:2029 arg1 population 2031:2040 the PAC001070_s group population 2009:2040 the PAC001070_s group population 2009:2040 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 10 69 with host 2293:2296 arg1 inflammation 2303:2314 inflammation 2303:2314 inflammation 2303:2314 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 3 70 from expression 515:524 arg1 macrophages 529:539 macrophages 529:539 macrophages 529:539 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 2 71 theme gut 352:354 arg1 composition 367:377 gut microbiota composition 352:377 gut microbiota composition 352:377 Oral administration of probiotics modulates gut microbiota composition. 33985438 1 72 theme immune 246:251 arg1 homeostasis 253:263 a balanced immune homeostasis 235:263 a balanced immune homeostasis 235:263 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 7 73 theme cell 1475:1478 arg1 population 1480:1489 NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population 1461:1489 NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population 1461:1489 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 5 74 theme blood 1134:1138 arg1 E2 1154:1155 blood prostaglandin E2 1134:1155 blood prostaglandin E2 level 1134:1161 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 1 75 theme Gut 167:169 arg1 microbiota 171:180 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota 156:180 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota 156:180 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. 33985438 3 76 theme infants 574:580 arg1 feces 551:555 the feces 547:555 the feces of breastfeeding infants 547:580 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 77 theme IgA 944:946 arg1 level 948:952 fecal IgA level 938:952 fecal IgA level in control mice 938:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 7 78 theme myeloperoxidase 1432:1446 arg1 activity 1448:1455 myeloperoxidase activity 1432:1455 myeloperoxidase activity 1432:1455 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 10 79 theme microbiota 2341:2350 arg1 modulation 2323:2332 the modulation 2319:2332 the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells 2319:2402 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 6 80 dep Th1 1268:1270 arg1 population 1277:1286 cell population 1272:1286 Th1 cell population 1268:1286 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 5 81 theme peritoneal 1095:1104 arg1 phagocytosis 1117:1128 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 1095:1128 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 1095:1128 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 3 82 theme homeostatic 626:636 arg1 response 645:652 the homeostatic immune response 622:652 the homeostatic immune response 622:652 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 83 from phagocytosis 849:860 arg1 mice 965:968 control mice 957:968 control mice 957:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 10 84 theme NK 2210:2211 arg1 cytotoxicity 2218:2229 NK cell cytotoxicity 2210:2229 NK cell cytotoxicity 2210:2229 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 4 85 theme cell 990:993 arg1 differentiation 995:1009 Treg cell differentiation 985:1009 Treg cell differentiation 985:1009 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 8 86 theme HDB1258 1571:1577 arg1 treatment 1579:1587 HDB1258 treatment 1571:1587 HDB1258 treatment 1571:1587 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 6 87 theme Treg 1260:1263 arg1 ratios 1250:1255 LPS-suppressed ratios 1235:1255 LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 1235:1324 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 8 88 dep Cyanobacteria 1701:1713 arg1 the 1697:1699 the 1697:1699 the 1697:1699 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 10 89 theme TNF-α 2365:2369 arg1 ratio 2382:2386 TNF-α expression ratio 2365:2386 TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells 2365:2402 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 5 90 with mice 1166:1169 arg1 inflammation 1197:1208 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1176:1208 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1176:1208 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 0 91 theme lipopolysaccharide-induced 106:131 arg1 inflammation 142:153 lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation 106:153 lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation 106:153 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 5 92 theme systemic 1188:1195 arg1 inflammation 1197:1208 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1176:1208 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1176:1208 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 93 from cytotoxicity 813:824 arg1 mice 965:968 control mice 957:968 control mice 957:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 8 94 theme microbiota 1601:1610 arg1 composition 1612:1622 gut microbiota composition 1597:1622 gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1597:1681 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 10 95 theme IL-10 2356:2360 arg1 modulation 2323:2332 the modulation 2319:2332 the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells 2319:2402 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 4 96 theme NK 805:806 arg1 cytotoxicity 813:824 splenic NK cell cytotoxicity 797:824 splenic NK cell cytotoxicity 797:824 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 4 97 from TNF-α 901:905 arg1 mice 965:968 control mice 957:968 control mice 957:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 10 98 theme immune 2391:2396 arg1 cells 2398:2402 immune cells 2391:2402 immune cells 2391:2402 CONCLUSIONS Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells. 33985438 9 99 theme PAC001072_s 1894:1904 arg1 populations 1906:1916 PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations 1878:1916 PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations 1878:1916 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 5 100 from level 1157:1161 arg1 mice 1166:1169 mice 1166:1169 mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1166:1208 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 4 101 from expression 889:898 arg1 mice 965:968 control mice 957:968 control mice 957:968 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 5 102 theme E2 1154:1155 arg1 level 1157:1161 blood prostaglandin E2 level 1134:1161 blood prostaglandin E2 level 1134:1161 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 7 103 theme HDB1258 1370:1376 arg1 administration 1352:1365 Oral administration 1347:1365 Oral administration of HDB1258 1347:1376 Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. 33985438 4 104 theme HDB1258 765:771 arg1 administration 747:760 Oral administration 742:760 Oral administration of HDB1258 742:771 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 0 105 theme microbiota-mediated 46:64 arg1 response 73:80 gut microbiota-mediated immune response 42:80 gut microbiota-mediated immune response 42:80 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 3 106 theme necrosis 467:474 arg1 TNF 484:486 TNF 484:486 TNF 484:486 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 3 106 theme necrosis 467:474 arg1 factor 476:481 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 461:489 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 461:489 In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 8 107 theme systemic 1661:1668 arg1 inflammation 1670:1681 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1649:1681 LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1649:1681 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33985438 4 108 theme splenic 863:869 arg1 expression 889:898 splenic and colonic TNF-α expression 863:898 splenic and colonic TNF-α expression 863:898 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 5 109 from phagocytosis 1117:1128 arg1 mice 1166:1169 mice 1166:1169 mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation 1166:1208 However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. 33985438 9 110 theme IL-10 1963:1967 arg1 ratio 1954:1958 the ratio 1950:1958 the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon 1950:2000 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 4 111 theme colonic 875:881 arg1 expression 889:898 splenic and colonic TNF-α expression 863:898 splenic and colonic TNF-α expression 863:898 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 6 112 theme Foxp3 1289:1293 arg1 expression 1304:1313 Foxp3 to T-bet expression 1289:1313 Foxp3 to T-bet expression 1289:1313 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 9 113 theme TNF-α 1972:1976 arg1 expression 1978:1987 TNF-α expression 1972:1987 TNF-α expression in the colon 1972:2000 In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. 33985438 4 114 theme peritoneal 827:836 arg1 phagocytosis 849:860 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 827:860 peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis 827:860 RESULTS Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. 33985438 6 115 dep expression 1304:1313 arg1 to 1295:1296 to 1295:1296 to 1295:1296 Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. 33985438 8 116 theme Cyanobacteria 1701:1713 arg1 populations 1760:1770 the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations 1697:1770 the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations 1697:1770 Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. 33454535 0 0 link N-linked 94:101 arg1 sites 117:121 N-linked glycosylation sites 94:121 N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels 94:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 4 1 theme N-linked 573:580 arg1 sites 596:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 7 2 theme learning 1104:1111 arg1 approach 1113:1120 this transfer learning approach 1090:1120 this transfer learning approach 1090:1120 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 3 3 theme ion 497:499 arg1 proteins 509:516 ion channel proteins 497:516 ion channel proteins 497:516 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 9 4 theme independent 1376:1386 arg1 test 1388:1391 an independent test 1373:1391 an independent test 1373:1391 Corresponding scores on an independent test were 92.9%, 92.2%, 99%, and 0.717. 33454535 10 5 theme matrix 1483:1488 arg1 features 1490:1497 the position-specific scoring matrix features 1453:1497 the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions 1453:1581 These results outperform the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions. 33454535 2 6 theme ion 309:311 arg1 proteins 321:328 ion channel proteins 309:328 ion channel proteins 309:328 Research has shown that such a process in ion channel proteins plays a fundamental role in modulating ion channel functions. 33454535 0 7 theme ion 126:128 arg1 channels 130:137 ion channels 126:137 ion channels 126:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 5 8 theme channel 830:836 arg1 sequences 838:846 ion channel sequences 826:846 ion channel sequences 826:846 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 6 9 theme latter 940:945 arg1 model 947:951 The latter model 936:951 The latter model 936:951 The latter model stemmed from the idea of transfer learning technique and emerged as a more efficient feature extractor. 33454535 11 10 from scores 1719:1724 arg1 metrics 1741:1747 the above 4 metrics 1729:1747 the above 4 metrics 1729:1747 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 7 11 from search 1172:1177 arg1 data 1206:1209 5-fold cross-validation data 1182:1209 5-fold cross-validation data 1182:1209 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 7 12 theme tuning 1143:1148 arg1 process 1150:1156 a hyperparameter tuning process 1126:1156 a hyperparameter tuning process 1126:1156 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 1 13 theme other 221:225 arg1 molecules 235:243 other organic molecules 221:243 other organic molecules such as lipoproteins 221:264 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 1 13 theme other 221:225 arg1 lipoproteins 253:264 lipoproteins 253:264 lipoproteins 253:264 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 8 14 theme Matthews 1267:1274 arg1 coefficient 1288:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 10 15 theme modification 1553:1564 arg1 predictions 1571:1581 post-translational modification site predictions 1534:1581 post-translational modification site predictions 1534:1581 These results outperform the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions. 33454535 7 16 theme 5-fold 1182:1187 arg1 data 1206:1209 5-fold cross-validation data 1182:1209 5-fold cross-validation data 1182:1209 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 0 17 from sites 117:121 arg1 channels 130:137 ion channels 126:137 ion channels 126:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 5 18 theme million 909:915 arg1 sequences 925:933 more than one million protein sequences 895:933 more than one million protein sequences 895:933 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 5 19 theme amino 762:766 arg1 acids 768:772 amino acids 762:772 amino acids 762:772 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 6 20 theme learning 987:994 arg1 technique 996:1004 transfer learning technique 978:1004 transfer learning technique 978:1004 The latter model stemmed from the idea of transfer learning technique and emerged as a more efficient feature extractor. 33454535 1 21 theme enzymatic 167:175 arg1 process 177:183 a dynamic enzymatic process 157:183 a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins 157:264 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 1 21 theme enzymatic 167:175 arg1 Glycosylation 140:152 Glycosylation 140:152 Glycosylation 140:152 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 8 22 theme % 1314:1314 arg1 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 22 theme % 1314:1314 arg1 coefficient 1288:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 22 theme % 1314:1314 arg1 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 22 theme % 1314:1314 arg1 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 0 23 theme N-linked 94:101 arg1 sites 117:121 N-linked glycosylation sites 94:121 N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels 94:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 4 24 gly glycosylation 582:594 arg2 sites 596:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 0 25 gly glycosylation 103:115 arg2 sites 117:121 N-linked glycosylation sites 94:121 N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels 94:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 6 26 theme feature 1038:1044 arg1 extractor 1046:1054 a more efficient feature extractor 1021:1054 a more efficient feature extractor 1021:1054 The latter model stemmed from the idea of transfer learning technique and emerged as a more efficient feature extractor. 33454535 4 27 theme ion 536:538 arg1 proteins 548:555 ion channel proteins 536:555 ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites 536:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 8 28 theme 0.726 1328:1332 arg1 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 28 theme 0.726 1328:1332 arg1 coefficient 1288:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 28 theme 0.726 1328:1332 arg1 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 28 theme 0.726 1328:1332 arg1 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 0 29 theme transfer 16:23 arg1 technique 34:42 a transfer learning technique 14:42 a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels 14:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 4 30 theme proteins 548:555 arg1 segments 524:531 segments 524:531 segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites 524:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 3 31 theme glycosylation 451:463 arg1 type 488:491 the most common type 472:491 the most common type 472:491 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 3 31 theme glycosylation 451:463 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 7 32 theme hyperparameter 1128:1141 arg1 process 1150:1156 a hyperparameter tuning process 1126:1156 a hyperparameter tuning process 1126:1156 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 5 33 theme corresponding 783:795 arg1 embeddings 797:806 their corresponding embeddings 777:806 their corresponding embeddings 777:806 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 3 34 from sites 465:469 arg1 proteins 509:516 ion channel proteins 497:516 ion channel proteins 497:516 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 2 35 theme fundamental 338:348 arg1 role 350:353 a fundamental role 336:353 a fundamental role 336:353 Research has shown that such a process in ion channel proteins plays a fundamental role in modulating ion channel functions. 33454535 0 36 theme amino 49:53 arg1 embeddings 60:69 amino acid embeddings 49:69 amino acid embeddings 49:69 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 11 37 theme site 1678:1681 arg1 predictors 1683:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 37 theme site 1678:1681 arg1 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 1 38 theme organic 227:233 arg1 molecules 235:243 other organic molecules 221:243 other organic molecules such as lipoproteins 221:264 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 1 38 theme organic 227:233 arg1 lipoproteins 253:264 lipoproteins 253:264 lipoproteins 253:264 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 4 39 link N-linked 573:580 arg1 sites 596:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 10 40 theme scoring 1475:1481 arg1 features 1490:1497 the position-specific scoring matrix features 1453:1497 the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions 1453:1581 These results outperform the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions. 33454535 11 41 theme N-linked 1655:1662 arg1 predictors 1683:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 41 theme N-linked 1655:1662 arg1 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 3 42 theme channel 501:507 arg1 proteins 509:516 ion channel proteins 497:516 ion channel proteins 497:516 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 4 43 theme amino 607:611 arg1 vectors 628:634 the amino acid embedding vectors 603:634 the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue 603:650 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 7 44 theme transfer 1095:1102 arg1 approach 1113:1120 this transfer learning approach 1090:1120 this transfer learning approach 1090:1120 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 0 45 with technique 34:42 arg1 embeddings 60:69 amino acid embeddings 49:69 amino acid embeddings 49:69 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 11 46 theme approach 1799:1806 arg1 efficiency 1781:1790 the efficiency 1777:1790 the efficiency of our approach 1777:1806 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 4 47 theme glycosylation 582:594 arg1 sites 596:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 N-linked glycosylation sites 573:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 4 48 theme residue 644:650 arg1 vectors 628:634 the amino acid embedding vectors 603:634 the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue 603:650 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 10 49 theme post-translational 1534:1551 arg1 predictions 1571:1581 post-translational modification site predictions 1534:1581 post-translational modification site predictions 1534:1581 These results outperform the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions. 33454535 7 50 theme best 1061:1064 arg1 model 1066:1070 Our best model 1057:1070 Our best model 1057:1070 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 2 51 theme channel 313:319 arg1 proteins 321:328 ion channel proteins 309:328 ion channel proteins 309:328 Research has shown that such a process in ion channel proteins plays a fundamental role in modulating ion channel functions. 33454535 3 52 link N-linked 442:449 arg1 type 488:491 the most common type 472:491 the most common type 472:491 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 3 52 link N-linked 442:449 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 5 53 theme ion 826:828 arg1 sequences 838:846 ion channel sequences 826:846 ion channel sequences 826:846 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 4 54 theme embedding 618:626 arg1 vectors 628:634 the amino acid embedding vectors 603:634 the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue 603:650 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 11 55 theme above 1733:1737 arg1 metrics 1741:1747 the above 4 metrics 1729:1747 the above 4 metrics 1729:1747 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 10 56 theme site 1566:1569 arg1 predictions 1571:1581 post-translational modification site predictions 1534:1581 post-translational modification site predictions 1534:1581 These results outperform the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions. 33454535 11 57 gly glycosylation 1664:1676 arg2 site 1678:1681 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 57 gly glycosylation 1664:1676 arg2 predictors 1683:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 57 gly glycosylation 1664:1676 arg2 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 8 58 theme correlation 1276:1286 arg1 coefficient 1288:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 5 59 theme large 869:873 arg1 dataset 875:881 a large dataset 867:881 a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences 867:933 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 6 60 theme technique 996:1004 arg1 idea 970:973 the idea 966:973 the idea of transfer learning technique 966:1004 The latter model stemmed from the idea of transfer learning technique and emerged as a more efficient feature extractor. 33454535 5 61 theme different 730:738 arg1 models 740:745 two different models 726:745 two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings 726:806 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 7 62 theme cross-validation 1189:1204 arg1 data 1206:1209 5-fold cross-validation data 1182:1209 5-fold cross-validation data 1182:1209 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 1 63 theme dynamic 159:165 arg1 process 177:183 a dynamic enzymatic process 157:183 a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins 157:264 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 1 63 theme dynamic 159:165 arg1 Glycosylation 140:152 Glycosylation 140:152 Glycosylation 140:152 Glycosylation is a dynamic enzymatic process that attaches glycan to proteins or other organic molecules such as lipoproteins. 33454535 2 64 from process 298:304 arg1 proteins 321:328 ion channel proteins 309:328 ion channel proteins 309:328 Research has shown that such a process in ion channel proteins plays a fundamental role in modulating ion channel functions. 33454535 6 65 theme transfer 978:985 arg1 technique 996:1004 transfer learning technique 978:1004 transfer learning technique 978:1004 The latter model stemmed from the idea of transfer learning technique and emerged as a more efficient feature extractor. 33454535 8 66 theme % 1307:1307 arg1 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 66 theme % 1307:1307 arg1 coefficient 1288:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 66 theme % 1307:1307 arg1 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 66 theme % 1307:1307 arg1 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 0 67 theme glycosylation 103:115 arg1 sites 117:121 N-linked glycosylation sites 94:121 N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels 94:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 11 68 theme higher 1712:1717 arg1 scores 1719:1724 higher scores 1712:1724 higher scores on the above 4 metrics 1712:1747 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 7 69 theme random 1165:1170 arg1 search 1172:1177 a random search 1163:1177 a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data 1163:1209 Our best model was obtained from this transfer learning approach and a hyperparameter tuning process with a random search on 5-fold cross-validation data. 33454535 3 70 theme N-linked 442:449 arg1 type 488:491 the most common type 472:491 the most common type 472:491 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 3 70 theme N-linked 442:449 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 5 71 theme protein 917:923 arg1 sequences 925:933 more than one million protein sequences 895:933 more than one million protein sequences 895:933 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 4 72 theme channel 540:546 arg1 proteins 548:555 ion channel proteins 536:555 ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites 536:600 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 8 73 theme % 1321:1321 arg1 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 accuracy 1227:1234 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 73 theme % 1321:1321 arg1 coefficient 1288:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 Matthews correlation coefficient 1267:1298 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 73 theme % 1321:1321 arg1 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 sensitivity 1250:1260 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 8 73 theme % 1321:1321 arg1 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 specificity 1237:1247 It achieved an accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 93.4%, 92.8%, 98.6%, and 0.726, respectively. 33454535 2 74 theme channel 373:379 arg1 functions 381:389 ion channel functions 369:389 ion channel functions 369:389 Research has shown that such a process in ion channel proteins plays a fundamental role in modulating ion channel functions. 33454535 0 75 theme learning 25:32 arg1 technique 34:42 a transfer learning technique 14:42 a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels 14:137 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 6 76 theme efficient 1028:1036 arg1 extractor 1046:1054 a more efficient feature extractor 1021:1054 a more efficient feature extractor 1021:1054 The latter model stemmed from the idea of transfer learning technique and emerged as a more efficient feature extractor. 33454535 2 77 theme ion 369:371 arg1 functions 381:389 ion channel functions 369:389 ion channel functions 369:389 Research has shown that such a process in ion channel proteins plays a fundamental role in modulating ion channel functions. 33454535 9 78 from scores 1363:1368 arg1 test 1388:1391 an independent test 1373:1391 an independent test 1373:1391 Corresponding scores on an independent test were 92.9%, 92.2%, 99%, and 0.717. 33454535 3 79 theme computational 410:422 arg1 method 424:429 a computational method 408:429 a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins 408:516 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 0 80 theme acid 55:58 arg1 embeddings 60:69 amino acid embeddings 49:69 amino acid embeddings 49:69 Incorporating a transfer learning technique with amino acid embeddings to efficiently predict N-linked glycosylation sites in ion channels. 33454535 3 81 used used 403:406 arg2 study 397:401 This study 392:401 This study 392:401 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 11 82 theme glycosylation 1664:1676 arg1 predictors 1683:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 82 theme glycosylation 1664:1676 arg1 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 3 83 gly glycosylation 451:463 arg2 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 3 83 gly glycosylation 451:463 arg2 type 488:491 the most common type 472:491 the most common type 472:491 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 11 84 link N-linked 1655:1662 arg1 predictors 1683:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 84 link N-linked 1655:1662 arg1 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 5 85 with other 856:860 arg1 dataset 875:881 a large dataset 867:881 a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences 867:933 We experimented with two different models for converting amino acids to their corresponding embeddings: one was fed with ion channel sequences and the other with a large dataset composed of more than one million protein sequences. 33454535 11 86 theme recent 1648:1653 arg1 predictors 1683:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors 1639:1692 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 11 86 theme recent 1648:1653 arg1 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 N-GlyDE 1609:1615 Furthermore, compared to N-GlyDE, GlycoEP, SPRINT-Gly, the most recent N-linked glycosylation site predictors, our model yields higher scores on the above 4 metrics, thus further demonstrating the efficiency of our approach. 33454535 3 87 theme common 481:486 arg1 type 488:491 the most common type 472:491 the most common type 472:491 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 3 87 theme common 481:486 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 This study used a computational method to predict N-linked glycosylation sites, the most common type, in ion channel proteins. 33454535 4 88 theme acid 613:616 arg1 vectors 628:634 the amino acid embedding vectors 603:634 the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue 603:650 From segments of ion channel proteins centered around N-linked glycosylation sites, the amino acid embedding vectors of each residue were concatenated to create features for prediction. 33454535 10 89 theme position-specific 1457:1473 arg1 features 1490:1497 the position-specific scoring matrix features 1453:1497 the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions 1453:1581 These results outperform the position-specific scoring matrix features that are predominantly employed in post-translational modification site predictions. 33454535 9 90 theme Corresponding 1349:1361 arg1 scores 1363:1368 Corresponding scores 1349:1368 Corresponding scores on an independent test 1349:1391 Corresponding scores on an independent test were 92.9%, 92.2%, 99%, and 0.717. 32294517 0 0 theme process 74:80 arg1 development 82:92 mAb upstream process development 61:92 mAb upstream process development 61:92 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 5 1 theme access 740:745 arg1 instrument 747:756 an open access instrument 732:756 an open access instrument 732:756 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 4 2 theme intact 683:688 arg1 analysis 695:702 intact mass analysis 683:702 intact mass analysis 683:702 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 6 3 theme light 1009:1013 arg1 glycation 1021:1029 light chain glycation 1009:1029 light chain glycation 1009:1029 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 1 4 theme monoclonal 154:163 arg1 mAbs 177:180 mAbs 177:180 mAbs 177:180 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 1 4 theme monoclonal 154:163 arg1 antibodies 165:174 monoclonal antibodies 154:174 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 154:181 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 0 5 theme upstream 65:72 arg1 development 82:92 mAb upstream process development 61:92 mAb upstream process development 61:92 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 8 6 theme gel 1436:1438 arg1 CGE 1457:1459 CGE 1457:1459 CGE 1457:1459 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 8 6 theme gel 1436:1438 arg1 electrophoresis 1440:1454 capillary gel electrophoresis 1426:1454 capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) 1426:1460 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 3 7 theme process 526:532 arg1 development 534:544 cell culture process development 513:544 cell culture process development 513:544 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 7 8 theme glycosylation 1146:1158 arg1 profile 1160:1166 the N-linked glycosylation profile 1133:1166 the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM 1133:1205 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 8 theme glycosylation 1146:1158 arg1 comparable 1210:1219 comparable 1210:1219 comparable 1210:1219 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 9 theme LC-MS/MS 1253:1260 arg1 assay 1280:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 10 theme peptide 1262:1268 arg1 assay 1280:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 11 link N-linked 1137:1144 arg1 profile 1160:1166 the N-linked glycosylation profile 1133:1166 the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM 1133:1205 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 11 link N-linked 1137:1144 arg1 comparable 1210:1219 comparable 1210:1219 comparable 1210:1219 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 1 12 theme antibody 253:260 arg1 function 271:278 antibody effector function 253:278 antibody effector function 253:278 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 0 13 theme development 82:92 arg1 support 50:56 support 50:56 support of mAb upstream process development 50:92 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 4 14 theme rapid 627:631 arg1 Method 661:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method 617:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis 617:702 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 4 14 theme rapid 627:631 arg1 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 3 15 link N-linked 471:478 arg1 information 494:504 N-linked glycosylation information 471:504 N-linked glycosylation information 471:504 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 7 16 with comparable 1210:1219 arg1 assay 1243:1247 a release glycan assay 1226:1247 a release glycan assay 1226:1247 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 16 with comparable 1210:1219 arg1 assay 1280:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 3 17 theme culture 518:524 arg1 development 534:544 cell culture process development 513:544 cell culture process development 513:544 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 1 18 theme effector 262:269 arg1 function 271:278 antibody effector function 253:278 antibody effector function 253:278 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 7 19 theme release 1228:1234 arg1 assay 1243:1247 a release glycan assay 1226:1247 a release glycan assay 1226:1247 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 3 20 theme N-linked 471:478 arg1 information 494:504 N-linked glycosylation information 471:504 N-linked glycosylation information 471:504 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 5 21 theme dithiothreitol 836:849 arg1 reduction 857:865 dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction 836:865 dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors 836:916 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 2 22 theme several 388:394 arg1 factors 396:402 several factors 388:402 several factors 388:402 It has been widely accepted that the glycosylation process is greatly impacted by several factors during bioreactor operations. 32294517 7 23 theme N-linked 1137:1144 arg1 profile 1160:1166 the N-linked glycosylation profile 1133:1166 the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM 1133:1205 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 7 23 theme N-linked 1137:1144 arg1 comparable 1210:1219 comparable 1210:1219 comparable 1210:1219 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 8 24 theme based 1483:1487 arg1 MAM 1489:1491 peptide based MAM 1475:1491 peptide based MAM 1475:1491 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 4 25 theme Multi-Attribute 645:659 arg1 Method 661:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method 617:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis 617:702 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 4 25 theme Multi-Attribute 645:659 arg1 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 0 26 theme Intact 6:11 arg1 mass 13:16 Rapid Intact mass 0:16 Rapid Intact mass 0:16 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 8 27 theme peptide 1475:1481 arg1 MAM 1489:1491 peptide based MAM 1475:1491 peptide based MAM 1475:1491 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 6 28 theme heavy 1052:1056 arg1 chain 1058:1062 non-glycosylated heavy chain 1035:1062 non-glycosylated heavy chain 1035:1062 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 0 29 theme mAb 61:63 arg1 development 82:92 mAb upstream process development 61:92 mAb upstream process development 61:92 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 3 30 theme endeavor 581:588 arg1 success 566:572 the success 562:572 the success of the endeavor 562:588 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 4 31 theme robust 638:643 arg1 Method 661:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method 617:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis 617:702 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 4 31 theme robust 638:643 arg1 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 0 32 theme Rapid 0:4 arg1 mass 13:16 Rapid Intact mass 0:16 Rapid Intact mass 0:16 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 6 33 dep glycosylation 932:944 arg1 confirmation 964:975 identity confirmation 955:975 identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 955:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 33 dep glycosylation 932:944 arg1 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 7 34 theme MAM 1276:1278 arg1 assay 1280:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 5 35 theme heavy 808:812 arg1 chains 814:819 light and heavy chains 798:819 chains 814:819 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 6 36 theme non-glycosylated 1035:1050 arg1 chain 1058:1062 non-glycosylated heavy chain 1035:1062 non-glycosylated heavy chain 1035:1062 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 1 37 theme N-linked 95:102 arg1 attribute 140:148 a critical quality attribute 121:148 a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 121:181 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 1 37 theme N-linked 95:102 arg1 glycosylation 104:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 5 38 theme light 798:802 arg1 chains 814:819 light and heavy chains 798:819 chains 814:819 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 8 39 from electrophoresis 1440:1454 arg1 results 1413:1419 results 1413:1419 results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM 1413:1491 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 6 40 theme N-linked 923:930 arg1 glycosylation 932:944 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 919:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 919:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 41 theme light 980:984 arg1 chain 986:990 light chain 980:990 light chain 980:990 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 7 42 theme based 1270:1274 arg1 assay 1280:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay 1253:1284 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 2 43 theme bioreactor 411:420 arg1 operations 422:431 bioreactor operations 411:431 bioreactor operations 411:431 It has been widely accepted that the glycosylation process is greatly impacted by several factors during bioreactor operations. 32294517 4 44 theme mass 690:693 arg1 analysis 695:702 intact mass analysis 683:702 intact mass analysis 683:702 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 3 45 theme timely 449:454 arg1 acquisition 456:466 the timely acquisition 445:466 the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development 445:544 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 3 45 theme timely 449:454 arg1 critical 549:556 critical 549:556 critical 549:556 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 6 46 link N-linked 923:930 arg1 glycosylation 932:944 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 919:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 919:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 1 47 theme product 197:203 arg1 stability 205:213 product stability 197:213 product stability 197:213 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 0 48 theme multi-attribute 24:38 arg1 method 40:45 multi-attribute method 24:45 multi-attribute method 24:45 Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. 32294517 5 49 theme mAbs 877:880 arg1 reduction 857:865 dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction 836:865 dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors 836:916 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 5 50 theme chains 814:819 arg1 analysis 786:793 the analysis 782:793 the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors 782:916 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 8 51 from LC-MS/MS 1466:1473 arg1 results 1413:1419 results 1413:1419 results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM 1413:1491 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 6 52 gly non-glycosylated 1035:1050 arg1 chain 1058:1062 non-glycosylated heavy chain 1035:1062 non-glycosylated heavy chain 1035:1062 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 7 53 theme mass 1192:1195 arg1 MAM 1203:1205 Intact mass based MAM 1185:1205 Intact mass based MAM 1185:1205 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 8 54 theme capillary 1426:1434 arg1 CGE 1457:1459 CGE 1457:1459 CGE 1457:1459 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 8 54 theme capillary 1426:1434 arg1 electrophoresis 1440:1454 capillary gel electrophoresis 1426:1454 capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) 1426:1460 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 5 55 theme intact 870:875 arg1 mAbs 877:880 intact mAbs 870:880 intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors 870:916 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 8 56 theme NGHC 1353:1356 arg1 attribute 1358:1366 the NGHC attribute 1349:1366 the NGHC attribute determined with our method 1349:1393 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 7 57 theme Intact 1185:1190 arg1 MAM 1203:1205 Intact mass based MAM 1185:1205 Intact mass based MAM 1185:1205 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 3 58 theme cell 513:516 arg1 development 534:544 cell culture process development 513:544 cell culture process development 513:544 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 8 59 dep electrophoresis 1440:1454 arg1 MAM 1489:1491 peptide based MAM 1475:1491 peptide based MAM 1475:1491 Furthermore, the results for the NGHC attribute determined with our method are comparable to results from capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM. 32294517 7 60 theme abundant 1299:1306 arg1 glycoforms 1308:1317 the most abundant glycoforms 1290:1317 the most abundant glycoforms 1290:1317 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 1 61 theme critical 123:130 arg1 attribute 140:148 a critical quality attribute 121:148 a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 121:181 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 1 61 theme critical 123:130 arg1 glycosylation 104:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 6 62 theme identity 955:962 arg1 confirmation 964:975 identity confirmation 955:975 identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 955:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 62 theme identity 955:962 arg1 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 7 63 theme glycan 1236:1241 arg1 assay 1243:1247 a release glycan assay 1226:1247 a release glycan assay 1226:1247 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 5 64 dep bioreactors 906:916 arg1 out 899:901 out 899:901 out 899:901 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 1 65 theme quality 132:138 arg1 attribute 140:148 a critical quality attribute 121:148 a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 121:181 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 1 65 theme quality 132:138 arg1 glycosylation 104:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 3 66 theme glycosylation 480:492 arg1 information 494:504 N-linked glycosylation information 471:504 N-linked glycosylation information 471:504 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 1 67 link N-linked 95:102 arg1 attribute 140:148 a critical quality attribute 121:148 a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 121:181 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 1 67 link N-linked 95:102 arg1 glycosylation 104:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation 95:116 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32294517 6 68 theme chain 1002:1006 arg1 confirmation 964:975 identity confirmation 955:975 identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 955:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 68 theme chain 1002:1006 arg1 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 69 theme chain 1015:1019 arg1 glycation 1021:1029 light chain glycation 1009:1029 light chain glycation 1009:1029 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 2 70 theme glycosylation 343:355 arg1 process 357:363 the glycosylation process 339:363 the glycosylation process 339:363 It has been widely accepted that the glycosylation process is greatly impacted by several factors during bioreactor operations. 32294517 3 71 theme information 494:504 arg1 acquisition 456:466 the timely acquisition 445:466 the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development 445:544 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 3 71 theme information 494:504 arg1 critical 549:556 critical 549:556 critical 549:556 Therefore, the timely acquisition of N-linked glycosylation information during cell culture process development is critical for the success of the endeavor. 32294517 6 72 theme chain 986:990 arg1 confirmation 964:975 identity confirmation 955:975 identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) 955:1069 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 72 theme chain 986:990 arg1 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 profile 946:952 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 5 73 theme open 735:738 arg1 instrument 747:756 an open access instrument 732:756 an open access instrument 732:756 This method, developed for an open access instrument, has been optimized for the analysis of light and heavy chains generated from dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of intact mAbs sampled directly out of bioreactors. 32294517 4 74 theme simple 619:624 arg1 Method 661:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method 617:666 a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis 617:702 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 4 74 theme simple 619:624 arg1 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 MAM 669:671 In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and robust Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) based on intact mass analysis. 32294517 6 75 theme heavy 996:1000 arg1 NGHC 1065:1068 NGHC 1065:1068 NGHC 1065:1068 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 6 75 theme heavy 996:1000 arg1 chain 1002:1006 heavy chain 996:1006 heavy chain 996:1006 The N-linked glycosylation profile, identity confirmation of light chain and heavy chain, light chain glycation and non-glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) can all be monitored by this method. 32294517 7 76 theme based 1197:1201 arg1 MAM 1203:1205 Intact mass based MAM 1185:1205 Intact mass based MAM 1185:1205 Our results confirm that the N-linked glycosylation profile determined using Intact mass based MAM is comparable with a release glycan assay and LC-MS/MS peptide based MAM assay for the most abundant glycoforms. 32294517 1 77 theme receptor 232:239 arg1 binding 241:247 receptor binding 232:247 receptor binding 232:247 N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as it affects product stability, immunogenicity, receptor binding and antibody effector function, clearance and half-life. 32543352 0 0 theme vulgata 78:84 arg1 limpets 61:67 limpets 61:67 limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 61:88 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 0 0 theme vulgata 78:84 arg1 L 86:86 Patella vulgata L. 70:87 Patella vulgata L. 70:87 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 8 1 theme fibrous 1115:1121 arg1 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 1 theme fibrous 1115:1121 arg1 glycoproteins 1135:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 1 theme fibrous 1115:1121 arg1 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 1 theme fibrous 1115:1121 arg1 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 7 2 theme conserved 957:965 arg1 domains 967:973 conserved domains 957:973 conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 957:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 9 3 theme locomotive 1388:1397 arg1 states 1399:1404 locomotive states 1388:1404 locomotive states 1388:1404 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 7 4 from urchins 1028:1034 arg1 bio-adhesives 994:1006 temporary bio-adhesives 984:1006 temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 984:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 0 5 theme Patella 70:76 arg1 limpets 61:67 limpets 61:67 limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 61:88 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 0 5 theme Patella 70:76 arg1 L 86:86 Patella vulgata L. 70:87 Patella vulgata L. 70:87 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 6 6 theme protein 883:889 arg1 sequences 891:899 171 protein sequences 879:899 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus 879:920 Through combined transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus. 32543352 9 7 from stationary 1374:1383 arg1 transition 1358:1367 the transition 1354:1367 the transition from stationary to locomotive states 1354:1404 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 2 8 theme long-term 313:321 arg1 adhesion 323:330 long-term adhesion 313:330 long-term adhesion 313:330 Unlike adult barnacles and mussels, limpets do not adhere permanently; instead, they repeatedly transition between long-term adhesion and locomotive adhesion depending on the tide. 32543352 3 9 from studies 386:392 arg1 bio-adhesives 422:434 bio-adhesives 422:434 bio-adhesives 422:434 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 3 9 from studies 386:392 arg1 secretions 410:419 the adhesive secretions 397:419 the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates 397:459 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 7 10 theme proteins 940:947 arg1 Several 923:929 Several 923:929 Several 923:929 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 3 11 from knowledge 479:487 arg1 function 512:519 function 512:519 function 512:519 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 3 11 from knowledge 479:487 arg1 composition 496:506 composition 496:506 composition 496:506 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 8 12 theme gel-forming 1123:1133 arg1 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 12 theme gel-forming 1123:1133 arg1 glycoproteins 1135:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 12 theme gel-forming 1123:1133 arg1 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 12 theme gel-forming 1123:1133 arg1 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 13 with homology 1101:1108 arg1 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 13 with homology 1101:1108 arg1 glycoproteins 1135:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 13 with homology 1101:1108 arg1 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 13 with homology 1101:1108 arg1 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 11 14 dep P. 1597:1598 arg1 vulgata 1600:1606 vulgata 1600:1606 vulgata 1600:1606 Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying P. vulgata adhesion and provide opportunities for future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion. 32543352 3 15 theme invertebrates 447:459 arg1 bio-adhesives 422:434 bio-adhesives 422:434 bio-adhesives 422:434 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 3 15 theme invertebrates 447:459 arg1 secretions 410:419 the adhesive secretions 397:419 the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates 397:459 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 5 16 theme primary 703:709 arg1 suction 684:690 suction 684:690 suction 684:690 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 5 16 theme primary 703:709 arg1 mechanism 722:730 the primary attachment mechanism 699:730 the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata 699:744 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 10 17 theme unique 1449:1454 arg1 patterns 1440:1447 glycosylation patterns 1426:1447 glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus 1426:1473 We also discovered glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus, indicating that specific sugars may be involved in transitory adhesion. 32543352 3 18 theme adhesive 401:408 arg1 bio-adhesives 422:434 bio-adhesives 422:434 bio-adhesives 422:434 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 3 18 theme adhesive 401:408 arg1 secretions 410:419 the adhesive secretions 397:419 the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates 397:459 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 5 19 theme attachment 711:720 arg1 suction 684:690 suction 684:690 suction 684:690 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 5 19 theme attachment 711:720 arg1 mechanism 722:730 the primary attachment mechanism 699:730 the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata 699:744 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 0 20 theme mucus-based 37:47 arg1 adhesion 49:56 the powerful mucus-based adhesion 24:56 the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 24:88 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 10 21 theme glycosylation 1426:1438 arg1 patterns 1440:1447 glycosylation patterns 1426:1447 glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus 1426:1473 We also discovered glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus, indicating that specific sugars may be involved in transitory adhesion. 32543352 5 22 theme specialized 768:778 arg1 mucus 786:790 specialized pedal mucus 768:790 specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion 768:813 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 7 23 from flatworms 1044:1052 arg1 bio-adhesives 994:1006 temporary bio-adhesives 984:1006 temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 984:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 9 24 theme degrading 1315:1323 arg1 mucus 1334:1338 degrading adhesive mucus 1315:1338 degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states 1315:1404 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 3 25 theme permanent 538:546 arg1 bio-adhesives 548:560 temporary and permanent bio-adhesives 524:560 temporary and permanent bio-adhesives 524:560 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 9 26 contain have 1277:1280 arg1 proteins 1209:1216 proteins 1209:1216 proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains 1209:1269 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 9 26 contain have 1277:1280 arg2 role 1300:1303 an immune defence role 1282:1303 an immune defence role 1282:1303 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 1 27 theme powerful 143:150 arg1 attachments 152:162 their powerful attachments 137:162 their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores 137:195 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 0 28 theme Molecular 0:8 arg1 insights 10:17 Molecular insights 0:17 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 0:88 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 9 29 theme adhesive 1325:1332 arg1 mucus 1334:1338 degrading adhesive mucus 1315:1338 degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states 1315:1404 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 7 30 theme sea 1058:1060 arg1 anemones 1062:1069 sea anemones 1058:1069 sea anemones 1058:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 3 31 theme bio-adhesives 548:560 arg1 function 512:519 function 512:519 function 512:519 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 3 31 theme bio-adhesives 548:560 arg1 composition 496:506 composition 496:506 composition 496:506 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 5 32 theme pedal 780:784 arg1 mucus 786:790 specialized pedal mucus 768:790 specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion 768:813 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 11 33 theme strong 1689:1694 arg1 attachments 1696:1706 strong attachments 1689:1706 strong attachments 1689:1706 Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying P. vulgata adhesion and provide opportunities for future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion. 32543352 7 34 theme marine 1037:1042 arg1 flatworms 1044:1052 marine flatworms 1037:1052 marine flatworms 1037:1052 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 3 35 theme temporary 524:532 arg1 bio-adhesives 548:560 temporary and permanent bio-adhesives 524:560 temporary and permanent bio-adhesives 524:560 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 10 36 theme pedal 1463:1467 arg1 mucus 1469:1473 the pedal mucus 1459:1473 the pedal mucus 1459:1473 We also discovered glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus, indicating that specific sugars may be involved in transitory adhesion. 32543352 11 37 theme future 1647:1652 arg1 studies 1654:1660 future studies 1647:1660 future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion 1647:1760 Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying P. vulgata adhesion and provide opportunities for future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion. 32543352 7 38 from anemones 1062:1069 arg1 bio-adhesives 994:1006 temporary bio-adhesives 984:1006 temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 984:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 7 39 theme temporary 984:992 arg1 bio-adhesives 994:1006 temporary bio-adhesives 984:1006 temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 984:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 9 40 with proteins 1209:1216 arg1 protein- 1233:1240 potential protein- 1223:1240 potential protein- 1223:1240 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 9 40 with proteins 1209:1216 arg1 domains 1263:1269 glycan-degrading domains 1246:1269 glycan-degrading domains 1246:1269 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 5 41 theme glue-like 796:804 arg1 adhesion 806:813 glue-like adhesion 796:813 glue-like adhesion 796:813 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 3 42 theme Recent 379:384 arg1 studies 386:392 Recent studies 379:392 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates 379:459 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 10 43 theme specific 1492:1499 arg1 sugars 1501:1506 specific sugars 1492:1506 specific sugars 1492:1506 We also discovered glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus, indicating that specific sugars may be involved in transitory adhesion. 32543352 2 44 theme adult 205:209 arg1 barnacles 211:219 adult barnacles 205:219 adult barnacles 205:219 Unlike adult barnacles and mussels, limpets do not adhere permanently; instead, they repeatedly transition between long-term adhesion and locomotive adhesion depending on the tide. 32543352 4 45 theme adhesion 623:630 arg1 understanding 582:594 our understanding 578:594 our understanding of the limpets' transitory adhesion 578:630 In comparison, our understanding of the limpets' transitory adhesion remains limited. 32543352 0 46 theme powerful 28:35 arg1 adhesion 49:56 the powerful mucus-based adhesion 24:56 the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 24:88 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 6 47 theme combined 824:831 arg1 transcriptomics 833:847 combined transcriptomics 824:847 combined transcriptomics 824:847 Through combined transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus. 32543352 1 48 theme wave-swept 176:185 arg1 seashores 187:195 wave-swept seashores 176:195 wave-swept seashores 176:195 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 10 49 theme transitory 1527:1536 arg1 adhesion 1538:1545 transitory adhesion 1527:1545 transitory adhesion 1527:1545 We also discovered glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus, indicating that specific sugars may be involved in transitory adhesion. 32543352 7 50 contain contain 949:955 arg1 Several 923:929 Several 923:929 Several 923:929 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 7 50 contain contain 949:955 arg2 domains 967:973 conserved domains 957:973 conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 957:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 8 51 theme proteins 1086:1093 arg1 Many 1072:1075 Many 1072:1075 Many 1072:1075 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 51 theme proteins 1086:1093 arg1 proteins 1086:1093 these proteins 1080:1093 these proteins 1080:1093 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 3 52 dep composition 496:506 arg1 the 492:494 the 492:494 the 492:494 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 9 53 theme defence 1292:1298 arg1 role 1300:1303 an immune defence role 1282:1303 an immune defence role 1282:1303 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 6 54 theme pedal 910:914 arg1 mucus 916:920 the pedal mucus 906:920 the pedal mucus 906:920 Through combined transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus. 32543352 7 55 theme sea 1024:1026 arg1 urchins 1028:1034 sea urchins 1024:1034 sea urchins 1024:1034 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 11 56 theme P. 1597:1598 arg1 adhesion 1608:1615 P. vulgata adhesion 1597:1615 P. vulgata adhesion 1597:1615 Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying P. vulgata adhesion and provide opportunities for future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion. 32543352 9 57 theme potential 1223:1231 arg1 protein- 1233:1240 potential protein- 1223:1240 potential protein- 1223:1240 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 11 58 from studies 1654:1660 arg1 bio-adhesives 1665:1677 bio-adhesives 1665:1677 bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion 1665:1760 Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying P. vulgata adhesion and provide opportunities for future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion. 32543352 7 59 theme sea 1013:1015 arg1 stars 1017:1021 sea stars 1013:1021 sea stars 1013:1021 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 9 60 theme glycan-degrading 1246:1261 arg1 domains 1263:1269 glycan-degrading domains 1246:1269 glycan-degrading domains 1246:1269 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 1 61 from rocks 167:171 arg1 seashores 187:195 wave-swept seashores 176:195 wave-swept seashores 176:195 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 1 62 theme Patella 100:106 arg1 Limpets 91:97 Limpets 91:97 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 91:118 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 1 62 theme Patella 100:106 arg1 L. 116:117 Patella vulgata L. 100:117 Patella vulgata L. 100:117 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 6 63 from mucus 916:920 arg1 sequences 891:899 171 protein sequences 879:899 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus 879:920 Through combined transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus. 32543352 5 64 from mechanism 722:730 arg1 vulgata 738:744 P. vulgata 735:744 P. vulgata 735:744 In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. 32543352 1 65 theme vulgata 108:114 arg1 Limpets 91:97 Limpets 91:97 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 91:118 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 1 65 theme vulgata 108:114 arg1 L. 116:117 Patella vulgata L. 100:117 Patella vulgata L. 100:117 Limpets (Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. 32543352 3 66 theme marine 440:445 arg1 invertebrates 447:459 marine invertebrates 440:459 marine invertebrates 440:459 Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. 32543352 7 67 located found 975:979 arg1 bio-adhesives 994:1006 temporary bio-adhesives 984:1006 temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 984:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 7 67 located found 975:979 arg2 domains 967:973 conserved domains 957:973 conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 957:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 32543352 4 68 theme transitory 612:621 arg1 adhesion 623:630 the limpets' transitory adhesion 599:630 the limpets' transitory adhesion 599:630 In comparison, our understanding of the limpets' transitory adhesion remains limited. 32543352 8 69 gly glycoproteins 1135:1147 arg1 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 hemolectin 1171:1180 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 69 gly glycoproteins 1135:1147 arg1 glycoproteins 1135:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins 1115:1147 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 69 gly glycoproteins 1135:1147 arg1 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 fibrillin 1160:1168 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 8 69 gly glycoproteins 1135:1147 arg1 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 SCO-spondin 1186:1196 Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. 32543352 2 70 theme locomotive 336:345 arg1 adhesion 347:354 locomotive adhesion 336:354 locomotive adhesion 336:354 Unlike adult barnacles and mussels, limpets do not adhere permanently; instead, they repeatedly transition between long-term adhesion and locomotive adhesion depending on the tide. 32543352 9 71 theme immune 1285:1290 arg1 role 1300:1303 an immune defence role 1282:1303 an immune defence role 1282:1303 Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. 32543352 0 72 theme limpets 61:67 arg1 adhesion 49:56 the powerful mucus-based adhesion 24:56 the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.) 24:88 Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). 32543352 7 73 from stars 1017:1021 arg1 bio-adhesives 994:1006 temporary bio-adhesives 984:1006 temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones 984:1069 Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. 34245224 8 0 theme representative 1207:1220 arg1 Alistipes 1233:1241 Alistipes 1233:1241 Alistipes 1233:1241 The most representative genera are Alistipes, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcus. 34245224 8 0 theme representative 1207:1220 arg1 genera 1222:1227 The most representative genera 1198:1227 The most representative genera 1198:1227 The most representative genera are Alistipes, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcus. 34245224 4 1 theme supplementation 537:551 arg1 role 520:523 the potential role 506:523 the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development 506:608 This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development. 34245224 5 2 theme obesity 704:710 arg1 effect 666:671 the effect 662:671 the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer 662:755 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 6 3 theme obesity 958:964 arg1 intervention 942:953 the intervention 938:953 the intervention of obesity 938:964 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 0 4 from Effect 11:16 arg1 Carcinogenesis 77:90 Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 33:90 Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 33:90 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis. 34245224 3 5 located present 454:460 arg1 plants 474:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 5 located present 454:460 arg2 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 5 located present 454:460 arg2 derivative 432:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 6 from present 454:460 arg1 plants 474:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 10 7 theme important 1558:1566 arg1 niches 1568:1573 important niches 1558:1573 important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents 1558:1663 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 10 8 theme colorectal 1512:1521 arg1 cancer 1523:1528 obesity-promoted colorectal cancer 1495:1528 obesity-promoted colorectal cancer 1495:1528 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 5 9 dep model 641:645 arg1 investigate 650:660 investigate 650:660 to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer 647:755 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 2 10 theme nutritional 340:350 arg1 supplements 352:362 nutritional supplements 340:362 nutritional supplements 340:362 Evidence is mounting that colorectal cancer can be prevented by nutritional supplements, such as phytochemicals. 34245224 2 10 theme nutritional 340:350 arg1 phytochemicals 373:386 phytochemicals 373:386 phytochemicals 373:386 Evidence is mounting that colorectal cancer can be prevented by nutritional supplements, such as phytochemicals. 34245224 9 11 theme colitis-associated 1391:1408 arg1 carcinogenesis 1416:1429 obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis 1373:1429 obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis 1373:1429 The RNA-sequencing results show that the administration of garcinol can regulate genes and improve obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 5 12 theme colitis-associated 725:742 arg1 cancer 750:755 colitis-associated colon cancer 725:755 colitis-associated colon cancer 725:755 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 10 13 theme obesity-promoted 1495:1510 arg1 cancer 1523:1528 obesity-promoted colorectal cancer 1495:1528 obesity-promoted colorectal cancer 1495:1528 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 4 14 theme potential 510:518 arg1 role 520:523 the potential role 506:523 the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development 506:608 This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development. 34245224 7 15 theme group 1150:1154 arg1 different 1173:1181 different 1173:1181 different 1173:1181 The results also reveals that the microbiota composition of each group is significantly different and clustered. 34245224 7 15 theme group 1150:1154 arg1 composition 1130:1140 the microbiota composition 1115:1140 the microbiota composition of each group 1115:1154 The results also reveals that the microbiota composition of each group is significantly different and clustered. 34245224 2 16 theme colorectal 302:311 arg1 cancer 313:318 colorectal cancer 302:318 colorectal cancer 302:318 Evidence is mounting that colorectal cancer can be prevented by nutritional supplements, such as phytochemicals. 34245224 1 17 theme colorectal 188:197 arg1 cancer 199:204 colorectal cancer development and obesity 188:228 cancer 199:204 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 4 18 theme garcinol 528:535 arg1 supplementation 537:551 garcinol supplementation 528:551 garcinol supplementation 528:551 This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development. 34245224 5 19 theme animal 634:639 arg1 model 641:645 An animal model 631:645 An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) 631:813 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 1 20 theme SCOPE 93:97 arg1 studies 115:121 SCOPE Epidemiological studies 93:121 SCOPE Epidemiological studies 93:121 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 5 21 dep METHODS 611:617 arg1 designed 818:825 designed 818:825 is designed 815:825 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 1 22 theme cancer 199:204 arg1 risk 180:183 the risk 176:183 the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity 176:228 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 3 23 theme benzophenone 419:430 arg1 derivative 432:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 23 theme benzophenone 419:430 arg1 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 6 24 theme AOM/DSS 916:922 arg1 group 924:928 an AOM/DSS group 913:928 an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity 913:964 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 10 25 theme future 1583:1588 arg1 development 1590:1600 the future development 1579:1600 the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents 1579:1663 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 1 26 theme Epidemiological 99:113 arg1 studies 115:121 SCOPE Epidemiological studies 93:121 SCOPE Epidemiological studies 93:121 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 9 27 theme colon 1410:1414 arg1 carcinogenesis 1416:1429 obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis 1373:1429 obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis 1373:1429 The RNA-sequencing results show that the administration of garcinol can regulate genes and improve obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 0 28 theme Inhibitory 0:9 arg1 Effect 11:16 Inhibitory Effect 0:16 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 0:90 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis. 34245224 5 29 theme -induced 695:702 arg1 obesity 704:710 high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity 676:710 high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity 676:710 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 9 30 theme RNA-sequencing 1278:1291 arg1 results 1293:1299 The RNA-sequencing results 1274:1299 The RNA-sequencing results 1274:1299 The RNA-sequencing results show that the administration of garcinol can regulate genes and improve obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 3 31 theme Garcinia 465:472 arg1 plants 474:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 0 32 theme Garcinol 21:28 arg1 Effect 11:16 Inhibitory Effect 0:16 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 0:90 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis. 34245224 7 33 theme microbiota 1119:1128 arg1 different 1173:1181 different 1173:1181 different 1173:1181 The results also reveals that the microbiota composition of each group is significantly different and clustered. 34245224 7 33 theme microbiota 1119:1128 arg1 composition 1130:1140 the microbiota composition 1115:1140 the microbiota composition of each group 1115:1154 The results also reveals that the microbiota composition of each group is significantly different and clustered. 34245224 10 34 dep CONCLUSION 1432:1441 arg1 suggest 1461:1467 suggest 1461:1467 suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents 1461:1663 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 1 35 theme obesity 222:228 arg1 risk 180:183 the risk 176:183 the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity 176:228 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 3 36 theme polyisoprenylated 401:417 arg1 derivative 432:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 36 theme polyisoprenylated 401:417 arg1 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 10 37 theme functional 1617:1626 arg1 foods 1628:1632 functional foods 1617:1632 functional foods 1617:1632 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 3 38 attach present 454:460 arg1 plants 474:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinia plants 465:479 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 38 attach present 454:460 arg2 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol 389:396 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 3 38 attach present 454:460 arg2 derivative 432:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative 399:441 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 0 39 theme Obesity-Exacerbated 33:51 arg1 Carcinogenesis 77:90 Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 33:90 Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 33:90 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis. 34245224 6 40 theme % 994:994 arg1 garcinol 996:1003 0.05% garcinol 990:1003 0.05% garcinol 990:1003 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 4 41 theme cancer 591:596 arg1 development 598:608 obesity-induced colon cancer development 569:608 obesity-induced colon cancer development 569:608 This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development. 34245224 10 42 theme garcinol 1605:1612 arg1 development 1590:1600 the future development 1579:1600 the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents 1579:1663 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 8 43 theme most 1202:1205 arg1 Alistipes 1233:1241 Alistipes 1233:1241 Alistipes 1233:1241 The most representative genera are Alistipes, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcus. 34245224 8 43 theme most 1202:1205 arg1 genera 1222:1227 The most representative genera 1198:1227 The most representative genera 1198:1227 The most representative genera are Alistipes, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcus. 34245224 4 44 theme obesity-induced 569:583 arg1 development 598:608 obesity-induced colon cancer development 569:608 obesity-induced colon cancer development 569:608 This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development. 34245224 4 45 theme colon 585:589 arg1 development 598:608 obesity-induced colon cancer development 569:608 obesity-induced colon cancer development 569:608 This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development. 34245224 5 46 theme colon 744:748 arg1 cancer 750:755 colitis-associated colon cancer 725:755 colitis-associated colon cancer 725:755 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 5 47 theme -induced 805:812 arg1 model 641:645 An animal model 631:645 An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) 631:813 METHODS AND RESULTS An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. 34245224 0 48 dep Obesity-Exacerbated 33:51 arg1 Colitis-Mediated 54:69 Colitis-Mediated 54:69 Colitis-Mediated 54:69 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis. 34245224 10 49 theme study 1447:1451 arg1 results 1453:1459 The study results 1443:1459 The study results 1443:1459 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 1 50 theme consistent 130:139 arg1 association 156:166 a consistent and compelling association 128:166 a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity 128:228 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 9 51 theme obesity-promoting 1373:1389 arg1 carcinogenesis 1416:1429 obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis 1373:1429 obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis 1373:1429 The RNA-sequencing results show that the administration of garcinol can regulate genes and improve obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 10 52 theme therapeutic 1646:1656 arg1 agents 1658:1663 adjuvant therapeutic agents 1637:1663 adjuvant therapeutic agents 1637:1663 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 1 53 dep cancer 199:204 arg1 development 206:216 development 206:216 development 206:216 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 6 54 theme 0.05 990:993 arg1 % 994:994 % 994:994 % 994:994 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 6 55 theme colon 885:889 arg1 cancer 891:896 colitis-associated colon cancer 866:896 colitis-associated colon cancer 866:896 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 1 56 theme compelling 145:154 arg1 association 156:166 a consistent and compelling association 128:166 a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity 128:228 SCOPE Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. 34245224 6 57 theme colitis-associated 866:883 arg1 cancer 891:896 colitis-associated colon cancer 866:896 colitis-associated colon cancer 866:896 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 10 58 theme adjuvant 1637:1644 arg1 agents 1658:1663 adjuvant therapeutic agents 1637:1663 adjuvant therapeutic agents 1637:1663 CONCLUSION The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents. 34245224 9 59 theme garcinol 1333:1340 arg1 administration 1315:1328 the administration 1311:1328 the administration of garcinol 1311:1340 The RNA-sequencing results show that the administration of garcinol can regulate genes and improve obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 6 60 theme colon 1063:1067 arg1 carcinogenesis 1069:1082 obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis 1046:1082 obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis 1046:1082 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34245224 0 61 theme Colon 71:75 arg1 Carcinogenesis 77:90 Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 33:90 Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis 33:90 Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis. 34245224 3 62 from plants 474:479 arg1 present 454:460 present 454:460 present 454:460 Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. 34245224 6 63 theme obesity-promoted 1046:1061 arg1 carcinogenesis 1069:1082 obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis 1046:1082 obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis 1046:1082 The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. 34818891 5 0 theme fundamental 814:824 arg1 research 826:833 This fundamental research 809:833 This fundamental research 809:833 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 1 1 theme convergent 180:189 arg1 strategies 208:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 2 2 with β-analogues 361:371 arg1 pattern 404:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 5 3 theme disaccharide 1010:1021 arg1 donors 1023:1028 disaccharide donors 1010:1028 disaccharide donors thereof 1010:1036 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 5 4 theme group 964:968 arg1 reactivity 938:947 the reactivity 934:947 the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end 934:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 5 4 theme group 964:968 arg1 behavior 998:1005 the behavior 994:1005 the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof 994:1036 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 1 5 theme glycan 191:196 arg1 strategies 208:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 2 6 link 1,4-O-linked 295:306 arg1 bonds 321:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 0 7 theme Disaccharide 117:128 arg1 Donors 130:135 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 104:135 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 104:135 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 4 8 theme dihedral 683:690 arg1 angles 692:697 the dihedral angles 679:697 the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond 679:806 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 5 9 theme donors 1023:1028 arg1 reactivity 938:947 the reactivity 934:947 the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end 934:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 5 9 theme donors 1023:1028 arg1 behavior 998:1005 the behavior 994:1005 the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof 994:1036 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 4 10 theme C5-C6 797:801 arg1 bond 803:806 the C5-C6 bond 793:806 the C5-C6 bond 793:806 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 0 11 theme 1,4-O-Linked 104:115 arg1 Donors 130:135 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 104:135 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 104:135 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 1 12 from precursors 166:175 arg1 strategies 208:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 4 13 theme chain 781:785 arg1 ψ 705:705 ψ 705:705 ψ of their interglycosidic linkages 705:739 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 4 13 theme chain 781:785 arg1 ω 765:765 the torsional angle ω 745:765 the torsional angle ω of their side chain 745:785 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 1 14 theme key 162:164 arg1 donors 151:156 Disaccharide donors 138:156 Disaccharide donors 138:156 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 1 14 theme key 162:164 arg1 precursors 166:175 key precursors 162:175 key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies 162:217 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 4 15 theme angle 759:763 arg1 ω 765:765 the torsional angle ω 745:765 the torsional angle ω of their side chain 745:785 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 5 16 theme end 910:912 arg1 sugar 914:918 the nonreducing end sugar 894:918 the nonreducing end sugar 894:918 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 1 17 theme synthesis 198:206 arg1 strategies 208:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 convergent glycan synthesis strategies 180:217 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 0 18 theme Donors 130:135 arg1 Reactivity 90:99 the Reactivity 86:99 the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 86:135 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 4 19 theme donors 656:661 arg1 preferences 635:645 the conformational preferences 616:645 the conformational preferences of these donors 616:661 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 5 20 from end 986:988 arg1 group 964:968 the leaving group 952:968 the leaving group at the reducing end 952:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 5 20 from end 986:988 arg1 reactivity 938:947 the reactivity 934:947 the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end 934:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 5 20 from end 986:988 arg1 behavior 998:1005 the behavior 994:1005 the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof 994:1036 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 5 21 theme stereoelectronic 864:879 arg1 effects 881:887 the long-range stereoelectronic effects 849:887 the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar 849:918 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 4 22 theme conformational 620:633 arg1 preferences 635:645 the conformational preferences 616:645 the conformational preferences of these donors 616:661 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 4 23 theme side 776:779 arg1 chain 781:785 their side chain 770:785 their side chain 770:785 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 4 24 theme linkages 732:739 arg1 ψ 705:705 ψ 705:705 ψ of their interglycosidic linkages 705:739 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 4 24 theme linkages 732:739 arg1 ω 765:765 the torsional angle ω 745:765 the torsional angle ω of their side chain 745:785 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 5 25 theme nonreducing 898:908 arg1 end 910:912 the nonreducing end 894:912 the nonreducing end sugar 894:918 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 0 26 theme Stereoelectronic 18:33 arg1 Influence 35:43 the Stereoelectronic Influence 14:43 the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 14:135 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 3 27 theme anomeric 571:578 arg1 effects 597:603 anomeric and exo-anomeric effects 571:603 anomeric and exo-anomeric effects 571:603 Herein, we rationalized that such a difference in their reactivity is attributed to the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects. 34818891 3 28 theme 1,4-O-interglycosidic 521:541 arg1 bond 543:546 the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond 517:546 the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects 517:603 Herein, we rationalized that such a difference in their reactivity is attributed to the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects. 34818891 0 29 theme Interglycosidic 48:62 arg1 Conformations 69:81 Interglycosidic Bond Conformations 48:81 Interglycosidic Bond Conformations 48:81 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 5 30 theme reducing 977:984 arg1 end 986:988 the reducing end 973:988 the reducing end 973:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 4 31 theme interglycosidic 716:730 arg1 linkages 732:739 their interglycosidic linkages 710:739 their interglycosidic linkages 710:739 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 5 32 from sugar 914:918 arg1 effects 881:887 the long-range stereoelectronic effects 849:887 the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar 849:918 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 0 33 theme Conformations 69:81 arg1 Influence 35:43 the Stereoelectronic Influence 14:43 the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 14:135 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 5 34 theme long-range 853:862 arg1 effects 881:887 the long-range stereoelectronic effects 849:887 the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar 849:918 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 2 35 theme thioglycosyl 264:275 arg1 donors 277:282 disaccharide thioglycosyl donors 251:282 disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 251:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 1 36 theme Disaccharide 138:149 arg1 donors 151:156 Disaccharide donors 138:156 Disaccharide donors 138:156 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 1 36 theme Disaccharide 138:149 arg1 precursors 166:175 key precursors 162:175 key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies 162:217 Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. 34818891 0 37 theme Bond 64:67 arg1 Conformations 69:81 Interglycosidic Bond Conformations 48:81 Interglycosidic Bond Conformations 48:81 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 3 38 from difference 449:458 arg1 reactivity 469:478 their reactivity 463:478 their reactivity 463:478 Herein, we rationalized that such a difference in their reactivity is attributed to the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects. 34818891 2 39 theme disaccharide 251:262 arg1 donors 277:282 disaccharide thioglycosyl donors 251:282 disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 251:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 2 40 theme group 398:402 arg1 pattern 404:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 2 41 theme protecting 387:396 arg1 pattern 404:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 5 42 from reactivity 938:947 arg1 end 986:988 the reducing end 973:988 the reducing end 973:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 2 43 theme same 382:385 arg1 pattern 404:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 the same protecting group pattern 378:410 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 3 44 theme bond 543:546 arg1 conformation 501:512 the conformation 497:512 the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects 497:603 Herein, we rationalized that such a difference in their reactivity is attributed to the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects. 34818891 5 45 theme leaving 956:962 arg1 group 964:968 the leaving group 952:968 the leaving group at the reducing end 952:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 2 46 theme α-glycosidic 308:319 arg1 bonds 321:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 4 47 theme torsional 749:757 arg1 ω 765:765 the torsional angle ω 745:765 the torsional angle ω of their side chain 745:785 Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. 34818891 5 48 from behavior 998:1005 arg1 end 986:988 the reducing end 973:988 the reducing end 973:988 This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof. 34818891 0 49 from Influence 35:43 arg1 Reactivity 90:99 the Reactivity 86:99 the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors 86:135 Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4-O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. 34818891 2 50 theme 1,4-O-linked 295:306 arg1 bonds 321:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 3 51 theme exo-anomeric 584:595 arg1 effects 597:603 anomeric and exo-anomeric effects 571:603 anomeric and exo-anomeric effects 571:603 Herein, we rationalized that such a difference in their reactivity is attributed to the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects. 34818891 2 52 contain containing 284:293 arg1 donors 277:282 disaccharide thioglycosyl donors 251:282 disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 251:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34818891 2 52 contain containing 284:293 arg2 bonds 321:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds 295:325 Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. 34702453 0 0 theme chitosan 81:88 arg1 complex 54:60 a polyelectrolyte complex 36:60 a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan 36:88 Composite biopolymer films based on a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan. 34702453 5 1 theme CHIT-FUR 607:614 arg1 films 616:620 the CHIT-FUR films 603:620 the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1 603:640 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 8 2 theme using 898:902 arg1 films 913:917 successfully using CHIT-FUR films 885:917 successfully using CHIT-FUR films 885:917 The results obtained create the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films in the development of biodegradable packaging materials. 34702453 7 3 theme 9:1 827:829 arg1 ratio 831:835 the 9:1 ratio 823:835 the 9:1 ratio 823:835 The thermal stability has been improved in CHIT-FUR films at the 9:1 ratio. 34702453 4 4 theme prepared 489:496 arg1 films 498:502 the prepared films 485:502 the prepared films 485:502 The structure and morphology of the prepared films were characterised by FT-IR and AFM analysis. 34702453 8 5 theme films 913:917 arg1 possibility 870:880 the possibility 866:880 the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films 866:917 The results obtained create the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films in the development of biodegradable packaging materials. 34702453 2 6 theme complex 286:292 arg1 basis 238:242 the basis 234:242 the basis of a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex 234:292 For the first time, biodegradable films were obtained on the basis of a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex. 34702453 3 7 theme zeta 361:364 arg1 potential 366:374 the zeta potential 357:374 the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures 357:450 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 2 8 theme polyelectrolyte 270:284 arg1 complex 286:292 a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex 247:292 a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex 247:292 For the first time, biodegradable films were obtained on the basis of a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex. 34702453 6 9 theme water 659:663 arg1 properties 681:690 The mechanical, water and rheological properties 643:690 properties 681:690 The mechanical, water and rheological properties depend on the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan in the mixture. 34702453 2 10 theme furcellaran-chitosan 249:268 arg1 complex 286:292 a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex 247:292 a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex 247:292 For the first time, biodegradable films were obtained on the basis of a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex. 34702453 7 11 theme CHIT-FUR 805:812 arg1 films 814:818 CHIT-FUR films 805:818 CHIT-FUR films at the 9:1 ratio 805:835 The thermal stability has been improved in CHIT-FUR films at the 9:1 ratio. 34702453 1 12 theme natural 152:158 arg1 polysaccharides 160:174 natural polysaccharides 152:174 natural polysaccharides 152:174 The aim of research was to develop biopolymer films based on natural polysaccharides. 34702453 0 13 theme polyelectrolyte 38:52 arg1 complex 54:60 a polyelectrolyte complex 36:60 a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan 36:88 Composite biopolymer films based on a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan. 34702453 8 14 theme biodegradable 941:953 arg1 materials 965:973 biodegradable packaging materials 941:973 biodegradable packaging materials 941:973 The results obtained create the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films in the development of biodegradable packaging materials. 34702453 6 15 theme mechanical 647:656 arg1 water 659:663 The mechanical, water and rheological properties 643:690 water 659:663 The mechanical, water and rheological properties depend on the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan in the mixture. 34702453 3 16 theme pure 417:420 arg1 components 422:431 pure components 417:431 pure components 417:431 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 0 17 theme biopolymer 10:19 arg1 films 21:25 Composite biopolymer films 0:25 Composite biopolymer films 0:25 Composite biopolymer films based on a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan. 34702453 7 18 from ratio 831:835 arg1 films 814:818 CHIT-FUR films 805:818 CHIT-FUR films at the 9:1 ratio 805:835 The thermal stability has been improved in CHIT-FUR films at the 9:1 ratio. 34702453 0 19 theme Composite 0:8 arg1 films 21:25 Composite biopolymer films 0:25 Composite biopolymer films 0:25 Composite biopolymer films based on a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan. 34702453 5 20 theme lowest 554:559 arg1 values 566:571 The lowest WVTR values 550:571 The lowest WVTR values 550:571 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 8 21 theme materials 965:973 arg1 development 926:936 the development 922:936 the development of biodegradable packaging materials 922:973 The results obtained create the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films in the development of biodegradable packaging materials. 34702453 4 22 dep structure 457:465 arg1 The 453:455 The 453:455 The 453:455 The structure and morphology of the prepared films were characterised by FT-IR and AFM analysis. 34702453 5 23 theme WVTR 561:564 arg1 values 566:571 The lowest WVTR values 550:571 The lowest WVTR values 550:571 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 6 24 theme furcellaran 722:732 arg1 ratio 713:717 the weight ratio 702:717 the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan 702:744 The mechanical, water and rheological properties depend on the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan in the mixture. 34702453 3 25 theme pH 401:402 arg1 function 381:388 a function 379:388 a function of colloid pH 379:402 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 3 25 theme pH 401:402 arg1 size 409:412 the size 405:412 the size of pure components 405:431 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 3 25 theme pH 401:402 arg1 mixtures 443:450 their mixtures 437:450 their mixtures 437:450 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 4 26 theme AFM 536:538 arg1 analysis 540:547 AFM analysis 536:547 AFM analysis 536:547 The structure and morphology of the prepared films were characterised by FT-IR and AFM analysis. 34702453 7 27 theme thermal 766:772 arg1 stability 774:782 The thermal stability 762:782 The thermal stability 762:782 The thermal stability has been improved in CHIT-FUR films at the 9:1 ratio. 34702453 3 28 theme components 422:431 arg1 function 381:388 a function 379:388 a function of colloid pH 379:402 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 3 28 theme components 422:431 arg1 size 409:412 the size 405:412 the size of pure components 405:431 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 3 28 theme components 422:431 arg1 mixtures 443:450 their mixtures 437:450 their mixtures 437:450 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 4 29 theme films 498:502 arg1 structure 457:465 structure 457:465 structure 457:465 The structure and morphology of the prepared films were characterised by FT-IR and AFM analysis. 34702453 4 29 theme films 498:502 arg1 morphology 471:480 morphology 471:480 morphology 471:480 The structure and morphology of the prepared films were characterised by FT-IR and AFM analysis. 34702453 6 30 theme weight 706:711 arg1 ratio 713:717 the weight ratio 702:717 the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan 702:744 The mechanical, water and rheological properties depend on the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan in the mixture. 34702453 1 31 theme research 102:109 arg1 aim 95:97 The aim 91:97 The aim of research 91:109 The aim of research was to develop biopolymer films based on natural polysaccharides. 34702453 3 32 theme colloid 393:399 arg1 pH 401:402 colloid pH 393:402 colloid pH 393:402 The conditions for its formation were determined by measuring the zeta potential as a function of colloid pH, the size of pure components and their mixtures. 34702453 2 33 theme biodegradable 197:209 arg1 films 211:215 biodegradable films 197:215 biodegradable films 197:215 For the first time, biodegradable films were obtained on the basis of a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex. 34702453 8 34 theme packaging 955:963 arg1 materials 965:973 biodegradable packaging materials 941:973 biodegradable packaging materials 941:973 The results obtained create the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films in the development of biodegradable packaging materials. 34702453 5 35 theme 9:1 638:640 arg1 ratio 629:633 the ratio 625:633 the ratio of 9:1 625:640 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 8 36 dep using 898:902 arg1 CHIT-FUR 904:911 CHIT-FUR 904:911 CHIT-FUR 904:911 The results obtained create the possibility of successfully using CHIT-FUR films in the development of biodegradable packaging materials. 34702453 2 37 theme first 185:189 arg1 time 191:194 the first time 181:194 the first time 181:194 For the first time, biodegradable films were obtained on the basis of a furcellaran-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex. 34702453 5 38 dep FUR 595:597 arg1 the 591:593 the 591:593 the 591:593 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 0 39 theme furcellaran 65:75 arg1 complex 54:60 a polyelectrolyte complex 36:60 a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan 36:88 Composite biopolymer films based on a polyelectrolyte complex of furcellaran and chitosan. 34702453 1 40 theme biopolymer 126:135 arg1 films 137:141 biopolymer films 126:141 biopolymer films based on natural polysaccharides 126:174 The aim of research was to develop biopolymer films based on natural polysaccharides. 34702453 5 41 from ratio 629:633 arg1 films 616:620 the CHIT-FUR films 603:620 the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1 603:640 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 5 41 from ratio 629:633 arg1 FUR 595:597 FUR 595:597 FUR 595:597 The lowest WVTR values were observed for the FUR and the CHIT-FUR films at the ratio of 9:1. 34702453 6 42 theme rheological 669:679 arg1 properties 681:690 The mechanical, water and rheological properties 643:690 properties 681:690 The mechanical, water and rheological properties depend on the weight ratio of furcellaran to chitosan in the mixture. 34212652 6 0 theme enzymes 1261:1267 arg1 activity 1224:1231 the activity 1220:1231 the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes 1220:1267 The amendment of POM also stimulated the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes, promoting microbial activity. 34212652 8 1 theme microbial 1627:1635 arg1 community 1637:1645 microbial community 1627:1645 microbial community 1627:1645 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 6 2 theme matter 1244:1249 arg1 enzymes 1261:1267 organic matter metabolic enzymes 1236:1267 organic matter metabolic enzymes 1236:1267 The amendment of POM also stimulated the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes, promoting microbial activity. 34212652 1 3 theme blooms 258:263 arg1 consequence 202:212 a major consequence 194:212 a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms 194:263 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 1 3 theme blooms 258:263 arg1 loads 95:99 Increased loads 85:99 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 85:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 3 4 theme humic-like 656:665 arg1 substances 667:676 humic-like substances 656:676 humic-like substances 656:676 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 5 5 theme community 1172:1180 arg1 aggregation 1129:1139 aggregation 1129:1139 aggregation 1129:1139 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 5 5 theme community 1172:1180 arg1 stability 1145:1153 stability 1145:1153 stability 1145:1153 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 7 6 theme microbial 1424:1432 arg1 community 1434:1442 the microbial community 1420:1442 the microbial community 1420:1442 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 4 7 theme increasing 796:805 arg1 concentrations 811:824 increasing NOM concentrations 796:824 increasing NOM concentrations 796:824 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 4 8 from consumption 847:857 arg1 sediments 874:882 POM-amended sediments 862:882 POM-amended sediments 862:882 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 7 9 dep NOM 1372:1374 arg1 POM 1388:1390 POM 1388:1390 POM 1388:1390 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 4 10 theme POM-amended 862:872 arg1 sediments 874:882 POM-amended sediments 862:882 POM-amended sediments 862:882 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 8 11 theme input 1731:1735 arg1 composition 1693:1703 composition 1693:1703 composition 1693:1703 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 8 11 theme input 1731:1735 arg1 concentration 1710:1722 concentration 1710:1722 concentration 1710:1722 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 8 11 theme input 1731:1735 arg1 origin 1685:1690 origin 1685:1690 origin 1685:1690 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 3 12 theme labile 567:572 arg1 components 587:596 labile protein-like components 567:596 labile protein-like components (50%) 567:602 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 3 12 theme labile 567:572 arg1 % 601:601 50% 599:601 50% 599:601 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 1 13 theme major 196:200 arg1 consequence 202:212 a major consequence 194:212 a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms 194:263 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 1 13 theme major 196:200 arg1 loads 95:99 Increased loads 85:99 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 85:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 6 14 theme POM 1200:1202 arg1 amendment 1187:1195 The amendment 1183:1195 The amendment of POM 1183:1202 The amendment of POM also stimulated the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes, promoting microbial activity. 34212652 8 15 from function 1615:1622 arg1 sediments 1650:1658 sediments 1650:1658 sediments 1650:1658 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 5 16 theme extracellular 988:1000 arg1 substances 1012:1021 extracellular polymeric substances 988:1021 extracellular polymeric substances 988:1021 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 1 17 theme biogenic 104:111 arg1 matter 145:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter 104:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 104:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 5 18 theme substances 1012:1021 arg1 Analysis 976:983 Analysis 976:983 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances 976:1021 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 1 19 theme terrestrial 117:127 arg1 matter 145:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter 104:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 104:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 2 20 theme Taihu 449:453 arg1 sediments 455:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 7 21 theme gene 1319:1322 arg1 sequencing 1324:1333 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1310:1333 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1310:1333 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 5 22 theme proteins 1084:1091 arg1 secretion 1071:1079 the microbial secretion 1057:1079 the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides 1057:1111 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 1 23 theme organic 137:143 arg1 matter 145:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter 104:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 104:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 0 24 theme Lake 68:71 arg1 Sediments 73:81 Lake Sediments 68:81 Lake Sediments 68:81 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 5 25 theme polysaccharides 1097:1111 arg1 secretion 1071:1079 the microbial secretion 1057:1079 the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides 1057:1111 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 7 26 theme matter 1549:1554 arg1 metabolism 1556:1565 organic matter metabolism 1541:1565 organic matter metabolism 1541:1565 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 0 27 from [Response 0:8 arg1 Sediments 73:81 Lake Sediments 68:81 Lake Sediments 68:81 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 8 28 dep composition 1599:1609 arg1 the 1595:1597 the 1595:1597 the 1595:1597 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 2 29 from function 405:412 arg1 sediments 455:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 30 theme microbial 421:429 arg1 community 431:439 the microbial community 417:439 the microbial community 417:439 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 7 31 theme rRNA 1314:1317 arg1 sequencing 1324:1333 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1310:1333 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1310:1333 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 2 32 theme acid 361:364 arg1 effects 285:291 the effects 281:291 the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments 281:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 0 33 theme Microbial 13:21 arg1 Community 23:31 Microbial Community 13:31 Microbial Community 13:31 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 4 34 theme same 949:952 arg1 concentrations 954:967 the same concentrations 945:967 the same concentrations of HA 945:973 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 3 35 theme recalcitrant 608:619 arg1 components 632:641 recalcitrant humic-like components 608:641 recalcitrant humic-like components (50%) 608:647 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 3 35 theme recalcitrant 608:619 arg1 % 646:646 50% 644:646 50% 644:646 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 2 36 dep activity 378:385 arg1 the 374:376 the 374:376 the 374:376 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 0 37 theme Organic 44:50 arg1 Input 59:63 Natural Organic Matter Input 36:63 Natural Organic Matter Input 36:63 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 7 38 theme Bacteroidetes 1488:1500 arg1 survival 1457:1464 the survival 1453:1464 the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes 1453:1500 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 2 39 theme organic 318:324 arg1 matter 326:331 phytoplankton-derived organic matter 296:331 phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) 296:337 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 39 theme organic 318:324 arg1 POM 334:336 POM 334:336 POM 334:336 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 8 40 theme community 1637:1645 arg1 function 1615:1622 function 1615:1622 function 1615:1622 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 8 40 theme community 1637:1645 arg1 composition 1599:1609 composition 1599:1609 composition 1599:1609 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 7 41 theme Proteobacteria 1469:1482 arg1 survival 1457:1464 the survival 1453:1464 the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes 1453:1500 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 4 42 theme carbon 739:744 arg1 mineralization 746:759 the organic carbon mineralization 727:759 the organic carbon mineralization in sediments 727:772 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 2 43 theme terrestrial 343:353 arg1 HA 367:368 HA 367:368 HA 367:368 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 43 theme terrestrial 343:353 arg1 acid 361:364 terrestrial humic acid 343:364 terrestrial humic acid (HA) 343:369 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 1 44 theme global 217:222 arg1 change 232:237 global climate change 217:237 global climate change 217:237 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 2 45 from activity 378:385 arg1 sediments 455:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 46 link phytoplankton-derived 296:316 arg1 matter 326:331 phytoplankton-derived organic matter 296:331 phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) 296:337 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 46 link phytoplankton-derived 296:316 arg1 POM 334:336 POM 334:336 POM 334:336 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 1 47 theme change 232:237 arg1 consequence 202:212 a major consequence 194:212 a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms 194:263 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 1 47 theme change 232:237 arg1 loads 95:99 Increased loads 85:99 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 85:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 4 48 theme NOM 807:809 arg1 concentrations 811:824 increasing NOM concentrations 796:824 increasing NOM concentrations 796:824 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 6 49 theme metabolic 1251:1259 arg1 enzymes 1261:1267 organic matter metabolic enzymes 1236:1267 organic matter metabolic enzymes 1236:1267 The amendment of POM also stimulated the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes, promoting microbial activity. 34212652 1 50 theme cyanobacterial 243:256 arg1 blooms 258:263 cyanobacterial blooms 243:263 cyanobacterial blooms 243:263 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 7 51 theme community 1434:1442 arg1 diversity 1407:1415 the diversity 1403:1415 the diversity of the microbial community 1403:1442 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 6 52 theme organic 1236:1242 arg1 enzymes 1261:1267 organic matter metabolic enzymes 1236:1267 organic matter metabolic enzymes 1236:1267 The amendment of POM also stimulated the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes, promoting microbial activity. 34212652 3 53 theme Fluorescent 484:494 arg1 spectra 496:502 Fluorescent spectra 484:502 Fluorescent spectra 484:502 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 1 54 theme freshwater 157:166 arg1 lakes 168:172 freshwater lakes 157:172 freshwater lakes 157:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 3 55 theme high 531:534 arg1 chemodiversity 536:549 high chemodiversity 531:549 high chemodiversity 531:549 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 3 56 theme HA 699:700 arg1 HA 699:700 HA 699:700 HA 699:700 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 3 56 theme HA 699:700 arg1 % 694:694 97% 692:694 97% of HA 692:700 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 8 57 from composition 1599:1609 arg1 sediments 1650:1658 sediments 1650:1658 sediments 1650:1658 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 5 58 theme NOM 1038:1040 arg1 input 1042:1046 NOM input 1038:1046 NOM input 1038:1046 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 8 59 theme NOM 1727:1729 arg1 input 1731:1735 NOM input 1727:1735 NOM input 1727:1735 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 7 60 theme NOM 1372:1374 arg1 mineralization 1354:1367 the mineralization 1350:1367 the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) 1350:1391 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 8 61 dep origin 1685:1690 arg1 the 1681:1683 the 1681:1683 the 1681:1683 These results suggest that the composition and function of microbial community in sediments were associated with the origin, composition, and concentration of NOM input. 34212652 6 62 theme microbial 1280:1288 arg1 activity 1290:1297 microbial activity 1280:1297 microbial activity 1280:1297 The amendment of POM also stimulated the activity of organic matter metabolic enzymes, promoting microbial activity. 34212652 5 63 theme polymeric 1002:1010 arg1 substances 1012:1021 extracellular polymeric substances 988:1021 extracellular polymeric substances 988:1021 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 4 64 from mineralization 746:759 arg1 sediments 764:772 sediments 764:772 sediments 764:772 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 4 65 theme carbon 840:845 arg1 consumption 847:857 the carbon consumption 836:857 the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments 836:882 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 4 65 theme carbon 840:845 arg1 higher 902:907 higher 902:907 higher 902:907 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 3 66 theme protein-like 574:585 arg1 components 587:596 labile protein-like components 567:596 labile protein-like components (50%) 567:602 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 3 66 theme protein-like 574:585 arg1 % 601:601 50% 599:601 50% 599:601 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 1 67 theme natural 129:135 arg1 matter 145:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter 104:150 biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 104:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 7 68 theme metabolism 1556:1565 arg1 genes 1532:1536 the function genes 1519:1536 the function genes of organic matter metabolism 1519:1565 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 2 69 theme Lake 444:447 arg1 sediments 455:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 70 from composition 388:398 arg1 sediments 455:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 Lake Taihu sediments 444:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 1 71 theme matter 145:150 arg1 consequence 202:212 a major consequence 194:212 a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms 194:263 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 1 71 theme matter 145:150 arg1 loads 95:99 Increased loads 85:99 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 85:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 7 72 theme organic 1541:1547 arg1 metabolism 1556:1565 organic matter metabolism 1541:1565 organic matter metabolism 1541:1565 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 2 73 theme community 431:439 arg1 composition 388:398 composition 388:398 composition 388:398 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 73 theme community 431:439 arg1 function 405:412 function 405:412 function 405:412 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 73 theme community 431:439 arg1 activity 378:385 activity 378:385 activity 378:385 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 74 from effects 285:291 arg1 composition 388:398 composition 388:398 composition 388:398 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 74 from effects 285:291 arg1 function 405:412 function 405:412 function 405:412 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 74 from effects 285:291 arg1 activity 378:385 activity 378:385 activity 378:385 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 5 75 dep aggregation 1129:1139 arg1 the 1125:1127 the 1125:1127 the 1125:1127 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 5 76 theme microbial 1061:1069 arg1 secretion 1071:1079 the microbial secretion 1057:1079 the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides 1057:1111 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 7 77 theme 16S 1310:1312 arg1 sequencing 1324:1333 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1310:1333 16S rRNA gene sequencing 1310:1333 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 4 78 theme two-month 708:716 arg1 periods 718:724 two-month periods 708:724 two-month periods 708:724 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 3 79 with POM 522:524 arg1 chemodiversity 536:549 high chemodiversity 531:549 high chemodiversity 531:549 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 4 80 theme HA 972:973 arg1 concentrations 954:967 the same concentrations 945:967 the same concentrations of HA 945:973 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 2 81 theme humic 355:359 arg1 HA 367:368 HA 367:368 HA 367:368 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 81 theme humic 355:359 arg1 acid 361:364 terrestrial humic acid 343:364 terrestrial humic acid (HA) 343:369 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 0 82 theme Community 23:31 arg1 [Response 0:8 [Response 0:8 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments 0:81 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 1 83 theme Increased 85:93 arg1 consequence 202:212 a major consequence 194:212 a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms 194:263 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 1 83 theme Increased 85:93 arg1 loads 95:99 Increased loads 85:99 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes 85:172 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 34212652 0 84 theme Natural 36:42 arg1 Input 59:63 Natural Organic Matter Input 36:63 Natural Organic Matter Input 36:63 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 5 85 theme microbial 1162:1170 arg1 community 1172:1180 the microbial community 1158:1180 the microbial community 1158:1180 Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances indicated that NOM input improved the microbial secretion of proteins and polysaccharides, increasing the aggregation and stability of the microbial community. 34212652 7 86 theme function 1523:1530 arg1 genes 1532:1536 the function genes 1519:1536 the function genes of organic matter metabolism 1519:1565 Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that the mineralization of NOM (especially POM) increased the diversity of the microbial community, favored the survival of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and upregulated the function genes of organic matter metabolism. 34212652 0 87 theme Matter 52:57 arg1 Input 59:63 Natural Organic Matter Input 36:63 Natural Organic Matter Input 36:63 [Response of Microbial Community to Natural Organic Matter Input in Lake Sediments]. 34212652 2 88 theme matter 326:331 arg1 effects 285:291 the effects 281:291 the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments 281:463 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 3 89 theme humic-like 621:630 arg1 components 632:641 recalcitrant humic-like components 608:641 recalcitrant humic-like components (50%) 608:647 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 3 89 theme humic-like 621:630 arg1 % 646:646 50% 644:646 50% 644:646 Fluorescent spectra demonstrated that POM with high chemodiversity was composed of labile protein-like components (50%) and recalcitrant humic-like components (50%), while humic-like substances accounted for 97% of HA. 34212652 2 90 theme phytoplankton-derived 296:316 arg1 matter 326:331 phytoplankton-derived organic matter 296:331 phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) 296:337 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 2 90 theme phytoplankton-derived 296:316 arg1 POM 334:336 POM 334:336 POM 334:336 In this study, the effects of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (POM) and terrestrial humic acid (HA) on the activity, composition, and function of the microbial community in Lake Taihu sediments were investigated. 34212652 4 91 theme organic 731:737 arg1 mineralization 746:759 the organic carbon mineralization 727:759 the organic carbon mineralization in sediments 727:772 Over two-month periods, the organic carbon mineralization in sediments was enhanced owing to increasing NOM concentrations; however, the carbon consumption in POM-amended sediments was significantly higher than that in sediments amended with the same concentrations of HA. 34212652 1 92 theme climate 224:230 arg1 change 232:237 global climate change 217:237 global climate change 217:237 Increased loads of biogenic and terrestrial natural organic matter into freshwater lakes are projected to be a major consequence of global climate change and cyanobacterial blooms. 33450636 5 0 dep attested 674:681 arg1 absence 710:716 the absence 706:716 the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states 706:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 0 dep attested 674:681 arg1 number 779:784 a larger number 770:784 a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups 770:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 0 dep attested 674:681 arg1 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 1 theme carbohydrates 789:801 arg1 absence 710:716 the absence 706:716 the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states 706:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 1 theme carbohydrates 789:801 arg1 number 779:784 a larger number 770:784 a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups 770:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 1 theme carbohydrates 789:801 arg1 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 3 2 theme nitrogen 467:474 arg1 limitation 476:485 nitrogen limitation 467:485 nitrogen limitation 467:485 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 3 3 from rates 501:505 arg1 light 457:461 light 457:461 light 457:461 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 3 3 from rates 501:505 arg1 limitation 476:485 nitrogen limitation 467:485 nitrogen limitation 467:485 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 1 4 theme cell 221:224 arg1 wall 226:229 cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites 221:269 cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites 221:269 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 8 5 theme cell 1338:1341 arg1 wall 1343:1346 the outer cell wall 1328:1346 the outer cell wall 1328:1346 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 7 6 theme increased 1133:1141 arg1 biosorption 1143:1153 The increased biosorption 1129:1153 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains 1129:1194 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 1 7 from Biosorption 139:149 arg1 microalgae 170:179 microalgae 170:179 microalgae 170:179 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 2 8 theme conditions 312:321 arg1 effect 294:299 the effect 290:299 the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 290:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 1 9 theme wall 226:229 arg1 presence 209:216 the presence 205:216 the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites 205:269 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 7 10 theme amino 1231:1235 arg1 groups 1237:1242 the deacetylated amino groups 1214:1242 the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity 1214:1277 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 0 11 from Effect 0:5 arg1 adsorption 65:74 cadmium adsorption 57:74 cadmium adsorption 57:74 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 0 11 from Effect 0:5 arg1 composition 41:51 cell wall composition 31:51 cell wall composition 31:51 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 1 12 theme reactive 231:238 arg1 groups 240:245 reactive groups 231:245 cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites 221:269 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 0 13 theme Chlorella 79:87 arg1 vulgaris 89:96 Chlorella vulgaris 79:96 Chlorella vulgaris 79:96 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 0 14 from composition 41:51 arg1 vulgaris 89:96 Chlorella vulgaris 79:96 Chlorella vulgaris 79:96 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 5 15 theme Significant 630:640 arg1 differences 642:652 Significant differences 630:652 Significant differences in composition 630:667 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 16 theme amino 807:811 arg1 groups 813:818 amino groups 807:818 amino groups 807:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 6 17 theme 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass 1070:1086 arg1 minimum 1059:1065 a minimum 1057:1065 a minimum of 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass achieved in the light-restricted states 1057:1126 Higher biosorption was obtained with the nitrogen-restricted biomass, reaching a maximum of 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass, as compared to a minimum of 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass achieved in the light-restricted states. 33450636 3 18 theme growth 494:499 arg1 rates 501:505 two growth rates 490:505 two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1) 490:523 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 5 19 theme nitrogen 827:834 arg1 cultures 845:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 19 theme nitrogen 827:834 arg1 groups 874:879 amino groups 868:879 amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 868:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 1 20 theme toxic 154:158 arg1 metals 160:165 toxic metals 154:165 toxic metals 154:165 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 6 21 theme nitrogen-restricted 971:989 arg1 biomass 991:997 the nitrogen-restricted biomass 967:997 the nitrogen-restricted biomass 967:997 Higher biosorption was obtained with the nitrogen-restricted biomass, reaching a maximum of 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass, as compared to a minimum of 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass achieved in the light-restricted states. 33450636 5 22 theme light 744:748 arg1 states 759:764 the light deprived states 740:764 the light deprived states 740:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 4 23 theme total 591:595 arg1 biosorption 605:615 total cadmium biosorption 591:615 total cadmium biosorption 591:615 Functional groups were profiled using ATR-FTIR spectrometry, and total cadmium biosorption was assayed. 33450636 8 24 theme culture 1369:1375 arg1 conditions 1377:1386 culture conditions 1369:1386 culture conditions 1369:1386 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 1 25 theme metals 160:165 arg1 process 186:192 a process 184:192 a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites 184:269 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 1 25 theme metals 160:165 arg1 Biosorption 139:149 Biosorption 139:149 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae 139:179 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 5 26 theme carboxyl 721:728 arg1 groups 730:735 carboxyl groups 721:735 carboxyl groups in the light deprived states 721:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 27 from number 779:784 arg1 states 759:764 the light deprived states 740:764 the light deprived states 740:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 27 from number 779:784 arg1 cultures 845:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 27 from number 779:784 arg1 groups 874:879 amino groups 868:879 amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 868:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 2 28 theme wall 341:344 arg1 composition 346:356 the outer cell wall composition 326:356 the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 326:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 5 29 theme larger 772:777 arg1 number 779:784 a larger number 770:784 a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups 770:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 7 30 theme nitrogen-restricted 1168:1186 arg1 strains 1188:1194 nitrogen-restricted strains 1168:1194 nitrogen-restricted strains 1168:1194 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 5 31 from groups 730:735 arg1 states 759:764 the light deprived states 740:764 the light deprived states 740:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 2 32 theme cell 336:339 arg1 composition 346:356 the outer cell wall composition 326:356 the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 326:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 0 33 theme conditions 17:26 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 0:137 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 2 34 from effect 294:299 arg1 composition 346:356 the outer cell wall composition 326:356 the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 326:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 2 35 theme cadmium 377:383 arg1 biosorption 385:395 cadmium biosorption 377:395 cadmium biosorption 377:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 0 36 theme growth 10:15 arg1 conditions 17:26 growth conditions 10:26 growth conditions 10:26 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 1 37 theme binding 257:263 arg1 sites 265:269 binding sites 257:269 binding sites 257:269 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 0 38 theme new 101:103 arg1 approach 105:112 A new approach 99:112 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 0:137 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 5 39 from absence 710:716 arg1 states 759:764 the light deprived states 740:764 the light deprived states 740:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 39 from absence 710:716 arg1 cultures 845:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 39 from absence 710:716 arg1 groups 874:879 amino groups 868:879 amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 868:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 40 theme amino 868:872 arg1 cultures 845:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 40 theme amino 868:872 arg1 groups 874:879 amino groups 868:879 amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 868:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 3 41 theme continuous 432:441 arg1 culture 443:449 continuous culture 432:449 continuous culture 432:449 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 0 42 theme cell 31:34 arg1 composition 41:51 cell wall composition 31:51 cell wall composition 31:51 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 0 43 theme biosorption 117:127 arg1 research 129:136 biosorption research 117:136 biosorption research 117:136 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 0 44 from adsorption 65:74 arg1 vulgaris 89:96 Chlorella vulgaris 79:96 Chlorella vulgaris 79:96 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 5 45 theme deprived 836:843 arg1 cultures 845:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 45 theme deprived 836:843 arg1 groups 874:879 amino groups 868:879 amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 868:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 2 46 theme vulgaris 364:371 arg1 composition 346:356 the outer cell wall composition 326:356 the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 326:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 5 47 theme deprived 750:757 arg1 states 759:764 the light deprived states 740:764 the light deprived states 740:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 4 48 theme Functional 526:535 arg1 groups 537:542 Functional groups 526:542 Functional groups 526:542 Functional groups were profiled using ATR-FTIR spectrometry, and total cadmium biosorption was assayed. 33450636 5 49 theme groups 813:818 arg1 absence 710:716 the absence 706:716 the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states 706:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 49 theme groups 813:818 arg1 number 779:784 a larger number 770:784 a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups 770:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 49 theme groups 813:818 arg1 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 4 50 theme cadmium 597:603 arg1 biosorption 605:615 total cadmium biosorption 591:615 total cadmium biosorption 591:615 Functional groups were profiled using ATR-FTIR spectrometry, and total cadmium biosorption was assayed. 33450636 6 51 theme Higher 930:935 arg1 biosorption 937:947 Higher biosorption 930:947 Higher biosorption 930:947 Higher biosorption was obtained with the nitrogen-restricted biomass, reaching a maximum of 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass, as compared to a minimum of 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass achieved in the light-restricted states. 33450636 7 52 theme enhanced 1254:1261 arg1 affinity 1270:1277 enhanced cation affinity 1254:1277 enhanced cation affinity 1254:1277 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 7 53 theme cation 1263:1268 arg1 affinity 1270:1277 enhanced cation affinity 1254:1277 enhanced cation affinity 1254:1277 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 8 54 theme hazardous 1497:1505 arg1 metals 1507:1512 hazardous metals 1497:1512 hazardous metals 1497:1512 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 6 55 theme light-restricted 1104:1119 arg1 states 1121:1126 the light-restricted states 1100:1126 the light-restricted states 1100:1126 Higher biosorption was obtained with the nitrogen-restricted biomass, reaching a maximum of 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass, as compared to a minimum of 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass achieved in the light-restricted states. 33450636 2 56 theme culture 304:310 arg1 conditions 312:321 culture conditions 304:321 culture conditions 304:321 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 0 57 theme wall 36:39 arg1 composition 41:51 cell wall composition 31:51 cell wall composition 31:51 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 7 58 theme deacetylated 1218:1229 arg1 groups 1237:1242 the deacetylated amino groups 1214:1242 the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity 1214:1277 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 8 59 theme new 1424:1426 arg1 approach 1428:1435 a new approach 1422:1435 a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals 1422:1512 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 3 60 dep rates 501:505 arg1 0.2 d-1 516:522 0.2 d-1 516:522 0.2 d-1 516:522 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 3 60 dep rates 501:505 arg1 0.4 508:510 0.4 508:510 0.4 508:510 The experiments were conducted in continuous culture under light and nitrogen limitation at two growth rates (0.4 and 0.2 d-1). 33450636 8 61 theme research 1455:1462 arg1 frontiers 1464:1472 new research frontiers 1451:1472 new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals 1451:1512 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 5 62 theme deacetylated 886:897 arg1 polysaccharides 913:927 deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 886:927 deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 886:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 4 63 theme ATR-FTIR 564:571 arg1 spectrometry 573:584 ATR-FTIR spectrometry 564:584 ATR-FTIR spectrometry 564:584 Functional groups were profiled using ATR-FTIR spectrometry, and total cadmium biosorption was assayed. 33450636 8 64 theme metals 1507:1512 arg1 biosorption 1482:1492 the biosorption 1478:1492 the biosorption of hazardous metals 1478:1512 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 8 65 theme wall 1343:1346 arg1 characteristics 1309:1323 the characteristics 1305:1323 the characteristics of the outer cell wall 1305:1346 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 7 66 contain have 1249:1252 arg2 affinity 1270:1277 enhanced cation affinity 1254:1277 enhanced cation affinity 1254:1277 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 7 66 contain have 1249:1252 arg1 groups 1237:1242 the deacetylated amino groups 1214:1242 the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity 1214:1277 The increased biosorption exhibited by nitrogen-restricted strains was attributed to the deacetylated amino groups that have enhanced cation affinity. 33450636 5 67 theme D-glucosamine 899:911 arg1 polysaccharides 913:927 deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 886:927 deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 886:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 68 from polysaccharides 913:927 arg1 cultures 845:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 the nitrogen deprived cultures 823:852 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 68 from polysaccharides 913:927 arg1 groups 874:879 amino groups 868:879 amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides 868:927 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 8 69 theme outer 1332:1336 arg1 wall 1343:1346 the outer cell wall 1328:1346 the outer cell wall 1328:1346 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 0 70 theme cadmium 57:63 arg1 adsorption 65:74 cadmium adsorption 57:74 cadmium adsorption 57:74 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 1 71 dep wall 226:229 arg1 groups 240:245 reactive groups 231:245 cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites 221:269 Biosorption of toxic metals in microalgae is a process relying on the presence of cell wall reactive groups acting as binding sites. 33450636 8 72 theme new 1451:1453 arg1 frontiers 1464:1472 new research frontiers 1451:1472 new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals 1451:1512 This work has shown that the characteristics of the outer cell wall can be engineered by culture conditions to improve biosorption, providing a new approach that opens up new research frontiers for the biosorption of hazardous metals. 33450636 2 73 theme biosorption 385:395 arg1 composition 346:356 the outer cell wall composition 326:356 the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 326:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 2 74 theme outer 330:334 arg1 composition 346:356 the outer cell wall composition 326:356 the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption 326:395 This work studied the effect of culture conditions on the outer cell wall composition of C. vulgaris and cadmium biosorption. 33450636 5 75 from differences 642:652 arg1 composition 657:667 composition 657:667 composition 657:667 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 76 theme groups 730:735 arg1 absence 710:716 the absence 706:716 the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states 706:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 76 theme groups 730:735 arg1 number 779:784 a larger number 770:784 a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups 770:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 76 theme groups 730:735 arg1 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 77 from states 759:764 arg1 absence 710:716 the absence 706:716 the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states 706:764 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 77 from states 759:764 arg1 number 779:784 a larger number 770:784 a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups 770:818 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 5 77 from states 759:764 arg1 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 salient 692:698 Significant differences in composition were attested the most salient being the absence of carboxyl groups in the light deprived states and a larger number of carbohydrates and amino groups in the nitrogen deprived cultures, particularly amino groups from deacetylated D-glucosamine polysaccharides. 33450636 0 78 dep Effect 0:5 arg1 approach 105:112 A new approach 99:112 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 0:137 Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research. 33450636 6 79 theme 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass 1022:1039 arg1 maximum 1011:1017 a maximum 1009:1017 a maximum of 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass 1009:1039 Higher biosorption was obtained with the nitrogen-restricted biomass, reaching a maximum of 11.9 mgCd/gbiomass, as compared to a minimum of 8.0 mgCd/gbiomass achieved in the light-restricted states. 33439867 4 0 theme polyphenolic 563:574 arg1 composition 576:586 the polyphenolic composition 559:586 the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction 559:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 5 1 theme cinnamon 941:948 arg1 fraction 950:957 the cinnamon fraction 937:957 the cinnamon fraction 937:957 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 9 2 theme in 1444:1445 arg1 study 1453:1457 this in vitro study 1439:1457 this in vitro study 1439:1457 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 5 3 theme macrophage 795:804 arg1 model 806:810 a macrophage model 793:810 a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli 793:922 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 5 4 used used 788:791 arg2 We 785:786 We 785:786 We 785:786 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 2 5 with endowed 247:253 arg1 capacity 262:269 a capacity 260:269 a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response 260:307 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 9 6 theme therapeutic 1505:1515 arg1 potential 1517:1525 a therapeutic potential 1503:1525 a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties 1503:1607 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 6 7 theme LPS-induced 1136:1146 arg1 activation 1154:1163 LPS-induced NF-κB activation 1136:1163 LPS-induced NF-κB activation 1136:1163 Evidence was brought that this inhibition of cytokine secretion may result from the ability of the fraction to prevent LPS-induced NF-κB activation. 33439867 9 8 theme cinnamon 1464:1471 arg1 fraction 1473:1480 the cinnamon fraction 1460:1480 the cinnamon fraction 1460:1480 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 9 9 theme due 1569:1571 arg1 diseases 1560:1567 periodontal diseases 1548:1567 periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties 1548:1607 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 5 10 theme TNF-α 1000:1004 arg1 secretion 1006:1014 IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion 984:1014 IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion 984:1014 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 9 11 theme study 1453:1457 arg1 limitations 1424:1434 the limitations 1420:1434 the limitations of this in vitro study 1420:1457 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 5 12 theme IL-8 990:993 arg1 secretion 1006:1014 IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion 984:1014 IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion 984:1014 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 4 13 dep flavonoids 643:652 arg1 flavan-3-ols 680:691 flavan-3-ols 680:691 flavan-3-ols 680:691 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 4 13 dep flavonoids 643:652 arg1 anthocyanins 666:677 anthocyanins 666:677 anthocyanins 666:677 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 4 13 dep flavonoids 643:652 arg1 flavonols 655:663 flavonols 655:663 flavonols 655:663 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 2 14 theme potential 325:333 arg1 compounds 237:245 Active compounds 230:245 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response 230:307 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 2 14 theme potential 325:333 arg1 agents 347:352 potential therapeutic agents 325:352 potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases 325:394 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 4 15 theme spectrometry 534:545 arg1 analyses 547:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses 509:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction 509:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 7 16 theme LPS 1216:1218 arg1 binding 1220:1226 LPS binding 1216:1226 LPS binding 1216:1226 We also showed that the cinnamon fraction reduces LPS binding to monocytes, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 8 17 theme natural 1390:1396 arg1 ligand 1405:1410 a natural PPAR-γ ligand 1388:1410 a natural PPAR-γ ligand 1388:1410 Lastly, using a competitor assay, it was found that the cinnamon fraction may represent a natural PPAR-γ ligand. 33439867 5 18 theme IL-6 984:987 arg1 secretion 1006:1014 IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion 984:1014 IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion 984:1014 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 3 19 theme cinnamon 490:497 arg1 fraction 499:506 a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 475:506 a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 475:506 The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction. 33439867 7 20 theme cinnamon 1190:1197 arg1 fraction 1199:1206 the cinnamon fraction 1186:1206 the cinnamon fraction 1186:1206 We also showed that the cinnamon fraction reduces LPS binding to monocytes, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 6 21 theme secretion 1071:1079 arg1 inhibition 1048:1057 this inhibition 1043:1057 this inhibition of cytokine secretion 1043:1079 Evidence was brought that this inhibition of cytokine secretion may result from the ability of the fraction to prevent LPS-induced NF-κB activation. 33439867 1 22 theme tooth-supporting 204:219 arg1 tissues 221:227 the tooth-supporting tissues 200:227 the tooth-supporting tissues 200:227 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 0 23 theme polyphenolic 2:13 arg1 fraction 24:31 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 0:31 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 0:31 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in a monocyte/macrophage model. 33439867 2 24 dep potential 325:333 arg1 therapeutic 335:345 therapeutic 335:345 therapeutic 335:345 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 1 25 theme Periodontal 103:113 arg1 diseases 115:122 Periodontal diseases 103:122 Periodontal diseases 103:122 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 1 25 theme Periodontal 103:113 arg1 disorders 158:166 bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders 128:166 bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues 128:227 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 1 26 theme tissues 221:227 arg1 destruction 185:195 the destruction 181:195 the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues 181:227 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 4 27 theme fraction 761:768 arg1 % 724:724 9.22% 720:724 9.22% 720:724 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 4 27 theme fraction 761:768 arg1 % 731:731 0.72% 727:731 0.72% 727:731 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 4 27 theme fraction 761:768 arg1 fraction 761:768 the cinnamon fraction 748:768 the cinnamon fraction 748:768 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 4 27 theme fraction 761:768 arg1 % 743:743 10.63% 738:743 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction 738:768 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 3 28 theme polyphenolic 477:488 arg1 fraction 499:506 a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 475:506 a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 475:506 The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction. 33439867 3 29 theme study 413:417 arg1 aim 401:403 The aim 397:403 The aim of this study 397:417 The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction. 33439867 4 30 theme phenolic 627:634 arg1 acids 636:640 phenolic acids 627:640 phenolic acids 627:640 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 8 31 theme cinnamon 1356:1363 arg1 fraction 1365:1372 the cinnamon fraction 1352:1372 the cinnamon fraction 1352:1372 Lastly, using a competitor assay, it was found that the cinnamon fraction may represent a natural PPAR-γ ligand. 33439867 6 32 theme fraction 1116:1123 arg1 ability 1101:1107 the ability 1097:1107 the ability of the fraction to prevent LPS-induced NF-κB activation 1097:1163 Evidence was brought that this inhibition of cytokine secretion may result from the ability of the fraction to prevent LPS-induced NF-κB activation. 33439867 0 33 theme cinnamon 15:22 arg1 fraction 24:31 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 0:31 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 0:31 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in a monocyte/macrophage model. 33439867 4 34 theme Chromatographic 509:523 arg1 analyses 547:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses 509:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction 509:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 1 35 theme bacteria-induced 128:143 arg1 diseases 115:122 Periodontal diseases 103:122 Periodontal diseases 103:122 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 1 35 theme bacteria-induced 128:143 arg1 disorders 158:166 bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders 128:166 bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues 128:227 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 9 36 theme diseases 1560:1567 arg1 treatment 1535:1543 the treatment 1531:1543 the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties 1531:1607 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 0 37 theme anti-inflammatory 42:58 arg1 properties 60:69 anti-inflammatory properties 42:69 anti-inflammatory properties 42:69 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in a monocyte/macrophage model. 33439867 9 38 theme periodontal 1548:1558 arg1 diseases 1560:1567 periodontal diseases 1548:1567 periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties 1548:1607 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 4 39 theme fraction 604:611 arg1 composition 576:586 the polyphenolic composition 559:586 the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction 559:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 4 40 theme mass 529:532 arg1 analyses 547:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses 509:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction 509:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 8 41 theme competitor 1316:1325 arg1 assay 1327:1331 a competitor assay 1314:1331 a competitor assay 1314:1331 Lastly, using a competitor assay, it was found that the cinnamon fraction may represent a natural PPAR-γ ligand. 33439867 4 42 theme cinnamon 595:602 arg1 fraction 604:611 the cinnamon fraction 591:611 the cinnamon fraction 591:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 8 43 theme PPAR-γ 1398:1403 arg1 ligand 1405:1410 a natural PPAR-γ ligand 1388:1410 a natural PPAR-γ ligand 1388:1410 Lastly, using a competitor assay, it was found that the cinnamon fraction may represent a natural PPAR-γ ligand. 33439867 1 44 theme inflammatory 145:156 arg1 diseases 115:122 Periodontal diseases 103:122 Periodontal diseases 103:122 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 1 44 theme inflammatory 145:156 arg1 disorders 158:166 bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders 128:166 bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues 128:227 Periodontal diseases are bacteria-induced inflammatory disorders that lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. 33439867 3 45 theme anti-inflammatory 443:459 arg1 properties 461:470 the anti-inflammatory properties 439:470 the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 439:506 The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction. 33439867 2 46 theme diseases 387:394 arg1 treatment 362:370 the treatment 358:370 the treatment of periodontal diseases 358:394 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 2 47 theme periodontal 375:385 arg1 diseases 387:394 periodontal diseases 375:394 periodontal diseases 375:394 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 2 48 dep compounds 237:245 arg1 endowed 247:253 endowed 247:253 endowed 247:253 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 9 49 theme anti-inflammatory 1580:1596 arg1 properties 1598:1607 its anti-inflammatory properties 1576:1607 its anti-inflammatory properties 1576:1607 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 9 50 dep in 1444:1445 arg1 vitro 1447:1451 vitro 1447:1451 vitro 1447:1451 Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the cinnamon fraction was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential for the treatment of periodontal diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 4 51 theme cinnamon 752:759 arg1 fraction 761:768 the cinnamon fraction 748:768 the cinnamon fraction 748:768 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 0 52 theme monocyte/macrophage 76:94 arg1 model 96:100 a monocyte/macrophage model 74:100 a monocyte/macrophage model 74:100 A polyphenolic cinnamon fraction exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in a monocyte/macrophage model. 33439867 2 53 theme Active 230:235 arg1 compounds 237:245 Active compounds 230:245 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response 230:307 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 2 53 theme Active 230:235 arg1 agents 347:352 potential therapeutic agents 325:352 potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases 325:394 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 2 54 theme inflammatory 287:298 arg1 response 300:307 the inflammatory response 283:307 the inflammatory response 283:307 Active compounds endowed with a capacity to regulate the inflammatory response are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases. 33439867 3 55 theme fraction 499:506 arg1 properties 461:470 the anti-inflammatory properties 439:470 the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction 439:506 The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenolic cinnamon fraction. 33439867 6 56 theme cytokine 1062:1069 arg1 secretion 1071:1079 cytokine secretion 1062:1079 cytokine secretion 1062:1079 Evidence was brought that this inhibition of cytokine secretion may result from the ability of the fraction to prevent LPS-induced NF-κB activation. 33439867 7 57 theme anti-inflammatory 1270:1286 arg1 properties 1288:1297 its anti-inflammatory properties 1266:1297 its anti-inflammatory properties 1266:1297 We also showed that the cinnamon fraction reduces LPS binding to monocytes, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. 33439867 4 58 theme composition 576:586 arg1 analyses 547:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses 509:554 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction 509:611 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the polyphenolic composition of the cinnamon fraction revealed that phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols), and procyanidins make up 9.22%, 0.72%, and 10.63% of the cinnamon fraction, respectively. 33439867 5 59 dep Aggregatibacter 866:880 arg1 actinomycetemcomitans 882:902 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 866:902 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 866:902 We used a macrophage model stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli to show that the cinnamon fraction dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. 33439867 6 60 theme NF-κB 1148:1152 arg1 activation 1154:1163 LPS-induced NF-κB activation 1136:1163 LPS-induced NF-κB activation 1136:1163 Evidence was brought that this inhibition of cytokine secretion may result from the ability of the fraction to prevent LPS-induced NF-κB activation. 34777289 2 0 theme gene 724:727 arg1 profile 740:746 gene expression profile 724:746 gene expression profile 724:746 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 1 1 theme host-relevant 166:178 arg1 conditions 180:189 host-relevant conditions 166:189 host-relevant conditions 166:189 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 1 2 theme persistent 270:279 arg1 population 297:306 this persistent, drug-tolerant, population 265:306 population 297:306 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 0 3 theme Fibrosis 79:86 arg1 Medium 88:93 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium 62:93 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium 62:93 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms Formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium. 34777289 2 4 theme standard 667:674 arg1 media 687:691 standard laboratory media 667:691 standard laboratory media 667:691 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 4 5 contain had 1073:1075 arg1 None 992:995 None 992:995 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development 992:1071 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 4 5 contain had 1073:1075 arg2 effect 1093:1098 any significant effect 1077:1098 any significant effect 1077:1098 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 4 6 theme significant 1081:1091 arg1 effect 1093:1098 any significant effect 1077:1098 any significant effect 1077:1098 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 5 7 with persons 1423:1429 arg1 CF 1436:1437 CF 1436:1437 CF 1436:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 2 8 theme formation 527:535 arg1 sputum 493:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 8 theme formation 527:535 arg1 model 510:514 a new model 504:514 a new model of biofilm formation 504:535 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 4 9 theme nutrient-rich 1171:1183 arg1 environment 1185:1195 a nutrient-rich environment 1169:1195 a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses 1169:1258 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 4 9 theme nutrient-rich 1171:1183 arg1 SCFM 1161:1164 SCFM 1161:1164 SCFM 1161:1164 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 2 10 theme biofilm 519:525 arg1 formation 527:535 biofilm formation 519:535 biofilm formation 519:535 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 3 11 theme bacilli 974:980 arg1 clusters 962:969 clusters 962:969 clusters of bacilli 962:980 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 12 theme extracellular 914:926 arg1 ECM 936:938 ECM 936:938 ECM 936:938 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 12 theme extracellular 914:926 arg1 matrix 928:933 extracellular matrix 914:933 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 13 theme key 910:912 arg1 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 13 theme key 910:912 arg1 glycans 826:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 13 theme key 910:912 arg1 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 13 theme key 910:912 arg1 DNA 783:785 Extracellular DNA 769:785 Extracellular DNA (eDNA) 769:792 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 13 theme key 910:912 arg1 constituents 941:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 2 14 theme reported 640:647 arg1 biofilms 649:656 previously reported biofilms 629:656 previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response 629:766 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 3 15 theme matrix 928:933 arg1 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 15 theme matrix 928:933 arg1 glycans 826:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 15 theme matrix 928:933 arg1 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 15 theme matrix 928:933 arg1 DNA 783:785 Extracellular DNA 769:785 Extracellular DNA (eDNA) 769:792 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 15 theme matrix 928:933 arg1 constituents 941:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 4 16 theme cues 1018:1021 arg1 None 992:995 None 992:995 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development 992:1071 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 4 17 theme environmental 1004:1016 arg1 cues 1018:1021 the environmental cues 1000:1021 the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development 1000:1071 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 2 18 theme actual 465:470 arg1 sputum 493:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 19 theme response 759:766 arg1 terms 696:700 terms 696:700 terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response 696:766 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 20 theme cystic 472:477 arg1 sputum 493:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 21 theme new 506:508 arg1 model 510:514 a new model 504:514 a new model of biofilm formation 504:535 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 22 theme cystic 350:355 arg1 fibrosis 357:364 synthetic cystic fibrosis 340:364 synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation 340:535 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 23 theme stress 752:757 arg1 response 759:766 stress response 752:766 stress response 752:766 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 0 24 theme Unique 0:5 arg1 Features 7:14 Unique Features 0:14 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms 0:50 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms Formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium. 34777289 5 25 theme adjunct 1374:1380 arg1 therapeutics 1382:1393 adjunct therapeutics 1374:1393 adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF 1374:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 4 26 theme ways 1231:1234 arg1 ways 1231:1234 ways 1231:1234 ways of coping with stresses 1231:1258 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 4 26 theme ways 1231:1234 arg1 variety 1220:1226 a variety 1218:1226 a variety of ways of coping with stresses 1218:1258 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 2 27 theme synthetic 340:348 arg1 fibrosis 357:364 synthetic cystic fibrosis 340:364 synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation 340:535 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 4 28 theme biofilm 1053:1059 arg1 development 1061:1071 impact biofilm development 1046:1071 impact biofilm development 1046:1071 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 3 29 theme Extracellular 769:781 arg1 glycans 826:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 29 theme Extracellular 769:781 arg1 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 29 theme Extracellular 769:781 arg1 DNA 783:785 Extracellular DNA 769:785 Extracellular DNA (eDNA) 769:792 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 29 theme Extracellular 769:781 arg1 constituents 941:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 29 theme Extracellular 769:781 arg1 eDNA 788:791 eDNA 788:791 eDNA 788:791 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 29 theme Extracellular 769:781 arg1 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 2 30 theme laboratory 676:685 arg1 media 687:691 standard laboratory media 667:691 standard laboratory media 667:691 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 1 31 theme Mycobacterium 111:123 arg1 MABSC 144:148 MABSC 144:148 MABSC 144:148 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 1 31 theme Mycobacterium 111:123 arg1 complex 135:141 Mycobacterium abscessus complex 111:141 Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms 111:158 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 4 32 theme coping 1239:1244 arg1 ways 1231:1234 ways 1231:1234 ways of coping with stresses 1231:1258 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 4 33 theme impact 1046:1051 arg1 development 1061:1071 impact biofilm development 1046:1071 impact biofilm development 1046:1071 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 1 34 theme extracellular 311:323 arg1 bacilli 325:331 extracellular bacilli 311:331 extracellular bacilli 311:331 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 1 35 theme abscessus 125:133 arg1 MABSC 144:148 MABSC 144:148 MABSC 144:148 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 1 35 theme abscessus 125:133 arg1 complex 135:141 Mycobacterium abscessus complex 111:141 Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms 111:158 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 5 36 theme attractive 1328:1337 arg1 targets 1343:1349 attractive new targets 1328:1349 attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF 1328:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 0 37 theme Biofilms 43:50 arg1 Features 7:14 Unique Features 0:14 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms 0:50 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms Formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium. 34777289 1 38 theme bacilli 325:331 arg1 population 297:306 this persistent, drug-tolerant, population 265:306 population 297:306 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 5 39 theme new 1339:1341 arg1 targets 1343:1349 attractive new targets 1328:1349 attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF 1328:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 1 40 theme informed 221:228 arg1 strategies 242:251 informed therapeutic strategies 221:251 informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli 221:331 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 0 41 theme abscessus 33:41 arg1 Biofilms 43:50 Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms 19:50 Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms 19:50 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms Formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium. 34777289 2 42 theme CF 489:490 arg1 sputum 493:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 4 43 with coping 1239:1244 arg1 stresses 1251:1258 stresses 1251:1258 stresses 1251:1258 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 5 44 theme MABSC 1405:1409 arg1 biofilms 1411:1418 MABSC biofilms 1405:1418 MABSC biofilms in persons with CF 1405:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 1 45 theme therapeutic 230:240 arg1 strategies 242:251 informed therapeutic strategies 221:251 informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli 221:331 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 5 46 from biofilms 1411:1418 arg1 persons 1423:1429 persons 1423:1429 persons with CF 1423:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 5 47 theme therapeutics 1382:1393 arg1 development 1359:1369 the development 1355:1369 the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF 1355:1437 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 2 48 theme composition 711:721 arg1 terms 696:700 terms 696:700 terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response 696:766 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 1 49 theme complex 135:141 arg1 biofilms 151:158 Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms 111:158 Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms 111:158 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 2 50 theme fibrosis 479:486 arg1 sputum 493:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum 465:498 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 51 from biofilms 649:656 arg1 different 614:622 different 614:622 different 614:622 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 3 52 theme mycolic 878:884 arg1 acids 886:890 mycolic acids 878:890 mycolic acids 878:890 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 1 53 theme strategies 242:251 arg1 design 211:216 the design 207:216 the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli 207:331 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 2 54 theme MABSC 551:555 arg1 biofilms 557:564 MABSC biofilms 551:564 MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions 551:594 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 1 55 dep persistent 270:279 arg1 drug-tolerant 282:294 drug-tolerant 282:294 drug-tolerant 282:294 Characterizing Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilms under host-relevant conditions is essential to the design of informed therapeutic strategies targeted to this persistent, drug-tolerant, population of extracellular bacilli. 34777289 2 56 theme fibrosis 357:364 arg1 SCFM 374:377 SCFM 374:377 SCFM 374:377 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 2 56 theme fibrosis 357:364 arg1 medium 366:371 synthetic cystic fibrosis medium 340:371 synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation 340:535 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 0 57 theme Cystic 72:77 arg1 Fibrosis 79:86 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis 62:86 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium 62:93 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms Formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium. 34777289 5 58 theme molecular 1270:1278 arg1 determinants 1280:1291 molecular determinants 1270:1291 molecular determinants 1270:1291 Finally, molecular determinants were identified that may represent attractive new targets for the development of adjunct therapeutics targeting MABSC biofilms in persons with CF. 34777289 2 59 theme profile 740:746 arg1 terms 696:700 terms 696:700 terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response 696:766 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 4 60 theme SCFM-grown 1103:1112 arg1 biofilms 1114:1121 SCFM-grown biofilms 1103:1121 SCFM-grown biofilms 1103:1121 None of the environmental cues previously reported to impact biofilm development had any significant effect on SCFM-grown biofilms, most likely reflecting the fact that SCFM is a nutrient-rich environment in which MABSC finds a variety of ways of coping with stresses. 34777289 0 61 theme Synthetic 62:70 arg1 Fibrosis 79:86 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis 62:86 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium 62:93 Unique Features of Mycobacterium abscessus Biofilms Formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium. 34777289 2 62 theme expression 729:738 arg1 profile 740:746 gene expression profile 724:746 gene expression profile 724:746 Using synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) which we previously reported to closely mimic the conditions encountered by MABSC in actual cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and a new model of biofilm formation, we show that MABSC biofilms formed under these conditions are substantially different from previously reported biofilms grown in standard laboratory media in terms of their composition, gene expression profile and stress response. 34777289 3 63 theme glucose-containing 807:824 arg1 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 63 theme glucose-containing 807:824 arg1 glycans 826:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 63 theme glucose-containing 807:824 arg1 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 63 theme glucose-containing 807:824 arg1 DNA 783:785 Extracellular DNA 769:785 Extracellular DNA (eDNA) 769:792 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 63 theme glucose-containing 807:824 arg1 constituents 941:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 64 theme mannose-and 795:805 arg1 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 phospholipids 838:850 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 64 theme mannose-and 795:805 arg1 glycans 826:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 mannose-and glucose-containing glycans 795:832 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 64 theme mannose-and 795:805 arg1 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 proteins 865:872 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 64 theme mannose-and 795:805 arg1 DNA 783:785 Extracellular DNA 769:785 Extracellular DNA (eDNA) 769:792 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34777289 3 64 theme mannose-and 795:805 arg1 constituents 941:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents 910:952 Extracellular DNA (eDNA), mannose-and glucose-containing glycans and phospholipids, rather than proteins and mycolic acids, were revealed as key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents holding clusters of bacilli together. 34833306 6 0 theme major 898:902 arg1 collagen 923:930 collagen 923:930 collagen 923:930 Firstly, the major components such as collagen or vitamins were removed to obtain polysaccharide fractions by the enzymatic treatment and/or washing out with the appropriate solvents. 34833306 6 0 theme major 898:902 arg1 vitamins 935:942 vitamins 935:942 vitamins 935:942 Firstly, the major components such as collagen or vitamins were removed to obtain polysaccharide fractions by the enzymatic treatment and/or washing out with the appropriate solvents. 34833306 6 0 theme major 898:902 arg1 components 904:913 the major components 894:913 the major components such as collagen or vitamins 894:942 Firstly, the major components such as collagen or vitamins were removed to obtain polysaccharide fractions by the enzymatic treatment and/or washing out with the appropriate solvents. 34833306 10 1 theme purified 1409:1416 arg1 fractions 1418:1426 the purified fractions 1405:1426 the purified fractions 1405:1426 The amount of hyaluronic acid in the purified fractions was determined in three ways: gravimetrically, spectrophotometrically, and using isotachophoresis. 34833306 2 2 theme food 341:344 arg1 supplements 346:356 many food supplements 336:356 many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health 336:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 1 3 theme many 240:243 arg1 preparations 263:274 many cosmetic and food preparations 240:274 many cosmetic and food preparations 240:274 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 11 4 theme composition 1640:1650 arg1 evaluation 1617:1626 the successful evaluation 1602:1626 the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples 1602:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 2 5 theme many 336:339 arg1 supplements 346:356 many food supplements 336:356 many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health 336:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 1 6 theme cosmetic 245:252 arg1 preparations 263:274 many cosmetic and food preparations 240:274 many cosmetic and food preparations 240:274 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 11 7 theme appropriate 1550:1560 arg1 steps 1589:1593 the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1546:1593 the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1546:1593 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 7 8 theme water 1088:1092 arg1 part 1104:1107 the water insoluble part 1084:1107 the water insoluble part 1084:1107 In some cases, the water insoluble part was removed from the rest dissolved in water. 34833306 3 9 theme supplements 485:495 arg1 composition 449:459 the chemical composition 436:459 the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid 436:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 11 10 from acid 1694:1697 arg1 samples 1718:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 6 11 theme polysaccharide 967:980 arg1 fractions 982:990 polysaccharide fractions 967:990 polysaccharide fractions 967:990 Firstly, the major components such as collagen or vitamins were removed to obtain polysaccharide fractions by the enzymatic treatment and/or washing out with the appropriate solvents. 34833306 11 12 theme preparative 1562:1572 arg1 steps 1589:1593 the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1546:1593 the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1546:1593 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 7 13 theme insoluble 1094:1102 arg1 part 1104:1107 the water insoluble part 1084:1107 the water insoluble part 1084:1107 In some cases, the water insoluble part was removed from the rest dissolved in water. 34833306 3 14 theme chosen 470:475 arg1 supplements 485:495 three chosen dietary supplements 464:495 three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid 464:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 1 15 theme food 258:261 arg1 preparations 263:274 many cosmetic and food preparations 240:274 many cosmetic and food preparations 240:274 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 11 16 theme acid 1694:1697 arg1 finding 1653:1659 finding 1653:1659 finding 1653:1659 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 16 theme acid 1694:1697 arg1 composition 1640:1650 chemical composition 1631:1650 chemical composition 1631:1650 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 16 theme acid 1694:1697 arg1 quantification 1665:1678 quantification 1665:1678 quantification 1665:1678 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 0 17 from Identification 42:55 arg1 Food 79:82 Food 79:82 Food 79:82 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 7 18 attach removed 1113:1119 arg1 rest 1130:1133 the rest 1126:1133 the rest dissolved in water 1126:1152 In some cases, the water insoluble part was removed from the rest dissolved in water. 34833306 7 18 attach removed 1113:1119 arg2 part 1104:1107 the water insoluble part 1084:1107 the water insoluble part 1084:1107 In some cases, the water insoluble part was removed from the rest dissolved in water. 34833306 8 19 theme hyaluronic 1161:1170 arg1 acid 1172:1175 hyaluronic acid 1161:1175 hyaluronic acid 1161:1175 Then, hyaluronic acid was precipitated with copper(II) cations and thus separated from the other polysaccharides. 34833306 2 20 used used 313:316 arg2 polysaccharide 295:308 this polysaccharide 290:308 this polysaccharide 290:308 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 10 21 theme hyaluronic 1386:1395 arg1 acid 1397:1400 hyaluronic acid 1386:1400 hyaluronic acid 1386:1400 The amount of hyaluronic acid in the purified fractions was determined in three ways: gravimetrically, spectrophotometrically, and using isotachophoresis. 34833306 4 22 from amount 637:642 arg1 samples 668:674 all these samples 658:674 all these samples 658:674 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 2 23 theme due 358:360 arg1 supplements 346:356 many food supplements 336:356 many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health 336:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 0 24 from Composition 26:36 arg1 Food 79:82 Food 79:82 Food 79:82 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 4 25 theme low 633:635 arg1 amount 637:642 the low amount 629:642 the low amount of analyte in all these samples 629:674 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 4 25 theme low 633:635 arg1 analyte 647:653 analyte 647:653 analyte 647:653 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 4 26 theme analyte 647:653 arg1 amount 637:642 the low amount 629:642 the low amount of analyte in all these samples 629:674 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 4 26 theme analyte 647:653 arg1 analyte 647:653 analyte 647:653 analyte 647:653 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 5 27 theme Individual 783:792 arg1 procedures 804:813 Individual isolation procedures 783:813 Individual isolation procedures 783:813 Individual isolation procedures were established for each sample based on their declared composition. 34833306 1 28 theme preparations 263:274 arg1 part 232:235 a part 230:235 a part of many cosmetic and food preparations 230:274 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 1 28 theme preparations 263:274 arg1 acid 169:172 Hyaluronic acid 158:172 Hyaluronic acid 158:172 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 1 28 theme preparations 263:274 arg1 collagen 189:196 collagen 189:196 collagen 189:196 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 1 29 dep together 175:182 arg1 with 184:187 with 184:187 with 184:187 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 10 30 theme acid 1397:1400 arg1 amount 1376:1381 The amount 1372:1381 The amount of hyaluronic acid in the purified fractions 1372:1426 The amount of hyaluronic acid in the purified fractions was determined in three ways: gravimetrically, spectrophotometrically, and using isotachophoresis. 34833306 10 30 theme acid 1397:1400 arg1 acid 1397:1400 hyaluronic acid 1386:1400 hyaluronic acid 1386:1400 The amount of hyaluronic acid in the purified fractions was determined in three ways: gravimetrically, spectrophotometrically, and using isotachophoresis. 34833306 6 31 theme appropriate 1047:1057 arg1 solvents 1059:1066 the appropriate solvents 1043:1066 the appropriate solvents 1043:1066 Firstly, the major components such as collagen or vitamins were removed to obtain polysaccharide fractions by the enzymatic treatment and/or washing out with the appropriate solvents. 34833306 0 32 theme Chemical 17:24 arg1 Composition 26:36 Chemical Composition 17:36 Chemical Composition 17:36 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 0 33 theme Infrared 135:142 arg1 Spectroscopy 144:155 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 117:155 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 117:155 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 8 34 theme other 1246:1250 arg1 polysaccharides 1252:1266 the other polysaccharides 1242:1266 the other polysaccharides 1242:1266 Then, hyaluronic acid was precipitated with copper(II) cations and thus separated from the other polysaccharides. 34833306 3 35 dep supplements 485:495 arg1 powder 498:503 powder 498:503 powder 498:503 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 3 36 theme hyaluronic 539:548 arg1 acid 550:553 hyaluronic acid 539:553 hyaluronic acid 539:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 0 37 theme Fourier-Transform 117:133 arg1 Spectroscopy 144:155 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 117:155 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 117:155 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 0 38 from Food 79:82 arg1 Identification 42:55 Identification 42:55 Identification 42:55 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 0 38 from Food 79:82 arg1 Composition 26:36 Chemical Composition 17:36 Chemical Composition 17:36 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 3 39 theme dietary 477:483 arg1 supplements 485:495 three chosen dietary supplements 464:495 three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid 464:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 11 40 from samples 1718:1724 arg1 finding 1653:1659 finding 1653:1659 finding 1653:1659 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 40 from samples 1718:1724 arg1 composition 1640:1650 chemical composition 1631:1650 chemical composition 1631:1650 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 40 from samples 1718:1724 arg1 quantification 1665:1678 quantification 1665:1678 quantification 1665:1678 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 1 41 theme plant 211:215 arg1 extracts 217:224 plant extracts 211:224 plant extracts 211:224 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 3 42 contain containing 528:537 arg2 acid 550:553 hyaluronic acid 539:553 hyaluronic acid 539:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 3 42 contain containing 528:537 arg1 supplements 485:495 three chosen dietary supplements 464:495 three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid 464:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 2 43 theme human 391:395 arg1 health 397:402 human health 391:402 human health 391:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 0 44 theme Composition 26:36 arg1 Screening 0:8 Screening 0:8 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food 0:82 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 9 45 theme enriched 1312:1319 arg1 fractions 1321:1329 the enriched fractions 1308:1329 the enriched fractions 1308:1329 Finally, the analyte was identified in the enriched fractions by the characteristic vibrational bands. 34833306 11 46 from quantification 1665:1678 arg1 samples 1718:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 0 47 from Acid 71:74 arg1 Food 79:82 Food 79:82 Food 79:82 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 5 48 theme isolation 794:802 arg1 procedures 804:813 Individual isolation procedures 783:813 Individual isolation procedures 783:813 Individual isolation procedures were established for each sample based on their declared composition. 34833306 11 49 theme analytical 1578:1587 arg1 steps 1589:1593 the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1546:1593 the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1546:1593 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 8 50 theme copper 1199:1204 arg1 cations 1210:1216 copper(II) cations 1199:1216 copper(II) cations 1199:1216 Then, hyaluronic acid was precipitated with copper(II) cations and thus separated from the other polysaccharides. 34833306 5 51 theme declared 863:870 arg1 composition 872:882 their declared composition 857:882 their declared composition 857:882 Individual isolation procedures were established for each sample based on their declared composition. 34833306 11 52 theme hyaluronic 1683:1692 arg1 acid 1694:1697 hyaluronic acid 1683:1697 hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples 1683:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 53 theme steps 1589:1593 arg1 combination 1531:1541 The combination 1527:1541 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps 1527:1593 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 3 54 dep powder 498:503 arg1 tablets 506:512 tablets 506:512 tablets 506:512 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 3 54 dep powder 498:503 arg1 capsules 518:525 capsules 518:525 capsules 518:525 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 0 55 theme Identification 42:55 arg1 Screening 0:8 Screening 0:8 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food 0:82 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 11 56 theme studied 1710:1716 arg1 samples 1718:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 0 57 dep Composition 26:36 arg1 the 13:15 the 13:15 the 13:15 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 2 58 from effects 380:386 arg1 health 397:402 human health 391:402 human health 391:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 11 59 from finding 1653:1659 arg1 samples 1718:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 all the studied samples 1702:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 4 60 theme fractionation 759:771 arg1 protocol 773:780 a suitable sequential fractionation protocol 737:780 a suitable sequential fractionation protocol 737:780 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 4 61 theme sequential 748:757 arg1 protocol 773:780 a suitable sequential fractionation protocol 737:780 a suitable sequential fractionation protocol 737:780 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 3 62 theme infrared 595:602 arg1 spectroscopy 604:615 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 577:615 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 577:615 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 3 63 theme chemical 440:447 arg1 composition 449:459 the chemical composition 436:459 the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid 436:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 10 64 from amount 1376:1381 arg1 fractions 1418:1426 the purified fractions 1405:1426 the purified fractions 1405:1426 The amount of hyaluronic acid in the purified fractions was determined in three ways: gravimetrically, spectrophotometrically, and using isotachophoresis. 34833306 9 65 theme characteristic 1338:1351 arg1 bands 1365:1369 the characteristic vibrational bands 1334:1369 the characteristic vibrational bands 1334:1369 Finally, the analyte was identified in the enriched fractions by the characteristic vibrational bands. 34833306 4 66 theme suitable 739:746 arg1 protocol 773:780 a suitable sequential fractionation protocol 737:780 a suitable sequential fractionation protocol 737:780 Because of the low amount of analyte in all these samples, it was isolated or concentrated prior to the analysis using a suitable sequential fractionation protocol. 34833306 3 67 theme composition 449:459 arg1 screening 423:431 the screening 419:431 the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid 419:553 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 9 68 theme vibrational 1353:1363 arg1 bands 1365:1369 the characteristic vibrational bands 1334:1369 the characteristic vibrational bands 1334:1369 Finally, the analyte was identified in the enriched fractions by the characteristic vibrational bands. 34833306 0 69 theme Acid 71:74 arg1 Identification 42:55 Identification 42:55 Identification 42:55 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 0 69 theme Acid 71:74 arg1 Composition 26:36 Chemical Composition 17:36 Chemical Composition 17:36 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 11 70 theme successful 1606:1615 arg1 evaluation 1617:1626 the successful evaluation 1602:1626 the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples 1602:1724 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 1 71 theme Hyaluronic 158:167 arg1 part 232:235 a part 230:235 a part of many cosmetic and food preparations 230:274 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 1 71 theme Hyaluronic 158:167 arg1 acid 169:172 Hyaluronic acid 158:172 Hyaluronic acid 158:172 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 1 71 theme Hyaluronic 158:167 arg1 collagen 189:196 collagen 189:196 collagen 189:196 Hyaluronic acid, together with collagen, vitamins or plant extracts, is a part of many cosmetic and food preparations. 34833306 2 72 theme protective 369:378 arg1 effects 380:386 its protective effects 365:386 its protective effects on human health 365:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 34833306 6 73 theme enzymatic 999:1007 arg1 treatment 1009:1017 the enzymatic treatment 995:1017 the enzymatic treatment 995:1017 Firstly, the major components such as collagen or vitamins were removed to obtain polysaccharide fractions by the enzymatic treatment and/or washing out with the appropriate solvents. 34833306 0 74 theme Hyaluronic 60:69 arg1 Acid 71:74 Hyaluronic Acid 60:74 Hyaluronic Acid in Food 60:82 Screening of the Chemical Composition and Identification of Hyaluronic Acid in Food Supplements by Fractionation and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 34833306 11 75 theme chemical 1631:1638 arg1 finding 1653:1659 finding 1653:1659 finding 1653:1659 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 75 theme chemical 1631:1638 arg1 composition 1640:1650 chemical composition 1631:1650 chemical composition 1631:1650 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 11 75 theme chemical 1631:1638 arg1 quantification 1665:1678 quantification 1665:1678 quantification 1665:1678 The combination of the appropriate preparative and analytical steps led to the successful evaluation of chemical composition, finding and quantification of hyaluronic acid in all the studied samples. 34833306 3 76 theme Fourier-transform 577:593 arg1 spectroscopy 604:615 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 577:615 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 577:615 In this work, the screening of the chemical composition of three chosen dietary supplements (powder, tablets and capsules) containing hyaluronic acid was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. 34833306 8 77 with precipitated 1181:1192 arg1 cations 1210:1216 copper(II) cations 1199:1216 copper(II) cations 1199:1216 Then, hyaluronic acid was precipitated with copper(II) cations and thus separated from the other polysaccharides. 34833306 2 78 theme supplements 346:356 arg1 formulation 321:331 formulation 321:331 formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health 321:402 For example, this polysaccharide is used in formulation of many food supplements due to its protective effects on human health. 35478822 0 0 theme Aconitum 75:82 arg1 Debx 96:99 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 75:99 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 75:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 14 1 theme optimized 1480:1488 arg1 conditions 1501:1510 The optimized extraction conditions 1476:1510 The optimized extraction conditions 1476:1510 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 2 theme extraction 1521:1530 arg1 temperature 1532:1542 an extraction temperature 1518:1542 an extraction temperature of 90 °C 1518:1551 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 11 3 from effect 1211:1216 arg1 properties 1247:1256 the properties 1243:1256 the properties of PTXP 1243:1264 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 14 4 theme °C 1550:1551 arg1 ratio 1594:1598 solid-liquid ratio 1581:1598 solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1581:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 4 theme °C 1550:1551 arg1 number 1624:1629 number 1624:1629 number of extractions of 2 1624:1649 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 4 theme °C 1550:1551 arg1 temperature 1532:1542 an extraction temperature 1518:1542 an extraction temperature of 90 °C 1518:1551 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 4 theme °C 1550:1551 arg1 time 1565:1568 extraction time 1554:1568 extraction time of 2.17 h 1554:1578 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 5 5 theme hot 576:578 arg1 HWE 598:600 HWE 598:600 HWE 598:600 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 5 5 theme hot 576:578 arg1 extraction 586:595 hot water extraction 576:595 hot water extraction (HWE) 576:601 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 14 6 theme extractions 1634:1644 arg1 ratio 1594:1598 solid-liquid ratio 1581:1598 solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1581:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 6 theme extractions 1634:1644 arg1 number 1624:1629 number 1624:1629 number of extractions of 2 1624:1649 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 6 theme extractions 1634:1644 arg1 temperature 1532:1542 an extraction temperature 1518:1542 an extraction temperature of 90 °C 1518:1551 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 6 theme extractions 1634:1644 arg1 time 1565:1568 extraction time 1554:1568 extraction time of 2.17 h 1554:1578 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 0 7 theme Debx 96:99 arg1 product 64:70 a processed product 52:70 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 52:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 0 8 from Study 0:4 arg1 methods 20:26 extraction methods 9:26 extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 9:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 11 9 theme PTXP 1261:1264 arg1 properties 1247:1256 the properties 1243:1256 the properties of PTXP 1243:1264 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 5 10 theme water 580:584 arg1 HWE 598:600 HWE 598:600 HWE 598:600 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 5 10 theme water 580:584 arg1 extraction 586:595 hot water extraction 576:595 hot water extraction (HWE) 576:601 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 0 11 theme carmichaeli 84:94 arg1 Debx 96:99 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 75:99 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 75:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 14 12 dep were 1512:1515 arg1 ratio 1594:1598 solid-liquid ratio 1581:1598 solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1581:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 12 dep were 1512:1515 arg1 number 1624:1629 number 1624:1629 number of extractions of 2 1624:1649 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 12 dep were 1512:1515 arg1 temperature 1532:1542 an extraction temperature 1518:1542 an extraction temperature of 90 °C 1518:1551 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 12 dep were 1512:1515 arg1 time 1565:1568 extraction time 1554:1568 extraction time of 2.17 h 1554:1578 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 13 theme extraction 1554:1563 arg1 time 1565:1568 extraction time 1554:1568 extraction time of 2.17 h 1554:1578 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 12 14 theme extraction 1375:1384 arg1 method 1386:1391 the best extraction method 1366:1391 the best extraction method of PTXP 1366:1399 Therefore, HWE was considered to be the best extraction method of PTXP. 35478822 12 14 theme extraction 1375:1384 arg1 HWE 1341:1343 HWE 1341:1343 HWE 1341:1343 Therefore, HWE was considered to be the best extraction method of PTXP. 35478822 4 15 theme PTXP 439:442 arg1 methods 428:434 the extraction methods 413:434 the extraction methods of PTXP 413:442 To develop and utilize PTXP better, it is of great significance to study the extraction methods of PTXP. 35478822 2 16 dep polysaccharide 208:221 arg1 with 203:206 with 203:206 with 203:206 with polysaccharide as the main ingredient. 35478822 12 17 theme PTXP 1396:1399 arg1 method 1386:1391 the best extraction method 1366:1391 the best extraction method of PTXP 1366:1399 Therefore, HWE was considered to be the best extraction method of PTXP. 35478822 12 17 theme PTXP 1396:1399 arg1 HWE 1341:1343 HWE 1341:1343 HWE 1341:1343 Therefore, HWE was considered to be the best extraction method of PTXP. 35478822 1 18 theme processed 155:163 arg1 product 165:171 a processed product 153:171 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 153:200 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 1 18 theme processed 155:163 arg1 medicine 122:129 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 14 19 theme extraction 1490:1499 arg1 conditions 1501:1510 The optimized extraction conditions 1476:1510 The optimized extraction conditions 1476:1510 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 10 20 from that 1112:1115 arg1 weight 1024:1029 The molecular weight 1010:1029 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method 1010:1091 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 10 20 from that 1112:1115 arg1 different 1097:1105 different 1097:1105 different 1097:1105 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 5 21 theme cellulase-assisted 541:558 arg1 extraction 560:569 cellulase-assisted extraction 541:569 cellulase-assisted extraction 541:569 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 1 22 dep medicine 122:129 arg1 PaoTianXiong 131:142 PaoTianXiong 131:142 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 1 22 dep medicine 122:129 arg1 PTX 145:147 PTX 145:147 PTX 145:147 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 6 23 theme monosaccharide 765:778 arg1 composition 780:790 monosaccharide composition 765:790 monosaccharide composition 765:790 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods were analyzed based on purity determination, infrared analysis, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. 35478822 8 24 theme extraction 898:907 arg1 methods 909:915 the four extraction methods 889:915 the four extraction methods 889:915 The results showed that PTXPs extracted by the four extraction methods were all glucan. 35478822 14 25 theme h 1578:1578 arg1 ratio 1594:1598 solid-liquid ratio 1581:1598 solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1581:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 25 theme h 1578:1578 arg1 number 1624:1629 number 1624:1629 number of extractions of 2 1624:1649 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 25 theme h 1578:1578 arg1 temperature 1532:1542 an extraction temperature 1518:1542 an extraction temperature of 90 °C 1518:1551 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 25 theme h 1578:1578 arg1 time 1565:1568 extraction time 1554:1568 extraction time of 2.17 h 1554:1578 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 7 26 theme antioxidant 797:807 arg1 experiments 809:819 antioxidant experiments 797:819 antioxidant experiments of PTXPs 797:828 And antioxidant experiments of PTXPs were conducted. 35478822 14 27 theme g 1611:1611 arg1 mL-1 1613:1616 g mL-1 1611:1616 g mL-1 1611:1616 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 27 theme g 1611:1611 arg1 1  1603:1604 1 : 29 1603:1608 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1603:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 6 28 theme different 662:670 arg1 methods 672:678 different methods 662:678 different methods 662:678 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods were analyzed based on purity determination, infrared analysis, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. 35478822 1 29 theme Aconitum 176:183 arg1 Debx 197:200 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 176:200 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 176:200 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 9 30 theme similar 971:977 arg1 activity 991:998 similar antioxidant activity 971:998 similar antioxidant activity 971:998 After purification, the PTXPs showed similar antioxidant activity in vitro. 35478822 3 31 theme polysaccharide 269:282 arg1 properties 251:260 The properties 247:260 The properties of PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) 247:289 The properties of PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) may be affected by different extraction methods. 35478822 12 32 theme best 1370:1373 arg1 method 1386:1391 the best extraction method 1366:1391 the best extraction method of PTXP 1366:1399 Therefore, HWE was considered to be the best extraction method of PTXP. 35478822 12 32 theme best 1370:1373 arg1 HWE 1341:1343 HWE 1341:1343 HWE 1341:1343 Therefore, HWE was considered to be the best extraction method of PTXP. 35478822 1 33 theme carmichaeli 185:195 arg1 Debx 197:200 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 176:200 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 176:200 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 0 34 theme extraction 9:18 arg1 methods 20:26 extraction methods 9:26 extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 9:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 10 35 theme other 1134:1138 arg1 methods 1146:1152 the other three methods 1130:1152 the other three methods 1130:1152 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 11 36 theme methods 1232:1238 arg1 effect 1211:1216 the effect 1207:1216 not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP 1179:1264 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 11 36 theme methods 1232:1238 arg1 yield 1192:1196 the yield 1188:1196 not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP 1179:1264 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 4 37 theme extraction 417:426 arg1 methods 428:434 the extraction methods 413:434 the extraction methods of PTXP 413:442 To develop and utilize PTXP better, it is of great significance to study the extraction methods of PTXP. 35478822 1 38 theme Traditional 102:112 arg1 medicine 122:129 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 1 38 theme Traditional 102:112 arg1 product 165:171 a processed product 153:171 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 153:200 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 14 39 theme solid-liquid 1581:1592 arg1 ratio 1594:1598 solid-liquid ratio 1581:1598 solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1581:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 1 40 theme Debx 197:200 arg1 product 165:171 a processed product 153:171 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 153:200 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 1 40 theme Debx 197:200 arg1 medicine 122:129 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 0 41 theme polysaccharides 31:45 arg1 methods 20:26 extraction methods 9:26 extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 9:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 2 42 theme main 230:233 arg1 ingredient 235:244 the main ingredient 226:244 the main ingredient 226:244 with polysaccharide as the main ingredient. 35478822 6 43 theme PTXPs 643:647 arg1 characterizations 622:638 The characterizations 618:638 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods 618:678 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods were analyzed based on purity determination, infrared analysis, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. 35478822 3 44 theme PTX 265:267 arg1 polysaccharide 269:282 PTX polysaccharide 265:282 PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) 265:289 The properties of PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) may be affected by different extraction methods. 35478822 3 44 theme PTX 265:267 arg1 PTXP 285:288 PTXP 285:288 PTXP 285:288 The properties of PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) may be affected by different extraction methods. 35478822 0 45 from product 64:70 arg1 polysaccharides 31:45 polysaccharides 31:45 polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 31:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 0 45 from product 64:70 arg1 methods 20:26 extraction methods 9:26 extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 9:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 11 46 theme extraction 1311:1320 arg1 method 1322:1327 the best extraction method 1302:1327 the best extraction method 1302:1327 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 6 47 theme molecular 744:752 arg1 weight 754:759 molecular weight 744:759 molecular weight 744:759 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods were analyzed based on purity determination, infrared analysis, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. 35478822 0 48 theme processed 54:62 arg1 product 64:70 a processed product 52:70 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 52:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 7 49 theme PTXPs 824:828 arg1 experiments 809:819 antioxidant experiments 797:819 antioxidant experiments of PTXPs 797:828 And antioxidant experiments of PTXPs were conducted. 35478822 5 50 theme ultrasound-assisted 509:527 arg1 extraction 529:538 ultrasound-assisted extraction 509:538 ultrasound-assisted extraction 509:538 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 1 51 theme Chinese 114:120 arg1 medicine 122:129 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) 102:148 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 1 51 theme Chinese 114:120 arg1 product 165:171 a processed product 153:171 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 153:200 Traditional Chinese medicine PaoTianXiong (PTX) is a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 10 52 theme cellulase-assisted 1067:1084 arg1 method 1086:1091 the cellulase-assisted method 1063:1091 the cellulase-assisted method 1063:1091 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 11 53 theme extraction 1221:1230 arg1 methods 1232:1238 extraction methods 1221:1238 extraction methods 1221:1238 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 5 54 with PTXPs 464:468 arg1 extraction 529:538 ultrasound-assisted extraction 509:538 ultrasound-assisted extraction 509:538 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 5 54 with PTXPs 464:468 arg1 HWE 598:600 HWE 598:600 HWE 598:600 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 5 54 with PTXPs 464:468 arg1 extraction 497:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 5 54 with PTXPs 464:468 arg1 extraction 586:595 hot water extraction 576:595 hot water extraction (HWE) 576:601 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 5 54 with PTXPs 464:468 arg1 extraction 560:569 cellulase-assisted extraction 541:569 cellulase-assisted extraction 541:569 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 11 55 theme best 1306:1309 arg1 method 1322:1327 the best extraction method 1302:1327 the best extraction method 1302:1327 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 10 56 theme molecular 1014:1022 arg1 weight 1024:1029 The molecular weight 1010:1029 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method 1010:1091 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 10 56 theme molecular 1014:1022 arg1 different 1097:1105 different 1097:1105 different 1097:1105 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 11 57 from yield 1192:1196 arg1 properties 1247:1256 the properties 1243:1256 the properties of PTXP 1243:1264 Our results showed that not only the yield but also the effect of extraction methods on the properties of PTXP should be considered when selecting the best extraction method. 35478822 4 58 theme great 385:389 arg1 significance 391:402 great significance 385:402 great significance 385:402 To develop and utilize PTXP better, it is of great significance to study the extraction methods of PTXP. 35478822 6 59 theme infrared 725:732 arg1 analysis 734:741 infrared analysis 725:741 infrared analysis 725:741 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods were analyzed based on purity determination, infrared analysis, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. 35478822 13 60 theme purified 1426:1433 arg1 PTXP 1435:1438 purified PTXP 1426:1438 purified PTXP 1426:1438 The yield and purity of purified PTXP were 24.5% and 97.1%, respectively. 35478822 6 61 theme purity 703:708 arg1 determination 710:722 purity determination 703:722 purity determination 703:722 The characterizations of PTXPs extracted by different methods were analyzed based on purity determination, infrared analysis, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. 35478822 13 62 dep yield 1406:1410 arg1 The 1402:1404 The 1402:1404 The 1402:1404 The yield and purity of purified PTXP were 24.5% and 97.1%, respectively. 35478822 5 63 theme dilute 475:480 arg1 extraction 497:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 13 64 theme PTXP 1435:1438 arg1 yield 1406:1410 yield 1406:1410 yield 1406:1410 The yield and purity of purified PTXP were 24.5% and 97.1%, respectively. 35478822 13 64 theme PTXP 1435:1438 arg1 purity 1416:1421 purity 1416:1421 purity 1416:1421 The yield and purity of purified PTXP were 24.5% and 97.1%, respectively. 35478822 3 65 theme different 310:318 arg1 methods 331:337 different extraction methods 310:337 different extraction methods 310:337 The properties of PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) may be affected by different extraction methods. 35478822 10 66 theme polysaccharides 1034:1048 arg1 weight 1024:1029 The molecular weight 1010:1029 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method 1010:1091 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 10 66 theme polysaccharides 1034:1048 arg1 different 1097:1105 different 1097:1105 different 1097:1105 The molecular weight of polysaccharides extracted by the cellulase-assisted method was different from that extracted by the other three methods. 35478822 5 67 theme alkaline 482:489 arg1 extraction 497:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 14 68 theme 1  1603:1604 arg1 ratio 1594:1598 solid-liquid ratio 1581:1598 solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1) 1581:1617 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 68 theme 1  1603:1604 arg1 number 1624:1629 number 1624:1629 number of extractions of 2 1624:1649 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 68 theme 1  1603:1604 arg1 temperature 1532:1542 an extraction temperature 1518:1542 an extraction temperature of 90 °C 1518:1551 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 14 68 theme 1  1603:1604 arg1 time 1565:1568 extraction time 1554:1568 extraction time of 2.17 h 1554:1578 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 35478822 3 69 theme extraction 320:329 arg1 methods 331:337 different extraction methods 310:337 different extraction methods 310:337 The properties of PTX polysaccharide (PTXP) may be affected by different extraction methods. 35478822 0 70 from methods 20:26 arg1 product 64:70 a processed product 52:70 a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx 52:99 Study on extraction methods of polysaccharides from a processed product of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. 35478822 9 71 theme antioxidant 979:989 arg1 activity 991:998 similar antioxidant activity 971:998 similar antioxidant activity 971:998 After purification, the PTXPs showed similar antioxidant activity in vitro. 35478822 5 72 theme water 491:495 arg1 extraction 497:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 dilute alkaline water extraction 475:506 Thus, we extracted PTXPs with dilute alkaline water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, cellulase-assisted extraction, and hot water extraction (HWE), respectively. 35478822 14 73 theme 2 1649:1649 arg1 extractions 1634:1644 extractions 1634:1644 extractions of 2 1634:1649 The optimized extraction conditions were: an extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 2.17 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 29 (g mL-1), and number of extractions of 2. 34778657 5 0 contain had 1065:1067 arg2 ability 1134:1140 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 5 0 contain had 1065:1067 arg2 efficiency 1156:1165 reducing efficiency 1147:1165 reducing efficiency 1147:1165 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 5 0 contain had 1065:1067 arg2 ability 1089:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 5 0 contain had 1065:1067 arg1 LPF-W 1059:1063 the fermented LPF-W 1045:1063 the fermented LPF-W 1045:1063 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 3 1 theme ± 694:694 arg1 nm 717:718 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm 688:718 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm 688:718 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 5 2 theme fermented 1049:1057 arg1 LPF-W 1059:1063 the fermented LPF-W 1045:1063 the fermented LPF-W 1045:1063 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 1 3 theme Lanzhou 156:162 arg1 lily 164:167 Lanzhou lily 156:167 Lanzhou lily 156:167 Recently, Lanzhou lily has attracted more attention because of its bioactive components specifically polysaccharides. 34778657 5 4 theme scavenging 1193:1202 arg1 ability 1204:1210 the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability 1172:1210 the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability 1172:1210 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 0 5 theme Antioxidant 78:88 arg1 Activity 90:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 5 6 theme higher 1069:1074 arg1 ability 1089:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 0 7 theme Polysaccharides 102:116 arg1 Structure 64:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 7 theme Polysaccharides 102:116 arg1 Activity 90:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 8 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Structure 64:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 8 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Activity 90:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 3 9 theme fermented 576:584 arg1 polysaccharide 599:612 the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 572:612 the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) 572:620 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 9 theme fermented 576:584 arg1 LPF-W 615:619 LPF-W 615:619 LPF-W 615:619 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 6 10 link plant-derived 1320:1332 arg1 antioxidant 1334:1344 a plant-derived antioxidant 1318:1344 a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods 1318:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 2 11 theme Lactobacillus 299:311 arg1 fermentation 323:334 Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation 299:334 Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation 299:334 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 3 12 theme 104.27 771:776 arg1 mg/mL 785:789 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL 771:789 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL 771:789 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 2 13 dep Lactobacillus 299:311 arg1 plantarum 313:321 plantarum 313:321 plantarum 313:321 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 3 14 theme ± 778:778 arg1 mg/mL 785:789 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL 771:789 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL 771:789 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 4 15 theme residues 905:912 arg1 alternation 882:892 the alternation 878:892 the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues 878:933 In addition, after fermentation, the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W changed, and the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues disappeared. 34778657 3 16 theme ± 710:710 arg1 nm 717:718 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm 688:718 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm 688:718 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 2 17 theme Lanzhou 423:429 arg1 polysaccharide 436:449 the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 419:449 the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 419:449 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 4 18 theme mannose 897:903 arg1 residues 905:912 mannose residues 897:912 mannose residues 897:912 In addition, after fermentation, the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W changed, and the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues disappeared. 34778657 6 19 theme lily 1295:1298 arg1 polysaccharide 1300:1313 the lily polysaccharide 1291:1313 the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods 1291:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 6 20 theme polysaccharide 1300:1313 arg1 application 1276:1286 the potential application 1262:1286 the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods 1262:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 4 21 theme residues 926:933 arg1 alternation 882:892 the alternation 878:892 the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues 878:933 In addition, after fermentation, the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W changed, and the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues disappeared. 34778657 6 22 theme functional 1349:1358 arg1 foods 1360:1364 functional foods 1349:1364 functional foods 1349:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 1 23 theme more 183:186 arg1 attention 188:196 more attention 183:196 more attention 183:196 Recently, Lanzhou lily has attracted more attention because of its bioactive components specifically polysaccharides. 34778657 5 24 theme anion 1109:1113 arg1 radical 1115:1121 superoxide anion radical 1098:1121 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 3 25 theme particle 659:666 arg1 size 668:671 the particle size 655:671 the particle size 655:671 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 5 26 theme radical 1115:1121 arg1 ability 1134:1140 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 0 27 theme Lanzhou 132:138 arg1 Lily 140:143 Lanzhou Lily 132:143 Lanzhou Lily 132:143 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 2 28 theme fermentation 323:334 arg1 effects 288:294 the effects 284:294 the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 284:449 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 5 29 theme antioxidant 983:993 arg1 activity 995:1002 the antioxidant activity 979:1002 the antioxidant activity in vitro 979:1011 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 3 30 theme unfermented 494:504 arg1 LP-W 535:538 LP-W 535:538 LP-W 535:538 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 30 theme unfermented 494:504 arg1 polysaccharide 519:532 the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 490:532 the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W) 490:539 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 0 31 theme Lactobacillus 11:23 arg1 Fermentation 35:46 Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation 11:46 Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation 11:46 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 5 32 theme scavenging 1123:1132 arg1 ability 1134:1140 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 0 33 from Activity 90:97 arg1 Bulbs 123:127 Bulbs 123:127 Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily 123:143 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 34 dep Structure 64:72 arg1 the 51:53 the 51:53 the 51:53 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 3 35 theme Lanzhou 506:512 arg1 LP-W 535:538 LP-W 535:538 LP-W 535:538 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 35 theme Lanzhou 506:512 arg1 polysaccharide 519:532 the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 490:532 the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W) 490:539 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 6 36 from antioxidant 1334:1344 arg1 foods 1360:1364 functional foods 1349:1364 functional foods 1349:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 3 37 theme polysaccharide 599:612 arg1 weight 556:561 the molecular weight 542:561 the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) 542:620 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 37 theme polysaccharide 599:612 arg1 w 566:566 M w 564:566 M w 564:566 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 2 38 theme polysaccharide 436:449 arg1 activity 407:414 antioxidant activity 395:414 antioxidant activity 395:414 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 2 38 theme polysaccharide 436:449 arg1 properties 359:368 the physicochemical properties 339:368 the physicochemical properties 339:368 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 2 38 theme polysaccharide 436:449 arg1 structure 380:388 chemical structure 371:388 chemical structure 371:388 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 0 39 theme Fermentation 35:46 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily 0:143 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 5 40 theme radical 1081:1087 arg1 ability 1089:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 0 41 theme Lily 140:143 arg1 Bulbs 123:127 Bulbs 123:127 Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily 123:143 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 1 42 dep components 223:232 arg1 polysaccharides 247:261 polysaccharides 247:261 its bioactive components specifically polysaccharides 209:261 Recently, Lanzhou lily has attracted more attention because of its bioactive components specifically polysaccharides. 34778657 3 43 dep 1684 645:648 arg1 to 642:643 to 642:643 to 642:643 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 2 44 theme lily 431:434 arg1 polysaccharide 436:449 the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 419:449 the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 419:449 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 0 45 theme Chemical 55:62 arg1 Structure 64:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 46 from Structure 64:72 arg1 Bulbs 123:127 Bulbs 123:127 Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily 123:143 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 3 47 theme Lanzhou 586:592 arg1 polysaccharide 599:612 the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 572:612 the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) 572:620 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 47 theme Lanzhou 586:592 arg1 LPF-W 615:619 LPF-W 615:619 LPF-W 615:619 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 2 48 theme chemical 371:378 arg1 structure 380:388 chemical structure 371:388 chemical structure 371:388 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 5 49 theme DPPH 1076:1079 arg1 ability 1089:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 higher DPPH radical ability 1069:1095 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 3 50 dep 141.9 704:708 arg1 to 701:702 to 701:702 to 701:702 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 4 51 theme monosaccharide 829:842 arg1 composition 844:854 the monosaccharide composition 825:854 the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W 825:863 In addition, after fermentation, the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W changed, and the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues disappeared. 34778657 0 52 from Bulbs 123:127 arg1 Polysaccharides 102:116 Polysaccharides 102:116 Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily 102:143 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 52 from Bulbs 123:127 arg1 Structure 64:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Chemical Structure 55:72 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 0 52 from Bulbs 123:127 arg1 Activity 90:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Antioxidant Activity 78:97 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 3 53 theme lily 594:597 arg1 polysaccharide 599:612 the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 572:612 the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) 572:620 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 53 theme lily 594:597 arg1 LPF-W 615:619 LPF-W 615:619 LPF-W 615:619 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 2 54 from effects 288:294 arg1 activity 407:414 antioxidant activity 395:414 antioxidant activity 395:414 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 2 54 from effects 288:294 arg1 properties 359:368 the physicochemical properties 339:368 the physicochemical properties 339:368 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 2 54 from effects 288:294 arg1 structure 380:388 chemical structure 371:388 chemical structure 371:388 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 5 55 theme superoxide 1098:1107 arg1 radical 1115:1121 superoxide anion radical 1098:1121 superoxide anion radical scavenging ability 1098:1140 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 4 56 theme LPF-W 859:863 arg1 composition 844:854 the monosaccharide composition 825:854 the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W 825:863 In addition, after fermentation, the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W changed, and the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues disappeared. 34778657 5 57 theme activity 995:1002 arg1 analysis 967:974 the analysis 963:974 the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro 963:1011 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 5 58 theme analysis 967:974 arg1 results 952:958 The results 948:958 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro 948:1011 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 3 59 theme lily 514:517 arg1 LP-W 535:538 LP-W 535:538 LP-W 535:538 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 59 theme lily 514:517 arg1 polysaccharide 519:532 the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide 490:532 the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W) 490:539 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 6 60 theme potential 1266:1274 arg1 application 1276:1286 the potential application 1262:1286 the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods 1262:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 0 61 dep Lactobacillus 11:23 arg1 plantarum 25:33 plantarum 25:33 plantarum 25:33 Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Fermentation on the Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily. 34778657 2 62 theme physicochemical 343:357 arg1 properties 359:368 the physicochemical properties 339:368 the physicochemical properties 339:368 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 4 63 theme glucose 918:924 arg1 residues 926:933 glucose residues 918:933 glucose residues 918:933 In addition, after fermentation, the monosaccharide composition of LPF-W changed, and the alternation of mannose residues and glucose residues disappeared. 34778657 1 64 theme bioactive 213:221 arg1 components 223:232 its bioactive components 209:232 its bioactive components specifically polysaccharides 209:261 Recently, Lanzhou lily has attracted more attention because of its bioactive components specifically polysaccharides. 34778657 6 65 theme plant-derived 1320:1332 arg1 antioxidant 1334:1344 a plant-derived antioxidant 1318:1344 a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods 1318:1364 These findings provide a reference for the potential application of the lily polysaccharide as a plant-derived antioxidant in functional foods. 34778657 2 66 theme antioxidant 395:405 arg1 activity 407:414 antioxidant activity 395:414 antioxidant activity 395:414 We studied in vitro the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and antioxidant activity of the Lanzhou lily polysaccharide. 34778657 3 67 theme 72.33 755:759 arg1 ± 761:761 72.33 ± 3.58 755:766 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL 755:789 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 5 68 theme reducing 1147:1154 arg1 efficiency 1156:1165 reducing efficiency 1147:1165 reducing efficiency 1147:1165 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 3 69 theme M 564:564 arg1 weight 556:561 the molecular weight 542:561 the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) 542:620 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 69 theme M 564:564 arg1 w 566:566 M w 564:566 M w 564:566 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 70 theme molecular 546:554 arg1 weight 556:561 the molecular weight 542:561 the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) 542:620 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 3 70 theme molecular 546:554 arg1 w 566:566 M w 564:566 M w 564:566 The results showed that compared with the unfermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LP-W), the molecular weight (M w) of the fermented Lanzhou lily polysaccharide (LPF-W) decreased from 4334 to 1684 kDa, the particle size decreased from 300.8 ± 6.38 to 141.9 ± 4.96 nm, and the solubility increased from 72.33 ± 3.58 to 104.27 ± 2.91 mg/mL. 34778657 5 71 theme radical 1185:1191 arg1 ability 1204:1210 the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability 1172:1210 the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability 1172:1210 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34778657 5 72 theme hydroxyl 1176:1183 arg1 radical 1185:1191 the hydroxyl radical 1172:1191 the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability 1172:1210 The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity in vitro showed that compared with LP-W, the fermented LPF-W had higher DPPH radical ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, and reducing efficiency, but the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability decreased. 34975808 0 0 theme aureus 88:93 arg1 Isolates 61:68 Clinical Isolates 52:68 Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones 52:165 Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones. 34975808 6 1 theme biofilm 1025:1031 arg1 biomass 1033:1039 more biofilm biomass 1020:1039 more biofilm biomass 1020:1039 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 7 2 theme biofilm 1222:1228 arg1 producers 1230:1238 High biofilm producers 1217:1238 High biofilm producers 1217:1238 High biofilm producers expressed icaA to higher levels, enriching the matrix in polysaccharides. 34975808 8 3 from isolates 1374:1381 arg1 biofilms 1351:1358 biofilms 1351:1358 biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923 1351:1402 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 1 4 theme Staphylococcus 168:181 arg1 biofilms 190:197 Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 168:197 Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 168:197 Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are poorly responsive to antibiotics. 34975808 6 5 theme more 1020:1023 arg1 biomass 1033:1039 more biofilm biomass 1020:1039 more biofilm biomass 1020:1039 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 2 6 theme growth 374:379 arg1 rate 381:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 4 7 from content 770:776 arg1 proteins 820:827 proteins 820:827 proteins 820:827 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 4 7 from content 770:776 arg1 polysaccharides 781:795 polysaccharides 781:795 polysaccharides 781:795 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 4 7 from content 770:776 arg1 DNA 812:814 extracellular DNA 798:814 extracellular DNA 798:814 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 10 8 theme most 1837:1840 arg1 isolates 1842:1849 most isolates 1837:1849 most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects 1837:1910 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 9 9 theme low 1664:1666 arg1 capacity 1683:1690 low multiplication capacity 1664:1690 low multiplication capacity 1664:1690 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 10 10 theme high-relative 1856:1868 arg1 fractions 1880:1888 high-relative persister fractions 1856:1888 high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects 1856:1910 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 9 11 dep character 1716:1724 arg1 whatever 1693:1700 whatever 1693:1700 whatever 1693:1700 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 6 12 theme persister 1144:1152 arg1 fractions 1154:1162 high relative persister fractions 1130:1162 high relative persister fractions 1130:1162 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 1 13 theme aureus 183:188 arg1 biofilms 190:197 Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 168:197 Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 168:197 Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are poorly responsive to antibiotics. 34975808 9 14 theme isolate 1733:1739 arg1 character 1716:1724 the persister character 1702:1724 the persister character of the isolate 1702:1739 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 7 15 theme High 1217:1220 arg1 producers 1230:1238 High biofilm producers 1217:1238 High biofilm producers 1217:1238 High biofilm producers expressed icaA to higher levels, enriching the matrix in polysaccharides. 34975808 8 16 theme persister 1466:1474 arg1 fractions 1476:1484 high persister fractions 1461:1484 high persister fractions 1461:1484 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 2 17 with presence 332:339 arg1 rate 381:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 0 18 theme Resistant 114:122 arg1 Character 137:145 Their Resistant or Persister Character 108:145 Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones 108:165 Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones. 34975808 2 19 theme reduced 366:372 arg1 rate 381:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 2 20 theme embedded 306:313 arg1 bacteria 315:322 embedded bacteria 306:322 embedded bacteria 306:322 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 8 21 theme clinical 1365:1372 arg1 isolates 1374:1381 clinical isolates 1365:1381 clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923 1365:1402 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 4 22 theme colony 747:752 arg1 counting 754:761 colony counting 747:761 colony counting 747:761 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 4 23 theme microtiter 667:676 arg1 plates 678:683 microtiter plates 667:683 microtiter plates 667:683 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 3 24 theme anti-biofilm 605:616 arg1 activity 618:625 the anti-biofilm activity 601:625 the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin 601:641 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 8 25 from concentration 1517:1529 arg1 biofilms 1556:1563 these biofilms 1550:1563 these biofilms 1550:1563 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 5 26 theme full 953:956 arg1 curves 981:986 full concentration-response curves 953:986 full concentration-response curves 953:986 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 5 27 theme incubation 892:901 arg1 h 887:887 24 h 884:887 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves 884:986 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 9 28 theme multiplication 1668:1681 arg1 capacity 1683:1690 low multiplication capacity 1664:1690 low multiplication capacity 1664:1690 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 6 29 theme clinical 993:1000 arg1 isolates 1002:1009 All clinical isolates 989:1009 All clinical isolates 989:1009 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 5 30 theme concentration-response 958:979 arg1 curves 981:986 full concentration-response curves 953:986 full concentration-response curves 953:986 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 3 31 theme moxifloxacin-persister 476:497 arg1 character 499:507 their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character 443:507 their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture 443:535 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 10 32 theme high 1970:1973 arg1 MIC 1975:1977 their high MIC 1964:1977 their high MIC 1964:1977 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 0 33 theme Persister 127:135 arg1 Character 137:145 Their Resistant or Persister Character 108:145 Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones 108:165 Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones. 34975808 9 34 theme Time-kill 1566:1574 arg1 curves 1576:1581 Time-kill curves 1566:1581 Time-kill curves in biofilms 1566:1593 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 3 35 theme moxifloxacin 630:641 arg1 activity 618:625 the anti-biofilm activity 601:625 the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin 601:641 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 3 35 theme moxifloxacin 630:641 arg1 production 563:572 biofilm production 555:572 biofilm production 555:572 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 3 35 theme moxifloxacin 630:641 arg1 composition 585:595 matrix composition 578:595 matrix composition 578:595 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 4 36 theme crystal 719:725 arg1 staining 734:741 crystal violet staining 719:741 crystal violet staining 719:741 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 0 37 theme Moxifloxacin 12:23 arg1 Activity 0:7 Activity 0:7 Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms 0:40 Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones. 34975808 10 38 theme matrix 1897:1902 arg1 effects 1904:1910 matrix effects 1897:1910 matrix effects 1897:1910 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 7 39 from matrix 1287:1292 arg1 polysaccharides 1297:1311 polysaccharides 1297:1311 polysaccharides 1297:1311 High biofilm producers expressed icaA to higher levels, enriching the matrix in polysaccharides. 34975808 3 40 theme matrix 578:583 arg1 composition 585:595 matrix composition 578:595 matrix composition 578:595 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 10 41 theme due 1890:1892 arg1 fractions 1880:1888 high-relative persister fractions 1856:1888 high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects 1856:1910 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 5 42 theme concentrations 925:938 arg1 range 916:920 a broad range 908:920 a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves 908:986 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 2 43 theme matrix 266:271 arg1 effect 273:278 a matrix effect 264:278 a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria 264:322 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 10 44 theme local 1785:1789 arg1 concentration 1791:1803 its local concentration 1781:1803 its local concentration 1781:1803 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 3 45 theme stationary-phase 512:527 arg1 culture 529:535 stationary-phase culture 512:535 stationary-phase culture 512:535 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 3 46 theme moxifloxacin-resistant 449:470 arg1 character 499:507 their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character 443:507 their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture 443:535 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 6 47 theme strain 1060:1065 arg1 ATCC 1067:1070 the reference strain ATCC 25923 1046:1076 the reference strain ATCC 25923 1046:1076 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 7 48 theme higher 1258:1263 arg1 levels 1265:1270 higher levels 1258:1270 higher levels 1258:1270 High biofilm producers expressed icaA to higher levels, enriching the matrix in polysaccharides. 34975808 8 49 theme lower 1511:1515 arg1 concentration 1517:1529 a lower concentration 1509:1529 a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms 1509:1563 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 10 50 from concentration 1791:1803 arg1 biofilm 1808:1814 biofilm 1808:1814 biofilm 1808:1814 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 4 51 theme violet 727:732 arg1 staining 734:741 crystal violet staining 719:741 crystal violet staining 719:741 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 0 52 theme Clinical 52:59 arg1 Isolates 61:68 Clinical Isolates 52:68 Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones 52:165 Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones. 34975808 2 53 with effect 273:278 arg1 rate 381:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 reduced growth rate 366:384 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 5 54 theme broad 910:914 arg1 range 916:920 a broad range 908:920 a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves 908:986 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 10 55 with isolates 1842:1849 arg1 fractions 1880:1888 high-relative persister fractions 1856:1888 high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects 1856:1910 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 8 56 theme moxifloxacin 1534:1545 arg1 concentration 1517:1529 a lower concentration 1509:1529 a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms 1509:1563 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 10 57 theme moxifloxacin 1748:1759 arg1 activity 1761:1768 moxifloxacin activity 1748:1768 moxifloxacin activity 1748:1768 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 3 58 theme biofilm 555:561 arg1 production 563:572 biofilm production 555:572 biofilm production 555:572 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 2 59 theme Underlying 237:246 arg1 reasons 248:254 Underlying reasons 237:254 Underlying reasons 237:254 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 10 60 theme resistant 1938:1946 arg1 isolates 1948:1955 resistant isolates 1938:1955 resistant isolates due to their high MIC 1938:1977 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 9 61 from curves 1576:1581 arg1 biofilms 1586:1593 biofilms 1586:1593 biofilms 1586:1593 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 9 62 theme moxifloxacin-tolerant 1622:1642 arg1 subpopulation 1644:1656 a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation 1620:1656 a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation 1620:1656 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 4 63 theme extracellular 798:810 arg1 DNA 812:814 extracellular DNA 798:814 extracellular DNA 798:814 Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. 34975808 10 64 theme due 1957:1959 arg1 isolates 1948:1955 resistant isolates 1938:1955 resistant isolates due to their high MIC 1938:1977 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 2 65 theme bacteria 352:359 arg1 presence 332:339 the presence 328:339 the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate 328:384 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 2 65 theme bacteria 352:359 arg1 effect 273:278 a matrix effect 264:278 a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria 264:322 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 5 66 with incubation 892:901 arg1 range 916:920 a broad range 908:920 a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves 908:986 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 6 67 theme high 1130:1133 arg1 fractions 1154:1162 high relative persister fractions 1130:1162 high relative persister fractions 1130:1162 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 9 68 theme persister 1706:1714 arg1 character 1716:1724 the persister character 1702:1724 the persister character of the isolate 1702:1739 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 8 69 with isolates 1447:1454 arg1 fractions 1476:1484 high persister fractions 1461:1484 high persister fractions 1461:1484 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 2 70 theme drug 291:294 arg1 access 296:301 drug access 291:301 drug access to embedded bacteria 291:322 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 8 71 from ATCC 1393:1396 arg1 isolates 1374:1381 clinical isolates 1365:1381 clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923 1365:1402 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 2 72 theme dormant 344:350 arg1 bacteria 352:359 dormant bacteria 344:359 dormant bacteria 344:359 Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. 34975808 8 73 theme high 1461:1464 arg1 fractions 1476:1484 high persister fractions 1461:1484 high persister fractions 1461:1484 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 9 74 theme subpopulation 1644:1656 arg1 presence 1608:1615 the presence 1604:1615 the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation 1604:1656 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 5 75 theme Moxifloxacin 843:854 arg1 activity 856:863 Moxifloxacin activity 843:863 Moxifloxacin activity 843:863 Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. 34975808 6 76 theme relative 1135:1142 arg1 fractions 1154:1162 high relative persister fractions 1130:1162 high relative persister fractions 1130:1162 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 34975808 9 77 dep revealed 1595:1602 arg1 character 1716:1724 the persister character 1702:1724 the persister character of the isolate 1702:1739 Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. 34975808 10 78 theme persister 1870:1878 arg1 fractions 1880:1888 high-relative persister fractions 1856:1888 high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects 1856:1910 Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC. 34975808 3 79 theme clinical 396:403 arg1 isolates 405:412 18 clinical isolates 393:412 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture 393:535 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 3 80 from character 499:507 arg1 culture 529:535 stationary-phase culture 512:535 stationary-phase culture 512:535 Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. 34975808 8 81 theme moxifloxacin-resistant 1424:1445 arg1 isolates 1447:1454 moxifloxacin-resistant isolates 1424:1454 moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms 1424:1563 Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. 34975808 6 82 theme reference 1050:1058 arg1 ATCC 1067:1070 the reference strain ATCC 25923 1046:1076 the reference strain ATCC 25923 1046:1076 All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. 33148447 6 0 theme comparative 865:875 arg1 analysis 903:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis 854:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 854:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 7 1 theme metals 1137:1142 arg1 quantity 1125:1132 a lower quantity 1117:1132 a lower quantity of metals and metalloids 1117:1157 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 13 2 theme pelagic 1908:1914 arg1 biomass 1926:1932 pelagic Sargassum biomass 1908:1932 pelagic Sargassum biomass 1908:1932 Further work is needed to establish routes for future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass. 33148447 4 3 theme other 524:528 arg1 algae 536:540 other brown algae 524:540 other brown algae 524:540 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 7 4 theme lower 1119:1123 arg1 quantity 1125:1132 a lower quantity 1117:1132 a lower quantity of metals and metalloids 1117:1157 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 6 5 theme detailed 856:863 arg1 analysis 903:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis 854:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 854:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 12 6 theme viable 1799:1804 arg1 source 1806:1811 viable source 1799:1811 viable source of commercial alginates 1799:1835 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 13 7 theme Further 1838:1844 arg1 work 1846:1849 Further work 1838:1849 Further work 1838:1849 Further work is needed to establish routes for future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass. 33148447 4 8 theme algae 536:540 arg1 applications 508:519 Existing commercial applications 488:519 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae 488:540 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 10 9 theme enzymatic 1471:1479 arg1 saccharification 1481:1496 enzymatic saccharification 1471:1496 enzymatic saccharification of SnI 1471:1503 In addition, enzymatic saccharification of SnI produced more sugars compared to SnVIII and Sf. 33148447 9 10 dep content 1348:1354 arg1 the 1344:1346 the 1344:1346 the 1344:1346 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 13 11 theme future 1885:1890 arg1 valorisation 1892:1903 future valorisation 1885:1903 future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass 1885:1932 Further work is needed to establish routes for future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass. 33148447 0 12 dep morphotypes 90:100 arg1 morphotypes 90:100 morphotypes I and VIII 90:111 morphotypes I and VIII 90:111 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 0 12 dep morphotypes 90:100 arg1 VIII 108:111 VIII 108:111 VIII 108:111 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 0 12 dep morphotypes 90:100 arg1 I 102:102 I 102:102 I 102:102 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 4 13 theme brown 530:534 arg1 algae 536:540 other brown algae 524:540 other brown algae 524:540 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 13 14 theme Sargassum 1916:1924 arg1 biomass 1926:1932 pelagic Sargassum biomass 1908:1932 pelagic Sargassum biomass 1908:1932 Further work is needed to establish routes for future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass. 33148447 5 15 from data 661:664 arg1 composition 673:683 the composition 669:683 the composition of this Sargassum biomass 669:709 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 4 16 theme potential 620:628 arg1 valorisation 630:641 potential valorisation 620:641 potential valorisation 620:641 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 1 17 theme Massive 147:153 arg1 strandings 155:164 Massive strandings 147:164 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum 147:201 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum have occurred in the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent, in western Africa, almost every year since 2011. 33148447 5 18 theme Sargassum 693:701 arg1 biomass 703:709 this Sargassum biomass 688:709 this Sargassum biomass 688:709 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 13 19 theme biomass 1926:1932 arg1 valorisation 1892:1903 future valorisation 1885:1903 future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass 1885:1932 Further work is needed to establish routes for future valorisation of pelagic Sargassum biomass. 33148447 8 20 contain had 1276:1278 arg2 mannitol 1316:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 8 20 contain had 1276:1278 arg1 SnVIII 1264:1269 SnVIII 1264:1269 SnVIII 1264:1269 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 2 21 theme environmental 332:344 arg1 impacts 368:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 2 22 theme affected 383:390 arg1 countries 392:400 the affected countries 379:400 the affected countries 379:400 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 11 23 theme high 1560:1563 arg1 content 1565:1571 high content 1560:1571 high content of arsenic 1560:1582 Due to high content of arsenic, the use of pelagic Sargassum is not recommended for nutritional purposes. 33148447 6 24 theme morphotypes 939:949 arg1 analysis 903:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis 854:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 854:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 2 25 theme major 326:330 arg1 impacts 368:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 0 26 theme Biomass 0:6 arg1 composition 8:18 Biomass composition 0:18 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 0:112 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 4 27 theme Existing 488:495 arg1 applications 508:519 Existing commercial applications 488:519 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae 488:540 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 11 28 theme pelagic 1596:1602 arg1 Sargassum 1604:1612 pelagic Sargassum 1596:1612 pelagic Sargassum 1596:1612 Due to high content of arsenic, the use of pelagic Sargassum is not recommended for nutritional purposes. 33148447 12 29 theme industrial 1759:1768 arg1 production 1770:1779 industrial production 1759:1779 industrial production 1759:1779 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 10 30 theme SnI 1501:1503 arg1 saccharification 1481:1496 enzymatic saccharification 1471:1496 enzymatic saccharification of SnI 1471:1503 In addition, enzymatic saccharification of SnI produced more sugars compared to SnVIII and Sf. 33148447 1 31 theme lesser 244:249 arg1 extent 251:256 a lesser extent 242:256 a lesser extent 242:256 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum have occurred in the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent, in western Africa, almost every year since 2011. 33148447 5 32 theme limited 653:659 arg1 data 661:664 limited data 653:664 limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass 653:709 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 8 33 theme more 1280:1283 arg1 mannitol 1316:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 2 34 theme economic 359:366 arg1 impacts 368:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 5 35 theme enzymatic 780:788 arg1 fractionation 790:802 enzymatic fractionation 780:802 enzymatic fractionation 780:802 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 6 36 theme pelagic 921:927 arg1 fluitans 1026:1033 fluitans 1026:1033 fluitans 1026:1033 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 36 theme pelagic 921:927 arg1 natans 1052:1057 natans 1052:1057 natans 1052:1057 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 36 theme pelagic 921:927 arg1 natans 1007:1012 natans 1007:1012 natans 1007:1012 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 36 theme pelagic 921:927 arg1 morphotypes 939:949 three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes 915:949 three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 915:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 12 37 theme brown 1738:1742 arg1 algae 1744:1748 brown algae 1738:1748 brown algae used for industrial production 1738:1779 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 2 38 contain have 321:324 arg2 impacts 368:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 2 38 contain have 321:324 arg1 events 314:319 These events 308:319 These events 308:319 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 7 39 theme higher 1200:1205 arg1 polysaccharides 1247:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 39 theme higher 1200:1205 arg1 amounts 1207:1213 higher amounts 1200:1213 higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1200:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 39 theme higher 1200:1205 arg1 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 1 40 theme brown 181:185 arg1 algae 187:191 the pelagic brown algae 169:191 the pelagic brown algae 169:191 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum have occurred in the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent, in western Africa, almost every year since 2011. 33148447 0 41 theme tide 34:37 arg1 seaweeds 47:54 the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 23:112 the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 23:112 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 4 42 theme commercial 497:506 arg1 applications 508:519 Existing commercial applications 488:519 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae 488:540 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 0 43 dep seaweeds 47:54 arg1 morphotypes 90:100 morphotypes I and VIII 90:111 morphotypes I and VIII 90:111 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 0 43 dep seaweeds 47:54 arg1 fluitans 66:73 Sargassum fluitans 56:73 Sargassum fluitans 56:73 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 0 43 dep seaweeds 47:54 arg1 natans 82:87 S. natans 79:87 S. natans 79:87 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 12 44 theme commercial 1816:1825 arg1 alginates 1827:1835 commercial alginates 1816:1835 commercial alginates 1816:1835 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 1 45 theme algae 187:191 arg1 strandings 155:164 Massive strandings 147:164 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum 147:201 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum have occurred in the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent, in western Africa, almost every year since 2011. 33148447 0 46 theme golden 27:32 arg1 seaweeds 47:54 the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 23:112 the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 23:112 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 7 47 contain contained 1190:1198 arg1 it 1187:1188 it 1187:1188 it 1187:1188 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 47 contain contained 1190:1198 arg2 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 47 contain contained 1190:1198 arg2 amounts 1207:1213 higher amounts 1200:1213 higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1200:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 47 contain contained 1190:1198 arg2 polysaccharides 1247:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 6 48 theme Atlantic 980:987 arg1 blooms 989:994 Atlantic blooms 980:994 Atlantic blooms 980:994 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 2 49 theme health 347:352 arg1 impacts 368:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 major environmental, health, and economic impacts 326:374 These events have major environmental, health, and economic impacts in the affected countries. 33148447 0 50 theme seaweeds 47:54 arg1 composition 8:18 Biomass composition 0:18 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 0:112 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 0 51 theme valorisation 124:135 arg1 pathways 137:144 valorisation pathways 124:144 valorisation pathways 124:144 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 6 52 theme Sargassum 929:937 arg1 fluitans 1026:1033 fluitans 1026:1033 fluitans 1026:1033 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 52 theme Sargassum 929:937 arg1 natans 1052:1057 natans 1052:1057 natans 1052:1057 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 52 theme Sargassum 929:937 arg1 natans 1007:1012 natans 1007:1012 natans 1007:1012 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 52 theme Sargassum 929:937 arg1 morphotypes 939:949 three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes 915:949 three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 915:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 8 53 theme storage 1299:1305 arg1 mannitol 1316:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 12 54 theme alginate 1686:1693 arg1 yields 1676:1681 low yields 1672:1681 low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass 1672:1721 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 9 55 theme cell 1379:1382 arg1 alginate 1404:1411 the cell wall polysaccharide alginate 1375:1411 the cell wall polysaccharide alginate 1375:1411 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 0 56 theme pelagic 39:45 arg1 seaweeds 47:54 the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 23:112 the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) 23:112 Biomass composition of the golden tide pelagic seaweeds Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (morphotypes I and VIII) to inform valorisation pathways. 33148447 6 57 theme elemental 893:901 arg1 analysis 903:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis 854:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 854:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 11 58 theme Sargassum 1604:1612 arg1 use 1589:1591 the use 1585:1591 the use of pelagic Sargassum 1585:1612 Due to high content of arsenic, the use of pelagic Sargassum is not recommended for nutritional purposes. 33148447 8 59 theme carbon 1292:1297 arg1 mannitol 1316:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 7 60 theme phenolics 1218:1226 arg1 polysaccharides 1247:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 60 theme phenolics 1218:1226 arg1 amounts 1207:1213 higher amounts 1200:1213 higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1200:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 60 theme phenolics 1218:1226 arg1 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 9 61 theme wall 1384:1387 arg1 alginate 1404:1411 the cell wall polysaccharide alginate 1375:1411 the cell wall polysaccharide alginate 1375:1411 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 12 62 theme alginates 1827:1835 arg1 source 1806:1811 viable source 1799:1811 viable source of commercial alginates 1799:1835 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 11 63 theme arsenic 1576:1582 arg1 content 1565:1571 high content 1560:1571 high content of arsenic 1560:1582 Due to high content of arsenic, the use of pelagic Sargassum is not recommended for nutritional purposes. 33148447 7 64 theme polysaccharides 1247:1261 arg1 polysaccharides 1247:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 64 theme polysaccharides 1247:1261 arg1 amounts 1207:1213 higher amounts 1200:1213 higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1200:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 7 64 theme polysaccharides 1247:1261 arg1 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 phenolics 1218:1226 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 8 65 theme of 1285:1286 arg1 mannitol 1316:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 9 66 theme polysaccharide 1389:1402 arg1 alginate 1404:1411 the cell wall polysaccharide alginate 1375:1411 the cell wall polysaccharide alginate 1375:1411 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 natans 1007:1012 natans 1007:1012 natans 1007:1012 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 fluitans 1026:1033 fluitans 1026:1033 fluitans 1026:1033 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 morphotypes 939:949 three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes 915:949 three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 915:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 natans 1052:1057 natans 1052:1057 natans 1052:1057 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 Sf 1040:1041 Sf 1040:1041 Sf 1040:1041 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 SnI 1017:1019 SnI 1017:1019 SnI 1017:1019 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 6 67 dep morphotypes 939:949 arg1 SnVIII 1065:1070 SnVIII 1065:1070 SnVIII 1065:1070 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 8 68 theme compound 1307:1314 arg1 mannitol 1316:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 more of the carbon storage compound mannitol 1280:1323 SnVIII also had more of the carbon storage compound mannitol. 33148447 12 69 theme low 1672:1674 arg1 yields 1676:1681 low yields 1672:1681 low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass 1672:1721 In addition, low yields of alginate extracted from this biomass, compared with brown algae used for industrial production, limit its use as viable source of commercial alginates. 33148447 9 70 theme alginate 1404:1411 arg1 composition 1360:1370 composition 1360:1370 composition 1360:1370 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 9 70 theme alginate 1404:1411 arg1 content 1348:1354 content 1348:1354 content 1348:1354 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 11 71 theme nutritional 1637:1647 arg1 purposes 1649:1656 nutritional purposes 1637:1656 nutritional purposes 1637:1656 Due to high content of arsenic, the use of pelagic Sargassum is not recommended for nutritional purposes. 33148447 5 72 theme biomass 703:709 arg1 composition 673:683 the composition 669:683 the composition of this Sargassum biomass 669:709 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 5 73 theme feedstock 812:820 arg1 pyrolysis 767:775 pyrolysis 767:775 pyrolysis 767:775 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 5 73 theme feedstock 812:820 arg1 fractionation 790:802 enzymatic fractionation 780:802 enzymatic fractionation 780:802 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 1 74 theme pelagic 173:179 arg1 algae 187:191 the pelagic brown algae 169:191 the pelagic brown algae 169:191 Massive strandings of the pelagic brown algae Sargassum have occurred in the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent, in western Africa, almost every year since 2011. 33148447 7 75 theme metalloids 1148:1157 arg1 quantity 1125:1132 a lower quantity 1117:1132 a lower quantity of metals and metalloids 1117:1157 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 4 76 theme valuable 597:604 arg1 feedstock 606:614 a valuable feedstock 595:614 a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation 595:641 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 4 77 theme pelagic 560:566 arg1 Sargassum 568:576 the pelagic Sargassum 556:576 the pelagic Sargassum 556:576 Existing commercial applications of other brown algae indicate that the pelagic Sargassum could constitute a valuable feedstock for potential valorisation. 33148447 5 78 theme possible 738:745 arg1 application 747:757 possible application 738:757 possible application 738:757 However, limited data on the composition of this Sargassum biomass was available to inform on possible application through pyrolysis or enzymatic fractionation of this feedstock. 33148447 6 79 theme biochemical 877:887 arg1 analysis 903:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis 854:910 a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII) 854:1071 To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed comparative biochemical and elemental analysis of three pelagic Sargassum morphotypes identified so far as forming Atlantic blooms: Sargassum natans I (SnI), S. fluitans III (Sf), and S. natans VIII (SnVIII). 33148447 7 80 theme non-cellulosic 1232:1245 arg1 polysaccharides 1247:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1232:1261 Our results showed that SnVIII accumulated a lower quantity of metals and metalloids compared to SnI and Sf, but it contained higher amounts of phenolics and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. 33148447 9 81 from differences 1329:1339 arg1 composition 1360:1370 composition 1360:1370 composition 1360:1370 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 9 81 from differences 1329:1339 arg1 content 1348:1354 content 1348:1354 content 1348:1354 No differences in the content and composition of the cell wall polysaccharide alginate were identified among the three morphotypes. 33148447 10 82 theme more 1514:1517 arg1 sugars 1519:1524 more sugars 1514:1524 more sugars 1514:1524 In addition, enzymatic saccharification of SnI produced more sugars compared to SnVIII and Sf. 34154406 14 0 theme molecules 2644:2652 arg1 types 2615:2619 two types 2611:2619 two types 2611:2619 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 11 1 theme coral 2205:2209 arg1 reefs 2211:2215 coral reefs 2205:2215 coral reefs 2205:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 4 2 theme H. 635:636 arg1 echinata 638:645 H. echinata 635:645 H. echinata 635:645 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 4 2 theme H. 635:636 arg1 system 685:690 a cell biological model system 661:690 a cell biological model system for decades 661:702 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 4 3 from influence 722:730 arg1 transition 772:781 the morphogenic transition 756:781 the morphogenic transition 756:781 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 1 4 theme many 279:282 arg1 invertebrates 291:303 many marine invertebrates 279:303 many marine invertebrates 279:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 14 5 theme bacterial 2624:2632 arg1 polysaccharides 2673:2687 polysaccharides 2673:2687 polysaccharides 2673:2687 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 14 5 theme bacterial 2624:2632 arg1 phospholipids 2655:2667 phospholipids 2655:2667 phospholipids 2655:2667 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 14 5 theme bacterial 2624:2632 arg1 molecules 2644:2652 bacterial signaling molecules 2624:2652 bacterial signaling molecules 2624:2652 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 6 6 theme larval 1277:1282 arg1 membranes 1284:1292 the larval membranes 1273:1292 the larval membranes 1273:1292 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 6 7 theme signaling 1328:1336 arg1 cascades 1338:1345 internal signaling cascades 1319:1345 internal signaling cascades 1319:1345 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 11 8 theme critical 2136:2143 arg1 steps 2145:2149 critical steps 2136:2149 critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs 2136:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 4 9 from identity 709:716 arg1 transition 772:781 the morphogenic transition 756:781 the morphogenic transition 756:781 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 1 10 theme invertebrates 291:303 arg1 persistence 264:274 the persistence 260:274 the persistence of many marine invertebrates 260:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 7 11 theme Pseudoalteromonas 1496:1512 arg1 sp 1514:1515 Pseudoalteromonas sp 1496:1515 Pseudoalteromonas sp 1496:1515 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 11 12 theme invertebrates 2121:2133 arg1 maintenance 2222:2232 the maintenance 2218:2232 the maintenance of marine fisheries 2218:2252 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 12 theme invertebrates 2121:2133 arg1 settlement 2100:2109 settlement 2100:2109 settlement 2100:2109 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 12 theme invertebrates 2121:2133 arg1 steps 2145:2149 critical steps 2136:2149 critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs 2136:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 12 theme invertebrates 2121:2133 arg1 recruitment 2084:2094 recruitment 2084:2094 recruitment 2084:2094 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 12 theme invertebrates 2121:2133 arg1 fouling 2263:2269 the fouling 2259:2269 the fouling of submerged surfaces 2259:2291 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 13 theme marine 2237:2242 arg1 fisheries 2244:2252 marine fisheries 2237:2252 marine fisheries 2237:2252 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 14 theme marine 2163:2168 arg1 processes 2170:2178 diverse marine processes 2155:2178 diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs 2155:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 14 theme marine 2163:2168 arg1 formation 2192:2200 the formation 2188:2200 the formation of coral reefs 2188:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 1 15 theme cross-kingdom 200:212 arg1 phenomenon 228:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon 187:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates 187:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 15 theme cross-kingdom 200:212 arg1 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 15 theme cross-kingdom 200:212 arg1 metamorphosis 160:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis 136:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae 136:182 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 9 16 theme morphogenic 1749:1759 arg1 activity 1761:1768 the morphogenic activity 1745:1768 the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms 1745:1821 We also found that combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan induced transformation within 24 h, thereby exceeding the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms. 34154406 6 17 theme fluorescence-labeled 1170:1189 arg1 phospholipids 1201:1213 fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids 1170:1213 fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids 1170:1213 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 4 18 theme model 679:683 arg1 system 685:690 a cell biological model system 661:690 a cell biological model system for decades 661:702 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 4 18 theme model 679:683 arg1 echinata 638:645 H. echinata 635:645 H. echinata 635:645 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 3 19 theme signal 608:613 arg1 detection 615:623 signal detection 608:623 signal detection 608:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 15 20 theme combinatorial 2767:2779 arg1 activity 2781:2788 combinatorial activity 2767:2788 combinatorial activity 2767:2788 We then analyzed their abundance and combinatorial activity. 34154406 5 21 theme lyso 891:894 arg1 phospholipids 896:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 16 22 theme complex 2966:2972 arg1 lipids 2974:2979 complex lipids 2966:2979 complex lipids 2966:2979 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 16 22 theme complex 2966:2972 arg1 cues 3025:3028 general metamorphic cues 3005:3028 general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae 3005:3049 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 16 22 theme complex 2966:2972 arg1 polysaccharides 2985:2999 polysaccharides 2985:2999 polysaccharides 2985:2999 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 5 23 theme specific 871:878 arg1 phospholipids 896:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 13 24 theme model 2454:2458 arg1 systems 2460:2466 tractable model systems 2444:2466 tractable model systems 2444:2466 Developing tractable model systems to characterize these coevolved interactions is the key to understanding fundamental processes in evolutionary biology. 34154406 9 25 theme single 1783:1788 arg1 compounds 1790:1798 single compounds 1783:1798 single compounds 1783:1798 We also found that combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan induced transformation within 24 h, thereby exceeding the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms. 34154406 7 26 theme bacterial 1440:1448 arg1 biofilms 1450:1457 bacterial biofilms 1440:1457 bacterial biofilms 1440:1457 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 10 27 theme distinct 1870:1877 arg1 metabolites 1898:1908 two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites 1853:1908 two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites 1853:1908 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 8 28 theme Alcaligenes 1547:1557 arg1 faecalis 1559:1566 Alcaligenes faecalis 1547:1566 Alcaligenes faecalis 1547:1566 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 4 29 theme morphogenic 760:770 arg1 transition 772:781 the morphogenic transition 756:781 the morphogenic transition 756:781 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 5 30 from present 921:927 arg1 vesicles 956:963 vesicles 956:963 vesicles 956:963 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 5 30 from present 921:927 arg1 membranes 942:950 bacterial membranes 932:950 bacterial membranes 932:950 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 16 31 theme metamorphic 3013:3023 arg1 lipids 2974:2979 complex lipids 2966:2979 complex lipids 2966:2979 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 16 31 theme metamorphic 3013:3023 arg1 cues 3025:3028 general metamorphic cues 3005:3028 general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae 3005:3049 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 16 31 theme metamorphic 3013:3023 arg1 polysaccharides 2985:2999 polysaccharides 2985:2999 polysaccharides 2985:2999 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 11 32 theme IMPORTANCE 2029:2038 arg1 biofilms 2050:2057 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms 2029:2057 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms 2029:2057 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 5 33 theme bacterial 880:888 arg1 phospholipids 896:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 11 34 theme diverse 2155:2161 arg1 processes 2170:2178 diverse marine processes 2155:2178 diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs 2155:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 34 theme diverse 2155:2161 arg1 formation 2192:2200 the formation 2188:2200 the formation of coral reefs 2188:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 4 35 theme bacterial 735:743 arg1 signals 745:751 bacterial signals 735:751 bacterial signals 735:751 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 0 36 theme Hydrozoan 80:88 arg1 echinata 102:109 the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata 67:109 the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata 67:109 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components Trigger Metamorphosis in the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. 34154406 1 37 theme larvae 177:182 arg1 metamorphosis 160:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis 136:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae 136:182 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 37 theme larvae 177:182 arg1 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 37 theme larvae 177:182 arg1 phenomenon 228:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon 187:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates 187:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 6 38 theme single 1058:1063 arg1 compounds 1065:1073 single compounds 1058:1073 single compounds 1058:1073 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 12 39 theme mechanisms 2409:2418 arg1 characterization 2355:2370 the characterization 2351:2370 the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms 2351:2418 However, the complex composition of biofilms often makes the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms challenging. 34154406 5 40 from metamorphosis 973:985 arg1 larvae 1002:1007 Hydractinia larvae 990:1007 Hydractinia larvae 990:1007 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 16 41 theme development-related 2888:2906 arg1 signaling 2922:2930 development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2888:2930 development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2888:2930 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 3 42 theme hydroid 422:428 arg1 system 473:478 a well-known model system 454:478 a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection 454:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 3 42 theme hydroid 422:428 arg1 echinata 442:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 12 43 theme individual 2375:2384 arg1 signals 2386:2392 individual signals 2375:2392 individual signals 2375:2392 However, the complex composition of biofilms often makes the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms challenging. 34154406 11 44 theme submerged 2274:2282 arg1 surfaces 2284:2291 submerged surfaces 2274:2291 submerged surfaces 2274:2291 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 12 45 theme complex 2307:2313 arg1 composition 2315:2325 the complex composition 2303:2325 the complex composition of biofilms 2303:2337 However, the complex composition of biofilms often makes the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms challenging. 34154406 3 46 theme model 467:471 arg1 system 473:478 a well-known model system 454:478 a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection 454:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 3 46 theme model 467:471 arg1 echinata 442:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 8 47 theme tested 1609:1614 arg1 larvae 1616:1621 tested larvae 1609:1621 tested larvae 1609:1621 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 3 48 theme larval 521:526 arg1 metamorphosis 528:540 bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis 498:540 bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis 498:540 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 0 49 theme Bacterial 13:21 arg1 Components 31:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components 0:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components 0:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components Trigger Metamorphosis in the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. 34154406 14 50 theme morphogenic 2706:2716 arg1 transition 2718:2727 the morphogenic transition 2702:2727 the morphogenic transition 2702:2727 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 1 51 theme marine 115:120 arg1 environments 122:133 marine environments 115:133 marine environments 115:133 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 52 theme induced 152:158 arg1 metamorphosis 160:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis 136:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae 136:182 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 52 theme induced 152:158 arg1 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 52 theme induced 152:158 arg1 phenomenon 228:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon 187:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates 187:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 6 53 from Lysophospholipids 1036:1052 arg1 50 μM 1094:1098 50 μM 1094:1098 50 μM 1094:1098 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 6 53 from Lysophospholipids 1036:1052 arg1 combination 1081:1091 combination 1081:1091 combination (50 μM) 1081:1099 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 11 54 theme surfaces 2284:2291 arg1 maintenance 2222:2232 the maintenance 2218:2232 the maintenance of marine fisheries 2218:2252 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 54 theme surfaces 2284:2291 arg1 settlement 2100:2109 settlement 2100:2109 settlement 2100:2109 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 54 theme surfaces 2284:2291 arg1 steps 2145:2149 critical steps 2136:2149 critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs 2136:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 54 theme surfaces 2284:2291 arg1 recruitment 2084:2094 recruitment 2084:2094 recruitment 2084:2094 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 54 theme surfaces 2284:2291 arg1 fouling 2263:2269 the fouling 2259:2269 the fouling of submerged surfaces 2259:2291 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 10 55 theme transformation 1934:1947 arg1 rates 1949:1953 high transformation rates 1929:1953 high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae 1929:1975 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 2 56 theme cellular 373:380 arg1 mechanisms 382:391 underlying cellular mechanisms 362:391 underlying cellular mechanisms 362:391 However, the majority of inducing bacterial signals and underlying cellular mechanisms remain enigmatic. 34154406 13 57 theme fundamental 2541:2551 arg1 processes 2553:2561 fundamental processes 2541:2561 fundamental processes 2541:2561 Developing tractable model systems to characterize these coevolved interactions is the key to understanding fundamental processes in evolutionary biology. 34154406 16 58 theme general 3005:3011 arg1 lipids 2974:2979 complex lipids 2966:2979 complex lipids 2966:2979 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 16 58 theme general 3005:3011 arg1 cues 3025:3028 general metamorphic cues 3005:3028 general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae 3005:3049 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 16 58 theme general 3005:3011 arg1 polysaccharides 2985:2999 polysaccharides 2985:2999 polysaccharides 2985:2999 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 6 59 theme larvae 1144:1149 arg1 % 1135:1135 up to 50% 1127:1135 up to 50% of all larvae 1127:1149 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 6 59 theme larvae 1144:1149 arg1 larvae 1144:1149 all larvae 1140:1149 all larvae 1140:1149 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 10 60 theme larvae 1970:1975 arg1 rates 1949:1953 high transformation rates 1929:1953 high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae 1929:1975 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 8 61 theme strain 1518:1523 arg1 P1-9 1525:1528 strain P1-9 1518:1528 strain P1-9 1518:1528 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 3 62 theme colonial 572:579 arg1 stage 587:591 the colonial adult stage 568:591 the colonial adult stage 568:591 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 8 63 dep 75 1602:1603 arg1 to 1599:1600 to 1599:1600 to 1599:1600 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 16 64 theme signal 2858:2863 arg1 activity 2876:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 10 65 theme optimal 2002:2008 arg1 selection 2018:2026 optimal habitat selection 2002:2026 optimal habitat selection 2002:2026 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 14 66 theme signaling 2634:2642 arg1 polysaccharides 2673:2687 polysaccharides 2673:2687 polysaccharides 2673:2687 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 14 66 theme signaling 2634:2642 arg1 phospholipids 2655:2667 phospholipids 2655:2667 phospholipids 2655:2667 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 14 66 theme signaling 2634:2642 arg1 molecules 2644:2652 bacterial signaling molecules 2624:2652 bacterial signaling molecules 2624:2652 Here, we characterized two types of bacterial signaling molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, that induce the morphogenic transition. 34154406 16 67 theme activity 2876:2883 arg1 importance 2825:2834 the general importance 2813:2834 the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2813:2930 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 1 68 theme marine 284:289 arg1 invertebrates 291:303 many marine invertebrates 279:303 many marine invertebrates 279:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 2 69 theme bacterial 340:348 arg1 signals 350:356 bacterial signals 340:356 bacterial signals 340:356 However, the majority of inducing bacterial signals and underlying cellular mechanisms remain enigmatic. 34154406 6 70 theme internal 1319:1326 arg1 cascades 1338:1345 internal signaling cascades 1319:1345 internal signaling cascades 1319:1345 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 11 71 theme marine 2114:2119 arg1 invertebrates 2121:2133 marine invertebrates 2114:2133 marine invertebrates 2114:2133 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 5 72 theme present 921:927 arg1 phospholipids 896:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 16 73 theme cnidarian 3034:3042 arg1 larvae 3044:3049 cnidarian larvae 3034:3049 cnidarian larvae 3034:3049 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 5 74 theme bioassay-guided 820:834 arg1 analysis 836:843 a bioassay-guided analysis 818:843 a bioassay-guided analysis 818:843 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 3 75 theme detection 615:623 arg1 h 603:603 24 h 600:603 24 h of signal detection 600:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 1 76 theme widespread 189:198 arg1 phenomenon 228:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon 187:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates 187:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 76 theme widespread 189:198 arg1 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 76 theme widespread 189:198 arg1 metamorphosis 160:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis 136:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae 136:182 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 11 77 theme fisheries 2244:2252 arg1 maintenance 2222:2232 the maintenance 2218:2232 the maintenance of marine fisheries 2218:2252 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 77 theme fisheries 2244:2252 arg1 settlement 2100:2109 settlement 2100:2109 settlement 2100:2109 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 77 theme fisheries 2244:2252 arg1 steps 2145:2149 critical steps 2136:2149 critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs 2136:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 77 theme fisheries 2244:2252 arg1 recruitment 2084:2094 recruitment 2084:2094 recruitment 2084:2094 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 11 77 theme fisheries 2244:2252 arg1 fouling 2263:2269 the fouling 2259:2269 the fouling of submerged surfaces 2259:2291 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 6 78 theme bacterial 1191:1199 arg1 phospholipids 1201:1213 fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids 1170:1213 fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids 1170:1213 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 1 79 theme communication 214:226 arg1 phenomenon 228:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon 187:237 a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates 187:303 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 79 theme communication 214:226 arg1 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 critical 247:254 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 1 79 theme communication 214:226 arg1 metamorphosis 160:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis 136:172 the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae 136:182 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 7 80 theme Rha-Man 1468:1474 arg1 polysaccharide 1476:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide 1460:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp 1460:1515 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 7 80 theme Rha-Man 1468:1474 arg1 exopolysaccharides 1418:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides 1392:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms 1392:1457 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 4 81 theme biological 668:677 arg1 system 685:690 a cell biological model system 661:690 a cell biological model system for decades 661:702 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 4 81 theme biological 668:677 arg1 echinata 638:645 H. echinata 635:645 H. echinata 635:645 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 13 82 theme tractable 2444:2452 arg1 systems 2460:2466 tractable model systems 2444:2466 tractable model systems 2444:2466 Developing tractable model systems to characterize these coevolved interactions is the key to understanding fundamental processes in evolutionary biology. 34154406 10 83 dep distinct 1870:1877 arg1 bacterium-derived 1880:1896 bacterium-derived 1880:1896 bacterium-derived 1880:1896 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 16 84 theme general 2817:2823 arg1 importance 2825:2834 the general importance 2813:2834 the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2813:2930 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 11 85 theme reefs 2211:2215 arg1 formation 2192:2200 the formation 2188:2200 the formation of coral reefs 2188:2215 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 7 86 theme biofilms 1450:1457 arg1 exopolysaccharides 1418:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides 1392:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms 1392:1457 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 7 86 theme biofilms 1450:1457 arg1 polysaccharide 1476:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide 1460:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp 1460:1515 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 4 87 theme signals 745:751 arg1 influence 722:730 influence 722:730 influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition 722:781 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 4 87 theme signals 745:751 arg1 identity 709:716 the identity 705:716 the identity 705:716 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 13 88 theme coevolved 2490:2498 arg1 interactions 2500:2511 these coevolved interactions 2484:2511 these coevolved interactions 2484:2511 Developing tractable model systems to characterize these coevolved interactions is the key to understanding fundamental processes in evolutionary biology. 34154406 10 89 theme high 1929:1932 arg1 rates 1949:1953 high transformation rates 1929:1953 high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae 1929:1975 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 1 90 from phenomenon 228:237 arg1 environments 122:133 marine environments 115:133 marine environments 115:133 In marine environments, the bacterially induced metamorphosis of larvae is a widespread cross-kingdom communication phenomenon that is critical for the persistence of many marine invertebrates. 34154406 7 91 theme new 1464:1466 arg1 polysaccharide 1476:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide 1460:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp 1460:1515 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 7 91 theme new 1464:1466 arg1 exopolysaccharides 1418:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides 1392:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms 1392:1457 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 9 92 theme bacterial 1804:1812 arg1 biofilms 1814:1821 bacterial biofilms 1804:1821 bacterial biofilms 1804:1821 We also found that combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan induced transformation within 24 h, thereby exceeding the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms. 34154406 0 93 theme Colonial 71:78 arg1 echinata 102:109 the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata 67:109 the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata 67:109 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components Trigger Metamorphosis in the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. 34154406 11 94 dep recruitment 2084:2094 arg1 the 2080:2082 the 2080:2082 the 2080:2082 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 5 95 theme bacterial 932:940 arg1 membranes 942:950 bacterial membranes 932:950 bacterial membranes 932:950 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 12 96 theme regulatory 2398:2407 arg1 mechanisms 2409:2418 regulatory mechanisms 2398:2418 regulatory mechanisms 2398:2418 However, the complex composition of biofilms often makes the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms challenging. 34154406 7 97 theme distinct 1409:1416 arg1 exopolysaccharides 1418:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides 1392:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms 1392:1457 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 7 97 theme distinct 1409:1416 arg1 polysaccharide 1476:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide 1460:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp 1460:1515 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 0 98 theme Hydractinia 90:100 arg1 echinata 102:109 the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata 67:109 the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata 67:109 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components Trigger Metamorphosis in the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. 34154406 7 99 from sp 1514:1515 arg1 polysaccharide 1476:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide 1460:1489 the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp 1460:1515 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 7 99 from sp 1514:1515 arg1 exopolysaccharides 1418:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides 1392:1435 two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms 1392:1457 Second, we identified two structurally distinct exopolysaccharides of bacterial biofilms, the new Rha-Man polysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 34154406 5 100 from vesicles 956:963 arg1 present 921:927 present 921:927 present 921:927 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 5 101 theme dose-response 1014:1026 arg1 manner 1028:1033 a dose-response manner 1012:1033 a dose-response manner 1012:1033 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 12 102 theme biofilms 2330:2337 arg1 composition 2315:2325 the complex composition 2303:2325 the complex composition of biofilms 2303:2337 However, the complex composition of biofilms often makes the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms challenging. 34154406 16 103 theme multiple 2839:2846 arg1 activity 2876:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 8 104 from faecalis 1559:1566 arg1 curdlan 1534:1540 curdlan 1534:1540 curdlan 1534:1540 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 8 104 from faecalis 1559:1566 arg1 P1-9 1525:1528 strain P1-9 1518:1528 strain P1-9 1518:1528 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 5 105 from membranes 942:950 arg1 present 921:927 present 921:927 present 921:927 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 3 106 dep larvae 546:551 arg1 transform 553:561 transform 553:561 transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection 553:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 16 107 theme cross-kingdom 2908:2920 arg1 signaling 2922:2930 development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2888:2930 development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2888:2930 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 12 108 theme signals 2386:2392 arg1 characterization 2355:2370 the characterization 2351:2370 the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms 2351:2418 However, the complex composition of biofilms often makes the characterization of individual signals and regulatory mechanisms challenging. 34154406 0 109 theme Distinct 4:11 arg1 Components 31:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components 0:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components 0:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components Trigger Metamorphosis in the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. 34154406 5 110 theme Hydractinia 990:1000 arg1 larvae 1002:1007 Hydractinia larvae 990:1007 Hydractinia larvae 990:1007 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 3 111 theme Hydractinia 430:440 arg1 system 473:478 a well-known model system 454:478 a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection 454:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 3 111 theme Hydractinia 430:440 arg1 echinata 442:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 8 112 theme larvae 1616:1621 arg1 % 1604:1604 up to 75% 1596:1604 up to 75% of tested larvae 1596:1621 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 8 112 theme larvae 1616:1621 arg1 larvae 1616:1621 tested larvae 1609:1621 tested larvae 1609:1621 strain P1-9 and curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, to induce metamorphosis in up to 75% of tested larvae. 34154406 0 113 theme Biofilm 23:29 arg1 Components 31:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components 0:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components 0:40 Two Distinct Bacterial Biofilm Components Trigger Metamorphosis in the Colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata. 34154406 16 114 from importance 2825:2834 arg1 signaling 2922:2930 development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2888:2930 development-related cross-kingdom signaling 2888:2930 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 13 115 theme evolutionary 2566:2577 arg1 biology 2579:2585 evolutionary biology 2566:2585 evolutionary biology 2566:2585 Developing tractable model systems to characterize these coevolved interactions is the key to understanding fundamental processes in evolutionary biology. 34154406 3 116 theme marine 415:420 arg1 system 473:478 a well-known model system 454:478 a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection 454:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 3 116 theme marine 415:420 arg1 echinata 442:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 10 117 theme Hydractinia 1958:1968 arg1 larvae 1970:1975 Hydractinia larvae 1958:1975 Hydractinia larvae 1958:1975 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 11 118 theme Bacterial 2040:2048 arg1 biofilms 2050:2057 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms 2029:2057 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms 2029:2057 IMPORTANCE Bacterial biofilms profoundly influence the recruitment and settlement of marine invertebrates, critical steps for diverse marine processes such as the formation of coral reefs, the maintenance of marine fisheries, and the fouling of submerged surfaces. 34154406 3 119 theme well-known 456:465 arg1 system 473:478 a well-known model system 454:478 a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection 454:623 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 3 119 theme well-known 456:465 arg1 echinata 442:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata 411:449 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 6 120 dep 50 1133:1134 arg1 to 1130:1131 to 1130:1131 to 1130:1131 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34154406 3 121 theme stimulated 510:519 arg1 metamorphosis 528:540 bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis 498:540 bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis 498:540 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 5 122 attach present 921:927 arg1 vesicles 956:963 vesicles 956:963 vesicles 956:963 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 5 122 attach present 921:927 arg2 phospholipids 896:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids 871:908 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 5 122 attach present 921:927 arg1 membranes 942:950 bacterial membranes 932:950 bacterial membranes 932:950 Using a bioassay-guided analysis, we first determined that specific bacterial (lyso)phospholipids, naturally present in bacterial membranes and vesicles, elicit metamorphosis in Hydractinia larvae in a dose-response manner. 34154406 9 123 theme lyso 1660:1663 arg1 phospholipids 1665:1677 (lyso)phospholipids 1659:1677 (lyso)phospholipids 1659:1677 We also found that combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan induced transformation within 24 h, thereby exceeding the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms. 34154406 2 124 theme underlying 362:371 arg1 mechanisms 382:391 underlying cellular mechanisms 362:391 underlying cellular mechanisms 362:391 However, the majority of inducing bacterial signals and underlying cellular mechanisms remain enigmatic. 34154406 9 125 theme phospholipids 1665:1677 arg1 combinations 1643:1654 combinations 1643:1654 combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan 1643:1689 We also found that combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan induced transformation within 24 h, thereby exceeding the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms. 34154406 16 126 theme bacterial 2848:2856 arg1 activity 2876:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 9 127 theme curdlan 1683:1689 arg1 combinations 1643:1654 combinations 1643:1654 combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan 1643:1689 We also found that combinations of (lyso)phospholipids and curdlan induced transformation within 24 h, thereby exceeding the morphogenic activity observed for single compounds and bacterial biofilms. 34154406 16 128 theme converging 2865:2874 arg1 activity 2876:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 multiple bacterial signal converging activity 2839:2883 This study highlights the general importance of multiple bacterial signal converging activity in development-related cross-kingdom signaling and poses the question of whether complex lipids and polysaccharides are general metamorphic cues for cnidarian larvae. 34154406 4 129 theme cell 663:666 arg1 system 685:690 a cell biological model system 661:690 a cell biological model system for decades 661:702 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 4 129 theme cell 663:666 arg1 echinata 638:645 H. echinata 635:645 H. echinata 635:645 Although H. echinata has served as a cell biological model system for decades, the identity and influence of bacterial signals on the morphogenic transition remained largely unexplored. 34154406 10 130 theme habitat 2010:2016 arg1 selection 2018:2026 optimal habitat selection 2002:2026 optimal habitat selection 2002:2026 Our results demonstrate that two structurally distinct, bacterium-derived metabolites converge to induce high transformation rates of Hydractinia larvae and thus may help ensure optimal habitat selection. 34154406 3 131 theme adult 581:585 arg1 stage 587:591 the colonial adult stage 568:591 the colonial adult stage 568:591 The marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata is a well-known model system for investigating bacterially stimulated larval metamorphosis, as larvae transform into the colonial adult stage within 24 h of signal detection. 34154406 6 132 with interactions 1301:1312 arg1 cascades 1338:1345 internal signaling cascades 1319:1345 internal signaling cascades 1319:1345 Lysophospholipids, as single compounds or in combination (50 μM), induced metamorphosis in up to 50% of all larvae within 48 h. Using fluorescence-labeled bacterial phospholipids, we demonstrated that phospholipids are incorporated into the larval membranes, where interactions with internal signaling cascades are proposed to occur. 34202776 0 0 theme Essential 64:72 arg1 Oils 74:77 Rosemary Essential Oils 55:77 Rosemary Essential Oils 55:77 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 9 1 dep conclusion 1490:1499 arg1 have 1523:1526 have 1523:1526 have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products 1523:1609 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 5 2 contain had 694:696 arg2 efficiencies 723:734 the strongest inhibitory efficiencies 698:734 the strongest inhibitory efficiencies 698:734 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 5 2 contain had 694:696 arg1 LEO 690:692 LEO 690:692 LEO 690:692 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 3 3 theme major 404:408 arg1 components 410:419 the major components 400:419 the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO 400:440 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 3 3 theme major 404:408 arg1 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole (40.4%) 447:465 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 4 4 theme 36.85 597:601 arg1 ± 603:603 ± 603:603 ± 603:603 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was identified in MEO (36.85 ± 0.49%) among the investigated EOs. 34202776 8 5 theme mycelial 1352:1359 arg1 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 8 5 theme mycelial 1352:1359 arg1 inhibition 1368:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition 1341:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum 1341:1398 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 0 6 theme Rosemary 55:62 arg1 Oils 74:77 Rosemary Essential Oils 55:77 Rosemary Essential Oils 55:77 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 5 7 theme inhibitory 712:721 arg1 efficiencies 723:734 the strongest inhibitory efficiencies 698:734 the strongest inhibitory efficiencies 698:734 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 6 8 theme strongest 896:904 arg1 activity 917:924 The strongest antifungal activity 892:924 The strongest antifungal activity 892:924 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 8 9 theme lowest 1345:1350 arg1 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 8 9 theme lowest 1345:1350 arg1 inhibition 1368:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition 1341:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum 1341:1398 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 6 10 theme MEO 1127:1129 arg1 concentration 1131:1143 the lowest MEO concentration 1116:1143 the lowest MEO concentration 1116:1143 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 5 11 theme Candida 785:791 arg1 tropicalis 798:807 Candida (C.) tropicalis 785:807 Candida (C.) tropicalis 785:807 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 7 12 theme inhibitory 1165:1174 arg1 concentrations 1176:1189 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations 1146:1189 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei 1146:1242 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei were assessed for MEO. 34202776 7 12 theme inhibitory 1165:1174 arg1 MICs 1192:1195 MICs 1192:1195 MICs 1192:1195 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei were assessed for MEO. 34202776 6 13 theme expansum 1007:1014 arg1 growth 980:985 the growth 976:985 the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations 976:1053 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 0 14 theme Oils 74:77 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 0 15 from Mint 45:48 arg1 Growth 114:119 Growth 114:119 Growth of Penicillium spp 114:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 5 16 theme strongest 702:710 arg1 efficiencies 723:734 the strongest inhibitory efficiencies 698:734 the strongest inhibitory efficiencies 698:734 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 0 17 from Growth 114:119 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 0 18 theme Effect 87:92 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 9 19 theme innovative 1559:1568 arg1 agents 1570:1575 innovative agents 1559:1575 innovative agents 1559:1575 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 5 20 theme C. 794:795 arg1 tropicalis 798:807 Candida (C.) tropicalis 785:807 Candida (C.) tropicalis 785:807 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 6 21 from expansum 1007:1014 arg1 concentrations 1040:1053 all concentrations 1036:1053 all concentrations 1036:1053 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 8 22 theme growth 1361:1366 arg1 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 8 22 theme growth 1361:1366 arg1 inhibition 1368:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition 1341:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum 1341:1398 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 0 23 from Lavender 35:42 arg1 Growth 114:119 Growth 114:119 Growth of Penicillium spp 114:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 8 24 from analysis 1275:1282 arg1 model 1297:1301 the bread model 1287:1301 the bread model 1287:1301 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 8 25 theme In 1267:1268 arg1 analysis 1275:1282 In situ analysis 1267:1282 In situ analysis on the bread model 1267:1301 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 3 26 theme MEO 429:431 arg1 components 410:419 the major components 400:419 the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO 400:440 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 3 26 theme MEO 429:431 arg1 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole (40.4%) 447:465 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 8 27 theme MEO 1417:1419 arg1 µL/L 1409:1412 500 µL/L 1405:1412 500 µL/L of MEO 1405:1419 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 9 28 contain have 1523:1526 arg1 EOs 1519:1521 the analysed EOs 1506:1521 the analysed EOs 1506:1521 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 9 28 contain have 1523:1526 arg2 potential 1538:1546 promising potential 1528:1546 promising potential for use as innovative agents 1528:1575 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 6 29 theme P. 1020:1021 arg1 growth 980:985 the growth 976:985 the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations 976:1053 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 8 30 dep In 1267:1268 arg1 situ 1270:1273 situ 1270:1273 situ 1270:1273 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 5 31 theme aeruginosa 770:779 arg1 growth 748:753 the growth 744:753 the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus 744:889 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 9 32 theme bakery 1595:1600 arg1 products 1602:1609 bakery products 1595:1609 bakery products 1595:1609 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 5 33 dep Salmonella 822:831 arg1 S. 834:835 S. 834:835 S. 834:835 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 0 34 theme In 0:1 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 4 35 theme DPPH 541:544 arg1 activity 565:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity 529:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity 529:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was identified in MEO (36.85 ± 0.49%) among the investigated EOs. 34202776 2 36 theme oils 285:288 arg1 properties 232:241 antimicrobial properties 218:241 antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO) 218:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 36 theme oils 285:288 arg1 composition 179:189 The chemical composition 166:189 The chemical composition 166:189 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 36 theme oils 285:288 arg1 activity 204:211 antioxidant activity 192:211 antioxidant activity 192:211 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 9 37 theme products 1602:1609 arg1 storage 1584:1590 the storage 1580:1590 the storage of bakery products 1580:1609 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 1 38 theme Bread 146:150 arg1 System 158:163 a Bread Model System 144:163 a Bread Model System 144:163 in a Bread Model System. 34202776 7 39 theme minimal 1157:1163 arg1 concentrations 1176:1189 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations 1146:1189 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei 1146:1242 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei were assessed for MEO. 34202776 7 39 theme minimal 1157:1163 arg1 MICs 1192:1195 MICs 1192:1195 MICs 1192:1195 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei were assessed for MEO. 34202776 2 40 theme essential 275:283 arg1 lavender 307:314 lavender 307:314 lavender (LEO) 307:320 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 40 theme essential 275:283 arg1 rosemary 291:298 rosemary 291:298 rosemary (REO) 291:304 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 40 theme essential 275:283 arg1 mint 327:330 mint 327:330 mint (MEO) 327:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 40 theme essential 275:283 arg1 oils 285:288 three commercially available essential oils 246:288 three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO) 246:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 4 41 theme investigated 622:633 arg1 EOs 635:637 the investigated EOs 618:637 the investigated EOs 618:637 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was identified in MEO (36.85 ± 0.49%) among the investigated EOs. 34202776 1 42 theme Model 152:156 arg1 System 158:163 a Bread Model System 144:163 a Bread Model System 144:163 in a Bread Model System. 34202776 0 43 theme Antimicrobial 9:21 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 2 44 theme available 265:273 arg1 lavender 307:314 lavender 307:314 lavender (LEO) 307:320 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 44 theme available 265:273 arg1 rosemary 291:298 rosemary 291:298 rosemary (REO) 291:304 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 44 theme available 265:273 arg1 mint 327:330 mint 327:330 mint (MEO) 327:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 44 theme available 265:273 arg1 oils 285:288 three commercially available essential oils 246:288 three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO) 246:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 5 45 theme antimicrobial 650:662 arg1 activities 664:673 antimicrobial activities 650:673 antimicrobial activities 650:673 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 0 46 theme Lavender 35:42 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 8 47 theme bread 1291:1295 arg1 model 1297:1301 the bread model 1287:1301 the bread model 1287:1301 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 3 48 theme linalool 489:496 arg1 acetate 498:504 linalool acetate 489:504 linalool acetate (35.0%) 489:512 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 3 48 theme linalool 489:496 arg1 % 511:511 35.0% 507:511 35.0% 507:511 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 2 49 theme antioxidant 192:202 arg1 activity 204:211 antioxidant activity 192:211 antioxidant activity 192:211 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 8 50 theme highest 1432:1438 arg1 MGI 1440:1442 the highest MGI 1428:1442 the highest MGI of P. crustosum 1428:1458 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 9 51 theme analysed 1510:1517 arg1 EOs 1519:1521 the analysed EOs 1506:1521 the analysed EOs 1506:1521 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 0 52 theme Vapours 103:109 arg1 Lavender 35:42 Lavender 35:42 Lavender 35:42 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 0 52 theme Vapours 103:109 arg1 Effect 87:92 the Effect 83:92 the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp 83:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 0 52 theme Vapours 103:109 arg1 Oils 74:77 Rosemary Essential Oils 55:77 Rosemary Essential Oils 55:77 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 0 52 theme Vapours 103:109 arg1 Mint 45:48 Mint 45:48 Mint 45:48 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 7 53 theme lowest 1150:1155 arg1 concentrations 1176:1189 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations 1146:1189 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei 1146:1242 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei were assessed for MEO. 34202776 7 53 theme lowest 1150:1155 arg1 MICs 1192:1195 MICs 1192:1195 MICs 1192:1195 The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against S. enterica, S. aureus, and C. krusei were assessed for MEO. 34202776 0 54 theme Mint 45:48 arg1 Activity 23:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 0:30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 0:139 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 6 55 theme citrinum 1073:1080 arg1 growth 1060:1065 the growth 1056:1065 the growth of P. citrinum 1056:1080 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 6 56 theme P. 1003:1004 arg1 growth 980:985 the growth 976:985 the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations 976:1053 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 4 57 theme highest 533:539 arg1 activity 565:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity 529:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity 529:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was identified in MEO (36.85 ± 0.49%) among the investigated EOs. 34202776 2 58 theme current 362:368 arg1 study 370:374 the current study 358:374 the current study 358:374 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 0 59 from Effect 87:92 arg1 Growth 114:119 Growth 114:119 Growth of Penicillium spp 114:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 2 60 theme chemical 170:177 arg1 composition 179:189 The chemical composition 166:189 The chemical composition 166:189 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 8 61 theme REO 1327:1329 arg1 µL/L 1319:1322 125 µL/L 1315:1322 125 µL/L of REO 1315:1329 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 9 62 theme promising 1528:1536 arg1 potential 1538:1546 promising potential 1528:1546 promising potential for use as innovative agents 1528:1575 Our results allow us to make conclusion that the analysed EOs have promising potential for use as innovative agents in the storage of bakery products in order to extend their shelf-life. 34202776 0 63 theme spp 136:138 arg1 Growth 114:119 Growth 114:119 Growth of Penicillium spp 114:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 5 64 theme tropicalis 798:807 arg1 growth 748:753 the growth 744:753 the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus 744:889 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 2 65 theme antimicrobial 218:230 arg1 properties 232:241 antimicrobial properties 218:241 antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO) 218:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 8 66 theme crustosum 1450:1458 arg1 MGI 1440:1442 the highest MGI 1428:1442 the highest MGI of P. crustosum 1428:1458 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 4 67 theme radical-scavenging 546:563 arg1 activity 565:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity 529:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity 529:572 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was identified in MEO (36.85 ± 0.49%) among the investigated EOs. 34202776 3 68 theme LEO 438:440 arg1 components 410:419 the major components 400:419 the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO 400:440 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 3 68 theme LEO 438:440 arg1 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole (40.4%) 447:465 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 6 69 from concentrations 1040:1053 arg1 growth 980:985 the growth 976:985 the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations 976:1053 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 0 70 theme Penicillium 124:134 arg1 spp 136:138 Penicillium spp 124:138 Penicillium spp 124:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 4 71 theme 0.49 605:608 arg1 ± 603:603 ± 603:603 ± 603:603 The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was identified in MEO (36.85 ± 0.49%) among the investigated EOs. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 mint 327:330 mint 327:330 mint (MEO) 327:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 oils 285:288 three commercially available essential oils 246:288 three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO) 246:336 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 lavender 307:314 lavender 307:314 lavender (LEO) 307:320 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 LEO 317:319 LEO 317:319 LEO 317:319 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 MEO 333:335 MEO 333:335 MEO 333:335 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 rosemary 291:298 rosemary 291:298 rosemary (REO) 291:304 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 2 72 dep oils 285:288 arg1 REO 301:303 REO 301:303 REO 301:303 The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of three commercially available essential oils: rosemary (REO), lavender (LEO), and mint (MEO), were determined in the current study. 34202776 6 73 theme lowest 1120:1125 arg1 concentration 1131:1143 the lowest MEO concentration 1116:1143 the lowest MEO concentration 1116:1143 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 6 74 theme antifungal 906:915 arg1 activity 917:924 The strongest antifungal activity 892:924 The strongest antifungal activity 892:924 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 6 75 dep P. 1020:1021 arg1 crustosum 1023:1031 P. crustosum 1020:1031 P. crustosum 1020:1031 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 0 76 from Oils 74:77 arg1 Growth 114:119 Growth 114:119 Growth of Penicillium spp 114:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 8 77 theme citrinum 1391:1398 arg1 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 MGI 1380:1382 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 8 77 theme citrinum 1391:1398 arg1 inhibition 1368:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition 1341:1377 the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum 1341:1398 In situ analysis on the bread model showed that 125 µL/L of REO exhibited the lowest mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. citrinum, and 500 µL/L of MEO caused the highest MGI of P. crustosum. 34202776 5 78 dep aeruginosa 770:779 arg1 aureus 884:889 aureus 884:889 aureus 884:889 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 34202776 6 79 theme mint 943:946 arg1 EO 948:949 mint EO 943:949 mint EO 943:949 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 0 80 from Activity 23:30 arg1 Growth 114:119 Growth 114:119 Growth of Penicillium spp 114:138 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 0 81 dep In 0:1 arg1 Vitro 3:7 Vitro 3:7 Vitro 3:7 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. 34202776 3 82 theme REO 424:426 arg1 components 410:419 the major components 400:419 the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO 400:440 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 3 82 theme REO 424:426 arg1 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole 447:457 1,8-cineole (40.4%) 447:465 Our data revealed that the major components of REO, MEO, and LEO were 1,8-cineole (40.4%), menthol (40.1%), and linalool acetate (35.0%), respectively. 34202776 6 83 from growth 980:985 arg1 concentrations 1040:1053 all concentrations 1036:1053 all concentrations 1036:1053 The strongest antifungal activity was displayed by mint EO, which totally inhibited the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. crustosum in all concentrations; the growth of P. citrinum was completely suppressed only by the lowest MEO concentration. 34202776 5 84 dep Staphylococcus 864:877 arg1 S. 880:881 S. 880:881 S. 880:881 Regarding antimicrobial activities, we found that LEO had the strongest inhibitory efficiencies against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida (C.) tropicalis, MEO against Salmonella (S.) enterica, and REO against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. 33421150 3 0 from variation 539:547 arg1 accumulation 572:583 accumulation 572:583 accumulation 572:583 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 3 0 from variation 539:547 arg1 tolerance 558:566 metal tolerance 552:566 metal tolerance 552:566 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 2 1 theme constitutive 377:388 arg1 zinc/cadmium 390:401 constitutive zinc/cadmium 377:401 constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance 377:419 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 2 1 theme constitutive 377:388 arg1 Zn/Cd 404:408 Zn/Cd 404:408 Zn/Cd 404:408 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 3 2 theme ionome 586:591 arg1 profiles 635:642 ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles 586:642 ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles 586:642 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 6 3 theme cell 1141:1144 arg1 genes 1159:1163 Many cell wall-related genes 1136:1163 Many cell wall-related genes 1136:1163 Many cell wall-related genes were also more highly expressed in roots of the metallicolous population. 33421150 4 4 theme altered 913:919 arg1 homeostasis 927:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 3 5 theme cell 612:615 arg1 array 629:633 cell wall glycan array 612:633 cell wall glycan array 612:633 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 6 6 theme metallicolous 1213:1225 arg1 population 1227:1236 the metallicolous population 1209:1236 the metallicolous population 1209:1236 Many cell wall-related genes were also more highly expressed in roots of the metallicolous population. 33421150 3 7 theme transcriptome 594:606 arg1 profiles 635:642 ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles 586:642 ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles 586:642 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 8 8 theme genes 1542:1546 arg1 regulation 1516:1525 regulation 1516:1525 regulation of transporter genes 1516:1546 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 8 8 theme genes 1542:1546 arg1 components 1501:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 7 9 theme Glycan 1239:1244 arg1 array 1246:1250 Glycan array 1239:1250 Glycan array 1239:1250 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 1 10 theme homeostasis 225:235 arg1 study 210:214 the study 206:214 the study of metal homeostasis 206:235 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 3 11 theme glycan 622:627 arg1 array 629:633 cell wall glycan array 612:633 cell wall glycan array 612:633 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 7 12 from differences 1322:1332 arg1 terms 1365:1369 terms 1365:1369 terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1365:1440 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 2 13 from variability 469:479 arg1 accumulation 487:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 3 14 from accumulation 572:583 arg1 basis 526:530 the molecular basis 512:530 the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation 512:583 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 0 15 theme metal 77:81 arg1 accumulation 83:94 limited metal accumulation 69:94 limited metal accumulation 69:94 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 0 16 dep wall 121:124 arg1 composition 126:136 composition 126:136 composition 126:136 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 4 17 theme reduced 837:843 arg1 hyperaccumulation 845:861 reduced hyperaccumulation 837:861 reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn 837:867 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 8 18 from accumulation 1572:1583 arg1 halleri 1601:1607 A. halleri 1598:1607 A. halleri 1598:1607 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 5 19 theme transporter 1042:1052 arg1 genes 1054:1058 transporter genes 1042:1058 transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots 1042:1133 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 2 20 theme Zn 425:426 arg1 hyperaccumulation 428:444 Zn hyperaccumulation 425:444 Zn hyperaccumulation 425:444 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 6 21 theme wall-related 1146:1157 arg1 genes 1159:1163 Many cell wall-related genes 1136:1163 Many cell wall-related genes 1136:1163 Many cell wall-related genes were also more highly expressed in roots of the metallicolous population. 33421150 0 22 theme limited 69:75 arg1 accumulation 83:94 limited metal accumulation 69:94 limited metal accumulation 69:94 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 4 23 theme increased 810:818 arg1 tolerance 820:828 increased tolerance 810:828 increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population 810:982 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 7 24 theme histological 1256:1267 arg1 staining 1269:1276 histological staining 1256:1276 histological staining 1256:1276 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 6 25 theme Many 1136:1139 arg1 genes 1159:1163 Many cell wall-related genes 1136:1163 Many cell wall-related genes 1136:1163 Many cell wall-related genes were also more highly expressed in roots of the metallicolous population. 33421150 2 26 theme intraspecific 455:467 arg1 variability 469:479 high intraspecific variability 450:479 high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation 450:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 0 27 theme Arabidopsis 14:24 arg1 halleri 26:32 Arabidopsis halleri 14:32 Arabidopsis halleri 14:32 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 1 28 theme selected 304:311 arg1 traits 313:318 naturally selected traits 294:318 naturally selected traits 294:318 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 7 29 theme root 1403:1406 arg1 pectin 1408:1413 specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1394:1440 pectin 1408:1413 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 8 30 theme cell 1491:1494 arg1 components 1501:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 2 31 from tolerance 411:419 arg1 accumulation 487:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 3 32 theme close 677:681 arg1 populations 694:704 two genetically close A. halleri populations 661:704 two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy 661:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 0 33 theme metal 45:49 arg1 pollution 51:59 extreme metal pollution 37:59 extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation 37:94 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 5 34 theme vacuolar 1103:1110 arg1 sequestration 1112:1124 Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration 1097:1124 Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots 1097:1133 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 3 35 theme nonmetalliferous 729:744 arg1 sites 746:750 metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites 711:750 metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy 711:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 3 36 theme molecular 516:524 arg1 basis 526:530 the molecular basis 512:530 the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation 512:583 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 5 37 theme trace 1072:1076 arg1 entry 1084:1088 trace metal entry 1072:1088 trace metal entry 1072:1088 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 3 38 theme metalliferous 711:723 arg1 sites 746:750 metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites 711:750 metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy 711:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 8 39 theme transporter 1530:1540 arg1 genes 1542:1546 transporter genes 1530:1546 transporter genes 1530:1546 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 3 40 theme metal 552:556 arg1 tolerance 558:566 metal tolerance 552:566 metal tolerance 552:566 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 2 41 theme zinc/cadmium 390:401 arg1 tolerance 411:419 constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance 377:419 constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance 377:419 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 8 42 theme metals 1588:1593 arg1 accumulation 1572:1583 accumulation 1572:1583 accumulation of metals in A. halleri 1572:1607 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 4 43 theme metal 921:925 arg1 homeostasis 927:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 3 44 from tolerance 558:566 arg1 basis 526:530 the molecular basis 512:530 the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation 512:583 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 1 45 theme powerful 186:193 arg1 models 195:200 powerful models 186:200 powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis 186:235 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 3 46 from basis 526:530 arg1 accumulation 572:583 accumulation 572:583 accumulation 572:583 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 3 46 from basis 526:530 arg1 tolerance 558:566 metal tolerance 552:566 metal tolerance 552:566 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 6 47 theme population 1227:1236 arg1 roots 1200:1204 roots 1200:1204 roots of the metallicolous population 1200:1236 Many cell wall-related genes were also more highly expressed in roots of the metallicolous population. 33421150 4 48 theme Cd 898:899 arg1 homeostasis 927:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 4 48 theme Cd 898:899 arg1 hyperaccumulation 845:861 reduced hyperaccumulation 837:861 reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn 837:867 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 4 48 theme Cd 898:899 arg1 accumulation 882:893 limited accumulation 874:893 limited accumulation of Cd 874:899 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 2 49 theme Arabidopsis 321:331 arg1 halleri 333:339 Arabidopsis halleri 321:339 Arabidopsis halleri 321:339 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 2 49 theme Arabidopsis 321:331 arg1 pseudometallophyte 346:363 a pseudometallophyte 344:363 a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation 344:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 3 50 from sites 746:750 arg1 populations 694:704 two genetically close A. halleri populations 661:704 two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy 661:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 3 50 from sites 746:750 arg1 Italy 764:768 Northern Italy 755:768 Northern Italy 755:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 0 51 theme metal 142:146 arg1 homeostasis 148:158 metal homeostasis 142:158 metal homeostasis 142:158 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 3 52 theme array 629:633 arg1 profiles 635:642 ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles 586:642 ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles 586:642 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 1 53 theme metal 219:223 arg1 homeostasis 225:235 metal homeostasis 219:235 metal homeostasis 219:235 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 3 54 theme variation 539:547 arg1 basis 526:530 the molecular basis 512:530 the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation 512:583 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 3 55 theme wall 617:620 arg1 array 629:633 cell wall glycan array 612:633 cell wall glycan array 612:633 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 4 56 theme nonmetallicolous 956:971 arg1 population 973:982 the nonmetallicolous population 952:982 the nonmetallicolous population 952:982 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 0 57 from changes 105:111 arg1 wall 121:124 cell wall composition and metal homeostasis 116:158 wall 121:124 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 0 57 from changes 105:111 arg1 homeostasis 148:158 metal homeostasis 142:158 metal homeostasis 142:158 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 4 58 theme metallicolous 775:787 arg1 population 789:798 The metallicolous population 771:798 The metallicolous population 771:798 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 7 59 theme major 1316:1320 arg1 differences 1322:1332 major differences 1316:1332 major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1316:1440 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 5 60 from sequestration 1112:1124 arg1 roots 1129:1133 roots 1129:1133 roots 1129:1133 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 7 61 dep array 1246:1250 arg1 analyses 1278:1285 analyses 1278:1285 analyses 1278:1285 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 8 62 theme contaminated 1612:1623 arg1 sites 1625:1629 contaminated sites 1612:1629 contaminated sites 1612:1629 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 0 63 theme cell 116:119 arg1 wall 121:124 cell wall composition and metal homeostasis 116:158 wall 121:124 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 5 64 theme genes 1054:1058 arg1 expression 1028:1037 the differential expression 1011:1037 the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots 1011:1133 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 7 65 theme hemicellulose 1419:1431 arg1 epitopes 1433:1440 specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1394:1440 epitopes 1433:1440 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 7 66 theme pectin 1408:1413 arg1 accumulation 1378:1389 the accumulation 1374:1389 the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1374:1440 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 2 67 theme Cd 484:485 arg1 accumulation 487:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 0 68 theme halleri 26:32 arg1 Adaptation 0:9 Adaptation 0:9 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation 0:94 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 4 69 theme limited 874:880 arg1 accumulation 882:893 limited accumulation 874:893 limited accumulation of Cd 874:899 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 5 70 theme differential 1015:1026 arg1 expression 1028:1037 the differential expression 1011:1037 the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots 1011:1133 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 7 71 theme specific 1394:1401 arg1 pectin 1408:1413 specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1394:1440 pectin 1408:1413 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 3 72 theme A. halleri 683:692 arg1 populations 694:704 two genetically close A. halleri populations 661:704 two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy 661:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 2 73 theme high 450:453 arg1 variability 469:479 high intraspecific variability 450:479 high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation 450:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 0 74 theme extreme 37:43 arg1 pollution 51:59 extreme metal pollution 37:59 extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation 37:94 Adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to extreme metal pollution through limited metal accumulation involves changes in cell wall composition and metal homeostasis. 33421150 1 75 theme traits 313:318 arg1 evolution 281:289 the evolution 277:289 the evolution of naturally selected traits 277:318 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 1 75 theme traits 313:318 arg1 models 195:200 powerful models 186:200 powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis 186:235 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 1 75 theme traits 313:318 arg1 adaptation 238:247 adaptation 238:247 adaptation to extreme environments 238:271 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33421150 7 76 theme accumulation 1378:1389 arg1 terms 1365:1369 terms 1365:1369 terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1365:1440 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 8 77 theme specific 1482:1489 arg1 components 1501:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 5 78 theme Cd/Zn 1097:1101 arg1 sequestration 1112:1124 Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration 1097:1124 Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots 1097:1133 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 8 79 theme wall 1496:1499 arg1 components 1501:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 specific cell wall components 1482:1510 Our results support the idea that both specific cell wall components and regulation of transporter genes play a role in limiting accumulation of metals in A. halleri at contaminated sites. 33421150 4 80 theme Zn 866:867 arg1 homeostasis 927:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 altered metal homeostasis 913:937 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 4 80 theme Zn 866:867 arg1 hyperaccumulation 845:861 reduced hyperaccumulation 837:861 reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn 837:867 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 4 80 theme Zn 866:867 arg1 accumulation 882:893 limited accumulation 874:893 limited accumulation of Cd 874:899 The metallicolous population displayed increased tolerance to and reduced hyperaccumulation of Zn, and limited accumulation of Cd, as well as altered metal homeostasis, compared to the nonmetallicolous population. 33421150 5 81 theme metal 1078:1082 arg1 entry 1084:1088 trace metal entry 1072:1088 trace metal entry 1072:1088 This correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes involved in trace metal entry and in Cd/Zn vacuolar sequestration in roots. 33421150 2 82 from hyperaccumulation 428:444 arg1 accumulation 487:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Cd accumulation 484:498 Arabidopsis halleri is a pseudometallophyte which shows constitutive zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) tolerance and Zn hyperaccumulation but high intraspecific variability in Cd accumulation. 33421150 7 83 theme epitopes 1433:1440 arg1 accumulation 1378:1389 the accumulation 1374:1389 the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes 1374:1440 Glycan array and histological staining analyses demonstrated that there were major differences between the two populations in terms of the accumulation of specific root pectin and hemicellulose epitopes. 33421150 3 84 theme Northern 755:762 arg1 Italy 764:768 Northern Italy 755:768 Northern Italy 755:768 To examine the molecular basis of the variation in metal tolerance and accumulation, ionome, transcriptome and cell wall glycan array profiles were compared in two genetically close A. halleri populations from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in Northern Italy. 33421150 1 85 theme extreme 252:258 arg1 environments 260:271 extreme environments 252:271 extreme environments 252:271 Metallophytes constitute powerful models for the study of metal homeostasis, adaptation to extreme environments and the evolution of naturally selected traits. 33333946 0 0 theme Networks 67:74 arg1 Crosslinking 12:23 Solventless Crosslinking 0:23 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 0:74 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 1 1 theme crosslinked 162:172 arg1 gels 174:177 polymeric crosslinked gels 152:177 polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature 152:199 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 3 2 attach crosslinked 592:602 arg3 study 505:509 this study 500:509 this study 500:509 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 1 3 theme molecules 257:265 arg1 sorption 233:240 the sorption 229:240 the sorption of hydrophobic molecules 229:265 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 0 4 theme Gum 63:65 arg1 Networks 67:74 Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 28:74 Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 28:74 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 5 5 from characterization 895:910 arg1 water 955:959 water 955:959 water 955:959 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 3 6 theme hydrogel 685:692 arg1 matrices 694:701 hydrogel matrices 685:701 hydrogel matrices 685:701 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 5 7 theme swelling 943:950 arg1 characterization 895:910 The characterization 891:910 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior 891:1000 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 4 8 theme solventless 868:878 arg1 procedure 880:888 a solventless procedure 866:888 a solventless procedure 866:888 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 3 9 theme diverse 518:524 arg1 gum 561:563 xanthan gum 553:563 xanthan gum 553:563 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 9 theme diverse 518:524 arg1 polysaccharides 526:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 9 theme diverse 518:524 arg1 chitosan 543:550 chitosan 543:550 chitosan 543:550 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 9 theme diverse 518:524 arg1 gum 582:584 locust bean gum 570:584 locust bean gum 570:584 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 4 10 theme green 714:718 arg1 path 730:733 a green synthetic path 712:733 a green synthetic path 712:733 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 3 11 from acid 649:652 arg1 ratios 667:672 different ratios 657:672 different ratios 657:672 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 5 12 theme sorption 972:979 arg1 characterization 895:910 The characterization 891:910 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior 891:1000 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 5 13 from composition 930:940 arg1 water 955:959 water 955:959 water 955:959 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 2 14 theme retention 460:468 arg1 capacity 448:455 the capacity 444:455 the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances 444:494 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix integrates their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances. 33333946 1 15 theme hydrophilic 182:192 arg1 nature 194:199 hydrophilic nature 182:199 hydrophilic nature 182:199 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 3 16 theme bean 577:580 arg1 polysaccharides 526:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 16 theme bean 577:580 arg1 gum 582:584 locust bean gum 570:584 locust bean gum 570:584 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 5 17 from behavior 993:1000 arg1 water 955:959 water 955:959 water 955:959 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 1 18 theme nature 194:199 arg1 gels 174:177 polymeric crosslinked gels 152:177 polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature 152:199 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 0 19 theme Solventless 0:10 arg1 Crosslinking 12:23 Solventless Crosslinking 0:23 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 0:74 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 2 20 theme covalent 323:330 arg1 addition 332:339 The covalent addition 319:339 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix 319:373 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix integrates their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances. 33333946 2 21 theme solubilizing 392:403 arg1 effect 405:410 their solubilizing effect 386:410 their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances 386:494 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix integrates their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances. 33333946 0 22 theme Chitosan 28:35 arg1 Networks 67:74 Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 28:74 Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 28:74 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 4 23 theme soluble 764:770 arg1 hydrogel 787:794 hydrogel 787:794 hydrogel 787:794 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 4 23 theme soluble 764:770 arg1 networks 797:804 soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks 764:804 soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin 764:839 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 1 24 link crosslinked 162:172 arg1 gels 174:177 polymeric crosslinked gels 152:177 polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature 152:199 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 4 25 theme efficient 740:748 arg1 production 750:759 the efficient production 736:759 the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin 736:839 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 5 26 theme chemical 921:928 arg1 composition 930:940 their chemical composition 915:940 their chemical composition 915:940 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 1 27 theme active 300:305 arg1 principles 307:316 active principles 300:316 active principles 300:316 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 3 28 theme locust 570:575 arg1 polysaccharides 526:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 28 theme locust 570:575 arg1 gum 582:584 locust bean gum 570:584 locust bean gum 570:584 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 0 29 theme Xanthan 38:44 arg1 Networks 67:74 Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 28:74 Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks 28:74 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 1 30 theme principles 307:316 arg1 release 289:295 the release 285:295 the release of active principles 285:316 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 4 31 theme networks 797:804 arg1 production 750:759 the efficient production 736:759 the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin 736:839 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 2 32 theme substances 485:494 arg1 retention 460:468 retention 460:468 retention of hydrophobic substances 460:494 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix integrates their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances. 33333946 3 33 theme citric 642:647 arg1 acid 649:652 citric acid 642:652 citric acid in different ratios 642:672 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 2 34 theme hydrophobic 473:483 arg1 substances 485:494 hydrophobic substances 473:494 hydrophobic substances 473:494 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix integrates their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances. 33333946 2 35 theme excipients 350:359 arg1 addition 332:339 The covalent addition 319:339 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix 319:373 The covalent addition of these excipients to the matrix integrates their solubilizing effect that can contribute to increase the capacity of retention of hydrophobic substances. 33333946 5 36 from water 955:959 arg1 characterization 895:910 The characterization 891:910 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior 891:1000 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 5 37 theme release 985:991 arg1 behavior 993:1000 release behavior 985:1000 release behavior 985:1000 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 4 38 theme synthetic 720:728 arg1 path 730:733 a green synthetic path 712:733 a green synthetic path 712:733 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 3 39 theme xanthan 553:559 arg1 gum 561:563 xanthan gum 553:563 xanthan gum 553:563 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 39 theme xanthan 553:559 arg1 polysaccharides 526:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 three diverse polysaccharides 512:540 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 3 40 theme different 657:665 arg1 ratios 667:672 different ratios 657:672 different ratios 657:672 In this study, three diverse polysaccharides, chitosan, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum, were crosslinked with or without β-cyclodextrin, using citric acid in different ratios, to create hydrogel matrices. 33333946 4 41 theme insoluble 776:784 arg1 hydrogel 787:794 hydrogel 787:794 hydrogel 787:794 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 4 41 theme insoluble 776:784 arg1 networks 797:804 soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks 764:804 soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin 764:839 Through a green synthetic path, the efficient production of soluble and insoluble (hydrogel) networks functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was achieved by means of a solventless procedure. 33333946 1 42 theme cyclodextrins 133:145 arg1 useful 208:213 useful 208:213 useful 208:213 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 1 42 theme cyclodextrins 133:145 arg1 incorporation 116:128 The incorporation 112:128 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature 112:199 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 5 43 from swelling 943:950 arg1 water 955:959 water 955:959 water 955:959 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 5 44 theme composition 930:940 arg1 characterization 895:910 The characterization 891:910 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior 891:1000 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 0 45 theme Bean 58:61 arg1 Gum 63:65 Locust Bean Gum 51:65 Locust Bean Gum 51:65 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 0 46 theme Locust 51:56 arg1 Gum 63:65 Locust Bean Gum 51:65 Locust Bean Gum 51:65 Solventless Crosslinking of Chitosan, Xanthan, and Locust Bean Gum Networks Functionalized with β-Cyclodextrin. 33333946 1 47 theme polymeric 152:160 arg1 gels 174:177 polymeric crosslinked gels 152:177 polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature 152:199 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 33333946 5 48 from sorption 972:979 arg1 water 955:959 water 955:959 water 955:959 The characterization of their chemical composition, swelling in water, and their sorption and release behavior were also carried out in this work. 33333946 1 49 theme hydrophobic 245:255 arg1 molecules 257:265 hydrophobic molecules 245:265 hydrophobic molecules 245:265 The incorporation of cyclodextrins into polymeric crosslinked gels of hydrophilic nature can be useful for promoting the sorption of hydrophobic molecules and/or modulating the release of active principles. 32518069 0 0 theme Rat 104:106 arg1 Terminals 114:122 Rat Nerve Terminals 104:122 Rat Nerve Terminals 104:122 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 5 1 theme N-linked 872:879 arg1 glycoproteins 881:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 7 2 theme neurotransmitter 1264:1279 arg1 receptors 1281:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 3 3 theme N-linked 568:575 arg1 glycopeptides 577:589 formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 548:589 formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 548:589 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 0 4 from Induction 25:33 arg1 Terminals 114:122 Rat Nerve Terminals 104:122 Rat Nerve Terminals 104:122 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 0 4 from Induction 25:33 arg1 Sialylation 63:73 Sialylation 63:73 Sialylation 63:73 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 0 4 from Induction 25:33 arg1 Glycoproteins 87:99 N-linked Glycoproteins 78:99 N-linked Glycoproteins 78:99 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 3 5 theme glycopeptides 577:589 arg1 changes 537:543 depolarization-dependent changes 512:543 depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 512:589 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 8 6 theme ultra-fast 1373:1382 arg1 modulation 1398:1407 ultra-fast site-specific modulation 1373:1407 ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome 1373:1423 This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system. 32518069 8 7 theme site-specific 1384:1396 arg1 modulation 1398:1407 ultra-fast site-specific modulation 1373:1407 ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome 1373:1423 This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system. 32518069 6 8 theme synaptic 1047:1054 arg1 proteins 1056:1063 synaptic proteins 1047:1063 synaptic proteins 1047:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 5 9 gly glycoproteins 881:893 arg1 glycoproteins 881:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 6 10 theme s 1129:1129 arg1 depolarization 1131:1144 5 s depolarization 1127:1144 5 s depolarization 1127:1144 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 0 11 theme Nerve 108:112 arg1 Terminals 114:122 Rat Nerve Terminals 104:122 Rat Nerve Terminals 104:122 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 5 12 link N-linked 872:879 arg1 glycoproteins 881:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 6 13 theme 5 1127:1127 arg1 s 1129:1129 s 1129:1129 s 1129:1129 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 5 14 theme quantitative 960:971 arg1 sialiomics 973:982 quantitative sialiomics 960:982 quantitative sialiomics 960:982 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 3 15 gly glycopeptides 577:589 arg2 glycopeptides 577:589 formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 548:589 formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 548:589 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 1 16 theme nervous 194:200 arg1 system 202:207 the nervous system 190:207 the nervous system 190:207 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 6 17 from glycosites 1033:1042 arg1 proteins 1056:1063 synaptic proteins 1047:1063 synaptic proteins 1047:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 6 18 theme N-linked 1024:1031 arg1 glycosites 1033:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites 999:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins 999:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 7 19 theme adhesion 1300:1307 arg1 molecules 1309:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 3 20 theme glycosylation 411:423 arg1 sialylation 387:397 sialylation 387:397 sialylation of N-linked glycosylation 387:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 20 theme glycosylation 411:423 arg1 modulator 446:454 a novel potential modulator 428:454 a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms 428:493 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 21 theme release 476:482 arg1 mechanisms 484:493 neurotransmitter release mechanisms 459:493 neurotransmitter release mechanisms 459:493 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 22 theme N-linked 402:409 arg1 glycosylation 411:423 N-linked glycosylation 402:423 N-linked glycosylation 402:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 6 23 theme sialylated 1013:1022 arg1 glycosites 1033:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites 999:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins 999:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 1 24 from release 158:164 arg1 system 202:207 the nervous system 190:207 the nervous system 190:207 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 3 25 dep N-linked 568:575 arg1 sialylated 557:566 sialylated 557:566 sialylated 557:566 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 4 26 theme local 756:760 arg1 structure 762:770 local structure 756:770 local structure 756:770 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 0 27 theme Depolarization-dependent 0:23 arg1 Induction 25:33 Depolarization-dependent Induction 0:33 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 0:123 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 3 28 gly sialylation 387:397 arg1 glycosylation 411:423 N-linked glycosylation 402:423 N-linked glycosylation 402:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 7 29 theme synaptic 1206:1213 arg1 proteins 1223:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 2 30 theme main 327:330 arg1 interaction 267:277 protein interaction 259:277 protein interaction 259:277 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 2 30 theme main 327:330 arg1 phosphorylation 283:297 phosphorylation 283:297 phosphorylation 283:297 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 2 30 theme main 327:330 arg1 regulators 332:341 the main regulators 323:341 the main regulators of synaptic transmission 323:366 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 8 31 theme sialiome 1416:1423 arg1 modulation 1398:1407 ultra-fast site-specific modulation 1373:1407 ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome 1373:1423 This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system. 32518069 0 32 theme Site-specific 38:50 arg1 Changes 52:58 Site-specific Changes 38:58 Site-specific Changes 38:58 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 4 33 theme sialic 627:632 arg1 acids 634:638 negatively charged sialic acids 608:638 negatively charged sialic acids 608:638 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 3 34 link N-linked 568:575 arg1 glycopeptides 577:589 formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 548:589 formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 548:589 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 6 35 gly glycosites 1102:1111 arg2 glycosites 1102:1111 430 glycosites 1098:1111 430 glycosites 1098:1111 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 1 36 theme fast 214:217 arg1 process 238:244 a fast and highly dynamic process 212:244 a fast and highly dynamic process 212:244 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 1 36 theme fast 214:217 arg1 transmission 134:145 Synaptic transmission 125:145 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system 125:207 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 6 37 theme glycosites 1102:1111 arg1 abundances 1084:1093 the abundances 1080:1093 the abundances of 430 glycosites 1080:1111 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 4 38 gly glycoproteins 797:809 arg1 glycoproteins 797:809 membrane glycoproteins 788:809 membrane glycoproteins 788:809 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 5 39 from alteration 843:852 arg1 sialylation 857:867 sialylation 857:867 sialylation 857:867 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 5 39 from alteration 843:852 arg1 glycoproteins 881:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 N-linked glycoproteins 872:893 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 1 40 theme Synaptic 125:132 arg1 transmission 134:145 Synaptic transmission 125:145 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system 125:207 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 1 40 theme Synaptic 125:132 arg1 process 238:244 a fast and highly dynamic process 212:244 a fast and highly dynamic process 212:244 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 3 41 theme depolarization-dependent 512:535 arg1 changes 537:543 depolarization-dependent changes 512:543 depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 512:589 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 42 theme novel 430:434 arg1 modulator 446:454 a novel potential modulator 428:454 a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms 428:493 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 42 theme novel 430:434 arg1 sialylation 387:397 sialylation 387:397 sialylation of N-linked glycosylation 387:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 4 43 theme membrane 788:795 arg1 glycoproteins 797:809 membrane glycoproteins 788:809 membrane glycoproteins 788:809 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 7 44 from changes 1159:1165 arg1 proteins 1189:1196 essential synaptic proteins 1170:1196 essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules 1170:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 44 from changes 1159:1165 arg1 channels 1237:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 44 from changes 1159:1165 arg1 proteins 1223:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 44 from changes 1159:1165 arg1 molecules 1309:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 44 from changes 1159:1165 arg1 receptors 1281:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 8 45 theme system 1465:1470 arg1 stimulation 1437:1447 brief stimulation 1431:1447 brief stimulation of a biological system 1431:1470 This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system. 32518069 3 46 theme mechanisms 484:493 arg1 modulator 446:454 a novel potential modulator 428:454 a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms 428:493 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 46 theme mechanisms 484:493 arg1 sialylation 387:397 sialylation 387:397 sialylation of N-linked glycosylation 387:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 0 47 theme Changes 52:58 arg1 Induction 25:33 Depolarization-dependent Induction 0:33 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 0:123 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 3 48 theme potential 436:444 arg1 modulator 446:454 a novel potential modulator 428:454 a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms 428:493 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 3 48 theme potential 436:444 arg1 sialylation 387:397 sialylation 387:397 sialylation of N-linked glycosylation 387:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 5 49 theme brief 933:937 arg1 depolarization 939:952 brief depolarization 933:952 brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics 933:982 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 1 50 theme dynamic 230:236 arg1 process 238:244 a fast and highly dynamic process 212:244 a fast and highly dynamic process 212:244 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 1 50 theme dynamic 230:236 arg1 transmission 134:145 Synaptic transmission 125:145 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system 125:207 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 5 51 theme rat 907:909 arg1 terminals 917:925 isolated rat nerve terminals 898:925 isolated rat nerve terminals 898:925 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 3 52 theme neurotransmitter 459:474 arg1 mechanisms 484:493 neurotransmitter release mechanisms 459:493 neurotransmitter release mechanisms 459:493 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 7 53 theme essential 1170:1178 arg1 proteins 1189:1196 essential synaptic proteins 1170:1196 essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules 1170:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 53 theme essential 1170:1178 arg1 channels 1237:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 53 theme essential 1170:1178 arg1 proteins 1223:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 53 theme essential 1170:1178 arg1 molecules 1309:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 53 theme essential 1170:1178 arg1 receptors 1281:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 4 54 theme glycoproteins 797:809 arg1 function 776:783 function 776:783 function 776:783 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 4 54 theme glycoproteins 797:809 arg1 structure 762:770 local structure 756:770 local structure 756:770 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 5 55 theme nerve 911:915 arg1 terminals 917:925 isolated rat nerve terminals 898:925 isolated rat nerve terminals 898:925 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 4 56 theme charged 619:625 arg1 acids 634:638 negatively charged sialic acids 608:638 negatively charged sialic acids 608:638 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 7 57 theme vesicle 1215:1221 arg1 proteins 1223:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 2 58 theme transmission 355:366 arg1 interaction 267:277 protein interaction 259:277 protein interaction 259:277 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 2 58 theme transmission 355:366 arg1 phosphorylation 283:297 phosphorylation 283:297 phosphorylation 283:297 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 2 58 theme transmission 355:366 arg1 regulators 332:341 the main regulators 323:341 the main regulators of synaptic transmission 323:366 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 6 59 gly glycosites 1033:1042 arg2 glycosites 1033:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites 999:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins 999:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 7 60 theme cell 1295:1298 arg1 molecules 1309:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 5 61 theme isolated 898:905 arg1 terminals 917:925 isolated rat nerve terminals 898:925 isolated rat nerve terminals 898:925 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 32518069 0 62 link N-linked 78:85 arg1 Glycoproteins 87:99 N-linked Glycoproteins 78:99 N-linked Glycoproteins 78:99 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 2 63 theme synaptic 346:353 arg1 transmission 355:366 synaptic transmission 346:366 synaptic transmission 346:366 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 8 64 theme brief 1431:1435 arg1 stimulation 1437:1447 brief stimulation 1431:1447 brief stimulation of a biological system 1431:1470 This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system. 32518069 7 65 theme synaptic 1180:1187 arg1 proteins 1189:1196 essential synaptic proteins 1170:1196 essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules 1170:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 65 theme synaptic 1180:1187 arg1 channels 1237:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 65 theme synaptic 1180:1187 arg1 proteins 1223:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 synaptic vesicle proteins 1206:1230 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 65 theme synaptic 1180:1187 arg1 molecules 1309:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 cell adhesion molecules 1295:1317 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 7 65 theme synaptic 1180:1187 arg1 receptors 1281:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 neurotransmitter receptors 1264:1289 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 8 66 theme biological 1454:1463 arg1 system 1465:1470 a biological system 1452:1470 a biological system 1452:1470 This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system. 32518069 6 67 gly sialylated 1013:1022 arg1 glycosites 1033:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites 999:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins 999:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 7 68 theme ion 1233:1235 arg1 channels 1237:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 ion channels 1233:1244 We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. 32518069 4 69 theme sialyltransferases 705:722 arg1 action 695:700 the action 691:700 the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases 691:737 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 3 70 link N-linked 402:409 arg1 glycosylation 411:423 N-linked glycosylation 402:423 N-linked glycosylation 402:423 Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. 32518069 6 71 link N-linked 1024:1031 arg1 glycosites 1033:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites 999:1042 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins 999:1063 We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. 32518069 4 72 theme sialidases 728:737 arg1 action 695:700 the action 691:700 the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases 691:737 We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. 32518069 0 73 theme N-linked 78:85 arg1 Glycoproteins 87:99 N-linked Glycoproteins 78:99 N-linked Glycoproteins 78:99 Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. 32518069 2 74 theme protein 259:265 arg1 interaction 267:277 protein interaction 259:277 protein interaction 259:277 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 2 74 theme protein 259:265 arg1 phosphorylation 283:297 phosphorylation 283:297 phosphorylation 283:297 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 2 74 theme protein 259:265 arg1 regulators 332:341 the main regulators 323:341 the main regulators of synaptic transmission 323:366 Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. 32518069 1 75 theme neurotransmitters 169:185 arg1 release 158:164 release 158:164 release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system 158:207 Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. 32518069 5 76 theme site-specific 829:841 arg1 alteration 843:852 site-specific alteration 829:852 site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins 829:893 We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. 34677377 0 0 from Glycosidases 20:31 arg1 Breeds 60:65 Native Cattle Breeds 46:65 Native Cattle Breeds 46:65 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 0 0 from Glycosidases 20:31 arg1 Milk 36:39 Milk 36:39 Milk from Native Cattle Breeds 36:65 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 6 1 theme α-fucosidase 1112:1123 arg1 activity 1125:1132 α-fucosidase activity 1112:1132 α-fucosidase activity 1112:1132 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 5 2 theme oligosaccharide 963:977 arg1 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 5 2 theme oligosaccharide 963:977 arg1 isomers 979:985 certain oligosaccharide isomers 955:985 certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 955:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 1 3 theme potential 239:247 arg1 variation 165:173 variation 165:173 variation 165:173 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 1 3 theme potential 239:247 arg1 activity 179:186 activity 179:186 activity 179:186 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 3 4 theme European 723:730 arg1 breeds 739:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 3 5 theme indigenous 522:531 arg1 glycosidases 533:544 eight indigenous glycosidases 516:544 eight indigenous glycosidases 516:544 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 5 6 theme certain 955:961 arg1 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 5 6 theme certain 955:961 arg1 isomers 979:985 certain oligosaccharide isomers 955:985 certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 955:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 3 7 theme 4-methylumbelliferone 466:486 arg1 assays 495:500 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays 466:500 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays 466:500 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 3 8 theme native 710:715 arg1 breeds 739:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 7 9 theme dairy 1410:1414 arg1 ingredients 1416:1426 the dairy ingredients 1406:1426 the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced 1406:1470 The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. 34677377 3 10 theme glycosidases 533:544 arg1 activities 502:511 activities 502:511 activities of eight indigenous glycosidases 502:544 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 2 11 theme multi-omics 276:286 arg1 approach 288:295 A multi-omics approach 274:295 A multi-omics approach 274:295 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 6 12 theme positive 1053:1060 arg1 correlation 1062:1072 a positive correlation 1051:1072 a positive correlation 1051:1072 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 6 13 dep r 1135:1135 arg1 < 1153:1153 p-value < 0.001 1145:1159 p-value < 0.001 1145:1159 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 5 14 theme O-linked 998:1005 arg1 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 5 14 theme O-linked 998:1005 arg1 glycans 1007:1013 O-linked glycans 998:1013 certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 955:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 6 15 theme p-value 1145:1151 arg1 < 1153:1153 p-value < 0.001 1145:1159 p-value < 0.001 1145:1159 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 1 16 theme milk 260:263 arg1 glycans 265:271 milk glycans 260:271 milk glycans 260:271 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 6 17 dep found 1078:1082 arg1 r 1135:1135 r = 0.37 1135:1142 r = 0.37 1135:1142 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 3 18 theme 4-MU 489:492 arg1 assays 495:500 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays 466:500 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays 466:500 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 6 19 theme room 1216:1219 arg1 temperature 1221:1231 room temperature 1216:1231 room temperature 1216:1231 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 7 20 theme glycans 1368:1374 arg1 recovery 1356:1363 lower recovery 1350:1363 lower recovery of glycans 1350:1374 The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. 34677377 2 21 theme free 401:404 arg1 oligosaccharides 406:421 free oligosaccharides 401:421 free oligosaccharides 401:421 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 0 22 theme Free 97:100 arg1 Bound-Glycans 114:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 3 23 theme cattle 732:737 arg1 breeds 739:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 4 24 theme glycosidase 787:797 arg1 activities 799:808 glycosidase activities 787:808 glycosidase activities 787:808 The results showed a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds. 34677377 6 25 theme = 1137:1137 arg1 r 1135:1135 r = 0.37 1135:1142 r = 0.37 1135:1142 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 0 26 theme Occurring 10:18 arg1 Glycosidases 20:31 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases 0:31 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 0:127 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 7 27 theme milk 1268:1271 arg1 glycosidases 1273:1284 milk glycosidases 1268:1284 milk glycosidases 1268:1284 The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. 34677377 7 28 theme valuable 1310:1317 arg1 glycans 1319:1325 valuable glycans 1310:1325 valuable glycans 1310:1325 The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. 34677377 5 29 theme κ-casein 1018:1025 arg1 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 5 29 theme κ-casein 1018:1025 arg1 glycans 1007:1013 O-linked glycans 998:1013 certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 955:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 5 29 theme κ-casein 1018:1025 arg1 isomers 979:985 certain oligosaccharide isomers 955:985 certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 955:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 6 30 from temperature 1221:1231 arg1 cleavage 1173:1180 cleavage 1173:1180 cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature 1173:1231 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 1 31 theme variation 165:173 arg1 extent 155:160 the extent 151:160 the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans 151:271 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 3 32 from breeds 739:744 arg1 subset 676:681 a subset 674:681 a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds 674:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 3 32 from breeds 739:744 arg1 samples 691:697 milk samples 686:697 milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds 686:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 2 33 link O-linked 427:434 arg1 glycans 436:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 3 34 theme 1H 592:593 arg1 spectroscopy 599:610 1H NMR spectroscopy 592:610 1H NMR spectroscopy 592:610 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 6 35 from glycans 1197:1203 arg1 milk 1208:1211 milk 1208:1211 milk 1208:1211 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 2 36 theme bovine 447:452 arg1 milk 454:457 bovine milk 447:457 bovine milk 447:457 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 4 37 from variation 774:782 arg1 activities 799:808 glycosidase activities 787:808 glycosidase activities 787:808 The results showed a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds. 34677377 3 38 theme mass 570:573 arg1 spectrometry 575:586 mass spectrometry 570:586 mass spectrometry 570:586 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 1 39 theme activity 179:186 arg1 extent 155:160 the extent 151:160 the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans 151:271 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 5 40 theme negative 850:857 arg1 correlations 859:870 negative correlations 850:870 negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 850:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 0 41 theme Protein 106:112 arg1 Bound-Glycans 114:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 6 42 theme fucosylated 1185:1195 arg1 glycans 1197:1203 fucosylated glycans 1185:1203 fucosylated glycans in milk 1185:1211 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 6 43 from milk 1208:1211 arg1 cleavage 1173:1180 cleavage 1173:1180 cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature 1173:1231 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 2 44 theme O-linked 427:434 arg1 glycans 436:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 7 45 theme lower 1350:1354 arg1 recovery 1356:1363 lower recovery 1350:1363 lower recovery of glycans 1350:1374 The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. 34677377 3 46 theme milk 686:689 arg1 samples 691:697 milk samples 686:697 milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds 686:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 0 47 from Activity 68:75 arg1 Bound-Glycans 114:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 3 48 theme various 612:618 arg1 substrates 620:629 various substrates 612:629 various substrates 612:629 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 6 49 theme fucose 1093:1098 arg1 content 1100:1106 free fucose content 1088:1106 free fucose content 1088:1106 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 6 50 gly fucosylated 1185:1195 arg1 glycans 1197:1203 fucosylated glycans 1185:1203 fucosylated glycans in milk 1185:1211 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 1 51 theme occurring 201:209 arg1 glycosidases 216:227 naturally occurring milk glycosidases 191:227 naturally occurring milk glycosidases 191:227 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 0 52 theme Cattle 53:58 arg1 Breeds 60:65 Native Cattle Breeds 46:65 Native Cattle Breeds 46:65 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 0 53 from Breeds 60:65 arg1 Glycosidases 20:31 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases 0:31 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 0:127 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 0 53 from Breeds 60:65 arg1 Milk 36:39 Milk 36:39 Milk from Native Cattle Breeds 36:65 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 3 54 theme NMR 595:597 arg1 spectroscopy 599:610 1H NMR spectroscopy 592:610 1H NMR spectroscopy 592:610 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 0 55 theme Native 46:51 arg1 Breeds 60:65 Native Cattle Breeds 46:65 Native Cattle Breeds 46:65 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 5 56 link O-linked 998:1005 arg1 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 β-galactosidase 908:922 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 5 56 link O-linked 998:1005 arg1 glycans 1007:1013 O-linked glycans 998:1013 certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein 955:1025 Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. 34677377 3 57 theme samples 691:697 arg1 subset 676:681 a subset 674:681 a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds 674:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 6 58 theme glycans 1197:1203 arg1 cleavage 1173:1180 cleavage 1173:1180 cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature 1173:1231 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 3 59 from subset 676:681 arg1 breeds 739:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 eight native North European cattle breeds 704:744 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 4 60 theme native 820:825 arg1 breeds 827:832 the native breeds 816:832 the native breeds 816:832 The results showed a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds. 34677377 6 61 theme free 1088:1091 arg1 content 1100:1106 free fucose content 1088:1106 free fucose content 1088:1106 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 4 62 theme clear 768:772 arg1 variation 774:782 a clear variation 766:782 a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds 766:832 The results showed a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds. 34677377 1 63 theme milk 211:214 arg1 glycosidases 216:227 naturally occurring milk glycosidases 191:227 naturally occurring milk glycosidases 191:227 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 6 64 from cleavage 1173:1180 arg1 milk 1208:1211 milk 1208:1211 milk 1208:1211 Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. 34677377 0 65 dep Glycosidases 20:31 arg1 Activity 68:75 Activity 68:75 Activity 68:75 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 0 65 dep Glycosidases 20:31 arg1 Consequences 81:92 Consequences 81:92 Consequences 81:92 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 3 66 dep spectrometry 575:586 arg1 substrates 620:629 various substrates 612:629 various substrates 612:629 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 2 67 used used 301:304 arg2 approach 288:295 A multi-omics approach 274:295 A multi-omics approach 274:295 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 1 68 theme glycosidases 216:227 arg1 variation 165:173 variation 165:173 variation 165:173 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 1 68 theme glycosidases 216:227 arg1 activity 179:186 activity 179:186 activity 179:186 Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. 34677377 0 69 from Consequences 81:92 arg1 Bound-Glycans 114:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Free and Protein Bound-Glycans 97:126 Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. 34677377 2 70 from oligosaccharides 406:421 arg1 milk 454:457 bovine milk 447:457 bovine milk 447:457 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 2 71 theme bioactive 373:381 arg1 compounds 383:391 important bioactive compounds 363:391 important bioactive compounds 363:391 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 2 71 theme bioactive 373:381 arg1 oligosaccharides 406:421 free oligosaccharides 401:421 free oligosaccharides 401:421 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 2 71 theme bioactive 373:381 arg1 glycans 436:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 7 72 dep ingredients 1416:1426 arg1 industry 1428:1435 industry 1428:1435 industry 1428:1435 The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. 34677377 3 73 theme metabolite 635:644 arg1 products 646:653 metabolite products 635:653 metabolite products 635:653 Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. 34677377 2 74 from glycans 436:442 arg1 milk 454:457 bovine milk 447:457 bovine milk 447:457 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 2 75 theme important 363:371 arg1 compounds 383:391 important bioactive compounds 363:391 important bioactive compounds 363:391 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 2 75 theme important 363:371 arg1 oligosaccharides 406:421 free oligosaccharides 401:421 free oligosaccharides 401:421 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34677377 2 75 theme important 363:371 arg1 glycans 436:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 O-linked glycans 427:442 A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. 34335620 9 0 from regions 1973:1979 arg1 GP 1988:1989 the GP 1984:1989 the GP 1984:1989 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 7 1 theme mAb 1417:1419 arg1 sequences 1435:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences 1399:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells 1399:1461 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 9 2 theme GP 1810:1811 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 2 theme GP 1810:1811 arg1 domain 1818:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 8 3 theme plasma 1564:1569 arg1 IgG 1571:1573 the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1534:1573 the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1534:1573 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 6 4 theme gene 1202:1205 arg1 sequencing 1207:1216 both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches 1176:1252 sequencing 1207:1216 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 1 5 theme SUDV 238:241 arg1 viruses 244:250 Sudan (SUDV) viruses 231:250 Sudan (SUDV) viruses 231:250 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 10 6 theme neutralizing 2116:2127 arg1 mAbs 2129:2132 the potently neutralizing mAbs 2103:2132 the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified 2103:2146 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 11 7 theme protective 2404:2413 arg1 immunity 2415:2422 plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity 2379:2422 plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD 2379:2434 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 4 8 theme memory 980:985 arg1 cells 989:993 memory B cells 980:993 memory B cells 980:993 However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. 34335620 1 9 from disease 280:286 arg1 Africa 323:328 Africa 323:328 Africa 323:328 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 8 10 theme B 1618:1618 arg1 repertoire 1634:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 9 11 from recognition 1749:1759 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 11 from recognition 1749:1759 arg1 region 1855:1860 the base region 1846:1860 the base region 1846:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 11 from recognition 1749:1759 arg1 cap 1837:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 11 from recognition 1749:1759 arg1 domain 1818:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 10 12 theme homologous 2174:2183 arg1 GP 2190:2191 the homologous EBOV GP 2170:2191 the homologous EBOV GP 2170:2191 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 4 13 theme plasma 1034:1039 arg1 cells 1041:1045 plasma cells 1034:1045 plasma cells in the bone marrow 1034:1064 However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. 34335620 8 14 theme antibody 1625:1632 arg1 repertoire 1634:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 2 15 dep 2020 558:561 arg1 maftivimab 640:649 maftivimab 640:649 maftivimab 640:649 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 15 dep 2020 558:561 arg1 odesivimab-ebgn 656:670 odesivimab-ebgn 656:670 odesivimab-ebgn 656:670 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 15 dep 2020 558:561 arg1 [atoltivimab 626:637 Inmazeb® [atoltivimab 617:637 Inmazeb® [atoltivimab 617:637 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 10 16 theme Polyclonal 1992:2001 arg1 antibodies 2010:2019 Polyclonal plasma antibodies 1992:2019 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor 1992:2037 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 11 17 theme humoral 2263:2269 arg1 response 2271:2278 humoral response 2263:2278 humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD 2263:2434 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 5 18 from responses 1124:1132 arg1 plasma 1150:1155 convalescent plasma 1137:1155 convalescent plasma 1137:1155 Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. 34335620 3 19 attach isolated 809:816 arg2 mAbs 804:807 mAbs 804:807 mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 804:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 3 19 attach isolated 809:816 arg1 genes 836:840 the antibody genes 823:840 the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 823:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 2 20 theme FDA 494:496 arg1 approval 498:505 FDA approval 494:505 FDA approval 494:505 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 9 21 theme head 1813:1816 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 21 theme head 1813:1816 arg1 domain 1818:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 3 22 from genes 836:840 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 9 23 theme base 1850:1853 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 23 theme base 1850:1853 arg1 region 1855:1860 the base region 1846:1860 the base region 1846:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 5 24 theme polyclonal 1104:1113 arg1 responses 1124:1132 the protective polyclonal antibody responses 1089:1132 the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma 1089:1155 Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. 34335620 2 25 theme vaccine 526:532 arg1 Ervebo® 546:552 Ervebo® 546:552 Ervebo® 546:552 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 25 theme vaccine 526:532 arg1 rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV 510:543 the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 510:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 11 26 theme antigenic 2308:2316 arg1 sites 2318:2322 two antigenic sites 2304:2322 two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base 2304:2350 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 6 27 theme sequencing 1232:1241 arg1 approaches 1243:1252 both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches 1176:1252 approaches 1243:1252 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 2 28 theme Ebola 514:518 arg1 Ervebo® 546:552 Ervebo® 546:552 Ervebo® 546:552 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 28 theme Ebola 514:518 arg1 rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV 510:543 the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 510:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 29 theme Inmazeb® 617:624 arg1 [atoltivimab 626:637 Inmazeb® [atoltivimab 617:637 Inmazeb® [atoltivimab 617:637 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 3 30 theme ebolavirus 763:772 arg1 immunity 774:781 ebolavirus immunity 763:781 ebolavirus immunity 763:781 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 4 31 theme bone 1054:1057 arg1 marrow 1059:1064 the bone marrow 1050:1064 the bone marrow 1050:1064 However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. 34335620 1 32 theme deadly 303:308 arg1 outbreaks 310:318 occasional deadly outbreaks 292:318 occasional deadly outbreaks 292:318 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 1 33 theme relevant 170:177 arg1 ebolaviruses 179:190 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses 153:190 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses 153:190 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 9 34 theme neutralizing 1889:1900 arg1 specificities 1921:1933 neutralizing and protective mAb specificities 1889:1933 specificities 1921:1933 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 0 35 from Antibodies 112:121 arg1 Plasma 145:150 Convalescent Human Plasma 126:150 Convalescent Human Plasma 126:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 9 36 dep sites 1798:1802 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 36 dep sites 1798:1802 arg1 region 1855:1860 the base region 1846:1860 the base region 1846:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 36 dep sites 1798:1802 arg1 cap 1837:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 36 dep sites 1798:1802 arg1 domain 1818:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 6 37 theme single-cell 1181:1191 arg1 sequencing 1207:1216 both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches 1176:1252 sequencing 1207:1216 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 9 38 theme protective 1906:1915 arg1 specificities 1921:1933 neutralizing and protective mAb specificities 1889:1933 specificities 1921:1933 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 0 39 theme Neutralizing 99:110 arg1 Antibodies 112:121 Neutralizing Antibodies 99:121 Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma 99:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 7 40 theme B 1477:1477 arg1 compartment 1484:1494 the memory B cell compartment 1466:1494 the memory B cell compartment 1466:1494 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 11 41 theme principal 2361:2369 arg1 role 2371:2374 a principal role 2359:2374 a principal role 2359:2374 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 2 42 theme monoclonal 571:580 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 10 43 dep mAbs 2129:2132 arg1 we 2134:2135 we 2134:2135 we 2134:2135 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 11 44 from sites 2318:2322 arg1 base 2347:2350 base 2347:2350 base 2347:2350 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 11 44 from sites 2318:2322 arg1 cap 2339:2341 GP - glycan cap 2327:2341 cap 2339:2341 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 9 45 theme proteomics-identified 1713:1733 arg1 mAbs 1735:1738 proteomics-identified mAbs 1713:1738 proteomics-identified mAbs 1713:1738 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 0 46 theme Ebolavirus 71:80 arg1 Glycoprotein 82:93 Ebolavirus Glycoprotein 71:93 Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma 71:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 0 47 theme Proteo-Genomic 0:13 arg1 Analysis 15:22 Proteo-Genomic Analysis 0:22 Proteo-Genomic Analysis 0:22 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 3 48 theme peripheral 845:854 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 2 49 from rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 2020 705:708 2020 705:708 2020 705:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 49 from rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 49 from rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 49 from rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 Ebanga® 677:683 Ebanga® 677:683 Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) 677:700 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 49 from rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 2020 558:561 2020 558:561 2020 558:561 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 10 50 theme SUDV 2074:2077 arg1 GP 2079:2080 SUDV GP 2074:2080 SUDV GP 2074:2080 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 6 51 from composition 1268:1278 arg1 plasma 1352:1357 the plasma 1348:1357 the plasma of an EVD survivor 1348:1376 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 2 52 theme urgent 430:435 arg1 need 437:440 the urgent need 426:440 the urgent need 426:440 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 9 53 theme glycan 1962:1967 arg1 regions 1973:1979 the base and glycan cap regions 1949:1979 regions 1973:1979 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 2 54 from Ebanga® 677:683 arg1 approval 498:505 FDA approval 494:505 FDA approval 494:505 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 54 from Ebanga® 677:683 arg1 development 478:488 the development 474:488 the development 474:488 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 0 55 theme Major 39:43 arg1 Sites 45:49 Two Major Sites 35:49 Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma 35:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 0 55 theme Major 39:43 arg1 Vulnerability 54:66 Vulnerability 54:66 Vulnerability 54:66 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 1 56 theme severe 273:278 arg1 disease 280:286 severe disease 273:286 severe disease 273:286 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 7 57 theme single 1450:1455 arg1 cells 1457:1461 single cells 1450:1461 single cells 1450:1461 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 6 58 gly glycoprotein 1298:1309 arg1 glycoprotein 1298:1309 glycoprotein 1298:1309 glycoprotein 1298:1309 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 3 59 theme human 894:898 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 6 60 theme antibody 1325:1332 arg1 repertoire 1334:1343 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire 1283:1343 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire 1283:1343 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 4 61 from antibodies 925:934 arg1 body 943:946 the body 939:946 the body 939:946 However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. 34335620 3 62 theme circulating 862:872 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 9 63 from base 1953:1956 arg1 GP 1988:1989 the GP 1984:1989 the GP 1984:1989 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 64 theme major 1782:1786 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 64 theme major 1782:1786 arg1 region 1855:1860 the base region 1846:1860 the base region 1846:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 64 theme major 1782:1786 arg1 cap 1837:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 64 theme major 1782:1786 arg1 domain 1818:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 8 65 theme mass 1503:1506 arg1 analysis 1522:1529 mass spectrometric analysis 1503:1529 mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1503:1573 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 2 66 dep disease 355:361 arg1 epidemic 369:376 epidemic 369:376 epidemic 369:376 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 7 67 theme variable 1421:1428 arg1 sequences 1435:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences 1399:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells 1399:1461 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 10 68 theme plasma 2003:2008 arg1 antibodies 2010:2019 Polyclonal plasma antibodies 1992:2019 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor 1992:2037 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 2 69 theme Ebola 343:347 arg1 EVD 364:366 EVD 364:366 EVD 364:366 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 69 theme Ebola 343:347 arg1 disease 355:361 The largest Ebola virus disease 331:361 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 331:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 6 70 theme repertoire 1334:1343 arg1 composition 1268:1278 the composition 1264:1278 the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor 1264:1376 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 7 71 theme GP-specific 1405:1415 arg1 sequences 1435:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences 1399:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells 1399:1461 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 3 72 theme humoral 715:721 arg1 response 723:730 The humoral response 711:730 The humoral response 711:730 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 3 73 theme B 907:907 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 2 74 from approval 498:505 arg1 2020 705:708 2020 705:708 2020 705:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 74 from approval 498:505 arg1 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 74 from approval 498:505 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 74 from approval 498:505 arg1 Ebanga® 677:683 Ebanga® 677:683 Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) 677:700 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 74 from approval 498:505 arg1 2020 558:561 2020 558:561 2020 558:561 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 5 75 theme protective 1093:1102 arg1 responses 1124:1132 the protective polyclonal antibody responses 1089:1132 the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma 1089:1155 Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. 34335620 4 76 theme B 987:987 arg1 cells 989:993 memory B cells 980:993 memory B cells 980:993 However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. 34335620 8 77 theme GP-specific 1552:1562 arg1 IgG 1571:1573 the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1534:1573 the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1534:1573 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 6 78 theme antibody 1193:1200 arg1 sequencing 1207:1216 both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches 1176:1252 sequencing 1207:1216 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 6 79 theme survivor 1369:1376 arg1 plasma 1352:1357 the plasma 1348:1357 the plasma of an EVD survivor 1348:1376 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 5 80 theme antibody 1115:1122 arg1 responses 1124:1132 the protective polyclonal antibody responses 1089:1132 the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma 1089:1155 Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. 34335620 7 81 from cells 1457:1461 arg1 sequences 1435:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences 1399:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells 1399:1461 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 2 82 theme rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 approval 498:505 FDA approval 494:505 FDA approval 494:505 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 82 theme rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 arg1 development 478:488 the development 474:488 the development 474:488 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 8 83 theme IgG 1571:1573 arg1 analysis 1522:1529 mass spectrometric analysis 1503:1529 mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1503:1573 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 8 84 theme large 1612:1616 arg1 repertoire 1634:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 1 85 from outbreaks 310:318 arg1 Africa 323:328 Africa 323:328 Africa 323:328 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 9 86 theme glycan 1830:1835 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 86 theme glycan 1830:1835 arg1 cap 1837:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 87 theme Molecular 1676:1684 arg1 analysis 1701:1708 Molecular and functional analysis 1676:1708 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs 1676:1738 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 8 88 theme cell 1620:1623 arg1 repertoire 1634:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 the large B cell antibody repertoire 1608:1643 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 4 89 from cells 1041:1045 arg1 marrow 1059:1064 the bone marrow 1050:1064 the bone marrow 1050:1064 However, antibodies in the body are not secreted by circulating memory B cells in the blood but rather principally by plasma cells in the bone marrow. 34335620 8 90 theme repertoire 1634:1643 arg1 portion 1597:1603 only a portion 1590:1603 only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire 1590:1643 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 11 91 theme plasma-antibody-mediated 2379:2402 arg1 immunity 2415:2422 plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity 2379:2422 plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD 2379:2434 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 10 92 theme EBOV 2185:2188 arg1 GP 2190:2191 the homologous EBOV GP 2170:2191 the homologous EBOV GP 2170:2191 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 2 93 theme virus 520:524 arg1 Ervebo® 546:552 Ervebo® 546:552 Ervebo® 546:552 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 93 theme virus 520:524 arg1 rVSV-ZEBOV 534:543 the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV 510:543 the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 510:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 6 94 theme proteomic 1222:1230 arg1 approaches 1243:1252 both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches 1176:1252 approaches 1243:1252 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 10 95 from survivor 2030:2037 arg1 antibodies 2010:2019 Polyclonal plasma antibodies 1992:2019 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor 1992:2037 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 2 96 from development 478:488 arg1 2020 705:708 2020 705:708 2020 705:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 96 from development 478:488 arg1 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 ansuvimab-zykl 686:699 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 96 from development 478:488 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 96 from development 478:488 arg1 Ebanga® 677:683 Ebanga® 677:683 Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) 677:700 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 96 from development 478:488 arg1 2020 558:561 2020 558:561 2020 558:561 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 9 97 theme high 1870:1873 arg1 prevalence 1875:1884 a high prevalence 1868:1884 a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP 1868:1989 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 6 98 theme -reactive 1315:1323 arg1 repertoire 1334:1343 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire 1283:1343 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire 1283:1343 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 9 99 theme antigenic 1788:1796 arg1 sites 1798:1802 three major antigenic sites 1776:1802 three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1776:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 99 theme antigenic 1788:1796 arg1 region 1855:1860 the base region 1846:1860 the base region 1846:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 99 theme antigenic 1788:1796 arg1 cap 1837:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 the glycan cap 1826:1839 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 9 99 theme antigenic 1788:1796 arg1 domain 1818:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 the GP head domain 1806:1823 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 2 100 from 2013-2016 389:397 arg1 Africa 407:412 Africa 407:412 Africa 407:412 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 6 101 theme ebolavirus 1287:1296 arg1 repertoire 1334:1343 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire 1283:1343 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire 1283:1343 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 3 102 theme mAbs 804:807 arg1 studies 793:799 studies 793:799 studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 793:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 7 103 theme cell 1479:1482 arg1 compartment 1484:1494 the memory B cell compartment 1466:1494 the memory B cell compartment 1466:1494 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 0 104 theme Human 139:143 arg1 Plasma 145:150 Convalescent Human Plasma 126:150 Convalescent Human Plasma 126:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 11 105 theme glycan 2332:2337 arg1 cap 2339:2341 GP - glycan cap 2327:2341 cap 2339:2341 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 2 106 theme mAb 592:594 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 107 from therapeutics 603:614 arg1 approval 498:505 FDA approval 494:505 FDA approval 494:505 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 107 from therapeutics 603:614 arg1 development 478:488 the development 474:488 the development 474:488 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 9 108 theme mAb 1917:1919 arg1 specificities 1921:1933 neutralizing and protective mAb specificities 1889:1933 specificities 1921:1933 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 11 109 theme restricted 2226:2235 arg1 diversity 2237:2245 a restricted diversity 2224:2245 a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD 2224:2434 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 7 110 theme memory 1470:1475 arg1 compartment 1484:1494 the memory B cell compartment 1466:1494 the memory B cell compartment 1466:1494 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 9 111 theme functional 1690:1699 arg1 analysis 1701:1708 Molecular and functional analysis 1676:1708 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs 1676:1738 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 2 112 theme antibody 582:589 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 3 113 theme indispensable 741:753 arg1 role 755:758 an indispensable role 738:758 an indispensable role 738:758 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 0 114 theme Convalescent 126:137 arg1 Plasma 145:150 Convalescent Human Plasma 126:150 Convalescent Human Plasma 126:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 3 115 theme antibody 827:834 arg1 genes 836:840 the antibody genes 823:840 the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 823:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 0 116 from Sites 45:49 arg1 Glycoprotein 82:93 Ebolavirus Glycoprotein 71:93 Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma 71:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 10 117 theme mAbs 2129:2132 arg1 reactivity 2089:2098 reactivity 2089:2098 reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified 2089:2146 Polyclonal plasma antibodies from the survivor reacted broadly to EBOV, BDBV, and SUDV GP, while reactivity of the potently neutralizing mAbs we identified was limited mostly to the homologous EBOV GP. 34335620 6 118 theme EVD 1365:1367 arg1 survivor 1369:1376 an EVD survivor 1362:1376 an EVD survivor 1362:1376 Here we exploited both single-cell antibody gene sequencing and proteomic sequencing approaches to assess the composition of the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP)-reactive antibody repertoire in the plasma of an EVD survivor. 34335620 9 119 theme mAbs 1735:1738 arg1 analysis 1701:1708 Molecular and functional analysis 1676:1708 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs 1676:1738 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 2 120 theme -based 596:601 arg1 therapeutics 603:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics 567:614 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 121 theme virus 349:353 arg1 EVD 364:366 EVD 364:366 EVD 364:366 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 121 theme virus 349:353 arg1 disease 355:361 The largest Ebola virus disease 331:361 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 331:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 9 122 theme specificities 1921:1933 arg1 prevalence 1875:1884 a high prevalence 1868:1884 a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP 1868:1989 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 3 123 theme blood 856:860 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 9 124 theme epitopes 1764:1771 arg1 recognition 1749:1759 recognition 1749:1759 recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region 1749:1860 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 2 125 from 2020 558:561 arg1 approval 498:505 FDA approval 494:505 FDA approval 494:505 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 125 from 2020 558:561 arg1 development 478:488 the development 474:488 the development 474:488 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 9 126 theme cap 1969:1971 arg1 regions 1973:1979 the base and glycan cap regions 1949:1979 regions 1973:1979 Molecular and functional analysis of proteomics-identified mAbs revealed recognition of epitopes in three major antigenic sites - the GP head domain, the glycan cap, and the base region, with a high prevalence of neutralizing and protective mAb specificities that targeted the base and glycan cap regions on the GP. 34335620 0 127 theme Vulnerability 54:66 arg1 Sites 45:49 Two Major Sites 35:49 Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma 35:150 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 0 127 theme Vulnerability 54:66 arg1 Vulnerability 54:66 Vulnerability 54:66 Vulnerability 54:66 Proteo-Genomic Analysis Identifies Two Major Sites of Vulnerability on Ebolavirus Glycoprotein for Neutralizing Antibodies in Convalescent Human Plasma. 34335620 3 128 theme memory 900:905 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 8 129 theme spectrometric 1508:1520 arg1 analysis 1522:1529 mass spectrometric analysis 1503:1529 mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1503:1573 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 1 130 theme occasional 292:301 arg1 outbreaks 310:318 occasional deadly outbreaks 292:318 occasional deadly outbreaks 292:318 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 34335620 3 131 theme ebolavirus-specific 874:892 arg1 cells 909:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells 845:913 The humoral response plays an indispensable role in ebolavirus immunity, based on studies of mAbs isolated from the antibody genes in peripheral blood circulating ebolavirus-specific human memory B cells. 34335620 2 132 from date 381:384 arg1 2013-2016 389:397 2013-2016 389:397 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 389:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 5 133 theme convalescent 1137:1148 arg1 plasma 1150:1155 convalescent plasma 1137:1155 convalescent plasma 1137:1155 Little is known about the protective polyclonal antibody responses in convalescent plasma. 34335620 7 134 theme gene 1430:1433 arg1 sequences 1435:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences 1399:1443 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells 1399:1461 We first identified 1,512 GP-specific mAb variable gene sequences from single cells in the memory B cell compartment. 34335620 11 135 theme GP 2327:2328 arg1 cap 2339:2341 GP - glycan cap 2327:2341 cap 2339:2341 Together these results reveal a restricted diversity of neutralizing humoral response in which mAbs targeting two antigenic sites on GP - glycan cap and base - play a principal role in plasma-antibody-mediated protective immunity against EVD. 34335620 8 136 theme corresponding 1538:1550 arg1 IgG 1571:1573 the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1534:1573 the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG 1534:1573 Using mass spectrometric analysis of the corresponding GP-specific plasma IgG, we found that only a portion of the large B cell antibody repertoire was represented in the plasma. 34335620 2 137 from 2020 705:708 arg1 approval 498:505 FDA approval 494:505 FDA approval 494:505 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 137 from 2020 705:708 arg1 development 478:488 the development 474:488 the development 474:488 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 138 theme largest 335:341 arg1 EVD 364:366 EVD 364:366 EVD 364:366 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 2 138 theme largest 335:341 arg1 disease 355:361 The largest Ebola virus disease 331:361 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020 331:708 The largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic to date in 2013-2016 in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for countermeasures, leading to the development and FDA approval of the Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®) in 2020 and two monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics (Inmazeb® [atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn] and Ebanga® (ansuvimab-zykl) in 2020. 34335620 1 139 theme Sudan 231:235 arg1 viruses 244:250 Sudan (SUDV) viruses 231:250 Sudan (SUDV) viruses 231:250 Three clinically relevant ebolaviruses - Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Sudan (SUDV) viruses, are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in Africa. 32898702 1 0 theme walls 307:311 arg1 shape 289:293 the shape 285:293 the shape of the cell walls 285:311 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 4 1 from genes 779:783 arg1 genome 812:817 the Populus trichocarpa genome 788:817 the Populus trichocarpa genome 788:817 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 1 2 theme cell 236:239 arg1 polysaccharides 246:260 cell wall polysaccharides 236:260 cell wall polysaccharides 236:260 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 3 3 theme forms 661:665 arg1 effect 641:646 the effect 637:646 the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family 637:723 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 0 4 from analysis 12:19 arg1 trichocarpa 55:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 4 5 theme trichocarpa 800:810 arg1 genome 812:817 the Populus trichocarpa genome 788:817 the Populus trichocarpa genome 788:817 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 10 6 from function 1673:1680 arg1 trichocarpa 1701:1711 P. trichocarpa 1698:1711 P. trichocarpa 1698:1711 This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 1 7 theme wall 241:244 arg1 polysaccharides 246:260 cell wall polysaccharides 236:260 cell wall polysaccharides 236:260 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 10 8 theme genes 1689:1693 arg1 function 1673:1680 the function 1669:1680 the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa 1669:1711 This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 3 9 theme fluorescent 592:602 arg1 method 617:622 fluorescent quantitative method 592:622 fluorescent quantitative method 592:622 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 4 10 theme homologous 768:777 arg1 genes 779:783 six RGP homologous genes 760:783 six RGP homologous genes 760:783 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 3 11 theme physical 490:497 arg1 characters 512:521 physical and chemical characters 490:521 physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity 490:585 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 11 theme physical 490:497 arg1 weight 541:546 molecular weight 531:546 molecular weight 531:546 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 11 theme physical 490:497 arg1 point 561:565 isoelectric point 549:565 isoelectric point 549:565 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 11 theme physical 490:497 arg1 hydrophilicity 572:585 hydrophilicity 572:585 hydrophilicity 572:585 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 6 12 theme Phylogenetic 969:980 arg1 analysis 987:994 Phylogenetic tree analysis 969:994 Phylogenetic tree analysis 969:994 Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 1 13 theme polysaccharides 246:260 arg1 biosynthesis 220:231 the biosynthesis 216:231 the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides 216:260 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 4 14 theme trichocarpa 872:882 arg1 chromosomes 854:864 the six chromosomes 846:864 the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa 846:882 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 8 15 theme upper 1422:1426 arg1 stem 1428:1431 the upper stem 1418:1431 the upper stem in response to the low ammonium 1418:1463 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 7 16 theme expression 1075:1084 arg1 analysis 1086:1093 Tissue-specific expression analysis 1059:1093 Tissue-specific expression analysis 1059:1093 Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. 32898702 1 17 theme wood 329:332 arg1 properties 334:343 the wood properties 325:343 the wood properties of plants 325:353 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 6 18 theme tree 982:985 arg1 analysis 987:994 Phylogenetic tree analysis 969:994 Phylogenetic tree analysis 969:994 Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 10 19 from study 1660:1664 arg1 function 1673:1680 the function 1669:1680 the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa 1669:1711 This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 0 20 theme nitrogen 94:101 arg1 treatment 103:111 nitrogen treatment 94:111 nitrogen treatment 94:111 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 3 21 from effect 641:646 arg1 level 700:704 the transcription level 682:704 the transcription level of the gene family 682:723 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 5 22 theme simple 911:916 arg1 structure 923:931 a simple gene structure 909:931 a simple gene structure 909:931 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 5 23 contain have 904:907 arg2 structure 923:931 a simple gene structure 909:931 a simple gene structure 909:931 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 5 23 contain have 904:907 arg1 members 896:902 The family members 885:902 The family members 885:902 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 6 24 theme RGP 1008:1010 arg1 genes 1012:1016 RGP genes 1008:1016 RGP genes 1008:1016 Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 3 25 theme nitrogen 670:677 arg1 forms 661:665 different forms 651:665 different forms of nitrogen 651:677 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 4 26 theme Populus 792:798 arg1 genome 812:817 the Populus trichocarpa genome 788:817 the Populus trichocarpa genome 788:817 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 9 27 theme secondary 1598:1606 arg1 wall 1613:1616 the plant secondary cell wall 1588:1616 the plant secondary cell wall 1588:1616 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 0 28 from family 37:42 arg1 trichocarpa 55:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 0 29 theme Genome-wide 0:10 arg1 analysis 12:19 Genome-wide analysis 0:19 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa 0:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 1 30 theme plant-specific 170:183 arg1 protein 185:191 plant-specific protein 170:191 plant-specific protein 170:191 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 10 31 theme RGP 1685:1687 arg1 genes 1689:1693 RGP genes 1685:1693 RGP genes 1685:1693 This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 3 32 theme chemical 503:510 arg1 characters 512:521 physical and chemical characters 490:521 physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity 490:585 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 32 theme chemical 503:510 arg1 weight 541:546 molecular weight 531:546 molecular weight 531:546 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 32 theme chemical 503:510 arg1 point 561:565 isoelectric point 549:565 isoelectric point 549:565 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 32 theme chemical 503:510 arg1 hydrophilicity 572:585 hydrophilicity 572:585 hydrophilicity 572:585 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 9 33 from influence 1498:1506 arg1 expression 1527:1536 the expression 1523:1536 the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes 1523:1558 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 2 34 theme timber 385:390 arg1 Poplar 356:361 Poplar 356:361 Poplar 356:361 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 2 34 theme timber 385:390 arg1 species 392:398 a major industrial timber species 366:398 a major industrial timber species 366:398 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 3 35 theme transcription 686:698 arg1 level 700:704 the transcription level 682:704 the transcription level of the gene family 682:723 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 1 36 theme plants 348:353 arg1 properties 334:343 the wood properties 325:343 the wood properties of plants 325:353 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 5 37 theme family 889:894 arg1 members 896:902 The family members 885:902 The family members 885:902 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 8 38 theme low 1452:1454 arg1 ammonium 1456:1463 the low ammonium 1448:1463 the low ammonium 1448:1463 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 2 39 theme industrial 374:383 arg1 Poplar 356:361 Poplar 356:361 Poplar 356:361 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 2 39 theme industrial 374:383 arg1 species 392:398 a major industrial timber species 366:398 a major industrial timber species 366:398 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 0 40 theme gene 32:35 arg1 family 37:42 the RGP gene family 24:42 the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa 24:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 6 41 theme P. 1043:1044 arg1 trichocarpa 1046:1056 P. trichocarpa 1043:1056 P. trichocarpa 1043:1056 Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 4 42 theme P. 869:870 arg1 trichocarpa 872:882 P. trichocarpa 869:882 P. trichocarpa 869:882 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 3 43 theme quantitative 604:615 arg1 method 617:622 fluorescent quantitative method 592:622 fluorescent quantitative method 592:622 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 9 44 theme genes 1554:1558 arg1 expression 1527:1536 the expression 1523:1536 the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes 1523:1558 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 8 45 theme nitrate 1474:1480 arg1 treatments 1482:1491 high nitrate treatments 1469:1491 high nitrate treatments 1469:1491 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 2 46 theme major 368:372 arg1 Poplar 356:361 Poplar 356:361 Poplar 356:361 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 2 46 theme major 368:372 arg1 species 392:398 a major industrial timber species 366:398 a major industrial timber species 366:398 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 0 47 theme RGP 28:30 arg1 family 37:42 the RGP gene family 24:42 the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa 24:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 8 48 from stem 1428:1431 arg1 response 1436:1443 response 1436:1443 response to the low ammonium 1436:1463 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 0 49 from trichocarpa 55:65 arg1 analysis 12:19 Genome-wide analysis 0:19 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa 0:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 0 49 from trichocarpa 55:65 arg1 expression 77:86 their expression 71:86 their expression under nitrogen treatment 71:111 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 3 50 theme isoelectric 549:559 arg1 point 561:565 isoelectric point 549:565 isoelectric point 549:565 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 8 51 theme high 1469:1472 arg1 treatments 1482:1491 high nitrate treatments 1469:1491 high nitrate treatments 1469:1491 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 9 52 theme plant 1592:1596 arg1 wall 1613:1616 the plant secondary cell wall 1588:1616 the plant secondary cell wall 1588:1616 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 10 53 theme P. 1698:1699 arg1 trichocarpa 1701:1711 P. trichocarpa 1698:1711 P. trichocarpa 1698:1711 This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 3 54 theme molecular 531:539 arg1 weight 541:546 molecular weight 531:546 molecular weight 531:546 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 9 55 theme cell 1608:1611 arg1 wall 1613:1616 the plant secondary cell wall 1588:1616 the plant secondary cell wall 1588:1616 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 0 56 theme family 37:42 arg1 analysis 12:19 Genome-wide analysis 0:19 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa 0:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 0 56 theme family 37:42 arg1 expression 77:86 their expression 71:86 their expression under nitrogen treatment 71:111 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 3 57 theme gene 713:716 arg1 family 718:723 the gene family 709:723 the gene family 709:723 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 3 58 theme different 651:659 arg1 forms 661:665 different forms 651:665 different forms of nitrogen 651:677 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 2 59 theme RGP 409:411 arg1 gene 413:416 the RGP gene 405:416 the RGP gene 405:416 Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. 32898702 4 60 theme RGP 764:766 arg1 genes 779:783 six RGP homologous genes 760:783 six RGP homologous genes 760:783 The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. 32898702 1 61 theme Reversible 114:123 arg1 RGP 152:154 RGP 152:154 RGP 152:154 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 1 61 theme Reversible 114:123 arg1 polypeptide 139:149 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide 114:149 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) 114:155 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 1 61 theme Reversible 114:123 arg1 type 162:165 a type 160:165 a type 160:165 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 8 62 theme Quantitative 1321:1332 arg1 qRT-PCR 1352:1358 qRT-PCR 1352:1358 qRT-PCR 1352:1358 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 8 62 theme Quantitative 1321:1332 arg1 RT-PCR 1344:1349 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR 1321:1349 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses 1321:1368 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 3 63 theme family 718:723 arg1 level 700:704 the transcription level 682:704 the transcription level of the gene family 682:723 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 7 64 theme Tissue-specific 1059:1073 arg1 analysis 1086:1093 Tissue-specific expression analysis 1059:1093 Tissue-specific expression analysis 1059:1093 Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. 32898702 7 65 dep upper 1208:1212 arg1 leaves 1214:1219 leaves 1214:1219 leaves 1214:1219 Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. 32898702 5 66 theme gene 918:921 arg1 structure 923:931 a simple gene structure 909:931 a simple gene structure 909:931 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 7 67 theme relative 1288:1295 arg1 expression 1297:1306 the relative expression 1284:1306 the relative expression 1284:1306 Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. 32898702 7 67 theme relative 1288:1295 arg1 high 1315:1318 high 1315:1318 high 1315:1318 Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. 32898702 1 68 theme glycosylation 125:137 arg1 RGP 152:154 RGP 152:154 RGP 152:154 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 1 68 theme glycosylation 125:137 arg1 polypeptide 139:149 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide 114:149 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) 114:155 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 1 68 theme glycosylation 125:137 arg1 type 162:165 a type 160:165 a type 160:165 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 8 69 from treatments 1482:1491 arg1 response 1436:1443 response 1436:1443 response to the low ammonium 1436:1463 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 9 70 theme wall 1613:1616 arg1 formation 1575:1583 the formation 1571:1583 the formation of the plant secondary cell wall 1571:1616 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 9 71 theme nitrogen 1511:1518 arg1 influence 1498:1506 The influence 1494:1506 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes 1494:1558 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 10 72 theme further 1652:1658 arg1 study 1660:1664 further study 1652:1664 further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa 1652:1711 This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 9 73 theme PtRGP3 1541:1546 arg1 expression 1527:1536 the expression 1523:1536 the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes 1523:1558 The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. 32898702 0 74 from expression 77:86 arg1 trichocarpa 55:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 8 75 theme RT-PCR 1344:1349 arg1 analyses 1361:1368 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses 1321:1368 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses 1321:1368 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 1 76 theme protein 185:191 arg1 polypeptide 139:149 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide 114:149 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) 114:155 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 1 76 theme protein 185:191 arg1 type 162:165 a type 160:165 a type 160:165 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 3 77 theme bioinformatics 456:469 arg1 methods 471:477 bioinformatics methods 456:477 bioinformatics methods 456:477 This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. 32898702 0 78 theme Populus 47:53 arg1 trichocarpa 55:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Populus trichocarpa 47:65 Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. 32898702 1 79 theme cell 302:305 arg1 walls 307:311 the cell walls 298:311 the cell walls 298:311 Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. 32898702 8 80 theme real-time 1334:1342 arg1 qRT-PCR 1352:1358 qRT-PCR 1352:1358 qRT-PCR 1352:1358 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 8 80 theme real-time 1334:1342 arg1 RT-PCR 1344:1349 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR 1321:1349 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses 1321:1368 Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. 32898702 6 81 from Class 1032:1036 arg1 trichocarpa 1046:1056 P. trichocarpa 1043:1056 P. trichocarpa 1043:1056 Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. 32898702 5 82 contain contain 937:943 arg2 introns 960:966 introns 960:966 introns 960:966 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 5 82 contain contain 937:943 arg2 exons 950:954 four exons 945:954 four exons 945:954 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32898702 5 82 contain contain 937:943 arg1 members 896:902 The family members 885:902 The family members 885:902 The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. 32793584 12 0 theme adhesive 1880:1887 arg1 system 1889:1894 the adhesive system 1876:1894 the adhesive system 1876:1894 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 6 1 theme microtensile 1130:1141 arg1 strengths 1148:1156 microtensile bond strengths 1130:1156 microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes 1130:1227 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 6 2 theme system 1062:1067 arg1 capacity 1037:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity 1012:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system 1012:1067 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 7 3 theme electron 1333:1340 arg1 SEM 1354:1356 SEM 1354:1356 SEM 1354:1356 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 7 3 theme electron 1333:1340 arg1 microscopy 1342:1351 scanning electron microscopy 1324:1351 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1324:1357 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 1 4 used used 155:158 arg2 restorations 129:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations are commonly used to restore cavitated carious lesions. 32793584 12 5 theme bonding 1974:1980 arg1 properties 1982:1991 the bonding properties 1970:1991 the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives 1970:2028 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 2 6 theme caries 273:278 arg1 development 248:258 the development 244:258 the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration 244:306 Unfortunately, the main reason for failure is the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. 32793584 2 6 theme caries 273:278 arg1 reason 222:227 the main reason 213:227 the main reason for failure 213:239 Unfortunately, the main reason for failure is the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. 32793584 1 7 theme carious 181:187 arg1 lesions 189:195 cavitated carious lesions 171:195 cavitated carious lesions 171:195 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations are commonly used to restore cavitated carious lesions. 32793584 5 8 dep METHODS 710:716 arg1 evaluated 749:757 evaluated 749:757 was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks 745:980 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 6 9 theme conversion 1109:1118 arg1 strengths 1148:1156 microtensile bond strengths 1130:1156 microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes 1130:1227 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 6 9 theme conversion 1109:1118 arg1 degree 1099:1104 degree 1099:1104 degree of conversion (DC) 1099:1123 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 6 9 theme conversion 1109:1118 arg1 analysis 1089:1096 pH analysis 1086:1096 pH analysis 1086:1096 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 5 10 theme dry 808:810 arg1 DW 820:821 DW 820:821 DW 820:821 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 10 theme dry 808:810 arg1 weight 812:817 biofilm dry weight 800:817 biofilm dry weight (DW) 800:822 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 9 11 theme CFU 1542:1544 arg1 count 1546:1550 the lowest CFU count and lowest production 1531:1572 count 1546:1550 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 9 12 dep RESULTS 1475:1481 arg1 adhesive 1512:1519 adhesive 1512:1519 adhesive 1512:1519 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 10 13 theme statistical 1623:1633 arg1 differences 1635:1645 statistical differences 1623:1645 statistical differences among all tested groups 1623:1669 DW and pH values did no exhibit statistical differences among all tested groups. 32793584 4 14 theme antibacterial 451:463 arg1 capacity 477:484 the antibacterial and bonding capacity 447:484 the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol) 447:707 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 6 15 theme human 1161:1165 arg1 dentin 1167:1172 human dentin 1161:1172 human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes 1161:1227 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 1 16 theme dental 122:127 arg1 restorations 129:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations are commonly used to restore cavitated carious lesions. 32793584 9 17 theme EIP 1577:1579 arg1 count 1546:1550 the lowest CFU count and lowest production 1531:1572 count 1546:1550 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 9 17 theme EIP 1577:1579 arg1 production 1563:1572 the lowest CFU count and lowest production 1531:1572 production 1563:1572 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 11 18 theme tt-farnesol 1814:1824 arg1 concentration 1797:1809 the concentration 1793:1809 the concentration of tt-farnesol 1793:1824 Bond strengths and DC decreased with the incorporation of the antibacterial agent into the adhesive system regardless of the concentration of tt-farnesol. 32793584 6 19 theme pH 1086:1087 arg1 analysis 1089:1096 pH analysis 1086:1096 pH analysis 1086:1096 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 10 20 theme tested 1657:1662 arg1 groups 1664:1669 all tested groups 1653:1669 all tested groups 1653:1669 DW and pH values did no exhibit statistical differences among all tested groups. 32793584 5 21 theme extracellular 842:854 arg1 EIP 883:885 EIP 883:885 EIP 883:885 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 21 theme extracellular 842:854 arg1 polysaccharides 866:880 extracellular insoluble polysaccharides 842:880 extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) 842:886 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 12 22 theme bacterial 1918:1926 arg1 viability 1928:1936 bacterial viability 1918:1936 bacterial viability 1918:1936 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 7 23 from formation 1294:1302 arg1 analysis 1244:1251 A qualitative analysis 1230:1251 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation 1230:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 3 24 theme antibacterial 360:372 arg1 agents 374:379 antibacterial agents 360:379 antibacterial agents 360:379 To improve the long-term survival of restorations, antibacterial agents have been added into dental materials. 32793584 8 25 theme sealing 1364:1370 arg1 capacity 1372:1379 The sealing capacity 1360:1379 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested 1360:1410 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 4 26 theme tt-farnesol 696:706 arg1 incorporation 679:691 no incorporation 676:691 no incorporation of tt-farnesol 676:706 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 0 27 theme Bonding 81:87 arg1 Properties 89:98 Bonding Properties 81:98 Bonding Properties 81:98 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 5 28 theme disks 976:980 arg1 surface 955:961 the surface 951:961 the surface of composite disks 951:980 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 4 29 dep control 667:673 arg1 incorporation 679:691 no incorporation 676:691 no incorporation of tt-farnesol 676:706 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 3 30 theme restorations 346:357 arg1 survival 334:341 the long-term survival 320:341 the long-term survival of restorations 320:357 To improve the long-term survival of restorations, antibacterial agents have been added into dental materials. 32793584 4 31 theme bonding 469:475 arg1 capacity 477:484 the antibacterial and bonding capacity 447:484 the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol) 447:707 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 6 32 theme etch-and-rinse 1196:1209 arg1 application 1211:1221 etch-and-rinse application 1196:1221 etch-and-rinse application 1196:1221 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 8 33 theme adhesive 1388:1395 arg1 systems 1397:1403 all adhesive systems 1384:1403 all adhesive systems tested 1384:1410 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 0 34 theme Dental 62:67 arg1 Biofilm 69:75 Dental Biofilm 62:75 Dental Biofilm 62:75 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 0 35 theme Bioactive 0:8 arg1 System 26:31 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System 0:31 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 0:99 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 5 36 theme polysaccharides 866:880 arg1 DW 820:821 DW 820:821 DW 820:821 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 36 theme polysaccharides 866:880 arg1 production 828:837 production 828:837 production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) 828:886 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 36 theme polysaccharides 866:880 arg1 weight 812:817 biofilm dry weight 800:817 biofilm dry weight (DW) 800:822 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 36 theme polysaccharides 866:880 arg1 CFU 794:796 CFU 794:796 CFU 794:796 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 36 theme polysaccharides 866:880 arg1 units 787:791 colony-forming units 772:791 colony-forming units (CFU) 772:797 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 4 37 theme agent 564:568 arg1 tt-farnesol 570:580 the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol 546:580 the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives 546:614 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 0 38 theme Adhesive 17:24 arg1 System 26:31 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System 0:31 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 0:99 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 1 39 theme BACKGROUND 101:110 arg1 restorations 129:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations are commonly used to restore cavitated carious lesions. 32793584 7 40 from analysis 1244:1251 arg1 formation 1294:1302 biofilm formation 1286:1302 biofilm formation 1286:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 11 41 theme agent 1748:1752 arg1 incorporation 1713:1725 the incorporation 1709:1725 the incorporation of the antibacterial agent into the adhesive system regardless of the concentration of tt-farnesol 1709:1824 Bond strengths and DC decreased with the incorporation of the antibacterial agent into the adhesive system regardless of the concentration of tt-farnesol. 32793584 3 42 theme dental 402:407 arg1 materials 409:417 dental materials 402:417 dental materials 402:417 To improve the long-term survival of restorations, antibacterial agents have been added into dental materials. 32793584 8 43 theme confocal 1432:1439 arg1 CLSM 1468:1471 CLSM 1468:1471 CLSM 1468:1471 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 8 43 theme confocal 1432:1439 arg1 microscopy 1456:1465 confocal laser scanning microscopy 1432:1465 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 1432:1472 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 6 44 from dentin 1167:1172 arg1 self-etch 1182:1190 self-etch 1182:1190 self-etch 1182:1190 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 6 44 from dentin 1167:1172 arg1 application 1211:1221 etch-and-rinse application 1196:1221 etch-and-rinse application 1196:1221 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 5 45 theme growth 918:923 arg1 day 891:893 day 2, 3, and 5 891:905 day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks 891:980 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 8 46 theme scanning 1447:1454 arg1 CLSM 1468:1471 CLSM 1468:1471 CLSM 1468:1471 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 8 46 theme scanning 1447:1454 arg1 microscopy 1456:1465 confocal laser scanning microscopy 1432:1465 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 1432:1472 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 12 47 theme experimental 2000:2011 arg1 adhesives 2020:2028 the experimental dental adhesives 1996:2028 the experimental dental adhesives 1996:2028 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 12 48 theme adhesives 2020:2028 arg1 properties 1982:1991 the bonding properties 1970:1991 the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives 1970:2028 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 12 49 theme tt-farnesol 1859:1869 arg1 incorporation 1842:1854 The incorporation 1838:1854 The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system 1838:1894 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 6 50 theme bond 1143:1146 arg1 strengths 1148:1156 microtensile bond strengths 1130:1156 microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes 1130:1227 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 4 51 theme experimental 593:604 arg1 adhesives 606:614 3 experimental adhesives 591:614 3 experimental adhesives 591:614 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 10 52 theme DW 1591:1592 arg1 values 1601:1606 DW and pH values 1591:1606 values 1601:1606 DW and pH values did no exhibit statistical differences among all tested groups. 32793584 7 53 theme scanning 1324:1331 arg1 SEM 1354:1356 SEM 1354:1356 SEM 1354:1356 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 7 53 theme scanning 1324:1331 arg1 microscopy 1342:1351 scanning electron microscopy 1324:1351 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1324:1357 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 6 54 theme adhesive 1053:1060 arg1 system 1062:1067 the adhesive system 1049:1067 the adhesive system 1049:1067 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 2 55 theme adjacent 280:287 arg1 caries 273:278 secondary caries 263:278 secondary caries adjacent to the restoration 263:306 Unfortunately, the main reason for failure is the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. 32793584 1 56 theme cavitated 171:179 arg1 lesions 189:195 cavitated carious lesions 171:195 cavitated carious lesions 171:195 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations are commonly used to restore cavitated carious lesions. 32793584 7 57 theme biofilm 1286:1292 arg1 formation 1294:1302 biofilm formation 1286:1302 biofilm formation 1286:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 5 58 theme biofilm 800:806 arg1 DW 820:821 DW 820:821 DW 820:821 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 58 theme biofilm 800:806 arg1 weight 812:817 biofilm dry weight 800:817 biofilm dry weight (DW) 800:822 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 9 59 theme lowest 1535:1540 arg1 count 1546:1550 the lowest CFU count and lowest production 1531:1572 count 1546:1550 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 7 60 theme tt-farnesol 1271:1281 arg1 effects 1260:1266 the effects 1256:1266 the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation 1256:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 10 61 theme pH 1598:1599 arg1 values 1601:1606 DW and pH values 1591:1606 values 1601:1606 DW and pH values did no exhibit statistical differences among all tested groups. 32793584 5 62 theme colony-forming 772:785 arg1 CFU 794:796 CFU 794:796 CFU 794:796 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 62 theme colony-forming 772:785 arg1 units 787:791 colony-forming units 772:791 colony-forming units (CFU) 772:797 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 6 63 theme bonding 1029:1035 arg1 capacity 1037:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity 1012:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system 1012:1067 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 6 64 theme chemical 1016:1023 arg1 capacity 1037:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity 1012:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system 1012:1067 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 9 65 dep % 1491:1491 arg1 v/v 1494:1496 v/v 1494:1496 v/v 1494:1496 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 9 66 theme lowest 1556:1561 arg1 production 1563:1572 the lowest CFU count and lowest production 1531:1572 production 1563:1572 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 5 67 theme composite 966:974 arg1 disks 976:980 composite disks 966:980 composite disks 966:980 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 1 68 theme Composite 112:120 arg1 restorations 129:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations 101:140 BACKGROUND Composite dental restorations are commonly used to restore cavitated carious lesions. 32793584 6 69 dep self-etch 1182:1190 arg1 modes 1223:1227 modes 1223:1227 modes 1223:1227 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 7 70 theme qualitative 1232:1242 arg1 analysis 1244:1251 A qualitative analysis 1230:1251 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation 1230:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 5 71 theme surface 930:936 arg1 treatment 938:946 surface treatment 930:946 surface treatment on the surface of composite disks 930:980 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 2 72 theme secondary 263:271 arg1 caries 273:278 secondary caries 263:278 secondary caries adjacent to the restoration 263:306 Unfortunately, the main reason for failure is the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. 32793584 7 73 from effects 1260:1266 arg1 formation 1294:1302 biofilm formation 1286:1302 biofilm formation 1286:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 5 74 from treatment 938:946 arg1 surface 955:961 the surface 951:961 the surface of composite disks 951:980 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 3 75 theme long-term 324:332 arg1 survival 334:341 the long-term survival 320:341 the long-term survival of restorations 320:357 To improve the long-term survival of restorations, antibacterial agents have been added into dental materials. 32793584 4 76 theme adhesive 519:526 arg1 capacity 477:484 the antibacterial and bonding capacity 447:484 the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol) 447:707 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 7 77 theme effects 1260:1266 arg1 analysis 1244:1251 A qualitative analysis 1230:1251 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation 1230:1302 A qualitative analysis of the effects of tt-farnesol on biofilm formation was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 32793584 0 78 from Effects 51:57 arg1 Biofilm 69:75 Dental Biofilm 62:75 Dental Biofilm 62:75 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 0 78 from Effects 51:57 arg1 Properties 89:98 Bonding Properties 81:98 Bonding Properties 81:98 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 12 79 theme EIP 1956:1958 arg1 production 1942:1951 production 1942:1951 production of EIP 1942:1958 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 12 79 theme EIP 1956:1958 arg1 viability 1928:1936 bacterial viability 1918:1936 bacterial viability 1918:1936 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 8 80 theme systems 1397:1403 arg1 capacity 1372:1379 The sealing capacity 1360:1379 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested 1360:1410 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 11 81 theme antibacterial 1734:1746 arg1 agent 1748:1752 the antibacterial agent 1730:1752 the antibacterial agent 1730:1752 Bond strengths and DC decreased with the incorporation of the antibacterial agent into the adhesive system regardless of the concentration of tt-farnesol. 32793584 0 82 theme Dental 10:15 arg1 System 26:31 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System 0:31 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 0:99 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 5 83 theme insoluble 856:864 arg1 EIP 883:885 EIP 883:885 EIP 883:885 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 83 theme insoluble 856:864 arg1 polysaccharides 866:880 extracellular insoluble polysaccharides 842:880 extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) 842:886 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 11 84 theme adhesive 1763:1770 arg1 system 1772:1777 the adhesive system 1759:1777 the adhesive system 1759:1777 Bond strengths and DC decreased with the incorporation of the antibacterial agent into the adhesive system regardless of the concentration of tt-farnesol. 32793584 8 85 theme laser 1441:1445 arg1 CLSM 1468:1471 CLSM 1468:1471 CLSM 1468:1471 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 8 85 theme laser 1441:1445 arg1 microscopy 1456:1465 confocal laser scanning microscopy 1432:1465 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 1432:1472 The sealing capacity of all adhesive systems tested was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). 32793584 12 86 dep CONCLUSION 1827:1836 arg1 reduced 1910:1916 reduced 1910:1916 reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP 1910:1958 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 0 87 with System 26:31 arg1 tt-Farnesol 38:48 tt-Farnesol 38:48 tt-Farnesol 38:48 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 5 88 theme antibacterial 722:734 arg1 activity 736:743 The antibacterial activity 718:743 The antibacterial activity 718:743 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 5 89 theme biofilm 910:916 arg1 growth 918:923 biofilm growth 910:923 biofilm growth 910:923 METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by assessing colony-forming units (CFU), biofilm dry weight (DW) and production of extracellular insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) at day 2, 3, and 5 of biofilm growth post surface treatment on the surface of composite disks. 32793584 4 90 theme antibacterial 550:562 arg1 tt-farnesol 570:580 the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol 546:580 the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives 546:614 In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and bonding capacity of a commercial universal dental adhesive incorporated with the antibacterial agent tt-farnesol creating 3 experimental adhesives: 0.38% (v/v), 1.90% (v/v), and 3.80% (v/v), plus a control (no incorporation of tt-farnesol). 32793584 2 91 theme main 217:220 arg1 development 248:258 the development 244:258 the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration 244:306 Unfortunately, the main reason for failure is the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. 32793584 2 91 theme main 217:220 arg1 reason 222:227 the main reason 213:227 the main reason for failure 213:239 Unfortunately, the main reason for failure is the development of secondary caries adjacent to the restoration. 32793584 0 92 dep System 26:31 arg1 Effects 51:57 Effects 51:57 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 0:99 Bioactive Dental Adhesive System With tt-Farnesol: Effects on Dental Biofilm and Bonding Properties. 32793584 6 93 theme tt-farnesol 997:1007 arg1 effect 987:992 The effect 983:992 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system 983:1067 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 32793584 11 94 theme Bond 1672:1675 arg1 strengths 1677:1685 Bond strengths 1672:1685 Bond strengths 1672:1685 Bond strengths and DC decreased with the incorporation of the antibacterial agent into the adhesive system regardless of the concentration of tt-farnesol. 32793584 9 95 theme 3.80 1487:1490 arg1 % 1491:1491 % 1491:1491 % 1491:1491 RESULTS The 3.80% (v/v) experimental adhesive exhibited the lowest CFU count and lowest production of EIP at day 5. 32793584 12 96 theme dental 2013:2018 arg1 adhesives 2020:2028 the experimental dental adhesives 1996:2028 the experimental dental adhesives 1996:2028 CONCLUSION The incorporation of tt-farnesol into the adhesive system significantly reduced bacterial viability and production of EIP; however, the bonding properties of the experimental dental adhesives were altered. 32793584 6 97 from effect 987:992 arg1 capacity 1037:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity 1012:1044 the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system 1012:1067 The effect of tt-farnesol on the chemical and bonding capacity of the adhesive system was assessed via pH analysis, degree of conversion (DC), and microtensile bond strengths to human dentin in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse application modes. 34523478 0 0 theme membrane 80:87 arg1 fouling 89:95 membrane fouling 80:95 membrane fouling 80:95 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 4 1 theme extended 431:438 arg1 theory 473:478 extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory 431:478 extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory 431:478 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 7 2 theme present 1001:1007 arg1 results 1009:1015 The present results 997:1015 The present results 997:1015 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 1 3 theme osmosis 151:157 arg1 treatment 164:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment 143:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW) 143:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 2 4 contain has 213:215 arg2 composition 227:237 a complex composition 217:237 a complex composition 217:237 Natural ARW has a complex composition. 34523478 2 4 contain has 213:215 arg1 ARW 209:211 Natural ARW 201:211 Natural ARW 201:211 Natural ARW has a complex composition. 34523478 3 5 theme natural 284:290 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 5 theme natural 284:290 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 6 6 dep matter 958:963 arg1 polysaccharides 979:993 polysaccharides 979:993 polysaccharides 979:993 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 6 6 dep matter 958:963 arg1 proteins 966:973 proteins 966:973 proteins 966:973 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 4 7 theme varying 665:671 arg1 degrees 673:679 varying degrees 665:679 varying degrees 665:679 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 2 8 theme complex 219:225 arg1 composition 227:237 a complex composition 217:237 a complex composition 217:237 Natural ARW has a complex composition. 34523478 7 9 theme microalgal 1101:1110 arg1 fouling 1121:1127 microalgal membrane fouling 1101:1127 microalgal membrane fouling 1101:1127 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 4 10 theme components 564:573 arg1 addition 541:548 the addition 537:548 the addition of coexisting components 537:573 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 0 11 theme fouling 89:95 arg1 mechanism 67:75 mechanism 67:75 mechanism 67:75 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 0 11 theme fouling 89:95 arg1 Characteristics 47:61 Characteristics 47:61 Characteristics 47:61 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 7 12 theme membrane 1112:1119 arg1 fouling 1121:1127 microalgal membrane fouling 1101:1127 microalgal membrane fouling 1101:1127 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 4 13 theme coexisting 553:562 arg1 components 564:573 coexisting components 553:573 coexisting components 553:573 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 3 14 theme acid 306:309 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 14 theme acid 306:309 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 6 15 theme layer 879:883 arg1 thickness 854:862 thickness 854:862 thickness 854:862 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 6 15 theme layer 879:883 arg1 distribution 837:848 distribution 837:848 distribution 837:848 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 5 16 theme membrane 781:788 arg1 fouling 790:796 irreversible membrane fouling 768:796 irreversible membrane fouling 768:796 Furthermore, Ca2+ and HA aggravated irreversible membrane fouling. 34523478 5 17 theme irreversible 768:779 arg1 fouling 790:796 irreversible membrane fouling 768:796 irreversible membrane fouling 768:796 Furthermore, Ca2+ and HA aggravated irreversible membrane fouling. 34523478 6 18 theme fouling 871:877 arg1 layer 879:883 the fouling layer 867:883 the fouling layer 867:883 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 3 19 theme FO 381:382 arg1 fouling 393:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 0 20 theme osmosis 8:14 arg1 treatment 16:24 Forward osmosis treatment 0:24 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 0:96 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 1 21 from problem 132:138 arg1 treatment 164:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment 143:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW) 143:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 0 22 theme Forward 0:6 arg1 treatment 16:24 Forward osmosis treatment 0:24 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 0:96 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 6 23 theme matter 958:963 arg1 content 925:931 the content 921:931 the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides) 921:994 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 7 24 theme natural 1074:1080 arg1 ingredients 1082:1092 natural ingredients 1074:1092 natural ingredients 1074:1092 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 3 25 theme ARW 374:376 arg1 influence 361:369 the influence 357:369 the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 357:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 7 26 theme membrane 1153:1160 arg1 control 1170:1176 membrane fouling control 1153:1176 membrane fouling control 1153:1176 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 4 27 theme microscopy 512:521 arg1 analysis 419:426 The analysis 415:426 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy 415:521 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 7 28 theme mechanism 1050:1058 arg1 understanding 1029:1041 the understanding 1025:1041 the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling 1025:1127 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 1 29 theme Membrane 98:105 arg1 problem 132:138 an inevitable problem 118:138 an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW) 118:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 1 29 theme Membrane 98:105 arg1 fouling 107:113 Membrane fouling 98:113 Membrane fouling 98:113 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 1 30 theme algal-rich 177:186 arg1 water 188:192 algal-rich water 177:192 algal-rich water (ARW) 177:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 1 30 theme algal-rich 177:186 arg1 ARW 195:197 ARW 195:197 ARW 195:197 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 3 31 theme inorganic 321:329 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 31 theme inorganic 321:329 arg1 kaolinite 343:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 6 32 theme extracellular 936:948 arg1 matter 958:963 extracellular organic matter 936:963 extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides) 936:994 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 4 33 theme membrane 714:721 arg1 fouling 723:729 membrane fouling 714:729 membrane fouling 714:729 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 1 34 theme water 188:192 arg1 treatment 164:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment 143:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW) 143:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 0 35 theme water 40:44 arg1 treatment 16:24 Forward osmosis treatment 0:24 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 0:96 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 3 36 theme membrane 384:391 arg1 fouling 393:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 0 37 theme algal-rich 29:38 arg1 water 40:44 algal-rich water 29:44 algal-rich water 29:44 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 4 38 theme confocal 488:495 arg1 microscopy 512:521 the confocal laser scanning microscopy 484:521 the confocal laser scanning microscopy 484:521 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 2 39 theme Natural 201:207 arg1 ARW 209:211 Natural ARW 201:211 Natural ARW 201:211 Natural ARW has a complex composition. 34523478 6 40 theme Ca2+ 906:909 arg1 addition 894:901 the addition 890:901 the addition of Ca2+ 890:909 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 6 41 dep distribution 837:848 arg1 the 833:835 the 833:835 the 833:835 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 6 42 theme organic 950:956 arg1 matter 958:963 extracellular organic matter 936:963 extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides) 936:994 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 3 43 from fouling 393:399 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 43 from fouling 393:399 arg1 kaolinite 343:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 43 from fouling 393:399 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 43 from fouling 393:399 arg1 Ca2+ 278:281 Ca2+ 278:281 Ca2+ 278:281 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 44 from influence 361:369 arg1 fouling 393:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 4 45 theme scanning 503:510 arg1 microscopy 512:521 the confocal laser scanning microscopy 484:521 the confocal laser scanning microscopy 484:521 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 4 46 theme laser 497:501 arg1 microscopy 512:521 the confocal laser scanning microscopy 484:521 the confocal laser scanning microscopy 484:521 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 3 47 theme coexisting 255:264 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 47 theme coexisting 255:264 arg1 kaolinite 343:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 47 theme coexisting 255:264 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 47 theme coexisting 255:264 arg1 Ca2+ 278:281 Ca2+ 278:281 Ca2+ 278:281 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 1 48 theme inevitable 121:130 arg1 problem 132:138 an inevitable problem 118:138 an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW) 118:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 1 48 theme inevitable 121:130 arg1 fouling 107:113 Membrane fouling 98:113 Membrane fouling 98:113 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 4 49 theme fouling 723:729 arg1 development 699:709 the development 695:709 the development of membrane fouling 695:729 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 4 50 theme theory 473:478 arg1 analysis 419:426 The analysis 415:426 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy 415:521 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 0 51 dep treatment 16:24 arg1 mechanism 67:75 mechanism 67:75 mechanism 67:75 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 0 51 dep treatment 16:24 arg1 Characteristics 47:61 Characteristics 47:61 Characteristics 47:61 Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling. 34523478 3 52 from components 266:275 arg1 fouling 393:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 FO membrane fouling 381:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 52 from components 266:275 arg1 influence 361:369 the influence 357:369 the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 357:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 53 theme organic 292:298 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 53 theme organic 292:298 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 6 54 theme coexisting 803:812 arg1 components 814:823 All coexisting components 799:823 All coexisting components 799:823 All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). 34523478 3 55 theme particulate 331:341 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 55 theme particulate 331:341 arg1 kaolinite 343:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 56 theme humic 300:304 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 56 theme humic 300:304 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 4 57 theme Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek 440:471 arg1 theory 473:478 extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory 431:478 extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory 431:478 The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. 34523478 7 58 theme fouling 1162:1168 arg1 control 1170:1176 membrane fouling control 1153:1176 membrane fouling control 1153:1176 The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW. 34523478 1 59 theme forward 143:149 arg1 treatment 164:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment 143:172 forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW) 143:198 Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). 34523478 3 60 dep components 266:275 arg1 [HA 311:313 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 natural organic humic acid [HA] 284:314 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 60 dep components 266:275 arg1 kaolinite 343:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 inorganic particulate kaolinite 321:351 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 60 dep components 266:275 arg1 components 266:275 the coexisting components 251:275 the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling 251:399 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 34523478 3 60 dep components 266:275 arg1 Ca2+ 278:281 Ca2+ 278:281 Ca2+ 278:281 Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. 31963518 4 0 theme oil-in-water 840:851 arg1 emulsions 853:861 oil-in-water emulsions 840:861 oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) 840:916 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 8 1 theme SEM 1312:1314 arg1 images 1316:1321 SEM images 1312:1321 SEM images 1312:1321 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 9 2 theme emulsion 1558:1565 arg1 stabilizers 1567:1577 emulsion stabilizers 1558:1577 emulsion stabilizers 1558:1577 This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. 31963518 1 3 from proteins 264:271 arg1 rich 256:259 rich 256:259 rich 256:259 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 5 4 theme physicochemical 1006:1020 arg1 properties 1037:1046 all physicochemical and functional properties 1002:1046 all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders 1002:1061 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 31963518 4 5 theme emulsions 853:861 arg1 activity 795:802 the emulsifying activity 779:802 the emulsifying activity of the powders 779:817 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 4 5 theme emulsions 853:861 arg1 stability 827:835 the stability 823:835 the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) 823:916 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 3 6 theme water 632:636 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 6 theme water 632:636 arg1 activity 638:645 water activity 632:645 water activity 632:645 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 8 7 theme spherical 1359:1367 arg1 particles 1369:1377 relatively spherical particles 1348:1377 relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures 1348:1430 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 3 8 theme chemical 667:674 arg1 composition 676:686 chemical composition 667:686 chemical composition 667:686 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 8 theme chemical 667:674 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 activity 701:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 capacity 622:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 activity 638:645 water activity 632:645 water activity 632:645 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 capacity 600:607 water holding capacity 586:607 water holding capacity 586:607 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 composition 676:686 chemical composition 667:686 chemical composition 667:686 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 morphology 723:732 surface morphology 715:732 surface morphology 715:732 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 9 from influence 532:540 arg1 color 660:664 color 660:664 color 660:664 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 6 10 theme antioxidant 1117:1127 arg1 activity 1129:1136 antioxidant activity 1117:1136 antioxidant activity 1117:1136 Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. 31963518 2 11 dep temperatures 486:497 arg1 °C 524:525 200 °C 520:525 200 °C 520:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 11 dep temperatures 486:497 arg1 temperatures 486:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures 449:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C 449:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 11 dep temperatures 486:497 arg1 °C 504:505 160 °C 500:505 160 °C 500:505 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 11 dep temperatures 486:497 arg1 °C 512:513 180 °C 508:513 180 °C 508:513 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 6 12 theme water-holding 1152:1164 arg1 capacity 1166:1173 water-holding capacity 1152:1173 water-holding capacity 1152:1173 Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 13 theme spray-dried 356:366 arg1 powders 368:374 spray-dried powders 356:374 spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity 356:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 9 14 theme food 1537:1540 arg1 applications 1542:1553 food applications 1537:1553 food applications as emulsion stabilizers 1537:1577 This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. 31963518 7 15 theme highest 1293:1299 arg1 stability 1301:1309 the highest stability 1289:1309 the highest stability 1289:1309 The emulsions prepared with the powder obtained at 200 °C showed the highest stability. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 activity 701:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 capacity 622:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 activity 638:645 water activity 632:645 water activity 632:645 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 capacity 600:607 water holding capacity 586:607 water holding capacity 586:607 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 composition 676:686 chemical composition 667:686 chemical composition 667:686 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 morphology 723:732 surface morphology 715:732 surface morphology 715:732 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 16 dep features 576:583 arg1 color 660:664 color 660:664 color 660:664 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 2 17 theme process 472:478 arg1 °C 524:525 200 °C 520:525 200 °C 520:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 17 theme process 472:478 arg1 temperatures 486:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures 449:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C 449:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 17 theme process 472:478 arg1 °C 504:505 160 °C 500:505 160 °C 500:505 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 17 theme process 472:478 arg1 °C 512:513 180 °C 508:513 180 °C 508:513 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 1 18 theme powders 368:374 arg1 preparation 341:351 the preparation 337:351 the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity 337:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 4 19 theme powders 811:817 arg1 activity 795:802 the emulsifying activity 779:802 the emulsifying activity of the powders 779:817 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 4 19 theme powders 811:817 arg1 stability 827:835 the stability 823:835 the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) 823:916 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 5 20 contain had 973:975 arg1 temperature 961:971 inlet temperature 955:971 inlet temperature 955:971 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 31963518 5 20 contain had 973:975 arg2 influence 989:997 significant influence 977:997 significant influence 977:997 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 31963518 2 21 theme spray-drying 459:470 arg1 °C 524:525 200 °C 520:525 200 °C 520:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 21 theme spray-drying 459:470 arg1 temperatures 486:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures 449:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C 449:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 21 theme spray-drying 459:470 arg1 °C 504:505 160 °C 500:505 160 °C 500:505 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 21 theme spray-drying 459:470 arg1 °C 512:513 180 °C 508:513 180 °C 508:513 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 0 22 theme Food 142:145 arg1 Applications 147:158 Food Applications 142:158 Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers 142:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 1 23 theme Flaxseed 185:192 arg1 extract 203:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract 185:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) 185:292 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 23 theme Flaxseed 185:192 arg1 substrate 323:331 a potential substrate 311:331 a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity 311:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 2 24 theme different 449:457 arg1 °C 524:525 200 °C 520:525 200 °C 520:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 24 theme different 449:457 arg1 temperatures 486:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures 449:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C 449:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 24 theme different 449:457 arg1 °C 504:505 160 °C 500:505 160 °C 500:505 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 24 theme different 449:457 arg1 °C 512:513 180 °C 508:513 180 °C 508:513 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 1 25 from polysaccharides 277:291 arg1 rich 256:259 rich 256:259 rich 256:259 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 activity 701:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 capacity 622:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 activity 638:645 water activity 632:645 water activity 632:645 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 capacity 600:607 water holding capacity 586:607 water holding capacity 586:607 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 composition 676:686 chemical composition 667:686 chemical composition 667:686 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 morphology 723:732 surface morphology 715:732 surface morphology 715:732 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 26 theme physicochemical 560:574 arg1 color 660:664 color 660:664 color 660:664 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 1 27 theme oil 194:196 arg1 extract 203:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract 185:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) 185:292 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 27 theme oil 194:196 arg1 substrate 323:331 a potential substrate 311:331 a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity 311:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 0 28 theme Oil 25:27 arg1 Valorization 0:11 Valorization 0:11 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 0:183 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 8 29 with folded 1390:1395 arg1 dentures 1423:1430 dentures 1423:1430 dentures 1423:1430 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 8 29 with folded 1390:1395 arg1 lot 1416:1418 a lot 1414:1418 a lot of dentures 1414:1430 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 0 30 theme Functional 119:128 arg1 Powders 130:136 Spray-Dried Functional Powders 107:136 Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers 107:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 8 31 theme particles 1369:1377 arg1 production 1334:1343 the production 1330:1343 the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures 1330:1430 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 1 32 theme cake 198:201 arg1 extract 203:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract 185:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) 185:292 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 32 theme cake 198:201 arg1 substrate 323:331 a potential substrate 311:331 a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity 311:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 0 33 theme Flaxseed 16:23 arg1 Oil 25:27 Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual 16:41 Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual 16:41 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 3 34 theme surface 715:721 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 34 theme surface 715:721 arg1 morphology 723:732 surface morphology 715:732 surface morphology 715:732 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 0 35 theme Spray-Dried 107:117 arg1 Powders 130:136 Spray-Dried Functional Powders 107:136 Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers 107:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 1 36 theme emulsifying 381:391 arg1 activity 393:400 emulsifying activity 381:400 emulsifying activity 381:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 3 37 theme temperature 545:555 arg1 influence 532:540 The influence 528:540 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 528:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 2 38 theme inlet 480:484 arg1 °C 524:525 200 °C 520:525 200 °C 520:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 38 theme inlet 480:484 arg1 temperatures 486:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures 449:497 different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C 449:525 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 38 theme inlet 480:484 arg1 °C 504:505 160 °C 500:505 160 °C 500:505 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 38 theme inlet 480:484 arg1 °C 512:513 180 °C 508:513 180 °C 508:513 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 2 39 theme powders 421:427 arg1 variants 409:416 Three variants 403:416 Three variants of powders 403:427 Three variants of powders were obtained using different spray-drying process inlet temperatures: 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C. 31963518 0 40 theme Residual 34:41 arg1 Oil 25:27 Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual 16:41 Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual 16:41 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 3 41 theme water 586:590 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 41 theme water 586:590 arg1 capacity 600:607 water holding capacity 586:607 water holding capacity 586:607 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 9 42 theme plant-based 1501:1511 arg1 powders 1525:1531 natural and plant-based spray-dried powders 1489:1531 natural and plant-based spray-dried powders 1489:1531 This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. 31963518 0 43 theme Cake 29:32 arg1 Oil 25:27 Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual 16:41 Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual 16:41 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 0 44 theme Powders 130:136 arg1 Preparation 92:102 Preparation 92:102 Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers 92:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 0 45 from Production 63:72 arg1 Valorization 0:11 Valorization 0:11 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 0:183 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 3 46 theme holding 592:598 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 46 theme holding 592:598 arg1 capacity 600:607 water holding capacity 586:607 water holding capacity 586:607 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 activity 701:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 capacity 622:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 activity 638:645 water activity 632:645 water activity 632:645 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 capacity 600:607 water holding capacity 586:607 water holding capacity 586:607 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 composition 676:686 chemical composition 667:686 chemical composition 667:686 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 morphology 723:732 surface morphology 715:732 surface morphology 715:732 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 solubility 648:657 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 47 theme powders 742:748 arg1 color 660:664 color 660:664 color 660:664 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 0 48 theme Cold-Press 48:57 arg1 Production 63:72 Cold-Press Oil Production 48:72 Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers 48:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 6 49 theme emulsifying 1202:1212 arg1 activity 1214:1221 emulsifying activity 1202:1221 emulsifying activity 1202:1221 Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. 31963518 3 50 theme antioxidant 689:699 arg1 activity 701:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 antioxidant activity 689:708 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 50 theme antioxidant 689:699 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 9 51 theme promising 1457:1465 arg1 pathway 1467:1473 a promising pathway 1455:1473 a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers 1455:1577 This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. 31963518 1 52 from rich 256:259 arg1 polysaccharides 277:291 polysaccharides 277:291 polysaccharides 277:291 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 52 from rich 256:259 arg1 proteins 264:271 proteins 264:271 proteins 264:271 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 9 53 theme spray-dried 1513:1523 arg1 powders 1525:1531 natural and plant-based spray-dried powders 1489:1531 natural and plant-based spray-dried powders 1489:1531 This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. 31963518 1 54 from production 241:250 arg1 residual 212:219 residual 212:219 residual 212:219 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 5 55 theme significant 977:987 arg1 influence 989:997 significant influence 977:997 significant influence 977:997 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 31963518 5 56 theme functional 1026:1035 arg1 properties 1037:1046 all physicochemical and functional properties 1002:1046 all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders 1002:1061 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 31963518 1 57 with powders 368:374 arg1 activity 393:400 emulsifying activity 381:400 emulsifying activity 381:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 58 theme potential 313:321 arg1 extract 203:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract 185:209 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) 185:292 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 58 theme potential 313:321 arg1 substrate 323:331 a potential substrate 311:331 a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity 311:400 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 0 59 theme Emulsion 163:170 arg1 Stabilizers 172:182 Emulsion Stabilizers 163:182 Emulsion Stabilizers 163:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 5 60 theme inlet 955:959 arg1 temperature 961:971 inlet temperature 955:971 inlet temperature 955:971 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 31963518 3 61 theme oil 610:612 arg1 capacity 622:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 61 theme oil 610:612 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 4 62 theme emulsifying 783:793 arg1 activity 795:802 the emulsifying activity 779:802 the emulsifying activity of the powders 779:817 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 6 63 theme inlet 1074:1078 arg1 temperature 1080:1090 Increased inlet temperature 1064:1090 Increased inlet temperature 1064:1090 Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. 31963518 4 64 theme various 883:889 arg1 content 891:897 their various content 877:897 their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) 877:916 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 8 65 theme dentures 1423:1430 arg1 dentures 1423:1430 dentures 1423:1430 dentures 1423:1430 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 8 65 theme dentures 1423:1430 arg1 lot 1416:1418 a lot 1414:1418 a lot of dentures 1414:1430 SEM images showed the production of relatively spherical particles which were folded or wrinkled with a lot of dentures. 31963518 3 66 theme binding 614:620 arg1 capacity 622:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 oil binding capacity 610:629 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 3 66 theme binding 614:620 arg1 features 576:583 physicochemical features 560:583 physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders 560:748 The influence of temperature on physicochemical features (water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, water activity, solubility, color, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and surface morphology) of the powders was estimated. 31963518 6 67 theme Increased 1064:1072 arg1 temperature 1080:1090 Increased inlet temperature 1064:1090 Increased inlet temperature 1064:1090 Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 68 theme cold-press 226:235 arg1 production 241:250 cold-press oil production 226:250 cold-press oil production 226:250 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 4 69 dep content 891:897 arg1 % 915:915 3% 914:915 3% 914:915 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 4 69 dep content 891:897 arg1 % 903:903 0.5% 900:903 0.5% 900:903 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 4 69 dep content 891:897 arg1 % 907:907 1% 906:907 1% 906:907 Additionally, the emulsifying activity of the powders and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with their various content (0.5%, 1%, and 3%) were determined. 31963518 6 70 theme oil-binding 1176:1186 arg1 capacity 1188:1195 oil-binding capacity 1176:1195 oil-binding capacity 1176:1195 Increased inlet temperature decreased solubility and antioxidant activity but increased water-holding capacity, oil-binding capacity, and emulsifying activity. 31963518 9 71 theme natural 1489:1495 arg1 powders 1525:1531 natural and plant-based spray-dried powders 1489:1531 natural and plant-based spray-dried powders 1489:1531 This study could open a promising pathway for producing natural and plant-based spray-dried powders for food applications as emulsion stabilizers. 31963518 1 72 theme oil 237:239 arg1 production 241:250 cold-press oil production 226:250 cold-press oil production 226:250 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 0 73 theme Oil 59:61 arg1 Production 63:72 Cold-Press Oil Production 48:72 Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers 48:182 Valorization of Flaxseed Oil Cake Residual from Cold-Press Oil Production as a Material for Preparation of Spray-Dried Functional Powders for Food Applications as Emulsion Stabilizers. 31963518 1 74 dep extract 203:209 arg1 rich 256:259 rich 256:259 rich 256:259 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 1 74 dep extract 203:209 arg1 residual 212:219 residual 212:219 residual 212:219 Flaxseed oil cake extract (residual from cold-press oil production and rich in proteins and polysaccharides) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the preparation of spray-dried powders with emulsifying activity. 31963518 5 75 theme powders 1055:1061 arg1 properties 1037:1046 all physicochemical and functional properties 1002:1046 all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders 1002:1061 Results showed that inlet temperature had significant influence on all physicochemical and functional properties of the powders. 32275306 8 0 theme lipid-accumulating 1074:1091 arg1 capacities 1093:1102 interesting lipid-accumulating capacities 1062:1102 interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g) 1062:1209 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 1 theme DSM 981:983 arg1 4444 985:988 R. toruloides DSM 4444 967:988 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations 967:1050 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 6 2 dep presented 764:772 arg1 elevated 782:789 elevated 782:789 presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium 764:913 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 5 3 theme Y. 673:674 arg1 strains 687:693 six Y. lipolytica strains 669:693 six Y. lipolytica strains 669:693 A total of six Y. lipolytica strains produced either citric acid or mannitol. 32275306 6 4 theme early 838:842 arg1 steps 844:848 the early steps 834:848 the early steps of growth 834:858 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 2 5 theme shake 368:372 arg1 flasks 374:379 shake flasks 368:379 shake flasks 368:379 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 8 6 theme glycerol 1028:1035 arg1 concentrations 1037:1050 higher glycerol concentrations 1021:1050 higher glycerol concentrations 1021:1050 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 2 7 with conditions 312:321 arg1 glycerol 334:341 crude glycerol 328:341 crude glycerol 328:341 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 1 8 dep Metschnikowia 213:225 arg1 sp. 227:229 Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp 213:245 sp. 227:229 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 1 8 dep Metschnikowia 213:225 arg1 sp 244:245 Rhodotorula sp 232:245 Rhodotorula sp 232:245 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 1 8 dep Metschnikowia 213:225 arg1 total 163:167 A total 161:167 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica 161:210 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 5 9 theme lipolytica 676:685 arg1 strains 687:693 six Y. lipolytica strains 669:693 six Y. lipolytica strains 669:693 A total of six Y. lipolytica strains produced either citric acid or mannitol. 32275306 2 10 theme nitrogen-limited 295:310 arg1 conditions 312:321 nitrogen-limited conditions 295:321 nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks 295:379 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 9 11 theme glycerol 1233:1240 arg1 Replacement 1212:1222 Replacement 1212:1222 Replacement of crude glycerol by xylose 1212:1250 Replacement of crude glycerol by xylose resulted in somehow decreased lipid accumulation. 32275306 4 12 from polysaccharides 623:637 arg1 % 650:650 DCW ≈ 63% w/w 642:654 DCW ≈ 63% w/w 642:654 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 5 13 theme strains 687:693 arg1 total 660:664 A total 658:664 A total of six Y. lipolytica strains 658:693 A total of six Y. lipolytica strains produced either citric acid or mannitol. 32275306 8 14 from lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 arg1 glycerol = 0.16 g/g 1190:1208 glycerol = 0.16 g/g 1190:1208 glycerol = 0.16 g/g 1190:1208 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 13 15 theme Cellular 1558:1565 arg1 lipids 1567:1572 Cellular lipids 1558:1572 Cellular lipids 1558:1572 Cellular lipids contained mainly oleic and palmitic acid. 32275306 0 16 theme crude 118:122 arg1 glycerol 124:131 biodiesel-derived crude glycerol 100:131 biodiesel-derived crude glycerol 100:131 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 0 17 from growth 55:60 arg1 media 82:86 media 82:86 media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends 82:158 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 11 18 theme toruloides 1385:1394 arg1 lipids 1402:1407 R. toruloides total lipids 1382:1407 R. toruloides total lipids 1382:1407 R. toruloides total lipids were mainly composed of triacylglycerols. 32275306 3 19 theme Metschnikowia 475:487 arg1 sp 489:490 Metschnikowia sp 475:490 Metschnikowia sp 475:490 Three of these strains belonging to Metschnikowia sp. 32275306 4 20 with 11.0 g/L 585:592 arg1 polysaccharides 623:637 polysaccharides 623:637 polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w 623:654 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 2 21 theme dry 405:407 arg1 DCW 422:424 DCW 422:424 DCW 422:424 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 2 21 theme dry 405:407 arg1 weight 414:419 dry cell weight 405:419 interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production 393:436 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 2 22 theme weight 414:419 arg1 production 427:436 interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production 393:436 interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production 393:436 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 0 23 theme biodiesel-derived 100:116 arg1 glycerol 124:131 biodiesel-derived crude glycerol 100:131 biodiesel-derived crude glycerol 100:131 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 4 24 theme significant 505:515 arg1 quantities 517:526 significant quantities 505:526 significant quantities of endopolysaccharides 505:549 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 8 25 theme maximum 1105:1111 arg1 lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 25 theme maximum 1105:1111 arg1 % 1163:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% 1131:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w 1131:1167 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 25 theme maximum 1105:1111 arg1 yield 1181:1185 conversion yield 1170:1185 conversion yield 1170:1185 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 6 26 theme DCW 820:822 arg1 values 824:829 DCW values 820:829 DCW values 820:829 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 7 27 from Lipid 916:920 arg1 values 929:934 DCW values 925:934 DCW values 925:934 Lipid in DCW values decreased as growth proceeded. 32275306 1 28 theme yeast 175:179 arg1 strains 181:187 11 yeast strains 172:187 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica 172:210 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 6 29 from appearance 877:886 arg1 medium 908:913 the fermentation medium 891:913 the fermentation medium 891:913 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 6 30 theme fermentation 895:906 arg1 medium 908:913 the fermentation medium 891:913 the fermentation medium 891:913 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 8 31 theme maximum 1131:1137 arg1 lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 31 theme maximum 1131:1137 arg1 % 1163:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% 1131:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w 1131:1167 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 32 theme higher 1021:1026 arg1 concentrations 1037:1050 higher glycerol concentrations 1021:1050 higher glycerol concentrations 1021:1050 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 12 33 theme fatty 1466:1470 arg1 composition 1477:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition 1451:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose 1451:1497 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose presented some differences compared with that on glycerol. 32275306 1 34 theme strains 181:187 arg1 total 163:167 A total 161:167 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica 161:210 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 6 35 theme nitrogen 868:875 arg1 appearance 877:886 nitrogen appearance 868:886 nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium 868:913 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 9 36 theme lipid 1282:1286 arg1 accumulation 1288:1299 somehow decreased lipid accumulation 1264:1299 somehow decreased lipid accumulation 1264:1299 Replacement of crude glycerol by xylose resulted in somehow decreased lipid accumulation. 32275306 2 37 theme crude 328:332 arg1 glycerol 334:341 crude glycerol 328:341 crude glycerol 328:341 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 12 38 from composition 1477:1487 arg1 xylose 1492:1497 xylose 1492:1497 xylose 1492:1497 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose presented some differences compared with that on glycerol. 32275306 2 39 theme interesting 393:403 arg1 production 427:436 interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production 393:436 interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production 393:436 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 0 40 theme microbial 26:34 arg1 metabolites 36:46 added-value microbial metabolites 14:46 added-value microbial metabolites 14:46 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 4 41 theme produced 576:583 arg1 11.0 g/L 585:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L 557:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides 557:615 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 8 42 theme in 1145:1146 arg1 lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 42 theme in 1145:1146 arg1 % 1163:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% 1131:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w 1131:1167 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 13 43 contain contained 1574:1582 arg1 lipids 1567:1572 Cellular lipids 1558:1572 Cellular lipids 1558:1572 Cellular lipids contained mainly oleic and palmitic acid. 32275306 13 43 contain contained 1574:1582 arg2 acid 1610:1613 mainly oleic and palmitic acid 1584:1613 mainly oleic and palmitic acid 1584:1613 Cellular lipids contained mainly oleic and palmitic acid. 32275306 1 44 theme Yarrowia 192:199 arg1 lipolytica 201:210 Yarrowia lipolytica 192:210 Yarrowia lipolytica 192:210 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 0 45 theme added-value 14:24 arg1 metabolites 36:46 added-value microbial metabolites 14:46 added-value microbial metabolites 14:46 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 4 46 theme endopolysaccharides 597:615 arg1 11.0 g/L 585:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L 557:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides 557:615 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 8 47 theme lipid 1139:1143 arg1 lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 47 theme lipid 1139:1143 arg1 % 1163:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% 1131:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w 1131:1167 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 12 48 theme acid 1472:1475 arg1 composition 1477:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition 1451:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose 1451:1497 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose presented some differences compared with that on glycerol. 32275306 1 49 theme lipolytica 201:210 arg1 strains 181:187 11 yeast strains 172:187 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica 172:210 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 8 50 dep % 1163:1163 arg1 w/w 1165:1167 w/w 1165:1167 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w 1131:1167 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 6 51 from polysaccharides 801:815 arg1 values 824:829 DCW values 820:829 DCW values 820:829 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 8 52 theme interesting 1062:1072 arg1 capacities 1093:1102 interesting lipid-accumulating capacities 1062:1102 interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g) 1062:1209 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 7 53 theme DCW 925:927 arg1 values 929:934 DCW values 925:934 DCW values 925:934 Lipid in DCW values decreased as growth proceeded. 32275306 3 54 theme strains 454:460 arg1 Three 439:443 Three 439:443 Three 439:443 Three of these strains belonging to Metschnikowia sp. 32275306 3 54 theme strains 454:460 arg1 strains 454:460 these strains 448:460 these strains 448:460 Three of these strains belonging to Metschnikowia sp. 32275306 0 55 theme metabolites 36:46 arg1 Production 0:9 Production 0:9 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 0:159 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 0 56 theme glycerol/xylose 137:151 arg1 blends 153:158 glycerol/xylose blends 137:158 glycerol/xylose blends 137:158 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 6 57 theme screened 748:755 arg1 yeasts 757:762 the screened yeasts 744:762 the screened yeasts 744:762 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 9 58 theme decreased 1272:1280 arg1 accumulation 1288:1299 somehow decreased lipid accumulation 1264:1299 somehow decreased lipid accumulation 1264:1299 Replacement of crude glycerol by xylose resulted in somehow decreased lipid accumulation. 32275306 4 59 dep accumulated 493:503 arg1 11.0 g/L 585:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L 557:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides 557:615 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 12 60 theme Total 1451:1455 arg1 composition 1477:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition 1451:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose 1451:1497 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose presented some differences compared with that on glycerol. 32275306 4 61 dep 11.0 g/L 585:592 arg1 i.e. 552:555 i.e. 552:555 i.e. 552:555 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 4 62 theme endopolysaccharides 531:549 arg1 quantities 517:526 significant quantities 505:526 significant quantities of endopolysaccharides 505:549 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 4 63 theme V.V.-D4 568:574 arg1 11.0 g/L 585:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L 557:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides 557:615 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 11 64 theme total 1396:1400 arg1 lipids 1402:1407 R. toruloides total lipids 1382:1407 R. toruloides total lipids 1382:1407 R. toruloides total lipids were mainly composed of triacylglycerols. 32275306 4 65 theme strain 561:566 arg1 11.0 g/L 585:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L 557:592 the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides 557:615 accumulated significant quantities of endopolysaccharides (i.e. the strain V.V.-D4 produced 11.0 g/L of endopolysaccharides, with polysaccharides in DCW ≈ 63% w/w). 32275306 5 66 theme citric 711:716 arg1 acid 718:721 citric acid 711:721 citric acid 711:721 A total of six Y. lipolytica strains produced either citric acid or mannitol. 32275306 6 67 theme growth 853:858 arg1 steps 844:848 the early steps 834:848 the early steps of growth 834:858 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 6 68 from lipid 791:795 arg1 values 824:829 DCW values 820:829 DCW values 820:829 Most of the screened yeasts presented somehow elevated lipid and polysaccharides in DCW values at the early steps of growth despite nitrogen appearance in the fermentation medium. 32275306 10 69 theme xylose/glycerol 1305:1319 arg1 mixtures 1321:1328 xylose/glycerol mixtures 1305:1328 xylose/glycerol mixtures 1305:1328 In xylose/glycerol mixtures, xylose was more rapidly assimilated from glycerol. 32275306 8 70 theme conversion 1170:1179 arg1 lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 70 theme conversion 1170:1179 arg1 yield 1181:1185 conversion yield 1170:1185 conversion yield 1170:1185 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 2 71 theme Rhodosporidium 252:265 arg1 toruloides 267:276 and Rhodosporidium toruloides 248:276 toruloides 267:276 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 8 72 theme toruloides 970:979 arg1 4444 985:988 R. toruloides DSM 4444 967:988 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations 967:1050 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 12 73 theme cellular 1457:1464 arg1 composition 1477:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition 1451:1487 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose 1451:1497 Total cellular fatty acid composition on xylose presented some differences compared with that on glycerol. 32275306 13 74 theme palmitic 1601:1608 arg1 acid 1610:1613 mainly oleic and palmitic acid 1584:1613 mainly oleic and palmitic acid 1584:1613 Cellular lipids contained mainly oleic and palmitic acid. 32275306 0 75 theme strains 71:77 arg1 growth 55:60 growth 55:60 growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends 55:158 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 13 76 theme oleic 1591:1595 arg1 acid 1610:1613 mainly oleic and palmitic acid 1584:1613 mainly oleic and palmitic acid 1584:1613 Cellular lipids contained mainly oleic and palmitic acid. 32275306 8 77 theme R. 967:968 arg1 4444 985:988 R. toruloides DSM 4444 967:988 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations 967:1050 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 0 78 link biodiesel-derived 100:116 arg1 glycerol 124:131 biodiesel-derived crude glycerol 100:131 biodiesel-derived crude glycerol 100:131 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 2 79 theme cell 409:412 arg1 DCW 422:424 DCW 422:424 DCW 422:424 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 2 79 theme cell 409:412 arg1 weight 414:419 dry cell weight 405:419 interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production 393:436 and Rhodosporidium toruloides were grown under nitrogen-limited conditions with crude glycerol employed as substrate in shake flasks, presenting interesting dry cell weight (DCW) production. 32275306 1 80 theme Rhodotorula 232:242 arg1 sp 244:245 Rhodotorula sp 232:245 Rhodotorula sp 232:245 A total of 11 yeast strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, Metschnikowia sp., Rhodotorula sp. 32275306 0 81 theme yeast 65:69 arg1 strains 71:77 yeast strains 65:77 yeast strains 65:77 Production of added-value microbial metabolites during growth of yeast strains on media composed of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and glycerol/xylose blends. 32275306 9 82 theme crude 1227:1231 arg1 glycerol 1233:1240 crude glycerol 1227:1240 crude glycerol 1227:1240 Replacement of crude glycerol by xylose resulted in somehow decreased lipid accumulation. 32275306 8 83 dep capacities 1093:1102 arg1 lipid = 12.5 g/L 1113:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L 1105:1128 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 83 dep capacities 1093:1102 arg1 % 1163:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% 1131:1163 maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w 1131:1167 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 32275306 8 83 dep capacities 1093:1102 arg1 yield 1181:1185 conversion yield 1170:1185 conversion yield 1170:1185 R. toruloides DSM 4444 cultivated on media presenting higher glycerol concentrations presented interesting lipid-accumulating capacities (maximum lipid = 12.5 g/L, maximum lipid in DCW = 43.0-46.0% w/w, conversion yield on glycerol = 0.16 g/g). 33203757 6 0 theme protein-protein 1162:1176 arg1 interaction 1178:1188 protein-protein interaction 1162:1188 protein-protein interaction 1162:1188 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 4 1 theme enteric 636:642 arg1 pathogen 644:651 the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni 626:672 the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni 626:672 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 6 2 from N-glycosylation 955:969 arg1 jejuni 1006:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 2 3 theme resistance-nodulation-cell 400:425 arg1 division 427:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division 400:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) 400:440 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 3 theme resistance-nodulation-cell 400:425 arg1 mechanism 455:463 the major mechanism 445:463 the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria 445:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 3 theme resistance-nodulation-cell 400:425 arg1 RND 437:439 RND 437:439 RND 437:439 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 6 4 theme link 942:945 arg1 account 894:900 the first detailed account 875:900 the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction 875:1188 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 9 5 theme virulence 1841:1849 arg1 factors 1851:1857 virulence factors 1841:1857 virulence factors 1841:1857 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 4 6 theme Campylobacter 653:665 arg1 jejuni 667:672 Campylobacter jejuni 653:672 the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni 626:672 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 3 7 theme unrelated 602:610 arg1 compounds 612:620 unrelated compounds 602:620 unrelated compounds 602:620 RND is composed of a tripartite protein assembly and confers resistance to a range of unrelated compounds. 33203757 5 8 from role 778:781 arg1 jejuni 809:814 C. jejuni 806:814 C. jejuni 806:814 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 5 8 from role 778:781 arg1 bacteria 826:833 other bacteria 820:833 other bacteria 820:833 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 13 9 theme Gram-negative 2514:2526 arg1 pathogens 2528:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens 2508:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems 2508:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 6 10 theme N-linked 917:924 arg1 glycans 926:932 N-linked glycans 917:932 N-linked glycans 917:932 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 9 11 theme assemblies 1871:1880 arg1 modifications 1824:1836 general glycan modifications 1809:1836 general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies 1809:1880 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 6 12 theme efflux 1255:1260 arg1 pump 1262:1265 multidrug efflux pump 1245:1265 multidrug efflux pump activity 1245:1274 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 12 13 theme multidrug 2303:2311 arg1 pump 2320:2323 the multidrug efflux pump 2299:2323 the multidrug efflux pump 2299:2323 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 13 14 located found 2499:2503 arg2 roles 2462:2466 Similar roles 2454:2466 Similar roles for glycans 2454:2478 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 13 14 located found 2499:2503 arg1 pathogens 2528:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens 2508:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems 2508:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 2 15 theme multidrug 367:375 arg1 pumps 384:388 multidrug efflux pumps 367:388 multidrug efflux pumps 367:388 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 4 16 mod modified 735:742 arg3 glycans 758:764 N-linked glycans 749:764 N-linked glycans 749:764 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 4 16 mod modified 735:742 arg1 components 693:702 the three protein components 675:702 the three protein components of RND 675:709 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 1 17 theme global 229:234 arg1 rise 167:170 The substantial rise 151:170 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 151:214 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 1 17 theme global 229:234 arg1 imperative 236:245 a current global imperative 219:245 a current global imperative 219:245 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 2 18 theme families 355:362 arg1 spread 341:346 the spread 337:346 the spread 337:346 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 12 19 from importance 2379:2388 arg1 physiology 2442:2451 bacterial physiology 2432:2451 bacterial physiology 2432:2451 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 8 20 dep Campylobacter 1457:1469 arg1 genus 1471:1475 Campylobacter genus 1457:1475 Campylobacter genus 1457:1475 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 8 21 theme bacterial 1586:1594 arg1 species 1596:1602 Nearly all bacterial species 1575:1602 Nearly all bacterial species 1575:1602 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 4 22 theme RND 707:709 arg1 components 693:702 the three protein components 675:702 the three protein components of RND 675:709 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 5 23 theme N-linked 786:793 arg1 glycans 795:801 N-linked glycans 786:801 N-linked glycans 786:801 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 8 24 used used 1405:1408 arg2 strategy 1382:1389 a generalized strategy 1368:1389 a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved 1368:1734 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 10 25 link N-linked 1967:1974 arg1 glycans 1976:1982 general N-linked glycans 1959:1982 general N-linked glycans 1959:1982 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 10 26 theme glycans 1976:1982 arg1 role 1951:1954 the role 1947:1954 the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria 1947:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 6 27 theme antimicrobial 975:987 arg1 resistance 989:998 antimicrobial resistance 975:998 antimicrobial resistance 975:998 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 12 28 theme protein 2245:2251 arg1 thermostability 2253:2267 protein thermostability 2245:2267 protein thermostability 2245:2267 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 8 29 theme single 1620:1625 arg1 system 1641:1646 at least a single glycosylation system 1609:1646 at least a single glycosylation system 1609:1646 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 7 30 theme efflux 1335:1340 arg1 assembly 1347:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. 33203757 10 31 theme efflux 2001:2006 arg1 pump 2008:2011 the multidrug efflux pump 1987:2011 the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria 1987:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 1 32 theme multidrug-resistant 175:193 arg1 infections 205:214 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 175:214 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 175:214 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 6 33 theme glycans 1065:1071 arg1 role 1048:1051 the multifunctional role 1028:1051 the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability 1028:1108 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 34 theme glycosylation 1433:1445 arg1 system 1447:1452 general glycosylation system 1425:1452 general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus 1425:1475 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 2 35 from bacteria 506:513 arg1 division 427:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division 400:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) 400:440 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 35 from bacteria 506:513 arg1 mechanism 455:463 the major mechanism 445:463 the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria 445:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 12 36 theme modification 2416:2427 arg1 importance 2379:2388 the importance 2375:2388 the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology 2375:2451 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 6 37 theme multifunctional 1032:1046 arg1 role 1048:1051 the multifunctional role 1028:1051 the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability 1028:1108 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 38 theme direct 1657:1662 arg1 effects 1664:1670 the direct effects 1653:1670 the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications 1653:1719 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 8 38 theme direct 1657:1662 arg1 unresolved 1725:1734 unresolved 1725:1734 unresolved 1725:1734 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 2 39 theme multidrug 468:476 arg1 resistance 478:487 multidrug resistance 468:487 multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria 468:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 12 40 theme bacterial 2432:2440 arg1 physiology 2442:2451 bacterial physiology 2432:2451 bacterial physiology 2432:2451 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 2 41 theme major 449:453 arg1 division 427:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division 400:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) 400:440 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 41 theme major 449:453 arg1 mechanism 455:463 the major mechanism 445:463 the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria 445:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 0 42 theme Antimicrobial 125:137 arg1 Resistance 139:148 Antimicrobial Resistance 125:148 Antimicrobial Resistance 125:148 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. 33203757 2 43 from resistance 297:306 arg1 bacteria 311:318 bacteria 311:318 bacteria 311:318 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 0 44 theme Unexpected 83:92 arg1 Link 94:97 an Unexpected Link 80:97 an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance 80:148 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. 33203757 10 45 located found 2022:2026 arg1 bacteria 2045:2052 Gram-negative bacteria 2031:2052 Gram-negative bacteria 2031:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 10 45 located found 2022:2026 arg2 pump 2008:2011 the multidrug efflux pump 1987:2011 the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria 1987:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 46 theme Gram-negative 492:504 arg1 bacteria 506:513 Gram-negative bacteria 492:513 Gram-negative bacteria 492:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 8 47 theme posttranslational 1681:1697 arg1 modifications 1707:1719 these posttranslational protein modifications 1675:1719 these posttranslational protein modifications 1675:1719 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 2 48 theme resistance 478:487 arg1 division 427:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division 400:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) 400:440 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 48 theme resistance 478:487 arg1 mechanism 455:463 the major mechanism 445:463 the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria 445:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 11 49 link N-linked 2108:2115 arg1 glycans 2117:2123 N-linked glycans 2108:2123 N-linked glycans 2108:2123 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 50 theme modifications 1707:1719 arg1 effects 1664:1670 the direct effects 1653:1670 the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications 1653:1719 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 8 50 theme modifications 1707:1719 arg1 unresolved 1725:1734 unresolved 1725:1734 unresolved 1725:1734 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 0 51 theme Multidrug 49:57 arg1 Pumps 66:70 Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 20:70 Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 20:70 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. 33203757 9 52 theme several 1768:1774 arg1 pathogens 1786:1794 several bacterial pathogens 1768:1794 several bacterial pathogens 1768:1794 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 13 53 contain possess 2543:2549 arg1 pathogens 2528:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens 2508:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems 2508:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 13 53 contain possess 2543:2549 arg2 systems 2581:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 6 54 from resistance 989:998 arg1 jejuni 1006:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 5 55 theme other 820:824 arg1 bacteria 826:833 other bacteria 820:833 other bacteria 820:833 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 3 56 theme protein 548:554 arg1 assembly 556:563 a tripartite protein assembly 535:563 a tripartite protein assembly 535:563 RND is composed of a tripartite protein assembly and confers resistance to a range of unrelated compounds. 33203757 0 57 theme Pumps 66:70 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 0:70 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. 33203757 9 58 theme pathogens 1786:1794 arg1 analysis 1756:1763 Glycoproteome-wide analysis 1737:1763 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens 1737:1794 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 6 59 theme antimicrobial 1206:1218 arg1 resistance 1220:1229 antimicrobial resistance 1206:1229 antimicrobial resistance 1206:1229 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 11 60 theme pump 2146:2149 arg1 activity 2151:2158 multidrug efflux pump activity 2129:2158 multidrug efflux pump activity 2129:2158 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 2 61 theme Cumulative 248:257 arg1 efforts 259:265 Cumulative efforts 248:265 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria 248:318 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 12 62 theme pump 2320:2323 arg1 assembly 2287:2294 the assembly 2283:2294 the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology 2283:2451 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 10 63 theme Campylobacter 1889:1901 arg1 jejuni 1903:1908 Campylobacter jejuni 1889:1908 Campylobacter jejuni 1889:1908 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 10 63 theme Campylobacter 1889:1901 arg1 organism 1921:1928 a model organism 1913:1928 a model organism 1913:1928 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 6 64 theme first 879:883 arg1 account 894:900 the first detailed account 875:900 the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction 875:1188 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 13 65 theme general 2551:2557 arg1 systems 2581:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 12 66 theme N-linked 2203:2210 arg1 glycans 2212:2218 N-linked glycans 2203:2218 N-linked glycans 2203:2218 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 8 67 from system 1447:1452 arg1 Campylobacter 1457:1469 Campylobacter 1457:1469 Campylobacter 1457:1469 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 9 68 theme glycan 1817:1822 arg1 modifications 1824:1836 general glycan modifications 1809:1836 general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies 1809:1880 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 2 69 from resistance 478:487 arg1 bacteria 506:513 Gram-negative bacteria 492:513 Gram-negative bacteria 492:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 6 70 theme interaction 1178:1188 arg1 complexes 1131:1139 protein complexes 1123:1139 protein complexes 1123:1139 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 6 70 theme interaction 1178:1188 arg1 promotion 1149:1157 the promotion 1145:1157 the promotion of protein-protein interaction 1145:1188 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 71 contain have 1604:1607 arg2 system 1641:1646 at least a single glycosylation system 1609:1646 at least a single glycosylation system 1609:1646 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 8 71 contain have 1604:1607 arg1 species 1596:1602 Nearly all bacterial species 1575:1602 Nearly all bacterial species 1575:1602 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 10 72 theme model 1915:1919 arg1 jejuni 1903:1908 Campylobacter jejuni 1889:1908 Campylobacter jejuni 1889:1908 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 10 72 theme model 1915:1919 arg1 organism 1921:1928 a model organism 1913:1928 a model organism 1913:1928 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 4 73 theme major 630:634 arg1 pathogen 644:651 the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni 626:672 the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni 626:672 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 10 74 theme N-linked 1967:1974 arg1 glycans 1976:1982 general N-linked glycans 1959:1982 general N-linked glycans 1959:1982 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 9 75 theme factors 1851:1857 arg1 modifications 1824:1836 general glycan modifications 1809:1836 general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies 1809:1880 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 13 76 theme Similar 2454:2460 arg1 roles 2462:2466 Similar roles 2454:2466 Similar roles for glycans 2454:2478 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 2 77 theme spread 341:346 arg1 division 427:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division 400:434 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) 400:440 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 77 theme spread 341:346 arg1 mechanism 455:463 the major mechanism 445:463 the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria 445:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 13 78 theme other 2508:2512 arg1 pathogens 2528:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens 2508:2536 other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems 2508:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 12 79 theme protein 2168:2174 arg1 level 2176:2180 the protein level 2164:2180 the protein level 2164:2180 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 6 80 theme glycans 926:932 arg1 role 909:912 the role 905:912 the role of N-linked glycans 905:932 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 6 80 theme glycans 926:932 arg1 link 942:945 the link 938:945 the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni 938:1011 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 9 81 theme protein 1863:1869 arg1 assemblies 1871:1880 protein assemblies 1863:1880 protein assemblies 1863:1880 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 6 82 theme pump 1262:1265 arg1 activity 1267:1274 multidrug efflux pump activity 1245:1274 multidrug efflux pump activity 1245:1274 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 2 83 theme efflux 377:382 arg1 pumps 384:388 multidrug efflux pumps 367:388 multidrug efflux pumps 367:388 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 11 84 theme multidrug 2129:2137 arg1 activity 2151:2158 multidrug efflux pump activity 2129:2158 multidrug efflux pump activity 2129:2158 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 1 85 theme current 221:227 arg1 rise 167:170 The substantial rise 151:170 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 151:214 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 1 85 theme current 221:227 arg1 imperative 236:245 a current global imperative 219:245 a current global imperative 219:245 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 6 86 theme multidrug 1245:1253 arg1 pump 1262:1265 multidrug efflux pump 1245:1265 multidrug efflux pump activity 1245:1274 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 5 87 theme direct 771:776 arg1 elusive 849:855 elusive 849:855 elusive 849:855 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 5 87 theme direct 771:776 arg1 role 778:781 The direct role 767:781 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria 767:833 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 3 88 theme compounds 612:620 arg1 range 593:597 a range 591:597 a range of unrelated compounds 591:620 RND is composed of a tripartite protein assembly and confers resistance to a range of unrelated compounds. 33203757 10 89 theme general 1959:1965 arg1 glycans 1976:1982 general N-linked glycans 1959:1982 general N-linked glycans 1959:1982 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 4 90 link N-linked 749:756 arg1 glycans 758:764 N-linked glycans 749:764 N-linked glycans 749:764 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 4 91 theme protein 685:691 arg1 components 693:702 the three protein components 675:702 the three protein components of RND 675:709 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 4 92 dep pathogen 644:651 arg1 jejuni 667:672 Campylobacter jejuni 653:672 the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni 626:672 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 10 93 theme multidrug 1991:1999 arg1 pump 2008:2011 the multidrug efflux pump 1987:2011 the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria 1987:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 6 94 theme C. 1003:1004 arg1 jejuni 1006:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 95 theme generalized 1370:1380 arg1 strategy 1382:1389 a generalized strategy 1368:1389 a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved 1368:1734 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 11 96 theme N-linked 2108:2115 arg1 glycans 2117:2123 N-linked glycans 2108:2123 N-linked glycans 2108:2123 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 1 97 theme substantial 155:165 arg1 rise 167:170 The substantial rise 151:170 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 151:214 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 1 97 theme substantial 155:165 arg1 imperative 236:245 a current global imperative 219:245 a current global imperative 219:245 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 6 98 link N-linked 1056:1063 arg1 glycans 1065:1071 N-linked glycans 1056:1071 N-linked glycans 1056:1071 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 6 99 theme protein 1086:1092 arg1 thermostability 1094:1108 protein thermostability 1086:1108 protein thermostability 1086:1108 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 100 theme glycosylation 1627:1639 arg1 system 1641:1646 at least a single glycosylation system 1609:1646 at least a single glycosylation system 1609:1646 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 7 101 theme multidrug 1325:1333 arg1 assembly 1347:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. 33203757 11 102 theme efflux 2139:2144 arg1 activity 2151:2158 multidrug efflux pump activity 2129:2158 multidrug efflux pump activity 2129:2158 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 103 from target 1493:1498 arg1 Campylobacter 1457:1469 Campylobacter 1457:1469 Campylobacter 1457:1469 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 4 104 theme N-linked 749:756 arg1 glycans 758:764 N-linked glycans 749:764 N-linked glycans 749:764 In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. 33203757 6 105 gly N-glycosylation 955:969 arg1 jejuni 1006:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 C. jejuni 1003:1011 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 1 106 theme bacterial 195:203 arg1 infections 205:214 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 175:214 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 175:214 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 10 107 from role 1951:1954 arg1 pump 2008:2011 the multidrug efflux pump 1987:2011 the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria 1987:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 6 108 theme N-linked 1056:1063 arg1 glycans 1065:1071 N-linked glycans 1056:1071 N-linked glycans 1056:1071 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 109 theme general 1425:1431 arg1 system 1447:1452 general glycosylation system 1425:1452 general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus 1425:1475 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 5 110 theme glycans 795:801 arg1 elusive 849:855 elusive 849:855 elusive 849:855 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 5 110 theme glycans 795:801 arg1 role 778:781 The direct role 767:781 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria 767:833 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 12 111 theme efflux 2313:2318 arg1 pump 2320:2323 the multidrug efflux pump 2299:2323 the multidrug efflux pump 2299:2323 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 12 112 theme posttranslational 2398:2414 arg1 modification 2416:2427 this posttranslational modification 2393:2427 this posttranslational modification 2393:2427 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 7 113 gly glycosylation 1295:1307 arg1 pump 1342:1345 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. 33203757 7 113 gly glycosylation 1295:1307 arg1 efflux 1335:1340 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. 33203757 2 114 theme pumps 384:388 arg1 families 355:362 six families 351:362 six families of multidrug efflux pumps 351:388 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 5 115 theme C. 806:807 arg1 jejuni 809:814 C. jejuni 806:814 C. jejuni 806:814 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 1 116 from rise 167:170 arg1 infections 205:214 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 175:214 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections 175:214 The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. 33203757 8 117 theme protein 1699:1705 arg1 modifications 1707:1719 these posttranslational protein modifications 1675:1719 these posttranslational protein modifications 1675:1719 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 11 118 theme first 2072:2076 arg1 time 2078:2081 the first time 2068:2081 the first time 2068:2081 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 0 119 theme Modified 40:47 arg1 Pumps 66:70 Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 20:70 Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 20:70 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. 33203757 13 120 theme protein 2559:2565 arg1 systems 2581:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 9 121 theme Glycoproteome-wide 1737:1754 arg1 analysis 1756:1763 Glycoproteome-wide analysis 1737:1763 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens 1737:1794 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 6 122 theme protein 1123:1129 arg1 complexes 1131:1139 protein complexes 1123:1139 protein complexes 1123:1139 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 6 123 dep account 894:900 arg1 demonstrate 1016:1026 demonstrate 1016:1026 demonstrate 1016:1026 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 8 124 theme potential 1483:1491 arg1 target 1493:1498 a potential target 1481:1498 a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE 1481:1573 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 6 125 link N-linked 917:924 arg1 glycans 926:932 N-linked glycans 917:932 N-linked glycans 917:932 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 0 126 theme Efflux 59:64 arg1 Pumps 66:70 Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 20:70 Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps 20:70 Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. 33203757 6 127 theme role 909:912 arg1 account 894:900 the first detailed account 875:900 the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction 875:1188 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 10 128 theme Gram-negative 2031:2043 arg1 bacteria 2045:2052 Gram-negative bacteria 2031:2052 Gram-negative bacteria 2031:2052 Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 12 129 theme antimicrobial 2336:2348 arg1 resistance 2350:2359 antimicrobial resistance 2336:2359 antimicrobial resistance 2336:2359 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 11 130 theme direct 2088:2093 arg1 link 2095:2098 the direct link 2084:2098 the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity 2084:2158 We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 9 131 theme bacterial 1776:1784 arg1 pathogens 1786:1794 several bacterial pathogens 1768:1794 several bacterial pathogens 1768:1794 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 13 132 theme glycosylation 2567:2579 arg1 systems 2581:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 general protein glycosylation systems 2551:2587 Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems. 33203757 6 133 theme detailed 885:892 arg1 account 894:900 the first detailed account 875:900 the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction 875:1188 Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. 33203757 2 134 theme antimicrobial 283:295 arg1 resistance 297:306 antimicrobial resistance 283:306 antimicrobial resistance in bacteria 283:318 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 8 135 theme multidrug-resistant 1534:1552 arg1 pathogens.IMPORTANCE 1554:1573 multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE 1534:1573 multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE 1534:1573 We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. 33203757 3 136 theme tripartite 537:546 arg1 assembly 556:563 a tripartite protein assembly 535:563 a tripartite protein assembly 535:563 RND is composed of a tripartite protein assembly and confers resistance to a range of unrelated compounds. 33203757 12 137 link N-linked 2203:2210 arg1 glycans 2212:2218 N-linked glycans 2203:2218 N-linked glycans 2203:2218 At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. 33203757 9 138 theme general 1809:1815 arg1 modifications 1824:1836 general glycan modifications 1809:1836 general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies 1809:1880 Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. 33203757 2 139 from mechanism 455:463 arg1 bacteria 506:513 Gram-negative bacteria 492:513 Gram-negative bacteria 492:513 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 2 140 dep efforts 259:265 arg1 characterize 270:281 characterize 270:281 to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria 267:318 Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. 33203757 5 141 link N-linked 786:793 arg1 glycans 795:801 N-linked glycans 786:801 N-linked glycans 786:801 The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. 33203757 7 142 theme pump 1342:1345 arg1 assembly 1347:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 multidrug efflux pump assembly 1325:1354 This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. 33122795 3 0 theme oxide 709:713 arg1 production 676:685 the production 672:685 the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines 672:740 Twelve out of 25 isolated strains reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. 33122795 6 1 theme DSS 1187:1189 arg1 counterparts 1191:1202 DSS counterparts 1187:1202 DSS counterparts 1187:1202 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 4 2 theme dextran 853:859 arg1 sulfate 868:874 dextran sodium sulfate 853:874 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice 853:898 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 6 3 theme relative 1175:1182 arg1 mice 1170:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice 1141:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts 1141:1202 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 4 4 theme sulfate 868:874 arg1 colitis 884:890 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis 853:890 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice 853:898 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 6 5 theme supplemented 1157:1168 arg1 mice 1170:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice 1141:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts 1141:1202 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 2 6 theme conditions 335:344 arg1 prevention 304:313 the prevention 300:313 the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions 300:344 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 6 7 theme IL-1β 1084:1088 arg1 levels 1054:1059 Lower levels 1048:1059 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 1048:1097 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 6 7 theme IL-1β 1084:1088 arg1 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 1 8 theme bowel 232:236 arg1 disease 238:244 Inflammatory bowel disease 219:244 Inflammatory bowel disease 219:244 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 9 theme Crohn 137:141 arg1 's 142:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 9 theme Crohn 137:141 arg1 colitis 160:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 9 theme Crohn 137:141 arg1 conditions 192:201 common inflammatory conditions 172:201 common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease 172:244 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 2 10 theme ulcerative 602:611 arg1 colitis 613:619 ulcerative colitis 602:619 ulcerative colitis in mice 602:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 7 11 theme supplemented 1343:1354 arg1 mice 1356:1359 DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice 1319:1359 DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice 1319:1359 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 4 12 dep B. 771:772 arg1 longum 774:779 longum 774:779 longum 774:779 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 2 13 theme based 279:283 arg1 approaches 285:294 diet based approaches 274:294 diet based approaches 274:294 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 5 14 theme colon 943:947 arg1 shortening 929:938 shortening 929:938 shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice 929:1045 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 7 15 theme Bif10 1240:1244 arg1 composition 1215:1225 Bacterial composition 1205:1225 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice 1205:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 4 16 from colitis 884:890 arg1 mice 895:898 mice 895:898 mice 895:898 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 1 17 theme common 172:177 arg1 's 142:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 17 theme common 172:177 arg1 colitis 160:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 17 theme common 172:177 arg1 conditions 192:201 common inflammatory conditions 172:201 common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease 172:244 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 0 18 theme microbial 108:116 arg1 dysbiosis 118:126 gut microbial dysbiosis 104:126 gut microbial dysbiosis in mice 104:134 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 5 19 theme body 976:979 arg1 change 988:993 percentage body weight change 965:993 percentage body weight change 965:993 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 2 20 from inflammation 476:487 arg1 cells 522:526 murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 492:526 murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 492:526 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 4 21 theme breve 791:795 arg1 Bif11 797:801 B. breve Bif11 788:801 B. breve Bif11 788:801 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 4 21 theme breve 791:795 arg1 strains 762:768 three strains 756:768 three strains 756:768 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 2 22 theme Bifidobacterium 407:421 arg1 strains 423:429 Bifidobacterium strains 407:429 Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice 407:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 2 23 dep ability 446:452 arg1 reduce 457:462 reduce 457:462 to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 454:526 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 2 23 dep ability 446:452 arg1 evaluate 535:542 evaluate 535:542 to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice 532:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 5 24 theme change 988:993 arg1 shortening 929:938 shortening 929:938 shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice 929:1045 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 6 25 theme TNF-α 1077:1081 arg1 levels 1054:1059 Lower levels 1048:1059 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 1048:1097 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 6 25 theme TNF-α 1077:1081 arg1 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 2 26 theme LPS-induced 464:474 arg1 inflammation 476:487 LPS-induced inflammation 464:487 LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 464:526 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 0 27 theme Anti-inflammatory 0:16 arg1 strains 34:40 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains 0:40 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains 0:40 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 5 28 theme spleen 950:955 arg1 weight 957:962 spleen weight 950:962 spleen weight 950:962 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 6 29 theme Lipocalin-2 1064:1074 arg1 levels 1054:1059 Lower levels 1048:1059 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 1048:1097 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 6 29 theme Lipocalin-2 1064:1074 arg1 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 2 30 from colitis 613:619 arg1 mice 624:627 mice 624:627 mice 624:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 7 31 theme normal 1300:1305 arg1 mice 1307:1310 the normal mice 1296:1310 the normal mice 1296:1310 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 2 32 theme macrophage 499:508 arg1 cells 522:526 murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 492:526 murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 492:526 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 1 33 theme inflammatory 179:190 arg1 's 142:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 33 theme inflammatory 179:190 arg1 colitis 160:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 33 theme inflammatory 179:190 arg1 conditions 192:201 common inflammatory conditions 172:201 common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease 172:244 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 0 34 theme dextran 50:56 arg1 sulfate 65:71 dextran sodium sulfate 50:71 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice 50:134 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 0 35 dep sulfate 65:71 arg1 associated 93:102 associated 93:102 associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice 93:134 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 0 35 dep sulfate 65:71 arg1 induced 73:79 induced 73:79 induced colitis 73:87 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 3 36 theme nitric 702:707 arg1 oxide 709:713 LPS-induced nitric oxide 690:713 LPS-induced nitric oxide 690:713 Twelve out of 25 isolated strains reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. 33122795 2 37 theme present 351:357 arg1 study 359:363 the present study 347:363 the present study 347:363 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 5 38 theme disease 999:1005 arg1 index 1016:1020 disease activity index 999:1020 disease activity index 999:1020 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 6 39 theme improved 1103:1110 arg1 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 4 40 theme B. 808:809 arg1 Bif16 818:822 B. longum Bif16 808:822 B. longum Bif16 808:822 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 4 40 theme B. 808:809 arg1 strains 762:768 three strains 756:768 three strains 756:768 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 5 41 theme index 1016:1020 arg1 shortening 929:938 shortening 929:938 shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice 929:1045 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 7 42 theme Bif11 1259:1263 arg1 mice 1269:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 3 43 theme cytokines 732:740 arg1 production 676:685 the production 672:685 the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines 672:740 Twelve out of 25 isolated strains reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. 33122795 4 44 theme induced 876:882 arg1 colitis 884:890 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis 853:890 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice 853:898 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 7 45 theme B. 1250:1251 arg1 composition 1215:1225 Bacterial composition 1205:1225 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice 1205:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 4 46 dep B. 808:809 arg1 longum 811:816 longum 811:816 longum 811:816 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 4 47 theme sodium 861:866 arg1 sulfate 868:874 dextran sodium sulfate 853:874 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice 853:898 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 6 48 theme Bifidobacterium 1141:1155 arg1 mice 1170:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice 1141:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts 1141:1202 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 2 49 theme gut 331:333 arg1 conditions 335:344 inflammatory gut conditions 318:344 inflammatory gut conditions 318:344 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 1 50 theme Inflammatory 219:230 arg1 disease 238:244 Inflammatory bowel disease 219:244 Inflammatory bowel disease 219:244 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 2 51 theme prioritized 544:554 arg1 strains 556:562 prioritized strains 544:562 prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice 544:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 7 52 theme deleterious 1368:1378 arg1 alterations 1380:1390 deleterious alterations 1368:1390 deleterious alterations 1368:1390 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 8 53 theme pathobionts 1473:1483 arg1 abundances 1459:1468 the abundances 1455:1468 the abundances of pathobionts such as Haemophilus, Klebsiella and Lachnospira 1455:1531 At the genus level, Bifidobacterium supplementation inhibited the abundances of pathobionts such as Haemophilus, Klebsiella and Lachnospira there by conferring protection. 33122795 2 54 theme approaches 285:294 arg1 importance 260:269 the importance 256:269 the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions 256:344 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 2 55 theme preventive 574:583 arg1 efficacy 585:592 their preventive efficacy 568:592 their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice 568:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 0 56 from dysbiosis 118:126 arg1 mice 131:134 mice 131:134 mice 131:134 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 7 57 theme Bif16 1337:1341 arg1 mice 1356:1359 DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice 1319:1359 DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice 1319:1359 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 7 58 theme fed 1265:1267 arg1 mice 1269:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 2 59 theme diet 274:277 arg1 approaches 285:294 diet based approaches 274:294 diet based approaches 274:294 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 1 60 theme ulcerative 149:158 arg1 's 142:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's 137:143 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 60 theme ulcerative 149:158 arg1 colitis 160:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 ulcerative colitis 149:166 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 1 60 theme ulcerative 149:158 arg1 conditions 192:201 common inflammatory conditions 172:201 common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease 172:244 Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are common inflammatory conditions associated with Inflammatory bowel disease. 33122795 7 61 theme B. 1327:1328 arg1 Bif16 1337:1341 B. longum Bif16 1327:1341 B. longum Bif16 1327:1341 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 0 62 theme gut 104:106 arg1 dysbiosis 118:126 gut microbial dysbiosis 104:126 gut microbial dysbiosis in mice 104:134 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 7 63 theme Bacterial 1205:1213 arg1 composition 1215:1225 Bacterial composition 1205:1225 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice 1205:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 5 64 theme percentage 965:974 arg1 change 988:993 percentage body weight change 965:993 percentage body weight change 965:993 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 2 65 theme inflammatory 318:329 arg1 conditions 335:344 inflammatory gut conditions 318:344 inflammatory gut conditions 318:344 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 7 66 dep B. 1327:1328 arg1 longum 1330:1335 longum 1330:1335 longum 1330:1335 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 5 67 theme weight 981:986 arg1 change 988:993 percentage body weight change 965:993 percentage body weight change 965:993 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 4 68 theme B. 788:789 arg1 Bif11 797:801 B. breve Bif11 788:801 B. breve Bif11 788:801 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 4 68 theme B. 788:789 arg1 strains 762:768 three strains 756:768 three strains 756:768 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 0 69 theme Bifidobacterium 18:32 arg1 strains 34:40 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains 0:40 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains 0:40 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 2 70 theme human 389:393 arg1 isolates 395:402 the human isolates 385:402 the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice 385:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 8 71 theme Bifidobacterium 1413:1427 arg1 supplementation 1429:1443 Bifidobacterium supplementation 1413:1443 Bifidobacterium supplementation 1413:1443 At the genus level, Bifidobacterium supplementation inhibited the abundances of pathobionts such as Haemophilus, Klebsiella and Lachnospira there by conferring protection. 33122795 5 72 theme weight 957:962 arg1 shortening 929:938 shortening 929:938 shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice 929:1045 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 7 73 dep B. 1230:1231 arg1 longum 1233:1238 longum 1233:1238 longum 1233:1238 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 4 74 theme B. 771:772 arg1 strains 762:768 three strains 756:768 three strains 756:768 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 4 74 theme B. 771:772 arg1 Bif10 781:785 B. longum Bif10 771:785 B. longum Bif10 771:785 Furthermore, three strains, B. longum Bif10, B. breve Bif11, and B. longum Bif16 conferred protection against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. 33122795 0 75 theme sodium 58:63 arg1 sulfate 65:71 dextran sodium sulfate 50:71 dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice 50:134 Anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium strains prevent dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis and associated gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. 33122795 6 76 theme Lower 1048:1052 arg1 levels 1054:1059 Lower levels 1048:1059 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 1048:1097 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 2 77 theme murine 492:497 arg1 RAW 511:513 RAW 264.7 511:519 RAW 264.7 511:519 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 2 77 theme murine 492:497 arg1 macrophage 499:508 murine macrophage 492:508 murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells 492:526 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 7 78 dep Bif10 1240:1244 arg1 mice 1269:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 3 79 theme isolated 647:654 arg1 strains 656:662 25 isolated strains 644:662 25 isolated strains 644:662 Twelve out of 25 isolated strains reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. 33122795 2 80 theme strains 423:429 arg1 isolates 395:402 the human isolates 385:402 the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice 385:627 Owing to the importance of diet based approaches for the prevention of inflammatory gut conditions, the present study was aimed to screen the human isolates of Bifidobacterium strains based on their ability to reduce LPS-induced inflammation in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and to evaluate prioritized strains for their preventive efficacy against ulcerative colitis in mice. 33122795 5 81 theme colitis 1034:1040 arg1 mice 1042:1045 colitis mice 1034:1045 colitis mice 1034:1045 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 3 82 theme LPS-induced 690:700 arg1 oxide 709:713 LPS-induced nitric oxide 690:713 LPS-induced nitric oxide 690:713 Twelve out of 25 isolated strains reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. 33122795 6 83 theme SCFA 1112:1115 arg1 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 8 84 theme genus 1400:1404 arg1 level 1406:1410 the genus level 1396:1410 the genus level 1396:1410 At the genus level, Bifidobacterium supplementation inhibited the abundances of pathobionts such as Haemophilus, Klebsiella and Lachnospira there by conferring protection. 33122795 6 85 theme IL-6 1094:1097 arg1 levels 1054:1059 Lower levels 1048:1059 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 1048:1097 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 6 85 theme IL-6 1094:1097 arg1 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 5 86 theme activity 1007:1014 arg1 index 1016:1020 disease activity index 999:1020 disease activity index 999:1020 The three strains prevented shortening of colon, spleen weight, percentage body weight change and disease activity index relative to colitis mice. 33122795 7 87 theme breve 1253:1257 arg1 mice 1269:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 breve Bif11 fed mice 1253:1272 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 7 88 theme DSS 1319:1321 arg1 mice 1356:1359 DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice 1319:1359 DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice 1319:1359 Bacterial composition of B. longum Bif10 and B. breve Bif11 fed mice was partly similar to the normal mice, while DSS and B. longum Bif16 supplemented mice showed deleterious alterations. 33122795 6 89 located observed 1129:1136 arg2 levels 1117:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 improved SCFA levels 1103:1122 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 6 89 located observed 1129:1136 arg1 mice 1170:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice 1141:1173 Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts 1141:1202 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 6 89 located observed 1129:1136 arg2 levels 1054:1059 Lower levels 1048:1059 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 1048:1097 Lower levels of Lipocalin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and improved SCFA levels were observed in Bifidobacterium supplemented mice relative to DSS counterparts. 33122795 3 90 theme inflammatory 719:730 arg1 cytokines 732:740 inflammatory cytokines 719:740 inflammatory cytokines 719:740 Twelve out of 25 isolated strains reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. 34405498 6 0 theme mRNA 926:929 arg1 delivery 931:938 mRNA delivery 926:938 mRNA delivery 926:938 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 7 1 theme therapeutics 1167:1178 arg1 horizons 1089:1096 the horizons 1085:1096 the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry 1085:1126 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 7 1 theme therapeutics 1167:1178 arg1 scope 1148:1152 the application scope 1132:1152 the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics 1132:1178 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 2 2 theme RNA 349:351 arg1 molecules 353:361 the RNA molecules 345:361 the RNA molecules 345:361 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 4 3 theme lengths 672:678 arg1 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 6 4 theme breast 1010:1015 arg1 cancer 1017:1022 triple-negative breast cancer 994:1022 triple-negative breast cancer 994:1022 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 6 5 theme triple-negative 994:1008 arg1 cancer 1017:1022 triple-negative breast cancer 994:1022 triple-negative breast cancer 994:1022 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 4 6 dep 1000 698:701 arg1 to 688:689 to 688:689 to 688:689 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 6 7 theme in-vivo 894:900 arg1 evaluation 902:911 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation 881:911 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation 881:911 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 7 8 theme RNA-based 1157:1165 arg1 therapeutics 1167:1178 RNA-based therapeutics 1157:1178 RNA-based therapeutics 1157:1178 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 7 9 theme application 1136:1146 arg1 scope 1148:1152 the application scope 1132:1152 the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics 1132:1178 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 5 10 theme RNA-loading 818:828 arg1 efficiency 830:839 a superior RNA-loading efficiency 807:839 a superior RNA-loading efficiency 807:839 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 3 11 theme -driven 489:495 arg1 self-assembly 501:513 Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly 484:513 Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA 484:606 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 4 12 theme compositions 646:657 arg1 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 6 13 theme In-vitro 881:888 arg1 evaluation 902:911 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation 881:911 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation 881:911 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 1 14 theme Metal-coordination-directed 89:115 arg1 crosslinking 129:140 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking 89:140 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature 89:150 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 3 15 dep integrity 567:575 arg1 the 563:565 the 563:565 the 563:565 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 5 16 theme assembled 777:785 arg1 nanospheres 787:797 The assembled nanospheres 773:797 The assembled nanospheres 773:797 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 4 17 theme different 636:644 arg1 compositions 646:657 different compositions 636:657 different compositions 636:657 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 1 18 theme biomolecule 117:127 arg1 crosslinking 129:140 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking 89:140 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature 89:150 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 4 19 theme shapes 660:665 arg1 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 1 20 used used 161:164 arg2 crosslinking 129:140 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking 89:140 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature 89:150 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 6 21 theme microRNA 973:980 arg1 delivery 982:989 microRNA delivery 973:989 microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer 973:1022 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 7 22 theme coordination 1105:1116 arg1 chemistry 1118:1126 RNA coordination chemistry 1101:1126 RNA coordination chemistry 1101:1126 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 4 23 from nucleotides 703:713 arg1 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 3 24 theme spherical 523:531 arg1 nanoparticles 533:545 spherical nanoparticles 523:545 spherical nanoparticles 523:545 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 4 25 theme functional 617:626 arg1 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 2 26 theme biological 408:417 arg1 function 419:426 the biological function 404:426 the biological function of the molecules 404:443 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 7 27 theme chemistry 1118:1126 arg1 horizons 1089:1096 the horizons 1085:1096 the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry 1085:1126 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 7 27 theme chemistry 1118:1126 arg1 scope 1148:1152 the application scope 1132:1152 the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics 1132:1178 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 4 28 theme Various 609:615 arg1 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 0 29 theme Retained 44:51 arg1 Integrity 53:61 Retained Integrity 44:61 Retained Integrity 44:61 Zn2+ -Coordination-Driven RNA Assembly with Retained Integrity and Biological Functions. 34405498 5 30 contain possess 799:805 arg2 bioavailability 864:878 bioavailability 864:878 bioavailability 864:878 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 5 30 contain possess 799:805 arg1 nanospheres 787:797 The assembled nanospheres 773:797 The assembled nanospheres 773:797 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 5 30 contain possess 799:805 arg2 pharmacokinetics 842:857 pharmacokinetics 842:857 pharmacokinetics 842:857 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 5 30 contain possess 799:805 arg2 efficiency 830:839 a superior RNA-loading efficiency 807:839 a superior RNA-loading efficiency 807:839 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 7 31 theme RNA 1101:1103 arg1 chemistry 1118:1126 RNA coordination chemistry 1101:1126 RNA coordination chemistry 1101:1126 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 3 32 theme biological 581:590 arg1 function 592:599 biological function 581:599 biological function 581:599 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 7 33 theme coordination-directed 1030:1050 arg1 behavior 1066:1073 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior 1025:1073 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior 1025:1073 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 2 34 theme biopolymer 383:392 arg1 formation 368:376 the formation 364:376 the formation of a biopolymer 364:392 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 6 35 theme GFP 955:957 arg1 proteins 959:966 GFP proteins 955:966 GFP proteins 955:966 In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. 34405498 7 36 theme self-assembly 1052:1064 arg1 behavior 1066:1073 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior 1025:1073 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior 1025:1073 This coordination-directed self-assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA-based therapeutics. 34405498 3 37 theme first 462:466 arg1 time 468:471 the first time 458:471 the first time 458:471 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 2 38 theme molecules 435:443 arg1 function 419:426 the biological function 404:426 the biological function of the molecules 404:443 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 1 39 theme various 183:189 arg1 proteins 229:236 proteins 229:236 proteins 229:236 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 1 39 theme various 183:189 arg1 polysaccharides 243:257 polysaccharides 243:257 polysaccharides 243:257 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 1 39 theme various 183:189 arg1 peptides 219:226 peptides 219:226 peptides 219:226 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 1 39 theme various 183:189 arg1 biopolymers 191:201 various biopolymers 183:201 various biopolymers 183:201 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 1 39 theme various 183:189 arg1 DNA 214:216 DNA 214:216 DNA 214:216 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 4 40 theme approach 763:770 arg1 versatility 743:753 the versatility 739:753 the versatility of this approach 739:770 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 34405498 3 41 theme RNA 604:606 arg1 integrity 567:575 integrity 567:575 integrity 567:575 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 3 41 theme RNA 604:606 arg1 function 592:599 biological function 581:599 biological function 581:599 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 2 42 theme poor 327:330 arg1 stability 332:340 the poor stability 323:340 the poor stability of the RNA molecules 323:361 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 3 43 theme RNA 497:499 arg1 self-assembly 501:513 Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly 484:513 Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA 484:606 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 2 44 theme molecules 353:361 arg1 stability 332:340 the poor stability 323:340 the poor stability of the RNA molecules 323:361 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 2 45 theme RNA 273:275 arg1 biopolymer 277:286 the RNA biopolymer 269:286 the RNA biopolymer 269:286 However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. 34405498 5 46 theme superior 809:816 arg1 efficiency 830:839 a superior RNA-loading efficiency 807:839 a superior RNA-loading efficiency 807:839 The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA-loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. 34405498 1 47 from crosslinking 129:140 arg1 nature 145:150 nature 145:150 nature 145:150 Metal-coordination-directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. 34405498 0 48 theme Biological 67:76 arg1 Functions 78:86 Biological Functions 67:86 Biological Functions 67:86 Zn2+ -Coordination-Driven RNA Assembly with Retained Integrity and Biological Functions. 34405498 0 49 theme RNA 26:28 arg1 Assembly 30:37 RNA Assembly 26:37 RNA Assembly 26:37 Zn2+ -Coordination-Driven RNA Assembly with Retained Integrity and Biological Functions. 34405498 3 50 theme Zn2+ 484:487 arg1 self-assembly 501:513 Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly 484:513 Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA 484:606 Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+ -driven RNA self-assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. 34405498 4 51 used used 720:723 arg2 RNAs 628:631 Various functional RNAs 609:631 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides 609:713 Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. 33207518 0 0 theme aerobic 87:93 arg1 sludge 104:109 aerobic granular sludge 87:109 aerobic granular sludge 87:109 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 3 1 theme FTIR 767:770 arg1 characterizations 789:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations 762:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads 762:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 3 2 theme Aerobic 559:565 arg1 granules 567:574 Aerobic granules 559:574 Aerobic granules 559:574 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 5 3 theme phenol 1209:1214 arg1 removal 1216:1222 phenol removal 1209:1222 phenol removal 1209:1222 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 2 4 theme nitrate 536:542 arg1 accumulation 520:531 significant accumulation 508:531 significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L 508:556 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 33207518 3 5 theme varying 717:723 arg1 groups 736:741 varying functional groups 717:741 varying functional groups 717:741 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 1 6 from effects 162:168 arg1 sludge 200:205 aerobic granular sludge 183:205 aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community 183:280 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 5 7 theme efficient 1174:1182 arg1 nutrients 1195:1203 efficient biological nutrients 1174:1203 efficient biological nutrients 1174:1203 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 1 8 theme microbial 262:270 arg1 community 272:280 microbial community 262:280 microbial community 262:280 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 0 9 from Effects 0:6 arg1 substances 45:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 0 9 from Effects 0:6 arg1 communities 70:80 microbial communities 60:80 microbial communities 60:80 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 4 10 theme Illumina 835:842 arg1 results 861:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results 835:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results 835:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 0 11 theme granular 95:102 arg1 sludge 104:109 aerobic granular sludge 87:109 aerobic granular sludge 87:109 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 3 12 theme spectral 780:787 arg1 characterizations 789:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations 762:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads 762:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 4 13 theme remarkable 959:968 arg1 variations 970:979 remarkable variations 959:979 remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population 959:1034 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 6 14 dep shaping 1287:1293 arg1 abundances 1308:1317 the relative abundances 1295:1317 the relative abundances 1295:1317 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 0 15 theme low 120:122 arg1 strength 124:131 low strength 120:131 low strength 120:131 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 7 16 theme phenol-laden 1422:1433 arg1 treatment 1459:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 This study proved that aerobic granular sludge was feasible for low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment. 33207518 4 17 theme sequencing 850:859 arg1 results 861:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results 835:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results 835:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 7 18 theme low-strength 1435:1446 arg1 treatment 1459:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 This study proved that aerobic granular sludge was feasible for low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment. 33207518 1 19 theme phenol 173:178 arg1 effects 162:168 The effects 158:168 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community 158:280 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 4 20 theme MiSeq 844:848 arg1 results 861:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results 835:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results 835:867 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 3 21 theme XPS 776:778 arg1 characterizations 789:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations 762:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads 762:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 3 22 theme polymeric 644:652 arg1 EPS 666:668 EPS 666:668 EPS 666:668 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 3 22 theme polymeric 644:652 arg1 substances 654:663 extracellular polymeric substances 630:663 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 630:669 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 1 23 theme aerobic 183:189 arg1 sludge 200:205 aerobic granular sludge 183:205 aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community 183:280 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 3 24 theme phenol 821:826 arg1 loads 828:832 increasing phenol loads 810:832 increasing phenol loads 810:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 3 25 from loads 828:832 arg1 characterizations 789:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations 762:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads 762:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 3 26 theme substances 654:663 arg1 production 616:625 production 616:625 production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially 616:681 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 7 27 theme low-saline 1407:1416 arg1 treatment 1459:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 This study proved that aerobic granular sludge was feasible for low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment. 33207518 1 28 theme granular 191:198 arg1 sludge 200:205 aerobic granular sludge 183:205 aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community 183:280 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 6 29 theme relative 1299:1306 arg1 abundances 1308:1317 the relative abundances 1295:1317 the relative abundances 1295:1317 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 4 30 theme microbial 1015:1023 arg1 population 1025:1034 microbial population 1015:1034 microbial population 1015:1034 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 2 31 theme phenol 468:473 arg1 degradation 475:485 nearly complete phenol degradation 452:485 nearly complete phenol degradation 452:485 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 33207518 0 32 theme phenol 11:16 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge 0:109 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 1 33 theme low 304:306 arg1 strength 308:315 low strength 304:315 low strength 304:315 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 5 34 theme halophilic 1046:1055 arg1 bacteria 1057:1064 Multiple halophilic bacteria 1037:1064 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa 1037:1108 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 34 theme halophilic 1046:1055 arg1 Luteococcus 1085:1095 Luteococcus 1085:1095 Luteococcus 1085:1095 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 34 theme halophilic 1046:1055 arg1 Formosa 1102:1108 Formosa 1102:1108 Formosa 1102:1108 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 34 theme halophilic 1046:1055 arg1 Stappia 1076:1082 Stappia 1076:1082 Stappia 1076:1082 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 4 35 theme population 1025:1034 arg1 structural 984:993 structural 984:993 structural 984:993 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 3 36 theme extracellular 630:642 arg1 EPS 666:668 EPS 666:668 EPS 666:668 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 3 36 theme extracellular 630:642 arg1 substances 654:663 extracellular polymeric substances 630:663 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 630:669 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 6 37 from role 1269:1272 arg1 genera 1335:1340 predominant genera 1323:1340 predominant genera 1323:1340 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 6 37 from role 1269:1272 arg1 shaping 1287:1293 shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera 1287:1340 shaping 1287:1293 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 2 38 theme complete 459:466 arg1 degradation 475:485 nearly complete phenol degradation 452:485 nearly complete phenol degradation 452:485 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 33207518 0 39 theme polymeric 35:43 arg1 substances 45:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 3 40 theme increasing 810:819 arg1 loads 828:832 increasing phenol loads 810:832 increasing phenol loads 810:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 5 41 theme biological 1184:1193 arg1 nutrients 1195:1203 efficient biological nutrients 1174:1203 efficient biological nutrients 1174:1203 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 42 theme biological 1119:1128 arg1 basis 1130:1134 the biological basis 1115:1134 the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal 1115:1222 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 7 43 theme wastewater 1448:1457 arg1 treatment 1459:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment 1407:1467 This study proved that aerobic granular sludge was feasible for low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment. 33207518 1 44 theme extracellular 217:229 arg1 EPS 253:255 EPS 253:255 EPS 253:255 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 1 44 theme extracellular 217:229 arg1 substances 241:250 extracellular polymeric substances 217:250 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 217:256 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 0 45 theme extracellular 21:33 arg1 substances 45:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 0 46 theme salinity 137:144 arg1 wastewater 146:155 salinity wastewater 137:155 salinity wastewater 137:155 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 5 47 theme nutrients 1195:1203 arg1 removal 1216:1222 phenol removal 1209:1222 phenol removal 1209:1222 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 47 theme nutrients 1195:1203 arg1 stability 1140:1148 stability 1140:1148 stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients 1140:1203 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 1 48 theme polymeric 231:239 arg1 EPS 253:255 EPS 253:255 EPS 253:255 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 1 48 theme polymeric 231:239 arg1 substances 241:250 extracellular polymeric substances 217:250 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 217:256 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 2 49 theme significant 508:518 arg1 accumulation 520:531 significant accumulation 508:531 significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L 508:556 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 33207518 1 50 theme salinity 321:328 arg1 treatment 341:349 salinity wastewater treatment 321:349 salinity wastewater treatment 321:349 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 4 51 theme bacterial 914:922 arg1 diversity 924:932 the bacterial diversity 910:932 the bacterial diversity 910:932 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 6 52 theme Redundancy 1225:1234 arg1 RDA 1246:1248 RDA 1246:1248 RDA 1246:1248 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 6 52 theme Redundancy 1225:1234 arg1 analysis 1236:1243 Redundancy analysis 1225:1243 Redundancy analysis (RDA) 1225:1249 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 3 53 theme EEM 762:764 arg1 characterizations 789:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations 762:805 EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads 762:832 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 1 54 theme wastewater 330:339 arg1 treatment 341:349 salinity wastewater treatment 321:349 salinity wastewater treatment 321:349 The effects of phenol on aerobic granular sludge including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community were investigated for low strength and salinity wastewater treatment. 33207518 6 55 theme predominant 1323:1333 arg1 genera 1335:1340 predominant genera 1323:1340 predominant genera 1323:1340 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 7 56 theme aerobic 1366:1372 arg1 sludge 1383:1388 aerobic granular sludge 1366:1388 aerobic granular sludge 1366:1388 This study proved that aerobic granular sludge was feasible for low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment. 33207518 5 57 theme Multiple 1037:1044 arg1 bacteria 1057:1064 Multiple halophilic bacteria 1037:1064 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa 1037:1108 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 57 theme Multiple 1037:1044 arg1 Luteococcus 1085:1095 Luteococcus 1085:1095 Luteococcus 1085:1095 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 57 theme Multiple 1037:1044 arg1 Formosa 1102:1108 Formosa 1102:1108 Formosa 1102:1108 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 57 theme Multiple 1037:1044 arg1 Stappia 1076:1082 Stappia 1076:1082 Stappia 1076:1082 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 58 theme aerobic 1153:1159 arg1 granules 1161:1168 aerobic granules 1153:1168 aerobic granules 1153:1168 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 2 59 theme Elevated 352:359 arg1 phenol 361:366 Elevated phenol 352:366 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L 352:379 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 33207518 0 60 from sludge 104:109 arg1 substances 45:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 extracellular polymeric substances 21:54 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 0 60 from sludge 104:109 arg1 communities 70:80 microbial communities 60:80 microbial communities 60:80 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 3 61 theme structural 581:590 arg1 stability 592:600 structural stability 581:600 structural stability 581:600 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 5 62 theme granules 1161:1168 arg1 removal 1216:1222 phenol removal 1209:1222 phenol removal 1209:1222 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 5 62 theme granules 1161:1168 arg1 stability 1140:1148 stability 1140:1148 stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients 1140:1203 Multiple halophilic bacteria including Stappia, Luteococcus, and Formosa laid the biological basis for stability of aerobic granules and efficient biological nutrients and phenol removal. 33207518 3 63 theme functional 725:734 arg1 groups 736:741 varying functional groups 717:741 varying functional groups 717:741 Aerobic granules kept structural stability via enhancing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially folds of polysaccharides (PS) and varying functional groups identified through EEM, FTIR and XPS spectral characterizations at increasing phenol loads. 33207518 4 64 theme elevated 884:891 arg1 phenol 893:898 elevated phenol 884:898 elevated phenol 884:898 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 2 65 theme phosphorus 403:412 arg1 removal 414:420 biological phosphorus removal 392:420 biological phosphorus removal 392:420 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 33207518 6 66 theme phenol 1277:1282 arg1 role 1269:1272 the key role 1261:1272 the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera 1261:1340 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 6 67 theme key 1265:1267 arg1 role 1269:1272 the key role 1261:1272 the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera 1261:1340 Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested the key role of phenol in shaping the relative abundances and predominant genera. 33207518 0 68 theme microbial 60:68 arg1 communities 70:80 microbial communities 60:80 microbial communities 60:80 Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater. 33207518 4 69 from variations 970:979 arg1 compositions 999:1010 compositions 999:1010 compositions 999:1010 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 4 69 from variations 970:979 arg1 structural 984:993 structural 984:993 structural 984:993 Illumina MiSeq sequencing results indicated that elevated phenol decreased the bacterial diversity and richness, and caused remarkable variations in structural and compositions of microbial population. 33207518 7 70 theme granular 1374:1381 arg1 sludge 1383:1388 aerobic granular sludge 1366:1388 aerobic granular sludge 1366:1388 This study proved that aerobic granular sludge was feasible for low-saline and phenol-laden low-strength wastewater treatment. 33207518 2 71 theme biological 392:401 arg1 removal 414:420 biological phosphorus removal 392:420 biological phosphorus removal 392:420 Elevated phenol over 20 mg/L stimulated biological phosphorus removal mainly via co-metabolism with nearly complete phenol degradation, whereas resulted in significant accumulation of nitrate around 4 mg/L. 34490144 1 0 theme endemic 260:266 arg1 regions 268:274 endemic regions 260:274 endemic regions 260:274 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 4 1 theme colonization 603:614 arg1 factors 616:622 colonization factors 603:622 colonization factors 603:622 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 2 2 theme urgent 288:293 arg1 demand 295:300 The global urgent demand 277:300 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention 277:341 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention has become more pressing as ETEC strains have become increasingly multiple antibiotic resistant. 34490144 8 3 theme glycosylation 1198:1210 arg1 sites 1212:1216 the glycosylation sites 1194:1216 the glycosylation sites 1194:1216 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 8 4 theme epitopes 1273:1280 arg1 subpopulation 1242:1254 a minor subpopulation 1234:1254 a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes 1234:1280 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 9 5 theme ETEC 1473:1476 arg1 study 1506:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 4 6 theme enteric 683:689 arg1 pathogen 691:698 this enteric pathogen 678:698 this enteric pathogen 678:698 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 10 7 theme O-linked 1655:1662 arg1 glycosylation 1664:1676 O-linked glycosylation 1655:1676 O-linked glycosylation 1655:1676 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 2 8 theme effective 309:317 arg1 intervention 330:341 an effective preventive intervention 306:341 an effective preventive intervention 306:341 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention has become more pressing as ETEC strains have become increasingly multiple antibiotic resistant. 34490144 9 9 theme controlled 1485:1494 arg1 study 1506:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 10 10 theme coverage 1849:1856 arg1 candidates 1874:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 6 11 theme Set/Thr 978:984 arg1 residues 986:993 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues 966:993 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 966:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 4 12 theme genomic 656:662 arg1 plasticity 664:673 genomic plasticity 656:673 genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen 656:698 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 10 13 theme relative 1686:1693 arg1 immunogenicity 1695:1708 the relative immunogenicity 1682:1708 the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins 1682:1730 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 5 14 theme candidate 830:838 arg1 YghJ/SsLE 840:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 In this study, we investigated the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE. 34490144 1 15 from infections 187:196 arg1 countries 230:238 low-income and middle-income countries 201:238 low-income and middle-income countries 201:238 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 7 16 theme overall 1158:1164 arg1 structure 1174:1182 the overall protein structure 1154:1182 the overall protein structure 1154:1182 The glycosylation sites are evenly distributed throughout the sequence and do not appear to affect the folding of the overall protein structure. 34490144 8 17 from difference 1305:1314 arg1 immunogenicity 1323:1336 the immunogenicity 1319:1336 the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ 1319:1361 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 9 18 theme glycosylated 1549:1560 arg1 YghJ 1562:1565 glycosylated YghJ 1549:1565 glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant 1549:1606 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 8 19 theme glycosylated 1345:1356 arg1 YghJ 1358:1361 the glycosylated YghJ 1341:1361 the glycosylated YghJ 1341:1361 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 0 20 theme Increased 59:67 arg1 Potential 77:85 Increased Antigen Potential 59:85 Increased Antigen Potential 59:85 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34490144 1 21 theme priority 137:144 arg1 coli 116:119 Escherichia coli 104:119 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) 88:126 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 1 21 theme priority 137:144 arg1 pathogen 146:153 priority pathogen 137:153 priority pathogen 137:153 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 6 22 theme acid 1017:1020 arg1 sequence 1030:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 8 23 theme non-glycosylated 1371:1386 arg1 variant 1396:1402 the non-glycosylated protein variant 1367:1402 the non-glycosylated protein variant 1367:1402 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 6 24 gly hyperglycosylated 927:943 arg1 YghJ 919:922 YghJ 919:922 YghJ 919:922 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 6 24 gly hyperglycosylated 927:943 arg2 YghJ 919:922 YghJ 919:922 YghJ 919:922 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 6 24 gly hyperglycosylated 927:943 arg1 ETEC 948:951 ETEC 948:951 ETEC 948:951 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 10 25 theme future 1836:1841 arg1 candidates 1874:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 6 26 theme 1519 1006:1009 arg1 sequence 1030:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 3 27 theme vaccine 453:459 arg1 pipeline 473:480 the vaccine development pipeline 449:480 the vaccine development pipeline 449:480 However, the vaccine development pipeline has been slow to address this urgent need. 34490144 3 27 theme vaccine 453:459 arg1 slow 491:494 slow 491:494 slow 491:494 However, the vaccine development pipeline has been slow to address this urgent need. 34490144 1 28 dep pathogen 146:153 arg1 WHO 133:135 WHO 133:135 WHO 133:135 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 10 29 theme bacterial 1713:1721 arg1 proteins 1723:1730 bacterial proteins 1713:1730 bacterial proteins 1713:1730 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 5 30 theme vaccine 822:828 arg1 YghJ/SsLE 840:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 In this study, we investigated the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE. 34490144 9 31 gly non-glycosylated 1583:1598 arg1 variant 1600:1606 the non-glycosylated variant 1579:1606 the non-glycosylated variant 1579:1606 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 0 32 theme O-Linked 17:24 arg1 Glycosylation 34:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation 8:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ 8:54 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34490144 7 33 theme structure 1174:1182 arg1 folding 1143:1149 the folding 1139:1149 the folding of the overall protein structure 1139:1182 The glycosylation sites are evenly distributed throughout the sequence and do not appear to affect the folding of the overall protein structure. 34490144 9 34 from patients 1449:1456 arg1 serum 1438:1442 serum 1438:1442 serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1438:1510 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 6 35 theme method 885:890 arg1 BEMAP 892:896 the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP 857:896 the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP 857:896 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 4 36 theme vaccine 534:540 arg1 development 542:552 vaccine development 534:552 vaccine development 534:552 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 5 37 theme conserved 798:806 arg1 YghJ/SsLE 840:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 In this study, we investigated the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE. 34490144 1 38 theme middle-income 216:228 arg1 countries 230:238 low-income and middle-income countries 201:238 low-income and middle-income countries 201:238 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 6 39 from hyperglycosylated 927:943 arg1 ETEC 948:951 ETEC 948:951 ETEC 948:951 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 4 40 theme expressed 628:636 arg1 toxins 638:643 expressed toxins 628:643 expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen 628:698 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 6 41 from ETEC 948:951 arg1 hyperglycosylated 927:943 hyperglycosylated 927:943 hyperglycosylated 927:943 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 8 42 gly glycosylation 1198:1210 arg2 sites 1212:1216 the glycosylation sites 1194:1216 the glycosylation sites 1194:1216 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 10 43 theme ETEC 1805:1808 arg1 proteins 1810:1817 ETEC proteins 1805:1817 ETEC proteins 1805:1817 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 10 44 theme important 1632:1640 arg1 link 1642:1645 an important link 1629:1645 an important link between O-linked glycosylation 1629:1676 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 10 45 theme broad 1843:1847 arg1 candidates 1874:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 10 46 link O-linked 1655:1662 arg1 glycosylation 1664:1676 O-linked glycosylation 1655:1676 O-linked glycosylation 1655:1676 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 2 47 theme global 281:286 arg1 demand 295:300 The global urgent demand 277:300 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention 277:341 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention has become more pressing as ETEC strains have become increasingly multiple antibiotic resistant. 34490144 1 48 theme vaccine 159:165 arg1 target 167:172 vaccine target 159:172 vaccine target 159:172 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 0 49 theme YghJ 51:54 arg1 Glycosylation 34:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation 8:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ 8:54 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34490144 8 50 theme available 1263:1271 arg1 epitopes 1273:1280 the available epitopes 1259:1280 the available epitopes 1259:1280 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 2 51 theme preventive 319:328 arg1 intervention 330:341 an effective preventive intervention 306:341 an effective preventive intervention 306:341 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention has become more pressing as ETEC strains have become increasingly multiple antibiotic resistant. 34490144 9 52 theme H10407 1478:1483 arg1 study 1506:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 10 53 theme subunit 1858:1864 arg1 candidates 1874:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 9 54 theme infection 1496:1504 arg1 study 1506:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study 1470:1510 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 10 55 theme vaccine 1866:1872 arg1 candidates 1874:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 10 56 theme observation 1778:1788 arg1 importance 1759:1768 the importance 1755:1768 the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1755:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 1 57 theme low-income 201:210 arg1 countries 230:238 low-income and middle-income countries 201:238 low-income and middle-income countries 201:238 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a WHO priority pathogen and vaccine target which causes infections in low-income and middle-income countries, travelers visiting endemic regions. 34490144 8 58 theme minor 1236:1240 arg1 subpopulation 1242:1254 a minor subpopulation 1234:1254 a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes 1234:1280 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 6 59 theme O-linked 969:976 arg1 residues 986:993 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues 966:993 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 966:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 8 60 theme notable 1297:1303 arg1 difference 1305:1314 a notable difference 1295:1314 a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ 1295:1361 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 7 61 theme glycosylation 1044:1056 arg1 sites 1058:1062 The glycosylation sites 1040:1062 The glycosylation sites 1040:1062 The glycosylation sites are evenly distributed throughout the sequence and do not appear to affect the folding of the overall protein structure. 34490144 10 62 from inclusion 1823:1831 arg1 candidates 1874:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates 1836:1883 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 0 63 theme Antigen 69:75 arg1 Potential 77:85 Increased Antigen Potential 59:85 Increased Antigen Potential 59:85 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34490144 6 64 link O-linked 969:976 arg1 residues 986:993 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues 966:993 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 966:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 4 65 theme pathogen 691:698 arg1 plasticity 664:673 genomic plasticity 656:673 genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen 656:698 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 6 66 theme primary 1022:1028 arg1 sequence 1030:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 9 67 gly glycosylated 1549:1560 arg1 YghJ 1562:1565 glycosylated YghJ 1549:1565 glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant 1549:1606 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 8 68 theme YghJ 1358:1361 arg1 immunogenicity 1323:1336 the immunogenicity 1319:1336 the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ 1319:1361 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 9 69 theme non-glycosylated 1583:1598 arg1 variant 1600:1606 the non-glycosylated variant 1579:1606 the non-glycosylated variant 1579:1606 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 6 70 theme amino 1011:1015 arg1 sequence 1030:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 the 1519 amino acid primary sequence 1002:1037 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 8 71 gly glycosylated 1345:1356 arg1 YghJ 1358:1361 the glycosylated YghJ 1341:1361 the glycosylated YghJ 1341:1361 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 8 72 theme protein 1388:1394 arg1 variant 1396:1402 the non-glycosylated protein variant 1367:1402 the non-glycosylated protein variant 1367:1402 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 3 73 theme development 461:471 arg1 pipeline 473:480 the vaccine development pipeline 449:480 the vaccine development pipeline 449:480 However, the vaccine development pipeline has been slow to address this urgent need. 34490144 3 73 theme development 461:471 arg1 slow 491:494 slow 491:494 slow 491:494 However, the vaccine development pipeline has been slow to address this urgent need. 34490144 5 74 theme non-canonical 808:820 arg1 YghJ/SsLE 840:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE 787:848 In this study, we investigated the highly conserved non-canonical vaccine candidate YghJ/SsLE. 34490144 9 75 with reactive 1535:1542 arg1 YghJ 1562:1565 glycosylated YghJ 1549:1565 glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant 1549:1606 We can demonstrate by ELISA that serum from patients enrolled in an ETEC H10407 controlled infection study are significantly more reactive with glycosylated YghJ compared to the non-glycosylated variant. 34490144 4 76 theme effective 736:744 arg1 vaccines 746:753 effective vaccines 736:753 effective vaccines 736:753 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 0 77 theme Protein 26:32 arg1 Glycosylation 34:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation 8:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ 8:54 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34490144 8 78 gly non-glycosylated 1371:1386 arg1 variant 1396:1402 the non-glycosylated protein variant 1367:1402 the non-glycosylated protein variant 1367:1402 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 4 79 theme canonical 576:584 arg1 antigens 586:593 canonical antigens 576:593 canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen 576:698 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 4 79 theme canonical 576:584 arg1 factors 616:622 colonization factors 603:622 colonization factors 603:622 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 4 79 theme canonical 576:584 arg1 toxins 638:643 expressed toxins 628:643 expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen 628:698 To date, vaccine development has focused mainly on canonical antigens such as colonization factors and expressed toxins but due to genomic plasticity of this enteric pathogen, it has proven difficult to develop effective vaccines. 34490144 7 80 theme protein 1166:1172 arg1 structure 1174:1182 the overall protein structure 1154:1182 the overall protein structure 1154:1182 The glycosylation sites are evenly distributed throughout the sequence and do not appear to affect the folding of the overall protein structure. 34490144 7 81 gly glycosylation 1044:1056 arg2 sites 1058:1062 The glycosylation sites 1040:1062 The glycosylation sites 1040:1062 The glycosylation sites are evenly distributed throughout the sequence and do not appear to affect the folding of the overall protein structure. 34490144 6 82 theme spectrometry-based 866:883 arg1 BEMAP 892:896 the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP 857:896 the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP 857:896 Using the mass spectrometry-based method BEMAP, we demonstrate that YghJ is hyperglycosylated in ETEC and identify 54 O-linked Set/Thr residues within the 1519 amino acid primary sequence. 34490144 3 83 theme urgent 512:517 arg1 need 519:522 this urgent need 507:522 this urgent need 507:522 However, the vaccine development pipeline has been slow to address this urgent need. 34490144 8 84 from variant 1396:1402 arg1 immunogenicity 1323:1336 the immunogenicity 1319:1336 the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ 1319:1361 Although the glycosylation sites only constitute a minor subpopulation of the available epitopes, we observed a notable difference in the immunogenicity of the glycosylated YghJ and the non-glycosylated protein variant. 34490144 0 85 gly Glycosylation 34:46 arg1 YghJ 51:54 YghJ 51:54 YghJ 51:54 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34490144 2 86 theme ETEC 371:374 arg1 strains 376:382 ETEC strains 371:382 ETEC strains 371:382 The global urgent demand for an effective preventive intervention has become more pressing as ETEC strains have become increasingly multiple antibiotic resistant. 34490144 10 87 theme proteins 1723:1730 arg1 link 1642:1645 an important link 1629:1645 an important link between O-linked glycosylation 1629:1676 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 10 87 theme proteins 1723:1730 arg1 immunogenicity 1695:1708 the relative immunogenicity 1682:1708 the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins 1682:1730 This study provides an important link between O-linked glycosylation and the relative immunogenicity of bacterial proteins and further highlights the importance of this observation in considering ETEC proteins for inclusion in future broad coverage subunit vaccine candidates. 34490144 0 88 theme inherent 8:15 arg1 Glycosylation 34:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation 8:46 inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ 8:54 Linking inherent O-Linked Protein Glycosylation of YghJ to Increased Antigen Potential. 34489534 7 0 theme unknown 1290:1296 arg1 significance 1298:1309 unknown significance 1290:1309 unknown significance 1290:1309 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 7 1 theme membrane 1197:1204 arg1 trafficking 1206:1216 efficient membrane trafficking 1187:1216 efficient membrane trafficking 1187:1216 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 7 2 link N-linked 1132:1139 arg1 status 1155:1160 the N-linked glycosylation status 1128:1160 the N-linked glycosylation status 1128:1160 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 6 3 theme aortic 1057:1062 arg1 valve 1064:1068 bicuspid aortic valve 1048:1068 bicuspid aortic valve 1048:1068 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 7 4 theme significance 1298:1309 arg1 impact 1261:1266 the functional impact 1246:1266 the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance 1246:1309 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 5 5 attach present 890:896 arg1 loops 901:905 loops 901:905 loops that are essential for mechanotransduction 901:948 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 5 5 attach present 890:896 arg2 present 890:896 present 890:896 present 890:896 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 5 5 attach present 890:896 arg2 regions 871:877 the 'propeller' regions 855:877 the 'propeller' regions 855:877 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 6 6 theme bicuspid 1048:1055 arg1 valve 1064:1068 bicuspid aortic valve 1048:1068 bicuspid aortic valve 1048:1068 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 7 7 theme variants 1278:1285 arg1 impact 1261:1266 the functional impact 1246:1266 the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance 1246:1309 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 5 8 from loops 901:905 arg1 regions 871:877 the 'propeller' regions 855:877 the 'propeller' regions 855:877 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 5 8 from loops 901:905 arg1 present 890:896 present 890:896 present 890:896 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 6 9 theme Piezo1 1107:1112 arg1 protein 1114:1120 fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1086:1120 fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1086:1120 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 10 theme asparagines 621:631 arg1 mutation 603:610 mutation 603:610 mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) 603:647 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 10 theme asparagines 621:631 arg1 treatment 653:661 treatment 653:661 treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) 653:728 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 5 11 from present 890:896 arg1 loops 901:905 loops 901:905 loops that are essential for mechanotransduction 901:948 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 6 12 dep display 1070:1076 arg1 reduced 1078:1084 reduced 1078:1084 display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1070:1120 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 7 13 theme efficient 1187:1195 arg1 trafficking 1206:1216 efficient membrane trafficking 1187:1216 efficient membrane trafficking 1187:1216 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 0 14 link N-linked 9:16 arg1 status 32:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 3 15 theme Piezo1 515:520 arg1 channels 522:529 mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 498:529 mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 498:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 3 16 theme channels 522:529 arg1 region 488:493 the 'cap' region 478:493 the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 478:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 7 17 theme Piezo1 1271:1276 arg1 variants 1278:1285 Piezo1 variants 1271:1285 Piezo1 variants 1271:1285 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 3 18 from glycosylation 417:429 arg1 region 488:493 the 'cap' region 478:493 the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 478:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 3 19 gly glycosylation 417:429 arg1 residues 466:473 two highly conserved asparagine residues 434:473 two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 434:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 0 20 theme N-linked 9:16 arg1 status 32:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 1 21 theme Mechanosensitive 102:117 arg1 channels 119:126 Mechanosensitive channels 102:126 Mechanosensitive channels 102:126 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 1 21 theme Mechanosensitive 102:117 arg1 proteins 150:157 integral membrane proteins 132:157 integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli 132:187 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 7 22 theme functional 1250:1259 arg1 impact 1261:1266 the functional impact 1246:1266 the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance 1246:1309 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 3 23 theme residues 466:473 arg1 glycosylation 417:429 N-linked glycosylation 408:429 N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 408:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 0 24 theme Modified 0:7 arg1 status 32:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 6 25 theme lymphatic 1024:1032 arg1 dysplasia 1034:1042 generalized lymphatic dysplasia 1012:1042 generalized lymphatic dysplasia 1012:1042 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 26 theme glycosylated 751:762 arg1 protein 778:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 27 theme Piezo1 771:776 arg1 protein 778:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 28 theme N-linked 694:701 arg1 PNGaseF 721:727 PNGaseF 721:727 PNGaseF 721:727 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 28 theme N-linked 694:701 arg1 oligosaccharides 703:718 N-linked oligosaccharides 694:718 N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) 694:728 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 6 29 theme generalized 1012:1022 arg1 dysplasia 1034:1042 generalized lymphatic dysplasia 1012:1042 generalized lymphatic dysplasia 1012:1042 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 7 30 theme N-linked 1132:1139 arg1 status 1155:1160 the N-linked glycosylation status 1128:1160 the N-linked glycosylation status 1128:1160 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 3 31 theme plasma 581:586 arg1 membrane 588:595 the plasma membrane 577:595 the plasma membrane 577:595 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 2 32 from control 281:287 arg1 reticulum 308:316 the endoplasmic reticulum 292:316 the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane 292:387 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 0 33 theme glycosylation 18:30 arg1 status 32:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status 0:37 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 7 34 theme glycosylation 1141:1153 arg1 status 1155:1160 the N-linked glycosylation status 1128:1160 the N-linked glycosylation status 1128:1160 Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance. 34489534 2 35 theme ion 216:218 arg1 proteins 228:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 1 36 theme integral 132:139 arg1 channels 119:126 Mechanosensitive channels 102:126 Mechanosensitive channels 102:126 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 1 36 theme integral 132:139 arg1 proteins 150:157 integral membrane proteins 132:157 integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli 132:187 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 3 37 theme conserved 445:453 arg1 residues 466:473 two highly conserved asparagine residues 434:473 two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 434:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 4 38 gly glycosylated 751:762 arg1 protein 778:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 2 39 theme membrane 207:214 arg1 proteins 228:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 2 40 theme quality 273:279 arg1 control 281:287 biosynthetic quality control 260:287 biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane 260:387 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 3 41 theme cap 483:485 arg1 region 488:493 the 'cap' region 478:493 the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 478:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 3 42 theme asparagine 455:464 arg1 residues 466:473 two highly conserved asparagine residues 434:473 two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 434:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 4 43 link N-linked 694:701 arg1 PNGaseF 721:727 PNGaseF 721:727 PNGaseF 721:727 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 43 link N-linked 694:701 arg1 oligosaccharides 703:718 N-linked oligosaccharides 694:718 N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) 694:728 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 2 44 theme plasma 200:205 arg1 proteins 228:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 0 45 dep defective 60:68 arg1 human 70:74 human 70:74 human 70:74 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 6 46 theme N-glycosylated 1092:1105 arg1 protein 1114:1120 fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1086:1120 fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1086:1120 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 6 47 theme Piezo1 986:991 arg1 variants 993:1000 trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants 964:1000 trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve 964:1068 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 2 48 theme most 195:198 arg1 proteins 228:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 1 49 theme membrane 141:148 arg1 channels 119:126 Mechanosensitive channels 102:126 Mechanosensitive channels 102:126 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 1 49 theme membrane 141:148 arg1 proteins 150:157 integral membrane proteins 132:157 integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli 132:187 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 0 50 theme defective 60:68 arg1 mutations 91:99 trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations 48:99 trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations 48:99 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 6 51 theme trafficking-defective 964:984 arg1 variants 993:1000 trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants 964:1000 trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve 964:1068 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 4 52 with treatment 653:661 arg1 enzyme 671:676 an enzyme 668:676 an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) 668:728 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 3 53 from region 488:493 arg1 glycosylation 417:429 N-linked glycosylation 408:429 N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 408:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 2 54 theme plasma 373:378 arg1 membrane 380:387 the plasma membrane 369:387 the plasma membrane 369:387 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 5 55 located present 890:896 arg1 loops 901:905 loops 901:905 loops that are essential for mechanotransduction 901:948 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 5 55 located present 890:896 arg2 present 890:896 present 890:896 present 890:896 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 5 55 located present 890:896 arg2 regions 871:877 the 'propeller' regions 855:877 the 'propeller' regions 855:877 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 4 56 with mutation 603:610 arg1 enzyme 671:676 an enzyme 668:676 an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) 668:728 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 2 57 theme endoplasmic 296:306 arg1 reticulum 308:316 the endoplasmic reticulum 292:316 the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane 292:387 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 2 58 theme biosynthetic 260:271 arg1 control 281:287 biosynthetic quality control 260:287 biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane 260:387 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 3 59 theme mechanosensitive 498:513 arg1 channels 522:529 mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 498:529 mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 498:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 5 60 from N-glycans 791:799 arg1 cap 808:810 the cap 804:810 the cap 804:810 The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. 34489534 3 61 link N-linked 408:415 arg1 glycosylation 417:429 N-linked glycosylation 408:429 N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 408:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 3 62 from residues 466:473 arg1 region 488:493 the 'cap' region 478:493 the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 478:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 1 63 theme sense 164:168 arg1 stimuli 181:187 sense mechanical stimuli 164:187 sense mechanical stimuli 164:187 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 4 64 theme mature 764:769 arg1 protein 778:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein 741:784 Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. 34489534 0 65 theme channel 83:89 arg1 mutations 91:99 trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations 48:99 trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations 48:99 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 2 66 theme channel 220:226 arg1 proteins 228:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 most plasma membrane ion channel proteins 195:235 Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. 34489534 6 67 attach linked 1002:1007 arg1 dysplasia 1034:1042 generalized lymphatic dysplasia 1012:1042 generalized lymphatic dysplasia 1012:1042 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 6 67 attach linked 1002:1007 arg2 variants 993:1000 trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants 964:1000 trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve 964:1068 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 6 67 attach linked 1002:1007 arg1 valve 1064:1068 bicuspid aortic valve 1048:1068 bicuspid aortic valve 1048:1068 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 1 68 theme mechanical 170:179 arg1 stimuli 181:187 sense mechanical stimuli 164:187 sense mechanical stimuli 164:187 Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. 34489534 0 69 theme Piezo1 76:81 arg1 mutations 91:99 trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations 48:99 trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations 48:99 Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. 34489534 3 70 theme N-linked 408:415 arg1 glycosylation 417:429 N-linked glycosylation 408:429 N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels 408:529 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34489534 6 71 gly N-glycosylated 1092:1105 arg1 protein 1114:1120 fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1086:1120 fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein 1086:1120 Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. 34489534 3 72 theme mature 553:558 arg1 protein 560:566 the mature protein 549:566 the mature protein 549:566 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. 34829055 0 0 theme Fiber 83:87 arg1 Properties 61:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties 14:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber 14:87 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 5 1 theme ion 935:937 arg1 capacity 950:957 nitrite ion adsorption capacity 927:957 nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) 927:964 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 1 theme ion 935:937 arg1 NIAC 960:963 NIAC 960:963 NIAC 960:963 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 4 2 theme typical 733:739 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 2 theme typical 733:739 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 5 3 theme adsorption 1114:1123 arg1 CAC 1135:1137 CAC 1135:1137 CAC 1135:1137 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 3 theme adsorption 1114:1123 arg1 capacity 1125:1132 cholesterol adsorption capacity 1102:1132 cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) 1102:1138 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 1 4 theme structural 248:257 arg1 properties 291:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties 244:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 244:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 0 5 theme Dietary 75:81 arg1 Fiber 83:87 Dietary Fiber 75:87 Dietary Fiber 75:87 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 6 6 theme ideal 1258:1262 arg1 residue-SDF 1209:1219 residue-SDF 1209:1219 residue-SDF 1209:1219 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 6 6 theme ideal 1258:1262 arg1 residue-IDF 1225:1235 residue-IDF 1225:1235 residue-IDF 1225:1235 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 6 6 theme ideal 1258:1262 arg1 fibers 1272:1277 the ideal dietary fibers 1254:1277 the ideal dietary fibers 1254:1277 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 1 7 theme insoluble 348:356 arg1 fibers 366:371 insoluble dietary fibers 348:371 insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 348:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 7 theme insoluble 348:356 arg1 IDF 374:376 IDF 374:376 IDF 374:376 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 8 used used 182:185 arg2 treatment 168:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment 138:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment 138:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 6 9 used used 1246:1249 arg2 fibers 1272:1277 the ideal dietary fibers 1254:1277 the ideal dietary fibers 1254:1277 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 6 9 used used 1246:1249 arg2 residue-IDF 1225:1235 residue-IDF 1225:1235 residue-IDF 1225:1235 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 6 9 used used 1246:1249 arg2 residue-SDF 1209:1219 residue-SDF 1209:1219 residue-SDF 1209:1219 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 1 10 theme physicochemical 260:274 arg1 properties 291:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties 244:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 244:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 11 theme dietary 358:364 arg1 fibers 366:371 insoluble dietary fibers 348:371 insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 348:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 11 theme dietary 358:364 arg1 IDF 374:376 IDF 374:376 IDF 374:376 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 5 12 theme other 971:975 arg1 samples 983:989 other three samples 971:989 other three samples 971:989 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 0 13 theme Navel 112:116 arg1 By-Products 125:135 Newhall Navel Orange By-Products 104:135 Newhall Navel Orange By-Products 104:135 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 1 14 theme fibers 366:371 arg1 properties 291:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties 244:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 244:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 6 15 theme dietary 1264:1270 arg1 residue-SDF 1209:1219 residue-SDF 1209:1219 residue-SDF 1209:1219 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 6 15 theme dietary 1264:1270 arg1 residue-IDF 1225:1235 residue-IDF 1225:1235 residue-IDF 1225:1235 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 6 15 theme dietary 1264:1270 arg1 fibers 1272:1277 the ideal dietary fibers 1254:1277 the ideal dietary fibers 1254:1277 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 3 16 theme dietary 545:551 arg1 fibers 553:558 these dietary fibers 539:558 these dietary fibers 539:558 Among these dietary fibers, residue-SDF showed a more complex structure, while peel-IDF exhibited a looser structure. 34829055 4 17 theme infrared 686:693 arg1 composition 800:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 17 theme infrared 686:693 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 17 theme infrared 686:693 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 0 18 theme Newhall 104:110 arg1 By-Products 125:135 Newhall Navel Orange By-Products 104:135 Newhall Navel Orange By-Products 104:135 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 5 19 theme higher 848:853 arg1 capacity 867:874 higher oil-holding capacity 848:874 higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g) 848:885 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 19 theme higher 848:853 arg1 g/g 882:884 2.08 g/g 877:884 2.08 g/g 877:884 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 20 theme highest 1019:1025 arg1 capacity 1036:1043 the highest swelling capacity 1015:1043 the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g) 1015:1056 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 20 theme highest 1019:1025 arg1 mL/g 1052:1055 23.33 mL/g 1046:1055 23.33 mL/g 1046:1055 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 4 21 theme representative 671:684 arg1 composition 800:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 21 theme representative 671:684 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 21 theme representative 671:684 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 2 22 theme electron 455:462 arg1 microscopy 464:473 scanning electron microscopy 446:473 scanning electron microscopy 446:473 The structural properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 23 theme monosaccharide 785:798 arg1 composition 800:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 23 theme monosaccharide 785:798 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 1 24 theme Newhall 196:202 arg1 peel 217:220 Newhall navel orange peel 196:220 Newhall navel orange peel 196:220 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 2 25 theme scanning 446:453 arg1 microscopy 464:473 scanning electron microscopy 446:473 scanning electron microscopy 446:473 The structural properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and monosaccharide composition. 34829055 1 26 theme functional 280:289 arg1 properties 291:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties 244:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 244:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 3 27 theme complex 587:593 arg1 structure 595:603 a more complex structure 580:603 a more complex structure 580:603 Among these dietary fibers, residue-SDF showed a more complex structure, while peel-IDF exhibited a looser structure. 34829055 1 28 theme navel 204:208 arg1 peel 217:220 Newhall navel orange peel 196:220 Newhall navel orange peel 196:220 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 0 29 theme Structural 18:27 arg1 Properties 61:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties 14:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber 14:87 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 1 30 theme orange 210:215 arg1 peel 217:220 Newhall navel orange peel 196:220 Newhall navel orange peel 196:220 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 4 31 theme diverse 777:783 arg1 composition 800:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 31 theme diverse 777:783 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 0 32 theme Orange 118:123 arg1 By-Products 125:135 Newhall Navel Orange By-Products 104:135 Newhall Navel Orange By-Products 104:135 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 4 33 theme polysaccharides 716:730 arg1 composition 800:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 33 theme polysaccharides 716:730 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 33 theme polysaccharides 716:730 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 0 34 theme Physicochemical 30:44 arg1 Properties 61:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties 14:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber 14:87 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 1 35 theme extracted 305:313 arg1 SDF 339:341 SDF 339:341 SDF 339:341 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 35 theme extracted 305:313 arg1 fibers 331:336 extracted soluble dietary fibers 305:336 extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) 305:342 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 4 36 theme spectral 695:702 arg1 composition 800:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 diverse monosaccharide composition 777:810 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 36 theme spectral 695:702 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 36 theme spectral 695:702 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 2 37 theme structural 402:411 arg1 properties 413:422 The structural properties 398:422 The structural properties 398:422 The structural properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and monosaccharide composition. 34829055 2 38 theme X-ray 476:480 arg1 diffraction 482:492 X-ray diffraction 476:492 X-ray diffraction 476:492 The structural properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and monosaccharide composition. 34829055 1 39 theme soluble 315:321 arg1 SDF 339:341 SDF 339:341 SDF 339:341 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 39 theme soluble 315:321 arg1 fibers 331:336 extracted soluble dietary fibers 305:336 extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) 305:342 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 5 40 theme oil-holding 855:865 arg1 capacity 867:874 higher oil-holding capacity 848:874 higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g) 848:885 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 40 theme oil-holding 855:865 arg1 g/g 882:884 2.08 g/g 877:884 2.08 g/g 877:884 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 0 41 theme Functional 50:59 arg1 Properties 61:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties 14:70 the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber 14:87 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 1 42 theme dietary 323:329 arg1 SDF 339:341 SDF 339:341 SDF 339:341 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 1 42 theme dietary 323:329 arg1 fibers 331:336 extracted soluble dietary fibers 305:336 extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) 305:342 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 5 43 theme cholesterol 1102:1112 arg1 CAC 1135:1137 CAC 1135:1137 CAC 1135:1137 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 43 theme cholesterol 1102:1112 arg1 capacity 1125:1132 cholesterol adsorption capacity 1102:1132 cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) 1102:1138 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 4 44 theme crystalline 751:761 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 44 theme crystalline 751:761 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 5 45 theme dietary 1152:1158 arg1 fibers 1160:1165 these dietary fibers 1146:1165 these dietary fibers 1146:1165 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 1 46 theme fibers 331:336 arg1 properties 291:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties 244:300 the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) 244:377 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 6 47 theme food 1313:1316 arg1 industry 1318:1325 the functional food industry 1298:1325 the functional food industry 1298:1325 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 5 48 theme exchange 1066:1073 arg1 capacity 1075:1082 cation exchange capacity 1059:1082 cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) 1059:1096 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 48 theme exchange 1066:1073 arg1 mmol/g 1090:1095 0.89 mmol/g 1085:1095 0.89 mmol/g 1085:1095 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 49 theme cation 1059:1064 arg1 capacity 1075:1082 cation exchange capacity 1059:1082 cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) 1059:1096 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 49 theme cation 1059:1064 arg1 mmol/g 1090:1095 0.89 mmol/g 1085:1095 0.89 mmol/g 1085:1095 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 4 50 theme cellulose 741:749 arg1 structure 763:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 typical cellulose crystalline structure 733:771 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 4 50 theme cellulose 741:749 arg1 features 704:711 representative infrared spectral features 671:711 representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides 671:730 Four samples showed representative infrared spectral features of polysaccharides, typical cellulose crystalline structure and diverse monosaccharide composition. 34829055 6 51 theme functional 1302:1311 arg1 industry 1318:1325 the functional food industry 1298:1325 the functional food industry 1298:1325 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 34829055 5 52 theme swelling 1027:1034 arg1 capacity 1036:1043 the highest swelling capacity 1015:1043 the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g) 1015:1056 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 52 theme swelling 1027:1034 arg1 mL/g 1052:1055 23.33 mL/g 1046:1055 23.33 mL/g 1046:1055 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 3 53 theme looser 633:638 arg1 structure 640:648 a looser structure 631:648 a looser structure 631:648 Among these dietary fibers, residue-SDF showed a more complex structure, while peel-IDF exhibited a looser structure. 34829055 5 54 theme nitrite 927:933 arg1 capacity 950:957 nitrite ion adsorption capacity 927:957 nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) 927:964 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 54 theme nitrite 927:933 arg1 NIAC 960:963 NIAC 960:963 NIAC 960:963 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 1 55 theme Ultrasound-assisted 138:156 arg1 treatment 168:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment 138:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment 138:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 2 56 theme monosaccharide 505:518 arg1 composition 520:530 monosaccharide composition 505:530 monosaccharide composition 505:530 The structural properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and monosaccharide composition. 34829055 5 57 theme water-holding 888:900 arg1 capacity 902:909 water-holding capacity 888:909 water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) 888:921 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 57 theme water-holding 888:900 arg1 g/g 918:920 13.43 g/g 912:920 13.43 g/g 912:920 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 1 58 theme enzymatic 158:166 arg1 treatment 168:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment 138:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment 138:176 Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment was used to treat Newhall navel orange peel and residue, and then the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) were investigated. 34829055 0 59 theme Properties 61:70 arg1 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation 0:9 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber 0:87 Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracted from Newhall Navel Orange By-Products. 34829055 5 60 theme adsorption 939:948 arg1 capacity 950:957 nitrite ion adsorption capacity 927:957 nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) 927:964 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 5 60 theme adsorption 939:948 arg1 NIAC 960:963 NIAC 960:963 NIAC 960:963 Furthermore, residue-IDF exhibited higher oil-holding capacity (2.08 g/g), water-holding capacity (13.43 g/g) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) than other three samples, and residue-SDF showed the highest swelling capacity (23.33 mL/g), cation exchange capacity (0.89 mmol/g) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) among these dietary fibers. 34829055 6 61 from application 1283:1293 arg1 industry 1318:1325 the functional food industry 1298:1325 the functional food industry 1298:1325 In summary, this study suggests that the residue-SDF and residue-IDF could be used as the ideal dietary fibers for application in the functional food industry. 33389109 6 0 dep head 815:818 arg1 to 801:802 to 801:802 to 801:802 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 13 1 from pool 1941:1944 arg1 leaves 1982:1987 leaves 1982:1987 leaves 1982:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 13 1 from pool 1941:1944 arg1 flowers 1970:1976 the flowers 1966:1976 the flowers 1966:1976 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 11 2 theme GTs 1748:1750 arg1 cavity 1734:1739 the subcuticular cavity 1717:1739 the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes 1717:1784 Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. 33389109 8 3 theme corolla 1086:1092 arg1 tube 1094:1097 the corolla tube 1082:1097 the corolla tube 1082:1097 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 6 4 theme eight-cell 804:813 arg1 head 815:818 head 815:818 head 815:818 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 2 5 theme cell 206:209 arg1 ultrastructure 211:224 cell ultrastructure 206:224 cell ultrastructure 206:224 Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. 33389109 10 6 theme ovary 1469:1473 arg1 trichomes 1436:1444 the peltate trichomes 1424:1444 the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary 1424:1473 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 7 theme cisterns 1625:1632 arg1 aggregates 1603:1612 the huge aggregates 1594:1612 the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns 1594:1632 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 15 8 theme 1-octen 2141:2147 arg1 salicylate 2172:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 8 theme 1-octen 2141:2147 arg1 compounds 2261:2269 the main compounds 2252:2269 the main compounds of the flower scent 2252:2289 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 8 theme 1-octen 2141:2147 arg1 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 8 theme 1-octen 2141:2147 arg1 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 8 theme 1-octen 2141:2147 arg1 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 8 theme 1-octen 2141:2147 arg1 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 8 9 from present 1140:1146 arg1 quantity 1158:1165 larger quantity 1151:1165 larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube 1151:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 11 10 theme leaf 1763:1766 arg1 trichomes 1776:1784 the leaf peltate trichomes 1759:1784 the leaf peltate trichomes 1759:1784 Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. 33389109 10 11 theme calyx 1459:1463 arg1 trichomes 1436:1444 the peltate trichomes 1424:1444 the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary 1424:1473 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 2 12 theme compounds 254:262 arg1 ultrastructure 211:224 cell ultrastructure 206:224 cell ultrastructure 206:224 Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. 33389109 2 12 theme compounds 254:262 arg1 content 230:236 content 230:236 content 230:236 Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. 33389109 2 12 theme compounds 254:262 arg1 Morphology 194:203 Morphology 194:203 Morphology 194:203 Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. 33389109 9 13 theme ultrastructural 1338:1352 arg1 traits 1354:1359 specific ultrastructural traits 1329:1359 specific ultrastructural traits 1329:1359 GTs of each type are characterized by specific ultrastructural traits. 33389109 14 14 theme fatty 2055:2059 arg1 derivatives 2066:2076 fatty acid derivatives 2055:2076 fatty acid derivatives 2055:2076 Seventeen compounds, including alcohols, fatty acid derivatives, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and benzenoids were identified. 33389109 8 15 theme calyx 1124:1128 arg1 trichomes 1069:1077 the capitate trichomes 1056:1077 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube 1056:1097 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 15 theme calyx 1124:1128 arg1 trichomes 1111:1119 peltate trichomes 1103:1119 peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary 1103:1212 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 10 16 theme Golgi 1476:1480 arg1 organelle 1506:1514 the common organelle 1495:1514 the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx 1495:1591 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 16 theme Golgi 1476:1480 arg1 apparatus 1482:1490 Golgi apparatus 1476:1490 Golgi apparatus 1476:1490 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 16 17 from GTs 2304:2306 arg1 hortensis 2341:2349 M. hortensis 2338:2349 M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators 2338:2456 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 15 18 theme main 2256:2259 arg1 salicylate 2172:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 18 theme main 2256:2259 arg1 compounds 2261:2269 the main compounds 2252:2269 the main compounds of the flower scent 2252:2289 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 18 theme main 2256:2259 arg1 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 18 theme main 2256:2259 arg1 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 18 theme main 2256:2259 arg1 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 18 theme main 2256:2259 arg1 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 8 19 theme terpenes 1131:1138 arg1 trichomes 1069:1077 the capitate trichomes 1056:1077 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube 1056:1097 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 19 theme terpenes 1131:1138 arg1 trichomes 1111:1119 peltate trichomes 1103:1119 peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary 1103:1212 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 6 20 theme multicellular 851:863 arg1 stalk 865:869 a wide multicellular stalk 844:869 a wide multicellular stalk 844:869 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 11 21 theme peltate 1768:1774 arg1 trichomes 1776:1784 the leaf peltate trichomes 1759:1784 the leaf peltate trichomes 1759:1784 Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. 33389109 8 22 theme corolla 1191:1197 arg1 tube 1199:1202 the corolla tube 1187:1202 the corolla tube 1187:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 7 23 theme chemical 974:981 arg1 composition 983:993 the chemical composition 970:993 the chemical composition of GTs 970:1000 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 10 24 theme trichomes 1669:1677 arg1 cytoplasm 1647:1655 cytoplasm 1647:1655 cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes 1647:1677 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 7 25 theme microscopy 924:933 arg1 series 874:879 A series 872:879 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy 872:933 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 12 26 theme cell 1857:1860 arg1 wall 1862:1865 the thick upper cell wall 1841:1865 the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer 1841:1895 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 10 27 theme common 1499:1504 arg1 organelle 1506:1514 the common organelle 1495:1514 the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx 1495:1591 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 27 theme common 1499:1504 arg1 apparatus 1482:1490 Golgi apparatus 1476:1490 Golgi apparatus 1476:1490 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 11 28 theme Synthesized 1680:1690 arg1 secretion 1692:1700 Synthesized secretion 1680:1700 Synthesized secretion 1680:1700 Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. 33389109 13 29 theme internal 1932:1939 arg1 pool 1941:1944 the internal pool 1928:1944 the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1928:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 13 30 theme pool 1941:1944 arg1 content 1917:1923 content 1917:1923 content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1917:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 8 31 from quantity 1158:1165 arg1 present 1140:1146 present 1140:1146 present 1140:1146 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 31 from quantity 1158:1165 arg1 trichomes 1174:1182 the trichomes 1170:1182 the trichomes of the corolla tube 1170:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 7 32 theme various 948:954 arg1 substances 956:965 the various substances 944:965 the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs 944:1000 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 3 33 theme metabolites 571:581 arg1 pool 563:566 the internal pool 550:566 the internal pool of metabolites 550:581 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 7 34 theme histochemical 884:896 arg1 reactions 898:906 histochemical reactions 884:906 histochemical reactions 884:906 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 1 35 theme trichomes 117:125 arg1 types 94:98 Three types 88:98 Three types of the glandular trichomes 88:125 Three types of the glandular trichomes are developed on the flowers and leaves of Millingtonia hortensis. 33389109 8 36 attach present 1140:1146 arg2 terpenes 1131:1138 terpenes 1131:1138 terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube 1131:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 36 attach present 1140:1146 arg1 quantity 1158:1165 larger quantity 1151:1165 larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube 1151:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 10 37 theme peltate 1566:1572 arg1 trichomes 1574:1582 the corolla tube and peltate trichomes 1545:1582 trichomes 1574:1582 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 8 38 theme phenolic 1222:1229 arg1 substances 1231:1240 phenolic substances 1222:1240 phenolic substances 1222:1240 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 0 39 theme Millingtonia 49:60 arg1 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 0 39 theme Millingtonia 49:60 arg1 hortensis 62:70 Millingtonia hortensis 49:70 Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae) 49:85 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 3 40 theme pool 563:566 arg1 composition 535:545 the composition 531:545 the composition of the internal pool of metabolites 531:581 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 8 41 theme Acid 1003:1006 arg1 polysaccharides 1008:1022 Acid polysaccharides 1003:1022 Acid polysaccharides 1003:1022 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 6 42 located located 763:769 arg2 GTs 755:757 The capitate GTs 742:757 The capitate GTs 742:757 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 42 located located 763:769 arg2 located 763:769 located 763:769 located 763:769 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 42 located located 763:769 arg1 tube 782:785 corolla tube 774:785 corolla tube 774:785 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 3 43 located localized 430:438 arg2 types 424:428 two types 420:428 two types localized on the different flower parts 420:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 3 43 located localized 430:438 arg1 parts 464:468 the different flower parts 443:468 the different flower parts 443:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 15 44 theme flower 2278:2283 arg1 scent 2285:2289 the flower scent 2274:2289 the flower scent 2274:2289 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 16 45 theme leaf 2471:2474 arg1 trichomes 2484:2492 the leaf peltate trichomes 2467:2492 the leaf peltate trichomes 2467:2492 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 3 46 theme study 316:320 arg1 aim 304:306 The aim 300:306 The aim of this study 300:320 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 0 47 from flowers 27:33 arg1 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 0 47 from flowers 27:33 arg1 hortensis 62:70 Millingtonia hortensis 49:70 Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae) 49:85 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 10 48 theme endoplasmic 1369:1379 arg1 SER 1392:1394 SER 1392:1394 SER 1392:1394 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 48 theme endoplasmic 1369:1379 arg1 reticulum 1381:1389 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 1362:1389 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 1362:1395 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 8 49 theme calyx 1274:1278 arg1 trichomes 1257:1265 the trichomes 1253:1265 the trichomes of the calyx and ovary 1253:1288 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 3 50 theme trichomes 401:409 arg1 features 375:382 the structural and histochemical features 342:382 the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts 342:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 0 51 theme Glandular 0:8 arg1 trichomes 10:18 Glandular trichomes 0:18 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 0:86 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 16 52 theme acid 2364:2367 arg1 polysaccharides 2369:2383 acid polysaccharides 2364:2383 acid polysaccharides 2364:2383 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 16 52 theme acid 2364:2367 arg1 compounds 2398:2406 volatile compounds 2389:2406 volatile compounds 2389:2406 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 16 52 theme acid 2364:2367 arg1 structures 2421:2430 secretory structures 2411:2430 secretory structures attracting of pollinators 2411:2456 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 8 53 theme ovary 1284:1288 arg1 trichomes 1257:1265 the trichomes 1253:1265 the trichomes of the calyx and ovary 1253:1288 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 3 54 theme types 424:428 arg1 features 375:382 the structural and histochemical features 342:382 the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts 342:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 13 55 from leaves 1982:1987 arg1 metabolites 1949:1959 metabolites 1949:1959 metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1949:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 13 55 from leaves 1982:1987 arg1 pool 1941:1944 the internal pool 1928:1944 the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1928:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 12 56 theme secretion 1818:1826 arg1 trichomes 1794:1802 the trichomes 1790:1802 the trichomes of the leaves secretion 1790:1826 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 10 57 theme tube 1557:1560 arg1 trichomes 1532:1540 the capitate trichomes 1519:1540 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx 1519:1591 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 5 58 theme disk-shaped 699:709 arg1 head 711:714 12-24-cell disk-shaped head 688:714 12-24-cell disk-shaped head 688:714 GTs consist of 12-24-cell disk-shaped head and a single-celled neck. 33389109 0 59 theme flowers 27:33 arg1 trichomes 10:18 Glandular trichomes 0:18 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 0:86 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 16 60 theme volatile 2389:2396 arg1 polysaccharides 2369:2383 acid polysaccharides 2364:2383 acid polysaccharides 2364:2383 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 16 60 theme volatile 2389:2396 arg1 compounds 2398:2406 volatile compounds 2389:2406 volatile compounds 2389:2406 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 16 60 theme volatile 2389:2396 arg1 structures 2421:2430 secretory structures 2411:2430 secretory structures attracting of pollinators 2411:2456 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 10 61 theme peltate 1428:1434 arg1 trichomes 1436:1444 the peltate trichomes 1424:1444 the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary 1424:1473 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 3 62 theme different 447:455 arg1 parts 464:468 the different flower parts 443:468 the different flower parts 443:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 0 63 theme leaves 39:44 arg1 trichomes 10:18 Glandular trichomes 0:18 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 0:86 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 0 64 dep flowers 27:33 arg1 the 23:25 the 23:25 the 23:25 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 16 65 theme vegetative 2557:2566 arg1 shoots 2568:2573 young vegetative shoots 2551:2573 young vegetative shoots 2551:2573 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 15 66 theme methyl 2165:2170 arg1 salicylate 2172:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 66 theme methyl 2165:2170 arg1 compounds 2261:2269 the main compounds 2252:2269 the main compounds of the flower scent 2252:2289 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 66 theme methyl 2165:2170 arg1 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 66 theme methyl 2165:2170 arg1 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 66 theme methyl 2165:2170 arg1 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 66 theme methyl 2165:2170 arg1 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 6 67 theme capitate 746:753 arg1 GTs 755:757 The capitate GTs 742:757 The capitate GTs 742:757 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 67 theme capitate 746:753 arg1 located 763:769 located 763:769 located 763:769 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 68 theme single-celled 821:833 arg1 neck 835:838 single-celled neck 821:838 single-celled neck 821:838 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 16 69 theme herbivorous 2589:2599 arg1 insects 2601:2607 small herbivorous insects 2583:2607 small herbivorous insects 2583:2607 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 14 70 theme acid 2061:2064 arg1 derivatives 2066:2076 fatty acid derivatives 2055:2076 fatty acid derivatives 2055:2076 Seventeen compounds, including alcohols, fatty acid derivatives, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and benzenoids were identified. 33389109 10 71 theme huge 1598:1601 arg1 aggregates 1603:1612 the huge aggregates 1594:1612 the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns 1594:1632 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 9 72 theme type 1303:1306 arg1 GTs 1291:1293 GTs 1291:1293 GTs of each type 1291:1306 GTs of each type are characterized by specific ultrastructural traits. 33389109 12 73 theme cutinized 1881:1889 arg1 layer 1891:1895 the wide cutinized layer 1872:1895 the wide cutinized layer 1872:1895 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 16 74 theme organs 2328:2333 arg1 GTs 2304:2306 GTs 2304:2306 GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators 2304:2456 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 13 75 from flowers 1970:1976 arg1 metabolites 1949:1959 metabolites 1949:1959 metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1949:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 13 75 from flowers 1970:1976 arg1 pool 1941:1944 the internal pool 1928:1944 the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1928:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 12 76 theme upper 1851:1855 arg1 wall 1862:1865 the thick upper cell wall 1841:1865 the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer 1841:1895 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 10 77 from organelle 1506:1514 arg1 trichomes 1532:1540 the capitate trichomes 1519:1540 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx 1519:1591 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 78 theme RER 1621:1623 arg1 cisterns 1625:1632 the RER cisterns 1617:1632 the RER cisterns 1617:1632 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 9 79 theme specific 1329:1336 arg1 traits 1354:1359 specific ultrastructural traits 1329:1359 specific ultrastructural traits 1329:1359 GTs of each type are characterized by specific ultrastructural traits. 33389109 8 80 theme tube 1094:1097 arg1 trichomes 1069:1077 the capitate trichomes 1056:1077 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube 1056:1097 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 80 theme tube 1094:1097 arg1 trichomes 1111:1119 peltate trichomes 1103:1119 peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary 1103:1212 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 81 theme larger 1151:1156 arg1 quantity 1158:1165 larger quantity 1151:1165 larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube 1151:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 7 82 theme GTs 998:1000 arg1 composition 983:993 the chemical composition 970:993 the chemical composition of GTs 970:1000 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 8 83 dep calyx 1274:1278 arg1 the 1270:1272 the 1270:1272 the 1270:1272 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 84 theme peltate 1103:1109 arg1 trichomes 1111:1119 peltate trichomes 1103:1119 peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary 1103:1212 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 2 85 theme trichome 285:292 arg1 type 294:297 each trichome type 280:297 each trichome type 280:297 Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. 33389109 1 86 theme Millingtonia 170:181 arg1 hortensis 183:191 Millingtonia hortensis 170:191 Millingtonia hortensis 170:191 Three types of the glandular trichomes are developed on the flowers and leaves of Millingtonia hortensis. 33389109 16 87 theme non-volatile 2521:2532 arg1 phenols 2534:2540 predominately non-volatile phenols 2507:2540 predominately non-volatile phenols 2507:2540 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 6 88 contain have 791:794 arg1 GTs 755:757 The capitate GTs 742:757 The capitate GTs 742:757 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 88 contain have 791:794 arg2 neck 835:838 single-celled neck 821:838 single-celled neck 821:838 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 88 contain have 791:794 arg2 stalk 865:869 a wide multicellular stalk 844:869 a wide multicellular stalk 844:869 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 88 contain have 791:794 arg2 head 815:818 head 815:818 head 815:818 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 6 88 contain have 791:794 arg1 located 763:769 located 763:769 located 763:769 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 3 89 theme flower 457:462 arg1 parts 464:468 the different flower parts 443:468 the different flower parts 443:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 12 90 theme the 1807:1809 arg1 secretion 1818:1826 the leaves secretion 1807:1826 the leaves secretion 1807:1826 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 6 91 theme wide 846:849 arg1 stalk 865:869 a wide multicellular stalk 844:869 a wide multicellular stalk 844:869 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 0 92 from hortensis 62:70 arg1 trichomes 10:18 Glandular trichomes 0:18 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 0:86 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 12 93 theme thick 1845:1849 arg1 wall 1862:1865 the thick upper cell wall 1841:1865 the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer 1841:1895 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 4 94 theme peltate 588:594 arg1 GTs 596:598 The peltate GTs 584:598 The peltate GTs 584:598 The peltate GTs are most common; they are founded on peduncle, calyx, ovary, and leaves. 33389109 4 94 theme peltate 588:594 arg1 common 609:614 common 609:614 common 609:614 The peltate GTs are most common; they are founded on peduncle, calyx, ovary, and leaves. 33389109 10 95 theme leaf 1664:1667 arg1 trichomes 1669:1677 all leaf trichomes 1660:1677 all leaf trichomes 1660:1677 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 16 96 dep consider 2295:2302 arg1 whereas 2459:2465 whereas 2459:2465 whereas 2459:2465 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 8 97 theme present 1140:1146 arg1 terpenes 1131:1138 terpenes 1131:1138 terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube 1131:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 16 98 theme young 2551:2555 arg1 shoots 2568:2573 young vegetative shoots 2551:2573 young vegetative shoots 2551:2573 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 8 99 theme tube 1199:1202 arg1 trichomes 1174:1182 the trichomes 1170:1182 the trichomes of the corolla tube 1170:1202 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 12 100 with wall 1862:1865 arg1 layer 1891:1895 the wide cutinized layer 1872:1895 the wide cutinized layer 1872:1895 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 2 101 theme volatile 245:252 arg1 compounds 254:262 the volatile compounds 241:262 the volatile compounds 241:262 Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. 33389109 7 102 theme fluorescent 912:922 arg1 microscopy 924:933 fluorescent microscopy 912:933 fluorescent microscopy 912:933 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 1 103 theme glandular 107:115 arg1 trichomes 117:125 the glandular trichomes 103:125 the glandular trichomes 103:125 Three types of the glandular trichomes are developed on the flowers and leaves of Millingtonia hortensis. 33389109 8 104 theme ovary 1208:1212 arg1 trichomes 1069:1077 the capitate trichomes 1056:1077 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube 1056:1097 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 8 104 theme ovary 1208:1212 arg1 trichomes 1111:1119 peltate trichomes 1103:1119 peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary 1103:1212 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 13 105 theme metabolites 1949:1959 arg1 pool 1941:1944 the internal pool 1928:1944 the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves 1928:1987 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 3 106 theme internal 554:561 arg1 pool 563:566 the internal pool 550:566 the internal pool of metabolites 550:581 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 7 107 theme reactions 898:906 arg1 series 874:879 A series 872:879 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy 872:933 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 16 108 theme reproductive 2315:2326 arg1 organs 2328:2333 the reproductive organs 2311:2333 the reproductive organs 2311:2333 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 0 109 from trichomes 10:18 arg1 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Bignoniaceae 73:84 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 0 109 from trichomes 10:18 arg1 hortensis 62:70 Millingtonia hortensis 49:70 Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae) 49:85 Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). 33389109 16 110 theme peltate 2476:2482 arg1 trichomes 2484:2492 the leaf peltate trichomes 2467:2492 the leaf peltate trichomes 2467:2492 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 12 111 dep the 1807:1809 arg1 leaves 1811:1816 leaves 1811:1816 leaves 1811:1816 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 11 112 theme subcuticular 1721:1732 arg1 cavity 1734:1739 the subcuticular cavity 1717:1739 the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes 1717:1784 Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. 33389109 15 113 theme scent 2285:2289 arg1 salicylate 2172:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 methyl salicylate 2165:2181 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 113 theme scent 2285:2289 arg1 compounds 2261:2269 the main compounds 2252:2269 the main compounds of the flower scent 2252:2289 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 113 theme scent 2285:2289 arg1 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 3-ol 2149:2152 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 113 theme scent 2285:2289 arg1 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 p-hydroxybenzeneethanol 2184:2206 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 113 theme scent 2285:2289 arg1 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene 2212:2245 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 15 113 theme scent 2285:2289 arg1 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 3-carene 2155:2162 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. 33389109 13 114 theme first 1906:1910 arg1 time 1912:1915 the first time 1902:1915 the first time 1902:1915 For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. 33389109 12 115 theme wide 1876:1879 arg1 layer 1891:1895 the wide cutinized layer 1872:1895 the wide cutinized layer 1872:1895 In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. 33389109 3 116 theme histochemical 361:373 arg1 features 375:382 the structural and histochemical features 342:382 the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts 342:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 10 117 theme Smooth 1362:1367 arg1 SER 1392:1394 SER 1392:1394 SER 1392:1394 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 117 theme Smooth 1362:1367 arg1 reticulum 1381:1389 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 1362:1389 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 1362:1395 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 118 theme capitate 1523:1530 arg1 trichomes 1532:1540 the capitate trichomes 1519:1540 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx 1519:1591 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 5 119 theme single-celled 722:734 arg1 neck 736:739 a single-celled neck 720:739 a single-celled neck 720:739 GTs consist of 12-24-cell disk-shaped head and a single-celled neck. 33389109 3 120 theme structural 346:355 arg1 features 375:382 the structural and histochemical features 342:382 the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts 342:468 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 5 121 theme 12-24-cell 688:697 arg1 head 711:714 12-24-cell disk-shaped head 688:714 12-24-cell disk-shaped head 688:714 GTs consist of 12-24-cell disk-shaped head and a single-celled neck. 33389109 6 122 theme corolla 774:780 arg1 tube 782:785 corolla tube 774:785 corolla tube 774:785 The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. 33389109 3 123 theme glandular 391:399 arg1 GTs 412:414 GTs 412:414 GTs 412:414 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 3 123 theme glandular 391:399 arg1 trichomes 401:409 the glandular trichomes 387:409 the glandular trichomes (GTs) 387:415 The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. 33389109 10 124 theme corolla 1549:1555 arg1 tube 1557:1560 the corolla tube and peltate trichomes 1545:1582 tube 1557:1560 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 125 theme calyx 1587:1591 arg1 tube 1557:1560 the corolla tube and peltate trichomes 1545:1582 tube 1557:1560 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 10 125 theme calyx 1587:1591 arg1 trichomes 1574:1582 the corolla tube and peltate trichomes 1545:1582 trichomes 1574:1582 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 16 126 theme small 2583:2587 arg1 insects 2601:2607 small herbivorous insects 2583:2607 small herbivorous insects 2583:2607 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 10 127 theme trichomes 1574:1582 arg1 trichomes 1532:1540 the capitate trichomes 1519:1540 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx 1519:1591 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 33389109 8 128 theme capitate 1060:1067 arg1 trichomes 1069:1077 the capitate trichomes 1056:1077 the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube 1056:1097 Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. 33389109 16 129 theme secretory 2411:2419 arg1 polysaccharides 2369:2383 acid polysaccharides 2364:2383 acid polysaccharides 2364:2383 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 16 129 theme secretory 2411:2419 arg1 compounds 2398:2406 volatile compounds 2389:2406 volatile compounds 2389:2406 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 16 129 theme secretory 2411:2419 arg1 structures 2421:2430 secretory structures 2411:2430 secretory structures attracting of pollinators 2411:2456 We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens. 33389109 7 130 from substances 956:965 arg1 composition 983:993 the chemical composition 970:993 the chemical composition of GTs 970:1000 A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. 33389109 10 131 theme peduncle 1449:1456 arg1 trichomes 1436:1444 the peltate trichomes 1424:1444 the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary 1424:1473 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. 32999159 3 0 from O-GlcNAcylation 425:439 arg1 cells 458:462 murine RAW264 cells 444:462 murine RAW264 cells 444:462 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 6 1 dep prevention 1283:1292 arg1 the 1279:1281 the 1279:1281 the 1279:1281 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 2 2 theme osteoclastogenic 354:369 arg1 differentiation 371:385 osteoclastogenic differentiation 354:385 osteoclastogenic differentiation 354:385 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 6 3 theme O-GlcNAc 1105:1112 arg1 modification 1114:1125 O-GlcNAc modification 1105:1125 O-GlcNAc modification 1105:1125 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 0 4 theme G 85:85 arg1 Treatment 87:95 Thiamet G Treatment 77:95 Thiamet G Treatment 77:95 Osteoclast Differentiation Is Suppressed by Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment. 32999159 6 5 from useful 1269:1274 arg1 treatment 1297:1305 treatment 1297:1305 treatment 1297:1305 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 6 5 from useful 1269:1274 arg1 prevention 1283:1292 prevention 1283:1292 prevention 1283:1292 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 3 6 theme -dependent 533:542 arg1 formation 544:552 nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation 501:552 nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 501:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 5 7 theme blood 1035:1039 arg1 cells 1053:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 6 8 theme osteoclast 1151:1160 arg1 formation 1162:1170 osteoclast formation 1151:1170 osteoclast formation 1151:1170 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 1 9 dep cells 138:142 arg1 crucial 210:216 crucial 210:216 crucial 210:216 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 4 10 theme multinuclear 809:820 arg1 cells 822:826 multinuclear cells 809:826 multinuclear cells 809:826 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 3 11 from formation 544:552 arg1 cells 622:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 5 12 theme bone 996:999 arg1 cells 1008:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 6 13 from osteoporosis 1310:1321 arg1 future 1326:1331 future 1326:1331 future 1326:1331 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 5 14 theme peripheral 1024:1033 arg1 cells 1053:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 6 15 theme O-GlcNAc 1226:1233 arg1 modification 1235:1246 O-GlcNAc modification 1226:1246 O-GlcNAc modification 1226:1246 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 5 16 theme dependent 920:928 arg1 formation 941:949 RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation 865:949 RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation 865:949 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 17 theme tartrate-resistant 557:574 arg1 phosphatase 581:591 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 557:591 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 17 theme tartrate-resistant 557:574 arg1 TRAP 594:597 TRAP 594:597 TRAP 594:597 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 4 18 theme O-linked 720:727 arg1 O-GlcNAc 750:757 O-GlcNAc 750:757 O-GlcNAc 750:757 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 4 18 theme O-linked 720:727 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 729:747 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 720:747 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 720:770 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 1 19 theme differentiation 181:195 arg1 mechanism 197:205 their differentiation mechanism 175:205 their differentiation mechanism 175:205 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 5 20 theme marrow 1001:1006 arg1 cells 1008:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 1 21 from cells 138:142 arg1 understanding 161:173 understanding 161:173 understanding 161:173 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 1 21 from cells 138:142 arg1 organisms 147:155 organisms 147:155 organisms 147:155 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 3 22 theme acid 576:579 arg1 phosphatase 581:591 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 557:591 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 22 theme acid 576:579 arg1 TRAP 594:597 TRAP 594:597 TRAP 594:597 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 6 23 from future 1326:1331 arg1 treatment 1297:1305 treatment 1297:1305 treatment 1297:1305 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 6 23 from future 1326:1331 arg1 prevention 1283:1292 prevention 1283:1292 prevention 1283:1292 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 5 24 theme G 837:837 arg1 treatment 839:847 Thiamet G treatment 829:847 Thiamet G treatment 829:847 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 5 25 theme colony-stimulating 886:903 arg1 factor 905:910 macrophage colony-stimulating factor 875:910 macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) 875:918 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 5 25 theme colony-stimulating 886:903 arg1 M-CSF 913:917 M-CSF 913:917 M-CSF 913:917 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 5 26 theme Thiamet 829:835 arg1 treatment 839:847 Thiamet G treatment 829:847 Thiamet G treatment 829:847 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 27 theme -positive 599:607 arg1 cells 622:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 28 theme RAW264 451:456 arg1 cells 458:462 murine RAW264 cells 444:462 murine RAW264 cells 444:462 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 0 29 theme Osteoclast 0:9 arg1 Differentiation 11:25 Osteoclast Differentiation 0:25 Osteoclast Differentiation 0:25 Osteoclast Differentiation Is Suppressed by Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment. 32999159 3 30 theme multinuclear 609:620 arg1 cells 622:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 31 from cells 622:626 arg1 activator 488:496 receptor activator 479:496 receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 479:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 32 theme Thiamet 388:394 arg1 treatment 398:406 Thiamet G treatment 388:406 Thiamet G treatment 388:406 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 2 33 theme G 313:313 arg1 effect 295:300 the effect 291:300 the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation 291:385 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 3 34 theme G 396:396 arg1 treatment 398:406 Thiamet G treatment 388:406 Thiamet G treatment 388:406 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 5 35 theme mononuclear 1041:1051 arg1 cells 1053:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 2 36 theme Thiamet 305:311 arg1 inhibitor 340:348 an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor 316:348 an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor 316:348 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 2 36 theme Thiamet 305:311 arg1 G 313:313 Thiamet G 305:313 Thiamet G 305:313 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 6 37 from treatment 1297:1305 arg1 useful 1269:1274 useful 1269:1274 useful 1269:1274 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 6 37 from treatment 1297:1305 arg1 future 1326:1331 future 1326:1331 future 1326:1331 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 3 38 theme nuclear 501:507 arg1 ligand 519:524 nuclear factor-κB ligand 501:524 nuclear factor-κB ligand 501:524 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 0 39 theme Increased 44:52 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 54:68 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 44:68 Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment 44:95 Osteoclast Differentiation Is Suppressed by Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment. 32999159 4 40 theme transferase 760:770 arg1 knockdown 707:715 knockdown 707:715 knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 707:770 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 4 40 theme transferase 760:770 arg1 Meanwhile 696:704 Meanwhile 696:704 Meanwhile 696:704 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 5 41 theme osteoclast 930:939 arg1 formation 941:949 RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation 865:949 RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation 865:949 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 4 42 link O-linked 720:727 arg1 O-GlcNAc 750:757 O-GlcNAc 750:757 O-GlcNAc 750:757 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 4 42 link O-linked 720:727 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 729:747 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 720:747 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 720:770 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 3 43 theme receptor 479:486 arg1 activator 488:496 receptor activator 479:496 receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 479:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 44 theme murine 444:449 arg1 cells 458:462 murine RAW264 cells 444:462 murine RAW264 cells 444:462 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 5 45 theme bone-resorbing 955:968 arg1 activity 970:977 bone-resorbing activity 955:977 bone-resorbing activity 955:977 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 46 theme specific 680:687 arg1 genes 689:693 osteoclast specific genes 669:693 osteoclast specific genes 669:693 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 0 47 theme Due 70:72 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 54:68 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 44:68 Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment 44:95 Osteoclast Differentiation Is Suppressed by Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment. 32999159 5 48 theme mouse 982:986 arg1 cells 1008:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 49 theme genes 689:693 arg1 upregulation 653:664 the upregulation 649:664 the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes 649:693 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 50 from activator 488:496 arg1 cells 622:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 5 51 theme macrophage 875:884 arg1 factor 905:910 macrophage colony-stimulating factor 875:910 macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) 875:918 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 5 51 theme macrophage 875:884 arg1 M-CSF 913:917 M-CSF 913:917 M-CSF 913:917 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 52 dep -dependent 533:542 arg1 ligand 519:524 nuclear factor-κB ligand 501:524 nuclear factor-κB ligand 501:524 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 1 53 theme bone-resorbing 123:136 arg1 cells 138:142 the only bone-resorbing cells 114:142 the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis 114:250 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 1 53 theme bone-resorbing 123:136 arg1 Osteoclasts 98:108 Osteoclasts 98:108 Osteoclasts 98:108 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 6 54 theme osteoporosis 1310:1321 arg1 treatment 1297:1305 treatment 1297:1305 treatment 1297:1305 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 6 54 theme osteoporosis 1310:1321 arg1 prevention 1283:1292 prevention 1283:1292 prevention 1283:1292 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 4 55 dep formation 785:793 arg1 TRAP-positive 795:807 TRAP-positive 795:807 TRAP-positive 795:807 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 2 56 theme specific 331:338 arg1 inhibitor 340:348 an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor 316:348 an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor 316:348 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 2 56 theme specific 331:338 arg1 G 313:313 Thiamet G 305:313 Thiamet G 305:313 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 1 57 theme osteoporosis 239:250 arg1 treatment 226:234 the treatment 222:234 the treatment of osteoporosis 222:250 Osteoclasts are the only bone-resorbing cells in organisms and understanding their differentiation mechanism is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. 32999159 5 58 theme human 1018:1022 arg1 cells 1053:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 1018:1057 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 59 theme osteoclast 669:678 arg1 genes 689:693 osteoclast specific genes 669:693 osteoclast specific genes 669:693 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 2 60 theme O-GlcNAcase 319:329 arg1 inhibitor 340:348 an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor 316:348 an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor 316:348 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 2 60 theme O-GlcNAcase 319:329 arg1 G 313:313 Thiamet G 305:313 Thiamet G 305:313 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 6 61 from prevention 1283:1292 arg1 useful 1269:1274 useful 1269:1274 useful 1269:1274 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 6 61 from prevention 1283:1292 arg1 future 1326:1331 future 1326:1331 future 1326:1331 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 32999159 3 62 theme factor-κB 509:517 arg1 ligand 519:524 nuclear factor-κB ligand 501:524 nuclear factor-κB ligand 501:524 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 0 63 theme Thiamet 77:83 arg1 Treatment 87:95 Thiamet G Treatment 77:95 Thiamet G Treatment 77:95 Osteoclast Differentiation Is Suppressed by Increased O-GlcNAcylation Due to Thiamet G Treatment. 32999159 5 64 theme primary 988:994 arg1 cells 1008:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 mouse primary bone marrow cells 982:1012 Thiamet G treatment also suppressed RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) dependent osteoclast formation and bone-resorbing activity in mouse primary bone marrow cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 32999159 3 65 theme formation 544:552 arg1 activator 488:496 receptor activator 479:496 receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 479:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 2 66 from effect 295:300 arg1 differentiation 371:385 osteoclastogenic differentiation 354:385 osteoclastogenic differentiation 354:385 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 3 67 theme global 418:423 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 425:439 global O-GlcNAcylation 418:439 global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells 418:462 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 3 68 theme phosphatase 581:591 arg1 cells 622:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells 557:626 Thiamet G treatment increased global O-GlcNAcylation in murine RAW264 cells and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent formation in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells, thereby suppressing the upregulation of osteoclast specific genes. 32999159 2 69 theme present 260:266 arg1 study 268:272 the present study 256:272 the present study 256:272 In the present study, we investigated the effect of Thiamet G, an O-GlcNAcase specific inhibitor, on osteoclastogenic differentiation. 32999159 4 70 theme N-acetylglucosamine 729:747 arg1 transferase 760:770 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 720:770 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 720:770 Meanwhile, knockdown of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase promoted the formation TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. 32999159 6 71 theme modification 1114:1125 arg1 promotion 1092:1100 the promotion 1088:1100 the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification 1088:1125 These results indicate that the promotion of O-GlcNAc modification specifically suppresses osteoclast formation and its activity and suggest that chemicals affecting O-GlcNAc modification might potentially be useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in future. 34471742 0 0 theme α-Glucans 85:93 arg1 Purification 11:22 Purification 11:22 Purification 11:22 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 0 0 theme α-Glucans 85:93 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 0 0 theme α-Glucans 85:93 arg1 Analysis 73:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 0 0 theme α-Glucans 85:93 arg1 Characterization 25:40 Characterization 25:40 Characterization 25:40 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 2 1 theme composition 372:382 arg1 analysis 384:391 The monosaccharide composition analysis 353:391 The monosaccharide composition analysis 353:391 The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that SP was mainly composed of rhamnose and glucose, while PSP-1 and PSP-2 were composed only of glucose. 34471742 3 2 theme branch 766:771 arg1 chain 773:777 the branch chain 762:777 the branch chain 762:777 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 3 theme composition 513:523 arg1 analysis 525:532 The composition analysis 509:532 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR 509:575 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 4 theme chain 773:777 arg1 structure 749:757 the linear structure 738:757 the linear structure of the branch chain 738:777 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 4 theme chain 773:777 arg1 α-D-Glcp 726:733 the single α-D-Glcp 715:733 the single α-D-Glcp 715:733 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 0 5 theme Spirulina 100:108 arg1 platensis 110:118 Spirulina platensis 100:118 Spirulina platensis 100:118 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 4 6 contain possess 967:973 arg2 activity 1000:1007 certain immunomodulatory activity 975:1007 certain immunomodulatory activity 975:1007 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 4 6 contain possess 967:973 arg1 they 958:961 they 958:961 they 958:961 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 3 7 theme PSP-2 547:551 arg1 analysis 525:532 The composition analysis 509:532 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR 509:575 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 4 8 theme immunomodulatory 983:998 arg1 activity 1000:1007 certain immunomodulatory activity 975:1007 certain immunomodulatory activity 975:1007 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 4 9 theme iNOS 882:885 arg1 activity 887:894 iNOS activity 882:894 iNOS activity 882:894 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 1 10 dep fractions 326:334 arg1 fractions 326:334 two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2 313:350 two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2 313:350 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 10 dep fractions 326:334 arg1 PSP-2 346:350 PSP-2 346:350 PSP-2 346:350 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 10 dep fractions 326:334 arg1 PSP-1 336:340 PSP-1 336:340 PSP-1 336:340 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 11 from platensis 158:166 arg1 polysaccharides 127:141 Crude polysaccharides 121:141 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) 121:171 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 3 12 theme main 686:689 arg1 chain 691:695 the main chain 682:695 the main chain 682:695 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 13 theme PSP-1 537:541 arg1 analysis 525:532 The composition analysis 509:532 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR 509:575 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 14 dep -linked-α-D-Glcp 662:677 arg1 → 658:658 1 → 4 656:660 1 → 4 656:660 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 1 15 theme Sephadex 278:285 arg1 chromatography 293:306 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography 256:306 chromatography 293:306 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 16 theme G-100 287:291 arg1 chromatography 293:306 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography 256:306 chromatography 293:306 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 4 17 theme macrophages 861:871 arg1 ability 850:856 the phagocytic ability 835:856 the phagocytic ability of macrophages 835:871 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 2 18 theme monosaccharide 357:370 arg1 analysis 384:391 The monosaccharide composition analysis 353:391 The monosaccharide composition analysis 353:391 The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that SP was mainly composed of rhamnose and glucose, while PSP-1 and PSP-2 were composed only of glucose. 34471742 4 19 theme IL-6 933:936 arg1 expression 943:952 IL-6 mRNA expression 933:952 IL-6 mRNA expression 933:952 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 1 20 theme hot 208:210 arg1 solution 219:226 a hot alkali solution 206:226 a hot alkali solution 206:226 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 3 21 theme single 719:724 arg1 structure 749:757 the linear structure 738:757 the linear structure of the branch chain 738:777 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 21 theme single 719:724 arg1 α-D-Glcp 726:733 the single α-D-Glcp 715:733 the single α-D-Glcp 715:733 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 1 22 theme DEAE-52 256:262 arg1 cellulose 264:272 DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography 256:306 cellulose 264:272 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 3 23 theme branching 610:618 arg1 dextran 620:626 branching dextran 610:626 branching dextran 610:626 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 1 24 theme alkali 212:217 arg1 solution 219:226 a hot alkali solution 206:226 a hot alkali solution 206:226 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 0 25 theme Immunomodulatory 47:62 arg1 Analysis 73:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 1 26 theme purified 317:324 arg1 fractions 326:334 two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2 313:350 two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2 313:350 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 26 theme purified 317:324 arg1 PSP-2 346:350 PSP-2 346:350 PSP-2 346:350 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 26 theme purified 317:324 arg1 PSP-1 336:340 PSP-1 336:340 PSP-1 336:340 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 4 27 theme NO 905:906 arg1 production 908:917 NO production 905:917 NO production 905:917 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 1 28 theme Crude 121:125 arg1 polysaccharides 127:141 Crude polysaccharides 121:141 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) 121:171 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 4 29 theme mRNA 938:941 arg1 expression 943:952 IL-6 mRNA expression 933:952 IL-6 mRNA expression 933:952 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 0 30 from platensis 110:118 arg1 Purification 11:22 Purification 11:22 Purification 11:22 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 0 30 from platensis 110:118 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 0 30 from platensis 110:118 arg1 Analysis 73:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 0 30 from platensis 110:118 arg1 Characterization 25:40 Characterization 25:40 Characterization 25:40 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 3 31 theme linear 742:747 arg1 structure 749:757 the linear structure 738:757 the linear structure of the branch chain 738:777 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 3 31 theme linear 742:747 arg1 α-D-Glcp 726:733 the single α-D-Glcp 715:733 the single α-D-Glcp 715:733 The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. 34471742 4 32 theme phagocytic 839:848 arg1 ability 850:856 the phagocytic ability 835:856 the phagocytic ability of macrophages 835:871 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 34471742 1 33 theme Spirulina 148:156 arg1 SP 169:170 SP 169:170 SP 169:170 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 1 33 theme Spirulina 148:156 arg1 platensis 158:166 Spirulina platensis 148:166 Spirulina platensis (SP) 148:171 Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. 34471742 0 34 theme Activity 64:71 arg1 Analysis 73:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis 47:80 Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. 34471742 4 35 theme certain 975:981 arg1 activity 1000:1007 certain immunomodulatory activity 975:1007 certain immunomodulatory activity 975:1007 The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity. 33069472 0 0 theme aggregates 92:101 arg1 performance 36:46 performance 36:46 performance 36:46 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 0 0 theme aggregates 92:101 arg1 characteristics 63:77 structural characteristics 52:77 structural characteristics 52:77 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 1 1 theme microbial 354:362 arg1 aggregates 364:373 the two most common microbial aggregates 334:373 the two most common microbial aggregates 334:373 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 1 theme microbial 354:362 arg1 sludge 386:391 activated sludge 376:391 activated sludge 376:391 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 1 theme microbial 354:362 arg1 biofilm 397:403 biofilm 397:403 biofilm 397:403 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 4 2 theme microbial 923:931 arg1 aggregates 933:942 microbial aggregates 923:942 microbial aggregates 923:942 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 0 3 theme microbial 82:90 arg1 aggregates 92:101 microbial aggregates 82:101 microbial aggregates 82:101 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 2 4 theme 10.58 522:526 arg1 improvement 529:539 a 10.58% improvement 520:539 a 10.58% improvement 520:539 This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. 33069472 4 5 theme aggregates 933:942 arg1 surface 912:918 extracellular polymeric substance and surface 874:918 surface 912:918 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 4 5 theme aggregates 933:942 arg1 substance 898:906 extracellular polymeric substance and surface 874:918 substance 898:906 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 0 6 from Effect 0:5 arg1 performance 36:46 performance 36:46 performance 36:46 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 0 6 from Effect 0:5 arg1 characteristics 63:77 structural characteristics 52:77 structural characteristics 52:77 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 5 7 theme laser 1110:1114 arg1 microscopy 1125:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 1101:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging 1101:1142 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. 33069472 1 8 dep performance 135:145 arg1 the 131:133 the 131:133 the 131:133 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 3 9 dep sludge 802:807 arg1 size 814:817 floc size 809:817 floc size 809:817 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 2 10 theme nitrogen 550:557 arg1 removal 559:565 total nitrogen removal 544:565 total nitrogen removal 544:565 This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. 33069472 1 11 theme activated 376:384 arg1 aggregates 364:373 the two most common microbial aggregates 334:373 the two most common microbial aggregates 334:373 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 11 theme activated 376:384 arg1 sludge 386:391 activated sludge 376:391 activated sludge 376:391 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 12 with properties 162:171 arg1 aspects 178:184 aspects 178:184 aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution 178:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 6 13 theme NB 1346:1347 arg1 application 1331:1341 application 1331:1341 application of NB 1331:1347 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 2 14 theme total 544:548 arg1 removal 559:565 total nitrogen removal 544:565 total nitrogen removal 544:565 This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. 33069472 6 15 theme microbial 1494:1502 arg1 aggregates 1504:1513 microbial aggregates 1494:1513 microbial aggregates 1494:1513 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 1 16 with performance 135:145 arg1 aspects 178:184 aspects 178:184 aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution 178:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 6 17 theme structure 1469:1477 arg1 development 1479:1489 the structure development 1465:1489 the structure development of microbial aggregates 1465:1513 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 4 18 theme oxygen-sensitive 1078:1093 arg1 ones 1095:1098 the oxygen-sensitive ones 1074:1098 especially the oxygen-sensitive ones 1063:1098 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 4 18 theme oxygen-sensitive 1078:1093 arg1 nanobubble 1051:1060 nanobubble 1051:1060 nanobubble 1051:1060 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 5 19 theme biofilm 1201:1207 arg1 morphology 1187:1196 the morphology 1183:1196 the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one 1183:1228 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. 33069472 4 20 theme polymeric 888:896 arg1 substance 898:906 extracellular polymeric substance and surface 874:918 substance 898:906 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 6 21 theme adaptive 1243:1250 arg1 process 1252:1258 an adaptive process 1240:1258 an adaptive process 1240:1258 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 1 22 theme stability 189:197 arg1 aspects 178:184 aspects 178:184 aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution 178:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 5 23 theme Confocal 1101:1108 arg1 microscopy 1125:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 1101:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging 1101:1142 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. 33069472 4 24 theme nanobubble 1051:1060 arg1 application 1036:1046 the application 1032:1046 the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones 1032:1098 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 6 25 theme microorganisms 1390:1403 arg1 pathway 1433:1439 the metabolism pathway 1418:1439 the metabolism pathway of them 1418:1447 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 6 25 theme microorganisms 1390:1403 arg1 distribution 1363:1374 the distribution 1359:1374 the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth 1359:1412 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 6 26 theme aggregates 1504:1513 arg1 development 1479:1489 the structure development 1465:1489 the structure development of microbial aggregates 1465:1513 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 3 27 theme activated 792:800 arg1 sludge 802:807 activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm 792:846 sludge 802:807 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 6 28 theme metabolism 1422:1431 arg1 pathway 1433:1439 the metabolism pathway 1418:1439 the metabolism pathway of them 1418:1447 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 1 29 theme composition 200:210 arg1 aspects 178:184 aspects 178:184 aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution 178:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 0 30 theme application 21:31 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 0:102 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 3 31 theme sludge 802:807 arg1 development 777:787 the development 773:787 the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm 773:846 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 3 32 theme microbial 585:593 arg1 aggregates 595:604 microbial aggregates 585:604 microbial aggregates 585:604 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 0 33 theme nanobubble 10:19 arg1 application 21:31 nanobubble application 10:31 nanobubble application 10:31 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 1 34 theme nanobubble 311:320 arg1 aeration 322:329 nanobubble aeration 311:329 nanobubble aeration 311:329 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 4 35 theme substances 981:990 arg1 composition 955:965 the composition 951:965 the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates 951:1014 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 3 36 theme aggregates 595:604 arg1 structure 572:580 The structure 568:580 The structure of microbial aggregates 568:604 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 1 37 theme functional 213:222 arg1 group 224:228 functional group 213:228 functional group 213:228 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 4 38 dep showed 944:949 arg1 shifted 1021:1027 shifted 1021:1027 showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones 944:1098 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 1 39 theme aeration 322:329 arg1 influence 298:306 the influence 294:306 the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm 294:403 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 4 40 theme aggregates 1005:1014 arg1 substances 981:990 functional substances 970:990 functional substances of microbial aggregates 970:1014 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 3 41 theme extracellular 626:638 arg1 protein 640:646 extracellular protein 626:646 extracellular protein 626:646 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 1 42 theme group 224:228 arg1 aspects 178:184 aspects 178:184 aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution 178:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 4 43 theme microbial 995:1003 arg1 aggregates 1005:1014 microbial aggregates 995:1014 microbial aggregates 995:1014 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 2 44 theme extra 469:473 arg1 oxygen 475:480 extra oxygen 469:480 extra oxygen 469:480 This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. 33069472 0 45 theme structural 52:61 arg1 characteristics 63:77 structural characteristics 52:77 structural characteristics 52:77 Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. 33069472 5 46 theme more 1214:1217 arg1 evenly 1219:1224 a more evenly one 1212:1228 a more evenly one 1212:1228 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. 33069472 6 47 theme in-depth 1405:1412 arg1 microorganisms 1390:1403 functional microorganisms 1379:1403 functional microorganisms in-depth 1379:1412 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 4 48 theme extracellular 874:886 arg1 substance 898:906 extracellular polymeric substance and surface 874:918 substance 898:906 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 6 49 theme functional 1379:1388 arg1 microorganisms 1390:1403 functional microorganisms 1379:1403 functional microorganisms in-depth 1379:1412 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 2 50 theme microbial 486:494 arg1 aggregates 496:505 microbial aggregates 486:505 microbial aggregates 486:505 This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. 33069472 3 51 theme floc 809:812 arg1 size 814:817 floc size 809:817 floc size 809:817 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 3 52 theme activated 740:748 arg1 sludge 750:755 activated sludge 740:755 activated sludge 740:755 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 5 53 theme scanning 1116:1123 arg1 microscopy 1125:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 1101:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging 1101:1142 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. 33069472 4 54 from investigation 857:869 arg1 surface 912:918 extracellular polymeric substance and surface 874:918 surface 912:918 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 4 54 from investigation 857:869 arg1 substance 898:906 extracellular polymeric substance and surface 874:918 substance 898:906 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 4 55 theme functional 970:979 arg1 substances 981:990 functional substances 970:990 functional substances of microbial aggregates 970:1014 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 5 56 theme imaging 1136:1142 arg1 microscopy 1125:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 1101:1134 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging 1101:1142 Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. 33069472 4 57 theme Further 849:855 arg1 investigation 857:869 Further investigation 849:869 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates 849:942 Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. 33069472 1 58 from investigation 114:126 arg1 performance 135:145 performance 135:145 performance 135:145 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 58 from investigation 114:126 arg1 properties 162:171 structural properties 151:171 structural properties 151:171 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 3 59 theme biofilm 840:846 arg1 thickness 827:835 the thickness 823:835 the thickness of biofilm 823:846 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 3 59 theme biofilm 840:846 arg1 sludge 802:807 activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm 792:846 sludge 802:807 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 6 60 theme activated 1280:1288 arg1 sludge 1290:1295 activated sludge 1280:1295 activated sludge rather than biofilm 1280:1315 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 6 61 theme them 1444:1447 arg1 pathway 1433:1439 the metabolism pathway 1418:1439 the metabolism pathway of them 1418:1447 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 6 61 theme them 1444:1447 arg1 distribution 1363:1374 the distribution 1359:1374 the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth 1359:1412 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 1 62 theme three-dimensional 235:251 arg1 distribution 253:264 three-dimensional distribution 235:264 three-dimensional distribution 235:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 6 63 dep suggested 1321:1329 arg1 optimized 1349:1357 optimized 1349:1357 optimized 1349:1357 However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm. 33069472 1 64 theme structural 151:160 arg1 properties 162:171 structural properties 151:171 structural properties 151:171 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 3 65 theme thickness 827:835 arg1 development 777:787 the development 773:787 the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm 773:846 The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. 33069472 1 66 theme distribution 253:264 arg1 aspects 178:184 aspects 178:184 aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution 178:264 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 2 67 theme % 527:527 arg1 improvement 529:539 a 10.58% improvement 520:539 a 10.58% improvement 520:539 This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. 33069472 1 68 theme common 347:352 arg1 aggregates 364:373 the two most common microbial aggregates 334:373 the two most common microbial aggregates 334:373 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 68 theme common 347:352 arg1 sludge 386:391 activated sludge 376:391 activated sludge 376:391 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 33069472 1 68 theme common 347:352 arg1 biofilm 397:403 biofilm 397:403 biofilm 397:403 Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. 34863021 6 0 theme similar 927:933 arg1 profiles 949:956 similar glycosylation profiles 927:956 similar glycosylation profiles 927:956 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 4 1 theme marrow-derived 577:590 arg1 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 1 theme marrow-derived 577:590 arg1 cells 602:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 565:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) 565:614 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 7 2 theme FVIII 1128:1132 arg1 expression 1134:1143 reduced FVIII expression 1120:1143 reduced FVIII expression 1120:1143 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 6 3 theme glycans 915:921 arg1 removal 895:901 confirmed removal 885:901 confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII 885:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 5 4 theme B 666:666 arg1 variants 695:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants 641:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 641:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 10 5 link N-linked 1591:1598 arg1 glycans 1600:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 6 theme hemophilia 1735:1744 arg1 A 1746:1746 hemophilia A 1735:1746 hemophilia A mice 1735:1751 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 9 7 theme FVIII 1424:1428 arg1 MAbs 1430:1433 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1405:1433 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1405:1433 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 9 8 from decrease 1500:1507 arg1 binding 1532:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding 1512:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A 1512:1553 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 8 9 theme reduced 1246:1252 arg1 uptake 1254:1259 reduced uptake 1246:1259 reduced uptake by BMDCs 1246:1268 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 4 10 from effect 469:474 arg1 responses 630:638 antibody responses 621:638 antibody responses 621:638 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 10 from effect 469:474 arg1 endocytosis 550:560 endocytosis 550:560 endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) 550:614 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 10 from effect 469:474 arg1 properties 538:547 FVIII biochemical properties 520:547 FVIII biochemical properties 520:547 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 6 11 theme confirmed 885:893 arg1 removal 895:901 confirmed removal 885:901 confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII 885:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 8 12 contain had 1242:1244 arg1 FVIII-N41G 1214:1223 BDD FVIII-N41G 1210:1223 BDD FVIII-N41G 1210:1223 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 8 12 contain had 1242:1244 arg1 FVIII-N1810A 1229:1240 FVIII-N1810A 1229:1240 FVIII-N1810A 1229:1240 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 8 12 contain had 1242:1244 arg2 uptake 1254:1259 reduced uptake 1246:1259 reduced uptake by BMDCs 1246:1268 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 10 13 theme FVIII 1585:1589 arg1 glycans 1600:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 9 14 theme reduced 1453:1459 arg1 binding 1461:1467 significantly reduced binding 1439:1467 significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant 1439:1487 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 9 15 theme MAbs 1430:1433 arg1 MAbs 1430:1433 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1405:1433 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1405:1433 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 9 15 theme MAbs 1430:1433 arg1 repertoire 1391:1400 a repertoire 1389:1400 a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1389:1433 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 0 16 attach Removal 0:6 arg3 VIII 50:53 factor VIII 43:53 factor VIII 43:53 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 0 16 attach Removal 0:6 arg2 glycans 32:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 4 17 theme antibody 621:628 arg1 responses 630:638 antibody responses 621:638 antibody responses 621:638 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 3 18 from knowledge 346:354 arg1 immunity 422:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 5 19 link N-linked 756:763 arg1 glycans 765:771 N-linked glycans 756:771 N-linked glycans 756:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 1 20 theme glycoprotein 219:230 arg1 FVIII 245:249 FVIII 245:249 FVIII 245:249 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 1 20 theme glycoprotein 219:230 arg1 VIII 239:242 glycoprotein factor VIII 219:242 glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII) 219:250 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 6 21 attach removal 895:901 arg2 profiles 949:956 similar glycosylation profiles 927:956 similar glycosylation profiles 927:956 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 21 attach removal 895:901 arg1 FVIII 965:969 BDD FVIII 961:969 BDD FVIII 961:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 21 attach removal 895:901 arg2 glycans 915:921 N-linked glycans 906:921 N-linked glycans 906:921 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 10 22 theme FVIII 1616:1620 arg1 endocytosis 1622:1632 FVIII endocytosis 1616:1632 FVIII endocytosis 1616:1632 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 5 23 theme single-site 709:719 arg1 substitutions 732:744 single-site amino acid substitutions 709:744 single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 709:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 7 24 theme specific 1160:1167 arg1 activity 1169:1176 specific activity 1160:1176 specific activity 1160:1176 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 9 25 theme FVIII 1475:1479 arg1 variant 1481:1487 ≥1 FVIII variant 1472:1487 ≥1 FVIII variant 1472:1487 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 6 26 theme BDD 961:963 arg1 FVIII 965:969 BDD FVIII 961:969 BDD FVIII 961:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 5 27 dep substitutions 732:744 arg1 remove 749:754 remove 749:754 to remove N-linked glycans 746:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 5 28 theme BDD 684:686 arg1 variants 695:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants 641:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 641:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 10 29 theme glycans 1600:1606 arg1 Modifications 1568:1580 CONCLUSIONS Modifications 1556:1580 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans 1556:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 7 30 theme thrombin 1015:1022 arg1 activation 1024:1033 thrombin activation 1015:1033 thrombin activation 1015:1033 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 6 31 theme profiles 949:956 arg1 removal 895:901 confirmed removal 885:901 confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII 885:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 7 32 theme factor 1053:1058 arg1 binding 1060:1066 von Willebrand factor binding 1038:1066 von Willebrand factor binding 1038:1066 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 2 33 theme multiple 263:270 arg1 factors 277:283 multiple risk factors 263:283 multiple risk factors that contribute to the risk of inhibitor formation 263:334 There are multiple risk factors that contribute to the risk of inhibitor formation. 34863021 1 34 theme individuals 136:146 arg1 portion 125:131 A portion 123:131 A portion of individuals with hemophilia A 123:164 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 5 35 theme N-linked 756:763 arg1 glycans 765:771 N-linked glycans 756:771 N-linked glycans 756:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 1 36 theme hemophilia 153:162 arg1 A 164:164 hemophilia A 153:164 hemophilia A 153:164 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 4 37 theme site-specific 479:491 arg1 removal 509:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 8 38 theme immunized 1328:1336 arg1 mice 1351:1354 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 7 39 theme reduced 1120:1126 arg1 expression 1134:1143 reduced FVIII expression 1120:1143 reduced FVIII expression 1120:1143 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 0 40 from Removal 0:6 arg1 VIII 50:53 factor VIII 43:53 factor VIII 43:53 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 9 41 contain had 1435:1437 arg1 Half 1381:1384 Half 1381:1384 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1381:1433 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 9 41 contain had 1435:1437 arg2 binding 1461:1467 significantly reduced binding 1439:1467 significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant 1439:1487 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 8 42 theme A 1349:1349 arg1 mice 1351:1354 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 0 43 theme monoclonal 89:98 arg1 antibodies 100:109 domain-specific monoclonal antibodies 73:109 domain-specific monoclonal antibodies 73:109 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 9 44 theme MAb 1522:1524 arg1 binding 1532:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding 1512:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A 1512:1553 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 9 45 theme 50 1496:1497 arg1 % 1498:1498 % 1498:1498 % 1498:1498 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 1 46 with individuals 136:146 arg1 A 164:164 hemophilia A 153:164 hemophilia A 153:164 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 8 47 theme BDD 1370:1372 arg1 FVIII 1374:1378 BDD FVIII 1370:1378 BDD FVIII 1370:1378 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 10 48 theme MAbs 1680:1683 arg1 binding 1647:1653 binding 1647:1653 binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1647:1683 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 48 theme MAbs 1680:1683 arg1 BMDCs 1637:1641 BMDCs 1637:1641 BMDCs 1637:1641 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 0 49 theme single-site 11:21 arg1 glycans 32:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 3 50 theme -linked 391:397 arg1 glycosylation 399:411 FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 371:411 FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 371:411 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 10 51 theme domain-specific 1658:1672 arg1 MAbs 1680:1683 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1658:1683 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1658:1683 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 6 52 link N-linked 906:913 arg1 glycans 915:921 N-linked glycans 906:921 N-linked glycans 906:921 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 0 53 theme glycans 32:38 arg1 Removal 0:6 Removal 0:6 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII 0:53 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 5 54 with variants 695:702 arg1 substitutions 732:744 single-site amino acid substitutions 709:744 single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 709:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 0 55 theme factor 43:48 arg1 VIII 50:53 factor VIII 43:53 factor VIII 43:53 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 4 56 theme biochemical 526:536 arg1 properties 538:547 FVIII biochemical properties 520:547 FVIII biochemical properties 520:547 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 57 link marrow-derived 577:590 arg1 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 57 link marrow-derived 577:590 arg1 cells 602:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 565:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) 565:614 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 1 58 dep BACKGROUND 112:121 arg1 develop 166:172 develop 166:172 develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII) 166:250 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 10 59 theme antibody 1712:1719 arg1 production 1721:1730 de novo antibody production 1704:1730 de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice 1704:1751 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 6 60 theme glycosylation 935:947 arg1 profiles 949:956 similar glycosylation profiles 927:956 similar glycosylation profiles 927:956 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 10 61 theme N-linked 1591:1598 arg1 glycans 1600:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 62 theme inhibitor 1815:1823 arg1 formation 1825:1833 inhibitor formation 1815:1833 inhibitor formation 1815:1833 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 5 63 theme METHODS 641:647 arg1 variants 695:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants 641:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 641:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 10 64 theme de 1704:1705 arg1 production 1721:1730 de novo antibody production 1704:1730 de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice 1704:1751 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 0 65 link N-linked 23:30 arg1 glycans 32:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 4 66 theme bone 572:575 arg1 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 66 theme bone 572:575 arg1 cells 602:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 565:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) 565:614 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 10 67 theme CONCLUSIONS 1556:1566 arg1 Modifications 1568:1580 CONCLUSIONS Modifications 1556:1580 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans 1556:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 5 68 theme recombinant 654:664 arg1 variants 695:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants 641:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 641:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 6 69 theme BDD 820:822 arg1 RESULTS 812:818 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A 812:878 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII 812:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 69 theme BDD 820:822 arg1 FVIII-N41G 824:833 BDD FVIII-N41G 820:833 BDD FVIII-N41G 820:833 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 10 70 theme A 1746:1746 arg1 mice 1748:1751 hemophilia A mice 1735:1751 hemophilia A mice 1735:1751 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 9 71 theme domain-specific 1408:1422 arg1 MAbs 1430:1433 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1405:1433 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1405:1433 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 6 72 theme N-linked 906:913 arg1 glycans 915:921 N-linked glycans 906:921 N-linked glycans 906:921 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 4 73 theme dendritic 592:600 arg1 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 73 theme dendritic 592:600 arg1 cells 602:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 565:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) 565:614 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 1 74 gly glycoprotein 219:230 arg1 glycoprotein 219:230 glycoprotein factor VIII 219:242 glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII) 219:250 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 1 75 theme neutralizing 174:185 arg1 antibodies 187:196 neutralizing antibodies 174:196 neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII) 174:250 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 6 76 with RESULTS 812:818 arg1 removal 895:901 confirmed removal 885:901 confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII 885:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 7 77 theme BDD 1100:1102 arg1 FVIII 1104:1108 BDD FVIII 1100:1108 BDD FVIII 1100:1108 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 2 78 theme inhibitor 316:324 arg1 formation 326:334 inhibitor formation 316:334 inhibitor formation 316:334 There are multiple risk factors that contribute to the risk of inhibitor formation. 34863021 6 79 dep RESULTS 812:818 arg1 RESULTS 812:818 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A 812:878 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII 812:969 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 79 dep RESULTS 812:818 arg1 FVIII-N1810A 849:860 FVIII-N1810A 849:860 FVIII-N1810A 849:860 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 79 dep RESULTS 812:818 arg1 FVIII-N2118A 867:878 FVIII-N2118A 867:878 FVIII-N2118A 867:878 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 79 dep RESULTS 812:818 arg1 FVIII-N239A 836:846 FVIII-N239A 836:846 FVIII-N239A 836:846 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 6 79 dep RESULTS 812:818 arg1 FVIII-N41G 824:833 BDD FVIII-N41G 820:833 BDD FVIII-N41G 820:833 RESULTS BDD FVIII-N41G, FVIII-N239A, FVIII-N1810A, and FVIII-N2118A with confirmed removal of N-linked glycans and similar glycosylation profiles to BDD FVIII were produced. 34863021 5 80 theme FVIII 689:693 arg1 variants 695:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants 641:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 641:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 4 81 link N-linked 493:500 arg1 removal 509:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 9 82 theme A1 1512:1513 arg1 binding 1532:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding 1512:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A 1512:1553 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 7 83 theme FVIII 1071:1075 arg1 variants 1077:1084 FVIII variants 1071:1084 FVIII variants 1071:1084 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 1 84 theme factor 232:237 arg1 FVIII 245:249 FVIII 245:249 FVIII 245:249 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 1 84 theme factor 232:237 arg1 VIII 239:242 glycoprotein factor VIII 219:242 glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII) 219:250 BACKGROUND A portion of individuals with hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies called inhibitors to glycoprotein factor VIII (FVIII). 34863021 8 85 theme BDD 1210:1212 arg1 FVIII-N41G 1214:1223 BDD FVIII-N41G 1210:1223 BDD FVIII-N41G 1210:1223 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 5 86 theme amino 721:725 arg1 substitutions 732:744 single-site amino acid substitutions 709:744 single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 709:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 5 87 theme domain-deleted 668:681 arg1 variants 695:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants 641:702 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 641:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 3 88 from role 363:366 arg1 immunity 422:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 3 89 link -linked 391:397 arg1 glycosylation 399:411 FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 371:411 FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 371:411 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 7 90 theme von 1038:1040 arg1 factor 1053:1058 von Willebrand factor 1038:1058 von Willebrand factor binding 1038:1066 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 4 91 theme glycan 502:507 arg1 removal 509:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 7 92 theme Willebrand 1042:1051 arg1 factor 1053:1058 von Willebrand factor 1038:1058 von Willebrand factor binding 1038:1066 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 2 93 theme risk 272:275 arg1 factors 277:283 multiple risk factors 263:283 multiple risk factors that contribute to the risk of inhibitor formation 263:334 There are multiple risk factors that contribute to the risk of inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 94 from production 1721:1730 arg1 mice 1748:1751 hemophilia A mice 1735:1751 hemophilia A mice 1735:1751 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 95 dep de 1704:1705 arg1 novo 1707:1710 novo 1707:1710 novo 1707:1710 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 96 mod Modifications 1568:1580 arg3 CONCLUSIONS 1556:1566 CONCLUSIONS Modifications 1556:1580 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans 1556:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 10 96 mod Modifications 1568:1580 arg1 glycans 1600:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 FVIII N-linked glycans 1585:1606 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 9 97 theme % 1498:1498 arg1 decrease 1500:1507 a 50% decrease 1494:1507 a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A 1494:1553 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 4 98 theme N-linked 493:500 arg1 removal 509:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 site-specific N-linked glycan removal 479:515 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 8 99 theme antibody 1304:1311 arg1 development 1313:1323 antibody development 1304:1323 antibody development 1304:1323 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 5 100 theme acid 727:730 arg1 substitutions 732:744 single-site amino acid substitutions 709:744 single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans 709:771 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 0 101 theme domain-specific 73:87 arg1 antibodies 100:109 domain-specific monoclonal antibodies 73:109 domain-specific monoclonal antibodies 73:109 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 3 102 gly glycosylation 399:411 arg1 FVIII 416:420 FVIII immunity 416:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 4 103 theme removal 509:515 arg1 effect 469:474 the effect 465:474 the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses 465:638 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 0 104 theme antibodies 100:109 arg1 binding 62:68 binding 62:68 binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies 62:109 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 8 105 from differences 1289:1299 arg1 mice 1351:1354 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 8 105 from differences 1289:1299 arg1 development 1313:1323 antibody development 1304:1323 antibody development 1304:1323 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 9 106 theme domain 1515:1520 arg1 binding 1532:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding 1512:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A 1512:1553 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 3 107 theme role 363:366 arg1 knowledge 346:354 knowledge 346:354 knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity 346:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 8 108 theme hemophilia 1338:1347 arg1 A 1349:1349 hemophilia A 1338:1349 immunized hemophilia A mice 1328:1354 BDD FVIII-N41G and FVIII-N1810A had reduced uptake by BMDCs, but there were no differences in antibody development in immunized hemophilia A mice compared with BDD FVIII. 34863021 9 109 theme 2-116 1526:1530 arg1 binding 1532:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding 1512:1538 A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A 1512:1553 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 3 110 theme FVIII 416:420 arg1 immunity 422:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 FVIII immunity 416:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 0 111 theme N-linked 23:30 arg1 glycans 32:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 single-site N-linked glycans 11:38 Removal of single-site N-linked glycans on factor VIII alters binding of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. 34863021 4 112 theme murine 565:570 arg1 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 BMDCs 609:613 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 4 112 theme murine 565:570 arg1 cells 602:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 565:606 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) 565:614 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 10 113 theme FVIII 1674:1678 arg1 MAbs 1680:1683 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1658:1683 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1658:1683 CONCLUSIONS Modifications of FVIII N-linked glycans reduced FVIII endocytosis by BMDCs and binding of domain-specific FVIII MAbs, but did not alter de novo antibody production in hemophilia A mice, suggesting that N-glycans do not significantly contribute to inhibitor formation. 34863021 9 114 theme ≥1 1472:1473 arg1 variant 1481:1487 ≥1 FVIII variant 1472:1487 ≥1 FVIII variant 1472:1487 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34863021 3 115 theme glycosylation 399:411 arg1 role 363:366 the role 359:366 the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity 359:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 4 116 theme FVIII 520:524 arg1 properties 538:547 FVIII biochemical properties 520:547 FVIII biochemical properties 520:547 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of site-specific N-linked glycan removal on FVIII biochemical properties, endocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and antibody responses. 34863021 5 117 theme experimental 791:802 arg1 assays 804:809 experimental assays 791:809 experimental assays 791:809 METHODS Four recombinant B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII variants with single-site amino acid substitutions to remove N-linked glycans were produced for experimental assays. 34863021 7 118 theme variants 1077:1084 arg1 binding 1060:1066 von Willebrand factor binding 1038:1066 von Willebrand factor binding 1038:1066 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 7 118 theme variants 1077:1084 arg1 activation 1024:1033 thrombin activation 1015:1033 thrombin activation 1015:1033 There were no differences in thrombin activation or von Willebrand factor binding of FVIII variants compared with BDD FVIII; however, reduced FVIII expression, activity, and specific activity was observed with all variants. 34863021 2 119 theme formation 326:334 arg1 risk 308:311 the risk 304:311 the risk of inhibitor formation 304:334 There are multiple risk factors that contribute to the risk of inhibitor formation. 34863021 3 120 from immunity 422:429 arg1 knowledge 346:354 knowledge 346:354 knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity 346:429 However, knowledge of the role of FVIII asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation in FVIII immunity is limited. 34863021 9 121 theme repertoire 1391:1400 arg1 Half 1381:1384 Half 1381:1384 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs 1381:1433 Half of a repertoire of 12 domain-specific FVIII MAbs had significantly reduced binding to ≥1 FVIII variant with a 50% decrease in A1 domain MAb 2-116 binding to FVIII-N239A. 34247164 2 0 from bacteria 371:378 arg1 plaque 390:395 dental plaque 383:395 dental plaque 383:395 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 4 1 theme ribosomal 878:886 arg1 gene 892:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene 864:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform 864:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 3 2 theme = 610:610 arg1 restorations 594:605 restorations 594:605 restorations (n = 18) 594:614 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 2 theme = 610:610 arg1 n 608:608 n = 18 608:613 n = 18 608:613 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 1 3 theme microbiotic 229:239 arg1 features 241:248 the microbiotic features 225:248 the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group 225:301 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 6 4 dep correlations 1137:1148 arg1 predicted 1215:1223 predicted 1215:1223 were predicted using PICRUSt 1210:1237 Co-occurrence network analysis was performed using sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt. 34247164 4 5 theme gene 892:895 arg1 sequencing 897:906 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 864:906 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform 864:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 1 6 from caries 282:287 arg1 group 297:301 this group 292:301 this group 292:301 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 3 7 theme group 617:621 arg1 CS 623:624 group CS 617:624 group CS 617:624 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 1 8 from risk 274:277 arg1 group 297:301 this group 292:301 this group 292:301 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 8 9 theme increased 1543:1551 arg1 level 1553:1557 an increased level 1540:1557 an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia 1540:1607 Moreover, an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia was associated with high caries prevalence. 34247164 7 10 theme Rothia 1343:1348 arg1 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 10 theme Rothia 1343:1348 arg1 abundance 1292:1300 the relative abundance 1279:1300 the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium 1279:1369 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 11 theme relative 1283:1290 arg1 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 11 theme relative 1283:1290 arg1 abundance 1292:1300 the relative abundance 1279:1300 the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium 1279:1369 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 12 theme clinical 1484:1491 arg1 incidence 1493:1501 the clinical incidence 1480:1501 the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups 1480:1527 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 11 13 theme microflora 2138:2147 arg1 balance 2122:2128 the balance 2118:2128 the balance of oral microflora 2118:2147 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 6 14 theme network 1093:1099 arg1 analysis 1101:1108 Co-occurrence network analysis 1079:1108 Co-occurrence network analysis 1079:1108 Co-occurrence network analysis was performed using sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt. 34247164 10 15 theme plaque 1954:1959 arg1 samples 1961:1967 caries plaque samples 1947:1967 caries plaque samples 1947:1967 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 10 16 theme Functional 1803:1812 arg1 metabolism 1855:1864 cofactor and vitamin metabolism 1834:1864 metabolism 1855:1864 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 10 16 theme Functional 1803:1812 arg1 features 1814:1821 Functional features 1803:1821 Functional features 1803:1821 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 10 16 theme Functional 1803:1812 arg1 translation 1907:1917 translation 1907:1917 translation 1907:1917 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 10 16 theme Functional 1803:1812 arg1 biosynthesis 1874:1885 biosynthesis 1874:1885 biosynthesis 1874:1885 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 3 17 theme childhood 673:681 arg1 n 691:691 n = 17 691:696 n = 17 691:696 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 17 theme childhood 673:681 arg1 caries 683:688 severe early childhood caries 660:688 severe early childhood caries (n = 17) 660:697 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 6 18 theme functional 1190:1199 arg1 features 1201:1208 functional features 1190:1208 functional features 1190:1208 Co-occurrence network analysis was performed using sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt. 34247164 11 19 theme bacterial 1976:1984 arg1 changes 2024:2030 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes 1970:2030 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota 1970:2044 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 1 20 dep children 206:213 arg1 experience 182:191 experience 182:191 experience 182:191 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 3 21 theme severe 660:665 arg1 n 691:691 n = 17 691:696 n = 17 691:696 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 21 theme severe 660:665 arg1 caries 683:688 severe early childhood caries 660:688 severe early childhood caries (n = 17) 660:697 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 22 theme group 530:534 arg1 CF 536:537 group CF 530:537 group CF 530:537 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 8 23 theme Leptotrichia 1596:1607 arg1 level 1553:1557 an increased level 1540:1557 an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia 1540:1607 Moreover, an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia was associated with high caries prevalence. 34247164 7 24 theme CS 1453:1454 arg1 groups 1456:1461 high in the BS, CF, and CS groups 1429:1461 high in the BS, CF, and CS groups 1429:1461 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 3 25 theme = 693:693 arg1 n 691:691 n = 17 691:696 n = 17 691:696 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 25 theme = 693:693 arg1 caries 683:688 severe early childhood caries 660:688 severe early childhood caries (n = 17) 660:697 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 4 26 theme total 805:809 arg1 DNA 829:831 The total microbial genomic DNA 801:831 The total microbial genomic DNA 801:831 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 9 27 theme plaque 1714:1719 arg1 communities 1721:1731 CS plaque communities 1711:1731 CS plaque communities 1711:1731 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 0 28 theme Tooth 61:65 arg1 Profiles 22:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles 0:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth 0:65 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 5 29 theme dominant 959:966 arg1 bacteria 968:975 The differential dominant bacteria 942:975 The differential dominant bacteria 942:975 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 4 30 theme bacterial 864:872 arg1 gene 892:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene 864:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform 864:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 8 31 theme high 1629:1632 arg1 prevalence 1641:1650 high caries prevalence 1629:1650 high caries prevalence 1629:1650 Moreover, an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia was associated with high caries prevalence. 34247164 10 32 theme cofactor 1834:1841 arg1 metabolism 1855:1864 cofactor and vitamin metabolism 1834:1864 metabolism 1855:1864 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 3 33 theme black 737:741 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 33 theme black 737:741 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 4 34 theme genomic 821:827 arg1 DNA 829:831 The total microbial genomic DNA 801:831 The total microbial genomic DNA 801:831 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 1 35 theme low 270:272 arg1 risk 274:277 the low risk 266:277 the low risk of caries in this group 266:301 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 36 theme common 133:138 arg1 disease 145:151 a common oral disease 131:151 a common oral disease associated with lower caries 131:180 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 36 theme common 133:138 arg1 stain 117:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain 95:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) 95:126 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 11 37 theme symbiotic 2080:2088 arg1 function 2090:2097 their symbiotic function 2074:2097 their symbiotic function 2074:2097 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 1 38 theme black 105:109 arg1 BS 124:125 BS 124:125 BS 124:125 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 38 theme black 105:109 arg1 stain 117:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain 95:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) 95:126 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 38 theme black 105:109 arg1 disease 145:151 a common oral disease 131:151 a common oral disease associated with lower caries 131:180 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 10 39 theme vitamin 1847:1853 arg1 metabolism 1855:1864 cofactor and vitamin metabolism 1834:1864 metabolism 1855:1864 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 3 40 with BS 710:711 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 40 with BS 710:711 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 7 41 theme high 1429:1432 arg1 groups 1456:1461 high in the BS, CF, and CS groups 1429:1461 high in the BS, CF, and CS groups 1429:1461 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 5 42 dep testing 1017:1023 arg1 LEfSe 1071:1075 LEfSe 1071:1075 LEfSe 1071:1075 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 5 42 dep testing 1017:1023 arg1 size 1065:1068 effect size 1058:1068 effect size (LEfSe) 1058:1076 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 3 43 with children 714:721 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 43 with children 714:721 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 7 44 with consistent 1464:1473 arg1 incidence 1493:1501 the clinical incidence 1480:1501 the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups 1480:1527 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 0 45 theme Comparative 0:10 arg1 Profiles 22:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles 0:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth 0:65 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 7 46 theme caries 1506:1511 arg1 incidence 1493:1501 the clinical incidence 1480:1501 the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups 1480:1527 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 9 47 from level 1796:1800 arg1 communities 1771:1781 the CF communities 1764:1781 the CF communities at the taxon level 1764:1800 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 4 48 theme 16S 874:876 arg1 gene 892:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene 864:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform 864:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 5 49 theme discriminant 1036:1047 arg1 analysis 1049:1056 linear discriminant analysis 1029:1056 linear discriminant analysis 1029:1056 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 7 50 from high 1429:1432 arg1 BS 1441:1442 the BS 1437:1442 the BS 1437:1442 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 3 51 dep divided 473:479 arg1 CF 536:537 group CF 530:537 group CF 530:537 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 2 52 theme caries 426:431 arg1 incidence 413:421 the incidence 409:421 the incidence of caries in the primary dentition 409:456 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 2 53 theme dominant 362:369 arg1 bacteria 371:378 the dominant bacteria 358:378 the dominant bacteria in dental plaque 358:395 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 0 54 theme Caries 34:39 arg1 Profiles 22:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles 0:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth 0:65 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 0 55 theme Black 45:49 arg1 Tooth 61:65 Black Extrinsic Tooth 45:65 Black Extrinsic Tooth 45:65 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 5 56 theme rank-sum 1008:1015 arg1 testing 1017:1023 Wilcoxon rank-sum testing 999:1023 Wilcoxon rank-sum testing 999:1023 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 3 57 theme = 794:794 arg1 restorations 778:789 restorations 778:789 restorations (n = 15) 778:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 57 theme = 794:794 arg1 n 792:792 n = 15 792:797 n = 15 792:797 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 11 58 theme competition- 1986:1997 arg1 changes 2024:2030 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes 1970:2030 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota 1970:2044 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 3 59 with CS 623:624 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 59 with CS 623:624 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 1 60 theme preschool 196:204 arg1 children 206:213 preschool children 196:213 preschool children 196:213 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 4 61 theme HiSeq 926:930 arg1 platform 932:939 an Illumina HiSeq platform 914:939 an Illumina HiSeq platform 914:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 3 62 with children 627:634 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 62 with children 627:634 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 0 63 theme Extrinsic 51:59 arg1 Tooth 61:65 Black Extrinsic Tooth 45:65 Black Extrinsic Tooth 45:65 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 4 64 theme RNA 888:890 arg1 gene 892:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene 864:895 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform 864:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 5 65 theme Wilcoxon 999:1006 arg1 testing 1017:1023 Wilcoxon rank-sum testing 999:1023 Wilcoxon rank-sum testing 999:1023 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 6 66 theme compositional 1154:1166 arg1 data 1168:1171 compositional data 1154:1171 compositional data 1154:1171 Co-occurrence network analysis was performed using sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt. 34247164 5 67 theme effect 1058:1063 arg1 LEfSe 1071:1075 LEfSe 1071:1075 LEfSe 1071:1075 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 5 67 theme effect 1058:1063 arg1 size 1065:1068 effect size 1058:1068 effect size (LEfSe) 1058:1076 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 7 68 theme Cardiobacterium 1355:1369 arg1 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 68 theme Cardiobacterium 1355:1369 arg1 abundance 1292:1300 the relative abundance 1279:1300 the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium 1279:1369 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 9 69 theme CS 1711:1712 arg1 communities 1721:1731 CS plaque communities 1711:1731 CS plaque communities 1711:1731 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 6 70 theme sparse 1130:1135 arg1 correlations 1137:1148 sparse correlations 1130:1148 sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt 1130:1237 Co-occurrence network analysis was performed using sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt. 34247164 7 71 theme Actinomyces 1330:1340 arg1 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 71 theme Actinomyces 1330:1340 arg1 abundance 1292:1300 the relative abundance 1279:1300 the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium 1279:1369 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 10 72 theme caries 1947:1952 arg1 samples 1961:1967 caries plaque samples 1947:1967 caries plaque samples 1947:1967 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 1 73 theme oral 140:143 arg1 disease 145:151 a common oral disease 131:151 a common oral disease associated with lower caries 131:180 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 73 theme oral 140:143 arg1 stain 117:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain 95:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) 95:126 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 3 74 theme clinical 508:515 arg1 examination 517:527 the clinical examination 504:527 the clinical examination 504:527 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 75 dep CF 536:537 arg1 children 714:721 children 714:721 children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 714:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 75 dep CF 536:537 arg1 CS 623:624 group CS 617:624 group CS 617:624 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 75 dep CF 536:537 arg1 BS 710:711 group BS 704:711 group BS 704:711 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 75 dep CF 536:537 arg1 children 540:547 children 540:547 children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18) 540:614 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 75 dep CF 536:537 arg1 children 627:634 children 627:634 children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17) 627:697 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 11 76 theme oral 2133:2136 arg1 microflora 2138:2147 oral microflora 2133:2147 oral microflora 2133:2147 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 1 77 theme lower 169:173 arg1 caries 175:180 lower caries 169:180 lower caries 169:180 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 9 78 from genera 1690:1695 arg1 communities 1721:1731 CS plaque communities 1711:1731 CS plaque communities 1711:1731 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 9 78 from genera 1690:1695 arg1 BS 1704:1705 the BS 1700:1705 the BS 1700:1705 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg1 CS 623:624 group CS 617:624 group CS 617:624 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg2 restorations 594:605 restorations 594:605 restorations (n = 18) 594:614 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg1 children 714:721 children 714:721 children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 714:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg1 BS 710:711 group BS 704:711 group BS 704:711 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg1 children 540:547 children 540:547 children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18) 540:614 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg2 n 608:608 n = 18 608:613 n = 18 608:613 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 79 contain had 569:571 arg2 lesions 583:589 no caries lesions 573:589 no caries lesions 573:589 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 8 80 theme Selenomonas_3 1562:1574 arg1 level 1553:1557 an increased level 1540:1557 an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia 1540:1607 Moreover, an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia was associated with high caries prevalence. 34247164 2 81 from dentition 448:456 arg1 incidence 413:421 the incidence 409:421 the incidence of caries in the primary dentition 409:456 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 6 82 theme Co-occurrence 1079:1091 arg1 analysis 1101:1108 Co-occurrence network analysis 1079:1108 Co-occurrence network analysis 1079:1108 Co-occurrence network analysis was performed using sparse correlations for compositional data, calculation and functional features were predicted using PICRUSt. 34247164 9 83 theme CF 1768:1769 arg1 communities 1771:1781 the CF communities 1764:1781 the CF communities at the taxon level 1764:1800 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 8 84 theme Fusobacterium 1577:1589 arg1 level 1553:1557 an increased level 1540:1557 an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia 1540:1607 Moreover, an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia was associated with high caries prevalence. 34247164 1 85 theme tooth 111:115 arg1 BS 124:125 BS 124:125 BS 124:125 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 85 theme tooth 111:115 arg1 stain 117:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain 95:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) 95:126 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 85 theme tooth 111:115 arg1 disease 145:151 a common oral disease 131:151 a common oral disease associated with lower caries 131:180 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 3 86 theme early 667:671 arg1 n 691:691 n = 17 691:696 n = 17 691:696 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 86 theme early 667:671 arg1 caries 683:688 severe early childhood caries 660:688 severe early childhood caries (n = 17) 660:697 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 7 87 theme CF 1445:1446 arg1 groups 1456:1461 high in the BS, CF, and CS groups 1429:1461 high in the BS, CF, and CS groups 1429:1461 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 9 88 theme taxon 1790:1794 arg1 level 1796:1800 the taxon level 1786:1800 the taxon level 1786:1800 We found that the interactions among genera in the BS and CS plaque communities are less complex than those in the CF communities at the taxon level. 34247164 3 89 with children 540:547 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 89 with children 540:547 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 2 90 theme primary 440:446 arg1 dentition 448:456 the primary dentition 436:456 the primary dentition 436:456 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 0 91 theme Primary 76:82 arg1 Dentition 84:92 Primary Dentition 76:92 Primary Dentition 76:92 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 3 92 theme extrinsic 743:751 arg1 stain 753:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 black extrinsic stain 737:757 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 3 92 theme extrinsic 743:751 arg1 pigment 728:734 pigment 728:734 pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15) 728:798 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 4 93 theme microbial 811:819 arg1 DNA 829:831 The total microbial genomic DNA 801:831 The total microbial genomic DNA 801:831 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 3 94 theme group 704:708 arg1 BS 710:711 group BS 704:711 group BS 704:711 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 8 95 theme caries 1634:1639 arg1 prevalence 1641:1650 high caries prevalence 1629:1650 high caries prevalence 1629:1650 Moreover, an increased level of Selenomonas_3, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia was associated with high caries prevalence. 34247164 11 96 theme function 2090:2097 arg1 change 2064:2069 a change 2062:2069 a change of their symbiotic function 2062:2097 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 2 97 from incidence 413:421 arg1 dentition 448:456 the primary dentition 436:456 the primary dentition 436:456 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 7 98 dep low 1388:1390 arg1 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 to 1385:1386 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 7 98 dep low 1388:1390 arg1 abundance 1292:1300 the relative abundance 1279:1300 the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium 1279:1369 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 2 99 from caries 426:431 arg1 dentition 448:456 the primary dentition 436:456 the primary dentition 436:456 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 0 100 theme Microbial 12:20 arg1 Profiles 22:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles 0:29 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth 0:65 Comparative Microbial Profiles of Caries and Black Extrinsic Tooth Stain in Primary Dentition. 34247164 5 101 theme differential 946:957 arg1 bacteria 968:975 The differential dominant bacteria 942:975 The differential dominant bacteria 942:975 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 11 102 theme commensalism-induced 2003:2022 arg1 changes 2024:2030 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes 1970:2030 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota 1970:2044 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 34247164 5 103 theme linear 1029:1034 arg1 analysis 1049:1056 linear discriminant analysis 1029:1056 linear discriminant analysis 1029:1056 The differential dominant bacteria were determined using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). 34247164 1 104 theme Extrinsic 95:103 arg1 BS 124:125 BS 124:125 BS 124:125 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 104 theme Extrinsic 95:103 arg1 stain 117:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain 95:121 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) 95:126 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 104 theme Extrinsic 95:103 arg1 disease 145:151 a common oral disease 131:151 a common oral disease associated with lower caries 131:180 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 7 105 from incidence 1493:1501 arg1 groups 1522:1527 the 3 groups 1516:1527 the 3 groups 1516:1527 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 2 106 theme dental 383:388 arg1 plaque 390:395 dental plaque 383:395 dental plaque 383:395 In this study, we aimed at identifying the dominant bacteria in dental plaque to indicate the incidence of caries in the primary dentition. 34247164 3 107 theme caries 576:581 arg1 lesions 583:589 no caries lesions 573:589 no caries lesions 573:589 Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical examination: group CF, children without pigment who had no caries lesions or restorations (n = 18); group CS, children who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries (n = 17); and group BS, children with pigment (black extrinsic stain) without caries or restorations (n = 15). 34247164 10 108 theme glycan 1867:1872 arg1 biosynthesis 1874:1885 biosynthesis 1874:1885 biosynthesis 1874:1885 Functional features, including cofactor and vitamin metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and translation, significantly increased in caries plaque samples. 34247164 1 109 from group 297:301 arg1 risk 274:277 the low risk 266:277 the low risk of caries in this group 266:301 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 1 110 theme caries 282:287 arg1 risk 274:277 the low risk 266:277 the low risk of caries in this group 266:301 Extrinsic black tooth stain (BS) is a common oral disease associated with lower caries experience in preschool children, although the microbiotic features contributing to the low risk of caries in this group remain elusive. 34247164 7 111 from BS 1441:1442 arg1 high 1429:1432 high 1429:1432 high 1429:1432 Interestingly, our results showed that the relative abundance of Pseudopropionibacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Cardiobacterium was from high to low and that of Porphyromonas was low to high in the BS, CF, and CS groups, consistent with the clinical incidence of caries in the 3 groups. 34247164 4 112 theme Illumina 917:924 arg1 platform 932:939 an Illumina HiSeq platform 914:939 an Illumina HiSeq platform 914:939 The total microbial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform. 34247164 11 113 from changes 2024:2030 arg1 microbiota 2035:2044 microbiota 2035:2044 microbiota 2035:2044 These bacterial competition- and commensalism-induced changes in microbiota would result in a change of their symbiotic function, finally affecting the balance of oral microflora. 32554022 0 0 theme temperature 93:103 arg1 changes 105:111 temperature changes 93:111 temperature changes 93:111 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 5 1 theme microbial 829:837 arg1 community 839:847 The microbial community 825:847 The microbial community 825:847 The microbial community was divided into six modules as functional groups. 32554022 6 2 theme petroleum 1083:1091 arg1 degradation 1068:1078 the degradation 1064:1078 the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone 1064:1110 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 0 3 from communities 10:20 arg1 soil 66:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 0 3 from communities 10:20 arg1 response 81:88 their response 75:88 their response to temperature changes 75:111 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 1 4 theme permafrost 177:186 arg1 parts 168:172 some parts 163:172 some parts of permafrost 163:186 Petroleum has contaminated microbial habitats in some parts of permafrost. 32554022 7 5 theme mechanisms 1301:1310 arg1 result 1264:1269 a result 1262:1269 a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1262:1310 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 3 6 with relationship 542:553 arg1 factors 574:580 environmental factors 560:580 environmental factors 560:580 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 3 7 theme forest 623:628 arg1 algorithm 630:638 the random forest algorithm 612:638 the random forest algorithm 612:638 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 8 8 theme petroleum 1436:1444 arg1 pollution 1446:1454 petroleum pollution 1436:1454 petroleum pollution 1436:1454 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 3 9 theme correlation 590:600 arg1 analysis 602:609 correlation analysis 590:609 correlation analysis 590:609 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 4 10 theme petroleum 782:790 arg1 concentrations 764:777 concentrations 764:777 concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment 764:822 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 7 11 theme stress 1284:1289 arg1 mechanisms 1301:1310 microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1274:1310 microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1274:1310 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 6 12 theme important 974:982 arg1 roles 984:988 important roles 974:988 important roles 974:988 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 6 13 from degradation 1068:1078 arg1 zone 1107:1110 permafrost zone 1096:1110 permafrost zone 1096:1110 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 8 14 theme microbial 1364:1372 arg1 structure 1384:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 2 15 theme petroleum 301:309 arg1 contamination 311:323 petroleum contamination 301:323 petroleum contamination 301:323 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 7 16 theme tolerance 1291:1299 arg1 mechanisms 1301:1310 microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1274:1310 microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1274:1310 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 3 17 theme community 432:440 arg1 structure 442:450 the microbial community structure 418:450 the microbial community structure 418:450 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 4 18 from environment 812:822 arg1 concentrations 764:777 concentrations 764:777 concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment 764:822 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 7 19 theme microbial 1274:1282 arg1 mechanisms 1301:1310 microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1274:1310 microbial stress tolerance mechanisms 1274:1310 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 3 20 theme different 468:476 arg1 depths 483:488 different soil depths 468:488 different soil depths 468:488 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 7 21 theme glycan 1170:1175 arg1 metabolism 1177:1186 glycan metabolism 1170:1186 glycan metabolism 1170:1186 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 8 22 from responses 1423:1431 arg1 function 1398:1405 function 1398:1405 function 1398:1405 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 8 22 from responses 1423:1431 arg1 structure 1384:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 2 23 theme frozen 348:353 arg1 ecosystem 362:370 the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem 333:370 the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem 333:370 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 4 24 theme community 700:708 arg1 composition 710:720 microbial community composition 690:720 microbial community composition 690:720 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 0 25 theme Microbial 0:8 arg1 communities 10:20 Microbial communities 0:20 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 0:112 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 3 26 theme random 616:621 arg1 algorithm 630:638 the random forest algorithm 612:638 the random forest algorithm 612:638 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 8 27 theme temperature 1460:1470 arg1 changes 1472:1478 temperature changes 1460:1478 temperature changes 1460:1478 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 0 28 theme petroleum-contaminated 25:46 arg1 soil 66:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 4 29 from sulfates 796:803 arg1 environment 812:822 the environment 808:822 the environment 808:822 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 8 30 theme community 1374:1382 arg1 structure 1384:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 4 31 theme sulfates 796:803 arg1 concentrations 764:777 concentrations 764:777 concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment 764:822 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 3 32 theme environmental 560:572 arg1 factors 574:580 environmental factors 560:580 environmental factors 560:580 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 6 33 theme sulfite-oxidizing 942:958 arg1 bacteria 960:967 sulfite-oxidizing bacteria 942:967 sulfite-oxidizing bacteria 942:967 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 4 34 dep concentrations 764:777 arg1 response 752:759 response 752:759 response 752:759 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 3 35 theme petroleum 494:502 arg1 levels 516:521 petroleum contaminant levels 494:521 petroleum contaminant levels 494:521 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 0 36 theme frozen 59:64 arg1 soil 66:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 2 37 theme microbial 193:201 arg1 community 203:211 The microbial community 189:211 The microbial community 189:211 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 3 38 theme soil 478:481 arg1 depths 483:488 different soil depths 468:488 different soil depths 468:488 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 0 39 theme seasonally 48:57 arg1 soil 66:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil 25:69 Microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated seasonally frozen soil and their response to temperature changes. 32554022 1 40 contain has 124:126 arg1 Petroleum 114:122 Petroleum 114:122 Petroleum 114:122 Petroleum has contaminated microbial habitats in some parts of permafrost. 32554022 1 40 contain has 124:126 arg2 habitats 151:158 contaminated microbial habitats 128:158 contaminated microbial habitats 128:158 Petroleum has contaminated microbial habitats in some parts of permafrost. 32554022 3 41 theme co-occurrence 644:656 arg1 analysis 666:673 co-occurrence network analysis 644:673 co-occurrence network analysis 644:673 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 4 42 theme microbial 690:698 arg1 composition 710:720 microbial community composition 690:720 microbial community composition 690:720 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 7 43 theme temperature 1229:1239 arg1 process 1251:1257 the temperature rise-fall process 1225:1257 the temperature rise-fall process 1225:1257 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 7 44 dep ability 1127:1133 arg1 degrade 1138:1144 degrade 1138:1144 to degrade petroleum 1135:1154 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 6 45 theme sulfate-reducing 912:927 arg1 bacteria 929:936 sulfate-reducing bacteria 912:936 sulfate-reducing bacteria 912:936 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 2 46 theme due 250:252 arg1 changes 242:248 great changes 236:248 great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination 236:323 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 8 47 from impact 1354:1359 arg1 function 1398:1405 function 1398:1405 function 1398:1405 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 8 47 from impact 1354:1359 arg1 structure 1384:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 microbial community structure 1364:1392 The impact on microbial community structure and function, as well as the responses to petroleum pollution and temperature changes, are revealed in this study. 32554022 1 48 theme contaminated 128:139 arg1 habitats 151:158 contaminated microbial habitats 128:158 contaminated microbial habitats 128:158 Petroleum has contaminated microbial habitats in some parts of permafrost. 32554022 3 49 theme microbial 422:430 arg1 structure 442:450 the microbial community structure 418:450 the microbial community structure 418:450 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 2 50 theme great 236:240 arg1 changes 242:248 great changes 236:248 great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination 236:323 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 5 51 theme functional 881:890 arg1 groups 892:897 functional groups 881:897 functional groups 881:897 The microbial community was divided into six modules as functional groups. 32554022 1 52 theme microbial 141:149 arg1 habitats 151:158 contaminated microbial habitats 128:158 contaminated microbial habitats 128:158 Petroleum has contaminated microbial habitats in some parts of permafrost. 32554022 7 53 theme rise-fall 1241:1249 arg1 process 1251:1257 the temperature rise-fall process 1225:1257 the temperature rise-fall process 1225:1257 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 2 54 theme bacteria 289:296 arg1 sensitivity 274:284 the differential sensitivity 257:284 the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination 257:323 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 3 55 theme contaminant 504:514 arg1 levels 516:521 petroleum contaminant levels 494:521 petroleum contaminant levels 494:521 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 4 56 from petroleum 782:790 arg1 environment 812:822 the environment 808:822 the environment 808:822 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 6 57 dep play 969:972 arg1 responsible 1048:1058 responsible 1048:1058 responsible 1048:1058 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 7 58 theme microbial 1117:1125 arg1 ability 1127:1133 The microbial ability 1113:1133 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum 1113:1154 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 2 59 theme ground 355:360 arg1 ecosystem 362:370 the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem 333:370 the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem 333:370 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 32554022 7 60 theme temperature 1329:1339 arg1 changes 1341:1347 temperature changes 1329:1347 temperature changes 1329:1347 The microbial ability to degrade petroleum decreased and glycan metabolism decreased and then increased through the temperature rise-fall process as a result of microbial stress tolerance mechanisms to pollution and temperature changes. 32554022 3 61 theme network 658:664 arg1 analysis 666:673 co-occurrence network analysis 644:673 co-occurrence network analysis 644:673 In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structure and function at different soil depths and petroleum contaminant levels, and studied their relationship with environmental factors through correlation analysis, the random forest algorithm and co-occurrence network analysis. 32554022 4 62 from concentrations 764:777 arg1 environment 812:822 the environment 808:822 the environment 808:822 We found that microbial community composition and function mainly varied in response to concentrations of petroleum and sulfates in the environment. 32554022 6 63 theme permafrost 1096:1105 arg1 zone 1107:1110 permafrost zone 1096:1110 permafrost zone 1096:1110 Among them, sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfite-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in module0 and module4, respectively, which were possibly responsible for the degradation of petroleum in permafrost zone. 32554022 2 64 theme differential 261:272 arg1 sensitivity 274:284 the differential sensitivity 257:284 the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination 257:323 The microbial community has probably undergone great changes due to the differential sensitivity of bacteria to petroleum contamination, making the seasonally frozen ground ecosystem even more fragile. 33014816 6 0 theme line 885:888 arg1 surface 861:867 the cell surface 852:867 the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 852:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 1 1 theme cancer 258:263 arg1 types 265:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 6 2 theme CRC 876:878 arg1 line 885:888 CRC cell line MC38 876:893 the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 872:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 6 2 theme CRC 876:878 arg1 MC38-Tnhigh 896:906 MC38-Tnhigh 896:906 MC38-Tnhigh 896:906 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 4 3 theme tumor 587:591 arg1 microenvironment 593:608 an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment 566:608 an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment 566:608 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 5 4 theme Tn 659:660 arg1 antigen 662:668 Tn antigen 659:668 Tn antigen 659:668 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 8 5 theme tumor 1200:1204 arg1 growth 1206:1211 increased tumor growth 1190:1211 increased tumor growth 1190:1211 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 0 6 theme Tn 0:1 arg1 Expression 11:20 Tn Antigen Expression 0:20 Tn Antigen Expression 0:20 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 6 7 theme cell 856:859 arg1 surface 861:867 the cell surface 852:867 the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 852:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 6 8 theme CRISPR/Cas9-mediated 757:776 arg1 knock 778:782 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock 757:782 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene 757:808 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 10 9 theme Tn 1539:1540 arg1 expression 1550:1559 Tn antigen expression 1539:1559 Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment 1539:1593 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 5 10 theme cell 698:701 arg1 composition 703:713 the tumor immune cell composition 681:713 the tumor immune cell composition 681:713 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 9 11 theme systemic 1430:1437 arg1 differences 1439:1449 no systemic differences 1427:1449 no systemic differences in T cell subsets 1427:1467 Interestingly, no systemic differences in T cell subsets were observed. 33014816 8 12 theme MC38-Tnhigh 1161:1171 arg1 tumors 1173:1178 MC38-Tnhigh tumors 1161:1178 MC38-Tnhigh tumors 1161:1178 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 8 13 theme cells 1405:1409 arg1 accumulation 1362:1373 enhanced accumulation 1353:1373 enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1353:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 8 13 theme cells 1405:1409 arg1 levels 1316:1321 reduced levels 1308:1321 reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1308:1347 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 10 14 theme tumor 1572:1576 arg1 microenvironment 1578:1593 the CRC tumor microenvironment 1564:1593 the CRC tumor microenvironment 1564:1593 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 7 15 theme MAPK 1028:1031 arg1 signaling 1033:1041 MAPK signaling 1028:1041 MAPK signaling 1028:1041 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 7 16 theme Tnhigh 975:980 arg1 glycovariant 982:993 our Tnhigh glycovariant 971:993 our Tnhigh glycovariant 971:993 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 1 17 theme poor 216:219 arg1 prognosis 221:229 poor prognosis 216:229 poor prognosis 216:229 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 10 18 from expression 1550:1559 arg1 microenvironment 1578:1593 the CRC tumor microenvironment 1564:1593 the CRC tumor microenvironment 1564:1593 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 9 19 theme cell 1456:1459 arg1 subsets 1461:1467 T cell subsets 1454:1467 T cell subsets 1454:1467 Interestingly, no systemic differences in T cell subsets were observed. 33014816 8 20 theme altered 1251:1257 arg1 infiltration 1277:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 7 21 dep sequencing 914:923 arg1 only 999:1002 only 999:1002 only 999:1002 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 5 22 theme tumor 685:689 arg1 composition 703:713 the tumor immune cell composition 681:713 the tumor immune cell composition 681:713 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 7 23 theme enrichment 948:957 arg1 analysis 959:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 0 24 from Growth 93:98 arg1 Cancer 114:119 Colorectal Cancer 103:119 Colorectal Cancer 103:119 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 8 25 theme immune 1265:1270 arg1 infiltration 1277:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 7 26 theme GO 940:941 arg1 analysis 959:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 1 27 theme glycan 157:162 arg1 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 1 27 theme glycan 157:162 arg1 antigen 167:173 the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen 136:173 the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) 136:191 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 1 28 theme antigen 167:173 arg1 Expression 122:131 Expression 122:131 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) 122:191 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 8 29 link myeloid-derived 1378:1392 arg1 cells 1405:1409 myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1378:1409 myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1378:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 5 30 theme colorectal 720:729 arg1 cancer 731:736 colorectal cancer 720:736 a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model 718:754 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 5 30 theme colorectal 720:729 arg1 CRC 739:741 CRC 739:741 CRC 739:741 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 7 31 theme RNA 910:912 arg1 sequencing 914:923 RNA sequencing 910:923 RNA sequencing 910:923 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 8 32 theme reduced 1308:1314 arg1 levels 1316:1321 reduced levels 1308:1321 reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1308:1347 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 3 33 theme destruction 420:430 arg1 evasion 402:408 evasion 402:408 evasion of immune destruction 402:430 One emerging hallmark of cancer is evasion of immune destruction. 33014816 0 34 theme Colorectal 103:112 arg1 Cancer 114:119 Colorectal Cancer 103:119 Colorectal Cancer 103:119 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 3 35 theme emerging 371:378 arg1 hallmark 380:387 One emerging hallmark 367:387 One emerging hallmark of cancer 367:397 One emerging hallmark of cancer is evasion of immune destruction. 33014816 4 36 theme glycosylation 472:484 arg1 machinery 486:494 the glycosylation machinery 468:494 the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system 468:529 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 7 37 theme T 1135:1135 arg1 responses 1142:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 8 38 dep displayed 1180:1188 arg1 correlated 1232:1241 correlated 1232:1241 was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1228:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 8 39 theme CD8+ 1336:1339 arg1 cells 1343:1347 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1326:1347 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1326:1347 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 4 40 theme Tn 552:553 arg1 antigen 555:561 Tn antigen 552:561 Tn antigen 552:561 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 8 41 theme cells 1343:1347 arg1 accumulation 1362:1373 enhanced accumulation 1353:1373 enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1353:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 8 41 theme cells 1343:1347 arg1 levels 1316:1321 reduced levels 1308:1321 reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1308:1347 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 9 42 from differences 1439:1449 arg1 subsets 1461:1467 T cell subsets 1454:1467 T cell subsets 1454:1467 Interestingly, no systemic differences in T cell subsets were observed. 33014816 4 43 theme immune 517:522 arg1 system 524:529 the immune system 513:529 the immune system 513:529 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 8 44 theme enhanced 1353:1360 arg1 accumulation 1362:1373 enhanced accumulation 1353:1373 enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1353:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 2 45 theme tumor 335:339 arg1 growth 341:346 tumor growth 335:346 tumor growth 335:346 However, the exact mechanisms exerted by Tn antigen to support tumor growth are still lacking. 33014816 0 46 theme Immune 40:45 arg1 Microenvironment 59:74 an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment 37:74 an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment 37:74 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 6 47 theme Tn 831:832 arg1 levels 842:847 elevated Tn antigen levels 822:847 elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 822:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 8 48 theme suppressor 1394:1403 arg1 cells 1405:1409 myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1378:1409 myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1378:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 7 49 from differences 1013:1023 arg1 signaling 1033:1041 MAPK signaling 1028:1041 MAPK signaling 1028:1041 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 7 49 from differences 1013:1023 arg1 responses 1142:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 7 49 from differences 1013:1023 arg1 presentation 1098:1109 presentation 1098:1109 presentation 1098:1109 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 7 49 from differences 1013:1023 arg1 processing 1083:1092 antigen processing 1075:1092 antigen processing 1075:1092 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 5 50 theme mouse 744:748 arg1 model 750:754 a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model 718:754 a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model 718:754 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 7 51 theme antigen 1075:1081 arg1 processing 1083:1092 antigen processing 1075:1092 antigen processing 1075:1092 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 1 52 theme multiple 249:256 arg1 types 265:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 6 53 theme cell 880:883 arg1 line 885:888 CRC cell line MC38 876:893 the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 872:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 6 53 theme cell 880:883 arg1 MC38-Tnhigh 896:906 MC38-Tnhigh 896:906 MC38-Tnhigh 896:906 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 6 54 theme C1galt1c1 795:803 arg1 gene 805:808 the C1galt1c1 gene 791:808 the C1galt1c1 gene 791:808 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 2 55 theme exact 285:289 arg1 mechanisms 291:300 the exact mechanisms 281:300 the exact mechanisms exerted by Tn antigen to support tumor growth 281:346 However, the exact mechanisms exerted by Tn antigen to support tumor growth are still lacking. 33014816 4 56 theme immunosuppressive 569:585 arg1 microenvironment 593:608 an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment 566:608 an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment 566:608 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 10 57 theme first 1523:1527 arg1 time 1529:1532 the first time 1519:1532 the first time 1519:1532 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 8 58 theme increased 1190:1198 arg1 growth 1206:1211 increased tumor growth 1190:1211 increased tumor growth 1190:1211 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 6 59 from levels 842:847 arg1 surface 861:867 the cell surface 852:867 the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 852:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 7 60 theme cell 1047:1050 arg1 migration 1052:1060 cell migration 1047:1060 cell migration 1047:1060 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 2 61 theme Tn 313:314 arg1 antigen 316:322 Tn antigen 313:322 Tn antigen 313:322 However, the exact mechanisms exerted by Tn antigen to support tumor growth are still lacking. 33014816 10 62 theme antigen 1542:1548 arg1 expression 1550:1559 Tn antigen expression 1539:1559 Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment 1539:1593 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 5 63 theme immune 691:696 arg1 composition 703:713 the tumor immune cell composition 681:713 the tumor immune cell composition 681:713 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 4 64 theme tumor 442:446 arg1 cells 448:452 tumor cells 442:452 tumor cells 442:452 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 10 65 theme CRC 1568:1570 arg1 microenvironment 1578:1593 the CRC tumor microenvironment 1564:1593 the CRC tumor microenvironment 1564:1593 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 1 66 from metastasis 235:244 arg1 types 265:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 7 67 theme glycovariant 982:993 arg1 sequencing 914:923 RNA sequencing 910:923 RNA sequencing 910:923 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 7 67 theme glycovariant 982:993 arg1 analysis 959:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 9 68 theme T 1454:1454 arg1 subsets 1461:1467 T cell subsets 1454:1467 T cell subsets 1454:1467 Interestingly, no systemic differences in T cell subsets were observed. 33014816 1 69 from prognosis 221:229 arg1 types 265:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 multiple cancer types 249:269 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 1 70 theme tumor-associated 140:155 arg1 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 1 70 theme tumor-associated 140:155 arg1 antigen 167:173 the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen 136:173 the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) 136:191 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 8 71 theme tumor 1259:1263 arg1 infiltration 1277:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 0 72 theme Tumor 87:91 arg1 Growth 93:98 Tumor Growth 87:98 Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer 87:119 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 7 73 theme term 943:946 arg1 analysis 959:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 1 74 theme Tn 164:165 arg1 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 αGalNAc-Ser/Thr 176:190 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 1 74 theme Tn 164:165 arg1 antigen 167:173 the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen 136:173 the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) 136:191 Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. 33014816 8 75 theme cell 1272:1275 arg1 infiltration 1277:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 an altered tumor immune cell infiltration 1248:1288 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 7 76 theme subsequent 929:938 arg1 analysis 959:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 subsequent GO term enrichment analysis 929:966 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 5 77 theme cancer 731:736 arg1 model 750:754 a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model 718:754 a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model 718:754 Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. 33014816 7 78 theme cell 1137:1140 arg1 responses 1142:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33014816 0 79 theme Antigen 3:9 arg1 Expression 11:20 Tn Antigen Expression 0:20 Tn Antigen Expression 0:20 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 3 80 theme immune 413:418 arg1 destruction 420:430 immune destruction 413:430 immune destruction 413:430 One emerging hallmark of cancer is evasion of immune destruction. 33014816 4 81 theme antigen 555:561 arg1 contribution 536:547 the contribution 532:547 the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment 532:608 Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. 33014816 8 82 theme cytotoxic 1326:1334 arg1 cells 1343:1347 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1326:1347 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1326:1347 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 10 83 theme immune 1624:1629 arg1 repertoire 1636:1645 the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire 1603:1645 the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire 1603:1645 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 8 84 theme T 1341:1341 arg1 cells 1343:1347 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1326:1347 cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 1326:1347 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 10 85 theme cell 1631:1634 arg1 repertoire 1636:1645 the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire 1603:1645 the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire 1603:1645 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 0 86 theme Suppressive 47:57 arg1 Microenvironment 59:74 an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment 37:74 an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment 37:74 Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. 33014816 6 87 theme antigen 834:840 arg1 levels 842:847 elevated Tn antigen levels 822:847 elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 822:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 3 88 theme cancer 392:397 arg1 hallmark 380:387 One emerging hallmark 367:387 One emerging hallmark of cancer 367:397 One emerging hallmark of cancer is evasion of immune destruction. 33014816 6 89 theme elevated 822:829 arg1 levels 842:847 elevated Tn antigen levels 822:847 elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh) 822:907 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). 33014816 10 90 theme tumor-associated 1607:1622 arg1 repertoire 1636:1645 the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire 1603:1645 the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire 1603:1645 Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire. 33014816 8 91 theme myeloid-derived 1378:1392 arg1 cells 1405:1409 myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1378:1409 myeloid-derived suppressor cells 1378:1409 Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. 33014816 7 92 theme cytotoxic 1125:1133 arg1 responses 1142:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 cytotoxic T cell responses 1125:1150 RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. 33733058 2 0 theme COVID-19 555:562 arg1 disease 564:570 COVID-19 disease 555:570 COVID-19 disease 555:570 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 1 theme existing 672:679 arg1 drugs 681:685 existing drugs 672:685 existing drugs 672:685 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 1 2 theme acute 149:153 arg1 coronavirus 191:201 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 138:203 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:216 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 2 theme acute 149:153 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 3 3 theme angiotensin-converting 844:865 arg1 enzyme 867:872 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 844:874 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 844:881 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 3 3 theme angiotensin-converting 844:865 arg1 ACE2 877:880 ACE2 877:880 ACE2 877:880 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 1 4 theme critical 228:235 arg1 disease 252:258 a critical and even fatal disease 226:258 a critical and even fatal disease 226:258 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 2 5 from number 424:429 arg1 population 579:588 the population 575:588 the population 575:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 6 theme rapid 602:606 arg1 development 608:618 the rapid development 598:618 the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity 598:720 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 1 7 theme respiratory 155:165 arg1 coronavirus 191:201 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 138:203 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:216 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 7 theme respiratory 155:165 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 6 8 theme exocytosis 1364:1373 arg1 status 1289:1294 the sialylation status 1273:1294 the sialylation status of ACE2 1273:1302 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 8 theme exocytosis 1364:1373 arg1 extent 1344:1349 the extent 1340:1349 the extent of lysosomal exocytosis 1340:1373 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 8 theme exocytosis 1364:1373 arg1 receptors 1319:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 4 9 theme virus 906:910 arg1 receptors 918:926 virus entry receptors 906:926 virus entry receptors 906:926 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 4 10 attach linked 1035:1040 arg1 exocytosis 1063:1072 altered lysosomal exocytosis 1045:1072 altered lysosomal exocytosis 1045:1072 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 4 10 attach linked 1035:1040 arg2 spreading 996:1004 spreading 996:1004 spreading of virions 996:1015 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 7 11 from impact 1453:1458 arg1 infectivity 1490:1500 infectivity 1490:1500 infectivity 1490:1500 Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread. 33733058 7 11 from impact 1453:1458 arg1 spread 1507:1512 spread 1507:1512 spread 1507:1512 Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread. 33733058 7 11 from impact 1453:1458 arg1 susceptibility 1474:1487 SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility 1463:1487 SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility 1463:1487 Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread. 33733058 0 12 dep hypothesis 100:109 arg1 Sialylation 0:10 Sialylation 0:10 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading 0:95 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading: A hypothesis. 33733058 4 13 theme virions 1009:1015 arg1 spreading 996:1004 spreading 996:1004 spreading of virions 996:1015 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 1 14 theme even 241:244 arg1 disease 252:258 a critical and even fatal disease 226:258 a critical and even fatal disease 226:258 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 2 15 theme related 486:492 arg1 unknowns 477:484 the many unknowns 468:484 the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action 468:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 16 theme heterogenous 531:542 arg1 outcome 544:550 the heterogenous outcome 527:550 the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population 527:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 6 17 theme lysosomal 1225:1233 arg1 NEU1 1245:1248 the lysosomal sialidase NEU1 1221:1248 the lysosomal sialidase NEU1 1221:1248 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 17 theme lysosomal 1225:1233 arg1 them 1215:1218 them 1215:1218 them 1215:1218 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 17 theme lysosomal 1225:1233 arg1 one 1208:1210 one 1208:1210 one 1208:1210 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 7 18 theme NEU1-controlled 1381:1395 arg1 pathways 1397:1404 NEU1-controlled pathways 1381:1404 NEU1-controlled pathways 1381:1404 Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread. 33733058 1 19 theme fatal 246:250 arg1 disease 252:258 a critical and even fatal disease 226:258 a critical and even fatal disease 226:258 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 20 theme acute 332:336 arg1 syndrome 359:366 acute respiratory distress syndrome 332:366 acute respiratory distress syndrome 332:366 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 2 21 theme virus 704:708 arg1 infectivity 710:720 virus infectivity 704:720 virus infectivity 704:720 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 1 22 theme syndrome 167:174 arg1 coronavirus 191:201 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 138:203 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:216 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 22 theme syndrome 167:174 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 2 23 theme many 472:475 arg1 unknowns 477:484 the many unknowns 468:484 the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action 468:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 1 24 theme respiratory 338:348 arg1 syndrome 359:366 acute respiratory distress syndrome 332:366 acute respiratory distress syndrome 332:366 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 6 25 theme ACE2 1299:1302 arg1 status 1289:1294 the sialylation status 1273:1294 the sialylation status of ACE2 1273:1302 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 25 theme ACE2 1299:1302 arg1 extent 1344:1349 the extent 1340:1349 the extent of lysosomal exocytosis 1340:1373 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 25 theme ACE2 1299:1302 arg1 receptors 1319:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 26 theme approaches 635:644 arg1 development 608:618 the rapid development 598:618 the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity 598:720 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 4 27 theme infection 968:976 arg1 rate 960:963 the rate 956:963 the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 956:990 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 28 theme lysosomal 1354:1362 arg1 exocytosis 1364:1373 lysosomal exocytosis 1354:1373 lysosomal exocytosis 1354:1373 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 1 29 theme distress 350:357 arg1 syndrome 359:366 acute respiratory distress syndrome 332:366 acute respiratory distress syndrome 332:366 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 6 30 theme them 1215:1218 arg1 NEU1 1245:1248 the lysosomal sialidase NEU1 1221:1248 the lysosomal sialidase NEU1 1221:1248 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 30 theme them 1215:1218 arg1 them 1215:1218 them 1215:1218 them 1215:1218 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 30 theme them 1215:1218 arg1 one 1208:1210 one 1208:1210 one 1208:1210 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 31 theme alternative 623:633 arg1 approaches 635:644 alternative approaches 623:644 alternative approaches 623:644 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 3 32 from surface 807:813 arg1 receptors 790:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 3 32 from surface 807:813 arg1 enzyme 867:872 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 844:874 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 844:881 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 7 33 theme therapeutic 1420:1430 arg1 targets 1432:1438 therapeutic targets 1420:1438 therapeutic targets 1420:1438 Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread. 33733058 1 34 theme SARS 177:180 arg1 coronavirus 191:201 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 138:203 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:216 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 34 theme SARS 177:180 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 2 35 theme escalating 413:422 arg1 number 424:429 the escalating number 409:429 the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world 409:465 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 36 from outcome 544:550 arg1 population 579:588 the population 575:588 the population 575:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 37 theme disease 564:570 arg1 number 424:429 the escalating number 409:429 the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world 409:465 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 37 theme disease 564:570 arg1 unknowns 477:484 the many unknowns 468:484 the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action 468:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 37 theme disease 564:570 arg1 gravity 373:379 The gravity 369:379 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic 369:406 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 37 theme disease 564:570 arg1 outcome 544:550 the heterogenous outcome 527:550 the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population 527:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 7 38 theme SARS-CoV-2 1463:1472 arg1 susceptibility 1474:1487 SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility 1463:1487 SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility 1463:1487 Thus NEU1-controlled pathways may represent therapeutic targets, which could impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, infectivity, and spread. 33733058 4 39 theme lysosomal 1053:1061 arg1 exocytosis 1063:1072 altered lysosomal exocytosis 1045:1072 altered lysosomal exocytosis 1045:1072 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 0 40 theme proteins 20:27 arg1 Sialylation 0:10 Sialylation 0:10 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading 0:95 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading: A hypothesis. 33733058 4 41 theme altered 1045:1051 arg1 exocytosis 1063:1072 altered lysosomal exocytosis 1045:1072 altered lysosomal exocytosis 1045:1072 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 1 42 theme -related 182:189 arg1 coronavirus 191:201 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 138:203 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:216 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 42 theme -related 182:189 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 0 43 theme host 15:18 arg1 proteins 20:27 host proteins 15:27 host proteins 15:27 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading: A hypothesis. 33733058 3 44 with interaction 762:772 arg1 receptors 790:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 3 44 with interaction 762:772 arg1 enzyme 867:872 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 844:874 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 844:881 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 4 45 from composition 891:901 arg1 receptors 918:926 virus entry receptors 906:926 virus entry receptors 906:926 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 46 theme SARS-CoV-2 388:397 arg1 pandemic 399:406 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic 384:406 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic 384:406 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 0 47 theme targetable 32:41 arg1 factor 48:53 targetable risk factor 32:53 targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading 32:95 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading: A hypothesis. 33733058 1 48 theme Coronavirus 268:278 arg1 COVID-19 292:299 COVID-19 292:299 COVID-19 292:299 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 48 theme Coronavirus 268:278 arg1 disease-19 280:289 Coronavirus disease-19 268:289 Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) 268:300 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 2 49 theme virus 501:505 arg1 mode 507:510 the virus mode 497:510 the virus mode of action 497:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 6 50 theme one 1208:1210 arg1 activity 1196:1203 the activity 1192:1203 the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, 1192:1249 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 51 theme cases 444:448 arg1 number 424:429 the escalating number 409:429 the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world 409:465 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 51 theme cases 444:448 arg1 unknowns 477:484 the many unknowns 468:484 the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action 468:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 51 theme cases 444:448 arg1 gravity 373:379 The gravity 369:379 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic 369:406 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 51 theme cases 444:448 arg1 outcome 544:550 the heterogenous outcome 527:550 the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population 527:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 4 52 theme Glycan 884:889 arg1 composition 891:901 Glycan composition 884:901 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors 884:926 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 53 theme sialylation 1277:1287 arg1 status 1289:1294 the sialylation status 1273:1294 the sialylation status of ACE2 1273:1302 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 4 54 theme entry 912:916 arg1 receptors 918:926 virus entry receptors 906:926 virus entry receptors 906:926 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 55 theme confirmed 434:442 arg1 cases 444:448 confirmed cases 434:448 confirmed cases around the world 434:465 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 3 56 theme human 742:746 arg1 cells 748:752 human cells 742:752 human cells 742:752 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 6 57 theme host 1314:1317 arg1 receptors 1319:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 3 58 gly sialylated 779:788 arg1 receptors 790:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 3 58 gly sialylated 779:788 arg1 enzyme 867:872 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 844:874 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 844:881 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 0 59 theme risk 43:46 arg1 factor 48:53 targetable risk factor 32:53 targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading 32:95 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading: A hypothesis. 33733058 5 60 theme lysosomal 1122:1130 arg1 system 1132:1137 the lysosomal system 1118:1137 the lysosomal system 1118:1137 These processes could concurrently involve the lysosomal system and its glycosidases. 33733058 2 61 from unknowns 477:484 arg1 population 579:588 the population 575:588 the population 575:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 62 from gravity 373:379 arg1 population 579:588 the population 575:588 the population 575:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 6 63 theme sialidase 1235:1243 arg1 NEU1 1245:1248 the lysosomal sialidase NEU1 1221:1248 the lysosomal sialidase NEU1 1221:1248 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 63 theme sialidase 1235:1243 arg1 them 1215:1218 them 1215:1218 them 1215:1218 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 63 theme sialidase 1235:1243 arg1 one 1208:1210 one 1208:1210 one 1208:1210 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 3 64 theme epithelial 818:827 arg1 cells 829:833 epithelial cells 818:833 epithelial cells 818:833 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 3 65 theme cells 829:833 arg1 surface 807:813 the surface 803:813 the surface of epithelial cells 803:833 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 2 66 theme action 515:520 arg1 mode 507:510 the virus mode 497:510 the virus mode of action 497:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 0 67 theme COVID-19 59:66 arg1 susceptibility 68:81 COVID-19 susceptibility 59:81 COVID-19 susceptibility 59:81 Sialylation of host proteins as targetable risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and spreading: A hypothesis. 33733058 6 68 gly sialylation 1277:1287 arg1 ACE2 1299:1302 ACE2 1299:1302 ACE2 1299:1302 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 6 68 gly sialylation 1277:1287 arg1 exocytosis 1364:1373 lysosomal exocytosis 1354:1373 lysosomal exocytosis 1354:1373 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 69 theme pandemic 399:406 arg1 number 424:429 the escalating number 409:429 the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world 409:465 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 69 theme pandemic 399:406 arg1 unknowns 477:484 the many unknowns 468:484 the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action 468:520 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 69 theme pandemic 399:406 arg1 gravity 373:379 The gravity 369:379 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic 369:406 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 2 69 theme pandemic 399:406 arg1 outcome 544:550 the heterogenous outcome 527:550 the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population 527:588 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 3 70 theme sialylated 779:788 arg1 receptors 790:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 sialylated receptors 779:798 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 3 70 theme sialylated 779:788 arg1 enzyme 867:872 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 844:874 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 844:881 SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells through interaction with sialylated receptors at the surface of epithelial cells, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33733058 4 71 theme SARS-CoV-2 981:990 arg1 infection 968:976 infection 968:976 infection of SARS-CoV-2 968:990 Glycan composition on virus entry receptors has been shown to influence the rate of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and spreading of virions has recently been linked to altered lysosomal exocytosis. 33733058 2 72 theme drugs 681:685 arg1 repurposing 657:667 repurposing 657:667 repurposing of existing drugs 657:685 The gravity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the escalating number of confirmed cases around the world, the many unknowns related to the virus mode of action, and the heterogenous outcome of COVID-19 disease in the population ask for the rapid development of alternative approaches, including repurposing of existing drugs, that may dampen virus infectivity. 33733058 1 73 theme severe 142:147 arg1 coronavirus 191:201 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 138:203 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:216 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 1 73 theme severe 142:147 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 SARS-CoV-2 206:215 Individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop a critical and even fatal disease, called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), that eventually evolves into acute respiratory distress syndrome. 33733058 6 74 theme other 1308:1312 arg1 receptors 1319:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 other host receptors 1308:1327 We hypothesize that modulating the activity of one of them, the lysosomal sialidase NEU1, could impinge on both the sialylation status of ACE2 and other host receptors as well as the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. 33436242 3 0 theme in 894:895 arg1 activity 903:910 in vitro activity 894:910 in vitro activity against Candida albicans 894:935 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 4 1 theme advantageous 1051:1062 arg1 adhesiveness 1025:1036 adhesiveness 1025:1036 adhesiveness 1025:1036 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 4 1 theme advantageous 1051:1062 arg1 feature 1064:1070 an advantageous feature 1048:1070 an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis 1048:1124 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 1 2 theme chitosan 147:154 arg1 solution 114:121 A viscous solution 104:121 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) 104:217 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 3 theme deacetylated 187:198 arg1 °C 215:216 1451 cP at 25 °C 201:216 1451 cP at 25 °C 201:216 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 3 theme deacetylated 187:198 arg1 % 185:185 75 % deacetylated 182:198 75 % deacetylated 182:198 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 2 4 theme phase 458:462 arg1 diagram 464:470 a phase diagram 456:470 a phase diagram 456:470 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 3 5 theme shell 761:765 arg1 extract 767:773 shell extract 761:773 shell extract 761:773 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 0 6 theme medicines 93:101 arg1 administration 68:81 the administration 64:81 the administration of herbal medicines 64:101 Associating chitosan and microemulsion as a topical vehicle for the administration of herbal medicines. 33436242 4 7 theme topical 1080:1086 arg1 treatment 1088:1096 the topical treatment 1076:1096 the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis 1076:1124 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 1 8 theme w/w 332:334 arg1 situ 320:323 situ 320:323 situ (≈28 % w/w) 320:335 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 8 theme w/w 332:334 arg1 % 330:330 ≈28 % w/w 326:334 ≈28 % w/w 326:334 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 0 9 theme herbal 86:91 arg1 medicines 93:101 herbal medicines 86:101 herbal medicines 86:101 Associating chitosan and microemulsion as a topical vehicle for the administration of herbal medicines. 33436242 3 10 theme Candida 920:926 arg1 albicans 928:935 Candida albicans 920:935 Candida albicans 920:935 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 3 11 theme essential 848:856 arg1 oil 858:860 essential oil 848:860 essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol) 848:884 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 1 12 theme topical 414:420 arg1 vehicle 422:428 a topical vehicle 412:428 a topical vehicle 412:428 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 12 theme topical 414:420 arg1 crystal 368:374 a more viscous liquid crystal 346:374 a more viscous liquid crystal 346:374 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 3 13 dep oil 858:860 arg1 % 866:866 46 % 863:866 46 % of terpinen-4-ol 863:883 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 3 13 dep oil 858:860 arg1 terpinen-4-ol 871:883 terpinen-4-ol 871:883 terpinen-4-ol 871:883 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 1 14 theme phase 277:281 arg1 transition 283:292 a phase transition 275:292 a phase transition 275:292 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 3 15 theme molecular 793:801 arg1 networking 803:812 molecular networking 793:812 molecular networking 793:812 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 2 16 theme polyethylene 585:596 arg1 glycol 598:603 polyethylene glycol 400 585:607 polyethylene glycol 400 585:607 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 16 theme polyethylene 585:596 arg1 phase 568:572 the aqueous phase 556:572 the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %) 556:626 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 17 theme herbal 664:669 arg1 HM 682:683 HM 682:683 HM 682:683 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 17 theme herbal 664:669 arg1 medicines 671:679 herbal medicines 664:679 herbal medicines (HM) 664:684 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 3 18 dep in 894:895 arg1 vitro 897:901 vitro 897:901 vitro 897:901 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 1 19 theme viscous 353:359 arg1 vehicle 422:428 a topical vehicle 412:428 a topical vehicle 412:428 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 19 theme viscous 353:359 arg1 crystal 368:374 a more viscous liquid crystal 346:374 a more viscous liquid crystal 346:374 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 4 20 theme mechanical 972:981 arg1 properties 983:992 the mechanical properties 968:992 the mechanical properties of the topical formulation 968:1019 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 2 21 theme myristate 524:532 arg1 isopropyl 534:542 myristate isopropyl 524:542 myristate isopropyl (28 %) 524:549 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 21 theme myristate 524:532 arg1 % 548:548 28 % 545:548 28 % 545:548 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 4 22 from CH 950:951 arg1 ME 956:957 ME 956:957 ME 956:957 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 2 23 theme aqueous 560:566 arg1 water 575:579 water 575:579 water 575:579 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 23 theme aqueous 560:566 arg1 glycol 598:603 polyethylene glycol 400 585:607 polyethylene glycol 400 585:607 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 23 theme aqueous 560:566 arg1 phase 568:572 the aqueous phase 556:572 the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %) 556:626 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 2 23 theme aqueous 560:566 arg1 % 625:625 20 % 622:625 20 % 622:625 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 4 24 theme vulvovaginal 1101:1112 arg1 candidiasis 1114:1124 vulvovaginal candidiasis 1101:1124 vulvovaginal candidiasis 1101:1124 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 1 25 dep kDa 177:179 arg1 °C 215:216 1451 cP at 25 °C 201:216 1451 cP at 25 °C 201:216 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 25 dep kDa 177:179 arg1 % 185:185 75 % deacetylated 182:198 75 % deacetylated 182:198 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 26 theme liquid 361:366 arg1 vehicle 422:428 a topical vehicle 412:428 a topical vehicle 412:428 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 26 theme liquid 361:366 arg1 crystal 368:374 a more viscous liquid crystal 346:374 a more viscous liquid crystal 346:374 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 27 theme viscous 106:112 arg1 solution 114:121 A viscous solution 104:121 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) 104:217 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 0 28 theme topical 44:50 arg1 microemulsion 25:37 microemulsion 25:37 microemulsion 25:37 Associating chitosan and microemulsion as a topical vehicle for the administration of herbal medicines. 33436242 0 28 theme topical 44:50 arg1 chitosan 12:19 chitosan 12:19 chitosan 12:19 Associating chitosan and microemulsion as a topical vehicle for the administration of herbal medicines. 33436242 0 28 theme topical 44:50 arg1 vehicle 52:58 a topical vehicle 42:58 a topical vehicle for the administration of herbal medicines 42:101 Associating chitosan and microemulsion as a topical vehicle for the administration of herbal medicines. 33436242 4 29 theme topical 1001:1007 arg1 formulation 1009:1019 the topical formulation 997:1019 the topical formulation 997:1019 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 1 30 from % 165:165 arg1 solution 114:121 A viscous solution 104:121 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) 104:217 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 31 theme water 300:304 arg1 absorption 306:315 water absorption 300:315 water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w) 300:335 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 3 32 dep Stryphnodendron 733:747 arg1 extract 767:773 shell extract 761:773 shell extract 761:773 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 3 32 dep Stryphnodendron 733:747 arg1 adstringens 749:759 Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, 733:813 adstringens 749:759 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 3 32 dep Stryphnodendron 733:747 arg1 oil 858:860 essential oil 848:860 essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol) 848:884 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 4 33 theme candidiasis 1114:1124 arg1 treatment 1088:1096 the topical treatment 1076:1096 the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis 1076:1124 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 3 34 theme terpinen-4-ol 871:883 arg1 % 866:866 46 % 863:866 46 % of terpinen-4-ol 863:883 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 3 34 theme terpinen-4-ol 871:883 arg1 terpinen-4-ol 871:883 terpinen-4-ol 871:883 terpinen-4-ol 871:883 HM are alternatives to treat candidiasis, and Stryphnodendron adstringens shell extract, characterized by molecular networking, and Melaleuca alternifolia Chell essential oil (46 % of terpinen-4-ol), showed in vitro activity against Candida albicans. 33436242 4 35 theme Associating 938:948 arg1 CH 950:951 Associating CH 938:951 Associating CH in ME 938:957 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 2 36 dep water 575:579 arg1 w/w 616:618 60:40 w/w 610:618 60:40 w/w 610:618 The ME was selected from a phase diagram, selecting a composition based on Tween® 80 (52 %), myristate isopropyl (28 %), and the aqueous phase (water and polyethylene glycol 400, 60:40 w/w) (20 %), which was after replaced by CH and herbal medicines (HM). 33436242 1 37 theme low 126:128 arg1 weight 140:145 low molecular weight 126:145 low molecular weight chitosan (CH) 126:159 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 4 38 theme formulation 1009:1019 arg1 properties 983:992 the mechanical properties 968:992 the mechanical properties of the topical formulation 968:1019 Associating CH in ME improved the mechanical properties of the topical formulation, as adhesiveness, which is an advantageous feature for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. 33436242 1 39 dep % 165:165 arg1 w/v 167:169 w/v 167:169 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) 164:217 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 39 dep % 165:165 arg1 kDa 177:179 10.2 kDa 172:179 10.2 kDa 172:179 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 40 theme molecular 130:138 arg1 weight 140:145 low molecular weight 126:145 low molecular weight chitosan (CH) 126:159 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 41 theme weight 140:145 arg1 CH 157:158 CH 157:158 CH 157:158 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 41 theme weight 140:145 arg1 chitosan 147:154 low molecular weight chitosan 126:154 low molecular weight chitosan (CH) 126:159 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 42 from absorption 306:315 arg1 situ 320:323 situ 320:323 situ (≈28 % w/w) 320:335 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 33436242 1 42 from absorption 306:315 arg1 % 330:330 ≈28 % w/w 326:334 ≈28 % w/w 326:334 A viscous solution of low molecular weight chitosan (CH) at 5% w/v (10.2 kDa, 75 % deacetylated, 1451 cP at 25 °C) was associated with a microemulsion (ME) that undergoes a phase transition after water absorption in situ (≈28 % w/w), forming a more viscous liquid crystal, which was potentially evaluated as a topical vehicle. 35518248 0 0 theme hydrogen 97:104 arg1 generation 106:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 4 1 theme transfer 717:724 arg1 kinetics 726:733 effective charge transfer kinetics 700:733 effective charge transfer kinetics 700:733 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 5 2 theme apparent 867:874 arg1 yield 884:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield 848:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% 848:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 2 theme apparent 867:874 arg1 result 840:845 a result 838:845 a result 838:845 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 2 theme apparent 867:874 arg1 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 2 3 theme graphene 360:367 arg1 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 3 theme graphene 360:367 arg1 dots 377:380 S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots 346:380 dots 377:380 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 4 4 theme photocatalytic 810:823 arg1 activity 825:832 the enhanced photocatalytic activity 797:832 the enhanced photocatalytic activity 797:832 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 0 5 theme light 91:95 arg1 generation 106:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 2 6 theme co-doped 351:358 arg1 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 6 theme co-doped 351:358 arg1 dots 377:380 S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots 346:380 dots 377:380 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 0 7 link O-linked 23:30 arg1 photocatalyst 50:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst 23:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 23:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 3 8 theme π-π 551:553 arg1 times 614:618 24 times 611:618 24 times 611:618 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 3 8 theme π-π 551:553 arg1 interactions 555:566 strong π-π interactions 544:566 strong π-π interactions 544:566 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 3 9 theme enhanced 572:579 arg1 generation 599:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 5 10 theme photocatalyst 945:957 arg1 N-GQD10 966:972 N-GQD10 966:972 N-GQD10 966:972 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 10 theme photocatalyst 945:957 arg1 OLHP/S 959:964 our photocatalyst OLHP/S 941:964 our photocatalyst OLHP/S 941:964 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 3 11 with photosensitization 520:537 arg1 times 614:618 24 times 611:618 24 times 611:618 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 3 11 with photosensitization 520:537 arg1 generation 599:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 3 11 with photosensitization 520:537 arg1 interactions 555:566 strong π-π interactions 544:566 strong π-π interactions 544:566 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 2 12 theme heptazine 306:314 arg1 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 12 theme heptazine 306:314 arg1 polymer 316:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer 285:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) 285:391 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 12 theme heptazine 306:314 arg1 photosensitizer 398:412 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 13 theme N 349:349 arg1 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 13 theme N 349:349 arg1 dots 377:380 S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots 346:380 dots 377:380 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 5 14 theme quantum 876:882 arg1 yield 884:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield 848:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% 848:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 14 theme quantum 876:882 arg1 result 840:845 a result 838:845 a result 838:845 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 14 theme quantum 876:882 arg1 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 2 15 theme O-linked 297:304 arg1 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 15 theme O-linked 297:304 arg1 polymer 316:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer 285:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) 285:391 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 15 theme O-linked 297:304 arg1 photosensitizer 398:412 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 4 16 theme effective 700:708 arg1 kinetics 726:733 effective charge transfer kinetics 700:733 effective charge transfer kinetics 700:733 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 5 17 theme % 922:922 arg1 value 909:913 highest value 901:913 highest value of 10.2% 901:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 2 18 theme polymeric 287:295 arg1 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 18 theme polymeric 287:295 arg1 polymer 316:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer 285:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) 285:391 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 18 theme polymeric 287:295 arg1 photosensitizer 398:412 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 4 19 theme optical 674:680 arg1 measurements 682:693 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements 644:693 measurements 682:693 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 3 20 theme photocatalytic 581:594 arg1 generation 599:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 3 21 theme effective 510:518 arg1 photosensitization 520:537 effective photosensitization 510:537 effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems 510:641 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 1 22 theme visible 210:216 arg1 reaction 251:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction 210:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 210:264 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 2 23 link O-linked 297:304 arg1 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 OLHP 325:328 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 23 link O-linked 297:304 arg1 polymer 316:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer 285:322 a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) 285:391 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 23 link O-linked 297:304 arg1 photosensitizer 398:412 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization 396:464 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 3 24 theme H2 596:597 arg1 generation 599:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation 572:608 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 1 25 theme light-induced 218:230 arg1 reaction 251:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction 210:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 210:264 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 0 26 theme heptazine 32:40 arg1 photocatalyst 50:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst 23:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 23:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 5 27 with yield 884:888 arg1 value 909:913 highest value 901:913 highest value of 10.2% 901:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 1 28 theme Metal-free 118:127 arg1 photocatalysts 145:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts 118:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts 118:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 1 29 theme hydrogen 232:239 arg1 reaction 251:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction 210:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 210:264 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 0 30 theme O-linked 23:30 arg1 photocatalyst 50:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst 23:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 23:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 1 31 theme organic 129:135 arg1 photocatalysts 145:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts 118:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts 118:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 1 32 theme evolution 241:249 arg1 reaction 251:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction 210:258 visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 210:264 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 4 33 theme decreased 740:748 arg1 recombination 757:769 decreased charge recombination 740:769 decreased charge recombination 740:769 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 5 34 theme highest 901:907 arg1 value 909:913 highest value 901:913 highest value of 10.2% 901:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 1 35 theme reaction 251:258 arg1 field 201:205 the field 197:205 the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 197:264 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 0 36 theme polymer 42:48 arg1 photocatalyst 50:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst 23:62 O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 23:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 5 37 theme significant 850:860 arg1 yield 884:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield 848:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% 848:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 37 theme significant 850:860 arg1 result 840:845 a result 838:845 a result 838:845 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 37 theme significant 850:860 arg1 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 2 38 theme dot 448:450 arg1 sensitization 452:464 quantum dot sensitization 440:464 quantum dot sensitization 440:464 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 1 39 theme polymer 137:143 arg1 photocatalysts 145:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts 118:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts 118:158 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 2 40 theme quantum 440:446 arg1 sensitization 452:464 quantum dot sensitization 440:464 quantum dot sensitization 440:464 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 3 41 theme heptazine-based 481:495 arg1 systems 497:503 these heptazine-based systems 475:503 these heptazine-based systems 475:503 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 4 42 theme charge 750:755 arg1 recombination 757:769 decreased charge recombination 740:769 decreased charge recombination 740:769 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 3 43 theme metal-free 624:633 arg1 systems 635:641 metal-free systems 624:641 metal-free systems 624:641 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 1 44 dep reaction 251:258 arg1 HER 261:263 HER 261:263 HER 261:263 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 2 45 theme S 346:346 arg1 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 45 theme S 346:346 arg1 dots 377:380 S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots 346:380 dots 377:380 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 3 46 theme strong 544:549 arg1 times 614:618 24 times 611:618 24 times 611:618 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 3 46 theme strong 544:549 arg1 interactions 555:566 strong π-π interactions 544:566 strong π-π interactions 544:566 Both of these heptazine-based systems show effective photosensitization with strong π-π interactions and enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation (24 times) as metal-free systems. 35518248 4 47 theme enhanced 801:808 arg1 activity 825:832 the enhanced photocatalytic activity 797:832 the enhanced photocatalytic activity 797:832 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 4 48 theme charge 710:715 arg1 kinetics 726:733 effective charge transfer kinetics 700:733 effective charge transfer kinetics 700:733 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 0 49 theme visible 83:89 arg1 generation 106:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 4 50 theme Electrochemical 644:658 arg1 impedance 660:668 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements 644:693 impedance 660:668 Electrochemical impedance and optical measurements show effective charge transfer kinetics with decreased charge recombination, which is responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. 35518248 1 51 theme dramatic 175:182 arg1 attention 184:192 dramatic attention 175:192 dramatic attention 175:192 Metal-free organic polymer photocatalysts have attracted dramatic attention in the field of visible light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 35518248 0 52 theme metal-free 72:81 arg1 generation 106:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation 68:115 Quantum dot-sensitized O-linked heptazine polymer photocatalyst for the metal-free visible light hydrogen generation. 35518248 5 53 theme high 862:865 arg1 yield 884:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield 848:888 a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% 848:922 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 53 theme high 862:865 arg1 result 840:845 a result 838:845 a result 838:845 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 5 53 theme high 862:865 arg1 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 AQY 891:893 As a result, a significant high apparent quantum yield (AQY) with highest value of 10.2% was obtained for our photocatalyst OLHP/S,N-GQD10. 35518248 2 54 theme quantum 369:375 arg1 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 N-GQDs 385:390 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 35518248 2 54 theme quantum 369:375 arg1 dots 377:380 S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots 346:380 dots 377:380 Herein, we showed a polymeric O-linked heptazine polymer (OLHP) decorated with S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) as a photosensitizer to generate hydrogen upon quantum dot sensitization. 31972993 0 0 theme Core-Shell 72:81 arg1 Systems 97:103 Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems 72:103 Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems 72:103 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 4 1 theme core-shell 711:720 arg1 F5 734:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 697:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 697:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 1 theme core-shell 711:720 arg1 system 897:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 5 2 theme drug 952:955 arg1 release 937:943 the early release 927:943 the early release of the drug 927:955 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 5 3 dep able 912:915 arg1 reduce 920:925 reduce 920:925 to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 917:1071 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 5 3 dep able 912:915 arg1 deliver 1093:1099 deliver 1093:1099 deliver 1093:1099 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 6 4 theme drug 1260:1263 arg1 systems 1274:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems 1245:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1245:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 4 theme drug 1260:1263 arg1 particles 1216:1224 these particles 1210:1224 these particles 1210:1224 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 5 5 theme amidated 1147:1154 arg1 core 1175:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 6 6 theme useful 1282:1287 arg1 systems 1274:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems 1245:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1245:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 6 theme useful 1282:1287 arg1 particles 1216:1224 these particles 1210:1224 these particles 1210:1224 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 3 7 from effect 509:514 arg1 particles 550:558 particles 550:558 particles 550:558 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 7 from effect 509:514 arg1 micromeritics 572:584 micromeritics 572:584 micromeritics 572:584 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 7 from effect 509:514 arg1 structure 593:601 inner structure 587:601 inner structure 587:601 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 7 from effect 509:514 arg1 loading 609:615 drug loading 604:615 drug loading 604:615 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 7 from effect 509:514 arg1 profiles 643:650 drug-release/swelling profiles 621:650 drug-release/swelling profiles 621:650 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 2 8 theme necessary 357:365 arg1 ones 352:355 the best ones 343:355 the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way 343:434 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 5 9 theme low 1156:1158 arg1 core 1175:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 0 10 theme Delivery 88:95 arg1 Systems 97:103 Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems 72:103 Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems 72:103 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 4 11 theme alginate 798:805 arg1 concentration 813:825 an alginate shell concentration 795:825 an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 795:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 12 theme optimized 701:709 arg1 F5 734:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 697:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 697:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 12 theme optimized 701:709 arg1 system 897:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 13 theme w/v 787:789 arg1 concentration 813:825 an alginate shell concentration 795:825 an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 795:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 13 theme w/v 787:789 arg1 concentration 765:777 a pectin core concentration 751:777 a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v 751:789 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 14 from particles 550:558 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 5 15 theme methoxy 1160:1166 arg1 core 1175:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 0 16 theme Drug 83:86 arg1 Systems 97:103 Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems 72:103 Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems 72:103 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 5 17 theme outer 1061:1065 arg1 layer 1067:1071 the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1026:1071 the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1026:1071 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 4 18 theme % 785:785 arg1 w/v 787:789 4.0% w/v 782:789 4.0% w/v 782:789 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 2 19 theme operative 284:292 arg1 conditions 294:303 many operative conditions 279:303 many operative conditions 279:303 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 3 20 from loading 609:615 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 5 21 theme pectin 1168:1173 arg1 core 1175:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 amidated low methoxy pectin core 1147:1178 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 6 22 theme bowel 1306:1310 arg1 disease 1312:1318 inflammatory bowel disease 1293:1318 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1293:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 22 theme bowel 1306:1310 arg1 IBD 1321:1323 IBD 1321:1323 IBD 1321:1323 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 5 23 theme layer 1067:1071 arg1 presence 1014:1021 the presence 1010:1021 the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1010:1071 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 4 24 theme core 844:847 arg1 w/v 835:837 2.0% w/v 830:837 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 830:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 24 theme core 844:847 arg1 ratio 855:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 2 25 theme many 279:282 arg1 conditions 294:303 many operative conditions 279:303 many operative conditions 279:303 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 1 26 theme co-axial 170:177 arg1 carriers 250:257 polymeric carriers 240:257 polymeric carriers 240:257 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone were developed using co-axial prilling as production technique and pectin plus alginate as polymeric carriers. 31972993 1 26 theme co-axial 170:177 arg1 prilling 179:186 co-axial prilling 170:186 co-axial prilling 170:186 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone were developed using co-axial prilling as production technique and pectin plus alginate as polymeric carriers. 31972993 6 27 theme inflammatory 1293:1304 arg1 disease 1312:1318 inflammatory bowel disease 1293:1318 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1293:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 27 theme inflammatory 1293:1304 arg1 IBD 1321:1323 IBD 1321:1323 IBD 1321:1323 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 4 28 theme 2:1 840:842 arg1 w/v 835:837 2.0% w/v 830:837 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 830:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 28 theme 2:1 840:842 arg1 ratio 855:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 29 theme parameters 536:545 arg1 ratios 494:499 polymers mass ratios 480:499 polymers mass ratios 480:499 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 29 theme parameters 536:545 arg1 effect 509:514 the effect 505:514 the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids 505:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 4 30 theme shell 849:853 arg1 w/v 835:837 2.0% w/v 830:837 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 830:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 30 theme shell 849:853 arg1 ratio 855:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 31 from ratios 494:499 arg1 particles 550:558 particles 550:558 particles 550:558 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 31 from ratios 494:499 arg1 micromeritics 572:584 micromeritics 572:584 micromeritics 572:584 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 31 from ratios 494:499 arg1 structure 593:601 inner structure 587:601 inner structure 587:601 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 31 from ratios 494:499 arg1 loading 609:615 drug loading 604:615 drug loading 604:615 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 31 from ratios 494:499 arg1 profiles 643:650 drug-release/swelling profiles 621:650 drug-release/swelling profiles 621:650 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 32 from profiles 643:650 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 2 33 theme particle 397:404 arg1 systems 406:412 uniform core-shell particle systems 378:412 uniform core-shell particle systems 378:412 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 4 34 theme core 760:763 arg1 concentration 765:777 a pectin core concentration 751:777 a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v 751:789 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 2 35 theme core-shell 386:395 arg1 systems 406:412 uniform core-shell particle systems 378:412 uniform core-shell particle systems 378:412 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 5 36 theme gastro-resistant 1044:1059 arg1 layer 1067:1071 the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1026:1071 the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1026:1071 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 5 37 theme gastro-intestinal 982:998 arg1 tract 1000:1004 the gastro-intestinal tract 978:1004 the gastro-intestinal tract 978:1004 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 4 38 theme 4.0 782:784 arg1 % 785:785 % 785:785 % 785:785 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 39 from structure 593:601 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 5 40 theme early 931:935 arg1 release 937:943 the early release 927:943 the early release of the drug 927:955 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 3 41 theme process 528:534 arg1 parameters 536:545 the main process parameters 519:545 the main process parameters 519:545 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 42 theme biological 665:674 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 4 43 theme formulation 722:732 arg1 F5 734:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 697:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 697:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 43 theme formulation 722:732 arg1 system 897:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 44 theme polymers 480:487 arg1 ratios 494:499 polymers mass ratios 480:499 polymers mass ratios 480:499 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 4 45 theme % 833:833 arg1 w/v 835:837 2.0% w/v 830:837 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 830:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 45 theme % 833:833 arg1 ratio 855:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 2:1 core:shell ratio 840:859 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 1 46 theme production 191:200 arg1 technique 202:210 production technique 191:210 production technique 191:210 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone were developed using co-axial prilling as production technique and pectin plus alginate as polymeric carriers. 31972993 2 47 theme reproducible 419:430 arg1 way 432:434 a reproducible way 417:434 a reproducible way 417:434 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 3 48 theme feed 451:454 arg1 solutions 456:464 feed solutions 451:464 feed solutions 451:464 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 6 49 theme delivery 1265:1272 arg1 systems 1274:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems 1245:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1245:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 49 theme delivery 1265:1272 arg1 particles 1216:1224 these particles 1210:1224 these particles 1210:1224 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 5 50 theme zinc-alginate 1030:1042 arg1 layer 1067:1071 the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1026:1071 the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer 1026:1071 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 3 51 theme drug 604:607 arg1 loading 609:615 drug loading 604:615 drug loading 604:615 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 0 52 theme Inner/Outer 36:46 arg1 Combination 56:66 The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination 26:66 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 0:104 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 4 53 theme sustained 873:881 arg1 F5 734:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 697:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 697:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 53 theme sustained 873:881 arg1 system 897:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 54 theme simulated 655:663 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 55 theme inner 587:591 arg1 structure 593:601 inner structure 587:601 inner structure 587:601 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 6 56 theme colon 1245:1249 arg1 systems 1274:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems 1245:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1245:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 56 theme colon 1245:1249 arg1 particles 1216:1224 these particles 1210:1224 these particles 1210:1224 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 1 57 theme Core-shell 106:115 arg1 beads 117:121 Core-shell beads 106:121 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone 106:147 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone were developed using co-axial prilling as production technique and pectin plus alginate as polymeric carriers. 31972993 0 58 theme Right 30:34 arg1 Combination 56:66 The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination 26:66 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 0:104 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 6 59 theme targeted 1251:1258 arg1 systems 1274:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems 1245:1280 colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1245:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 6 59 theme targeted 1251:1258 arg1 particles 1216:1224 these particles 1210:1224 these particles 1210:1224 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 31972993 5 60 theme tract 1000:1004 arg1 part 970:973 the upper part 960:973 the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract 960:1004 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 4 61 theme w/v 835:837 arg1 concentration 813:825 an alginate shell concentration 795:825 an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 795:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 61 theme w/v 835:837 arg1 concentration 765:777 a pectin core concentration 751:777 a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v 751:789 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 2 62 theme best 347:350 arg1 ones 352:355 the best ones 343:355 the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way 343:434 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 5 63 theme upper 964:968 arg1 part 970:973 the upper part 960:973 the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract 960:1004 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 4 64 theme delivery 888:895 arg1 F5 734:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 697:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 697:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 64 theme delivery 888:895 arg1 system 897:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 65 theme shell 807:811 arg1 concentration 813:825 an alginate shell concentration 795:825 an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 795:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 66 theme drug-release/swelling 621:641 arg1 profiles 643:650 drug-release/swelling profiles 621:650 drug-release/swelling profiles 621:650 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 4 67 theme 2.0 830:832 arg1 % 833:833 % 833:833 % 833:833 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 68 theme mass 489:492 arg1 ratios 494:499 polymers mass ratios 480:499 polymers mass ratios 480:499 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 5 69 theme core 1175:1178 arg1 selectivity 1132:1142 the selectivity 1128:1142 the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district 1128:1196 It was able to reduce the early release of the drug in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract for the presence of the zinc-alginate gastro-resistant outer layer and to specifically deliver it in the colon, thanks to the selectivity of amidated low methoxy pectin core for this district. 31972993 4 70 theme drug 883:886 arg1 F5 734:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 697:735 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) 697:860 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 4 70 theme drug 883:886 arg1 system 897:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 a sustained drug delivery system 871:902 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 3 71 dep composition 467:477 arg1 solutions 456:464 feed solutions 451:464 feed solutions 451:464 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 72 dep particles 550:558 arg1 production 560:569 production 560:569 production 560:569 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 3 73 from micromeritics 572:584 arg1 fluids 676:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 simulated biological fluids 655:681 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 4 74 theme pectin 753:758 arg1 concentration 765:777 a pectin core concentration 751:777 a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v 751:789 The optimized core-shell formulation F5 produced with a pectin core concentration of 4.0% w/v and an alginate shell concentration of 2.0% w/v (2:1 core:shell ratio) acted as a sustained drug delivery system. 31972993 2 75 theme uniform 378:384 arg1 systems 406:412 uniform core-shell particle systems 378:412 uniform core-shell particle systems 378:412 During this study, many operative conditions were intensively investigated to find the best ones necessary to produce uniform core-shell particle systems in a reproducible way. 31972993 1 76 theme polymeric 240:248 arg1 carriers 250:257 polymeric carriers 240:257 polymeric carriers 240:257 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone were developed using co-axial prilling as production technique and pectin plus alginate as polymeric carriers. 31972993 1 76 theme polymeric 240:248 arg1 prilling 179:186 co-axial prilling 170:186 co-axial prilling 170:186 Core-shell beads loaded with betamethasone were developed using co-axial prilling as production technique and pectin plus alginate as polymeric carriers. 31972993 0 77 theme Polymer 48:54 arg1 Combination 56:66 The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination 26:66 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 0:104 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 0 78 dep Pectin 0:5 arg1 Alginate 16:23 Alginate 16:23 Alginate 16:23 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 0 78 dep Pectin 0:5 arg1 Combination 56:66 The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination 26:66 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 0:104 Pectin and Zinc Alginate: The Right Inner/Outer Polymer Combination for Core-Shell Drug Delivery Systems. 31972993 3 79 theme main 523:526 arg1 parameters 536:545 the main process parameters 519:545 the main process parameters 519:545 Particularly, feed solutions' composition, polymers mass ratios and the effect of the main process parameters on particles production, micromeritics, inner structure, drug loading and drug-release/swelling profiles in simulated biological fluids were studied. 31972993 6 80 theme disease 1312:1318 arg1 therapy 1326:1332 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1293:1332 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy 1293:1332 Therefore, these particles may be proposed as colon targeted drug delivery systems useful for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. 34202894 4 0 theme body 748:751 arg1 gain 760:763 body weight gain 748:763 body weight gain 748:763 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 6 1 theme adipose 1109:1115 arg1 tissue 1117:1122 white adipose tissue 1103:1122 white adipose tissue 1103:1122 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 2 2 theme obesity 333:339 arg1 types 311:315 different types 301:315 different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis 301:364 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 1 3 theme metabolic 229:237 arg1 disorders 239:247 various metabolic disorders 221:247 various metabolic disorders 221:247 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 5 4 from expression 1004:1013 arg1 mice 1050:1053 HFD-fed mice 1042:1053 HFD-fed mice 1042:1053 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 5 5 theme Pgc1 1034:1037 arg1 expression 1004:1013 the expression 1000:1013 the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice 1000:1053 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 3 6 theme % 466:466 arg1 carbohydrate 473:484 20% kcal carbohydrate 464:484 20% kcal carbohydrate 464:484 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 7 7 theme body 1313:1316 arg1 weight 1318:1323 body weight 1313:1323 body weight 1313:1323 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 3 8 theme western 491:497 arg1 diet 499:502 western diet 491:502 western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) 491:547 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 1 9 theme types 165:169 arg1 Consumption 140:150 Consumption 140:150 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods 140:191 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 7 10 from weight 1318:1323 arg1 mice 1368:1371 test mice 1363:1371 test mice 1363:1371 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 4 11 theme hepatic 791:797 arg1 steatosis 799:807 hepatic steatosis 791:807 hepatic steatosis 791:807 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 3 12 theme acid 626:629 arg1 bacteria 631:638 lactic acid bacteria 619:638 lactic acid bacteria 619:638 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 6 13 theme Dgat1 1153:1157 arg1 expression 1175:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 3 14 theme kcal 451:454 arg1 fat 456:458 60% kcal fat 447:458 60% kcal fat 447:458 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 1 15 theme high-calorie 174:185 arg1 foods 187:191 high-calorie foods 174:191 high-calorie foods 174:191 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 4 16 from influence 822:830 arg1 composition 850:860 gut microbiota composition 835:860 gut microbiota composition 835:860 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 4 17 theme glucose 766:772 arg1 intolerance 774:784 glucose intolerance 766:784 glucose intolerance 766:784 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 3 18 theme Bifidobacterium 646:660 arg1 strain 662:667 a Bifidobacterium strain 644:667 a Bifidobacterium strain 644:667 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 18 theme Bifidobacterium 646:660 arg1 CFU 677:679 at 109 CFU 670:679 at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks 670:702 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 5 19 theme HFD-fed 1042:1048 arg1 mice 1050:1053 HFD-fed mice 1042:1053 HFD-fed mice 1042:1053 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 8 20 from interactions 1440:1451 arg1 treatment 1509:1517 obesity treatment 1501:1517 obesity treatment 1501:1517 Overall, this study provides important evidence to understand the interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and diet in obesity treatment. 34202894 2 21 from effects 263:269 arg1 types 311:315 different types 301:315 different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis 301:364 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 4 22 theme microbiota 839:848 arg1 composition 850:860 gut microbiota composition 835:860 gut microbiota composition 835:860 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 0 23 theme Adipose 61:67 arg1 Tissue 69:74 Adipose Tissue 61:74 Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet 61:137 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 5 24 theme adipose 970:976 arg1 tissues 978:984 adipose tissues 970:984 adipose tissues 970:984 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 3 25 theme % 511:511 arg1 fat 518:520 40% kcal fat 509:520 40% kcal fat 509:520 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 26 contain containing 593:602 arg1 AB-Kefir 584:591 multi-strain AB-Kefir 571:591 multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks 571:702 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 26 contain containing 593:602 arg2 strains 608:614 six strains 604:614 six strains of lactic acid bacteria 604:638 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 26 contain containing 593:602 arg2 strain 662:667 a Bifidobacterium strain 644:667 a Bifidobacterium strain 644:667 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 26 contain containing 593:602 arg2 CFU 677:679 at 109 CFU 670:679 at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks 670:702 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 4 27 theme minor 816:820 arg1 influence 822:830 a minor influence 814:830 a minor influence on gut microbiota composition 814:860 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 0 28 theme Mice 85:88 arg1 Tissue 69:74 Adipose Tissue 61:74 Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet 61:137 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 3 29 dep HFD 442:444 arg1 carbohydrate 473:484 20% kcal carbohydrate 464:484 20% kcal carbohydrate 464:484 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 29 dep HFD 442:444 arg1 fat 456:458 60% kcal fat 447:458 60% kcal fat 447:458 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 6 30 theme Mogat1 1163:1168 arg1 expression 1175:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 3 31 theme high-fat 427:434 arg1 diet 436:439 high-fat diet 427:439 high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate) 427:485 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 0 32 theme Body 17:20 arg1 Weight 22:27 Body Weight 17:27 Body Weight 17:27 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 3 33 theme kcal 530:533 arg1 carbohydrate 535:546 43% kcal carbohydrate 526:546 43% kcal carbohydrate 526:546 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 34 theme 43 526:527 arg1 % 528:528 % 528:528 % 528:528 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 2 35 theme diet-induced 320:331 arg1 obesity 333:339 diet-induced obesity 320:339 diet-induced obesity 320:339 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 7 36 theme fasting 1344:1350 arg1 glucose 1352:1358 fasting glucose 1344:1358 fasting glucose in test mice 1344:1371 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 2 37 theme dysbiosis 356:364 arg1 types 311:315 different types 301:315 different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis 301:364 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 8 38 theme obesity 1501:1507 arg1 treatment 1509:1517 obesity treatment 1501:1517 obesity treatment 1501:1517 Overall, this study provides important evidence to understand the interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and diet in obesity treatment. 34202894 7 39 from glucose 1352:1358 arg1 mice 1368:1371 test mice 1363:1371 test mice 1363:1371 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 3 40 dep diet 436:439 arg1 HFD 442:444 HFD 442:444 HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate 442:484 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 6 41 theme tissue 1117:1122 arg1 volume 1093:1098 the volume 1089:1098 the volume of white adipose tissue 1089:1122 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 3 42 theme % 449:449 arg1 fat 456:458 60% kcal fat 447:458 60% kcal fat 447:458 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 1 43 theme various 221:227 arg1 disorders 239:247 various metabolic disorders 221:247 various metabolic disorders 221:247 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 7 44 theme liver 1326:1330 arg1 weight 1332:1337 liver weight 1326:1337 liver weight 1326:1337 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 8 45 theme gut 1473:1475 arg1 microbiota 1477:1486 gut microbiota 1473:1486 gut microbiota 1473:1486 Overall, this study provides important evidence to understand the interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and diet in obesity treatment. 34202894 3 46 theme multi-strain 571:582 arg1 AB-Kefir 584:591 multi-strain AB-Kefir 571:591 multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks 571:702 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 6 47 theme white 1103:1107 arg1 tissue 1117:1122 white adipose tissue 1103:1122 white adipose tissue 1103:1122 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 3 48 theme kcal 468:471 arg1 carbohydrate 473:484 20% kcal carbohydrate 464:484 20% kcal carbohydrate 464:484 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 1 49 theme disorders 239:247 arg1 development 206:216 the development 202:216 the development of various metabolic disorders 202:247 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 4 50 theme weight 753:758 arg1 gain 760:763 body weight gain 748:763 body weight gain 748:763 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 3 51 theme lactic 619:624 arg1 bacteria 631:638 lactic acid bacteria 619:638 lactic acid bacteria 619:638 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 52 theme 20 464:465 arg1 % 466:466 % 466:466 % 466:466 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 1 53 theme different 155:163 arg1 types 165:169 different types 155:169 different types of high-calorie foods 155:191 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 3 54 dep diet 499:502 arg1 WD 505:506 WD 505:506 WD 505:506 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 55 dep WD 505:506 arg1 carbohydrate 535:546 43% kcal carbohydrate 526:546 43% kcal carbohydrate 526:546 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 55 dep WD 505:506 arg1 fat 518:520 40% kcal fat 509:520 40% kcal fat 509:520 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 7 56 theme Ruminiclostridium 1254:1270 arg1 abundance 1201:1209 the abundance 1197:1209 the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium 1197:1270 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 2 57 theme multi-strain 274:285 arg1 probiotics 287:296 multi-strain probiotics 274:296 multi-strain probiotics 274:296 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 2 58 theme probiotics 287:296 arg1 effects 263:269 the effects 259:269 the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis 259:364 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 7 59 theme Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group 1214:1248 arg1 abundance 1201:1209 the abundance 1197:1209 the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium 1197:1270 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 3 60 theme bacteria 631:638 arg1 strains 608:614 six strains 604:614 six strains of lactic acid bacteria 604:638 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 60 theme bacteria 631:638 arg1 CFU 677:679 at 109 CFU 670:679 at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks 670:702 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 60 theme bacteria 631:638 arg1 strain 662:667 a Bifidobacterium strain 644:667 a Bifidobacterium strain 644:667 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 1 61 theme foods 187:191 arg1 types 165:169 different types 155:169 different types of high-calorie foods 155:191 Consumption of different types of high-calorie foods leads to the development of various metabolic disorders. 34202894 7 62 from weight 1332:1337 arg1 mice 1368:1371 test mice 1363:1371 test mice 1363:1371 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 0 63 theme High-Sucrose 121:132 arg1 Diet 134:137 a High-Sucrose Diet 119:137 a High-Sucrose Diet 119:137 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 3 64 theme kcal 513:516 arg1 fat 518:520 40% kcal fat 509:520 40% kcal fat 509:520 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 3 65 theme 40 509:510 arg1 % 511:511 % 511:511 % 511:511 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 4 66 theme gut 835:837 arg1 composition 850:860 gut microbiota composition 835:860 gut microbiota composition 835:860 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 0 67 theme Obese 79:83 arg1 Mice 85:88 Obese Mice 79:88 Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet 79:137 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 5 68 theme tissues 978:984 arg1 size 962:965 size 962:965 size 962:965 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 5 68 theme tissues 978:984 arg1 weight 951:956 weight 951:956 weight 951:956 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 7 69 from changes 1302:1308 arg1 weight 1318:1323 body weight 1313:1323 body weight 1313:1323 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 7 69 from changes 1302:1308 arg1 weight 1332:1337 liver weight 1326:1337 liver weight 1326:1337 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 7 69 from changes 1302:1308 arg1 glucose 1352:1358 fasting glucose 1344:1358 fasting glucose in test mice 1344:1371 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 6 70 theme mRNA 1170:1173 arg1 expression 1175:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 0 71 theme High-Fat 96:103 arg1 Diet 105:108 a High-Fat Diet 94:108 a High-Fat Diet 94:108 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 5 72 theme Igf1 1024:1027 arg1 expression 1004:1013 the expression 1000:1013 the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice 1000:1053 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 4 73 theme WD-fed 890:895 arg1 mice 897:900 WD-fed mice 890:900 WD-fed mice 890:900 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 8 74 theme important 1403:1411 arg1 evidence 1413:1420 important evidence 1403:1420 important evidence to understand the interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and diet in obesity treatment 1403:1517 Overall, this study provides important evidence to understand the interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and diet in obesity treatment. 34202894 3 75 theme % 528:528 arg1 carbohydrate 535:546 43% kcal carbohydrate 526:546 43% kcal carbohydrate 526:546 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 0 76 theme Ameliorated 33:43 arg1 Inflammation 45:56 Ameliorated Inflammation 33:56 Ameliorated Inflammation 33:56 AB-Kefir Reduced Body Weight and Ameliorated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet, but Not a High-Sucrose Diet. 34202894 4 77 theme HFD-fed 865:871 arg1 mice 873:876 HFD-fed mice 865:876 HFD-fed mice 865:876 Results demonstrated that AB-Kefir reduced body weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with a minor influence on gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, but not in WD-fed mice. 34202894 6 78 theme CD36 1147:1150 arg1 expression 1175:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression 1147:1184 Although AB-Kefir did not reduce the volume of white adipose tissue, it markedly regulated CD36, Dgat1 and Mogat1 mRNA expression. 34202894 5 79 dep weight 951:956 arg1 the 947:949 the 947:949 the 947:949 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 3 80 theme 60 447:448 arg1 % 449:449 % 449:449 % 449:449 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 5 81 theme CD36 1018:1021 arg1 expression 1004:1013 the expression 1000:1013 the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice 1000:1053 In addition, AB-Kefir significantly reduced the weight and size of adipose tissues by regulating the expression of CD36, Igf1, and Pgc1 in HFD-fed mice. 34202894 7 82 theme test 1363:1366 arg1 mice 1368:1371 test mice 1363:1371 test mice 1363:1371 Moreover, the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminiclostridium significantly correlated with changes in body weight, liver weight, and fasting glucose in test mice. 34202894 2 83 theme different 301:309 arg1 types 311:315 different types 301:315 different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis 301:364 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 34202894 3 84 theme control 413:419 arg1 diet 421:424 a control diet 411:424 a control diet 411:424 In this study, mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat and 20% kcal carbohydrate), or western diet (WD; 40% kcal fat and 43% kcal carbohydrate) and administered with multi-strain AB-Kefir containing six strains of lactic acid bacteria and a Bifidobacterium strain, at 109 CFU per mouse for 10 weeks. 34202894 2 85 theme intestinal 345:354 arg1 dysbiosis 356:364 intestinal dysbiosis 345:364 intestinal dysbiosis 345:364 However, the effects of multi-strain probiotics on different types of diet-induced obesity and intestinal dysbiosis remain unclear. 31904283 8 0 theme podoplanin 1099:1108 arg1 Expression 1066:1075 Expression 1066:1075 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin 1066:1108 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 10 1 with interdigitating 1496:1510 arg1 cells 1578:1582 other Cosmc-deficient cells 1556:1582 other Cosmc-deficient cells 1556:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 10 1 with interdigitating 1496:1510 arg1 those 1517:1521 those 1517:1521 those 1517:1521 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 1 2 theme chaperone 280:288 arg1 Cosmc 290:294 its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc 257:294 its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc 257:294 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 0 3 link O-linked 27:34 arg1 glycosylation 36:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is essential for podocyte function. 31904283 1 4 link O-linked 97:104 arg1 modification 141:152 a posttranslational modification 121:152 a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins 121:220 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 4 link O-linked 97:104 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 11 5 gly O-glycoproteins 1645:1659 arg1 O-glycoproteins 1645:1659 mucin-type O-glycoproteins 1634:1659 mucin-type O-glycoproteins 1634:1659 This suggests a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins in maintaining podocyte function. 31904283 10 6 theme Cosmc-deficient 1562:1576 arg1 cells 1578:1582 other Cosmc-deficient cells 1556:1582 other Cosmc-deficient cells 1556:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 10 7 theme Cosmc-deficient 1428:1442 arg1 podocytes 1444:1452 Cosmc-deficient podocytes 1428:1452 Cosmc-deficient podocytes 1428:1452 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 9 8 theme focal 1343:1347 arg1 effacement 1362:1371 focal foot process effacement 1343:1371 focal foot process effacement 1343:1371 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 2 9 theme Hypomorphic 297:307 arg1 mutations 317:325 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations 297:325 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations 297:325 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations cause renal failure via not yet established mechanisms. 31904283 7 10 theme extracellular 960:972 arg1 organization 981:992 extracellular matrix organization 960:992 extracellular matrix organization 960:992 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 9 11 theme process 1354:1360 arg1 effacement 1362:1371 focal foot process effacement 1343:1371 focal foot process effacement 1343:1371 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 2 12 theme renal 333:337 arg1 failure 339:345 renal failure 333:345 renal failure 333:345 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations cause renal failure via not yet established mechanisms. 31904283 9 13 theme hemizygous 1228:1237 arg1 animals 1266:1272 hemizygous male and homozygous female animals 1228:1272 hemizygous male and homozygous female animals 1228:1272 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 4 14 theme knockout 513:520 arg1 mice 522:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice 489:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice 489:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice were generated and phenotyped to test this hypothesis. 31904283 9 15 theme nonprogressive 1378:1391 arg1 disease 1400:1406 nonprogressive kidney disease 1378:1406 nonprogressive kidney disease 1378:1406 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 12 16 theme mucin-type 1785:1794 arg1 O-glycosylation 1796:1810 mucin-type O-glycosylation 1785:1810 mucin-type O-glycosylation 1785:1810 In summary, our findings demonstrated an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function. 31904283 5 17 theme Cosmc 641:645 arg1 inactivation 625:636 mosaic inactivation 618:636 mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes 618:658 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 5 18 theme heterozygous 589:600 arg1 mice 602:605 Female heterozygous mice 582:605 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation 582:694 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 12 19 theme cell 1757:1760 arg1 role 1776:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role 1733:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function 1733:1832 In summary, our findings demonstrated an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function. 31904283 4 20 theme Podocyte-specific 489:505 arg1 mice 522:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice 489:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice 489:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice were generated and phenotyped to test this hypothesis. 31904283 6 21 theme podocyte-specific 726:742 arg1 deletion 750:757 podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion 726:757 podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion 726:757 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 1 22 theme biophysical 182:192 arg1 characteristics 194:208 biophysical characteristics 182:208 biophysical characteristics 182:208 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 8 23 gly O-glycoprotein 1084:1097 arg1 O-glycoprotein 1084:1097 the O-glycoprotein podoplanin 1080:1108 the O-glycoprotein podoplanin 1080:1108 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 5 24 theme X-linked 674:681 arg1 inactivation 683:694 random X-linked inactivation 667:694 random X-linked inactivation 667:694 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 5 25 link X-linked 674:681 arg1 inactivation 683:694 random X-linked inactivation 667:694 random X-linked inactivation 667:694 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 11 26 theme cell 1601:1604 arg1 mechanism 1620:1628 a cell nonautonomous mechanism 1599:1628 a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins 1599:1659 This suggests a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins in maintaining podocyte function. 31904283 11 27 theme mucin-type 1634:1643 arg1 O-glycoproteins 1645:1659 mucin-type O-glycoproteins 1634:1659 mucin-type O-glycoproteins 1634:1659 This suggests a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins in maintaining podocyte function. 31904283 1 28 theme O-linked 97:104 arg1 modification 141:152 a posttranslational modification 121:152 a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins 121:220 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 28 theme O-linked 97:104 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 6 29 theme process 794:800 arg1 effacement 802:811 foot process effacement 789:811 foot process effacement 789:811 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 0 30 theme Cosmc-dependent 0:14 arg1 glycosylation 36:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is essential for podocyte function. 31904283 7 31 theme early 928:932 arg1 changes 934:940 early changes 928:940 early changes 928:940 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 6 32 theme profound 767:774 arg1 albuminuria 776:786 profound albuminuria 767:786 profound albuminuria 767:786 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 3 33 theme Cosmc-dependent 412:426 arg1 O-glycosylation 428:442 impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation 403:442 impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation in podocytes 403:455 We hypothesize that impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation in podocytes is sufficient to cause disease. 31904283 11 34 theme podocyte 1676:1683 arg1 function 1685:1692 podocyte function 1676:1692 podocyte function 1676:1692 This suggests a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins in maintaining podocyte function. 31904283 0 35 theme O-linked 27:34 arg1 glycosylation 36:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is essential for podocyte function. 31904283 1 36 theme posttranslational 123:139 arg1 modification 141:152 a posttranslational modification 121:152 a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins 121:220 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 36 theme posttranslational 123:139 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 9 37 theme homozygous 1248:1257 arg1 animals 1266:1272 hemizygous male and homozygous female animals 1228:1272 hemizygous male and homozygous female animals 1228:1272 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 7 38 theme Glomerular 886:895 arg1 analysis 911:918 Glomerular transcriptome analysis 886:918 Glomerular transcriptome analysis 886:918 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 0 39 gly glycosylation 36:48 arg1 podocyte 67:74 podocyte function 67:83 podocyte function 67:83 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is essential for podocyte function. 31904283 6 40 theme foot 789:792 arg1 effacement 802:811 foot process effacement 789:811 foot process effacement 789:811 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 2 41 theme established 359:369 arg1 mechanisms 371:380 not yet established mechanisms 351:380 not yet established mechanisms 351:380 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations cause renal failure via not yet established mechanisms. 31904283 7 42 theme podocyte 1051:1058 arg1 loss 1060:1063 podocyte loss 1051:1063 podocyte loss 1051:1063 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 6 43 theme impaired 867:874 arg1 survival 876:883 impaired survival 867:883 impaired survival 867:883 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 8 44 theme O-glycoprotein 1084:1097 arg1 podoplanin 1099:1108 the O-glycoprotein podoplanin 1080:1108 the O-glycoprotein podoplanin 1080:1108 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 9 45 theme mosaic 1295:1300 arg1 animals 1302:1308 heterozygous female mosaic animals 1275:1308 heterozygous female mosaic animals 1275:1308 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 1 46 theme obligate 261:268 arg1 Cosmc 290:294 its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc 257:294 its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc 257:294 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 9 47 dep hemizygous 1228:1237 arg1 male 1239:1242 male 1239:1242 male 1239:1242 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 9 48 theme mild 1325:1328 arg1 albuminuria 1330:1340 only mild albuminuria 1320:1340 only mild albuminuria 1320:1340 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 7 49 theme chemokine-mediated 999:1016 arg1 pathways 1028:1035 chemokine-mediated signaling pathways 999:1035 chemokine-mediated signaling pathways 999:1035 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 8 50 theme Tn 1126:1127 arg1 antigen 1129:1135 Tn antigen 1126:1135 Tn antigen 1126:1135 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 5 51 theme Female 582:587 arg1 mice 602:605 Female heterozygous mice 582:605 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation 582:694 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 10 52 theme Tn 1461:1462 arg1 processes 1486:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes 1461:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells 1461:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 10 53 theme other 1556:1560 arg1 cells 1578:1582 other Cosmc-deficient cells 1556:1582 other Cosmc-deficient cells 1556:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 2 54 theme C1GalT1 309:315 arg1 mutations 317:325 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations 297:325 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations 297:325 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations cause renal failure via not yet established mechanisms. 31904283 1 55 theme proteins 213:220 arg1 stability 168:176 stability 168:176 stability 168:176 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 55 theme proteins 213:220 arg1 characteristics 194:208 biophysical characteristics 182:208 biophysical characteristics 182:208 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 9 56 theme foot 1349:1352 arg1 effacement 1362:1371 focal foot process effacement 1343:1371 focal foot process effacement 1343:1371 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 7 57 theme matrix 974:979 arg1 organization 981:992 extracellular matrix organization 960:992 extracellular matrix organization 960:992 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 7 58 from changes 934:940 arg1 adhesion 950:957 cell adhesion 945:957 cell adhesion 945:957 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 7 58 from changes 934:940 arg1 pathways 1028:1035 chemokine-mediated signaling pathways 999:1035 chemokine-mediated signaling pathways 999:1035 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 7 58 from changes 934:940 arg1 organization 981:992 extracellular matrix organization 960:992 extracellular matrix organization 960:992 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 8 59 theme immature 1151:1158 arg1 O-glycans 1160:1168 immature O-glycans 1151:1168 immature O-glycans 1151:1168 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 1 60 dep obligate 261:268 arg1 X-linked 271:278 X-linked 271:278 X-linked 271:278 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 8 61 located found 1191:1195 arg2 antigen 1129:1135 Tn antigen 1126:1135 Tn antigen 1126:1135 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 8 61 located found 1191:1195 arg1 podocalyxin 1200:1210 podocalyxin 1200:1210 podocalyxin 1200:1210 Expression of the O-glycoprotein podoplanin was lost, while Tn antigen, representing immature O-glycans, was most abundantly found on podocalyxin. 31904283 7 62 theme cell 945:948 arg1 adhesion 950:957 cell adhesion 945:957 cell adhesion 945:957 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 5 63 from inactivation 625:636 arg1 podocytes 650:658 podocytes 650:658 podocytes 650:658 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 9 64 theme female 1259:1264 arg1 animals 1266:1272 hemizygous male and homozygous female animals 1228:1272 hemizygous male and homozygous female animals 1228:1272 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 10 65 theme antigen-positive 1464:1479 arg1 processes 1486:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes 1461:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells 1461:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 9 66 theme kidney 1393:1398 arg1 disease 1400:1406 nonprogressive kidney disease 1378:1406 nonprogressive kidney disease 1378:1406 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 12 67 theme podocyte 1816:1823 arg1 function 1825:1832 podocyte function 1816:1832 podocyte function 1816:1832 In summary, our findings demonstrated an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function. 31904283 12 68 theme nonautonomous 1762:1774 arg1 role 1776:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role 1733:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function 1733:1832 In summary, our findings demonstrated an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function. 31904283 9 69 theme heterozygous 1275:1286 arg1 animals 1302:1308 heterozygous female mosaic animals 1275:1308 heterozygous female mosaic animals 1275:1308 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 4 70 theme Cosmc 507:511 arg1 mice 522:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice 489:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice 489:525 Podocyte-specific Cosmc knockout mice were generated and phenotyped to test this hypothesis. 31904283 6 71 theme Cosmc 744:748 arg1 deletion 750:757 podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion 726:757 podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion 726:757 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 3 72 theme impaired 403:410 arg1 O-glycosylation 428:442 impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation 403:442 impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation in podocytes 403:455 We hypothesize that impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation in podocytes is sufficient to cause disease. 31904283 5 73 theme mosaic 618:623 arg1 inactivation 625:636 mosaic inactivation 618:636 mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes 618:658 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 12 74 theme essential 1736:1744 arg1 role 1776:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role 1733:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function 1733:1832 In summary, our findings demonstrated an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function. 31904283 12 75 theme likely 1750:1755 arg1 role 1776:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role 1733:1779 an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function 1733:1832 In summary, our findings demonstrated an essential and likely cell nonautonomous role for mucin-type O-glycosylation for podocyte function. 31904283 9 76 theme female 1288:1293 arg1 animals 1302:1308 heterozygous female mosaic animals 1275:1308 heterozygous female mosaic animals 1275:1308 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 1 77 dep stability 168:176 arg1 the 164:166 the 164:166 the 164:166 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 6 78 theme glomerular 814:823 arg1 sclerosis 825:833 glomerular sclerosis 814:833 glomerular sclerosis 814:833 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 3 79 from O-glycosylation 428:442 arg1 podocytes 447:455 podocytes 447:455 podocytes 447:455 We hypothesize that impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation in podocytes is sufficient to cause disease. 31904283 1 80 theme T 241:241 arg1 C1GalT1 232:238 C1GalT1 232:238 C1GalT1 (T synthase) 232:251 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 80 theme T 241:241 arg1 synthase 243:250 T synthase 241:250 T synthase 241:250 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 81 theme Mucin-type 86:95 arg1 modification 141:152 a posttranslational modification 121:152 a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins 121:220 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 1 81 theme Mucin-type 86:95 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 86:118 Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification affecting the stability and biophysical characteristics of proteins, requires C1GalT1 (T synthase) and its obligate, X-linked chaperone Cosmc. 31904283 11 82 theme nonautonomous 1606:1618 arg1 mechanism 1620:1628 a cell nonautonomous mechanism 1599:1628 a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins 1599:1659 This suggests a cell nonautonomous mechanism for mucin-type O-glycoproteins in maintaining podocyte function. 31904283 0 83 theme mucin-type 16:25 arg1 glycosylation 36:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 0:48 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is essential for podocyte function. 31904283 3 84 gly O-glycosylation 428:442 arg1 podocytes 447:455 podocytes 447:455 podocytes 447:455 We hypothesize that impaired Cosmc-dependent O-glycosylation in podocytes is sufficient to cause disease. 31904283 9 85 dep animals 1266:1272 arg1 contrast 1216:1223 contrast 1216:1223 contrast 1216:1223 In contrast to hemizygous male and homozygous female animals, heterozygous female mosaic animals developed only mild albuminuria, focal foot process effacement, and nonprogressive kidney disease. 31904283 6 86 with Mice 716:719 arg1 deletion 750:757 podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion 726:757 podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion 726:757 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 2 87 dep yet 355:357 arg1 not 351:353 not 351:353 not 351:353 Hypomorphic C1GalT1 mutations cause renal failure via not yet established mechanisms. 31904283 10 88 theme interdigitating 1496:1510 arg1 processes 1486:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes 1461:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells 1461:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 5 89 theme random 667:672 arg1 inactivation 683:694 random X-linked inactivation 667:694 random X-linked inactivation 667:694 Female heterozygous mice displaying mosaic inactivation of Cosmc in podocytes due to random X-linked inactivation were also examined. 31904283 6 90 theme progressive 836:846 arg1 failure 854:860 progressive renal failure 836:860 progressive renal failure 836:860 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 10 91 theme foot 1481:1484 arg1 processes 1486:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes 1461:1494 Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells 1461:1582 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 10 92 theme normal 1526:1531 arg1 podocytes 1533:1541 normal podocytes 1526:1541 normal podocytes 1526:1541 Ultrastructurally, Cosmc-deficient podocytes formed Tn antigen-positive foot processes interdigitating with those of normal podocytes but not with other Cosmc-deficient cells. 31904283 0 93 theme podocyte 67:74 arg1 function 76:83 podocyte function 67:83 podocyte function 67:83 Cosmc-dependent mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is essential for podocyte function. 31904283 7 94 theme transcriptome 897:909 arg1 analysis 911:918 Glomerular transcriptome analysis 886:918 Glomerular transcriptome analysis 886:918 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 31904283 6 95 theme renal 848:852 arg1 failure 854:860 progressive renal failure 836:860 progressive renal failure 836:860 Mice with podocyte-specific Cosmc deletion develop profound albuminuria, foot process effacement, glomerular sclerosis, progressive renal failure, and impaired survival. 31904283 7 96 theme signaling 1018:1026 arg1 pathways 1028:1035 chemokine-mediated signaling pathways 999:1035 chemokine-mediated signaling pathways 999:1035 Glomerular transcriptome analysis reveals early changes in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with podocyte loss. 34126236 8 0 theme genes 1267:1271 arg1 expression 1253:1262 expression 1253:1262 expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1253:1345 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 9 1 dep showed 1476:1481 arg1 4+ 1540:1541 4+ 1540:1541 showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1476:1637 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 10 2 theme healthy 1727:1733 arg1 donors 1735:1740 healthy donors 1727:1740 healthy donors 1727:1740 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 6 3 theme metabolomic 852:862 arg1 profiles 864:871 Fecal metabolomic profiles 846:871 Fecal metabolomic profiles 846:871 Fecal metabolomic profiles were analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. 34126236 7 4 theme luminal 942:948 arg1 factors 950:956 Fecal luminal factors 936:956 Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors 936:984 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 9 5 theme γ 1576:1576 arg1 secretion 1578:1586 interferon γ secretion 1565:1586 interferon γ secretion 1565:1586 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 11 6 theme UC 1807:1808 arg1 patients 1810:1817 UC patients 1807:1817 UC patients in remission 1807:1830 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 4 7 theme healthy 585:591 arg1 subjects 593:600 healthy subjects 585:600 healthy subjects 585:600 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 11 8 theme condition 1861:1869 arg1 macrophages 1871:1881 condition macrophages 1861:1881 condition macrophages 1861:1881 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 8 9 theme cytokine 1296:1303 arg1 pathways 1338:1345 macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1285:1345 macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1285:1345 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 11 10 theme able 1853:1856 arg1 signals 1845:1851 luminal signals 1837:1851 luminal signals able to condition macrophages 1837:1881 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 9 11 theme UC 1602:1603 arg1 counterparts 1626:1637 UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1602:1637 UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1602:1637 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 8 12 theme Toll-like 1309:1317 arg1 receptor 1319:1326 Toll-like receptor 1309:1326 Toll-like receptor 1309:1326 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 1 13 theme local 210:214 arg1 signals 216:222 local signals 210:222 local signals 210:222 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages adopt a hyporesponsive phenotype through education by local signals. 34126236 8 14 theme signaling 1328:1336 arg1 pathways 1338:1345 macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1285:1345 macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1285:1345 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 3 15 attach derived 421:427 arg2 factors 413:419 fecal luminal factors 399:419 fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission 399:476 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 3 15 attach derived 421:427 arg1 donors 442:447 healthy donors 434:447 healthy donors 434:447 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 3 15 attach derived 421:427 arg1 patients 456:463 UC patients 453:463 UC patients 453:463 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 5 16 theme colony-stimulating 714:731 arg1 factor 733:738 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 691:738 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS 691:754 Monocytes were matured into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and macrophage phenotype and function were assessed. 34126236 4 17 from remission 621:629 arg1 samples 574:580 fecal samples 568:580 fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission 568:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 2 18 theme maturation 251:260 arg1 Lack 225:228 Lack 225:228 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission 225:314 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 2 19 with patients 265:272 arg1 UC 299:300 UC 299:300 UC 299:300 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 2 19 with patients 265:272 arg1 colitis 290:296 ulcerative colitis 279:296 ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission 279:314 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 9 20 theme macrophages 1398:1408 arg1 abilities 1385:1393 phagocytic and bactericidal abilities 1357:1393 phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages 1357:1408 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 2 21 theme proper 233:238 arg1 maturation 251:260 proper macrophage maturation 233:260 proper macrophage maturation 233:260 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 1 22 theme AIMS 128:131 arg1 macrophages 144:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages 115:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages 115:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages adopt a hyporesponsive phenotype through education by local signals. 34126236 2 23 theme ulcerative 279:288 arg1 UC 299:300 UC 299:300 UC 299:300 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 2 23 theme ulcerative 279:288 arg1 colitis 290:296 ulcerative colitis 279:296 ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission 279:314 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 7 24 theme antigen 1074:1080 arg1 presentation 1082:1093 antigen presentation 1074:1093 antigen presentation 1074:1093 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 7 25 from signaling 1039:1047 arg1 macrophages 1098:1108 macrophages 1098:1108 macrophages 1098:1108 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 0 26 from Control 17:23 arg1 Patients 64:71 Patients 64:71 Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission 64:112 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 0 27 theme Ulcerative 78:87 arg1 Colitis 89:95 Ulcerative Colitis 78:95 Ulcerative Colitis During Remission 78:112 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 8 28 theme luminal 1117:1123 arg1 factors 1125:1131 Fecal luminal factors 1111:1131 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission 1111:1169 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 7 29 theme cytokine 1050:1057 arg1 signaling 1059:1067 cytokine signaling 1050:1067 cytokine signaling 1050:1067 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 11 30 theme persistent 1964:1973 arg1 vulnerability 1975:1987 their persistent vulnerability 1958:1987 their persistent vulnerability to relapse 1958:1998 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 9 31 theme healthy 1445:1451 arg1 macrophages 1464:1474 healthy FS-treated macrophages 1445:1474 healthy FS-treated macrophages 1445:1474 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 10 32 from composition 1711:1721 arg1 remission 1761:1769 remission 1761:1769 remission 1761:1769 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 3 33 theme healthy 434:440 arg1 donors 442:447 healthy donors 434:447 healthy donors 434:447 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 8 34 theme UC 1146:1147 arg1 patients 1149:1156 UC patients 1146:1156 UC patients in remission 1146:1169 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 7 35 theme Toll-like 1020:1028 arg1 signaling 1039:1047 Toll-like receptor signaling 1020:1047 Toll-like receptor signaling 1020:1047 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 0 36 theme Impaired 0:7 arg1 Control 17:23 Impaired Luminal Control 0:23 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission 0:112 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 10 37 theme differential 1681:1692 arg1 composition 1711:1721 differential fecal metabolite composition 1681:1721 differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission 1681:1769 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 1 38 theme BACKGROUND 115:124 arg1 AIMS 128:131 BACKGROUND & AIMS 115:131 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages 115:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages adopt a hyporesponsive phenotype through education by local signals. 34126236 2 39 from colitis 290:296 arg1 remission 306:314 remission 306:314 remission 306:314 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 3 40 theme luminal 405:411 arg1 factors 413:419 fecal luminal factors 399:419 fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission 399:476 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 0 41 theme Intestinal 28:37 arg1 Maturation 50:59 Intestinal Macrophage Maturation 28:59 Intestinal Macrophage Maturation 28:59 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 8 42 theme macrophage 1285:1294 arg1 cytokine 1296:1303 macrophage cytokine 1285:1303 macrophage cytokine 1285:1303 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 4 43 theme Fecal 524:528 arg1 FS 544:545 FS 544:545 FS 544:545 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 4 43 theme Fecal 524:528 arg1 supernatants 530:541 METHODS Fecal supernatants 516:541 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) 516:546 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 3 44 theme macrophage 481:490 arg1 phenotype 492:500 macrophage phenotype 481:500 macrophage phenotype 481:500 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 0 45 theme Maturation 50:59 arg1 Control 17:23 Impaired Luminal Control 0:23 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission 0:112 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 10 46 theme metabolite 1700:1709 arg1 composition 1711:1721 differential fecal metabolite composition 1681:1721 differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission 1681:1769 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 4 47 theme subjects 593:600 arg1 samples 574:580 fecal samples 568:580 fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission 568:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 10 48 theme UC 1746:1747 arg1 patients 1749:1756 UC patients 1746:1756 UC patients 1746:1756 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 4 49 theme UC 606:607 arg1 patients 609:616 UC patients 606:616 UC patients in remission 606:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 3 50 from donors 442:447 arg1 remission 468:476 remission 468:476 remission 468:476 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 9 51 theme interferon 1565:1574 arg1 secretion 1578:1586 interferon γ secretion 1565:1586 interferon γ secretion 1565:1586 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 7 52 attach derived 958:964 arg1 donors 979:984 healthy donors 971:984 healthy donors 971:984 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 7 52 attach derived 958:964 arg2 factors 950:956 Fecal luminal factors 936:956 Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors 936:984 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 4 53 theme fecal 568:572 arg1 samples 574:580 fecal samples 568:580 fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission 568:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 6 54 theme Fecal 846:850 arg1 profiles 864:871 Fecal metabolomic profiles 846:871 Fecal metabolomic profiles 846:871 Fecal metabolomic profiles were analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. 34126236 11 55 dep CONCLUSIONS 1772:1782 arg1 indicate 1793:1800 indicate 1793:1800 indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse 1793:1998 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 4 56 from subjects 593:600 arg1 remission 621:629 remission 621:629 remission 621:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 0 57 with Patients 64:71 arg1 Colitis 89:95 Ulcerative Colitis 78:95 Ulcerative Colitis During Remission 78:112 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 7 58 theme Fecal 936:940 arg1 factors 950:956 Fecal luminal factors 936:956 Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors 936:984 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 2 59 from Lack 225:228 arg1 patients 265:272 patients 265:272 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission 265:314 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 5 60 theme macrophage 797:806 arg1 phenotype 808:816 macrophage phenotype 797:816 macrophage phenotype 797:816 Monocytes were matured into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and macrophage phenotype and function were assessed. 34126236 2 61 theme gut 329:331 arg1 inflammation 333:344 gut inflammation 329:344 gut inflammation 329:344 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 11 62 from patients 1810:1817 arg1 remission 1822:1830 remission 1822:1830 remission 1822:1830 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 9 63 theme remission 1605:1613 arg1 counterparts 1626:1637 UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1602:1637 UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1602:1637 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 8 64 theme Fecal 1111:1115 arg1 factors 1125:1131 Fecal luminal factors 1111:1131 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission 1111:1169 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 7 65 from presentation 1082:1093 arg1 macrophages 1098:1108 macrophages 1098:1108 macrophages 1098:1108 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 5 66 theme granulocyte-macrophage 691:712 arg1 factor 733:738 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 691:738 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS 691:754 Monocytes were matured into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and macrophage phenotype and function were assessed. 34126236 9 67 theme phagocytic 1357:1366 arg1 abilities 1385:1393 phagocytic and bactericidal abilities 1357:1393 phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages 1357:1408 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 8 68 theme receptor 1319:1326 arg1 pathways 1338:1345 macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1285:1345 macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways 1285:1345 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 3 69 from patients 456:463 arg1 remission 468:476 remission 468:476 remission 468:476 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 5 70 theme factor 733:738 arg1 FS 753:754 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS 691:754 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS 691:754 Monocytes were matured into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and macrophage phenotype and function were assessed. 34126236 9 71 theme bactericidal 1372:1383 arg1 abilities 1385:1393 phagocytic and bactericidal abilities 1357:1393 phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages 1357:1408 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 9 72 theme FS-treated 1615:1624 arg1 counterparts 1626:1637 UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1602:1637 UC remission FS-treated counterparts 1602:1637 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 2 73 theme macrophage 240:249 arg1 maturation 251:260 proper macrophage maturation 233:260 proper macrophage maturation 233:260 Lack of proper macrophage maturation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission may initiate gut inflammation. 34126236 1 74 theme & 126:126 arg1 AIMS 128:131 BACKGROUND & AIMS 115:131 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages 115:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages adopt a hyporesponsive phenotype through education by local signals. 34126236 8 75 from patients 1149:1156 arg1 remission 1161:1169 remission 1161:1169 remission 1161:1169 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 1 76 theme Intestinal 133:142 arg1 macrophages 144:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages 115:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages 115:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages adopt a hyporesponsive phenotype through education by local signals. 34126236 4 77 from patients 609:616 arg1 remission 621:629 remission 621:629 remission 621:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 9 78 dep ability 1493:1499 arg1 suppress 1504:1511 suppress 1504:1511 to suppress cluster of differentiation 1501:1538 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 9 79 theme FS 1431:1432 arg1 treatment 1434:1442 FS treatment 1431:1442 FS treatment 1431:1442 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 1 80 theme hyporesponsive 164:177 arg1 phenotype 179:187 a hyporesponsive phenotype 162:187 a hyporesponsive phenotype 162:187 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal macrophages adopt a hyporesponsive phenotype through education by local signals. 34126236 4 81 theme METHODS 516:522 arg1 FS 544:545 FS 544:545 FS 544:545 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 4 81 theme METHODS 516:522 arg1 supernatants 530:541 METHODS Fecal supernatants 516:541 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) 516:546 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 7 82 from signaling 1059:1067 arg1 macrophages 1098:1108 macrophages 1098:1108 macrophages 1098:1108 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 5 83 theme FS 753:754 arg1 presence 679:686 the presence 675:686 the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS 675:754 Monocytes were matured into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and macrophage phenotype and function were assessed. 34126236 4 84 from samples 574:580 arg1 remission 621:629 remission 621:629 remission 621:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 9 85 theme FS-treated 1453:1462 arg1 macrophages 1464:1474 healthy FS-treated macrophages 1445:1474 healthy FS-treated macrophages 1445:1474 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 0 86 theme Luminal 9:15 arg1 Control 17:23 Impaired Luminal Control 0:23 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission 0:112 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 3 87 from effects 388:394 arg1 function 506:513 function 506:513 function 506:513 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 3 87 from effects 388:394 arg1 phenotype 492:500 macrophage phenotype 481:500 macrophage phenotype 481:500 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 7 88 theme receptor 1030:1037 arg1 signaling 1039:1047 Toll-like receptor signaling 1020:1047 Toll-like receptor signaling 1020:1047 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 8 89 attach derived 1133:1139 arg1 patients 1149:1156 UC patients 1146:1156 UC patients in remission 1146:1169 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 8 89 attach derived 1133:1139 arg2 factors 1125:1131 Fecal luminal factors 1111:1131 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission 1111:1169 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 9 90 theme greater 1485:1491 arg1 ability 1493:1499 a greater ability 1483:1499 a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 1483:1538 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 11 91 theme hyporesponsive 1892:1905 arg1 phenotype 1923:1931 a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype 1890:1931 a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype 1890:1931 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 0 92 theme Macrophage 39:48 arg1 Maturation 50:59 Intestinal Macrophage Maturation 28:59 Intestinal Macrophage Maturation 28:59 Impaired Luminal Control of Intestinal Macrophage Maturation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis During Remission. 34126236 3 93 theme factors 413:419 arg1 effects 388:394 the effects 384:394 the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function 384:513 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 10 94 theme metabolomic 1653:1663 arg1 analysis 1665:1672 metabolomic analysis 1653:1672 metabolomic analysis 1653:1672 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 3 95 theme UC 453:454 arg1 patients 456:463 UC patients 453:463 UC patients 453:463 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 5 96 from macrophages 660:670 arg1 presence 679:686 the presence 675:686 the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS 675:754 Monocytes were matured into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor without/with FS, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and macrophage phenotype and function were assessed. 34126236 8 97 theme lipopolysaccharide 1200:1217 arg1 hyporesponsiveness 1219:1236 lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness 1200:1236 lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness 1200:1236 Fecal luminal factors derived from UC patients in remission were less potent in inducing lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and modulating expression of genes involved in macrophage cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. 34126236 3 98 theme fecal 399:403 arg1 factors 413:419 fecal luminal factors 399:419 fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission 399:476 The aim, therefore, was to determine the effects of fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors and UC patients in remission on macrophage phenotype and function. 34126236 7 99 dep RESULTS 928:934 arg1 effective 991:999 effective 991:999 effective 991:999 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 9 100 theme differentiation 1524:1538 arg1 cluster 1513:1519 cluster 1513:1519 cluster of differentiation 1513:1538 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 10 101 theme fecal 1694:1698 arg1 composition 1711:1721 differential fecal metabolite composition 1681:1721 differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission 1681:1769 Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed differential fecal metabolite composition for healthy donors and UC patients in remission. 34126236 11 102 theme tolerogenic 1911:1921 arg1 phenotype 1923:1931 a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype 1890:1931 a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype 1890:1931 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 34126236 7 103 theme healthy 971:977 arg1 donors 979:984 healthy donors 971:984 healthy donors 971:984 RESULTS Fecal luminal factors derived from healthy donors were effective in down-regulating Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation in macrophages. 34126236 9 104 theme T-cell 1543:1548 arg1 activation 1550:1559 T-cell activation 1543:1559 T-cell activation 1543:1559 Although phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages were not affected by FS treatment, healthy FS-treated macrophages showed a greater ability to suppress cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell activation and interferon γ secretion compared with UC remission FS-treated counterparts. 34126236 4 105 theme patients 609:616 arg1 samples 574:580 fecal samples 568:580 fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission 568:629 METHODS Fecal supernatants (FS) were extracted from fecal samples of healthy subjects and UC patients in remission. 34126236 11 106 theme luminal 1837:1843 arg1 signals 1845:1851 luminal signals 1837:1851 luminal signals able to condition macrophages 1837:1881 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that UC patients in remission lack luminal signals able to condition macrophages toward a hyporesponsive and tolerogenic phenotype, which may contribute to their persistent vulnerability to relapse. 31885260 7 0 theme promutagenic 1486:1497 arg1 conformation 1503:1514 the promutagenic syn conformation 1482:1514 the promutagenic syn conformation 1482:1514 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 9 1 theme potent 1891:1896 arg1 mutagenicity 1898:1909 the potent mutagenicity 1887:1909 the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1887:2012 Together, our results provide a rationale for the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains. 31885260 2 2 link N-linked 400:407 arg1 lesions 438:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions 400:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences 400:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 6 3 theme optical 1289:1295 arg1 spectroscopies 1297:1310 optical spectroscopies 1289:1310 optical spectroscopies 1289:1310 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 7 4 theme cyclic 1461:1466 arg1 adduct 1468:1473 this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct 1437:1473 this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct 1437:1473 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 9 5 theme nitroaniline 1932:1943 arg1 derivatives 1945:1955 cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives 1914:1955 cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1914:2012 Together, our results provide a rationale for the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains. 31885260 4 6 theme cyano 726:730 arg1 substitution 732:743 cyano substitution 726:743 cyano substitution 726:743 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 8 7 theme open 1729:1732 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 7 theme open 1729:1732 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 2 8 theme C8-2'-deoxyguanosine 409:428 arg1 lesions 438:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions 400:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences 400:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 8 9 from likely 1801:1806 arg1 contrast 1715:1722 contrast 1715:1722 contrast 1715:1722 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 6 10 theme DFT 1354:1356 arg1 calculations 1359:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 5 11 theme C8-aryl 1089:1095 arg1 moiety 1097:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 6 12 theme theory 1346:1351 arg1 calculations 1359:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 5 13 theme effect 869:874 arg1 " 875:875 this "cyano effect" 857:875 this "cyano effect" 857:875 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 6 14 theme novel 1246:1250 arg1 adduct 1259:1264 this novel cyclic adduct 1241:1264 this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1241:1411 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 9 15 theme tester 1999:2004 arg1 strains 2006:2012 frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1978:2012 frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1978:2012 Together, our results provide a rationale for the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains. 31885260 6 16 theme density 1327:1333 arg1 calculations 1359:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 2 17 theme Polycyclic 233:242 arg1 carcinogens 292:302 carcinogens 292:302 carcinogens 292:302 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 2 17 theme Polycyclic 233:242 arg1 mutagens 279:286 potent mutagens 272:286 potent mutagens 272:286 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 2 17 theme Polycyclic 233:242 arg1 derivatives 244:254 Polycyclic derivatives 233:254 Polycyclic derivatives 233:254 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 8 18 theme C8-dG 1780:1784 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 18 theme C8-dG 1780:1784 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 5 19 theme initial 950:956 arg1 formation 958:966 initial formation 950:966 initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 950:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 7 20 theme sequence 1609:1616 arg1 repeat 1590:1595 the CpG repeat 1582:1595 the CpG repeat 1582:1595 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 7 20 theme sequence 1609:1616 arg1 hotspot 1630:1636 a hotspot 1628:1636 a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1628:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 4 21 theme nitroaniline 786:797 arg1 derivatives 799:809 nitroaniline derivatives 786:809 nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes 786:841 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 4 21 theme nitroaniline 786:797 arg1 components 820:829 components 820:829 components of azo dyes 820:841 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 6 22 theme MD 1397:1398 arg1 simulations 1401:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 3 23 theme C8-dG 675:679 arg1 adducts 681:687 N-linked C8-dG adducts 666:687 N-linked C8-dG adducts 666:687 In contrast, their monocyclic counterparts typically exhibit weak mutagenicity or a lack thereof, despite also undergoing bioactivation to afford N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 5 24 theme polycyclic 919:928 arg1 adduct 930:935 a novel polycyclic adduct 911:935 a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 911:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 0 25 theme Frameshift 76:85 arg1 Mutagenicity 87:98 Frameshift Mutagenicity 76:98 Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines 76:127 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 1 26 theme industrial 181:190 arg1 chemicals 192:200 industrial chemicals 181:200 industrial chemicals that are also found in nature 181:230 Nitroaromatic compounds represent a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature. 31885260 4 27 theme azo 834:836 arg1 dyes 838:841 azo dyes 834:841 azo dyes 834:841 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 8 28 theme canonical 1823:1831 arg1 B-form 1833:1838 the canonical B-form 1819:1838 the canonical B-form 1819:1838 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 7 29 theme C8-dG 1697:1701 arg1 adducts 1703:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 0 30 theme Nitroanilines 115:127 arg1 Mutagenicity 87:98 Frameshift Mutagenicity 76:98 Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines 76:127 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 5 31 theme cyclization 1011:1021 arg1 process 1023:1029 a cyclization process 1009:1029 a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 1009:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 7 32 theme polycyclic 1677:1686 arg1 adducts 1703:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 3 33 link N-linked 666:673 arg1 adducts 681:687 N-linked C8-dG adducts 666:687 N-linked C8-dG adducts 666:687 In contrast, their monocyclic counterparts typically exhibit weak mutagenicity or a lack thereof, despite also undergoing bioactivation to afford N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 5 34 theme cyano 863:867 arg1 " 875:875 this "cyano effect" 857:875 this "cyano effect" 857:875 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 35 theme adduct 1179:1184 arg1 structure 1186:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 35 theme adduct 1179:1184 arg1 C8 1170:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 36 theme N-linked 975:982 arg1 adduct 990:995 the N-linked C8-dG adduct 971:995 the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 971:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 2 37 theme potent 272:277 arg1 mutagens 279:286 potent mutagens 272:286 potent mutagens 272:286 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 2 37 theme potent 272:277 arg1 derivatives 244:254 Polycyclic derivatives 233:254 Polycyclic derivatives 233:254 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 5 38 theme " 875:875 arg1 basis 848:852 The basis 844:852 The basis of this "cyano effect" 844:875 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 39 theme adduct 990:995 arg1 formation 958:966 initial formation 950:966 initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 950:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 7 40 theme frameshift 1642:1651 arg1 mutagenesis 1653:1663 frameshift mutagenesis 1642:1663 frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1642:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 1 41 theme major 166:170 arg1 class 172:176 a major class 164:176 a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature 164:230 Nitroaromatic compounds represent a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature. 31885260 0 42 theme Tetracyclic 24:34 arg1 Adduct 51:56 an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct 13:56 an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct 13:56 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 5 43 theme tetracyclic 1158:1168 arg1 structure 1186:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 43 theme tetracyclic 1158:1168 arg1 C8 1170:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 7 44 theme slipped 1538:1544 arg1 SMI 1570:1572 SMI 1570:1572 SMI 1570:1572 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 7 44 theme slipped 1538:1544 arg1 intermediate 1556:1567 the slipped mutagenic intermediate 1534:1567 the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) 1534:1573 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 0 45 theme Adduct 51:56 arg1 Structure 0:8 Structure 0:8 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 0:128 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 5 46 theme ortho-CN 1058:1065 arg1 moiety 1097:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 46 theme ortho-CN 1058:1065 arg1 group 1067:1071 the ortho-CN group 1054:1071 the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety 1054:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 46 theme ortho-CN 1058:1065 arg1 dG 1047:1048 dG 1047:1048 dG 1047:1048 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 8 47 link 4-aminobenzontrile-derived 1743:1768 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 47 link 4-aminobenzontrile-derived 1743:1768 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 9 48 theme cyano-substituted 1914:1930 arg1 derivatives 1945:1955 cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives 1914:1955 cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1914:2012 Together, our results provide a rationale for the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains. 31885260 8 49 link N-linked 1771:1778 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 49 link N-linked 1771:1778 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 7 50 theme syn 1499:1501 arg1 conformation 1503:1514 the promutagenic syn conformation 1482:1514 the promutagenic syn conformation 1482:1514 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 0 51 dep Structure 0:8 arg1 Implications 59:70 Implications 59:70 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 0:128 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 6 52 theme NMR 1313:1315 arg1 analysis 1317:1324 NMR analysis 1313:1324 NMR analysis 1313:1324 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 2 53 theme N-linked 400:407 arg1 lesions 438:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions 400:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences 400:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 5 54 link N-linked 975:982 arg1 adduct 990:995 the N-linked C8-dG adduct 971:995 the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 971:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 6 55 theme spectroscopies 1297:1310 arg1 combination 1274:1284 a combination 1272:1284 a combination of optical spectroscopies 1272:1310 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 6 55 theme spectroscopies 1297:1310 arg1 calculations 1359:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 6 55 theme spectroscopies 1297:1310 arg1 analysis 1317:1324 NMR analysis 1313:1324 NMR analysis 1313:1324 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 6 55 theme spectroscopies 1297:1310 arg1 simulations 1401:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 1 56 theme chemicals 192:200 arg1 class 172:176 a major class 164:176 a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature 164:230 Nitroaromatic compounds represent a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature. 31885260 7 57 theme fluorescent 1449:1459 arg1 adduct 1468:1473 this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct 1437:1473 this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct 1437:1473 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 7 58 link N-linked 1688:1695 arg1 adducts 1703:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 6 59 theme dynamics 1387:1394 arg1 simulations 1401:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 9 60 theme derivatives 1945:1955 arg1 mutagenicity 1898:1909 the potent mutagenicity 1887:1909 the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1887:2012 Together, our results provide a rationale for the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains. 31885260 2 61 theme nitrenium 339:347 arg1 electrophiles 349:361 nitrenium electrophiles 339:361 nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences 339:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 5 62 theme moiety 1097:1102 arg1 N7 1041:1042 N7 1041:1042 N7 of dG 1041:1048 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 62 theme moiety 1097:1102 arg1 moiety 1097:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 62 theme moiety 1097:1102 arg1 group 1067:1071 the ortho-CN group 1054:1071 the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety 1054:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 62 theme moiety 1097:1102 arg1 dG 1047:1048 dG 1047:1048 dG 1047:1048 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 8 63 theme para-CN 1734:1740 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 63 theme para-CN 1734:1740 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 6 64 theme cyclic 1252:1257 arg1 adduct 1259:1264 this novel cyclic adduct 1241:1264 this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1241:1411 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 9 65 theme frameshift-sensitive 1978:1997 arg1 strains 2006:2012 frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1978:2012 frameshift-sensitive tester strains 1978:2012 Together, our results provide a rationale for the potent mutagenicity of cyano-substituted nitroaniline derivatives recently reported in frameshift-sensitive tester strains. 31885260 6 66 theme molecular 1377:1385 arg1 simulations 1401:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 1377:1411 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 6 67 theme functional 1335:1344 arg1 calculations 1359:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 density functional theory (DFT) calculations 1327:1370 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 8 68 theme 4-aminobenzontrile-derived 1743:1768 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 68 theme 4-aminobenzontrile-derived 1743:1768 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 1 69 theme Nitroaromatic 130:142 arg1 compounds 144:152 Nitroaromatic compounds 130:152 Nitroaromatic compounds 130:152 Nitroaromatic compounds represent a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature. 31885260 7 70 theme NarI 1604:1607 arg1 sequence 1609:1616 the NarI sequence 1600:1616 the NarI sequence 1600:1616 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 1 71 located found 216:220 arg2 chemicals 192:200 industrial chemicals 181:200 industrial chemicals that are also found in nature 181:230 Nitroaromatic compounds represent a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature. 31885260 1 71 located found 216:220 arg1 nature 225:230 nature 225:230 nature 225:230 Nitroaromatic compounds represent a major class of industrial chemicals that are also found in nature. 31885260 8 72 theme N-linked 1771:1778 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 72 theme N-linked 1771:1778 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 5 73 theme attached 1080:1087 arg1 moiety 1097:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 3 74 theme N-linked 666:673 arg1 adducts 681:687 N-linked C8-dG adducts 666:687 N-linked C8-dG adducts 666:687 In contrast, their monocyclic counterparts typically exhibit weak mutagenicity or a lack thereof, despite also undergoing bioactivation to afford N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 5 75 theme novel 913:917 arg1 adduct 930:935 a novel polycyclic adduct 911:935 a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 911:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 7 76 theme CpG 1586:1588 arg1 repeat 1590:1595 the CpG repeat 1582:1595 the CpG repeat 1582:1595 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 7 76 theme CpG 1586:1588 arg1 hotspot 1630:1636 a hotspot 1628:1636 a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1628:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 6 77 theme present 1201:1207 arg1 work 1209:1212 The present work 1197:1212 The present work 1197:1212 The present work structurally characterizes this novel cyclic adduct using a combination of optical spectroscopies, NMR analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 31885260 5 78 theme adduct 930:935 arg1 formation 898:906 the formation 894:906 the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 894:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 0 79 theme ortho-Cyano 103:113 arg1 Nitroanilines 115:127 ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines 103:127 ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines 103:127 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 5 80 theme fused 1152:1156 arg1 structure 1186:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 80 theme fused 1152:1156 arg1 C8 1170:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 81 theme quinazolinimine 1118:1132 arg1 ring 1134:1137 a quinazolinimine ring 1116:1137 a quinazolinimine ring 1116:1137 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 4 82 theme dyes 838:841 arg1 derivatives 799:809 nitroaniline derivatives 786:809 nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes 786:841 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 4 82 theme dyes 838:841 arg1 components 820:829 components 820:829 components of azo dyes 820:841 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 7 83 theme N-linked 1688:1695 arg1 adducts 1703:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts 1677:1709 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 4 84 theme derivatives 799:809 arg1 mutagenicity 770:781 the mutagenicity 766:781 the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes 766:841 Recently, it has been reported that cyano substitution can greatly increase the mutagenicity of nitroaniline derivatives that are components of azo dyes. 31885260 2 85 theme C8-dG 431:435 arg1 lesions 438:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions 400:444 N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences 400:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 0 86 theme Unusual 16:22 arg1 Adduct 51:56 an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct 13:56 an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct 13:56 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 5 87 theme C8-dG 984:988 arg1 adduct 990:995 the N-linked C8-dG adduct 971:995 the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 971:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 2 88 theme frameshift 462:471 arg1 mutations 473:481 frameshift mutations 462:481 frameshift mutations 462:481 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 0 89 theme Deoxyguanosine 36:49 arg1 Adduct 51:56 an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct 13:56 an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct 13:56 Structure of an Unusual Tetracyclic Deoxyguanosine Adduct: Implications for Frameshift Mutagenicity of ortho-Cyano Nitroanilines. 31885260 5 90 theme dG 1047:1048 arg1 N7 1041:1042 N7 1041:1042 N7 of dG 1041:1048 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 90 theme dG 1047:1048 arg1 moiety 1097:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 the attached C8-aryl moiety 1076:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 90 theme dG 1047:1048 arg1 group 1067:1071 the ortho-CN group 1054:1071 the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety 1054:1102 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 90 theme dG 1047:1048 arg1 dG 1047:1048 dG 1047:1048 dG 1047:1048 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 8 91 from contrast 1715:1722 arg1 adduct 1786:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct 1725:1791 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 8 91 from contrast 1715:1722 arg1 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 likely 1801:1806 In contrast, the open para-CN (4-aminobenzontrile-derived) N-linked C8-dG adduct is less likely to disrupt the canonical B-form. 31885260 5 92 theme C8 1170:1171 arg1 part 1142:1145 part 1142:1145 part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure 1142:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 7 93 theme mutagenic 1546:1554 arg1 SMI 1570:1572 SMI 1570:1572 SMI 1570:1572 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 7 93 theme mutagenic 1546:1554 arg1 intermediate 1556:1567 the slipped mutagenic intermediate 1534:1567 the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) 1534:1573 Our data indicate that this highly fluorescent cyclic adduct adopts the promutagenic syn conformation and can stabilize the slipped mutagenic intermediate (SMI) within the CpG repeat of the NarI sequence, which is a hotspot for frameshift mutagenesis mediated by polycyclic N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 2 94 theme repeat 502:507 arg1 sequences 509:517 CpG repeat sequences 498:517 CpG repeat sequences 498:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 31885260 3 95 theme monocyclic 539:548 arg1 counterparts 550:561 their monocyclic counterparts 533:561 their monocyclic counterparts 533:561 In contrast, their monocyclic counterparts typically exhibit weak mutagenicity or a lack thereof, despite also undergoing bioactivation to afford N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 5 96 theme N7-dG 1173:1177 arg1 structure 1186:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 N7-dG adduct structure 1173:1194 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 5 96 theme N7-dG 1173:1177 arg1 C8 1170:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 a fused tetracyclic C8 1150:1171 The basis of this "cyano effect" may be rooted in the formation of a novel polycyclic adduct arising from initial formation of the N-linked C8-dG adduct followed by a cyclization process involving N7 of dG and the ortho-CN group of the attached C8-aryl moiety to generate a quinazolinimine ring as part of a fused tetracyclic C8,N7-dG adduct structure. 31885260 3 97 theme weak 581:584 arg1 mutagenicity 586:597 weak mutagenicity 581:597 weak mutagenicity 581:597 In contrast, their monocyclic counterparts typically exhibit weak mutagenicity or a lack thereof, despite also undergoing bioactivation to afford N-linked C8-dG adducts. 31885260 2 98 theme CpG 498:500 arg1 sequences 509:517 CpG repeat sequences 498:517 CpG repeat sequences 498:517 Polycyclic derivatives are regarded as potent mutagens and carcinogens following bioactivation to produce nitrenium electrophiles that covalently modify DNA to afford N-linked C8-2'-deoxyguanosine (C8-dG) lesions that can induce frameshift mutations, especially in CpG repeat sequences. 34195954 3 0 theme first 483:487 arg1 step 489:492 a first step 481:492 a first step to investigate their functions 481:523 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 3 0 theme first 483:487 arg1 Identification 394:407 Identification 394:407 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis 394:476 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 1 1 theme important 216:224 arg1 roles 226:230 important roles 216:230 important roles 216:230 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 2 2 theme circRNAs 326:333 arg1 functions 313:321 the biological functions 298:321 the biological functions of circRNAs in plants 298:343 However, the biological functions of circRNAs in plants remain largely unknown and need further studies. 34195954 1 3 theme Recent 60:65 arg1 studies 67:73 Recent studies 60:73 Recent studies 60:73 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 4 4 theme extract 741:747 arg1 RNAs 749:752 extract RNAs 741:752 extract RNAs 741:752 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 1 5 theme various 235:241 arg1 processes 254:262 various biological processes 235:262 various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 235:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 2 6 from functions 313:321 arg1 plants 338:343 plants 338:343 plants 338:343 However, the biological functions of circRNAs in plants remain largely unknown and need further studies. 34195954 1 7 theme ubiquitous 150:159 arg1 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 7 theme ubiquitous 150:159 arg1 RNAs 192:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs 150:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 150:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 4 8 theme protocols 555:563 arg1 series 545:550 a series 543:550 a series of protocols 543:563 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 4 9 theme circRNA 569:575 arg1 identification 577:590 circRNA identification 569:590 circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location 569:650 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 3 10 from analysis 469:476 arg1 step 489:492 a first step 481:492 a first step to investigate their functions 481:523 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 3 10 from analysis 469:476 arg1 Identification 394:407 Identification 394:407 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis 394:476 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 1 11 theme abundant 162:169 arg1 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 11 theme abundant 162:169 arg1 RNAs 192:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs 150:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 150:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 12 theme biological 243:252 arg1 processes 254:262 various biological processes 235:262 various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 235:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 13 from processes 254:262 arg1 organisms 278:286 eukaryotic organisms 267:286 eukaryotic organisms 267:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 14 theme circular 94:101 arg1 type 142:145 a newly discovered type 123:145 a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 123:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 14 theme circular 94:101 arg1 circRNAs 109:116 circRNAs 109:116 circRNAs 109:116 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 14 theme circular 94:101 arg1 RNAs 103:106 circular RNAs 94:106 circular RNAs (circRNAs) 94:117 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 3 15 theme plant 412:416 arg1 circRNAs 418:425 plant circRNAs 412:425 plant circRNAs 412:425 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 4 16 from polyphenols 712:722 arg1 rich 684:687 rich 684:687 rich 684:687 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 1 17 theme stable 175:180 arg1 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 17 theme stable 175:180 arg1 RNAs 192:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs 150:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 150:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 18 theme noncoding 182:190 arg1 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 ncRNAs 198:203 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 18 theme noncoding 182:190 arg1 RNAs 192:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs 150:195 ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 150:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 0 19 theme Circular 45:52 arg1 RNAs 54:57 Plant Circular RNAs 39:57 Plant Circular RNAs 39:57 Identification and Characterization of Plant Circular RNAs. 34195954 1 20 theme eukaryotic 267:276 arg1 organisms 278:286 eukaryotic organisms 267:286 eukaryotic organisms 267:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 21 theme RNAs 192:195 arg1 RNAs 103:106 circular RNAs 94:106 circular RNAs (circRNAs) 94:117 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 21 theme RNAs 192:195 arg1 type 142:145 a newly discovered type 123:145 a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 123:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 4 22 theme composition 618:628 arg1 features 630:637 composition features 618:637 composition features 618:637 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 3 23 theme plant 432:436 arg1 database 446:453 plant circRNA database 432:453 plant circRNA database 432:453 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 0 24 theme Plant 39:43 arg1 RNAs 54:57 Plant Circular RNAs 39:57 Plant Circular RNAs 39:57 Identification and Characterization of Plant Circular RNAs. 34195954 2 25 theme further 377:383 arg1 studies 385:391 further studies 377:391 further studies 377:391 However, the biological functions of circRNAs in plants remain largely unknown and need further studies. 34195954 3 26 theme circRNAs 418:425 arg1 step 489:492 a first step 481:492 a first step to investigate their functions 481:523 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 3 26 theme circRNAs 418:425 arg1 Identification 394:407 Identification 394:407 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis 394:476 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 0 27 theme RNAs 54:57 arg1 Characterization 19:34 Characterization 19:34 Characterization 19:34 Identification and Characterization of Plant Circular RNAs. 34195954 0 27 theme RNAs 54:57 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification and Characterization of Plant Circular RNAs. 34195954 3 28 from database 446:453 arg1 step 489:492 a first step 481:492 a first step to investigate their functions 481:523 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 3 28 from database 446:453 arg1 Identification 394:407 Identification 394:407 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis 394:476 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 2 29 theme biological 302:311 arg1 functions 313:321 the biological functions 298:321 the biological functions of circRNAs in plants 298:343 However, the biological functions of circRNAs in plants remain largely unknown and need further studies. 34195954 4 30 from polysaccharides 692:706 arg1 rich 684:687 rich 684:687 rich 684:687 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 4 31 theme plant 660:664 arg1 tissues 666:672 plant tissues 660:672 plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs 660:752 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 3 32 theme sequencing 458:467 arg1 analysis 469:476 sequencing analysis 458:476 sequencing analysis 458:476 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 3 33 theme circRNA 438:444 arg1 database 446:453 plant circRNA database 432:453 plant circRNA database 432:453 Identification of plant circRNAs from plant circRNA database or sequencing analysis is a first step to investigate their functions. 34195954 4 34 from rich 684:687 arg1 polyphenols 712:722 polyphenols 712:722 polyphenols 712:722 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 4 34 from rich 684:687 arg1 polysaccharides 692:706 polysaccharides 692:706 polysaccharides 692:706 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 4 35 theme circular 602:609 arg1 forms 611:615 circular forms 602:615 circular forms 602:615 Here, we provide a series of protocols for circRNA identification including circular forms, composition features and location even in plant tissues which are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols and difficult to extract RNAs. 34195954 1 36 theme discovered 131:140 arg1 RNAs 103:106 circular RNAs 94:106 circular RNAs (circRNAs) 94:117 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 34195954 1 36 theme discovered 131:140 arg1 type 142:145 a newly discovered type 123:145 a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms 123:286 Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered type of ubiquitous, abundant and stable noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play important roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. 32315666 2 0 theme biofilm-based 556:568 arg1 model 592:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model 554:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time 554:662 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 10 1 contain had 1833:1835 arg2 effects 1858:1864 strong antibacterial effects 1837:1864 strong antibacterial effects 1837:1864 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 10 1 contain had 1833:1835 arg2 release 1883:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 10 1 contain had 1833:1835 arg1 nanocomposite 1819:1831 The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1795:1831 The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1795:1831 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 9 2 theme control 1756:1762 arg1 groups 1764:1769 control groups 1756:1769 control groups (p < 0.05) 1756:1780 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 9 2 theme control 1756:1762 arg1 < 1774:1774 p < 0.05 1772:1779 p < 0.05 1772:1779 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 8 3 theme multi-species 1445:1457 arg1 attack 1472:1477 multi-species biofilm acid attack 1445:1477 multi-species biofilm acid attack 1445:1477 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 2 4 theme bioactive 248:256 arg1 composite 258:266 a bioactive composite 246:266 a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities 246:345 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 5 dep composite 825:833 arg1 3 807:807 3 807:807 3 807:807 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 7 6 theme lactic 1286:1291 arg1 acid 1293:1296 Biofilm lactic acid 1278:1296 Biofilm lactic acid 1278:1296 Biofilm lactic acid, polysaccharides and CFU were greatly reduced via DMAHDM (p < 0.05). 32315666 11 7 theme root 2002:2005 arg1 demineralization 2014:2029 root dentin demineralization 2002:2029 root dentin demineralization 2002:2029 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 9 8 dep 0.20 1623:1626 arg1 ± 1628:1628 ± 0.04 1628:1633 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group 1623:1648 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 9 8 dep 0.20 1623:1626 arg1 0.03 1692:1695 0.03 1692:1695 0.03 1692:1695 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 1 9 theme tooth 177:181 arg1 caries 188:193 tooth root caries 177:193 tooth root caries 177:193 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 2 10 theme root 580:583 arg1 model 592:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model 554:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time 554:662 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 10 11 theme NACP + DMAHDM 1805:1817 arg1 nanocomposite 1819:1831 The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1795:1831 The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1795:1831 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 1 12 theme caries 188:193 arg1 incidence 164:172 a high incidence 157:172 a high incidence of tooth root caries 157:193 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 2 13 dep model 592:596 arg1 protect 601:607 protect 601:607 to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time 598:662 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 10 14 dep CONCLUSIONS 1783:1793 arg1 had 1833:1835 had 1833:1835 had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release 1833:1889 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 10 15 theme P 1877:1877 arg1 release 1883:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 10 16 theme antibacterial 1844:1856 arg1 effects 1858:1864 strong antibacterial effects 1837:1864 strong antibacterial effects 1837:1864 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 2 17 theme Candida 534:540 arg1 albicans 542:549 Candida albicans 534:549 Candida albicans 534:549 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 10 18 theme ion 1879:1881 arg1 release 1883:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 1 19 theme OBJECTIVES 125:134 arg1 patients 143:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients 125:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients 125:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 2 20 theme acidophilus 518:528 arg1 biofilms 470:477 root biofilms 465:477 root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans 465:549 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 21 theme composite 766:774 arg1 NACP 788:791 0% NACP 785:791 0% NACP 785:791 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 21 theme composite 766:774 arg1 control 776:782 Experimental composite control 753:782 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 11 22 theme recurrent 1923:1931 arg1 model 1945:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 3 23 theme Commercial 728:737 arg1 nanocomposite 713:725 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite 698:725 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 23 theme Commercial 728:737 arg1 control 739:745 Commercial control 728:745 Commercial control 728:745 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 12 24 theme novel 2117:2121 arg1 composite 2133:2141 this novel bioactive composite 2112:2141 this novel bioactive composite 2112:2141 Therefore, this novel bioactive composite is promising to inhibit root caries and protect tooth structures. 32315666 0 25 theme root 88:91 arg1 hardness 100:107 root dentin hardness 88:107 root dentin hardness 88:107 Antibacterial and remineralizing nanocomposite inhibit root caries biofilms and protect root dentin hardness at the margins. 32315666 3 26 theme % 786:786 arg1 NACP 788:791 0% NACP 785:791 0% NACP 785:791 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 26 theme % 786:786 arg1 control 776:782 Experimental composite control 753:782 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 2 27 theme root 609:612 arg1 hardness 621:628 root dentin hardness 609:628 root dentin hardness 609:628 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 11 28 theme caries 1938:1943 arg1 model 1945:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 10 29 theme strong 1837:1842 arg1 effects 1858:1864 strong antibacterial effects 1837:1864 strong antibacterial effects 1837:1864 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 composite 865:873 (4) Antibacterial composite 847:873 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 NACP 788:791 0% NACP 785:791 0% NACP 785:791 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 control 776:782 Experimental composite control 753:782 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 NACP 840:843 30% NACP 836:843 30% NACP 836:843 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 composite 925:933 antibacterial composite 911:933 antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM) 911:949 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 NACP + DMAHDM 936:948 NACP + DMAHDM 936:948 NACP + DMAHDM 936:948 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 composite 825:833 (3) Remineralizing composite 806:833 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 DMAHDM 879:884 3% DMAHDM 876:884 3% DMAHDM 876:884 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 Remineralizing 892:905 Remineralizing 892:905 Remineralizing 892:905 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 30 dep nanocomposite 713:725 arg1 1 699:699 1 699:699 1 699:699 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 0 31 theme root 55:58 arg1 biofilms 67:74 root caries biofilms 55:74 root caries biofilms 55:74 Antibacterial and remineralizing nanocomposite inhibit root caries biofilms and protect root dentin hardness at the margins. 32315666 3 32 theme % 795:795 arg1 DMAHDM 797:802 0% DMAHDM 794:802 0% DMAHDM 794:802 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 12 33 theme tooth 2191:2195 arg1 structures 2197:2206 tooth structures 2191:2206 tooth structures 2191:2206 Therefore, this novel bioactive composite is promising to inhibit root caries and protect tooth structures. 32315666 4 34 theme biofilms 1014:1021 arg1 polysaccharide 996:1009 polysaccharide 996:1009 polysaccharide of biofilms 996:1021 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 4 34 theme biofilms 1014:1021 arg1 CFU 974:976 CFU 974:976 CFU 974:976 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 4 34 theme biofilms 1014:1021 arg1 units 967:971 Colony-forming units 952:971 Colony-forming units (CFU) 952:977 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 4 34 theme biofilms 1014:1021 arg1 acid 987:990 lactic acid 980:990 lactic acid 980:990 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 2 35 theme phosphate 386:394 arg1 nanoparticles 351:363 nanoparticles 351:363 nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) 351:450 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 9 36 theme dentin 1603:1608 arg1 hardness 1610:1617 Root dentin hardness 1598:1617 Root dentin hardness 1598:1617 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 8 37 theme Ca 1367:1368 arg1 ion 1376:1378 Ca and P ion 1367:1378 ion 1376:1378 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 5 38 theme dentin 1145:1150 arg1 hardness 1152:1159 root dentin hardness 1140:1159 root dentin hardness 1140:1159 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 32315666 2 39 theme amorphous 368:376 arg1 NACP 397:400 NACP 397:400 NACP 397:400 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 2 39 theme amorphous 368:376 arg1 phosphate 386:394 amorphous calcium phosphate 368:394 amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) 368:401 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 40 dep Remineralizing 892:905 arg1 5 889:889 5 889:889 5 889:889 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 41 dep METHODS 665:671 arg1 tested 690:695 tested 690:695 were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 685:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 42 theme 30 836:837 arg1 % 838:838 % 838:838 % 838:838 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 2 43 theme methacrylate 430:441 arg1 nanoparticles 351:363 nanoparticles 351:363 nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) 351:450 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 8 44 theme P 1374:1374 arg1 ion 1376:1378 Ca and P ion 1367:1378 ion 1376:1378 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 0 45 theme caries 60:65 arg1 biofilms 67:74 root caries biofilms 55:74 root caries biofilms 55:74 Antibacterial and remineralizing nanocomposite inhibit root caries biofilms and protect root dentin hardness at the margins. 32315666 12 46 theme root 2167:2170 arg1 caries 2172:2177 root caries 2167:2177 root caries 2167:2177 Therefore, this novel bioactive composite is promising to inhibit root caries and protect tooth structures. 32315666 8 47 theme biofilm 1459:1465 arg1 attack 1472:1477 multi-species biofilm acid attack 1445:1477 multi-species biofilm acid attack 1445:1477 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 11 48 theme dentin 2045:2050 arg1 hardness 2052:2059 dentin hardness 2045:2059 dentin hardness 2045:2059 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 12 49 theme bioactive 2123:2131 arg1 composite 2133:2141 this novel bioactive composite 2112:2141 this novel bioactive composite 2112:2141 Therefore, this novel bioactive composite is promising to inhibit root caries and protect tooth structures. 32315666 3 50 dep composite 865:873 arg1 4 848:848 4 848:848 4 848:848 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 5 51 theme bovine 1059:1064 arg1 dentin 1071:1076 bovine root dentin 1059:1076 bovine root dentin 1059:1076 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 32315666 10 52 theme novel 1799:1803 arg1 nanocomposite 1819:1831 The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1795:1831 The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1795:1831 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 8 53 theme root 1480:1483 arg1 GPa 1502:1504 GPa 1502:1504 GPa 1502:1504 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 8 53 theme root 1480:1483 arg1 hardness 1492:1499 root dentin hardness 1480:1499 root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control 1480:1553 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 3 54 theme Antibacterial 851:863 arg1 composite 865:873 (4) Antibacterial composite 847:873 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 54 theme Antibacterial 851:863 arg1 DMAHDM 879:884 3% DMAHDM 876:884 3% DMAHDM 876:884 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 7 55 theme Biofilm 1278:1284 arg1 acid 1293:1296 Biofilm lactic acid 1278:1296 Biofilm lactic acid 1278:1296 Biofilm lactic acid, polysaccharides and CFU were greatly reduced via DMAHDM (p < 0.05). 32315666 2 56 theme albicans 542:549 arg1 biofilms 470:477 root biofilms 465:477 root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans 465:549 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 4 57 theme Colony-forming 952:965 arg1 CFU 974:976 CFU 974:976 CFU 974:976 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 4 57 theme Colony-forming 952:965 arg1 units 967:971 Colony-forming units 952:971 Colony-forming units (CFU) 952:977 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 2 58 theme caries 585:590 arg1 model 592:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model 554:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time 554:662 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 59 theme % 877:877 arg1 composite 865:873 (4) Antibacterial composite 847:873 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 59 theme % 877:877 arg1 DMAHDM 879:884 3% DMAHDM 876:884 3% DMAHDM 876:884 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 9 60 theme DMAHDM 1667:1672 arg1 group 1674:1678 DMAHDM group 1667:1678 DMAHDM group 1667:1678 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 1 61 contain have 152:155 arg2 incidence 164:172 a high incidence 157:172 a high incidence of tooth root caries 157:193 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 1 61 contain have 152:155 arg1 patients 143:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients 125:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients 125:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 1 62 theme root 183:186 arg1 caries 188:193 tooth root caries 177:193 tooth root caries 177:193 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 2 63 theme recurrent 570:578 arg1 model 592:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model 554:596 a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time 554:662 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 10 64 theme Ca 1870:1871 arg1 release 1883:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 Ca and P ion release 1870:1889 CONCLUSIONS The novel NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite had strong antibacterial effects and Ca and P ion release. 32315666 2 65 theme calcium 273:279 arg1 ion-release 304:314 calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release 273:314 calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release 273:314 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 8 66 theme 0.12 1520:1523 arg1 ± 1525:1525 0.12 ± 0.03 1520:1530 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control 1520:1553 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 2 67 theme mutans 496:501 arg1 biofilms 470:477 root biofilms 465:477 root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans 465:549 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 11 68 theme dentin 2007:2012 arg1 demineralization 2014:2029 root dentin demineralization 2002:2029 root dentin demineralization 2002:2029 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 2 69 theme study 219:223 arg1 to 230:231 to 230:231 to 230:231 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 2 69 theme study 219:223 arg1 objectives 200:209 The objectives 196:209 The objectives of this study 196:223 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 8 70 theme Commercial 1536:1545 arg1 control 1547:1553 Commercial control 1536:1553 Commercial control 1536:1553 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 2 71 theme first 653:657 arg1 time 659:662 the first time 649:662 the first time 649:662 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 72 theme Heliomolar 702:711 arg1 nanocomposite 713:725 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite 698:725 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 72 theme Heliomolar 702:711 arg1 control 739:745 Commercial control 728:745 Commercial control 728:745 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 73 dep control 776:782 arg1 2 750:750 2 750:750 2 750:750 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 1 74 theme Senior 136:141 arg1 patients 143:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients 125:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients 125:150 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 9 75 theme DMAHDM 1708:1713 arg1 group 1715:1719 DMAHDM group 1708:1719 DMAHDM group 1708:1719 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 5 76 theme multi-species 1112:1124 arg1 biofilms 1126:1133 multi-species biofilms 1112:1133 multi-species biofilms 1112:1133 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 32315666 8 77 theme 0.11 1560:1563 arg1 ± 1565:1565 ± 1565:1565 ± 1565:1565 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 2 78 with composite 258:266 arg1 ion-release 304:314 calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release 273:314 calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release 273:314 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 2 78 with composite 258:266 arg1 capabilities 334:345 antibacterial capabilities 320:345 antibacterial capabilities 320:345 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 11 79 theme root 1933:1936 arg1 model 1945:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 4 80 theme lactic 980:985 arg1 acid 987:990 lactic acid 980:990 lactic acid 980:990 Colony-forming units (CFU), lactic acid and polysaccharide of biofilms were evaluated. 32315666 2 81 dep develop 238:244 arg1 1 235:235 1 235:235 1 235:235 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 5 82 theme dentin 1071:1076 arg1 Demineralization 1039:1054 Demineralization 1039:1054 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations 1039:1094 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 32315666 11 83 theme NACP + DMAHDM 1952:1964 arg1 nanocomposite 1966:1978 NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1952:1978 NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite 1952:1978 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 0 84 theme dentin 93:98 arg1 hardness 100:107 root dentin hardness 88:107 root dentin hardness 88:107 Antibacterial and remineralizing nanocomposite inhibit root caries biofilms and protect root dentin hardness at the margins. 32315666 8 85 theme 0.03 1567:1570 arg1 ± 1565:1565 ± 1565:1565 ± 1565:1565 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 1 86 theme high 159:162 arg1 incidence 164:172 a high incidence 157:172 a high incidence of tooth root caries 157:193 OBJECTIVES Senior patients have a high incidence of tooth root caries. 32315666 11 87 theme multi-species 1909:1921 arg1 model 1945:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 a multi-species recurrent root caries model 1907:1949 When tested in a multi-species recurrent root caries model, NACP + DMAHDM nanocomposite substantially reduced root dentin demineralization and protected dentin hardness around the restorations under biofilms. 32315666 2 88 theme dentin 614:619 arg1 hardness 621:628 root dentin hardness 609:628 root dentin hardness 609:628 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 89 theme Experimental 753:764 arg1 NACP 788:791 0% NACP 785:791 0% NACP 785:791 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 89 theme Experimental 753:764 arg1 control 776:782 Experimental composite control 753:782 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 8 90 theme Experimental 1576:1587 arg1 control 1589:1595 Experimental control 1576:1595 Experimental control 1576:1595 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 2 91 theme root 465:468 arg1 biofilms 470:477 root biofilms 465:477 root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans 465:549 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 92 dep NACP 788:791 arg1 DMAHDM 797:802 0% DMAHDM 794:802 0% DMAHDM 794:802 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 2 93 theme antibacterial 320:332 arg1 capabilities 334:345 antibacterial capabilities 320:345 antibacterial capabilities 320:345 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 2 94 dep inhibit 457:463 arg1 2 454:454 2 454:454 2 454:454 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 95 theme Remineralizing 810:823 arg1 composite 825:833 (3) Remineralizing composite 806:833 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 95 theme Remineralizing 810:823 arg1 NACP 840:843 30% NACP 836:843 30% NACP 836:843 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 9 96 theme Root 1598:1601 arg1 hardness 1610:1617 Root dentin hardness 1598:1617 Root dentin hardness 1598:1617 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 9 97 theme p 1772:1772 arg1 groups 1764:1769 control groups 1756:1769 control groups (p < 0.05) 1756:1780 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 9 97 theme p 1772:1772 arg1 < 1774:1774 p < 0.05 1772:1779 p < 0.05 1772:1779 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 5 98 theme root 1140:1143 arg1 hardness 1152:1159 root dentin hardness 1140:1159 root dentin hardness 1140:1159 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 32315666 2 99 theme calcium 378:384 arg1 NACP 397:400 NACP 397:400 NACP 397:400 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 2 99 theme calcium 378:384 arg1 phosphate 386:394 amorphous calcium phosphate 368:394 amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) 368:401 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 6 100 theme mechanical 1244:1253 arg1 p > 1267:1269 p > 0.05 1267:1274 p > 0.05 1267:1274 RESULTS Adding NACP and DMAHDM into composite did not compromise the mechanical properties (p > 0.05). 32315666 6 100 theme mechanical 1244:1253 arg1 properties 1255:1264 the mechanical properties 1240:1264 the mechanical properties (p > 0.05) 1240:1275 RESULTS Adding NACP and DMAHDM into composite did not compromise the mechanical properties (p > 0.05). 32315666 3 101 theme % 838:838 arg1 composite 825:833 (3) Remineralizing composite 806:833 (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 698:950 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 101 theme % 838:838 arg1 NACP 840:843 30% NACP 836:843 30% NACP 836:843 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 2 102 theme dimethylaminohexadecyl 407:428 arg1 methacrylate 430:441 dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate 407:441 dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) 407:450 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 2 102 theme dimethylaminohexadecyl 407:428 arg1 DMAHDM 444:449 DMAHDM 444:449 DMAHDM 444:449 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 3 103 theme antibacterial 911:923 arg1 NACP + DMAHDM 936:948 NACP + DMAHDM 936:948 NACP + DMAHDM 936:948 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 3 103 theme antibacterial 911:923 arg1 composite 925:933 antibacterial composite 911:933 antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM) 911:949 METHODS Five groups were tested: (1) Heliomolar nanocomposite (Commercial control); (2) Experimental composite control (0% NACP, 0% DMAHDM); (3) Remineralizing composite (30% NACP); (4) Antibacterial composite (3% DMAHDM); (5) Remineralizing and antibacterial composite (NACP + DMAHDM). 32315666 2 104 theme phosphate 290:298 arg1 ion-release 304:314 calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release 273:314 calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release 273:314 The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a bioactive composite with calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion-release and antibacterial capabilities via nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); (2) inhibit root biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans in a biofilm-based recurrent root caries model to protect root dentin hardness under biofilms for the first time. 32315666 8 105 theme acid 1467:1470 arg1 attack 1472:1477 multi-species biofilm acid attack 1445:1477 multi-species biofilm acid attack 1445:1477 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 9 106 theme NACP 1639:1642 arg1 group 1644:1648 NACP group 1639:1648 NACP group 1639:1648 Root dentin hardness was 0.20 ± 0.04 for NACP group, 0.21 ± 0.04 for DMAHDM group, and 0.30 ± 0.03 for NACP + DMAHDM group which was more than 2-fold that of control groups (p < 0.05). 32315666 5 107 with Demineralization 1039:1054 arg1 restorations 1083:1094 restorations 1083:1094 restorations 1083:1094 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 32315666 8 108 theme dentin 1485:1490 arg1 GPa 1502:1504 GPa 1502:1504 GPa 1502:1504 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 8 108 theme dentin 1485:1490 arg1 hardness 1492:1499 root dentin hardness 1480:1499 root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control 1480:1553 Ca and P ion releases were substantially increased at cariogenic low pH. With multi-species biofilm acid attack, root dentin hardness (GPa) decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 for Commercial control, and 0.11 ± 0.03 for Experimental control. 32315666 5 109 theme root 1066:1069 arg1 dentin 1071:1076 bovine root dentin 1059:1076 bovine root dentin 1059:1076 Demineralization of bovine root dentin with restorations was induced via multi-species biofilms, and root dentin hardness was measured. 34723265 10 0 theme specific 2156:2163 arg1 applications 2200:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 4 1 theme epitope 567:573 arg1 copies 541:546 multiple copies 532:546 multiple copies of a single glycan epitope 532:573 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 8 2 theme selective 1713:1721 arg1 binding 1730:1736 selective lectin binding 1713:1736 selective lectin binding 1713:1736 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 7 3 theme topology-dependent 1354:1371 arg1 preferences 1388:1398 topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences 1354:1398 topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences 1354:1398 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 10 4 theme therapeutic 2188:2198 arg1 applications 2200:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 4 5 theme multivalent 626:636 arg1 ligands 638:644 such multivalent ligands 621:644 such multivalent ligands 621:644 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 1 6 theme cell 182:185 arg1 recognition 187:197 cell recognition 182:197 cell recognition 182:197 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play vital roles in cell recognition and signaling, including pathogen binding and innate immunity. 34723265 5 7 theme iterative 847:855 arg1 strategy 892:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy 844:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 844:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 9 8 theme state 1950:1954 arg1 alteration 1918:1927 alteration 1918:1927 alteration of their aggregation state 1918:1954 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 7 9 theme distinct 1316:1323 arg1 length 1325:1330 distinct length 1316:1330 distinct length 1316:1330 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 8 10 used used 1437:1440 arg2 we 1434:1435 we 1434:1435 we 1434:1435 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 8 11 theme solution 1611:1618 arg1 structure 1620:1628 solution structure 1611:1628 solution structure 1611:1628 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 5 12 theme absolute 1048:1055 arg1 configurations 1057:1070 absolute configurations 1048:1070 absolute configurations 1048:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 1 13 theme pathogen 224:231 arg1 binding 233:239 pathogen binding 224:239 pathogen binding 224:239 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play vital roles in cell recognition and signaling, including pathogen binding and innate immunity. 34723265 8 14 theme glyco-IEGmers 1516:1528 arg1 simulations 1491:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 8 14 theme glyco-IEGmers 1516:1528 arg1 dynamics 1452:1459 molecular dynamics 1442:1459 molecular dynamics 1442:1459 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 5 15 with glycomacromolecules 941:959 arg1 topologies 1032:1041 topologies 1032:1041 topologies 1032:1041 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 5 15 with glycomacromolecules 941:959 arg1 sizes 996:1000 precisely defined and tunable sizes 966:1000 precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa 966:1015 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 5 15 with glycomacromolecules 941:959 arg1 compositions 1018:1029 compositions 1018:1029 compositions 1018:1029 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 5 15 with glycomacromolecules 941:959 arg1 configurations 1057:1070 absolute configurations 1048:1070 absolute configurations 1048:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 10 16 theme precision 1994:2002 arg1 synthesis 2031:2039 precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis 1994:2039 precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis 1994:2039 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 5 17 theme synthetic 882:890 arg1 strategy 892:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy 844:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 844:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 6 18 theme lectins 1198:1204 arg1 panel 1164:1168 a panel 1162:1168 a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205) 1162:1276 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 lectins 1198:1204 mannoside-binding immune lectins 1173:1204 mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205) 1173:1276 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 MBL 1226:1228 MBL 1226:1228 MBL 1226:1228 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 SP-D 1231:1234 SP-D 1231:1234 SP-D 1231:1234 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 mincle 1257:1262 mincle 1257:1262 mincle 1257:1262 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 langerin 1237:1244 langerin 1237:1244 langerin 1237:1244 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 DEC-205 1269:1275 DEC-205 1269:1275 DEC-205 1269:1275 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 19 dep lectins 1198:1204 arg1 dectin-2 1247:1254 dectin-2 1247:1254 dectin-2 1247:1254 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 10 20 theme biological 2055:2064 arg1 targeting 2066:2074 selective biological targeting 2045:2074 selective biological targeting 2045:2074 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 4 21 theme monosaccharide 700:713 arg1 selectivity 723:733 monosaccharide binding selectivity 700:733 monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) 700:765 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 lectins 1198:1204 mannoside-binding immune lectins 1173:1204 mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205) 1173:1276 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 MBL 1226:1228 MBL 1226:1228 MBL 1226:1228 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 SP-D 1231:1234 SP-D 1231:1234 SP-D 1231:1234 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 mincle 1257:1262 mincle 1257:1262 mincle 1257:1262 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 langerin 1237:1244 langerin 1237:1244 langerin 1237:1244 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 DEC-205 1269:1275 DEC-205 1269:1275 DEC-205 1269:1275 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 22 theme mannoside-binding 1173:1189 arg1 dectin-2 1247:1254 dectin-2 1247:1254 dectin-2 1247:1254 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 5 23 theme growth 869:874 arg1 strategy 892:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy 844:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 844:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 0 24 theme Topology 78:85 arg1 Glycomacromolecules 10:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules 0:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology 0:85 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 5 25 theme IEG 877:879 arg1 strategy 892:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy 844:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 844:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 9 26 theme chemical 1783:1790 arg1 substitution 1792:1803 chemical substitution 1783:1803 chemical substitution 1783:1803 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 8 27 theme density 1465:1471 arg1 simulations 1491:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 4 28 theme mannose-binding 742:756 arg1 lectins 758:764 mannose-binding lectins 742:764 mannose-binding lectins 742:764 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 8 29 theme theory 1484:1489 arg1 simulations 1491:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 8 30 from interplay 1644:1652 arg1 binding 1730:1736 selective lectin binding 1713:1736 selective lectin binding 1713:1736 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 0 31 theme Synthetic 0:8 arg1 Glycomacromolecules 10:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules 0:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology 0:85 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 5 32 theme facile 914:919 arg1 access 921:926 facile access 914:926 facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 914:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 9 33 theme side 1820:1823 arg1 chains 1825:1830 the side chains 1816:1830 the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN 1816:1865 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 7 34 theme many 1282:1285 arg1 cases 1287:1291 many cases 1282:1291 many cases 1282:1291 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 3 35 theme ligands 450:456 arg1 ligands 450:456 the most potent ligands 434:456 the most potent ligands 434:456 Lectins are typically oligomeric; therefore, many of the most potent ligands are multivalent. 34723265 3 35 theme ligands 450:456 arg1 many 426:429 many 426:429 many 426:429 Lectins are typically oligomeric; therefore, many of the most potent ligands are multivalent. 34723265 5 36 dep 22.5 1008:1011 arg1 to 1005:1006 to 1005:1006 to 1005:1006 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 0 37 theme Valency 41:47 arg1 Glycomacromolecules 10:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules 0:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology 0:85 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 8 38 theme dramatic 1546:1553 arg1 effects 1555:1561 dramatic effects 1546:1561 dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure 1546:1628 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 0 39 theme Absolute 50:57 arg1 Configuration 59:71 Absolute Configuration 50:71 Absolute Configuration 50:71 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 10 40 theme glycomacromolecules 2123:2141 arg1 development 2092:2102 the development 2088:2102 the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2088:2211 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 2 41 theme cells 329:333 arg1 surface 311:317 the surface 307:317 the surface of immune cells 307:333 Thus, targeting lectins, especially those on the surface of immune cells, could advance immunology and drug discovery. 34723265 4 42 dep lectins 758:764 arg1 e.g. 736:739 e.g. 736:739 e.g. 736:739 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 4 43 theme polymer 580:586 arg1 backbone 588:595 a polymer backbone 578:595 a polymer backbone 578:595 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 2 44 theme drug 365:368 arg1 discovery 370:378 drug discovery 365:378 drug discovery 365:378 Thus, targeting lectins, especially those on the surface of immune cells, could advance immunology and drug discovery. 34723265 5 45 dep kDa 1013:1015 arg1 22.5 1008:1011 22.5 1008:1011 22.5 1008:1011 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 1 46 theme innate 245:250 arg1 immunity 252:259 innate immunity 245:259 innate immunity 245:259 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play vital roles in cell recognition and signaling, including pathogen binding and innate immunity. 34723265 6 47 theme discrete 1080:1087 arg1 " 1116:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 10 48 theme immunological 2165:2177 arg1 applications 2200:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 8 49 theme topology 1599:1606 arg1 effects 1555:1561 dramatic effects 1546:1561 dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure 1546:1628 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 7 50 contain had 1312:1314 arg2 length 1325:1330 distinct length 1316:1330 distinct length 1316:1330 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 7 50 contain had 1312:1314 arg2 preferences 1388:1398 topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences 1354:1398 topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences 1354:1398 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 7 50 contain had 1312:1314 arg2 stereochemistry 1333:1347 stereochemistry 1333:1347 stereochemistry 1333:1347 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 7 50 contain had 1312:1314 arg1 glyco-IEGmers 1298:1310 the glyco-IEGmers 1294:1310 the glyco-IEGmers 1294:1310 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 9 51 theme cellular 1889:1896 arg1 trafficking 1898:1908 their cellular trafficking 1883:1908 their cellular trafficking 1883:1908 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 4 52 theme glycan 560:565 arg1 epitope 567:573 a single glycan epitope 551:573 a single glycan epitope 551:573 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 8 53 theme chiral 1691:1696 arg1 recognition 1698:1708 chiral recognition 1691:1708 chiral recognition 1691:1708 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 7 54 theme lectin-binding 1373:1386 arg1 preferences 1388:1398 topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences 1354:1398 topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences 1354:1398 In many cases, the glyco-IEGmers had distinct length, stereochemistry, and topology-dependent lectin-binding preferences. 34723265 10 55 theme other 2182:2186 arg1 applications 2200:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2156:2211 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 4 56 theme multiple 532:539 arg1 copies 541:546 multiple copies 532:546 multiple copies of a single glycan epitope 532:573 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 8 57 from effects 1555:1561 arg1 structure 1620:1628 solution structure 1611:1628 solution structure 1611:1628 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 4 58 theme such 621:624 arg1 ligands 638:644 such multivalent ligands 621:644 such multivalent ligands 621:644 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 8 59 theme lectin 1723:1728 arg1 binding 1730:1736 selective lectin binding 1713:1736 selective lectin binding 1713:1736 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 9 60 theme aggregation 1938:1948 arg1 state 1950:1954 their aggregation state 1932:1954 their aggregation state 1932:1954 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 5 61 dep sizes 996:1000 arg1 kDa 1013:1015 kDa 1013:1015 kDa 1013:1015 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 10 62 theme synthetic 2004:2012 arg1 synthesis 2031:2039 precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis 1994:2039 precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis 1994:2039 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 1 63 theme Carbohydrate-binding 122:141 arg1 lectins 153:159 lectins 153:159 lectins 153:159 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play vital roles in cell recognition and signaling, including pathogen binding and innate immunity. 34723265 1 63 theme Carbohydrate-binding 122:141 arg1 proteins 143:150 Carbohydrate-binding proteins 122:150 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) 122:160 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play vital roles in cell recognition and signaling, including pathogen binding and innate immunity. 34723265 4 64 theme lectin 501:506 arg1 targeting 508:516 lectin targeting 501:516 lectin targeting 501:516 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 9 65 theme Ligand 1739:1744 arg1 function 1746:1753 Ligand function 1739:1753 Ligand function 1739:1753 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 2 66 theme targeting 268:276 arg1 lectins 278:284 targeting lectins 268:284 targeting lectins 268:284 Thus, targeting lectins, especially those on the surface of immune cells, could advance immunology and drug discovery. 34723265 2 66 theme targeting 268:276 arg1 those 298:302 those 298:302 those 298:302 Thus, targeting lectins, especially those on the surface of immune cells, could advance immunology and drug discovery. 34723265 5 67 theme strategy 892:899 arg1 development 829:839 the development 825:839 the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 825:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 8 68 theme molecular 1442:1450 arg1 dynamics 1452:1459 molecular dynamics 1442:1459 molecular dynamics 1442:1459 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 lectins 1198:1204 mannoside-binding immune lectins 1173:1204 mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205) 1173:1276 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 MBL 1226:1228 MBL 1226:1228 MBL 1226:1228 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 SP-D 1231:1234 SP-D 1231:1234 SP-D 1231:1234 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 mincle 1257:1262 mincle 1257:1262 mincle 1257:1262 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 DC-SIGN 1207:1213 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 DC-SIGNR 1216:1223 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 langerin 1237:1244 langerin 1237:1244 langerin 1237:1244 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 DEC-205 1269:1275 DEC-205 1269:1275 DEC-205 1269:1275 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 6 69 theme immune 1191:1196 arg1 dectin-2 1247:1254 dectin-2 1247:1254 dectin-2 1247:1254 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 10 70 theme selective 2045:2053 arg1 targeting 2066:2074 selective biological targeting 2045:2074 selective biological targeting 2045:2074 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 5 71 theme exponential 857:867 arg1 strategy 892:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy 844:899 an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 844:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 10 72 theme synthesis 2031:2039 arg1 power 1985:1989 the power 1981:1989 the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting 1981:2074 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 1 73 theme vital 167:171 arg1 roles 173:177 vital roles 167:177 vital roles 167:177 Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play vital roles in cell recognition and signaling, including pathogen binding and innate immunity. 34723265 8 74 theme functional 1473:1482 arg1 simulations 1491:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 density functional theory simulations 1465:1501 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 6 75 gly mannosylated 1089:1100 arg1 " 1116:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 0 76 theme Human 107:111 arg1 Lectins 113:119 Human Lectins 107:119 Human Lectins 107:119 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 5 77 theme synthetic 931:939 arg1 glycomacromolecules 941:959 synthetic glycomacromolecules 931:959 synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations 931:1070 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 4 78 theme effective 478:486 arg1 strategy 488:495 An effective strategy 475:495 An effective strategy for lectin targeting 475:516 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 3 79 dep oligomeric 403:412 arg1 multivalent 462:472 multivalent 462:472 multivalent 462:472 Lectins are typically oligomeric; therefore, many of the most potent ligands are multivalent. 34723265 8 80 theme stereochemistry 1579:1593 arg1 effects 1555:1561 dramatic effects 1546:1561 dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure 1546:1628 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 4 81 theme binding 715:721 arg1 selectivity 723:733 monosaccharide binding selectivity 700:733 monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) 700:765 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 0 82 theme Defined 33:39 arg1 Valency 41:47 Defined Valency 33:47 Defined Valency 33:47 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 4 83 theme single 553:558 arg1 epitope 567:573 a single glycan epitope 551:573 a single glycan epitope 551:573 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 9 84 theme glyco-IEGmers 1835:1847 arg1 chains 1825:1830 the side chains 1816:1830 the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN 1816:1865 Ligand function also could be controlled by chemical substitution: by tuning the side chains of glyco-IEGmers that bind DC-SIGN, we could alter their cellular trafficking through alteration of their aggregation state. 34723265 4 85 theme molecular 786:794 arg1 precision 796:804 molecular precision 786:804 molecular precision 786:804 An effective strategy for lectin targeting is to display multiple copies of a single glycan epitope on a polymer backbone; however, a drawback to such multivalent ligands is they cannot distinguish between lectins that share monosaccharide binding selectivity (e.g., mannose-binding lectins) as they often lack molecular precision. 34723265 3 86 theme potent 443:448 arg1 ligands 450:456 the most potent ligands 434:456 the most potent ligands 434:456 Lectins are typically oligomeric; therefore, many of the most potent ligands are multivalent. 34723265 0 87 theme Configuration 59:71 arg1 Glycomacromolecules 10:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules 0:28 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology 0:85 Synthetic Glycomacromolecules of Defined Valency, Absolute Configuration, and Topology Distinguish between Human Lectins. 34723265 10 88 theme oligomer/polymer 2014:2029 arg1 synthesis 2031:2039 precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis 1994:2039 precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis 1994:2039 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 8 89 theme octameric 1506:1514 arg1 glyco-IEGmers 1516:1528 octameric glyco-IEGmers 1506:1528 octameric glyco-IEGmers 1506:1528 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 8 90 theme glyco-IEGmer 1566:1577 arg1 stereochemistry 1579:1593 glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry 1566:1593 glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry 1566:1593 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 5 91 theme defined 976:982 arg1 sizes 996:1000 precisely defined and tunable sizes 966:1000 precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa 966:1015 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 6 92 theme glyco-IEGmers 1103:1115 arg1 " 1116:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 34723265 10 93 theme next-generation 2107:2121 arg1 glycomacromolecules 2123:2141 next-generation glycomacromolecules 2107:2141 next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications 2107:2211 These results highlight the power of precision synthetic oligomer/polymer synthesis for selective biological targeting, motivating the development of next-generation glycomacromolecules tailored for specific immunological or other therapeutic applications. 34723265 2 94 theme immune 322:327 arg1 cells 329:333 immune cells 322:333 immune cells 322:333 Thus, targeting lectins, especially those on the surface of immune cells, could advance immunology and drug discovery. 34723265 8 95 theme conformational 1662:1675 arg1 diversity 1677:1685 conformational diversity 1662:1685 conformational diversity 1662:1685 To understand these differences, we used molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations of octameric glyco-IEGmers, which revealed dramatic effects of glyco-IEGmer stereochemistry and topology on solution structure and reveal an interplay between conformational diversity and chiral recognition in selective lectin binding. 34723265 5 96 theme tunable 988:994 arg1 sizes 996:1000 precisely defined and tunable sizes 966:1000 precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa 966:1015 Here, we describe the development of an iterative exponential growth (IEG) synthetic strategy that enables facile access to synthetic glycomacromolecules with precisely defined and tunable sizes up to 22.5 kDa, compositions, topologies, and absolute configurations. 34723265 6 97 theme mannosylated 1089:1100 arg1 " 1116:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" 1073:1116 Twelve discrete mannosylated "glyco-IEGmers" are synthesized and screened for binding to a panel of mannoside-binding immune lectins (DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, MBL, SP-D, langerin, dectin-2, mincle, and DEC-205). 35095945 7 0 theme cell 1132:1135 arg1 proteome 1142:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 8 1 theme M. 1418:1419 arg1 walls 1437:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 1 2 theme extracellular 148:160 arg1 walls 128:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 2 theme extracellular 148:160 arg1 structures 162:171 composite extracellular structures 138:171 composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins 138:279 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 2 3 theme signaling 467:475 arg1 processes 477:485 signaling processes 467:485 signaling processes 467:485 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 9 4 theme M. 1553:1554 arg1 development 1567:1577 M. polymorpha development 1553:1577 M. polymorpha development 1553:1577 This work paves the way for functional studies to unravel the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues. 35095945 4 5 theme cell 651:654 arg1 proteome 661:668 the cell wall proteome 647:668 the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands 647:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 0 6 theme Flowering 91:99 arg1 Plants 101:106 Flowering Plants 91:106 Flowering Plants 91:106 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Specificities Compared to Those of Flowering Plants. 35095945 8 7 theme cell 1432:1435 arg1 walls 1437:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 9 8 theme polymorpha 1556:1565 arg1 development 1567:1577 M. polymorpha development 1553:1577 M. polymorpha development 1553:1577 This work paves the way for functional studies to unravel the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues. 35095945 8 9 theme proteins 1338:1345 arg1 families 1347:1354 These proteins families 1332:1354 These proteins families 1332:1354 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 5 10 theme gametophyte 896:906 arg1 stages 874:879 three development stages 856:879 three development stages of the haploid gametophyte 856:906 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 5 11 theme haploid 888:894 arg1 gametophyte 896:906 the haploid gametophyte 884:906 the haploid gametophyte 884:906 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 7 12 theme polymorpha 1121:1130 arg1 proteome 1142:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 4 13 theme polymorpha 710:719 arg1 proteome 661:668 the cell wall proteome 647:668 the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands 647:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 4 14 theme wall 656:659 arg1 proteome 661:668 the cell wall proteome 647:668 the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands 647:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 5 15 theme development 862:872 arg1 stages 874:879 three development stages 856:879 three development stages of the haploid gametophyte 856:906 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 1 16 theme Primary 109:115 arg1 walls 128:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 16 theme Primary 109:115 arg1 structures 162:171 composite extracellular structures 138:171 composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins 138:279 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 3 17 theme wall 506:509 arg1 proteome 511:518 the cell wall proteome 497:518 the cell wall proteome 497:518 To date, the cell wall proteome has been mostly described in flowering plants and has revealed the diversity of the CWP families. 35095945 5 18 theme different 836:844 arg1 CWPs 846:849 410 different CWPs 832:849 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte 832:906 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 4 19 theme species 773:779 arg1 species 773:779 the first plant species 757:779 the first plant species colonizing lands 757:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 4 19 theme species 773:779 arg1 one 750:752 one 750:752 one 750:752 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 2 20 theme protein 436:442 arg1 networks 444:451 the polysaccharide and protein networks 413:451 networks 444:451 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 8 21 theme specific 1392:1399 arg1 compounds 1401:1409 specific compounds 1392:1409 specific compounds 1392:1409 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 7 22 theme polyphenol 1256:1265 arg1 oxidases 1267:1274 polyphenol oxidases 1256:1274 polyphenol oxidases 1256:1274 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 0 23 theme Cell 4:7 arg1 Proteome 14:21 The Cell Wall Proteome 0:21 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha 0:46 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Specificities Compared to Those of Flowering Plants. 35095945 3 24 theme cell 501:504 arg1 proteome 511:518 the cell wall proteome 497:518 the cell wall proteome 497:518 To date, the cell wall proteome has been mostly described in flowering plants and has revealed the diversity of the CWP families. 35095945 7 25 theme wall 1137:1140 arg1 proteome 1142:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 4 26 theme plant 692:696 arg1 polymorpha 710:719 an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha 673:719 polymorpha 710:719 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 4 26 theme plant 692:696 arg1 Bryophyte 724:732 a Bryophyte 722:732 a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands 722:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 9 27 from role 1533:1536 arg1 response 1586:1593 response 1586:1593 response to environmental cues 1586:1615 This work paves the way for functional studies to unravel the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues. 35095945 3 28 theme flowering 549:557 arg1 plants 559:564 flowering plants 549:564 flowering plants 549:564 To date, the cell wall proteome has been mostly described in flowering plants and has revealed the diversity of the CWP families. 35095945 8 29 from related 1365:1371 arg1 walls 1437:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 1 30 theme major 191:195 arg1 classes 197:203 three major classes 185:203 three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) 185:263 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 2 31 theme polysaccharide 417:430 arg1 networks 444:451 the polysaccharide and protein networks 413:451 networks 444:451 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 4 32 theme divergent 682:690 arg1 polymorpha 710:719 an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha 673:719 polymorpha 710:719 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 4 32 theme divergent 682:690 arg1 Bryophyte 724:732 a Bryophyte 722:732 a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands 722:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 9 33 theme environmental 1598:1610 arg1 cues 1612:1615 environmental cues 1598:1615 environmental cues 1598:1615 This work paves the way for functional studies to unravel the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues. 35095945 2 34 theme wall 291:294 arg1 CWPs 306:309 CWPs 306:309 CWPs 306:309 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 2 34 theme wall 291:294 arg1 proteins 296:303 The cell wall proteins 282:303 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) 282:310 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 9 35 theme functional 1499:1508 arg1 studies 1510:1516 functional studies 1499:1516 functional studies 1499:1516 This work paves the way for functional studies to unravel the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues. 35095945 0 36 theme Wall 9:12 arg1 Proteome 14:21 The Cell Wall Proteome 0:21 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha 0:46 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Specificities Compared to Those of Flowering Plants. 35095945 5 37 theme plants 993:998 arg1 they 912:915 they 912:915 they 912:915 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 5 37 theme plants 993:998 arg1 CWPs 975:978 the CWPs 971:978 the CWPs of flowering plants 971:998 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 2 38 theme cell 286:289 arg1 CWPs 306:309 CWPs 306:309 CWPs 306:309 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 2 38 theme cell 286:289 arg1 proteins 296:303 The cell wall proteins 282:303 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) 282:310 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 7 39 theme class 1230:1234 arg1 peroxidases 1240:1250 class III peroxidases 1230:1250 class III peroxidases 1230:1250 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 0 40 theme Marchantia 26:35 arg1 polymorpha 37:46 Marchantia polymorpha 26:46 Marchantia polymorpha 26:46 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Specificities Compared to Those of Flowering Plants. 35095945 7 41 theme oxido-reductases 1205:1220 arg1 importance 1191:1200 the importance 1187:1200 particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins 1176:1329 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 5 42 theme same 944:947 arg1 classes 960:966 the same functional classes 940:966 the same functional classes 940:966 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 1 43 theme polysaccharides 208:222 arg1 classes 197:203 three major classes 185:203 three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) 185:263 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 8 44 from walls 1437:1441 arg1 related 1365:1371 related 1365:1371 related 1365:1371 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 3 45 theme CWP 604:606 arg1 families 608:615 the CWP families 600:615 the CWP families 600:615 To date, the cell wall proteome has been mostly described in flowering plants and has revealed the diversity of the CWP families. 35095945 5 46 theme functional 949:958 arg1 classes 960:966 the same functional classes 940:966 the same functional classes 940:966 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 2 47 theme environmental 376:388 arg1 stresses 390:397 environmental stresses 376:397 environmental stresses 376:397 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 7 48 theme M. 1118:1119 arg1 proteome 1142:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1114:1149 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 3 49 theme families 608:615 arg1 diversity 587:595 the diversity 583:595 the diversity of the CWP families 583:615 To date, the cell wall proteome has been mostly described in flowering plants and has revealed the diversity of the CWP families. 35095945 4 50 theme plant 767:771 arg1 species 773:779 the first plant species 757:779 the first plant species colonizing lands 757:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 2 51 theme multiple 317:324 arg1 roles 326:330 multiple roles 317:330 multiple roles 317:330 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35095945 0 52 theme polymorpha 37:46 arg1 Proteome 14:21 The Cell Wall Proteome 0:21 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha 0:46 The Cell Wall Proteome of Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Specificities Compared to Those of Flowering Plants. 35095945 8 53 theme polymorpha 1421:1430 arg1 walls 1437:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 the M. polymorpha cell walls 1414:1441 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 8 54 theme compounds 1401:1409 arg1 presence 1380:1387 the presence 1376:1387 the presence of specific compounds 1376:1409 These proteins families could be related to the presence of specific compounds in the M. polymorpha cell walls, like mannans or phenolics. 35095945 4 55 theme first 761:765 arg1 species 773:779 the first plant species 757:779 the first plant species colonizing lands 757:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 1 56 theme plant 117:121 arg1 walls 128:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 56 theme plant 117:121 arg1 structures 162:171 composite extracellular structures 138:171 composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins 138:279 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 9 57 theme CWPs 1541:1544 arg1 role 1533:1536 the role 1529:1536 the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues 1529:1615 This work paves the way for functional studies to unravel the role of CWPs during M. polymorpha development and in response to environmental cues. 35095945 4 58 dep polymorpha 710:719 arg1 Marchantia 699:708 an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha 673:719 Marchantia 699:708 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 7 59 theme D-mannose 1277:1285 arg1 lectins 1295:1301 D-mannose binding lectins 1277:1301 D-mannose binding lectins 1277:1301 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 1 60 dep polysaccharides 208:222 arg1 hemicelluloses 234:247 hemicelluloses 234:247 hemicelluloses 234:247 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 60 dep polysaccharides 208:222 arg1 cellulose 254:262 cellulose 254:262 cellulose 254:262 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 60 dep polysaccharides 208:222 arg1 pectins 225:231 pectins 225:231 pectins 225:231 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 7 61 theme dirigent-like 1308:1320 arg1 proteins 1322:1329 dirigent-like proteins 1308:1329 dirigent-like proteins 1308:1329 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 1 62 theme cell 123:126 arg1 walls 128:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 62 theme cell 123:126 arg1 structures 162:171 composite extracellular structures 138:171 composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins 138:279 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 6 63 theme wall 1068:1071 arg1 dynamics 1073:1080 cell wall dynamics 1063:1080 cell wall dynamics 1063:1080 This result underlied the ability of M. polymorpha to sustain cell wall dynamics. 35095945 7 64 theme binding 1287:1293 arg1 lectins 1295:1301 D-mannose binding lectins 1277:1301 D-mannose binding lectins 1277:1301 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 1 65 theme composite 138:146 arg1 walls 128:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls 109:132 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 1 65 theme composite 138:146 arg1 structures 162:171 composite extracellular structures 138:171 composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins 138:279 Primary plant cell walls are composite extracellular structures composed of three major classes of polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose) and of proteins. 35095945 5 66 from stages 874:879 arg1 CWPs 846:849 410 different CWPs 832:849 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte 832:906 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 4 67 theme early 676:680 arg1 polymorpha 710:719 an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha 673:719 polymorpha 710:719 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 4 67 theme early 676:680 arg1 Bryophyte 724:732 a Bryophyte 722:732 a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands 722:796 In this article, we describe the cell wall proteome of an early divergent plant, Marchantia polymorpha, a Bryophyte which belong to one of the first plant species colonizing lands. 35095945 7 68 theme proteome 1142:1149 arg1 specificities 1097:1109 some specificities 1092:1109 some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome 1092:1149 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 5 69 theme flowering 983:991 arg1 plants 993:998 flowering plants 983:998 flowering plants 983:998 It has been possible to identify 410 different CWPs from three development stages of the haploid gametophyte and they could be classified in the same functional classes as the CWPs of flowering plants. 35095945 7 70 dep particular 1176:1185 arg1 importance 1191:1200 the importance 1187:1200 particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins 1176:1329 However, some specificities of the M. polymorpha cell wall proteome could be highlighted, in particular the importance of oxido-reductases such as class III peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, D-mannose binding lectins, and dirigent-like proteins. 35095945 6 71 theme cell 1063:1066 arg1 dynamics 1073:1080 cell wall dynamics 1063:1080 cell wall dynamics 1063:1080 This result underlied the ability of M. polymorpha to sustain cell wall dynamics. 35095945 6 72 theme M. 1038:1039 arg1 ability 1027:1033 the ability 1023:1033 the ability of M. polymorpha to sustain cell wall dynamics 1023:1080 This result underlied the ability of M. polymorpha to sustain cell wall dynamics. 35095945 2 73 theme plant 339:343 arg1 development 345:355 plant development 339:355 plant development 339:355 The cell wall proteins (CWPs) play multiple roles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses by remodeling the polysaccharide and protein networks and acting in signaling processes. 35281314 11 0 theme growth 1795:1800 arg1 performance 1802:1812 growth performance 1795:1812 growth performance 1795:1812 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 2 1 theme 50 690:691 arg1 mg/kg 693:697 mg/kg 693:697 mg/kg 693:697 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 10 2 theme villus 1638:1643 arg1 height 1645:1650 villus height 1638:1650 villus height (P < 0.05) 1638:1661 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 10 2 theme villus 1638:1643 arg1 < 1655:1655 P < 0.05 1653:1660 P < 0.05 1653:1660 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 1 3 theme barbarum 241:248 arg1 supplementation 273:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 7 4 theme antioxidant 1188:1198 arg1 capacity 1200:1207 serum total antioxidant capacity 1176:1207 serum total antioxidant capacity 1176:1207 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 8 5 theme ABO 1400:1402 arg1 groups 1413:1418 ABO and LBPs groups 1400:1418 groups 1413:1418 Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. 35281314 6 6 theme immunoglobulin 1042:1055 arg1 M 1057:1057 immunoglobulin M 1042:1057 immunoglobulin M 1042:1057 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 7 theme treatment 552:560 arg1 CON 570:572 CON 570:572 CON (basal diet) 570:585 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 7 theme treatment 552:560 arg1 ABO 645:647 ABO 645:647 ABO 645:647 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 7 theme treatment 552:560 arg1 groups 562:567 three treatment groups 546:567 three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone) 546:710 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 7 theme treatment 552:560 arg1 LBPs 588:591 LBPs 588:591 LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs) 588:626 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 7 theme treatment 552:560 arg1 diet 656:659 basal diet 650:659 basal diet 650:659 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 7 8 theme serum 1176:1180 arg1 capacity 1200:1207 serum total antioxidant capacity 1176:1207 serum total antioxidant capacity 1176:1207 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 9 theme G 1039:1039 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 9 theme G 1039:1039 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 10 theme intestinal 1860:1869 arg1 composition 1881:1891 intestinal microbial composition 1860:1891 intestinal microbial composition 1860:1891 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 7 11 theme glutathione 1213:1223 arg1 peroxidase 1225:1234 glutathione peroxidase 1213:1234 glutathione peroxidase 1213:1234 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 12 theme weaned 1952:1957 arg1 feed 1966:1969 weaned piglet feed 1952:1969 weaned piglet feed 1952:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 6 13 theme serum 1018:1022 arg1 G 1039:1039 serum immunoglobulin G 1018:1039 serum immunoglobulin G 1018:1039 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 1 14 theme present 179:185 arg1 study 187:191 the present study 175:191 the present study 175:191 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 5 15 dep increased 832:840 arg1 decreased 873:881 decreased 873:881 decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05) 873:941 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 16 theme factor-α 1110:1117 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 16 theme factor-α 1110:1117 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 1 17 theme intestinal 363:372 arg1 health 374:379 intestinal health 363:379 intestinal health 363:379 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 2 18 theme body 489:492 arg1 weight 494:499 similar body weight 481:499 similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg) 481:516 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 18 theme body 489:492 arg1 kg 514:515 7.47 ± 0.22 kg 502:515 7.47 ± 0.22 kg 502:515 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 7 19 theme Dietary 1138:1144 arg1 LBPs 1146:1149 Dietary LBPs 1138:1149 Dietary LBPs 1138:1149 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 20 theme tumor 1095:1099 arg1 necrosis 1101:1108 tumor necrosis 1095:1108 tumor necrosis 1095:1108 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 21 used used 1905:1908 arg2 alternative 1937:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative 1913:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed 1913:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 11 21 used used 1905:1908 arg2 supplementation 1760:1774 dietary supplementation 1752:1774 dietary supplementation with LBPs 1752:1784 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 6 22 theme dietary 984:990 arg1 supplementation 992:1006 LBPs dietary supplementation 979:1006 LBPs dietary supplementation 979:1006 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 23 theme basal 594:598 arg1 diet 600:603 basal diet 594:603 basal diet 594:603 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 10 24 theme crypt 1688:1692 arg1 depth 1694:1698 crypt depth 1688:1698 crypt depth 1688:1698 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 0 25 theme Weaned 148:153 arg1 Piglets 155:161 Weaned Piglets 148:161 Weaned Piglets 148:161 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 1 26 theme piglets 391:397 arg1 status 351:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 26 theme piglets 391:397 arg1 performance 303:313 growth performance 296:313 growth performance 296:313 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 26 theme piglets 391:397 arg1 response 323:330 immune response 316:330 immune response 316:330 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 26 theme piglets 391:397 arg1 health 374:379 intestinal health 363:379 intestinal health 363:379 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 2 27 theme ± 507:507 arg1 weight 494:499 similar body weight 481:499 similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg) 481:516 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 27 theme ± 507:507 arg1 kg 514:515 7.47 ± 0.22 kg 502:515 7.47 ± 0.22 kg 502:515 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 1 28 from effects 215:221 arg1 status 351:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 28 from effects 215:221 arg1 performance 303:313 growth performance 296:313 growth performance 296:313 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 28 from effects 215:221 arg1 health 374:379 intestinal health 363:379 intestinal health 363:379 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 28 from effects 215:221 arg1 response 323:330 immune response 316:330 immune response 316:330 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 10 29 dep duodenum 1713:1720 arg1 the 1709:1711 the 1709:1711 the 1709:1711 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 30 theme mg/kg 616:620 arg1 LBPs 622:625 4,000 mg/kg LBPs 610:625 4,000 mg/kg LBPs 610:625 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 1 31 theme immune 316:321 arg1 response 323:330 immune response 316:330 immune response 316:330 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 2 32 theme Yorkshire 454:462 arg1 Landrace 466:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 32 theme Yorkshire 454:462 arg1 × 451:451 [Duroc × 444:451 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 0 33 theme Serum 86:90 arg1 Immunity 92:99 Serum Immunity 86:99 Serum Immunity 86:99 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 9 34 theme Enterococcaceae 1518:1532 arg1 < 1560:1560 P < 0.05 1558:1565 P < 0.05 1558:1565 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 9 34 theme Enterococcaceae 1518:1532 arg1 levels 1568:1573 Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels 1518:1573 Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels 1518:1573 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 1 35 theme antioxidant 339:349 arg1 status 351:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 9 36 theme Enterobacteriaceae 1538:1555 arg1 < 1560:1560 P < 0.05 1558:1565 P < 0.05 1558:1565 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 9 36 theme Enterobacteriaceae 1538:1555 arg1 levels 1568:1573 Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels 1518:1573 Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels 1518:1573 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 5 37 theme ABO 804:806 arg1 supplementation 816:830 ABO dietary supplementation 804:830 ABO dietary supplementation 804:830 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 38 theme healthy 421:427 arg1 piglets 436:442 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 8 39 theme Principal 1286:1294 arg1 analysis 1306:1313 Principal component analysis 1286:1313 Principal component analysis 1286:1313 Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. 35281314 0 40 theme Lycium 0:5 arg1 Polysaccharides 16:30 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides 0:30 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic 0:44 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 1 41 theme LBPs 267:270 arg1 supplementation 273:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 9 42 theme LBPs 1421:1424 arg1 addition 1426:1433 LBPs addition 1421:1433 LBPs addition 1421:1433 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 2 43 theme basal 575:579 arg1 CON 570:572 CON 570:572 CON (basal diet) 570:585 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 43 theme basal 575:579 arg1 diet 581:584 basal diet 575:584 basal diet 575:584 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 1 44 theme supplementation 273:287 arg1 effects 215:221 the effects 211:221 the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets 211:397 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 5 45 theme P 933:933 arg1 ratio 926:930 the diarrhea ratio 913:930 the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05) 913:941 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 45 theme P 933:933 arg1 < 935:935 P < 0.05 933:940 P < 0.05 933:940 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 46 theme microbial 1871:1879 arg1 composition 1881:1891 intestinal microbial composition 1860:1891 intestinal microbial composition 1860:1891 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 11 47 from alternative 1937:1947 arg1 feed 1966:1969 weaned piglet feed 1952:1969 weaned piglet feed 1952:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 11 48 theme antioxidant 1815:1825 arg1 capacity 1827:1834 antioxidant capacity 1815:1834 antioxidant capacity 1815:1834 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 5 49 theme P 862:862 arg1 gain 856:859 average daily gain 842:859 average daily gain (P < 0.05) 842:870 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 49 theme P 862:862 arg1 < 864:864 P < 0.05 862:869 P < 0.05 862:869 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 50 theme mg/kg 669:673 arg1 flavomycin 675:684 20 mg/kg flavomycin 666:684 20 mg/kg flavomycin 666:684 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 10 51 dep height 1645:1650 arg1 ratio 1700:1704 ratio 1700:1704 ratio 1700:1704 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 8 52 theme LBPs 1360:1363 arg1 groups 1365:1370 LBPs groups 1360:1370 LBPs groups 1360:1370 Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. 35281314 10 53 theme CON 1612:1614 arg1 group 1616:1620 the CON group 1608:1620 the CON group 1608:1620 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 7 54 theme malondialdehyde 1251:1265 arg1 < 1277:1277 P < 0.05 1275:1282 P < 0.05 1275:1282 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 7 54 theme malondialdehyde 1251:1265 arg1 levels 1267:1272 malondialdehyde levels 1251:1272 malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) 1251:1283 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 55 theme average 842:848 arg1 gain 856:859 average daily gain 842:859 average daily gain (P < 0.05) 842:870 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 55 theme average 842:848 arg1 < 864:864 P < 0.05 862:869 P < 0.05 862:869 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 56 theme mg/kg 693:697 arg1 quinocetone 699:709 50 mg/kg quinocetone 690:709 50 mg/kg quinocetone 690:709 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 6 57 theme interleukin-10 1060:1073 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 57 theme interleukin-10 1060:1073 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 1 58 theme Lycium 234:239 arg1 supplementation 273:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 6 59 theme M 1057:1057 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 59 theme M 1057:1057 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 1 60 theme polysaccharides 250:264 arg1 supplementation 273:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 7 61 theme peroxidase 1225:1234 arg1 activity 1164:1171 the activity 1160:1171 the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase 1160:1234 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 7 62 theme capacity 1200:1207 arg1 activity 1164:1171 the activity 1160:1171 the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase 1160:1234 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 63 theme piglet 1959:1964 arg1 feed 1966:1969 weaned piglet feed 1952:1969 weaned piglet feed 1952:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 2 64 theme weaned 429:434 arg1 piglets 436:442 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 7 65 theme total 1182:1186 arg1 capacity 1200:1207 serum total antioxidant capacity 1176:1207 serum total antioxidant capacity 1176:1207 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 10 66 theme P 1653:1653 arg1 height 1645:1650 villus height 1638:1650 villus height (P < 0.05) 1638:1661 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 10 66 theme P 1653:1653 arg1 < 1655:1655 P < 0.05 1653:1660 P < 0.05 1653:1660 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 67 theme immunoglobulin 1024:1037 arg1 G 1039:1039 serum immunoglobulin G 1018:1039 serum immunoglobulin G 1018:1039 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 9 68 theme Lactobacillus 1445:1457 arg1 < 1483:1483 P < 0.05 1481:1488 P < 0.05 1481:1488 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 9 68 theme Lactobacillus 1445:1457 arg1 levels 1491:1496 Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels 1445:1496 Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels 1445:1496 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 2 69 theme basal 650:654 arg1 diet 656:659 basal diet 650:659 basal diet 650:659 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 69 theme basal 650:654 arg1 groups 562:567 three treatment groups 546:567 three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone) 546:710 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 10 70 theme villus 1671:1676 arg1 height 1678:1683 the villus height 1667:1683 the villus height to crypt depth 1667:1698 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 0 71 theme Intestinal 126:135 arg1 Health 137:142 Intestinal Health 126:142 Intestinal Health 126:142 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 1 72 theme study 187:191 arg1 aim 168:170 The aim 164:170 The aim of the present study 164:191 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 2 73 theme weight 494:499 arg1 piglets 436:442 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 6 74 theme necrosis 1101:1108 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 74 theme necrosis 1101:1108 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 9 75 theme P 1481:1481 arg1 < 1483:1483 P < 0.05 1481:1488 P < 0.05 1481:1488 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 9 75 theme P 1481:1481 arg1 levels 1491:1496 Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels 1445:1496 Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels 1445:1496 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 11 76 theme antibiotic 1926:1935 arg1 supplementation 1760:1774 dietary supplementation 1752:1774 dietary supplementation with LBPs 1752:1784 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 11 76 theme antibiotic 1926:1935 arg1 alternative 1937:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative 1913:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed 1913:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 1 77 theme weaned 384:389 arg1 piglets 391:397 weaned piglets 384:397 weaned piglets 384:397 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 6 78 theme LBPs 979:982 arg1 supplementation 992:1006 LBPs dietary supplementation 979:1006 LBPs dietary supplementation 979:1006 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 79 theme interleukin-2 1076:1088 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 79 theme interleukin-2 1076:1088 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 80 theme dietary 1752:1758 arg1 supplementation 1760:1774 dietary supplementation 1752:1774 dietary supplementation with LBPs 1752:1784 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 11 80 theme dietary 1752:1758 arg1 alternative 1937:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative 1913:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed 1913:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 2 81 theme × 464:464 arg1 Landrace 466:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 81 theme × 464:464 arg1 × 451:451 [Duroc × 444:451 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 5 82 theme diarrhea 917:924 arg1 ratio 926:930 the diarrhea ratio 913:930 the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05) 913:941 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 82 theme diarrhea 917:924 arg1 < 935:935 P < 0.05 933:940 P < 0.05 933:940 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 83 dep piglets 436:442 arg1 Landrace 466:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 83 dep piglets 436:442 arg1 × 451:451 [Duroc × 444:451 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 quinocetone 699:709 50 mg/kg quinocetone 690:709 50 mg/kg quinocetone 690:709 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 CON 570:572 CON 570:572 CON (basal diet) 570:585 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 ABO 645:647 ABO 645:647 ABO 645:647 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 LBPs 588:591 LBPs 588:591 LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs) 588:626 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 groups 562:567 three treatment groups 546:567 three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone) 546:710 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 flavomycin 675:684 20 mg/kg flavomycin 666:684 20 mg/kg flavomycin 666:684 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 diet 581:584 basal diet 575:584 basal diet 575:584 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 diet 656:659 basal diet 650:659 basal diet 650:659 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 84 dep groups 562:567 arg1 antibiotic 633:642 antibiotic 633:642 antibiotic 633:642 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 9 85 theme Faecalibacterium 1463:1478 arg1 < 1483:1483 P < 0.05 1481:1488 P < 0.05 1481:1488 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 9 85 theme Faecalibacterium 1463:1478 arg1 levels 1491:1496 Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels 1445:1496 Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels 1445:1496 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 10 86 theme P 1735:1735 arg1 duodenum 1713:1720 duodenum 1713:1720 duodenum 1713:1720 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 10 86 theme P 1735:1735 arg1 < 1737:1737 P < 0.05 1735:1742 P < 0.05 1735:1742 Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). 35281314 0 87 theme Antioxidant 102:112 arg1 Status 114:119 Antioxidant Status 102:119 Antioxidant Status 102:119 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 1 88 theme serum 333:337 arg1 status 351:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 serum antioxidant status 333:356 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 1 89 dep performance 303:313 arg1 the 292:294 the 292:294 the 292:294 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 6 90 theme P 1127:1127 arg1 < 1129:1129 P < 0.05 1127:1134 P < 0.05 1127:1134 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 6 90 theme P 1127:1127 arg1 levels 1119:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 1018:1124 serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05) 1018:1135 Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 11 91 theme efficient 1916:1924 arg1 supplementation 1760:1774 dietary supplementation 1752:1774 dietary supplementation with LBPs 1752:1784 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 11 91 theme efficient 1916:1924 arg1 alternative 1937:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative 1913:1947 an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed 1913:1969 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 8 92 theme component 1296:1304 arg1 analysis 1306:1313 Principal component analysis 1286:1313 Principal component analysis 1286:1313 Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. 35281314 0 93 theme barbarum 7:14 arg1 Polysaccharides 16:30 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides 0:30 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic 0:44 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 11 94 with supplementation 1760:1774 arg1 LBPs 1781:1784 LBPs 1781:1784 LBPs 1781:1784 Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed. 35281314 2 95 theme crossed 413:419 arg1 piglets 436:442 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 96 dep LBPs 588:591 arg1 diet 600:603 basal diet 594:603 basal diet 594:603 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 96 dep LBPs 588:591 arg1 LBPs 622:625 4,000 mg/kg LBPs 610:625 4,000 mg/kg LBPs 610:625 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 8 97 theme distinct 1324:1331 arg1 separation 1333:1342 a distinct separation 1322:1342 a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups 1322:1370 Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. 35281314 5 98 theme daily 850:854 arg1 gain 856:859 average daily gain 842:859 average daily gain (P < 0.05) 842:870 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 98 theme daily 850:854 arg1 < 864:864 P < 0.05 862:869 P < 0.05 862:869 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 99 theme [Duroc 444:449 arg1 Landrace 466:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 Yorkshire × Landrace 454:473 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 99 theme [Duroc 444:449 arg1 × 451:451 [Duroc × 444:451 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] 410:475 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 0 100 theme Growth 66:71 arg1 Performance 73:83 Growth Performance 66:83 Growth Performance 66:83 Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. 35281314 1 101 theme growth 296:301 arg1 performance 303:313 growth performance 296:313 growth performance 296:313 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 35281314 5 102 theme feed 896:899 arg1 ratio 926:930 the diarrhea ratio 913:930 the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05) 913:941 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 102 theme feed 896:899 arg1 ratio 887:891 the ratio 883:891 the ratio of feed to gain 883:907 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 5 102 theme feed 896:899 arg1 < 935:935 P < 0.05 933:940 P < 0.05 933:940 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 103 theme similar 481:487 arg1 weight 494:499 similar body weight 481:499 similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg) 481:516 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 2 103 theme similar 481:487 arg1 kg 514:515 7.47 ± 0.22 kg 502:515 7.47 ± 0.22 kg 502:515 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 8 104 theme LBPs 1408:1411 arg1 groups 1413:1418 ABO and LBPs groups 1400:1418 groups 1413:1418 Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. 35281314 5 105 theme dietary 808:814 arg1 supplementation 816:830 ABO dietary supplementation 804:830 ABO dietary supplementation 804:830 When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). 35281314 2 106 theme 20 666:667 arg1 mg/kg 669:673 mg/kg 669:673 mg/kg 669:673 In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). 35281314 7 107 theme P 1275:1275 arg1 < 1277:1277 P < 0.05 1275:1282 P < 0.05 1275:1282 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 7 107 theme P 1275:1275 arg1 levels 1267:1272 malondialdehyde levels 1251:1272 malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) 1251:1283 Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). 35281314 9 108 theme P 1558:1558 arg1 < 1560:1560 P < 0.05 1558:1565 P < 0.05 1558:1565 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 9 108 theme P 1558:1558 arg1 levels 1568:1573 Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels 1518:1573 Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels 1518:1573 LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. 35281314 1 109 theme dietary 226:232 arg1 supplementation 273:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation 226:287 The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. 33192537 13 0 theme OGT 2038:2040 arg1 expression 2050:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression 2016:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice 2016:2073 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 10 1 theme mRNA 1497:1500 arg1 3'-UTR 1477:1482 3'-UTR 1477:1482 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA 1477:1500 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 8 2 theme protein 1231:1237 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1239:1253 that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1214:1253 that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1214:1253 This suggested that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation as a mechanism to downregulate miR-146a-5p. 33192537 8 2 theme protein 1231:1237 arg1 mechanism 1260:1268 a mechanism 1258:1268 a mechanism to downregulate miR-146a-5p 1258:1296 This suggested that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation as a mechanism to downregulate miR-146a-5p. 33192537 4 3 theme Western 619:625 arg1 blot 627:630 24 h. Western blot 613:630 24 h. Western blot 613:630 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 10 4 theme human 1487:1491 arg1 mRNA 1497:1500 human OGT mRNA 1487:1500 human OGT mRNA 1487:1500 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 4 5 theme luciferase 673:682 arg1 assay 693:697 luciferase reporter assay 673:697 luciferase reporter assay 673:697 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 13 6 theme miR-146a 2001:2008 arg1 injections 1987:1996 intravenous injections 1975:1996 intravenous injections of miR-146a 1975:2008 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 1 7 theme O-linked 215:222 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 224:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 170:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 1 7 theme O-linked 215:222 arg1 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 9 8 theme Bioinformatic 1299:1311 arg1 analysis 1324:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis 1299:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis 1299:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 14 9 theme feedback 2113:2120 arg1 interaction 2122:2132 A non-canonical positive feedback interaction 2088:2132 A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT 2088:2160 Conclusion: A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT is involved in a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications. 33192537 12 10 theme miR-200a/miR-200b 1741:1757 arg1 transfection 1765:1776 miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection 1741:1776 miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection 1741:1776 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 12 11 theme protein 1941:1947 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1949:1963 OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 1928:1963 OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 1928:1963 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 11 12 theme O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 1664:1683 arg1 levels 1696:1701 OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels 1652:1701 OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels 1652:1701 Transfection with miR-146a-5p mimic and inhibitor confirmed that miR-146a-5p regulated OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels. 33192537 9 13 theme target 1317:1322 arg1 analysis 1324:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis 1299:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis 1299:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 2 14 theme negative 362:369 arg1 MicroRNA-146a-5p 326:341 MicroRNA-146a-5p 326:341 MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) 326:355 MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) is a negative inflammatory regulator and is downregulated in diabetes. 33192537 2 14 theme negative 362:369 arg1 regulator 384:392 a negative inflammatory regulator 360:392 a negative inflammatory regulator 360:392 MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) is a negative inflammatory regulator and is downregulated in diabetes. 33192537 10 15 dep miR-146a-5p 1450:1460 arg1 mimic 1462:1466 mimic 1462:1466 mimic 1462:1466 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 14 16 theme non-canonical 2090:2102 arg1 interaction 2122:2132 A non-canonical positive feedback interaction 2088:2132 A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT 2088:2160 Conclusion: A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT is involved in a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications. 33192537 4 17 theme endothelial 517:527 arg1 cells 529:533 Human aortic endothelial cells 504:533 Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) 504:541 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 17 theme endothelial 517:527 arg1 HAECs 536:540 HAECs 536:540 HAECs 536:540 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 5 18 theme mimic-treated 889:901 arg1 mice 909:912 miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 877:912 miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 877:912 The aorta from miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. 33192537 6 19 theme OGT 1002:1004 arg1 mRNA 1006:1009 OGT mRNA 1002:1009 OGT mRNA 1002:1009 Results: HG and glucosamine upregulated OGT mRNA and protein expression, protein O-GlcNAcylation, and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression. 33192537 11 20 with Transfection 1565:1576 arg1 miR-146a-5p 1583:1593 miR-146a-5p 1583:1593 miR-146a-5p mimic 1583:1599 Transfection with miR-146a-5p mimic and inhibitor confirmed that miR-146a-5p regulated OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels. 33192537 11 20 with Transfection 1565:1576 arg1 inhibitor 1605:1613 inhibitor 1605:1613 inhibitor 1605:1613 Transfection with miR-146a-5p mimic and inhibitor confirmed that miR-146a-5p regulated OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels. 33192537 4 21 theme siRNA 742:746 arg1 transfection 752:763 siRNA OGT transfection 742:763 siRNA OGT transfection 742:763 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 7 22 theme time 1103:1106 arg1 analysis 1112:1119 Real time PCR analysis 1098:1119 Real time PCR analysis 1098:1119 Real time PCR analysis found that miR-146a-5p was decreased in HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs. 33192537 11 23 theme expression 1685:1694 arg1 levels 1696:1701 OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels 1652:1701 OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels 1652:1701 Transfection with miR-146a-5p mimic and inhibitor confirmed that miR-146a-5p regulated OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels. 33192537 9 24 theme post-transcriptional 1359:1378 arg1 miR-146a-5p 1342:1352 miR-146a-5p 1342:1352 miR-146a-5p 1342:1352 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 9 24 theme post-transcriptional 1359:1378 arg1 regulator 1380:1388 a post-transcriptional regulator 1357:1388 a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT 1357:1395 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 10 25 theme luciferase 1409:1418 arg1 assay 1429:1433 a luciferase reporter assay 1407:1433 a luciferase reporter assay 1407:1433 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 4 26 dep miR-200a/200b 766:778 arg1 mimic 780:784 mimic 780:784 mimic transfection 780:797 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 27 theme Human 504:508 arg1 cells 529:533 Human aortic endothelial cells 504:533 Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) 504:541 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 27 theme Human 504:508 arg1 HAECs 536:540 HAECs 536:540 HAECs 536:540 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 1 28 dep Background 149:158 arg1 linked 290:295 linked 290:295 is linked with diabetic complications 287:323 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 5 29 theme immunohistochemistry 931:950 arg1 staining 952:959 immunohistochemistry staining 931:959 immunohistochemistry staining 931:959 The aorta from miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. 33192537 6 30 theme IL-6 1064:1067 arg1 mRNA 1069:1072 IL-6 mRNA 1064:1072 IL-6 mRNA 1064:1072 Results: HG and glucosamine upregulated OGT mRNA and protein expression, protein O-GlcNAcylation, and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression. 33192537 4 31 theme high 564:567 arg1 glucose 569:575 high glucose 564:575 high glucose (25 mM) 564:583 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 31 theme high 564:567 arg1 mM 581:582 25 mM 578:582 25 mM 578:582 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 0 32 theme Glucose-Induced 107:121 arg1 Inflammation 135:146 High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation 102:146 High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation 102:146 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p Aggravates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation. 33192537 12 33 theme miR-146a-5p 1871:1881 arg1 downregulation 1883:1896 HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation 1860:1896 HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation 1860:1896 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 11 34 dep miR-146a-5p 1583:1593 arg1 mimic 1595:1599 mimic 1595:1599 mimic 1595:1599 Transfection with miR-146a-5p mimic and inhibitor confirmed that miR-146a-5p regulated OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels. 33192537 12 35 theme expression 1825:1834 arg1 levels 1836:1841 HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels 1802:1841 HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels 1802:1841 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 6 36 theme protein 1035:1041 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1043:1057 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1035:1057 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1035:1057 Results: HG and glucosamine upregulated OGT mRNA and protein expression, protein O-GlcNAcylation, and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression. 33192537 4 37 theme pharmacological 808:822 arg1 ST045849 836:843 ST045849 836:843 ST045849 836:843 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 37 theme pharmacological 808:822 arg1 inhibition 824:833 OGT pharmacological inhibition 804:833 OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) 804:844 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 1 38 theme O-GlcNAc 180:187 arg1 OGT 202:204 OGT 202:204 OGT 202:204 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 1 38 theme O-GlcNAc 180:187 arg1 transferase 189:199 O-GlcNAc transferase 180:199 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 10 39 theme miR-146a-5p 1552:1562 arg1 target 1542:1547 a non-canonical target 1526:1547 a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p 1526:1562 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 10 39 theme miR-146a-5p 1552:1562 arg1 OGT 1519:1521 OGT 1519:1521 OGT 1519:1521 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 0 40 theme Non-canonical 0:12 arg1 Interaction 14:24 Non-canonical Interaction 0:24 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p 0:89 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p Aggravates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation. 33192537 14 41 theme HG-induced 2206:2215 arg1 complications 2226:2238 HG-induced vascular complications 2206:2238 HG-induced vascular complications 2206:2238 Conclusion: A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT is involved in a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications. 33192537 13 42 theme IL6 2046:2048 arg1 expression 2050:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression 2016:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice 2016:2073 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 12 43 theme HG-induced 1802:1811 arg1 levels 1836:1841 HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels 1802:1841 HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels 1802:1841 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 4 44 theme miR-146a-5p 700:710 arg1 transfection 728:739 miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection 700:739 miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection 700:739 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 5 45 theme db/db 903:907 arg1 mice 909:912 miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 877:912 miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 877:912 The aorta from miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. 33192537 0 46 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 43:61 arg1 Transferase 63:73 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase 34:73 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase 34:73 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p Aggravates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation. 33192537 14 47 theme vicious 2179:2185 arg1 cycle 2187:2191 a vicious cycle 2177:2191 a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications 2177:2238 Conclusion: A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT is involved in a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications. 33192537 4 48 theme real 633:636 arg1 PCR 643:645 real time PCR 633:645 real time PCR 633:645 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 13 49 theme endothelial 2026:2036 arg1 expression 2050:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression 2016:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice 2016:2073 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 7 50 theme glucosamine-stimulated 1169:1190 arg1 HAECs 1192:1196 HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs 1161:1196 HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs 1161:1196 Real time PCR analysis found that miR-146a-5p was decreased in HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs. 33192537 13 51 theme intravenous 1975:1985 arg1 injections 1987:1996 intravenous injections 1975:1996 intravenous injections of miR-146a 1975:2008 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 7 52 theme HG- 1161:1163 arg1 HAECs 1192:1196 HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs 1161:1196 HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs 1161:1196 Real time PCR analysis found that miR-146a-5p was decreased in HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs. 33192537 10 53 theme OGT 1493:1495 arg1 mRNA 1497:1500 human OGT mRNA 1487:1500 human OGT mRNA 1487:1500 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 8 54 theme OGT-induced 1219:1229 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1239:1253 that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1214:1253 that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1214:1253 This suggested that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation as a mechanism to downregulate miR-146a-5p. 33192537 8 54 theme OGT-induced 1219:1229 arg1 mechanism 1260:1268 a mechanism 1258:1268 a mechanism to downregulate miR-146a-5p 1258:1296 This suggested that OGT-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation as a mechanism to downregulate miR-146a-5p. 33192537 4 55 theme h. 616:617 arg1 blot 627:630 24 h. Western blot 613:630 24 h. Western blot 613:630 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 12 56 dep transfection 1765:1776 arg1 mimic 1759:1763 mimic 1759:1763 mimic 1759:1763 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 11 57 theme OGT/protein 1652:1662 arg1 levels 1696:1701 OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels 1652:1701 OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels 1652:1701 Transfection with miR-146a-5p mimic and inhibitor confirmed that miR-146a-5p regulated OGT/protein O-GlcNAcylation/IL-6 expression levels. 33192537 1 58 theme -induced 206:213 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 224:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 170:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 1 58 theme -induced 206:213 arg1 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 12 59 theme OGT-mediated 1928:1939 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1949:1963 OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 1928:1963 OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 1928:1963 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 1 60 theme N-acetylglucosamine 224:242 arg1 modification 274:285 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 4 61 theme reporter 684:691 arg1 assay 693:697 luciferase reporter assay 673:697 luciferase reporter assay 673:697 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 9 62 theme miR 1313:1315 arg1 analysis 1324:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis 1299:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis 1299:1331 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 2 63 theme inflammatory 371:382 arg1 MicroRNA-146a-5p 326:341 MicroRNA-146a-5p 326:341 MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) 326:355 MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) is a negative inflammatory regulator and is downregulated in diabetes. 33192537 2 63 theme inflammatory 371:382 arg1 regulator 384:392 a negative inflammatory regulator 360:392 a negative inflammatory regulator 360:392 MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) is a negative inflammatory regulator and is downregulated in diabetes. 33192537 14 64 theme positive 2104:2111 arg1 interaction 2122:2132 A non-canonical positive feedback interaction 2088:2132 A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT 2088:2160 Conclusion: A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT is involved in a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications. 33192537 6 65 theme protein 1015:1021 arg1 expression 1023:1032 protein expression 1015:1032 protein expression 1015:1032 Results: HG and glucosamine upregulated OGT mRNA and protein expression, protein O-GlcNAcylation, and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression. 33192537 7 66 theme PCR 1108:1110 arg1 analysis 1112:1119 Real time PCR analysis 1098:1119 Real time PCR analysis 1098:1119 Real time PCR analysis found that miR-146a-5p was decreased in HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs. 33192537 5 67 theme miR-146a-5p 877:887 arg1 mice 909:912 miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 877:912 miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 877:912 The aorta from miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. 33192537 12 68 theme siRNA 1721:1725 arg1 transfection 1727:1738 OGT siRNA transfection 1717:1738 OGT siRNA transfection 1717:1738 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 4 69 theme bioinformatics 648:661 arg1 analysis 663:670 bioinformatics analysis 648:670 bioinformatics analysis 648:670 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 7 70 theme Real 1098:1101 arg1 analysis 1112:1119 Real time PCR analysis 1098:1119 Real time PCR analysis 1098:1119 Real time PCR analysis found that miR-146a-5p was decreased in HG- and glucosamine-stimulated HAECs. 33192537 1 71 theme Increased 170:178 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 224:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 170:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 1 71 theme Increased 170:178 arg1 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 6 72 theme protein 1078:1084 arg1 expression 1086:1095 protein expression 1078:1095 protein expression 1078:1095 Results: HG and glucosamine upregulated OGT mRNA and protein expression, protein O-GlcNAcylation, and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression. 33192537 4 73 theme aortic 510:515 arg1 cells 529:533 Human aortic endothelial cells 504:533 Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) 504:541 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 73 theme aortic 510:515 arg1 HAECs 536:540 HAECs 536:540 HAECs 536:540 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 74 theme OGT 748:750 arg1 transfection 752:763 siRNA OGT transfection 742:763 siRNA OGT transfection 742:763 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 0 75 theme High 102:105 arg1 Inflammation 135:146 High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation 102:146 High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation 102:146 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p Aggravates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation. 33192537 1 76 theme transferase 189:199 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 224:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 170:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 1 76 theme transferase 189:199 arg1 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 0 77 theme Endothelial 123:133 arg1 Inflammation 135:146 High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation 102:146 High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation 102:146 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p Aggravates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation. 33192537 9 78 theme OGT 1393:1395 arg1 miR-146a-5p 1342:1352 miR-146a-5p 1342:1352 miR-146a-5p 1342:1352 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 9 78 theme OGT 1393:1395 arg1 regulator 1380:1388 a post-transcriptional regulator 1357:1388 a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT 1357:1395 Bioinformatic miR target analysis excluded miR-146a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of OGT. 33192537 5 79 from mice 909:912 arg1 aorta 866:870 The aorta 862:870 The aorta from miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice 862:912 The aorta from miR-146a-5p mimic-treated db/db mice were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. 33192537 10 80 theme non-canonical 1528:1540 arg1 target 1542:1547 a non-canonical target 1526:1547 a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p 1526:1562 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 10 80 theme non-canonical 1528:1540 arg1 OGT 1519:1521 OGT 1519:1521 OGT 1519:1521 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 4 81 theme mimic/inhibitor 712:726 arg1 transfection 728:739 miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection 700:739 miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection 700:739 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 12 82 theme HG-induced 1860:1869 arg1 downregulation 1883:1896 HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation 1860:1896 HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation 1860:1896 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 13 83 theme db/db 2064:2068 arg1 mice 2070:2073 db/db mice 2064:2073 db/db mice 2064:2073 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 12 84 theme miR-146a-5p 1813:1823 arg1 levels 1836:1841 HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels 1802:1841 HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels 1802:1841 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33192537 4 85 theme OGT 804:806 arg1 ST045849 836:843 ST045849 836:843 ST045849 836:843 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 4 85 theme OGT 804:806 arg1 inhibition 824:833 OGT pharmacological inhibition 804:833 OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) 804:844 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 14 86 theme vascular 2217:2224 arg1 complications 2226:2238 HG-induced vascular complications 2206:2238 HG-induced vascular complications 2206:2238 Conclusion: A non-canonical positive feedback interaction between miR-146a-5p and OGT is involved in a vicious cycle to aggravate HG-induced vascular complications. 33192537 1 87 link O-linked 215:222 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 224:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 170:242 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 1 87 link O-linked 215:222 arg1 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 O-GlcNAc 245:252 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 10 88 theme reporter 1420:1427 arg1 assay 1429:1433 a luciferase reporter assay 1407:1433 a luciferase reporter assay 1407:1433 However, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p mimic bound to 3'-UTR of human OGT mRNA, indicating that OGT is a non-canonical target of miR-146a-5p. 33192537 0 89 theme O-Linked 34:41 arg1 Transferase 63:73 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase 34:73 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase 34:73 Non-canonical Interaction Between O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase and miR-146a-5p Aggravates High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Inflammation. 33192537 1 90 theme post-translational 255:272 arg1 modification 274:285 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 170:285 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 13 91 from expression 2050:2059 arg1 mice 2070:2073 db/db mice 2064:2073 db/db mice 2064:2073 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 4 92 theme time 638:641 arg1 PCR 643:645 real time PCR 633:645 real time PCR 633:645 Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were stimulated with high glucose (25 mM) and glucosamine (25 mM) for 24 h. Western blot, real time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection, siRNA OGT transfection, miR-200a/200b mimic transfection, and OGT pharmacological inhibition (ST045849) were performed. 33192537 13 93 theme decreased 2016:2024 arg1 expression 2050:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression 2016:2059 decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice 2016:2073 In vivo, intravenous injections of miR-146a mimic decreased endothelial OGT and IL6 expression in db/db mice. 33192537 1 94 theme diabetic 302:309 arg1 complications 311:323 diabetic complications 302:323 diabetic complications 302:323 Background and Aims: Increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-induced O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification is linked with diabetic complications. 33192537 12 95 theme OGT 1717:1719 arg1 transfection 1727:1738 OGT siRNA transfection 1717:1738 OGT siRNA transfection 1717:1738 Furthermore, OGT siRNA transfection, miR-200a/miR-200b mimic transfection, and ST045849 increased HG-induced miR-146a-5p expression levels, indicating that HG-induced miR-146a-5p downregulation is partially mediated through OGT-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 32831568 6 0 theme experimental 1028:1039 arg1 design 1041:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 7 1 theme % 1365:1365 arg1 oil 1374:1376 28% buriti oil 1363:1376 28% buriti oil 1363:1376 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 10 2 theme dairy 2041:2045 arg1 products 2058:2065 dairy and bakery products 2041:2065 products 2058:2065 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 3 theme buriti 1852:1857 arg1 emulsions 1863:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 6 4 theme central 1010:1016 arg1 design 1041:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 9 5 theme steady 1777:1782 arg1 conditions 1790:1799 steady shear conditions 1777:1799 steady shear conditions 1777:1799 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 3 6 theme protein 630:636 arg1 point 650:654 the protein isoelectric point 626:654 the protein isoelectric point 626:654 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 2 7 theme protein-polysaccharide 403:424 arg1 complexes 426:434 protein-polysaccharide complexes 403:434 protein-polysaccharide complexes subjected to high-pressure homogenization 403:476 Good results have been achieved for emulsions stabilized by protein-polysaccharide complexes subjected to high-pressure homogenization. 32831568 6 8 theme oil 1076:1078 arg1 content 1080:1086 oil content 1076:1086 oil content 1076:1086 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 10 9 theme salad 2079:2083 arg1 sauces 2085:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 6 10 theme electrical 1196:1205 arg1 conductivity 1207:1218 electrical conductivity 1196:1218 electrical conductivity 1196:1218 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 8 11 theme low 1538:1540 arg1 conductivity 1553:1564 low electrical conductivity 1538:1564 low electrical conductivity 1538:1564 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 3 12 theme oil-water 677:685 arg1 interface 687:695 the oil-water interface 673:695 the oil-water interface 673:695 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 8 13 theme high 1570:1573 arg1 modulus 1575:1581 high modulus 1570:1581 high modulus 1570:1581 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 10 14 theme energy 1972:1977 arg1 reduction 1979:1987 energy reduction 1972:1987 energy reduction 1972:1987 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 9 15 theme mechanical 1608:1617 arg1 spectra 1619:1625 The mechanical spectra 1604:1625 The mechanical spectra 1604:1625 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 7 16 theme 28 1363:1364 arg1 % 1365:1365 % 1365:1365 % 1365:1365 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 6 17 theme pectin 1123:1128 arg1 ratio 1130:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 8 18 theme charges 1595:1601 arg1 conductivity 1553:1564 low electrical conductivity 1538:1564 low electrical conductivity 1538:1564 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 8 18 theme charges 1595:1601 arg1 modulus 1575:1581 high modulus 1570:1581 high modulus 1570:1581 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 8 18 theme charges 1595:1601 arg1 size 1532:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 4 19 theme continuous 791:800 arg1 phase 802:806 the continuous phase 787:806 the continuous phase 787:806 In addition, polysaccharides contribute to emulsion stability by increasing viscosity of the continuous phase. 32831568 6 20 theme protein 1093:1099 arg1 ratio 1130:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 7 21 dep RESULTS 1299:1305 arg1 produced 1349:1356 produced 1349:1356 was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 1345:1445 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 0 22 theme Oil 84:86 arg1 Content 88:94 Oil Content 84:94 Oil Content 84:94 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 10 23 theme protein 1891:1897 arg1 isolate 1899:1905 soy protein isolate 1887:1905 soy protein isolate 1887:1905 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 1 24 theme BACKGROUND 134:143 arg1 technology 154:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 1 24 theme BACKGROUND 134:143 arg1 way 179:181 a suitable way 168:181 a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries 168:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 6 25 dep stability 1171:1179 arg1 the 1167:1169 the 1167:1169 the 1167:1169 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 7 26 theme Pa. 1443:1445 arg1 oil 1374:1376 28% buriti oil 1363:1376 28% buriti oil 1363:1376 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 7 26 theme Pa. 1443:1445 arg1 isolate 1395:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 7 26 theme Pa. 1443:1445 arg1 pressure 1423:1430 homogenization pressure 1408:1430 homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 1408:1445 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 3 27 theme Improved 479:486 arg1 stabilization 488:500 Improved stabilization 479:500 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions 479:526 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 0 28 theme Buriti 0:5 arg1 Emulsions 11:19 Buriti Oil Emulsions 0:19 Buriti Oil Emulsions 0:19 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 10 29 theme soy 1887:1889 arg1 isolate 1899:1905 soy protein isolate 1887:1905 soy protein isolate 1887:1905 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 6 30 theme EXPERIMENTAL 970:981 arg1 APPROACH 983:990 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 970:990 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 970:990 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 9 31 theme oscillatory 1688:1698 arg1 shearing 1717:1724 oscillatory, non-destructive shearing 1688:1724 oscillatory, non-destructive shearing 1688:1724 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 10 32 from reduction 1979:1987 arg1 sauces 2085:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 32 from reduction 1979:1987 arg1 products 2023:2030 food products 2018:2030 food products 2018:2030 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 32 from reduction 1979:1987 arg1 cream 2072:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 32 from reduction 1979:1987 arg1 products 2058:2065 dairy and bakery products 2041:2065 products 2058:2065 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 32 from reduction 1979:1987 arg1 cream 2112:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 7 33 theme homogenization 1408:1421 arg1 pressure 1423:1430 homogenization pressure 1408:1430 homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 1408:1445 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 2 34 theme high-pressure 449:461 arg1 homogenization 463:476 high-pressure homogenization 449:476 high-pressure homogenization 449:476 Good results have been achieved for emulsions stabilized by protein-polysaccharide complexes subjected to high-pressure homogenization. 32831568 3 35 theme emulsions 518:526 arg1 stabilization 488:500 Improved stabilization 479:500 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions 479:526 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 5 36 theme carotenoid-rich 866:880 arg1 emulsions 893:901 carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions 866:901 carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers 866:967 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 1 37 theme thermodynamically 307:323 arg1 they 298:301 they 298:301 they 298:301 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 1 37 theme thermodynamically 307:323 arg1 systems 334:340 thermodynamically unstable systems 307:340 thermodynamically unstable systems 307:340 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 6 38 theme pressure 1155:1162 arg1 effects 1065:1071 the effects 1061:1071 the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions 1061:1296 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 0 39 theme Isolate/High-Methoxyl 48:68 arg1 Ratio 77:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 8 40 theme reduced 1508:1514 arg1 size 1532:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 10 41 theme optimized 1842:1850 arg1 emulsions 1863:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 5 42 theme oil 889:891 arg1 emulsions 893:901 carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions 866:901 carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers 866:967 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 7 43 theme protein 1387:1393 arg1 isolate 1395:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 8 44 theme droplet 1524:1530 arg1 size 1532:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 1 45 theme hydrophobic 226:236 arg1 compounds 248:256 hydrophobic bioactive compounds 226:256 hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries 226:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 9 46 theme shear-thinning 1735:1748 arg1 behaviour 1750:1758 shear-thinning behaviour 1735:1758 shear-thinning behaviour 1735:1758 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 7 47 theme % 1381:1381 arg1 isolate 1395:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 10 48 theme food 2018:2021 arg1 sauces 2085:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 48 theme food 2018:2021 arg1 products 2023:2030 food products 2018:2030 food products 2018:2030 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 48 theme food 2018:2021 arg1 cream 2072:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 48 theme food 2018:2021 arg1 products 2058:2065 dairy and bakery products 2041:2065 products 2058:2065 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 48 theme food 2018:2021 arg1 cream 2112:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 0 49 theme Protein 40:46 arg1 Ratio 77:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 10 50 theme oil 1859:1861 arg1 emulsions 1863:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 51 from enrichment 2004:2013 arg1 sauces 2085:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 51 from enrichment 2004:2013 arg1 products 2023:2030 food products 2018:2030 food products 2018:2030 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 51 from enrichment 2004:2013 arg1 cream 2072:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 51 from enrichment 2004:2013 arg1 products 2058:2065 dairy and bakery products 2041:2065 products 2058:2065 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 51 from enrichment 2004:2013 arg1 cream 2112:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 6 52 theme composite 1018:1026 arg1 design 1041:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 5 53 dep protein 913:919 arg1 isolate 921:927 isolate 921:927 isolate 921:927 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 7 54 theme buriti 1367:1372 arg1 oil 1374:1376 28% buriti oil 1363:1376 28% buriti oil 1363:1376 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 1 55 theme food 277:280 arg1 industries 282:291 food industries 277:291 food industries 277:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 6 56 theme rotatable 1000:1008 arg1 design 1041:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 a rotatable central composite experimental design 998:1046 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 9 57 theme shear 1784:1788 arg1 conditions 1790:1799 steady shear conditions 1777:1799 steady shear conditions 1777:1799 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 10 58 theme ice 2068:2070 arg1 cream 2072:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 3 59 theme lower 615:619 arg1 pH 612:613 pH 612:613 pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface 612:695 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 1 60 theme suitable 170:177 arg1 technology 154:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 1 60 theme suitable 170:177 arg1 way 179:181 a suitable way 168:181 a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries 168:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 0 61 theme Soy 36:38 arg1 Ratio 77:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 6 62 theme emulsions 1288:1296 arg1 microstructure 1240:1253 microstructure 1240:1253 microstructure 1240:1253 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 62 theme emulsions 1288:1296 arg1 stability 1171:1179 stability 1171:1179 stability 1171:1179 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 62 theme emulsions 1288:1296 arg1 conductivity 1207:1218 electrical conductivity 1196:1218 electrical conductivity 1196:1218 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 62 theme emulsions 1288:1296 arg1 behaviour 1271:1279 rheological behaviour 1259:1279 rheological behaviour 1259:1279 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 62 theme emulsions 1288:1296 arg1 size 1190:1193 droplet size 1182:1193 droplet size 1182:1193 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 62 theme emulsions 1288:1296 arg1 charge 1232:1237 electrical charge 1221:1237 electrical charge 1221:1237 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 4 63 theme emulsion 741:748 arg1 stability 750:758 emulsion stability 741:758 emulsion stability 741:758 In addition, polysaccharides contribute to emulsion stability by increasing viscosity of the continuous phase. 32831568 6 64 theme content 1080:1086 arg1 effects 1065:1071 the effects 1061:1071 the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions 1061:1296 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 3 65 theme isoelectric 638:648 arg1 point 650:654 the protein isoelectric point 626:654 the protein isoelectric point 626:654 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 8 66 theme electrical 1542:1551 arg1 conductivity 1553:1564 low electrical conductivity 1538:1564 low electrical conductivity 1538:1564 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 6 67 theme rheological 1259:1269 arg1 behaviour 1271:1279 rheological behaviour 1259:1279 rheological behaviour 1259:1279 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 1 68 from application 262:272 arg1 industries 282:291 food industries 277:291 food industries 277:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 10 69 theme fat 1954:1956 arg1 substitution 1958:1969 fat substitution 1954:1969 fat substitution 1954:1969 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 5 70 theme high-methoxyl 933:945 arg1 stabilizers 957:967 stabilizers 957:967 stabilizers 957:967 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 5 70 theme high-methoxyl 933:945 arg1 pectin 947:952 high-methoxyl pectin 933:952 high-methoxyl pectin 933:952 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 5 70 theme high-methoxyl 933:945 arg1 protein 913:919 soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin 909:952 protein 913:919 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 4 71 theme phase 802:806 arg1 viscosity 774:782 viscosity 774:782 viscosity of the continuous phase 774:806 In addition, polysaccharides contribute to emulsion stability by increasing viscosity of the continuous phase. 32831568 10 72 theme vegetable-based 2096:2110 arg1 cream 2112:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 1 73 theme RESEARCH 125:132 arg1 technology 154:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 1 73 theme RESEARCH 125:132 arg1 way 179:181 a suitable way 168:181 a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries 168:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 10 74 theme high-methoxyl 1911:1923 arg1 pectin 1925:1930 high-methoxyl pectin 1911:1930 high-methoxyl pectin 1911:1930 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 6 75 theme homogenization 1140:1153 arg1 pressure 1155:1162 homogenization pressure 1140:1162 homogenization pressure 1140:1162 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 8 76 theme negative 1586:1593 arg1 charges 1595:1601 negative charges 1586:1601 negative charges 1586:1601 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 0 77 theme Pectin 70:75 arg1 Ratio 77:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio 36:81 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 1 78 theme Emulsion 145:152 arg1 technology 154:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology 125:163 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 1 78 theme Emulsion 145:152 arg1 way 179:181 a suitable way 168:181 a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries 168:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 6 79 theme ratio 1130:1134 arg1 effects 1065:1071 the effects 1061:1071 the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions 1061:1296 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 9 80 dep oscillatory 1688:1698 arg1 non-destructive 1701:1715 non-destructive 1701:1715 non-destructive 1701:1715 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 6 81 theme isolate/high-methoxyl 1101:1121 arg1 ratio 1130:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 7 82 theme optimized 1326:1334 arg1 emulsion 1336:1343 An optimized emulsion 1323:1343 An optimized emulsion 1323:1343 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 6 83 theme soy 1089:1091 arg1 ratio 1130:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio 1089:1134 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 10 84 theme SCIENTIFIC 1814:1823 arg1 CONTRIBUTION 1825:1836 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION 1814:1836 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION 1814:1836 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 0 85 theme Homogenization 100:113 arg1 Pressure 115:122 Homogenization Pressure 100:122 Homogenization Pressure 100:122 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 3 86 theme oil-in-water 505:516 arg1 emulsions 518:526 oil-in-water emulsions 505:526 oil-in-water emulsions 505:526 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 0 87 theme Oil 7:9 arg1 Emulsions 11:19 Buriti Oil Emulsions 0:19 Buriti Oil Emulsions 0:19 Buriti Oil Emulsions as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate/High-Methoxyl Pectin Ratio, Oil Content and Homogenization Pressure. 32831568 9 88 theme viscoelastic 1665:1676 arg1 gel 1678:1680 a viscoelastic gel 1663:1680 a viscoelastic gel 1663:1680 The mechanical spectra showed that the emulsion behaved as a viscoelastic gel under oscillatory, non-destructive shearing, whereas shear-thinning behaviour took place under steady shear conditions. 32831568 6 89 theme droplet 1182:1188 arg1 size 1190:1193 droplet size 1182:1193 droplet size 1182:1193 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 5 90 theme soy 909:911 arg1 stabilizers 957:967 stabilizers 957:967 stabilizers 957:967 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 5 90 theme soy 909:911 arg1 pectin 947:952 high-methoxyl pectin 933:952 high-methoxyl pectin 933:952 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 5 90 theme soy 909:911 arg1 protein 913:919 soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin 909:952 protein 913:919 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 10 91 from substitution 1958:1969 arg1 sauces 2085:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 salad sauces 2079:2090 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 91 from substitution 1958:1969 arg1 products 2023:2030 food products 2018:2030 food products 2018:2030 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 91 from substitution 1958:1969 arg1 cream 2072:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 ice cream 2068:2076 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 91 from substitution 1958:1969 arg1 products 2058:2065 dairy and bakery products 2041:2065 products 2058:2065 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 10 91 from substitution 1958:1969 arg1 cream 2112:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 vegetable-based cream 2096:2116 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 6 92 from effects 1065:1071 arg1 microstructure 1240:1253 microstructure 1240:1253 microstructure 1240:1253 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 92 from effects 1065:1071 arg1 stability 1171:1179 stability 1171:1179 stability 1171:1179 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 92 from effects 1065:1071 arg1 conductivity 1207:1218 electrical conductivity 1196:1218 electrical conductivity 1196:1218 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 92 from effects 1065:1071 arg1 behaviour 1271:1279 rheological behaviour 1259:1279 rheological behaviour 1259:1279 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 92 from effects 1065:1071 arg1 size 1190:1193 droplet size 1182:1193 droplet size 1182:1193 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 6 92 from effects 1065:1071 arg1 charge 1232:1237 electrical charge 1221:1237 electrical charge 1221:1237 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 3 93 theme electrostatic 541:553 arg1 complexes 555:563 electrostatic complexes 541:563 electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface 541:695 Improved stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions results from electrostatic complexes formed between proteins and polysaccharides at pH lower than the protein isoelectric point, which adsorb at the oil-water interface. 32831568 10 94 theme carotenoid 1993:2002 arg1 enrichment 2004:2013 carotenoid enrichment 1993:2013 carotenoid enrichment 1993:2013 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 5 95 theme buriti 882:887 arg1 emulsions 893:901 carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions 866:901 carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers 866:967 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 1 96 theme unstable 325:332 arg1 they 298:301 they 298:301 they 298:301 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 1 96 theme unstable 325:332 arg1 systems 334:340 thermodynamically unstable systems 307:340 thermodynamically unstable systems 307:340 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 7 97 theme soy 1383:1385 arg1 isolate 1395:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 55% soy protein isolate 1379:1401 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 10 98 dep NOVELTY 1802:1808 arg1 emulsions 1863:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 The optimized buriti oil emulsions 1838:1871 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 7 99 theme 55 1379:1380 arg1 % 1381:1381 % 1381:1381 % 1381:1381 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS An optimized emulsion was produced with 28% buriti oil, 55% soy protein isolate, and homogenization pressure of 380·105 Pa. 32831568 5 100 theme work 825:828 arg1 aim 813:815 The aim 809:815 The aim of this work 809:828 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32831568 8 101 theme average 1516:1522 arg1 size 1532:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 reduced average droplet size 1508:1535 This emulsion was stable for at least seven days, presenting reduced average droplet size, low electrical conductivity and high modulus of negative charges. 32831568 2 102 theme Good 343:346 arg1 results 348:354 Good results 343:354 Good results 343:354 Good results have been achieved for emulsions stabilized by protein-polysaccharide complexes subjected to high-pressure homogenization. 32831568 1 103 theme bioactive 238:246 arg1 compounds 248:256 hydrophobic bioactive compounds 226:256 hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries 226:291 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Emulsion technology is a suitable way of encapsulating, protecting and releasing hydrophobic bioactive compounds for application in food industries, but they are thermodynamically unstable systems. 32831568 6 104 theme electrical 1221:1230 arg1 charge 1232:1237 electrical charge 1221:1237 electrical charge 1221:1237 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a rotatable central composite experimental design, we assessed the effects of oil content, soy protein isolate/high-methoxyl pectin ratio and homogenization pressure on the stability, droplet size, electrical conductivity, electrical charge, microstructure and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. 32831568 10 105 theme bakery 2051:2056 arg1 products 2058:2065 dairy and bakery products 2041:2065 products 2058:2065 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The optimized buriti oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin could be suitable for fat substitution, energy reduction and carotenoid enrichment in food products, such as dairy and bakery products, ice cream, salad sauces and vegetable-based cream. 32831568 5 106 theme emulsions 893:901 arg1 production 852:861 the production 848:861 the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers 848:967 The aim of this work is to investigate the production of carotenoid-rich buriti oil emulsions using soy protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin as stabilizers. 32291350 10 0 theme carbon 2266:2271 arg1 type 2250:2253 the type 2246:2253 the type of organic carbon available 2246:2281 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 8 1 theme carbon 1856:1861 arg1 requirements 1889:1900 their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1841:1900 their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1841:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 12 2 from changes 2590:2596 arg1 profiles 2620:2627 exoenzyme activity profiles 2601:2627 exoenzyme activity profiles 2601:2627 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 8 3 theme nitrogen 1864:1871 arg1 requirements 1889:1900 their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1841:1900 their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1841:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 6 4 theme microbial 1261:1269 arg1 growth 1271:1276 microbial growth 1261:1276 microbial growth 1261:1276 Notably, a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity demonstrates their polysaccharide depolymerization in providing the carbon for microbial growth. 32291350 1 5 theme nutrients 165:173 arg1 supply 145:150 a supply 143:150 a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds 143:260 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 2 6 theme various 329:335 arg1 environments 344:355 various marine environments 329:355 various marine environments 329:355 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 2 7 theme exoenzymes 311:320 arg1 variety 300:306 a variety 298:306 a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments 298:355 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 2 7 theme exoenzymes 311:320 arg1 exoenzymes 311:320 exoenzymes 311:320 exoenzymes across various marine environments 311:355 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 12 8 theme microbial 2525:2533 arg1 composition 2545:2555 microbial community composition 2525:2555 microbial community composition 2525:2555 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 11 9 theme carbon- 2327:2333 arg1 exoenzymes 2358:2367 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes 2327:2367 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes 2327:2367 We also show a linear relationship between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes and a strong correlation between microbial biomass and exoenzymes, highlighting their significance to microbial productivity. 32291350 10 10 theme nutrient 2170:2177 arg1 levels 2179:2184 inorganic nutrient levels 2160:2184 inorganic nutrient levels 2160:2184 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 3 11 theme natural 623:629 arg1 control 661:667 control 661:667 control 661:667 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 3 11 theme natural 623:629 arg1 community 650:658 a natural seawater microbial community 621:658 a natural seawater microbial community (control) 621:668 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 5 12 theme carbon- 886:892 arg1 enzymes 917:923 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes 886:923 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) 886:957 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 8 13 theme dissolved 1583:1591 arg1 substrate 1601:1609 organic substrate 1593:1609 organic substrate 1593:1609 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 2 14 with correlation 463:473 arg1 composition 500:510 microbial community composition 480:510 microbial community composition 480:510 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 7 15 theme microbial 1461:1469 arg1 community 1471:1479 the marine microbial community 1450:1479 the marine microbial community 1450:1479 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 4 16 theme leucine 742:748 arg1 LAP 766:768 LAP 766:768 LAP 766:768 Exoenzyme activities for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipase were significantly correlated with dissolved nutrient concentrations. 32291350 4 16 theme leucine 742:748 arg1 aminopeptidase 750:763 leucine aminopeptidase 742:763 leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) 742:769 Exoenzyme activities for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipase were significantly correlated with dissolved nutrient concentrations. 32291350 8 17 theme downstream 1615:1624 arg1 processes 1626:1634 downstream processes 1615:1634 downstream processes 1615:1634 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 0 18 theme Marine 51:56 arg1 Conditions 72:81 Marine Environmental Conditions 51:81 Marine Environmental Conditions 51:81 Exoenzymes as a Signature of Microbial Response to Marine Environmental Conditions. 32291350 3 19 theme microbial 640:648 arg1 control 661:667 control 661:667 control 661:667 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 3 19 theme microbial 640:648 arg1 community 650:658 a natural seawater microbial community 621:658 a natural seawater microbial community (control) 621:668 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 7 20 theme exoenzyme 1298:1306 arg1 patterns 1317:1324 exoenzyme activity patterns 1298:1324 exoenzyme activity patterns 1298:1324 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 13 21 theme unknown 2781:2787 arg1 factors 2789:2795 previously unknown factors 2770:2795 previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment 2770:2858 These findings advance our understanding of previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment. 32291350 8 22 theme systems.IMPORTANCE 1646:1663 arg1 exoenzymes 1682:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes 1639:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1639:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 8 23 theme release 1674:1680 arg1 exoenzymes 1682:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes 1639:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1639:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 8 24 from substrate 1601:1609 arg1 exoenzymes 1682:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes 1639:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1639:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 13 25 theme factors 2789:2795 arg1 understanding 2753:2765 our understanding 2749:2765 our understanding of previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment 2749:2858 These findings advance our understanding of previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment. 32291350 5 26 theme chemical 1034:1041 arg1 nature 1043:1048 the chemical nature 1030:1048 the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source 1030:1087 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 6 27 theme particulate 1128:1138 arg1 carbon 1148:1153 particulate organic carbon 1128:1153 particulate organic carbon 1128:1153 Notably, a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity demonstrates their polysaccharide depolymerization in providing the carbon for microbial growth. 32291350 11 28 theme nitrogen-acquiring 2339:2356 arg1 exoenzymes 2358:2367 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes 2327:2367 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes 2327:2367 We also show a linear relationship between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes and a strong correlation between microbial biomass and exoenzymes, highlighting their significance to microbial productivity. 32291350 0 29 theme Environmental 58:70 arg1 Conditions 72:81 Marine Environmental Conditions 51:81 Marine Environmental Conditions 51:81 Exoenzymes as a Signature of Microbial Response to Marine Environmental Conditions. 32291350 1 30 theme heterotopic 94:104 arg1 metabolism 106:115 Microbial heterotopic metabolism 84:115 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean 84:128 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 7 31 theme exoenzyme 1424:1432 arg1 functions 1434:1442 exoenzyme functions 1424:1442 exoenzyme functions 1424:1442 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 9 32 theme exoenzymes 1972:1981 arg1 synthesis 1959:1967 the synthesis 1955:1967 the synthesis of exoenzymes 1955:1981 Despite its importance, the factors associated with the synthesis of exoenzymes are not clearly defined, especially for the marine environment. 32291350 13 33 theme marine 2841:2846 arg1 environment 2848:2858 the marine environment 2837:2858 the marine environment 2837:2858 These findings advance our understanding of previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment. 32291350 5 34 theme enzymes 1010:1016 arg1 correlation 978:988 the correlation 974:988 the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes 974:1016 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 11 35 theme strong 2375:2380 arg1 correlation 2382:2392 a strong correlation 2373:2392 a strong correlation between microbial biomass and exoenzymes 2373:2433 We also show a linear relationship between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes and a strong correlation between microbial biomass and exoenzymes, highlighting their significance to microbial productivity. 32291350 10 36 dep nitrogen 2094:2101 arg1 acquisition 2118:2128 acquisition 2118:2128 acquisition 2118:2128 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 5 37 dep enzymes 917:923 arg1 LAP 954:956 LAP 954:956 LAP 954:956 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 5 37 dep enzymes 917:923 arg1 β-glucosidase/lipase 926:945 β-glucosidase/lipase 926:945 β-glucosidase/lipase 926:945 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 12 38 from changes 2514:2520 arg1 composition 2545:2555 microbial community composition 2525:2555 microbial community composition 2525:2555 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 2 39 theme community 490:498 arg1 composition 500:510 microbial community composition 480:510 microbial community composition 480:510 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 5 40 theme carbon 1075:1080 arg1 source 1082:1087 the available primary carbon source 1053:1087 the available primary carbon source 1053:1087 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 2 41 theme microbial 480:488 arg1 composition 500:510 microbial community composition 480:510 microbial community composition 480:510 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 8 42 theme complex 1728:1734 arg1 matter 1744:1749 down complex organic matter 1723:1749 down complex organic matter 1723:1749 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 8 43 theme foundational 1529:1540 arg1 work 1542:1545 foundational work 1529:1545 foundational work 1529:1545 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 0 44 theme Response 39:46 arg1 Signature 16:24 a Signature 14:24 a Signature of Microbial Response to Marine Environmental Conditions 14:81 Exoenzymes as a Signature of Microbial Response to Marine Environmental Conditions. 32291350 6 45 theme polysaccharide 1201:1214 arg1 depolymerization 1216:1231 their polysaccharide depolymerization 1195:1231 their polysaccharide depolymerization 1195:1231 Notably, a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity demonstrates their polysaccharide depolymerization in providing the carbon for microbial growth. 32291350 8 46 used utilized 1812:1819 arg2 forms 1778:1782 simpler forms 1770:1782 simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1770:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 1 47 theme high-molecular-weight 230:250 arg1 compounds 252:260 high-molecular-weight compounds 230:260 high-molecular-weight compounds 230:260 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 7 48 theme prokaryotic 1362:1372 arg1 composition 1384:1394 prokaryotic community composition 1362:1394 prokaryotic community composition 1362:1394 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 4 49 theme dissolved 818:826 arg1 concentrations 837:850 dissolved nutrient concentrations 818:850 dissolved nutrient concentrations 818:850 Exoenzyme activities for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipase were significantly correlated with dissolved nutrient concentrations. 32291350 5 50 theme nitrogen-acquiring 898:915 arg1 enzymes 917:923 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes 886:923 carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) 886:957 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 5 51 theme available 1057:1065 arg1 source 1082:1087 the available primary carbon source 1053:1087 the available primary carbon source 1053:1087 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 6 52 theme β-glucosidase 1159:1171 arg1 activity 1173:1180 β-glucosidase activity 1159:1180 β-glucosidase activity 1159:1180 Notably, a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity demonstrates their polysaccharide depolymerization in providing the carbon for microbial growth. 32291350 10 53 theme available 2273:2281 arg1 carbon 2266:2271 organic carbon available 2258:2281 organic carbon available 2258:2281 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 8 54 theme simpler 1770:1776 arg1 forms 1778:1782 simpler forms 1770:1782 simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1770:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 10 55 theme organic 2258:2264 arg1 carbon 2266:2271 organic carbon available 2258:2281 organic carbon available 2258:2281 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 8 56 theme cellular 1847:1854 arg1 carbon 1856:1861 their cellular carbon 1841:1861 their cellular carbon 1841:1861 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 3 57 theme mesocosm 587:594 arg1 experiment 596:605 a mesocosm experiment 585:605 a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment 585:699 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 11 58 theme microbial 2471:2479 arg1 productivity 2481:2492 microbial productivity 2471:2492 microbial productivity 2471:2492 We also show a linear relationship between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes and a strong correlation between microbial biomass and exoenzymes, highlighting their significance to microbial productivity. 32291350 1 59 theme essential 155:163 arg1 nutrients 165:173 essential nutrients 155:173 essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds 155:260 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 13 60 theme exoenzyme 2813:2821 arg1 production 2823:2832 exoenzyme production 2813:2832 exoenzyme production in the marine environment 2813:2858 These findings advance our understanding of previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment. 32291350 13 61 from production 2823:2832 arg1 environment 2848:2858 the marine environment 2837:2858 the marine environment 2837:2858 These findings advance our understanding of previously unknown factors associated with exoenzyme production in the marine environment. 32291350 2 62 theme marine 337:342 arg1 environments 344:355 various marine environments 329:355 various marine environments 329:355 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 11 63 theme linear 2299:2304 arg1 relationship 2306:2317 a linear relationship 2297:2317 a linear relationship between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes 2297:2367 We also show a linear relationship between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring exoenzymes and a strong correlation between microbial biomass and exoenzymes, highlighting their significance to microbial productivity. 32291350 12 64 theme exoenzyme 2670:2678 arg1 functions 2689:2697 exoenzyme activity functions 2670:2697 exoenzyme activity functions 2670:2697 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 8 65 theme phosphorus 1878:1887 arg1 requirements 1889:1900 their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1841:1900 their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1841:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 12 66 theme community 2535:2543 arg1 composition 2545:2555 microbial community composition 2525:2555 microbial community composition 2525:2555 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 12 67 theme functions 2689:2697 arg1 redundancy 2656:2665 a redundancy 2654:2665 a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community 2654:2723 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 8 68 theme organic 1593:1599 arg1 substrate 1601:1609 organic substrate 1593:1609 organic substrate 1593:1609 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 10 69 theme inorganic 2160:2168 arg1 levels 2179:2184 inorganic nutrient levels 2160:2184 inorganic nutrient levels 2160:2184 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 7 70 theme substrate 1485:1493 arg1 availability 1495:1506 substrate availability 1485:1506 substrate availability 1485:1506 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 12 71 theme microbial 2705:2713 arg1 community 2715:2723 microbial community 2705:2723 microbial community 2705:2723 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 2 72 theme activity 285:292 arg1 rates 276:280 the rates 272:280 the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments 272:355 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 7 73 theme activity 1308:1315 arg1 patterns 1317:1324 exoenzyme activity patterns 1298:1324 exoenzyme activity patterns 1298:1324 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 3 74 theme seawater 631:638 arg1 control 661:667 control 661:667 control 661:667 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 3 74 theme seawater 631:638 arg1 community 650:658 a natural seawater microbial community 621:658 a natural seawater microbial community (control) 621:668 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 32291350 8 75 theme marine 1639:1644 arg1 exoenzymes 1682:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes 1639:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1639:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 7 76 theme marine 1454:1459 arg1 community 1471:1479 the marine microbial community 1450:1479 the marine microbial community 1450:1479 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 8 77 theme Microbes 1665:1672 arg1 exoenzymes 1682:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes 1639:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1639:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 4 78 theme Exoenzyme 702:710 arg1 activities 712:721 Exoenzyme activities 702:721 Exoenzyme activities for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipase 702:781 Exoenzyme activities for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipase were significantly correlated with dissolved nutrient concentrations. 32291350 10 79 theme carbon 2215:2220 arg1 acquisition 2222:2232 carbon acquisition 2215:2232 carbon acquisition 2215:2232 Here, we found that exoenzymes associated with nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition were strongly correlated with inorganic nutrient levels, while those associated with carbon acquisition depended on the type of organic carbon available. 32291350 8 80 from processes 1626:1634 arg1 exoenzymes 1682:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes 1639:1691 marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements 1639:1900 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 7 81 theme functions 1434:1442 arg1 redundancy 1410:1419 a redundancy 1408:1419 a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community 1408:1479 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 7 81 theme functions 1434:1442 arg1 availability 1495:1506 substrate availability 1485:1506 substrate availability 1485:1506 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 1 82 theme Microbial 84:92 arg1 metabolism 106:115 Microbial heterotopic metabolism 84:115 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean 84:128 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 8 83 theme exoenzyme 1559:1567 arg1 function 1569:1576 exoenzyme function 1559:1576 exoenzyme function 1559:1576 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 5 84 theme carbon-acquiring 993:1008 arg1 enzymes 1010:1016 carbon-acquiring enzymes 993:1016 carbon-acquiring enzymes 993:1016 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 6 85 theme strong 1101:1106 arg1 correlation 1108:1118 a strong correlation 1099:1118 a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity 1099:1180 Notably, a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity demonstrates their polysaccharide depolymerization in providing the carbon for microbial growth. 32291350 8 86 theme down 1723:1726 arg1 matter 1744:1749 down complex organic matter 1723:1749 down complex organic matter 1723:1749 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 12 87 theme activity 2680:2687 arg1 functions 2689:2697 exoenzyme activity functions 2670:2697 exoenzyme activity functions 2670:2697 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 0 88 theme Microbial 29:37 arg1 Response 39:46 Microbial Response 29:46 Microbial Response to Marine Environmental Conditions 29:81 Exoenzymes as a Signature of Microbial Response to Marine Environmental Conditions. 32291350 5 89 theme primary 1067:1073 arg1 source 1082:1087 the available primary carbon source 1053:1087 the available primary carbon source 1053:1087 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 6 90 theme organic 1140:1146 arg1 carbon 1148:1153 particulate organic carbon 1128:1153 particulate organic carbon 1128:1153 Notably, a strong correlation between particulate organic carbon and β-glucosidase activity demonstrates their polysaccharide depolymerization in providing the carbon for microbial growth. 32291350 8 91 theme organic 1736:1742 arg1 matter 1744:1749 down complex organic matter 1723:1749 down complex organic matter 1723:1749 This study provides foundational work for linking exoenzyme function with dissolved organic substrate and downstream processes in marine systems.IMPORTANCE Microbes release exoenzymes into the environment to break down complex organic matter and nutrients into simpler forms that can be assimilated and utilized, thereby addressing their cellular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements. 32291350 4 92 theme nutrient 828:835 arg1 concentrations 837:850 dissolved nutrient concentrations 818:850 dissolved nutrient concentrations 818:850 Exoenzyme activities for β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipase were significantly correlated with dissolved nutrient concentrations. 32291350 2 93 theme exoenzymes 426:435 arg1 production 406:415 the production 402:415 the production of these exoenzymes 402:435 Although the rates of activity for a variety of exoenzymes across various marine environments are well established, the factors regulating the production of these exoenzymes, and to some extent their correlation with microbial community composition, are less known. 32291350 5 94 theme source 1082:1087 arg1 nature 1043:1048 the chemical nature 1030:1048 the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source 1030:1087 We measured correlations between carbon- and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase/lipase versus LAP) and found that the correlation of carbon-acquiring enzymes varies with the chemical nature of the available primary carbon source. 32291350 7 95 theme community 1374:1382 arg1 composition 1384:1394 prokaryotic community composition 1362:1394 prokaryotic community composition 1362:1394 Last, we show that exoenzyme activity patterns are not necessarily correlated with prokaryotic community composition, suggesting a redundancy of exoenzyme functions among the marine microbial community and substrate availability. 32291350 1 96 from metabolism 106:115 arg1 ocean 124:128 the ocean 120:128 the ocean 120:128 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 1 97 theme compounds 252:260 arg1 depolymerization 210:225 depolymerization 210:225 depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds 210:260 Microbial heterotopic metabolism in the ocean is fueled by a supply of essential nutrients acquired via exoenzymes catalyzing depolymerization of high-molecular-weight compounds. 32291350 9 98 theme marine 2027:2032 arg1 environment 2034:2044 the marine environment 2023:2044 the marine environment 2023:2044 Despite its importance, the factors associated with the synthesis of exoenzymes are not clearly defined, especially for the marine environment. 32291350 12 99 theme activity 2611:2618 arg1 profiles 2620:2627 exoenzyme activity profiles 2601:2627 exoenzyme activity profiles 2601:2627 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 12 100 theme exoenzyme 2601:2609 arg1 profiles 2620:2627 exoenzyme activity profiles 2601:2627 exoenzyme activity profiles 2601:2627 Last, we show that changes in microbial community composition are not strongly associated with changes in exoenzyme activity profiles, a finding which reveals a redundancy of exoenzyme activity functions among microbial community. 32291350 3 101 dep exposed 674:680 arg1 oil 686:688 oil 686:688 oil 686:688 This study focuses on addressing these challenges using a mesocosm experiment that compared a natural seawater microbial community (control) and exposed (to oil) treatment. 34284575 3 0 theme good 319:322 arg1 key 382:384 key 382:384 key 382:384 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 3 0 theme good 319:322 arg1 knowledge 324:332 A good knowledge 317:332 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein 317:377 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 8 1 theme SARS-CoV-2 1176:1185 arg1 S 1187:1187 SARS-CoV-2 S 1176:1187 SARS-CoV-2 S 1176:1187 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 8 2 theme O-glycosylation 1039:1053 arg1 profile 1055:1061 the O-glycosylation profile 1035:1061 the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 1035:1087 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 6 3 theme silica 718:723 arg1 microspheres 725:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres 689:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2) 689:760 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 6 3 theme silica 718:723 arg1 materials 678:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 1 4 theme coronavirus-2 172:184 arg1 syndrome 163:170 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 138:184 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 4 theme coronavirus-2 172:184 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 7 5 gly glycopeptide 963:974 arg2 glycopeptide 963:974 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 0 6 theme Trp-Arg 87:93 arg1 Materials 95:103 Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials 76:103 Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials 76:103 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 9 7 theme biological 1348:1357 arg1 fields 1359:1364 biological fields 1348:1364 biological fields 1348:1364 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 4 8 from sites 511:515 arg1 protein 525:531 this protein 520:531 this protein 520:531 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 7 9 theme O-linked 954:961 arg1 enrichment 976:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 9 10 link O-linked 1276:1283 arg1 glycopeptides 1285:1297 O-linked glycopeptides 1276:1297 O-linked glycopeptides 1276:1297 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 9 11 theme O-linked 1276:1283 arg1 glycopeptides 1285:1297 O-linked glycopeptides 1276:1297 O-linked glycopeptides 1276:1297 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 8 12 dep analyze 1027:1033 arg1 identified 1162:1171 identified 1162:1171 are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S 1158:1187 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 9 13 theme specific 1251:1258 arg1 selectivity 1260:1270 specific selectivity 1251:1270 specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides 1251:1297 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 7 14 theme glycopeptide 963:974 arg1 enrichment 976:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 7 15 link O-linked 954:961 arg1 enrichment 976:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 O-linked glycopeptide enrichment 954:985 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 10 16 theme S 1409:1409 arg1 profile 1387:1393 The O-glycosylation profile 1367:1393 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S 1367:1409 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 5 17 theme low 605:607 arg1 stoichiometry 609:621 the extremely low stoichiometry 591:621 the extremely low stoichiometry of O-glycosylation 591:640 This difference is mainly ascribed to the extremely low stoichiometry of O-glycosylation. 34284575 2 18 theme protein 304:310 arg1 S 313:313 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target the highly glycosylated spike protein (S). 34284575 6 19 theme monomer-grafted 702:716 arg1 microspheres 725:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres 689:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2) 689:760 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 6 19 theme monomer-grafted 702:716 arg1 materials 678:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 2 20 gly glycosylated 285:296 arg1 S 313:313 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target the highly glycosylated spike protein (S). 34284575 7 21 with interference 903:914 arg1 fold 935:938 the 100 molar fold 921:938 the 100 molar fold of BSA 921:945 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 8 22 theme SARS-CoV-2 1078:1087 arg1 profile 1055:1061 the O-glycosylation profile 1035:1061 the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 1035:1087 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 2 23 theme spike 298:302 arg1 S 313:313 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target the highly glycosylated spike protein (S). 34284575 4 24 gly O-glycosylation 495:509 arg2 sites 511:515 only a few O-glycosylation sites 484:515 only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein 484:531 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 4 24 gly O-glycosylation 495:509 arg2 few 491:493 few 491:493 few 491:493 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 9 25 gly glycopeptides 1285:1297 arg2 glycopeptides 1285:1297 O-linked glycopeptides 1276:1297 O-linked glycopeptides 1276:1297 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 3 26 theme vaccine 400:406 arg1 development 408:418 successful vaccine development 389:418 successful vaccine development 389:418 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 5 27 theme O-glycosylation 626:640 arg1 stoichiometry 609:621 the extremely low stoichiometry 591:621 the extremely low stoichiometry of O-glycosylation 591:640 This difference is mainly ascribed to the extremely low stoichiometry of O-glycosylation. 34284575 10 28 gly N-glycosylation 1475:1489 arg1 S 1505:1505 SARS-CoV-2 S 1494:1505 SARS-CoV-2 S 1494:1505 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 2 29 theme glycosylated 285:296 arg1 S 313:313 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 the highly glycosylated spike protein (S) 274:314 Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target the highly glycosylated spike protein (S). 34284575 3 30 theme glycosylation 341:353 arg1 profile 355:361 the glycosylation profile 337:361 the glycosylation profile of this protein 337:377 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 0 31 theme O-Glycosylation 14:28 arg1 Analysis 30:37 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis 0:37 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 0:104 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 9 32 theme O-glycosylation 1320:1334 arg1 research 1336:1343 O-glycosylation research 1320:1343 O-glycosylation research in biological fields 1320:1364 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 6 33 theme biomimetic 773:782 arg1 materials 784:792 these biomimetic materials 767:792 these biomimetic materials 767:792 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 8 34 gly O-glycosylation 1105:1119 arg2 Twenty-seven 1092:1103 Twenty-seven 1092:1103 Twenty-seven 1092:1103 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 8 34 gly O-glycosylation 1105:1119 arg2 sites 1152:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 8 34 gly O-glycosylation 1105:1119 arg2 sites 1121:1125 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites 1089:1125 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites 1089:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 6 35 gly glycopeptides 821:833 arg2 glycopeptides 821:833 O-linked glycopeptides 812:833 O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity 812:855 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 0 36 theme Comprehensive 0:12 arg1 Analysis 30:37 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis 0:37 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 0:104 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 8 37 theme S. 1089:1090 arg1 sites 1152:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 8 37 theme S. 1089:1090 arg1 sites 1121:1125 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites 1089:1125 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites 1089:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 10 38 theme SARS-CoV-2 1494:1503 arg1 S 1505:1505 SARS-CoV-2 S 1494:1505 SARS-CoV-2 S 1494:1505 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 6 39 theme Trp-Arg 689:695 arg1 microspheres 725:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres 689:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2) 689:760 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 6 39 theme Trp-Arg 689:695 arg1 materials 678:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 3 40 theme protein 371:377 arg1 profile 355:361 the glycosylation profile 337:361 the glycosylation profile of this protein 337:377 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 7 41 theme BSA 943:945 arg1 fold 935:938 the 100 molar fold 921:938 the 100 molar fold of BSA 921:945 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 10 42 gly O-glycosylation 1371:1385 arg1 S 1409:1409 SARS-CoV-2 S 1398:1409 SARS-CoV-2 S 1398:1409 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 7 43 theme molar 929:933 arg1 fold 935:938 the 100 molar fold 921:938 the 100 molar fold of BSA 921:945 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 1 44 theme COVID-19 110:117 arg1 threat 226:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 44 theme COVID-19 110:117 arg1 pandemic 119:126 The COVID-19 pandemic 106:126 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 106:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 10 45 theme O-glycosylation 1371:1385 arg1 profile 1387:1393 The O-glycosylation profile 1367:1393 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S 1367:1409 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 1 46 theme serious 204:210 arg1 pandemic 119:126 The COVID-19 pandemic 106:126 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 106:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 46 theme serious 204:210 arg1 threat 226:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 6 47 with N- 805:806 arg1 selectivity 845:855 high selectivity 840:855 high selectivity 840:855 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 8 48 theme O-glycosylation 1105:1119 arg1 sites 1152:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 8 48 theme O-glycosylation 1105:1119 arg1 sites 1121:1125 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites 1089:1125 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites 1089:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 7 49 gly nonglycopeptides 885:900 arg2 nonglycopeptides 885:900 the nonglycopeptides' 881:901 the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA 881:945 And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. 34284575 1 50 theme public 212:217 arg1 pandemic 119:126 The COVID-19 pandemic 106:126 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 106:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 50 theme public 212:217 arg1 threat 226:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 0 51 theme SARS-CoV-2 46:55 arg1 Protein 63:69 the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 42:69 the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 42:69 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 8 52 used utilized 991:998 arg2 We 988:989 We 988:989 We 988:989 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 4 53 from sites 461:465 arg1 S 481:481 SARS-CoV-2 S 470:481 SARS-CoV-2 S 470:481 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 4 54 theme N-glycosylation 445:459 arg1 sites 461:465 the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites 428:465 the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S 428:481 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 6 55 theme biomimetic 667:676 arg1 materials 678:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 the biomimetic materials 663:686 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 6 55 theme biomimetic 667:676 arg1 microspheres 725:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres 689:736 Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2) 689:760 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 1 56 theme health 219:224 arg1 pandemic 119:126 The COVID-19 pandemic 106:126 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 106:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 56 theme health 219:224 arg1 threat 226:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 a serious public health threat 202:231 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 6 57 dep microspheres 725:736 arg1 designated 739:748 designated 739:748 designated as WR-SiO2 739:759 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 3 58 gly glycosylation 341:353 arg1 protein 371:377 this protein 366:377 this protein 366:377 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 4 59 theme SARS-CoV-2 470:479 arg1 S 481:481 SARS-CoV-2 S 470:481 SARS-CoV-2 S 470:481 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 3 60 theme profile 355:361 arg1 key 382:384 key 382:384 key 382:384 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 3 60 theme profile 355:361 arg1 knowledge 324:332 A good knowledge 317:332 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein 317:377 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 0 61 theme Protein 63:69 arg1 Analysis 30:37 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis 0:37 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 0:104 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 2 62 theme Most 234:237 arg1 vaccines 239:246 Most vaccines 234:246 Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 234:265 Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target the highly glycosylated spike protein (S). 34284575 0 63 with Analysis 30:37 arg1 Materials 95:103 Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials 76:103 Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials 76:103 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 0 64 theme Spike 57:61 arg1 Protein 63:69 the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 42:69 the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 42:69 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 8 65 theme unambiguous 1140:1150 arg1 sites 1152:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 18 unambiguous sites 1137:1156 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 6 66 theme high 840:843 arg1 selectivity 845:855 high selectivity 840:855 high selectivity 840:855 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 8 67 theme recombinant 1066:1076 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 1078:1087 recombinant SARS-CoV-2 1066:1087 recombinant SARS-CoV-2 1066:1087 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 10 68 theme SARS-CoV-2 1398:1407 arg1 S 1409:1409 SARS-CoV-2 S 1398:1409 SARS-CoV-2 S 1398:1409 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 4 69 gly N-glycosylation 445:459 arg2 sites 461:465 the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites 428:465 the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S 428:481 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 4 69 gly N-glycosylation 445:459 arg2 22 432:433 22 432:433 22 432:433 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 10 70 theme comprehensive 1432:1444 arg1 glycosylation 1446:1458 the comprehensive glycosylation 1428:1458 the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S 1428:1505 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 9 71 from research 1336:1343 arg1 fields 1359:1364 biological fields 1348:1364 biological fields 1348:1364 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 9 72 theme biomimetic 1222:1231 arg1 polymer 1233:1239 the biomimetic polymer 1218:1239 the biomimetic polymer 1218:1239 Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. 34284575 1 73 theme severe 138:143 arg1 syndrome 163:170 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 138:184 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 73 theme severe 138:143 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 8 74 gly O-glycosylation 1039:1053 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 1078:1087 recombinant SARS-CoV-2 1066:1087 recombinant SARS-CoV-2 1066:1087 We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 4 75 theme confirmed 435:443 arg1 sites 461:465 the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites 428:465 the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S 428:481 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 1 76 theme acute 145:149 arg1 syndrome 163:170 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 138:184 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 76 theme acute 145:149 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 0 77 theme Biomimetic 76:85 arg1 Materials 95:103 Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials 76:103 Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials 76:103 Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. 34284575 6 78 theme O-linked 812:819 arg1 glycopeptides 821:833 O-linked glycopeptides 812:833 O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity 812:855 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 6 79 with glycopeptides 821:833 arg1 selectivity 845:855 high selectivity 840:855 high selectivity 840:855 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 34284575 1 80 theme respiratory 151:161 arg1 syndrome 163:170 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 138:184 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 138:197 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 1 80 theme respiratory 151:161 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 SARS-CoV-2 187:196 The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. 34284575 3 81 theme successful 389:398 arg1 development 408:418 successful vaccine development 389:418 successful vaccine development 389:418 A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. 34284575 4 82 theme O-glycosylation 495:509 arg1 sites 511:515 only a few O-glycosylation sites 484:515 only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein 484:531 Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. 34284575 10 83 theme S 1505:1505 arg1 N-glycosylation 1475:1489 N-glycosylation 1475:1489 N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S 1475:1505 The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. 34284575 6 84 link O-linked 812:819 arg1 glycopeptides 821:833 O-linked glycopeptides 812:833 O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity 812:855 Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. 32401558 0 0 theme extracellular 71:83 arg1 matrix 85:90 the extracellular matrix 67:90 the extracellular matrix 67:90 Biofilms formed by Scedosporium and Lomentospora species: focus on the extracellular matrix. 32401558 2 1 theme scanning 335:342 arg1 microscopy 344:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 320:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 320:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 2 with mass 381:384 arg1 ECM 395:397 an ECM 392:397 an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA 392:523 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 3 theme laser 329:333 arg1 microscopy 344:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 320:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 320:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 6 4 theme first 1087:1091 arg1 time 1093:1096 the first time 1083:1096 the first time 1083:1096 Collectively, these results have revealed for the first time the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species and the role it plays in their architecture. 32401558 3 5 theme nucleic 686:692 arg1 acids 694:698 nucleic acids 686:698 nucleic acids 686:698 The ECMs that were chemically extracted from mature biofilms formed by each of these fungi was predominantly composed of polysaccharides, followed by proteins, nucleic acids and sterols. 32401558 4 6 theme ECM 747:749 arg1 amount 729:734 the amount 725:734 the amount of biofilm ECM 725:749 In general, the amount of biofilm ECM was significantly greater in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum than in S. apiospermum and L. prolificans. 32401558 4 6 theme ECM 747:749 arg1 ECM 747:749 biofilm ECM 739:749 biofilm ECM 739:749 In general, the amount of biofilm ECM was significantly greater in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum than in S. apiospermum and L. prolificans. 32401558 4 6 theme ECM 747:749 arg1 greater 769:775 greater 769:775 greater 769:775 In general, the amount of biofilm ECM was significantly greater in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum than in S. apiospermum and L. prolificans. 32401558 5 7 theme sodium 940:945 arg1 metaperiodate 947:959 sodium metaperiodate 940:959 sodium metaperiodate 940:959 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 4 8 theme biofilm 739:745 arg1 ECM 747:749 biofilm ECM 739:749 biofilm ECM 739:749 In general, the amount of biofilm ECM was significantly greater in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum than in S. apiospermum and L. prolificans. 32401558 2 9 theme extracellular 507:519 arg1 DNA 521:523 extracellular DNA 507:523 extracellular DNA 507:523 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 10 theme Confocal 320:327 arg1 microscopy 344:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 320:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 320:353 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 5 11 theme chelating 965:973 arg1 agents 975:980 chelating agents 965:980 chelating agents 965:980 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 1 12 theme matrix 152:157 arg1 composition 119:129 the composition 115:129 the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface 115:300 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 5 13 with biofilms 917:924 arg1 enzymes 931:937 enzymes 931:937 enzymes 931:937 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 5 13 with biofilms 917:924 arg1 metaperiodate 947:959 sodium metaperiodate 940:959 sodium metaperiodate 940:959 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 5 13 with biofilms 917:924 arg1 agents 975:980 chelating agents 965:980 chelating agents 965:980 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 2 14 theme mycelial 372:379 arg1 mass 381:384 a dense mycelial mass 364:384 a dense mycelial mass 364:384 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 15 gly glycoproteins 488:500 arg1 glycoproteins 488:500 glycoproteins 488:500 glycoproteins 488:500 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 15 gly glycoproteins 488:500 arg1 molecules 472:480 carbohydrate-rich molecules 454:480 carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) 454:501 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 16 theme dense 366:370 arg1 mass 381:384 a dense mycelial mass 364:384 a dense mycelial mass 364:384 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 17 theme fungal 426:431 arg1 cells 433:437 the fungal cells 422:437 the fungal cells 422:437 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 3 18 theme mature 571:576 arg1 biofilms 578:585 mature biofilms 571:585 mature biofilms formed by each of these fungi 571:615 The ECMs that were chemically extracted from mature biofilms formed by each of these fungi was predominantly composed of polysaccharides, followed by proteins, nucleic acids and sterols. 32401558 6 19 theme biofilms 1132:1139 arg1 ECM 1121:1123 the ECM 1117:1123 the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species 1117:1183 Collectively, these results have revealed for the first time the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species and the role it plays in their architecture. 32401558 6 20 theme Scedosporium/Lomentospora 1151:1175 arg1 species 1177:1183 Scedosporium/Lomentospora species 1151:1183 Scedosporium/Lomentospora species 1151:1183 Collectively, these results have revealed for the first time the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species and the role it plays in their architecture. 32401558 1 21 theme extracellular 138:150 arg1 ECM 160:162 ECM 160:162 ECM 160:162 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 1 21 theme extracellular 138:150 arg1 matrix 152:157 the extracellular matrix 134:157 the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface 134:300 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 1 22 theme biofilm 172:178 arg1 ECM 160:162 ECM 160:162 ECM 160:162 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 1 22 theme biofilm 172:178 arg1 matrix 152:157 the extracellular matrix 134:157 the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface 134:300 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 2 23 theme carbohydrate-rich 454:470 arg1 glycoproteins 488:500 glycoproteins 488:500 glycoproteins 488:500 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 23 theme carbohydrate-rich 454:470 arg1 molecules 472:480 carbohydrate-rich molecules 454:480 carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) 454:501 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 6 24 dep role 1193:1196 arg1 plays 1201:1205 plays 1201:1205 plays in their architecture 1201:1227 Collectively, these results have revealed for the first time the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species and the role it plays in their architecture. 32401558 2 25 dep ECM 395:397 arg1 containing 443:452 containing 443:452 containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA 443:523 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 2 25 dep ECM 395:397 arg1 covering/interspersing 399:420 covering/interspersing 399:420 covering/interspersing the fungal cells 399:437 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 1 26 theme present 100:106 arg1 study 108:112 the present study 96:112 the present study 96:112 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 1 27 theme polystyrene 282:292 arg1 surface 294:300 a polystyrene surface 280:300 a polystyrene surface 280:300 In the present study, the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm formed by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans on a polystyrene surface was investigated. 32401558 0 28 dep Scedosporium 19:30 arg1 species 49:55 species 49:55 species 49:55 Biofilms formed by Scedosporium and Lomentospora species: focus on the extracellular matrix. 32401558 5 29 theme mature 910:915 arg1 biofilms 917:924 mature biofilms 910:924 mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents 910:980 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 2 30 dep glycoproteins 488:500 arg1 e.g. 483:486 e.g. 483:486 e.g. 483:486 Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense mycelial mass, with an ECM covering/interspersing the fungal cells and containing carbohydrate-rich molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and extracellular DNA. 32401558 5 31 theme biofilms 917:924 arg1 disarticulation 891:905 the disarticulation 887:905 the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents 887:980 Corroborating these results, the disarticulation of mature biofilms with enzymes, sodium metaperiodate and chelating agents occurred mainly in S. minutisporum and S. aurantiacum. 32401558 6 32 theme ECM 1121:1123 arg1 role 1193:1196 the role 1189:1196 the role it plays in their architecture 1189:1227 Collectively, these results have revealed for the first time the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species and the role it plays in their architecture. 32401558 6 32 theme ECM 1121:1123 arg1 composition 1102:1112 the composition 1098:1112 the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species 1098:1183 Collectively, these results have revealed for the first time the composition of the ECM of the biofilms formed by Scedosporium/Lomentospora species and the role it plays in their architecture. 32401558 3 33 dep composed 635:642 arg1 followed 664:671 followed 664:671 followed by proteins, nucleic acids and sterols 664:710 The ECMs that were chemically extracted from mature biofilms formed by each of these fungi was predominantly composed of polysaccharides, followed by proteins, nucleic acids and sterols. 32401558 0 34 dep Biofilms 0:7 arg1 focus 58:62 focus 58:62 focus on the extracellular matrix 58:90 Biofilms formed by Scedosporium and Lomentospora species: focus on the extracellular matrix. 33747004 4 0 theme cell 810:813 arg1 polysaccharides 820:834 cell wall polysaccharides 810:834 cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH 810:866 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 8 1 theme methylation 1443:1453 arg1 degree 1433:1438 degree 1433:1438 degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1433:1504 No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. 33747004 7 2 theme AIR 1274:1276 arg1 portion 1258:1264 a portion 1256:1264 a portion of each AIR 1256:1276 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 7 3 theme composition 1239:1249 arg1 analysis 1212:1219 GC-MS analysis 1206:1219 GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition 1206:1249 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 4 4 theme " 556:556 arg1 watermelon 558:567 "Liberty" watermelon 548:567 "Liberty" watermelon 548:567 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 3 5 theme polysaccharide 499:512 arg1 composition 514:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 4 6 theme non-grafted 749:759 arg1 plants 761:766 both grafted and non-grafted plants 732:766 both grafted and non-grafted plants 732:766 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 3 7 theme cell 489:492 arg1 composition 514:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 13 8 theme linkage 2098:2104 arg1 analysis 2106:2113 the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis 2060:2113 the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date 2060:2121 This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. 33747004 7 9 theme GC-MS 1206:1210 arg1 analysis 1212:1219 GC-MS analysis 1206:1219 GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition 1206:1249 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 4 10 theme moschata 619:626 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 10 theme moschata 619:626 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 2 11 from crack 327:331 arg1 tissue 350:355 the placental tissue 336:355 the placental tissue expanding to a cavity 336:377 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 9 12 dep AIR 1591:1593 arg1 μg⋅mg-1 1583:1589 μg⋅mg-1 1583:1589 μg⋅mg-1 1583:1589 Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1). 33747004 15 13 theme interspecific 2364:2376 arg1 rootstock 2385:2393 the interspecific hybrid rootstock 2360:2393 the interspecific hybrid rootstock 2360:2393 Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars. 33747004 4 14 theme hybrid 598:603 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 14 theme hybrid 598:603 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 15 dep HH 724:725 arg1 analyzed 773:780 analyzed 773:780 were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH 768:866 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 9 16 theme highest 1548:1554 arg1 abundance 1556:1564 highest abundance 1548:1564 highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR 1548:1593 Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1). 33747004 4 17 theme HH 649:650 arg1 % 654:654 HH 39% 649:654 HH 39% 649:654 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 3 18 with watermelon 389:398 arg1 firmness 418:425 lower tissue firmness 405:425 lower tissue firmness 405:425 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 13 19 theme linkages 2183:2190 arg1 identification 2153:2166 the identification 2149:2166 the identification of several new linkages 2149:2190 This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. 33747004 1 20 theme watermelon 125:134 arg1 scions 136:141 Grafting watermelon scions 116:141 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids 116:173 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. 33747004 11 21 located found 1876:1880 arg2 xylose 1866:1871 xylose 1866:1871 xylose 1866:1871 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 11 21 located found 1876:1880 arg1 heteroxylan 1905:1915 heteroxylan 1905:1915 heteroxylan 1905:1915 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 11 21 located found 1876:1880 arg1 xylogalacturonan 1885:1900 xylogalacturonan 1885:1900 xylogalacturonan 1885:1900 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 4 22 theme C. 630:631 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 22 theme C. 630:631 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 10 23 theme p 1768:1768 arg1 < 1770:1770 p < 0.05 1768:1775 p < 0.05 1768:1775 Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). 33747004 8 24 theme galacturonic 1458:1469 arg1 concentrations 1491:1504 galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1458:1504 galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1458:1504 No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. 33747004 4 25 from differences 795:805 arg1 polysaccharides 820:834 cell wall polysaccharides 810:834 cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH 810:866 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 7 26 theme linkage 1397:1403 arg1 assembly 1405:1412 polysaccharide linkage assembly 1382:1412 polysaccharide linkage assembly 1382:1412 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 12 27 theme highest 2025:2031 arg1 abundance 2033:2041 highest abundance 2025:2041 highest abundance 2025:2041 In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. 33747004 11 28 theme rhamnogalacturonan 1826:1843 arg1 chains 1852:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 1 29 theme squash 160:165 arg1 hybrids 167:173 interspecific squash hybrids 146:173 interspecific squash hybrids 146:173 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. 33747004 7 30 theme alditol 1361:1367 arg1 acetates 1369:1376 partially methylated alditol acetates 1340:1376 partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly 1340:1412 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 3 31 contain have 435:438 arg1 watermelon 389:398 watermelon 389:398 watermelon with lower tissue firmness 389:425 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 3 31 contain have 435:438 arg2 incidence 452:460 a higher HH incidence 440:460 a higher HH incidence 440:460 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 0 32 theme Hollow 95:100 arg1 Defect 108:113 Hollow Heart Defect 95:113 Hollow Heart Defect 95:113 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 15 33 theme susceptible 2473:2483 arg1 cultivars 2485:2493 HH susceptible cultivars 2470:2493 HH susceptible cultivars 2470:2493 Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars. 33747004 10 34 dep highest 1730:1736 arg1 < 1770:1770 p < 0.05 1768:1775 p < 0.05 1768:1775 Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). 33747004 2 35 theme placental 340:348 arg1 tissue 350:355 the placental tissue 336:355 the placental tissue expanding to a cavity 336:377 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 0 36 theme Cell 0:3 arg1 Composition 25:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition 0:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 0:114 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 13 37 theme new 2179:2181 arg1 linkages 2183:2190 several new linkages 2171:2190 several new linkages 2171:2190 This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. 33747004 0 38 theme Polysaccharide 10:23 arg1 Composition 25:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition 0:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 0:114 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 5 39 theme insoluble 877:885 arg1 AIR 897:899 AIR 897:899 AIR 897:899 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 5 39 theme insoluble 877:885 arg1 residues 887:894 Alcohol insoluble residues 869:894 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) 869:900 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 5 40 dep soluble 1014:1020 arg1 ASF 1023:1025 ASF 1023:1025 ASF 1023:1025 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 3 41 theme tissue 411:416 arg1 firmness 418:425 lower tissue firmness 405:425 lower tissue firmness 405:425 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 4 42 theme grafted 737:743 arg1 plants 761:766 both grafted and non-grafted plants 732:766 both grafted and non-grafted plants 732:766 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 14 43 theme total 2202:2206 arg1 pectin 2208:2213 total pectin 2202:2213 total pectin 2202:2213 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 3 44 theme higher 442:447 arg1 incidence 452:460 a higher HH incidence 440:460 a higher HH incidence 440:460 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 15 45 theme HH 2470:2471 arg1 cultivars 2485:2493 HH susceptible cultivars 2470:2493 HH susceptible cultivars 2470:2493 Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars. 33747004 4 46 dep " 581:581 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 46 dep " 581:581 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 2 47 theme fruit 293:297 arg1 disorder 299:306 an internal fruit disorder 281:306 an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity 281:377 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 2 47 theme fruit 293:297 arg1 heart 269:273 hollow heart 262:273 hollow heart (HH) 262:278 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 14 48 theme increased 2268:2276 arg1 firmness 2285:2292 the increased tissue firmness 2264:2292 the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants 2264:2330 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 5 49 dep soluble 992:998 arg1 CSF 1001:1003 CSF 1001:1003 CSF 1001:1003 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 4 50 theme severe 717:722 arg1 HH 724:725 severe HH 717:725 severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH 717:866 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 3 51 theme associated 463:472 arg1 differences 474:484 associated differences 463:484 associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition 463:524 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 8 52 theme acid 1486:1489 arg1 concentrations 1491:1504 galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1458:1504 galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1458:1504 No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. 33747004 15 53 theme useful 2438:2443 arg1 method 2445:2450 a useful method 2436:2450 a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars 2436:2493 Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars. 33747004 14 54 from plants 2325:2330 arg1 fruit 2306:2310 fruit 2306:2310 fruit from grafted plants 2306:2330 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 12 55 theme carbohydrate 1936:1947 arg1 linkages 1949:1956 34 carbohydrate linkages 1933:1956 34 carbohydrate linkages 1933:1956 In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. 33747004 3 56 theme wall 494:497 arg1 composition 514:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 14 57 theme composition 2229:2239 arg1 data 2241:2244 composition data 2229:2244 composition data 2229:2244 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 5 58 dep soluble 967:973 arg1 WSF 976:978 WSF 976:978 WSF 976:978 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 3 59 from differences 474:484 arg1 composition 514:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 cell wall polysaccharide composition 489:524 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 2 60 theme hollow 262:267 arg1 heart 269:273 hollow heart 262:273 hollow heart (HH) 262:278 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 2 60 theme hollow 262:267 arg1 disorder 299:306 an internal fruit disorder 281:306 an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity 281:377 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 2 60 theme hollow 262:267 arg1 HH 276:277 HH 276:277 HH 276:277 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 15 61 theme HH 2422:2423 arg1 incidence 2409:2417 the incidence 2405:2417 the incidence of HH 2405:2423 Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars. 33747004 13 62 theme polysaccharide 2083:2096 arg1 analysis 2106:2113 the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis 2060:2113 the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date 2060:2121 This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. 33747004 14 63 theme cell 2219:2222 arg1 wall 2224:2227 cell wall 2219:2227 cell wall 2219:2227 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 7 64 theme monosaccharide 1224:1237 arg1 composition 1239:1249 monosaccharide composition 1224:1249 monosaccharide composition 1224:1249 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 4 65 theme C. 616:617 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 65 theme C. 616:617 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 9 66 dep μg⋅mg-1 1583:1589 arg1 82.4 1578:1581 82.4 1578:1581 82.4 1578:1581 Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1). 33747004 9 66 dep μg⋅mg-1 1583:1589 arg1 75.9 1569:1572 75.9 1569:1572 75.9 1569:1572 Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1). 33747004 8 67 from differences 1418:1428 arg1 degree 1433:1438 degree 1433:1438 degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1433:1504 No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. 33747004 2 68 theme seedless 228:235 arg1 watermelon 238:247 Triploid (seedless) watermelon 218:247 Triploid (seedless) watermelon 218:247 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 15 69 theme hybrid 2378:2383 arg1 rootstock 2385:2393 the interspecific hybrid rootstock 2360:2393 the interspecific hybrid rootstock 2360:2393 Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars. 33747004 1 70 theme fruit 202:206 arg1 firmness 208:215 fruit firmness 202:215 fruit firmness 202:215 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. 33747004 4 71 theme interspecific 584:596 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 71 theme interspecific 584:596 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 10 72 theme grafted 1752:1758 arg1 plants 1760:1765 grafted plants 1752:1765 grafted plants 1752:1765 Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). 33747004 5 73 theme soluble 992:998 arg1 fractions 1059:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 2 74 theme Triploid 218:225 arg1 watermelon 238:247 Triploid (seedless) watermelon 218:247 Triploid (seedless) watermelon 218:247 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 11 75 theme side 1847:1850 arg1 chains 1852:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 14 76 theme tissue 2278:2283 arg1 firmness 2285:2292 the increased tissue firmness 2264:2292 the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants 2264:2330 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 5 77 theme soluble 967:973 arg1 fractions 1059:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 1 78 theme Grafting 116:123 arg1 scions 136:141 Grafting watermelon scions 116:141 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids 116:173 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. 33747004 4 79 theme wall 815:818 arg1 polysaccharides 820:834 cell wall polysaccharides 810:834 cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH 810:866 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 0 80 theme Watermelon 58:67 arg1 Composition 25:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition 0:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 0:114 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 7 81 theme polysaccharide 1382:1395 arg1 assembly 1405:1412 polysaccharide linkage assembly 1382:1412 polysaccharide linkage assembly 1382:1412 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 14 82 dep pectin 2208:2213 arg1 data 2241:2244 composition data 2229:2244 composition data 2229:2244 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 4 83 theme × 628:628 arg1 maxima 633:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 C. moschata × C. maxima 616:638 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 4 83 theme × 628:628 arg1 rootstock 605:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 interspecific hybrid rootstock 584:613 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 0 84 theme Reduced 74:80 arg1 Incidence 82:90 Reduced Incidence 74:90 Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect 74:113 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 5 85 theme soluble 1014:1020 arg1 fractions 1059:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 1 86 theme interspecific 146:158 arg1 hybrids 167:173 interspecific squash hybrids 146:173 interspecific squash hybrids 146:173 Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. 33747004 0 87 theme Defect 108:113 arg1 Incidence 82:90 Reduced Incidence 74:90 Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect 74:113 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 7 88 theme methylated 1350:1359 arg1 acetates 1369:1376 partially methylated alditol acetates 1340:1376 partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly 1340:1412 AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. 33747004 12 89 theme arabinose 2003:2011 arg1 linkages 2013:2020 arabinose linkages 2003:2020 arabinose linkages 2003:2020 In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. 33747004 0 90 theme Heart 102:106 arg1 Defect 108:113 Hollow Heart Defect 95:113 Hollow Heart Defect 95:113 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 14 91 theme grafted 2317:2323 arg1 plants 2325:2330 grafted plants 2317:2330 grafted plants 2317:2330 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 4 92 theme N. 691:692 arg1 Fruit 694:698 3 N. Fruit 689:698 3 N. Fruit 689:698 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 3 93 theme lower 405:409 arg1 firmness 418:425 lower tissue firmness 405:425 lower tissue firmness 405:425 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 0 94 theme Wall 5:8 arg1 Composition 25:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition 0:35 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 0:114 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 10 95 from plants 1760:1765 arg1 fruit 1741:1745 fruit 1741:1745 fruit from grafted plants 1741:1765 Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). 33747004 13 96 theme several 2171:2177 arg1 linkages 2183:2190 several new linkages 2171:2190 several new linkages 2171:2190 This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. 33747004 5 97 dep unextractable 1032:1044 arg1 UNX 1047:1049 UNX 1047:1049 UNX 1047:1049 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 14 98 located observed 2294:2301 arg2 firmness 2285:2292 the increased tissue firmness 2264:2292 the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants 2264:2330 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 14 98 located observed 2294:2301 arg1 fruit 2306:2310 fruit 2306:2310 fruit from grafted plants 2306:2330 However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. 33747004 5 99 theme Alcohol 869:875 arg1 AIR 897:899 AIR 897:899 AIR 897:899 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 5 99 theme Alcohol 869:875 arg1 residues 887:894 Alcohol insoluble residues 869:894 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) 869:900 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 4 100 theme tissue 670:675 arg1 firmness 677:684 tissue firmness 670:684 tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH 670:866 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 0 101 theme Grafted 40:46 arg1 Watermelon 58:67 Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon 40:67 Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon 40:67 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 5 102 theme pectic 1052:1057 arg1 fractions 1059:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 11 103 located found 1800:1804 arg1 chains 1852:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 11 103 located found 1800:1804 arg1 heteromannan 1809:1820 heteromannan 1809:1820 heteromannan 1809:1820 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 11 103 located found 1800:1804 arg2 Mannose 1779:1785 Mannose 1779:1785 Mannose 1779:1785 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 5 104 theme placental 935:943 arg1 tissue 945:950 placental tissue 935:950 placental tissue 935:950 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 0 105 with Composition 25:35 arg1 Incidence 82:90 Reduced Incidence 74:90 Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect 74:113 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 9 106 dep abundance 1556:1564 arg1 followed 1610:1617 followed 1610:1617 followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1) 1610:1665 Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1). 33747004 0 107 theme Liberty 49:55 arg1 Watermelon 58:67 Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon 40:67 Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon 40:67 Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect. 33747004 11 108 theme I 1845:1845 arg1 chains 1852:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 rhamnogalacturonan I side chains 1826:1857 Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. 33747004 12 109 theme 34 1933:1934 arg1 linkages 1949:1956 34 carbohydrate linkages 1933:1956 34 carbohydrate linkages 1933:1956 In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. 33747004 3 110 theme HH 449:450 arg1 incidence 452:460 a higher HH incidence 440:460 a higher HH incidence 440:460 Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. 33747004 8 111 theme glucuronic 1475:1484 arg1 concentrations 1491:1504 galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1458:1504 galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1458:1504 No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. 33747004 5 112 theme unextractable 1032:1044 arg1 fractions 1059:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions 961:1067 Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. 33747004 9 113 from AIR 1591:1593 arg1 abundance 1556:1564 highest abundance 1548:1564 highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR 1548:1593 Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg-1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg-1). 33747004 2 114 theme internal 284:291 arg1 disorder 299:306 an internal fruit disorder 281:306 an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity 281:377 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 2 114 theme internal 284:291 arg1 heart 269:273 hollow heart 262:273 hollow heart (HH) 262:278 Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. 33747004 8 115 theme concentrations 1491:1504 arg1 degree 1433:1438 degree 1433:1438 degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations 1433:1504 No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. 33747004 13 116 theme comprehensive 2069:2081 arg1 analysis 2106:2113 the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis 2060:2113 the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date 2060:2121 This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. 33747004 4 117 theme Carnivor 573:580 arg1 " 581:581 "Carnivor" 572:581 "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) 572:639 Grafting "Liberty" watermelon to "Carnivor" (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. 33747004 10 118 theme p 1705:1705 arg1 HH 1701:1702 HH 1701:1702 HH (p < 0.05) 1701:1713 Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). 33747004 10 118 theme p 1705:1705 arg1 < 1707:1707 p < 0.05 1705:1712 p < 0.05 1705:1712 Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). 32662089 0 0 theme free 85:88 arg1 oligosaccharides 90:105 N-linked and free oligosaccharides 72:105 N-linked and free oligosaccharides 72:105 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 7 1 theme N-linked 1363:1370 arg1 glycans 1372:1378 N-linked glycans 1363:1378 N-linked glycans 1363:1378 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 3 2 from effect 458:463 arg1 pathogen 472:479 the pathogen 468:479 the pathogen 468:479 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 6 3 theme N-glycan 1106:1113 arg1 samples 1115:1121 all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples 1077:1121 samples 1115:1121 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 5 4 theme Caco-2 952:957 arg1 cells 959:963 Caco-2 cells 952:963 Caco-2 cells 952:963 Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. 32662089 6 5 theme samples 1115:1121 arg1 analysis 1065:1072 Structural analysis 1054:1072 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples 1054:1121 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 1 6 theme N-linked 150:157 arg1 N-glycans 177:185 N-glycans 177:185 N-glycans 177:185 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 1 6 theme N-linked 150:157 arg1 oligosaccharides 159:174 N-linked oligosaccharides 150:174 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk 150:204 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 6 7 theme future 1254:1259 arg1 study 1261:1265 future study 1254:1265 future study 1254:1265 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 4 8 theme minimum 758:764 arg1 MIC 792:794 MIC 792:794 MIC 792:794 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 4 8 theme minimum 758:764 arg1 concentration 777:789 minimum inhibitory concentration 758:789 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 758:795 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 4 9 theme growth 741:746 arg1 curve 748:752 growth curve 741:752 growth curve 741:752 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 0 10 theme oligosaccharides 90:105 arg1 effect 33:38 the antipathogenic effect 14:38 the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides 14:105 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 2 11 from human 346:350 arg1 activity 286:293 the antimicrobial activity 268:293 the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus 268:403 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 11 from human 346:350 arg1 glycans 307:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 11 from human 346:350 arg1 oligosaccharides 324:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 12 theme antimicrobial 272:284 arg1 activity 286:293 the antimicrobial activity 268:293 the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus 268:403 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 7 13 dep human 1334:1338 arg1 glycans 1372:1378 N-linked glycans 1363:1378 N-linked glycans 1363:1378 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 6 14 theme oligosaccharide 1086:1100 arg1 analysis 1065:1072 Structural analysis 1054:1072 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples 1054:1121 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 4 15 theme concentration 777:789 arg1 assays 797:802 growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays 741:802 growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis 741:851 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 3 16 from assay 568:572 arg1 zone 549:552 the clear zone 539:552 the clear zone from the halo assay 539:572 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 3 17 theme bactericidal/bacteriostatic 430:456 arg1 effect 458:463 a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect 428:463 a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen 428:479 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 6 18 theme obvious 1134:1140 arg1 differences 1155:1165 the obvious interspecies differences 1130:1165 the obvious interspecies differences 1130:1165 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 2 19 from bovine 353:358 arg1 activity 286:293 the antimicrobial activity 268:293 the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus 268:403 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 19 from bovine 353:358 arg1 glycans 307:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 19 from bovine 353:358 arg1 oligosaccharides 324:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 3 20 theme clear 543:547 arg1 zone 549:552 the clear zone 539:552 the clear zone from the halo assay 539:572 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 6 21 theme free 1081:1084 arg1 oligosaccharide 1086:1100 all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples 1077:1121 oligosaccharide 1086:1100 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 7 22 theme goat 1353:1356 arg1 milk 1358:1361 goat milk 1353:1361 goat milk 1353:1361 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 6 23 theme structure/function 1176:1193 arg1 relationship 1195:1206 the structure/function relationship 1172:1206 the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans 1172:1233 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 4 24 theme milk 646:649 arg1 samples 667:673 the free milk oligosaccharide samples 637:673 the free milk oligosaccharide samples 637:673 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 2 25 theme glycans 307:313 arg1 activity 286:293 the antimicrobial activity 268:293 the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus 268:403 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 6 26 theme Structural 1054:1063 arg1 analysis 1065:1072 Structural analysis 1054:1072 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples 1054:1121 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 2 27 theme goat 365:368 arg1 milk 370:373 goat milk 365:373 goat milk 365:373 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 0 28 theme antipathogenic 18:31 arg1 effect 33:38 the antipathogenic effect 14:38 the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides 14:105 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 7 29 theme great 1386:1390 arg1 potential 1392:1400 great potential 1386:1400 great potential 1386:1400 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 7 29 theme great 1386:1390 arg1 novel 1407:1411 novel 1407:1411 novel 1407:1411 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 4 30 from results 730:736 arg1 assays 797:802 growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays 741:802 growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis 741:851 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 2 31 theme N-linked 298:305 arg1 glycans 307:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 7 32 dep novel 1407:1411 arg1 substitute 1413:1422 substitute 1413:1422 substitute for antibiotics 1413:1438 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 5 33 theme aureus 942:947 arg1 adhesion 915:922 the adhesion 911:922 the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells 911:963 Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. 32662089 1 34 link N-linked 150:157 arg1 N-glycans 177:185 N-glycans 177:185 N-glycans 177:185 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 1 34 link N-linked 150:157 arg1 oligosaccharides 159:174 N-linked oligosaccharides 150:174 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk 150:204 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 6 35 theme respected 1215:1223 arg1 N-glycans 1225:1233 the respected N-glycans 1211:1233 the respected N-glycans 1211:1233 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 3 36 theme halo 563:566 arg1 assay 568:572 the halo assay 559:572 the halo assay 559:572 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 5 37 theme free 873:876 arg1 oligosaccharides 883:898 free milk oligosaccharides 873:898 free milk oligosaccharides 873:898 Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. 32662089 3 38 theme Milk 406:409 arg1 N-glycans 411:419 Milk N-glycans 406:419 Milk N-glycans 406:419 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 6 39 theme interspecies 1142:1153 arg1 differences 1155:1165 the obvious interspecies differences 1130:1165 the obvious interspecies differences 1130:1165 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 7 40 theme bactericidal/bacteriostatic 1284:1310 arg1 activity 1312:1319 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity 1268:1319 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans 1268:1378 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 4 41 theme free 641:644 arg1 samples 667:673 the free milk oligosaccharide samples 637:673 the free milk oligosaccharide samples 637:673 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 0 42 theme effect 33:38 arg1 Comparison 0:9 Comparison 0:9 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides 0:105 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 2 43 link N-linked 298:305 arg1 glycans 307:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 3 44 theme >bovine 615:621 arg1 milk 623:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 2 45 from milk 370:373 arg1 activity 286:293 the antimicrobial activity 268:293 the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus 268:403 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 45 from milk 370:373 arg1 glycans 307:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 N-linked glycans 298:313 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 45 from milk 370:373 arg1 oligosaccharides 324:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 7 46 theme significant 1272:1282 arg1 activity 1312:1319 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity 1268:1319 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans 1268:1378 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 3 47 theme milk 623:626 arg1 order 584:588 the order 580:588 the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 580:626 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 5 48 theme free 1026:1029 arg1 oligosaccharides 1036:1051 free milk oligosaccharides 1026:1051 free milk oligosaccharides 1026:1051 Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. 32662089 3 49 theme free 498:501 arg1 oligosaccharides 508:523 free milk oligosaccharides 498:523 free milk oligosaccharides 498:523 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 0 50 theme goat 139:142 arg1 milk 144:147 goat milk 139:147 goat milk 139:147 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 5 51 theme milk 1031:1034 arg1 oligosaccharides 1036:1051 free milk oligosaccharides 1026:1051 free milk oligosaccharides 1026:1051 Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. 32662089 0 52 link N-linked 72:79 arg1 oligosaccharides 90:105 N-linked and free oligosaccharides 72:105 N-linked and free oligosaccharides 72:105 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 3 53 theme milk 503:506 arg1 oligosaccharides 508:523 free milk oligosaccharides 498:523 free milk oligosaccharides 498:523 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 6 54 theme N-glycans 1225:1233 arg1 relationship 1195:1206 the structure/function relationship 1172:1206 the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans 1172:1233 Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. 32662089 1 55 attach derived 188:194 arg2 oligosaccharides 159:174 N-linked oligosaccharides 150:174 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk 150:204 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 1 55 attach derived 188:194 arg1 milk 201:204 milk 201:204 milk 201:204 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 1 55 attach derived 188:194 arg2 N-glycans 177:185 N-glycans 177:185 N-glycans 177:185 N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. 32662089 3 56 theme >goat 604:608 arg1 milk 623:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 2 57 theme oligosaccharides 324:339 arg1 activity 286:293 the antimicrobial activity 268:293 the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus 268:403 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 4 58 theme curve 748:752 arg1 assays 797:802 growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays 741:802 growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis 741:851 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 4 59 theme inhibitory 766:775 arg1 MIC 792:794 MIC 792:794 MIC 792:794 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 4 59 theme inhibitory 766:775 arg1 concentration 777:789 minimum inhibitory concentration 758:789 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 758:795 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 3 60 theme milk 610:613 arg1 milk 623:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 2 61 theme free 319:322 arg1 oligosaccharides 324:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 free oligosaccharides 319:339 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 62 from activity 286:293 arg1 bovine 353:358 bovine 353:358 bovine 353:358 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 62 from activity 286:293 arg1 human 346:350 human 346:350 human 346:350 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 2 62 from activity 286:293 arg1 milk 370:373 goat milk 365:373 goat milk 365:373 This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. 32662089 4 63 theme positive 721:728 arg1 results 730:736 its positive results 717:736 its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis 717:851 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 0 64 theme N-linked 72:79 arg1 oligosaccharides 90:105 N-linked and free oligosaccharides 72:105 N-linked and free oligosaccharides 72:105 Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk. 32662089 5 65 theme milk 878:881 arg1 oligosaccharides 883:898 free milk oligosaccharides 873:898 free milk oligosaccharides 873:898 Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. 32662089 3 66 theme human 593:597 arg1 milk 623:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 7 67 link N-linked 1363:1370 arg1 glycans 1372:1378 N-linked glycans 1363:1378 N-linked glycans 1363:1378 The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics. 32662089 4 68 theme samples 667:673 arg1 None 629:632 None 629:632 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples 629:673 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32662089 3 69 theme milk 599:602 arg1 milk 623:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 human milk >goat milk >bovine milk 593:626 Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. 32662089 4 70 theme oligosaccharide 651:665 arg1 samples 667:673 the free milk oligosaccharide samples 637:673 the free milk oligosaccharide samples 637:673 None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. 32815135 2 0 gly glycosylated 341:352 arg1 proteins 328:335 OmpA-like proteins 318:335 OmpA-like proteins 318:335 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 6 1 theme detailed 973:980 arg1 procedure 982:990 a detailed procedure 971:990 a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins 971:1105 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 6 2 used used 1037:1040 arg2 proteins 1014:1021 separate OmpA-like proteins 995:1021 separate OmpA-like proteins 995:1021 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 1 3 theme virulence 175:183 arg1 proteins 112:119 OmpA-like proteins 102:119 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane 102:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 3 theme virulence 175:183 arg1 factors 185:191 potential virulence factors 165:191 potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 165:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 3 4 theme OmpA-like 570:578 arg1 proteins 580:587 OmpA-like proteins 570:587 OmpA-like proteins 570:587 Utilizing this property, we have developed a separation method for OmpA-like proteins by affinity chromatography using WGA lectin-agarose. 32815135 0 5 from gingivalis 65:74 arg1 Separation 0:9 Separation 0:9 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 0:100 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 4 6 theme Coomassie 782:790 arg1 CBB 808:810 CBB 808:810 CBB 808:810 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 4 6 theme Coomassie 782:790 arg1 Brilliant 792:800 Coomassie Brilliant Blue 782:805 Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining 782:820 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 4 7 theme OmpA-like 672:680 arg1 proteins 682:689 enriched native OmpA-like proteins 656:689 enriched native OmpA-like proteins 656:689 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 2 8 theme OmpA-like 318:326 arg1 proteins 328:335 OmpA-like proteins 318:335 OmpA-like proteins 318:335 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 2 9 theme germ 432:435 arg1 agglutinin 437:446 wheat germ agglutinin 426:446 wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin 426:459 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 2 9 theme germ 432:435 arg1 WGA 449:451 WGA 449:451 WGA 449:451 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 5 10 theme OmpA-like 854:862 arg1 proteins 864:871 the purified OmpA-like proteins 841:871 the purified OmpA-like proteins 841:871 More importantly, the purified OmpA-like proteins formed a unique trimeric structure keeping their bioactivity intact. 32815135 2 11 theme agglutinin 437:446 arg1 lectin 454:459 wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin 426:459 wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin 426:459 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 1 12 from membrane 152:159 arg1 located 121:127 located 121:127 located 121:127 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 13 theme OmpA-like 102:110 arg1 proteins 112:119 OmpA-like proteins 102:119 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane 102:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 13 theme OmpA-like 102:110 arg1 factors 185:191 potential virulence factors 165:191 potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 165:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 14 theme major 202:206 arg1 gingivalis 244:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 14 theme major 202:206 arg1 forsythia 270:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 14 theme major 202:206 arg1 pathogens 220:228 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 2 15 theme sugar 474:478 arg1 specificity 480:490 sugar specificity 474:490 sugar specificity to GlcNAc 474:500 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 2 16 theme O-linked 357:364 arg1 O-GlcNAc 387:394 O-GlcNAc 387:394 O-GlcNAc 387:394 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 2 16 theme O-linked 357:364 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 366:384 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 357:384 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 357:395 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 1 17 theme periodontal 208:218 arg1 gingivalis 244:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 17 theme periodontal 208:218 arg1 forsythia 270:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 17 theme periodontal 208:218 arg1 pathogens 220:228 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 0 18 theme OmpA-Like 27:35 arg1 Proteins 37:44 Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins 14:44 Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins 14:44 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 4 19 theme Blue 802:805 arg1 CBB 808:810 CBB 808:810 CBB 808:810 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 4 19 theme Blue 802:805 arg1 Brilliant 792:800 Coomassie Brilliant Blue 782:805 Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining 782:820 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 1 20 theme located 121:127 arg1 proteins 112:119 OmpA-like proteins 102:119 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane 102:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 20 theme located 121:127 arg1 factors 185:191 potential virulence factors 165:191 potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 165:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 4 21 theme proteins 682:689 arg1 purity 646:651 The purity 642:651 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins 642:689 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 0 22 theme Glycosylated 14:25 arg1 Proteins 37:44 Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins 14:44 Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins 14:44 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 3 23 theme affinity 592:599 arg1 chromatography 601:614 affinity chromatography 592:614 affinity chromatography using WGA lectin-agarose 592:639 Utilizing this property, we have developed a separation method for OmpA-like proteins by affinity chromatography using WGA lectin-agarose. 32815135 1 24 theme Porphyromonas 230:242 arg1 gingivalis 244:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 24 theme Porphyromonas 230:242 arg1 pathogens 220:228 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 4 25 theme sulfate-polyacrylamide 724:745 arg1 SDS-PAGE 768:775 SDS-PAGE 768:775 SDS-PAGE 768:775 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 4 25 theme sulfate-polyacrylamide 724:745 arg1 electrophoresis 751:765 sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 709:765 sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 709:776 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 0 26 from forsythia 91:99 arg1 Separation 0:9 Separation 0:9 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 0:100 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 2 27 theme wheat 426:430 arg1 agglutinin 437:446 wheat germ agglutinin 426:446 wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin 426:459 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 2 27 theme wheat 426:430 arg1 WGA 449:451 WGA 449:451 WGA 449:451 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 6 28 theme proteins 1098:1105 arg1 studies 1077:1083 the biological studies 1062:1083 the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins 1062:1105 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 0 29 theme Proteins 37:44 arg1 Separation 0:9 Separation 0:9 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 0:100 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 6 30 theme biological 1066:1075 arg1 studies 1077:1083 the biological studies 1062:1083 the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins 1062:1105 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 6 31 theme OmpA-like 1088:1096 arg1 proteins 1098:1105 OmpA-like proteins 1088:1105 OmpA-like proteins 1088:1105 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 5 32 theme purified 845:852 arg1 proteins 864:871 the purified OmpA-like proteins 841:871 the purified OmpA-like proteins 841:871 More importantly, the purified OmpA-like proteins formed a unique trimeric structure keeping their bioactivity intact. 32815135 6 33 theme OmpA-like 1004:1012 arg1 proteins 1014:1021 separate OmpA-like proteins 995:1021 separate OmpA-like proteins 995:1021 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 3 34 theme WGA 622:624 arg1 lectin-agarose 626:639 WGA lectin-agarose 622:639 WGA lectin-agarose 622:639 Utilizing this property, we have developed a separation method for OmpA-like proteins by affinity chromatography using WGA lectin-agarose. 32815135 0 35 theme Porphyromonas 51:63 arg1 gingivalis 65:74 Porphyromonas gingivalis 51:74 Porphyromonas gingivalis 51:74 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 6 36 theme separate 995:1002 arg1 proteins 1014:1021 separate OmpA-like proteins 995:1021 separate OmpA-like proteins 995:1021 In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins. 32815135 1 37 from pathogens 220:228 arg1 proteins 112:119 OmpA-like proteins 102:119 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane 102:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 37 from pathogens 220:228 arg1 factors 185:191 potential virulence factors 165:191 potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 165:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 38 theme outer 136:140 arg1 membrane 152:159 the outer bacterial membrane 132:159 the outer bacterial membrane 132:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 39 from located 121:127 arg1 membrane 152:159 the outer bacterial membrane 132:159 the outer bacterial membrane 132:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 2 40 link O-linked 357:364 arg1 O-GlcNAc 387:394 O-GlcNAc 387:394 O-GlcNAc 387:394 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 2 40 link O-linked 357:364 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 366:384 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 357:384 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 357:395 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 4 41 theme gel 747:749 arg1 SDS-PAGE 768:775 SDS-PAGE 768:775 SDS-PAGE 768:775 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 4 41 theme gel 747:749 arg1 electrophoresis 751:765 sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 709:765 sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 709:776 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 1 42 theme bacterial 142:150 arg1 membrane 152:159 the outer bacterial membrane 132:159 the outer bacterial membrane 132:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 43 theme Tannerella 259:268 arg1 forsythia 270:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 43 theme Tannerella 259:268 arg1 pathogens 220:228 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 5 44 theme unique 882:887 arg1 structure 898:906 a unique trimeric structure 880:906 a unique trimeric structure 880:906 More importantly, the purified OmpA-like proteins formed a unique trimeric structure keeping their bioactivity intact. 32815135 3 45 theme separation 548:557 arg1 method 559:564 a separation method 546:564 a separation method for OmpA-like proteins 546:587 Utilizing this property, we have developed a separation method for OmpA-like proteins by affinity chromatography using WGA lectin-agarose. 32815135 4 46 theme Brilliant 792:800 arg1 staining 813:820 Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining 782:820 Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining 782:820 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 0 47 theme Tannerella 80:89 arg1 forsythia 91:99 Tannerella forsythia 80:99 Tannerella forsythia 80:99 Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 48 dep pathogens 220:228 arg1 gingivalis 244:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 Porphyromonas gingivalis 230:253 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 48 dep pathogens 220:228 arg1 forsythia 270:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 Tannerella forsythia 259:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 48 dep pathogens 220:228 arg1 pathogens 220:228 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 198:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 5 49 theme trimeric 889:896 arg1 structure 898:906 a unique trimeric structure 880:906 a unique trimeric structure 880:906 More importantly, the purified OmpA-like proteins formed a unique trimeric structure keeping their bioactivity intact. 32815135 4 50 theme native 665:670 arg1 proteins 682:689 enriched native OmpA-like proteins 656:689 enriched native OmpA-like proteins 656:689 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 32815135 2 51 theme previous 285:292 arg1 studies 294:300 Our previous studies 281:300 Our previous studies 281:300 Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. 32815135 1 52 theme potential 165:173 arg1 proteins 112:119 OmpA-like proteins 102:119 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane 102:159 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 1 52 theme potential 165:173 arg1 factors 185:191 potential virulence factors 165:191 potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia 165:278 OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. 32815135 4 53 theme enriched 656:663 arg1 proteins 682:689 enriched native OmpA-like proteins 656:689 enriched native OmpA-like proteins 656:689 The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. 33906120 4 0 theme glycosylated 633:644 arg1 sites 646:650 316 glycosylated sites 629:650 316 glycosylated sites 629:650 In total, we detected 308 glycosylated peptides and 316 glycosylated sites corresponding to 248 unique glycoproteins. 33906120 10 1 theme glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 1 theme glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 sites 1791:1795 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 sites 1791:1795 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 1 theme glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 2 theme kinase 1843:1848 arg1 modification 1760:1771 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 modification 1760:1771 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 2 theme kinase 1843:1848 arg1 sites 1791:1795 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 sites 1791:1795 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 2 theme kinase 1843:1848 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 2 theme kinase 1843:1848 arg1 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 0 3 link N-linked 0:7 arg1 analysis 23:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis 0:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis 0:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 7 4 theme wall 1106:1109 arg1 reconstruction 1111:1124 cell wall reconstruction 1101:1124 cell wall reconstruction 1101:1124 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 3 5 link N-linked 385:392 arg1 analysis 417:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis 375:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling 375:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 6 6 theme various 888:894 arg1 carboxypeptidase 944:959 carboxypeptidase 944:959 carboxypeptidase 944:959 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 6 6 theme various 888:894 arg1 peroxidase 962:971 peroxidase 962:971 peroxidase 962:971 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 6 6 theme various 888:894 arg1 phosphatase 977:987 phosphatase 977:987 phosphatase 977:987 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 6 6 theme various 888:894 arg1 enzymes 896:902 various enzymes 888:902 various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase 888:987 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 6 6 theme various 888:894 arg1 kinase 936:941 kinase 936:941 kinase 936:941 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 10 7 mod modification 1760:1771 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 7 mod modification 1760:1771 arg1 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 7 mod modification 1760:1771 arg1 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 7 mod modification 1760:1771 arg3 glycosylation 1746:1758 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 glycosylation 1746:1758 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 7 mod modification 1760:1771 arg1 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 2 8 theme immune 335:340 arg1 response 342:349 immune response 335:349 immune response 335:349 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 8 9 theme new 1472:1474 arg1 proteins 1498:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins 1468:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat 1468:1531 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 9 theme new 1472:1474 arg1 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 10 10 theme F 1680:1680 arg1 digestion 1682:1690 PNGase F digestion 1673:1690 PNGase F digestion 1673:1690 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 5 11 gly glycoproteins 710:722 arg1 glycoproteins 710:722 The identified glycoproteins 695:722 The identified glycoproteins 695:722 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 5 12 theme cell 778:781 arg1 wall 783:786 cell wall 778:786 cell wall (16.8%) 778:794 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 5 12 theme cell 778:781 arg1 % 793:793 16.8% 789:793 16.8% 789:793 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 8 13 gly glycoproteins 1271:1283 arg1 glycoproteins 1271:1283 glycoproteins 1271:1283 glycoproteins 1271:1283 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 14 theme glycosylated 1485:1496 arg1 proteins 1498:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins 1468:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat 1468:1531 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 14 theme glycosylated 1485:1496 arg1 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 10 15 theme exohydrolase 1878:1889 arg1 modification 1760:1771 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 modification 1760:1771 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 15 theme exohydrolase 1878:1889 arg1 sites 1791:1795 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 sites 1791:1795 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 15 theme exohydrolase 1878:1889 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 15 theme exohydrolase 1878:1889 arg1 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 1 16 theme important 131:139 arg1 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 1 16 theme important 131:139 arg1 modification 168:179 an important protein post-translational modification 128:179 an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms 128:203 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 11 17 gly glycosylated 1938:1949 arg1 proteins 1951:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 1 18 theme post-translational 149:166 arg1 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 1 18 theme post-translational 149:166 arg1 modification 168:179 an important protein post-translational modification 128:179 an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms 128:203 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 1 19 theme protein 141:147 arg1 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation 111:123 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 1 19 theme protein 141:147 arg1 modification 168:179 an important protein post-translational modification 128:179 an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms 128:203 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 2 20 theme cell 263:266 arg1 recognition 268:278 cell recognition 263:278 cell recognition 263:278 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 0 21 theme early 88:92 arg1 growth 103:108 wheat early seedling growth 82:108 wheat early seedling growth 82:108 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg2 sites 1791:1795 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 sites 1791:1795 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg2 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg2 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 22 gly glycosylation 1777:1789 arg1 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 3 23 theme first 379:383 arg1 analysis 417:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis 375:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling 375:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 9 24 gly glycosylation 1538:1550 arg2 sites 1552:1556 The glycosylation sites 1534:1556 The glycosylation sites 1534:1556 The glycosylation sites generally occurred on the random coil, which could play roles in maintaining the structural stability of proteins. 33906120 1 25 from modification 168:179 arg1 organisms 195:203 eukaryotic organisms 184:203 eukaryotic organisms 184:203 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 8 26 theme conserved 1388:1396 arg1 proteins 1422:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins 1384:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species 1384:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 10 27 theme glycosylation 1696:1708 arg1 mutations 1715:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 7 28 theme stress 1220:1225 arg1 response 1227:1234 stress response 1220:1234 stress response 1220:1234 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 8 29 gly glycoproteins 1346:1358 arg1 glycoproteins 1346:1358 glycoproteins 1346:1358 glycoproteins 1346:1358 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 6 30 theme glycoproteins 1016:1028 arg1 glycoproteins 1016:1028 glycoproteins 1016:1028 glycoproteins 1016:1028 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 6 30 theme glycoproteins 1016:1028 arg1 % 1011:1011 25% 1009:1011 25% of glycoproteins 1009:1028 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 8 31 theme homologous 1411:1420 arg1 proteins 1422:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins 1384:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species 1384:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 3 32 theme HILIC 457:461 arg1 enrichment 477:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 32 theme HILIC 457:461 arg1 deglycosylation 498:512 chemical deglycosylation 489:512 chemical deglycosylation 489:512 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 32 theme HILIC 457:461 arg1 separation 520:529 HPLC separation 515:529 HPLC separation 515:529 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 32 theme HILIC 457:461 arg1 spectrometric 547:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 0 33 theme N-linked 0:7 arg1 analysis 23:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis 0:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis 0:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 3 34 gly glycosylation 394:406 arg1 seedling 435:442 wheat seedling 429:442 wheat seedling 429:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 35 theme glycosylation 394:406 arg1 analysis 417:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis 375:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling 375:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 11 36 theme wheat 2019:2023 arg1 growth 2009:2014 the early seedling growth 1990:2014 the early seedling growth of wheat 1990:2023 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 7 37 theme reticulum 1190:1198 arg1 control 1208:1214 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1178:1214 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1178:1214 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 6 38 theme binding 1046:1052 arg1 functions 1054:1062 binding functions 1046:1062 binding functions 1046:1062 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 8 39 theme plant 1440:1444 arg1 species 1446:1452 other plant species 1434:1452 other plant species 1434:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 6 40 gly glycoproteins 862:874 arg1 glycoproteins 862:874 65% glycoproteins 858:874 65% glycoproteins 858:874 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 3 41 theme chemical 489:496 arg1 enrichment 477:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 41 theme chemical 489:496 arg1 deglycosylation 498:512 chemical deglycosylation 489:512 chemical deglycosylation 489:512 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 0 42 theme central 40:46 arg1 proteins 61:68 central glycosylated proteins 40:68 central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth 40:108 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 8 43 gly glycosylated 1398:1409 arg1 proteins 1422:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins 1384:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species 1384:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 3 44 theme wheat 429:433 arg1 seedling 435:442 wheat seedling 429:442 wheat seedling 429:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 45 theme tandem 535:540 arg1 enrichment 477:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 45 theme tandem 535:540 arg1 spectrometric 547:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 7 46 theme signal 1157:1162 arg1 transduction 1164:1175 signal transduction 1157:1175 signal transduction 1157:1175 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 6 47 theme 65 858:859 arg1 % 860:860 % 860:860 % 860:860 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 2 48 theme important 229:237 arg1 processes 244:252 many important life processes 224:252 many important life processes 224:252 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 48 theme important 229:237 arg1 response 342:349 immune response 335:349 immune response 335:349 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 48 theme important 229:237 arg1 development 298:308 development 298:308 development 298:308 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 48 theme important 229:237 arg1 recognition 268:278 cell recognition 263:278 cell recognition 263:278 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 48 theme important 229:237 arg1 transduction 318:329 signal transduction 311:329 signal transduction 311:329 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 48 theme important 229:237 arg1 differentiation 281:295 differentiation 281:295 differentiation 281:295 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 10 49 theme glycosylation 1746:1758 arg1 modification 1760:1771 the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites 1742:1795 modification 1760:1771 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 50 theme receptor-like 1804:1816 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 50 theme receptor-like 1804:1816 arg1 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 6 51 theme function 848:855 arg1 terms 829:833 terms 829:833 terms of molecular function 829:855 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 0 52 gly glycosylated 48:59 arg1 proteins 61:68 central glycosylated proteins 40:68 central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth 40:108 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 10 53 theme LRR 1800:1802 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 53 theme LRR 1800:1802 arg1 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 4 54 theme unique 673:678 arg1 glycoproteins 680:692 248 unique glycoproteins 669:692 248 unique glycoproteins 669:692 In total, we detected 308 glycosylated peptides and 316 glycosylated sites corresponding to 248 unique glycoproteins. 33906120 5 55 theme extracellular 800:812 arg1 % 822:822 16% 820:822 16% 820:822 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 5 55 theme extracellular 800:812 arg1 area 814:817 extracellular area 800:817 extracellular area (16%) 800:823 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 7 56 theme biomacromolecular 1127:1143 arg1 metabolism 1145:1154 biomacromolecular metabolism 1127:1154 biomacromolecular metabolism 1127:1154 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 8 57 from proteins 1422:1429 arg1 species 1446:1452 other plant species 1434:1452 other plant species 1434:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 2 58 theme signal 311:316 arg1 transduction 318:329 signal transduction 311:329 signal transduction 311:329 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 6 59 theme catalytic 909:917 arg1 activity 919:926 catalytic activity 909:926 catalytic activity 909:926 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 11 60 theme glycosylated 1938:1949 arg1 proteins 1951:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 7 61 theme cell 1101:1104 arg1 reconstruction 1111:1124 cell wall reconstruction 1101:1124 cell wall reconstruction 1101:1124 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 10 62 theme serine/threonine-protein 1818:1841 arg1 kinase 1843:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1800:1848 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) 1800:1858 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 62 theme serine/threonine-protein 1818:1841 arg1 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 LRR-RLK 1851:1857 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 5 63 theme identified 699:708 arg1 glycoproteins 710:722 The identified glycoproteins 695:722 The identified glycoproteins 695:722 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 10 64 theme Beta-D-glucan 1864:1876 arg1 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 β-D-GEH 1892:1898 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 64 theme Beta-D-glucan 1864:1876 arg1 exohydrolase 1878:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase 1864:1889 Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH) 1864:1899 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 8 65 gly glycosylated 1485:1496 arg1 proteins 1498:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins 1468:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat 1468:1531 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 65 gly glycosylated 1485:1496 arg1 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 66 theme glycoproteins 1271:1283 arg1 glycoproteins 1271:1283 glycoproteins 1271:1283 glycoproteins 1271:1283 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 66 theme glycoproteins 1271:1283 arg1 % 1266:1266 57.66% 1261:1266 57.66% of glycoproteins 1261:1283 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 67 theme N-linked 1476:1483 arg1 proteins 1498:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins 1468:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat 1468:1531 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 67 theme N-linked 1476:1483 arg1 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 10 68 theme PNGase 1673:1678 arg1 digestion 1682:1690 PNGase F digestion 1673:1690 PNGase F digestion 1673:1690 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 5 69 theme plasma 752:757 arg1 membranes 759:767 plasma membranes 752:767 plasma membranes (25.6%) 752:775 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 5 69 theme plasma 752:757 arg1 % 774:774 25.6% 770:774 25.6% 770:774 The identified glycoproteins were mainly concentrated in plasma membranes (25.6%), cell wall (16.8%) and extracellular area (16%). 33906120 4 70 gly glycosylated 603:614 arg1 peptides 616:623 308 glycosylated peptides 599:623 308 glycosylated peptides 599:623 In total, we detected 308 glycosylated peptides and 316 glycosylated sites corresponding to 248 unique glycoproteins. 33906120 11 71 link N-linked 1929:1936 arg1 proteins 1951:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 8 72 theme plant 1316:1320 arg1 species 1322:1328 other plant species 1310:1328 other plant species 1310:1328 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 10 73 gly glycosylation 1696:1708 arg2 mutations 1715:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 10 73 gly glycosylation 1696:1708 arg2 site 1710:1713 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 9 74 theme glycosylation 1538:1550 arg1 sites 1552:1556 The glycosylation sites 1534:1556 The glycosylation sites 1534:1556 The glycosylation sites generally occurred on the random coil, which could play roles in maintaining the structural stability of proteins. 33906120 9 75 theme random 1584:1589 arg1 coil 1591:1594 the random coil 1580:1594 the random coil 1580:1594 The glycosylation sites generally occurred on the random coil, which could play roles in maintaining the structural stability of proteins. 33906120 0 76 theme wheat 82:86 arg1 growth 103:108 wheat early seedling growth 82:108 wheat early seedling growth 82:108 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 7 77 gly glycoproteins 1071:1083 arg1 glycoproteins 1071:1083 These glycoproteins 1065:1083 These glycoproteins 1065:1083 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 0 78 theme seedling 94:101 arg1 growth 103:108 wheat early seedling growth 82:108 wheat early seedling growth 82:108 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 1 79 theme eukaryotic 184:193 arg1 organisms 195:203 eukaryotic organisms 184:203 eukaryotic organisms 184:203 Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification in eukaryotic organisms. 33906120 8 80 theme glycoproteins 1346:1358 arg1 glycoproteins 1346:1358 glycoproteins 1346:1358 glycoproteins 1346:1358 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 80 theme glycoproteins 1346:1358 arg1 % 1341:1341 42.34% 1336:1341 42.34% of glycoproteins 1336:1358 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 9 81 theme proteins 1663:1670 arg1 stability 1650:1658 the structural stability 1635:1658 the structural stability of proteins 1635:1670 The glycosylation sites generally occurred on the random coil, which could play roles in maintaining the structural stability of proteins. 33906120 3 82 dep separation 520:529 arg1 identification 561:574 identification 561:574 identification 561:574 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 83 theme N-linked 385:392 arg1 analysis 417:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis 375:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling 375:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 4 84 gly glycoproteins 680:692 arg1 glycoproteins 680:692 248 unique glycoproteins 669:692 248 unique glycoproteins 669:692 In total, we detected 308 glycosylated peptides and 316 glycosylated sites corresponding to 248 unique glycoproteins. 33906120 11 85 theme seedling 2000:2007 arg1 growth 2009:2014 the early seedling growth 1990:2014 the early seedling growth of wheat 1990:2023 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 0 86 theme glycoproteome 9:21 arg1 analysis 23:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis 0:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis 0:30 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 4 87 gly glycosylated 633:644 arg1 sites 646:650 316 glycosylated sites 629:650 316 glycosylated sites 629:650 In total, we detected 308 glycosylated peptides and 316 glycosylated sites corresponding to 248 unique glycoproteins. 33906120 8 88 link N-linked 1476:1483 arg1 proteins 1498:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins 1468:1505 the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat 1468:1531 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 8 88 link N-linked 1476:1483 arg1 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 these 1455:1459 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 11 89 theme important 1971:1979 arg1 roles 1981:1985 important roles 1971:1985 important roles 1971:1985 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 4 90 theme glycosylated 603:614 arg1 peptides 616:623 308 glycosylated peptides 599:623 308 glycosylated peptides 599:623 In total, we detected 308 glycosylated peptides and 316 glycosylated sites corresponding to 248 unique glycoproteins. 33906120 8 91 theme glycosylated 1398:1409 arg1 proteins 1422:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins 1384:1429 the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species 1384:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 3 92 theme glycosylation 463:475 arg1 enrichment 477:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 92 theme glycosylation 463:475 arg1 deglycosylation 498:512 chemical deglycosylation 489:512 chemical deglycosylation 489:512 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 92 theme glycosylation 463:475 arg1 separation 520:529 HPLC separation 515:529 HPLC separation 515:529 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 92 theme glycosylation 463:475 arg1 spectrometric 547:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 7 93 theme endoplasmic 1178:1188 arg1 reticulum 1190:1198 endoplasmic reticulum 1178:1198 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1178:1214 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 33906120 3 94 theme proteome 408:415 arg1 analysis 417:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis 375:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling 375:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 95 theme HPLC 515:518 arg1 enrichment 477:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 95 theme HPLC 515:518 arg1 separation 520:529 HPLC separation 515:529 HPLC separation 515:529 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 0 96 theme glycosylated 48:59 arg1 proteins 61:68 central glycosylated proteins 40:68 central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth 40:108 N-linked glycoproteome analysis reveals central glycosylated proteins involved in wheat early seedling growth. 33906120 8 97 theme other 1310:1314 arg1 species 1322:1328 other plant species 1310:1328 other plant species 1310:1328 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 11 98 theme early 1994:1998 arg1 growth 2009:2014 the early seedling growth 1990:2014 the early seedling growth of wheat 1990:2023 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 8 99 theme other 1434:1438 arg1 species 1446:1452 other plant species 1434:1452 other plant species 1434:1452 Analysis indicated that 57.66% of glycoproteins were highly conserved in other plant species while 42.34% of glycoproteins went unidentified among the conserved glycosylated homologous proteins in other plant species; these may be the new N-linked glycosylated proteins first identified in wheat. 33906120 10 100 theme site 1710:1713 arg1 mutations 1715:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 glycosylation site mutations 1696:1723 PNGase F digestion and glycosylation site mutations further verified the glycosylation modification and glycosylation sites of LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LRR-RLK) and Beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (β-D-GEH). 33906120 6 101 theme % 860:860 arg1 glycoproteins 862:874 65% glycoproteins 858:874 65% glycoproteins 858:874 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 9 102 theme structural 1639:1648 arg1 stability 1650:1658 the structural stability 1635:1658 the structural stability of proteins 1635:1670 The glycosylation sites generally occurred on the random coil, which could play roles in maintaining the structural stability of proteins. 33906120 3 103 theme seedling 435:442 arg1 analysis 417:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis 375:424 the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling 375:442 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 2 104 theme life 239:242 arg1 processes 244:252 many important life processes 224:252 many important life processes 224:252 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 104 theme life 239:242 arg1 response 342:349 immune response 335:349 immune response 335:349 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 104 theme life 239:242 arg1 development 298:308 development 298:308 development 298:308 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 104 theme life 239:242 arg1 recognition 268:278 cell recognition 263:278 cell recognition 263:278 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 104 theme life 239:242 arg1 transduction 318:329 signal transduction 311:329 signal transduction 311:329 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 104 theme life 239:242 arg1 differentiation 281:295 differentiation 281:295 differentiation 281:295 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 3 105 theme mass 542:545 arg1 enrichment 477:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 HILIC glycosylation enrichment 457:486 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 3 105 theme mass 542:545 arg1 spectrometric 547:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 tandem mass spectrometric 535:559 This study carried out the first N-linked glycosylation proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves using HILIC glycosylation enrichment, chemical deglycosylation, HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification. 33906120 2 106 theme many 224:227 arg1 processes 244:252 many important life processes 224:252 many important life processes 224:252 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 106 theme many 224:227 arg1 response 342:349 immune response 335:349 immune response 335:349 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 106 theme many 224:227 arg1 development 298:308 development 298:308 development 298:308 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 106 theme many 224:227 arg1 recognition 268:278 cell recognition 263:278 cell recognition 263:278 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 106 theme many 224:227 arg1 transduction 318:329 signal transduction 311:329 signal transduction 311:329 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 2 106 theme many 224:227 arg1 differentiation 281:295 differentiation 281:295 differentiation 281:295 It is involved in many important life processes, such as cell recognition, differentiation, development, signal transduction and immune response. 33906120 6 107 gly glycoproteins 1016:1028 arg1 glycoproteins 1016:1028 glycoproteins 1016:1028 glycoproteins 1016:1028 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 11 108 theme N-linked 1929:1936 arg1 proteins 1951:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 N-linked glycosylated proteins 1929:1958 Our results indicated that N-linked glycosylated proteins could play important roles in the early seedling growth of wheat. 33906120 6 109 theme molecular 838:846 arg1 function 848:855 molecular function 838:855 molecular function 838:855 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 6 110 with enzymes 896:902 arg1 activity 919:926 catalytic activity 909:926 catalytic activity 909:926 In terms of molecular function, 65% glycoproteins belonged to various enzymes with catalytic activity such as kinase, carboxypeptidase, peroxidase and phosphatase, and, particularly, 25% of glycoproteins were related to binding functions. 33906120 7 111 theme quality 1200:1206 arg1 control 1208:1214 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1178:1214 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1178:1214 These glycoproteins are involved in cell wall reconstruction, biomacromolecular metabolism, signal transduction, endoplasmic reticulum quality control and stress response. 32439286 9 0 dep creation 1316:1323 arg1 the 1312:1314 the 1312:1314 the 1312:1314 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 7 1 theme preparation 974:984 arg1 cost 934:937 a low cost 928:937 a low cost 928:937 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 7 1 theme preparation 974:984 arg1 workflow 955:962 easily-used workflow 943:962 easily-used workflow 943:962 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 0 2 theme liquid 114:119 arg1 chromatography 121:134 high-performance liquid chromatography 97:134 high-performance liquid chromatography 97:134 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 5 3 theme sample 637:642 arg1 preparation 644:654 sample preparation 637:654 sample preparation 637:654 Currently, existing protocols for sample preparation can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, which can limit the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods. 32439286 0 4 theme high-performance 97:112 arg1 chromatography 121:134 high-performance liquid chromatography 97:134 high-performance liquid chromatography 97:134 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 6 5 theme liquid 834:839 arg1 UHPLC 857:861 UHPLC 857:861 UHPLC 857:861 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 6 5 theme liquid 834:839 arg1 chromatography 841:854 ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography 814:854 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 9 6 theme IgG 1357:1359 arg1 library 1368:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 2 7 from profile 251:257 arg1 protein 287:293 the protein 283:293 the protein 283:293 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 6 8 theme ultra-high-pressure 814:832 arg1 UHPLC 857:861 UHPLC 857:861 UHPLC 857:861 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 6 8 theme ultra-high-pressure 814:832 arg1 chromatography 841:854 ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography 814:854 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 2 9 theme quality 309:315 arg1 attribute 317:325 a critical quality attribute 298:325 a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 298:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 9 theme quality 309:315 arg1 profile 251:257 The profile 247:257 The profile of different glycans on the protein 247:293 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 8 10 theme sample 1205:1210 arg1 preparation 1212:1222 the sample preparation 1201:1222 the sample preparation 1201:1222 The number of steps required in the protocol and the time, as well as the cost associated with the sample preparation, is significantly reduced, while maintaining robust analytical performance. 32439286 6 11 theme expensive 804:812 arg1 system 864:869 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 6 11 theme expensive 804:812 arg1 barrier 785:791 a further barrier 775:791 a further barrier to use 775:798 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 2 12 theme critical 300:307 arg1 attribute 317:325 a critical quality attribute 298:325 a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 298:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 12 theme critical 300:307 arg1 profile 251:257 The profile 247:257 The profile of different glycans on the protein 247:293 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 1 13 theme many 212:215 arg1 proteins 217:224 many proteins 212:224 many proteins 212:224 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 9 14 theme human 1345:1349 arg1 library 1368:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 2 15 theme proteins 365:372 arg1 attribute 317:325 a critical quality attribute 298:325 a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 298:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 15 theme proteins 365:372 arg1 profile 251:257 The profile 247:257 The profile of different glycans on the protein 247:293 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 4 16 theme glycan 585:590 arg1 profiling 592:600 glycan profiling 585:600 glycan profiling 585:600 Isolating glycans from proteins and tagging a label on glycans is the most commonly used technique for glycan profiling. 32439286 5 17 theme existing 614:621 arg1 protocols 623:631 existing protocols 614:631 existing protocols for sample preparation 614:654 Currently, existing protocols for sample preparation can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, which can limit the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods. 32439286 2 18 theme biopharmaceutical 347:363 arg1 antibodies 395:404 monoclonal antibodies 384:404 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 384:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 18 theme biopharmaceutical 347:363 arg1 proteins 365:372 some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins 330:372 some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 330:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 4 19 dep a 526:526 arg1 label 528:532 label 528:532 label 528:532 Isolating glycans from proteins and tagging a label on glycans is the most commonly used technique for glycan profiling. 32439286 4 20 from proteins 505:512 arg1 glycans 492:498 glycans 492:498 glycans from proteins 492:512 Isolating glycans from proteins and tagging a label on glycans is the most commonly used technique for glycan profiling. 32439286 7 21 theme sample 967:972 arg1 preparation 974:984 sample preparation 967:984 sample preparation 967:984 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 2 22 theme recombinant 335:345 arg1 antibodies 395:404 monoclonal antibodies 384:404 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 384:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 22 theme recombinant 335:345 arg1 proteins 365:372 some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins 330:372 some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 330:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 9 23 theme glycoforms 1444:1453 arg1 standard 1406:1413 standard 1406:1413 standard 1406:1413 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 3 24 theme profiling 426:434 arg1 glycan 436:441 profiling glycan 426:441 profiling glycan 426:441 Methods for profiling glycan should be robust, fast, and sensitive. 32439286 7 25 theme high-performance 1013:1028 arg1 HPLC 1053:1056 HPLC 1053:1056 HPLC 1053:1056 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 7 25 theme high-performance 1013:1028 arg1 chromatography 1037:1050 standard high-performance liquid chromatography 1004:1050 a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC 1002:1103 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 0 26 theme monoclonal 38:47 arg1 antibodies 49:58 monoclonal antibodies 38:58 monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography 38:134 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 9 27 theme mAbs 1473:1476 arg1 mAbs 1473:1476 mAbs 1473:1476 mAbs 1473:1476 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 9 27 theme mAbs 1473:1476 arg1 variety 1462:1468 a variety 1460:1468 a variety of mAbs 1460:1476 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 8 28 theme robust 1269:1274 arg1 performance 1287:1297 robust analytical performance 1269:1297 robust analytical performance 1269:1297 The number of steps required in the protocol and the time, as well as the cost associated with the sample preparation, is significantly reduced, while maintaining robust analytical performance. 32439286 9 29 theme serum 1351:1355 arg1 library 1368:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 5 30 theme glycan 746:751 arg1 methods 763:769 glycan profiling methods 746:769 glycan profiling methods 746:769 Currently, existing protocols for sample preparation can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, which can limit the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods. 32439286 2 31 theme glycans 272:278 arg1 attribute 317:325 a critical quality attribute 298:325 a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 298:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 31 theme glycans 272:278 arg1 profile 251:257 The profile 247:257 The profile of different glycans on the protein 247:293 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 7 32 theme chromatography 1037:1050 arg1 system 1059:1064 a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system 1002:1064 a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC 1002:1103 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 9 33 theme library 1368:1374 arg1 validation 1329:1338 validation 1329:1338 validation 1329:1338 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 9 33 theme library 1368:1374 arg1 creation 1316:1323 creation 1316:1323 creation 1316:1323 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 5 34 theme profiling 753:761 arg1 methods 763:769 glycan profiling methods 746:769 glycan profiling methods 746:769 Currently, existing protocols for sample preparation can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, which can limit the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods. 32439286 8 35 theme steps 1120:1124 arg1 cost 1180:1183 the cost 1176:1183 the cost associated with the sample preparation 1176:1222 The number of steps required in the protocol and the time, as well as the cost associated with the sample preparation, is significantly reduced, while maintaining robust analytical performance. 32439286 8 35 theme steps 1120:1124 arg1 number 1110:1115 The number 1106:1115 The number of steps required in the protocol 1106:1149 The number of steps required in the protocol and the time, as well as the cost associated with the sample preparation, is significantly reduced, while maintaining robust analytical performance. 32439286 8 35 theme steps 1120:1124 arg1 time 1159:1162 the time 1155:1162 the time 1155:1162 The number of steps required in the protocol and the time, as well as the cost associated with the sample preparation, is significantly reduced, while maintaining robust analytical performance. 32439286 2 36 theme different 262:270 arg1 glycans 272:278 different glycans 262:278 different glycans 262:278 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 9 37 from variety 1462:1468 arg1 glycoforms 1444:1453 glycoforms 1444:1453 glycoforms from a variety of mAbs 1444:1476 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 1 38 theme N-linked 137:144 arg1 modification 184:195 a post-translational modification 163:195 a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis 163:244 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 1 38 theme N-linked 137:144 arg1 glycosylation 146:158 N-linked glycosylation 137:158 N-linked glycosylation 137:158 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 7 39 theme comparable 1077:1086 arg1 results 1088:1094 comparable results 1077:1094 comparable results 1077:1094 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 9 40 theme glycan 1361:1366 arg1 library 1368:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 a human serum IgG glycan library 1343:1374 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 5 41 theme wide 727:730 arg1 adaptation 732:741 the wide adaptation 723:741 the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods 723:769 Currently, existing protocols for sample preparation can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, which can limit the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods. 32439286 6 42 theme further 777:783 arg1 system 864:869 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 6 42 theme further 777:783 arg1 barrier 785:791 a further barrier 775:791 a further barrier to use 775:798 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 8 43 theme analytical 1276:1285 arg1 performance 1287:1297 robust analytical performance 1269:1297 robust analytical performance 1269:1297 The number of steps required in the protocol and the time, as well as the cost associated with the sample preparation, is significantly reduced, while maintaining robust analytical performance. 32439286 4 44 theme used 566:569 arg1 technique 571:579 the most commonly used technique 548:579 the most commonly used technique for glycan profiling 548:600 Isolating glycans from proteins and tagging a label on glycans is the most commonly used technique for glycan profiling. 32439286 1 45 link N-linked 137:144 arg1 modification 184:195 a post-translational modification 163:195 a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis 163:244 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 1 45 link N-linked 137:144 arg1 glycosylation 146:158 N-linked glycosylation 137:158 N-linked glycosylation 137:158 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 7 46 theme easily-used 943:953 arg1 workflow 955:962 easily-used workflow 943:962 easily-used workflow 943:962 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 6 47 theme chromatography 841:854 arg1 system 864:869 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system 801:869 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 6 47 theme chromatography 841:854 arg1 barrier 785:791 a further barrier 775:791 a further barrier to use 775:798 As a further barrier to use, an expensive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is frequently required for the profile. 32439286 2 48 theme monoclonal 384:393 arg1 antibodies 395:404 monoclonal antibodies 384:404 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 384:411 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 2 48 theme monoclonal 384:393 arg1 mAbs 407:410 mAbs 407:410 mAbs 407:410 The profile of different glycans on the protein is a critical quality attribute of some recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 32439286 7 49 theme low 930:932 arg1 cost 934:937 a low cost 928:937 a low cost 928:937 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 7 50 theme liquid 1030:1035 arg1 HPLC 1053:1056 HPLC 1053:1056 HPLC 1053:1056 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 7 50 theme liquid 1030:1035 arg1 chromatography 1037:1050 standard high-performance liquid chromatography 1004:1050 a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC 1002:1103 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 7 51 theme standard 1004:1011 arg1 HPLC 1053:1056 HPLC 1053:1056 HPLC 1053:1056 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 7 51 theme standard 1004:1011 arg1 chromatography 1037:1050 standard high-performance liquid chromatography 1004:1050 a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC 1002:1103 In this article, a low cost and easily-used workflow of sample preparation is coupled with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to achieve comparable results to UHPLC. 32439286 0 52 theme sample 74:79 arg1 preparation 81:91 advanced sample preparation 65:91 advanced sample preparation 65:91 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 0 53 with antibodies 49:58 arg1 preparation 81:91 advanced sample preparation 65:91 advanced sample preparation 65:91 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 0 53 with antibodies 49:58 arg1 chromatography 121:134 high-performance liquid chromatography 97:134 high-performance liquid chromatography 97:134 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 1 54 theme post-translational 165:182 arg1 modification 184:195 a post-translational modification 163:195 a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis 163:244 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 1 54 theme post-translational 165:182 arg1 glycosylation 146:158 N-linked glycosylation 137:158 N-linked glycosylation 137:158 N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs on many proteins during biosynthesis. 32439286 9 55 theme successful 1420:1429 arg1 profiling 1431:1439 successful profiling 1420:1439 successful profiling 1420:1439 We describe the creation and validation of a human serum IgG glycan library to be used as the calibration standard, and successful profiling of glycoforms from a variety of mAbs. 32439286 0 56 theme advanced 65:72 arg1 preparation 81:91 advanced sample preparation 65:91 advanced sample preparation 65:91 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 0 57 theme glycan 17:22 arg1 profiling 24:32 glycan profiling 17:32 glycan profiling 17:32 At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. 32439286 5 58 theme methods 763:769 arg1 adaptation 732:741 the wide adaptation 723:741 the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods 723:769 Currently, existing protocols for sample preparation can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, which can limit the wide adaptation of glycan profiling methods. 34935281 0 0 theme glucosamine 63:73 arg1 modification 83:94 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 1 theme reticulum 633:641 arg1 response 655:662 the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 606:662 the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 606:662 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 2 2 dep Stx2a 380:384 arg1 Melton-Celsa 387:398 Melton-Celsa 387:398 Melton-Celsa 387:398 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 2 3 theme STEC 301:304 arg1 infection 306:314 STEC infection 301:314 STEC infection 301:314 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 3 4 theme subsequent 610:619 arg1 ER 644:645 ER 644:645 ER 644:645 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 4 theme subsequent 610:619 arg1 reticulum 633:641 subsequent endoplasmic reticulum 610:641 the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 606:662 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 6 5 theme mouse 927:931 arg1 survival 933:940 mouse survival 927:940 mouse survival 927:940 In mice intoxicated with Stx2a, OSMI-1 treatment reduced kidney damage and increased mouse survival. 34935281 0 6 theme N-acetyl 54:61 arg1 glucosamine 63:73 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 45:73 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 5 7 theme Stx2a-induced 820:832 arg1 damage 834:839 the Stx2a-induced damage 816:839 the Stx2a-induced damage 816:839 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation with OSMI-1 protected cells from the Stx2a-induced damage. 34935281 4 8 theme elevated 669:676 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 678:692 The elevated O-GlcNAcylation 665:692 The elevated O-GlcNAcylation 665:692 The elevated O-GlcNAcylation resulted in elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes. 34935281 2 9 dep Melton-Celsa 387:398 arg1 Scheutz 407:413 Scheutz 407:413 Scheutz 407:413 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 0 10 theme protein 75:81 arg1 modification 83:94 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 0 11 from increase 33:40 arg1 modification 83:94 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 12 theme endoplasmic 621:631 arg1 ER 644:645 ER 644:645 ER 644:645 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 12 theme endoplasmic 621:631 arg1 reticulum 633:641 subsequent endoplasmic reticulum 610:641 the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 606:662 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 5 13 theme O-GlcNAcylation 767:781 arg1 Inhibition 753:762 Inhibition 753:762 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation with OSMI-1 753:793 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation with OSMI-1 protected cells from the Stx2a-induced damage. 34935281 2 14 theme type 371:374 arg1 Stx2a 380:384 Stx2a 380:384 Stx2a 380:384 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 2 14 theme type 371:374 arg1 2a 376:377 Stx type 2a 367:377 Stx type 2a 367:377 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 0 15 theme toxin 6:10 arg1 increase 33:40 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase 0:40 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 6 16 theme OSMI-1 874:879 arg1 treatment 881:889 OSMI-1 treatment 874:889 OSMI-1 treatment 874:889 In mice intoxicated with Stx2a, OSMI-1 treatment reduced kidney damage and increased mouse survival. 34935281 3 17 theme Medicine 455:462 arg1 issue 431:435 this issue 426:435 this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine 426:462 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 0 18 theme Shiga 0:4 arg1 Stx 13:15 Stx 13:15 Stx 13:15 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 0 18 theme Shiga 0:4 arg1 toxin 6:10 Shiga toxin 0:10 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 6 19 theme kidney 899:904 arg1 damage 906:911 kidney damage 899:911 kidney damage 899:911 In mice intoxicated with Stx2a, OSMI-1 treatment reduced kidney damage and increased mouse survival. 34935281 2 20 theme Stx 367:369 arg1 Stx2a 380:384 Stx2a 380:384 Stx2a 380:384 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 2 20 theme Stx 367:369 arg1 2a 376:377 Stx type 2a 367:377 Stx type 2a 367:377 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 1 21 theme fatal 237:241 arg1 HUS 270:272 HUS 270:272 HUS 270:272 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 1 21 theme fatal 237:241 arg1 syndrome 260:267 the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome 221:267 the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) 221:273 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 0 22 theme therapeutic 103:113 arg1 target 115:120 a new therapeutic target 97:120 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 23 theme EMBO 440:443 arg1 Medicine 455:462 EMBO Molecular Medicine 440:462 EMBO Molecular Medicine 440:462 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 4 24 theme inflammatory 715:726 arg1 processes 742:750 elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes 706:750 elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes 706:750 The elevated O-GlcNAcylation resulted in elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes. 34935281 1 25 theme hemolytic 243:251 arg1 HUS 270:272 HUS 270:272 HUS 270:272 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 1 25 theme hemolytic 243:251 arg1 syndrome 260:267 the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome 221:267 the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) 221:273 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 0 26 theme new 99:101 arg1 target 115:120 a new therapeutic target 97:120 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 27 theme Molecular 445:453 arg1 Medicine 455:462 EMBO Molecular Medicine 440:462 EMBO Molecular Medicine 440:462 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 0 28 theme type 18:21 arg1 increase 33:40 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase 0:40 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 1 29 theme uremic 253:258 arg1 HUS 270:272 HUS 270:272 HUS 270:272 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 1 29 theme uremic 253:258 arg1 syndrome 260:267 the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome 221:267 the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) 221:273 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 2 30 attach linked 357:362 arg1 Stx2a 380:384 Stx2a 380:384 Stx2a 380:384 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 2 30 attach linked 357:362 arg1 2a 376:377 Stx type 2a 367:377 Stx type 2a 367:377 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 2 30 attach linked 357:362 arg2 Development 276:286 Development 276:286 Development of HUS after STEC infection 276:314 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 0 31 dep increase 33:40 arg1 target 115:120 a new therapeutic target 97:120 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 4 32 theme elevated 706:713 arg1 processes 742:750 elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes 706:750 elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes 706:750 The elevated O-GlcNAcylation resulted in elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes. 34935281 4 33 theme apoptotic 732:740 arg1 processes 742:750 elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes 706:750 elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes 706:750 The elevated O-GlcNAcylation resulted in elevated inflammatory and apoptotic processes. 34935281 2 34 theme HUS 291:293 arg1 Development 276:286 Development 276:286 Development of HUS after STEC infection 276:314 Development of HUS after STEC infection is dependent on Stx, and is particularly linked to Stx type 2a, Stx2a (Melton-Celsa, 2014; Scheutz, 2014). 34935281 0 35 theme 2-induced 23:31 arg1 increase 33:40 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase 0:40 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 0:121 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 36 theme stress 648:653 arg1 response 655:662 the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 606:662 the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 606:662 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 5 37 with Inhibition 753:762 arg1 OSMI-1 788:793 OSMI-1 788:793 OSMI-1 788:793 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation with OSMI-1 protected cells from the Stx2a-induced damage. 34935281 1 38 dep -producing 140:149 arg1 toxin 129:133 Shiga toxin 123:133 Shiga toxin 123:133 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 0 39 link O-linked 45:52 arg1 glucosamine 63:73 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 45:73 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 40 theme host 572:575 arg1 cells 577:581 host cells 572:581 host cells 572:581 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 41 theme glucosamine 505:515 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 41 theme glucosamine 505:515 arg1 modification 525:536 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 487:536 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 487:554 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 1 42 theme bloody 182:187 arg1 diarrhea 189:196 bloody diarrhea 182:196 bloody diarrhea 182:196 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 3 43 theme protein 517:523 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 43 theme protein 517:523 arg1 modification 525:536 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 487:536 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 487:554 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 0 44 theme O-linked 45:52 arg1 glucosamine 63:73 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 45:73 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification 45:94 Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2-induced increase in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification: a new therapeutic target? 34935281 3 45 theme O-linked 487:494 arg1 glucosamine 505:515 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 487:515 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 487:554 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 1 46 theme Shiga 123:127 arg1 toxin 129:133 Shiga toxin 123:133 Shiga toxin 123:133 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes bloody diarrhea, which may progress to the potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). 34935281 3 47 theme Stx 589:591 arg1 exposure 593:600 Stx exposure 589:600 Stx exposure 589:600 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 48 theme N-acetyl 496:503 arg1 glucosamine 505:515 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 487:515 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 487:554 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34935281 3 49 link O-linked 487:494 arg1 glucosamine 505:515 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 487:515 O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 487:554 In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Lee et al report that O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is increased in host cells after Stx exposure and the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 34617233 0 0 theme builder 81:87 arg1 conditioner 89:99 skeleton builder conditioner 72:99 skeleton builder conditioner 72:99 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 3 1 theme organic 669:675 arg1 content 684:690 organic matter content 669:690 organic matter content 669:690 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 1 2 with important 163:171 arg1 characteristics 214:228 the sludge characteristics 203:228 the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning 203:265 Sludge conditioning is important for improved dewatering, with the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning. 34617233 7 3 theme SPS 1360:1362 arg1 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 3 theme SPS 1360:1362 arg1 ratio 1370:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 4 theme molar 1364:1368 arg1 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 4 theme molar 1364:1368 arg1 ratio 1370:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 0 5 theme skeleton 72:79 arg1 conditioner 89:99 skeleton builder conditioner 72:99 skeleton builder conditioner 72:99 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 5 6 theme skeleton 1064:1071 arg1 builder 1073:1079 the skeleton builder 1060:1079 the skeleton builder 1060:1079 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 9 7 theme builder 1643:1649 arg1 role 1651:1654 the skeleton builder role 1630:1654 the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1630:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 6 8 theme molar 1188:1192 arg1 ratio 1194:1198 optimal molar ratio 1180:1198 optimal molar ratio 1180:1198 Changes in PG significantly impacts the optimal molar ratio and dosage of Fe2+/SPS. 34617233 4 9 theme skeleton 819:826 arg1 role 836:839 the skeleton builder role 815:839 the skeleton builder role of PG 815:845 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 6 10 dep ratio 1194:1198 arg1 the 1176:1178 the 1176:1178 the 1176:1178 Changes in PG significantly impacts the optimal molar ratio and dosage of Fe2+/SPS. 34617233 5 11 theme builder 1073:1079 arg1 effectiveness 1043:1055 the effectiveness 1039:1055 the effectiveness of the skeleton builder 1039:1079 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 7 12 theme maximum 1347:1353 arg1 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 12 theme maximum 1347:1353 arg1 ratio 1370:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 5 13 dep content 988:994 arg1 0.32 1020:1023 0.32 1020:1023 0.32 1020:1023 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 9 14 theme oxidation 1599:1607 arg1 role 1609:1612 the oxidation role 1595:1612 the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS 1595:1624 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 2 15 with sludges 405:411 arg1 % 455:455 34.6-43.8% 446:455 34.6-43.8% 446:455 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 15 with sludges 405:411 arg1 contents 477:484 different solid contents 461:484 different solid contents (2.8-5.9%) 461:495 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 15 with sludges 405:411 arg1 % 494:494 2.8-5.9% 487:494 2.8-5.9% 487:494 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 15 with sludges 405:411 arg1 contents 436:443 different organic contents 418:443 different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) 418:456 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 4 16 theme builder 828:834 arg1 role 836:839 the skeleton builder role 815:839 the skeleton builder role of PG 815:845 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 5 17 theme solid 1095:1099 arg1 content 1101:1107 the solid content 1091:1107 the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25) 1091:1137 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 2 18 theme sodium 308:313 arg1 Fe2+/SPS 327:334 Fe2+/SPS 327:334 Fe2+/SPS 327:334 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 18 theme sodium 308:313 arg1 persulfate 315:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate 293:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG) 293:368 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 18 theme sodium 308:313 arg1 conditioner 280:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 8 19 theme polymeric 1482:1490 arg1 substances 1492:1501 extracellular polymeric substances 1468:1501 extracellular polymeric substances 1468:1501 The composite conditioning decreases the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides. 34617233 9 20 theme PG 1659:1660 arg1 role 1651:1654 the skeleton builder role 1630:1654 the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1630:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 9 20 theme PG 1659:1660 arg1 role 1609:1612 the oxidation role 1595:1612 the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS 1595:1624 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 6 21 theme optimal 1180:1186 arg1 ratio 1194:1198 optimal molar ratio 1180:1198 optimal molar ratio 1180:1198 Changes in PG significantly impacts the optimal molar ratio and dosage of Fe2+/SPS. 34617233 2 22 used used 375:378 arg2 conditioner 280:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 22 used used 375:378 arg2 persulfate 315:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate 293:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG) 293:368 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 23 theme Fe2+-activated 293:306 arg1 Fe2+/SPS 327:334 Fe2+/SPS 327:334 Fe2+/SPS 327:334 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 23 theme Fe2+-activated 293:306 arg1 persulfate 315:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate 293:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG) 293:368 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 23 theme Fe2+-activated 293:306 arg1 conditioner 280:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 1 24 theme improved 177:184 arg1 dewatering 186:195 improved dewatering 177:195 improved dewatering 177:195 Sludge conditioning is important for improved dewatering, with the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning. 34617233 4 25 theme organic 952:958 arg1 content 967:973 greater organic matter content 944:973 greater organic matter content 944:973 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 3 26 theme matter 677:682 arg1 content 684:690 organic matter content 669:690 organic matter content 669:690 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 2 27 theme different 461:469 arg1 contents 477:484 different solid contents 461:484 different solid contents (2.8-5.9%) 461:495 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 27 theme different 461:469 arg1 % 494:494 2.8-5.9% 487:494 2.8-5.9% 487:494 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 3 28 theme optimization 515:526 arg1 analysis 528:535 Response surface optimization analysis 498:535 Response surface optimization analysis 498:535 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 2 29 theme solid 471:475 arg1 contents 477:484 different solid contents 461:484 different solid contents (2.8-5.9%) 461:495 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 29 theme solid 471:475 arg1 % 494:494 2.8-5.9% 487:494 2.8-5.9% 487:494 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 3 30 theme surface 507:513 arg1 analysis 528:535 Response surface optimization analysis 498:535 Response surface optimization analysis 498:535 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 5 31 dep content 1101:1107 arg1 0.25 1133:1136 0.25 1133:1136 0.25 1133:1136 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 9 32 theme skeleton 1634:1641 arg1 role 1651:1654 the skeleton builder role 1630:1654 the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1630:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 4 33 theme Fe2+/SPS 802:809 arg1 role 794:797 The oxidation role 780:797 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS 780:809 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 4 33 theme Fe2+/SPS 802:809 arg1 role 836:839 the skeleton builder role 815:839 the skeleton builder role of PG 815:845 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 7 34 theme solid 1390:1394 arg1 content 1396:1402 solid content 1390:1402 solid content of 5.9 wt% 1390:1413 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 3 35 theme best 557:560 arg1 conditioning 562:573 the best conditioning 553:573 the best conditioning 553:573 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 7 36 theme greater 1236:1242 arg1 content 1250:1256 greater solid content 1236:1256 greater solid content 1236:1256 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 0 37 theme matter 24:29 arg1 Adaptability 0:11 Adaptability 0:11 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste 0:109 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 9 38 theme Fe2+/SPS 1617:1624 arg1 role 1651:1654 the skeleton builder role 1630:1654 the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1630:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 9 38 theme Fe2+/SPS 1617:1624 arg1 role 1609:1612 the oxidation role 1595:1612 the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS 1595:1624 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 7 39 theme greater 1267:1273 arg1 dosage 1284:1289 greater Fe2+/SPS dosage 1267:1289 greater Fe2+/SPS dosage 1267:1289 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 2 40 theme different 418:426 arg1 contents 436:443 different organic contents 418:443 different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) 418:456 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 40 theme different 418:426 arg1 % 455:455 34.6-43.8% 446:455 34.6-43.8% 446:455 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 41 theme organic 428:434 arg1 contents 436:443 different organic contents 418:443 different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) 418:456 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 41 theme organic 428:434 arg1 % 455:455 34.6-43.8% 446:455 34.6-43.8% 446:455 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 5 42 theme Maximum 1110:1116 arg1 value 1123:1127 Maximum ηSOL value 1110:1127 Maximum ηSOL value 1110:1127 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 0 43 theme sludge 121:126 arg1 dewatering 128:137 sludge dewatering 121:137 sludge dewatering 121:137 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 1 44 theme sludge 207:212 arg1 characteristics 214:228 the sludge characteristics 203:228 the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning 203:265 Sludge conditioning is important for improved dewatering, with the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning. 34617233 0 45 theme solid 35:39 arg1 content 41:47 solid content 35:47 solid content 35:47 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 3 46 theme dewatering 701:710 arg1 performance 712:722 the dewatering performance 697:722 the dewatering performance of the sludge 697:736 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 7 47 theme stronger 1302:1309 arg1 oxidation 1311:1319 stronger oxidation 1302:1319 stronger oxidation 1302:1319 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 48 theme Fe2+ 1355:1358 arg1 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 1.14 1380:1383 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 48 theme Fe2+ 1355:1358 arg1 ratio 1370:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio 1343:1374 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 49 theme solid 1244:1248 arg1 content 1250:1256 greater solid content 1236:1256 greater solid content 1236:1256 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 8 50 theme extracellular 1468:1480 arg1 substances 1492:1501 extracellular polymeric substances 1468:1501 extracellular polymeric substances 1468:1501 The composite conditioning decreases the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides. 34617233 7 51 with Sludge 1224:1229 arg1 content 1250:1256 greater solid content 1236:1256 greater solid content 1236:1256 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 3 52 theme specific 609:616 arg1 resistance 618:627 the specific resistance 605:627 the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) 605:647 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 5 53 theme ηSOL 1118:1121 arg1 value 1123:1127 Maximum ηSOL value 1110:1127 Maximum ηSOL value 1110:1127 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 4 54 theme major 901:905 arg1 role 907:910 a major role 899:910 a major role 899:910 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 4 55 theme matter 960:965 arg1 content 967:973 greater organic matter content 944:973 greater organic matter content 944:973 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 4 56 theme PG 844:845 arg1 role 794:797 The oxidation role 780:797 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS 780:809 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 4 56 theme PG 844:845 arg1 role 836:839 the skeleton builder role 815:839 the skeleton builder role of PG 815:845 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 3 57 theme resistance 618:627 arg1 reduction 592:600 the reduction 588:600 the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) 588:647 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 3 57 theme resistance 618:627 arg1 sensitive 656:664 sensitive 656:664 sensitive 656:664 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 4 58 theme oxidation 784:792 arg1 role 794:797 The oxidation role 780:797 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS 780:809 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 8 59 theme composite 1420:1428 arg1 conditioning 1430:1441 The composite conditioning 1416:1441 The composite conditioning 1416:1441 The composite conditioning decreases the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides. 34617233 0 60 theme content 41:47 arg1 Adaptability 0:11 Adaptability 0:11 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste 0:109 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 8 61 theme substances 1492:1501 arg1 content 1457:1463 the content 1453:1463 the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides 1453:1530 The composite conditioning decreases the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides. 34617233 5 62 theme organic 980:986 arg1 content 988:994 The organic content 976:994 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) 976:1024 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 2 63 from impact 395:400 arg1 sludges 405:411 sludges 405:411 sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%) 405:495 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 7 64 theme % 1413:1413 arg1 content 1396:1402 solid content 1390:1402 solid content of 5.9 wt% 1390:1413 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 6 65 from Changes 1140:1146 arg1 PG 1151:1152 PG 1151:1152 PG 1151:1152 Changes in PG significantly impacts the optimal molar ratio and dosage of Fe2+/SPS. 34617233 3 66 theme sludge 731:736 arg1 performance 712:722 the dewatering performance 697:722 the dewatering performance of the sludge 697:736 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 6 67 theme Fe2+/SPS 1214:1221 arg1 ratio 1194:1198 optimal molar ratio 1180:1198 optimal molar ratio 1180:1198 Changes in PG significantly impacts the optimal molar ratio and dosage of Fe2+/SPS. 34617233 6 67 theme Fe2+/SPS 1214:1221 arg1 dosage 1204:1209 dosage 1204:1209 dosage 1204:1209 Changes in PG significantly impacts the optimal molar ratio and dosage of Fe2+/SPS. 34617233 7 68 theme wt 1411:1412 arg1 % 1413:1413 5.9 wt% 1407:1413 5.9 wt% 1407:1413 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 7 69 theme Fe2+/SPS 1275:1282 arg1 dosage 1284:1289 greater Fe2+/SPS dosage 1267:1289 greater Fe2+/SPS dosage 1267:1289 Sludge with greater solid content requires greater Fe2+/SPS dosage to provide stronger oxidation to destroy flocs, and the maximum Fe2+:SPS molar ratio was 1.14 with solid content of 5.9 wt%. 34617233 8 70 theme proteins/polysaccharides 1507:1530 arg1 content 1457:1463 the content 1453:1463 the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides 1453:1530 The composite conditioning decreases the content of extracellular polymeric substances and proteins/polysaccharides. 34617233 4 71 theme greater 944:950 arg1 content 967:973 greater organic matter content 944:973 greater organic matter content 944:973 The oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG together affect the conditioning, oxidation playing a major role in conditioning, especially for greater organic matter content. 34617233 5 72 theme maximum 997:1003 arg1 value 1010:1014 maximum ηSOL value 997:1014 maximum ηSOL value 997:1014 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 2 73 theme composite 270:278 arg1 persulfate 315:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate 293:324 Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG) 293:368 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 2 73 theme composite 270:278 arg1 conditioner 280:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner 268:290 A composite conditioner, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/SPS) combined with phosphogypsum (PG), was used to examine its impact on sludges with different organic contents (34.6-43.8%) or different solid contents (2.8-5.9%). 34617233 1 74 theme Sludge 140:145 arg1 conditioning 147:158 Sludge conditioning 140:158 Sludge conditioning 140:158 Sludge conditioning is important for improved dewatering, with the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning. 34617233 3 75 theme solid 765:769 arg1 content 771:777 the solid content 761:777 the solid content 761:777 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 5 76 theme ηSOL 1005:1008 arg1 value 1010:1014 maximum ηSOL value 997:1014 maximum ηSOL value 997:1014 The organic content (maximum ηSOL value was 0.32) also affects the effectiveness of the skeleton builder more than the solid content (Maximum ηSOL value was 0.25). 34617233 9 77 theme new 1553:1555 arg1 insight 1557:1563 new insight 1553:1563 new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1553:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 9 78 theme sludge 1666:1671 arg1 strategies 1686:1695 sludge conditioning strategies 1666:1695 sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1666:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 9 79 theme optimal 1714:1720 arg1 conditions 1722:1731 the optimal conditions 1710:1731 the optimal conditions 1710:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 0 80 theme organic 16:22 arg1 matter 24:29 organic matter 16:29 organic matter 16:29 Adaptability of organic matter and solid content to Fe2+/persulfate and skeleton builder conditioner for waste activated sludge dewatering. 34617233 3 81 theme Response 498:505 arg1 analysis 528:535 Response surface optimization analysis 498:535 Response surface optimization analysis 498:535 Response surface optimization analysis shows that when the best conditioning is achieved, the reduction of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is not sensitive to organic matter content, but the dewatering performance of the sludge is greatly affected by the solid content. 34617233 9 82 theme conditioning 1673:1684 arg1 strategies 1686:1695 sludge conditioning strategies 1666:1695 sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions 1666:1731 This study provides new insight into the relationship between the oxidation role of Fe2+/SPS and the skeleton builder role of PG for sludge conditioning strategies according to the optimal conditions. 34617233 1 83 theme conditioning 254:265 arg1 effect 244:249 the effect 240:249 the effect of conditioning 240:265 Sludge conditioning is important for improved dewatering, with the sludge characteristics impacting the effect of conditioning. 34559939 0 0 theme exosome-mediated 88:103 arg1 effects 144:150 their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects 82:150 their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects 82:150 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 5 1 theme exosomes 850:857 arg1 biogenesis 859:868 exosomes biogenesis 850:868 exosomes biogenesis 850:868 And surface glycoconjugates play important roles in exosomes biogenesis and in their interaction with other cells. 34559939 5 2 theme important 831:839 arg1 roles 841:845 important roles 831:845 important roles 831:845 And surface glycoconjugates play important roles in exosomes biogenesis and in their interaction with other cells. 34559939 1 3 theme malignant 269:277 arg1 properties 279:288 its malignant properties 265:288 its malignant properties 265:288 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 6 4 theme proliferation-promoting 1012:1034 arg1 effects 1060:1066 both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects 1003:1066 effects 1060:1066 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 2 5 theme glycoprotein 383:394 arg1 composition 396:406 glycoprotein composition 383:406 glycoprotein composition 383:406 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 4 6 theme I 658:658 arg1 silencing 622:630 The silencing 618:630 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) 618:669 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 5 7 theme surface 802:808 arg1 glycoconjugates 810:824 And surface glycoconjugates 798:824 glycoconjugates 810:824 And surface glycoconjugates play important roles in exosomes biogenesis and in their interaction with other cells. 34559939 0 8 from Knockdown 0:8 arg1 cells 67:71 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 8 9 from role 1457:1460 arg1 biology 1480:1486 the biology 1476:1486 the biology of exosomes 1476:1498 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 3 10 theme exosomes 608:615 arg1 marker 598:603 a classic marker 588:603 a classic marker of exosomes 588:615 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 10 theme exosomes 608:615 arg1 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 0 11 theme proliferation- 105:118 arg1 effects 144:150 their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects 82:150 their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects 82:150 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 5 12 with interaction 883:893 arg1 cells 906:910 other cells 900:910 other cells 900:910 And surface glycoconjugates play important roles in exosomes biogenesis and in their interaction with other cells. 34559939 4 13 from surface 755:761 arg1 CD63 742:745 CD63 742:745 CD63 742:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 14 theme exosomes 778:785 arg1 surface 755:761 the surface 751:761 the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo) 751:795 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 14 theme exosomes 778:785 arg1 levels 697:702 the levels 693:702 the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 693:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 8 15 theme functional 1446:1455 arg1 role 1457:1460 the functional role 1442:1460 the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes 1442:1498 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 7 16 theme Further 1080:1086 arg1 analysis 1088:1095 Further analysis 1080:1095 Further analysis 1080:1095 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 2 17 theme characteristic 305:318 arg1 protein 320:326 characteristic protein and lipid composition 305:348 protein 320:326 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 3 18 theme chromatography-tandem 460:480 arg1 spectrometry 487:498 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 453:498 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 453:509 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 18 theme chromatography-tandem 460:480 arg1 LC-MS/MS 501:508 LC-MS/MS 501:508 LC-MS/MS 501:508 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 1 19 theme human 202:206 arg1 carcinoma 223:231 human hepatocellular carcinoma 202:231 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 202:237 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 1 19 theme human 202:206 arg1 HCC 234:236 HCC 234:236 HCC 234:236 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 0 20 theme migration-promoting 124:142 arg1 effects 144:150 their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects 82:150 their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects 82:150 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 6 21 theme α2,6-sialylation 964:979 arg1 degradation 981:991 α2,6-sialylation degradation 964:991 α2,6-sialylation degradation 964:991 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 4 22 gly α2,6-sialylated 707:721 arg1 glycoconjugates 723:737 α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates 707:737 α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 707:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 1 23 theme hepatocellular 208:221 arg1 carcinoma 223:231 human hepatocellular carcinoma 202:231 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 202:237 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 1 23 theme hepatocellular 208:221 arg1 HCC 234:236 HCC 234:236 HCC 234:236 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 3 24 theme classic 590:596 arg1 marker 598:603 a classic marker 588:603 a classic marker of exosomes 588:615 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 24 theme classic 590:596 arg1 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 4 25 from CD63 742:745 arg1 surface 755:761 the surface 751:761 the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo) 751:795 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 25 from CD63 742:745 arg1 levels 697:702 the levels 693:702 the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 693:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 1 26 theme carcinoma 223:231 arg1 sialylation 162:172 Abnormal sialylation 153:172 Abnormal sialylation 153:172 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 1 26 theme carcinoma 223:231 arg1 feature 191:197 a distinctive feature 177:197 a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 177:237 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 5 27 theme other 900:904 arg1 cells 906:910 other cells 900:910 other cells 900:910 And surface glycoconjugates play important roles in exosomes biogenesis and in their interaction with other cells. 34559939 2 28 contain have 300:303 arg2 composition 338:348 characteristic protein and lipid composition 305:348 composition 338:348 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 2 28 contain have 300:303 arg2 protein 320:326 characteristic protein and lipid composition 305:348 protein 320:326 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 2 28 contain have 300:303 arg1 Exosomes 291:298 Exosomes 291:298 Exosomes 291:298 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 8 29 theme exosomes 1372:1379 arg1 loss 1344:1347 the loss 1340:1347 the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes 1340:1379 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 8 30 theme α2,6-sialylation 1289:1304 arg1 loss 1281:1284 a loss 1279:1284 a loss of α2,6-sialylation 1279:1304 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 3 31 theme mass 482:485 arg1 spectrometry 487:498 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 453:498 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 453:509 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 31 theme mass 482:485 arg1 LC-MS/MS 501:508 LC-MS/MS 501:508 LC-MS/MS 501:508 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 0 32 theme expression 22:31 arg1 Knockdown 0:8 Knockdown 0:8 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 0:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 7 33 theme ST6Gal-I 1206:1213 arg1 silencing 1215:1223 ST6Gal-I silencing 1206:1223 ST6Gal-I silencing 1206:1223 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 8 34 link cell-derived 1359:1370 arg1 exosomes 1372:1379 cancer cell-derived exosomes 1352:1379 cancer cell-derived exosomes 1352:1379 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 3 35 gly sialylated 552:561 arg1 proteins 563:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins 522:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes 522:615 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 35 gly sialylated 552:561 arg1 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 4 36 from glycoconjugates 723:737 arg1 CD63 742:745 CD63 742:745 CD63 742:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 37 theme α2,6-sialylated 707:721 arg1 glycoconjugates 723:737 α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates 707:737 α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 707:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 0 38 theme ST6Gal-I 13:20 arg1 expression 22:31 ST6Gal-I expression 13:31 ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 13:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 4 39 theme α2,6-sialyltransferase 635:656 arg1 ST6Gal-I 661:668 ST6Gal-I 661:668 ST6Gal-I 661:668 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 39 theme α2,6-sialyltransferase 635:656 arg1 I 658:658 α2,6-sialyltransferase I 635:658 α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) 635:669 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 6 40 dep effects 1060:1066 arg1 both 1003:1006 both 1003:1006 both 1003:1006 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 2 41 theme lipid 332:336 arg1 composition 338:348 characteristic protein and lipid composition 305:348 composition 338:348 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 3 42 theme multiple 522:529 arg1 proteins 563:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins 522:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes 522:615 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 42 theme multiple 522:529 arg1 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 0 43 theme human 36:40 arg1 carcinoma 57:65 human hepatocellular carcinoma 36:65 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 6 44 attach derived 934:940 arg1 cells 957:961 naive HCC cells 947:961 naive HCC cells 947:961 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 6 44 attach derived 934:940 arg2 exosomes 925:932 exosomes 925:932 exosomes derived from naive HCC cells 925:961 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 2 45 gly glycoprotein 383:394 arg1 glycoprotein 383:394 glycoprotein composition 383:406 glycoprotein composition 383:406 Exosomes have characteristic protein and lipid composition; however, the results concerning glycoprotein composition and glycosylation are scarce. 34559939 6 46 theme HCC 953:955 arg1 cells 957:961 naive HCC cells 947:961 naive HCC cells 947:961 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 3 47 theme liquid 453:458 arg1 spectrometry 487:498 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 453:498 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 453:509 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 47 theme liquid 453:458 arg1 LC-MS/MS 501:508 LC-MS/MS 501:508 LC-MS/MS 501:508 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 6 48 theme HCC-exo 1071:1077 arg1 effects 1060:1066 both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects 1003:1066 effects 1060:1066 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 8 49 theme cell-derived 1359:1370 arg1 exosomes 1372:1379 cancer cell-derived exosomes 1352:1379 cancer cell-derived exosomes 1352:1379 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 6 50 theme naive 947:951 arg1 cells 957:961 naive HCC cells 947:961 naive HCC cells 947:961 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 8 51 theme cancer 1352:1357 arg1 exosomes 1372:1379 cancer cell-derived exosomes 1352:1379 cancer cell-derived exosomes 1352:1379 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 4 52 theme glycoconjugates 723:737 arg1 surface 755:761 the surface 751:761 the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo) 751:795 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 52 theme glycoconjugates 723:737 arg1 levels 697:702 the levels 693:702 the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 693:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 0 53 theme carcinoma 57:65 arg1 cells 67:71 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 8 54 theme HCC 1316:1318 arg1 progression 1320:1330 HCC progression 1316:1330 HCC progression 1316:1330 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 7 55 theme HCC 1189:1191 arg1 cells 1193:1197 HCC cells 1189:1197 HCC cells 1189:1197 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 0 56 from cells 67:71 arg1 Knockdown 0:8 Knockdown 0:8 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 0:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 7 57 theme HCC-exo-mediated 1155:1170 arg1 proliferation 1172:1184 HCC-exo-mediated proliferation 1155:1184 HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells 1155:1197 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 8 58 theme glycans 1465:1471 arg1 role 1457:1460 the functional role 1442:1460 the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes 1442:1498 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 0 59 theme hepatocellular 42:55 arg1 carcinoma 57:65 human hepatocellular carcinoma 36:65 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 7 60 theme JNK1/2 1129:1134 arg1 signaling 1136:1144 the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling 1111:1144 the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling 1111:1144 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 1 61 theme Abnormal 153:160 arg1 sialylation 162:172 Abnormal sialylation 153:172 Abnormal sialylation 153:172 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 1 61 theme Abnormal 153:160 arg1 feature 191:197 a distinctive feature 177:197 a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 177:237 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 6 62 theme migration-promoting 1040:1058 arg1 effects 1060:1066 both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects 1003:1066 effects 1060:1066 Compared to exosomes derived from naive HCC cells, α2,6-sialylation degradation abolished both the proliferation-promoting and migration-promoting effects of HCC-exo. 34559939 8 63 theme novel 1404:1408 arg1 perspectives 1410:1421 novel perspectives 1404:1421 novel perspectives 1404:1421 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 3 64 theme microvesicle-related 531:550 arg1 proteins 563:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins 522:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes 522:615 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 64 theme microvesicle-related 531:550 arg1 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 4 65 link HCC-derived 766:776 arg1 exosomes 778:785 HCC-derived exosomes 766:785 HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo) 766:795 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 65 link HCC-derived 766:776 arg1 HCC-exo 788:794 HCC-exo 788:794 HCC-exo 788:794 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 7 66 from proliferation 1172:1184 arg1 cells 1193:1197 HCC cells 1189:1197 HCC cells 1189:1197 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 8 67 theme exosomes 1491:1498 arg1 biology 1480:1486 the biology 1476:1486 the biology of exosomes 1476:1498 These findings suggest that a loss of α2,6-sialylation decreases HCC progression through the loss of cancer cell-derived exosomes; furthermore, it opens novel perspectives to further explore the functional role of glycans in the biology of exosomes. 34559939 7 68 theme Akt/GSK-3β 1115:1124 arg1 signaling 1136:1144 the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling 1111:1144 the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling 1111:1144 Further analysis revealed that the Akt/GSK-3β or JNK1/2 signaling mediates HCC-exo-mediated proliferation in HCC cells, while ST6Gal-I silencing deactivated this pathway. 34559939 3 69 theme sialylated 552:561 arg1 proteins 563:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins 522:570 multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes 522:615 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 3 69 theme sialylated 552:561 arg1 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 CD63 582:585 In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified multiple microvesicle-related sialylated proteins including CD63, a classic marker of exosomes. 34559939 4 70 from levels 697:702 arg1 CD63 742:745 CD63 742:745 CD63 742:745 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 71 theme HCC-derived 766:776 arg1 exosomes 778:785 HCC-derived exosomes 766:785 HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo) 766:795 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 4 71 theme HCC-derived 766:776 arg1 HCC-exo 788:794 HCC-exo 788:794 HCC-exo 788:794 The silencing of α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) significantly reduced the levels of α2,6-sialylated glycoconjugates on CD63 and the surface of HCC-derived exosomes (HCC-exo). 34559939 0 72 from expression 22:31 arg1 cells 67:71 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells 36:71 Knockdown of ST6Gal-I expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits their exosome-mediated proliferation- and migration-promoting effects. 34559939 1 73 theme distinctive 179:189 arg1 sialylation 162:172 Abnormal sialylation 153:172 Abnormal sialylation 153:172 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34559939 1 73 theme distinctive 179:189 arg1 feature 191:197 a distinctive feature 177:197 a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 177:237 Abnormal sialylation is a distinctive feature of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to its malignant properties. 34865745 3 0 theme extraction 291:300 arg1 modulation 268:277 the modulation 264:277 the modulation of phenolic extraction during maceration 264:318 Therefore, the modulation of phenolic extraction during maceration may influence the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines. 34865745 0 1 from impact 15:20 arg1 ageing 59:64 wine ageing 54:64 wine ageing 54:64 Untangling the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing. 34865745 5 2 theme maceration 750:759 arg1 phase 761:765 the extended maceration phase 737:765 the extended maceration phase 737:765 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 6 3 theme longer 877:882 arg1 times 895:899 longer maceration times 877:899 longer maceration times 877:899 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 4 4 theme times 460:464 arg1 impact 423:428 the impact 419:428 the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 419:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 6 5 theme complexity 996:1005 arg1 higher 1039:1044 higher 1039:1044 higher 1039:1044 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 6 5 theme complexity 996:1005 arg1 level 987:991 the level 983:991 the level of complexity of these molecules 983:1024 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 4 6 theme phenolic 473:480 arg1 levels 482:487 the phenolic levels 469:487 the phenolic levels 469:487 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 8 7 theme perception 1331:1340 arg1 evolution 1283:1291 the evolution 1279:1291 the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines 1279:1353 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 3 8 theme subsequent 338:347 arg1 evolution 358:366 the subsequent phenolic evolution 334:366 the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines 334:381 Therefore, the modulation of phenolic extraction during maceration may influence the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines. 34865745 8 9 theme wines 1349:1353 arg1 fraction 1310:1317 polymeric fraction 1300:1317 polymeric fraction 1300:1317 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 8 9 theme wines 1349:1353 arg1 perception 1331:1340 sensory perception 1323:1340 sensory perception 1323:1340 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 3 10 theme phenolic 349:356 arg1 evolution 358:366 the subsequent phenolic evolution 334:366 the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines 334:381 Therefore, the modulation of phenolic extraction during maceration may influence the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines. 34865745 2 11 theme Phenolic 145:152 arg1 composition 154:164 Phenolic composition 145:164 Phenolic composition of young red wines 145:183 Phenolic composition of young red wines has been shown to play an important role in their ageing potential. 34865745 7 12 theme pectin 1121:1126 arg1 solubilisation 1099:1112 possible solubilisation 1090:1112 possible solubilisation 1090:1112 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 7 12 theme pectin 1121:1126 arg1 depectination 1072:1084 continuous depectination 1061:1084 continuous depectination 1061:1084 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 4 13 theme maceration 449:458 arg1 times 460:464 three different maceration times 433:464 three different maceration times 433:464 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 4 14 theme present 388:394 arg1 work 396:399 The present work 384:399 The present work 384:399 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 4 15 theme sensory 626:632 arg1 properties 634:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties 594:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 594:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 5 16 theme Comprehensive 780:792 arg1 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 5 16 theme Comprehensive 780:792 arg1 Profiling 827:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling 780:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) 780:843 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 6 17 theme maceration 884:893 arg1 times 895:899 longer maceration times 877:899 longer maceration times 877:899 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 7 18 theme extended 1151:1158 arg1 maceration 1160:1169 the extended maceration 1147:1169 the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines 1147:1232 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 1 19 from maceration 117:126 arg1 wines 138:142 Shiraz wines 131:142 Shiraz wines 131:142 A multidisciplinary approach focusing on extended maceration in Shiraz wines. 34865745 5 20 theme Microarray 808:817 arg1 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 5 20 theme Microarray 808:817 arg1 Profiling 827:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling 780:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) 780:843 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 4 21 theme mouthfeel 616:624 arg1 properties 634:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties 594:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 594:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 5 22 theme Comprehensive 794:806 arg1 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 5 22 theme Comprehensive 794:806 arg1 Profiling 827:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling 780:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) 780:843 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 4 23 from effect 584:589 arg1 properties 634:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties 594:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 594:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 7 24 theme wines 1228:1232 arg1 perception 1208:1217 the sensory perception 1196:1217 the sensory perception of these wines 1196:1232 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 3 25 theme wines 377:381 arg1 evolution 358:366 the subsequent phenolic evolution 334:366 the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines 334:381 Therefore, the modulation of phenolic extraction during maceration may influence the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines. 34865745 4 26 theme spectrophotometric 529:546 arg1 methods 567:573 spectrophotometric and chromatography methods 529:573 methods 567:573 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 4 27 from time 517:520 arg1 properties 634:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties 594:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 594:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 1 28 theme multidisciplinary 69:85 arg1 approach 87:94 A multidisciplinary approach 67:94 A multidisciplinary approach 67:94 A multidisciplinary approach focusing on extended maceration in Shiraz wines. 34865745 5 29 theme Polymer 819:825 arg1 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 CoMPP 838:842 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 5 29 theme Polymer 819:825 arg1 Profiling 827:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling 780:835 Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) 780:843 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 7 30 theme continuous 1061:1070 arg1 depectination 1072:1084 continuous depectination 1061:1084 continuous depectination 1061:1084 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 4 31 theme taste 605:609 arg1 properties 634:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties 594:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 594:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 4 32 theme chromatography 552:565 arg1 methods 567:573 spectrophotometric and chromatography methods 529:573 methods 567:573 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 5 33 theme grape 685:689 arg1 deconstruction 701:714 grape cell wall deconstruction 685:714 grape cell wall deconstruction 685:714 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 2 34 theme red 175:177 arg1 wines 179:183 young red wines 169:183 young red wines 169:183 Phenolic composition of young red wines has been shown to play an important role in their ageing potential. 34865745 5 35 theme wall 696:699 arg1 deconstruction 701:714 grape cell wall deconstruction 685:714 grape cell wall deconstruction 685:714 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 7 36 theme possible 1090:1097 arg1 solubilisation 1099:1112 possible solubilisation 1090:1112 possible solubilisation 1090:1112 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 0 37 theme wine 29:32 arg1 times 45:49 red wine maceration times 25:49 red wine maceration times 25:49 Untangling the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing. 34865745 6 38 theme phenolic 950:957 arg1 concentration 959:971 wine phenolic concentration 945:971 wine phenolic concentration 945:971 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 5 39 theme cell 691:694 arg1 deconstruction 701:714 grape cell wall deconstruction 685:714 grape cell wall deconstruction 685:714 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 2 40 theme young 169:173 arg1 wines 179:183 young red wines 169:183 young red wines 169:183 Phenolic composition of young red wines has been shown to play an important role in their ageing potential. 34865745 2 41 theme important 211:219 arg1 role 221:224 an important role 208:224 an important role 208:224 Phenolic composition of young red wines has been shown to play an important role in their ageing potential. 34865745 0 42 theme red 25:27 arg1 times 45:49 red wine maceration times 25:49 red wine maceration times 25:49 Untangling the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing. 34865745 4 43 from impact 423:428 arg1 levels 482:487 the phenolic levels 469:487 the phenolic levels 469:487 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 4 43 from impact 423:428 arg1 evolution 493:501 evolution 493:501 evolution 493:501 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 4 44 theme different 439:447 arg1 times 460:464 three different maceration times 433:464 three different maceration times 433:464 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 7 45 theme sensory 1200:1206 arg1 perception 1208:1217 the sensory perception 1196:1217 the sensory perception of these wines 1196:1232 Additionally, continuous depectination and possible solubilisation of the pectin is observed during the extended maceration which may be influencing the sensory perception of these wines. 34865745 0 46 theme times 45:49 arg1 impact 15:20 the impact 11:20 the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing 11:64 Untangling the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing. 34865745 6 47 from increase 933:940 arg1 concentration 959:971 wine phenolic concentration 945:971 wine phenolic concentration 945:971 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 0 48 theme maceration 34:43 arg1 times 45:49 red wine maceration times 25:49 red wine maceration times 25:49 Untangling the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing. 34865745 3 49 theme phenolic 282:289 arg1 extraction 291:300 phenolic extraction 282:300 phenolic extraction 282:300 Therefore, the modulation of phenolic extraction during maceration may influence the subsequent phenolic evolution of these wines. 34865745 1 50 theme extended 108:115 arg1 maceration 117:126 extended maceration 108:126 extended maceration in Shiraz wines 108:142 A multidisciplinary approach focusing on extended maceration in Shiraz wines. 34865745 8 51 dep fraction 1310:1317 arg1 the 1296:1298 the 1296:1298 the 1296:1298 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 2 52 theme ageing 235:240 arg1 potential 242:250 their ageing potential 229:250 their ageing potential 229:250 Phenolic composition of young red wines has been shown to play an important role in their ageing potential. 34865745 8 53 theme fraction 1310:1317 arg1 evolution 1283:1291 the evolution 1279:1291 the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines 1279:1353 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 8 54 theme sensory 1323:1329 arg1 perception 1331:1340 sensory perception 1323:1340 sensory perception 1323:1340 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 8 55 theme polymeric 1300:1308 arg1 fraction 1310:1317 polymeric fraction 1300:1317 polymeric fraction 1300:1317 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 8 56 theme Maceration 1235:1244 arg1 time 1246:1249 Maceration time 1235:1249 Maceration time 1235:1249 Maceration time was also shown to influence the evolution of the polymeric fraction and sensory perception of the wines. 34865745 6 57 theme molecules 1016:1024 arg1 complexity 996:1005 complexity 996:1005 complexity of these molecules 996:1024 Our findings demonstrated that longer maceration times did not always correspond to an increase in wine phenolic concentration, although the level of complexity of these molecules seemed to be higher. 34865745 0 58 theme wine 54:57 arg1 ageing 59:64 wine ageing 54:64 wine ageing 54:64 Untangling the impact of red wine maceration times on wine ageing. 34865745 2 59 theme wines 179:183 arg1 composition 154:164 Phenolic composition 145:164 Phenolic composition of young red wines 145:183 Phenolic composition of young red wines has been shown to play an important role in their ageing potential. 34865745 1 60 theme Shiraz 131:136 arg1 wines 138:142 Shiraz wines 131:142 Shiraz wines 131:142 A multidisciplinary approach focusing on extended maceration in Shiraz wines. 34865745 4 61 theme aroma 598:602 arg1 properties 634:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties 594:643 the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping 594:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 34865745 5 62 theme extended 741:748 arg1 phase 761:765 the extended maceration phase 737:765 the extended maceration phase 737:765 Additionally, grape cell wall deconstruction was monitored during the extended maceration phase by GC-MS and Comprehensive Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP). 34865745 4 63 theme Projective 651:660 arg1 Mapping 662:668 Projective Mapping 651:668 Projective Mapping 651:668 The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of three different maceration times on the phenolic levels and evolution observed over time, using spectrophotometric and chromatography methods, and the effect on the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel sensory properties using Projective Mapping. 33609540 4 0 theme MTT 810:812 arg1 assay 815:819 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 747:819 assay 815:819 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 1 theme enhancer 577:584 arg1 enhancer 531:538 enhancer 531:538 enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins) 531:887 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 1 theme enhancer 577:584 arg1 OGT 526:528 OGT 526:528 OGT 526:528 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 13 2 theme histone 1870:1876 arg1 EZH2 1897:1900 histone methyltransferases EZH2 1870:1900 histone methyltransferases EZH2 1870:1900 CONCLUSIONS Collectively, OGT stabilizes histone methyltransferases EZH2 to regulate HES1/PTEN thus inhibiting DN. 33609540 13 3 dep CONCLUSIONS 1829:1839 arg1 stabilizes 1859:1868 stabilizes 1859:1868 stabilizes histone methyltransferases EZH2 to regulate HES1/PTEN thus inhibiting DN 1859:1941 CONCLUSIONS Collectively, OGT stabilizes histone methyltransferases EZH2 to regulate HES1/PTEN thus inhibiting DN. 33609540 4 4 theme split 589:593 arg1 HES1 598:601 split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins) 589:887 HES1 598:601 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 0 5 link O-linked 0:7 arg1 OGT 41:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT 0:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT 0:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 10 6 theme HES1 1649:1652 arg1 promoter 1654:1661 the HES1 promoter 1645:1661 the HES1 promoter 1645:1661 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 1 7 theme diabetes-related 219:234 arg1 diseases 236:243 diabetes-related diseases 219:243 diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN) 219:279 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 1 7 theme diabetes-related 219:234 arg1 nephropathy 264:274 diabetic nephropathy 255:274 diabetic nephropathy (DN) 255:279 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 4 8 theme bromide 801:807 arg1 assay 815:819 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 747:819 assay 815:819 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 9 theme Western 842:848 arg1 assay 855:859 Western blot assay 842:859 Western blot assay 842:859 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 10 theme phosphatase 608:618 arg1 homolog 549:555 zeste homolog 2 543:557 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) 543:564 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 10 theme phosphatase 608:618 arg1 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 10 theme phosphatase 608:618 arg1 enhancer 577:584 enhancer 577:584 enhancer 577:584 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 5 11 theme chromatin 981:989 arg1 immunoprecipitation 991:1009 chromatin immunoprecipitation 981:1009 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) 981:1016 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 5 11 theme chromatin 981:989 arg1 ChIP 1012:1015 ChIP 1012:1015 ChIP 1012:1015 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 4 12 from phosphatase 608:618 arg1 viability 653:661 the viability 649:661 the viability 649:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 13 theme tensin 624:629 arg1 cycle 669:673 cell cycle 664:673 cell cycle 664:673 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 13 theme tensin 624:629 arg1 PTEN 640:643 PTEN 640:643 PTEN 640:643 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 13 theme tensin 624:629 arg1 homolog 631:637 tensin homolog 624:637 tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability 624:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 13 theme tensin 624:629 arg1 fibrosis 679:686 fibrosis 679:686 fibrosis 679:686 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 14 theme flow 822:825 arg1 cytometry 827:835 flow cytometry 822:835 flow cytometry 822:835 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 1 15 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 166:196 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 146:196 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 146:202 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 1 15 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 OGT 199:201 OGT 199:201 OGT 199:201 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 4 16 from HES1 598:601 arg1 viability 653:661 the viability 649:661 the viability 649:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 17 theme OGT 526:528 arg1 roles 517:521 the roles 513:521 the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins) 513:887 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 8 18 theme high 1254:1257 arg1 MCs 1275:1277 high glucose-treated MCs 1254:1277 high glucose-treated MCs 1254:1277 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 12 19 theme DN 1820:1821 arg1 mice 1823:1826 DN mice 1820:1826 DN mice 1820:1826 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 12 20 from injury 1810:1815 arg1 mice 1823:1826 DN mice 1820:1826 DN mice 1820:1826 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 4 21 theme fibrosis-related 862:877 arg1 proteins 879:886 fibrosis-related proteins 862:886 fibrosis-related proteins 862:886 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 21 theme fibrosis-related 862:877 arg1 phosphatase 608:618 phosphatase 608:618 phosphatase 608:618 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 8 22 theme MCs 1275:1277 arg1 viability 1241:1249 viability 1241:1249 viability of high glucose-treated MCs 1241:1277 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 7 23 theme RESULTS 1132:1138 arg1 Expression 1140:1149 RESULTS Expression 1132:1149 RESULTS Expression of OGT 1132:1156 RESULTS Expression of OGT was repressed in the DN mice and high glucose-treated MCs. 33609540 5 24 theme glutathione 1022:1032 arg1 GST 1049:1051 GST 1049:1051 GST 1049:1051 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 5 24 theme glutathione 1022:1032 arg1 S-transferase 1034:1046 glutathione S-transferase 1022:1046 glutathione S-transferase (GST) 1022:1052 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 3 25 theme molecular 418:426 arg1 mechanism 428:436 the molecular mechanism 414:436 the molecular mechanism of OGT in DN 414:449 Thus, we sought to explore the molecular mechanism of OGT in DN. 33609540 0 26 theme methyltransferases 98:115 arg1 EZH2 117:120 histone methyltransferases EZH2 90:120 histone methyltransferases EZH2 90:120 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 4 27 theme mesangial 691:699 arg1 cells 701:705 mesangial cells 691:705 mesangial cells (MCs) 691:711 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 27 theme mesangial 691:699 arg1 MCs 708:710 MCs 708:710 MCs 708:710 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 0 28 theme O-linked 0:7 arg1 OGT 41:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT 0:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT 0:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 8 29 theme repressed 1319:1327 arg1 D1 1336:1337 repressed cyclin D1 1319:1337 repressed cyclin D1 1319:1337 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 10 30 theme histone 1599:1605 arg1 H3 1607:1608 histone H3 1599:1608 histone H3 1599:1608 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 10 31 dep EZH2 1590:1593 arg1 trimethylation 1616:1629 Lys27 trimethylation 1610:1629 Lys27 trimethylation 1610:1629 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 10 32 theme EZH2 1590:1593 arg1 enrichment 1576:1585 the enrichment 1572:1585 the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter 1572:1661 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 0 33 theme diabetic 54:61 arg1 nephropathy 63:73 diabetic nephropathy 54:73 diabetic nephropathy 54:73 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 4 34 theme zeste 543:547 arg1 homolog 549:555 zeste homolog 2 543:557 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) 543:564 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 34 theme zeste 543:547 arg1 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 0 35 theme histone 90:96 arg1 EZH2 117:120 histone methyltransferases EZH2 90:120 histone methyltransferases EZH2 90:120 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 12 36 contain containing 1758:1767 arg2 -OGT 1788:1791 overexpression (oe)-OGT 1769:1791 overexpression (oe)-OGT 1769:1791 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 12 36 contain containing 1758:1767 arg1 vector 1751:1756 lentivirus vector 1740:1756 lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT 1740:1791 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 12 37 theme lentivirus 1740:1749 arg1 vector 1751:1756 lentivirus vector 1740:1756 lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT 1740:1791 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 5 38 theme EZH2 945:948 arg1 glycosylation 950:962 EZH2 glycosylation 945:962 EZH2 glycosylation 945:962 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 10 39 from enrichment 1576:1585 arg1 promoter 1654:1661 the HES1 promoter 1645:1661 the HES1 promoter 1645:1661 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 7 40 theme glucose-treated 1196:1210 arg1 MCs 1212:1214 high glucose-treated MCs 1191:1214 high glucose-treated MCs 1191:1214 RESULTS Expression of OGT was repressed in the DN mice and high glucose-treated MCs. 33609540 8 41 theme p21 1353:1355 arg1 levels 1357:1362 p21 levels 1353:1362 p21 levels 1353:1362 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 10 42 theme Lys27 1610:1614 arg1 trimethylation 1616:1629 Lys27 trimethylation 1610:1629 Lys27 trimethylation 1610:1629 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 4 43 dep METHODS 452:458 arg1 Loss- 460:464 Loss- 460:464 Loss- 460:464 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 43 dep METHODS 452:458 arg1 METHODS 452:458 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions 452:483 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions 452:483 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 43 dep METHODS 452:458 arg1 gain-functions 470:483 gain-functions 470:483 gain-functions 470:483 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 7 44 theme DN 1179:1180 arg1 mice 1182:1185 the DN mice 1175:1185 the DN mice 1175:1185 RESULTS Expression of OGT was repressed in the DN mice and high glucose-treated MCs. 33609540 5 45 dep immunoprecipitation 991:1009 arg1 assays 1064:1069 pull-down assays 1054:1069 pull-down assays 1054:1069 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 4 46 from viability 653:661 arg1 homolog 549:555 zeste homolog 2 543:557 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) 543:564 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 46 from viability 653:661 arg1 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 46 from viability 653:661 arg1 enhancer 577:584 enhancer 577:584 enhancer 577:584 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 8 47 theme fibronectin 1419:1429 arg1 levels 1409:1414 reduced levels 1401:1414 reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4) 1401:1457 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 13 48 theme methyltransferases 1878:1895 arg1 EZH2 1897:1900 histone methyltransferases EZH2 1870:1900 histone methyltransferases EZH2 1870:1900 CONCLUSIONS Collectively, OGT stabilizes histone methyltransferases EZH2 to regulate HES1/PTEN thus inhibiting DN. 33609540 4 49 from homolog 631:637 arg1 viability 653:661 the viability 649:661 the viability 649:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 6 50 theme EZH2 1072:1075 arg1 stability 1077:1085 EZH2 stability 1072:1085 EZH2 stability 1072:1085 EZH2 stability was checked by treatment with cycloheximide. 33609540 11 51 theme DN 1715:1716 arg1 mice 1718:1721 DN mice 1715:1721 DN mice 1715:1721 HES1 was upregulated and PTEN was downregulated in DN mice. 33609540 1 52 theme diabetic 255:262 arg1 nephropathy 264:274 diabetic nephropathy 255:274 diabetic nephropathy (DN) 255:279 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 6 53 with treatment 1102:1110 arg1 cycloheximide 1117:1129 cycloheximide 1117:1129 cycloheximide 1117:1129 EZH2 stability was checked by treatment with cycloheximide. 33609540 10 54 theme EZH2 1543:1546 arg1 overexpression 1548:1561 EZH2 overexpression 1543:1561 EZH2 overexpression 1543:1561 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 5 55 from effect 935:940 arg1 glycosylation 950:962 EZH2 glycosylation 945:962 EZH2 glycosylation 945:962 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 4 56 theme blot 850:853 arg1 assay 855:859 Western blot assay 842:859 Western blot assay 842:859 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 57 theme HES1 598:601 arg1 homolog 549:555 zeste homolog 2 543:557 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) 543:564 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 57 theme HES1 598:601 arg1 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 EZH2 560:563 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 57 theme HES1 598:601 arg1 enhancer 577:584 enhancer 577:584 enhancer 577:584 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 1 58 theme BACKGROUND 146:155 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 166:196 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 146:196 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 146:202 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 1 58 theme BACKGROUND 146:155 arg1 OGT 199:201 OGT 199:201 OGT 199:201 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 8 59 theme reduced 1401:1407 arg1 levels 1409:1414 reduced levels 1401:1414 reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4) 1401:1457 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 4 60 theme cell 664:667 arg1 cycle 669:673 cell cycle 664:673 cell cycle 664:673 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 60 theme cell 664:667 arg1 homolog 631:637 tensin homolog 624:637 tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability 624:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 8 61 theme Elevated 1217:1224 arg1 OGT 1226:1228 Elevated OGT 1217:1228 Elevated OGT 1217:1228 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 7 62 theme OGT 1154:1156 arg1 Expression 1140:1149 RESULTS Expression 1132:1149 RESULTS Expression of OGT 1132:1156 RESULTS Expression of OGT was repressed in the DN mice and high glucose-treated MCs. 33609540 0 63 theme HES1/PTEN 130:138 arg1 axis 140:143 the HES1/PTEN axis 126:143 the HES1/PTEN axis 126:143 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 5 64 theme pull-down 1054:1062 arg1 assays 1064:1069 pull-down assays 1054:1069 pull-down assays 1054:1069 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33609540 8 65 theme collagen-4 1440:1449 arg1 levels 1409:1414 reduced levels 1401:1414 reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4) 1401:1457 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 8 66 theme glucose-treated 1259:1273 arg1 MCs 1275:1277 high glucose-treated MCs 1254:1277 high glucose-treated MCs 1254:1277 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 2 67 theme high 373:376 arg1 glucose 378:384 high glucose 373:384 high glucose 373:384 Moreover, O-GlcNAcylation and OGT could be induced by high glucose. 33609540 4 68 from enhancer 577:584 arg1 viability 653:661 the viability 649:661 the viability 649:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 12 69 theme renal 1804:1808 arg1 injury 1810:1815 renal injury 1804:1815 renal injury in DN mice 1804:1826 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 0 70 theme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9:39 arg1 OGT 41:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT 0:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT 0:43 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. 33609540 3 71 from mechanism 428:436 arg1 DN 448:449 DN 448:449 DN 448:449 Thus, we sought to explore the molecular mechanism of OGT in DN. 33609540 12 72 theme oe 1785:1786 arg1 -OGT 1788:1791 overexpression (oe)-OGT 1769:1791 overexpression (oe)-OGT 1769:1791 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 4 73 theme hairy 567:571 arg1 enhancer 531:538 enhancer 531:538 enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins) 531:887 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 73 theme hairy 567:571 arg1 OGT 526:528 OGT 526:528 OGT 526:528 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 74 theme cells 701:705 arg1 cycle 669:673 cell cycle 664:673 cell cycle 664:673 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 74 theme cells 701:705 arg1 homolog 631:637 tensin homolog 624:637 tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability 624:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 74 theme cells 701:705 arg1 fibrosis 679:686 fibrosis 679:686 fibrosis 679:686 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 75 dep assay 815:819 arg1 5-diphenyltetrazolium 779:799 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 747:819 5-diphenyltetrazolium 779:799 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 76 theme homolog 549:555 arg1 enhancer 531:538 enhancer 531:538 enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins) 531:887 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 4 76 theme homolog 549:555 arg1 OGT 526:528 OGT 526:528 OGT 526:528 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 8 77 theme cyclin 1329:1334 arg1 D1 1336:1337 repressed cyclin D1 1319:1337 repressed cyclin D1 1319:1337 Elevated OGT suppressed viability of high glucose-treated MCs, blocked proliferation characterized by repressed cyclin D1, but enhanced p21 levels, and inhibited fibrosis evidenced by reduced levels of fibronectin (FN) and collagen-4 (col-4). 33609540 4 78 from homolog 549:555 arg1 viability 653:661 the viability 649:661 the viability 649:661 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 12 79 theme vector 1751:1756 arg1 Transduction 1724:1735 Transduction 1724:1735 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT 1724:1791 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 7 80 theme high 1191:1194 arg1 MCs 1212:1214 high glucose-treated MCs 1191:1214 high glucose-treated MCs 1191:1214 RESULTS Expression of OGT was repressed in the DN mice and high glucose-treated MCs. 33609540 3 81 theme OGT 441:443 arg1 mechanism 428:436 the molecular mechanism 414:436 the molecular mechanism of OGT in DN 414:449 Thus, we sought to explore the molecular mechanism of OGT in DN. 33609540 4 82 theme 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl 750:773 arg1 assay 815:819 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay 747:819 assay 815:819 METHODS Loss- and gain-functions were conducted to determine the roles of OGT, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the viability, cell cycle and fibrosis of mesangial cells (MCs), followed by the assessment using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot assay (fibrosis-related proteins). 33609540 12 83 theme overexpression 1769:1782 arg1 -OGT 1788:1791 overexpression (oe)-OGT 1769:1791 overexpression (oe)-OGT 1769:1791 Transduction of lentivirus vector containing overexpression (oe)-OGT alleviated renal injury in DN mice. 33609540 1 84 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 166:196 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 146:196 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 146:202 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 1 84 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 OGT 199:201 OGT 199:201 OGT 199:201 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 10 85 theme H3 1607:1608 arg1 enrichment 1576:1585 the enrichment 1572:1585 the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter 1572:1661 EZH2 overexpression enhanced the enrichment of EZH2 and histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the HES1 promoter. 33609540 1 86 dep nephropathy 264:274 arg1 DN 277:278 DN 277:278 DN 277:278 BACKGROUND O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) is involved in diabetes-related diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN), and responsible for O-GlcNAcylation. 33609540 5 87 from interaction 894:904 arg1 glycosylation 950:962 EZH2 glycosylation 945:962 EZH2 glycosylation 945:962 The interaction between OGT and EZH2 and the effect on EZH2 glycosylation were verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. 33124780 10 0 with consistent 1469:1478 arg1 findings 1489:1496 our findings 1485:1496 our findings in human subjects 1485:1514 The findings in mice were consistent with our findings in human subjects. 33124780 3 1 with patients 412:419 arg1 SLE 436:438 untreated SLE 426:438 untreated SLE 426:438 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 0 2 with Patients 80:87 arg1 Erythematosus 119:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 2 3 theme microbiota 332:341 arg1 contribution 312:323 the contribution 308:323 the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE 308:374 Our study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE. 33124780 7 4 theme Gut 904:906 arg1 microbiota 908:917 Gut microbiota 904:917 Gut microbiota 904:917 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 7 5 with individuals 924:934 arg1 SLE 941:943 SLE 941:943 SLE 941:943 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 12 6 attach derived 1718:1724 arg2 peptides 1709:1716 some microbial peptides 1694:1716 some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species 1694:1750 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 12 6 attach derived 1718:1724 arg1 species 1744:1750 SLE-enriched species 1731:1750 SLE-enriched species 1731:1750 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 3 7 theme whole-genome 537:548 arg1 profiling 550:558 whole-genome profiling 537:558 whole-genome profiling 537:558 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 3 8 theme patients 412:419 arg1 posttreatment 460:472 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 408:472 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 408:472 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 13 9 theme murine 1912:1917 arg1 counterparts 1919:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 3 10 from posttreatment 460:472 arg1 metagenomes 391:401 Fecal metagenomes 385:401 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 377:472 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 5 11 theme oral 631:634 arg1 origin 647:652 The oral microbiota origin 627:652 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients 627:700 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 1 12 theme systemic 190:197 arg1 erythematosus 205:217 systemic lupus erythematosus 190:217 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 190:223 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 1 12 theme systemic 190:197 arg1 SLE 220:222 SLE 220:222 SLE 220:222 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 8 13 theme gut 1257:1259 arg1 microbiota 1261:1270 SLE gut microbiota 1253:1270 SLE gut microbiota 1253:1270 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 6 14 theme molecular 843:851 arg1 mimicry 853:859 the molecular mimicry 839:859 the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides 839:893 Functional validation assays were performed to demonstrate the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides. 33124780 5 15 theme SLE 689:691 arg1 patients 693:700 SLE patients 689:700 SLE patients 689:700 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 3 16 theme matched 496:502 arg1 controls 512:519 115 matched healthy controls 492:519 115 matched healthy controls 492:519 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 12 17 theme microbial 1699:1707 arg1 peptides 1709:1716 some microbial peptides 1694:1716 some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species 1694:1750 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 13 18 with definition 1954:1963 arg1 counterparts 1919:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 9 19 located observed 1406:1413 arg1 gut 1422:1424 the gut 1418:1424 the gut of SLE patients 1418:1440 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 9 19 located observed 1406:1413 arg2 biosynthesis 1329:1340 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis 1301:1340 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1301:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 8 20 dep Shuttleworthia 1139:1152 arg1 satelles 1154:1161 Shuttleworthia satelles 1139:1161 Shuttleworthia satelles 1139:1161 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 3 21 with patients 451:458 arg1 SLE 436:438 untreated SLE 426:438 untreated SLE 426:438 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 9 22 theme Enhanced 1301:1308 arg1 biosynthesis 1329:1340 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis 1301:1340 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1301:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 7 23 from differences 967:977 arg1 function 1008:1015 function 1008:1015 function 1008:1015 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 7 23 from differences 967:977 arg1 composition 992:1002 microbial composition 982:1002 microbial composition 982:1002 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 5 24 theme species 665:671 arg1 origin 647:652 The oral microbiota origin 627:652 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients 627:700 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 12 25 theme proinflammatory 1664:1678 arg1 capacities 1680:1689 the proinflammatory capacities 1660:1689 the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species 1660:1750 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 11 26 theme oral 1553:1556 arg1 origin 1569:1574 an oral microbiota origin 1550:1574 an oral microbiota origin 1550:1574 Interestingly, some species with an oral microbiota origin were enriched in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 0 27 theme Gut 62:64 arg1 Microbiota 66:75 the Gut Microbiota 58:75 the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 58:131 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 9 28 theme branched 1363:1370 arg1 biosynthesis 1389:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 7 29 theme healthy 1029:1035 arg1 controls 1037:1044 healthy controls 1029:1044 healthy controls 1029:1044 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 1 30 theme gut 155:157 arg1 microbiota 159:168 gut microbiota 155:168 gut microbiota 155:168 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 12 31 theme validation 1629:1638 arg1 assays 1640:1645 Functional validation assays 1618:1645 Functional validation assays 1618:1645 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 9 32 theme amino 1378:1382 arg1 biosynthesis 1389:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 8 33 theme Clostridium 1078:1088 arg1 Shuttleworthia 1139:1152 Shuttleworthia 1139:1152 Shuttleworthia 1139:1152 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 33 theme Clostridium 1078:1088 arg1 Actinomyces 1164:1174 Actinomyces 1164:1174 Actinomyces 1164:1174 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 33 theme Clostridium 1078:1088 arg1 ATCC 1098:1101 ATCC BAA-442 1098:1109 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 33 theme Clostridium 1078:1088 arg1 species 1090:1096 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 13 34 with patients 1836:1843 arg1 SLE 1850:1852 SLE 1850:1852 SLE 1850:1852 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 35 theme autoantigen-mimicking 1968:1988 arg1 peptides 1990:1997 autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1968:1997 autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1968:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 3 36 theme untreated 426:434 arg1 SLE 436:438 untreated SLE 426:438 untreated SLE 426:438 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 0 37 theme Systemic 104:111 arg1 Erythematosus 119:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 7 38 theme microbial 982:990 arg1 composition 992:1002 microbial composition 982:1002 microbial composition 982:1002 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 2 39 theme SLE 372:374 arg1 immunopathogenesis 350:367 the immunopathogenesis 346:367 the immunopathogenesis of SLE 346:374 Our study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE. 33124780 13 40 from information 1793:1803 arg1 microbiota 1812:1821 the microbiota 1808:1821 the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1808:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 3 41 theme SLE 447:449 arg1 patients 451:458 52 SLE patients 444:458 52 SLE patients 444:458 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 9 42 theme patients 1433:1440 arg1 gut 1422:1424 the gut 1418:1424 the gut of SLE patients 1418:1440 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 6 43 theme peptides 886:893 arg1 mimicry 853:859 the molecular mimicry 839:859 the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides 839:893 Functional validation assays were performed to demonstrate the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides. 33124780 3 44 theme Fecal 385:389 arg1 metagenomes 391:401 Fecal metagenomes 385:401 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 377:472 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 2 45 theme gut 328:330 arg1 microbiota 332:341 gut microbiota 328:341 gut microbiota 328:341 Our study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE. 33124780 6 46 theme found 870:874 arg1 peptides 886:893 newly found microbial peptides 864:893 newly found microbial peptides 864:893 Functional validation assays were performed to demonstrate the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides. 33124780 2 47 theme contribution 312:323 arg1 understanding 291:303 an in-depth understanding 279:303 an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE 279:374 Our study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE. 33124780 7 48 theme significant 955:965 arg1 differences 967:977 significant differences 955:977 significant differences in microbial composition and function 955:1015 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 4 49 theme fecal 593:597 arg1 metagenome 599:608 the fecal metagenome 589:608 the fecal metagenome of MRL/lpr mice 589:624 For comparison, we assessed the fecal metagenome of MRL/lpr mice. 33124780 3 50 theme healthy 504:510 arg1 controls 512:519 115 matched healthy controls 492:519 115 matched healthy controls 492:519 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 14 51 theme valuable 2067:2074 arg1 therapies 2085:2093 valuable adjuvant therapies 2067:2093 valuable adjuvant therapies 2067:2093 Our data demonstrate that microbiome-altering approaches may offer valuable adjuvant therapies in SLE. 33124780 13 52 theme oral 1933:1936 arg1 origin 1938:1943 oral origin 1933:1943 oral origin 1933:1943 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 5 53 theme microbiota 636:645 arg1 origin 647:652 The oral microbiota origin 627:652 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients 627:700 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 13 54 dep CONCLUSION 1753:1762 arg1 provides 1775:1782 provides 1775:1782 provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1775:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 10 55 from findings 1489:1496 arg1 subjects 1507:1514 human subjects 1501:1514 human subjects 1501:1514 The findings in mice were consistent with our findings in human subjects. 33124780 11 56 theme patients 1608:1615 arg1 gut 1597:1599 the gut 1593:1599 the gut of SLE patients 1593:1615 Interestingly, some species with an oral microbiota origin were enriched in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 8 57 theme Certain 1047:1053 arg1 species 1090:1096 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 57 theme Certain 1047:1053 arg1 species 1055:1061 Certain species 1047:1061 Certain species 1047:1061 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 58 dep species 1090:1096 arg1 ATCC 1098:1101 ATCC BAA-442 1098:1109 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 58 dep species 1090:1096 arg1 rimae 1132:1136 Atopobium rimae 1122:1136 Atopobium rimae 1122:1136 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 8 58 dep species 1090:1096 arg1 species 1090:1096 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum 1074:1233 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 13 59 theme untreated 1826:1834 arg1 definition 1954:1963 the definition 1950:1963 the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1950:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 59 theme untreated 1826:1834 arg1 patients 1836:1843 untreated patients 1826:1843 untreated patients 1826:1843 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 59 theme untreated 1826:1834 arg1 origin 1938:1943 oral origin 1933:1943 oral origin 1933:1943 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 59 theme untreated 1826:1834 arg1 similarities 1894:1905 similarities 1894:1905 similarities with murine counterparts 1894:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 59 theme untreated 1826:1834 arg1 signatures 1882:1891 their functional signatures 1865:1891 their functional signatures 1865:1891 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 7 60 dep microbiota 908:917 arg1 individuals 924:934 individuals 924:934 individuals with SLE 924:943 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 8 61 dep Actinomyces 1164:1174 arg1 massiliensis 1176:1187 Actinomyces massiliensis 1164:1187 Actinomyces massiliensis 1164:1187 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 6 62 theme validation 791:800 arg1 assays 802:807 Functional validation assays 780:807 Functional validation assays 780:807 Functional validation assays were performed to demonstrate the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides. 33124780 2 63 theme in-depth 282:289 arg1 understanding 291:303 an in-depth understanding 279:303 an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE 279:374 Our study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota to the immunopathogenesis of SLE. 33124780 1 64 theme lupus 199:203 arg1 erythematosus 205:217 systemic lupus erythematosus 190:217 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 190:223 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 1 64 theme lupus 199:203 arg1 SLE 220:222 SLE 220:222 SLE 220:222 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 8 65 theme SLE 1253:1255 arg1 microbiota 1261:1270 SLE gut microbiota 1253:1270 SLE gut microbiota 1253:1270 Certain species, including the Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 as well as Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium leptum, were enriched in SLE gut microbiota and reduced after treatment. 33124780 12 66 theme peptides 1709:1716 arg1 capacities 1680:1689 the proinflammatory capacities 1660:1689 the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species 1660:1750 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 4 67 theme mice 621:624 arg1 metagenome 599:608 the fecal metagenome 589:608 the fecal metagenome of MRL/lpr mice 589:624 For comparison, we assessed the fecal metagenome of MRL/lpr mice. 33124780 13 68 theme patients 1836:1843 arg1 microbiota 1812:1821 the microbiota 1808:1821 the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1808:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 14 69 theme microbiome-altering 2026:2044 arg1 approaches 2046:2055 microbiome-altering approaches 2026:2055 microbiome-altering approaches 2026:2055 Our data demonstrate that microbiome-altering approaches may offer valuable adjuvant therapies in SLE. 33124780 11 70 with species 1537:1543 arg1 origin 1569:1574 an oral microbiota origin 1550:1574 an oral microbiota origin 1550:1574 Interestingly, some species with an oral microbiota origin were enriched in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 13 71 theme functional 1871:1880 arg1 signatures 1882:1891 their functional signatures 1865:1891 their functional signatures 1865:1891 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 5 72 theme gut 661:663 arg1 species 665:671 the gut species 657:671 the gut species that existed in SLE patients 657:700 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 9 73 theme lipopolysaccharide 1310:1327 arg1 biosynthesis 1329:1340 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis 1301:1340 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1301:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 11 74 theme microbiota 1558:1567 arg1 origin 1569:1574 an oral microbiota origin 1550:1574 an oral microbiota origin 1550:1574 Interestingly, some species with an oral microbiota origin were enriched in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 1 75 theme OBJECTIVE 134:142 arg1 Changes 144:150 OBJECTIVE Changes 134:150 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota 134:168 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 12 76 theme Functional 1618:1627 arg1 assays 1640:1645 Functional validation assays 1618:1645 Functional validation assays 1618:1645 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 5 77 theme strain-level 757:768 arg1 analyses 770:777 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses 720:777 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses 720:777 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 9 78 theme reduced 1355:1361 arg1 biosynthesis 1389:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 0 79 theme Patients 80:87 arg1 Microbiota 66:75 the Gut Microbiota 58:75 the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 58:131 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 9 80 theme chain 1372:1376 arg1 biosynthesis 1389:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 10 81 theme human 1501:1505 arg1 subjects 1507:1514 human subjects 1501:1514 human subjects 1501:1514 The findings in mice were consistent with our findings in human subjects. 33124780 0 82 theme Untreated 94:102 arg1 Erythematosus 119:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 9 83 theme acid 1384:1387 arg1 biosynthesis 1389:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis 1355:1400 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 3 84 dep METHODS 377:383 arg1 metagenomes 391:401 Fecal metagenomes 385:401 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 377:472 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 7 85 from microbiota 908:917 arg1 RESULTS 896:902 RESULTS 896:902 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE 896:943 RESULTS Gut microbiota from individuals with SLE displayed significant differences in microbial composition and function compared to healthy controls. 33124780 0 86 theme Lupus 113:117 arg1 Erythematosus 119:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 94:131 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 13 87 theme detailed 1784:1791 arg1 information 1793:1803 detailed information 1784:1803 detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1784:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 88 theme peptides 1990:1997 arg1 origin 1938:1943 oral origin 1933:1943 oral origin 1933:1943 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 88 theme peptides 1990:1997 arg1 definition 1954:1963 the definition 1950:1963 the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides 1950:1997 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 88 theme peptides 1990:1997 arg1 similarities 1894:1905 similarities 1894:1905 similarities with murine counterparts 1894:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 88 theme peptides 1990:1997 arg1 signatures 1882:1891 their functional signatures 1865:1891 their functional signatures 1865:1891 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 5 89 theme single-nucleotide 720:736 arg1 analyses 770:777 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses 720:777 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses 720:777 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 0 90 theme Autoimmunogenic 3:17 arg1 Profile 39:45 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile 0:45 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile 0:45 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 1 91 from Changes 144:150 arg1 microbiota 159:168 gut microbiota 155:168 gut microbiota 155:168 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 11 92 theme SLE 1604:1606 arg1 patients 1608:1615 SLE patients 1604:1615 SLE patients 1604:1615 Interestingly, some species with an oral microbiota origin were enriched in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 13 93 with signatures 1882:1891 arg1 counterparts 1919:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 0 94 theme Proinflammatory 23:37 arg1 Profile 39:45 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile 0:45 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile 0:45 An Autoimmunogenic and Proinflammatory Profile Defined by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Untreated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 33124780 1 95 attach linked 180:185 arg1 erythematosus 205:217 systemic lupus erythematosus 190:217 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 190:223 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 1 95 attach linked 180:185 arg2 Changes 144:150 OBJECTIVE Changes 134:150 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota 134:168 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 1 95 attach linked 180:185 arg1 SLE 220:222 SLE 220:222 SLE 220:222 OBJECTIVE Changes in gut microbiota have been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but knowledge is limited. 33124780 3 96 theme patients 451:458 arg1 posttreatment 460:472 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 408:472 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment 408:472 METHODS Fecal metagenomes from 117 patients with untreated SLE and 52 SLE patients posttreatment were aligned with 115 matched healthy controls and analyzed by whole-genome profiling. 33124780 9 97 theme SLE 1429:1431 arg1 patients 1433:1440 SLE patients 1429:1440 SLE patients 1429:1440 Enhanced lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis aligned with reduced branched chain amino acid biosynthesis was observed in the gut of SLE patients. 33124780 12 98 theme SLE-enriched 1731:1742 arg1 species 1744:1750 SLE-enriched species 1731:1750 SLE-enriched species 1731:1750 Functional validation assays demonstrated the proinflammatory capacities of some microbial peptides derived from SLE-enriched species. 33124780 10 99 from findings 1447:1454 arg1 mice 1459:1462 mice 1459:1462 mice 1459:1462 The findings in mice were consistent with our findings in human subjects. 33124780 6 100 theme Functional 780:789 arg1 assays 802:807 Functional validation assays 780:807 Functional validation assays 780:807 Functional validation assays were performed to demonstrate the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides. 33124780 5 101 theme polymorphism-based 738:755 arg1 analyses 770:777 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses 720:777 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses 720:777 The oral microbiota origin of the gut species that existed in SLE patients was documented by single-nucleotide polymorphism-based strain-level analyses. 33124780 6 102 theme microbial 876:884 arg1 peptides 886:893 newly found microbial peptides 864:893 newly found microbial peptides 864:893 Functional validation assays were performed to demonstrate the molecular mimicry of newly found microbial peptides. 33124780 13 103 with similarities 1894:1905 arg1 counterparts 1919:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 13 104 with origin 1938:1943 arg1 counterparts 1919:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 murine counterparts 1912:1930 CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the microbiota of untreated patients with SLE, including their functional signatures, similarities with murine counterparts, oral origin, and the definition of autoantigen-mimicking peptides. 33124780 14 105 theme adjuvant 2076:2083 arg1 therapies 2085:2093 valuable adjuvant therapies 2067:2093 valuable adjuvant therapies 2067:2093 Our data demonstrate that microbiome-altering approaches may offer valuable adjuvant therapies in SLE. 33124780 4 106 theme MRL/lpr 613:619 arg1 mice 621:624 MRL/lpr mice 613:624 MRL/lpr mice 613:624 For comparison, we assessed the fecal metagenome of MRL/lpr mice. 32822926 4 0 theme prokaryotes 919:929 arg1 deposition 898:907 the deposition 894:907 the deposition of active prokaryotes in natural seawater 894:949 The results show that benthic prokaryotes recover from the deposition of active prokaryotes in natural seawater and form biofilms after sterilization. 32822926 7 1 from composition 1390:1400 arg1 sediment 1416:1423 sterilized sediment 1405:1423 sterilized sediment 1405:1423 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 3 2 theme subtropical 729:739 arg1 environments 741:752 subtropical environments 729:752 subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 729:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 0 3 theme chemicals 178:186 arg1 presence 145:152 the presence 141:152 the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals 141:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 1 4 theme chemicals 288:296 arg1 co-existence 251:262 the co-existence 247:262 the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 247:399 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 4 5 theme natural 934:940 arg1 seawater 942:949 natural seawater 934:949 natural seawater 934:949 The results show that benthic prokaryotes recover from the deposition of active prokaryotes in natural seawater and form biofilms after sterilization. 32822926 3 6 from characterization 669:684 arg1 matrices 715:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices 689:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 689:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 6 from characterization 669:684 arg1 environments 741:752 subtropical environments 729:752 subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 729:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 9 7 from end 1571:1573 arg1 concentrations 1643:1656 the concentrations 1639:1656 the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment 1639:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 7 from end 1571:1573 arg1 abundance 1604:1612 the abundance 1600:1612 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 1600:1633 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 7 from end 1571:1573 arg1 times 1722:1726 1.6-1.8 times 1714:1726 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs 1714:1785 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 6 8 theme re-colonizing 1238:1250 arg1 prokaryotes 1252:1262 re-colonizing prokaryotes 1238:1262 re-colonizing prokaryotes 1238:1262 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 10 9 theme Sandflat 1788:1795 arg1 sediment 1797:1804 Sandflat sediment 1788:1804 Sandflat sediment 1788:1804 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 10 10 theme nonylphenol 1840:1850 arg1 concentrations 1822:1835 higher concentrations 1815:1835 higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A 1815:1866 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 5 11 from EPS 1100:1102 arg1 release 1017:1023 the release 1013:1023 the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter 1013:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 5 11 from EPS 1100:1102 arg1 matter 1127:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 11 12 theme EPS 2189:2191 arg1 production 2193:2202 EPS production 2189:2202 EPS production 2189:2202 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 11 13 from fate 2024:2027 arg1 systems 2051:2057 intertidal systems 2040:2057 intertidal systems 2040:2057 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 3 14 from presence 788:795 arg1 simulated 754:762 simulated 754:762 simulated 754:762 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 0 15 theme polymeric 117:125 arg1 substances 127:136 extracellular polymeric substances 103:136 extracellular polymeric substances 103:136 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 16 theme biofilms 597:604 arg1 re-construction 578:592 the re-construction 574:592 the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 574:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 0 17 from event 81:85 arg1 role 95:98 the role 91:98 the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals 91:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 0 17 from event 81:85 arg1 Recovery 0:7 Recovery 0:7 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event 0:85 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 18 from environments 741:752 arg1 abundance 622:630 the abundance 618:630 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 618:651 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 18 from environments 741:752 arg1 matrices 715:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices 689:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 689:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 18 from environments 741:752 arg1 characterization 669:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 11 19 theme EDCs 2032:2035 arg1 understanding 1966:1978 our understanding 1962:1978 our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms 1962:2014 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 11 19 theme EDCs 2032:2035 arg1 fate 2024:2027 the fate 2020:2027 the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems 2020:2057 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 6 20 theme sedimentary 1299:1309 arg1 EPS 1311:1313 sedimentary EPS 1299:1313 sedimentary EPS 1299:1313 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 5 21 theme sedimentary 1107:1117 arg1 matter 1127:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 10 22 theme bisphenol 1856:1864 arg1 A 1866:1866 bisphenol A 1856:1866 bisphenol A 1856:1866 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 8 23 theme biofilm 1528:1534 arg1 composition 1509:1519 the composition 1505:1519 the composition of the biofilm 1505:1534 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 8 23 theme biofilm 1528:1534 arg1 occurrence 1544:1553 the occurrence 1540:1553 the occurrence of EDCs 1540:1561 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 3 24 from biofilms 597:604 arg1 terms 609:613 terms 609:613 terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 609:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 0 25 theme endocrine 157:165 arg1 chemicals 178:186 endocrine disrupting chemicals 157:186 endocrine disrupting chemicals 157:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 26 theme related 657:663 arg1 characterization 669:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 9 27 from abundance 1604:1612 arg1 sediment 1701:1708 mangrove sediment 1692:1708 mangrove sediment 1692:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 3 28 from terms 609:613 arg1 re-construction 578:592 the re-construction 574:592 the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 574:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 28 from terms 609:613 arg1 matrices 715:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices 689:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 689:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 5 29 theme lysed 1061:1065 arg1 cells 1084:1088 lysed native microbial cells 1061:1088 lysed native microbial cells 1061:1088 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 3 30 theme cells 647:651 arg1 abundance 622:630 the abundance 618:630 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 618:651 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 30 theme cells 647:651 arg1 characterization 669:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 1 31 theme polymeric 374:382 arg1 substances 384:393 extracellular polymeric substances 360:393 extracellular polymeric substances 360:393 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 0 32 from role 95:98 arg1 presence 145:152 the presence 141:152 the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals 141:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 0 33 from Recovery 0:7 arg1 presence 145:152 the presence 141:152 the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals 141:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 34 from re-construction 578:592 arg1 terms 609:613 terms 609:613 terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 609:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 35 from abundance 622:630 arg1 matrices 715:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices 689:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 689:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 35 from abundance 622:630 arg1 environments 741:752 subtropical environments 729:752 subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 729:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 9 36 from concentrations 1643:1656 arg1 sediment 1701:1708 mangrove sediment 1692:1708 mangrove sediment 1692:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 11 37 theme biofilms 2007:2014 arg1 role 1987:1990 the role 1983:1990 the role of sedimentary biofilms 1983:2014 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 0 38 theme subtropical 12:22 arg1 prokaryotes 50:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 1 39 theme biofilms 309:316 arg1 co-existence 251:262 the co-existence 247:262 the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 247:399 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 9 40 theme cells 1629:1633 arg1 concentrations 1643:1656 the concentrations 1639:1656 the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment 1639:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 40 theme cells 1629:1633 arg1 times 1722:1726 1.6-1.8 times 1714:1726 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs 1714:1785 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 40 theme cells 1629:1633 arg1 abundance 1604:1612 the abundance 1600:1612 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 1600:1633 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 4 41 theme benthic 861:867 arg1 prokaryotes 869:879 benthic prokaryotes 861:879 benthic prokaryotes 861:879 The results show that benthic prokaryotes recover from the deposition of active prokaryotes in natural seawater and form biofilms after sterilization. 32822926 0 42 theme intertidal 32:41 arg1 prokaryotes 50:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 5 43 theme bound 1094:1098 arg1 EPS 1100:1102 bound EPS 1094:1102 bound EPS 1094:1102 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 3 44 theme characterization 669:684 arg1 terms 609:613 terms 609:613 terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 609:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 0 45 theme prokaryotes 50:60 arg1 role 95:98 the role 91:98 the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals 91:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 0 45 theme prokaryotes 50:60 arg1 Recovery 0:7 Recovery 0:7 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event 0:85 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 1 46 theme microbial 336:344 arg1 community 346:354 the microbial community 332:354 the microbial community 332:354 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 7 47 from effect 1364:1369 arg1 composition 1390:1400 biofilm composition 1382:1400 biofilm composition in sterilized sediment 1382:1423 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 10 48 theme mangrove 1923:1930 arg1 sediment 1932:1939 mangrove sediment 1923:1939 mangrove sediment 1923:1939 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 10 49 theme lower 1874:1878 arg1 concentration 1880:1892 a lower concentration 1872:1892 a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment 1872:1939 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 8 50 theme important 1480:1488 arg1 determinant 1490:1500 the most important determinant 1471:1500 the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs 1471:1561 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 8 50 theme important 1480:1488 arg1 matrix 1461:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 5 51 theme native 1067:1072 arg1 cells 1084:1088 lysed native microbial cells 1061:1088 lysed native microbial cells 1061:1088 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 3 52 theme sedimentary 703:713 arg1 matrices 715:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices 689:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 689:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 7 53 theme protective 1327:1336 arg1 role 1338:1341 the protective role 1323:1341 the protective role mediated by EPS 1323:1357 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 3 54 from matrices 715:722 arg1 terms 609:613 terms 609:613 terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 609:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 1 55 theme disrupting 277:286 arg1 chemicals 288:296 endocrine disrupting chemicals 267:296 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 267:303 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 1 55 theme disrupting 277:286 arg1 EDCs 299:302 EDCs 299:302 EDCs 299:302 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 4 56 theme active 912:917 arg1 prokaryotes 919:929 active prokaryotes 912:929 active prokaryotes 912:929 The results show that benthic prokaryotes recover from the deposition of active prokaryotes in natural seawater and form biofilms after sterilization. 32822926 9 57 theme mangrove 1692:1699 arg1 sediment 1701:1708 mangrove sediment 1692:1708 mangrove sediment 1692:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 5 58 from cells 1084:1088 arg1 release 1017:1023 the release 1013:1023 the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter 1013:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 5 58 from cells 1084:1088 arg1 matter 1127:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 11 59 theme intertidal 2040:2049 arg1 systems 2051:2057 intertidal systems 2040:2057 intertidal systems 2040:2057 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 9 60 theme higher 1728:1733 arg1 concentrations 1643:1656 the concentrations 1639:1656 the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment 1639:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 60 theme higher 1728:1733 arg1 abundance 1604:1612 the abundance 1600:1612 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 1600:1633 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 60 theme higher 1728:1733 arg1 times 1722:1726 1.6-1.8 times 1714:1726 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs 1714:1785 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 10 61 theme higher 1815:1820 arg1 concentrations 1822:1835 higher concentrations 1815:1835 higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A 1815:1866 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 11 62 theme event 2103:2107 arg1 benefit 2078:2084 the benefit 2074:2084 the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production 2074:2202 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 1 63 theme Intertidal 189:198 arg1 sediments 200:208 Intertidal sediments 189:208 Intertidal sediments 189:208 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 6 64 theme persistent 1217:1226 arg1 stress 1228:1233 a persistent stress 1215:1233 a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes 1215:1262 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 6 64 theme persistent 1217:1226 arg1 portion 1187:1193 The increased portion 1173:1193 The increased portion of EPS 1173:1200 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 0 65 theme substances 127:136 arg1 role 95:98 the role 91:98 the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals 91:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 0 65 theme substances 127:136 arg1 Recovery 0:7 Recovery 0:7 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event 0:85 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 9 66 theme sandflat 1749:1756 arg1 sediment 1758:1765 sandflat sediment 1749:1765 sandflat sediment 1749:1765 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 8 67 theme composition 1509:1519 arg1 determinant 1490:1500 the most important determinant 1471:1500 the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs 1471:1561 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 8 67 theme composition 1509:1519 arg1 matrix 1461:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 3 68 theme EDCs 800:803 arg1 presence 788:795 the presence 784:795 the presence of EDCs 784:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 69 theme abundance 622:630 arg1 terms 609:613 terms 609:613 terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 609:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 11 70 theme ecosystem 2122:2130 arg1 function 2132:2139 ecosystem function 2122:2139 ecosystem function 2122:2139 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 11 70 theme ecosystem 2122:2130 arg1 tolerance 2155:2163 tolerance 2155:2163 particularly tolerance 2142:2163 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 6 71 theme EPS 1311:1313 arg1 overproduction 1281:1294 the overproduction 1277:1294 the overproduction of sedimentary EPS 1277:1313 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 3 72 from simulated 754:762 arg1 presence 788:795 the presence 784:795 the presence of EDCs 784:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 3 73 theme EPS 834:836 arg1 role 826:829 the role 822:829 the role of EPS 822:836 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 10 74 theme A 1866:1866 arg1 concentrations 1822:1835 higher concentrations 1815:1835 higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A 1815:1866 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 11 75 theme EDC 2168:2170 arg1 adversity 2172:2180 EDC adversity 2168:2180 EDC adversity due to EPS production 2168:2202 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 0 76 theme disrupting 167:176 arg1 chemicals 178:186 endocrine disrupting chemicals 157:186 endocrine disrupting chemicals 157:186 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 5 77 theme organic 1119:1125 arg1 matter 1127:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 sedimentary organic matter 1107:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 10 78 theme 17α-ethinylestradiol 1897:1916 arg1 concentration 1880:1892 a lower concentration 1872:1892 a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment 1872:1939 Sandflat sediment exhibits higher concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A but a lower concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol than mangrove sediment. 32822926 8 79 theme occurrence 1544:1553 arg1 determinant 1490:1500 the most important determinant 1471:1500 the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs 1471:1561 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 8 79 theme occurrence 1544:1553 arg1 matrix 1461:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 9 80 theme 84-day 1581:1586 arg1 experiment 1588:1597 an 84-day experiment 1578:1597 an 84-day experiment 1578:1597 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 11 81 from understanding 1966:1978 arg1 systems 2051:2057 intertidal systems 2040:2057 intertidal systems 2040:2057 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 0 82 theme destruction 69:79 arg1 event 81:85 a destruction event 67:85 a destruction event 67:85 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 83 theme prokaryotic 635:645 arg1 cells 647:651 prokaryotic cells 635:651 prokaryotic cells 635:651 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 8 84 theme EDCs 1558:1561 arg1 composition 1509:1519 the composition 1505:1519 the composition of the biofilm 1505:1534 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 8 84 theme EDCs 1558:1561 arg1 occurrence 1544:1553 the occurrence 1540:1553 the occurrence of EDCs 1540:1561 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 7 85 theme sterilized 1405:1414 arg1 sediment 1416:1423 sterilized sediment 1405:1423 sterilized sediment 1405:1423 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 1 86 theme extracellular 360:372 arg1 substances 384:393 extracellular polymeric substances 360:393 extracellular polymeric substances 360:393 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 5 87 theme polysaccharides 1028:1042 arg1 release 1017:1023 the release 1013:1023 the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter 1013:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 11 88 theme destructive 2091:2101 arg1 event 2103:2107 a destructive event 2089:2107 a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production 2089:2202 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 9 89 theme experiment 1588:1597 arg1 end 1571:1573 the end 1567:1573 the end of an 84-day experiment 1567:1597 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 0 90 theme extracellular 103:115 arg1 substances 127:136 extracellular polymeric substances 103:136 extracellular polymeric substances 103:136 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 4 91 from deposition 898:907 arg1 seawater 942:949 natural seawater 934:949 natural seawater 934:949 The results show that benthic prokaryotes recover from the deposition of active prokaryotes in natural seawater and form biofilms after sterilization. 32822926 5 92 theme protein 1048:1054 arg1 release 1017:1023 the release 1013:1023 the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter 1013:1132 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 7 93 theme biofilm 1382:1388 arg1 composition 1390:1400 biofilm composition 1382:1400 biofilm composition in sterilized sediment 1382:1423 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 2 94 theme destruction 534:544 arg1 event 546:550 a destruction event 532:550 a destruction event 532:550 However, the interactions and the resulting eco-function of this community are complex and poorly characterized, especially after a destruction event. 32822926 11 95 theme role 1987:1990 arg1 understanding 1966:1978 our understanding 1962:1978 our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms 1962:2014 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 11 95 theme role 1987:1990 arg1 fate 2024:2027 the fate 2020:2027 the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems 2020:2057 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 5 96 theme microbial 1074:1082 arg1 cells 1084:1088 lysed native microbial cells 1061:1088 lysed native microbial cells 1061:1088 Sterilization triggers the release of polysaccharides and protein from lysed native microbial cells and bound EPS in sedimentary organic matter, thus increasing their concentrations. 32822926 7 97 theme EDCs 1374:1377 arg1 effect 1364:1369 the effect 1360:1369 the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment 1360:1423 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 7 97 theme EDCs 1374:1377 arg1 significant 1432:1442 significant 1432:1442 significant 1432:1442 Due to the protective role mediated by EPS, the effect of EDCs on biofilm composition in sterilized sediment is not significant. 32822926 2 98 theme community 467:475 arg1 interactions 415:426 the interactions 411:426 the interactions 411:426 However, the interactions and the resulting eco-function of this community are complex and poorly characterized, especially after a destruction event. 32822926 2 98 theme community 467:475 arg1 eco-function 446:457 the resulting eco-function 432:457 the resulting eco-function of this community 432:475 However, the interactions and the resulting eco-function of this community are complex and poorly characterized, especially after a destruction event. 32822926 0 99 theme coastal 24:30 arg1 prokaryotes 50:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 100 dep environments 741:752 arg1 simulated 754:762 simulated 754:762 simulated 754:762 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 9 101 theme prokaryotic 1617:1627 arg1 cells 1629:1633 prokaryotic cells 1617:1633 prokaryotic cells 1617:1633 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 6 102 from stress 1228:1233 arg1 prokaryotes 1252:1262 re-colonizing prokaryotes 1238:1262 re-colonizing prokaryotes 1238:1262 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 2 103 theme resulting 436:444 arg1 eco-function 446:457 the resulting eco-function 432:457 the resulting eco-function of this community 432:475 However, the interactions and the resulting eco-function of this community are complex and poorly characterized, especially after a destruction event. 32822926 0 104 theme system 43:48 arg1 prokaryotes 50:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes 12:60 Recovery of subtropical coastal intertidal system prokaryotes from a destruction event and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 32822926 3 105 theme EPS 665:667 arg1 characterization 669:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 related EPS characterization 657:684 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 8 106 theme sedimentary 1449:1459 arg1 determinant 1490:1500 the most important determinant 1471:1500 the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs 1471:1561 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 8 106 theme sedimentary 1449:1459 arg1 matrix 1461:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix 1445:1466 The sedimentary matrix is the most important determinant of the composition of the biofilm and the occurrence of EDCs. 32822926 11 107 theme sedimentary 1995:2005 arg1 biofilms 2007:2014 sedimentary biofilms 1995:2014 sedimentary biofilms 1995:2014 This study enhances our understanding of the role of sedimentary biofilms and the fate of EDCs in intertidal systems and highlights the benefit of a destructive event in enhancing ecosystem function, particularly tolerance to EDC adversity due to EPS production. 32822926 9 108 theme polysaccharides 1661:1675 arg1 concentrations 1643:1656 the concentrations 1639:1656 the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment 1639:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 108 theme polysaccharides 1661:1675 arg1 times 1722:1726 1.6-1.8 times 1714:1726 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs 1714:1785 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 108 theme polysaccharides 1661:1675 arg1 abundance 1604:1612 the abundance 1600:1612 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 1600:1633 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 6 109 theme EPS 1198:1200 arg1 stress 1228:1233 a persistent stress 1215:1233 a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes 1215:1262 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 6 109 theme EPS 1198:1200 arg1 portion 1187:1193 The increased portion 1173:1193 The increased portion of EPS 1173:1200 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 3 110 theme destroyed 693:701 arg1 matrices 715:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices 689:722 two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs 689:803 This study evaluates the re-construction of biofilms in terms of the abundance of prokaryotic cells and related EPS characterization in two destroyed sedimentary matrices from subtropical environments simulated by sterilization in the presence of EDCs and investigates the role of EPS. 32822926 6 111 theme increased 1177:1185 arg1 stress 1228:1233 a persistent stress 1215:1233 a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes 1215:1262 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 6 111 theme increased 1177:1185 arg1 portion 1187:1193 The increased portion 1173:1193 The increased portion of EPS 1173:1200 The increased portion of EPS also acts as a persistent stress on re-colonizing prokaryotes and leads to the overproduction of sedimentary EPS. 32822926 9 112 theme protein 1681:1687 arg1 concentrations 1643:1656 the concentrations 1639:1656 the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment 1639:1708 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 112 theme protein 1681:1687 arg1 times 1722:1726 1.6-1.8 times 1714:1726 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs 1714:1785 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 9 112 theme protein 1681:1687 arg1 abundance 1604:1612 the abundance 1600:1612 the abundance of prokaryotic cells 1600:1633 At the end of an 84-day experiment, the abundance of prokaryotic cells and the concentrations of polysaccharides and protein in mangrove sediment are 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in sandflat sediment, regardless of EDCs. 32822926 1 113 theme endocrine 267:275 arg1 chemicals 288:296 endocrine disrupting chemicals 267:296 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 267:303 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32822926 1 113 theme endocrine 267:275 arg1 EDCs 299:302 EDCs 299:302 EDCs 299:302 Intertidal sediments constitute the micro-environment for the co-existence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and biofilms consisting of the microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 32763245 8 0 from changes 1353:1359 arg1 composition 1370:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 3 1 theme negative 668:675 arg1 group 685:689 negative control group 668:689 negative control group 668:689 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly improved the physiological sign and symptoms associated with the sepsis such as mortality, temperature, and clinical scoring compared to negative control group, which received only LPS (i.p.). 32763245 11 2 theme NTHDH 1738:1742 arg1 treatment 1744:1752 the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment 1724:1752 the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment 1724:1752 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 6 3 from improvement 1018:1028 arg1 NCHDH 1037:1041 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1033:1065 NCHDH 1037:1041 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 6 3 from improvement 1018:1028 arg1 group 1061:1065 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1033:1065 group 1061:1065 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 10 4 theme Heme 1604:1607 arg1 HO-1 1598:1601 HO-1 1598:1601 HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1) 1598:1620 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly enhanced the Nrf2, HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1), while attenuated the Keap1 and TRPV1 expression level as compared to LPS treated group. 32763245 10 4 theme Heme 1604:1607 arg1 oxygenase-1 1609:1619 Heme oxygenase-1 1604:1619 Heme oxygenase-1 1604:1619 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly enhanced the Nrf2, HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1), while attenuated the Keap1 and TRPV1 expression level as compared to LPS treated group. 32763245 1 5 theme morbidity 246:254 arg1 rate 238:241 high rate 233:241 high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 233:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 0 6 theme LPS-induced 61:71 arg1 septicemia 73:82 LPS-induced septicemia 61:82 LPS-induced septicemia 61:82 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 3 7 dep LPS 712:714 arg1 i.p. 717:720 i.p. 717:720 i.p. 717:720 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly improved the physiological sign and symptoms associated with the sepsis such as mortality, temperature, and clinical scoring compared to negative control group, which received only LPS (i.p.). 32763245 4 8 theme NO 781:782 arg1 production 763:772 the production 759:772 the production of the NO and MPO 759:790 The NCHDH and NTHDH also inhibited the production of the NO and MPO compared to the negative control. 32763245 2 9 theme N- 347:348 arg1 -2- 362:364 N-(benzylidene)-2- 347:364 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 11 10 dep showed 1754:1759 arg1 compared 1832:1839 compared 1832:1839 showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control 1754:1863 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 0 11 theme multi-organ 88:98 arg1 failure 100:106 multi-organ failure 88:106 multi-organ failure 88:106 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 4 12 theme negative 808:815 arg1 control 817:823 the negative control 804:823 the negative control 804:823 The NCHDH and NTHDH also inhibited the production of the NO and MPO compared to the negative control. 32763245 9 13 theme treated 1501:1507 arg1 group 1509:1513 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1481:1513 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1481:1513 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 9 14 theme liver 1446:1450 arg1 function 1430:1437 The synthetic function 1416:1437 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney 1416:1461 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 8 15 theme hematology 1274:1283 arg1 study 1285:1289 The hematology study 1270:1289 The hematology study 1270:1289 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 16 theme mortality 260:268 arg1 rate 238:241 high rate 233:241 high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 233:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 5 17 theme histological 874:885 arg1 changes 887:893 the histological changes 870:893 the histological changes 870:893 Furthermore, the treatment control improved the histological changes markedly of all the vital organs. 32763245 9 18 theme NCHDH 1485:1489 arg1 group 1509:1513 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1481:1513 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1481:1513 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 7 19 theme NCHDH 1159:1163 arg1 intervention 1139:1150 the intervention 1135:1150 the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH 1135:1173 The antioxidants were enhanced by the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH and the level of the MDA and POD were attenuated marginally compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 11 20 theme NCHDH 1728:1732 arg1 treatment 1744:1752 the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment 1724:1752 the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment 1724:1752 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 21 from settings 287:294 arg1 rate 238:241 high rate 233:241 high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 233:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 7 22 theme POD 1204:1206 arg1 level 1183:1187 the level 1179:1187 the level of the MDA and POD 1179:1206 The antioxidants were enhanced by the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH and the level of the MDA and POD were attenuated marginally compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 6 23 theme LPS-induced 1082:1092 arg1 group 1094:1098 LPS-induced group 1082:1098 LPS-induced group 1082:1098 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 8 24 from improvement 1305:1315 arg1 composition 1370:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 2 25 theme LPS-induced 471:481 arg1 sepsis 483:488 the LPS-induced sepsis 467:488 the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents 467:499 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 3 26 theme control 677:683 arg1 group 685:689 negative control group 668:689 negative control group 668:689 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly improved the physiological sign and symptoms associated with the sepsis such as mortality, temperature, and clinical scoring compared to negative control group, which received only LPS (i.p.). 32763245 8 27 from composition 1370:1380 arg1 improvement 1305:1315 marked improvement 1298:1315 marked improvement 1298:1315 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 8 27 from composition 1370:1380 arg1 reversal 1325:1332 the reversal 1321:1332 the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition 1321:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 5 28 theme vital 915:919 arg1 organs 921:926 all the vital organs 907:926 all the vital organs 907:926 Furthermore, the treatment control improved the histological changes markedly of all the vital organs. 32763245 4 29 theme MPO 788:790 arg1 production 763:772 the production 759:772 the production of the NO and MPO 759:790 The NCHDH and NTHDH also inhibited the production of the NO and MPO compared to the negative control. 32763245 10 30 theme TRPV1 1654:1658 arg1 level 1671:1675 TRPV1 expression level 1654:1675 TRPV1 expression level 1654:1675 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly enhanced the Nrf2, HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1), while attenuated the Keap1 and TRPV1 expression level as compared to LPS treated group. 32763245 10 31 theme expression 1660:1669 arg1 level 1671:1675 TRPV1 expression level 1654:1675 TRPV1 expression level 1654:1675 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly enhanced the Nrf2, HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1), while attenuated the Keap1 and TRPV1 expression level as compared to LPS treated group. 32763245 11 32 theme mRNA 1785:1788 arg1 level 1801:1805 the mRNA expression level 1781:1805 the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins 1781:1830 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 33 theme critical 273:280 arg1 settings 287:294 critical care settings 273:294 critical care settings 273:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 2 34 theme proposed 304:311 arg1 study 313:317 the proposed study 300:317 the proposed study 300:317 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 6 35 theme Acid 984:987 arg1 Schiff 989:994 Periodic Acid Schiff 975:994 Periodic Acid Schiff 975:994 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 6 35 theme Acid 984:987 arg1 staining 997:1004 the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining 943:1004 staining 997:1004 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 4 36 dep NO 781:782 arg1 the 777:779 the 777:779 the 777:779 The NCHDH and NTHDH also inhibited the production of the NO and MPO compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 37 theme care 282:285 arg1 settings 287:294 critical care settings 273:294 critical care settings 273:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 1 38 from mortality 260:268 arg1 settings 287:294 critical care settings 273:294 critical care settings 273:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 2 39 dep derivatives 335:345 arg1 -2- 362:364 N-(benzylidene)-2- 347:364 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 39 dep derivatives 335:345 arg1 derivatives 335:345 the hydrazides derivatives 320:345 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 39 dep derivatives 335:345 arg1 NTHDH 434:438 NTHDH 434:438 NTHDH 434:438 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 39 dep derivatives 335:345 arg1 NCHDH 424:428 NCHDH 424:428 NCHDH 424:428 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 8 40 theme marked 1298:1303 arg1 improvement 1305:1315 marked improvement 1298:1315 marked improvement 1298:1315 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 41 theme serious 182:188 arg1 sepsis 158:163 The sepsis 154:163 The sepsis 154:163 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 1 41 theme serious 182:188 arg1 condition 210:218 serious clinic-pathological condition 182:218 serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 182:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 0 42 theme synthesized 10:20 arg1 NCHDH 33:37 NCHDH 33:37 NCHDH 33:37 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 0 42 theme synthesized 10:20 arg1 compounds 22:30 The newly synthesized compounds 0:30 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) 0:48 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 0 42 theme synthesized 10:20 arg1 NTHDH 43:47 NTHDH 43:47 NTHDH 43:47 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 0 43 theme Nrf2/HO1 112:119 arg1 signaling 135:143 Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling 112:143 Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice 112:151 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 8 44 theme changes 1353:1359 arg1 improvement 1305:1315 marked improvement 1298:1315 marked improvement 1298:1315 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 8 44 theme changes 1353:1359 arg1 reversal 1325:1332 the reversal 1321:1332 the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition 1321:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 6 45 theme treated 1053:1059 arg1 group 1061:1065 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1033:1065 group 1061:1065 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 8 46 from reversal 1325:1332 arg1 composition 1370:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 47 theme clinic-pathological 190:208 arg1 sepsis 158:163 The sepsis 154:163 The sepsis 154:163 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 1 47 theme clinic-pathological 190:208 arg1 condition 210:218 serious clinic-pathological condition 182:218 serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 182:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 7 48 theme MDA 1196:1198 arg1 level 1183:1187 the level 1179:1187 the level of the MDA and POD 1179:1206 The antioxidants were enhanced by the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH and the level of the MDA and POD were attenuated marginally compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 5 49 theme treatment 843:851 arg1 control 853:859 the treatment control 839:859 the treatment control 839:859 Furthermore, the treatment control improved the histological changes markedly of all the vital organs. 32763245 1 50 from morbidity 246:254 arg1 settings 287:294 critical care settings 273:294 critical care settings 273:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 6 51 theme PAS 970:972 arg1 Schiff 989:994 Periodic Acid Schiff 975:994 Periodic Acid Schiff 975:994 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 6 51 theme PAS 970:972 arg1 staining 997:1004 the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining 943:1004 staining 997:1004 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 1 52 with related 220:226 arg1 rate 238:241 high rate 233:241 high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 233:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 2 53 theme diazenyl 392:399 arg1 2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl 367:390 2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl 367:390 2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl 367:390 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 53 theme diazenyl 392:399 arg1 derivatives 335:345 the hydrazides derivatives 320:345 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 53 theme diazenyl 392:399 arg1 benzohydrazides 401:415 ((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) 365:421 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 0 54 theme HSP/TRVP1 125:133 arg1 signaling 135:143 Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling 112:143 Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice 112:151 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 8 55 theme blood 1364:1368 arg1 composition 1370:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 blood composition 1364:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 9 56 theme NTHDH 1495:1499 arg1 group 1509:1513 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1481:1513 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1481:1513 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 1 57 theme related 220:226 arg1 sepsis 158:163 The sepsis 154:163 The sepsis 154:163 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 1 57 theme related 220:226 arg1 condition 210:218 serious clinic-pathological condition 182:218 serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 182:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 8 58 dep showed 1291:1296 arg1 compared 1382:1389 compared 1382:1389 showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control 1291:1413 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 11 59 theme negative 1848:1855 arg1 control 1857:1863 the negative control 1844:1863 the negative control 1844:1863 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 1 60 from rate 238:241 arg1 settings 287:294 critical care settings 273:294 critical care settings 273:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 3 61 theme physiological 544:556 arg1 sign 558:561 the physiological sign 540:561 the physiological sign 540:561 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly improved the physiological sign and symptoms associated with the sepsis such as mortality, temperature, and clinical scoring compared to negative control group, which received only LPS (i.p.). 32763245 6 62 theme NTHDH 1047:1051 arg1 group 1061:1065 the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group 1033:1065 group 1061:1065 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 11 63 theme expression 1790:1799 arg1 level 1801:1805 the mRNA expression level 1781:1805 the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins 1781:1830 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 2 64 from sepsis 483:488 arg1 rodents 493:499 rodents 493:499 rodents 493:499 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 65 theme hydrazides 324:333 arg1 derivatives 335:345 the hydrazides derivatives 320:345 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 65 theme hydrazides 324:333 arg1 NTHDH 434:438 NTHDH 434:438 NTHDH 434:438 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 65 theme hydrazides 324:333 arg1 NCHDH 424:428 NCHDH 424:428 NCHDH 424:428 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 2 65 theme hydrazides 324:333 arg1 benzohydrazides 401:415 ((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) 365:421 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32763245 8 66 theme LPS-induced 1341:1351 arg1 changes 1353:1359 the LPS-induced changes 1337:1359 the LPS-induced changes in blood composition 1337:1380 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 10 67 theme LPS 1692:1694 arg1 group 1704:1708 LPS treated group 1692:1708 LPS treated group 1692:1708 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly enhanced the Nrf2, HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1), while attenuated the Keap1 and TRPV1 expression level as compared to LPS treated group. 32763245 3 68 theme clinical 639:646 arg1 scoring 648:654 clinical scoring 639:654 clinical scoring 639:654 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly improved the physiological sign and symptoms associated with the sepsis such as mortality, temperature, and clinical scoring compared to negative control group, which received only LPS (i.p.). 32763245 0 69 dep compounds 22:30 arg1 NCHDH 33:37 NCHDH 33:37 NCHDH 33:37 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 0 69 dep compounds 22:30 arg1 compounds 22:30 The newly synthesized compounds 0:30 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) 0:48 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 0 69 dep compounds 22:30 arg1 NTHDH 43:47 NTHDH 43:47 NTHDH 43:47 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 0 70 from signaling 135:143 arg1 mice 148:151 mice 148:151 mice 148:151 The newly synthesized compounds (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuates LPS-induced septicemia and multi-organ failure via Nrf2/HO1 and HSP/TRVP1 signaling in mice. 32763245 11 71 theme proteins 1823:1830 arg1 level 1801:1805 the mRNA expression level 1781:1805 the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins 1781:1830 Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment showed marked increased in the mRNA expression level of the HSP70/90 proteins compared to the negative control. 32763245 7 72 theme LPS-induced 1251:1261 arg1 group 1263:1267 the LPS-induced group 1247:1267 the LPS-induced group 1247:1267 The antioxidants were enhanced by the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH and the level of the MDA and POD were attenuated marginally compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 8 73 theme negative 1398:1405 arg1 control 1407:1413 the negative control 1394:1413 the negative control 1394:1413 The hematology study showed marked improvement and the reversal of the LPS-induced changes in blood composition compared to the negative control. 32763245 7 74 theme NTHDH 1169:1173 arg1 intervention 1139:1150 the intervention 1135:1150 the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH 1135:1173 The antioxidants were enhanced by the intervention of the NCHDH and NTHDH and the level of the MDA and POD were attenuated marginally compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 1 75 theme high 233:236 arg1 rate 238:241 high rate 233:241 high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings 233:294 The sepsis is considered as serious clinic-pathological condition related with high rate of morbidity and mortality in critical care settings. 32763245 6 76 dep group 1094:1098 arg1 contrast 1070:1077 contrast 1070:1077 contrast 1070:1077 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 10 77 theme treated 1696:1702 arg1 group 1704:1708 LPS treated group 1692:1708 LPS treated group 1692:1708 The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly enhanced the Nrf2, HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1), while attenuated the Keap1 and TRPV1 expression level as compared to LPS treated group. 32763245 6 78 theme Periodic 975:982 arg1 Schiff 989:994 Periodic Acid Schiff 975:994 Periodic Acid Schiff 975:994 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 6 78 theme Periodic 975:982 arg1 staining 997:1004 the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining 943:1004 staining 997:1004 Additionally, the Masson's trichrome and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining also showed improvement in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group in contrast to LPS-induced group. 32763245 9 79 theme synthetic 1420:1428 arg1 function 1430:1437 The synthetic function 1416:1437 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney 1416:1461 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 9 80 theme LPS-induced 1531:1541 arg1 group 1543:1547 the LPS-induced group 1527:1547 the LPS-induced group 1527:1547 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 9 81 theme kidney 1456:1461 arg1 function 1430:1437 The synthetic function 1416:1437 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney 1416:1461 The synthetic function of the liver and kidney were preserved in the NCHDH and NTHDH treated group compared to the LPS-induced group. 32763245 2 82 theme benzylidene 350:360 arg1 -2- 362:364 N-(benzylidene)-2- 347:364 the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) 320:439 In the proposed study, the hydrazides derivatives N-(benzylidene)-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1-2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) were investigated against the LPS-induced sepsis in rodents. 32208002 3 0 theme GRP94 326:330 arg1 role 318:321 the role 314:321 the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance 314:380 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 8 1 theme genes 1093:1097 arg1 expression 1058:1067 lower expression 1052:1067 lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes 1052:1097 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 6 2 from mice 687:690 arg1 tissues 667:673 Adipose tissues 659:673 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice 659:690 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 2 3 theme Glucose-regulated 142:158 arg1 protein 160:166 Glucose-regulated protein 94 142:169 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) 142:177 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 3 theme Glucose-regulated 142:158 arg1 GRP94 172:176 GRP94 172:176 GRP94 172:176 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 3 theme Glucose-regulated 142:158 arg1 chaperone 212:220 an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone 182:220 an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins 182:298 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 5 4 theme better 599:604 arg1 tolerance 614:622 better glucose tolerance 599:622 better glucose tolerance 599:622 KO mice showed better glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. 32208002 8 5 with stimulation 1225:1235 arg1 interleukin-4 1242:1254 interleukin-4 1242:1254 interleukin-4 1242:1254 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 6 theme marrow-derived 981:994 arg1 macrophages 996:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages 973:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) 973:1014 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 6 theme marrow-derived 981:994 arg1 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 5 7 theme glucose 606:612 arg1 tolerance 614:622 better glucose tolerance 599:622 better glucose tolerance 599:622 KO mice showed better glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. 32208002 7 8 theme insulin 873:879 arg1 sensitivity 881:891 insulin sensitivity 873:891 insulin sensitivity 873:891 In vitro, WT adipocytes cocultured with KO macrophages retained insulin sensitivity, whereas those cultured with WT macrophages did not. 32208002 9 9 theme novel 1292:1296 arg1 GRP94 1281:1285 GRP94 1281:1285 GRP94 1281:1285 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 9 9 theme novel 1292:1296 arg1 regulator 1298:1306 a novel regulator 1290:1306 a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation 1290:1376 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 8 10 theme bone 976:979 arg1 macrophages 996:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages 973:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) 973:1014 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 10 theme bone 976:979 arg1 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 1 11 theme Macrophage 67:76 arg1 polarization 78:89 Macrophage polarization 67:89 Macrophage polarization 67:89 Macrophage polarization contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance. 32208002 6 12 dep wild-type 788:796 arg1 WT 799:800 WT 799:800 WT 799:800 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 7 13 theme KO 849:850 arg1 macrophages 852:862 KO macrophages 849:862 KO macrophages 849:862 In vitro, WT adipocytes cocultured with KO macrophages retained insulin sensitivity, whereas those cultured with WT macrophages did not. 32208002 5 14 theme increased 628:636 arg1 sensitivity 646:656 increased insulin sensitivity 628:656 increased insulin sensitivity 628:656 KO mice showed better glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. 32208002 8 15 theme WT 973:974 arg1 macrophages 996:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages 973:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) 973:1014 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 15 theme WT 973:974 arg1 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 2 16 theme proteins 291:298 arg1 folding 238:244 folding 238:244 folding 238:244 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 16 theme proteins 291:298 arg1 control 258:264 quality control 250:264 quality control 250:264 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 6 17 theme macrophages 722:732 arg1 numbers 708:714 lower numbers 702:714 lower numbers of M1 macrophages 702:732 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 3 18 theme insulin 363:369 arg1 resistance 371:380 insulin resistance 363:380 insulin resistance 363:380 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 9 19 theme M1 1311:1312 arg1 polarization 1325:1336 M1 macrophage polarization 1311:1336 M1 macrophage polarization 1311:1336 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 5 20 theme insulin 638:644 arg1 sensitivity 646:656 increased insulin sensitivity 628:656 increased insulin sensitivity 628:656 KO mice showed better glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. 32208002 2 21 theme membrane 282:289 arg1 proteins 291:298 membrane proteins 282:298 membrane proteins 282:298 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 6 22 theme M1 719:720 arg1 macrophages 722:732 M1 macrophages 719:732 M1 macrophages 719:732 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 3 23 theme conditional 409:419 arg1 mice 435:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 4 24 theme Glucose 484:490 arg1 tolerance 492:500 Glucose tolerance 484:500 Glucose tolerance 484:500 Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and macrophage composition were compared with control mice. 32208002 5 25 theme KO 584:585 arg1 mice 587:590 KO mice 584:590 KO mice 584:590 KO mice showed better glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. 32208002 3 26 theme knockout 421:428 arg1 mice 435:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 9 27 theme polarization 1325:1336 arg1 GRP94 1281:1285 GRP94 1281:1285 GRP94 1281:1285 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 9 27 theme polarization 1325:1336 arg1 regulator 1298:1306 a novel regulator 1290:1306 a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation 1290:1376 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 6 28 theme wild-type 788:796 arg1 mice 803:806 wild-type (WT) mice 788:806 wild-type (WT) mice 788:806 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 1 29 theme obesity-induced 106:120 arg1 resistance 130:139 obesity-induced insulin resistance 106:139 obesity-induced insulin resistance 106:139 Macrophage polarization contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance. 32208002 0 30 theme insulin 47:53 arg1 resistance 55:64 insulin resistance 47:64 insulin resistance 47:64 GRP94 regulates M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance. 32208002 3 31 theme macrophage-specific 383:401 arg1 mice 435:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 7 32 theme WT 922:923 arg1 macrophages 925:935 WT macrophages 922:935 WT macrophages 922:935 In vitro, WT adipocytes cocultured with KO macrophages retained insulin sensitivity, whereas those cultured with WT macrophages did not. 32208002 8 33 with stimulation 1109:1119 arg1 LPS 1126:1128 LPS 1126:1128 LPS 1126:1128 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 33 with stimulation 1109:1119 arg1 IFN-γ 1133:1137 IFN-γ 1133:1137 IFN-γ 1133:1137 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 1 34 theme insulin 122:128 arg1 resistance 130:139 obesity-induced insulin resistance 106:139 obesity-induced insulin resistance 106:139 Macrophage polarization contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance. 32208002 6 35 theme lower 702:706 arg1 numbers 708:714 lower numbers 702:714 lower numbers of M1 macrophages 702:732 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 3 36 theme GRP94 403:407 arg1 mice 435:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 9 37 theme insulin 1342:1348 arg1 resistance 1350:1359 insulin resistance 1342:1359 insulin resistance 1342:1359 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 8 38 theme lower 1052:1056 arg1 expression 1058:1067 lower expression 1052:1067 lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes 1052:1097 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 7 39 theme WT 819:820 arg1 adipocytes 822:831 WT adipocytes 819:831 WT adipocytes cocultured with KO macrophages 819:862 In vitro, WT adipocytes cocultured with KO macrophages retained insulin sensitivity, whereas those cultured with WT macrophages did not. 32208002 8 40 theme macrophage 1191:1200 arg1 genes 1209:1213 M2 macrophage marker genes 1188:1213 M2 macrophage marker genes 1188:1213 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 4 41 theme control 570:576 arg1 mice 578:581 control mice 570:581 control mice 570:581 Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and macrophage composition were compared with control mice. 32208002 8 42 theme M1 1072:1073 arg1 genes 1093:1097 M1 macrophage marker genes 1072:1097 M1 macrophage marker genes 1072:1097 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 2 43 theme reticulum 197:205 arg1 protein 160:166 Glucose-regulated protein 94 142:169 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) 142:177 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 43 theme reticulum 197:205 arg1 chaperone 212:220 an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone 182:220 an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins 182:298 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 44 theme quality 250:256 arg1 control 258:264 quality control 250:264 quality control 250:264 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 3 45 theme high-fat 463:470 arg1 diet 472:475 a high-fat diet 461:475 a high-fat diet (HFD) 461:481 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 3 45 theme high-fat 463:470 arg1 HFD 478:480 HFD 478:480 HFD 478:480 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 8 46 theme M2 1188:1189 arg1 genes 1209:1213 M2 macrophage marker genes 1188:1213 M2 macrophage marker genes 1188:1213 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 4 47 theme macrophage 528:537 arg1 composition 539:549 macrophage composition 528:549 macrophage composition 528:549 Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and macrophage composition were compared with control mice. 32208002 8 48 theme KO 1034:1035 arg1 mice 1037:1040 GRP94 KO mice 1028:1040 GRP94 KO mice 1028:1040 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 2 49 theme endoplasmic 185:195 arg1 reticulum 197:205 endoplasmic reticulum 185:205 an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins 182:298 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 49 theme endoplasmic 185:195 arg1 ER 208:209 ER 208:209 ER 208:209 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 0 50 theme macrophage 19:28 arg1 polarization 30:41 M1 macrophage polarization 16:41 M1 macrophage polarization 16:41 GRP94 regulates M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance. 32208002 8 51 theme genes 1209:1213 arg1 expression 1174:1183 partially increased expression 1154:1183 partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes 1154:1213 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 52 from mice 1037:1040 arg1 BMDMs 1017:1021 BMDMs 1017:1021 BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice 1017:1040 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 53 theme marker 1086:1091 arg1 genes 1093:1097 M1 macrophage marker genes 1072:1097 M1 macrophage marker genes 1072:1097 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 6 54 theme markers 774:780 arg1 expression 746:755 lower expression 740:755 lower expression of M1 macrophage markers 740:780 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 3 55 theme KO 431:432 arg1 mice 435:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice 383:438 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 8 56 theme macrophage 1075:1084 arg1 genes 1093:1097 M1 macrophage marker genes 1072:1097 M1 macrophage marker genes 1072:1097 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 6 57 contain contained 692:700 arg1 tissues 667:673 Adipose tissues 659:673 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice 659:690 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 6 57 contain contained 692:700 arg2 numbers 708:714 lower numbers 702:714 lower numbers of M1 macrophages 702:732 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 6 58 theme macrophage 763:772 arg1 markers 774:780 M1 macrophage markers 760:780 M1 macrophage markers 760:780 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 8 59 theme GRP94 1028:1032 arg1 mice 1037:1040 GRP94 KO mice 1028:1040 GRP94 KO mice 1028:1040 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 6 60 theme HFD-KO 680:685 arg1 mice 687:690 HFD-KO mice 680:690 HFD-KO mice 680:690 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 9 61 theme resistance 1350:1359 arg1 GRP94 1281:1285 GRP94 1281:1285 GRP94 1281:1285 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 9 61 theme resistance 1350:1359 arg1 regulator 1298:1306 a novel regulator 1290:1306 a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation 1290:1376 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 6 62 theme M1 760:761 arg1 markers 774:780 M1 macrophage markers 760:780 M1 macrophage markers 760:780 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 8 63 link marrow-derived 981:994 arg1 macrophages 996:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages 973:1006 WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) 973:1014 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 63 link marrow-derived 981:994 arg1 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 BMDMs 1009:1013 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 8 64 theme marker 1202:1207 arg1 genes 1209:1213 M2 macrophage marker genes 1188:1213 M2 macrophage marker genes 1188:1213 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 32208002 2 65 theme secreted 269:276 arg1 folding 238:244 folding 238:244 folding 238:244 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 2 65 theme secreted 269:276 arg1 control 258:264 quality control 250:264 quality control 250:264 Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. 32208002 3 66 theme macrophage 335:344 arg1 polarization 346:357 macrophage polarization 335:357 macrophage polarization 335:357 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 9 67 theme macrophage 1314:1323 arg1 polarization 1325:1336 M1 macrophage polarization 1311:1336 M1 macrophage polarization 1311:1336 These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation. 32208002 6 68 theme Adipose 659:665 arg1 tissues 667:673 Adipose tissues 659:673 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice 659:690 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 3 69 from role 318:321 arg1 polarization 346:357 macrophage polarization 335:357 macrophage polarization 335:357 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 3 69 from role 318:321 arg1 resistance 371:380 insulin resistance 363:380 insulin resistance 363:380 To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). 32208002 4 70 theme insulin 503:509 arg1 sensitivity 511:521 insulin sensitivity 503:521 insulin sensitivity 503:521 Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and macrophage composition were compared with control mice. 32208002 0 71 theme M1 16:17 arg1 polarization 30:41 M1 macrophage polarization 16:41 M1 macrophage polarization 16:41 GRP94 regulates M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance. 32208002 6 72 theme lower 740:744 arg1 expression 746:755 lower expression 740:755 lower expression of M1 macrophage markers 740:780 Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. 32208002 8 73 theme increased 1164:1172 arg1 expression 1174:1183 partially increased expression 1154:1183 partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes 1154:1213 In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. 33484623 4 0 theme high-molecular-weight 889:909 arg1 polysaccharide 917:930 high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide 889:930 high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide 889:930 Both the EPS polysaccharide and protein concentration linearly increase with temperature, but the opposite was true for IOM and high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide. 33484623 3 1 theme polysaccharide 625:638 arg1 fraction 640:647 higher polysaccharide fraction 618:647 higher polysaccharide fraction than protein 618:660 Results showed that EPS had higher polysaccharide fraction than protein with 85.71%, 68.26%, and 71.91% for A. coffeaeformis, N. incerta, and C. fusiformis, respectively. 33484623 4 2 theme EPS 770:772 arg1 polysaccharide 774:787 the EPS polysaccharide 766:787 the EPS polysaccharide 766:787 Both the EPS polysaccharide and protein concentration linearly increase with temperature, but the opposite was true for IOM and high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide. 33484623 6 3 theme hydrophobic-hydrophobic 1457:1479 arg1 interactions 1481:1492 hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions 1457:1492 hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions 1457:1492 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 2 4 theme soluble 323:329 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 4 theme soluble 323:329 arg1 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 4 theme soluble 323:329 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 4 theme soluble 323:329 arg1 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 4 theme soluble 323:329 arg1 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 5 5 theme virgin 1143:1148 arg1 membrane 1162:1169 virgin hydrophobic membrane 1143:1169 virgin hydrophobic membrane 1143:1169 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 6 theme hydrophobic 1150:1160 arg1 membrane 1162:1169 virgin hydrophobic membrane 1143:1169 virgin hydrophobic membrane 1143:1169 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 1 7 theme algal 242:246 arg1 blooms 248:253 algal blooms 242:253 algal blooms 242:253 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 0 8 theme distillation 91:102 arg1 application 104:114 membrane distillation application 82:114 membrane distillation application 82:114 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 7 9 from temperatures 1537:1548 arg1 composition 1512:1522 the AOM composition 1504:1522 the AOM composition at different temperatures 1504:1548 Overall, the AOM composition at different temperatures will likely dictate the fouling severity in MD. 33484623 2 10 theme MD 578:579 arg1 process 581:587 the MD process 574:587 the MD process 574:587 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 0 11 theme membrane 82:89 arg1 application 104:114 membrane distillation application 82:114 membrane distillation application 82:114 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 5 12 from 5812.94 μg/g 942:953 arg1 A. coffeaeformis 993:1008 A. coffeaeformis 993:1008 A. coffeaeformis 993:1008 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 11 13 with diatoms 1964:1970 arg1 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 11 13 with diatoms 1964:1970 arg1 amount 1989:1994 highest EPS amount 1977:1994 highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g 1977:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 8 14 theme EPS 1619:1621 arg1 production 1623:1632 EPS production 1619:1632 EPS production of three benthic diatoms 1619:1657 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 8 14 theme EPS 1619:1621 arg1 highest 1667:1673 highest 1667:1673 highest 1667:1673 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 5 15 theme low 1017:1019 arg1 LMW 1039:1041 LMW 1039:1041 LMW 1039:1041 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 15 theme low 1017:1019 arg1 weight 1031:1036 low molecular weight 1017:1036 low molecular weight (LMW) 1017:1042 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 6 16 theme higher 1338:1343 arg1 temperature 1345:1355 higher temperature 1338:1355 higher temperature 1338:1355 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 6 17 theme protein 1377:1383 arg1 content 1385:1391 the total protein content 1367:1391 the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix 1367:1423 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 5 18 theme HMW 1227:1229 arg1 polysaccharides 1247:1261 HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides 1227:1261 HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides 1227:1261 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 1 19 theme membrane 166:173 arg1 biofouling 175:184 membrane biofouling 166:184 membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms 166:253 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 0 20 theme organic 45:51 arg1 matter 53:58 microalgal organic matter 34:58 microalgal organic matter 34:58 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 5 21 theme molecular 1021:1029 arg1 LMW 1039:1041 LMW 1039:1041 LMW 1039:1041 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 21 theme molecular 1021:1029 arg1 weight 1031:1036 low molecular weight 1017:1036 low molecular weight (LMW) 1017:1042 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 6 22 theme membrane 1435:1442 arg1 plugging 1444:1451 membrane plugging 1435:1451 membrane plugging 1435:1451 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 8 23 theme PRACTITIONER 1598:1609 arg1 POINTS 1611:1616 PRACTITIONER POINTS 1598:1616 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 1598:1747 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 10 24 theme organic 1842:1848 arg1 matter 1850:1855 internal organic matter 1833:1855 internal organic matter (>56%) 1833:1862 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. 33484623 10 24 theme organic 1842:1848 arg1 % 1861:1861 >56% 1858:1861 >56% 1858:1861 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. 33484623 2 25 theme temperature 544:554 arg1 range 556:560 a temperature range 542:560 a temperature range 542:560 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 8 26 theme polysaccharides 1732:1746 arg1 % 1727:1727 at least 75.29% 1713:1727 at least 75.29% of polysaccharides 1713:1746 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 8 26 theme polysaccharides 1732:1746 arg1 polysaccharides 1732:1746 polysaccharides 1732:1746 polysaccharides 1732:1746 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 6 27 theme total 1371:1375 arg1 content 1385:1391 the total protein content 1367:1391 the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix 1367:1423 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 5 28 theme hydrophilic 1235:1245 arg1 polysaccharides 1247:1261 HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides 1227:1261 HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides 1227:1261 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 11 29 theme highest 1977:1983 arg1 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 11 29 theme highest 1977:1983 arg1 amount 1989:1994 highest EPS amount 1977:1994 highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g 1977:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 10 30 theme irreversible 1869:1880 arg1 attachment 1882:1891 irreversible attachment 1869:1891 irreversible attachment towards membranes 1869:1909 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. 33484623 5 31 from 80°C 936:939 arg1 LMW 1039:1041 LMW 1039:1041 LMW 1039:1041 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 31 from 80°C 936:939 arg1 weight 1031:1036 low molecular weight 1017:1036 low molecular weight (LMW) 1017:1042 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 2 32 theme substance 355:363 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 32 theme substance 355:363 arg1 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 32 theme substance 355:363 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 32 theme substance 355:363 arg1 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 32 theme substance 355:363 arg1 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 0 33 theme temperature 15:25 arg1 impact 68:73 its impact 64:73 its impact toward membrane distillation application 64:114 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 0 33 theme temperature 15:25 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter 0:58 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 7 34 theme fouling 1574:1580 arg1 severity 1582:1589 the fouling severity 1570:1589 the fouling severity in MD 1570:1595 Overall, the AOM composition at different temperatures will likely dictate the fouling severity in MD. 33484623 1 35 from blooms 248:253 arg1 deposition 196:205 deposition 196:205 deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms 196:253 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 7 36 theme AOM 1508:1510 arg1 composition 1512:1522 the AOM composition 1504:1522 the AOM composition at different temperatures 1504:1548 Overall, the AOM composition at different temperatures will likely dictate the fouling severity in MD. 33484623 9 37 theme molecular 1755:1763 arg1 <12 kDa 1787:1793 <12 kDa 1787:1793 <12 kDa 1787:1793 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 9 37 theme molecular 1755:1763 arg1 carbohydrates 1772:1784 Small molecular weight carbohydrates 1749:1784 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) 1749:1794 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 0 38 theme high 10:13 arg1 temperature 15:25 high temperature 10:25 high temperature 10:25 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 1 39 theme treatment 270:278 arg1 efficiency 280:289 the treatment efficiency 266:289 the treatment efficiency 266:289 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 2 40 theme Cylindrotheca 478:490 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 40 theme Cylindrotheca 478:490 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 5 41 theme polysaccharide 975:988 arg1 5812.94 μg/g 942:953 5812.94 μg/g 942:953 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis 942:1008 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 11 42 theme most 1951:1954 arg1 A. coffeaeformis 1912:1927 A. coffeaeformis 1912:1927 A. coffeaeformis 1912:1927 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 11 42 theme most 1951:1954 arg1 diatoms 1964:1970 the most fouling diatoms 1947:1970 the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g 1947:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 6 43 theme EPS 1414:1416 arg1 matrix 1418:1423 the EPS matrix 1410:1423 the EPS matrix 1410:1423 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 3 44 contain had 614:616 arg1 EPS 610:612 EPS 610:612 EPS 610:612 Results showed that EPS had higher polysaccharide fraction than protein with 85.71%, 68.26%, and 71.91% for A. coffeaeformis, N. incerta, and C. fusiformis, respectively. 33484623 3 44 contain had 614:616 arg2 fraction 640:647 higher polysaccharide fraction 618:647 higher polysaccharide fraction than protein 618:660 Results showed that EPS had higher polysaccharide fraction than protein with 85.71%, 68.26%, and 71.91% for A. coffeaeformis, N. incerta, and C. fusiformis, respectively. 33484623 0 45 theme microalgal 34:43 arg1 matter 53:58 microalgal organic matter 34:58 microalgal organic matter 34:58 Effect of high temperature toward microalgal organic matter and its impact toward membrane distillation application. 33484623 1 46 theme algal 210:214 arg1 AOM 232:234 AOM 232:234 AOM 232:234 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 1 46 theme algal 210:214 arg1 matter 224:229 algal organic matter 210:229 algal organic matter (AOM) 210:235 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 7 47 from severity 1582:1589 arg1 MD 1594:1595 MD 1594:1595 MD 1594:1595 Overall, the AOM composition at different temperatures will likely dictate the fouling severity in MD. 33484623 8 48 dep POINTS 1611:1616 arg1 production 1623:1632 EPS production 1619:1632 EPS production of three benthic diatoms 1619:1657 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 8 48 dep POINTS 1611:1616 arg1 highest 1667:1673 highest 1667:1673 highest 1667:1673 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 2 49 theme bounded 373:379 arg1 bEPS 386:389 bEPS 386:389 bEPS 386:389 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 49 theme bounded 373:379 arg1 EPS 381:383 bounded EPS 373:383 bounded EPS (bEPS) 373:390 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 5 50 theme major 1096:1100 arg1 foulants 1102:1109 the major foulants 1092:1109 the major foulants 1092:1109 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 50 theme major 1096:1100 arg1 they 1082:1085 they 1082:1085 they 1082:1085 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 51 dep polysaccharide 975:988 arg1 out 955:957 out 955:957 out 955:957 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 8 52 theme 80°C. 1678:1682 arg1 EPS 1684:1686 80°C. EPS 1678:1686 80°C. EPS 1678:1686 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 1 53 theme organic 216:222 arg1 AOM 232:234 AOM 232:234 AOM 232:234 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 1 53 theme organic 216:222 arg1 matter 224:229 algal organic matter 210:229 algal organic matter (AOM) 210:235 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 2 54 theme organic 406:412 arg1 IOM 422:424 IOM 422:424 IOM 422:424 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 54 theme organic 406:412 arg1 matter 414:419 internal organic matter 397:419 internal organic matter (IOM) 397:425 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 5 55 dep weight 1031:1036 arg1 suggested 1067:1075 suggested 1067:1075 suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling 1067:1311 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 4 56 dep high-molecular-weight 889:909 arg1 HMW 912:914 HMW 912:914 HMW 912:914 Both the EPS polysaccharide and protein concentration linearly increase with temperature, but the opposite was true for IOM and high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide. 33484623 9 57 theme Small 1749:1753 arg1 <12 kDa 1787:1793 <12 kDa 1787:1793 <12 kDa 1787:1793 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 9 57 theme Small 1749:1753 arg1 carbohydrates 1772:1784 Small molecular weight carbohydrates 1749:1784 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) 1749:1794 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 11 58 theme fouling 1956:1962 arg1 A. coffeaeformis 1912:1927 A. coffeaeformis 1912:1927 A. coffeaeformis 1912:1927 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 11 58 theme fouling 1956:1962 arg1 diatoms 1964:1970 the most fouling diatoms 1947:1970 the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g 1947:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 10 59 theme matter 1850:1855 arg1 Proteins 1821:1828 Proteins 1821:1828 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) 1821:1862 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. 33484623 1 60 theme Membrane 117:124 arg1 MD 140:141 MD 140:141 MD 140:141 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 1 60 theme Membrane 117:124 arg1 distillation 126:137 Membrane distillation 117:137 Membrane distillation (MD) 117:142 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 2 61 theme internal 397:404 arg1 IOM 422:424 IOM 422:424 IOM 422:424 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 61 theme internal 397:404 arg1 matter 414:419 internal organic matter 397:419 internal organic matter (IOM) 397:425 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 4 62 theme protein 793:799 arg1 concentration 801:813 protein concentration 793:813 protein concentration 793:813 Both the EPS polysaccharide and protein concentration linearly increase with temperature, but the opposite was true for IOM and high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 bEPS 386:389 bEPS 386:389 bEPS 386:389 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 IOM 422:424 IOM 422:424 IOM 422:424 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 EPS 381:383 bounded EPS 373:383 bounded EPS (bEPS) 373:390 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 63 from species 446:452 arg1 matter 414:419 internal organic matter 397:419 internal organic matter (IOM) 397:425 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 5 64 theme irreversible 1292:1303 arg1 fouling 1305:1311 irreversible fouling 1292:1311 irreversible fouling 1292:1311 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 9 65 theme weight 1765:1770 arg1 <12 kDa 1787:1793 <12 kDa 1787:1793 <12 kDa 1787:1793 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 9 65 theme weight 1765:1770 arg1 carbohydrates 1772:1784 Small molecular weight carbohydrates 1749:1784 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) 1749:1794 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 7 66 theme different 1527:1535 arg1 temperatures 1537:1548 different temperatures 1527:1548 different temperatures 1527:1548 Overall, the AOM composition at different temperatures will likely dictate the fouling severity in MD. 33484623 10 67 theme internal 1833:1840 arg1 matter 1850:1855 internal organic matter 1833:1855 internal organic matter (>56%) 1833:1862 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. 33484623 10 67 theme internal 1833:1840 arg1 % 1861:1861 >56% 1858:1861 >56% 1858:1861 Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. 33484623 2 68 theme benthic 438:444 arg1 species 446:452 three benthic species 432:452 three benthic species 432:452 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 1 69 theme matter 224:229 arg1 deposition 196:205 deposition 196:205 deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms 196:253 Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. 33484623 11 70 theme 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 arg1 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 11 70 theme 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 arg1 amount 1989:1994 highest EPS amount 1977:1994 highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g 1977:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 5 71 theme polysaccharides 1247:1261 arg1 deposition 1213:1222 deposition 1213:1222 deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling 1213:1311 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 8 72 theme diatoms 1651:1657 arg1 production 1623:1632 EPS production 1619:1632 EPS production of three benthic diatoms 1619:1657 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 8 72 theme diatoms 1651:1657 arg1 highest 1667:1673 highest 1667:1673 highest 1667:1673 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 8 73 theme benthic 1643:1649 arg1 diatoms 1651:1657 three benthic diatoms 1637:1657 three benthic diatoms 1637:1657 PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. 33484623 5 74 theme 6304.28 μg/g 962:973 arg1 polysaccharide 975:988 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide 962:988 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide 962:988 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 9 75 theme potential 1801:1809 arg1 foulants 1811:1818 potential foulants 1801:1818 potential foulants 1801:1818 Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. 33484623 2 76 theme polymeric 345:353 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 76 theme polymeric 345:353 arg1 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 76 theme polymeric 345:353 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 76 theme polymeric 345:353 arg1 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 76 theme polymeric 345:353 arg1 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 5 77 theme conditioning 1182:1193 arg1 layer 1195:1199 a conditioning layer 1180:1199 a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling 1180:1311 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 5 78 theme narrow 1123:1128 arg1 pores 1130:1134 the narrow pores 1119:1134 the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane 1119:1169 At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. 33484623 6 79 theme Cell 1314:1317 arg1 lysis 1319:1323 Cell lysis 1314:1323 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature 1314:1355 Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. 33484623 3 80 theme higher 618:623 arg1 fraction 640:647 higher polysaccharide fraction 618:647 higher polysaccharide fraction than protein 618:660 Results showed that EPS had higher polysaccharide fraction than protein with 85.71%, 68.26%, and 71.91% for A. coffeaeformis, N. incerta, and C. fusiformis, respectively. 33484623 2 81 dep sEPS 366:369 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 81 dep sEPS 366:369 arg1 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 81 dep sEPS 366:369 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 81 dep sEPS 366:369 arg1 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 82 theme extracellular 331:343 arg1 sEPS 366:369 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) 323:370 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 82 theme extracellular 331:343 arg1 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 coffeaeformis 463:475 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 82 theme extracellular 331:343 arg1 fusiformis 492:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 Cylindrotheca fusiformis 478:501 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 82 theme extracellular 331:343 arg1 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 Navicula 508:515 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 2 82 theme extracellular 331:343 arg1 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 AOMs 307:310 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33484623 11 83 theme EPS 1985:1987 arg1 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 6304.28 μg/g 1999:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 11 83 theme EPS 1985:1987 arg1 amount 1989:1994 highest EPS amount 1977:1994 highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g 1977:2010 A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g. 33484623 2 84 dep coffeaeformis 463:475 arg1 incerta 517:523 incerta 517:523 incerta 517:523 In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. 33034768 8 0 theme genes 1177:1181 arg1 aggregation 1152:1162 the aggregation 1148:1162 the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo 1148:1224 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 4 1 theme oramin 491:496 arg1 microbiota 509:518 the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 484:518 the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 484:518 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 7 2 theme glycoside 1015:1023 arg1 hydrolase 1025:1033 glycoside hydrolase 1015:1033 glycoside hydrolase 1015:1033 Metatranscriptome analysis showed that EPP induced more transferase, polysaccharide hydrolase, glycoside hydrolase, and esterases expressed in vitro, and most of them were taxonomically annotated to Bacteroidetes. 33034768 1 3 dep prolifera 101:109 arg1 prolifera 115:123 E. prolifera 112:123 E. prolifera 112:123 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 8 4 from aggregation 1152:1162 arg1 analysis 1209:1216 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1186:1216 metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo 1186:1224 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 8 5 theme family 1170:1175 arg1 genes 1177:1181 GH family genes 1167:1181 GH family genes 1167:1181 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 1 6 contain contains 126:133 arg2 polysaccharides 152:166 complex sulfated polysaccharides 135:166 complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation 135:211 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 1 6 contain contains 126:133 arg1 prolifera 101:109 Enteromorpha prolifera 88:109 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) 88:124 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 5 7 theme Firmicutes 660:669 arg1 proportion 646:655 The proportion 642:655 The proportion of Firmicutes 642:669 The proportion of Firmicutes increased from 38.8 to 58.6%, with Bacteroidetes increasing nearly fivefold from 5 to 23.7%. 33034768 7 8 theme polysaccharide 989:1002 arg1 hydrolase 1004:1012 polysaccharide hydrolase 989:1012 polysaccharide hydrolase 989:1012 Metatranscriptome analysis showed that EPP induced more transferase, polysaccharide hydrolase, glycoside hydrolase, and esterases expressed in vitro, and most of them were taxonomically annotated to Bacteroidetes. 33034768 6 9 theme intestinal 869:878 arg1 flora 880:884 the intestinal flora 865:884 the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro 865:917 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that EPP-induced Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro. 33034768 9 10 from degradation 1522:1532 arg1 cultures 1543:1550 vitro cultures 1537:1550 vitro cultures 1537:1550 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 4 11 theme Firmicutes 576:585 arg1 number 566:571 the number 562:571 the number of Firmicutes 562:585 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 5 12 dep 58.6 694:697 arg1 to 691:692 to 691:692 to 691:692 The proportion of Firmicutes increased from 38.8 to 58.6%, with Bacteroidetes increasing nearly fivefold from 5 to 23.7%. 33034768 4 13 theme microbiota 509:518 arg1 analysis 472:479 Metagenomic sequencing analysis 449:479 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 449:518 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 6 14 theme EPP-induced 812:822 arg1 Bacteroidetes 824:836 EPP-induced Bacteroidetes 812:836 EPP-induced Bacteroidetes 812:836 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that EPP-induced Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro. 33034768 10 15 theme in 1567:1568 arg1 experiments 1575:1585 in vivo experiments 1567:1585 in vivo experiments 1567:1585 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 9 16 from bacteria 1341:1348 arg1 tract 1364:1368 intestinal tract 1353:1368 intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera 1353:1423 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 9 17 theme dominant 1488:1495 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1466:1478 Bacteroidetes 1466:1478 Bacteroidetes 1466:1478 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 9 17 theme dominant 1488:1495 arg1 bacteria 1497:1504 the dominant bacteria 1484:1504 the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures 1484:1550 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 0 18 from Composition 57:67 arg1 oramin 80:85 Siganus oramin 72:85 Siganus oramin 72:85 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet Drives Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin. 33034768 10 19 dep experiments 1575:1585 arg1 involved 1621:1628 involved 1621:1628 were mostly involved 1609:1628 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 9 20 theme vitro 1537:1541 arg1 cultures 1543:1550 vitro cultures 1537:1550 vitro cultures 1537:1550 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 2 21 dep oramin 283:288 arg1 oramin 294:299 S. oramin 291:299 S. oramin 291:299 Most organisms cannot digest biomass of E. prolifera, except Siganus oramin (S. oramin). 33034768 8 22 theme CBM32 1244:1248 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 4 23 theme S. 488:489 arg1 microbiota 509:518 the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 484:518 the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 484:518 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 8 24 theme more 1239:1242 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 1 25 theme Enteromorpha 88:99 arg1 prolifera 101:109 Enteromorpha prolifera 88:109 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) 88:124 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 1 26 theme biological 190:199 arg1 degradation 201:211 biological degradation 190:211 biological degradation 190:211 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 0 27 theme prolifera 13:21 arg1 Diet 23:26 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet 0:26 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet 0:26 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet Drives Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin. 33034768 6 28 theme oramin 892:897 arg1 flora 880:884 the intestinal flora 865:884 the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro 865:917 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that EPP-induced Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro. 33034768 6 29 theme high-throughput 773:787 arg1 sequencing 789:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing 764:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing 764:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that EPP-induced Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro. 33034768 3 30 theme prolifera 416:424 arg1 EPP 443:445 EPP 443:445 EPP 443:445 This study was conducted to identify the bacteria in the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP). 33034768 3 30 theme prolifera 416:424 arg1 polysaccharides 426:440 E. prolifera polysaccharides 413:440 E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP) 413:446 This study was conducted to identify the bacteria in the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP). 33034768 0 31 theme Enteromorpha 0:11 arg1 Diet 23:26 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet 0:26 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet 0:26 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet Drives Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin. 33034768 10 32 theme GH 1593:1594 arg1 genes 1603:1607 GH family genes 1593:1607 GH family genes 1593:1607 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 6 33 theme rDNA 768:771 arg1 sequencing 789:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing 764:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing 764:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that EPP-induced Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro. 33034768 3 34 theme polysaccharides 426:440 arg1 digestion 400:408 the digestion 396:408 the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP) 396:446 This study was conducted to identify the bacteria in the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP). 33034768 11 35 theme prolifera 1771:1779 arg1 biodegradation 1750:1763 biodegradation 1750:1763 biodegradation of E. prolifera 1750:1779 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 6 36 theme 16S 764:766 arg1 sequencing 789:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing 764:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing 764:798 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that EPP-induced Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the intestinal flora of S. oramin cultivated in vitro. 33034768 11 37 theme potential 1789:1797 arg1 implications 1799:1810 potential implications 1789:1810 potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology 1789:1864 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 9 38 theme intestinal 1353:1362 arg1 tract 1364:1368 intestinal tract 1353:1368 intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera 1353:1423 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 10 39 theme complete 1650:1657 arg1 pathway 1687:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 11 40 theme biodegradation 1750:1763 arg1 study 1741:1745 the further study 1729:1745 the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera 1729:1779 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 11 41 theme prolifera 1838:1846 arg1 utilization 1820:1830 the utilization 1816:1830 the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology 1816:1864 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 8 42 theme GT30 1261:1264 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 0 43 theme Microbiome 46:55 arg1 Composition 57:67 Intestinal Microbiome Composition 35:67 Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin 35:85 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet Drives Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin. 33034768 10 44 theme EPP 1671:1673 arg1 pathway 1687:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 10 45 dep in 1567:1568 arg1 vivo 1570:1573 vivo 1570:1573 vivo 1570:1573 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 2 46 theme prolifera 257:265 arg1 biomass 243:249 biomass 243:249 biomass of E. prolifera 243:265 Most organisms cannot digest biomass of E. prolifera, except Siganus oramin (S. oramin). 33034768 8 47 theme GT2 1256:1258 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 8 48 theme GH30 1271:1274 arg1 families 1276:1283 GH30 families 1271:1283 GH30 families 1271:1283 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 0 49 theme Intestinal 35:44 arg1 Composition 57:67 Intestinal Microbiome Composition 35:67 Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin 35:85 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet Drives Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin. 33034768 4 50 theme E. 534:535 arg1 diet 547:550 E. prolifera diet 534:550 E. prolifera diet 534:550 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 3 51 theme E. 413:414 arg1 EPP 443:445 EPP 443:445 EPP 443:445 This study was conducted to identify the bacteria in the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP). 33034768 3 51 theme E. 413:414 arg1 polysaccharides 426:440 E. prolifera polysaccharides 413:440 E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP) 413:446 This study was conducted to identify the bacteria in the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP). 33034768 4 52 theme sequencing 461:470 arg1 analysis 472:479 Metagenomic sequencing analysis 449:479 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 449:518 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 11 53 contain has 1785:1787 arg2 implications 1799:1810 potential implications 1789:1810 potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology 1789:1864 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 11 53 contain has 1785:1787 arg1 results 1709:1715 The results 1705:1715 The results 1705:1715 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 8 54 theme sequencing 1198:1207 arg1 analysis 1209:1216 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1186:1216 metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo 1186:1224 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 10 55 theme family 1596:1601 arg1 genes 1603:1607 GH family genes 1593:1607 GH family genes 1593:1607 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 8 56 theme metagenomic 1186:1196 arg1 analysis 1209:1216 metagenomic sequencing analysis 1186:1216 metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo 1186:1224 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 4 57 theme Metagenomic 449:459 arg1 analysis 472:479 Metagenomic sequencing analysis 449:479 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 449:518 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 10 58 theme degradation 1675:1685 arg1 pathway 1687:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 8 59 theme gene 1285:1288 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 5 60 dep 23.7 757:760 arg1 to 754:755 to 754:755 to 754:755 The proportion of Firmicutes increased from 38.8 to 58.6%, with Bacteroidetes increasing nearly fivefold from 5 to 23.7%. 33034768 11 61 theme further 1733:1739 arg1 study 1741:1745 the further study 1729:1745 the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera 1729:1779 The results may benefit the further study of biodegradation of E. prolifera and has potential implications for the utilization of E. prolifera for biotechnology. 33034768 8 62 theme families 1276:1283 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 4 63 theme prolifera 537:545 arg1 diet 547:550 E. prolifera diet 534:550 E. prolifera diet 534:550 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 1 64 theme complex 135:141 arg1 polysaccharides 152:166 complex sulfated polysaccharides 135:166 complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation 135:211 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 9 65 theme prolifera 1415:1423 arg1 digestion 1399:1407 digestion 1399:1407 digestion of E. prolifera 1399:1423 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 33034768 8 66 theme GH2 1251:1253 arg1 expression 1290:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression 1239:1299 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 1 67 theme sulfated 143:150 arg1 polysaccharides 152:166 complex sulfated polysaccharides 135:166 complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation 135:211 Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera) contains complex sulfated polysaccharides that are resistant to biological degradation. 33034768 10 68 theme complex 1663:1669 arg1 pathway 1687:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway 1643:1693 Compared with in vivo experiments, only GH family genes were mostly involved, we detected a more complete and complex EPP degradation pathway in vitro. 33034768 8 69 theme GH 1167:1168 arg1 genes 1177:1181 GH family genes 1167:1181 GH family genes 1167:1181 Compared with the aggregation of GH family genes in metagenomic sequencing analysis in vivo, EPP induced more CBM32, GH2, GT2, GT30, and GH30 families gene expression in vitro. 33034768 2 70 theme Most 214:217 arg1 organisms 219:227 Most organisms 214:227 Most organisms 214:227 Most organisms cannot digest biomass of E. prolifera, except Siganus oramin (S. oramin). 33034768 7 71 theme Metatranscriptome 920:936 arg1 analysis 938:945 Metatranscriptome analysis 920:945 Metatranscriptome analysis 920:945 Metatranscriptome analysis showed that EPP induced more transferase, polysaccharide hydrolase, glycoside hydrolase, and esterases expressed in vitro, and most of them were taxonomically annotated to Bacteroidetes. 33034768 4 72 theme dominant 623:630 arg1 bacteria 632:639 the dominant bacteria 619:639 the dominant bacteria 619:639 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 0 73 theme Siganus 72:78 arg1 oramin 80:85 Siganus oramin 72:85 Siganus oramin 72:85 Enteromorpha prolifera Diet Drives Intestinal Microbiome Composition in Siganus oramin. 33034768 4 74 theme intestinal 498:507 arg1 microbiota 509:518 the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 484:518 the S. oramin intestinal microbiota 484:518 Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the S. oramin intestinal microbiota revealed that E. prolifera diet increased the number of Firmicutes, replacing Proteobacteria to be the dominant bacteria. 33034768 3 75 theme oramin 376:381 arg1 intestine 360:368 the intestine 356:368 the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP) 356:446 This study was conducted to identify the bacteria in the intestine of S. oramin facilitating the digestion of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EPP). 33034768 9 76 theme oramin 1376:1381 arg1 tract 1364:1368 intestinal tract 1353:1368 intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera 1353:1423 In general, We found that the bacteria in intestinal tract of S. oramin responsible for digestion of E. prolifera were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes was the dominant bacteria involved in EPP degradation in vitro cultures. 34677046 4 0 theme known 691:695 arg1 glycopeptides 697:709 known glycopeptides 691:709 known glycopeptides 691:709 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 7 1 theme cytoplasmic 1160:1170 arg1 localization 1172:1183 cytoplasmic localization 1160:1183 cytoplasmic localization 1160:1183 Topology analysis revealed that unaltered sequons often displayed cytoplasmic localization, despite originating from membrane proteins. 34677046 11 2 theme sites 1620:1624 arg1 nonoccupancy 1590:1601 nonoccupancy 1590:1601 nonoccupancy 1590:1601 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 11 2 theme sites 1620:1624 arg1 occupancy 1577:1585 occupancy 1577:1585 occupancy 1577:1585 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 5 3 theme significant 906:916 arg1 occupancy 923:931 significant site occupancy 906:931 significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST 906:958 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 8 4 theme parallel 1268:1275 arg1 digestion 1291:1299 parallel multiprotease digestion 1268:1299 parallel multiprotease digestion 1268:1299 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 10 5 theme sites 1451:1455 arg1 sites 1451:1455 sites 1451:1455 sites predicted by proteomics 1451:1479 We identified 142 glycosites, of which 32 were novel, and 83% of sites predicted by proteomics were validated. 34677046 10 5 theme sites 1451:1455 arg1 % 1446:1446 83% 1444:1446 83% of sites predicted by proteomics 1444:1479 We identified 142 glycosites, of which 32 were novel, and 83% of sites predicted by proteomics were validated. 34677046 3 6 theme -negative 600:608 arg1 proteomes 618:626 pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes 566:626 pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes 566:626 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 12 7 from occupancy 1755:1763 arg1 range 1770:1774 a range 1768:1774 a range of organisms 1768:1787 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 7 8 theme unaltered 1126:1134 arg1 sequons 1136:1142 unaltered sequons 1126:1142 unaltered sequons 1126:1142 Topology analysis revealed that unaltered sequons often displayed cytoplasmic localization, despite originating from membrane proteins. 34677046 4 9 theme normalized 747:756 arg1 abundance 758:766 protein normalized abundance 739:766 protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT 739:790 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 11 10 gly glycosites 1549:1558 arg2 glycosites 1549:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 1 11 theme N-linked 256:263 arg1 pgl 280:282 pgl 280:282 pgl 280:282 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 11 theme N-linked 256:263 arg1 glycosylation 265:277 N-linked glycosylation 256:277 a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 247:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 8 12 theme :: 1369:1370 arg1 pglBC 1371:1375 WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1357:1375 WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1357:1375 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 7 13 theme Topology 1094:1101 arg1 analysis 1103:1110 Topology analysis 1094:1110 Topology analysis 1094:1110 Topology analysis revealed that unaltered sequons often displayed cytoplasmic localization, despite originating from membrane proteins. 34677046 5 14 theme OST 956:958 arg1 presence 940:947 the presence 936:947 the presence of the OST 936:958 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 6 15 dep either 994:999 arg1 unaltered 1001:1009 unaltered 1001:1009 unaltered 1001:1009 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 11 16 theme jejuni 1542:1547 arg1 glycosites 1549:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 11 17 theme verified 1530:1537 arg1 glycosites 1549:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 5 18 theme peptide 861:867 arg1 abundances 869:878 Sequon-containing peptide abundances 843:878 Sequon-containing peptide abundances 843:878 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 2 19 theme site 521:524 arg1 occupancy 526:534 site occupancy 521:534 site occupancy 521:534 Many targets of PglB are known, yet only a fraction of sequons are experimentally confirmed, and site occupancy remains elusive. 34677046 4 20 theme protein 739:745 arg1 abundance 758:766 protein normalized abundance 739:766 protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT 739:790 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 0 21 theme Digestion 106:114 arg1 Strategy 116:123 a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy 90:123 a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy 90:123 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 12 22 theme proteomics 1694:1703 arg1 use 1664:1666 the use 1660:1666 the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms 1660:1787 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 11 23 gly occupancy 1577:1585 arg2 sites 1620:1624 31 additional sites 1606:1624 31 additional sites 1606:1624 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 2 24 theme sequons 479:485 arg1 fraction 467:474 only a fraction 460:474 only a fraction of sequons 460:485 Many targets of PglB are known, yet only a fraction of sequons are experimentally confirmed, and site occupancy remains elusive. 34677046 0 25 theme Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive 16:49 arg1 jejuni 79:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 1 26 theme heptasaccharide 322:336 arg1 attachment 306:315 attachment 306:315 attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 306:377 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 12 27 theme cells 1684:1688 arg1 use 1664:1666 the use 1660:1666 the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms 1660:1787 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 3 28 gly glycosites 650:659 arg2 glycosites 650:659 potential glycosites 640:659 potential glycosites 640:659 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 1 29 theme N-sequon-containing 341:359 arg1 proteins 370:377 N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 341:377 N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 341:377 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 0 30 theme -Negative 55:63 arg1 jejuni 79:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 6 31 theme known 1073:1077 arg1 glycopeptides 1079:1091 known glycopeptides 1073:1091 known glycopeptides 1073:1091 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 7 32 theme membrane 1211:1218 arg1 proteins 1220:1227 membrane proteins 1211:1227 membrane proteins 1211:1227 Topology analysis revealed that unaltered sequons often displayed cytoplasmic localization, despite originating from membrane proteins. 34677046 4 33 theme ΔpglB 829:833 arg1 pglB 836:839 ΔpglB::pglB 829:839 ΔpglB::pglB 829:839 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 4 33 theme ΔpglB 829:833 arg1 reintroduction 813:826 pglB reintroduction 808:826 pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB) 808:840 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 6 34 gly glycosylated 1023:1034 arg1 Peptides 961:968 Peptides 961:968 Peptides with novel sequons 961:987 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 1 35 theme glycosylation 265:277 arg1 system 285:290 a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system 247:290 a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 247:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 8 36 gly glycosites 1236:1245 arg2 glycosites 1236:1245 Novel glycosites 1230:1245 Novel glycosites 1230:1245 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 2 37 theme Many 424:427 arg1 targets 429:435 Many targets 424:435 Many targets of PglB 424:443 Many targets of PglB are known, yet only a fraction of sequons are experimentally confirmed, and site occupancy remains elusive. 34677046 4 38 gly glycopeptides 697:709 arg2 glycopeptides 697:709 known glycopeptides 691:709 known glycopeptides 691:709 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 8 39 theme Novel 1230:1234 arg1 glycosites 1236:1245 Novel glycosites 1230:1245 Novel glycosites 1230:1245 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 3 40 theme pglB-positive 566:578 arg1 proteomes 618:626 pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes 566:626 pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes 566:626 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 1 41 theme bacterial 219:227 arg1 pathogen 229:236 a bacterial pathogen 217:236 a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 217:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 41 theme bacterial 219:227 arg1 jejuni 207:212 Campylobacter jejuni 193:212 Campylobacter jejuni 193:212 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 12 42 theme organisms 1779:1787 arg1 range 1770:1774 a range 1768:1774 a range of organisms 1768:1787 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 4 43 gly nonglycosylated 666:680 arg1 forms 682:686 The nonglycosylated forms 662:686 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides 662:709 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 4 43 gly nonglycosylated 666:680 arg1 glycopeptides 697:709 known glycopeptides 691:709 known glycopeptides 691:709 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 5 44 theme site 918:921 arg1 occupancy 923:931 significant site occupancy 906:931 significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST 906:958 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 4 45 theme glycopeptides 697:709 arg1 forms 682:686 The nonglycosylated forms 662:686 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides 662:709 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 11 46 theme additional 1609:1618 arg1 sites 1620:1624 31 additional sites 1606:1624 31 additional sites 1606:1624 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 8 47 theme multiprotease 1277:1289 arg1 digestion 1291:1299 parallel multiprotease digestion 1268:1299 parallel multiprotease digestion 1268:1299 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 0 48 theme Protein 170:176 arg1 Glycosylation 178:190 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 161:190 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 161:190 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 1 49 theme unique 249:254 arg1 system 285:290 a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system 247:290 a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 247:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 8 50 theme WT 1357:1358 arg1 pglBC 1371:1375 WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1357:1375 WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1357:1375 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 3 51 dep pglB-positive 566:578 arg1 wild-type 581:589 wild-type 581:589 wild-type 581:589 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 3 51 dep pglB-positive 566:578 arg1 ΔpglB 611:615 ΔpglB 611:615 ΔpglB 611:615 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 6 52 theme novel 975:979 arg1 sequons 981:987 novel sequons 975:987 novel sequons 975:987 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 6 53 dep unaltered 1001:1009 arg1 glycosylated 1023:1034 glycosylated 1023:1034 glycosylated 1023:1034 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 6 54 with consistent 1057:1066 arg1 glycopeptides 1079:1091 known glycopeptides 1073:1091 known glycopeptides 1073:1091 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 8 55 theme ΔpglB 1364:1368 arg1 pglBC 1371:1375 WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1357:1375 WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1357:1375 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 11 56 theme C. 1539:1540 arg1 glycosites 1549:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 C. jejuni glycosites 1539:1558 There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. 34677046 3 57 theme potential 640:648 arg1 glycosites 650:659 potential glycosites 640:659 potential glycosites 640:659 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 3 58 dep wild-type 581:589 arg1 WT 592:593 WT 592:593 WT 592:593 We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. 34677046 8 59 theme pglBC 1371:1375 arg1 glycoproteomes 1339:1352 the glycoproteomes 1335:1352 the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC 1335:1375 Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglBC. 34677046 0 60 theme Multiprotease 92:104 arg1 Strategy 116:123 a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy 90:123 a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy 90:123 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 1 61 attach attachment 306:315 arg1 proteins 370:377 N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 341:377 N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 341:377 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 61 attach attachment 306:315 arg2 heptasaccharide 322:336 heptasaccharide 322:336 heptasaccharide 322:336 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 5 62 from occupancy 923:931 arg1 presence 940:947 the presence 936:947 the presence of the OST 936:958 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 6 63 dep glycosylated 1023:1034 arg1 not 1019:1021 not 1019:1021 not 1019:1021 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 6 63 dep glycosylated 1023:1034 arg1 likely 1012:1017 likely 1012:1017 likely 1012:1017 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 1 64 theme PglB 386:389 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 391:415 the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase 382:415 the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 382:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 64 theme PglB 386:389 arg1 OST 418:420 OST 418:420 OST 418:420 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 65 theme Campylobacter 193:205 arg1 pathogen 229:236 a bacterial pathogen 217:236 a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 217:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 65 theme Campylobacter 193:205 arg1 jejuni 207:212 Campylobacter jejuni 193:212 Campylobacter jejuni 193:212 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 12 66 theme novel 1722:1726 arg1 glycosites 1728:1737 novel glycosites 1722:1737 novel glycosites 1722:1737 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 1 67 link N-linked 256:263 arg1 pgl 280:282 pgl 280:282 pgl 280:282 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 1 67 link N-linked 256:263 arg1 glycosylation 265:277 N-linked glycosylation 256:277 a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 247:421 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 10 68 gly glycosites 1404:1413 arg2 glycosites 1404:1413 142 glycosites 1400:1413 142 glycosites 1400:1413 We identified 142 glycosites, of which 32 were novel, and 83% of sites predicted by proteomics were validated. 34677046 12 69 gly glycosites 1728:1737 arg2 glycosites 1728:1737 novel glycosites 1722:1737 novel glycosites 1722:1737 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 4 70 theme pglB 808:811 arg1 pglB 836:839 ΔpglB::pglB 829:839 ΔpglB::pglB 829:839 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 4 70 theme pglB 808:811 arg1 reintroduction 813:826 pglB reintroduction 808:826 pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB) 808:840 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 2 71 theme PglB 440:443 arg1 targets 429:435 Many targets 424:435 Many targets of PglB 424:443 Many targets of PglB are known, yet only a fraction of sequons are experimentally confirmed, and site occupancy remains elusive. 34677046 0 72 theme pglB 11:14 arg1 jejuni 79:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 4 73 theme relative 777:784 arg1 ΔpglB 771:775 ΔpglB 771:775 ΔpglB relative to WT 771:790 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 5 74 theme Sequon-containing 843:859 arg1 abundances 869:878 Sequon-containing peptide abundances 843:878 Sequon-containing peptide abundances 843:878 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 5 75 with consistent 890:899 arg1 occupancy 923:931 significant site occupancy 906:931 significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST 906:958 Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. 34677046 0 76 theme Campylobacter 65:77 arg1 jejuni 79:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni 11:84 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 12 77 theme OST-negative 1671:1682 arg1 cells 1684:1688 OST-negative cells 1671:1688 OST-negative cells 1671:1688 This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms. 34677046 6 78 gly glycopeptides 1079:1091 arg2 glycopeptides 1079:1091 known glycopeptides 1073:1091 known glycopeptides 1073:1091 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 0 79 theme Novel 137:141 arg1 Sites 143:147 Novel Sites 137:147 Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 137:190 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 1 80 theme membrane 361:368 arg1 proteins 370:377 N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 341:377 N-sequon-containing membrane proteins 341:377 Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 34677046 0 81 theme N-Linked 161:168 arg1 Glycosylation 178:190 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 161:190 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 161:190 Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34677046 10 82 theme glycosites 1404:1413 arg1 novel 1433:1437 novel 1433:1437 novel 1433:1437 We identified 142 glycosites, of which 32 were novel, and 83% of sites predicted by proteomics were validated. 34677046 6 83 with Peptides 961:968 arg1 sequons 981:987 novel sequons 975:987 novel sequons 975:987 Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. 34677046 4 84 from abundance 758:766 arg1 ΔpglB 771:775 ΔpglB 771:775 ΔpglB relative to WT 771:790 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 4 85 theme nonglycosylated 666:680 arg1 forms 682:686 The nonglycosylated forms 662:686 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides 662:709 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 4 86 theme :: 834:835 arg1 pglB 836:839 ΔpglB::pglB 829:839 ΔpglB::pglB 829:839 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 34677046 4 86 theme :: 834:835 arg1 reintroduction 813:826 pglB reintroduction 808:826 pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB) 808:840 The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). 32041991 10 0 theme health 1846:1851 arg1 effects 1853:1859 health effects 1846:1859 health effects of blueberry polyphenols 1846:1884 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 1 1 dep prevention 235:244 arg1 the 231:233 the 231:233 the 231:233 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 1 2 theme metabolic 264:272 arg1 diseases 274:281 metabolic diseases 264:281 metabolic diseases 264:281 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 9 3 theme muciniphila 1595:1605 arg1 proportion 1569:1578 2.5-fold the proportion 1556:1578 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila 1556:1605 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 3 4 theme microbiota 538:547 arg1 composition 549:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 10 5 theme polyphenols 1874:1884 arg1 effects 1853:1859 health effects 1846:1859 health effects of blueberry polyphenols 1846:1884 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 10 6 theme gut 1670:1672 arg1 microbiota 1674:1683 the gut microbiota 1666:1683 the gut microbiota 1666:1683 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 4 7 theme phenolic 834:841 arg1 PACs 983:986 PACs DP > 4 983:993 PACs DP > 4 983:993 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 4 7 theme phenolic 834:841 arg1 acids 843:847 phenolic acids 834:847 phenolic acids, F2) 834:852 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 7 8 theme colonic 1299:1305 arg1 layer 1313:1317 the colonic mucus layer 1295:1317 the colonic mucus layer 1295:1317 WBE and the BPF restored the colonic mucus layer. 32041991 4 9 theme oligomeric 854:863 arg1 PACs 884:887 PACs 884:887 PACs 884:887 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 4 9 theme oligomeric 854:863 arg1 proanthocyanidins 865:881 oligomeric proanthocyanidins 854:881 oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs) 854:888 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 10 10 theme mucus 1718:1722 arg1 layer 1724:1728 colonic epithelial mucus layer 1699:1728 colonic epithelial mucus layer 1699:1728 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 1 11 theme polyphenols 199:209 arg1 Blueberries 166:176 Blueberries 166:176 Blueberries 166:176 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 1 11 theme polyphenols 199:209 arg1 source 189:194 a rich source 182:194 a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases 182:281 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 0 12 theme high-fat 134:141 arg1 mice 160:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 10 13 theme PACs 1647:1650 arg1 role 1635:1638 the key role 1627:1638 the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer 1627:1728 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 0 14 theme fed 156:158 arg1 mice 160:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 3 15 theme high-sucrose 602:613 arg1 mice 641:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 4 16 from concentration 1029:1041 arg1 extract 1056:1062 the whole extract 1046:1062 the whole extract 1046:1062 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 8 17 theme PACs-rich 1348:1356 arg1 fraction 1361:1368 the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction 1334:1368 the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction 1334:1368 Particularly, the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction increased the mucin-secreting goblet cells number. 32041991 10 18 theme WBE 1643:1645 arg1 PACs 1647:1650 WBE PACs 1643:1650 WBE PACs 1643:1650 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 0 19 from phenotypes 120:129 arg1 mice 160:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 3 20 theme diet-induced 622:633 arg1 mice 641:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 21 theme gut 534:536 arg1 composition 549:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 10 22 theme ecological 1752:1761 arg1 niche 1763:1767 a suitable ecological niche 1741:1767 a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols 1741:1884 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 8 23 theme goblet 1400:1405 arg1 cells 1407:1411 the mucin-secreting goblet cells 1380:1411 the mucin-secreting goblet cells number 1380:1418 Particularly, the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction increased the mucin-secreting goblet cells number. 32041991 0 24 theme glucose 85:91 arg1 homeostasis 93:103 glucose homeostasis 85:103 glucose homeostasis 85:103 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 9 25 theme significant 1434:1444 arg1 proportion 1460:1469 a significant 2-fold higher proportion 1432:1469 a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens 1432:1500 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 9 26 theme higher 1453:1458 arg1 proportion 1460:1469 a significant 2-fold higher proportion 1432:1469 a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens 1432:1500 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 4 27 theme whole 765:769 arg1 extract 771:777 the whole extract 761:777 the whole extract 761:777 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 3 28 theme wild 429:432 arg1 extract 457:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract 427:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) 427:501 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 28 theme wild 429:432 arg1 Aiton 496:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 28 theme wild 429:432 arg1 WBE 466:468 WBE 466:468 WBE 466:468 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 0 29 theme Wild 0:3 arg1 proanthocyanidins 15:31 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins 0:31 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins 0:31 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 5 30 theme OGTT 1092:1095 arg1 AUC 1097:1099 OGTT AUC 1092:1099 OGTT AUC 1092:1099 After 8 weeks, WBE reduced OGTT AUC by 18.3% compared to the HFHS treated rodents and the F3 fraction contributed the most to this effect. 32041991 9 31 theme equolifaciens 1488:1500 arg1 proportion 1460:1469 a significant 2-fold higher proportion 1432:1469 a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens 1432:1500 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 9 32 theme oligomeric 1510:1519 arg1 fraction 1534:1541 oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction 1510:1541 oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction 1510:1541 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 3 33 theme polyphenolic 444:455 arg1 extract 457:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract 427:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) 427:501 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 33 theme polyphenolic 444:455 arg1 Aiton 496:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 33 theme polyphenolic 444:455 arg1 WBE 466:468 WBE 466:468 WBE 466:468 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 0 34 theme distinct 39:46 arg1 profile 63:69 distinct gut microbiota profile 39:69 distinct gut microbiota profile 39:69 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 9 35 theme F2 1531:1532 arg1 fraction 1534:1541 oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction 1510:1541 oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction 1510:1541 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 3 36 theme mice 641:644 arg1 parameters 522:531 cardiometabolic parameters 506:531 cardiometabolic parameters 506:531 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 36 theme mice 641:644 arg1 histology 580:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 36 theme mice 641:644 arg1 composition 549:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 4 37 theme F1 813:814 arg1 Anthocyanins 817:828 F1) Anthocyanins 813:828 F1) Anthocyanins 813:828 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 3 38 theme Vaccinium 472:480 arg1 extract 457:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract 427:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) 427:501 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 38 theme Vaccinium 472:480 arg1 Aiton 496:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 4 39 dep acids 843:847 arg1 polymers 973:980 polymers 973:980 polymers 973:980 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 4 39 dep acids 843:847 arg1 PACs 884:887 PACs 884:887 PACs 884:887 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 4 39 dep acids 843:847 arg1 F2 850:851 F2 850:851 F2 850:851 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 4 39 dep acids 843:847 arg1 proanthocyanidins 865:881 oligomeric proanthocyanidins 854:881 oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs) 854:888 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 3 40 theme HFHS 616:619 arg1 mice 641:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 5 41 theme HFHS 1126:1129 arg1 rodents 1139:1145 the HFHS treated rodents 1122:1145 the HFHS treated rodents 1122:1145 After 8 weeks, WBE reduced OGTT AUC by 18.3% compared to the HFHS treated rodents and the F3 fraction contributed the most to this effect. 32041991 4 42 theme respective 1018:1027 arg1 concentration 1029:1041 their respective concentration 1012:1041 their respective concentration in the whole extract 1012:1062 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 3 43 theme constitutive 667:678 arg1 BPF 704:706 BPF 704:706 BPF 704:706 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 43 theme constitutive 667:678 arg1 fractions 693:701 constitutive polyphenolic fractions 667:701 constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) 667:707 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 10 44 theme symbiotic 1791:1799 arg1 bacteria 1801:1808 mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria 1773:1808 mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria 1773:1808 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 2 45 theme health 297:302 arg1 contribution 304:315 health contribution 297:315 health contribution 297:315 However, the health contribution and mechanisms of action of polyphenols depend on their type and structure. 32041991 1 46 theme diseases 274:281 arg1 attenuation 249:259 attenuation 249:259 attenuation 249:259 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 1 46 theme diseases 274:281 arg1 prevention 235:244 prevention 235:244 prevention 235:244 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 3 47 theme observed 733:740 arg1 effects 742:748 the observed effects 729:748 the observed effects 729:748 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 1 48 theme rich 184:187 arg1 Blueberries 166:176 Blueberries 166:176 Blueberries 166:176 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 1 48 theme rich 184:187 arg1 source 189:194 a rich source 182:194 a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases 182:281 Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, widely studied for the prevention or attenuation of metabolic diseases. 32041991 0 49 theme microbiota 52:61 arg1 profile 63:69 distinct gut microbiota profile 39:69 distinct gut microbiota profile 39:69 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 10 50 theme blueberry 1864:1872 arg1 polyphenols 1874:1884 blueberry polyphenols 1864:1884 blueberry polyphenols 1864:1884 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 3 51 theme gut 565:567 arg1 histology 580:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 7 52 theme mucus 1307:1311 arg1 layer 1313:1317 the colonic mucus layer 1295:1317 the colonic mucus layer 1295:1317 WBE and the BPF restored the colonic mucus layer. 32041991 0 53 theme high-sucrose 143:154 arg1 mice 160:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 10 54 theme epithelial 1707:1716 arg1 layer 1724:1728 colonic epithelial mucus layer 1699:1728 colonic epithelial mucus layer 1699:1728 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 3 55 theme epithelium 569:578 arg1 histology 580:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 8 56 theme polymeric 1338:1346 arg1 fraction 1361:1368 the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction 1334:1368 the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction 1334:1368 Particularly, the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction increased the mucin-secreting goblet cells number. 32041991 4 57 theme whole 1050:1054 arg1 extract 1056:1062 the whole extract 1046:1062 the whole extract 1046:1062 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 2 58 theme polyphenols 345:355 arg1 mechanisms 321:330 mechanisms 321:330 mechanisms 321:330 However, the health contribution and mechanisms of action of polyphenols depend on their type and structure. 32041991 2 58 theme polyphenols 345:355 arg1 contribution 304:315 health contribution 297:315 health contribution 297:315 However, the health contribution and mechanisms of action of polyphenols depend on their type and structure. 32041991 10 59 theme suitable 1743:1750 arg1 niche 1763:1767 a suitable ecological niche 1741:1767 a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols 1741:1884 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 4 60 theme phenolic 891:898 arg1 PACs 921:924 PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4 921:956 PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4 921:956 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 4 60 theme phenolic 891:898 arg1 acids 900:904 phenolic acids 891:904 phenolic acids 891:904 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 8 61 theme F3 1358:1359 arg1 fraction 1361:1368 the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction 1334:1368 the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction 1334:1368 Particularly, the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction increased the mucin-secreting goblet cells number. 32041991 6 62 theme rich 1220:1223 arg1 fraction 1228:1235 The anthocyanin rich F1 fraction 1204:1235 The anthocyanin rich F1 fraction 1204:1235 The anthocyanin rich F1 fraction did not reproduce this response. 32041991 4 63 dep PACs 921:924 arg1 degree 926:931 degree 926:931 PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4 921:956 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 2 64 dep contribution 304:315 arg1 the 293:295 the 293:295 the 293:295 However, the health contribution and mechanisms of action of polyphenols depend on their type and structure. 32041991 10 65 theme mucosa-associated 1773:1789 arg1 bacteria 1801:1808 mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria 1773:1808 mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria 1773:1808 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 8 66 theme mucin-secreting 1384:1398 arg1 cells 1407:1411 the mucin-secreting goblet cells 1380:1411 the mucin-secreting goblet cells number 1380:1418 Particularly, the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction increased the mucin-secreting goblet cells number. 32041991 8 67 theme cells 1407:1411 arg1 number 1413:1418 the mucin-secreting goblet cells number 1380:1418 the mucin-secreting goblet cells number 1380:1418 Particularly, the polymeric PACs-rich F3 fraction increased the mucin-secreting goblet cells number. 32041991 4 68 theme polymerization 936:949 arg1 degree 926:931 degree 926:931 PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4 921:956 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 0 69 from homeostasis 93:103 arg1 mice 160:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 high-fat high-sucrose fed mice 134:163 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 0 70 theme intestinal 109:118 arg1 phenotypes 120:129 intestinal phenotypes 109:129 intestinal phenotypes 109:129 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 3 71 from effects 416:422 arg1 parameters 522:531 cardiometabolic parameters 506:531 cardiometabolic parameters 506:531 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 71 from effects 416:422 arg1 histology 580:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 gut epithelium histology 565:588 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 71 from effects 416:422 arg1 composition 549:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 gut microbiota composition 534:559 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 10 72 theme colonic 1699:1705 arg1 layer 1724:1728 colonic epithelial mucus layer 1699:1728 colonic epithelial mucus layer 1699:1728 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 2 73 theme action 335:340 arg1 mechanisms 321:330 mechanisms 321:330 mechanisms 321:330 However, the health contribution and mechanisms of action of polyphenols depend on their type and structure. 32041991 2 73 theme action 335:340 arg1 contribution 304:315 health contribution 297:315 health contribution 297:315 However, the health contribution and mechanisms of action of polyphenols depend on their type and structure. 32041991 4 74 dep PACs 983:986 arg1 DP > 4 988:993 DP > 4 988:993 DP > 4 988:993 To do so, the whole extract was separated in three fractions, F1) Anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2) oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), phenolic acids and flavonols (PACs degree of polymerization DP < 4), and F3) PACs polymers (PACs DP > 4) and supplied at their respective concentration in the whole extract. 32041991 3 75 theme blueberry 434:442 arg1 extract 457:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract 427:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) 427:501 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 75 theme blueberry 434:442 arg1 Aiton 496:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 75 theme blueberry 434:442 arg1 WBE 466:468 WBE 466:468 WBE 466:468 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 0 76 theme blueberry 5:13 arg1 proanthocyanidins 15:31 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins 0:31 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins 0:31 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 9 77 theme Adlercreutzia 1474:1486 arg1 equolifaciens 1488:1500 Adlercreutzia equolifaciens 1474:1500 Adlercreutzia equolifaciens 1474:1500 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 3 78 theme high-fat 593:600 arg1 mice 641:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 0 79 theme gut 48:50 arg1 profile 63:69 distinct gut microbiota profile 39:69 distinct gut microbiota profile 39:69 Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. 32041991 9 80 theme PACs-rich 1521:1529 arg1 fraction 1534:1541 oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction 1510:1541 oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction 1510:1541 WBE caused a significant 2-fold higher proportion of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens whereas oligomeric PACs-rich F2 fraction increased by 2.5-fold the proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila. 32041991 3 81 theme obese 635:639 arg1 mice 641:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 593:644 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 82 theme extract 457:463 arg1 effects 416:422 the effects 412:422 the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice 412:644 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 6 83 theme F1 1225:1226 arg1 fraction 1228:1235 The anthocyanin rich F1 fraction 1204:1235 The anthocyanin rich F1 fraction 1204:1235 The anthocyanin rich F1 fraction did not reproduce this response. 32041991 3 84 theme polyphenolic 680:691 arg1 BPF 704:706 BPF 704:706 BPF 704:706 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 84 theme polyphenolic 680:691 arg1 fractions 693:701 constitutive polyphenolic fractions 667:701 constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) 667:707 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 85 theme angustifolium 482:494 arg1 extract 457:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract 427:463 a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) 427:501 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 3 85 theme angustifolium 482:494 arg1 Aiton 496:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 472:500 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32041991 10 86 theme key 1631:1633 arg1 role 1635:1638 the key role 1627:1638 the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer 1627:1728 This study reveals the key role of WBE PACs in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring colonic epithelial mucus layer, providing a suitable ecological niche for mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria, which may be crucial in triggering health effects of blueberry polyphenols. 32041991 5 87 theme treated 1131:1137 arg1 rodents 1139:1145 the HFHS treated rodents 1122:1145 the HFHS treated rodents 1122:1145 After 8 weeks, WBE reduced OGTT AUC by 18.3% compared to the HFHS treated rodents and the F3 fraction contributed the most to this effect. 32041991 3 88 theme cardiometabolic 506:520 arg1 parameters 522:531 cardiometabolic parameters 506:531 cardiometabolic parameters 506:531 Here, we evaluated the effects of a wild blueberry polyphenolic extract (WBE) (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on cardiometabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and gut epithelium histology of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice and determined which constitutive polyphenolic fractions (BPF) was responsible for the observed effects. 32910214 9 0 theme ZIF-8 1212:1216 arg1 BA 1218:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 6 1 dep reproducibility 789:803 arg1 to 780:781 to 780:781 to 780:781 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 6 2 theme N-linked 884:891 arg1 determination 914:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 5 3 theme Improved 666:673 arg1 selectivity 675:685 Improved selectivity 666:685 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest 666:723 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 32910214 1 4 theme high 207:210 arg1 area 220:223 high surface area 207:223 high surface area 207:223 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 6 5 dep % 816:816 arg1 1 815:815 1 815:815 1 815:815 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 0 6 theme bottom-up 131:139 arg1 approach 141:148 MS-based bottom-up approach 122:148 MS-based bottom-up approach 122:148 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 9 7 theme mono- 1250:1254 arg1 peptides 1279:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 1250:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample 1250:1317 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 2 8 theme @ 331:331 arg1 ZIF-8 332:336 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 321:336 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 321:336 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 is synthesized using free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication. 32910214 5 9 theme down 741:744 arg1 sensitivity 729:739 sensitivity 729:739 sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 729:759 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 32910214 9 10 theme multi-glycosylated 1260:1277 arg1 peptides 1279:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 1250:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample 1250:1317 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 5 11 theme BSA 714:716 arg1 digest 718:723 BSA digest 714:723 BSA digest 714:723 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 32910214 9 12 theme biological 1301:1310 arg1 sample 1312:1317 complex biological sample 1293:1317 complex biological sample 1293:1317 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 1 13 theme terpolymer 165:174 arg1 composite 180:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite 151:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite 151:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 14 theme terpolymer 535:544 arg1 BA 552:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 0 15 theme mono- 69:73 arg1 peptides/proteins 98:114 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins 69:114 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach 69:148 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 16 theme ZIF-8 546:550 arg1 BA 552:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 0 17 theme multi-glycosylated 79:96 arg1 peptides/proteins 98:114 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins 69:114 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach 69:148 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 3 18 theme aminophenylboronic 477:494 arg1 AMBA 502:505 AMBA 502:505 AMBA 502:505 Subsequent surface modification was made by aminophenylboronic acid (AMBA). 32910214 3 18 theme aminophenylboronic 477:494 arg1 acid 496:499 aminophenylboronic acid 477:499 aminophenylboronic acid (AMBA) 477:506 Subsequent surface modification was made by aminophenylboronic acid (AMBA). 32910214 2 19 theme ZIF-8 414:418 arg1 fabrication 420:430 layer ZIF-8 fabrication 408:430 layer ZIF-8 fabrication 408:430 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 is synthesized using free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication. 32910214 1 20 theme bottom-up 301:309 arg1 approach 311:318 a bottom-up approach 299:318 a bottom-up approach 299:318 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 8 21 theme human 1093:1097 arg1 digest 1105:1110 1 μL human serum digest 1088:1110 1 μL human serum digest 1088:1110 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 7 22 theme approach 960:967 arg1 nature 944:949 Cost-effective nature 929:949 Cost-effective nature of given approach 929:967 Cost-effective nature of given approach is given by regeneration of the material up to four cycles. 32910214 0 23 theme terpolymer-ZIF8 14:28 arg1 MOF 33:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 6 24 theme routine 876:882 arg1 determination 914:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 8 25 gly deglycosylated 1161:1174 arg1 peptides 1176:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 0 26 theme BA 30:31 arg1 MOF 33:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 6 27 theme method 865:870 arg1 adoption 839:846 the adoption 835:846 the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 835:926 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 3 28 theme Subsequent 433:442 arg1 modification 452:463 Subsequent surface modification 433:463 Subsequent surface modification 433:463 Subsequent surface modification was made by aminophenylboronic acid (AMBA). 32910214 4 29 theme BA 552:553 arg1 ability 524:530 The enrichment ability 509:530 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 509:553 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 8 30 theme enriched 1133:1140 arg1 peptides 1176:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 2 31 theme free 359:362 arg1 polymerization 372:385 free radical polymerization 359:385 free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication 359:430 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 is synthesized using free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication. 32910214 7 32 theme given 954:958 arg1 approach 960:967 given approach 954:967 given approach 954:967 Cost-effective nature of given approach is given by regeneration of the material up to four cycles. 32910214 8 33 theme PNGase-treated 1146:1159 arg1 peptides 1176:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 9 34 dep peptides 1279:1286 arg1 both 1241:1244 both 1241:1244 both 1241:1244 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 1 35 theme mono- 248:252 arg1 peptides 277:284 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 248:284 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach 248:318 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 9 36 from sample 1312:1317 arg1 peptides 1279:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 1250:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample 1250:1317 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 9 37 theme @ 1211:1211 arg1 BA 1218:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 1 38 theme multi-glycosylated 258:275 arg1 peptides 277:284 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 248:284 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach 248:318 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 39 theme IgG 595:597 arg1 digest 585:590 tryptic digest 577:590 tryptic digest of IgG and HRP 577:605 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 5 40 theme 1:200 690:694 arg1 sensitivity 729:739 sensitivity 729:739 sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 729:759 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 32910214 5 40 theme 1:200 690:694 arg1 selectivity 675:685 Improved selectivity 666:685 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest 666:723 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 32910214 9 41 theme @ 1217:1217 arg1 BA 1218:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 2 42 theme Terpolymer 321:330 arg1 ZIF-8 332:336 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 321:336 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 321:336 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 is synthesized using free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication. 32910214 4 43 theme HRP 603:605 arg1 digest 585:590 tryptic digest 577:590 tryptic digest of IgG and HRP 577:605 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 6 44 theme glycopeptide/protein 893:912 arg1 determination 914:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 8 45 theme Total 1029:1033 arg1 glycopeptides 1048:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 8 46 theme N-linked 1039:1046 arg1 glycopeptides 1048:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 6 47 dep RSD 818:820 arg1 % 816:816 % 816:816 % 816:816 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 9 48 gly multi-glycosylated 1260:1277 arg1 peptides 1279:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 1250:1286 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample 1250:1317 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 1 49 theme surface 212:218 arg1 area 220:223 high surface area 207:223 high surface area 207:223 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 50 theme protein 649:655 arg1 samples 657:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 5 51 theme spiked 700:705 arg1 HRP 707:709 spiked HRP 700:709 spiked HRP in BSA digest 700:723 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 32910214 8 52 gly glycopeptides 1048:1060 arg2 glycopeptides 1048:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 9 53 theme complex 1293:1299 arg1 sample 1312:1317 complex biological sample 1293:1317 complex biological sample 1293:1317 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 7 54 theme cycles 1021:1026 arg1 regeneration 981:992 regeneration 981:992 regeneration of the material up to four cycles 981:1026 Cost-effective nature of given approach is given by regeneration of the material up to four cycles. 32910214 1 55 theme hydrophilic 153:163 arg1 composite 180:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite 151:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite 151:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 56 theme @ 545:545 arg1 BA 552:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 10 57 dep abstract 1330:1337 arg1 Graphical 1320:1328 Graphical 1320:1328 Graphical 1320:1328 Graphical abstract. 32910214 1 58 theme MOF 176:178 arg1 composite 180:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite 151:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite 151:188 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 59 theme @ 551:551 arg1 BA 552:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 535:553 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 0 60 theme peptides/proteins 98:114 arg1 identification 51:64 identification 51:64 identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach 51:148 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 7 61 theme material 1001:1008 arg1 cycles 1021:1026 the material up to four cycles 997:1026 the material up to four cycles 997:1026 Cost-effective nature of given approach is given by regeneration of the material up to four cycles. 32910214 4 62 theme enrichment 513:522 arg1 ability 524:530 The enrichment ability 509:530 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 509:553 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 0 63 theme MS-based 122:129 arg1 approach 141:148 MS-based bottom-up approach 122:148 MS-based bottom-up approach 122:148 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 8 64 theme 1 μL 1088:1091 arg1 digest 1105:1110 1 μL human serum digest 1088:1110 1 μL human serum digest 1088:1110 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 4 65 gly multi-glycosylated 630:647 arg1 samples 657:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 0 66 theme porous 7:12 arg1 MOF 33:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 8 67 theme serum 1099:1103 arg1 digest 1105:1110 1 μL human serum digest 1088:1110 1 μL human serum digest 1088:1110 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 1 68 gly multi-glycosylated 258:275 arg1 peptides 277:284 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides 248:284 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach 248:318 A hydrophilic terpolymer MOF composite is designed with high surface area and porosity to enrich mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides facilitating a bottom-up approach. 32910214 0 69 gly multi-glycosylated 79:96 arg1 peptides/proteins 98:114 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins 69:114 mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach 69:148 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 4 70 theme tryptic 577:583 arg1 digest 585:590 tryptic digest 577:590 tryptic digest of IgG and HRP 577:605 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 2 71 theme layer 408:412 arg1 fabrication 420:430 layer ZIF-8 fabrication 408:430 layer ZIF-8 fabrication 408:430 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 is synthesized using free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication. 32910214 0 72 theme @ 29:29 arg1 MOF 33:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF 0:35 Highly porous terpolymer-ZIF8@BA MOF composite for identification of mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides/proteins using MS-based bottom-up approach. 32910214 7 73 dep four 1016:1019 arg1 to 1013:1014 to 1013:1014 to 1013:1014 Cost-effective nature of given approach is given by regeneration of the material up to four cycles. 32910214 6 74 link N-linked 884:891 arg1 determination 914:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 876:926 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 8 75 link N-linked 1039:1046 arg1 glycopeptides 1048:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides 1029:1060 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 6 76 theme batch 783:787 arg1 reproducibility 789:803 Batch to batch reproducibility 774:803 Batch to batch reproducibility 774:803 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 6 77 theme developed 855:863 arg1 method 865:870 the developed method 851:870 the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination 851:926 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 3 78 theme surface 444:450 arg1 modification 452:463 Subsequent surface modification 433:463 Subsequent surface modification 433:463 Subsequent surface modification was made by aminophenylboronic acid (AMBA). 32910214 6 79 theme Batch 774:778 arg1 reproducibility 789:803 Batch to batch reproducibility 774:803 Batch to batch reproducibility 774:803 Batch to batch reproducibility is better 1% RSD which favors the adoption of the developed method for routine N-linked glycopeptide/protein determination. 32910214 2 80 theme radical 364:370 arg1 polymerization 372:385 free radical polymerization 359:385 free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication 359:430 Terpolymer@ZIF-8 is synthesized using free radical polymerization followed by layer by layer ZIF-8 fabrication. 32910214 8 81 theme deglycosylated 1161:1174 arg1 peptides 1176:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides 1129:1183 Total 318 N-linked glycopeptides have been identified from 1 μL human serum digest after subjecting the enriched and PNGase-treated deglycosylated peptides to LC-MS. 32910214 4 82 theme mono- 620:624 arg1 samples 657:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 7 83 theme Cost-effective 929:942 arg1 nature 944:949 Cost-effective nature 929:949 Cost-effective nature of given approach 929:967 Cost-effective nature of given approach is given by regeneration of the material up to four cycles. 32910214 4 84 theme multi-glycosylated 630:647 arg1 samples 657:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples 620:663 The enrichment ability of terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA is evaluated by using tryptic digest of IgG and HRP to exemplify mono- and multi-glycosylated protein samples. 32910214 9 85 theme terpolymer 1201:1210 arg1 BA 1218:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA 1201:1219 Thus, terpolymer@ZIF-8@BA holds the potential both for mono- and multi-glycosylated peptides from complex biological sample. 32910214 5 86 from HRP 707:709 arg1 digest 718:723 BSA digest 714:723 BSA digest 714:723 Improved selectivity of 1:200 for spiked HRP in BSA digest and sensitivity down to 1 fmol μL-1 is achieved. 34671363 0 0 theme Environment 103:113 arg1 Change 115:120 Endometrial Immune Environment Change 84:120 Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure 84:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 9 1 theme carbohydrate 1335:1346 arg1 metabolism 1348:1357 carbohydrate metabolism 1335:1357 carbohydrate metabolism 1335:1357 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. 34671363 7 2 from disorders 1094:1102 arg1 endometrium 1111:1121 the endometrium 1107:1121 the endometrium 1107:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 3 theme lipopolysaccharide 1016:1033 arg1 result 1074:1079 the result 1070:1079 the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium 1070:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 3 theme lipopolysaccharide 1016:1033 arg1 synthesis 1003:1011 The increased synthesis 989:1011 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, 989:1064 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 1 4 theme environment 294:304 arg1 change 306:311 endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change 239:311 endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) 239:351 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 0 5 theme Immune 96:101 arg1 Change 115:120 Endometrial Immune Environment Change 84:120 Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure 84:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 4 6 from Result 575:580 arg1 cell 609:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 4 6 from Result 575:580 arg1 endometrium 590:600 host endometrium 585:600 host endometrium 585:600 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 4 6 from Result 575:580 arg1 macrophage 618:627 macrophage 618:627 macrophage 618:627 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 6 7 theme related 931:937 arg1 pathways 922:929 pathways 922:929 pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism 922:986 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 2 8 theme endometrial 402:412 arg1 Method 354:359 Method 354:359 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients 354:428 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. 34671363 7 9 theme increased 993:1001 arg1 result 1074:1079 the result 1070:1079 the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium 1070:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 9 theme increased 993:1001 arg1 synthesis 1003:1011 The increased synthesis 989:1011 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, 989:1064 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 10 10 theme Th17 1446:1449 arg1 response 1451:1458 Th17 response 1446:1458 Th17 response 1446:1458 CE endometrial microorganisms might regulate Th17 response and the ratio of Th1 to Th17 through lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 34671363 9 11 from process 1324:1330 arg1 endometrium 1388:1398 the endometrium 1384:1398 the endometrium 1384:1398 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. 34671363 1 12 dep Objective 157:165 arg1 investigate 170:180 investigate 170:180 To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) 167:230 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 0 13 from Disorder 71:78 arg1 Failure 148:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 5 14 theme expressed 754:762 arg1 genes 764:768 differentially expressed genes 739:768 differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in immune-related functional terms 739:819 The enrichment analysis indicated differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in immune-related functional terms. 34671363 9 15 theme fat 1366:1368 arg1 metabolism 1370:1379 fat metabolism 1366:1379 fat metabolism 1366:1379 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. 34671363 8 16 from composition 1139:1149 arg1 patients 1198:1205 CE and non-CE patients 1184:1205 CE and non-CE patients 1184:1205 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 10 17 theme Th1 1477:1479 arg1 response 1451:1458 Th17 response 1446:1458 Th17 response 1446:1458 CE endometrial microorganisms might regulate Th17 response and the ratio of Th1 to Th17 through lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 34671363 10 17 theme Th1 1477:1479 arg1 ratio 1468:1472 the ratio 1464:1472 the ratio of Th1 to Th17 1464:1487 CE endometrial microorganisms might regulate Th17 response and the ratio of Th1 to Th17 through lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 34671363 1 18 theme recurrent 316:324 arg1 RIF 348:350 RIF 348:350 RIF 348:350 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 1 18 theme recurrent 316:324 arg1 failure 339:345 recurrent implantation failure 316:345 recurrent implantation failure (RIF) 316:351 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 0 19 theme Implantation 135:146 arg1 Failure 148:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 7 20 theme microbial 1084:1092 arg1 disorders 1094:1102 microbial disorders 1084:1102 microbial disorders in the endometrium 1084:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 10 21 theme endometrial 1404:1414 arg1 microorganisms 1416:1429 CE endometrial microorganisms 1401:1429 CE endometrial microorganisms 1401:1429 CE endometrial microorganisms might regulate Th17 response and the ratio of Th1 to Th17 through lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 34671363 1 22 theme chronic 206:212 arg1 CE 228:229 CE 228:229 CE 228:229 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 1 22 theme chronic 206:212 arg1 endometritis 214:225 chronic endometritis 206:225 chronic endometritis (CE) 206:230 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 0 23 theme Recurrent 125:133 arg1 Failure 148:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 4 24 theme significant 639:649 arg1 differences 651:661 significant differences 639:661 significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients 639:702 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 6 25 from infiltration 879:890 arg1 patients 898:905 CE patients 895:905 CE patients 895:905 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 6 26 from active 912:917 arg1 pathways 922:929 pathways 922:929 pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism 922:986 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 8 27 theme CE 1184:1185 arg1 patients 1198:1205 CE and non-CE patients 1184:1205 CE and non-CE patients 1184:1205 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 2 28 theme Transcriptome 361:373 arg1 analysis 386:393 Transcriptome sequencing analysis 361:393 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients 354:428 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. 34671363 3 29 theme endometrial 483:493 arg1 microbiota 495:504 The endometrial microbiota 479:504 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients 479:519 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients was analyzed by using 16s rRNA sequencing technology. 34671363 1 30 theme implantation 326:337 arg1 RIF 348:350 RIF 348:350 RIF 348:350 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 1 30 theme implantation 326:337 arg1 failure 339:345 recurrent implantation failure 316:345 recurrent implantation failure (RIF) 316:351 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 5 31 theme enrichment 709:718 arg1 analysis 720:727 The enrichment analysis 705:727 The enrichment analysis 705:727 The enrichment analysis indicated differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in immune-related functional terms. 34671363 8 32 theme endometrial 1154:1164 arg1 microorganisms 1166:1179 endometrial microorganisms 1154:1179 endometrial microorganisms 1154:1179 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 8 33 dep Conclusion 1124:1133 arg1 composition 1139:1149 The composition 1135:1149 The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients 1135:1205 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 8 33 dep Conclusion 1124:1133 arg1 different 1226:1234 different 1226:1234 different 1226:1234 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 6 34 from pathways 922:929 arg1 active 912:917 active 912:917 active 912:917 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 4 35 theme T 607:607 arg1 cell 609:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 4 35 theme T 607:607 arg1 endometrium 590:600 host endometrium 585:600 host endometrium 585:600 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 5 36 theme immune-related 789:802 arg1 terms 815:819 immune-related functional terms 789:819 immune-related functional terms 789:819 The enrichment analysis indicated differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in immune-related functional terms. 34671363 6 37 theme CE 895:896 arg1 patients 898:905 CE patients 895:905 CE patients 895:905 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 7 38 theme disorders 1094:1102 arg1 result 1074:1079 the result 1070:1079 the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium 1070:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 38 theme disorders 1094:1102 arg1 synthesis 1003:1011 The increased synthesis 989:1011 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, 989:1064 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 2 39 theme High-Throughput 451:465 arg1 Sequencing 467:476 High-Throughput Sequencing 451:476 High-Throughput Sequencing 451:476 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. 34671363 0 40 theme Chronic 20:26 arg1 Endometritis 28:39 Chronic Endometritis 20:39 Chronic Endometritis 20:39 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 5 41 theme functional 804:813 arg1 terms 815:819 immune-related functional terms 789:819 immune-related functional terms 789:819 The enrichment analysis indicated differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in immune-related functional terms. 34671363 4 42 dep abundance 663:671 arg1 patients 695:702 CE and non-CE patients 681:702 CE and non-CE patients 681:702 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 2 43 dep Method 354:359 arg1 analysis 386:393 Transcriptome sequencing analysis 361:393 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients 354:428 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. 34671363 0 44 theme Endometrial 48:58 arg1 Disorder 71:78 Endometrial Microbiota Disorder 48:78 Endometrial Microbiota Disorder 48:78 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 3 45 theme patients 512:519 arg1 microbiota 495:504 The endometrial microbiota 479:504 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients 479:519 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients was analyzed by using 16s rRNA sequencing technology. 34671363 8 46 theme microorganisms 1166:1179 arg1 composition 1139:1149 The composition 1135:1149 The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients 1135:1205 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 8 46 theme microorganisms 1166:1179 arg1 different 1226:1234 different 1226:1234 different 1226:1234 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 9 47 theme immune 1287:1292 arg1 cells 1294:1298 immune cells 1287:1298 immune cells 1287:1298 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. 34671363 1 48 theme endometrial 239:249 arg1 disorder 262:269 endometrial microbiota disorder 239:269 endometrial microbiota disorder 239:269 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 1 49 from change 306:311 arg1 RIF 348:350 RIF 348:350 RIF 348:350 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 1 49 from change 306:311 arg1 failure 339:345 recurrent implantation failure 316:345 recurrent implantation failure (RIF) 316:351 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 9 50 theme metabolism 1348:1357 arg1 process 1324:1330 the process 1320:1330 the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium 1320:1398 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. 34671363 4 51 theme non-CE 688:693 arg1 patients 695:702 CE and non-CE patients 681:702 CE and non-CE patients 681:702 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 1 52 theme microbiota 251:260 arg1 disorder 262:269 endometrial microbiota disorder 239:269 endometrial microbiota disorder 239:269 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 4 53 theme host 585:588 arg1 cell 609:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 4 53 theme host 585:588 arg1 endometrium 590:600 host endometrium 585:600 host endometrium 585:600 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 4 53 theme host 585:588 arg1 macrophage 618:627 macrophage 618:627 macrophage 618:627 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 6 54 theme fat 973:975 arg1 metabolism 977:986 fat metabolism 973:986 fat metabolism 973:986 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 10 55 theme CE 1401:1402 arg1 microorganisms 1416:1429 CE endometrial microorganisms 1401:1429 CE endometrial microorganisms 1401:1429 CE endometrial microorganisms might regulate Th17 response and the ratio of Th1 to Th17 through lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 34671363 3 56 theme rRNA 547:550 arg1 technology 563:572 16s rRNA sequencing technology 543:572 16s rRNA sequencing technology 543:572 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients was analyzed by using 16s rRNA sequencing technology. 34671363 0 57 theme Microbiota 60:69 arg1 Disorder 71:78 Endometrial Microbiota Disorder 48:78 Endometrial Microbiota Disorder 48:78 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 4 58 theme CD4 603:605 arg1 cell 609:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 CD4 T cell 603:612 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 4 58 theme CD4 603:605 arg1 endometrium 590:600 host endometrium 585:600 host endometrium 585:600 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 7 59 from endometrium 1111:1121 arg1 result 1074:1079 the result 1070:1079 the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium 1070:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 59 from endometrium 1111:1121 arg1 synthesis 1003:1011 The increased synthesis 989:1011 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, 989:1064 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 8 60 theme non-CE 1191:1196 arg1 patients 1198:1205 CE and non-CE patients 1184:1205 CE and non-CE patients 1184:1205 Conclusion The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. 34671363 6 61 theme high 874:877 arg1 infiltration 879:890 high infiltration 874:890 high infiltration in CE patients 874:905 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 3 62 theme sequencing 552:561 arg1 technology 563:572 16s rRNA sequencing technology 543:572 16s rRNA sequencing technology 543:572 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients was analyzed by using 16s rRNA sequencing technology. 34671363 7 63 theme important 1039:1047 arg1 lipopolysaccharide 1016:1033 lipopolysaccharide 1016:1033 lipopolysaccharide 1016:1033 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 63 theme important 1039:1047 arg1 immunomodulator 1049:1063 an important immunomodulator 1036:1063 an important immunomodulator 1036:1063 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 7 64 from result 1074:1079 arg1 endometrium 1111:1121 the endometrium 1107:1121 the endometrium 1107:1121 The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. 34671363 1 65 theme disorder 262:269 arg1 change 306:311 endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change 239:311 endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) 239:351 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 6 66 theme carbohydrate 942:953 arg1 metabolism 955:964 carbohydrate metabolism 942:964 carbohydrate metabolism 942:964 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. 34671363 2 67 theme sequencing 375:384 arg1 analysis 386:393 Transcriptome sequencing analysis 361:393 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients 354:428 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. 34671363 9 68 theme metabolism 1370:1379 arg1 process 1324:1330 the process 1320:1330 the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium 1320:1398 Phyllobacterium and Sphingomonas mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. 34671363 0 69 theme Endometrial 84:94 arg1 Change 115:120 Endometrial Immune Environment Change 84:120 Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure 84:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 0 70 from Change 115:120 arg1 Failure 148:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Recurrent Implantation Failure 125:154 Interaction Between Chronic Endometritis Caused Endometrial Microbiota Disorder and Endometrial Immune Environment Change in Recurrent Implantation Failure. 34671363 2 71 theme patients 421:428 arg1 endometrial 402:412 endometrial 402:412 endometrial 402:412 Method Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. 34671363 3 72 theme 16s 543:545 arg1 technology 563:572 16s rRNA sequencing technology 543:572 16s rRNA sequencing technology 543:572 The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients was analyzed by using 16s rRNA sequencing technology. 34671363 1 73 theme endometrial 275:285 arg1 environment 294:304 endometrial immune environment 275:304 endometrial immune environment 275:304 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 34671363 4 74 theme CE 681:682 arg1 patients 695:702 CE and non-CE patients 681:702 CE and non-CE patients 681:702 Result In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. 34671363 1 75 theme immune 287:292 arg1 environment 294:304 endometrial immune environment 275:304 endometrial immune environment 275:304 Objective To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). 33436182 0 0 theme B1 85:86 arg1 inhibition 61:70 inhibition 61:70 inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking 61:132 Eugenol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion for food protection and inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking. 33436182 0 0 theme B1 85:86 arg1 protection 46:55 food protection 41:55 food protection 41:55 Eugenol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion for food protection and inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking. 33436182 1 1 theme antiaflatoxigenic 347:363 arg1 potential 365:373 antiaflatoxigenic potential 347:373 antiaflatoxigenic potential 347:373 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 2 theme biocompatible 1178:1190 arg1 material 1197:1204 a biocompatible wall material 1176:1204 a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application 1176:1246 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 2 theme biocompatible 1178:1190 arg1 deployment 1150:1159 deployment 1150:1159 deployment of chitosan 1150:1171 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 3 from contamination 1037:1049 arg1 protection 995:1004 significant protection 983:1004 significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 983:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 4 theme food 1280:1283 arg1 protection 1285:1294 food protection 1280:1294 food protection 1280:1294 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 0 5 theme Aflatoxin 75:83 arg1 B1 85:86 Aflatoxin B1 75:86 Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking 75:132 Eugenol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion for food protection and inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking. 33436182 3 6 theme ergosterol 708:717 arg1 content 752:758 ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content 708:758 ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content 708:758 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 5 7 theme lipids 1118:1123 arg1 loss 1076:1079 loss 1076:1079 loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 1076:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 4 8 theme molecular 934:942 arg1 mechanism 944:952 molecular mechanism 934:952 molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition 934:971 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 5 9 from fungi 1025:1029 arg1 protection 995:1004 significant protection 983:1004 significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 983:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 10 theme eugenol 1210:1216 arg1 encapsulation 1218:1230 eugenol encapsulation 1210:1230 eugenol encapsulation 1210:1230 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 11 theme minerals 1089:1096 arg1 loss 1076:1079 loss 1076:1079 loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 1076:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 12 theme chitosan 1164:1171 arg1 material 1197:1204 a biocompatible wall material 1176:1204 a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application 1176:1246 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 12 theme chitosan 1164:1171 arg1 deployment 1150:1159 deployment 1150:1159 deployment of chitosan 1150:1171 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 13 dep in 380:381 arg1 situ 383:386 situ 383:386 situ 383:386 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 2 14 theme burst 669:673 arg1 release 675:681 biphasic burst release 660:681 biphasic burst release of eugenol 660:692 Nm-eugenol characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR exhibited biphasic burst release of eugenol. 33436182 1 15 theme important 562:570 arg1 macronutrients 572:585 important macronutrients 562:585 important macronutrients in stored rice 562:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 16 from preservation 1055:1066 arg1 protection 995:1004 significant protection 983:1004 significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 983:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 17 theme in 380:381 arg1 efficacy 401:408 in situ preservative efficacy 380:408 in situ preservative efficacy 380:408 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 4 18 theme eugenol 900:906 arg1 docking 889:895 In silico 3D homology docking 867:895 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene 867:922 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 2 19 theme biphasic 660:667 arg1 release 675:681 biphasic burst release 660:681 biphasic burst release of eugenol 660:692 Nm-eugenol characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR exhibited biphasic burst release of eugenol. 33436182 5 20 theme AFB1 1032:1035 arg1 contamination 1037:1049 AFB1 contamination 1032:1049 AFB1 contamination 1032:1049 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 21 theme macronutrients 572:585 arg1 composition 547:557 composition 547:557 composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 547:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 22 from composition 547:557 arg1 rice 597:600 stored rice 590:600 stored rice 590:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 23 dep in 318:319 arg1 vitro 321:325 vitro 321:325 vitro 321:325 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 2 24 theme eugenol 686:692 arg1 release 675:681 biphasic burst release 660:681 biphasic burst release of eugenol 660:692 Nm-eugenol characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR exhibited biphasic burst release of eugenol. 33436182 1 25 theme preservative 388:399 arg1 efficacy 401:408 in situ preservative efficacy 380:408 in situ preservative efficacy 380:408 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 4 26 theme Ver-1 913:917 arg1 gene 919:922 Ver-1 gene 913:922 Ver-1 gene 913:922 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 3 27 from Reduction 695:703 arg1 content 752:758 ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content 708:758 ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content 708:758 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 1 28 theme stored 590:595 arg1 rice 597:600 stored rice 590:600 stored rice 590:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 29 from alterations 532:542 arg1 composition 547:557 composition 547:557 composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 547:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 30 theme novel 1251:1255 arg1 preservative 1263:1274 novel green preservative 1251:1274 novel green preservative for food protection 1251:1294 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 31 theme dietary 490:496 arg1 minerals 498:505 dietary minerals 490:505 dietary minerals 490:505 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 32 theme rice 1009:1012 arg1 seeds 1014:1018 rice seeds 1009:1018 rice seeds 1009:1018 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 3 33 theme biochemical 797:807 arg1 mechanism 809:817 biochemical mechanism 797:817 biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities 797:864 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 1 34 theme minerals 498:505 arg1 triglycerides 514:526 lipid triglycerides 508:526 lipid triglycerides 508:526 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 34 theme minerals 498:505 arg1 alterations 532:542 alterations 532:542 alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 532:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 34 theme minerals 498:505 arg1 loss 482:485 loss 482:485 loss of dietary minerals 482:505 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 35 theme seeds 1014:1018 arg1 protection 995:1004 significant protection 983:1004 significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 983:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 36 theme nanometric 209:218 arg1 emulsion 220:227 nanometric emulsion 209:227 nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 209:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 0 37 theme chitosan 15:22 arg1 nanoemulsion 24:35 chitosan nanoemulsion 15:35 chitosan nanoemulsion 15:35 Eugenol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion for food protection and inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking. 33436182 3 38 theme Nm-eugenol 766:775 arg1 fumigation 777:786 Nm-eugenol fumigation 766:786 Nm-eugenol fumigation 766:786 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 0 39 theme molecular 116:124 arg1 docking 126:132 molecular docking 116:132 molecular docking 116:132 Eugenol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion for food protection and inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking. 33436182 1 40 theme emulsion 220:227 arg1 characterization 189:204 characterization 189:204 characterization 189:204 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 40 theme emulsion 220:227 arg1 fabrication 173:183 the fabrication 169:183 the fabrication 169:183 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 0 41 theme food 41:44 arg1 protection 46:55 food protection 41:55 food protection 41:55 Eugenol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion for food protection and inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing genes based on molecular docking. 33436182 4 42 theme 3D 877:878 arg1 docking 889:895 In silico 3D homology docking 867:895 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene 867:922 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 4 43 dep In 867:868 arg1 silico 870:875 silico 870:875 silico 870:875 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 1 44 theme in 318:319 arg1 actions 338:344 in vitro antifungal actions 318:344 in vitro antifungal actions 318:344 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 45 theme Aspergillus 418:428 arg1 infestation 437:447 Aspergillus flavus infestation 418:447 Aspergillus flavus infestation 418:447 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 46 theme rice 1084:1087 arg1 minerals 1089:1096 rice minerals 1084:1096 rice minerals 1084:1096 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 47 theme eugenol 232:238 arg1 emulsion 220:227 nanometric emulsion 209:227 nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 209:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 3 48 theme antifungal 822:831 arg1 activities 855:864 antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities 822:864 antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities 822:864 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 4 49 theme AFB1 957:960 arg1 inhibition 962:971 AFB1 inhibition 957:971 AFB1 inhibition 957:971 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 5 50 theme green 1257:1261 arg1 preservative 1263:1274 novel green preservative 1251:1274 novel green preservative for food protection 1251:1294 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 1 51 from rice 597:600 arg1 composition 547:557 composition 547:557 composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 547:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 52 theme lipid 508:512 arg1 triglycerides 514:526 lipid triglycerides 508:526 lipid triglycerides 508:526 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 53 theme antifungal 327:336 arg1 actions 338:344 in vitro antifungal actions 318:344 in vitro antifungal actions 318:344 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 54 theme wall 1192:1195 arg1 material 1197:1204 a biocompatible wall material 1176:1204 a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application 1176:1246 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 54 theme wall 1192:1195 arg1 deployment 1150:1159 deployment 1150:1159 deployment of chitosan 1150:1171 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 5 55 theme macronutrients 1099:1112 arg1 loss 1076:1079 loss 1076:1079 loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 1076:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 4 56 theme homology 880:887 arg1 docking 889:895 In silico 3D homology docking 867:895 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene 867:922 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 1 57 theme actions 338:344 arg1 terms 309:313 terms 309:313 terms of in vitro antifungal actions 309:344 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 57 theme actions 338:344 arg1 potential 365:373 antiaflatoxigenic potential 347:373 antiaflatoxigenic potential 347:373 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 57 theme actions 338:344 arg1 efficacy 401:408 in situ preservative efficacy 380:408 in situ preservative efficacy 380:408 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 58 from loss 482:485 arg1 composition 547:557 composition 547:557 composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 547:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 59 dep Aspergillus 418:428 arg1 flavus 430:435 flavus 430:435 flavus 430:435 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 4 60 theme inhibition 962:971 arg1 mechanism 944:952 molecular mechanism 934:952 molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition 934:971 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 1 61 theme aflatoxin 453:461 arg1 AFB1 467:470 AFB1 467:470 AFB1 467:470 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 61 theme aflatoxin 453:461 arg1 B1 463:464 aflatoxin B1 453:464 aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 453:471 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 5 62 theme significant 983:993 arg1 protection 995:1004 significant protection 983:1004 significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage 983:1138 Further, significant protection of rice seeds from fungi, AFB1 contamination and preservation against loss of rice minerals, macronutrients and lipids during storage suggested deployment of chitosan as a biocompatible wall material for eugenol encapsulation and application as novel green preservative for food protection. 33436182 4 63 theme In 867:868 arg1 docking 889:895 In silico 3D homology docking 867:895 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene 867:922 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 1 64 from triglycerides 514:526 arg1 composition 547:557 composition 547:557 composition of important macronutrients in stored rice 547:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 1 65 theme present 139:145 arg1 investigation 147:159 The present investigation 135:159 The present investigation 135:159 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 3 66 theme antiaflatoxigenic 837:853 arg1 activities 855:864 antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities 822:864 antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities 822:864 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 3 67 theme methylglyoxal 723:735 arg1 content 752:758 ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content 708:758 ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content 708:758 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33436182 1 68 from macronutrients 572:585 arg1 rice 597:600 stored rice 590:600 stored rice 590:600 The present investigation entails the fabrication and characterization of nanometric emulsion of eugenol (Nm-eugenol) encompassed into chitosan for assessing bio-efficacy in terms of in vitro antifungal actions, antiaflatoxigenic potential, and in situ preservative efficacy against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated loss of dietary minerals, lipid triglycerides and alterations in composition of important macronutrients in stored rice. 33436182 4 69 with docking 889:895 arg1 gene 919:922 Ver-1 gene 913:922 Ver-1 gene 913:922 In silico 3D homology docking of eugenol with Ver-1 gene validated molecular mechanism of AFB1 inhibition. 33436182 3 70 theme activities 855:864 arg1 mechanism 809:817 biochemical mechanism 797:817 biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities 797:864 Reduction in ergosterol and methylglyoxal (AFB1-inducer) content after Nm-eugenol fumigation depicted biochemical mechanism of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. 33134321 5 0 theme torsinA 530:536 arg1 glycans 538:544 torsinA glycans 530:544 torsinA glycans 530:544 Here, we propose that torsinA glycans also modulate torsinA oligomerization properties. 33134321 1 1 theme Onset 147:151 arg1 Dystonia 161:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 6 2 theme torsinA 820:826 arg1 interaction 828:838 torsinA interaction 820:838 torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis 820:885 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 1 3 theme Torsion 153:159 arg1 Dystonia 161:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 2 4 from progress 194:201 arg1 field 210:214 the field 206:214 the field in the recent years 206:234 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 7 5 theme sophisticated 950:962 arg1 glycoengineering 974:989 Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering 941:989 Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering 941:989 This mechanism would make torsinA a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering. 33134321 4 6 theme torsinA 459:465 arg1 biogenesis 467:476 torsinA biogenesis 459:476 torsinA biogenesis 459:476 TorsinA N-linked glycans impact torsinA biogenesis and subcellular localization. 33134321 7 7 theme molecular 964:972 arg1 glycoengineering 974:989 Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering 941:989 Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering 941:989 This mechanism would make torsinA a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering. 33134321 2 8 from field 210:214 arg1 years 230:234 the recent years 219:234 the recent years 219:234 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 3 9 theme outstanding 330:340 arg1 difference 342:351 One outstanding difference 326:351 One outstanding difference between torsinA and other AAA+ ATPases 326:390 One outstanding difference between torsinA and other AAA+ ATPases is that torsinA is a glycoprotein. 33134321 4 10 theme subcellular 482:492 arg1 localization 494:505 subcellular localization 482:505 subcellular localization 482:505 TorsinA N-linked glycans impact torsinA biogenesis and subcellular localization. 33134321 5 11 theme oligomerization 568:582 arg1 properties 584:593 torsinA oligomerization properties 560:593 torsinA oligomerization properties 560:593 Here, we propose that torsinA glycans also modulate torsinA oligomerization properties. 33134321 3 12 theme other 373:377 arg1 ATPases 384:390 other AAA+ ATPases 373:390 other AAA+ ATPases 373:390 One outstanding difference between torsinA and other AAA+ ATPases is that torsinA is a glycoprotein. 33134321 6 13 theme open 780:783 arg1 conformation 795:806 an open hexameric conformation 777:806 an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis 777:885 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 3 14 theme AAA+ 379:382 arg1 ATPases 384:390 other AAA+ ATPases 373:390 other AAA+ ATPases 373:390 One outstanding difference between torsinA and other AAA+ ATPases is that torsinA is a glycoprotein. 33134321 2 15 theme molecule 297:304 arg1 function 269:276 function 269:276 function 269:276 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 2 15 theme molecule 297:304 arg1 organization 252:263 structural organization 241:263 structural organization 241:263 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 6 16 theme ATP 872:874 arg1 hydrolysis 876:885 ATP hydrolysis 872:885 ATP hydrolysis 872:885 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 0 17 theme Oligomerization 22:36 arg1 Conundrum 38:46 the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum 10:46 the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum 10:46 Resolving the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum: The Glycan Hypothesis. 33134321 2 18 theme intriguing 286:295 arg1 molecule 297:304 this intriguing molecule 281:304 this intriguing molecule 281:304 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 7 19 theme glycoengineering 974:989 arg1 example 930:936 a prime example 922:936 a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering 922:989 This mechanism would make torsinA a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering. 33134321 1 20 theme AAA+ 85:88 arg1 TorsinA 72:78 TorsinA 72:78 TorsinA 72:78 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 1 20 theme AAA+ 85:88 arg1 ATPase 90:95 a AAA+ ATPase 83:95 a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 83:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 4 21 theme N-linked 435:442 arg1 glycans 444:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans 427:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans 427:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans impact torsinA biogenesis and subcellular localization. 33134321 6 22 with interaction 828:838 arg1 cofactors 849:857 key cofactors 845:857 key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis 845:885 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 6 23 link N-linked 657:664 arg1 glycans 666:672 N-linked glycans 657:672 N-linked glycans 657:672 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 4 24 theme TorsinA 427:433 arg1 glycans 444:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans 427:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans 427:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans impact torsinA biogenesis and subcellular localization. 33134321 2 25 theme recent 223:228 arg1 years 230:234 the recent years 219:234 the recent years 219:234 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 0 26 theme TorsinA 14:20 arg1 Conundrum 38:46 the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum 10:46 the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum 10:46 Resolving the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum: The Glycan Hypothesis. 33134321 6 27 theme structural 604:613 arg1 modeling 615:622 structural modeling 604:622 structural modeling 604:622 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 7 28 dep make 909:912 arg1 torsinA 914:920 torsinA 914:920 torsinA 914:920 This mechanism would make torsinA a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering. 33134321 0 29 theme Glycan 53:58 arg1 Hypothesis 60:69 The Glycan Hypothesis 49:69 The Glycan Hypothesis 49:69 Resolving the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum: The Glycan Hypothesis. 33134321 6 30 theme key 845:847 arg1 cofactors 849:857 key cofactors 845:857 key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis 845:885 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 6 31 used used 599:602 arg2 We 596:597 We 596:597 We 596:597 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 1 32 theme Early 141:145 arg1 Dystonia 161:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 6 33 theme N-linked 657:664 arg1 glycans 666:672 N-linked glycans 657:672 N-linked glycans 657:672 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 6 34 theme hexameric 785:793 arg1 conformation 795:806 an open hexameric conformation 777:806 an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis 777:885 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 2 35 theme structural 241:250 arg1 organization 252:263 structural organization 241:263 structural organization 241:263 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 5 36 theme torsinA 560:566 arg1 properties 584:593 torsinA oligomerization properties 560:593 torsinA oligomerization properties 560:593 Here, we propose that torsinA glycans also modulate torsinA oligomerization properties. 33134321 1 37 theme severe 113:118 arg1 disease 133:139 severe neurological disease 113:139 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 7 38 theme prime 924:928 arg1 example 930:936 a prime example 922:936 a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering 922:989 This mechanism would make torsinA a prime example of Nature's sophisticated molecular glycoengineering. 33134321 3 39 gly glycoprotein 413:424 arg1 glycoprotein 413:424 a glycoprotein 411:424 a glycoprotein 411:424 One outstanding difference between torsinA and other AAA+ ATPases is that torsinA is a glycoprotein. 33134321 3 39 gly glycoprotein 413:424 arg1 torsinA 400:406 torsinA 400:406 torsinA 400:406 One outstanding difference between torsinA and other AAA+ ATPases is that torsinA is a glycoprotein. 33134321 6 40 theme ring 740:743 arg1 assemblies 745:754 closed homohexameric ring assemblies 719:754 closed homohexameric ring assemblies 719:754 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 1 41 theme neurological 120:131 arg1 disease 133:139 severe neurological disease 113:139 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 2 42 theme impressive 183:192 arg1 progress 194:201 the impressive progress 179:201 the impressive progress in the field in the recent years 179:234 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 33134321 6 43 theme homohexameric 726:738 arg1 assemblies 745:754 closed homohexameric ring assemblies 719:754 closed homohexameric ring assemblies 719:754 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 1 44 theme disease 133:139 arg1 Dystonia 161:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia 109:168 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase involved in the severe neurological disease Early Onset Torsion Dystonia. 33134321 4 45 link N-linked 435:442 arg1 glycans 444:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans 427:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans 427:450 TorsinA N-linked glycans impact torsinA biogenesis and subcellular localization. 33134321 0 46 dep Resolving 0:8 arg1 Hypothesis 60:69 The Glycan Hypothesis 49:69 The Glycan Hypothesis 49:69 Resolving the TorsinA Oligomerization Conundrum: The Glycan Hypothesis. 33134321 6 47 theme closed 719:724 arg1 assemblies 745:754 closed homohexameric ring assemblies 719:754 closed homohexameric ring assemblies 719:754 We used structural modeling to test this idea, and show that N-linked glycans appear to restrict torsinA's ability to form closed homohexameric ring assemblies, and instead promote an open hexameric conformation that allows torsinA interaction with key cofactors required for ATP hydrolysis. 33134321 2 48 dep organization 252:263 arg1 the 237:239 the 237:239 the 237:239 Despite the impressive progress in the field in the recent years, the structural organization and function of this intriguing molecule is still not clear. 34869251 5 0 theme strength 1027:1034 arg1 terms 921:925 terms 921:925 terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 921:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 1 1 with films 158:162 arg1 properties 185:194 good mechanical properties 169:194 good mechanical properties 169:194 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 6 2 theme films 1184:1188 arg1 performance 1165:1175 the UV-shielding performance 1148:1175 the UV-shielding performance of the films 1148:1188 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 1 3 theme Allium 241:246 arg1 CL 237:238 CL 237:238 CL 237:238 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 1 3 theme Allium 241:246 arg1 tuberosum 248:256 Allium tuberosum 241:256 Allium tuberosum 241:256 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 5 4 theme CL 852:853 arg1 film 868:871 the MCC:CL biocomposite film 844:871 the MCC:CL biocomposite film 844:871 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 5 theme ± 1006:1006 arg1 % 1011:1011 13.2 ± 1.8% 1001:1011 13.2 ± 1.8% 1001:1011 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 5 theme ± 1006:1006 arg1 break 994:998 elongation at break 980:998 elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%) 980:1012 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 6 theme at 991:992 arg1 % 1011:1011 13.2 ± 1.8% 1001:1011 13.2 ± 1.8% 1001:1011 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 6 theme at 991:992 arg1 break 994:998 elongation at break 980:998 elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%) 980:1012 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 7 theme MCC 848:850 arg1 film 868:871 the MCC:CL biocomposite film 844:871 the MCC:CL biocomposite film 844:871 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 8 from performance 906:916 arg1 terms 921:925 terms 921:925 terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 921:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 9 theme vapor 936:940 arg1 permeability 942:953 water vapor permeability 930:953 water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa) 930:977 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 9 theme vapor 936:940 arg1 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 963:976 2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 956:976 2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 956:976 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 4 10 theme force 716:720 arg1 microscopy 722:731 atomic force microscopy 709:731 atomic force microscopy 709:731 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 4 11 theme atomic 709:714 arg1 microscopy 722:731 atomic force microscopy 709:731 atomic force microscopy 709:731 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 6 12 theme analysis 1085:1092 arg1 results 1058:1064 The results 1054:1064 The results of a UV absorption analysis 1054:1092 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 6 13 theme UV-shielding 1152:1163 arg1 performance 1165:1175 the UV-shielding performance 1148:1175 the UV-shielding performance of the films 1148:1188 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 4 14 theme analyses 733:740 arg1 results 665:671 The results 661:671 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses 661:740 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 3 15 theme cellulose 472:480 arg1 existence 459:467 the existence 455:467 the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC 455:636 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 4 16 theme good 756:759 arg1 compatibility 761:773 the good compatibility 752:773 the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract 752:800 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 2 17 theme films 377:381 arg1 microstructure 272:285 The microstructure 268:285 The microstructure 268:285 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 2 17 theme films 377:381 arg1 structure 296:304 crystal structure 288:304 crystal structure 288:304 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 2 17 theme films 377:381 arg1 properties 318:327 mechanical properties 307:327 mechanical properties 307:327 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 2 17 theme films 377:381 arg1 ability 338:344 barrier ability 330:344 barrier ability 330:344 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 2 17 theme films 377:381 arg1 properties 359:368 thermal properties 351:368 thermal properties 351:368 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 1 18 theme good 169:172 arg1 properties 185:194 good mechanical properties 169:194 good mechanical properties 169:194 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 7 19 with films 1261:1265 arg1 properties 1293:1302 excellent mechanical properties 1272:1302 excellent mechanical properties 1272:1302 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 7 20 theme MCC 1388:1390 arg1 films 1392:1396 MCC films 1388:1396 MCC films 1388:1396 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 1 21 theme mechanical 174:183 arg1 properties 185:194 good mechanical properties 169:194 good mechanical properties 169:194 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 6 22 theme extract 1131:1137 arg1 addition 1116:1123 the addition 1112:1123 the addition of CL extract 1112:1137 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 2 23 theme mechanical 307:316 arg1 properties 318:327 mechanical properties 307:327 mechanical properties 307:327 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 3 24 theme structure 415:423 arg1 analysis 425:432 The chemical structure analysis 402:432 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract 402:446 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 4 25 theme electron 685:692 arg1 microscopy 694:703 scanning electron microscopy 676:703 scanning electron microscopy 676:703 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 5 26 theme MCC 828:830 arg1 CL 832:833 MCC:CL 828:833 MCC:CL 828:833 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 7 27 theme facile 1232:1237 arg1 method 1239:1244 a facile method 1230:1244 a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract 1230:1338 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 7 28 theme CL 1329:1330 arg1 extract 1332:1338 CL extract 1329:1338 CL extract 1329:1338 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 6 29 theme absorption 1074:1083 arg1 analysis 1085:1092 a UV absorption analysis 1069:1092 a UV absorption analysis 1069:1092 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 4 30 theme microscopy 722:731 arg1 analyses 733:740 scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses 676:740 scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses 676:740 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 5 31 theme comprehensive 892:904 arg1 performance 906:916 the best comprehensive performance 883:916 the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 883:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 2 32 theme crystal 288:294 arg1 structure 296:304 crystal structure 288:304 crystal structure 288:304 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 7 33 theme mechanical 1282:1291 arg1 properties 1293:1302 excellent mechanical properties 1272:1302 excellent mechanical properties 1272:1302 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 5 34 theme volume 812:817 arg1 ratio 819:823 the volume ratio 808:823 the volume ratio of MCC:CL 808:833 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 34 theme volume 812:817 arg1 7:3 839:841 7:3 839:841 7:3 839:841 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 0 35 theme Leek 44:47 arg1 Extract 49:55 Chinese Leek Extract 36:55 Chinese Leek Extract 36:55 Preparation and Characterization of Chinese Leek Extract Incorporated Cellulose Composite Films. 34869251 2 36 theme barrier 330:336 arg1 ability 338:344 barrier ability 330:344 barrier ability 330:344 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 7 37 theme MCC 1257:1259 arg1 films 1261:1265 MCC films 1257:1265 MCC films with excellent mechanical properties 1257:1302 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 3 38 theme extract 440:446 arg1 analysis 425:432 The chemical structure analysis 402:432 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract 402:446 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 0 39 theme Chinese 36:42 arg1 Extract 49:55 Chinese Leek Extract 36:55 Chinese Leek Extract 36:55 Preparation and Characterization of Chinese Leek Extract Incorporated Cellulose Composite Films. 34869251 5 40 theme ± 1042:1042 arg1 strength 1027:1034 tensile strength 1019:1034 tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 1019:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 40 theme ± 1042:1042 arg1 2.5 MPa 1044:1050 24.7 ± 2.5 MPa 1037:1050 24.7 ± 2.5 MPa 1037:1050 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 3 41 theme chemical 406:413 arg1 analysis 425:432 The chemical structure analysis 402:432 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract 402:446 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 1 42 dep leek 231:234 arg1 CL 237:238 CL 237:238 CL 237:238 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 1 42 dep leek 231:234 arg1 tuberosum 248:256 Allium tuberosum 241:256 Allium tuberosum 241:256 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 4 43 theme CL 791:792 arg1 extract 794:800 CL extract 791:800 CL extract 791:800 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 1 44 theme Chinese 223:229 arg1 leek 231:234 Chinese leek 223:234 a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract 221:265 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 7 45 from applications 1372:1383 arg1 area 1415:1418 the packaging area 1401:1418 the packaging area 1401:1418 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 5 46 theme CL 832:833 arg1 ratio 819:823 the volume ratio 808:823 the volume ratio of MCC:CL 808:833 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 46 theme CL 832:833 arg1 7:3 839:841 7:3 839:841 7:3 839:841 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 47 from break 994:998 arg1 at 991:992 elongation at break 980:998 elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%) 980:1012 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 47 from break 994:998 arg1 elongation 980:989 elongation at break 980:998 elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%) 980:1012 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 4 48 theme scanning 676:683 arg1 microscopy 694:703 scanning electron microscopy 676:703 scanning electron microscopy 676:703 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 0 49 theme Extract 49:55 arg1 Characterization 16:31 Characterization 16:31 Characterization 16:31 Preparation and Characterization of Chinese Leek Extract Incorporated Cellulose Composite Films. 34869251 0 49 theme Extract 49:55 arg1 Preparation 0:10 Preparation 0:10 Preparation 0:10 Preparation and Characterization of Chinese Leek Extract Incorporated Cellulose Composite Films. 34869251 3 50 theme CL 638:639 arg1 films 654:658 CL biocomposite films 638:658 CL biocomposite films 638:658 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 5 51 theme elongation 980:989 arg1 % 1011:1011 13.2 ± 1.8% 1001:1011 13.2 ± 1.8% 1001:1011 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 51 theme elongation 980:989 arg1 break 994:998 elongation at break 980:998 elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%) 980:1012 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 1 52 theme microcrystalline 125:140 arg1 cellulose 142:150 microcrystalline cellulose 125:150 microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties 125:194 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 1 52 theme microcrystalline 125:140 arg1 MCC 153:155 MCC 153:155 MCC 153:155 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 7 53 theme potential 1362:1370 arg1 applications 1372:1383 the potential applications 1358:1383 the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area 1358:1418 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 6 54 theme UV 1071:1072 arg1 analysis 1085:1092 a UV absorption analysis 1069:1092 a UV absorption analysis 1069:1092 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 3 55 theme biocomposite 641:652 arg1 films 654:658 CL biocomposite films 638:658 CL biocomposite films 638:658 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 5 56 theme water 930:934 arg1 permeability 942:953 water vapor permeability 930:953 water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa) 930:977 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 56 theme water 930:934 arg1 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 963:976 2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 956:976 2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 956:976 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 57 theme × 961:961 arg1 permeability 942:953 water vapor permeability 930:953 water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa) 930:977 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 57 theme × 961:961 arg1 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 963:976 2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 956:976 2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa 956:976 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 1 58 theme cellulose 142:150 arg1 films 158:162 microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films 125:162 microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties 125:194 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 1 59 theme leek 231:234 arg1 extract 259:265 a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract 221:265 a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract 221:265 This study aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) films with good mechanical properties via plasticization using a Chinese leek (CL, Allium tuberosum) extract. 34869251 5 60 theme biocomposite 855:866 arg1 film 868:871 the MCC:CL biocomposite film 844:871 the MCC:CL biocomposite film 844:871 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 3 61 theme MCC 634:636 arg1 properties 620:629 the properties 616:629 the properties of MCC 616:636 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 62 dep showed 448:453 arg1 films 654:658 CL biocomposite films 638:658 CL biocomposite films 638:658 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 63 theme substances 516:525 arg1 existence 459:467 the existence 455:467 the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC 455:636 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 7 64 theme excellent 1272:1280 arg1 properties 1293:1302 excellent mechanical properties 1272:1302 excellent mechanical properties 1272:1302 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 4 65 theme microscopy 694:703 arg1 analyses 733:740 scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses 676:740 scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses 676:740 The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses indicated the good compatibility between MCC and CL extract. 34869251 0 66 theme Composite 80:88 arg1 Films 90:94 Cellulose Composite Films 70:94 Cellulose Composite Films 70:94 Preparation and Characterization of Chinese Leek Extract Incorporated Cellulose Composite Films. 34869251 5 67 theme break 994:998 arg1 terms 921:925 terms 921:925 terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 921:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 68 theme permeability 942:953 arg1 terms 921:925 terms 921:925 terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 921:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 3 69 theme low-molecular-weight 495:514 arg1 pectins 553:559 pectins 553:559 pectins 553:559 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 69 theme low-molecular-weight 495:514 arg1 waxes 566:570 waxes 566:570 waxes 566:570 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 69 theme low-molecular-weight 495:514 arg1 polysaccharides 536:550 polysaccharides 536:550 polysaccharides 536:550 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 69 theme low-molecular-weight 495:514 arg1 plasticizers 592:603 plasticizers 592:603 plasticizers 592:603 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 69 theme low-molecular-weight 495:514 arg1 substances 516:525 low-molecular-weight substances 495:525 low-molecular-weight substances 495:525 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 3 70 theme CL 437:438 arg1 extract 440:446 CL extract 437:446 CL extract 437:446 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 0 71 theme Cellulose 70:78 arg1 Films 90:94 Cellulose Composite Films 70:94 Cellulose Composite Films 70:94 Preparation and Characterization of Chinese Leek Extract Incorporated Cellulose Composite Films. 34869251 5 72 theme tensile 1019:1025 arg1 strength 1027:1034 tensile strength 1019:1034 tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa) 1019:1051 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 5 72 theme tensile 1019:1025 arg1 2.5 MPa 1044:1050 24.7 ± 2.5 MPa 1037:1050 24.7 ± 2.5 MPa 1037:1050 When the volume ratio of MCC:CL was 7:3, the MCC:CL biocomposite film exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of water vapor permeability (2.11 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa), elongation at break (13.2 ± 1.8%), and tensile strength (24.7 ± 2.5 MPa). 34869251 6 73 theme CL 1128:1129 arg1 extract 1131:1137 CL extract 1128:1137 CL extract 1128:1137 The results of a UV absorption analysis demonstrated that the addition of CL extract improved the UV-shielding performance of the films. 34869251 7 74 theme packaging 1405:1413 arg1 area 1415:1418 the packaging area 1401:1418 the packaging area 1401:1418 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 34869251 2 75 theme thermal 351:357 arg1 properties 359:368 thermal properties 351:368 thermal properties 351:368 The microstructure, crystal structure, mechanical properties, barrier ability, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. 34869251 3 76 theme lignin 483:488 arg1 existence 459:467 the existence 455:467 the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC 455:636 The chemical structure analysis of CL extract showed the existence of cellulose, lignin, and low-molecular-weight substances, such as polysaccharides, pectins, and waxes, which could act as plasticizers to enhance the properties of MCC:CL biocomposite films. 34869251 7 77 theme films 1392:1396 arg1 applications 1372:1383 the potential applications 1358:1383 the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area 1358:1418 Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method to prepare MCC films with excellent mechanical properties via plasticization using CL extract but also broadens the potential applications of MCC films in the packaging area. 32617933 0 0 theme Physcomitrella 63:76 arg1 patens 78:83 Physcomitrella patens 63:83 Physcomitrella patens 63:83 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 32617933 3 1 theme resulting 826:834 arg1 lines 848:852 the resulting transformed lines 822:852 the resulting transformed lines 822:852 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 2 2 theme biosynthetic 461:472 arg1 genes 422:426 genes 422:426 genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them 422:597 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 2 theme biosynthetic 461:472 arg1 enzymes 474:480 cell wall biosynthetic enzymes 451:480 cell wall biosynthetic enzymes 451:480 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 3 3 theme knockout 674:681 arg1 gene 669:672 targeted gene 660:672 targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines 660:852 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 2 4 dep P. 263:264 arg1 patens 266:271 patens 266:271 patens 266:271 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 3 5 theme transformed 836:846 arg1 lines 848:852 the resulting transformed lines 822:852 the resulting transformed lines 822:852 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 2 6 theme cell 273:276 arg1 wall 278:281 the P. patens cell wall 259:281 the P. patens cell wall 259:281 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 7 theme P. 263:264 arg1 wall 278:281 the P. patens cell wall 259:281 the P. patens cell wall 259:281 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 1 8 theme Physcomitrella 95:108 arg1 patens 110:115 The moss Physcomitrella patens 86:115 The moss Physcomitrella patens 86:115 The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. 32617933 2 9 theme glycosyltransferase 350:368 arg1 sequences 370:378 glycosyltransferase sequences 350:378 glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome 350:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 0 10 theme Revised 23:29 arg1 Protocols 31:39 Revised Protocols 23:39 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 0:84 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 32617933 2 11 theme sequences 370:378 arg1 analyses 338:345 phylogenetic analyses 325:345 phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome 325:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 1 12 theme plant 169:173 arg1 function 180:187 plant gene function 169:187 plant gene function 169:187 The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. 32617933 2 13 from analyses 338:345 arg1 genome 399:404 the P. patens genome 385:404 the P. patens genome 385:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 1 14 theme gene 175:178 arg1 function 180:187 plant gene function 169:187 plant gene function 169:187 The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. 32617933 3 15 from knockout 674:681 arg1 patens 689:694 P. patens 686:694 P. patens 686:694 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 2 16 theme cell 536:539 arg1 polysaccharides 546:560 cell wall polysaccharides 536:560 cell wall polysaccharides 536:560 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 17 theme wall 278:281 arg1 similar 286:292 similar 286:292 similar 286:292 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 17 theme wall 278:281 arg1 composition 244:254 The chemical composition 231:254 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall 231:281 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 1 18 theme moss 90:93 arg1 patens 110:115 The moss Physcomitrella patens 86:115 The moss Physcomitrella patens 86:115 The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. 32617933 2 19 theme wall 456:459 arg1 genes 422:426 genes 422:426 genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them 422:597 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 19 theme wall 456:459 arg1 enzymes 474:480 cell wall biosynthetic enzymes 451:480 cell wall biosynthetic enzymes 451:480 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 20 dep P. 389:390 arg1 patens 392:397 patens 392:397 patens 392:397 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 21 theme P. 389:390 arg1 genome 399:404 the P. patens genome 385:404 the P. patens genome 385:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 22 theme cell 451:454 arg1 genes 422:426 genes 422:426 genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them 422:597 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 22 theme cell 451:454 arg1 enzymes 474:480 cell wall biosynthetic enzymes 451:480 cell wall biosynthetic enzymes 451:480 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 0 23 from Targeting 50:58 arg1 patens 78:83 Physcomitrella patens 63:83 Physcomitrella patens 63:83 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 32617933 2 24 theme vascular 305:312 arg1 plants 314:319 vascular plants 305:319 vascular plants 305:319 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 3 25 from patens 689:694 arg1 knockout 674:681 knockout 674:681 knockout 674:681 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 3 26 theme transforming 751:762 arg1 protoplasts 764:774 transforming protoplasts 751:774 transforming protoplasts 751:774 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 3 27 theme targeted 660:667 arg1 gene 669:672 targeted gene 660:672 targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines 660:852 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 2 28 theme polysaccharides 546:560 arg1 enzymes 570:576 the enzymes 566:576 the enzymes that synthesize them 566:597 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 28 theme polysaccharides 546:560 arg1 evolution 523:531 the evolution 519:531 the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides 519:560 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 29 theme wall 541:544 arg1 polysaccharides 546:560 cell wall polysaccharides 536:560 cell wall polysaccharides 536:560 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 30 theme chemical 235:242 arg1 similar 286:292 similar 286:292 similar 286:292 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 30 theme chemical 235:242 arg1 composition 244:254 The chemical composition 231:254 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall 231:281 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 3 31 theme lines 848:852 arg1 phenotypes 808:817 phenotypes 808:817 phenotypes 808:817 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 3 31 theme lines 848:852 arg1 genotypes 794:802 the genotypes 790:802 the genotypes 790:802 The protocols described in this chapter provide methods for targeted gene knockout in P. patens, from constructing vectors and maintaining cultures to transforming protoplasts and analysing the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting transformed lines. 32617933 1 32 theme gene 215:218 arg1 targeting 220:228 gene targeting 215:228 gene targeting 215:228 The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. 32617933 0 33 theme Gene 45:48 arg1 Targeting 50:58 Gene Targeting 45:58 Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens 45:83 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 32617933 0 34 dep Knocking 0:7 arg1 Protocols 31:39 Revised Protocols 23:39 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 0:84 Knocking Out the Wall: Revised Protocols for Gene Targeting in Physcomitrella patens. 32617933 2 35 from genome 399:404 arg1 sequences 370:378 glycosyltransferase sequences 350:378 glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome 350:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 35 from genome 399:404 arg1 analyses 338:345 phylogenetic analyses 325:345 phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome 325:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 2 36 theme phylogenetic 325:336 arg1 analyses 338:345 phylogenetic analyses 325:345 phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome 325:404 The chemical composition of the P. patens cell wall is similar to that of vascular plants and phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferase sequences from the P. patens genome have identified genes that putatively encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes, providing a basis for investigating the evolution of cell wall polysaccharides and the enzymes that synthesize them. 32617933 1 37 theme targeting 220:228 arg1 feasibility 200:210 the feasibility 196:210 the feasibility of gene targeting 196:228 The moss Physcomitrella patens has become established as a model for investigating plant gene function due to the feasibility of gene targeting. 32886756 4 0 dep C. 1102:1103 arg1 botulinum 1105:1113 botulinum 1105:1113 botulinum 1105:1113 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 1 theme flagellin 1069:1077 arg1 Maf 1055:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf 1039:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) 1039:1096 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 1 theme flagellin 1069:1077 arg1 sialyltransferase 1079:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 2 theme recombinant 906:916 arg1 protein 922:928 their cognate recombinant Maf protein 892:928 their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 892:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 3 theme new 447:449 arg1 linkages 462:469 two new glycosidic linkages 443:469 two new glycosidic linkages 443:469 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 4 4 theme donor 1268:1272 arg1 promiscuity 1284:1294 donor substrate promiscuity 1268:1294 donor substrate promiscuity 1268:1294 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 1 5 theme flagellin 332:340 arg1 glycosyltransferases 359:378 flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 332:378 flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 332:378 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 4 6 theme KDO 1191:1193 arg1 transfer 1195:1202 Neu5Ac and KDO transfer 1180:1202 transfer 1195:1202 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 7 theme putative 1060:1067 arg1 Maf 1055:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf 1039:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) 1039:1096 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 7 theme putative 1060:1067 arg1 sialyltransferase 1079:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 1 8 theme nonulosonic 245:255 arg1 derivatives 317:327 their derivatives 311:327 their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 311:378 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 8 theme nonulosonic 245:255 arg1 acids 257:261 nonulosonic acids 245:261 nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf) 245:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 8 theme nonulosonic 245:255 arg1 acid 283:286 pseudaminic acid 271:286 pseudaminic acid 271:286 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 8 theme nonulosonic 245:255 arg1 acid 302:305 legionaminic acid 289:305 legionaminic acid 289:305 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 9 theme nonulosonic 342:352 arg1 glycosyltransferases 359:378 flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 332:378 flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 332:378 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 5 10 theme neoglycopeptide 1374:1388 arg1 synthesis 1390:1398 neoglycopeptide synthesis 1374:1398 neoglycopeptide synthesis 1374:1398 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 1 11 theme acid 354:357 arg1 glycosyltransferases 359:378 flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 332:378 flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 332:378 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 4 12 theme acid 1152:1155 arg1 Maf 1115:1117 C. botulinum Maf 1102:1117 C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) 1102:1168 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 12 theme acid 1152:1155 arg1 transferase 1157:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 13 theme Maf 918:920 arg1 protein 922:928 their cognate recombinant Maf protein 892:928 their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 892:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 1 14 with residues 231:238 arg1 derivatives 317:327 their derivatives 311:327 their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases 311:378 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 14 with residues 231:238 arg1 acids 257:261 nonulosonic acids 245:261 nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf) 245:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 14 with residues 231:238 arg1 acid 283:286 pseudaminic acid 271:286 pseudaminic acid 271:286 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 14 with residues 231:238 arg1 acid 302:305 legionaminic acid 289:305 legionaminic acid 289:305 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 4 15 theme kaustophilus 1042:1053 arg1 Maf 1055:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf 1039:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) 1039:1096 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 15 theme kaustophilus 1042:1053 arg1 sialyltransferase 1079:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 16 theme cognate 898:904 arg1 protein 922:928 their cognate recombinant Maf protein 892:928 their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 892:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 4 17 theme G. 1039:1040 arg1 Maf 1055:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf 1039:1057 G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) 1039:1096 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 17 theme G. 1039:1040 arg1 sialyltransferase 1079:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 putative flagellin sialyltransferase 1060:1095 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 2 18 link serine/threonine-O-linked 580:604 arg1 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 18 link serine/threonine-O-linked 580:604 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 18 link serine/threonine-O-linked 580:604 arg1 acid 634:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 5 19 contain have 1322:1325 arg1 glycosyltransferases 1301:1320 Maf glycosyltransferases 1297:1320 Maf glycosyltransferases 1297:1320 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 5 19 contain have 1322:1325 arg2 potential 1331:1339 the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering 1327:1440 the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering 1327:1440 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 4 20 theme legionaminic 1139:1150 arg1 Maf 1115:1117 C. botulinum Maf 1102:1117 C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) 1102:1168 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 20 theme legionaminic 1139:1150 arg1 transferase 1157:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 21 theme Maf 1235:1237 arg1 glycosyltransferases 1239:1258 Maf glycosyltransferases 1235:1258 Maf glycosyltransferases 1235:1258 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 22 theme Escherichia 933:943 arg1 strains 950:956 Escherichia coli strains 933:956 Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 933:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 23 dep Clostridium 733:743 arg1 botulinum 745:753 botulinum 745:753 botulinum 745:753 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 0 24 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 serine/threonine-O-glycosylation 6:37 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation 0:37 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin 0:126 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin glycosyltransferases. 32886756 3 25 theme coli 945:948 arg1 strains 950:956 Escherichia coli strains 933:956 Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 933:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 3 26 theme botulinum 844:852 arg1 flagellins 854:863 recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins 809:863 recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 809:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 1 27 theme pseudaminic 271:281 arg1 acid 283:286 pseudaminic acid 271:286 pseudaminic acid 271:286 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 0 28 theme N-acetylneuraminic 44:61 arg1 acid 63:66 N-acetylneuraminic acid 44:66 N-acetylneuraminic acid 44:66 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin glycosyltransferases. 32886756 1 29 gly O-glycosylated 180:193 arg2 flagellins 165:174 Some bacterial flagellins 150:174 Some bacterial flagellins 150:174 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 29 gly O-glycosylated 180:193 arg1 residues 231:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues 198:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf) 198:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 29 gly O-glycosylated 180:193 arg2 residues 231:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues 198:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf) 198:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 29 gly O-glycosylated 180:193 arg1 flagellins 165:174 Some bacterial flagellins 150:174 Some bacterial flagellins 150:174 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 5 30 theme Maf 1297:1299 arg1 glycosyltransferases 1301:1320 Maf glycosyltransferases 1297:1320 Maf glycosyltransferases 1297:1320 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 1 31 theme bacterial 155:163 arg1 flagellins 165:174 Some bacterial flagellins 150:174 Some bacterial flagellins 150:174 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 2 32 theme N-acetylneuraminic 533:550 arg1 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 32 theme N-acetylneuraminic 533:550 arg1 acid 552:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid 507:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) 507:574 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 32 theme N-acetylneuraminic 533:550 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 3 33 from protein 922:928 arg1 strains 950:956 Escherichia coli strains 933:956 Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 933:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 34 theme kaustophilus 712:723 arg1 Maf 725:727 Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf 700:727 Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf 700:727 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 3 35 theme kaustophilus 824:835 arg1 flagellins 854:863 recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins 809:863 recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 809:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 36 theme serine/threonine-O-linked 507:531 arg1 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 36 theme serine/threonine-O-linked 507:531 arg1 acid 552:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid 507:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) 507:574 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 36 theme serine/threonine-O-linked 507:531 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 1 37 theme motility-associated 393:411 arg1 Maf 422:424 Maf 422:424 Maf 422:424 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 1 37 theme motility-associated 393:411 arg1 factors 413:419 motility-associated factors 393:419 motility-associated factors (Maf) 393:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 2 38 theme Geobacillus 700:710 arg1 Maf 725:727 Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf 700:727 Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf 700:727 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 1 39 theme legionaminic 289:300 arg1 acid 302:305 legionaminic acid 289:305 legionaminic acid 289:305 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 2 40 theme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic 606:632 arg1 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 40 theme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic 606:632 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 40 theme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic 606:632 arg1 acid 634:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 3 41 theme appropriate 972:982 arg1 donor 1010:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 4 42 theme flagellin 1129:1137 arg1 Maf 1115:1117 C. botulinum Maf 1102:1117 C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) 1102:1168 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 42 theme flagellin 1129:1137 arg1 transferase 1157:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 43 theme recombinant 809:819 arg1 flagellins 854:863 recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins 809:863 recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 809:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 44 from unknown 482:488 arg1 acid 552:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid 507:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) 507:574 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 44 from unknown 482:488 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 44 from unknown 482:488 arg1 acid 634:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 45 theme serine/threonine-O-linked 580:604 arg1 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 Ser/Thr-O-KDO 666:678 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 45 theme serine/threonine-O-linked 580:604 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 45 theme serine/threonine-O-linked 580:604 arg1 acid 634:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 580:637 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 3 46 theme nucleotide 984:993 arg1 donor 1010:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 4 47 theme C. 1102:1103 arg1 Maf 1115:1117 C. botulinum Maf 1102:1117 C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) 1102:1168 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 47 theme C. 1102:1103 arg1 transferase 1157:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 0 48 theme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic 72:98 arg1 acid 100:103 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 72:103 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 72:103 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin glycosyltransferases. 32886756 5 49 theme posttranslational 1404:1420 arg1 engineering 1430:1440 posttranslational protein engineering 1404:1440 posttranslational protein engineering 1404:1440 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 4 50 theme putative 1120:1127 arg1 Maf 1115:1117 C. botulinum Maf 1102:1117 C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) 1102:1168 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 4 50 theme putative 1120:1127 arg1 transferase 1157:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase 1120:1167 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 0 51 with serine/threonine-O-glycosylation 6:37 arg1 acid 63:66 N-acetylneuraminic acid 44:66 N-acetylneuraminic acid 44:66 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin glycosyltransferases. 32886756 0 51 with serine/threonine-O-glycosylation 6:37 arg1 acid 100:103 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 72:103 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 72:103 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin glycosyltransferases. 32886756 5 52 theme synthesis 1390:1398 arg1 scope 1365:1369 the scope 1361:1369 the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering 1361:1440 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 5 53 theme protein 1422:1428 arg1 engineering 1430:1440 posttranslational protein engineering 1404:1440 posttranslational protein engineering 1404:1440 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 2 54 theme Clostridium 733:743 arg1 Maf 755:757 Clostridium botulinum Maf 733:757 Clostridium botulinum Maf 733:757 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 55 dep unknown 482:488 arg1 both 682:685 both 682:685 both 682:685 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 1 56 theme surface-exposed 198:212 arg1 residues 231:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues 198:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf) 198:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 5 57 gly neoglycopeptide 1374:1388 arg2 neoglycopeptide 1374:1388 neoglycopeptide synthesis 1374:1398 neoglycopeptide synthesis 1374:1398 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 0 58 theme bacterial 108:116 arg1 flagellin 118:126 bacterial flagellin 108:126 bacterial flagellin 108:126 Novel serine/threonine-O-glycosylation with N-acetylneuraminic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid by bacterial flagellin glycosyltransferases. 32886756 2 59 link serine/threonine-O-linked 507:531 arg1 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac 558:573 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 59 link serine/threonine-O-linked 507:531 arg1 acid 552:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid 507:555 serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) 507:574 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 2 59 link serine/threonine-O-linked 507:531 arg1 organism 497:504 any organism 493:504 any organism 493:504 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 3 60 theme novel 780:784 arg1 linkages 797:804 these novel glycosidic linkages 774:804 these novel glycosidic linkages 774:804 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 61 from organism 497:504 arg1 unknown 482:488 unknown 482:488 unknown 482:488 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 1 62 theme serine/threonine 214:229 arg1 residues 231:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues 198:238 surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf) 198:425 Some bacterial flagellins are O-glycosylated on surface-exposed serine/threonine residues with nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acid, legionaminic acid and their derivatives by flagellin nonulosonic acid glycosyltransferases, also called motility-associated factors (Maf). 32886756 5 63 theme engineering 1430:1440 arg1 scope 1365:1369 the scope 1361:1369 the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering 1361:1440 Maf glycosyltransferases have the potential to radically expand the scope of neoglycopeptide synthesis and posttranslational protein engineering. 32886756 3 64 theme sugar 995:999 arg1 donor 1010:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 4 65 theme Neu5Ac 1180:1185 arg1 transfer 1195:1202 Neu5Ac and KDO transfer 1180:1202 transfer 1195:1202 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 66 theme glycosidic 786:795 arg1 linkages 797:804 these novel glycosidic linkages 774:804 these novel glycosidic linkages 774:804 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 32886756 2 67 theme glycosidic 451:460 arg1 linkages 462:469 two new glycosidic linkages 443:469 two new glycosidic linkages 443:469 We report here two new glycosidic linkages previously unknown in any organism, serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Ser/Thr-O-Neu5Ac) and serine/threonine-O-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (Ser/Thr-O-KDO), both catalyzed by Geobacillus kaustophilus Maf and Clostridium botulinum Maf. 32886756 4 68 theme substrate 1274:1282 arg1 promiscuity 1284:1294 donor substrate promiscuity 1268:1294 donor substrate promiscuity 1268:1294 Our finding that both G. kaustophilus Maf (putative flagellin sialyltransferase) and C. botulinum Maf (putative flagellin legionaminic acid transferase) catalyzed Neu5Ac and KDO transfer on to flagellin indicates that Maf glycosyltransferases display donor substrate promiscuity. 32886756 3 69 theme glycosyl 1001:1008 arg1 donor 1010:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor 968:1014 We identified these novel glycosidic linkages in recombinant G. kaustophilus and C. botulinum flagellins that were coexpressed with their cognate recombinant Maf protein in Escherichia coli strains producing the appropriate nucleotide sugar glycosyl donor. 34459484 6 0 with patients 986:993 arg1 metastasis 1057:1066 metastasis 1057:1066 metastasis to the ovaries 1057:1081 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 0 with patients 986:993 arg1 stages 1008:1013 various stages 1000:1013 various stages of mucinous or serous OC 1000:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 1 theme tissue 966:971 arg1 samples 973:979 410 ovarian tissue samples 954:979 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 954:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 2 from array 945:949 arg1 samples 1044:1050 32 samples 1041:1050 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries 1041:1081 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 2 from array 945:949 arg1 patients 986:993 patients 986:993 patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC 986:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 2 from array 945:949 arg1 controls 1090:1097 34 controls 1087:1097 34 controls 1087:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 3 theme UEA 1528:1530 arg1 PLA 1541:1543 UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA 1528:1543 UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA 1528:1543 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 9 4 with cancer 1442:1447 arg1 metastasis 1454:1463 metastasis 1454:1463 metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive 1454:1508 The recorded sensitivity was also found to be higher compared to mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive. 34459484 2 5 theme proximity 228:236 arg1 PLA 254:256 PLA 254:256 PLA 254:256 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 2 5 theme proximity 228:236 arg1 assay 247:251 in situ proximity ligation assay 220:251 in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) 220:257 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 4 6 theme OC 749:750 arg1 staining 763:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 2 7 theme in 220:221 arg1 PLA 254:256 PLA 254:256 PLA 254:256 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 2 7 theme in 220:221 arg1 assay 247:251 in situ proximity ligation assay 220:251 in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) 220:257 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 4 8 theme PLA 759:761 arg1 staining 763:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 6 9 theme serous 1030:1035 arg1 OC 1037:1038 mucinous or serous OC 1018:1038 mucinous or serous OC 1018:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 5 10 theme nonsecretor 775:785 arg1 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 5 10 theme nonsecretor 775:785 arg1 fluid 804:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 10 11 with patients 1616:1623 arg1 status 1648:1653 positive secretor status 1630:1653 positive secretor status 1630:1653 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 6 12 theme mucinous 1018:1025 arg1 OC 1037:1038 mucinous or serous OC 1018:1038 mucinous or serous OC 1018:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 0 13 theme ligation 102:109 arg1 assay 111:115 in situ proximity ligation assay 84:115 in situ proximity ligation assay 84:115 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 2 14 theme assay 247:251 arg1 use 213:215 the use 209:215 the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC 209:439 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 1 15 theme ovarian 172:178 arg1 OC 188:189 OC 188:189 OC 188:189 MUC5AC has been indicated to be a marker for mucinous ovarian cancer (OC). 34459484 1 15 theme ovarian 172:178 arg1 cancer 180:185 mucinous ovarian cancer 163:185 mucinous ovarian cancer (OC) 163:190 MUC5AC has been indicated to be a marker for mucinous ovarian cancer (OC). 34459484 6 16 theme micro 939:943 arg1 array 945:949 a tissue micro array 930:949 a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 930:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 17 theme positive 1630:1637 arg1 status 1648:1653 positive secretor status 1630:1653 positive secretor status 1630:1653 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 10 18 from differentiation 1566:1580 arg1 patients 1616:1623 patients 1616:1623 patients with positive secretor status 1616:1653 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 7 19 theme % 1197:1197 arg1 specificity 1180:1190 a specificity 1178:1190 a specificity of 97% 1178:1197 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 4 20 contain containing 687:696 arg2 oligosaccharides 711:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 4 20 contain containing 687:696 arg1 fluids 680:685 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids 634:685 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 634:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 3 21 theme europaeus 531:539 arg1 agglutinin 541:550 combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I 510:552 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 3 21 theme europaeus 531:539 arg1 I 559:559 UEA I 555:559 UEA I 555:559 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 0 22 theme mucinous 46:53 arg1 tissues 70:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 3 23 theme lectin 519:524 arg1 agglutinin 541:550 combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I 510:552 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 3 23 theme lectin 519:524 arg1 I 559:559 UEA I 555:559 UEA I 555:559 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 5 24 theme OC 796:797 arg1 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 5 24 theme OC 796:797 arg1 fluid 804:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 6 25 theme UEA 900:902 arg1 PLA 913:915 the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA 896:915 the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA 896:915 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 8 26 theme secretor 1325:1332 arg1 individuals 1334:1344 secretor individuals 1325:1344 secretor individuals 1325:1344 This sensitivity is close to the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population. 34459484 0 27 theme cancer 63:68 arg1 tissues 70:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 9 28 theme recorded 1367:1374 arg1 sensitivity 1376:1386 The recorded sensitivity 1363:1386 The recorded sensitivity 1363:1386 The recorded sensitivity was also found to be higher compared to mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive. 34459484 9 28 theme recorded 1367:1374 arg1 higher 1409:1414 higher 1409:1414 higher 1409:1414 The recorded sensitivity was also found to be higher compared to mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive. 34459484 0 29 from Analysis 0:7 arg1 MUC5AC 36:41 MUC5AC 36:41 MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 36:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 4 30 theme positive 655:662 arg1 patients 664:671 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' 634:672 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 634:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 8 31 from incidence 1312:1320 arg1 population 1351:1360 a population 1349:1360 a population 1349:1360 This sensitivity is close to the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population. 34459484 0 32 from MUC5AC 36:41 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 0:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 0 32 from MUC5AC 36:41 arg1 tissues 70:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 2 33 theme mucinous 333:340 arg1 OC 342:343 serous and mucinous OC 322:343 serous and mucinous OC 322:343 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 5 34 theme matched 874:880 arg1 tissue 882:887 the matched tissue 870:887 the matched tissue 870:887 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 0 35 from antigens 24:31 arg1 MUC5AC 36:41 MUC5AC 36:41 MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 36:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 2 36 theme serous 322:327 arg1 OC 342:343 serous and mucinous OC 322:343 serous and mucinous OC 322:343 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 4 37 link O-linked 702:709 arg1 oligosaccharides 711:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 4 38 theme OC 643:644 arg1 patients 664:671 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' 634:672 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 634:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 0 39 theme blood 12:16 arg1 antigens 24:31 blood group antigens 12:31 blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 12:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 5 40 theme PLA 854:856 arg1 staining 858:865 negative PLA staining 845:865 negative PLA staining of the matched tissue 845:887 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 3 41 theme UEA 555:557 arg1 agglutinin 541:550 combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I 510:552 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 3 41 theme UEA 555:557 arg1 I 559:559 UEA I 555:559 UEA I 555:559 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 0 42 theme antigens 24:31 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 0:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 6 43 theme I/MUC5AC 904:911 arg1 PLA 913:915 the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA 896:915 the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA 896:915 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 2 44 theme ABH 398:400 arg1 expression 402:411 MUC5AC ABH expression 391:411 MUC5AC ABH expression 391:411 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 6 45 from patients 986:993 arg1 samples 973:979 410 ovarian tissue samples 954:979 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 954:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 45 from patients 986:993 arg1 array 945:949 a tissue micro array 930:949 a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 930:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 46 theme negative 1686:1693 arg1 individuals 1695:1705 secretor negative individuals 1677:1705 secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC 1677:1722 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 6 47 theme various 1000:1006 arg1 stages 1008:1013 various stages 1000:1013 various stages of mucinous or serous OC 1000:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 9 48 theme mucinous 1428:1435 arg1 cancer 1442:1447 mucinous type cancer 1428:1447 mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive 1428:1508 The recorded sensitivity was also found to be higher compared to mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive. 34459484 2 49 theme blood 263:267 arg1 ABH 275:277 blood group ABH 263:277 blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC 263:439 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 10 50 theme glycospecific 1552:1564 arg1 differentiation 1566:1580 glycospecific differentiation 1552:1580 glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status 1552:1653 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 7 51 dep sensitivity 1155:1165 arg1 both 1199:1202 both 1199:1202 both 1199:1202 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 7 52 theme mucinous 1132:1139 arg1 tumors 1141:1146 differentiating mucinous tumors 1116:1146 differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer 1116:1224 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 4 53 theme ABH 698:700 arg1 oligosaccharides 711:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 6 54 theme samples 973:979 arg1 array 945:949 a tissue micro array 930:949 a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 930:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 55 theme 1/MUC5AC 1532:1539 arg1 PLA 1541:1543 UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA 1528:1543 UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA 1528:1543 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 10 56 theme secretor 1677:1684 arg1 individuals 1695:1705 secretor negative individuals 1677:1705 secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC 1677:1722 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 6 57 theme ovarian 958:964 arg1 samples 973:979 410 ovarian tissue samples 954:979 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 954:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 2 58 theme ligation 238:245 arg1 PLA 254:256 PLA 254:256 PLA 254:256 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 2 58 theme ligation 238:245 arg1 assay 247:251 in situ proximity ligation assay 220:251 in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) 220:257 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 4 59 theme positive 740:747 arg1 staining 763:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 6 60 theme OC 1037:1038 arg1 stages 1008:1013 various stages 1000:1013 various stages of mucinous or serous OC 1000:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 61 theme serous 1590:1595 arg1 OC 1610:1611 serous and mucinous OC 1590:1611 serous and mucinous OC 1590:1611 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 7 62 with tumors 1141:1146 arg1 sensitivity 1155:1165 a sensitivity 1153:1165 a sensitivity of 84% 1153:1172 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 4 63 theme tissue 752:757 arg1 staining 763:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 positive OC tissue PLA staining 740:770 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 10 64 theme mucinous 1601:1608 arg1 OC 1610:1611 serous and mucinous OC 1590:1611 serous and mucinous OC 1590:1611 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 1 65 theme mucinous 163:170 arg1 OC 188:189 OC 188:189 OC 188:189 MUC5AC has been indicated to be a marker for mucinous ovarian cancer (OC). 34459484 1 65 theme mucinous 163:170 arg1 cancer 180:185 mucinous ovarian cancer 163:185 mucinous ovarian cancer (OC) 163:190 MUC5AC has been indicated to be a marker for mucinous ovarian cancer (OC). 34459484 6 66 with samples 1044:1050 arg1 metastasis 1057:1066 metastasis 1057:1066 metastasis to the ovaries 1057:1081 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 66 with samples 1044:1050 arg1 stages 1008:1013 various stages 1000:1013 various stages of mucinous or serous OC 1000:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 67 theme secretor 1639:1646 arg1 status 1648:1653 positive secretor status 1630:1653 positive secretor status 1630:1653 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 6 68 theme 34 1087:1088 arg1 controls 1090:1097 34 controls 1087:1097 34 controls 1087:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 8 69 theme expected 1303:1310 arg1 sensitivity 1275:1285 This sensitivity 1270:1285 This sensitivity 1270:1285 This sensitivity is close to the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population. 34459484 8 69 theme expected 1303:1310 arg1 incidence 1312:1320 the expected incidence 1299:1320 the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population 1299:1360 This sensitivity is close to the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population. 34459484 7 70 theme serous 1212:1217 arg1 cancer 1219:1224 serous cancer 1212:1224 serous cancer 1212:1224 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 3 71 theme Ulex 526:529 arg1 agglutinin 541:550 combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I 510:552 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 3 71 theme Ulex 526:529 arg1 I 559:559 UEA I 555:559 UEA I 555:559 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 4 72 theme mass 609:612 arg1 spectrometry 614:625 mass spectrometry 609:625 mass spectrometry 609:625 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 6 73 from controls 1090:1097 arg1 samples 973:979 410 ovarian tissue samples 954:979 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 954:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 73 from controls 1090:1097 arg1 array 945:949 a tissue micro array 930:949 a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 930:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 10 74 with individuals 1695:1705 arg1 OC 1721:1722 mucinous OC 1712:1722 mucinous OC 1712:1722 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 0 75 theme ovarian 55:61 arg1 tissues 70:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 46:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 3 76 theme combined 510:517 arg1 agglutinin 541:550 combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I 510:552 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 3 76 theme combined 510:517 arg1 I 559:559 UEA I 555:559 UEA I 555:559 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 5 77 theme mucinous 787:794 arg1 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 5 77 theme mucinous 787:794 arg1 fluid 804:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 6 78 with controls 1090:1097 arg1 metastasis 1057:1066 metastasis 1057:1066 metastasis to the ovaries 1057:1081 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 78 with controls 1090:1097 arg1 stages 1008:1013 various stages 1000:1013 various stages of mucinous or serous OC 1000:1038 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 2 79 theme mucinous 429:436 arg1 OC 438:439 mucinous OC 429:439 mucinous OC 429:439 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 8 80 theme individuals 1334:1344 arg1 sensitivity 1275:1285 This sensitivity 1270:1285 This sensitivity 1270:1285 This sensitivity is close to the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population. 34459484 8 80 theme individuals 1334:1344 arg1 incidence 1312:1320 the expected incidence 1299:1320 the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population 1299:1360 This sensitivity is close to the expected incidence of secretor individuals in a population. 34459484 2 81 dep in 220:221 arg1 situ 223:226 situ 223:226 situ 223:226 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 5 82 theme cyst 799:802 arg1 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 negative 814:821 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 5 82 theme cyst 799:802 arg1 fluid 804:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid 773:808 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 7 83 from controls 1260:1267 arg1 tissues 1247:1253 tissues 1247:1253 tissues from controls 1247:1267 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 0 84 theme in 84:85 arg1 assay 111:115 in situ proximity ligation assay 84:115 in situ proximity ligation assay 84:115 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 4 85 theme secretor 646:653 arg1 patients 664:671 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' 634:672 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 634:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 0 86 theme proximity 92:100 arg1 assay 111:115 in situ proximity ligation assay 84:115 in situ proximity ligation assay 84:115 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 0 87 dep in 84:85 arg1 situ 87:90 situ 87:90 situ 87:90 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 6 88 from samples 1044:1050 arg1 samples 973:979 410 ovarian tissue samples 954:979 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 954:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 6 88 from samples 1044:1050 arg1 array 945:949 a tissue micro array 930:949 a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 930:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 7 89 theme % 1172:1172 arg1 sensitivity 1155:1165 a sensitivity 1153:1165 a sensitivity of 84% 1153:1172 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 0 90 theme group 18:22 arg1 antigens 24:31 blood group antigens 12:31 blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues 12:76 Analysis of blood group antigens on MUC5AC in mucinous ovarian cancer tissues using in situ proximity ligation assay. 34459484 5 91 theme negative 845:852 arg1 staining 858:865 negative PLA staining 845:865 negative PLA staining of the matched tissue 845:887 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 6 92 theme tissue 932:937 arg1 array 945:949 a tissue micro array 930:949 a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls 930:1097 Using the UEA I/MUC5AC PLA, we screened a tissue micro array of 410 ovarian tissue samples from patients with various stages of mucinous or serous OC, 32 samples with metastasis to the ovaries and 34 controls. 34459484 2 93 theme preceding 358:366 arg1 observations 368:379 preceding observations 358:379 preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC 358:439 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 4 94 theme mucinous 634:641 arg1 patients 664:671 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' 634:672 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 634:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 3 95 theme agglutinin 541:550 arg1 assay 574:578 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 4 96 theme O-linked 702:709 arg1 oligosaccharides 711:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 698:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 34459484 9 97 theme type 1437:1440 arg1 cancer 1442:1447 mucinous type cancer 1428:1447 mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive 1428:1508 The recorded sensitivity was also found to be higher compared to mucinous type cancer with metastasis to the ovaries, where only 32% were positive. 34459484 2 98 theme MUC5AC 391:396 arg1 expression 402:411 MUC5AC ABH expression 391:411 MUC5AC ABH expression 391:411 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 3 99 theme /anti-MUC5AC 561:572 arg1 assay 574:578 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay 508:578 We developed PLA for anti-A, B, and H/anti-MUC5AC and a PLA using a combined lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I)/anti-MUC5AC assay. 34459484 2 100 theme group 269:273 arg1 ABH 275:277 blood group ABH 263:277 blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC 263:439 We investigated the use of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for blood group ABH expressing MUC5AC to differentiate between serous and mucinous OC, to validate preceding observations that also MUC5AC ABH expression is increased in mucinous OC. 34459484 5 101 theme tissue 882:887 arg1 staining 858:865 negative PLA staining 845:865 negative PLA staining of the matched tissue 845:887 A nonsecretor mucinous OC cyst fluid was negative for ABH and displayed negative PLA staining of the matched tissue. 34459484 7 102 theme differentiating 1116:1130 arg1 tumors 1141:1146 differentiating mucinous tumors 1116:1146 differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer 1116:1224 The PLA allowed differentiating mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% both against serous cancer but also compared to tissues from controls. 34459484 10 103 theme mucinous 1712:1719 arg1 OC 1721:1722 mucinous OC 1712:1722 mucinous OC 1712:1722 We conclude that UEA 1/MUC5AC PLA allows glycospecific differentiation between serous and mucinous OC in patients with positive secretor status and will not identify secretor negative individuals with mucinous OC. 34459484 4 104 theme cysts 674:678 arg1 fluids 680:685 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids 634:685 mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides 634:726 The PLAs were verified with mass spectrometry, where mucinous OC secretor positive patients' cysts fluids containing ABH O-linked oligosaccharides also showed positive OC tissue PLA staining. 31920129 4 0 theme Intracellular 472:484 arg1 levels 491:496 Intracellular Ca2+ levels 472:496 Intracellular Ca2+ levels 472:496 Intracellular Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were measured. 31920129 6 1 theme O-GlcNAc 716:723 arg1 augmentation 725:736 O-GlcNAc augmentation 716:736 O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc 716:746 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 2 theme intracellular 806:818 arg1 ROS 820:822 intracellular ROS 806:822 intracellular ROS 806:822 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 1 3 theme inhibitor 161:169 arg1 effect 151:156 the effect 147:156 the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods 147:262 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 6 4 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 624:644 arg1 Levels 605:610 Levels 605:610 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT 605:670 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 0 5 theme Pathway 103:109 arg1 Activation 111:120 AKT Pathway Activation 99:120 AKT Pathway Activation 99:120 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 6 6 theme p 863:863 arg1 stress 855:860 tBHP-induced oxidative stress 832:860 tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05) 832:870 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 6 theme p 863:863 arg1 < .05 865:869 p < .05 863:869 p < .05 863:869 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 7 theme O-linked 615:622 arg1 O-GlcNAc 647:654 O-GlcNAc 647:654 O-GlcNAc 647:654 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 7 theme O-linked 615:622 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 624:644 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 615:644 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 615:655 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 0 8 theme AKT 99:101 arg1 Activation 111:120 AKT Pathway Activation 99:120 AKT Pathway Activation 99:120 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 7 9 theme calcium 930:936 arg1 overload 938:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload 903:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) 903:955 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 7 9 theme calcium 930:936 arg1 < .05 950:954 p < .05 948:954 p < .05 948:954 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 8 10 with cells 1083:1087 arg1 augmentation.Conclusions 1103:1126 O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions 1094:1126 O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions 1094:1126 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 8 11 theme AKT 1048:1050 arg1 signaling 1052:1060 AKT signaling 1048:1060 AKT signaling 1048:1060 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 2 12 theme Cell 390:393 arg1 viability 395:403 Cell viability 390:403 Cell viability 390:403 Cell viability was assessed. 31920129 7 13 with overload 1015:1022 arg1 tBHP 1029:1032 tBHP 1029:1032 tBHP 1029:1032 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 5 14 theme oxygen 566:571 arg1 species 573:579 Intracellular reactive oxygen species 543:579 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation 543:589 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation was measured. 31920129 6 15 theme Western 690:696 arg1 blotting.Results 698:713 Western blotting.Results 690:713 Western blotting.Results 690:713 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 1 16 theme O-glycosylation 174:188 arg1 inhibitor 161:169 inhibitor 161:169 inhibitor of O-glycosylation 161:188 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 0 17 theme Signaling 9:17 arg1 Augmentation 19:30 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation 0:30 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation 0:30 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 4 18 theme mitochondrial 502:514 arg1 levels 521:526 mitochondrial Ca2+ levels 502:526 mitochondrial Ca2+ levels 502:526 Intracellular Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were measured. 31920129 5 19 theme species 573:579 arg1 formation 581:589 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation 543:589 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation 543:589 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation was measured. 31920129 0 20 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 Augmentation 19:30 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation 0:30 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation 0:30 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 6 21 theme oxidative 845:853 arg1 stress 855:860 tBHP-induced oxidative stress 832:860 tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05) 832:870 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 21 theme oxidative 845:853 arg1 < .05 865:869 p < .05 863:869 p < .05 863:869 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 1 22 theme human 193:197 arg1 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 22 theme human 193:197 arg1 cells 219:223 human corneal endothelial cells 193:223 human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods 193:262 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 8 23 theme AKT 1216:1218 arg1 pathways 1220:1227 AKT pathways 1216:1227 AKT pathways 1216:1227 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 7 24 contain have 974:977 arg2 effect 983:988 any effect 979:988 any effect 979:988 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 7 24 contain have 974:977 arg1 it 963:964 it 963:964 it 963:964 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 1 25 from effect 151:156 arg1 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 25 from effect 151:156 arg1 cells 219:223 human corneal endothelial cells 193:223 human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods 193:262 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 26 theme corneal 199:205 arg1 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 26 theme corneal 199:205 arg1 cells 219:223 human corneal endothelial cells 193:223 human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods 193:262 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 8 27 theme signaling 1138:1146 arg1 augmentation 1148:1159 O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation 1129:1159 O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation 1129:1159 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 6 28 theme cell 758:761 arg1 viability 763:771 cell viability 758:771 cell viability 758:771 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 29 theme pAKT 667:670 arg1 Levels 605:610 Levels 605:610 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT 605:670 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 1 30 theme endothelial 207:217 arg1 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 HCECs 226:230 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 30 theme endothelial 207:217 arg1 cells 219:223 human corneal endothelial cells 193:223 human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods 193:262 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 0 31 theme Corneal 47:53 arg1 Cells 67:71 Human Corneal Endothelial Cells 41:71 Human Corneal Endothelial Cells 41:71 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 1 32 theme known 366:370 arg1 inhibitor 372:380 a known inhibitor 364:380 a known inhibitor of OGA 364:387 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 32 theme known 366:370 arg1 PUGNAc 356:361 PUGNAc 356:361 PUGNAc 356:361 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 7 33 theme tBHP-induced 903:914 arg1 overload 938:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload 903:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) 903:955 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 7 33 theme tBHP-induced 903:914 arg1 < .05 950:954 p < .05 948:954 p < .05 948:954 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 3 34 theme membrane 433:440 arg1 potential 442:450 Mitochondrial membrane potential 419:450 Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) 419:456 Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured. 31920129 3 34 theme membrane 433:440 arg1 ΔΨm 453:455 ΔΨm 453:455 ΔΨm 453:455 Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured. 31920129 0 35 theme Human 41:45 arg1 Cells 67:71 Human Corneal Endothelial Cells 41:71 Human Corneal Endothelial Cells 41:71 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 1 36 theme 10 302:303 arg1 mM 305:306 mM 305:306 mM 305:306 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 8 37 theme pathways 1220:1227 arg1 activation 1202:1211 activation 1202:1211 activation of AKT pathways 1202:1227 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 7 38 theme calcium 1007:1013 arg1 overload 1015:1022 intracellular calcium overload 993:1022 intracellular calcium overload with tBHP 993:1032 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 8 39 theme oxidative 1181:1189 arg1 stress 1191:1196 oxidative stress 1181:1196 oxidative stress 1181:1196 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 1 40 theme mM 305:306 arg1 tBHP 334:337 tBHP 334:337 tBHP 334:337 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 40 theme mM 305:306 arg1 hydroperoxide 319:331 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide 302:331 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) 302:338 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 8 41 theme O-GlcNAc 1094:1101 arg1 augmentation.Conclusions 1103:1126 O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions 1094:1126 O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions 1094:1126 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 4 42 theme Ca2+ 516:519 arg1 levels 521:526 mitochondrial Ca2+ levels 502:526 mitochondrial Ca2+ levels 502:526 Intracellular Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were measured. 31920129 0 43 theme Endothelial 55:65 arg1 Cells 67:71 Human Corneal Endothelial Cells 41:71 Human Corneal Endothelial Cells 41:71 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 1 44 theme tert-butyl 308:317 arg1 tBHP 334:337 tBHP 334:337 tBHP 334:337 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 44 theme tert-butyl 308:317 arg1 hydroperoxide 319:331 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide 302:331 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) 302:338 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 6 45 link O-linked 615:622 arg1 O-GlcNAc 647:654 O-GlcNAc 647:654 O-GlcNAc 647:654 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 45 link O-linked 615:622 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 624:644 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 615:644 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 615:655 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 1 46 theme OGA 385:387 arg1 inhibitor 372:380 a known inhibitor 364:380 a known inhibitor of OGA 364:387 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 1 46 theme OGA 385:387 arg1 PUGNAc 356:361 PUGNAc 356:361 PUGNAc 356:361 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 31920129 7 47 theme p 948:948 arg1 overload 938:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload 903:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) 903:955 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 7 47 theme p 948:948 arg1 < .05 950:954 p < .05 948:954 p < .05 948:954 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 5 48 theme Intracellular 543:555 arg1 species 573:579 Intracellular reactive oxygen species 543:579 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation 543:589 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation was measured. 31920129 7 49 theme mitochondrial 916:928 arg1 overload 938:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload 903:945 tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) 903:955 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 7 49 theme mitochondrial 916:928 arg1 < .05 950:954 p < .05 948:954 p < .05 948:954 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 6 50 theme tBHP-induced 832:843 arg1 stress 855:860 tBHP-induced oxidative stress 832:860 tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05) 832:870 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 6 50 theme tBHP-induced 832:843 arg1 < .05 865:869 p < .05 863:869 p < .05 863:869 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 5 51 theme reactive 557:564 arg1 species 573:579 Intracellular reactive oxygen species 543:579 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation 543:589 Intracellular reactive oxygen species formation was measured. 31920129 6 52 theme AKT 658:660 arg1 Levels 605:610 Levels 605:610 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT 605:670 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 7 53 theme intracellular 993:1005 arg1 overload 1015:1022 intracellular calcium overload 993:1022 intracellular calcium overload with tBHP 993:1032 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 6 54 theme ΔΨm 797:799 arg1 loss 789:792 the loss 785:792 the loss of ΔΨm 785:799 Levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), AKT, and pAKT were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: O-GlcNAc augmentation by PUGNAc increased cell viability, attenuated the loss of ΔΨm, and intracellular ROS against tBHP-induced oxidative stress (p < .05). 31920129 0 55 theme Oxidative 78:86 arg1 Stress 88:93 Oxidative Stress 78:93 Oxidative Stress 78:93 O-GlcNAc Signaling Augmentation Protects Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress via AKT Pathway Activation. 31920129 3 56 theme Mitochondrial 419:431 arg1 potential 442:450 Mitochondrial membrane potential 419:450 Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) 419:456 Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured. 31920129 3 56 theme Mitochondrial 419:431 arg1 ΔΨm 453:455 ΔΨm 453:455 ΔΨm 453:455 Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured. 31920129 8 57 theme O-GlcNAc 1129:1136 arg1 augmentation 1148:1159 O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation 1129:1159 O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation 1129:1159 Furthermore, AKT signaling was activated in the cells with O-GlcNAc augmentation.Conclusions: O-GlcNAc signaling augmentation protects HCECs from oxidative stress via activation of AKT pathways. 31920129 4 58 theme Ca2+ 486:489 arg1 levels 491:496 Intracellular Ca2+ levels 472:496 Intracellular Ca2+ levels 472:496 Intracellular Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were measured. 31920129 7 59 theme O-GlcNAc 873:880 arg1 augmentation 882:893 O-GlcNAc augmentation 873:893 O-GlcNAc augmentation 873:893 O-GlcNAc augmentation reduced tBHP-induced mitochondrial calcium overload (p < .05) while it did not have any effect on intracellular calcium overload with tBHP. 31920129 1 60 theme oxidative 239:247 arg1 stress.Methods 249:262 oxidative stress.Methods 239:262 oxidative stress.Methods 239:262 Purpose: To investigate the effect of inhibitor of O-glycosylation on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) under oxidative stress.Methods: HCECs were cultured and treated with 10 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with or without PUGNAc, a known inhibitor of OGA. 32143314 5 0 theme Coriander 627:635 arg1 activity 670:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 2 1 from Biotyper 404:411 arg1 surfaces 433:440 glass and wooden surfaces 416:440 surfaces 433:440 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 2 2 theme maltophilia 338:348 arg1 profile 311:317 the biofilm profile 299:317 the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 299:370 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 7 3 theme oil 911:913 arg1 activity 875:882 The strongest antibiofilm activity 849:882 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil 849:913 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil was found against S. maltophilia. 32143314 4 4 theme essential 568:576 arg1 oil 578:580 the coriander essential oil 554:580 the coriander essential oil in the present study 554:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 6 5 theme Coriander 705:713 arg1 oil 725:727 Coriander essential oil 705:727 Coriander essential oil 705:727 Coriander essential oil expressed the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum. 32143314 5 6 theme essential 637:645 arg1 activity 670:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 8 7 theme early 998:1002 arg1 variants 1011:1018 early growth variants 998:1018 early growth variants of S. maltophilia 998:1036 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 8 8 theme planktonic 1049:1058 arg1 cells 1060:1064 planktonic cells 1049:1064 planktonic cells 1049:1064 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 1 9 theme antibiofilm 226:236 arg1 activity 238:245 antibiofilm activity 226:245 antibiofilm activity 226:245 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 0 10 theme Essential 89:97 arg1 Oil 99:101 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil 55:101 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods 55:130 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 1 11 dep Coriandrum 254:263 arg1 sativum 265:271 sativum 265:271 sativum 265:271 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 5 12 theme oil 647:649 arg1 activity 670:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 2 13 from Changes 288:294 arg1 profile 311:317 the biofilm profile 299:317 the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 299:370 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 4 14 from oil 578:580 arg1 study 597:601 the present study 585:601 the present study 585:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 5 15 theme radical 651:657 arg1 activity 670:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 4 16 theme oil 578:580 arg1 % 624:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 4 16 theme oil 578:580 arg1 compounds 541:549 The major volatile compounds 522:549 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study 522:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 8 17 theme growth 1004:1009 arg1 variants 1011:1018 early growth variants 998:1018 early growth variants of S. maltophilia 998:1036 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 9 18 theme air 1427:1429 arg1 µL/L 1419:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 9 18 theme air 1427:1429 arg1 367.19 1395:1400 MID50 367.19 1389:1400 MID50 367.19 1389:1400 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 0 19 theme Oil 99:101 arg1 Antimicrobial 13:25 Antimicrobial 13:25 Antimicrobial 13:25 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 0 19 theme Oil 99:101 arg1 Activity 43:50 Antibiofilm Activity 31:50 Antibiofilm Activity 31:50 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 0 19 theme Oil 99:101 arg1 Antioxidant 0:10 Antioxidant 0:10 Antioxidant 0:10 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 9 20 theme 445.92 1412:1417 arg1 µL/L 1419:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 7 21 theme strongest 853:861 arg1 activity 875:882 The strongest antibiofilm activity 849:882 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil 849:913 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil was found against S. maltophilia. 32143314 1 22 theme study 149:153 arg1 aim 137:139 The aim 133:139 The aim of this study 133:153 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 7 23 theme antibiofilm 863:873 arg1 activity 875:882 The strongest antibiofilm activity 849:882 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil 849:913 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil was found against S. maltophilia. 32143314 2 24 theme wooden 426:431 arg1 surfaces 433:440 glass and wooden surfaces 416:440 surfaces 433:440 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 8 25 theme experimental 1074:1085 arg1 groups 1087:1092 all experimental groups 1070:1092 all experimental groups 1070:1092 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 2 26 theme subtilis 363:370 arg1 profile 311:317 the biofilm profile 299:317 the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 299:370 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 4 27 from compounds 541:549 arg1 study 597:601 the present study 585:601 the present study 585:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 1 28 theme Coriandrum 254:263 arg1 oil 283:285 the Coriandrum sativum essential oil 250:285 the Coriandrum sativum essential oil 250:285 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 8 29 theme time 1098:1101 arg1 span 1103:1106 time span 1098:1106 time span 1098:1106 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 8 30 theme maltophilia 1026:1036 arg1 variants 1011:1018 early growth variants 998:1018 early growth variants of S. maltophilia 998:1036 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 0 31 dep Coriandrum 66:75 arg1 L. 85:86 Coriandrum sativum L. 66:86 Coriandrum sativum L. 66:86 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 9 32 with days 1379:1382 arg1 µL/L 1419:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 9 32 with days 1379:1382 arg1 367.19 1395:1400 MID50 367.19 1389:1400 MID50 367.19 1389:1400 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 3 33 theme molecular 447:455 arg1 well 516:519 well 516:519 well 516:519 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. 32143314 3 33 theme molecular 447:455 arg1 differences 457:467 The molecular differences 443:467 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days 443:497 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. 32143314 2 34 theme glass 416:420 arg1 surfaces 433:440 glass and wooden surfaces 416:440 surfaces 433:440 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 9 35 theme vapor 1358:1362 arg1 phase 1364:1368 the vapor phase 1354:1368 the vapor phase 1354:1368 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 9 36 from phase 1364:1368 arg1 effective 1301:1309 effective 1301:1309 effective 1301:1309 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 4 37 theme β-linalool 608:617 arg1 % 624:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 4 37 theme β-linalool 608:617 arg1 compounds 541:549 The major volatile compounds 522:549 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study 522:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 9 38 from effective 1301:1309 arg1 phase 1364:1368 the vapor phase 1354:1368 the vapor phase 1354:1368 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 1 39 theme essential 273:281 arg1 oil 283:285 the Coriandrum sativum essential oil 250:285 the Coriandrum sativum essential oil 250:285 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 5 40 theme inhibition 693:702 arg1 inhibition 693:702 inhibition 693:702 inhibition 693:702 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 5 40 theme inhibition 693:702 arg1 % 688:688 51.05% 683:688 51.05% of inhibition 683:702 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 1 41 theme chemical 173:180 arg1 composition 182:192 the chemical composition 169:192 the chemical composition 169:192 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 9 42 theme MID90 1406:1410 arg1 µL/L 1419:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 MID90 445.92 µL/L 1406:1422 The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. 32143314 2 43 theme MS 401:402 arg1 Biotyper 404:411 MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper 391:411 MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces 391:440 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 0 44 theme Antibiofilm 31:41 arg1 Activity 43:50 Antibiofilm Activity 31:50 Antibiofilm Activity 31:50 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 0 44 theme Antibiofilm 31:41 arg1 Antioxidant 0:10 Antioxidant 0:10 Antioxidant 0:10 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 1 45 theme oil 283:285 arg1 antimicrobial 208:220 antimicrobial 208:220 antimicrobial 208:220 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 1 45 theme oil 283:285 arg1 activity 238:245 antibiofilm activity 226:245 antibiofilm activity 226:245 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 1 45 theme oil 283:285 arg1 antioxidant 195:205 antioxidant 195:205 antioxidant 195:205 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 1 45 theme oil 283:285 arg1 composition 182:192 the chemical composition 169:192 the chemical composition 169:192 The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. 32143314 4 46 theme coriander 558:566 arg1 oil 578:580 the coriander essential oil 554:580 the coriander essential oil in the present study 554:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 2 47 theme MALDI-TOF 391:399 arg1 MS 401:402 MALDI-TOF MS 391:402 MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces 391:440 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 0 48 theme Coriander 55:63 arg1 Oil 99:101 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil 55:101 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods 55:130 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 5 49 theme scavenging 659:668 arg1 activity 670:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity 627:677 Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. 32143314 4 50 theme volatile 532:539 arg1 % 624:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 4 50 theme volatile 532:539 arg1 compounds 541:549 The major volatile compounds 522:549 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study 522:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 6 51 theme antibacterial 753:765 arg1 activity 767:774 the strongest antibacterial activity 739:774 the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum 739:846 Coriander essential oil expressed the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum. 32143314 4 52 theme major 526:530 arg1 % 624:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 4 52 theme major 526:530 arg1 compounds 541:549 The major volatile compounds 522:549 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study 522:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 8 53 theme grouping 1132:1139 arg1 pattern 1141:1147 the grouping pattern 1128:1147 the grouping pattern of B. subtilis 1128:1162 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 6 54 theme strongest 743:751 arg1 activity 767:774 the strongest antibacterial activity 739:774 the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum 739:846 Coriander essential oil expressed the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum. 32143314 3 55 theme different 484:492 arg1 days 494:497 different days 484:497 different days 484:497 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. 32143314 3 56 from differences 457:467 arg1 days 494:497 different days 484:497 different days 484:497 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. 32143314 2 57 theme biofilm 303:309 arg1 profile 311:317 the biofilm profile 299:317 the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis 299:370 Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. 32143314 4 58 theme present 589:595 arg1 study 597:601 the present study 585:601 the present study 585:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 3 59 theme biofilms 472:479 arg1 well 516:519 well 516:519 well 516:519 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. 32143314 3 59 theme biofilms 472:479 arg1 differences 457:467 The molecular differences 443:467 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days 443:497 The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. 32143314 8 60 theme clear 1227:1231 arg1 differences 1233:1243 clear differences 1227:1243 clear differences among variants 1227:1258 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 7 61 theme coriander 891:899 arg1 oil 911:913 the coriander essential oil 887:913 the coriander essential oil 887:913 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil was found against S. maltophilia. 32143314 8 62 theme differentiated 959:972 arg1 branch 974:979 A clearly differentiated branch 949:979 A clearly differentiated branch 949:979 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 0 63 from Application 111:121 arg1 Foods 126:130 Foods 126:130 Foods 126:130 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. 32143314 4 64 from study 597:601 arg1 % 624:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 β-linalool 66.07% 608:624 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 4 64 from study 597:601 arg1 compounds 541:549 The major volatile compounds 522:549 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study 522:601 The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. 32143314 8 65 theme media 1201:1205 arg1 matrix 1207:1212 the media matrix 1197:1212 the media matrix 1197:1212 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 32143314 6 66 theme essential 715:723 arg1 oil 725:727 Coriander essential oil 705:727 Coriander essential oil 705:727 Coriander essential oil expressed the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum. 32143314 7 67 theme essential 901:909 arg1 oil 911:913 the coriander essential oil 887:913 the coriander essential oil 887:913 The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil was found against S. maltophilia. 32143314 8 68 theme subtilis 1155:1162 arg1 pattern 1141:1147 the grouping pattern 1128:1147 the grouping pattern of B. subtilis 1128:1162 A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. 33192538 6 0 dep in 1229:1230 arg1 vivo 1232:1235 vivo 1232:1235 vivo 1232:1235 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 3 1 link O-linked 659:666 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 668:686 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 659:686 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 659:713 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 3 1 link O-linked 659:666 arg1 GlcNAc 689:694 GlcNAc 689:694 GlcNAc 689:694 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 7 2 theme phosphate-induced 1393:1409 arg1 rats 1430:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 OGT was highly expressed in high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats and VSMCs. 33192538 10 3 theme KEAP1/NRF2 1762:1771 arg1 axis 1773:1776 the KEAP1/NRF2 axis 1758:1776 the KEAP1/NRF2 axis 1758:1776 OGT inhibits VSMC autophagy through the KEAP1/NRF2 axis and thus accelerates high phosphate-induced VC in CKD. 33192538 5 4 dep in 1008:1009 arg1 vivo 1011:1014 vivo 1011:1014 vivo 1011:1014 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 3 5 theme phosphate-induced 723:739 arg1 VC 741:742 high phosphate-induced VC 718:742 high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings 718:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 5 6 from VC 982:983 arg1 aorta 997:1001 thoracic aorta 988:1001 thoracic aorta 988:1001 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 3 7 from VC 741:742 arg1 settings 751:758 CKD settings 747:758 CKD settings 747:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 3 8 theme current 587:593 arg1 study 595:599 the current study 583:599 the current study 583:599 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 1 9 theme phosphate 217:225 arg1 effects 206:212 the effects 202:212 the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 202:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 6 10 theme nuclear 1308:1314 arg1 factor 1343:1348 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 1308:1350 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) 1308:1357 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 6 10 theme nuclear 1308:1314 arg1 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 1 11 theme chronic 388:394 arg1 disease 403:409 chronic kidney disease 388:409 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 388:415 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 11 theme chronic 388:394 arg1 CKD 412:414 CKD 412:414 CKD 412:414 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 12 theme vascular 230:237 arg1 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 12 theme vascular 230:237 arg1 cells 253:257 vascular smooth muscle cells 230:257 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 230:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 4 13 from models 842:847 arg1 rats 806:809 5/6 nephrectomized rats 787:809 5/6 nephrectomized rats 787:809 We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. 33192538 1 14 theme muscle 246:251 arg1 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 14 theme muscle 246:251 arg1 cells 253:257 vascular smooth muscle cells 230:257 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 230:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 10 15 theme phosphate-induced 1804:1820 arg1 VC 1822:1823 high phosphate-induced VC 1799:1823 high phosphate-induced VC in CKD 1799:1830 OGT inhibits VSMC autophagy through the KEAP1/NRF2 axis and thus accelerates high phosphate-induced VC in CKD. 33192538 1 16 with patients 374:381 arg1 disease 403:409 chronic kidney disease 388:409 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 388:415 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 16 with patients 374:381 arg1 CKD 412:414 CKD 412:414 CKD 412:414 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 6 17 theme associated 1195:1204 arg1 protein 1206:1212 ECH associated protein 1 1191:1214 ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1) 1191:1222 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 6 17 theme associated 1195:1204 arg1 KEAP1 1217:1221 KEAP1 1217:1221 KEAP1 1217:1221 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 1 18 theme complex 161:167 arg1 pathways 180:187 the complex regulatory pathways 157:187 the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 157:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 0 19 theme High 73:76 arg1 Calcification 105:117 High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification 73:117 High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease 73:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 1 20 theme vascular 343:350 arg1 VC 367:368 VC 367:368 VC 367:368 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 20 theme vascular 343:350 arg1 calcification 352:364 vascular calcification 343:364 vascular calcification (VC) 343:369 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 2 21 theme VSMC 499:502 arg1 autophagy 504:512 VSMC autophagy 499:512 VSMC autophagy 499:512 Our previous studies have highlighted several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 33192538 0 22 theme Vascular 96:103 arg1 Calcification 105:117 High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification 73:117 High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease 73:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 6 23 theme factor 1343:1348 arg1 extent 1298:1303 ubiquitination extent 1283:1303 ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) 1283:1357 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 4 24 from models 777:782 arg1 rats 806:809 5/6 nephrectomized rats 787:809 5/6 nephrectomized rats 787:809 We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. 33192538 5 25 theme VSMC 963:966 arg1 autophagy 968:976 VSMC autophagy 963:976 VSMC autophagy 963:976 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 10 26 from VC 1822:1823 arg1 CKD 1828:1830 CKD 1828:1830 CKD 1828:1830 OGT inhibits VSMC autophagy through the KEAP1/NRF2 axis and thus accelerates high phosphate-induced VC in CKD. 33192538 8 27 theme phosphate-induced 1487:1503 arg1 calcification 1505:1517 high phosphate-induced calcification 1482:1517 high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs 1482:1526 OGT silencing was shown to suppress high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. 33192538 0 28 theme Kidney 130:135 arg1 Disease 137:143 Chronic Kidney Disease 122:143 Chronic Kidney Disease 122:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 9 29 theme KEAP1 1542:1546 arg1 glycosylation 1548:1560 KEAP1 glycosylation 1542:1560 KEAP1 glycosylation 1542:1560 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 3 30 from relevance 646:654 arg1 VC 741:742 high phosphate-induced VC 718:742 high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings 718:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 0 31 theme OGT-Mediated 0:11 arg1 Glycosylation 19:31 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation 0:31 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation 0:31 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 4 32 theme VSMC 823:826 arg1 models 842:847 VSMC calcification models 823:847 VSMC calcification models 823:847 We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. 33192538 5 33 theme OGT 956:958 arg1 role 948:951 the role 944:951 the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta 944:1001 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 5 34 dep OGT 884:886 arg1 overexpression 903:916 overexpression 903:916 overexpression 903:916 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 5 34 dep OGT 884:886 arg1 knockdown 889:897 knockdown 889:897 knockdown 889:897 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 0 35 theme NRF2 45:48 arg1 Degradation 50:60 NRF2 Degradation 45:60 NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease 45:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 2 36 theme signaling 464:472 arg1 networks 474:481 several signaling networks 456:481 several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy 456:512 Our previous studies have highlighted several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 33192538 3 37 theme O-linked 659:666 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 668:686 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 659:686 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 659:713 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 3 37 theme O-linked 659:666 arg1 GlcNAc 689:694 GlcNAc 689:694 GlcNAc 689:694 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 9 38 theme NRF2 1619:1622 arg1 ubiquitination 1601:1614 ubiquitination 1601:1614 ubiquitination 1601:1614 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 9 38 theme NRF2 1619:1622 arg1 degradation 1585:1595 degradation 1585:1595 degradation 1585:1595 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 5 39 from role 948:951 arg1 VC 982:983 VC 982:983 VC 982:983 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 5 39 from role 948:951 arg1 autophagy 968:976 VSMC autophagy 963:976 VSMC autophagy 963:976 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 5 40 dep in 1054:1055 arg1 vitro 1057:1061 vitro 1057:1061 vitro 1057:1061 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 3 41 theme high 718:721 arg1 VC 741:742 high phosphate-induced VC 718:742 high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings 718:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 1 42 from effects 332:338 arg1 patients 374:381 patients 374:381 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) 374:415 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 9 43 theme VSMC 1649:1652 arg1 autophagy 1654:1662 VSMC autophagy 1649:1662 VSMC autophagy 1649:1662 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 6 44 theme ubiquitination 1237:1250 arg1 assay 1252:1256 in vivo ubiquitination assay 1229:1256 in vivo ubiquitination assay 1229:1256 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 1 45 theme novel 279:283 arg1 targets 285:291 novel targets 279:291 novel targets 279:291 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 7 46 theme 5/6 1411:1413 arg1 rats 1430:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 OGT was highly expressed in high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats and VSMCs. 33192538 3 47 theme CKD 747:749 arg1 settings 751:758 CKD settings 747:758 CKD settings 747:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 6 48 theme in 1229:1230 arg1 assay 1252:1256 in vivo ubiquitination assay 1229:1256 in vivo ubiquitination assay 1229:1256 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 7 49 theme nephrectomized 1415:1428 arg1 rats 1430:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 OGT was highly expressed in high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats and VSMCs. 33192538 9 50 theme VSMC 1675:1678 arg1 calcification 1680:1692 VSMC calcification 1675:1692 VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1675:1719 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 7 51 theme high 1388:1391 arg1 rats 1430:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1388:1433 OGT was highly expressed in high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats and VSMCs. 33192538 10 52 theme high 1799:1802 arg1 VC 1822:1823 high phosphate-induced VC 1799:1823 high phosphate-induced VC in CKD 1799:1830 OGT inhibits VSMC autophagy through the KEAP1/NRF2 axis and thus accelerates high phosphate-induced VC in CKD. 33192538 5 53 theme OGT 884:886 arg1 modulation 870:879 Artificial modulation 859:879 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) 859:917 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 9 54 from calcification 1680:1692 arg1 rats 1716:1719 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1697:1719 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1697:1719 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 5 55 used used 1033:1036 arg2 experiments 1016:1026 in vivo experiments 1008:1026 in vivo experiments 1008:1026 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 6 56 theme factor 1316:1321 arg1 factor 1343:1348 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 1308:1350 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) 1308:1357 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 6 56 theme factor 1316:1321 arg1 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 9 57 theme nephrectomized 1701:1714 arg1 rats 1716:1719 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1697:1719 5/6 nephrectomized rats 1697:1719 OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. 33192538 0 58 from Calcification 105:117 arg1 Disease 137:143 Chronic Kidney Disease 122:143 Chronic Kidney Disease 122:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 1 59 theme kidney 396:401 arg1 disease 403:409 chronic kidney disease 388:409 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 388:415 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 59 theme kidney 396:401 arg1 CKD 412:414 CKD 412:414 CKD 412:414 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 60 theme smooth 239:244 arg1 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 60 theme smooth 239:244 arg1 cells 253:257 vascular smooth muscle cells 230:257 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 230:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 6 61 theme ubiquitination 1283:1296 arg1 extent 1298:1303 ubiquitination extent 1283:1303 ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) 1283:1357 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 8 62 theme OGT 1446:1448 arg1 silencing 1450:1458 OGT silencing 1446:1458 OGT silencing 1446:1458 OGT silencing was shown to suppress high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. 33192538 3 63 theme functional 635:644 arg1 relevance 646:654 the functional relevance 631:654 the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings 631:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 6 64 theme ECH 1191:1193 arg1 protein 1206:1212 ECH associated protein 1 1191:1214 ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1) 1191:1222 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 6 64 theme ECH 1191:1193 arg1 KEAP1 1217:1221 KEAP1 1217:1221 KEAP1 1217:1221 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 0 65 theme Phosphate-Induced 78:94 arg1 Calcification 105:117 High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification 73:117 High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease 73:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 1 66 theme regulatory 169:178 arg1 pathways 180:187 the complex regulatory pathways 157:187 the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 157:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 67 theme calcification 352:364 arg1 effects 332:338 the destructive effects 316:338 the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) 316:415 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 68 from effects 206:212 arg1 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 VSMCs 260:264 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 1 68 from effects 206:212 arg1 cells 253:257 vascular smooth muscle cells 230:257 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) 230:265 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 8 69 theme high 1482:1485 arg1 calcification 1505:1517 high phosphate-induced calcification 1482:1517 high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs 1482:1526 OGT silencing was shown to suppress high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. 33192538 0 70 theme Chronic 122:128 arg1 Disease 137:143 Chronic Kidney Disease 122:143 Chronic Kidney Disease 122:143 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 2 71 theme underlying 523:532 arg1 mechanisms 534:543 the underlying mechanisms 519:543 the underlying mechanisms 519:543 Our previous studies have highlighted several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 33192538 4 72 theme VC 774:775 arg1 models 777:782 VC models 774:782 VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats 774:809 We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. 33192538 6 73 theme 2-related 1333:1341 arg1 factor 1343:1348 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 1308:1350 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) 1308:1357 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 6 73 theme 2-related 1333:1341 arg1 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 8 74 theme VSMCs 1522:1526 arg1 calcification 1505:1517 high phosphate-induced calcification 1482:1517 high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs 1482:1526 OGT silencing was shown to suppress high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. 33192538 0 75 theme KEAP1 13:17 arg1 Glycosylation 19:31 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation 0:31 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation 0:31 OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. 33192538 5 76 theme in 1054:1055 arg1 findings 1063:1070 in vitro findings 1054:1070 in vitro findings 1054:1070 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 2 77 theme previous 422:429 arg1 studies 431:437 Our previous studies 418:437 Our previous studies 418:437 Our previous studies have highlighted several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 33192538 3 78 theme N-acetylglucosamine 668:686 arg1 OGT 710:712 OGT 710:712 OGT 710:712 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 3 78 theme N-acetylglucosamine 668:686 arg1 transferase 697:707 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase 659:707 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 659:713 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 6 79 theme erythroid 1323:1331 arg1 factor 1343:1348 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 1308:1350 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) 1308:1357 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 6 79 theme erythroid 1323:1331 arg1 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 NRF2 1353:1356 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 1 80 theme destructive 320:330 arg1 effects 332:338 the destructive effects 316:338 the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) 316:415 Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 33192538 5 81 theme in 1008:1009 arg1 experiments 1016:1026 in vivo experiments 1008:1026 in vivo experiments 1008:1026 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 2 82 theme several 456:462 arg1 networks 474:481 several signaling networks 456:481 several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy 456:512 Our previous studies have highlighted several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 33192538 3 83 theme transferase 697:707 arg1 relevance 646:654 the functional relevance 631:654 the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings 631:758 Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. 33192538 4 84 theme calcification 828:840 arg1 models 842:847 VSMC calcification models 823:847 VSMC calcification models 823:847 We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. 33192538 4 85 theme nephrectomized 791:804 arg1 rats 806:809 5/6 nephrectomized rats 787:809 5/6 nephrectomized rats 787:809 We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. 33192538 5 86 theme Artificial 859:868 arg1 modulation 870:879 Artificial modulation 859:879 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) 859:917 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 5 87 theme thoracic 988:995 arg1 aorta 997:1001 thoracic aorta 988:1001 thoracic aorta 988:1001 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 33192538 6 88 theme co-immunoprecipitation 1090:1111 arg1 assay 1121:1125 co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay 1090:1125 co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay 1090:1125 Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). 33192538 10 89 theme VSMC 1735:1738 arg1 autophagy 1740:1748 VSMC autophagy 1735:1748 VSMC autophagy 1735:1748 OGT inhibits VSMC autophagy through the KEAP1/NRF2 axis and thus accelerates high phosphate-induced VC in CKD. 33192538 5 90 from autophagy 968:976 arg1 aorta 997:1001 thoracic aorta 988:1001 thoracic aorta 988:1001 Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. 34091137 7 0 theme IBU 1302:1304 arg1 exposure 1306:1313 long-term IBU exposure 1292:1313 long-term IBU exposure 1292:1313 These findings provided insight into both activated sludge stress-responses and EPS composition under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 6 1 theme I. 1091:1092 arg1 proteins 1101:1108 phase I. TB-EPS proteins 1085:1108 phase I. TB-EPS proteins 1085:1108 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 2 2 dep 10 498:499 arg1 each 514:517 each 514:517 each 514:517 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 1 3 theme long-term 333:341 arg1 exposure 347:354 long-term IBU exposure 333:354 long-term IBU exposure 333:354 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 4 4 theme IBU 760:762 arg1 presence 748:755 the presence 744:755 the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) 744:787 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 8 5 theme Spearman 1316:1323 arg1 correlation 1325:1335 Spearman correlation 1316:1335 Spearman correlation 1316:1335 Spearman correlation showed that EPS and morphological parameters significantly affected sludge settleability and flocculation. 34091137 1 6 theme synthetic 235:243 arg1 IBU 278:280 IBU 278:280 IBU 278:280 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 6 theme synthetic 235:243 arg1 ibuprofen 267:275 synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen 235:275 synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) 235:281 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 6 7 theme microbial 1155:1163 arg1 cells 1165:1169 microbial cells 1155:1169 microbial cells 1155:1169 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 1 8 theme IBU 343:345 arg1 exposure 347:354 long-term IBU exposure 333:354 long-term IBU exposure 333:354 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 9 theme wastewater 245:254 arg1 IBU 278:280 IBU 278:280 IBU 278:280 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 9 theme wastewater 245:254 arg1 ibuprofen 267:275 synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen 235:275 synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) 235:281 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 4 10 theme image 819:823 arg1 QIA 835:837 QIA 835:837 QIA 835:837 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 4 10 theme image 819:823 arg1 analysis 825:832 quantitative image analysis 806:832 quantitative image analysis (QIA) 806:838 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 6 11 theme bound 1029:1033 arg1 TB-EPS 1040:1045 TB-EPS 1040:1045 TB-EPS 1040:1045 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 6 11 theme bound 1029:1033 arg1 EPS 1035:1037 tightly bound EPS 1021:1037 tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 1021:1046 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 7 12 theme activated 1232:1240 arg1 stress-responses 1249:1264 activated sludge stress-responses 1232:1264 activated sludge stress-responses 1232:1264 These findings provided insight into both activated sludge stress-responses and EPS composition under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 13 theme containing 256:265 arg1 IBU 278:280 IBU 278:280 IBU 278:280 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 13 theme containing 256:265 arg1 ibuprofen 267:275 synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen 235:275 synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) 235:281 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 7 14 theme EPS 1270:1272 arg1 composition 1274:1284 EPS composition 1270:1284 EPS composition 1270:1284 These findings provided insight into both activated sludge stress-responses and EPS composition under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 5 15 theme Removal 841:847 arg1 efficiencies 849:860 Removal efficiencies 841:860 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) 841:912 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 1 16 theme Batch 175:179 arg1 SBR 190:192 SBR 190:192 SBR 190:192 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 16 theme Batch 175:179 arg1 Reactor 181:187 A Sequencing Batch Reactor 162:187 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge 162:215 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 4 17 dep IBU 760:762 arg1 phase 765:769 phase II 765:772 phase II 765:772 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 4 17 dep IBU 760:762 arg1 phase 778:782 phase III 778:786 phase III 778:786 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 7 18 theme sludge 1242:1247 arg1 stress-responses 1249:1264 activated sludge stress-responses 1232:1264 activated sludge stress-responses 1232:1264 These findings provided insight into both activated sludge stress-responses and EPS composition under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 9 19 theme activated 1520:1528 arg1 sludge 1530:1535 activated sludge 1520:1535 activated sludge 1520:1535 QIA also proved to be a powerful technique in investigating dysfunctions in activated sludge under IBU exposure. 34091137 1 20 theme Sequencing 164:173 arg1 SBR 190:192 SBR 190:192 SBR 190:192 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 1 20 theme Sequencing 164:173 arg1 Reactor 181:187 A Sequencing Batch Reactor 162:187 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge 162:215 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 5 21 theme oxygen 874:879 arg1 COD 889:891 COD 889:891 COD 889:891 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 5 21 theme oxygen 874:879 arg1 demand 881:886 chemical oxygen demand 865:886 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 865:892 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 0 22 theme quantitative 133:144 arg1 analysis 152:159 quantitative image analysis 133:159 quantitative image analysis 133:159 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 2 23 theme different 370:378 arg1 phases 380:385 3 different phases 368:385 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each 368:517 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 23 theme different 370:378 arg1 phase 460:464 phase III 460:468 phase III (60 days) 460:478 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 23 theme different 370:378 arg1 phase 388:392 phase I 388:394 phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days 388:433 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 23 theme different 370:378 arg1 phase 436:440 phase II 436:443 phase II (40 days) 436:453 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 3 24 theme polymeric 584:592 arg1 EPS 606:608 EPS 606:608 EPS 606:608 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 3 24 theme polymeric 584:592 arg1 substances 594:603 the extracellular polymeric substances 566:603 the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 547:609 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 3 25 theme proteins 640:647 arg1 terms 614:618 terms 614:618 terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 614:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 5 26 theme ammonium 898:905 arg1 efficiencies 849:860 Removal efficiencies 841:860 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) 841:912 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 6 27 theme phase 1085:1089 arg1 proteins 1101:1108 phase I. TB-EPS proteins 1085:1108 phase I. TB-EPS proteins 1085:1108 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 4 28 theme Morphological 692:704 arg1 parameters 706:715 Morphological parameters 692:715 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) 692:787 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 0 29 theme microbial 110:118 arg1 structure 120:128 microbial structure 110:128 microbial structure 110:128 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 3 30 from performance 532:542 arg1 terms 614:618 terms 614:618 terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 614:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 2 31 contain containing 480:489 arg1 phases 380:385 3 different phases 368:385 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each 368:517 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 31 contain containing 480:489 arg2 IBU 491:493 IBU 491:493 IBU 491:493 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 31 contain containing 480:489 arg1 phase 388:392 phase I 388:394 phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days 388:433 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 0 32 theme ibuprofen 10:18 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition 0:89 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 0 32 theme ibuprofen 10:18 arg1 assessment 96:105 assessment 96:105 assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis 96:159 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 3 33 theme polysaccharides 623:637 arg1 terms 614:618 terms 614:618 terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 614:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 3 34 theme SBR 551:553 arg1 performance 532:542 The overall performance 520:542 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 520:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 0 35 theme polymeric 37:45 arg1 EPS 59:61 EPS 59:61 EPS 59:61 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 0 35 theme polymeric 37:45 arg1 substances 47:56 extracellular polymeric substances 23:56 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 5 36 theme demand 881:886 arg1 efficiencies 849:860 Removal efficiencies 841:860 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) 841:912 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 4 37 theme quantitative 806:817 arg1 QIA 835:837 QIA 835:837 QIA 835:837 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 4 37 theme quantitative 806:817 arg1 analysis 825:832 quantitative image analysis 806:832 quantitative image analysis (QIA) 806:838 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 9 38 from dysfunctions 1504:1515 arg1 sludge 1530:1535 activated sludge 1520:1535 activated sludge 1520:1535 QIA also proved to be a powerful technique in investigating dysfunctions in activated sludge under IBU exposure. 34091137 0 39 theme extracellular 23:35 arg1 EPS 59:61 EPS 59:61 EPS 59:61 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 0 39 theme extracellular 23:35 arg1 substances 47:56 extracellular polymeric substances 23:56 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 3 40 theme acid 660:663 arg1 substances 665:674 humic acid substances 654:674 humic acid substances 654:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 0 41 theme structure 120:128 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition 0:89 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 0 41 theme structure 120:128 arg1 assessment 96:105 assessment 96:105 assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis 96:159 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 3 42 theme humic 654:658 arg1 substances 665:674 humic acid substances 654:674 humic acid substances 654:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 3 43 theme substances 665:674 arg1 terms 614:618 terms 614:618 terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 614:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 0 44 theme image 146:150 arg1 analysis 152:159 quantitative image analysis 133:159 quantitative image analysis 133:159 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 8 45 theme morphological 1357:1369 arg1 parameters 1371:1380 morphological parameters 1357:1380 morphological parameters 1357:1380 Spearman correlation showed that EPS and morphological parameters significantly affected sludge settleability and flocculation. 34091137 4 46 theme aggregates 730:739 arg1 parameters 706:715 Morphological parameters 692:715 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) 692:787 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 0 47 theme substances 47:56 arg1 production 64:73 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 1 48 with Reactor 181:187 arg1 sludge 210:215 activated sludge 200:215 activated sludge 200:215 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 0 49 from assessment 96:105 arg1 production 64:73 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 0 49 from assessment 96:105 arg1 composition 79:89 composition 79:89 composition 79:89 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 4 50 theme microbial 720:728 arg1 aggregates 730:739 microbial aggregates 720:739 microbial aggregates 720:739 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 1 51 theme biomass 302:308 arg1 stress-responses 310:325 the biomass stress-responses 298:325 the biomass stress-responses 298:325 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 3 52 theme extracellular 570:582 arg1 EPS 606:608 EPS 606:608 EPS 606:608 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 3 52 theme extracellular 570:582 arg1 substances 594:603 the extracellular polymeric substances 566:603 the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 547:609 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 3 53 theme overall 524:530 arg1 performance 532:542 The overall performance 520:542 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 520:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 4 54 from parameters 706:715 arg1 presence 748:755 the presence 744:755 the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) 744:787 Morphological parameters of microbial aggregates in the presence of IBU (phase II and phase III) were assessed by quantitative image analysis (QIA). 34091137 9 55 theme IBU 1543:1545 arg1 exposure 1547:1554 IBU exposure 1543:1554 IBU exposure 1543:1554 QIA also proved to be a powerful technique in investigating dysfunctions in activated sludge under IBU exposure. 34091137 1 56 theme activated 200:208 arg1 sludge 210:215 activated sludge 200:215 activated sludge 200:215 A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with activated sludge was operated with synthetic wastewater containing ibuprofen (IBU) to investigate the biomass stress-responses under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 6 57 theme TB-EPS 1094:1099 arg1 proteins 1101:1108 phase I. TB-EPS proteins 1085:1108 phase I. TB-EPS proteins 1085:1108 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 5 58 theme chemical 865:872 arg1 COD 889:891 COD 889:891 COD 889:891 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 5 58 theme chemical 865:872 arg1 demand 881:886 chemical oxygen demand 865:886 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 865:892 Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+) were significantly reduced by IBU. 34091137 9 59 theme powerful 1468:1475 arg1 technique 1477:1485 a powerful technique 1466:1485 a powerful technique 1466:1485 QIA also proved to be a powerful technique in investigating dysfunctions in activated sludge under IBU exposure. 34091137 9 59 theme powerful 1468:1475 arg1 QIA 1444:1446 QIA 1444:1446 QIA 1444:1446 QIA also proved to be a powerful technique in investigating dysfunctions in activated sludge under IBU exposure. 34091137 3 60 theme substances 594:603 arg1 performance 532:542 The overall performance 520:542 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances 520:674 The overall performance of the SBR as well as the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, and humic acid substances were estimated. 34091137 6 61 theme bound 957:961 arg1 LB-EPS 968:973 LB-EPS 968:973 LB-EPS 968:973 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 6 61 theme bound 957:961 arg1 EPS 963:965 Loosely bound EPS 949:965 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) 949:974 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 6 62 theme IBU 1176:1178 arg1 exposure 1180:1187 IBU exposure 1176:1187 IBU exposure 1176:1187 Loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased during phase II and phase III, and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was slightly higher in phase II than phase I. TB-EPS proteins were greater in phase II, perhaps to protect microbial cells from IBU exposure. 34091137 7 63 theme long-term 1292:1300 arg1 exposure 1306:1313 long-term IBU exposure 1292:1313 long-term IBU exposure 1292:1313 These findings provided insight into both activated sludge stress-responses and EPS composition under long-term IBU exposure. 34091137 2 64 dep phases 380:385 arg1 phases 380:385 3 different phases 368:385 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each 368:517 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 64 dep phases 380:385 arg1 phase 460:464 phase III 460:468 phase III (60 days) 460:478 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 64 dep phases 380:385 arg1 phase 388:392 phase I 388:394 phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days 388:433 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 64 dep phases 380:385 arg1 days 449:452 40 days 446:452 40 days 446:452 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 64 dep phases 380:385 arg1 days 474:477 60 days 471:477 60 days 471:477 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 2 64 dep phases 380:385 arg1 phase 436:440 phase II 436:443 phase II (40 days) 436:453 There were 3 different phases: phase I as the control without IBU for 56 days, phase II (40 days), and phase III (60 days) containing IBU at 10 and 5 mg L-1 each. 34091137 0 65 from Effect 0:5 arg1 production 64:73 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production 23:73 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 0 65 from Effect 0:5 arg1 composition 79:89 composition 79:89 composition 79:89 Effect of ibuprofen on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, and assessment of microbial structure by quantitative image analysis. 34091137 8 66 theme sludge 1405:1410 arg1 settleability 1412:1424 sludge settleability 1405:1424 sludge settleability 1405:1424 Spearman correlation showed that EPS and morphological parameters significantly affected sludge settleability and flocculation. 32183156 8 0 theme colour 1123:1128 arg1 hue 1130:1132 the colour hue 1119:1132 the colour hue 1119:1132 A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio in juices (R2 = 0.885). 32183156 6 1 from content 1010:1016 arg1 peel 1025:1028 the peel 1021:1028 the peel of the Black variety 1021:1049 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 32183156 3 2 theme Chromatography-Diode 496:515 arg1 Spectrometry 537:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 1 3 theme chemical 260:267 arg1 composition 269:279 the chemical composition 256:279 the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties 256:319 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 32183156 8 4 theme delphinidin/cyanidin 1142:1161 arg1 ratio 1163:1167 the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio 1138:1167 the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio 1138:1167 A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio in juices (R2 = 0.885). 32183156 4 5 theme inhibitory 664:673 arg1 properties 652:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 4 5 theme inhibitory 664:673 arg1 activity 675:682 inhibitory activity 664:682 inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes 664:723 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 1 6 theme composition 269:279 arg1 knowledge 243:251 a deeper knowledge 234:251 a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties 234:319 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 32183156 10 7 theme 24.44-118.50 1327:1338 arg1 mg 1340:1341 mg 1340:1341 mg 1340:1341 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 3 8 theme a 592:592 arg1 * 595:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 4 9 theme metal 636:640 arg1 properties 652:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 4 9 theme metal 636:640 arg1 activity 675:682 inhibitory activity 664:682 inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes 664:723 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 11 10 theme parts 1710:1714 arg1 use 1689:1691 a more aware use 1676:1691 a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit 1676:1727 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 7 11 theme mg/g 1064:1067 arg1 matter 1073:1078 133 mg/g dry matter 1060:1078 133 mg/g dry matter 1060:1078 133 mg/g dry matter). 32183156 3 12 theme CIEL 587:590 arg1 * 595:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 8 13 theme = 1183:1183 arg1 R2 1180:1181 R2 1180:1181 R2 = 0.885 1180:1189 A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio in juices (R2 = 0.885). 32183156 9 14 theme polysaccharide 1199:1212 arg1 yield 1214:1218 Total polysaccharide yield 1193:1218 Total polysaccharide yield 1193:1218 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 5 15 theme richest 871:877 arg1 content 891:897 the richest anthocyanin content 867:897 the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx 867:968 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 3 16 theme b 594:594 arg1 * 595:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 5 17 theme Soft 936:939 arg1 varieties 952:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 5 18 theme Maule 946:950 arg1 varieties 952:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 5 19 theme main 779:782 arg1 phenols 784:790 the same main phenols 770:790 the same main phenols 770:790 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 6 20 theme ellagitannin 997:1008 arg1 content 1010:1016 the highest ellagitannin content 985:1016 the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety 985:1049 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 32183156 9 21 from content 1285:1291 arg1 variety 1306:1312 the Black variety 1296:1312 the Black variety 1296:1312 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 4 22 dep tyrosinase 692:701 arg1 enzymes 717:723 enzymes 717:723 enzymes 717:723 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 10 23 theme antioxidant 1373:1383 arg1 properties 1385:1394 vitro antioxidant properties 1367:1394 vitro antioxidant properties 1367:1394 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 0 24 theme Varieties 62:70 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of Arils Juice 0:30 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 8 25 dep = 1183:1183 arg1 0.885 1185:1189 0.885 1185:1189 0.885 1185:1189 A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio in juices (R2 = 0.885). 32183156 9 26 theme weight 1260:1265 arg1 % 1240:1240 3% to 12% 1232:1240 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight 1232:1265 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 9 26 theme weight 1260:1265 arg1 weight 1260:1265 the peels' dry weight 1245:1265 the peels' dry weight 1245:1265 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 6 27 from mg/L 975:978 arg1 peel 1025:1028 the peel 1021:1028 the peel of the Black variety 1021:1049 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 32183156 0 28 theme Arils 20:24 arg1 Juice 26:30 Arils Juice 20:30 Arils Juice 20:30 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 6 29 theme variety 1043:1049 arg1 peel 1025:1028 the peel 1021:1028 the peel of the Black variety 1021:1049 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 32183156 10 30 theme inhibitory 1407:1416 arg1 capacity 1418:1425 better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity 1357:1425 better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity 1357:1425 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 11 31 theme different 1629:1637 arg1 varieties 1651:1659 different pomegranate varieties 1629:1659 different pomegranate varieties 1629:1659 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 9 32 theme highest 1277:1283 arg1 content 1285:1291 the highest content 1273:1291 the highest content in the Black variety 1273:1312 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 2 33 from arils 360:364 arg1 juices 348:353 juices 348:353 juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp 348:406 In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. 32183156 3 34 theme High 472:475 arg1 Spectrometry 537:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 1 35 theme studied 303:309 arg1 varieties 311:319 less studied varieties 298:319 less studied varieties 298:319 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 32183156 2 36 from decoctions 370:379 arg1 juices 348:353 juices 348:353 juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp 348:406 In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. 32183156 9 37 theme Black 1300:1304 arg1 variety 1306:1312 the Black variety 1296:1312 the Black variety 1296:1312 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 2 38 from mesocarp 386:393 arg1 decoctions 370:379 decoctions 370:379 decoctions 370:379 In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. 32183156 2 38 from mesocarp 386:393 arg1 arils 360:364 arils 360:364 arils 360:364 In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. 32183156 11 39 theme varieties 1651:1659 arg1 composition 1614:1624 the chemical composition 1601:1624 the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties 1601:1659 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 3 40 theme Array 517:521 arg1 Spectrometry 537:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 0 41 dep Characterization 0:15 arg1 Focus 97:101 A Focus 95:101 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 0:153 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 2 42 from exocarp 400:406 arg1 decoctions 370:379 decoctions 370:379 decoctions 370:379 In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. 32183156 2 42 from exocarp 400:406 arg1 arils 360:364 arils 360:364 arils 360:364 In this work, juices from arils and decoctions from mesocarp plus exocarp were prepared from fifteen varieties. 32183156 0 43 from Focus 97:101 arg1 Anthocyanins 106:117 Anthocyanins 106:117 Anthocyanins 106:117 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 0 43 from Focus 97:101 arg1 Polysaccharides 138:152 Polysaccharides 138:152 Polysaccharides 138:152 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 0 43 from Focus 97:101 arg1 Ellagitannins 120:132 Ellagitannins 120:132 Ellagitannins 120:132 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 3 44 theme Liquid 489:494 arg1 Spectrometry 537:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 10 45 theme inhibitory 1491:1500 arg1 capacity 1502:1509 the inhibitory capacity 1487:1509 the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase 1487:1527 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 10 45 theme inhibitory 1491:1500 arg1 similar 1533:1539 similar 1533:1539 similar 1533:1539 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 5 46 theme anthocyanin 879:889 arg1 content 891:897 the richest anthocyanin content 867:897 the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx 867:968 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 7 47 theme dry 1069:1071 arg1 matter 1073:1078 133 mg/g dry matter 1060:1078 133 mg/g dry matter 1060:1078 133 mg/g dry matter). 32183156 10 48 theme mg 1340:1341 arg1 Decoctions 1315:1324 Decoctions 1315:1324 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) 1315:1348 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 10 48 theme mg 1340:1341 arg1 KAE/g 1343:1347 24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g 1327:1347 24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g 1327:1347 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 3 49 theme * 591:591 arg1 * 595:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 11 50 theme fruit 1723:1727 arg1 parts 1710:1714 the different parts 1696:1714 the different parts of the fruit 1696:1727 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 3 51 theme colorimetric 574:585 arg1 * 595:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 5 52 with variable 836:843 arg1 content 891:897 the richest anthocyanin content 867:897 the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx 867:968 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 9 53 theme Total 1193:1197 arg1 yield 1214:1218 Total polysaccharide yield 1193:1218 Total polysaccharide yield 1193:1218 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 1 54 theme scientific 203:212 arg1 interest 214:221 renewed commercial and scientific interest 180:221 interest 214:221 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 32183156 4 55 theme chelating 642:650 arg1 properties 652:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 4 55 theme chelating 642:650 arg1 activity 675:682 inhibitory activity 664:682 inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes 664:723 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 3 56 theme * 593:593 arg1 * 595:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 colorimetric CIEL*a*b* 574:595 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 3 57 dep Spectrometry 537:548 arg1 analyses 597:604 analyses 597:604 analyses 597:604 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 5 58 theme Seed 941:944 arg1 varieties 952:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 11 59 theme aware 1683:1687 arg1 use 1689:1691 a more aware use 1676:1691 a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit 1676:1727 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 5 60 theme same 774:777 arg1 phenols 784:790 the same main phenols 770:790 the same main phenols 770:790 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 9 61 theme % 1233:1233 arg1 % 1240:1240 3% to 12% 1232:1240 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight 1232:1265 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 9 61 theme % 1233:1233 arg1 weight 1260:1265 the peels' dry weight 1245:1265 the peels' dry weight 1245:1265 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 0 62 theme Punica 75:80 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of Arils Juice 0:30 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 5 63 from content 891:897 arg1 varieties 952:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 5 63 from content 891:897 arg1 Wonderful 922:930 the Wonderful 918:930 the Wonderful 918:930 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 5 63 from content 891:897 arg1 juices 906:911 the juices 902:911 the juices from the Wonderful 902:930 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 10 64 theme better 1357:1362 arg1 capacity 1418:1425 better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity 1357:1425 better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity 1357:1425 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 11 65 theme different 1700:1708 arg1 parts 1710:1714 the different parts 1696:1714 the different parts of the fruit 1696:1727 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 5 66 from Wonderful 922:930 arg1 content 891:897 the richest anthocyanin content 867:897 the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx 867:968 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 5 66 from Wonderful 922:930 arg1 juices 906:911 the juices 902:911 the juices from the Wonderful 902:930 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 5 66 from Wonderful 922:930 arg1 varieties 952:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 Soft Seed Maule varieties 936:960 All varieties presented the same main phenols; anthocyanins and ellagitannins were widely variable among varieties, with the richest anthocyanin content in the juices from the Wonderful and Soft Seed Maule varieties (approx. 32183156 6 67 theme highest 989:995 arg1 content 1010:1016 the highest ellagitannin content 985:1016 the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety 985:1049 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 32183156 9 68 theme dry 1256:1258 arg1 weight 1260:1265 the peels' dry weight 1245:1265 the peels' dry weight 1245:1265 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 0 69 dep Punica 75:80 arg1 L. 91:92 Punica granatum L. 75:92 Punica granatum L. 75:92 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 9 70 dep % 1240:1240 arg1 to 1235:1236 to 1235:1236 to 1235:1236 Total polysaccharide yield ranged from 3% to 12% of the peels' dry weight, with the highest content in the Black variety. 32183156 10 71 theme vitro 1367:1371 arg1 properties 1385:1394 vitro antioxidant properties 1367:1394 vitro antioxidant properties 1367:1394 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 0 72 theme Juice 26:30 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of Arils Juice 0:30 Characterization of Arils Juice and Peel Decoction of Fifteen Varieties of Punica granatum L.: A Focus on Anthocyanins, Ellagitannins and Polysaccharides. 32183156 1 73 theme fruits 288:293 arg1 composition 269:279 the chemical composition 256:279 the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties 256:319 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 32183156 6 74 theme Black 1037:1041 arg1 variety 1043:1049 the Black variety 1033:1049 the Black variety 1033:1049 660 mg/L) and the highest ellagitannin content in the peel of the Black variety (approx. 32183156 10 75 theme higher 1400:1405 arg1 capacity 1418:1425 better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity 1357:1425 better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity 1357:1425 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 11 76 theme chemical 1605:1612 arg1 composition 1614:1624 the chemical composition 1601:1624 the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties 1601:1659 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 8 77 theme good 1084:1087 arg1 correlation 1089:1099 A good correlation 1082:1099 A good correlation 1082:1099 A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio in juices (R2 = 0.885). 32183156 8 78 dep juices 1172:1177 arg1 R2 1180:1181 R2 1180:1181 R2 = 0.885 1180:1189 A good correlation was shown between the colour hue and the delphinidin/cyanidin ratio in juices (R2 = 0.885). 32183156 3 79 theme Performance 477:487 arg1 Spectrometry 537:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 1 80 theme varieties 311:319 arg1 fruits 288:293 the fruits 284:293 the fruits of less studied varieties 284:319 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 32183156 4 81 theme Antioxidant 607:617 arg1 properties 652:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 4 81 theme Antioxidant 607:617 arg1 activity 675:682 inhibitory activity 664:682 inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes 664:723 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 11 82 theme pomegranate 1639:1649 arg1 varieties 1651:1659 different pomegranate varieties 1629:1659 different pomegranate varieties 1629:1659 Knowledge about the chemical composition of different pomegranate varieties will allow for a more aware use of the different parts of the fruit. 32183156 4 83 theme antiradical 620:630 arg1 properties 652:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties 607:661 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 4 83 theme antiradical 620:630 arg1 activity 675:682 inhibitory activity 664:682 inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes 664:723 Antioxidant, antiradical and metal chelating properties, inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and α-amylase enzymes were also evaluated. 32183156 10 84 theme mg 1476:1477 arg1 KAE/g 1479:1483 not active-16.56 mg KAE/g 1459:1483 not active-16.56 mg KAE/g 1459:1483 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 10 84 theme mg 1476:1477 arg1 juices 1451:1456 juices 1451:1456 juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g) 1451:1484 Decoctions (24.44-118.50 mg KAE/g) showed better in vitro antioxidant properties and higher inhibitory capacity against tyrosinase than juices (not active-16.56 mg KAE/g); the inhibitory capacity against α-amylase was similar and quite potent for juices and decoctions. 32183156 3 85 theme Detector-Mass 523:535 arg1 Spectrometry 537:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry 472:548 Samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry, spectrophotometric and colorimetric CIEL*a*b* analyses. 32183156 1 86 theme deeper 236:241 arg1 knowledge 243:251 a deeper knowledge 234:251 a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties 234:319 Pomegranate is receiving renewed commercial and scientific interest, therefore a deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of the fruits of less studied varieties is required. 34357039 0 0 theme Mediterranean 64:76 arg1 Trout 78:82 the Mediterranean Trout 60:82 the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) 60:102 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 0 0 theme Mediterranean 64:76 arg1 macrostigma 91:101 Salmo macrostigma 85:101 Salmo macrostigma 85:101 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 7 1 theme greater 1127:1133 arg1 understanding 1135:1147 a greater understanding 1125:1147 a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response 1125:1222 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 1 2 from composition 149:159 arg1 fish 197:200 freshwater fish 186:200 freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 186:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 1 3 theme natural 218:224 arg1 habitat 226:232 their natural habitat 212:232 their natural habitat 212:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 7 4 theme fish 1279:1282 arg1 microbiome 1284:1293 the indigenous fish microbiome 1264:1293 the indigenous fish microbiome 1264:1293 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 3 5 theme Volturno 620:627 arg1 rivers 629:634 the Biferno and Volturno rivers 604:634 the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region 604:655 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 1 6 from Knowledge 132:140 arg1 fish 197:200 freshwater fish 186:200 freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 186:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 0 7 from Presence 0:7 arg1 Tract 51:55 the Intestinal Tract 36:55 the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment 36:129 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 3 8 located present 502:508 arg1 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 8 located present 502:508 arg1 tract 534:538 the gastrointestinal tract 513:538 the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 513:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 8 located present 502:508 arg2 present 502:508 present 502:508 present 502:508 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 8 located present 502:508 arg2 community 483:491 the LAB community 475:491 the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 475:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 4 9 theme rRNA 682:685 arg1 sequences 692:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences 666:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains 666:717 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 6 10 theme polysaccharides 1067:1081 arg1 breakdown 1054:1062 the breakdown 1050:1062 the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids 1050:1103 The study of the enzymatic activities showed that these LABs could contribute to the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. 34357039 0 11 theme Trout 78:82 arg1 Tract 51:55 the Intestinal Tract 36:55 the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment 36:129 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 6 12 theme proteins 1084:1091 arg1 breakdown 1054:1062 the breakdown 1050:1062 the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids 1050:1103 The study of the enzymatic activities showed that these LABs could contribute to the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. 34357039 4 13 theme 16S 678:680 arg1 sequences 692:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences 666:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains 666:717 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 1 14 theme taxonomic 238:246 arg1 importance 263:272 taxonomic and ecological importance 238:272 taxonomic and ecological importance 238:272 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 7 15 theme future 1109:1114 arg1 studies 1116:1122 future studies 1109:1122 future studies 1109:1122 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 3 16 theme LAB 479:481 arg1 community 483:491 the LAB community 475:491 the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 475:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 16 theme LAB 479:481 arg1 present 502:508 present 502:508 present 502:508 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 5 17 theme phylogenetic 782:793 arg1 analysis 795:802 The phylogenetic analysis 778:802 The phylogenetic analysis 778:802 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 0 18 theme Salmo 85:89 arg1 Trout 78:82 the Mediterranean Trout 60:82 the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) 60:102 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 0 18 theme Salmo 85:89 arg1 macrostigma 91:101 Salmo macrostigma 85:101 Salmo macrostigma 85:101 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 3 19 theme Molise 643:648 arg1 region 650:655 the Molise region 639:655 the Molise region 639:655 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 20 dep colonized 594:602 arg1 Italy 658:662 Italy 658:662 Italy 658:662 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 4 21 theme gene 687:690 arg1 sequences 692:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences 666:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains 666:717 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 1 22 theme composition 149:159 arg1 Knowledge 132:140 Knowledge 132:140 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 132:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 2 23 theme fish 406:409 arg1 intestines 381:390 the intestines 377:390 the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments 377:441 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 3 24 theme region 650:655 arg1 rivers 629:634 the Biferno and Volturno rivers 604:634 the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region 604:655 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 7 25 theme fish 1327:1330 arg1 health 1332:1337 fish health 1327:1337 fish health 1327:1337 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 3 26 attach present 502:508 arg1 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 26 attach present 502:508 arg1 tract 534:538 the gastrointestinal tract 513:538 the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 513:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 26 attach present 502:508 arg2 present 502:508 present 502:508 present 502:508 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 26 attach present 502:508 arg2 community 483:491 the LAB community 475:491 the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 475:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 6 27 theme activities 996:1005 arg1 study 973:977 The study 969:977 The study of the enzymatic activities 969:1005 The study of the enzymatic activities showed that these LABs could contribute to the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. 34357039 2 28 theme freshwater 395:404 arg1 fish 406:409 freshwater fish 395:409 freshwater fish 395:409 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 3 29 theme gastrointestinal 517:532 arg1 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 29 theme gastrointestinal 517:532 arg1 tract 534:538 the gastrointestinal tract 513:538 the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 513:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 30 from tract 534:538 arg1 community 483:491 the LAB community 475:491 the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 475:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 30 from tract 534:538 arg1 present 502:508 present 502:508 present 502:508 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 6 31 theme enzymatic 986:994 arg1 activities 996:1005 the enzymatic activities 982:1005 the enzymatic activities 982:1005 The study of the enzymatic activities showed that these LABs could contribute to the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. 34357039 0 32 theme Acid 19:22 arg1 Bacteria 24:31 Lactic Acid Bacteria 12:31 Lactic Acid Bacteria 12:31 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 1 33 theme ecological 252:261 arg1 importance 263:272 taxonomic and ecological importance 238:272 taxonomic and ecological importance 238:272 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 4 34 theme partial 670:676 arg1 sequences 692:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences 666:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains 666:717 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 1 35 theme gut 168:170 arg1 microbiota 172:181 the gut microbiota 164:181 the gut microbiota 164:181 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 0 36 theme Lactic 12:17 arg1 Bacteria 24:31 Lactic Acid Bacteria 12:31 Lactic Acid Bacteria 12:31 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 6 37 theme lipids 1098:1103 arg1 breakdown 1054:1062 the breakdown 1050:1062 the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids 1050:1103 The study of the enzymatic activities showed that these LABs could contribute to the breakdown of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. 34357039 2 38 theme Few 275:277 arg1 reports 279:285 Few reports 275:285 Few reports 275:285 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 1 39 theme microbiota 172:181 arg1 composition 149:159 the composition 145:159 the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 145:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 0 40 theme Natural 111:117 arg1 Environment 119:129 Its Natural Environment 107:129 Its Natural Environment 107:129 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 7 41 theme fish 1203:1206 arg1 response 1215:1222 the fish immune response 1199:1222 the fish immune response 1199:1222 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 7 42 theme practical 1236:1244 arg1 means 1246:1250 practical means 1236:1250 practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health 1236:1337 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 2 43 theme LAB 370:372 arg1 presence 358:365 the presence 354:365 the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments 354:441 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 0 44 theme Bacteria 24:31 arg1 Presence 0:7 Presence 0:7 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 0:130 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 2 45 theme river 424:428 arg1 environments 430:441 river environments 424:441 river environments 424:441 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 3 46 theme Salmo 570:574 arg1 trout 563:567 Mediterranean trout 549:567 Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 549:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 46 theme Salmo 570:574 arg1 macrostigma 576:586 Salmo macrostigma 570:586 Salmo macrostigma 570:586 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 7 47 theme disease 1307:1313 arg1 control 1315:1321 disease control 1307:1321 disease control 1307:1321 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 1 48 theme freshwater 186:195 arg1 fish 197:200 freshwater fish 186:200 freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 186:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 0 49 theme Intestinal 40:49 arg1 Tract 51:55 the Intestinal Tract 36:55 the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment 36:129 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 5 50 dep genera 854:859 arg1 Lactococcus 940:950 Lactococcus 940:950 Lactococcus 940:950 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 5 50 dep genera 854:859 arg1 Lactiplantibacillus 907:925 Lactiplantibacillus 907:925 Lactiplantibacillus 907:925 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 5 50 dep genera 854:859 arg1 Weissella 957:965 Weissella 957:965 Weissella 957:965 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 5 50 dep genera 854:859 arg1 Carnobacterium 862:875 Carnobacterium 862:875 Carnobacterium 862:875 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 5 50 dep genera 854:859 arg1 Enterococcus 878:889 Enterococcus 878:889 Enterococcus 878:889 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 5 50 dep genera 854:859 arg1 Vagococcus 928:937 Vagococcus 928:937 Vagococcus 928:937 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 0 51 from Tract 51:55 arg1 Environment 119:129 Its Natural Environment 107:129 Its Natural Environment 107:129 Presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Intestinal Tract of the Mediterranean Trout (Salmo macrostigma) in Its Natural Environment. 34357039 4 52 theme species-level 743:755 arg1 placement 767:775 the species-level taxonomic placement 739:775 the species-level taxonomic placement 739:775 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 3 53 theme Biferno 608:614 arg1 rivers 629:634 the Biferno and Volturno rivers 604:634 the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region 604:655 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 4 54 theme taxonomic 757:765 arg1 placement 767:775 the species-level taxonomic placement 739:775 the species-level taxonomic placement 739:775 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 2 55 from presence 358:365 arg1 intestines 381:390 the intestines 377:390 the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments 377:441 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 3 56 from present 502:508 arg1 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 56 from present 502:508 arg1 tract 534:538 the gastrointestinal tract 513:538 the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 513:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 4 57 theme strains 711:717 arg1 sequences 692:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences 666:700 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains 666:717 The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains were determined for the species-level taxonomic placement. 34357039 1 58 from fish 197:200 arg1 Knowledge 132:140 Knowledge 132:140 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 132:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 2 59 attach presence 358:365 arg2 LAB 370:372 LAB 370:372 LAB 370:372 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 2 59 attach presence 358:365 arg1 intestines 381:390 the intestines 377:390 the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments 377:441 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 3 60 theme trout 563:567 arg1 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 GIT 541:543 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 60 theme trout 563:567 arg1 tract 534:538 the gastrointestinal tract 513:538 the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 513:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 1 61 contain has 234:236 arg1 Knowledge 132:140 Knowledge 132:140 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat 132:232 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 1 61 contain has 234:236 arg2 importance 263:272 taxonomic and ecological importance 238:272 taxonomic and ecological importance 238:272 Knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota in freshwater fish living in their natural habitat has taxonomic and ecological importance. 34357039 5 62 theme isolated 822:829 arg1 LABs 831:834 the isolated LABs 818:834 the isolated LABs 818:834 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated LABs belonged to seven genera (Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Vagococcus, Lactococcus, and Weissella). 34357039 7 63 theme immune 1208:1213 arg1 response 1215:1222 the fish immune response 1199:1222 the fish immune response 1199:1222 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 2 64 theme microbiota 336:345 arg1 composition 313:323 the composition 309:323 the composition of the gut microbiota 309:345 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34357039 7 65 theme indigenous 1268:1277 arg1 microbiome 1284:1293 the indigenous fish microbiome 1264:1293 the indigenous fish microbiome 1264:1293 In future studies, a greater understanding of how the LABs act against pathogens and trigger the fish immune response may provide practical means to engineer the indigenous fish microbiome and enhance disease control and fish health. 34357039 3 66 theme Mediterranean 549:561 arg1 trout 563:567 Mediterranean trout 549:567 Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy) 549:663 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 3 66 theme Mediterranean 549:561 arg1 macrostigma 576:586 Salmo macrostigma 570:586 Salmo macrostigma 570:586 In this study, we investigated the LAB community that was present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Mediterranean trout (Salmo macrostigma) that colonized the Biferno and Volturno rivers of the Molise region (Italy). 34357039 2 67 theme gut 332:334 arg1 microbiota 336:345 the gut microbiota 328:345 the gut microbiota 328:345 Few reports have been produced on the composition of the gut microbiota and on the presence of LAB in the intestines of freshwater fish that inhabit river environments. 34155551 4 0 theme glycopeptides 856:868 arg1 separation 823:832 separation 823:832 separation 823:832 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 0 theme glycopeptides 856:868 arg1 enrichment 808:817 simultaneous enrichment 795:817 simultaneous enrichment 795:817 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 3 1 link O-linked 611:618 arg1 glycosylation 620:632 O-linked glycosylation 611:632 O-linked glycosylation 611:632 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 6 2 theme conventional 1299:1310 arg1 HILIC 1352:1356 HILIC 1352:1356 HILIC 1352:1356 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 6 2 theme conventional 1299:1310 arg1 chromatography 1336:1349 conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography 1299:1349 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 7 3 theme HILIC 1480:1484 arg1 approach 1486:1493 the conventional HILIC approach 1463:1493 the conventional HILIC approach 1463:1493 We also identified O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach. 34155551 8 4 theme future 1696:1701 arg1 investigation 1703:1715 future investigation 1696:1715 future investigation 1696:1715 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 8 5 theme spike 1764:1768 arg1 protein 1770:1776 the spike protein 1760:1776 the spike protein 1760:1776 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 5 6 from glycopeptides 994:1006 arg1 signal 962:967 signal suppression 962:979 signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides 962:1048 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 4 7 gly glycopeptides 856:868 arg2 glycopeptides 856:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 837:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 837:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 7 gly glycopeptides 856:868 arg1 glycoprotein 900:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 7 gly glycopeptides 856:868 arg1 cells 925:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 8 8 gly glycosylation 1743:1755 arg1 protein 1770:1776 the spike protein 1760:1776 the spike protein 1760:1776 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 8 8 gly glycosylation 1743:1755 arg1 cell 1785:1788 its cell entry 1781:1794 its cell entry 1781:1794 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 6 9 theme coverage 1262:1269 arg1 improvement 1247:1257 improvement 1247:1257 improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold 1247:1281 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 8 10 theme cell 1785:1788 arg1 entry 1790:1794 its cell entry 1781:1794 its cell entry 1781:1794 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 4 11 theme HEK293 918:923 arg1 cells 925:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 6 12 theme sites 1154:1158 arg1 19 1116:1117 19 1116:1117 19 1116:1117 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 6 12 theme sites 1154:1158 arg1 sites 1154:1158 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1126:1158 its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1122:1158 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 0 13 theme Ti-IMAC 134:140 arg1 material 142:149 dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material 114:149 dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material 114:149 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 1 14 theme severe 211:216 arg1 coronavirus 245:255 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 211:257 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 211:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 1 14 theme severe 211:216 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 5 15 theme S 1093:1093 arg1 protein 1095:1101 the S protein 1089:1101 the S protein 1089:1101 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 1 16 theme respiratory 224:234 arg1 coronavirus 245:255 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 211:257 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 211:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 1 16 theme respiratory 224:234 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 7 17 gly glycosylation 1419:1431 arg2 site 1433:1436 O-linked glycosylation site 1410:1436 O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach 1410:1493 We also identified O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach. 34155551 4 18 theme SARS-CoV-2 887:896 arg1 glycoprotein 900:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 7 19 theme O-linked 1410:1417 arg1 site 1433:1436 O-linked glycosylation site 1410:1436 O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach 1410:1493 We also identified O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach. 34155551 4 20 theme glycoprotein 900:911 arg1 glycopeptides 856:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 837:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 837:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 21 theme dual-functionalized 696:714 arg1 material 782:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 6 22 theme interaction 1324:1334 arg1 HILIC 1352:1356 HILIC 1352:1356 HILIC 1352:1356 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 6 22 theme interaction 1324:1334 arg1 chromatography 1336:1349 conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography 1299:1349 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 5 23 theme glycoform 1067:1075 arg1 coverage 1077:1084 the glycoform coverage 1063:1084 the glycoform coverage of the S protein 1063:1101 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 3 24 theme N- 604:605 arg1 characterization 584:599 analytical characterization 573:599 analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 573:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 5 25 dep signal 962:967 arg1 suppression 969:979 suppression 969:979 signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides 962:1048 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 6 26 theme Ti-IMAC 1213:1219 arg1 approach 1221:1228 the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach 1193:1228 the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach 1193:1228 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 0 27 theme glycopeptides 61:73 arg1 separation 28:37 separation 28:37 separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 28:101 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 0 27 theme glycopeptides 61:73 arg1 enrichment 13:22 Simultaneous enrichment 0:22 Simultaneous enrichment 0:22 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 1 28 theme disease 168:174 arg1 pandemic 192:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 152:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 152:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 0 29 theme SARS-CoV-2 78:87 arg1 protein 95:101 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 78:101 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 78:101 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 4 30 gly glycoprotein 900:911 arg1 glycoprotein 900:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 2 31 theme enzyme 522:527 arg1 receptor 538:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 8 32 theme mannose-6-phosphate 1546:1564 arg1 glycosylation 1572:1584 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation 1546:1584 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation 1546:1584 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 4 33 theme metal 742:746 arg1 Ti-IMAC 773:779 Ti-IMAC 773:779 Ti-IMAC 773:779 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 33 theme metal 742:746 arg1 chromatography 757:770 metal affinity chromatography 742:770 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 0 34 theme protein 95:101 arg1 separation 28:37 separation 28:37 separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 28:101 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 0 34 theme protein 95:101 arg1 enrichment 13:22 Simultaneous enrichment 0:22 Simultaneous enrichment 0:22 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 2 35 with interaction 478:488 arg1 receptor 538:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 8 36 theme M6P 1567:1569 arg1 glycosylation 1572:1584 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation 1546:1584 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation 1546:1584 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 4 37 theme chromatography 757:770 arg1 material 782:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 7 38 link O-linked 1410:1417 arg1 site 1433:1436 O-linked glycosylation site 1410:1436 O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach 1410:1493 We also identified O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach. 34155551 5 39 theme neutral 986:992 arg1 glycopeptides 994:1006 neutral glycopeptides 986:1006 neutral glycopeptides 986:1006 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 8 40 theme glycosylation 1572:1584 arg1 identification 1528:1541 the identification 1524:1541 the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry 1524:1794 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 0 41 theme Simultaneous 0:11 arg1 enrichment 13:22 Simultaneous enrichment 0:22 Simultaneous enrichment 0:22 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 1 42 theme serious 283:289 arg1 threat 291:296 a serious threat 281:296 a serious threat to human health all over the world 281:331 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 2 43 theme human 454:458 arg1 cells 460:464 human cells 454:464 human cells 454:464 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 4 44 theme simultaneous 795:806 arg1 enrichment 808:817 simultaneous enrichment 795:817 simultaneous enrichment 795:817 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 1 45 theme health 307:312 arg1 all 314:316 human health all 301:316 human health all over the world 301:331 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 5 46 theme sialyl 1029:1034 arg1 glycopeptides 1036:1048 sialyl glycopeptides 1029:1048 sialyl glycopeptides 1029:1048 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 8 47 theme current 1619:1625 arg1 knowledge 1627:1635 the current knowledge 1615:1635 the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape 1615:1682 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 3 48 theme O-linked 611:618 arg1 glycosylation 620:632 O-linked glycosylation 611:632 O-linked glycosylation 611:632 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 3 49 theme glycoprotein 654:665 arg1 glycosylation 620:632 O-linked glycosylation 611:632 O-linked glycosylation 611:632 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 3 49 theme glycoprotein 654:665 arg1 N- 604:605 N- 604:605 N- 604:605 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 1 50 theme syndrome 236:243 arg1 coronavirus 245:255 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 211:257 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 211:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 1 50 theme syndrome 236:243 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 7 51 theme conventional 1467:1478 arg1 approach 1486:1493 the conventional HILIC approach 1463:1493 the conventional HILIC approach 1463:1493 We also identified O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach. 34155551 8 52 theme spike 1644:1648 arg1 landscape 1674:1682 the spike protein's glycosylation landscape 1640:1682 the spike protein's glycosylation landscape 1640:1682 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 3 53 theme SARS-CoV-2 641:650 arg1 glycoprotein 654:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 4 54 theme material 782:789 arg1 use 689:691 the novel use 679:691 the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 679:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 6 55 theme hydrophilic 1312:1322 arg1 HILIC 1352:1356 HILIC 1352:1356 HILIC 1352:1356 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 6 55 theme hydrophilic 1312:1322 arg1 chromatography 1336:1349 conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography 1299:1349 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 2 56 theme effective 353:361 arg1 vaccines 363:370 effective vaccines 353:370 effective vaccines 353:370 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 4 57 theme sialyl 849:854 arg1 glycopeptides 856:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 837:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 837:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 3 58 gly glycosylation 620:632 arg1 glycoprotein 654:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 8 59 theme glycosylation 1743:1755 arg1 influence 1726:1734 the influence 1722:1734 the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry 1722:1794 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 1 60 theme COVID-19 182:189 arg1 pandemic 192:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 152:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 152:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 6 61 theme unique 1169:1174 arg1 glycoforms 1176:1185 398 unique glycoforms 1165:1185 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1165:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 8 62 theme protein 1770:1776 arg1 glycosylation 1743:1755 M6P glycosylation 1739:1755 M6P glycosylation of the spike protein 1739:1776 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 4 63 theme neutral 837:843 arg1 glycopeptides 856:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 837:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 837:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 6 64 gly N-glycosylated 1139:1152 arg1 sites 1154:1158 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1126:1158 its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1122:1158 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 2 65 theme ACE2 532:535 arg1 receptor 538:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 6 66 theme N-glycosylated 1139:1152 arg1 sites 1154:1158 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1126:1158 its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1122:1158 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 6 67 theme glycopeptide 1359:1370 arg1 method 1383:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 4 68 from cells 925:929 arg1 glycopeptides 856:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 837:868 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 837:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 68 from cells 925:929 arg1 separation 823:832 separation 823:832 separation 823:832 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 68 from cells 925:929 arg1 enrichment 808:817 simultaneous enrichment 795:817 simultaneous enrichment 795:817 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 1 69 theme acute 218:222 arg1 coronavirus 245:255 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 211:257 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 211:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 1 69 theme acute 218:222 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 SARS-CoV-2 260:269 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 5 70 theme protein 1095:1101 arg1 coverage 1077:1084 the glycoform coverage 1063:1084 the glycoform coverage of the S protein 1063:1101 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 4 71 from enrichment 808:817 arg1 cells 925:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 72 theme recombinant 875:885 arg1 glycoprotein 900:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 7 73 theme glycosylation 1419:1431 arg1 site 1433:1436 O-linked glycosylation site 1410:1436 O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach 1410:1493 We also identified O-linked glycosylation site that was not found using the conventional HILIC approach. 34155551 4 74 theme novel 683:687 arg1 use 689:691 the novel use 679:691 the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells 679:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 6 75 theme chromatography 1336:1349 arg1 method 1383:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 4 76 theme S 898:898 arg1 glycoprotein 900:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 873:911 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 8 77 from influence 1726:1734 arg1 entry 1790:1794 its cell entry 1781:1794 its cell entry 1781:1794 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 3 78 theme analytical 573:582 arg1 characterization 584:599 analytical characterization 573:599 analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 573:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 1 79 theme coronavirus 156:166 arg1 pandemic 192:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 152:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 152:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 6 80 theme dual-functional 1197:1211 arg1 approach 1221:1228 the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach 1193:1228 the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach 1193:1228 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 0 81 theme spike 89:93 arg1 protein 95:101 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 78:101 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 78:101 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 1 82 theme 2019 176:179 arg1 pandemic 192:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 152:199 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 152:270 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 6 83 theme enrichment 1372:1381 arg1 method 1383:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 0 84 gly glycopeptides 61:73 arg2 glycopeptides 61:73 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 42:73 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 42:73 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 2 85 theme angiotensin-converting 499:520 arg1 receptor 538:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 495:545 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 4 86 theme -immobilized 729:740 arg1 material 782:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 0 87 theme dual-functionalized 114:132 arg1 material 142:149 dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material 114:149 dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material 114:149 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 4 88 theme affinity 748:755 arg1 Ti-IMAC 773:779 Ti-IMAC 773:779 Ti-IMAC 773:779 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 88 theme affinity 748:755 arg1 chromatography 757:770 metal affinity chromatography 742:770 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 89 from separation 823:832 arg1 cells 925:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 HEK293 cells 918:929 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 4 90 theme titanium 716:723 arg1 material 782:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material 696:789 We explore the novel use of dual-functionalized titanium (IV)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material for simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein from HEK293 cells. 34155551 5 91 gly glycopeptides 1036:1048 arg2 glycopeptides 1036:1048 sialyl glycopeptides 1029:1048 sialyl glycopeptides 1029:1048 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 3 92 theme glycosylation 620:632 arg1 characterization 584:599 analytical characterization 573:599 analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 573:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 2 93 theme S 404:404 arg1 glycoprotein 407:418 the spike (S) glycoprotein 393:418 the spike (S) glycoprotein 393:418 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 0 94 theme neutral 42:48 arg1 glycopeptides 61:73 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 42:73 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 42:73 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 1 95 theme human 301:305 arg1 all 314:316 human health all 301:316 human health all over the world 301:331 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a serious threat to human health all over the world. 34155551 5 96 gly glycopeptides 994:1006 arg2 glycopeptides 994:1006 neutral glycopeptides 986:1006 neutral glycopeptides 986:1006 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 2 97 theme spike 397:401 arg1 glycoprotein 407:418 the spike (S) glycoprotein 393:418 the spike (S) glycoprotein 393:418 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 0 98 theme sialyl 54:59 arg1 glycopeptides 61:73 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 42:73 neutral and sialyl glycopeptides 42:73 Simultaneous enrichment and separation of neutral and sialyl glycopeptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enabled by dual-functionalized Ti-IMAC material. 34155551 5 99 theme glycopeptides 1036:1048 arg1 detection 1016:1024 the detection 1012:1024 the detection of sialyl glycopeptides 1012:1048 This strategy helps eliminate signal suppression from neutral glycopeptides for the detection of sialyl glycopeptides and improves the glycoform coverage of the S protein. 34155551 6 100 theme potential 1129:1137 arg1 sites 1154:1158 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1126:1158 its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites 1122:1158 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 2 101 theme viral 436:440 arg1 invasion 442:449 viral invasion 436:449 viral invasion to human cells 436:464 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 3 102 theme S 652:652 arg1 glycoprotein 654:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 3 103 gly glycoprotein 654:665 arg1 glycoprotein 654:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 637:665 In this work, we perform analytical characterization of N- and O-linked glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. 34155551 6 104 gly glycopeptide 1359:1370 arg2 glycopeptide 1359:1370 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method 1295:1388 We profiled 19 of its 22 potential N-glycosylated sites with 398 unique glycoforms using the dual-functional Ti-IMAC approach, which exhibited improvement of coverage by 1.6-fold compared to the conventional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment method. 34155551 2 105 gly glycoprotein 407:418 arg1 glycoprotein 407:418 the spike (S) glycoprotein 393:418 the spike (S) glycoprotein 393:418 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 8 106 theme glycosylation 1660:1672 arg1 landscape 1674:1682 the spike protein's glycosylation landscape 1640:1682 the spike protein's glycosylation landscape 1640:1682 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34155551 2 107 theme vaccines 363:370 arg1 development 338:348 The development 334:348 The development of effective vaccines 334:370 The development of effective vaccines has been focusing on the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates viral invasion to human cells through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 34155551 8 108 theme M6P 1739:1741 arg1 glycosylation 1743:1755 M6P glycosylation 1739:1755 M6P glycosylation of the spike protein 1739:1776 In addition, we reported on the identification of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation, which substantially expands the current knowledge of the spike protein's glycosylation landscape and enables future investigation into the influence of M6P glycosylation of the spike protein on its cell entry. 34946640 5 0 theme sulfated 748:755 arg1 contents 757:764 sulfated contents 748:764 sulfated contents 748:764 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 6 1 dep cells 988:992 arg1 A549 995:998 A549 995:998 A549 995:998 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 1 dep cells 988:992 arg1 cells 988:992 cancer cells 981:992 cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16) 981:1015 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 1 dep cells 988:992 arg1 HepG2 1001:1005 HepG2 1001:1005 HepG2 1001:1005 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 1 dep cells 988:992 arg1 B16 1012:1014 B16 1012:1014 B16 1012:1014 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 9 2 theme cell 1485:1488 arg1 apoptosis 1490:1498 cell apoptosis 1485:1498 cell apoptosis 1485:1498 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 2 3 used used 291:294 arg2 pallidum 244:251 Sargassum pallidum 234:251 Sargassum pallidum 234:251 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 2 3 used used 291:294 arg2 alga 272:275 an edible brown alga 256:275 an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors 256:354 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 5 4 theme contents 757:764 arg1 ratio 688:692 The ratio 684:692 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents 684:764 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 0 5 from Characterization 9:24 arg1 pallidum 103:110 Sargassum pallidum 93:110 Sargassum pallidum 93:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 9 6 theme cancer 1609:1614 arg1 cells 1616:1620 cancer cells 1609:1620 cancer cells 1609:1620 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 4 7 with polysaccharides 474:488 arg1 activities 550:559 antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 519:559 antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 519:559 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 5 8 theme saccharides 703:713 arg1 ratio 688:692 The ratio 684:692 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents 684:764 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 9 9 theme normal 1575:1580 arg1 processes 1596:1604 the normal physiological processes 1571:1604 the normal physiological processes of cancer cells 1571:1620 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 6 10 theme significant 927:937 arg1 activity 949:956 significant antitumor activity 927:956 significant antitumor activity 927:956 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 2 11 theme Chinese 299:305 arg1 medicine 319:326 Chinese traditional medicine 299:326 Chinese traditional medicine 299:326 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 8 12 theme further 1300:1306 arg1 purification 1308:1319 further purification 1300:1319 further purification 1300:1319 SPP-0.7 was identified as the most active fraction and selected for further purification, and its physicochemical properties and antitumor mechanism were further analyzed. 34946640 4 13 theme polysaccharide 598:611 arg1 SPP-0.5 633:639 SPP-0.5 633:639 SPP-0.5 633:639 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 13 theme polysaccharide 598:611 arg1 SPP-0.7 642:648 SPP-0.7 642:648 SPP-0.7 642:648 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 13 theme polysaccharide 598:611 arg1 fractions 613:621 five polysaccharide fractions 593:621 five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) 593:667 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 13 theme polysaccharide 598:611 arg1 SPP-0.3 624:630 SPP-0.3 624:630 SPP-0.3 624:630 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 13 theme polysaccharide 598:611 arg1 SPP-1 651:655 SPP-1 651:655 SPP-1 651:655 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 13 theme polysaccharide 598:611 arg1 SPP-2 662:666 SPP-2 662:666 SPP-2 662:666 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 7 14 theme expression 1163:1172 arg1 levels 1174:1179 the expression levels 1159:1179 the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α) 1159:1229 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 0 15 from Activities 59:68 arg1 pallidum 103:110 Sargassum pallidum 93:110 Sargassum pallidum 93:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 9 16 theme cytokine 1501:1508 arg1 secretion 1510:1518 cytokine secretion 1501:1518 cytokine secretion 1501:1518 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 1 17 dep antitumor 149:157 arg1 activities 180:189 activities 180:189 activities 180:189 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 6 18 theme cells 988:992 arg1 types 972:976 three types 966:976 three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16) 966:1015 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 5 19 theme monosaccharide 716:729 arg1 composition 731:741 monosaccharide composition 716:741 monosaccharide composition 716:741 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 4 20 from pallidum 498:505 arg1 polysaccharides 474:488 the polysaccharides 470:488 the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 470:559 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 9 21 theme sequencing 1418:1427 arg1 result 1429:1434 Transcriptome sequencing result 1404:1434 Transcriptome sequencing result 1404:1434 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 0 22 theme Immune-Enhancing 42:57 arg1 Activities 59:68 Immune-Enhancing Activities 42:68 Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum 42:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 7 23 theme cells 1141:1145 arg1 proliferation 1117:1129 the proliferation 1113:1129 the proliferation of immune cells 1113:1145 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 1 24 theme important 197:205 arg1 aspect 207:212 an important aspect 194:212 an important aspect of cancer research 194:231 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 1 24 theme important 197:205 arg1 Searching 113:121 Searching 113:121 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 113:189 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 1 25 with Searching 113:121 arg1 immune-enhancing 163:178 immune-enhancing 163:178 immune-enhancing 163:178 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 1 25 with Searching 113:121 arg1 antitumor 149:157 antitumor 149:157 antitumor 149:157 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 6 26 theme bioactivity 871:881 arg1 analysis 883:890 bioactivity analysis 871:890 bioactivity analysis 871:890 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 7 27 theme serum 1184:1188 arg1 iNOS 1214:1217 iNOS 1214:1217 iNOS 1214:1217 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 27 theme serum 1184:1188 arg1 TNF-α 1224:1228 TNF-α 1224:1228 TNF-α 1224:1228 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 27 theme serum 1184:1188 arg1 IL-1β 1207:1211 IL-1β 1207:1211 IL-1β 1207:1211 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 27 theme serum 1184:1188 arg1 IL-6 1201:1204 IL-6 1201:1204 IL-6 1201:1204 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 27 theme serum 1184:1188 arg1 cytokines 1190:1198 serum cytokines 1184:1198 serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α) 1184:1229 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 6 28 theme cancer 1033:1038 arg1 apoptosis 1045:1053 cancer cell apoptosis 1033:1053 cancer cell apoptosis 1033:1053 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 0 29 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Characterization 9:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 6 30 theme cancer 981:986 arg1 A549 995:998 A549 995:998 A549 995:998 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 30 theme cancer 981:986 arg1 cells 988:992 cancer cells 981:992 cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16) 981:1015 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 30 theme cancer 981:986 arg1 HepG2 1001:1005 HepG2 1001:1005 HepG2 1001:1005 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 30 theme cancer 981:986 arg1 B16 1012:1014 B16 1012:1014 B16 1012:1014 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 4 31 dep fractions 613:621 arg1 SPP-0.5 633:639 SPP-0.5 633:639 SPP-0.5 633:639 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 31 dep fractions 613:621 arg1 SPP-0.7 642:648 SPP-0.7 642:648 SPP-0.7 642:648 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 31 dep fractions 613:621 arg1 fractions 613:621 five polysaccharide fractions 593:621 five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) 593:667 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 31 dep fractions 613:621 arg1 SPP-0.3 624:630 SPP-0.3 624:630 SPP-0.3 624:630 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 31 dep fractions 613:621 arg1 SPP-1 651:655 SPP-1 651:655 SPP-1 651:655 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 4 31 dep fractions 613:621 arg1 SPP-2 662:666 SPP-2 662:666 SPP-2 662:666 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 9 32 theme cellular 1525:1532 arg1 response 1541:1548 cellular stress response 1525:1548 cellular stress response 1525:1548 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 7 33 dep cytokines 1190:1198 arg1 iNOS 1214:1217 iNOS 1214:1217 iNOS 1214:1217 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 33 dep cytokines 1190:1198 arg1 TNF-α 1224:1228 TNF-α 1224:1228 TNF-α 1224:1228 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 33 dep cytokines 1190:1198 arg1 IL-1β 1207:1211 IL-1β 1207:1211 IL-1β 1207:1211 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 33 dep cytokines 1190:1198 arg1 IL-6 1201:1204 IL-6 1201:1204 IL-6 1201:1204 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 7 33 dep cytokines 1190:1198 arg1 cytokines 1190:1198 serum cytokines 1184:1198 serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α) 1184:1229 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 6 34 contain had 923:925 arg1 fractions 913:921 all five fractions 904:921 all five fractions 904:921 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 6 34 contain had 923:925 arg2 activity 949:956 significant antitumor activity 927:956 significant antitumor activity 927:956 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 10 35 theme cancer 1707:1712 arg1 therapy 1714:1720 cancer therapy 1707:1720 cancer therapy 1707:1720 Overall, SPPs and SPP-0.7 may be suitable for use as potential candidate agents for cancer therapy. 34946640 9 36 theme stress 1534:1539 arg1 response 1541:1548 cellular stress response 1525:1548 cellular stress response 1525:1548 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 1 37 theme cancer 217:222 arg1 research 224:231 cancer research 217:231 cancer research 217:231 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 9 38 dep apoptosis 1490:1498 arg1 process 1550:1556 process 1550:1556 the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process 1481:1556 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 2 39 theme traditional 307:317 arg1 medicine 319:326 Chinese traditional medicine 299:326 Chinese traditional medicine 299:326 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 1 40 theme research 224:231 arg1 aspect 207:212 an important aspect 194:212 an important aspect of cancer research 194:231 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 1 40 theme research 224:231 arg1 Searching 113:121 Searching 113:121 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 113:189 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 9 41 theme cells 1616:1620 arg1 processes 1596:1604 the normal physiological processes 1571:1604 the normal physiological processes of cancer cells 1571:1620 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 4 42 theme present 455:461 arg1 study 463:467 the present study 451:467 the present study 451:467 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 2 43 theme edible 259:264 arg1 alga 272:275 an edible brown alga 256:275 an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors 256:354 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 2 43 theme edible 259:264 arg1 pallidum 244:251 Sargassum pallidum 234:251 Sargassum pallidum 234:251 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 5 44 theme total 697:701 arg1 saccharides 703:713 total saccharides 697:713 total saccharides 697:713 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 5 45 theme composition 731:741 arg1 ratio 688:692 The ratio 684:692 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents 684:764 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 3 46 theme active 406:411 arg1 components 413:422 its active components 402:422 its active components 402:422 However, the purification and application of its active components are still insufficient. 34946640 4 47 theme antitumor 519:527 arg1 activities 550:559 antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 519:559 antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 519:559 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 8 48 theme active 1267:1272 arg1 fraction 1274:1281 the most active fraction 1258:1281 the most active fraction 1258:1281 SPP-0.7 was identified as the most active fraction and selected for further purification, and its physicochemical properties and antitumor mechanism were further analyzed. 34946640 8 48 theme active 1267:1272 arg1 SPP-0.7 1232:1238 SPP-0.7 1232:1238 SPP-0.7 1232:1238 SPP-0.7 was identified as the most active fraction and selected for further purification, and its physicochemical properties and antitumor mechanism were further analyzed. 34946640 8 49 theme physicochemical 1330:1344 arg1 properties 1346:1355 its physicochemical properties 1326:1355 its physicochemical properties 1326:1355 SPP-0.7 was identified as the most active fraction and selected for further purification, and its physicochemical properties and antitumor mechanism were further analyzed. 34946640 1 50 theme natural 127:133 arg1 products 135:142 natural products 127:142 natural products 127:142 Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. 34946640 3 51 theme components 413:422 arg1 insufficient 434:445 insufficient 434:445 insufficient 434:445 However, the purification and application of its active components are still insufficient. 34946640 3 51 theme components 413:422 arg1 application 387:397 application 387:397 application 387:397 However, the purification and application of its active components are still insufficient. 34946640 3 51 theme components 413:422 arg1 purification 370:381 purification 370:381 purification 370:381 However, the purification and application of its active components are still insufficient. 34946640 6 52 theme antitumor 939:947 arg1 activity 949:956 significant antitumor activity 927:956 significant antitumor activity 927:956 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 5 53 dep Fourier 820:826 arg1 transform 828:836 transform 828:836 transform infrared spectroscopy 828:858 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 2 54 theme tumors 349:354 arg1 treatment 336:344 the treatment 332:344 the treatment of tumors 332:354 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 4 55 theme immune-enhancing 533:548 arg1 activities 550:559 antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 519:559 antitumor and immune-enhancing activities 519:559 In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. 34946640 5 56 dep transform 828:836 arg1 infrared 838:845 infrared 838:845 transform infrared spectroscopy 828:858 The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34946640 10 57 theme candidate 1686:1694 arg1 agents 1696:1701 potential candidate agents 1676:1701 potential candidate agents for cancer therapy 1676:1720 Overall, SPPs and SPP-0.7 may be suitable for use as potential candidate agents for cancer therapy. 34946640 8 58 theme antitumor 1361:1369 arg1 mechanism 1371:1379 antitumor mechanism 1361:1379 antitumor mechanism 1361:1379 SPP-0.7 was identified as the most active fraction and selected for further purification, and its physicochemical properties and antitumor mechanism were further analyzed. 34946640 0 59 theme Polysaccharide 73:86 arg1 Antitumor 27:35 Antitumor 27:35 Antitumor 27:35 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 0 59 theme Polysaccharide 73:86 arg1 Characterization 9:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 0 59 theme Polysaccharide 73:86 arg1 Activities 59:68 Immune-Enhancing Activities 42:68 Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum 42:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 0 60 from pallidum 103:110 arg1 Polysaccharide 73:86 Polysaccharide 73:86 Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum 73:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 0 60 from pallidum 103:110 arg1 Characterization 9:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization 0:24 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 0 60 from pallidum 103:110 arg1 Antitumor 27:35 Antitumor 27:35 Antitumor 27:35 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 0 60 from pallidum 103:110 arg1 Activities 59:68 Immune-Enhancing Activities 42:68 Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum 42:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 9 61 theme physiological 1582:1594 arg1 processes 1596:1604 the normal physiological processes 1571:1604 the normal physiological processes of cancer cells 1571:1620 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 9 62 theme Transcriptome 1404:1416 arg1 result 1429:1434 Transcriptome sequencing result 1404:1434 Transcriptome sequencing result 1404:1434 Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. 34946640 10 63 theme potential 1676:1684 arg1 agents 1696:1701 potential candidate agents 1676:1701 potential candidate agents for cancer therapy 1676:1720 Overall, SPPs and SPP-0.7 may be suitable for use as potential candidate agents for cancer therapy. 34946640 6 64 theme cell 1040:1043 arg1 apoptosis 1045:1053 cancer cell apoptosis 1033:1053 cancer cell apoptosis 1033:1053 Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. 34946640 7 65 theme cytokines 1190:1198 arg1 levels 1174:1179 the expression levels 1159:1179 the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α) 1159:1229 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34946640 0 66 from Antitumor 27:35 arg1 pallidum 103:110 Sargassum pallidum 93:110 Sargassum pallidum 93:110 Chemical Characterization, Antitumor, and Immune-Enhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum. 34946640 2 67 theme brown 266:270 arg1 alga 272:275 an edible brown alga 256:275 an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors 256:354 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 2 67 theme brown 266:270 arg1 pallidum 244:251 Sargassum pallidum 234:251 Sargassum pallidum 234:251 Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. 34946640 7 68 theme immune 1134:1139 arg1 cells 1141:1145 immune cells 1134:1145 immune cells 1134:1145 In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). 34622651 6 0 attach isolated 822:829 arg2 glycopeptides 808:820 intact glycopeptides 801:820 intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 801:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 6 0 attach isolated 822:829 arg1 samples 844:850 complex samples 836:850 complex samples 836:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 10 1 link N-linked 1829:1836 arg1 glycosylation 1838:1850 N-linked glycosylation 1829:1850 N-linked glycosylation 1829:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 7 2 theme data 934:937 arg1 collection 939:948 raw data collection 930:948 raw data collection 930:948 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 8 3 attach isolated 1245:1252 arg1 serum 1265:1269 human serum 1259:1269 human serum 1259:1269 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 8 3 attach isolated 1245:1252 arg2 glycopeptides 1231:1243 Intact glycopeptides 1224:1243 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum 1224:1269 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 10 4 theme reliable 1666:1673 arg1 tool 1688:1691 a reliable quantitative tool 1664:1691 a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1664:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 10 4 theme reliable 1666:1673 arg1 platform 1642:1649 our integrated platform 1627:1649 our integrated platform 1627:1649 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 3 5 link N-linked 409:416 arg1 glycopeptides 418:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 7 6 theme DIA-MS 912:917 arg1 method 919:924 a well-designed DIA-MS method 896:924 a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection 896:948 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 5 7 theme high 697:700 arg1 throughput 702:711 high throughput 697:711 high throughput 697:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 4 8 theme Data-independent 433:448 arg1 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 8 theme Data-independent 433:448 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 8 theme Data-independent 433:448 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 7 9 theme MS2 1173:1175 arg1 spectra 1177:1183 low-quality MS2 spectra 1161:1183 low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1161:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 5 10 from present 614:620 arg1 analysis 642:649 the quantitative analysis 625:649 the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 625:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 3 11 mod modifications 343:355 arg1 glycosylation 360:372 glycosylation 360:372 glycosylation 360:372 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 3 11 mod modifications 343:355 arg3 protein 335:341 protein modifications 335:355 protein modifications of glycosylation 335:372 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 8 12 theme platform 1327:1334 arg1 performance 1297:1307 the performance 1293:1307 the performance of the integrated platform 1293:1334 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 4 13 theme cost-effective 496:509 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 13 theme cost-effective 496:509 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 7 14 theme intact 1135:1140 arg1 glycopeptides 1142:1154 quantified intact glycopeptides 1124:1154 quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1124:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 9 15 theme isolation 1354:1362 arg1 windows 1364:1370 100 isolation windows 1350:1370 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection 1350:1537 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 2 16 theme aberrant 238:245 arg1 glycosylation 247:259 aberrant glycosylation 238:259 aberrant glycosylation 238:259 Previous studies have shown that aberrant glycosylation is associated with many diseases. 34622651 7 17 theme ions 1083:1086 arg1 inclusion 1068:1076 the inclusion 1064:1076 the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1064:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 5 18 from analysis 642:649 arg1 present 614:620 present 614:620 present 614:620 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 10 19 attach isolated 1733:1740 arg1 samples 1766:1772 complex biological samples 1747:1772 complex biological samples 1747:1772 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 10 19 attach isolated 1733:1740 arg2 glycopeptides 1719:1731 intact glycopeptides 1712:1731 intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1712:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 3 20 theme glycosylation 360:372 arg1 modifications 343:355 protein modifications 335:355 protein modifications of glycosylation 335:372 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 0 21 theme Quantitative 66:77 arg1 Analysis 79:86 Quantitative Analysis 66:86 Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 66:119 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 9 22 theme data 1380:1383 arg1 acquisition 1385:1395 DIA data acquisition 1376:1395 DIA data acquisition 1376:1395 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 1 23 theme various 175:181 arg1 functions 194:202 various biological functions 175:202 various biological functions 175:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 6 24 gly glycopeptides 808:820 arg2 glycopeptides 808:820 intact glycopeptides 801:820 intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 801:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 3 25 theme intact 402:407 arg1 glycopeptides 418:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 4 26 theme global 553:558 arg1 proteomics 560:569 global proteomics 553:569 global proteomics 553:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 0 27 theme N-Linked 98:105 arg1 Glycopeptides 107:119 Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 91:119 Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 91:119 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 9 28 theme well-constructed 1400:1415 arg1 library 1438:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library 1398:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1398:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 5 29 theme glycopeptides 661:673 arg1 analysis 642:649 the quantitative analysis 625:649 the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 625:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 4 30 theme flexible 512:519 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 30 theme flexible 512:519 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 6 31 theme novel 751:755 arg1 platform 768:775 a novel integrated platform 749:775 a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 749:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 9 32 theme serum 1423:1427 arg1 library 1438:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library 1398:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1398:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 7 33 theme glycopeptide 1006:1017 arg1 quantification 1019:1032 intact glycopeptide quantification 999:1032 intact glycopeptide quantification 999:1032 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 9 34 gly glycopeptides 1482:1494 arg2 glycopeptides 1482:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides 1457:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1457:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 0 35 theme Data-Independent 0:15 arg1 DIA-MS 54:59 DIA-MS 54:59 DIA-MS 54:59 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 0 35 theme Data-Independent 0:15 arg1 Spectrometry 40:51 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry 0:51 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) 0:60 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 7 36 theme established 857:867 arg1 platform 878:885 The established analysis platform 853:885 The established analysis platform 853:885 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 3 37 gly glycopeptides 418:430 arg2 glycopeptides 418:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 5 38 theme quantitative 629:640 arg1 analysis 642:649 the quantitative analysis 625:649 the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 625:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 0 39 theme Mass 35:38 arg1 DIA-MS 54:59 DIA-MS 54:59 DIA-MS 54:59 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 0 39 theme Mass 35:38 arg1 Spectrometry 40:51 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry 0:51 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) 0:60 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 1 40 theme N-linked 122:129 arg1 regulator 162:170 a key regulator 156:170 a key regulator in various biological functions 156:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 1 40 theme N-linked 122:129 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 10 41 theme biological 1805:1814 arg1 functions 1816:1824 biological functions 1805:1824 biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1805:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 9 42 theme intact 1544:1549 arg1 glycopeptides 1551:1563 620 intact glycopeptides 1540:1563 620 intact glycopeptides 1540:1563 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 9 43 theme intact 1475:1480 arg1 glycopeptides 1482:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides 1457:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1457:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 8 44 gly glycopeptides 1231:1243 arg2 glycopeptides 1231:1243 Intact glycopeptides 1224:1243 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum 1224:1269 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 5 45 from throughput 702:711 arg1 accuracy 685:692 high accuracy 680:692 high accuracy at high throughput 680:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 10 46 theme glycosylation 1838:1850 arg1 functions 1816:1824 biological functions 1805:1824 biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1805:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 7 47 gly glycopeptide 1006:1017 arg2 glycopeptide 1006:1017 intact glycopeptide quantification 999:1032 intact glycopeptide quantification 999:1032 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 8 48 theme Intact 1224:1229 arg1 glycopeptides 1231:1243 Intact glycopeptides 1224:1243 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum 1224:1269 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 5 49 gly glycopeptides 661:673 arg2 glycopeptides 661:673 intact glycopeptides 654:673 intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 654:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 5 50 attach present 614:620 arg1 analysis 642:649 the quantitative analysis 625:649 the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 625:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 5 50 attach present 614:620 arg2 challenges 593:602 substantial challenges 581:602 substantial challenges 581:602 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 5 51 located present 614:620 arg1 analysis 642:649 the quantitative analysis 625:649 the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 625:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 5 51 located present 614:620 arg2 challenges 593:602 substantial challenges 581:602 substantial challenges 581:602 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 7 52 theme criteria 1214:1221 arg1 criteria 1214:1221 criteria 1214:1221 criteria 1214:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 7 52 theme criteria 1214:1221 arg1 set 1207:1209 a set 1205:1209 a set of criteria 1205:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 9 53 theme data 1523:1526 arg1 inspection 1528:1537 automated data inspection 1513:1537 automated data inspection 1513:1537 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 4 54 theme DIA 463:465 arg1 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 54 theme DIA 463:465 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 54 theme DIA 463:465 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 8 55 theme human 1259:1263 arg1 serum 1265:1269 human serum 1259:1269 human serum 1259:1269 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 6 56 theme intact 801:806 arg1 glycopeptides 808:820 intact glycopeptides 801:820 intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 801:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 4 57 theme mass 468:471 arg1 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 57 theme mass 468:471 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 57 theme mass 468:471 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 10 58 theme quantitative 1675:1686 arg1 tool 1688:1691 a reliable quantitative tool 1664:1691 a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1664:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 10 58 theme quantitative 1675:1686 arg1 platform 1642:1649 our integrated platform 1627:1649 our integrated platform 1627:1649 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 5 59 theme high 680:683 arg1 accuracy 685:692 high accuracy 680:692 high accuracy at high throughput 680:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 9 60 with glycopeptides 1482:1494 arg1 ions 1503:1506 Y ions 1501:1506 Y ions 1501:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 7 61 theme raw 930:932 arg1 collection 939:948 raw data collection 930:948 raw data collection 930:948 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 1 62 theme biological 183:192 arg1 functions 194:202 various biological functions 175:202 various biological functions 175:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 8 63 used used 1276:1279 arg2 glycopeptides 1231:1243 Intact glycopeptides 1224:1243 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum 1224:1269 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 6 64 theme complex 836:842 arg1 samples 844:850 complex samples 836:850 complex samples 836:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 4 65 theme acquisition 450:460 arg1 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 MS 487:488 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 65 theme acquisition 450:460 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 65 theme acquisition 450:460 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 10 66 theme intact 1712:1717 arg1 glycopeptides 1719:1731 intact glycopeptides 1712:1731 intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1712:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 9 67 from DIA-MS 1607:1612 arg1 confidence 1591:1600 high confidence 1586:1600 high confidence from DIA-MS 1586:1612 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 7 68 theme low-quality 1161:1171 arg1 spectra 1177:1183 low-quality MS2 spectra 1161:1183 low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1161:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 7 69 theme well-designed 898:910 arg1 method 919:924 a well-designed DIA-MS method 896:924 a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection 896:948 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 9 70 theme high 1586:1589 arg1 confidence 1591:1600 high confidence 1586:1600 high confidence from DIA-MS 1586:1612 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 9 71 gly glycopeptides 1551:1563 arg2 glycopeptides 1551:1563 620 intact glycopeptides 1540:1563 620 intact glycopeptides 1540:1563 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 7 72 theme accurate 1044:1051 arg1 results 1053:1059 accurate results 1044:1059 accurate results 1044:1059 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 7 73 theme glycopeptides 1142:1154 arg1 filtering 1111:1119 filtering 1111:1119 filtering 1111:1119 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 7 73 theme glycopeptides 1142:1154 arg1 quantification 1092:1105 quantification 1092:1105 quantification 1092:1105 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 5 74 with glycopeptides 661:673 arg1 accuracy 685:692 high accuracy 680:692 high accuracy at high throughput 680:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 10 75 theme complex 1747:1753 arg1 samples 1766:1772 complex biological samples 1747:1772 complex biological samples 1747:1772 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 7 76 theme quantified 1124:1133 arg1 glycopeptides 1142:1154 quantified intact glycopeptides 1124:1154 quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1124:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 1 77 theme protein 131:137 arg1 regulator 162:170 a key regulator 156:170 a key regulator in various biological functions 156:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 1 77 theme protein 131:137 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 8 78 theme integrated 1316:1325 arg1 platform 1327:1334 the integrated platform 1312:1334 the integrated platform 1312:1334 Intact glycopeptides isolated from human serum were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated platform. 34622651 3 79 theme protein 335:341 arg1 modifications 343:355 protein modifications 335:355 protein modifications of glycosylation 335:372 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 9 80 theme DIA 1376:1378 arg1 acquisition 1385:1395 DIA data acquisition 1376:1395 DIA data acquisition 1376:1395 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 2 81 theme many 280:283 arg1 diseases 285:292 many diseases 280:292 many diseases 280:292 Previous studies have shown that aberrant glycosylation is associated with many diseases. 34622651 7 82 theme Y 1081:1081 arg1 ions 1083:1086 Y ions 1081:1086 Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1081:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 1 83 theme key 158:160 arg1 regulator 162:170 a key regulator 156:170 a key regulator in various biological functions 156:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 1 83 theme key 158:160 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 0 84 theme Intact 91:96 arg1 Glycopeptides 107:119 Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 91:119 Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 91:119 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 5 85 theme substantial 581:591 arg1 challenges 593:602 substantial challenges 581:602 substantial challenges 581:602 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 7 86 gly glycopeptides 1142:1154 arg2 glycopeptides 1142:1154 quantified intact glycopeptides 1124:1154 quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1124:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 0 87 theme Glycopeptides 107:119 arg1 Analysis 79:86 Quantitative Analysis 66:86 Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 66:119 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 5 88 theme intact 654:659 arg1 glycopeptides 661:673 intact glycopeptides 654:673 intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput 654:711 However, substantial challenges are still present in the quantitative analysis of intact glycopeptides with high accuracy at high throughput. 34622651 3 89 theme N-linked 409:416 arg1 glycopeptides 418:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 intact N-linked glycopeptides 402:430 Therefore, it is essential to elucidate protein modifications of glycosylation by quantitatively profiling intact N-linked glycopeptides. 34622651 6 90 theme integrated 757:766 arg1 platform 768:775 a novel integrated platform 749:775 a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 749:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 9 91 theme human 1417:1421 arg1 library 1438:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library 1398:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1398:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 1 92 from regulator 162:170 arg1 functions 194:202 various biological functions 175:202 various biological functions 175:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 4 93 theme high-throughput 526:540 arg1 spectrometry 473:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry 433:484 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) 433:489 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 4 93 theme high-throughput 526:540 arg1 method 542:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method 494:547 a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics 494:569 Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) is a cost-effective, flexible, and high-throughput method for global proteomics. 34622651 10 94 gly glycopeptides 1719:1731 arg2 glycopeptides 1719:1731 intact glycopeptides 1712:1731 intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1712:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 0 95 theme Acquisition-Based 17:33 arg1 DIA-MS 54:59 DIA-MS 54:59 DIA-MS 54:59 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 0 95 theme Acquisition-Based 17:33 arg1 Spectrometry 40:51 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry 0:51 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) 0:60 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 9 96 theme spectral 1429:1436 arg1 library 1438:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library 1398:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1398:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 7 97 theme analysis 869:876 arg1 platform 878:885 The established analysis platform 853:885 The established analysis platform 853:885 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 7 98 theme intact 999:1004 arg1 quantification 1019:1032 intact glycopeptide quantification 999:1032 intact glycopeptide quantification 999:1032 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 7 99 with glycopeptides 1142:1154 arg1 spectra 1177:1183 low-quality MS2 spectra 1161:1183 low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria 1161:1221 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 2 100 theme Previous 205:212 arg1 studies 214:220 Previous studies 205:220 Previous studies 205:220 Previous studies have shown that aberrant glycosylation is associated with many diseases. 34622651 10 101 theme functions 1816:1824 arg1 understanding 1788:1800 our understanding 1784:1800 our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1784:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 9 102 theme nonredundant 1462:1473 arg1 glycopeptides 1482:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides 1457:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1457:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 10 103 theme biological 1755:1764 arg1 samples 1766:1772 complex biological samples 1747:1772 complex biological samples 1747:1772 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 6 104 theme glycopeptides 808:820 arg1 analysis 789:796 the DIA analysis 781:796 the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 781:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 10 105 theme integrated 1631:1640 arg1 tool 1688:1691 a reliable quantitative tool 1664:1691 a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation 1664:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 10 105 theme integrated 1631:1640 arg1 platform 1642:1649 our integrated platform 1627:1649 our integrated platform 1627:1649 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 9 106 contain containing 1446:1455 arg1 library 1438:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library 1398:1444 a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1398:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 9 106 contain containing 1446:1455 arg2 glycopeptides 1482:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides 1457:1494 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions 1457:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 9 107 theme Y 1501:1501 arg1 ions 1503:1506 Y ions 1501:1506 Y ions 1501:1506 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 34622651 0 108 dep Spectrometry 40:51 arg1 Analysis 79:86 Quantitative Analysis 66:86 Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides 66:119 Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) for Quantitative Analysis of Intact N-Linked Glycopeptides. 34622651 6 109 theme DIA 785:787 arg1 analysis 789:796 the DIA analysis 781:796 the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples 781:850 In this study, we have established a novel integrated platform for the DIA analysis of intact glycopeptides isolated from complex samples. 34622651 10 110 theme N-linked 1829:1836 arg1 glycosylation 1838:1850 N-linked glycosylation 1829:1850 N-linked glycosylation 1829:1850 In summary, our integrated platform can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for characterizing intact glycopeptides isolated from complex biological samples to assist our understanding of biological functions of N-linked glycosylation. 34622651 7 111 theme spectral 953:960 arg1 library 962:968 a spectral library 951:968 a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification 951:1032 The established analysis platform utilizes a well-designed DIA-MS method for raw data collection, a spectral library constructed specifically for intact glycopeptide quantification providing accurate results by the inclusion of Y ions for quantification and filtering of quantified intact glycopeptides with low-quality MS2 spectra automatically using a set of criteria. 34622651 1 112 link N-linked 122:129 arg1 regulator 162:170 a key regulator 156:170 a key regulator in various biological functions 156:202 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 1 112 link N-linked 122:129 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation 122:151 N-linked protein glycosylation is a key regulator in various biological functions. 34622651 9 113 theme automated 1513:1521 arg1 inspection 1528:1537 automated data inspection 1513:1537 automated data inspection 1513:1537 By utilizing 100 isolation windows for DIA data acquisition, a well-constructed human serum spectral library containing 1123 nonredundant intact glycopeptides with Y ions, and automated data inspection, 620 intact glycopeptides were quantified with high confidence from DIA-MS. 32320833 4 0 theme last 950:953 arg1 compartment 955:965 the last compartment 946:965 the last compartment 946:965 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 4 1 dep MW 879:880 arg1 2000 Da 889:895 2000 Da 889:895 2000 Da 889:895 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 4 2 theme alkenes 859:865 arg1 concentrations 822:835 High concentrations 817:835 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives 817:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 4 3 theme identifying 1005:1015 arg1 polysaccharides/peptides 1017:1040 past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides 995:1040 past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants 995:1070 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 1 4 theme baffled 257:263 arg1 reactor 265:271 an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor 226:271 an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes 226:329 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 1 4 theme baffled 257:263 arg1 ABR 274:276 ABR 274:276 ABR 274:276 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 6 5 theme acid 1264:1267 arg1 derivatives 1269:1279 some amino acid derivatives 1253:1279 some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling 1253:1303 Finally, feed step-increases also increased some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling. 32320833 4 6 theme major 1045:1049 arg1 biofoulants 1060:1070 major membrane biofoulants 1045:1070 major membrane biofoulants 1045:1070 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 1 7 theme reactor 265:271 arg1 length 216:221 the length 212:221 the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes 212:329 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 0 8 theme anaerobic 90:98 arg1 ABR 117:119 ABR 117:119 ABR 117:119 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 0 8 theme anaerobic 90:98 arg1 reactor 108:114 an anaerobic baffled reactor 87:114 an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) 87:120 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 6 9 theme amino 1258:1262 arg1 derivatives 1269:1279 some amino acid derivatives 1253:1279 some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling 1253:1303 Finally, feed step-increases also increased some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling. 32320833 7 10 theme fungal 1358:1363 arg1 extracts 1365:1372 plant and fungal extracts 1348:1372 plant and fungal extracts 1348:1372 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 3 11 theme products 807:814 arg1 mixture 743:749 a mixture 741:749 a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products 741:814 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 1 12 theme mixed 358:362 arg1 reactors 364:371 completely mixed reactors 347:371 completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured 347:418 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 5 13 theme previous 1194:1201 arg1 work 1203:1206 previous work 1194:1206 previous work 1194:1206 In addition, lipids and changes detected during feed transients have not been noted before in previous work. 32320833 4 14 theme derivatives 920:930 arg1 concentrations 822:835 High concentrations 817:835 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives 817:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 3 15 theme fourth 712:717 arg1 compartment 719:729 the fourth compartment 708:729 the fourth compartment 708:729 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 4 16 theme low 840:842 arg1 alkanes 847:853 low MW alkanes 840:853 low MW alkanes 840:853 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 3 17 theme biotransformed 767:780 arg1 compounds 782:790 biotransformed compounds 767:790 biotransformed compounds 767:790 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 6 18 theme feed 1218:1221 arg1 step-increases 1223:1236 feed step-increases 1218:1236 feed step-increases 1218:1236 Finally, feed step-increases also increased some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling. 32320833 0 19 theme baffled 100:106 arg1 ABR 117:119 ABR 117:119 ABR 117:119 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 0 19 theme baffled 100:106 arg1 reactor 108:114 an anaerobic baffled reactor 87:114 an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) 87:120 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 4 20 dep 2000 Da 889:895 arg1 to 886:887 to 886:887 to 886:887 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 4 21 theme alkanes 847:853 arg1 concentrations 822:835 High concentrations 817:835 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives 817:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 4 22 theme amino 909:913 arg1 derivatives 920:930 amino acid derivatives 909:930 amino acid derivatives 909:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 5 23 theme feed 1148:1151 arg1 transients 1153:1162 feed transients 1148:1162 feed transients 1148:1162 In addition, lipids and changes detected during feed transients have not been noted before in previous work. 32320833 1 24 theme catabolism/biotransformation 161:188 arg1 dynamics 190:197 catabolism/biotransformation dynamics 161:197 catabolism/biotransformation dynamics 161:197 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 4 25 theme MW 844:845 arg1 alkanes 847:853 low MW alkanes 840:853 low MW alkanes 840:853 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 7 26 theme fourth 1397:1402 arg1 compartment 1404:1414 the fourth compartment 1393:1414 the fourth compartment 1393:1414 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 0 27 theme microbial 55:63 arg1 SMPs 75:78 SMPs 75:78 SMPs 75:78 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 0 27 theme microbial 55:63 arg1 products 65:72 soluble microbial products 47:72 soluble microbial products (SMPs) 47:79 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 4 28 theme work 1000:1003 arg1 polysaccharides/peptides 1017:1040 past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides 995:1040 past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants 995:1070 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 7 29 from extracts 1365:1372 arg1 products 1334:1341 some natural products 1321:1341 some natural products from plant and fungal extracts 1321:1372 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 2 30 theme coupled 519:525 arg1 spectrometry 532:543 coupled mass spectrometry 519:543 coupled mass spectrometry 519:543 SMPs were extracted and characterised by gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry to determine their composition and production/catabolism. 32320833 4 31 theme past 995:998 arg1 polysaccharides/peptides 1017:1040 past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides 995:1040 past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants 995:1070 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 1 32 theme SMPs 202:205 arg1 production 146:155 production 146:155 production 146:155 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 1 32 theme SMPs 202:205 arg1 dynamics 190:197 catabolism/biotransformation dynamics 161:197 catabolism/biotransformation dynamics 161:197 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 0 33 theme soluble 47:53 arg1 SMPs 75:78 SMPs 75:78 SMPs 75:78 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 0 33 theme soluble 47:53 arg1 products 65:72 soluble microbial products 47:72 soluble microbial products (SMPs) 47:79 Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). 32320833 7 34 located found 1384:1388 arg2 products 1334:1341 some natural products 1321:1341 some natural products from plant and fungal extracts 1321:1372 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 7 34 located found 1384:1388 arg1 compartment 1404:1414 the fourth compartment 1393:1414 the fourth compartment 1393:1414 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 4 35 theme lipids 898:903 arg1 concentrations 822:835 High concentrations 817:835 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives 817:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 3 36 theme % 605:605 arg1 compounds 623:631 the feed compounds 614:631 the feed compounds 614:631 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 3 36 theme % 605:605 arg1 % 609:609 60%-70% 603:609 60%-70% of the feed compounds 603:631 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 4 37 theme pseudo-steady 970:982 arg1 state 984:988 pseudo-steady state 970:988 pseudo-steady state 970:988 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 2 38 dep chromatography 504:517 arg1 spectrometry 532:543 coupled mass spectrometry 519:543 coupled mass spectrometry 519:543 SMPs were extracted and characterised by gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry to determine their composition and production/catabolism. 32320833 3 39 theme compounds 623:631 arg1 compounds 623:631 the feed compounds 614:631 the feed compounds 614:631 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 3 39 theme compounds 623:631 arg1 % 609:609 60%-70% 603:609 60%-70% of the feed compounds 603:631 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 1 40 dep reactors 364:371 arg1 contrast 335:342 contrast 335:342 contrast 335:342 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 3 41 from increase 685:692 arg1 SMPs 697:700 SMPs 697:700 SMPs 697:700 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 1 42 theme biological 310:319 arg1 processes 321:329 the biological processes 306:329 the biological processes 306:329 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 4 43 theme MW 879:880 arg1 lipids 898:903 higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids 872:903 higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids 872:903 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 7 44 theme dominant 1446:1453 arg1 process 1455:1461 the dominant process 1442:1461 the dominant process 1442:1461 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 7 44 theme dominant 1446:1453 arg1 methanogenesis 1423:1436 methanogenesis 1423:1436 methanogenesis 1423:1436 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 1 45 dep production 146:155 arg1 the 142:144 the 142:144 the 142:144 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 2 46 theme mass 527:530 arg1 spectrometry 532:543 coupled mass spectrometry 519:543 coupled mass spectrometry 519:543 SMPs were extracted and characterised by gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry to determine their composition and production/catabolism. 32320833 4 47 theme higher 872:877 arg1 MW 879:880 higher MW 872:880 higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids 872:903 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 3 48 theme fourth 661:666 arg1 compartment 668:678 fourth compartment 661:678 fourth compartment 661:678 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 4 49 theme High 817:820 arg1 concentrations 822:835 High concentrations 817:835 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives 817:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 3 50 theme degraded 754:761 arg1 mixture 743:749 a mixture 741:749 a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products 741:814 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 7 51 theme plant 1348:1352 arg1 extracts 1365:1372 plant and fungal extracts 1348:1372 plant and fungal extracts 1348:1372 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 4 52 theme membrane 1051:1058 arg1 biofoulants 1060:1070 major membrane biofoulants 1045:1070 major membrane biofoulants 1045:1070 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 3 53 theme feed 618:621 arg1 compounds 623:631 the feed compounds 614:631 the feed compounds 614:631 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 3 54 theme microbial 797:805 arg1 products 807:814 microbial products 797:814 microbial products 797:814 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 2 55 theme gas 489:491 arg1 chromatography 504:517 gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry 489:543 chromatography 504:517 SMPs were extracted and characterised by gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry to determine their composition and production/catabolism. 32320833 7 56 theme natural 1326:1332 arg1 products 1334:1341 some natural products 1321:1341 some natural products from plant and fungal extracts 1321:1372 Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process. 32320833 3 57 theme compounds 782:790 arg1 mixture 743:749 a mixture 741:749 a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products 741:814 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. 32320833 4 58 theme acid 915:918 arg1 derivatives 920:930 amino acid derivatives 909:930 amino acid derivatives 909:930 High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. 32320833 1 59 theme eight-compartment-anaerobic 229:255 arg1 reactor 265:271 an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor 226:271 an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes 226:329 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 32320833 1 59 theme eight-compartment-anaerobic 229:255 arg1 ABR 274:276 ABR 274:276 ABR 274:276 This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. 36654090 1 0 theme herbal 138:143 arg1 mixtures 145:152 the herbal mixtures 134:152 the herbal mixtures 134:152 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 2 1 theme detoxifying 368:378 arg1 activities 380:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 0 2 from Determination 0:12 arg1 mixtures 58:65 the herbal antidiabetic mixtures 34:65 the herbal antidiabetic mixtures 34:65 Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC. 36654090 7 3 dep treatment 1925:1933 arg1 the 1921:1923 the 1921:1923 the 1921:1923 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 7 4 theme mellitus 1977:1984 arg1 progression 1953:1963 progression 1953:1963 progression of diabetes mellitus 1953:1984 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 2 5 theme hypoglycemic 284:295 arg1 activities 380:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 2 6 theme antioxidant 334:344 arg1 activities 380:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 4 7 theme monomeric 1454:1462 arg1 composition 1464:1474 The monomeric composition 1450:1474 The monomeric composition of polysaccharides 1450:1493 The monomeric composition of polysaccharides was studied after their hydrolysis to form monosaccharides and poly-alcohols. 36654090 5 8 theme predominant 1632:1642 arg1 fructose 1656:1663 fructose 1656:1663 fructose 1656:1663 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. 36654090 5 8 theme predominant 1632:1642 arg1 sugars 1644:1649 the predominant sugars 1628:1649 the predominant sugars 1628:1649 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. 36654090 7 9 theme polyalcohols 1885:1896 arg1 number 1875:1880 a number 1873:1880 a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus 1873:1984 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 7 9 theme polyalcohols 1885:1896 arg1 mannitol 2017:2024 mannitol 2017:2024 mannitol 2017:2024 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 7 9 theme polyalcohols 1885:1896 arg1 pinitol 2027:2033 pinitol 2027:2033 pinitol 2027:2033 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 7 9 theme polyalcohols 1885:1896 arg1 myo-inositol 2039:2050 myo-inositol 2039:2050 myo-inositol 2039:2050 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 7 9 theme polyalcohols 1885:1896 arg1 complications 1994:2006 its complications 1990:2006 its complications 1990:2006 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 3 10 theme volatile 1406:1413 arg1 derivatives 1437:1447 volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives 1406:1447 volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives 1406:1447 The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. 36654090 0 11 theme antidiabetic 45:56 arg1 mixtures 58:65 the herbal antidiabetic mixtures 34:65 the herbal antidiabetic mixtures 34:65 Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC. 36654090 4 12 theme polysaccharides 1479:1493 arg1 composition 1464:1474 The monomeric composition 1450:1474 The monomeric composition of polysaccharides 1450:1493 The monomeric composition of polysaccharides was studied after their hydrolysis to form monosaccharides and poly-alcohols. 36654090 3 13 theme aldononitrile 1415:1427 arg1 derivatives 1437:1447 volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives 1406:1447 volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives 1406:1447 The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. 36654090 7 14 theme diabetes 1968:1975 arg1 mellitus 1977:1984 diabetes mellitus 1968:1984 diabetes mellitus 1968:1984 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 5 15 from fructose 1656:1663 arg1 samples 1709:1715 all samples 1705:1715 all samples 1705:1715 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. 36654090 5 16 theme free 1597:1600 arg1 carbohydrates 1602:1614 free carbohydrates 1597:1614 free carbohydrates 1597:1614 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. 36654090 2 17 theme anticholesterolemic 313:331 arg1 activities 380:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 6 18 from samples 1829:1835 arg1 abundant 1813:1820 abundant 1813:1820 abundant 1813:1820 Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. 36654090 6 18 from samples 1829:1835 arg1 glucose 1792:1798 glucose 1792:1798 glucose 1792:1798 Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. 36654090 5 19 theme carbohydrates 1602:1614 arg1 analyses 1585:1592 Quantitative analyses 1572:1592 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates 1572:1614 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. 36654090 1 20 theme wide 88:91 arg1 range 93:97 the wide range 84:97 the wide range of biologically active substances 84:131 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 0 21 theme carbohydrates 17:29 arg1 Determination 0:12 Determination 0:12 Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC 0:74 Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC. 36654090 2 22 theme hypolipidemic 298:310 arg1 activities 380:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 1 23 theme diabetes 187:194 arg1 mellitus 196:203 diabetes mellitus 187:203 diabetes mellitus 187:203 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 0 24 theme herbal 38:43 arg1 mixtures 58:65 the herbal antidiabetic mixtures 34:65 the herbal antidiabetic mixtures 34:65 Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC. 36654090 1 25 theme mellitus 196:203 arg1 development 172:182 the development 168:182 the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications 168:225 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 7 26 theme chromatographic 1842:1856 arg1 study 1858:1862 The chromatographic study 1838:1862 The chromatographic study 1838:1862 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 3 27 theme acetate 1429:1435 arg1 derivatives 1437:1447 volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives 1406:1447 volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives 1406:1447 The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. 36654090 3 28 theme gas 1347:1349 arg1 spectrometry 1371:1382 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1347:1382 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1347:1382 The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. 36654090 3 29 theme chromatography-mass 1351:1369 arg1 spectrometry 1371:1382 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1347:1382 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1347:1382 The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. 36654090 2 30 theme antiinflammatory 347:362 arg1 activities 380:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 278:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 7 31 theme progression 1953:1963 arg1 treatment 1925:1933 treatment 1925:1933 treatment 1925:1933 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 7 31 theme progression 1953:1963 arg1 prevention 1939:1948 prevention 1939:1948 prevention 1939:1948 The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol. 36654090 2 32 theme due 271:273 arg1 attention 261:269 particular attention 250:269 particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 250:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 5 33 theme Quantitative 1572:1583 arg1 analyses 1585:1592 Quantitative analyses 1572:1592 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates 1572:1614 Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. 36654090 1 34 theme active 115:120 arg1 substances 122:131 biologically active substances 102:131 biologically active substances 102:131 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 6 35 theme monomers 1765:1772 arg1 determination 1733:1745 the determination 1729:1745 the determination of polysaccharide monomers 1729:1772 Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. 36654090 1 36 theme substances 122:131 arg1 range 93:97 the wide range 84:97 the wide range of biologically active substances 84:131 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 1 37 theme complications 213:225 arg1 development 172:182 the development 168:182 the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications 168:225 Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 36654090 2 38 theme particular 250:259 arg1 attention 261:269 particular attention 250:269 particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities 250:389 Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. 36654090 6 39 theme polysaccharide 1750:1763 arg1 monomers 1765:1772 polysaccharide monomers 1750:1772 polysaccharide monomers 1750:1772 Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. 36654090 6 40 from abundant 1813:1820 arg1 samples 1829:1835 all samples 1825:1835 all samples 1825:1835 Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. 33036363 9 0 theme bloat 1912:1916 arg1 etiology 1893:1900 the etiology 1889:1900 the etiology of frothy bloat 1889:1916 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 8 1 theme frothy 1629:1634 arg1 bloat 1636:1640 frothy bloat 1629:1640 frothy bloat 1629:1640 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 6 2 theme bloated 1237:1243 arg1 steers 1261:1266 bloated and non-bloated steers 1237:1266 bloated and non-bloated steers 1237:1266 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 2 3 theme central 342:348 arg1 importance 350:359 central importance 342:359 central importance 342:359 Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. 33036363 8 4 theme profiles 1697:1704 arg1 disruption 1666:1675 a potential disruption 1654:1675 a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles 1654:1704 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 6 5 theme community 1159:1167 arg1 composition 1133:1143 the composition 1129:1143 the composition of the fungal community 1129:1167 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 7 6 theme correlation 1271:1281 arg1 analysis 1291:1298 A correlation network analysis 1269:1298 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities 1269:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 2 7 theme frothy 276:281 arg1 bloat 283:287 frothy bloat 276:287 frothy bloat 276:287 Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. 33036363 8 8 theme rumen 1723:1727 arg1 ecosystem 1729:1737 a bloated rumen ecosystem 1713:1737 a bloated rumen ecosystem 1713:1737 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 5 9 theme distinct 849:856 arg1 genera 858:863 eight distinct genera 843:863 eight distinct genera 843:863 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 7 10 theme several 1426:1432 arg1 species 1444:1450 several bacterial species 1426:1450 several bacterial species 1426:1450 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 7 11 theme fungal 1374:1379 arg1 species 1381:1387 hub fungal species 1370:1387 hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms 1370:1537 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 2 12 theme rumen 308:312 arg1 microbiota 314:323 rumen microbiota 308:323 rumen microbiota 308:323 Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. 33036363 1 13 theme pastures 196:203 arg1 disorder 161:168 major digestive disorder 145:168 major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 145:203 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 6 14 theme ARF 1201:1203 arg1 composition 1186:1196 the overall composition 1174:1196 the overall composition of ARF 1174:1203 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 7 15 theme bacterial 1337:1345 arg1 communities 1347:1357 ruminal bacterial communities 1329:1357 ruminal bacterial communities 1329:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 7 16 theme network 1283:1289 arg1 analysis 1291:1298 A correlation network analysis 1269:1298 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities 1269:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 4 17 theme frothy 636:641 arg1 bloat 643:647 alfalfa-induced frothy bloat 620:647 alfalfa-induced frothy bloat 620:647 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 9 18 theme rumen 1838:1842 arg1 ecosystem 1844:1852 bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1814:1852 bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1814:1852 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 1 19 theme Frothy 129:134 arg1 bloat 136:140 Frothy bloat 129:140 Frothy bloat 129:140 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 6 20 theme non-bloated 1249:1259 arg1 steers 1261:1266 bloated and non-bloated steers 1237:1266 bloated and non-bloated steers 1237:1266 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 6 21 theme overall 1178:1184 arg1 composition 1186:1196 the overall composition 1174:1196 the overall composition of ARF 1174:1203 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 4 22 theme bloat 668:672 arg1 treatments 685:694 bloat preventive treatments 668:694 bloat preventive treatments 668:694 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 5 23 theme metagenomic 759:769 arg1 DNA 771:773 metagenomic DNA 759:773 metagenomic DNA 759:773 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 5 24 from fraction 790:797 arg1 sequencing 700:709 sequencing 700:709 sequencing 700:709 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 1 25 theme digestive 151:159 arg1 disorder 161:168 major digestive disorder 145:168 major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 145:203 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 9 26 theme fungal-bacterial 1766:1781 arg1 interactions 1783:1794 fungal-bacterial interactions 1766:1794 fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1766:1852 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 6 27 dep differ 1213:1218 arg1 > 1223:1223 p > 0.05 1221:1228 p > 0.05 1221:1228 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 0 28 from Interrelationships 0:17 arg1 Rumen 88:92 the Rumen 84:92 the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 84:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 0 29 theme Bloated 97:103 arg1 Alfalfa 120:126 Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 97:126 Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 97:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 3 30 theme sequential 416:425 arg1 breakdown 427:435 sequential breakdown 416:435 sequential breakdown 416:435 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 0 31 theme Grazing 112:118 arg1 Alfalfa 120:126 Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 97:126 Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 97:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 5 32 theme contents 808:815 arg1 fraction 790:797 the solid fraction 780:797 the solid fraction of rumen contents 780:815 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 6 33 theme baseline 1052:1059 arg1 diet 1065:1068 a baseline hay diet 1050:1068 a baseline hay diet 1050:1068 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 3 34 theme rumen 372:376 arg1 ARF 385:387 ARF 385:387 ARF 385:387 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 3 34 theme rumen 372:376 arg1 fungi 378:382 Anaerobic rumen fungi 362:382 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) 362:388 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 0 35 theme Fiber-Associated 22:37 arg1 Fungi 49:53 Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi 22:53 Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi 22:53 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 3 36 theme cell 524:527 arg1 walls 529:533 plant cell walls 518:533 plant cell walls 518:533 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 1 37 theme major 145:149 arg1 disorder 161:168 major digestive disorder 145:168 major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 145:203 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 0 38 theme Fungi 49:53 arg1 Interrelationships 0:17 Interrelationships 0:17 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi 0:53 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 0 38 theme Fungi 49:53 arg1 Communities 69:79 Bacterial Communities 59:79 Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 59:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 5 39 theme solid 784:788 arg1 fraction 790:797 the solid fraction 780:797 the solid fraction of rumen contents 780:815 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 0 40 theme Bacterial 59:67 arg1 Communities 69:79 Bacterial Communities 59:79 Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 59:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 7 41 theme competition 1494:1504 arg1 presence 1468:1475 the presence 1464:1475 the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms 1464:1537 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 8 42 theme correlations 1578:1589 arg1 number 1559:1564 the number 1555:1564 the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria 1555:1612 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 6 43 from changes 1118:1124 arg1 composition 1133:1143 the composition 1129:1143 the composition of the fungal community 1129:1167 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 3 44 theme polysaccharides 463:477 arg1 fermentation 441:452 fermentation 441:452 fermentation 441:452 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 3 44 theme polysaccharides 463:477 arg1 breakdown 427:435 sequential breakdown 416:435 sequential breakdown 416:435 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 3 45 theme walls 529:533 arg1 disruption 504:513 the physical disruption 491:513 the physical disruption of plant cell walls 491:533 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 9 46 theme etiology 1893:1900 arg1 understanding 1872:1884 our understanding 1868:1884 our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat 1868:1916 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 1 47 theme grazing 180:186 arg1 pastures 196:203 cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 173:203 cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 173:203 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 9 48 theme frothy 1905:1910 arg1 bloat 1912:1916 frothy bloat 1905:1916 frothy bloat 1905:1916 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 3 49 theme physical 495:502 arg1 disruption 504:513 the physical disruption 491:513 the physical disruption of plant cell walls 491:533 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 6 50 theme alfalfa 1073:1079 arg1 pastures 1081:1088 alfalfa pastures 1073:1088 alfalfa pastures 1073:1088 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 8 51 theme microbial 1687:1695 arg1 profiles 1697:1704 normal microbial profiles 1680:1704 normal microbial profiles 1680:1704 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 7 52 theme bacterial 1434:1442 arg1 species 1444:1450 several bacterial species 1426:1450 several bacterial species 1426:1450 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 6 53 from diet 1065:1068 arg1 transition 1024:1033 transition 1024:1033 transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures 1024:1088 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 2 54 theme bloat 283:287 arg1 development 261:271 the development 257:271 the development of frothy bloat 257:287 Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. 33036363 1 55 theme cattle 173:178 arg1 pastures 196:203 cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 173:203 cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 173:203 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 6 56 theme fungal 1152:1157 arg1 community 1159:1167 the fungal community 1148:1167 the fungal community 1148:1167 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 4 57 theme bloat 643:647 arg1 development 605:615 the development 601:615 the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat 601:647 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 6 58 theme p 1221:1221 arg1 > 1223:1223 p > 0.05 1221:1228 p > 0.05 1221:1228 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 2 59 theme microbiota 314:323 arg1 disruption 294:303 the disruption 290:303 the disruption of rumen microbiota 290:323 Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. 33036363 8 60 theme bloated 1715:1721 arg1 ecosystem 1729:1737 a bloated rumen ecosystem 1713:1737 a bloated rumen ecosystem 1713:1737 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 1 61 theme alfalfa 188:194 arg1 pastures 196:203 cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 173:203 cattle grazing alfalfa pastures 173:203 Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. 33036363 7 62 theme hub 1370:1372 arg1 species 1381:1387 hub fungal species 1370:1387 hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms 1370:1537 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 7 63 theme communities 1347:1357 arg1 proportion 1307:1316 the proportion 1303:1316 the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities 1303:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 4 64 theme alfalfa-induced 620:634 arg1 bloat 643:647 alfalfa-induced frothy bloat 620:647 alfalfa-induced frothy bloat 620:647 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 5 65 theme internal 715:722 arg1 spacer 736:741 the internal transcribed spacer 711:741 the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA 711:773 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 7 66 theme ruminal 1329:1335 arg1 communities 1347:1357 ruminal bacterial communities 1329:1357 ruminal bacterial communities 1329:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 9 67 theme better 1742:1747 arg1 understanding 1749:1761 A better understanding 1740:1761 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1740:1852 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 7 68 theme ARF 1321:1323 arg1 proportion 1307:1316 the proportion 1303:1316 the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities 1303:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 5 69 theme ARF 868:870 arg1 genera 858:863 eight distinct genera 843:863 eight distinct genera 843:863 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 7 70 theme proportion 1307:1316 arg1 analysis 1291:1298 A correlation network analysis 1269:1298 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities 1269:1357 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 5 71 theme transcribed 724:734 arg1 spacer 736:741 the internal transcribed spacer 711:741 the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA 711:773 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 5 72 theme DNA 771:773 arg1 （ITS1）region 743:754 the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region 711:754 the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA 711:773 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 9 73 theme interactions 1783:1794 arg1 understanding 1749:1761 A better understanding 1740:1761 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1740:1852 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 4 74 theme preventive 674:683 arg1 treatments 685:694 bloat preventive treatments 668:694 bloat preventive treatments 668:694 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 0 75 theme Cattle 105:110 arg1 Alfalfa 120:126 Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 97:126 Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 97:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 3 76 theme Anaerobic 362:370 arg1 ARF 385:387 ARF 385:387 ARF 385:387 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 3 76 theme Anaerobic 362:370 arg1 fungi 378:382 Anaerobic rumen fungi 362:382 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) 362:388 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 0 77 from Communities 69:79 arg1 Rumen 88:92 the Rumen 84:92 the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 84:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 0 78 theme Alfalfa 120:126 arg1 Rumen 88:92 the Rumen 84:92 the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa 84:126 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 9 79 theme bloated 1814:1820 arg1 ecosystem 1844:1852 bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1814:1852 bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1814:1852 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 5 80 theme spacer 736:741 arg1 （ITS1）region 743:754 the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region 711:754 the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA 711:773 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 5 81 theme rumen 802:806 arg1 contents 808:815 rumen contents 802:815 rumen contents 802:815 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 6 82 theme hay 1061:1063 arg1 diet 1065:1068 a baseline hay diet 1050:1068 a baseline hay diet 1050:1068 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 9 83 theme non-bloated 1826:1836 arg1 ecosystem 1844:1852 bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1814:1852 bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem 1814:1852 A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat. 33036363 4 84 theme present 543:549 arg1 study 551:555 the present study 539:555 the present study 539:555 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 4 85 from dynamics 578:585 arg1 response 656:663 response 656:663 response to bloat preventive treatments 656:694 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 0 86 theme Anaerobic 39:47 arg1 Fungi 49:53 Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi 22:53 Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi 22:53 Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. 33036363 3 87 theme plant 457:461 arg1 polysaccharides 463:477 plant polysaccharides 457:477 plant polysaccharides 457:477 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 8 88 theme potential 1656:1664 arg1 disruption 1666:1675 a potential disruption 1654:1675 a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles 1654:1704 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 6 89 theme steers 1038:1043 arg1 transition 1024:1033 transition 1024:1033 transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures 1024:1088 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 3 90 theme important 398:406 arg1 role 408:411 an important role 395:411 an important role 395:411 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 8 91 theme negative 1569:1576 arg1 correlations 1578:1589 negative correlations 1569:1589 negative correlations among ARF and bacteria 1569:1612 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 33036363 7 92 theme rumen 1518:1522 arg1 microorganisms 1524:1537 these rumen microorganisms 1512:1537 these rumen microorganisms 1512:1537 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 2 93 theme many 216:219 arg1 factors 221:227 the many factors 212:227 the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat 212:287 Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. 33036363 6 94 theme drastic 1110:1116 arg1 changes 1118:1124 drastic changes 1110:1124 drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community 1110:1167 Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. 33036363 4 95 theme ARF 590:592 arg1 dynamics 578:585 the dynamics 574:585 the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments 574:694 In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. 33036363 7 96 theme inter-kingdom 1480:1492 arg1 competition 1494:1504 inter-kingdom competition 1480:1504 inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms 1480:1537 A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. 33036363 5 97 theme unclassified 981:992 arg1 Neocallimastigaceae 994:1012 unclassified Neocallimastigaceae 981:1012 unclassified Neocallimastigaceae 981:1012 By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. 33036363 3 98 theme plant 518:522 arg1 walls 529:533 plant cell walls 518:533 plant cell walls 518:533 Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. 33036363 8 99 theme normal 1680:1685 arg1 profiles 1697:1704 normal microbial profiles 1680:1704 normal microbial profiles 1680:1704 Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. 34620880 0 0 theme carbohydrate 74:85 arg1 metabolism 87:96 carbohydrate metabolism 74:96 carbohydrate metabolism 74:96 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 1 from populations 415:425 arg1 samples 378:384 586 healthy samples 366:384 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 366:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 4 2 theme antibiotic 923:932 arg1 genes 945:949 antibiotic resistance genes 923:949 antibiotic resistance genes 923:949 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 3 from diversity 818:826 arg1 microbiome 962:971 the gut microbiome 954:971 the gut microbiome of western populations 954:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 1 4 theme host-associated 149:163 arg1 species 176:182 host-associated Prevotella species 149:182 host-associated Prevotella species 149:182 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 1 5 theme Prevotella 165:174 arg1 species 176:182 host-associated Prevotella species 149:182 host-associated Prevotella species 149:182 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 2 6 theme Disease 517:523 arg1 samples 525:531 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples 494:531 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples 494:531 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 4 7 theme oral 831:834 arg1 species 872:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 8 theme genes 945:949 arg1 species 872:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 8 theme genes 945:949 arg1 enrichment 887:896 an enrichment 884:896 an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes 884:949 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 1 9 dep abundance 122:130 arg1 The 118:120 The 118:120 The 118:120 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 2 10 theme Bowel 511:515 arg1 Disease 517:523 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 498:523 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples 494:531 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 0 11 from roles 51:55 arg1 metabolism 87:96 carbohydrate metabolism 74:96 carbohydrate metabolism 74:96 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 0 11 from roles 51:55 arg1 axis 112:115 mouth-gut axis 102:115 mouth-gut axis 102:115 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 12 theme resistance 934:943 arg1 genes 945:949 antibiotic resistance genes 923:949 antibiotic resistance genes 923:949 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 13 theme inflammations-associated 836:859 arg1 species 872:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 14 theme Inflammatory 498:509 arg1 Disease 517:523 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 498:523 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples 494:531 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 15 theme functional 271:280 arg1 roles 282:286 functional roles 271:286 functional roles 271:286 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 5 16 from landscape 1064:1072 arg1 populations 1180:1190 western and non-western populations 1156:1190 populations 1180:1190 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 5 16 from landscape 1064:1072 arg1 health 1146:1151 health 1146:1151 health 1146:1151 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 5 16 from landscape 1064:1072 arg1 microbiome 1117:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 1 17 theme species 176:182 arg1 abundance 122:130 abundance 122:130 abundance 122:130 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 1 17 theme species 176:182 arg1 diversity 136:144 diversity 136:144 diversity 136:144 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 0 18 theme mouth-gut 102:110 arg1 axis 112:115 mouth-gut axis 102:115 mouth-gut axis 102:115 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 5 19 theme western 1156:1162 arg1 populations 1180:1190 western and non-western populations 1156:1190 populations 1180:1190 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 4 20 theme enrichment 887:896 arg1 diversity 818:826 A higher diversity 809:826 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations 809:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 21 theme healthy 370:376 arg1 samples 378:384 586 healthy samples 366:384 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 366:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 22 theme largest 441:447 arg1 cohort 456:461 the largest Indian cohort 437:461 the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 437:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 4 23 theme factors 911:917 arg1 species 872:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 23 theme factors 911:917 arg1 enrichment 887:896 an enrichment 884:896 an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes 884:949 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 3 24 located found 764:768 arg2 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL) 697:756 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 24 located found 764:768 arg2 enzymes 675:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 24 located found 764:768 arg1 populations 796:806 non-western populations 784:806 non-western populations 784:806 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 24 located found 764:768 arg1 Indian 773:778 Indian 773:778 Indian 773:778 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 2 25 theme human 309:313 arg1 gut 315:317 the human gut 305:317 the human gut 305:317 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 0 26 theme Western 0:6 arg1 microbiomes 28:38 Western and non-western gut microbiomes 0:38 microbiomes 28:38 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 27 theme virulence 901:909 arg1 factors 911:917 virulence factors 901:917 virulence factors 901:917 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 3 28 theme abundance 568:576 arg1 enzymes 675:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 28 theme abundance 568:576 arg1 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL) 697:756 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 1 29 theme profound 191:198 arg1 impact 200:205 a profound impact 189:205 a profound impact 189:205 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 0 30 theme gut 24:26 arg1 microbiomes 28:38 Western and non-western gut microbiomes 0:38 microbiomes 28:38 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 3 31 theme non-western 784:794 arg1 populations 796:806 non-western populations 784:806 non-western populations 784:806 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 4 32 theme western 976:982 arg1 populations 984:994 western populations 976:994 western populations 976:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 33 from composition 243:253 arg1 gut 315:317 the human gut 305:317 the human gut 305:317 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 34 theme non-western 403:413 arg1 cohort 456:461 the largest Indian cohort 437:461 the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 437:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 34 theme non-western 403:413 arg1 populations 415:425 western and non-western populations 391:425 western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 391:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 0 35 theme non-western 12:22 arg1 microbiomes 28:38 Western and non-western gut microbiomes 0:38 microbiomes 28:38 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 36 theme western 538:544 arg1 populations 546:556 western populations 538:556 western populations 538:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 37 theme Prevotella 291:300 arg1 roles 282:286 functional roles 271:286 functional roles 271:286 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 37 theme Prevotella 291:300 arg1 diversity 256:264 diversity 256:264 diversity 256:264 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 37 theme Prevotella 291:300 arg1 composition 243:253 composition 243:253 composition 243:253 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 4 38 theme axis 1035:1038 arg1 existence 1010:1018 an existence 1007:1018 an existence of a mouth-gut axis 1007:1038 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 3 39 theme metabolizing 662:673 arg1 enzymes 675:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 39 theme metabolizing 662:673 arg1 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL) 697:756 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 1 40 theme human 210:214 arg1 health 216:221 human health 210:221 human health 210:221 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 4 41 theme species 872:878 arg1 diversity 818:826 A higher diversity 809:826 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations 809:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 42 from diversity 256:264 arg1 gut 315:317 the human gut 305:317 the human gut 305:317 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 43 theme western 391:397 arg1 cohort 456:461 the largest Indian cohort 437:461 the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 437:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 43 theme western 391:397 arg1 populations 415:425 western and non-western populations 391:425 western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 391:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 4 44 theme populations 984:994 arg1 microbiome 962:971 the gut microbiome 954:971 the gut microbiome of western populations 954:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 1 45 contain have 184:187 arg1 abundance 122:130 abundance 122:130 abundance 122:130 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 1 45 contain have 184:187 arg2 impact 200:205 a profound impact 189:205 a profound impact 189:205 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 1 45 contain have 184:187 arg1 diversity 136:144 diversity 136:144 diversity 136:144 The abundance and diversity of host-associated Prevotella species have a profound impact on human health. 34620880 3 46 theme Prevotella 595:604 arg1 species 612:618 Prevotella copri species 595:618 Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides 595:660 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 5 47 from impact 1136:1141 arg1 populations 1180:1190 western and non-western populations 1156:1190 populations 1180:1190 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 5 47 from impact 1136:1141 arg1 health 1146:1151 health 1146:1151 health 1146:1151 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 5 47 from impact 1136:1141 arg1 microbiome 1117:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 3 48 theme plant 640:644 arg1 polysaccharides 646:660 complex plant polysaccharides 632:660 complex plant polysaccharides 632:660 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 5 49 theme composition 1088:1098 arg1 landscape 1064:1072 the landscape 1060:1072 the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome 1060:1126 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 5 49 theme composition 1088:1098 arg1 impact 1136:1141 its impact 1132:1141 its impact on health in western and non-western populations 1132:1190 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 2 50 theme population-wide 322:336 arg1 analysis 338:345 a population-wide analysis 320:345 a population-wide analysis 320:345 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 0 51 theme new 47:49 arg1 roles 51:55 new roles 47:55 new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis 47:115 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 2 52 theme Indian 449:454 arg1 cohort 456:461 the largest Indian cohort 437:461 the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations 437:556 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 3 53 theme diversity 582:590 arg1 enzymes 675:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 53 theme diversity 582:590 arg1 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL) 697:756 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 54 theme complex 632:638 arg1 polysaccharides 646:660 complex plant polysaccharides 632:660 complex plant polysaccharides 632:660 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 55 theme higher 561:566 arg1 abundance 568:576 A higher abundance 559:576 A higher abundance 559:576 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 5 56 theme Prevotella 1077:1086 arg1 composition 1088:1098 Prevotella composition 1077:1098 Prevotella composition 1077:1098 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 5 57 theme human 1107:1111 arg1 microbiome 1117:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 4 58 theme Prevotella 861:870 arg1 species 872:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species 831:878 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 4 59 theme gut 958:960 arg1 microbiome 962:971 the gut microbiome 954:971 the gut microbiome of western populations 954:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 5 60 theme gut 1113:1115 arg1 microbiome 1117:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 the human gut microbiome 1103:1126 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 4 61 theme higher 811:816 arg1 diversity 818:826 A higher diversity 809:826 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations 809:994 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 0 62 theme Prevotella 60:69 arg1 roles 51:55 new roles 47:55 new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis 47:115 Western and non-western gut microbiomes reveal new roles of Prevotella in carbohydrate metabolism and mouth-gut axis. 34620880 3 63 theme copri 606:610 arg1 species 612:618 Prevotella copri species 595:618 Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides 595:660 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 2 64 from roles 282:286 arg1 gut 315:317 the human gut 305:317 the human gut 305:317 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 65 from populations 546:556 arg1 samples 525:531 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples 494:531 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples 494:531 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 2 65 from populations 546:556 arg1 samples 481:487 200 samples 477:487 200 samples 477:487 To investigate the composition, diversity, and functional roles of Prevotella in the human gut, a population-wide analysis was carried out on 586 healthy samples from western and non-western populations including the largest Indian cohort comprising of 200 samples, and 189 Inflammatory Bowel Disease samples from western populations. 34620880 4 66 theme mouth-gut 1025:1033 arg1 axis 1035:1038 a mouth-gut axis 1023:1038 a mouth-gut axis 1023:1038 A higher diversity of oral inflammations-associated Prevotella species and an enrichment of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiome of western populations speculates an existence of a mouth-gut axis. 34620880 5 67 theme non-western 1168:1178 arg1 populations 1180:1190 western and non-western populations 1156:1190 populations 1180:1190 The study revealed the landscape of Prevotella composition in the human gut microbiome and its impact on health in western and non-western populations. 34620880 3 68 theme species 612:618 arg1 diversity 582:590 diversity 582:590 diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides 582:660 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 68 theme species 612:618 arg1 abundance 568:576 A higher abundance 559:576 A higher abundance 559:576 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 69 contain containing 709:718 arg2 PUL 753:755 PUL 753:755 PUL 753:755 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 69 contain containing 709:718 arg1 enzymes 675:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes 559:681 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 69 contain containing 709:718 arg2 polysaccharide-utilization-loci 720:750 polysaccharide-utilization-loci 720:750 polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL) 720:756 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 34620880 3 69 contain containing 709:718 arg1 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase 697:707 pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL) 697:756 A higher abundance and diversity of Prevotella copri species enriched in complex plant polysaccharides metabolizing enzymes, particularly pullulanase containing polysaccharide-utilization-loci (PUL), were found in Indian and non-western populations. 33809195 2 0 theme HCC 571:573 arg1 characteristics 552:566 the malignant characteristics 538:566 the malignant characteristics of HCC 538:573 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 1 1 theme glycans 153:159 arg1 expression 210:219 abnormal expression 201:219 abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins 201:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 1 theme glycans 153:159 arg1 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 258:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 1 theme glycans 153:159 arg1 composition 138:148 Aberrant composition 129:148 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 129:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 2 theme proteins 245:252 arg1 expression 210:219 abnormal expression 201:219 abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins 201:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 2 theme proteins 245:252 arg1 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 258:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 2 theme proteins 245:252 arg1 composition 138:148 Aberrant composition 129:148 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 129:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 3 theme responsible 327:337 arg1 mechanisms 316:325 the mechanisms 312:325 the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME 312:362 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 4 from glycans 153:159 arg1 microenvironment 174:189 the tumor microenvironment 164:189 the tumor microenvironment (TME) 164:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 4 from glycans 153:159 arg1 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 4 5 theme cell 819:822 arg1 growth 824:829 HCC cell growth 815:829 HCC cell growth 815:829 We observed that restoring CHPF expression suppressed HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. 33809195 2 6 theme chondroitin 486:496 arg1 sulfate 498:504 chondroitin sulfate 486:504 chondroitin sulfate (CS) 486:509 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 6 theme chondroitin 486:496 arg1 CS 507:508 CS 507:508 CS 507:508 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 3 7 theme CHPF 634:637 arg1 expression 639:648 CHPF expression 634:648 CHPF expression 634:648 CHPF expression is frequently downregulated in HCC tumors, which is associated with the poor overall survival of HCC patients. 33809195 2 8 theme characteristics 552:566 arg1 elicitor 526:533 a critical elicitor 515:533 a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC 515:573 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 8 theme characteristics 552:566 arg1 factor 429:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor 400:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) 400:441 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 9 theme tumor 601:605 arg1 suppressor 607:616 the potent tumor suppressor 590:616 the potent tumor suppressor 590:616 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 9 theme tumor 601:605 arg1 decorin 619:625 decorin 619:625 decorin (DCN) 619:631 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 3 10 theme patients 751:758 arg1 survival 735:742 the poor overall survival 718:742 the poor overall survival of HCC patients 718:758 CHPF expression is frequently downregulated in HCC tumors, which is associated with the poor overall survival of HCC patients. 33809195 2 11 theme malignant 542:550 arg1 characteristics 552:566 the malignant characteristics 538:566 the malignant characteristics of HCC 538:573 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 1 12 from composition 138:148 arg1 microenvironment 174:189 the tumor microenvironment 164:189 the tumor microenvironment (TME) 164:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 12 from composition 138:148 arg1 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 6 13 theme DCN 1088:1090 arg1 regulator 1016:1024 a TGF-β regulator 1008:1024 a TGF-β regulator 1008:1024 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 13 theme DCN 1088:1090 arg1 DCN 1000:1002 DCN 1000:1002 DCN 1000:1002 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 13 theme DCN 1088:1090 arg1 distribution 1072:1083 the distribution 1068:1083 the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells 1068:1118 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 2 14 theme sulfate 498:504 arg1 elongation 472:481 the elongation 468:481 the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) 468:509 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 3 15 theme HCC 681:683 arg1 tumors 685:690 HCC tumors 681:690 HCC tumors 681:690 CHPF expression is frequently downregulated in HCC tumors, which is associated with the poor overall survival of HCC patients. 33809195 4 16 theme restoring 778:786 arg1 expression 793:802 restoring CHPF expression 778:802 restoring CHPF expression 778:802 We observed that restoring CHPF expression suppressed HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. 33809195 2 17 theme potent 594:599 arg1 suppressor 607:616 the potent tumor suppressor 590:616 the potent tumor suppressor 590:616 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 17 theme potent 594:599 arg1 decorin 619:625 decorin 619:625 decorin (DCN) 619:631 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 6 18 from distribution 1072:1083 arg1 surface 1099:1105 the surface 1095:1105 the surface of HCC cells 1095:1118 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 4 19 theme HCC 815:817 arg1 growth 824:829 HCC cell growth 815:829 HCC cell growth 815:829 We observed that restoring CHPF expression suppressed HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. 33809195 0 20 theme Decorin 101:107 arg1 Modulation 83:92 the Modulation 79:92 the Modulation of the Decorin 79:107 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 0 20 theme Decorin 101:107 arg1 Pathways 119:126 TGF-β Pathways 113:126 TGF-β Pathways 113:126 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 5 21 theme TGF-β 919:923 arg1 signaling 925:933 TGF-β signaling 919:933 TGF-β signaling 919:933 Mechanistic investigations revealed that TGF-β signaling is associated with CHPF-induced phenotype changes. 33809195 1 22 theme tumor 168:172 arg1 microenvironment 174:189 the tumor microenvironment 164:189 the tumor microenvironment (TME) 164:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 22 theme tumor 168:172 arg1 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 8 23 theme CS 1407:1408 arg1 significance 1391:1402 the significance 1387:1402 the significance of CS 1387:1408 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 1 24 theme hepatocellular 271:284 arg1 HCC 297:299 HCC 297:299 HCC 297:299 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 24 theme hepatocellular 271:284 arg1 carcinoma 286:294 hepatocellular carcinoma 271:294 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 271:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 4 25 theme CHPF 788:791 arg1 expression 793:802 restoring CHPF expression 778:802 restoring CHPF expression 778:802 We observed that restoring CHPF expression suppressed HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. 33809195 7 26 theme primary 1219:1225 arg1 tissues 1231:1237 primary HCC tissues 1219:1237 primary HCC tissues 1219:1237 Importantly, our results confirm that CHPF and DCN expression levels are positively correlated in primary HCC tissues. 33809195 0 27 theme Aggressive 19:28 arg1 Phenotypes 30:39 the Aggressive Phenotypes 15:39 the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells 15:73 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 1 28 theme carcinoma 286:294 arg1 expression 210:219 abnormal expression 201:219 abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins 201:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 28 theme carcinoma 286:294 arg1 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 258:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 28 theme carcinoma 286:294 arg1 composition 138:148 Aberrant composition 129:148 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 129:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 2 29 theme polymerizing 416:427 arg1 CHPF 437:440 CHPF 437:440 CHPF 437:440 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 29 theme polymerizing 416:427 arg1 elicitor 526:533 a critical elicitor 515:533 a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC 515:573 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 29 theme polymerizing 416:427 arg1 factor 429:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor 400:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) 400:441 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 29 theme polymerizing 416:427 arg1 enzyme 447:452 an enzyme 444:452 an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) 444:509 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 0 30 theme TGF-β 113:117 arg1 Pathways 119:126 TGF-β Pathways 113:126 TGF-β Pathways 113:126 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 8 31 theme CHPF 1281:1284 arg1 dysregulation 1286:1298 CHPF dysregulation 1281:1298 CHPF dysregulation 1281:1298 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 5 32 theme Mechanistic 878:888 arg1 investigations 890:903 Mechanistic investigations 878:903 Mechanistic investigations 878:903 Mechanistic investigations revealed that TGF-β signaling is associated with CHPF-induced phenotype changes. 33809195 2 33 theme chondroitin 404:414 arg1 CHPF 437:440 CHPF 437:440 CHPF 437:440 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 33 theme chondroitin 404:414 arg1 elicitor 526:533 a critical elicitor 515:533 a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC 515:573 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 33 theme chondroitin 404:414 arg1 factor 429:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor 400:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) 400:441 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 33 theme chondroitin 404:414 arg1 enzyme 447:452 an enzyme 444:452 an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) 444:509 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 8 34 theme cells 1337:1341 arg1 malignancy 1319:1328 the malignancy 1315:1328 the malignancy of HCC cells 1315:1341 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 5 35 theme CHPF-induced 954:965 arg1 changes 977:983 CHPF-induced phenotype changes 954:983 CHPF-induced phenotype changes 954:983 Mechanistic investigations revealed that TGF-β signaling is associated with CHPF-induced phenotype changes. 33809195 6 36 mod modified 1030:1037 arg1 regulator 1016:1024 a TGF-β regulator 1008:1024 a TGF-β regulator 1008:1024 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 36 mod modified 1030:1037 arg1 DCN 1000:1002 DCN 1000:1002 DCN 1000:1002 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 36 mod modified 1030:1037 arg1 distribution 1072:1083 the distribution 1068:1083 the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells 1068:1118 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 36 mod modified 1030:1037 arg3 CHPF 1042:1045 CHPF 1042:1045 CHPF 1042:1045 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 37 theme TGF-β 1010:1014 arg1 regulator 1016:1024 a TGF-β regulator 1008:1024 a TGF-β regulator 1008:1024 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 37 theme TGF-β 1010:1014 arg1 DCN 1000:1002 DCN 1000:1002 DCN 1000:1002 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 6 37 theme TGF-β 1010:1014 arg1 distribution 1072:1083 the distribution 1068:1083 the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells 1068:1118 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 7 38 theme HCC 1227:1229 arg1 tissues 1231:1237 primary HCC tissues 1219:1237 primary HCC tissues 1219:1237 Importantly, our results confirm that CHPF and DCN expression levels are positively correlated in primary HCC tissues. 33809195 3 39 theme overall 727:733 arg1 survival 735:742 the poor overall survival 718:742 the poor overall survival of HCC patients 718:758 CHPF expression is frequently downregulated in HCC tumors, which is associated with the poor overall survival of HCC patients. 33809195 1 40 theme abnormal 201:208 arg1 expression 210:219 abnormal expression 201:219 abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins 201:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 40 theme abnormal 201:208 arg1 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 258:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 40 theme abnormal 201:208 arg1 composition 138:148 Aberrant composition 129:148 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 129:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 0 41 theme Carcinoma 59:67 arg1 Cells 69:73 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells 44:73 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells 44:73 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 3 42 theme poor 722:725 arg1 survival 735:742 the poor overall survival 718:742 the poor overall survival of HCC patients 718:758 CHPF expression is frequently downregulated in HCC tumors, which is associated with the poor overall survival of HCC patients. 33809195 8 43 theme DCN 1425:1427 arg1 expression 1429:1438 DCN expression 1425:1438 DCN expression in the TME 1425:1449 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 7 44 theme DCN 1168:1170 arg1 levels 1183:1188 DCN expression levels 1168:1188 DCN expression levels 1168:1188 Importantly, our results confirm that CHPF and DCN expression levels are positively correlated in primary HCC tissues. 33809195 0 45 theme Hepatocellular 44:57 arg1 Cells 69:73 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells 44:73 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells 44:73 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 6 46 theme cells 1114:1118 arg1 surface 1099:1105 the surface 1095:1105 the surface of HCC cells 1095:1118 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 7 47 theme expression 1172:1181 arg1 levels 1183:1188 DCN expression levels 1168:1188 DCN expression levels 1168:1188 Importantly, our results confirm that CHPF and DCN expression levels are positively correlated in primary HCC tissues. 33809195 1 48 from expression 210:219 arg1 microenvironment 174:189 the tumor microenvironment 164:189 the tumor microenvironment (TME) 164:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 48 from expression 210:219 arg1 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 TME 192:194 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 6 49 theme HCC 1110:1112 arg1 cells 1114:1118 HCC cells 1110:1118 HCC cells 1110:1118 We found that DCN, as a TGF-β regulator, is modified by CHPF, and that it affects the distribution of DCN on the surface of HCC cells. 33809195 5 50 theme phenotype 967:975 arg1 changes 977:983 CHPF-induced phenotype changes 954:983 CHPF-induced phenotype changes 954:983 Mechanistic investigations revealed that TGF-β signaling is associated with CHPF-induced phenotype changes. 33809195 2 51 theme critical 517:524 arg1 elicitor 526:533 a critical elicitor 515:533 a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC 515:573 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 2 51 theme critical 517:524 arg1 factor 429:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor 400:434 the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) 400:441 We demonstrate that the chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF), an enzyme that mediates the elongation of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is a critical elicitor of the malignant characteristics of HCC as it modifies the potent tumor suppressor, decorin (DCN). 33809195 1 52 from microenvironment 174:189 arg1 expression 210:219 abnormal expression 201:219 abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins 201:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 52 from microenvironment 174:189 arg1 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 258:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 52 from microenvironment 174:189 arg1 composition 138:148 Aberrant composition 129:148 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 129:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 53 theme Aberrant 129:136 arg1 expression 210:219 abnormal expression 201:219 abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins 201:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 53 theme Aberrant 129:136 arg1 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks 258:266 hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 258:300 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 1 53 theme Aberrant 129:136 arg1 composition 138:148 Aberrant composition 129:148 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) 129:195 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 3 54 theme HCC 747:749 arg1 patients 751:758 HCC patients 747:758 HCC patients 747:758 CHPF expression is frequently downregulated in HCC tumors, which is associated with the poor overall survival of HCC patients. 33809195 8 55 theme novel 1367:1371 arg1 insights 1373:1380 novel insights 1367:1380 novel insights 1367:1380 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 8 56 theme HCC 1333:1335 arg1 cells 1337:1341 HCC cells 1333:1341 HCC cells 1333:1341 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 1 57 theme extracellular 224:236 arg1 proteins 245:252 extracellular matrix proteins 224:252 extracellular matrix proteins 224:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33809195 0 58 theme Cells 69:73 arg1 Phenotypes 30:39 the Aggressive Phenotypes 15:39 the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells 15:73 CHPF Regulates the Aggressive Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the Modulation of the Decorin and TGF-β Pathways. 33809195 8 59 from expression 1429:1438 arg1 TME 1447:1449 the TME 1443:1449 the TME 1443:1449 Taken together, our results suggest that CHPF dysregulation contributes to the malignancy of HCC cells, and our study provides novel insights into the significance of CS, which affects DCN expression in the TME. 33809195 1 60 theme matrix 238:243 arg1 proteins 245:252 extracellular matrix proteins 224:252 extracellular matrix proteins 224:252 Aberrant composition of glycans in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanisms responsible for establishing the TME remain unclear. 33346724 4 0 theme organismal 496:505 arg1 function 507:514 organismal function 496:514 organismal function 496:514 Glycoprotein glycosylation is vital to cell-cell communication and organismal function, and sensitive to changes in an organism's macro- and cellular environment. 33346724 6 1 theme different 890:898 arg1 rates 900:904 three different rates 884:904 three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) 884:958 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 4 2 theme cellular 570:577 arg1 environment 579:589 an organism's macro- and cellular environment 545:589 an organism's macro- and cellular environment 545:589 Glycoprotein glycosylation is vital to cell-cell communication and organismal function, and sensitive to changes in an organism's macro- and cellular environment. 33346724 6 3 theme gamma 909:913 arg1 mGy/day 951:957 2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day 928:957 2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day 928:957 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 6 3 theme gamma 909:913 arg1 irradiation 915:925 gamma irradiation 909:925 gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) 909:958 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 8 4 dep RESULTS 1071:1077 arg1 dominated 1108:1116 dominated 1108:1116 are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose 1104:1193 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 10 5 theme chronic 1471:1477 arg1 exposure 1479:1486 chronic exposure 1471:1486 chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR 1471:1535 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 5 6 gly glycoprotein 672:683 arg1 glycoprotein 672:683 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans 659:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) 659:727 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 9 7 link N-linked 1228:1235 arg1 glycans 1250:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 2 8 contain have 223:226 arg2 applications 239:250 beneficial applications 228:250 beneficial applications 228:250 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 2 8 contain have 223:226 arg1 doses 207:211 Low doses 203:211 Low doses of IR 203:217 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 0 9 theme N-linked 91:98 arg1 glycans 100:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 9 10 theme N-glycans 1296:1304 arg1 subset 1286:1291 a subset 1284:1291 a subset of N-glycans 1284:1304 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 2 11 theme detrimental 285:295 arg1 effects 314:320 detrimental long-term health effects 285:320 detrimental long-term health effects 285:320 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 4 12 theme cell-cell 468:476 arg1 communication 478:490 cell-cell communication 468:490 cell-cell communication 468:490 Glycoprotein glycosylation is vital to cell-cell communication and organismal function, and sensitive to changes in an organism's macro- and cellular environment. 33346724 6 13 theme glycan 803:808 arg1 analysis 810:817 glycan analysis 803:817 glycan analysis 803:817 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 5 14 link N-linked 663:670 arg1 glycans 685:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans 659:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) 659:727 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 15 from METHODS 744:750 arg1 exposure 790:797 radiation exposure 780:797 radiation exposure 780:797 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 6 15 from METHODS 744:750 arg1 analysis 810:817 glycan analysis 803:817 glycan analysis 803:817 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 5 16 theme low 628:630 arg1 doses 632:636 accumulated low doses 616:636 accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) 616:650 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 5 17 theme accumulated 616:626 arg1 doses 632:636 accumulated low doses 616:636 accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) 616:650 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 8 18 link N-linked 1079:1086 arg1 profiles 1095:1102 N-linked glycan profiles 1079:1102 N-linked glycan profiles 1079:1102 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 9 19 gly glycoprotein 1237:1248 arg1 glycoprotein 1237:1248 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 0 20 theme glycans 100:106 arg1 processing 64:73 the processing 60:73 the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes) 60:134 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 7 21 theme Tissue 987:992 arg1 N-glycans 994:1002 Tissue N-glycans 987:1002 Tissue N-glycans 987:1002 Tissue N-glycans were analyzed following enzymatic release from extracted proteins. 33346724 6 22 theme adult 973:977 arg1 Medaka 979:984 wild-type adult Medaka 963:984 wild-type adult Medaka 963:984 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 9 23 gly Fucosylation 1196:1207 arg1 glycans 1250:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 0 24 theme Chronic 0:6 arg1 exposure 8:15 Chronic exposure 0:15 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation 0:50 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 7 25 from proteins 1061:1068 arg1 release 1038:1044 enzymatic release 1028:1044 enzymatic release from extracted proteins 1028:1068 Tissue N-glycans were analyzed following enzymatic release from extracted proteins. 33346724 10 26 theme environmental 1491:1503 arg1 stressors 1505:1513 environmental stressors 1491:1513 environmental stressors 1491:1513 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 10 26 theme environmental 1491:1503 arg1 IR 1534:1535 low-level IR 1524:1535 low-level IR 1524:1535 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 8 27 theme core 1183:1186 arg1 fucose 1188:1193 core fucose 1183:1193 core fucose 1183:1193 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 6 28 theme radiation 780:788 arg1 exposure 790:797 radiation exposure 780:797 radiation exposure 780:797 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 0 29 gly glycoprotein 78:89 arg1 glycoprotein 78:89 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 7 30 theme enzymatic 1028:1036 arg1 release 1038:1044 enzymatic release 1028:1044 enzymatic release from extracted proteins 1028:1068 Tissue N-glycans were analyzed following enzymatic release from extracted proteins. 33346724 3 31 theme IR 367:368 arg1 levels 357:362 low levels 353:362 low levels of IR 353:368 Impacts following exposure to low levels of IR have been refractory to identification and quantification. 33346724 9 32 theme organismal 1326:1335 arg1 radio-response 1337:1350 the organismal radio-response 1322:1350 the organismal radio-response 1322:1350 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 5 33 theme IR 641:642 arg1 doses 632:636 accumulated low doses 616:636 accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) 616:650 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 34 from changes 850:856 arg1 Medaka 979:984 wild-type adult Medaka 963:984 wild-type adult Medaka 963:984 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 0 35 from processing 64:73 arg1 Medaka 111:116 Medaka 111:116 Medaka (Oryzias latipes) 111:134 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 0 35 from processing 64:73 arg1 latipes 127:133 Oryzias latipes 119:133 Oryzias latipes 119:133 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 3 36 theme low 353:355 arg1 levels 357:362 low levels 353:362 low levels of IR 353:368 Impacts following exposure to low levels of IR have been refractory to identification and quantification. 33346724 7 37 theme extracted 1051:1059 arg1 proteins 1061:1068 extracted proteins 1051:1068 extracted proteins 1051:1068 Tissue N-glycans were analyzed following enzymatic release from extracted proteins. 33346724 9 38 theme glycoprotein 1237:1248 arg1 glycans 1250:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 8 39 theme type 1129:1132 arg1 N-glycans 1134:1142 complex type N-glycans 1121:1142 complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose 1121:1193 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 4 40 theme macro- 559:564 arg1 environment 579:589 an organism's macro- and cellular environment 545:589 an organism's macro- and cellular environment 545:589 Glycoprotein glycosylation is vital to cell-cell communication and organismal function, and sensitive to changes in an organism's macro- and cellular environment. 33346724 5 41 theme Medaka 699:704 arg1 fish 706:709 Medaka fish 699:709 Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) 699:727 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 5 41 theme Medaka 699:704 arg1 latipes 720:726 Oryzias latipes 712:726 Oryzias latipes 712:726 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 42 theme day 868:870 arg1 exposure 872:879 190 day exposure 864:879 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) 864:958 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 10 43 dep CONCLUSION 1353:1362 arg1 This 1364:1367 This 1364:1367 This 1364:1367 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 8 44 theme glycan 1088:1093 arg1 profiles 1095:1102 N-linked glycan profiles 1079:1102 N-linked glycan profiles 1079:1102 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 4 45 theme Glycoprotein 429:440 arg1 glycosylation 442:454 Glycoprotein glycosylation 429:454 Glycoprotein glycosylation 429:454 Glycoprotein glycosylation is vital to cell-cell communication and organismal function, and sensitive to changes in an organism's macro- and cellular environment. 33346724 2 46 theme IR 216:217 arg1 doses 207:211 Low doses 203:211 Low doses of IR 203:217 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 4 47 from changes 534:540 arg1 environment 579:589 an organism's macro- and cellular environment 545:589 an organism's macro- and cellular environment 545:589 Glycoprotein glycosylation is vital to cell-cell communication and organismal function, and sensitive to changes in an organism's macro- and cellular environment. 33346724 0 48 theme Oryzias 119:125 arg1 Medaka 111:116 Medaka 111:116 Medaka (Oryzias latipes) 111:134 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 0 48 theme Oryzias 119:125 arg1 latipes 127:133 Oryzias latipes 119:133 Oryzias latipes 119:133 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 49 theme wild-type 963:971 arg1 Medaka 979:984 wild-type adult Medaka 963:984 wild-type adult Medaka 963:984 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 0 50 theme low 20:22 arg1 doses 24:28 low doses 20:28 low doses of ionizing radiation 20:50 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 51 theme State-of-the-art 752:767 arg1 methods 769:775 State-of-the-art methods 752:775 State-of-the-art methods 752:775 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 8 52 theme sialic 1167:1172 arg1 acid 1174:1177 terminal sialic acid 1158:1177 terminal sialic acid 1158:1177 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 0 53 theme radiation 42:50 arg1 doses 24:28 low doses 20:28 low doses of ionizing radiation 20:50 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 5 54 theme Oryzias 712:718 arg1 fish 706:709 Medaka fish 699:709 Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) 699:727 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 5 54 theme Oryzias 712:718 arg1 latipes 720:726 Oryzias latipes 712:726 Oryzias latipes 712:726 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 1 55 located found 167:171 arg2 PURPOSE 137:143 PURPOSE 137:143 PURPOSE Ionizing radiation 137:162 PURPOSE Ionizing radiation is found naturally in the environment. 33346724 1 55 located found 167:171 arg1 environment 190:200 the environment 186:200 the environment 186:200 PURPOSE Ionizing radiation is found naturally in the environment. 33346724 9 56 theme glycans 1250:1256 arg1 sialylation 1213:1223 sialylation 1213:1223 sialylation 1213:1223 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 9 56 theme glycans 1250:1256 arg1 Fucosylation 1196:1207 Fucosylation 1196:1207 Fucosylation 1196:1207 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 10 57 theme first 1376:1380 arg1 indication 1382:1391 the first indication 1372:1391 the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR 1372:1535 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 10 57 theme first 1376:1380 arg1 CONCLUSION 1353:1362 CONCLUSION 1353:1362 CONCLUSION This 1353:1367 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 9 58 gly sialylation 1213:1223 arg1 glycans 1250:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 0 59 theme ionizing 33:40 arg1 radiation 42:50 ionizing radiation 33:50 ionizing radiation 33:50 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 60 dep MATERIALS 730:738 arg1 methods 769:775 State-of-the-art methods 752:775 State-of-the-art methods 752:775 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 5 61 theme N-linked 663:670 arg1 glycans 685:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans 659:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) 659:727 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 6 62 theme N-glycan 841:848 arg1 changes 850:856 N-glycan changes 841:856 N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka 841:984 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 2 63 theme Low 203:205 arg1 doses 207:211 Low doses 203:211 Low doses of IR 203:217 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 6 64 from MATERIALS 730:738 arg1 exposure 790:797 radiation exposure 780:797 radiation exposure 780:797 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 6 64 from MATERIALS 730:738 arg1 analysis 810:817 glycan analysis 803:817 glycan analysis 803:817 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 5 65 theme glycoprotein 672:683 arg1 glycans 685:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans 659:691 the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) 659:727 We investigated whether accumulated low doses of IR (LoDIR) affect the N-linked glycoprotein glycans using Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 2 66 theme health 307:312 arg1 effects 314:320 detrimental long-term health effects 285:320 detrimental long-term health effects 285:320 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 10 67 dep indication 1382:1391 arg1 interrogated 1417:1428 interrogated 1417:1428 can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR 1410:1535 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 8 68 theme terminal 1158:1165 arg1 acid 1174:1177 terminal sialic acid 1158:1177 terminal sialic acid 1158:1177 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 2 69 theme beneficial 228:237 arg1 applications 239:250 beneficial applications 228:250 beneficial applications 228:250 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 10 70 theme exposure 1479:1486 arg1 impact 1461:1466 the impact 1457:1466 the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR 1457:1535 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 2 71 theme long-term 297:305 arg1 effects 314:320 detrimental long-term health effects 285:320 detrimental long-term health effects 285:320 Low doses of IR may have beneficial applications, yet there is also potential for detrimental long-term health effects. 33346724 8 72 theme complex 1121:1127 arg1 N-glycans 1134:1142 complex type N-glycans 1121:1142 complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose 1121:1193 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 6 73 theme 190 864:866 arg1 day 868:870 day 868:870 day 868:870 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 9 74 theme N-linked 1228:1235 arg1 glycans 1250:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 N-linked glycoprotein glycans 1228:1256 Fucosylation and sialylation of N-linked glycoprotein glycans are affected by LoDIR and a subset of N-glycans are involved in the organismal radio-response. 33346724 10 75 theme low-level 1524:1532 arg1 IR 1534:1535 low-level IR 1524:1535 low-level IR 1524:1535 CONCLUSION This is the first indication that the glycome can be interrogated for biomarkers that report the impact of chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as low-level IR. 33346724 6 76 from rates 900:904 arg1 exposure 872:879 190 day exposure 864:879 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) 864:958 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 6 77 theme irradiation 915:925 arg1 rates 900:904 three different rates 884:904 three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) 884:958 MATERIALS AND METHODS State-of-the-art methods in radiation exposure and glycan analysis were applied to study N-glycan changes after 190 day exposure at three different rates of gamma irradiation (2.25, 21.01, and 204.3 mGy/day) in wild-type adult Medaka. 33346724 0 78 link N-linked 91:98 arg1 glycans 100:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 33346724 8 79 theme N-linked 1079:1086 arg1 profiles 1095:1102 N-linked glycan profiles 1079:1102 N-linked glycan profiles 1079:1102 RESULTS N-linked glycan profiles are dominated by complex type N-glycans modified with terminal sialic acid and core fucose. 33346724 0 80 theme glycoprotein 78:89 arg1 glycans 100:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 glycoprotein N-linked glycans 78:106 Chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation impacts the processing of glycoprotein N-linked glycans in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). 32146834 13 0 theme glucuronides 1954:1965 arg1 implications 1882:1893 potential clinical implications 1863:1893 potential clinical implications for drug metabolism 1863:1913 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 13 0 theme glucuronides 1954:1965 arg1 deconjugation 1923:1935 the deconjugation 1919:1935 the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides 1919:1965 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 1 1 theme endogenous 273:282 arg1 molecules 284:292 endogenous molecules 273:292 endogenous molecules 273:292 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 8 2 theme Enzymatic 1187:1195 arg1 activity 1197:1204 Enzymatic activity 1187:1204 Enzymatic activity 1187:1204 Enzymatic activity was significantly influenced by mouse strain and animal species. 32146834 7 3 theme β-glucosidase 1133:1145 arg1 activity 1147:1154 β-glucosidase activity 1133:1154 β-glucosidase activity 1133:1154 As expected, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity were absent in germ-free mice. 32146834 13 4 from variability 2088:2098 arg1 expression 2107:2116 the expression 2103:2116 the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2103:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 8 5 theme animal 1255:1260 arg1 species 1262:1268 animal species 1255:1268 animal species 1255:1268 Enzymatic activity was significantly influenced by mouse strain and animal species. 32146834 5 6 used used 829:832 arg2 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 5 6 used used 829:832 arg2 extract 794:800 a cell-free extract 782:800 a cell-free extract of feces 782:809 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 15 7 theme translational 2362:2374 arg1 platform 2376:2383 translational platform 2362:2383 translational platform 2362:2383 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 13 8 theme clinical 1873:1880 arg1 implications 1882:1893 potential clinical implications 1863:1893 potential clinical implications for drug metabolism 1863:1913 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 14 9 theme luminal 2264:2270 arg1 serotonin 2272:2280 luminal serotonin 2264:2280 luminal serotonin 2264:2280 Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. 32146834 10 10 theme antibiotic 1467:1476 arg1 administration 1478:1491 antibiotic administration 1467:1491 antibiotic administration 1467:1491 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. 32146834 5 11 theme enzymatic 876:884 arg1 activity 886:893 enzymatic activity 876:893 enzymatic activity 876:893 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 8 12 theme mouse 1238:1242 arg1 strain 1244:1249 mouse strain 1238:1249 mouse strain 1238:1249 Enzymatic activity was significantly influenced by mouse strain and animal species. 32146834 6 13 theme β-glucuronidase-mediated 975:998 arg1 cleavage 1000:1007 β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage 975:1007 β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) 975:1047 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 15 14 from effects 2493:2499 arg1 response 2546:2553 host response 2541:2553 host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2541:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 13 15 link bacterial-derived 1822:1838 arg1 enzymes 1840:1846 bacterial-derived enzymes 1822:1846 bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 1822:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 13 16 link bacterial-derived 2121:2137 arg1 enzymes 2149:2155 bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2121:2155 bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2121:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 3 17 theme composition 628:638 arg1 modulation 610:619 the modulation 606:619 the modulation of its composition 606:638 We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. 32146834 3 17 theme composition 628:638 arg1 influence 573:581 the influence 569:581 the influence of the microbiota 569:599 We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. 32146834 5 18 theme colorimetric-based 839:856 arg1 assay 858:862 a colorimetric-based assay 837:862 a colorimetric-based assay 837:862 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 6 19 theme activity 953:960 arg1 effects 926:932 the functional effects 911:932 the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity 911:960 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 15 20 theme host-produced 2568:2580 arg1 glucuronides 2582:2593 host-produced glucuronides 2568:2593 host-produced glucuronides 2568:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 1 21 theme gastrointestinal 129:144 arg1 tract 146:150 The gastrointestinal tract 125:150 The gastrointestinal tract 125:150 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 12 22 theme microbiota 1668:1677 arg1 targeting 1651:1659 Dietary targeting 1643:1659 Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics 1643:1694 Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics did not alter β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity. 32146834 9 23 theme metabolic 1305:1313 arg1 activity 1315:1322 metabolic activity 1305:1322 metabolic activity 1305:1322 Sex and age significantly altered metabolic activity with implications for free 5-HT. 32146834 3 24 theme enzymatic 650:658 arg1 activity 660:667 fecal enzymatic activity 644:667 fecal enzymatic activity 644:667 We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. 32146834 10 25 theme β-Glucuronidase 1357:1371 arg1 activity 1391:1398 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity 1357:1398 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity 1357:1398 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. 32146834 13 26 theme factors 2065:2071 arg1 range 2033:2037 a comprehensive range 2017:2037 a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2017:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 0 27 theme enzymatic 60:68 arg1 activity 70:77 β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 44:77 β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 44:77 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 12 28 theme Dietary 1643:1649 arg1 targeting 1651:1659 Dietary targeting 1643:1659 Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics 1643:1694 Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics did not alter β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity. 32146834 2 29 theme drug 528:531 arg1 metabolism 533:542 drug metabolism 528:542 drug metabolism 528:542 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 11 30 with incubation 1583:1592 arg1 fecalase 1614:1621 pre-antibiotic fecalase 1599:1621 pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice 1599:1640 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 11 31 theme pre-antibiotic 1599:1612 arg1 fecalase 1614:1621 pre-antibiotic fecalase 1599:1621 pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice 1599:1640 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 1 32 theme bacterial-derived 174:190 arg1 enzymes 192:198 bacterial-derived enzymes 174:198 bacterial-derived enzymes 174:198 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 6 33 theme β-d-glucuronide 1022:1036 arg1 production 1067:1076 the resultant production 1053:1076 the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC 1053:1097 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 6 33 theme β-d-glucuronide 1022:1036 arg1 cleavage 1000:1007 β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage 975:1007 β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) 975:1047 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 0 34 from Impact 0:5 arg1 activity 70:77 β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 44:77 β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 44:77 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 15 35 theme functional 2410:2419 arg1 outputs 2421:2427 the functional outputs 2406:2427 the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity 2406:2457 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 13 36 theme environmental 2051:2063 arg1 factors 2065:2071 environmental factors 2051:2071 environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2051:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 5 37 theme cell-free 784:792 arg1 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 5 37 theme cell-free 784:792 arg1 extract 794:800 a cell-free extract 782:800 a cell-free extract of feces 782:809 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 14 38 theme serotonin 2272:2280 arg1 bioavailability 2245:2259 the bioavailability 2241:2259 the bioavailability of luminal serotonin 2241:2280 Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. 32146834 13 39 contain have 1858:1861 arg1 enzymes 1840:1846 bacterial-derived enzymes 1822:1846 bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 1822:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 13 39 contain have 1858:1861 arg2 implications 1882:1893 potential clinical implications 1863:1893 potential clinical implications for drug metabolism 1863:1913 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 13 39 contain have 1858:1861 arg2 deconjugation 1923:1935 the deconjugation 1919:1935 the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides 1919:1965 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 15 40 theme associated 2468:2477 arg1 effects 2493:2499 the associated physiological effects 2464:2499 the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2464:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 6 41 theme 5-HT 1086:1089 arg1 production 1067:1076 the resultant production 1053:1076 the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC 1053:1097 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 6 41 theme 5-HT 1086:1089 arg1 cleavage 1000:1007 β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage 975:1007 β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) 975:1047 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 13 42 theme bacterial-derived 2121:2137 arg1 enzymes 2149:2155 bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2121:2155 bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2121:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 11 43 theme lower 1548:1552 arg1 levels 1559:1564 significantly lower 5-HT levels 1534:1564 significantly lower 5-HT levels 1534:1564 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 2 44 theme endogenous 452:461 arg1 molecules 463:471 endogenous molecules 452:471 endogenous molecules 452:471 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 0 45 theme host 10:13 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 0:77 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 2 46 theme form 444:447 arg1 availability 404:415 the availability 400:415 the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut 400:482 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 0 47 theme environmental 19:31 arg1 factors 33:39 environmental factors 19:39 environmental factors 19:39 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 15 48 theme activity 2450:2457 arg1 effects 2493:2499 the associated physiological effects 2464:2499 the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2464:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 15 48 theme activity 2450:2457 arg1 outputs 2421:2427 the functional outputs 2406:2427 the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity 2406:2457 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 2 49 from availability 404:415 arg1 gut 480:482 the gut 476:482 the gut 476:482 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 6 50 theme resultant 1057:1065 arg1 production 1067:1076 the resultant production 1053:1076 the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC 1053:1097 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 5 51 theme feces 805:809 arg1 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase 772:779 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 5 51 theme feces 805:809 arg1 extract 794:800 a cell-free extract 782:800 a cell-free extract of feces 782:809 Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. 32146834 15 52 theme altered 2432:2438 arg1 activity 2450:2457 altered metabolic activity 2432:2457 altered metabolic activity 2432:2457 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 10 53 theme β-glucosidase 1377:1389 arg1 activity 1391:1398 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity 1357:1398 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity 1357:1398 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. 32146834 1 54 theme drugs 245:249 arg1 metabolism 231:240 the metabolism 227:240 the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules 227:292 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 11 55 from effect 1499:1504 arg1 fecalase 1509:1516 fecalase 1509:1516 fecalase 1509:1516 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 13 56 theme enzymes 2149:2155 arg1 expression 2107:2116 the expression 2103:2116 the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2103:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 1 57 theme dietary 252:258 arg1 elements 260:267 dietary elements 252:267 dietary elements 252:267 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 13 58 theme host-produced 1940:1952 arg1 glucuronides 1954:1965 host-produced glucuronides 1940:1965 host-produced glucuronides 1940:1965 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 10 59 theme reduced 1412:1418 arg1 levels 1420:1425 reduced levels 1412:1425 reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration 1412:1491 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. 32146834 15 60 theme microbiota-targeted 2504:2522 arg1 interventions 2524:2536 microbiota-targeted interventions 2504:2536 microbiota-targeted interventions 2504:2536 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 6 61 theme functional 915:924 arg1 effects 926:932 the functional effects 911:932 the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity 911:960 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 13 62 theme drug 1899:1902 arg1 metabolism 1904:1913 drug metabolism 1899:1913 drug metabolism 1899:1913 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 11 63 theme same 1632:1635 arg1 mice 1637:1640 the same mice 1628:1640 the same mice 1628:1640 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 1 64 theme molecules 284:292 arg1 metabolism 231:240 the metabolism 227:240 the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules 227:292 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 13 65 theme comprehensive 2019:2031 arg1 range 2033:2037 a comprehensive range 2017:2037 a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2017:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 1 66 theme enzymes 192:198 arg1 reservoir 161:169 a reservoir 159:169 a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules 159:292 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 4 67 theme related 688:694 arg1 age 719:721 age 719:721 age 719:721 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 4 67 theme related 688:694 arg1 factors 680:686 Intrinsic factors 670:686 Intrinsic factors related to the host 670:706 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 4 67 theme related 688:694 arg1 sex 724:726 sex 724:726 sex 724:726 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 4 67 theme related 688:694 arg1 background 740:749 genetic background 732:749 genetic background 732:749 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 13 68 theme potential 1863:1871 arg1 implications 1882:1893 potential clinical implications 1863:1893 potential clinical implications for drug metabolism 1863:1913 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 10 69 theme administration 1478:1491 arg1 cessation 1454:1462 cessation 1454:1462 cessation of antibiotic administration 1454:1491 β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. 32146834 15 70 theme mechanistic 2340:2350 arg1 basis 2352:2356 a mechanistic basis 2338:2356 a mechanistic basis 2338:2356 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 3 71 theme microbiota 590:599 arg1 modulation 610:619 the modulation 606:619 the modulation of its composition 606:638 We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. 32146834 3 71 theme microbiota 590:599 arg1 influence 573:581 the influence 569:581 the influence of the microbiota 569:599 We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. 32146834 13 72 theme enzymes 1840:1846 arg1 activity 1810:1817 the activity 1806:1817 the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 1806:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 15 73 theme interventions 2524:2536 arg1 effects 2493:2499 the associated physiological effects 2464:2499 the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2464:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 15 73 theme interventions 2524:2536 arg1 outputs 2421:2427 the functional outputs 2406:2427 the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity 2406:2457 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 4 74 theme Intrinsic 670:678 arg1 age 719:721 age 719:721 age 719:721 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 4 74 theme Intrinsic 670:678 arg1 factors 680:686 Intrinsic factors 670:686 Intrinsic factors related to the host 670:706 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 4 74 theme Intrinsic 670:678 arg1 sex 724:726 sex 724:726 sex 724:726 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 4 74 theme Intrinsic 670:678 arg1 background 740:749 genetic background 732:749 genetic background 732:749 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 11 75 from mice 1637:1640 arg1 fecalase 1614:1621 pre-antibiotic fecalase 1599:1621 pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice 1599:1640 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 7 76 from mice 1181:1184 arg1 absent 1161:1166 absent 1161:1166 absent 1161:1166 As expected, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity were absent in germ-free mice. 32146834 6 77 theme enzymatic 943:951 arg1 activity 953:960 fecal enzymatic activity 937:960 fecal enzymatic activity 937:960 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 2 78 dep factors 323:329 arg1 Both 295:298 Both 295:298 Both 295:298 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 2 78 dep factors 323:329 arg1 environmental 309:321 environmental 309:321 environmental 309:321 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 13 79 theme host 2042:2045 arg1 range 2033:2037 a comprehensive range 2017:2037 a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2017:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 3 80 theme fecal 644:648 arg1 activity 660:667 fecal enzymatic activity 644:667 fecal enzymatic activity 644:667 We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. 32146834 0 81 theme factors 33:39 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 0:77 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 4 82 theme genetic 732:738 arg1 background 740:749 genetic background 732:749 genetic background 732:749 Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. 32146834 11 83 theme 5-HT 1554:1557 arg1 levels 1559:1564 significantly lower 5-HT levels 1534:1564 significantly lower 5-HT levels 1534:1564 This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. 32146834 7 84 from absent 1161:1166 arg1 mice 1181:1184 germ-free mice 1171:1184 germ-free mice 1171:1184 As expected, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity were absent in germ-free mice. 32146834 14 85 contain has 2220:2222 arg2 implications 2224:2235 implications 2224:2235 implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin 2224:2280 Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. 32146834 14 85 contain has 2220:2222 arg1 activity 2211:2218 altered β-glucuronidase activity 2187:2218 altered β-glucuronidase activity 2187:2218 Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. 32146834 2 86 dep Both 295:298 arg1 host 300:303 host 300:303 host 300:303 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 0 87 theme gastrointestinal 97:112 arg1 serotonin 114:122 gastrointestinal serotonin 97:122 gastrointestinal serotonin 97:122 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 9 88 theme free 1346:1349 arg1 5-HT 1351:1354 free 5-HT 1346:1354 free 5-HT 1346:1354 Sex and age significantly altered metabolic activity with implications for free 5-HT. 32146834 14 89 theme altered 2187:2193 arg1 activity 2211:2218 altered β-glucuronidase activity 2187:2218 altered β-glucuronidase activity 2187:2218 Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. 32146834 6 90 theme serotonin 1012:1020 arg1 β-d-glucuronide 1022:1036 serotonin β-d-glucuronide 1012:1036 serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) 1012:1047 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 6 90 theme serotonin 1012:1020 arg1 5-HT-GLU 1039:1046 5-HT-GLU 1039:1046 5-HT-GLU 1039:1046 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 13 91 theme bacterial-derived 1822:1838 arg1 enzymes 1840:1846 bacterial-derived enzymes 1822:1846 bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 1822:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 2 92 from variation 515:523 arg1 metabolism 533:542 drug metabolism 528:542 drug metabolism 528:542 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 13 93 theme multiple 1779:1786 arg1 factors 1788:1794 multiple factors 1779:1794 multiple factors 1779:1794 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 0 94 dep implications 80:91 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 0:77 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 6 95 theme fecal 937:941 arg1 activity 953:960 fecal enzymatic activity 937:960 fecal enzymatic activity 937:960 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 15 96 from outputs 2421:2427 arg1 response 2546:2553 host response 2541:2553 host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2541:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 15 97 theme physiological 2479:2491 arg1 effects 2493:2499 the associated physiological effects 2464:2499 the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2464:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 12 98 theme β-glucuronidase 1710:1724 arg1 activity 1743:1750 β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity 1710:1750 β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity 1710:1750 Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics did not alter β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity. 32146834 6 99 theme free 1081:1084 arg1 5-HT 1086:1089 free 5-HT 1081:1089 free 5-HT 1081:1089 To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. 32146834 2 100 theme molecules 463:471 arg1 form 444:447 the biologically-active form 420:447 the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules 420:471 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 1 101 link bacterial-derived 174:190 arg1 enzymes 192:198 bacterial-derived enzymes 174:198 bacterial-derived enzymes 174:198 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32146834 13 102 theme gut.NEW 1974:1980 arg1 & 1982:1982 the gut.NEW & 1970:1982 the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 1970:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 7 103 theme germ-free 1171:1179 arg1 mice 1181:1184 germ-free mice 1171:1184 germ-free mice 1171:1184 As expected, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity were absent in germ-free mice. 32146834 12 104 theme β-glucosidase 1729:1741 arg1 activity 1743:1750 β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity 1710:1750 β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity 1710:1750 Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics did not alter β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity. 32146834 2 105 theme inter-individual 498:513 arg1 variation 515:523 inter-individual variation 498:523 inter-individual variation in drug metabolism 498:542 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 2 106 theme biologically-active 424:442 arg1 form 444:447 the biologically-active form 420:447 the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules 420:471 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 0 107 theme β-glucuronidase 44:58 arg1 activity 70:77 β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 44:77 β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity 44:77 Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. 32146834 15 108 theme experimental 2287:2298 arg1 approach 2300:2307 The experimental approach 2283:2307 The experimental approach employed 2283:2316 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 15 108 theme experimental 2287:2298 arg1 fecalase 2319:2326 fecalase 2319:2326 fecalase 2319:2326 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 15 109 theme metabolic 2440:2448 arg1 activity 2450:2457 altered metabolic activity 2432:2457 altered metabolic activity 2432:2457 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 14 110 theme β-glucuronidase 2195:2209 arg1 activity 2211:2218 altered β-glucuronidase activity 2187:2218 altered β-glucuronidase activity 2187:2218 Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. 32146834 13 111 theme metabolic 2139:2147 arg1 enzymes 2149:2155 bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2121:2155 bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes 2121:2155 Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. 32146834 2 112 theme enzymatic 350:358 arg1 activity 360:367 this enzymatic activity 345:367 this enzymatic activity 345:367 Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. 32146834 15 113 theme host 2541:2544 arg1 response 2546:2553 host response 2541:2553 host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides 2541:2593 The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides. 32146834 1 114 theme elements 260:267 arg1 metabolism 231:240 the metabolism 227:240 the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules 227:292 The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. 32460371 0 0 from effects 20:26 arg1 erinaceus 61:69 Hericium erinaceus 52:69 Hericium erinaceus by target 52:79 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 0 0 from effects 20:26 arg1 microbiota 92:101 the gut microbiota 84:101 the gut microbiota 84:101 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 4 1 theme drug 710:713 arg1 5-Fu 731:734 5-Fu 731:734 5-Fu 731:734 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 1 theme drug 710:713 arg1 5-Fluorouracil 715:728 the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil 693:728 the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 693:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 3 2 theme important 503:511 arg1 factor 513:518 the most important factor 494:518 the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota 494:547 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 3 2 theme important 503:511 arg1 diet 486:489 diet 486:489 diet 486:489 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 7 3 theme aerobic 1333:1339 arg1 bacteria 1358:1365 microaerobic bacteria 1345:1365 microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, 1345:1562 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 3 theme aerobic 1333:1339 arg1 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 4 4 from effects 601:607 arg1 HEP 670:672 HEP 670:672 HEP 670:672 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 4 from effects 601:607 arg1 erinaceus 659:667 Hericium erinaceus 650:667 Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 650:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 7 5 theme microaerobic 1345:1356 arg1 bacteria 1358:1365 microaerobic bacteria 1345:1365 microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, 1345:1562 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 5 theme microaerobic 1345:1356 arg1 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 6 6 theme FOXM1 1187:1191 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 4 7 theme chemotherapy 697:708 arg1 5-Fu 731:734 5-Fu 731:734 5-Fu 731:734 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 7 theme chemotherapy 697:708 arg1 5-Fluorouracil 715:728 the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil 693:728 the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 693:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 7 8 dep Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 arg1 Staphylococcus 1533:1546 Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus 1377:1546 Staphylococcus 1533:1546 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 0 9 theme gut 88:90 arg1 microbiota 92:101 the gut microbiota 84:101 the gut microbiota 84:101 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 4 10 theme prebiotic 781:789 arg1 bacteria 791:798 new potential prebiotic bacteria 767:798 new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment 767:832 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 11 theme antitumor 591:599 arg1 effects 601:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects 577:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 577:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 8 12 theme 5-Fu 1841:1844 arg1 efficacy 1829:1836 the antitumor efficacy 1815:1836 the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu 1815:1844 This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis. 32460371 6 13 theme mouse 908:912 arg1 model 914:918 a xenografted mouse model 894:918 a xenografted mouse model of cancer 894:928 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 14 theme CKD4 1181:1184 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 2 15 theme important 289:297 arg1 causes 299:304 important causes 289:304 important causes of therapeutic failure 289:327 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 4 16 theme auxiliary 581:589 arg1 effects 601:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects 577:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 577:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 6 17 theme xenografted 896:906 arg1 model 914:918 a xenografted mouse model 894:918 a xenografted mouse model of cancer 894:928 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 8 18 theme antitumor 1819:1827 arg1 efficacy 1829:1836 the antitumor efficacy 1815:1836 the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu 1815:1844 This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis. 32460371 3 19 theme gut 534:536 arg1 microbiota 538:547 the gut microbiota 530:547 the gut microbiota 530:547 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 7 20 theme probiotic 1621:1629 arg1 bacteria 1631:1638 some probiotic bacteria 1616:1638 some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio 1616:1771 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 20 theme probiotic 1621:1629 arg1 Bifidobacterium 1648:1662 Bifidobacterium 1648:1662 Bifidobacterium 1648:1662 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 20 theme probiotic 1621:1629 arg1 Desulfovibrio 1759:1771 Desulfovibrio 1759:1771 Desulfovibrio 1759:1771 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 20 theme probiotic 1621:1629 arg1 Blautia 1677:1683 Blautia 1677:1683 Blautia 1677:1683 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 6 21 theme -1β 1059:1061 arg1 -α 1103:1104 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 -α 1103:1104 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 4 22 theme new 767:769 arg1 bacteria 791:798 new potential prebiotic bacteria 767:798 new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment 767:832 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 5 23 theme H. 877:878 arg1 erinaceus 880:888 H. erinaceus 877:888 H. erinaceus 877:888 There were 1,455 proteins identified from H. erinaceus. 32460371 0 24 theme antitumor 10:18 arg1 effects 20:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects 0:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 0:102 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 7 25 theme certain 1325:1331 arg1 bacteria 1358:1365 microaerobic bacteria 1345:1365 microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, 1345:1562 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 25 theme certain 1325:1331 arg1 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 Flavobacteriaceae 1394:1410 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 7 26 from Bilophila 1568:1576 arg1 mice 1597:1600 the xenografted mice 1581:1600 the xenografted mice 1581:1600 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 8 27 theme inflammatory 1898:1909 arg1 response 1911:1918 the immune inflammatory response 1887:1918 the immune inflammatory response 1887:1918 This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis. 32460371 8 28 theme microbiota 1863:1872 arg1 composition 1874:1884 the microbiota composition 1859:1884 the microbiota composition 1859:1884 This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis. 32460371 6 29 dep -α 1103:1104 arg1 tumor 1076:1080 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 tumor 1076:1080 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 29 dep -α 1103:1104 arg1 IL-6 1070:1073 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 IL-6 1070:1073 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 29 dep -α 1103:1104 arg1 IL-2 1064:1067 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 IL-2 1064:1067 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 0 30 theme Auxiliary 0:8 arg1 effects 20:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects 0:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 0:102 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 6 31 theme Akt 1169:1171 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 2 32 theme failure 321:327 arg1 causes 299:304 important causes 289:304 important causes of therapeutic failure 289:327 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 4 33 from erinaceus 659:667 arg1 proteins 636:643 immunomodulatory fungal proteins 612:643 immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 612:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 33 from erinaceus 659:667 arg1 effects 601:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects 577:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 577:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 8 34 theme immune 1891:1896 arg1 response 1911:1918 the immune inflammatory response 1887:1918 the immune inflammatory response 1887:1918 This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis. 32460371 6 35 theme PPAR-γ 1217:1222 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 2 36 theme therapeutic 309:319 arg1 failure 321:327 therapeutic failure 309:327 therapeutic failure 309:327 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 6 37 theme interleukin 1043:1053 arg1 -α 1103:1104 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 -α 1103:1104 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 38 with HEP 931:933 arg1 5-Fu 940:943 5-Fu 940:943 5-Fu 940:943 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 39 theme tumor 970:974 arg1 growth 976:981 tumor growth 970:981 tumor growth 970:981 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 4 40 theme potential 771:779 arg1 bacteria 791:798 new potential prebiotic bacteria 767:798 new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment 767:832 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 6 41 theme cancer 923:928 arg1 model 914:918 a xenografted mouse model 894:918 a xenografted mouse model of cancer 894:928 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 4 42 theme proteins 636:643 arg1 effects 601:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects 577:607 the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 577:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 0 43 theme proteins 38:45 arg1 effects 20:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects 0:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 0:102 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 2 44 theme standard 238:245 arg1 drugs 247:251 standard drugs 238:251 standard drugs 238:251 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 7 45 theme xenografted 1585:1595 arg1 mice 1597:1600 the xenografted mice 1581:1600 the xenografted mice 1581:1600 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 0 46 theme fungal 31:36 arg1 proteins 38:45 fungal proteins 31:45 fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target 31:79 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 3 47 theme immunotherapeutic 418:434 arg1 drugs 436:440 chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs 407:440 chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs 407:440 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 2 48 theme continuous 164:173 arg1 advances 175:182 continuous advances 164:182 continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently 164:221 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 4 49 theme antitumor 814:822 arg1 treatment 824:832 auxiliary antitumor treatment 804:832 auxiliary antitumor treatment 804:832 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 50 theme Hericium 650:657 arg1 HEP 670:672 HEP 670:672 HEP 670:672 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 4 50 theme Hericium 650:657 arg1 erinaceus 659:667 Hericium erinaceus 650:667 Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 650:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 0 51 theme Hericium 52:59 arg1 erinaceus 61:69 Hericium erinaceus 52:69 Hericium erinaceus by target 52:79 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 3 52 theme gut 365:367 arg1 microbiota 369:378 the gut microbiota 361:378 the gut microbiota 361:378 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 0 53 from erinaceus 61:69 arg1 effects 20:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects 0:26 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 0:102 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 0 53 from erinaceus 61:69 arg1 proteins 38:45 fungal proteins 31:45 fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target 31:79 Auxiliary antitumor effects of fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus by target on the gut microbiota. 32460371 7 54 from bacteria 1358:1365 arg1 mice 1597:1600 the xenografted mice 1581:1600 the xenografted mice 1581:1600 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 6 55 theme factor 1091:1096 arg1 -α 1103:1104 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 -α 1103:1104 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 3 56 theme chemo- 407:412 arg1 drugs 436:440 chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs 407:440 chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs 407:440 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 6 57 theme MYC 1200:1202 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 58 theme necrosis 1082:1089 arg1 -α 1103:1104 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 -α 1103:1104 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 59 theme interferon 1023:1032 arg1 LPS 1131:1133 LPS 1131:1133 LPS 1131:1133 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 59 theme interferon 1023:1032 arg1 -γ 1039:1040 interferon (IFN)-γ 1023:1040 interferon (IFN)-γ 1023:1040 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 7 60 theme rRNA 1229:1232 arg1 sequencing 1234:1243 16S rRNA sequencing 1225:1243 16S rRNA sequencing 1225:1243 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 6 61 theme TNF 1099:1101 arg1 -α 1103:1104 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 -α 1103:1104 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 62 theme PPAR-α 1205:1210 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 63 theme MMP7 1194:1197 arg1 expression 1155:1164 the expression 1151:1164 the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ 1151:1222 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 2 64 theme medical 196:202 arg1 therapies 204:212 medical therapies 196:212 medical therapies 196:212 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 2 65 theme adverse 257:263 arg1 effects 265:271 adverse effects 257:271 adverse effects 257:271 Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. 32460371 1 66 theme major 124:128 arg1 worldwide 145:153 a major disease burden worldwide 122:153 a major disease burden worldwide 122:153 Cancer represents a major disease burden worldwide. 32460371 3 67 theme growing 339:345 arg1 evidence 347:354 growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota 339:547 growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota 339:547 There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. 32460371 4 68 theme auxiliary 804:812 arg1 treatment 824:832 auxiliary antitumor treatment 804:832 auxiliary antitumor treatment 804:832 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 1 69 theme disease 130:136 arg1 worldwide 145:153 a major disease burden worldwide 122:153 a major disease burden worldwide 122:153 Cancer represents a major disease burden worldwide. 32460371 4 70 theme fungal 629:634 arg1 proteins 636:643 immunomodulatory fungal proteins 612:643 immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 612:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32460371 6 71 theme inflammatory 994:1005 arg1 markers 1007:1013 inflammatory markers 994:1013 inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 994:1134 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 71 theme inflammatory 994:1005 arg1 -α 1103:1104 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1043:1104 -α 1103:1104 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 71 theme inflammatory 994:1005 arg1 lipopolysaccharide 1111:1128 lipopolysaccharide 1111:1128 lipopolysaccharide 1111:1128 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 6 71 theme inflammatory 994:1005 arg1 -γ 1039:1040 interferon (IFN)-γ 1023:1040 interferon (IFN)-γ 1023:1040 In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 32460371 7 72 theme 16S 1225:1227 arg1 sequencing 1234:1243 16S rRNA sequencing 1225:1243 16S rRNA sequencing 1225:1243 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. 32460371 1 73 theme burden 138:143 arg1 worldwide 145:153 a major disease burden worldwide 122:153 a major disease burden worldwide 122:153 Cancer represents a major disease burden worldwide. 32460371 4 74 theme immunomodulatory 612:627 arg1 proteins 636:643 immunomodulatory fungal proteins 612:643 immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) 612:735 In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. 32393178 9 0 from variations 1967:1976 arg1 N-glycosylation 1981:1995 N-glycosylation 1981:1995 N-glycosylation 1981:1995 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 9 0 from variations 1967:1976 arg1 HA 2000:2001 HA 2000:2001 HA 2000:2001 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 4 1 from variations 915:924 arg1 data 939:942 serologic data 929:942 serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 929:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 8 2 theme grouped 1665:1671 arg1 features 1673:1680 grouped features 1665:1680 grouped features 1665:1680 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 1 3 theme 1918 241:244 arg1 outbreaks 228:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks 205:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 205:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 7 4 theme antigenic 1421:1429 arg1 changes 1431:1437 antigenic changes 1421:1437 antigenic changes 1421:1437 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 5 link N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 5 link N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 5 link N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 5 link N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 6 6 theme reported 1189:1196 arg1 sites 1215:1219 five reported antibody-binding sites 1184:1219 five reported antibody-binding sites 1184:1219 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 0 7 from variations 125:134 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 glycosylation 139:151 glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 139:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 3 8 theme computational 529:541 arg1 methods 543:549 The currently available computational methods 505:549 The currently available computational methods 505:549 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 5 9 from mutations 998:1006 arg1 sites 1046:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 1 10 theme 2009 250:253 arg1 outbreaks 228:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks 205:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 205:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 4 11 theme protein 839:845 arg1 sequence 847:854 protein sequence 839:854 protein sequence 839:854 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 12 theme sparse 662:667 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 6 13 theme receptor 1252:1259 arg1 site 1269:1272 the HA receptor binding site 1245:1272 the HA receptor binding site 1245:1272 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 4 14 gly glycosylation 869:881 arg1 HA 901:902 HA 901:902 HA 901:902 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 14 gly glycosylation 869:881 arg1 hemagglutinin 886:898 hemagglutinin 886:898 hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 886:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 15 theme least 675:679 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 8 16 theme genetic 1841:1847 arg1 quantification 1874:1887 genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification 1841:1887 genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification 1841:1887 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 8 17 theme MTL-SGL 1697:1703 arg1 method 1705:1710 the MTL-SGL method 1693:1710 the MTL-SGL method 1693:1710 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 4 18 link N-linked 860:867 arg1 glycosylation 869:881 N-linked glycosylation 860:881 N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 860:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 9 19 theme IAVs 2157:2160 arg1 evolution 2144:2152 antigenic evolution 2134:2152 antigenic evolution of IAVs 2134:2160 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 8 20 theme antigenic 1864:1872 arg1 quantification 1874:1887 genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification 1841:1887 genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification 1841:1887 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 5 21 from changes 1012:1018 arg1 sites 1046:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 5 22 link N-linked 1023:1030 arg1 sites 1046:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 23 theme multi-task 642:651 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 5 24 gly glycosylation 1032:1044 arg2 sites 1046:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 9 25 theme study 1934:1938 arg1 results 1918:1924 the results 1914:1924 the results of this study 1914:1938 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 6 26 from within 1226:1231 arg1 mutations 1145:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 6 26 from within 1226:1231 arg1 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 8 27 theme serologic 1740:1748 arg1 data 1750:1753 serologic data 1740:1753 serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols 1740:1811 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 4 28 theme shrinkage 690:698 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 6 29 located located 1173:1179 arg2 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 6 29 located located 1173:1179 arg2 mutations 1145:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 6 29 located located 1173:1179 arg1 within 1226:1231 within 1226:1231 within 1226:1231 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 6 29 located located 1173:1179 arg1 sites 1215:1219 five reported antibody-binding sites 1184:1219 five reported antibody-binding sites 1184:1219 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 8 30 theme prediction 1611:1620 arg1 error 1622:1626 prediction error 1611:1626 prediction error 1611:1626 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 4 31 theme selection 704:712 arg1 operator 714:721 selection operator 704:721 selection operator 704:721 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 32 from glycosylation 869:881 arg1 HA 901:902 HA 901:902 HA 901:902 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 32 from glycosylation 869:881 arg1 hemagglutinin 886:898 hemagglutinin 886:898 hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 886:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 8 33 theme multiple 1770:1777 arg1 reagents 1779:1786 multiple reagents 1770:1786 multiple reagents 1770:1786 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 0 34 gly glycosylation 139:151 arg1 Hemagglutinin 156:168 Hemagglutinin 156:168 Hemagglutinin 156:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 4 35 theme human 948:952 arg1 IAVs 969:972 human and swine H1N1 IAVs 948:972 human and swine H1N1 IAVs 948:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 0 36 theme influenza 81:89 arg1 virus 99:103 influenza A(H1N1) virus 81:103 influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 81:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 5 37 theme variants 1094:1101 arg1 rise 1076:1079 the rise 1072:1079 the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs 1072:1114 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 8 38 theme sequence-based 1849:1862 arg1 quantification 1874:1887 genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification 1841:1887 genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification 1841:1887 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 7 39 theme spectrometry 1511:1522 arg1 analyses 1524:1531 mass spectrometry analyses 1506:1531 mass spectrometry analyses 1506:1531 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 4 40 theme swine 958:962 arg1 IAVs 969:972 human and swine H1N1 IAVs 948:972 human and swine H1N1 IAVs 948:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 2 41 theme influenza 361:369 arg1 viruses 371:377 influenza viruses 361:377 influenza viruses 361:377 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 5 42 theme H1N1 1106:1109 arg1 IAVs 1111:1114 H1N1 IAVs 1106:1114 H1N1 IAVs 1106:1114 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 7 43 from HA 1343:1344 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 43 from HA 1343:1344 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 43 from HA 1343:1344 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 43 from HA 1343:1344 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 2 44 link N-linked 423:430 arg1 glycosylation 432:444 N-linked glycosylation 423:444 N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins 423:471 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 0 45 theme Multi-task 0:9 arg1 lasso 33:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso 0:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 0:169 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 3 46 link N-linked 608:615 arg1 glycosylation 617:629 N-linked glycosylation 608:629 protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation 583:629 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 4 47 theme regression 741:750 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 0 48 theme sparse 20:25 arg1 lasso 33:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso 0:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 0:169 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 1 49 theme H1N1 264:267 arg1 viruses 281:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses 256:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 256:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 49 theme H1N1 264:267 arg1 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 49 theme H1N1 264:267 arg1 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 7 50 theme glycosylation 1301:1313 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 50 theme glycosylation 1301:1313 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 50 theme glycosylation 1301:1313 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 50 theme glycosylation 1301:1313 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 2 51 theme influenza 449:457 arg1 glycoproteins 459:471 influenza glycoproteins 449:471 influenza glycoproteins 449:471 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 9 52 theme H1N1 2034:2037 arg1 IAVs 2039:2042 H1N1 IAVs 2034:2042 H1N1 IAVs 2034:2042 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 1 53 theme A 279:279 arg1 viruses 281:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses 256:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 256:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 53 theme A 279:279 arg1 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 53 theme A 279:279 arg1 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 7 54 theme H1N1 1476:1479 arg1 variants 1491:1498 the H1N1 antigenic variants 1472:1498 the H1N1 antigenic variants 1472:1498 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 4 55 theme features 820:827 arg1 types 799:803 two types 795:803 two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 795:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 2 56 gly glycosylation 432:444 arg1 glycoproteins 459:471 influenza glycoproteins 449:471 influenza glycoproteins 449:471 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 9 57 from variations 2020:2029 arg1 IAVs 2039:2042 H1N1 IAVs 2034:2042 H1N1 IAVs 2034:2042 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 8 58 theme conventional 1548:1559 arg1 methods 1577:1583 conventional sparse learning methods 1548:1583 conventional sparse learning methods 1548:1583 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 0 59 dep lasso 33:37 arg1 method 42:47 a method 40:47 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 0:169 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 8 60 theme learning 1568:1575 arg1 methods 1577:1583 conventional sparse learning methods 1548:1583 conventional sparse learning methods 1548:1583 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 9 61 theme antigenicity 2072:2083 arg1 model 2096:2100 the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model 2053:2100 the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model 2053:2100 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 9 61 theme antigenicity 2072:2083 arg1 useful 2110:2115 useful 2110:2115 useful 2110:2115 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 8 62 theme higher 1632:1637 arg1 accuracy 1639:1646 a lower prediction error and higher accuracy 1603:1646 a lower prediction error and higher accuracy 1603:1646 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 1 63 theme influenza 218:226 arg1 outbreaks 228:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks 205:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 205:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 8 64 from features 1673:1680 arg1 method 1705:1710 the MTL-SGL method 1693:1710 the MTL-SGL method 1693:1710 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 0 65 theme Hemagglutinin 156:168 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 glycosylation 139:151 glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 139:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 4 66 theme N-linked 860:867 arg1 glycosylation 869:881 N-linked glycosylation 860:881 N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 860:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 5 67 theme N-linked 1023:1030 arg1 sites 1046:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 3 68 theme available 519:527 arg1 methods 543:549 The currently available computational methods 505:549 The currently available computational methods 505:549 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 8 69 theme lower 1605:1609 arg1 accuracy 1639:1646 a lower prediction error and higher accuracy 1603:1646 a lower prediction error and higher accuracy 1603:1646 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 6 70 theme binding 1261:1267 arg1 site 1269:1272 the HA receptor binding site 1245:1272 the HA receptor binding site 1245:1272 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 2 71 theme N-linked 423:430 arg1 glycosylation 432:444 N-linked glycosylation 423:444 N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins 423:471 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 4 72 theme learning 653:660 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 9 73 theme antigenic 2134:2142 arg1 evolution 2144:2152 antigenic evolution 2134:2152 antigenic evolution of IAVs 2134:2160 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 6 74 theme HA 1249:1250 arg1 site 1269:1272 the HA receptor binding site 1245:1272 the HA receptor binding site 1245:1272 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 4 75 theme group 669:673 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 0 76 theme virus 99:103 arg1 antigenicity 65:76 antigenicity 65:76 antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 65:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 5 77 theme glycosylation 1032:1044 arg1 sites 1046:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 N-linked glycosylation sites 1023:1050 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 6 78 theme implicated 1134:1143 arg1 mutations 1145:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 6 78 theme implicated 1134:1143 arg1 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 3 79 theme protein 583:589 arg1 sequence 591:598 protein sequence 583:598 protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation 583:629 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 4 80 theme serologic 929:937 arg1 data 939:942 serologic data 929:942 serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 929:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 5 81 theme antigenic 1084:1092 arg1 variants 1094:1101 antigenic variants 1084:1101 antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs 1084:1114 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 9 82 dep CONCLUSIONS 1890:1900 arg1 suggest 1940:1946 suggest 1940:1946 suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs 1940:2160 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 4 83 theme operator 714:721 arg1 method 752:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method 640:757 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 3 84 theme N-linked 608:615 arg1 glycosylation 617:629 N-linked glycosylation 608:629 protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation 583:629 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 4 85 theme H1N1 964:967 arg1 IAVs 969:972 human and swine H1N1 IAVs 948:972 human and swine H1N1 IAVs 948:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 6 86 theme antibody-binding 1198:1213 arg1 sites 1215:1219 five reported antibody-binding sites 1184:1219 five reported antibody-binding sites 1184:1219 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 4 87 theme absolute 681:688 arg1 LASSO 724:728 LASSO 724:728 LASSO 724:728 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 87 theme absolute 681:688 arg1 shrinkage 690:698 absolute shrinkage 681:698 absolute shrinkage 681:698 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 87 theme absolute 681:688 arg1 MTL-SGL 732:738 MTL-SGL 732:738 MTL-SGL 732:738 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 6 88 from sites 1215:1219 arg1 mutations 1145:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 the implicated mutations 1130:1153 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 6 88 from sites 1215:1219 arg1 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 located 1173:1179 Furthermore, the implicated mutations are predominantly located at five reported antibody-binding sites, and within or close to the HA receptor binding site. 32393178 8 89 dep lower 1605:1609 arg1 error 1622:1626 prediction error 1611:1626 prediction error 1611:1626 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 7 90 gly glycosylation 1301:1313 arg2 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 90 gly glycosylation 1301:1313 arg2 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 90 gly glycosylation 1301:1313 arg2 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 90 gly glycosylation 1301:1313 arg2 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 90 gly glycosylation 1301:1313 arg2 three 1286:1290 three 1286:1290 three 1286:1290 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 91 from HA 1378:1379 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 91 from HA 1378:1379 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 91 from HA 1378:1379 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 91 from HA 1378:1379 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 2 92 theme glycoproteins 459:471 arg1 sequence 410:417 protein sequence 402:417 protein sequence 402:417 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 2 92 theme glycoproteins 459:471 arg1 glycosylation 432:444 N-linked glycosylation 423:444 N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins 423:471 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 2 92 theme glycoproteins 459:471 arg1 hemagglutinin 485:497 hemagglutinin 485:497 hemagglutinin (HA) 485:502 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 2 92 theme glycoproteins 459:471 arg1 HA 500:501 HA 500:501 HA 500:501 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 0 93 theme A 91:91 arg1 virus 99:103 influenza A(H1N1) virus 81:103 influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 81:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 1 94 theme seasonal 308:315 arg1 epidemics 317:325 seasonal epidemics 308:325 seasonal epidemics since 1977 308:336 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 7 95 theme mass 1506:1509 arg1 analyses 1524:1531 mass spectrometry analyses 1506:1531 mass spectrometry analyses 1506:1531 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 0 96 theme H1N1 93:96 arg1 virus 99:103 influenza A(H1N1) virus 81:103 influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 81:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 4 97 from sequence 847:854 arg1 HA 901:902 HA 901:902 HA 901:902 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 97 from sequence 847:854 arg1 hemagglutinin 886:898 hemagglutinin 886:898 hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 886:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 9 98 from mutations 1953:1961 arg1 N-glycosylation 1981:1995 N-glycosylation 1981:1995 N-glycosylation 1981:1995 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 9 98 from mutations 1953:1961 arg1 HA 2000:2001 HA 2000:2001 HA 2000:2001 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 0 99 theme learning 11:18 arg1 lasso 33:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso 0:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 0:169 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 5 100 theme IAVs 1111:1114 arg1 variants 1094:1101 antigenic variants 1084:1101 antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs 1084:1114 Results suggested that mutations and changes in N-linked glycosylation sites are associated with the rise of antigenic variants of H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 7 101 dep sequons 1327:1333 arg1 i.e. 1322:1325 i.e. 1322:1325 i.e. 1322:1325 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 9 102 theme antigenic 2010:2018 arg1 variations 2020:2029 antigenic variations 2010:2029 antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs 2010:2042 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 3 103 from features 571:578 arg1 sequence 591:598 protein sequence 583:598 protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation 583:629 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 3 103 from features 571:578 arg1 glycosylation 617:629 N-linked glycosylation 608:629 protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation 583:629 The currently available computational methods are only considered features in protein sequence but not N-linked glycosylation. 32393178 2 104 theme Antigenic 339:347 arg1 property 349:356 Antigenic property 339:356 Antigenic property of influenza viruses 339:377 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 0 105 theme group 27:31 arg1 lasso 33:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso 0:37 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 0:169 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 1 106 theme subtype 256:262 arg1 viruses 281:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses 256:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 256:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 106 theme subtype 256:262 arg1 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 106 theme subtype 256:262 arg1 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 2 107 gly glycoproteins 459:471 arg1 glycoproteins 459:471 influenza glycoproteins 449:471 influenza glycoproteins 449:471 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 7 108 theme N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 108 theme N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 108 theme N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 108 theme N-linked 1292:1299 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 1 109 theme influenza 269:277 arg1 viruses 281:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses 256:287 subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 256:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 109 theme influenza 269:277 arg1 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 1918 241:244 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 109 theme influenza 269:277 arg1 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 IAVs 290:293 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 7 110 dep sites 1315:1319 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 110 dep sites 1315:1319 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 110 dep sites 1315:1319 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 110 dep sites 1315:1319 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 111 from HA 1358:1359 arg1 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV 1350:1353 NHTV at HA 125 1350:1363 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 111 from HA 1358:1359 arg1 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV 1335:1338 NCSV at HA 54 1335:1347 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 111 from HA 1358:1359 arg1 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK 1370:1373 NLSK at HA 160 1370:1383 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 7 111 from HA 1358:1359 arg1 sites 1315:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites 1282:1319 the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL 1282:1406 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 8 112 from MTL 1686:1688 arg1 method 1705:1710 the MTL-SGL method 1693:1710 the MTL-SGL method 1693:1710 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 2 113 theme viruses 371:377 arg1 property 349:356 Antigenic property 339:356 Antigenic property of influenza viruses 339:377 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 7 114 theme antigenic 1481:1489 arg1 variants 1491:1498 the H1N1 antigenic variants 1472:1498 the H1N1 antigenic variants 1472:1498 All of the three N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e. sequons NCSV at HA 54, NHTV at HA 125, and NLSK at HA 160) identified by MTL-SGL to determine antigenic changes were experimentally validated in the H1N1 antigenic variants using mass spectrometry analyses. 32393178 4 115 dep RESULTS 632:638 arg1 applied 777:783 applied 777:783 applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 777:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 115 dep RESULTS 632:638 arg1 developed 763:771 developed 763:771 developed 763:771 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 2 116 theme protein 402:408 arg1 sequence 410:417 protein sequence 402:417 protein sequence 402:417 Antigenic property of influenza viruses are determined by both protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation of influenza glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA). 32393178 8 117 theme sparse 1561:1566 arg1 methods 1577:1583 conventional sparse learning methods 1548:1583 conventional sparse learning methods 1548:1583 Compared with conventional sparse learning methods, MTL-SGL achieved a lower prediction error and higher accuracy, indicating that grouped features and MTL in the MTL-SGL method are not only able to handle serologic data generated from multiple reagents, supplies, and protocols, but also perform better in genetic sequence-based antigenic quantification. 32393178 4 118 theme predominant 808:818 arg1 sequence 847:854 protein sequence 839:854 protein sequence 839:854 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 118 theme predominant 808:818 arg1 glycosylation 869:881 N-linked glycosylation 860:881 N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 860:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 4 118 theme predominant 808:818 arg1 features 820:827 predominant features 808:827 predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs 808:972 RESULTS A multi-task learning sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (MTL-SGL) regression method was developed and applied to derive two types of predominant features including protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation in hemagglutinin (HA) affecting variations in serologic data for human and swine H1N1 IAVs. 32393178 0 119 from mutations 111:119 arg1 glycosylation 139:151 glycosylation 139:151 glycosylation of Hemagglutinin 139:168 Multi-task learning sparse group lasso: a method for quantifying antigenicity of influenza A(H1N1) virus using mutations and variations in glycosylation of Hemagglutinin. 32393178 9 120 theme sequence-based 2057:2070 arg1 model 2096:2100 the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model 2053:2100 the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model 2053:2100 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 9 120 theme sequence-based 2057:2070 arg1 useful 2110:2115 useful 2110:2115 useful 2110:2115 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 1 121 dep causing 197:203 arg1 addition 185:192 addition 185:192 addition 185:192 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 1 122 theme pandemic 209:216 arg1 outbreaks 228:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks 205:236 the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) 205:294 BACKGROUND In addition to causing the pandemic influenza outbreaks of 1918 and 2009, subtype H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused seasonal epidemics since 1977. 32393178 9 123 theme predictive 2085:2094 arg1 model 2096:2100 the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model 2053:2100 the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model 2053:2100 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 32393178 9 123 theme predictive 2085:2094 arg1 useful 2110:2115 useful 2110:2115 useful 2110:2115 CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study suggest that mutations and variations in N-glycosylation in HA caused antigenic variations in H1N1 IAVs and that the sequence-based antigenicity predictive model will be useful in understanding antigenic evolution of IAVs. 33435531 2 0 dep each 533:536 arg1 replicate 538:546 replicate 538:546 replicate 538:546 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 5 1 from dosage 1315:1320 arg1 study 1330:1334 this study 1325:1334 this study 1325:1334 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 2 theme mg/kg 1076:1080 arg1 group 1082:1086 the 200 mg/kg group 1068:1086 the 200 mg/kg group 1068:1086 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 3 dep b 864:864 arg1 there 867:871 there 867:871 there 867:871 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 4 from CHO 937:939 arg1 group 975:979 each treatment group 960:979 each treatment group 960:979 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 5 theme p 1118:1118 arg1 < 1120:1120 p < 0.05 1118:1125 p < 0.05 1118:1125 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 5 6 theme daily 1178:1182 arg1 intake 1189:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 1 7 theme study 180:184 arg1 objectives 161:170 The objectives 157:170 The objectives of this study 157:184 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 8 theme hormone 348:354 arg1 levels 356:361 hormone levels 348:361 hormone levels of lactating sows 348:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 8 theme hormone 348:354 arg1 components 306:315 the colostrum components 292:315 the colostrum components 292:315 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 4 9 theme mg/kg 803:807 arg1 group 809:813 the 200 mg/kg group 795:813 the 200 mg/kg group 795:813 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 9 theme mg/kg 803:807 arg1 higher 833:838 higher 833:838 higher 833:838 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 1 10 dep isoflavone 229:238 arg1 mixture 281:287 mixture 281:287 mixture 281:287 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 3 11 theme control 553:559 arg1 group 561:565 The control group 549:565 The control group 549:565 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 4 12 theme total 770:774 arg1 yield 786:790 the total lactation yield 766:790 the total lactation yield 766:790 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 13 theme treatment 965:973 arg1 group 975:979 each treatment group 960:979 each treatment group 960:979 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 0 14 theme Lactating 141:149 arg1 Sows 151:154 Lactating Sows 141:154 Lactating Sows 141:154 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 1 15 theme sows 376:379 arg1 levels 356:361 hormone levels 348:361 hormone levels of lactating sows 348:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 15 theme sows 376:379 arg1 antioxidant 324:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 15 theme sows 376:379 arg1 components 306:315 the colostrum components 292:315 the colostrum components 292:315 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 4 16 theme yield 786:790 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 17 from difference 892:901 arg1 composition 916:926 colostrum composition 906:926 colostrum composition 906:926 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 18 theme p 841:841 arg1 < 843:843 p < 0.05 841:848 p < 0.05 841:848 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 19 theme MDA 945:947 arg1 content 949:955 MDA content 945:955 MDA content 945:955 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 1 20 theme colostrum 296:304 arg1 immune 337:342 immune 337:342 immune 337:342 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 20 theme colostrum 296:304 arg1 components 306:315 the colostrum components 292:315 the colostrum components 292:315 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 20 theme colostrum 296:304 arg1 antioxidant 324:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 20 theme colostrum 296:304 arg1 levels 356:361 hormone levels 348:361 hormone levels of lactating sows 348:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 5 21 theme feed 1184:1187 arg1 intake 1189:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 2 22 theme lactating 514:522 arg1 sows 524:527 three lactating sows 508:527 three lactating sows for each replicate 508:546 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 3 23 dep mg/kg 667:671 arg1 300 663:665 300 663:665 300 663:665 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 3 23 dep mg/kg 667:671 arg1 200 655:657 200 655:657 200 655:657 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 0 24 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Components 81:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 24 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Levels 131:136 Hormone Levels 123:136 Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows 123:154 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 24 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Antioxidant 99:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 24 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Immune 112:117 Immune 112:117 Immune 112:117 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 25 theme Serum 93:97 arg1 Components 81:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 25 theme Serum 93:97 arg1 Antioxidant 99:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 4 26 from contents 1056:1063 arg1 group 1082:1086 the 200 mg/kg group 1068:1086 the 200 mg/kg group 1068:1086 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 2 27 theme Yorkshire 404:412 arg1 sows 435:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 5 28 theme average 1170:1176 arg1 intake 1189:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 1 29 theme astragalus 249:258 arg1 APS 276:278 APS 276:278 APS 276:278 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 29 theme astragalus 249:258 arg1 polysaccharide 260:273 astragalus polysaccharide 249:273 astragalus polysaccharide (APS) 249:279 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 4 30 theme p 1011:1011 arg1 < 1013:1013 p < 0.05 1011:1018 p < 0.05 1011:1018 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 0 31 theme Soybean 11:17 arg1 Isoflavone 19:28 Soybean Isoflavone 11:28 Soybean Isoflavone 11:28 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 2 32 theme sows 435:438 arg1 total 384:388 A total 382:388 A total 382:388 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 5 33 theme immune 1244:1249 arg1 function 1251:1258 immune function 1244:1258 immune function 1244:1258 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 34 theme GH 1031:1032 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 2 35 theme Landrace 416:423 arg1 sows 435:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 4 36 theme IGF-1 1035:1039 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 0 37 theme Polysaccharide 45:58 arg1 Mixture 60:66 Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture 34:66 Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture 34:66 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 5 38 theme serum 1214:1218 arg1 activities 1232:1241 serum antioxidant activities 1214:1241 serum antioxidant activities 1214:1241 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 39 theme d 1023:1023 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 40 theme IgA 1026:1028 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 41 dep decreased 1000:1008 arg1 < 1013:1013 p < 0.05 1011:1018 p < 0.05 1011:1018 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 1 42 theme soybean 221:227 arg1 SI 241:242 SI 241:242 SI 241:242 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 42 theme soybean 221:227 arg1 isoflavone 229:238 soybean isoflavone 221:238 soybean isoflavone (SI) 221:243 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 4 43 dep increased 1107:1115 arg1 < 1120:1120 p < 0.05 1118:1125 p < 0.05 1118:1125 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 5 44 theme sows 1293:1296 arg1 intake 1189:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 the average daily feed intake 1166:1194 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 5 44 theme sows 1293:1296 arg1 yield 1207:1211 lactation yield 1197:1211 lactation yield 1197:1211 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 5 44 theme sows 1293:1296 arg1 levels 1273:1278 hormone levels 1265:1278 hormone levels 1265:1278 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 5 44 theme sows 1293:1296 arg1 activities 1232:1241 serum antioxidant activities 1214:1241 serum antioxidant activities 1214:1241 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 5 44 theme sows 1293:1296 arg1 function 1251:1258 immune function 1244:1258 immune function 1244:1258 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 45 theme significant 880:890 arg1 difference 892:901 no significant difference 877:901 no significant difference in colostrum composition 877:926 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 46 theme 200 1072:1074 arg1 mg/kg 1076:1080 mg/kg 1076:1080 mg/kg 1076:1080 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 5 47 theme APS 1140:1142 arg1 mixture 1144:1150 The SI and APS mixture 1129:1150 mixture 1144:1150 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 2 48 dep six 489:491 arg1 replicates 493:502 replicates 493:502 replicates 493:502 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 5 49 theme hormone 1265:1271 arg1 levels 1273:1278 hormone levels 1265:1278 hormone levels 1265:1278 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 50 theme TNF-α 1042:1046 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 51 theme SOD 1052:1054 arg1 contents 1056:1063 (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents 762:1063 contents 1056:1063 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 52 theme control 747:753 arg1 group 755:759 the control group 743:759 the control group 743:759 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 0 53 theme Hormone 123:129 arg1 Levels 131:136 Hormone Levels 123:136 Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows 123:154 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 53 theme Hormone 123:129 arg1 Components 81:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 5 54 theme SI 1133:1134 arg1 mixture 1144:1150 The SI and APS mixture 1129:1150 mixture 1144:1150 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 55 from TG 933:934 arg1 group 975:979 each treatment group 960:979 each treatment group 960:979 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 56 theme 200 799:801 arg1 mg/kg 803:807 mg/kg 803:807 mg/kg 803:807 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 5 57 theme optimum 1307:1313 arg1 dosage 1315:1320 the optimum dosage 1303:1320 the optimum dosage in this study 1303:1334 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 5 57 theme optimum 1307:1313 arg1 mg/kg 1344:1348 200 mg/kg 1340:1348 200 mg/kg 1340:1348 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 0 58 theme Sows 151:154 arg1 Levels 131:136 Hormone Levels 123:136 Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows 123:154 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 58 theme Sows 151:154 arg1 Antioxidant 99:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 58 theme Sows 151:154 arg1 Components 81:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 1 59 theme lactating 366:374 arg1 sows 376:379 lactating sows 366:379 lactating sows 366:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 3 60 dep SI 673:674 arg1 mg/kg 667:671 mg/kg 667:671 mg/kg 667:671 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 4 61 dep higher 833:838 arg1 < 843:843 p < 0.05 841:848 p < 0.05 841:848 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 3 62 theme APS 680:682 arg1 mixture 684:690 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture 650:690 mixture 684:690 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 1 63 from effects 210:216 arg1 immune 337:342 immune 337:342 immune 337:342 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 63 from effects 210:216 arg1 components 306:315 the colostrum components 292:315 the colostrum components 292:315 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 63 from effects 210:216 arg1 antioxidant 324:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 63 from effects 210:216 arg1 levels 356:361 hormone levels 348:361 hormone levels of lactating sows 348:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 4 64 theme lactation 776:784 arg1 yield 786:790 the total lactation yield 766:790 the total lactation yield 766:790 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 3 65 theme powder 707:712 arg1 form 699:702 the form 695:702 the form of powder 695:712 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 0 66 theme Colostrum 71:79 arg1 Components 81:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Colostrum Components 71:90 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 66 theme Colostrum 71:79 arg1 Levels 131:136 Hormone Levels 123:136 Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows 123:154 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 66 theme Colostrum 71:79 arg1 Antioxidant 99:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Serum Antioxidant 93:109 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 0 66 theme Colostrum 71:79 arg1 Immune 112:117 Immune 112:117 Immune 112:117 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 4 67 dep TG 933:934 arg1 c 930:930 c 930:930 c 930:930 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 1 68 theme serum 318:322 arg1 components 306:315 the colostrum components 292:315 the colostrum components 292:315 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 1 68 theme serum 318:322 arg1 antioxidant 324:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 serum antioxidant 318:334 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 5 69 theme lactation 1197:1205 arg1 yield 1207:1211 lactation yield 1197:1211 lactation yield 1197:1211 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 2 70 theme healthy 396:402 arg1 sows 435:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 3 71 theme experimental 601:612 arg1 groups 614:619 the experimental groups 597:619 the experimental groups 597:619 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 0 72 theme Isoflavone 19:28 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 0:155 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 1 73 theme polysaccharide 260:273 arg1 effects 210:216 the effects 206:216 the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows 206:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 33435531 2 74 with treatments 473:482 arg1 six 489:491 six 489:491 six 489:491 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 0 75 theme Astragalus 34:43 arg1 Mixture 60:66 Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture 34:66 Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture 34:66 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 2 76 theme lactating 425:433 arg1 sows 435:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 3 77 theme basal 579:583 arg1 diet 585:588 the basal diet 575:588 the basal diet 575:588 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 0 78 theme Mixture 60:66 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 0:155 Effects of Soybean Isoflavone and Astragalus Polysaccharide Mixture on Colostrum Components, Serum Antioxidant, Immune and Hormone Levels of Lactating Sows. 33435531 2 79 theme × 414:414 arg1 sows 435:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows 393:438 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 5 80 theme antioxidant 1220:1230 arg1 activities 1232:1241 serum antioxidant activities 1214:1241 serum antioxidant activities 1214:1241 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 4 81 from content 949:955 arg1 group 975:979 each treatment group 960:979 each treatment group 960:979 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 4 82 theme colostrum 906:914 arg1 composition 916:926 colostrum composition 906:926 colostrum composition 906:926 Compared with the control group, (a) the total lactation yield of the 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21 days, (b) there was no significant difference in colostrum composition, (c) TG, CHO and MDA content in each treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), (d) IgA, GH, IGF-1, TNF-α and SOD contents in the 200 mg/kg group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). 33435531 5 83 theme lactating 1283:1291 arg1 sows 1293:1296 lactating sows 1283:1296 lactating sows 1283:1296 The SI and APS mixture could improve the average daily feed intake, lactation yield, serum antioxidant activities, immune function, and hormone levels of lactating sows, and the optimum dosage in this study was 200 mg/kg. 33435531 3 84 theme basal 634:638 arg1 diet 640:643 the basal diet 630:643 the basal diet 630:643 The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg SI and APS mixture in the form of powder, respectively. 33435531 2 85 with sows 524:527 arg1 six 489:491 six 489:491 six 489:491 A total of 72 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace lactating sows, were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates and three lactating sows for each replicate. 33435531 1 86 theme isoflavone 229:238 arg1 effects 210:216 the effects 206:216 the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows 206:379 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mixture on the colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. 32871071 2 0 theme phosphate 547:555 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 0 theme phosphate 547:555 arg1 pathway 557:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 1 1 theme study 146:150 arg1 aim 127:129 The aim 123:129 The aim of the current study 123:150 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 2 theme swine 219:223 arg1 consortium 240:249 a swine gut microbiota consortium 217:249 a swine gut microbiota consortium 217:249 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 0 3 theme Fibers 90:95 arg1 Degradation 62:72 Intestinal Microbial Degradation 41:72 Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 41:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 2 4 theme pentose 539:545 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 4 theme pentose 539:545 arg1 pathway 557:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 1 5 with treatment 284:292 arg1 CELL 310:313 cellulase (CELL) 299:314 cellulase (CELL) 299:314 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 5 with treatment 284:292 arg1 ALK 353:355 ALK 353:355 ALK 353:355 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 5 with treatment 284:292 arg1 PECT 333:336 PECT 333:336 PECT 333:336 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 5 with treatment 284:292 arg1 pectinases 321:330 two pectinases 317:330 two pectinases (PECT) 317:337 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 5 with treatment 284:292 arg1 alkaline 343:350 alkaline 343:350 alkaline (ALK) 343:356 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 6 theme gut 225:227 arg1 consortium 240:249 a swine gut microbiota consortium 217:249 a swine gut microbiota consortium 217:249 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 0 7 theme Meal 109:112 arg1 Fibers 90:95 Recalcitrant Fibers 77:95 Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 77:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 1 8 theme microbiota 229:238 arg1 consortium 240:249 a swine gut microbiota consortium 217:249 a swine gut microbiota consortium 217:249 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 0 9 theme Rapeseed 100:107 arg1 Meal 109:112 Rapeseed Meal 100:112 Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 100:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 1 10 theme untreated 370:378 arg1 RSM 380:382 untreated RSM 370:382 untreated RSM 370:382 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 2 11 theme fatty 706:710 arg1 SCFA 718:721 SCFA 718:721 SCFA 718:721 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 11 theme fatty 706:710 arg1 acid 712:715 total short-chain fatty acid 688:715 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 12 theme pyruvate 570:577 arg1 metabolism 579:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 12 theme pyruvate 570:577 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 13 theme short-chain 694:704 arg1 SCFA 718:721 SCFA 718:721 SCFA 718:721 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 13 theme short-chain 694:704 arg1 acid 712:715 total short-chain fatty acid 688:715 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 4 14 theme fiber 949:953 arg1 degradation 955:965 fiber degradation 949:965 fiber degradation of RSM 949:972 Findings were validated in ileal cannulated pigs, which showed that CELL and ALK increased fiber degradation of RSM. 32871071 2 15 theme ALK 633:635 arg1 feeding 637:643 CELL and ALK feeding 624:643 feeding 637:643 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 16 theme total 688:692 arg1 SCFA 718:721 SCFA 718:721 SCFA 718:721 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 16 theme total 688:692 arg1 acid 712:715 total short-chain fatty acid 688:715 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 4 17 theme RSM 970:972 arg1 degradation 955:965 fiber degradation 949:965 fiber degradation of RSM 949:972 Findings were validated in ileal cannulated pigs, which showed that CELL and ALK increased fiber degradation of RSM. 32871071 5 18 theme fiber 1040:1044 arg1 degradation 1046:1056 fiber degradation 1040:1056 fiber degradation 1040:1056 In conclusion, CELL and ALK rather than PECT1 or PECT2 increased fiber degradation in RSM, and this information could guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in the swine industry. 32871071 2 19 theme increased 678:686 arg1 production 724:733 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 20 theme CELL 624:627 arg1 feeding 637:643 CELL and ALK feeding 624:643 feeding 637:643 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 5 21 theme feed 1099:1102 arg1 strategies 1113:1122 feed additive strategies 1099:1122 feed additive strategies 1099:1122 In conclusion, CELL and ALK rather than PECT1 or PECT2 increased fiber degradation in RSM, and this information could guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in the swine industry. 32871071 2 22 theme carbohydrate 488:499 arg1 digestion 501:509 carbohydrate digestion 488:509 carbohydrate digestion 488:509 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 0 23 theme Alkaline 14:21 arg1 Treatment 23:31 Alkaline Treatment 14:31 Alkaline Treatment 14:31 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 5 24 theme additive 1104:1111 arg1 strategies 1113:1122 feed additive strategies 1099:1122 feed additive strategies 1099:1122 In conclusion, CELL and ALK rather than PECT1 or PECT2 increased fiber degradation in RSM, and this information could guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in the swine industry. 32871071 1 25 theme rapeseed 194:201 arg1 RSM 209:211 RSM 209:211 RSM 209:211 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 1 25 theme rapeseed 194:201 arg1 meal 203:206 rapeseed meal 194:206 rapeseed meal (RSM) 194:212 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 0 26 theme Intestinal 41:50 arg1 Degradation 62:72 Intestinal Microbial Degradation 41:72 Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 41:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 1 27 theme modifying 267:275 arg1 RSM 277:279 modifying RSM 267:279 modifying RSM 267:279 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 4 28 theme ileal 885:889 arg1 pigs 902:905 ileal cannulated pigs 885:905 ileal cannulated pigs 885:905 Findings were validated in ileal cannulated pigs, which showed that CELL and ALK increased fiber degradation of RSM. 32871071 0 29 from Fibers 90:95 arg1 Pigs 117:120 Pigs 117:120 Pigs 117:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 2 30 theme acid 712:715 arg1 production 724:733 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production 678:733 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 1 31 theme meal 203:206 arg1 degradation 179:189 degradation 179:189 degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium 179:249 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 2 32 theme relative 465:472 arg1 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 32 theme relative 465:472 arg1 metabolism 579:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 32 theme relative 465:472 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 32 theme relative 465:472 arg1 pathway 557:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 1 33 theme microbiota 406:415 arg1 composition 417:427 microbiota composition 406:427 microbiota composition 406:427 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 2 34 theme predicted 455:463 arg1 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 34 theme predicted 455:463 arg1 metabolism 579:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 34 theme predicted 455:463 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 34 theme predicted 455:463 arg1 pathway 557:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 0 35 theme Microbial 52:60 arg1 Degradation 62:72 Intestinal Microbial Degradation 41:72 Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 41:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 2 36 theme absorption 515:524 arg1 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 36 theme absorption 515:524 arg1 metabolism 579:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 36 theme absorption 515:524 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 36 theme absorption 515:524 arg1 pathway 557:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 0 37 from Pigs 117:120 arg1 Fibers 90:95 Recalcitrant Fibers 77:95 Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 77:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 2 38 theme digestion 501:509 arg1 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 glycolysis 527:536 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 38 theme digestion 501:509 arg1 metabolism 579:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 pyruvate metabolism 570:588 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 38 theme digestion 501:509 arg1 abundances 474:483 The predicted relative abundances 451:483 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption 451:524 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 2 38 theme digestion 501:509 arg1 pathway 557:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 pentose phosphate pathway 539:563 The predicted relative abundances of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly increased upon CELL and ALK feeding, and CELL and ALK also exhibited increased total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to CON. 32871071 0 39 from Meal 109:112 arg1 Pigs 117:120 Pigs 117:120 Pigs 117:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 3 40 theme SCFA 841:844 arg1 production 846:855 SCFA production 841:855 SCFA production 841:855 Megasphaera, Prevotella, and Desulfovibrio were significantly positively correlated with SCFA production. 32871071 0 41 theme Recalcitrant 77:88 arg1 Fibers 90:95 Recalcitrant Fibers 77:95 Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs 77:120 Cellulase and Alkaline Treatment Improve Intestinal Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant Fibers of Rapeseed Meal in Pigs. 32871071 1 42 theme cellulase 299:307 arg1 CELL 310:313 cellulase (CELL) 299:314 cellulase (CELL) 299:314 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 5 43 theme swine 1170:1174 arg1 industry 1176:1183 the swine industry 1166:1183 the swine industry 1166:1183 In conclusion, CELL and ALK rather than PECT1 or PECT2 increased fiber degradation in RSM, and this information could guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in the swine industry. 32871071 1 44 theme current 138:144 arg1 study 146:150 the current study 134:150 the current study 134:150 The aim of the current study was to investigate whether degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) by a swine gut microbiota consortium was improved by modifying RSM by treatment with cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or alkaline (ALK) compared to untreated RSM and to assess whether microbiota composition and activity changed. 32871071 4 45 theme cannulated 891:900 arg1 pigs 902:905 ileal cannulated pigs 885:905 ileal cannulated pigs 885:905 Findings were validated in ileal cannulated pigs, which showed that CELL and ALK increased fiber degradation of RSM. 34401531 2 0 theme physiological 340:352 arg1 effects 354:360 various physiological effects 332:360 various physiological effects 332:360 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 9 1 theme elevated 1469:1476 arg1 supplementation 1453:1467 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, 1445:1513 supplementation 1453:1467 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 2 theme microbial 593:601 arg1 profiles 603:610 gut microbial profiles 589:610 gut microbial profiles 589:610 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 6 3 from reduction 1091:1099 arg1 Deferribacteres 1104:1118 Deferribacteres 1104:1118 Deferribacteres 1104:1118 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 9 4 theme bile 1484:1487 arg1 acid 1489:1492 fecal bile acid 1478:1492 fecal bile acid 1478:1492 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 5 5 dep indicated 786:794 arg1 whereas 836:842 whereas 836:842 whereas 836:842 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 0 6 theme acid 68:71 arg1 production 73:82 short-chain fatty acid production 50:82 short-chain fatty acid production 50:82 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 4 7 from metabolism 641:650 arg1 model 697:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 8 8 theme body 1231:1234 arg1 weight 1236:1241 body weight 1231:1241 body weight 1231:1241 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 5 9 from composition 718:728 arg1 mice 781:784 curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 752:784 curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 752:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 2 10 theme gut 279:281 arg1 fermentation 293:304 gut microbial fermentation 279:304 gut microbial fermentation 279:304 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 4 11 theme obese 685:689 arg1 model 697:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 0 12 from production 73:82 arg1 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 8 13 theme HFD-induced 1304:1314 arg1 mice 1322:1325 HFD-induced obese mice 1304:1325 HFD-induced obese mice 1304:1325 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 7 14 theme SCFA 1186:1189 arg1 levels 1191:1196 fecal SCFA levels 1180:1196 fecal SCFA levels 1180:1196 Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. 34401531 7 14 theme SCFA 1186:1189 arg1 butyrate 1212:1219 butyrate 1212:1219 butyrate 1212:1219 Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. 34401531 9 15 theme metabolic 1529:1537 arg1 functions 1539:1547 host metabolic functions 1524:1547 host metabolic functions 1524:1547 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 16 theme mouse 691:695 arg1 model 697:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 8 17 theme HFD-induced 1328:1338 arg1 hyperglycemia 1340:1352 HFD-induced hyperglycemia 1328:1352 HFD-induced hyperglycemia 1328:1352 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 1 18 theme Indigestible 123:134 arg1 fibers 169:174 dietary fibers 161:174 dietary fibers 161:174 Indigestible polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers, benefit the host by improving the intestinal environment. 34401531 1 18 theme Indigestible 123:134 arg1 polysaccharides 136:150 Indigestible polysaccharides 123:150 Indigestible polysaccharides 123:150 Indigestible polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers, benefit the host by improving the intestinal environment. 34401531 5 19 theme samples 739:745 arg1 composition 718:728 Gut microbial composition 704:728 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 704:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 2 20 theme Short-chain 235:245 arg1 SCFAs 260:264 SCFAs 260:264 SCFAs 260:264 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 2 20 theme Short-chain 235:245 arg1 acids 253:257 Short-chain fatty acids 235:257 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers 235:324 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 9 21 theme microbial 1569:1577 arg1 composition 1579:1589 the gut microbial composition 1561:1589 the gut microbial composition in mice 1561:1597 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 22 theme -induced 676:683 arg1 model 697:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 4 23 from profiles 603:610 arg1 model 697:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 5 24 theme phylum 895:900 arg1 level 902:906 the phylum level 891:906 the phylum level 891:906 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 5 25 theme microbial 708:716 arg1 composition 718:728 Gut microbial composition 704:728 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 704:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 0 26 theme acid 94:97 arg1 transformation 99:112 bile acid transformation 89:112 bile acid transformation 89:112 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 3 27 theme curdlan 392:398 arg1 benefits 400:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 4 28 from production 618:627 arg1 model 697:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 655:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 8 29 theme insulin 1410:1416 arg1 levels 1437:1442 plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels 1403:1442 plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels 1403:1442 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 0 30 theme Curdlan 0:6 arg1 intake 8:13 Curdlan intake 0:13 Curdlan intake 0:13 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 5 31 theme cellulose-supplemented 930:951 arg1 mice 961:964 cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice 930:964 cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice 930:964 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 3 32 theme bacterial 367:375 arg1 benefits 400:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 8 33 theme incretin 1422:1429 arg1 GLP-1 1431:1435 incretin GLP-1 1422:1435 incretin GLP-1 1422:1435 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 5 34 theme Bacteroidetes 821:833 arg1 abundance 808:816 an elevated abundance 796:816 an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes 796:833 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 3 35 theme intestinal 418:427 arg1 environment 429:439 the host intestinal environment 409:439 the host intestinal environment 409:439 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 0 36 theme microbial 27:35 arg1 composition 37:47 gut microbial composition 23:47 gut microbial composition 23:47 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 7 37 theme fecal 1180:1184 arg1 levels 1191:1196 fecal SCFA levels 1180:1196 fecal SCFA levels 1180:1196 Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. 34401531 7 37 theme fecal 1180:1184 arg1 butyrate 1212:1219 butyrate 1212:1219 butyrate 1212:1219 Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. 34401531 6 38 theme Bacteroidales 1040:1052 arg1 abundance 1016:1024 an abundance 1013:1024 an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae 1013:1082 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 6 38 theme Bacteroidales 1040:1052 arg1 reduction 1091:1099 a reduction 1089:1099 a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces 1089:1131 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 0 39 theme fatty 62:66 arg1 acid 68:71 short-chain fatty acid 50:71 short-chain fatty acid production 50:82 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 2 40 theme various 332:338 arg1 effects 354:360 various physiological effects 332:360 various physiological effects 332:360 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 3 41 theme SCFA 487:490 arg1 production 492:501 SCFA production 487:501 SCFA production 487:501 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 8 42 from increase 1391:1398 arg1 levels 1437:1442 plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels 1403:1442 plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels 1403:1442 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 0 43 theme short-chain 50:60 arg1 acid 68:71 short-chain fatty acid 50:71 short-chain fatty acid production 50:82 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 4 44 theme SCFA 613:616 arg1 production 618:627 SCFA production 613:627 SCFA production 613:627 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 3 45 from effect 455:460 arg1 metabolism 472:481 energy metabolism 465:481 energy metabolism 465:481 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 3 45 from effect 455:460 arg1 production 492:501 SCFA production 487:501 SCFA production 487:501 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 9 46 from composition 1579:1589 arg1 mice 1594:1597 mice 1594:1597 mice 1594:1597 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 47 theme intake 579:584 arg1 effect 561:566 the effect 557:566 the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model 557:701 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 9 48 theme fecal 1478:1482 arg1 acid 1489:1492 fecal bile acid 1478:1492 fecal bile acid 1478:1492 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 49 theme gut 589:591 arg1 profiles 603:610 gut microbial profiles 589:610 gut microbial profiles 589:610 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 5 50 theme Firmicutes 867:876 arg1 abundance 854:862 a reduced abundance 844:862 a reduced abundance of Firmicutes 844:876 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 1 51 theme dietary 161:167 arg1 fibers 169:174 dietary fibers 161:174 dietary fibers 161:174 Indigestible polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers, benefit the host by improving the intestinal environment. 34401531 5 52 theme curdlan-supplemented 752:771 arg1 mice 781:784 curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 752:784 curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 752:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 9 53 theme SCFA 1498:1501 arg1 production 1503:1512 SCFA production 1498:1512 SCFA production 1498:1512 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 6 54 theme curdlan 977:983 arg1 supplementation 985:999 curdlan supplementation 977:999 curdlan supplementation 977:999 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 4 55 theme high-fat 657:664 arg1 HFD 672:674 HFD 672:674 HFD 672:674 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 4 55 theme high-fat 657:664 arg1 diet 666:669 high-fat diet 657:669 high-fat diet (HFD) 657:675 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 2 56 theme microbial 283:291 arg1 fermentation 293:304 gut microbial fermentation 279:304 gut microbial fermentation 279:304 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 8 57 theme curdlan 1277:1283 arg1 supplementation 1285:1299 curdlan supplementation 1277:1299 curdlan supplementation 1277:1299 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 9 58 theme host 1524:1527 arg1 functions 1539:1547 host metabolic functions 1524:1547 host metabolic functions 1524:1547 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 59 theme energy 634:639 arg1 metabolism 641:650 energy metabolism 634:650 energy metabolism 634:650 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 5 60 theme Gut 704:706 arg1 composition 718:728 Gut microbial composition 704:728 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 704:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 8 61 theme fat 1247:1249 arg1 mass 1251:1254 fat mass 1247:1254 fat mass 1247:1254 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 0 62 from transformation 99:112 arg1 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 8 63 theme obese 1316:1320 arg1 mice 1322:1325 HFD-induced obese mice 1304:1325 HFD-induced obese mice 1304:1325 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 6 64 theme family 1033:1038 arg1 Bacteroidales 1040:1052 the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae 1029:1082 the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae 1029:1082 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 6 64 theme family 1033:1038 arg1 Erysipelotrichaceae 1064:1082 Erysipelotrichaceae 1064:1082 Erysipelotrichaceae 1064:1082 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 6 64 theme family 1033:1038 arg1 S24-7 1054:1058 S24-7 1054:1058 S24-7 1054:1058 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 9 65 dep supplementation 1453:1467 arg1 acid 1489:1492 fecal bile acid 1478:1492 fecal bile acid 1478:1492 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 5 66 theme fecal 733:737 arg1 samples 739:745 fecal samples 733:745 fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 733:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 2 67 theme fatty 247:251 arg1 SCFAs 260:264 SCFAs 260:264 SCFAs 260:264 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 2 67 theme fatty 247:251 arg1 acids 253:257 Short-chain fatty acids 235:257 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers 235:324 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 9 68 theme gut 1565:1567 arg1 composition 1579:1589 the gut microbial composition 1561:1589 the gut microbial composition in mice 1561:1597 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34401531 4 69 from effect 561:566 arg1 metabolism 641:650 energy metabolism 634:650 energy metabolism 634:650 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 4 69 from effect 561:566 arg1 profiles 603:610 gut microbial profiles 589:610 gut microbial profiles 589:610 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 4 69 from effect 561:566 arg1 production 618:627 SCFA production 613:627 SCFA production 613:627 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 6 70 from abundance 1016:1024 arg1 Deferribacteres 1104:1118 Deferribacteres 1104:1118 Deferribacteres 1104:1118 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 0 71 theme bile 89:92 arg1 transformation 99:112 bile acid transformation 89:112 bile acid transformation 89:112 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 5 72 from mice 781:784 arg1 composition 718:728 Gut microbial composition 704:728 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 704:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 5 72 from mice 781:784 arg1 samples 739:745 fecal samples 733:745 fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 733:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 6 73 dep Bacteroidales 1040:1052 arg1 Bacteroidales 1040:1052 the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae 1029:1082 the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae 1029:1082 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 6 73 dep Bacteroidales 1040:1052 arg1 Erysipelotrichaceae 1064:1082 Erysipelotrichaceae 1064:1082 Erysipelotrichaceae 1064:1082 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 6 73 dep Bacteroidales 1040:1052 arg1 S24-7 1054:1058 S24-7 1054:1058 S24-7 1054:1058 Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. 34401531 0 74 from composition 37:47 arg1 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 5 75 theme elevated 799:806 arg1 abundance 808:816 an elevated abundance 796:816 an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes 796:833 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 3 76 dep environment 429:439 arg1 benefits 400:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 3 76 dep environment 429:439 arg1 although 442:449 although 442:449 although 442:449 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 8 77 theme plasma 1403:1408 arg1 insulin 1410:1416 plasma insulin 1403:1416 plasma insulin 1403:1416 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 0 78 theme gut 23:25 arg1 composition 37:47 gut microbial composition 23:47 gut microbial composition 23:47 Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. 34401531 5 79 theme HFD-fed 953:959 arg1 mice 961:964 cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice 930:964 cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice 930:964 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 3 80 theme polysaccharide 377:390 arg1 benefits 400:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits 363:407 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 4 81 theme curdlan 571:577 arg1 intake 579:584 curdlan intake 571:584 curdlan intake 571:584 Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. 34401531 5 82 theme HFD-fed 773:779 arg1 mice 781:784 curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 752:784 curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice 752:784 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 8 83 theme GLP-1 1431:1435 arg1 levels 1437:1442 plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels 1403:1442 plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels 1403:1442 Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. 34401531 3 84 theme energy 465:470 arg1 metabolism 472:481 energy metabolism 465:481 energy metabolism 465:481 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 7 85 theme curdlan 1147:1153 arg1 supplementation 1155:1169 curdlan supplementation 1147:1169 curdlan supplementation 1147:1169 Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. 34401531 3 86 theme host 413:416 arg1 environment 429:439 the host intestinal environment 409:439 the host intestinal environment 409:439 The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. 34401531 2 87 theme dietary 311:317 arg1 fibers 319:324 dietary fibers 311:324 dietary fibers 311:324 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. 34401531 1 88 theme intestinal 211:220 arg1 environment 222:232 the intestinal environment 207:232 the intestinal environment 207:232 Indigestible polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers, benefit the host by improving the intestinal environment. 34401531 5 89 theme reduced 846:852 arg1 abundance 854:862 a reduced abundance 844:862 a reduced abundance of Firmicutes 844:876 Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. 34401531 9 90 theme Curdlan 1445:1451 arg1 supplementation 1453:1467 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, 1445:1513 supplementation 1453:1467 Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. 34132153 3 0 dep 21 651:652 arg1 to 648:649 to 648:649 to 648:649 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 11 1 theme value 1807:1811 arg1 driver 1785:1790 the main driver 1776:1790 the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers 1776:1834 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 1 theme value 1807:1811 arg1 processing 1730:1739 processing 1730:1739 processing rather than cultivar 1730:1760 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 1 theme value 1807:1811 arg1 cultivar 1753:1760 cultivar 1753:1760 processing rather than cultivar 1730:1760 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 1 2 from influence 167:175 arg1 range 205:209 the range 201:209 the range of variation in the chemical composition 201:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 6 3 theme final 978:982 arg1 day 984:986 the final day 974:986 the final day of the experiment ileal digesta 974:1018 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 8 4 theme single-cultivar 1364:1378 arg1 RSM 1380:1382 the 10 single-cultivar RSM 1357:1382 the 10 single-cultivar RSM 1357:1382 Glucosinolate contents were highest in the 10 single-cultivar RSM whereas NDF levels were greater in the proprietary RSM. 34132153 1 5 theme chemical 231:238 arg1 composition 240:250 the chemical composition 227:250 the chemical composition 227:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 11 6 theme main 1780:1783 arg1 driver 1785:1790 the main driver 1776:1790 the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers 1776:1834 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 6 theme main 1780:1783 arg1 processing 1730:1739 processing 1730:1739 processing rather than cultivar 1730:1760 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 6 theme main 1780:1783 arg1 cultivar 1753:1760 cultivar 1753:1760 processing rather than cultivar 1730:1760 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 9 7 theme significant 1487:1497 arg1 effect 1499:1504 no significant effect 1484:1504 no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD 1484:1533 Across the 10 single-cultivar RSM there was no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD. 34132153 1 8 theme meal 397:400 arg1 RSM 346:348 single-cultivar RSM 330:348 single-cultivar RSM 330:348 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 1 8 theme meal 397:400 arg1 batch 356:360 a batch 354:360 a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 354:400 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 9 9 theme single-cultivar 1454:1468 arg1 RSM 1470:1472 the 10 single-cultivar RSM 1447:1472 the 10 single-cultivar RSM 1447:1472 Across the 10 single-cultivar RSM there was no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD. 34132153 11 10 from RSM 1816:1818 arg1 driver 1785:1790 the main driver 1776:1790 the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers 1776:1834 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 10 from RSM 1816:1818 arg1 processing 1730:1739 processing 1730:1739 processing rather than cultivar 1730:1760 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 10 from RSM 1816:1818 arg1 cultivar 1753:1760 cultivar 1753:1760 processing rather than cultivar 1730:1760 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 0 11 theme broiler 105:111 arg1 chickens 113:120 broiler chickens 105:120 broiler chickens 105:120 Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of single-cultivar rapeseed meals for broiler chickens. 34132153 11 12 theme nutritional 1795:1805 arg1 value 1807:1811 nutritional value 1795:1811 nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers 1795:1834 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 6 13 theme protein 1072:1078 arg1 pcCPD 1095:1099 pcCPD 1095:1099 pcCPD 1095:1099 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 6 13 theme protein 1072:1078 arg1 digestibility 1080:1092 preceacal crude protein digestibility 1056:1092 preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD) 1056:1100 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 3 14 theme age 657:659 arg1 day 641:643 day 13 to 21 641:652 day 13 to 21 of age 641:659 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 6 15 theme crude 1066:1070 arg1 pcCPD 1095:1099 pcCPD 1095:1099 pcCPD 1095:1099 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 6 15 theme crude 1066:1070 arg1 digestibility 1080:1092 preceacal crude protein digestibility 1056:1092 preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD) 1056:1100 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 5 16 theme AMEn 882:885 arg1 excreta 894:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 9 17 theme cultivar 1509:1516 arg1 effect 1499:1504 no significant effect 1484:1504 no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD 1484:1533 Across the 10 single-cultivar RSM there was no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD. 34132153 6 18 theme preceacal 1056:1064 arg1 pcCPD 1095:1099 pcCPD 1095:1099 pcCPD 1095:1099 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 6 18 theme preceacal 1056:1064 arg1 digestibility 1080:1092 preceacal crude protein digestibility 1056:1092 preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD) 1056:1100 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 11 19 from driver 1785:1790 arg1 RSM 1816:1818 RSM 1816:1818 RSM fed to broilers 1816:1834 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 11 20 theme above 1723:1727 arg1 view 1711:1714 view 1711:1714 view of the above 1711:1727 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 2 21 theme RSM 473:475 arg1 total 445:449 a total 443:449 a total of 10 single-cultivar RSM produced via prepressed solvent-extraction and a proprietary RSM 443:540 Chemical composition was determined for a total of 10 single-cultivar RSM produced via prepressed solvent-extraction and a proprietary RSM. 34132153 7 22 theme < CV 1304:1307 arg1 < 1310:1310 0.5 < CV% < 0.6 1300:1314 0.5 < CV% < 0.6 1300:1314 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 7 22 theme < CV 1304:1307 arg1 RSM 1295:1297 all RSM 1291:1297 all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6) 1291:1315 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 3 23 theme wheat 740:744 arg1 meal 758:761 wheat and soybean meal 740:761 meal 758:761 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 5 24 theme total 888:892 arg1 excreta 894:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 8 25 theme NDF 1392:1394 arg1 levels 1396:1401 NDF levels 1392:1401 NDF levels 1392:1401 Glucosinolate contents were highest in the 10 single-cultivar RSM whereas NDF levels were greater in the proprietary RSM. 34132153 1 26 theme single-cultivar 330:344 arg1 RSM 346:348 single-cultivar RSM 330:348 single-cultivar RSM 330:348 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 2 27 theme single-cultivar 457:471 arg1 RSM 473:475 10 single-cultivar RSM 454:475 10 single-cultivar RSM 454:475 Chemical composition was determined for a total of 10 single-cultivar RSM produced via prepressed solvent-extraction and a proprietary RSM. 34132153 10 28 theme proprietary 1623:1633 arg1 RSM 1635:1637 the proprietary RSM 1619:1637 the proprietary RSM 1619:1637 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 2 29 theme Chemical 403:410 arg1 composition 412:422 Chemical composition 403:422 Chemical composition 403:422 Chemical composition was determined for a total of 10 single-cultivar RSM produced via prepressed solvent-extraction and a proprietary RSM. 34132153 8 30 theme Glucosinolate 1318:1330 arg1 contents 1332:1339 Glucosinolate contents 1318:1339 Glucosinolate contents 1318:1339 Glucosinolate contents were highest in the 10 single-cultivar RSM whereas NDF levels were greater in the proprietary RSM. 34132153 1 31 dep investigate 151:161 arg1 1 148:148 1 148:148 1 148:148 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 1 32 theme rapeseed 180:187 arg1 cultivar 189:196 rapeseed cultivar 180:196 rapeseed cultivar 180:196 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 0 33 theme chemical 24:31 arg1 composition 33:43 chemical composition 24:43 chemical composition 24:43 Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of single-cultivar rapeseed meals for broiler chickens. 34132153 7 34 theme variation 1230:1238 arg1 similar 1276:1282 similar 1276:1282 similar 1276:1282 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 7 34 theme variation 1230:1238 arg1 coefficients 1214:1225 the coefficients 1210:1225 the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components 1210:1269 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 2 35 theme proprietary 526:536 arg1 RSM 538:540 a proprietary RSM 524:540 a proprietary RSM 524:540 Chemical composition was determined for a total of 10 single-cultivar RSM produced via prepressed solvent-extraction and a proprietary RSM. 34132153 9 36 from effect 1499:1504 arg1 pcCPD 1529:1533 pcCPD 1529:1533 pcCPD 1529:1533 Across the 10 single-cultivar RSM there was no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD. 34132153 9 36 from effect 1499:1504 arg1 AMEn 1521:1524 AMEn 1521:1524 AMEn 1521:1524 Across the 10 single-cultivar RSM there was no significant effect of cultivar on AMEn or pcCPD. 34132153 5 37 theme metabolisable 860:872 arg1 excreta 894:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 1 38 theme cultivar 189:196 arg1 influence 167:175 the influence 163:175 the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition 163:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 5 39 theme nitrogen-corrected 841:858 arg1 excreta 894:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 1 40 theme rapeseed 270:277 arg1 RSM 286:288 RSM 286:288 RSM 286:288 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 1 40 theme rapeseed 270:277 arg1 meals 279:283 rapeseed meals 270:283 rapeseed meals (RSM) 270:289 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 10 41 theme AMEn 1593:1596 arg1 content 1598:1604 mean AMEn content 1588:1604 mean AMEn content 1588:1604 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 5 42 theme energy 874:879 arg1 excreta 894:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta 841:900 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 7 43 theme non-starch 1183:1192 arg1 fibre 1143:1147 fibre 1143:1147 fibre 1143:1147 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 7 43 theme non-starch 1183:1192 arg1 polysaccharides 1194:1208 soluble non-starch polysaccharides 1175:1208 soluble non-starch polysaccharides 1175:1208 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 1 44 theme meals 279:283 arg1 value 261:265 value 261:265 value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers 261:302 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 5 45 theme experiment 959:968 arg1 d 950:950 the last 4 d 939:950 the last 4 d of the experiment 939:968 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 10 46 theme RSM 1635:1637 arg1 content 1598:1604 mean AMEn content 1588:1604 mean AMEn content 1588:1604 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 10 46 theme RSM 1635:1637 arg1 pcCPD 1610:1614 pcCPD 1610:1614 pcCPD 1610:1614 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 3 47 theme 250 g 700:704 arg1 RSM 706:708 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed 700:729 RSM 706:708 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 1 48 from composition 240:250 arg1 range 205:209 the range 201:209 the range of variation in the chemical composition 201:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 7 49 theme % 1308:1308 arg1 < 1310:1310 0.5 < CV% < 0.6 1300:1314 0.5 < CV% < 0.6 1300:1314 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 7 49 theme % 1308:1308 arg1 RSM 1295:1297 all RSM 1291:1297 all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6) 1291:1315 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 8 50 theme proprietary 1423:1433 arg1 RSM 1435:1437 the proprietary RSM 1419:1437 the proprietary RSM 1419:1437 Glucosinolate contents were highest in the 10 single-cultivar RSM whereas NDF levels were greater in the proprietary RSM. 34132153 2 51 theme prepressed 490:499 arg1 solvent-extraction 501:518 prepressed solvent-extraction 490:518 prepressed solvent-extraction 490:518 Chemical composition was determined for a total of 10 single-cultivar RSM produced via prepressed solvent-extraction and a proprietary RSM. 34132153 7 52 with similar 1276:1282 arg1 exception 1112:1120 the exception 1108:1120 the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides 1108:1208 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 3 53 theme RSM 558:560 arg1 digestibility 562:574 RSM digestibility 558:574 RSM digestibility 558:574 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 1 54 from range 205:209 arg1 composition 240:250 the chemical composition 227:250 the chemical composition 227:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 6 55 theme digesta 1012:1018 arg1 day 984:986 the final day 974:986 the final day of the experiment ileal digesta 974:1018 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 0 56 theme nutritional 49:59 arg1 value 61:65 nutritional value 49:65 nutritional value 49:65 Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of single-cultivar rapeseed meals for broiler chickens. 34132153 10 57 dep content 1598:1604 arg1 the 1584:1586 the 1584:1586 the 1584:1586 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 10 58 theme single-cultivar 1675:1689 arg1 p 1696:1696 p < 0.001 1696:1704 p < 0.001 1696:1704 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 10 58 theme single-cultivar 1675:1689 arg1 RSM 1691:1693 the 10 single-cultivar RSM 1668:1693 the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001) 1668:1705 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 5 59 theme last 943:946 arg1 d 950:950 the last 4 d 939:950 the last 4 d of the experiment 939:968 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 0 60 dep composition 33:43 arg1 the 20:22 the 20:22 the 20:22 Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of single-cultivar rapeseed meals for broiler chickens. 34132153 6 61 theme ileal 1006:1010 arg1 digesta 1012:1018 the experiment ileal digesta 991:1018 the experiment ileal digesta 991:1018 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 1 62 dep compare 314:320 arg1 2 308:308 2 308:308 2 308:308 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 4 63 theme inert 805:809 arg1 Titaniumdioxide 764:778 Titaniumdioxide 764:778 Titaniumdioxide (7 g/kg) 764:787 Titaniumdioxide (7 g/kg) was added as an inert marker. 34132153 4 63 theme inert 805:809 arg1 marker 811:816 an inert marker 802:816 an inert marker 802:816 Titaniumdioxide (7 g/kg) was added as an inert marker. 34132153 1 64 theme UK-sourced 365:374 arg1 meal 397:400 UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 365:400 UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 365:400 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 3 65 theme birds 591:595 arg1 total 578:582 a total 576:582 a total of 360 birds 576:595 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 7 66 theme major 1254:1258 arg1 components 1260:1269 all major components 1250:1269 all major components 1250:1269 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 6 67 theme experiment 995:1004 arg1 digesta 1012:1018 the experiment ileal digesta 991:1018 the experiment ileal digesta 991:1018 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 10 68 dep orthogonal 1548:1557 arg1 contrasts 1559:1567 contrasts 1559:1567 contrasts 1559:1567 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 3 69 theme basal 720:724 arg1 feed 726:729 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed 700:729 feed 726:729 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 1 70 from variation 214:222 arg1 composition 240:250 the chemical composition 227:250 the chemical composition 227:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 1 71 theme proprietary 376:386 arg1 meal 397:400 UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 365:400 UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 365:400 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 10 72 theme 10 1672:1673 arg1 single-cultivar 1675:1689 single-cultivar 1675:1689 single-cultivar 1675:1689 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 7 73 theme fibre 1143:1147 arg1 exception 1112:1120 the exception 1108:1120 the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides 1108:1208 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 3 74 theme soybean 750:756 arg1 meal 758:761 wheat and soybean meal 740:761 meal 758:761 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 1 75 theme variation 214:222 arg1 range 205:209 the range 201:209 the range of variation in the chemical composition 201:250 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 0 76 theme single-cultivar 70:84 arg1 composition 33:43 chemical composition 24:43 chemical composition 24:43 Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of single-cultivar rapeseed meals for broiler chickens. 34132153 0 76 theme single-cultivar 70:84 arg1 value 61:65 nutritional value 49:65 nutritional value 49:65 Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of single-cultivar rapeseed meals for broiler chickens. 34132153 1 77 theme rapeseed 388:395 arg1 meal 397:400 UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 365:400 UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal 365:400 A study was conducted to 1) investigate the influence of rapeseed cultivar on the range of variation in the chemical composition and feed value of rapeseed meals (RSM) for broilers and 2) to compare between single-cultivar RSM and a batch of UK-sourced proprietary rapeseed meal. 34132153 5 78 theme feed 906:909 arg1 intake 911:916 feed intake 906:916 feed intake 906:916 For the determination nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn) total excreta and feed intake were quantified over the last 4 d of the experiment. 34132153 7 79 theme soluble 1175:1181 arg1 fibre 1143:1147 fibre 1143:1147 fibre 1143:1147 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 7 79 theme soluble 1175:1181 arg1 polysaccharides 1194:1208 soluble non-starch polysaccharides 1175:1208 soluble non-starch polysaccharides 1175:1208 With the exception of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), glucosinolates and soluble non-starch polysaccharides the coefficients of variation (CV%) for all major components were similar across all RSM (0.5 < CV% < 0.6). 34132153 10 80 theme mean 1588:1591 arg1 content 1598:1604 mean AMEn content 1588:1604 mean AMEn content 1588:1604 Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts indicated that the mean AMEn content and pcCPD of the proprietary RSM was significantly lower than the 10 single-cultivar RSM (p < 0.001). 34132153 6 81 theme digestibility 1080:1092 arg1 determination 1039:1051 determination 1039:1051 determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD) 1039:1100 On the final day of the experiment ileal digesta were collected for determination of preceacal crude protein digestibility (pcCPD). 34132153 3 82 dep housed 602:607 arg1 investigate 546:556 investigate 546:556 To investigate RSM digestibility 543:574 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 34132153 11 83 from value 1807:1811 arg1 RSM 1816:1818 RSM 1816:1818 RSM fed to broilers 1816:1834 In view of the above, processing rather than cultivar appears to be the main driver of nutritional value in RSM fed to broilers. 34132153 3 84 theme 750 g 714:718 arg1 feed 726:729 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed 700:729 feed 726:729 To investigate RSM digestibility a total of 360 birds were housed, six birds per pen, and between day 13 to 21 of age they received a diet containing per kg 250 g RSM and 750 g basal feed based on wheat and soybean meal. 32417013 4 0 theme % 664:664 arg1 HA 685:686 10% disaggregated nano HA 662:686 10% disaggregated nano HA 662:686 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 1 1 theme left 248:251 arg1 microecology 235:246 oral microecology 230:246 oral microecology left to be unclear 230:265 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 7 2 theme bacterial 1146:1154 arg1 biofilm 1156:1162 bacterial biofilm 1146:1162 bacterial biofilm 1146:1162 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 0 3 from effect 4:9 arg1 biofilm 56:62 oral biofilm 51:62 oral biofilm in vitro 51:71 The effect of disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite on oral biofilm in vitro. 32417013 8 4 from difference 1247:1256 arg1 composition 1261:1271 composition 1261:1271 composition of multi-species biofilms 1261:1297 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 1 5 theme nanomaterials 160:172 arg1 application 145:155 application 145:155 application 145:155 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 1 5 theme nanomaterials 160:172 arg1 preparation 129:139 preparation 129:139 preparation 129:139 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 9 6 theme bacterial 1450:1458 arg1 biofilm 1460:1466 oral bacterial biofilm 1445:1466 oral bacterial biofilm 1445:1466 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 8 7 theme nano 1333:1336 arg1 HA 1338:1339 disaggregated nano HA 1319:1339 disaggregated nano HA 1319:1339 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 4 8 theme acid 796:799 arg1 measurement 801:811 lactic acid measurement 789:811 lactic acid measurement 789:811 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 9 9 dep metabolism 1411:1420 arg1 the 1407:1409 the 1407:1409 the 1407:1409 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 5 10 theme Real-time 865:873 arg1 reaction 892:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 865:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 865:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the biofilm composition. 32417013 4 11 theme micro 693:697 arg1 hydroxyapatite 699:712 10% micro hydroxyapatite 689:712 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) 689:723 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 11 theme micro 693:697 arg1 HA 721:722 micro HA 715:722 micro HA 715:722 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 8 12 theme disaggregated 1319:1331 arg1 HA 1338:1339 disaggregated nano HA 1319:1339 disaggregated nano HA 1319:1339 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 0 13 from biofilm 56:62 arg1 vitro 67:71 vitro 67:71 vitro 67:71 The effect of disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite on oral biofilm in vitro. 32417013 4 14 theme lactic 789:794 arg1 measurement 801:811 lactic acid measurement 789:811 lactic acid measurement 789:811 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 7 15 theme lactic 1175:1180 arg1 acid 1182:1185 lactic acid 1175:1185 lactic acid 1175:1185 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 1 16 dep preparation 129:139 arg1 the 125:127 the 125:127 the 125:127 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 6 17 theme agglomeration 1041:1053 arg1 degree 1031:1036 the degree 1027:1036 the degree of agglomeration of nano HA 1027:1064 RESULTS Ultrasonic cavitation combined with SHMP could significantly reduce the degree of agglomeration of nano HA. 32417013 4 18 theme 10 662:663 arg1 % 664:664 % 664:664 % 664:664 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 6 19 theme HA 1063:1064 arg1 agglomeration 1041:1053 agglomeration 1041:1053 agglomeration of nano HA 1041:1064 RESULTS Ultrasonic cavitation combined with SHMP could significantly reduce the degree of agglomeration of nano HA. 32417013 4 20 theme multi-species 608:620 arg1 biofilms 622:629 multi-species biofilms 608:629 multi-species biofilms 608:629 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 3 21 theme electronic 506:515 arg1 SEM 529:531 SEM 529:531 SEM 529:531 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 21 theme electronic 506:515 arg1 microscope 517:526 scanning electronic microscope 497:526 scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 497:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 21 theme electronic 506:515 arg1 METHODS 454:460 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 9 22 theme acid 1426:1429 arg1 production 1431:1440 acid production 1426:1440 acid production 1426:1440 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 4 23 theme 10 649:650 arg1 % 651:651 % 651:651 % 651:651 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 2 24 theme bacterial 435:443 arg1 biofilm 445:451 oral bacterial biofilm 430:451 oral bacterial biofilm 430:451 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 1 25 theme OBJECTIVE 74:82 arg1 problem 110:116 a common problem 101:116 a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials 101:172 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 1 25 theme OBJECTIVE 74:82 arg1 Agglomeration 84:96 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration 74:96 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration 74:96 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 2 26 theme oral 430:433 arg1 biofilm 445:451 oral bacterial biofilm 430:451 oral bacterial biofilm 430:451 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 4 27 theme MTT 778:780 arg1 assay 782:786 MTT assay 778:786 MTT assay 778:786 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 28 theme % 691:691 arg1 hydroxyapatite 699:712 10% micro hydroxyapatite 689:712 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) 689:723 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 28 theme % 691:691 arg1 HA 721:722 micro HA 715:722 micro HA 715:722 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 7 29 theme bacterial 1103:1111 arg1 growth 1113:1118 bacterial growth 1103:1118 bacterial growth 1103:1118 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 4 30 theme nano 653:656 arg1 HA 658:659 10% nano HA 649:659 10% nano HA 649:659 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 31 theme 10 689:690 arg1 % 691:691 % 691:691 % 691:691 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 2 32 theme ultrasonic 348:357 arg1 cavitation 359:368 ultrasonic cavitation 348:368 ultrasonic cavitation 348:368 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 0 33 theme disaggregated 14:26 arg1 nano-hydroxyapatite 28:46 disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite 14:46 disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite 14:46 The effect of disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite on oral biofilm in vitro. 32417013 4 34 theme laser 831:835 arg1 CLSM 858:861 CLSM 858:861 CLSM 858:861 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 34 theme laser 831:835 arg1 microscope 846:855 confocal laser scanning microscope 822:855 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 822:862 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 2 35 theme nano 283:286 arg1 HA 288:289 nano HA 283:289 nano HA 283:289 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 9 36 theme oral 1445:1448 arg1 biofilm 1460:1466 oral bacterial biofilm 1445:1466 oral bacterial biofilm 1445:1466 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 6 37 dep RESULTS 951:957 arg1 reduce 1020:1025 reduce 1020:1025 could significantly reduce the degree of agglomeration of nano HA 1000:1064 RESULTS Ultrasonic cavitation combined with SHMP could significantly reduce the degree of agglomeration of nano HA. 32417013 4 38 theme confocal 822:829 arg1 CLSM 858:861 CLSM 858:861 CLSM 858:861 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 38 theme confocal 822:829 arg1 microscope 846:855 confocal laser scanning microscope 822:855 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 822:862 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 1 39 theme common 103:108 arg1 problem 110:116 a common problem 101:116 a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials 101:172 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 1 39 theme common 103:108 arg1 Agglomeration 84:96 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration 74:96 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration 74:96 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 1 40 theme nano 208:211 arg1 nano-hydroxyapatite 187:205 nano-hydroxyapatite 187:205 nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) 187:215 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 1 40 theme nano 208:211 arg1 HA 213:214 nano HA 208:214 nano HA 208:214 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 7 41 theme nano 1081:1084 arg1 HA 1086:1087 Disaggregated nano HA 1067:1087 Disaggregated nano HA 1067:1087 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 4 42 theme disaggregated 666:678 arg1 HA 685:686 10% disaggregated nano HA 662:686 10% disaggregated nano HA 662:686 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 6 43 theme nano 1058:1061 arg1 HA 1063:1064 nano HA 1058:1064 nano HA 1058:1064 RESULTS Ultrasonic cavitation combined with SHMP could significantly reduce the degree of agglomeration of nano HA. 32417013 3 44 theme treatment 559:567 arg1 solutions 569:577 the treatment solutions 555:577 the treatment solutions 555:577 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 4 45 theme % 651:651 arg1 HA 658:659 10% nano HA 649:659 10% nano HA 649:659 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 6 46 theme Ultrasonic 959:968 arg1 cavitation 970:979 Ultrasonic cavitation 959:979 Ultrasonic cavitation combined with SHMP 959:998 RESULTS Ultrasonic cavitation combined with SHMP could significantly reduce the degree of agglomeration of nano HA. 32417013 0 47 theme nano-hydroxyapatite 28:46 arg1 effect 4:9 The effect 0:9 The effect of disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite on oral biofilm in vitro. 0:72 The effect of disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite on oral biofilm in vitro. 32417013 4 48 theme scanning 837:844 arg1 CLSM 858:861 CLSM 858:861 CLSM 858:861 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 48 theme scanning 837:844 arg1 microscope 846:855 confocal laser scanning microscope 822:855 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 822:862 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 9 49 theme biofilm 1460:1466 arg1 metabolism 1411:1420 metabolism 1411:1420 metabolism 1411:1420 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 9 49 theme biofilm 1460:1466 arg1 production 1431:1440 acid production 1426:1440 acid production 1426:1440 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 5 50 theme biofilm 930:936 arg1 composition 938:948 the biofilm composition 926:948 the biofilm composition 926:948 Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the biofilm composition. 32417013 3 51 used used 539:542 arg2 METHODS 454:460 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 51 used used 539:542 arg2 microscope 517:526 scanning electronic microscope 497:526 scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 497:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 51 used used 539:542 arg2 scattering 476:485 Dynamic light scattering 462:485 Dynamic light scattering (DLS) 462:491 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 9 52 dep SIGNIFICANCE 1342:1353 arg1 nano-hydroxyapatite 1373:1391 The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite 1355:1391 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite 1342:1391 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 5 53 theme polymerase 875:884 arg1 reaction 892:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 865:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 865:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the biofilm composition. 32417013 4 54 theme nano 680:683 arg1 HA 685:686 10% disaggregated nano HA 662:686 10% disaggregated nano HA 662:686 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 0 55 theme oral 51:54 arg1 biofilm 56:62 oral biofilm 51:62 oral biofilm in vitro 51:71 The effect of disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite on oral biofilm in vitro. 32417013 2 56 theme sodium 312:317 arg1 SHMP 338:341 SHMP 338:341 SHMP 338:341 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 2 56 theme sodium 312:317 arg1 hexametaphosphate 319:335 sodium hexametaphosphate 312:335 sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) 312:342 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 9 57 theme multi-species 1521:1533 arg1 biofilms 1535:1542 multi-species biofilms 1521:1542 multi-species biofilms 1521:1542 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 7 58 theme Disaggregated 1067:1079 arg1 HA 1086:1087 Disaggregated nano HA 1067:1087 Disaggregated nano HA 1067:1087 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 4 59 theme deionized 729:737 arg1 water 739:743 deionized water 729:743 deionized water (DDW) 729:749 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 4 59 theme deionized 729:737 arg1 DDW 746:748 DDW 746:748 DDW 746:748 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 3 60 theme Dynamic 462:468 arg1 scattering 476:485 Dynamic light scattering 462:485 Dynamic light scattering (DLS) 462:491 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 60 theme Dynamic 462:468 arg1 DLS 488:490 DLS 488:490 DLS 488:490 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 60 theme Dynamic 462:468 arg1 METHODS 454:460 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 4 61 theme Single-species 580:593 arg1 biofilms 595:602 Single-species biofilms 580:602 Single-species biofilms 580:602 Single-species biofilms and multi-species biofilms were treated with 10% nano HA, 10% disaggregated nano HA, 10% micro hydroxyapatite (micro HA) and deionized water (DDW) for 30min and analyzed via MTT assay, lactic acid measurement, SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 32417013 8 62 theme nano 1307:1310 arg1 HA 1312:1313 nano HA 1307:1313 nano HA 1307:1313 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 3 63 theme light 470:474 arg1 scattering 476:485 Dynamic light scattering 462:485 Dynamic light scattering (DLS) 462:491 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 63 theme light 470:474 arg1 DLS 488:490 DLS 488:490 DLS 488:490 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 63 theme light 470:474 arg1 METHODS 454:460 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 8 64 theme multi-species 1276:1288 arg1 biofilms 1290:1297 multi-species biofilms 1276:1297 multi-species biofilms 1276:1297 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 7 65 theme extracellular 1191:1203 arg1 polysaccharides 1205:1219 extracellular polysaccharides 1191:1219 extracellular polysaccharides 1191:1219 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 7 66 theme biofilm 1156:1162 arg1 ability 1135:1141 the ability 1131:1141 the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides 1131:1219 Disaggregated nano HA could inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the ability of bacterial biofilm to produce lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharides. 32417013 5 67 theme chain 886:890 arg1 reaction 892:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 865:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 865:899 Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the biofilm composition. 32417013 8 68 theme biofilms 1290:1297 arg1 composition 1261:1271 composition 1261:1271 composition of multi-species biofilms 1261:1297 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 8 69 theme significant 1235:1245 arg1 difference 1247:1256 no significant difference 1232:1256 no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA 1232:1339 There was no significant difference on composition of multi-species biofilms between nano HA and disaggregated nano HA. 32417013 1 70 theme oral 230:233 arg1 microecology 235:246 oral microecology 230:246 oral microecology left to be unclear 230:265 OBJECTIVE Agglomeration is a common problem facing the preparation and application of nanomaterials, and whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nano HA) can modulate oral microecology left to be unclear. 32417013 2 71 from effect 420:425 arg1 biofilm 445:451 oral bacterial biofilm 430:451 oral bacterial biofilm 430:451 In this study, nano HA was disaggregated by sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and ultrasonic cavitation to observe whether agglomeration would affect its effect on oral bacterial biofilm. 32417013 3 72 dep METHODS 454:460 arg1 scattering 476:485 Dynamic light scattering 462:485 Dynamic light scattering (DLS) 462:491 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 72 dep METHODS 454:460 arg1 SEM 529:531 SEM 529:531 SEM 529:531 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 72 dep METHODS 454:460 arg1 microscope 517:526 scanning electronic microscope 497:526 scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 497:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 72 dep METHODS 454:460 arg1 DLS 488:490 DLS 488:490 DLS 488:490 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 72 dep METHODS 454:460 arg1 METHODS 454:460 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 9 73 theme biofilms 1535:1542 arg1 composition 1506:1516 the composition 1502:1516 the composition of multi-species biofilms 1502:1542 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 32417013 3 74 theme scanning 497:504 arg1 SEM 529:531 SEM 529:531 SEM 529:531 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 74 theme scanning 497:504 arg1 microscope 517:526 scanning electronic microscope 497:526 scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 497:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 3 74 theme scanning 497:504 arg1 METHODS 454:460 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) 454:532 METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to observe the treatment solutions. 32417013 9 75 theme disaggregated 1359:1371 arg1 nano-hydroxyapatite 1373:1391 The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite 1355:1391 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite 1342:1391 SIGNIFICANCE The disaggregated nano-hydroxyapatite could inhibit the metabolism and acid production of oral bacterial biofilm, but did not significantly affect the composition of multi-species biofilms. 34110665 3 0 theme fatigue 555:561 arg1 thresholds 563:572 fatigue thresholds 555:572 fatigue thresholds 555:572 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 2 1 theme counterparts 404:415 arg1 properties 382:391 the mechanical properties 367:391 the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance 367:443 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 5 2 theme soft 1035:1038 arg1 materials 1040:1048 soft materials 1035:1048 soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc 1035:1120 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 4 3 theme synthetic 763:771 arg1 polymers 773:780 synthetic polymers 763:780 synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s) 763:809 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 3 theme synthetic 763:771 arg1 s 808:808 s 808:808 s 808:808 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 4 theme various 643:649 arg1 polysaccharides 692:706 polysaccharides 692:706 polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose) 692:734 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 4 theme various 643:649 arg1 polymers 773:780 synthetic polymers 763:780 synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s) 763:809 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 4 theme various 643:649 arg1 proteins 737:744 proteins 737:744 proteins (i.e., gelatin) 737:760 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 4 theme various 643:649 arg1 composites 845:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 4 theme various 643:649 arg1 species 651:657 various species 643:657 various species 643:657 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 5 5 theme synthetic 941:949 arg1 materials 956:964 most synthetic soft materials 936:964 most synthetic soft materials 936:964 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 1 6 theme limited 85:91 arg1 ingredients 93:103 limited ingredients 85:103 limited ingredients 85:103 Nature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi-length-scales. 34110665 5 7 theme most 936:939 arg1 materials 956:964 most synthetic soft materials 936:964 most synthetic soft materials 936:964 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 2 8 theme natural 396:402 arg1 resistance 434:443 fatigue resistance 426:443 fatigue resistance 426:443 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 2 8 theme natural 396:402 arg1 counterparts 404:415 natural counterparts 396:415 natural counterparts 396:415 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 5 9 theme low-cost 979:986 arg1 alternatives 1019:1030 low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives 979:1030 low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc 979:1120 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 5 10 theme record-high 901:911 arg1 threshold 921:929 a record-high fatigue threshold 899:929 a record-high fatigue threshold 899:929 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 2 11 theme new 329:331 arg1 compounds 333:341 new compounds 329:341 new compounds 329:341 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 1 12 theme inherent 205:212 arg1 structures 214:223 inherent structures 205:223 inherent structures 205:223 Nature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi-length-scales. 34110665 4 13 theme polymer 837:843 arg1 composites 845:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 14 dep gelatin 753:759 arg1 i.e. 747:750 i.e. 747:750 i.e. 747:750 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 3 15 theme general 465:471 arg1 strategy 473:480 a simple yet general strategy 452:480 a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds 452:572 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 4 16 theme corresponding 823:835 arg1 composites 845:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 5 17 theme soft 951:954 arg1 materials 956:964 most synthetic soft materials 936:964 most synthetic soft materials 936:964 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 2 18 theme fatigue 426:432 arg1 resistance 434:443 fatigue resistance 426:443 fatigue resistance 426:443 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 3 19 from increase 543:550 arg1 thresholds 563:572 fatigue thresholds 555:572 fatigue thresholds 555:572 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 1 20 theme unparalleled 120:131 arg1 performances 144:155 unparalleled mechanical performances 120:155 unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials 120:188 Nature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi-length-scales. 34110665 4 21 dep poly 789:792 arg1 i.e. 783:786 i.e. 783:786 i.e. 783:786 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 3 22 theme simple 454:459 arg1 strategy 473:480 a simple yet general strategy 452:480 a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds 452:572 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 5 23 theme fatigue-resistant 863:879 arg1 hydrogels 881:889 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels 857:889 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels 857:889 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 3 24 theme conventional 494:505 arg1 hydrogels 507:515 conventional hydrogels 494:515 conventional hydrogels 494:515 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 3 25 dep strategy 473:480 arg1 engineer 485:492 engineer 485:492 to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds 482:572 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 5 26 theme artificial 1098:1107 arg1 robotics 1088:1095 robotics 1088:1095 robotics 1088:1095 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 5 26 theme artificial 1098:1107 arg1 muscles 1109:1115 artificial muscles 1098:1115 artificial muscles 1098:1115 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 2 27 theme synthetic 266:274 arg1 design 285:290 synthetic material design 266:290 synthetic material design 266:290 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 1 28 theme mechanical 133:142 arg1 performances 144:155 unparalleled mechanical performances 120:155 unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials 120:188 Nature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi-length-scales. 34110665 5 29 theme high-performance 989:1004 arg1 alternatives 1019:1030 low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives 979:1030 low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc 979:1120 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 4 30 theme vinyl 794:798 arg1 alcohol 800:806 vinyl alcohol 794:806 vinyl alcohol 794:806 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 30 theme vinyl 794:798 arg1 poly 789:792 poly 789:792 poly(vinyl alcohol) 789:807 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 2 31 theme material 276:283 arg1 design 285:290 synthetic material design 266:290 synthetic material design 266:290 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 3 32 theme more 524:527 arg1 increase 543:550 a more than 100-fold increase 522:550 a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds 522:572 Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100-fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. 34110665 5 33 theme fatigue 913:919 arg1 threshold 921:929 a record-high fatigue threshold 899:929 a record-high fatigue threshold 899:929 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 4 34 dep alginate 715:722 arg1 i.e. 709:712 i.e. 709:712 i.e. 709:712 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 2 35 theme mechanical 371:380 arg1 properties 382:391 the mechanical properties 367:391 the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance 367:443 In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. 34110665 1 36 theme biological 59:68 arg1 materials 70:78 biological materials 59:78 biological materials 59:78 Nature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi-length-scales. 34110665 1 37 theme artificial 169:178 arg1 materials 180:188 artificial materials 169:188 artificial materials 169:188 Nature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi-length-scales. 34110665 4 38 theme materials 671:679 arg1 polysaccharides 692:706 polysaccharides 692:706 polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose) 692:734 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 38 theme materials 671:679 arg1 polymers 773:780 synthetic polymers 763:780 synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s) 763:809 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 38 theme materials 671:679 arg1 proteins 737:744 proteins 737:744 proteins (i.e., gelatin) 737:760 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 38 theme materials 671:679 arg1 composites 845:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 corresponding polymer composites 823:854 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 4 38 theme materials 671:679 arg1 species 651:657 various species 643:657 various species 643:657 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 34110665 5 39 theme durable 1011:1017 arg1 alternatives 1019:1030 low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives 979:1030 low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc 979:1120 These fatigue-resistant hydrogels exhibit a record-high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low-cost, high-performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc. 34110665 4 40 theme hydrogel 662:669 arg1 materials 671:679 hydrogel materials 662:679 hydrogel materials 662:679 This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. 33802415 8 0 theme ovary 1040:1044 arg1 cells 1052:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 The designed variant was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and successfully secreted into the culture medium. 33802415 3 1 contain has 414:416 arg2 function 428:435 a crucial function 418:435 a crucial function 418:435 FSH has a crucial function in the reproductive process in mammals. 33802415 3 1 contain has 414:416 arg1 FSH 410:412 FSH 410:412 FSH 410:412 FSH has a crucial function in the reproductive process in mammals. 33802415 7 2 dep novel 830:834 arg1 non-glycosylated 849:864 non-glycosylated 849:864 non-glycosylated 849:864 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 7 2 dep novel 830:834 arg1 engineered 837:846 engineered 837:846 engineered 837:846 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 9 3 gly non-glycosylated 1127:1142 arg1 analog 1161:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 8 4 theme hamster 1032:1038 arg1 cells 1052:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 The designed variant was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and successfully secreted into the culture medium. 33802415 9 5 theme high 1179:1182 arg1 affinity 1184:1191 high affinity 1179:1191 high affinity 1179:1191 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 10 6 theme follitropin 1333:1343 arg1 antagonist 1345:1354 a follitropin antagonist 1331:1354 a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future 1331:1394 This variant acts at the receptor level and has the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future. 33802415 2 7 link N-linked 345:352 arg1 oligosaccharides 354:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 10 8 theme clinical 1360:1367 arg1 applications 1369:1380 clinical applications 1360:1380 clinical applications in the future 1360:1394 This variant acts at the receptor level and has the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future. 33802415 8 9 theme CHO 1047:1049 arg1 cells 1052:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 The designed variant was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and successfully secreted into the culture medium. 33802415 1 10 theme unique 272:277 arg1 subunit 290:296 a unique β specific subunit 270:296 a unique β specific subunit 270:296 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 6 11 theme developing 716:725 arg1 antagonist 741:750 developing a follitropin antagonist 716:750 developing a follitropin antagonist 716:750 Therefore, developing a follitropin antagonist might be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. 33802415 3 12 theme reproductive 444:455 arg1 process 457:463 the reproductive process 440:463 the reproductive process in mammals 440:474 FSH has a crucial function in the reproductive process in mammals. 33802415 3 13 from process 457:463 arg1 mammals 468:474 mammals 468:474 mammals 468:474 FSH has a crucial function in the reproductive process in mammals. 33802415 1 14 theme β 279:279 arg1 subunit 290:296 a unique β specific subunit 270:296 a unique β specific subunit 270:296 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 7 15 theme single-chain 866:877 arg1 variant 883:889 a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant 828:889 a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant 828:889 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 10 16 contain has 1301:1303 arg1 variant 1262:1268 This variant 1257:1268 This variant 1257:1268 This variant acts at the receptor level and has the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future. 33802415 10 16 contain has 1301:1303 arg2 potential 1309:1317 the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future 1305:1394 the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future 1305:1394 This variant acts at the receptor level and has the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future. 33802415 1 17 theme specific 281:288 arg1 subunit 290:296 a unique β specific subunit 270:296 a unique β specific subunit 270:296 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 1 18 theme hormone 174:180 arg1 family 182:187 the glycoprotein hormone family 157:187 the glycoprotein hormone family 157:187 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 2 19 theme FSHβ 310:313 arg1 subunits 315:322 FSHβ subunits 310:322 FSHβ subunits 310:322 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 1 20 gly glycoprotein 161:172 arg1 glycoprotein 161:172 the glycoprotein hormone family 157:187 the glycoprotein hormone family 157:187 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 6 21 from beneficial 761:770 arg1 treatment 779:787 the treatment 775:787 the treatment of these conditions 775:807 Therefore, developing a follitropin antagonist might be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. 33802415 0 22 theme Novel 2:6 arg1 Analog 20:25 A Novel Follitropin Analog 0:25 A Novel Follitropin Analog 0:25 A Novel Follitropin Analog Inhibits Follitropin Activity In Vitro. 33802415 7 23 theme β 974:974 arg1 subunits 976:983 the α and β subunits 964:983 the α and β subunits 964:983 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 6 24 theme conditions 798:807 arg1 treatment 779:787 the treatment 775:787 the treatment of these conditions 775:807 Therefore, developing a follitropin antagonist might be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. 33802415 2 25 theme oligosaccharides 354:369 arg1 oligosaccharides 354:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 2 25 theme oligosaccharides 354:369 arg1 sites 336:340 two sites 332:340 two sites 332:340 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 8 26 theme designed 990:997 arg1 variant 999:1005 The designed variant 986:1005 The designed variant 986:1005 The designed variant was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and successfully secreted into the culture medium. 33802415 7 27 theme subunits 976:983 arg1 genes 955:959 the coding genes 944:959 the coding genes of the α and β subunits 944:983 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 2 28 theme N-linked 345:352 arg1 oligosaccharides 354:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 7 29 theme α 968:968 arg1 subunits 976:983 the α and β subunits 964:983 the α and β subunits 964:983 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 7 30 theme novel 830:834 arg1 variant 883:889 a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant 828:889 a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant 828:889 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 8 31 theme culture 1093:1099 arg1 medium 1101:1106 the culture medium 1089:1106 the culture medium 1089:1106 The designed variant was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and successfully secreted into the culture medium. 33802415 6 32 theme a 727:727 arg1 antagonist 741:750 developing a follitropin antagonist 716:750 developing a follitropin antagonist 716:750 Therefore, developing a follitropin antagonist might be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. 33802415 1 33 theme glycoprotein 161:172 arg1 family 182:187 the glycoprotein hormone family 157:187 the glycoprotein hormone family 157:187 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 0 34 theme Follitropin 8:18 arg1 Analog 20:25 A Novel Follitropin Analog 0:25 A Novel Follitropin Analog 0:25 A Novel Follitropin Analog Inhibits Follitropin Activity In Vitro. 33802415 9 35 theme FSH 1234:1236 arg1 activity 1238:1245 FSH activity 1234:1245 FSH activity 1234:1245 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 4 36 theme FSH 594:596 arg1 activity 598:605 increased FSH activity 584:605 increased FSH activity 584:605 However, there are some clinical conditions, such as menopausal osteoporosis or adiposity, associated with increased FSH activity. 33802415 0 37 theme Follitropin 36:46 arg1 Activity 48:55 Follitropin Activity 36:55 Follitropin Activity 36:55 A Novel Follitropin Analog Inhibits Follitropin Activity In Vitro. 33802415 1 38 theme human 234:238 arg1 hCG 260:262 hCG 260:262 hCG 260:262 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 1 38 theme human 234:238 arg1 choriogonadotropin 240:257 human choriogonadotropin 234:257 human choriogonadotropin (hCG) 234:263 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 9 39 theme FSH 1196:1198 arg1 receptor 1200:1207 FSH receptor 1196:1207 FSH receptor 1196:1207 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 5 40 theme FSH 691:693 arg1 receptor 695:702 FSH receptor 691:702 FSH receptor 691:702 Moreover, in some cases, carcinogenesis is evidently associated with activation of FSH receptor. 33802415 6 41 from treatment 779:787 arg1 beneficial 761:770 beneficial 761:770 beneficial 761:770 Therefore, developing a follitropin antagonist might be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. 33802415 5 42 theme receptor 695:702 arg1 activation 677:686 activation 677:686 activation of FSH receptor 677:702 Moreover, in some cases, carcinogenesis is evidently associated with activation of FSH receptor. 33802415 7 43 theme coding 948:953 arg1 genes 955:959 the coding genes 944:959 the coding genes of the α and β subunits 944:983 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 1 44 theme heterodimeric 90:102 arg1 Follitropin 67:77 Follitropin 67:77 Follitropin (FSH) 67:83 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 1 44 theme heterodimeric 90:102 arg1 protein 104:110 a heterodimeric protein 88:110 a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit 88:296 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 7 45 theme genes 955:959 arg1 mutagenesis 918:928 site-directed mutagenesis 904:928 site-directed mutagenesis 904:928 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 7 45 theme genes 955:959 arg1 fusion 934:939 fusion 934:939 fusion 934:939 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 9 46 theme non-glycosylated 1127:1142 arg1 analog 1161:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 9 47 theme single-chain 1144:1155 arg1 analog 1161:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 7 48 theme site-directed 904:916 arg1 mutagenesis 918:928 site-directed mutagenesis 904:928 site-directed mutagenesis 904:928 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 10 49 theme receptor 1282:1289 arg1 level 1291:1295 the receptor level 1278:1295 the receptor level 1278:1295 This variant acts at the receptor level and has the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future. 33802415 2 50 contain contain 324:330 arg2 sites 336:340 two sites 332:340 two sites 332:340 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 2 50 contain contain 324:330 arg1 α 304:304 α 304:304 α 304:304 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 2 50 contain contain 324:330 arg1 subunits 315:322 FSHβ subunits 310:322 FSHβ subunits 310:322 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 2 50 contain contain 324:330 arg2 oligosaccharides 354:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 N-linked oligosaccharides 345:369 Both α and FSHβ subunits contain two sites of N-linked oligosaccharides, which are important for its function. 33802415 7 51 theme FSH 879:881 arg1 variant 883:889 a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant 828:889 a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant 828:889 Here, we describe a novel, engineered, non-glycosylated single-chain FSH variant, prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and fusion of the coding genes of the α and β subunits. 33802415 9 52 theme FSH 1157:1159 arg1 analog 1161:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog 1123:1166 We found that the non-glycosylated single-chain FSH analog binds with high affinity to FSH receptor and efficiently inhibits FSH activity in vitro. 33802415 4 53 theme increased 584:592 arg1 activity 598:605 increased FSH activity 584:605 increased FSH activity 584:605 However, there are some clinical conditions, such as menopausal osteoporosis or adiposity, associated with increased FSH activity. 33802415 4 54 theme clinical 501:508 arg1 osteoporosis 541:552 menopausal osteoporosis 530:552 menopausal osteoporosis 530:552 However, there are some clinical conditions, such as menopausal osteoporosis or adiposity, associated with increased FSH activity. 33802415 4 54 theme clinical 501:508 arg1 conditions 510:519 some clinical conditions 496:519 some clinical conditions 496:519 However, there are some clinical conditions, such as menopausal osteoporosis or adiposity, associated with increased FSH activity. 33802415 4 54 theme clinical 501:508 arg1 adiposity 557:565 adiposity 557:565 adiposity 557:565 However, there are some clinical conditions, such as menopausal osteoporosis or adiposity, associated with increased FSH activity. 33802415 8 55 theme Chinese 1024:1030 arg1 cells 1052:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 1024:1056 The designed variant was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and successfully secreted into the culture medium. 33802415 6 56 theme follitropin 729:739 arg1 antagonist 741:750 developing a follitropin antagonist 716:750 developing a follitropin antagonist 716:750 Therefore, developing a follitropin antagonist might be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. 33802415 4 57 theme menopausal 530:539 arg1 osteoporosis 541:552 menopausal osteoporosis 530:552 menopausal osteoporosis 530:552 However, there are some clinical conditions, such as menopausal osteoporosis or adiposity, associated with increased FSH activity. 33802415 3 58 theme crucial 420:426 arg1 function 428:435 a crucial function 418:435 a crucial function 418:435 FSH has a crucial function in the reproductive process in mammals. 33802415 1 59 theme α 127:127 arg1 subunit 129:135 an α subunit 124:135 an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit 124:296 Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric protein composed of an α subunit that is shared with the glycoprotein hormone family, including lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH), human choriogonadotropin (hCG), and a unique β specific subunit. 33802415 10 60 from applications 1369:1380 arg1 future 1389:1394 future 1389:1394 future 1389:1394 This variant acts at the receptor level and has the potential to serve as a follitropin antagonist for clinical applications in the future. 33335265 0 0 theme protein 82:88 arg1 histories 39:47 mosaic histories 32:47 mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves 32:123 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 3 1 theme Von 686:688 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 1 theme Von 686:688 arg1 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 1 theme Von 686:688 arg1 A 713:713 Von Willebrand factor type A 686:713 Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) 686:719 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 2 theme factor 701:706 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 2 theme factor 701:706 arg1 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 2 theme factor 701:706 arg1 A 713:713 Von Willebrand factor type A 686:713 Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) 686:719 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 4 3 theme larval 973:978 arg1 SMPs 990:993 larval and adult SMPs 973:993 larval and adult SMPs 973:993 In VWA-CB dcp and chitobiase, paralogs for larval and adult SMPs evolved before the divergence of these species. 33335265 2 4 theme adaptive 475:482 arg1 evolution 484:492 adaptive evolution 475:492 adaptive evolution 475:492 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 3 5 theme SMP 672:674 arg1 protein 758:764 chitin-binding domain-containing protein 725:764 chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp) 725:777 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 5 theme SMP 672:674 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 5 theme SMP 672:674 arg1 A 713:713 Von Willebrand factor type A 686:713 Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) 686:719 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 6 theme carbonic 796:803 arg1 CA 816:817 CA 816:817 CA 816:817 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 6 theme carbonic 796:803 arg1 anhydrase 805:813 carbonic anhydrase 796:813 carbonic anhydrase (CA) 796:818 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 4 7 dep VWA-CB 933:938 arg1 dcp 940:942 dcp 940:942 dcp 940:942 In VWA-CB dcp and chitobiase, paralogs for larval and adult SMPs evolved before the divergence of these species. 33335265 3 8 theme Pinctada 913:920 arg1 fucata 922:927 Pinctada fucata 913:927 Pinctada fucata 913:927 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 5 9 theme indispensable 1125:1137 arg1 function 1139:1146 their presumed indispensable function 1110:1146 their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs 1110:1207 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 0 10 theme deployment 90:99 arg1 histories 39:47 mosaic histories 32:47 mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves 32:123 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 3 11 theme type 708:711 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 11 theme type 708:711 arg1 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 11 theme type 708:711 arg1 A 713:713 Von Willebrand factor type A 686:713 Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) 686:719 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 5 12 theme ancient 1083:1089 arg1 origins 1091:1097 ancient origins 1083:1097 ancient origins of SMPs 1083:1105 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 6 13 theme evolution 1486:1494 arg1 scenario 1497:1504 the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario 1456:1504 scenario 1497:1504 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 4 14 theme adult 984:988 arg1 SMPs 990:993 larval and adult SMPs 973:993 larval and adult SMPs 973:993 In VWA-CB dcp and chitobiase, paralogs for larval and adult SMPs evolved before the divergence of these species. 33335265 3 15 theme adult 852:856 arg1 proteomes 864:872 both larval and adult shell proteomes 836:872 both larval and adult shell proteomes 836:872 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 2 16 theme hard 392:395 arg1 skeletons 397:405 hard skeletons 392:405 hard skeletons 392:405 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 0 17 theme pteriomorph 104:114 arg1 bivalves 116:123 pteriomorph bivalves 104:123 pteriomorph bivalves 104:123 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 3 18 theme Willebrand 690:699 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 18 theme Willebrand 690:699 arg1 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 VWA 716:718 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 18 theme Willebrand 690:699 arg1 A 713:713 Von Willebrand factor type A 686:713 Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) 686:719 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 0 19 theme matrix 75:80 arg1 protein 82:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 2 20 theme various 333:339 arg1 proteins 354:361 the various shell matrix proteins 329:361 the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) 329:368 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 2 20 theme various 333:339 arg1 SMPs 364:367 SMPs 364:367 SMPs 364:367 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 3 21 theme larval 841:846 arg1 proteomes 864:872 both larval and adult shell proteomes 836:872 both larval and adult shell proteomes 836:872 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 1 22 theme dominant 187:194 arg1 carbonate 204:212 the dominant calcium carbonate 183:212 the dominant calcium carbonate 183:212 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 0 23 theme Phylogenetic 0:11 arg1 comparisons 13:23 Phylogenetic comparisons 0:23 Phylogenetic comparisons 0:23 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 6 24 theme recent 1461:1466 arg1 heritage 1468:1475 the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario 1456:1504 heritage 1468:1475 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 1 25 theme calcium 196:202 arg1 carbonate 204:212 the dominant calcium carbonate 183:212 the dominant calcium carbonate 183:212 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 0 26 theme mosaic 32:37 arg1 histories 39:47 mosaic histories 32:47 mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves 32:123 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 2 27 dep debated 504:510 arg1 date 370:373 date 370:373 date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian 370:421 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 2 27 dep debated 504:510 arg1 represent 440:448 represent 440:448 represent later deployment through adaptive evolution 440:492 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 6 28 theme adult 1311:1315 arg1 CA-SMPs 1317:1323 larval and adult CA-SMPs 1300:1323 larval and adult CA-SMPs 1300:1323 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 5 29 theme SMPs 1102:1105 arg1 origins 1091:1097 ancient origins 1083:1097 ancient origins of SMPs 1083:1105 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 5 30 from function 1139:1146 arg1 biomineralization 1151:1167 biomineralization 1151:1167 biomineralization 1151:1167 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 5 30 from function 1139:1146 arg1 distribution 1184:1195 ubiquitous distribution 1173:1195 ubiquitous distribution 1173:1195 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 3 31 theme shell 858:862 arg1 proteomes 864:872 both larval and adult shell proteomes 836:872 both larval and adult shell proteomes 836:872 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 6 32 theme fast 1481:1484 arg1 scenario 1497:1504 the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario 1456:1504 scenario 1497:1504 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 4 33 theme species 1034:1040 arg1 divergence 1014:1023 the divergence 1010:1023 the divergence of these species 1010:1040 In VWA-CB dcp and chitobiase, paralogs for larval and adult SMPs evolved before the divergence of these species. 33335265 5 34 theme presumed 1116:1123 arg1 function 1139:1146 their presumed indispensable function 1110:1146 their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs 1110:1207 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 3 35 theme phylogenetic 617:628 arg1 analyses 630:637 phylogenetic analyses 617:637 phylogenetic analyses 617:637 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 36 theme Crassostrea 891:901 arg1 gigas 903:907 Crassostrea gigas 891:907 Crassostrea gigas 891:907 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 2 37 theme skeletons 397:405 arg1 origin 382:387 the origin 378:387 the origin of hard skeletons 378:405 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 2 38 theme later 450:454 arg1 deployment 456:465 later deployment 450:465 later deployment through adaptive evolution 450:492 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 0 39 theme larval 52:57 arg1 protein 82:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 3 40 theme chitin-binding 725:738 arg1 protein 758:764 chitin-binding domain-containing protein 725:764 chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp) 725:777 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 40 theme chitin-binding 725:738 arg1 dcp 774:776 VWA-CB dcp 767:776 VWA-CB dcp 767:776 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 40 theme chitin-binding 725:738 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 6 41 theme separate 1276:1283 arg1 deployments 1285:1295 separate deployments 1276:1295 separate deployments 1276:1295 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 0 42 from bivalves 116:123 arg1 deployment 90:99 deployment 90:99 deployment 90:99 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 1 43 theme Molluscan 126:134 arg1 shells 136:141 Molluscan shells 126:141 Molluscan shells 126:141 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 1 43 theme Molluscan 126:134 arg1 composites 162:171 organo-mineral composites 147:171 organo-mineral composites 147:171 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 3 44 theme domain-containing 740:756 arg1 protein 758:764 chitin-binding domain-containing protein 725:764 chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp) 725:777 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 44 theme domain-containing 740:756 arg1 dcp 774:776 VWA-CB dcp 767:776 VWA-CB dcp 767:776 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 44 theme domain-containing 740:756 arg1 families 676:683 the three SMP families 662:683 the three SMP families 662:683 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 6 45 theme gene 1240:1243 arg1 duplications 1245:1256 gene duplications 1240:1256 gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution 1240:1522 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 3 46 theme biomineralization 598:614 arg1 origins 573:579 the origins 569:579 the origins 569:579 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 3 46 theme biomineralization 598:614 arg1 evolution 585:593 evolution 585:593 evolution 585:593 In order to address this issue and to better understand the origins and evolution of biomineralization, phylogenetic analyses have been performed on the three SMP families, Von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) and chitin-binding domain-containing protein (VWA-CB dcp), chitobiase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA), which exist in both larval and adult shell proteomes in the bivalves, Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata. 33335265 2 47 theme matrix 347:352 arg1 proteins 354:361 the various shell matrix proteins 329:361 the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) 329:368 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 2 47 theme matrix 347:352 arg1 SMPs 364:367 SMPs 364:367 SMPs 364:367 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 5 48 from biomineralization 1151:1167 arg1 molluscs 1200:1207 molluscs 1200:1207 molluscs 1200:1207 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 6 49 theme " 1495:1495 arg1 scenario 1497:1504 the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario 1456:1504 scenario 1497:1504 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 6 50 theme SMP 1510:1512 arg1 evolution 1514:1522 SMP evolution 1510:1522 SMP evolution 1510:1522 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 2 51 theme shell 341:345 arg1 proteins 354:361 the various shell matrix proteins 329:361 the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) 329:368 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 2 51 theme shell 341:345 arg1 SMPs 364:367 SMPs 364:367 SMPs 364:367 However, whether the various shell matrix proteins (SMPs) date to the origin of hard skeletons in the Cambrian, or whether they represent later deployment through adaptive evolution, is still debated. 33335265 6 52 theme larval 1300:1305 arg1 CA-SMPs 1317:1323 larval and adult CA-SMPs 1300:1323 larval and adult CA-SMPs 1300:1323 However, our results indicate gene duplications that gave rise to separate deployments as larval and adult CA-SMPs occurred independently in each lineage after their divergence, which is considerably more recent than hitherto assumed, supporting the "recent heritage and fast evolution" scenario for SMP evolution. 33335265 0 53 theme shell 69:73 arg1 protein 82:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 0 54 from deployment 90:99 arg1 bivalves 116:123 pteriomorph bivalves 104:123 pteriomorph bivalves 104:123 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 1 55 theme organo-mineral 147:160 arg1 shells 136:141 Molluscan shells 126:141 Molluscan shells 126:141 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 1 55 theme organo-mineral 147:160 arg1 composites 162:171 organo-mineral composites 147:171 organo-mineral composites 147:171 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 5 56 from distribution 1184:1195 arg1 molluscs 1200:1207 molluscs 1200:1207 molluscs 1200:1207 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 33335265 1 57 theme organic 247:253 arg1 matrix 255:260 an organic matrix 244:260 an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides 244:309 Molluscan shells are organo-mineral composites, in which the dominant calcium carbonate is intimately associated with an organic matrix comprised mainly of proteins and polysaccharides. 33335265 0 58 theme adult 63:67 arg1 protein 82:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 larval and adult shell matrix protein 52:88 Phylogenetic comparisons reveal mosaic histories of larval and adult shell matrix protein deployment in pteriomorph bivalves. 33335265 5 59 theme ubiquitous 1173:1182 arg1 distribution 1184:1195 ubiquitous distribution 1173:1195 ubiquitous distribution 1173:1195 CA-SMPs have been taken as evidence for ancient origins of SMPs by their presumed indispensable function in biomineralization and ubiquitous distribution in molluscs. 32633815 11 0 theme detailed 1551:1558 arg1 study 1560:1564 a detailed study 1549:1564 a detailed study 1549:1564 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 7 1 theme lineage 1103:1109 arg1 B 1111:1111 lineage B 1103:1111 lineage B 1103:1111 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 11 2 link O-linked 1495:1502 arg1 glycans 1504:1510 O-linked glycans 1495:1510 O-linked glycans 1495:1510 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 1 3 theme acute 207:211 arg1 syndrome 225:232 severe acute respiratory syndrome 200:232 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 200:259 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 7 4 theme new 1088:1090 arg1 clade-2 1092:1098 a new clade-2 1086:1098 a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV 1086:1123 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 0 5 from update 3:8 arg1 origin 17:22 the origin 13:22 the origin of SARS-CoV-2 13:36 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 0 6 theme binding 136:142 arg1 site 144:147 the critical binding site 123:147 the critical binding site 123:147 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 11 7 theme bat 1606:1608 arg1 CoV 1640:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 1 8 theme respiratory 213:223 arg1 syndrome 225:232 severe acute respiratory syndrome 200:232 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 200:259 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 7 9 from clade-2 1092:1098 arg1 B 1111:1111 lineage B 1103:1111 lineage B 1103:1111 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 0 10 theme O-linked 153:160 arg1 residues 169:176 O-linked glycan residues 153:176 O-linked glycan residues 153:176 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 1 11 theme syndrome 225:232 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 249:258 SARS-CoV-2 249:258 SARS-CoV-2 249:258 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 1 11 theme syndrome 225:232 arg1 coronavirus-2 234:246 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 200:246 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 200:259 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 0 12 theme bat 65:67 arg1 coronaviruses 99:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 9 13 theme SARS-CoV-2 1190:1199 arg1 sequences 1209:1217 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences 1184:1217 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences 1184:1217 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences were 100% identical by each other, significantly varied in RaTG13 and pangolin-CoV. 32633815 6 14 link O-linked 919:926 arg1 glycan 928:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 11 15 dep serine 1428:1433 arg1 glycans 1504:1510 O-linked glycans 1495:1510 O-linked glycans 1495:1510 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 1 16 theme coronavirus-2 234:246 arg1 cases 191:195 The initial cases 179:195 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 179:259 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 11 17 theme related 1632:1638 arg1 CoV 1640:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 10 18 contain has 1314:1316 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 1303:1312 SARS-CoV-2 1303:1312 SARS-CoV-2 1303:1312 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 10 18 contain has 1314:1316 arg2 site 1339:1342 a polybasic cleavage site 1318:1342 a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin 1318:1420 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 0 19 link derived 91:97 arg1 coronaviruses 99:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 0 20 theme glycan 162:167 arg1 residues 169:176 O-linked glycan residues 153:176 O-linked glycan residues 153:176 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 4 21 theme SARS-CoV-2 695:704 arg1 source 685:690 the proximal source 672:690 the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2 672:704 Research data suggest bat (RaTG13) and pangolin carried CoV were the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2. 32633815 10 22 theme RaTG13 1390:1395 arg1 PRR 1406:1408 RaTG13 and only PRR 1390:1408 PRR 1406:1408 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 10 23 theme polybasic 1320:1328 arg1 site 1339:1342 a polybasic cleavage site 1318:1342 a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin 1318:1420 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 7 24 theme beta-CoV 1116:1123 arg1 clade-2 1092:1098 a new clade-2 1086:1098 a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV 1086:1123 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 11 25 from serine 1482:1487 arg1 pangolin 1444:1451 pangolin 1444:1451 pangolin 1444:1451 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 5 26 theme wild 801:804 arg1 MERS-CoV 827:834 wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains 801:858 MERS-CoV 827:834 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 7 27 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 identity 1069:1076 80.36% identity 1062:1076 80.36% identity 1062:1076 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 7 27 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 Bat-SL-CoV 1050:1059 Bat-SL-CoV 1050:1059 Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity) 1050:1077 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 6 28 theme domain 902:907 arg1 glycan 928:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 28 theme domain 902:907 arg1 residues 869:876 The key residues 861:876 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan 861:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 28 theme domain 902:907 arg1 domain 902:907 receptor-binding domain 885:907 the receptor-binding domain (RBD) 881:913 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 7 29 theme % 1002:1002 arg1 identity 1004:1011 97.41% identity 997:1011 97.41% identity 997:1011 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 7 29 theme % 1002:1002 arg1 RaTG13 989:994 RaTG13 989:994 RaTG13 (97.41% identity) 989:1012 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 4 30 dep pangolin 646:653 arg1 carried 655:661 carried 655:661 pangolin carried CoV were the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2 646:704 Research data suggest bat (RaTG13) and pangolin carried CoV were the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2. 32633815 4 31 theme Research 607:614 arg1 data 616:619 Research data 607:619 Research data 607:619 Research data suggest bat (RaTG13) and pangolin carried CoV were the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2. 32633815 5 32 theme systematic 730:739 arg1 analysis 754:761 systematic phylogenetic analysis 730:761 systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily 730:788 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 6 33 theme receptor-binding 885:900 arg1 RBD 910:912 RBD 910:912 RBD 910:912 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 33 theme receptor-binding 885:900 arg1 domain 902:907 receptor-binding domain 885:907 the receptor-binding domain (RBD) 881:913 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 0 34 theme pangolin 82:89 arg1 coronaviruses 99:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 4 35 theme proximal 676:683 arg1 source 685:690 the proximal source 672:690 the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2 672:704 Research data suggest bat (RaTG13) and pangolin carried CoV were the proximal source of SARS-CoV-2. 32633815 11 36 from serine 1428:1433 arg1 pangolin 1444:1451 pangolin 1444:1451 pangolin 1444:1451 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 5 37 theme phylogenetic 741:752 arg1 analysis 754:761 systematic phylogenetic analysis 730:761 systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily 730:788 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 10 38 theme inserted 1352:1359 arg1 sequence 1361:1368 an inserted sequence 1349:1368 an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin 1349:1420 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 10 39 with site 1339:1342 arg1 sequence 1361:1368 an inserted sequence 1349:1368 an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin 1349:1420 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 11 40 from threonine 1462:1470 arg1 pangolin 1444:1451 pangolin 1444:1451 pangolin 1444:1451 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 9 41 from varied 1268:1273 arg1 pangolin-CoV 1289:1300 pangolin-CoV 1289:1300 pangolin-CoV 1289:1300 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences were 100% identical by each other, significantly varied in RaTG13 and pangolin-CoV. 32633815 9 41 from varied 1268:1273 arg1 RaTG13 1278:1283 RaTG13 1278:1283 RaTG13 1278:1283 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences were 100% identical by each other, significantly varied in RaTG13 and pangolin-CoV. 32633815 3 42 theme initial 522:528 arg1 routes 552:557 the initial source's transmission routes 518:557 the initial source's transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 518:571 However, the initial source's transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 remain obscure and controversial. 32633815 5 43 theme type 806:809 arg1 MERS-CoV 827:834 wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains 801:858 MERS-CoV 827:834 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 5 44 theme Coronavirinae 766:778 arg1 subfamily 780:788 Coronavirinae subfamily 766:788 Coronavirinae subfamily 766:788 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 0 45 theme derived 91:97 arg1 coronaviruses 99:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses 65:111 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 3 46 theme SARS-CoV-2 562:571 arg1 routes 552:557 the initial source's transmission routes 518:557 the initial source's transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 518:571 However, the initial source's transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 remain obscure and controversial. 32633815 6 47 theme O-linked 919:926 arg1 glycan 928:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 5 48 theme subfamily 780:788 arg1 analysis 754:761 systematic phylogenetic analysis 730:761 systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily 730:788 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 7 49 theme % 1034:1034 arg1 Pangolin-CoV 1015:1026 Pangolin-CoV 1015:1026 Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) 1015:1044 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 7 49 theme % 1034:1034 arg1 identity 1036:1043 92.22% identity 1029:1043 92.22% identity 1029:1043 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 6 50 theme key 865:867 arg1 glycan 928:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 50 theme key 865:867 arg1 residues 869:876 The key residues 861:876 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan 861:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 50 theme key 865:867 arg1 domain 902:907 receptor-binding domain 885:907 the receptor-binding domain (RBD) 881:913 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 11 51 theme Rhinolophus 1611:1621 arg1 CoV 1640:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 9 52 theme strains 1201:1207 arg1 sequences 1209:1217 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences 1184:1217 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences 1184:1217 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences were 100% identical by each other, significantly varied in RaTG13 and pangolin-CoV. 32633815 2 53 theme China 502:506 arg1 lockdown 490:497 the lockdown 486:497 the lockdown of China 486:506 This strongly implies global transmission occurred before the lockdown of China. 32633815 8 54 theme contact 1148:1154 arg1 residues 1156:1163 RBD contact residues 1144:1163 RBD contact residues 1144:1163 The alignments of RBD contact residues to ACE2 justified? 32633815 0 55 theme SARS-CoV-2 27:36 arg1 origin 17:22 the origin 13:22 the origin of SARS-CoV-2 13:36 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 9 56 from RaTG13 1278:1283 arg1 varied 1268:1273 varied 1268:1273 varied 1268:1273 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences were 100% identical by each other, significantly varied in RaTG13 and pangolin-CoV. 32633815 10 57 theme cleavage 1330:1337 arg1 site 1339:1342 a polybasic cleavage site 1318:1342 a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin 1318:1420 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 8 58 theme RBD 1144:1146 arg1 residues 1156:1163 RBD contact residues 1144:1163 RBD contact residues 1144:1163 The alignments of RBD contact residues to ACE2 justified? 32633815 0 59 link O-linked 153:160 arg1 residues 169:176 O-linked glycan residues 153:176 O-linked glycan residues 153:176 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 3 60 theme transmission 539:550 arg1 routes 552:557 the initial source's transmission routes 518:557 the initial source's transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 518:571 However, the initial source's transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 remain obscure and controversial. 32633815 0 61 theme critical 127:134 arg1 site 144:147 the critical binding site 123:147 the critical binding site 123:147 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 5 62 theme SARS-CoV-2 841:850 arg1 strains 852:858 wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains 801:858 strains 852:858 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 1 63 with world 318:322 arg1 deaths 377:382 469 587 deaths 369:382 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories 369:425 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 1 63 with world 318:322 arg1 cases 362:366 8 993 659 active cases 345:366 8 993 659 active cases 345:366 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 1 64 theme initial 183:189 arg1 cases 191:195 The initial cases 179:195 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 179:259 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 7 65 theme SARS-CoV-2 950:959 arg1 strains 961:967 SARS-CoV-2 strains 950:967 SARS-CoV-2 strains 950:967 SARS-CoV-2 strains were clustered with RaTG13 (97.41% identity), Pangolin-CoV (92.22% identity) and Bat-SL-CoV (80.36% identity), forms a new clade-2 in lineage B of beta-CoV. 32633815 1 66 theme active 355:360 arg1 deaths 377:382 469 587 deaths 369:382 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories 369:425 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 1 66 theme active 355:360 arg1 cases 362:366 8 993 659 active cases 345:366 8 993 659 active cases 345:366 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 5 67 theme SARS-CoV 817:824 arg1 MERS-CoV 827:834 wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains 801:858 MERS-CoV 827:834 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 11 68 theme affinis 1623:1629 arg1 CoV 1640:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV 1606:1642 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 0 69 theme closest 47:53 arg1 identity 55:62 closest identity 47:62 closest identity 47:62 An update on the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Despite closest identity, bat (RaTG13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and O-linked glycan residues. 32633815 11 70 dep pangolin 1576:1583 arg1 javanica 1592:1599 Manis javanica 1586:1599 Manis javanica 1586:1599 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 10 71 theme PRRA 1373:1376 arg1 sequence 1361:1368 an inserted sequence 1349:1368 an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin 1349:1420 SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic cleavage site with an inserted sequence of PRRA compared to RaTG13 and only PRR to pangolin. 32633815 5 72 theme human 811:815 arg1 MERS-CoV 827:834 wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains 801:858 MERS-CoV 827:834 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 8 73 theme residues 1156:1163 arg1 alignments 1130:1139 The alignments 1126:1139 The alignments of RBD contact residues to ACE2 1126:1171 The alignments of RBD contact residues to ACE2 justified? 32633815 6 74 theme glycan 928:933 arg1 glycan 928:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 O-linked glycan 919:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 74 theme glycan 928:933 arg1 residues 869:876 The key residues 861:876 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan 861:933 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 6 74 theme glycan 928:933 arg1 domain 902:907 receptor-binding domain 885:907 the receptor-binding domain (RBD) 881:913 The key residues of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and O-linked glycan were compared. 32633815 1 75 theme severe 200:205 arg1 syndrome 225:232 severe acute respiratory syndrome 200:232 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 200:259 The initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swept the world by 23 June 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. 32633815 9 76 from pangolin-CoV 1289:1300 arg1 varied 1268:1273 varied 1268:1273 varied 1268:1273 Those SARS-CoV-2 strains sequences were 100% identical by each other, significantly varied in RaTG13 and pangolin-CoV. 32633815 5 77 used used 725:728 arg2 we 722:723 we 722:723 we 722:723 In this study, we used systematic phylogenetic analysis of Coronavirinae subfamily along with wild type human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains. 32633815 11 78 theme O-linked 1495:1502 arg1 glycans 1504:1510 O-linked glycans 1495:1510 O-linked glycans 1495:1510 Only serine (Ser) in pangolin and both threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) O-linked glycans were seen in RaTG13, suggesting that a detailed study needed in pangolin (Manis javanica) and bat (Rhinolophus affinis) related CoV. 32633815 2 79 theme global 450:455 arg1 transmission 457:468 global transmission 450:468 global transmission occurred before the lockdown of China 450:506 This strongly implies global transmission occurred before the lockdown of China. 34562451 2 0 theme scavenger 344:352 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 1 1 theme N-linked 234:241 arg1 sites 257:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites 229:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain 229:289 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 0 2 theme proteolytic 89:99 arg1 activity 101:108 proteolytic activity 89:108 proteolytic activity 89:108 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 4 3 theme substrates 854:863 arg1 one 835:837 one 835:837 one 835:837 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 3 theme substrates 854:863 arg1 zymogen 880:886 the prostasin zymogen 866:886 the prostasin zymogen 866:886 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 3 theme substrates 854:863 arg1 substrates 854:863 its protein substrates 842:863 its protein substrates 842:863 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 3 4 theme cellular 591:598 arg1 localization 600:611 cellular localization 591:611 cellular localization 591:611 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 1 5 theme glycosylation 243:255 arg1 sites 257:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites 229:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain 229:289 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 4 6 theme prostasin 870:878 arg1 zymogen 880:886 the prostasin zymogen 866:886 the prostasin zymogen 866:886 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 6 theme prostasin 870:878 arg1 one 835:837 one 835:837 one 835:837 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 6 theme prostasin 870:878 arg1 substrates 854:863 its protein substrates 842:863 its protein substrates 842:863 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 6 7 theme TMPRSS13 1205:1212 arg1 phosphorylation 1175:1189 subsequent phosphorylation 1164:1189 subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13 1164:1212 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 4 8 theme SP 755:756 arg1 domain 758:763 the SP domain 751:763 the SP domain 751:763 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 6 9 theme endogenous 1194:1203 arg1 TMPRSS13 1205:1212 endogenous TMPRSS13 1194:1212 endogenous TMPRSS13 1194:1212 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 2 10 located located 329:335 arg2 residues 316:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 2 10 located located 329:335 arg2 Two 292:294 Two 292:294 Two 292:294 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 2 10 located located 329:335 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 1 11 link N-linked 234:241 arg1 sites 257:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites 229:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain 229:289 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 6 12 theme N-linked 1110:1117 arg1 glycosylation 1119:1131 N-linked glycosylation 1110:1131 N-linked glycosylation 1110:1131 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 6 12 theme N-linked 1110:1117 arg1 determinant 1148:1158 a critical determinant 1137:1158 a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13 1137:1212 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 4 13 theme asparagine 699:708 arg1 residues 710:717 the glycosylated asparagine residues 682:717 the glycosylated asparagine residues 682:717 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 0 14 theme surface 120:126 arg1 localization 128:139 cell surface localization 115:139 cell surface localization 115:139 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 5 15 theme SP 903:904 arg1 TMPRSS13 937:944 SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 903:944 SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 903:944 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 5 16 theme impaired 956:963 arg1 trafficking 965:975 impaired trafficking 956:975 impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum 956:1079 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 2 17 from located 329:335 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 2 18 theme SRCR 378:381 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 1 19 theme type 168:171 arg1 family 213:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 0 20 theme cell 115:118 arg1 localization 128:139 cell surface localization 115:139 cell surface localization 115:139 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 6 21 theme critical 1139:1146 arg1 glycosylation 1119:1131 N-linked glycosylation 1110:1131 N-linked glycosylation 1110:1131 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 6 21 theme critical 1139:1146 arg1 determinant 1148:1158 a critical determinant 1137:1158 a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13 1137:1212 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 1 22 gly glycosylation 243:255 arg2 sites 257:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites 229:261 four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain 229:289 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 1 22 gly glycosylation 243:255 arg2 four 229:232 four 229:232 four 229:232 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 4 23 theme domain 758:763 arg1 glycosylation 734:746 glycosylation 734:746 glycosylation of the SP domain 734:763 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 24 gly glycosylation 734:746 arg1 domain 758:763 the SP domain 751:763 the SP domain 751:763 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 5 25 theme increased 1032:1040 arg1 retention 1042:1050 increased retention 1032:1050 increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum 1032:1079 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 2 26 theme protease 458:465 arg1 domain 472:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 4 27 theme protein 846:852 arg1 substrates 854:863 its protein substrates 842:863 its protein substrates 842:863 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 2 28 theme glycosylated 303:314 arg1 residues 316:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 1 29 theme transmembrane 176:188 arg1 family 213:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 0 30 theme Posttranslational 0:16 arg1 modifications 18:30 Posttranslational modifications 0:30 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 0:58 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 3 31 theme N-linked 519:526 arg1 glycosylation 528:540 N-linked glycosylation 519:540 N-linked glycosylation 519:540 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 5 32 from retention 1042:1050 arg1 reticulum 1071:1079 the endoplasmic reticulum 1055:1079 the endoplasmic reticulum 1055:1079 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 1 33 theme serine 190:195 arg1 family 213:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 0 34 theme serine 35:40 arg1 protease 42:49 serine protease TMPRSS13 35:58 serine protease TMPRSS13 35:58 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 1 35 theme extracellular 270:282 arg1 domain 284:289 its extracellular domain 266:289 its extracellular domain 266:289 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 1 36 from sites 257:261 arg1 domain 284:289 its extracellular domain 266:289 its extracellular domain 266:289 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 1 37 theme protease 197:204 arg1 family 213:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 2 38 theme remaining 410:418 arg1 sites 424:428 the remaining two sites 406:428 the remaining two sites 406:428 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 4 39 gly glycosylated 686:697 arg1 residues 710:717 the glycosylated asparagine residues 682:717 the glycosylated asparagine residues 682:717 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 3 40 link N-linked 519:526 arg1 glycosylation 528:540 N-linked glycosylation 519:540 N-linked glycosylation 519:540 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 6 41 theme subsequent 1164:1173 arg1 phosphorylation 1175:1189 subsequent phosphorylation 1164:1189 subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13 1164:1212 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 4 42 theme site-directed 653:665 arg1 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis 626:677 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 2 43 theme serine 451:456 arg1 domain 472:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 4 44 theme catalytic 809:817 arg1 activity 819:826 catalytic activity 809:826 catalytic activity 809:826 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 45 theme Individual 626:635 arg1 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis 626:677 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 1 46 theme TTSP 207:210 arg1 family 213:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 164:218 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 0 47 theme protease 42:49 arg1 modifications 18:30 Posttranslational modifications 0:30 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 0:58 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 2 48 theme catalytic 441:449 arg1 domain 472:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 3 49 theme proteolytic 549:559 arg1 activity 561:568 the proteolytic activity 545:568 the proteolytic activity 545:568 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 3 50 gly glycosylation 528:540 arg1 TMPRSS13 616:623 TMPRSS13 616:623 TMPRSS13 616:623 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 0 51 theme zymogen 69:75 arg1 activation 77:86 zymogen activation 69:86 zymogen activation 69:86 Posttranslational modifications of serine protease TMPRSS13 regulate zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and cell surface localization. 34562451 2 52 theme SP 468:469 arg1 domain 472:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain 437:477 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 3 53 theme glycosylation 528:540 arg1 role 511:514 the role 507:514 the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13 507:623 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 4 54 theme glycosylated 686:697 arg1 residues 710:717 the glycosylated asparagine residues 682:717 the glycosylated asparagine residues 682:717 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 2 55 theme protein 384:390 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 6 56 link N-linked 1110:1117 arg1 glycosylation 1119:1131 N-linked glycosylation 1110:1131 N-linked glycosylation 1110:1131 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 6 56 link N-linked 1110:1117 arg1 determinant 1148:1158 a critical determinant 1137:1158 a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13 1137:1212 Importantly, we showed that N-linked glycosylation was a critical determinant for subsequent phosphorylation of endogenous TMPRSS13. 34562451 5 57 theme domain 906:911 arg1 TMPRSS13 937:944 SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 903:944 SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 903:944 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 7 58 theme TMPRSS13 1300:1307 arg1 activation 1309:1318 TMPRSS13 activation 1300:1318 TMPRSS13 activation 1300:1318 Taken together, we conclude that glycosylation plays an important role in regulating TMPRSS13 activation and activity, phosphorylation, and cell surface localization. 34562451 5 59 theme endoplasmic 1059:1069 arg1 reticulum 1071:1079 the endoplasmic reticulum 1055:1079 the endoplasmic reticulum 1055:1079 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 4 60 theme combinatory 641:651 arg1 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis 626:677 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 4 61 theme residues 710:717 arg1 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis 626:677 mutagenesis 667:677 Individual and combinatory site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylated asparagine residues indicated that glycosylation of the SP domain is critical for TMPRSS13 autoactivation and catalytic activity toward one of its protein substrates, the prostasin zymogen. 34562451 3 62 from role 511:514 arg1 localization 600:611 cellular localization 591:611 cellular localization 591:611 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 3 62 from role 511:514 arg1 autoactivation 571:584 autoactivation 571:584 autoactivation 571:584 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 3 62 from role 511:514 arg1 activity 561:568 the proteolytic activity 545:568 the proteolytic activity 545:568 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 1 63 theme family 213:218 arg1 TMPRSS13 142:149 TMPRSS13 142:149 TMPRSS13 142:149 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 1 63 theme family 213:218 arg1 member 154:159 a member 152:159 a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family 152:218 TMPRSS13, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, harbors four N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. 34562451 5 64 theme cell 996:999 arg1 surface 1001:1007 the cell surface 992:1007 the cell surface 992:1007 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 3 65 theme TMPRSS13 616:623 arg1 localization 600:611 cellular localization 591:611 cellular localization 591:611 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 3 65 theme TMPRSS13 616:623 arg1 autoactivation 571:584 autoactivation 571:584 autoactivation 571:584 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 3 65 theme TMPRSS13 616:623 arg1 activity 561:568 the proteolytic activity 545:568 the proteolytic activity 545:568 In this study, we examined the role of N-linked glycosylation in the proteolytic activity, autoactivation, and cellular localization of TMPRSS13. 34562451 5 66 theme TMPRSS13 980:987 arg1 trafficking 965:975 impaired trafficking 956:975 impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum 956:1079 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 2 67 theme residues 316:323 arg1 residues 316:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 2 67 theme residues 316:323 arg1 Two 292:294 Two 292:294 Two 292:294 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 7 68 theme surface 1360:1366 arg1 localization 1368:1379 cell surface localization 1355:1379 cell surface localization 1355:1379 Taken together, we conclude that glycosylation plays an important role in regulating TMPRSS13 activation and activity, phosphorylation, and cell surface localization. 34562451 5 69 theme glycosylation-deficient 913:935 arg1 TMPRSS13 937:944 SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 903:944 SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 903:944 Additionally, SP domain glycosylation-deficient TMPRSS13 displayed impaired trafficking of TMPRSS13 to the cell surface, which correlated with increased retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. 34562451 7 70 theme cell 1355:1358 arg1 localization 1368:1379 cell surface localization 1355:1379 cell surface localization 1355:1379 Taken together, we conclude that glycosylation plays an important role in regulating TMPRSS13 activation and activity, phosphorylation, and cell surface localization. 34562451 2 71 from domain 392:397 arg1 located 329:335 located 329:335 located 329:335 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 2 72 theme cysteine-rich 363:375 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 7 73 theme important 1271:1279 arg1 role 1281:1284 an important role 1268:1284 an important role 1268:1284 Taken together, we conclude that glycosylation plays an important role in regulating TMPRSS13 activation and activity, phosphorylation, and cell surface localization. 34562451 2 74 gly glycosylated 303:314 arg1 residues 316:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 the glycosylated residues 299:323 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 34562451 2 75 theme receptor 354:361 arg1 domain 392:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain 340:397 Two of the glycosylated residues are located in the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein domain, while the remaining two sites are in the catalytic serine protease (SP) domain. 33869084 0 0 theme Nephropathy 73:83 arg1 Pathogenesis 42:53 the Pathogenesis 38:53 the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 38:83 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 9 1 theme projection 1092:1101 arg1 scores 1103:1108 projection scores 1092:1108 projection scores 1092:1108 Variable importance in projection scores showed that 12 genera, including Capnocytophaga, Rothia, and Haemophilus, could discriminate between the two groups. 33869084 11 2 theme metabolic 1417:1425 arg1 analysis 1435:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis 1409:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis 1409:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 8 3 theme Capnocytophaga 938:951 arg1 abundance 925:933 The relative abundance 912:933 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis 912:981 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis were enriched, whereas 17 genera, such as Rothia, were significantly reduced in IgAN. 33869084 10 4 theme correlation 1248:1258 arg1 analysis 1260:1267 the sub-phenotype correlation analysis 1230:1267 the sub-phenotype correlation analysis 1230:1267 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 0 5 theme A 71:71 arg1 Nephropathy 73:83 Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 58:83 Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 58:83 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 0 6 from Roles 10:14 arg1 Pathogenesis 42:53 the Pathogenesis 38:53 the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 38:83 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 6 7 used used 734:737 arg2 Investigation 583:595 Phylogenetic Investigation 570:595 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database 570:728 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 10 8 theme sub-phenotype 1234:1246 arg1 analysis 1260:1267 the sub-phenotype correlation analysis 1230:1267 the sub-phenotype correlation analysis 1230:1267 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 2 9 theme microbiota 296:305 arg1 roles 282:286 the potential roles 268:286 the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis 268:329 This study aims to explore the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis. 33869084 3 10 theme Saliva 332:337 arg1 samples 339:345 Saliva samples 332:345 Saliva samples 332:345 Saliva samples were collected from 31 patients with IgAN and 30 controls for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 33869084 8 11 theme SR1_genera_incertae_sedis 957:981 arg1 abundance 925:933 The relative abundance 912:933 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis 912:981 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis were enriched, whereas 17 genera, such as Rothia, were significantly reduced in IgAN. 33869084 3 12 with patients 370:377 arg1 IgAN 384:387 IgAN 384:387 IgAN 384:387 Saliva samples were collected from 31 patients with IgAN and 30 controls for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 33869084 2 13 from roles 282:286 arg1 pathogenesis 318:329 disease pathogenesis 310:329 disease pathogenesis 310:329 This study aims to explore the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis. 33869084 11 14 theme pathway 1427:1433 arg1 analysis 1435:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis 1409:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis 1409:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 10 15 theme IgA 1390:1392 arg1 levels 1358:1363 levels 1358:1363 levels of proteinuria and serum IgA 1358:1392 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 11 16 theme functional 1464:1473 arg1 profiles 1475:1482 7 predictive functional profiles 1451:1482 7 predictive functional profiles 1451:1482 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 11 16 theme functional 1464:1473 arg1 biosynthesis 1567:1578 N-glycan biosynthesis 1558:1578 N-glycan biosynthesis 1558:1578 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 11 16 theme functional 1464:1473 arg1 biosynthesis 1513:1524 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1495:1524 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1495:1524 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 11 16 theme functional 1464:1473 arg1 phosphorylation 1537:1551 oxidative phosphorylation 1527:1551 oxidative phosphorylation 1527:1551 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 2 17 theme oral 291:294 arg1 microbiota 296:305 oral microbiota 291:305 oral microbiota 291:305 This study aims to explore the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis. 33869084 10 18 theme serum 1384:1388 arg1 IgA 1390:1392 serum IgA 1384:1392 serum IgA 1384:1392 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 7 19 theme microbial 862:870 arg1 profiles 872:879 the microbial profiles 858:879 the microbial profiles 858:879 Compared to healthy controls, microbial diversity tended to decrease in IgAN, and the microbial profiles were remarkably distinguished. 33869084 11 20 theme Further 1409:1415 arg1 analysis 1435:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis 1409:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis 1409:1442 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 5 21 theme association 534:544 arg1 analysis 546:553 sub-phenotype association analysis 520:553 sub-phenotype association analysis 520:553 Moreover, sub-phenotype association analysis was conducted. 33869084 9 22 theme Variable 1069:1076 arg1 importance 1078:1087 Variable importance 1069:1087 Variable importance in projection scores 1069:1108 Variable importance in projection scores showed that 12 genera, including Capnocytophaga, Rothia, and Haemophilus, could discriminate between the two groups. 33869084 11 23 theme predictive 1453:1462 arg1 profiles 1475:1482 7 predictive functional profiles 1451:1482 7 predictive functional profiles 1451:1482 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 11 23 theme predictive 1453:1462 arg1 biosynthesis 1567:1578 N-glycan biosynthesis 1558:1578 N-glycan biosynthesis 1558:1578 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 11 23 theme predictive 1453:1462 arg1 biosynthesis 1513:1524 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1495:1524 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1495:1524 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 11 23 theme predictive 1453:1462 arg1 phosphorylation 1537:1551 oxidative phosphorylation 1527:1551 oxidative phosphorylation 1527:1551 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 6 24 theme microbiota 754:763 arg1 functions 765:773 microbiota functions 754:773 microbiota functions 754:773 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 0 25 theme Potential 0:8 arg1 Roles 10:14 Potential Roles 0:14 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 0:83 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 12 26 theme disease 1748:1754 arg1 pathogenesis 1756:1767 disease pathogenesis 1748:1767 disease pathogenesis 1748:1767 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 7 27 theme microbial 806:814 arg1 diversity 816:824 microbial diversity 806:824 microbial diversity 806:824 Compared to healthy controls, microbial diversity tended to decrease in IgAN, and the microbial profiles were remarkably distinguished. 33869084 0 28 theme Oral 19:22 arg1 Microbiota 24:33 Oral Microbiota 19:33 Oral Microbiota 19:33 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 7 29 theme healthy 788:794 arg1 controls 796:803 healthy controls 788:803 healthy controls 788:803 Compared to healthy controls, microbial diversity tended to decrease in IgAN, and the microbial profiles were remarkably distinguished. 33869084 12 30 theme microbiome 1776:1785 arg1 perspective 1787:1797 a microbiome perspective 1774:1797 a microbiome perspective 1774:1797 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 2 31 theme potential 272:280 arg1 roles 282:286 the potential roles 268:286 the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis 268:329 This study aims to explore the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis. 33869084 8 32 dep enriched 988:995 arg1 whereas 998:1004 whereas 998:1004 whereas 998:1004 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis were enriched, whereas 17 genera, such as Rothia, were significantly reduced in IgAN. 33869084 11 33 theme N-glycan 1558:1565 arg1 biosynthesis 1567:1578 N-glycan biosynthesis 1558:1578 N-glycan biosynthesis 1558:1578 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 12 34 located observed 1653:1660 arg2 disturbance 1618:1628 disturbance 1618:1628 disturbance in oral microbiota 1618:1647 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 12 34 located observed 1653:1660 arg1 conclusion 1606:1615 conclusion 1606:1615 conclusion 1606:1615 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 10 35 theme Capnocytophaga 1296:1309 arg1 abundance 1283:1291 the relative abundance 1270:1291 the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus 1270:1325 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 10 36 theme Haemophilus 1315:1325 arg1 abundance 1283:1291 the relative abundance 1270:1291 the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus 1270:1325 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 10 37 theme relative 1274:1281 arg1 abundance 1283:1291 the relative abundance 1270:1291 the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus 1270:1325 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 12 38 theme novel 1728:1732 arg1 insights 1734:1741 novel insights 1728:1741 novel insights into disease pathogenesis 1728:1767 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 6 39 theme Unobserved 633:642 arg1 States 644:649 Unobserved States 633:649 Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database 633:728 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 6 39 theme Unobserved 633:642 arg1 PICRUSt 652:658 PICRUSt 652:658 PICRUSt 652:658 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 3 40 theme rRNA 413:416 arg1 sequencing 423:432 rRNA gene sequencing 413:432 rRNA gene sequencing 413:432 Saliva samples were collected from 31 patients with IgAN and 30 controls for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 33869084 0 41 theme Microbiota 24:33 arg1 Roles 10:14 Potential Roles 0:14 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 0:83 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 4 42 theme microbiota 484:493 arg1 diversity 449:457 diversity 449:457 diversity 449:457 The evenness, diversity, and composition of oral microbiota were analyzed. 33869084 4 42 theme microbiota 484:493 arg1 composition 464:474 composition 464:474 composition 464:474 The evenness, diversity, and composition of oral microbiota were analyzed. 33869084 4 42 theme microbiota 484:493 arg1 evenness 439:446 evenness 439:446 evenness 439:446 The evenness, diversity, and composition of oral microbiota were analyzed. 33869084 11 43 theme glycosphingolipid 1495:1511 arg1 biosynthesis 1513:1524 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1495:1524 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 1495:1524 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 6 44 theme Phylogenetic 570:581 arg1 Investigation 583:595 Phylogenetic Investigation 570:595 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database 570:728 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 3 45 theme gene 418:421 arg1 sequencing 423:432 rRNA gene sequencing 413:432 rRNA gene sequencing 413:432 Saliva samples were collected from 31 patients with IgAN and 30 controls for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 33869084 4 46 theme oral 479:482 arg1 microbiota 484:493 oral microbiota 479:493 oral microbiota 479:493 The evenness, diversity, and composition of oral microbiota were analyzed. 33869084 11 47 dep showed 1444:1449 arg1 enriched 1585:1592 enriched 1585:1592 showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN 1444:1600 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 2 48 theme disease 310:316 arg1 pathogenesis 318:329 disease pathogenesis 310:329 disease pathogenesis 310:329 This study aims to explore the potential roles of oral microbiota in disease pathogenesis. 33869084 12 49 theme oral 1633:1636 arg1 microbiota 1638:1647 oral microbiota 1633:1647 oral microbiota 1633:1647 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 3 50 with controls 396:403 arg1 IgAN 384:387 IgAN 384:387 IgAN 384:387 Saliva samples were collected from 31 patients with IgAN and 30 controls for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 33869084 8 51 theme relative 916:923 arg1 abundance 925:933 The relative abundance 912:933 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis 912:981 The relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and SR1_genera_incertae_sedis were enriched, whereas 17 genera, such as Rothia, were significantly reduced in IgAN. 33869084 12 52 from disturbance 1618:1628 arg1 microbiota 1638:1647 oral microbiota 1633:1647 oral microbiota 1633:1647 In conclusion, disturbance in oral microbiota was observed to be associated with IgAN and its sub-phenotypes, which may shed novel insights into disease pathogenesis from a microbiome perspective. 33869084 5 53 theme sub-phenotype 520:532 arg1 analysis 546:553 sub-phenotype association analysis 520:553 sub-phenotype association analysis 520:553 Moreover, sub-phenotype association analysis was conducted. 33869084 1 54 theme mucosal 124:130 arg1 response 139:146 the mucosal immune response 120:146 the mucosal immune response 120:146 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 11 55 theme oxidative 1527:1535 arg1 phosphorylation 1537:1551 oxidative phosphorylation 1527:1551 oxidative phosphorylation 1527:1551 Further metabolic pathway analysis showed 7 predictive functional profiles, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and N-glycan biosynthesis were enriched in IgAN. 33869084 1 56 theme Immunoglobin 206:217 arg1 nephropathy 221:231 the Immunoglobin A nephropathy 202:231 the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN) 202:238 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 1 56 theme Immunoglobin 206:217 arg1 IgAN 234:237 IgAN 234:237 IgAN 234:237 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 9 57 from importance 1078:1087 arg1 scores 1103:1108 projection scores 1092:1108 projection scores 1092:1108 Variable importance in projection scores showed that 12 genera, including Capnocytophaga, Rothia, and Haemophilus, could discriminate between the two groups. 33869084 1 58 theme immune 132:137 arg1 response 139:146 the mucosal immune response 120:146 the mucosal immune response 120:146 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 6 59 theme States 644:649 arg1 Reconstruction 615:628 Reconstruction 615:628 Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database 615:728 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 1 60 theme A 219:219 arg1 nephropathy 221:231 the Immunoglobin A nephropathy 202:231 the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN) 202:238 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 1 60 theme A 219:219 arg1 IgAN 234:237 IgAN 234:237 IgAN 234:237 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 0 61 theme Immunoglobin 58:69 arg1 Nephropathy 73:83 Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 58:83 Immunoglobin A Nephropathy 58:83 Potential Roles of Oral Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobin A Nephropathy. 33869084 6 62 theme Communities 600:610 arg1 Investigation 583:595 Phylogenetic Investigation 570:595 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database 570:728 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 33869084 10 63 theme proteinuria 1368:1378 arg1 levels 1358:1363 levels 1358:1363 levels of proteinuria and serum IgA 1358:1392 In the sub-phenotype correlation analysis, the relative abundance of Capnocytophaga and Haemophilus was positively associated with levels of proteinuria and serum IgA, respectively. 33869084 1 64 from Disturbance 86:96 arg1 microbiota 101:110 microbiota 101:110 microbiota 101:110 Disturbance in microbiota affects the mucosal immune response, and it is gradually recognized to be associated with the Immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN). 33869084 6 65 theme Genomes 706:712 arg1 database 721:728 Genomes (KEGG) database 706:728 Genomes (KEGG) database 706:728 Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. 32887230 0 0 theme Wild 83:86 arg1 Boar 88:91 Hainan Special Wild Boar 68:91 Hainan Special Wild Boar 68:91 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 4 1 theme fecal 583:587 arg1 microbiota 589:598 the fecal microbiota 579:598 the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar 579:630 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 8 2 theme microbial 991:999 arg1 higher 1040:1045 higher 1040:1045 higher 1040:1045 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 8 2 theme microbial 991:999 arg1 diversity 1001:1009 The microbial diversity 987:1009 The microbial diversity of females 987:1020 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 9 3 theme vitamins 1325:1332 arg1 metabolism 1260:1269 energy metabolism 1253:1269 energy metabolism 1253:1269 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 3 theme vitamins 1325:1332 arg1 biosynthesis 1279:1290 glycan biosynthesis 1272:1290 glycan biosynthesis 1272:1290 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 3 theme vitamins 1325:1332 arg1 metabolism 1297:1306 metabolism 1297:1306 metabolism 1297:1306 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 0 4 theme Special 75:81 arg1 Boar 88:91 Hainan Special Wild Boar 68:91 Hainan Special Wild Boar 68:91 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 0 5 from Differences 4:14 arg1 Composition 40:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 0 5 from Differences 4:14 arg1 Function 56:63 Function 56:63 Function 56:63 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 3 6 from stage 427:431 arg1 boars 402:406 30 Hainan special wild boars 379:406 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage 379:431 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 1 7 theme health 144:149 arg1 status 163:168 the health and disease status 140:168 status 163:168 The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. 32887230 2 8 from effect 275:280 arg1 microbiome 307:316 the gut microbiome 299:316 the gut microbiome of male pigs 299:329 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 9 9 from metabolism 1241:1250 arg1 rich 1197:1200 rich 1197:1200 rich 1197:1200 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 10 theme membrane 1205:1212 arg1 transport 1214:1222 membrane transport 1205:1222 membrane transport 1205:1222 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 2 11 theme gut 303:305 arg1 microbiome 307:316 the gut microbiome 299:316 the gut microbiome of male pigs 299:329 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 0 12 theme Boar 88:91 arg1 Composition 40:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 0 12 theme Boar 88:91 arg1 Function 56:63 Function 56:63 Function 56:63 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 4 13 theme special 614:620 arg1 boar 627:630 the Hainan special wild boar 603:630 the Hainan special wild boar 603:630 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 2 14 from Research 183:190 arg1 effect 199:204 the effect 195:204 the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms 195:247 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 4 15 theme Hainan 607:612 arg1 boar 627:630 the Hainan special wild boar 603:630 the Hainan special wild boar 603:630 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 9 16 from transport 1214:1222 arg1 rich 1197:1200 rich 1197:1200 rich 1197:1200 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 4 17 theme High-throughput 519:533 arg1 sequencing 544:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 9 18 from rich 1197:1200 arg1 transport 1214:1222 membrane transport 1205:1222 membrane transport 1205:1222 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 18 from rich 1197:1200 arg1 metabolism 1241:1250 carbohydrate metabolism 1228:1250 carbohydrate metabolism 1228:1250 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 19 theme carbohydrate 1228:1239 arg1 metabolism 1241:1250 carbohydrate metabolism 1228:1250 carbohydrate metabolism 1228:1250 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 20 theme membrane 1420:1427 arg1 abundance 1439:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 21 theme males 1403:1407 arg1 microorganisms 1375:1388 the fecal microorganisms 1365:1388 the fecal microorganisms of castrated males 1365:1407 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 1 22 theme disease 155:161 arg1 status 163:168 the health and disease status 140:168 status 163:168 The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. 32887230 6 23 theme Bacteroidetes 788:800 arg1 abundance 775:783 The relative abundance 762:783 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes 762:800 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 6 23 theme Bacteroidetes 788:800 arg1 higher 806:811 higher 806:811 higher 806:811 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 2 24 from effect 199:204 arg1 microorganisms 234:247 animal intestinal microorganisms 216:247 animal intestinal microorganisms 216:247 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 9 25 theme fecal 1369:1373 arg1 microorganisms 1375:1388 the fecal microorganisms 1365:1388 the fecal microorganisms of castrated males 1365:1407 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 0 26 theme Sex 0:2 arg1 Differences 4:14 Sex Differences 0:14 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 0:92 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 4 27 theme boar 627:630 arg1 microbiota 589:598 the fecal microbiota 579:598 the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar 579:630 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 2 28 theme pigs 326:329 arg1 microbiome 307:316 the gut microbiome 299:316 the gut microbiome of male pigs 299:329 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 0 29 theme Intestinal 19:28 arg1 Composition 40:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 9 30 theme energy 1253:1258 arg1 metabolism 1260:1269 energy metabolism 1253:1269 energy metabolism 1253:1269 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 31 from rich 1339:1342 arg1 group 1358:1362 the female group 1347:1362 the female group 1347:1362 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 3 32 theme entire 468:473 arg1 males 475:479 10 entire males 465:479 10 entire males 465:479 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 3 33 theme wild 397:400 arg1 boars 402:406 30 Hainan special wild boars 379:406 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage 379:431 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 5 34 theme dominant 723:730 arg1 phyla 732:736 the five dominant phyla 714:736 the five dominant phyla found in the specimens 714:759 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 34 theme dominant 723:730 arg1 Proteobacteria 694:707 Proteobacteria 694:707 Proteobacteria 694:707 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 34 theme dominant 723:730 arg1 Bacteroidetes 645:657 Bacteroidetes 645:657 Bacteroidetes 645:657 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 34 theme dominant 723:730 arg1 Actinobacteria 660:673 Actinobacteria 660:673 Actinobacteria 660:673 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 34 theme dominant 723:730 arg1 Firmicutes 633:642 Firmicutes 633:642 Firmicutes 633:642 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 34 theme dominant 723:730 arg1 Spirochaetes 676:687 Spirochaetes 676:687 Spirochaetes 676:687 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 6 35 theme male 854:857 arg1 pigs 859:862 male pigs 854:862 male pigs 854:862 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 9 36 contain had 1409:1411 arg2 abundance 1439:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 36 contain had 1409:1411 arg1 microorganisms 1375:1388 the fecal microorganisms 1365:1388 the fecal microorganisms of castrated males 1365:1407 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 6 37 theme relative 766:773 arg1 abundance 775:783 The relative abundance 762:783 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes 762:800 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 6 37 theme relative 766:773 arg1 higher 806:811 higher 806:811 higher 806:811 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 1 38 theme gut 98:100 arg1 microbiome 102:111 The gut microbiome 94:111 The gut microbiome 94:111 The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. 32887230 1 39 theme host 177:180 arg1 status 163:168 the health and disease status 140:168 status 163:168 The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. 32887230 3 40 dep groups 457:462 arg1 males 475:479 10 entire males 465:479 10 entire males 465:479 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 3 40 dep groups 457:462 arg1 females 485:491 10 females 482:491 10 females 482:491 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 3 40 dep groups 457:462 arg1 males 511:515 10 castrated males 498:515 10 castrated males 498:515 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 7 41 theme Lactobacillus 939:951 arg1 percentage 907:916 The percentage 903:916 The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus 903:951 The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. 32887230 7 41 theme Lactobacillus 939:951 arg1 higher 957:962 higher 957:962 higher 957:962 The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. 32887230 9 42 theme Functional 1132:1141 arg1 prediction 1143:1152 Functional prediction 1132:1152 Functional prediction 1132:1152 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 3 43 theme Hainan 382:387 arg1 boars 402:406 30 Hainan special wild boars 379:406 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage 379:431 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 0 44 theme Microbial 30:38 arg1 Composition 40:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Intestinal Microbial Composition 19:50 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 9 45 theme glycan 1272:1277 arg1 biosynthesis 1279:1290 glycan biosynthesis 1272:1290 glycan biosynthesis 1272:1290 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 8 46 theme microbial 1102:1110 arg1 diversity 1112:1120 the intestinal microbial diversity 1087:1120 the intestinal microbial diversity of males 1087:1129 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 8 47 theme intestinal 1091:1100 arg1 diversity 1112:1120 the intestinal microbial diversity 1087:1120 the intestinal microbial diversity of males 1087:1129 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 3 48 theme special 389:395 arg1 boars 402:406 30 Hainan special wild boars 379:406 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage 379:431 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 8 49 theme males 1125:1129 arg1 diversity 1112:1120 the intestinal microbial diversity 1087:1120 the intestinal microbial diversity of males 1087:1129 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 6 50 theme pigs 841:844 arg1 microbiota 820:829 the microbiota 816:829 the microbiota of female pigs 816:844 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 7 51 theme Streptococcus 921:933 arg1 percentage 907:916 The percentage 903:916 The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus 903:951 The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. 32887230 7 51 theme Streptococcus 921:933 arg1 higher 957:962 higher 957:962 higher 957:962 The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. 32887230 3 52 theme same 415:418 arg1 stage 427:431 the same growth stage 411:431 the same growth stage 411:431 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 9 53 theme higher 1413:1418 arg1 abundance 1439:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 6 54 theme female 834:839 arg1 pigs 841:844 female pigs 834:844 female pigs 834:844 The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg2 Firmicutes 633:642 Firmicutes 633:642 Firmicutes 633:642 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg2 Spirochaetes 676:687 Spirochaetes 676:687 Spirochaetes 676:687 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg2 Proteobacteria 694:707 Proteobacteria 694:707 Proteobacteria 694:707 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg2 Bacteroidetes 645:657 Bacteroidetes 645:657 Bacteroidetes 645:657 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg1 specimens 751:759 the specimens 747:759 the specimens 747:759 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg2 phyla 732:736 the five dominant phyla 714:736 the five dominant phyla found in the specimens 714:759 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 5 55 located found 738:742 arg2 Actinobacteria 660:673 Actinobacteria 660:673 Actinobacteria 660:673 Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. 32887230 9 56 theme castrated 1393:1401 arg1 males 1403:1407 castrated males 1393:1407 castrated males 1393:1407 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 3 57 theme growth 420:425 arg1 stage 427:431 the same growth stage 411:431 the same growth stage 411:431 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 9 58 theme male 1166:1169 arg1 microorganisms 1177:1190 male fecal microorganisms 1166:1190 male fecal microorganisms 1166:1190 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 2 59 theme intestinal 223:232 arg1 microorganisms 234:247 animal intestinal microorganisms 216:247 animal intestinal microorganisms 216:247 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 4 60 used used 559:562 arg2 sequencing 544:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 2 61 theme castration 285:294 arg1 effect 275:280 the effect 271:280 the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs 271:329 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 9 62 theme fecal 1171:1175 arg1 microorganisms 1177:1190 male fecal microorganisms 1166:1190 male fecal microorganisms 1166:1190 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 2 63 theme animal 216:221 arg1 microorganisms 234:247 animal intestinal microorganisms 216:247 animal intestinal microorganisms 216:247 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 9 64 from group 1358:1362 arg1 rich 1339:1342 rich 1339:1342 rich 1339:1342 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 1 65 theme important 122:130 arg1 role 132:135 an important role 119:135 an important role 119:135 The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. 32887230 4 66 theme wild 622:625 arg1 boar 627:630 the Hainan special wild boar 603:630 the Hainan special wild boar 603:630 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 0 67 theme Hainan 68:73 arg1 Boar 88:91 Hainan Special Wild Boar 68:91 Hainan Special Wild Boar 68:91 Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar. 32887230 4 68 theme rRNA 539:542 arg1 sequencing 544:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 3 69 theme castrated 501:509 arg1 males 511:515 10 castrated males 498:515 10 castrated males 498:515 In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). 32887230 4 70 theme 16S 535:537 arg1 sequencing 544:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing 519:553 High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. 32887230 2 71 theme male 321:324 arg1 pigs 326:329 male pigs 321:329 male pigs 321:329 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 9 72 theme female 1351:1356 arg1 group 1358:1362 the female group 1347:1362 the female group 1347:1362 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 73 theme cofactors 1311:1319 arg1 metabolism 1260:1269 energy metabolism 1253:1269 energy metabolism 1253:1269 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 73 theme cofactors 1311:1319 arg1 biosynthesis 1279:1290 glycan biosynthesis 1272:1290 glycan biosynthesis 1272:1290 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 9 73 theme cofactors 1311:1319 arg1 metabolism 1297:1306 metabolism 1297:1306 metabolism 1297:1306 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 32887230 8 74 theme females 1014:1020 arg1 higher 1040:1045 higher 1040:1045 higher 1040:1045 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 8 74 theme females 1014:1020 arg1 diversity 1001:1009 The microbial diversity 987:1009 The microbial diversity of females 987:1020 The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. 32887230 2 75 theme sex 209:211 arg1 effect 199:204 the effect 195:204 the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms 195:247 Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. 32887230 9 76 theme transport 1429:1437 arg1 abundance 1439:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 higher membrane transport abundance 1413:1447 Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance. 33689141 7 0 from abolishment 1438:1448 arg1 GPC 1463:1465 GPC 1463:1465 GPC 1463:1465 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 4 1 theme transduction 883:894 arg1 efficiency 896:905 the transduction efficiency 879:905 the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles 879:930 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 6 2 theme 5th 1099:1101 arg1 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan 1048:1132 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 3 3 theme cleavage 651:658 arg1 inefficiency 660:671 cleavage inefficiency 651:671 cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 651:735 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 2 4 theme glycoprotein 236:247 arg1 GPC 258:260 GPC 258:260 GPC 258:260 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 4 theme glycoprotein 236:247 arg1 complex 249:255 The glycoprotein complex 232:255 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) 232:261 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 1 5 theme Mammarenavirus 142:155 arg1 Arenaviridae 171:182 the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) 138:183 the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) 138:183 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 1 6 from fever 215:219 arg1 humans 224:229 humans 224:229 humans 224:229 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 3 7 from inefficiency 660:671 arg1 N89 685:687 N89 685:687 N89 685:687 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 3 7 from inefficiency 660:671 arg1 5th 691:693 5th 691:693 5th 691:693 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 3 7 from inefficiency 660:671 arg1 2nd 680:682 2nd 680:682 2nd 680:682 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 3 7 from inefficiency 660:671 arg1 motif 731:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 3 7 from inefficiency 660:671 arg1 N119 696:699 N119 696:699 N119 696:699 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 7 8 theme Th1-type 1408:1415 arg1 response 1424:1431 the Th1-type immune response 1404:1431 the Th1-type immune response 1404:1431 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 9 9 theme vaccine 1791:1797 arg1 design 1763:1768 design 1763:1768 design 1763:1768 The glycan residues on GPC provide an immune shield for the virus, and thus represent a target for the design and development of a vaccine. 33689141 9 9 theme vaccine 1791:1797 arg1 development 1774:1784 development 1774:1784 development 1774:1784 The glycan residues on GPC provide an immune shield for the virus, and thus represent a target for the design and development of a vaccine. 33689141 6 10 theme N167Q 1120:1124 arg1 glycan 1127:1132 6th (N167Q) glycan 1115:1132 6th (N167Q) glycan 1115:1132 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 11 theme CD8+ 1344:1347 arg1 cells 1360:1364 CD8+ effector T cells 1344:1364 CD8+ effector T cells 1344:1364 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 12 theme 6th 1115:1117 arg1 glycan 1127:1132 6th (N167Q) glycan 1115:1132 6th (N167Q) glycan 1115:1132 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 4 13 theme further 773:779 arg1 research 781:788 further research 773:788 further research 773:788 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 8 14 from mice 1602:1605 arg1 antibodies 1548:1557 the antibodies 1544:1557 the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1544:1605 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 2 15 link N-linked 279:286 arg1 glycans 288:294 eleven N-linked glycans 272:294 eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response 272:433 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 8 16 theme mutant 1575:1580 arg1 mice 1602:1605 either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1564:1605 either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1564:1605 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 3 17 theme alanine 545:551 arg1 mutants 553:559 alanine mutants 545:559 alanine mutants 545:559 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 1 18 theme Lassa 108:112 arg1 virus 114:118 Lassa virus 108:118 Lassa virus (LASV) 108:125 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 1 18 theme Lassa 108:112 arg1 LASV 121:124 LASV 121:124 LASV 121:124 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 7 19 theme glycan 1388:1393 arg1 Deletion 1367:1374 Deletion 1367:1374 Deletion of specific glycan 1367:1393 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 8 20 theme WT 1585:1586 arg1 mice 1602:1605 either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1564:1605 either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1564:1605 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 3 21 theme glycan 584:589 arg1 chain 591:595 individual glycan chain 573:595 individual glycan chain on GPC 573:602 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 4 22 theme N89Q 830:833 arg1 deletion 809:816 deletion 809:816 deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan 809:856 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 8 23 from effect 1634:1639 arg1 LASV 1654:1657 wild-type LASV 1644:1657 wild-type LASV 1644:1657 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 6 24 theme effector 1175:1182 arg1 cells 1189:1193 effector CD4+ cells 1175:1193 effector CD4+ cells 1175:1193 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 5 25 theme individual 969:978 arg1 glycan 980:985 individual glycan 969:985 individual glycan 969:985 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 8 26 theme little 1612:1617 arg1 effect 1634:1639 little neutralization effect 1612:1639 little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV 1612:1657 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 6 27 theme N373Q 1303:1307 arg1 1st 1220:1222 1st 1220:1222 1st 1220:1222 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 27 theme N373Q 1303:1307 arg1 glycan 1310:1315 9th (N373Q) glycan 1298:1315 9th (N373Q) glycan 1298:1315 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 0 28 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Infectivity 74:84 Infectivity 74:84 Infectivity 74:84 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 0 28 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Cleavage 64:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 0 28 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Response 98:105 Immune Response 91:105 Immune Response 91:105 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 6 29 dep enhanced 1148:1155 arg1 whereas 1196:1202 whereas 1196:1202 whereas 1196:1202 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 30 theme 9th 1298:1300 arg1 1st 1220:1222 1st 1220:1222 1st 1220:1222 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 30 theme 9th 1298:1300 arg1 glycan 1310:1315 9th (N373Q) glycan 1298:1315 9th (N373Q) glycan 1298:1315 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 4 31 theme 2nd 825:827 arg1 N89Q 830:833 the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan 821:856 N89Q 830:833 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 0 32 theme Immune 91:96 arg1 Response 98:105 Immune Response 91:105 Immune Response 91:105 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 6 33 theme T 1358:1358 arg1 cells 1360:1364 CD8+ effector T cells 1344:1364 CD8+ effector T cells 1344:1364 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 34 theme 1st 1220:1222 arg1 deletion 1204:1211 deletion 1204:1211 deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan 1204:1315 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 2 35 theme epitope 396:402 arg1 shielding 404:412 epitope shielding 396:412 epitope shielding 396:412 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 0 36 theme N-Linked 11:18 arg1 Glycan 20:25 N-Linked Glycan 11:25 N-Linked Glycan 11:25 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 5 37 theme mice 1042:1045 arg1 immunization 1026:1037 DNA immunization 1022:1037 DNA immunization of mice 1022:1045 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 3 38 used used 439:442 arg2 We 436:437 We 436:437 We 436:437 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 5 39 theme immune 1003:1008 arg1 response 1010:1017 GPC-mediated immune response 990:1017 GPC-mediated immune response 990:1017 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 7 40 theme antibody 1491:1498 arg1 titer 1500:1504 the antibody titer 1487:1504 the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC 1487:1532 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 2 41 theme immune 419:424 arg1 response 426:433 immune response 419:433 immune response 419:433 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 0 42 theme Glycoprotein 51:62 arg1 Cleavage 64:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 2 43 theme essential 306:314 arg1 roles 316:320 essential roles 306:320 essential roles 306:320 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 0 44 theme Virus 36:40 arg1 Cleavage 64:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 1 45 theme hemorrhagic 203:213 arg1 fever 215:219 severe hemorrhagic fever 196:219 severe hemorrhagic fever in humans 196:229 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 7 46 theme glycan 1453:1458 arg1 abolishment 1438:1448 abolishment 1438:1448 abolishment of glycan on GPC 1438:1465 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 9 47 from residues 1671:1678 arg1 GPC 1683:1685 GPC 1683:1685 GPC 1683:1685 The glycan residues on GPC provide an immune shield for the virus, and thus represent a target for the design and development of a vaccine. 33689141 4 48 theme pseudotyped 910:920 arg1 particles 922:930 pseudotyped particles 910:930 pseudotyped particles 910:930 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 3 49 from chain 591:595 arg1 GPC 600:602 GPC 600:602 GPC 600:602 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 4 50 theme Q 755:755 arg1 mutagenesis 757:767 Q mutagenesis 755:767 Q mutagenesis 755:767 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 2 51 gly glycoprotein 236:247 arg1 glycoprotein 236:247 The glycoprotein complex 232:255 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) 232:261 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 6 52 theme cells 1189:1193 arg1 proportion 1161:1170 the proportion 1157:1170 the proportion of effector CD4+ cells 1157:1193 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 53 theme glycan 1127:1132 arg1 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan 1048:1132 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 7 54 theme immune 1417:1422 arg1 response 1424:1431 the Th1-type immune response 1404:1431 the Th1-type immune response 1404:1431 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 6 55 theme 3rd 1087:1089 arg1 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan 1048:1132 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 2 56 theme N-linked 279:286 arg1 glycans 288:294 eleven N-linked glycans 272:294 eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response 272:433 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 1 57 theme genus 157:161 arg1 Arenaviridae 171:182 the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) 138:183 the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) 138:183 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 1 58 theme family 164:169 arg1 Arenaviridae 171:182 the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) 138:183 the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) 138:183 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 6 59 theme effector 1349:1356 arg1 cells 1360:1364 CD8+ effector T cells 1344:1364 CD8+ effector T cells 1344:1364 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 6 60 theme 1st 1075:1077 arg1 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion 1048:1055 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan 1048:1132 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 8 61 theme GPC-immunized 1588:1600 arg1 mice 1602:1605 either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1564:1605 either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice 1564:1605 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 3 62 theme individual 573:582 arg1 chain 591:595 individual glycan chain 573:595 individual glycan chain on GPC 573:602 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 3 63 theme 8th 706:708 arg1 motif 731:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 6 64 theme CD4+ 1184:1187 arg1 cells 1189:1193 effector CD4+ cells 1175:1193 effector CD4+ cells 1175:1193 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 7 65 theme specific 1379:1386 arg1 glycan 1388:1393 specific glycan 1379:1393 specific glycan 1379:1393 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 8 66 theme neutralization 1619:1632 arg1 effect 1634:1639 little neutralization effect 1612:1639 little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV 1612:1657 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 5 67 theme glycan 980:985 arg1 role 961:964 the role 957:964 the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response 957:1017 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 3 68 theme glycosylation 717:729 arg1 motif 731:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 5 69 theme GPC-mediated 990:1001 arg1 response 1010:1017 GPC-mediated immune response 990:1017 GPC-mediated immune response 990:1017 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 9 70 theme glycan 1664:1669 arg1 residues 1671:1678 The glycan residues 1660:1678 The glycan residues on GPC 1660:1685 The glycan residues on GPC provide an immune shield for the virus, and thus represent a target for the design and development of a vaccine. 33689141 3 71 theme N365 711:714 arg1 motif 731:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 3 72 gly glycosylation 717:729 arg2 motif 731:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 8th (N365) glycosylation motif 706:735 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 6 73 theme cells 1360:1364 arg1 proportion 1330:1339 the proportion 1326:1339 the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells 1326:1364 Deletion of the individual 1st (N79Q), 3rd (N99Q), 5th (N119Q), or 6th (N167Q) glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+ cells, whereas deletion of the 1st (N79Q), 2nd (N89Q), 3rd (N99Q), 4th (N109Q), 5th (N119Q), 6th (N167Q), or 9th (N373Q) glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+ effector T cells. 33689141 5 74 from role 961:964 arg1 response 1010:1017 GPC-mediated immune response 990:1017 GPC-mediated immune response 990:1017 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 3 75 dep strategies 462:471 arg1 asparagine 474:483 asparagine 474:483 asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants 474:559 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 4 76 theme glycan 851:856 arg1 deletion 809:816 deletion 809:816 deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan 809:856 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 0 77 theme Glycan 20:25 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 0:106 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 8 78 dep mutant 1575:1580 arg1 the 1571:1573 the 1571:1573 the 1571:1573 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 2 79 theme receptor 374:381 arg1 recognition 383:393 receptor recognition 374:393 receptor recognition 374:393 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 0 80 theme Lassa 30:34 arg1 Cleavage 64:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 4 81 theme 8th 839:841 arg1 glycan 851:856 the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan 821:856 glycan 851:856 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 8 82 theme wild-type 1644:1652 arg1 LASV 1654:1657 wild-type LASV 1644:1657 wild-type LASV 1644:1657 However, the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV. 33689141 0 83 theme Envelope 42:49 arg1 Cleavage 64:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage 30:71 Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage, Infectivity, and Immune Response. 33689141 2 84 contain contains 263:270 arg2 glycans 288:294 eleven N-linked glycans 272:294 eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response 272:433 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 84 contain contains 263:270 arg1 GPC 258:260 GPC 258:260 GPC 258:260 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 84 contain contains 263:270 arg1 complex 249:255 The glycoprotein complex 232:255 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) 232:261 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 7 85 theme glycan-deficient 1513:1528 arg1 GPC 1530:1532 the glycan-deficient GPC 1509:1532 the glycan-deficient GPC 1509:1532 Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response, and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC. 33689141 4 86 theme N365Q 844:848 arg1 glycan 851:856 the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan 821:856 glycan 851:856 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 3 87 theme mutagenesis 450:460 arg1 strategies 462:471 three mutagenesis strategies 444:471 three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) 444:560 We used three mutagenesis strategies (asparagine to glutamine, asparagine to alanine, and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants) to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd (N89), 5th (N119), or 8th (N365) glycosylation motif. 33689141 5 88 theme DNA 1022:1024 arg1 immunization 1026:1037 DNA immunization 1022:1037 DNA immunization of mice 1022:1045 We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice. 33689141 4 89 theme particles 922:930 arg1 efficiency 896:905 the transduction efficiency 879:905 the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles 879:930 To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research, it was found that deletion of the 2nd (N89Q) or 8th (N365Q) glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles. 33689141 1 90 theme severe 196:201 arg1 fever 215:219 severe hemorrhagic fever 196:219 severe hemorrhagic fever in humans 196:229 Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. 33689141 2 91 theme GPC 325:327 arg1 cleavage 353:360 cleavage 353:360 cleavage 353:360 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 91 theme GPC 325:327 arg1 shielding 404:412 epitope shielding 396:412 epitope shielding 396:412 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 91 theme GPC 325:327 arg1 transport 363:371 transport 363:371 transport 363:371 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 91 theme GPC 325:327 arg1 functionalities 329:343 GPC functionalities 325:343 GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response 325:433 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 91 theme GPC 325:327 arg1 recognition 383:393 receptor recognition 374:393 receptor recognition 374:393 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 33689141 2 91 theme GPC 325:327 arg1 response 426:433 immune response 419:433 immune response 419:433 The glycoprotein complex (GPC) contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage, transport, receptor recognition, epitope shielding, and immune response. 32114385 8 0 theme LF82-induced 1127:1138 arg1 activation 1140:1149 AIEC LF82-induced activation 1122:1149 AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB 1122:1158 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 6 1 theme HT-29 930:934 arg1 cells 936:940 human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells 896:940 cells 936:940 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 4 2 theme dextran 563:569 arg1 sodium 579:584 dextran sulfate sodium 563:584 dextran sulfate sodium 563:584 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 3 3 from cells 479:483 arg1 O-GlcNAc 374:381 O-GlcNAc 374:381 O-GlcNAc 374:381 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 2 4 theme therapeutic 316:326 arg1 effects 328:334 therapeutic effects 316:334 therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD 316:363 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 12 5 theme China 1800:1804 arg1 Foundation 1786:1795 Natural Science Foundation 1770:1795 Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH) 1770:1908 FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH). 32114385 3 6 from mice 489:492 arg1 O-GlcNAc 374:381 O-GlcNAc 374:381 O-GlcNAc 374:381 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 9 7 theme epithelial 1434:1443 arg1 inflammation 1445:1456 intestinal epithelial inflammation 1423:1456 intestinal epithelial inflammation 1423:1456 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 6 8 theme colon 902:906 arg1 HCT116 919:924 human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells 896:940 HCT116 919:924 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 4 9 theme disease 660:666 arg1 model 668:672 inflammatory bowel disease model 641:672 inflammatory bowel disease model 641:672 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 10 10 theme O-GlcNAc 1580:1587 arg1 modification 1589:1600 increased O-GlcNAc modification 1570:1600 increased O-GlcNAc modification 1570:1600 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 2 11 theme O-Linked 236:243 arg1 O-GlcNAc 268:275 O-GlcNAc 268:275 O-GlcNAc 268:275 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 2 11 theme O-Linked 236:243 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 245:265 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 236:265 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 236:276 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 1 12 theme due 156:158 arg1 challenge 146:154 a challenge 144:154 a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis 144:199 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 1 12 theme due 156:158 arg1 Treatment 96:104 BACKGROUND Treatment 85:104 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) 85:128 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 12 13 theme Natural 1770:1776 arg1 Foundation 1786:1795 Natural Science Foundation 1770:1795 Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH) 1770:1908 FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH). 32114385 1 14 theme limited 163:169 arg1 insights 171:178 limited insights 163:178 limited insights for its pathogenesis 163:199 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 7 15 from cells 1018:1022 arg1 O-Glycosylated 982:995 O-Glycosylated 982:995 O-Glycosylated 982:995 We identified that IKKβ and NF-κB were O-Glycosylated in AIEC LF82-treated cells. 32114385 10 16 theme autophagy 1661:1669 arg1 suppression 1646:1656 suppression 1646:1656 suppression of autophagy 1646:1669 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 10 16 theme autophagy 1661:1669 arg1 activation 1631:1640 NF-κB activation 1625:1640 NF-κB activation 1625:1640 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 4 17 theme inflammatory 641:652 arg1 disease 660:666 inflammatory bowel disease 641:666 inflammatory bowel disease model 641:672 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 9 18 theme mice 1500:1503 arg1 survival 1476:1483 the survival 1472:1483 the survival of the colitis mice 1472:1503 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 7 19 theme AIEC 1000:1003 arg1 cells 1018:1022 AIEC LF82-treated cells 1000:1022 AIEC LF82-treated cells 1000:1022 We identified that IKKβ and NF-κB were O-Glycosylated in AIEC LF82-treated cells. 32114385 4 20 theme therapeutic 682:692 arg1 study 694:698 therapeutic study 682:698 therapeutic study 682:698 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 5 21 theme CD 769:770 arg1 patients 772:779 CD patients 769:779 CD patients 769:779 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 0 22 from Glcnacylation 18:30 arg1 disease 43:49 Crohn's disease 35:49 Crohn's disease 35:49 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease promotes intestinal inflammation. 32114385 8 23 theme IKKβ 1038:1041 arg1 Mutations 1025:1033 Mutations 1025:1033 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) 1025:1065 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 9 24 theme 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine 1176:1201 arg1 Application 1161:1171 Application 1161:1171 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, 1161:1275 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 5 25 theme intestinal 736:745 arg1 tissues 758:764 intestinal epithelial tissues 736:764 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice 736:807 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 9 26 theme LF82-infected 1303:1315 arg1 cells 1317:1321 AIEC LF82-infected cells 1298:1321 AIEC LF82-infected cells 1298:1321 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 1 27 theme BACKGROUND 85:94 arg1 challenge 146:154 a challenge 144:154 a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis 144:199 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 1 27 theme BACKGROUND 85:94 arg1 Treatment 96:104 BACKGROUND Treatment 85:104 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) 85:128 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 3 28 theme epithelial 397:406 arg1 tissues 408:414 intestinal epithelial tissues 386:414 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD 386:420 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 0 29 theme Enhanced 0:7 arg1 Glcnacylation 18:30 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation 0:30 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease 0:49 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease promotes intestinal inflammation. 32114385 10 30 theme INTERPRETATION 1506:1519 arg1 inflammation 1532:1543 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation 1506:1543 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD 1506:1549 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 3 31 theme Escherichia 441:451 arg1 cells 479:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 4 32 theme AIEC 549:552 arg1 LF82 554:557 AIEC LF82 549:557 AIEC LF82 549:557 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 11 33 theme bowel 1738:1742 arg1 disease 1744:1750 inflammatory bowel disease 1725:1750 inflammatory bowel disease 1725:1750 Targeting O-GlcNAc could be an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. 32114385 7 34 from O-Glycosylated 982:995 arg1 cells 1018:1022 AIEC LF82-treated cells 1000:1022 AIEC LF82-treated cells 1000:1022 We identified that IKKβ and NF-κB were O-Glycosylated in AIEC LF82-treated cells. 32114385 5 35 theme LF82-infected 790:802 arg1 mice 804:807 AIEC LF82-infected mice 785:807 AIEC LF82-infected mice 785:807 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 0 36 theme intestinal 60:69 arg1 inflammation 71:82 intestinal inflammation 60:82 intestinal inflammation 60:82 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease promotes intestinal inflammation. 32114385 1 37 theme disease 117:123 arg1 challenge 146:154 a challenge 144:154 a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis 144:199 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 1 37 theme disease 117:123 arg1 Treatment 96:104 BACKGROUND Treatment 85:104 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) 85:128 BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) remains to be a challenge due to limited insights for its pathogenesis. 32114385 12 38 theme Jilin 1879:1883 arg1 20190701006GH 1895:1907 20190701006GH 1895:1907 20190701006GH 1895:1907 FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH). 32114385 12 38 theme Jilin 1879:1883 arg1 Province 1885:1892 Jilin Province 1879:1892 Jilin Province (20190701006GH) 1879:1908 FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH). 32114385 12 39 theme Science 1778:1784 arg1 Foundation 1786:1795 Natural Science Foundation 1770:1795 Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH) 1770:1908 FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH). 32114385 2 40 theme CD 300:301 arg1 development 285:295 the development 281:295 the development of CD 281:301 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 10 41 theme increased 1570:1578 arg1 modification 1589:1600 increased O-GlcNAc modification 1570:1600 increased O-GlcNAc modification 1570:1600 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 3 42 from tissues 408:414 arg1 O-GlcNAc 374:381 O-GlcNAc 374:381 O-GlcNAc 374:381 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 2 43 theme O-GlcNAc 339:346 arg1 inhibitors 348:357 O-GlcNAc inhibitors 339:357 O-GlcNAc inhibitors 339:357 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 9 44 theme AIEC 1401:1404 arg1 LF82 1406:1409 cell-associated AIEC LF82 1385:1409 cell-associated AIEC LF82 1385:1409 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 8 45 theme AIEC 1122:1125 arg1 activation 1140:1149 AIEC LF82-induced activation 1122:1149 AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB 1122:1158 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 6 46 theme AIEC 823:826 arg1 Infection 810:818 Infection 810:818 Infection of AIEC LF82 810:831 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 9 47 theme intestinal 1423:1432 arg1 inflammation 1445:1456 intestinal epithelial inflammation 1423:1456 intestinal epithelial inflammation 1423:1456 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 6 48 theme epithelial 908:917 arg1 HCT116 919:924 human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells 896:940 HCT116 919:924 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 0 49 link O-linked 9:16 arg1 Glcnacylation 18:30 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation 0:30 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease 0:49 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease promotes intestinal inflammation. 32114385 4 50 theme sulfate 571:577 arg1 sodium 579:584 dextran sulfate sodium 563:584 dextran sulfate sodium 563:584 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 11 51 theme effective 1703:1711 arg1 therapy 1713:1719 an effective therapy 1700:1719 an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease 1700:1750 Targeting O-GlcNAc could be an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. 32114385 11 51 theme effective 1703:1711 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1682:1689 Targeting O-GlcNAc 1672:1689 Targeting O-GlcNAc 1672:1689 Targeting O-GlcNAc could be an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. 32114385 2 52 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 245:265 arg1 role 228:231 the role 224:231 the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD 224:301 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 8 53 theme NF-κB 1154:1158 arg1 activation 1140:1149 AIEC LF82-induced activation 1122:1149 AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB 1122:1158 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 6 54 theme human 896:900 arg1 HCT116 919:924 human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells 896:940 HCT116 919:924 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 2 55 from effects 328:334 arg1 CD 362:363 CD 362:363 CD 362:363 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 4 56 theme bowel 654:658 arg1 disease 660:666 inflammatory bowel disease 641:666 inflammatory bowel disease model 641:672 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 10 57 theme NF-κB 1625:1629 arg1 activation 1631:1640 NF-κB activation 1625:1640 NF-κB activation 1625:1640 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 6 58 from O-GlcNAc 884:891 arg1 HCT116 919:924 human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells 896:940 HCT116 919:924 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 6 58 from O-GlcNAc 884:891 arg1 cells 936:940 human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells 896:940 cells 936:940 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 5 59 theme FINDINGS 701:708 arg1 O-GlcNAc 710:717 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc 701:717 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc 701:717 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 9 60 theme UDP-GlcNAc 1243:1252 arg1 production 1229:1238 the production 1225:1238 the production of UDP-GlcNAc 1225:1252 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 9 61 theme colitis 1492:1498 arg1 mice 1500:1503 the colitis mice 1488:1503 the colitis mice 1488:1503 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 9 62 from NF-κB 1289:1293 arg1 cells 1317:1321 AIEC LF82-infected cells 1298:1321 AIEC LF82-infected cells 1298:1321 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 8 63 from O-GlcNAc 1081:1088 arg1 IKKβ 1093:1096 IKKβ 1093:1096 IKKβ 1093:1096 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 8 63 from O-GlcNAc 1081:1088 arg1 NF-κB 1102:1106 NF-κB 1102:1106 NF-κB 1102:1106 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 7 64 theme LF82-treated 1005:1016 arg1 cells 1018:1022 AIEC LF82-treated cells 1000:1022 AIEC LF82-treated cells 1000:1022 We identified that IKKβ and NF-κB were O-Glycosylated in AIEC LF82-treated cells. 32114385 5 65 theme patients 772:779 arg1 tissues 758:764 intestinal epithelial tissues 736:764 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice 736:807 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 3 66 from O-GlcNAc 374:381 arg1 mice 489:492 mice 489:492 mice 489:492 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 66 from O-GlcNAc 374:381 arg1 tissues 408:414 intestinal epithelial tissues 386:414 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD 386:420 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 66 from O-GlcNAc 374:381 arg1 cells 479:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 10 67 from inflammation 1532:1543 arg1 CD 1548:1549 CD 1548:1549 CD 1548:1549 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 9 68 theme AIEC 1298:1301 arg1 cells 1317:1321 AIEC LF82-infected cells 1298:1321 AIEC LF82-infected cells 1298:1321 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 5 69 theme epithelial 747:756 arg1 tissues 758:764 intestinal epithelial tissues 736:764 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice 736:807 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 8 70 theme p65 1055:1057 arg1 Mutations 1025:1033 Mutations 1025:1033 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) 1025:1065 Mutations of IKKβ (S733A) and p65 (T352A) abrogated the O-GlcNAc in IKKβ and NF-κB and inhibited AIEC LF82-induced activation of NF-κB. 32114385 3 71 theme CD 419:420 arg1 mice 489:492 mice 489:492 mice 489:492 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 71 theme CD 419:420 arg1 tissues 408:414 intestinal epithelial tissues 386:414 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD 386:420 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 71 theme CD 419:420 arg1 cells 479:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 0 72 theme O-linked 9:16 arg1 Glcnacylation 18:30 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation 0:30 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease 0:49 Enhanced O-linked Glcnacylation in Crohn's disease promotes intestinal inflammation. 32114385 2 73 theme inhibitors 348:357 arg1 effects 328:334 therapeutic effects 316:334 therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD 316:363 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 11 74 theme inflammatory 1725:1736 arg1 disease 1744:1750 inflammatory bowel disease 1725:1750 inflammatory bowel disease 1725:1750 Targeting O-GlcNAc could be an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. 32114385 5 75 theme AIEC 785:788 arg1 mice 804:807 AIEC LF82-infected mice 785:807 AIEC LF82-infected mice 785:807 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 9 76 theme autophagy 1350:1358 arg1 formation 1337:1345 the formation 1333:1345 the formation of autophagy 1333:1358 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 2 77 from role 228:231 arg1 development 285:295 the development 281:295 the development of CD 281:301 We aimed to determine the role of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in the development of CD and evaluate therapeutic effects of O-GlcNAc inhibitors on CD. 32114385 3 78 theme intestinal 386:395 arg1 tissues 408:414 intestinal epithelial tissues 386:414 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD 386:420 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 79 theme adherent-invasive 423:439 arg1 cells 479:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 5 80 theme mice 804:807 arg1 tissues 758:764 intestinal epithelial tissues 736:764 intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice 736:807 FINDINGS O-GlcNAc was increased in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD patients and AIEC LF82-infected mice. 32114385 6 81 theme UDP-GlcNAc 859:868 arg1 level 850:854 the level 846:854 the level of UDP-GlcNAc 846:868 Infection of AIEC LF82 up-regulated the level of UDP-GlcNAc and increased O-GlcNAc in human colon epithelial HCT116 and HT-29 cells. 32114385 3 82 theme O-GlcNAc 374:381 arg1 METHODS 366:372 METHODS 366:372 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice 366:492 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 83 theme LF82-infected 465:477 arg1 cells 479:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells 423:483 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 12 84 theme Foundation 1865:1874 arg1 Foundation 1786:1795 Natural Science Foundation 1770:1795 Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH) 1770:1908 FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81573087 and 81772924) and International Cooperation Foundation of Jilin Province (20190701006GH). 32114385 10 85 theme Intestinal 1521:1530 arg1 inflammation 1532:1543 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation 1506:1543 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD 1506:1549 INTERPRETATION Intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification, which is required for NF-κB activation and suppression of autophagy. 32114385 9 86 theme cell-associated 1385:1399 arg1 LF82 1406:1409 cell-associated AIEC LF82 1385:1409 cell-associated AIEC LF82 1385:1409 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 32114385 3 87 dep Escherichia 441:451 arg1 AIEC 459:462 AIEC 459:462 AIEC 459:462 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 3 87 dep Escherichia 441:451 arg1 coli 453:456 coli 453:456 coli 453:456 METHODS O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial tissues of CD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82-infected cells and mice was determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. 32114385 4 88 theme C57BL/6 610:616 arg1 mice 618:621 C57BL/6 mice 610:621 C57BL/6 mice 610:621 AIEC LF82 and dextran sulfate sodium were administrated into C57BL/6 mice for estabolishing inflammatory bowel disease model and for therapeutic study. 32114385 11 89 theme Targeting 1672:1680 arg1 therapy 1713:1719 an effective therapy 1700:1719 an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease 1700:1750 Targeting O-GlcNAc could be an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. 32114385 11 89 theme Targeting 1672:1680 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1682:1689 Targeting O-GlcNAc 1672:1689 Targeting O-GlcNAc 1672:1689 Targeting O-GlcNAc could be an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. 32114385 9 90 theme LF82 1406:1409 arg1 removal 1374:1380 the removal 1370:1380 the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82 1370:1409 Application of 6-diazO-5-oxO-L-norleucine, an agent that blocks the production of UDP-GlcNAc and inhibits O-GlcNAc, inactivated NF-κB in AIEC LF82-infected cells, enhanced the formation of autophagy, promoted the removal of cell-associated AIEC LF82, alleviated intestinal epithelial inflammation, and improved the survival of the colitis mice. 34099783 6 0 theme 18F-FDG 1020:1026 arg1 uptake 1028:1033 lower 18F-FDG uptake 1014:1033 lower 18F-FDG uptake 1014:1033 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 1 1 theme spondyloarthritis 305:321 arg1 manifestations 329:342 the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations 301:342 the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice 301:370 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 10 2 theme microbiota 1604:1613 arg1 diversity 1615:1623 gut microbiota diversity 1600:1623 gut microbiota diversity 1600:1623 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34099783 6 3 theme clinical 994:1001 arg1 scores 1003:1008 lower arthritis clinical scores 978:1008 lower arthritis clinical scores 978:1008 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 10 4 theme zymosan + Laso 1663:1676 arg1 mice 1687:1690 zymosan + Laso -treated mice 1663:1690 zymosan + Laso -treated mice 1663:1690 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34099783 5 5 theme gut 880:882 arg1 differences 895:905 gut microbiota differences 880:905 gut microbiota differences 880:905 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 6 6 theme zymosan-treated 1040:1054 arg1 mice 1056:1059 zymosan-treated mice 1040:1059 zymosan-treated mice 1040:1059 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 9 7 from mice 1541:1544 arg1 different 1473:1481 different 1473:1481 different 1473:1481 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 6 8 theme lower 978:982 arg1 scores 1003:1008 lower arthritis clinical scores 978:1008 lower arthritis clinical scores 978:1008 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 4 9 theme mineral 755:761 arg1 BMD 772:774 BMD 772:774 BMD 772:774 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 4 9 theme mineral 755:761 arg1 density 763:769 bone mineral density 750:769 bone mineral density (BMD) 750:775 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 1 10 from manifestations 329:342 arg1 mice 367:370 zymosan-induced SKG mice 347:370 zymosan-induced SKG mice 347:370 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 12 11 theme microbiota 1832:1841 arg1 biodiversity 1812:1823 biodiversity 1812:1823 biodiversity 1812:1823 Laso also affected the composition and biodiversity of gut microbiota. 34099783 12 11 theme microbiota 1832:1841 arg1 composition 1796:1806 composition 1796:1806 composition 1796:1806 Laso also affected the composition and biodiversity of gut microbiota. 34099783 4 12 theme positron 697:704 arg1 tomography 735:744 small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 684:744 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 651:744 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 0 13 theme SKG 159:161 arg1 mice 163:166 zymosan-induced SKG mice 143:166 zymosan-induced SKG mice 143:166 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 9 14 theme Gut 1406:1408 arg1 diversity 1421:1429 Gut microbiota diversity 1406:1429 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice 1406:1453 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 3 15 theme zymosan + Laso-treated 594:615 arg1 groups 617:622 zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups 535:622 zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups 535:622 Mice were randomized into zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups. 34099783 8 16 theme zymosan + Laso-treated 1377:1398 arg1 mice 1400:1403 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 1377:1403 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 1377:1403 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 0 17 from characteristics 106:120 arg1 mice 163:166 zymosan-induced SKG mice 143:166 zymosan-induced SKG mice 143:166 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 4 18 theme tomography/computed 715:733 arg1 tomography 735:744 small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 684:744 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 651:744 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 5 19 theme Fecal 791:795 arg1 samples 797:803 Fecal samples 791:803 Fecal samples 791:803 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 5 20 theme microbiota 884:893 arg1 differences 895:905 gut microbiota differences 880:905 gut microbiota differences 880:905 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 9 21 theme zymosan-treated 1434:1448 arg1 mice 1450:1453 zymosan-treated mice 1434:1453 zymosan-treated mice 1434:1453 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 7 22 theme zymosan + Laso-treated 1124:1145 arg1 mice 1147:1150 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 1124:1150 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 1124:1150 BMD was significantly higher in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice than zymosan-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 11 23 theme SKG 1747:1749 arg1 mice 1751:1754 SKG mice 1747:1754 SKG mice 1747:1754 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 11 23 theme SKG 1747:1749 arg1 model 1759:1763 a model 1757:1763 a model of SpA 1757:1770 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 1 24 theme Ankylosing 169:178 arg1 disease 214:220 a male-predominant disease 195:220 a male-predominant disease 195:220 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 1 24 theme Ankylosing 169:178 arg1 spondylitis 180:190 Ankylosing spondylitis 169:190 Ankylosing spondylitis 169:190 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 5 25 theme ribosomal 828:836 arg1 sequencing 847:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 5 26 theme gene 842:845 arg1 sequencing 847:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 9 27 theme zymosan + E2-treated 1488:1507 arg1 mice 1509:1512 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1488:1512 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1488:1512 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 1 28 theme male-predominant 197:212 arg1 disease 214:220 a male-predominant disease 195:220 a male-predominant disease 195:220 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 1 28 theme male-predominant 197:212 arg1 spondylitis 180:190 Ankylosing spondylitis 169:190 Ankylosing spondylitis 169:190 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 8 29 from injection 1272:1280 arg1 mice 1301:1304 zymosan-treated mice 1285:1304 zymosan-treated mice 1285:1304 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 0 30 theme gut 125:127 arg1 microbiota 129:138 gut microbiota 125:138 gut microbiota 125:138 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 8 31 theme Fecal 1193:1197 arg1 levels 1212:1217 Fecal calprotectin levels 1193:1217 Fecal calprotectin levels 1193:1217 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 2 32 theme disease 484:490 arg1 activity 492:499 disease activity 484:499 disease activity of SpA 484:506 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 2 33 theme receptor 435:442 arg1 modulator 444:452 selective estrogen receptor modulator 416:452 selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) 416:479 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 2 33 theme receptor 435:442 arg1 SERM 455:458 SERM 455:458 SERM 455:458 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 0 34 theme Selective 0:8 arg1 modulator 28:36 Selective estrogen receptor modulator 0:36 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene 0:49 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 11 35 from BMD 1740:1742 arg1 mice 1751:1754 SKG mice 1747:1754 SKG mice 1747:1754 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 11 35 from BMD 1740:1742 arg1 model 1759:1763 a model 1757:1763 a model of SpA 1757:1770 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 11 36 theme SpA 1768:1770 arg1 mice 1751:1754 SKG mice 1747:1754 SKG mice 1747:1754 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 11 36 theme SpA 1768:1770 arg1 model 1759:1763 a model 1757:1763 a model of SpA 1757:1770 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 0 37 theme receptor 19:26 arg1 modulator 28:36 Selective estrogen receptor modulator 0:36 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene 0:49 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 5 38 used used 862:865 arg2 sequencing 847:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 13 39 theme SpA 1902:1904 arg1 patients 1906:1913 selected SpA patients 1893:1913 selected SpA patients 1893:1913 This study provides new knowledge regarding that selected SpA patients could benefit from SERM treatment. 34099783 11 40 theme joint 1708:1712 arg1 inflammation 1714:1725 joint inflammation 1708:1725 joint inflammation 1708:1725 Laso inhibited joint inflammation and enhanced BMD in SKG mice, a model of SpA. 34099783 1 41 theme SKG 363:365 arg1 mice 367:370 zymosan-induced SKG mice 347:370 zymosan-induced SKG mice 347:370 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 6 42 theme zymosan + Laso-treated 943:964 arg1 mice 966:969 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 943:969 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 943:969 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 10 43 from difference 1586:1595 arg1 diversity 1615:1623 gut microbiota diversity 1600:1623 gut microbiota diversity 1600:1623 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34099783 0 44 theme spondyloarthritis 62:78 arg1 manifestation 80:92 spondyloarthritis manifestation 62:92 spondyloarthritis manifestation 62:92 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 4 45 theme 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose 651:672 arg1 tomography 735:744 small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 684:744 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 651:744 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 2 46 theme selective 416:424 arg1 modulator 444:452 selective estrogen receptor modulator 416:452 selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) 416:479 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 2 46 theme selective 416:424 arg1 SERM 455:458 SERM 455:458 SERM 455:458 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 8 47 theme zymosan-treated 1285:1299 arg1 mice 1301:1304 zymosan-treated mice 1285:1304 zymosan-treated mice 1285:1304 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 3 48 theme zymosan-treated 535:549 arg1 groups 617:622 zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups 535:622 zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups 535:622 Mice were randomized into zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups. 34099783 6 49 theme lower 1014:1018 arg1 uptake 1028:1033 lower 18F-FDG uptake 1014:1033 lower 18F-FDG uptake 1014:1033 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 3 50 theme -treated 580:587 arg1 groups 617:622 zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups 535:622 zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups 535:622 Mice were randomized into zymosan-treated, zymosan + 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, and zymosan + Laso-treated groups. 34099783 10 51 theme gut 1600:1602 arg1 diversity 1615:1623 gut microbiota diversity 1600:1623 gut microbiota diversity 1600:1623 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34099783 6 52 theme arthritis 984:992 arg1 scores 1003:1008 lower arthritis clinical scores 978:1008 lower arthritis clinical scores 978:1008 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 2 53 from effect 406:411 arg1 activity 492:499 disease activity 484:499 disease activity of SpA 484:506 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 1 54 theme previous 226:233 arg1 study 235:239 previous study 226:239 previous study 226:239 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 1 55 contain have 265:268 arg1 estrogens 255:263 estrogens 255:263 estrogens 255:263 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 1 55 contain have 265:268 arg2 effect 291:296 an anti-inflammatory effect 270:296 an anti-inflammatory effect 270:296 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 4 56 theme bone 750:753 arg1 BMD 772:774 BMD 772:774 BMD 772:774 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 4 56 theme bone 750:753 arg1 density 763:769 bone mineral density 750:769 bone mineral density (BMD) 750:775 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 10 57 theme zymosan + E2-treated 1633:1652 arg1 mice 1654:1657 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1633:1657 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1633:1657 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34099783 8 58 theme zymosan + E2-treated 1347:1366 arg1 mice 1368:1371 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1347:1371 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1347:1371 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 4 59 theme small-animal 684:695 arg1 tomography 735:744 small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 684:744 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 651:744 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 9 60 theme microbiota 1410:1419 arg1 diversity 1421:1429 Gut microbiota diversity 1406:1429 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice 1406:1453 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 9 61 from mice 1509:1512 arg1 different 1473:1481 different 1473:1481 different 1473:1481 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 4 62 theme emission 706:713 arg1 tomography 735:744 small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 684:744 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography 651:744 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 7 63 theme zymosan-treated 1157:1171 arg1 mice 1173:1176 zymosan-treated mice 1157:1176 zymosan-treated mice 1157:1176 BMD was significantly higher in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice than zymosan-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 12 64 theme gut 1828:1830 arg1 microbiota 1832:1841 gut microbiota 1828:1841 gut microbiota 1828:1841 Laso also affected the composition and biodiversity of gut microbiota. 34099783 9 65 theme mice 1450:1453 arg1 diversity 1421:1429 Gut microbiota diversity 1406:1429 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice 1406:1453 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 5 66 theme 16S 824:826 arg1 sequencing 847:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 4 67 dep 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose 651:672 arg1 18F-FDG 675:681 18F-FDG 675:681 18F-FDG 675:681 Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. 34099783 5 68 theme RNA 838:840 arg1 sequencing 847:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 824:856 Fecal samples were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota differences. 34099783 7 69 theme zymosan + E2-treated 1094:1113 arg1 mice 1115:1118 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1094:1118 zymosan + E2-treated mice 1094:1118 BMD was significantly higher in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice than zymosan-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 0 70 theme microbiota 129:138 arg1 characteristics 106:120 characteristics 106:120 characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice 106:166 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 10 71 theme -treated 1678:1685 arg1 mice 1687:1690 zymosan + Laso -treated mice 1663:1690 zymosan + Laso -treated mice 1663:1690 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34099783 0 72 theme zymosan-induced 143:157 arg1 mice 163:166 zymosan-induced SKG mice 143:166 zymosan-induced SKG mice 143:166 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 9 73 theme zymosan + Laso-treated 1518:1539 arg1 mice 1541:1544 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 1518:1544 zymosan + Laso-treated mice 1518:1544 Gut microbiota diversity of zymosan-treated mice was significantly different from zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice, respectively. 34099783 8 74 theme calprotectin 1199:1210 arg1 levels 1212:1217 Fecal calprotectin levels 1193:1217 Fecal calprotectin levels 1193:1217 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 2 75 theme modulator 444:452 arg1 Laso 475:478 Laso 475:478 Laso 475:478 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 2 75 theme modulator 444:452 arg1 lasofoxifene 461:472 selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene 416:472 selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) 416:479 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 0 76 theme estrogen 10:17 arg1 modulator 28:36 Selective estrogen receptor modulator 0:36 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene 0:49 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 13 77 theme SERM 1934:1937 arg1 treatment 1939:1947 SERM treatment 1934:1947 SERM treatment 1934:1947 This study provides new knowledge regarding that selected SpA patients could benefit from SERM treatment. 34099783 2 78 theme estrogen 426:433 arg1 modulator 444:452 selective estrogen receptor modulator 416:452 selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) 416:479 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 2 78 theme estrogen 426:433 arg1 SERM 455:458 SERM 455:458 SERM 455:458 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 0 79 theme modulator 28:36 arg1 lasofoxifene 38:49 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene 0:49 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene 0:49 Selective estrogen receptor modulator lasofoxifene suppresses spondyloarthritis manifestation and affects characteristics of gut microbiota in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 13 80 theme selected 1893:1900 arg1 patients 1906:1913 selected SpA patients 1893:1913 selected SpA patients 1893:1913 This study provides new knowledge regarding that selected SpA patients could benefit from SERM treatment. 34099783 2 81 theme lasofoxifene 461:472 arg1 effect 406:411 the effect 402:411 the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA 402:506 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 1 82 theme zymosan-induced 347:361 arg1 mice 367:370 zymosan-induced SKG mice 347:370 zymosan-induced SKG mice 347:370 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 2 83 theme SpA 504:506 arg1 activity 492:499 disease activity 484:499 disease activity of SpA 484:506 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) lasofoxifene (Laso) on disease activity of SpA. 34099783 8 84 theme zymosan 1264:1270 arg1 injection 1272:1280 zymosan injection 1264:1280 zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice 1264:1304 Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly elevated at 8 weeks after zymosan injection in zymosan-treated mice, but it was not significantly changed in zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice. 34099783 13 85 theme new 1864:1866 arg1 knowledge 1868:1876 new knowledge 1864:1876 new knowledge 1864:1876 This study provides new knowledge regarding that selected SpA patients could benefit from SERM treatment. 34099783 12 86 dep composition 1796:1806 arg1 the 1792:1794 the 1792:1794 the 1792:1794 Laso also affected the composition and biodiversity of gut microbiota. 34099783 6 87 theme zymosan + E2-treated 913:932 arg1 mice 934:937 zymosan + E2-treated mice 913:937 zymosan + E2-treated mice 913:937 Both zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso-treated mice showed lower arthritis clinical scores and lower 18F-FDG uptake than zymosan-treated mice. 34099783 1 88 theme anti-inflammatory 273:289 arg1 effect 291:296 an anti-inflammatory effect 270:296 an anti-inflammatory effect 270:296 Ankylosing spondylitis is a male-predominant disease and previous study revealed that estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect on the spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations in zymosan-induced SKG mice. 34099783 10 89 theme significant 1574:1584 arg1 difference 1586:1595 no significant difference 1571:1595 no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice 1571:1690 There was no significant difference in gut microbiota diversity between zymosan + E2-treated mice and zymosan + Laso -treated mice. 34671601 9 0 theme embedded 1352:1359 arg1 spheroids 1378:1386 embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1352:1386 embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1352:1386 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34671601 2 1 from homeostasis 416:426 arg1 range 377:381 a wide range 370:381 a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis 370:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 7 2 theme physiological 1011:1023 arg1 ranges 1039:1044 physiological concentration ranges 1011:1044 physiological concentration ranges 1011:1044 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 1 3 theme protein 249:255 arg1 cores 257:261 protein cores 249:261 protein cores 249:261 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 8 4 theme approach 1184:1191 arg1 utility 1168:1174 The functional utility 1153:1174 The functional utility of this approach 1153:1191 The functional utility of this approach was illustrated in a 3D cell culture application. 34671601 0 5 from Presentation 8:19 arg1 Matrices 56:63 Synthetic Matrices 46:63 Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models 46:90 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models. 34671601 5 6 theme GAG-protein 655:665 arg1 interactions 667:678 their GAG-protein interactions 649:678 their GAG-protein interactions 649:678 Due to modifications along the GAG chains, they are limited in their GAG-protein interactions and accessibility to dissect the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions. 34671601 4 7 theme Current 506:512 arg1 biomaterials 514:525 Current biomaterials 506:525 Current biomaterials 506:525 Current biomaterials exploit crosslinks between chemically modified GAG chains. 34671601 5 8 theme GAG 617:619 arg1 chains 621:626 the GAG chains 613:626 the GAG chains 613:626 Due to modifications along the GAG chains, they are limited in their GAG-protein interactions and accessibility to dissect the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions. 34671601 7 9 theme concentration 1025:1037 arg1 ranges 1039:1044 physiological concentration ranges 1011:1044 physiological concentration ranges 1011:1044 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 10 10 theme PEG/GAG 1419:1425 arg1 hydrogels 1427:1435 the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels 1405:1435 the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels 1405:1435 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 10 11 theme fine-tunable 1475:1486 arg1 properties 1507:1516 fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1475:1516 fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1475:1516 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 5 12 theme GAG 764:766 arg1 functions 768:776 GAG functions 764:776 GAG functions 764:776 Due to modifications along the GAG chains, they are limited in their GAG-protein interactions and accessibility to dissect the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions. 34671601 7 13 theme polymer 1130:1136 arg1 concentration 1138:1150 the PEG polymer concentration 1122:1150 the PEG polymer concentration 1122:1150 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 2 14 dep orchestrate 358:368 arg1 Dependent 298:306 Dependent 298:306 Dependent 298:306 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 6 15 theme GAGs 813:816 arg1 presentation 797:808 a natural presentation 787:808 a natural presentation of GAGs 787:816 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 1 16 dep long 123:126 arg1 linear 129:134 linear 129:134 linear 129:134 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 1 17 theme extracellular 170:182 arg1 matrix 184:189 the extracellular matrix 166:189 the extracellular matrix of higher organisms 166:209 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 8 18 theme culture 1222:1228 arg1 application 1230:1240 a 3D cell culture application 1212:1240 a 3D cell culture application 1212:1240 The functional utility of this approach was illustrated in a 3D cell culture application. 34671601 10 19 theme effective 1529:1537 arg1 tool 1539:1542 an effective tool 1526:1542 an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs 1526:1593 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 7 20 theme end-thiolated 965:977 arg1 GAGs 979:982 different end-thiolated GAGs 955:982 different end-thiolated GAGs 955:982 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 2 21 theme wide 372:375 arg1 range 377:381 a wide range 370:381 a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis 370:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 0 22 theme Natural 0:6 arg1 Presentation 8:19 Natural Presentation 0:19 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models 0:90 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models. 34671601 4 23 theme GAG 574:576 arg1 chains 578:583 chemically modified GAG chains 554:583 chemically modified GAG chains 554:583 Current biomaterials exploit crosslinks between chemically modified GAG chains. 34671601 7 24 theme PEG 1126:1128 arg1 polymer 1130:1136 the PEG polymer 1122:1136 the PEG polymer concentration 1122:1150 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 9 25 theme end-thiolated 1261:1273 arg1 hyaluronan 1275:1284 end-thiolated hyaluronan 1261:1284 end-thiolated hyaluronan 1261:1284 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34671601 9 26 theme capillary-like 1312:1325 arg1 sprouts 1327:1333 capillary-like sprouts 1312:1333 capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1312:1386 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34671601 6 27 theme polyethylene 872:883 arg1 PEG 893:895 PEG 893:895 PEG 893:895 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 6 27 theme polyethylene 872:883 arg1 glycol 885:890 polyethylene glycol 872:890 a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel 870:905 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 0 28 theme Glycosaminoglycans 24:41 arg1 Presentation 8:19 Natural Presentation 0:19 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models 0:90 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models. 34671601 4 29 theme modified 565:572 arg1 chains 578:583 chemically modified GAG chains 554:583 chemically modified GAG chains 554:583 Current biomaterials exploit crosslinks between chemically modified GAG chains. 34671601 5 30 theme biochemical 713:723 arg1 properties 741:750 the biochemical and biophysical properties 709:750 the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions 709:776 Due to modifications along the GAG chains, they are limited in their GAG-protein interactions and accessibility to dissect the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions. 34671601 6 31 theme natural 789:795 arg1 presentation 797:808 a natural presentation 787:808 a natural presentation of GAGs 787:816 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 2 32 theme tissue 409:414 arg1 homeostasis 416:426 tissue homeostasis 409:426 tissue homeostasis 409:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 10 33 theme native 1446:1451 arg1 microenvironment 1453:1468 a native microenvironment 1444:1468 a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1444:1516 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 10 34 theme presented 1409:1417 arg1 hydrogels 1427:1435 the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels 1405:1435 the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels 1405:1435 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 6 35 theme glycol 885:890 arg1 hydrogel 898:905 a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel 870:905 a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel 870:905 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 3 36 theme tissue 486:491 arg1 engineering 493:503 tissue engineering 486:503 tissue engineering 486:503 Accordingly, GAG-based biomaterials play a major role in tissue engineering. 34671601 1 37 theme organisms 201:209 arg1 matrix 184:189 the extracellular matrix 166:189 the extracellular matrix of higher organisms 166:209 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 0 38 theme Synthetic 46:54 arg1 Matrices 56:63 Synthetic Matrices 46:63 Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models 46:90 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models. 34671601 1 39 theme free 287:290 arg1 form 292:295 free form 287:295 free form 287:295 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 5 40 theme biophysical 729:739 arg1 properties 741:750 the biochemical and biophysical properties 709:750 the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions 709:776 Due to modifications along the GAG chains, they are limited in their GAG-protein interactions and accessibility to dissect the biochemical and biophysical properties that govern GAG functions. 34671601 3 41 theme GAG-based 442:450 arg1 biomaterials 452:463 GAG-based biomaterials 442:463 GAG-based biomaterials 442:463 Accordingly, GAG-based biomaterials play a major role in tissue engineering. 34671601 2 42 theme functions 396:404 arg1 range 377:381 a wide range 370:381 a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis 370:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 10 43 theme GAGs 1590:1593 arg1 bioactivity 1575:1585 the bioactivity 1571:1585 the bioactivity of GAGs 1571:1593 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 1 44 dep either 219:224 arg1 attached 237:244 attached 237:244 covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans 226:279 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 2 45 theme essential 386:394 arg1 functions 396:404 essential functions 386:404 essential functions in tissue homeostasis 386:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 10 46 with microenvironment 1453:1468 arg1 properties 1507:1516 fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1475:1516 fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1475:1516 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 7 47 theme mechanical 1057:1066 arg1 properties 1068:1077 the mechanical properties 1053:1077 the mechanical properties of the hydrogel 1053:1093 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 7 47 theme mechanical 1057:1066 arg1 tunable 1111:1117 tunable 1111:1117 tunable 1111:1117 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 10 48 theme mechanobiochemical 1488:1505 arg1 properties 1507:1516 fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1475:1516 fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties 1475:1516 Taken together, the presented PEG/GAG hydrogels create a native microenvironment with fine-tunable mechanobiochemical properties and are an effective tool for studying and employing the bioactivity of GAGs. 34671601 7 49 theme hydrogel 1086:1093 arg1 properties 1068:1077 the mechanical properties 1053:1077 the mechanical properties of the hydrogel 1053:1093 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 7 49 theme hydrogel 1086:1093 arg1 tunable 1111:1117 tunable 1111:1117 tunable 1111:1117 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 6 50 theme GAGs 862:865 arg1 immobilization 844:857 a terminal immobilization 833:857 a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel 833:905 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 9 51 theme sprouts 1327:1333 arg1 formation 1299:1307 the formation 1295:1307 the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1295:1386 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34671601 9 52 theme endothelial 1361:1371 arg1 spheroids 1378:1386 embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1352:1386 embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1352:1386 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34671601 1 53 theme long 123:126 arg1 Glycosaminoglycans 93:110 Glycosaminoglycans 93:110 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 93:117 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 1 53 theme long 123:126 arg1 polysaccharides 136:150 long, linear polysaccharides 123:150 long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form 123:295 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 7 54 theme physicochemical 910:924 arg1 characterization 926:941 A physicochemical characterization 908:941 A physicochemical characterization 908:941 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 9 55 theme hyaluronan 1275:1284 arg1 Immobilization 1243:1256 Immobilization 1243:1256 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan 1243:1284 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34671601 7 56 theme different 955:963 arg1 GAGs 979:982 different end-thiolated GAGs 955:982 different end-thiolated GAGs 955:982 A physicochemical characterization showed that different end-thiolated GAGs can be incorporated within physiological concentration ranges, while the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are exclusively tunable by the PEG polymer concentration. 34671601 2 57 from range 377:381 arg1 homeostasis 416:426 tissue homeostasis 409:426 tissue homeostasis 409:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 2 58 theme chemical 317:324 arg1 composition 326:336 their chemical composition 311:336 their chemical composition 311:336 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 8 59 theme functional 1157:1166 arg1 utility 1168:1174 The functional utility 1153:1174 The functional utility of this approach 1153:1191 The functional utility of this approach was illustrated in a 3D cell culture application. 34671601 8 60 theme 3D 1214:1215 arg1 application 1230:1240 a 3D cell culture application 1212:1240 a 3D cell culture application 1212:1240 The functional utility of this approach was illustrated in a 3D cell culture application. 34671601 8 61 theme cell 1217:1220 arg1 application 1230:1240 a 3D cell culture application 1212:1240 a 3D cell culture application 1212:1240 The functional utility of this approach was illustrated in a 3D cell culture application. 34671601 2 62 from functions 396:404 arg1 homeostasis 416:426 tissue homeostasis 409:426 tissue homeostasis 409:426 Dependent on their chemical composition and structure, GAGs orchestrate a wide range of essential functions in tissue homeostasis. 34671601 3 63 theme major 472:476 arg1 role 478:481 a major role 470:481 a major role 470:481 Accordingly, GAG-based biomaterials play a major role in tissue engineering. 34671601 0 64 theme Angiogenesis 72:83 arg1 Models 85:90 3D Angiogenesis Models 69:90 3D Angiogenesis Models 69:90 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models. 34671601 6 65 theme terminal 835:842 arg1 immobilization 844:857 a terminal immobilization 833:857 a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel 833:905 Herein, a natural presentation of GAGs is achieved by a terminal immobilization of GAGs to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. 34671601 1 66 theme higher 194:199 arg1 organisms 201:209 higher organisms 194:209 higher organisms 194:209 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that occur in the extracellular matrix of higher organisms and are either covalently attached to protein cores, as proteoglycans or in free form. 34671601 0 67 theme 3D 69:70 arg1 Models 85:90 3D Angiogenesis Models 69:90 3D Angiogenesis Models 69:90 Natural Presentation of Glycosaminoglycans in Synthetic Matrices for 3D Angiogenesis Models. 34671601 9 68 theme cell 1373:1376 arg1 spheroids 1378:1386 embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1352:1386 embedded endothelial cell spheroids 1352:1386 Immobilization of end-thiolated hyaluronan enhanced the formation of capillary-like sprouts originating from embedded endothelial cell spheroids. 34248640 1 0 theme medicinal 155:163 arg1 Herba 110:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 1 0 theme medicinal 155:163 arg1 herb 165:168 a traditional medicinal herb 141:168 a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity 141:218 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 0 1 from Characterization 11:26 arg1 Herba 96:100 Herba 96:100 Herba 96:100 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 8 2 theme Immunological 1061:1073 arg1 tests 1075:1079 Immunological tests 1061:1079 Immunological tests 1061:1079 Immunological tests indicated that LHPW could activate macrophage RAW264.7 and promote splenocyte proliferation. 34248640 5 3 theme DEAE-52 633:639 arg1 chromatography 651:664 DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography 633:664 DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography 633:664 A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. 34248640 1 4 from herb 165:168 arg1 Asia 173:176 Asia 173:176 Asia 173:176 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 3 5 theme important 335:343 arg1 components 345:354 the most important components 326:354 the most important components of most natural herbs 326:376 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 5 6 theme cellulose 641:649 arg1 chromatography 651:664 DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography 633:664 DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography 633:664 A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. 34248640 2 7 theme material 258:265 arg1 basis 267:271 its material basis 254:271 its material basis 254:271 However, it is still obscure for its material basis and underlying mechanisms. 34248640 6 8 theme physicochemical 699:713 arg1 methods 715:721 physicochemical methods 699:721 physicochemical methods 699:721 According to physicochemical methods and monosaccharide composition analysis, LHPW was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. 34248640 7 9 theme methylation 845:855 arg1 analyses 857:864 NMR and methylation analyses 837:864 analyses 857:864 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 10 theme -β-D-Galp- 947:956 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 965:974 →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp- 942:974 -β-D-Galp- 965:974 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 3 11 theme immunomodulatory 406:421 arg1 ability 423:429 the immunomodulatory ability 402:429 the immunomodulatory ability of herbs 402:438 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 7 12 theme -α-D-Galp- 1046:1055 arg1 1→ 1057:1058 →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 1022:1058 →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 1022:1058 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 13 with polysaccharide 900:913 arg1 backbone 922:929 a backbone 920:929 a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 920:998 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 13 with polysaccharide 900:913 arg1 branches 1010:1017 the branches 1006:1017 the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 1006:1058 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 14 theme -β-D-Fruf- 1025:1034 arg1 1→ 1057:1058 →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 1022:1058 →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 1022:1058 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 0 15 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 7 16 theme NMR 837:839 arg1 analyses 857:864 NMR and methylation analyses 837:864 analyses 857:864 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 8 17 theme splenocyte 1148:1157 arg1 proliferation 1159:1171 splenocyte proliferation 1148:1171 splenocyte proliferation 1148:1171 Immunological tests indicated that LHPW could activate macrophage RAW264.7 and promote splenocyte proliferation. 34248640 3 18 theme most 359:362 arg1 herbs 372:376 most natural herbs 359:376 most natural herbs 359:376 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 0 19 from Activity 49:56 arg1 Herba 96:100 Herba 96:100 Herba 96:100 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 5 20 theme novel 557:561 arg1 polysaccharide 563:576 A novel polysaccharide 555:576 A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) 555:583 A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. 34248640 5 20 theme novel 557:561 arg1 LHPW 579:582 LHPW 579:582 LHPW 579:582 A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. 34248640 3 21 theme natural 364:370 arg1 herbs 372:376 most natural herbs 359:376 most natural herbs 359:376 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 4 22 theme immunomodulatory 528:543 arg1 activity 545:552 their potential immunomodulatory activity 512:552 their potential immunomodulatory activity 512:552 Here, we aimed to detect polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba and examine their potential immunomodulatory activity. 34248640 1 23 used used 133:136 arg2 herb 165:168 a traditional medicinal herb 141:168 a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity 141:218 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 1 23 used used 133:136 arg2 Herba 110:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 3 24 theme components 345:354 arg1 components 345:354 the most important components 326:354 the most important components of most natural herbs 326:376 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 3 24 theme components 345:354 arg1 one 319:321 one 319:321 one 319:321 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 4 25 theme potential 518:526 arg1 activity 545:552 their potential immunomodulatory activity 512:552 their potential immunomodulatory activity 512:552 Here, we aimed to detect polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba and examine their potential immunomodulatory activity. 34248640 2 26 theme underlying 277:286 arg1 mechanisms 288:297 underlying mechanisms 277:297 underlying mechanisms 277:297 However, it is still obscure for its material basis and underlying mechanisms. 34248640 1 27 theme Lycopi 103:108 arg1 Herba 110:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 1 27 theme Lycopi 103:108 arg1 herb 165:168 a traditional medicinal herb 141:168 a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity 141:218 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 0 28 from Herba 96:100 arg1 Polysaccharide 69:82 a Novel Polysaccharide 61:82 a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba 61:100 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 0 28 from Herba 96:100 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 0 28 from Herba 96:100 arg1 Activity 49:56 Immunomodulatory Activity 32:56 Immunomodulatory Activity 32:56 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 7 29 dep -β-D-Fruf- 1025:1034 arg1 2→ 1036:1037 2→ 1036:1037 2→ 1036:1037 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 29 dep -β-D-Fruf- 1025:1034 arg1 →6 1043:1044 →6 1043:1044 →6 1043:1044 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 30 dep -β-D-Galp- 965:974 arg1 1→ 976:977 1→ 976:977 1→ 976:977 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 30 dep -β-D-Galp- 965:974 arg1 1→ 997:998 -α-D-Glcp-(1→ 986:998 →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 942:998 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 30 dep -β-D-Galp- 965:974 arg1 →4 962:963 →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp- 942:974 →4 962:963 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 30 dep -β-D-Galp- 965:974 arg1 →4 983:984 →4 983:984 →4 983:984 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 9 31 theme potential 1257:1265 arg1 immunomodulator 1267:1281 a potential immunomodulator 1255:1281 a potential immunomodulator 1255:1281 This study discovered a novel polysaccharide from Lycopi Herba and showed it was a potential immunomodulator. 34248640 7 32 theme 1→ 1057:1058 arg1 branches 1010:1017 the branches 1006:1017 the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 1006:1058 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 8 33 theme macrophage 1116:1125 arg1 RAW264.7 1127:1134 macrophage RAW264.7 1116:1134 macrophage RAW264.7 1116:1134 Immunological tests indicated that LHPW could activate macrophage RAW264.7 and promote splenocyte proliferation. 34248640 0 34 theme Immunomodulatory 32:47 arg1 Activity 49:56 Immunomodulatory Activity 32:56 Immunomodulatory Activity 32:56 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 3 35 theme herbs 434:438 arg1 ability 423:429 the immunomodulatory ability 402:429 the immunomodulatory ability of herbs 402:438 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 3 36 theme herbs 372:376 arg1 components 345:354 the most important components 326:354 the most important components of most natural herbs 326:376 Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. 34248640 0 37 theme Polysaccharide 69:82 arg1 Characterization 11:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization 0:26 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 0 37 theme Polysaccharide 69:82 arg1 Activity 49:56 Immunomodulatory Activity 32:56 Immunomodulatory Activity 32:56 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 4 38 from Herba 494:498 arg1 polysaccharides 466:480 polysaccharides 466:480 polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba 466:498 Here, we aimed to detect polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba and examine their potential immunomodulatory activity. 34248640 9 39 dep showed 1241:1246 arg1 immunomodulator 1267:1281 a potential immunomodulator 1255:1281 a potential immunomodulator 1255:1281 This study discovered a novel polysaccharide from Lycopi Herba and showed it was a potential immunomodulator. 34248640 5 40 theme G-100 670:674 arg1 sephadex 676:683 G-100 sephadex 670:683 G-100 sephadex 670:683 A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. 34248640 7 41 theme 1→ 958:959 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 965:974 →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp- 942:974 -β-D-Galp- 965:974 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 42 theme -α-D-Glcp- 986:995 arg1 1→ 997:998 -α-D-Glcp-(1→ 986:998 →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 942:998 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 6 43 theme composition 742:752 arg1 analysis 754:761 monosaccharide composition analysis 727:761 monosaccharide composition analysis 727:761 According to physicochemical methods and monosaccharide composition analysis, LHPW was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. 34248640 9 44 theme novel 1198:1202 arg1 polysaccharide 1204:1217 a novel polysaccharide 1196:1217 a novel polysaccharide 1196:1217 This study discovered a novel polysaccharide from Lycopi Herba and showed it was a potential immunomodulator. 34248640 6 45 theme monosaccharide 727:740 arg1 analysis 754:761 monosaccharide composition analysis 727:761 monosaccharide composition analysis 727:761 According to physicochemical methods and monosaccharide composition analysis, LHPW was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. 34248640 7 46 theme neutral 892:898 arg1 LHPW 881:884 LHPW 881:884 LHPW 881:884 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 46 theme neutral 892:898 arg1 polysaccharide 900:913 a neutral polysaccharide 890:913 a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 890:998 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 0 47 theme Novel 63:67 arg1 Polysaccharide 69:82 a Novel Polysaccharide 61:82 a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba 61:100 Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. 34248640 7 48 contain containing 931:940 arg2 -β-D-Galp- 965:974 →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp- 942:974 -β-D-Galp- 965:974 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 7 48 contain containing 931:940 arg1 backbone 922:929 a backbone 920:929 a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 920:998 NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. 34248640 1 49 theme traditional 143:153 arg1 Herba 110:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba 103:114 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 34248640 1 49 theme traditional 143:153 arg1 herb 165:168 a traditional medicinal herb 141:168 a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity 141:218 Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. 33182731 3 0 theme liquid 721:726 arg1 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 0 theme liquid 721:726 arg1 chromatography 728:741 third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 690:741 chromatography 728:741 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 1 1 theme glycoproteome 152:164 arg1 analysis 136:143 Comprehensive analysis 122:143 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome 122:164 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function. 33182731 1 2 theme function 244:251 arg1 aspects 225:231 many aspects 220:231 many aspects of protein function 220:251 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function. 33182731 0 3 theme Secretome 67:75 arg1 Analysis 51:58 the Analysis 47:58 the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells 47:88 Comparison of Three Glycoproteomic Methods for the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells Treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. 33182731 0 4 theme Cells 84:88 arg1 Secretome 67:75 the Secretome 63:75 the Secretome of CHO Cells 63:88 Comparison of Three Glycoproteomic Methods for the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells Treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. 33182731 3 5 theme hydrophilic 697:707 arg1 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 5 theme hydrophilic 697:707 arg1 chromatography 728:741 third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 690:741 chromatography 728:741 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 2 6 theme post-translational 288:305 arg1 modification 307:318 this post-translational modification 283:318 this post-translational modification 283:318 The tremendous complexity of this post-translational modification, however, makes it difficult to adequately characterize the glycoproteome using any single method. 33182731 3 7 dep developed 530:538 arg1 chemoenzymatic 598:611 chemoenzymatic 598:611 chemoenzymatic 598:611 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 8 gly glycoproteins 664:676 arg1 SPEG 679:682 SPEG 679:682 SPEG 679:682 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 8 gly glycoproteins 664:676 arg1 glycoproteins 664:676 N-linked glycoproteins 655:676 N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG) 655:683 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 0 9 theme CHO 80:82 arg1 Cells 84:88 CHO Cells 80:88 CHO Cells 80:88 Comparison of Three Glycoproteomic Methods for the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells Treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. 33182731 3 10 gly glycosites 778:787 arg2 glycosites 778:787 N-linked glycosites 769:787 N-linked glycosites 769:787 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 5 11 theme recombinant 1267:1277 arg1 rhEPO 1301:1305 rhEPO 1301:1305 rhEPO 1301:1305 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 11 theme recombinant 1267:1277 arg1 erythropoietin 1285:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin 1267:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1267:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 3 12 theme glycosite-containing 561:580 arg1 peptides 582:589 glycosite-containing peptides 561:589 glycosite-containing peptides 561:589 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 4 13 gly glycosites 956:965 arg2 glycosites 956:965 many glycosites 951:965 many glycosites not observed in the other two methods 951:1003 Interestingly, the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped considerably whereas NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in the other two methods. 33182731 5 14 theme sugar 1118:1122 arg1 precursor 1174:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 1150:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis 1150:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 14 theme sugar 1118:1122 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1131:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 15 theme human 1279:1283 arg1 rhEPO 1301:1305 rhEPO 1301:1305 rhEPO 1301:1305 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 15 theme human 1279:1283 arg1 erythropoietin 1285:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin 1267:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1267:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 3 16 theme N-linked 540:547 arg1 NGAG 592:595 NGAG 592:595 NGAG 592:595 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 16 theme N-linked 540:547 arg1 glycans 549:555 N-linked glycans 540:555 N-linked glycans 540:555 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 5 17 theme analog 1124:1129 arg1 precursor 1174:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 1150:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis 1150:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 17 theme analog 1124:1129 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1131:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 3 18 theme cells 837:841 arg1 secretome 796:804 the secretome 792:804 the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 792:841 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 5 19 theme proteins 1248:1255 arg1 sialylation 1224:1234 sialylation 1224:1234 sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1224:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 2 20 theme single 404:409 arg1 method 411:416 any single method 400:416 any single method 400:416 The tremendous complexity of this post-translational modification, however, makes it difficult to adequately characterize the glycoproteome using any single method. 33182731 5 21 gly glycopeptide 1041:1052 arg2 glycopeptide 1041:1052 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification 1025:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow 1025:1097 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 3 22 theme developed 530:538 arg1 method 613:618 the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method 517:618 three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method 472:618 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 23 theme N-linked 769:776 arg1 glycosites 778:787 N-linked glycosites 769:787 N-linked glycosites 769:787 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 0 24 theme Glycoproteomic 20:33 arg1 Methods 35:41 Three Glycoproteomic Methods 14:41 Three Glycoproteomic Methods 14:41 Comparison of Three Glycoproteomic Methods for the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells Treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. 33182731 5 25 theme sialic 1188:1193 arg1 biosynthesis 1200:1211 sialic acid biosynthesis 1188:1211 sialic acid biosynthesis 1188:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 26 gly sialylation 1224:1234 arg1 proteins 1248:1255 secreted proteins 1239:1255 secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1239:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 26 gly sialylation 1224:1234 arg1 erythropoietin 1285:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin 1267:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1267:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 27 theme acid 1195:1198 arg1 biosynthesis 1200:1211 sialic acid biosynthesis 1188:1211 sialic acid biosynthesis 1188:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 3 28 dep methods 502:508 arg1 method 613:618 the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method 517:618 three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method 472:618 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 2 29 theme modification 307:318 arg1 complexity 269:278 The tremendous complexity 254:278 The tremendous complexity of this post-translational modification 254:318 The tremendous complexity of this post-translational modification, however, makes it difficult to adequately characterize the glycoproteome using any single method. 33182731 5 30 theme enhanced 1025:1032 arg1 identification 1054:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification 1025:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow 1025:1097 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 31 theme secreted 1239:1246 arg1 proteins 1248:1255 secreted proteins 1239:1255 secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1239:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 31 theme secreted 1239:1246 arg1 erythropoietin 1285:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin 1267:1298 recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) 1267:1306 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 32 theme intact 1034:1039 arg1 identification 1054:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification 1025:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow 1025:1097 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 1 33 theme glycosylation 203:215 arg1 importance 189:198 the importance 185:198 the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function 185:251 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function. 33182731 0 34 theme Methods 35:41 arg1 Comparison 0:9 Comparison 0:9 Comparison of Three Glycoproteomic Methods for the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells 0:88 Comparison of Three Glycoproteomic Methods for the Analysis of the Secretome of CHO Cells Treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. 33182731 5 35 theme flux 1158:1161 arg1 precursor 1174:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 1150:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis 1150:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 35 theme flux 1158:1161 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1131:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 4 36 theme many 951:954 arg1 glycosites 956:965 many glycosites 951:965 many glycosites not observed in the other two methods 951:1003 Interestingly, the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped considerably whereas NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in the other two methods. 33182731 3 37 theme N-linked 655:662 arg1 SPEG 679:682 SPEG 679:682 SPEG 679:682 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 37 theme N-linked 655:662 arg1 glycoproteins 664:676 N-linked glycoproteins 655:676 N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG) 655:683 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 5 38 theme glycopeptide 1041:1052 arg1 identification 1054:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification 1025:1067 enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow 1025:1097 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 4 39 gly glycosites 863:872 arg2 glycosites 863:872 the glycosites 859:872 the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC 859:901 Interestingly, the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped considerably whereas NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in the other two methods. 33182731 3 40 link N-linked 540:547 arg1 NGAG 592:595 NGAG 592:595 NGAG 592:595 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 40 link N-linked 540:547 arg1 glycans 549:555 N-linked glycans 540:555 N-linked glycans 540:555 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 41 theme glycoproteins 664:676 arg1 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 41 theme glycoproteins 664:676 arg1 extraction 641:650 solid-phase extraction 629:650 solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG) 629:683 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 41 theme glycoproteins 664:676 arg1 chromatography 728:741 third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 690:741 chromatography 728:741 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 5 42 theme high 1153:1156 arg1 precursor 1174:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 1150:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis 1150:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 42 theme high 1153:1156 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1131:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 43 theme metabolic 1164:1172 arg1 precursor 1174:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 1150:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis 1150:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 43 theme metabolic 1164:1172 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1131:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 4 44 theme other 987:991 arg1 methods 997:1003 the other two methods 983:1003 the other two methods 983:1003 Interestingly, the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped considerably whereas NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in the other two methods. 33182731 3 45 theme solid-phase 629:639 arg1 extraction 641:650 solid-phase extraction 629:650 solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG) 629:683 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 46 theme third 690:694 arg1 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 46 theme third 690:694 arg1 chromatography 728:741 third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 690:741 chromatography 728:741 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 2 47 theme tremendous 258:267 arg1 complexity 269:278 The tremendous complexity 254:278 The tremendous complexity of this post-translational modification 254:318 The tremendous complexity of this post-translational modification, however, makes it difficult to adequately characterize the glycoproteome using any single method. 33182731 1 48 theme Comprehensive 122:134 arg1 analysis 136:143 Comprehensive analysis 122:143 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome 122:164 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function. 33182731 1 49 theme many 220:223 arg1 aspects 225:231 many aspects 220:231 many aspects of protein function 220:251 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function. 33182731 5 50 theme NGAG 1085:1088 arg1 workflow 1090:1097 the NGAG workflow 1081:1097 the NGAG workflow 1081:1097 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 3 51 theme analysis 493:500 arg1 methods 502:508 three glycoproteomic analysis methods 472:508 three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method 472:618 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 52 theme glycoproteomic 478:491 arg1 methods 502:508 three glycoproteomic analysis methods 472:508 three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method 472:618 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 5 53 theme " 1162:1162 arg1 precursor 1174:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor 1150:1182 a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis 1150:1211 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 5 53 theme " 1162:1162 arg1 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1131:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 1114:1147 Further, utilizing enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we found that the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for sialic acid biosynthesis, increased sialylation of secreted proteins including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). 33182731 4 54 located observed 971:978 arg2 glycosites 956:965 many glycosites 951:965 many glycosites not observed in the other two methods 951:1003 Interestingly, the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped considerably whereas NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in the other two methods. 33182731 4 54 located observed 971:978 arg1 methods 997:1003 the other two methods 983:1003 the other two methods 983:1003 Interestingly, the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped considerably whereas NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in the other two methods. 33182731 3 55 theme Chinese 809:815 arg1 cells 837:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 56 theme CHO 832:834 arg1 cells 837:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 57 theme interaction 709:719 arg1 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 HILIC 744:748 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 57 theme interaction 709:719 arg1 chromatography 728:741 third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 690:741 chromatography 728:741 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 58 theme hamster 817:823 arg1 cells 837:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 59 link N-linked 769:776 arg1 glycosites 778:787 N-linked glycosites 769:787 N-linked glycosites 769:787 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 60 theme ovary 825:829 arg1 cells 837:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 809:841 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 61 link N-linked 655:662 arg1 SPEG 679:682 SPEG 679:682 SPEG 679:682 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 3 61 link N-linked 655:662 arg1 glycoproteins 664:676 N-linked glycoproteins 655:676 N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG) 655:683 To overcome this pitfall, in this report we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods; first the recently developed N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) chemoenzymatic method, second, solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and third, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) by characterizing N-linked glycosites in the secretome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 33182731 1 62 theme protein 236:242 arg1 function 244:251 protein function 236:251 protein function 236:251 Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the importance of glycosylation to many aspects of protein function. 35517525 4 0 theme polymers 794:801 arg1 capabilities 754:765 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities 717:765 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 717:801 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 0 theme polymers 794:801 arg1 ligand 861:866 a ligand 859:866 a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation 859:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 1 1 theme aryl 162:165 arg1 azide 167:171 aryl azide 162:171 aryl azide 162:171 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 5 2 theme N-linked 1046:1053 arg1 polymers 1062:1069 N-linked glycan polymers 1046:1069 N-linked glycan polymers 1046:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 1 3 theme specific 284:291 arg1 protein 293:299 specific protein 284:299 specific protein 284:299 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 2 4 theme radical 556:562 arg1 CMFRP 580:584 CMFRP 580:584 CMFRP 580:584 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 4 theme radical 556:562 arg1 polymerization 564:577 cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization 533:577 cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) 533:585 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 4 5 theme N-glycan 785:792 arg1 polymers 794:801 the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 770:801 the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 770:801 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 1 6 theme protein 293:299 arg1 photo-labelling 265:279 affinity-assisted photo-labelling 247:279 affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein 247:299 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 0 7 theme specific 103:110 arg1 protein 112:118 specific protein 103:118 specific protein 103:118 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 4 8 theme silver 980:985 arg1 staining 987:994 silver staining 980:994 silver staining 980:994 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 2 9 theme functionalized 327:340 arg1 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 9 theme functionalized 327:340 arg1 polymers 351:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 9 theme functionalized 327:340 arg1 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 9 theme functionalized 327:340 arg1 polymer 412:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 3 10 theme chain-end 624:632 arg1 polymers 658:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 3 11 theme aryl 613:616 arg1 azide 618:622 aryl azide 613:622 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 4 12 theme N-lactosyl 837:846 arg1 polymer 848:854 aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer 826:854 aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer 826:854 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 2 13 theme chain-end 317:325 arg1 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 13 theme chain-end 317:325 arg1 polymers 351:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 13 theme chain-end 317:325 arg1 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 13 theme chain-end 317:325 arg1 polymer 412:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 14 theme N-lactosyl 401:410 arg1 polymer 412:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 5 15 theme chain-end 1021:1029 arg1 ligands 1098:1104 useful multivalent ligands 1079:1104 useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies 1079:1161 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 5 15 theme chain-end 1021:1029 arg1 azide 1015:1019 the aryl azide chain-end 1006:1029 the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 1006:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 1 16 link N-linked 198:205 arg1 polymers 214:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 2 17 theme azide 311:315 arg1 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 17 theme azide 311:315 arg1 polymers 351:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 17 theme azide 311:315 arg1 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 17 theme azide 311:315 arg1 polymer 412:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 1 18 theme chain-end 173:181 arg1 polymers 214:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 0 19 theme protein 112:118 arg1 polymers 65:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 0 19 theme protein 112:118 arg1 photo-labelling 84:98 their photo-labelling 78:98 their photo-labelling of specific protein 78:118 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 2 20 theme free 551:554 arg1 radical 556:562 cyanoxyl-mediated free radical 533:562 cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) 533:585 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 21 theme aryl 306:309 arg1 azide 311:315 The aryl azide 302:315 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 1 22 theme functionalized 183:196 arg1 polymers 214:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 5 23 link N-linked 1046:1053 arg1 polymers 1062:1069 N-linked glycan polymers 1046:1069 N-linked glycan polymers 1046:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 0 24 link N-linked 49:56 arg1 polymers 65:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 3 25 theme functionalized 634:647 arg1 polymers 658:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 1 26 theme N-linked 198:205 arg1 polymers 214:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 3 27 theme N-glycan 649:656 arg1 polymers 658:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 1 28 theme glycan 207:212 arg1 polymers 214:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 162:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 0 29 theme azide 18:22 arg1 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis of aryl azide 0:22 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 4 30 theme azide 831:835 arg1 polymer 848:854 aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer 826:854 aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer 826:854 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 5 31 theme specific 1110:1117 arg1 labelling 1127:1135 specific protein labelling 1110:1135 specific protein labelling 1110:1135 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 3 32 theme azide 618:622 arg1 polymers 658:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 609:665 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 1 33 theme polymers 214:221 arg1 synthesis 149:157 a straightforward synthesis 131:157 a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 131:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 1 33 theme polymers 214:221 arg1 application 231:241 its application 227:241 its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein 227:299 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 0 34 theme aryl 13:16 arg1 azide 18:22 aryl azide 13:22 aryl azide 13:22 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 4 35 theme β-galactose-specific 872:891 arg1 lectin 893:898 β-galactose-specific lectin 872:898 β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation 872:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 2 36 theme N-glycan 342:349 arg1 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 N-glucosyl 385:394 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 36 theme N-glycan 342:349 arg1 polymers 351:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers 302:358 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 36 theme N-glycan 342:349 arg1 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 N-galactosyl 371:382 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 36 theme N-glycan 342:349 arg1 polymer 412:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 N-lactosyl polymer 401:418 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 37 theme glycosylamine 459:471 arg1 intermediates 473:485 glycosylamine intermediates 459:485 glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization 459:527 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 0 38 theme functionalized 34:47 arg1 polymers 65:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 4 39 theme affinity-assisted 721:737 arg1 capabilities 754:765 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities 717:765 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 717:801 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 39 theme affinity-assisted 721:737 arg1 ligand 861:866 a ligand 859:866 a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation 859:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 2 40 theme free 443:446 arg1 glycan 448:453 free glycan 443:453 free glycan 443:453 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 2 41 theme cyanoxyl-mediated 533:549 arg1 radical 556:562 cyanoxyl-mediated free radical 533:562 cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) 533:585 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 0 42 theme glycan 58:63 arg1 polymers 65:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 2 43 theme one-pot 592:598 arg1 fashion 600:606 a one-pot fashion 590:606 a one-pot fashion 590:606 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers, including N-galactosyl, N-glucosyl, and N-lactosyl polymer, were synthesized from free glycan via glycosylamine intermediates followed by acrylation and polymerization via cyanoxyl-mediated free radical polymerization (CMFRP) in a one-pot fashion. 35517525 5 44 theme functionality 1141:1153 arg1 studies 1155:1161 functionality studies 1141:1161 functionality studies 1141:1161 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 0 45 theme N-linked 49:56 arg1 polymers 65:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 34:72 Synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and their photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 4 46 theme UV 934:935 arg1 irradiation 937:947 UV irradiation 934:947 UV irradiation 934:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 5 47 theme aryl 1010:1013 arg1 ligands 1098:1104 useful multivalent ligands 1079:1104 useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies 1079:1161 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 5 47 theme aryl 1010:1013 arg1 azide 1015:1019 the aryl azide chain-end 1006:1029 the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 1006:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 5 48 theme protein 1119:1125 arg1 labelling 1127:1135 specific protein labelling 1110:1135 specific protein labelling 1110:1135 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 4 49 theme aryl 826:829 arg1 azide 831:835 aryl azide 826:835 aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer 826:854 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 5 50 theme glycan 1055:1060 arg1 polymers 1062:1069 N-linked glycan polymers 1046:1069 N-linked glycan polymers 1046:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 5 51 theme multivalent 1086:1096 arg1 ligands 1098:1104 useful multivalent ligands 1079:1104 useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies 1079:1161 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 5 51 theme multivalent 1086:1096 arg1 azide 1015:1019 the aryl azide chain-end 1006:1029 the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 1006:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 3 52 theme IR 700:701 arg1 spectroscopy 703:714 IR spectroscopy 700:714 IR spectroscopy 700:714 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 4 53 from hypogaea 913:920 arg1 lectin 893:898 β-galactose-specific lectin 872:898 β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation 872:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 1 54 theme straightforward 133:147 arg1 synthesis 149:157 a straightforward synthesis 131:157 a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 131:221 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 4 55 with SDS-PAGE 966:973 arg1 staining 987:994 silver staining 980:994 silver staining 980:994 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 1 56 theme affinity-assisted 247:263 arg1 photo-labelling 265:279 affinity-assisted photo-labelling 247:279 affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein 247:299 We report a straightforward synthesis of aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers and its application for affinity-assisted photo-labelling of specific protein. 35517525 5 57 theme useful 1079:1084 arg1 ligands 1098:1104 useful multivalent ligands 1079:1104 useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies 1079:1161 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 5 57 theme useful 1079:1084 arg1 azide 1015:1019 the aryl azide chain-end 1006:1029 the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers 1006:1069 Overall, the aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-linked glycan polymers will be useful multivalent ligands for specific protein labelling and functionality studies. 35517525 3 58 theme 1H 689:690 arg1 NMR 692:694 1H NMR 689:694 1H NMR 689:694 The aryl azide chain-end functionalized N-glycan polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. 35517525 4 59 theme azide 779:783 arg1 polymers 794:801 the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 770:801 the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 770:801 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 60 theme photo-labeling 739:752 arg1 capabilities 754:765 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities 717:765 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 717:801 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 60 theme photo-labeling 739:752 arg1 ligand 861:866 a ligand 859:866 a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation 859:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 61 theme Arachis 905:911 arg1 PNA 923:925 PNA 923:925 PNA 923:925 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 61 theme Arachis 905:911 arg1 hypogaea 913:920 Arachis hypogaea 905:920 Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation 905:947 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 35517525 4 62 theme aryl 774:777 arg1 azide 779:783 the aryl azide 770:783 the aryl azide N-glycan polymers 770:801 The affinity-assisted photo-labeling capabilities of the aryl azide N-glycan polymers were demonstrated with aryl azide N-lactosyl polymer as a ligand for β-galactose-specific lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after UV irradiation and confirmed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining. 32850702 0 0 theme Polysaccharide 90:103 arg1 Constructs 112:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs 72:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials 72:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 6 1 theme cell 1385:1388 arg1 proliferation 1390:1402 3D cell proliferation 1382:1402 3D cell proliferation 1382:1402 Individual cells were identified using centroid locations for 3D cell proliferation. 32850702 4 2 theme nanofibers 989:998 arg1 contrast 967:974 endogenous contrast 956:974 endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) 956:1004 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 3 3 theme cross 882:886 arg1 sections 888:895 high-resolution optical cross sections 858:895 high-resolution optical cross sections 858:895 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 5 4 theme cells 1282:1286 arg1 segmentation 1266:1277 segmentation 1266:1277 segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine 1266:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 0 5 theme Derived 82:88 arg1 Constructs 112:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs 72:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials 72:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 0 6 from Microscopy 12:21 arg1 Constructs 112:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs 72:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials 72:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 6 7 theme 3D 1382:1383 arg1 proliferation 1390:1402 3D cell proliferation 1382:1402 3D cell proliferation 1382:1402 Individual cells were identified using centroid locations for 3D cell proliferation. 32850702 4 8 theme endogenous 956:965 arg1 contrast 967:974 endogenous contrast 956:974 endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) 956:1004 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 1 9 theme biomedical 261:270 arg1 applications 272:283 biomedical applications 261:283 biomedical applications including tissue engineering 261:312 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 1 9 theme biomedical 261:270 arg1 engineering 302:312 tissue engineering 295:312 tissue engineering 295:312 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 2 10 theme optical 546:552 arg1 properties 554:563 optical properties 546:563 optical properties 546:563 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 2 11 theme behavior 625:632 arg1 characterization 596:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization 566:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials 566:651 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 0 12 theme Tissue 105:110 arg1 Constructs 112:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs 72:121 Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials 72:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 3 13 theme greater 766:772 arg1 depth 782:786 greater imaging depth 766:786 greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis 766:921 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 2 14 theme cellular 616:623 arg1 behavior 625:632 cellular behavior 616:632 cellular behavior 616:632 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 2 15 from characterization 596:611 arg1 materials 643:651 these materials 637:651 these materials 637:651 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 0 16 theme Irregular 128:136 arg1 Surfaces 138:145 Irregular Surfaces 128:145 Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials 128:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 3 17 theme imaging 774:780 arg1 depth 782:786 greater imaging depth 766:786 greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis 766:921 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 6 18 theme centroid 1359:1366 arg1 locations 1368:1376 centroid locations 1359:1376 centroid locations for 3D cell proliferation 1359:1402 Individual cells were identified using centroid locations for 3D cell proliferation. 32850702 5 19 theme semi-automatic 1296:1309 arg1 routine 1311:1317 a semi-automatic routine 1294:1317 a semi-automatic routine 1294:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 2 20 theme 3-D 401:403 arg1 scaffolds 405:413 3-D scaffolds 401:413 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration 401:437 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 3 21 theme non-invasive 901:912 arg1 analysis 914:921 non-invasive analysis 901:921 non-invasive analysis 901:921 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 5 22 theme ideal 1195:1199 arg1 fluorophore 1201:1211 an ideal fluorophore 1192:1211 an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine 1192:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 5 22 theme ideal 1195:1199 arg1 Orange 1182:1187 Cell Tracker Orange 1169:1187 Cell Tracker Orange 1169:1187 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 4 23 theme Tracker 1090:1096 arg1 Orange 1098:1103 Cell Tracker Orange 1085:1103 Cell Tracker Orange 1085:1103 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 5 24 theme CNF 1232:1234 arg1 autofluorescence 1236:1251 the broad CNF autofluorescence 1222:1251 the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine 1222:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 4 25 theme Orange 1098:1103 arg1 fluorescence 1069:1080 2-photon fluorescence 1060:1080 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation 1060:1166 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 2 26 link derived 374:380 arg1 polysaccharides 382:396 naturally derived polysaccharides 364:396 naturally derived polysaccharides 364:396 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 1 27 theme past 202:205 arg1 decade 207:212 the past decade 198:212 the past decade 198:212 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 0 28 theme Multiphoton 0:10 arg1 Microscopy 12:21 Multiphoton Microscopy 0:21 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 0:191 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 1 29 theme tissue 295:300 arg1 engineering 302:312 tissue engineering 295:312 tissue engineering 295:312 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 0 30 with Constructs 112:121 arg1 Surfaces 138:145 Irregular Surfaces 128:145 Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials 128:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 2 31 theme material 459:466 arg1 characteristics 468:482 promising material characteristics 449:482 promising material characteristics 449:482 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 2 32 theme spatial 575:581 arg1 characterization 596:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization 566:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials 566:651 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 7 33 theme interactions 1477:1488 arg1 investigation 1451:1463 investigation 1451:1463 investigation of cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1451:1531 Overall, the methods presented are viable for investigation of cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials. 32850702 7 34 theme candidate 1510:1518 arg1 biomaterials 1520:1531 polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1495:1531 polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1495:1531 Overall, the methods presented are viable for investigation of cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials. 32850702 7 35 theme polysaccharide 1495:1508 arg1 biomaterials 1520:1531 polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1495:1531 polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1495:1531 Overall, the methods presented are viable for investigation of cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials. 32850702 2 36 theme promising 449:457 arg1 characteristics 468:482 promising material characteristics 449:482 promising material characteristics 449:482 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 2 37 theme adequate 566:573 arg1 characterization 596:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization 566:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials 566:651 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 4 38 theme Second 1012:1017 arg1 SHG 1040:1042 SHG 1040:1042 SHG 1040:1042 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 4 38 theme Second 1012:1017 arg1 Generation 1028:1037 Second Harmonic Generation 1012:1037 Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) 1012:1043 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 2 39 from complexities 501:512 arg1 composition 517:527 composition 517:527 composition 517:527 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 2 39 from complexities 501:512 arg1 properties 554:563 optical properties 546:563 optical properties 546:563 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 2 39 from complexities 501:512 arg1 morphology 530:539 morphology 530:539 morphology 530:539 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 4 40 theme spatial 1109:1115 arg1 imaging 1134:1140 spatial and longitudinal imaging 1109:1140 spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation 1109:1166 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 4 41 theme 2-photon 1060:1067 arg1 fluorescence 1069:1080 2-photon fluorescence 1060:1080 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation 1060:1166 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 3 42 theme Multiphoton 665:675 arg1 microscopy 677:686 Multiphoton microscopy 665:686 Multiphoton microscopy 665:686 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 3 43 theme high-resolution 858:872 arg1 sections 888:895 high-resolution optical cross sections 858:895 high-resolution optical cross sections 858:895 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 2 44 theme tissue 419:424 arg1 regeneration 426:437 tissue regeneration 419:437 tissue regeneration 419:437 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 0 45 theme Behavior 60:67 arg1 Characterization 31:46 the Characterization 27:46 the Characterization of Cellular Behavior 27:67 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 5 46 theme broad 1226:1230 arg1 autofluorescence 1236:1251 the broad CNF autofluorescence 1222:1251 the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine 1222:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 0 47 theme Platform 170:177 arg1 Biomaterials 179:190 Platform Biomaterials 170:190 Platform Biomaterials 170:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 5 48 theme Cell 1169:1172 arg1 fluorophore 1201:1211 an ideal fluorophore 1192:1211 an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine 1192:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 5 48 theme Cell 1169:1172 arg1 Orange 1182:1187 Cell Tracker Orange 1169:1187 Cell Tracker Orange 1169:1187 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 7 49 theme cellular 1468:1475 arg1 interactions 1477:1488 cellular interactions 1468:1488 cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1468:1531 Overall, the methods presented are viable for investigation of cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials. 32850702 0 50 theme Cellular 51:58 arg1 Behavior 60:67 Cellular Behavior 51:67 Cellular Behavior 51:67 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 3 51 theme un-favorable 820:831 arg1 scattering 833:842 un-favorable scattering 820:842 un-favorable scattering 820:842 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 3 52 dep depth 782:786 arg1 minimizing 809:818 minimizing 809:818 minimizing un-favorable scattering 809:842 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 3 52 dep depth 782:786 arg1 producing 848:856 producing 848:856 producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis 848:921 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 3 53 theme viable 705:710 arg1 tool 712:715 a viable tool 703:715 a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis 703:921 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 5 54 theme Tracker 1174:1180 arg1 fluorophore 1201:1211 an ideal fluorophore 1192:1211 an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine 1192:1317 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 5 54 theme Tracker 1174:1180 arg1 Orange 1182:1187 Cell Tracker Orange 1169:1187 Cell Tracker Orange 1169:1187 Cell Tracker Orange is an ideal fluorophore to avoid the broad CNF autofluorescence allowing for segmentation of cells using a semi-automatic routine. 32850702 4 55 theme proliferation 1154:1166 arg1 imaging 1134:1140 spatial and longitudinal imaging 1109:1140 spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation 1109:1166 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 2 56 theme temporal 587:594 arg1 characterization 596:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization 566:611 adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials 566:651 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 6 57 theme Individual 1320:1329 arg1 cells 1331:1335 Individual cells 1320:1335 Individual cells 1320:1335 Individual cells were identified using centroid locations for 3D cell proliferation. 32850702 4 58 theme cellular 1145:1152 arg1 proliferation 1154:1166 cellular proliferation 1145:1166 cellular proliferation 1145:1166 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 1 59 theme polymers 226:233 arg1 rising 326:331 rising 326:331 rising interest 326:340 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 1 59 theme polymers 226:233 arg1 use 219:221 the use 215:221 the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering 215:312 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 0 60 theme Biomaterials 179:190 arg1 Development 155:165 the Development 151:165 the Development of Platform Biomaterials 151:190 Multiphoton Microscopy for the Characterization of Cellular Behavior on Naturally Derived Polysaccharide Tissue Constructs With Irregular Surfaces for the Development of Platform Biomaterials. 32850702 4 61 theme Harmonic 1019:1026 arg1 SHG 1040:1042 SHG 1040:1042 SHG 1040:1042 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 4 61 theme Harmonic 1019:1026 arg1 Generation 1028:1037 Second Harmonic Generation 1012:1037 Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) 1012:1043 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 7 62 with interactions 1477:1488 arg1 biomaterials 1520:1531 polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1495:1531 polysaccharide candidate biomaterials 1495:1531 Overall, the methods presented are viable for investigation of cellular interactions with polysaccharide candidate biomaterials. 32850702 2 63 theme polysaccharides 382:396 arg1 use 357:359 the use 353:359 the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration 353:437 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 1 64 theme platform 238:245 arg1 materials 247:255 platform materials 238:255 platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering 238:312 Over the past decade, the use of polymers as platform materials for biomedical applications including tissue engineering has been of rising interest. 32850702 4 65 theme Cell 1085:1088 arg1 Orange 1098:1103 Cell Tracker Orange 1085:1103 Cell Tracker Orange 1085:1103 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 3 66 theme such 732:735 arg1 quantification 737:750 such quantification 732:750 such quantification 732:750 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 32850702 4 67 theme cellulose 979:987 arg1 nanofibers 989:998 cellulose nanofibers 979:998 cellulose nanofibers (CNF) 979:1004 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 4 67 theme cellulose 979:987 arg1 CNF 1001:1003 CNF 1001:1003 CNF 1001:1003 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 2 68 theme derived 374:380 arg1 polysaccharides 382:396 naturally derived polysaccharides 364:396 naturally derived polysaccharides 364:396 Recently, the use of naturally derived polysaccharides as 3-D scaffolds for tissue regeneration has shown promising material characteristics; however, due to complexities in composition, morphology, and optical properties, adequate spatial and temporal characterization of cellular behavior in these materials is lacking. 32850702 4 69 theme longitudinal 1121:1132 arg1 imaging 1134:1140 spatial and longitudinal imaging 1109:1140 spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation 1109:1166 Here we describe a method using endogenous contrast of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), combined with 2-photon fluorescence of Cell Tracker Orange for spatial and longitudinal imaging of cellular proliferation. 32850702 3 70 theme optical 874:880 arg1 sections 888:895 high-resolution optical cross sections 858:895 high-resolution optical cross sections 858:895 Multiphoton microscopy has emerged as a viable tool for performing such quantification by permitting greater imaging depth while simultaneously minimizing un-favorable scattering and producing high-resolution optical cross sections for non-invasive analysis. 33896439 12 0 from group 1338:1342 arg1 substitution 1349:1360 the substitution 1345:1360 the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, 1345:1466 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 0 from group 1338:1342 arg1 related 1487:1493 related 1487:1493 related 1487:1493 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 11 1 theme significant 1287:1297 arg1 reduction 1299:1307 a significant reduction 1285:1307 a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1285:1327 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 11 2 theme < 1321:1321 arg1 0·05 1323:1326 P < 0·05 1319:1326 P < 0·05 1319:1326 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 11 2 theme < 1321:1321 arg1 NAFLD 1312:1316 NAFLD 1312:1316 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1312:1327 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 13 3 from MUFA 1712:1715 arg1 exchange 1720:1727 exchange 1720:1727 exchange 1720:1727 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 10 4 from increase 1169:1176 arg1 NAFLD 1181:1185 NAFLD 1181:1185 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1181:1196 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 4 from increase 1169:1176 arg1 0·05 1192:1195 P < 0·05 1188:1195 P < 0·05 1188:1195 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 9 5 theme fatty 907:911 arg1 liver 913:917 fatty liver 907:917 fatty liver 907:917 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 10 6 from substitution 924:935 arg1 group 995:999 the lean group 986:999 the lean group 986:999 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 11 7 theme MUFA 1245:1248 arg1 substitution 1229:1240 the substitution 1225:1240 the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides 1225:1271 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 11 8 theme non-lean 1202:1209 arg1 participants 1211:1222 non-lean participants 1202:1222 non-lean participants 1202:1222 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 1 9 theme dietary 199:205 arg1 changes 207:213 dietary changes 199:213 dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 199:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 12 10 from increase 1501:1508 arg1 NAFLD 1513:1517 NAFLD 1513:1517 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1513:1528 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 10 from increase 1501:1508 arg1 0·05 1524:1527 P < 0·05 1520:1527 P < 0·05 1520:1527 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 7 11 from Amol 736:739 arg1 Iran 767:770 Iran 767:770 Iran 767:770 SETTING Amol and its suburban areas in Iran. 33896439 13 12 theme animal 1630:1635 arg1 intake 1645:1650 animal protein intake 1630:1650 animal protein intake 1630:1650 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 4 13 theme study 473:477 arg1 subjects 479:486 The study subjects 469:486 The study subjects 469:486 The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). 33896439 7 14 from areas 758:762 arg1 Iran 767:770 Iran 767:770 Iran 767:770 SETTING Amol and its suburban areas in Iran. 33896439 10 15 theme significant 1157:1167 arg1 increase 1169:1176 a significant increase 1155:1176 a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1155:1196 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 16 theme lean 990:993 arg1 group 995:999 the lean group 986:999 the lean group 986:999 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 2 17 dep DESIGN 281:286 arg1 study 300:304 The current study 288:304 DESIGN The current study 281:304 DESIGN The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. 33896439 0 18 theme liver 79:83 arg1 disease 85:91 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 59:91 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 59:91 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 10 19 theme NAFLD 1027:1031 arg1 reduction 1033:1041 a significant NAFLD reduction 1013:1041 a significant NAFLD reduction 1013:1041 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 13 20 theme protein 1637:1643 arg1 intake 1645:1650 animal protein intake 1630:1650 animal protein intake 1630:1650 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 4 21 theme lean 510:513 arg1 groups 528:533 the lean and non-lean groups 506:533 the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25) 506:568 The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). 33896439 13 22 theme lean 1549:1552 arg1 NAFLD 1554:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD 1531:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD 1531:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 1 23 with patients 224:231 arg1 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 1 23 with patients 224:231 arg1 disease 264:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 238:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 238:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 5 24 theme Multivariable 571:583 arg1 regression 594:603 Multivariable logistic regression 571:603 Multivariable logistic regression 571:603 Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. 33896439 8 25 theme relevant 834:841 arg1 data 843:846 full relevant data 829:846 full relevant data 829:846 PARTICIPANTS Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. 33896439 4 26 theme non-lean 519:526 arg1 groups 528:533 the lean and non-lean groups 506:533 the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25) 506:568 The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). 33896439 12 27 theme P 1520:1520 arg1 NAFLD 1513:1517 NAFLD 1513:1517 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1513:1528 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 27 theme P 1520:1520 arg1 0·05 1524:1527 P < 0·05 1520:1527 P < 0·05 1520:1527 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 3 28 theme NAFLD 452:456 arg1 diagnosis 458:466 NAFLD diagnosis 452:466 NAFLD diagnosis 452:466 The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. 33896439 0 29 from composition 43:53 arg1 populations 114:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 13 30 theme CONCLUSIONS 1531:1541 arg1 NAFLD 1554:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD 1531:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD 1531:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 10 31 theme < 1190:1190 arg1 NAFLD 1181:1185 NAFLD 1181:1185 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1181:1196 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 31 theme < 1190:1190 arg1 0·05 1192:1195 P < 0·05 1188:1195 P < 0·05 1188:1195 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 9 32 contain had 903:905 arg1 % 901:901 46·7 % 896:901 46·7 % 896:901 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 9 32 contain had 903:905 arg2 liver 913:917 fatty liver 907:917 fatty liver 907:917 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 8 33 from Adults 786:791 arg1 range 804:808 the age range 796:808 the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data 796:846 PARTICIPANTS Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. 33896439 1 34 dep OBJECTIVE 152:160 arg1 aimed 180:184 aimed 180:184 aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 180:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 0 35 theme dietary 21:27 arg1 composition 43:53 dietary macronutrient composition 21:53 dietary macronutrient composition 21:53 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 3 36 used used 375:378 arg2 FFQ 367:369 The FFQ 363:369 The FFQ 363:369 The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. 33896439 12 37 from related 1487:1493 arg1 group 1338:1342 this group 1333:1342 this group 1333:1342 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 38 theme macronutrients 1093:1106 arg1 types 1084:1088 all types 1080:1088 all types of macronutrients 1080:1106 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 39 dep resulted 1001:1008 arg1 whereas 1044:1050 whereas 1044:1050 whereas 1044:1050 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 3 40 theme macronutrient 399:411 arg1 intake 413:418 dietary macronutrient intake 391:418 dietary macronutrient intake 391:418 The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. 33896439 0 41 theme non-alcoholic 59:71 arg1 disease 85:91 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 59:91 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 59:91 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 4 42 dep BMI 550:552 arg1 < 555:555 < 25 555:558 < 25 555:558 The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). 33896439 4 42 dep BMI 550:552 arg1 ≥ 564:564 ≥ 25 564:567 ≥ 25 564:567 The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). 33896439 9 43 theme study 873:877 arg1 2308 889:892 2308 889:892 2308 889:892 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 9 43 theme study 873:877 arg1 subjects 879:886 the total study subjects 863:886 the total study subjects (2308) 863:893 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 8 44 dep 65 821:822 arg1 to 816:817 to 816:817 to 816:817 PARTICIPANTS Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. 33896439 2 45 theme population-based 322:337 arg1 design 355:360 a population-based cross-sectional design 320:360 a population-based cross-sectional design 320:360 DESIGN The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. 33896439 1 46 theme fatty 252:256 arg1 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 1 46 theme fatty 252:256 arg1 disease 264:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 238:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 238:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 0 47 dep Relationship 0:11 arg1 study 145:149 a cross-sectional study 127:149 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 0:150 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 13 48 theme non-lean 1667:1674 arg1 NAFLD 1676:1680 lower non-lean NAFLD 1661:1680 lower non-lean NAFLD 1661:1680 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 5 49 used used 609:612 arg2 regression 594:603 Multivariable logistic regression 571:603 Multivariable logistic regression 571:603 Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. 33896439 11 50 theme P 1319:1319 arg1 0·05 1323:1326 P < 0·05 1319:1326 P < 0·05 1319:1326 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 11 50 theme P 1319:1319 arg1 NAFLD 1312:1316 NAFLD 1312:1316 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1312:1327 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 5 51 theme dietary 651:657 arg1 macronutrients 659:672 dietary macronutrients 651:672 dietary macronutrients 651:672 Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. 33896439 2 52 theme current 292:298 arg1 study 300:304 The current study 288:304 DESIGN The current study 281:304 DESIGN The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. 33896439 11 53 theme NAFLD 1312:1316 arg1 reduction 1299:1307 a significant reduction 1285:1307 a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1285:1327 In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 13 54 dep correlated 1563:1572 arg1 whereas 1653:1659 whereas 1653:1659 whereas 1653:1659 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 0 55 theme cross-sectional 129:143 arg1 study 145:149 a cross-sectional study 127:149 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 0:150 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 1 56 theme lean 219:222 arg1 patients 224:231 lean patients 219:231 lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 219:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 0 57 from disease 85:91 arg1 populations 114:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 12 58 theme vegetable 1441:1449 arg1 protein 1451:1457 vegetable protein 1441:1457 vegetable protein 1441:1457 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 59 theme P 1188:1188 arg1 NAFLD 1181:1185 NAFLD 1181:1185 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1181:1196 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 59 theme P 1188:1188 arg1 0·05 1192:1195 P < 0·05 1188:1195 P < 0·05 1188:1195 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 0 60 theme lean 96:99 arg1 populations 114:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 10 61 theme significant 1015:1025 arg1 reduction 1033:1041 a significant NAFLD reduction 1013:1041 a significant NAFLD reduction 1013:1041 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 1 62 theme current 166:172 arg1 study 174:178 The current study 162:178 The current study 162:178 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 8 63 theme 65 821:822 arg1 range 804:808 the age range 796:808 the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data 796:846 PARTICIPANTS Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. 33896439 0 64 theme non-lean 105:112 arg1 populations 114:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 lean and non-lean populations 96:124 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 5 65 theme logistic 585:592 arg1 regression 594:603 Multivariable logistic regression 571:603 Multivariable logistic regression 571:603 Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. 33896439 8 66 theme full 829:832 arg1 data 843:846 full relevant data 829:846 full relevant data 829:846 PARTICIPANTS Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. 33896439 13 67 from polysaccharides 1590:1604 arg1 exchange 1609:1616 exchange 1609:1616 exchange for SFA and animal protein intake 1609:1650 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 8 68 theme age 800:802 arg1 range 804:808 the age range 796:808 the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data 796:846 PARTICIPANTS Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. 33896439 12 69 theme < 1522:1522 arg1 NAFLD 1513:1517 NAFLD 1513:1517 NAFLD (P < 0·05) 1513:1528 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 69 theme < 1522:1522 arg1 0·05 1524:1527 P < 0·05 1520:1527 P < 0·05 1520:1527 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 3 70 theme dietary 391:397 arg1 intake 413:418 dietary macronutrient intake 391:418 dietary macronutrient intake 391:418 The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. 33896439 13 71 theme Lower 1543:1547 arg1 NAFLD 1554:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD 1531:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD 1531:1558 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 6 72 theme Substitution 685:696 arg1 analyses 698:705 Substitution analyses 685:705 Substitution analyses 685:705 Substitution analyses were also performed. 33896439 0 73 theme macronutrient 29:41 arg1 composition 43:53 dietary macronutrient composition 21:53 dietary macronutrient composition 21:53 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 10 74 theme SFA 1072:1074 arg1 substitution 1056:1067 the substitution 1052:1067 the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients 1052:1106 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 75 theme mono-disaccharides 1373:1390 arg1 substitution 1349:1360 the substitution 1345:1360 the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, 1345:1466 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 75 theme mono-disaccharides 1373:1390 arg1 related 1487:1493 related 1487:1493 related 1487:1493 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 3 76 theme ultrasonography 424:438 arg1 results 440:446 dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results 391:446 dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis 391:466 The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. 33896439 0 77 theme fatty 73:77 arg1 disease 85:91 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 59:91 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 59:91 Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. 33896439 3 78 theme intake 413:418 arg1 results 440:446 dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results 391:446 dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis 391:466 The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. 33896439 9 79 theme total 867:871 arg1 2308 889:892 2308 889:892 2308 889:892 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 9 79 theme total 867:871 arg1 subjects 879:886 the total study subjects 863:886 the total study subjects (2308) 863:893 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 2 80 theme cross-sectional 339:353 arg1 design 355:360 a population-based cross-sectional design 320:360 a population-based cross-sectional design 320:360 DESIGN The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. 33896439 10 81 theme animal 960:965 arg1 protein 967:973 animal protein 960:973 animal protein 960:973 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 1 82 theme non-alcoholic 238:250 arg1 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 1 82 theme non-alcoholic 238:250 arg1 disease 264:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 238:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 238:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 9 83 dep RESULTS 849:855 arg1 had 903:905 had 903:905 had fatty liver 903:917 RESULTS Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. 33896439 12 84 theme SFA 1365:1367 arg1 substitution 1349:1360 the substitution 1345:1360 the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, 1345:1466 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 12 84 theme SFA 1365:1367 arg1 related 1487:1493 related 1487:1493 related 1487:1493 In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 10 85 theme polysaccharides 940:954 arg1 substitution 924:935 The substitution 920:935 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group 920:999 The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). 33896439 13 86 theme lower 1661:1665 arg1 NAFLD 1676:1680 lower non-lean NAFLD 1661:1680 lower non-lean NAFLD 1661:1680 CONCLUSIONS Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA. 33896439 1 87 theme liver 258:262 arg1 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 NAFLD 273:277 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 1 87 theme liver 258:262 arg1 disease 264:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 238:270 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 238:278 OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 33896439 7 88 theme suburban 749:756 arg1 areas 758:762 its suburban areas 745:762 its suburban areas in Iran 745:770 SETTING Amol and its suburban areas in Iran. 33182133 10 0 theme viscoelastic 1584:1595 arg1 properties 1597:1606 viscoelastic properties 1584:1606 viscoelastic properties 1584:1606 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 0 1 theme sludge 65:70 arg1 granulation 72:82 aerobic sludge granulation 57:82 aerobic sludge granulation 57:82 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 5 2 theme 100 602:604 arg1 ratios 592:597 COD/N ratios 586:597 COD/N ratios of 100 586:604 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 7 3 from roles 1101:1105 arg1 granulation 1117:1127 sludge granulation 1110:1127 sludge granulation 1110:1127 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 7 3 from roles 1101:1105 arg1 stability 1141:1149 granule stability 1133:1149 granule stability 1133:1149 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 7 4 theme β-sheets 1001:1008 arg1 abundance 1010:1018 β-sheets abundance 1001:1018 β-sheets abundance 1001:1018 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 6 5 theme gene 875:878 arg1 abundance 857:865 a higher abundance 848:865 a higher abundance of amoA gene 848:878 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 7 6 theme granule 1035:1041 arg1 decrease 1048:1055 granule size decrease 1035:1055 granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80 1035:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 0 7 from Evolution 0:8 arg1 granulation 72:82 aerobic sludge granulation 57:82 aerobic sludge granulation 57:82 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 8 8 dep QCM-D 1152:1156 arg1 microbalance 1174:1185 quartz crystal microbalance 1159:1185 quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring 1159:1213 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 2 9 theme granulation 287:297 arg1 process 299:305 the granulation process 283:305 the granulation process 283:305 Understanding the granulation process is vital to address this issue. 33182133 9 10 theme PVDF 1444:1447 arg1 sensors 1449:1455 the PVDF sensors 1440:1455 the PVDF sensors 1440:1455 In contrast, they showed the opposite behavior and became more adhesive on the PVDF sensors. 33182133 1 11 theme broader 247:253 arg1 applications 255:266 its broader applications 243:266 its broader applications 243:266 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 6 12 theme rapid 779:783 arg1 granulation 792:802 a more rapid sludge granulation 772:802 a more rapid sludge granulation 772:802 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 7 13 theme polysaccharide 971:984 arg1 production 986:995 polysaccharide production 971:995 polysaccharide production 971:995 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 10 14 from surface-adhesive 1563:1578 arg1 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 6 15 contain had 885:887 arg2 production 898:907 a higher production 889:907 a higher production of polysaccharides 889:926 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 6 15 contain had 885:887 arg1 R2 762:763 R2 762:763 R2 762:763 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 8 16 theme quartz 1159:1164 arg1 microbalance 1174:1185 quartz crystal microbalance 1159:1185 quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring 1159:1213 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 3 17 theme Extracellular 339:351 arg1 EPS 375:377 EPS 375:377 EPS 375:377 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an essential role in sludge granulation. 33182133 3 17 theme Extracellular 339:351 arg1 substances 363:372 Extracellular polymeric substances 339:372 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 339:378 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an essential role in sludge granulation. 33182133 4 18 theme EPS 457:459 arg1 properties 492:501 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 462:501 properties 492:501 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 4 18 theme EPS 457:459 arg1 aspect 447:452 one crucial aspect 435:452 one crucial aspect of EPS 435:459 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 7 19 theme size 1043:1046 arg1 decrease 1048:1055 granule size decrease 1035:1055 granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80 1035:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 5 20 theme sludge 728:733 arg1 granulation 735:745 the sludge granulation 724:745 the sludge granulation 724:745 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 6 21 theme higher 891:896 arg1 production 898:907 a higher production 889:907 a higher production of polysaccharides 889:926 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 6 22 theme polysaccharides 912:926 arg1 production 898:907 a higher production 889:907 a higher production of polysaccharides 889:926 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 3 23 theme polymeric 353:361 arg1 EPS 375:377 EPS 375:377 EPS 375:377 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an essential role in sludge granulation. 33182133 3 23 theme polymeric 353:361 arg1 substances 363:372 Extracellular polymeric substances 339:372 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 339:378 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an essential role in sludge granulation. 33182133 4 24 theme adhesive 466:473 arg1 aspect 447:452 one crucial aspect 435:452 one crucial aspect of EPS 435:459 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 4 24 theme adhesive 466:473 arg1 properties 492:501 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 462:501 properties 492:501 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 10 25 theme higher 1511:1516 arg1 band 1527:1530 a higher β-sheets band 1509:1530 a higher β-sheets band in proteins 1509:1542 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 10 26 theme granulation 1637:1647 arg1 process 1649:1655 the aerobic sludge granulation process 1618:1655 the aerobic sludge granulation process 1618:1655 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 5 27 theme COD/N 586:590 arg1 ratios 592:597 COD/N ratios 586:597 COD/N ratios of 100 586:604 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 10 28 theme granule 1665:1671 arg1 maintenance 1673:1683 the granule maintenance 1661:1683 the granule maintenance 1661:1683 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 5 29 theme sludge 706:711 arg1 EPS 713:715 sludge EPS 706:715 sludge EPS 706:715 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 8 30 with microbalance 1174:1185 arg1 monitoring 1204:1213 dissipation monitoring 1192:1213 dissipation monitoring 1192:1213 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 7 31 theme sharp 953:957 arg1 decrease 959:966 a sharp decrease 951:966 a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80 951:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 8 32 theme mineral 1305:1311 arg1 surfaces 1313:1320 the mineral surfaces 1301:1320 the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process 1301:1362 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 0 33 theme polymeric 27:35 arg1 EPS 49:51 EPS 49:51 EPS 49:51 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 0 33 theme polymeric 27:35 arg1 substances 37:46 extracellular polymeric substances 13:46 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 13:52 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 4 34 theme AGS 526:528 arg1 studies 530:536 AGS studies 526:536 AGS studies 526:536 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 0 35 theme viscoelastic 112:123 arg1 properties 125:134 viscoelastic properties 112:134 viscoelastic properties 112:134 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 10 36 from properties 1597:1606 arg1 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 10 37 from polysaccharides 1492:1506 arg1 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 1 38 theme promising 172:180 arg1 sludge 154:159 Aerobic granular sludge 137:159 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) 137:165 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 38 theme promising 172:180 arg1 innovation 203:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 0 39 theme extracellular 13:25 arg1 EPS 49:51 EPS 49:51 EPS 49:51 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 0 39 theme extracellular 13:25 arg1 substances 37:46 extracellular polymeric substances 13:46 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 13:52 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 10 40 theme aerobic 1622:1628 arg1 process 1649:1655 the aerobic sludge granulation process 1618:1655 the aerobic sludge granulation process 1618:1655 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 4 41 theme crucial 439:445 arg1 properties 492:501 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 462:501 properties 492:501 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 4 41 theme crucial 439:445 arg1 aspect 447:452 one crucial aspect 435:452 one crucial aspect of EPS 435:459 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 8 42 theme dissipation 1192:1202 arg1 monitoring 1204:1213 dissipation monitoring 1192:1213 dissipation monitoring 1192:1213 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 9 43 theme opposite 1394:1401 arg1 behavior 1403:1410 the opposite behavior 1390:1410 the opposite behavior 1390:1410 In contrast, they showed the opposite behavior and became more adhesive on the PVDF sensors. 33182133 1 44 theme wastewater 182:191 arg1 sludge 154:159 Aerobic granular sludge 137:159 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) 137:165 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 44 theme wastewater 182:191 arg1 innovation 203:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 5 45 theme adhesive 666:673 arg1 properties 692:701 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 662:701 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS 662:715 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 7 46 from decrease 959:966 arg1 production 986:995 polysaccharide production 971:995 polysaccharide production 971:995 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 7 46 from decrease 959:966 arg1 abundance 1010:1018 β-sheets abundance 1001:1018 β-sheets abundance 1001:1018 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 7 47 theme sludge 1110:1115 arg1 granulation 1117:1127 sludge granulation 1110:1127 sludge granulation 1110:1127 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 6 48 contain contained 838:846 arg2 abundance 857:865 a higher abundance 848:865 a higher abundance of amoA gene 848:878 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 6 48 contain contained 838:846 arg1 R2 762:763 R2 762:763 R2 762:763 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 1 49 theme treatment 193:201 arg1 sludge 154:159 Aerobic granular sludge 137:159 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) 137:165 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 49 theme treatment 193:201 arg1 innovation 203:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 3 50 theme sludge 406:411 arg1 granulation 413:423 sludge granulation 406:423 sludge granulation 406:423 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an essential role in sludge granulation. 33182133 0 51 theme substances 37:46 arg1 Evolution 0:8 Evolution 0:8 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 0:135 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 7 52 from Day 1066:1068 arg1 decrease 1048:1055 granule size decrease 1035:1055 granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80 1035:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 5 53 theme EPS 713:715 arg1 properties 692:701 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 662:701 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS 662:715 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 3 54 theme essential 388:396 arg1 role 398:401 an essential role 385:401 an essential role 385:401 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an essential role in sludge granulation. 33182133 6 55 theme higher 850:855 arg1 abundance 857:865 a higher abundance 848:865 a higher abundance of amoA gene 848:878 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 7 56 from decrease 1048:1055 arg1 Day 1066:1068 Day 80 1066:1071 Day 80 1066:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 7 56 from decrease 1048:1055 arg1 R1 1060:1061 R1 1060:1061 R1 on Day 80 1060:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 6 57 theme sludge 785:790 arg1 granulation 792:802 a more rapid sludge granulation 772:802 a more rapid sludge granulation 772:802 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 8 58 theme sludge 1337:1342 arg1 process 1356:1362 the sludge granulation process 1333:1362 the sludge granulation process 1333:1362 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 10 59 theme mineral 1555:1561 arg1 surface-adhesive 1563:1578 lower mineral surface-adhesive 1549:1578 lower mineral surface-adhesive 1549:1578 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 8 60 theme QCM-D 1152:1156 arg1 results 1216:1222 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results 1152:1222 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results 1152:1222 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 6 61 theme stable 814:819 arg1 granules 821:828 more stable granules 809:828 more stable granules formed 809:835 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 10 62 theme sludge 1630:1635 arg1 process 1649:1655 the aerobic sludge granulation process 1618:1655 the aerobic sludge granulation process 1618:1655 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 8 63 theme crystal 1166:1172 arg1 microbalance 1174:1185 quartz crystal microbalance 1159:1185 quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring 1159:1213 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 5 64 dep reactors 568:575 arg1 R2 627:628 R2 627:628 R2 627:628 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 5 64 dep reactors 568:575 arg1 10 623:624 10 623:624 10 623:624 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 5 64 dep reactors 568:575 arg1 R1 610:611 R1 610:611 R1 610:611 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 5 64 dep reactors 568:575 arg1 5 607:607 5 607:607 5 607:607 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 6 65 theme amoA 870:873 arg1 gene 875:878 amoA gene 870:878 amoA gene 870:878 We found that R2 showed a more rapid sludge granulation with more stable granules formed, contained a higher abundance of amoA gene, and had a higher production of polysaccharides than R1. 33182133 8 66 theme unstable 1282:1289 arg1 layers 1291:1296 unstable layers 1282:1296 unstable layers 1282:1296 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 7 67 theme granule 1133:1139 arg1 stability 1141:1149 granule stability 1133:1149 granule stability 1133:1149 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 10 68 theme lower 1549:1553 arg1 surface-adhesive 1563:1578 lower mineral surface-adhesive 1549:1578 lower mineral surface-adhesive 1549:1578 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 0 69 theme aerobic 57:63 arg1 granulation 72:82 aerobic sludge granulation 57:82 aerobic sludge granulation 57:82 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 8 70 theme granulation 1344:1354 arg1 process 1356:1362 the sludge granulation process 1333:1362 the sludge granulation process 1333:1362 QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) results showed that EPS became less adhesive and inclined to form unstable layers on the mineral surfaces along with the sludge granulation process. 33182133 10 71 from band 1527:1530 arg1 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 proteins 1535:1542 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 1 72 theme Aerobic 137:143 arg1 AGS 162:164 AGS 162:164 AGS 162:164 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 72 theme Aerobic 137:143 arg1 sludge 154:159 Aerobic granular sludge 137:159 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) 137:165 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 72 theme Aerobic 137:143 arg1 innovation 203:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 7 73 theme essential 1091:1099 arg1 roles 1101:1105 their essential roles 1085:1105 their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability 1085:1149 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 10 74 theme β-sheets 1518:1525 arg1 band 1527:1530 a higher β-sheets band 1509:1530 a higher β-sheets band in proteins 1509:1542 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 33182133 5 75 theme viscoelastic 679:690 arg1 properties 692:701 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 662:701 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS 662:715 In this study, we set up two reactors fed with COD/N ratios of 100: 5 (R1) and 100: 10 (R2) for comparison, to investigate the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of sludge EPS during the sludge granulation. 33182133 4 76 theme viscoelastic 479:490 arg1 aspect 447:452 one crucial aspect 435:452 one crucial aspect of EPS 435:459 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 4 76 theme viscoelastic 479:490 arg1 properties 492:501 the adhesive and viscoelastic properties 462:501 properties 492:501 However, one crucial aspect of EPS, the adhesive and viscoelastic properties, has been neglected in AGS studies. 33182133 0 77 dep Evolution 0:8 arg1 properties 125:134 viscoelastic properties 112:134 viscoelastic properties 112:134 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 0 77 dep Evolution 0:8 arg1 Composition 85:95 Composition 85:95 Composition 85:95 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 0 77 dep Evolution 0:8 arg1 adherence 98:106 adherence 98:106 adherence 98:106 Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation: Composition, adherence and viscoelastic properties. 33182133 7 78 from R1 1060:1061 arg1 Day 1066:1068 Day 80 1066:1071 Day 80 1066:1071 We also found a sharp decrease in polysaccharide production and β-sheets abundance accompanied by granule size decrease in R1 on Day 80, indicating their essential roles in sludge granulation and granule stability. 33182133 1 79 theme granular 145:152 arg1 AGS 162:164 AGS 162:164 AGS 162:164 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 79 theme granular 145:152 arg1 sludge 154:159 Aerobic granular sludge 137:159 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) 137:165 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 1 79 theme granular 145:152 arg1 innovation 203:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 a promising wastewater treatment innovation 170:212 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising wastewater treatment innovation, but its instability hinders its broader applications. 33182133 10 80 theme higher 1485:1490 arg1 polysaccharides 1492:1506 higher polysaccharides 1485:1506 higher polysaccharides 1485:1506 Our results suggested that higher polysaccharides, a higher β-sheets band in proteins, and lower mineral surface-adhesive and viscoelastic properties benefited the aerobic sludge granulation process and the granule maintenance. 32720328 12 0 theme high-valued 1583:1593 arg1 products 1595:1602 high-valued products 1583:1602 high-valued products 1583:1602 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 6 1 theme algal 575:579 arg1 extract 581:587 the algal extract 571:587 the algal extract 571:587 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 7 2 theme fatty 738:742 arg1 acids 744:748 fatty acids 738:748 fatty acids 738:748 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 5 3 theme Chromatography-Mass 441:459 arg1 Spectrometry 461:472 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 437:472 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 437:472 The extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 32720328 9 4 theme metal 991:995 arg1 chelating 997:1005 metal chelating 991:1005 metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) 991:1026 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 9 4 theme metal 991:995 arg1 = 83.25 µg/ml 1013:1025 IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml 1008:1025 IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml 1008:1025 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 12 5 theme due 1560:1562 arg1 Biomass 1455:1461 Biomass 1455:1461 Biomass obtained from some microalgal species 1455:1499 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 12 5 theme due 1560:1562 arg1 supplements 1529:1539 dietary supplements 1521:1539 dietary supplements 1521:1539 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 6 6 theme anticholinesterase 538:555 arg1 potentials 557:566 anticholinesterase potentials 538:566 anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract 538:587 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 9 7 theme scavenging 976:985 arg1 activities 1028:1037 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities 943:1037 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities 943:1037 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 17 8 theme phenolic 1928:1935 arg1 compounds 1937:1945 phenolic compounds 1928:1945 phenolic compounds 1928:1945 Characterization of the extracts also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 18 9 theme anticholinesterase 2045:2062 arg1 activities 2064:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 2016:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp 2016:2092 These compounds may contribute to the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 12 10 theme dietary 1521:1527 arg1 Biomass 1455:1461 Biomass 1455:1461 Biomass obtained from some microalgal species 1455:1499 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 12 10 theme dietary 1521:1527 arg1 supplements 1529:1539 dietary supplements 1521:1539 dietary supplements 1521:1539 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 11 11 theme inhibitory 1306:1315 arg1 effects 1317:1323 inhibitory effects 1306:1323 inhibitory effects 1306:1323 All the extracts exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects against butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase; however, ethanol extracts showed better activity. 32720328 7 12 theme acids 744:748 arg1 presence 674:681 the presence 670:681 the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 670:748 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 18 13 theme antioxidant 2029:2039 arg1 activities 2064:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 2016:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp 2016:2092 These compounds may contribute to the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 12 14 theme microalgal 1482:1491 arg1 species 1493:1499 some microalgal species 1477:1499 some microalgal species 1477:1499 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 19 15 theme study 2114:2118 arg1 result 2099:2104 The result 2095:2104 The result of this study 2095:2118 The result of this study suggests that Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 7 16 theme polysaccharides 717:731 arg1 presence 674:681 the presence 670:681 the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 670:748 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 7 17 theme alkaloids 706:714 arg1 presence 674:681 the presence 670:681 the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 670:748 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 13 18 theme Chlorococcum 1680:1691 arg1 sp 1693:1694 Chlorococcum sp 1680:1694 Chlorococcum sp 1680:1694 However, the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of biomass from Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 8 19 theme hydroxyl 820:827 arg1 toluene 829:835 butylated hydroxyl toluene 810:835 butylated hydroxyl toluene 810:835 The extracts showed the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 32720328 0 20 theme phytochemical 64:76 arg1 composition 78:88 phytochemical composition 64:88 phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp 64:107 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 7 21 theme compounds 695:703 arg1 presence 674:681 the presence 670:681 the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 670:748 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 16 22 contain contain 1747:1753 arg2 antioxidants 1760:1771 some antioxidants 1755:1771 some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene 1755:1862 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 16 22 contain contain 1747:1753 arg2 hydroxytoluene 1822:1835 butylated hydroxytoluene 1812:1835 butylated hydroxytoluene 1812:1835 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 16 22 contain contain 1747:1753 arg2 neophytadiene 1850:1862 neophytadiene 1850:1862 neophytadiene 1850:1862 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 16 22 contain contain 1747:1753 arg2 phytol 1838:1843 phytol 1838:1843 phytol 1838:1843 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 16 22 contain contain 1747:1753 arg1 extracts 1738:1745 extracts 1738:1745 extracts 1738:1745 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 16 22 contain contain 1747:1753 arg2 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 1781:1809 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 1781:1809 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 1781:1809 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 10 23 theme acetylcholinesterase 1114:1133 arg1 activity 1146:1153 the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1102:1153 the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1102:1153 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 4 24 theme algal 244:248 arg1 sample 250:255 The algal sample 240:255 The algal sample 240:255 The algal sample was cultivated, harvested, and extracted sequentially using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethanol. 32720328 9 25 theme ethanol 877:883 arg1 extract 885:891 The ethanol extract 873:891 The ethanol extract 873:891 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 3 26 theme cholinesterase 177:190 arg1 potentials 203:212 its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials 173:212 its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials 173:212 was investigated for its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials and antioxidant activity. 32720328 8 27 theme 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 842:870 arg1 presence 775:782 the presence 771:782 the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 771:870 The extracts showed the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 32720328 0 28 theme sp 106:107 arg1 activity 26:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity 0:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity 0:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 0 28 theme sp 106:107 arg1 properties 48:57 antioxidant properties 36:57 antioxidant properties 36:57 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 0 28 theme sp 106:107 arg1 composition 78:88 phytochemical composition 64:88 phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp 64:107 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 10 29 theme dichloromethane 1166:1180 arg1 extract 1182:1188 the dichloromethane extract 1162:1188 the dichloromethane extract 1162:1188 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 7 30 theme microalgal 642:651 arg1 biomass 653:659 the microalgal biomass 638:659 the microalgal biomass 638:659 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 13 31 theme anticholinesterase 1634:1651 arg1 activities 1653:1662 the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 1614:1662 activities 1653:1662 However, the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of biomass from Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 7 32 theme biomass 653:659 arg1 characterization 618:633 FTIR characterization 613:633 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass 613:659 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 20 33 used used 2198:2201 arg2 antioxidants 2206:2217 antioxidants 2206:2217 antioxidants 2206:2217 may contain some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. 32720328 20 33 used used 2198:2201 arg2 inhibitors 2238:2247 cholinesterase inhibitors 2223:2247 cholinesterase inhibitors 2223:2247 may contain some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. 32720328 20 33 used used 2198:2201 arg2 nutraceuticals 2168:2181 some nutraceuticals 2163:2181 some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors 2163:2247 may contain some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. 32720328 9 34 theme highest 904:910 arg1 = 147.40 µg/ml 923:936 IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml 918:936 IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml 918:936 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 9 34 theme highest 904:910 arg1 DPPH 912:915 the highest DPPH 900:915 the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) 900:937 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 3 35 theme antioxidant 218:228 arg1 activity 230:237 antioxidant activity 218:237 antioxidant activity 218:237 was investigated for its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials and antioxidant activity. 32720328 0 36 theme Cholinesterase 0:13 arg1 activity 26:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity 0:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity 0:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 10 37 theme highest 1201:1207 arg1 activity 1242:1249 the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1197:1249 the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1197:1249 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 7 38 theme FTIR 613:616 arg1 characterization 618:633 FTIR characterization 613:633 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass 613:659 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 12 39 theme PRACTICAL 1431:1439 arg1 APPLICATIONS 1441:1452 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 1431:1452 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 1431:1603 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 20 40 theme cholinesterase 2223:2236 arg1 nutraceuticals 2168:2181 some nutraceuticals 2163:2181 some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors 2163:2247 may contain some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. 32720328 20 40 theme cholinesterase 2223:2236 arg1 inhibitors 2238:2247 cholinesterase inhibitors 2223:2247 cholinesterase inhibitors 2223:2247 may contain some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. 32720328 13 41 theme antioxidant 1618:1628 arg1 activities 1653:1662 the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 1614:1662 activities 1653:1662 However, the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of biomass from Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 0 42 theme antioxidant 36:46 arg1 properties 48:57 antioxidant properties 36:57 antioxidant properties 36:57 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 17 43 theme polysaccharides 1948:1962 arg1 presence 1916:1923 the presence 1912:1923 the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 1912:1979 Characterization of the extracts also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 10 44 theme IC50 1072:1075 arg1 extract 1063:1069 the ethanol extract 1051:1069 the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) 1051:1090 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 10 44 theme IC50 1072:1075 arg1 = 13.83 µg/ml 1077:1089 IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml 1072:1089 IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml 1072:1089 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 19 45 dep suggests 2120:2127 arg1 sp 2147:2148 Chlorococcum sp 2134:2148 Chlorococcum sp 2134:2148 The result of this study suggests that Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 10 46 theme inhibitory 1231:1240 arg1 activity 1242:1249 the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1197:1249 the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1197:1249 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 6 47 theme radical 496:502 arg1 activities 515:524 radical scavenging activities 496:524 radical scavenging activities 496:524 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 18 48 theme Chlorococcum 2078:2089 arg1 sp 2091:2092 Chlorococcum sp 2078:2092 Chlorococcum sp 2078:2092 These compounds may contribute to the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 17 49 theme acids 1975:1979 arg1 presence 1916:1923 the presence 1912:1923 the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 1912:1979 Characterization of the extracts also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 9 50 theme = 493.90 µg/ml 952:965 arg1 scavenging 976:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 12 51 theme products 1595:1602 arg1 presence 1571:1578 the presence 1567:1578 the presence of high-valued products 1567:1602 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 6 52 theme extract 581:587 arg1 activities 515:524 radical scavenging activities 496:524 radical scavenging activities 496:524 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 6 52 theme extract 581:587 arg1 potentials 557:566 anticholinesterase potentials 538:566 anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract 538:587 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 6 52 theme extract 581:587 arg1 chelating 485:493 The metal chelating 475:493 The metal chelating 475:493 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 2 53 theme Chlorococcum 135:146 arg1 sp 148:149 Chlorococcum sp 135:149 Chlorococcum sp 135:149 In this study, Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 5 54 theme Gas 437:439 arg1 Spectrometry 461:472 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 437:472 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 437:472 The extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 32720328 20 55 dep contain 2155:2161 arg1 may 2151:2153 may 2151:2153 may 2151:2153 may contain some nutraceuticals which could be used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. 32720328 13 56 from sp 1693:1694 arg1 activities 1653:1662 the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 1614:1662 activities 1653:1662 However, the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of biomass from Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 9 57 theme chelating 997:1005 arg1 activities 1028:1037 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities 943:1037 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities 943:1037 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 9 58 theme IC50 1008:1011 arg1 chelating 997:1005 metal chelating 991:1005 metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) 991:1026 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 9 58 theme IC50 1008:1011 arg1 = 83.25 µg/ml 1013:1025 IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml 1008:1025 IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml 1008:1025 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 15 59 theme Chlorococcum 1721:1732 arg1 sp 1734:1735 Chlorococcum sp 1721:1735 Chlorococcum sp. 1721:1736 Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 6 60 theme scavenging 504:513 arg1 activities 515:524 radical scavenging activities 496:524 radical scavenging activities 496:524 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 17 61 theme compounds 1937:1945 arg1 presence 1916:1923 the presence 1912:1923 the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids 1912:1979 Characterization of the extracts also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 11 62 theme better 1414:1419 arg1 activity 1421:1428 better activity 1414:1428 better activity 1414:1428 All the extracts exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects against butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase; however, ethanol extracts showed better activity. 32720328 9 63 theme radical 968:974 arg1 scavenging 976:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 18 64 theme observed 2020:2027 arg1 activities 2064:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 2016:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp 2016:2092 These compounds may contribute to the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 12 65 used used 1513:1516 arg2 nutraceuticals 1545:1558 nutraceuticals 1545:1558 nutraceuticals 1545:1558 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 12 65 used used 1513:1516 arg2 supplements 1529:1539 dietary supplements 1521:1539 dietary supplements 1521:1539 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 12 65 used used 1513:1516 arg2 Biomass 1455:1461 Biomass 1455:1461 Biomass obtained from some microalgal species 1455:1499 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 10 66 theme ethanol 1055:1061 arg1 extract 1063:1069 the ethanol extract 1051:1069 the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) 1051:1090 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 10 66 theme ethanol 1055:1061 arg1 = 13.83 µg/ml 1077:1089 IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml 1072:1089 IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml 1072:1089 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 10 67 theme highest 1106:1112 arg1 activity 1146:1153 the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1102:1153 the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1102:1153 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 11 68 theme ethanol 1390:1396 arg1 extracts 1398:1405 ethanol extracts 1390:1405 ethanol extracts 1390:1405 All the extracts exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects against butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase; however, ethanol extracts showed better activity. 32720328 8 69 theme phytol 787:792 arg1 presence 775:782 the presence 771:782 the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 771:870 The extracts showed the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 32720328 12 70 dep APPLICATIONS 1441:1452 arg1 used 1513:1516 used 1513:1516 is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products 1501:1602 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Biomass obtained from some microalgal species is commonly used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals due to the presence of high-valued products. 32720328 5 71 theme infra-red 416:424 arg1 transmission 403:414 Fourier transmission infra-red 395:424 Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) 395:431 The extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 32720328 5 71 theme infra-red 416:424 arg1 FTIR 427:430 FTIR 427:430 FTIR 427:430 The extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 32720328 8 72 theme neophytadiene 795:807 arg1 presence 775:782 the presence 771:782 the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 771:870 The extracts showed the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 32720328 8 73 theme butylated 810:818 arg1 toluene 829:835 butylated hydroxyl toluene 810:835 butylated hydroxyl toluene 810:835 The extracts showed the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 32720328 0 74 theme Chlorococcum 93:104 arg1 sp 106:107 Chlorococcum sp 93:107 Chlorococcum sp 93:107 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 10 75 theme inhibitory 1135:1144 arg1 activity 1146:1153 the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1102:1153 the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1102:1153 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 6 76 theme metal 479:483 arg1 chelating 485:493 The metal chelating 475:493 The metal chelating 475:493 The metal chelating, radical scavenging activities, as well as anticholinesterase potentials of the algal extract, was also investigated. 32720328 8 77 theme toluene 829:835 arg1 presence 775:782 the presence 771:782 the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 771:870 The extracts showed the presence of phytol, neophytadiene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 32720328 7 78 theme phenolic 686:693 arg1 compounds 695:703 phenolic compounds 686:703 phenolic compounds 686:703 FTIR characterization of the microalgal biomass revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 17 79 theme extracts 1889:1896 arg1 Characterization 1865:1880 Characterization 1865:1880 Characterization of the extracts 1865:1896 Characterization of the extracts also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 5 80 theme Fourier 395:401 arg1 transmission 403:414 Fourier transmission infra-red 395:424 Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) 395:431 The extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 32720328 5 80 theme Fourier 395:401 arg1 FTIR 427:430 FTIR 427:430 FTIR 427:430 The extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 32720328 16 81 theme butylated 1812:1820 arg1 hydroxytoluene 1822:1835 butylated hydroxytoluene 1812:1835 butylated hydroxytoluene 1812:1835 extracts contain some antioxidants such as 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phytol, and neophytadiene. 32720328 0 82 theme inhibitory 15:24 arg1 activity 26:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity 0:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity 0:33 Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 2 83 dep sp 148:149 arg1 study 128:132 this study 123:132 this study 123:132 In this study, Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 3 84 theme inhibitory 192:201 arg1 potentials 203:212 its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials 173:212 its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials 173:212 was investigated for its cholinesterase inhibitory potentials and antioxidant activity. 32720328 13 85 theme biomass 1667:1673 arg1 activities 1653:1662 the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 1614:1662 activities 1653:1662 However, the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of biomass from Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 11 86 theme antioxidant 1279:1289 arg1 properties 1291:1300 antioxidant properties 1279:1300 antioxidant properties 1279:1300 All the extracts exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects against butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase; however, ethanol extracts showed better activity. 32720328 9 87 theme IC50 918:921 arg1 = 147.40 µg/ml 923:936 IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml 918:936 IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml 918:936 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 9 87 theme IC50 918:921 arg1 DPPH 912:915 the highest DPPH 900:915 the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) 900:937 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 19 88 theme Chlorococcum 2134:2145 arg1 sp 2147:2148 Chlorococcum sp 2134:2148 Chlorococcum sp 2134:2148 The result of this study suggests that Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 9 89 theme OH 943:944 arg1 scavenging 976:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32720328 18 90 theme sp 2091:2092 arg1 activities 2064:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities 2016:2073 the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp 2016:2092 These compounds may contribute to the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Chlorococcum sp. 32720328 10 91 theme butyrylcholinesterase 1209:1229 arg1 activity 1242:1249 the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1197:1249 the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 1197:1249 Similarly, the ethanol extract (IC50 = 13.83 µg/ml) exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. 32720328 17 92 theme fatty 1969:1973 arg1 acids 1975:1979 fatty acids 1969:1979 fatty acids 1969:1979 Characterization of the extracts also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. 32720328 9 93 theme IC50 947:950 arg1 scavenging 976:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging 943:985 The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 147.40 µg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 493.90 µg/ml) radical scavenging and metal chelating (IC50 = 83.25 µg/ml) activities. 32664253 6 0 theme -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium 915:938 arg1 test 954:957 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 887:977 test 954:957 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 1 1 from possible 179:186 arg1 terms 191:195 terms 191:195 terms of structure and biology 191:220 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 3 2 theme collagen 497:504 arg1 fragment 506:513 the model collagen fragment 487:513 the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) 487:547 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 6 3 theme obtained 996:1003 arg1 conjugates 1028:1037 the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates 992:1037 the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates 992:1037 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 6 3 theme obtained 996:1003 arg1 toxic 1048:1052 toxic 1048:1052 toxic 1048:1052 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 6 4 theme endothelial 1061:1071 arg1 926 1089:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 2 5 theme oligohydroxyproline 348:366 arg1 derivatives 368:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 331:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) 331:393 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 5 theme oligohydroxyproline 348:366 arg1 mimetics 409:416 potential mimetics 399:416 potential mimetics of collagen fragments 399:438 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 5 theme oligohydroxyproline 348:366 arg1 peptides 381:388 peptides 2-5 381:392 peptides 2-5 381:392 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 7 6 contain had 1124:1126 arg2 influence 1149:1157 a highly affirmative influence 1128:1157 a highly affirmative influence 1128:1157 In many cases, the conjugates had a highly affirmative influence on cell proliferation. 32664253 7 6 contain had 1124:1126 arg1 conjugates 1113:1122 the conjugates 1109:1122 the conjugates 1109:1122 In many cases, the conjugates had a highly affirmative influence on cell proliferation. 32664253 1 7 theme external 251:258 arg1 matrix 243:248 the extracellular matrix 225:248 the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells 225:280 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 1 7 theme external 251:258 arg1 environment 260:270 external environment 251:270 external environment 251:270 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 6 8 dep studies 845:851 arg1 activity 869:876 cell metabolic activity 854:876 cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 854:977 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 0 9 theme Potential 102:110 arg1 Use 112:114 Potential Use 102:114 Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine 102:139 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 8 10 theme oligohydroxyproline 1284:1302 arg1 derivatives 1304:1314 oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1284:1314 oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1284:1314 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 0 11 theme Regenerative 119:130 arg1 Medicine 132:139 Regenerative Medicine 119:139 Regenerative Medicine 119:139 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 7 12 theme many 1097:1100 arg1 cases 1102:1106 many cases 1097:1106 many cases 1097:1106 In many cases, the conjugates had a highly affirmative influence on cell proliferation. 32664253 2 13 theme collagen 421:428 arg1 fragments 430:438 collagen fragments 421:438 collagen fragments 421:438 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 14 dep peptides 381:388 arg1 2-5 390:392 2-5 390:392 2-5 390:392 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 8 15 theme calcium 1245:1251 arg1 alginate 1253:1260 calcium alginate 1245:1260 calcium alginate 1245:1260 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 2 16 theme potential 399:407 arg1 derivatives 368:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 331:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) 331:393 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 16 theme potential 399:407 arg1 mimetics 409:416 potential mimetics 399:416 potential mimetics of collagen fragments 399:438 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 5 17 theme peptides 739:746 arg1 Incorporation 718:730 Incorporation 718:730 Incorporation of the peptides 718:746 Incorporation of the peptides was confirmed by Fourier transform -infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential measurements. 32664253 3 18 from similar 476:482 arg1 terms 552:556 terms 552:556 terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity 552:612 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 6 19 theme EA.hy 1083:1087 arg1 926 1089:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 6 20 theme line 1078:1081 arg1 926 1089:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 8 21 theme chitosan 1232:1239 arg1 conjugates 1218:1227 conjugates 1218:1227 conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1218:1314 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 8 22 from use 1335:1337 arg1 medicine 1355:1362 regenerative medicine 1342:1362 regenerative medicine 1342:1362 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 3 23 dep fragment 506:513 arg1 H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH 516:543 H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH 516:543 H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH 516:543 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 8 24 theme alginate 1253:1260 arg1 conjugates 1218:1227 conjugates 1218:1227 conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1218:1314 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 6 25 theme cell 1073:1076 arg1 926 1089:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 1057:1091 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 5 26 theme zeta 805:808 arg1 measurements 820:831 zeta potential measurements 805:831 zeta potential measurements 805:831 Incorporation of the peptides was confirmed by Fourier transform -infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential measurements. 32664253 1 27 theme cells 276:280 arg1 matrix 243:248 the extracellular matrix 225:248 the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells 225:280 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 1 27 theme cells 276:280 arg1 environment 260:270 external environment 251:270 external environment 251:270 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 2 28 theme fragments 430:438 arg1 derivatives 368:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 331:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) 331:393 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 28 theme fragments 430:438 arg1 mimetics 409:416 potential mimetics 399:416 potential mimetics of collagen fragments 399:438 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 0 29 theme Chitosan 14:21 arg1 Conjugates 0:9 Conjugates 0:9 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium 0:33 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 6 30 theme Live/Dead 963:971 arg1 assay 973:977 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 887:977 assay 973:977 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 5 31 dep Fourier 765:771 arg1 transform 773:781 transform 773:781 transform -infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential measurements 773:831 Incorporation of the peptides was confirmed by Fourier transform -infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential measurements. 32664253 1 32 theme structure 200:208 arg1 terms 191:195 terms 191:195 terms of structure and biology 191:220 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 7 33 theme affirmative 1137:1147 arg1 influence 1149:1157 a highly affirmative influence 1128:1157 a highly affirmative influence 1128:1157 In many cases, the conjugates had a highly affirmative influence on cell proliferation. 32664253 3 34 theme model 491:495 arg1 fragment 506:513 the model collagen fragment 487:513 the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) 487:547 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 6 35 theme metabolic 859:867 arg1 activity 869:876 cell metabolic activity 854:876 cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 854:977 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 0 36 theme Calcium 27:33 arg1 Conjugates 0:9 Conjugates 0:9 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium 0:33 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 1 37 theme great 289:293 arg1 interest 295:302 great interest 289:302 great interest 289:302 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 8 38 theme study 1202:1206 arg1 results 1186:1192 The results 1182:1192 The results of this study 1182:1206 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 6 39 theme cell 854:857 arg1 activity 869:876 cell metabolic activity 854:876 cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 854:977 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 3 40 theme biological 594:603 arg1 activity 605:612 biological activity 594:612 biological activity 594:612 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 1 41 theme biology 214:220 arg1 terms 191:195 terms 191:195 terms of structure and biology 191:220 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 8 42 contain have 1316:1319 arg2 potential 1321:1329 potential 1321:1329 potential for use in regenerative medicine 1321:1362 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 8 42 contain have 1316:1319 arg1 conjugates 1218:1227 conjugates 1218:1227 conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1218:1314 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 3 43 theme spatial 572:578 arg1 structure 580:588 their spatial structure 566:588 their spatial structure 566:588 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 4 44 theme calcium 700:706 arg1 alginate 708:715 calcium alginate 700:715 calcium alginate 700:715 In this study, peptides 2-5 were covalently bound to nonwovens based on chitosan and calcium alginate. 32664253 6 45 theme MTT 949:951 arg1 test 954:957 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 887:977 test 954:957 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 3 46 theme structure 580:588 arg1 terms 552:556 terms 552:556 terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity 552:612 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 2 47 theme Oligoproline 331:342 arg1 derivatives 368:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives 331:378 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) 331:393 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 47 theme Oligoproline 331:342 arg1 mimetics 409:416 potential mimetics 399:416 potential mimetics of collagen fragments 399:438 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 2 47 theme Oligoproline 331:342 arg1 peptides 381:388 peptides 2-5 381:392 peptides 2-5 381:392 Oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives (peptides 2-5) are potential mimetics of collagen fragments. 32664253 3 48 from terms 552:556 arg1 similar 476:482 similar 476:482 similar 476:482 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 1 49 theme regenerative 308:319 arg1 medicine 321:328 regenerative medicine 308:328 regenerative medicine 308:328 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 6 50 theme Biological 834:843 arg1 studies 845:851 Biological studies 834:851 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) 834:978 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 3 51 dep Peptides 441:448 arg1 2-5 450:452 2-5 450:452 2-5 450:452 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 1 52 theme New 142:144 arg1 materials 146:154 New materials 142:154 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells 142:280 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 4 53 dep peptides 630:637 arg1 2-5 639:641 2-5 639:641 2-5 639:641 In this study, peptides 2-5 were covalently bound to nonwovens based on chitosan and calcium alginate. 32664253 0 54 from Use 112:114 arg1 Medicine 132:139 Regenerative Medicine 119:139 Regenerative Medicine 119:139 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 8 55 with conjugates 1218:1227 arg1 oligoproline 1267:1278 oligoproline 1267:1278 oligoproline 1267:1278 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 8 55 with conjugates 1218:1227 arg1 derivatives 1304:1314 oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1284:1314 oligohydroxyproline derivatives 1284:1314 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 8 56 theme regenerative 1342:1353 arg1 medicine 1355:1362 regenerative medicine 1342:1362 regenerative medicine 1342:1362 The results of this study show that conjugates of chitosan and calcium alginate with oligoproline and oligohydroxyproline derivatives have potential for use in regenerative medicine. 32664253 0 57 theme Oligohydroxyproline 66:84 arg1 Derivatives 86:96 Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives 66:96 Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives 66:96 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 3 58 theme activity 605:612 arg1 terms 552:556 terms 552:556 terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity 552:612 Peptides 2-5 have been shown to be similar to the model collagen fragment (H-Gly-Hyp-Pro-Ala-Hyp-Pro-OH, 1) in terms of both their spatial structure and biological activity. 32664253 1 59 from terms 191:195 arg1 possible 179:186 possible 179:186 possible 179:186 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 1 60 theme extracellular 229:241 arg1 matrix 243:248 the extracellular matrix 225:248 the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells 225:280 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 1 60 theme extracellular 229:241 arg1 environment 260:270 external environment 251:270 external environment 251:270 New materials that are as similar as possible in terms of structure and biology to the extracellular matrix (external environment) of cells are of great interest for regenerative medicine. 32664253 6 61 theme bromide 940:946 arg1 test 954:957 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay 887:977 test 954:957 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 5 62 theme potential 810:818 arg1 measurements 820:831 zeta potential measurements 805:831 zeta potential measurements 805:831 Incorporation of the peptides was confirmed by Fourier transform -infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential measurements. 32664253 0 63 with Alginate 35:42 arg1 Derivatives 86:96 Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives 66:96 Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives 66:96 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 0 63 with Alginate 35:42 arg1 Oligoproline 49:60 Oligoproline 49:60 Oligoproline 49:60 Conjugates of Chitosan and Calcium Alginate with Oligoproline and Oligohydroxyproline Derivatives for Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. 32664253 7 64 theme cell 1162:1165 arg1 proliferation 1167:1179 cell proliferation 1162:1179 cell proliferation 1162:1179 In many cases, the conjugates had a highly affirmative influence on cell proliferation. 32664253 6 65 theme peptide-polysaccharide 1005:1026 arg1 conjugates 1028:1037 the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates 992:1037 the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates 992:1037 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 32664253 6 65 theme peptide-polysaccharide 1005:1026 arg1 toxic 1048:1052 toxic 1048:1052 toxic 1048:1052 Biological studies (cell metabolic activity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Live/Dead assay) proved that the obtained peptide-polysaccharide conjugates were not toxic to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. 34717991 4 0 theme intricate 597:605 arg1 framework 607:615 an intricate framework 594:615 an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall 594:672 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 11 1 theme experiment 1631:1640 arg1 duration 1615:1622 the total duration 1605:1622 the total duration of the experiment (120 days) 1605:1651 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 10 2 theme hemicellulose-degrading 1379:1401 arg1 bacteria 1403:1410 hemicellulose-degrading bacteria 1379:1410 hemicellulose-degrading bacteria 1379:1410 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 12 3 theme gene 1755:1758 arg1 analysis 1730:1737 sequence analysis 1721:1737 sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene 1721:1758 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 6 4 theme earthworm 918:926 arg1 gut 928:930 the earthworm gut 914:930 the earthworm gut 914:930 This ability probably derives from enzymes and symbiotic microorganisms in the earthworm gut. 34717991 0 5 theme Hemicellulolytic 0:15 arg1 bacteria 17:24 Hemicellulolytic bacteria 0:24 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 0:89 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 13 6 theme E. 1949:1950 arg1 fetida 1952:1957 E. fetida 1949:1957 E. fetida 1949:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 12 7 theme 16S 1746:1748 arg1 gene 1755:1758 the 16S rRNA gene 1742:1758 the 16S rRNA gene 1742:1758 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 4 8 theme plant 658:662 arg1 wall 669:672 the plant cell wall 654:672 the plant cell wall 654:672 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 11 9 theme MANOVA 1569:1574 arg1 analysis 1576:1583 the MANOVA analysis 1565:1583 the MANOVA analysis 1565:1583 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 14 10 theme earthworm 2144:2152 arg1 gut 2154:2156 the earthworm gut 2140:2156 the earthworm gut 2140:2156 Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. 34717991 3 11 theme processing 320:329 arg1 techniques 331:340 New processing techniques 316:340 New processing techniques 316:340 New processing techniques must be developed to improve the yield and avoid this valuable resource going to waste. 34717991 1 12 used used 188:191 arg2 source 206:211 a natural source 196:211 a natural source of value-added products 196:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 12 used used 188:191 arg2 residues 155:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 12 used used 188:191 arg2 amounts 128:134 large amounts 122:134 large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products 122:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 9 13 theme organic 1252:1258 arg1 waste 1267:1271 organic market waste 1252:1271 organic market waste 1252:1271 A vermicomposting mixture was prepared for the earthworms to feed on by mixing a hemicellulose substrate with organic market waste. 34717991 1 14 theme large 122:126 arg1 amounts 128:134 large amounts 122:134 large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products 122:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 14 theme large 122:126 arg1 residues 155:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 14 theme large 122:126 arg1 source 206:211 a natural source 196:211 a natural source of value-added products 196:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 11 15 theme physicochemical 1482:1496 arg1 properties 1498:1507 their physicochemical properties 1476:1507 their physicochemical properties 1476:1507 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 0 16 theme earthworm 59:67 arg1 fetida 77:82 the earthworm Eisenia fetida 55:82 the earthworm Eisenia fetida 55:82 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 7 17 theme different 990:998 arg1 content 1014:1020 different hemicellulose content 990:1020 different hemicellulose content 990:1020 In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. 34717991 1 18 theme lignocellulosic 139:153 arg1 residues 155:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 12 19 theme earthworm 1688:1696 arg1 gut 1698:1700 earthworm gut 1688:1700 earthworm gut 1688:1700 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 0 20 theme fetida 77:82 arg1 intestine 42:50 the anterior intestine 29:50 the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida 29:82 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 14 21 from 28 °C 2003:2007 arg1 active 1984:1989 active 1984:1989 active 1984:1989 Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. 34717991 15 22 theme different 2177:2185 arg1 capacity 2199:2206 a different degradative capacity 2175:2206 a different degradative capacity 2175:2206 Each strain had a different degradative capacity. 34717991 13 23 theme degradation 1903:1913 arg1 Firmicutes 1840:1849 one Firmicutes 1836:1849 one Firmicutes isolated 1836:1858 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 23 theme degradation 1903:1913 arg1 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria 1787:1829 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 23 theme degradation 1903:1913 arg1 participants 1871:1882 active participants 1864:1882 active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida 1864:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 7 24 theme similar 967:973 arg1 ratios 979:984 similar C/N ratios 967:984 similar C/N ratios 967:984 In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. 34717991 13 25 from degradation 1903:1913 arg1 intestine 1936:1944 the intestine 1932:1944 the intestine of E. fetida 1932:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 12 26 theme Xylanolytic 1654:1664 arg1 strains 1666:1672 Xylanolytic strains 1654:1672 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut 1654:1700 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 4 27 theme backbone 498:505 arg1 compositions 507:518 different backbone compositions 488:518 different backbone compositions 488:518 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 10 28 theme Xylanase 1274:1281 arg1 activity 1283:1290 Xylanase activity 1274:1290 Xylanase activity 1274:1290 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 10 28 theme Xylanase 1274:1281 arg1 criterion 1348:1356 a selection criterion 1336:1356 a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria 1336:1410 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 3 29 theme valuable 396:403 arg1 resource 405:412 this valuable resource 391:412 this valuable resource going to waste 391:427 New processing techniques must be developed to improve the yield and avoid this valuable resource going to waste. 34717991 4 30 with polysaccharides 467:481 arg1 decorations 524:534 decorations 524:534 decorations (such as methylations and acetylations) 524:574 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 4 30 with polysaccharides 467:481 arg1 compositions 507:518 different backbone compositions 488:518 different backbone compositions 488:518 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 5 31 theme substrates 827:836 arg1 variety 800:806 a wide variety 793:806 a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates 793:836 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 5 31 theme substrates 827:836 arg1 substrates 827:836 lignocellulosic substrates 811:836 lignocellulosic substrates 811:836 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 4 32 dep decorations 524:534 arg1 such 537:540 such 537:540 such 537:540 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 14 33 from pH 7 1994:1997 arg1 active 1984:1989 active 1984:1989 active 1984:1989 Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. 34717991 11 34 dep conductivity 1539:1550 arg1 shown 1556:1560 shown 1556:1560 shown by the MANOVA analysis 1556:1583 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 1 35 theme Tropical 92:99 arg1 agriculture 101:111 Tropical agriculture 92:111 Tropical agriculture 92:111 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 0 36 theme anterior 33:40 arg1 intestine 42:50 the anterior intestine 29:50 the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida 29:82 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 5 37 theme wide 795:798 arg1 variety 800:806 a wide variety 793:806 a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates 793:836 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 5 37 theme wide 795:798 arg1 substrates 827:836 lignocellulosic substrates 811:836 lignocellulosic substrates 811:836 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 15 38 contain had 2171:2173 arg2 capacity 2199:2206 a different degradative capacity 2175:2206 a different degradative capacity 2175:2206 Each strain had a different degradative capacity. 34717991 15 38 contain had 2171:2173 arg1 strain 2164:2169 Each strain 2159:2169 Each strain 2159:2169 Each strain had a different degradative capacity. 34717991 9 39 theme vermicomposting 1144:1158 arg1 mixture 1160:1166 A vermicomposting mixture 1142:1166 A vermicomposting mixture 1142:1166 A vermicomposting mixture was prepared for the earthworms to feed on by mixing a hemicellulose substrate with organic market waste. 34717991 13 40 theme Actinobacteria 1796:1809 arg1 Firmicutes 1840:1849 one Firmicutes 1836:1849 one Firmicutes isolated 1836:1858 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 40 theme Actinobacteria 1796:1809 arg1 participants 1871:1882 active participants 1864:1882 active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida 1864:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 40 theme Actinobacteria 1796:1809 arg1 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria 1787:1829 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 1 41 theme products 228:235 arg1 amounts 128:134 large amounts 122:134 large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products 122:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 41 theme products 228:235 arg1 residues 155:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 41 theme products 228:235 arg1 source 206:211 a natural source 196:211 a natural source of value-added products 196:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 8 42 theme hemicellulose 1104:1116 arg1 contents 1118:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 8 43 dep high 1080:1083 arg1 % 1088:1088 28% 1086:1088 28% 1086:1088 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 8 43 dep high 1080:1083 arg1 % 1101:1101 5% 1100:1101 5% 1100:1101 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 10 44 used used 1328:1331 arg2 criterion 1348:1356 a selection criterion 1336:1356 a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria 1336:1410 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 10 44 used used 1328:1331 arg2 activity 1283:1290 Xylanase activity 1274:1290 Xylanase activity 1274:1290 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 11 45 theme Xylanase 1413:1420 arg1 activity 1422:1429 Xylanase activity 1413:1429 Xylanase activity 1413:1429 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 12 46 attach isolated 1674:1681 arg1 gut 1698:1700 earthworm gut 1688:1700 earthworm gut 1688:1700 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 12 46 attach isolated 1674:1681 arg2 strains 1666:1672 Xylanolytic strains 1654:1672 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut 1654:1700 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 4 47 theme framework 607:615 arg1 part 586:589 part 586:589 part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall 586:672 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 2 48 theme industrial-scale 277:292 arg1 processing 294:303 industrial-scale processing 277:303 industrial-scale processing 277:303 The complexity of lignocellulose makes industrial-scale processing difficult. 34717991 12 49 theme rRNA 1750:1753 arg1 gene 1755:1758 the 16S rRNA gene 1742:1758 the 16S rRNA gene 1742:1758 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 13 50 theme fetida 1952:1957 arg1 intestine 1936:1944 the intestine 1932:1944 the intestine of E. fetida 1932:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 7 51 with substrates 951:960 arg1 content 1014:1020 different hemicellulose content 990:1020 different hemicellulose content 990:1020 In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. 34717991 7 51 with substrates 951:960 arg1 ratios 979:984 similar C/N ratios 967:984 similar C/N ratios 967:984 In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. 34717991 4 52 theme polysaccharides 467:481 arg1 polysaccharides 467:481 polysaccharides 467:481 polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations) 467:574 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 4 52 theme polysaccharides 467:481 arg1 variety 456:462 a variety 454:462 a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations) 454:574 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 1 53 theme natural 198:204 arg1 amounts 128:134 large amounts 122:134 large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products 122:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 53 theme natural 198:204 arg1 residues 155:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 53 theme natural 198:204 arg1 source 206:211 a natural source 196:211 a natural source of value-added products 196:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 4 54 theme different 488:496 arg1 compositions 507:518 different backbone compositions 488:518 different backbone compositions 488:518 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 4 55 theme cell 664:667 arg1 wall 669:672 the plant cell wall 654:672 the plant cell wall 654:672 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 9 56 theme hemicellulose 1223:1235 arg1 substrate 1237:1245 a hemicellulose substrate 1221:1245 a hemicellulose substrate 1221:1245 A vermicomposting mixture was prepared for the earthworms to feed on by mixing a hemicellulose substrate with organic market waste. 34717991 10 57 theme bacteria 1403:1410 arg1 isolation 1366:1374 the isolation 1362:1374 the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria 1362:1410 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 2 58 theme lignocellulose 256:269 arg1 complexity 242:251 The complexity 238:251 The complexity of lignocellulose 238:269 The complexity of lignocellulose makes industrial-scale processing difficult. 34717991 13 59 from intestine 1936:1944 arg1 Firmicutes 1840:1849 one Firmicutes 1836:1849 one Firmicutes isolated 1836:1858 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 59 from intestine 1936:1944 arg1 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria 1787:1829 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 59 from intestine 1936:1944 arg1 participants 1871:1882 active participants 1864:1882 active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida 1864:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 3 60 theme New 316:318 arg1 techniques 331:340 New processing techniques 316:340 New processing techniques 316:340 New processing techniques must be developed to improve the yield and avoid this valuable resource going to waste. 34717991 0 61 theme Eisenia 69:75 arg1 fetida 77:82 the earthworm Eisenia fetida 55:82 the earthworm Eisenia fetida 55:82 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 9 62 theme market 1260:1265 arg1 waste 1267:1271 organic market waste 1252:1271 organic market waste 1252:1271 A vermicomposting mixture was prepared for the earthworms to feed on by mixing a hemicellulose substrate with organic market waste. 34717991 15 63 theme degradative 2187:2197 arg1 capacity 2199:2206 a different degradative capacity 2175:2206 a different degradative capacity 2175:2206 Each strain had a different degradative capacity. 34717991 12 64 theme sequence 1721:1728 arg1 analysis 1730:1737 sequence analysis 1721:1737 sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene 1721:1758 Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. 34717991 11 65 theme electrical 1528:1537 arg1 conductivity 1539:1550 electrical conductivity 1528:1550 electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) 1528:1584 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 8 66 theme coffee 1052:1057 arg1 husk 1059:1062 coffee husk 1052:1062 coffee husk 1052:1062 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 7 67 theme hemicellulose 1000:1012 arg1 content 1014:1020 different hemicellulose content 990:1020 different hemicellulose content 990:1020 In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. 34717991 1 68 theme residues 155:162 arg1 amounts 128:134 large amounts 122:134 large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products 122:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 68 theme residues 155:162 arg1 residues 155:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 lignocellulosic residues 139:162 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 1 68 theme residues 155:162 arg1 source 206:211 a natural source 196:211 a natural source of value-added products 196:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 0 69 from bacteria 17:24 arg1 intestine 42:50 the anterior intestine 29:50 the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida 29:82 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 13 70 theme xylanolytic 1891:1901 arg1 degradation 1903:1913 the xylanolytic degradation 1887:1913 the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida 1887:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 5 71 theme Eisenia 748:754 arg1 earthworms 736:745 earthworms 736:745 earthworms (Eisenia fetida) 736:762 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 5 71 theme Eisenia 748:754 arg1 fetida 756:761 Eisenia fetida 748:761 Eisenia fetida 748:761 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 13 72 from participants 1871:1882 arg1 intestine 1936:1944 the intestine 1932:1944 the intestine of E. fetida 1932:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 8 73 theme high 1080:1083 arg1 contents 1118:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 7 74 theme C/N 975:977 arg1 ratios 979:984 similar C/N ratios 967:984 similar C/N ratios 967:984 In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. 34717991 13 75 theme active 1864:1869 arg1 Firmicutes 1840:1849 one Firmicutes 1836:1849 one Firmicutes isolated 1836:1858 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 75 theme active 1864:1869 arg1 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria 1787:1829 Proteobacteria 1816:1829 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 13 75 theme active 1864:1869 arg1 participants 1871:1882 active participants 1864:1882 active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida 1864:1957 Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. 34717991 5 76 theme lignocellulosic 811:825 arg1 substrates 827:836 lignocellulosic substrates 811:836 lignocellulosic substrates 811:836 Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. 34717991 10 77 theme earthworm 1310:1318 arg1 gut 1320:1322 earthworm gut 1310:1322 earthworm gut 1310:1322 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 8 78 contain have 1064:1067 arg1 husk 1059:1062 coffee husk 1052:1062 coffee husk 1052:1062 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 8 78 contain have 1064:1067 arg2 contents 1118:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 8 78 contain have 1064:1067 arg1 fibre 1042:1046 fibre 1042:1046 fibre 1042:1046 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 8 79 theme low 1095:1097 arg1 contents 1118:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents 1069:1125 Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. 34717991 6 80 theme symbiotic 886:894 arg1 microorganisms 896:909 symbiotic microorganisms 886:909 symbiotic microorganisms 886:909 This ability probably derives from enzymes and symbiotic microorganisms in the earthworm gut. 34717991 14 81 theme Most 1960:1963 arg1 bacteria 1965:1972 Most bacteria 1960:1972 Most bacteria 1960:1972 Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. 34717991 14 82 theme higher 2025:2030 arg1 activities 2032:2041 higher activities 2025:2041 higher activities 2025:2041 Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. 34717991 11 83 theme total 1609:1613 arg1 duration 1615:1622 the total duration 1605:1622 the total duration of the experiment (120 days) 1605:1651 Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). 34717991 4 84 theme structural 630:639 arg1 stability 641:649 structural stability 630:649 structural stability 630:649 Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. 34717991 1 85 theme value-added 216:226 arg1 products 228:235 value-added products 216:235 value-added products 216:235 Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. 34717991 0 86 dep bacteria 17:24 arg1 Sav 85:87 Sav 85:87 Sav 85:87 Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.) 34717991 10 87 theme selection 1338:1346 arg1 activity 1283:1290 Xylanase activity 1274:1290 Xylanase activity 1274:1290 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 34717991 10 87 theme selection 1338:1346 arg1 criterion 1348:1356 a selection criterion 1336:1356 a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria 1336:1410 Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. 33282248 2 0 theme nutritional 452:462 arg1 compositions 464:475 nutritional compositions 452:475 nutritional compositions 452:475 RESULTS CCSC were identified as Cucumaria frondosa and characterized based on the characteristics, nutritional compositions, and heavy metals. 33282248 0 1 from attention 11:19 arg1 safety 67:72 safety 67:72 safety 67:72 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 1 from attention 11:19 arg1 metals 83:88 heavy metals 77:88 heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market 77:136 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 1 from attention 11:19 arg1 identification 24:37 identification 24:37 identification 24:37 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 1 from attention 11:19 arg1 compounds 52:60 nutritional compounds 40:60 nutritional compounds 40:60 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 6 2 theme free 846:849 arg1 acids 857:861 free amino acids 846:861 free amino acids 846:861 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 0 3 theme heavy 77:81 arg1 metals 83:88 heavy metals 77:88 heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market 77:136 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 10 4 theme overall 1286:1292 arg1 findings 1294:1301 The overall findings 1282:1301 The overall findings 1282:1301 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 1 5 theme comprehensive 230:242 arg1 information 244:254 comprehensive information 230:254 comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC) 230:298 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 2 6 theme heavy 482:486 arg1 metals 488:493 heavy metals 482:493 heavy metals 482:493 RESULTS CCSC were identified as Cucumaria frondosa and characterized based on the characteristics, nutritional compositions, and heavy metals. 33282248 7 7 theme major 1099:1103 arg1 magnesium 1031:1039 magnesium 1031:1039 magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%) 1031:1058 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 7 theme major 1099:1103 arg1 Phosphorus 1001:1010 Phosphorus 1001:1010 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%) 1001:1028 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 7 theme major 1099:1103 arg1 kalium 1065:1070 kalium 1065:1070 kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) 1065:1088 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 7 theme major 1099:1103 arg1 elements 1113:1120 the major mineral elements 1095:1120 the major mineral elements 1095:1120 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 8 dep magnesium 1031:1039 arg1 Mg 1042:1043 Mg 1042:1043 Mg 1042:1043 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 8 dep magnesium 1031:1039 arg1 % 1057:1057 0.19 ± 0.07% 1046:1057 0.19 ± 0.07% 1046:1057 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 6 9 from components 989:998 arg1 acids 857:861 free amino acids 846:861 free amino acids 846:861 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 10 10 theme Cucumaria 1331:1339 arg1 frondosa 1341:1348 Cucumaria frondosa 1331:1348 Cucumaria frondosa 1331:1348 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 0 11 theme Canadian 93:100 arg1 cucumber 106:113 Canadian sea cucumber 93:113 Canadian sea cucumber 93:113 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 1 12 theme Chinese 332:338 arg1 market 345:350 Chinese food market 332:350 Chinese food market 332:350 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 7 13 dep kalium 1065:1070 arg1 K 1073:1073 K 1073:1073 K 1073:1073 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 13 dep kalium 1065:1070 arg1 % 1087:1087 0.17 ± 0.08% 1076:1087 0.17 ± 0.08% 1076:1087 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 6 14 theme main 984:987 arg1 components 989:998 the main components 980:998 the main components 980:998 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 6 14 theme main 984:987 arg1 glutamate 906:914 glutamate 906:914 glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g) 906:937 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 6 14 theme main 984:987 arg1 arginine 873:880 arginine 873:880 arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g) 873:903 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 6 14 theme main 984:987 arg1 alanine 944:950 alanine 944:950 alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) 944:973 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 3 15 theme Cucumaria 537:545 arg1 frondosa 547:554 Cucumaria frondosa 537:554 Cucumaria frondosa 537:554 The abdomen and five internal tendons of Cucumaria frondosa were special orange. 33282248 1 16 dep sprang 307:312 arg1 up 314:315 up 314:315 up 314:315 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 17 theme cucumber 106:113 arg1 metals 83:88 heavy metals 77:88 heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market 77:136 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 3 18 theme internal 517:524 arg1 tendons 526:532 five internal tendons 512:532 five internal tendons 512:532 The abdomen and five internal tendons of Cucumaria frondosa were special orange. 33282248 2 19 theme Cucumaria 385:393 arg1 RESULTS 353:359 RESULTS 353:359 RESULTS 353:359 RESULTS CCSC were identified as Cucumaria frondosa and characterized based on the characteristics, nutritional compositions, and heavy metals. 33282248 2 19 theme Cucumaria 385:393 arg1 frondosa 395:402 Cucumaria frondosa 385:402 Cucumaria frondosa 385:402 RESULTS CCSC were identified as Cucumaria frondosa and characterized based on the characteristics, nutritional compositions, and heavy metals. 33282248 1 20 theme commercial 259:268 arg1 cucumbers 283:291 commercial Canadian sea cucumbers 259:291 commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC) 259:298 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 1 20 theme commercial 259:268 arg1 CCSC 294:297 CCSC 294:297 CCSC 294:297 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 21 theme sea 102:104 arg1 cucumber 106:113 Canadian sea cucumber 93:113 Canadian sea cucumber 93:113 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 1 22 theme food 340:343 arg1 market 345:350 Chinese food market 332:350 Chinese food market 332:350 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 1 23 theme attention 174:182 arg1 issues 184:189 the consumers' attention issues 159:189 the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers 159:206 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 7 24 dep Phosphorus 1001:1010 arg1 P 1013:1013 P 1013:1013 P 1013:1013 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 24 dep Phosphorus 1001:1010 arg1 % 1027:1027 0.26 ± 0.05% 1016:1027 0.26 ± 0.05% 1016:1027 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 1 25 theme Canadian 270:277 arg1 cucumbers 283:291 commercial Canadian sea cucumbers 259:291 commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC) 259:298 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 1 25 theme Canadian 270:277 arg1 CCSC 294:297 CCSC 294:297 CCSC 294:297 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 26 theme Chinese 118:124 arg1 market 131:136 Chinese food market 118:136 Chinese food market 118:136 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 5 27 theme principal 780:788 arg1 Proteins 713:720 Proteins 713:720 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) 713:734 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) and polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) were the principal nutrient component. 33282248 5 27 theme principal 780:788 arg1 polysaccharides 740:754 polysaccharides 740:754 polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) 740:769 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) and polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) were the principal nutrient component. 33282248 5 27 theme principal 780:788 arg1 component 799:807 the principal nutrient component 776:807 the principal nutrient component 776:807 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) and polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) were the principal nutrient component. 33282248 3 28 theme special 561:567 arg1 orange 569:574 special orange 561:574 special orange 561:574 The abdomen and five internal tendons of Cucumaria frondosa were special orange. 33282248 4 29 theme water 611:615 arg1 content 617:623 water content 611:623 water content 611:623 The average of soaking degree and water content, which consumers paid great attention to, was 2.8 ± 0.3 and 0.46 ± 0.09%, respectively. 33282248 1 30 theme sea 279:281 arg1 cucumbers 283:291 commercial Canadian sea cucumbers 259:291 commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC) 259:298 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 1 30 theme sea 279:281 arg1 CCSC 294:297 CCSC 294:297 CCSC 294:297 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 5 31 theme nutrient 790:797 arg1 Proteins 713:720 Proteins 713:720 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) 713:734 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) and polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) were the principal nutrient component. 33282248 5 31 theme nutrient 790:797 arg1 polysaccharides 740:754 polysaccharides 740:754 polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) 740:769 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) and polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) were the principal nutrient component. 33282248 5 31 theme nutrient 790:797 arg1 component 799:807 the principal nutrient component 776:807 the principal nutrient component 776:807 Proteins (56.4 ± 9.1%) and polysaccharides (12.2 ± 14.7%) were the principal nutrient component. 33282248 1 32 theme cucumbers 283:291 arg1 information 244:254 comprehensive information 230:254 comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC) 230:298 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 3 33 theme frondosa 547:554 arg1 tendons 526:532 five internal tendons 512:532 five internal tendons 512:532 The abdomen and five internal tendons of Cucumaria frondosa were special orange. 33282248 3 33 theme frondosa 547:554 arg1 abdomen 500:506 abdomen 500:506 abdomen 500:506 The abdomen and five internal tendons of Cucumaria frondosa were special orange. 33282248 8 34 theme metal 1139:1143 arg1 Amount 1123:1128 Amount 1123:1128 Amount of heavy metal 1123:1143 Amount of heavy metal was within the safety limitation (5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg). 33282248 8 34 theme metal 1139:1143 arg1 metal 1139:1143 metal 1139:1143 metal 1139:1143 Amount of heavy metal was within the safety limitation (5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg). 33282248 0 35 theme nutritional 40:50 arg1 compounds 52:60 nutritional compounds 40:60 nutritional compounds 40:60 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 9 36 theme active 1214:1219 arg1 ingredients 1221:1231 the active ingredients 1210:1231 the active ingredients 1210:1231 Furthermore, the active ingredients were positively correlated with size. 33282248 0 37 theme food 126:129 arg1 market 131:136 Chinese food market 118:136 Chinese food market 118:136 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 10 38 theme frondosa 1408:1415 arg1 quality 1387:1393 the quality 1383:1393 the quality of Cucumaria frondosa 1383:1415 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 3 39 dep abdomen 500:506 arg1 The 496:498 The 496:498 The 496:498 The abdomen and five internal tendons of Cucumaria frondosa were special orange. 33282248 6 40 theme acids 857:861 arg1 acids 857:861 free amino acids 846:861 free amino acids 846:861 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 6 40 theme acids 857:861 arg1 variety 835:841 a variety 833:841 a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components 833:998 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 1 41 theme sea 194:196 arg1 cucumbers 198:206 sea cucumbers 194:206 sea cucumbers 194:206 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 0 42 from metals 83:88 arg1 market 131:136 Chinese food market 118:136 Chinese food market 118:136 Consumers' attention on identification, nutritional compounds, and safety in heavy metals of Canadian sea cucumber in Chinese food market. 33282248 8 43 theme safety 1160:1165 arg1 5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg 1179:1193 5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg 1179:1193 5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg 1179:1193 Amount of heavy metal was within the safety limitation (5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg). 33282248 8 43 theme safety 1160:1165 arg1 limitation 1167:1176 the safety limitation 1156:1176 the safety limitation (5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg) 1156:1194 Amount of heavy metal was within the safety limitation (5.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg). 33282248 10 44 theme frondosa 1341:1348 arg1 information 1316:1326 the information 1312:1326 the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers 1312:1362 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 1 45 theme cucumbers 198:206 arg1 issues 184:189 the consumers' attention issues 159:189 the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers 159:206 BACKGROUND Based on the consumers' attention issues of sea cucumbers, we aimed to complete comprehensive information of commercial Canadian sea cucumbers (CCSC), which sprang up extensively in Chinese food market. 33282248 4 46 theme great 647:651 arg1 attention 653:661 great attention 647:661 great attention 647:661 The average of soaking degree and water content, which consumers paid great attention to, was 2.8 ± 0.3 and 0.46 ± 0.09%, respectively. 33282248 10 47 dep CONCLUSION 1271:1280 arg1 enriched 1303:1310 enriched 1303:1310 enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers 1303:1362 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 10 47 dep CONCLUSION 1271:1280 arg1 suggested 1368:1376 suggested 1368:1376 suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size 1368:1471 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 10 48 theme Cucumaria 1398:1406 arg1 frondosa 1408:1415 Cucumaria frondosa 1398:1415 Cucumaria frondosa 1398:1415 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 6 49 theme amino 851:855 arg1 acids 857:861 free amino acids 846:861 free amino acids 846:861 In addition, there was a variety of free amino acids, in which arginine (70.1 ± 50.0 mg/100 g), glutamate (42.6 ± 23.9 mg/100 g), and alanine (32.2 ± 21.0 mg/100 g) were the main components. 33282248 10 50 theme commercial 1438:1447 arg1 classification 1449:1462 commercial classification 1438:1462 commercial classification 1438:1462 CONCLUSION The overall findings enriched the information of Cucumaria frondosa for consumers and suggested that the quality of Cucumaria frondosa was varied following commercial classification and size. 33282248 7 51 theme mineral 1105:1111 arg1 magnesium 1031:1039 magnesium 1031:1039 magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%) 1031:1058 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 51 theme mineral 1105:1111 arg1 Phosphorus 1001:1010 Phosphorus 1001:1010 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%) 1001:1028 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 51 theme mineral 1105:1111 arg1 kalium 1065:1070 kalium 1065:1070 kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) 1065:1088 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 33282248 7 51 theme mineral 1105:1111 arg1 elements 1113:1120 the major mineral elements 1095:1120 the major mineral elements 1095:1120 Phosphorus (P, 0.26 ± 0.05%), magnesium (Mg, 0.19 ± 0.07%), and kalium (K, 0.17 ± 0.08%) were the major mineral elements. 34677418 10 0 theme tea 1746:1748 arg1 polyphenol 1750:1759 tea polyphenol 1746:1759 tea polyphenol (TP) 1746:1764 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 0 theme tea 1746:1748 arg1 metabolites 1697:1707 six critical metabolites 1684:1707 six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine) 1684:1805 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 0 theme tea 1746:1748 arg1 TP 1762:1763 TP 1762:1763 TP 1762:1763 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 4 1 theme decisive 565:572 arg1 factors 574:580 decisive factors 565:580 decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis 565:804 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 10 2 theme fungal 1600:1605 arg1 species 1607:1613 All the top fungal species 1588:1613 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus 1588:1648 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 3 theme tea 1767:1769 arg1 TPs 1788:1790 TPs 1788:1790 TPs 1788:1790 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 3 theme tea 1767:1769 arg1 polysaccharides 1771:1785 tea polysaccharides 1767:1785 tea polysaccharides (TPs) 1767:1791 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 3 theme tea 1767:1769 arg1 metabolites 1697:1707 six critical metabolites 1684:1707 six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine) 1684:1805 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 12 4 theme polyphenols 2135:2145 arg1 content 2107:2113 The content 2103:2113 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids 2103:2182 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 14 5 theme theoretical 2379:2389 arg1 basis 2391:2395 a theoretical basis 2377:2395 a theoretical basis for improving the quality of FBT and enhancing its safety 2377:2453 This discovery provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of FBT and enhancing its safety. 34677418 7 6 theme 178 1167:1169 arg1 metabolites 1171:1181 178 metabolites 1167:1181 178 metabolites 1167:1181 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 13 7 theme FBT 2348:2350 arg1 profile 2337:2343 the metabolic profile 2323:2343 the metabolic profile of FBT 2323:2350 In conclusion, our results reveal that microbial composition is the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT. 34677418 4 8 theme grouped 629:635 arg1 methods 637:643 the grouped methods 625:643 the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis 625:804 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 2 9 theme special 266:272 arg1 characteristics 274:288 the special characteristics 262:288 the special characteristics of FBT 262:295 Microbial fermentation is considered the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT. 34677418 6 10 theme processes 1137:1145 arg1 periods 1147:1153 the distinct processes periods 1124:1153 the distinct processes periods 1124:1153 All microorganism species, as well as dominant fungi and bacteria, were identified in the distinct processes periods. 34677418 12 11 theme amino 2118:2122 arg1 acids 2124:2128 amino acids 2118:2128 amino acids 2118:2128 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 0 12 theme Tea 126:128 arg1 Process 94:100 Manufacturing Process 80:100 Manufacturing Process 80:100 Dynamic Evolution and Correlation between Metabolites and Microorganisms during Manufacturing Process and Storage of Fu Brick Tea. 34677418 0 12 theme Tea 126:128 arg1 Storage 106:112 Storage 106:112 Storage 106:112 Dynamic Evolution and Correlation between Metabolites and Microorganisms during Manufacturing Process and Storage of Fu Brick Tea. 34677418 1 13 theme brands 170:175 arg1 brands 170:175 the major brands 160:175 the major brands of dark tea 160:187 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 1 13 theme brands 170:175 arg1 one 153:155 one 153:155 one 153:155 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 13 14 theme critical 2295:2302 arg1 composition 2276:2286 microbial composition 2266:2286 microbial composition 2266:2286 In conclusion, our results reveal that microbial composition is the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT. 34677418 13 14 theme critical 2295:2302 arg1 factor 2304:2309 the critical factor 2291:2309 the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT 2291:2350 In conclusion, our results reveal that microbial composition is the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT. 34677418 4 15 theme FBT 612:614 arg1 safety 602:607 safety 602:607 safety 602:607 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 15 theme FBT 612:614 arg1 quality 590:596 quality 590:596 quality 590:596 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 11 16 theme top 1820:1822 arg1 species 1833:1839 the top bacteria species 1816:1839 the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) 1816:1930 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 16 theme top 1820:1822 arg1 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 16 theme top 1820:1822 arg1 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 16 theme top 1820:1822 arg1 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 16 theme top 1820:1822 arg1 f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1909:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 2 17 theme Microbial 190:198 arg1 fermentation 200:211 Microbial fermentation 190:211 Microbial fermentation 190:211 Microbial fermentation is considered the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT. 34677418 1 18 theme dark 180:183 arg1 tea 185:187 dark tea 180:187 dark tea 180:187 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 8 19 theme acid 1463:1466 arg1 exception 1443:1451 the exception 1439:1451 the exception of gallic acid 1439:1466 Metabolic analysis showed that most metabolites were decreased during the FBT manufacturing processes, with the exception of gallic acid. 34677418 4 20 theme biochemical 675:685 arg1 measurements 687:698 biochemical measurements 675:698 biochemical measurements 675:698 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 10 21 theme positive 1657:1664 arg1 correlations 1666:1677 positive correlations 1657:1677 positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine) 1657:1805 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 4 22 dep quality 590:596 arg1 the 586:588 the 586:588 the 586:588 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 9 23 theme critical 1509:1516 arg1 metabolites 1518:1528 the critical metabolites 1505:1528 the critical metabolites 1505:1528 Multivariate analysis verified that the critical metabolites were correlated with specific dominant microbial species. 34677418 5 24 theme primary 925:931 arg1 samples 942:948 the primary dark tea samples 921:948 the primary dark tea samples 921:948 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 7 25 theme them 1210:1213 arg1 34 1204:1205 34 1204:1205 34 of them 1204:1213 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 7 25 theme them 1210:1213 arg1 metabolites 1246:1256 critical metabolites 1237:1256 critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes 1237:1328 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 13 26 theme microbial 2266:2274 arg1 composition 2276:2286 microbial composition 2266:2286 microbial composition 2266:2286 In conclusion, our results reveal that microbial composition is the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT. 34677418 13 26 theme microbial 2266:2274 arg1 factor 2304:2309 the critical factor 2291:2309 the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT 2291:2350 In conclusion, our results reveal that microbial composition is the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT. 34677418 3 27 dep microbiome 333:342 arg1 the 329:331 the 329:331 the 329:331 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 8 28 theme Metabolic 1331:1339 arg1 analysis 1341:1348 Metabolic analysis 1331:1348 Metabolic analysis 1331:1348 Metabolic analysis showed that most metabolites were decreased during the FBT manufacturing processes, with the exception of gallic acid. 34677418 5 29 theme distribution 889:900 arg1 characteristics 902:916 concentrated distribution characteristics 876:916 concentrated distribution characteristics 876:916 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 4 30 theme polymerase 750:759 arg1 PCR 777:779 PCR 777:779 PCR 777:779 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 30 theme polymerase 750:759 arg1 reaction 767:774 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 737:774 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 737:780 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 11 31 theme top 2024:2026 arg1 species 2038:2044 the other 11 top bacterial species 2011:2044 the other 11 top bacterial species 2011:2044 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 5 32 theme bacterial 957:965 arg1 richness 967:974 bacterial richness 957:974 bacterial richness 957:974 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 1 33 theme brick 134:138 arg1 FBT 145:147 FBT 145:147 FBT 145:147 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 1 33 theme brick 134:138 arg1 tea 140:142 Fu brick tea 131:142 Fu brick tea (FBT) 131:148 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 3 34 theme systemic 302:309 arg1 corelationship 311:324 The systemic corelationship 298:324 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea 298:394 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 8 35 theme most 1362:1365 arg1 metabolites 1367:1377 most metabolites 1362:1377 most metabolites 1362:1377 Metabolic analysis showed that most metabolites were decreased during the FBT manufacturing processes, with the exception of gallic acid. 34677418 0 36 theme Fu 117:118 arg1 Tea 126:128 Fu Brick Tea 117:128 Fu Brick Tea 117:128 Dynamic Evolution and Correlation between Metabolites and Microorganisms during Manufacturing Process and Storage of Fu Brick Tea. 34677418 3 37 theme metabolomics 348:359 arg1 corelationship 311:324 The systemic corelationship 298:324 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea 298:394 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 3 38 theme tea 392:394 arg1 manufacture 368:378 manufacture 368:378 manufacture of Fu brick tea 368:394 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 0 39 theme Dynamic 0:6 arg1 Evolution 8:16 Dynamic Evolution 0:16 Dynamic Evolution 0:16 Dynamic Evolution and Correlation between Metabolites and Microorganisms during Manufacturing Process and Storage of Fu Brick Tea. 34677418 5 40 theme tea 938:940 arg1 samples 942:948 the primary dark tea samples 921:948 the primary dark tea samples 921:948 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 3 41 theme microbiome 333:342 arg1 corelationship 311:324 The systemic corelationship 298:324 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea 298:394 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 3 42 theme Fu 383:384 arg1 tea 392:394 Fu brick tea 383:394 Fu brick tea 383:394 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 4 43 theme manufacturing 527:539 arg1 processes 541:549 the FBT manufacturing processes 519:549 the FBT manufacturing processes 519:549 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 44 theme multiplex 787:795 arg1 analysis 797:804 multiplex analysis 787:804 multiplex analysis 787:804 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 5 45 theme ripening 1021:1028 arg1 period 1030:1035 ripening period 1021:1035 ripening period 1021:1035 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 4 46 theme metabolite 483:492 arg1 evolution 502:510 metabolite dynamic evolution 483:510 metabolite dynamic evolution 483:510 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 12 47 theme microbial 2203:2211 arg1 fermentation 2213:2224 microbial fermentation 2203:2224 microbial fermentation 2203:2224 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 7 48 theme metabolic 1274:1282 arg1 changes 1284:1290 metabolic changes 1274:1290 metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes 1274:1328 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 polyphenol 1750:1759 tea polyphenol 1746:1759 tea polyphenol (TP) 1746:1764 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 metabolites 1697:1707 six critical metabolites 1684:1707 six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine) 1684:1805 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 TP 1762:1763 TP 1762:1763 TP 1762:1763 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 TPs 1788:1790 TPs 1788:1790 TPs 1788:1790 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 L-The 1710:1714 L-The 1710:1714 L-The 1710:1714 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 Gln 1741:1743 Gln 1741:1743 Gln 1741:1743 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 epigallocatechin 1717:1732 epigallocatechin 1717:1732 epigallocatechin (EGC) 1717:1738 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 caffeine 1797:1804 caffeine 1797:1804 caffeine 1797:1804 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 polysaccharides 1771:1785 tea polysaccharides 1767:1785 tea polysaccharides (TPs) 1767:1791 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 49 dep metabolites 1697:1707 arg1 EGC 1735:1737 EGC 1735:1737 EGC 1735:1737 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 11 50 theme species 1833:1839 arg1 species 1833:1839 the top bacteria species 1816:1839 the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) 1816:1930 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 50 theme species 1833:1839 arg1 Five 1808:1811 Five 1808:1811 Five 1808:1811 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 50 theme species 1833:1839 arg1 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 50 theme species 1833:1839 arg1 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 50 theme species 1833:1839 arg1 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 50 theme species 1833:1839 arg1 f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1909:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 1 51 theme tea 185:187 arg1 brands 170:175 the major brands 160:175 the major brands of dark tea 160:187 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 11 52 theme other 2015:2019 arg1 species 2038:2044 the other 11 top bacterial species 2011:2044 the other 11 top bacterial species 2011:2044 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 polyphenol 1750:1759 tea polyphenol 1746:1759 tea polyphenol (TP) 1746:1764 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 metabolites 1697:1707 six critical metabolites 1684:1707 six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine) 1684:1805 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 L-The 1710:1714 L-The 1710:1714 L-The 1710:1714 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 Gln 1741:1743 Gln 1741:1743 Gln 1741:1743 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 epigallocatechin 1717:1732 epigallocatechin 1717:1732 epigallocatechin (EGC) 1717:1738 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 caffeine 1797:1804 caffeine 1797:1804 caffeine 1797:1804 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 53 with correlations 1666:1677 arg1 polysaccharides 1771:1785 tea polysaccharides 1767:1785 tea polysaccharides (TPs) 1767:1791 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 7 54 theme responsible 1258:1268 arg1 34 1204:1205 34 1204:1205 34 of them 1204:1213 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 7 54 theme responsible 1258:1268 arg1 metabolites 1246:1256 critical metabolites 1237:1256 critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes 1237:1328 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 12 55 theme flavonoids 2173:2182 arg1 content 2107:2113 The content 2103:2113 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids 2103:2182 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 14 56 theme FBT 2426:2428 arg1 quality 2415:2421 the quality 2411:2421 the quality of FBT 2411:2428 This discovery provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of FBT and enhancing its safety. 34677418 7 57 theme metabolites 1171:1181 arg1 total 1158:1162 A total 1156:1162 A total of 178 metabolites 1156:1181 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 7 58 theme critical 1237:1244 arg1 34 1204:1205 34 1204:1205 34 of them 1204:1213 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 7 58 theme critical 1237:1244 arg1 metabolites 1246:1256 critical metabolites 1237:1256 critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes 1237:1328 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 9 59 theme specific 1551:1558 arg1 species 1579:1585 specific dominant microbial species 1551:1585 specific dominant microbial species 1551:1585 Multivariate analysis verified that the critical metabolites were correlated with specific dominant microbial species. 34677418 10 60 theme top 1596:1598 arg1 species 1607:1613 All the top fungal species 1588:1613 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus 1588:1648 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 12 61 theme tea 2148:2150 arg1 polysaccharides 2152:2166 tea polysaccharides 2148:2166 tea polysaccharides 2148:2166 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 5 62 theme quantitative 831:842 arg1 PCR 844:846 quantitative PCR 831:846 quantitative PCR 831:846 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 12 63 theme tea 2131:2133 arg1 polyphenols 2135:2145 tea polyphenols 2131:2145 tea polyphenols 2131:2145 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 2 64 theme characteristics 274:288 arg1 development 247:257 the development 243:257 the development of the special characteristics of FBT 243:295 Microbial fermentation is considered the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT. 34677418 10 65 theme unclassified_g_ 1622:1636 arg1 Aspergillus 1638:1648 unclassified_g_ Aspergillus 1622:1648 unclassified_g_ Aspergillus 1622:1648 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 11 66 theme bacterial 2028:2036 arg1 species 2038:2044 the other 11 top bacterial species 2011:2044 the other 11 top bacterial species 2011:2044 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 1 67 theme major 164:168 arg1 brands 170:175 the major brands 160:175 the major brands of dark tea 160:187 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 11 68 theme critical 2081:2088 arg1 metabolites 2090:2100 all the critical metabolites 2073:2100 all the critical metabolites 2073:2100 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 8 69 theme gallic 1456:1461 arg1 acid 1463:1466 gallic acid 1456:1466 gallic acid 1456:1466 Metabolic analysis showed that most metabolites were decreased during the FBT manufacturing processes, with the exception of gallic acid. 34677418 6 70 theme distinct 1128:1135 arg1 periods 1147:1153 the distinct processes periods 1124:1153 the distinct processes periods 1124:1153 All microorganism species, as well as dominant fungi and bacteria, were identified in the distinct processes periods. 34677418 9 71 theme dominant 1560:1567 arg1 species 1579:1585 specific dominant microbial species 1551:1585 specific dominant microbial species 1551:1585 Multivariate analysis verified that the critical metabolites were correlated with specific dominant microbial species. 34677418 13 72 theme metabolic 2327:2335 arg1 profile 2337:2343 the metabolic profile 2323:2343 the metabolic profile of FBT 2323:2350 In conclusion, our results reveal that microbial composition is the critical factor in changing the metabolic profile of FBT. 34677418 12 73 theme acids 2124:2128 arg1 content 2107:2113 The content 2103:2113 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids 2103:2182 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 11 74 theme bacteria 1824:1831 arg1 species 1833:1839 the top bacteria species 1816:1839 the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) 1816:1930 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 74 theme bacteria 1824:1831 arg1 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 74 theme bacteria 1824:1831 arg1 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 74 theme bacteria 1824:1831 arg1 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 74 theme bacteria 1824:1831 arg1 f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1909:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 2 75 theme key 231:233 arg1 step 235:238 the key step 227:238 the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT 227:295 Microbial fermentation is considered the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT. 34677418 1 76 theme Fu 131:132 arg1 FBT 145:147 FBT 145:147 FBT 145:147 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 1 76 theme Fu 131:132 arg1 tea 140:142 Fu brick tea 131:142 Fu brick tea (FBT) 131:148 Fu brick tea (FBT) is one of the major brands of dark tea. 34677418 2 77 from step 235:238 arg1 development 247:257 the development 243:257 the development of the special characteristics of FBT 243:295 Microbial fermentation is considered the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT. 34677418 11 78 dep species 1833:1839 arg1 species 1833:1839 the top bacteria species 1816:1839 the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) 1816:1930 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 78 dep species 1833:1839 arg1 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Pluralibacter 1876:1888 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 78 dep species 1833:1839 arg1 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Pantoea 1867:1873 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 78 dep species 1833:1839 arg1 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Klebsiella 1855:1864 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 78 dep species 1833:1839 arg1 f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1909:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 2 79 theme FBT 293:295 arg1 characteristics 274:288 the special characteristics 262:288 the special characteristics of FBT 262:295 Microbial fermentation is considered the key step in the development of the special characteristics of FBT. 34677418 0 80 theme Manufacturing 80:92 arg1 Process 94:100 Manufacturing Process 80:100 Manufacturing Process 80:100 Dynamic Evolution and Correlation between Metabolites and Microorganisms during Manufacturing Process and Storage of Fu Brick Tea. 34677418 11 81 theme tea 1988:1990 arg1 polyphenols 1992:2002 tea polyphenols 1988:2002 tea polyphenols 1988:2002 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 9 82 theme Multivariate 1469:1480 arg1 analysis 1482:1489 Multivariate analysis 1469:1489 Multivariate analysis 1469:1489 Multivariate analysis verified that the critical metabolites were correlated with specific dominant microbial species. 34677418 5 83 theme concentrated 876:887 arg1 characteristics 902:916 concentrated distribution characteristics 876:916 concentrated distribution characteristics 876:916 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 4 84 theme metabolomics 648:659 arg1 methods 637:643 the grouped methods 625:643 the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis 625:804 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 11 85 with correlations 1948:1959 arg1 epigallocatechins 1966:1982 epigallocatechins 1966:1982 epigallocatechins 1966:1982 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 85 with correlations 1948:1959 arg1 polyphenols 1992:2002 tea polyphenols 1988:2002 tea polyphenols 1988:2002 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 9 86 theme microbial 1569:1577 arg1 species 1579:1585 specific dominant microbial species 1551:1585 specific dominant microbial species 1551:1585 Multivariate analysis verified that the critical metabolites were correlated with specific dominant microbial species. 34677418 4 87 theme quantitative 737:748 arg1 PCR 777:779 PCR 777:779 PCR 777:779 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 87 theme quantitative 737:748 arg1 reaction 767:774 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 737:774 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 737:780 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 0 88 theme Brick 120:124 arg1 Tea 126:128 Fu Brick Tea 117:128 Fu Brick Tea 117:128 Dynamic Evolution and Correlation between Metabolites and Microorganisms during Manufacturing Process and Storage of Fu Brick Tea. 34677418 6 89 theme dominant 1076:1083 arg1 fungi 1085:1089 fungi 1085:1089 fungi 1085:1089 All microorganism species, as well as dominant fungi and bacteria, were identified in the distinct processes periods. 34677418 4 90 theme chain 761:765 arg1 PCR 777:779 PCR 777:779 PCR 777:779 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 90 theme chain 761:765 arg1 reaction 767:774 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 737:774 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 737:780 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 11 91 theme unclassified_ 1895:1907 arg1 species 1833:1839 the top bacteria species 1816:1839 the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) 1816:1930 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 11 91 theme unclassified_ 1895:1907 arg1 f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1909:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae 1895:1929 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 5 92 theme dark 933:936 arg1 samples 942:948 the primary dark tea samples 921:948 the primary dark tea samples 921:948 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 34677418 7 93 theme corresponding 1306:1318 arg1 processes 1320:1328 the corresponding processes 1302:1328 the corresponding processes 1302:1328 A total of 178 metabolites were identified, and 34 of them were characterized as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by the corresponding processes. 34677418 4 94 theme FBT 523:525 arg1 processes 541:549 the FBT manufacturing processes 519:549 the FBT manufacturing processes 519:549 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 95 theme microbiome 701:710 arg1 sequencing 712:721 microbiome sequencing 701:721 microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 701:780 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 polyphenol 1750:1759 tea polyphenol 1746:1759 tea polyphenol (TP) 1746:1764 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 metabolites 1697:1707 six critical metabolites 1684:1707 six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine) 1684:1805 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 L-The 1710:1714 L-The 1710:1714 L-The 1710:1714 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 Gln 1741:1743 Gln 1741:1743 Gln 1741:1743 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 epigallocatechin 1717:1732 epigallocatechin 1717:1732 epigallocatechin (EGC) 1717:1738 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 caffeine 1797:1804 caffeine 1797:1804 caffeine 1797:1804 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 10 96 theme critical 1688:1695 arg1 polysaccharides 1771:1785 tea polysaccharides 1767:1785 tea polysaccharides (TPs) 1767:1791 All the top fungal species except unclassified_g_ Aspergillus showed positive correlations with six critical metabolites (L-The, epigallocatechin (EGC), Gln, tea polyphenol (TP), tea polysaccharides (TPs) and caffeine). 34677418 11 97 theme positive 1939:1946 arg1 correlations 1948:1959 positive correlations 1939:1959 positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols 1939:2002 Five of the top bacteria species (Cronobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pluralibacter, and unclassified_ f_Entero-bacteriaceae) showed positive correlations with epigallocatechins and tea polyphenols, while the other 11 top bacterial species correlated negatively with all the critical metabolites. 34677418 6 98 theme microorganism 1042:1054 arg1 species 1056:1062 All microorganism species 1038:1062 All microorganism species 1038:1062 All microorganism species, as well as dominant fungi and bacteria, were identified in the distinct processes periods. 34677418 3 99 theme brick 386:390 arg1 tea 392:394 Fu brick tea 383:394 Fu brick tea 383:394 The systemic corelationship of the microbiome and metabolomics during manufacture of Fu brick tea is not fully understood. 34677418 4 100 theme dynamic 494:500 arg1 evolution 502:510 metabolite dynamic evolution 483:510 metabolite dynamic evolution 483:510 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 4 101 dep microbiome 468:477 arg1 the 464:466 the 464:466 the 464:466 In this study, we comprehensively explored the microbiome and metabolite dynamic evolution during the FBT manufacturing processes, and revealed decisive factors for the quality and safety of FBT based on the grouped methods of metabolomics combined with biochemical measurements, microbiome sequencing combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex analysis. 34677418 8 102 theme manufacturing 1409:1421 arg1 processes 1423:1431 the FBT manufacturing processes 1401:1431 the FBT manufacturing processes 1401:1431 Metabolic analysis showed that most metabolites were decreased during the FBT manufacturing processes, with the exception of gallic acid. 34677418 12 103 theme polysaccharides 2152:2166 arg1 content 2107:2113 The content 2103:2113 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids 2103:2182 The content of amino acids, tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and flavonoids was reduced during microbial fermentation. 34677418 5 104 theme flowering 997:1005 arg1 processes 1007:1015 the flowering processes 993:1015 the flowering processes 993:1015 Both the microbiome and quantitative PCR showed that fungi displayed concentrated distribution characteristics in the primary dark tea samples, while bacterial richness increased during the flowering processes and ripening period. 33179567 5 0 link N-linked 838:845 arg1 glycosylation 847:859 N-linked glycosylation 838:859 N-linked glycosylation 838:859 In this study we investigate the impact that adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation have on receptor-binding, viral fitness, and antigenicity. 33179567 1 1 theme mutagenic 174:182 arg1 environment 184:194 a mutagenic environment 172:194 a mutagenic environment 172:194 Influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. 33179567 6 2 with virus 1086:1090 arg1 T180A 1097:1101 T180A 1097:1101 T180A 1097:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 7 3 theme background 1221:1230 arg1 avidity 1249:1255 the background receptor binding avidity 1217:1255 the background receptor binding avidity 1217:1255 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 8 4 theme avidity 1337:1343 arg1 substitution 1355:1366 an avidity enhancing substitution 1334:1366 an avidity enhancing substitution 1334:1366 We also find that in some cases, an N-linked glycan can trump the effect of an avidity enhancing substitution with respect to antigenicity. 33179567 0 5 link N-linked 24:31 arg1 glycosylation 33:45 N-linked glycosylation 24:45 N-linked glycosylation 24:45 Adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness. 33179567 3 6 theme mechanisms 521:530 arg1 mechanisms 521:530 four molecular mechanisms 506:530 four molecular mechanisms 506:530 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 3 6 theme mechanisms 521:530 arg1 one 499:501 one 499:501 one 499:501 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 4 7 theme binding 577:583 arg1 avidity 585:591 enhancing binding avidity 567:591 : (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 561:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 7 theme binding 577:583 arg1 mechanisms 547:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 8 theme HA 596:597 arg1 avidity 585:591 enhancing binding avidity 567:591 : (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 561:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 8 theme HA 596:597 arg1 mechanisms 547:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 8 9 theme substitution 1355:1366 arg1 effect 1324:1329 the effect 1320:1329 the effect of an avidity enhancing substitution 1320:1366 We also find that in some cases, an N-linked glycan can trump the effect of an avidity enhancing substitution with respect to antigenicity. 33179567 2 10 theme important 312:320 arg1 livestock 322:330 economically important livestock 299:330 economically important livestock 299:330 Antigenic mutants swiftly arise from this environment with the capacity to persist in both humans and economically important livestock even in the face of vaccination. 33179567 3 11 theme molecular 511:519 arg1 mechanisms 521:530 four molecular mechanisms 506:530 four molecular mechanisms 506:530 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 7 12 theme virus 1186:1190 arg1 replication 1192:1202 virus replication 1186:1202 virus replication 1186:1202 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 4 13 theme N-linked 707:714 arg1 glycan 716:721 an N-linked glycan 704:721 an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 704:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 14 link N-linked 707:714 arg1 glycan 716:721 an N-linked glycan 704:721 an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 704:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 3 15 theme influenza 378:386 arg1 viruses 388:394 influenza viruses 378:394 influenza viruses 378:394 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 1 16 theme Influenza 98:106 arg1 viruses 108:114 Influenza viruses 98:114 Influenza viruses 98:114 Influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. 33179567 4 17 theme amino 664:668 arg1 substitutions 675:687 amino acid substitutions 664:687 (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 660:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 0 18 theme Adsorptive 0:9 arg1 mutation 11:18 Adsorptive mutation 0:18 Adsorptive mutation 0:18 Adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness. 33179567 6 19 theme HA 1001:1002 arg1 residue 1004:1010 HA residue T180 1001:1015 HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 1001:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 8 20 theme enhancing 1345:1353 arg1 substitution 1355:1366 an avidity enhancing substitution 1334:1366 an avidity enhancing substitution 1334:1366 We also find that in some cases, an N-linked glycan can trump the effect of an avidity enhancing substitution with respect to antigenicity. 33179567 0 21 theme influenza 56:64 arg1 virus 66:70 influenza virus antigenicity and fitness 56:95 virus 66:70 Adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness. 33179567 3 22 theme protein 451:457 arg1 antigenicity 411:422 the antigenicity 407:422 the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms 407:530 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 0 23 theme N-linked 24:31 arg1 glycosylation 33:45 N-linked glycosylation 24:45 N-linked glycosylation 24:45 Adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness. 33179567 7 24 link N-linked 1133:1140 arg1 glycans 1142:1148 N-linked glycans 1133:1148 N-linked glycans 1133:1148 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 4 25 theme antibody 639:646 arg1 binding 648:654 antibody binding 639:654 antibody binding 639:654 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 5 26 theme adsorptive 814:823 arg1 mutation 825:832 adsorptive mutation 814:832 adsorptive mutation 814:832 In this study we investigate the impact that adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation have on receptor-binding, viral fitness, and antigenicity. 33179567 4 27 theme enhancing 567:575 arg1 avidity 585:591 enhancing binding avidity 567:591 : (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 561:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 27 theme enhancing 567:575 arg1 mechanisms 547:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 28 dep substitutions 675:687 arg1 2 661:661 2 661:661 2 661:661 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 6 29 theme adsorptive 1056:1065 arg1 mutant 1067:1072 an adsorptive mutant 1053:1072 an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 1053:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 6 29 theme adsorptive 1056:1065 arg1 we 1022:1023 we 1022:1023 we 1022:1023 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 9 30 theme vaccine 1521:1527 arg1 pressure 1529:1536 vaccine pressure 1521:1536 vaccine pressure 1521:1536 Taken together these data shed light on a potential route to the generation of a virus which is "fit" and able to overcome vaccine pressure. 33179567 4 31 dep avidity 585:591 arg1 1 564:564 1 564:564 1 564:564 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 5 32 theme N-linked 838:845 arg1 glycosylation 847:859 N-linked glycosylation 838:859 N-linked glycosylation 838:859 In this study we investigate the impact that adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation have on receptor-binding, viral fitness, and antigenicity. 33179567 0 33 dep virus 66:70 arg1 antigenicity 72:83 antigenicity 72:83 antigenicity 72:83 Adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness. 33179567 6 34 theme relative 1074:1081 arg1 mutant 1067:1072 an adsorptive mutant 1053:1072 an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 1053:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 6 34 theme relative 1074:1081 arg1 we 1022:1023 we 1022:1023 we 1022:1023 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 3 35 theme primary 464:470 arg1 immunogen 482:490 the primary influenza immunogen 460:490 the primary influenza immunogen 460:490 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 3 35 theme primary 464:470 arg1 protein 451:457 the haemagglutinin (HA) protein 427:457 the haemagglutinin (HA) protein 427:457 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 2 36 theme Antigenic 197:205 arg1 mutants 207:213 Antigenic mutants 197:213 Antigenic mutants 197:213 Antigenic mutants swiftly arise from this environment with the capacity to persist in both humans and economically important livestock even in the face of vaccination. 33179567 3 37 theme influenza 472:480 arg1 immunogen 482:490 the primary influenza immunogen 460:490 the primary influenza immunogen 460:490 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 3 37 theme influenza 472:480 arg1 protein 451:457 the haemagglutinin (HA) protein 427:457 the haemagglutinin (HA) protein 427:457 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 7 38 theme N-linked 1133:1140 arg1 glycans 1142:1148 N-linked glycans 1133:1148 N-linked glycans 1133:1148 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 1 39 contain have 116:119 arg1 viruses 108:114 Influenza viruses 98:114 Influenza viruses 98:114 Influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. 33179567 1 39 contain have 116:119 arg2 complex 147:153 an error-prone polymerase complex 121:153 an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment 121:194 Influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. 33179567 4 40 theme antibody 751:758 arg1 binding 760:766 antibody binding 751:766 antibody binding 751:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 6 41 contain contains 992:999 arg2 residue 1004:1010 HA residue T180 1001:1015 HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 1001:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 6 41 contain contains 992:999 arg1 virus 970:974 the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus 931:974 the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 931:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 1 42 theme error-prone 124:134 arg1 complex 147:153 an error-prone polymerase complex 121:153 an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment 121:194 Influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. 33179567 3 43 theme haemagglutinin 431:444 arg1 immunogen 482:490 the primary influenza immunogen 460:490 the primary influenza immunogen 460:490 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 3 43 theme haemagglutinin 431:444 arg1 protein 451:457 the haemagglutinin (HA) protein 427:457 the haemagglutinin (HA) protein 427:457 Furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. 33179567 6 44 theme H9N2 935:938 arg1 virus 970:974 the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus 931:974 the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 931:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 9 45 theme virus 1479:1483 arg1 generation 1463:1472 the generation 1459:1472 the generation of a virus which is "fit" and able to overcome vaccine pressure 1459:1536 Taken together these data shed light on a potential route to the generation of a virus which is "fit" and able to overcome vaccine pressure. 33179567 1 46 theme polymerase 136:145 arg1 complex 147:153 an error-prone polymerase complex 121:153 an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment 121:194 Influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. 33179567 9 47 dep shed 1424:1427 arg1 Taken 1398:1402 Taken 1398:1402 Taken together 1398:1411 Taken together these data shed light on a potential route to the generation of a virus which is "fit" and able to overcome vaccine pressure. 33179567 7 48 theme glycans 1142:1148 arg1 addition 1121:1128 the addition 1117:1128 the addition of N-linked glycans 1117:1148 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 7 48 theme glycans 1142:1148 arg1 beneficial 1157:1166 beneficial 1157:1166 beneficial 1157:1166 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 2 49 theme vaccination 352:362 arg1 face 344:347 the face 340:347 the face of vaccination 340:362 Antigenic mutants swiftly arise from this environment with the capacity to persist in both humans and economically important livestock even in the face of vaccination. 33179567 4 50 from glycan 716:721 arg1 HA 726:727 HA 726:727 HA that sterically block antibody binding 726:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 51 theme cellular 606:613 arg1 receptors 615:623 cellular receptors 606:623 cellular receptors 606:623 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 9 52 theme potential 1440:1448 arg1 route 1450:1454 a potential route 1438:1454 a potential route to the generation of a virus which is "fit" and able to overcome vaccine pressure 1438:1536 Taken together these data shed light on a potential route to the generation of a virus which is "fit" and able to overcome vaccine pressure. 33179567 8 53 theme N-linked 1294:1301 arg1 glycan 1303:1308 an N-linked glycan 1291:1308 an N-linked glycan 1291:1308 We also find that in some cases, an N-linked glycan can trump the effect of an avidity enhancing substitution with respect to antigenicity. 33179567 7 54 theme receptor 1232:1239 arg1 avidity 1249:1255 the background receptor binding avidity 1217:1255 the background receptor binding avidity 1217:1255 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 5 55 theme viral 887:891 arg1 fitness 893:899 viral fitness 887:899 viral fitness 887:899 In this study we investigate the impact that adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation have on receptor-binding, viral fitness, and antigenicity. 33179567 7 56 theme binding 1241:1247 arg1 avidity 1249:1255 the background receptor binding avidity 1217:1255 the background receptor binding avidity 1217:1255 We find that the addition of N-linked glycans can be beneficial or deleterious to virus replication depending on the background receptor binding avidity. 33179567 8 57 link N-linked 1294:1301 arg1 glycan 1303:1308 an N-linked glycan 1291:1308 an N-linked glycan 1291:1308 We also find that in some cases, an N-linked glycan can trump the effect of an avidity enhancing substitution with respect to antigenicity. 33179567 4 58 theme acid 670:673 arg1 substitutions 675:687 amino acid substitutions 664:687 (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 660:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 6 59 theme A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 940:968 arg1 virus 970:974 the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus 931:974 the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A 931:1101 We utilize the H9N2 A/chicken/Pakistan/SKP-827/16 virus which naturally contains HA residue T180 that we have previously shown to be an adsorptive mutant relative to virus with T180A. 33179567 4 60 theme prominent 537:545 arg1 mechanisms 547:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms 533:556 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 33179567 4 60 theme prominent 537:545 arg1 avidity 585:591 enhancing binding avidity 567:591 : (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding 561:766 Two prominent mechanisms are: (1) enhancing binding avidity of HA toward cellular receptors to outcompete antibody binding and (2) amino acid substitutions that introduce an N-linked glycan on HA that sterically block antibody binding. 34195422 4 0 theme cell-mediated 802:814 arg1 CMI 826:828 CMI 826:828 CMI 826:828 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 4 0 theme cell-mediated 802:814 arg1 immunity 816:823 cell-mediated immunity 802:823 cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides) 802:977 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 1 1 theme antigen 259:265 arg1 dose 267:270 antigen dose 259:270 antigen dose 259:270 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 7 2 theme vaccine 1943:1949 arg1 development 1951:1961 vaccine development 1943:1961 vaccine development 1943:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 3 theme full 1723:1726 arg1 dose 1736:1739 the full booster dose 1719:1739 the full booster dose 1719:1739 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 6 4 theme other 1199:1203 arg1 hand 1205:1208 the other hand 1195:1208 the other hand 1195:1208 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 5 theme important 1914:1922 arg1 information 1928:1938 an additional and important key information 1896:1938 an additional and important key information in vaccine development 1896:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 5 theme important 1914:1922 arg1 role 1824:1827 an important role 1811:1827 an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies 1811:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 6 theme predominant 1695:1705 arg1 response 1707:1714 a Th2 predominant response 1689:1714 a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose 1689:1739 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 7 theme additional 1899:1908 arg1 information 1928:1938 an additional and important key information 1896:1938 an additional and important key information in vaccine development 1896:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 7 theme additional 1899:1908 arg1 role 1824:1827 an important role 1811:1827 an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies 1811:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 6 8 theme IL-5 1267:1270 arg1 presence 1239:1246 the presence 1235:1246 the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells 1235:1295 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 8 theme IL-5 1267:1270 arg1 evident 1301:1307 evident 1301:1307 evident 1301:1307 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 9 theme IFN-γ 1423:1427 arg1 cells 1439:1443 IFN-γ producing cells 1423:1443 IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens 1423:1498 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 0 10 theme CD-1 124:127 arg1 mice 129:132 CD-1 mice 124:132 CD-1 mice 124:132 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 7 11 theme antibodies 1881:1890 arg1 measurement 1844:1854 measurement 1844:1854 measurement of functional protective antibodies 1844:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 2 12 dep vaccine 523:529 arg1 Prevnar 531:537 Prevnar 531:537 Prevnar 531:537 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 4 13 dep in 907:908 arg1 vitro 910:914 vitro 910:914 vitro 910:914 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 5 14 theme humoral 1042:1048 arg1 response 1050:1057 a comparable humoral response 1029:1057 a comparable humoral response 1029:1057 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 3 15 theme primary 586:592 arg1 doses 594:598 two primary doses 582:598 two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart 582:623 Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. 34195422 6 16 theme polysaccharide 1476:1489 arg1 antigens 1491:1498 polysaccharide antigens 1476:1498 polysaccharide antigens 1476:1498 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 17 theme humoral 1647:1653 arg1 response 1655:1662 PCV13 humoral response 1641:1662 PCV13 humoral response in mice 1641:1670 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 0 18 theme cell-mediated 66:78 arg1 response 87:94 cell-mediated immune response 66:94 cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity 66:119 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 7 19 theme protective 1870:1879 arg1 antibodies 1881:1890 functional protective antibodies 1859:1890 functional protective antibodies 1859:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 1 20 theme protective 153:162 arg1 immunity 164:171 durable protective immunity 145:171 durable protective immunity 145:171 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 2 21 theme pneumococcal 500:511 arg1 vaccine 523:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 473:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13) 473:549 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 6 22 theme cells 1291:1295 arg1 presence 1239:1246 the presence 1235:1246 the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells 1235:1295 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 22 theme cells 1291:1295 arg1 evident 1301:1307 evident 1301:1307 evident 1301:1307 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 23 theme IL-2 1561:1564 arg1 number 1542:1547 the number 1538:1547 the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells 1538:1579 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 2 24 theme used 485:488 arg1 vaccine 523:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 473:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13) 473:549 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 2 25 from doses 439:443 arg1 mice 453:456 CD-1 mice 448:456 CD-1 mice 448:456 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 6 26 theme IL-2 1276:1279 arg1 cells 1291:1295 IL-2 producing cells 1276:1295 IL-2 producing cells 1276:1295 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 27 theme IL-5 1552:1555 arg1 number 1542:1547 the number 1538:1547 the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells 1538:1579 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 28 dep IL-5 1552:1555 arg1 cells 1575:1579 positive cells 1566:1579 positive cells 1566:1579 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 29 from dose 1736:1739 arg1 response 1707:1714 a Th2 predominant response 1689:1714 a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose 1689:1739 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 2 30 theme booster 431:437 arg1 doses 439:443 two different booster doses 417:443 two different booster doses in CD-1 mice 417:456 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 0 31 theme Booster 0:6 arg1 immunization 8:19 Booster immunization 0:19 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 0:56 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 5 32 dep produced 1063:1070 arg1 characterized 1073:1085 characterized 1073:1085 characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties 1073:1189 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 4 33 theme Serotype-specific 682:698 arg1 titer 709:713 Serotype-specific antibody titer 682:713 Serotype-specific antibody titer 682:713 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 6 34 theme full 1353:1356 arg1 dose 1358:1361 the full dose 1349:1361 the full dose 1349:1361 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 5 35 theme serotype-specific 1109:1125 arg1 antibodies 1127:1136 serotype-specific antibodies 1109:1136 serotype-specific antibodies 1109:1136 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 7 36 theme important 1814:1822 arg1 role 1824:1827 an important role 1811:1827 an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies 1811:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 36 theme important 1814:1822 arg1 information 1928:1938 an additional and important key information 1896:1938 an additional and important key information in vaccine development 1896:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 37 from information 1928:1938 arg1 development 1951:1961 vaccine development 1943:1961 vaccine development 1943:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 2 38 theme immune 389:394 arg1 response 396:403 the overall immune response 377:403 the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice 377:456 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 0 39 theme fractional 28:37 arg1 dose 39:42 a fractional dose 26:42 a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 26:56 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 4 40 theme carrier 942:948 arg1 protein 950:956 carrier protein 942:956 carrier protein 942:956 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 1 41 theme various 306:312 arg1 types 314:318 various types 306:318 various types of vaccines 306:330 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 6 42 theme booster 1409:1415 arg1 dose 1417:1420 the fractional booster dose 1394:1420 the fractional booster dose 1394:1420 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 43 theme mixed 1776:1780 arg1 response 1790:1797 a mixed Th1/Th2 response 1774:1797 a mixed Th1/Th2 response 1774:1797 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 2 44 theme study 352:356 arg1 Aim 333:335 Aim 333:335 Aim of the present study 333:356 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 1 45 theme vaccine 235:241 arg1 composition 243:253 vaccine composition 235:253 vaccine composition 235:253 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 7 46 theme booster 1728:1734 arg1 dose 1736:1739 the full booster dose 1719:1739 the full booster dose 1719:1739 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 6 47 from evident 1301:1307 arg1 splenocytes 1312:1322 splenocytes 1312:1322 splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose 1312:1361 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 3 48 theme fractional 640:649 arg1 dose 665:668 a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose 630:668 dose 665:668 Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. 34195422 4 49 dep antigens 932:939 arg1 polysaccharides 962:976 polysaccharides 962:976 polysaccharides 962:976 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 4 49 dep antigens 932:939 arg1 protein 950:956 carrier protein 942:956 carrier protein 942:956 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 5 50 theme analog 1144:1149 arg1 avidity 1151:1157 analog avidity 1144:1157 analog avidity 1144:1157 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 4 51 theme immunity 816:823 arg1 responses 831:839 cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses 802:839 cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides) 802:977 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 7 52 theme Th2 1691:1693 arg1 response 1707:1714 a Th2 predominant response 1689:1714 a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose 1689:1739 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 53 from response 1655:1662 arg1 mice 1667:1670 mice 1667:1670 mice 1667:1670 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 3 54 theme booster 657:663 arg1 dose 665:668 a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose 630:668 dose 665:668 Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. 34195422 5 55 with antibodies 1127:1136 arg1 avidity 1151:1157 analog avidity 1144:1157 analog avidity 1144:1157 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 5 55 with antibodies 1127:1136 arg1 properties 1180:1189 opsonophagocytic properties 1163:1189 opsonophagocytic properties 1163:1189 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 6 56 theme responsive 1445:1454 arg1 cells 1439:1443 IFN-γ producing cells 1423:1443 IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens 1423:1498 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 57 theme key 1924:1926 arg1 information 1928:1938 an additional and important key information 1896:1938 an additional and important key information in vaccine development 1896:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 57 theme key 1924:1926 arg1 role 1824:1827 an important role 1811:1827 an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies 1811:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 6 58 theme producing 1429:1437 arg1 cells 1439:1443 IFN-γ producing cells 1423:1443 IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens 1423:1498 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 59 theme CRM197-specific 1251:1265 arg1 IL-5 1267:1270 CRM197-specific IL-5 1251:1270 CRM197-specific IL-5 1251:1270 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 1 60 theme many 211:214 arg1 composition 243:253 vaccine composition 235:253 vaccine composition 235:253 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 1 60 theme many 211:214 arg1 dose 267:270 antigen dose 259:270 antigen dose 259:270 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 1 60 theme many 211:214 arg1 factors 216:222 many factors 211:222 many factors 211:222 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 2 61 theme conjugate 513:521 arg1 vaccine 523:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 473:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13) 473:549 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 5 62 theme booster 1015:1021 arg1 dose 1023:1026 the booster dose 1011:1026 the booster dose 1011:1026 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 6 63 from mice 1329:1332 arg1 splenocytes 1312:1322 splenocytes 1312:1322 splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose 1312:1361 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 4 64 theme in 907:908 arg1 recall 916:921 in vitro recall 907:921 in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides) 907:977 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 4 65 theme cytokines 872:880 arg1 frequency 859:867 the frequency 855:867 the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes 855:902 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 0 66 theme immune 80:85 arg1 response 87:94 cell-mediated immune response 66:94 cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity 66:119 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 1 67 theme vaccines 323:330 arg1 types 314:318 various types 306:318 various types of vaccines 306:330 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 7 68 theme functional 1859:1868 arg1 antibodies 1881:1890 functional protective antibodies 1859:1890 functional protective antibodies 1859:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 1 69 theme durable 145:151 arg1 immunity 164:171 durable protective immunity 145:171 durable protective immunity 145:171 Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. 34195422 6 70 from splenocytes 1312:1322 arg1 presence 1239:1246 the presence 1235:1246 the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells 1235:1295 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 70 from splenocytes 1312:1322 arg1 evident 1301:1307 evident 1301:1307 evident 1301:1307 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 6 71 theme positive 1566:1573 arg1 cells 1575:1579 positive cells 1566:1579 positive cells 1566:1579 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 72 theme PCV13 1641:1645 arg1 response 1655:1662 PCV13 humoral response 1641:1662 PCV13 humoral response in mice 1641:1670 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 2 73 theme 13-valent 490:498 arg1 vaccine 523:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 473:529 the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13) 473:549 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 4 74 theme antibody 700:707 arg1 titer 709:713 Serotype-specific antibody titer 682:713 Serotype-specific antibody titer 682:713 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 6 75 theme producing 1281:1289 arg1 cells 1291:1295 IL-2 producing cells 1276:1295 IL-2 producing cells 1276:1295 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 7 76 theme CMI 1832:1834 arg1 role 1824:1827 an important role 1811:1827 an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies 1811:1890 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 7 76 theme CMI 1832:1834 arg1 information 1928:1938 an additional and important key information 1896:1938 an additional and important key information in vaccine development 1896:1961 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 0 77 theme humoral 104:110 arg1 immunity 112:119 humoral immunity 104:119 cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity 66:119 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 5 78 theme comparable 1031:1040 arg1 response 1050:1057 a comparable humoral response 1029:1057 a comparable humoral response 1029:1057 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 7 79 theme present 1614:1620 arg1 findings 1622:1629 the present findings 1610:1629 the present findings 1610:1629 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 2 80 theme different 421:429 arg1 doses 439:443 two different booster doses 417:443 two different booster doses in CD-1 mice 417:456 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 3 81 theme weeks 613:617 arg1 dose 665:668 a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose 630:668 dose 665:668 Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. 34195422 3 81 theme weeks 613:617 arg1 doses 594:598 two primary doses 582:598 two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart 582:623 Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. 34195422 5 82 theme antibodies 1127:1136 arg1 amounts 1098:1104 similar amounts 1090:1104 similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties 1090:1189 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 5 82 theme antibodies 1127:1136 arg1 antibodies 1127:1136 serotype-specific antibodies 1109:1136 serotype-specific antibodies 1109:1136 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 2 83 theme CD-1 448:451 arg1 mice 453:456 CD-1 mice 448:456 CD-1 mice 448:456 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 3 84 theme PCV13 603:607 arg1 weeks 613:617 PCV13 two weeks 603:617 PCV13 two weeks apart 603:623 Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. 34195422 2 85 theme overall 381:387 arg1 response 396:403 the overall immune response 377:403 the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice 377:456 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34195422 0 86 theme Prevnar 47:53 arg1 dose 39:42 a fractional dose 26:42 a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 26:56 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 7 87 theme Th1/Th2 1782:1788 arg1 response 1790:1797 a mixed Th1/Th2 response 1774:1797 a mixed Th1/Th2 response 1774:1797 Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development. 34195422 4 88 with recall 916:921 arg1 antigens 932:939 the antigens 928:939 the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides) 928:977 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 0 89 with immunization 8:19 arg1 dose 39:42 a fractional dose 26:42 a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 26:56 Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. 34195422 5 90 theme similar 1090:1096 arg1 amounts 1098:1104 similar amounts 1090:1104 similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties 1090:1189 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 5 90 theme similar 1090:1096 arg1 antibodies 1127:1136 serotype-specific antibodies 1109:1136 serotype-specific antibodies 1109:1136 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 6 91 theme fractional 1398:1407 arg1 dose 1417:1420 the fractional booster dose 1394:1420 the fractional booster dose 1394:1420 On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. 34195422 5 92 theme opsonophagocytic 1163:1178 arg1 properties 1180:1189 opsonophagocytic properties 1163:1189 opsonophagocytic properties 1163:1189 Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. 34195422 4 93 theme opsonophagocytic 729:744 arg1 activity 746:753 opsonophagocytic activity 729:753 opsonophagocytic activity 729:753 Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). 34195422 2 94 theme present 344:350 arg1 study 352:356 the present study 340:356 the present study 340:356 Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). 34483834 5 0 theme PKR2 780:783 arg1 signaling 785:793 PKR2 signaling 780:793 PKR2 signaling through Gαs 780:805 Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/ 11 signaling. 34483834 4 1 theme N-linked 511:518 arg1 sites 534:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 2 from position 623:630 arg1 glycosylation 598:610 glycosylation 598:610 glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 598:633 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 1 3 theme energy 171:176 arg1 homeostasis 178:188 energy homeostasis 171:188 energy homeostasis 171:188 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 5 4 from position 744:751 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 glycosylation 727:739 glycosylation at position 7 727:753 Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/ 11 signaling. 34483834 0 5 from Role 0:3 arg1 Signaling 55:63 Signaling 55:63 Signaling 55:63 Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling. 34483834 0 5 from Role 0:3 arg1 Trafficking 39:49 PKR2 Trafficking 34:49 PKR2 Trafficking 34:49 Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling. 34483834 4 6 theme PKR2 615:618 arg1 glycosylation 598:610 glycosylation 598:610 glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 598:633 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 3 7 from importance 384:393 arg1 signaling 481:489 signaling 481:489 signaling 481:489 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 3 7 from importance 384:393 arg1 trafficking 465:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 1 8 theme Prokineticin 66:77 arg1 GPCRs 93:97 GPCRs 93:97 GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 93:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 1 8 theme Prokineticin 66:77 arg1 receptors 79:87 Prokineticin receptors 66:87 Prokineticin receptors 66:87 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 4 9 gly glycosylation 520:532 arg2 sites 534:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 9 gly glycosylation 520:532 arg2 2 509:509 2 509:509 2 509:509 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 1 10 theme homeostasis 178:188 arg1 regulation 157:166 the regulation 153:166 the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 153:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 3 11 theme PKRs 433:436 arg1 modification 417:428 post-translational modification 398:428 post-translational modification of PKRs 398:436 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 4 12 gly glycosylation 598:610 arg1 plasma 656:661 plasma membrane localization 656:683 plasma membrane localization 656:683 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 12 gly glycosylation 598:610 arg1 PKR2 615:618 PKR2 615:618 PKR2 615:618 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 12 gly glycosylation 598:610 arg1 membrane 663:670 plasma membrane localization 656:683 plasma membrane localization 656:683 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 12 gly glycosylation 598:610 arg2 position 623:630 position 27 623:633 position 27 623:633 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 12 gly glycosylation 598:610 arg1 position 623:630 position 27 623:633 position 27 623:633 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 3 13 theme receptor 456:463 arg1 trafficking 465:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 5 14 theme Gαq/ 825:828 arg1 signaling 833:841 Gαq/ 11 signaling 825:841 Gαq/ 11 signaling 825:841 Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/ 11 signaling. 34483834 1 15 theme nociception 191:201 arg1 regulation 157:166 the regulation 153:166 the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 153:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 3 16 theme post-translational 398:415 arg1 modification 417:428 post-translational modification 398:428 post-translational modification of PKRs 398:436 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 0 17 theme Glycosylation 17:29 arg1 Role 0:3 Role 0:3 Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling. 0:64 Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling. 34483834 4 18 theme PKR2 572:575 arg1 region 562:567 the N-terminal region 547:567 the N-terminal region of PKR2 547:575 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 0 19 theme N-Linked 8:15 arg1 Glycosylation 17:29 N-Linked Glycosylation 8:29 N-Linked Glycosylation 8:29 Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling. 34483834 1 20 theme reproductive 208:219 arg1 function 221:228 reproductive function 208:228 reproductive function 208:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 0 21 theme PKR2 34:37 arg1 Trafficking 39:49 PKR2 Trafficking 34:49 PKR2 Trafficking 34:49 Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling. 34483834 4 22 link N-linked 511:518 arg1 sites 534:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 23 theme membrane 663:670 arg1 localization 672:683 plasma membrane localization 656:683 plasma membrane localization 656:683 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 1 24 theme function 221:228 arg1 regulation 157:166 the regulation 153:166 the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 153:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 4 25 theme N-terminal 551:560 arg1 region 562:567 the N-terminal region 547:567 the N-terminal region of PKR2 547:575 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 4 26 theme plasma 656:661 arg1 localization 672:683 plasma membrane localization 656:683 plasma membrane localization 656:683 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 34483834 3 27 theme modification 417:428 arg1 importance 384:393 the importance 380:393 the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs 380:436 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 3 27 theme modification 417:428 arg1 role 448:451 their role 442:451 their role in receptor trafficking and signaling 442:489 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 1 28 theme several 111:117 arg1 processes 133:141 several physiological processes 111:141 several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 111:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 1 28 theme several 111:117 arg1 regulation 157:166 the regulation 153:166 the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 153:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 5 29 gly glycosylation 727:739 arg2 position 744:751 position 7 744:753 position 7 744:753 Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/ 11 signaling. 34483834 5 29 gly glycosylation 727:739 arg1 position 744:751 position 7 744:753 position 7 744:753 Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/ 11 signaling. 34483834 1 30 theme physiological 119:131 arg1 processes 133:141 several physiological processes 111:141 several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 111:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 1 30 theme physiological 119:131 arg1 regulation 157:166 the regulation 153:166 the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function 153:228 Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. 34483834 2 31 theme protein 278:284 arg1 MRAP2 286:290 the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 253:290 the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane 253:350 PKRs are inhibited by the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane. 34483834 5 32 from decrease 768:775 arg1 signaling 785:793 PKR2 signaling 780:793 PKR2 signaling through Gαs 780:805 Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/ 11 signaling. 34483834 2 33 theme accessory 268:276 arg1 MRAP2 286:290 the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 253:290 the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane 253:350 PKRs are inhibited by the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane. 34483834 2 34 theme plasma 336:341 arg1 membrane 343:350 the plasma membrane 332:350 the plasma membrane 332:350 PKRs are inhibited by the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane. 34483834 2 35 theme endogenous 257:266 arg1 MRAP2 286:290 the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 253:290 the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane 253:350 PKRs are inhibited by the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane. 34483834 3 36 from role 448:451 arg1 signaling 481:489 signaling 481:489 signaling 481:489 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 3 36 from role 448:451 arg1 trafficking 465:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 3 37 mod modification 417:428 arg1 receptor 456:463 receptor trafficking 456:475 receptor trafficking 456:475 Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. 34483834 4 38 theme glycosylation 520:532 arg1 sites 534:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 2 N-linked glycosylation sites 509:538 Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. 33391506 0 0 theme O-GlcNAc 87:94 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 125:139 O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 87:139 O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 87:139 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 2 1 theme host 629:632 arg1 cells 634:638 host cells 629:638 host cells 629:638 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 1 2 theme cell 177:180 arg1 machinery 182:190 the host cell machinery 168:190 the host cell machinery 168:190 Rationale: Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates innate antiviral immunity in the host remains elusive. 33391506 4 3 theme N-acetylglucosamine 792:810 arg1 proteins 830:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins 783:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins 783:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 11 4 theme antiviral 1959:1967 arg1 immunity 1969:1976 innate antiviral immunity 1952:1976 innate antiviral immunity 1952:1976 The findings reveal a link between HBP, O-GlcNAc modification, and innate antiviral immunity by targeting SAMHD1. 33391506 9 5 with patients 1745:1752 arg1 CHB 1759:1761 CHB 1759:1761 CHB 1759:1761 Analysis of clinical samples revealed that UDP-GlcNAc level was increased, and SAMHD1 was O-GlcNAcylated in patients with CHB. 33391506 8 6 theme O-GlcNAc 1433:1440 arg1 OGT 1455:1457 OGT 1455:1457 OGT 1455:1457 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 8 6 theme O-GlcNAc 1433:1440 arg1 transferase 1442:1452 O-GlcNAc transferase 1433:1452 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 1433:1580 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 10 7 theme HBP-mediated 1777:1788 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1790:1804 HBP-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1777:1804 HBP-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1777:1804 Conclusions: HBP-mediated O-GlcNAcylation positively regulates host antiviral response against HBV in vitro and in vivo. 33391506 6 8 theme GLUT1 1132:1136 arg1 expression 1138:1147 GLUT1 expression 1132:1147 GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface 1132:1173 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 5 9 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1030:1044 arg1 levels 1046:1051 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels 980:1051 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 980:1094 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 0 10 theme protein 117:123 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 125:139 O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 87:139 O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 87:139 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 3 11 theme protein 705:711 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 713:727 protein O-GlcNAcylation 705:727 protein O-GlcNAcylation 705:727 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 4 12 theme co-immunoprecipitation 918:939 arg1 assays 941:946 co-immunoprecipitation assays 918:946 co-immunoprecipitation assays 918:946 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 8 13 theme alpha 1496:1500 arg1 motif 1502:1506 sterile alpha motif 1488:1506 sterile alpha motif 1488:1506 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 4 14 theme O-linked 783:790 arg1 O-GlcNAc 813:820 O-GlcNAc 813:820 O-GlcNAc 813:820 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 4 14 theme O-linked 783:790 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 792:810 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 783:810 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins 783:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 1 15 theme innate 288:293 arg1 immunity 305:312 innate antiviral immunity 288:312 innate antiviral immunity 288:312 Rationale: Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates innate antiviral immunity in the host remains elusive. 33391506 0 16 theme transferase-mediated 96:115 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 125:139 O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 87:139 O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation 87:139 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 8 17 theme antiviral 1617:1625 arg1 activity 1627:1634 its antiviral activity 1613:1634 its antiviral activity 1613:1634 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 2 18 theme metabolic 606:614 arg1 responses 616:624 metabolic responses 606:624 metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection 606:655 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 2 19 theme hexosamine 370:379 arg1 HBP 403:405 HBP 403:405 HBP 403:405 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 2 19 theme hexosamine 370:379 arg1 pathway 394:400 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 366:400 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 366:406 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 9 20 from O-GlcNAcylated 1727:1740 arg1 patients 1745:1752 patients 1745:1752 patients with CHB 1745:1761 Analysis of clinical samples revealed that UDP-GlcNAc level was increased, and SAMHD1 was O-GlcNAcylated in patients with CHB. 33391506 1 21 theme antiviral 295:303 arg1 immunity 305:312 innate antiviral immunity 288:312 innate antiviral immunity 288:312 Rationale: Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates innate antiviral immunity in the host remains elusive. 33391506 10 22 theme antiviral 1832:1840 arg1 response 1842:1849 host antiviral response 1827:1849 host antiviral response against HBV 1827:1861 Conclusions: HBP-mediated O-GlcNAcylation positively regulates host antiviral response against HBV in vitro and in vivo. 33391506 4 23 theme mass 888:891 arg1 spectrometry 893:904 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 859:904 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 859:912 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 4 23 theme mass 888:891 arg1 LC-MS 907:911 LC-MS 907:911 LC-MS 907:911 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 7 24 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1374:1388 arg1 inhibition 1352:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition 1317:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation 1317:1388 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation promoted HBV replication. 33391506 8 25 theme transferase 1442:1452 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1469:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1433:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 1433:1580 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 6 26 theme HBV 1106:1108 arg1 infection 1110:1118 HBV infection 1106:1118 HBV infection 1106:1118 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 2 27 theme HBV 643:645 arg1 infection 647:655 HBV infection 643:655 HBV infection 643:655 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 2 28 theme antiviral 479:487 arg1 response 489:496 host antiviral response 474:496 host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) 474:528 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 5 29 from levels 1046:1051 arg1 patients 1056:1063 patients 1056:1063 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 1056:1094 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 0 30 theme biosynthetic 11:22 arg1 pathway 24:30 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 0:30 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 0:30 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 3 31 theme HBV 743:745 arg1 infection 747:755 HBV infection 743:755 HBV infection in cell and mouse models 743:780 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 6 32 theme protein 1292:1298 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1300:1314 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1292:1314 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1292:1314 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 9 33 theme samples 1658:1664 arg1 Analysis 1637:1644 Analysis 1637:1644 Analysis of clinical samples 1637:1664 Analysis of clinical samples revealed that UDP-GlcNAc level was increased, and SAMHD1 was O-GlcNAcylated in patients with CHB. 33391506 5 34 theme diphosphate 988:998 arg1 biosynthesis 1013:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 8 35 from O-GlcNAcylation 1469:1483 arg1 Ser93 1576:1580 Ser93 1576:1580 Ser93 1576:1580 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 1 36 theme viral 203:207 arg1 replication 209:219 viral replication 203:219 viral replication 203:219 Rationale: Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates innate antiviral immunity in the host remains elusive. 33391506 0 37 theme Hexosamine 0:9 arg1 pathway 24:30 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 0:30 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 0:30 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 3 38 theme mouse 769:773 arg1 models 775:780 cell and mouse models 760:780 models 775:780 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 2 39 theme cells 634:638 arg1 responses 616:624 metabolic responses 606:624 metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection 606:655 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 11 40 theme O-GlcNAc 1925:1932 arg1 modification 1934:1945 O-GlcNAc modification 1925:1945 O-GlcNAc modification 1925:1945 The findings reveal a link between HBP, O-GlcNAc modification, and innate antiviral immunity by targeting SAMHD1. 33391506 8 41 theme motif 1502:1506 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1469:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1433:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 1433:1580 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 7 42 theme HBV 1399:1401 arg1 replication 1403:1413 HBV replication 1399:1413 HBV replication 1399:1413 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation promoted HBV replication. 33391506 2 43 theme host 474:477 arg1 response 489:496 host antiviral response 474:496 host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) 474:528 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 5 44 theme uridine 980:986 arg1 biosynthesis 1013:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 5 45 theme UDP 1001:1003 arg1 biosynthesis 1013:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 6 46 theme hepatocyte 1156:1165 arg1 surface 1167:1173 the hepatocyte surface 1152:1173 the hepatocyte surface 1152:1173 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 3 47 theme cell 760:763 arg1 models 775:780 cell and mouse models 760:780 models 775:780 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 9 48 theme clinical 1649:1656 arg1 samples 1658:1664 clinical samples 1649:1664 clinical samples 1649:1664 Analysis of clinical samples revealed that UDP-GlcNAc level was increased, and SAMHD1 was O-GlcNAcylated in patients with CHB. 33391506 8 49 theme protein 1554:1560 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1469:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1433:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 1433:1580 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 6 50 theme glucose 1191:1197 arg1 uptake 1199:1204 glucose uptake 1191:1204 glucose uptake 1191:1204 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 5 51 theme biosynthesis 1013:1024 arg1 levels 1046:1051 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels 980:1051 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 980:1094 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 0 52 theme antiviral 45:53 arg1 activity 55:62 the antiviral activity 41:62 the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 41:72 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 9 53 theme UDP-GlcNAc 1680:1689 arg1 level 1691:1695 UDP-GlcNAc level 1680:1695 UDP-GlcNAc level 1680:1695 Analysis of clinical samples revealed that UDP-GlcNAc level was increased, and SAMHD1 was O-GlcNAcylated in patients with CHB. 33391506 8 54 theme domain-containing 1536:1552 arg1 protein 1554:1560 histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 1512:1562 histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) 1512:1571 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 8 54 theme domain-containing 1536:1552 arg1 SAMHD1 1565:1570 SAMHD1 1565:1570 SAMHD1 1565:1570 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 5 55 theme chronic 1070:1076 arg1 CHB 1091:1093 CHB 1091:1093 CHB 1091:1093 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 5 55 theme chronic 1070:1076 arg1 B 1088:1088 chronic hepatitis B 1070:1088 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 1070:1094 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 2 56 theme B 516:516 arg1 HBV 525:527 HBV 525:527 HBV 525:527 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 2 56 theme B 516:516 arg1 virus 518:522 hepatitis B virus 506:522 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 506:528 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 11 57 theme innate 1952:1957 arg1 immunity 1969:1976 innate antiviral immunity 1952:1976 innate antiviral immunity 1952:1976 The findings reveal a link between HBP, O-GlcNAc modification, and innate antiviral immunity by targeting SAMHD1. 33391506 3 58 from infection 747:755 arg1 models 775:780 cell and mouse models 760:780 models 775:780 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 7 59 theme HBP 1366:1368 arg1 inhibition 1352:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition 1317:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation 1317:1388 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation promoted HBV replication. 33391506 2 60 theme hepatitis 506:514 arg1 HBV 525:527 HBV 525:527 HBV 525:527 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 2 60 theme hepatitis 506:514 arg1 virus 518:522 hepatitis B virus 506:522 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 506:528 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 4 61 theme liquid 859:864 arg1 spectrometry 893:904 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 859:904 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 859:912 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 4 61 theme liquid 859:864 arg1 LC-MS 907:911 LC-MS 907:911 LC-MS 907:911 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 7 62 theme transcriptional 1336:1350 arg1 inhibition 1352:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition 1317:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation 1317:1388 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation promoted HBV replication. 33391506 9 63 from patients 1745:1752 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1727:1740 O-GlcNAcylated 1727:1740 O-GlcNAcylated 1727:1740 Analysis of clinical samples revealed that UDP-GlcNAc level was increased, and SAMHD1 was O-GlcNAcylated in patients with CHB. 33391506 4 64 theme chromatography-tandem 866:886 arg1 spectrometry 893:904 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 859:904 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 859:912 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 4 64 theme chromatography-tandem 866:886 arg1 LC-MS 907:911 LC-MS 907:911 LC-MS 907:911 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 10 65 theme host 1827:1830 arg1 response 1842:1849 host antiviral response 1827:1849 host antiviral response against HBV 1827:1861 Conclusions: HBP-mediated O-GlcNAcylation positively regulates host antiviral response against HBV in vitro and in vivo. 33391506 8 66 theme histidine/aspartic 1512:1529 arg1 protein 1554:1560 histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 1512:1562 histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) 1512:1571 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 8 66 theme histidine/aspartic 1512:1529 arg1 SAMHD1 1565:1570 SAMHD1 1565:1570 SAMHD1 1565:1570 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 3 67 theme HBP 697:699 arg1 role 689:692 the role 685:692 the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models 685:780 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 5 68 theme hepatitis 1078:1086 arg1 CHB 1091:1093 CHB 1091:1093 CHB 1091:1093 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 5 68 theme hepatitis 1078:1086 arg1 B 1088:1088 chronic hepatitis B 1070:1088 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 1070:1094 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 4 69 link O-linked 783:790 arg1 O-GlcNAc 813:820 O-GlcNAc 813:820 O-GlcNAc 813:820 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 4 69 link O-linked 783:790 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 792:810 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 783:810 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins 783:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 8 70 theme -mediated 1459:1467 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1469:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1433:1483 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 1433:1580 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 2 71 theme metabolomics 575:586 arg1 assay 588:592 a metabolomics assay 573:592 a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection 573:655 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 5 72 theme -GlcNAc 1005:1011 arg1 biosynthesis 1013:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis 980:1024 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 6 73 from expression 1138:1147 arg1 surface 1167:1173 the hepatocyte surface 1152:1173 the hepatocyte surface 1152:1173 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 1 74 theme host 172:175 arg1 machinery 182:190 the host cell machinery 168:190 the host cell machinery 168:190 Rationale: Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates innate antiviral immunity in the host remains elusive. 33391506 6 75 from increase 1280:1287 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1300:1314 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1292:1314 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1292:1314 Results: HBV infection upregulated GLUT1 expression on the hepatocyte surface and facilitated glucose uptake, which provides substrates to HBP to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, leading to an increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 7 76 theme Pharmacological 1317:1331 arg1 inhibition 1352:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition 1317:1361 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation 1317:1388 Pharmacological or transcriptional inhibition of HBP and O-GlcNAcylation promoted HBV replication. 33391506 5 77 with patients 1056:1063 arg1 CHB 1091:1093 CHB 1091:1093 CHB 1091:1093 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 5 77 with patients 1056:1063 arg1 B 1088:1088 chronic hepatitis B 1070:1088 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 1070:1094 Additionally, we also examined uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc biosynthesis and O-GlcNAcylation levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). 33391506 8 78 theme acid 1531:1534 arg1 protein 1554:1560 histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 1512:1562 histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) 1512:1571 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 8 78 theme acid 1531:1534 arg1 SAMHD1 1565:1570 SAMHD1 1565:1570 SAMHD1 1565:1570 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 8 79 theme sterile 1488:1494 arg1 motif 1502:1506 sterile alpha motif 1488:1506 sterile alpha motif 1488:1506 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) on Ser93 stabilizes SAMHD1 and enhances its antiviral activity. 33391506 0 80 theme SAMHD1 67:72 arg1 activity 55:62 the antiviral activity 41:62 the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 41:72 Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33391506 3 81 theme O-GlcNAcylation 713:727 arg1 role 689:692 the role 685:692 the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models 685:780 We systematically explored the role of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in regulating HBV infection in cell and mouse models. 33391506 4 82 theme target 823:828 arg1 proteins 830:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins 783:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins 783:837 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) target proteins were identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation assays. 33391506 2 83 theme biosynthesis 381:392 arg1 HBP 403:405 HBP 403:405 HBP 403:405 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 2 83 theme biosynthesis 381:392 arg1 pathway 394:400 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 366:400 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 366:406 Herein, we explore how the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulate host antiviral response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo.Methods: We conducted a metabolomics assay to evaluate metabolic responses of host cells to HBV infection. 33391506 1 84 theme metabolic 254:262 arg1 reprogramming 264:276 metabolic reprogramming 254:276 metabolic reprogramming 254:276 Rationale: Viruses hijack the host cell machinery to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates innate antiviral immunity in the host remains elusive. 34607960 7 0 theme immune 1585:1590 arg1 cells 1592:1596 innate immune cells 1578:1596 innate immune cells 1578:1596 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 5 1 from disruption 934:943 arg1 microglia 963:971 mouse microglia 957:971 mouse microglia 957:971 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 2 from DAGLB 1197:1201 arg1 PLA2G4A 1221:1227 PLA2G4A 1221:1227 PLA2G4A 1221:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 7 3 from role 1613:1616 arg1 cross-talk 1621:1630 cross-talk 1621:1630 cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1621:1671 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 6 4 theme chemokine 1320:1328 arg1 responses 1330:1338 generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses 1274:1338 generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment 1274:1370 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 3 5 theme diacylglycerol 550:563 arg1 pools 571:575 diacylglycerol (DAG) pools 550:575 diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells 550:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 7 6 theme PLCγ2 1560:1564 arg1 function 1566:1573 PLCγ2 function 1560:1573 PLCγ2 function 1560:1573 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 4 7 theme human 826:830 arg1 mutations 832:840 disease-relevant human mutations 809:840 disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages 809:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 2 8 dep composition 261:271 arg1 the 257:259 the 257:259 the 257:259 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 3 9 theme lipase 704:709 arg1 enzymes 718:724 DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes 665:724 DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells 665:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 6 10 theme cytokine 1307:1314 arg1 responses 1330:1338 generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses 1274:1338 generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment 1274:1370 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 1 11 theme lipid 171:175 arg1 pathways 177:184 lipid pathways 171:184 lipid pathways 171:184 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 3 12 theme innate 729:734 arg1 cells 743:747 innate immune cells 729:747 innate immune cells 729:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 6 13 theme normal 1284:1289 arg1 responses 1330:1338 generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses 1274:1338 generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment 1274:1370 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 2 14 theme immune 331:336 arg1 cells 338:342 innate immune cells 324:342 innate immune cells 324:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 4 15 theme primary 889:895 arg1 macrophages 913:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 6 16 theme restricted 1399:1408 arg1 deficit 1410:1416 a more restricted deficit 1392:1416 a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression 1392:1515 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 5 17 theme proteomic 1088:1096 arg1 changes 1098:1104 widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes 1057:1104 widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes 1057:1104 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 17 theme proteomic 1088:1096 arg1 reorganization 1121:1134 the reorganization 1117:1134 the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A 1117:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 7 18 with cross-talk 1621:1630 arg1 pathways 1664:1671 endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1637:1671 endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1637:1671 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 4 19 theme Fc 863:864 arg1 activation 875:884 Fc receptor activation 863:884 Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages 863:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 4 20 from activation 875:884 arg1 macrophages 913:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 5 21 theme transcriptional 1068:1082 arg1 changes 1098:1104 widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes 1057:1104 widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes 1057:1104 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 21 theme transcriptional 1068:1082 arg1 reorganization 1121:1134 the reorganization 1117:1134 the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A 1117:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 3 22 theme bioactive 614:622 arg1 endocannabinoid 624:638 bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids 614:660 endocannabinoid 624:638 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 1 23 theme prominent 132:140 arg1 role 142:145 a prominent role 130:145 a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 130:233 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 7 24 theme cellular 1702:1709 arg1 responses 1711:1719 cellular responses 1702:1719 cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli 1702:1743 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 0 25 theme innate 71:76 arg1 cells 85:89 innate immune cells 71:89 innate immune cells 71:89 Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. 34607960 6 26 from impairments 1457:1467 arg1 production 1486:1495 prostaglandin production 1472:1495 prostaglandin production 1472:1495 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 6 26 from impairments 1457:1467 arg1 expression 1506:1515 CD68 expression 1501:1515 CD68 expression 1501:1515 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 7 27 theme subsets 1691:1697 arg1 modulation 1677:1686 modulation 1677:1686 modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli 1677:1743 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 7 27 theme subsets 1691:1697 arg1 role 1613:1616 a role 1611:1616 a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1611:1671 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 2 28 from cells 338:342 arg1 understanding 240:252 Our understanding 236:252 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells 236:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 2 29 theme lipid 306:310 arg1 networks 312:319 immunomodulatory lipid networks 289:319 immunomodulatory lipid networks 289:319 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 1 30 from role 142:145 arg1 disorders 225:233 immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 189:233 immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 189:233 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 0 31 from networks 59:66 arg1 cells 85:89 innate immune cells 71:89 innate immune cells 71:89 Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 32 from enzymes 718:724 arg1 cells 743:747 innate immune cells 729:747 innate immune cells 729:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 0 33 theme immune 78:83 arg1 cells 85:89 innate immune cells 71:89 innate immune cells 71:89 Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. 34607960 0 34 theme Phospholipase 0:12 arg1 Cγ2 14:16 Phospholipase Cγ2 0:16 Phospholipase Cγ2 0:16 Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. 34607960 1 35 theme genetic 98:104 arg1 studies 106:112 Human genetic studies 92:112 Human genetic studies 92:112 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 2 36 from composition 261:271 arg1 cells 338:342 innate immune cells 324:342 innate immune cells 324:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 6 37 from deficit 1410:1416 arg1 activation 1432:1441 microglial activation 1421:1441 microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression 1421:1515 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 3 38 theme principal 530:538 arg1 source 540:545 a principal source 528:545 a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells 528:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 5 39 theme Genetic 926:932 arg1 disruption 934:943 Genetic disruption 926:943 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia 926:971 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 2 40 from function 277:284 arg1 cells 338:342 innate immune cells 324:342 innate immune cells 324:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 3 41 theme lipids 655:660 arg1 cascade 603:609 a cascade 601:609 a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids 601:660 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 6 42 theme CD68 1501:1504 arg1 expression 1506:1515 CD68 expression 1501:1515 CD68 expression 1501:1515 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 7 43 from modulation 1677:1686 arg1 cross-talk 1621:1630 cross-talk 1621:1630 cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1621:1671 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 5 44 theme lipid 1155:1159 arg1 pathways 1161:1168 immune-relevant lipid pathways 1139:1168 immune-relevant lipid pathways 1139:1168 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 3 45 theme autoinflammatory 467:482 arg1 disorders 484:492 autoinflammatory disorders 467:492 autoinflammatory disorders 467:492 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 46 theme DAG 665:667 arg1 DAGL 677:680 DAGL 677:680 DAGL 677:680 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 46 theme DAG 665:667 arg1 lipase 669:674 DAG lipase 665:674 DAG lipase (DAGL) 665:681 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 7 47 theme innate 1578:1583 arg1 cells 1592:1596 innate immune cells 1578:1596 innate immune cells 1578:1596 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 5 48 theme DAGL/MGLL-mediated 984:1001 arg1 cross-talk 1030:1039 DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk 984:1039 DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk 984:1039 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 3 49 theme monoacylglycerol 687:702 arg1 MGLL 712:715 MGLL 712:715 MGLL 712:715 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 49 theme monoacylglycerol 687:702 arg1 lipase 704:709 monoacylglycerol lipase 687:709 monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) 687:716 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 6 50 theme lipopolysaccharide 1343:1360 arg1 treatment 1362:1370 lipopolysaccharide treatment 1343:1370 lipopolysaccharide treatment 1343:1370 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 7 51 theme function 1566:1573 arg1 understanding 1543:1555 the understanding 1539:1555 the understanding of PLCγ2 function 1539:1573 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 5 52 from elevations 1207:1216 arg1 PLA2G4A 1221:1227 PLA2G4A 1221:1227 PLA2G4A 1221:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 53 from reductions 1183:1192 arg1 DAGLB 1197:1201 DAGLB 1197:1201 DAGLB 1197:1201 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 53 from reductions 1183:1192 arg1 elevations 1207:1216 elevations 1207:1216 elevations in PLA2G4A 1207:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 2 54 theme networks 312:319 arg1 composition 261:271 composition 261:271 composition 261:271 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 2 54 theme networks 312:319 arg1 function 277:284 function 277:284 function 277:284 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 2 55 theme immunomodulatory 289:304 arg1 networks 312:319 immunomodulatory lipid networks 289:319 immunomodulatory lipid networks 289:319 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 4 56 theme disease-relevant 809:824 arg1 mutations 832:840 disease-relevant human mutations 809:840 disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages 809:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 6 57 theme proinflammatory 1291:1305 arg1 cytokine 1307:1314 proinflammatory cytokine 1291:1314 proinflammatory cytokine 1291:1314 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 5 58 from microglia 963:971 arg1 disruption 934:943 Genetic disruption 926:943 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia 926:971 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 3 59 theme immune 736:741 arg1 cells 743:747 innate immune cells 729:747 innate immune cells 729:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 2 60 theme innate 324:329 arg1 cells 338:342 innate immune cells 324:342 innate immune cells 324:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 1 61 theme immunological 189:201 arg1 disorders 225:233 immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 189:233 immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 189:233 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 3 62 theme pools 571:575 arg1 source 540:545 a principal source 528:545 a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells 528:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 1 63 theme neurodegenerative 207:223 arg1 disorders 225:233 immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 189:233 immunological and neurodegenerative disorders 189:233 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 7 64 theme inflammatory 1724:1735 arg1 stimuli 1737:1743 inflammatory stimuli 1724:1743 inflammatory stimuli 1724:1743 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 4 65 theme human 897:901 arg1 macrophages 913:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 7 66 theme responses 1711:1719 arg1 subsets 1691:1697 subsets 1691:1697 subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli 1691:1743 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 6 67 theme Plcg2-/- 1253:1260 arg1 mice 1262:1265 Plcg2-/- mice 1253:1265 Plcg2-/- mice 1253:1265 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 5 68 theme widespread 1057:1066 arg1 changes 1098:1104 widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes 1057:1104 widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes 1057:1104 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 68 theme widespread 1057:1066 arg1 reorganization 1121:1134 the reorganization 1117:1134 the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A 1117:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 2 69 theme function 277:284 arg1 understanding 240:252 Our understanding 236:252 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells 236:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 4 70 theme receptor 866:873 arg1 activation 875:884 Fc receptor activation 863:884 Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages 863:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 6 71 theme prostaglandin 1472:1484 arg1 production 1486:1495 prostaglandin production 1472:1495 prostaglandin production 1472:1495 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 2 72 theme composition 261:271 arg1 understanding 240:252 Our understanding 236:252 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells 236:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 0 73 from endocannabinoid 28:42 arg1 cells 85:89 innate immune cells 71:89 innate immune cells 71:89 Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. 34607960 5 74 theme pathways 1161:1168 arg1 reorganization 1121:1134 the reorganization 1117:1134 the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A 1117:1227 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 1 75 theme innate 151:156 arg1 immunity 158:165 innate immunity 151:165 innate immunity 151:165 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 4 76 from PLCγ2 845:849 arg1 macrophages 913:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 7 77 theme endocannabinoid/eicosanoid 1637:1662 arg1 pathways 1664:1671 endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1637:1671 endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways 1637:1671 Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. 34607960 4 78 theme mouse 907:911 arg1 macrophages 913:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 primary human and mouse macrophages 889:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 6 79 theme microglial 1421:1430 arg1 activation 1432:1441 microglial activation 1421:1441 microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression 1421:1515 Despite these changes, Plcg2-/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. 34607960 4 80 from mutations 832:840 arg1 activation 875:884 Fc receptor activation 863:884 Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages 863:923 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 4 80 from mutations 832:840 arg1 PLCγ2 845:849 PLCγ2 845:849 PLCγ2 845:849 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 5 81 theme PLCγ2 948:952 arg1 disruption 934:943 Genetic disruption 926:943 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia 926:971 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 5 82 theme immune-relevant 1139:1153 arg1 pathways 1161:1168 immune-relevant lipid pathways 1139:1168 immune-relevant lipid pathways 1139:1168 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 1 83 theme Human 92:96 arg1 studies 106:112 Human genetic studies 92:112 Human genetic studies 92:112 Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. 34607960 2 84 from understanding 240:252 arg1 cells 338:342 innate immune cells 324:342 innate immune cells 324:342 Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. 34607960 3 85 theme phospholipase 393:405 arg1 Cγ2 407:409 phospholipase Cγ2 393:409 phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2) 393:426 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 86 dep Cγ2 407:409 arg1 PLCG2 421:425 PLCG2 421:425 PLCG2 421:425 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 86 dep Cγ2 407:409 arg1 PLCγ2 412:416 PLCγ2 412:416 PLCγ2 412:416 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 87 theme eicosanoid 644:653 arg1 lipids 655:660 bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids 614:660 lipids 655:660 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 0 88 theme eicosanoid 48:57 arg1 networks 59:66 eicosanoid networks 48:66 eicosanoid networks 48:66 Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. 34607960 5 89 theme endocannabinoid-eicosanoid 1003:1028 arg1 cross-talk 1030:1039 DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk 984:1039 DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk 984:1039 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 3 90 theme endocannabinoid 624:638 arg1 cascade 603:609 a cascade 601:609 a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids 601:660 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 3 91 theme lipase 669:674 arg1 enzymes 718:724 DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes 665:724 DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells 665:747 Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. 34607960 5 92 theme mouse 957:961 arg1 microglia 963:971 mouse microglia 957:971 mouse microglia 957:971 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34607960 4 93 theme lipid 768:772 arg1 network 774:780 this lipid network 763:780 this lipid network 763:780 We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. 34607960 5 94 from PLCγ2 948:952 arg1 microglia 963:971 mouse microglia 957:971 mouse microglia 957:971 Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. 34188486 0 0 theme Cellulomonas 75:86 arg1 fimi 88:91 Cellulomonas fimi 75:91 Cellulomonas fimi 75:91 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 5 1 theme higher 825:830 arg1 rate 842:845 a notably higher occurring rate 815:845 a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter 815:884 The cleavages were found to occur in both the cellulose-binding (CellBD) and catalytic domains, with a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter. 34188486 0 2 from Cleavages 12:20 arg1 coli 109:112 Escherichia coli 97:112 Escherichia coli 97:112 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 3 gly unglycosylated 383:396 arg1 CenA 423:426 recombinant CenA 411:426 recombinant CenA (rCenA) 411:434 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 3 gly unglycosylated 383:396 arg1 bioactive 445:453 bioactive 445:453 bioactive 445:453 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 3 gly unglycosylated 383:396 arg1 counterpart 398:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 5 4 theme occurring 832:840 arg1 rate 842:845 a notably higher occurring rate 815:845 a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter 815:884 The cleavages were found to occur in both the cellulose-binding (CellBD) and catalytic domains, with a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter. 34188486 1 5 theme glycosylated 237:248 arg1 protein 250:256 a glycosylated protein 235:256 a glycosylated protein 235:256 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 2 6 theme glycosylation 271:283 arg1 role 263:266 The role 259:266 The role of glycosylation in CenA 259:291 The role of glycosylation in CenA is unclear. 34188486 2 6 theme glycosylation 271:283 arg1 unclear 296:302 unclear 296:302 unclear 296:302 The role of glycosylation in CenA is unclear. 34188486 0 7 theme fimi 88:91 arg1 Protein 40:46 a Heterologous Protein 25:46 a Heterologous Protein 25:46 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 0 7 theme fimi 88:91 arg1 Endoglucanase 58:70 the CenA Endoglucanase 49:70 the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi 49:91 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 6 8 link N-linked 951:958 arg1 sites 974:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 3 9 from coli 485:488 arg1 bioactive 445:453 bioactive 445:453 bioactive 445:453 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 9 from coli 485:488 arg1 counterpart 398:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 4 10 theme factors 705:711 arg1 influence 668:676 the influence 664:676 the influence of different environmental factors 664:711 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 6 11 from proteins 1085:1092 arg1 rCenA 1063:1067 rCenA 1063:1067 rCenA from endogenous proteins 1063:1092 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 6 11 from proteins 1085:1092 arg1 points 1102:1107 the points 1098:1107 the points of initiation of SC 1098:1127 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 6 12 theme glycosylation 960:972 arg1 sites 974:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 9 13 theme cellulolysis 1457:1468 arg1 mechanisms 1412:1421 the mechanisms 1408:1421 the mechanisms of protein turnover and enzymatic cellulolysis 1408:1468 Thus, our findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of protein turnover and enzymatic cellulolysis. 34188486 5 14 theme catalytic 791:799 arg1 domains 801:807 catalytic domains 791:807 catalytic domains 791:807 The cleavages were found to occur in both the cellulose-binding (CellBD) and catalytic domains, with a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter. 34188486 3 15 theme unglycosylated 383:396 arg1 CenA 423:426 recombinant CenA 411:426 recombinant CenA (rCenA) 411:434 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 15 theme unglycosylated 383:396 arg1 bioactive 445:453 bioactive 445:453 bioactive 445:453 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 15 theme unglycosylated 383:396 arg1 counterpart 398:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 1 16 gly glycosylated 237:248 arg1 protein 250:256 a glycosylated protein 235:256 a glycosylated protein 235:256 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 6 17 theme endogenous 1074:1083 arg1 proteins 1085:1092 endogenous proteins 1074:1092 endogenous proteins 1074:1092 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 1 18 theme Gram-positive 156:168 arg1 bacterium 183:191 the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium 152:191 the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium 152:191 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 1 18 theme Gram-positive 156:168 arg1 fimi 207:210 Cellulomonas fimi 194:210 Cellulomonas fimi 194:210 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 9 19 theme protein 1426:1432 arg1 turnover 1434:1441 protein turnover 1426:1441 protein turnover 1426:1441 Thus, our findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of protein turnover and enzymatic cellulolysis. 34188486 3 20 from bioactive 445:453 arg1 coli 485:488 Escherichia coli 473:488 Escherichia coli 473:488 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 1 21 theme cellulolytic 170:181 arg1 bacterium 183:191 the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium 152:191 the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium 152:191 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 1 21 theme cellulolytic 170:181 arg1 fimi 207:210 Cellulomonas fimi 194:210 Cellulomonas fimi 194:210 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 0 22 theme Spontaneous 0:10 arg1 Cleavages 12:20 Spontaneous Cleavages 0:20 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli 0:112 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 23 theme recombinant 411:421 arg1 CenA 423:426 recombinant CenA 411:426 recombinant CenA (rCenA) 411:434 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 23 theme recombinant 411:421 arg1 rCenA 429:433 rCenA 429:433 rCenA 429:433 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 23 theme recombinant 411:421 arg1 counterpart 398:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 the unglycosylated counterpart 379:408 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 3 24 theme functional 339:348 arg1 activity 350:357 functional activity 339:357 functional activity 339:357 However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. 34188486 6 25 gly glycosylation 960:972 arg2 sites 974:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 4 26 theme environmental 691:703 arg1 factors 705:711 different environmental factors 681:711 different environmental factors 681:711 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 8 27 theme enzyme-substrate 1344:1359 arg1 complex 1361:1367 the enzyme-substrate complex 1340:1367 the enzyme-substrate complex 1340:1367 Subsequent to hydrolysis, SC would ensure the dissociation of CenA from the enzyme-substrate complex. 34188486 4 28 theme different 681:689 arg1 factors 705:711 different environmental factors 681:711 different environmental factors 681:711 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 9 29 theme turnover 1434:1441 arg1 mechanisms 1412:1421 the mechanisms 1408:1421 the mechanisms of protein turnover and enzymatic cellulolysis 1408:1468 Thus, our findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of protein turnover and enzymatic cellulolysis. 34188486 1 30 theme Cellulomonas 194:205 arg1 bacterium 183:191 the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium 152:191 the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium 152:191 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 1 30 theme Cellulomonas 194:205 arg1 fimi 207:210 Cellulomonas fimi 194:210 Cellulomonas fimi 194:210 CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. 34188486 0 31 theme Protein 40:46 arg1 Cleavages 12:20 Spontaneous Cleavages 0:20 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli 0:112 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 6 32 theme N-linked 951:958 arg1 sites 974:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 0 33 theme Heterologous 27:38 arg1 Protein 40:46 a Heterologous Protein 25:46 a Heterologous Protein 25:46 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 0 33 theme Heterologous 27:38 arg1 Endoglucanase 58:70 the CenA Endoglucanase 49:70 the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi 49:91 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 6 34 theme potential 941:949 arg1 sites 974:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 potential N-linked glycosylation sites 941:978 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 8 35 from complex 1361:1367 arg1 dissociation 1314:1325 the dissociation 1310:1325 the dissociation of CenA from the enzyme-substrate complex 1310:1367 Subsequent to hydrolysis, SC would ensure the dissociation of CenA from the enzyme-substrate complex. 34188486 4 36 theme screening 510:518 arg1 approach 520:527 a systematic screening approach 497:527 a systematic screening approach 497:527 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 6 37 theme SC 1126:1127 arg1 initiation 1112:1121 initiation 1112:1121 initiation of SC 1112:1127 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 4 38 theme coli 652:655 arg1 cytoplasm 617:625 the cytoplasm 613:625 the cytoplasm 613:625 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 4 38 theme coli 652:655 arg1 medium 639:644 culture medium 631:644 culture medium 631:644 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 2 39 from role 263:266 arg1 CenA 288:291 CenA 288:291 CenA 288:291 The role of glycosylation in CenA is unclear. 34188486 4 40 theme systematic 499:508 arg1 approach 520:527 a systematic screening approach 497:527 a systematic screening approach 497:527 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 6 41 theme attributive 1025:1035 arg1 sites 1003:1007 these sites 997:1007 these sites 997:1007 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 6 41 theme attributive 1025:1035 arg1 tags 1037:1040 attributive tags 1025:1040 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC 1024:1127 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 6 42 theme initiation 1112:1121 arg1 rCenA 1063:1067 rCenA 1063:1067 rCenA from endogenous proteins 1063:1092 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 6 42 theme initiation 1112:1121 arg1 points 1102:1107 the points 1098:1107 the points of initiation of SC 1098:1127 In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as 'attributive tags' for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. 34188486 7 43 theme crucial 1176:1182 arg1 role 1184:1187 a crucial role 1174:1187 a crucial role 1174:1187 It is hypothesized that glycosylation plays a crucial role in protecting CenA from SC when interacting with cellulose in the environment. 34188486 4 44 from cleavages 590:598 arg1 cytoplasm 617:625 the cytoplasm 613:625 the cytoplasm 613:625 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 4 44 from cleavages 590:598 arg1 medium 639:644 culture medium 631:644 culture medium 631:644 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 0 45 theme CenA 53:56 arg1 Protein 40:46 a Heterologous Protein 25:46 a Heterologous Protein 25:46 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 0 45 theme CenA 53:56 arg1 Endoglucanase 58:70 the CenA Endoglucanase 49:70 the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi 49:91 Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. 34188486 5 46 located detected 847:854 arg1 former 863:868 former 863:868 former 863:868 The cleavages were found to occur in both the cellulose-binding (CellBD) and catalytic domains, with a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter. 34188486 5 46 located detected 847:854 arg2 rate 842:845 a notably higher occurring rate 815:845 a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter 815:884 The cleavages were found to occur in both the cellulose-binding (CellBD) and catalytic domains, with a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter. 34188486 8 47 theme CenA 1330:1333 arg1 dissociation 1314:1325 the dissociation 1310:1325 the dissociation of CenA from the enzyme-substrate complex 1310:1367 Subsequent to hydrolysis, SC would ensure the dissociation of CenA from the enzyme-substrate complex. 34188486 4 48 theme culture 631:637 arg1 medium 639:644 culture medium 631:644 culture medium 631:644 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 4 49 theme spontaneous 578:588 arg1 SC 601:602 SC 601:602 SC 601:602 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 34188486 4 49 theme spontaneous 578:588 arg1 cleavages 590:598 spontaneous cleavages 578:598 spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli 578:655 Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. 32345738 6 0 dep pathways 1361:1368 arg1 addition 1336:1343 addition 1336:1343 addition 1336:1343 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 7 1 theme Aeromonas 1591:1599 arg1 genes 1601:1605 Aeromonas genes 1591:1605 Aeromonas genes 1591:1605 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 4 2 theme Alistipes/Acetobacteroides 889:914 arg1 genera 916:921 Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera 889:921 Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera 889:921 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 11 3 theme main 2497:2500 arg1 driver 2502:2507 the main driver 2493:2507 the main driver of community composition and functional potential 2493:2557 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 3 theme main 2497:2500 arg1 point 2483:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 9 4 theme 16S 2250:2252 arg1 gene 2259:2262 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 2250:2300 gene 2259:2262 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 8 5 theme toxigenic 1962:1970 arg1 bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1972:1990 toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1962:1990 toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1962:1990 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 13 6 theme hemolytic 2890:2898 arg1 genes 2906:2910 hemolytic toxin genes 2890:2910 hemolytic toxin genes 2890:2910 These bacteria peaked early in decomposition and coincided with the metagenomic abundance of hemolytic toxin genes. 32345738 8 7 theme bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1972:1990 arg1 source 1929:1934 a potential source 1917:1934 a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1917:1990 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 7 theme bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1972:1990 arg1 necrobiome 1896:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 7 8 theme related 1535:1541 arg1 strains 1527:1533 novel strains 1521:1533 novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition 1521:1778 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 3 9 theme rRNA 517:520 arg1 gene 522:525 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 513:563 gene 522:525 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 1 10 theme functional 302:311 arg1 context 331:337 a functional and environmental context 300:337 a functional and environmental context 300:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 4 11 theme Rikenellaceae 868:880 arg1 members 853:859 members 853:859 members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera) 853:922 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 7 12 theme novel 1521:1525 arg1 strains 1527:1533 novel strains 1521:1533 novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition 1521:1778 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 3 13 from perspectives 665:676 arg1 progression 603:613 the progression 599:613 the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives 599:676 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 9 14 theme shotgun 2268:2274 arg1 data 2297:2300 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 2250:2300 data 2297:2300 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 6 15 theme putrefaction 1348:1359 arg1 pathways 1361:1368 putrefaction pathways 1348:1368 putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole 1348:1421 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 3 16 theme sequence 551:558 arg1 data 560:563 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 513:563 data 560:563 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 8 17 theme wild-caught 1819:1829 arg1 fish 1831:1834 wild-caught fish 1819:1834 wild-caught fish 1819:1834 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 10 18 theme different 2431:2439 arg1 fish 2441:2444 different fish 2431:2444 different fish 2431:2444 Our data revealed a strong community succession that was reproduced across different fish and environments. 32345738 6 19 theme degradation 1251:1261 arg1 pathways 1263:1270 degradation pathways 1251:1270 degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds 1251:1330 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 4 20 theme rRNA 687:690 arg1 profiles 697:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles 679:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles 679:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 9 21 theme sequence 2288:2295 arg1 data 2297:2300 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 2250:2300 data 2297:2300 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 8 22 theme animal 2023:2028 arg1 tissues 2030:2036 animal tissues 2023:2036 animal tissues 2023:2036 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 7 23 theme host 1743:1746 arg1 lysis 1753:1757 host cell lysis 1743:1757 host cell lysis 1743:1757 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 24 theme Aeromonas 1471:1479 arg1 those 1510:1514 those 1510:1514 those 1510:1514 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 24 theme Aeromonas 1471:1479 arg1 assemblies 1488:1497 Aeromonas genome assemblies 1471:1497 Aeromonas genome assemblies 1471:1497 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 3 25 theme time 575:578 arg1 points 580:585 four time points 570:585 four time points 570:585 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 8 26 theme reproducible 1843:1854 arg1 succession 1867:1876 a reproducible decomposer succession 1841:1876 a reproducible decomposer succession 1841:1876 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 11 27 dep plant 2636:2640 arg1 or 2596:2597 or 2596:2597 or 2596:2597 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 7 28 theme genome 1481:1486 arg1 those 1510:1514 those 1510:1514 those 1510:1514 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 28 theme genome 1481:1486 arg1 assemblies 1488:1497 Aeromonas genome assemblies 1471:1497 Aeromonas genome assemblies 1471:1497 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 6 29 theme indole 1416:1421 arg1 production 1374:1383 production 1374:1383 production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole 1374:1421 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 5 30 theme associated 1137:1146 arg1 microbiota 1161:1170 the associated water sample microbiota 1133:1170 the associated water sample microbiota 1133:1170 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 8 31 from cycling 2095:2101 arg1 environments 2114:2125 natural environments 2106:2125 natural environments 2106:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 32 theme nutrient 2086:2093 arg1 cycling 2095:2101 nutrient cycling 2086:2101 nutrient cycling in natural environments 2086:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 12 33 theme Aeromonas 2727:2735 arg1 veronii 2737:2743 the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2705:2743 the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2705:2743 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 5 34 theme necrobiome 1099:1108 arg1 composition 1110:1120 the necrobiome composition 1095:1120 the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota 1095:1170 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 11 35 theme functional 2538:2547 arg1 potential 2549:2557 functional potential 2538:2557 functional potential 2538:2557 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 14 36 theme decomposer 2939:2948 arg1 succession 2950:2959 a strong decomposer succession 2930:2959 a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish 2930:2979 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 11 37 theme environmental 2565:2577 arg1 origin 2579:2584 fish environmental origin 2560:2584 fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) 2560:2641 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 1 38 from decomposition 258:270 arg1 context 331:337 a functional and environmental context 300:337 a functional and environmental context 300:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 8 39 theme fish 1891:1894 arg1 source 1929:1934 a potential source 1917:1934 a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1917:1990 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 39 theme fish 1891:1894 arg1 necrobiome 1896:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 1 40 theme microbial 150:158 arg1 communities 160:170 microbial communities 150:170 microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition 150:219 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 7 41 theme contigs 1435:1441 arg1 Binning 1424:1430 Binning 1424:1430 Binning of contigs 1424:1441 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 3 42 theme decomposers 618:628 arg1 progression 603:613 the progression 599:613 the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives 599:676 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 11 43 theme plant 2636:2640 arg1 origin 2579:2584 fish environmental origin 2560:2584 fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) 2560:2641 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 12 44 theme decomposition 2772:2784 arg1 community 2786:2794 the decomposition community 2768:2794 the decomposition community 2768:2794 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 4 45 theme strong 715:720 arg1 succession 732:741 strong community succession 715:741 strong community succession 715:741 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 8 46 theme natural 2106:2112 arg1 environments 2114:2125 natural environments 2106:2125 natural environments 2106:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 1 47 theme terrestrial 184:194 arg1 decomposition 207:219 terrestrial vertebrate decomposition 184:219 terrestrial vertebrate decomposition 184:219 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 11 48 theme wastewater 2615:2624 arg1 plant 2636:2640 a wastewater treatment plant 2613:2640 a wastewater treatment plant 2613:2640 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 49 theme composition 2522:2532 arg1 driver 2502:2507 the main driver 2493:2507 the main driver of community composition and functional potential 2493:2557 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 49 theme composition 2522:2532 arg1 point 2483:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 0 50 theme Toxigenic 88:96 arg1 Pathogens 108:116 Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens 88:116 Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens 88:116 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 5 51 theme sample 1154:1159 arg1 microbiota 1161:1170 the associated water sample microbiota 1133:1170 the associated water sample microbiota 1133:1170 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 11 52 theme secondary 2649:2657 arg1 effect 2659:2664 a secondary effect 2647:2664 a secondary effect 2647:2664 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 12 53 theme dominant 2748:2755 arg1 strains 2686:2692 strains 2686:2692 strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2686:2743 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 12 53 theme dominant 2748:2755 arg1 members 2757:2763 dominant members 2748:2763 dominant members of the decomposition community 2748:2794 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 8 54 theme putative 1939:1946 arg1 pathogens 1948:1956 putative pathogens 1939:1956 putative pathogens 1939:1956 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 5 55 theme wastewater 1027:1036 arg1 effluent 1054:1061 wastewater treatment plant effluent 1027:1061 wastewater treatment plant effluent 1027:1061 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 2 56 theme sensitive 461:469 arg1 fish 447:450 common North American fish 425:450 common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality 425:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 56 theme sensitive 461:469 arg1 indicators 471:480 sensitive indicators 461:480 sensitive indicators of water quality 461:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 10 57 theme strong 2376:2381 arg1 succession 2393:2402 a strong community succession 2374:2402 a strong community succession that was reproduced across different fish and environments 2374:2461 Our data revealed a strong community succession that was reproduced across different fish and environments. 32345738 4 58 theme decomposition 755:767 arg1 stages 769:774 early decomposition stages 749:774 early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa 749:821 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 2 59 theme darters 406:412 arg1 " 393:393 the "necrobiome" 378:393 the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters 378:412 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 0 60 theme Time 0:3 arg1 Resolution 12:21 Time Series Resolution 0:21 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome 0:44 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 5 61 theme perturbation 990:1001 arg1 independent 961:971 independent 961:971 independent 961:971 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 9 62 theme fish 2194:2197 arg1 decomposition 2153:2165 the microbial decomposition 2139:2165 the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) 2139:2215 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 2 63 theme American 438:445 arg1 fish 447:450 common North American fish 425:450 common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality 425:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 63 theme American 438:445 arg1 changes 367:373 temporal changes 358:373 temporal changes 358:373 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 63 theme American 438:445 arg1 indicators 471:480 sensitive indicators 461:480 sensitive indicators of water quality 461:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 7 64 theme cell 1748:1751 arg1 lysis 1753:1757 host cell lysis 1743:1757 host cell lysis 1743:1757 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 2 65 theme quality 491:497 arg1 fish 447:450 common North American fish 425:450 common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality 425:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 65 theme quality 491:497 arg1 indicators 471:480 sensitive indicators 461:480 sensitive indicators of water quality 461:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 11 66 theme potential 2549:2557 arg1 driver 2502:2507 the main driver 2493:2507 the main driver of community composition and functional potential 2493:2557 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 66 theme potential 2549:2557 arg1 point 2483:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 9 67 theme rainbow 2200:2206 arg1 darters 2208:2214 rainbow darters 2200:2214 rainbow darters 2200:2214 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 9 67 theme rainbow 2200:2206 arg1 fish 2194:2197 a common North American fish 2170:2197 a common North American fish (rainbow darters) 2170:2215 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 2 68 theme common 425:430 arg1 fish 447:450 common North American fish 425:450 common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality 425:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 68 theme common 425:430 arg1 changes 367:373 temporal changes 358:373 temporal changes 358:373 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 68 theme common 425:430 arg1 indicators 471:480 sensitive indicators 461:480 sensitive indicators of water quality 461:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 4 69 dep genera 916:921 arg1 i.e. 883:886 i.e. 883:886 i.e. 883:886 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 7 70 theme hemolysin 1626:1634 arg1 toxins 1636:1641 known hemolysin toxins 1620:1641 known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition 1620:1778 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 70 theme hemolysin 1626:1634 arg1 bins 1583:1586 These bins 1577:1586 These bins of Aeromonas genes 1577:1605 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 14 71 from succession 2950:2959 arg1 fish 2976:2979 wild-caught fish 2964:2979 wild-caught fish 2964:2979 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 0 72 theme Necrobiome 35:44 arg1 Resolution 12:21 Time Series Resolution 0:21 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome 0:44 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 6 73 theme significant 1203:1213 arg1 changes 1215:1221 significant changes 1203:1221 significant changes 1203:1221 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 11 74 theme Decomposition 2464:2476 arg1 driver 2502:2507 the main driver 2493:2507 the main driver of community composition and functional potential 2493:2557 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 74 theme Decomposition 2464:2476 arg1 point 2483:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 14 75 theme strong 2932:2937 arg1 succession 2950:2959 a strong decomposer succession 2930:2959 a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish 2930:2979 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 1 76 theme microbial 248:256 arg1 decomposition 258:270 the microbial decomposition 244:270 the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context 244:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 14 77 theme taxonomic 3007:3015 arg1 insights 3017:3024 functional and taxonomic insights 2992:3024 functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome 2992:3055 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 7 78 theme genes 1601:1605 arg1 bins 1583:1586 These bins 1577:1586 These bins of Aeromonas genes 1577:1605 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 78 theme genes 1601:1605 arg1 toxins 1636:1641 known hemolysin toxins 1620:1641 known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition 1620:1778 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 5 79 theme plant 1048:1052 arg1 effluent 1054:1061 wastewater treatment plant effluent 1027:1061 wastewater treatment plant effluent 1027:1061 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 12 80 theme pathogen 2718:2725 arg1 veronii 2737:2743 the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2705:2743 the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2705:2743 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 6 81 theme putrescine 1388:1397 arg1 production 1374:1383 production 1374:1383 production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole 1374:1421 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 2 82 theme necrobiome 383:392 arg1 " 393:393 the "necrobiome" 378:393 the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters 378:412 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 1 83 theme vertebrates 283:293 arg1 decomposition 258:270 the microbial decomposition 244:270 the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context 244:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 2 84 from changes 367:373 arg1 " 393:393 the "necrobiome" 378:393 the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters 378:412 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 9 85 theme rRNA 2254:2257 arg1 gene 2259:2262 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 2250:2300 gene 2259:2262 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 8 86 theme microbial 1996:2004 arg1 process 2065:2071 an important ecological process 2041:2071 an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments 2041:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 86 theme microbial 1996:2004 arg1 decomposition 2006:2018 The microbial decomposition 1992:2018 The microbial decomposition of animal tissues 1992:2036 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 13 87 theme toxin 2900:2904 arg1 genes 2906:2910 hemolytic toxin genes 2890:2910 hemolytic toxin genes 2890:2910 These bacteria peaked early in decomposition and coincided with the metagenomic abundance of hemolytic toxin genes. 32345738 6 88 theme amino 1276:1280 arg1 acids 1282:1286 amino acids 1276:1286 amino acids 1276:1286 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 11 89 contain had 2643:2645 arg1 origin 2579:2584 fish environmental origin 2560:2584 fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) 2560:2641 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 89 contain had 2643:2645 arg2 effect 2659:2664 a secondary effect 2647:2664 a secondary effect 2647:2664 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 1 90 from context 331:337 arg1 decomposition 258:270 the microbial decomposition 244:270 the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context 244:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 1 90 from context 331:337 arg1 vertebrates 283:293 aquatic vertebrates 275:293 aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context 275:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 3 91 theme metagenomic 539:549 arg1 data 560:563 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 513:563 data 560:563 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 1 92 theme vertebrate 196:205 arg1 decomposition 207:219 terrestrial vertebrate decomposition 184:219 terrestrial vertebrate decomposition 184:219 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 12 93 theme putative 2709:2716 arg1 veronii 2737:2743 the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2705:2743 the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2705:2743 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 9 94 theme metagenomic 2276:2286 arg1 data 2297:2300 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 2250:2300 data 2297:2300 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 8 95 theme tissues 2030:2036 arg1 process 2065:2071 an important ecological process 2041:2071 an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments 2041:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 95 theme tissues 2030:2036 arg1 decomposition 2006:2018 The microbial decomposition 1992:2018 The microbial decomposition of animal tissues 1992:2036 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 13 96 theme metagenomic 2865:2875 arg1 abundance 2877:2885 the metagenomic abundance 2861:2885 the metagenomic abundance of hemolytic toxin genes 2861:2910 These bacteria peaked early in decomposition and coincided with the metagenomic abundance of hemolytic toxin genes. 32345738 14 97 theme functional 2992:3001 arg1 insights 3017:3024 functional and taxonomic insights 2992:3024 functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome 2992:3055 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 4 98 theme 16S 683:685 arg1 rRNA 687:690 16S rRNA 683:690 The 16S rRNA gene profiles 679:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 11 99 theme community 2512:2520 arg1 composition 2522:2532 community composition 2512:2532 community composition 2512:2532 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 8 100 theme ecological 2054:2063 arg1 decomposition 2006:2018 The microbial decomposition 1992:2018 The microbial decomposition of animal tissues 1992:2036 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 100 theme ecological 2054:2063 arg1 process 2065:2071 an important ecological process 2041:2071 an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments 2041:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 7 101 theme assemblies 1488:1497 arg1 predominance 1455:1466 a predominance 1453:1466 a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition 1453:1778 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 9 102 theme taxonomic 2317:2325 arg1 perspectives 2342:2353 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 2312:2353 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 2312:2353 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 5 103 theme water 1148:1152 arg1 microbiota 1161:1170 the associated water sample microbiota 1133:1170 the associated water sample microbiota 1133:1170 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 8 104 theme decomposer 1856:1865 arg1 succession 1867:1876 a reproducible decomposer succession 1841:1876 a reproducible decomposer succession 1841:1876 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 6 105 theme other 1316:1320 arg1 compounds 1322:1330 other compounds 1316:1330 other compounds 1316:1330 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 11 106 theme fish 2560:2563 arg1 origin 2579:2584 fish environmental origin 2560:2584 fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) 2560:2641 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 4 107 theme community 722:730 arg1 succession 732:741 strong community succession 715:741 strong community succession 715:741 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 9 108 theme functional 2331:2340 arg1 perspectives 2342:2353 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 2312:2353 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 2312:2353 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 6 109 theme cadaverine 1400:1409 arg1 production 1374:1383 production 1374:1383 production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole 1374:1421 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 7 110 dep aerolysin 1650:1658 arg1 e.g. 1644:1647 e.g. 1644:1647 e.g. 1644:1647 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 14 111 theme vertebrate 3035:3044 arg1 necrobiome 3046:3055 the vertebrate necrobiome 3031:3055 the vertebrate necrobiome 3031:3055 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 0 112 theme Decomposer 56:65 arg1 Succession 67:76 a Decomposer Succession 54:76 a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens 54:116 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 5 113 theme fish 1125:1128 arg1 composition 1110:1120 the necrobiome composition 1095:1120 the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota 1095:1170 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 11 114 theme treatment 2626:2634 arg1 plant 2636:2640 a wastewater treatment plant 2613:2640 a wastewater treatment plant 2613:2640 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 12 115 theme community 2786:2794 arg1 strains 2686:2692 strains 2686:2692 strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2686:2743 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 12 115 theme community 2786:2794 arg1 members 2757:2763 dominant members 2748:2763 dominant members of the decomposition community 2748:2794 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 4 116 theme gene 692:695 arg1 profiles 697:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles 679:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles 679:704 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 9 117 theme microbial 2143:2151 arg1 decomposition 2153:2165 the microbial decomposition 2139:2165 the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) 2139:2215 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 0 118 theme Bacterial 98:106 arg1 Pathogens 108:116 Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens 88:116 Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens 88:116 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 8 119 contain have 1836:1839 arg2 succession 1867:1876 a reproducible decomposer succession 1841:1876 a reproducible decomposer succession 1841:1876 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 119 contain have 1836:1839 arg1 fish 1831:1834 wild-caught fish 1819:1834 wild-caught fish 1819:1834 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 7 120 from process 1706:1712 arg1 abundant 1684:1691 abundant 1684:1691 abundant 1684:1691 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 5 121 theme microbiota 1161:1170 arg1 composition 1110:1120 the necrobiome composition 1095:1120 the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota 1095:1170 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 8 122 theme potential 1919:1927 arg1 source 1929:1934 a potential source 1917:1934 a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1917:1990 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 122 theme potential 1919:1927 arg1 necrobiome 1896:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 9 123 theme common 2172:2177 arg1 darters 2208:2214 rainbow darters 2200:2214 rainbow darters 2200:2214 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 9 123 theme common 2172:2177 arg1 fish 2194:2197 a common North American fish 2170:2197 a common North American fish (rainbow darters) 2170:2215 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 0 124 theme Series 5:10 arg1 Resolution 12:21 Time Series Resolution 0:21 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome 0:44 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 5 125 theme environmental 976:988 arg1 perturbation 990:1001 environmental perturbation 976:1001 environmental perturbation 976:1001 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 9 126 theme American 2185:2192 arg1 darters 2208:2214 rainbow darters 2200:2214 rainbow darters 2200:2214 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 9 126 theme American 2185:2192 arg1 fish 2194:2197 a common North American fish 2170:2197 a common North American fish (rainbow darters) 2170:2215 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 4 127 theme early 749:753 arg1 stages 769:774 early decomposition stages 749:774 early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa 749:821 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 2 128 theme rainbow 398:404 arg1 darters 406:412 rainbow darters 398:412 rainbow darters 398:412 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 1 129 theme environmental 317:329 arg1 context 331:337 a functional and environmental context 300:337 a functional and environmental context 300:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32345738 8 130 theme pathogens 1948:1956 arg1 source 1929:1934 a potential source 1917:1934 a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE 1917:1990 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 130 theme pathogens 1948:1956 arg1 necrobiome 1896:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 the fish necrobiome 1887:1905 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 131 dep process 2065:2071 arg1 have 1836:1839 have 1836:1839 have a reproducible decomposer succession 1836:1876 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 3 132 theme functional 654:663 arg1 perspectives 665:676 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 635:676 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 635:676 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 0 133 theme Fish 30:33 arg1 Necrobiome 35:44 the Fish Necrobiome 26:44 the Fish Necrobiome 26:44 Time Series Resolution of the Fish Necrobiome Reveals a Decomposer Succession Involving Toxigenic Bacterial Pathogens. 32345738 2 134 theme water 485:489 arg1 quality 491:497 water quality 485:497 water quality 485:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 3 135 theme taxonomic 640:648 arg1 perspectives 665:676 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 635:676 both taxonomic and functional perspectives 635:676 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 10 136 theme community 2383:2391 arg1 succession 2393:2402 a strong community succession 2374:2402 a strong community succession that was reproduced across different fish and environments 2374:2461 Our data revealed a strong community succession that was reproduced across different fish and environments. 32345738 8 137 theme important 2044:2052 arg1 decomposition 2006:2018 The microbial decomposition 1992:2018 The microbial decomposition of animal tissues 1992:2036 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 8 137 theme important 2044:2052 arg1 process 2065:2071 an important ecological process 2041:2071 an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments 2041:2125 Overall, our results demonstrate that wild-caught fish have a reproducible decomposer succession and that the fish necrobiome serves as a potential source of putative pathogens and toxigenic bacteria.IMPORTANCE The microbial decomposition of animal tissues is an important ecological process that impacts nutrient cycling in natural environments. 32345738 3 138 theme 16S 513:515 arg1 gene 522:525 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 513:563 gene 522:525 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 13 139 theme genes 2906:2910 arg1 abundance 2877:2885 the metagenomic abundance 2861:2885 the metagenomic abundance of hemolytic toxin genes 2861:2910 These bacteria peaked early in decomposition and coincided with the metagenomic abundance of hemolytic toxin genes. 32345738 7 140 from abundant 1684:1691 arg1 process 1706:1712 the process 1702:1712 the process 1702:1712 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 141 theme known 1620:1624 arg1 toxins 1636:1641 known hemolysin toxins 1620:1641 known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition 1620:1778 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 7 141 theme known 1620:1624 arg1 bins 1583:1586 These bins 1577:1586 These bins of Aeromonas genes 1577:1605 Binning of contigs confirmed a predominance of Aeromonas genome assemblies, including those from novel strains related to the pathogen Aeromonas veronii These bins of Aeromonas genes also encoded known hemolysin toxins (e.g., aerolysin) that were particularly abundant early in the process, potentially contributing to host cell lysis during decomposition. 32345738 5 142 theme treatment 1038:1046 arg1 effluent 1054:1061 wastewater treatment plant effluent 1027:1061 wastewater treatment plant effluent 1027:1061 These results were reproducible and independent of environmental perturbation, given that exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent did not substantially influence the necrobiome composition of fish or the associated water sample microbiota. 32345738 14 143 theme wild-caught 2964:2974 arg1 fish 2976:2979 wild-caught fish 2964:2979 wild-caught fish 2964:2979 Our work reveals a strong decomposer succession in wild-caught fish, providing functional and taxonomic insights into the vertebrate necrobiome. 32345738 11 144 theme time 2478:2481 arg1 driver 2502:2507 the main driver 2493:2507 the main driver of community composition and functional potential 2493:2557 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 11 144 theme time 2478:2481 arg1 point 2483:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point 2464:2487 Decomposition time point was the main driver of community composition and functional potential; fish environmental origin (upstream or downstream of a wastewater treatment plant) had a secondary effect. 32345738 9 145 theme time 2227:2230 arg1 points 2232:2237 four time points 2222:2237 four time points 2222:2237 We studied the microbial decomposition of a common North American fish (rainbow darters) over four time points, combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data to obtain both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 2 146 theme temporal 358:365 arg1 fish 447:450 common North American fish 425:450 common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality 425:497 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 2 146 theme temporal 358:365 arg1 changes 367:373 temporal changes 358:373 temporal changes 358:373 Here, we analyzed temporal changes in the "necrobiome" of rainbow darters, which are common North American fish that are sensitive indicators of water quality. 32345738 6 147 theme Metagenomic 1173:1183 arg1 analysis 1185:1192 Metagenomic analysis 1173:1192 Metagenomic analysis 1173:1192 Metagenomic analysis revealed significant changes throughout decomposition in degradation pathways for amino acids, carbohydrates/glycans, and other compounds, in addition to putrefaction pathways for production of putrescine, cadaverine, and indole. 32345738 12 148 theme related 2694:2700 arg1 strains 2686:2692 strains 2686:2692 strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii 2686:2743 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 12 148 theme related 2694:2700 arg1 members 2757:2763 dominant members 2748:2763 dominant members of the decomposition community 2748:2794 We also identified strains related to the putative pathogen Aeromonas veronii as dominant members of the decomposition community. 32345738 4 149 theme later 827:831 arg1 stages 833:838 later stages 827:838 later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera) 827:922 The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed strong community succession, with early decomposition stages associated with Aeromonas and Clostridium taxa and later stages dominated by members of the Rikenellaceae (i.e., Alistipes/Acetobacteroides genera). 32345738 3 150 theme shotgun 531:537 arg1 data 560:563 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data 513:563 data 560:563 By combining 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequence data from four time points, we studied the progression of decomposers from both taxonomic and functional perspectives. 32345738 1 151 theme aquatic 275:281 arg1 vertebrates 283:293 aquatic vertebrates 275:293 aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context 275:337 Despite progress understanding microbial communities involved in terrestrial vertebrate decomposition, little is known about the microbial decomposition of aquatic vertebrates from a functional and environmental context. 32316850 0 0 theme Spinal 80:85 arg1 Injury 92:97 Rat Spinal Cord Injury 76:97 Rat Spinal Cord Injury 76:97 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 1 1 from impact 168:173 arg1 functionality 182:194 the functionality 178:194 the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids 178:240 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 5 2 theme time-of-flight 879:892 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 2 theme time-of-flight 879:892 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 0 3 theme Rat 76:78 arg1 Injury 92:97 Rat Spinal Cord Injury 76:97 Rat Spinal Cord Injury 76:97 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 1 4 theme synaptic 344:351 arg1 interactions 353:364 synaptic interactions 344:364 synaptic interactions 344:364 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 4 theme synaptic 344:351 arg1 migration 309:317 cell migration 304:317 cell migration 304:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 5 5 theme mass 894:897 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 5 theme mass 894:897 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 8 6 theme high 1544:1547 arg1 specificity 1549:1559 high specificity 1544:1559 high specificity 1544:1559 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 2 7 theme changes 512:518 arg1 contributions 481:493 the potential contributions 467:493 the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations 467:539 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 7 8 theme Gal-β- 1280:1285 arg1 -GlcNAc 1291:1297 ]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc 1279:1297 ]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc 1279:1297 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 8 theme Gal-β- 1280:1285 arg1 structure 1237:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 5 9 theme ionization 868:877 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 9 theme ionization 868:877 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 1 10 theme many 255:258 arg1 interactions 281:292 many different biological interactions 255:292 many different biological interactions including cell migration 255:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 10 theme many 255:258 arg1 migration 309:317 cell migration 304:317 cell migration 304:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 0 11 theme Cord 87:90 arg1 Injury 92:97 Rat Spinal Cord Injury 76:97 Rat Spinal Cord Injury 76:97 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 8 12 theme sham 1451:1454 arg1 samples 1456:1462 sham samples 1451:1462 sham samples 1451:1462 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 1 13 theme different 260:268 arg1 interactions 281:292 many different biological interactions 255:292 many different biological interactions including cell migration 255:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 13 theme different 260:268 arg1 migration 309:317 cell migration 304:317 cell migration 304:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 14 contain has 153:155 arg2 impact 168:173 a dramatic impact 157:173 a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids 157:240 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 14 contain has 153:155 arg1 process 140:146 a fundamental cellular process 117:146 a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system 117:386 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 14 contain has 153:155 arg1 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 4 15 theme time-matched 802:813 arg1 sham 815:818 time-matched sham 802:818 time-matched sham 802:818 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 4 16 link O-linked 690:697 arg1 glycosylation 699:711 O-linked glycosylation 690:711 O-linked glycosylation 690:711 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 7 17 dep increased 1310:1318 arg1 compared 1335:1342 compared 1335:1342 compared with shams and non-injured controls 1335:1378 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 1 18 theme dramatic 159:166 arg1 impact 168:173 a dramatic impact 157:173 a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids 157:240 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 3 19 from rats 643:646 arg1 glycosylation 594:606 the glycosylation 590:606 the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI 590:676 We studied the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI. 32316850 1 20 theme nervous 373:379 arg1 system 381:386 the nervous system 369:386 the nervous system 369:386 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 9 21 theme Sda 1603:1605 arg1 structure 1607:1615 elevated Sda structure 1594:1615 elevated Sda structure 1594:1615 Both of these metrics confirmed elevated Sda structure in SCI tissue, where IHC further showed that Sda is expressed mainly by microglia. 32316850 4 22 theme post-injury 743:753 arg1 days 738:741 3 and 14 days 729:741 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI) 729:759 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 2 23 theme spinal 392:397 arg1 SCI 412:414 SCI 412:414 SCI 412:414 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 2 23 theme spinal 392:397 arg1 injury 404:409 spinal cord injury 392:409 spinal cord injury (SCI) 392:415 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 4 24 theme spinal 820:825 arg1 tissue 827:832 spinal tissue 820:832 spinal tissue 820:832 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 8 25 theme CT1 1474:1476 arg1 antibody 1478:1485 the CT1 antibody 1470:1485 the CT1 antibody 1470:1485 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 6 26 theme uninjured 1154:1162 arg1 controls 1164:1171 uninjured controls 1154:1171 uninjured controls 1154:1171 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 8 27 theme Sda 1535:1537 arg1 trisaccharide 1518:1530 the terminal trisaccharide 1505:1530 the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity 1505:1559 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 5 28 theme Matrix-assisted 835:849 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 28 theme Matrix-assisted 835:849 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 1 29 theme biological 270:279 arg1 interactions 281:292 many different biological interactions 255:292 many different biological interactions including cell migration 255:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 29 theme biological 270:279 arg1 migration 309:317 cell migration 304:317 cell migration 304:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 8 30 theme western 1412:1418 arg1 blot 1420:1423 western blot 1412:1423 western blot 1412:1423 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 6 31 from glycosylation 1038:1050 arg1 groups 1059:1064 all groups 1055:1064 all groups 1055:1064 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 9 32 theme elevated 1594:1601 arg1 structure 1607:1615 elevated Sda structure 1594:1615 elevated Sda structure 1594:1615 Both of these metrics confirmed elevated Sda structure in SCI tissue, where IHC further showed that Sda is expressed mainly by microglia. 32316850 2 33 theme cord 399:402 arg1 SCI 412:414 SCI 412:414 SCI 412:414 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 2 33 theme cord 399:402 arg1 injury 404:409 spinal cord injury 392:409 spinal cord injury (SCI) 392:415 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 3 34 gly glycosylation 594:606 arg1 tissue 631:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 We studied the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI. 32316850 9 35 theme SCI 1620:1622 arg1 tissue 1624:1629 SCI tissue 1620:1629 SCI tissue 1620:1629 Both of these metrics confirmed elevated Sda structure in SCI tissue, where IHC further showed that Sda is expressed mainly by microglia. 32316850 5 36 theme tandem 931:936 arg1 MS/MS 942:946 MS/MS 942:946 MS/MS 942:946 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 36 theme tandem 931:936 arg1 MS 938:939 tandem MS 931:939 tandem MS (MS/MS) 931:947 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 10 37 theme studies 1721:1727 arg1 results 1704:1710 The results 1700:1710 The results of these studies 1700:1727 The results of these studies suggest that SCI causes a significant alteration in N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32316850 4 38 dep control 790:796 arg1 tissue 827:832 spinal tissue 820:832 spinal tissue 820:832 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 0 39 theme N- 12:13 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 0:98 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 6 40 gly glycosylation 1038:1050 arg1 groups 1059:1064 all groups 1055:1064 all groups 1055:1064 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 7 41 theme Sda 1233:1235 arg1 structure 1237:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 41 theme Sda 1233:1235 arg1 -GlcNAc 1291:1297 ]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc 1279:1297 ]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc 1279:1297 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 41 theme Sda 1233:1235 arg1 -[GalNAc-β- 1262:1272 Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β- 1248:1272 Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4) 1248:1277 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 6 42 theme abundant 1029:1036 arg1 glycosylation 1038:1050 diverse and abundant glycosylation 1017:1050 diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups 1017:1064 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 0 43 theme Glycosylation 28:40 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 0:98 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 1 44 theme cell 304:307 arg1 migration 309:317 cell migration 304:317 cell migration 304:317 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 4 45 gly glycosylation 699:711 arg1 days 738:741 3 and 14 days 729:741 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI) 729:759 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 7 46 theme structure 1237:1245 arg1 abundance 1216:1224 the abundance 1212:1224 the abundance 1212:1224 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 8 47 theme terminal 1509:1516 arg1 trisaccharide 1518:1530 the terminal trisaccharide 1505:1530 the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity 1505:1559 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 5 48 theme laser 851:855 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 48 theme laser 851:855 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 1 49 theme glycoconjugates 199:213 arg1 functionality 182:194 the functionality 178:194 the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids 178:240 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 0 50 theme O-Linked 19:26 arg1 Glycosylation 28:40 O-Linked Glycosylation 19:40 O-Linked Glycosylation 19:40 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 3 51 theme cord 626:629 arg1 tissue 631:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 We studied the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI. 32316850 6 52 theme diverse 1017:1023 arg1 glycosylation 1038:1050 diverse and abundant glycosylation 1017:1050 diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups 1017:1064 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 0 53 theme Differential 43:54 arg1 Glycosylation 56:68 Differential Glycosylation 43:68 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 0:98 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 10 54 link O-linked 1788:1795 arg1 glycosylation 1797:1809 O-linked glycosylation 1788:1809 O-linked glycosylation 1788:1809 The results of these studies suggest that SCI causes a significant alteration in N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32316850 3 55 theme tissue 631:636 arg1 glycosylation 594:606 the glycosylation 590:606 the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI 590:676 We studied the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI. 32316850 4 56 theme O-linked 690:697 arg1 glycosylation 699:711 O-linked glycosylation 690:711 O-linked glycosylation 690:711 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 2 57 theme cellular 431:438 arg1 processes 440:448 these cellular processes 425:448 these cellular processes 425:448 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 1 58 theme cellular 320:327 arg1 signaling 329:337 cellular signaling 320:337 cellular signaling 320:337 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 7 59 theme such 1188:1191 arg1 change 1193:1198 One such change 1184:1198 One such change 1184:1198 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 4 60 theme uninjured 780:788 arg1 control 790:796 uninjured control 780:796 uninjured control 780:796 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 7 61 theme 2,3 1258:1260 arg1 1,4 1274:1276 1,4 1274:1276 1,4 1274:1276 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 61 theme 2,3 1258:1260 arg1 structure 1237:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 61 theme 2,3 1258:1260 arg1 -[GalNAc-β- 1262:1272 Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β- 1248:1272 Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4) 1248:1277 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 10 62 theme significant 1755:1765 arg1 alteration 1767:1776 a significant alteration 1753:1776 a significant alteration 1753:1776 The results of these studies suggest that SCI causes a significant alteration in N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32316850 5 63 theme carbohydrate 975:986 arg1 structures 988:997 carbohydrate structures 975:997 carbohydrate structures 975:997 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 10 64 theme O-linked 1788:1795 arg1 glycosylation 1797:1809 O-linked glycosylation 1788:1809 O-linked glycosylation 1788:1809 The results of these studies suggest that SCI causes a significant alteration in N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32316850 3 65 theme injured 611:617 arg1 tissue 631:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 We studied the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI. 32316850 1 66 theme fundamental 119:129 arg1 process 140:146 a fundamental cellular process 117:146 a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system 117:386 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 66 theme fundamental 119:129 arg1 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 7 67 theme SCI 1323:1325 arg1 samples 1327:1333 SCI samples 1323:1333 SCI samples 1323:1333 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 8 68 with trisaccharide 1518:1530 arg1 specificity 1549:1559 high specificity 1544:1559 high specificity 1544:1559 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed on SCI and sham samples using the CT1 antibody, which recognizes the terminal trisaccharide of Sda with high specificity. 32316850 3 69 theme spinal 619:624 arg1 tissue 631:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 injured spinal cord tissue 611:636 We studied the glycosylation of injured spinal cord tissue from rats that received a contusion SCI. 32316850 1 70 theme cellular 131:138 arg1 process 140:146 a fundamental cellular process 117:146 a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system 117:386 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 1 70 theme cellular 131:138 arg1 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation 100:112 Glycosylation is a fundamental cellular process that has a dramatic impact on the functionality of glycoconjugates such as proteins or lipids and mediates many different biological interactions including cell migration, cellular signaling, and synaptic interactions in the nervous system. 32316850 6 71 theme SCI 1128:1130 arg1 animals 1132:1138 SCI animals 1128:1138 SCI animals 1128:1138 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 5 72 theme MALDI-TOF 913:921 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 72 theme MALDI-TOF 913:921 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 2 73 theme potential 471:479 arg1 contributions 481:493 the potential contributions 467:493 the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations 467:539 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 32316850 6 74 theme carbohydrate 1077:1088 arg1 structures 1090:1099 some carbohydrate structures 1072:1099 some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams 1072:1181 Results revealed diverse and abundant glycosylation in all groups, with some carbohydrate structures differentially produced in SCI animals compared with uninjured controls and shams. 32316850 7 75 theme 1,4 1287:1289 arg1 -GlcNAc 1291:1297 ]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc 1279:1297 ]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc 1279:1297 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 75 theme 1,4 1287:1289 arg1 structure 1237:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 9 76 from structure 1607:1615 arg1 tissue 1624:1629 SCI tissue 1620:1629 SCI tissue 1620:1629 Both of these metrics confirmed elevated Sda structure in SCI tissue, where IHC further showed that Sda is expressed mainly by microglia. 32316850 5 77 theme desorption 857:866 arg1 spectrometry 899:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 835:910 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 835:925 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 5 77 theme desorption 857:866 arg1 MS 923:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 MALDI-TOF MS 913:924 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) were performed to analyze carbohydrate structures. 32316850 0 78 dep Analysis 0:7 arg1 Glycosylation 56:68 Differential Glycosylation 43:68 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 0:98 Analysis of N- and O-Linked Glycosylation: Differential Glycosylation after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. 32316850 7 79 theme Neu5Ac-α- 1248:1256 arg1 1,4 1274:1276 1,4 1274:1276 1,4 1274:1276 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 79 theme Neu5Ac-α- 1248:1256 arg1 structure 1237:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 the Sda structure 1229:1245 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 7 79 theme Neu5Ac-α- 1248:1256 arg1 -[GalNAc-β- 1262:1272 Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β- 1248:1272 Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4) 1248:1277 One such change occurred in the abundance of the Sda structure, Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-[GalNAc-β-(1,4)-]Gal-β-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which was increased in SCI samples compared with shams and non-injured controls. 32316850 4 80 dep post-injury 743:753 arg1 DPI 756:758 DPI 756:758 DPI 756:758 The N- and O-linked glycosylation was assessed at 3 and 14 days post-injury (DPI), and compared with uninjured control and time-matched sham spinal tissue. 32316850 2 81 theme glycosylation 498:510 arg1 changes 512:518 glycosylation changes 498:518 glycosylation changes 498:518 In spinal cord injury (SCI), all of these cellular processes are altered, but the potential contributions of glycosylation changes to these alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. 33358857 3 0 theme terrestrial 219:229 arg1 herb 231:234 a terrestrial herb 217:234 a terrestrial herb primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia 217:300 (PS) is a terrestrial herb primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. 33358857 11 1 theme p-p65 1618:1622 arg1 expression 1596:1605 LPS-induced protein expression 1576:1605 LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05) 1576:1633 Moreover, PSE-NB (10 μg/mL) alleviated LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05), and reduced p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by LPS. 33358857 5 2 theme n-butanol 632:640 arg1 extract 642:648 n-butanol extract 632:648 n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) 632:663 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 6 3 theme spectrometry 832:843 arg1 technique 858:866 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 7 4 theme PSE-NB 898:903 arg1 effects 887:893 Anti-inflammatory effects 869:893 Anti-inflammatory effects of PSE-NB 869:903 Anti-inflammatory effects of PSE-NB were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 2 5 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 154:173 arg1 Roxb 203:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 6 6 theme chromatography-tandem 805:825 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 6 6 theme chromatography-tandem 805:825 arg1 spectrometry 832:843 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 798:843 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 12 7 theme pathway 1727:1733 arg1 analysis 1735:1742 metabolic pathway analysis 1717:1742 metabolic pathway analysis 1717:1742 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 5 8 theme metabolic 605:613 arg1 pathway 615:621 related metabolic pathway 597:621 related metabolic pathway 597:621 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 10 9 theme junction 1439:1446 arg1 ZO-1 1458:1461 ZO-1 1458:1461 ZO-1 1458:1461 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 9 theme junction 1439:1446 arg1 proteins 1448:1455 tight junction proteins 1433:1455 tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) 1433:1475 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 9 theme junction 1439:1446 arg1 Occludin 1467:1474 Occludin 1467:1474 Occludin 1467:1474 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 5 10 dep aimed 518:522 arg1 AIM 490:492 AIM 490:492 AIM OF THE STUDY 490:505 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 9 11 theme 10-500 μg/mL 1225:1236 arg1 pre-treatment 1239:1251 PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment 1217:1251 PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation 1217:1274 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 4 12 theme Asia 372:375 arg1 countries 349:357 certain countries 341:357 certain countries of Southeast Asia 341:375 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 10 13 theme mRNA 1414:1417 arg1 expression 1419:1428 mRNA expression 1414:1428 mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05) 1414:1534 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 3 14 dep herb 231:234 arg1 PS 210:211 PS 210:211 PS 210:211 (PS) is a terrestrial herb primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. 33358857 9 15 theme LPS 1260:1262 arg1 stimulation 1264:1274 LPS stimulation 1260:1274 LPS stimulation 1260:1274 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 1 16 theme epithelial 126:135 arg1 cells 137:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 In the intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). 33358857 12 17 from augmentation 1810:1821 arg1 cells 1859:1863 IPEC-J2 cells 1851:1863 IPEC-J2 cells 1851:1863 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 3 18 theme Asia 297:300 arg1 regions 286:292 tropical and subtropical regions 261:292 tropical and subtropical regions of Asia 261:300 (PS) is a terrestrial herb primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. 33358857 13 19 theme main 1954:1957 arg1 phenolics 1935:1943 phenolics 1935:1943 phenolics 1935:1943 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggested that alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents in PSE-NB. 33358857 13 19 theme main 1954:1957 arg1 alkaloids 1921:1929 alkaloids 1921:1929 alkaloids 1921:1929 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggested that alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents in PSE-NB. 33358857 13 19 theme main 1954:1957 arg1 constituents 1959:1970 the main constituents 1950:1970 the main constituents in PSE-NB 1950:1980 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggested that alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents in PSE-NB. 33358857 9 20 theme mRNA 1300:1303 arg1 expression 1305:1314 mRNA expression 1300:1314 mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells 1300:1356 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 5 21 theme STUDY 501:505 arg1 AIM 490:492 AIM 490:492 AIM OF THE STUDY 490:505 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 0 22 theme sarmentosum 82:92 arg1 Roxb 94:97 Piper sarmentosum Roxb 76:97 Piper sarmentosum Roxb 76:97 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 9 23 theme PSE-NB 1217:1222 arg1 pre-treatment 1239:1251 PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment 1217:1251 PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation 1217:1274 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 14 24 from responses 2031:2039 arg1 cells 2052:2056 IPEC-J2 cells 2044:2056 IPEC-J2 cells 2044:2056 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 14 25 theme inflammatory 2018:2029 arg1 responses 2031:2039 LPS-induced inflammatory responses 2006:2039 LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells 2006:2056 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 10 26 theme NHE3 1481:1484 arg1 expression 1419:1428 mRNA expression 1414:1428 mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05) 1414:1534 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 4 27 theme anti-inflammatory 456:472 arg1 activity 474:481 the anti-inflammatory activity 452:481 the anti-inflammatory activity of PS 452:487 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 14 28 theme intracellular 2100:2112 arg1 pattern 2124:2130 intracellular metabolic pattern 2100:2130 intracellular metabolic pattern 2100:2130 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 0 29 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 composition 9:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 8 30 theme indicating 1082:1091 arg1 constituents 1131:1142 the main constituents 1122:1142 the main constituents of PSE-NB 1122:1152 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 30 theme indicating 1082:1091 arg1 phenolics 1107:1115 phenolics 1107:1115 phenolics 1107:1115 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 30 theme indicating 1082:1091 arg1 alkaloids 1093:1101 indicating alkaloids 1082:1101 indicating alkaloids 1082:1101 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 7 31 theme -induced 950:957 arg1 cells 967:971 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells 926:971 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells 926:971 Anti-inflammatory effects of PSE-NB were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 1 32 dep IPEC-J2 144:150 arg1 cells 137:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 In the intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). 33358857 1 33 theme intestinal 107:116 arg1 cells 137:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 In the intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). 33358857 14 34 theme NF-κB 2072:2076 arg1 pathway 2088:2094 NF-κB signaling pathway 2072:2094 NF-κB signaling pathway 2072:2094 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 2 35 theme sarmentosum 191:201 arg1 Roxb 203:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 10 36 dep proteins 1448:1455 arg1 ZO-1 1458:1461 ZO-1 1458:1461 ZO-1 1458:1461 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 36 dep proteins 1448:1455 arg1 proteins 1448:1455 tight junction proteins 1433:1455 tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) 1433:1475 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 36 dep proteins 1448:1455 arg1 Occludin 1467:1474 Occludin 1467:1474 Occludin 1467:1474 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 4 37 used used 316:319 arg2 It 303:304 It 303:304 It 303:304 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 2 38 theme RELEVANCE 175:183 arg1 Roxb 203:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 11 39 theme protein 1588:1594 arg1 expression 1596:1605 LPS-induced protein expression 1576:1605 LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05) 1576:1633 Moreover, PSE-NB (10 μg/mL) alleviated LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05), and reduced p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by LPS. 33358857 0 40 theme n-butanol 55:63 arg1 extract 65:71 n-butanol extract 55:71 n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb 55:97 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 8 41 theme main 1126:1129 arg1 constituents 1131:1142 the main constituents 1122:1142 the main constituents of PSE-NB 1122:1152 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 41 theme main 1126:1129 arg1 phenolics 1107:1115 phenolics 1107:1115 phenolics 1107:1115 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 41 theme main 1126:1129 arg1 alkaloids 1093:1101 indicating alkaloids 1082:1101 indicating alkaloids 1082:1101 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 10 42 theme LPS 1509:1511 arg1 p < 0.05 1526:1533 p < 0.05 1526:1533 p < 0.05 1526:1533 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 42 theme LPS 1509:1511 arg1 stimulation 1513:1523 LPS stimulation 1509:1523 LPS stimulation (p < 0.05) 1509:1534 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 6 43 theme ultrahigh-performance 776:796 arg1 technique 858:866 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 6 44 theme Chemical 725:732 arg1 constituents 734:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents 703:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB 703:755 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 12 45 theme methionine 1826:1835 arg1 metabolism 1837:1846 methionine metabolism 1826:1846 methionine metabolism 1826:1846 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 11 46 theme LPS-induced 1576:1586 arg1 expression 1596:1605 LPS-induced protein expression 1576:1605 LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05) 1576:1633 Moreover, PSE-NB (10 μg/mL) alleviated LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05), and reduced p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by LPS. 33358857 8 47 from RESULTS 974:980 arg1 alkaloids 1020:1028 94 alkaloids 1017:1028 94 alkaloids 1017:1028 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 47 from RESULTS 974:980 arg1 phenolics 1037:1045 26 phenolics 1034:1045 26 phenolics 1034:1045 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 47 from RESULTS 974:980 arg1 total 985:989 total 985:989 total 985:989 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 47 from RESULTS 974:980 arg1 compounds 996:1004 218 compounds 992:1004 218 compounds 992:1004 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 9 48 theme current 1172:1178 arg1 experiment 1185:1194 the current cell experiment 1168:1194 the current cell experiment in vitro 1168:1203 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 9 49 from expression 1305:1314 arg1 cells 1352:1356 IPEC-J2 cells 1344:1356 IPEC-J2 cells 1344:1356 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 4 50 theme folk 324:327 arg1 medicine 329:336 folk medicine 324:336 folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia 324:375 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 14 51 theme IPEC-J2 2044:2050 arg1 cells 2052:2056 IPEC-J2 cells 2044:2056 IPEC-J2 cells 2044:2056 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 12 52 theme metabolic 1717:1725 arg1 analysis 1735:1742 metabolic pathway analysis 1717:1742 metabolic pathway analysis 1717:1742 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 6 53 theme mass 827:830 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 6 53 theme mass 827:830 arg1 spectrometry 832:843 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 798:843 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 4 54 theme fever 398:402 arg1 treatment 385:393 the treatment 381:393 the treatment 381:393 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 11 55 theme p65 1648:1650 arg1 translocation 1652:1664 p65 translocation 1648:1664 p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by LPS 1648:1696 Moreover, PSE-NB (10 μg/mL) alleviated LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05), and reduced p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by LPS. 33358857 5 56 theme related 597:603 arg1 pathway 615:621 related metabolic pathway 597:621 related metabolic pathway 597:621 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 6 57 theme liquid 798:803 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 UPLC-MS/MS 846:855 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 6 57 theme liquid 798:803 arg1 spectrometry 832:843 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 798:843 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique 776:866 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 3 58 theme tropical 261:268 arg1 regions 286:292 tropical and subtropical regions 261:292 tropical and subtropical regions of Asia 261:300 (PS) is a terrestrial herb primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. 33358857 10 59 theme tight 1433:1437 arg1 ZO-1 1458:1461 ZO-1 1458:1461 ZO-1 1458:1461 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 59 theme tight 1433:1437 arg1 proteins 1448:1455 tight junction proteins 1433:1455 tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) 1433:1475 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 10 59 theme tight 1433:1437 arg1 Occludin 1467:1474 Occludin 1467:1474 Occludin 1467:1474 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 7 60 theme Anti-inflammatory 869:885 arg1 effects 887:893 Anti-inflammatory effects 869:893 Anti-inflammatory effects of PSE-NB 869:903 Anti-inflammatory effects of PSE-NB were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 4 61 theme pleurisy 429:436 arg1 treatment 385:393 the treatment 381:393 the treatment 381:393 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 5 62 theme anti-inflammatory 676:692 arg1 effects 694:700 its anti-inflammatory effects 672:700 its anti-inflammatory effects 672:700 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 3 63 theme subtropical 274:284 arg1 regions 286:292 tropical and subtropical regions 261:292 tropical and subtropical regions of Asia 261:300 (PS) is a terrestrial herb primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. 33358857 5 64 theme PS 653:654 arg1 extract 642:648 n-butanol extract 632:648 n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) 632:663 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 12 65 theme metabolism 1837:1846 arg1 augmentation 1810:1821 augmentation 1810:1821 augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells 1810:1863 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 1 66 theme porcine 118:124 arg1 cells 137:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 the intestinal porcine epithelial cells 103:141 In the intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). 33358857 4 67 theme toothache 405:413 arg1 treatment 385:393 the treatment 381:393 the treatment 381:393 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 4 68 from medicine 329:336 arg1 countries 349:357 certain countries 341:357 certain countries of Southeast Asia 341:375 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 12 69 theme same 1706:1709 arg1 time 1711:1714 the same time 1702:1714 the same time 1702:1714 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 4 70 theme coughing 416:423 arg1 treatment 385:393 the treatment 381:393 the treatment 381:393 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 0 71 theme Piper 76:80 arg1 Roxb 94:97 Piper sarmentosum Roxb 76:97 Piper sarmentosum Roxb 76:97 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 13 72 from constituents 1959:1970 arg1 PSE-NB 1975:1980 PSE-NB 1975:1980 PSE-NB 1975:1980 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggested that alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents in PSE-NB. 33358857 4 73 theme PS 486:487 arg1 activity 474:481 the anti-inflammatory activity 452:481 the anti-inflammatory activity of PS 452:487 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 0 74 theme Roxb 94:97 arg1 extract 65:71 n-butanol extract 55:71 n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb 55:97 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 9 75 theme IL-1β 1319:1323 arg1 expression 1305:1314 mRNA expression 1300:1314 mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells 1300:1356 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 9 76 theme IL-6 1326:1329 arg1 expression 1305:1314 mRNA expression 1300:1314 mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells 1300:1356 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 5 77 theme molecular 573:581 arg1 mechanism 583:591 the molecular mechanism 569:591 the molecular mechanism 569:591 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 6 78 theme METHODS 717:723 arg1 constituents 734:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents 703:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB 703:755 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 10 79 theme proteins 1448:1455 arg1 expression 1419:1428 mRNA expression 1414:1428 mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05) 1414:1534 PSE-NB improved mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and NHE3, which were reduced by LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). 33358857 9 80 theme TNF-α 1335:1339 arg1 expression 1305:1314 mRNA expression 1300:1314 mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells 1300:1356 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 14 81 theme LPS-induced 2006:2016 arg1 responses 2031:2039 LPS-induced inflammatory responses 2006:2039 LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells 2006:2056 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 14 82 theme metabolic 2114:2122 arg1 pattern 2124:2130 intracellular metabolic pattern 2100:2130 intracellular metabolic pattern 2100:2130 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 9 83 theme IPEC-J2 1344:1350 arg1 cells 1352:1356 IPEC-J2 cells 1344:1356 IPEC-J2 cells 1344:1356 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 5 84 theme chemical 543:550 arg1 constituents 552:563 the chemical constituents 539:563 the chemical constituents 539:563 AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and the molecular mechanism and related metabolic pathway by which n-butanol extract of PS (PSE-NB) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. 33358857 0 85 theme anti-inflammatory 25:41 arg1 activity 43:50 anti-inflammatory activity 25:50 anti-inflammatory activity 25:50 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 12 86 theme IPEC-J2 1851:1857 arg1 cells 1859:1863 IPEC-J2 cells 1851:1863 IPEC-J2 cells 1851:1863 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 7 87 theme IPEC-J2 959:965 arg1 cells 967:971 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells 926:971 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells 926:971 Anti-inflammatory effects of PSE-NB were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 14 88 theme signaling 2078:2086 arg1 pathway 2088:2094 NF-κB signaling pathway 2072:2094 NF-κB signaling pathway 2072:2094 PSE-NB might attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and intracellular metabolic pattern. 33358857 9 89 theme LPS 1372:1374 arg1 p < 0.05 1387:1394 p < 0.05 1387:1394 p < 0.05 1387:1394 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 9 89 theme LPS 1372:1374 arg1 treatment 1376:1384 LPS treatment 1372:1384 LPS treatment (p < 0.05) 1372:1395 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 2 90 theme Piper 185:189 arg1 Roxb 203:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb 154:206 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 6 91 theme PSE-NB 750:755 arg1 constituents 734:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents 703:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB 703:755 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33358857 0 92 theme extract 65:71 arg1 composition 9:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition 0:19 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 0 92 theme extract 65:71 arg1 activity 43:50 anti-inflammatory activity 25:50 anti-inflammatory activity 25:50 Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. 33358857 12 93 theme anti-inflammatory 1773:1789 arg1 effects 1791:1797 anti-inflammatory effects 1773:1797 anti-inflammatory effects 1773:1797 At the same time, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that PSE-NB exerts anti-inflammatory effects mainly via augmentation of methionine metabolism in IPEC-J2 cells. 33358857 8 94 theme PSE-NB 1147:1152 arg1 constituents 1131:1142 the main constituents 1122:1142 the main constituents of PSE-NB 1122:1152 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 94 theme PSE-NB 1147:1152 arg1 phenolics 1107:1115 phenolics 1107:1115 phenolics 1107:1115 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 8 94 theme PSE-NB 1147:1152 arg1 alkaloids 1093:1101 indicating alkaloids 1082:1101 indicating alkaloids 1082:1101 RESULTS In total, 218 compounds, including 94 alkaloids and 26 phenolics were tentatively identified, which indicating alkaloids and phenolics were the main constituents of PSE-NB. 33358857 4 95 theme certain 341:347 arg1 countries 349:357 certain countries 341:357 certain countries of Southeast Asia 341:375 It is widely used in folk medicine in certain countries of Southeast Asia for the treatment of fever, toothache, coughing and pleurisy, which showed the anti-inflammatory activity of PS. 33358857 9 96 theme cell 1180:1183 arg1 experiment 1185:1194 the current cell experiment 1168:1194 the current cell experiment in vitro 1168:1203 In addition, the current cell experiment in vitro showed that PSE-NB (10-500 μg/mL) pre-treatment before LPS stimulation significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells compared with LPS treatment (p < 0.05). 33358857 11 97 theme p65 1610:1612 arg1 expression 1596:1605 LPS-induced protein expression 1576:1605 LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05) 1576:1633 Moreover, PSE-NB (10 μg/mL) alleviated LPS-induced protein expression of p65 and p-p65 (p < 0.05), and reduced p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by LPS. 33358857 6 98 theme MATERIALS 703:711 arg1 constituents 734:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents 703:745 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB 703:755 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of PSE-NB was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. 33113505 7 0 theme DAI 1196:1198 arg1 score 1200:1204 DAI score 1196:1204 DAI score 1196:1204 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 10 1 theme inflammatory 1791:1802 arg1 factors 1804:1810 the inflammatory factors 1787:1810 the inflammatory factors 1787:1810 Furthermore, we observed that FYC modulates intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) by affecting the inflammatory factors. 33113505 3 2 theme sulfate 498:504 arg1 sodium 506:511 dextran sulfate sodium 490:511 dextran sulfate sodium 490:511 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 7 3 from score 1200:1204 arg1 serum 1222:1226 serum 1222:1226 serum 1222:1226 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 10 4 dep proportion 1732:1741 arg1 e.g. 1722:1725 e.g. 1722:1725 e.g. 1722:1725 Furthermore, we observed that FYC modulates intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) by affecting the inflammatory factors. 33113505 5 5 theme activity 681:688 arg1 DAI 697:699 DAI 697:699 DAI 697:699 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 5 theme activity 681:688 arg1 index 690:694 The disease activity index 669:694 The disease activity index (DAI) 669:700 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 7 6 theme inflammatory 1078:1089 arg1 cells 1091:1095 inflammatory cells 1078:1095 inflammatory cells 1078:1095 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 11 7 theme inflammatory 1901:1912 arg1 factors 1914:1920 inflammatory factors 1901:1920 inflammatory factors to improve the intestinal flora 1901:1952 CONCLUSION FYC exerts an effect on UC by inhibiting the OSM/OSMR pathway and regulating inflammatory factors to improve the intestinal flora. 33113505 1 8 theme gastroenteritis 278:292 arg1 treatment 247:255 the clinical treatment 234:255 the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 234:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 5 9 from index 690:694 arg1 changes 800:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 9 from index 690:694 arg1 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 9 from index 690:694 arg1 structure 770:778 pathological structure 757:778 pathological structure 757:778 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 0 10 theme Feiyangchangweiyan 0:17 arg1 capsule 19:25 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule 0:25 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule 0:25 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating the OSM/OSMR pathway and improving gut microbiota. 33113505 5 11 theme inflammatory 813:824 arg1 infiltration 831:842 inflammatory cell infiltration 813:842 inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue 813:858 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 1 12 theme Chinese 197:203 arg1 capsule 166:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule 136:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) 136:178 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 12 theme Chinese 197:203 arg1 medicine 205:212 a traditional Chinese medicine 183:212 a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 183:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 7 13 theme anti-inflammatory 1319:1335 arg1 factors 1337:1343 anti-inflammatory factors 1319:1343 anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 1319:1357 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 7 13 theme anti-inflammatory 1319:1335 arg1 IL-10 1353:1357 IL-10 1353:1357 IL-10 1353:1357 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 11 14 from effect 1838:1843 arg1 UC 1848:1849 UC 1848:1849 UC 1848:1849 CONCLUSION FYC exerts an effect on UC by inhibiting the OSM/OSMR pathway and regulating inflammatory factors to improve the intestinal flora. 33113505 4 15 theme mice 611:614 arg1 model 599:603 a model 597:603 a model of UC mice 597:614 METHODS Here, we established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium and administered with FYC. 33113505 7 16 theme pathological 1034:1045 arg1 damage 1047:1052 the pathological damage 1030:1052 the pathological damage 1030:1052 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 5 17 theme ultrastructural 784:798 arg1 changes 800:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 11 18 theme intestinal 1937:1946 arg1 flora 1948:1952 the intestinal flora 1933:1952 the intestinal flora 1933:1952 CONCLUSION FYC exerts an effect on UC by inhibiting the OSM/OSMR pathway and regulating inflammatory factors to improve the intestinal flora. 33113505 4 19 theme dextran 619:625 arg1 sodium 635:640 dextran sulfate sodium 619:640 dextran sulfate sodium 619:640 METHODS Here, we established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium and administered with FYC. 33113505 7 20 theme sulfate 1124:1130 arg1 sodium 1132:1137 dextran sulfate sodium 1116:1137 dextran sulfate sodium 1116:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 6 21 theme 16S 894:896 arg1 sequencing 903:912 16S rDNA sequencing 894:912 16S rDNA sequencing 894:912 Transcriptome and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to illuminate the mechanism of FYC in the protection of UC mice. 33113505 5 22 from length 709:714 arg1 changes 800:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 22 from length 709:714 arg1 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 22 from length 709:714 arg1 structure 770:778 pathological structure 757:778 pathological structure 757:778 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 11 23 theme OSM/OSMR 1869:1876 arg1 pathway 1878:1884 the OSM/OSMR pathway 1865:1884 the OSM/OSMR pathway 1865:1884 CONCLUSION FYC exerts an effect on UC by inhibiting the OSM/OSMR pathway and regulating inflammatory factors to improve the intestinal flora. 33113505 1 24 theme Feiyangchangweiyan 147:164 arg1 FYC 175:177 FYC 175:177 FYC 175:177 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 24 theme Feiyangchangweiyan 147:164 arg1 medicine 205:212 a traditional Chinese medicine 183:212 a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 183:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 24 theme Feiyangchangweiyan 147:164 arg1 capsule 166:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule 136:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) 136:178 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 9 25 theme mRNA 1618:1621 arg1 levels 1635:1640 OSMR mRNA and protein levels 1613:1640 OSMR mRNA and protein levels 1613:1640 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 5 26 from content 739:745 arg1 changes 800:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 26 from content 739:745 arg1 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 26 from content 739:745 arg1 structure 770:778 pathological structure 757:778 pathological structure 757:778 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 10 27 theme intestinal 1687:1696 arg1 composition 1709:1719 intestinal microbiome composition 1687:1719 intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) 1687:1772 Furthermore, we observed that FYC modulates intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) by affecting the inflammatory factors. 33113505 5 28 theme colon 847:851 arg1 tissue 853:858 colon tissue 847:858 colon tissue 847:858 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 9 29 theme protein 1627:1633 arg1 levels 1635:1640 OSMR mRNA and protein levels 1613:1640 OSMR mRNA and protein levels 1613:1640 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 2 30 from effect 332:337 arg1 mechanism 381:389 the mechanism 377:389 the mechanism 377:389 However, the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism thereof remains unknown. 33113505 2 30 from effect 332:337 arg1 UC 369:370 UC 369:370 UC 369:370 However, the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism thereof remains unknown. 33113505 2 30 from effect 332:337 arg1 colitis 360:366 ulcerative colitis 349:366 ulcerative colitis (UC) 349:371 However, the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism thereof remains unknown. 33113505 6 31 theme FYC 959:961 arg1 mechanism 946:954 the mechanism 942:954 the mechanism of FYC 942:961 Transcriptome and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to illuminate the mechanism of FYC in the protection of UC mice. 33113505 7 32 theme colon 1174:1178 arg1 length 1180:1185 colon length 1174:1185 colon length 1174:1185 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 5 33 theme colon 703:707 arg1 length 709:714 colon length 703:714 colon length 703:714 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 8 34 theme critical 1441:1448 arg1 M 1401:1401 Oncostatin M 1390:1401 Oncostatin M (OSM) 1390:1407 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 8 34 theme critical 1441:1448 arg1 receptor 1417:1424 its receptor 1413:1424 its receptor (OSMR) 1413:1431 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 8 34 theme critical 1441:1448 arg1 pathway 1450:1456 the critical pathway 1437:1456 the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC 1437:1480 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 7 35 theme UC 1147:1148 arg1 mice 1150:1153 UC mice 1147:1153 UC mice 1147:1153 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 3 36 theme FYC 464:466 arg1 effect 454:459 the protective effect 439:459 the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium 439:511 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 7 37 theme sodium 1132:1137 arg1 tissue 1106:1111 colon tissue 1100:1111 colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium 1100:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 1 38 theme dysentery 308:316 arg1 treatment 247:255 the clinical treatment 234:255 the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 234:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 7 39 from infiltration 1062:1073 arg1 tissue 1106:1111 colon tissue 1100:1111 colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium 1100:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 7 40 theme dextran 1116:1122 arg1 sodium 1132:1137 dextran sulfate sodium 1116:1137 dextran sulfate sodium 1116:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 0 41 theme ulcerative 44:53 arg1 colitis 55:61 ulcerative colitis 44:61 ulcerative colitis in mice 44:69 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating the OSM/OSMR pathway and improving gut microbiota. 33113505 6 42 theme mice 987:990 arg1 protection 970:979 the protection 966:979 the protection of UC mice 966:990 Transcriptome and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to illuminate the mechanism of FYC in the protection of UC mice. 33113505 2 43 theme ulcerative 349:358 arg1 UC 369:370 UC 369:370 UC 369:370 However, the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism thereof remains unknown. 33113505 2 43 theme ulcerative 349:358 arg1 colitis 360:366 ulcerative colitis 349:366 ulcerative colitis (UC) 349:371 However, the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism thereof remains unknown. 33113505 9 44 theme UC 1509:1510 arg1 mice 1512:1515 UC mice 1509:1515 UC mice 1509:1515 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 7 45 from factors 1250:1256 arg1 serum 1222:1226 serum 1222:1226 serum 1222:1226 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 7 46 dep rescues 1156:1162 arg1 shortened 1164:1172 shortened 1164:1172 rescues shortened colon length 1156:1185 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 2 47 theme FYC 342:344 arg1 effect 332:337 the effect 328:337 the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism 328:389 However, the effect of FYC on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the mechanism thereof remains unknown. 33113505 7 48 theme pro-inflammatory 1233:1248 arg1 factors 1250:1256 pro-inflammatory factors 1233:1256 pro-inflammatory factors 1233:1256 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 1 49 dep medicine 205:212 arg1 formulation 214:224 formulation 214:224 a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 183:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 9 50 theme control 1529:1535 arg1 mice 1537:1540 control mice 1529:1540 control mice 1529:1540 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 7 51 theme MPO 1207:1209 arg1 content 1211:1217 MPO content 1207:1217 MPO content in serum 1207:1226 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 5 52 theme myeloperoxidase 717:731 arg1 content 739:745 myeloperoxidase (MPO) content 717:745 myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes 717:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 7 53 theme cells 1091:1095 arg1 damage 1047:1052 the pathological damage 1030:1052 the pathological damage 1030:1052 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 7 53 theme cells 1091:1095 arg1 infiltration 1062:1073 the infiltration 1058:1073 the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium 1058:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 3 54 theme dextran 490:496 arg1 sodium 506:511 dextran sulfate sodium 490:511 dextran sulfate sodium 490:511 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 1 55 theme acute 260:264 arg1 gastroenteritis 278:292 acute and chronic gastroenteritis 260:292 acute and chronic gastroenteritis 260:292 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 3 56 theme potential 532:540 arg1 mechanism 542:550 the potential mechanism 528:550 the potential mechanism of this effect 528:565 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 1 57 theme chronic 270:276 arg1 gastroenteritis 278:292 acute and chronic gastroenteritis 260:292 acute and chronic gastroenteritis 260:292 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 58 theme traditional 185:195 arg1 capsule 166:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule 136:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) 136:178 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 58 theme traditional 185:195 arg1 medicine 205:212 a traditional Chinese medicine 183:212 a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 183:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 7 59 from content 1211:1217 arg1 serum 1222:1226 serum 1222:1226 serum 1222:1226 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 4 60 theme sulfate 627:633 arg1 sodium 635:640 dextran sulfate sodium 619:640 dextran sulfate sodium 619:640 METHODS Here, we established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium and administered with FYC. 33113505 3 61 theme effect 560:565 arg1 mechanism 542:550 the potential mechanism 528:550 the potential mechanism of this effect 528:565 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 5 62 theme cell 826:829 arg1 infiltration 831:842 inflammatory cell infiltration 813:842 inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue 813:858 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 63 theme disease 673:679 arg1 DAI 697:699 DAI 697:699 DAI 697:699 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 63 theme disease 673:679 arg1 index 690:694 The disease activity index 669:694 The disease activity index (DAI) 669:700 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 8 64 theme Oncostatin 1390:1399 arg1 M 1401:1401 Oncostatin M 1390:1401 Oncostatin M (OSM) 1390:1407 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 8 64 theme Oncostatin 1390:1399 arg1 receptor 1417:1424 its receptor 1413:1424 its receptor (OSMR) 1413:1431 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 8 64 theme Oncostatin 1390:1399 arg1 OSM 1404:1406 OSM 1404:1406 OSM 1404:1406 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 8 64 theme Oncostatin 1390:1399 arg1 pathway 1450:1456 the critical pathway 1437:1456 the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC 1437:1480 Transcriptomics revealed that Oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) are the critical pathway for UC treatment by FYC. 33113505 4 65 theme UC 608:609 arg1 mice 611:614 UC mice 608:614 UC mice 608:614 METHODS Here, we established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium and administered with FYC. 33113505 7 66 theme RESULTS 993:999 arg1 FYC 1001:1003 RESULTS FYC 993:1003 RESULTS FYC 993:1003 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 4 67 dep METHODS 568:574 arg1 established 585:595 established 585:595 established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium 585:640 METHODS Here, we established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium and administered with FYC. 33113505 4 67 dep METHODS 568:574 arg1 administered 646:657 administered 646:657 administered with FYC 646:666 METHODS Here, we established a model of UC mice by dextran sulfate sodium and administered with FYC. 33113505 6 68 theme rDNA 898:901 arg1 sequencing 903:912 16S rDNA sequencing 894:912 16S rDNA sequencing 894:912 Transcriptome and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to illuminate the mechanism of FYC in the protection of UC mice. 33113505 9 69 theme OSM 1605:1607 arg1 measurement 1590:1600 measurement 1590:1600 measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels 1590:1640 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 1 70 theme BACKGROUND 136:145 arg1 FYC 175:177 FYC 175:177 FYC 175:177 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 70 theme BACKGROUND 136:145 arg1 medicine 205:212 a traditional Chinese medicine 183:212 a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 183:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 1 70 theme BACKGROUND 136:145 arg1 capsule 166:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule 136:172 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) 136:178 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 6 71 theme UC 984:985 arg1 mice 987:990 UC mice 984:990 UC mice 984:990 Transcriptome and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to illuminate the mechanism of FYC in the protection of UC mice. 33113505 9 72 theme OSMR 1613:1616 arg1 mRNA 1618:1621 OSMR mRNA 1613:1621 OSMR mRNA 1613:1621 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 3 73 theme UC 471:472 arg1 mice 474:477 UC mice 471:477 UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium 471:511 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 10 74 theme microbiome 1698:1707 arg1 composition 1709:1719 intestinal microbiome composition 1687:1719 intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) 1687:1772 Furthermore, we observed that FYC modulates intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) by affecting the inflammatory factors. 33113505 5 75 from infiltration 831:842 arg1 changes 800:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 ultrastructural changes 784:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 75 from infiltration 831:842 arg1 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 serum 750:754 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 75 from infiltration 831:842 arg1 structure 770:778 pathological structure 757:778 pathological structure 757:778 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 0 76 theme OSM/OSMR 89:96 arg1 pathway 98:104 the OSM/OSMR pathway 85:104 the OSM/OSMR pathway 85:104 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating the OSM/OSMR pathway and improving gut microbiota. 33113505 5 77 theme tissue 853:858 arg1 content 739:745 myeloperoxidase (MPO) content 717:745 myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes 717:806 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 77 theme tissue 853:858 arg1 DAI 697:699 DAI 697:699 DAI 697:699 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 77 theme tissue 853:858 arg1 index 690:694 The disease activity index 669:694 The disease activity index (DAI) 669:700 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 77 theme tissue 853:858 arg1 length 709:714 colon length 703:714 colon length 703:714 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 5 77 theme tissue 853:858 arg1 infiltration 831:842 inflammatory cell infiltration 813:842 inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue 813:858 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 9 78 theme levels 1635:1640 arg1 measurement 1590:1600 measurement 1590:1600 measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels 1590:1640 OSM and OSMR increased in UC mice compared to control mice, and decreased with FYC, which was verified via measurement of OSM and OSMR mRNA and protein levels. 33113505 0 79 theme gut 120:122 arg1 microbiota 124:133 gut microbiota 120:133 gut microbiota 120:133 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating the OSM/OSMR pathway and improving gut microbiota. 33113505 0 80 from colitis 55:61 arg1 mice 66:69 mice 66:69 mice 66:69 Feiyangchangweiyan capsule protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating the OSM/OSMR pathway and improving gut microbiota. 33113505 3 81 theme protective 443:452 arg1 effect 454:459 the protective effect 439:459 the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium 439:511 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 7 82 from damage 1047:1052 arg1 tissue 1106:1111 colon tissue 1100:1111 colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium 1100:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 5 83 theme pathological 757:768 arg1 structure 770:778 pathological structure 757:778 pathological structure 757:778 The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in serum, pathological structure and ultrastructural changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration of colon tissue were evaluated. 33113505 1 84 theme bacterial 298:306 arg1 dysentery 308:316 bacterial dysentery 298:316 bacterial dysentery 298:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 33113505 3 85 from effect 454:459 arg1 mice 474:477 UC mice 471:477 UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium 471:511 PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of FYC on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium and illustrate the potential mechanism of this effect. 33113505 11 86 theme CONCLUSION 1813:1822 arg1 FYC 1824:1826 CONCLUSION FYC 1813:1826 CONCLUSION FYC 1813:1826 CONCLUSION FYC exerts an effect on UC by inhibiting the OSM/OSMR pathway and regulating inflammatory factors to improve the intestinal flora. 33113505 7 87 theme colon 1100:1104 arg1 tissue 1106:1111 colon tissue 1100:1111 colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium 1100:1137 RESULTS FYC significantly alleviates the pathological damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue of dextran sulfate sodium induced UC mice, rescues shortened colon length, reduces DAI score, MPO content in serum, and pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, MCP-1 and MIP-2, and increases anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. 33113505 10 88 theme Barnesiella/Proteobacteria 1746:1771 arg1 proportion 1732:1741 the proportion 1728:1741 the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria 1728:1771 Furthermore, we observed that FYC modulates intestinal microbiome composition (e.g., the proportion of Barnesiella/Proteobacteria) by affecting the inflammatory factors. 33113505 1 89 theme clinical 238:245 arg1 treatment 247:255 the clinical treatment 234:255 the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery 234:316 BACKGROUND Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used in the clinical treatment of acute and chronic gastroenteritis and bacterial dysentery. 32758769 4 0 theme morphology 634:643 arg1 terms 625:629 terms 625:629 terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS 625:675 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 6 1 theme aerobic 943:949 arg1 granules 951:958 these aerobic granules 937:958 these aerobic granules 937:958 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 9 2 from components 1594:1603 arg1 granules 1629:1636 these aerobic granules 1615:1636 these aerobic granules 1615:1636 As a result, polysaccharides, rather than proteins, became the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules. 32758769 6 3 with microcolony 997:1007 arg1 β-polysaccharides 1026:1042 β-polysaccharides 1026:1042 β-polysaccharides 1026:1042 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 6 3 with microcolony 997:1007 arg1 calcium 1014:1020 calcium 1014:1020 calcium 1014:1020 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 4 4 theme structure 646:654 arg1 terms 625:629 terms 625:629 terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS 625:675 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 2 5 theme granules 311:318 arg1 initiation 273:282 initiation 273:282 initiation 273:282 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 2 5 theme granules 311:318 arg1 development 288:298 development 288:298 development 288:298 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 10 6 theme granulation 1700:1710 arg1 potential 1712:1720 the granulation potential 1696:1720 the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters 1696:1805 This paper provides us a foundation to better understand the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters. 32758769 7 7 theme significant 1148:1158 arg1 nitrifiers 1170:1179 nitrifiers 1170:1179 nitrifiers 1170:1179 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 7 7 theme significant 1148:1158 arg1 amount 1160:1165 significant amount 1148:1165 significant amount of nitrifiers 1148:1179 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 5 8 theme internal 849:856 arg1 structure 858:866 loose internal structure 843:866 loose internal structure 843:866 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 5 9 theme mature 900:905 arg1 granules 915:922 mature aerobic granules 900:922 mature aerobic granules 900:922 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 5 10 dep had 795:797 arg1 different 885:893 different 885:893 different 885:893 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 8 11 theme aspartic 1320:1327 arg1 acid 1329:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid 1281:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid 1281:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 2 12 theme aerobic 331:337 arg1 morphology 383:392 morphology 383:392 morphology 383:392 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 2 12 theme aerobic 331:337 arg1 structure 398:406 structure 398:406 structure 398:406 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 2 12 theme aerobic 331:337 arg1 granules 339:346 aerobic granules 331:346 aerobic granules with distinct microbial community 331:380 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 1 13 theme aerobic 201:207 arg1 technology 225:234 aerobic granular sludge technology 201:234 aerobic granular sludge technology 201:234 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 5 14 theme pressure 757:764 arg1 absence 713:719 the absence 709:719 the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 709:764 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 1 15 theme sludge 218:223 arg1 technology 225:234 aerobic granular sludge technology 201:234 aerobic granular sludge technology 201:234 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 7 16 theme aspartic 1108:1115 arg1 acid 1117:1120 aspartic acid 1108:1120 aspartic acid 1108:1120 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 2 17 theme Feed 237:240 arg1 composition 242:252 Feed composition 237:252 Feed composition 237:252 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 8 18 theme more 1371:1374 arg1 exopolysaccharides 1376:1393 more exopolysaccharides 1371:1393 more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture 1371:1522 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 7 19 theme high 1090:1093 arg1 ratio 1099:1103 The high N/C ratio 1086:1103 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid 1086:1120 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 5 20 theme irregular 802:810 arg1 shape 812:816 an irregular shape 799:816 an irregular shape 799:816 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 5 21 theme hydrodynamic 734:745 arg1 pressure 757:764 favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 724:764 favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 724:764 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 0 22 theme sequencing 68:77 arg1 reactor 85:91 sequencing batch reactor 68:91 sequencing batch reactor 68:91 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 3 23 from formation 442:450 arg1 acid 487:490 an aspartic acid 475:490 an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 475:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 6 24 theme responsible 1044:1054 arg1 calcium 1014:1020 calcium 1014:1020 calcium 1014:1020 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 4 25 theme Detailed 553:560 arg1 characteristics 562:576 Detailed characteristics 553:576 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules 553:602 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 8 26 theme neutral 1420:1426 arg1 surface 1444:1450 more neutral and hydrophilic surface 1415:1450 more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture 1415:1522 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 5 27 theme aerobic 778:784 arg1 granules 786:793 the formed aerobic granules 767:793 the formed aerobic granules 767:793 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 9 28 theme EPS 1608:1610 arg1 components 1594:1603 the major components 1584:1603 the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules 1584:1636 As a result, polysaccharides, rather than proteins, became the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules. 32758769 8 29 theme hydrophilic 1432:1442 arg1 surface 1444:1450 more neutral and hydrophilic surface 1415:1450 more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture 1415:1522 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 0 30 theme unfavorable 99:109 arg1 conditions 134:143 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 99:143 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 99:143 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 3 31 theme aerobic 455:461 arg1 granules 463:470 aerobic granules 455:470 aerobic granules 455:470 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 7 32 theme nitrification 1231:1243 arg1 activity 1245:1252 high nitrification activity 1226:1252 high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules 1226:1278 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 8 33 theme aerobic 1459:1465 arg1 granules 1467:1474 the aerobic granules 1455:1474 the aerobic granules 1455:1474 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 8 33 theme aerobic 1459:1465 arg1 beneficial 1487:1496 beneficial 1487:1496 beneficial 1487:1496 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 0 34 theme aerobic 20:26 arg1 granules 28:35 aerobic granules 20:35 aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid 20:62 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 3 35 theme aspartic 478:485 arg1 acid 487:490 an aspartic acid 475:490 an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 475:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 10 36 theme substrates 1739:1748 arg1 potential 1712:1720 the granulation potential 1696:1720 the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters 1696:1805 This paper provides us a foundation to better understand the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters. 32758769 5 37 theme rough 825:829 arg1 outline 831:837 a rough outline 823:837 a rough outline 823:837 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 10 38 theme industrial 1784:1793 arg1 wastewaters 1795:1805 industrial wastewaters 1784:1805 industrial wastewaters 1784:1805 This paper provides us a foundation to better understand the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters. 32758769 4 39 theme aerobic 587:593 arg1 granules 595:602 these aerobic granules 581:602 these aerobic granules 581:602 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 2 40 theme distinct 353:360 arg1 community 372:380 distinct microbial community 353:380 distinct microbial community 353:380 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 8 41 theme acid 1511:1514 arg1 capture 1516:1522 aspartic acid capture 1502:1522 aspartic acid capture 1502:1522 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 0 42 theme aspartic 50:57 arg1 acid 59:62 an aspartic acid 47:62 an aspartic acid 47:62 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 7 43 theme granules 1271:1278 arg1 activity 1245:1252 high nitrification activity 1226:1252 high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules 1226:1278 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 7 44 theme nitrifiers 1170:1179 arg1 nitrifiers 1170:1179 nitrifiers 1170:1179 nitrifiers 1170:1179 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 7 44 theme nitrifiers 1170:1179 arg1 amount 1160:1165 significant amount 1148:1165 significant amount of nitrifiers 1148:1179 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 6 45 from Bacteria 925:932 arg1 granules 951:958 these aerobic granules 937:958 these aerobic granules 937:958 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 7 46 theme amount 1160:1165 arg1 enrichment 1134:1143 the enrichment 1130:1143 the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules 1130:1203 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 3 47 theme hydrodynamic 518:529 arg1 conditions 541:550 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 506:550 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 506:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 2 48 theme aerobic 303:309 arg1 granules 311:318 aerobic granules 303:318 aerobic granules 303:318 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 8 49 theme charged 1296:1302 arg1 acid 1329:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid 1281:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid 1281:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 5 50 theme aerobic 907:913 arg1 granules 915:922 mature aerobic granules 900:922 mature aerobic granules 900:922 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 8 51 theme hydrophilic 1308:1318 arg1 acid 1329:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid 1281:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid 1281:1332 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 7 52 theme acid 1117:1120 arg1 ratio 1099:1103 The high N/C ratio 1086:1103 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid 1086:1120 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 1 53 theme granular 209:216 arg1 technology 225:234 aerobic granular sludge technology 201:234 aerobic granular sludge technology 201:234 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 6 54 theme microcolony 997:1007 arg1 form 989:992 the form 985:992 the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability 985:1083 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 3 55 theme selection 531:539 arg1 conditions 541:550 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 506:550 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 506:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 1 56 theme technology 225:234 arg1 Granules 146:153 Granules initiation and development 146:180 Granules initiation and development 146:180 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 1 56 theme technology 225:234 arg1 backbone 189:196 the backbone 185:196 the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology 185:234 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 7 57 theme N/C 1095:1097 arg1 ratio 1099:1103 The high N/C ratio 1086:1103 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid 1086:1120 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 5 58 theme selection 747:755 arg1 pressure 757:764 favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 724:764 favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 724:764 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 5 59 theme favorable 724:732 arg1 pressure 757:764 favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 724:764 favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure 724:764 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 5 60 from granules 915:922 arg1 different 885:893 different 885:893 different 885:893 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 6 61 theme mechanical 1064:1073 arg1 stability 1075:1083 its mechanical stability 1060:1083 its mechanical stability 1060:1083 Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. 32758769 7 62 theme aerobic 1263:1269 arg1 granules 1271:1278 these aerobic granules 1257:1278 these aerobic granules 1257:1278 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 0 63 theme batch 79:83 arg1 reactor 85:91 sequencing batch reactor 68:91 sequencing batch reactor 68:91 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 9 64 theme major 1588:1592 arg1 components 1594:1603 the major components 1584:1603 the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules 1584:1636 As a result, polysaccharides, rather than proteins, became the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules. 32758769 0 65 theme selection 124:132 arg1 conditions 134:143 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 99:143 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 99:143 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 5 66 theme formed 771:776 arg1 granules 786:793 the formed aerobic granules 767:793 the formed aerobic granules 767:793 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 2 67 with granules 339:346 arg1 community 372:380 distinct microbial community 353:380 distinct microbial community 353:380 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 5 68 contain had 795:797 arg1 granules 786:793 the formed aerobic granules 767:793 the formed aerobic granules 767:793 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 5 68 contain had 795:797 arg2 shape 812:816 an irregular shape 799:816 an irregular shape 799:816 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 1 69 dep Granules 146:153 arg1 Granules 146:153 Granules initiation and development 146:180 Granules initiation and development 146:180 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 1 69 dep Granules 146:153 arg1 development 170:180 development 170:180 development 170:180 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 1 69 dep Granules 146:153 arg1 initiation 155:164 initiation 155:164 initiation 155:164 Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. 32758769 0 70 theme hydrodynamic 111:122 arg1 conditions 134:143 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 99:143 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 99:143 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 5 71 theme loose 843:847 arg1 structure 858:866 loose internal structure 843:866 loose internal structure 843:866 The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. 32758769 9 72 theme aerobic 1621:1627 arg1 granules 1629:1636 these aerobic granules 1615:1636 these aerobic granules 1615:1636 As a result, polysaccharides, rather than proteins, became the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules. 32758769 3 73 theme granules 463:470 arg1 formation 442:450 an unexpected formation 428:450 an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 428:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 0 74 theme granules 28:35 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid 0:62 Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 8 75 theme granules 1467:1474 arg1 surface 1444:1450 more neutral and hydrophilic surface 1415:1450 more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture 1415:1522 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 10 76 theme proteinaceous 1725:1737 arg1 substrates 1739:1748 proteinaceous substrates 1725:1748 proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters 1725:1805 This paper provides us a foundation to better understand the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters. 32758769 7 77 theme aerobic 1188:1194 arg1 granules 1196:1203 aerobic granules 1188:1203 aerobic granules 1188:1203 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 32758769 3 78 theme unexpected 431:440 arg1 formation 442:450 an unexpected formation 428:450 an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 428:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 4 79 theme granules 595:602 arg1 characteristics 562:576 Detailed characteristics 553:576 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules 553:602 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 2 80 theme microbial 362:370 arg1 community 372:380 distinct microbial community 353:380 distinct microbial community 353:380 Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. 32758769 4 81 theme bioactivity 657:667 arg1 terms 625:629 terms 625:629 terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS 625:675 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 3 82 theme unfavorable 506:516 arg1 conditions 541:550 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 506:550 unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions 506:550 This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. 32758769 4 83 theme EPS 673:675 arg1 terms 625:629 terms 625:629 terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS 625:675 Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. 32758769 8 84 theme aspartic 1502:1509 arg1 acid 1511:1514 aspartic acid 1502:1514 aspartic acid capture 1502:1522 The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. 32758769 7 85 theme high 1226:1229 arg1 activity 1245:1252 high nitrification activity 1226:1252 high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules 1226:1278 The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. 35492792 0 0 theme polysaccharides 96:110 arg1 characterization 11:26 Structural characterization 0:26 Structural characterization 0:26 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 0 0 theme polysaccharides 96:110 arg1 activities 74:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 7 1 theme -β-d-Manp- 994:1003 arg1 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 2 dep α-l-Fucp- 1132:1140 arg1 1→ 1142:1143 1→ 1142:1143 1→ 1142:1143 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 1 3 theme public 175:180 arg1 health 182:187 public health 175:187 public health 175:187 Diabetes seriously endangers public health and brings a heavy economic burden to the country. 35492792 0 4 theme new 92:94 arg1 polysaccharides 96:110 two new polysaccharides 88:110 two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata 88:143 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 0 5 from characterization 11:26 arg1 root 121:124 the root 117:124 the root of Pueraria lobata 117:143 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 7 6 theme -α-l-Araf- 974:983 arg1 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 3 7 theme great 504:508 arg1 significance 510:521 great significance 504:521 great significance 504:521 In-depth research and development of drugs to cure diabetes and complications are of great significance. 35492792 4 8 theme several 568:574 arg1 countries 576:584 several countries 568:584 several countries 568:584 Pueraria lobate is a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases. 35492792 8 9 theme anti-inflammatory 1191:1207 arg1 activities 1224:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities 1191:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase 1191:1264 Furthermore, both PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2 showed anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. 35492792 2 10 theme type-2 292:297 arg1 T2D 309:311 T2D 309:311 T2D 309:311 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 2 10 theme type-2 292:297 arg1 diabetes 299:306 type-2 diabetes 292:306 type-2 diabetes (T2D) 292:312 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 5 11 theme Pueraria 706:713 arg1 lobata 715:720 Pueraria lobata 706:720 Pueraria lobata 706:720 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 0 12 from activities 74:83 arg1 root 121:124 the root 117:124 the root of Pueraria lobata 117:143 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 7 13 theme 1→ 1071:1072 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 5 14 theme lobata 715:720 arg1 root 698:701 the root 694:701 the root of Pueraria lobata 694:720 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 7 15 theme 1→ 985:986 arg1 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 2 16 theme factors 281:287 arg1 factors 281:287 the main inducing factors 263:287 the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) 263:312 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 2 16 theme factors 281:287 arg1 one 256:258 one 256:258 one 256:258 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 7 17 theme -β-d-Manp- 1114:1123 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 18 dep 1→ 1125:1126 arg1 β-d-Glcp- 1075:1083 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 β-d-Glcp- 1075:1083 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 18 dep 1→ 1125:1126 arg1 →4,6 1089:1092 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 →4,6 1089:1092 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 18 dep 1→ 1125:1126 arg1 →3,6 1109:1112 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 →3,6 1109:1112 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 5 19 theme × 752:752 arg1 Da 758:759 9.1 × 103 Da 748:759 9.1 × 103 Da 748:759 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 9 20 theme diabetes 1389:1396 arg1 treatment 1376:1384 the treatment 1372:1384 the treatment of diabetes and its related complications 1372:1426 Therefore, the new polysaccharides, i.e., PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2, may be considered candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications. 35492792 2 21 theme inducing 272:279 arg1 factors 281:287 the main inducing factors 263:287 the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) 263:312 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 2 22 theme diabetic 368:375 arg1 encephalopathy 377:390 diabetic encephalopathy 368:390 diabetic encephalopathy 368:390 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 6 23 theme monosaccharide 824:837 arg1 composition 839:849 monosaccharide composition 824:849 monosaccharide composition 824:849 The structure was evaluated by monosaccharide composition, GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. 35492792 5 24 theme new 620:622 arg1 PLB-1-1 641:647 PLB-1-1 641:647 PLB-1-1 641:647 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 5 24 theme new 620:622 arg1 polysaccharides 624:638 two new polysaccharides 616:638 two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) 616:660 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 5 24 theme new 620:622 arg1 PLB-1-2 653:659 PLB-1-2 653:659 PLB-1-2 653:659 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 7 25 theme -α-d-Glcp- 1060:1069 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 3 26 theme In-depth 419:426 arg1 research 428:435 In-depth research 419:435 In-depth research 419:435 In-depth research and development of drugs to cure diabetes and complications are of great significance. 35492792 0 27 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 characterization 11:26 Structural characterization 0:26 Structural characterization 0:26 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 5 28 theme × 769:769 arg1 Da 775:776 3.8 × 103 Da 765:776 3.8 × 103 Da 765:776 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 1 29 theme heavy 202:206 arg1 burden 217:222 a heavy economic burden 200:222 a heavy economic burden to the country 200:237 Diabetes seriously endangers public health and brings a heavy economic burden to the country. 35492792 4 30 theme medicinal 545:553 arg1 herb 555:558 a medicinal herb 543:558 a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases 543:607 Pueraria lobate is a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases. 35492792 4 30 theme medicinal 545:553 arg1 lobate 533:538 Pueraria lobate 524:538 Pueraria lobate 524:538 Pueraria lobate is a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases. 35492792 0 31 theme lobata 138:143 arg1 root 121:124 the root 117:124 the root of Pueraria lobata 117:143 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 1 32 theme economic 208:215 arg1 burden 217:222 a heavy economic burden 200:222 a heavy economic burden to the country 200:237 Diabetes seriously endangers public health and brings a heavy economic burden to the country. 35492792 5 33 theme Da 775:776 arg1 weights 737:743 molecular weights 727:743 molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively 727:790 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 0 34 theme Pueraria 129:136 arg1 lobata 138:143 Pueraria lobata 129:143 Pueraria lobata 129:143 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 2 35 theme diabetes 299:306 arg1 factors 281:287 the main inducing factors 263:287 the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) 263:312 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 3 36 theme cure 465:468 arg1 diabetes 470:477 cure diabetes 465:477 cure diabetes 465:477 In-depth research and development of drugs to cure diabetes and complications are of great significance. 35492792 0 37 theme glycosidase 51:61 arg1 activities 74:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 7 38 theme -β-d-Glcp- 1094:1103 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 2 39 theme peripheral 396:405 arg1 neuropathy 407:416 peripheral neuropathy 396:416 peripheral neuropathy 396:416 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 5 40 dep polysaccharides 624:638 arg1 PLB-1-1 641:647 PLB-1-1 641:647 PLB-1-1 641:647 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 5 40 dep polysaccharides 624:638 arg1 polysaccharides 624:638 two new polysaccharides 616:638 two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) 616:660 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 5 40 dep polysaccharides 624:638 arg1 PLB-1-2 653:659 PLB-1-2 653:659 PLB-1-2 653:659 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 9 41 theme complications 1414:1426 arg1 treatment 1376:1384 the treatment 1372:1384 the treatment of diabetes and its related complications 1372:1426 Therefore, the new polysaccharides, i.e., PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2, may be considered candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications. 35492792 3 42 theme drugs 456:460 arg1 development 441:451 development 441:451 development 441:451 In-depth research and development of drugs to cure diabetes and complications are of great significance. 35492792 3 42 theme drugs 456:460 arg1 research 428:435 In-depth research 419:435 In-depth research 419:435 In-depth research and development of drugs to cure diabetes and complications are of great significance. 35492792 5 43 theme Da 758:759 arg1 weights 737:743 molecular weights 727:743 molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively 727:790 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 4 44 theme Pueraria 524:531 arg1 herb 555:558 a medicinal herb 543:558 a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases 543:607 Pueraria lobate is a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases. 35492792 4 44 theme Pueraria 524:531 arg1 lobate 533:538 Pueraria lobate 524:538 Pueraria lobate 524:538 Pueraria lobate is a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases. 35492792 7 45 theme -β-d-Galp- 956:965 arg1 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 8 46 theme α-glucosidase 1238:1250 arg1 activities 1224:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities 1191:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase 1191:1264 Furthermore, both PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2 showed anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. 35492792 0 47 theme inhibitory 63:72 arg1 activities 74:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 6 48 theme NMR 862:864 arg1 spectroscopy 866:877 NMR spectroscopy 862:877 NMR spectroscopy 862:877 The structure was evaluated by monosaccharide composition, GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. 35492792 8 49 theme α-amylase 1256:1264 arg1 activities 1224:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities 1191:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase 1191:1264 Furthermore, both PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2 showed anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 1→ 1028:1029 1→ 1028:1029 1→ 1028:1029 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 α-d-Glcp- 939:947 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 α-d-Glcp- 939:947 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 1→ 1005:1006 1→ 1005:1006 1→ 1005:1006 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 →4,6 1012:1015 →4,6 1012:1015 →4,6 1012:1015 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 PLB-1-2 1036:1042 PLB-1-2 1036:1042 PLB-1-2 1036:1042 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 50 dep -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 arg1 →3,6 989:992 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 →3,6 989:992 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 0 51 from root 121:124 arg1 polysaccharides 96:110 two new polysaccharides 88:110 two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata 88:143 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 0 51 from root 121:124 arg1 characterization 11:26 Structural characterization 0:26 Structural characterization 0:26 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 0 51 from root 121:124 arg1 activities 74:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 glycosidase inhibitory activities 51:83 Structural characterization, anti-inflammatory and glycosidase inhibitory activities of two new polysaccharides from the root of Pueraria lobata. 35492792 2 52 theme main 267:270 arg1 factors 281:287 the main inducing factors 263:287 the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) 263:312 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 7 53 theme 1→ 1085:1086 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 7 54 theme 1→ 935:936 arg1 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 9 55 theme new 1291:1293 arg1 polysaccharides 1295:1309 the new polysaccharides 1287:1309 the new polysaccharides 1287:1309 Therefore, the new polysaccharides, i.e., PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2, may be considered candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications. 35492792 4 56 theme many 595:598 arg1 diseases 600:607 many diseases 595:607 many diseases 595:607 Pueraria lobate is a medicinal herb used in several countries to treat many diseases. 35492792 5 57 theme molecular 727:735 arg1 weights 737:743 molecular weights 727:743 molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively 727:790 Here, two new polysaccharides (PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2) were isolated and purified from the root of Pueraria lobata with molecular weights of 9.1 × 103 Da and 3.8 × 103 Da, respectively. 35492792 8 58 theme inhibitory 1213:1222 arg1 activities 1224:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities 1191:1233 anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase 1191:1264 Furthermore, both PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2 showed anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. 35492792 7 59 theme 1→ 1105:1106 arg1 1→ 1125:1126 -α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ 1060:1126 1→ 1125:1126 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 9 60 theme related 1406:1412 arg1 complications 1414:1426 its related complications 1402:1426 its related complications 1402:1426 Therefore, the new polysaccharides, i.e., PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2, may be considered candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications. 35492792 7 61 theme -α-d-Glcp- 924:933 arg1 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp- 921:1026 -β-d-Manp- 1017:1026 It was determined that PLB-1-1 comprised →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and →4,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→, and PLB-1-2 consisted of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Manp-(1→ and α-l-Fucp-(1→. 35492792 2 62 theme diabetes 350:357 arg1 encephalopathy 377:390 diabetic encephalopathy 368:390 diabetic encephalopathy 368:390 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 2 62 theme diabetes 350:357 arg1 neuropathy 407:416 peripheral neuropathy 396:416 peripheral neuropathy 396:416 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 2 62 theme diabetes 350:357 arg1 complications 333:345 some complications 328:345 some complications 328:345 Inflammation is one of the main inducing factors of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and may cause some complications of diabetes, such as diabetic encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. 35492792 9 63 dep PLB-1-1 1318:1324 arg1 i.e. 1312:1315 i.e. 1312:1315 i.e. 1312:1315 Therefore, the new polysaccharides, i.e., PLB-1-1 and PLB-1-2, may be considered candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications. 32033138 12 0 theme films 1612:1616 arg1 stability 1595:1603 the poor stability 1586:1603 the poor stability of the films in the latter 1586:1630 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 13 1 from potential 1673:1681 arg1 systems 1733:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems 1701:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1701:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 4 2 dep reflectance-Fourier 539:557 arg1 transform 559:567 transform 559:567 transform infrared 559:576 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. 32033138 4 2 dep reflectance-Fourier 539:557 arg1 ATR-FTIR 579:586 ATR-FTIR 579:586 ATR-FTIR 579:586 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. 32033138 1 3 theme biodegradable 247:259 arg1 nature 279:284 their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 241:284 their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 241:284 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 12 4 from stability 1595:1603 arg1 latter 1625:1630 latter 1625:1630 latter 1625:1630 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 1 5 theme biocompatible 265:277 arg1 nature 279:284 their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 241:284 their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 241:284 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 12 6 theme poor 1590:1593 arg1 stability 1595:1603 the poor stability 1586:1603 the poor stability of the films in the latter 1586:1630 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 3 7 theme films 496:500 arg1 properties 466:475 The properties 462:475 The properties of these polymeric films 462:500 The properties of these polymeric films were then explored. 32033138 5 8 theme Atomic 663:668 arg1 AFM 688:690 AFM 688:690 AFM 688:690 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 5 8 theme Atomic 663:668 arg1 microscopy 676:685 Atomic force microscopy 663:685 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 663:691 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 5 9 from percentage 744:753 arg1 films 775:779 the blend films 765:779 the blend films 765:779 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 4 10 theme intermolecular 611:624 arg1 bonding 635:641 an intermolecular hydrogen bonding 608:641 an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH 608:660 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. 32033138 13 11 theme films 1692:1696 arg1 potential 1673:1681 the excellent potential 1659:1681 the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1659:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 6 12 theme hydrophobic 877:887 arg1 nature 889:894 the hydrophobic nature 873:894 the hydrophobic nature of the films 873:907 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 6 13 dep 115° 856:859 arg1 to 853:854 to 853:854 to 853:854 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 10 14 theme other 1316:1320 arg1 hand 1322:1325 the other hand 1312:1325 the other hand 1312:1325 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 13 15 theme sustained-release 1701:1717 arg1 systems 1733:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems 1701:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1701:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 7 16 theme CS 946:947 arg1 % 944:944 90% CS 942:947 90% CS 942:947 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 13 17 theme excellent 1663:1671 arg1 potential 1673:1681 the excellent potential 1659:1681 the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1659:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 1 18 theme natural 125:131 arg1 polysaccharides 133:147 natural polysaccharides 125:147 natural polysaccharides 125:147 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 0 19 theme Chitosan/Poly 52:64 arg1 Films 98:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 8 20 from % 1216:1216 arg1 min 1232:1234 50 min 1229:1234 50 min 1229:1234 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 10 21 from % 1420:1420 arg1 solution 1368:1375 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 21 from % 1420:1420 arg1 min 1428:1430 90 min 1425:1430 90 min 1425:1430 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 21 from % 1420:1420 arg1 min 1447:1449 120 min 1443:1449 120 min 1443:1449 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 21 from % 1420:1420 arg1 hand 1322:1325 the other hand 1312:1325 the other hand 1312:1325 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 2 22 theme delivery 443:450 arg1 matrices 452:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 2 22 theme delivery 443:450 arg1 series 304:309 a series 302:309 a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions 302:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 0 23 theme allylamine 66:75 arg1 Films 98:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 5 24 from PAH 758:760 arg1 films 775:779 the blend films 765:779 the blend films 765:779 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 12 25 theme drug 1521:1524 arg1 release 1526:1532 Sustained drug release 1511:1532 Sustained drug release 1511:1532 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 8 26 theme gastric 1116:1122 arg1 fluid 1124:1128 simulated gastric fluid 1106:1128 simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2 1106:1146 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 8 26 theme gastric 1116:1122 arg1 SGF 1131:1133 SGF 1131:1133 SGF 1131:1133 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 7 27 theme drug 1026:1029 arg1 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 27 theme drug 1026:1029 arg1 release 1031:1037 in vitro cumulative drug release 1006:1037 in vitro cumulative drug release (%) 1006:1041 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 6 28 theme films 903:907 arg1 nature 889:894 the hydrophobic nature 873:894 the hydrophobic nature of the films 873:907 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 2 29 theme allylamine 357:366 arg1 chitosan 338:345 chitosan 338:345 chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions 338:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 2 29 theme allylamine 357:366 arg1 hydrochloride 368:380 allylamine hydrochloride 357:380 allylamine hydrochloride 357:380 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 13 30 theme hydrophilic 1745:1755 arg1 drugs 1769:1773 hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1745:1773 hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1745:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 5 31 from films 775:779 arg1 percentage 744:753 the percentage 740:753 the percentage of PAH in the blend films 740:779 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 10 32 from % 1438:1438 arg1 solution 1368:1375 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 32 from % 1438:1438 arg1 min 1428:1430 90 min 1425:1430 90 min 1425:1430 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 32 from % 1438:1438 arg1 min 1447:1449 120 min 1443:1449 120 min 1443:1449 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 32 from % 1438:1438 arg1 hand 1322:1325 the other hand 1312:1325 the other hand 1312:1325 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 7 33 dep CTH-1 935:939 arg1 % 944:944 90% CS 942:947 90% CS 942:947 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 33 dep CTH-1 935:939 arg1 % 955:955 10% PAH 953:959 10% PAH 953:959 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 1 34 with amalgamation 109:120 arg1 polymers 164:171 synthetic polymers 154:171 synthetic polymers 154:171 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 0 35 theme Drug 8:11 arg1 System 22:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System 0:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System 0:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 6 36 theme contact 814:820 arg1 WCA 829:831 WCA 829:831 WCA 829:831 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 6 36 theme contact 814:820 arg1 angle 822:826 Water contact angle 808:826 Water contact angle (WCA) 808:832 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 2 37 theme smart 432:436 arg1 matrices 452:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 2 37 theme smart 432:436 arg1 series 304:309 a series 302:309 a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions 302:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 4 38 theme Attenuated 522:531 arg1 analysis 589:596 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis 522:596 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis 522:596 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. 32033138 10 39 theme buffer 1348:1353 arg1 PBS 1363:1365 PBS 1363:1365 PBS 1363:1365 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 39 theme buffer 1348:1353 arg1 saline 1355:1360 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline 1331:1360 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 7 40 theme time 1075:1078 arg1 function 1063:1070 a function 1061:1070 a function of time 1061:1078 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 41 dep in 1006:1007 arg1 vitro 1009:1013 vitro 1009:1013 vitro 1009:1013 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 8 42 theme cumulative 1153:1162 arg1 release 1169:1175 the cumulative drug release 1149:1175 the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 1149:1201 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 8 42 theme cumulative 1153:1162 arg1 CDR 1178:1180 CDR 1178:1180 CDR 1178:1180 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 5 43 theme blend 769:773 arg1 films 775:779 the blend films 765:779 the blend films 765:779 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 2 44 theme blend 314:318 arg1 films 320:324 blend films 314:324 blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions 314:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 1 45 theme drug 220:223 arg1 delivery 225:232 drug delivery 220:232 drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 220:284 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 5 46 dep 60 797:798 arg1 to 794:795 to 794:795 to 794:795 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 1 47 theme due 234:236 arg1 delivery 225:232 drug delivery 220:232 drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 220:284 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 7 48 theme CS 977:978 arg1 % 975:975 80% CS 973:978 80% CS 973:978 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 10 49 theme maximum 1382:1388 arg1 % 1420:1420 93% 1418:1420 93% in 90 min 1418:1430 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 49 theme maximum 1382:1388 arg1 CDR 1390:1392 the maximum CDR 1378:1392 the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 1378:1412 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 13 50 theme delivery 1724:1731 arg1 systems 1733:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems 1701:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1701:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 4 51 theme reflectance-Fourier 539:557 arg1 analysis 589:596 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis 522:596 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis 522:596 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. 32033138 3 52 theme polymeric 486:494 arg1 films 496:500 these polymeric films 480:500 these polymeric films 480:500 The properties of these polymeric films were then explored. 32033138 2 53 from chitosan 338:345 arg1 compositions 402:413 different compositions 392:413 different compositions 392:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 1 54 theme fruitful 188:195 arg1 results 197:203 fruitful results 188:203 fruitful results 188:203 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 12 55 located observed 1538:1545 arg2 release 1526:1532 Sustained drug release 1511:1532 Sustained drug release 1511:1532 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 12 55 located observed 1538:1545 arg1 PBS 1550:1552 PBS 1550:1552 PBS 1550:1552 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 2 56 theme films 320:324 arg1 matrices 452:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 2 56 theme films 320:324 arg1 series 304:309 a series 302:309 a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions 302:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 4 57 theme hydrogen 626:633 arg1 bonding 635:641 an intermolecular hydrogen bonding 608:641 an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH 608:660 Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. 32033138 7 58 dep CTH-2 966:970 arg1 % 975:975 80% CS 973:978 80% CS 973:978 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 58 dep CTH-2 966:970 arg1 % 986:986 20% PAH 984:990 20% PAH 984:990 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 59 theme cumulative 1015:1024 arg1 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 59 theme cumulative 1015:1024 arg1 release 1031:1037 in vitro cumulative drug release 1006:1037 in vitro cumulative drug release (%) 1006:1041 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 13 60 theme drug 1719:1722 arg1 systems 1733:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems 1701:1739 sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1701:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 5 61 theme force 670:674 arg1 AFM 688:690 AFM 688:690 AFM 688:690 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 5 61 theme force 670:674 arg1 microscopy 676:685 Atomic force microscopy 663:685 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 663:691 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 8 62 with fluid 1124:1128 arg1 pH 1141:1142 pH 1.2 1141:1146 pH 1.2 1141:1146 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 13 63 theme blend 1686:1690 arg1 films 1692:1696 blend films 1686:1696 blend films 1686:1696 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 1 64 theme polysaccharides 133:147 arg1 amalgamation 109:120 The amalgamation 105:120 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers 105:171 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 0 65 theme hydrochloride 77:89 arg1 Films 98:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 1 66 theme synthetic 154:162 arg1 polymers 164:171 synthetic polymers 154:171 synthetic polymers 154:171 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 2 67 theme drug 438:441 arg1 matrices 452:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 smart drug delivery matrices 432:459 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 2 67 theme drug 438:441 arg1 series 304:309 a series 302:309 a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions 302:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 0 68 theme Blend 92:96 arg1 Films 98:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 8 69 theme simulated 1106:1114 arg1 fluid 1124:1128 simulated gastric fluid 1106:1128 simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2 1106:1146 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 8 69 theme simulated 1106:1114 arg1 SGF 1131:1133 SGF 1131:1133 SGF 1131:1133 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 5 70 theme surface 718:724 arg1 morphology 726:735 surface morphology 718:735 surface morphology 718:735 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 13 71 theme unstable 1760:1767 arg1 drugs 1769:1773 hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1745:1773 hydrophilic or unstable drugs 1745:1773 These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs. 32033138 7 72 theme in 1006:1007 arg1 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 7 72 theme in 1006:1007 arg1 release 1031:1037 in vitro cumulative drug release 1006:1037 in vitro cumulative drug release (%) 1006:1041 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 0 73 theme Smart 2:6 arg1 System 22:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System 0:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System 0:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 12 74 theme Sustained 1511:1519 arg1 release 1526:1532 Sustained drug release 1511:1532 Sustained drug release 1511:1532 Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. 32033138 2 75 theme different 392:400 arg1 compositions 402:413 different compositions 392:413 different compositions 392:413 In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. 32033138 0 76 theme Delivery 13:20 arg1 System 22:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System 0:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System 0:27 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 9 77 theme gel-like 1277:1284 arg1 material 1286:1293 gel-like material 1277:1293 gel-like material 1277:1293 Both films converted into gel-like material after 30 min. 32033138 10 78 theme saline 1355:1360 arg1 solution 1368:1375 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 5 79 theme PAH 758:760 arg1 percentage 744:753 the percentage 740:753 the percentage of PAH in the blend films 740:779 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 6 80 theme Water 808:812 arg1 WCA 829:831 WCA 829:831 WCA 829:831 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 6 80 theme Water 808:812 arg1 angle 822:826 Water contact angle 808:826 Water contact angle (WCA) 808:832 Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. 32033138 10 81 theme phosphate 1338:1346 arg1 PBS 1363:1365 PBS 1363:1365 PBS 1363:1365 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 81 theme phosphate 1338:1346 arg1 saline 1355:1360 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline 1331:1360 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 0 82 theme Biodegradable 38:50 arg1 Films 98:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films 38:102 A Smart Drug Delivery System Based on Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Blend Films. 32033138 5 83 from improvements 702:713 arg1 morphology 726:735 surface morphology 718:735 surface morphology 718:735 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). 32033138 8 84 theme drug 1164:1167 arg1 release 1169:1175 the cumulative drug release 1149:1175 the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 1149:1201 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 8 84 theme drug 1164:1167 arg1 CDR 1178:1180 CDR 1178:1180 CDR 1178:1180 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 32033138 1 85 theme delivery 225:232 arg1 area 212:215 the area 208:215 the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature 208:284 The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. 32033138 7 86 theme ± 1049:1049 arg1 °C 1055:1056 37 ± 0.5 °C 1046:1056 37 ± 0.5 °C 1046:1056 Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. 32033138 10 87 theme pH 1331:1332 arg1 PBS 1363:1365 PBS 1363:1365 PBS 1363:1365 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 10 87 theme pH 1331:1332 arg1 saline 1355:1360 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline 1331:1360 pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution 1331:1375 On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. 32033138 8 88 from % 1224:1224 arg1 min 1232:1234 50 min 1229:1234 50 min 1229:1234 It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. 34868111 0 0 theme Thylakoid 88:96 arg1 Membranes 98:106 Thylakoid Membranes 88:106 Thylakoid Membranes 88:106 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 7 1 theme thylakoid 1463:1471 arg1 organization 1482:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 5 2 theme electron 1104:1111 arg1 rate 1123:1126 electron transport rate 1104:1126 electron transport rate (ETR) 1104:1132 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 5 2 theme electron 1104:1111 arg1 ETR 1129:1131 ETR 1129:1131 ETR 1129:1131 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 1 3 theme stress 155:160 arg1 condition 162:170 salt stress condition 150:170 salt stress condition 150:170 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 5 4 theme fluorescence 1084:1095 arg1 yield 1097:1101 Chl fluorescence yield 1080:1101 Chl fluorescence yield 1080:1101 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 1 5 dep mixotrophic 270:280 arg1 unicellular 283:293 unicellular 283:293 unicellular 283:293 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 4 6 theme gel 852:854 arg1 electrophoresis 856:870 native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 830:870 native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) 830:877 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 4 6 theme gel 852:854 arg1 PAGE 873:876 PAGE 873:876 PAGE 873:876 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 1 7 theme condition 162:170 arg1 effects 139:145 The effects 135:145 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content 135:247 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 4 8 theme supercomplexes 932:945 arg1 composition 917:927 the composition 913:927 the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus 913:977 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 3 9 from changes 492:498 arg1 macro-organization 507:524 the macro-organization 503:524 the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment 503:575 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 10 theme pigment-protein 529:543 arg1 complexes 545:553 pigment-protein complexes 529:553 pigment-protein complexes 529:553 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 6 11 contain have 1236:1239 arg2 increases 1258:1266 observed notable increases 1241:1266 observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1241:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 6 11 contain have 1236:1239 arg1 We 1233:1234 We 1233:1234 We 1233:1234 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 6 11 contain have 1236:1239 arg2 accumulation 1307:1318 the accumulation 1303:1318 the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells 1303:1357 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 0 12 theme Membranes 98:106 arg1 Macro-Organization 66:83 the Macro-Organization 62:83 the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes 62:106 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 1 13 dep gracilis 315:322 arg1 flagellate 296:305 the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis 266:322 flagellate 296:305 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 6 14 theme notable 1250:1256 arg1 increases 1258:1266 observed notable increases 1241:1266 observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1241:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 3 15 theme complexes 545:553 arg1 macro-organization 507:524 the macro-organization 503:524 the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment 503:575 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 7 16 theme storage 1396:1402 arg1 polysaccharides 1404:1418 storage polysaccharides 1396:1418 storage polysaccharides 1396:1418 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 0 17 theme gracilis 119:126 arg1 Cells 128:132 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 0 18 from Fine-Tuning 47:57 arg1 Cells 128:132 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 4 19 theme complexes 814:822 arg1 analysis 779:786 the analysis 775:786 the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) 775:877 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 7 20 from changes 1424:1430 arg1 organization 1482:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 7 20 from changes 1424:1430 arg1 composition 1447:1457 the pigment composition 1435:1457 the pigment composition 1435:1457 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 4 21 from change 903:908 arg1 composition 917:927 the composition 913:927 the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus 913:977 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 0 22 theme Euglena 111:117 arg1 gracilis 119:126 Euglena gracilis 111:126 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 7 23 theme pigment 1439:1445 arg1 composition 1447:1457 the pigment composition 1435:1457 the pigment composition 1435:1457 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 4 24 theme membrane 805:812 arg1 complexes 814:822 the thylakoid membrane complexes 791:822 the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) 791:877 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 5 25 theme Salt 980:983 arg1 stress 985:990 Salt stress 980:990 Salt stress 980:990 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 6 26 theme salt-treated 1340:1351 arg1 cells 1353:1357 the salt-treated cells 1336:1357 the salt-treated cells 1336:1357 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 0 27 from Accumulation 30:41 arg1 Cells 128:132 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Euglena gracilis Cells 111:132 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 4 28 theme native-polyacrylamide 830:850 arg1 electrophoresis 856:870 native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 830:870 native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) 830:877 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 4 28 theme native-polyacrylamide 830:850 arg1 PAGE 873:876 PAGE 873:876 PAGE 873:876 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 1 29 from effects 139:145 arg1 growth 179:184 the growth 175:184 the growth 175:184 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 1 29 from effects 139:145 arg1 content 241:247 paramylon content 231:247 paramylon content 231:247 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 1 29 from effects 139:145 arg1 morphology 187:196 morphology 187:196 morphology 187:196 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 1 29 from effects 139:145 arg1 performance 214:224 photosynthetic performance 199:224 photosynthetic performance 199:224 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 3 30 theme salt 562:565 arg1 treatment 567:575 salt treatment 562:575 salt treatment 562:575 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 31 theme transmission 717:728 arg1 TEM 751:753 TEM 751:753 TEM 751:753 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 31 theme transmission 717:728 arg1 microscopy 739:748 the transmission electron microscopy 713:748 the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 713:754 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 0 32 theme Salt 0:3 arg1 Stress 5:10 Salt Stress 0:10 Salt Stress 0:10 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 1 33 theme mixotrophic 270:280 arg1 gracilis 315:322 the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis 266:322 gracilis 315:322 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 7 34 theme stress 1613:1618 arg1 conditions 1620:1629 stress conditions 1613:1629 stress conditions 1613:1629 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 6 35 theme observed 1241:1248 arg1 increases 1258:1266 observed notable increases 1241:1266 observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1241:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 0 36 theme Paramylon 20:28 arg1 Accumulation 30:41 Paramylon Accumulation 20:41 Paramylon Accumulation 20:41 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 6 37 from accumulation 1307:1318 arg1 cells 1353:1357 the salt-treated cells 1336:1357 the salt-treated cells 1336:1357 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 6 37 from accumulation 1307:1318 arg1 ratio 1293:1297 the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1271:1297 the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1271:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 5 38 theme Chl 1080:1082 arg1 yield 1097:1101 Chl fluorescence yield 1080:1101 Chl fluorescence yield 1080:1101 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 7 39 theme cellular 1588:1595 arg1 processes 1597:1605 cellular processes 1588:1605 cellular processes 1588:1605 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 2 40 theme chlorophyll 415:425 arg1 content 433:439 chlorophyll (Chl) content 415:439 chlorophyll (Chl) content 415:439 We found that salt stress negatively influenced cell growth, accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll (Chl) content. 34868111 7 41 theme polysaccharides 1404:1418 arg1 changes 1424:1430 changes 1424:1430 changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization 1424:1493 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 7 41 theme polysaccharides 1404:1418 arg1 accumulation 1380:1391 the accumulation 1376:1391 the accumulation of storage polysaccharides 1376:1418 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 3 42 theme electron 730:737 arg1 TEM 751:753 TEM 751:753 TEM 751:753 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 42 theme electron 730:737 arg1 microscopy 739:748 the transmission electron microscopy 713:748 the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 713:754 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 6 43 theme paramylon 1323:1331 arg1 increases 1258:1266 observed notable increases 1241:1266 observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1241:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 6 43 theme paramylon 1323:1331 arg1 accumulation 1307:1318 the accumulation 1303:1318 the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells 1303:1357 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 7 44 theme salt 1539:1542 arg1 stress 1544:1549 salt stress 1539:1549 salt stress 1539:1549 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 5 45 theme photosynthetic 1025:1038 arg1 activity 1040:1047 the photosynthetic activity 1021:1047 the photosynthetic activity 1021:1047 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 4 46 theme apparatus 969:977 arg1 supercomplexes 932:945 supercomplexes 932:945 supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus 932:977 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 5 47 theme salt-grown 1215:1224 arg1 cells 1226:1230 the salt-grown cells 1211:1230 the salt-grown cells 1211:1230 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 1 48 theme photosynthetic 199:212 arg1 performance 214:224 photosynthetic performance 199:224 photosynthetic performance 199:224 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 7 49 theme membrane 1473:1480 arg1 organization 1482:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 7 50 theme cells 1530:1534 arg1 adaptation 1504:1513 the adaptation 1500:1513 the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress 1500:1549 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 3 51 theme small-angle 588:598 arg1 scattering 608:617 the small-angle neutron scattering 584:617 the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations 584:639 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 51 theme small-angle 588:598 arg1 SANS 620:623 SANS 620:623 SANS 620:623 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 52 theme Circular 442:449 arg1 CD 462:463 CD 462:463 CD 462:463 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 52 theme Circular 442:449 arg1 dichroism 451:459 Circular dichroism 442:459 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 442:477 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 1 53 theme Euglena 307:313 arg1 gracilis 315:322 the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis 266:322 gracilis 315:322 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 4 54 theme photosynthetic 954:967 arg1 apparatus 969:977 the photosynthetic apparatus 950:977 the photosynthetic apparatus 950:977 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 4 55 theme thylakoid 795:803 arg1 complexes 814:822 the thylakoid membrane complexes 791:822 the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) 791:877 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 2 56 theme salt 339:342 arg1 stress 344:349 salt stress 339:349 salt stress 339:349 We found that salt stress negatively influenced cell growth, accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll (Chl) content. 34868111 7 57 theme E. 1518:1519 arg1 cells 1530:1534 E. gracilis cells 1518:1534 E. gracilis cells 1518:1534 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 7 58 theme gracilis 1521:1528 arg1 cells 1530:1534 E. gracilis cells 1518:1534 E. gracilis cells 1518:1534 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 7 59 from accumulation 1380:1391 arg1 organization 1482:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 thylakoid membrane organization 1463:1493 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 7 59 from accumulation 1380:1391 arg1 composition 1447:1457 the pigment composition 1435:1457 the pigment composition 1435:1457 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 5 60 theme energy 1139:1144 arg1 transfer 1146:1153 energy transfer 1139:1153 energy transfer 1139:1153 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 4 61 theme significant 891:901 arg1 change 903:908 no significant change 888:908 no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus 888:977 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 3 62 theme thylakoid 670:678 arg1 stacking 680:687 the thylakoid stacking 666:687 the thylakoid stacking 666:687 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 62 theme thylakoid 670:678 arg1 effect 693:698 an effect 690:698 an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 690:754 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 6 63 from increases 1258:1266 arg1 cells 1353:1357 the salt-treated cells 1336:1357 the salt-treated cells 1336:1357 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 6 63 from increases 1258:1266 arg1 ratio 1293:1297 the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1271:1297 the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1271:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 6 64 theme carotenoid-to-Chl 1275:1291 arg1 ratio 1293:1297 the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1271:1297 the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio 1271:1297 We have observed notable increases in the carotenoid-to-Chl ratio and the accumulation of paramylon in the salt-treated cells. 34868111 4 65 theme same 764:767 arg1 time 769:772 the same time 760:772 the same time 760:772 At the same time, the analysis of the thylakoid membrane complexes using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no significant change in the composition of supercomplexes of the photosynthetic apparatus. 34868111 2 66 from decrease 403:410 arg1 content 433:439 chlorophyll (Chl) content 415:439 chlorophyll (Chl) content 415:439 We found that salt stress negatively influenced cell growth, accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll (Chl) content. 34868111 7 67 theme processes 1597:1605 arg1 maintenance 1573:1583 the maintenance 1569:1583 the maintenance of cellular processes 1569:1605 We propose that the accumulation of storage polysaccharides and changes in the pigment composition and thylakoid membrane organization help the adaptation of E. gracilis cells to salt stress and contribute to the maintenance of cellular processes under stress conditions. 34868111 0 68 theme Macro-Organization 66:83 arg1 Fine-Tuning 47:57 Fine-Tuning 47:57 Fine-Tuning 47:57 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 0 68 theme Macro-Organization 66:83 arg1 Accumulation 30:41 Paramylon Accumulation 20:41 Paramylon Accumulation 20:41 Salt Stress Induces Paramylon Accumulation and Fine-Tuning of the Macro-Organization of Thylakoid Membranes in Euglena gracilis Cells. 34868111 3 69 theme neutron 600:606 arg1 scattering 608:617 the small-angle neutron scattering 584:617 the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations 584:639 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 69 theme neutron 600:606 arg1 SANS 620:623 SANS 620:623 SANS 620:623 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 70 theme dichroism 451:459 arg1 spectroscopy 466:477 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 442:477 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 442:477 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 2 71 theme cell 373:376 arg1 growth 378:383 cell growth 373:383 cell growth 373:383 We found that salt stress negatively influenced cell growth, accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll (Chl) content. 34868111 1 72 theme paramylon 231:239 arg1 content 241:247 paramylon content 231:247 paramylon content 231:247 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34868111 3 73 from reduction 653:661 arg1 stacking 680:687 the thylakoid stacking 666:687 the thylakoid stacking 666:687 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 3 73 from reduction 653:661 arg1 effect 693:698 an effect 690:698 an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 690:754 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 5 74 theme transport 1113:1121 arg1 rate 1123:1126 electron transport rate 1104:1126 electron transport rate (ETR) 1104:1132 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 5 74 theme transport 1113:1121 arg1 ETR 1129:1131 ETR 1129:1131 ETR 1129:1131 Salt stress did not substantially affect the photosynthetic activity, as reflected by the fact that Chl fluorescence yield, electron transport rate (ETR), and energy transfer between the photosystems did not change considerably in the salt-grown cells. 34868111 3 75 theme scattering 608:617 arg1 investigations 626:639 the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations 584:639 the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations 584:639 Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed the changes in the macro-organization of pigment-protein complexes due to salt treatment, while the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations suggested a reduction in the thylakoid stacking, an effect confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 34868111 1 76 theme salt 150:153 arg1 condition 162:170 salt stress condition 150:170 salt stress condition 150:170 The effects of salt stress condition on the growth, morphology, photosynthetic performance, and paramylon content were examined in the mixotrophic, unicellular, flagellate Euglena gracilis. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 acids 370:374 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 352:374 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 352:374 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 vitamins 222:229 vitamins 222:229 vitamins 222:229 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 levels 316:321 reduced levels 308:321 reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 308:374 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 minerals 235:242 minerals 235:242 minerals 235:242 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 lipids 326:331 lipids 326:331 lipids 326:331 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 value 171:175 high nutritional value 154:175 high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins 154:219 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 many 334:337 many 334:337 many 334:337 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 0 theme lipids 326:331 arg1 concentration 252:264 a high concentration 245:264 a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides 245:301 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 1 theme high 154:157 arg1 value 171:175 high nutritional value 154:175 high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins 154:219 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 5 2 theme environmental 1074:1086 arg1 conditions 1088:1097 environmental conditions 1074:1097 environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed 1074:1161 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 0 3 from Changes 9:15 arg1 Composition 36:46 the Nutritional Composition 20:46 the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal 20:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 4 4 theme acids 758:762 arg1 patterns 837:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 4 4 theme acids 758:762 arg1 levels 742:747 low levels 738:747 low levels of fatty acids 738:762 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 4 4 theme acids 758:762 arg1 content 783:789 a high protein content 768:789 a high protein content 768:789 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 1 5 theme nutritional 159:169 arg1 value 171:175 high nutritional value 154:175 high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins 154:219 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 5 6 theme conditions 1088:1097 arg1 manipulation 1058:1069 the manipulation 1054:1069 the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed 1054:1161 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 4 7 theme high 770:773 arg1 content 783:789 a high protein content 768:789 a high protein content 768:789 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 5 8 theme seaweed 1155:1161 arg1 value 1141:1145 the nutritional value 1125:1145 the nutritional value of this seaweed 1125:1161 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 1 9 theme high 247:250 arg1 concentration 252:264 a high concentration 245:264 a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides 245:301 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 2 10 theme chemical 477:484 arg1 profile 502:508 the chemical and nutritional profile 473:508 the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed 473:528 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 5 11 theme nutritional 1129:1139 arg1 value 1141:1145 the nutritional value 1125:1145 the nutritional value of this seaweed 1125:1161 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 5 12 from insights 890:897 arg1 conditions 920:929 the environmental conditions 902:929 the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species 902:1001 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 3 13 from agar 658:661 arg1 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 13 from agar 658:661 arg1 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 13 from agar 658:661 arg1 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 13 from agar 658:661 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 14 from fibers 635:640 arg1 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 14 from fibers 635:640 arg1 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 14 from fibers 635:640 arg1 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 14 from fibers 635:640 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 0 15 from Composition 36:46 arg1 Center 117:122 the Center 113:122 the Center of Portugal 113:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 4 16 theme low 738:740 arg1 levels 742:747 low levels 738:747 low levels of fatty acids 738:762 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 5 17 theme present 870:876 arg1 study 878:882 The present study 866:882 The present study 866:882 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 3 18 from variations 567:576 arg1 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 18 from variations 567:576 arg1 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 18 from variations 567:576 arg1 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 18 from variations 567:576 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 5 19 theme new 1032:1034 arg1 conclusions 1036:1046 new conclusions 1032:1046 new conclusions 1032:1046 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 3 20 theme ascorbic 643:650 arg1 acid 652:655 ascorbic acid 643:655 ascorbic acid 643:655 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 21 from lipids 664:669 arg1 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 21 from lipids 664:669 arg1 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 21 from lipids 664:669 arg1 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 21 from lipids 664:669 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 4 22 theme protein 775:781 arg1 content 783:789 a high protein content 768:789 a high protein content 768:789 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 0 23 theme Seasonal 0:7 arg1 Changes 9:15 Seasonal Changes 0:15 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 0:135 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 4 24 theme seasonal 821:828 arg1 patterns 837:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 3 25 from acid 652:655 arg1 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 25 from acid 652:655 arg1 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 25 from acid 652:655 arg1 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 25 from acid 652:655 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 1 26 theme low 269:271 arg1 polysaccharides 287:301 low digestibility polysaccharides 269:301 low digestibility polysaccharides 269:301 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 4 27 theme noticed 801:807 arg1 patterns 837:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 2 28 theme Agarophyton 389:399 arg1 vermiculophyllum 401:416 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum 377:416 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum 377:416 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 2 28 theme Agarophyton 389:399 arg1 exception 424:432 no exception 421:432 no exception 421:432 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 4 29 theme fatty 752:756 arg1 acids 758:762 fatty acids 752:762 fatty acids 752:762 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 1 30 theme digestibility 273:285 arg1 polysaccharides 287:301 low digestibility polysaccharides 269:301 low digestibility polysaccharides 269:301 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 4 31 theme interesting 809:819 arg1 patterns 837:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 2 32 theme species 381:387 arg1 vermiculophyllum 401:416 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum 377:416 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum 377:416 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 2 32 theme species 381:387 arg1 exception 424:432 no exception 421:432 no exception 421:432 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 1 33 theme polysaccharides 287:301 arg1 value 171:175 high nutritional value 154:175 high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins 154:219 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 33 theme polysaccharides 287:301 arg1 minerals 235:242 minerals 235:242 minerals 235:242 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 33 theme polysaccharides 287:301 arg1 vitamins 222:229 vitamins 222:229 vitamins 222:229 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 33 theme polysaccharides 287:301 arg1 levels 316:321 reduced levels 308:321 reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 308:374 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 33 theme polysaccharides 287:301 arg1 concentration 252:264 a high concentration 245:264 a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides 245:301 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 2 34 theme profile 502:508 arg1 study 464:468 a comprehensive study 448:468 a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed 448:528 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 2 34 theme profile 502:508 arg1 such 442:445 such 442:445 such 442:445 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 0 35 dep Agarophyton 51:61 arg1 vermiculophyllum 63:78 Agarophyton vermiculophyllum 51:78 Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal 51:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 0 36 theme Nutritional 24:34 arg1 Composition 36:46 the Nutritional Composition 20:46 the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal 20:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 3 37 theme corresponding 680:692 arg1 profile 705:711 the corresponding fatty acid profile 676:711 the corresponding fatty acid profile 676:711 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 0 38 theme Portugal 127:134 arg1 Center 117:122 the Center 113:122 the Center of Portugal 113:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 1 39 theme fatty 364:368 arg1 acids 370:374 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 352:374 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 352:374 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 39 theme fatty 364:368 arg1 many 334:337 many 334:337 many 334:337 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 1 39 theme fatty 364:368 arg1 lipids 326:331 lipids 326:331 lipids 326:331 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 5 40 theme environmental 906:918 arg1 conditions 920:929 the environmental conditions 902:929 the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species 902:1001 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 1 41 theme proteins 212:219 arg1 concentration 195:207 a balanced concentration 184:207 a balanced concentration of proteins 184:219 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 0 42 theme Agarophyton 51:61 arg1 Composition 36:46 the Nutritional Composition 20:46 the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal 20:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34065392 3 43 theme fatty 694:698 arg1 profile 705:711 the corresponding fatty acid profile 676:711 the corresponding fatty acid profile 676:711 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 5 44 from changes 948:954 arg1 composition 975:985 the nutritional composition 959:985 the nutritional composition of this species 959:1001 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 5 45 theme species 995:1001 arg1 composition 975:985 the nutritional composition 959:985 the nutritional composition of this species 959:1001 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 2 46 theme nutritional 490:500 arg1 profile 502:508 the chemical and nutritional profile 473:508 the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed 473:528 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 1 47 theme reduced 308:314 arg1 levels 316:321 reduced levels 308:321 reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids 308:374 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 3 48 from profile 705:711 arg1 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 ash 591:593 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 48 from profile 705:711 arg1 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 moisture 581:588 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 48 from profile 705:711 arg1 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 protein 596:602 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 48 from profile 705:711 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 49 theme amino 608:612 arg1 acids 614:618 amino acids 608:618 amino acids 608:618 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 5 50 theme nutritional 963:973 arg1 composition 975:985 the nutritional composition 959:985 the nutritional composition of this species 959:1001 The present study gives insights on the environmental conditions that can lead to changes in the nutritional composition of this species, aiming, therefore, to bring new conclusions about the manipulation of environmental conditions that allow for maximizing the nutritional value of this seaweed. 34065392 2 51 theme seaweed 522:528 arg1 profile 502:508 the chemical and nutritional profile 473:508 the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed 473:528 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 3 52 dep moisture 581:588 arg1 content 620:626 content 620:626 content 620:626 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 2 53 theme red 518:520 arg1 seaweed 522:528 this red seaweed 513:528 this red seaweed 513:528 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 4 54 theme change 830:835 arg1 patterns 837:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 noticed interesting seasonal change patterns 801:844 We found low levels of fatty acids and a high protein content, but also noticed interesting seasonal change patterns in these compounds. 34065392 1 55 theme balanced 186:193 arg1 concentration 195:207 a balanced concentration 184:207 a balanced concentration of proteins 184:219 Seaweeds exhibit high nutritional value due to a balanced concentration of proteins, vitamins and minerals, a high concentration of low digestibility polysaccharides, and reduced levels of lipids, many of which are n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. 34065392 3 56 theme acid 700:703 arg1 profile 705:711 the corresponding fatty acid profile 676:711 the corresponding fatty acid profile 676:711 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 2 57 theme comprehensive 450:462 arg1 study 464:468 a comprehensive study 448:468 a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed 448:528 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 2 57 theme comprehensive 450:462 arg1 such 442:445 such 442:445 such 442:445 The species Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is no exception and, as such, a comprehensive study of the chemical and nutritional profile of this red seaweed was carried out for 1 year. 34065392 3 58 theme crude 629:633 arg1 fibers 635:640 crude fibers 629:640 crude fibers 629:640 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 3 59 theme Seasonal 558:565 arg1 variations 567:576 Seasonal variations 558:576 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content 558:626 Seasonal variations in moisture, ash, protein and amino acids content, crude fibers, ascorbic acid, agar, lipids, and the corresponding fatty acid profile, were analyzed. 34065392 0 60 from Center 117:122 arg1 Composition 36:46 the Nutritional Composition 20:46 the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal 20:134 Seasonal Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from the Center of Portugal. 34961164 4 0 attach present 668:674 arg2 structures 657:666 the secretory structures 643:666 the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts 643:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 0 attach present 668:674 arg1 species 697:703 five Alismataceae species 679:703 five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts 679:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 1 theme secretory 647:655 arg1 structures 657:666 the secretory structures 643:666 the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts 643:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 2 theme study 544:548 arg1 aim 532:534 the aim 528:534 the aim of this study 528:548 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 8 3 theme exudate 1163:1169 arg1 composition 1171:1181 exudate composition 1163:1181 exudate composition 1163:1181 The secretory duct structure, distribution and exudate composition suggest a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing. 34961164 0 4 from Aspects 4:10 arg1 Species 57:63 Five Alismataceae Species 39:63 Five Alismataceae Species 39:63 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 1 5 theme secretory 151:159 arg1 ducts 161:165 secretory ducts 151:165 secretory ducts 151:165 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 5 theme secretory 151:159 arg1 structures 101:110 The secretory structures 87:110 The secretory structures of Alismataceae 87:126 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 8 6 theme defense 1193:1199 arg1 role 1201:1204 a defense role 1191:1204 a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing 1191:1243 The secretory duct structure, distribution and exudate composition suggest a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing. 34961164 6 7 theme ducts 966:970 arg1 presence 931:938 the presence 927:938 the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers 927:1023 The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. 34961164 8 8 theme secretory 1120:1128 arg1 structure 1135:1143 The secretory duct structure 1116:1143 The secretory duct structure 1116:1143 The secretory duct structure, distribution and exudate composition suggest a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing. 34961164 9 9 theme secretory 1262:1270 arg1 ducts 1272:1276 secretory ducts 1262:1276 secretory ducts 1262:1276 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family. 34961164 2 10 theme exact 324:328 arg1 classification 330:343 the exact classification 320:343 the exact classification of these structures 320:363 However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. 34961164 1 11 theme secretory 91:99 arg1 structures 101:110 The secretory structures 87:110 The secretory structures of Alismataceae 87:126 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 11 theme secretory 91:99 arg1 ducts 178:182 laticifer ducts 168:182 laticifer ducts 168:182 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 11 theme secretory 91:99 arg1 canals 195:200 laticifer canals 185:200 laticifer canals 185:200 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 11 theme secretory 91:99 arg1 ducts 218:222 schizogenous ducts 205:222 schizogenous ducts 205:222 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 11 theme secretory 91:99 arg1 ducts 161:165 secretory ducts 151:165 secretory ducts 151:165 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 6 12 theme secretory 956:964 arg1 ducts 966:970 anastomosing secretory ducts 943:970 anastomosing secretory ducts 943:970 The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. 34961164 9 13 theme ducts 1272:1276 arg1 presence 1250:1257 The presence 1246:1257 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed 1246:1300 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family. 34961164 9 14 from presence 1250:1257 arg1 species 1285:1291 all species 1281:1291 all species analyzed 1281:1300 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family. 34961164 5 15 theme anatomical 845:854 arg1 analyses 874:881 anatomical and histochemical analyses 845:881 anatomical and histochemical analyses 845:881 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 9 16 attach presence 1250:1257 arg2 ducts 1272:1276 secretory ducts 1262:1276 secretory ducts 1262:1276 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family. 34961164 9 16 attach presence 1250:1257 arg1 species 1285:1291 all species 1281:1291 all species analyzed 1281:1300 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family. 34961164 5 17 theme light 886:890 arg1 microscopy 892:901 light microscopy 886:901 light microscopy 886:901 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 5 18 theme histochemical 860:872 arg1 analyses 874:881 anatomical and histochemical analyses 845:881 anatomical and histochemical analyses 845:881 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 5 19 theme leaves 792:797 arg1 Samples 781:787 Samples 781:787 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices 781:824 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 4 20 theme exudate 620:626 arg1 composition 628:638 exudate composition 620:638 exudate composition 620:638 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 3 21 theme secretory 418:426 arg1 structures 428:437 the secretory structures 414:437 the secretory structures of Alismataceae 414:453 Accordingly, more studies regarding the secretory structures of Alismataceae are necessary to establish homology in the family or in the order. 34961164 6 22 theme anastomosing 943:954 arg1 ducts 966:970 anastomosing secretory ducts 943:970 anastomosing secretory ducts 943:970 The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. 34961164 5 23 theme floral 812:817 arg1 apices 819:824 floral apices 812:824 floral apices 812:824 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 1 24 theme laticifer 168:176 arg1 structures 101:110 The secretory structures 87:110 The secretory structures of Alismataceae 87:126 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 24 theme laticifer 168:176 arg1 ducts 178:182 laticifer ducts 168:182 laticifer ducts 168:182 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 0 25 theme New 0:2 arg1 Aspects 4:10 New Aspects 0:10 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 0:85 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 4 26 from species 697:703 arg1 present 668:674 present 668:674 present 668:674 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 27 theme Alismataceae 684:695 arg1 species 697:703 five Alismataceae species 679:703 five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts 679:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 2 28 theme structures 354:363 arg1 classification 330:343 the exact classification 320:343 the exact classification of these structures 320:363 However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. 34961164 0 29 theme Secretory 15:23 arg1 Structures 25:34 Secretory Structures 15:34 Secretory Structures 15:34 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 8 30 theme duct 1130:1133 arg1 structure 1135:1143 The secretory duct structure 1116:1143 The secretory duct structure 1116:1143 The secretory duct structure, distribution and exudate composition suggest a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing. 34961164 4 31 from distribution 589:600 arg1 organs 609:614 the organs 605:614 the organs 605:614 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 2 32 theme specialized 267:277 arg1 literature 279:288 the specialized literature 263:288 the specialized literature 263:288 However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. 34961164 1 33 theme laticifer 185:193 arg1 structures 101:110 The secretory structures 87:110 The secretory structures of Alismataceae 87:126 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 33 theme laticifer 185:193 arg1 canals 195:200 laticifer canals 185:200 laticifer canals 185:200 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 3 34 theme more 391:394 arg1 studies 396:402 more studies 391:402 more studies regarding the secretory structures of Alismataceae 391:453 Accordingly, more studies regarding the secretory structures of Alismataceae are necessary to establish homology in the family or in the order. 34961164 9 35 theme probable 1314:1321 arg1 synapomorphy 1323:1334 a probable synapomorphy 1312:1334 a probable synapomorphy for the family 1312:1349 The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family. 34961164 4 36 from ontogeny 579:586 arg1 organs 609:614 the organs 605:614 the organs 605:614 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 0 37 theme Structures 25:34 arg1 Aspects 4:10 New Aspects 0:10 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 0:85 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 5 38 theme apices 819:824 arg1 Samples 781:787 Samples 781:787 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices 781:824 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 4 39 theme secretory 764:772 arg1 ducts 774:778 secretory ducts 764:778 secretory ducts 764:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 5 40 theme flowers 800:806 arg1 Samples 781:787 Samples 781:787 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices 781:824 Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. 34961164 3 41 theme Alismataceae 442:453 arg1 structures 428:437 the secretory structures 414:437 the secretory structures of Alismataceae 414:453 Accordingly, more studies regarding the secretory structures of Alismataceae are necessary to establish homology in the family or in the order. 34961164 0 42 theme Alismataceae 44:55 arg1 Species 57:63 Five Alismataceae Species 39:63 Five Alismataceae Species 39:63 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 4 43 theme present 668:674 arg1 structures 657:666 the secretory structures 643:666 the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts 643:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 6 44 from presence 931:938 arg1 species 979:985 all species 975:985 all species 975:985 The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. 34961164 4 45 theme structures 657:666 arg1 distribution 589:600 distribution 589:600 distribution in the organs 589:614 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 45 theme structures 657:666 arg1 ontogeny 579:586 ontogeny 579:586 ontogeny 579:586 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 45 theme structures 657:666 arg1 anatomy 570:576 anatomy 570:576 anatomy 570:576 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 45 theme structures 657:666 arg1 composition 628:638 exudate composition 620:638 exudate composition 620:638 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 2 46 located found 254:258 arg1 literature 279:288 the specialized literature 263:288 the specialized literature 263:288 However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. 34961164 2 46 located found 254:258 arg2 terms 240:244 these terms 234:244 these terms 234:244 However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. 34961164 4 47 dep anatomy 570:576 arg1 the 566:568 the 566:568 the 566:568 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 6 48 attach presence 931:938 arg1 species 979:985 all species 975:985 all species 975:985 The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. 34961164 6 48 attach presence 931:938 arg2 ducts 966:970 anastomosing secretory ducts 943:970 anastomosing secretory ducts 943:970 The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. 34961164 8 49 from role 1201:1204 arg1 wound 1231:1235 wound 1231:1235 wound sealing 1231:1243 The secretory duct structure, distribution and exudate composition suggest a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing. 34961164 1 50 theme Alismataceae 115:126 arg1 structures 101:110 The secretory structures 87:110 The secretory structures of Alismataceae 87:126 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 50 theme Alismataceae 115:126 arg1 ducts 178:182 laticifer ducts 168:182 laticifer ducts 168:182 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 50 theme Alismataceae 115:126 arg1 canals 195:200 laticifer canals 185:200 laticifer canals 185:200 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 50 theme Alismataceae 115:126 arg1 ducts 218:222 schizogenous ducts 205:222 schizogenous ducts 205:222 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 50 theme Alismataceae 115:126 arg1 ducts 161:165 secretory ducts 151:165 secretory ducts 151:165 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 7 51 contain contains 1038:1045 arg2 alkaloids 1055:1063 alkaloids 1055:1063 alkaloids 1055:1063 The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. 34961164 7 51 contain contains 1038:1045 arg2 proteins 1066:1073 proteins 1066:1073 proteins 1066:1073 The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. 34961164 7 51 contain contains 1038:1045 arg2 mucilage 1106:1113 mucilage 1106:1113 mucilage 1106:1113 The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. 34961164 7 51 contain contains 1038:1045 arg2 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. 34961164 7 51 contain contains 1038:1045 arg2 lipids 1047:1052 lipids 1047:1052 lipids 1047:1052 The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. 34961164 7 51 contain contains 1038:1045 arg1 exudate 1030:1036 The exudate 1026:1036 The exudate 1026:1036 The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. 34961164 1 52 theme schizogenous 205:216 arg1 structures 101:110 The secretory structures 87:110 The secretory structures of Alismataceae 87:126 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 1 52 theme schizogenous 205:216 arg1 ducts 218:222 schizogenous ducts 205:222 schizogenous ducts 205:222 The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. 34961164 2 53 theme ontogenetic 295:305 arg1 analyses 307:314 ontogenetic analyses 295:314 ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures 295:363 However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. 34961164 4 54 from present 668:674 arg1 species 697:703 five Alismataceae species 679:703 five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts 679:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 55 from composition 628:638 arg1 organs 609:614 the organs 605:614 the organs 605:614 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 0 56 dep Aspects 4:10 arg1 Laticifers 66:75 Laticifers 66:75 Laticifers 66:75 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 0 56 dep Aspects 4:10 arg1 Ducts 80:84 Ducts 80:84 Ducts 80:84 New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? 34961164 4 57 from anatomy 570:576 arg1 organs 609:614 the organs 605:614 the organs 605:614 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 58 contain has 746:748 arg1 family 739:744 the family 735:744 the family 735:744 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 58 contain has 746:748 arg2 ducts 774:778 secretory ducts 764:778 secretory ducts 764:778 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34961164 4 58 contain has 746:748 arg2 laticifers 750:759 laticifers 750:759 laticifers 750:759 Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. 34576876 2 0 with polysaccharides 351:365 arg1 composition 379:389 unique composition as compared to other dietary sources 372:426 unique composition as compared to other dietary sources 372:426 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 3 1 theme fecal 645:649 arg1 incubations 657:667 48 h fecal batch incubations 640:667 48 h fecal batch incubations 640:667 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 4 2 dep butyrate 928:935 arg1 mM 942:943 0.9 mM 938:943 0.9 mM 938:943 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 1 3 theme ingredients 227:237 arg1 development 196:206 the development 192:206 the development of novel prebiotic ingredients 192:237 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 5 4 from h 1093:1093 arg1 mM 1084:1085 -0.4 mM 1079:1085 -0.4 mM 1079:1085 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 5 from 6h 1022:1023 arg1 mM 1016:1017 +2.7 mM 1011:1017 +2.7 mM 1011:1017 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 4 6 theme health-related 820:833 arg1 acetate 847:853 health-related metabolites acetate 820:853 health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h) 820:872 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 7 theme acid 1059:1062 arg1 levels 1071:1076 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels 1030:1076 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 1030:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 8 theme exploratory 245:255 arg1 study 257:261 This exploratory study 240:261 This exploratory study 240:261 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 1 9 theme gut 147:149 arg1 microbiota 151:160 the gut microbiota 143:160 the gut microbiota 143:160 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 4 10 theme acetate 847:853 arg1 stimulation 805:815 the significant stimulation 789:815 the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 789:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 8 11 theme resulting 1760:1768 arg1 benefits 1777:1784 the potential resulting health benefits 1746:1784 the potential resulting health benefits 1746:1784 Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits. 34576876 6 12 theme Bacteroidetes 1103:1115 arg1 levels 1117:1122 Bacteroidetes levels 1103:1122 Bacteroidetes levels 1103:1122 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 6 13 from differences 1279:1289 arg1 modulation 1316:1325 microbial composition modulation 1294:1325 microbial composition modulation 1294:1325 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 2 14 theme prebiotic 277:285 arg1 potential 287:295 the prebiotic potential 273:295 the prebiotic potential 273:295 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 7 15 theme promising 1497:1505 arg1 potential 1517:1525 promising prebiotic potential 1497:1525 promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin) 1497:1588 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 16 from h 901:901 arg1 mM 892:893 +5.5 mM 887:893 +5.5 mM 887:893 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 7 17 with comparison 1536:1545 arg1 inulin 1582:1587 the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1552:1587 the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1552:1587 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 7 18 dep displayed 1415:1423 arg1 has 1493:1495 has 1493:1495 has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin) 1493:1588 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 19 theme fruit 692:696 arg1 powder 703:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder 685:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder 685:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 4 20 from h 871:871 arg1 mM 862:863 +18.4 mM 856:863 +18.4 mM 856:863 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 0 21 theme Prebiotic 47:55 arg1 Potential 57:65 Prebiotic Potential 47:65 Prebiotic Potential 47:65 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro. 34576876 5 22 theme levels 1003:1008 arg1 trend 976:980 a trend 974:980 a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 974:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 8 23 theme prebiotic 1653:1661 arg1 potential 1663:1671 this prebiotic potential 1648:1671 this prebiotic potential 1648:1671 Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits. 34576876 7 24 theme prebiotic 1572:1580 arg1 inulin 1582:1587 the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1552:1587 the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1552:1587 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 2 25 theme low 454:456 arg1 HG 489:490 HG 489:490 HG 489:490 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 2 25 theme low 454:456 arg1 homogalacturonan 471:486 low methoxylated homogalacturonan 454:486 low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG) 454:491 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 7 26 dep comparison 1536:1545 arg1 also 1528:1531 also 1528:1531 also 1528:1531 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 1 27 from impact 133:138 arg1 health 171:176 human health 165:176 human health 165:176 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 4 28 from h 951:951 arg1 mM 942:943 0.9 mM 938:943 0.9 mM 938:943 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 7 29 theme standard 1562:1569 arg1 inulin 1582:1587 the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1552:1587 the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1552:1587 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 7 30 theme selective 1437:1445 arg1 utilization 1447:1457 selective utilization 1437:1457 selective utilization by host microorganisms 1437:1480 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 0 31 theme Human 74:78 arg1 Microbiome 84:93 the Human Gut Microbiome 70:93 the Human Gut Microbiome 70:93 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro. 34576876 4 32 theme simulated 753:761 arg1 donors 775:780 three simulated human adult donors 747:780 three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 747:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 4 33 dep propionate 875:884 arg1 mM 892:893 +5.5 mM 887:893 +5.5 mM 887:893 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 34 theme increased 985:993 arg1 levels 1003:1008 increased lactate levels 985:1008 increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) 985:1024 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 0 35 theme Pulp 28:31 arg1 Powder 33:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder 0:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder 0:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro. 34576876 8 36 theme interindividual 1693:1707 arg1 differences 1709:1719 the interindividual differences 1689:1719 the interindividual differences 1689:1719 Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits. 34576876 5 37 theme fatty 1053:1057 arg1 bCFA 1065:1068 bCFA 1065:1068 bCFA 1065:1068 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 37 theme fatty 1053:1057 arg1 acid 1059:1062 chain fatty acid 1047:1062 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 1030:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 38 theme reduced 1030:1036 arg1 levels 1071:1076 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels 1030:1076 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 1030:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 7 39 from potential 1517:1525 arg1 comparison 1536:1545 comparison 1536:1545 comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin 1536:1587 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 40 theme colonic 718:724 arg1 acidification 726:738 colonic acidification 718:738 colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 718:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 41 theme other 406:410 arg1 sources 420:426 other dietary sources 406:426 other dietary sources 406:426 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 6 42 theme interindividual 1263:1277 arg1 differences 1279:1289 the potential interindividual differences 1249:1289 the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation 1249:1325 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 5 43 theme chain 1047:1051 arg1 bCFA 1065:1068 bCFA 1065:1068 bCFA 1065:1068 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 43 theme chain 1047:1051 arg1 acid 1059:1062 chain fatty acid 1047:1062 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 1030:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 7 44 theme powder 1395:1400 arg1 fermentation 1402:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 0 45 theme Fruit 22:26 arg1 Powder 33:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder 0:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder 0:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro. 34576876 7 46 theme fruit 1384:1388 arg1 fermentation 1402:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 3 47 theme upper 609:613 arg1 tract 632:636 the upper gastrointestinal tract 605:636 the upper gastrointestinal tract 605:636 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 4 48 theme adult 769:773 arg1 donors 775:780 three simulated human adult donors 747:780 three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 747:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 49 theme pulp 313:316 arg1 powder 318:323 baobab fruit pulp powder 300:323 baobab fruit pulp powder 300:323 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 6 50 theme powder 1350:1355 arg1 treatment 1357:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 5 51 theme levels 1071:1076 arg1 trend 976:980 a trend 974:980 a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 974:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 4 52 theme due 782:784 arg1 donors 775:780 three simulated human adult donors 747:780 three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 747:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 53 theme pectic 344:349 arg1 polysaccharides 351:365 pectic polysaccharides 344:365 pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources 344:426 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 6 54 theme fruit 1339:1343 arg1 treatment 1357:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 1 55 theme prebiotic 217:225 arg1 ingredients 227:237 novel prebiotic ingredients 211:237 novel prebiotic ingredients 211:237 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 3 56 theme batch 651:655 arg1 incubations 657:667 48 h fecal batch incubations 640:667 48 h fecal batch incubations 640:667 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 3 57 theme dialysis 509:516 arg1 procedures 518:527 dialysis procedures 509:527 dialysis procedures 509:527 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 6 58 theme composition 1304:1314 arg1 modulation 1316:1325 microbial composition modulation 1294:1325 microbial composition modulation 1294:1325 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 3 59 theme simple 539:544 arg1 sugars 546:551 simple sugars 539:551 simple sugars 539:551 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 8 60 theme potential 1750:1758 arg1 benefits 1777:1784 the potential resulting health benefits 1746:1784 the potential resulting health benefits 1746:1784 Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits. 34576876 1 61 theme microbiota 151:160 arg1 impact 133:138 the impact 129:138 the impact of the gut microbiota on human health 129:176 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 8 62 theme health 1770:1775 arg1 benefits 1777:1784 the potential resulting health benefits 1746:1784 the potential resulting health benefits 1746:1784 Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits. 34576876 2 63 theme baobab 300:305 arg1 powder 318:323 baobab fruit pulp powder 300:323 baobab fruit pulp powder 300:323 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 3 64 dep product 562:568 arg1 simulating 571:580 simulating 571:580 simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract 571:636 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 7 65 theme prebiotic 1507:1515 arg1 potential 1517:1525 promising prebiotic potential 1497:1525 promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin) 1497:1588 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 66 theme metabolites 835:845 arg1 acetate 847:853 health-related metabolites acetate 820:853 health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h) 820:872 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 1 67 theme human 165:169 arg1 health 171:176 human health 165:176 human health 165:176 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 2 68 theme powder 318:323 arg1 potential 287:295 the prebiotic potential 273:295 the prebiotic potential 273:295 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 6 69 theme donor-dependent 1150:1164 arg1 increases 1166:1174 donor-dependent increases 1150:1174 donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes 1150:1222 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 8 70 theme Further 1591:1597 arg1 research 1599:1606 Further research 1591:1606 Further research 1591:1606 Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits. 34576876 5 71 dep levels 1071:1076 arg1 mM 1084:1085 -0.4 mM 1079:1085 -0.4 mM 1079:1085 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 1 72 theme Increasing 105:114 arg1 insight 116:122 Increasing insight 105:122 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health 105:176 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34576876 7 73 theme host 1462:1465 arg1 microorganisms 1467:1480 host microorganisms 1462:1480 host microorganisms 1462:1480 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 74 theme Baobab 685:690 arg1 powder 703:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder 685:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder 685:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 7 75 theme utilization 1447:1457 arg1 features 1425:1432 features 1425:1432 features of selective utilization by host microorganisms 1425:1480 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 2 76 theme methoxylated 458:469 arg1 HG 489:490 HG 489:490 HG 489:490 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 2 76 theme methoxylated 458:469 arg1 homogalacturonan 471:486 low methoxylated homogalacturonan 454:486 low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG) 454:491 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 2 77 dep evaluated 263:271 arg1 given 429:433 given 429:433 given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG) 429:491 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 0 78 theme Gut 80:82 arg1 Microbiome 84:93 the Human Gut Microbiome 70:93 the Human Gut Microbiome 70:93 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro. 34576876 2 79 from rich 446:449 arg1 HG 489:490 HG 489:490 HG 489:490 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 2 79 from rich 446:449 arg1 homogalacturonan 471:486 low methoxylated homogalacturonan 454:486 low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG) 454:491 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 2 80 theme unique 372:377 arg1 composition 379:389 unique composition as compared to other dietary sources 372:426 unique composition as compared to other dietary sources 372:426 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 4 81 dep acetate 847:853 arg1 butyrate 928:935 butyrate 928:935 butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 928:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 4 81 dep acetate 847:853 arg1 mM 862:863 +18.4 mM 856:863 +18.4 mM 856:863 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 5 82 theme lactate 995:1001 arg1 levels 1003:1008 increased lactate levels 985:1008 increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) 985:1024 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 4 83 theme pulp 698:701 arg1 powder 703:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder 685:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder 685:708 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 0 84 theme Baobab 15:20 arg1 Powder 33:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder 0:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder 0:38 A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro. 34576876 5 85 theme branched 1038:1045 arg1 levels 1071:1076 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels 1030:1076 reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h) 1030:1094 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 86 theme dietary 412:418 arg1 sources 420:426 other dietary sources 406:426 other dietary sources 406:426 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 5 87 dep levels 1003:1008 arg1 mM 1016:1017 +2.7 mM 1011:1017 +2.7 mM 1011:1017 Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (-0.4 mM at 48 h). 34576876 3 88 theme gastrointestinal 615:630 arg1 tract 632:636 the upper gastrointestinal tract 605:636 the upper gastrointestinal tract 605:636 After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. 34576876 6 89 theme potential 1253:1261 arg1 differences 1279:1289 the potential interindividual differences 1249:1289 the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation 1249:1325 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 6 90 from increases 1166:1174 arg1 Lactobacilli 1195:1206 Lactobacilli 1195:1206 Lactobacilli 1195:1206 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 6 90 from increases 1166:1174 arg1 Firmicutes 1213:1222 Firmicutes 1213:1222 Firmicutes 1213:1222 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 6 90 from increases 1166:1174 arg1 Bifidobacteria 1179:1192 Bifidobacteria 1179:1192 Bifidobacteria 1179:1192 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 4 91 theme lesser 914:919 arg1 extent 921:926 a lesser extent 912:926 a lesser extent 912:926 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 7 92 theme pulp 1390:1393 arg1 fermentation 1402:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 93 theme significant 793:803 arg1 stimulation 805:815 the significant stimulation 789:815 the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 789:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 94 from homogalacturonan 471:486 arg1 rich 446:449 rich 446:449 rich 446:449 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 7 95 theme Baobab 1377:1382 arg1 fermentation 1402:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation 1377:1413 Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the 'gold standard' prebiotic inulin). 34576876 4 96 theme human 763:767 arg1 donors 775:780 three simulated human adult donors 747:780 three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h) 747:952 Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). 34576876 2 97 theme fruit 307:311 arg1 powder 318:323 baobab fruit pulp powder 300:323 baobab fruit pulp powder 300:323 This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). 34576876 6 98 theme pulp 1345:1348 arg1 treatment 1357:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 6 99 theme microbial 1294:1302 arg1 modulation 1316:1325 microbial composition modulation 1294:1325 microbial composition modulation 1294:1325 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 6 100 theme Baobab 1332:1337 arg1 treatment 1357:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment 1332:1365 While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. 34576876 1 101 theme novel 211:215 arg1 ingredients 227:237 novel prebiotic ingredients 211:237 novel prebiotic ingredients 211:237 Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. 34209134 2 0 theme retention 444:452 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 0 theme retention 444:452 arg1 capacity 467:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 1 1 theme study 151:155 arg1 objective 133:141 The objective 129:141 The objective of this study 129:155 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 3 2 theme high 769:772 arg1 activity 786:793 high antioxidant activity 769:793 high antioxidant activity 769:793 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 4 3 theme retention 849:857 arg1 capacity 859:866 water retention capacity 843:866 water retention capacity 843:866 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 2 4 theme fibre 543:547 arg1 effect 519:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 4 theme fibre 543:547 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 4 theme fibre 543:547 arg1 capacity 489:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 4 theme fibre 543:547 arg1 characteristics 375:389 The chemical and physical characteristics 349:389 The chemical and physical characteristics 349:389 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 4 theme fibre 543:547 arg1 capacity 467:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 1 5 theme chemical 230:237 arg1 composition 239:249 chemical composition 230:249 chemical composition 230:249 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 4 6 theme retention 876:884 arg1 capacity 886:893 oil retention capacity 872:893 oil retention capacity 872:893 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 3 7 contain containing 674:683 arg1 stem 663:666 the stem fibre 659:672 the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols 659:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 7 contain containing 674:683 arg2 amounts 697:703 the highest amounts 685:703 the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols 685:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 7 contain containing 674:683 arg2 polyphenols 724:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 0 8 theme Fibre 58:62 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Winemaking By-Products: Skins, Stems and Lees. 34209134 0 8 theme Fibre 58:62 arg1 Properties 36:45 Functional Properties 25:45 Functional Properties 25:45 Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Winemaking By-Products: Skins, Stems and Lees. 34209134 3 9 attach attached 736:743 arg1 polysaccharides 748:762 polysaccharides 748:762 polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect 748:814 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 9 attach attached 736:743 arg2 stem 663:666 the stem fibre 659:672 the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols 659:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 2 10 theme physical 366:373 arg1 characteristics 375:389 The chemical and physical characteristics 349:389 The chemical and physical characteristics 349:389 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 0 11 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Winemaking By-Products: Skins, Stems and Lees. 34209134 4 12 contain had 827:829 arg2 capacity 859:866 water retention capacity 843:866 water retention capacity 843:866 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 4 12 contain had 827:829 arg2 capacity 886:893 oil retention capacity 872:893 oil retention capacity 872:893 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 4 12 contain had 827:829 arg1 fibre 821:825 fibre 821:825 fibre 821:825 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 2 13 theme antioxidant 477:487 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 13 theme antioxidant 477:487 arg1 capacity 489:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 3 14 from rich 639:642 arg1 fibre 647:651 fibre 647:651 fibre 647:651 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 2 15 dep properties 418:427 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 15 dep properties 418:427 arg1 effect 519:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 15 dep properties 418:427 arg1 capacity 467:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 15 dep properties 418:427 arg1 capacity 489:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 5 16 with fibre 980:984 arg1 characteristics 1002:1016 functional characteristics 991:1016 functional characteristics for food applications 991:1038 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 2 17 theme chemical 353:360 arg1 characteristics 375:389 The chemical and physical characteristics 349:389 The chemical and physical characteristics 349:389 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 18 theme functional 407:416 arg1 effect 519:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 18 theme functional 407:416 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 18 theme functional 407:416 arg1 capacity 489:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 antioxidant capacity 477:496 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 18 theme functional 407:416 arg1 capacity 467:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 19 theme by-products 558:568 arg1 fibre 543:547 fibre 543:547 fibre 543:547 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 0 20 dep Winemaking 82:91 arg1 By-Products 93:103 By-Products 93:103 By-Products 93:103 Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Winemaking By-Products: Skins, Stems and Lees. 34209134 5 21 theme winemaking 920:929 arg1 by-products 931:941 winemaking by-products 920:941 winemaking by-products 920:941 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 5 21 theme winemaking 920:929 arg1 source 962:967 a source 960:967 a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications 960:1038 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 0 22 theme Functional 25:34 arg1 Properties 36:45 Functional Properties 25:45 Functional Properties 25:45 Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Winemaking By-Products: Skins, Stems and Lees. 34209134 1 23 theme functional 255:264 arg1 properties 266:275 functional properties 255:275 functional properties 255:275 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 2 24 theme prebiotic 509:517 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 24 theme prebiotic 509:517 arg1 effect 519:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 their prebiotic effect 503:524 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 25 theme water 438:442 arg1 retention 444:452 water retention 438:452 water retention 438:452 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 4 26 theme oil 872:874 arg1 capacity 886:893 oil retention capacity 872:893 oil retention capacity 872:893 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 1 27 theme technological 181:193 arg1 point 211:215 a technological and nutritional point 179:215 a technological and nutritional point of view 179:223 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 3 28 theme highest 689:695 arg1 polyphenols 724:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 28 theme highest 689:695 arg1 amounts 697:703 the highest amounts 685:703 the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols 685:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 5 29 theme food 1022:1025 arg1 applications 1027:1038 food applications 1022:1038 food applications 1022:1038 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 3 30 from fibre 647:651 arg1 skins 612:616 the skins 608:616 the skins 608:616 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 30 from fibre 647:651 arg1 rich 639:642 rich 639:642 rich 639:642 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 2 31 theme fat 430:432 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 31 theme fat 430:432 arg1 capacity 467:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 1 32 theme industrial 284:293 arg1 skins 326:330 skins 326:330 skins 326:330 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 32 theme industrial 284:293 arg1 lees 343:346 lees 343:346 lees 343:346 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 32 theme industrial 284:293 arg1 stems 333:337 stems 333:337 stems 333:337 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 32 theme industrial 284:293 arg1 by-products 306:316 the industrial winemaking by-products 280:316 the industrial winemaking by-products 280:316 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 3 33 theme fibre 668:672 arg1 stem 663:666 the stem fibre 659:672 the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols 659:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 34 with polysaccharides 748:762 arg1 activity 786:793 high antioxidant activity 769:793 high antioxidant activity 769:793 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 34 with polysaccharides 748:762 arg1 effect 809:814 prebiotic effect 799:814 prebiotic effect 799:814 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 5 35 used used 952:955 arg2 by-products 931:941 winemaking by-products 920:941 winemaking by-products 920:941 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 5 35 used used 952:955 arg2 source 962:967 a source 960:967 a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications 960:1038 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 1 36 theme winemaking 295:304 arg1 skins 326:330 skins 326:330 skins 326:330 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 36 theme winemaking 295:304 arg1 lees 343:346 lees 343:346 lees 343:346 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 36 theme winemaking 295:304 arg1 stems 333:337 stems 333:337 stems 333:337 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 36 theme winemaking 295:304 arg1 by-products 306:316 the industrial winemaking by-products 280:316 the industrial winemaking by-products 280:316 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 5 37 theme fibre 980:984 arg1 by-products 931:941 winemaking by-products 920:941 winemaking by-products 920:941 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 5 37 theme fibre 980:984 arg1 source 962:967 a source 960:967 a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications 960:1038 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 1 38 theme by-products 306:316 arg1 properties 266:275 functional properties 255:275 functional properties 255:275 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 1 38 theme by-products 306:316 arg1 composition 239:249 chemical composition 230:249 chemical composition 230:249 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 4 39 theme water 843:847 arg1 capacity 859:866 water retention capacity 843:866 water retention capacity 843:866 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 1 40 dep composition 239:249 arg1 the 226:228 the 226:228 the 226:228 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 3 41 theme prebiotic 799:807 arg1 effect 809:814 prebiotic effect 799:814 prebiotic effect 799:814 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 1 42 theme nutritional 199:209 arg1 point 211:215 a technological and nutritional point 179:215 a technological and nutritional point of view 179:223 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34209134 4 43 theme highest 835:841 arg1 capacity 859:866 water retention capacity 843:866 water retention capacity 843:866 Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. 34209134 3 44 theme antioxidant 774:784 arg1 activity 786:793 high antioxidant activity 769:793 high antioxidant activity 769:793 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 5 45 theme functional 991:1000 arg1 characteristics 1002:1016 functional characteristics 991:1016 functional characteristics for food applications 991:1038 The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications. 34209134 2 46 theme swelling 458:465 arg1 properties 418:427 the functional properties 403:427 the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect) 403:525 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 2 46 theme swelling 458:465 arg1 capacity 467:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 fat and water retention and swelling capacity 430:474 The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. 34209134 3 47 theme non-extractable 708:722 arg1 polyphenols 724:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 48 theme polyphenols 724:734 arg1 polyphenols 724:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 non-extractable polyphenols 708:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 3 48 theme polyphenols 724:734 arg1 amounts 697:703 the highest amounts 685:703 the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols 685:734 The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. 34209134 1 49 theme view 220:223 arg1 point 211:215 a technological and nutritional point 179:215 a technological and nutritional point of view 179:223 The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. 34052489 4 0 theme combined 661:668 arg1 method 670:675 The combined method 657:675 The combined method 657:675 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 1 1 theme hydrolysis 163:172 arg1 barriers 174:181 the hydrolysis barriers 159:181 the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) 159:203 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 1 2 theme digestion 246:254 arg1 performance 221:231 the performance 217:231 the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) 217:259 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 9 3 theme combined 1663:1670 arg1 pre-treatment 1683:1695 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 1655:1695 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 1655:1695 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 0 4 from role 14:17 arg1 disposal 81:88 sewage sludge disposal 67:88 sewage sludge disposal 67:88 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 8 5 theme tyrosine-like 1390:1402 arg1 content 1379:1385 the high content 1370:1385 the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like 1370:1422 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 5 theme tyrosine-like 1390:1402 arg1 conducive 1428:1436 conducive 1428:1436 conducive 1428:1436 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 4 6 theme biogas 752:757 arg1 production 759:768 biogas production 752:768 biogas production 752:768 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 3 7 theme ultrasonic 523:532 arg1 pre-treatment 534:546 the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 502:546 the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 502:546 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 8 8 theme tetracycline 1593:1604 arg1 degradation 1560:1570 the degradation 1556:1570 the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline 1556:1604 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 5 9 theme capillary 887:895 arg1 time 905:908 The capillary suction time 883:908 The capillary suction time 883:908 The capillary suction time is reduced by about 85%, which greatly improved the dewatering performance of SS. 34052489 3 10 theme thermal 506:512 arg1 pre-treatment 534:546 the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 502:546 the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 502:546 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 7 11 theme organic 1235:1241 arg1 DOMs 1252:1255 DOMs 1252:1255 DOMs 1252:1255 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 7 11 theme organic 1235:1241 arg1 matters 1243:1249 dissolved organic matters 1225:1249 dissolved organic matters (DOMs) 1225:1256 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 6 12 theme combined 1009:1016 arg1 method 1018:1023 the combined method 1005:1023 the combined method 1005:1023 In addition, the combined method has advantages in degrading sulfonamide antibiotics, roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 2 13 theme better 375:380 arg1 results 382:388 better results 375:388 better results 375:388 In this study, the objective was to investigate whether the combination of two pre-treatment methods can achieve better results on the AD of SS. 34052489 8 14 theme high 1486:1489 arg1 content 1491:1497 the high content 1482:1497 the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like 1482:1537 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 14 theme high 1486:1489 arg1 conducive 1543:1551 conducive 1543:1551 conducive 1543:1551 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 15 theme roxithromycin 1575:1587 arg1 degradation 1560:1570 the degradation 1556:1570 the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline 1556:1604 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 9 16 theme comprehensive 1631:1643 arg1 effect 1645:1650 the comprehensive effect 1627:1650 the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal 1627:1710 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 8 17 theme tryptophan-like 1408:1422 arg1 content 1379:1385 the high content 1370:1385 the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like 1370:1422 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 17 theme tryptophan-like 1408:1422 arg1 conducive 1428:1436 conducive 1428:1436 conducive 1428:1436 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 1 18 theme sewage 186:191 arg1 sludge 193:198 sewage sludge 186:198 sewage sludge (SS) 186:203 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 1 18 theme sewage 186:191 arg1 SS 201:202 SS 201:202 SS 201:202 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 7 19 theme different 1180:1188 arg1 antibiotics 1190:1200 different antibiotics 1180:1200 different antibiotics 1180:1200 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 1 20 theme Thermal/ultrasonic 91:108 arg1 pre-treatment 110:122 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment 91:122 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge 91:132 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 1 21 theme sludge 193:198 arg1 barriers 174:181 the hydrolysis barriers 159:181 the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) 159:203 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 0 22 theme Comprehensive 0:12 arg1 role 14:17 Comprehensive role 0:17 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 0:89 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 9 23 from effect 1645:1650 arg1 disposal 1703:1710 SS disposal 1700:1710 SS disposal 1700:1710 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 4 24 theme removal 815:821 arg1 rate 823:826 the volatile solid (VS) removal rate 791:826 the volatile solid (VS) removal rate 791:826 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 9 25 theme useful 1725:1730 arg1 information 1732:1742 useful information 1725:1742 useful information for its engineering 1725:1762 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 4 26 theme substances 718:727 arg1 dissolution 690:700 the dissolution 686:700 the dissolution of protein-like substances 686:727 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 2 27 theme methods 355:361 arg1 combination 322:332 the combination 318:332 the combination of two pre-treatment methods 318:361 In this study, the objective was to investigate whether the combination of two pre-treatment methods can achieve better results on the AD of SS. 34052489 0 28 theme thermal 22:28 arg1 pre-treatment 50:62 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 22:62 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 22:62 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 8 29 theme high 1374:1377 arg1 content 1379:1385 the high content 1370:1385 the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like 1370:1422 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 29 theme high 1374:1377 arg1 conducive 1428:1436 conducive 1428:1436 conducive 1428:1436 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 9 30 theme thermal 1655:1661 arg1 pre-treatment 1683:1695 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 1655:1695 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 1655:1695 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 4 31 theme solid 804:808 arg1 rate 823:826 the volatile solid (VS) removal rate 791:826 the volatile solid (VS) removal rate 791:826 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 3 32 theme combined 514:521 arg1 pre-treatment 534:546 the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 502:546 the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 502:546 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 5 33 theme suction 897:903 arg1 time 905:908 The capillary suction time 883:908 The capillary suction time 883:908 The capillary suction time is reduced by about 85%, which greatly improved the dewatering performance of SS. 34052489 8 34 theme acid-like 1509:1517 arg1 content 1491:1497 the high content 1482:1497 the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like 1482:1537 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 34 theme acid-like 1509:1517 arg1 conducive 1543:1551 conducive 1543:1551 conducive 1543:1551 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 4 35 theme control 868:874 arg1 group 876:880 the control group 864:880 the control group 864:880 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 3 36 theme other 628:632 arg1 matters 642:648 other organic matters 628:648 other organic matters 628:648 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 1 37 theme sludge 127:132 arg1 pre-treatment 110:122 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment 91:122 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge 91:132 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 3 38 from solubilization 571:584 arg1 SS 653:654 SS 653:654 SS 653:654 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 3 39 theme separate 471:478 arg1 groups 494:499 separate pre-treatment groups 471:499 separate pre-treatment groups 471:499 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 0 40 theme ultrasonic 39:48 arg1 pre-treatment 50:62 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 22:62 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 22:62 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 9 41 theme ultrasonic 1672:1681 arg1 pre-treatment 1683:1695 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 1655:1695 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 1655:1695 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 3 42 theme organic 634:640 arg1 matters 642:648 other organic matters 628:648 other organic matters 628:648 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 0 43 theme combined 30:37 arg1 pre-treatment 50:62 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 22:62 thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment 22:62 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 9 44 theme pre-treatment 1683:1695 arg1 effect 1645:1650 the comprehensive effect 1627:1650 the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal 1627:1710 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 2 45 theme SS 403:404 arg1 AD 397:398 the AD 393:398 the AD of SS 393:404 In this study, the objective was to investigate whether the combination of two pre-treatment methods can achieve better results on the AD of SS. 34052489 7 46 theme antibiotics 1190:1200 arg1 composition 1210:1220 the composition 1206:1220 the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) 1206:1256 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 7 46 theme antibiotics 1190:1200 arg1 degradation 1165:1175 the degradation 1161:1175 the degradation of different antibiotics 1161:1200 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 5 47 theme dewatering 962:971 arg1 performance 973:983 the dewatering performance 958:983 the dewatering performance of SS 958:989 The capillary suction time is reduced by about 85%, which greatly improved the dewatering performance of SS. 34052489 7 48 theme matters 1243:1249 arg1 composition 1210:1220 the composition 1206:1220 the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) 1206:1256 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 7 48 theme matters 1243:1249 arg1 degradation 1165:1175 the degradation 1161:1175 the degradation of different antibiotics 1161:1200 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 0 49 theme pre-treatment 50:62 arg1 role 14:17 Comprehensive role 0:17 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 0:89 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 9 50 theme SS 1700:1701 arg1 disposal 1703:1710 SS disposal 1700:1710 SS disposal 1700:1710 This work evaluated the comprehensive effect of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment on SS disposal and provided useful information for its engineering. 34052489 3 51 theme obvious 563:569 arg1 solubilization 571:584 more obvious solubilization 558:584 more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS 558:654 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 3 52 theme control 453:459 arg1 group 461:465 the control group 449:465 the control group 449:465 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 8 53 theme acid-like 1529:1537 arg1 content 1491:1497 the high content 1482:1497 the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like 1482:1537 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 8 53 theme acid-like 1529:1537 arg1 conducive 1543:1551 conducive 1543:1551 conducive 1543:1551 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 5 54 theme SS 988:989 arg1 performance 973:983 the dewatering performance 958:983 the dewatering performance of SS 958:989 The capillary suction time is reduced by about 85%, which greatly improved the dewatering performance of SS. 34052489 7 55 theme DOMs 1296:1299 arg1 composition 1281:1291 the composition 1277:1291 the composition of DOMs 1277:1299 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 4 56 theme protein-like 705:716 arg1 substances 718:727 protein-like substances 705:727 protein-like substances 705:727 The combined method promoted the dissolution of protein-like substances more effectively, with biogas production increased by 19% and the volatile solid (VS) removal rate improved to above 50% compared with the control group. 34052489 7 57 theme different 1335:1343 arg1 antibiotics 1345:1355 different antibiotics 1335:1355 different antibiotics 1335:1355 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 7 58 theme antibiotics 1345:1355 arg1 degradability 1318:1330 the degradability 1314:1330 the degradability of different antibiotics 1314:1355 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 3 59 theme matters 642:648 arg1 solubilization 571:584 more obvious solubilization 558:584 more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS 558:654 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 3 60 theme polysaccharides 607:621 arg1 solubilization 571:584 more obvious solubilization 558:584 more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS 558:654 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 6 61 contain has 1025:1027 arg1 method 1018:1023 the combined method 1005:1023 the combined method 1005:1023 In addition, the combined method has advantages in degrading sulfonamide antibiotics, roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 6 61 contain has 1025:1027 arg2 advantages 1029:1038 advantages 1029:1038 advantages 1029:1038 In addition, the combined method has advantages in degrading sulfonamide antibiotics, roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 6 62 theme sulfonamide 1053:1063 arg1 tetracycline 1096:1107 tetracycline 1096:1107 tetracycline 1096:1107 In addition, the combined method has advantages in degrading sulfonamide antibiotics, roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 6 62 theme sulfonamide 1053:1063 arg1 roxithromycin 1078:1090 roxithromycin 1078:1090 roxithromycin 1078:1090 In addition, the combined method has advantages in degrading sulfonamide antibiotics, roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 6 62 theme sulfonamide 1053:1063 arg1 antibiotics 1065:1075 sulfonamide antibiotics 1053:1075 sulfonamide antibiotics 1053:1075 In addition, the combined method has advantages in degrading sulfonamide antibiotics, roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 0 63 theme sludge 74:79 arg1 disposal 81:88 sewage sludge disposal 67:88 sewage sludge disposal 67:88 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 3 64 theme soluble 589:595 arg1 proteins 597:604 soluble proteins 589:604 soluble proteins 589:604 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 2 65 theme pre-treatment 341:353 arg1 methods 355:361 two pre-treatment methods 337:361 two pre-treatment methods 337:361 In this study, the objective was to investigate whether the combination of two pre-treatment methods can achieve better results on the AD of SS. 34052489 0 66 theme sewage 67:72 arg1 disposal 81:88 sewage sludge disposal 67:88 sewage sludge disposal 67:88 Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal. 34052489 3 67 theme proteins 597:604 arg1 solubilization 571:584 more obvious solubilization 558:584 more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS 558:654 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 7 68 theme dissolved 1225:1233 arg1 DOMs 1252:1255 DOMs 1252:1255 DOMs 1252:1255 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 7 68 theme dissolved 1225:1233 arg1 matters 1243:1249 dissolved organic matters 1225:1249 dissolved organic matters (DOMs) 1225:1256 Particularly, by analyzing the interaction between the degradation of different antibiotics and the composition of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), it was found that the composition of DOMs could affect the degradability of different antibiotics. 34052489 3 69 theme pre-treatment 480:492 arg1 groups 494:499 separate pre-treatment groups 471:499 separate pre-treatment groups 471:499 The results indicated that, compared with the control group and separate pre-treatment groups, the thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment presented more obvious solubilization of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic matters in SS. 34052489 8 70 theme sulfamethoxazole 1460:1475 arg1 degradation 1445:1455 the degradation 1441:1455 the degradation of sulfamethoxazole 1441:1475 Among them, the high content of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like was conducive to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the high content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like was conducive to the degradation of roxithromycin and tetracycline. 34052489 1 71 theme anaerobic 236:244 arg1 AD 257:258 AD 257:258 AD 257:258 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 34052489 1 71 theme anaerobic 236:244 arg1 digestion 246:254 anaerobic digestion 236:254 anaerobic digestion (AD) 236:259 Thermal/ultrasonic pre-treatment of sludge has been proven to break the hydrolysis barriers of sewage sludge (SS) and improve the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD). 32582131 8 0 theme organic 1793:1799 arg1 modes 1819:1823 organic matter processing modes 1793:1823 organic matter processing modes 1793:1823 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 2 1 theme prokaryotic 327:337 arg1 community 339:347 the prokaryotic community 323:347 the prokaryotic community 323:347 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 8 2 theme matter 1801:1806 arg1 modes 1819:1823 organic matter processing modes 1793:1823 organic matter processing modes 1793:1823 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 7 3 theme undetected 1369:1378 arg1 taxa 1380:1383 several rare or undetected taxa 1353:1383 several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community 1353:1408 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 5 4 dep mild 965:968 arg1 μg 973:974 1 μg 971:974 1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1 971:995 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 5 4 dep mild 965:968 arg1 bloom 1053:1057 bloom 1053:1057 bloom 1053:1057 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 8 5 theme processing 1808:1817 arg1 modes 1819:1823 organic matter processing modes 1793:1823 organic matter processing modes 1793:1823 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 1 6 theme dark 259:262 arg1 ocean 264:268 the dark ocean 255:268 the dark ocean 255:268 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 7 7 theme rare 1361:1364 arg1 taxa 1380:1383 several rare or undetected taxa 1353:1383 several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community 1353:1408 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 3 8 theme Southern 485:492 arg1 Ocean 494:498 the Southern Ocean 481:498 the Southern Ocean 481:498 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 9 dep 50 507:508 arg1 to 504:505 to 504:505 to 504:505 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 2 10 attach linked 313:318 arg1 community 339:347 the prokaryotic community 323:347 the prokaryotic community 323:347 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 2 10 attach linked 313:318 arg2 efficiency 275:284 The efficiency 271:284 The efficiency of this process 271:300 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 2 11 theme process 294:300 arg1 efficiency 275:284 The efficiency 271:284 The efficiency of this process 271:300 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 1 12 theme carbon 199:204 arg1 pump 206:209 the biological carbon pump 184:209 the biological carbon pump 184:209 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 7 13 theme microbial 1560:1568 arg1 communities 1570:1580 microbial communities 1560:1580 microbial communities 1560:1580 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 5 14 theme matter 864:869 arg1 pools 871:875 organic matter pools 856:875 organic matter pools generated from native microplankton 856:911 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 6 15 theme lipids 1210:1215 arg1 prokaryotes 1131:1141 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 15 theme lipids 1210:1215 arg1 rates 1171:1175 the degradation rates 1155:1175 the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids 1155:1215 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 3 16 theme productive 461:470 arg1 areas 472:476 the most productive areas 452:476 the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean 452:498 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 6 17 theme free-living 1097:1107 arg1 production 1232:1241 free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production 1097:1241 free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics 1097:1326 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 18 theme proteins 1197:1204 arg1 prokaryotes 1131:1141 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 18 theme proteins 1197:1204 arg1 rates 1171:1175 the degradation rates 1155:1175 the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids 1155:1215 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 5 19 theme a 991:991 arg1 L-1 993:995 Chlorophyll a L-1 979:995 Chlorophyll a L-1 979:995 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 3 20 theme primary 526:532 arg1 production 534:543 the surface primary production 514:543 the surface primary production 514:543 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 8 21 theme supplied 1683:1690 arg1 detritus 1692:1699 the supplied detritus 1679:1699 the supplied detritus 1679:1699 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 5 22 theme enrichment 755:764 arg1 experiments 766:776 bottle enrichment experiments 748:776 bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom 748:1057 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 7 23 from taxa 1380:1383 arg1 community 1400:1408 the initial community 1388:1408 the initial community 1388:1408 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 9 24 theme phytodetritus 1916:1928 arg1 utilization 1901:1911 the prokaryotic utilization 1885:1911 the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean 1885:1984 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 6 25 theme polysaccharides 1180:1194 arg1 prokaryotes 1131:1141 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 25 theme polysaccharides 1180:1194 arg1 rates 1171:1175 the degradation rates 1155:1175 the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids 1155:1215 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 5 26 theme prokaryotic 827:837 arg1 communities 839:849 free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities 798:849 communities 839:849 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 7 27 theme matter 1517:1522 arg1 sources 1524:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 6 28 theme days 1079:1082 arg1 course 1067:1072 a course 1065:1072 a course of 4 days 1065:1082 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 4 29 theme POM 650:652 arg1 fraction 634:641 a significant fraction 620:641 a significant fraction of the POM in this area 620:665 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 7 30 theme phytodetritus-derived 1487:1507 arg1 sources 1524:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 6 31 theme carbon 1264:1269 arg1 utilization 1271:1281 inorganic carbon utilization 1254:1281 inorganic carbon utilization 1254:1281 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 8 32 theme microplankton 1714:1726 arg1 composition 1733:1743 microplankton taxa composition 1714:1743 microplankton taxa composition 1714:1743 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 5 33 theme free-living 798:808 arg1 surface 810:816 free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities 798:849 surface 810:816 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 5 34 with surface 810:816 arg1 pools 871:875 organic matter pools 856:875 organic matter pools generated from native microplankton 856:911 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 9 35 theme organic 1953:1959 arg1 matter 1961:1966 organic matter 1953:1966 organic matter 1953:1966 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 6 36 dep free-living 1097:1107 arg1 prokaryotes 1131:1141 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 36 dep free-living 1097:1107 arg1 heterotrophic 1218:1230 heterotrophic 1218:1230 heterotrophic 1218:1230 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 36 dep free-living 1097:1107 arg1 rates 1171:1175 the degradation rates 1155:1175 the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids 1155:1215 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 0 37 theme Antarctic 87:95 arg1 Waters 97:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 8 38 theme composition 1733:1743 arg1 terms 1705:1709 terms 1705:1709 terms of microplankton taxa composition 1705:1743 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 7 39 theme processes 1634:1642 arg1 spectra 1644:1650 utilization processes spectra 1622:1650 utilization processes spectra 1622:1650 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 7 40 theme incubations 1456:1466 arg1 course 1442:1447 the time course 1433:1447 the time course of the incubations 1433:1466 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 5 41 theme native 892:897 arg1 microplankton 899:911 native microplankton 892:911 native microplankton 892:911 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 5 42 with communities 839:849 arg1 pools 871:875 organic matter pools 856:875 organic matter pools generated from native microplankton 856:911 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 9 43 theme dark 1975:1978 arg1 ocean 1980:1984 the dark ocean 1971:1984 the dark ocean 1971:1984 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 4 44 theme phytoplankton 689:701 arg1 cells 703:707 intact phytoplankton cells 682:707 intact phytoplankton cells 682:707 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 2 45 theme POM 361:363 arg1 respiration 365:375 POM respiration 361:375 POM respiration 361:375 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 7 46 from changes 1549:1555 arg1 communities 1570:1580 microbial communities 1560:1580 microbial communities 1560:1580 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 8 47 theme colonization 1767:1778 arg1 dynamics 1780:1787 different colonization dynamics 1757:1787 different colonization dynamics 1757:1787 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 7 48 theme peculiar 1597:1604 arg1 degradation 1606:1616 peculiar degradation 1597:1616 peculiar degradation 1597:1616 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 0 49 theme Prokaryotic 0:10 arg1 Response 12:19 Prokaryotic Response 0:19 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 0:103 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 1 50 theme Particulate 105:115 arg1 POM 133:135 POM 133:135 POM 133:135 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 1 50 theme Particulate 105:115 arg1 matter 125:130 Particulate organic matter 105:130 Particulate organic matter (POM) export 105:143 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 2 51 theme particle-associated 395:413 arg1 prokaryotes 415:425 particle-associated prokaryotes 395:425 particle-associated prokaryotes 395:425 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 7 52 link phytodetritus-derived 1487:1507 arg1 sources 1524:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 3 53 theme Ross 435:438 arg1 Sea 440:442 the Ross Sea 431:442 the Ross Sea 431:442 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 1 54 theme matter 125:130 arg1 export 138:143 Particulate organic matter (POM) export 105:143 Particulate organic matter (POM) export 105:143 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 0 55 theme Organic 46:52 arg1 Material 54:61 Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material 24:61 Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material 24:61 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 5 56 theme a 1032:1032 arg1 L-1 1034:1036 Chlorophyll a L-1 1020:1036 Chlorophyll a L-1 1020:1036 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 6 57 theme community 1299:1307 arg1 structure 1309:1317 prokaryotic community structure 1287:1317 prokaryotic community structure 1287:1317 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 3 58 theme mesopelagic 564:574 arg1 ocean 576:580 the mesopelagic ocean 560:580 the mesopelagic ocean 560:580 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 5 59 theme austral 717:723 arg1 summer 725:730 austral summer 2017 717:735 austral summer 2017 717:735 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 1 60 theme carbon 224:229 arg1 flux 231:234 the carbon flux 220:234 the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean 220:268 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 3 61 theme areas 472:476 arg1 production 534:543 the surface primary production 514:543 the surface primary production 514:543 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 61 theme areas 472:476 arg1 areas 472:476 the most productive areas 452:476 the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean 452:498 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 61 theme areas 472:476 arg1 one 445:447 one 445:447 one 445:447 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 61 theme areas 472:476 arg1 POM 585:587 POM 585:587 POM 585:587 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 61 theme areas 472:476 arg1 % 509:509 up to 50% 501:509 up to 50% of the surface primary production 501:543 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 4 62 from fraction 634:641 arg1 area 662:665 this area 657:665 this area 657:665 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 6 63 theme prokaryotic 1287:1297 arg1 structure 1309:1317 prokaryotic community structure 1287:1317 prokaryotic community structure 1287:1317 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 64 theme degradation 1159:1169 arg1 prokaryotes 1131:1141 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 64 theme degradation 1159:1169 arg1 rates 1171:1175 the degradation rates 1155:1175 the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids 1155:1215 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 6 65 dep prokaryotes 1131:1141 arg1 abundance 1144:1152 abundance 1144:1152 prokaryotes' abundance 1131:1152 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 3 66 theme Ocean 494:498 arg1 areas 472:476 the most productive areas 452:476 the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean 452:498 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 7 67 theme several 1353:1359 arg1 taxa 1380:1383 several rare or undetected taxa 1353:1383 several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community 1353:1408 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 4 68 theme significant 622:632 arg1 fraction 634:641 a significant fraction 620:641 a significant fraction of the POM in this area 620:665 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 6 69 theme particle-attached 1113:1129 arg1 production 1232:1241 free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production 1097:1241 free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics 1097:1326 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 1 70 theme biological 188:197 arg1 pump 206:209 the biological carbon pump 184:209 the biological carbon pump 184:209 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 4 71 theme Recent 590:595 arg1 evidence 597:604 Recent evidence 590:604 Recent evidence 590:604 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 1 72 theme pump 206:209 arg1 principle 171:179 the underlying principle 156:179 the underlying principle 156:179 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 7 73 theme specific 1540:1547 arg1 changes 1549:1555 specific changes 1540:1555 specific changes in microbial communities 1540:1580 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 9 74 theme prokaryotic 1889:1899 arg1 utilization 1901:1911 the prokaryotic utilization 1885:1911 the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean 1885:1984 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 1 75 from sunlit 245:250 arg1 flux 231:234 the carbon flux 220:234 the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean 220:268 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 5 76 theme Chlorophyll 979:989 arg1 a 991:991 Chlorophyll a 979:991 Chlorophyll a L-1 979:995 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 3 77 theme surface 518:524 arg1 production 534:543 the surface primary production 514:543 the surface primary production 514:543 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 5 78 theme bottle 748:753 arg1 experiments 766:776 bottle enrichment experiments 748:776 bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom 748:1057 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 9 79 from utilization 1901:1911 arg1 ocean 1980:1984 the dark ocean 1971:1984 the dark ocean 1971:1984 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 5 80 theme L-1 993:995 arg1 μg 973:974 1 μg 971:974 1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1 971:995 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 5 81 theme deep 822:825 arg1 communities 839:849 free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities 798:849 communities 839:849 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 7 82 theme organic 1509:1515 arg1 sources 1524:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 8 83 theme detritus 1692:1699 arg1 features 1667:1674 the features 1663:1674 the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) 1663:1744 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 7 84 theme different 1477:1485 arg1 sources 1524:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources 1477:1530 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 9 85 theme significant 1933:1943 arg1 pool 1945:1948 a significant pool 1931:1948 a significant pool of organic matter 1931:1966 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 9 85 theme significant 1933:1943 arg1 phytodetritus 1916:1928 phytodetritus 1916:1928 phytodetritus 1916:1928 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 0 86 theme Mesopelagic 75:85 arg1 Waters 97:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 3 87 theme production 534:543 arg1 areas 472:476 the most productive areas 452:476 the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean 452:498 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 87 theme production 534:543 arg1 one 445:447 one 445:447 one 445:447 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 87 theme production 534:543 arg1 production 534:543 the surface primary production 514:543 the surface primary production 514:543 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 3 87 theme production 534:543 arg1 % 509:509 up to 50% 501:509 up to 50% of the surface primary production 501:543 In the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean, up to 50% of the surface primary production is exported to the mesopelagic ocean as POM. 32582131 6 88 theme inorganic 1254:1262 arg1 utilization 1271:1281 inorganic carbon utilization 1254:1281 inorganic carbon utilization 1254:1281 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 1 89 theme underlying 160:169 arg1 principle 171:179 the underlying principle 156:179 the underlying principle 156:179 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 0 90 from Response 12:19 arg1 Waters 97:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 9 91 theme matter 1961:1966 arg1 pool 1945:1948 a significant pool 1931:1948 a significant pool of organic matter 1931:1966 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 9 91 theme matter 1961:1966 arg1 phytodetritus 1916:1928 phytodetritus 1916:1928 phytodetritus 1916:1928 Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the prokaryotic utilization of phytodetritus, a significant pool of organic matter in the dark ocean. 32582131 5 92 theme Chlorophyll 1020:1030 arg1 a 1032:1032 Chlorophyll a 1020:1032 Chlorophyll a L-1 1020:1036 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 8 93 theme taxa 1728:1731 arg1 composition 1733:1743 microplankton taxa composition 1714:1743 microplankton taxa composition 1714:1743 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 7 94 theme utilization 1622:1632 arg1 spectra 1644:1650 utilization processes spectra 1622:1650 utilization processes spectra 1622:1650 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 4 95 theme intact 682:687 arg1 cells 703:707 intact phytoplankton cells 682:707 intact phytoplankton cells 682:707 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 6 96 dep utilization 1271:1281 arg1 dynamics 1319:1326 dynamics 1319:1326 dynamics 1319:1326 Over a course of 4 days, we followed free-living and particle-attached prokaryotes' abundance, the degradation rates of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, heterotrophic production as well as inorganic carbon utilization and prokaryotic community structure dynamics. 32582131 4 97 from area 662:665 arg1 fraction 634:641 a significant fraction 620:641 a significant fraction of the POM in this area 620:665 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 5 98 theme organic 856:862 arg1 pools 871:875 organic matter pools 856:875 organic matter pools generated from native microplankton 856:911 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 0 99 theme Phytodetritus-Derived 24:44 arg1 Material 54:61 Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material 24:61 Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material 24:61 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 8 100 theme different 1757:1765 arg1 dynamics 1780:1787 different colonization dynamics 1757:1787 different colonization dynamics 1757:1787 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 1 101 theme organic 117:123 arg1 POM 133:135 POM 133:135 POM 133:135 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 1 101 theme organic 117:123 arg1 matter 125:130 Particulate organic matter 105:130 Particulate organic matter (POM) export 105:143 Particulate organic matter (POM) export represents the underlying principle of the biological carbon pump, driving the carbon flux from the sunlit to the dark ocean. 32582131 7 102 theme time 1437:1440 arg1 course 1442:1447 the time course 1433:1447 the time course of the incubations 1433:1466 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 5 103 dep intense 1002:1008 arg1 μg 1014:1015 10 μg 1011:1015 10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1 1011:1036 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 2 104 theme respiration 365:375 arg1 % 356:356 >70% 353:356 >70% of POM respiration 353:375 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 2 104 theme respiration 365:375 arg1 respiration 365:375 POM respiration 361:375 POM respiration 361:375 The efficiency of this process is tightly linked to the prokaryotic community, as >70% of POM respiration is carried out by particle-associated prokaryotes. 32582131 0 105 theme Epi- 66:69 arg1 Waters 97:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters 66:102 Prokaryotic Response to Phytodetritus-Derived Organic Material in Epi- and Mesopelagic Antarctic Waters. 32582131 5 106 theme L-1 1034:1036 arg1 μg 1014:1015 10 μg 1011:1015 10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1 1011:1036 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32582131 4 107 from POM 650:652 arg1 area 662:665 this area 657:665 this area 657:665 Recent evidence suggests that a significant fraction of the POM in this area is composed of intact phytoplankton cells. 32582131 8 108 from features 1667:1674 arg1 terms 1705:1709 terms 1705:1709 terms of microplankton taxa composition 1705:1743 Moreover, the features of the supplied detritus (in terms of microplankton taxa composition) determined different colonization dynamics and organic matter processing modes. 32582131 7 109 theme initial 1392:1398 arg1 community 1400:1408 the initial community 1388:1408 the initial community 1388:1408 Our results showed that several rare or undetected taxa in the initial community became dominant during the time course of the incubations and that different phytodetritus-derived organic matter sources induced specific changes in microbial communities, selecting for peculiar degradation and utilization processes spectra. 32582131 5 110 theme particle 928:935 arg1 export 937:942 the particle export 924:942 the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom 924:1057 During austral summer 2017, we set up bottle enrichment experiments in which we amended free-living surface and deep prokaryotic communities with organic matter pools generated from native microplankton, mimicking the particle export that may derive from mild (1 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) and intense (10 μg of Chlorophyll a L-1) phytoplankton bloom. 32326391 2 0 theme Caco-2 472:477 arg1 cells 479:483 intestinal Caco-2 cells 461:483 intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 461:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 5 1 theme sucrase-isomaltase 1093:1110 arg1 trafficking 1056:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 5 1 theme sucrase-isomaltase 1093:1110 arg1 sorting 1082:1088 polarized sorting 1072:1088 polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV) 1072:1150 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 6 2 theme observed 1240:1247 arg1 sorting 1258:1264 The observed impaired sorting 1236:1264 The observed impaired sorting 1236:1264 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 2 3 from phenotype 448:456 arg1 culture 488:494 culture 488:494 culture 488:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 0 4 theme Membrane 84:91 arg1 Composition 93:103 Membrane Composition 84:103 Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 84:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 7 5 theme disrupted 1572:1580 arg1 function 1590:1597 disrupted barrier function 1572:1597 disrupted barrier function 1572:1597 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 7 6 theme membrane 1469:1476 arg1 impairment 1455:1464 impairment 1455:1464 impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function 1455:1597 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 6 7 theme subsequent 1311:1320 arg1 distortion 1322:1331 subsequent distortion 1311:1331 subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts 1311:1350 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 1 8 theme inflammatory 168:179 arg1 IBD 196:198 IBD 196:198 IBD 196:198 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 8 theme inflammatory 168:179 arg1 disease 187:193 inflammatory bowel disease 168:193 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 168:199 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 9 theme intestinal 240:249 arg1 cells 262:266 intestinal epithelial cells 240:266 intestinal epithelial cells 240:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 0 10 theme Intestinal 108:117 arg1 Line 131:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 5 11 with association 1206:1216 arg1 rafts 1229:1233 lipid rafts 1223:1233 lipid rafts 1223:1233 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 7 12 theme ER 1396:1397 arg1 homeostasis 1399:1409 ER homeostasis 1396:1409 ER homeostasis 1396:1409 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 4 13 from increase 780:787 arg1 expression 796:805 the expression 792:805 the expression of the ER stress protein markers 792:838 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 1 14 theme epithelial 251:260 arg1 cells 262:266 intestinal epithelial cells 240:266 intestinal epithelial cells 240:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 7 15 theme Caco-2 1426:1431 arg1 cells 1433:1437 DSS-treated Caco-2 cells 1414:1437 DSS-treated Caco-2 cells 1414:1437 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 3 16 theme transepithelial 537:551 arg1 resistance 562:571 the transepithelial electric resistance 533:571 the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) 533:578 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 3 16 theme transepithelial 537:551 arg1 TEER 574:577 TEER 574:577 TEER 574:577 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 2 17 theme present 273:279 arg1 study 281:285 The present study 269:285 The present study 269:285 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 7 18 theme barrier 1582:1588 arg1 function 1590:1597 disrupted barrier function 1572:1597 disrupted barrier function 1572:1597 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 1 19 theme cells 262:266 arg1 function 228:235 the barrier function 216:235 the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells 216:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 0 20 theme Cell 126:129 arg1 Line 131:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 4 21 theme markers 832:838 arg1 expression 796:805 the expression 792:805 the expression of the ER stress protein markers 792:838 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 1 22 theme bowel 181:185 arg1 IBD 196:198 IBD 196:198 IBD 196:198 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 22 theme bowel 181:185 arg1 disease 187:193 inflammatory bowel disease 168:193 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 168:199 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 0 23 theme Caco-2 119:124 arg1 Line 131:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 5 24 theme polarized 1072:1080 arg1 sorting 1082:1088 polarized sorting 1072:1088 polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV) 1072:1150 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 4 25 theme protein 824:830 arg1 markers 832:838 the ER stress protein markers 810:838 the ER stress protein markers 810:838 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 7 26 theme DSS-treated 1414:1424 arg1 cells 1433:1437 DSS-treated Caco-2 cells 1414:1437 DSS-treated Caco-2 cells 1414:1437 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 1 27 theme disease 187:193 arg1 feature 157:163 A key morphological feature 137:163 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 137:199 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 27 theme disease 187:193 arg1 loss 208:211 the loss 204:211 the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells 204:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 2 28 theme intestinal 461:470 arg1 cells 479:483 intestinal Caco-2 cells 461:483 intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 461:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 6 29 theme rafts 1346:1350 arg1 distortion 1322:1331 subsequent distortion 1311:1331 subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts 1311:1350 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 6 29 theme rafts 1346:1350 arg1 levels 1300:1305 reduced cholesterol levels 1280:1305 reduced cholesterol levels 1280:1305 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 4 30 theme factors 754:760 arg1 levels 731:736 the expression levels 716:736 the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1) 716:992 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 0 31 theme Dextran 0:6 arg1 Sodium 8:13 Dextran Sodium 0:13 Dextran Sodium 0:13 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 5 32 theme intracellular 1042:1054 arg1 trafficking 1056:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 4 33 theme binding 971:977 arg1 XBP1 988:991 XBP1 988:991 XBP1 988:991 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 4 33 theme binding 971:977 arg1 protein 979:985 X-box binding protein 965:985 X-box binding protein (XBP1) 965:992 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 2 34 theme reticulum 312:320 arg1 stress 327:332 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 300:332 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 300:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 6 35 theme lipid 1340:1344 arg1 rafts 1346:1350 the lipid rafts 1336:1350 the lipid rafts 1336:1350 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 2 36 from cells 479:483 arg1 culture 488:494 culture 488:494 culture 488:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 2 37 from alterations 349:359 arg1 protein 364:370 protein 364:370 protein 364:370 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 2 37 from alterations 349:359 arg1 trafficking 385:395 membrane trafficking 376:395 membrane trafficking 376:395 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 2 37 from alterations 349:359 arg1 phenotype 448:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype 400:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 400:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 2 38 theme endoplasmic 300:310 arg1 ER 323:324 ER 323:324 ER 323:324 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 2 38 theme endoplasmic 300:310 arg1 reticulum 312:320 endoplasmic reticulum 300:320 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 300:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 6 39 theme cholesterol 1288:1298 arg1 levels 1300:1305 reduced cholesterol levels 1280:1305 reduced cholesterol levels 1280:1305 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 0 40 from Composition 93:103 arg1 Line 131:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 108:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 4 41 theme inflammatory 741:752 arg1 factors 754:760 inflammatory factors 741:760 inflammatory factors 741:760 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 3 42 theme DSS 497:499 arg1 treatment 501:509 DSS treatment 497:509 DSS treatment 497:509 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 0 43 theme Protein 45:51 arg1 Trafficking 53:63 Protein Trafficking 45:63 Protein Trafficking 45:63 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 6 44 theme reduced 1280:1286 arg1 levels 1300:1305 reduced cholesterol levels 1280:1305 reduced cholesterol levels 1280:1305 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 7 45 theme altered 1515:1521 arg1 integrity 1532:1540 altered membrane integrity 1515:1540 altered membrane integrity 1515:1540 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 4 46 from alteration 702:711 arg1 levels 731:736 the expression levels 716:736 the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1) 716:992 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 7 47 theme homeostasis 1399:1409 arg1 perturbation 1380:1391 perturbation 1380:1391 perturbation of ER homeostasis 1380:1409 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 4 48 theme X-box 965:969 arg1 XBP1 988:991 XBP1 988:991 XBP1 988:991 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 4 48 theme X-box 965:969 arg1 protein 979:985 X-box binding protein 965:985 X-box binding protein (XBP1) 965:992 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 7 49 theme cellular 1543:1550 arg1 polarity 1552:1559 cellular polarity 1543:1559 cellular polarity 1543:1559 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 3 50 theme cells 632:636 arg1 permeability 609:620 the epithelial permeability 594:620 the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells 594:636 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 5 51 theme apical 1186:1191 arg1 membrane 1193:1200 the apical membrane 1182:1200 the apical membrane 1182:1200 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 4 52 theme transcription 930:942 arg1 factor 944:949 activation transcription factor 4 919:951 activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4) 919:958 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 4 52 theme transcription 930:942 arg1 ATF4 954:957 ATF4 954:957 ATF4 954:957 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 2 53 theme IBD-like 439:446 arg1 phenotype 448:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype 400:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 400:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 4 54 theme activation 919:928 arg1 factor 944:949 activation transcription factor 4 919:951 activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4) 919:958 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 4 54 theme activation 919:928 arg1 ATF4 954:957 ATF4 954:957 ATF4 954:957 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 0 55 from Alterations 69:79 arg1 Composition 93:103 Membrane Composition 84:103 Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 84:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 4 56 theme stress 817:822 arg1 markers 832:838 the ER stress protein markers 810:838 the ER stress protein markers 810:838 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 7 57 theme membrane 1523:1530 arg1 integrity 1532:1540 altered membrane integrity 1515:1540 altered membrane integrity 1515:1540 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 0 58 theme Trafficking 53:63 arg1 Alterations 69:79 Alterations 69:79 Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 69:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 0 58 theme Trafficking 53:63 arg1 Impairment 31:40 Impairment 31:40 Impairment of Protein Trafficking 31:63 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 5 59 theme dipeptidyl 1121:1130 arg1 DPPIV 1145:1149 DPPIV 1145:1149 DPPIV 1145:1149 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 5 59 theme dipeptidyl 1121:1130 arg1 peptidase-4 1132:1142 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 1121:1142 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV) 1121:1150 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 2 60 theme -induced 430:437 arg1 phenotype 448:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype 400:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 400:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 4 61 theme ER 814:815 arg1 markers 832:838 the ER stress protein markers 810:838 the ER stress protein markers 810:838 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 5 62 theme impaired 1033:1040 arg1 trafficking 1056:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 5 63 theme peptidase-4 1132:1142 arg1 trafficking 1056:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 intracellular trafficking 1042:1066 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 5 63 theme peptidase-4 1132:1142 arg1 sorting 1082:1088 polarized sorting 1072:1088 polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV) 1072:1150 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 4 64 theme homologous 892:901 arg1 CHOP 912:915 CHOP 912:915 CHOP 912:915 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 4 64 theme homologous 892:901 arg1 protein 903:909 C/EBP homologous protein 886:909 C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) 886:916 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 2 65 from culture 488:494 arg1 phenotype 448:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype 400:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 400:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 4 66 theme expression 720:729 arg1 levels 731:736 the expression levels 716:736 the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1) 716:992 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 3 67 theme electric 553:560 arg1 resistance 562:571 the transepithelial electric resistance 533:571 the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) 533:578 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 3 67 theme electric 553:560 arg1 TEER 574:577 TEER 574:577 TEER 574:577 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 4 68 theme C/EBP 886:890 arg1 CHOP 912:915 CHOP 912:915 CHOP 912:915 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 4 68 theme C/EBP 886:890 arg1 protein 903:909 C/EBP homologous protein 886:909 C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) 886:916 This was associated with an alteration in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in addition to an increase in the expression of the ER stress protein markers, namely immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and X-box binding protein (XBP1). 32326391 5 69 theme DSS-induced 999:1009 arg1 ER-stress 1011:1019 The DSS-induced ER-stress 995:1019 The DSS-induced ER-stress 995:1019 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 3 70 theme Caco-2 625:630 arg1 cells 632:636 Caco-2 cells 625:636 Caco-2 cells 625:636 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 1 71 theme key 139:141 arg1 feature 157:163 A key morphological feature 137:163 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 137:199 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 71 theme key 139:141 arg1 loss 208:211 the loss 204:211 the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells 204:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 6 72 theme impaired 1249:1256 arg1 sorting 1258:1264 The observed impaired sorting 1236:1264 The observed impaired sorting 1236:1264 The observed impaired sorting was caused by reduced cholesterol levels and subsequent distortion of the lipid rafts. 32326391 5 73 theme lipid 1223:1227 arg1 rafts 1229:1233 lipid rafts 1223:1233 lipid rafts 1223:1233 The DSS-induced ER-stress resulted in impaired intracellular trafficking and polarized sorting of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), which are normally sorted to the apical membrane via association with lipid rafts. 32326391 3 74 theme epithelial 598:607 arg1 permeability 609:620 the epithelial permeability 594:620 the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells 594:636 DSS treatment significantly reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased the epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cells, without affecting their viability. 32326391 1 75 theme morphological 143:155 arg1 feature 157:163 A key morphological feature 137:163 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 137:199 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 75 theme morphological 143:155 arg1 loss 208:211 the loss 204:211 the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells 204:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 2 76 theme membrane 376:383 arg1 trafficking 385:395 membrane trafficking 376:395 membrane trafficking 376:395 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 1 77 theme barrier 220:226 arg1 function 228:235 the barrier function 216:235 the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells 216:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 2 78 theme cells 479:483 arg1 phenotype 448:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype 400:456 a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture 400:494 The present study investigates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in addition to alterations in protein and membrane trafficking in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD-like phenotype of intestinal Caco-2 cells in culture. 32326391 0 79 from Impairment 31:40 arg1 Composition 93:103 Membrane Composition 84:103 Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line 84:134 Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Impairment of Protein Trafficking and Alterations in Membrane Composition in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line. 32326391 7 80 theme protein 1482:1488 arg1 trafficking 1490:1500 protein trafficking 1482:1500 protein trafficking 1482:1500 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 7 81 theme trafficking 1490:1500 arg1 impairment 1455:1464 impairment 1455:1464 impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function 1455:1597 The data presented confirm perturbation of ER homeostasis in DSS-treated Caco-2 cells, accompanied by impairment of membrane and protein trafficking resulting in altered membrane integrity, cellular polarity, and hence disrupted barrier function. 32326391 1 82 theme function 228:235 arg1 feature 157:163 A key morphological feature 137:163 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 137:199 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 32326391 1 82 theme function 228:235 arg1 loss 208:211 the loss 204:211 the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells 204:266 A key morphological feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the loss of the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. 34030043 5 0 theme immune 757:762 arg1 blockade 775:782 PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 747:782 PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 747:782 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 4 1 dep less 558:561 arg1 extent 563:568 extent 563:568 extent 563:568 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 4 2 theme potent 584:589 arg1 roles 591:595 potent roles 584:595 potent roles 584:595 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 5 3 theme checkpoint 764:773 arg1 blockade 775:782 PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 747:782 PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 747:782 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 1 4 theme promising 158:166 arg1 target 168:173 a promising target 156:173 a promising target for cancer immunotherapy 156:198 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 4 theme promising 158:166 arg1 trials 263:268 clinical trials 254:268 clinical trials 254:268 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 4 theme promising 158:166 arg1 axis 129:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 4 5 theme TIGIT 544:548 arg1 N101 536:539 N101 536:539 N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32 536:576 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 1 6 theme underlying 275:284 arg1 mechanisms 297:306 the underlying regulatory mechanisms 271:306 the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction 271:331 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 4 7 from N101 536:539 arg1 N32 574:576 N32 574:576 N32 574:576 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 0 8 link N-linked 4:11 arg1 glycosylations 13:26 The N-linked glycosylations 0:26 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 0:52 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 1 9 theme regulatory 286:295 arg1 mechanisms 297:306 the underlying regulatory mechanisms 271:306 the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction 271:331 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 5 10 theme potential 725:733 arg1 sites 677:681 the N-glycosylation sites 657:681 the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT 657:690 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 5 10 theme potential 725:733 arg1 targets 735:741 potential targets 725:741 potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 725:782 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 2 11 theme TIGIT 372:376 arg1 N-glycosylations 378:393 TIGIT N-glycosylations 372:393 TIGIT N-glycosylations 372:393 Here we show that TIGIT N-glycosylations are critical for maintaining the interaction between TIGIT and PVR. 34030043 5 12 gly N-glycosylation 661:675 arg2 sites 677:681 the N-glycosylation sites 657:681 the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT 657:690 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 5 12 gly N-glycosylation 661:675 arg2 N101 712:715 residue N101 704:715 especially residue N101 693:715 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 5 12 gly N-glycosylation 661:675 arg2 targets 735:741 potential targets 725:741 potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 725:782 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 4 13 from N-glycosylation 517:531 arg1 N101 536:539 N101 536:539 N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32 536:576 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 3 14 theme N-glycosylation 477:491 arg1 N101 511:514 N101 511:514 N101 511:514 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 3 14 theme N-glycosylation 477:491 arg1 N32 503:505 N32 503:505 N32 503:505 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 3 14 theme N-glycosylation 477:491 arg1 residues 493:500 two N-glycosylation residues 473:500 two N-glycosylation residues 473:500 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 0 15 theme N-linked 4:11 arg1 glycosylations 13:26 The N-linked glycosylations 0:26 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 0:52 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 1 16 theme cancer 179:184 arg1 immunotherapy 186:198 cancer immunotherapy 179:198 cancer immunotherapy 179:198 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 5 17 theme N-glycosylation 661:675 arg1 sites 677:681 the N-glycosylation sites 657:681 the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT 657:690 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 5 17 theme N-glycosylation 661:675 arg1 targets 735:741 potential targets 725:741 potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 725:782 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 5 17 theme N-glycosylation 661:675 arg1 N101 712:715 residue N101 704:715 especially residue N101 693:715 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 1 18 theme PVR/TIGIT 101:109 arg1 target 168:173 a promising target 156:173 a promising target for cancer immunotherapy 156:198 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 18 theme PVR/TIGIT 101:109 arg1 trials 263:268 clinical trials 254:268 clinical trials 254:268 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 18 theme PVR/TIGIT 101:109 arg1 axis 129:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 19 theme PVR/TIGIT 311:319 arg1 interaction 321:331 PVR/TIGIT interaction 311:331 PVR/TIGIT interaction 311:331 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 5 20 theme residue 704:710 arg1 sites 677:681 the N-glycosylation sites 657:681 the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT 657:690 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 5 20 theme residue 704:710 arg1 N101 712:715 residue N101 704:715 especially residue N101 693:715 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 1 21 theme immune 111:116 arg1 target 168:173 a promising target 156:173 a promising target for cancer immunotherapy 156:198 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 21 theme immune 111:116 arg1 trials 263:268 clinical trials 254:268 clinical trials 254:268 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 21 theme immune 111:116 arg1 axis 129:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 4 22 gly N-glycosylation 517:531 arg1 N101 536:539 N101 536:539 N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32 536:576 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 1 23 theme multiple 204:211 arg1 therapies 229:237 multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies 204:237 multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies 204:237 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 0 24 theme Asn32 37:41 arg1 glycosylations 13:26 The N-linked glycosylations 0:26 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 0:52 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 1 25 theme interaction 321:331 arg1 mechanisms 297:306 the underlying regulatory mechanisms 271:306 the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction 271:331 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 26 theme TIGIT-targeting 213:227 arg1 therapies 229:237 multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies 204:237 multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies 204:237 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 0 27 theme TIGIT 31:35 arg1 Asn32 37:41 TIGIT Asn32 31:41 TIGIT Asn32 31:41 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 5 28 from sites 677:681 arg1 TIGIT 686:690 TIGIT 686:690 TIGIT 686:690 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 34030043 0 29 theme Asn101 47:52 arg1 glycosylations 13:26 The N-linked glycosylations 0:26 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 0:52 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 0 30 gly glycosylations 13:26 arg1 Asn32 37:41 TIGIT Asn32 31:41 TIGIT Asn32 31:41 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 0 30 gly glycosylations 13:26 arg1 Asn101 47:52 Asn101 47:52 Asn101 47:52 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 1 31 theme checkpoint 118:127 arg1 target 168:173 a promising target 156:173 a promising target for cancer immunotherapy 156:198 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 31 theme checkpoint 118:127 arg1 trials 263:268 clinical trials 254:268 clinical trials 254:268 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 31 theme checkpoint 118:127 arg1 axis 129:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 3 32 contain has 469:471 arg2 N101 511:514 N101 511:514 N101 511:514 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 3 32 contain has 469:471 arg1 TIGIT 463:467 TIGIT 463:467 TIGIT 463:467 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 3 32 contain has 469:471 arg2 N32 503:505 N32 503:505 N32 503:505 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 3 32 contain has 469:471 arg2 residues 493:500 two N-glycosylation residues 473:500 two N-glycosylation residues 473:500 TIGIT has two N-glycosylation residues, N32 and N101. 34030043 4 33 theme PVR 600:602 arg1 binding 604:610 PVR binding 600:610 PVR binding 600:610 N-glycosylation on N101 of TIGIT and, to less extent, on N32, play potent roles in PVR binding. 34030043 0 34 theme PVR/TIGIT 65:73 arg1 interaction 75:85 PVR/TIGIT interaction 65:85 PVR/TIGIT interaction 65:85 The N-linked glycosylations of TIGIT Asn32 and Asn101 facilitate PVR/TIGIT interaction. 34030043 1 35 theme clinical 254:261 arg1 target 168:173 a promising target 156:173 a promising target for cancer immunotherapy 156:198 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 35 theme clinical 254:261 arg1 trials 263:268 clinical trials 254:268 clinical trials 254:268 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 1 35 theme clinical 254:261 arg1 axis 129:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis 97:132 Although the PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint axis has been suggested as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and multiple TIGIT-targeting therapies are undergoing clinical trials, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of PVR/TIGIT interaction remain inconclusive. 34030043 5 36 theme PVR/TIGIT 747:755 arg1 blockade 775:782 PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 747:782 PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade 747:782 Taken together, these findings suggest that the N-glycosylation sites on TIGIT, especially residue N101, may be potential targets for PVR/TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade. 33552834 4 0 theme α2 874:875 arg1 helices 877:883 the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices 852:883 helices 877:883 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 5 1 theme ACE2 1209:1212 arg1 receptor 1214:1221 the ACE2 receptor 1205:1221 the ACE2 receptor 1205:1221 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 3 2 from species 656:662 arg1 receptors 621:629 16 ACE2 receptors 613:629 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 613:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 3 2 from species 656:662 arg1 analysis 601:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis 563:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 563:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 3 2 from species 656:662 arg1 sequence 550:557 sequence 550:557 sequence 550:557 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 3 3 theme animals 503:509 arg1 susceptibility 485:498 the susceptibility 481:498 the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission 481:540 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 6 4 theme interactions 1253:1264 arg1 absence 1274:1280 the absence 1270:1280 the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites 1270:1312 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 4 theme interactions 1253:1264 arg1 loss 1237:1240 the loss 1233:1240 the loss of crucial interactions 1233:1264 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 3 5 theme molecular 579:587 arg1 analysis 601:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis 563:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 563:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 7 6 theme susceptible 1747:1757 arg1 familiaris 1578:1587 Canis lupus familiaris 1566:1587 Canis lupus familiaris 1566:1587 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 6 theme susceptible 1747:1757 arg1 dromedarius 1623:1633 Camelus dromedarius 1615:1633 Camelus dromedarius 1615:1633 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 6 theme susceptible 1747:1757 arg1 asinus 1541:1546 E. asinus 1538:1546 E. asinus 1538:1546 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 6 theme susceptible 1747:1757 arg1 species 1759:1765 least susceptible species 1741:1765 least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection 1741:1790 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 6 theme susceptible 1747:1757 arg1 bubalis 1557:1563 Bubalus bubalis 1549:1563 Bubalus bubalis 1549:1563 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 6 theme susceptible 1747:1757 arg1 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 1 7 theme novel 191:195 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 212:221 SARS-CoV-2 212:221 SARS-CoV-2 212:221 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 1 7 theme novel 191:195 arg1 Coronavirus-2 197:209 a novel Coronavirus-2 189:209 a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 189:339 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 8 theme crucial 925:931 arg1 network 933:939 crucial network 925:939 crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 925:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 8 9 dep INFORMATION 1807:1817 arg1 version 1830:1836 The online version 1819:1836 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version 1793:1836 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 5 10 theme N-glycosylation 1094:1108 arg1 Asn103 1115:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 1 11 gly glycosylated 267:278 arg1 protein 299:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 6 12 dep Equus 1342:1346 arg1 caballus 1348:1355 Equus caballus 1342:1355 Equus caballus 1342:1355 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 4 13 theme ACE2 892:895 arg1 receptor 897:904 the ACE2 receptor 888:904 the ACE2 receptor 888:904 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 5 14 theme glycosylation 1183:1195 arg1 site 1197:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 15 theme striking 1055:1062 arg1 observation 1064:1074 Another striking observation 1047:1074 Another striking observation 1047:1074 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 15 theme striking 1055:1062 arg1 absence 1083:1089 the absence 1079:1089 the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor 1079:1221 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 6 16 theme glycosylation 1294:1306 arg1 sites 1308:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 3 17 theme different 636:644 arg1 species 656:662 different mammalian species 636:662 different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 636:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 4 18 theme interactions 976:987 arg1 network 933:939 crucial network 925:939 crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 925:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 1 19 theme glycosylated 314:325 arg1 receptor 332:339 the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 310:339 the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 310:339 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 3 20 theme receptors 621:629 arg1 analysis 601:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis 563:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 563:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 3 20 theme receptors 621:629 arg1 sequence 550:557 sequence 550:557 sequence 550:557 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 8 21 theme SUPPLEMENTARY 1793:1805 arg1 INFORMATION 1807:1817 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1793:1817 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version 1793:1836 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 4 22 dep residues 803:810 arg1 Leu79 833:837 Leu79 833:837 Leu79 833:837 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 22 dep residues 803:810 arg1 residues 803:810 amino acid residues 792:810 amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 792:847 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 22 dep residues 803:810 arg1 His34 819:823 His34 819:823 His34 819:823 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 22 dep residues 803:810 arg1 Met82 843:847 Met82 843:847 Met82 843:847 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 susceptible 1658:1668 susceptible 1658:1668 susceptible 1658:1668 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 familiaris 1578:1587 Canis lupus familiaris 1566:1587 Canis lupus familiaris 1566:1587 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 dromedarius 1623:1633 Camelus dromedarius 1615:1633 Camelus dromedarius 1615:1633 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 asinus 1541:1546 E. asinus 1538:1546 E. asinus 1538:1546 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 species 1759:1765 least susceptible species 1741:1765 least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection 1741:1790 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 bubalis 1557:1563 Bubalus bubalis 1549:1563 Bubalus bubalis 1549:1563 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 23 theme Canis 1566:1570 arg1 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 4 24 theme receptor 994:1001 arg1 protein 1038:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 24 theme receptor 994:1001 arg1 domain 1011:1016 receptor binding domain 994:1016 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 994:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 2 25 gly glycosylated 403:414 arg1 domain 432:437 the glycosylated metalloprotease domain 399:437 the glycosylated metalloprotease domain 399:437 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 26 theme comprehensive 717:729 arg1 analysis 741:748 Our comprehensive structure analysis 713:748 Our comprehensive structure analysis 713:748 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 1 27 theme pandemic 157:164 arg1 COVID-19 166:173 The pandemic COVID-19 153:173 The pandemic COVID-19 153:173 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 28 theme acid 798:801 arg1 Leu79 833:837 Leu79 833:837 Leu79 833:837 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 28 theme acid 798:801 arg1 residues 803:810 amino acid residues 792:810 amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 792:847 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 28 theme acid 798:801 arg1 His34 819:823 His34 819:823 His34 819:823 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 28 theme acid 798:801 arg1 Met82 843:847 Met82 843:847 Met82 843:847 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 0 29 theme different 82:90 arg1 species 102:108 different mammalian species 82:108 different mammalian species 82:108 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 5 30 theme Asn103 1115:1120 arg1 observation 1064:1074 Another striking observation 1047:1074 Another striking observation 1047:1074 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 30 theme Asn103 1115:1120 arg1 absence 1083:1089 the absence 1079:1089 the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor 1079:1221 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 6 31 dep Panthera 1358:1365 arg1 altaica 1374:1380 Panthera tigris altaica 1358:1380 Panthera tigris altaica 1358:1380 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 0 32 theme species 102:108 arg1 receptor 70:77 the ACE2 receptor 61:77 the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species 61:108 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 0 32 theme species 102:108 arg1 susceptibility 118:131 its susceptibility 114:131 its susceptibility to viral infection 114:150 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 8 33 theme supplementary 1847:1859 arg1 material 1861:1868 supplementary material 1847:1868 supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2 1847:1908 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 2 34 theme human 446:450 arg1 receptor 457:464 the human ACE2 receptor 442:464 the human ACE2 receptor 442:464 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 35 theme natural 768:774 arg1 substitution 776:787 the natural substitution 764:787 the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor 764:904 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 0 36 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 analysis 11:18 Structural analysis 0:18 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 0:151 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 5 37 theme N-linked 1174:1181 arg1 site 1197:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 8 38 theme available 1870:1878 arg1 material 1861:1868 supplementary material 1847:1868 supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2 1847:1908 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 3 39 from analysis 601:608 arg1 species 656:662 different mammalian species 636:662 different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 636:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 2 40 theme metalloprotease 416:430 arg1 domain 432:437 the glycosylated metalloprotease domain 399:437 the glycosylated metalloprotease domain 399:437 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 1 41 theme SARS-CoV-2 280:289 arg1 protein 299:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 3 42 theme SARS-CoV-2 669:678 arg1 spike 680:684 SARS-CoV-2 spike 669:684 SARS-CoV-2 spike 669:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 0 43 theme spike 32:36 arg1 protein 38:44 COVID-19 spike protein 23:44 COVID-19 spike protein 23:44 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 6 44 dep aries 1451:1455 arg1 Bos 1434:1436 Bos 1434:1436 Bos 1434:1436 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 4 45 theme SARS-CoV-2 1021:1030 arg1 protein 1038:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 5 46 dep mammals 1129:1135 arg1 all 1125:1127 all 1125:1127 all 1125:1127 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 46 dep mammals 1129:1135 arg1 lack 1155:1158 lack 1155:1158 lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor 1155:1221 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 47 with interactions 976:987 arg1 protein 1038:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 47 with interactions 976:987 arg1 domain 1011:1016 receptor binding domain 994:1016 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 994:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 3 48 theme binding 697:703 arg1 domain 705:710 2 receptor binding domain 686:710 2 receptor binding domain 686:710 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 8 49 contain contains 1838:1845 arg1 INFORMATION 1807:1817 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1793:1817 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version 1793:1836 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 8 49 contain contains 1838:1845 arg2 material 1861:1868 supplementary material 1847:1868 supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2 1847:1908 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 5 50 link N-linked 1174:1181 arg1 site 1197:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 6 51 theme N-linked 1285:1292 arg1 sites 1308:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 2 52 theme spike 346:350 arg1 protein 354:360 The spike 2 protein 342:360 The spike 2 protein 342:360 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 53 theme many 1141:1144 arg1 species 1146:1152 many species 1141:1152 many species 1141:1152 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 7 54 theme SARS-CoV-2 1771:1780 arg1 infection 1782:1790 SARS-CoV-2 infection 1771:1790 SARS-CoV-2 infection 1771:1790 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 1 55 gly glycosylated 314:325 arg1 receptor 332:339 the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 310:339 the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 310:339 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 6 56 link N-linked 1285:1292 arg1 sites 1308:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 57 theme crucial 1245:1251 arg1 interactions 1253:1264 crucial interactions 1245:1264 crucial interactions 1245:1264 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 3 58 theme structure-based 563:577 arg1 analysis 601:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis 563:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 563:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 6 59 gly glycosylation 1294:1306 arg2 sites 1308:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 N-linked glycosylation sites 1285:1312 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 4 60 theme N-terminal 856:865 arg1 α1 867:868 the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices 852:883 α1 867:868 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 3 61 with species 656:662 arg1 spike 680:684 SARS-CoV-2 spike 669:684 SARS-CoV-2 spike 669:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 2 62 from helices 388:394 arg1 receptor 457:464 the human ACE2 receptor 442:464 the human ACE2 receptor 442:464 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 0 63 theme viral 136:140 arg1 infection 142:150 viral infection 136:150 viral infection 136:150 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 6 64 dep Felis 1329:1333 arg1 catus 1335:1339 Felis catus 1329:1339 Felis catus 1329:1339 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 7 65 with susceptible 1658:1668 arg1 Sus 1709:1711 Sus 1709:1711 Sus 1709:1711 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 65 with susceptible 1658:1668 arg1 Africana 1685:1692 Loxodonta Africana 1675:1692 Loxodonta Africana 1675:1692 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 65 with susceptible 1658:1668 arg1 musculus 1699:1706 Mus musculus 1695:1706 Mus musculus 1695:1706 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 65 with susceptible 1658:1668 arg1 rattus 1731:1736 Rattus rattus 1724:1736 Rattus rattus 1724:1736 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 5 66 gly glycosylation 1183:1195 arg2 site 1197:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 more than one N-linked glycosylation site 1160:1200 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 66 gly glycosylation 1183:1195 arg2 one 1170:1172 one 1170:1172 one 1170:1172 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 67 theme site 1110:1113 arg1 Asn103 1115:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 3 68 theme interaction 589:599 arg1 analysis 601:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis 563:608 structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 563:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 4 69 theme structure 731:739 arg1 analysis 741:748 Our comprehensive structure analysis 713:748 Our comprehensive structure analysis 713:748 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 3 70 from sequence 550:557 arg1 species 656:662 different mammalian species 636:662 different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 636:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 6 71 theme sites 1308:1312 arg1 absence 1274:1280 the absence 1270:1280 the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites 1270:1312 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 71 theme sites 1308:1312 arg1 loss 1237:1240 the loss 1233:1240 the loss of crucial interactions 1233:1264 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 susceptible 1658:1668 susceptible 1658:1668 susceptible 1658:1668 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 familiaris 1578:1587 Canis lupus familiaris 1566:1587 Canis lupus familiaris 1566:1587 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 dromedarius 1623:1633 Camelus dromedarius 1615:1633 Camelus dromedarius 1615:1633 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 asinus 1541:1546 E. asinus 1538:1546 E. asinus 1538:1546 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 species 1759:1765 least susceptible species 1741:1765 least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection 1741:1790 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 bubalis 1557:1563 Bubalus bubalis 1549:1563 Bubalus bubalis 1549:1563 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 7 72 theme lupus 1572:1576 arg1 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Ailuropoda 1590:1599 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 4 73 theme receptor 897:904 arg1 α1 867:868 the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices 852:883 α1 867:868 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 73 theme receptor 897:904 arg1 helices 877:883 the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices 852:883 helices 877:883 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 0 74 theme ACE2 65:68 arg1 receptor 70:77 the ACE2 receptor 61:77 the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species 61:108 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 3 75 theme ACE2 616:619 arg1 receptors 621:629 16 ACE2 receptors 613:629 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 613:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 3 76 dep sequence 550:557 arg1 domain 705:710 2 receptor binding domain 686:710 2 receptor binding domain 686:710 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 4 77 theme hydrophobic 964:974 arg1 interactions 976:987 hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions 944:987 interactions 976:987 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 1 78 theme ACE2 327:330 arg1 receptor 332:339 the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 310:339 the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 310:339 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 0 79 theme mammalian 92:100 arg1 species 102:108 different mammalian species 82:108 different mammalian species 82:108 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 4 80 theme network 933:939 arg1 loss 917:920 loss 917:920 loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 917:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 81 theme amino 792:796 arg1 Leu79 833:837 Leu79 833:837 Leu79 833:837 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 81 theme amino 792:796 arg1 residues 803:810 amino acid residues 792:810 amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 792:847 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 81 theme amino 792:796 arg1 His34 819:823 His34 819:823 His34 819:823 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 81 theme amino 792:796 arg1 Met82 843:847 Met82 843:847 Met82 843:847 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 5 82 from absence 1083:1089 arg1 mammals 1129:1135 mammals 1129:1135 mammals 1129:1135 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 82 from absence 1083:1089 arg1 species 1146:1152 many species 1141:1152 many species 1141:1152 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 7 83 dep Ailuropoda 1590:1599 arg1 melaleuca 1601:1609 Ailuropoda melaleuca 1590:1609 Ailuropoda melaleuca 1590:1609 Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 33552834 8 84 theme online 1823:1828 arg1 version 1830:1836 The online version 1819:1836 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version 1793:1836 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 4 85 theme hydrogen-bonded 944:958 arg1 interactions 976:987 hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions 944:987 interactions 976:987 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 86 theme residues 803:810 arg1 substitution 776:787 the natural substitution 764:787 the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor 764:904 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 2 87 theme N-terminal 377:386 arg1 helices 388:394 the N-terminal helices 373:394 the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor 373:464 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 88 from substitution 776:787 arg1 α1 867:868 the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices 852:883 α1 867:868 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 88 from substitution 776:787 arg1 helices 877:883 the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices 852:883 helices 877:883 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 89 theme spike 1032:1036 arg1 protein 1038:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 0 90 theme COVID-19 23:30 arg1 protein 38:44 COVID-19 spike protein 23:44 COVID-19 spike protein 23:44 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 1 91 theme glycosylated 267:278 arg1 protein 299:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 2 92 theme domain 432:437 arg1 helices 388:394 the N-terminal helices 373:394 the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor 373:464 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 8 93 from 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2 1883:1908 arg1 available 1870:1878 available 1870:1878 available 1870:1878 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2. 33552834 2 94 theme glycosylated 403:414 arg1 domain 432:437 the glycosylated metalloprotease domain 399:437 the glycosylated metalloprotease domain 399:437 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 0 95 theme protein 38:44 arg1 analysis 11:18 Structural analysis 0:18 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 0:151 Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection. 33552834 1 96 theme spike 291:295 arg1 protein 299:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein 267:305 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 97 theme binding 1003:1009 arg1 protein 1038:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 97 theme binding 1003:1009 arg1 domain 1011:1016 receptor binding domain 994:1016 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 994:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 3 98 theme mammalian 646:654 arg1 species 656:662 different mammalian species 636:662 different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 636:684 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 1 99 theme protein 299:305 arg1 binding 256:262 the binding 252:262 the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor 252:339 The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. 33552834 2 100 theme ACE2 452:455 arg1 receptor 457:464 the human ACE2 receptor 442:464 the human ACE2 receptor 442:464 The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. 33552834 3 101 theme receptor 688:695 arg1 domain 705:710 2 receptor binding domain 686:710 2 receptor binding domain 686:710 To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. 33552834 6 102 theme susceptible 1488:1498 arg1 aries 1451:1455 aries 1451:1455 aries 1451:1455 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 102 theme susceptible 1488:1498 arg1 Equus 1342:1346 Equus 1342:1346 Equus 1342:1346 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 102 theme susceptible 1488:1498 arg1 species 1500:1506 moderately susceptible species 1477:1506 moderately susceptible species for infection 1477:1520 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 102 theme susceptible 1488:1498 arg1 hircus 1467:1472 Capra hircus 1461:1472 Capra hircus 1461:1472 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 102 theme susceptible 1488:1498 arg1 Panthera 1358:1365 Panthera 1358:1365 Panthera 1358:1365 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 102 theme susceptible 1488:1498 arg1 Felis 1329:1333 Felis 1329:1333 Felis 1329:1333 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 5 103 gly N-glycosylation 1094:1108 arg2 site 1110:1113 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 5 103 gly N-glycosylation 1094:1108 arg2 Asn103 1115:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 N-glycosylation site Asn103 1094:1120 Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. 33552834 4 104 theme protein 1038:1044 arg1 protein 1038:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1021:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 4 104 theme protein 1038:1044 arg1 domain 1011:1016 receptor binding domain 994:1016 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 994:1044 Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 33552834 6 105 theme Capra 1461:1465 arg1 aries 1451:1455 aries 1451:1455 aries 1451:1455 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 105 theme Capra 1461:1465 arg1 Equus 1342:1346 Equus 1342:1346 Equus 1342:1346 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 105 theme Capra 1461:1465 arg1 species 1500:1506 moderately susceptible species 1477:1506 moderately susceptible species for infection 1477:1520 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 105 theme Capra 1461:1465 arg1 hircus 1467:1472 Capra hircus 1461:1472 Capra hircus 1461:1472 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 105 theme Capra 1461:1465 arg1 Panthera 1358:1365 Panthera 1358:1365 Panthera 1358:1365 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 33552834 6 105 theme Capra 1461:1465 arg1 Felis 1329:1333 Felis 1329:1333 Felis 1329:1333 Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. 35069551 4 0 theme EOGT 599:602 arg1 expression 604:613 EOGT expression 599:613 EOGT expression 599:613 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 11 1 with samples 1831:1837 arg1 cells 1861:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 4 2 from nomogram 690:697 arg1 samples 706:712 HCC samples 702:712 HCC samples 702:712 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 2 3 with relationship 411:422 arg1 infiltration 436:447 immune infiltration 429:447 immune infiltration 429:447 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 4 from EOGT 355:358 arg1 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 4 from EOGT 355:358 arg1 carcinoma 387:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma 363:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 363:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 10 5 theme EOGT 1572:1575 arg1 expression 1577:1586 elevated EOGT expression 1563:1586 elevated EOGT expression 1563:1586 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 7 6 theme EOGT 1085:1088 arg1 expression 1090:1099 elevated EOGT expression 1076:1099 elevated EOGT expression 1076:1099 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 1 7 theme autoimmune 295:304 arg1 hepatitis 306:314 autoimmune hepatitis 295:314 autoimmune hepatitis 295:314 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 4 8 theme Cox 670:672 arg1 regression 674:683 Cox regression 670:683 Cox regression 670:683 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 2 9 from carcinoma 387:395 arg1 relationship 411:422 its relationship 407:422 its relationship with immune infiltration 407:447 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 9 from carcinoma 387:395 arg1 value 346:350 the prognostic value 331:350 the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 331:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 11 10 theme expression 1766:1775 arg1 level 1752:1756 a high level 1745:1756 a high level of EOGT expression 1745:1775 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 4 11 from CPTAC 663:667 arg1 samples 706:712 HCC samples 702:712 HCC samples 702:712 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 1 12 theme domain-specific 185:199 arg1 EGF 181:183 EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 181:247 EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 181:247 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 4 13 from plotter 654:660 arg1 samples 706:712 HCC samples 702:712 HCC samples 702:712 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 1 14 theme N-acetylglucosamine 210:228 arg1 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 1 14 theme N-acetylglucosamine 210:228 arg1 transferase 230:240 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 201:240 EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 181:247 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 11 15 theme T 1859:1859 arg1 cells 1861:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 5 16 theme possible 871:878 arg1 mechanism 880:888 its possible mechanism 867:888 its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape 867:967 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 10 17 theme T 1612:1612 arg1 cells 1614:1618 exhausted T cells 1602:1618 exhausted T cells 1602:1618 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 11 18 theme HCC 1728:1730 arg1 samples 1732:1738 HCC samples 1728:1738 HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression 1728:1775 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 6 19 theme EOGT 996:999 arg1 higher 1026:1031 higher 1026:1031 higher 1026:1031 Results The expression of EOGT in HCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 35069551 6 19 theme EOGT 996:999 arg1 expression 982:991 The expression 978:991 The expression of EOGT in HCC 978:1006 Results The expression of EOGT in HCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 35069551 1 20 dep Background 105:114 arg1 revealed 149:156 revealed 149:156 revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis 149:314 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 5 21 theme EOGT 768:771 arg1 expression 773:782 EOGT expression 768:782 EOGT expression 768:782 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 10 22 attach linked 1592:1597 arg2 expression 1577:1586 elevated EOGT expression 1563:1586 elevated EOGT expression 1563:1586 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 10 22 attach linked 1592:1597 arg1 cells 1614:1618 exhausted T cells 1602:1618 exhausted T cells 1602:1618 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 10 22 attach linked 1592:1597 arg1 cells 1642:1646 immune suppressor cells 1624:1646 immune suppressor cells 1624:1646 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 4 23 theme HCC 702:704 arg1 samples 706:712 HCC samples 702:712 HCC samples 702:712 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 11 24 theme high 1747:1750 arg1 level 1752:1756 a high level 1745:1756 a high level of EOGT expression 1745:1775 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 12 25 theme Conclusions 1868:1878 arg1 EOGT 1880:1883 Conclusions EOGT 1868:1883 Conclusions EOGT 1868:1883 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 6 26 dep Results 970:976 arg1 higher 1026:1031 higher 1026:1031 higher 1026:1031 Results The expression of EOGT in HCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 35069551 6 26 dep Results 970:976 arg1 expression 982:991 The expression 978:991 The expression of EOGT in HCC 978:1006 Results The expression of EOGT in HCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 35069551 1 27 link O-linked 201:208 arg1 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 1 27 link O-linked 201:208 arg1 transferase 230:240 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 201:240 EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 181:247 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 8 28 theme expression 1330:1339 arg1 subgroups 1341:1349 high-EOGT expression subgroups 1320:1349 high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1320:1392 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 2 29 with value 346:350 arg1 infiltration 436:447 immune infiltration 429:447 immune infiltration 429:447 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 10 30 theme HCC 1651:1653 arg1 samples 1655:1661 HCC samples 1651:1661 HCC samples 1651:1661 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 7 31 theme overall 1163:1169 arg1 survival 1171:1178 poor overall survival 1158:1178 poor overall survival 1158:1178 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 5 32 theme tumor 788:792 arg1 burden 803:808 tumor mutation burden 788:808 tumor mutation burden 788:808 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 7 33 attach linked 1148:1153 arg1 survival 1171:1178 poor overall survival 1158:1178 poor overall survival 1158:1178 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 7 33 attach linked 1148:1153 arg1 survival 1197:1204 relapse-free survival 1184:1204 relapse-free survival 1184:1204 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 7 33 attach linked 1148:1153 arg2 expression 1090:1099 elevated EOGT expression 1076:1099 elevated EOGT expression 1076:1099 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 8 34 theme TP53 1365:1368 arg1 mutations 1384:1392 elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1356:1392 elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1356:1392 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 11 35 theme CD8+ 1854:1857 arg1 cells 1861:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 8 36 theme low 1373:1375 arg1 CTNNB1 1377:1382 low CTNNB1 1373:1382 low CTNNB1 1373:1382 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 8 37 contain have 1394:1397 arg1 subgroups 1341:1349 high-EOGT expression subgroups 1320:1349 high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1320:1392 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 8 37 contain have 1394:1397 arg2 outcomes 1414:1421 worse clinical outcomes 1399:1421 worse clinical outcomes 1399:1421 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 4 38 theme prognostic 575:584 arg1 potential 586:594 the prognostic potential 571:594 the prognostic potential of EOGT expression 571:613 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 1 39 dep EGF 181:183 arg1 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 1 39 dep EGF 181:183 arg1 transferase 230:240 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 201:240 EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 181:247 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 3 40 theme EOGT 485:488 arg1 expression 490:499 EOGT expression 485:499 EOGT expression 485:499 Methods Initially, EOGT expression was evaluated by Oncomine, TIMER, GEO, and UALCAN databases. 35069551 7 41 theme tumor 1130:1134 arg1 staging 1136:1142 advanced tumor staging 1121:1142 advanced tumor staging 1121:1142 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 5 42 theme mutation 794:801 arg1 burden 803:808 tumor mutation burden 788:808 tumor mutation burden 788:808 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 3 43 dep Methods 466:472 arg1 evaluated 505:513 evaluated 505:513 was evaluated by Oncomine, TIMER, GEO, and UALCAN databases 501:559 Methods Initially, EOGT expression was evaluated by Oncomine, TIMER, GEO, and UALCAN databases. 35069551 10 44 from cells 1642:1646 arg1 samples 1655:1661 HCC samples 1651:1661 HCC samples 1651:1661 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 4 45 from GEPIA 634:638 arg1 samples 706:712 HCC samples 702:712 HCC samples 702:712 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 8 46 theme worse 1399:1403 arg1 outcomes 1414:1421 worse clinical outcomes 1399:1421 worse clinical outcomes 1399:1421 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 2 47 theme hepatocellular 372:385 arg1 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 47 theme hepatocellular 372:385 arg1 carcinoma 387:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma 363:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 363:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 0 48 dep Infiltration 28:39 arg1 Biomarker 65:73 A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker 42:73 Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 21:102 EOGT Correlated With Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 35069551 7 49 theme HCC 1268:1270 arg1 patients 1272:1279 HCC patients 1268:1279 HCC patients 1268:1279 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 5 50 dep mechanism 880:888 arg1 addition 855:862 addition 855:862 addition 855:862 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 11 51 theme T 1705:1705 arg1 cells 1707:1711 CD8+ T cells 1700:1711 CD8+ T cells 1700:1711 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 7 52 theme unfavorable 1232:1242 arg1 indicator 1255:1263 a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator 1218:1263 a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients 1218:1279 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 7 53 theme relapse-free 1184:1195 arg1 survival 1197:1204 relapse-free survival 1184:1204 relapse-free survival 1184:1204 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 11 54 theme HCC 1827:1829 arg1 samples 1831:1837 HCC samples 1827:1837 HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells 1827:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 1 55 theme T-cell 269:274 arg1 differentiation 276:290 regulatory T-cell differentiation 258:290 regulatory T-cell differentiation 258:290 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 12 56 theme patients 1983:1990 arg1 prognosis 1946:1954 prognosis 1946:1954 prognosis 1946:1954 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 12 56 theme patients 1983:1990 arg1 profiles 1967:1974 immune profiles 1960:1974 immune profiles 1960:1974 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 7 57 from indicator 1255:1263 arg1 patients 1272:1279 HCC patients 1268:1279 HCC patients 1268:1279 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 7 58 theme elevated 1076:1083 arg1 expression 1090:1099 elevated EOGT expression 1076:1099 elevated EOGT expression 1076:1099 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 10 59 from cells 1614:1618 arg1 samples 1655:1661 HCC samples 1651:1661 HCC samples 1651:1661 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 4 60 theme expression 604:613 arg1 potential 586:594 the prognostic potential 571:594 the prognostic potential of EOGT expression 571:613 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 10 61 theme elevated 1563:1570 arg1 expression 1577:1586 elevated EOGT expression 1563:1586 elevated EOGT expression 1563:1586 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 3 62 theme UALCAN 544:549 arg1 databases 551:559 UALCAN databases 544:559 UALCAN databases 544:559 Methods Initially, EOGT expression was evaluated by Oncomine, TIMER, GEO, and UALCAN databases. 35069551 4 63 from regression 674:683 arg1 samples 706:712 HCC samples 702:712 HCC samples 702:712 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 12 64 theme immune 1960:1965 arg1 profiles 1967:1974 immune profiles 1960:1974 immune profiles 1960:1974 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 10 65 theme exhausted 1602:1610 arg1 cells 1614:1618 exhausted T cells 1602:1618 exhausted T cells 1602:1618 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 1 66 theme EGF 181:183 arg1 deficiency 167:176 the deficiency 163:176 the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 163:247 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 12 67 theme novel 1915:1919 arg1 biomarker 1921:1929 a novel biomarker 1913:1929 a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients 1913:1990 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 12 67 theme novel 1915:1919 arg1 potential 1900:1908 great potential 1894:1908 great potential 1894:1908 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 2 68 theme prognostic 335:344 arg1 value 346:350 the prognostic value 331:350 the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 331:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 1 69 theme O-linked 201:208 arg1 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 EOGT 243:246 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 1 69 theme O-linked 201:208 arg1 transferase 230:240 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 201:240 EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) 181:247 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 4 70 theme Kaplan-Meier 641:652 arg1 plotter 654:660 Kaplan-Meier plotter 641:660 Kaplan-Meier plotter 641:660 Besides, the prognostic potential of EOGT expression was analyzed using GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, CPTAC, Cox regression, and nomogram in HCC samples. 35069551 10 71 theme immune 1624:1629 arg1 cells 1642:1646 immune suppressor cells 1624:1646 immune suppressor cells 1624:1646 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 11 72 theme EOGT 1761:1764 arg1 expression 1766:1775 EOGT expression 1761:1775 EOGT expression 1761:1775 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 9 73 theme immune 1450:1455 arg1 infiltration 1457:1468 immune infiltration 1450:1468 immune infiltration 1450:1468 Regarding immune infiltration, immunofluorescent staining showed that immune cells in HCC were positive for EOGT. 35069551 9 74 theme immunofluorescent 1471:1487 arg1 staining 1489:1496 immunofluorescent staining 1471:1496 immunofluorescent staining 1471:1496 Regarding immune infiltration, immunofluorescent staining showed that immune cells in HCC were positive for EOGT. 35069551 12 75 theme great 1894:1898 arg1 biomarker 1921:1929 a novel biomarker 1913:1929 a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients 1913:1990 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 12 75 theme great 1894:1898 arg1 potential 1900:1908 great potential 1894:1908 great potential 1894:1908 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 1 76 theme preliminary 118:128 arg1 study 130:134 A preliminary study 116:134 A preliminary study by our group 116:147 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 9 77 theme immune 1510:1515 arg1 cells 1517:1521 immune cells 1510:1521 immune cells in HCC 1510:1528 Regarding immune infiltration, immunofluorescent staining showed that immune cells in HCC were positive for EOGT. 35069551 8 78 with subgroups 1341:1349 arg1 mutations 1384:1392 elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1356:1392 elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1356:1392 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 5 79 theme immune 832:837 arg1 infiltration 839:850 immune infiltration 832:850 immune infiltration 832:850 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 0 80 theme Hepatocellular 79:92 arg1 Carcinoma 94:102 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 79:102 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 79:102 EOGT Correlated With Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 35069551 11 81 with samples 1732:1738 arg1 level 1752:1756 a high level 1745:1756 a high level of EOGT expression 1745:1775 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 6 82 from expression 982:991 arg1 HCC 1004:1006 HCC 1004:1006 HCC 1004:1006 Results The expression of EOGT in HCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 35069551 2 83 from value 346:350 arg1 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 83 from value 346:350 arg1 carcinoma 387:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma 363:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 363:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 8 84 theme high-EOGT 1320:1328 arg1 subgroups 1341:1349 high-EOGT expression subgroups 1320:1349 high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1320:1392 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 11 85 theme prognostic 1803:1812 arg1 potential 1814:1822 prognostic potential 1803:1822 prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells 1803:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 7 86 theme poor 1158:1161 arg1 survival 1171:1178 poor overall survival 1158:1178 poor overall survival 1158:1178 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 6 87 theme normal 1046:1051 arg1 tissues 1053:1059 normal tissues 1046:1059 normal tissues 1046:1059 Results The expression of EOGT in HCC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 35069551 5 88 theme DNA 811:813 arg1 methylation 815:825 DNA methylation 811:825 DNA methylation 811:825 Furthermore, we investigated the association between EOGT expression and tumor mutation burden, DNA methylation, and immune infiltration in addition to its possible mechanism via cBioPortal, TIMER, GEPIA, ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, GSEA, STRING, and Cytoscape. 35069551 11 89 from potential 1814:1822 arg1 samples 1831:1837 HCC samples 1827:1837 HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells 1827:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 8 90 theme elevated 1356:1363 arg1 TP53 1365:1368 elevated TP53 1356:1368 elevated TP53 1356:1368 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 10 91 theme suppressor 1631:1640 arg1 cells 1642:1646 immune suppressor cells 1624:1646 immune suppressor cells 1624:1646 Besides, elevated EOGT expression was linked to exhausted T cells and immune suppressor cells in HCC samples. 35069551 0 92 theme Immune 21:26 arg1 Infiltration 28:39 Immune Infiltration 21:39 Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 21:102 EOGT Correlated With Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 35069551 7 93 theme advanced 1121:1128 arg1 staging 1136:1142 advanced tumor staging 1121:1142 advanced tumor staging 1121:1142 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 8 94 theme CTNNB1 1377:1382 arg1 mutations 1384:1392 elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1356:1392 elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations 1356:1392 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 2 95 theme immune 429:434 arg1 infiltration 436:447 immune infiltration 429:447 immune infiltration 429:447 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 0 96 theme Candidate 44:52 arg1 Biomarker 65:73 A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker 42:73 Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 21:102 EOGT Correlated With Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 35069551 0 97 theme Prognostic 54:63 arg1 Biomarker 65:73 A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker 42:73 Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 21:102 EOGT Correlated With Immune Infiltration: A Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 35069551 11 98 theme cells 1707:1711 arg1 proportion 1686:1695 the proportion 1682:1695 the proportion of CD8+ T cells 1682:1711 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 2 99 theme advanced 363:370 arg1 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 99 theme advanced 363:370 arg1 carcinoma 387:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma 363:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 363:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 100 from relationship 411:422 arg1 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 HCC 398:400 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 100 from relationship 411:422 arg1 carcinoma 387:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma 363:395 advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 363:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 7 101 theme prognostic 1244:1253 arg1 indicator 1255:1263 a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator 1218:1263 a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients 1218:1279 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 11 102 theme CD8+ 1700:1703 arg1 cells 1707:1711 CD8+ T cells 1700:1711 CD8+ T cells 1700:1711 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 8 103 theme clinical 1405:1412 arg1 outcomes 1414:1421 worse clinical outcomes 1399:1421 worse clinical outcomes 1399:1421 Remarkably, our results revealed that high-EOGT expression subgroups with elevated TP53 or low CTNNB1 mutations have worse clinical outcomes than the others. 35069551 2 104 theme EOGT 355:358 arg1 relationship 411:422 its relationship 407:422 its relationship with immune infiltration 407:447 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 2 104 theme EOGT 355:358 arg1 value 346:350 the prognostic value 331:350 the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 331:401 Nevertheless, the prognostic value of EOGT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with immune infiltration remain obscured. 35069551 12 105 theme HCC 1979:1981 arg1 patients 1983:1990 HCC patients 1979:1990 HCC patients 1979:1990 Conclusions EOGT may hold great potential as a novel biomarker to distinguish prognosis and immune profiles of HCC patients. 35069551 7 106 theme significant 1220:1230 arg1 indicator 1255:1263 a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator 1218:1263 a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients 1218:1279 Additionally, elevated EOGT expression was correlated with advanced tumor staging and linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival, serving as a significant unfavorable prognostic indicator in HCC patients. 35069551 1 107 theme regulatory 258:267 arg1 differentiation 276:290 regulatory T-cell differentiation 258:290 regulatory T-cell differentiation 258:290 Background A preliminary study by our group revealed that the deficiency of EGF domain-specific O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (EOGT) impaired regulatory T-cell differentiation in autoimmune hepatitis. 35069551 11 108 theme increased 1844:1852 arg1 cells 1861:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 increased CD8+ T cells 1844:1865 More importantly, the proportion of CD8+ T cells was reduced in HCC samples with a high level of EOGT expression, but EOGT did not exhibit prognostic potential in HCC samples with increased CD8+ T cells. 35069551 9 109 from cells 1517:1521 arg1 HCC 1526:1528 HCC 1526:1528 HCC 1526:1528 Regarding immune infiltration, immunofluorescent staining showed that immune cells in HCC were positive for EOGT. 34322281 11 0 theme sub-optimal 1745:1755 arg1 modes 1720:1724 modes 1720:1724 modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis 1720:1769 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 13 1 theme isoforms 2040:2047 arg1 specificities 2017:2029 specificities 2017:2029 specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family 2017:2070 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 3 2 theme tuned 301:305 arg1 specificity 307:317 finely tuned specificity 294:317 finely tuned specificity 294:317 GalNAc-Ts exhibit both redundancy and finely tuned specificity for a wide range of peptide substrates. 34322281 4 3 theme peptide 441:447 arg1 preferences 459:469 the peptide substrate preferences 437:469 the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform 437:495 In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. 34322281 9 4 from position 1257:1264 arg1 peptides 1193:1200 peptides 1193:1200 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide 1193:1279 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 9 5 theme cognate 1306:1312 arg1 conformations 1326:1338 cognate sequon-like conformations 1306:1338 cognate sequon-like conformations 1306:1338 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 5 6 theme conformations 568:580 arg1 characterization 533:548 characterization 533:548 characterization 533:548 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 5 6 theme conformations 568:580 arg1 sampling 520:527 sampling 520:527 sampling 520:527 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 3 7 theme wide 325:328 arg1 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of peptide substrates 323:356 GalNAc-Ts exhibit both redundancy and finely tuned specificity for a wide range of peptide substrates. 34322281 6 8 theme acid 689:692 arg1 residues 694:701 19 amino acid residues 680:701 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 680:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 10 9 theme enzyme 1429:1434 arg1 Q364 1457:1460 Q364 1457:1460 Q364 1457:1460 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 9 theme enzyme 1429:1434 arg1 residues 1436:1443 enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1429:1548 enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1429:1548 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 9 theme enzyme 1429:1434 arg1 W331 1472:1475 W331 1472:1475 W331 1472:1475 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 9 theme enzyme 1429:1434 arg1 R362 1445:1448 R362 1445:1448 R362 1445:1448 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 9 theme enzyme 1429:1434 arg1 H365 1463:1466 H365 1463:1466 H365 1463:1466 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 6 10 theme substrate 754:762 arg1 positions 706:714 positions -1 and +1 706:724 positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 706:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 7 11 theme rate 1136:1139 arg1 probability 1048:1058 a probability 1046:1058 a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3% 1046:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 3 12 theme substrates 347:356 arg1 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of peptide substrates 323:356 GalNAc-Ts exhibit both redundancy and finely tuned specificity for a wide range of peptide substrates. 34322281 7 13 theme false 1121:1125 arg1 rate 1136:1139 a false positive rate 1119:1139 a false positive rate of 7.3% 1119:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 1 14 theme enzyme 149:154 arg1 family 156:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family 87:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family 87:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 6 15 dep positions 706:714 arg1 +1 723:724 +1 723:724 +1 723:724 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 6 15 dep positions 706:714 arg1 -1 716:717 -1 716:717 -1 716:717 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 11 16 theme gating 1624:1629 arg1 interactions 1631:1642 gating interactions 1624:1642 gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines 1624:1672 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 6 17 theme peptide 746:752 arg1 substrate 754:762 an eight-residue peptide substrate 729:762 an eight-residue peptide substrate 729:762 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 7 18 theme % 1147:1147 arg1 % 1067:1067 96.5% 1063:1067 96.5% (ROC-AUC score) 1063:1083 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 18 theme % 1147:1147 arg1 % 1147:1147 7.3% 1144:1147 7.3% 1144:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 18 theme % 1147:1147 arg1 accuracy 1097:1104 a balanced accuracy 1086:1104 a balanced accuracy of 85.5% 1086:1113 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 18 theme % 1147:1147 arg1 rate 1136:1139 a false positive rate 1119:1139 a false positive rate of 7.3% 1119:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 18 theme % 1147:1147 arg1 score 1078:1082 ROC-AUC score 1070:1082 ROC-AUC score 1070:1082 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 18 theme % 1147:1147 arg1 % 1113:1113 85.5% 1109:1113 85.5% 1109:1113 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 12 19 theme enzyme 1799:1804 arg1 features 1806:1813 enzyme features 1799:1813 enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme 1799:1929 Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 34322281 11 20 theme peptide 1578:1584 arg1 position 1562:1569 the +1 position 1555:1569 the +1 position of the peptide 1555:1584 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 0 21 theme GalNAc-T2 76:84 arg1 specificities 39:51 peptide substrate specificities 21:51 peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 21:84 Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2. 34322281 5 22 theme Monte 604:608 arg1 docking 644:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 1 23 theme mucin-type 182:191 arg1 glycosylation 193:205 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 173:205 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 173:205 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 13 24 theme key 1955:1957 arg1 sequence 1959:1966 the key sequence 1951:1966 the key sequence 1951:1966 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 7 25 theme accuracy 1097:1104 arg1 probability 1048:1058 a probability 1046:1058 a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3% 1046:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 10 26 theme specific 1513:1520 arg1 interactions 1537:1548 specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1513:1548 specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1513:1548 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 11 27 theme enzyme 1587:1592 arg1 residues 1594:1601 enzyme residues K281 and K363 1587:1615 enzyme residues K281 and K363 1587:1615 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 11 27 theme enzyme 1587:1592 arg1 K363 1612:1615 K363 1612:1615 K363 1612:1615 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 11 27 theme enzyme 1587:1592 arg1 K281 1603:1606 K281 1603:1606 K281 1603:1606 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 13 28 theme structural 1972:1981 arg1 motifs 1983:1988 structural motifs 1972:1988 structural motifs 1972:1988 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 8 29 theme glycosylatable 1154:1167 arg1 substrates 1177:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates 1150:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates 1150:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates viz. 34322281 1 30 theme polypeptide 91:101 arg1 transferase 126:136 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 91:136 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family 87:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 1 30 theme polypeptide 91:101 arg1 GalNAc-T 139:146 GalNAc-T 139:146 GalNAc-T 139:146 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 0 31 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 basis 11:15 Structural basis 0:15 Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 0:84 Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2. 34322281 7 32 theme experimental 927:938 arg1 data 952:955 experimental specificity data 927:955 experimental specificity data 927:955 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 33 theme ROC-AUC 1070:1076 arg1 % 1113:1113 85.5% 1109:1113 85.5% 1109:1113 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 33 theme ROC-AUC 1070:1076 arg1 % 1067:1067 96.5% 1063:1067 96.5% (ROC-AUC score) 1063:1083 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 33 theme ROC-AUC 1070:1076 arg1 score 1078:1082 ROC-AUC score 1070:1082 ROC-AUC score 1070:1082 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 33 theme ROC-AUC 1070:1076 arg1 % 1147:1147 7.3% 1144:1147 7.3% 1144:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 1 34 theme transferase 126:136 arg1 family 156:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family 87:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family 87:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 12 35 theme tuned 1839:1843 arg1 specificity 1845:1855 the finely tuned specificity 1828:1855 the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme 1828:1929 Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 34322281 11 36 theme +1 1559:1560 arg1 position 1562:1569 the +1 position 1555:1569 the +1 position of the peptide 1555:1584 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 7 37 theme non-glycosylatable 1013:1030 arg1 peptides 1032:1039 glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides 994:1039 glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3% 994:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 1 38 link O-linked 173:180 arg1 glycosylation 193:205 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 173:205 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 173:205 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 0 39 theme substrate 29:37 arg1 specificities 39:51 peptide substrate specificities 21:51 peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 21:84 Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2. 34322281 6 40 from positions 706:714 arg1 residues 694:701 19 amino acid residues 680:701 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 680:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 11 41 theme +1 1681:1682 arg1 position 1684:1691 the +1 position 1677:1691 the +1 position of the peptide 1677:1706 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 12 42 theme substrates 1895:1904 arg1 range 1878:1882 a broad range 1870:1882 a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme 1870:1929 Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 34322281 12 43 theme GalNAc-T2 1914:1922 arg1 enzyme 1924:1929 the GalNAc-T2 enzyme 1910:1929 the GalNAc-T2 enzyme 1910:1929 Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 34322281 8 44 dep viz 1188:1190 arg1 substrates 1177:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates 1150:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates 1150:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates viz. 34322281 6 45 theme peptides 806:813 arg1 dataset 783:789 a dataset 781:789 a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 781:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 7 46 with peptides 1032:1039 arg1 probability 1048:1058 a probability 1046:1058 a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3% 1046:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 12 47 theme broad 1872:1876 arg1 range 1878:1882 a broad range 1870:1882 a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme 1870:1929 Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 34322281 10 48 theme pocket 1497:1502 arg1 size 1504:1507 the pocket size 1493:1507 the pocket size 1493:1507 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 9 49 theme peptide 1273:1279 arg1 position 1257:1264 the -1 position 1250:1264 the -1 position of the peptide 1250:1279 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 7 50 theme % 1113:1113 arg1 % 1067:1067 96.5% 1063:1067 96.5% (ROC-AUC score) 1063:1083 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 50 theme % 1113:1113 arg1 % 1147:1147 7.3% 1144:1147 7.3% 1144:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 50 theme % 1113:1113 arg1 accuracy 1097:1104 a balanced accuracy 1086:1104 a balanced accuracy of 85.5% 1086:1113 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 50 theme % 1113:1113 arg1 rate 1136:1139 a false positive rate 1119:1139 a false positive rate of 7.3% 1119:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 50 theme % 1113:1113 arg1 score 1078:1082 ROC-AUC score 1070:1082 ROC-AUC score 1070:1082 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 7 50 theme % 1113:1113 arg1 % 1113:1113 85.5% 1109:1113 85.5% 1109:1113 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 2 51 from isoenzymes 234:243 arg1 humans 248:253 humans 248:253 humans 248:253 The family constitutes 20 isoenzymes in humans. 34322281 6 52 theme experimental 845:856 arg1 efficiencies 882:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 4 53 theme substrate 449:457 arg1 preferences 459:469 the peptide substrate preferences 437:469 the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform 437:495 In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. 34322281 5 54 theme peptide-enzyme 553:566 arg1 conformations 568:580 peptide-enzyme conformations 553:580 peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 553:650 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 4 55 theme structural 404:413 arg1 motifs 415:420 structural motifs 404:420 structural motifs 404:420 In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. 34322281 9 56 theme sequon-like 1314:1324 arg1 conformations 1326:1338 cognate sequon-like conformations 1306:1338 cognate sequon-like conformations 1306:1338 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 7 57 theme glycosylatable 994:1007 arg1 peptides 1032:1039 glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides 994:1039 glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3% 994:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 6 58 theme glycosylation 868:880 arg1 efficiencies 882:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 10 59 dep residues 1436:1443 arg1 Q364 1457:1460 Q364 1457:1460 Q364 1457:1460 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 59 dep residues 1436:1443 arg1 residues 1436:1443 enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1429:1548 enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1429:1548 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 59 dep residues 1436:1443 arg1 interactions 1537:1548 specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1513:1548 specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1513:1548 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 59 dep residues 1436:1443 arg1 R362 1445:1448 R362 1445:1448 R362 1445:1448 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 13 60 theme GalNAc-T 2056:2063 arg1 family 2065:2070 the GalNAc-T family 2052:2070 the GalNAc-T family 2052:2070 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 13 61 used used 2083:2086 arg2 sequence 1959:1966 the key sequence 1951:1966 the key sequence 1951:1966 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 6 62 theme amino 683:687 arg1 residues 694:701 19 amino acid residues 680:701 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 680:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 10 63 from position 1388:1395 arg1 residues 1369:1376 specific residues 1360:1376 specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide 1360:1410 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 64 theme specific 1360:1367 arg1 residues 1369:1376 specific residues 1360:1376 specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide 1360:1410 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 7 65 theme positive 1127:1134 arg1 rate 1136:1139 a false positive rate 1119:1139 a false positive rate of 7.3% 1119:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 13 66 with variants 2107:2114 arg1 specificity 2130:2140 tailored specificity 2121:2140 tailored specificity 2121:2140 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 3 67 theme peptide 339:345 arg1 substrates 347:356 peptide substrates 339:356 peptide substrates 339:356 GalNAc-Ts exhibit both redundancy and finely tuned specificity for a wide range of peptide substrates. 34322281 4 68 theme GalNAc-T2 479:487 arg1 isoform 489:495 the GalNAc-T2 isoform 475:495 the GalNAc-T2 isoform 475:495 In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. 34322281 6 69 theme eight-residue 732:744 arg1 substrate 754:762 an eight-residue peptide substrate 729:762 an eight-residue peptide substrate 729:762 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 9 70 with peptides 1193:1200 arg1 alanine 1239:1245 alanine 1239:1245 alanine 1239:1245 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 9 70 with peptides 1193:1200 arg1 serine 1216:1221 serine 1216:1221 serine 1216:1221 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 9 70 with peptides 1193:1200 arg1 proline 1207:1213 proline 1207:1213 proline 1207:1213 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 9 70 with peptides 1193:1200 arg1 threonine 1224:1232 threonine 1224:1232 threonine 1224:1232 peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. 34322281 5 71 theme Rosetta 596:602 arg1 docking 644:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 1 72 theme O-linked 173:180 arg1 glycosylation 193:205 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 173:205 O-linked mucin-type glycosylation 173:205 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 13 73 theme tailored 2121:2128 arg1 specificity 2130:2140 tailored specificity 2121:2140 tailored specificity 2121:2140 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 5 74 theme Carlo-minimization-based 610:633 arg1 docking 644:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 10 75 theme enzyme-peptide 1522:1535 arg1 interactions 1537:1548 specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1513:1548 specific enzyme-peptide interactions 1513:1548 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 10 76 theme peptide 1404:1410 arg1 position 1388:1395 the -1 position 1381:1395 the -1 position of the peptide 1381:1410 The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. 34322281 8 77 theme peptide 1169:1175 arg1 substrates 1177:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates 1150:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates 1150:1186 The glycosylatable peptide substrates viz. 34322281 7 78 theme balanced 1088:1095 arg1 accuracy 1097:1104 a balanced accuracy 1086:1104 a balanced accuracy of 85.5% 1086:1113 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 13 79 theme variants 2107:2114 arg1 design 2097:2102 design 2097:2102 design of variants with tailored specificity 2097:2140 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 13 80 theme other 2034:2038 arg1 isoforms 2040:2047 other isoforms 2034:2047 other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family 2034:2070 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 34322281 1 81 theme N-acetylgalactosaminyl 103:124 arg1 transferase 126:136 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 91:136 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family 87:161 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 1 81 theme N-acetylgalactosaminyl 103:124 arg1 GalNAc-T 139:146 GalNAc-T 139:146 GalNAc-T 139:146 The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. 34322281 11 82 with interactions 1631:1642 arg1 glutamines 1663:1672 glutamines 1663:1672 glutamines 1663:1672 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 11 82 with interactions 1631:1642 arg1 aromatics 1649:1657 aromatics 1649:1657 aromatics 1649:1657 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 11 83 dep residues 1594:1601 arg1 residues 1594:1601 enzyme residues K281 and K363 1587:1615 enzyme residues K281 and K363 1587:1615 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 11 83 dep residues 1594:1601 arg1 K363 1612:1615 K363 1612:1615 K363 1612:1615 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 11 83 dep residues 1594:1601 arg1 K281 1603:1606 K281 1603:1606 K281 1603:1606 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 4 84 dep sequence 391:398 arg1 the 387:389 the 387:389 the 387:389 In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. 34322281 0 85 theme peptide 21:27 arg1 specificities 39:51 peptide substrate specificities 21:51 peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 21:84 Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2. 34322281 7 86 theme specificity 940:950 arg1 data 952:955 experimental specificity data 927:955 experimental specificity data 927:955 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 11 87 theme peptide 1700:1706 arg1 position 1684:1691 the +1 position 1677:1691 the +1 position of the peptide 1677:1706 For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. 34322281 6 88 with dataset 783:789 arg1 efficiencies 882:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 6 89 theme GalNAc-T2 858:866 arg1 efficiencies 882:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 0 90 theme glycosyltransferase 56:74 arg1 GalNAc-T2 76:84 glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 56:84 glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 56:84 Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2. 34322281 6 91 theme characterized 831:843 arg1 efficiencies 882:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies 820:893 We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. 34322281 7 92 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 probability 1048:1058 a probability 1046:1058 a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3% 1046:1147 The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. 34322281 12 93 theme peptide 1887:1893 arg1 substrates 1895:1904 peptide substrates 1887:1904 peptide substrates 1887:1904 Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 34322281 5 94 theme flexible 635:642 arg1 docking 644:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking 596:650 Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. 34322281 13 95 theme family 2065:2070 arg1 isoforms 2040:2047 other isoforms 2034:2047 other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family 2034:2070 We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity. 33603735 5 0 with interaction 1023:1033 arg1 TRAF3 1040:1044 TRAF3 1040:1044 TRAF3 1040:1044 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 4 1 theme antiviral 812:820 arg1 protein 832:838 mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein 798:838 the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 794:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 4 1 theme antiviral 812:820 arg1 MAVS 841:844 MAVS 841:844 MAVS 841:844 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 1 2 theme fundamental 211:221 arg1 roles 223:227 fundamental roles 211:227 fundamental roles 211:227 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 1 3 theme immune 310:315 arg1 signaling 317:325 immune signaling 310:325 immune signaling 310:325 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 3 4 with infection 676:684 arg1 virus 698:702 Sendai virus 691:702 Sendai virus 691:702 In this study, we found that cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation decline in response to infection with Sendai virus. 33603735 4 5 theme amino 771:775 arg1 acids 777:781 amino acids 249-257 771:789 amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 771:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 5 6 theme IRF3 1061:1064 arg1 activation 1066:1075 IRF3 activation 1061:1075 IRF3 activation 1061:1075 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 5 7 theme interferon-β 1095:1106 arg1 production 1081:1090 production 1081:1090 production of interferon-β 1081:1106 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 5 7 theme interferon-β 1095:1106 arg1 activation 1066:1075 IRF3 activation 1061:1075 IRF3 activation 1061:1075 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 4 8 from site 869:872 arg1 modification 848:859 modification 848:859 modification at this site 848:872 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 3 9 theme O-GlcNAcylation 637:651 arg1 levels 627:632 cellular levels 618:632 cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation 618:651 In this study, we found that cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation decline in response to infection with Sendai virus. 33603735 5 10 theme region 988:993 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 953:967 O-GlcNAcylation 953:967 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS 953:1001 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 4 11 theme mitochondrial 798:810 arg1 protein 832:838 mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein 798:838 the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 794:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 4 11 theme mitochondrial 798:810 arg1 MAVS 841:844 MAVS 841:844 MAVS 841:844 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 4 12 theme protein 832:838 arg1 acids 777:781 amino acids 249-257 771:789 amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 771:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 6 13 theme host 1223:1226 arg1 defense 1228:1234 host defense 1223:1234 host defense against RNA viruses 1223:1254 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 2 14 theme molecular 336:344 arg1 targets 346:352 Several molecular targets 328:352 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses 328:428 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 6 15 theme regulatory 1192:1201 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1152:1166 O-GlcNAcylation 1152:1166 O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS 1152:1174 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 6 15 theme regulatory 1192:1201 arg1 event 1203:1207 a master regulatory event 1183:1207 a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses 1183:1254 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 2 16 theme regulatory 472:481 arg1 mechanisms 483:492 the direct regulatory mechanisms 461:492 the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 461:561 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 0 17 theme O-Linked 0:7 arg1 Modification 29:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification 0:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 0:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 2 18 theme direct 465:470 arg1 mechanisms 483:492 the direct regulatory mechanisms 461:492 the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 461:561 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 0 19 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 9:27 arg1 Modification 29:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification 0:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 0:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 2 20 theme pathogen-induced 389:404 arg1 responses 420:428 pathogen-induced innate immune responses 389:428 pathogen-induced innate immune responses 389:428 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 5 21 theme MAVS 998:1001 arg1 region 988:993 the serine-rich region 972:993 the serine-rich region of MAVS 972:1001 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 2 22 theme receptor 544:551 arg1 signaling 553:561 antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 523:561 antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 523:561 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 1 23 theme cellular 243:250 arg1 transduction 292:303 signal transduction 285:303 signal transduction 285:303 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 1 23 theme cellular 243:250 arg1 signaling 317:325 immune signaling 310:325 immune signaling 310:325 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 1 23 theme cellular 243:250 arg1 events 252:257 cellular events 243:257 cellular events 243:257 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 1 23 theme cellular 243:250 arg1 transcription 270:282 transcription 270:282 transcription 270:282 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 2 24 theme RIG-I-like 533:542 arg1 signaling 553:561 antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 523:561 antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 523:561 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 4 25 theme O-GlcNAcylated 729:742 arg1 region 756:761 a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region 719:761 a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 719:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 2 26 theme antiviral 523:531 arg1 signaling 553:561 antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 523:561 antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling 523:561 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 3 27 theme cellular 618:625 arg1 levels 627:632 cellular levels 618:632 cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation 618:651 In this study, we found that cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation decline in response to infection with Sendai virus. 33603735 2 28 theme O-GlcNAcylation 357:371 arg1 targets 346:352 Several molecular targets 328:352 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses 328:428 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 0 29 theme Antiviral 59:67 arg1 Protein 79:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 3 30 theme Sendai 691:696 arg1 virus 698:702 Sendai virus 691:702 Sendai virus 691:702 In this study, we found that cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation decline in response to infection with Sendai virus. 33603735 6 31 theme master 1185:1190 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1152:1166 O-GlcNAcylation 1152:1166 O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS 1152:1174 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 6 31 theme master 1185:1190 arg1 event 1203:1207 a master regulatory event 1183:1207 a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses 1183:1254 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 0 32 theme Mitochondrial 45:57 arg1 Protein 79:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 0 33 mod Modification 29:40 arg3 N-Acetylglucosamine 9:27 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification 0:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 0:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 0 33 mod Modification 29:40 arg1 Protein 79:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 4 34 theme serine-rich 744:754 arg1 region 756:761 a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region 719:761 a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 719:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 0 35 theme Protein 79:85 arg1 Modification 29:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification 0:40 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 0:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 6 36 theme MAVS 1171:1174 arg1 event 1203:1207 a master regulatory event 1183:1207 a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses 1183:1254 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 6 36 theme MAVS 1171:1174 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1152:1166 O-GlcNAcylation 1152:1166 O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS 1152:1174 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 1 37 theme Post-translational 145:162 arg1 modifications 164:176 Post-translational modifications 145:176 Post-translational modifications 145:176 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 1 37 theme Post-translational 145:162 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 189:203 O-GlcNAcylation 189:203 O-GlcNAcylation 189:203 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 0 38 theme Signaling 69:77 arg1 Protein 79:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein 45:85 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 4 39 theme signaling 822:830 arg1 protein 832:838 mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein 798:838 the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) 794:845 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 4 39 theme signaling 822:830 arg1 MAVS 841:844 MAVS 841:844 MAVS 841:844 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 3 40 from decline 653:659 arg1 response 664:671 response 664:671 response to infection with Sendai virus 664:702 In this study, we found that cellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation decline in response to infection with Sendai virus. 33603735 2 41 theme immune 413:418 arg1 responses 420:428 pathogen-induced innate immune responses 389:428 pathogen-induced innate immune responses 389:428 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 6 42 theme RNA 1244:1246 arg1 viruses 1248:1254 RNA viruses 1244:1254 RNA viruses 1244:1254 Taken together, these results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS may be a master regulatory event that promotes host defense against RNA viruses. 33603735 2 43 theme Several 328:334 arg1 targets 346:352 Several molecular targets 328:352 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses 328:428 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 4 44 theme MAVS 883:886 arg1 aggregation 888:898 MAVS aggregation 883:898 MAVS aggregation 883:898 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33603735 2 45 theme innate 406:411 arg1 responses 420:428 pathogen-induced innate immune responses 389:428 pathogen-induced innate immune responses 389:428 Several molecular targets of O-GlcNAcylation associated with pathogen-induced innate immune responses have been identified; however, the direct regulatory mechanisms linking O-GlcNAcylation with antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling are not fully understood. 33603735 1 46 theme signal 285:290 arg1 transduction 292:303 signal transduction 285:303 signal transduction 285:303 Post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, play fundamental roles in modulating cellular events, including transcription, signal transduction, and immune signaling. 33603735 0 47 theme Antiviral 97:105 arg1 Signaling 107:115 Antiviral Signaling 97:115 Antiviral Signaling 97:115 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Modulating Its Activity. 33603735 5 48 theme serine-rich 976:986 arg1 region 988:993 the serine-rich region 972:993 the serine-rich region of MAVS 972:1001 O-GlcNAcylation of the serine-rich region of MAVS also suppresses its interaction with TRAF3; this prevents IRF3 activation and production of interferon-β. 33603735 4 49 theme MAVS-mediated 913:925 arg1 activation 927:936 MAVS-mediated activation 913:936 MAVS-mediated activation 913:936 We identified a heavily O-GlcNAcylated serine-rich region between amino acids 249-257 of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS); modification at this site disrupts MAVS aggregation and prevents MAVS-mediated activation and signaling. 33452029 9 0 link host-derived 1552:1563 arg1 mucins 1565:1570 host-derived mucins 1552:1570 host-derived mucins as nutrient sources 1552:1590 Both vaginal delivery and mother-child sharing were associated with host-derived mucins as nutrient sources. 33452029 2 1 theme inferred 385:392 arg1 potential 418:426 and the inferred nutritional utilization potential 377:426 potential 418:426 We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. 33452029 1 2 theme nutritional 141:151 arg1 drivers 153:159 The nutritional drivers 137:159 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria 137:196 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 3 3 theme Atopic 611:616 arg1 PreventADALL 656:667 PreventADALL 656:667 PreventADALL 656:667 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 3 3 theme Atopic 611:616 arg1 Dermatitis 618:627 Preventing Atopic Dermatitis 600:627 Preventing Atopic Dermatitis 600:627 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 13 4 theme utilization 2233:2243 arg1 potential 2245:2253 the nutrient utilization potential 2220:2253 the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2220:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 10 5 from increase 1609:1616 arg1 size 1632:1635 metagenome size 1621:1635 metagenome size 1621:1635 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 4 6 theme taxonomic 874:882 arg1 composition 884:894 taxonomic composition 874:894 taxonomic composition 874:894 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants were analyzed by reduced metagenome sequencing to determine metagenome size and taxonomic composition. 33452029 3 7 theme population-based 583:598 arg1 cohort 670:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 5 8 theme nutrient 901:908 arg1 potential 922:930 The nutrient utilization potential 897:930 The nutrient utilization potential 897:930 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 7 9 from birth 1227:1231 arg1 mother-child 1173:1184 mother-child 1173:1184 mother-child 1173:1184 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 1 10 theme corresponding 206:218 arg1 trajectory 233:242 the corresponding longitudinal trajectory 202:242 the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development 202:283 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 11 11 theme potential 1805:1813 arg1 means 1825:1829 potential selection means 1805:1829 potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers 1805:1876 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 13 12 theme novel 2169:2173 arg1 approach 2201:2208 a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach 2167:2208 a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach 2167:2208 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 8 13 theme vaginal 1428:1434 arg1 delivery 1436:1443 vaginal delivery 1428:1443 vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001) 1428:1481 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 10 14 theme metagenome 1621:1630 arg1 size 1632:1635 metagenome size 1621:1635 metagenome size 1621:1635 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 11 15 theme infants 2022:2028 arg1 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 11 15 theme infants 2022:2028 arg1 colonization 2000:2011 The initial bacterial colonization 1978:2011 The initial bacterial colonization of human infants 1978:2028 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 5 16 theme Virtual 960:966 arg1 database 1004:1011 the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database 956:1011 the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database 956:1011 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 14 17 theme bacteria 2426:2433 arg1 colonization 2390:2401 the initial colonization 2378:2401 the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria 2378:2433 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 5 18 theme Human 978:982 arg1 database 1004:1011 the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database 956:1011 the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database 956:1011 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 6 19 theme million 1060:1066 arg1 bp 1080:1081 bp 1080:1081 bp 1080:1081 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 19 theme million 1060:1066 arg1 pairs 1073:1077 ∼150 million base pairs 1055:1077 ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers 1055:1094 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 19 theme million 1060:1066 arg1 size 1046:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 2 20 theme unselected 464:473 arg1 cohort 475:480 a large unselected cohort 456:480 a large unselected cohort 456:480 We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. 33452029 13 21 theme mother-child 2308:2319 arg1 cohort 2321:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 14 22 theme initial 2382:2388 arg1 colonization 2390:2401 the initial colonization 2378:2401 the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria 2378:2433 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 0 23 theme Initial 79:85 arg1 Colonization 91:102 Initial Gut Colonization 79:102 Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria 79:134 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 6 24 theme metagenome 1035:1044 arg1 pairs 1073:1077 ∼150 million base pairs 1055:1077 ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers 1055:1094 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 24 theme metagenome 1035:1044 arg1 size 1046:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 11 25 link host-derived 1782:1793 arg1 mucins 1795:1800 host-derived mucins 1782:1800 host-derived mucins 1782:1800 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 6 26 theme estimated 1018:1026 arg1 pairs 1073:1077 ∼150 million base pairs 1055:1077 ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers 1055:1094 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 26 theme estimated 1018:1026 arg1 size 1046:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 2 27 theme large 458:462 arg1 cohort 475:480 a large unselected cohort 456:480 a large unselected cohort 456:480 We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. 33452029 14 28 theme selection 2358:2366 arg1 means 2368:2372 potential selection means 2348:2372 potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria 2348:2433 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 10 29 theme increased 1656:1664 arg1 diversity 1666:1674 an increased diversity 1653:1674 an increased diversity in nutrient utilization 1653:1698 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 0 30 theme Mother-Child-Shared 107:125 arg1 Bacteria 127:134 Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria 107:134 Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria 107:134 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 8 31 theme variance 1353:1360 arg1 analysis 1341:1348 a multivariate analysis 1326:1348 a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) 1326:1368 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 0 32 theme Fecal 0:4 arg1 Potential 38:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 13 33 theme large 2289:2293 arg1 cohort 2321:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 3 34 theme gut 504:506 arg1 microbiota 508:517 depth gut microbiota 498:517 depth gut microbiota 498:517 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 0 35 theme Nutrient 17:24 arg1 Potential 38:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 8 36 dep explained 1451:1459 arg1 % 1449:1449 1.7% 1446:1449 1.7% 1446:1449 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 9 37 theme nutrient 1575:1582 arg1 sources 1584:1590 nutrient sources 1575:1590 nutrient sources 1575:1590 Both vaginal delivery and mother-child sharing were associated with host-derived mucins as nutrient sources. 33452029 13 38 theme infant 2262:2267 arg1 microbiota 2273:2282 the infant gut microbiota 2258:2282 the infant gut microbiota 2258:2282 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 13 39 theme gut 2269:2271 arg1 microbiota 2273:2282 the infant gut microbiota 2258:2282 the infant gut microbiota 2258:2282 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 8 40 theme mother-child-shared 1375:1393 arg1 Bacteroides 1395:1405 the mother-child-shared Bacteroides 1371:1405 the mother-child-shared Bacteroides 1371:1405 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 3 41 theme mother-child 526:537 arg1 pairs 539:543 100 mother-child pairs 522:543 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 522:675 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 8 42 dep delivery 1436:1443 arg1 P = 0.0001 1471:1480 P = 0.0001 1471:1480 P = 0.0001 1471:1480 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 8 42 dep delivery 1436:1443 arg1 variance 1461:1468 1.7% explained variance 1446:1468 1.7% explained variance 1446:1468 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 11 43 theme initial 1982:1988 arg1 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 11 43 theme initial 1982:1988 arg1 colonization 2000:2011 The initial bacterial colonization 1978:2011 The initial bacterial colonization of human infants 1978:2028 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 13 44 from potential 2245:2253 arg1 cohort 2321:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 4 45 theme reduced 811:817 arg1 sequencing 830:839 reduced metagenome sequencing 811:839 reduced metagenome sequencing 811:839 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants were analyzed by reduced metagenome sequencing to determine metagenome size and taxonomic composition. 33452029 14 46 theme polysaccharide 2517:2530 arg1 potential 2544:2552 dietary polysaccharide utilization potential 2509:2552 dietary polysaccharide utilization potential 2509:2552 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 11 47 theme colonizers 1867:1876 arg1 mother-child 1835:1846 mother-child 1835:1846 mother-child 1835:1846 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 1 48 theme infant 251:256 arg1 development 273:283 the infant gut microbiota development 247:283 the infant gut microbiota development 247:283 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 11 49 theme age-related 1889:1899 arg1 increase 1901:1908 the age-related increase 1885:1908 the age-related increase in diversity 1885:1921 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 10 50 theme age-related 1742:1752 arg1 factor 1754:1759 the main age-related factor 1733:1759 the main age-related factor 1733:1759 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 1 51 theme microbiota 262:271 arg1 development 273:283 the infant gut microbiota development 247:283 the infant gut microbiota development 247:283 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 13 52 used used 2162:2165 arg2 we 2159:2160 we 2159:2160 we 2159:2160 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 7 53 theme chi-square 1205:1214 arg1 P < 0.05 1195:1202 P < 0.05 1195:1202 P < 0.05 1195:1202 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 7 53 theme chi-square 1205:1214 arg1 test 1216:1219 chi-square test 1205:1219 chi-square test 1205:1219 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 7 54 theme Bacteroides 1264:1274 arg1 species 1276:1282 3 prevalent Bacteroides species 1252:1282 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups) 1252:1320 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 4 55 theme Fecal 678:682 arg1 samples 684:690 Fecal samples 678:690 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants 678:792 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants were analyzed by reduced metagenome sequencing to determine metagenome size and taxonomic composition. 33452029 2 56 theme nutritional 394:404 arg1 potential 418:426 and the inferred nutritional utilization potential 377:426 potential 418:426 We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. 33452029 6 57 theme million 1104:1110 arg1 bp 1112:1113 ∼20 million bp 1100:1113 ∼20 million bp at birth for the children 1100:1139 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 14 58 theme adult-like 2467:2476 arg1 microbiota 2478:2487 a more adult-like microbiota 2460:2487 a more adult-like microbiota 2460:2487 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 3 59 theme Preventing 600:609 arg1 PreventADALL 656:667 PreventADALL 656:667 PreventADALL 656:667 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 3 59 theme Preventing 600:609 arg1 Dermatitis 618:627 Preventing Atopic Dermatitis 600:627 Preventing Atopic Dermatitis 600:627 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 15 60 theme gut 2656:2658 arg1 composition 2671:2681 the gut microbiota composition 2652:2681 the gut microbiota composition 2652:2681 This knowledge will be important for a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy. 33452029 13 61 theme nutrient 2224:2231 arg1 potential 2245:2253 the nutrient utilization potential 2220:2253 the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2220:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 3 62 theme general 575:581 arg1 cohort 670:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 1 63 theme bacteria 189:196 arg1 mother-child 165:176 mother-child 165:176 mother-child 165:176 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 10 64 theme age-related 1597:1607 arg1 increase 1609:1616 The age-related increase 1593:1616 The age-related increase in metagenome size 1593:1635 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 3 65 theme Allergies 633:641 arg1 cohort 670:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 5 66 theme utilization 910:920 arg1 potential 922:930 The nutrient utilization potential 897:930 The nutrient utilization potential 897:930 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 3 67 theme Dermatitis 618:627 arg1 cohort 670:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort 571:675 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 1 68 theme longitudinal 220:231 arg1 trajectory 233:242 the corresponding longitudinal trajectory 202:242 the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development 202:283 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 11 69 theme selection 1815:1823 arg1 means 1825:1829 potential selection means 1805:1829 potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers 1805:1876 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 13 70 theme high-taxonomic-resolution 2175:2199 arg1 approach 2201:2208 a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach 2167:2208 a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach 2167:2208 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 11 71 theme human 2016:2020 arg1 infants 2022:2028 human infants 2016:2028 human infants 2016:2028 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 4 72 theme gestational 705:715 arg1 week 717:720 gestational week 18 705:723 gestational week 18 705:723 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants were analyzed by reduced metagenome sequencing to determine metagenome size and taxonomic composition. 33452029 11 73 theme initial 1859:1865 arg1 colonizers 1867:1876 initial colonizers 1859:1876 initial colonizers 1859:1876 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 15 74 theme future 2594:2599 arg1 understanding 2601:2613 a future understanding 2592:2613 a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy 2592:2712 This knowledge will be important for a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy. 33452029 8 75 theme explained 1451:1459 arg1 P = 0.0001 1471:1480 P = 0.0001 1471:1480 P = 0.0001 1471:1480 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 8 75 theme explained 1451:1459 arg1 variance 1461:1468 1.7% explained variance 1446:1468 1.7% explained variance 1446:1468 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 12 76 theme great 2135:2139 arg1 importance 2141:2150 great importance 2135:2150 great importance 2135:2150 Understanding the factors driving this colonization will therefore be of great importance. 33452029 3 77 from Dermatitis 618:627 arg1 Children 646:653 Children 646:653 Children 646:653 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 11 78 from increase 1901:1908 arg1 diversity 1913:1921 diversity 1913:1921 diversity 1913:1921 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 5 79 theme Metabolic 968:976 arg1 database 1004:1011 the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database 956:1011 the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database 956:1011 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 6 80 theme base 1068:1071 arg1 bp 1080:1081 bp 1080:1081 bp 1080:1081 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 80 theme base 1068:1071 arg1 pairs 1073:1077 ∼150 million base pairs 1055:1077 ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers 1055:1094 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 80 theme base 1068:1071 arg1 size 1046:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 5 81 dep database 1004:1011 arg1 www.vmh.life 990:1001 www.vmh.life 990:1001 www.vmh.life 990:1001 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 5 81 dep database 1004:1011 arg1 VMH 985:987 VMH 985:987 VMH 985:987 The nutrient utilization potential was determined based on the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database. 33452029 3 82 from Allergies 633:641 arg1 Children 646:653 Children 646:653 Children 646:653 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 9 83 theme vaginal 1489:1495 arg1 delivery 1497:1504 vaginal delivery 1489:1504 vaginal delivery 1489:1504 Both vaginal delivery and mother-child sharing were associated with host-derived mucins as nutrient sources. 33452029 11 84 theme bacterial 1990:1998 arg1 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 11 84 theme bacterial 1990:1998 arg1 colonization 2000:2011 The initial bacterial colonization 1978:2011 The initial bacterial colonization of human infants 1978:2028 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 0 85 theme Gut 87:89 arg1 Colonization 91:102 Initial Gut Colonization 79:102 Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria 79:134 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 7 86 dep species 1276:1282 arg1 prevalence 1285:1294 prevalence 1285:1294 prevalence 1285:1294 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 7 86 dep species 1276:1282 arg1 % 1300:1300  >25% 1296:1300  >25% for all age groups 1296:1319 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 6 87 theme median 1028:1033 arg1 pairs 1073:1077 ∼150 million base pairs 1055:1077 ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers 1055:1094 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 87 theme median 1028:1033 arg1 size 1046:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 11 88 theme host-derived 1782:1793 arg1 mucins 1795:1800 host-derived mucins 1782:1800 host-derived mucins 1782:1800 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 0 89 theme Bacteria 127:134 arg1 Colonization 91:102 Initial Gut Colonization 79:102 Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria 79:134 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 15 90 theme diet 2636:2639 arg1 importance 2622:2631 the importance 2618:2631 the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy 2618:2712 This knowledge will be important for a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy. 33452029 6 91 theme ∼20 1100:1102 arg1 million 1104:1110 million 1104:1110 million 1104:1110 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 8 92 theme multivariate 1328:1339 arg1 analysis 1341:1348 a multivariate analysis 1326:1348 a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) 1326:1368 In a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), the mother-child-shared Bacteroides were associated with vaginal delivery (1.7% explained variance, P = 0.0001). 33452029 14 93 theme potential 2348:2356 arg1 means 2368:2372 potential selection means 2348:2372 potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria 2348:2433 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 2 94 theme gut 436:438 arg1 microbiota 440:449 the gut microbiota 432:449 the gut microbiota 432:449 We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. 33452029 0 95 theme Microbiota 6:15 arg1 Potential 38:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 15 96 theme importance 2622:2631 arg1 understanding 2601:2613 a future understanding 2592:2613 a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy 2592:2712 This knowledge will be important for a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy. 33452029 9 97 theme host-derived 1552:1563 arg1 mucins 1565:1570 host-derived mucins 1552:1570 host-derived mucins as nutrient sources 1552:1590 Both vaginal delivery and mother-child sharing were associated with host-derived mucins as nutrient sources. 33452029 7 98 theme age 1310:1312 arg1 groups 1314:1319 all age groups 1306:1319 all age groups 1306:1319 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 7 99 dep mother-child 1173:1184 arg1 P < 0.05 1195:1202 P < 0.05 1195:1202 P < 0.05 1195:1202 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 7 99 dep mother-child 1173:1184 arg1 test 1216:1219 chi-square test 1205:1219 chi-square test 1205:1219 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 0 100 theme Utilization 26:36 arg1 Potential 38:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential 0:46 Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. 33452029 13 101 theme longitudinal 2295:2306 arg1 cohort 2321:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2287:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 10 102 theme nutrient 1679:1686 arg1 utilization 1688:1698 nutrient utilization 1679:1698 nutrient utilization 1679:1698 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 7 103 dep 6 months 1239:1246 arg1 up 1233:1234 up 1233:1234 up 1233:1234 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 3 104 theme depth 498:502 arg1 microbiota 508:517 depth gut microbiota 498:517 depth gut microbiota 498:517 We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort. 33452029 7 105 theme Longitudinal 1142:1153 arg1 analyses 1155:1162 Longitudinal analyses 1142:1162 Longitudinal analyses 1142:1162 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 13 106 theme microbiota 2273:2282 arg1 potential 2245:2253 the nutrient utilization potential 2220:2253 the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort 2220:2326 Here, we used a novel high-taxonomic-resolution approach to deduce the nutrient utilization potential of the infant gut microbiota in a large longitudinal mother-child cohort. 33452029 4 107 theme metagenome 854:863 arg1 size 865:868 metagenome size 854:868 metagenome size 854:868 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants were analyzed by reduced metagenome sequencing to determine metagenome size and taxonomic composition. 33452029 14 108 theme utilization 2532:2542 arg1 potential 2544:2552 dietary polysaccharide utilization potential 2509:2552 dietary polysaccharide utilization potential 2509:2552 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 10 109 theme dietary 1706:1712 arg1 polysaccharides 1714:1728 dietary polysaccharides 1706:1728 dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor 1706:1759 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 14 110 theme mother-child-shared 2406:2424 arg1 bacteria 2426:2433 mother-child-shared bacteria 2406:2433 mother-child-shared bacteria 2406:2433 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 11 111 dep polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE 1951:1976 arg1 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 crucial 2033:2039 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 11 111 dep polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE 1951:1976 arg1 colonization 2000:2011 The initial bacterial colonization 1978:2011 The initial bacterial colonization of human infants 1978:2028 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 14 112 theme dietary 2509:2515 arg1 potential 2544:2552 dietary polysaccharide utilization potential 2509:2552 dietary polysaccharide utilization potential 2509:2552 We found mucins as potential selection means for the initial colonization of mother-child-shared bacteria, while the transition to a more adult-like microbiota was associated with dietary polysaccharide utilization potential. 33452029 2 113 theme utilization 406:416 arg1 potential 418:426 and the inferred nutritional utilization potential 377:426 potential 418:426 We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. 33452029 1 114 theme gut 258:260 arg1 development 273:283 the infant gut microbiota development 247:283 the infant gut microbiota development 247:283 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 10 115 from diversity 1666:1674 arg1 utilization 1688:1698 nutrient utilization 1679:1698 nutrient utilization 1679:1698 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 7 116 theme prevalent 1254:1262 arg1 species 1276:1282 3 prevalent Bacteroides species 1252:1282 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups) 1252:1320 Longitudinal analyses revealed mother-child sharing (P < 0.05, chi-square test) from birth up to 6 months for 3 prevalent Bacteroides species (prevalence, >25% for all age groups). 33452029 11 117 theme dietary 1943:1949 arg1 polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE 1951:1976 dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE 1943:1976 dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health 1943:2059 Our results support host-derived mucins as potential selection means for mother-child sharing of initial colonizers, while the age-related increase in diversity was associated with dietary polysaccharides.IMPORTANCE The initial bacterial colonization of human infants is crucial for lifelong health. 33452029 4 118 theme metagenome 819:828 arg1 sequencing 830:839 reduced metagenome sequencing 811:839 reduced metagenome sequencing 811:839 Fecal samples collected at gestational week 18 for mothers and at birth (meconium), 3, 6, and 12 months for infants were analyzed by reduced metagenome sequencing to determine metagenome size and taxonomic composition. 33452029 6 119 from birth 1118:1122 arg1 bp 1080:1081 bp 1080:1081 bp 1080:1081 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 119 from birth 1118:1122 arg1 pairs 1073:1077 ∼150 million base pairs 1055:1077 ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers 1055:1094 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 119 from birth 1118:1122 arg1 size 1046:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size 1014:1049 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 6 119 from birth 1118:1122 arg1 bp 1112:1113 ∼20 million bp 1100:1113 ∼20 million bp at birth for the children 1100:1139 The estimated median metagenome size was ∼150 million base pairs (bp) for mothers and ∼20 million bp at birth for the children. 33452029 10 120 theme main 1737:1740 arg1 factor 1754:1759 the main age-related factor 1733:1759 the main age-related factor 1733:1759 The age-related increase in metagenome size corresponded to an increased diversity in nutrient utilization, with dietary polysaccharides as the main age-related factor. 33452029 15 121 theme microbiota 2660:2669 arg1 composition 2671:2681 the gut microbiota composition 2652:2681 the gut microbiota composition 2652:2681 This knowledge will be important for a future understanding of the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota composition and development during infancy. 33452029 1 122 theme development 273:283 arg1 trajectory 233:242 the corresponding longitudinal trajectory 202:242 the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development 202:283 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33452029 1 122 theme development 273:283 arg1 drivers 153:159 The nutritional drivers 137:159 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria 137:196 The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. 33361116 6 0 theme acute 889:893 arg1 coronavirus 916:926 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 882:928 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 882:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 0 theme acute 889:893 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 3 1 theme Afucosylated 319:330 arg1 variants 336:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 1 2 theme invading 165:172 arg1 pathogens 174:182 invading pathogens 165:182 invading pathogens 165:182 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are crucial for protection against invading pathogens. 33361116 5 3 theme immune-mediated 722:736 arg1 pathologies 738:748 immune-mediated pathologies 722:748 immune-mediated pathologies 722:748 This mediates stronger FcγRIIIa responses but also amplifies brewing cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies. 33361116 6 4 theme high 823:826 arg1 concentrations 828:841 high concentrations 823:841 high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 823:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 5 5 theme stronger 647:654 arg1 responses 665:673 stronger FcγRIIIa responses 647:673 stronger FcγRIIIa responses 647:673 This mediates stronger FcγRIIIa responses but also amplifies brewing cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies. 33361116 4 6 theme enveloped 573:581 arg1 viruses 583:589 enveloped viruses 573:589 enveloped viruses 573:589 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 5 7 theme FcγRIIIa 656:663 arg1 responses 665:673 stronger FcγRIIIa responses 647:673 stronger FcγRIIIa responses 647:673 This mediates stronger FcγRIIIa responses but also amplifies brewing cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies. 33361116 6 8 theme syndrome 907:914 arg1 coronavirus 916:926 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 882:928 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 882:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 8 theme syndrome 907:914 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 9 theme mild 804:807 arg1 symptoms 809:816 mild symptoms 804:816 mild symptoms 804:816 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 10 gly afucosylated 846:857 arg1 antibodies 863:872 afucosylated IgG antibodies 846:872 afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 846:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 4 11 from % 515:515 arg1 humans 533:538 humans 533:538 humans 533:538 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 4 12 theme afucosylated 482:493 arg1 IgG 495:497 afucosylated IgG 482:497 afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) 482:539 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 2 13 theme IgG 267:269 arg1 function 271:278 IgG function 267:278 IgG function 267:278 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 7 14 theme critical 1052:1059 arg1 role 1061:1064 a critical role 1050:1064 a critical role 1050:1064 Thus, antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19. 33361116 6 15 contain had 819:821 arg1 those 793:797 those 793:797 those 793:797 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 15 contain had 819:821 arg1 patients 775:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients 751:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients 751:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 15 contain had 819:821 arg2 concentrations 828:841 high concentrations 823:841 high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 823:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 0 16 theme COVID-19 77:84 arg1 severity 86:93 COVID-19 severity 77:93 COVID-19 severity 77:93 Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity. 33361116 1 17 theme Immunoglobulin 96:109 arg1 G 111:111 Immunoglobulin G 96:111 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies 96:128 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are crucial for protection against invading pathogens. 33361116 1 17 theme Immunoglobulin 96:109 arg1 IgG 114:116 IgG 114:116 IgG 114:116 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are crucial for protection against invading pathogens. 33361116 3 18 theme Fc 436:437 arg1 FcγRIIIa 450:457 FcγRIIIa 450:457 FcγRIIIa 450:457 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 3 18 theme Fc 436:437 arg1 receptors 439:447 Fc receptors 436:447 Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa) 436:458 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 0 19 theme Afucosylated 0:11 arg1 IgG 13:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity. 33361116 6 20 theme phase 998:1002 arg1 responses 1004:1012 acute phase responses 992:1012 acute phase responses 992:1012 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 3 21 used used 357:360 arg2 variants 336:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 1 22 theme G 111:111 arg1 antibodies 119:128 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies 96:128 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies 96:128 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are crucial for protection against invading pathogens. 33361116 7 23 theme enveloped 1089:1097 arg1 COVID-19 1118:1125 COVID-19 1118:1125 COVID-19 1118:1125 Thus, antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19. 33361116 7 23 theme enveloped 1089:1097 arg1 viruses 1099:1105 enveloped viruses 1089:1105 enveloped viruses 1089:1105 Thus, antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19. 33361116 3 24 theme anticancer 365:374 arg1 antibodies 388:397 anticancer therapeutic antibodies 365:397 anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa) 365:458 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 6 25 theme acute 992:996 arg1 responses 1004:1012 acute phase responses 992:1012 acute phase responses 992:1012 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 5 26 theme brewing 694:700 arg1 storms 711:716 brewing cytokine storms 694:716 brewing cytokine storms 694:716 This mediates stronger FcγRIIIa responses but also amplifies brewing cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies. 33361116 2 27 link N-linked 204:211 arg1 essential 253:261 essential 253:261 essential 253:261 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 2 27 link N-linked 204:211 arg1 glycan 213:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan 185:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan 185:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 3 28 theme therapeutic 376:386 arg1 antibodies 388:397 anticancer therapeutic antibodies 365:397 anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa) 365:458 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 7 29 theme antibody 1021:1028 arg1 glycosylation 1030:1042 antibody glycosylation 1021:1042 antibody glycosylation 1021:1042 Thus, antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19. 33361116 5 30 theme cytokine 702:709 arg1 storms 711:716 brewing cytokine storms 694:716 brewing cytokine storms 694:716 This mediates stronger FcγRIIIa responses but also amplifies brewing cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies. 33361116 6 31 theme severe 882:887 arg1 coronavirus 916:926 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 882:928 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 882:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 31 theme severe 882:887 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 2 32 theme variable 287:294 arg1 composition 296:306 variable composition 287:306 variable composition in humans 287:316 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 0 33 gly Afucosylated 0:11 arg1 IgG 13:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity. 33361116 4 34 gly afucosylated 482:493 arg1 IgG 495:497 afucosylated IgG 482:497 afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) 482:539 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 0 35 theme viral 41:45 arg1 responses 47:55 enveloped viral responses 31:55 enveloped viral responses 31:55 Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity. 33361116 6 36 theme cytokine 971:978 arg1 release 980:986 proinflammatory cytokine release 955:986 proinflammatory cytokine release 955:986 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 37 theme antibodies 863:872 arg1 concentrations 828:841 high concentrations 823:841 high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 823:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 0 38 theme enveloped 31:39 arg1 responses 47:55 enveloped viral responses 31:55 enveloped viral responses 31:55 Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity. 33361116 4 39 dep IgG 495:497 arg1 % 515:515 approximately 6% 500:515 approximately 6% of total IgG in humans 500:538 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 4 39 dep IgG 495:497 arg1 IgG 526:528 total IgG 520:528 total IgG 520:528 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 6 40 theme proinflammatory 955:969 arg1 release 980:986 proinflammatory cytokine release 955:986 proinflammatory cytokine release 955:986 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 41 theme IgG 859:861 arg1 antibodies 863:872 afucosylated IgG antibodies 846:872 afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 846:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 2 42 theme IgG-Fc 231:236 arg1 tail 238:241 the IgG-Fc tail 227:241 the IgG-Fc tail 227:241 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 6 43 theme respiratory 895:905 arg1 coronavirus 916:926 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 882:928 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 882:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 43 theme respiratory 895:905 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 SARS-CoV-2 931:940 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 3 44 theme increased 409:417 arg1 activity 419:426 their increased activity 403:426 their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa) 403:458 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 4 45 theme IgG 526:528 arg1 % 515:515 approximately 6% 500:515 approximately 6% of total IgG in humans 500:538 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 4 45 theme IgG 526:528 arg1 IgG 526:528 total IgG 520:528 total IgG 520:528 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 7 46 theme immune 1069:1074 arg1 responses 1076:1084 immune responses 1069:1084 immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19 1069:1125 Thus, antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19. 33361116 6 47 theme afucosylated 846:857 arg1 antibodies 863:872 afucosylated IgG antibodies 846:872 afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 846:941 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 6 48 theme COVID-19 766:773 arg1 patients 775:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients 751:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients 751:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 4 49 theme total 520:524 arg1 IgG 526:528 total IgG 520:528 total IgG 520:528 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 3 50 gly Afucosylated 319:330 arg1 variants 336:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 6 51 theme ill 762:764 arg1 patients 775:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients 751:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients 751:782 Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. 33361116 2 52 theme N-linked 204:211 arg1 essential 253:261 essential 253:261 essential 253:261 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 2 52 theme N-linked 204:211 arg1 glycan 213:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan 185:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan 185:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 3 53 theme IgG 332:334 arg1 variants 336:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants 319:343 Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (FcγRIIIa). 33361116 2 54 theme conserved 194:202 arg1 essential 253:261 essential 253:261 essential 253:261 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 2 54 theme conserved 194:202 arg1 glycan 213:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan 185:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan 185:218 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33361116 4 55 theme other 617:621 arg1 antigens 623:630 other antigens 617:630 other antigens 617:630 Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. 33361116 2 56 from composition 296:306 arg1 humans 311:316 humans 311:316 humans 311:316 A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. 33999085 6 0 theme use 1549:1551 arg1 history 1538:1544 history 1538:1544 history of use 1538:1551 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 6 0 theme use 1549:1551 arg1 doors 1485:1489 new doors 1481:1489 new doors to understanding the objects' significance 1481:1532 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 2 1 theme materials 573:581 arg1 mixtures 553:560 complex mixtures 545:560 complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar 545:609 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 2 2 theme complex 545:551 arg1 mixtures 553:560 complex mixtures 545:560 complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar 545:609 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 3 3 theme mass 813:816 arg1 spectrometry 818:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 2 4 theme natural 565:571 arg1 materials 573:581 natural materials 565:581 natural materials 565:581 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 5 5 from sheep 1344:1348 arg1 presence 1264:1271 the presence 1260:1271 the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog 1260:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 5 from sheep 1344:1348 arg1 blood 1288:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 5 from sheep 1344:1348 arg1 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 1 6 theme Art 262:264 arg1 Institute 266:274 the Art Institute 258:274 the Art Institute of Chicago 258:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 0 7 from Characterization 0:15 arg1 sculptures 49:58 African sculptures 41:58 African sculptures 41:58 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 6 8 theme scientific 1368:1377 arg1 evidence 1379:1386 This new scientific evidence 1359:1386 This new scientific evidence 1359:1386 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 3 9 theme shotgun 856:862 arg1 proteomics 864:873 shotgun proteomics 856:873 shotgun proteomics 856:873 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 1 10 theme Institute 266:274 arg1 collection 244:253 the collection 240:253 the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 240:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 0 11 theme multi-analytical 81:96 arg1 study 98:102 a multi-analytical study 79:102 a multi-analytical study including proteomics 79:123 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 1 12 theme Yoruba 324:329 arg1 sculpture 338:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture 322:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure 322:365 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 3 13 theme species 942:948 arg1 level 950:954 the species level 938:954 the species level 938:954 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 3 14 theme proteinaceous 964:976 arg1 materials 978:986 the proteinaceous materials 960:986 the proteinaceous materials 960:986 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 3 15 theme chromatography 798:811 arg1 spectrometry 818:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 1 16 theme wooden 331:336 arg1 sculpture 338:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture 322:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure 322:365 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 5 17 theme spectrometry-based 1155:1172 arg1 proteomics 1174:1183 mass spectrometry-based proteomics 1150:1183 mass spectrometry-based proteomics 1150:1183 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 3 18 theme materials 978:986 arg1 nature 900:905 nature 900:905 nature 900:905 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 3 18 theme materials 978:986 arg1 origin 922:927 biological origin 911:927 biological origin 911:927 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 1 19 used used 162:165 arg2 techniques 146:155 Multiple analytical techniques 126:155 Multiple analytical techniques 126:155 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 4 20 theme inorganic 1098:1106 arg1 compounds 1124:1132 inorganic (clay or earth) compounds 1098:1132 inorganic (clay or earth) compounds 1098:1132 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 4 20 theme inorganic 1098:1106 arg1 earth 1117:1121 earth 1117:1121 earth 1117:1121 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 4 20 theme inorganic 1098:1106 arg1 clay 1109:1112 clay 1109:1112 clay 1109:1112 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 3 21 theme gas 794:796 arg1 spectrometry 818:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 5 22 theme new 1194:1196 arg1 insights 1198:1205 new insights 1194:1205 new insights on proteinaceous components 1194:1233 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 3 23 dep Fourier 740:746 arg1 transform 748:756 transform 748:756 transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 748:829 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 2 24 theme scientific 444:453 arg1 attention 455:463 relatively little scientific attention 426:463 relatively little scientific attention 426:463 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 4 25 theme materials 1037:1045 arg1 presence 1017:1024 the presence 1013:1024 the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds 1013:1132 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 5 26 from goat 1338:1341 arg1 presence 1264:1271 the presence 1260:1271 the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog 1260:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 26 from goat 1338:1341 arg1 blood 1288:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 26 from goat 1338:1341 arg1 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 6 27 theme supplements 1401:1411 arg1 knowledge 1413:1421 supplements knowledge 1401:1421 supplements knowledge derived from curatorial 1401:1445 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 5 28 theme mass 1150:1153 arg1 proteomics 1174:1183 mass spectrometry-based proteomics 1150:1183 mass spectrometry-based proteomics 1150:1183 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 2 29 theme scientific 641:650 arg1 literature 652:661 the scientific literature 637:661 the scientific literature on artists' materials 637:683 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 5 30 from presence 1264:1271 arg1 sheep 1344:1348 sheep 1344:1348 sheep 1344:1348 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 30 from presence 1264:1271 arg1 goat 1338:1341 goat 1338:1341 goat 1338:1341 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 30 from presence 1264:1271 arg1 chicken 1329:1335 chicken 1329:1335 chicken 1329:1335 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 30 from presence 1264:1271 arg1 dog 1354:1356 dog 1354:1356 dog 1354:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 31 theme blood 1318:1322 arg1 presence 1264:1271 the presence 1260:1271 the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog 1260:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 1 32 theme Chicago 279:285 arg1 Institute 266:274 the Art Institute 258:274 the Art Institute of Chicago 258:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 5 33 theme sacrificial 1276:1286 arg1 blood 1288:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 34 from chicken 1329:1335 arg1 presence 1264:1271 the presence 1260:1271 the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog 1260:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 34 from chicken 1329:1335 arg1 blood 1288:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 34 from chicken 1329:1335 arg1 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 0 35 theme materials 28:36 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 0:124 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 4 36 dep compounds 1124:1132 arg1 compounds 1124:1132 inorganic (clay or earth) compounds 1098:1132 inorganic (clay or earth) compounds 1098:1132 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 4 36 dep compounds 1124:1132 arg1 earth 1117:1121 earth 1117:1121 earth 1117:1121 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 4 36 dep compounds 1124:1132 arg1 clay 1109:1112 clay 1109:1112 clay 1109:1112 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 5 37 theme blood 1288:1292 arg1 presence 1264:1271 the presence 1260:1271 the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog 1260:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 0 38 theme surface 20:26 arg1 materials 28:36 surface materials 20:36 surface materials 20:36 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 6 39 theme new 1364:1366 arg1 evidence 1379:1386 This new scientific evidence 1359:1386 This new scientific evidence 1359:1386 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 1 40 dep used 162:165 arg1 object 303:308 a Bamana power object 288:308 a Bamana power object (boli) 288:315 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 40 dep used 162:165 arg1 sculpture 338:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture 322:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure 322:365 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 40 dep used 162:165 arg1 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 5 41 from dog 1354:1356 arg1 presence 1264:1271 the presence 1260:1271 the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog 1260:1356 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 41 from dog 1354:1356 arg1 blood 1288:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 sacrificial blood 1276:1292 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 5 41 from dog 1354:1356 arg1 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 blood 1318:1322 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 0 42 theme African 41:47 arg1 sculptures 49:58 African sculptures 41:58 African sculptures 41:58 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 1 43 theme Bamana 290:295 arg1 object 303:308 a Bamana power object 288:308 a Bamana power object (boli) 288:315 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 43 theme Bamana 290:295 arg1 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 44 theme female 353:358 arg1 figure 360:365 a female figure 351:365 a female figure 351:365 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 3 45 theme biological 911:920 arg1 origin 922:927 biological origin 911:927 biological origin 911:927 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 1 46 theme African 218:224 arg1 sculptures 226:235 two African sculptures 214:235 two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 214:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 2 47 theme little 437:442 arg1 attention 455:463 relatively little scientific attention 426:463 relatively little scientific attention 426:463 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 1 48 theme power 297:301 arg1 object 303:308 a Bamana power object 288:308 a Bamana power object (boli) 288:315 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 48 theme power 297:301 arg1 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 6 49 attach derived 1423:1429 arg2 knowledge 1413:1421 supplements knowledge 1401:1421 supplements knowledge derived from curatorial 1401:1445 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 6 49 attach derived 1423:1429 arg1 curatorial 1436:1445 curatorial 1436:1445 curatorial 1436:1445 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 1 50 theme figure 360:365 arg1 object 303:308 a Bamana power object 288:308 a Bamana power object (boli) 288:315 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 50 theme figure 360:365 arg1 sculpture 338:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture 322:346 a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure 322:365 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 50 theme figure 360:365 arg1 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 boli 311:314 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 5 51 theme proteinaceous 1210:1222 arg1 components 1224:1233 proteinaceous components 1210:1233 proteinaceous components 1210:1233 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 1 52 theme sculptures 226:235 arg1 surfaces 202:209 the surfaces 198:209 the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 198:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 53 from collection 244:253 arg1 surfaces 202:209 the surfaces 198:209 the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 198:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 54 from sculptures 226:235 arg1 collection 244:253 the collection 240:253 the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 240:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 3 55 theme techniques 719:728 arg1 complement 705:714 a complement 703:714 a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 703:829 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 6 56 theme new 1481:1483 arg1 doors 1485:1489 new doors 1481:1489 new doors to understanding the objects' significance 1481:1532 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 3 57 theme down 930:933 arg1 nature 900:905 nature 900:905 nature 900:905 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 1 58 theme Multiple 126:133 arg1 techniques 146:155 Multiple analytical techniques 126:155 Multiple analytical techniques 126:155 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 5 59 from insights 1198:1205 arg1 components 1224:1233 proteinaceous components 1210:1233 proteinaceous components 1210:1233 In particular, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provided new insights on proteinaceous components, allowing us to identify the presence of sacrificial blood, and more specifically, blood from chicken, goat, sheep and dog. 33999085 3 60 dep nature 900:905 arg1 the 896:898 the 896:898 the 896:898 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 1 61 theme analytical 135:144 arg1 techniques 146:155 Multiple analytical techniques 126:155 Multiple analytical techniques 126:155 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 4 62 theme plant 1057:1061 arg1 resins 1063:1068 plant resins 1057:1068 plant resins 1057:1068 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 33999085 0 63 from study 98:102 arg1 insights 65:72 new insights 61:72 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 0:124 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 2 64 from accretions 376:385 arg1 these 406:410 these 406:410 these 406:410 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 2 64 from accretions 376:385 arg1 objects 390:396 objects 390:396 objects such as these 390:410 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 6 65 theme field 1451:1455 arg1 studies 1462:1468 field work studies 1451:1468 field work studies 1451:1468 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 3 66 theme pyrolysis 784:792 arg1 spectrometry 818:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry 784:829 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 2 67 theme Surface 368:374 arg1 accretions 376:385 Surface accretions 368:385 Surface accretions on objects such as these 368:410 Surface accretions on objects such as these have received relatively little scientific attention to elucidate their composition and function, in part because they are made with complex mixtures of natural materials, which are often unfamiliar and poorly represented in the scientific literature on artists' materials. 33999085 1 68 from surfaces 202:209 arg1 collection 244:253 the collection 240:253 the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 240:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 1 68 from surfaces 202:209 arg1 materials 183:191 materials 183:191 materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago 183:285 Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize materials from the surfaces of two African sculptures in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago: a Bamana power object (boli), and a Yoruba wooden sculpture of a female figure. 33999085 6 69 theme work 1457:1460 arg1 studies 1462:1468 field work studies 1451:1468 field work studies 1451:1468 This new scientific evidence supports and supplements knowledge derived from curatorial and field work studies, and opens new doors to understanding the objects' significance and history of use. 33999085 3 70 theme infrared 758:765 arg1 spectroscopy 767:778 infrared spectroscopy 758:778 infrared spectroscopy 758:778 For this reason, a complement of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry were applied, along with shotgun proteomics to better understand the nature and biological origin, down to the species level, of the proteinaceous materials. 33999085 0 71 theme new 61:63 arg1 insights 65:72 new insights 61:72 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 0:124 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 0 72 dep Characterization 0:15 arg1 insights 65:72 new insights 61:72 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 0:124 Characterization of surface materials on African sculptures: new insights from a multi-analytical study including proteomics. 33999085 4 73 theme diverse 1029:1035 arg1 materials 1037:1045 diverse materials 1029:1045 diverse materials 1029:1045 The results highlighted the presence of diverse materials including plant resins, oils, polysaccharides, and inorganic (clay or earth) compounds. 34062155 3 0 dep PTMs 635:638 arg1 biogenesis 652:661 biogenesis 652:661 biogenesis 652:661 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 8 1 theme quality 1561:1567 arg1 machinery 1577:1585 the quality control machinery 1557:1585 the quality control machinery 1557:1585 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 5 2 theme acid 791:794 arg1 ∆E 805:806 ∆E 805:806 ∆E 805:806 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 2 theme acid 791:794 arg1 residue 796:802 a C-terminal glutamic acid residue 769:802 a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) 769:807 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 1 3 theme proteins 190:197 arg1 folding 133:139 folding 133:139 folding 133:139 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 1 3 theme proteins 190:197 arg1 modification 164:175 post-translational modification 145:175 post-translational modification 145:175 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 6 4 theme disulfide 1069:1077 arg1 bond 1079:1082 at least one disulfide bond 1056:1082 at least one disulfide bond 1056:1082 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 7 5 from identity 1151:1158 arg1 torsinA 1111:1117 torsinA biogenesis and function 1111:1141 torsinA biogenesis and function 1111:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 5 from identity 1151:1158 arg1 function 1134:1141 function 1134:1141 function 1134:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 5 from identity 1151:1158 arg1 biogenesis 1119:1128 biogenesis 1119:1128 biogenesis 1119:1128 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 6 6 theme other 926:930 arg1 ATPases 937:943 other AAA+ ATPases 926:943 other AAA+ ATPases 926:943 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 9 7 theme Cys 1627:1629 arg1 residues 1631:1638 specific Cys residues 1618:1638 specific Cys residues 1618:1638 We also highlight the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis and demonstrate that torsinA∆E is more sensitive than torsinA when these Cys residues are mutated. 34062155 5 8 theme residue 796:802 arg1 deletion 757:764 The deletion 753:764 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) 753:807 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 4 9 theme AAA+ 677:680 arg1 TorsinA 664:670 TorsinA 664:670 TorsinA 664:670 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 4 9 theme AAA+ 677:680 arg1 ATPase 682:687 a AAA+ ATPase 675:687 a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions 675:750 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 5 10 theme severe 879:884 arg1 Dystonia 867:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 10 theme severe 879:884 arg1 disorder 895:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 8 11 theme torsinA 1371:1377 arg1 glycosylation 1354:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 11 theme torsinA 1371:1377 arg1 folding 1333:1339 folding 1333:1339 folding 1333:1339 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 12 theme torsinA∆E 1383:1391 arg1 glycosylation 1354:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 12 theme torsinA∆E 1383:1391 arg1 folding 1333:1339 folding 1333:1339 folding 1333:1339 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 13 theme yeast 1222:1226 arg1 system 1247:1252 a yeast torsinA expression system 1220:1252 a yeast torsinA expression system 1220:1252 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 0 14 theme redox 60:64 arg1 homeostasis 66:76 redox homeostasis 60:76 redox homeostasis 60:76 TorsinA folding and N-linked glycosylation are sensitive to redox homeostasis. 34062155 5 15 theme Torsion 859:865 arg1 Dystonia 867:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 15 theme Torsion 859:865 arg1 disorder 895:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 6 16 theme resident 963:970 arg1 it 951:952 it 951:952 it 951:952 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 6 16 theme resident 963:970 arg1 ER 960:961 an ER resident 957:970 an ER resident 957:970 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 8 17 theme expression 1236:1245 arg1 system 1247:1252 a yeast torsinA expression system 1220:1252 a yeast torsinA expression system 1220:1252 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 2 18 dep along 428:432 arg1 with 434:437 with 434:437 with 434:437 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 1 19 theme post-translational 145:162 arg1 modification 164:175 post-translational modification 145:175 post-translational modification 145:175 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 1 20 dep folding 133:139 arg1 the 129:131 the 129:131 the 129:131 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 2 21 theme chaperone-supported 489:507 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 21 theme chaperone-supported 489:507 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 21 theme chaperone-supported 489:507 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 21 theme chaperone-supported 489:507 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 7 22 from role 1089:1092 arg1 torsinA 1111:1117 torsinA biogenesis and function 1111:1141 torsinA biogenesis and function 1111:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 22 from role 1089:1092 arg1 function 1134:1141 function 1134:1141 function 1134:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 22 from role 1089:1092 arg1 biogenesis 1119:1128 biogenesis 1119:1128 biogenesis 1119:1128 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 4 23 theme oligomeric 702:711 arg1 properties 713:722 unusual oligomeric properties 694:722 unusual oligomeric properties 694:722 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 3 24 from impact 601:606 arg1 PTMs 635:638 PTMs 635:638 PTMs 635:638 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 3 24 from impact 601:606 arg1 protein 644:650 protein 644:650 protein 644:650 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 2 25 theme enzyme 365:370 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 25 theme enzyme 365:370 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 25 theme enzyme 365:370 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 25 theme enzyme 365:370 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 0 26 theme TorsinA 0:6 arg1 folding 8:14 TorsinA folding 0:14 TorsinA folding 0:14 TorsinA folding and N-linked glycosylation are sensitive to redox homeostasis. 34062155 6 27 theme entry 996:1000 arg1 it 951:952 it 951:952 it 951:952 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 6 27 theme entry 996:1000 arg1 ER 960:961 an ER resident 957:970 an ER resident 957:970 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 6 27 theme entry 996:1000 arg1 result 982:987 a result 980:987 a result of its entry into the ER torsinA 980:1020 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 9 28 theme Cys 1739:1741 arg1 residues 1743:1750 these Cys residues 1733:1750 these Cys residues 1733:1750 We also highlight the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis and demonstrate that torsinA∆E is more sensitive than torsinA when these Cys residues are mutated. 34062155 8 29 theme protein 1286:1292 arg1 Pdi1 1315:1318 Pdi1 1315:1318 Pdi1 1315:1318 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 29 theme protein 1286:1292 arg1 isomerase 1304:1312 a specific protein disulfide isomerase 1275:1312 a specific protein disulfide isomerase 1275:1312 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 2 30 theme post-translational 445:462 arg1 PTMs 479:482 PTMs 479:482 PTMs 479:482 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 30 theme post-translational 445:462 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 30 theme post-translational 445:462 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 30 theme post-translational 445:462 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 30 theme post-translational 445:462 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 8 31 theme torsinA 1463:1469 arg1 intermediates 1479:1491 early torsinA folding intermediates 1457:1491 early torsinA folding intermediates 1457:1491 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 3 32 theme homeostasis 620:630 arg1 impact 601:606 the impact 597:606 the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis 597:661 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 8 33 theme intermediates 1479:1491 arg1 sensitive 1496:1504 sensitive 1496:1504 sensitive 1496:1504 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 33 theme intermediates 1479:1491 arg1 acquisition 1442:1452 the acquisition 1438:1452 the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates 1438:1491 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 3 34 theme ER 611:612 arg1 homeostasis 620:630 ER redox homeostasis 611:630 ER redox homeostasis 611:630 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 2 35 theme bond 337:340 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 35 theme bond 337:340 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 35 theme bond 337:340 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 35 theme bond 337:340 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 5 36 theme C-terminal 771:780 arg1 ∆E 805:806 ∆E 805:806 ∆E 805:806 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 36 theme C-terminal 771:780 arg1 residue 796:802 a C-terminal glutamic acid residue 769:802 a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) 769:807 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 2 37 from event 382:386 arg1 environment 405:415 the oxidizing environment 391:415 the oxidizing environment of the ER 391:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 7 38 dep torsinA 1111:1117 arg1 torsinA 1111:1117 torsinA biogenesis and function 1111:1141 torsinA biogenesis and function 1111:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 38 dep torsinA 1111:1117 arg1 function 1134:1141 function 1134:1141 function 1134:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 38 dep torsinA 1111:1117 arg1 biogenesis 1119:1128 biogenesis 1119:1128 biogenesis 1119:1128 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 8 39 theme control 1569:1575 arg1 machinery 1577:1585 the quality control machinery 1557:1585 the quality control machinery 1557:1585 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 40 theme perturbed 1509:1517 arg1 interactions 1519:1530 perturbed interactions 1509:1530 perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery 1509:1585 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 1 41 theme misfolded 224:232 arg1 proteins 234:241 misfolded proteins 224:241 misfolded proteins 224:241 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 7 42 theme enzymes 1167:1173 arg1 role 1089:1092 The role 1085:1092 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function 1085:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 42 theme enzymes 1167:1173 arg1 identity 1151:1158 the identity 1147:1158 the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them 1147:1192 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 4 43 with ATPase 682:687 arg1 properties 713:722 unusual oligomeric properties 694:722 unusual oligomeric properties 694:722 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 4 43 with ATPase 682:687 arg1 functions 742:750 controversial functions 728:750 controversial functions 728:750 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 0 44 link N-linked 20:27 arg1 glycosylation 29:41 N-linked glycosylation 20:41 N-linked glycosylation 20:41 TorsinA folding and N-linked glycosylation are sensitive to redox homeostasis. 34062155 2 45 theme complex 271:277 arg1 interplay 309:317 a complex yet only partially understood interplay 269:317 a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding 269:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 3 46 theme glycoprotein 544:555 arg1 substrate 576:584 a model substrate 568:584 a model substrate 568:584 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 3 46 theme glycoprotein 544:555 arg1 torsinA 557:563 the glycoprotein torsinA 540:563 the glycoprotein torsinA 540:563 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 1 47 theme secretory 180:188 arg1 proteins 190:197 secretory proteins 180:197 secretory proteins 180:197 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 2 48 theme understood 298:307 arg1 interplay 309:317 a complex yet only partially understood interplay 269:317 a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding 269:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 8 49 gly glycosylation 1354:1366 arg1 manner 1414:1419 a redox-dependent manner 1396:1419 a redox-dependent manner 1396:1419 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 49 gly glycosylation 1354:1366 arg1 torsinA∆E 1383:1391 torsinA∆E 1383:1391 torsinA∆E 1383:1391 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 49 gly glycosylation 1354:1366 arg1 torsinA 1371:1377 torsinA 1371:1377 torsinA 1371:1377 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 6 50 theme AAA+ 932:935 arg1 ATPases 937:943 other AAA+ ATPases 926:943 other AAA+ ATPases 926:943 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 9 51 theme specific 1618:1625 arg1 residues 1631:1638 specific Cys residues 1618:1638 specific Cys residues 1618:1638 We also highlight the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis and demonstrate that torsinA∆E is more sensitive than torsinA when these Cys residues are mutated. 34062155 8 52 theme N-linked 1345:1352 arg1 glycosylation 1354:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 3 53 used used 535:538 arg2 we 532:533 we 532:533 we 532:533 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 3 54 theme model 570:574 arg1 substrate 576:584 a model substrate 568:584 a model substrate 568:584 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 3 54 theme model 570:574 arg1 torsinA 557:563 the glycoprotein torsinA 540:563 the glycoprotein torsinA 540:563 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 9 55 theme residues 1631:1638 arg1 role 1610:1613 the role 1606:1613 the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis 1606:1664 We also highlight the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis and demonstrate that torsinA∆E is more sensitive than torsinA when these Cys residues are mutated. 34062155 8 56 dep folding 1333:1339 arg1 the 1329:1331 the 1329:1331 the 1329:1331 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 9 57 theme torsinA 1647:1653 arg1 biogenesis 1655:1664 torsinA biogenesis 1647:1664 torsinA biogenesis 1647:1664 We also highlight the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis and demonstrate that torsinA∆E is more sensitive than torsinA when these Cys residues are mutated. 34062155 3 58 gly glycoprotein 544:555 arg1 glycoprotein 544:555 the glycoprotein torsinA 540:563 the glycoprotein torsinA 540:563 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 5 59 theme movement 886:893 arg1 Dystonia 867:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 59 theme movement 886:893 arg1 disorder 895:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 60 theme Early-Onset 847:857 arg1 Dystonia 867:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia 847:874 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 60 theme Early-Onset 847:857 arg1 disorder 895:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 a severe movement disorder 877:902 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 8 61 theme redox-dependent 1398:1412 arg1 manner 1414:1419 a redox-dependent manner 1396:1419 a redox-dependent manner 1396:1419 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 5 62 theme Dystonia 867:874 arg1 development 832:842 the development 828:842 the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder 828:902 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 6 63 dep ER 960:961 arg1 contains 1022:1029 contains 1022:1029 contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond 1022:1082 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 8 64 theme torsinA 1228:1234 arg1 system 1247:1252 a yeast torsinA expression system 1220:1252 a yeast torsinA expression system 1220:1252 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 2 65 theme protein 509:515 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 65 theme protein 509:515 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 65 theme protein 509:515 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 65 theme protein 509:515 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 4 66 theme controversial 728:740 arg1 functions 742:750 controversial functions 728:750 controversial functions 728:750 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 7 67 theme PTMs 1103:1106 arg1 role 1089:1092 The role 1085:1092 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function 1085:1141 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 7 67 theme PTMs 1103:1106 arg1 identity 1151:1158 the identity 1147:1158 the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them 1147:1192 The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. 34062155 6 68 theme ER 1011:1012 arg1 torsinA 1014:1020 the ER torsinA 1007:1020 the ER torsinA 1007:1020 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 2 69 theme catalyzed 372:380 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 69 theme catalyzed 372:380 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 69 theme catalyzed 372:380 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 69 theme catalyzed 372:380 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 5 70 theme glutamic 782:789 arg1 ∆E 805:806 ∆E 805:806 ∆E 805:806 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 5 70 theme glutamic 782:789 arg1 residue 796:802 a C-terminal glutamic acid residue 769:802 a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) 769:807 The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. 34062155 1 71 theme Endoplasmic 83:93 arg1 responsible 113:123 responsible 113:123 responsible 113:123 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 1 71 theme Endoplasmic 83:93 arg1 Reticulum 95:103 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 79:103 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 79:108 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 1 71 theme Endoplasmic 83:93 arg1 ER 106:107 ER 106:107 ER 106:107 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. 34062155 8 72 link N-linked 1345:1352 arg1 glycosylation 1354:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 N-linked glycosylation 1345:1366 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 2 73 theme ER 424:425 arg1 environment 405:415 the oxidizing environment 391:415 the oxidizing environment of the ER 391:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 8 74 theme early 1457:1461 arg1 intermediates 1479:1491 early torsinA folding intermediates 1457:1491 early torsinA folding intermediates 1457:1491 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 4 75 theme unusual 694:700 arg1 properties 713:722 unusual oligomeric properties 694:722 unusual oligomeric properties 694:722 TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. 34062155 0 76 theme N-linked 20:27 arg1 glycosylation 29:41 N-linked glycosylation 20:41 N-linked glycosylation 20:41 TorsinA folding and N-linked glycosylation are sensitive to redox homeostasis. 34062155 8 77 theme folding 1471:1477 arg1 intermediates 1479:1491 early torsinA folding intermediates 1457:1491 early torsinA folding intermediates 1457:1491 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 3 78 theme redox 614:618 arg1 homeostasis 620:630 ER redox homeostasis 611:630 ER redox homeostasis 611:630 Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. 34062155 8 79 theme specific 1277:1284 arg1 Pdi1 1315:1318 Pdi1 1315:1318 Pdi1 1315:1318 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 79 theme specific 1277:1284 arg1 isomerase 1304:1312 a specific protein disulfide isomerase 1275:1312 a specific protein disulfide isomerase 1275:1312 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 2 80 theme oxidizing 395:403 arg1 environment 405:415 the oxidizing environment 391:415 the oxidizing environment of the ER 391:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 81 theme other 439:443 arg1 PTMs 479:482 PTMs 479:482 PTMs 479:482 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 81 theme other 439:443 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 81 theme other 439:443 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 81 theme other 439:443 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 81 theme other 439:443 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 8 82 theme disulfide 1294:1302 arg1 Pdi1 1315:1318 Pdi1 1315:1318 Pdi1 1315:1318 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 8 82 theme disulfide 1294:1302 arg1 isomerase 1304:1312 a specific protein disulfide isomerase 1275:1312 a specific protein disulfide isomerase 1275:1312 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 34062155 2 83 theme disulfide 327:335 arg1 modifications 464:476 other post-translational modifications 439:476 other post-translational modifications (PTMs) 439:483 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 83 theme disulfide 327:335 arg1 event 382:386 an enzyme catalyzed event 362:386 an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER 362:425 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 83 theme disulfide 327:335 arg1 formation 342:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 disulfide bond formation 327:350 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 2 83 theme disulfide 327:335 arg1 folding 517:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 chaperone-supported protein folding 489:523 During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. 34062155 6 84 link N-linked 1035:1042 arg1 glycans 1044:1050 two N-linked glycans 1031:1050 two N-linked glycans 1031:1050 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 6 85 theme N-linked 1035:1042 arg1 glycans 1044:1050 two N-linked glycans 1031:1050 two N-linked glycans 1031:1050 TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. 34062155 8 86 theme Cys 1540:1542 arg1 residues 1544:1551 Cys residues 1540:1551 Cys residues 1540:1551 Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. 33421469 7 0 theme bLf 1268:1270 arg1 activity 1256:1263 the antifungal activity 1241:1263 the antifungal activity of bLf 1241:1270 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 8 1 theme lipid 1349:1353 arg1 compounds 1372:1380 lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1349:1380 lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1349:1380 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 6 2 theme Ast1p 1067:1071 arg1 absence 1030:1036 the absence 1026:1036 the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p 1026:1071 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 2 3 with association 428:438 arg1 Pma1p 461:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 4 theme ergosterol- 372:382 arg1 role 348:351 the role 344:351 the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 344:416 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 4 theme ergosterol- 372:382 arg1 association 428:438 their association 422:438 their association with the proton pump Pma1p 422:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 4 theme ergosterol- 372:382 arg1 understanding 274:286 our understanding 270:286 our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity 270:341 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 4 5 theme rafts 605:609 arg1 organization 611:622 ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization 583:622 ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization 583:622 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 5 6 theme ergosterol 785:794 arg1 synthesis 772:780 the synthesis 768:780 the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids 768:812 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 8 7 theme relevant 1557:1564 arg1 pathogens/fungi 1572:1586 clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi 1528:1586 clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi 1528:1586 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 5 8 theme lipid 713:717 arg1 proteins 736:743 lipid rafts-associated proteins 713:743 lipid rafts-associated proteins 713:743 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 6 9 theme Pma1p-binding 1045:1057 arg1 Ast1p 1067:1071 the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p 1041:1071 the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p 1041:1071 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 7 10 theme antifungal 1245:1254 arg1 activity 1256:1263 the antifungal activity 1241:1263 the antifungal activity of bLf 1241:1270 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 6 11 theme rafts 964:968 arg1 association 970:980 Pma1p-lipid rafts association 952:980 Pma1p-lipid rafts association 952:980 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 5 12 theme rafts-associated 719:734 arg1 proteins 736:743 lipid rafts-associated proteins 713:743 lipid rafts-associated proteins 713:743 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 2 13 theme mechanisms 305:314 arg1 role 348:351 the role 344:351 the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 344:416 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 13 theme mechanisms 305:314 arg1 association 428:438 their association 422:438 their association with the proton pump Pma1p 422:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 13 theme mechanisms 305:314 arg1 understanding 274:286 our understanding 270:286 our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity 270:341 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 5 14 theme bLf-induced 911:921 arg1 death 934:938 bLf-induced yeast cell death 911:938 bLf-induced yeast cell death 911:938 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 5 15 theme sphingolipids 800:812 arg1 synthesis 772:780 the synthesis 768:780 the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids 768:812 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 3 16 theme Lf-binding 518:527 arg1 protein 529:535 a Lf-binding protein 516:535 a Lf-binding protein 516:535 Pma1p was previously identified as a Lf-binding protein. 33421469 3 16 theme Lf-binding 518:527 arg1 Pma1p 481:485 Pma1p 481:485 Pma1p 481:485 Pma1p was previously identified as a Lf-binding protein. 33421469 2 17 theme molecular 295:303 arg1 mechanisms 305:314 the molecular mechanisms 291:314 the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity 291:341 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 5 18 theme cell 929:932 arg1 death 934:938 bLf-induced yeast cell death 911:938 bLf-induced yeast cell death 911:938 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 0 19 theme antifungal 102:111 arg1 activity 113:120 its antifungal activity 98:120 its antifungal activity 98:120 Lactoferrin perturbs lipid rafts and requires integrity of Pma1p-lipid rafts association to exert its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 33421469 1 20 link milk-derived 188:199 arg1 Lactoferrin 156:166 Lactoferrin 156:166 Lactoferrin (Lf) 156:171 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 1 20 link milk-derived 188:199 arg1 protein 201:207 a bioactive milk-derived protein 176:207 a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 176:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 6 21 theme bLf 1078:1080 arg1 impaired 1102:1109 impaired 1102:1109 impaired 1102:1109 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 6 21 theme bLf 1078:1080 arg1 activity 1090:1097 the bLf killing activity 1074:1097 the bLf killing activity 1074:1097 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 7 22 theme activities 1222:1231 arg1 perturbation 1148:1159 the perturbation 1144:1159 the perturbation of lipid rafts 1144:1174 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 7 22 theme activities 1222:1231 arg1 inhibition 1184:1193 the inhibition 1180:1193 the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities 1180:1231 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 8 23 with combination 1304:1314 arg1 compounds 1372:1380 lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1349:1380 lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1349:1380 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 5 24 theme yeast 684:688 arg1 strains 697:703 yeast mutant strains 684:703 yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins 684:743 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 6 25 theme Pma1p-lipid 952:962 arg1 association 970:980 Pma1p-lipid rafts association 952:980 Pma1p-lipid rafts association 952:980 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 1 26 theme bioactive 178:186 arg1 Lactoferrin 156:166 Lactoferrin 156:166 Lactoferrin (Lf) 156:171 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 1 26 theme bioactive 178:186 arg1 protein 201:207 a bioactive milk-derived protein 176:207 a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 176:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 5 27 theme membrane 871:878 arg1 domains 880:886 these membrane domains 865:886 these membrane domains 865:886 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 7 28 theme Pma1p 1203:1207 arg1 perturbation 1148:1159 the perturbation 1144:1159 the perturbation of lipid rafts 1144:1174 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 7 28 theme Pma1p 1203:1207 arg1 inhibition 1184:1193 the inhibition 1180:1193 the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities 1180:1231 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 5 29 theme mutant 690:695 arg1 strains 697:703 yeast mutant strains 684:703 yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins 684:743 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 2 30 theme rafts 412:416 arg1 role 348:351 the role 344:351 the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 344:416 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 30 theme rafts 412:416 arg1 association 428:438 their association 422:438 their association with the proton pump Pma1p 422:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 30 theme rafts 412:416 arg1 understanding 274:286 our understanding 270:286 our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity 270:341 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 5 31 theme domains 880:886 arg1 composition 850:860 the composition 846:860 the composition of these membrane domains 846:886 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 8 32 theme powerful 1387:1394 arg1 approach 1407:1414 a powerful antifungal approach 1385:1414 a powerful antifungal approach 1385:1414 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 8 32 theme powerful 1387:1394 arg1 combination 1304:1314 the combination 1300:1314 the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1300:1380 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 2 33 theme pump 456:459 arg1 Pma1p 461:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 0 34 theme lipid 21:25 arg1 rafts 27:31 lipid rafts 21:31 lipid rafts 21:31 Lactoferrin perturbs lipid rafts and requires integrity of Pma1p-lipid rafts association to exert its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 33421469 4 35 theme lipid 599:603 arg1 organization 611:622 ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization 583:622 ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization 583:622 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 2 36 theme Lf 327:328 arg1 cytotoxicity 330:341 Lf cytotoxicity 327:341 Lf cytotoxicity 327:341 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 37 theme proton 449:454 arg1 Pma1p 461:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 4 38 theme ergosterol-rich 583:597 arg1 organization 611:622 ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization 583:622 ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization 583:622 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 1 39 with protein 201:207 arg1 activity 250:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 2 40 with role 348:351 arg1 Pma1p 461:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 1 41 theme milk-derived 188:199 arg1 Lactoferrin 156:166 Lactoferrin 156:166 Lactoferrin (Lf) 156:171 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 1 41 theme milk-derived 188:199 arg1 protein 201:207 a bioactive milk-derived protein 176:207 a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 176:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 1 42 theme remarkable 214:223 arg1 activity 250:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 6 43 theme killing 1082:1088 arg1 impaired 1102:1109 impaired 1102:1109 impaired 1102:1109 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 6 43 theme killing 1082:1088 arg1 activity 1090:1097 the bLf killing activity 1074:1097 the bLf killing activity 1074:1097 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 6 44 theme protein 1059:1065 arg1 Ast1p 1067:1071 the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p 1041:1071 the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p 1041:1071 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 8 45 theme antifungals 1332:1342 arg1 approach 1407:1414 a powerful antifungal approach 1385:1414 a powerful antifungal approach 1385:1414 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 8 45 theme antifungals 1332:1342 arg1 combination 1304:1314 the combination 1300:1314 the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1300:1380 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 1 46 theme wide-spectrum 225:237 arg1 activity 250:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 4 47 theme bovine 558:563 arg1 bLf 569:571 bLf 569:571 bLf 569:571 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 4 47 theme bovine 558:563 arg1 Lf 565:566 bovine Lf 558:566 bovine Lf (bLf) 558:572 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 2 48 theme membrane 363:370 arg1 ergosterol- 372:382 plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 356:416 ergosterol- 372:382 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 6 49 theme Pma1-10 1004:1010 arg1 mutant 1012:1017 the Pma1-10 mutant 1000:1017 the Pma1-10 mutant 1000:1017 Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. 33421469 8 50 theme bLf 1467:1469 arg1 use 1460:1462 the use 1456:1462 the use of bLf alone or in combination 1456:1493 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 2 51 theme plasma 356:361 arg1 ergosterol- 372:382 plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 356:416 ergosterol- 372:382 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 2 52 with understanding 274:286 arg1 Pma1p 461:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 the proton pump Pma1p 445:465 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 5 53 from perturbations 829:841 arg1 composition 850:860 the composition 846:860 the composition of these membrane domains 846:886 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 1 54 theme antifungal 239:248 arg1 activity 250:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity 214:257 Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. 33421469 8 55 theme pathogens/fungi 1572:1586 arg1 treatment/eradication 1503:1523 the treatment/eradication 1499:1523 the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi 1499:1586 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 7 56 theme lipid 1164:1168 arg1 rafts 1170:1174 lipid rafts 1164:1174 lipid rafts 1164:1174 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 8 57 theme rafts-disrupting 1355:1370 arg1 compounds 1372:1380 lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1349:1380 lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1349:1380 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 8 58 theme antifungal 1396:1405 arg1 approach 1407:1414 a powerful antifungal approach 1385:1414 a powerful antifungal approach 1385:1414 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 8 58 theme antifungal 1396:1405 arg1 combination 1304:1314 the combination 1300:1314 the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds 1300:1380 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 4 59 theme intracellular 636:648 arg1 accumulation 650:661 intracellular accumulation 636:661 intracellular accumulation of ergosterol 636:675 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 0 60 theme rafts 71:75 arg1 integrity 46:54 integrity 46:54 integrity of Pma1p-lipid rafts 46:75 Lactoferrin perturbs lipid rafts and requires integrity of Pma1p-lipid rafts association to exert its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 33421469 5 61 theme yeast 923:927 arg1 death 934:938 bLf-induced yeast cell death 911:938 bLf-induced yeast cell death 911:938 Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. 33421469 8 62 theme conventional 1319:1330 arg1 antifungals 1332:1342 conventional antifungals 1319:1342 conventional antifungals 1319:1342 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 2 63 theme lipid 406:410 arg1 rafts 412:416 plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 356:416 rafts 412:416 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 4 64 theme ergosterol 666:675 arg1 accumulation 650:661 intracellular accumulation 636:661 intracellular accumulation of ergosterol 636:675 Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. 33421469 0 65 theme Pma1p-lipid 59:69 arg1 rafts 71:75 Pma1p-lipid rafts 59:75 Pma1p-lipid rafts 59:75 Lactoferrin perturbs lipid rafts and requires integrity of Pma1p-lipid rafts association to exert its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 33421469 7 66 theme V-ATPase 1213:1220 arg1 activities 1222:1231 V-ATPase activities 1213:1231 V-ATPase activities 1213:1231 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 2 67 theme sphingolipid-rich 388:404 arg1 rafts 412:416 plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts 356:416 rafts 412:416 To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. 33421469 8 68 theme yeast 1566:1570 arg1 pathogens/fungi 1572:1586 clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi 1528:1586 clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi 1528:1586 Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi. 33421469 7 69 theme rafts 1170:1174 arg1 perturbation 1148:1159 the perturbation 1144:1159 the perturbation of lipid rafts 1144:1174 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 33421469 7 69 theme rafts 1170:1174 arg1 inhibition 1184:1193 the inhibition 1180:1193 the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities 1180:1231 Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. 32265131 3 0 theme high 708:711 arg1 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 0 theme high 708:711 arg1 chromatography 732:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography 651:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 651:752 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 6 1 link β-linked 1212:1219 arg1 Gal 1221:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 2 from characteristics 512:526 arg1 species 588:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species 562:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 562:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 2 from characteristics 512:526 arg1 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 2 from characteristics 512:526 arg1 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 3 theme common 816:821 arg1 galactosylation 774:788 the galactosylation 770:788 the galactosylation of oligosaccharides 770:808 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 3 theme common 816:821 arg1 feature 823:829 a common feature 814:829 a common feature in fission yeasts 814:847 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 4 theme NMR 667:669 arg1 spectroscopy 671:682 1H NMR spectroscopy 664:682 1H NMR spectroscopy 664:682 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 1 5 dep N- 100:101 arg1 The 96:98 The 96:98 The 96:98 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 0 6 from Characterization 0:15 arg1 species 87:93 fission yeast species 73:93 fission yeast species 73:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 2 7 theme α1,2- 344:348 arg1 Gals 365:368 α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals 344:368 α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals 344:368 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 6 8 theme pvg1Δ 1148:1152 arg1 strains 1154:1160 an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains 1136:1160 an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains 1136:1160 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 1 9 theme d-galactose 262:272 arg1 Gal 275:277 Gal 275:277 Gal 275:277 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 9 theme d-galactose 262:272 arg1 d-galactose 262:272 d-galactose 262:272 d-galactose (Gal) 262:278 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 9 theme d-galactose 262:272 arg1 amounts 251:257 large amounts 245:257 large amounts of d-galactose (Gal) 245:278 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 3 10 theme O-glycans 549:557 arg1 characteristics 512:526 the structural characteristics 497:526 the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 497:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 11 theme performance 713:723 arg1 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 11 theme performance 713:723 arg1 chromatography 732:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography 651:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 651:752 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 1 12 dep yeast 146:150 arg1 pombe 172:176 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 152:176 fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 138:176 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 6 13 theme fission 1322:1328 arg1 yeasts 1330:1335 fission yeasts 1322:1335 fission yeasts 1322:1335 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 4 14 theme distinct 946:953 arg1 characteristics 955:969 distinct characteristics 946:969 distinct characteristics 946:969 In addition, each of the terminal Galα1,2-, Galβ1,3- and non-substituted Man residues exhibited distinct characteristics. 32265131 3 15 theme liquid 725:730 arg1 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 15 theme liquid 725:730 arg1 chromatography 732:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography 651:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 651:752 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 6 16 theme oligosaccharides 1282:1297 arg1 pathway 1254:1260 the biosynthetic pathway 1237:1260 the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides 1237:1297 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 17 theme structural 501:510 arg1 characteristics 512:526 the structural characteristics 497:526 the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 497:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 18 dep species 588:594 arg1 species 588:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species 562:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 562:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 18 dep species 588:594 arg1 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 18 dep species 588:594 arg1 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 19 theme size-fractionation 689:706 arg1 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 19 theme size-fractionation 689:706 arg1 chromatography 732:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography 651:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 651:752 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 6 20 theme PvGal-containing 1265:1280 arg1 oligosaccharides 1282:1297 PvGal-containing oligosaccharides 1265:1297 PvGal-containing oligosaccharides 1265:1297 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 5 21 theme BLAST 974:978 arg1 search 980:985 A BLAST search 972:985 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces 972:1026 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces identified genes homologous to pvg1 encoding pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe. 32265131 1 22 theme large 195:199 arg1 amounts 201:207 large amounts 195:207 large amounts of d-mannose (Man) 195:226 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 22 theme large 195:199 arg1 Man 223:225 Man 223:225 Man 223:225 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 22 theme large 195:199 arg1 d-mannose 212:220 d-mannose 212:220 d-mannose 212:220 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 2 23 link α1,3-linked 353:363 arg1 Gals 365:368 α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals 344:368 α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals 344:368 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 1 24 from yeast 146:150 arg1 N- 100:101 N- 100:101 N- 100:101 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 24 from yeast 146:150 arg1 oligosaccharides 116:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 2 25 theme S. pombe 312:319 arg1 galactomannans 294:307 the galactomannans 290:307 the galactomannans of S. pombe 290:319 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 3 26 theme spectroscopy 671:682 arg1 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 26 theme spectroscopy 671:682 arg1 chromatography 732:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography 651:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 651:752 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 4 27 theme non-substituted 907:921 arg1 residues 927:934 non-substituted Man residues 907:934 non-substituted Man residues 907:934 In addition, each of the terminal Galα1,2-, Galβ1,3- and non-substituted Man residues exhibited distinct characteristics. 32265131 6 28 theme terminal 1203:1210 arg1 Gal 1221:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 5 29 theme homologous 1045:1054 arg1 genes 1039:1043 genes 1039:1043 genes homologous to pvg1 encoding pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe 1039:1102 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces identified genes homologous to pvg1 encoding pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe. 32265131 2 30 attach linked 425:430 arg2 Gals 404:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 30 attach linked 425:430 arg1 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 30 attach linked 425:430 arg2 some 371:374 some 371:374 some 371:374 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 30 attach linked 425:430 arg1 galactose 459:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose 435:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal) 435:475 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 0 31 link O-linked 27:34 arg1 oligosaccharides 51:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides 20:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species 20:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 3 32 theme N-glycans 535:543 arg1 characteristics 512:526 the structural characteristics 497:526 the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 497:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 1 33 theme d-mannose 212:220 arg1 amounts 201:207 large amounts 195:207 large amounts of d-mannose (Man) 195:226 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 33 theme d-mannose 212:220 arg1 Man 223:225 Man 223:225 Man 223:225 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 33 theme d-mannose 212:220 arg1 d-mannose 212:220 d-mannose 212:220 d-mannose 212:220 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 0 34 theme N- 20:21 arg1 oligosaccharides 51:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides 20:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species 20:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 1 35 theme O-linked 107:114 arg1 oligosaccharides 116:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 3 36 from species 588:594 arg1 characteristics 512:526 the structural characteristics 497:526 the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 497:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 37 dep N-glycans 535:543 arg1 the 531:533 the 531:533 the 531:533 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 0 38 theme galactosylated 36:49 arg1 oligosaccharides 51:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides 20:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species 20:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 0 39 theme fission 73:79 arg1 species 87:93 fission yeast species 73:93 fission yeast species 73:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 4 40 theme Man 923:925 arg1 residues 927:934 non-substituted Man residues 907:934 non-substituted Man residues 907:934 In addition, each of the terminal Galα1,2-, Galβ1,3- and non-substituted Man residues exhibited distinct characteristics. 32265131 0 41 from species 87:93 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 0:94 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 0 41 from species 87:93 arg1 oligosaccharides 51:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides 20:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species 20:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 6 42 theme biosynthetic 1241:1252 arg1 pathway 1254:1260 the biosynthetic pathway 1237:1260 the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides 1237:1297 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 6 43 theme non-reducing 1190:1201 arg1 Gal 1221:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 2 44 theme α1,2-linked 392:402 arg1 Gals 404:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 0 45 theme O-linked 27:34 arg1 oligosaccharides 51:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides 20:66 N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species 20:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 2 46 theme β1,3-linked 447:457 arg1 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 46 theme β1,3-linked 447:457 arg1 galactose 459:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose 435:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal) 435:475 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 5 47 theme S. pombe 1095:1102 arg1 pyruvyltransferase 1073:1090 pyruvyltransferase 1073:1090 pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe 1073:1102 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces identified genes homologous to pvg1 encoding pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe. 32265131 1 48 contain contain 237:243 arg1 N- 100:101 N- 100:101 N- 100:101 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 48 contain contain 237:243 arg2 d-galactose 262:272 d-galactose 262:272 d-galactose (Gal) 262:278 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 48 contain contain 237:243 arg2 amounts 251:257 large amounts 245:257 large amounts of d-galactose (Gal) 245:278 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 48 contain contain 237:243 arg2 Gal 275:277 Gal 275:277 Gal 275:277 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 2 49 theme terminal 383:390 arg1 Gals 404:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 50 theme pyruvylated 435:445 arg1 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 50 theme pyruvylated 435:445 arg1 galactose 459:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose 435:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal) 435:475 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 1 51 contain contain 187:193 arg1 N- 100:101 N- 100:101 N- 100:101 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 51 contain contain 187:193 arg1 oligosaccharides 116:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 51 contain contain 187:193 arg2 Man 223:225 Man 223:225 Man 223:225 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 51 contain contain 187:193 arg2 d-mannose 212:220 d-mannose 212:220 d-mannose 212:220 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 51 contain contain 187:193 arg2 amounts 201:207 large amounts 195:207 large amounts of d-mannose (Man) 195:226 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 0 52 theme oligosaccharides 51:66 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 0:94 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 2 53 link α1,2-linked 392:402 arg1 Gals 404:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 the terminal α1,2-linked Gals 379:407 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 3 54 theme Schizosaccharomyces 568:586 arg1 species 588:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species 562:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 562:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 54 theme Schizosaccharomyces 568:586 arg1 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 54 theme Schizosaccharomyces 568:586 arg1 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 55 from N-glycans 535:543 arg1 species 588:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species 562:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 562:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 55 from N-glycans 535:543 arg1 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 55 from N-glycans 535:543 arg1 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 2 56 link β1,3-linked 447:457 arg1 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 PvGal 470:474 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 2 56 link β1,3-linked 447:457 arg1 galactose 459:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose 435:467 pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal) 435:475 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 3 57 theme 1H 664:665 arg1 spectroscopy 671:682 1H NMR spectroscopy 664:682 1H NMR spectroscopy 664:682 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 6 58 theme Gal 1221:1223 arg1 pyruvylation 1174:1185 the pyruvylation 1170:1185 the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1170:1223 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 1 59 theme fission 138:144 arg1 yeast 146:150 fission yeast 138:150 fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 138:176 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 4 60 theme terminal 875:882 arg1 Galα1,2- 884:891 the terminal Galα1,2- 871:891 the terminal Galα1,2- 871:891 In addition, each of the terminal Galα1,2-, Galβ1,3- and non-substituted Man residues exhibited distinct characteristics. 32265131 3 61 theme lectin 651:656 arg1 blot 658:661 lectin blot 651:661 lectin blot 651:661 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 6 62 theme β-linked 1212:1219 arg1 Gal 1221:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal 1190:1223 These genes, when expressed in an S. pombe pvg1Δ strains, led to the pyruvylation of non-reducing terminal β-linked Gal, suggesting the biosynthetic pathway of PvGal-containing oligosaccharides is highly conserved in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 63 from O-glycans 549:557 arg1 species 588:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species 562:594 three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) 562:643 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 63 from O-glycans 549:557 arg1 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 S. octosporus 611:623 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 63 from O-glycans 549:557 arg1 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 S. cryophilus 630:642 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 64 theme oligosaccharides 793:808 arg1 galactosylation 774:788 the galactosylation 770:788 the galactosylation of oligosaccharides 770:808 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 64 theme oligosaccharides 793:808 arg1 feature 823:829 a common feature 814:829 a common feature in fission yeasts 814:847 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 0 65 theme yeast 81:85 arg1 species 87:93 fission yeast species 73:93 fission yeast species 73:93 Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. 32265131 3 66 theme blot 658:661 arg1 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 HPLC 748:751 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 66 theme blot 658:661 arg1 chromatography 732:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography 651:745 lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 651:752 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 5 67 theme gene 990:993 arg1 databases 995:1003 gene databases 990:1003 gene databases 990:1003 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces identified genes homologous to pvg1 encoding pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe. 32265131 3 68 from feature 823:829 arg1 yeasts 842:847 fission yeasts 834:847 fission yeasts 834:847 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 3 69 theme fission 834:840 arg1 yeasts 842:847 fission yeasts 834:847 fission yeasts 834:847 We have determined the structural characteristics of the N-glycans and O-glycans in three Schizosaccharomyces species (S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus) using lectin blot, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size-fractionation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that the galactosylation of oligosaccharides was a common feature in fission yeasts. 32265131 1 70 link O-linked 107:114 arg1 oligosaccharides 116:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 O-linked oligosaccharides 107:131 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 5 71 theme databases 995:1003 arg1 search 980:985 A BLAST search 972:985 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces 972:1026 A BLAST search of gene databases in Schizosaccharomyces identified genes homologous to pvg1 encoding pyruvyltransferase of S. pombe. 32265131 2 72 theme α1,3-linked 353:363 arg1 Gals 365:368 α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals 344:368 α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals 344:368 Although the galactomannans of S. pombe are mainly composed of α1,2- or α1,3-linked Gals, some of the terminal α1,2-linked Gals are found to be linked to pyruvylated β1,3-linked galactose (PvGal). 32265131 1 73 theme large 245:249 arg1 Gal 275:277 Gal 275:277 Gal 275:277 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 73 theme large 245:249 arg1 d-galactose 262:272 d-galactose 262:272 d-galactose (Gal) 262:278 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 32265131 1 73 theme large 245:249 arg1 amounts 251:257 large amounts 245:257 large amounts of d-galactose (Gal) 245:278 The N- and O-linked oligosaccharides from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe not only contain large amounts of d-mannose (Man) but also contain large amounts of d-galactose (Gal). 34085924 4 0 theme bowel 566:570 arg1 disease 572:578 inflammatory bowel disease 553:578 inflammatory bowel disease 553:578 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 5 1 theme hydrogen 757:764 arg1 metabolism 766:775 hydrogen metabolism 757:775 hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis 757:860 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 1 2 theme microbial 162:170 arg1 communities 172:182 gut-associated microbial communities 147:182 gut-associated microbial communities 147:182 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. 34085924 4 3 theme more 590:593 arg1 genes 595:599 more genes 590:599 more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases 590:650 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 1 4 theme communities 172:182 arg1 composition 132:142 The composition 128:142 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities 128:182 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. 34085924 8 5 theme gut 1191:1193 arg1 microbiota 1195:1204 the gut microbiota 1187:1204 the gut microbiota 1187:1204 This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis. 34085924 0 6 theme coli 98:101 arg1 outgrowth 72:80 the outgrowth 68:80 the outgrowth of commensal E. coli 68:101 Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation. 34085924 8 7 theme hydrogenases 1156:1167 arg1 contribution 1140:1151 the contribution 1136:1151 the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis 1136:1245 This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis. 34085924 7 8 theme molecular 1015:1023 arg1 hydrogen 1025:1032 molecular hydrogen 1015:1032 molecular hydrogen 1015:1032 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 5 9 from Enterobacteriaceae 815:832 arg1 models 844:849 mouse models 838:849 mouse models of colitis 838:860 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 8 10 theme microbiota 1195:1204 arg1 alterations 1172:1182 alterations 1172:1182 alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis 1172:1245 This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis. 34085924 7 11 theme acceptors 1104:1112 arg1 respiration 1059:1069 respiration 1059:1069 respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1059:1112 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 4 12 with patients 539:546 arg1 disease 572:578 inflammatory bowel disease 553:578 inflammatory bowel disease 553:578 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 4 13 theme non-inflamed 688:699 arg1 conditions 701:710 non-inflamed conditions 688:710 non-inflamed conditions 688:710 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 3 14 theme published 405:413 arg1 datasets 427:434 previously published metagenomic datasets 394:434 previously published metagenomic datasets 394:434 Here, we analyzed previously published metagenomic datasets with a focus on microbial hydrogen metabolism. 34085924 3 15 from focus 443:447 arg1 metabolism 471:480 microbial hydrogen metabolism 452:480 microbial hydrogen metabolism 452:480 Here, we analyzed previously published metagenomic datasets with a focus on microbial hydrogen metabolism. 34085924 6 16 theme decreased 929:937 arg1 fitness 939:945 decreased fitness 929:945 decreased fitness 929:945 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 3 17 theme metagenomic 415:425 arg1 datasets 427:434 previously published metagenomic datasets 394:434 previously published metagenomic datasets 394:434 Here, we analyzed previously published metagenomic datasets with a focus on microbial hydrogen metabolism. 34085924 4 18 theme inflammatory 553:564 arg1 disease 572:578 inflammatory bowel disease 553:578 inflammatory bowel disease 553:578 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 7 19 theme inflammation-derived 1074:1093 arg1 acceptors 1104:1112 inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1074:1112 inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1074:1112 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 0 20 theme gut 110:112 arg1 inflammation 114:125 gut inflammation 110:125 gut inflammation 110:125 Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation. 34085924 8 21 theme non-infectious 1224:1237 arg1 colitis 1239:1245 non-infectious colitis 1224:1245 non-infectious colitis 1224:1245 This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis. 34085924 7 22 theme electron 1095:1102 arg1 acceptors 1104:1112 inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1074:1112 inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1074:1112 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 1 23 theme intestinal 199:208 arg1 inflammation 210:221 intestinal inflammation 199:221 intestinal inflammation 199:221 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. 34085924 3 24 theme microbial 452:460 arg1 metabolism 471:480 microbial hydrogen metabolism 452:480 microbial hydrogen metabolism 452:480 Here, we analyzed previously published metagenomic datasets with a focus on microbial hydrogen metabolism. 34085924 7 25 from part 1041:1044 arg1 dependent 1046:1054 dependent 1046:1054 dependent 1046:1054 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 0 26 theme molecular 23:31 arg1 metabolism 42:51 bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism 13:51 bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism 13:51 Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation. 34085924 7 27 from dependent 1046:1054 arg1 part 1041:1044 part 1041:1044 part 1041:1044 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 0 28 theme bacterial 13:21 arg1 metabolism 42:51 bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism 13:51 bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism 13:51 Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation. 34085924 6 29 dep cecum 983:987 arg1 the 970:972 the 970:972 the 970:972 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 8 30 theme colitis 1239:1245 arg1 context 1213:1219 the context 1209:1219 the context of non-infectious colitis 1209:1245 This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis. 34085924 4 31 theme murine 521:526 arg1 gut 528:530 the inflamed murine gut 508:530 the inflamed murine gut 508:530 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 4 32 theme inflamed 512:519 arg1 gut 528:530 the inflamed murine gut 508:530 the inflamed murine gut 508:530 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 0 33 theme hydrogen 33:40 arg1 metabolism 42:51 bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism 13:51 bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism 13:51 Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation. 34085924 5 34 theme mouse 838:842 arg1 models 844:849 mouse models 838:849 mouse models of colitis 838:860 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 6 35 theme colon 993:997 arg1 colonization 954:965 colonization 954:965 colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon 954:997 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 7 36 link inflammation-derived 1074:1093 arg1 acceptors 1104:1112 inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1074:1112 inflammation-derived electron acceptors 1074:1112 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 34085924 3 37 theme hydrogen 462:469 arg1 metabolism 471:480 microbial hydrogen metabolism 452:480 microbial hydrogen metabolism 452:480 Here, we analyzed previously published metagenomic datasets with a focus on microbial hydrogen metabolism. 34085924 5 38 theme coli 792:795 arg1 metabolism 766:775 hydrogen metabolism 757:775 hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis 757:860 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 4 39 theme hydrogen-utilizing 620:637 arg1 hydrogenases 639:650 predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases 610:650 predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases 610:650 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 6 40 theme cecum 983:987 arg1 colonization 954:965 colonization 954:965 colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon 954:997 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 6 41 theme inflamed 974:981 arg1 cecum 983:987 cecum 983:987 cecum 983:987 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 6 42 theme coli 866:869 arg1 mutants 871:877 E. coli mutants 863:877 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 863:917 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 4 43 theme predicted 610:618 arg1 hydrogenases 639:650 predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases 610:650 predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases 610:650 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 4 44 from genomes 497:503 arg1 gut 528:530 the inflamed murine gut 508:530 the inflamed murine gut 508:530 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 4 44 from genomes 497:503 arg1 patients 539:546 patients 539:546 patients with inflammatory bowel disease 539:578 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 4 45 theme bacterial 487:495 arg1 genomes 497:503 The bacterial genomes 483:503 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease 483:578 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 2 46 theme microbiota 308:317 arg1 changes 319:325 microbiota changes 308:325 microbiota changes 308:325 The mechanisms underlying microbiota changes during inflammation are incompletely understood. 34085924 6 47 theme E. 863:864 arg1 mutants 871:877 E. coli mutants 863:877 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 863:917 E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. 34085924 5 48 theme colitis 854:860 arg1 models 844:849 mouse models 838:849 mouse models of colitis 838:860 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 5 49 theme representative 800:813 arg1 coli 792:795 Escherichia coli 780:795 Escherichia coli 780:795 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 5 49 theme representative 800:813 arg1 Enterobacteriaceae 815:832 a representative Enterobacteriaceae 798:832 a representative Enterobacteriaceae 798:832 To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. 34085924 8 50 from alterations 1172:1182 arg1 context 1213:1219 the context 1209:1219 the context of non-infectious colitis 1209:1245 This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis. 34085924 1 51 theme Enterobacteriaceae 250:267 arg1 populations 269:279 Enterobacteriaceae populations 250:279 Enterobacteriaceae populations 250:279 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. 34085924 4 52 contain contained 580:588 arg2 genes 595:599 more genes 590:599 more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases 590:650 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 4 52 contain contained 580:588 arg1 genomes 497:503 The bacterial genomes 483:503 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease 483:578 The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. 34085924 1 53 theme populations 269:279 arg1 expansion 237:245 an expansion 234:245 an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations 234:279 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. 34085924 1 54 theme gut-associated 147:160 arg1 communities 172:182 gut-associated microbial communities 147:182 gut-associated microbial communities 147:182 The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. 34085924 7 55 theme hydrogen 1025:1032 arg1 Utilization 1000:1010 Utilization 1000:1010 Utilization of molecular hydrogen 1000:1032 Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. 32439055 0 0 theme glycopeptides 107:119 arg1 enrichment 93:102 specific enrichment 84:102 specific enrichment of glycopeptides 84:119 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 6 1 theme glycopeptides 1267:1279 arg1 enrichment 1244:1253 the enrichment 1240:1253 the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 1240:1279 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 1 theme glycopeptides 1267:1279 arg1 research 1313:1320 the analysis glycoproteomic research 1285:1320 the analysis glycoproteomic research 1285:1320 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 4 2 theme 68 N-glycosylation 731:748 arg1 sites 750:754 68 N-glycosylation sites 731:754 68 N-glycosylation sites 731:754 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 4 3 gly 68 N-glycosylation 731:748 arg2 sites 750:754 68 N-glycosylation sites 731:754 68 N-glycosylation sites 731:754 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 2 4 theme improved 423:430 arg1 intensities 439:449 highly improved signal intensities 416:449 highly improved signal intensities 416:449 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 2 5 from digests 361:367 arg1 glycopeptides 305:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides 286:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 286:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 4 6 gly glycoproteins 679:691 arg1 glycoproteins 679:691 41 glycoproteins 676:691 41 glycoproteins 676:691 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 5 7 theme unique 945:950 arg1 stability 952:960 unique stability 945:960 unique stability 945:960 Moreover, the Ti-MOF nanosheets exhibited unique stability and reusability even after being regenerated and reused for five times. 32439055 6 8 theme glycoproteomic 1298:1311 arg1 research 1313:1320 the analysis glycoproteomic research 1285:1320 the analysis glycoproteomic research 1285:1320 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 4 9 theme nanosheets 816:825 arg1 material 827:834 the nanosheets material 812:834 the nanosheets material 812:834 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 6 10 gly glycopeptides 1132:1144 arg2 glycopeptides 1132:1144 glycopeptides enrichment 1132:1155 glycopeptides enrichment 1132:1155 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 4 11 theme complex 874:880 arg1 samples 894:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 2 12 theme tryptic 353:359 arg1 digests 361:367 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 6 13 theme enrichment 1168:1177 arg1 recovery 1179:1186 a high enrichment recovery 1161:1186 a high enrichment recovery of 78% 1161:1193 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 3 14 theme good 578:581 arg1 selectivity 583:593 good selectivity 578:593 good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets 578:618 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 3 15 theme nonglycoprotein 537:551 arg1 digests 497:503 tryptic digests 489:503 tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 489:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 6 16 theme % 1193:1193 arg1 sensitivity 1059:1069 a high sensitivity 1052:1069 a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP) 1052:1087 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 16 theme % 1193:1193 arg1 HRP 1084:1086 1 × 10-10 M HRP 1072:1086 1 × 10-10 M HRP 1072:1086 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 16 theme % 1193:1193 arg1 capacity 1108:1115 a good enrichment capacity 1090:1115 a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment 1090:1155 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 16 theme % 1193:1193 arg1 recovery 1179:1186 a high enrichment recovery 1161:1186 a high enrichment recovery of 78% 1161:1193 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 16 theme % 1193:1193 arg1 250 mg/g 1118:1125 250 mg/g 1118:1125 250 mg/g 1118:1125 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 4 17 from samples 894:900 arg1 glycopeptides 855:867 N-linked glycopeptides 846:867 N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples 846:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 4 18 theme serum 888:892 arg1 samples 894:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 3 19 theme digests 497:503 arg1 mixture 478:484 the mixture 474:484 the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 474:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 4 20 theme human 882:886 arg1 samples 894:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 0 21 gly glycopeptides 107:119 arg2 glycopeptides 107:119 glycopeptides 107:119 glycopeptides 107:119 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 4 22 gly glycopeptides 855:867 arg1 samples 894:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 complex human serum samples 874:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 4 22 gly glycopeptides 855:867 arg2 glycopeptides 855:867 N-linked glycopeptides 846:867 N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples 846:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 0 23 theme hydrophilic 2:12 arg1 framework 59:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 6 24 theme enrichment 1097:1106 arg1 250 mg/g 1118:1125 250 mg/g 1118:1125 250 mg/g 1118:1125 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 24 theme enrichment 1097:1106 arg1 capacity 1108:1115 a good enrichment capacity 1090:1115 a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment 1090:1155 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 3 25 theme molar 459:463 arg1 ratio 465:469 the molar ratio 455:469 the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 455:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 6 26 theme analysis 1289:1296 arg1 research 1313:1320 the analysis glycoproteomic research 1285:1320 the analysis glycoproteomic research 1285:1320 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 1 27 gly glycopeptides 249:261 arg2 glycopeptides 249:261 the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency 245:283 the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency 245:283 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 3 28 theme Ti-MOF 602:607 arg1 nanosheets 609:618 the Ti-MOF nanosheets 598:618 the Ti-MOF nanosheets 598:618 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 3 29 theme tryptic 489:495 arg1 digests 497:503 tryptic digests 489:503 tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 489:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 2 30 gly glycopeptides 305:317 arg2 glycopeptides 305:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides 286:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 286:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 2 30 gly glycopeptides 305:317 arg1 digests 361:367 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 1 31 theme hydrophilic 124:134 arg1 framework 181:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 122:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets 122:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 1 31 theme hydrophilic 124:134 arg1 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 6 32 theme N-linked 1258:1265 arg1 glycopeptides 1267:1279 N-linked glycopeptides 1258:1279 N-linked glycopeptides 1258:1279 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 3 33 theme glycoprotein 513:524 arg1 digests 497:503 tryptic digests 489:503 tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 489:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 0 34 theme two-dimensional 14:28 arg1 framework 59:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 6 35 link N-linked 1258:1265 arg1 glycopeptides 1267:1279 N-linked glycopeptides 1258:1279 N-linked glycopeptides 1258:1279 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 1 36 theme two-dimensional 136:150 arg1 framework 181:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 122:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets 122:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 1 36 theme two-dimensional 136:150 arg1 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 4 37 theme human 655:659 arg1 samples 667:673 human serum samples 655:673 human serum samples 655:673 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 3 38 theme HRP 508:510 arg1 digests 497:503 tryptic digests 489:503 tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 489:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 2 39 theme N-linked 296:303 arg1 glycopeptides 305:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides 286:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 286:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 4 40 link N-linked 846:853 arg1 glycopeptides 855:867 N-linked glycopeptides 846:867 N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples 846:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 1 41 theme glycopeptides 249:261 arg1 efficiency 274:283 the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency 245:283 the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency 245:283 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 0 42 theme metal-organic 45:57 arg1 framework 59:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 3 43 theme mixture 478:484 arg1 ratio 465:469 the molar ratio 455:469 the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) 455:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 4 44 theme good 796:799 arg1 ability 801:807 the good ability 792:807 the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples 792:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 0 45 theme titanium-based 30:43 arg1 framework 59:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 0:67 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 1 46 theme enrichment 263:272 arg1 efficiency 274:283 the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency 245:283 the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency 245:283 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 4 47 gly glycopeptides 700:712 arg2 glycopeptides 700:712 66 glycopeptides 697:712 66 glycopeptides 697:712 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 3 48 theme nanosheets 609:618 arg1 selectivity 583:593 good selectivity 578:593 good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets 578:618 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 1 49 theme titanium-based 152:165 arg1 framework 181:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 122:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets 122:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 1 49 theme titanium-based 152:165 arg1 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 6 50 theme good 1092:1095 arg1 250 mg/g 1118:1125 250 mg/g 1118:1125 250 mg/g 1118:1125 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 50 theme good 1092:1095 arg1 capacity 1108:1115 a good enrichment capacity 1090:1115 a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment 1090:1155 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 1 51 theme metal-organic 167:179 arg1 framework 181:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework 122:189 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets 122:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 1 51 theme metal-organic 167:179 arg1 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 MOF 192:194 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 4 52 theme N-linked 846:853 arg1 glycopeptides 855:867 N-linked glycopeptides 846:867 N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples 846:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 4 53 theme material 827:834 arg1 ability 801:807 the good ability 792:807 the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples 792:900 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 2 54 theme peroxidase 336:345 arg1 digests 361:367 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 3 55 gly glycoprotein 513:524 arg1 HRP 527:529 HRP 527:529 HRP 527:529 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 3 55 gly glycoprotein 513:524 arg1 glycoprotein 513:524 glycoprotein 513:524 glycoprotein (HRP) 513:530 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 1 56 theme framework 181:189 arg1 nanosheets 197:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets 122:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets 122:206 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were prepared and applied to improve the glycopeptides enrichment efficiency. 32439055 5 57 theme Ti-MOF 917:922 arg1 nanosheets 924:933 the Ti-MOF nanosheets 913:933 the Ti-MOF nanosheets 913:933 Moreover, the Ti-MOF nanosheets exhibited unique stability and reusability even after being regenerated and reused for five times. 32439055 3 58 gly nonglycoprotein 537:551 arg1 BSA 554:556 BSA 554:556 BSA 554:556 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 3 58 gly nonglycoprotein 537:551 arg1 nonglycoprotein 537:551 nonglycoprotein 537:551 nonglycoprotein (BSA) 537:557 As the molar ratio of the mixture of tryptic digests of HRP, glycoprotein (HRP), and nonglycoprotein (BSA) reached 1:800:800, good selectivity of the Ti-MOF nanosheets were still clearly observed. 32439055 2 59 theme horseradish 324:334 arg1 HRP 348:350 HRP 348:350 HRP 348:350 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 2 59 theme horseradish 324:334 arg1 peroxidase 336:345 horseradish peroxidase 324:345 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 324:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 6 60 theme high 1163:1166 arg1 recovery 1179:1186 a high enrichment recovery 1161:1186 a high enrichment recovery of 78% 1161:1193 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 61 gly glycopeptides 1267:1279 arg2 glycopeptides 1267:1279 N-linked glycopeptides 1258:1279 N-linked glycopeptides 1258:1279 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 62 theme application 1215:1225 arg1 prospect 1227:1234 a great application prospect 1207:1234 a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research 1207:1320 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 4 63 theme serum 661:665 arg1 samples 667:673 human serum samples 655:673 human serum samples 655:673 As to human serum samples, 41 glycoproteins and 66 glycopeptides corresponding to 68 N-glycosylation sites were finally detected, which showed the good ability of the nanosheets material to enrich N-linked glycopeptides from complex human serum samples. 32439055 6 64 theme glycopeptides 1132:1144 arg1 enrichment 1146:1155 glycopeptides enrichment 1132:1155 glycopeptides enrichment 1132:1155 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 2 65 link N-linked 296:303 arg1 glycopeptides 305:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides 286:317 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests 286:367 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 0 66 theme specific 84:91 arg1 enrichment 93:102 specific enrichment 84:102 specific enrichment of glycopeptides 84:119 A hydrophilic two-dimensional titanium-based metal-organic framework nanosheets for specific enrichment of glycopeptides. 32439055 6 67 theme great 1209:1213 arg1 prospect 1227:1234 a great application prospect 1207:1234 a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research 1207:1320 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 2 68 theme signal 432:437 arg1 intensities 439:449 highly improved signal intensities 416:449 highly improved signal intensities 416:449 Seventeen N-linked glycopeptides from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tryptic digests were readily identified and the results showed highly improved signal intensities. 32439055 6 69 theme high 1054:1057 arg1 sensitivity 1059:1069 a high sensitivity 1052:1069 a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP) 1052:1087 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 32439055 6 69 theme high 1054:1057 arg1 HRP 1084:1086 1 × 10-10 M HRP 1072:1086 1 × 10-10 M HRP 1072:1086 It also performed a high sensitivity (1 × 10-10 M HRP), a good enrichment capacity (250 mg/g) for glycopeptides enrichment and a high enrichment recovery of 78%, suggesting a great application prospect for the enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides and the analysis glycoproteomic research. 33420984 2 0 theme most 367:370 arg1 PTMs 372:375 most PTMs 367:375 most PTMs 367:375 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 6 1 theme metal 1487:1491 arg1 SIMAC 1518:1522 SIMAC 1518:1522 SIMAC 1518:1522 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 1 theme metal 1487:1491 arg1 chromatography 1502:1515 immobilized metal affinity chromatography 1475:1515 immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) 1475:1523 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 1 2 theme interaction 281:291 arg1 mechanism 247:255 an essential regulatory mechanism 223:255 an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction 223:291 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 2 theme interaction 281:291 arg1 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 2 theme interaction 281:291 arg1 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 2 theme interaction 281:291 arg1 modifications 142:154 Posttranslational modifications 124:154 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation 124:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 2 theme interaction 281:291 arg1 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 7 3 from peptides 1787:1794 arg1 separation 1732:1741 further separation 1724:1741 further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides 1724:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 10 4 theme same 2257:2260 arg1 sample 2288:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 5 5 theme sialylated 1207:1216 arg1 glycosylation 1218:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation 1198:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample 1198:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 9 6 theme pH 1999:2000 arg1 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 6 theme pH 1999:2000 arg1 chromatography 2017:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography 1994:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) 1994:2036 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 7 theme phase 2011:2015 arg1 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 7 theme phase 2011:2015 arg1 chromatography 2017:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography 1994:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) 1994:2036 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 3 8 theme PTM-specific 735:746 arg1 methods 759:765 sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods 725:765 sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods 725:765 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 6 9 theme deglycosylated 1561:1574 arg1 peptides 1576:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides 1528:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1528:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 7 10 theme TiO2 1704:1707 arg1 enrichment 1709:1718 TiO2 enrichment 1704:1718 TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides 1704:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 8 11 theme present 1841:1847 arg1 peptides 1832:1839 the lysine-acetylated peptides 1810:1839 the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1810:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 10 12 theme multiple 2216:2223 arg1 types 2225:2229 multiple types 2216:2229 multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample 2216:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 8 13 from fraction 1880:1887 arg1 present 1841:1847 present 1841:1847 present 1841:1847 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 1 14 theme regulatory 236:245 arg1 mechanism 247:255 an essential regulatory mechanism 223:255 an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction 223:291 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 14 theme regulatory 236:245 arg1 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 14 theme regulatory 236:245 arg1 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 14 theme regulatory 236:245 arg1 modifications 142:154 Posttranslational modifications 124:154 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation 124:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 14 theme regulatory 236:245 arg1 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 9 15 theme hydrophilic 2041:2051 arg1 HILIC 2088:2092 HILIC 2088:2092 HILIC 2088:2092 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 15 theme hydrophilic 2041:2051 arg1 chromatography 2072:2085 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 2041:2085 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) 2041:2094 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 3 16 from task 686:689 arg1 MS. 632:634 MS. 632:634 MS. 632:634 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 5 17 theme known 1026:1030 arg1 modifications 1032:1044 more than 400 known modifications 1012:1044 more than 400 known modifications 1012:1044 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 8 18 theme TiO2 1862:1865 arg1 fraction 1880:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 9 19 theme liquid 2065:2070 arg1 HILIC 2088:2092 HILIC 2088:2092 HILIC 2088:2092 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 19 theme liquid 2065:2070 arg1 chromatography 2072:2085 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 2041:2085 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) 2041:2094 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 3 20 from levels 548:553 arg1 present 519:525 present 519:525 present 519:525 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 6 21 theme titanium 1298:1305 arg1 TiO2 1316:1319 TiO2 1316:1319 TiO2 1316:1319 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 21 theme titanium 1298:1305 arg1 dioxide 1307:1313 initial titanium dioxide 1290:1313 an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1287:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 1 22 theme biological 339:348 arg1 processes 350:358 biological processes 339:358 biological processes 339:358 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 7 23 theme acidic 1643:1648 arg1 elution 1650:1656 acidic elution 1643:1656 acidic elution 1643:1656 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 10 24 theme complex 2269:2275 arg1 sample 2288:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 6 25 theme N-linked 1372:1379 arg1 glycopeptides 1381:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 1361:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1361:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 7 26 theme flow-through 1626:1637 arg1 IMAC 1621:1624 The IMAC flow-through 1617:1637 The IMAC flow-through 1617:1637 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 6 27 link N-linked 1372:1379 arg1 glycopeptides 1381:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 1361:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1361:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 0 28 theme Sialylated 98:107 arg1 Glycosylation 109:121 N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation 89:121 N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation 89:121 Comprehensive Protocol to Simultaneously Study Protein Phosphorylation, Acetylation, and N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation. 33420984 4 29 theme protein 949:955 arg1 modifications 957:969 specific protein modifications 940:969 specific protein modifications 940:969 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 5 30 theme selective 1076:1084 arg1 enrichment.Here 1086:1100 selective enrichment.Here 1076:1100 selective enrichment.Here 1076:1100 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 8 31 attach present 1841:1847 arg1 fraction 1880:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 8 31 attach present 1841:1847 arg2 peptides 1832:1839 the lysine-acetylated peptides 1810:1839 the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1810:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 10 32 theme PTM 2345:2347 arg1 study 2349:2353 each individual PTM study 2329:2353 each individual PTM study 2329:2353 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 0 33 theme Comprehensive 0:12 arg1 Protocol 14:21 Comprehensive Protocol 0:21 Comprehensive Protocol 0:21 Comprehensive Protocol to Simultaneously Study Protein Phosphorylation, Acetylation, and N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation. 33420984 7 34 theme further 1724:1730 arg1 separation 1732:1741 further separation 1724:1741 further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides 1724:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 1 35 theme Posttranslational 124:140 arg1 mechanism 247:255 an essential regulatory mechanism 223:255 an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction 223:291 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 35 theme Posttranslational 124:140 arg1 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 35 theme Posttranslational 124:140 arg1 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 35 theme Posttranslational 124:140 arg1 modifications 142:154 Posttranslational modifications 124:154 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation 124:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 35 theme Posttranslational 124:140 arg1 PTMs 157:160 PTMs 157:160 PTMs 157:160 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 35 theme Posttranslational 124:140 arg1 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 7 36 theme enrichment 1709:1718 arg1 round 1695:1699 a next round 1688:1699 a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides 1688:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 5 37 theme comprehensive 1117:1129 arg1 workflow 1131:1138 a comprehensive workflow 1115:1138 a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample 1115:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 6 38 gly sialylated 1361:1370 arg1 glycopeptides 1381:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 1361:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1361:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 2 39 theme ideal 446:450 arg1 spectrometry 421:432 mass spectrometry 416:432 mass spectrometry (MS) 416:437 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 2 39 theme ideal 446:450 arg1 tool 463:466 the ideal analytical tool 442:466 the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs 442:492 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 9 40 theme LC-MS 2168:2172 arg1 analysis 2178:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 6 41 theme glycan 1407:1412 arg1 release 1414:1420 glycan release 1407:1420 glycan release 1407:1420 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 9 42 from coverage 2141:2148 arg1 analysis 2178:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 8 43 from present 1841:1847 arg1 fraction 1880:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 1 44 theme protein 260:266 arg1 function 268:275 protein function 260:275 protein function 260:275 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 6 45 gly glycopeptides 1381:1393 arg2 glycopeptides 1381:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 1361:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1361:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 46 theme initial 1290:1296 arg1 TiO2 1316:1319 TiO2 1316:1319 TiO2 1316:1319 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 46 theme initial 1290:1296 arg1 dioxide 1307:1313 initial titanium dioxide 1290:1313 an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1287:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 47 theme affinity 1493:1500 arg1 SIMAC 1518:1522 SIMAC 1518:1522 SIMAC 1518:1522 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 47 theme affinity 1493:1500 arg1 chromatography 1502:1515 immobilized metal affinity chromatography 1475:1515 immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) 1475:1523 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 5 48 link N-linked 1198:1205 arg1 glycosylation 1218:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation 1198:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample 1198:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 10 49 theme individual 2334:2343 arg1 study 2349:2353 each individual PTM study 2329:2353 each individual PTM study 2329:2353 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 6 50 theme immobilized 1475:1485 arg1 SIMAC 1518:1522 SIMAC 1518:1522 SIMAC 1518:1522 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 50 theme immobilized 1475:1485 arg1 chromatography 1502:1515 immobilized metal affinity chromatography 1475:1515 immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) 1475:1523 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 5 51 theme N-linked 1198:1205 arg1 glycosylation 1218:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation 1198:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample 1198:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 7 52 gly deglycosylated 1772:1785 arg1 peptides 1787:1794 deglycosylated peptides 1772:1794 deglycosylated peptides 1772:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 9 53 theme high 1994:1997 arg1 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 53 theme high 1994:1997 arg1 chromatography 2017:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography 1994:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) 1994:2036 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 6 54 theme multi-phosphorylated 1590:1609 arg1 ones 1611:1614 multi-phosphorylated ones 1590:1614 multi-phosphorylated ones 1590:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 5 55 from sample 1257:1262 arg1 phosphorylation 1164:1178 phosphorylation 1164:1178 phosphorylation 1164:1178 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 5 55 from sample 1257:1262 arg1 glycosylation 1218:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation 1198:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample 1198:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 5 55 from sample 1257:1262 arg1 acetylation 1181:1191 acetylation 1181:1191 acetylation 1181:1191 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 9 56 theme reversed 2002:2009 arg1 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 HpH 2033:2035 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 56 theme reversed 2002:2009 arg1 chromatography 2017:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography 1994:2030 high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) 1994:2036 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 10 57 theme modifications 2234:2246 arg1 types 2225:2229 multiple types 2216:2229 multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample 2216:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 3 58 theme enrichment 748:757 arg1 methods 759:765 sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods 725:765 sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods 725:765 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 3 59 theme substoichiometric 530:546 arg1 levels 548:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 3 60 located present 519:525 arg2 PTMs 504:507 PTMs 504:507 PTMs 504:507 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 3 60 located present 519:525 arg1 levels 548:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 7 61 theme next 1690:1693 arg1 round 1695:1699 a next round 1688:1699 a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides 1688:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 10 62 theme types 2225:2229 arg1 analysis 2204:2211 the analysis 2200:2211 the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample 2200:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 8 63 theme lysine-acetylated 1814:1830 arg1 peptides 1832:1839 the lysine-acetylated peptides 1810:1839 the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1810:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 3 64 theme sensitive 725:733 arg1 methods 759:765 sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods 725:765 sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods 725:765 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 6 65 gly deglycosylated 1561:1574 arg1 peptides 1576:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides 1528:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1528:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 3 66 theme unmodified 576:585 arg1 counterpart 587:597 their unmodified counterpart 570:597 their unmodified counterpart 570:597 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 6 67 theme separate 1528:1535 arg1 peptides 1576:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides 1528:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1528:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 1 68 theme essential 226:234 arg1 mechanism 247:255 an essential regulatory mechanism 223:255 an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction 223:291 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 68 theme essential 226:234 arg1 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 68 theme essential 226:234 arg1 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 68 theme essential 226:234 arg1 modifications 142:154 Posttranslational modifications 124:154 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation 124:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 68 theme essential 226:234 arg1 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 10 69 from sample 2288:2293 arg1 types 2225:2229 multiple types 2216:2229 multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample 2216:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 10 69 from sample 2288:2293 arg1 modifications 2234:2246 modifications 2234:2246 modifications from the same highly complex biological sample 2234:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 5 70 theme poor 1061:1064 arg1 tools 1066:1070 poor tools 1061:1070 poor tools for selective enrichment.Here 1061:1100 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 9 71 theme interaction 2053:2063 arg1 HILIC 2088:2092 HILIC 2088:2092 HILIC 2088:2092 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 9 71 theme interaction 2053:2063 arg1 chromatography 2072:2085 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 2041:2085 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) 2041:2094 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 6 72 theme dioxide 1307:1313 arg1 step 1322:1325 an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step 1287:1325 an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1287:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 5 73 theme modifications 1032:1044 arg1 majority 1000:1007 the vast majority 991:1007 the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications 991:1044 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 8 74 theme first 1856:1860 arg1 fraction 1880:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 10 75 from types 2225:2229 arg1 sample 2288:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 8 76 theme flow-through 1867:1878 arg1 fraction 1880:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 the first TiO2 flow-through fraction 1852:1887 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 2 77 theme various 481:487 arg1 PTMs 489:492 various PTMs 481:492 various PTMs 481:492 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 10 78 theme biological 2277:2286 arg1 sample 2288:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 the same highly complex biological sample 2253:2293 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 5 79 theme biological 1246:1255 arg1 sample 1257:1262 the same biological sample 1237:1262 the same biological sample 1237:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 0 80 theme N-Linked 89:96 arg1 Glycosylation 109:121 N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation 89:121 N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation 89:121 Comprehensive Protocol to Simultaneously Study Protein Phosphorylation, Acetylation, and N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation. 33420984 1 81 theme processes 350:358 arg1 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of biological processes 323:358 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 3 82 from present 519:525 arg1 levels 548:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 6 83 theme sialylated 1361:1370 arg1 glycopeptides 1381:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides 1361:1393 sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1361:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 4 84 contain has 854:856 arg1 each 841:844 each 841:844 each 841:844 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 4 84 contain has 854:856 arg2 drawbacks 862:870 its drawbacks 858:870 its drawbacks 858:870 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 4 84 contain has 854:856 arg1 them 849:852 them 849:852 them 849:852 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 4 84 contain has 854:856 arg2 advantages 876:885 advantages 876:885 advantages 876:885 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 9 85 theme sample 2106:2111 arg1 complexity 2113:2122 sample complexity 2106:2122 sample complexity 2106:2122 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 6 86 theme mono-phosphorylated 1537:1555 arg1 peptides 1576:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides 1528:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1528:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 6 87 from ones 1611:1614 arg1 peptides 1576:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides 1528:1583 separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1528:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 7 88 theme deglycosylated 1772:1785 arg1 peptides 1787:1794 deglycosylated peptides 1772:1794 deglycosylated peptides 1772:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 4 89 theme specific 940:947 arg1 modifications 957:969 specific protein modifications 940:969 specific protein modifications 940:969 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 10 90 theme study 2349:2353 arg1 quality 2318:2324 the quality 2314:2324 the quality of each individual PTM study 2314:2353 This allows the analysis of multiple types of modifications from the same highly complex biological sample without decreasing the quality of each individual PTM study. 33420984 7 91 theme mono-phosphopeptides 1746:1765 arg1 separation 1732:1741 further separation 1724:1741 further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides 1724:1794 The IMAC flow-through and acidic elution are subsequently subjected to a next round of TiO2 enrichment for further separation of mono-phosphopeptides from deglycosylated peptides. 33420984 5 92 gly sialylated 1207:1216 arg1 glycosylation 1218:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation 1198:1230 N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample 1198:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 2 93 theme molecular 387:395 arg1 mass 397:400 the molecular mass 383:400 the molecular mass of a protein 383:413 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 6 94 theme sequential 1451:1460 arg1 elution 1462:1468 sequential elution 1451:1468 sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1451:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 5 95 theme vast 995:998 arg1 majority 1000:1007 the vast majority 991:1007 the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications 991:1044 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 8 96 theme peptide 1936:1942 arg1 cleanup 1944:1950 peptide cleanup 1936:1950 peptide cleanup 1936:1950 Furthermore, the lysine-acetylated peptides present in the first TiO2 flow-through fraction are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) after peptide cleanup. 33420984 3 97 attach present 519:525 arg2 PTMs 504:507 PTMs 504:507 PTMs 504:507 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 3 97 attach present 519:525 arg1 levels 548:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 substoichiometric levels 530:553 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 5 98 contain have 1050:1053 arg2 tools 1066:1070 poor tools 1061:1070 poor tools for selective enrichment.Here 1061:1100 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 5 98 contain have 1050:1053 arg2 no 1055:1056 no 1055:1056 no 1055:1056 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 5 98 contain have 1050:1053 arg1 we 1047:1048 we 1047:1048 we 1047:1048 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 33420984 2 99 theme mass 416:419 arg1 tool 463:466 the ideal analytical tool 442:466 the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs 442:492 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 2 99 theme mass 416:419 arg1 MS 435:436 MS 435:436 MS 435:436 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 2 99 theme mass 416:419 arg1 spectrometry 421:432 mass spectrometry 416:432 mass spectrometry (MS) 416:437 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 0 100 theme Protein 47:53 arg1 Phosphorylation 55:69 Protein Phosphorylation 47:69 Protein Phosphorylation 47:69 Comprehensive Protocol to Simultaneously Study Protein Phosphorylation, Acetylation, and N-Linked Sialylated Glycosylation. 33420984 2 101 theme analytical 452:461 arg1 spectrometry 421:432 mass spectrometry 416:432 mass spectrometry (MS) 416:437 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 2 101 theme analytical 452:461 arg1 tool 463:466 the ideal analytical tool 442:466 the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs 442:492 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 9 102 theme subsequent 2157:2166 arg1 analysis 2178:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 2 103 theme protein 407:413 arg1 mass 397:400 the molecular mass 383:400 the molecular mass of a protein 383:413 Since most PTMs alter the molecular mass of a protein, mass spectrometry (MS) is the ideal analytical tool for studying various PTMs. 33420984 1 104 theme wide 325:328 arg1 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of biological processes 323:358 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 9 105 theme /MS 2174:2176 arg1 analysis 2178:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis 2153:2185 Finally, the samples are fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography (HpH) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC ) to reduce sample complexity and increase the coverage in the subsequent LC-MS /MS analysis. 33420984 4 106 theme PTM 821:823 arg1 enrichment 825:834 PTM enrichment 821:834 PTM enrichment 821:834 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 3 107 theme PTM 650:652 arg1 analysis 654:661 PTM analysis 650:661 PTM analysis by MS 650:667 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 3 107 theme PTM 650:652 arg1 task 686:689 a challenging task 672:689 a challenging task 672:689 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 4 108 theme several 779:785 arg1 methods 787:793 several methods 779:793 several methods 779:793 Currently, several methods have been implemented for PTM enrichment, and each of them has its drawbacks and advantages as they differ in selectivity and specificity toward specific protein modifications. 33420984 6 109 from chromatography 1502:1515 arg1 elution 1462:1468 sequential elution 1451:1468 sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones 1451:1614 The protocol involves an initial titanium dioxide (TiO2) step to enrich for phosphopeptides and sialylated N-linked glycopeptides followed by glycan release and post-fractionation using sequential elution from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (SIMAC) to separate mono-phosphorylated and deglycosylated peptides from multi-phosphorylated ones. 33420984 3 110 theme challenging 674:684 arg1 analysis 654:661 PTM analysis 650:661 PTM analysis by MS 650:667 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 3 110 theme challenging 674:684 arg1 task 686:689 a challenging task 672:689 a challenging task 672:689 However, PTMs are often present in substoichiometric levels, and therefore their unmodified counterpart often suppresses their signal in MS. Consequently, PTM analysis by MS is a challenging task, requiring highly specialized and sensitive PTM-specific enrichment methods. 33420984 1 111 theme function 268:275 arg1 mechanism 247:255 an essential regulatory mechanism 223:255 an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction 223:291 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 111 theme function 268:275 arg1 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 glycosylation 205:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 111 theme function 268:275 arg1 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 phosphorylation 171:185 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 111 theme function 268:275 arg1 modifications 142:154 Posttranslational modifications 124:154 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation 124:217 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 1 111 theme function 268:275 arg1 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 acetylation 188:198 Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function and interaction, and they are associated with a wide range of biological processes. 33420984 5 112 theme same 1241:1244 arg1 sample 1257:1262 the same biological sample 1237:1262 the same biological sample 1237:1262 Unfortunately, for the vast majority of more than 400 known modifications, we have no or poor tools for selective enrichment.Here, we describe a comprehensive workflow to simultaneously study phosphorylation, acetylation, and N-linked sialylated glycosylation from the same biological sample. 34837864 8 0 theme trace 1037:1041 arg1 amounts 1043:1049 trace amounts 1037:1049 trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides 1037:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 0 theme trace 1037:1041 arg1 pectins 1067:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 0 theme trace 1037:1041 arg1 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 1 theme Various 912:918 arg1 tests 934:938 Various histochemical tests 912:938 Various histochemical tests 912:938 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 6 2 theme secretory 640:648 arg1 cavities 650:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities 622:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities 622:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities were also distributed in the midrib of the leaves. 34837864 8 3 dep the 1098:1100 arg1 leaves 1102:1107 leaves 1102:1107 leaves 1102:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 9 4 theme species 1298:1304 arg1 ultrastructure 1245:1258 ultrastructure 1245:1258 ultrastructure 1245:1258 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 9 4 theme species 1298:1304 arg1 composition 1278:1288 histochemical composition 1264:1288 histochemical composition 1264:1288 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 9 4 theme species 1298:1304 arg1 micromorphology 1228:1242 micromorphology 1228:1242 micromorphology 1228:1242 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 7 5 theme vesicles 801:808 arg1 presence 757:764 the presence 753:764 the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities 753:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 6 6 theme subdermal 630:638 arg1 cavities 650:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities 622:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities 622:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities were also distributed in the midrib of the leaves. 34837864 7 7 theme Transmission 710:721 arg1 microscopy 732:741 Transmission electron microscopy 710:741 Transmission electron microscopy 710:741 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 8 8 theme essential 1005:1013 arg1 oils 1015:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 6 9 theme Swollen 622:628 arg1 cavities 650:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities 622:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities 622:657 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities were also distributed in the midrib of the leaves. 34837864 3 10 theme abaxial 375:381 arg1 surfaces 395:402 the abaxial and adaxial surfaces 371:402 the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves 371:416 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 2 11 theme African 149:155 arg1 tree 157:160 a native South African tree 134:160 a native South African tree used in traditional medicine among Venda and Zulu communities 134:222 is a native South African tree used in traditional medicine among Venda and Zulu communities. 34837864 8 12 theme amounts 1043:1049 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 6 13 dep the 698:700 arg1 leaves 702:707 leaves 702:707 leaves 702:707 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities were also distributed in the midrib of the leaves. 34837864 7 14 theme secretory 873:881 arg1 epithelia 883:891 the secretory epithelia 869:891 the secretory epithelia of these cavities 869:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 3 15 dep the 407:409 arg1 leaves 411:416 leaves 411:416 leaves 411:416 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 9 16 theme H. 1194:1195 arg1 natalensis 1197:1206 H. natalensis 1194:1206 H. natalensis 1194:1206 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 3 17 dep identified 319:328 arg1 tapered 336:342 tapered 336:342 tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves 336:416 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 2 18 theme native 136:141 arg1 tree 157:160 a native South African tree 134:160 a native South African tree used in traditional medicine among Venda and Zulu communities 134:222 is a native South African tree used in traditional medicine among Venda and Zulu communities. 34837864 3 19 theme micromorphological 240:257 arg1 investigations 259:272 micromorphological investigations 240:272 micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy 240:317 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 5 20 theme druse 577:581 arg1 crystals 583:590 druse crystals 577:590 druse crystals 577:590 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 7 21 theme rough 811:815 arg1 reticulum 829:837 rough endoplasmic reticulum 811:837 rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae 811:847 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 amounts 1043:1049 trace amounts 1037:1049 trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides 1037:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 phenolics 976:984 phenolics 976:984 phenolics 976:984 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 oils 1015:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 lipids 987:992 lipids 987:992 lipids 987:992 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 acids 1027:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 pectins 1067:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 alkaloids 965:973 alkaloids 965:973 alkaloids 965:973 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 proteins 995:1002 proteins 995:1002 proteins 995:1002 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 22 theme polysaccharides 1079:1093 arg1 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 23 theme oils 1015:1018 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 24 from presence 953:960 arg1 the 1098:1100 the 1098:1100 the 1098:1100 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 0 25 theme Foliar 0:5 arg1 microstructure 7:20 Foliar microstructure 0:20 Foliar microstructure 0:20 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 0 25 theme Foliar 0:5 arg1 Harv 94:97 Harv 94:97 Harv 94:97 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 7 26 theme endoplasmic 817:827 arg1 reticulum 829:837 rough endoplasmic reticulum 811:837 rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae 811:847 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 8 27 theme acids 1027:1031 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 amounts 1043:1049 trace amounts 1037:1049 trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides 1037:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 phenolics 976:984 phenolics 976:984 phenolics 976:984 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 oils 1015:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 lipids 987:992 lipids 987:992 lipids 987:992 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 acids 1027:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 pectins 1067:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 alkaloids 965:973 alkaloids 965:973 alkaloids 965:973 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 proteins 995:1002 proteins 995:1002 proteins 995:1002 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 28 theme pectins 1067:1073 arg1 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 6 29 theme the 698:700 arg1 midrib 688:693 the midrib 684:693 the midrib of the leaves 684:707 Swollen subdermal secretory cavities were also distributed in the midrib of the leaves. 34837864 0 30 theme histochemical 26:38 arg1 analysis 40:47 histochemical analysis 26:47 histochemical analysis of the lavender tree 26:68 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 7 31 theme reticulum 829:837 arg1 cisternae 839:847 rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae 811:847 rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae 811:847 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 8 32 theme resin 1021:1025 arg1 acids 1027:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 7 33 theme bodies 859:864 arg1 presence 757:764 the presence 753:764 the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities 753:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 3 34 theme adaxial 387:393 arg1 surfaces 395:402 the abaxial and adaxial surfaces 371:402 the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves 371:416 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 4 35 dep emergent 475:482 arg1 leaves 484:489 leaves 484:489 leaves 484:489 The total number of trichomes appeared to be greater on emergent leaves and decreased as leaves matured. 34837864 2 36 theme traditional 170:180 arg1 medicine 182:189 traditional medicine 170:189 traditional medicine 170:189 is a native South African tree used in traditional medicine among Venda and Zulu communities. 34837864 1 37 theme Heteropyxis 102:112 arg1 Harv 125:128 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv 102:128 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. 102:129 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. 34837864 7 38 theme cisternae 839:847 arg1 presence 757:764 the presence 753:764 the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities 753:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 39 theme Golgi 853:857 arg1 bodies 859:864 Golgi bodies 853:864 Golgi bodies 853:864 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 8 40 theme proteins 995:1002 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 0 41 theme tree 65:68 arg1 Harv 94:97 Harv 94:97 Harv 94:97 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 0 41 theme tree 65:68 arg1 microstructure 7:20 Foliar microstructure 0:20 Foliar microstructure 0:20 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 0 41 theme tree 65:68 arg1 analysis 40:47 histochemical analysis 26:47 histochemical analysis of the lavender tree 26:68 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 7 42 theme electron 723:730 arg1 microscopy 732:741 Transmission electron microscopy 710:741 Transmission electron microscopy 710:741 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg2 mitochondria 787:798 mitochondria 787:798 mitochondria 787:798 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg2 nuclei 769:774 nuclei 769:774 nuclei 769:774 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg2 vesicles 801:808 vesicles 801:808 vesicles 801:808 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg2 plastids 777:784 plastids 777:784 plastids 777:784 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg2 cisternae 839:847 rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae 811:847 rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae 811:847 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg2 bodies 859:864 Golgi bodies 853:864 Golgi bodies 853:864 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 7 43 attach presence 757:764 arg1 epithelia 883:891 the secretory epithelia 869:891 the secretory epithelia of these cavities 869:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 9 44 theme new 1130:1132 arg1 findings 1134:1141 new findings 1130:1141 new findings 1130:1141 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 7 45 from presence 757:764 arg1 epithelia 883:891 the secretory epithelia 869:891 the secretory epithelia of these cavities 869:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 9 46 theme histochemical 1264:1276 arg1 composition 1278:1288 histochemical composition 1264:1288 histochemical composition 1264:1288 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 5 47 theme schizolysigenous 537:552 arg1 cavities 564:571 schizolysigenous secretory cavities 537:571 schizolysigenous secretory cavities 537:571 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 3 48 theme the 407:409 arg1 surfaces 395:402 the abaxial and adaxial surfaces 371:402 the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves 371:416 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 4 49 dep leaves 508:513 arg1 matured 515:521 matured 515:521 leaves matured 508:521 The total number of trichomes appeared to be greater on emergent leaves and decreased as leaves matured. 34837864 3 50 theme non-glandular 344:356 arg1 trichomes 358:366 non-glandular trichomes 344:366 non-glandular trichomes 344:366 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 5 51 theme secretory 554:562 arg1 cavities 564:571 schizolysigenous secretory cavities 537:571 schizolysigenous secretory cavities 537:571 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 1 52 theme natalensis 114:123 arg1 Harv 125:128 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv 102:128 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. 102:129 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. 34837864 8 53 theme unesterified 1054:1065 arg1 pectins 1067:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 54 theme alkaloids 965:973 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 7 55 theme mitochondria 787:798 arg1 presence 757:764 the presence 753:764 the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities 753:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 3 56 theme scanning 290:297 arg1 microscopy 308:317 scanning electron microscopy 290:317 scanning electron microscopy 290:317 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 4 57 theme total 423:427 arg1 number 429:434 The total number 419:434 The total number of trichomes 419:447 The total number of trichomes appeared to be greater on emergent leaves and decreased as leaves matured. 34837864 4 57 theme total 423:427 arg1 greater 464:470 greater 464:470 greater 464:470 The total number of trichomes appeared to be greater on emergent leaves and decreased as leaves matured. 34837864 8 58 theme lipids 987:992 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 3 59 theme electron 299:306 arg1 microscopy 308:317 scanning electron microscopy 290:317 scanning electron microscopy 290:317 In this study, micromorphological investigations using light and scanning electron microscopy identified long, tapered non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves. 34837864 4 60 theme trichomes 439:447 arg1 number 429:434 The total number 419:434 The total number of trichomes 419:447 The total number of trichomes appeared to be greater on emergent leaves and decreased as leaves matured. 34837864 4 60 theme trichomes 439:447 arg1 greater 464:470 greater 464:470 greater 464:470 The total number of trichomes appeared to be greater on emergent leaves and decreased as leaves matured. 34837864 8 61 theme phenolics 976:984 arg1 presence 953:960 the presence 949:960 the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves 949:1107 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 acids 1027:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 resin acids 1021:1031 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 pectins 1067:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 unesterified pectins 1054:1073 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 polysaccharides 1079:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 alkaloids 965:973 alkaloids 965:973 alkaloids 965:973 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg1 the 1098:1100 the 1098:1100 the 1098:1100 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 proteins 995:1002 proteins 995:1002 proteins 995:1002 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 phenolics 976:984 phenolics 976:984 phenolics 976:984 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 lipids 987:992 lipids 987:992 lipids 987:992 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 oils 1015:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 essential oils 1005:1018 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 8 62 attach presence 953:960 arg2 amounts 1043:1049 trace amounts 1037:1049 trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides 1037:1093 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 7 63 theme plastids 777:784 arg1 presence 757:764 the presence 753:764 the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities 753:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 8 64 theme histochemical 920:932 arg1 tests 934:938 Various histochemical tests 912:938 Various histochemical tests 912:938 Various histochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipids, proteins, essential oils, resin acids and trace amounts of unesterified pectins and polysaccharides in the leaves. 34837864 9 65 theme existing 1166:1173 arg1 research 1175:1182 the existing research 1162:1182 the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species 1162:1304 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 5 66 dep the 610:612 arg1 leaves 614:619 leaves 614:619 leaves 614:619 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 0 67 theme lavender 56:63 arg1 tree 65:68 the lavender tree 52:68 the lavender tree 52:68 Foliar microstructure and histochemical analysis of the lavender tree (Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.) 34837864 7 68 theme nuclei 769:774 arg1 presence 757:764 the presence 753:764 the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities 753:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 5 69 located found 597:601 arg1 addition 527:534 addition 527:534 addition 527:534 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 5 69 located found 597:601 arg1 the 610:612 the 610:612 the 610:612 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 5 69 located found 597:601 arg2 cavities 564:571 schizolysigenous secretory cavities 537:571 schizolysigenous secretory cavities 537:571 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 5 69 located found 597:601 arg2 crystals 583:590 druse crystals 577:590 druse crystals 577:590 In addition, schizolysigenous secretory cavities and druse crystals were found within the leaves. 34837864 9 70 dep micromorphology 1228:1242 arg1 the 1224:1226 the 1224:1226 the 1224:1226 This study provides new findings and contributes to the existing research regarding H. natalensis with respect to the micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical composition of this species. 34837864 7 71 theme cavities 902:909 arg1 epithelia 883:891 the secretory epithelia 869:891 the secretory epithelia of these cavities 869:909 Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi bodies in the secretory epithelia of these cavities. 34837864 2 72 dep Venda 197:201 arg1 communities 212:222 communities 212:222 communities 212:222 is a native South African tree used in traditional medicine among Venda and Zulu communities. 33898524 0 0 theme Long 86:89 arg1 Exercise 91:98 Long Exercise 86:98 Long Exercise in Horse 86:107 Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse. 33898524 1 1 contain has 129:131 arg2 impact 144:149 a dramatic impact 133:149 a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome 133:238 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 1 1 contain has 129:131 arg1 exercise 120:127 Endurance exercise 110:127 Endurance exercise 110:127 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 5 2 theme bacterial 1214:1222 arg1 polysaccharides 1224:1238 gut bacterial polysaccharides 1210:1238 gut bacterial polysaccharides 1210:1238 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 2 3 theme fecal 460:464 arg1 microbiome 466:475 fecal microbiome 460:475 fecal microbiome 460:475 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 4 4 theme metabolites 885:895 arg1 action 869:874 the action 865:874 the action of their metabolites 865:895 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 33898524 5 5 theme polysaccharides 1224:1238 arg1 translocation 1193:1205 the translocation 1189:1205 the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance 1189:1258 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 5 6 theme mitochondrial 1139:1151 arg1 responses 1166:1174 mitochondrial inflammatory responses 1139:1174 mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance 1139:1258 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 3 7 theme mitochondria-related 533:552 arg1 genes 579:583 mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes 533:583 mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation 533:665 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 2 8 theme gut-mitochondria 493:508 arg1 crosstalk 510:518 the gut-mitochondria crosstalk 489:518 the gut-mitochondria crosstalk 489:518 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 2 9 used used 413:416 arg2 we 347:348 we 347:348 we 347:348 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 1 10 from impact 144:149 arg1 functionality 158:170 the functionality 154:170 the functionality of mitochondria 154:186 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 1 10 from impact 144:149 arg1 composition 199:209 the composition 195:209 the composition of the intestinal microbiome 195:238 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 3 11 theme butyrate-producing 719:736 arg1 bacteria 738:745 butyrate-producing bacteria 719:745 butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family 719:775 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 3 11 theme butyrate-producing 719:736 arg1 Eubacterium 789:799 Eubacterium 789:799 Eubacterium 789:799 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 4 12 theme hypoglycemia 989:1000 arg1 inflammation 1003:1014 inflammation 1003:1014 inflammation 1003:1014 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 33898524 4 12 theme hypoglycemia 989:1000 arg1 onset 980:984 the onset 976:984 the onset of hypoglycemia 976:1000 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 33898524 3 13 theme genes 579:583 arg1 subset 523:528 A subset 521:528 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation 521:665 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 1 14 theme mitochondria 175:186 arg1 functionality 158:170 the functionality 154:170 the functionality of mitochondria 154:186 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 2 15 theme blood 418:422 arg1 transcriptome 424:436 blood transcriptome 418:436 blood transcriptome 418:436 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 5 16 theme circulating 1073:1083 arg1 acids 1096:1100 circulating free fatty acids 1073:1100 circulating free fatty acids 1073:1100 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 2 17 theme elite 361:365 arg1 horses 367:372 20 elite horses 358:372 20 elite horses 358:372 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 6 18 theme potential 1323:1331 arg1 strategy 1333:1340 a potential strategy 1321:1340 a potential strategy to enhance athletic performance 1321:1372 Targeting the gut-mitochondria axis therefore appears to be a potential strategy to enhance athletic performance. 33898524 0 19 theme Holobiont 18:26 arg1 Crosstalk 29:37 the Holobiont: Crosstalk 14:37 the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria 14:77 Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse. 33898524 3 20 theme Lachnospiraceae 754:768 arg1 family 770:775 the Lachnospiraceae family 750:775 the Lachnospiraceae family 750:775 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 5 21 theme free 1085:1088 arg1 acids 1096:1100 circulating free fatty acids 1073:1100 circulating free fatty acids 1073:1100 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 3 22 theme expressed 569:577 arg1 genes 579:583 mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes 533:583 mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation 533:665 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 2 23 theme endurance 394:402 arg1 race 404:407 an endurance race 391:407 an endurance race 391:407 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 5 24 theme gut 1210:1212 arg1 polysaccharides 1224:1238 gut bacterial polysaccharides 1210:1238 gut bacterial polysaccharides 1210:1238 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 3 25 theme family 770:775 arg1 bacteria 738:745 butyrate-producing bacteria 719:745 butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family 719:775 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 3 25 theme family 770:775 arg1 Eubacterium 789:799 Eubacterium 789:799 Eubacterium 789:799 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 4 26 theme downstream 948:957 arg1 targets 959:965 their downstream targets 942:965 their downstream targets 942:965 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 33898524 5 27 theme fatty 1090:1094 arg1 acids 1096:1100 circulating free fatty acids 1073:1100 circulating free fatty acids 1073:1100 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 6 28 theme gut-mitochondria 1275:1290 arg1 axis 1292:1295 the gut-mitochondria axis 1271:1295 the gut-mitochondria axis 1271:1295 Targeting the gut-mitochondria axis therefore appears to be a potential strategy to enhance athletic performance. 33898524 5 29 theme inflammatory 1153:1164 arg1 responses 1166:1174 mitochondrial inflammatory responses 1139:1174 mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance 1139:1258 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 4 30 dep understood 841:850 arg1 acted 904:908 acted 904:908 acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time 904:1038 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 33898524 2 31 theme blood 439:443 arg1 metabolome 445:454 blood metabolome 439:454 blood metabolome 439:454 Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. 33898524 5 32 dep merely 1114:1119 arg1 not 1110:1112 not 1110:1112 not 1110:1112 Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. 33898524 1 33 theme Endurance 110:118 arg1 exercise 120:127 Endurance exercise 110:127 Endurance exercise 110:127 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 0 34 theme Gut 47:49 arg1 Microbiota 51:60 Gut Microbiota 47:60 Gut Microbiota 47:60 Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse. 33898524 6 35 theme athletic 1353:1360 arg1 performance 1362:1372 athletic performance 1353:1372 athletic performance 1353:1372 Targeting the gut-mitochondria axis therefore appears to be a potential strategy to enhance athletic performance. 33898524 4 36 theme FRX-CREB 924:931 arg1 axis 933:936 the FRX-CREB axis 920:936 the FRX-CREB axis 920:936 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 33898524 3 37 theme oxidative 633:641 arg1 stress 643:648 oxidative stress 633:648 oxidative stress 633:648 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 1 38 theme intestinal 218:227 arg1 microbiome 229:238 the intestinal microbiome 214:238 the intestinal microbiome 214:238 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 0 39 from Exercise 91:98 arg1 Horse 103:107 Horse 103:107 Horse 103:107 Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse. 33898524 3 40 theme energy 614:619 arg1 metabolism 621:630 energy metabolism 614:630 energy metabolism 614:630 A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. 33898524 1 41 theme dramatic 135:142 arg1 impact 144:149 a dramatic impact 133:149 a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome 133:238 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 1 42 theme microbiome 229:238 arg1 composition 199:209 the composition 195:209 the composition of the intestinal microbiome 195:238 Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. 33898524 4 43 theme running 1027:1033 arg1 time 1035:1038 running time 1027:1038 running time 1027:1038 The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. 32849411 9 0 theme EPS 778:780 arg1 production 782:791 EPS production 778:791 EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite 778:832 Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite were carried out. 32849411 13 1 from contrast 1094:1101 arg1 present 1058:1064 present 1058:1064 present 1058:1064 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 4 2 theme 35°C. 415:419 arg1 temperature 389:399 The optimal temperature 377:399 The optimal temperature for growth 377:410 The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 4 2 theme 35°C. 415:419 arg1 sp 439:440 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp 415:440 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp 415:440 The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 9 3 theme production 782:791 arg1 studies 767:773 Comparative studies 755:773 Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite 755:832 Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite were carried out. 32849411 7 4 theme Acidithiobacillus 631:647 arg1 sp 649:650 The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp 619:650 The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp. 619:651 The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 3 5 theme ferrous 316:322 arg1 ions 324:327 ferrous ions 316:327 ferrous ions 316:327 The strain is able to grow and oxidize ferrous ions in the range of pH 1.4-2.6 with optimal pH 2.0. 32849411 1 6 theme Copper 53:58 arg1 Ore 60:62 Kashen Copper Ore 46:62 Kashen Copper Ore 46:62 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 1 7 from Ore 60:62 arg1 Ksh 37:39 Ksh 37:39 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 37:117 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 2 8 theme iron- 140:144 arg1 bacterium 167:175 an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 137:175 an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 137:175 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 13 9 theme Leptospirillum 1106:1119 arg1 CC 1138:1139 Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC 1106:1139 CC 1138:1139 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 10 10 theme capsular 880:887 arg1 composition 865:875 The chemical composition 852:875 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 852:941 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 32849411 8 11 theme phylogenetic 715:726 arg1 studies 746:752 phylogenetic and physiological studies 715:752 phylogenetic and physiological studies 715:752 Ksh was identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans based on phylogenetic and physiological studies. 32849411 4 12 theme Acidithiobacillus 421:437 arg1 temperature 389:399 The optimal temperature 377:399 The optimal temperature for growth 377:410 The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 4 12 theme Acidithiobacillus 421:437 arg1 sp 439:440 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp 415:440 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp 415:440 The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 9 13 theme ferrous 811:817 arg1 ions 819:822 ferrous ions 811:822 ferrous ions 811:822 Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite were carried out. 32849411 2 14 attach isolated 181:188 arg1 biotope 205:211 a natural biotope 195:211 a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore 195:232 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 2 14 attach isolated 181:188 arg2 strain 127:132 A novel strain 119:132 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 119:175 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 1 15 theme EPS 82:84 arg1 Peculiarities 65:77 Peculiarities 65:77 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 37:117 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 10 16 theme colloidal 893:901 arg1 composition 865:875 The chemical composition 852:875 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 852:941 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 32849411 4 17 theme optimal 381:387 arg1 temperature 389:399 The optimal temperature 377:399 The optimal temperature for growth 377:410 The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 4 17 theme optimal 381:387 arg1 sp 439:440 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp 415:440 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp 415:440 The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 6 18 theme high 541:544 arg1 activity 546:553 high activity 541:553 high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia) 541:616 It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). 32849411 2 19 from ore 230:232 arg1 biotope 205:211 a natural biotope 195:211 a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore 195:232 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 13 20 from present 1058:1064 arg1 contrast 1094:1101 contrast 1094:1101 contrast 1094:1101 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 14 21 theme particles 1207:1215 arg1 due 1246:1248 due 1246:1248 due 1246:1248 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 14 21 theme particles 1207:1215 arg1 difference 1183:1192 The structural difference 1168:1192 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides 1168:1240 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 1 22 theme Colloidal 90:98 arg1 Exopolysaccharide 100:116 Colloidal Exopolysaccharide 90:116 Colloidal Exopolysaccharide 90:116 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 10 23 dep Acidithiobacillus 919:935 arg1 At 938:939 At 938:939 At. 938:940 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 32849411 14 24 theme saccharide 1284:1293 arg1 molecules 1295:1303 the saccharide molecules 1280:1303 the saccharide molecules 1280:1303 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 14 25 theme colloidal 1197:1205 arg1 particles 1207:1215 colloidal particles 1197:1215 colloidal particles of these polysaccharides 1197:1240 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 2 26 theme bacterium 167:175 arg1 strain 127:132 A novel strain 119:132 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 119:175 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 2 27 theme copper 223:228 arg1 ore 230:232 Kashen copper ore 216:232 Kashen copper ore 216:232 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 3 28 theme optimal 361:367 arg1 pH 369:370 optimal pH 2.0 361:374 optimal pH 2.0 361:374 The strain is able to grow and oxidize ferrous ions in the range of pH 1.4-2.6 with optimal pH 2.0. 32849411 2 29 theme sulfur-oxidizing 150:165 arg1 bacterium 167:175 an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 137:175 an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 137:175 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 2 30 theme Kashen 216:221 arg1 ore 230:232 Kashen copper ore 216:232 Kashen copper ore 216:232 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 5 31 theme pyrite 482:487 arg1 oxidation 489:497 pyrite oxidation 482:497 pyrite oxidation among other strains 482:517 Ksh has shown the highest activity for pyrite oxidation among other strains. 32849411 1 32 dep Ksh 37:39 arg1 Peculiarities 65:77 Peculiarities 65:77 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 37:117 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 3 33 theme pH 345:346 arg1 range 336:340 the range 332:340 the range of pH 1.4-2.6 332:354 The strain is able to grow and oxidize ferrous ions in the range of pH 1.4-2.6 with optimal pH 2.0. 32849411 8 34 theme Acidithiobacillus 675:691 arg1 ferrooxidans 693:704 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 675:704 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans based on phylogenetic and physiological studies 675:752 Ksh was identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans based on phylogenetic and physiological studies. 32849411 8 34 theme Acidithiobacillus 675:691 arg1 Ksh 653:655 Ksh 653:655 Ksh 653:655 Ksh was identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans based on phylogenetic and physiological studies. 32849411 6 35 from activity 546:553 arg1 oxidation 558:566 oxidation 558:566 oxidation 558:566 It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). 32849411 1 36 theme Exopolysaccharide 100:116 arg1 Peculiarities 65:77 Peculiarities 65:77 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 37:117 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 14 37 theme hydration 1267:1275 arg1 degree 1257:1262 the degree 1253:1262 the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules 1253:1303 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 14 38 theme structural 1172:1181 arg1 due 1246:1248 due 1246:1248 due 1246:1248 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 14 38 theme structural 1172:1181 arg1 difference 1183:1192 The structural difference 1168:1192 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides 1168:1240 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 2 39 theme natural 197:203 arg1 biotope 205:211 a natural biotope 195:211 a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore 195:232 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 14 40 theme polysaccharides 1226:1240 arg1 particles 1207:1215 colloidal particles 1197:1215 colloidal particles of these polysaccharides 1197:1240 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 13 41 located present 1058:1064 arg2 Ksh 1051:1053 Ksh 1051:1053 Ksh 1051:1053 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 13 41 located present 1058:1064 arg1 contrast 1094:1101 contrast 1094:1101 contrast 1094:1101 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 7 42 theme isolate 623:629 arg1 sp 649:650 The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp 619:650 The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp. 619:651 The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 14 43 theme molecules 1295:1303 arg1 hydration 1267:1275 hydration 1267:1275 hydration of the saccharide molecules 1267:1303 The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules. 32849411 5 44 theme other 505:509 arg1 strains 511:517 other strains 505:517 other strains 505:517 Ksh has shown the highest activity for pyrite oxidation among other strains. 32849411 13 45 attach present 1058:1064 arg2 Ksh 1051:1053 Ksh 1051:1053 Ksh 1051:1053 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 13 45 attach present 1058:1064 arg1 contrast 1094:1101 contrast 1094:1101 contrast 1094:1101 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 9 46 theme Comparative 755:765 arg1 studies 767:773 Comparative studies 755:773 Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite 755:832 Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite were carried out. 32849411 13 47 theme L. 1122:1123 arg1 CC 1138:1139 Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC 1106:1139 CC 1138:1139 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 6 48 theme bearing 595:601 arg1 Armenia 609:615 Armenia 609:615 Armenia 609:615 It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). 32849411 6 48 theme bearing 595:601 arg1 ores 603:606 copper-gold bearing ores 583:606 copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia) 583:616 It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). 32849411 2 49 dep isolated 181:188 arg1 Republic 255:262 Republic 255:262 Republic 255:262 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 0 50 dep Isolated 6:13 arg1 Acidithiobacillus 15:31 Acidithiobacillus 15:31 Acidithiobacillus 15:31 Newly Isolated Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 0 50 dep Isolated 6:13 arg1 sp 33:34 sp 33:34 sp 33:34 Newly Isolated Acidithiobacillus sp. 32849411 5 51 theme highest 461:467 arg1 activity 469:476 the highest activity 457:476 the highest activity 457:476 Ksh has shown the highest activity for pyrite oxidation among other strains. 32849411 10 52 theme chemical 856:863 arg1 composition 865:875 The chemical composition 852:875 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 852:941 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 32849411 6 53 theme copper-gold 583:593 arg1 Armenia 609:615 Armenia 609:615 Armenia 609:615 It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). 32849411 6 53 theme copper-gold 583:593 arg1 ores 603:606 copper-gold bearing ores 583:606 copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia) 583:616 It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). 32849411 10 54 dep capsular 880:887 arg1 EPS 903:905 EPS 903:905 EPS 903:905 The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) 32849411 2 55 theme novel 121:125 arg1 strain 127:132 A novel strain 119:132 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium 119:175 A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). 32849411 1 56 theme Kashen 46:51 arg1 Ore 60:62 Kashen Copper Ore 46:62 Kashen Copper Ore 46:62 Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. 32849411 13 57 theme ferriphilum 1126:1136 arg1 CC 1138:1139 Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC 1106:1139 CC 1138:1139 ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. 32849411 8 58 theme physiological 732:744 arg1 studies 746:752 phylogenetic and physiological studies 715:752 phylogenetic and physiological studies 715:752 Ksh was identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans based on phylogenetic and physiological studies. 32914979 0 0 theme DNA 108:110 arg1 Gyrase 112:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 5 1 theme oxygen 948:953 arg1 substituents 955:966 oxygen substituents 948:966 oxygen substituents 948:966 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 5 2 theme target 1038:1043 arg1 model 1053:1057 a target binding model 1036:1057 a target binding model 1036:1057 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 0 3 theme Targeting 98:106 arg1 Gyrase 112:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 1 4 theme N-linked 182:189 arg1 substituents 197:208 N-linked azole substituents 182:208 N-linked azole substituents 182:208 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 5 5 theme nucleophilic 843:854 arg1 chemistry 874:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry 834:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry 834:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 1 6 theme described 312:320 arg1 analogues 322:330 previously described analogues 301:330 previously described analogues 301:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 5 7 theme structure-activity 980:997 arg1 relationships 999:1011 structure-activity relationships 980:1011 structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model 980:1057 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 5 7 theme structure-activity 980:997 arg1 those 1023:1027 those 1023:1027 those 1023:1027 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 5 8 theme electrophilic 860:872 arg1 chemistry 874:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry 834:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry 834:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 4 9 theme Gram-negative 712:724 arg1 pathogens 726:734 Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 694:734 Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position 694:794 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 1 10 theme azole 191:195 arg1 substituents 197:208 N-linked azole substituents 182:208 N-linked azole substituents 182:208 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 0 11 from Substituents 57:68 arg1 Gyrase 112:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 5 12 with 5-position 911:920 arg1 nitrogen 935:942 nitrogen 935:942 nitrogen 935:942 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 5 12 with 5-position 911:920 arg1 carbon 927:932 carbon 927:932 carbon 927:932 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 5 12 with 5-position 911:920 arg1 substituents 955:966 oxygen substituents 948:966 oxygen substituents 948:966 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 2 13 theme topoisomerase 447:459 arg1 class 413:417 a new antibacterial class 393:417 a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors 393:473 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 5 14 theme binding 1045:1051 arg1 model 1053:1057 a target binding model 1036:1057 a target binding model 1036:1057 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 0 15 theme Antibacterial 0:12 arg1 Spiropyrimidinetriones 14:35 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones 0:35 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 0:118 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 4 16 theme DNA 633:635 arg1 inhibition 644:653 DNA gyrase inhibition 633:653 DNA gyrase inhibition 633:653 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 2 17 theme gyrase 436:441 arg1 class 413:417 a new antibacterial class 393:417 a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors 393:473 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 0 18 theme N-Linked 42:49 arg1 Substituents 57:68 N-Linked Azole Substituents 42:68 N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 42:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 2 19 theme spirocyclic 354:364 arg1 architecture 366:377 an unusual spirocyclic architecture 343:377 an unusual spirocyclic architecture 343:377 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 1 20 theme benzisoxazole 215:227 arg1 scaffold 229:236 a benzisoxazole scaffold 213:236 a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues 213:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 2 21 contain have 338:341 arg2 architecture 366:377 an unusual spirocyclic architecture 343:377 an unusual spirocyclic architecture 343:377 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 2 21 contain have 338:341 arg1 SPTs 333:336 SPTs 333:336 SPTs 333:336 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 1 22 link N-linked 182:189 arg1 substituents 197:208 N-linked azole substituents 182:208 N-linked azole substituents 182:208 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 2 23 theme unusual 346:352 arg1 architecture 366:377 an unusual spirocyclic architecture 343:377 an unusual spirocyclic architecture 343:377 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 3 24 theme gyrase/topoisomerase 539:558 arg1 inhibitors 563:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 They are not cross-resistant to fluoroquinolones and other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors used clinically. 32914979 4 25 theme gyrase 637:642 arg1 inhibition 644:653 DNA gyrase inhibition 633:653 DNA gyrase inhibition 633:653 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 6 26 theme aureus 1204:1209 arg1 infection 1211:1219 Staphylococcus aureus infection 1189:1219 Staphylococcus aureus infection 1189:1219 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 5 27 theme Directed 834:841 arg1 chemistry 874:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry 834:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry 834:882 Directed nucleophilic and electrophilic chemistry was developed to vary this 5-position with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents and explore structure-activity relationships including those around a target binding model. 32914979 4 28 theme N-linked 741:748 arg1 1,2,4-triazoles 750:764 N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles 741:764 N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position 741:794 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 2 29 theme IV 461:462 arg1 inhibitors 464:473 IV inhibitors 461:473 IV inhibitors 461:473 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 4 30 theme SPTs 611:614 arg1 activity 595:602 The activity 591:602 The activity of the SPTs 591:614 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 0 31 theme Azole 51:55 arg1 Substituents 57:68 N-Linked Azole Substituents 42:68 N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 42:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 4 32 theme worthwhile 814:823 arg1 profile 825:831 the most worthwhile profile 805:831 the most worthwhile profile 805:831 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 6 33 theme infection 1211:1219 arg1 model 1180:1184 a mouse model 1172:1184 a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection 1172:1219 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 1 34 theme improved 243:250 arg1 activity 280:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity 243:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues 243:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 6 35 theme Staphylococcus 1189:1202 arg1 infection 1211:1219 Staphylococcus aureus infection 1189:1219 Staphylococcus aureus infection 1189:1219 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 2 36 theme antibacterial 399:411 arg1 class 413:417 a new antibacterial class 393:417 a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors 393:473 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 1 37 with scaffold 229:236 arg1 activity 280:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity 243:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues 243:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 6 38 theme pharmacokinetic 1085:1099 arg1 parameters 1101:1110 favorable pharmacokinetic parameters 1075:1110 favorable pharmacokinetic parameters 1075:1110 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 4 39 theme antibacterial 664:676 arg1 activity 678:685 the antibacterial activity 660:685 the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position 660:794 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 0 40 with Spiropyrimidinetriones 14:35 arg1 Substituents 57:68 N-Linked Azole Substituents 42:68 N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 42:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 2 41 theme new 395:397 arg1 class 413:417 a new antibacterial class 393:417 a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors 393:473 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 6 42 theme favorable 1075:1083 arg1 parameters 1101:1110 favorable pharmacokinetic parameters 1075:1110 favorable pharmacokinetic parameters 1075:1110 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 4 43 link N-linked 741:748 arg1 1,2,4-triazoles 750:764 N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles 741:764 N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position 741:794 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 3 44 theme IV 560:561 arg1 inhibitors 563:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 They are not cross-resistant to fluoroquinolones and other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors used clinically. 32914979 1 45 theme Gram-positive 252:264 arg1 activity 280:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity 243:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues 243:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 4 46 with pathogens 726:734 arg1 1,2,4-triazoles 750:764 N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles 741:764 N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position 741:794 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 2 47 dep gyrase 436:441 arg1 inhibitors 464:473 IV inhibitors 461:473 IV inhibitors 461:473 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 6 48 with Compounds 1060:1068 arg1 parameters 1101:1110 favorable pharmacokinetic parameters 1075:1110 favorable pharmacokinetic parameters 1075:1110 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 1 49 theme antibacterial 266:278 arg1 activity 280:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity 243:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues 243:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 32914979 0 50 theme Scaffold 89:96 arg1 Gyrase 112:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 3 51 theme other 529:533 arg1 inhibitors 563:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 They are not cross-resistant to fluoroquinolones and other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors used clinically. 32914979 3 52 theme DNA 535:537 arg1 inhibitors 563:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors 529:572 They are not cross-resistant to fluoroquinolones and other DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitors used clinically. 32914979 2 53 theme DNA 432:434 arg1 gyrase 436:441 bacterial DNA gyrase 422:441 bacterial DNA gyrase 422:441 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 6 54 theme mouse 1174:1178 arg1 model 1180:1184 a mouse model 1172:1184 a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection 1172:1219 Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters were identified, and two compounds demonstrated cidality in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. 32914979 0 55 theme Benzisoxazole 75:87 arg1 Gyrase 112:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase 73:117 Antibacterial Spiropyrimidinetriones with N-Linked Azole Substituents on a Benzisoxazole Scaffold Targeting DNA Gyrase. 32914979 4 56 theme Gram-positive 694:706 arg1 pathogens 726:734 Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 694:734 Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position 694:794 The activity of the SPTs was assessed for DNA gyrase inhibition, and the antibacterial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with N-linked 1,2,4-triazoles substituted on the 5-position provides the most worthwhile profile. 32914979 2 57 theme bacterial 422:430 arg1 gyrase 436:441 bacterial DNA gyrase 422:441 bacterial DNA gyrase 422:441 SPTs have an unusual spirocyclic architecture and represent a new antibacterial class of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors. 32914979 1 58 theme relative 289:296 arg1 activity 280:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity 243:287 improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues 243:330 Herein, we report spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs) incorporating N-linked azole substituents on a benzisoxazole scaffold with improved Gram-positive antibacterial activity relative to previously described analogues. 33001090 2 0 gly glycosylation 317:329 arg1 protein 348:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 2 1 from glycosylation 317:329 arg1 protein 348:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 0 2 link N-linked 25:32 arg1 glycans 34:40 N-linked glycans 25:40 N-linked glycans 25:40 Concanavalin A targeting N-linked glycans in spike proteins influence viral interactions. 33001090 2 3 theme N-linked 308:315 arg1 glycosylation 317:329 N-linked glycosylation 308:329 N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein 308:354 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 1 4 theme current 173:179 arg1 era 190:192 the current pandemic era 169:192 the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates 169:248 Lectins, which exhibit viral-interaction abilities, have garnered attention in the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates. 33001090 1 5 theme pandemic 181:188 arg1 era 190:192 the current pandemic era 169:192 the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates 169:248 Lectins, which exhibit viral-interaction abilities, have garnered attention in the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates. 33001090 2 6 theme spike 338:342 arg1 protein 348:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 3 7 theme -galactose 442:451 arg1 N-glycans 453:461 high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans 425:461 high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans 425:461 This study demonstrates the biophysical aspects between lectins and high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans to provide insights into binding events. 33001090 0 8 theme Concanavalin 0:11 arg1 A 13:13 Concanavalin A 0:13 Concanavalin A targeting N-linked glycans in spike proteins 0:58 Concanavalin A targeting N-linked glycans in spike proteins influence viral interactions. 33001090 0 9 theme N-linked 25:32 arg1 glycans 34:40 N-linked glycans 25:40 N-linked glycans 25:40 Concanavalin A targeting N-linked glycans in spike proteins influence viral interactions. 33001090 3 10 theme binding 488:494 arg1 events 496:501 binding events 488:501 binding events 488:501 This study demonstrates the biophysical aspects between lectins and high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans to provide insights into binding events. 33001090 3 11 theme biophysical 385:395 arg1 aspects 397:403 the biophysical aspects 381:403 the biophysical aspects between lectins and high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans 381:461 This study demonstrates the biophysical aspects between lectins and high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans to provide insights into binding events. 33001090 2 12 link N-linked 308:315 arg1 glycosylation 317:329 N-linked glycosylation 308:329 N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein 308:354 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 1 13 theme neutralizing 207:218 arg1 agents 220:225 potential neutralizing agents 197:225 potential neutralizing agents 197:225 Lectins, which exhibit viral-interaction abilities, have garnered attention in the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates. 33001090 3 14 theme high-mannose 425:436 arg1 N-glycans 453:461 high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans 425:461 high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans 425:461 This study demonstrates the biophysical aspects between lectins and high-mannose and -galactose N-glycans to provide insights into binding events. 33001090 2 15 theme Viral 251:255 arg1 invasion 257:264 Viral invasion 251:264 Viral invasion through envelope proteins 251:290 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 1 16 theme viral-interaction 113:129 arg1 abilities 131:139 viral-interaction abilities 113:139 viral-interaction abilities 113:139 Lectins, which exhibit viral-interaction abilities, have garnered attention in the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates. 33001090 0 17 theme spike 45:49 arg1 proteins 51:58 spike proteins 45:58 spike proteins 45:58 Concanavalin A targeting N-linked glycans in spike proteins influence viral interactions. 33001090 2 18 theme S 345:345 arg1 protein 348:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 the spike (S) protein 334:354 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 1 19 theme vaccine 231:237 arg1 candidates 239:248 vaccine candidates 231:248 vaccine candidates 231:248 Lectins, which exhibit viral-interaction abilities, have garnered attention in the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates. 33001090 2 20 theme envelope 274:281 arg1 proteins 283:290 envelope proteins 274:290 envelope proteins 274:290 Viral invasion through envelope proteins is modulated by N-linked glycosylation in the spike (S) protein. 33001090 0 21 theme viral 70:74 arg1 interactions 76:87 viral interactions 70:87 viral interactions 70:87 Concanavalin A targeting N-linked glycans in spike proteins influence viral interactions. 33001090 1 22 theme potential 197:205 arg1 agents 220:225 potential neutralizing agents 197:225 potential neutralizing agents 197:225 Lectins, which exhibit viral-interaction abilities, have garnered attention in the current pandemic era as potential neutralizing agents and vaccine candidates. 32648860 2 0 theme Cs+ 568:570 arg1 presence 556:563 the presence 552:563 the presence of Cs+ 552:570 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 6 1 dep = 1166:1166 arg1 7-11 1168:1171 7-11 1168:1171 7-11 1168:1171 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 0 2 dep lock 114:117 arg1 strategy 147:154 LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy 120:154 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 1 3 theme waste 252:256 arg1 water 258:262 waste water 252:262 waste water 252:262 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 0 4 theme sensing 80:86 arg1 performances 88:99 dichloromethane sensing performances 64:99 dichloromethane sensing performances 64:99 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 2 5 theme enhanced 599:606 arg1 fluorescence 608:619 dramatically enhanced fluorescence 586:619 dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow 586:693 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 6 theme Cs+ 348:350 arg1 sensor 360:365 an efficient Cs+ optical sensor 335:365 an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 335:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 6 7 theme water 1323:1327 arg1 samples 1329:1335 real water samples 1318:1335 real water samples 1318:1335 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 2 8 theme transfer 525:532 arg1 process 541:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 4 9 theme detailed 879:886 arg1 studies 888:894 Further detailed studies 871:894 Further detailed studies 871:894 Further detailed studies reveal that both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes are rapid within 60 seconds. 32648860 2 10 theme distinct 637:644 arg1 change 646:651 a distinct change 635:651 a distinct change of color 635:660 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 6 11 from range 1154:1158 arg1 applicable 1136:1145 applicable 1136:1145 applicable 1136:1145 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 2 12 theme charge 518:523 arg1 process 541:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 1 13 from industry 305:312 arg1 desirable 274:282 desirable 274:282 desirable 274:282 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 1 13 from industry 305:312 arg1 development 161:171 The development 157:171 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water 157:262 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 0 14 link N-linked 3:10 arg1 disalicylaldehyde 12:28 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde 0:28 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 2 15 theme optical 352:358 arg1 sensor 360:365 an efficient Cs+ optical sensor 335:365 an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 335:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 3 16 theme selective 807:815 arg1 detection 824:832 selective CH2Cl2 detection 807:832 selective CH2Cl2 detection 807:832 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 32648860 0 17 theme key 108:110 arg1 lock 114:117 'dual key & lock 102:117 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 2 18 with H2Qj 407:410 arg1 state 425:429 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 19 theme disalicylaldehyde 389:405 arg1 H2Qj 407:410 the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj 376:410 the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 376:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 0 20 theme dual 103:106 arg1 lock 114:117 'dual key & lock 102:117 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 7 21 theme H2Qj-Cs 1343:1349 arg1 system 1359:1364 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system 1338:1364 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system 1338:1364 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system must provide a valuable reference for further Cs+ sensors. 32648860 3 22 theme CH2Cl2 817:822 arg1 detection 824:832 selective CH2Cl2 detection 807:832 selective CH2Cl2 detection 807:832 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 32648860 4 23 theme sensing 928:934 arg1 processes 936:944 both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes 908:944 both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes 908:944 Further detailed studies reveal that both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes are rapid within 60 seconds. 32648860 2 24 theme ligand-to-metal 502:516 arg1 process 541:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 0 25 theme N-linked 3:10 arg1 disalicylaldehyde 12:28 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde 0:28 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 7 26 theme sensing 1351:1357 arg1 system 1359:1364 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system 1338:1364 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system 1338:1364 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system must provide a valuable reference for further Cs+ sensors. 32648860 1 27 from desirable 274:282 arg1 industry 305:312 the nuclear power industry 287:312 the nuclear power industry 287:312 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 6 28 theme Cs+ 1292:1294 arg1 performces 1304:1313 its Cs+ sensing performces 1288:1313 its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples 1288:1335 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 1 29 theme inexpensive 176:186 arg1 chemosensors 218:229 inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors 176:229 inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water 176:262 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 2 30 theme LMCT 535:538 arg1 process 541:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process 498:547 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 31 theme color 656:660 arg1 change 646:651 a distinct change 635:651 a distinct change of color 635:660 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 7 32 theme Cs+ 1412:1414 arg1 sensors 1416:1422 further Cs+ sensors 1404:1422 further Cs+ sensors 1404:1422 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system must provide a valuable reference for further Cs+ sensors. 32648860 6 33 theme H2Qj 1205:1208 arg1 reversibility 1181:1193 the reversibility 1177:1193 the reversibility of sensor H2Qj 1177:1208 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 2 34 theme proton 446:451 arg1 transfer 453:460 intramolecular proton transfer 431:460 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 34 theme proton 446:451 arg1 ESIPT 463:467 ESIPT 463:467 ESIPT 463:467 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 1 35 theme selective 189:197 arg1 chemosensors 218:229 inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors 176:229 inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water 176:262 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 2 36 theme intramolecular 431:444 arg1 transfer 453:460 intramolecular proton transfer 431:460 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 36 theme intramolecular 431:444 arg1 ESIPT 463:467 ESIPT 463:467 ESIPT 463:467 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 0 37 theme & 112:112 arg1 lock 114:117 'dual key & lock 102:117 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 2 38 theme excited 417:423 arg1 state 425:429 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 6 39 theme real 1318:1321 arg1 samples 1329:1335 real water samples 1318:1335 real water samples 1318:1335 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 1 40 theme nuclear 291:297 arg1 industry 305:312 the nuclear power industry 287:312 the nuclear power industry 287:312 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 0 41 theme LMCT-enhanced 120:132 arg1 strategy 147:154 LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy 120:154 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 6 42 theme = 1166:1166 arg1 pH 1163:1164 pH 1163:1164 pH = 7-11 1163:1171 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 1 43 theme rapid-response 203:216 arg1 chemosensors 218:229 inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors 176:229 inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water 176:262 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 1 44 theme power 299:303 arg1 industry 305:312 the nuclear power industry 287:312 the nuclear power industry 287:312 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 4 45 theme CH2Cl2 921:926 arg1 sensing 928:934 CH2Cl2 sensing 921:934 CH2Cl2 sensing 921:934 Further detailed studies reveal that both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes are rapid within 60 seconds. 32648860 6 46 theme pH 1247:1248 arg1 values 1250:1255 pH values 1247:1255 pH values 1247:1255 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 5 47 theme LOD 1013:1015 arg1 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 5 47 theme LOD 1013:1015 arg1 values 1018:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values 975:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 975:1050 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 1 48 theme chemosensors 218:229 arg1 development 161:171 The development 157:171 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water 157:262 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 1 48 theme chemosensors 218:229 arg1 desirable 274:282 desirable 274:282 desirable 274:282 The development of inexpensive, selective and rapid-response chemosensors for detecting Cs+ in waste water is highly desirable in the nuclear power industry. 32648860 2 49 from light-green 667:677 arg1 fluorescence 608:619 dramatically enhanced fluorescence 586:619 dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow 586:693 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 50 link N-linked 380:387 arg1 H2Qj 407:410 the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj 376:410 the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 376:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 51 dep state 425:429 arg1 transfer 453:460 intramolecular proton transfer 431:460 excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 417:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 51 dep state 425:429 arg1 ESIPT 463:467 ESIPT 463:467 ESIPT 463:467 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 2 52 theme efficient 338:346 arg1 sensor 360:365 an efficient Cs+ optical sensor 335:365 an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 335:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 0 53 theme caesium 48:54 arg1 ion 56:58 its caesium ion 44:58 its caesium ion 44:58 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 6 54 theme Cs+ 1121:1123 arg1 sensing 1125:1131 Cs+ sensing 1121:1131 Cs+ sensing 1121:1131 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 0 55 theme fluorescence 134:145 arg1 strategy 147:154 LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy 120:154 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 0:155 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 6 56 from performces 1304:1313 arg1 samples 1329:1335 real water samples 1318:1335 real water samples 1318:1335 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 6 57 theme sensor 1198:1203 arg1 H2Qj 1205:1208 sensor H2Qj 1198:1208 sensor H2Qj 1198:1208 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 3 58 theme turn-off 839:846 arg1 approach 861:868 a turn-off fluorescence approach 837:868 a turn-off fluorescence approach 837:868 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 32648860 5 59 theme corresponding 979:991 arg1 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 5 59 theme corresponding 979:991 arg1 values 1018:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values 975:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 975:1050 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 6 60 theme pH 1163:1164 arg1 range 1154:1158 the range 1150:1158 the range of pH = 7-11 1150:1171 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 3 61 theme fluorescence 848:859 arg1 approach 861:868 a turn-off fluorescence approach 837:868 a turn-off fluorescence approach 837:868 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 32648860 5 62 theme limit 993:997 arg1 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 5 62 theme limit 993:997 arg1 values 1018:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values 975:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 975:1050 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 4 63 theme Further 871:877 arg1 studies 888:894 Further detailed studies 871:894 Further detailed studies 871:894 Further detailed studies reveal that both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes are rapid within 60 seconds. 32648860 4 64 theme Cs+ 913:915 arg1 processes 936:944 both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes 908:944 both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes 908:944 Further detailed studies reveal that both Cs+ and CH2Cl2 sensing processes are rapid within 60 seconds. 32648860 0 65 theme dichloromethane 64:78 arg1 performances 88:99 dichloromethane sensing performances 64:99 dichloromethane sensing performances 64:99 An N-linked disalicylaldehyde together with its caesium ion and dichloromethane sensing performances: 'dual key & lock' LMCT-enhanced fluorescence strategy. 32648860 7 66 theme further 1404:1410 arg1 sensors 1416:1422 further Cs+ sensors 1404:1422 further Cs+ sensors 1404:1422 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system must provide a valuable reference for further Cs+ sensors. 32648860 5 67 theme of 999:1000 arg1 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 5 67 theme of 999:1000 arg1 values 1018:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values 975:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 975:1050 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 6 68 theme sensing 1296:1302 arg1 performces 1304:1313 its Cs+ sensing performces 1288:1313 its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples 1288:1335 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 2 69 theme N-linked 380:387 arg1 H2Qj 407:410 the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj 376:410 the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) 376:468 Here we demonstrate an efficient Cs+ optical sensor based on the N-linked disalicylaldehyde H2Qj with excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and it will transform into the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in the presence of Cs+, resulting in dramatically enhanced fluorescence together with a distinct change of color from light-green to green-yellow. 32648860 3 70 theme LMCT-enhanced 765:777 arg1 fluorescence 779:790 LMCT-enhanced fluorescence 765:790 LMCT-enhanced fluorescence 765:790 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 32648860 7 71 theme valuable 1381:1388 arg1 reference 1390:1398 a valuable reference 1379:1398 a valuable reference for further Cs+ sensors 1379:1422 This H2Qj-Cs sensing system must provide a valuable reference for further Cs+ sensors. 32648860 5 72 theme detection 1002:1010 arg1 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 low 1059:1061 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 5 72 theme detection 1002:1010 arg1 values 1018:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values 975:1023 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 975:1050 The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for sensing Cs+ and CH2Cl2 are as low as 0.37 mM and 0.37%. 32648860 6 73 from applicable 1136:1145 arg1 range 1154:1158 the range 1150:1158 the range of pH = 7-11 1150:1171 Moreover, it was also verified that Cs+ sensing is applicable in the range of pH = 7-11 and the reversibility of sensor H2Qj can be easily achieved by modulating pH values, and H2Qj is also assessed for its Cs+ sensing performces in real water samples. 32648860 3 74 theme fluorescence 779:790 arg1 quencher 753:760 the quencher 749:760 the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence 749:790 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 32648860 3 74 theme fluorescence 779:790 arg1 CH2Cl2 729:734 CH2Cl2 729:734 CH2Cl2 729:734 Simultaneously, it is found that CH2Cl2 can serve as the quencher of LMCT-enhanced fluorescence, thus enabling selective CH2Cl2 detection in a turn-off fluorescence approach. 34469835 7 0 theme Research 1203:1210 arg1 findings 1212:1219 Research findings 1203:1219 Research findings 1203:1219 Research findings demonstrated the potential for FD to be used to create differentiated red wine styles. 34469835 3 1 theme linalool 701:708 arg1 concentration 710:722 linalool concentration 701:722 linalool concentration 701:722 Higher fermentation temperatures also increased linalool concentration independent of solids content. 34469835 5 2 theme fruit 1070:1074 arg1 notes 1076:1080 dark fruit notes 1065:1080 dark fruit notes 1065:1080 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 1 3 theme polysaccharide 240:253 arg1 profiles 277:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles 230:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) 230:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 0 4 theme chemical 67:74 arg1 composition 76:86 chemical composition 67:86 chemical composition 67:86 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 5 5 theme FD 938:939 arg1 juice 941:945 FD juice 938:945 FD juice 938:945 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 7 6 theme differentiated 1276:1289 arg1 styles 1300:1305 differentiated red wine styles 1276:1305 differentiated red wine styles 1276:1305 Research findings demonstrated the potential for FD to be used to create differentiated red wine styles. 34469835 6 7 contain had 1112:1114 arg2 attributes 1154:1163 significantly higher green and savory attributes 1116:1163 attributes 1154:1163 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 6 7 contain had 1112:1114 arg1 wines 1106:1110 control wines 1098:1110 control wines 1098:1110 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 6 7 contain had 1112:1114 arg2 green 1137:1141 significantly higher green and savory attributes 1116:1163 green 1137:1141 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 0 8 theme sensory 92:98 arg1 profiles 100:107 sensory profiles 92:107 sensory profiles 92:107 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 0 9 from Impact 0:5 arg1 composition 76:86 chemical composition 67:86 chemical composition 67:86 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 0 9 from Impact 0:5 arg1 profiles 100:107 sensory profiles 92:107 sensory profiles 92:107 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 2 10 theme opposite 556:563 arg1 conditions 565:574 the opposite conditions 552:574 the opposite conditions 552:574 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 5 11 theme dark 1065:1068 arg1 notes 1076:1080 dark fruit notes 1065:1080 dark fruit notes 1065:1080 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 5 12 theme 3.5 1037:1039 arg1 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 % 1040:1040 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 1 13 theme volatile 256:263 arg1 profiles 277:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles 230:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) 230:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 2 14 theme low 486:488 arg1 content 497:503 low solids content 486:503 low solids content 486:503 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 6 15 theme higher 1130:1135 arg1 green 1137:1141 significantly higher green and savory attributes 1116:1163 green 1137:1141 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 4 16 theme fermentation 778:789 arg1 conditions 791:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions 755:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions 755:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 6 17 theme savory 1147:1152 arg1 attributes 1154:1163 significantly higher green and savory attributes 1116:1163 attributes 1154:1163 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 3 18 theme solids 739:744 arg1 content 746:752 solids content 739:752 solids content 739:752 Higher fermentation temperatures also increased linalool concentration independent of solids content. 34469835 2 19 theme fusel 607:611 arg1 polysaccharides 623:637 polysaccharides 623:637 polysaccharides 623:637 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 2 19 theme fusel 607:611 arg1 alcohols 613:620 fusel alcohols 607:620 fusel alcohols 607:620 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 2 19 theme fusel 607:611 arg1 glycerol 643:650 glycerol 643:650 glycerol 643:650 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 2 20 theme alcohols 613:620 arg1 concentration 590:602 the concentration 586:602 the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol 586:650 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 5 21 dep created 947:953 arg1 whereas 1016:1022 whereas 1016:1022 whereas 1016:1022 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 5 22 theme Pre-fermentation 892:907 arg1 removal 909:915 Pre-fermentation removal 892:915 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice 892:945 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 5 23 theme red 976:978 arg1 attributes 1004:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 7 24 theme red 1291:1293 arg1 styles 1300:1305 differentiated red wine styles 1276:1305 differentiated red wine styles 1276:1305 Research findings demonstrated the potential for FD to be used to create differentiated red wine styles. 34469835 0 25 dep composition 76:86 arg1 the 63:65 the 63:65 the 63:65 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 6 26 theme control 1098:1104 arg1 wines 1106:1110 control wines 1098:1110 control wines 1098:1110 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 1 27 theme sensory 269:275 arg1 profiles 277:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles 230:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) 230:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 5 28 with wines 955:959 arg1 attributes 1004:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 1 29 theme suspended 429:437 arg1 solids 445:450 suspended grape solids 429:450 suspended grape solids 429:450 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 4 30 theme FD 877:878 arg1 treatments 880:889 FD treatments 877:889 FD treatments 877:889 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 5 31 theme grape 920:924 arg1 solids 926:931 grape solids 920:931 grape solids 920:931 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 0 32 theme temperature 23:33 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated 0:167 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 5 33 theme % 1040:1040 arg1 solids 1048:1053 3.5% grape solids 1037:1053 3.5% grape solids 1037:1053 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 0 34 theme Sauvignon 121:129 arg1 wines 131:135 Cabernet Sauvignon wines 112:135 Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated 112:167 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 1 35 theme grape 439:443 arg1 solids 445:450 suspended grape solids 429:450 suspended grape solids 429:450 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 4 36 theme maceration 767:776 arg1 conditions 791:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions 755:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions 755:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 5 37 theme confectionery 990:1002 arg1 attributes 1004:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 2 38 theme solids 490:495 arg1 content 497:503 low solids content 486:503 low solids content 486:503 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 0 39 theme fermentation 10:21 arg1 temperature 23:33 fermentation temperature 10:33 fermentation temperature 10:33 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 3 40 theme content 746:752 arg1 independent 724:734 independent 724:734 independent 724:734 Higher fermentation temperatures also increased linalool concentration independent of solids content. 34469835 5 41 theme fruit 980:984 arg1 attributes 1004:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 4 42 theme Traditional 755:765 arg1 conditions 791:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions 755:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions 755:800 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 6 43 from treatments 1191:1200 arg1 wines 1177:1181 wines 1177:1181 wines from FD treatments 1177:1200 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 6 44 theme FD 1188:1189 arg1 treatments 1191:1200 FD treatments 1188:1200 FD treatments 1188:1200 In comparison, control wines had significantly higher green and savory attributes compared to wines from FD treatments. 34469835 0 45 theme grape 39:43 arg1 solids 45:50 grape solids 39:50 grape solids 39:50 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 1 46 theme different 370:378 arg1 temperatures 380:391 different temperatures 370:391 different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C) 370:409 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 5 47 theme solids 1048:1053 arg1 inclusion 1024:1032 inclusion 1024:1032 inclusion of 3.5% grape solids 1024:1053 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 1 48 theme Sauvignon 298:306 arg1 wines 308:312 Cabernet Sauvignon wines 289:312 Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) 289:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 0 49 theme wines 131:135 arg1 composition 76:86 chemical composition 67:86 chemical composition 67:86 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 0 49 theme wines 131:135 arg1 profiles 100:107 sensory profiles 92:107 sensory profiles 92:107 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 4 50 theme alcohols 842:849 arg1 concentration 819:831 the highest concentration 807:831 the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments 807:889 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 1 51 theme wines 308:312 arg1 profiles 277:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles 230:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) 230:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 0 52 theme flash 147:151 arg1 détente 153:159 flash détente 147:159 flash détente treated 147:167 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 4 53 theme relative 865:872 arg1 concentration 819:831 the highest concentration 807:831 the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments 807:889 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 2 54 dep increased 505:513 arg1 whereas 544:550 whereas 544:550 whereas 544:550 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 0 55 theme solids 45:50 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated 0:167 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 3 56 theme Higher 653:658 arg1 temperatures 673:684 Higher fermentation temperatures 653:684 Higher fermentation temperatures 653:684 Higher fermentation temperatures also increased linalool concentration independent of solids content. 34469835 4 57 theme 1-hexanol 855:863 arg1 concentration 819:831 the highest concentration 807:831 the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments 807:889 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 2 58 theme esters 536:541 arg1 concentration 519:531 the concentration 515:531 the concentration of esters 515:541 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 3 59 theme fermentation 660:671 arg1 temperatures 673:684 Higher fermentation temperatures 653:684 Higher fermentation temperatures 653:684 Higher fermentation temperatures also increased linalool concentration independent of solids content. 34469835 0 60 dep temperature 23:33 arg1 content 52:58 content 52:58 content 52:58 Impact of fermentation temperature and grape solids content on the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente treated must fermented off-skins. 34469835 5 61 from juice 941:945 arg1 removal 909:915 Pre-fermentation removal 892:915 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice 892:945 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 1 62 dep temperatures 380:391 arg1 32 °C 404:408 32 °C 404:408 32 °C 404:408 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 1 62 dep temperatures 380:391 arg1 24 398:399 24 398:399 24 398:399 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 4 63 theme highest 811:817 arg1 concentration 819:831 the highest concentration 807:831 the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments 807:889 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 5 64 theme increased 966:974 arg1 attributes 1004:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 increased red fruit and confectionery attributes 966:1013 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 2 65 theme fermentation 457:468 arg1 temperature 470:480 Low fermentation temperature 453:480 Low fermentation temperature 453:480 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 4 66 theme fusel 836:840 arg1 alcohols 842:849 fusel alcohols 836:849 fusel alcohols 836:849 Traditional maceration fermentation conditions gave the highest concentration of fusel alcohols and 1-hexanol relative to FD treatments. 34469835 5 67 theme solids 926:931 arg1 removal 909:915 Pre-fermentation removal 892:915 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice 892:945 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 1 68 theme phenolic 230:237 arg1 profiles 277:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles 230:284 phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) 230:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 2 69 theme Low 453:455 arg1 temperature 470:480 Low fermentation temperature 453:480 Low fermentation temperature 453:480 Low fermentation temperature and low solids content increased the concentration of esters, whereas the opposite conditions increased the concentration of fusel alcohols, polysaccharides and glycerol. 34469835 1 70 theme flash 324:328 arg1 FD 339:340 FD 339:340 FD 339:340 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 1 70 theme flash 324:328 arg1 détente 330:336 flash détente 324:336 flash détente (FD) 324:341 This study investigated the color, phenolic, polysaccharide, volatile and sensory profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines made from flash détente (FD) treated musts fermented at different temperatures (16, 24 or 32 °C), with and without suspended grape solids. 34469835 5 71 theme grape 1042:1046 arg1 solids 1048:1053 3.5% grape solids 1037:1053 3.5% grape solids 1037:1053 Pre-fermentation removal of grape solids from FD juice created wines with increased red fruit and confectionery attributes, whereas inclusion of 3.5% grape solids increased dark fruit notes. 34469835 7 72 theme wine 1295:1298 arg1 styles 1300:1305 differentiated red wine styles 1276:1305 differentiated red wine styles 1276:1305 Research findings demonstrated the potential for FD to be used to create differentiated red wine styles. 34401710 6 0 theme Molecular 1080:1088 arg1 docking 1090:1096 Molecular docking 1080:1096 Molecular docking 1080:1096 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 7 1 theme N-terminal 1489:1498 arg1 helix 1500:1504 its N-terminal helix 1485:1504 its N-terminal helix 1485:1504 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 5 2 dep apply 768:772 arg1 characterize 805:816 characterize 805:816 to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation 802:844 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 2 dep apply 768:772 arg1 answer 853:858 answer 853:858 to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation 850:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 4 3 theme interactions 646:657 arg1 evidence 626:633 the available experimental evidence 599:633 the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions 599:657 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 7 4 theme GAG 1457:1459 arg1 oligosaccharide 1461:1475 a short GAG oligosaccharide 1449:1475 a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix 1449:1504 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 8 5 theme protein-GAG 1733:1743 arg1 interactions 1745:1756 protein-GAG interactions 1733:1756 protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1733:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 1 6 theme pathological 153:164 arg1 processes 166:174 such pathological processes 148:174 such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease 148:247 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 6 7 theme dynamics 1143:1150 arg1 approaches 1152:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches 1080:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches 1080:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 4 8 theme experimental 613:624 arg1 evidence 626:633 the available experimental evidence 599:633 the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions 599:657 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 state 1003:1007 favourable oligomeric state 981:1007 favourable oligomeric state of the protein 981:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 patterns 915:922 energetic patterns 905:922 energetic patterns 905:922 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 influence 1042:1050 the potential influence 1028:1050 the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation 1028:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 questions 860:868 questions 860:868 questions about their potential specificity 860:902 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 protein 1016:1022 the protein 1012:1022 the protein 1012:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 9 theme GAGs 1055:1058 arg1 residues 940:947 particular SAA residues 925:947 particular SAA residues involved in these interactions 925:978 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 6 10 theme molecular 1251:1259 arg1 models 1261:1266 the corresponding molecular models 1233:1266 the corresponding molecular models 1233:1266 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 5 11 theme SAA 1063:1065 arg1 aggregation 1067:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 3 12 theme sulfation 571:579 arg1 patterns 581:588 sulfation patterns 571:588 sulfation patterns 571:588 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 5 13 theme complexes 826:834 arg1 formation 836:844 SAA-GAG complexes formation 818:844 SAA-GAG complexes formation 818:844 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 7 14 theme favorable 1388:1396 arg1 pattern 1374:1380 a GAG sulfation pattern 1358:1380 a GAG sulfation pattern 1358:1380 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 8 15 theme considerable 1771:1782 arg1 value 1784:1788 a considerable value 1769:1788 a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1769:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 1 16 theme amyloid 108:114 arg1 A 116:116 Serum amyloid A 102:116 Serum amyloid A (SAA) 102:122 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 1 16 theme amyloid 108:114 arg1 SAA 119:121 SAA 119:121 SAA 119:121 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 7 17 theme protein 1605:1611 arg1 aggregation 1613:1623 the protein aggregation 1601:1623 the protein aggregation 1601:1623 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 3 18 from variable 528:535 arg1 composition 555:565 their chemical composition 540:565 their chemical composition 540:565 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 3 18 from variable 528:535 arg1 patterns 581:588 sulfation patterns 571:588 sulfation patterns 571:588 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 7 19 theme sulfation 1364:1372 arg1 pattern 1374:1380 a GAG sulfation pattern 1358:1380 a GAG sulfation pattern 1358:1380 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 8 20 from context 1858:1864 arg1 development 1798:1808 the development 1794:1808 the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1794:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 0 21 from role 14:17 arg1 serum 44:48 serum 44:48 serum 44:48 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum amyloid A fibril formation by in silico approaches. 34401710 4 22 theme atomic 686:691 arg1 level 693:697 atomic level 686:697 atomic level 686:697 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 8 23 theme GAG-based 1813:1821 arg1 approaches 1823:1832 GAG-based approaches 1813:1832 GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1813:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 5 24 theme potential 882:890 arg1 specificity 892:902 their potential specificity 876:902 their potential specificity 876:902 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 8 25 from knowledge 1664:1672 arg1 systems 1685:1691 SAA-GAG systems 1677:1691 SAA-GAG systems 1677:1691 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 0 26 theme in 80:81 arg1 approaches 90:99 in silico approaches 80:99 in silico approaches 80:99 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum amyloid A fibril formation by in silico approaches. 34401710 5 27 from questions 860:868 arg1 aggregation 1067:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 8 28 theme broad 1839:1843 arg1 context 1858:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 0 29 dep in 80:81 arg1 silico 83:88 silico 83:88 silico 83:88 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum amyloid A fibril formation by in silico approaches. 34401710 7 30 theme GAG 1360:1362 arg1 pattern 1374:1380 a GAG sulfation pattern 1358:1380 a GAG sulfation pattern 1358:1380 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 0 31 theme fibril 60:65 arg1 formation 67:75 A fibril formation 58:75 A fibril formation by in silico approaches 58:99 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum amyloid A fibril formation by in silico approaches. 34401710 2 32 theme physiological 342:354 arg1 role 356:359 its physiological role 338:359 its physiological role 338:359 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 5 33 theme diverse 774:780 arg1 tools 796:800 diverse computational tools 774:800 diverse computational tools 774:800 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 34 theme particular 925:934 arg1 residues 940:947 particular SAA residues 925:947 particular SAA residues involved in these interactions 925:978 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 34 theme particular 925:934 arg1 protein 1016:1022 the protein 1012:1022 the protein 1012:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 34 theme particular 925:934 arg1 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 3 35 from composition 555:565 arg1 variable 528:535 variable 528:535 variable 528:535 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 0 36 theme glycosaminoglycans 22:39 arg1 role 14:17 The potential role 0:17 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum 0:48 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum amyloid A fibril formation by in silico approaches. 34401710 2 37 theme anionic 419:425 arg1 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans (GAGs) 386:409 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 2 37 theme anionic 419:425 arg1 polysaccharides 436:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 6 38 theme replica 1116:1122 arg1 dynamics 1143:1150 replica exchange molecular dynamics 1116:1150 replica exchange molecular dynamics 1116:1150 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 6 39 theme experimental 1195:1206 arg1 knowledge 1208:1216 the experimental knowledge 1191:1216 the experimental knowledge 1191:1216 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 5 40 from residues 940:947 arg1 aggregation 1067:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 1 41 theme rheumatoid 196:205 arg1 arthritis 207:215 rheumatoid arthritis 196:215 rheumatoid arthritis 196:215 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 5 42 theme favourable 981:990 arg1 state 1003:1007 favourable oligomeric state 981:1007 favourable oligomeric state of the protein 981:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 6 43 theme conventional 1099:1110 arg1 approaches 1152:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches 1080:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches 1080:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 3 44 theme extracellular 484:496 arg1 matrix 498:503 the extracellular matrix 480:503 the extracellular matrix of the cell 480:515 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 8 45 theme specific 1655:1662 arg1 knowledge 1664:1672 the specific knowledge 1651:1672 the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems 1651:1691 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 7 46 theme complex 1277:1283 arg1 formation 1285:1293 SAA-GAG complex formation 1269:1293 SAA-GAG complex formation 1269:1293 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 3 47 theme cell 512:515 arg1 matrix 498:503 the extracellular matrix 480:503 the extracellular matrix of the cell 480:515 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 2 48 with interactions 368:379 arg1 polysaccharides 436:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 2 48 with interactions 368:379 arg1 GAGs 405:408 GAGs 405:408 GAGs 405:408 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 2 48 with interactions 368:379 arg1 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans (GAGs) 386:409 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 3 49 from matrix 498:503 arg1 located 469:475 located 469:475 located 469:475 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 5 50 from state 1003:1007 arg1 aggregation 1067:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 7 51 theme short 1451:1455 arg1 oligosaccharide 1461:1475 a short GAG oligosaccharide 1449:1475 a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix 1449:1504 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 4 52 theme SAA-GAG 638:644 arg1 interactions 646:657 SAA-GAG interactions 638:657 SAA-GAG interactions 638:657 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 2 53 theme factors 280:286 arg1 One 269:271 One 269:271 One 269:271 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 2 53 theme factors 280:286 arg1 factors 280:286 the factors 276:286 the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role 276:359 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 8 54 theme general 1708:1714 arg1 understanding 1716:1728 the general understanding 1704:1728 the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1704:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 1 55 theme such 148:151 arg1 processes 166:174 such pathological processes 148:174 such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease 148:247 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 3 56 from located 469:475 arg1 matrix 498:503 the extracellular matrix 480:503 the extracellular matrix of the cell 480:515 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 6 57 theme molecular 1133:1141 arg1 dynamics 1143:1150 replica exchange molecular dynamics 1116:1150 replica exchange molecular dynamics 1116:1150 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 4 58 theme available 603:611 arg1 evidence 626:633 the available experimental evidence 599:633 the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions 599:657 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 8 59 theme interactions 1745:1756 arg1 understanding 1716:1728 the general understanding 1704:1728 the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1704:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 5 60 theme SAA-GAG 818:824 arg1 complexes 826:834 SAA-GAG complexes 818:834 SAA-GAG complexes formation 818:844 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 7 61 theme aggregation 1613:1623 arg1 promotion 1588:1596 the promotion 1584:1596 the promotion of the protein aggregation 1584:1623 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 6 62 theme corresponding 1237:1249 arg1 models 1261:1266 the corresponding molecular models 1233:1266 the corresponding molecular models 1233:1266 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 3 63 theme chemical 546:553 arg1 composition 555:565 their chemical composition 540:565 their chemical composition 540:565 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 1 64 theme Serum 102:106 arg1 A 116:116 Serum amyloid A 102:116 Serum amyloid A (SAA) 102:122 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 1 64 theme Serum 102:106 arg1 SAA 119:121 SAA 119:121 SAA 119:121 Serum amyloid A (SAA) is actively involved in such pathological processes as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease by its aggregation. 34401710 8 65 from approaches 1823:1832 arg1 context 1858:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 5 66 theme potential 1032:1040 arg1 influence 1042:1050 the potential influence 1028:1050 the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation 1028:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 67 theme energetic 905:913 arg1 patterns 915:922 energetic patterns 905:922 energetic patterns 905:922 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 68 from influence 1042:1050 arg1 aggregation 1067:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 8 69 from development 1798:1808 arg1 context 1858:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 7 70 theme pattern 1374:1380 arg1 electrostatics-driven 1311:1331 electrostatics-driven 1311:1331 electrostatics-driven 1311:1331 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 4 71 theme mechanistic 663:673 arg1 details 675:681 no mechanistic details 660:681 no mechanistic details at atomic level 660:697 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 3 72 from patterns 581:588 arg1 variable 528:535 variable 528:535 variable 528:535 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 8 73 theme approaches 1823:1832 arg1 development 1798:1808 the development 1794:1808 the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context 1794:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 0 74 theme potential 4:12 arg1 role 14:17 The potential role 0:17 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum 0:48 The potential role of glycosaminoglycans in serum amyloid A fibril formation by in silico approaches. 34401710 5 75 from patterns 915:922 arg1 aggregation 1067:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 SAA aggregation 1063:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 76 theme computational 782:794 arg1 tools 796:800 diverse computational tools 774:800 diverse computational tools 774:800 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 8 77 theme theurapeutic 1845:1856 arg1 context 1858:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 a broad theurapeutic context 1837:1864 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 34401710 5 78 theme SAA 936:938 arg1 residues 940:947 particular SAA residues 925:947 particular SAA residues involved in these interactions 925:978 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 78 theme SAA 936:938 arg1 protein 1016:1022 the protein 1012:1022 the protein 1012:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 78 theme SAA 936:938 arg1 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 7 79 theme helix 1557:1561 arg1 unfolding 1539:1547 the unfolding 1535:1547 the unfolding 1535:1547 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 4 80 from level 693:697 arg1 details 675:681 no mechanistic details 660:681 no mechanistic details at atomic level 660:697 Despite the available experimental evidence of SAA-GAG interactions, no mechanistic details at atomic level have been reported for these systems so far. 34401710 2 81 theme periodic 427:434 arg1 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans (GAGs) 386:409 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 2 81 theme periodic 427:434 arg1 polysaccharides 436:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 state 1003:1007 favourable oligomeric state 981:1007 favourable oligomeric state of the protein 981:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 patterns 915:922 energetic patterns 905:922 energetic patterns 905:922 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 influence 1042:1050 the potential influence 1028:1050 the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation 1028:1077 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 questions 860:868 questions 860:868 questions about their potential specificity 860:902 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 protein 1016:1022 the protein 1012:1022 the protein 1012:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 GAGs 1055:1058 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 5 82 theme protein 1016:1022 arg1 residues 940:947 particular SAA residues 925:947 particular SAA residues involved in these interactions 925:978 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 6 83 theme exchange 1124:1131 arg1 dynamics 1143:1150 replica exchange molecular dynamics 1116:1150 replica exchange molecular dynamics 1116:1150 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 2 84 theme linear 412:417 arg1 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans 386:402 glycosminoglycans (GAGs) 386:409 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 2 84 theme linear 412:417 arg1 polysaccharides 436:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 linear anionic periodic polysaccharides 412:450 One of the factors that can attenuate its aggregation and so affects its physiological role is its interactions with glycosminoglycans (GAGs), linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. 34401710 3 85 theme located 469:475 arg1 molecules 459:467 These molecules 453:467 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell 453:515 These molecules located in the extracellular matrix of the cell are highly variable in their chemical composition and sulfation patterns. 34401710 6 86 theme docking 1090:1096 arg1 approaches 1152:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches 1080:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches 1080:1161 Molecular docking, conventional and replica exchange molecular dynamics approaches were applied to corroborate the experimental knowledge and to propose the corresponding molecular models. 34401710 5 87 theme oligomeric 992:1001 arg1 state 1003:1007 favourable oligomeric state 981:1007 favourable oligomeric state of the protein 981:1022 In our work we aimed to apply diverse computational tools to characterize SAA-GAG complexes formation and to answer questions about their potential specificity, energetic patterns, particular SAA residues involved in these interactions, favourable oligomeric state of the protein and the potential influence of GAGs on SAA aggregation. 34401710 7 88 theme SAA-GAG 1269:1275 arg1 formation 1285:1293 SAA-GAG complex formation 1269:1293 SAA-GAG complex formation 1269:1293 SAA-GAG complex formation was found to be electrostatics-driven and rather unspecific of a GAG sulfation pattern, more favorable for the dimer than for the monomer when binding to a short GAG oligosaccharide through its N-terminal helix, potentially contributing to the unfolding of this helix, which could lead to the promotion of the protein aggregation. 34401710 8 89 theme SAA-GAG 1677:1683 arg1 systems 1685:1691 SAA-GAG systems 1677:1691 SAA-GAG systems 1677:1691 The data obtained add to the specific knowledge on SAA-GAG systems and deepen the general understanding of protein-GAG interactions that is of a considerable value for the development of GAG-based approaches in a broad theurapeutic context. 33216553 2 0 theme biology 336:342 arg1 understanding 303:315 advanced our understanding 290:315 advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology 290:342 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 3 1 theme key 530:532 arg1 drivers 534:540 key drivers 530:540 key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells 530:589 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 9 2 theme myoblast 1488:1495 arg1 fusion 1497:1502 myoblast fusion 1488:1502 myoblast fusion 1488:1502 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 0 3 theme Comprehensive 0:12 arg1 Analysis 14:21 Comprehensive Analysis 0:21 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts 0:68 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 1 4 theme C2C12 161:165 arg1 myoblast 167:174 The C2C12 myoblast 157:174 The C2C12 myoblast 157:174 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 1 4 theme C2C12 161:165 arg1 model 181:185 a model 179:185 a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation 179:272 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 4 5 theme comprehensive 656:668 arg1 analysis 670:677 a comprehensive analysis 654:677 a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy 654:742 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 2 6 theme advanced 290:297 arg1 understanding 303:315 advanced our understanding 290:315 advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology 290:342 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 8 7 theme functional 1215:1224 arg1 analysis 1226:1233 Further functional analysis 1207:1233 Further functional analysis 1207:1233 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 6 8 theme data 969:972 arg1 analysis 935:942 Integrated analysis 924:942 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data 924:972 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 4 9 theme multidimensional 611:626 arg1 profiling 637:645 multidimensional proteome profiling 611:645 multidimensional proteome profiling 611:645 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 4 10 theme PTMomes 696:702 arg1 analysis 670:677 a comprehensive analysis 654:677 a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy 654:742 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 3 11 theme cells 585:589 arg1 differentiation 550:564 the differentiation 546:564 the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells 546:589 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 5 12 theme nonmodified 828:838 arg1 peptides 840:847 nonmodified peptides 828:847 nonmodified peptides 828:847 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 8 13 theme C2C12 1253:1257 arg1 myoblasts 1259:1267 C2C12 myoblasts 1253:1267 C2C12 myoblasts 1253:1267 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 8 14 theme muscle 1325:1330 arg1 differentiation 1337:1351 skeletal muscle cell differentiation 1316:1351 skeletal muscle cell differentiation 1316:1351 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 0 15 theme Skeletal 134:141 arg1 Cells 150:154 Skeletal Muscle Cells 134:154 Skeletal Muscle Cells 134:154 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 3 16 theme skeletal 569:576 arg1 cells 585:589 skeletal muscle cells 569:589 skeletal muscle cells 569:589 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 5 17 theme N-linked 900:907 arg1 glycoproteins 909:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 6 18 theme Integrated 924:933 arg1 analysis 935:942 Integrated analysis 924:942 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data 924:972 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 4 19 theme myoblasts 713:721 arg1 proteomes 682:690 proteomes 682:690 proteomes 682:690 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 4 19 theme myoblasts 713:721 arg1 PTMomes 696:702 PTMomes 696:702 PTMomes 696:702 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 0 20 theme Cells 150:154 arg1 Differentiation 115:129 the Differentiation 111:129 the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells 111:154 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 9 21 with Inhibition 1354:1363 arg1 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1417:1427 the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1385:1427 the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1385:1427 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 0 22 theme C2C12 54:58 arg1 Myoblasts 60:68 C2C12 Myoblasts 54:68 C2C12 Myoblasts 54:68 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 5 23 from peptides 840:847 arg1 groups 816:821 7827 protein groups 803:821 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 803:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 1 24 theme differentiation 258:272 arg1 process 231:237 the process 227:237 the process of skeletal muscle differentiation 227:272 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 6 25 from kinases 1004:1010 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 8 26 theme cell 1332:1335 arg1 differentiation 1337:1351 skeletal muscle cell differentiation 1316:1351 skeletal muscle cell differentiation 1316:1351 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 2 27 theme skeletal 384:391 arg1 cells 400:404 skeletal muscle cells 384:404 skeletal muscle cells 384:404 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 5 28 from glycoproteins 909:921 arg1 groups 816:821 7827 protein groups 803:821 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 803:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 7 29 theme C2C12 1190:1194 arg1 myoblasts 1196:1204 C2C12 myoblasts 1190:1204 C2C12 myoblasts 1190:1204 Further analysis indicated that sialylation might play a role in the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. 33216553 1 30 theme skeletal 242:249 arg1 differentiation 258:272 skeletal muscle differentiation 242:272 skeletal muscle differentiation 242:272 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 6 31 theme cell 1052:1055 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 5 32 theme 7827 803:806 arg1 groups 816:821 7827 protein groups 803:821 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 803:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 9 33 theme sialyltransferase 1389:1405 arg1 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1417:1427 the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1385:1427 the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1385:1427 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 2 34 theme cells 400:404 arg1 process 373:379 the differentiation process 353:379 the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells 353:404 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 0 35 theme Proteome 30:37 arg1 Analysis 14:21 Comprehensive Analysis 0:21 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts 0:68 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 5 36 theme protein 761:767 arg1 groups 769:774 8313 protein groups 756:774 8313 protein groups 756:774 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 2 37 theme muscle 329:334 arg1 biology 336:342 skeletal muscle biology 320:342 skeletal muscle biology 320:342 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 3 38 theme proteomes 475:483 arg1 analysis 448:455 no comprehensive analysis 431:455 no comprehensive analysis 431:455 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 0 39 theme PTMomes 43:49 arg1 Analysis 14:21 Comprehensive Analysis 0:21 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts 0:68 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 3 40 theme C2C12 460:464 arg1 proteomes 475:483 C2C12 myoblast proteomes 460:483 C2C12 myoblast proteomes 460:483 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 9 41 theme lower 1445:1449 arg1 expression 1451:1460 the lower expression 1441:1460 the lower expression of MHC 1441:1467 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 5 42 link N-linked 900:907 arg1 glycoproteins 909:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 1 43 used used 201:204 arg2 model 181:185 a model 179:185 a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation 179:272 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 1 43 used used 201:204 arg2 myoblast 167:174 The C2C12 myoblast 157:174 The C2C12 myoblast 157:174 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 10 44 theme cells 1609:1613 arg1 differentiation 1574:1588 the differentiation 1570:1588 the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells 1570:1613 In all, these results indicate that sialylation has an effect on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 3 45 theme comprehensive 434:446 arg1 analysis 448:455 no comprehensive analysis 431:455 no comprehensive analysis 431:455 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 10 46 theme skeletal 1593:1600 arg1 cells 1609:1613 skeletal muscle cells 1593:1613 skeletal muscle cells 1593:1613 In all, these results indicate that sialylation has an effect on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 4 47 with PTMomes 696:702 arg1 strategy 735:742 a TiSH strategy 728:742 a TiSH strategy 728:742 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 4 48 with proteomes 682:690 arg1 strategy 735:742 a TiSH strategy 728:742 a TiSH strategy 728:742 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 7 49 theme Further 1102:1108 arg1 analysis 1110:1117 Further analysis 1102:1117 Further analysis 1102:1117 Further analysis indicated that sialylation might play a role in the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. 33216553 8 50 theme decreased 1278:1286 arg1 level 1288:1292 a decreased level 1276:1292 a decreased level of sialylation 1276:1307 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 9 51 theme fusion 1497:1502 arg1 suppression 1473:1483 suppression 1473:1483 suppression of myoblast fusion 1473:1502 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 9 51 theme fusion 1497:1502 arg1 expression 1451:1460 the lower expression 1441:1460 the lower expression of MHC 1441:1467 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 6 52 from factors 1030:1036 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 3 53 theme drivers 534:540 arg1 understanding 513:525 the understanding 509:525 the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells 509:589 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 5 54 theme protein 808:814 arg1 groups 816:821 7827 protein groups 803:821 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 803:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 8 55 theme Further 1207:1213 arg1 analysis 1226:1233 Further functional analysis 1207:1233 Further functional analysis 1207:1233 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 6 56 theme PTMomic 961:967 arg1 data 969:972 proteomic and PTMomic data 947:972 proteomic and PTMomic data 947:972 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 5 57 gly sialylated 889:898 arg1 glycoproteins 909:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 3 58 theme muscle 578:583 arg1 cells 585:589 skeletal muscle cells 569:589 skeletal muscle cells 569:589 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 6 59 theme proteomic 947:955 arg1 data 969:972 proteomic and PTMomic data 947:972 proteomic and PTMomic data 947:972 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 5 60 gly glycoproteins 909:921 arg1 glycoproteins 909:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 4 61 theme proteome 628:635 arg1 profiling 637:645 multidimensional proteome profiling 611:645 multidimensional proteome profiling 611:645 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 0 62 theme Muscle 143:148 arg1 Cells 150:154 Skeletal Muscle Cells 134:154 Skeletal Muscle Cells 134:154 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 5 63 theme sialylated 889:898 arg1 glycoproteins 909:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 876:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 8 64 theme skeletal 1316:1323 arg1 differentiation 1337:1351 skeletal muscle cell differentiation 1316:1351 skeletal muscle cell differentiation 1316:1351 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 10 65 contain has 1553:1555 arg1 sialylation 1541:1551 sialylation 1541:1551 sialylation 1541:1551 In all, these results indicate that sialylation has an effect on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 10 65 contain has 1553:1555 arg2 effect 1560:1565 an effect 1557:1565 an effect 1557:1565 In all, these results indicate that sialylation has an effect on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 6 66 theme transcription 1016:1028 arg1 factors 1030:1036 transcription factors 1016:1036 transcription factors 1016:1036 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 4 67 theme C2C12 707:711 arg1 myoblasts 713:721 C2C12 myoblasts 707:721 C2C12 myoblasts 707:721 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 0 68 theme Myoblasts 60:68 arg1 PTMomes 43:49 PTMomes 43:49 PTMomes 43:49 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 0 68 theme Myoblasts 60:68 arg1 Proteome 30:37 the Proteome 26:37 the Proteome 26:37 Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome and PTMomes of C2C12 Myoblasts Reveals that Sialylation Plays a Role in the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. 33216553 5 69 from phosphoproteins 855:869 arg1 groups 816:821 7827 protein groups 803:821 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins 803:921 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 4 70 theme proteomes 682:690 arg1 analysis 670:677 a comprehensive analysis 654:677 a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy 654:742 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 6 71 dep kinases 1004:1010 arg1 the 1000:1002 the 1000:1002 the 1000:1002 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 7 72 theme myoblasts 1196:1204 arg1 differentiation 1171:1185 the differentiation 1167:1185 the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts 1167:1204 Further analysis indicated that sialylation might play a role in the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. 33216553 9 73 theme sialylation 1368:1378 arg1 Inhibition 1354:1363 Inhibition 1354:1363 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1354:1427 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 6 74 theme differentiation 1057:1071 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 2 75 theme differentiation 357:371 arg1 process 373:379 the differentiation process 353:379 the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells 353:404 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 1 76 theme muscle 251:256 arg1 differentiation 258:272 skeletal muscle differentiation 242:272 skeletal muscle differentiation 242:272 The C2C12 myoblast is a model that has been used extensively to study the process of skeletal muscle differentiation. 33216553 6 77 theme muscle 1045:1050 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 the muscle cell differentiation pathway 1041:1079 Integrated analysis of proteomic and PTMomic data showed that almost all of the kinases and transcription factors in the muscle cell differentiation pathway were phosphorylated. 33216553 4 78 theme TiSH 730:733 arg1 strategy 735:742 a TiSH strategy 728:742 a TiSH strategy 728:742 Here, we conducted multidimensional proteome profiling to get a comprehensive analysis of proteomes and PTMomes of C2C12 myoblasts with a TiSH strategy. 33216553 9 79 theme inhibitor 1407:1415 arg1 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1417:1427 the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1385:1427 the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac 1385:1427 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 2 80 theme muscle 393:398 arg1 cells 400:404 skeletal muscle cells 384:404 skeletal muscle cells 384:404 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 5 81 theme groups 769:774 arg1 total 747:751 A total 745:751 A total of 8313 protein groups 745:774 A total of 8313 protein groups were identified, including 7827 protein groups from nonmodified peptides, 3803 phosphoproteins, and 977 formerly sialylated N-linked glycoproteins. 33216553 2 82 contain has 286:288 arg2 understanding 303:315 advanced our understanding 290:315 advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology 290:342 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 2 82 contain has 286:288 arg1 Proteomics 275:284 Proteomics 275:284 Proteomics 275:284 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 2 83 theme skeletal 320:327 arg1 biology 336:342 skeletal muscle biology 320:342 skeletal muscle biology 320:342 Proteomics has advanced our understanding of skeletal muscle biology and also the differentiation process of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 3 84 theme myoblast 466:473 arg1 proteomes 475:483 C2C12 myoblast proteomes 460:483 C2C12 myoblast proteomes 460:483 However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of C2C12 myoblast proteomes, which is important for the understanding of key drivers for the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 8 85 theme sialylation 1297:1307 arg1 level 1288:1292 a decreased level 1276:1292 a decreased level of sialylation 1276:1307 Further functional analysis demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts showed a decreased level of sialylation during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. 33216553 10 86 theme muscle 1602:1607 arg1 cells 1609:1613 skeletal muscle cells 1593:1613 skeletal muscle cells 1593:1613 In all, these results indicate that sialylation has an effect on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. 33216553 9 87 theme MHC 1465:1467 arg1 suppression 1473:1483 suppression 1473:1483 suppression of myoblast fusion 1473:1502 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33216553 9 87 theme MHC 1465:1467 arg1 expression 1451:1460 the lower expression 1441:1460 the lower expression of MHC 1441:1467 Inhibition of sialylation with the sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac resulted in the lower expression of MHC and suppression of myoblast fusion. 33539951 11 0 theme signaling 1483:1491 arg1 Src 1522:1524 Src 1522:1524 Src 1522:1524 Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. 33539951 11 0 theme signaling 1483:1491 arg1 Syk 1531:1533 Syk 1531:1533 Syk 1531:1533 Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. 33539951 11 0 theme signaling 1483:1491 arg1 Akt 1517:1519 Akt 1517:1519 Akt 1517:1519 Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. 33539951 11 0 theme signaling 1483:1491 arg1 molecules 1493:1501 signaling molecules 1483:1501 signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk 1483:1533 Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. 33539951 11 0 theme signaling 1483:1491 arg1 IκBα 1511:1514 IκBα 1511:1514 IκBα 1511:1514 Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. 33539951 6 1 theme -stimulated 772:782 arg1 RAW264.7 cells 784:797 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 748:797 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 748:797 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 6 2 from model 838:842 arg1 mice 847:850 mice 847:850 mice 847:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 10 3 theme genes 1349:1353 arg1 production 1280:1289 the production 1276:1289 the production of NO and PGE2 1276:1304 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 3 theme genes 1349:1353 arg1 expression 1319:1328 the mRNA expression 1310:1328 the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1310:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 12 4 theme signal 1636:1641 arg1 pathway 1643:1649 the NF-κB signal pathway 1626:1649 the NF-κB signal pathway 1626:1649 Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. 33539951 15 5 theme signaling 2070:2078 arg1 pathway 2080:2086 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2060:2086 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2060:2086 CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo by targeting Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33539951 8 6 theme target 1151:1156 arg1 molecule 1158:1165 target molecule 1151:1165 target molecule 1151:1165 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 4 7 theme STUDY 426:430 arg1 AIM 415:417 AIM 415:417 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 415:530 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 5 8 theme target 639:644 arg1 molecule 646:653 the target molecule 635:653 the target molecule in macrophages 635:668 Therefore, we examined those mechanisms using a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) and determined the target molecule in macrophages. 33539951 7 9 theme prostaglandin 970:982 arg1 E2 984:985 prostaglandin E2 970:985 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 970:992 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 7 9 theme prostaglandin 970:982 arg1 PGE2 988:991 PGE2 988:991 PGE2 988:991 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 1 10 theme accedens 146:153 arg1 plant 186:190 a plant 184:190 a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope 184:241 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 1 10 theme accedens 146:153 arg1 Hartley 173:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 12 11 theme upstream 1605:1612 arg1 molecule 1614:1621 the most upstream molecule 1596:1621 the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway 1596:1649 Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. 33539951 12 11 theme upstream 1605:1612 arg1 Syk 1591:1593 Syk 1591:1593 Syk 1591:1593 Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. 33539951 9 12 theme Ma-ME 1210:1214 arg1 composition 1195:1205 The phytochemical composition 1177:1205 The phytochemical composition of Ma-ME 1177:1214 The phytochemical composition of Ma-ME was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. 33539951 7 13 dep assay 944:948 arg1 a 913:913 a 913:913 a 913:913 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 1 14 theme Thomas 163:168 arg1 plant 186:190 a plant 184:190 a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope 184:241 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 1 14 theme Thomas 163:168 arg1 Hartley 173:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 4 15 theme anti-inflammatory 464:480 arg1 properties 482:491 the anti-inflammatory properties 460:491 the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens 460:506 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 0 16 theme Hartley 80:86 arg1 extract 97:103 T.G. Hartley methanol extract 75:103 T.G. Hartley methanol extract 75:103 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 7 17 theme production 933:942 arg1 assay 944:948 nitric oxide (NO) production assay 915:948 nitric oxide (NO) production assay 915:948 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 10 18 theme mRNA 1314:1317 arg1 expression 1319:1328 the mRNA expression 1310:1328 the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1310:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 14 19 theme anti-inflammatory 1885:1901 arg1 daidzein 1936:1943 daidzein 1936:1943 daidzein 1936:1943 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 19 theme anti-inflammatory 1885:1901 arg1 flavonoids 1903:1912 various anti-inflammatory flavonoids 1877:1912 various anti-inflammatory flavonoids 1877:1912 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 19 theme anti-inflammatory 1885:1901 arg1 quercetin 1925:1933 quercetin 1925:1933 quercetin 1925:1933 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 19 theme anti-inflammatory 1885:1901 arg1 nevadensin 1950:1959 nevadensin 1950:1959 nevadensin 1950:1959 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 5 20 theme methanol 580:587 arg1 extract 589:595 a methanol extract 578:595 a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) 578:618 Therefore, we examined those mechanisms using a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) and determined the target molecule in macrophages. 33539951 4 21 theme molecular 436:444 arg1 mechanisms 446:455 The molecular mechanisms 432:455 The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens 432:506 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 10 22 theme LPS-stimulated 1383:1396 arg1 RAW264.7 cells 1398:1411 LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 1383:1411 LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1383:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 8 23 theme luciferase 1003:1012 arg1 assays 1028:1033 luciferase gene reporter assays 1003:1033 luciferase gene reporter assays 1003:1033 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 7 24 theme oxide 922:926 arg1 production 933:942 nitric oxide (NO) production 915:942 nitric oxide (NO) production assay 915:948 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 0 25 dep extract 97:103 arg1 activity 37:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity 0:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) 0:73 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 0 25 dep extract 97:103 arg1 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 3 26 theme M. 361:362 arg1 accedens 364:371 M. accedens 361:371 M. accedens 361:371 In Indonesia and Malaysia, the leaves of M. accedens are applied externally to decrease fever. 33539951 0 27 theme Syk/NF-κB-targeted 0:17 arg1 activity 37:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity 0:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) 0:73 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 0 27 theme Syk/NF-κB-targeted 0:17 arg1 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 8 28 theme reporter 1019:1026 arg1 assays 1028:1033 luciferase gene reporter assays 1003:1033 luciferase gene reporter assays 1003:1033 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 15 29 theme CONCLUSIONS 1962:1972 arg1 Ma-ME 1974:1978 CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME 1962:1978 CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME 1962:1978 CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo by targeting Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33539951 10 30 from production 1280:1289 arg1 RAW264.7 cells 1398:1411 LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 1383:1411 LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1383:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 6 31 dep MATERIALS 671:679 arg1 evaluated 696:704 evaluated 696:704 evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice 696:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 10 32 theme RESULTS 1251:1257 arg1 Ma-ME 1259:1263 RESULTS Ma-ME 1251:1263 RESULTS Ma-ME 1251:1263 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 1 33 theme RELEVANCE 127:135 arg1 Blume 156:160 Blume 156:160 Blume 156:160 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 1 33 theme RELEVANCE 127:135 arg1 accedens 146:153 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens 106:153 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 13 34 theme gene 1744:1747 arg1 expression 1749:1758 the gene expression 1740:1758 the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1740:1817 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 0 35 theme Melicope 49:56 arg1 accedens 58:65 Melicope accedens 49:65 Melicope accedens 49:65 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 8 36 theme blotting 1044:1051 arg1 analyses 1053:1060 western blotting analyses 1036:1060 western blotting analyses 1036:1060 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 4 37 theme accedens 499:506 arg1 properties 482:491 the anti-inflammatory properties 460:491 the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens 460:506 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 8 38 dep mechanism 1137:1145 arg1 the 1133:1135 the 1133:1135 the 1133:1135 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 4 39 theme properties 482:491 arg1 mechanisms 446:455 The molecular mechanisms 432:455 The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens 432:506 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 6 40 theme gastritis 828:836 arg1 model 838:842 an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model 806:842 an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice 806:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 6 41 theme anti-inflammatory 710:726 arg1 effects 728:734 the anti-inflammatory effects 706:734 the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice 706:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 5 42 from molecule 646:653 arg1 macrophages 658:668 macrophages 658:668 macrophages 658:668 Therefore, we examined those mechanisms using a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) and determined the target molecule in macrophages. 33539951 10 43 from expression 1319:1328 arg1 RAW264.7 cells 1398:1411 LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 1383:1411 LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1383:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 2 44 used used 292:295 arg2 plant 259:263 a native plant 250:263 a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology 250:317 It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. 33539951 2 44 used used 292:295 arg2 It 244:245 It 244:245 It 244:245 It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. 33539951 13 45 theme inflammatory 1701:1712 arg1 lesions 1714:1720 inflammatory lesions 1701:1720 inflammatory lesions 1701:1720 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 10 46 theme PGE2 1301:1304 arg1 production 1280:1289 the production 1276:1289 the production of NO and PGE2 1276:1304 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 46 theme PGE2 1301:1304 arg1 expression 1319:1328 the mRNA expression 1310:1328 the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1310:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 8 47 theme thermal 1078:1084 arg1 assay 1092:1096 a cellular thermal shift assay 1067:1096 a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) 1067:1104 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 8 47 theme thermal 1078:1084 arg1 CETSA 1099:1103 CETSA 1099:1103 CETSA 1099:1103 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 10 48 theme NO 1294:1295 arg1 production 1280:1289 the production 1276:1289 the production of NO and PGE2 1276:1304 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 48 theme NO 1294:1295 arg1 expression 1319:1328 the mRNA expression 1310:1328 the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity 1310:1432 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 7 49 theme anti-inflammatory 872:888 arg1 activity 890:897 the anti-inflammatory activity 868:897 the anti-inflammatory activity 868:897 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 13 50 theme Ma-ME 1675:1679 arg1 administration 1657:1670 Oral administration 1652:1670 Oral administration of Ma-ME 1652:1679 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 14 51 theme HPLC 1820:1823 arg1 analyses 1838:1845 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses 1820:1845 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses 1820:1845 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 12 52 theme NF-κB 1630:1634 arg1 pathway 1643:1649 the NF-κB signal pathway 1626:1649 the NF-κB signal pathway 1626:1649 Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. 33539951 13 53 theme Oral 1652:1655 arg1 administration 1657:1670 Oral administration 1652:1670 Oral administration of Ma-ME 1652:1679 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 8 54 theme Ma-ME 1170:1174 arg1 mechanism 1137:1145 mechanism 1137:1145 mechanism 1137:1145 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 8 54 theme Ma-ME 1170:1174 arg1 molecule 1158:1165 target molecule 1151:1165 target molecule 1151:1165 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 5 55 theme accedens 603:610 arg1 extract 589:595 a methanol extract 578:595 a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) 578:618 Therefore, we examined those mechanisms using a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) and determined the target molecule in macrophages. 33539951 16 56 used used 2131:2134 arg2 Ma-ME 2116:2120 Ma-ME 2116:2120 Ma-ME 2116:2120 Therefore, we propose that Ma-ME could be used to treat inflammatory diseases such as gastritis. 33539951 10 57 theme proinflammatory 1333:1347 arg1 genes 1349:1353 proinflammatory genes 1333:1353 proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) 1333:1378 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 57 theme proinflammatory 1333:1347 arg1 IL-1β 1362:1366 IL-1β 1362:1366 IL-1β 1362:1366 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 57 theme proinflammatory 1333:1347 arg1 COX-2 1373:1377 COX-2 1373:1377 COX-2 1373:1377 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 57 theme proinflammatory 1333:1347 arg1 iNOS 1356:1359 iNOS 1356:1359 iNOS 1356:1359 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 15 58 theme NF-κB 2064:2068 arg1 pathway 2080:2086 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2060:2086 the NF-κB signaling pathway 2060:2086 CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo by targeting Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33539951 1 59 theme family 208:213 arg1 Rutaceae 215:222 the family Rutaceae 204:222 the family Rutaceae 204:222 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 12 60 from molecule 1614:1621 arg1 pathway 1643:1649 the NF-κB signal pathway 1626:1649 the NF-κB signal pathway 1626:1649 Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. 33539951 9 61 theme phytochemical 1181:1193 arg1 composition 1195:1205 The phytochemical composition 1177:1205 The phytochemical composition of Ma-ME 1177:1214 The phytochemical composition of Ma-ME was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. 33539951 1 62 theme Melicope 137:144 arg1 Blume 156:160 Blume 156:160 Blume 156:160 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 1 62 theme Melicope 137:144 arg1 accedens 146:153 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens 106:153 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 13 63 theme HCl/EtOH-induced 1792:1807 arg1 gastritis 1809:1817 HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1792:1817 HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1792:1817 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 2 64 theme native 252:257 arg1 plant 259:263 a native plant 250:263 a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology 250:317 It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. 33539951 2 64 theme native 252:257 arg1 It 244:245 It 244:245 It 244:245 It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. 33539951 0 65 theme T.G. 75:78 arg1 extract 97:103 T.G. Hartley methanol extract 75:103 T.G. Hartley methanol extract 75:103 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 2 66 from Vietnam 270:276 arg1 plant 259:263 a native plant 250:263 a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology 250:317 It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. 33539951 2 66 from Vietnam 270:276 arg1 It 244:245 It 244:245 It 244:245 It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. 33539951 13 67 with mice 1782:1785 arg1 gastritis 1809:1817 HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1792:1817 HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1792:1817 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 4 68 dep AIM 415:417 arg1 understood 520:529 understood 520:529 are not yet understood 508:529 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 13 69 theme p-Syk 1773:1777 arg1 expression 1749:1758 the gene expression 1740:1758 the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1740:1817 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 0 70 theme methanol 88:95 arg1 extract 97:103 T.G. Hartley methanol extract 75:103 T.G. Hartley methanol extract 75:103 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 7 71 theme ELISA 954:958 arg1 assay 960:964 ELISA assay 954:964 ELISA assay 954:964 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 1 72 theme G. 170:171 arg1 plant 186:190 a plant 184:190 a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope 184:241 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 1 72 theme G. 170:171 arg1 Hartley 173:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 4 73 theme M. 496:497 arg1 accedens 499:506 M. accedens 496:506 M. accedens 496:506 AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. 33539951 15 74 theme anti-inflammatory 1990:2006 arg1 activities 2008:2017 anti-inflammatory activities 1990:2017 anti-inflammatory activities 1990:2017 CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo by targeting Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway. 33539951 16 75 theme inflammatory 2145:2156 arg1 diseases 2158:2165 inflammatory diseases 2145:2165 inflammatory diseases such as gastritis 2145:2183 Therefore, we propose that Ma-ME could be used to treat inflammatory diseases such as gastritis. 33539951 16 75 theme inflammatory 2145:2156 arg1 gastritis 2175:2183 gastritis 2175:2183 gastritis 2175:2183 Therefore, we propose that Ma-ME could be used to treat inflammatory diseases such as gastritis. 33539951 8 76 theme gene 1014:1017 arg1 assays 1028:1033 luciferase gene reporter assays 1003:1033 luciferase gene reporter assays 1003:1033 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 11 77 theme NF-κB 1451:1455 arg1 activation 1457:1466 NF-κB activation 1451:1466 NF-κB activation 1451:1466 Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. 33539951 13 78 theme IL-1β 1763:1767 arg1 expression 1749:1758 the gene expression 1740:1758 the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1740:1817 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33539951 0 79 theme anti-inflammatory 19:35 arg1 activity 37:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity 0:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) 0:73 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 0 79 theme anti-inflammatory 19:35 arg1 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 14 80 theme LC-MS/MS 1829:1836 arg1 analyses 1838:1845 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses 1820:1845 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses 1820:1845 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 8 81 theme western 1036:1042 arg1 analyses 1053:1060 western blotting analyses 1036:1060 western blotting analyses 1036:1060 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 7 82 theme nitric 915:920 arg1 oxide 922:926 nitric oxide 915:926 nitric oxide (NO) production assay 915:948 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 7 82 theme nitric 915:920 arg1 NO 929:930 NO 929:930 NO 929:930 To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 33539951 1 83 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 106:125 arg1 Blume 156:160 Blume 156:160 Blume 156:160 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 1 83 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 106:125 arg1 accedens 146:153 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens 106:153 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley 106:179 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 0 84 theme accedens 58:65 arg1 activity 37:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity 0:44 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) 0:73 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 0 84 theme accedens 58:65 arg1 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Blume 68:72 Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. 33539951 14 85 theme various 1877:1883 arg1 daidzein 1936:1943 daidzein 1936:1943 daidzein 1936:1943 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 85 theme various 1877:1883 arg1 flavonoids 1903:1912 various anti-inflammatory flavonoids 1877:1912 various anti-inflammatory flavonoids 1877:1912 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 85 theme various 1877:1883 arg1 quercetin 1925:1933 quercetin 1925:1933 quercetin 1925:1933 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 85 theme various 1877:1883 arg1 nevadensin 1950:1959 nevadensin 1950:1959 nevadensin 1950:1959 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 12 86 theme CETSA 1550:1554 arg1 assay 1556:1560 the CETSA assay 1546:1560 the CETSA assay 1546:1560 Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. 33539951 14 87 contain contains 1868:1875 arg1 Ma-ME 1862:1866 Ma-ME 1862:1866 Ma-ME 1862:1866 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 87 contain contains 1868:1875 arg2 daidzein 1936:1943 daidzein 1936:1943 daidzein 1936:1943 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 87 contain contains 1868:1875 arg2 nevadensin 1950:1959 nevadensin 1950:1959 nevadensin 1950:1959 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 87 contain contains 1868:1875 arg2 flavonoids 1903:1912 various anti-inflammatory flavonoids 1877:1912 various anti-inflammatory flavonoids 1877:1912 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 14 87 contain contains 1868:1875 arg2 quercetin 1925:1933 quercetin 1925:1933 quercetin 1925:1933 HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. 33539951 6 88 theme Ma-ME 739:743 arg1 effects 728:734 the anti-inflammatory effects 706:734 the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice 706:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 6 89 from effects 728:734 arg1 RAW264.7 cells 784:797 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 748:797 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 748:797 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 6 89 from effects 728:734 arg1 model 838:842 an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model 806:842 an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice 806:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 10 90 dep genes 1349:1353 arg1 genes 1349:1353 proinflammatory genes 1333:1353 proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) 1333:1378 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 90 dep genes 1349:1353 arg1 IL-1β 1362:1366 IL-1β 1362:1366 IL-1β 1362:1366 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 90 dep genes 1349:1353 arg1 COX-2 1373:1377 COX-2 1373:1377 COX-2 1373:1377 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 10 90 dep genes 1349:1353 arg1 iNOS 1356:1359 iNOS 1356:1359 iNOS 1356:1359 RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. 33539951 8 91 theme cellular 1069:1076 arg1 assay 1092:1096 a cellular thermal shift assay 1067:1096 a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) 1067:1104 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 8 91 theme cellular 1069:1076 arg1 CETSA 1099:1103 CETSA 1099:1103 CETSA 1099:1103 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 6 92 theme HCl/EtOH-triggered 809:826 arg1 model 838:842 an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model 806:842 an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice 806:850 MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. 33539951 3 93 dep the 347:349 arg1 leaves 351:356 leaves 351:356 leaves 351:356 In Indonesia and Malaysia, the leaves of M. accedens are applied externally to decrease fever. 33539951 1 94 theme genus 228:232 arg1 Melicope 234:241 genus Melicope 228:241 genus Melicope 228:241 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. 33539951 8 95 theme shift 1086:1090 arg1 assay 1092:1096 a cellular thermal shift assay 1067:1096 a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) 1067:1104 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 8 95 theme shift 1086:1090 arg1 CETSA 1099:1103 CETSA 1099:1103 CETSA 1099:1103 RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. 33539951 13 96 from expression 1749:1758 arg1 mice 1782:1785 mice 1782:1785 mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis 1782:1817 Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. 33151735 1 0 theme abstract 119:126 arg1 Keywords 128:135 No abstract Keywords 116:135 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 1 theme H 162:162 arg1 gene 164:167 H gene 162:167 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 0 2 theme distemper 38:46 arg1 virus 48:52 a canine distemper virus 29:52 a canine distemper virus 29:52 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus isolated from mink (Neovison vison) in Shandong, China, 2013. 33151735 1 3 dep virus 155:159 arg1 analysis 183:190 phylogenetic analysis 170:190 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 3 dep virus 155:159 arg1 gene 164:167 H gene 162:167 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 3 dep virus 155:159 arg1 cysteine 242:249 cysteine 242:249 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 3 dep virus 155:159 arg1 substitution 204:215 amino-acid substitution 193:215 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 3 dep virus 155:159 arg1 glycolysation 227:239 N-linked glycolysation 218:239 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 4 theme canine 138:143 arg1 virus 155:159 canine distemper virus 138:159 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 0 5 dep isolated 54:61 arg1 vison 83:87 vison 83:87 vison 83:87 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus isolated from mink (Neovison vison) in Shandong, China, 2013. 33151735 0 6 theme canine 31:36 arg1 virus 48:52 a canine distemper virus 29:52 a canine distemper virus 29:52 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus isolated from mink (Neovison vison) in Shandong, China, 2013. 33151735 1 7 theme distemper 145:153 arg1 virus 155:159 canine distemper virus 138:159 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 0 8 theme Molecular 0:8 arg1 characteristics 10:24 Molecular characteristics 0:24 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus 0:52 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus isolated from mink (Neovison vison) in Shandong, China, 2013. 33151735 1 9 theme N-linked 218:225 arg1 glycolysation 227:239 N-linked glycolysation 218:239 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 10 dep Keywords 128:135 arg1 virus 155:159 canine distemper virus 138:159 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 11 theme phylogenetic 170:181 arg1 analysis 183:190 phylogenetic analysis 170:190 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 0 12 theme virus 48:52 arg1 characteristics 10:24 Molecular characteristics 0:24 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus 0:52 Molecular characteristics of a canine distemper virus isolated from mink (Neovison vison) in Shandong, China, 2013. 33151735 1 13 link N-linked 218:225 arg1 glycolysation 227:239 N-linked glycolysation 218:239 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33151735 1 14 theme amino-acid 193:202 arg1 substitution 204:215 amino-acid substitution 193:215 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 116:250 No abstract Keywords: canine distemper virus; H gene; phylogenetic analysis; amino-acid substitution; N-linked glycolysation; cysteine. 33352240 0 0 theme cocos 28:32 arg1 effects 11:17 Protective effects 0:17 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 0:95 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. 33352240 11 1 with correlations 2068:2079 arg1 flora 2097:2101 intestinal flora 2086:2101 intestinal flora 2086:2101 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 4 2 theme fractions 558:566 arg1 effects 517:523 the protective effects 502:523 the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 502:699 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 3 3 theme spleen-invigorating 242:260 arg1 effects 271:277 spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects 242:277 spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects 242:277 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 11 4 theme intestinal 2086:2095 arg1 flora 2097:2101 intestinal flora 2086:2101 intestinal flora 2086:2101 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 4 5 theme triterpene 640:649 arg1 acids 651:655 triterpene acids 640:655 triterpene acids 640:655 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 11 6 theme thiamine 1988:1995 arg1 monophosphate 1997:2009 thiamine monophosphate 1988:2009 thiamine monophosphate 1988:2009 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 7 theme indolelactic 2012:2023 arg1 acid 2025:2028 indolelactic acid 2012:2028 indolelactic acid 2012:2028 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 5 8 theme Poria 793:797 arg1 PP 807:808 PP 807:808 PP 807:808 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 5 8 theme Poria 793:797 arg1 powder 799:804 Poria powder 793:804 Poria powder (PP) 793:809 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 4 9 theme cisplatin-induced 665:681 arg1 injury 694:699 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 665:699 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 665:699 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 5 10 theme injury 977:982 arg1 model 984:988 a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model 946:988 a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model 946:988 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 10 11 theme cisplatin-induced 1760:1776 arg1 alteration 1778:1787 the cisplatin-induced alteration 1756:1787 the cisplatin-induced alteration of metabolic profiles 1756:1809 Moreover, WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced alteration of metabolic profiles. 33352240 3 12 contain possess 234:240 arg1 It 208:209 It 208:209 It 208:209 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 12 contain possess 234:240 arg2 effects 271:277 spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects 242:277 spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects 242:277 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 13 theme traditional 282:292 arg1 medicine 302:309 traditional Chinese medicine 282:309 traditional Chinese medicine 282:309 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 9 14 theme cisplatin-induced 1439:1455 arg1 dysbiosis 1457:1465 cisplatin-induced dysbiosis 1439:1465 cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota 1439:1483 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 7 15 theme amplicon 1169:1176 arg1 sequencing 1178:1187 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing 1160:1187 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing 1160:1187 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 10 16 theme profiles 1802:1809 arg1 alteration 1778:1787 the cisplatin-induced alteration 1756:1787 the cisplatin-induced alteration of metabolic profiles 1756:1809 Moreover, WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced alteration of metabolic profiles. 33352240 3 17 theme Chinese 294:300 arg1 medicine 302:309 traditional Chinese medicine 282:309 traditional Chinese medicine 282:309 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 8 18 theme ileum 1300:1304 arg1 injury 1316:1321 the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury 1278:1321 the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury 1278:1321 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 0 19 theme intestinal 79:88 arg1 injury 90:95 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 61:95 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 61:95 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. 33352240 9 20 theme microbiota 1474:1483 arg1 dysbiosis 1457:1465 cisplatin-induced dysbiosis 1439:1465 cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota 1439:1483 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 3 21 theme spleen 344:349 arg1 Pixu 363:366 Pixu 363:366 Pixu 363:366 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 21 theme spleen 344:349 arg1 deficiency 351:360 spleen deficiency 344:360 spleen deficiency (Pixu) 344:367 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 8 22 theme colon 1310:1314 arg1 injury 1316:1321 the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury 1278:1321 the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury 1278:1321 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 3 23 used used 319:322 arg2 It 208:209 It 208:209 It 208:209 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 7 24 theme metabolites 1126:1136 arg1 composition 1069:1079 The composition 1065:1079 The composition of gut microbiota 1065:1097 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 7 24 theme metabolites 1126:1136 arg1 alteration 1107:1116 the alteration 1103:1116 the alteration of host metabolites 1103:1136 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 5 25 theme METHODS 754:760 arg1 mice 770:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice 740:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice 740:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 5 26 theme cisplatin 915:923 arg1 10 mg/kg 903:910 10 mg/kg 903:910 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 903:933 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 6 27 theme ileum 1015:1019 arg1 changes 1004:1010 Pathological changes 991:1010 Pathological changes of ileum and colon 991:1029 Pathological changes of ileum and colon were examined using H&E staining. 33352240 0 28 theme cisplatin-induced 61:77 arg1 injury 90:95 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 61:95 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 61:95 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. 33352240 0 29 theme Protective 0:9 arg1 effects 11:17 Protective effects 0:17 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 0:95 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. 33352240 1 30 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 98:117 arg1 Schw 142:145 Schw 142:145 Schw 142:145 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 33352240 1 30 theme ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL 98:117 arg1 cocos 135:139 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos 98:139 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 98:147 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 33352240 4 31 theme underlying 717:726 arg1 mechanisms 728:737 the underlying mechanisms 713:737 the underlying mechanisms 713:737 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 32 from effects 517:523 arg1 injury 694:699 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 665:699 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 665:699 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 1 33 theme Poria 129:133 arg1 Schw 142:145 Schw 142:145 Schw 142:145 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 33352240 1 33 theme Poria 129:133 arg1 cocos 135:139 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos 98:139 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 98:147 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 33352240 3 34 theme intestinal 386:395 arg1 diarrhea 415:422 diarrhea 415:422 diarrhea 415:422 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 34 theme intestinal 386:395 arg1 mucositis 438:446 mucositis 438:446 mucositis 438:446 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 34 theme intestinal 386:395 arg1 loss 459:462 weight loss 452:462 weight loss 452:462 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 34 theme intestinal 386:395 arg1 indigestion 425:435 indigestion 425:435 indigestion 425:435 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 3 34 theme intestinal 386:395 arg1 disorders 397:405 intestinal disorders 386:405 intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss 386:462 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 4 35 theme Poria 528:532 arg1 effects 517:523 the protective effects 502:523 the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 502:699 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 5 36 theme C57BL/6 762:768 arg1 mice 770:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice 740:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice 740:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 7 37 theme microbiota 1088:1097 arg1 composition 1069:1079 The composition 1065:1079 The composition of gut microbiota 1065:1097 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 7 37 theme microbiota 1088:1097 arg1 alteration 1107:1116 the alteration 1103:1116 the alteration of host metabolites 1103:1136 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 12 38 theme cisplatin-induced 2161:2177 arg1 injury 2190:2195 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 2161:2195 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 2161:2195 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 11 39 theme biomarkers 1836:1845 arg1 levels 1816:1821 The levels 1812:1821 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, 1812:2047 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 9 40 theme bacteria 1548:1555 arg1 abundance 1524:1532 the abundance 1520:1532 the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae 1520:1634 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 12 41 theme protective 2134:2143 arg1 effects 2145:2151 protective effects 2134:2151 protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 2134:2195 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 3 42 theme weight 452:457 arg1 loss 459:462 weight loss 452:462 weight loss 452:462 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 7 43 theme metabolomics 1226:1237 arg1 analysis 1239:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 2 44 theme traditional 178:188 arg1 Wolf 149:152 Wolf 149:152 Wolf (Poria) 149:160 Wolf (Poria) is a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. 33352240 2 44 theme traditional 178:188 arg1 fungus 200:205 a well-known traditional medicinal fungus 165:205 a well-known traditional medicinal fungus 165:205 Wolf (Poria) is a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. 33352240 8 45 theme IL-2 1388:1391 arg1 elevation 1375:1383 the elevation 1371:1383 the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum 1371:1406 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 8 46 dep RESULTS 1249:1255 arg1 RESULTS 1249:1255 RESULTS PP and WP 1249:1265 RESULTS PP and WP 1249:1265 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 8 46 dep RESULTS 1249:1255 arg1 WP 1264:1265 WP 1264:1265 WP 1264:1265 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 8 46 dep RESULTS 1249:1255 arg1 PP 1257:1258 PP 1257:1258 PP 1257:1258 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 7 47 theme based 1209:1213 arg1 analysis 1239:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 8 48 from IL-6 1394:1397 arg1 serum 1402:1406 serum 1402:1406 serum 1402:1406 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 6 49 theme colon 1025:1029 arg1 changes 1004:1010 Pathological changes 991:1010 Pathological changes of ileum and colon 991:1029 Pathological changes of ileum and colon were examined using H&E staining. 33352240 5 50 theme cisplatin-induced 948:964 arg1 model 984:988 a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model 946:988 a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model 946:988 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 11 51 theme -3-hydroxybutyric 1954:1970 arg1 acid 1972:1975 (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid 1951:1975 (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid 1951:1975 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 5 52 from 10 mg/kg 903:910 arg1 day 928:930 day 10 928:933 day 10 928:933 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 11 53 theme significant 2056:2066 arg1 correlations 2068:2079 significant correlations 2056:2079 significant correlations with intestinal flora 2056:2101 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 9 54 theme gut 1470:1472 arg1 microbiota 1474:1483 gut microbiota 1470:1483 gut microbiota 1470:1483 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 4 55 theme component 548:556 arg1 fractions 558:566 three component fractions 542:566 its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) 538:660 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 55 theme component 548:556 arg1 polysaccharides 583:597 Water-soluble polysaccharides 569:597 Water-soluble polysaccharides 569:597 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 11 56 theme R 1952:1952 arg1 acid 1972:1975 (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid 1951:1975 (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid 1951:1975 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 7 57 theme 16S 1160:1162 arg1 sequencing 1178:1187 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing 1160:1187 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing 1160:1187 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 5 58 theme intestinal 966:975 arg1 model 984:988 a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model 946:988 a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model 946:988 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 10 59 theme metabolic 1792:1800 arg1 profiles 1802:1809 metabolic profiles 1792:1809 metabolic profiles 1792:1809 Moreover, WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced alteration of metabolic profiles. 33352240 9 60 theme probiotics 1672:1681 arg1 abundance 1659:1667 the abundance 1655:1667 the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae 1655:1729 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 4 61 theme alkali-soluble 604:617 arg1 polysaccharides 619:633 alkali-soluble polysaccharides 604:633 alkali-soluble polysaccharides 604:633 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 3 62 dep spleen-invigorating 242:260 arg1 Jianpi 263:268 Jianpi 263:268 Jianpi 263:268 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 4 63 dep polysaccharides 583:597 arg1 TA 658:659 TA 658:659 TA 658:659 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 63 dep polysaccharides 583:597 arg1 AP 636:637 AP 636:637 AP 636:637 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 63 dep polysaccharides 583:597 arg1 WP 600:601 WP 600:601 WP 600:601 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 63 dep polysaccharides 583:597 arg1 polysaccharides 619:633 alkali-soluble polysaccharides 604:633 alkali-soluble polysaccharides 604:633 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 63 dep polysaccharides 583:597 arg1 acids 651:655 triterpene acids 640:655 triterpene acids 640:655 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 11 64 theme plamitic 2034:2041 arg1 acid 2043:2046 plamitic acid 2034:2046 plamitic acid 2034:2046 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 4 65 theme intestinal 683:692 arg1 injury 694:699 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 665:699 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 665:699 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 7 66 theme rDNA 1164:1167 arg1 sequencing 1178:1187 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing 1160:1187 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing 1160:1187 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 11 67 theme linoleic 1936:1943 arg1 acid 1945:1948 linoleic acid 1936:1948 linoleic acid 1936:1948 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 5 68 theme MATERIALS 740:748 arg1 mice 770:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice 740:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice 740:773 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 5 69 theme oral 829:832 arg1 gavage 834:839 oral gavage 829:839 oral gavage respectively 829:852 MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Poria powder (PP), WP, AP and TA by oral gavage respectively for 13 days, and intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg of cisplatin on day 10 to conduct a cisplatin-induced intestinal injury model. 33352240 4 70 theme STUDY 481:485 arg1 AIM 469:471 THE AIM 465:471 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY 465:485 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 8 71 theme cisplatin-induced 1282:1298 arg1 ileum 1300:1304 cisplatin-induced ileum 1282:1304 cisplatin-induced ileum 1282:1304 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 12 72 theme metabolic 2247:2255 arg1 profiles 2257:2264 metabolic profiles 2247:2264 metabolic profiles 2247:2264 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 6 73 theme H&E 1051:1053 arg1 staining 1055:1062 H&E staining 1051:1062 H&E staining 1051:1062 Pathological changes of ileum and colon were examined using H&E staining. 33352240 7 74 theme host 1121:1124 arg1 metabolites 1126:1136 host metabolites 1121:1136 host metabolites 1121:1136 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 9 75 theme particular 1489:1498 arg1 PP 1500:1501 particular PP 1489:1501 particular PP 1489:1501 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 12 76 theme gut 2228:2230 arg1 microbiota 2232:2241 the gut microbiota 2224:2241 the gut microbiota 2224:2241 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 77 contain possess 2126:2132 arg1 WP 2123:2124 WP 2123:2124 WP 2123:2124 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 77 contain possess 2126:2132 arg2 effects 2145:2151 protective effects 2134:2151 protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 2134:2195 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 77 contain possess 2126:2132 arg1 PP 2116:2117 PP 2116:2117 PP 2116:2117 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 77 contain possess 2126:2132 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 2104:2114 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP 2104:2124 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP 2104:2124 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 78 theme intestinal 2179:2188 arg1 injury 2190:2195 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 2161:2195 cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 2161:2195 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 0 79 theme Poria 22:26 arg1 cocos 28:32 Poria cocos 22:32 Poria cocos 22:32 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. 33352240 1 80 theme RELEVANCE 119:127 arg1 Schw 142:145 Schw 142:145 Schw 142:145 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 33352240 1 80 theme RELEVANCE 119:127 arg1 cocos 135:139 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos 98:139 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 98:147 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos (Schw.) 33352240 6 81 theme Pathological 991:1002 arg1 changes 1004:1010 Pathological changes 991:1010 Pathological changes of ileum and colon 991:1029 Pathological changes of ileum and colon were examined using H&E staining. 33352240 2 82 theme well-known 167:176 arg1 Wolf 149:152 Wolf 149:152 Wolf (Poria) 149:160 Wolf (Poria) is a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. 33352240 2 82 theme well-known 167:176 arg1 fungus 200:205 a well-known traditional medicinal fungus 165:205 a well-known traditional medicinal fungus 165:205 Wolf (Poria) is a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. 33352240 7 83 theme gut 1084:1086 arg1 microbiota 1088:1097 gut microbiota 1084:1097 gut microbiota 1084:1097 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 3 84 theme disorders 397:405 arg1 symptoms 374:381 symptoms 374:381 symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss 374:462 It has been considered to possess spleen-invigorating (Jianpi) effects in traditional Chinese medicine, and is used clinically to treat spleen deficiency (Pixu) with symptoms of intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, mucositis and weight loss. 33352240 8 85 theme weight 1346:1351 arg1 loss 1353:1356 the weight loss 1342:1356 the weight loss 1342:1356 RESULTS PP and WP attenuated the cisplatin-induced ileum and colon injury, and WP alleviated the weight loss and reversed the elevation of IL-2, IL-6 in serum. 33352240 0 86 theme components 42:51 arg1 effects 11:17 Protective effects 0:17 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 0:95 Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. 33352240 9 87 theme pathogenic 1537:1546 arg1 bacteria 1548:1555 pathogenic bacteria 1537:1555 pathogenic bacteria 1537:1555 Both PP and WP could mitigate cisplatin-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, in particular PP and WP decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacteraceae, while WP promoted the abundance of probiotics, such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotellaceae. 33352240 4 88 theme protective 506:515 arg1 effects 517:523 the protective effects 502:523 the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury 502:699 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 12 89 dep CONCLUSIONS 2104:2114 arg1 WP 2123:2124 WP 2123:2124 WP 2123:2124 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 89 dep CONCLUSIONS 2104:2114 arg1 PP 2116:2117 PP 2116:2117 PP 2116:2117 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 12 89 dep CONCLUSIONS 2104:2114 arg1 CONCLUSIONS 2104:2114 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP 2104:2124 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP 2104:2124 CONCLUSIONS PP and WP possess protective effects against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury via potentially regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. 33352240 7 90 theme untargeted 1215:1224 arg1 analysis 1239:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 33352240 4 91 theme Water-soluble 569:581 arg1 fractions 558:566 three component fractions 542:566 its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) 538:660 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 4 91 theme Water-soluble 569:581 arg1 polysaccharides 583:597 Water-soluble polysaccharides 569:597 Water-soluble polysaccharides 569:597 THE AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the protective effects of Poria and its three component fractions (Water-soluble polysaccharides, WP; alkali-soluble polysaccharides, AP; triterpene acids, TA) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. 33352240 2 92 theme medicinal 190:198 arg1 Wolf 149:152 Wolf 149:152 Wolf (Poria) 149:160 Wolf (Poria) is a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. 33352240 2 92 theme medicinal 190:198 arg1 fungus 200:205 a well-known traditional medicinal fungus 165:205 a well-known traditional medicinal fungus 165:205 Wolf (Poria) is a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 butyrylcarnitine 1903:1918 butyrylcarnitine 1903:1918 butyrylcarnitine 1903:1918 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 monophosphate 1997:2009 thiamine monophosphate 1988:2009 thiamine monophosphate 1988:2009 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 acid 1972:1975 (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid 1951:1975 (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid 1951:1975 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 lysoPC 1921:1926 lysoPC 1921:1926 lysoPC (18:0) 1921:1933 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 biomarkers 1836:1845 potential biomarkers 1826:1845 potential biomarkers 1826:1845 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 acid 1945:1948 linoleic acid 1936:1948 linoleic acid 1936:1948 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 acid 2025:2028 indolelactic acid 2012:2028 indolelactic acid 2012:2028 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 uridine 1880:1886 uridine 1880:1886 uridine 1880:1886 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 D-ribose 1978:1985 D-ribose 1978:1985 D-ribose 1978:1985 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 hypoxanthine 1889:1900 hypoxanthine 1889:1900 hypoxanthine 1889:1900 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 xanthine 1858:1865 xanthine 1858:1865 xanthine 1858:1865 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 acid 2043:2046 plamitic acid 2034:2046 plamitic acid 2034:2046 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 11 93 theme potential 1826:1834 arg1 L-tyrosine 1868:1877 L-tyrosine 1868:1877 L-tyrosine 1868:1877 The levels of potential biomarkers, including xanthine, L-tyrosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, butyrylcarnitine, lysoPC (18:0), linoleic acid, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, D-ribose, thiamine monophosphate, indolelactic acid and plamitic acid, showed significant correlations with intestinal flora. 33352240 7 94 theme UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS 1193:1207 arg1 analysis 1239:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis 1193:1246 The composition of gut microbiota and the alteration of host metabolites were characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. 32108991 0 0 theme N-linked 86:93 arg1 glycosylation 95:107 novel N-linked glycosylation 80:107 novel N-linked glycosylation 80:107 Investigating the clearance of VWF A-domains using site-directed PEGylation and novel N-linked glycosylation. 32108991 6 1 dep glycol 913:918 arg1 moiety 926:931 moiety 926:931 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety 891:931 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 12 2 theme VWF 1982:1984 arg1 clearance 1969:1977 LRP1-mediated clearance 1955:1977 LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF 1955:1984 This suggests that PEGylation, within the A1- and A3-domains in particular, may be used to attenuate LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF. 32108991 10 3 from extension 1614:1622 arg1 half-life 1627:1635 half-life 1627:1635 half-life 1627:1635 In contrast to PEGylation at these sites, no significant extension in half-life was observed with these N-glycan variants. 32108991 1 4 theme macrophage-mediated 241:259 arg1 clearance 261:269 macrophage-mediated clearance 241:269 macrophage-mediated clearance 241:269 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 0 5 theme novel 80:84 arg1 glycosylation 95:107 novel N-linked glycosylation 80:107 novel N-linked glycosylation 80:107 Investigating the clearance of VWF A-domains using site-directed PEGylation and novel N-linked glycosylation. 32108991 6 6 theme A1A2A3-VWF 973:982 arg1 half-life 960:968 the half-life 956:968 the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice 956:997 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 9 7 link N-linked 1481:1488 arg1 chains 1497:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 5 8 theme introduced 758:767 arg1 glycosylation 793:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 11 9 theme A1A2A3-VWF 1827:1836 arg1 uptake 1813:1818 LRP1-dependent uptake 1798:1818 LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages 1798:1851 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 5 10 theme novel 769:773 arg1 glycosylation 793:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 5 11 theme site-directed 729:741 arg1 PEGylation 743:752 site-directed PEGylation 729:752 site-directed PEGylation 729:752 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 6 12 theme RESULTS 866:872 arg1 Conjugation 874:884 RESULTS Conjugation 866:884 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety 866:931 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 5 13 link N-linked 784:791 arg1 glycosylation 793:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 9 14 theme LRP1.Novel 1470:1479 arg1 chains 1497:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 5 15 theme targeted 775:782 arg1 glycosylation 793:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 11 16 theme site 1726:1729 arg1 PEGylation 1740:1749 site specific PEGylation 1726:1749 site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation 1726:1787 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 12 17 from A1- 1896:1898 arg1 particular 1918:1927 particular 1918:1927 particular 1918:1927 This suggests that PEGylation, within the A1- and A3-domains in particular, may be used to attenuate LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF. 32108991 1 18 theme factor 198:203 arg1 factor 198:203 von Willebrand factor 183:203 von Willebrand factor (VWF) 183:209 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 1 18 theme factor 198:203 arg1 domains 172:178 the A1A2A3 domains 161:178 the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) 161:209 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 1 19 theme von 183:185 arg1 factor 198:203 von Willebrand factor 183:203 von Willebrand factor (VWF) 183:209 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 1 19 theme von 183:185 arg1 VWF 206:208 VWF 206:208 VWF 206:208 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 5 20 theme N-linked 784:791 arg1 glycosylation 793:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation 758:805 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 7 21 theme VWF 1137:1139 arg1 clearance 1141:1149 VWF clearance 1137:1149 VWF clearance 1137:1149 For example, PEGylation at specific sites within the A1-domain (S1286) and A3-domain (V1803, S1807) attenuated VWF clearance in vivo, compared to wild-type A1A2A3-VWF. 32108991 12 22 used used 1937:1940 arg2 PEGylation 1873:1882 PEGylation 1873:1882 PEGylation 1873:1882 This suggests that PEGylation, within the A1- and A3-domains in particular, may be used to attenuate LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF. 32108991 1 23 theme Willebrand 187:196 arg1 factor 198:203 von Willebrand factor 183:203 von Willebrand factor (VWF) 183:209 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 1 23 theme Willebrand 187:196 arg1 VWF 206:208 VWF 206:208 VWF 206:208 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 9 24 theme other 1365:1369 arg1 Q1353-A1-domain 1382:1396 Q1353-A1-domain 1382:1396 Q1353-A1-domain 1382:1396 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 9 24 theme other 1365:1369 arg1 positions 1371:1379 other positions 1365:1379 other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) 1365:1417 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 9 24 theme other 1365:1369 arg1 M1545-A2-domain 1402:1416 M1545-A2-domain 1402:1416 M1545-A2-domain 1402:1416 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 3 25 link N-linked 455:462 arg1 glycans 464:470 N-linked glycans 455:470 N-linked glycans within the A2-domain 455:491 Furthermore, N-linked glycans within the A2-domain have been shown to protect VWF against premature LRP1-mediated clearance. 32108991 10 26 dep PEGylation 1572:1581 arg1 contrast 1560:1567 contrast 1560:1567 contrast 1560:1567 In contrast to PEGylation at these sites, no significant extension in half-life was observed with these N-glycan variants. 32108991 2 27 theme protein-1 405:413 arg1 receptor 432:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 In particular, the A1-domain has been shown to modulate interaction with macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor. 32108991 9 28 dep positions 1371:1379 arg1 Q1353-A1-domain 1382:1396 Q1353-A1-domain 1382:1396 Q1353-A1-domain 1382:1396 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 9 28 dep positions 1371:1379 arg1 positions 1371:1379 other positions 1365:1379 other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) 1365:1417 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 9 28 dep positions 1371:1379 arg1 M1545-A2-domain 1402:1416 M1545-A2-domain 1402:1416 M1545-A2-domain 1402:1416 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 7 29 theme wild-type 1172:1180 arg1 A1A2A3-VWF 1182:1191 wild-type A1A2A3-VWF 1172:1191 wild-type A1A2A3-VWF 1172:1191 For example, PEGylation at specific sites within the A1-domain (S1286) and A3-domain (V1803, S1807) attenuated VWF clearance in vivo, compared to wild-type A1A2A3-VWF. 32108991 12 30 dep A1- 1896:1898 arg1 the 1892:1894 the 1892:1894 the 1892:1894 This suggests that PEGylation, within the A1- and A3-domains in particular, may be used to attenuate LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF. 32108991 2 31 theme receptor-related 388:403 arg1 receptor 432:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 In particular, the A1-domain has been shown to modulate interaction with macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor. 32108991 11 32 dep CONCLUSIONS 1680:1690 arg1 demonstrate 1709:1719 demonstrate 1709:1719 demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages 1709:1851 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 11 33 theme site 1759:1762 arg1 N-glycosylation 1773:1787 site specific N-glycosylation 1759:1787 site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation 1726:1787 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 9 34 theme N-linked 1481:1488 arg1 chains 1497:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 1 35 theme BACKGROUND 110:119 arg1 studies 130:136 BACKGROUND Previous studies 110:136 BACKGROUND Previous studies 110:136 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 7 36 from sites 1062:1066 arg1 PEGylation 1039:1048 PEGylation 1039:1048 PEGylation at specific sites within the A1-domain (S1286) and A3-domain (V1803, S1807) 1039:1124 For example, PEGylation at specific sites within the A1-domain (S1286) and A3-domain (V1803, S1807) attenuated VWF clearance in vivo, compared to wild-type A1A2A3-VWF. 32108991 6 37 with Conjugation 874:884 arg1 PEG 921:923 PEG 921:923 PEG 921:923 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 6 37 with Conjugation 874:884 arg1 glycol 913:918 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol 891:918 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety 891:931 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 4 38 theme specific 593:600 arg1 regions 602:608 the specific regions 589:608 the specific regions within A1A2A3 that enable macrophage binding 589:653 Importantly, however, the specific regions within A1A2A3 that enable macrophage binding have not been defined. 32108991 4 39 theme macrophage 636:645 arg1 binding 647:653 macrophage binding 636:653 macrophage binding 636:653 Importantly, however, the specific regions within A1A2A3 that enable macrophage binding have not been defined. 32108991 1 40 theme Previous 121:128 arg1 studies 130:136 BACKGROUND Previous studies 110:136 BACKGROUND Previous studies 110:136 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 9 41 from positions 1371:1379 arg1 PEGylation 1351:1360 PEGylation 1351:1360 PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) 1351:1417 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 0 42 theme A-domains 35:43 arg1 clearance 18:26 the clearance 14:26 the clearance of VWF A-domains 14:43 Investigating the clearance of VWF A-domains using site-directed PEGylation and novel N-linked glycosylation. 32108991 12 43 from A3-domains 1904:1913 arg1 particular 1918:1927 particular 1918:1927 particular 1918:1927 This suggests that PEGylation, within the A1- and A3-domains in particular, may be used to attenuate LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF. 32108991 11 44 theme specific 1764:1771 arg1 N-glycosylation 1773:1787 site specific N-glycosylation 1759:1787 site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation 1726:1787 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 2 45 theme clearance 422:430 arg1 receptor 432:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 In particular, the A1-domain has been shown to modulate interaction with macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor. 32108991 0 46 theme VWF 31:33 arg1 A-domains 35:43 VWF A-domains 31:43 VWF A-domains 31:43 Investigating the clearance of VWF A-domains using site-directed PEGylation and novel N-linked glycosylation. 32108991 6 47 theme site-specific 1004:1016 arg1 manner 1018:1023 a site-specific manner 1002:1023 a site-specific manner 1002:1023 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 10 48 theme N-glycan 1661:1668 arg1 variants 1670:1677 these N-glycan variants 1655:1677 these N-glycan variants 1655:1677 In contrast to PEGylation at these sites, no significant extension in half-life was observed with these N-glycan variants. 32108991 2 49 with interaction 336:346 arg1 receptor 432:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 In particular, the A1-domain has been shown to modulate interaction with macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor. 32108991 11 50 theme LRP1-dependent 1798:1811 arg1 uptake 1813:1818 LRP1-dependent uptake 1798:1818 LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages 1798:1851 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 0 51 link N-linked 86:93 arg1 glycosylation 95:107 novel N-linked glycosylation 80:107 novel N-linked glycosylation 80:107 Investigating the clearance of VWF A-domains using site-directed PEGylation and novel N-linked glycosylation. 32108991 0 52 theme site-directed 51:63 arg1 PEGylation 65:74 site-directed PEGylation 51:74 site-directed PEGylation 51:74 Investigating the clearance of VWF A-domains using site-directed PEGylation and novel N-linked glycosylation. 32108991 9 53 theme glycan 1490:1495 arg1 chains 1497:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains 1470:1502 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 3 54 theme N-linked 455:462 arg1 glycans 464:470 N-linked glycans 455:470 N-linked glycans within the A2-domain 455:491 Furthermore, N-linked glycans within the A2-domain have been shown to protect VWF against premature LRP1-mediated clearance. 32108991 8 55 theme in-vitro 1329:1336 arg1 cluster 1303:1309 LRP1 cluster II 1298:1312 LRP1 cluster II 1298:1312 Furthermore, PEGylation at these specific sites ablated binding to differentiated THP-1 macrophages and LRP1 cluster II and cluster IV in-vitro. 32108991 5 56 used utilized 720:727 arg2 we 717:718 we 717:718 we 717:718 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 2 57 theme LRP1 416:419 arg1 receptor 432:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor 353:439 In particular, the A1-domain has been shown to modulate interaction with macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) clearance receptor. 32108991 8 58 from sites 1236:1240 arg1 PEGylation 1207:1216 PEGylation 1207:1216 PEGylation at these specific sites 1207:1240 Furthermore, PEGylation at these specific sites ablated binding to differentiated THP-1 macrophages and LRP1 cluster II and cluster IV in-vitro. 32108991 10 59 from sites 1592:1596 arg1 PEGylation 1572:1581 PEGylation 1572:1581 PEGylation at these sites 1572:1596 In contrast to PEGylation at these sites, no significant extension in half-life was observed with these N-glycan variants. 32108991 9 60 theme limited 1423:1429 arg1 effects 1431:1437 limited effects 1423:1437 limited effects 1423:1437 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 11 61 theme specific 1731:1738 arg1 PEGylation 1740:1749 site specific PEGylation 1726:1749 site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation 1726:1787 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 6 62 theme polyethylene 900:911 arg1 PEG 921:923 PEG 921:923 PEG 921:923 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 6 62 theme polyethylene 900:911 arg1 glycol 913:918 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol 891:918 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety 891:931 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 6 63 from half-life 960:968 arg1 mice 994:997 VWF-/- mice 987:997 VWF-/- mice 987:997 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 8 64 theme LRP1 1298:1301 arg1 cluster 1303:1309 LRP1 cluster II 1298:1312 LRP1 cluster II 1298:1312 Furthermore, PEGylation at these specific sites ablated binding to differentiated THP-1 macrophages and LRP1 cluster II and cluster IV in-vitro. 32108991 11 65 theme novel 1698:1702 arg1 data 1704:1707 These novel data 1692:1707 These novel data 1692:1707 CONCLUSIONS These novel data demonstrate that site specific PEGylation but not site specific N-glycosylation modifies LRP1-dependent uptake of the A1A2A3-VWF by macrophages. 32108991 1 66 theme key 218:220 arg1 role 222:225 a key role 216:225 a key role 216:225 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 6 67 theme 40-kDa 893:898 arg1 PEG 921:923 PEG 921:923 PEG 921:923 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 6 67 theme 40-kDa 893:898 arg1 glycol 913:918 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol 891:918 a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety 891:931 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 1 68 theme A1A2A3 165:170 arg1 factor 198:203 von Willebrand factor 183:203 von Willebrand factor (VWF) 183:209 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 1 68 theme A1A2A3 165:170 arg1 domains 172:178 the A1A2A3 domains 161:178 the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) 161:209 BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that the A1A2A3 domains of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play a key role in regulating macrophage-mediated clearance in vivo. 32108991 8 69 theme differentiated 1261:1274 arg1 macrophages 1282:1292 differentiated THP-1 macrophages 1261:1292 differentiated THP-1 macrophages 1261:1292 Furthermore, PEGylation at these specific sites ablated binding to differentiated THP-1 macrophages and LRP1 cluster II and cluster IV in-vitro. 32108991 12 70 theme LRP1-mediated 1955:1967 arg1 clearance 1969:1977 LRP1-mediated clearance 1955:1977 LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF 1955:1984 This suggests that PEGylation, within the A1- and A3-domains in particular, may be used to attenuate LRP1-mediated clearance of VWF. 32108991 9 71 contain had 1419:1421 arg1 PEGylation 1351:1360 PEGylation 1351:1360 PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) 1351:1417 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 9 71 contain had 1419:1421 arg2 effects 1431:1437 limited effects 1423:1437 limited effects 1423:1437 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 7 72 theme specific 1053:1060 arg1 sites 1062:1066 specific sites 1053:1066 specific sites within the A1-domain (S1286) and A3-domain (V1803, S1807) 1053:1124 For example, PEGylation at specific sites within the A1-domain (S1286) and A3-domain (V1803, S1807) attenuated VWF clearance in vivo, compared to wild-type A1A2A3-VWF. 32108991 3 73 theme premature 532:540 arg1 clearance 556:564 premature LRP1-mediated clearance 532:564 premature LRP1-mediated clearance 532:564 Furthermore, N-linked glycans within the A2-domain have been shown to protect VWF against premature LRP1-mediated clearance. 32108991 8 74 theme THP-1 1276:1280 arg1 macrophages 1282:1292 differentiated THP-1 macrophages 1261:1292 differentiated THP-1 macrophages 1261:1292 Furthermore, PEGylation at these specific sites ablated binding to differentiated THP-1 macrophages and LRP1 cluster II and cluster IV in-vitro. 32108991 9 75 theme VWF 1442:1444 arg1 clearance 1446:1454 VWF clearance 1442:1454 VWF clearance 1442:1454 Conversely, PEGylation at other positions (Q1353-A1-domain and M1545-A2-domain) had limited effects on VWF clearance or binding to LRP1.Novel N-linked glycan chains were introduced at N1803 and N1807 in the A3-domain. 32108991 5 76 theme VWF 851:853 arg1 clearance 855:863 VWF clearance 851:863 VWF clearance 851:863 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To address this, we utilized site-directed PEGylation and introduced novel targeted N-linked glycosylation within A1A2A3-VWF and subsequently examined VWF clearance. 32108991 6 77 theme VWF-/- 987:992 arg1 mice 994:997 VWF-/- mice 987:997 VWF-/- mice 987:997 RESULTS Conjugation with a 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety significantly extended the half-life of A1A2A3-VWF in VWF-/- mice in a site-specific manner. 32108991 8 78 theme specific 1227:1234 arg1 sites 1236:1240 these specific sites 1221:1240 these specific sites 1221:1240 Furthermore, PEGylation at these specific sites ablated binding to differentiated THP-1 macrophages and LRP1 cluster II and cluster IV in-vitro. 32108991 3 79 theme LRP1-mediated 542:554 arg1 clearance 556:564 premature LRP1-mediated clearance 532:564 premature LRP1-mediated clearance 532:564 Furthermore, N-linked glycans within the A2-domain have been shown to protect VWF against premature LRP1-mediated clearance. 32108991 10 80 theme significant 1602:1612 arg1 extension 1614:1622 no significant extension 1599:1622 no significant extension in half-life 1599:1635 In contrast to PEGylation at these sites, no significant extension in half-life was observed with these N-glycan variants. 34349735 9 0 theme RO 1511:1512 arg1 membranes 1514:1522 biofouled RO membranes 1501:1522 biofouled RO membranes in previous studies 1501:1542 The 13C NMR analysis also showed that the EPS produced by these bacteria is chemically similar to foulants obtained from biofouled RO membranes in previous studies. 34349735 7 1 theme linkages 1160:1167 arg1 presence 1131:1138 the presence 1127:1138 the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria 1127:1297 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 15 2 located found 2327:2331 arg2 EPS 2323:2325 EPS 2323:2325 EPS found on the RO membrane 2323:2350 These analyses provide a glimpse into the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane. 34349735 15 2 located found 2327:2331 arg1 membrane 2343:2350 the RO membrane 2336:2350 the RO membrane 2336:2350 These analyses provide a glimpse into the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane. 34349735 1 3 dep bacteria 251:258 arg1 RO2 266:268 RO2 266:268 RO2 266:268 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 3 dep bacteria 251:258 arg1 RO3 275:277 RO3 275:277 RO3 275:277 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 3 dep bacteria 251:258 arg1 RO1 261:263 RO1 261:263 RO1 261:263 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 3 dep bacteria 251:258 arg1 bacteria 251:258 three bacteria 245:258 three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 245:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 12 4 theme Genome 1855:1860 arg1 sequencing 1862:1871 Genome sequencing 1855:1871 Genome sequencing of the isolates 1855:1887 Genome sequencing of the isolates showed that they represent novel species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus. 34349735 3 5 theme growth 525:530 arg1 rates 532:536 similar growth rates 517:536 similar growth rates 517:536 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 4 6 theme highest 794:800 arg1 weight 812:817 the highest molecular weight 790:817 the highest molecular weight 790:817 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 6 7 theme biofilm 1084:1090 arg1 formation 1092:1100 biofilm formation 1084:1100 biofilm formation 1084:1100 These physicochemical analyses allowed us to identify features of EPS that are important for biofilm formation. 34349735 1 8 attach isolated 280:287 arg2 RO3 275:277 RO3 275:277 RO3 275:277 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 8 attach isolated 280:287 arg2 RO2 266:268 RO2 266:268 RO2 266:268 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 8 attach isolated 280:287 arg1 membrane 327:334 a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 294:334 a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 294:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 8 attach isolated 280:287 arg2 RO1 261:263 RO1 261:263 RO1 261:263 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 8 attach isolated 280:287 arg2 bacteria 251:258 three bacteria 245:258 three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 245:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 9 theme polymeric 206:214 arg1 substances 216:225 extracellular polymeric substances 192:225 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 192:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 9 theme polymeric 206:214 arg1 EPS 228:230 EPS 228:230 EPS 228:230 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 10 10 theme RO 1645:1646 arg1 membranes 1648:1656 RO membranes 1645:1656 RO membranes 1645:1656 Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that the majority of substances that cause fouling on RO membranes originate from bacteria. 34349735 5 11 theme Infrared 838:845 arg1 FTIR 861:864 FTIR 861:864 FTIR 861:864 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 11 theme Infrared 838:845 arg1 Spectroscopy 847:858 Infrared Spectroscopy 838:858 Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 838:865 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 11 12 from decline 1820:1826 arg1 processes 1844:1852 the membrane processes 1831:1852 the membrane processes 1831:1852 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 4 13 theme gel 627:629 arg1 chromatography 642:655 The gel permeation chromatography 623:655 The gel permeation chromatography 623:655 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 11 14 theme 1H 1703:1704 arg1 NMR 1706:1708 1H NMR 1703:1708 1H NMR 1703:1708 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 13 15 theme genomes 1990:1996 arg1 Examination 1975:1985 Examination 1975:1985 Examination of genomes 1975:1996 Examination of genomes showed that these bacteria carry carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides. 34349735 3 16 theme similar 571:577 arg1 quantities 579:588 produced similar quantities 562:588 produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides 562:620 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 8 17 theme linkages 1328:1335 arg1 presence 1304:1311 The presence 1300:1311 The presence of α-glycoside linkages 1300:1335 The presence of α-glycoside linkages was further confirmed by 13C NMR analysis. 34349735 12 18 theme bacteria 1933:1940 arg1 species 1922:1928 novel species 1916:1928 novel species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus 1916:1972 Genome sequencing of the isolates showed that they represent novel species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus. 34349735 5 19 theme Proton 868:873 arg1 Resonance 892:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 868:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) 868:909 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 19 theme Proton 868:873 arg1 NMR 906:908 1H NMR 903:908 1H NMR 903:908 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 9 20 from membranes 1514:1522 arg1 studies 1536:1542 previous studies 1527:1542 previous studies 1527:1542 The 13C NMR analysis also showed that the EPS produced by these bacteria is chemically similar to foulants obtained from biofouled RO membranes in previous studies. 34349735 3 21 theme proteins 593:600 arg1 quantities 579:588 produced similar quantities 562:588 produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides 562:620 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 3 21 theme proteins 593:600 arg1 rates 532:536 similar growth rates 517:536 similar growth rates 517:536 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 3 21 theme proteins 593:600 arg1 formation 547:555 biofilm formation 539:555 biofilm formation 539:555 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 7 22 theme bacteria 1290:1297 arg1 potential 1277:1285 the fouling potential 1265:1285 the fouling potential of bacteria 1265:1297 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 5 23 theme Magnetic 883:890 arg1 Resonance 892:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 868:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) 868:909 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 23 theme Magnetic 883:890 arg1 NMR 906:908 1H NMR 903:908 1H NMR 903:908 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 16 24 theme biofilm 2408:2414 arg1 treatments 2424:2433 biofilm control treatments 2408:2433 biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane 2408:2453 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 7 25 theme glycosidic 1149:1158 arg1 linkages 1160:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages 1143:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) 1143:1178 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 25 theme glycosidic 1149:1158 arg1 cm-1 1174:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 9 26 theme NMR 1388:1390 arg1 analysis 1392:1399 The 13C NMR analysis 1380:1399 The 13C NMR analysis 1380:1399 The 13C NMR analysis also showed that the EPS produced by these bacteria is chemically similar to foulants obtained from biofouled RO membranes in previous studies. 34349735 16 27 theme treatments 2424:2433 arg1 design 2398:2403 the rational design 2385:2403 the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane 2385:2453 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 2 28 theme seawater 458:465 arg1 plant 477:481 a full-scale seawater treatment plant 445:481 a full-scale seawater treatment plant 445:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 8 29 theme NMR 1366:1368 arg1 analysis 1370:1377 13C NMR analysis 1362:1377 13C NMR analysis 1362:1377 The presence of α-glycoside linkages was further confirmed by 13C NMR analysis. 34349735 7 30 attach presence 1131:1138 arg2 II 1190:1191 amide II 1184:1191 amide II (1,550 cm-1) 1184:1204 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 30 attach presence 1131:1138 arg2 linkages 1160:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages 1143:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) 1143:1178 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 30 attach presence 1131:1138 arg2 cm-1 1174:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 30 attach presence 1131:1138 arg1 EPS 1213:1215 the EPS 1209:1215 the EPS 1209:1215 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 30 attach presence 1131:1138 arg2 cm-1 1200:1203 1,550 cm-1 1194:1203 1,550 cm-1 1194:1203 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 15 31 theme physicochemical 2293:2307 arg1 properties 2309:2318 the physicochemical properties 2289:2318 the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane 2289:2350 These analyses provide a glimpse into the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane. 34349735 0 32 theme Biofouled 107:115 arg1 Membranes 133:141 Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 107:141 Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 107:141 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 14 33 theme genomic 2123:2129 arg1 studies 2131:2137 Further genomic studies 2115:2137 Further genomic studies 2115:2137 Further genomic studies allowed us to identify proteins involved in the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation. 34349735 2 34 theme bacterial 372:380 arg1 strains 382:388 three bacterial strains 366:388 three bacterial strains 366:388 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 0 35 theme Osmosis 125:131 arg1 Membranes 133:141 Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 107:141 Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 107:141 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 5 36 theme Carbon 916:921 arg1 NMR 923:925 Carbon NMR 916:925 Carbon NMR (13C NMR) 916:935 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 36 theme Carbon 916:921 arg1 NMR 932:934 13C NMR 928:934 13C NMR 928:934 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 0 37 theme Bacterial 83:91 arg1 Isolates 93:100 Three Bacterial Isolates 77:100 Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 77:141 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 4 38 theme high 711:714 arg1 weight 726:731 a high molecular weight 709:731 a high molecular weight 709:731 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 0 39 theme Physicochemical 0:14 arg1 Properties 16:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances 0:63 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 2 40 theme RO 418:419 arg1 module 421:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module 395:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant 395:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 2 41 theme 7-year-old 397:406 arg1 module 421:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module 395:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant 395:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 13 42 theme polysaccharides 2098:2112 arg1 production 2084:2093 the production 2080:2093 the production of polysaccharides 2080:2112 Examination of genomes showed that these bacteria carry carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides. 34349735 11 43 contain contained 1730:1738 arg2 abundance 1747:1755 a high abundance 1740:1755 a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds 1740:1780 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 11 43 contain contained 1730:1738 arg1 EPS 1726:1728 the EPS 1722:1728 the EPS 1722:1728 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 14 44 theme Further 2115:2121 arg1 studies 2131:2137 Further genomic studies 2115:2137 Further genomic studies 2115:2137 Further genomic studies allowed us to identify proteins involved in the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation. 34349735 0 45 theme Polymeric 44:52 arg1 Substances 54:63 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 30:63 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 30:63 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 16 46 from useful 2375:2380 arg1 design 2398:2403 the rational design 2385:2403 the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane 2385:2453 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 1 47 theme reverse 306:312 arg1 RO 323:324 RO 323:324 RO 323:324 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 47 theme reverse 306:312 arg1 osmosis 314:320 a biofouled reverse osmosis 294:320 a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 294:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 16 48 theme rational 2389:2396 arg1 design 2398:2403 the rational design 2385:2403 the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane 2385:2453 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 7 49 theme II 1190:1191 arg1 presence 1131:1138 the presence 1127:1138 the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria 1127:1297 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 13 50 theme carbohydrates-active 2031:2050 arg1 enzymes 2052:2058 carbohydrates-active enzymes 2031:2058 carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides 2031:2112 Examination of genomes showed that these bacteria carry carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides. 34349735 13 51 contain carry 2025:2029 arg1 bacteria 2016:2023 these bacteria 2010:2023 these bacteria 2010:2023 Examination of genomes showed that these bacteria carry carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides. 34349735 13 51 contain carry 2025:2029 arg2 enzymes 2052:2058 carbohydrates-active enzymes 2031:2058 carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides 2031:2112 Examination of genomes showed that these bacteria carry carbohydrates-active enzymes that play a role in the production of polysaccharides. 34349735 1 52 theme chemical 168:175 arg1 composition 177:187 the chemical composition 164:187 the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 164:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 2 53 theme pure 349:352 arg1 cultures 354:361 pure cultures 349:361 pure cultures of three bacterial strains 349:388 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 9 54 theme biofouled 1501:1509 arg1 membranes 1514:1522 biofouled RO membranes 1501:1522 biofouled RO membranes in previous studies 1501:1542 The 13C NMR analysis also showed that the EPS produced by these bacteria is chemically similar to foulants obtained from biofouled RO membranes in previous studies. 34349735 2 55 used used 437:440 arg2 module 421:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module 395:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant 395:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 6 56 theme physicochemical 997:1011 arg1 analyses 1013:1020 These physicochemical analyses 991:1020 These physicochemical analyses 991:1020 These physicochemical analyses allowed us to identify features of EPS that are important for biofilm formation. 34349735 3 57 theme similar 517:523 arg1 rates 532:536 similar growth rates 517:536 similar growth rates 517:536 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 9 58 theme previous 1527:1534 arg1 studies 1536:1542 previous studies 1527:1542 previous studies 1527:1542 The 13C NMR analysis also showed that the EPS produced by these bacteria is chemically similar to foulants obtained from biofouled RO membranes in previous studies. 34349735 4 59 contain has 705:707 arg2 weight 726:731 a high molecular weight 709:731 a high molecular weight 709:731 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 4 59 contain has 705:707 arg1 EPS 673:675 the EPS 669:675 the EPS produced by all the strains 669:703 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 10 60 theme substances 1612:1621 arg1 majority 1600:1607 the majority 1596:1607 the majority of substances that cause fouling on RO membranes 1596:1656 Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that the majority of substances that cause fouling on RO membranes originate from bacteria. 34349735 1 61 theme extracellular 192:204 arg1 substances 216:225 extracellular polymeric substances 192:225 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 192:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 61 theme extracellular 192:204 arg1 EPS 228:230 EPS 228:230 EPS 228:230 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 4 62 theme permeation 631:640 arg1 chromatography 642:655 The gel permeation chromatography 623:655 The gel permeation chromatography 623:655 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 14 63 theme biofilm 2232:2238 arg1 formation 2240:2248 biofilm formation 2232:2248 biofilm formation 2232:2248 Further genomic studies allowed us to identify proteins involved in the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation. 34349735 3 64 theme biofilm 539:545 arg1 formation 547:555 biofilm formation 539:555 biofilm formation 539:555 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 1 65 theme substances 216:225 arg1 composition 177:187 the chemical composition 164:187 the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 164:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 4 66 theme molecular 802:810 arg1 weight 812:817 the highest molecular weight 790:817 the highest molecular weight 790:817 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 8 67 theme α-glycoside 1316:1326 arg1 linkages 1328:1335 α-glycoside linkages 1316:1335 α-glycoside linkages 1316:1335 The presence of α-glycoside linkages was further confirmed by 13C NMR analysis. 34349735 6 68 theme EPS 1057:1059 arg1 features 1045:1052 features 1045:1052 features of EPS that are important for biofilm formation 1045:1100 These physicochemical analyses allowed us to identify features of EPS that are important for biofilm formation. 34349735 5 69 theme EPS 986:988 arg1 characterization 962:977 a detailed characterization 951:977 a detailed characterization of the EPS 951:988 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 11 70 theme flux 1815:1818 arg1 decline 1820:1826 flux decline 1815:1826 flux decline in the membrane processes 1815:1852 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 7 71 from presence 1131:1138 arg1 EPS 1213:1215 the EPS 1209:1215 the EPS 1209:1215 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 14 72 theme flagella 2211:2218 arg1 biosynthesis 2187:2198 the biosynthesis 2183:2198 the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation 2183:2248 Further genomic studies allowed us to identify proteins involved in the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation. 34349735 5 73 theme detailed 953:960 arg1 characterization 962:977 a detailed characterization 951:977 a detailed characterization of the EPS 951:988 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 11 74 theme membrane 1835:1842 arg1 processes 1844:1852 the membrane processes 1831:1852 the membrane processes 1831:1852 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 5 75 theme Nuclear 875:881 arg1 Resonance 892:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 868:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) 868:909 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 75 theme Nuclear 875:881 arg1 NMR 906:908 1H NMR 903:908 1H NMR 903:908 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 16 76 theme control 2416:2422 arg1 treatments 2424:2433 biofilm control treatments 2408:2433 biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane 2408:2453 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 8 77 theme 13C 1362:1364 arg1 analysis 1370:1377 13C NMR analysis 1362:1377 13C NMR analysis 1362:1377 The presence of α-glycoside linkages was further confirmed by 13C NMR analysis. 34349735 14 78 theme EPS 2203:2205 arg1 biosynthesis 2187:2198 the biosynthesis 2183:2198 the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation 2183:2248 Further genomic studies allowed us to identify proteins involved in the biosynthesis of EPS and flagella involved in biofilm formation. 34349735 7 79 theme α-1,4 1143:1147 arg1 linkages 1160:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages 1143:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) 1143:1178 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 79 theme α-1,4 1143:1147 arg1 cm-1 1174:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 15 80 theme RO 2340:2341 arg1 membrane 2343:2350 the RO membrane 2336:2350 the RO membrane 2336:2350 These analyses provide a glimpse into the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane. 34349735 9 81 theme 13C 1384:1386 arg1 NMR 1388:1390 The 13C NMR 1380:1390 The 13C NMR analysis 1380:1399 The 13C NMR analysis also showed that the EPS produced by these bacteria is chemically similar to foulants obtained from biofouled RO membranes in previous studies. 34349735 2 82 theme treatment 467:475 arg1 plant 477:481 a full-scale seawater treatment plant 445:481 a full-scale seawater treatment plant 445:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 16 83 from design 2398:2403 arg1 useful 2375:2380 useful 2375:2380 useful 2375:2380 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 15 84 theme EPS 2323:2325 arg1 properties 2309:2318 the physicochemical properties 2289:2318 the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane 2289:2350 These analyses provide a glimpse into the physicochemical properties of EPS found on the RO membrane. 34349735 16 85 theme RO 2443:2444 arg1 membrane 2446:2453 the RO membrane 2439:2453 the RO membrane 2439:2453 This knowledge can be useful in the rational design of biofilm control treatments for the RO membrane. 34349735 2 86 theme full-scale 447:456 arg1 plant 477:481 a full-scale seawater treatment plant 445:481 a full-scale seawater treatment plant 445:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 12 87 theme novel 1916:1920 arg1 species 1922:1928 novel species 1916:1928 novel species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus 1916:1972 Genome sequencing of the isolates showed that they represent novel species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus. 34349735 0 88 theme Reverse 117:123 arg1 Membranes 133:141 Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 107:141 Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 107:141 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 7 89 theme fouling 1269:1275 arg1 potential 1277:1285 the fouling potential 1265:1285 the fouling potential of bacteria 1265:1297 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 90 theme FTIR 1103:1106 arg1 analysis 1108:1115 FTIR analysis 1103:1115 FTIR analysis 1103:1115 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 91 theme EPS 1213:1215 arg1 presence 1222:1229 the presence 1218:1229 the presence 1218:1229 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 11 92 theme hydrophobic 1760:1770 arg1 compounds 1772:1780 hydrophobic compounds 1760:1780 hydrophobic compounds 1760:1780 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 0 93 theme Extracellular 30:42 arg1 Substances 54:63 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 30:63 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 30:63 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 5 94 theme 1H 903:904 arg1 Resonance 892:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 868:900 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) 868:909 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 94 theme 1H 903:904 arg1 NMR 906:908 1H NMR 903:908 1H NMR 903:908 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 3 95 theme produced 562:569 arg1 quantities 579:588 produced similar quantities 562:588 produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides 562:620 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 2 96 theme biofouled 408:416 arg1 module 421:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module 395:426 a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant 395:481 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 4 97 theme molecular 716:724 arg1 weight 726:731 a high molecular weight 709:731 a high molecular weight 709:731 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 0 98 from Membranes 133:141 arg1 Isolates 93:100 Three Bacterial Isolates 77:100 Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes 77:141 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 11 99 theme high 1742:1745 arg1 abundance 1747:1755 a high abundance 1740:1755 a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds 1740:1780 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 0 100 theme Substances 54:63 arg1 Properties 16:25 Physicochemical Properties 0:25 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances 0:63 Physicochemical Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Three Bacterial Isolates From Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes. 34349735 11 101 theme compounds 1772:1780 arg1 abundance 1747:1755 a high abundance 1740:1755 a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds 1740:1780 Investigation using 1H NMR showed that the EPS contained a high abundance of hydrophobic compounds, and these compounds can lead to flux decline in the membrane processes. 34349735 3 102 theme polysaccharides 606:620 arg1 quantities 579:588 produced similar quantities 562:588 produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides 562:620 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 3 102 theme polysaccharides 606:620 arg1 rates 532:536 similar growth rates 517:536 similar growth rates 517:536 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 3 102 theme polysaccharides 606:620 arg1 formation 547:555 biofilm formation 539:555 biofilm formation 539:555 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 2 103 theme strains 382:388 arg1 cultures 354:361 pure cultures 349:361 pure cultures of three bacterial strains 349:388 We isolated pure cultures of three bacterial strains from a 7-year-old biofouled RO module that was used in a full-scale seawater treatment plant. 34349735 1 104 theme biofouled 296:304 arg1 RO 323:324 RO 323:324 RO 323:324 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 1 104 theme biofouled 296:304 arg1 osmosis 314:320 a biofouled reverse osmosis 294:320 a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 294:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 7 105 theme amide 1184:1188 arg1 cm-1 1200:1203 1,550 cm-1 1194:1203 1,550 cm-1 1194:1203 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 105 theme amide 1184:1188 arg1 II 1190:1191 amide II 1184:1191 amide II (1,550 cm-1) 1184:1204 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 4 106 dep strains 763:769 arg1 strains 763:769 strains RO1 and RO3 763:781 strains RO1 and RO3 763:781 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 4 106 dep strains 763:769 arg1 RO3 779:781 RO3 779:781 RO3 779:781 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 4 106 dep strains 763:769 arg1 RO1 771:773 RO1 771:773 RO1 771:773 The gel permeation chromatography showed that the EPS produced by all the strains has a high molecular weight; however, the EPS produced by strains RO1 and RO3 showed the highest molecular weight. 34349735 5 107 dep Fourier 820:826 arg1 Transform 828:836 Transform 828:836 Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) 828:935 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 1 108 theme osmosis 314:320 arg1 membrane 327:334 a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 294:334 a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane 294:334 This work describes the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by three bacteria (RO1, RO2, and RO3) isolated from a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. 34349735 3 109 theme bacterial 492:500 arg1 strains 502:508 All the bacterial strains 484:508 All the bacterial strains 484:508 All the bacterial strains showed similar growth rates, biofilm formation, and produced similar quantities of proteins and polysaccharides. 34349735 12 110 theme isolates 1880:1887 arg1 sequencing 1862:1871 Genome sequencing 1855:1871 Genome sequencing of the isolates 1855:1887 Genome sequencing of the isolates showed that they represent novel species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus. 34349735 5 111 theme 13C 928:930 arg1 NMR 923:925 Carbon NMR 916:925 Carbon NMR (13C NMR) 916:935 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 5 111 theme 13C 928:930 arg1 NMR 932:934 13C NMR 928:934 13C NMR 928:934 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 34349735 7 112 theme 920 1170:1172 arg1 linkages 1160:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages 1143:1167 α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) 1143:1178 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 7 112 theme 920 1170:1172 arg1 cm-1 1174:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 920 cm-1 1170:1177 FTIR analysis indicated the presence of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages (920 cm-1) and amide II (1,550 cm-1) in the EPS, the presence of which has been correlated with the fouling potential of bacteria. 34349735 5 113 used used 942:945 arg2 Fourier 820:826 Fourier 820:826 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) 820:935 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon NMR (13C NMR) were used for a detailed characterization of the EPS. 33254936 6 0 theme spatio-temporal 921:935 arg1 data 937:940 spatio-temporal data 921:940 spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 921:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 7 1 theme aliphatic 1228:1236 arg1 matter 1246:1251 aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1216:1401 matter 1246:1251 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 10 2 theme significant 1817:1827 arg1 trade-off 1839:1847 a significant long-term trade-off 1815:1847 a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation) 1815:1975 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 3 3 theme located 527:533 arg1 meadows 519:525 seagrass meadows 510:525 seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean) 510:610 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 8 4 theme anthropogenic 1610:1622 arg1 impacts 1624:1630 local anthropogenic impacts 1604:1630 local anthropogenic impacts 1604:1630 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 8 5 theme combined 1557:1564 arg1 impacts 1575:1581 combined negative impacts 1557:1581 combined negative impacts of seawater warming 1557:1601 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 9 6 theme current 1730:1736 arg1 state 1743:1747 the current poor state 1726:1747 the current poor state of seagrass meadows 1726:1767 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 8 7 theme extreme 1637:1643 arg1 conditions 1653:1662 extreme setting conditions 1637:1662 extreme setting conditions 1637:1662 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 1 8 theme productive 177:186 arg1 meadows 213:219 highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows 170:219 highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows 170:219 Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression. 33254936 2 9 theme evolution 306:314 arg1 assessment 268:277 A reliable assessment 257:277 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution 257:314 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. 33254936 10 10 theme production 1879:1888 arg1 level 1861:1865 the level 1857:1865 the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation) 1857:1975 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 3 11 theme Cabrera 573:579 arg1 Island 581:586 the Cabrera Island 569:586 the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean) 569:610 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 5 12 theme chemical 842:849 arg1 composition 851:861 the sediment chemical composition 829:861 the sediment chemical composition 829:861 FTIR is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition. 33254936 6 13 theme peaks 964:968 arg1 data 937:940 spatio-temporal data 921:940 spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 921:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 7 14 with carbonate 1173:1181 arg1 matter 1246:1251 aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1216:1401 matter 1246:1251 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 14 with carbonate 1173:1181 arg1 production 1381:1390 the seagrass production 1368:1390 (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1364:1401 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 15 dep related 1078:1084 arg1 1 1064:1064 1 1064:1064 1 1064:1064 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 11 16 theme seagrass 2059:2066 arg1 regression 2068:2077 seagrass regression 2059:2077 seagrass regression 2059:2077 This study provides a reliable baseline data, helping to assess the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers. 33254936 7 17 theme Several 1026:1032 arg1 signals 1038:1044 Several PCA signals 1026:1044 Several PCA signals 1026:1044 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 6 18 theme FTIR 949:952 arg1 peaks 964:968 the FTIR vibratory peaks 945:968 the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 945:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 11 19 theme reliable 2000:2007 arg1 data 2018:2021 a reliable baseline data 1998:2021 a reliable baseline data 1998:2021 This study provides a reliable baseline data, helping to assess the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers. 33254936 7 20 theme biogenic 1342:1349 arg1 silica 1351:1356 biogenic silica 1342:1356 biogenic silica 1342:1356 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 10 21 theme stability 1907:1915 arg1 level 1861:1865 the level 1857:1865 the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation) 1857:1975 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 1 22 theme marine 137:142 arg1 Seagrasses 122:131 Seagrasses 122:131 Seagrasses 122:131 Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression. 33254936 1 22 theme marine 137:142 arg1 angiosperms 144:154 marine angiosperms 137:154 marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression 137:254 Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression. 33254936 7 23 theme organic 1315:1321 arg1 content 1330:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 12 24 theme local 2203:2207 arg1 management 2209:2218 local management 2203:2218 local management 2203:2218 This paleoecological information can help design more targeted management plans and identify meadows where local management could be more efficient. 33254936 10 25 theme variation 1966:1974 arg1 coefficient 1951:1961 the coefficient 1947:1961 the coefficient of variation 1947:1974 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 6 26 used used 903:906 arg2 PCA 894:896 PCA 894:896 PCA 894:896 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 6 26 used used 903:906 arg2 Analysis 884:891 Principal Component Analysis 864:891 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 864:897 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 6 27 theme geochemical 1002:1012 arg1 data 1020:1023 geochemical proxy data 1002:1023 geochemical proxy data 1002:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 9 28 theme stressors 1694:1702 arg1 legacy 1669:1674 The legacy 1665:1674 The legacy of these combined stressors 1665:1702 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 7 29 dep environment 1160:1170 arg1 sediments 1200:1208 siliciclastic sediments 1186:1208 siliciclastic sediments 1186:1208 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 29 dep environment 1160:1170 arg1 carbohydrates 1404:1416 carbohydrates 1404:1416 carbohydrates 1404:1416 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 29 dep environment 1160:1170 arg1 lipids 1441:1446 lipids 1441:1446 lipids 1441:1446 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 29 dep environment 1160:1170 arg1 phenols 1419:1425 phenols 1419:1425 phenols 1419:1425 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 29 dep environment 1160:1170 arg1 carbonate 1173:1181 carbonate 1173:1181 carbonate 1173:1181 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 29 dep environment 1160:1170 arg1 proteins 1428:1435 proteins 1428:1435 proteins 1428:1435 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 12 30 theme targeted 2150:2157 arg1 plans 2170:2174 design more targeted management plans 2138:2174 design more targeted management plans 2138:2174 This paleoecological information can help design more targeted management plans and identify meadows where local management could be more efficient. 33254936 10 31 theme coefficient 1951:1961 arg1 inverse 1936:1942 inverse 1936:1942 inverse 1936:1942 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 0 32 theme past 103:106 arg1 disturbances 108:119 past disturbances 103:119 past disturbances 103:119 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 0 33 theme western 36:42 arg1 meadows 67:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 7 34 theme total 1309:1313 arg1 content 1330:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 8 35 theme seagrass 1464:1471 arg1 production 1473:1482 seagrass production 1464:1482 seagrass production 1464:1482 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 4 36 theme seagrass 734:741 arg1 sediments 743:751 seagrass sediments 734:751 seagrass sediments 734:751 This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. 33254936 3 37 theme last 440:443 arg1 centuries 445:453 the last centuries 436:453 the last centuries 436:453 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 0 38 theme Long-term 0:8 arg1 dynamics 10:17 Long-term dynamics 0:17 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 0:120 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 11 39 theme drivers 2087:2093 arg1 magnitude 2046:2054 the magnitude 2042:2054 the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers 2042:2093 This study provides a reliable baseline data, helping to assess the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers. 33254936 9 40 theme poor 1738:1741 arg1 state 1743:1747 the current poor state 1726:1747 the current poor state of seagrass meadows 1726:1767 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 5 41 theme spectroscopy 784:795 arg1 FTIR 754:757 FTIR 754:757 FTIR 754:757 FTIR is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition. 33254936 5 41 theme spectroscopy 784:795 arg1 form 764:767 a form 762:767 a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition 762:861 FTIR is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition. 33254936 3 42 theme sediment 477:484 arg1 cores 486:490 twelve sediment cores 470:490 twelve sediment cores 470:490 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 7 43 theme sedimentary 1148:1158 arg1 environment 1160:1170 the sedimentary environment 1144:1170 the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids) 1144:1447 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 8 44 theme mainland 1494:1501 arg1 coast 1503:1507 the mainland coast 1490:1507 the mainland coast 1490:1507 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 5 45 theme vibrational 772:782 arg1 spectroscopy 784:795 vibrational spectroscopy 772:795 vibrational spectroscopy 772:795 FTIR is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition. 33254936 6 46 theme Component 874:882 arg1 PCA 894:896 PCA 894:896 PCA 894:896 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 6 46 theme Component 874:882 arg1 Analysis 884:891 Principal Component Analysis 864:891 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 864:897 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 4 47 dep Fourier 644:650 arg1 Transform 652:660 Transform 652:660 Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 652:689 This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. 33254936 7 48 theme marine 1263:1268 arg1 production 1280:1289 the marine community production 1259:1289 the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica) 1259:1357 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 3 49 theme ecosystem 412:420 arg1 dynamics 422:429 seagrass ecosystem dynamics 403:429 seagrass ecosystem dynamics 403:429 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 12 50 theme paleoecological 2101:2115 arg1 information 2117:2127 This paleoecological information 2096:2127 This paleoecological information 2096:2127 This paleoecological information can help design more targeted management plans and identify meadows where local management could be more efficient. 33254936 2 51 theme temporal 356:363 arg1 scales 365:370 long-term temporal scales 346:370 long-term temporal scales 346:370 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. 33254936 0 52 theme Mediterranean 44:56 arg1 meadows 67:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 8 53 theme negative 1566:1573 arg1 impacts 1575:1581 combined negative impacts 1557:1581 combined negative impacts of seawater warming 1557:1601 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 6 54 with combination 973:983 arg1 climate 990:996 climate 990:996 climate 990:996 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 6 54 with combination 973:983 arg1 data 1020:1023 geochemical proxy data 1002:1023 geochemical proxy data 1002:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 0 55 theme seagrass 58:65 arg1 meadows 67:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 7 56 dep production 1280:1289 arg1 content 1330:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 56 dep production 1280:1289 arg1 polysaccharides 1292:1306 polysaccharides 1292:1306 polysaccharides 1292:1306 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 56 dep production 1280:1289 arg1 silica 1351:1356 biogenic silica 1342:1356 biogenic silica 1342:1356 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 6 57 from data 937:940 arg1 combination 973:983 combination 973:983 combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 973:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 10 58 theme long-term 1829:1837 arg1 trade-off 1839:1847 a significant long-term trade-off 1815:1847 a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation) 1815:1975 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 8 59 theme warming 1595:1601 arg1 conditions 1653:1662 extreme setting conditions 1637:1662 extreme setting conditions 1637:1662 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 8 59 theme warming 1595:1601 arg1 impacts 1624:1630 local anthropogenic impacts 1604:1630 local anthropogenic impacts 1604:1630 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 8 59 theme warming 1595:1601 arg1 impacts 1575:1581 combined negative impacts 1557:1581 combined negative impacts of seawater warming 1557:1601 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 7 60 theme organic 1238:1244 arg1 matter 1246:1251 aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1216:1401 matter 1246:1251 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 61 theme relative 1093:1100 arg1 changes 1102:1108 the relative changes 1089:1108 the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids) 1089:1447 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 2 62 theme status 288:293 arg1 assessment 268:277 A reliable assessment 257:277 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution 257:314 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. 33254936 8 63 theme local 1604:1608 arg1 impacts 1624:1630 local anthropogenic impacts 1604:1630 local anthropogenic impacts 1604:1630 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 12 64 dep targeted 2150:2157 arg1 design 2138:2143 design 2138:2143 design 2138:2143 This paleoecological information can help design more targeted management plans and identify meadows where local management could be more efficient. 33254936 7 65 dep identified 1051:1060 arg1 related 1078:1084 related 1078:1084 related 1078:1084 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 3 66 theme Andalusian 545:554 arg1 coast 556:560 the Andalusian coast 541:560 the Andalusian coast 541:560 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 7 67 theme primary 1122:1128 arg1 producers 1130:1138 the main primary producers 1113:1138 the main primary producers 1113:1138 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 9 68 theme meadows 1761:1767 arg1 state 1743:1747 the current poor state 1726:1747 the current poor state of seagrass meadows 1726:1767 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 7 69 theme seagrass 1372:1379 arg1 production 1381:1390 the seagrass production 1368:1390 (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1364:1401 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 4 70 theme Infrared 662:669 arg1 spectroscopy 678:689 Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 662:689 Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 662:689 This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. 33254936 2 71 theme future 299:304 arg1 evolution 306:314 future evolution 299:314 future evolution 299:314 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. 33254936 8 72 theme setting 1645:1651 arg1 conditions 1653:1662 extreme setting conditions 1637:1662 extreme setting conditions 1637:1662 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 5 73 theme sediment 833:840 arg1 composition 851:861 the sediment chemical composition 829:861 the sediment chemical composition 829:861 FTIR is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition. 33254936 3 74 theme seagrass 510:517 arg1 meadows 519:525 seagrass meadows 510:525 seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean) 510:610 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 6 75 theme vibratory 954:962 arg1 peaks 964:968 the FTIR vibratory peaks 945:968 the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 945:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 7 76 theme PCA 1034:1036 arg1 signals 1038:1044 Several PCA signals 1026:1044 Several PCA signals 1026:1044 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 11 77 theme baseline 2009:2016 arg1 data 2018:2021 a reliable baseline data 1998:2021 a reliable baseline data 1998:2021 This study provides a reliable baseline data, helping to assess the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers. 33254936 7 78 with sediments 1200:1208 arg1 matter 1246:1251 aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1216:1401 matter 1246:1251 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 78 with sediments 1200:1208 arg1 production 1381:1390 the seagrass production 1368:1390 (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1364:1401 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 10 79 theme temporal 1898:1905 arg1 stability 1907:1915 its temporal stability 1894:1915 its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation) 1894:1975 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 2 80 theme reliable 259:266 arg1 assessment 268:277 A reliable assessment 257:277 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution 257:314 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. 33254936 7 81 dep production 1381:1390 arg1 3 1365:1365 3 1365:1365 3 1365:1365 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 81 dep production 1381:1390 arg1 aromatics 1393:1401 aromatics 1393:1401 (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1364:1401 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 4 82 theme environmental 710:722 arg1 change 724:729 environmental change 710:729 environmental change in seagrass sediments 710:751 This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. 33254936 3 83 from Island 581:586 arg1 located 527:533 located 527:533 located 527:533 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 7 84 theme aromatic 1216:1223 arg1 matter 1246:1251 aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics 1216:1401 matter 1246:1251 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 1 85 theme valuable 193:200 arg1 meadows 213:219 highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows 170:219 highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows 170:219 Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression. 33254936 10 86 dep stability 1907:1915 arg1 calculated 1918:1927 calculated 1918:1927 calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation 1918:1974 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 7 87 theme matter 1323:1328 arg1 content 1330:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 total organic matter content 1309:1336 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 3 88 dep Island 581:586 arg1 Mediterranean 597:609 Mediterranean 597:609 Mediterranean 597:609 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 6 89 theme proxy 1014:1018 arg1 data 1020:1023 geochemical proxy data 1002:1023 geochemical proxy data 1002:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 9 90 theme combined 1685:1692 arg1 stressors 1694:1702 these combined stressors 1679:1702 these combined stressors 1679:1702 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 0 91 from dynamics 10:17 arg1 meadows 67:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 western Mediterranean seagrass meadows 36:73 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 7 92 theme siliciclastic 1186:1198 arg1 carbohydrates 1404:1416 carbohydrates 1404:1416 carbohydrates 1404:1416 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 92 theme siliciclastic 1186:1198 arg1 lipids 1441:1446 lipids 1441:1446 lipids 1441:1446 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 92 theme siliciclastic 1186:1198 arg1 sediments 1200:1208 siliciclastic sediments 1186:1208 siliciclastic sediments 1186:1208 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 92 theme siliciclastic 1186:1198 arg1 proteins 1428:1435 proteins 1428:1435 proteins 1428:1435 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 92 theme siliciclastic 1186:1198 arg1 phenols 1419:1425 phenols 1419:1425 phenols 1419:1425 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 0 93 theme disturbances 108:119 arg1 Trade-offs 76:85 Trade-offs 76:85 Trade-offs 76:85 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 0 93 theme disturbances 108:119 arg1 legacies 91:98 legacies 91:98 legacies 91:98 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 1 94 theme underwater 202:211 arg1 meadows 213:219 highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows 170:219 highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows 170:219 Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression. 33254936 8 95 theme production 1473:1482 arg1 evident 1513:1519 evident 1513:1519 evident 1513:1519 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 8 95 theme production 1473:1482 arg1 decrease 1452:1459 A decrease 1450:1459 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast 1450:1507 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 12 96 theme management 2159:2168 arg1 plans 2170:2174 design more targeted management plans 2138:2174 design more targeted management plans 2138:2174 This paleoecological information can help design more targeted management plans and identify meadows where local management could be more efficient. 33254936 7 97 theme environment 1160:1170 arg1 changes 1102:1108 the relative changes 1089:1108 the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids) 1089:1447 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 10 98 theme seagrass 1870:1877 arg1 production 1879:1888 seagrass production 1870:1888 seagrass production 1870:1888 Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). 33254936 3 99 theme seagrass 403:410 arg1 dynamics 422:429 seagrass ecosystem dynamics 403:429 seagrass ecosystem dynamics 403:429 With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). 33254936 0 100 theme production 22:31 arg1 dynamics 10:17 Long-term dynamics 0:17 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 0:120 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 7 101 dep matter 1246:1251 arg1 production 1280:1289 the marine community production 1259:1289 the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica) 1259:1357 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 101 dep matter 1246:1251 arg1 2 1256:1256 2 1256:1256 2 1256:1256 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 7 102 theme community 1270:1278 arg1 production 1280:1289 the marine community production 1259:1289 the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica) 1259:1357 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 11 103 theme regression 2068:2077 arg1 magnitude 2046:2054 the magnitude 2042:2054 the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers 2042:2093 This study provides a reliable baseline data, helping to assess the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers. 33254936 6 104 from peaks 964:968 arg1 combination 973:983 combination 973:983 combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 973:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 7 105 theme producers 1130:1138 arg1 changes 1102:1108 the relative changes 1089:1108 the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids) 1089:1447 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 9 106 theme seagrass 1752:1759 arg1 meadows 1761:1767 seagrass meadows 1752:1767 seagrass meadows 1752:1767 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 6 107 from combination 973:983 arg1 data 937:940 spatio-temporal data 921:940 spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data 921:1023 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 7 108 theme main 1117:1120 arg1 producers 1130:1138 the main primary producers 1113:1138 the main primary producers 1113:1138 Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). 33254936 6 109 theme Principal 864:872 arg1 PCA 894:896 PCA 894:896 PCA 894:896 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 6 109 theme Principal 864:872 arg1 Analysis 884:891 Principal Component Analysis 864:891 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 864:897 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. 33254936 2 110 theme long-term 346:354 arg1 scales 365:370 long-term temporal scales 346:370 long-term temporal scales 346:370 A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. 33254936 4 111 from change 724:729 arg1 sediments 743:751 seagrass sediments 734:751 seagrass sediments 734:751 This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. 33254936 4 112 dep Infrared 662:669 arg1 FTIR 672:675 FTIR 672:675 FTIR 672:675 This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. 33254936 9 113 theme Alboran 1776:1782 arg1 Sea 1784:1786 the Alboran Sea 1772:1786 the Alboran Sea 1772:1786 The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. 33254936 8 114 theme seawater 1586:1593 arg1 warming 1595:1601 seawater warming 1586:1601 seawater warming 1586:1601 A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. 33254936 0 115 dep dynamics 10:17 arg1 Trade-offs 76:85 Trade-offs 76:85 Trade-offs 76:85 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 33254936 0 115 dep dynamics 10:17 arg1 legacies 91:98 legacies 91:98 legacies 91:98 Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. 32630014 11 0 theme consistent 1394:1403 arg1 results 1405:1411 consistent results 1394:1411 consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1394:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 12 1 theme pit 1591:1593 arg1 torus 1571:1575 torus 1571:1575 torus 1571:1575 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 5 2 theme extract 648:654 arg1 extract 648:654 the acetone extract 636:654 the acetone extract 636:654 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 2 theme extract 648:654 arg1 % 631:631 82% 629:631 82% of the acetone extract 629:654 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 2 theme extract 648:654 arg1 % 596:596 16% 594:596 16% of the knotwood dry weight 594:623 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 2 theme extract 648:654 arg1 weight 618:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 1 3 theme Picea 250:254 arg1 abies 256:260 Picea abies 250:260 Picea abies 250:260 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 0 4 theme X-ray 61:65 arg1 Microscopy 67:76 Soft X-ray Microscopy 56:76 Soft X-ray Microscopy 56:76 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 4 5 theme different 497:505 arg1 lignans 507:513 15 different lignans 494:513 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 494:576 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 4 6 contain contained 484:492 arg2 lignans 507:513 15 different lignans 494:513 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 494:576 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 4 6 contain contained 484:492 arg1 samples 476:482 The knotwood samples 463:482 The knotwood samples 463:482 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 11 7 theme components 1490:1499 arg1 amounts 1469:1475 the relative amounts 1456:1475 the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1456:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 7 theme components 1490:1499 arg1 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 7 theme components 1490:1499 arg1 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 7 theme components 1490:1499 arg1 components 1490:1499 cell wall components 1480:1499 cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1480:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 0 8 theme Scanning 82:89 arg1 Microscopy 113:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 0 9 from Lignans 0:6 arg1 Knotwood 11:18 Knotwood 11:18 Knotwood of Norway Spruce 11:35 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 10 10 from information 1263:1273 arg1 composition 1291:1301 the chemical composition 1278:1301 the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood 1278:1342 Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. 32630014 9 11 dep either 1092:1097 arg1 present 1107:1113 present 1107:1113 present 1107:1113 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 9 12 from lumina 1122:1127 arg1 present 1107:1113 present 1107:1113 present 1107:1113 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 5 13 theme acetone 640:646 arg1 extract 648:654 the acetone extract 636:654 the acetone extract 636:654 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 7 14 theme knotwood 786:793 arg1 sections 770:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections 727:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood 727:793 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 0 15 theme Electron 104:111 arg1 Microscopy 113:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 10 16 theme chemical 1282:1289 arg1 composition 1291:1301 the chemical composition 1278:1301 the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood 1278:1342 Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. 32630014 5 17 theme dry 614:616 arg1 weight 618:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 18 theme knotwood 605:612 arg1 weight 618:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 11 19 theme chromatographic 1426:1440 arg1 methods 1442:1448 the gas chromatographic methods 1418:1448 the gas chromatographic methods 1418:1448 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 20 theme data 1384:1387 arg1 analysis 1363:1370 A simple spectral analysis 1345:1370 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data 1345:1387 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 0 21 theme Transmission 91:102 arg1 Microscopy 113:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 4 22 theme knotwood 467:474 arg1 samples 476:482 The knotwood samples 463:482 The knotwood samples 463:482 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 5 23 theme weight 618:623 arg1 extract 648:654 the acetone extract 636:654 the acetone extract 636:654 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 23 theme weight 618:623 arg1 % 631:631 82% 629:631 82% of the acetone extract 629:654 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 23 theme weight 618:623 arg1 % 596:596 16% 594:596 16% of the knotwood dry weight 594:623 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 5 23 theme weight 618:623 arg1 weight 618:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 the knotwood dry weight 601:623 They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. 32630014 11 24 dep components 1490:1499 arg1 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 24 dep components 1490:1499 arg1 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 24 dep components 1490:1499 arg1 components 1490:1499 cell wall components 1480:1499 cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1480:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 12 25 theme STXM 1535:1538 arg1 analysis 1540:1547 The STXM analysis 1531:1547 The STXM analysis 1531:1547 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 10 26 theme multi-technique 1209:1223 arg1 characterisation 1225:1240 the multi-technique characterisation 1205:1240 the multi-technique characterisation 1205:1240 Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. 32630014 1 27 theme bioactive 179:187 arg1 compounds 189:197 bioactive compounds 179:197 bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce 179:247 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 1 27 theme bioactive 179:187 arg1 Lignans 167:173 Lignans 167:173 Lignans 167:173 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 9 28 theme resin-embedded 948:961 arg1 samples 963:969 the resin-embedded samples 944:969 the resin-embedded samples 944:969 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 3 29 theme chromatographic 309:323 arg1 techniques 352:361 chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques 309:361 techniques 352:361 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 12 30 theme bordered 1582:1589 arg1 pit 1591:1593 a bordered pit 1580:1593 a bordered pit 1580:1593 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 11 31 theme cell 1480:1483 arg1 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 31 theme cell 1480:1483 arg1 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 31 theme cell 1480:1483 arg1 components 1490:1499 cell wall components 1480:1499 cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1480:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 4 32 theme chromatography-mass 536:554 arg1 analysis 569:576 the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 528:576 the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 528:576 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 11 33 theme STXM 1379:1382 arg1 data 1384:1387 the STXM data 1375:1387 the STXM data 1375:1387 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 6 34 theme main 661:664 arg1 hydroxymatairesinols 691:710 hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2 691:724 hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2 691:724 The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. 32630014 6 34 theme main 661:664 arg1 lignans 666:672 The main lignans 657:672 The main lignans 657:672 The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. 32630014 4 35 theme gas 532:534 arg1 analysis 569:576 the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 528:576 the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 528:576 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 11 36 theme gas 1422:1424 arg1 methods 1442:1448 the gas chromatographic methods 1418:1448 the gas chromatographic methods 1418:1448 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 7 37 theme transmission 823:834 arg1 STXM 854:857 STXM 854:857 STXM 854:857 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 7 37 theme transmission 823:834 arg1 microscopy 842:851 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy 814:851 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) 814:858 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 9 38 located present 1107:1113 arg1 lumina 1122:1127 the lumina 1118:1127 the lumina 1118:1127 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 9 38 located present 1107:1113 arg2 deposits 1072:1079 deposits 1072:1079 deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans 1072:1189 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 7 39 theme X-ray 836:840 arg1 STXM 854:857 STXM 854:857 STXM 854:857 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 7 39 theme X-ray 836:840 arg1 microscopy 842:851 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy 814:851 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) 814:858 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 10 40 theme components 1321:1330 arg1 composition 1291:1301 the chemical composition 1278:1301 the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood 1278:1342 Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. 32630014 8 41 theme only 896:899 arg1 residues 908:915 only lignan residues 896:915 only lignan residues inside the cell lumina 896:938 Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. 32630014 8 42 theme lignan 901:906 arg1 residues 908:915 only lignan residues 896:915 only lignan residues inside the cell lumina 896:938 Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. 32630014 3 43 theme xylem 449:453 arg1 tissue 455:460 the xylem tissue 445:460 the xylem tissue 445:460 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 0 44 theme Spruce 30:35 arg1 Knotwood 11:18 Knotwood 11:18 Knotwood of Norway Spruce 11:35 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 4 45 theme spectrometry 556:567 arg1 analysis 569:576 the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 528:576 the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 528:576 The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. 32630014 0 46 theme Dispersive 136:145 arg1 Spectroscopy 153:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 1 47 dep compounds 189:197 arg1 Karst 265:269 Karst 265:269 Karst 265:269 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 7 48 theme scanning 814:821 arg1 STXM 854:857 STXM 854:857 STXM 854:857 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 7 48 theme scanning 814:821 arg1 microscopy 842:851 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy 814:851 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) 814:858 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 9 49 from present 1107:1113 arg1 lumina 1122:1127 the lumina 1118:1127 the lumina 1118:1127 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 0 50 theme Norway 23:28 arg1 Spruce 30:35 Norway Spruce 23:35 Norway Spruce 23:35 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 0 51 theme Energy 129:134 arg1 Spectroscopy 153:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 1 52 from abundant 219:226 arg1 spruce 242:247 the Norway spruce 231:247 the Norway spruce 231:247 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 3 53 theme imaging 344:350 arg1 techniques 352:361 chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques 309:361 techniques 352:361 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 11 54 theme simple 1347:1352 arg1 analysis 1363:1370 A simple spectral analysis 1345:1370 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data 1345:1387 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 3 55 theme techniques 352:361 arg1 techniques 352:361 chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques 309:361 techniques 352:361 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 3 55 theme techniques 352:361 arg1 variety 298:304 a variety 296:304 a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques 296:361 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 1 56 from spruce 242:247 arg1 abundant 219:226 abundant 219:226 abundant 219:226 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 9 57 attach present 1107:1113 arg1 lumina 1122:1127 the lumina 1118:1127 the lumina 1118:1127 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 9 57 attach present 1107:1113 arg2 deposits 1072:1079 deposits 1072:1079 deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans 1072:1189 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 32630014 7 58 theme resin-embedded 745:758 arg1 sections 770:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections 727:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood 727:793 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 0 59 theme X-ray 147:151 arg1 Spectroscopy 153:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 11 60 with results 1405:1411 arg1 methods 1442:1448 the gas chromatographic methods 1418:1448 the gas chromatographic methods 1418:1448 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 8 61 theme cell 928:931 arg1 lumina 933:938 the cell lumina 924:938 the cell lumina 924:938 Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. 32630014 6 62 dep hydroxymatairesinols 691:710 arg1 HMR1 712:715 HMR1 712:715 HMR1 712:715 The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. 32630014 6 62 dep hydroxymatairesinols 691:710 arg1 hydroxymatairesinols 691:710 hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2 691:724 hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2 691:724 The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. 32630014 6 62 dep hydroxymatairesinols 691:710 arg1 HMR2 721:724 HMR2 721:724 HMR2 721:724 The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. 32630014 7 63 theme ultrathin 760:768 arg1 sections 770:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections 727:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood 727:793 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 1 64 dep Karst 265:269 arg1 abies 256:260 Picea abies 250:260 Picea abies 250:260 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 12 65 theme aromatic 1605:1612 arg1 compounds 1614:1622 aromatic compounds 1605:1622 aromatic compounds 1605:1622 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 12 65 theme aromatic 1605:1612 arg1 lignin 1634:1639 lignin 1634:1639 possibly lignin 1625:1639 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 10 66 theme structural 1310:1319 arg1 components 1321:1330 the structural components 1306:1330 the structural components of knotwood 1306:1342 Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. 32630014 11 67 theme wall 1485:1488 arg1 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 67 theme wall 1485:1488 arg1 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 67 theme wall 1485:1488 arg1 components 1490:1499 cell wall components 1480:1499 cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1480:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 7 68 theme Cryosectioned 727:739 arg1 sections 770:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections 727:777 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood 727:793 Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). 32630014 3 69 from lignans 434:440 arg1 tissue 455:460 the xylem tissue 445:460 the xylem tissue 445:460 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 0 70 with Localisation 38:49 arg1 Spectroscopy 153:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 129:164 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 0 70 with Localisation 38:49 arg1 Microscopy 113:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 82:122 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 0 70 with Localisation 38:49 arg1 Microscopy 67:76 Soft X-ray Microscopy 56:76 Soft X-ray Microscopy 56:76 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 11 71 theme relative 1460:1467 arg1 amounts 1469:1475 the relative amounts 1456:1475 the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1456:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 71 theme relative 1460:1467 arg1 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 lignin 1502:1507 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 71 theme relative 1460:1467 arg1 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 polysaccharides 1513:1527 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 11 71 theme relative 1460:1467 arg1 components 1490:1499 cell wall components 1480:1499 cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides) 1480:1528 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 10 72 theme knotwood 1335:1342 arg1 components 1321:1330 the structural components 1306:1330 the structural components of knotwood 1306:1342 Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. 32630014 1 73 theme Norway 235:240 arg1 spruce 242:247 the Norway spruce 231:247 the Norway spruce 231:247 Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) 32630014 0 74 theme Soft 56:59 arg1 Microscopy 67:76 Soft X-ray Microscopy 56:76 Soft X-ray Microscopy 56:76 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 12 75 contain contained 1595:1603 arg1 torus 1571:1575 torus 1571:1575 torus 1571:1575 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 12 75 contain contained 1595:1603 arg2 lignin 1634:1639 lignin 1634:1639 possibly lignin 1625:1639 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 12 75 contain contained 1595:1603 arg2 compounds 1614:1622 aromatic compounds 1605:1622 aromatic compounds 1605:1622 The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin. 32630014 3 76 theme extractable 422:432 arg1 lignans 434:440 the easily extractable lignans 411:440 the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue 411:460 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 3 77 theme spectroscopic 326:338 arg1 techniques 352:361 chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques 309:361 techniques 352:361 By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. 32630014 11 78 theme spectral 1354:1361 arg1 analysis 1363:1370 A simple spectral analysis 1345:1370 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data 1345:1387 A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). 32630014 0 79 dep Lignans 0:6 arg1 Localisation 38:49 Localisation 38:49 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 0:165 Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 32630014 9 80 theme cell 1033:1036 arg1 lumina 1038:1043 the cell lumina 1029:1043 the cell lumina 1029:1043 In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. 34974050 7 0 theme dyeing 1111:1116 arg1 wastewater 1118:1127 the dyeing wastewater 1107:1127 the dyeing wastewater 1107:1127 Afterwards, the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater was tested. 34974050 0 1 from alleviation 17:27 arg1 reclamation 73:83 dyeing wastewater reclamation 55:83 dyeing wastewater reclamation 55:83 Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. 34974050 6 2 with compounds 999:1007 arg1 potential 1047:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 6 3 theme high-MW 991:997 arg1 compounds 999:1007 high-MW compounds 991:1007 high-MW compounds 991:1007 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 6 3 theme high-MW 991:997 arg1 polysaccharides 921:935 polysaccharides 921:935 polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM) 921:988 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 2 4 theme membrane 444:451 arg1 fouling 453:459 the RO membrane fouling 437:459 the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment 437:494 This study aimed at resolving the mechanism how the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment was alleviated by using adsorption and coagulation. 34974050 10 5 theme raw 1409:1411 arg1 wastewater 1413:1422 raw wastewater 1409:1422 raw wastewater 1409:1422 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 2 6 dep mechanism 423:431 arg1 alleviated 500:509 alleviated 500:509 was alleviated by using adsorption and coagulation 496:545 This study aimed at resolving the mechanism how the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment was alleviated by using adsorption and coagulation. 34974050 1 7 theme RO 162:163 arg1 fouling 175:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling 145:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM) 145:223 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 9 8 theme 6-fold 1287:1292 arg1 dilution 1294:1301 6-fold dilution 1287:1301 6-fold dilution 1287:1301 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 6 9 dep polysaccharides 921:935 arg1 higher 965:970 higher 965:970 higher 965:970 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 6 9 dep polysaccharides 921:935 arg1 rate 950:953 the removal rate 938:953 the removal rate 938:953 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 2 10 theme RO 441:442 arg1 fouling 453:459 the RO membrane fouling 437:459 the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment 437:494 This study aimed at resolving the mechanism how the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment was alleviated by using adsorption and coagulation. 34974050 6 11 theme fouling 1039:1045 arg1 potential 1047:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 11 12 theme more 1513:1516 arg1 effects 1518:1524 more effects 1513:1524 more effects on RO membrane fouling 1513:1547 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 9 13 theme GAC 1200:1202 arg1 treatment 1204:1212 GAC treatment 1200:1212 GAC treatment 1200:1212 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 9 14 theme decline 1219:1225 arg1 similar 1247:1253 similar 1247:1253 similar 1247:1253 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 9 14 theme decline 1219:1225 arg1 rate 1227:1230 the decline rate 1215:1230 the decline rate of RO flux 1215:1241 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 4 15 theme polyaluminum 686:697 arg1 PACl 709:712 PACl 709:712 PACl 709:712 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 15 theme polyaluminum 686:697 arg1 chloride 699:706 polyaluminum chloride 686:706 polyaluminum chloride (PACl) 686:713 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 7 16 theme fouling 1086:1092 arg1 potential 1094:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential 1070:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater 1070:1127 Afterwards, the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater was tested. 34974050 9 17 theme raw 1266:1268 arg1 wastewater 1270:1279 raw wastewater 1266:1279 raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution 1266:1301 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 11 18 contain had 1509:1511 arg1 Changes 1463:1469 Changes 1463:1469 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM 1463:1507 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 11 18 contain had 1509:1511 arg2 effects 1518:1524 more effects 1513:1524 more effects on RO membrane fouling 1513:1547 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 2 19 theme wastewater 475:484 arg1 treatment 486:494 dyeing wastewater treatment 468:494 dyeing wastewater treatment 468:494 This study aimed at resolving the mechanism how the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment was alleviated by using adsorption and coagulation. 34974050 1 20 theme RO 343:344 arg1 fouling 355:361 RO membrane fouling 343:361 RO membrane fouling 343:361 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 21 from structure 269:277 arg1 wastewater 296:305 dyeing wastewater 289:305 dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation 289:338 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 10 22 theme DOM 1450:1452 arg1 content 1454:1460 the same DOM content 1441:1460 the same DOM content 1441:1460 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 6 23 theme PFS 888:890 arg1 coagulants 874:883 Both coagulants 869:883 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl 869:899 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 1 24 theme membrane 166:173 arg1 fouling 175:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling 145:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM) 145:223 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 7 25 theme RO 1074:1075 arg1 potential 1094:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential 1070:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater 1070:1127 Afterwards, the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater was tested. 34974050 1 26 theme membrane 346:353 arg1 fouling 355:361 RO membrane fouling 343:361 RO membrane fouling 343:361 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 7 27 theme wastewater 1118:1127 arg1 potential 1094:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential 1070:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater 1070:1127 Afterwards, the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater was tested. 34974050 2 28 theme dyeing 468:473 arg1 treatment 486:494 dyeing wastewater treatment 468:494 dyeing wastewater treatment 468:494 This study aimed at resolving the mechanism how the RO membrane fouling during dyeing wastewater treatment was alleviated by using adsorption and coagulation. 34974050 12 29 theme intermediate 1683:1694 arg1 type 1668:1671 the fouling type 1656:1671 the fouling type 1656:1671 Although the DOM changed significantly after pretreatment, the fouling type was still intermediate blocking. 34974050 12 29 theme intermediate 1683:1694 arg1 blocking 1696:1703 intermediate blocking 1683:1703 intermediate blocking 1683:1703 Although the DOM changed significantly after pretreatment, the fouling type was still intermediate blocking. 34974050 11 30 from content 1490:1496 arg1 DOM 1505:1507 the DOM 1501:1507 the DOM 1501:1507 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 7 31 theme membrane 1077:1084 arg1 potential 1094:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential 1070:1102 the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater 1070:1127 Afterwards, the RO membrane fouling potential of the dyeing wastewater was tested. 34974050 1 32 theme changed 245:251 arg1 composition 253:263 composition 253:263 composition 253:263 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 33 from composition 253:263 arg1 wastewater 296:305 dyeing wastewater 289:305 dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation 289:338 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 3 34 theme dyeing 552:557 arg1 wastewater 559:568 The dyeing wastewater 548:568 The dyeing wastewater 548:568 The dyeing wastewater caused serious RO membrane fouling. 34974050 10 35 theme same 1445:1448 arg1 content 1454:1460 the same DOM content 1441:1460 the same DOM content 1441:1460 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 1 36 theme composition 253:263 arg1 effects 234:240 the effects 230:240 the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling 230:361 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 37 from effects 234:240 arg1 wastewater 296:305 dyeing wastewater 289:305 dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation 289:338 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 37 from effects 234:240 arg1 fouling 355:361 RO membrane fouling 343:361 RO membrane fouling 343:361 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 38 used used 127:130 arg2 coagulation 101:111 coagulation 101:111 coagulation 101:111 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 38 used used 127:130 arg2 Adsorption 86:95 Adsorption 86:95 Adsorption 86:95 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 4 39 with Pretreatment 606:617 arg1 chloride 699:706 polyaluminum chloride 686:706 polyaluminum chloride (PACl) 686:713 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 39 with Pretreatment 606:617 arg1 carbon 643:648 granular activated carbon 624:648 granular activated carbon (GAC) 624:654 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 39 with Pretreatment 606:617 arg1 sulfate 668:674 polyferric sulfate 657:674 polyferric sulfate (PFS) 657:680 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 39 with Pretreatment 606:617 arg1 PFS 677:679 PFS 677:679 PFS 677:679 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 39 with Pretreatment 606:617 arg1 PACl 709:712 PACl 709:712 PACl 709:712 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 39 with Pretreatment 606:617 arg1 GAC 651:653 GAC 651:653 GAC 651:653 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 40 theme granular 624:631 arg1 GAC 651:653 GAC 651:653 GAC 651:653 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 40 theme granular 624:631 arg1 carbon 643:648 granular activated carbon 624:648 granular activated carbon (GAC) 624:654 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 5 41 theme hydrophobic 821:831 arg1 neutrals 833:840 hydrophobic neutrals 821:840 hydrophobic neutrals 821:840 It was shown that GAC could remove most of the DOM (95%) and preferred to adsorb protein, hydrophobic neutrals and fluorescent compounds. 34974050 1 42 theme dissolved 193:201 arg1 DOM 220:222 DOM 220:222 DOM 220:222 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 42 theme dissolved 193:201 arg1 matters 211:217 dissolved organic matters 193:217 dissolved organic matters (DOM) 193:223 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 0 43 theme membrane 35:42 arg1 fouling 44:50 RO membrane fouling 32:50 RO membrane fouling 32:50 Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. 34974050 1 44 theme structure 269:277 arg1 effects 234:240 the effects 230:240 the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling 230:361 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 3 45 theme serious 577:583 arg1 fouling 597:603 serious RO membrane fouling 577:603 serious RO membrane fouling 577:603 The dyeing wastewater caused serious RO membrane fouling. 34974050 1 46 theme organic 203:209 arg1 DOM 220:222 DOM 220:222 DOM 220:222 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 46 theme organic 203:209 arg1 matters 211:217 dissolved organic matters 193:217 dissolved organic matters (DOM) 193:223 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 0 47 theme RO 32:33 arg1 fouling 44:50 RO membrane fouling 32:50 RO membrane fouling 32:50 Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. 34974050 9 48 theme flux 1238:1241 arg1 similar 1247:1253 similar 1247:1253 similar 1247:1253 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 9 48 theme flux 1238:1241 arg1 rate 1227:1230 the decline rate 1215:1230 the decline rate of RO flux 1215:1241 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 10 49 theme fouling 1342:1348 arg1 potential 1350:1358 the fouling potential 1338:1358 the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater 1338:1379 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 10 49 theme fouling 1342:1348 arg1 lower 1390:1394 lower 1390:1394 lower 1390:1394 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 11 50 theme RO 1529:1530 arg1 fouling 1541:1547 RO membrane fouling 1529:1547 RO membrane fouling 1529:1547 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 3 51 theme RO 585:586 arg1 fouling 597:603 serious RO membrane fouling 577:603 serious RO membrane fouling 577:603 The dyeing wastewater caused serious RO membrane fouling. 34974050 4 52 theme activated 633:641 arg1 GAC 651:653 GAC 651:653 GAC 651:653 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 52 theme activated 633:641 arg1 carbon 643:648 granular activated carbon 624:648 granular activated carbon (GAC) 624:654 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 1 53 from wastewater 296:305 arg1 effects 234:240 the effects 230:240 the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling 230:361 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 54 theme DOM 282:284 arg1 structure 269:277 structure 269:277 structure 269:277 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 1 54 theme DOM 282:284 arg1 composition 253:263 composition 253:263 composition 253:263 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 6 55 theme PACl 896:899 arg1 coagulants 874:883 Both coagulants 869:883 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl 869:899 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 12 56 theme fouling 1660:1666 arg1 type 1668:1671 the fouling type 1656:1671 the fouling type 1656:1671 Although the DOM changed significantly after pretreatment, the fouling type was still intermediate blocking. 34974050 12 56 theme fouling 1660:1666 arg1 blocking 1696:1703 intermediate blocking 1683:1703 intermediate blocking 1683:1703 Although the DOM changed significantly after pretreatment, the fouling type was still intermediate blocking. 34974050 6 57 theme high 1034:1037 arg1 potential 1047:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 0 58 theme fouling 44:50 arg1 alleviation 17:27 alleviation 17:27 alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation 17:83 Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. 34974050 10 59 theme dyeing 1363:1368 arg1 wastewater 1370:1379 dyeing wastewater 1363:1379 dyeing wastewater 1363:1379 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 1 60 theme dyeing 289:294 arg1 wastewater 296:305 dyeing wastewater 289:305 dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation 289:338 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 9 61 theme RO 1235:1236 arg1 flux 1238:1241 RO flux 1235:1241 RO flux 1235:1241 After GAC treatment, the decline rate of RO flux was similar to that of raw wastewater after 6-fold dilution. 34974050 5 62 theme fluorescent 846:856 arg1 compounds 858:866 fluorescent compounds 846:866 fluorescent compounds 846:866 It was shown that GAC could remove most of the DOM (95%) and preferred to adsorb protein, hydrophobic neutrals and fluorescent compounds. 34974050 10 63 theme wastewater 1370:1379 arg1 potential 1350:1358 the fouling potential 1338:1358 the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater 1338:1379 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 10 63 theme wastewater 1370:1379 arg1 lower 1390:1394 lower 1390:1394 lower 1390:1394 With pretreatment by PFS or PACl, the fouling potential of dyeing wastewater was much lower than that of raw wastewater after diluted to the same DOM content. 34974050 4 64 theme polyferric 657:666 arg1 PFS 677:679 PFS 677:679 PFS 677:679 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 4 64 theme polyferric 657:666 arg1 sulfate 668:674 polyferric sulfate 657:674 polyferric sulfate (PFS) 657:680 Pretreatment with granular activated carbon (GAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were conducted. 34974050 0 65 theme wastewater 62:71 arg1 reclamation 73:83 dyeing wastewater reclamation 55:83 dyeing wastewater reclamation 55:83 Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. 34974050 3 66 theme membrane 588:595 arg1 fouling 597:603 serious RO membrane fouling 577:603 serious RO membrane fouling 577:603 The dyeing wastewater caused serious RO membrane fouling. 34974050 11 67 theme polysaccharides 1474:1488 arg1 content 1490:1496 polysaccharides content 1474:1496 polysaccharides content in the DOM 1474:1507 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 1 68 theme reverse 145:151 arg1 fouling 175:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling 145:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM) 145:223 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 11 69 from Changes 1463:1469 arg1 content 1490:1496 polysaccharides content 1474:1496 polysaccharides content in the DOM 1474:1507 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 6 70 theme removal 942:948 arg1 higher 965:970 higher 965:970 higher 965:970 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 6 70 theme removal 942:948 arg1 rate 950:953 the removal rate 938:953 the removal rate 938:953 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 0 71 theme dyeing 55:60 arg1 reclamation 73:83 dyeing wastewater reclamation 55:83 dyeing wastewater reclamation 55:83 Pretreatment for alleviation of RO membrane fouling in dyeing wastewater reclamation. 34974050 6 72 with compounds 1019:1027 arg1 potential 1047:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 high fouling potential 1034:1055 Both coagulants of PFS and PACl preferred to remove polysaccharides (the removal rate was 9-19% higher than that of DOM), high-MW compounds and these compounds with high fouling potential. 34974050 11 73 from effects 1518:1524 arg1 fouling 1541:1547 RO membrane fouling 1529:1547 RO membrane fouling 1529:1547 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 34974050 1 74 theme osmosis 153:159 arg1 fouling 175:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling 145:181 reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM) 145:223 Adsorption and coagulation were commonly used to alleviate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling caused by dissolved organic matters (DOM), but the effects of changed composition and structure of DOM in dyeing wastewater after adsorption and coagulation on RO membrane fouling have seldom been studied. 34974050 11 75 theme membrane 1532:1539 arg1 fouling 1541:1547 RO membrane fouling 1529:1547 RO membrane fouling 1529:1547 Changes in polysaccharides content in the DOM had more effects on RO membrane fouling than that of proteins after these pretreatment. 33806146 0 0 from Potential 19:27 arg1 auricula-judae 84:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 7 1 theme % 1107:1107 arg1 control 1127:1133 control 1127:1133 control 1127:1133 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 1 theme % 1107:1107 arg1 p 1113:1113 p 1113:1113 p = 0.031 1113:1121 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 1 theme % 1107:1107 arg1 AAP 1108:1110 2.5%AAP 1104:1110 2.5%AAP 1104:1110 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 8 2 theme wound 1334:1338 arg1 management 1340:1349 wound management 1334:1349 wound management 1334:1349 Overall, our results indicate that the wound-healing activities of AAP can be applied in an AAP-based product for wound management. 33806146 1 3 theme traditional 169:179 arg1 medicine 181:188 traditional medicine 169:188 traditional medicine 169:188 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 7 4 theme wound-healing 1074:1086 arg1 model 1088:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 6 5 theme collagen 921:928 arg1 synthesis 930:938 collagen synthesis 921:938 collagen synthesis 921:938 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 2 6 theme polysaccharide-rich 360:378 arg1 extract 380:386 a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract 344:386 a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP) 344:424 In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). 33806146 4 7 theme AAP 568:570 arg1 composition 553:563 The main sugar composition 538:563 The main sugar composition of AAP 538:570 The main sugar composition of AAP includes mannose, galactose, and glucose. 33806146 8 8 theme wound-healing 1259:1271 arg1 activities 1273:1282 the wound-healing activities 1255:1282 the wound-healing activities of AAP 1255:1289 Overall, our results indicate that the wound-healing activities of AAP can be applied in an AAP-based product for wound management. 33806146 7 9 dep = 1170:1170 arg1 0.009 1172:1176 0.009 1172:1176 0.009 1172:1176 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 5 10 theme human 724:728 arg1 fibroblasts 730:740 human fibroblasts 724:740 human fibroblasts in cellulo 724:751 AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. 33806146 7 11 theme 2.5 1104:1106 arg1 % 1107:1107 % 1107:1107 % 1107:1107 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 3 12 contain contained 431:439 arg2 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 12 contain contained 431:439 arg1 AAP 427:429 AAP 427:429 AAP 427:429 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 12 contain contained 431:439 arg2 extract 493:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 12 contain contained 431:439 arg2 amounts 446:452 high amounts 441:452 high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) 441:500 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 2 13 theme extract 380:386 arg1 effects 333:339 the wound-healing effects 315:339 the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP) 315:424 In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). 33806146 6 14 theme process 899:905 arg1 augmentation 865:876 augmentation 865:876 augmentation of the wound-healing process 865:905 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 6 15 theme keratinocyte 801:812 arg1 proliferation 814:826 both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation 781:826 proliferation 814:826 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 6 16 theme wound-healing 885:897 arg1 process 899:905 the wound-healing process 881:905 the wound-healing process 881:905 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 3 17 theme kDa 533:535 arg1 weight 519:524 a molecular weight 507:524 a molecular weight of 158 kDa 507:535 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 7 18 dep day 1097:1099 arg1 control 1127:1133 control 1127:1133 control 1127:1133 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 18 dep day 1097:1099 arg1 p 1113:1113 p 1113:1113 p = 0.031 1113:1121 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 18 dep day 1097:1099 arg1 AAP 1108:1110 2.5%AAP 1104:1110 2.5%AAP 1104:1110 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 3 19 theme polysaccharides 457:471 arg1 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 19 theme polysaccharides 457:471 arg1 amounts 446:452 high amounts 441:452 high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) 441:500 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 19 theme polysaccharides 457:471 arg1 extract 493:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 0 20 theme Wound-Healing 5:17 arg1 Potential 19:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential 0:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 0:105 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 0 20 theme Wound-Healing 5:17 arg1 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 7 21 dep = 1115:1115 arg1 0.031 1117:1121 0.031 1117:1121 0.031 1117:1121 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 2 22 theme wound-healing 319:331 arg1 effects 333:339 the wound-healing effects 315:339 the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP) 315:424 In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). 33806146 3 23 theme high 441:444 arg1 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 23 theme high 441:444 arg1 amounts 446:452 high amounts 441:452 high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) 441:500 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 23 theme high 441:444 arg1 extract 493:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 0 24 theme Skin 0:3 arg1 Potential 19:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential 0:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 0:105 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 0 24 theme Skin 0:3 arg1 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 4 25 theme sugar 547:551 arg1 composition 553:563 The main sugar composition 538:563 The main sugar composition of AAP 538:570 The main sugar composition of AAP includes mannose, galactose, and glucose. 33806146 5 26 theme antioxidant 628:638 arg1 activity 640:647 antioxidant activity 628:647 antioxidant activity 628:647 AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. 33806146 7 27 theme mice 1064:1067 arg1 model 1088:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 2 28 theme A. 402:403 arg1 AAP 421:423 AAP 421:423 AAP 421:423 In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). 33806146 2 28 theme A. 402:403 arg1 auricula-judae 405:418 A. auricula-judae 402:418 A. auricula-judae (AAP) 402:424 In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). 33806146 4 29 theme main 542:545 arg1 composition 553:563 The main sugar composition 538:563 The main sugar composition of AAP 538:570 The main sugar composition of AAP includes mannose, galactose, and glucose. 33806146 5 30 theme UVB-induced 680:690 arg1 production 710:719 UVB-induced intracellular ROS production 680:719 UVB-induced intracellular ROS production 680:719 AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. 33806146 1 31 theme Auricularia 108:118 arg1 mushroom 152:159 a nutrient-rich mushroom 136:159 a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine 136:188 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 1 31 theme Auricularia 108:118 arg1 macrofungi 196:205 a macrofungi 194:205 a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties 194:249 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 1 31 theme Auricularia 108:118 arg1 auricula-judae 120:133 Auricularia auricula-judae 108:133 Auricularia auricula-judae 108:133 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 8 32 theme AAP 1287:1289 arg1 activities 1273:1282 the wound-healing activities 1255:1282 the wound-healing activities of AAP 1255:1289 Overall, our results indicate that the wound-healing activities of AAP can be applied in an AAP-based product for wound management. 33806146 3 33 theme ± 481:481 arg1 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 33 theme ± 481:481 arg1 extract 493:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 33 theme ± 481:481 arg1 amounts 446:452 high amounts 441:452 high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) 441:500 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 6 34 theme p 982:982 arg1 < 984:984 All p < 0.05 978:989 All p < 0.05 978:989 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 5 35 theme intracellular 692:704 arg1 production 710:719 UVB-induced intracellular ROS production 680:719 UVB-induced intracellular ROS production 680:719 AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. 33806146 5 36 from fibroblasts 730:740 arg1 cellulo 745:751 cellulo 745:751 cellulo 745:751 AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. 33806146 3 37 theme molecular 509:517 arg1 weight 519:524 a molecular weight 507:524 a molecular weight of 158 kDa 507:535 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 7 38 theme = 1115:1115 arg1 p 1113:1113 p 1113:1113 p = 0.031 1113:1121 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 38 theme = 1115:1115 arg1 AAP 1108:1110 2.5%AAP 1104:1110 2.5%AAP 1104:1110 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 5 39 theme ROS 706:708 arg1 production 710:719 UVB-induced intracellular ROS production 680:719 UVB-induced intracellular ROS production 680:719 AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. 33806146 7 40 with AAP 1159:1161 arg1 control 1196:1202 control 1196:1202 control 1196:1202 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 40 with AAP 1159:1161 arg1 p 1168:1168 p 1168:1168 p = 0.009 1168:1176 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 40 with AAP 1159:1161 arg1 p 1182:1182 p < 1182:1184 p < 1182:1184 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 1 41 theme various 221:227 arg1 properties 240:249 various biological properties 221:249 various biological properties 221:249 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 0 42 theme Polysaccharides 32:46 arg1 Potential 19:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential 0:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 0:105 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 0 42 theme Polysaccharides 32:46 arg1 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 6 43 dep increasing 910:919 arg1 < 984:984 All p < 0.05 978:989 All p < 0.05 978:989 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 0 44 from auricula-judae 84:97 arg1 Potential 19:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential 0:27 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 0:105 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 0 44 from auricula-judae 84:97 arg1 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Bull 100:103 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 0 44 from auricula-judae 84:97 arg1 Polysaccharides 32:46 Polysaccharides 32:46 Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 32:97 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 1 45 theme biological 229:238 arg1 properties 240:249 various biological properties 221:249 various biological properties 221:249 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 0 46 theme Mushroom 63:70 arg1 auricula-judae 84:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 6 47 dep along 854:858 arg1 with 860:863 with 860:863 with 860:863 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 7 48 dep day 1140:1142 arg1 AAP 1159:1161 2.5%AAP 1155:1161 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control 1155:1202 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 48 dep day 1140:1142 arg1 % 1149:1149 1% 1148:1149 1% 1148:1149 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 49 theme % 1158:1158 arg1 AAP 1159:1161 2.5%AAP 1155:1161 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control 1155:1202 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 2 50 theme water-soluble 346:358 arg1 extract 380:386 a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract 344:386 a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP) 344:424 In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). 33806146 0 51 theme Medicinal 53:61 arg1 auricula-judae 84:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 6 52 theme E-cadherin 955:964 arg1 expression 966:975 E-cadherin expression 955:975 E-cadherin expression 955:975 AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). 33806146 7 53 theme skin 1069:1072 arg1 model 1088:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 54 with % 1149:1149 arg1 control 1196:1202 control 1196:1202 control 1196:1202 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 54 with % 1149:1149 arg1 p 1168:1168 p 1168:1168 p = 0.009 1168:1176 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 7 54 with % 1149:1149 arg1 p 1182:1182 p < 1182:1184 p < 1182:1184 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 1 55 theme nutrient-rich 138:150 arg1 mushroom 152:159 a nutrient-rich mushroom 136:159 a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine 136:188 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 1 55 theme nutrient-rich 138:150 arg1 auricula-judae 120:133 Auricularia auricula-judae 108:133 Auricularia auricula-judae 108:133 Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macrofungi that exhibits various biological properties. 33806146 7 56 theme wound 1045:1049 arg1 closure 1051:1057 the wound closure 1041:1057 the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model 1041:1092 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 3 57 theme mg/g 488:491 arg1 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 polysaccharides 457:471 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 57 theme mg/g 488:491 arg1 extract 493:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract 474:499 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 3 57 theme mg/g 488:491 arg1 amounts 446:452 high amounts 441:452 high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) 441:500 AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. 33806146 7 58 theme 2.5 1155:1157 arg1 % 1158:1158 % 1158:1158 % 1158:1158 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 8 59 theme AAP-based 1312:1320 arg1 product 1322:1328 an AAP-based product 1309:1328 an AAP-based product for wound management 1309:1349 Overall, our results indicate that the wound-healing activities of AAP can be applied in an AAP-based product for wound management. 33806146 7 60 from closure 1051:1057 arg1 model 1088:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 a mice skin wound-healing model 1062:1092 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33806146 0 61 theme Auricularia 72:82 arg1 auricula-judae 84:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae 53:97 Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) 33806146 7 62 theme = 1170:1170 arg1 p 1168:1168 p 1168:1168 p = 0.009 1168:1176 Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). 33771219 0 0 theme bowel 76:80 arg1 syndrome 82:89 irritable bowel syndrome 66:89 irritable bowel syndrome 66:89 Diet and gut microbiome interactions of relevance for symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. 33771219 2 1 theme food 458:461 arg1 tree 463:466 a food tree 456:466 a food tree 456:466 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 1 2 theme dietary 162:168 arg1 habits 170:175 dietary habits 162:175 dietary habits 162:175 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 0 3 theme irritable 66:74 arg1 syndrome 82:89 irritable bowel syndrome 66:89 irritable bowel syndrome 66:89 Diet and gut microbiome interactions of relevance for symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. 33771219 8 4 theme gut 1532:1534 arg1 recommendations 1565:1579 gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations 1532:1579 gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1532:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 2 5 theme = 548:548 arg1 N 546:546 N = 149 546:552 N = 149 546:552 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 5 theme = 548:548 arg1 IBS 541:543 IBS 541:543 IBS (N = 149) 541:553 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 9 6 theme TRIAL 1630:1634 arg1 REGISTRATION 1636:1647 TRIAL REGISTRATION 1630:1647 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 1630:1765 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 33771219 9 7 dep REGISTRATION 1636:1647 arg1 registered 1664:1673 registered 1664:1673 registered 1664:1673 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 33771219 8 8 theme interventional 1488:1501 arg1 studies 1503:1509 new interventional studies 1484:1509 new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1484:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 3 9 theme food-based 608:617 arg1 trees 619:623 food-based trees 608:623 food-based trees 608:623 Paired microbiota and food-based trees allowed us to detect new associations between subspecies and diet. 33771219 2 10 theme = 579:579 arg1 N 577:577 N = 52 577:582 N = 52 577:582 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 10 theme = 579:579 arg1 controls 567:574 healthy controls 559:574 healthy controls (N = 52) 559:583 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 11 dep METHODS 357:363 arg1 used 374:377 used 374:377 used 374:377 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 7 12 theme carbohydrate 1338:1349 arg1 metabolism 1351:1360 animal carbohydrate metabolism 1331:1360 animal carbohydrate metabolism 1331:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 2 13 theme gut 483:485 arg1 metagenomic 507:517 shotgun metagenomic 499:517 shotgun metagenomic 499:517 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 13 theme gut 483:485 arg1 microbiota 487:496 gut microbiota 483:496 gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52) 483:583 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 6 14 theme symptom 1109:1115 arg1 severity 1117:1124 IBS symptom severity 1105:1124 IBS symptom severity 1105:1124 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 7 15 from function 1271:1278 arg1 correlation 1283:1293 correlation 1283:1293 correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1283:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 8 16 dep CONCLUSIONS 1363:1373 arg1 guides 1477:1482 guides 1477:1482 guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1477:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 8 16 dep CONCLUSIONS 1363:1373 arg1 provides 1385:1392 provides 1385:1392 provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions 1385:1460 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 2 17 from diary 433:437 arg1 data 410:413 combined data 401:413 combined data from a 4-day food diary 401:437 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 4 18 theme co-inertia 702:711 arg1 analysis 713:720 co-inertia analysis and linear regression models 702:749 analysis 713:720 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 2 19 theme novel 381:385 arg1 approach 387:394 a novel approach 379:394 a novel approach 379:394 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 20 theme healthy 559:565 arg1 N 577:577 N = 52 577:582 N = 52 577:582 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 20 theme healthy 559:565 arg1 controls 567:574 healthy controls 559:574 healthy controls (N = 52) 559:583 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 5 21 dep RESULTS 846:852 arg1 showed 857:862 showed 857:862 showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals 857:985 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 1 22 theme microbiota 181:190 arg1 composition 192:202 microbiota composition 181:202 microbiota composition 181:202 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 2 23 theme food 428:431 arg1 diary 433:437 a 4-day food diary 420:437 a 4-day food diary 420:437 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 8 24 theme microbiome-based 1536:1551 arg1 recommendations 1565:1579 gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations 1532:1579 gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1532:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 6 25 theme meat/plant 1163:1172 arg1 ratio 1174:1178 meat/plant ratio 1163:1178 meat/plant ratio 1163:1178 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 3 26 theme new 646:648 arg1 associations 650:661 new associations 646:661 new associations between subspecies and diet 646:689 Paired microbiota and food-based trees allowed us to detect new associations between subspecies and diet. 33771219 7 27 theme altered 1239:1245 arg1 function 1271:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function 1239:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1239:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 2 28 theme 4-day 422:426 arg1 diary 433:437 a 4-day food diary 420:437 a 4-day food diary 420:437 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 6 29 theme exhaled 1127:1133 arg1 gas 1135:1137 exhaled gas 1127:1137 exhaled gas 1127:1137 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 4 30 theme symptom 775:781 arg1 severity 783:790 symptom severity 775:790 symptom severity 775:790 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 8 31 theme interactions 1449:1460 arg1 resolution 1411:1420 an unprecedented resolution 1394:1420 an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions 1394:1460 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 7 32 theme gut 1247:1249 arg1 function 1271:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function 1239:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1239:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 7 33 theme microbiota 1300:1309 arg1 enzymes 1311:1317 microbiota enzymes 1300:1317 microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1300:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 1 34 theme irritable 295:303 arg1 IBS 321:323 IBS 321:323 IBS 321:323 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 1 34 theme irritable 295:303 arg1 syndrome 311:318 irritable bowel syndrome 295:318 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 295:324 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 9 35 theme number 1724:1729 arg1 NCT01252550 1731:1741 the registration number NCT01252550 1707:1741 the registration number NCT01252550 1707:1741 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 33771219 6 36 theme glycan 1140:1145 arg1 metabolism 1147:1156 glycan metabolism 1140:1156 glycan metabolism 1140:1156 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 7 37 theme animal 1331:1336 arg1 metabolism 1351:1360 animal carbohydrate metabolism 1331:1360 animal carbohydrate metabolism 1331:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 6 38 from diet 1076:1079 arg1 microbiota 1041:1050 gut microbiota 1037:1050 gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet 1037:1079 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 5 39 with individuals 869:879 arg1 IBS 893:895 severe IBS 886:895 severe IBS 886:895 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 1 40 theme bowel 305:309 arg1 IBS 321:323 IBS 321:323 IBS 321:323 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 1 40 theme bowel 305:309 arg1 syndrome 311:318 irritable bowel syndrome 295:318 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 295:324 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 6 41 theme IBS 1105:1107 arg1 severity 1117:1124 IBS symptom severity 1105:1124 IBS symptom severity 1105:1124 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 8 42 theme unprecedented 1397:1409 arg1 resolution 1411:1420 an unprecedented resolution 1394:1420 an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions 1394:1460 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 5 43 theme severe 886:891 arg1 IBS 893:895 severe IBS 886:895 severe IBS 886:895 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 5 44 theme items 957:961 arg1 intake 927:932 a higher intake 918:932 a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals 918:985 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 2 45 theme combined 401:408 arg1 data 410:413 combined data 401:413 combined data from a 4-day food diary 401:437 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 8 46 theme nutritional 1553:1563 arg1 recommendations 1565:1579 gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations 1532:1579 gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1532:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 2 47 theme shotgun 499:505 arg1 metagenomic 507:517 shotgun metagenomic 499:517 shotgun metagenomic 499:517 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 47 theme shotgun 499:505 arg1 microbiota 487:496 gut microbiota 483:496 gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52) 483:583 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 9 48 theme registration 1711:1722 arg1 NCT01252550 1731:1741 the registration number NCT01252550 1707:1741 the registration number NCT01252550 1707:1741 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 33771219 5 49 theme poorer-quality 937:950 arg1 items 957:961 poorer-quality food items 937:961 poorer-quality food items 937:961 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 1 50 theme healthy 220:226 arg1 individuals 228:238 healthy individuals 220:238 healthy individuals 220:238 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 7 51 theme microbiota 1251:1260 arg1 function 1271:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function 1239:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1239:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 5 52 theme food 952:955 arg1 items 957:961 poorer-quality food items 937:961 poorer-quality food items 937:961 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 7 53 with correlation 1283:1293 arg1 enzymes 1311:1317 microbiota enzymes 1300:1317 microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1300:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 9 54 theme 3rd 1748:1750 arg1 2010 1761:1764 3rd December 2010 1748:1764 3rd December 2010 1748:1764 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 33771219 0 55 from symptoms 54:61 arg1 syndrome 82:89 irritable bowel syndrome 66:89 irritable bowel syndrome 66:89 Diet and gut microbiome interactions of relevance for symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. 33771219 4 56 theme gas 760:762 arg1 levels 764:769 exhaled gas levels 752:769 exhaled gas levels 752:769 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 1 57 with patients 281:288 arg1 IBS 321:323 IBS 321:323 IBS 321:323 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 1 57 with patients 281:288 arg1 syndrome 311:318 irritable bowel syndrome 295:318 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 295:324 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 1 58 theme several 109:115 arg1 studies 117:123 several studies 109:123 several studies 109:123 BACKGROUND While several studies have documented associations between dietary habits and microbiota composition and function in healthy individuals, no study explored these associations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and especially with symptoms. 33771219 0 59 theme relevance 40:48 arg1 interactions 24:35 interactions 24:35 interactions of relevance for symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome 24:89 Diet and gut microbiome interactions of relevance for symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. 33771219 4 60 theme metagenomic 816:826 arg1 data 840:843 metagenomic and dietary data 816:843 metagenomic and dietary data 816:843 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 3 61 theme Paired 586:591 arg1 microbiota 593:602 Paired microbiota 586:602 Paired microbiota 586:602 Paired microbiota and food-based trees allowed us to detect new associations between subspecies and diet. 33771219 4 62 theme exhaled 752:758 arg1 levels 764:769 exhaled gas levels 752:769 exhaled gas levels 752:769 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 7 63 theme IBS 1207:1209 arg1 severity 1211:1218 IBS severity 1207:1218 IBS severity 1207:1218 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 5 64 theme main 976:979 arg1 meals 981:985 their main meals 970:985 their main meals 970:985 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 9 65 theme December 1752:1759 arg1 2010 1761:1764 3rd December 2010 1748:1764 3rd December 2010 1748:1764 TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT01252550 , on 3rd December 2010. 33771219 6 66 from level 1066:1070 arg1 microbiota 1041:1050 gut microbiota 1037:1050 gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet 1037:1079 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 6 67 theme subspecies 1055:1064 arg1 level 1066:1070 subspecies level 1055:1070 subspecies level 1055:1070 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 8 68 theme symptoms 1620:1627 arg1 management 1589:1598 the management 1585:1598 the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1585:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 4 69 theme dietary 832:838 arg1 data 840:843 metagenomic and dietary data 816:843 metagenomic and dietary data 816:843 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 5 70 theme higher 920:925 arg1 intake 927:932 a higher intake 918:932 a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals 918:985 RESULTS We showed that individuals with severe IBS are characterized by a higher intake of poorer-quality food items during their main meals. 33771219 8 71 theme diet-microbiota-symptom 1425:1447 arg1 interactions 1449:1460 diet-microbiota-symptom interactions 1425:1460 diet-microbiota-symptom interactions 1425:1460 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 8 72 theme gastrointestinal 1603:1618 arg1 symptoms 1620:1627 gastrointestinal symptoms 1603:1627 gastrointestinal symptoms 1603:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 4 73 theme regression 733:742 arg1 models 744:749 co-inertia analysis and linear regression models 702:749 models 744:749 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 2 74 used used 374:377 arg2 we 371:372 we 371:372 we 371:372 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 10 75 dep abstract 1773:1780 arg1 Video 1767:1771 Video 1767:1771 Video 1767:1771 Video abstract. 33771219 7 76 theme hydrogen 1262:1269 arg1 function 1271:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function 1239:1278 altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism 1239:1360 We provided evidence that IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. 33771219 8 77 theme new 1484:1486 arg1 studies 1503:1509 new interventional studies 1484:1509 new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms 1484:1627 CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an unprecedented resolution of diet-microbiota-symptom interactions and ultimately guides new interventional studies that aim to identify gut microbiome-based nutritional recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. 33771219 4 78 theme linear 726:731 arg1 models 744:749 co-inertia analysis and linear regression models 702:749 models 744:749 Combining co-inertia analysis and linear regression models, exhaled gas levels and symptom severity could be predicted from metagenomic and dietary data. 33771219 6 79 theme gut 1037:1039 arg1 microbiota 1041:1050 gut microbiota 1037:1050 gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet 1037:1079 Our analysis suggested that covariations between gut microbiota at subspecies level and diet could be explained with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio. 33771219 2 80 with individuals 524:534 arg1 N 577:577 N = 52 577:582 N = 52 577:582 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 80 with individuals 524:534 arg1 controls 567:574 healthy controls 559:574 healthy controls (N = 52) 559:583 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 80 with individuals 524:534 arg1 N 546:546 N = 149 546:552 N = 149 546:552 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33771219 2 80 with individuals 524:534 arg1 IBS 541:543 IBS 541:543 IBS (N = 149) 541:553 METHODS Here, we used a novel approach that combined data from a 4-day food diary, integrated into a food tree, together with gut microbiota (shotgun metagenomic) for individuals with IBS (N = 149) and healthy controls (N = 52). 33613632 2 0 from changes 421:427 arg1 acids 450:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 0 from changes 421:427 arg1 production 468:477 vitamin production 460:477 vitamin production 460:477 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 7 1 theme harvest 1316:1322 arg1 metabolism 1268:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 1 theme harvest 1316:1322 arg1 result 1286:1291 the result 1282:1291 the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function 1282:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 8 2 from regulation 1649:1658 arg1 context 1688:1694 the context 1684:1694 the context of disease 1684:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 5 3 dep immunomodulatory 829:844 arg1 medicinal 847:855 medicinal 847:855 medicinal 847:855 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 7 4 theme communities 1192:1202 arg1 Application 1100:1110 Application 1100:1110 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1100:1202 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 5 theme herb 1178:1181 arg1 capacity 1166:1173 biosynthetic capacity 1153:1173 biosynthetic capacity of herb 1153:1181 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 3 6 theme Accumulating 553:564 arg1 studies 566:572 Accumulating studies 553:572 Accumulating studies 553:572 Accumulating studies emphasize the relationship between the gut microbiota and host immune function. 33613632 1 7 theme medicinal 191:199 arg1 herbs 201:205 medicinal herbs 191:205 medicinal herbs 191:205 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 7 8 theme altered 1246:1252 arg1 metabolism 1268:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 8 theme altered 1246:1252 arg1 result 1286:1291 the result 1282:1291 the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function 1282:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 9 theme capacity 1166:1173 arg1 analysis 1141:1148 analysis 1141:1148 analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb 1141:1181 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 9 theme capacity 1166:1173 arg1 reconstruction 1122:1135 genome reconstruction 1115:1135 genome reconstruction 1115:1135 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 2 10 theme medicinal 318:326 arg1 herbs 328:332 medicinal herbs 318:332 medicinal herbs 318:332 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 5 11 theme 16S 906:908 arg1 sequencing 915:924 16S rRNA sequencing 906:924 16S rRNA sequencing 906:924 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 8 12 from context 1688:1694 arg1 regulation 1649:1658 desired regulation 1641:1658 desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease 1641:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 3 13 theme host 632:635 arg1 function 644:651 the gut microbiota and host immune function 609:651 function 644:651 Accumulating studies emphasize the relationship between the gut microbiota and host immune function. 33613632 1 14 theme intrinsic 231:239 arg1 quality 241:247 an intrinsic quality 228:247 an intrinsic quality of the herb itself 228:266 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 7 15 theme genome 1115:1120 arg1 reconstruction 1122:1135 genome reconstruction 1115:1135 genome reconstruction 1115:1135 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 4 16 dep While 654:658 arg1 unknown 668:674 unknown 668:674 unknown 668:674 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 7 17 theme host 1438:1441 arg1 physiology 1443:1452 host physiology 1438:1452 host physiology 1438:1452 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 4 18 theme cell 785:788 arg1 types 790:794 immune cell types 778:794 immune cell types 778:794 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 1 19 theme health 141:146 arg1 benefits 148:155 health benefits 141:155 health benefits 141:155 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 6 20 theme taxonomic 1082:1090 arg1 groups 1092:1097 unique taxonomic groups 1075:1097 unique taxonomic groups 1075:1097 All immunomodulatory herbs displayed substantial prebiotic potential, targeting unique taxonomic groups. 33613632 2 21 theme encoded 508:514 arg1 molecules 516:524 herb encoded molecules 503:524 herb encoded molecules 503:524 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 4 22 theme microbial 721:729 arg1 products 731:738 secreted microbial products 712:738 secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types 712:794 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 7 23 theme glycan 1309:1314 arg1 harvest 1316:1322 differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization 1296:1344 harvest 1316:1322 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 5 24 from effect 819:824 arg1 microbiota 880:889 gut microbiota 876:889 gut microbiota 876:889 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 8 25 theme herbs 1585:1589 arg1 evaluation 1548:1557 the further evaluation 1536:1557 the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs 1536:1589 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 0 26 theme Medicinal 80:88 arg1 Herbs 90:94 Medicinal Herbs 80:94 Medicinal Herbs 80:94 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 2 27 theme metabolites 540:550 arg1 biotransformation 482:498 biotransformation 482:498 biotransformation 482:498 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 27 theme metabolites 540:550 arg1 acids 450:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 27 theme metabolites 540:550 arg1 production 468:477 vitamin production 460:477 vitamin production 460:477 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 6 28 theme substantial 1032:1042 arg1 potential 1054:1062 substantial prebiotic potential 1032:1062 substantial prebiotic potential 1032:1062 All immunomodulatory herbs displayed substantial prebiotic potential, targeting unique taxonomic groups. 33613632 0 29 theme Community 0:8 arg1 Interactions 20:31 Community Metabolic Interactions 0:31 Community Metabolic Interactions 0:31 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 5 30 from changes 936:942 arg1 potential 984:992 functional potential 973:992 functional potential 973:992 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 5 30 from changes 936:942 arg1 composition 957:967 community composition 947:967 community composition 947:967 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 5 31 theme functional 973:982 arg1 potential 984:992 functional potential 973:992 functional potential 973:992 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 2 32 theme chain 438:442 arg1 acids 450:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 1 33 dep benefits 148:155 arg1 the 137:139 the 137:139 the 137:139 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 5 34 theme Ayurvedic 857:865 arg1 herbs 867:871 immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs 829:871 immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs 829:871 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 0 35 theme Vitamin 34:40 arg1 Production 42:51 Vitamin Production 34:51 Vitamin Production 34:51 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 2 36 theme vitamin 460:466 arg1 production 468:477 vitamin production 460:477 vitamin production 460:477 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 8 37 theme immune 1663:1668 arg1 components 1670:1679 immune components 1663:1679 immune components in the context of disease 1663:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 7 38 theme secreted 1350:1357 arg1 propionate 1411:1420 propionate 1411:1420 propionate 1411:1420 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 38 theme secreted 1350:1357 arg1 butyrate 1397:1404 butyrate 1397:1404 butyrate 1397:1404 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 38 theme secreted 1350:1357 arg1 products 1359:1366 secreted products 1350:1366 secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function 1350:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 38 theme secreted 1350:1357 arg1 vitamins 1387:1394 multiple vitamins 1378:1394 multiple vitamins 1378:1394 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 8 39 theme useful 1515:1520 arg1 framework 1522:1530 a useful framework 1513:1530 a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs 1513:1589 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 7 40 theme utilization 1334:1344 arg1 metabolism 1268:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 40 theme utilization 1334:1344 arg1 result 1286:1291 the result 1282:1291 the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function 1282:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 8 41 theme disease 1699:1705 arg1 context 1688:1694 the context 1684:1694 the context of disease 1684:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 8 42 from components 1670:1679 arg1 context 1688:1694 the context 1684:1694 the context of disease 1684:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 7 43 theme selected 1183:1190 arg1 communities 1192:1202 genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1115:1202 genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1115:1202 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 2 44 theme health 299:304 arg1 due 351:353 due 351:353 due 351:353 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 44 theme health 299:304 arg1 benefits 306:313 the health benefits 295:313 the health benefits of medicinal herbs 295:332 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 7 45 theme biosynthetic 1153:1164 arg1 capacity 1166:1173 biosynthetic capacity 1153:1173 biosynthetic capacity of herb 1153:1181 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 2 46 theme herbs 328:332 arg1 due 351:353 due 351:353 due 351:353 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 46 theme herbs 328:332 arg1 benefits 306:313 the health benefits 295:313 the health benefits of medicinal herbs 295:332 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 1 47 theme herbs 201:205 arg1 benefits 148:155 health benefits 141:155 health benefits 141:155 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 1 47 theme herbs 201:205 arg1 potential 178:186 immunomodulatory potential 161:186 immunomodulatory potential 161:186 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 7 48 theme analysis 1141:1148 arg1 communities 1192:1202 genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1115:1202 genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1115:1202 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 5 49 theme herbs 867:871 arg1 effect 819:824 the effect 815:824 the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota 815:889 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 6 50 theme immunomodulatory 999:1014 arg1 herbs 1016:1020 All immunomodulatory herbs 995:1020 All immunomodulatory herbs 995:1020 All immunomodulatory herbs displayed substantial prebiotic potential, targeting unique taxonomic groups. 33613632 7 51 theme reconstruction 1122:1135 arg1 communities 1192:1202 genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1115:1202 genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities 1115:1202 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 5 52 theme gut 876:878 arg1 microbiota 880:889 gut microbiota 876:889 gut microbiota 876:889 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 8 53 theme further 1540:1546 arg1 evaluation 1548:1557 the further evaluation 1536:1557 the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs 1536:1589 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 3 54 theme gut 613:615 arg1 microbiota 617:626 the gut microbiota and host immune function 609:651 microbiota 617:626 Accumulating studies emphasize the relationship between the gut microbiota and host immune function. 33613632 7 55 theme immune 1458:1463 arg1 function 1465:1472 immune function 1458:1472 immune function 1458:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 5 56 theme community 947:955 arg1 composition 957:967 community composition 947:967 community composition 947:967 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 8 57 theme immunomodulatory 1568:1583 arg1 herbs 1585:1589 these immunomodulatory herbs 1562:1589 these immunomodulatory herbs 1562:1589 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 7 58 theme differential 1296:1307 arg1 harvest 1316:1322 differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization 1296:1344 harvest 1316:1322 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 3 59 theme immune 637:642 arg1 function 644:651 the gut microbiota and host immune function 609:651 function 644:651 Accumulating studies emphasize the relationship between the gut microbiota and host immune function. 33613632 5 60 theme rRNA 910:913 arg1 sequencing 915:924 16S rRNA sequencing 906:924 16S rRNA sequencing 906:924 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 6 61 theme unique 1075:1080 arg1 groups 1092:1097 unique taxonomic groups 1075:1097 unique taxonomic groups 1075:1097 All immunomodulatory herbs displayed substantial prebiotic potential, targeting unique taxonomic groups. 33613632 4 62 theme secreted 712:719 arg1 products 731:738 secreted microbial products 712:738 secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types 712:794 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 0 63 theme Herbs 90:94 arg1 Interactions 20:31 Community Metabolic Interactions 0:31 Community Metabolic Interactions 0:31 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 0 63 theme Herbs 90:94 arg1 Production 42:51 Vitamin Production 34:51 Vitamin Production 34:51 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 0 63 theme Herbs 90:94 arg1 Potential 67:75 Prebiotic Potential 57:75 Prebiotic Potential 57:75 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 1 64 theme immunomodulatory 161:176 arg1 potential 178:186 immunomodulatory potential 161:186 immunomodulatory potential 161:186 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 33613632 6 65 theme prebiotic 1044:1052 arg1 potential 1054:1062 substantial prebiotic potential 1032:1062 substantial prebiotic potential 1032:1062 All immunomodulatory herbs displayed substantial prebiotic potential, targeting unique taxonomic groups. 33613632 2 66 theme secondary 530:538 arg1 metabolites 540:550 secondary metabolites 530:550 secondary metabolites 530:550 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 8 67 theme immune 1611:1616 arg1 homeostasis 1618:1628 immune homeostasis 1611:1628 immune homeostasis 1611:1628 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 4 68 theme types 790:794 arg1 variety 767:773 a variety 765:773 a variety of immune cell types 765:794 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 4 68 theme types 790:794 arg1 types 790:794 immune cell types 778:794 immune cell types 778:794 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 7 69 theme community 1258:1266 arg1 metabolism 1268:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 69 theme community 1258:1266 arg1 result 1286:1291 the result 1282:1291 the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function 1282:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 2 70 theme molecules 516:524 arg1 biotransformation 482:498 biotransformation 482:498 biotransformation 482:498 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 70 theme molecules 516:524 arg1 acids 450:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 70 theme molecules 516:524 arg1 production 468:477 vitamin production 460:477 vitamin production 460:477 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 71 theme gut 395:397 arg1 microbiota 399:408 gut microbiota 395:408 gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites 395:550 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 5 72 theme immunomodulatory 829:844 arg1 herbs 867:871 immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs 829:871 immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs 829:871 Here we evaluated the effect of immunomodulatory, medicinal Ayurvedic herbs on gut microbiota in vitro using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in community composition and functional potential. 33613632 2 73 theme fatty 444:448 arg1 acids 450:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 8 74 theme desired 1641:1647 arg1 regulation 1649:1658 desired regulation 1641:1658 desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease 1641:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 7 75 theme herbs 1233:1237 arg1 many 1218:1221 many 1218:1221 many 1218:1221 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 75 theme herbs 1233:1237 arg1 herbs 1233:1237 the 11 herbs 1226:1237 the 11 herbs 1226:1237 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 2 76 theme short 432:436 arg1 acids 450:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 short chain fatty acids 432:454 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 4 77 theme immune 778:783 arg1 types 790:794 immune cell types 778:794 immune cell types 778:794 While largely unknown, these interactions are mediated by secreted microbial products that activate or repress a variety of immune cell types. 33613632 7 78 theme multiple 1378:1385 arg1 vitamins 1387:1394 multiple vitamins 1378:1394 multiple vitamins 1378:1394 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 8 79 theme components 1670:1679 arg1 regulation 1649:1658 desired regulation 1641:1658 desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease 1641:1705 Taken together, these results provide a useful framework for the further evaluation of these immunomodulatory herbs in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis or achieve desired regulation of immune components in the context of disease. 33613632 0 80 theme Prebiotic 57:65 arg1 Potential 67:75 Prebiotic Potential 57:75 Prebiotic Potential 57:75 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 7 81 theme products 1359:1366 arg1 metabolism 1268:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 altered the community metabolism 1246:1277 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 7 81 theme products 1359:1366 arg1 result 1286:1291 the result 1282:1291 the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function 1282:1472 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 2 82 dep encoded 508:514 arg1 herb 503:506 herb 503:506 herb 503:506 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 2 83 theme prebiotic 364:372 arg1 potential 374:382 their prebiotic potential 358:382 their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites 358:550 We have hypothesized that the health benefits of medicinal herbs may be partially due to their prebiotic potential that alter gut microbiota leading to changes in short chain fatty acids and vitamin production or biotransformation of herb encoded molecules and secondary metabolites. 33613632 7 84 theme sugar 1328:1332 arg1 utilization 1334:1344 differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization 1296:1344 utilization 1334:1344 Application of genome reconstruction and analysis of biosynthetic capacity of herb selected communities suggests that many of the 11 herbs tested altered the community metabolism as the result of differential glycan harvest and sugar utilization and secreted products including multiple vitamins, butyrate, and propionate that may impact host physiology and immune function. 33613632 0 85 theme Metabolic 10:18 arg1 Interactions 20:31 Community Metabolic Interactions 0:31 Community Metabolic Interactions 0:31 Community Metabolic Interactions, Vitamin Production and Prebiotic Potential of Medicinal Herbs Used for Immunomodulation. 33613632 1 86 theme herb 256:259 arg1 quality 241:247 an intrinsic quality 228:247 an intrinsic quality of the herb itself 228:266 Historically, the health benefits and immunomodulatory potential of medicinal herbs have been considered an intrinsic quality of the herb itself. 32071549 5 0 theme HPLC 751:754 arg1 analysis 756:763 HPLC analysis 751:763 HPLC analysis 751:763 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 6 1 theme 16S 920:922 arg1 sequencing 929:938 The 16S rRNA sequencing 916:938 The 16S rRNA sequencing 916:938 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 11 2 theme lipids 1978:1983 arg1 deposition 1964:1973 the deposition 1960:1973 the deposition of lipids and endotoxins 1960:1998 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 7 3 from Enterobacter_sp 1364:1378 arg1 abundances 1325:1334 the relative abundances 1312:1334 the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp 1312:1378 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 9 4 theme metabolic 1585:1593 arg1 pathways 1606:1613 metabolic signalling pathways 1585:1613 metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases 1585:1687 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 5 theme microbiota 1438:1447 arg1 pathways 1459:1466 The microbiota metabolic pathways 1434:1466 The microbiota metabolic pathways 1434:1466 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 5 theme microbiota 1438:1447 arg1 cofactor 1492:1499 nucleotide and cofactor 1477:1499 cofactor 1492:1499 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 5 theme microbiota 1438:1447 arg1 metabolism 1513:1522 vitamin metabolism 1505:1522 vitamin metabolism 1505:1522 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 5 theme microbiota 1438:1447 arg1 nucleotide 1477:1486 nucleotide and cofactor 1477:1499 nucleotide 1477:1486 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 1 6 theme kidney 257:262 arg1 diseases 264:271 cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 230:271 cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 230:271 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 0 7 theme N-oxide 79:85 arg1 synthesis 39:47 synthesis 39:47 synthesis 39:47 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 0 7 theme N-oxide 79:85 arg1 release 53:59 release 53:59 release 53:59 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 9 8 theme vitamin 1505:1511 arg1 metabolism 1513:1522 vitamin metabolism 1505:1522 vitamin metabolism 1505:1522 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 3 9 from distribution 483:494 arg1 faeces 534:539 the faeces 530:539 the faeces of the mice in each group 530:565 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 1 10 theme Trimethylamine 172:185 arg1 TMAO 196:199 TMAO 196:199 TMAO 196:199 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 1 10 theme Trimethylamine 172:185 arg1 N-oxide 187:193 Trimethylamine N-oxide 172:193 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) 172:200 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 1 11 theme diseases 264:271 arg1 development 215:225 the development 211:225 the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 211:271 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 11 12 dep synthesis 1917:1925 arg1 the 1913:1915 the 1913:1915 the 1913:1915 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 5 13 from delta-Valerobetaine 879:897 arg1 livers 908:913 their livers 902:913 their livers 902:913 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 9 14 theme pathways 1606:1613 arg1 activities 1571:1580 the activities 1567:1580 the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases 1567:1687 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 10 15 theme renal 1874:1878 arg1 effects 1891:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 Therefore, our study indicates that in addition to their known pharmacological effects, ranitidine and finasteride also exhibit potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects. 32071549 4 16 theme renal 729:733 arg1 damage 735:740 renal damage 729:740 renal damage 729:740 Pathological examination confirmed that both ranitidine and finasteride reduced atherosclerosis and renal damage in mice. 32071549 7 17 from increases 1165:1173 arg1 Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457 1256:1286 Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457 1256:1286 Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457 1256:1286 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 17 from increases 1165:1173 arg1 families 1208:1215 the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia 1204:1301 the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia 1204:1301 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 17 from increases 1165:1173 arg1 number 1182:1187 the number 1178:1187 the number of microbes 1178:1199 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 17 from increases 1165:1173 arg1 g_Helicobacter 1217:1230 g_Helicobacter 1217:1230 g_Helicobacter 1217:1230 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 17 from increases 1165:1173 arg1 g_Blautia 1293:1301 g_Blautia 1293:1301 g_Blautia 1293:1301 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 17 from increases 1165:1173 arg1 f_Desulfovibrionaceae 1233:1253 f_Desulfovibrionaceae 1233:1253 f_Desulfovibrionaceae 1233:1253 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 10 18 theme cardiovascular 1855:1868 arg1 effects 1891:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 Therefore, our study indicates that in addition to their known pharmacological effects, ranitidine and finasteride also exhibit potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects. 32071549 3 19 from quantity 500:507 arg1 faeces 534:539 the faeces 530:539 the faeces of the mice in each group 530:565 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 9 20 theme related 1615:1621 arg1 pathways 1606:1613 metabolic signalling pathways 1585:1613 metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases 1585:1687 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 1 21 theme TMAO 357:360 arg1 toxicity 345:352 toxicity 345:352 toxicity 345:352 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 1 21 theme TMAO 357:360 arg1 production 331:340 production 331:340 production 331:340 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 6 22 from richness 992:999 arg1 mice 1046:1049 the model mice 1036:1049 the model mice 1036:1049 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 7 23 contain had 1149:1151 arg1 faeces 1093:1098 the faeces 1089:1098 the faeces 1089:1098 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 23 contain had 1149:1151 arg2 increases 1165:1173 significant increases 1153:1173 significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia 1153:1301 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 3 24 theme gut 512:514 arg1 microbiota 516:525 gut microbiota 512:525 gut microbiota 512:525 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 2 25 theme high-fat 378:385 arg1 mice 404:407 high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice 378:407 high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice 378:407 In this study, high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice were treated with finasteride, ranitidine, and andrioe. 32071549 0 26 theme cardiovascular 105:118 arg1 damage 130:135 its cardiovascular and renal damage 101:135 its cardiovascular and renal damage 101:135 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 7 27 theme mice 1103:1106 arg1 faeces 1093:1098 the faeces 1089:1098 the faeces 1089:1098 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 3 28 theme microbiota 516:525 arg1 quantity 500:507 quantity 500:507 quantity 500:507 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 3 28 theme microbiota 516:525 arg1 distribution 483:494 distribution 483:494 distribution 483:494 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 6 29 from diversity 1005:1013 arg1 mice 1046:1049 the model mice 1036:1049 the model mice 1036:1049 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 9 30 theme glycan 1626:1631 arg1 biosynthesis 1633:1644 glycan biosynthesis 1626:1644 glycan biosynthesis 1626:1644 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 3 31 dep distribution 483:494 arg1 the 479:481 the 479:481 the 479:481 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 5 32 theme TMAO 864:867 arg1 delta-Valerobetaine 879:897 the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine 860:897 the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers 860:913 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 6 33 theme microbiota 1022:1031 arg1 diversity 1005:1013 diversity 1005:1013 diversity 1005:1013 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 6 33 theme microbiota 1022:1031 arg1 richness 992:999 richness 992:999 richness 992:999 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 7 34 theme significant 1153:1163 arg1 increases 1165:1173 significant increases 1153:1173 significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia 1153:1301 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 3 35 theme mice 548:551 arg1 faeces 534:539 the faeces 530:539 the faeces of the mice in each group 530:565 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 7 36 theme relative 1316:1323 arg1 abundances 1325:1334 the relative abundances 1312:1334 the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp 1312:1378 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 4 37 theme Pathological 629:640 arg1 examination 642:652 Pathological examination 629:652 Pathological examination 629:652 Pathological examination confirmed that both ranitidine and finasteride reduced atherosclerosis and renal damage in mice. 32071549 7 38 dep families 1208:1215 arg1 g_Helicobacter 1217:1230 g_Helicobacter 1217:1230 g_Helicobacter 1217:1230 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 38 dep families 1208:1215 arg1 families 1208:1215 the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia 1204:1301 the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia 1204:1301 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 38 dep families 1208:1215 arg1 Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457 1256:1286 Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457 1256:1286 Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457 1256:1286 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 38 dep families 1208:1215 arg1 g_Blautia 1293:1301 g_Blautia 1293:1301 g_Blautia 1293:1301 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 7 38 dep families 1208:1215 arg1 f_Desulfovibrionaceae 1233:1253 f_Desulfovibrionaceae 1233:1253 f_Desulfovibrionaceae 1233:1253 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 6 39 theme model 1040:1044 arg1 mice 1046:1049 the model mice 1036:1049 the model mice 1036:1049 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 11 40 theme gut 2041:2043 arg1 microbiota 2045:2054 the gut microbiota 2037:2054 the gut microbiota 2037:2054 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 0 41 theme renal 124:128 arg1 damage 130:135 its cardiovascular and renal damage 101:135 its cardiovascular and renal damage 101:135 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 9 42 theme signalling 1595:1604 arg1 pathways 1606:1613 metabolic signalling pathways 1585:1613 metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases 1585:1687 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 7 43 theme microbes 1339:1346 arg1 abundances 1325:1334 the relative abundances 1312:1334 the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp 1312:1378 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 1 44 dep production 331:340 arg1 the 327:329 the 327:329 the 327:329 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 7 45 theme Bioinformatic 1052:1064 arg1 analysis 1066:1073 Bioinformatic analysis 1052:1073 Bioinformatic analysis 1052:1073 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 3 46 theme V3+V4 614:618 arg1 regions 620:626 the V3+V4 regions 610:626 the V3+V4 regions 610:626 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 9 47 theme cardiovascular 1665:1678 arg1 diseases 1680:1687 cardiovascular diseases 1665:1687 cardiovascular diseases 1665:1687 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 5 48 theme precursor 869:877 arg1 delta-Valerobetaine 879:897 the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine 860:897 the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers 860:913 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 2 49 theme ApoE-/- 396:402 arg1 mice 404:407 high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice 378:407 high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice 378:407 In this study, high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice were treated with finasteride, ranitidine, and andrioe. 32071549 7 50 theme families 1355:1362 arg1 Enterobacter_sp 1364:1378 the families Enterobacter_sp 1351:1378 the families Enterobacter_sp 1351:1378 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 1 51 theme potent 301:306 arg1 drugs 308:312 no potent drugs 298:312 no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO 298:360 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 6 52 dep richness 992:999 arg1 the 988:990 the 988:990 the 988:990 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 7 53 theme microbes 1192:1199 arg1 number 1182:1187 the number 1178:1187 the number of microbes 1178:1199 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 2 54 theme diet-fed 387:394 arg1 mice 404:407 high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice 378:407 high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice 378:407 In this study, high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice were treated with finasteride, ranitidine, and andrioe. 32071549 11 55 theme microbiota 2045:2054 arg1 composition 2022:2032 the composition 2018:2032 the composition of the gut microbiota 2018:2054 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 11 56 theme TMAO 1945:1948 arg1 metabolism 1931:1940 metabolism 1931:1940 metabolism 1931:1940 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 11 56 theme TMAO 1945:1948 arg1 synthesis 1917:1925 synthesis 1917:1925 synthesis 1917:1925 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 0 57 dep synthesis 39:47 arg1 the 35:37 the 35:37 the 35:37 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 7 58 from abundances 1325:1334 arg1 Enterobacter_sp 1364:1378 the families Enterobacter_sp 1351:1378 the families Enterobacter_sp 1351:1378 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 0 59 theme gut 156:158 arg1 microbiota 160:169 gut microbiota 156:169 gut microbiota 156:169 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 10 60 theme potential 1845:1853 arg1 effects 1891:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 Therefore, our study indicates that in addition to their known pharmacological effects, ranitidine and finasteride also exhibit potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects. 32071549 3 61 from faeces 534:539 arg1 group 561:565 each group 556:565 each group 556:565 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 3 62 theme 16S 587:589 arg1 sequencing 596:605 16S rRNA sequencing 587:605 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions 587:626 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 5 63 from synthesis 838:846 arg1 livers 908:913 their livers 902:913 their livers 902:913 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 10 64 theme pharmacological 1780:1794 arg1 effects 1796:1802 their known pharmacological effects 1768:1802 their known pharmacological effects 1768:1802 Therefore, our study indicates that in addition to their known pharmacological effects, ranitidine and finasteride also exhibit potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects. 32071549 10 65 theme protective 1880:1889 arg1 effects 1891:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects 1845:1897 Therefore, our study indicates that in addition to their known pharmacological effects, ranitidine and finasteride also exhibit potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects. 32071549 7 66 from microbes 1339:1346 arg1 Enterobacter_sp 1364:1378 the families Enterobacter_sp 1351:1378 the families Enterobacter_sp 1351:1378 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the faeces of mice treated with ranitidine and finasteride, had significant increases in the number of microbes in the families g_Helicobacter, f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Mucispirillum_schaedleri_ASF457, and g_Blautia, whereas the relative abundances of microbes in the families Enterobacter_sp. 32071549 3 67 theme regions 620:626 arg1 sequencing 596:605 16S rRNA sequencing 587:605 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions 587:626 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 3 68 theme rRNA 591:594 arg1 sequencing 596:605 16S rRNA sequencing 587:605 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions 587:626 Subsequently, the distribution and quantity of gut microbiota in the faeces of the mice in each group were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3+V4 regions. 32071549 9 69 theme metabolic 1449:1457 arg1 pathways 1459:1466 The microbiota metabolic pathways 1434:1466 The microbiota metabolic pathways 1434:1466 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 69 theme metabolic 1449:1457 arg1 cofactor 1492:1499 nucleotide and cofactor 1477:1499 cofactor 1492:1499 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 69 theme metabolic 1449:1457 arg1 metabolism 1513:1522 vitamin metabolism 1505:1522 vitamin metabolism 1505:1522 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 9 69 theme metabolic 1449:1457 arg1 nucleotide 1477:1486 nucleotide and cofactor 1477:1499 nucleotide 1477:1486 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 10 70 theme known 1774:1778 arg1 effects 1796:1802 their known pharmacological effects 1768:1802 their known pharmacological effects 1768:1802 Therefore, our study indicates that in addition to their known pharmacological effects, ranitidine and finasteride also exhibit potential cardiovascular and renal protective effects. 32071549 1 71 theme cardiovascular 230:243 arg1 diseases 264:271 cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 230:271 cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 230:271 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 32071549 0 72 theme trimethylamine 64:77 arg1 N-oxide 79:85 trimethylamine N-oxide 64:85 trimethylamine N-oxide 64:85 Ranitidine and finasteride inhibit the synthesis and release of trimethylamine N-oxide and mitigates its cardiovascular and renal damage through modulating gut microbiota. 32071549 5 73 theme TMAO 851:854 arg1 delta-Valerobetaine 879:897 the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine 860:897 the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers 860:913 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 5 73 theme TMAO 851:854 arg1 synthesis 838:846 the synthesis 834:846 the synthesis of TMAO 834:854 HPLC analysis also indicated that ranitidine and finasteride significantly reduced the synthesis of TMAO and the TMAO precursor delta-Valerobetaine in their livers. 32071549 6 74 theme gut 1018:1020 arg1 microbiota 1022:1031 gut microbiota 1018:1031 gut microbiota 1018:1031 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 6 75 theme rRNA 924:927 arg1 sequencing 929:938 The 16S rRNA sequencing 916:938 The 16S rRNA sequencing 916:938 The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that all 3 drugs significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the model mice. 32071549 9 76 dep increased 1548:1556 arg1 whereas 1559:1565 whereas 1559:1565 whereas 1559:1565 The microbiota metabolic pathways, such as nucleotide and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were also significantly increased, whereas the activities of metabolic signalling pathways related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and cardiovascular diseases were significantly reduced. 32071549 11 77 theme endotoxins 1989:1998 arg1 deposition 1964:1973 the deposition 1960:1973 the deposition of lipids and endotoxins 1960:1998 They inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of TMAO and delay the deposition of lipids and endotoxins through improving the composition of the gut microbiota. 32071549 1 78 theme chronic 249:255 arg1 diseases 264:271 cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 230:271 cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases 230:271 Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) leads to the development of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, but there are currently no potent drugs that inhibit the production or toxicity of TMAO. 33970182 13 0 theme PMS 2356:2358 arg1 level 2371:2375 PMS (mean [SD] level 2356:2375 PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) 2356:2407 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 6 1 theme Serum 1035:1039 arg1 samples 1041:1047 Serum samples 1035:1047 Serum samples 1035:1047 Serum samples were analyzed from December 2, 2013, to March 2, 2015. 33970182 12 2 theme 682 2061:2063 arg1 nM 2071:2072 682 [173] nM 2061:2072 682 [173] nM 2061:2072 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 17 3 theme human 3010:3014 arg1 studies 3028:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 10 4 theme mean 1675:1678 arg1 age 1685:1687 mean [SD] age 1675:1687 14 women; mean [SD] age 1665:1687 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 3 5 theme GlcNAc 527:532 arg1 levels 534:539 endogenous serum GlcNAc levels 510:539 endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 510:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 13 6 theme mean 2361:2364 arg1 level 2371:2375 PMS (mean [SD] level 2356:2375 PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) 2356:2407 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 15 7 theme brain 2778:2782 arg1 loss 2791:2794 brain volume loss 2778:2794 brain volume loss 2778:2794 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 10 8 theme healthy 1476:1482 arg1 women 1497:1501 38 women 1494:1501 38 women; mean [SD] age 1494:1516 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 8 theme healthy 1476:1482 arg1 controls 1484:1491 66 healthy controls 1473:1491 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years) 1473:1532 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 9 theme [7 1693:1694 arg1 years 1697:1701 55 [7] years 1690:1701 55 [7] years 1690:1701 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 3 10 from levels 534:539 arg1 patients 544:551 patients 544:551 patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 544:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 10 11 theme mean 1592:1595 arg1 age 1602:1604 mean [SD] age 1592:1604 25 women; mean [SD] age 1582:1604 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 15 12 dep correlated 2738:2747 arg1 P = .04 2819:2825 P = .04 2819:2825 P = .04 2819:2825 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 12 13 theme [SD 2049:2051 arg1 level 2054:2058 mean [SD] level 2044:2058 mean [SD] level 2044:2058 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 11 14 dep patients 1742:1749 arg1 women 1765:1769 83 women 1762:1769 83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years 1762:1798 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 14 15 theme scale 2538:2542 arg1 P = 4.73 × 10-12 2564:2579 P = 4.73 × 10-12 2564:2579 P = 4.73 × 10-12 2564:2579 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 15 theme scale 2538:2542 arg1 scores 2544:2549 worse expanded disability status scale scores 2505:2549 worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12) 2505:2580 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 18 16 theme progressive 3249:3259 arg1 disease 3261:3267 progressive disease 3249:3267 progressive disease 3249:3267 Combined, the data suggest that GlcNAc deficiency may be associated with progressive disease and neurodegeneration in patients with MS. 33970182 12 17 from controls 1989:1996 arg1 cohort 1885:1890 the discovery cohort 1871:1890 the discovery cohort 1871:1890 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 10 18 dep women 1497:1501 arg1 years 1527:1531 42 [20] years 1519:1531 42 [20] years 1519:1531 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 18 dep women 1497:1501 arg1 age 1514:1516 mean [SD] age 1504:1516 38 women; mean [SD] age 1494:1516 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 2 19 theme N-glycan 352:359 arg1 branching 361:369 N-glycan branching 352:369 N-glycan branching 352:369 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 14 20 theme disability 2520:2529 arg1 status 2531:2536 expanded disability status 2511:2536 expanded disability status 2511:2536 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 9 21 theme Secondary 1347:1355 arg1 outcomes 1357:1364 Secondary outcomes 1347:1364 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) 1347:1385 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 9 21 theme Secondary 1347:1355 arg1 study 1380:1384 confirmatory study 1367:1384 confirmatory study 1367:1384 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 5 22 with patients 919:926 arg1 MS 933:934 MS 933:934 MS 933:934 The confirmatory study recruited 180 patients with MS from screening visits at an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016. 33970182 14 23 theme worse 2505:2509 arg1 P = 4.73 × 10-12 2564:2579 P = 4.73 × 10-12 2564:2579 P = 4.73 × 10-12 2564:2579 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 23 theme worse 2505:2509 arg1 scores 2544:2549 worse expanded disability status scale scores 2505:2549 worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12) 2505:2580 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 1 24 theme cell 146:149 arg1 availability 168:179 cell surface receptor availability 146:179 cell surface receptor availability 146:179 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 11 25 theme mean 1772:1775 arg1 years 1794:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 25 theme mean 1772:1775 arg1 age 1782:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 8 26 theme mass 1328:1331 arg1 spectroscopy 1333:1344 targeted tandem mass spectroscopy 1312:1344 targeted tandem mass spectroscopy 1312:1344 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 4 27 with patients 765:772 arg1 MS 779:780 MS 779:780 MS 779:780 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 3 28 theme discovery 614:622 arg1 study 624:628 A cross-sectional discovery study 596:628 A cross-sectional discovery study 596:628 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 1 29 theme reduced 246:252 arg1 myelination 254:264 reduced myelination 246:264 reduced myelination 246:264 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 12 30 with patients 2229:2236 arg1 RRMS 2243:2246 RRMS 2243:2246 RRMS 2243:2246 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 11 31 theme [9 1790:1791 arg1 years 1794:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 31 theme [9 1790:1791 arg1 age 1782:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 12 32 theme stereoisomers 1938:1950 arg1 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 32 theme stereoisomers 1938:1950 arg1 level 1913:1917 the mean (SD) serum level 1893:1917 the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) 1893:1959 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 8 33 theme Main 1182:1185 arg1 Outcomes 1187:1194 Main Outcomes 1182:1194 Main Outcomes 1182:1194 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 10 34 theme mean 1504:1507 arg1 age 1514:1516 mean [SD] age 1504:1516 38 women; mean [SD] age 1494:1516 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 13 35 with patients 2290:2297 arg1 RRMS 2304:2307 RRMS 2304:2307 RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) 2304:2339 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 10 36 dep Results 1435:1441 arg1 included 1464:1471 included 1464:1471 included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years) 1464:1702 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 37 theme [11 1610:1612 arg1 years 1615:1619 50 [11] years 1607:1619 50 [11] years 1607:1619 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 13 38 theme [193 2331:2334 arg1 nM 2337:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 13 38 theme [193 2331:2334 arg1 level 2320:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 5 39 theme confirmatory 886:897 arg1 study 899:903 The confirmatory study 882:903 The confirmatory study 882:903 The confirmatory study recruited 180 patients with MS from screening visits at an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016. 33970182 12 40 theme [101 2198:2201 arg1 nM 2204:2205 548 [101] nM 2194:2205 548 [101] nM 2194:2205 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 41 theme serum 1907:1911 arg1 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 41 theme serum 1907:1911 arg1 level 1913:1917 the mean (SD) serum level 1893:1917 the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) 1893:1959 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 42 theme [SD 2182:2184 arg1 level 2187:2191 mean [SD] level 2177:2191 mean [SD] level 2177:2191 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 42 theme [SD 2182:2184 arg1 controls 2167:2174 healthy controls 2159:2174 healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) 2159:2223 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 4 43 theme discovery 736:744 arg1 study 746:750 The discovery study 732:750 The discovery study 732:750 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 4 44 with controls 830:837 arg1 MS 779:780 MS 779:780 MS 779:780 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 10 45 theme [SD 1597:1599 arg1 age 1602:1604 mean [SD] age 1592:1604 25 women; mean [SD] age 1582:1604 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 13 46 theme mean 2310:2313 arg1 nM 2337:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 13 46 theme mean 2310:2313 arg1 level 2320:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 3 47 dep Design 562:567 arg1 study 663:667 cross-sectional confirmatory study 634:667 cross-sectional confirmatory study 634:667 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 3 47 dep Design 562:567 arg1 study 624:628 A cross-sectional discovery study 596:628 A cross-sectional discovery study 596:628 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 1 48 theme surface 151:157 arg1 availability 168:179 cell surface receptor availability 146:179 cell surface receptor availability 146:179 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 8 49 theme Serum 1209:1213 arg1 levels 1215:1220 Serum levels 1209:1220 Serum levels 1209:1220 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 13 50 dep 405 2378:2380 arg1 P = 7.6 × 10-18 2392:2406 P = 7.6 × 10-18 2392:2406 P = 7.6 × 10-18 2392:2406 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 0 51 theme Multiple 64:71 arg1 Sclerosis 73:81 Progressive Multiple Sclerosis 52:81 Progressive Multiple Sclerosis 52:81 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. 33970182 11 52 theme confirmatory 1709:1720 arg1 cohort 1722:1727 The confirmatory cohort 1705:1727 The confirmatory cohort 1705:1727 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 4 53 from clinic 801:806 arg1 patients 765:772 54 patients 762:772 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls 762:837 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 4 53 from clinic 801:806 arg1 controls 830:837 66 healthy controls 819:837 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls 762:837 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 9 54 theme disease 1418:1424 arg1 markers 1426:1432 imaging and clinical disease markers 1397:1432 imaging and clinical disease markers 1397:1432 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 13 55 theme independent 2430:2440 arg1 cohort 2455:2460 the independent confirmatory cohort 2426:2460 the independent confirmatory cohort 2426:2460 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 12 56 theme mean 1897:1900 arg1 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 56 theme mean 1897:1900 arg1 level 1913:1917 the mean (SD) serum level 1893:1917 the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) 1893:1959 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 57 with patients 2024:2031 arg1 RRMS 2038:2041 RRMS 2038:2041 RRMS 2038:2041 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 58 theme healthy 2159:2165 arg1 level 2187:2191 mean [SD] level 2177:2191 mean [SD] level 2177:2191 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 58 theme healthy 2159:2165 arg1 controls 2167:2174 healthy controls 2159:2174 healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) 2159:2223 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 16 59 theme stereoisomers 2910:2922 arg1 deficiency 2880:2889 deficiency 2880:2889 deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) 2880:2931 Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may be a biomarker for PMS. 33970182 16 59 theme stereoisomers 2910:2922 arg1 biomarker 2942:2950 a biomarker 2940:2950 a biomarker for PMS 2940:2958 Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may be a biomarker for PMS. 33970182 13 60 dep level 2371:2375 arg1 405 2378:2380 405 2378:2380 405 2378:2380 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 12 61 dep level 2187:2191 arg1 nM 2204:2205 548 [101] nM 2194:2205 548 [101] nM 2194:2205 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 61 dep level 2187:2191 arg1 P = 9.55 × 10-9 2208:2222 P = 9.55 × 10-9 2208:2222 P = 9.55 × 10-9 2208:2222 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 14 62 theme thinner 2629:2635 arg1 B = 0.012 2664:2672 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 62 theme thinner 2629:2635 arg1 layer 2657:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer 2629:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008) 2629:2702 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 15 63 theme volume 2784:2789 arg1 loss 2791:2794 brain volume loss 2778:2794 brain volume loss 2778:2794 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 3 64 theme confirmatory 650:661 arg1 study 663:667 cross-sectional confirmatory study 634:667 cross-sectional confirmatory study 634:667 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 14 65 theme nerve 2645:2649 arg1 B = 0.012 2664:2672 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 65 theme nerve 2645:2649 arg1 layer 2657:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer 2629:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008) 2629:2702 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 10 66 dep RRMS 1576:1579 arg1 years 1615:1619 50 [11] years 1607:1619 50 [11] years 1607:1619 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 66 dep RRMS 1576:1579 arg1 women 1585:1589 25 women 1582:1589 25 women; mean [SD] age 1582:1604 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 14 67 dep worse 2505:2509 arg1 status 2531:2536 expanded disability status 2511:2536 expanded disability status 2511:2536 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 1 68 theme receptor 159:166 arg1 availability 168:179 cell surface receptor availability 146:179 cell surface receptor availability 146:179 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 12 69 theme discovery 1875:1883 arg1 cohort 1885:1890 the discovery cohort 1871:1890 the discovery cohort 1871:1890 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 70 theme reduced 2130:2136 arg1 levels 2138:2143 markedly reduced levels 2121:2143 markedly reduced levels 2121:2143 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 8 71 theme stereoisomers 1241:1253 arg1 Outcomes 1187:1194 Main Outcomes 1182:1194 Main Outcomes 1182:1194 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 8 71 theme stereoisomers 1241:1253 arg1 Measures 1200:1207 Measures 1200:1207 Measures 1200:1207 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 7 72 theme Statistical 1104:1114 arg1 analysis 1116:1123 Statistical analysis 1104:1123 Statistical analysis 1104:1123 Statistical analysis was performed from February 23, 2020, to March 18, 2021. 33970182 0 73 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 27:45 arg1 Marker 17:22 a Marker 15:22 a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine 15:45 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. 33970182 15 74 theme serum 2718:2722 arg1 levels 2731:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 1 75 theme Importance 106:115 arg1 branching 126:134 Importance N-glycan branching 106:134 Importance N-glycan branching 106:134 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 13 76 theme [161 2382:2385 arg1 nM 2388:2389 nM 2388:2389 nM 2388:2389 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 18 77 from neurodegeneration 3273:3289 arg1 patients 3294:3301 patients 3294:3301 patients with MS 3294:3309 Combined, the data suggest that GlcNAc deficiency may be associated with progressive disease and neurodegeneration in patients with MS. 33970182 12 78 with patients 2093:2100 arg1 PMS 2107:2109 PMS 2107:2109 PMS 2107:2109 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 13 79 theme [SD 2315:2317 arg1 nM 2337:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 13 79 theme [SD 2315:2317 arg1 level 2320:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 3 80 dep US 716:717 arg1 the 712:714 the 712:714 the 712:714 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 7 81 dep February 1144:1151 arg1 to 1163:1164 to 1163:1164 to 1163:1164 Statistical analysis was performed from February 23, 2020, to March 18, 2021. 33970182 7 81 dep February 1144:1151 arg1 March 1166:1170 March 1166:1170 March 1166:1170 Statistical analysis was performed from February 23, 2020, to March 18, 2021. 33970182 2 82 theme multiple 436:443 arg1 MS 456:457 MS 456:457 MS 456:457 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 2 82 theme multiple 436:443 arg1 sclerosis 445:453 multiple sclerosis 436:453 multiple sclerosis (MS) 436:458 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 11 83 with patients 1742:1749 arg1 RRMS 1756:1759 RRMS 1756:1759 RRMS 1756:1759 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 83 with patients 1742:1749 arg1 PMS 1822:1824 PMS 1822:1824 PMS 1822:1824 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 2 84 from levels 412:417 arg1 patients 422:429 patients 422:429 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) 422:458 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 11 85 theme [SD 1842:1844 arg1 age 1847:1849 mean [SD] age 1837:1849 22 women; mean [SD] age 1827:1849 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 13 86 theme [SD 2366:2368 arg1 level 2371:2375 PMS (mean [SD] level 2356:2375 PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) 2356:2407 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 15 87 theme Low 2705:2707 arg1 levels 2731:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 13 88 dep RRMS 2304:2307 arg1 nM 2337:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 709 [193] nM 2327:2338 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 13 88 dep RRMS 2304:2307 arg1 level 2320:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 mean [SD] level 2310:2324 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 0 89 with Association 0:10 arg1 Neurodegeneration 87:103 Neurodegeneration 87:103 Neurodegeneration 87:103 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. 33970182 0 89 with Association 0:10 arg1 Sclerosis 73:81 Progressive Multiple Sclerosis 52:81 Progressive Multiple Sclerosis 52:81 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. 33970182 1 90 from deficiency 190:199 arg1 mice 204:207 mice 204:207 mice 204:207 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 5 91 theme academic 964:971 arg1 center 982:987 an academic MS study center 961:987 an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016 961:1032 The confirmatory study recruited 180 patients with MS from screening visits at an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016. 33970182 16 92 theme GlcNAc 2894:2899 arg1 deficiency 2880:2889 deficiency 2880:2889 deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) 2880:2931 Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may be a biomarker for PMS. 33970182 16 92 theme GlcNAc 2894:2899 arg1 biomarker 2942:2950 a biomarker 2940:2950 a biomarker for PMS 2940:2958 Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may be a biomarker for PMS. 33970182 10 93 dep PMS 1660:1662 arg1 years 1697:1701 55 [7] years 1690:1701 55 [7] years 1690:1701 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 93 dep PMS 1660:1662 arg1 women 1668:1672 14 women 1665:1672 14 women; mean [SD] age 1665:1687 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 3 94 theme academic 689:696 arg1 centers 701:707 2 academic MS centers 687:707 2 academic MS centers 687:707 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 8 95 theme tandem 1321:1326 arg1 spectroscopy 1333:1344 targeted tandem mass spectroscopy 1312:1344 targeted tandem mass spectroscopy 1312:1344 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 3 96 theme levels 534:539 arg1 marker 500:505 a marker 498:505 a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 498:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 5 97 theme study 976:980 arg1 center 982:987 an academic MS study center 961:987 an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016 961:1032 The confirmatory study recruited 180 patients with MS from screening visits at an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016. 33970182 10 98 theme [SD 1680:1682 arg1 age 1685:1687 mean [SD] age 1675:1687 14 women; mean [SD] age 1665:1687 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 3 99 theme serum 521:525 arg1 levels 534:539 endogenous serum GlcNAc levels 510:539 endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 510:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 2 100 with patients 422:429 arg1 MS 456:457 MS 456:457 MS 456:457 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 2 100 with patients 422:429 arg1 sclerosis 445:453 multiple sclerosis 436:453 multiple sclerosis (MS) 436:458 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 17 101 theme mechanistic 3016:3026 arg1 studies 3028:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 2 102 theme rate-limiting 324:336 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 290:308 N-acetylglucosamine 290:308 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 290:317 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 2 102 theme rate-limiting 324:336 arg1 substrate 338:346 a rate-limiting substrate 322:346 a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching 322:369 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 15 103 theme greater 2756:2762 arg1 percentage 2764:2773 a greater percentage 2754:2773 a greater percentage of brain volume loss 2754:2794 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 17 104 theme proinflammatory 3094:3108 arg1 responses 3110:3118 proinflammatory responses 3094:3118 proinflammatory responses 3094:3118 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 18 105 theme GlcNAc 3208:3213 arg1 deficiency 3215:3224 GlcNAc deficiency 3208:3224 GlcNAc deficiency 3208:3224 Combined, the data suggest that GlcNAc deficiency may be associated with progressive disease and neurodegeneration in patients with MS. 33970182 14 106 theme HexNAc 2469:2474 arg1 levels 2482:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels 2463:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels 2463:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 3 107 from marker 500:505 arg1 patients 544:551 patients 544:551 patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 544:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 17 108 theme myelin 3129:3134 arg1 repair 3136:3141 myelin repair 3129:3141 myelin repair 3129:3141 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 18 109 from disease 3261:3267 arg1 patients 3294:3301 patients 3294:3301 patients with MS 3294:3309 Combined, the data suggest that GlcNAc deficiency may be associated with progressive disease and neurodegeneration in patients with MS. 33970182 10 110 with controls 1484:1491 arg1 MS 1656:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 110 with controls 1484:1491 arg1 MS 1572:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 17 111 theme Previous 2961:2968 arg1 studies 3028:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 14 112 theme expanded 2511:2518 arg1 status 2531:2536 expanded disability status 2511:2536 expanded disability status 2511:2536 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 1 113 theme inflammatory 218:229 arg1 demyelination 231:243 inflammatory demyelination 218:243 inflammatory demyelination 218:243 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 12 114 theme mean 2044:2047 arg1 level 2054:2058 mean [SD] level 2044:2058 mean [SD] level 2044:2058 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 3 115 theme endogenous 510:519 arg1 levels 534:539 endogenous serum GlcNAc levels 510:539 endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 510:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 3 116 theme cross-sectional 598:612 arg1 study 624:628 A cross-sectional discovery study 596:628 A cross-sectional discovery study 596:628 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 9 117 theme confirmatory 1367:1378 arg1 outcomes 1357:1364 Secondary outcomes 1347:1364 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) 1347:1385 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 9 117 theme confirmatory 1367:1378 arg1 study 1380:1384 confirmatory study 1367:1384 confirmatory study 1367:1384 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 13 118 theme confirmatory 2442:2453 arg1 cohort 2455:2460 the independent confirmatory cohort 2426:2460 the independent confirmatory cohort 2426:2460 The difference between patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 709 [193] nM) and those with PMS (mean [SD] level, 405 [161] nM; P = 7.6 × 10-18) was confirmed in the independent confirmatory cohort. 33970182 11 119 theme [SD 1777:1779 arg1 years 1794:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 119 theme [SD 1777:1779 arg1 age 1782:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 12 120 theme mean 2177:2180 arg1 level 2187:2191 mean [SD] level 2177:2191 mean [SD] level 2177:2191 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 120 theme mean 2177:2180 arg1 controls 2167:2174 healthy controls 2159:2174 healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) 2159:2223 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 10 121 theme [SD 1509:1511 arg1 age 1514:1516 mean [SD] age 1504:1516 38 women; mean [SD] age 1494:1516 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 18 122 with patients 3294:3301 arg1 MS 3308:3309 MS 3308:3309 MS 3308:3309 Combined, the data suggest that GlcNAc deficiency may be associated with progressive disease and neurodegeneration in patients with MS. 33970182 17 123 theme N-glycan 3050:3057 arg1 branching 3059:3067 N-glycan branching 3050:3067 N-glycan branching 3050:3067 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 10 124 with patients 1630:1637 arg1 MS 1656:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 124 with patients 1630:1637 arg1 MS 1572:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 3 125 theme cross-sectional 634:648 arg1 study 663:667 cross-sectional confirmatory study 634:667 cross-sectional confirmatory study 634:667 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 14 126 theme fiber 2651:2655 arg1 B = 0.012 2664:2672 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 126 theme fiber 2651:2655 arg1 layer 2657:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer 2629:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008) 2629:2702 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 9 127 theme imaging 1397:1403 arg1 markers 1426:1432 imaging and clinical disease markers 1397:1432 imaging and clinical disease markers 1397:1432 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 12 128 theme GlcNAc 1922:1927 arg1 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 SD 1903:1904 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 128 theme GlcNAc 1922:1927 arg1 level 1913:1917 the mean (SD) serum level 1893:1917 the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) 1893:1959 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 129 dep level 2054:2058 arg1 P = .04 2075:2081 P = .04 2075:2081 P = .04 2075:2081 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 129 dep level 2054:2058 arg1 nM 2071:2072 682 [173] nM 2061:2072 682 [173] nM 2061:2072 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 9 130 theme clinical 1409:1416 arg1 markers 1426:1432 imaging and clinical disease markers 1397:1432 imaging and clinical disease markers 1397:1432 Secondary outcomes (confirmatory study) comprised imaging and clinical disease markers. 33970182 14 131 theme thalamic 2589:2596 arg1 P = .04 2615:2621 P = .04 2615:2621 P = .04 2615:2621 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 131 theme thalamic 2589:2596 arg1 volume 2598:2603 lower thalamic volume 2583:2603 lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04) 2583:2622 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 17 132 theme preclinical 2970:2980 arg1 studies 3028:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 10 133 dep women 1585:1589 arg1 age 1602:1604 mean [SD] age 1592:1604 25 women; mean [SD] age 1582:1604 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 3 134 from patients 544:551 arg1 marker 500:505 a marker 498:505 a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany 498:729 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 14 135 theme serum 2476:2480 arg1 levels 2482:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels 2463:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels 2463:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 12 136 dep controls 1989:1996 arg1 whereas 2085:2091 whereas 2085:2091 whereas 2085:2091 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 136 dep controls 1989:1996 arg1 level 2054:2058 mean [SD] level 2044:2058 mean [SD] level 2044:2058 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 12 136 dep controls 1989:1996 arg1 nM 1975:1976 710 (174) nM 1965:1976 710 (174) nM 1965:1976 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 14 137 theme retinal 2637:2643 arg1 B = 0.012 2664:2672 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008 2664:2701 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 137 theme retinal 2637:2643 arg1 layer 2657:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer 2629:2661 thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008) 2629:2702 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 11 138 dep women 1765:1769 arg1 years 1794:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 40 [9] years 1787:1798 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 138 dep women 1765:1769 arg1 age 1782:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 mean [SD] age 1772:1784 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 139 theme [80 1855:1857 arg1 years 1860:1864 49 [80] years 1852:1864 49 [80] years 1852:1864 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 140 dep women 1830:1834 arg1 years 1860:1864 49 [80] years 1852:1864 49 [80] years 1852:1864 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 140 dep women 1830:1834 arg1 age 1847:1849 mean [SD] age 1837:1849 22 women; mean [SD] age 1827:1849 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 14 141 theme Lower 2463:2467 arg1 levels 2482:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels 2463:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels 2463:2487 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 8 142 dep Outcomes 1187:1194 arg1 levels 1215:1220 Serum levels 1209:1220 Serum levels 1209:1220 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 15 143 theme loss 2791:2794 arg1 percentage 2764:2773 a greater percentage 2754:2773 a greater percentage of brain volume loss 2754:2794 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 8 144 theme GlcNAc 1225:1230 arg1 Outcomes 1187:1194 Main Outcomes 1182:1194 Main Outcomes 1182:1194 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 8 144 theme GlcNAc 1225:1230 arg1 Measures 1200:1207 Measures 1200:1207 Measures 1200:1207 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 33970182 10 145 theme [20 1522:1524 arg1 years 1527:1531 42 [20] years 1519:1531 42 [20] years 1519:1531 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 11 146 theme mean 1837:1840 arg1 age 1847:1849 mean [SD] age 1837:1849 22 women; mean [SD] age 1827:1849 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 2 147 theme serum 406:410 arg1 levels 412:417 endogenous serum levels 395:417 endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) 395:458 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 0 148 theme Marker 17:22 arg1 Association 0:10 Association 0:10 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration 0:103 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. 33970182 17 149 theme genetic 2989:2995 arg1 studies 3028:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 1 150 theme N-glycan 117:124 arg1 branching 126:134 Importance N-glycan branching 106:134 Importance N-glycan branching 106:134 Importance N-glycan branching modulates cell surface receptor availability, and its deficiency in mice promotes inflammatory demyelination, reduced myelination, and neurodegeneration. 33970182 12 151 with controls 2167:2174 arg1 RRMS 2243:2246 RRMS 2243:2246 RRMS 2243:2246 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 2 152 theme endogenous 395:404 arg1 levels 412:417 endogenous serum levels 395:417 endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) 395:458 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a rate-limiting substrate for N-glycan branching, but, to our knowledge, endogenous serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. 33970182 4 153 dep June 867:870 arg1 2013 876:879 2013 876:879 2013 876:879 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 10 154 with patients 1538:1545 arg1 MS 1656:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 154 with patients 1538:1545 arg1 MS 1572:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 12 155 theme healthy 1981:1987 arg1 controls 1989:1996 healthy controls 1981:1996 healthy controls 1981:1996 In the discovery cohort, the mean (SD) serum level of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) was 710 (174) nM in healthy controls and marginally reduced in patients with RRMS (mean [SD] level, 682 [173] nM; P = .04), whereas patients with PMS displayed markedly reduced levels compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] level, 548 [101] nM; P = 9.55 × 10-9) and patients with RRMS (P = 1.83 × 10-4). 33970182 10 156 theme progressive 1644:1654 arg1 MS 1656:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 progressive MS 1644:1657 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 0 157 theme Progressive 52:62 arg1 Sclerosis 73:81 Progressive Multiple Sclerosis 52:81 Progressive Multiple Sclerosis 52:81 Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. 33970182 16 158 dep Conclusions 2829:2839 arg1 suggests 2866:2873 suggests 2866:2873 suggests that deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may be a biomarker for PMS 2866:2958 Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that deficiency of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may be a biomarker for PMS. 33970182 17 159 theme ex 3002:3003 arg1 studies 3028:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies 2961:3034 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 15 160 theme HexNAc 2724:2729 arg1 levels 2731:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 11 161 with patients 1808:1815 arg1 RRMS 1756:1759 RRMS 1756:1759 RRMS 1756:1759 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 11 161 with patients 1808:1815 arg1 PMS 1822:1824 PMS 1822:1824 PMS 1822:1824 The confirmatory cohort included 125 patients with RRMS (83 women; mean [SD] age, 40 [9] years) and 55 patients with PMS (22 women; mean [SD] age, 49 [80] years). 33970182 17 162 dep ex 3002:3003 arg1 vivo 3005:3008 vivo 3005:3008 vivo 3005:3008 Previous preclinical, human genetic, and ex vivo human mechanistic studies revealed that N-glycan branching and/or GlcNAc may reduce proinflammatory responses, promote myelin repair, and decrease neurodegeneration. 33970182 3 163 theme MS 698:699 arg1 centers 701:707 2 academic MS centers 687:707 2 academic MS centers 687:707 Objective To investigate a marker of endogenous serum GlcNAc levels in patients with MS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional discovery study and cross-sectional confirmatory study were conducted at 2 academic MS centers in the US and Germany. 33970182 4 164 theme healthy 822:828 arg1 controls 830:837 66 healthy controls 819:837 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls 762:837 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 10 165 theme relapsing-remitting 1552:1570 arg1 MS 1572:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 relapsing-remitting MS 1552:1573 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 6 166 dep December 1068:1075 arg1 to 1086:1087 to 1086:1087 to 1086:1087 Serum samples were analyzed from December 2, 2013, to March 2, 2015. 33970182 6 166 dep December 1068:1075 arg1 March 1089:1093 March 1089:1093 March 1089:1093 Serum samples were analyzed from December 2, 2013, to March 2, 2015. 33970182 15 167 theme baseline 2709:2716 arg1 levels 2731:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels 2705:2736 Low baseline serum HexNAc levels correlated with a greater percentage of brain volume loss at 18 months (t = 1.8; P = .04). 33970182 4 168 theme outpatient 790:799 arg1 clinic 801:806 an outpatient clinic 787:806 an outpatient clinic 787:806 The discovery study recruited 54 patients with MS from an outpatient clinic as well as 66 healthy controls between April 20, 2010, and June 21, 2013. 33970182 14 169 theme lower 2583:2587 arg1 P = .04 2615:2621 P = .04 2615:2621 P = .04 2615:2621 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 14 169 theme lower 2583:2587 arg1 volume 2598:2603 lower thalamic volume 2583:2603 lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04) 2583:2622 Lower HexNAc serum levels correlated with worse expanded disability status scale scores (ρ = -0.485; P = 4.73 × 10-12), lower thalamic volume (t = 1.7; P = .04), and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (B = 0.012 [SE = 7.5 × 10-11]; P = .008). 33970182 5 170 theme MS 973:974 arg1 center 982:987 an academic MS study center 961:987 an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016 961:1032 The confirmatory study recruited 180 patients with MS from screening visits at an academic MS study center between April 9, 2007, and February 29, 2016. 33970182 10 171 dep women 1668:1672 arg1 age 1685:1687 mean [SD] age 1675:1687 14 women; mean [SD] age 1665:1687 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 10 172 theme discovery 1447:1455 arg1 cohort 1457:1462 The discovery cohort 1443:1462 The discovery cohort 1443:1462 Results The discovery cohort included 66 healthy controls (38 women; mean [SD] age, 42 [20] years), 33 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; 25 women; mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years), and 21 patients with progressive MS (PMS; 14 women; mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years). 33970182 8 173 theme targeted 1312:1319 arg1 spectroscopy 1333:1344 targeted tandem mass spectroscopy 1312:1344 targeted tandem mass spectroscopy 1312:1344 Main Outcomes and Measures Serum levels of GlcNAc plus its stereoisomers, termed N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc), were assessed using targeted tandem mass spectroscopy. 32298937 9 0 theme Low 1563:1565 arg1 salinity 1567:1574 Low salinity 1563:1574 Low salinity 1563:1574 Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. 32298937 3 1 from role 503:506 arg1 combination 523:533 combination 523:533 combination with other stressors 523:554 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 10 2 theme total 1668:1672 arg1 weight 1680:1685 total shell weight 1668:1685 total shell weight 1668:1685 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 6 3 theme biomineralogical 1084:1099 arg1 properties 1101:1110 the different biomineralogical properties 1070:1110 the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments 1070:1187 Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. 32298937 4 4 theme important 636:644 arg1 chilensis 622:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 4 theme important 636:644 arg1 resource 653:660 an important marine resource 633:660 an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts 633:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 8 5 from decrease 1497:1504 arg1 periostracum 1549:1560 the periostracum 1545:1560 the periostracum 1545:1560 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 11 6 theme pH 1877:1878 arg1 effect 1867:1872 any combined effect 1854:1872 any combined effect of pH and salinity 1854:1891 From the results, in the majority of the shell properties observed we did not observe any combined effect of pH and salinity. 32298937 5 7 theme shell 829:833 arg1 matrix 843:848 M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix 796:848 matrix 843:848 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 6 8 theme salinity 1169:1176 arg1 treatments 1178:1187 the different pH and salinity treatments 1148:1187 treatments 1178:1187 Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. 32298937 1 9 theme environmental 184:196 arg1 changes 198:204 important environmental changes 174:204 important environmental changes 174:204 Coastal ecosystems influenced by river discharges are subjected to important environmental changes. 32298937 9 10 theme crystal 1610:1616 arg1 organization 1618:1629 crystal organization 1610:1629 crystal organization at the outer shell surface 1610:1656 Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. 32298937 4 11 theme Mytilus 614:620 arg1 chilensis 622:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 11 theme Mytilus 614:620 arg1 resource 653:660 an important marine resource 633:660 an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts 633:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 5 12 theme M. chilensis 796:807 arg1 matrix 843:848 M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix 796:848 matrix 843:848 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 7 13 theme periostracum 1300:1311 arg1 composition 1321:1331 the periostracum organic composition 1296:1331 the periostracum organic composition 1296:1331 While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. 32298937 10 14 theme pH 1712:1713 arg1 conditions 1715:1724 low pH conditions 1708:1724 low pH conditions 1708:1724 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 5 15 theme periostracum 815:826 arg1 matrix 843:848 M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix 796:848 matrix 843:848 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 9 16 theme outer 1638:1642 arg1 surface 1650:1656 the outer shell surface 1634:1656 the outer shell surface 1634:1656 Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. 32298937 8 17 theme low 1392:1394 arg1 conditions 1399:1408 low pH conditions 1392:1408 low pH conditions 1392:1408 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 6 18 theme different 1152:1160 arg1 pH 1162:1163 the different pH and salinity treatments 1148:1187 pH 1162:1163 Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. 32298937 8 19 from periostracum 1549:1560 arg1 decrease 1497:1504 the decrease 1493:1504 the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum 1493:1560 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 2 20 theme marine 225:230 arg1 biota 232:236 marine biota 225:236 marine biota 225:236 Understanding how marine biota cope with its environment is relevant in predicting the responses to future conditions imposed by climate change. 32298937 1 21 theme Coastal 107:113 arg1 ecosystems 115:124 Coastal ecosystems 107:124 Coastal ecosystems influenced by river discharges 107:155 Coastal ecosystems influenced by river discharges are subjected to important environmental changes. 32298937 10 22 theme salinity 1738:1745 arg1 psu 1762:1764 20 psu 1759:1764 20 psu 1759:1764 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 10 22 theme salinity 1738:1745 arg1 conditions 1747:1756 lower salinity conditions 1732:1756 lower salinity conditions (20 psu) 1732:1765 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 0 23 theme shell 43:47 arg1 biomineralization 49:65 shell biomineralization 43:65 shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 43:104 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 5 24 theme crystal 854:860 arg1 orientation 862:872 crystal orientation 854:872 crystal orientation 854:872 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 0 25 from effects 13:19 arg1 biomineralization 49:65 shell biomineralization 43:65 shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 43:104 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 4 26 theme coasts 677:682 arg1 chilensis 622:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 26 theme coasts 677:682 arg1 resource 653:660 an important marine resource 633:660 an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts 633:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 0 27 theme edible 74:79 arg1 chilensis 96:104 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 70:104 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 70:104 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 5 28 theme time 1004:1007 arg1 intervals 1009:1017 different time intervals 994:1017 different time intervals 994:1017 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 11 29 theme salinity 1884:1891 arg1 effect 1867:1872 any combined effect 1854:1872 any combined effect of pH and salinity 1854:1891 From the results, in the majority of the shell properties observed we did not observe any combined effect of pH and salinity. 32298937 12 30 theme impacts 1938:1944 arg1 magnitude 1921:1929 the magnitude 1917:1929 the magnitude of the impacts of salinity and pH 1917:1963 Also, we detected that the magnitude of the impacts of salinity and pH are variable and time-dependent. 32298937 12 30 theme impacts 1938:1944 arg1 variable 1969:1976 variable 1969:1976 variable 1969:1976 Also, we detected that the magnitude of the impacts of salinity and pH are variable and time-dependent. 32298937 5 31 dep affected 878:885 arg1 isolated 962:969 isolated 962:969 isolated 962:969 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 0 32 theme Mytilus 88:94 arg1 chilensis 96:104 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 70:104 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 70:104 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 8 33 dep polysaccharides 1513:1527 arg1 the 1509:1511 the 1509:1511 the 1509:1511 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 3 34 theme large 363:367 arg1 number 369:374 a large number 361:374 a large number of studies 361:385 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 8 35 theme low 1460:1462 arg1 salinity 1464:1471 low salinity 1460:1471 low salinity 1460:1471 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 4 36 theme natural 726:732 arg1 variability 734:744 high natural variability 721:744 high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity 721:772 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 11 37 theme shell 1809:1813 arg1 properties 1815:1824 the shell properties 1805:1824 the shell properties observed 1805:1833 From the results, in the majority of the shell properties observed we did not observe any combined effect of pH and salinity. 32298937 13 38 theme salinity 2085:2092 arg1 conditions 2094:2103 lower pH and salinity conditions 2072:2103 conditions 2094:2103 This would be suggesting some level of acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions. 32298937 7 39 theme organic 1243:1249 arg1 matter 1251:1256 the total shell organic matter 1227:1256 the total shell organic matter 1227:1256 While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. 32298937 0 40 theme salinity 24:31 arg1 effects 13:19 The combined effects 0:19 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 0:105 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 7 41 theme total 1231:1235 arg1 matter 1251:1256 the total shell organic matter 1227:1256 the total shell organic matter 1227:1256 While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. 32298937 8 42 theme Higher 1338:1343 arg1 polysaccharides 1356:1370 polysaccharides 1356:1370 polysaccharides 1356:1370 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 8 42 theme Higher 1338:1343 arg1 amounts 1345:1351 Higher amounts 1338:1351 Higher amounts of polysaccharides 1338:1370 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 0 43 theme pH 37:38 arg1 effects 13:19 The combined effects 0:19 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 0:105 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 6 44 from differences 1037:1047 arg1 plasticity 1056:1065 the plasticity 1052:1065 the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments 1052:1187 Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. 32298937 2 45 theme climate 336:342 arg1 change 344:349 climate change 336:349 climate change 336:349 Understanding how marine biota cope with its environment is relevant in predicting the responses to future conditions imposed by climate change. 32298937 7 46 theme periostracum 1200:1211 arg1 thickness 1213:1221 the periostracum thickness 1196:1221 the periostracum thickness 1196:1221 While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. 32298937 12 47 theme salinity 1949:1956 arg1 impacts 1938:1944 the impacts 1934:1944 the impacts of salinity and pH 1934:1963 Also, we detected that the magnitude of the impacts of salinity and pH are variable and time-dependent. 32298937 2 48 dep Understanding 207:219 arg1 cope 238:241 cope 238:241 cope with its environment 238:262 Understanding how marine biota cope with its environment is relevant in predicting the responses to future conditions imposed by climate change. 32298937 5 49 dep studied 784:790 arg1 combination 978:988 combination 978:988 combination 978:988 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 5 49 dep studied 784:790 arg1 affected 878:885 affected 878:885 affected 878:885 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 5 49 dep studied 784:790 arg1 intervals 1009:1017 different time intervals 994:1017 different time intervals 994:1017 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 10 50 theme shell 1674:1678 arg1 weight 1680:1685 total shell weight 1668:1685 total shell weight 1668:1685 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 6 51 theme properties 1101:1110 arg1 plasticity 1056:1065 the plasticity 1052:1065 the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments 1052:1187 Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. 32298937 3 52 theme salinity 511:518 arg1 role 503:506 the role 499:506 the role of salinity in combination with other stressors 499:554 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 1 53 theme important 174:182 arg1 changes 198:204 important environmental changes 174:204 important environmental changes 174:204 Coastal ecosystems influenced by river discharges are subjected to important environmental changes. 32298937 9 54 theme major 1592:1596 arg1 disorder 1598:1605 a major disorder 1590:1605 a major disorder 1590:1605 Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. 32298937 6 55 theme different 1074:1082 arg1 properties 1101:1110 the different biomineralogical properties 1070:1110 the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments 1070:1187 Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. 32298937 5 56 theme organic 835:841 arg1 matrix 843:848 M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix 796:848 matrix 843:848 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 4 57 theme marine 646:651 arg1 chilensis 622:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 57 theme marine 646:651 arg1 resource 653:660 an important marine resource 633:660 an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts 633:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 8 58 from proteins 1533:1540 arg1 periostracum 1549:1560 the periostracum 1545:1560 the periostracum 1545:1560 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 2 59 theme future 307:312 arg1 conditions 314:323 future conditions 307:323 future conditions imposed by climate change 307:349 Understanding how marine biota cope with its environment is relevant in predicting the responses to future conditions imposed by climate change. 32298937 4 60 theme mussel 607:612 arg1 chilensis 622:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 60 theme mussel 607:612 arg1 resource 653:660 an important marine resource 633:660 an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts 633:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 8 61 from polysaccharides 1513:1527 arg1 periostracum 1549:1560 the periostracum 1545:1560 the periostracum 1545:1560 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 5 62 theme shell 809:813 arg1 matrix 843:848 M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix 796:848 matrix 843:848 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 8 63 theme pH 1396:1397 arg1 conditions 1399:1408 low pH conditions 1392:1408 low pH conditions 1392:1408 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 7 64 theme organic 1313:1319 arg1 composition 1321:1331 the periostracum organic composition 1296:1331 the periostracum organic composition 1296:1331 While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. 32298937 12 65 theme pH 1962:1963 arg1 impacts 1938:1944 the impacts 1934:1944 the impacts of salinity and pH 1934:1963 Also, we detected that the magnitude of the impacts of salinity and pH are variable and time-dependent. 32298937 5 66 theme different 994:1002 arg1 intervals 1009:1017 different time intervals 994:1017 different time intervals 994:1017 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 10 67 theme low 1708:1710 arg1 conditions 1715:1724 low pH conditions 1708:1724 low pH conditions 1708:1724 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 9 68 theme shell 1644:1648 arg1 surface 1650:1656 the outer shell surface 1634:1656 the outer shell surface 1634:1656 Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. 32298937 11 69 theme combined 1858:1865 arg1 effect 1867:1872 any combined effect 1854:1872 any combined effect of pH and salinity 1854:1891 From the results, in the majority of the shell properties observed we did not observe any combined effect of pH and salinity. 32298937 5 70 theme different 890:898 arg1 pH 900:901 different pH 890:901 different pH (8.1 and 7.7) 890:915 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 3 71 theme other 540:544 arg1 stressors 546:554 other stressors 540:554 other stressors 540:554 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 9 72 from surface 1650:1656 arg1 organization 1618:1629 crystal organization 1610:1629 crystal organization at the outer shell surface 1610:1656 Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. 32298937 4 73 theme estuarine 694:702 arg1 areas 704:708 estuarine areas 694:708 estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity 694:772 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 3 74 theme multiple 462:469 arg1 species 482:488 multiple calcifying species 462:488 multiple calcifying species 462:488 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 10 75 theme lower 1732:1736 arg1 psu 1762:1764 20 psu 1759:1764 20 psu 1759:1764 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 10 75 theme lower 1732:1736 arg1 conditions 1747:1756 lower salinity conditions 1732:1756 lower salinity conditions (20 psu) 1732:1765 Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). 32298937 8 76 theme experiment 1427:1436 arg1 days 1419:1422 20 days 1416:1422 20 days of experiment 1416:1436 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 4 77 theme Chilean 669:675 arg1 coasts 677:682 the Chilean coasts 665:682 the Chilean coasts 665:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 0 78 theme mussel 81:86 arg1 chilensis 96:104 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 70:104 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 70:104 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 3 79 from role 406:409 arg1 shell 420:424 shell 420:424 shell 420:424 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 3 79 from role 406:409 arg1 properties 448:457 biomineralization properties 430:457 biomineralization properties 430:457 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 5 80 dep pH 900:901 arg1 7.7 912:914 7.7 912:914 7.7 912:914 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 5 80 dep pH 900:901 arg1 8.1 904:906 8.1 904:906 8.1 904:906 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 0 81 theme chilensis 96:104 arg1 biomineralization 49:65 shell biomineralization 43:65 shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 43:104 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 4 82 from variability 734:744 arg1 terms 749:753 terms 749:753 terms of pH and salinity 749:772 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 5 83 theme salinity 921:928 arg1 psu 956:958 30, 25 and 20 psu 942:958 30, 25 and 20 psu 942:958 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 5 83 theme salinity 921:928 arg1 conditions 930:939 salinity conditions 921:939 salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu) 921:959 Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. 32298937 0 84 theme combined 4:11 arg1 effects 13:19 The combined effects 0:19 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 0:105 The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. 32298937 3 85 theme studies 379:385 arg1 number 369:374 a large number 361:374 a large number of studies 361:385 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 3 86 theme pH 414:415 arg1 role 406:409 the role 402:409 the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties 402:457 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 7 87 theme shell 1237:1241 arg1 matter 1251:1256 the total shell organic matter 1227:1256 the total shell organic matter 1227:1256 While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. 32298937 13 88 theme lower 2072:2076 arg1 pH 2078:2079 lower pH and salinity conditions 2072:2103 pH 2078:2079 This would be suggesting some level of acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions. 32298937 4 89 theme high 721:724 arg1 variability 734:744 high natural variability 721:744 high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity 721:772 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 11 90 theme properties 1815:1824 arg1 majority 1793:1800 the majority 1789:1800 the majority of the shell properties observed 1789:1833 From the results, in the majority of the shell properties observed we did not observe any combined effect of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 91 theme edible 600:605 arg1 chilensis 622:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis 596:630 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 4 91 theme edible 600:605 arg1 resource 653:660 an important marine resource 633:660 an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts 633:682 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 3 92 theme biomineralization 430:446 arg1 properties 448:457 biomineralization properties 430:457 biomineralization properties 430:457 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 3 93 with combination 523:533 arg1 stressors 546:554 other stressors 540:554 other stressors 540:554 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 13 94 theme M. chilensis 2056:2067 arg1 acclimatization 2037:2051 acclimatization 2037:2051 acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions 2037:2103 This would be suggesting some level of acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions. 32298937 1 95 theme river 140:144 arg1 discharges 146:155 river discharges 140:155 river discharges 140:155 Coastal ecosystems influenced by river discharges are subjected to important environmental changes. 32298937 4 96 theme salinity 765:772 arg1 terms 749:753 terms 749:753 terms of pH and salinity 749:772 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 8 97 theme polysaccharides 1513:1527 arg1 decrease 1497:1504 the decrease 1493:1504 the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum 1493:1560 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 4 98 theme pH 758:759 arg1 terms 749:753 terms 749:753 terms of pH and salinity 749:772 In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. 32298937 3 99 theme calcifying 471:480 arg1 species 482:488 multiple calcifying species 462:488 multiple calcifying species 462:488 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. 32298937 8 100 theme proteins 1533:1540 arg1 decrease 1497:1504 the decrease 1493:1504 the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum 1493:1560 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 8 101 theme polysaccharides 1356:1370 arg1 polysaccharides 1356:1370 polysaccharides 1356:1370 polysaccharides 1356:1370 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 8 101 theme polysaccharides 1356:1370 arg1 amounts 1345:1351 Higher amounts 1338:1351 Higher amounts of polysaccharides 1338:1370 Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. 32298937 13 102 theme acclimatization 2037:2051 arg1 level 2028:2032 some level 2023:2032 some level of acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions 2023:2103 This would be suggesting some level of acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions. 34638625 4 0 theme ubiquitination 912:925 arg1 pathways 947:954 protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways 904:954 protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes 904:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 4 1 theme new 795:797 arg1 mechanism 799:807 a new mechanism 793:807 a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes 793:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 0 2 theme E6 70:71 arg1 Stimulation 73:83 E6 Stimulation 70:83 E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP 70:124 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 3 3 theme human 618:622 arg1 HPV 640:642 HPV 640:642 HPV 640:642 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 3 3 theme human 618:622 arg1 papillomavirus 624:637 the human papillomavirus 614:637 the human papillomavirus (HPV) 614:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 4 4 theme ubiquitin-proteasome 834:853 arg1 system 855:860 the ubiquitin-proteasome system 830:860 the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes 830:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 4 4 theme ubiquitin-proteasome 834:853 arg1 UPS 863:865 UPS 863:865 UPS 863:865 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 3 5 theme papillomavirus 624:637 arg1 expression 582:591 the endogenous expression 567:591 the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 567:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 1 6 from processes 296:304 arg1 cell 313:316 the cell 309:316 the cell 309:316 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 7 theme cellular 255:262 arg1 proteins 264:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 3 8 from modification 718:729 arg1 cell 756:759 the cell 752:759 the cell 752:759 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 1 9 theme proteins 264:271 arg1 residues 239:246 Ser and Thr residues 227:246 Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins 227:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 9 theme proteins 264:271 arg1 proteins 264:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 0 10 theme Ligase 102:107 arg1 Activity 109:116 the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity 88:116 the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP 88:124 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 3 11 theme OGT 662:664 arg1 degradation 666:676 OGT degradation 662:676 OGT degradation by the proteasome 662:694 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 1 12 link O-linked 180:187 arg1 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 12 link O-linked 180:187 arg1 β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 189:211 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 180:211 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 180:222 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 2 13 theme ubiquitination 366:379 arg1 target 381:386 a ubiquitination target 364:386 a ubiquitination target 364:386 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 0 14 theme Ubiquitin 92:100 arg1 Activity 109:116 the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity 88:116 the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP 88:124 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 4 15 theme O-GlcNAcylation 931:945 arg1 pathways 947:954 protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways 904:954 protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes 904:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 4 16 theme diverse 967:973 arg1 processes 984:992 diverse cellular processes 967:992 diverse cellular processes 967:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 4 17 theme cellular 975:982 arg1 processes 984:992 diverse cellular processes 967:992 diverse cellular processes 967:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 4 18 theme protein 904:910 arg1 ubiquitination 912:925 protein ubiquitination 904:925 protein ubiquitination 904:925 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 1 19 theme O-linked 180:187 arg1 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 19 theme O-linked 180:187 arg1 β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 189:211 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 180:211 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 180:222 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 2 20 theme UB 415:416 arg1 ligase 419:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase 391:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP 391:429 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 3 21 from expression 529:538 arg1 cells 556:560 HeLa cells 551:560 HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 551:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 1 22 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 189:211 arg1 conjugation 165:175 the conjugation 161:175 the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins 161:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 0 23 theme N-Acetyl 23:30 arg1 Transferase 44:54 O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase 14:54 O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) 14:60 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 0 23 theme N-Acetyl 23:30 arg1 OGT 57:59 OGT 57:59 OGT 57:59 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 2 24 theme E3 401:402 arg1 ligase 419:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase 391:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP 391:429 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 2 25 theme ubiquitin 404:412 arg1 ligase 419:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase 391:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP 391:429 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 1 26 theme many 287:290 arg1 processes 296:304 many key processes 287:304 many key processes in the cell 287:316 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 0 27 theme Activity 109:116 arg1 Stimulation 73:83 E6 Stimulation 70:83 E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP 70:124 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 2 28 theme HECT-type 391:399 arg1 ligase 419:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase 391:424 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP 391:429 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 0 29 theme Transferase 44:54 arg1 Regulation 0:9 Regulation 0:9 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 0:125 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 1 30 theme key 292:294 arg1 processes 296:304 many key processes 287:304 many key processes in the cell 287:316 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 2 31 theme OGT 501:503 arg1 degradation 486:496 the degradation 482:496 the degradation of OGT 482:503 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 2 32 from overexpression 438:451 arg1 cells 463:467 HEK293 cells 456:467 HEK293 cells 456:467 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 3 33 theme E6AP 543:546 arg1 expression 529:538 the expression 525:538 the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 525:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 2 34 theme OGT 357:359 arg1 identification 339:352 the identification 335:352 the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT 335:503 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 0 35 theme Glucosamine 32:42 arg1 Transferase 44:54 O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase 14:54 O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) 14:60 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 0 35 theme Glucosamine 32:42 arg1 OGT 57:59 OGT 57:59 OGT 57:59 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 3 36 theme O-GlcNAc 709:716 arg1 modification 718:729 O-GlcNAc modification 709:729 O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell 709:759 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 0 37 theme E6AP 121:124 arg1 Activity 109:116 the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity 88:116 the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP 88:124 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 3 38 theme endogenous 571:580 arg1 expression 582:591 the endogenous expression 567:591 the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 567:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 3 39 mod modification 718:729 arg1 substrates 738:747 OGT substrates 734:747 OGT substrates 734:747 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 3 39 mod modification 718:729 arg3 O-GlcNAc 709:716 O-GlcNAc modification 709:729 O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell 709:759 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 2 40 theme E6AP 426:429 arg1 target 381:386 a ubiquitination target 364:386 a ubiquitination target 364:386 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 4 41 theme regulation 816:825 arg1 mechanism 799:807 a new mechanism 793:807 a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes 793:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 3 42 with cells 556:560 arg1 expression 582:591 the endogenous expression 567:591 the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 567:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 2 43 theme ligase 419:424 arg1 E6AP 426:429 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP 391:429 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP 391:429 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 4 44 theme OGT 812:814 arg1 regulation 816:825 OGT regulation 812:825 OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes 812:992 Overall, our study establishes a new mechanism of OGT regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that mediates the crosstalk between protein ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation pathways underlying diverse cellular processes. 34638625 1 45 theme Ser 227:229 arg1 residues 239:246 Ser and Thr residues 227:246 Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins 227:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 45 theme Ser 227:229 arg1 proteins 264:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 3 46 theme E6 600:601 arg1 protein 603:609 the E6 protein 596:609 the E6 protein 596:609 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 3 47 theme protein 603:609 arg1 expression 582:591 the endogenous expression 567:591 the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 567:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 3 48 theme HeLa 551:554 arg1 cells 556:560 HeLa cells 551:560 HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 551:643 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 1 49 theme Glycosyltransferase 127:145 arg1 OGT 147:149 Glycosyltransferase OGT 127:149 Glycosyltransferase OGT 127:149 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 50 theme Thr 235:237 arg1 residues 239:246 Ser and Thr residues 227:246 Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins 227:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 1 50 theme Thr 235:237 arg1 proteins 264:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 the cellular proteins 251:271 Glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes the conjugation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to Ser and Thr residues of the cellular proteins and regulates many key processes in the cell. 34638625 2 51 theme HEK293 456:461 arg1 cells 463:467 HEK293 cells 456:467 HEK293 cells 456:467 Here, we report the identification of OGT as a ubiquitination target of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase E6AP, whose overexpression in HEK293 cells would induce the degradation of OGT. 34638625 0 52 theme O-Linked 14:21 arg1 Transferase 44:54 O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase 14:54 O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) 14:60 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 0 52 theme O-Linked 14:21 arg1 OGT 57:59 OGT 57:59 OGT 57:59 Regulation of O-Linked N-Acetyl Glucosamine Transferase (OGT) through E6 Stimulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of E6AP. 34638625 3 53 theme substrates 738:747 arg1 modification 718:729 O-GlcNAc modification 709:729 O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell 709:759 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34638625 3 54 theme OGT 734:736 arg1 substrates 738:747 OGT substrates 734:747 OGT substrates 734:747 We also found that the expression of E6AP in HeLa cells with the endogenous expression of the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) would accelerate OGT degradation by the proteasome and suppress O-GlcNAc modification of OGT substrates in the cell. 34502531 7 0 theme DNA 1177:1179 arg1 repair 1181:1186 DNA repair 1177:1186 DNA repair 1177:1186 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 3 1 link O-linked 436:443 arg1 enzyme 493:498 the sole enzyme 484:498 the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins 484:576 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 1 link O-linked 436:443 arg1 OGT 478:480 OGT 478:480 OGT 478:480 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 1 link O-linked 436:443 arg1 transferase 465:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 436:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 436:481 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 2 theme sole 488:491 arg1 enzyme 493:498 the sole enzyme 484:498 the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins 484:576 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 2 theme sole 488:491 arg1 transferase 465:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 436:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 436:481 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 5 3 theme datasets 733:740 arg1 curation 721:728 Rigorous curation 712:728 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications 712:799 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 4 theme Homo 913:916 arg1 others 1011:1016 others 1011:1016 others 1011:1016 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 4 theme Homo 913:916 arg1 musculus 931:938 Mus musculus 927:938 Mus musculus 927:938 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 4 theme Homo 913:916 arg1 melanogaster 971:982 Drosophila melanogaster 960:982 Drosophila melanogaster 960:982 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 4 theme Homo 913:916 arg1 norvegicus 948:957 Rattus norvegicus 941:957 Rattus norvegicus 941:957 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 4 theme Homo 913:916 arg1 thaliana 997:1004 Arabidopsis thaliana 985:1004 Arabidopsis thaliana 985:1004 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 4 theme Homo 913:916 arg1 sapiens 918:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 2 5 from advances 302:309 arg1 years 321:325 recent years 314:325 recent years 314:325 With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions has been revealed. 34502531 0 6 theme Identified 80:89 arg1 Proteins 103:110 Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins 65:110 Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT 65:117 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 5 7 from publications 788:799 arg1 curation 721:728 Rigorous curation 712:728 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications 712:799 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 1 8 theme functional 255:264 arg1 state 266:270 the functional state 251:270 the functional state of a cell 251:280 Interactions between proteins are essential to any cellular process and constitute the basis for molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell. 34502531 9 9 theme webserver 1395:1403 arg1 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible. 34502531 9 9 theme webserver 1395:1403 arg1 Network 1429:1435 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network 1393:1435 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) 1393:1445 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible. 34502531 0 10 theme Proteins 103:110 arg1 Database 53:60 A Curated Database 43:60 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 0:118 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 7 11 theme cell 1235:1238 arg1 cycle 1240:1244 cell cycle 1235:1244 cell cycle 1235:1244 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 7 12 theme significant 1253:1263 arg1 enrichment 1265:1274 significant enrichment 1253:1274 significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation 1253:1322 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 3 13 theme O-linked 511:518 arg1 O-GlcNAc 543:550 O-GlcNAc 543:550 O-GlcNAc 543:550 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 13 theme O-linked 511:518 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 520:540 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 507:540 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 507:551 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 1 14 theme cellular 171:178 arg1 process 180:186 any cellular process 167:186 any cellular process 167:186 Interactions between proteins are essential to any cellular process and constitute the basis for molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell. 34502531 4 15 theme OGT 632:634 arg1 proteins 648:655 OGT interaction proteins 632:655 OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades 632:709 To that end, we collated OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades. 34502531 0 16 theme Interaction 91:101 arg1 Proteins 103:110 Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins 65:110 Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT 65:117 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 5 17 theme Arabidopsis 985:995 arg1 thaliana 997:1004 Arabidopsis thaliana 985:1004 Arabidopsis thaliana 985:1004 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 17 theme Arabidopsis 985:995 arg1 sapiens 918:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 2 18 theme interactions 376:387 arg1 number 350:355 an astonishingly high number 328:355 an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions 328:387 With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions has been revealed. 34502531 0 19 theme Protein 4:10 arg1 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 0 19 theme Protein 4:10 arg1 Network 24:30 OGT Protein Interaction Network 0:30 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 0:118 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 5 20 from identification 812:825 arg1 species 886:892 multiple species 877:892 multiple species studied 877:900 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 2 21 theme protein-protein 360:374 arg1 interactions 376:387 protein-protein interactions 360:387 protein-protein interactions 360:387 With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions has been revealed. 34502531 0 22 theme OGT 0:2 arg1 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 0 22 theme OGT 0:2 arg1 Network 24:30 OGT Protein Interaction Network 0:30 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 0:118 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 2 23 theme technical 292:300 arg1 advances 302:309 the technical advances 288:309 the technical advances in recent years 288:325 With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions has been revealed. 34502531 5 24 theme Rigorous 712:719 arg1 curation 721:728 Rigorous curation 712:728 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications 712:799 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 4 25 theme interaction 636:646 arg1 proteins 648:655 OGT interaction proteins 632:655 OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades 632:709 To that end, we collated OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades. 34502531 5 26 theme high-stringency 840:854 arg1 sapiens 918:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 26 theme high-stringency 840:854 arg1 interactors 860:870 up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors 830:870 up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others) 830:1017 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 0 27 theme OGT 115:117 arg1 Proteins 103:110 Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins 65:110 Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT 65:117 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 7 28 theme translational 1205:1217 arg1 regulation 1219:1228 translational regulation 1205:1228 translational regulation 1205:1228 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 3 29 theme transferase 465:475 arg1 interactome 421:431 the interactome 417:431 the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, 417:577 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 29 theme transferase 465:475 arg1 undefined 596:604 undefined 596:604 undefined 596:604 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 0 30 theme Interaction 12:22 arg1 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT-PIN 33:39 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 0 30 theme Interaction 12:22 arg1 Network 24:30 OGT Protein Interaction Network 0:30 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 0:118 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 1 31 theme cell 277:280 arg1 state 266:270 the functional state 251:270 the functional state of a cell 251:280 Interactions between proteins are essential to any cellular process and constitute the basis for molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell. 34502531 7 32 dep repair 1181:1186 arg1 e.g. 1171:1174 e.g. 1171:1174 e.g. 1171:1174 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 6 33 theme human 1036:1040 arg1 proteins 1042:1049 784 human proteins 1032:1049 784 human proteins 1032:1049 Among them, 784 human proteins were found to be interactors of human OGT. 34502531 5 34 theme O-GlcNAc-focused 771:786 arg1 publications 788:799 O-GlcNAc-focused publications 771:799 O-GlcNAc-focused publications 771:799 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 3 35 theme O-linked 436:443 arg1 enzyme 493:498 the sole enzyme 484:498 the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins 484:576 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 35 theme O-linked 436:443 arg1 OGT 478:480 OGT 478:480 OGT 478:480 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 35 theme O-linked 436:443 arg1 transferase 465:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 436:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 436:481 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 8 36 from protein 1375:1381 arg1 cells 1386:1390 cells 1386:1390 cells 1386:1390 Our dataset demonstrates that OGT is likely a hub protein in cells. 34502531 3 37 theme target 562:567 arg1 proteins 569:576 its target proteins 558:576 its target proteins 558:576 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 5 38 theme interactors 860:870 arg1 identification 812:825 the identification 808:825 the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others) 808:1017 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 39 theme multiple 877:884 arg1 species 886:892 multiple species 877:892 multiple species studied 877:900 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 7 40 theme diverse 1134:1140 arg1 range 1142:1146 a very diverse range 1127:1146 a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle) 1127:1245 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 3 41 theme N-acetylglucosamine 445:463 arg1 enzyme 493:498 the sole enzyme 484:498 the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins 484:576 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 41 theme N-acetylglucosamine 445:463 arg1 OGT 478:480 OGT 478:480 OGT 478:480 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 41 theme N-acetylglucosamine 445:463 arg1 transferase 465:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 436:475 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 436:481 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 42 link O-linked 511:518 arg1 O-GlcNAc 543:550 O-GlcNAc 543:550 O-GlcNAc 543:550 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 3 42 link O-linked 511:518 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 520:540 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 507:540 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 507:551 However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. 34502531 7 43 theme RNA 1189:1191 arg1 metabolism 1193:1202 RNA metabolism 1189:1202 RNA metabolism 1189:1202 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 9 44 theme Interaction 1417:1427 arg1 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible. 34502531 9 44 theme Interaction 1417:1427 arg1 Network 1429:1435 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network 1393:1435 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) 1393:1445 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible. 34502531 4 45 theme several 695:701 arg1 decades 703:709 the past several decades 686:709 the past several decades 686:709 To that end, we collated OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades. 34502531 5 46 from repositories 754:765 arg1 curation 721:728 Rigorous curation 712:728 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications 712:799 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 9 47 theme OGT-Protein 1405:1415 arg1 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 OGT-PIN 1438:1444 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible. 34502531 9 47 theme OGT-Protein 1405:1415 arg1 Network 1429:1435 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network 1393:1435 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) 1393:1445 A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible. 34502531 4 48 theme past 690:693 arg1 decades 703:709 the past several decades 686:709 the past several decades 686:709 To that end, we collated OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades. 34502531 8 49 theme hub 1371:1373 arg1 OGT 1355:1357 OGT 1355:1357 OGT 1355:1357 Our dataset demonstrates that OGT is likely a hub protein in cells. 34502531 8 49 theme hub 1371:1373 arg1 protein 1375:1381 a hub protein 1369:1381 a hub protein in cells 1369:1390 Our dataset demonstrates that OGT is likely a hub protein in cells. 34502531 0 50 dep Network 24:30 arg1 Database 53:60 A Curated Database 43:60 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 0:118 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 2 51 theme recent 314:319 arg1 years 321:325 recent years 314:325 recent years 314:325 With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions has been revealed. 34502531 6 52 theme human 1083:1087 arg1 OGT 1089:1091 human OGT 1083:1091 human OGT 1083:1091 Among them, 784 human proteins were found to be interactors of human OGT. 34502531 1 53 theme molecular 217:225 arg1 networks 227:234 molecular networks 217:234 molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell 217:280 Interactions between proteins are essential to any cellular process and constitute the basis for molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell. 34502531 0 54 theme Curated 45:51 arg1 Database 53:60 A Curated Database 43:60 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 0:118 OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. 34502531 5 55 theme OGT 856:858 arg1 sapiens 918:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 55 theme OGT 856:858 arg1 interactors 860:870 up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors 830:870 up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others) 830:1017 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 56 from species 886:892 arg1 identification 812:825 the identification 808:825 the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others) 808:1017 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 56 from species 886:892 arg1 sapiens 918:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Homo sapiens 913:924 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 5 56 from species 886:892 arg1 interactors 860:870 up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors 830:870 up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others) 830:1017 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 6 57 theme OGT 1089:1091 arg1 interactors 1068:1078 interactors 1068:1078 interactors of human OGT 1068:1091 Among them, 784 human proteins were found to be interactors of human OGT. 34502531 5 58 theme public 747:752 arg1 repositories 754:765 public repositories 747:765 public repositories 747:765 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 7 59 theme classes 1162:1168 arg1 range 1142:1146 a very diverse range 1127:1146 a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle) 1127:1245 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 34502531 5 60 dep 929 836:838 arg1 to 833:834 to 833:834 to 833:834 Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). 34502531 2 61 theme high 345:348 arg1 number 350:355 an astonishingly high number 328:355 an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions 328:387 With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein-protein interactions has been revealed. 34502531 7 62 theme functional 1151:1160 arg1 classes 1162:1168 functional classes 1151:1168 functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle) 1151:1245 Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. 33851726 5 0 theme antibody 859:866 arg1 concentration 868:880 antibody concentration 859:880 antibody concentration 859:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 9 1 theme rapid 1421:1425 arg1 assembly 1427:1434 rapid assembly 1421:1434 rapid assembly 1421:1434 Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. 33851726 5 2 theme cysteinylated 744:756 arg1 G 766:766 a cysteinylated protein G 742:766 a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration 742:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 7 3 theme total 1097:1101 arg1 concentration 1112:1124 total antibody concentration 1097:1124 total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range 1097:1160 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 4 4 theme electroactivated 668:683 arg1 linkages 695:702 electroactivated disulfide linkages 668:702 electroactivated disulfide linkages 668:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 5 5 theme concentration 868:880 arg1 capture 833:839 robust capture 826:839 robust capture 826:839 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 5 5 theme concentration 868:880 arg1 assessment 845:854 assessment 845:854 assessment of antibody concentration 845:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 5 6 theme protein 758:764 arg1 G 766:766 a cysteinylated protein G 742:766 a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration 742:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 7 7 theme linear 1076:1081 arg1 assessment 1083:1092 linear assessment 1076:1092 linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range 1076:1160 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 0 8 theme titer 110:114 arg1 interrogation 84:96 rapid interrogation 78:96 rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation 78:132 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 2 9 theme product 344:350 arg1 quality 352:358 product quality 344:358 product quality 344:358 Technologies that enable rapid assessment of product quality are critically important. 33851726 0 10 theme antibody 101:108 arg1 titer 110:114 antibody titer 101:114 antibody titer 101:114 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 6 11 theme antibody 1006:1013 arg1 capture 1015:1021 antibody capture 1006:1021 antibody capture based on glycan pattern 1006:1045 For detecting galactosylation, the hydrogel is linked with thiolated sugars and their corresponding lectins, which enables antibody capture based on glycan pattern. 33851726 9 12 from advantages 1389:1398 arg1 assembly 1427:1434 rapid assembly 1421:1434 rapid assembly 1421:1434 Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. 33851726 9 12 from advantages 1389:1398 arg1 reusability 1470:1480 reusability 1470:1480 reusability 1470:1480 Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. 33851726 9 12 from advantages 1389:1398 arg1 connectivity 1437:1448 connectivity 1437:1448 connectivity to electronics 1437:1463 Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. 33851726 9 12 from advantages 1389:1398 arg1 simplicity 1409:1418 their simplicity 1403:1418 their simplicity 1403:1418 Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. 33851726 5 13 theme titer 709:713 arg1 assessment 715:724 titer assessment 709:724 titer assessment 709:724 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 4 14 theme disulfide 685:693 arg1 linkages 695:702 electroactivated disulfide linkages 668:702 electroactivated disulfide linkages 668:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 0 15 theme glycosylation 120:132 arg1 interrogation 84:96 rapid interrogation 78:96 rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation 78:132 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 7 16 theme terminal 1226:1233 arg1 glycans 1247:1253 terminal β-galactose glycans 1226:1253 terminal β-galactose glycans 1226:1253 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 3 17 theme real-time 494:502 arg1 assessment 504:513 real-time assessment 494:513 real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation 494:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 4 18 dep glycol 639:644 arg1 hydrogel 646:653 hydrogel 646:653 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages 578:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 7 19 theme β-galactose 1235:1245 arg1 glycans 1247:1253 terminal β-galactose glycans 1226:1253 terminal β-galactose glycans 1226:1253 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 9 20 theme functionalized 1357:1370 arg1 interfaces 1372:1381 Our functionalized interfaces 1353:1381 Our functionalized interfaces 1353:1381 Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. 33851726 2 21 theme rapid 324:328 arg1 assessment 330:339 rapid assessment 324:339 rapid assessment of product quality 324:358 Technologies that enable rapid assessment of product quality are critically important. 33851726 8 22 theme surface 1309:1315 arg1 regeneration 1317:1328 surface regeneration 1309:1328 surface regeneration using a low pH buffer 1309:1350 We also show that the interfaces can be reused after surface regeneration using a low pH buffer. 33851726 7 23 theme antibodies 1210:1219 arg1 quantification 1192:1205 quantification 1192:1205 quantification 1192:1205 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 7 23 theme antibodies 1210:1219 arg1 capture 1180:1186 the selective capture 1166:1186 the selective capture 1166:1186 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 7 23 theme antibodies 1210:1219 arg1 assessment 1083:1092 linear assessment 1076:1092 linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range 1076:1160 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 6 24 theme detecting 887:895 arg1 galactosylation 897:911 detecting galactosylation 887:911 detecting galactosylation 887:911 For detecting galactosylation, the hydrogel is linked with thiolated sugars and their corresponding lectins, which enables antibody capture based on glycan pattern. 33851726 1 25 dep development 177:187 arg1 the 173:175 the 173:175 the 173:175 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 1 26 theme recombinant 208:218 arg1 therapeutics 228:239 recombinant protein therapeutics 208:239 recombinant protein therapeutics 208:239 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 0 27 theme Simple 0:5 arg1 interfaces 60:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 4 28 theme glycol 639:644 arg1 use 571:573 use 571:573 use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages 571:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 10 29 theme diagnostic 1590:1599 arg1 platforms 1601:1609 diagnostic platforms 1590:1609 diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings 1590:1651 As they assemble directly onto electrodes that also serve as I/O registers, we envision incorporation into diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings. 33851726 10 29 theme diagnostic 1590:1599 arg1 those 1621:1625 those 1621:1625 those 1621:1625 As they assemble directly onto electrodes that also serve as I/O registers, we envision incorporation into diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings. 33851726 10 30 theme I/O 1544:1546 arg1 electrodes 1514:1523 electrodes 1514:1523 electrodes that also serve as I/O registers 1514:1556 As they assemble directly onto electrodes that also serve as I/O registers, we envision incorporation into diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings. 33851726 10 30 theme I/O 1544:1546 arg1 registers 1548:1556 I/O registers 1544:1556 I/O registers 1544:1556 As they assemble directly onto electrodes that also serve as I/O registers, we envision incorporation into diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings. 33851726 1 31 theme protein 220:226 arg1 therapeutics 228:239 recombinant protein therapeutics 208:239 recombinant protein therapeutics 208:239 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 3 32 theme sensor 423:428 arg1 interfaces 430:439 sensor interfaces 423:439 sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation 423:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 4 33 theme polyethylene 626:637 arg1 glycol 639:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol 578:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages 578:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 7 34 theme concentration 1112:1124 arg1 quantification 1192:1205 quantification 1192:1205 quantification 1192:1205 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 7 34 theme concentration 1112:1124 arg1 capture 1180:1186 the selective capture 1166:1186 the selective capture 1166:1186 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 7 34 theme concentration 1112:1124 arg1 assessment 1083:1092 linear assessment 1076:1092 linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range 1076:1160 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 1 35 theme therapeutics 228:239 arg1 manufacture 193:203 manufacture 193:203 manufacture 193:203 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 1 35 theme therapeutics 228:239 arg1 development 177:187 development 177:187 development 177:187 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 3 36 theme interfaces 430:439 arg1 development 408:418 the development 404:418 the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation 404:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 5 37 theme thiolated 794:802 arg1 hydrogel 804:811 the thiolated hydrogel 790:811 the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration 790:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 2 38 theme quality 352:358 arg1 assessment 330:339 rapid assessment 324:339 rapid assessment of product quality 324:358 Technologies that enable rapid assessment of product quality are critically important. 33851726 0 39 theme PEG-based 43:51 arg1 interfaces 60:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 10 40 theme manufacturing 1630:1642 arg1 settings 1644:1651 manufacturing settings 1630:1651 manufacturing settings 1630:1651 As they assemble directly onto electrodes that also serve as I/O registers, we envision incorporation into diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings. 33851726 6 41 theme corresponding 969:981 arg1 lectins 983:989 their corresponding lectins 963:989 their corresponding lectins 963:989 For detecting galactosylation, the hydrogel is linked with thiolated sugars and their corresponding lectins, which enables antibody capture based on glycan pattern. 33851726 5 42 attach linked 780:785 arg2 G 766:766 a cysteinylated protein G 742:766 a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration 742:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 5 42 attach linked 780:785 arg1 hydrogel 804:811 the thiolated hydrogel 790:811 the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration 790:880 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 33851726 0 43 theme thiolated 33:41 arg1 interfaces 60:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 4 44 theme resolved 590:597 arg1 glycol 639:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol 578:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages 578:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 8 45 theme low 1338:1340 arg1 buffer 1345:1350 a low pH buffer 1336:1350 a low pH buffer 1336:1350 We also show that the interfaces can be reused after surface regeneration using a low pH buffer. 33851726 3 46 theme antibody 518:525 arg1 titer 527:531 antibody titer 518:531 antibody titer 518:531 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 3 47 link N-linked 537:544 arg1 galactosylation 546:560 N-linked galactosylation 537:560 N-linked galactosylation 537:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 7 48 theme relevant 1147:1154 arg1 range 1156:1160 an industrially relevant range 1131:1160 an industrially relevant range 1131:1160 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 7 49 with antibodies 1210:1219 arg1 glycans 1247:1253 terminal β-galactose glycans 1226:1253 terminal β-galactose glycans 1226:1253 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 0 50 theme sensor 53:58 arg1 interfaces 60:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces 0:69 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 4 51 theme thiolated 616:624 arg1 glycol 639:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol 578:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages 578:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 7 52 theme selective 1170:1178 arg1 capture 1180:1186 the selective capture 1166:1186 the selective capture 1166:1186 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 8 53 theme pH 1342:1343 arg1 buffer 1345:1350 a low pH buffer 1336:1350 a low pH buffer 1336:1350 We also show that the interfaces can be reused after surface regeneration using a low pH buffer. 33851726 4 54 theme electroassembled 599:614 arg1 glycol 639:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol 578:644 a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages 578:702 We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. 33851726 6 55 theme thiolated 942:950 arg1 sugars 952:957 thiolated sugars 942:957 thiolated sugars 942:957 For detecting galactosylation, the hydrogel is linked with thiolated sugars and their corresponding lectins, which enables antibody capture based on glycan pattern. 33851726 3 56 theme N-linked 537:544 arg1 galactosylation 546:560 N-linked galactosylation 537:560 N-linked galactosylation 537:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 1 57 dep conditions 143:152 arg1 established 154:164 established 154:164 conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy 143:296 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 7 58 theme antibody 1103:1110 arg1 concentration 1112:1124 total antibody concentration 1097:1124 total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range 1097:1160 Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. 33851726 3 59 theme galactosylation 546:560 arg1 assessment 504:513 real-time assessment 494:513 real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation 494:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 0 60 theme rapid 78:82 arg1 interrogation 84:96 rapid interrogation 78:96 rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation 78:132 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 3 61 theme titer 527:531 arg1 assessment 504:513 real-time assessment 494:513 real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation 494:560 Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. 33851726 1 62 theme clinical 280:287 arg1 efficacy 289:296 clinical efficacy 280:296 clinical efficacy 280:296 Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. 33851726 6 63 theme glycan 1032:1037 arg1 pattern 1039:1045 glycan pattern 1032:1045 glycan pattern 1032:1045 For detecting galactosylation, the hydrogel is linked with thiolated sugars and their corresponding lectins, which enables antibody capture based on glycan pattern. 33851726 0 64 dep Simple 0:5 arg1 electroassembled 16:31 electroassembled 16:31 electroassembled 16:31 Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. 33851726 5 65 theme robust 826:831 arg1 capture 833:839 robust capture 826:839 robust capture 826:839 For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. 32012886 7 0 gly sialylated 985:994 arg1 PrPSc 944:948 PrPSc 944:948 PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex 944:974 PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex was more sialylated than PrPSc from thalamus and stem. 32012886 8 1 theme Similar 1031:1037 arg1 trends 1039:1044 Similar trends 1031:1044 Similar trends 1031:1044 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 4 2 theme molecular 578:586 arg1 mechanisms 588:597 molecular mechanisms 578:597 molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability 578:632 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 0 3 theme Prion 81:85 arg1 Neurotropism 87:98 Prion Neurotropism 81:98 Prion Neurotropism 81:98 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. 32012886 6 4 theme current 837:843 arg1 work 845:848 The current work 833:848 The current work 833:848 The current work found that in 22L -infected animals, PrPSc is indeed sialylated in a region dependent manner. 32012886 2 5 mod modified 359:366 arg3 glycans 386:392 two N-linked glycans 373:392 two N-linked glycans 373:392 PrPC is posttranslationally modified with two N-linked glycans. 32012886 2 5 mod modified 359:366 arg1 PrPC 331:334 PrPC 331:334 PrPC 331:334 PrPC is posttranslationally modified with two N-linked glycans. 32012886 4 6 theme Brain 506:510 arg1 regions 512:518 Brain regions 506:518 Brain regions 506:518 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 10 7 theme low 1426:1428 arg1 status 1442:1447 their low sialylation status 1420:1447 their low sialylation status 1420:1447 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 8 8 from animals 1111:1117 arg1 materials 1074:1082 brain materials 1068:1082 brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals 1068:1117 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 10 9 theme certain 1357:1363 arg1 region 1371:1376 certain brain region 1357:1376 certain brain region 1357:1376 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 5 10 theme PrPSc 755:759 arg1 sialylation 740:750 sialylation 740:750 sialylation of PrPSc 740:759 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 32012886 3 11 theme PrPC 464:467 arg1 sialoglycoforms 469:483 PrPC sialoglycoforms 464:483 PrPC sialoglycoforms 464:483 Prion strains replicate by selecting substrates from a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host. 32012886 4 12 contain have 520:523 arg2 vulnerability 535:547 different vulnerability 525:547 different vulnerability to prion infection 525:566 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 4 12 contain have 520:523 arg1 regions 512:518 Brain regions 506:518 Brain regions 506:518 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 5 13 theme selective 791:799 arg1 vulnerability 801:813 selective vulnerability 791:813 selective vulnerability of brain regions 791:830 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 32012886 10 14 theme previous 1221:1228 arg1 studies 1230:1236 previous studies 1221:1236 previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication 1221:1308 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 4 15 theme selective 610:618 arg1 vulnerability 620:632 selective vulnerability 610:632 selective vulnerability 610:632 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 6 16 theme dependent 926:934 arg1 manner 936:941 a region dependent manner 917:941 a region dependent manner 917:941 The current work found that in 22L -infected animals, PrPSc is indeed sialylated in a region dependent manner. 32012886 0 17 theme Sialylation 16:26 arg1 Pattern 28:34 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern 0:34 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains 0:51 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. 32012886 8 18 theme brain 1068:1072 arg1 materials 1074:1082 brain materials 1068:1082 brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals 1068:1117 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 8 19 theme ME7-infected 1098:1109 arg1 animals 1111:1117 RML- and ME7-infected animals 1089:1117 RML- and ME7-infected animals 1089:1117 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 2 20 theme N-linked 377:384 arg1 glycans 386:392 two N-linked glycans 373:392 two N-linked glycans 373:392 PrPC is posttranslationally modified with two N-linked glycans. 32012886 0 21 theme Region-Specific 0:14 arg1 Pattern 28:34 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern 0:34 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains 0:51 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. 32012886 1 22 theme Mammalian 101:109 arg1 agents 148:153 unconventional infectious agents 122:153 unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc 122:328 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 1 22 theme Mammalian 101:109 arg1 prions 111:116 Mammalian prions 101:116 Mammalian prions 101:116 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 8 23 located observed 1056:1063 arg1 materials 1074:1082 brain materials 1068:1082 brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals 1068:1117 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 8 23 located observed 1056:1063 arg2 trends 1039:1044 Similar trends 1031:1044 Similar trends 1031:1044 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 4 24 theme prion 552:556 arg1 infection 558:566 prion infection 552:566 prion infection 552:566 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 10 25 theme sialylation 1430:1440 arg1 status 1442:1447 their low sialylation status 1420:1447 their low sialylation status 1420:1447 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 5 26 gly sialylation 740:750 arg1 PrPSc 755:759 PrPSc 755:759 PrPSc 755:759 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 32012886 1 27 theme misfolded 273:281 arg1 state 303:307 misfolded, disease-associated state 273:307 misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc 273:328 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 2 28 link N-linked 377:384 arg1 glycans 386:392 two N-linked glycans 373:392 two N-linked glycans 373:392 PrPC is posttranslationally modified with two N-linked glycans. 32012886 3 29 gly sialoglycoforms 469:483 arg1 PrPC 464:467 PrPC sialoglycoforms 464:483 PrPC sialoglycoforms 464:483 Prion strains replicate by selecting substrates from a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host. 32012886 1 30 theme normal 212:217 arg1 form 219:222 a normal form 210:222 a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) 210:248 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 0 31 theme Strains 45:51 arg1 Pattern 28:34 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern 0:34 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains 0:51 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. 32012886 7 32 from thalamus 1012:1019 arg1 PrPSc 1001:1005 PrPSc 1001:1005 PrPSc from thalamus and stem 1001:1028 PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex was more sialylated than PrPSc from thalamus and stem. 32012886 7 33 from PrPSc 944:948 arg1 cortex 969:974 cortex 969:974 cortex 969:974 PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex was more sialylated than PrPSc from thalamus and stem. 32012886 7 33 from PrPSc 944:948 arg1 hippocampus 953:963 hippocampus 953:963 hippocampus 953:963 PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex was more sialylated than PrPSc from thalamus and stem. 32012886 10 34 theme high 1335:1338 arg1 vulnerability 1340:1352 high vulnerability 1335:1352 high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection 1335:1395 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 3 35 theme large 450:454 arg1 pool 456:459 a large pool 448:459 a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host 448:503 Prion strains replicate by selecting substrates from a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host. 32012886 0 36 theme Prion 39:43 arg1 Strains 45:51 Prion Strains 39:51 Prion Strains 39:51 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. 32012886 4 37 theme different 525:533 arg1 vulnerability 535:547 different vulnerability 525:547 different vulnerability to prion infection 525:566 Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. 32012886 8 38 theme RML- 1089:1092 arg1 animals 1111:1117 RML- and ME7-infected animals 1089:1117 RML- and ME7-infected animals 1089:1117 Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. 32012886 6 39 theme -infected 868:876 arg1 animals 878:884 22L -infected animals 864:884 22L -infected animals 864:884 The current work found that in 22L -infected animals, PrPSc is indeed sialylated in a region dependent manner. 32012886 9 40 theme current 1124:1130 arg1 study 1132:1136 The current study 1120:1136 The current study 1120:1136 The current study established that PrPSc sialylation status is indeed region-specific. 32012886 7 41 from stem 1025:1028 arg1 PrPSc 1001:1005 PrPSc 1001:1005 PrPSc from thalamus and stem 1001:1028 PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex was more sialylated than PrPSc from thalamus and stem. 32012886 0 42 theme Novel 62:66 arg1 Insight 68:74 Novel Insight 62:74 Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism 62:98 Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. 32012886 6 43 theme 22L 864:866 arg1 animals 878:884 22L -infected animals 864:884 22L -infected animals 864:884 The current work found that in 22L -infected animals, PrPSc is indeed sialylated in a region dependent manner. 32012886 1 44 theme unconventional 122:135 arg1 agents 148:153 unconventional infectious agents 122:153 unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc 122:328 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 1 44 theme unconventional 122:135 arg1 prions 111:116 Mammalian prions 101:116 Mammalian prions 101:116 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 5 45 theme brain 818:822 arg1 regions 824:830 brain regions 818:830 brain regions 818:830 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 32012886 5 46 theme current 695:701 arg1 study 703:707 the current study 691:707 the current study 691:707 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 32012886 10 47 theme region 1371:1376 arg1 vulnerability 1340:1352 high vulnerability 1335:1352 high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection 1335:1395 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 1 48 theme infectious 137:146 arg1 agents 148:153 unconventional infectious agents 122:153 unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc 122:328 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 1 48 theme infectious 137:146 arg1 prions 111:116 Mammalian prions 101:116 Mammalian prions 101:116 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 10 49 theme brain 1365:1369 arg1 region 1371:1376 certain brain region 1357:1376 certain brain region 1357:1376 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 3 50 theme sialoglycoforms 469:483 arg1 pool 456:459 a large pool 448:459 a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host 448:503 Prion strains replicate by selecting substrates from a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host. 32012886 6 51 gly sialylated 903:912 arg1 PrPSc 887:891 PrPSc 887:891 PrPSc 887:891 The current work found that in 22L -infected animals, PrPSc is indeed sialylated in a region dependent manner. 32012886 10 52 theme prion 1292:1296 arg1 replication 1298:1308 prion replication 1292:1308 prion replication 1292:1308 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 10 53 theme prion 1381:1385 arg1 infection 1387:1395 prion infection 1381:1395 prion infection 1381:1395 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 9 54 theme PrPSc 1155:1159 arg1 status 1173:1178 PrPSc sialylation status 1155:1178 PrPSc sialylation status 1155:1178 The current study established that PrPSc sialylation status is indeed region-specific. 32012886 10 55 theme low 1257:1259 arg1 status 1273:1278 low sialylation status 1257:1278 low sialylation status 1257:1278 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 1 56 theme prion 229:233 arg1 protein 235:241 a prion protein 227:241 a prion protein (PrPC) 227:248 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 1 56 theme prion 229:233 arg1 PrPC 244:247 PrPC 244:247 PrPC 244:247 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 5 57 dep possibility 723:733 arg1 involved 770:777 involved 770:777 might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions 761:830 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 32012886 9 58 theme sialylation 1161:1171 arg1 status 1173:1178 PrPSc sialylation status 1155:1178 PrPSc sialylation status 1155:1178 The current study established that PrPSc sialylation status is indeed region-specific. 32012886 10 59 theme sialylation 1261:1271 arg1 status 1273:1278 low sialylation status 1257:1278 low sialylation status 1257:1278 Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status. 32012886 1 60 theme protein 235:241 arg1 form 219:222 a normal form 210:222 a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) 210:248 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 3 61 theme Prion 395:399 arg1 strains 401:407 Prion strains 395:407 Prion strains 395:407 Prion strains replicate by selecting substrates from a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host. 32012886 1 62 dep misfolded 273:281 arg1 disease-associated 284:301 disease-associated 284:301 disease-associated 284:301 Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. 32012886 5 63 theme regions 824:830 arg1 vulnerability 801:813 selective vulnerability 791:813 selective vulnerability of brain regions 791:830 Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. 34681527 0 0 theme Gut 91:93 arg1 Microbiota 95:104 Gut Microbiota 91:104 Gut Microbiota 91:104 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 5 1 theme Tlr2 766:769 arg1 expression 748:757 the expression 744:757 the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 744:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 6 2 theme SCFAs 961:965 arg1 metabolism 967:976 SCFAs metabolism 961:976 SCFAs metabolism 961:976 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 6 3 theme TLR 1017:1019 arg1 pathway 1031:1037 the TLR signaling pathway 1013:1037 the TLR signaling pathway 1013:1037 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 7 4 theme special 1076:1082 arg1 ingredient 1084:1093 a special ingredient 1074:1093 a special ingredient for functional product 1074:1116 Therefore, PS can be developed as a special ingredient for functional product. 34681527 7 4 theme special 1076:1082 arg1 PS 1051:1052 PS 1051:1052 PS 1051:1052 Therefore, PS can be developed as a special ingredient for functional product. 34681527 1 5 theme marine 174:179 arg1 shellfish 181:189 marine shellfish 174:189 marine shellfish 174:189 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish has various bioactivities. 34681527 2 6 from response 322:329 arg1 mice 334:337 mice 334:337 mice 334:337 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 5 7 from expression 748:757 arg1 pathway 844:850 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 3 8 contain had 510:512 arg1 PS 507:508 PS 507:508 PS 507:508 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 3 8 contain had 510:512 arg2 properties 539:548 immune response-boosting properties 514:548 immune response-boosting properties 514:548 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 0 9 theme Microbiota 95:104 arg1 Modulation 77:86 Modulation 77:86 Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice 77:151 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 6 10 theme gut 942:944 arg1 microbiota 946:955 gut microbiota 942:955 gut microbiota 942:955 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 0 11 theme Fatty 122:126 arg1 Acids 128:132 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 110:132 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 110:132 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 3 12 theme response-boosting 521:537 arg1 properties 539:548 immune response-boosting properties 514:548 immune response-boosting properties 514:548 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 3 13 theme PS 423:424 arg1 administration 426:439 PS administration 423:439 PS administration 423:439 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 4 14 theme acids 677:681 arg1 metabolism 691:700 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism 659:700 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism 659:700 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 0 15 theme Short-Chain 110:120 arg1 Acids 128:132 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 110:132 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 110:132 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 7 16 theme functional 1099:1108 arg1 product 1110:1116 functional product 1099:1116 functional product 1099:1116 Therefore, PS can be developed as a special ingredient for functional product. 34681527 0 17 dep Microbiota 95:104 arg1 Metabolism 134:143 Metabolism 134:143 Metabolism 134:143 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 4 18 theme fatty 671:675 arg1 acids 677:681 short-chain fatty acids 659:681 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism 659:700 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 4 18 theme fatty 671:675 arg1 SCFAs 684:688 SCFAs 684:688 SCFAs 684:688 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 5 19 theme Tnfa 785:788 arg1 expression 748:757 the expression 744:757 the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 744:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 0 20 from Skirt 44:48 arg1 Polysaccharide 0:13 Polysaccharide 0:13 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt 0:48 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 2 21 from effects 237:243 arg1 PS 299:300 PS 299:300 PS 299:300 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 2 21 from effects 237:243 arg1 skirt 292:296 Patinopecten yessoensis skirt 268:296 Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) 268:301 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 2 21 from effects 237:243 arg1 response 322:329 boosting immune response 306:329 boosting immune response in mice 306:337 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 1 22 theme various 195:201 arg1 bioactivities 203:215 various bioactivities 195:215 various bioactivities 195:215 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish has various bioactivities. 34681527 4 23 theme PS 561:562 arg1 administration 564:577 PS administration 561:577 PS administration 561:577 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 2 24 theme immune 315:320 arg1 response 322:329 boosting immune response 306:329 boosting immune response in mice 306:337 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 5 25 theme signaling 834:842 arg1 pathway 844:850 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 5 26 dep Tlr2 766:769 arg1 the 762:764 the 762:764 the 762:764 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 2 27 theme boosting 306:313 arg1 response 322:329 boosting immune response 306:329 boosting immune response in mice 306:337 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 3 28 theme IgG 473:475 arg1 levels 485:490 the serum IgG and IgM levels 463:490 the serum IgG and IgM levels 463:490 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 5 29 theme Il1b 795:798 arg1 genes 800:804 Il1b genes 795:804 Il1b genes 795:804 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 0 30 theme Acids 128:132 arg1 Modulation 77:86 Modulation 77:86 Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice 77:151 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 5 31 theme Tlr7 772:775 arg1 expression 748:757 the expression 744:757 the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 744:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 4 32 theme butyrate 714:721 arg1 metabolism 723:732 butyrate metabolism 714:732 butyrate metabolism 714:732 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 5 33 theme toll-like 809:817 arg1 TLR 829:831 TLR 829:831 TLR 829:831 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 5 33 theme toll-like 809:817 arg1 receptor 819:826 toll-like receptor 809:826 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 6 34 theme signaling 1021:1029 arg1 pathway 1031:1037 the TLR signaling pathway 1013:1037 the TLR signaling pathway 1013:1037 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 4 35 theme short-chain 659:669 arg1 acids 677:681 short-chain fatty acids 659:681 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism 659:700 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 4 35 theme short-chain 659:669 arg1 SCFAs 684:688 SCFAs 684:688 SCFAs 684:688 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 6 36 theme pathway 1031:1037 arg1 activation 999:1008 the activation 995:1008 the activation of the TLR signaling pathway 995:1037 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 6 37 theme immune 908:913 arg1 response 915:922 immune response 908:922 immune response 908:922 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 1 38 contain has 191:193 arg1 Polysaccharide 154:167 Polysaccharide 154:167 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish 154:189 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish has various bioactivities. 34681527 1 38 contain has 191:193 arg2 bioactivities 203:215 various bioactivities 195:215 various bioactivities 195:215 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish has various bioactivities. 34681527 3 39 theme serum 467:471 arg1 IgG 473:475 serum IgG 467:475 serum IgG 467:475 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 5 40 theme MyD88 778:782 arg1 expression 748:757 the expression 744:757 the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 744:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 0 41 theme Immune 57:62 arg1 Response 64:71 Immune Response 57:71 Immune Response 57:71 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 0 42 from Modulation 77:86 arg1 Mice 148:151 Mice 148:151 Mice 148:151 Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis Skirt Boosts Immune Response via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism in Mice. 34681527 2 43 theme yessoensis 281:290 arg1 PS 299:300 PS 299:300 PS 299:300 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 2 43 theme yessoensis 281:290 arg1 skirt 292:296 Patinopecten yessoensis skirt 268:296 Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) 268:301 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 3 44 theme IgM 481:483 arg1 levels 485:490 the serum IgG and IgM levels 463:490 the serum IgG and IgM levels 463:490 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 2 45 from skirt 292:296 arg1 effects 237:243 the effects 233:243 the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice 233:337 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 2 45 from skirt 292:296 arg1 polysaccharide 248:261 polysaccharide 248:261 polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) 248:301 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 4 46 theme gut 617:619 arg1 microbiota 621:630 the gut microbiota 613:630 the gut microbiota 613:630 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34681527 2 47 theme Patinopecten 268:279 arg1 PS 299:300 PS 299:300 PS 299:300 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 2 47 theme Patinopecten 268:279 arg1 skirt 292:296 Patinopecten yessoensis skirt 268:296 Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) 268:301 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 5 48 theme receptor 819:826 arg1 pathway 844:850 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 809:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 5 49 theme genes 800:804 arg1 expression 748:757 the expression 744:757 the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway 744:850 Of note, the expression of the Tlr2, Tlr7, MyD88, Tnfa, and Il1b genes in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was significantly increased. 34681527 2 50 theme potential 363:371 arg1 mechanisms 373:382 the potential mechanisms 359:382 the potential mechanisms 359:382 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 6 51 dep microbiota 946:955 arg1 the 938:940 the 938:940 the 938:940 In summary, PS could boost immune response by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism correlating with the activation of the TLR signaling pathway. 34681527 2 52 theme polysaccharide 248:261 arg1 effects 237:243 the effects 233:243 the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice 233:337 In this study, the effects of polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt (PS) on boosting immune response in mice were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were explored. 34681527 1 53 from shellfish 181:189 arg1 Polysaccharide 154:167 Polysaccharide 154:167 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish 154:189 Polysaccharide from marine shellfish has various bioactivities. 34681527 3 54 theme immune 514:519 arg1 properties 539:548 immune response-boosting properties 514:548 immune response-boosting properties 514:548 The results showed that PS administration effectively increased the serum IgG and IgM levels, implying that PS had immune response-boosting properties. 34681527 4 55 theme microbiota 621:630 arg1 composition 598:608 the composition 594:608 the composition of the gut microbiota 594:630 Moreover, PS administration could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and significantly improve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, especially butyrate metabolism. 34849108 1 0 attach derived 154:160 arg2 polysaccharides 138:152 Non-starch polysaccharides 127:152 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources 127:183 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 1 0 attach derived 154:160 arg1 resources 175:183 natural resources 167:183 natural resources 167:183 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 7 1 theme cluster 1682:1688 arg1 expression 1668:1677 the expression 1664:1677 the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) 1664:1717 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 1 2 theme significant 192:202 arg1 role 204:207 a significant role 190:207 a significant role in the field of food science 190:236 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 1 3 theme extensive 268:276 arg1 distribution 278:289 their extensive distribution 262:289 their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity 262:317 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 9 4 theme Graphical 1934:1942 arg1 Abstract 1944:1951 Graphical Abstract 1934:1951 Graphical Abstract 1934:1951 Graphical Abstract 34849108 4 5 theme arabinose 849:857 arg1 amount 839:844 a high amount 832:844 a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2) 832:993 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 4 5 theme arabinose 849:857 arg1 arabinose 849:857 arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) 849:870 arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) 849:870 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 6 6 theme necrosis 1513:1520 arg1 factor-alpha 1522:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1507:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 1507:1541 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 6 theme necrosis 1513:1520 arg1 TNF-α 1536:1540 TNF-α 1536:1540 TNF-α 1536:1540 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 3 7 dep protein 682:688 arg1 % 701:701 41.4 ± 0.5% 691:701 41.4 ± 0.5% 691:701 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 3 7 dep protein 682:688 arg1 % 717:717 20.8 ± 0.5% 707:717 20.8 ± 0.5% 707:717 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 2 8 from deproteination 458:471 arg1 cells 504:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 1 9 from role 204:207 arg1 field 216:220 the field 212:220 the field of food science 212:236 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 7 10 theme MAPKs 1631:1635 arg1 pathways 1647:1654 the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways 1613:1654 the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways 1613:1654 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 3 11 theme uronic 724:729 arg1 acid 731:734 uronic acid 724:734 uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%) 724:762 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 2 12 theme non-starch 371:380 arg1 CQNP 398:401 CQNP 398:401 CQNP 398:401 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 2 12 theme non-starch 371:380 arg1 polysaccharide 382:395 a non-starch polysaccharide 369:395 a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa 369:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 5 13 theme major 1130:1134 arg1 unit 1136:1139 a major unit 1128:1139 a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5) 1128:1174 However, after deproteination, a difference was found in the order of the monosaccharide components, with galactose (41.1 ± 0.5) as a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5), rhamnose (10.9 ± 0.2), glucose (6.6 ± 0.2), mannose (3.4 ± 0.2) and xylose (3.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 8 14 theme protein 1814:1820 arg1 content 1822:1828 the protein content 1810:1828 the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent 1810:1931 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 3 15 theme acid 731:734 arg1 presence 626:633 the presence 622:633 the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%) 622:762 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 4 16 theme high 834:837 arg1 amount 839:844 a high amount 832:844 a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2) 832:993 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 4 16 theme high 834:837 arg1 arabinose 849:857 arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) 849:870 arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) 849:870 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 2 17 from activity 357:364 arg1 quinoa 421:426 Chenopodium quinoa 409:426 Chenopodium quinoa 409:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 3 18 theme deproteinated-CQNP 548:565 arg1 composition 524:534 The chemical composition 511:534 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) 511:574 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 6 19 theme oxide 1398:1402 arg1 iNOS 1414:1417 iNOS 1414:1417 iNOS 1414:1417 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 19 theme oxide 1398:1402 arg1 synthase 1404:1411 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1381:1411 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1381:1418 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 2 20 theme Chenopodium 409:419 arg1 quinoa 421:426 Chenopodium quinoa 409:426 Chenopodium quinoa 409:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 0 21 theme Quinoa 59:64 arg1 Polysaccharide 77:90 Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide 59:90 Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide 59:90 Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization. 34849108 8 22 from polysaccharides 1854:1868 arg1 removal 1799:1805 removal 1799:1805 removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent 1799:1931 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 6 23 theme RAW 1307:1309 arg1 cells 1317:1321 the RAW 264.7 cells 1303:1321 the RAW 264.7 cells 1303:1321 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 24 theme nitric 1391:1396 arg1 iNOS 1414:1417 iNOS 1414:1417 iNOS 1414:1417 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 24 theme nitric 1391:1396 arg1 synthase 1404:1411 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1381:1411 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1381:1418 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 25 theme inducible 1381:1389 arg1 iNOS 1414:1417 iNOS 1414:1417 iNOS 1414:1417 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 25 theme inducible 1381:1389 arg1 synthase 1404:1411 inducible nitric oxide synthase 1381:1411 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 1381:1418 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 0 26 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Elucidation 11:21 Structural Elucidation 0:21 Structural Elucidation 0:21 Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization. 34849108 8 27 from removal 1799:1805 arg1 polysaccharides 1854:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 7 28 theme cells 1579:1583 arg1 stimulation 1554:1564 stimulation 1554:1564 stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP 1554:1593 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 0 29 theme Immunostimulatory 27:43 arg1 Activities 45:54 Immunostimulatory Activities 27:54 Immunostimulatory Activities 27:54 Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization. 34849108 7 30 theme CD40 1713:1716 arg1 cluster 1682:1688 cluster 1682:1688 cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) 1682:1717 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 6 31 theme interleukin 1469:1479 arg1 IL 1482:1483 interleukin (IL)-1β 1469:1487 interleukin (IL)-1β 1469:1487 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 1 32 theme Non-starch 127:136 arg1 polysaccharides 138:152 Non-starch polysaccharides 127:152 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources 127:183 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 3 33 dep carbohydrate 638:649 arg1 % 678:678 39.5 ± 0.8% 668:678 39.5 ± 0.8% 668:678 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 3 33 dep carbohydrate 638:649 arg1 % 662:662 22.7 ± 0.8% 652:662 22.7 ± 0.8% 652:662 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 7 34 theme signaling 1637:1645 arg1 pathways 1647:1654 the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways 1613:1654 the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways 1613:1654 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 8 35 theme new 1907:1909 arg1 agent 1927:1931 a new immunostimulant agent 1905:1931 develop a new immunostimulant agent 1897:1931 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 1 36 theme science 230:236 arg1 field 216:220 the field 212:220 the field of food science 212:236 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 8 37 dep agent 1927:1931 arg1 develop 1897:1903 develop 1897:1903 develop 1897:1903 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 5 38 located found 1044:1048 arg1 order 1057:1061 the order 1053:1061 the order of the monosaccharide components 1053:1094 However, after deproteination, a difference was found in the order of the monosaccharide components, with galactose (41.1 ± 0.5) as a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5), rhamnose (10.9 ± 0.2), glucose (6.6 ± 0.2), mannose (3.4 ± 0.2) and xylose (3.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 5 38 located found 1044:1048 arg2 difference 1029:1038 a difference 1027:1038 a difference 1027:1038 However, after deproteination, a difference was found in the order of the monosaccharide components, with galactose (41.1 ± 0.5) as a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5), rhamnose (10.9 ± 0.2), glucose (6.6 ± 0.2), mannose (3.4 ± 0.2) and xylose (3.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 8 39 theme immunostimulant 1911:1925 arg1 agent 1927:1931 a new immunostimulant agent 1905:1931 develop a new immunostimulant agent 1897:1931 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 2 40 theme RAW 494:496 arg1 cells 504:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 1 41 from distribution 278:289 arg1 toxicity 310:317 less toxicity 305:317 less toxicity 305:317 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 1 41 from distribution 278:289 arg1 nature 294:299 nature 294:299 nature 294:299 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 8 42 theme quinoa 1836:1841 arg1 polysaccharides 1854:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 1 43 theme human 242:246 arg1 health 248:253 human health 242:253 human health 242:253 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 2 44 theme macrophage 483:492 arg1 cells 504:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 5 45 theme monosaccharide 1070:1083 arg1 components 1085:1094 the monosaccharide components 1066:1094 the monosaccharide components 1066:1094 However, after deproteination, a difference was found in the order of the monosaccharide components, with galactose (41.1 ± 0.5) as a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5), rhamnose (10.9 ± 0.2), glucose (6.6 ± 0.2), mannose (3.4 ± 0.2) and xylose (3.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 8 46 theme RAW 1750:1752 arg1 cells 1760:1764 RAW 264.7 cells 1750:1764 RAW 264.7 cells 1750:1764 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 0 47 theme Polysaccharide 77:90 arg1 Elucidation 11:21 Structural Elucidation 0:21 Structural Elucidation 0:21 Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization. 34849108 0 47 theme Polysaccharide 77:90 arg1 Activities 45:54 Immunostimulatory Activities 27:54 Immunostimulatory Activities 27:54 Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization. 34849108 8 48 theme content 1822:1828 arg1 removal 1799:1805 removal 1799:1805 removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent 1799:1931 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 8 49 from content 1822:1828 arg1 polysaccharides 1854:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 2 50 theme murine 476:481 arg1 cells 504:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells 476:508 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 5 51 theme components 1085:1094 arg1 order 1057:1061 the order 1053:1061 the order of the monosaccharide components 1053:1094 However, after deproteination, a difference was found in the order of the monosaccharide components, with galactose (41.1 ± 0.5) as a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5), rhamnose (10.9 ± 0.2), glucose (6.6 ± 0.2), mannose (3.4 ± 0.2) and xylose (3.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 7 52 theme differentiation 1693:1707 arg1 CD40 1713:1716 differentiation 40 (CD40) 1693:1717 differentiation 40 (CD40) 1693:1717 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 6 53 theme tumor 1507:1511 arg1 factor-alpha 1522:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1507:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 1507:1541 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 53 theme tumor 1507:1511 arg1 TNF-α 1536:1540 TNF-α 1536:1540 TNF-α 1536:1540 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 54 theme pro-inflammatory 1432:1447 arg1 IL 1482:1483 interleukin (IL)-1β 1469:1487 interleukin (IL)-1β 1469:1487 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 54 theme pro-inflammatory 1432:1447 arg1 IL-6 1490:1493 IL-6 1490:1493 IL-6 1490:1493 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 54 theme pro-inflammatory 1432:1447 arg1 IL-10 1496:1500 IL-10 1496:1500 IL-10 1496:1500 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 54 theme pro-inflammatory 1432:1447 arg1 cytokines 1449:1457 various pro-inflammatory cytokines 1424:1457 various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 1424:1541 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 54 theme pro-inflammatory 1432:1447 arg1 factor-alpha 1522:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1507:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 1507:1541 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 3 55 theme chemical 515:522 arg1 composition 524:534 The chemical composition 511:534 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) 511:574 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 7 56 theme RAW 1569:1571 arg1 cells 1579:1583 RAW 264.7 cells 1569:1583 RAW 264.7 cells 1569:1583 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 3 57 dep acid 731:734 arg1 % 746:746 8.7 ± 0.3% 737:746 8.7 ± 0.3% 737:746 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 3 57 dep acid 731:734 arg1 % 761:761 6.7 ± 0.2% 752:761 6.7 ± 0.2% 752:761 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 1 58 from health 248:253 arg1 field 216:220 the field 212:220 the field of food science 212:236 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 4 59 theme monosaccharide 769:782 arg1 composition 784:794 The monosaccharide composition 765:794 The monosaccharide composition 765:794 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 4 60 dep results 796:802 arg1 exposed 804:810 exposed 804:810 results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2) 796:993 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 1 61 theme natural 167:173 arg1 resources 175:183 natural resources 167:183 natural resources 167:183 Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. 34849108 6 62 theme oxide 1356:1360 arg1 production 1335:1344 the production 1331:1344 the production of nitric oxide (NO) 1331:1365 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 63 theme various 1424:1430 arg1 IL 1482:1483 interleukin (IL)-1β 1469:1487 interleukin (IL)-1β 1469:1487 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 63 theme various 1424:1430 arg1 IL-6 1490:1493 IL-6 1490:1493 IL-6 1490:1493 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 63 theme various 1424:1430 arg1 IL-10 1496:1500 IL-10 1496:1500 IL-10 1496:1500 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 63 theme various 1424:1430 arg1 cytokines 1449:1457 various pro-inflammatory cytokines 1424:1457 various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 1424:1541 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 63 theme various 1424:1430 arg1 factor-alpha 1522:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1507:1533 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 1507:1541 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 4 64 contain possesses 822:830 arg1 CQNP 817:820 CQNP 817:820 CQNP 817:820 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 4 64 contain possesses 822:830 arg2 arabinose 849:857 arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) 849:870 arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) 849:870 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 4 64 contain possesses 822:830 arg2 amount 839:844 a high amount 832:844 a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2) 832:993 The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). 34849108 6 65 theme nitric 1349:1354 arg1 NO 1363:1364 NO 1363:1364 NO 1363:1364 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 6 65 theme nitric 1349:1354 arg1 oxide 1356:1360 nitric oxide 1349:1360 nitric oxide (NO) 1349:1365 Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 34849108 2 66 theme immunostimulatory 339:355 arg1 activity 357:364 the immunostimulatory activity 335:364 the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa 335:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 8 67 theme non-starch 1843:1852 arg1 polysaccharides 1854:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 3 68 theme protein 682:688 arg1 presence 626:633 the presence 622:633 the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%) 622:762 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 3 69 theme carbohydrate 638:649 arg1 presence 626:633 the presence 622:633 the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%) 622:762 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 2 70 from quinoa 421:426 arg1 activity 357:364 the immunostimulatory activity 335:364 the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa 335:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 2 70 from quinoa 421:426 arg1 CQNP 398:401 CQNP 398:401 CQNP 398:401 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 2 70 from quinoa 421:426 arg1 polysaccharide 382:395 a non-starch polysaccharide 369:395 a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa 369:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 34849108 3 71 theme CQNP 539:542 arg1 composition 524:534 The chemical composition 511:534 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) 511:574 The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). 34849108 0 72 theme Non-starch 66:75 arg1 Polysaccharide 77:90 Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide 59:90 Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide 59:90 Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization. 34849108 8 73 theme C. 1833:1834 arg1 polysaccharides 1854:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides 1833:1868 This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent. 34849108 7 74 theme NF-κB 1617:1621 arg1 pathways 1647:1654 the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways 1613:1654 the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways 1613:1654 Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). 34849108 2 75 theme polysaccharide 382:395 arg1 activity 357:364 the immunostimulatory activity 335:364 the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa 335:426 In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 32510947 0 0 theme Mass 104:107 arg1 Spectrometry 109:120 Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 74:120 Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 74:120 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 1 1 link O-linked 231:238 arg1 O-GlcNAc 261:268 O-GlcNAc 261:268 O-GlcNAc 261:268 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 1 link O-linked 231:238 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 240:258 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 231:258 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins 231:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 2 from identification 193:206 arg1 proteins 318:325 proteins 318:325 proteins 318:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 3 theme cellular 172:179 arg1 physiology 181:190 cellular physiology 172:190 cellular physiology 172:190 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 3 4 theme alternate 753:761 arg1 photodissociation 724:740 ultraviolet photodissociation 712:740 ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) 712:747 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 3 4 theme alternate 753:761 arg1 method 786:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method 750:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact 750:874 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 1 5 theme modification 290:301 arg1 sites 309:313 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites 231:313 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins 231:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 0 6 theme Photodissociation 86:102 arg1 Spectrometry 109:120 Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 74:120 Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 74:120 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 0 7 from Mapping 10:16 arg1 Proteins 59:66 Proteins 59:66 Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 59:120 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 2 8 theme glycosite 617:625 arg1 localization 627:638 glycosite localization 617:638 glycosite localization 617:638 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 1 9 theme physiology 181:190 arg1 regulator 159:167 a regulator 157:167 a regulator of cellular physiology 157:190 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 4 10 theme efficient 916:924 arg1 photodissociation 926:942 efficient photodissociation 916:942 efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides 916:959 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 1 11 theme considerable 363:374 arg1 challenge 386:394 a considerable technical challenge 361:394 a considerable technical challenge 361:394 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 4 12 theme ions 1010:1013 arg1 production 978:987 production 978:987 production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites 978:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 1 13 theme technical 376:384 arg1 challenge 386:394 a considerable technical challenge 361:394 a considerable technical challenge 361:394 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 6 14 theme MS/MS 1352:1356 arg1 methods 1358:1364 existing MS/MS methods 1343:1364 existing MS/MS methods 1343:1364 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 4 15 theme O-GlcNAc 1062:1069 arg1 sites 1071:1075 O-GlcNAc sites 1062:1075 O-GlcNAc sites 1062:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 4 16 theme robust 1027:1032 arg1 localization 1046:1057 robust and precise localization 1027:1057 robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites 1027:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 3 17 theme high-energy 763:773 arg1 photodissociation 724:740 ultraviolet photodissociation 712:740 ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) 712:747 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 3 17 theme high-energy 763:773 arg1 method 786:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method 750:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact 750:874 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 1 18 from proteins 318:325 arg1 identification 193:206 identification 193:206 identification 193:206 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 18 from proteins 318:325 arg1 mapping 220:226 precise mapping 212:226 precise mapping 212:226 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 6 19 theme proteins 1432:1439 arg1 proteomes 1445:1453 proteomes 1445:1453 proteomes 1445:1453 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 19 theme proteins 1432:1439 arg1 residues 1415:1422 O-GlcNAcylated residues 1400:1422 O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes 1400:1453 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 19 theme proteins 1432:1439 arg1 proteins 1432:1439 proteins 1432:1439 proteins 1432:1439 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 4 20 theme sites 1071:1075 arg1 localization 1046:1057 robust and precise localization 1027:1057 robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites 1027:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 5 21 theme reported 1209:1216 arg1 sites 1227:1231 previously reported O-GlcNAc sites 1198:1231 previously reported O-GlcNAc sites 1198:1231 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 1 22 from sites 309:313 arg1 proteins 318:325 proteins 318:325 proteins 318:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 4 23 theme precise 1038:1044 arg1 localization 1046:1057 robust and precise localization 1027:1057 robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites 1027:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 4 24 theme glycopeptides 947:959 arg1 photodissociation 926:942 efficient photodissociation 916:942 efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides 916:959 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 0 25 theme Precision 0:8 arg1 Mapping 10:16 Precision Mapping 0:16 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 0:121 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 1 26 theme sites 309:313 arg1 identification 193:206 identification 193:206 identification 193:206 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 26 theme sites 309:313 arg1 mapping 220:226 precise mapping 212:226 precise mapping 212:226 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 4 27 theme laser 902:906 arg1 pulses 908:913 UV laser pulses 899:913 UV laser pulses 899:913 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 4 28 theme UV 899:900 arg1 pulses 908:913 UV laser pulses 899:913 UV laser pulses 899:913 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 1 29 theme precise 212:218 arg1 mapping 220:226 precise mapping 212:226 precise mapping 212:226 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 0 30 theme O-Linked 21:28 arg1 Sites 50:54 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites 21:54 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites 21:54 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 5 31 theme tryptic 1108:1114 arg1 peptides 1116:1123 tryptic peptides 1108:1123 tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic 1108:1186 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 2 32 gly glycosite 617:625 arg2 glycosite 617:625 glycosite localization 617:638 glycosite localization 617:638 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 2 33 theme glycosidic 436:445 arg1 bond 447:450 the glycosidic bond 432:450 the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization 432:638 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 3 34 theme deposition 775:784 arg1 photodissociation 724:740 ultraviolet photodissociation 712:740 ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) 712:747 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 3 34 theme deposition 775:784 arg1 method 786:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method 750:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact 750:874 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 2 35 from part 412:415 arg1 due 405:407 due 405:407 due 405:407 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 3 36 theme oxocarbenium 673:684 arg1 generation 690:699 CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation 661:699 CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation 661:699 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 0 37 theme Sites 50:54 arg1 Mapping 10:16 Precision Mapping 0:16 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 0:121 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 5 38 theme new 1271:1273 arg1 sites 1275:1279 new sites 1271:1279 new sites within both proteins 1271:1300 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 4 39 theme sequence 1001:1008 arg1 ions 1010:1013 multiple sequence ions 992:1013 multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites 992:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 3 40 theme ion 686:688 arg1 generation 690:699 CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation 661:699 CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation 661:699 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 1 41 theme O-linked 231:238 arg1 O-GlcNAc 261:268 O-GlcNAc 261:268 O-GlcNAc 261:268 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 41 theme O-linked 231:238 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 240:258 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 231:258 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins 231:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 0 42 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 30:48 arg1 Sites 50:54 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites 21:54 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites 21:54 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 1 43 theme mass 330:333 arg1 spectrometry 335:346 mass spectrometry 330:346 mass spectrometry (MS) 330:351 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 43 theme mass 330:333 arg1 MS 349:350 MS 349:350 MS 349:350 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 2 44 theme peptide 475:481 arg1 backbone 483:490 the peptide backbone 471:490 the peptide backbone 471:490 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 2 45 theme bond 447:450 arg1 cleavage 420:427 cleavage 420:427 cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization 420:638 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 2 46 from due 405:407 arg1 part 412:415 part 412:415 part 412:415 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 1 47 theme N-acetylglucosamine 240:258 arg1 PTM 304:306 PTM 304:306 PTM 304:306 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 47 theme N-acetylglucosamine 240:258 arg1 modification 290:301 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 231:301 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins 231:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 5 48 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1142:1155 arg1 proteins 1157:1164 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1142:1164 O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic 1142:1186 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 5 48 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1142:1155 arg1 Polyhomeotic 1175:1186 Polyhomeotic 1175:1186 Polyhomeotic 1175:1186 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 5 48 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1142:1155 arg1 TAB1 1166:1169 TAB1 1166:1169 TAB1 1166:1169 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 3 49 theme peptides 832:839 arg1 fragmentation 815:827 extensive fragmentation 805:827 extensive fragmentation of peptides 805:839 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 2 50 theme ions 600:603 arg1 generation 558:567 generation 558:567 generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions 558:603 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 3 51 theme CAD-induced 661:671 arg1 generation 690:699 CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation 661:699 CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation 661:699 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 5 52 theme method 1098:1103 arg1 Application 1078:1088 Application 1078:1088 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic 1078:1186 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 1 53 theme central 135:141 arg1 importance 143:152 its central importance 131:152 its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology 131:190 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 4 54 theme multiple 992:999 arg1 ions 1010:1013 multiple sequence ions 992:1013 multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites 992:1075 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 3 55 theme extensive 805:813 arg1 fragmentation 815:827 extensive fragmentation 805:827 extensive fragmentation of peptides 805:839 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 2 56 theme oxocarbenium 587:598 arg1 ions 600:603 characteristic oxocarbenium ions 572:603 characteristic oxocarbenium ions 572:603 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 3 57 gly glycosite 859:867 arg2 glycosite 859:867 the glycosite 855:867 the glycosite 855:867 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 1 58 from mapping 220:226 arg1 proteins 318:325 proteins 318:325 proteins 318:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 5 59 dep confirmed 1188:1196 arg1 S396 1251:1254 S396 1251:1254 S396 1251:1254 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 5 59 dep confirmed 1188:1196 arg1 S395 1242:1245 S395 1242:1245 S395 1242:1245 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 2 60 theme characteristic 572:585 arg1 ions 600:603 characteristic oxocarbenium ions 572:603 characteristic oxocarbenium ions 572:603 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 3 61 theme ultraviolet 712:722 arg1 UVPD 743:746 UVPD 743:746 UVPD 743:746 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 3 61 theme ultraviolet 712:722 arg1 photodissociation 724:740 ultraviolet photodissociation 712:740 ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) 712:747 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 3 61 theme ultraviolet 712:722 arg1 method 786:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method 750:791 an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact 750:874 Herein, we leverage CAD-induced oxocarbenium ion generation to trigger ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), an alternate high-energy deposition method that offers extensive fragmentation of peptides while leaving the glycosite intact. 32510947 6 62 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1400:1413 arg1 proteomes 1445:1453 proteomes 1445:1453 proteomes 1445:1453 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 62 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1400:1413 arg1 residues 1415:1422 O-GlcNAcylated residues 1400:1422 O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes 1400:1453 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 62 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1400:1413 arg1 proteins 1432:1439 proteins 1432:1439 proteins 1432:1439 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 63 theme existing 1343:1350 arg1 methods 1358:1364 existing MS/MS methods 1343:1364 existing MS/MS methods 1343:1364 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 64 theme proteomes 1445:1453 arg1 proteomes 1445:1453 proteomes 1445:1453 proteomes 1445:1453 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 64 theme proteomes 1445:1453 arg1 residues 1415:1422 O-GlcNAcylated residues 1400:1422 O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes 1400:1453 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 6 64 theme proteomes 1445:1453 arg1 proteins 1432:1439 proteins 1432:1439 proteins 1432:1439 We expect this strategy will complement existing MS/MS methods and be broadly useful for mapping O-GlcNAcylated residues of both proteins and proteomes. 32510947 0 65 theme Ultraviolet 74:84 arg1 Spectrometry 109:120 Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 74:120 Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry 74:120 Precision Mapping of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Sites in Proteins Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. 32510947 4 66 gly glycopeptides 947:959 arg2 glycopeptides 947:959 glycopeptides 947:959 glycopeptides 947:959 Upon activation using UV laser pulses, efficient photodissociation of glycopeptides is achieved with production of multiple sequence ions that enable robust and precise localization of O-GlcNAc sites. 32510947 2 67 theme activated 513:521 arg1 CAD 537:539 CAD 537:539 CAD 537:539 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 2 67 theme activated 513:521 arg1 dissociation 523:534 collisionally activated dissociation 499:534 collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) 499:540 This is due in part to cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurring prior to the peptide backbone during collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), which leads to generation of characteristic oxocarbenium ions and impairs glycosite localization. 32510947 5 68 theme O-GlcNAc 1218:1225 arg1 sites 1227:1231 previously reported O-GlcNAc sites 1198:1231 previously reported O-GlcNAc sites 1198:1231 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 5 69 dep proteins 1157:1164 arg1 proteins 1157:1164 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1142:1164 O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic 1142:1186 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 5 69 dep proteins 1157:1164 arg1 Polyhomeotic 1175:1186 Polyhomeotic 1175:1186 Polyhomeotic 1175:1186 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 5 69 dep proteins 1157:1164 arg1 TAB1 1166:1169 TAB1 1166:1169 TAB1 1166:1169 Application of this method to tryptic peptides originating from O-GlcNAcylated proteins TAB1 and Polyhomeotic confirmed previously reported O-GlcNAc sites in TAB1 (S395 and S396) and uncovered new sites within both proteins. 32510947 1 70 theme post-translational 271:288 arg1 PTM 304:306 PTM 304:306 PTM 304:306 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32510947 1 70 theme post-translational 271:288 arg1 modification 290:301 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification 231:301 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins 231:325 Despite its central importance as a regulator of cellular physiology, identification and precise mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modification (PTM) sites in proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) remains a considerable technical challenge. 32394132 0 0 theme energetic 80:88 arg1 materials 90:98 promising energetic materials 70:98 promising energetic materials 70:98 Design and properties of N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-triazoles compounds as promising energetic materials. 32394132 2 1 theme dissociation 414:425 arg1 energy 427:432 bond dissociation energy 409:432 bond dissociation energy 409:432 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 3 2 theme thermal 842:848 arg1 stability 850:858 thermal stability 842:858 thermal stability 842:858 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 4 3 theme more 1398:1401 arg1 sensitivity 1403:1413 more sensitivity 1398:1413 more sensitivity 1398:1413 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 0 4 theme promising 70:78 arg1 materials 90:98 promising energetic materials 70:98 promising energetic materials 70:98 Design and properties of N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-triazoles compounds as promising energetic materials. 32394132 1 5 theme B3LYP/6-311+G 287:299 arg1 level 310:314 B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level 287:314 level 310:314 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 3 6 theme classical 938:946 arg1 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane 1009:1046 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane 1009:1046 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) 1009:1052 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 3 6 theme classical 938:946 arg1 explosives 948:957 some classical explosives 933:957 some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) 933:1052 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 3 6 theme classical 938:946 arg1 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane 967:997 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane 967:997 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) 967:1003 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 4 7 theme similar 1718:1724 arg1 sensitivity 1726:1736 similar sensitivity 1718:1736 similar sensitivity 1718:1736 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 8 theme more 1567:1570 arg1 sensitivity 1572:1582 more sensitivity 1567:1582 more sensitivity 1567:1582 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 3 9 theme designed 886:893 arg1 compounds 895:903 designed compounds 886:903 designed compounds 886:903 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 4 10 theme higher 1140:1145 arg1 performances 1158:1169 higher detonation performances 1140:1169 higher detonation performances 1140:1169 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 11 theme designed 703:710 arg1 compounds 712:720 the designed compounds 699:720 the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups 699:748 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 11 theme designed 703:710 arg1 sensitivity 760:770 less sensitivity 755:770 less sensitivity 755:770 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 1 12 theme 2df 301:303 arg1 level 310:314 B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level 287:314 level 310:314 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 4 13 theme RDX 1361:1363 arg1 performances 1335:1346 higher detonation performances 1317:1346 higher detonation performances than that of RDX 1317:1363 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 3 14 theme impact 864:869 arg1 sensitivity 871:881 impact sensitivity 864:881 impact sensitivity 864:881 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 4 15 theme thermal 1756:1762 arg1 stability 1764:1772 lower thermal stability 1750:1772 lower thermal stability 1750:1772 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 16 contain possess 1484:1490 arg2 performances 1510:1521 higher detonation performances 1492:1521 higher detonation performances 1492:1521 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 16 contain possess 1484:1490 arg1 B4 1480:1481 B4 1480:1481 B4 1480:1481 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 16 contain possess 1484:1490 arg1 2,4-triazoles 1465:1477 2,4-triazoles 1465:1477 2,4-triazoles (B4) 1465:1482 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 17 theme sensitivity 445:455 arg1 heats 343:347 heats 343:347 heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 343:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 18 theme important 520:528 arg1 role 530:533 an important role 517:533 an important role 517:533 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 19 theme lower 1750:1754 arg1 stability 1764:1772 lower thermal stability 1750:1772 lower thermal stability 1750:1772 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 20 theme calculated 321:330 arg1 results 332:338 The calculated results 317:338 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 317:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 21 theme impact 438:443 arg1 sensitivity 445:455 impact sensitivity 438:455 impact sensitivity (h50) 438:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 21 theme impact 438:443 arg1 h50 458:460 h50 458:460 h50 458:460 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 22 theme designed 579:586 arg1 compounds 588:596 designed compounds 579:596 designed compounds 579:596 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 23 theme higher 1665:1670 arg1 performances 1683:1694 higher detonation performances 1665:1694 higher detonation performances than that of HMX 1665:1711 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 24 dep -NO2 478:481 arg1 groups 505:510 2 groups 503:510 2 groups 503:510 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 25 theme velocities 375:384 arg1 heats 343:347 heats 343:347 heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 343:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 26 theme bond 409:412 arg1 energy 427:432 bond dissociation energy 409:432 bond dissociation energy 409:432 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 27 theme lower 1370:1374 arg1 stability 1384:1392 lower thermal stability 1370:1392 lower thermal stability 1370:1392 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 28 theme detonation 364:373 arg1 velocities 375:384 detonation velocities 364:384 detonation velocities 364:384 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 29 theme NO2 789:791 arg1 group 795:799 -CH(NO2)2 group 785:799 -CH(NO2)2 group 785:799 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 30 theme thermal 1527:1533 arg1 stability 1535:1543 thermal stability 1527:1543 thermal stability 1527:1543 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 3 31 theme compounds 895:903 arg1 performances 828:839 The calculated detonation performances 802:839 The calculated detonation performances 802:839 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 3 31 theme compounds 895:903 arg1 stability 850:858 thermal stability 842:858 thermal stability 842:858 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 3 31 theme compounds 895:903 arg1 sensitivity 871:881 impact sensitivity 864:881 impact sensitivity 864:881 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 2 32 theme designed 675:682 arg1 compounds 684:692 designed compounds 675:692 designed compounds 675:692 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 33 contain possess 1657:1663 arg2 performances 1683:1694 higher detonation performances 1665:1694 higher detonation performances than that of HMX 1665:1711 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 33 contain possess 1657:1663 arg1 C4 1653:1654 C4 1653:1654 C4 1653:1654 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 33 contain possess 1657:1663 arg1 2,4-triazoles 1638:1650 2,4-triazoles 1638:1650 2,4-triazoles (C4) 1638:1655 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 34 theme detonation 552:561 arg1 performances 563:574 the detonation performances 548:574 the detonation performances of designed compounds 548:596 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 35 theme detonation 352:361 arg1 heats 343:347 heats 343:347 heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 343:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 36 theme -CH 785:787 arg1 group 795:799 -CH(NO2)2 group 785:799 -CH(NO2)2 group 785:799 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 37 theme computed 1059:1066 arg1 results 1068:1074 The computed results 1055:1074 The computed results 1055:1074 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 38 theme heats 343:347 arg1 results 332:338 The calculated results 317:338 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 317:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 39 contain possess 1132:1138 arg1 2,4-triazoles 1113:1125 2,4-triazoles 1113:1125 2,4-triazoles (B3) 1113:1130 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 39 contain possess 1132:1138 arg1 4'-bis-1 1104:1111 4'-bis-1 1104:1111 4'-bis-1 1104:1111 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 39 contain possess 1132:1138 arg1 3,5,3'-trinitro-4 1086:1102 3,5,3'-trinitro-4 1086:1102 3,5,3'-trinitro-4 1086:1102 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 39 contain possess 1132:1138 arg2 stability 1183:1191 thermal stability 1175:1191 thermal stability 1175:1191 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 39 contain possess 1132:1138 arg2 performances 1158:1169 higher detonation performances 1140:1169 higher detonation performances 1140:1169 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 1 40 theme density 252:258 arg1 theory 271:276 density functional theory 252:276 density functional theory (DFT) 252:282 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 1 40 theme density 252:258 arg1 DFT 279:281 DFT 279:281 DFT 279:281 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 2 41 theme thermal 654:660 arg1 stability 662:670 the thermal stability 650:670 the thermal stability of designed compounds 650:692 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 0 42 theme N 25:25 arg1 properties 11:20 properties 11:20 properties 11:20 Design and properties of N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-triazoles compounds as promising energetic materials. 32394132 0 42 theme N 25:25 arg1 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design and properties of N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-triazoles compounds as promising energetic materials. 32394132 1 43 theme functional 260:269 arg1 theory 271:276 density functional theory 252:276 density functional theory (DFT) 252:282 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 1 43 theme functional 260:269 arg1 DFT 279:281 DFT 279:281 DFT 279:281 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 2 44 theme pressures 398:406 arg1 heats 343:347 heats 343:347 heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 343:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 45 dep 2,4-triazoles 1290:1302 arg1 possess 1309:1315 possess 1309:1315 possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX 1309:1363 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 1 46 dep level 310:314 arg1 2p 306:307 B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level 287:314 2p 306:307 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 2 47 theme -NO2 603:606 arg1 group 608:612 -NO2 group 603:612 -NO2 group 603:612 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 48 theme detonation 387:396 arg1 pressures 398:406 detonation pressures 387:406 detonation pressures 387:406 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 49 with compounds 712:720 arg1 groups 743:748 -NHNO2 groups 736:748 -NHNO2 groups 736:748 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 49 with compounds 712:720 arg1 -NO2 727:730 -NO2 727:730 -NO2 727:730 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 50 theme detonation 1499:1508 arg1 performances 1510:1521 higher detonation performances 1492:1521 higher detonation performances 1492:1521 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 51 theme detonation 1324:1333 arg1 performances 1335:1346 higher detonation performances 1317:1346 higher detonation performances than that of RDX 1317:1363 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 1 52 theme N'-linked 103:111 arg1 compounds 133:141 N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds 103:141 N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2 103:188 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 E4 1305:1306 E4 1305:1306 E4 1305:1306 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 5'-tetradinitromethyl-4 1257:1279 5'-tetradinitromethyl-4 1257:1279 5'-tetradinitromethyl-4 1257:1279 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 stability 1384:1392 lower thermal stability 1370:1392 lower thermal stability 1370:1392 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 4'-bis-1 1281:1288 4'-bis-1 1281:1288 4'-bis-1 1281:1288 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 3,5,3 1433:1437 3,5,3' 1433:1438 3,5,3' 1433:1438 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 3,5,3 1250:1254 3,5,3' 1250:1255 3,5,3' 1250:1255 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 2,4-triazoles 1290:1302 2,4-triazoles 1290:1302 2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX 1290:1363 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 53 dep RDX 1245:1247 arg1 sensitivity 1403:1413 more sensitivity 1398:1413 more sensitivity 1398:1413 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 54 theme higher 1492:1497 arg1 performances 1510:1521 higher detonation performances 1492:1521 higher detonation performances 1492:1521 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 1 55 theme bis-1,2,4-trizaoles 113:131 arg1 compounds 133:141 N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds 103:141 N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2 103:188 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 1 56 link N'-linked 103:111 arg1 compounds 133:141 N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds 103:141 N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2 103:188 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 4 57 theme detonation 1147:1156 arg1 performances 1158:1169 higher detonation performances 1140:1169 higher detonation performances 1140:1169 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 58 theme compounds 588:596 arg1 performances 563:574 the detonation performances 548:574 the detonation performances of designed compounds 548:596 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 3 59 theme calculated 806:815 arg1 performances 828:839 The calculated detonation performances 802:839 The calculated detonation performances 802:839 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 4 60 theme thermal 1175:1181 arg1 stability 1183:1191 thermal stability 1175:1191 thermal stability 1175:1191 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 3 61 theme detonation 817:826 arg1 performances 828:839 The calculated detonation performances 802:839 The calculated detonation performances 802:839 The calculated detonation performances, thermal stability and impact sensitivity of designed compounds were compared with those of some classical explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). 32394132 2 62 theme important 622:630 arg1 role 632:635 an important role 619:635 an important role 619:635 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 63 theme thermal 1376:1382 arg1 stability 1384:1392 lower thermal stability 1370:1392 lower thermal stability 1370:1392 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 2 64 theme compounds 684:692 arg1 stability 662:670 the thermal stability 650:670 the thermal stability of designed compounds 650:692 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 65 theme -NHNO2 736:741 arg1 groups 743:748 -NHNO2 groups 736:748 -NHNO2 groups 736:748 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 2 66 theme energy 427:432 arg1 heats 343:347 heats 343:347 heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) 343:461 The calculated results of heats of detonation, detonation velocities, detonation pressures, bond dissociation energy and impact sensitivity (h50) indicated that -NO2, -NHNO2 and -CH(NO2)2 groups play an important role in elevating the detonation performances of designed compounds, and -NO2 group play an important role in elevating the thermal stability of designed compounds, and the designed compounds with -NO2 and -NHNO2 groups were less sensitivity than that of -CH(NO2)2 group. 32394132 4 67 theme detonation 1672:1681 arg1 performances 1683:1694 higher detonation performances 1665:1694 higher detonation performances than that of HMX 1665:1711 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 4 68 theme HMX 1791:1793 arg1 RDX 1206:1208 RDX 1206:1208 RDX 1206:1208 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 32394132 1 69 theme different 160:168 arg1 groups 170:175 different groups 160:175 different groups such as -NH2 160:188 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 1 69 theme different 160:168 arg1 -NH2 185:188 -NH2 185:188 -NH2 185:188 N,N'-linked bis-1,2,4-trizaoles compounds substituted with different groups such as -NH2, -NO2, -NHNO2, -OH and -CH(NO2)2 were designed and studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311+G(2df, 2p) level. 32394132 4 70 theme higher 1317:1322 arg1 performances 1335:1346 higher detonation performances 1317:1346 higher detonation performances than that of RDX 1317:1363 The computed results show that 3,5,3'-trinitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B3) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of RDX, but more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetradinitromethyl-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (E4) possess higher detonation performances than that of RDX, but lower thermal stability and more sensitivity than that of RDX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitro-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (B4) possess higher detonation performances and thermal stability than that of HMX, but more sensitivity than that of HMX; 3,5,3',5'-tetranitramine-4,4'-bis-1,2,4-triazoles (C4) possess higher detonation performances than that of HMX, and similar sensitivity to HMX, but lower thermal stability than that of and HMX. 33316563 10 0 theme trace 1949:1953 arg1 biomarkers 1968:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers 1949:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1949:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 3 1 theme separation 586:595 arg1 media 597:601 The designed separation media 573:601 The designed separation media 573:601 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 3 1 theme separation 586:595 arg1 hydrophilic 613:623 hydrophilic 613:623 hydrophilic 613:623 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 9 2 gly glycopeptides 1715:1727 arg1 sample 1751:1756 a healthy saliva sample 1734:1756 a healthy saliva sample 1734:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 9 2 gly glycopeptides 1715:1727 arg2 glycopeptides 1715:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides 1691:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample 1691:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 6 3 theme N-linked 1265:1272 arg1 glycopeptides 1274:1286 N-linked glycopeptides 1265:1286 N-linked glycopeptides 1265:1286 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 4 link N-linked 1265:1272 arg1 glycopeptides 1274:1286 N-linked glycopeptides 1265:1286 N-linked glycopeptides 1265:1286 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 1 5 from abundance 313:321 arg1 fluids 373:378 biological fluids 362:378 biological fluids 362:378 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 9 6 link N-linked 1695:1702 arg1 glycopeptides 1715:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides 1691:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample 1691:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 7 7 dep 1:1000 1373:1378 arg1 to 1370:1371 to 1370:1371 to 1370:1371 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 7 8 theme BSA 1395:1397 arg1 digest 1399:1404 BSA digest 1395:1404 BSA digest 1395:1404 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 1 9 gly glycopeptides 160:172 arg2 glycopeptides 160:172 Endogenous glycopeptides 149:172 Endogenous glycopeptides 149:172 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 1 10 theme direct 263:268 arg1 analysis 270:277 their direct analysis 257:277 their direct analysis 257:277 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 6 11 theme enrichment 1238:1247 arg1 performance 1249:1259 the enrichment performance 1234:1259 the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides 1234:1286 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 1 12 theme Endogenous 149:158 arg1 glycopeptides 160:172 Endogenous glycopeptides 149:172 Endogenous glycopeptides 149:172 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 9 13 theme healthy 1736:1742 arg1 sample 1751:1756 a healthy saliva sample 1734:1756 a healthy saliva sample 1734:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 5 14 from present 888:894 arg1 structure 903:911 the structure 899:911 the structure 899:911 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 6 15 gly glycopeptides 1274:1286 arg2 glycopeptides 1274:1286 N-linked glycopeptides 1265:1286 N-linked glycopeptides 1265:1286 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 8 16 theme enrichment 1484:1493 arg1 rounds 1474:1479 up to five rounds 1463:1479 up to five rounds of enrichment 1463:1493 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 6 17 theme flow-based 1207:1216 arg1 set-up 1218:1223 an in-tip flow-based set-up 1197:1223 an in-tip flow-based set-up 1197:1223 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 4 18 theme simple 734:739 arg1 Ti 776:777 Ti 776:777 Ti 776:777 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 4 18 theme simple 734:739 arg1 NH2-MIL-125 764:774 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125 734:774 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals 734:787 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 3 19 theme interaction 670:680 arg1 HILIC 698:702 HILIC 698:702 HILIC 698:702 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 3 19 theme interaction 670:680 arg1 chromatography 682:695 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 658:695 hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 658:703 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 4 20 theme reliable 742:749 arg1 Ti 776:777 Ti 776:777 Ti 776:777 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 4 20 theme reliable 742:749 arg1 NH2-MIL-125 764:774 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125 734:774 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals 734:787 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 9 21 dep N-linked 1695:1702 arg1 endogenous 1704:1713 endogenous 1704:1713 endogenous 1704:1713 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 1 22 theme diverse 205:211 arg1 systems 244:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 9 23 theme endogenous 1772:1781 arg1 glycopeptides 1783:1795 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides 1762:1795 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides 1762:1795 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 8 24 theme affinity 1510:1517 arg1 tip 1519:1521 the same affinity tip 1501:1521 the same affinity tip 1501:1521 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 9 25 gly glycopeptides 1783:1795 arg2 glycopeptides 1783:1795 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides 1762:1795 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides 1762:1795 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 2 26 dep method 512:517 arg1 used 538:541 used 538:541 used for glycopeptides enrichment 538:570 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 2 26 dep method 512:517 arg1 characterized 520:532 characterized 520:532 characterized 520:532 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 0 27 theme endogenous 123:132 arg1 glycopeptides 134:146 endogenous glycopeptides 123:146 endogenous glycopeptides 123:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 5 28 theme exclusion 996:1004 arg1 effect 1006:1011 the size exclusion effect 987:1011 the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 987:1087 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 8 29 theme scanning 1528:1535 arg1 images 1558:1563 scanning electron microscopic images 1528:1563 scanning electron microscopic images 1528:1563 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 2 30 theme titanium 436:443 arg1 NH2-MIL-125 470:480 NH2-MIL-125 470:480 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) 470:484 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 2 30 theme titanium 436:443 arg1 framework 459:467 the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework 411:467 the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) 411:485 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 0 31 theme Melamine 0:7 arg1 in-tip 23:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip 0:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip 0:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 5 32 theme porosity 961:968 arg1 hydrophilicity 922:935 hydrophilicity 922:935 hydrophilicity 922:935 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 5 32 theme porosity 961:968 arg1 pattern 950:956 a unique pattern 941:956 a unique pattern of porosity 941:968 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 8 33 theme microscopic 1546:1556 arg1 images 1558:1563 scanning electron microscopic images 1528:1563 scanning electron microscopic images 1528:1563 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 0 34 theme assisted 14:21 arg1 in-tip 23:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip 0:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip 0:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 0 35 gly glycopeptides 134:146 arg2 glycopeptides 134:146 endogenous glycopeptides 123:146 endogenous glycopeptides 123:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 6 36 dep particles 1107:1115 arg1 possessed 1117:1125 possessed 1117:1125 possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, 1117:1183 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 36 dep particles 1107:1115 arg1 offered 1189:1195 offered 1189:1195 offered an in-tip flow-based set-up 1189:1223 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 1 37 theme species 351:357 arg1 presence 327:334 presence 327:334 presence 327:334 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 1 37 theme species 351:357 arg1 abundance 313:321 their low abundance 303:321 their low abundance 303:321 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 2 38 theme hydrothermal 499:510 arg1 method 512:517 a simple hydrothermal method 490:517 a simple hydrothermal method 490:517 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 8 39 theme structural 1577:1586 arg1 changes 1588:1594 no structural changes 1574:1594 no structural changes in the MOF crystals 1574:1614 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 0 40 theme titanium 58:65 arg1 framework 81:89 amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework 37:89 amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 37:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 1 41 theme biological 362:371 arg1 fluids 373:378 biological fluids 362:378 biological fluids 362:378 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 6 42 theme high 1145:1148 arg1 area 1158:1161 high surface area 1145:1161 high surface area 1145:1161 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 42 theme high 1145:1148 arg1 porosity 1135:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 10 43 theme tip 1899:1901 arg1 potential 1855:1863 the excellent potential 1841:1863 the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1841:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 10 44 used used 1934:1937 arg2 glycopeptides 1907:1919 glycopeptides 1907:1919 glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1907:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 9 45 from sample 1751:1756 arg1 glycopeptides 1715:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides 1691:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample 1691:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 8 46 theme MOF 1603:1605 arg1 crystals 1607:1614 the MOF crystals 1599:1614 the MOF crystals 1599:1614 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 10 47 theme based 1884:1888 arg1 tip 1899:1901 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip 1868:1901 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip 1868:1901 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 4 48 theme melamine 834:841 arg1 foam 843:846 hydrophilic melamine foam 822:846 hydrophilic melamine foam 822:846 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 9 49 theme pipette 1644:1650 arg1 tip 1652:1654 pipette tip 1644:1654 pipette tip 1644:1654 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 6 50 theme MOF 1103:1105 arg1 particles 1107:1115 The prepared MOF particles 1090:1115 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up 1090:1223 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 8 51 dep five 1469:1472 arg1 to 1466:1467 to 1466:1467 to 1466:1467 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 1 52 attach presence 327:334 arg2 species 351:357 interfering species 339:357 interfering species 339:357 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 1 52 attach presence 327:334 arg1 fluids 373:378 biological fluids 362:378 biological fluids 362:378 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 1 53 theme low 309:311 arg1 abundance 313:321 their low abundance 303:321 their low abundance 303:321 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 3 54 theme designed 577:584 arg1 media 597:601 The designed separation media 573:601 The designed separation media 573:601 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 3 54 theme designed 577:584 arg1 hydrophilic 613:623 hydrophilic 613:623 hydrophilic 613:623 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 5 55 theme present 888:894 arg1 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure 869:911 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 1 56 theme pathological 213:224 arg1 systems 244:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 8 57 from changes 1588:1594 arg1 crystals 1607:1614 the MOF crystals 1599:1614 the MOF crystals 1599:1614 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 1 58 theme physiological 230:242 arg1 systems 244:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 1 59 from presence 327:334 arg1 fluids 373:378 biological fluids 362:378 biological fluids 362:378 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 6 60 theme good 1164:1167 arg1 hydrophilicity 1169:1182 good hydrophilicity 1164:1182 good hydrophilicity 1164:1182 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 60 theme good 1164:1167 arg1 porosity 1135:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 4 61 theme process 718:724 arg1 smooth 726:731 the process smooth 714:731 the process smooth 714:731 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 9 62 theme N-linked 1695:1702 arg1 glycopeptides 1715:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides 1691:1727 the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample 1691:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 10 63 theme glycopeptide 1955:1966 arg1 biomarkers 1968:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers 1949:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1949:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 5 64 theme Free 869:872 arg1 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure 869:911 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 10 65 theme biological 1988:1997 arg1 fluids 1999:2004 the biological fluids 1984:2004 the biological fluids 1984:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 5 66 theme peptide 1064:1070 arg1 ratio 1083:1087 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 1058:1087 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 1058:1087 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 5 67 theme unique 943:948 arg1 pattern 950:956 a unique pattern 941:956 a unique pattern of porosity 941:968 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 9 68 theme saliva 1744:1749 arg1 sample 1751:1756 a healthy saliva sample 1734:1756 a healthy saliva sample 1734:1756 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 7 69 theme HRP 1381:1383 arg1 selectivity 1355:1365 selectivity up to 1:1000 1355:1378 selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) 1355:1405 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 7 69 theme HRP 1381:1383 arg1 digest 1385:1390 HRP digest 1381:1390 HRP digest to BSA digest 1381:1404 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 4 70 theme robust 756:761 arg1 Ti 776:777 Ti 776:777 Ti 776:777 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 4 70 theme robust 756:761 arg1 NH2-MIL-125 764:774 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125 734:774 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals 734:787 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 5 71 theme protein 1075:1081 arg1 ratio 1083:1087 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 1058:1087 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 1058:1087 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 3 72 theme hydrophilic 658:668 arg1 HILIC 698:702 HILIC 698:702 HILIC 698:702 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 3 72 theme hydrophilic 658:668 arg1 chromatography 682:695 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 658:695 hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 658:703 The designed separation media is highly hydrophilic and stable which is suitable for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 33316563 1 73 from systems 244:250 arg1 important 192:200 important 192:200 important 192:200 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 8 74 theme same 1505:1508 arg1 tip 1519:1521 the same affinity tip 1501:1521 the same affinity tip 1501:1521 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 6 75 theme in-tip 1200:1205 arg1 set-up 1218:1223 an in-tip flow-based set-up 1197:1223 an in-tip flow-based set-up 1197:1223 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 0 76 theme selective 99:107 arg1 enrichment 109:118 the selective enrichment 95:118 the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 95:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 10 77 gly glycopeptides 1907:1919 arg2 glycopeptides 1907:1919 glycopeptides 1907:1919 glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1907:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 9 78 theme unique 1765:1770 arg1 glycopeptides 1783:1795 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides 1762:1795 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides 1762:1795 Finally, the MOF packed in pipette tip was applied to selectively capture the N-linked endogenous glycopeptides from a healthy saliva sample and 64 unique endogenous glycopeptides were identified. 33316563 10 79 theme excellent 1845:1853 arg1 potential 1855:1863 the excellent potential 1841:1863 the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1841:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 0 80 theme glycopeptides 134:146 arg1 enrichment 109:118 the selective enrichment 95:118 the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 95:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 10 81 from fluids 1999:2004 arg1 biomarkers 1968:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers 1949:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1949:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 1 82 from important 192:200 arg1 systems 244:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 diverse pathological and physiological systems 205:250 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 2 83 gly glycopeptides 547:559 arg2 glycopeptides 547:559 glycopeptides enrichment 547:570 glycopeptides enrichment 547:570 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 6 84 theme prepared 1094:1101 arg1 particles 1107:1115 The prepared MOF particles 1090:1115 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up 1090:1223 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 2 85 theme glycopeptides 547:559 arg1 enrichment 561:570 glycopeptides enrichment 547:570 glycopeptides enrichment 547:570 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 8 86 theme electron 1537:1544 arg1 images 1558:1563 scanning electron microscopic images 1528:1563 scanning electron microscopic images 1528:1563 Moreover, repeatability and reusability were evaluated up to five rounds of enrichment using the same affinity tip, and scanning electron microscopic images revealed no structural changes in the MOF crystals. 33316563 2 87 theme metal-organic 445:457 arg1 NH2-MIL-125 470:480 NH2-MIL-125 470:480 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) 470:484 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 2 87 theme metal-organic 445:457 arg1 framework 459:467 the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework 411:467 the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) 411:485 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 0 88 theme foam 9:12 arg1 in-tip 23:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip 0:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip 0:28 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 7 89 theme fmol.µL-1 1341:1349 arg1 limit 1330:1334 a detection limit 1318:1334 a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) 1318:1405 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 4 90 theme NH2-MIL-125 764:774 arg1 crystals 780:787 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals 734:787 simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals 734:787 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 33316563 2 91 theme amine-functionalized 415:434 arg1 NH2-MIL-125 470:480 NH2-MIL-125 470:480 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) 470:484 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 2 91 theme amine-functionalized 415:434 arg1 framework 459:467 the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework 411:467 the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) 411:485 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 5 92 from structure 903:911 arg1 present 888:894 present 888:894 present 888:894 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 10 93 gly glycopeptide 1955:1966 arg2 glycopeptide 1955:1966 trace glycopeptide biomarkers 1949:1977 trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids 1949:2004 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 5 94 theme size 991:994 arg1 exclusion 996:1004 size exclusion 991:1004 the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 987:1087 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 0 95 theme amine-functionalized 37:56 arg1 framework 81:89 amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework 37:89 amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 37:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 1 96 theme interfering 339:349 arg1 species 351:357 interfering species 339:357 interfering species 339:357 Endogenous glycopeptides are significantly important in diverse pathological and physiological systems, but their direct analysis is severely hampered by their low abundance and presence of interfering species in biological fluids. 33316563 5 97 theme large-sized 1031:1041 arg1 proteins 1043:1050 the large-sized proteins 1027:1050 the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio 1027:1087 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 7 98 theme detection 1320:1328 arg1 limit 1330:1334 a detection limit 1318:1334 a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) 1318:1405 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 7 99 theme selectivity 1355:1365 arg1 limit 1330:1334 a detection limit 1318:1334 a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) 1318:1405 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 0 100 theme metal-organic 67:79 arg1 framework 81:89 amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework 37:89 amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 37:146 Melamine foam assisted in-tip packed amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework for the selective enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 33316563 5 101 attach present 888:894 arg2 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure 869:911 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 5 101 attach present 888:894 arg1 structure 903:911 the structure 899:911 the structure 899:911 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 6 102 theme surface 1150:1156 arg1 area 1158:1161 high surface area 1145:1161 high surface area 1145:1161 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 102 theme surface 1150:1156 arg1 porosity 1135:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 2 103 theme simple 492:497 arg1 method 512:517 a simple hydrothermal method 490:517 a simple hydrothermal method 490:517 In this study, we synthesized the amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)) by a simple hydrothermal method, characterized and used for glycopeptides enrichment. 33316563 7 104 theme affinity 1293:1300 arg1 material 1302:1309 The affinity material 1289:1309 The affinity material 1289:1309 The affinity material showed a detection limit of 1 fmol.µL-1 and selectivity up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest). 33316563 10 105 theme affinity 1890:1897 arg1 tip 1899:1901 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip 1868:1901 NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip 1868:1901 These results demonstrated the excellent potential of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) based affinity tip for glycopeptides which can be used to enrich trace glycopeptide biomarkers from the biological fluids. 33316563 5 106 theme amine 874:878 arg1 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure 869:911 groups 880:885 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 6 107 theme regular 1127:1133 arg1 area 1158:1161 high surface area 1145:1161 high surface area 1145:1161 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 107 theme regular 1127:1133 arg1 hydrophilicity 1169:1182 good hydrophilicity 1164:1182 good hydrophilicity 1164:1182 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 6 107 theme regular 1127:1133 arg1 porosity 1135:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 regular porosity 1127:1142 The prepared MOF particles possessed regular porosity, high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and offered an in-tip flow-based set-up enhanced the enrichment performance for N-linked glycopeptides. 33316563 5 108 dep ratio 1083:1087 arg1 to 1072:1073 to 1072:1073 to 1072:1073 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 5 108 dep ratio 1083:1087 arg1 up 1052:1053 up 1052:1053 up 1052:1053 Free amine groups, present in the structure imparted hydrophilicity and a unique pattern of porosity, contributing to the size exclusion effect that excluded the large-sized proteins up to 1:700 peptide to protein ratio. 33316563 4 109 theme hydrophilic 822:832 arg1 foam 843:846 hydrophilic melamine foam 822:846 hydrophilic melamine foam 822:846 To make the process smooth, simple, reliable, and robust, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) crystals were packed in pipette-tip using hydrophilic melamine foam, as supporting frit. 32352119 1 0 used used 298:301 arg2 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 0 used used 298:301 arg2 SNAP 279:282 SNAP 279:282 SNAP 279:282 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 0 used used 298:301 arg2 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 0 used used 298:301 arg2 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 4 1 theme streamlined 814:824 arg1 workflow 834:841 a streamlined, simple workflow 812:841 a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 812:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 7 2 from levels 1377:1382 arg1 cells 1387:1391 cells 1387:1391 cells 1387:1391 These molecules depressed UDP-HexNAc levels in cells by up to 80%, while concomitantly elevating UDP-4F-GalNAc and UDP-4F-GlcNAc. 32352119 10 3 from face 1831:1834 arg1 concentrations 1888:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 10 4 theme glycosylation 1769:1781 arg1 output 1790:1795 the glycosylation system output 1765:1795 the glycosylation system output 1765:1795 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 1 5 theme Small 181:185 arg1 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 5 theme Small 181:185 arg1 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 5 theme Small 181:185 arg1 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 9 6 theme KM 1719:1720 arg1 values 1722:1727 the KM values 1715:1727 the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes 1715:1756 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 3 7 from impact 704:709 arg1 levels 745:750 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 719:750 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 719:750 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 3 7 from impact 704:709 arg1 glycosylation 771:783 (ii) N-linked glycosylation 757:783 (ii) N-linked glycosylation 757:783 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 1 8 theme monosaccharide 196:209 arg1 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 8 theme monosaccharide 196:209 arg1 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 8 theme monosaccharide 196:209 arg1 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 2 9 theme cells 526:530 arg1 status 516:521 the glycosylation status 498:521 the glycosylation status of cells and tissue 498:541 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 10 theme tissue 536:541 arg1 status 516:521 the glycosylation status 498:521 the glycosylation status of cells and tissue 498:541 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 0 11 theme cellular 109:116 arg1 levels 135:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 1 12 theme recognition 373:383 arg1 processes 385:393 molecular and cellular recognition processes 350:393 molecular and cellular recognition processes 350:393 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 9 13 theme glycosylating 1736:1748 arg1 enzymes 1750:1756 the glycosylating enzymes 1732:1756 the glycosylating enzymes 1732:1756 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 3 14 theme systems-level 573:585 arg1 understanding 587:599 a systems-level understanding 571:599 a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work 571:627 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 6 15 theme nucleotide-sugar 1244:1259 arg1 levels 1261:1266 the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels 1231:1266 the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels 1231:1266 Results show that all tested compounds changed the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels, with the effect being most pronounced for the fluoro-HexNAc compounds. 32352119 3 16 theme nucleotide-sugar 728:743 arg1 levels 745:750 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 719:750 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 719:750 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 3 17 dep glycosylation 771:783 arg1 ii 758:759 ii 758:759 ii 758:759 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 4 18 theme nucleotide-sugar 855:870 arg1 levels 872:877 nucleotide-sugar levels 855:877 nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 855:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 8 19 theme nucleotide-sugar 1500:1515 arg1 concentration 1517:1529 nucleotide-sugar concentration 1500:1529 nucleotide-sugar concentration 1500:1529 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 6 20 theme fluoro-HexNAc 1315:1327 arg1 compounds 1329:1337 the fluoro-HexNAc compounds 1311:1337 the fluoro-HexNAc compounds 1311:1337 Results show that all tested compounds changed the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels, with the effect being most pronounced for the fluoro-HexNAc compounds. 32352119 8 21 from changes 1489:1495 arg1 concentration 1517:1529 nucleotide-sugar concentration 1500:1529 nucleotide-sugar concentration 1500:1529 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 1 22 theme metabolic 306:314 arg1 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 22 theme metabolic 306:314 arg1 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 22 theme metabolic 306:314 arg1 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 10 23 theme significant 1839:1849 arg1 changes 1851:1857 significant changes 1839:1857 significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1839:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 2 24 theme bioorthogonal 468:480 arg1 probes 482:487 bioorthogonal probes 468:487 bioorthogonal probes 468:487 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 24 theme bioorthogonal 468:480 arg1 sugars 414:419 Azido-derivatized sugars 396:419 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) 396:449 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 0 25 theme N-linked 157:164 arg1 glycosylation 166:178 N-linked glycosylation 157:178 N-linked glycosylation 157:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 26 theme acceptor 73:80 arg1 decoys 82:87 acceptor decoys 73:87 acceptor decoys 73:87 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 27 gly glycosylation 166:178 arg1 nucleotide-sugar 118:133 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 4 28 theme liquid 921:926 arg1 chromatography 928:941 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 897:941 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 885:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 28 theme liquid 921:926 arg1 HILIC 944:948 HILIC 944:948 HILIC 944:948 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 0 29 from Robustness 0:9 arg1 systems 28:34 glycosylation systems 14:34 glycosylation systems 14:34 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 2 30 theme Azido-derivatized 396:412 arg1 probes 482:487 bioorthogonal probes 468:487 bioorthogonal probes 468:487 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 30 theme Azido-derivatized 396:412 arg1 sugars 414:419 Azido-derivatized sugars 396:419 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) 396:449 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 0 31 theme sugars 99:104 arg1 effect 37:42 effect 37:42 effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 37:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 31 theme sugars 99:104 arg1 Robustness 0:9 Robustness 0:9 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 0:179 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 31 theme sugars 99:104 arg1 pattern 146:152 pattern 146:152 pattern of N-linked glycosylation 146:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 3 32 dep levels 745:750 arg1 i 716:716 i 716:716 i 716:716 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 8 33 from cases 1556:1560 arg1 changes 1489:1495 the measured changes 1476:1495 the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration 1476:1529 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 8 33 from cases 1556:1560 arg1 substantial 1536:1546 substantial 1536:1546 substantial 1536:1546 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 10 34 from changes 1851:1857 arg1 concentrations 1888:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 3 35 link N-linked 762:769 arg1 glycosylation 771:783 (ii) N-linked glycosylation 757:783 (ii) N-linked glycosylation 757:783 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 36 theme glycosylation 14:26 arg1 systems 28:34 glycosylation systems 14:34 glycosylation systems 14:34 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 4 37 theme negative-mode 974:986 arg1 spectrometry 1017:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 974:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 974:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 37 theme negative-mode 974:986 arg1 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 38 theme ionization 1001:1010 arg1 spectrometry 1017:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 974:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 974:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 38 theme ionization 1001:1010 arg1 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 0 39 theme monosaccharides 56:70 arg1 effect 37:42 effect 37:42 effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 37:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 39 theme monosaccharides 56:70 arg1 Robustness 0:9 Robustness 0:9 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 0:179 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 39 theme monosaccharides 56:70 arg1 pattern 146:152 pattern 146:152 pattern of N-linked glycosylation 146:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 2 40 dep ManNAz 427:432 arg1 e.g. 422:425 e.g. 422:425 e.g. 422:425 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 9 41 theme high 1647:1650 arg1 concentrations 1669:1682 the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1643:1682 the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1643:1682 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 1 42 dep analogs 211:217 arg1 4F-GalNAc 236:244 4F-GalNAc 236:244 4F-GalNAc 236:244 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 42 dep analogs 211:217 arg1 4F-GlcNAc 225:233 4F-GlcNAc 225:233 4F-GlcNAc 225:233 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 7 43 dep 80 1402:1403 arg1 to 1399:1400 to 1399:1400 to 1399:1400 These molecules depressed UDP-HexNAc levels in cells by up to 80%, while concomitantly elevating UDP-4F-GalNAc and UDP-4F-GlcNAc. 32352119 8 44 from impact 1569:1574 arg1 glycosylation 1588:1600 N-linked glycosylation 1579:1600 N-linked glycosylation 1579:1600 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 0 45 dep Robustness 0:9 arg1 effect 37:42 effect 37:42 effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 37:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 45 dep Robustness 0:9 arg1 Robustness 0:9 Robustness 0:9 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 0:179 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 45 dep Robustness 0:9 arg1 pattern 146:152 pattern 146:152 pattern of N-linked glycosylation 146:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 4 46 dep streamlined 814:824 arg1 simple 827:832 simple 827:832 simple 827:832 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 1 47 theme acceptor 251:258 arg1 SNAP 279:282 SNAP 279:282 SNAP 279:282 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 47 theme acceptor 251:258 arg1 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 47 theme acceptor 251:258 arg1 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 47 theme acceptor 251:258 arg1 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 10 48 theme nucleotide-sugar 1871:1886 arg1 concentrations 1888:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 4 49 theme Orbitrap 1051:1058 arg1 detector 1060:1067 an Orbitrap detector 1048:1067 an Orbitrap detector 1048:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 2 50 used used 460:463 arg2 sugars 414:419 Azido-derivatized sugars 396:419 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) 396:449 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 50 used used 460:463 arg2 probes 482:487 bioorthogonal probes 468:487 bioorthogonal probes 468:487 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 0 51 from pattern 146:152 arg1 levels 135:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 10 52 theme system 1783:1788 arg1 output 1790:1795 the glycosylation system output 1765:1795 the glycosylation system output 1765:1795 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 9 53 gly glycosylating 1736:1748 arg0 enzymes 1750:1756 the glycosylating enzymes 1732:1756 the glycosylating enzymes 1732:1756 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 1 54 theme molecule 187:194 arg1 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 54 theme molecule 187:194 arg1 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 54 theme molecule 187:194 arg1 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 3 55 theme cellular 719:726 arg1 levels 745:750 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 719:750 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 719:750 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 56 theme nucleotide-sugar 118:133 arg1 levels 135:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 8 57 theme measured 1480:1487 arg1 changes 1489:1495 the measured changes 1476:1495 the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration 1476:1529 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 8 57 theme measured 1480:1487 arg1 substantial 1536:1546 substantial 1536:1546 substantial 1536:1546 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 4 58 theme amide-based 885:895 arg1 separation 951:960 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation 885:960 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 885:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 9 59 theme enzymes 1750:1756 arg1 values 1722:1727 the KM values 1715:1727 the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes 1715:1756 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 8 60 from substantial 1536:1546 arg1 cases 1556:1560 many cases 1551:1560 many cases 1551:1560 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 6 61 theme baseline 1235:1242 arg1 levels 1261:1266 the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels 1231:1266 the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels 1231:1266 Results show that all tested compounds changed the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels, with the effect being most pronounced for the fluoro-HexNAc compounds. 32352119 0 62 theme glycosylation 166:178 arg1 effect 37:42 effect 37:42 effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 37:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 62 theme glycosylation 166:178 arg1 Robustness 0:9 Robustness 0:9 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 0:179 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 62 theme glycosylation 166:178 arg1 pattern 146:152 pattern 146:152 pattern of N-linked glycosylation 146:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 10 63 theme cellular 1862:1869 arg1 concentrations 1888:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1862:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 3 64 theme N-linked 762:769 arg1 glycosylation 771:783 (ii) N-linked glycosylation 757:783 (ii) N-linked glycosylation 757:783 With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 10 65 theme changes 1851:1857 arg1 face 1831:1834 the face 1827:1834 the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1827:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 8 66 theme many 1551:1554 arg1 cases 1556:1560 many cases 1551:1560 many cases 1551:1560 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 6 67 theme tested 1206:1211 arg1 compounds 1213:1221 all tested compounds 1202:1221 all tested compounds 1202:1221 Results show that all tested compounds changed the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels, with the effect being most pronounced for the fluoro-HexNAc compounds. 32352119 4 68 theme interaction 909:919 arg1 chromatography 928:941 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 897:941 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 885:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 68 theme interaction 909:919 arg1 HILIC 944:948 HILIC 944:948 HILIC 944:948 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 0 69 theme decoys 82:87 arg1 effect 37:42 effect 37:42 effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 37:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 69 theme decoys 82:87 arg1 Robustness 0:9 Robustness 0:9 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 0:179 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 0 69 theme decoys 82:87 arg1 pattern 146:152 pattern 146:152 pattern of N-linked glycosylation 146:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 1 70 theme glycoengineering 316:331 arg1 tools 333:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 metabolic glycoengineering tools 306:337 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 70 theme glycoengineering 316:331 arg1 decoys 260:265 acceptor decoys 251:265 acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) 251:283 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 70 theme glycoengineering 316:331 arg1 analogs 211:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs 181:217 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) 181:245 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 1 71 dep ONAP 273:276 arg1 e.g. 268:271 e.g. 268:271 e.g. 268:271 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 0 72 theme azido 93:97 arg1 sugars 99:104 azido sugars 93:104 azido sugars 93:104 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 2 73 gly glycosylation 502:514 arg1 tissue 536:541 tissue 536:541 tissue 536:541 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 73 gly glycosylation 502:514 arg1 cells 526:530 cells 526:530 cells 526:530 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 74 theme glycosylation 502:514 arg1 status 516:521 the glycosylation status 498:521 the glycosylation status of cells and tissue 498:541 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 1 75 theme molecular 350:358 arg1 processes 385:393 molecular and cellular recognition processes 350:393 molecular and cellular recognition processes 350:393 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 7 76 theme UDP-HexNAc 1366:1375 arg1 levels 1377:1382 UDP-HexNAc levels 1366:1382 UDP-HexNAc levels in cells 1366:1391 These molecules depressed UDP-HexNAc levels in cells by up to 80%, while concomitantly elevating UDP-4F-GalNAc and UDP-4F-GlcNAc. 32352119 4 77 theme chromatography 928:941 arg1 separation 951:960 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation 885:960 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 885:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 0 78 from effect 37:42 arg1 levels 135:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 cellular nucleotide-sugar levels 109:140 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 4 79 theme hydrophilic 897:907 arg1 chromatography 928:941 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 897:941 amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 885:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 79 theme hydrophilic 897:907 arg1 HILIC 944:948 HILIC 944:948 HILIC 944:948 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 1 80 theme cellular 364:371 arg1 processes 385:393 molecular and cellular recognition processes 350:393 molecular and cellular recognition processes 350:393 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 9 81 from concentrations 1669:1682 arg1 Golgi 1691:1695 the Golgi 1687:1695 the Golgi 1687:1695 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 5 82 attach released 1080:1087 arg2 N-Glycans 1070:1078 N-Glycans 1070:1078 N-Glycans released from cells 1070:1098 N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. 32352119 5 82 attach released 1080:1087 arg1 cells 1094:1098 cells 1094:1098 cells 1094:1098 N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. 32352119 4 83 theme mass 1012:1015 arg1 spectrometry 1017:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 974:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 974:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 83 theme mass 1012:1015 arg1 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 0 84 link N-linked 157:164 arg1 glycosylation 166:178 N-linked glycosylation 157:178 N-linked glycosylation 157:178 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 5 85 dep procainamide 1110:1121 arg1 functionalized 1123:1136 functionalized 1123:1136 functionalized 1123:1136 N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. 32352119 5 85 dep procainamide 1110:1121 arg1 quantified 1142:1151 quantified 1142:1151 quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS 1142:1181 N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. 32352119 2 86 dep sugars 414:419 arg1 GalNAz 443:448 GalNAz 443:448 GalNAz 443:448 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 86 dep sugars 414:419 arg1 GlcNAz 435:440 GlcNAz 435:440 GlcNAz 435:440 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 2 86 dep sugars 414:419 arg1 ManNAz 427:432 ManNAz 427:432 ManNAz 427:432 Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. 32352119 0 87 theme modified 47:54 arg1 monosaccharides 56:70 modified monosaccharides 47:70 modified monosaccharides 47:70 Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. 32352119 5 88 theme positive-mode 1159:1171 arg1 ESI-MS/MS 1173:1181 positive-mode ESI-MS/MS 1159:1181 positive-mode ESI-MS/MS 1159:1181 N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. 32352119 8 89 theme N-linked 1579:1586 arg1 glycosylation 1588:1600 N-linked glycosylation 1579:1600 N-linked glycosylation 1579:1600 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 32352119 4 90 theme electrospray 988:999 arg1 spectrometry 1017:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 974:1028 negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector 974:1067 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 4 90 theme electrospray 988:999 arg1 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 ESI-MS/MS 1031:1039 To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. 32352119 9 91 theme nucleotide-sugar 1652:1667 arg1 concentrations 1669:1682 the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1643:1682 the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1643:1682 This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. 32352119 1 92 dep 4F-GlcNAc 225:233 arg1 e.g. 220:223 e.g. 220:223 e.g. 220:223 Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. 32352119 10 93 from concentrations 1888:1901 arg1 face 1831:1834 the face 1827:1834 the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations 1827:1901 Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations. 32352119 8 94 link N-linked 1579:1586 arg1 glycosylation 1588:1600 N-linked glycosylation 1579:1600 N-linked glycosylation 1579:1600 While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. 33627645 0 0 from transport 17:25 arg1 membranes 94:102 cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 54:102 cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 54:102 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 0 0 from transport 17:25 arg1 cuticles 41:48 dense leaf cuticles 30:48 dense leaf cuticles 30:48 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 1 1 theme which is 226:233 arg1 purpose 215:221 the main purpose 206:221 the main purpose of which is 206:233 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 0 2 theme graded 87:92 arg1 membranes 94:102 cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 54:102 cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 54:102 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 4 3 theme graded 861:866 arg1 cuticles 835:842 the cuticles' 831:843 the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture 831:879 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33627645 5 4 theme mechanism 1112:1120 arg1 investigation 1075:1087 a systematic investigation 1062:1087 a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism 1062:1120 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 3 5 theme polarity 520:527 arg1 gradient 529:536 the polarity gradient 516:536 the polarity gradient caused by this architecture 516:564 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 5 6 theme membranes 1014:1022 arg1 structure 962:970 structure 962:970 structure 962:970 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 5 6 theme membranes 1014:1022 arg1 composition 976:986 composition 976:986 composition 976:986 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 2 7 theme polyester 307:315 arg1 matrix 317:322 an amphiphilic polyester matrix 292:322 an amphiphilic polyester matrix 292:322 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 2 8 theme polar 325:329 arg1 polysaccharides 331:345 polar polysaccharides 325:345 polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior 325:444 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 4 9 theme cuticles 835:842 arg1 architecture 868:879 the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture 831:879 the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture 831:879 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33627645 2 10 theme cell 389:392 arg1 wall 394:397 the underlying epidermal cell wall 364:397 the underlying epidermal cell wall 364:397 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 1 11 theme transpirational 244:258 arg1 cuticle 197:203 the cuticle 193:203 the cuticle 193:203 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 1 11 theme transpirational 244:258 arg1 loss 266:269 transpirational water loss 244:269 transpirational water loss 244:269 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 5 12 theme cuticle-inspired 997:1012 arg1 membranes 1014:1022 these cuticle-inspired membranes 991:1022 these cuticle-inspired membranes 991:1022 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 1 13 theme protective 167:176 arg1 layer 178:182 a protective layer 165:182 a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss 165:269 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 0 14 theme water 11:15 arg1 transport 17:25 Asymmetric water transport 0:25 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 0:102 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 3 15 theme hydration 700:708 arg1 level 710:714 the hydration level 696:714 the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 696:754 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 3 16 theme outer 734:738 arg1 layer 750:754 the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 719:754 the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 719:754 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 2 17 theme amphiphilic 295:305 arg1 matrix 317:322 an amphiphilic polyester matrix 292:322 an amphiphilic polyester matrix 292:322 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 2 18 theme underlying 368:377 arg1 wall 394:397 the underlying epidermal cell wall 364:397 the underlying epidermal cell wall 364:397 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 0 19 theme Asymmetric 0:9 arg1 transport 17:25 Asymmetric water transport 0:25 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 0:102 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 1 20 theme water 260:264 arg1 cuticle 197:203 the cuticle 193:203 the cuticle 193:203 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 1 20 theme water 260:264 arg1 loss 266:269 transpirational water loss 244:269 transpirational water loss 244:269 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 3 21 theme cuticular 740:748 arg1 layer 750:754 the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 719:754 the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 719:754 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 3 22 theme leaf 630:633 arg1 cuticles 635:642 ivy leaf cuticles 626:642 ivy leaf cuticles 626:642 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 5 23 dep structure 962:970 arg1 The 958:960 The 958:960 The 958:960 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 0 24 theme leaf 36:39 arg1 cuticles 41:48 dense leaf cuticles 30:48 dense leaf cuticles 30:48 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 3 25 theme cutin-rich 723:732 arg1 layer 750:754 the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 719:754 the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 719:754 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 5 26 theme water 1096:1100 arg1 mechanism 1112:1120 the water transport mechanism 1092:1120 the water transport mechanism 1092:1120 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 2 27 theme hydrophobic 451:461 arg1 waxes 463:467 hydrophobic waxes 451:467 hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface 451:493 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 0 28 theme dense 30:34 arg1 cuticles 41:48 dense leaf cuticles 30:48 dense leaf cuticles 30:48 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 5 29 theme transport 1102:1110 arg1 mechanism 1112:1120 the water transport mechanism 1092:1120 the water transport mechanism 1092:1120 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 3 30 dep olive 616:620 arg1 directional 644:654 directional 644:654 directional 644:654 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 4 31 theme hydrophilic 896:906 arg1 nanocrystals 918:929 hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals 896:929 hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals 896:929 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33627645 3 32 theme ivy 626:628 arg1 cuticles 635:642 ivy leaf cuticles 626:642 ivy leaf cuticles 626:642 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 1 33 theme aerial 117:122 arg1 organs 124:129 the aerial organs 113:129 the aerial organs of vascular plants 113:148 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 4 34 theme hydrophobic 937:947 arg1 polymer 949:955 a hydrophobic polymer 935:955 a hydrophobic polymer 935:955 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33627645 3 35 theme layer 750:754 arg1 level 710:714 the hydration level 696:714 the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer 696:754 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 5 36 theme systematic 1064:1073 arg1 investigation 1075:1087 a systematic investigation 1062:1087 a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism 1062:1120 The structure and composition of these cuticle-inspired membranes can easily be varied and this enables a systematic investigation of the water transport mechanism. 33627645 4 37 theme artificial 775:784 arg1 membranes 800:808 artificial nanocomposite membranes 775:808 artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer 775:955 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33627645 3 38 theme astomatous 605:614 arg1 olive 616:620 astomatous olive 605:620 astomatous olive 605:620 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 4 39 theme cellulose 908:916 arg1 nanocrystals 918:929 hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals 896:929 hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals 896:929 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33627645 1 40 theme vascular 134:141 arg1 plants 143:148 vascular plants 134:148 vascular plants 134:148 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 1 41 theme main 210:213 arg1 purpose 215:221 the main purpose 206:221 the main purpose of which is 206:233 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 3 42 theme water 591:595 arg1 transport 578:586 the transport 574:586 the transport of water 574:595 Here we report that the polarity gradient caused by this architecture renders the transport of water through astomatous olive and ivy leaf cuticles directional and that the permeation is regulated by the hydration level of the cutin-rich outer cuticular layer. 33627645 1 43 theme plants 143:148 arg1 organs 124:129 the aerial organs 113:129 the aerial organs of vascular plants 113:148 Most of the aerial organs of vascular plants are covered by a protective layer known as the cuticle, the main purpose of which is to limit transpirational water loss. 33627645 2 44 theme epidermal 379:387 arg1 wall 394:397 the underlying epidermal cell wall 364:397 the underlying epidermal cell wall 364:397 Cuticles consist of an amphiphilic polyester matrix, polar polysaccharides that extend from the underlying epidermal cell wall and become less prominent towards the exterior, and hydrophobic waxes that dominate the surface. 33627645 0 45 theme cuticle-inspired 54:69 arg1 membranes 94:102 cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 54:102 cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes 54:102 Asymmetric water transport in dense leaf cuticles and cuticle-inspired compositionally graded membranes. 33627645 4 46 theme nanocomposite 786:798 arg1 membranes 800:808 artificial nanocomposite membranes 775:808 artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer 775:955 We further report artificial nanocomposite membranes that are inspired by the cuticles' compositionally graded architecture and consist of hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals and a hydrophobic polymer. 33240252 7 0 theme polysaccharide 1527:1540 arg1 production 1542:1551 extracellular polysaccharide production 1513:1551 extracellular polysaccharide production 1513:1551 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 6 1 theme synthesis 1336:1344 arg1 regulation 1291:1300 the regulation 1287:1300 the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis 1287:1344 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 8 2 theme LPS 1733:1735 arg1 composition 1737:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 6 3 theme LPS 1327:1329 arg1 synthesis 1336:1344 LPS core synthesis 1327:1344 LPS core synthesis 1327:1344 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 4 4 theme ribosomal 663:671 arg1 L20 693:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 6 5 theme exopolysaccharide 1305:1321 arg1 regulation 1291:1300 the regulation 1287:1300 the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis 1287:1344 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 7 6 theme novel 1490:1494 arg1 roles 1496:1500 novel roles 1490:1500 novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis 1490:1574 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 7 7 theme biofilm 1445:1451 arg1 formation 1453:1461 biofilm formation 1445:1461 biofilm formation 1445:1461 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 3 8 from changes 485:491 arg1 assembly 505:512 ribosome assembly 496:512 ribosome assembly 496:512 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 3 8 from changes 485:491 arg1 production 523:532 capsule production 515:532 capsule production 515:532 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 3 8 from changes 485:491 arg1 motility 539:546 motility 539:546 motility 539:546 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 3 9 theme global 564:569 arg1 roles 582:586 its global regulatory roles 560:586 its global regulatory roles 560:586 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 7 10 from roles 1496:1500 arg1 production 1542:1551 extracellular polysaccharide production 1513:1551 extracellular polysaccharide production 1513:1551 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 7 10 from roles 1496:1500 arg1 synthesis 1566:1574 LPS core synthesis 1557:1574 LPS core synthesis 1557:1574 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 2 11 theme Escherichia 286:296 arg1 BipA 303:306 Escherichia coli BipA 286:306 Escherichia coli BipA 286:306 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 5 12 theme genomic 854:860 arg1 clone 870:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 5 12 theme genomic 854:860 arg1 factor 935:940 a predicted transcriptional factor 907:940 a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis 907:997 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 0 13 from Regulation 63:72 arg1 Elucidation 0:10 Elucidation 0:10 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 0:107 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 8 14 theme cells 1818:1822 arg1 cold-sensitivity 1785:1800 the cold-sensitivity 1781:1800 the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells 1781:1822 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 7 15 theme E. 1423:1424 arg1 capsule 1431:1437 E. coli capsule 1423:1437 E. coli capsule 1423:1437 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 4 16 theme cold-sensitive 718:731 arg1 defect 740:745 cold-sensitive growth defect 718:745 cold-sensitive growth defect 718:745 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 1 17 theme BipA 113:116 arg1 protein 144:150 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein 109:150 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein 109:150 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 7 18 theme bipA-deletion 1406:1418 arg1 impacts 1395:1401 the impacts 1391:1401 the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility 1391:1475 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 8 19 from changes 1722:1728 arg1 composition 1737:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 8 20 from defects 1670:1676 arg1 composition 1737:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 8 21 theme regulatory 1843:1852 arg1 roles 1854:1858 multiple regulatory roles 1834:1858 multiple regulatory roles of BipA 1834:1866 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 1 22 theme BPI-inducible 119:131 arg1 A 141:141 BPI-inducible protein A 119:141 BPI-inducible protein A 119:141 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 1 22 theme BPI-inducible 119:131 arg1 BipA 113:116 BipA 113:116 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein 109:150 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 0 23 theme Surface 39:45 arg1 Regulation 63:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation 39:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 39:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 6 24 theme bipA-deleted 1041:1052 arg1 cells 1054:1058 bipA-deleted cells 1041:1058 bipA-deleted cells 1041:1058 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 5 25 theme transcriptional 919:933 arg1 clone 870:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 5 25 theme transcriptional 919:933 arg1 factor 935:940 a predicted transcriptional factor 907:940 a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis 907:997 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 6 26 theme yebC 1033:1036 arg1 overexpression 1015:1028 overexpression 1015:1028 overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells 1015:1058 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 0 27 from Elucidation 0:10 arg1 Regulation 63:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation 39:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 39:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 0 28 theme Escherichia 77:87 arg1 bipA-Deletion 94:106 Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 77:106 Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 77:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 7 29 from impacts 1395:1401 arg1 capsule 1431:1437 E. coli capsule 1423:1437 E. coli capsule 1423:1437 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 7 29 from impacts 1395:1401 arg1 LPS 1440:1442 LPS 1440:1442 LPS 1440:1442 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 7 29 from impacts 1395:1401 arg1 formation 1453:1461 biofilm formation 1445:1461 biofilm formation 1445:1461 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 7 29 from impacts 1395:1401 arg1 motility 1468:1475 motility 1468:1475 motility 1468:1475 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 5 30 contain containing 876:885 arg2 yebC 887:890 yebC 887:890 yebC 887:890 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 5 30 contain containing 876:885 arg1 clone 870:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 5 30 contain containing 876:885 arg1 factor 935:940 a predicted transcriptional factor 907:940 a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis 907:997 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 0 31 theme bipA-Deletion 94:106 arg1 Regulation 63:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation 39:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 39:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 0 32 dep Escherichia 77:87 arg1 coli 89:92 coli 89:92 coli 89:92 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 0 33 from Role 23:26 arg1 Regulation 63:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation 39:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 39:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 6 34 theme lipopolysaccharide 1112:1129 arg1 maturation 1142:1151 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation 1112:1151 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation 1112:1151 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 4 35 theme ribosomal 764:772 arg1 abnormality 774:784 the ribosomal abnormality 760:784 the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells 760:806 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 6 36 from defects 1192:1198 arg1 motility 1224:1231 motility 1224:1231 motility 1224:1231 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 6 36 from defects 1192:1198 arg1 assembly 1212:1219 ribosome assembly 1203:1219 ribosome assembly 1203:1219 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 7 37 theme low 1579:1581 arg1 temperature 1583:1593 low temperature 1579:1593 low temperature using this mutant strain 1579:1618 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 5 38 theme ribosome 979:986 arg1 biogenesis 988:997 ribosome biogenesis 979:997 ribosome biogenesis 979:997 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 3 39 theme bipA-deleted 397:408 arg1 cells 410:414 bipA-deleted cells 397:414 bipA-deleted cells 397:414 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 3 40 theme cold-sensitive 433:446 arg1 defect 455:460 cold-sensitive growth defect 433:460 cold-sensitive growth defect 433:460 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 0 41 theme Role 23:26 arg1 Elucidation 0:10 Elucidation 0:10 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 0:107 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 2 42 theme cell 329:332 arg1 growth 334:339 cell growth 329:339 cell growth under normal growth conditions 329:370 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 0 43 theme YebC 31:34 arg1 Role 23:26 a Novel Role 15:26 a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 15:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 7 44 theme LPS 1557:1559 arg1 synthesis 1566:1574 LPS core synthesis 1557:1574 LPS core synthesis 1557:1574 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 4 45 theme low 811:813 arg1 temperature 815:825 low temperature 811:825 low temperature 811:825 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 3 46 theme several 466:472 arg1 changes 485:491 several phenotypic changes 466:491 several phenotypic changes 466:491 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 8 47 theme increased 1689:1697 arg1 synthesis 1707:1715 increased capsule synthesis 1689:1715 increased capsule synthesis 1689:1715 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 6 48 theme low 1158:1160 arg1 temperature 1162:1172 a low temperature 1156:1172 a low temperature 1156:1172 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 3 49 from 20°C 419:422 arg1 cultivation 382:392 cultivation 382:392 cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C 382:422 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 2 50 theme growth 354:359 arg1 conditions 361:370 normal growth conditions 347:370 normal growth conditions 347:370 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 7 51 theme extracellular 1513:1525 arg1 production 1542:1551 extracellular polysaccharide production 1513:1551 extracellular polysaccharide production 1513:1551 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 4 52 theme genomic 605:611 arg1 library 613:619 our genomic library 601:619 our genomic library screening 601:629 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 3 53 theme ribosome 496:503 arg1 assembly 505:512 ribosome assembly 496:512 ribosome assembly 496:512 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 1 54 theme GTPase 240:245 arg1 family 247:252 the translational GTPase family 222:252 the translational GTPase family 222:252 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 7 55 theme YebC 1505:1508 arg1 roles 1496:1500 novel roles 1490:1500 novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis 1490:1574 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 6 56 theme core 1137:1140 arg1 maturation 1142:1151 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation 1112:1151 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation 1112:1151 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 1 57 theme bacterial 189:197 arg1 species 199:205 various bacterial species 181:205 various bacterial species 181:205 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 6 58 theme core 1331:1334 arg1 synthesis 1336:1344 LPS core synthesis 1327:1344 LPS core synthesis 1327:1344 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 7 59 dep E. 1423:1424 arg1 coli 1426:1429 coli 1426:1429 coli 1426:1429 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 4 60 theme overexpressed 649:661 arg1 L20 693:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 6 61 theme ribosome 1203:1210 arg1 assembly 1212:1219 ribosome assembly 1203:1219 ribosome assembly 1203:1219 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 4 62 theme protein 673:679 arg1 L20 693:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 1 63 theme various 181:187 arg1 species 199:205 various bacterial species 181:205 various bacterial species 181:205 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 2 64 theme BipA 303:306 arg1 function 274:281 the function 270:281 the function of Escherichia coli BipA 270:306 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 2 64 theme BipA 303:306 arg1 essential 315:323 essential 315:323 essential 315:323 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 5 65 theme library 862:868 arg1 clone 870:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 5 65 theme library 862:868 arg1 factor 935:940 a predicted transcriptional factor 907:940 a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis 907:997 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 3 66 theme regulatory 571:580 arg1 roles 582:586 its global regulatory roles 560:586 its global regulatory roles 560:586 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 8 67 theme bipA-deleted 1805:1816 arg1 cells 1818:1822 bipA-deleted cells 1805:1822 bipA-deleted cells 1805:1822 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 2 68 dep Escherichia 286:296 arg1 coli 298:301 coli 298:301 coli 298:301 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 6 69 theme capsule 1071:1077 arg1 synthesis 1079:1087 capsule synthesis 1071:1087 capsule synthesis 1071:1087 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 4 70 theme growth 733:738 arg1 defect 740:745 cold-sensitive growth defect 718:745 cold-sensitive growth defect 718:745 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 0 71 theme Polysaccharides 47:61 arg1 Regulation 63:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation 39:72 Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 39:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 8 72 theme multiple 1834:1841 arg1 roles 1854:1858 multiple regulatory roles 1834:1858 multiple regulatory roles of BipA 1834:1866 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 1 73 theme protein 133:139 arg1 A 141:141 BPI-inducible protein A 119:141 BPI-inducible protein A 119:141 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 1 73 theme protein 133:139 arg1 BipA 113:116 BipA 113:116 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein 109:150 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 33240252 4 74 theme r-protein 682:690 arg1 L20 693:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 645:695 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 5 75 theme predicted 909:917 arg1 clone 870:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 another genomic library clone 846:874 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 5 75 theme predicted 909:917 arg1 factor 935:940 a predicted transcriptional factor 907:940 a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis 907:997 Here, we explored another genomic library clone containing yebC, which encodes a predicted transcriptional factor that is not directly associated with ribosome biogenesis. 33240252 7 76 theme mutant 1606:1611 arg1 strain 1613:1618 this mutant strain 1601:1618 this mutant strain 1601:1618 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 8 77 theme BipA 1863:1866 arg1 roles 1854:1858 multiple regulatory roles 1834:1858 multiple regulatory roles of BipA 1834:1866 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 8 78 from synthesis 1707:1715 arg1 composition 1737:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 LPS composition 1733:1747 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 4 79 from abnormality 774:784 arg1 cells 802:806 bipA-deleted cells 789:806 bipA-deleted cells 789:806 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 6 80 from overexpression 1015:1028 arg1 cells 1054:1058 bipA-deleted cells 1041:1058 bipA-deleted cells 1041:1058 Interestingly, overexpression of yebC in bipA-deleted cells diminished capsule synthesis and partially restored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core maturation at a low temperature without resolving defects in ribosome assembly or motility, indicating that YebC may be specifically involved in the regulation of exopolysaccharide and LPS core synthesis. 33240252 4 81 theme bipA-deleted 789:800 arg1 cells 802:806 bipA-deleted cells 789:806 bipA-deleted cells 789:806 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 0 82 theme Novel 17:21 arg1 Role 23:26 a Novel Role 15:26 a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion 15:106 Elucidation of a Novel Role of YebC in Surface Polysaccharides Regulation of Escherichia coli bipA-Deletion. 33240252 3 83 theme cells 410:414 arg1 cultivation 382:392 cultivation 382:392 cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C 382:422 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 8 84 theme ribosomal 1660:1668 arg1 defects 1670:1676 ribosomal defects 1660:1676 ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition 1660:1747 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 3 85 theme growth 448:453 arg1 defect 455:460 cold-sensitive growth defect 433:460 cold-sensitive growth defect 433:460 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 2 86 theme normal 347:352 arg1 conditions 361:370 normal growth conditions 347:370 normal growth conditions 347:370 Interestingly, the function of Escherichia coli BipA is not essential for cell growth under normal growth conditions. 33240252 3 87 from defect 455:460 arg1 assembly 505:512 ribosome assembly 496:512 ribosome assembly 496:512 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 3 87 from defect 455:460 arg1 production 523:532 capsule production 515:532 capsule production 515:532 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 3 87 from defect 455:460 arg1 motility 539:546 motility 539:546 motility 539:546 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 8 88 theme capsule 1699:1705 arg1 synthesis 1707:1715 increased capsule synthesis 1689:1715 increased capsule synthesis 1689:1715 Furthermore, our findings suggest that ribosomal defects as well as increased capsule synthesis, and changes in LPS composition may contribute independently to the cold-sensitivity of bipA-deleted cells, implying multiple regulatory roles of BipA. 33240252 7 89 theme core 1561:1564 arg1 synthesis 1566:1574 LPS core synthesis 1557:1574 LPS core synthesis 1557:1574 In this study, we collectively investigated the impacts of bipA-deletion on E. coli capsule, LPS, biofilm formation, and motility and revealed novel roles of YebC in extracellular polysaccharide production and LPS core synthesis at low temperature using this mutant strain. 33240252 3 90 theme phenotypic 474:483 arg1 changes 485:491 several phenotypic changes 466:491 several phenotypic changes 466:491 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 4 91 theme library 613:619 arg1 screening 621:629 our genomic library screening 601:629 our genomic library screening 601:629 Previously, our genomic library screening revealed that the overexpressed ribosomal protein (r-protein) L20 partially suppressed cold-sensitive growth defect by resolving the ribosomal abnormality in bipA-deleted cells at low temperature. 33240252 3 92 theme capsule 515:521 arg1 production 523:532 capsule production 515:532 capsule production 515:532 However, cultivation of bipA-deleted cells at 20°C leads to cold-sensitive growth defect and several phenotypic changes in ribosome assembly, capsule production, and motility, suggesting its global regulatory roles. 33240252 1 93 theme translational 226:238 arg1 family 247:252 the translational GTPase family 222:252 the translational GTPase family 222:252 The BipA (BPI-inducible protein A) protein is ubiquitously conserved in various bacterial species and belongs to the translational GTPase family. 32884687 6 0 theme postmenopausal 1067:1080 arg1 rats 1082:1085 postmenopausal rats 1067:1085 postmenopausal rats 1067:1085 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 0 1 theme histological 72:83 arg1 morphology 85:94 the histological morphology 68:94 the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats 68:143 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 0 2 from effect 4:9 arg1 morphology 85:94 the histological morphology 68:94 the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats 68:143 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 8 3 theme rDNA 1318:1321 arg1 sequencing 1323:1332 16s rDNA sequencing 1314:1332 16s rDNA sequencing 1314:1332 16s rDNA sequencing further verified Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa, as the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol. 32884687 6 4 theme rats 1082:1085 arg1 weight 1057:1062 the body weight 1048:1062 the body weight of postmenopausal rats 1048:1085 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 6 5 dep uterus 1187:1192 arg1 the 1183:1185 the 1183:1185 the 1183:1185 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 6 6 theme 6-week-long 958:968 arg1 experiment 970:979 the 6-week-long experiment 954:979 the 6-week-long experiment 954:979 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 3 7 theme food 526:529 arg1 composition 531:541 food composition 526:541 food composition 526:541 Research has shown that food composition can greatly affect the formation of equol in the intestinal tract. 32884687 0 8 dep uterus 103:108 arg1 the 99:101 the 99:101 the 99:101 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 2 9 theme ovaries 493:499 arg1 decline 467:473 age-related decline 455:473 age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries 455:499 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 7 10 theme Routine 1207:1213 arg1 indexes 1221:1227 Routine blood indexes 1207:1227 Routine blood indexes 1207:1227 Routine blood indexes showed that no adverse reactions were produced by intragastric administration of RS. 32884687 5 11 used used 820:823 arg2 study 814:818 This study 809:818 This study 809:818 This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. 32884687 2 12 theme breast 360:365 arg1 cancer 367:372 breast cancer 360:372 breast cancer 360:372 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 0 13 theme uterus 103:108 arg1 morphology 85:94 the histological morphology 68:94 the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats 68:143 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 2 14 theme age-related 455:465 arg1 decline 467:473 age-related decline 455:473 age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries 455:499 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 2 15 theme estrogen 253:260 arg1 receptors 262:270 estrogen receptors 253:270 estrogen receptors 253:270 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 6 16 theme body 1052:1055 arg1 weight 1057:1062 the body weight 1048:1062 the body weight of postmenopausal rats 1048:1085 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 2 17 theme syndrome 433:440 arg1 symptoms 406:413 the symptoms 402:413 the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; 402:441 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 7 18 theme adverse 1244:1250 arg1 reactions 1252:1260 no adverse reactions 1241:1260 no adverse reactions 1241:1260 Routine blood indexes showed that no adverse reactions were produced by intragastric administration of RS. 32884687 6 19 theme rats 1134:1137 arg1 utilization 1119:1129 feed utilization 1114:1129 feed utilization of rats 1114:1137 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 1 20 theme daidzein 171:178 arg1 Equol 146:150 Equol 146:150 Equol 146:150 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 1 20 theme daidzein 171:178 arg1 metabolite 157:166 a metabolite 155:166 a metabolite of daidzein 155:178 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 2 21 theme perimenopausal 418:431 arg1 syndrome 433:440 perimenopausal syndrome 418:440 perimenopausal syndrome 418:440 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 5 22 theme direct 902:907 arg1 administration 922:935 direct intragastric administration 902:935 direct intragastric administration of formistan 902:948 This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. 32884687 4 23 from intestines 617:626 arg1 content 633:639 the content 629:639 the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation 629:700 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 4 23 from intestines 617:626 arg1 high 705:708 high 705:708 high 705:708 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 7 24 theme intragastric 1279:1290 arg1 administration 1292:1305 intragastric administration 1279:1305 intragastric administration of RS 1279:1311 Routine blood indexes showed that no adverse reactions were produced by intragastric administration of RS. 32884687 0 25 theme sorghum 14:20 arg1 equol 59:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 4 26 theme intestinal 728:737 arg1 bacteria 739:746 intestinal bacteria 728:746 intestinal bacteria 728:746 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 3 27 from formation 566:574 arg1 tract 603:607 the intestinal tract 588:607 the intestinal tract 588:607 Research has shown that food composition can greatly affect the formation of equol in the intestinal tract. 32884687 0 28 theme ovaries 114:120 arg1 morphology 85:94 the histological morphology 68:94 the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats 68:143 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 6 29 theme feed 1114:1117 arg1 utilization 1119:1129 feed utilization 1114:1129 feed utilization of rats 1114:1137 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 6 30 theme bean 1030:1033 arg1 pulp 1035:1038 feeding bean pulp 1022:1038 feeding bean pulp 1022:1038 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 0 31 theme resistant 33:41 arg1 equol 59:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 0 32 theme rats 140:143 arg1 ovaries 114:120 ovaries 114:120 ovaries 114:120 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 0 32 theme rats 140:143 arg1 uterus 103:108 uterus 103:108 uterus 103:108 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 6 33 theme feeding 1022:1028 arg1 pulp 1035:1038 feeding bean pulp 1022:1038 feeding bean pulp 1022:1038 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 8 34 theme Clostridium 1369:1379 arg1 XIVa 1381:1384 Clostridium XIVa 1369:1384 Clostridium XIVa 1369:1384 16s rDNA sequencing further verified Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa, as the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol. 32884687 8 34 theme Clostridium 1369:1379 arg1 bacteria 1394:1401 the bacteria 1390:1401 the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol 1390:1436 16s rDNA sequencing further verified Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa, as the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol. 32884687 8 34 theme Clostridium 1369:1379 arg1 Lactobacillus 1351:1363 Lactobacillus 1351:1363 Lactobacillus 1351:1363 16s rDNA sequencing further verified Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa, as the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol. 32884687 1 35 theme higher 190:195 arg1 activity 208:215 a higher biological activity 188:215 a higher biological activity than daidzein 188:229 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 0 36 theme resistance 22:31 arg1 equol 59:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 0 37 theme postmenopausal 125:138 arg1 rats 140:143 postmenopausal rats 125:143 postmenopausal rats 125:143 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 3 38 theme equol 579:583 arg1 formation 566:574 the formation 562:574 the formation of equol in the intestinal tract 562:607 Research has shown that food composition can greatly affect the formation of equol in the intestinal tract. 32884687 5 39 theme Dawley 833:838 arg1 model 855:859 a model 853:859 a model 853:859 This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. 32884687 5 39 theme Dawley 833:838 arg1 rats 845:848 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats 825:848 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats 825:848 This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. 32884687 1 40 theme biological 197:206 arg1 activity 208:215 a higher biological activity 188:215 a higher biological activity than daidzein 188:229 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 0 41 theme equol 59:63 arg1 effect 4:9 The effect 0:9 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 0:144 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 5 42 theme formistan 940:948 arg1 administration 922:935 direct intragastric administration 902:935 direct intragastric administration of formistan 902:948 This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. 32884687 2 43 theme cardiovascular 318:331 arg1 disease 333:339 cardiovascular disease 318:339 cardiovascular disease 318:339 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 0 44 theme starch-mediated 43:57 arg1 equol 59:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol 14:63 The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats. 32884687 6 45 theme utilization 1119:1129 arg1 efficiency 1100:1109 the efficiency 1096:1109 the efficiency of feed utilization of rats 1096:1137 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 4 46 from high 705:708 arg1 intestines 617:626 the intestines 613:626 the intestines 613:626 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 7 47 theme blood 1215:1219 arg1 indexes 1221:1227 Routine blood indexes 1207:1227 Routine blood indexes 1207:1227 Routine blood indexes showed that no adverse reactions were produced by intragastric administration of RS. 32884687 2 48 dep uterus 482:487 arg1 the 478:480 the 478:480 the 478:480 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 3 49 theme intestinal 592:601 arg1 tract 603:607 the intestinal tract 588:607 the intestinal tract 588:607 Research has shown that food composition can greatly affect the formation of equol in the intestinal tract. 32884687 5 50 theme intragastric 909:920 arg1 administration 922:935 direct intragastric administration 902:935 direct intragastric administration of formistan 902:948 This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. 32884687 6 51 theme RS 1013:1014 arg1 administration 995:1008 intragastric administration 982:1008 intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp 982:1038 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 8 52 theme 16s 1314:1316 arg1 sequencing 1323:1332 16s rDNA sequencing 1314:1332 16s rDNA sequencing 1314:1332 16s rDNA sequencing further verified Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa, as the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol. 32884687 6 53 theme organs 1168:1173 arg1 weight 1158:1163 the weight 1154:1163 the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries 1154:1204 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 2 54 theme diseases 301:308 arg1 incidence 288:296 the incidence 284:296 the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer 284:372 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 2 55 theme uterus 482:487 arg1 decline 467:473 age-related decline 455:473 age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries 455:499 Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. 32884687 1 56 contain has 184:186 arg1 Equol 146:150 Equol 146:150 Equol 146:150 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 1 56 contain has 184:186 arg1 metabolite 157:166 a metabolite 155:166 a metabolite of daidzein 155:178 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 1 56 contain has 184:186 arg2 activity 208:215 a higher biological activity 188:215 a higher biological activity than daidzein 188:229 Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. 32884687 7 57 theme RS 1310:1311 arg1 administration 1292:1305 intragastric administration 1279:1305 intragastric administration of RS 1279:1311 Routine blood indexes showed that no adverse reactions were produced by intragastric administration of RS. 32884687 4 58 theme polysaccharides 654:668 arg1 content 633:639 the content 629:639 the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation 629:700 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 4 58 theme polysaccharides 654:668 arg1 high 705:708 high 705:708 high 705:708 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 4 59 theme nonstarch 644:652 arg1 polysaccharides 654:668 nonstarch polysaccharides 644:668 nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation 644:700 In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. 32884687 6 60 theme intragastric 982:993 arg1 administration 995:1008 intragastric administration 982:1008 intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp 982:1038 In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. 34730437 2 0 theme excess 486:491 arg1 weight 478:483 body weight 473:483 body weight (excess Zn) 473:495 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 0 theme excess 486:491 arg1 Zn 493:494 excess Zn 486:494 excess Zn 486:494 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 7 1 theme fortification 1066:1078 arg1 doses 1080:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 17 2 dep provision 2394:2402 arg1 the 2390:2392 the 2390:2392 the 2390:2392 Thus, these results indicate that the provision and duration of supplemental Zn should be approached with caution. 34730437 11 3 theme health 1668:1673 arg1 problem 1675:1681 an essential health problem 1655:1681 an essential health problem in developing countries 1655:1705 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 11 3 theme health 1668:1673 arg1 insufficiency 1638:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 2 4 theme weight 478:483 arg1 600 mg/kg 460:468 600 mg/kg 460:468 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) 460:495 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 4 theme weight 478:483 arg1 Zn 393:394 Zn 393:394 Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), 393:454 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 14 5 theme community 1993:2001 arg1 structure 2003:2011 microbial community structure 1983:2011 microbial community structure 1983:2011 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 1 6 theme short-term 240:249 arg1 effects 265:271 the short-term and long-term effects 236:271 the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome 236:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 16 7 theme low-Zn 2244:2249 arg1 diet 2251:2254 a short-term low-Zn diet 2231:2254 a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) 2231:2264 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 7 theme low-Zn 2244:2249 arg1 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 3 8 theme gut 551:553 arg1 composition 565:575 The gut bacterial composition 547:575 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels 547:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 8 theme gut 551:553 arg1 result 637:642 the result 633:642 the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila) 633:726 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 10 9 theme metabolite 1526:1535 arg1 concentration 1537:1549 its metabolite concentration 1522:1549 its metabolite concentration 1522:1549 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 0 10 theme Gut 65:67 arg1 Microbiota 69:78 Gut Microbiota 65:78 Gut Microbiota 65:78 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 14 11 theme essential 1961:1969 arg1 Zn 1952:1953 dietary Zn 1944:1953 dietary Zn 1944:1953 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 14 11 theme essential 1961:1969 arg1 mediator 1971:1978 an essential mediator 1958:1978 an essential mediator of microbial community structure 1958:2011 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 7 12 from level 1113:1117 arg1 doses 1080:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 0 13 theme Sensitive 116:124 arg1 Markers 108:114 Microbial Markers 98:114 Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status 98:139 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 10 14 theme Zn-fed 1562:1567 arg1 mice 1569:1572 altered Zn-fed mice 1554:1572 altered Zn-fed mice 1554:1572 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 1 15 theme single-nutrient 174:188 arg1 imbalance 152:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 1 15 theme single-nutrient 174:188 arg1 worldwide 199:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 12 16 theme deficit 1742:1748 arg1 occurrence 1723:1732 the occurrence 1719:1732 the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation 1719:1788 To prevent the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation are widely used. 34730437 2 17 theme high 446:449 arg1 Zn 451:452 high Zn 446:452 high Zn 446:452 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 17 theme high 446:449 arg1 150 441:443 150 441:443 150 441:443 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 14 18 theme dietary 1944:1950 arg1 Zn 1952:1953 dietary Zn 1944:1953 dietary Zn 1944:1953 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 14 18 theme dietary 1944:1950 arg1 mediator 1971:1978 an essential mediator 1958:1978 an essential mediator of microbial community structure 1958:2011 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 3 19 theme species 602:608 arg1 levels 610:615 the phyla, genus, and species levels 580:615 the phyla, genus, and species levels 580:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 0 20 theme Zinc 129:132 arg1 Status 134:139 Zinc Status 129:139 Zinc Status 129:139 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 5 21 theme low-Zn 901:906 arg1 diet 908:911 a long-term low-Zn diet 889:911 a long-term low-Zn diet 889:911 Valeriate production was suppressed by a long-term low-Zn diet. 34730437 9 22 theme strain 1299:1304 arg1 species 1315:1321 species 1315:1321 species 1315:1321 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 9 22 theme strain 1299:1304 arg1 ABHU2SB 1306:1312 strain ABHU2SB 1299:1312 strain ABHU2SB (species) 1299:1322 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 12 23 theme zinc 1751:1754 arg1 fortification 1756:1768 zinc fortification 1751:1768 zinc fortification 1751:1768 To prevent the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation are widely used. 34730437 10 24 theme relevant 1582:1589 arg1 markers 1601:1607 the relevant microbial markers 1578:1607 the relevant microbial markers for Zn status 1578:1621 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 17 25 theme Zn 2433:2434 arg1 duration 2408:2415 duration 2408:2415 duration 2408:2415 Thus, these results indicate that the provision and duration of supplemental Zn should be approached with caution. 34730437 17 25 theme Zn 2433:2434 arg1 provision 2394:2402 provision 2394:2402 provision 2394:2402 Thus, these results indicate that the provision and duration of supplemental Zn should be approached with caution. 34730437 8 26 theme Desulfovibrio 1281:1293 arg1 sp 1295:1296 Desulfovibrio sp 1281:1296 Desulfovibrio sp 1281:1296 Finally, Melainabacteria (phylum) and Desulfovibrio sp. 34730437 6 27 theme 8-week 1033:1038 arg1 intervals 1040:1048 4-week and 8-week intervals 1022:1048 4-week and 8-week intervals 1022:1048 Pathways such as drug resistance and infectious diseases were upregulated in high- and excess-Zn diets over 4-week and 8-week intervals. 34730437 13 28 theme upper 1894:1898 arg1 limit 1907:1911 the tolerable upper intake limit 1880:1911 the tolerable upper intake limit 1880:1911 However, in developed countries, the amounts of Zn consumed often exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. 34730437 3 29 theme Zn 662:663 arg1 diet 665:668 the imbalanced Zn diet 647:668 the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila) 647:726 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 4 30 theme nucleotide 784:793 arg1 metabolism 795:804 nucleotide metabolism 784:804 nucleotide metabolism 784:804 Moreover, pathways including carbohydrate, glycan, and nucleotide metabolism were decreased by a short-term low-Zn diet. 34730437 6 31 theme 4-week 1022:1027 arg1 intervals 1040:1048 4-week and 8-week intervals 1022:1048 4-week and 8-week intervals 1022:1048 Pathways such as drug resistance and infectious diseases were upregulated in high- and excess-Zn diets over 4-week and 8-week intervals. 34730437 7 32 theme zinc 1061:1064 arg1 doses 1080:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 13 33 theme Zn 1855:1856 arg1 amounts 1844:1850 the amounts 1840:1850 the amounts of Zn consumed 1840:1865 However, in developed countries, the amounts of Zn consumed often exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. 34730437 13 33 theme Zn 1855:1856 arg1 Zn 1855:1856 Zn 1855:1856 Zn consumed 1855:1865 However, in developed countries, the amounts of Zn consumed often exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. 34730437 10 34 theme Zn 1613:1614 arg1 status 1616:1621 Zn status 1613:1621 Zn status 1613:1621 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 1 35 theme Zinc 142:145 arg1 imbalance 152:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 1 35 theme Zinc 142:145 arg1 worldwide 199:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 16 36 theme obvious 2313:2319 arg1 effects 2330:2336 obvious negative effects 2313:2336 obvious negative effects 2313:2336 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 14 37 theme gut 2089:2091 arg1 microbiota 2093:2102 the gut microbiota 2085:2102 the gut microbiota 2085:2102 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 15 38 theme microbial 2124:2132 arg1 biomarkers 2134:2143 specific microbial biomarkers 2115:2143 specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status 2115:2156 Moreover, specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status were identified and correlated with serum Zn level. 34730437 1 39 theme Zn 148:149 arg1 imbalance 152:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 1 39 theme Zn 148:149 arg1 worldwide 199:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 0 40 from Effect 0:5 arg1 Microbiota 69:78 Gut Microbiota 65:78 Gut Microbiota 65:78 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 0 40 from Effect 0:5 arg1 Screening 84:92 Screening 84:92 Screening 84:92 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 10 41 theme microbial 1496:1504 arg1 composition 1506:1516 gut microbial composition 1492:1516 gut microbial composition 1492:1516 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 15 42 theme serum 2194:2198 arg1 level 2203:2207 serum Zn level 2194:2207 serum Zn level 2194:2207 Moreover, specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status were identified and correlated with serum Zn level. 34730437 0 43 theme Microbial 98:106 arg1 Markers 108:114 Microbial Markers 98:114 Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status 98:139 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 9 44 theme Zn 1368:1369 arg1 status 1371:1376 Zn status 1368:1376 Zn status with high accuracy 1368:1395 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 7 45 theme acids 1166:1170 arg1 abundance 1135:1143 the abundance 1131:1143 the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites 1131:1240 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 2 46 theme 0 412:412 arg1 doses 403:407 the doses 399:407 the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), 399:454 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 47 theme control 428:434 arg1 30 424:425 30 424:425 30 424:425 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 47 theme control 428:434 arg1 Zn 436:437 control Zn 428:437 control Zn 428:437 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 11 48 theme developing 1686:1695 arg1 countries 1697:1705 developing countries 1686:1705 developing countries 1686:1705 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 7 49 theme short-chain 1148:1158 arg1 SCFAs 1173:1177 SCFAs 1173:1177 SCFAs 1173:1177 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 7 49 theme short-chain 1148:1158 arg1 acids 1166:1170 short-chain fatty acids 1148:1170 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites 1148:1240 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 14 50 theme Zn 2045:2046 arg1 overdose 2048:2055 Zn overdose 2045:2055 Zn overdose 2045:2055 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 0 51 theme Long-Term 10:18 arg1 Manipulation 49:60 Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation 10:60 Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation 10:60 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 0 52 theme Short-Term 24:33 arg1 Manipulation 49:60 Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation 10:60 Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation 10:60 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 1 53 theme imbalanced 276:285 arg1 zinc 295:298 imbalanced dietary zinc 276:298 imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome 276:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 16 54 theme long-term 2272:2280 arg1 diet 2292:2295 a long-term high-zinc diet 2270:2295 a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) 2270:2307 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 54 theme long-term 2272:2280 arg1 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 4 55 theme short-term 826:835 arg1 diet 844:847 a short-term low-Zn diet 824:847 a short-term low-Zn diet 824:847 Moreover, pathways including carbohydrate, glycan, and nucleotide metabolism were decreased by a short-term low-Zn diet. 34730437 15 56 theme Zn 2148:2149 arg1 status 2151:2156 Zn status 2148:2156 Zn status 2148:2156 Moreover, specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status were identified and correlated with serum Zn level. 34730437 10 57 theme gut 1492:1494 arg1 composition 1506:1516 gut microbial composition 1492:1516 gut microbial composition 1492:1516 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 0 58 theme Zn 46:47 arg1 Manipulation 49:60 Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation 10:60 Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation 10:60 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 1 59 theme zinc 295:298 arg1 effects 265:271 the short-term and long-term effects 236:271 the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome 236:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 5 60 theme Valeriate 850:858 arg1 production 860:869 Valeriate production 850:869 Valeriate production 850:869 Valeriate production was suppressed by a long-term low-Zn diet. 34730437 16 61 contain had 2309:2311 arg1 diet 2292:2295 a long-term high-zinc diet 2270:2295 a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) 2270:2307 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 61 contain had 2309:2311 arg1 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 61 contain had 2309:2311 arg1 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 61 contain had 2309:2311 arg2 effects 2330:2336 obvious negative effects 2313:2336 obvious negative effects 2313:2336 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 61 contain had 2309:2311 arg1 diet 2251:2254 a short-term low-Zn diet 2231:2254 a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) 2231:2264 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 11 62 theme Zn 1635:1636 arg1 problem 1675:1681 an essential health problem 1655:1681 an essential health problem in developing countries 1655:1705 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 11 62 theme Zn 1635:1636 arg1 insufficiency 1638:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 0 63 dep Long-Term 10:18 arg1 Imbalanced 35:44 Imbalanced 35:44 Imbalanced 35:44 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 6 64 theme drug 931:934 arg1 resistance 936:945 drug resistance 931:945 drug resistance 931:945 Pathways such as drug resistance and infectious diseases were upregulated in high- and excess-Zn diets over 4-week and 8-week intervals. 34730437 14 65 theme Zn 2027:2028 arg1 deficiency 2030:2039 Zn deficiency 2027:2039 Zn deficiency 2027:2039 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 2 66 theme C57BL/6 347:353 arg1 mice 355:358 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice 336:358 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice 336:358 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 67 theme low 415:417 arg1 0 412:412 0 412:412 0 412:412 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 67 theme low 415:417 arg1 Zn 419:420 low Zn 415:420 low Zn 415:420 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 1 68 from zinc 295:298 arg1 microbiome 318:327 the intestinal microbiome 303:327 the intestinal microbiome 303:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 11 69 theme essential 1658:1666 arg1 problem 1675:1681 an essential health problem 1655:1681 an essential health problem in developing countries 1655:1705 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 11 69 theme essential 1658:1666 arg1 insufficiency 1638:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 16 70 theme short-term 2233:2242 arg1 diet 2251:2254 a short-term low-Zn diet 2231:2254 a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) 2231:2264 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 70 theme short-term 2233:2242 arg1 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 0 mg/kg 2257:2263 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 10 71 from changes 1481:1487 arg1 markers 1601:1607 the relevant microbial markers 1578:1607 the relevant microbial markers for Zn status 1578:1621 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 10 71 from changes 1481:1487 arg1 mice 1569:1572 altered Zn-fed mice 1554:1572 altered Zn-fed mice 1554:1572 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 10 71 from changes 1481:1487 arg1 concentration 1537:1549 its metabolite concentration 1522:1549 its metabolite concentration 1522:1549 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 10 71 from changes 1481:1487 arg1 composition 1506:1516 gut microbial composition 1492:1516 gut microbial composition 1492:1516 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 14 72 theme structure 2003:2011 arg1 Zn 1952:1953 dietary Zn 1944:1953 dietary Zn 1944:1953 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 14 72 theme structure 2003:2011 arg1 mediator 1971:1978 an essential mediator 1958:1978 an essential mediator of microbial community structure 1958:2011 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 10 73 theme altered 1554:1560 arg1 mice 1569:1572 altered Zn-fed mice 1554:1572 altered Zn-fed mice 1554:1572 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 2 74 theme body 473:476 arg1 weight 478:483 body weight 473:483 body weight (excess Zn) 473:495 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 74 theme body 473:476 arg1 Zn 493:494 excess Zn 486:494 excess Zn 486:494 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 14 75 theme microbial 1983:1991 arg1 structure 2003:2011 microbial community structure 1983:2011 microbial community structure 1983:2011 Our results demonstrated that dietary Zn is an essential mediator of microbial community structure and that both Zn deficiency and Zn overdose can generate a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. 34730437 6 76 theme infectious 951:960 arg1 diseases 962:969 infectious diseases 951:969 infectious diseases 951:969 Pathways such as drug resistance and infectious diseases were upregulated in high- and excess-Zn diets over 4-week and 8-week intervals. 34730437 1 77 from effects 265:271 arg1 microbiome 318:327 the intestinal microbiome 303:327 the intestinal microbiome 303:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 3 78 theme bacterial 555:563 arg1 composition 565:575 The gut bacterial composition 547:575 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels 547:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 78 theme bacterial 555:563 arg1 result 637:642 the result 633:642 the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila) 633:726 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 12 79 theme fortification 1756:1768 arg1 occurrence 1723:1732 the occurrence 1719:1732 the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation 1719:1788 To prevent the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation are widely used. 34730437 7 80 theme metabolites 1230:1240 arg1 concentrations 1212:1225 the concentrations 1208:1225 genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites 1190:1240 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 7 80 theme metabolites 1230:1240 arg1 genera 1190:1195 genera 1190:1195 genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites 1190:1240 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 9 81 dep area 1398:1401 arg1 [AUC 1419:1422 [AUC 1419:1422 area under the curve [AUC 1398:1422 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 9 81 dep area 1398:1401 arg1  >0.8 1425:1429  >0.8 1425:1429  >0.8 1425:1429 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 9 82 with status 1371:1376 arg1 accuracy 1388:1395 high accuracy 1383:1395 high accuracy 1383:1395 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 3 83 theme genus 591:595 arg1 levels 610:615 the phyla, genus, and species levels 580:615 the phyla, genus, and species levels 580:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 1 84 theme common 167:172 arg1 imbalance 152:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 1 84 theme common 167:172 arg1 worldwide 199:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 12 85 theme supplementation 1774:1788 arg1 occurrence 1723:1732 the occurrence 1719:1732 the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation 1719:1788 To prevent the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation are widely used. 34730437 6 86 dep high- 991:995 arg1 diets 1011:1015 diets 1011:1015 diets 1011:1015 Pathways such as drug resistance and infectious diseases were upregulated in high- and excess-Zn diets over 4-week and 8-week intervals. 34730437 3 87 theme phyla 584:588 arg1 levels 610:615 the phyla, genus, and species levels 580:615 the phyla, genus, and species levels 580:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 5 88 theme long-term 891:899 arg1 diet 908:911 a long-term low-Zn diet 889:911 a long-term low-Zn diet 889:911 Valeriate production was suppressed by a long-term low-Zn diet. 34730437 1 89 theme disorder 190:197 arg1 imbalance 152:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance 142:160 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 1 89 theme disorder 190:197 arg1 worldwide 199:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide 165:207 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 12 90 theme zinc 1737:1740 arg1 deficit 1742:1748 zinc deficit 1737:1748 zinc deficit 1737:1748 To prevent the occurrence of zinc deficit, zinc fortification and supplementation are widely used. 34730437 11 91 theme IMPORTANCE 1624:1633 arg1 problem 1675:1681 an essential health problem 1655:1681 an essential health problem in developing countries 1655:1705 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 11 91 theme IMPORTANCE 1624:1633 arg1 insufficiency 1638:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency 1624:1650 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 10 92 theme microbial 1591:1599 arg1 markers 1601:1607 the relevant microbial markers 1578:1607 the relevant microbial markers for Zn status 1578:1621 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 17 93 theme supplemental 2420:2431 arg1 Zn 2433:2434 supplemental Zn 2420:2434 supplemental Zn 2420:2434 Thus, these results indicate that the provision and duration of supplemental Zn should be approached with caution. 34730437 13 94 theme tolerable 1884:1892 arg1 limit 1907:1911 the tolerable upper intake limit 1880:1911 the tolerable upper intake limit 1880:1911 However, in developed countries, the amounts of Zn consumed often exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. 34730437 9 95 dep markers 1356:1362 arg1 area 1398:1401 area 1398:1401 area under the curve [AUC 1398:1422 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 7 96 theme Long-term 1051:1059 arg1 doses 1080:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses 1051:1084 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 13 97 theme intake 1900:1905 arg1 limit 1907:1911 the tolerable upper intake limit 1880:1911 the tolerable upper intake limit 1880:1911 However, in developed countries, the amounts of Zn consumed often exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. 34730437 3 98 theme diet 665:668 arg1 composition 565:575 The gut bacterial composition 547:575 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels 547:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 98 theme diet 665:668 arg1 result 637:642 the result 633:642 the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila) 633:726 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 16 99 theme negative 2321:2328 arg1 effects 2330:2336 obvious negative effects 2313:2336 obvious negative effects 2313:2336 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 2 100 from doses 403:407 arg1 600 mg/kg 460:468 600 mg/kg 460:468 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) 460:495 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 100 from doses 403:407 arg1 Zn 393:394 Zn 393:394 Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), 393:454 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 1 101 theme intestinal 307:316 arg1 microbiome 318:327 the intestinal microbiome 303:327 the intestinal microbiome 303:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 3 102 theme imbalanced 651:660 arg1 diet 665:668 the imbalanced Zn diet 647:668 the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila) 647:726 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 103 dep diet 665:668 arg1 e.g. 671:674 e.g. 671:674 e.g. 671:674 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 103 dep diet 665:668 arg1 reuteri 691:697 Lactobacillus reuteri 677:697 Lactobacillus reuteri 677:697 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 103 dep diet 665:668 arg1 muciniphila 715:725 Akkermansia muciniphila 703:725 Akkermansia muciniphila 703:725 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 9 104 theme potential 1346:1354 arg1 markers 1356:1362 potential markers 1346:1362 potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy 1346:1395 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 16 105 theme mouse 2343:2347 arg1 model 2349:2353 a mouse model 2341:2353 a mouse model 2341:2353 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 3 106 from levels 610:615 arg1 composition 565:575 The gut bacterial composition 547:575 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels 547:615 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 3 106 from levels 610:615 arg1 result 637:642 the result 633:642 the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila) 633:726 The gut bacterial composition at the phyla, genus, and species levels were changed as the result of the imbalanced Zn diet (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila). 34730437 2 107 theme short 510:514 arg1 term 516:519 short term 510:519 short term 510:519 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 107 theme short 510:514 arg1 4 weeks 501:507 4 weeks 501:507 4 weeks (short term) 501:520 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 15 108 theme Zn 2200:2201 arg1 level 2203:2207 serum Zn level 2194:2207 serum Zn level 2194:2207 Moreover, specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status were identified and correlated with serum Zn level. 34730437 7 109 theme fatty 1160:1164 arg1 SCFAs 1173:1177 SCFAs 1173:1177 SCFAs 1173:1177 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 7 109 theme fatty 1160:1164 arg1 acids 1166:1170 short-chain fatty acids 1148:1170 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites 1148:1240 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 2 110 theme long 535:538 arg1 8 weeks 526:532 8 weeks 526:532 8 weeks (long term) 526:544 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 2 110 theme long 535:538 arg1 term 540:543 long term 535:543 long term 535:543 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34730437 4 111 theme low-Zn 837:842 arg1 diet 844:847 a short-term low-Zn diet 824:847 a short-term low-Zn diet 824:847 Moreover, pathways including carbohydrate, glycan, and nucleotide metabolism were decreased by a short-term low-Zn diet. 34730437 1 112 theme long-term 255:263 arg1 effects 265:271 the short-term and long-term effects 236:271 the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome 236:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 9 113 theme high 1383:1386 arg1 accuracy 1388:1395 high accuracy 1383:1395 high accuracy 1383:1395 strain ABHU2SB (species) were identified to be potential markers for Zn status with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], >0.8). 34730437 11 114 from problem 1675:1681 arg1 countries 1697:1705 developing countries 1686:1705 developing countries 1686:1705 IMPORTANCE Zn insufficiency is an essential health problem in developing countries. 34730437 1 115 from microbiome 318:327 arg1 effects 265:271 the short-term and long-term effects 236:271 the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome 236:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 0 116 theme Manipulation 49:60 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 0:140 Effect of Long-Term and Short-Term Imbalanced Zn Manipulation on Gut Microbiota and Screening for Microbial Markers Sensitive to Zinc Status. 34730437 1 117 theme dietary 287:293 arg1 zinc 295:298 imbalanced dietary zinc 276:298 imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome 276:327 Zinc (Zn) imbalance is a common single-nutrient disorder worldwide, but little is known about the short-term and long-term effects of imbalanced dietary zinc in the intestinal microbiome. 34730437 7 118 theme high-Zn 1105:1111 arg1 level 1113:1117 the high-Zn level 1101:1117 the high-Zn level 1101:1117 Long-term zinc fortification doses, especially at the high-Zn level, suppressed the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing genera as well as the concentrations of metabolites. 34730437 13 119 theme developed 1819:1827 arg1 countries 1829:1837 developed countries 1819:1837 developed countries 1819:1837 However, in developed countries, the amounts of Zn consumed often exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. 34730437 15 120 theme status 2151:2156 arg1 biomarkers 2134:2143 specific microbial biomarkers 2115:2143 specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status 2115:2156 Moreover, specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status were identified and correlated with serum Zn level. 34730437 16 121 theme high-zinc 2282:2290 arg1 diet 2292:2295 a long-term high-zinc diet 2270:2295 a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) 2270:2307 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 16 121 theme high-zinc 2282:2290 arg1 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 150 mg/kg 2298:2306 Our study found that a short-term low-Zn diet (0 mg/kg) and a long-term high-zinc diet (150 mg/kg) had obvious negative effects in a mouse model. 34730437 10 122 theme significant 1469:1479 arg1 changes 1481:1487 significant changes 1469:1487 significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status 1469:1621 Collectively, this study identified significant changes in gut microbial composition and its metabolite concentration in altered Zn-fed mice and the relevant microbial markers for Zn status. 34730437 15 123 theme specific 2115:2122 arg1 biomarkers 2134:2143 specific microbial biomarkers 2115:2143 specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status 2115:2156 Moreover, specific microbial biomarkers of Zn status were identified and correlated with serum Zn level. 34730437 2 124 theme 3-week-old 336:345 arg1 mice 355:358 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice 336:358 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice 336:358 Here, 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets supplemented with Zn at the doses of 0 (low Zn), 30 (control Zn), 150 (high Zn), and 600 mg/kg of body weight (excess Zn) for 4 weeks (short term) and 8 weeks (long term). 34776892 7 0 theme fixed-brain 1342:1352 arg1 sections 1354:1361 fixed-brain sections 1342:1361 fixed-brain sections 1342:1361 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 11 1 attach present 1903:1909 arg2 shift 1865:1869 A shift 1863:1869 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1863:1892 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 1 attach present 1903:1909 arg2 present 1903:1909 present 1903:1909 present 1903:1909 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 1 attach present 1903:1909 arg1 thalamus 1918:1925 the thalamus 1914:1925 the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring 1914:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 1 attach present 1903:1909 arg1 increase 1940:1947 an increase 1937:1947 an increase 1937:1947 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 8 2 theme site 1489:1492 arg1 extent 1468:1473 the rostro-caudal extent 1450:1473 the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1450:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 11 3 from shift 1865:1869 arg1 sulfation 1884:1892 CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1874:1892 CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1874:1892 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 12 4 theme ipsilateral 2163:2173 arg1 cortex 2175:2180 the ipsilateral cortex 2159:2180 the ipsilateral cortex 2159:2180 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 3 5 from repair 614:619 arg1 brain 634:638 the adult brain 624:638 the adult brain 624:638 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 10 6 theme moderate 1745:1752 arg1 colocalization 1754:1767 moderate colocalization 1745:1767 moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury 1745:1860 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 3 7 theme traumatic 541:549 arg1 injury 557:562 traumatic brain injury 541:562 traumatic brain injury (TBI) 541:568 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 3 7 theme traumatic 541:549 arg1 TBI 565:567 TBI 565:567 TBI 565:567 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 15 8 theme Therapeutic 2454:2464 arg1 interventions 2466:2478 Therapeutic interventions 2454:2478 Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 2454:2532 Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns may improve outcomes from TBI. 34776892 9 9 theme gliosis 1708:1714 arg1 markers 1697:1703 markers 1697:1703 markers of gliosis 1697:1714 In the ipsilateral thalamus, the appearance of WFA+ puncta occurred in tandem with gliosis at 7 days post-CCI, but weakly colocalized with markers of gliosis. 34776892 1 10 theme extracellular 151:163 arg1 matrix 165:170 extracellular matrix 151:170 extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function 151:265 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 1 10 theme extracellular 151:163 arg1 ECM 173:175 ECM 173:175 ECM 173:175 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 4 11 theme somatosensory 776:788 arg1 cortices 790:797 the right motor and somatosensory cortices 756:797 cortices 790:797 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 10 12 theme ubiquitin 1783:1791 arg1 hydrolase 1804:1812 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1774:1812 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) 1774:1823 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 12 13 theme gene 2099:2102 arg1 expression 2104:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 isomers 1278:1284 six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers 1255:1284 six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) 1255:1335 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 14 dep isomers 1278:1284 arg1 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 6 15 theme neuronal 1100:1107 arg1 integrity 1109:1117 neuronal integrity 1100:1117 neuronal integrity 1100:1117 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 0 16 theme Head 109:112 arg1 Trauma 114:119 Head Trauma 109:119 Head Trauma 109:119 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 14 17 theme neurorepair 2441:2451 arg1 progression 2426:2436 the spatiotemporal progression 2407:2436 the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair 2407:2451 Collectively, these data argue that CCI alters CS/DS-GAG sulfation in association with the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 isomers 1278:1284 six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers 1255:1284 six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) 1255:1335 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 18 theme CS/DS-GAG 1268:1276 arg1 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 3 19 theme central 434:440 arg1 CNS 458:460 CNS 458:460 CNS 458:460 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 3 19 theme central 434:440 arg1 system 450:455 The central nervous system 430:455 The central nervous system (CNS) 430:461 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 12 20 theme reactive 2134:2141 arg1 gliosis 2143:2149 reactive gliosis 2134:2149 reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus 2134:2193 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 4 21 theme adult 666:670 arg1 mice 685:688 adult male C57BL/6 mice 666:688 adult male C57BL/6 mice 666:688 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 10 22 theme hydrolase 1804:1812 arg1 biomarker 1837:1845 a clinical biomarker 1826:1845 a clinical biomarker for TBI injury 1826:1860 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 10 22 theme hydrolase 1804:1812 arg1 UCHL1 1818:1822 UCHL1 1818:1822 UCHL1 1818:1822 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 10 22 theme hydrolase 1804:1812 arg1 L1 1814:1815 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 1774:1815 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) 1774:1823 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 2 23 dep composition 295:305 arg1 the 291:293 the 291:293 the 291:293 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 1 24 theme Perineuronal 122:133 arg1 structures 178:187 extracellular matrix (ECM) structures 151:187 extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function 151:265 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 1 24 theme Perineuronal 122:133 arg1 PNNs 141:144 PNNs 141:144 PNNs 141:144 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 1 24 theme Perineuronal 122:133 arg1 nets 135:138 Perineuronal nets 122:138 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) 122:145 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 4 25 theme C57BL/6 677:683 arg1 mice 685:688 adult male C57BL/6 mice 666:688 adult male C57BL/6 mice 666:688 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 0 26 from Coordination 83:94 arg1 Mice 99:102 Mice 99:102 Mice With Head Trauma 99:119 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 0 27 theme Reactive 56:63 arg1 Gliosis 65:71 Reactive Gliosis 56:71 Reactive Gliosis 56:71 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 12 28 theme 6S-CS-specific 2059:2072 arg1 expression 2104:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 15 29 theme patterns 2525:2532 arg1 restoration 2490:2500 restoration 2490:2500 restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 2490:2532 Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns may improve outcomes from TBI. 34776892 11 30 theme glial 2023:2027 arg1 scarring 2029:2036 glial scarring 2023:2036 glial scarring 2023:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 0 31 from Changes 0:6 arg1 Sulfation 31:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 15 32 theme CS/DS-GAG 2505:2513 arg1 patterns 2525:2532 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 2505:2532 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 2505:2532 Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns may improve outcomes from TBI. 34776892 2 33 theme neuroinflammation 378:394 arg1 models 368:373 preclinical models 356:373 preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization 356:427 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 9 34 theme puncta 1610:1615 arg1 appearance 1591:1600 the appearance 1587:1600 the appearance of WFA+ puncta 1587:1615 In the ipsilateral thalamus, the appearance of WFA+ puncta occurred in tandem with gliosis at 7 days post-CCI, but weakly colocalized with markers of gliosis. 34776892 12 35 theme expression 2104:2113 arg1 Upregulation 2039:2050 Upregulation 2039:2050 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2039:2113 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 6 36 theme chondroitin 974:984 arg1 sulfate 986:992 chondroitin sulfate 974:992 chondroitin sulfate (CS) 974:997 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 6 36 theme chondroitin 974:984 arg1 CS 995:996 CS 995:996 CS 995:996 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 8 37 theme significant 1393:1403 arg1 shift 1405:1409 a significant shift 1391:1409 a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1391:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 0 38 theme Brain 11:15 arg1 Sulfation 31:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 11 39 theme specific 1970:1977 arg1 increase 1940:1947 an increase 1937:1947 an increase 1937:1947 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 39 theme specific 1970:1977 arg1 isomer 1979:1984 a specific isomer 1968:1984 a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring 1968:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 2 40 theme neurocircuit 400:411 arg1 models 368:373 preclinical models 356:373 preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization 356:427 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 0 41 theme Glycan 24:29 arg1 Sulfation 31:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 5 42 theme ipsilateral 932:942 arg1 cortex 944:949 the ipsilateral cortex 928:949 the ipsilateral cortex 928:949 At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. 34776892 8 43 theme sulfation 1424:1432 arg1 patterns 1434:1441 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 1414:1441 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1414:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 3 44 theme repair 614:619 arg1 mechanisms 596:605 mechanisms 596:605 mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI 596:648 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 2 45 theme PNNs 327:330 arg1 composition 295:305 composition 295:305 composition 295:305 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 7 46 theme CCI 1369:1371 arg1 injury 1373:1378 CCI injury 1369:1378 CCI injury 1369:1378 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 47 theme mass 1180:1183 arg1 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 47 theme mass 1180:1183 arg1 spectrometry 1185:1196 innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 1140:1196 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 9 48 theme days 1654:1657 arg1 post-CCI 1659:1666 7 days post-CCI 1652:1666 7 days post-CCI 1652:1666 In the ipsilateral thalamus, the appearance of WFA+ puncta occurred in tandem with gliosis at 7 days post-CCI, but weakly colocalized with markers of gliosis. 34776892 4 49 theme cortical 731:738 arg1 impact 740:745 a controlled cortical impact 718:745 a controlled cortical impact (CCI) 718:751 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 4 49 theme cortical 731:738 arg1 CCI 748:750 CCI 748:750 CCI 748:750 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 5 50 theme PNN 912:914 arg1 matrices 916:923 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices 866:923 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices 866:923 At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. 34776892 7 51 theme chromatography 1158:1171 arg1 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 51 theme chromatography 1158:1171 arg1 spectrometry 1185:1196 innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 1140:1196 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 8 52 theme rostro-caudal 1454:1466 arg1 extent 1468:1473 the rostro-caudal extent 1450:1473 the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1450:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 2 53 dep neuroinflammation 378:394 arg1 destabilization 413:427 destabilization 413:427 destabilization 413:427 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 7 54 theme innovative 1140:1149 arg1 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 54 theme innovative 1140:1149 arg1 spectrometry 1185:1196 innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 1140:1196 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 15 55 theme sulfation 2515:2523 arg1 patterns 2525:2532 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 2505:2532 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 2505:2532 Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns may improve outcomes from TBI. 34776892 11 56 from thalamus 1918:1925 arg1 shift 1865:1869 A shift 1863:1869 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1863:1892 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 56 from thalamus 1918:1925 arg1 present 1903:1909 present 1903:1909 present 1903:1909 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 8 57 theme injury 1482:1487 arg1 site 1489:1492 the injury site 1478:1492 the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1478:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 8 58 from shift 1405:1409 arg1 patterns 1434:1441 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 1414:1441 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1414:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 2 59 theme Maladaptive 268:278 arg1 changes 280:286 Maladaptive changes 268:286 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs 268:330 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 7 60 theme tandem 1173:1178 arg1 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 60 theme tandem 1173:1178 arg1 spectrometry 1185:1196 innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 1140:1196 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 3 61 theme neural 515:520 arg1 networks 522:529 neural networks 515:529 neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) 515:568 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 4 62 theme right 760:764 arg1 motor 766:770 the right motor and somatosensory cortices 756:797 motor 766:770 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 10 63 theme WFA+ 1726:1729 arg1 puncta 1731:1736 Thalamic WFA+ puncta 1717:1736 Thalamic WFA+ puncta 1717:1736 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 0 64 with Mice 99:102 arg1 Trauma 114:119 Head Trauma 109:119 Head Trauma 109:119 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 1 65 theme matrix 165:170 arg1 structures 178:187 extracellular matrix (ECM) structures 151:187 extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function 151:265 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 1 65 theme matrix 165:170 arg1 nets 135:138 Perineuronal nets 122:138 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) 122:145 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 15 66 from TBI 2560:2562 arg1 outcomes 2546:2553 outcomes 2546:2553 outcomes from TBI 2546:2562 Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns may improve outcomes from TBI. 34776892 10 67 theme neuronal 1774:1781 arg1 hydrolase 1804:1812 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1774:1812 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) 1774:1823 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 3 68 theme brain 551:555 arg1 injury 557:562 traumatic brain injury 541:562 traumatic brain injury (TBI) 541:568 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 3 68 theme brain 551:555 arg1 TBI 565:567 TBI 565:567 TBI 565:567 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 8 69 from extent 1468:1473 arg1 mice 1499:1502 mice 1499:1502 mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1499:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 0 70 from Gliosis 65:71 arg1 Mice 99:102 Mice 99:102 Mice With Head Trauma 99:119 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 7 71 theme isomers 1278:1284 arg1 abundance 1242:1250 the relative abundance 1229:1250 the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections 1229:1361 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 11 72 from present 1903:1909 arg1 thalamus 1918:1925 the thalamus 1914:1925 the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring 1914:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 72 from present 1903:1909 arg1 increase 1940:1947 an increase 1937:1947 an increase 1937:1947 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 8 73 from mice 1499:1502 arg1 site 1489:1492 the injury site 1478:1492 the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1478:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 8 73 from mice 1499:1502 arg1 extent 1468:1473 the rostro-caudal extent 1450:1473 the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1450:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 5 74 theme histological 825:836 arg1 analysis 838:845 histological analysis 825:845 histological analysis 825:845 At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. 34776892 14 75 theme spatiotemporal 2411:2424 arg1 progression 2426:2436 the spatiotemporal progression 2407:2436 the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair 2407:2451 Collectively, these data argue that CCI alters CS/DS-GAG sulfation in association with the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair. 34776892 1 76 dep motor 240:244 arg1 function 258:265 function 258:265 function 258:265 Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Δ6S- 1293:1296 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Δ0S-CS 1315:1320 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 isomers 1278:1284 six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers 1255:1284 six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) 1255:1335 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Δ4S6S- 1299:1304 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Δ2S4S-DS 1327:1334 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Δ2S6S- 1307:1312 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 77 theme specific 1259:1266 arg1 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Δ4S- 1287:1290 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 13 78 from changes 2206:2212 arg1 6S-CS 2217:2221 6S-CS 2217:2221 6S-CS extracted from the thalamus 2217:2249 Moreover, changes in 6S-CS extracted from the thalamus positively correlated with deficits in motor coordination after CCI. 34776892 10 79 theme C-terminal 1793:1802 arg1 hydrolase 1804:1812 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1774:1812 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) 1774:1823 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 11 80 theme CS/DS-GAG 1874:1882 arg1 sulfation 1884:1892 CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1874:1892 CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1874:1892 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 4 81 theme male 672:675 arg1 mice 685:688 adult male C57BL/6 mice 666:688 adult male C57BL/6 mice 666:688 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 9 82 theme ipsilateral 1565:1575 arg1 thalamus 1577:1584 the ipsilateral thalamus 1561:1584 the ipsilateral thalamus 1561:1584 In the ipsilateral thalamus, the appearance of WFA+ puncta occurred in tandem with gliosis at 7 days post-CCI, but weakly colocalized with markers of gliosis. 34776892 12 83 theme sulfotransferase 2074:2089 arg1 expression 2104:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 7 84 theme relative 1233:1240 arg1 abundance 1242:1250 the relative abundance 1229:1250 the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections 1229:1361 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 0 85 theme Motor 77:81 arg1 Coordination 83:94 Motor Coordination 77:94 Motor Coordination 77:94 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 11 86 located present 1903:1909 arg2 shift 1865:1869 A shift 1863:1869 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation 1863:1892 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 86 located present 1903:1909 arg2 present 1903:1909 present 1903:1909 present 1903:1909 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 86 located present 1903:1909 arg1 thalamus 1918:1925 the thalamus 1914:1925 the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring 1914:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 86 located present 1903:1909 arg1 increase 1940:1947 an increase 1937:1947 an increase 1937:1947 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 14 87 theme CS/DS-GAG 2367:2375 arg1 sulfation 2377:2385 CS/DS-GAG sulfation 2367:2385 CS/DS-GAG sulfation 2367:2385 Collectively, these data argue that CCI alters CS/DS-GAG sulfation in association with the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair. 34776892 12 88 theme CHST3 2092:2096 arg1 expression 2104:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression 2055:2113 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 13 89 from deficits 2278:2285 arg1 coordination 2296:2307 motor coordination 2290:2307 motor coordination after CCI 2290:2317 Moreover, changes in 6S-CS extracted from the thalamus positively correlated with deficits in motor coordination after CCI. 34776892 11 90 theme scarring 2029:2036 arg1 presence 2011:2018 the presence 2007:2018 the presence of glial scarring 2007:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 10 91 theme clinical 1828:1835 arg1 biomarker 1837:1845 a clinical biomarker 1826:1845 a clinical biomarker for TBI injury 1826:1860 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 10 91 theme clinical 1828:1835 arg1 L1 1814:1815 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 1774:1815 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) 1774:1823 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 9 92 theme WFA+ 1605:1608 arg1 puncta 1610:1615 WFA+ puncta 1605:1615 WFA+ puncta 1605:1615 In the ipsilateral thalamus, the appearance of WFA+ puncta occurred in tandem with gliosis at 7 days post-CCI, but weakly colocalized with markers of gliosis. 34776892 3 93 from mechanisms 596:605 arg1 brain 634:638 the adult brain 624:638 the adult brain 624:638 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 12 94 from gliosis 2143:2149 arg1 thalamus 2186:2193 thalamus 2186:2193 thalamus 2186:2193 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 12 94 from gliosis 2143:2149 arg1 cortex 2175:2180 the ipsilateral cortex 2159:2180 the ipsilateral cortex 2159:2180 Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. 34776892 6 95 theme sulfate 986:992 arg1 GAGs 1045:1048 GAGs 1045:1048 GAGs 1045:1048 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 6 95 theme sulfate 986:992 arg1 -glycosaminoglycans 1024:1042 chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans 974:1042 chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 974:1049 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 13 96 theme motor 2290:2294 arg1 coordination 2296:2307 motor coordination 2290:2307 motor coordination after CCI 2290:2317 Moreover, changes in 6S-CS extracted from the thalamus positively correlated with deficits in motor coordination after CCI. 34776892 2 97 theme preclinical 356:366 arg1 models 368:373 preclinical models 356:373 preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization 356:427 Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. 34776892 0 98 theme Matrix 17:22 arg1 Sulfation 31:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation 11:39 Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. 34776892 11 99 theme 6S-CS 1952:1956 arg1 isomer 1979:1984 a specific isomer 1968:1984 a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring 1968:2036 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 11 99 theme 6S-CS 1952:1956 arg1 increase 1940:1947 an increase 1937:1947 an increase 1937:1947 A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. 34776892 8 100 theme CS/DS-GAG 1414:1422 arg1 patterns 1434:1441 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns 1414:1441 CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI 1414:1555 We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. 34776892 7 101 theme spectrometry 1185:1196 arg1 method 1209:1214 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 3 102 theme nervous 442:448 arg1 CNS 458:460 CNS 458:460 CNS 458:460 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 3 102 theme nervous 442:448 arg1 system 450:455 The central nervous system 430:455 The central nervous system (CNS) 430:461 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 3 103 theme ECM 610:612 arg1 repair 614:619 ECM repair 610:619 ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI 610:648 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 6 104 theme -glycosaminoglycans 1024:1042 arg1 composition 1056:1066 the composition 1052:1066 the composition 1052:1066 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 5 105 theme positive 903:910 arg1 matrices 916:923 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices 866:923 Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices 866:923 At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. 34776892 10 106 with colocalization 1754:1767 arg1 biomarker 1837:1845 a clinical biomarker 1826:1845 a clinical biomarker for TBI injury 1826:1860 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 10 106 with colocalization 1754:1767 arg1 UCHL1 1818:1822 UCHL1 1818:1822 UCHL1 1818:1822 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 10 106 with colocalization 1754:1767 arg1 L1 1814:1815 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 1774:1815 neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) 1774:1823 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 7 107 theme liquid 1151:1156 arg1 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 LC-MS/MS 1199:1206 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 7 107 theme liquid 1151:1156 arg1 spectrometry 1185:1196 innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 1140:1196 an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method 1137:1214 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 3 108 theme adult 628:632 arg1 brain 634:638 the adult brain 624:638 the adult brain 624:638 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 4 109 theme controlled 720:729 arg1 impact 740:745 a controlled cortical impact 718:745 a controlled cortical impact (CCI) 718:751 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 4 109 theme controlled 720:729 arg1 CCI 748:750 CCI 748:750 CCI 748:750 In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. 34776892 6 110 theme dermatan 1003:1010 arg1 DS 1021:1022 DS 1021:1022 DS 1021:1022 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 6 110 theme dermatan 1003:1010 arg1 sulfate 1012:1018 dermatan sulfate 1003:1018 dermatan sulfate (DS) 1003:1023 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 5 111 from loss 858:861 arg1 cortex 944:949 the ipsilateral cortex 928:949 the ipsilateral cortex 928:949 At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. 34776892 7 112 from sections 1354:1361 arg1 abundance 1242:1250 the relative abundance 1229:1250 the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections 1229:1361 Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. 34776892 5 113 theme matrices 916:923 arg1 loss 858:861 a loss 856:861 a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex 856:949 At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. 34776892 6 114 theme sulfate 1012:1018 arg1 GAGs 1045:1048 GAGs 1045:1048 GAGs 1045:1048 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 6 114 theme sulfate 1012:1018 arg1 -glycosaminoglycans 1024:1042 chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans 974:1042 chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 974:1049 PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. 34776892 3 115 from brain 634:638 arg1 mechanisms 596:605 mechanisms 596:605 mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI 596:648 The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. 34776892 10 116 theme Thalamic 1717:1724 arg1 puncta 1731:1736 Thalamic WFA+ puncta 1717:1736 Thalamic WFA+ puncta 1717:1736 Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. 34776892 14 117 with association 2390:2400 arg1 progression 2426:2436 the spatiotemporal progression 2407:2436 the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair 2407:2451 Collectively, these data argue that CCI alters CS/DS-GAG sulfation in association with the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair. 34722332 1 0 theme increased 199:207 arg1 risk 209:212 increased risk 199:212 increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 199:255 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 0 1 theme Barrier 112:118 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 8 2 with IBD 1285:1287 arg1 disorders 1308:1316 psychological disorders 1294:1316 psychological disorders 1294:1316 Our results suggest that A. muciniphila is expected to be a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders. 34722332 1 3 theme colonic 297:303 arg1 damage 321:326 colonic mucosal barrier damage 297:326 colonic mucosal barrier damage 297:326 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 6 4 theme muciniphila 948:958 arg1 Administration 918:931 Administration 918:931 Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila 918:958 Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila was found to restore colonic mucus and modify the gut microbiota. 34722332 3 5 from disruption 553:562 arg1 composition 540:550 microbiota composition 529:550 microbiota composition 529:550 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 4 6 theme MUC2 792:795 arg1 expression 778:787 the expression 774:787 the expression of MUC2 774:795 In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. 34722332 1 7 theme mucosal 305:311 arg1 damage 321:326 colonic mucosal barrier damage 297:326 colonic mucosal barrier damage 297:326 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 0 8 theme Colitis 146:152 arg1 Aggravation 131:141 Aggravation 131:141 Aggravation of Colitis 131:152 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 0 8 theme Colitis 146:152 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 6 9 theme Akkermansia 936:946 arg1 muciniphila 948:958 Akkermansia muciniphila 936:958 Akkermansia muciniphila 936:958 Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila was found to restore colonic mucus and modify the gut microbiota. 34722332 3 10 theme colonic 567:573 arg1 mucus 575:579 colonic mucus 567:579 colonic mucus 567:579 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 8 11 theme psychological 1294:1306 arg1 disorders 1308:1316 psychological disorders 1294:1316 psychological disorders 1294:1316 Our results suggest that A. muciniphila is expected to be a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders. 34722332 5 12 theme recipient 830:838 arg1 mice 840:843 the recipient mice 826:843 the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota 826:873 After antibiotic treatment, the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota showed barrier defects and severe colitis. 34722332 4 13 with patients 717:724 arg1 depression 731:740 depression 731:740 depression 731:740 In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. 34722332 3 14 theme mucus 575:579 arg1 disruption 553:562 disruption 553:562 disruption of colonic mucus 553:579 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 3 14 theme mucus 575:579 arg1 alterations 514:524 alterations 514:524 alterations in microbiota composition 514:550 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 3 14 theme mucus 575:579 arg1 aggravation 586:596 aggravation 586:596 aggravation of colitis 586:607 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 1 15 theme severe 217:222 arg1 IBD 252:254 IBD 252:254 IBD 252:254 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 1 15 theme severe 217:222 arg1 disease 243:249 severe inflammatory bowel disease 217:249 severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 217:255 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 5 16 theme antibiotic 804:813 arg1 treatment 815:823 antibiotic treatment 804:823 antibiotic treatment 804:823 After antibiotic treatment, the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota showed barrier defects and severe colitis. 34722332 7 17 theme colitis 1141:1147 arg1 aggravation 1126:1136 aggravation 1126:1136 aggravation of colitis 1126:1147 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 7 17 theme colitis 1141:1147 arg1 damage 1115:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 3 18 from alterations 514:524 arg1 composition 540:550 microbiota composition 529:550 microbiota composition 529:550 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 3 19 theme colitis 601:607 arg1 disruption 553:562 disruption 553:562 disruption of colonic mucus 553:579 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 3 19 theme colitis 601:607 arg1 alterations 514:524 alterations 514:524 alterations in microbiota composition 514:550 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 3 19 theme colitis 601:607 arg1 aggravation 586:596 aggravation 586:596 aggravation of colitis 586:607 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 1 20 theme inflammatory 224:235 arg1 IBD 252:254 IBD 252:254 IBD 252:254 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 1 20 theme inflammatory 224:235 arg1 disease 243:249 severe inflammatory bowel disease 217:249 severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 217:255 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 0 21 theme Akkermansia 0:10 arg1 muciniphila 12:22 Akkermansia muciniphila 0:22 Akkermansia muciniphila 0:22 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 1 22 theme barrier 313:319 arg1 damage 321:326 colonic mucosal barrier damage 297:326 colonic mucosal barrier damage 297:326 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 2 23 theme microbiota 398:407 arg1 composition 409:419 gut microbiota composition 394:419 gut microbiota composition 394:419 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 8 24 theme colonic 1251:1257 arg1 mucus 1259:1263 colonic mucus 1251:1263 colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders 1251:1316 Our results suggest that A. muciniphila is expected to be a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders. 34722332 8 25 theme probiotic 1220:1228 arg1 potential 1210:1218 a potential probiotic 1208:1228 a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders 1208:1316 Our results suggest that A. muciniphila is expected to be a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders. 34722332 8 25 theme probiotic 1220:1228 arg1 muciniphila 1178:1188 A. muciniphila 1175:1188 A. muciniphila 1175:1188 Our results suggest that A. muciniphila is expected to be a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders. 34722332 7 26 theme CRS-mediated 1042:1053 arg1 dysbiosis 1070:1078 CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis 1042:1078 CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis 1042:1078 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 1 27 theme disease 243:249 arg1 risk 209:212 increased risk 199:212 increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 199:255 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 5 28 theme CRS 860:862 arg1 microbiota 864:873 CRS microbiota 860:873 CRS microbiota 860:873 After antibiotic treatment, the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota showed barrier defects and severe colitis. 34722332 6 29 theme gut 1010:1012 arg1 microbiota 1014:1023 the gut microbiota 1006:1023 the gut microbiota 1006:1023 Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila was found to restore colonic mucus and modify the gut microbiota. 34722332 0 30 theme Disorder-Induced 55:70 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 3 31 theme microbiota 529:538 arg1 composition 540:550 microbiota composition 529:550 microbiota composition 529:550 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 4 32 with CRS 706:708 arg1 depression 731:740 depression 731:740 depression 731:740 In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. 34722332 1 33 theme bowel 237:241 arg1 IBD 252:254 IBD 252:254 IBD 252:254 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 1 33 theme bowel 237:241 arg1 disease 243:249 severe inflammatory bowel disease 217:249 severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 217:255 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 5 34 theme barrier 882:888 arg1 defects 890:896 barrier defects 882:896 barrier defects 882:896 After antibiotic treatment, the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota showed barrier defects and severe colitis. 34722332 0 35 theme Psychological 41:53 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 4 36 theme muciniphila 652:662 arg1 abundance 627:635 the abundance 623:635 the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila 623:662 In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. 34722332 2 37 theme colonic 426:432 arg1 mucus 434:438 colonic mucus 426:438 colonic mucus 426:438 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 0 38 theme Microbiota-Mediated 76:94 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 7 39 theme mucosal 1099:1105 arg1 damage 1115:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 0 40 theme Gut 72:74 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 7 41 theme barrier 1107:1113 arg1 damage 1115:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 7 42 theme gut 1055:1057 arg1 dysbiosis 1070:1078 CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis 1042:1078 CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis 1042:1078 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 1 43 theme Psychological 155:167 arg1 disorders 169:177 Psychological disorders 155:177 Psychological disorders 155:177 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 3 44 from aggravation 586:596 arg1 composition 540:550 microbiota composition 529:550 microbiota composition 529:550 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 6 45 theme colonic 981:987 arg1 mucus 989:993 colonic mucus 981:993 colonic mucus 981:993 Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila was found to restore colonic mucus and modify the gut microbiota. 34722332 7 46 theme microbiota 1059:1068 arg1 dysbiosis 1070:1078 CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis 1042:1078 CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis 1042:1078 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 2 47 theme restraint 370:378 arg1 stress 380:385 chronic restraint stress 362:385 chronic restraint stress (CRS) 362:391 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 2 47 theme restraint 370:378 arg1 CRS 388:390 CRS 388:390 CRS 388:390 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 7 48 theme colonic 1091:1097 arg1 damage 1115:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 colonic mucosal barrier damage 1091:1120 We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 2 49 theme chronic 362:368 arg1 stress 380:385 chronic restraint stress 362:385 chronic restraint stress (CRS) 362:391 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 2 49 theme chronic 362:368 arg1 CRS 388:390 CRS 388:390 CRS 388:390 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 0 50 theme Mucosal 104:110 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 3 51 theme CRS 489:491 arg1 conditions 493:502 CRS conditions 489:502 CRS conditions 489:502 We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. 34722332 2 52 theme gut 394:396 arg1 composition 409:419 gut microbiota composition 394:419 gut microbiota composition 394:419 However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. 34722332 5 53 theme severe 902:907 arg1 colitis 909:915 severe colitis 902:915 severe colitis 902:915 After antibiotic treatment, the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota showed barrier defects and severe colitis. 34722332 1 54 theme gut 268:270 arg1 dysbiosis 283:291 gut microbiota dysbiosis 268:291 gut microbiota dysbiosis 268:291 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 34722332 0 55 theme Colonic 96:102 arg1 Damage 120:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage 41:125 Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. 34722332 4 56 theme Akkermansia 640:650 arg1 muciniphila 652:662 Akkermansia muciniphila 640:662 Akkermansia muciniphila 640:662 In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. 34722332 4 57 theme UC 714:715 arg1 patients 717:724 UC patients 714:724 UC patients with depression 714:740 In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. 34722332 1 58 theme microbiota 272:281 arg1 dysbiosis 283:291 gut microbiota dysbiosis 268:291 gut microbiota dysbiosis 268:291 Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. 33909046 7 0 theme multiple 1133:1140 arg1 Adamts9 1170:1176 Adamts9 1170:1176 Adamts9 1170:1176 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 0 theme multiple 1133:1140 arg1 Adamts3 1161:1167 Adamts3 1161:1167 Adamts3 1161:1167 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 0 theme multiple 1133:1140 arg1 substrates 1149:1158 multiple B3GLCT substrates 1133:1158 multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) 1133:1190 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 0 theme multiple 1133:1140 arg1 Adamts20 1182:1189 Adamts20 1182:1189 Adamts20 1182:1189 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 1 1 theme ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus 243:272 arg1 cases 234:238 isolated cases 225:238 isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus 225:272 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 9 2 theme SSPO 1640:1643 arg1 assembly 1628:1635 abnormal extracellular assembly 1605:1635 abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber 1605:1665 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 3 3 theme B3GLCT 574:579 arg1 substrates 581:590 B3GLCT substrates 574:590 B3GLCT substrates 574:590 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 10 4 theme mutation 1921:1928 arg1 effects 1906:1912 the collective effects 1891:1912 the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes 1891:1950 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 6 5 theme mRNA 891:894 arg1 Localization 875:886 Localization 875:886 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 875:999 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 7 6 theme cultured 1405:1412 arg1 cells 1414:1418 cultured cells 1405:1418 cultured cells 1405:1418 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 7 theme SSPO 1397:1400 arg1 secretion 1384:1392 secretion 1384:1392 secretion of SSPO in cultured cells 1384:1418 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 4 8 theme Mouse 661:665 arg1 mutants 674:680 Mouse B3glct mutants 661:680 Mouse B3glct mutants 661:680 Mouse B3glct mutants develop hydrocephalus at high frequency. 33909046 10 9 theme multiple 1933:1940 arg1 processes 1942:1950 multiple processes 1933:1950 multiple processes 1933:1950 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 9 10 theme impaired 1687:1694 arg1 flow 1700:1703 impaired CSF flow 1687:1703 impaired CSF flow in mutants 1687:1714 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 7 11 theme B3GLCT 1369:1374 arg1 loss 1361:1364 loss 1361:1364 loss of B3GLCT 1361:1374 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 0 12 theme subcommissural 119:132 arg1 organ 134:138 subcommissural organ 119:138 subcommissural organ 119:138 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 5 13 theme basal 805:809 arg1 bodies 811:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 1 14 theme skeletal 199:206 arg1 development 208:218 skeletal development 199:218 skeletal development 199:218 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 6 15 theme type 961:964 arg1 repeat 968:973 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 946:976 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) 946:987 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 6 15 theme type 961:964 arg1 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 4 16 theme high 707:710 arg1 frequency 712:720 high frequency 707:720 high frequency 707:720 Mouse B3glct mutants develop hydrocephalus at high frequency. 33909046 3 17 theme substrates 581:590 arg1 secretion 561:569 secretion 561:569 secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose 561:658 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 7 18 from secretion 1384:1392 arg1 cells 1414:1418 cultured cells 1405:1418 cultured cells 1405:1418 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 8 19 theme intracellular 1443:1455 arg1 levels 1457:1462 intracellular levels 1443:1462 intracellular levels of SSPO 1443:1470 In the B3glct mutant, intracellular levels of SSPO were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. 33909046 3 20 theme sensitive 619:627 arg1 substrates 603:612 some substrates 598:612 some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose 598:658 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 7 21 theme O-linked 1328:1335 arg1 glucose-fucose 1337:1350 O-linked glucose-fucose 1328:1350 O-linked glucose-fucose 1328:1350 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 10 22 theme phenotype 1802:1810 arg1 complexity 1756:1765 the complexity 1752:1765 the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1752:1810 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 5 23 theme B3glct 759:764 arg1 cells 783:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 0 24 from substrates 85:94 arg1 cells 109:113 ependymal cells 99:113 ependymal cells 99:113 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 0 24 from substrates 85:94 arg1 organ 134:138 subcommissural organ 119:138 subcommissural organ 119:138 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 0 25 from Hydrocephalus 0:12 arg1 mutants 30:36 mouse B3glct mutants 17:36 mouse B3glct mutants 17:36 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 0 26 theme B3GLCT 78:83 arg1 substrates 85:94 multiple B3GLCT substrates 69:94 multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ 69:138 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 6 27 theme cell 1085:1088 arg1 abnormalities 1090:1102 ependymal cell abnormalities 1075:1102 ependymal cell abnormalities 1075:1102 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 7 28 link O-linked 1328:1335 arg1 glucose-fucose 1337:1350 O-linked glucose-fucose 1328:1350 O-linked glucose-fucose 1328:1350 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 5 29 theme cilia 799:803 arg1 bodies 811:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 2 30 theme thrombospondin 431:444 arg1 type 446:449 thrombospondin type 1 431:451 properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) 415:466 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 0 31 theme mouse 17:21 arg1 mutants 30:36 mouse B3glct mutants 17:36 mouse B3glct mutants 17:36 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 6 32 theme substrates 1049:1058 arg1 function 1024:1031 reduced function 1016:1031 reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates 1016:1058 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 10 33 theme fluid 1856:1860 arg1 flow 1868:1871 impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow 1833:1871 impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow 1833:1871 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 5 34 theme ependymal 773:781 arg1 cells 783:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 1 35 with eye 191:193 arg1 cases 234:238 isolated cases 225:238 isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus 225:272 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 9 36 from flow 1700:1703 arg1 mutants 1708:1714 mutants 1708:1714 mutants 1708:1714 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 10 37 theme impaired 1833:1840 arg1 fluid 1856:1860 impaired cerebrospinal fluid 1833:1860 impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow 1833:1871 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 10 37 theme impaired 1833:1840 arg1 CSF 1863:1865 CSF 1863:1865 CSF 1863:1865 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 3 38 theme resulting 473:481 arg1 disaccharide 498:509 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide 469:509 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide 469:509 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 2 39 link O-linked 396:403 arg1 fucose 405:410 O-linked fucose 396:410 O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) 396:466 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 2 40 from fucose 405:410 arg1 TSRs 462:465 TSRs 462:465 TSRs 462:465 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 2 40 from fucose 405:410 arg1 repeats 453:459 thrombospondin type 1 repeats 431:459 properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) 415:466 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 3 41 theme glucose 652:658 arg1 loss 644:647 loss 644:647 loss of glucose 644:658 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 1 42 theme isolated 225:232 arg1 cases 234:238 isolated cases 225:238 isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus 225:272 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 9 43 theme extracellular 1614:1626 arg1 assembly 1628:1635 abnormal extracellular assembly 1605:1635 abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber 1605:1665 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 1 44 with development 208:218 arg1 cases 234:238 isolated cases 225:238 isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus 225:272 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 2 45 theme endoplasmic 350:360 arg1 reticulum 362:370 the endoplasmic reticulum 346:370 the endoplasmic reticulum 346:370 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 7 46 theme subcommissural 1240:1253 arg1 organ-spondin 1255:1267 subcommissural organ-spondin 1240:1267 subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs 1240:1307 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 46 theme subcommissural 1240:1253 arg1 known 1282:1286 known 1282:1286 also known as SCO-spondin 1277:1301 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 3 47 theme TSR 540:542 arg1 fold 544:547 the TSR fold 536:547 the TSR fold 536:547 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 1 48 from mutations 288:296 arg1 gene 337:340 the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene 301:340 the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene 301:340 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 7 49 theme subcommissural 1213:1226 arg1 organ 1228:1232 the subcommissural organ 1209:1232 the subcommissural organ 1209:1232 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 8 50 theme B3glct 1428:1433 arg1 mutant 1435:1440 the B3glct mutant 1424:1440 the B3glct mutant 1424:1440 In the B3glct mutant, intracellular levels of SSPO were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. 33909046 10 51 theme hydrocephalus 1788:1800 arg1 phenotype 1802:1810 the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1770:1810 the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1770:1810 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 5 52 theme translational 830:842 arg1 polarity 844:851 translational polarity 830:851 translational polarity 830:851 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 10 53 from effects 1906:1912 arg1 processes 1942:1950 multiple processes 1933:1950 multiple processes 1933:1950 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 9 54 theme CSF 1696:1698 arg1 flow 1700:1703 impaired CSF flow 1687:1703 impaired CSF flow in mutants 1687:1714 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 0 55 from defects 58:64 arg1 substrates 85:94 multiple B3GLCT substrates 69:94 multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ 69:138 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 10 56 theme B3glct 1774:1779 arg1 phenotype 1802:1810 the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1770:1810 the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1770:1810 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 6 57 theme ThromboSpondin 946:959 arg1 repeat 968:973 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 946:976 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) 946:987 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 6 57 theme ThromboSpondin 946:959 arg1 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 5 58 contain had 789:791 arg1 cells 783:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 5 58 contain had 789:791 arg2 bodies 811:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 8 59 theme SSPO 1467:1470 arg1 levels 1457:1462 intracellular levels 1443:1462 intracellular levels of SSPO 1443:1470 In the B3glct mutant, intracellular levels of SSPO were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. 33909046 1 60 from defects 180:186 arg1 eye 191:193 eye 191:193 eye 191:193 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 1 60 from defects 180:186 arg1 development 208:218 skeletal development 199:218 skeletal development 199:218 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 6 61 theme reduced 1016:1022 arg1 function 1024:1031 reduced function 1016:1031 reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates 1016:1058 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 4 62 theme B3glct 667:672 arg1 mutants 674:680 Mouse B3glct mutants 661:680 Mouse B3glct mutants 661:680 Mouse B3glct mutants develop hydrocephalus at high frequency. 33909046 3 63 with substrates 581:590 arg1 substrates 603:612 some substrates 598:612 some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose 598:658 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 0 64 theme multiple 69:76 arg1 substrates 85:94 multiple B3GLCT substrates 69:94 multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ 69:138 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 8 65 theme BiP 1489:1491 arg1 levels 1493:1498 BiP levels 1489:1498 BiP levels 1489:1498 In the B3glct mutant, intracellular levels of SSPO were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. 33909046 7 66 mod modified 1314:1321 arg3 glucose-fucose 1337:1350 O-linked glucose-fucose 1328:1350 O-linked glucose-fucose 1328:1350 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 66 mod modified 1314:1321 arg1 TSRs 1304:1307 subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs 1240:1307 subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs 1240:1307 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 0 67 theme ependymal 99:107 arg1 cells 109:113 ependymal cells 99:113 ependymal cells 99:113 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 7 68 dep substrates 1149:1158 arg1 Adamts9 1170:1176 Adamts9 1170:1176 Adamts9 1170:1176 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 68 dep substrates 1149:1158 arg1 Adamts3 1161:1167 Adamts3 1161:1167 Adamts3 1161:1167 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 68 dep substrates 1149:1158 arg1 substrates 1149:1158 multiple B3GLCT substrates 1133:1158 multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) 1133:1190 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 68 dep substrates 1149:1158 arg1 Adamts20 1182:1189 Adamts20 1182:1189 Adamts20 1182:1189 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 5 69 theme fewer 793:797 arg1 bodies 811:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 fewer cilia basal bodies 793:816 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 9 70 theme Secreted 1540:1547 arg1 SSPO 1549:1552 Secreted SSPO 1540:1552 Secreted SSPO 1540:1552 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 6 71 theme ependymal 1075:1083 arg1 abnormalities 1090:1102 ependymal cell abnormalities 1075:1102 ependymal cell abnormalities 1075:1102 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 2 72 theme type 446:449 arg1 TSRs 462:465 TSRs 462:465 TSRs 462:465 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 2 72 theme type 446:449 arg1 repeats 453:459 thrombospondin type 1 repeats 431:459 properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) 415:466 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 8 73 theme folding 1524:1530 arg1 defect 1532:1537 a folding defect 1522:1537 a folding defect 1522:1537 In the B3glct mutant, intracellular levels of SSPO were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. 33909046 0 74 theme B3glct 23:28 arg1 mutants 30:36 mouse B3glct mutants 17:36 mouse B3glct mutants 17:36 Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. 33909046 2 75 theme folded 424:429 arg1 TSRs 462:465 TSRs 462:465 TSRs 462:465 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 2 75 theme folded 424:429 arg1 repeats 453:459 thrombospondin type 1 repeats 431:459 properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) 415:466 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 5 76 theme mutant 766:771 arg1 cells 783:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 B3glct mutant ependymal cells 759:787 In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. 33909046 6 77 theme B3GLCT 1042:1047 arg1 substrates 1049:1058 these B3GLCT substrates 1036:1058 these B3GLCT substrates 1036:1058 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 10 78 theme cerebrospinal 1842:1854 arg1 fluid 1856:1860 impaired cerebrospinal fluid 1833:1860 impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow 1833:1871 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 10 78 theme cerebrospinal 1842:1854 arg1 CSF 1863:1865 CSF 1863:1865 CSF 1863:1865 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 2 79 theme O-linked 396:403 arg1 fucose 405:410 O-linked fucose 396:410 O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) 396:466 In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs). 33909046 7 80 theme B3GLCT 1142:1147 arg1 Adamts9 1170:1176 Adamts9 1170:1176 Adamts9 1170:1176 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 80 theme B3GLCT 1142:1147 arg1 Adamts3 1161:1167 Adamts3 1161:1167 Adamts3 1161:1167 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 80 theme B3GLCT 1142:1147 arg1 substrates 1149:1158 multiple B3GLCT substrates 1133:1158 multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) 1133:1190 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 7 80 theme B3GLCT 1142:1147 arg1 Adamts20 1182:1189 Adamts20 1182:1189 Adamts20 1182:1189 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 1 81 theme β3-glucosyltransferase 305:326 arg1 gene 337:340 the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene 301:340 the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene 301:340 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 6 82 with Disintegrin 907:917 arg1 ADAMTS9 993:999 ADAMTS9 993:999 ADAMTS9 993:999 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 6 82 with Disintegrin 907:917 arg1 repeat 968:973 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 946:976 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) 946:987 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 6 82 with Disintegrin 907:917 arg1 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 3 83 theme glucose-fucose 483:496 arg1 disaccharide 498:509 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide 469:509 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide 469:509 The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. 33909046 1 84 theme B3GLCT 329:334 arg1 gene 337:340 the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene 301:340 the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene 301:340 Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. 33909046 10 85 theme mutant 1781:1786 arg1 phenotype 1802:1810 the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1770:1810 the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype 1770:1810 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 33909046 6 86 with Metalloproteinase 923:939 arg1 ADAMTS9 993:999 ADAMTS9 993:999 ADAMTS9 993:999 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 6 86 with Metalloproteinase 923:939 arg1 repeat 968:973 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 946:976 ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) 946:987 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 6 86 with Metalloproteinase 923:939 arg1 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 ADAMTS20 979:986 Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9 suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. 33909046 9 87 theme abnormal 1605:1612 arg1 assembly 1628:1635 abnormal extracellular assembly 1605:1635 abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber 1605:1665 Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. 33909046 7 88 theme organ-spondin 1255:1267 arg1 TSRs 1304:1307 subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs 1240:1307 subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs 1240:1307 In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9 and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin ((SSPO) also known as SCO-spondin) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. 33909046 10 89 theme collective 1895:1904 arg1 effects 1906:1912 the collective effects 1891:1912 the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes 1891:1950 Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes. 32251422 4 0 theme myocardial 727:736 arg1 development 758:768 both myocardial and coronary vessel development 722:768 both myocardial and coronary vessel development 722:768 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 3 1 from dilation 524:531 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 4 2 theme mouse 841:845 arg1 hearts 847:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 2 3 from role 331:334 arg1 development 345:355 heart development 339:355 heart development 339:355 Although it has been shown that OGT plays an essential role in maintaining postnatal heart function, its role in heart development remains unknown. 32251422 2 4 theme postnatal 301:309 arg1 function 317:324 postnatal heart function 301:324 postnatal heart function 301:324 Although it has been shown that OGT plays an essential role in maintaining postnatal heart function, its role in heart development remains unknown. 32251422 2 5 theme heart 311:315 arg1 function 317:324 postnatal heart function 301:324 postnatal heart function 301:324 Although it has been shown that OGT plays an essential role in maintaining postnatal heart function, its role in heart development remains unknown. 32251422 3 6 theme septal 569:574 arg1 defects 576:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 5 7 theme cardiomyocyte 990:1002 arg1 Angiopoietin-1 1004:1017 cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1 990:1017 cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1 990:1017 In conclusion, our data demonstrated that OGT plays an essential role in regulating heart development through activating expression of cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1. 32251422 0 8 link O-linked 0:7 arg1 transferase 31:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase plays an essential role in heart development through regulating angiopoietin-1. 32251422 4 9 theme knockout 832:839 arg1 hearts 847:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 4 10 theme OGT 828:830 arg1 hearts 847:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 1 11 theme only 186:189 arg1 enzyme 191:196 the only enzyme 182:196 the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation 182:223 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 1 11 theme only 186:189 arg1 transferase 161:171 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase 123:171 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 123:177 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 0 12 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 9:29 arg1 transferase 31:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase plays an essential role in heart development through regulating angiopoietin-1. 32251422 3 13 from loss 394:397 arg1 cardiomyocytes 421:434 early fetal cardiomyocytes 409:434 early fetal cardiomyocytes 409:434 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 14 from hypertrabeculation 490:507 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 5 15 theme Angiopoietin-1 1004:1017 arg1 expression 976:985 expression 976:985 expression of cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1 976:1017 In conclusion, our data demonstrated that OGT plays an essential role in regulating heart development through activating expression of cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1. 32251422 3 16 theme fetal 415:419 arg1 cardiomyocytes 421:434 early fetal cardiomyocytes 409:434 early fetal cardiomyocytes 409:434 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 0 17 theme O-linked 0:7 arg1 transferase 31:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:41 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase plays an essential role in heart development through regulating angiopoietin-1. 32251422 5 18 theme essential 910:918 arg1 role 920:923 an essential role 907:923 an essential role 907:923 In conclusion, our data demonstrated that OGT plays an essential role in regulating heart development through activating expression of cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1. 32251422 4 19 theme cardiomyocyte-specific 805:826 arg1 hearts 847:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts 805:852 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 1 20 theme O-linked 123:130 arg1 GlcNAc 153:158 GlcNAc 153:158 GlcNAc 153:158 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 1 20 theme O-linked 123:130 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 132:150 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 123:150 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 123:177 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 3 21 theme developmental 458:470 arg1 defects 576:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 21 theme developmental 458:470 arg1 hypertrabeculation 490:507 hypertrabeculation 490:507 hypertrabeculation 490:507 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 21 theme developmental 458:470 arg1 defects 589:595 defects 589:595 defects in coronary vessel development 589:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 21 theme developmental 458:470 arg1 defects 548:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 21 theme developmental 458:470 arg1 dilation 524:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 21 theme developmental 458:470 arg1 defects 472:478 multiple heart developmental defects 443:478 multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development 443:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 1 22 theme N-acetylglucosamine 132:150 arg1 enzyme 191:196 the only enzyme 182:196 the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation 182:223 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 1 22 theme N-acetylglucosamine 132:150 arg1 OGT 174:176 OGT 174:176 OGT 174:176 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 1 22 theme N-acetylglucosamine 132:150 arg1 transferase 161:171 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase 123:171 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 123:177 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 4 23 theme RNA 642:644 arg1 sequencing 646:655 RNA sequencing 642:655 RNA sequencing 642:655 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 0 24 theme essential 52:60 arg1 role 62:65 an essential role 49:65 an essential role 49:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase plays an essential role in heart development through regulating angiopoietin-1. 32251422 3 25 theme biventricular 510:522 arg1 dilation 524:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 26 theme vessel 609:614 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 27 theme multiple 443:450 arg1 defects 576:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 27 theme multiple 443:450 arg1 hypertrabeculation 490:507 hypertrabeculation 490:507 hypertrabeculation 490:507 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 27 theme multiple 443:450 arg1 defects 589:595 defects 589:595 defects in coronary vessel development 589:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 27 theme multiple 443:450 arg1 defects 548:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 27 theme multiple 443:450 arg1 dilation 524:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 27 theme multiple 443:450 arg1 defects 472:478 multiple heart developmental defects 443:478 multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development 443:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 28 theme early 409:413 arg1 cardiomyocytes 421:434 early fetal cardiomyocytes 409:434 early fetal cardiomyocytes 409:434 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 29 theme heart 452:456 arg1 defects 576:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 29 theme heart 452:456 arg1 hypertrabeculation 490:507 hypertrabeculation 490:507 hypertrabeculation 490:507 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 29 theme heart 452:456 arg1 defects 589:595 defects 589:595 defects in coronary vessel development 589:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 29 theme heart 452:456 arg1 defects 548:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 29 theme heart 452:456 arg1 dilation 524:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 biventricular dilation 510:531 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 29 theme heart 452:456 arg1 defects 472:478 multiple heart developmental defects 443:478 multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development 443:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 4 30 theme coronary 742:749 arg1 development 758:768 both myocardial and coronary vessel development 722:768 both myocardial and coronary vessel development 722:768 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 3 31 theme OGT 402:404 arg1 loss 394:397 loss 394:397 loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes 394:434 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 32 theme coronary 600:607 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 2 33 theme heart 339:343 arg1 development 345:355 heart development 339:355 heart development 339:355 Although it has been shown that OGT plays an essential role in maintaining postnatal heart function, its role in heart development remains unknown. 32251422 3 34 from defects 576:582 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 2 35 theme essential 271:279 arg1 role 281:284 an essential role 268:284 an essential role 268:284 Although it has been shown that OGT plays an essential role in maintaining postnatal heart function, its role in heart development remains unknown. 32251422 3 36 theme ventricular 557:567 arg1 defects 576:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 ventricular septal defects 557:582 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 4 37 theme vessel 751:756 arg1 development 758:768 both myocardial and coronary vessel development 722:768 both myocardial and coronary vessel development 722:768 In addition, RNA sequencing revealed that Angiopoietin-1, required within cardiomyocytes for both myocardial and coronary vessel development, was dramatically downregulated in cardiomyocyte-specific OGT knockout mouse hearts. 32251422 1 38 link O-linked 123:130 arg1 GlcNAc 153:158 GlcNAc 153:158 GlcNAc 153:158 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 1 38 link O-linked 123:130 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 132:150 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 123:150 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 123:177 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme catalyzing O-GlcNAcylation. 32251422 5 39 theme heart 939:943 arg1 development 945:955 heart development 939:955 heart development 939:955 In conclusion, our data demonstrated that OGT plays an essential role in regulating heart development through activating expression of cardiomyocyte Angiopoietin-1. 32251422 3 40 theme atrial 534:539 arg1 defects 548:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 41 from defects 589:595 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 0 42 theme heart 70:74 arg1 development 76:86 heart development 70:86 heart development 70:86 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase plays an essential role in heart development through regulating angiopoietin-1. 32251422 3 43 theme septal 541:546 arg1 defects 548:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 atrial septal defects 534:554 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 32251422 3 44 from defects 548:554 arg1 development 616:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 coronary vessel development 600:626 Here we showed that loss of OGT in early fetal cardiomyocytes led to multiple heart developmental defects including hypertrabeculation, biventricular dilation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and defects in coronary vessel development. 34131069 11 0 theme prostate 1708:1715 arg1 cancer 1717:1722 prostate cancer 1708:1722 prostate cancer 1708:1722 Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. 34131069 8 1 theme benign 1213:1218 arg1 tissue 1239:1244 benign and prostate tumor tissue 1213:1244 tissue 1239:1244 We successfully identified a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue. 34131069 4 2 theme cotranslational 607:621 arg1 glycosylation 588:600 N-linked glycosylation 579:600 N-linked glycosylation 579:600 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 4 2 theme cotranslational 607:621 arg1 event 623:627 a cotranslational event 605:627 a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes 605:696 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 11 3 theme MALDI-MSI 1648:1656 arg1 applications 1632:1643 the potential applications 1618:1643 the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer 1618:1722 Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. 34131069 8 4 theme prostate 1224:1231 arg1 tissue 1239:1244 benign and prostate tumor tissue 1213:1244 tissue 1239:1244 We successfully identified a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue. 34131069 4 5 theme cellular 679:686 arg1 processes 688:696 cellular processes 679:696 cellular processes 679:696 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 13 6 theme prostate 1907:1914 arg1 disparities 1923:1933 prostate cancer disparities 1907:1933 prostate cancer disparities 1907:1933 This method can be utilized to predict prostate cancer recurrence and study prostate cancer disparities. 34131069 6 7 theme dysregulated 823:834 arg1 glycosylation 836:848 dysregulated glycosylation 823:848 dysregulated glycosylation 823:848 However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. 34131069 1 8 theme men 151:153 arg1 worldwide 155:163 men worldwide 151:163 men worldwide 151:163 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. 34131069 3 9 from hypotheses 489:498 arg1 therapy 570:576 personalized therapy 557:576 personalized therapy 557:576 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 3 9 from hypotheses 489:498 arg1 discovery 542:550 predictive biomarker discovery 521:550 predictive biomarker discovery 521:550 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 3 9 from hypotheses 489:498 arg1 biology 512:518 prostate biology 503:518 prostate biology 503:518 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 2 10 theme different 287:295 arg1 cohorts 297:303 different cohorts 287:303 different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer 287:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 13 11 theme cancer 1879:1884 arg1 recurrence 1886:1895 prostate cancer recurrence 1870:1895 prostate cancer recurrence 1870:1895 This method can be utilized to predict prostate cancer recurrence and study prostate cancer disparities. 34131069 7 12 theme follow-up 1121:1129 arg1 metadata 1131:1138 follow-up metadata 1121:1138 follow-up metadata 1121:1138 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 11 13 theme potential 1622:1630 arg1 applications 1632:1643 the potential applications 1618:1643 the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer 1618:1722 Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. 34131069 9 14 theme tetra-antennary 1293:1307 arg1 N-glycans 1309:1317 tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans 1285:1317 high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans 1261:1317 Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. 34131069 0 15 from Biomarkers 50:59 arg1 Cancer 98:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 5 16 theme aberrant 709:716 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 aberrant N-linked glycosylation 709:739 aberrant N-linked glycosylation 709:739 Recently, aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been reported in prostate cancers. 34131069 1 17 theme Prostate 106:113 arg1 cancer 115:120 Prostate cancer 106:120 Prostate cancer 106:120 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. 34131069 1 17 theme Prostate 106:113 arg1 cancer 141:146 the most common cancer 125:146 the most common cancer in men worldwide 125:163 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. 34131069 6 18 theme prostate 853:860 arg1 cancer 862:867 prostate cancer 853:867 prostate cancer 853:867 However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. 34131069 7 19 theme tumors 1092:1097 arg1 microarrays 1060:1070 tissue microarrays 1053:1070 tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 1053:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 9 20 theme tumor 1341:1345 arg1 tissue 1347:1352 tumor tissue 1341:1352 tumor tissue 1341:1352 Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. 34131069 2 21 theme knowledge 210:218 arg1 gap 220:222 a critical knowledge gap 199:222 a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer 199:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 10 22 from recurrence 1566:1575 arg1 population 1585:1594 each population 1580:1594 each population 1580:1594 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 5 23 theme N-linked 718:725 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 aberrant N-linked glycosylation 709:739 aberrant N-linked glycosylation 709:739 Recently, aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been reported in prostate cancers. 34131069 0 24 theme Clinical 64:71 arg1 Course 73:78 Clinical Course 64:78 Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 64:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 7 25 theme imaging 1028:1034 arg1 spectrometry 1015:1026 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging 966:1034 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) 966:1046 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 7 25 theme imaging 1028:1034 arg1 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 5 26 theme prostate 762:769 arg1 cancers 771:777 prostate cancers 762:777 prostate cancers 762:777 Recently, aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been reported in prostate cancers. 34131069 7 27 theme ionization-mass 999:1013 arg1 spectrometry 1015:1026 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging 966:1034 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) 966:1046 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 7 27 theme ionization-mass 999:1013 arg1 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 12 28 theme N-glycan 1760:1767 arg1 perturbations 1769:1781 N-glycan perturbations 1760:1781 N-glycan perturbations in prostate tumors 1760:1800 IMPLICATIONS: MALDI-MSI identifies N-glycan perturbations in prostate tumors compared with benign tissue. 34131069 3 29 theme prostate 433:440 arg1 research 449:456 prostate cancer research 433:456 prostate cancer research 433:456 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 0 30 theme Prostate 89:96 arg1 Cancer 98:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 9 31 theme tumor 1387:1391 arg1 grade 1393:1397 tumor grade 1387:1397 tumor grade 1387:1397 Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. 34131069 7 32 theme laser 982:986 arg1 spectrometry 1015:1026 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging 966:1034 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) 966:1046 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 7 32 theme laser 982:986 arg1 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 3 33 theme disparate 381:389 arg1 populations 391:401 disparate populations 381:401 disparate populations 381:401 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 10 34 theme glycan 1528:1533 arg1 signatures 1535:1544 unique glycan signatures 1521:1544 unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population 1521:1594 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 0 35 theme In 0:1 arg1 Analysis 8:15 In Situ Analysis 0:15 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 0:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 2 36 with patients 308:315 arg1 cancer 331:336 prostate cancer 322:336 prostate cancer 322:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 3 37 theme important 409:417 arg1 step 425:428 an important first step 406:428 an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy 406:576 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 0 38 theme N-Linked 20:27 arg1 Glycans 29:35 N-Linked Glycans 20:35 N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 20:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 11 39 theme biomarker 1684:1692 arg1 discovery 1694:1702 biomarker discovery 1684:1702 biomarker discovery 1684:1702 Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. 34131069 2 40 theme prostate 322:329 arg1 cancer 331:336 prostate cancer 322:336 prostate cancer 322:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 10 41 theme Appalachian 1480:1490 arg1 patients 1492:1499 Black and Appalachian patients 1470:1499 Black and Appalachian patients 1470:1499 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 2 42 theme patients 308:315 arg1 cohorts 297:303 different cohorts 287:303 different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer 287:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 7 43 theme glycans 952:958 arg1 analysis 931:938 direct on-tissue analysis 914:938 direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 914:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 13 44 theme cancer 1916:1921 arg1 disparities 1923:1933 prostate cancer disparities 1907:1933 prostate cancer disparities 1907:1933 This method can be utilized to predict prostate cancer recurrence and study prostate cancer disparities. 34131069 8 45 theme N-glycans 1179:1187 arg1 unique 1198:1203 unique 1198:1203 unique 1198:1203 We successfully identified a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue. 34131069 8 45 theme N-glycans 1179:1187 arg1 panel 1170:1174 a panel 1168:1174 a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue 1168:1244 We successfully identified a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue. 34131069 4 46 link N-linked 579:586 arg1 glycosylation 588:600 N-linked glycosylation 579:600 N-linked glycosylation 579:600 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 4 46 link N-linked 579:586 arg1 event 623:627 a cotranslational event 605:627 a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes 605:696 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 0 47 dep In 0:1 arg1 Situ 3:6 Situ 3:6 Situ 3:6 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 4 48 theme protein 636:642 arg1 folding 644:650 protein folding 636:650 protein folding 636:650 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 3 49 theme prostate 503:510 arg1 biology 512:518 prostate biology 503:518 prostate biology 503:518 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 7 50 theme on-tissue 921:929 arg1 analysis 931:938 direct on-tissue analysis 914:938 direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 914:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 10 51 theme N-glycan 1449:1456 arg1 profiles 1458:1465 the N-glycan profiles 1445:1465 the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients 1445:1499 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 12 52 from perturbations 1769:1781 arg1 tumors 1795:1800 prostate tumors 1786:1800 prostate tumors 1786:1800 IMPLICATIONS: MALDI-MSI identifies N-glycan perturbations in prostate tumors compared with benign tissue. 34131069 6 53 theme glycosylation 836:848 arg1 implications 807:818 the full clinical implications 789:818 the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer 789:867 However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. 34131069 3 54 theme biomarker 532:540 arg1 discovery 542:550 predictive biomarker discovery 521:550 predictive biomarker discovery 521:550 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 7 55 theme metadata 1131:1138 arg1 years 1112:1116 10 years 1109:1116 10 years of follow-up metadata 1109:1138 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 8 56 theme tumor 1233:1237 arg1 tissue 1239:1244 benign and prostate tumor tissue 1213:1244 tissue 1239:1244 We successfully identified a panel of N-glycans that are unique between benign and prostate tumor tissue. 34131069 4 57 theme processes 688:696 arg1 myriad 669:674 a myriad 667:674 a myriad of cellular processes 667:696 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 13 58 theme prostate 1870:1877 arg1 recurrence 1886:1895 prostate cancer recurrence 1870:1895 prostate cancer recurrence 1870:1895 This method can be utilized to predict prostate cancer recurrence and study prostate cancer disparities. 34131069 10 59 theme Black 1470:1474 arg1 patients 1492:1499 Black and Appalachian patients 1470:1499 Black and Appalachian patients 1470:1499 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 6 60 theme clinical 798:805 arg1 implications 807:818 the full clinical implications 789:818 the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer 789:867 However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. 34131069 3 61 theme personalized 557:568 arg1 therapy 570:576 personalized therapy 557:576 personalized therapy 557:576 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 0 62 from Course 73:78 arg1 Cancer 98:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 9 63 theme tri-and 1285:1291 arg1 N-glycans 1309:1317 tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans 1285:1317 high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans 1261:1317 Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. 34131069 2 64 theme critical 201:208 arg1 gap 220:222 a critical knowledge gap 199:222 a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer 199:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 9 65 from tissue 1347:1352 arg1 abundant 1329:1336 abundant 1329:1336 abundant 1329:1336 Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. 34131069 0 66 from Cancer 98:103 arg1 Biomarkers 50:59 Potential Biomarkers 40:59 Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 40:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 5 67 gly glycosylation 727:739 arg1 cancers 771:777 prostate cancers 762:777 prostate cancers 762:777 Recently, aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been reported in prostate cancers. 34131069 7 68 theme patient 1084:1090 arg1 tumors 1092:1097 over 100 patient tumors 1075:1097 over 100 patient tumors 1075:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 12 69 theme benign 1816:1821 arg1 tissue 1823:1828 benign tissue 1816:1828 benign tissue 1816:1828 IMPLICATIONS: MALDI-MSI identifies N-glycan perturbations in prostate tumors compared with benign tissue. 34131069 7 70 theme tissue 1053:1058 arg1 microarrays 1060:1070 tissue microarrays 1053:1070 tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 1053:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 2 71 from disparities 257:267 arg1 survival 272:279 survival 272:279 survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer 272:336 Despite its prevalence, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding factors driving disparities in survival among different cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. 34131069 13 72 used utilized 1850:1857 arg2 method 1836:1841 This method 1831:1841 This method 1831:1841 This method can be utilized to predict prostate cancer recurrence and study prostate cancer disparities. 34131069 0 73 theme Course 73:78 arg1 Biomarkers 50:59 Potential Biomarkers 40:59 Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 40:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 1 74 theme common 134:139 arg1 cancer 115:120 Prostate cancer 106:120 Prostate cancer 106:120 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. 34131069 1 74 theme common 134:139 arg1 cancer 141:146 the most common cancer 125:146 the most common cancer in men worldwide 125:163 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. 34131069 12 75 theme prostate 1786:1793 arg1 tumors 1795:1800 prostate tumors 1786:1800 prostate tumors 1786:1800 IMPLICATIONS: MALDI-MSI identifies N-glycan perturbations in prostate tumors compared with benign tissue. 34131069 0 76 theme Human 83:87 arg1 Cancer 98:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 Human Prostate Cancer 83:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 1 77 from cancer 141:146 arg1 worldwide 155:163 men worldwide 151:163 men worldwide 151:163 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide. 34131069 3 78 theme molecular 351:359 arg1 features 361:368 molecular features 351:368 molecular features separating disparate populations 351:401 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 10 79 theme patients 1492:1499 arg1 profiles 1458:1465 the N-glycan profiles 1445:1465 the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients 1445:1499 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 3 80 theme cancer 442:447 arg1 research 449:456 prostate cancer research 433:456 prostate cancer research 433:456 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 7 81 theme desorption 988:997 arg1 spectrometry 1015:1026 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging 966:1034 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) 966:1046 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 7 81 theme desorption 988:997 arg1 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 10 82 theme unique 1521:1526 arg1 signatures 1535:1544 unique glycan signatures 1521:1544 unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population 1521:1594 Further, we expanded our analyses to examine the N-glycan profiles of Black and Appalachian patients and have identified unique glycan signatures that correlate with recurrence in each population. 34131069 7 83 theme matrix-assisted 966:980 arg1 spectrometry 1015:1026 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging 966:1034 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) 966:1046 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 7 83 theme matrix-assisted 966:980 arg1 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 MALDI-MSI 1037:1045 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 6 84 from implications 807:818 arg1 cancer 862:867 prostate cancer 853:867 prostate cancer 853:867 However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. 34131069 4 85 theme N-linked 579:586 arg1 glycosylation 588:600 N-linked glycosylation 579:600 N-linked glycosylation 579:600 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 4 85 theme N-linked 579:586 arg1 event 623:627 a cotranslational event 605:627 a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes 605:696 N-linked glycosylation is a cotranslational event during protein folding that modulates a myriad of cellular processes. 34131069 0 86 theme Glycans 29:35 arg1 Analysis 8:15 In Situ Analysis 0:15 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 0:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 3 87 theme first 419:423 arg1 step 425:428 an important first step 406:428 an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy 406:576 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 6 88 theme full 793:796 arg1 implications 807:818 the full clinical implications 789:818 the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer 789:867 However, the full clinical implications of dysregulated glycosylation in prostate cancer has yet to be explored. 34131069 0 89 theme Potential 40:48 arg1 Biomarkers 50:59 Potential Biomarkers 40:59 Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer 40:103 In Situ Analysis of N-Linked Glycans as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Course in Human Prostate Cancer. 34131069 11 90 theme digital 1662:1668 arg1 pathology 1670:1678 digital pathology 1662:1678 digital pathology 1662:1678 Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. 34131069 5 91 link N-linked 718:725 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 aberrant N-linked glycosylation 709:739 aberrant N-linked glycosylation 709:739 Recently, aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been reported in prostate cancers. 34131069 7 92 theme N-linked 943:950 arg1 glycans 952:958 N-linked glycans 943:958 N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 943:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 7 93 link N-linked 943:950 arg1 glycans 952:958 N-linked glycans 943:958 N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 943:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 34131069 3 94 from step 425:428 arg1 research 449:456 prostate cancer research 433:456 prostate cancer research 433:456 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 3 95 theme fundamental 477:487 arg1 hypotheses 489:498 fundamental hypotheses 477:498 fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy 477:576 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 9 96 from abundant 1329:1336 arg1 tissue 1347:1352 tumor tissue 1341:1352 tumor tissue 1341:1352 Specifically, high-mannose as well as tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycans were more abundant in tumor tissue and increase proportionally with tumor grade. 34131069 11 97 theme discovery 1694:1702 arg1 applications 1632:1643 the potential applications 1618:1643 the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer 1618:1722 Our study highlights the potential applications of MALDI-MSI for digital pathology and biomarker discovery for prostate cancer. 34131069 3 98 theme predictive 521:530 arg1 discovery 542:550 predictive biomarker discovery 521:550 predictive biomarker discovery 521:550 Identifying molecular features separating disparate populations is an important first step in prostate cancer research that could lead to fundamental hypotheses in prostate biology, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy. 34131069 7 99 theme direct 914:919 arg1 analysis 931:938 direct on-tissue analysis 914:938 direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors 914:1097 Herein, we performed direct on-tissue analysis of N-linked glycans using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) from tissue microarrays of over 100 patient tumors with over 10 years of follow-up metadata. 33177197 5 0 theme NA 566:567 arg1 ability 555:561 ability 555:561 ability of NA 555:567 In this study, we found that NLG is critical for budding ability of NA. 33177197 7 1 theme 219 765:767 arg1 position 769:776 219 position 765:776 219 position 765:776 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 7 2 theme Further 651:657 arg1 studies 659:665 Further studies 651:665 Further studies 651:665 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 8 3 theme mutant 1020:1025 arg1 NA 1027:1028 the mutant NA 1016:1028 the mutant NA 1016:1028 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 3 theme mutant 1020:1025 arg1 located 1041:1047 located 1041:1047 located 1041:1047 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 1 4 theme replication 237:247 arg1 stage 222:226 the late stage 213:226 the late stage of virus replication 213:247 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 1 5 contain has 138:140 arg2 functions 151:159 multiple functions 142:159 multiple functions 142:159 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 1 5 contain has 138:140 arg1 NA 134:135 NA 134:135 NA 134:135 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 1 5 contain has 138:140 arg1 Neuraminidase 119:131 Neuraminidase 119:131 Neuraminidase (NA) 119:136 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 8 6 theme UPR 1088:1090 arg1 BIP 1100:1102 BIP 1100:1102 BIP 1100:1102 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 6 theme UPR 1088:1090 arg1 markers 1092:1098 the UPR markers 1084:1098 the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α 1084:1114 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 6 theme UPR 1088:1090 arg1 p-eIF2α 1108:1114 p-eIF2α 1108:1114 p-eIF2α 1108:1114 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 7 theme underlying 885:894 arg1 mechanism 896:904 the underlying mechanism 881:904 the underlying mechanism 881:904 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 1 8 theme influenza 182:190 arg1 virus 192:196 influenza virus 182:196 influenza virus 182:196 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 14 9 theme virulence 1879:1887 arg1 marker 1889:1894 a novel virulence marker 1871:1894 a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses 1871:1916 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 14 9 theme virulence 1879:1887 arg1 NLG 1850:1852 NLG 1850:1852 NLG of NA protein 1850:1866 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 10 10 theme budding.IMPORTANCE 1383:1400 arg1 NA 1402:1403 budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1383:1403 budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1383:1403 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 12 11 theme protein 1624:1630 arg1 activity 1609:1616 Neuraminidase activity 1595:1616 Neuraminidase activity 1595:1616 In this study, we found that NLG plays important roles in budding and Neuraminidase activity of NA protein. 33177197 12 11 theme protein 1624:1630 arg1 budding 1583:1589 budding 1583:1589 budding 1583:1589 In this study, we found that NLG plays important roles in budding and Neuraminidase activity of NA protein. 33177197 9 12 theme NA 1295:1296 arg1 process 1284:1290 the budding process 1272:1290 the budding process of NA 1272:1296 All the results indicated that NLG knockout NA was stacked in the ER and triggered UPR, which might shut down the budding process of NA. 33177197 7 13 theme influenza 853:861 arg1 virus 863:867 H1N1 influenza virus 848:867 H1N1 influenza virus 848:867 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 13 14 theme NLG 1641:1643 arg1 Loss 1633:1636 Loss 1633:1636 Loss of NLG 1633:1643 Loss of NLG attenuated viral budding and replication. 33177197 0 15 theme Protein 75:81 arg1 Virulence 87:95 Virulence 87:95 Virulence of Influenza Viruses 87:116 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 0 15 theme Protein 75:81 arg1 Budding 50:56 Budding 50:56 Budding of Neuraminidase Protein 50:81 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 3 16 theme N-linked 318:325 arg1 NLG 342:344 NLG 342:344 NLG 342:344 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 3 16 theme N-linked 318:325 arg1 glycosylation 327:339 N-linked glycosylation 318:339 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA 318:351 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 14 17 theme NA 1857:1858 arg1 protein 1860:1866 NA protein 1857:1866 NA protein 1857:1866 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 13 18 theme viral 1656:1660 arg1 budding 1662:1668 viral budding 1656:1668 viral budding 1656:1668 Loss of NLG attenuated viral budding and replication. 33177197 8 19 theme unfolded 911:918 arg1 UPR 938:940 UPR 938:940 UPR 938:940 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 19 theme unfolded 911:918 arg1 response 928:935 the unfolded protein response 907:935 the unfolded protein response (UPR) 907:941 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 0 20 theme Influenza 100:108 arg1 Viruses 110:116 Influenza Viruses 100:116 Influenza Viruses 100:116 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 8 21 dep markers 1092:1098 arg1 BIP 1100:1102 BIP 1100:1102 BIP 1100:1102 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 21 dep markers 1092:1098 arg1 markers 1092:1098 the UPR markers 1084:1098 the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α 1084:1114 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 21 dep markers 1092:1098 arg1 p-eIF2α 1108:1114 p-eIF2α 1108:1114 p-eIF2α 1108:1114 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 10 22 theme glycosylated 1417:1428 arg1 protein 1430:1436 a highly glycosylated protein 1408:1436 a highly glycosylated protein 1408:1436 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 10 22 theme glycosylated 1417:1428 arg1 study 1312:1316 the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1308:1403 the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1308:1403 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 0 23 theme N-Linked 0:7 arg1 Glycosylation 9:21 N-Linked Glycosylation 0:21 N-Linked Glycosylation 0:21 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 3 24 link N-linked 318:325 arg1 NLG 342:344 NLG 342:344 NLG 342:344 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 3 24 link N-linked 318:325 arg1 glycosylation 327:339 N-linked glycosylation 318:339 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA 318:351 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 0 25 theme Important 32:40 arg1 Role 42:45 an Important Role 29:45 an Important Role 29:45 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 10 26 from function 1336:1343 arg1 replication 1367:1377 virus replication 1361:1377 virus replication 1361:1377 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 10 26 from function 1336:1343 arg1 NA 1402:1403 budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1383:1403 budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1383:1403 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 14 27 theme site 1714:1717 arg1 mutation 1719:1726 the 219 NLG site mutation 1702:1726 the 219 NLG site mutation 1702:1726 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 3 28 theme HA 350:351 arg1 NLG 342:344 NLG 342:344 NLG 342:344 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 3 28 theme HA 350:351 arg1 glycosylation 327:339 N-linked glycosylation 318:339 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA 318:351 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 4 29 theme NLG 463:465 arg1 function 451:458 the function 447:458 the function of NLG of NA 447:471 However, the function of NLG of NA remains largely unclear. 33177197 8 30 from reticulum 1068:1076 arg1 NA 1027:1028 the mutant NA 1016:1028 the mutant NA 1016:1028 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 30 from reticulum 1068:1076 arg1 located 1041:1047 located 1041:1047 located 1041:1047 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 2 31 theme glycosylated 295:306 arg1 NA 281:282 NA 281:282 NA 281:282 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 2 31 theme glycosylated 295:306 arg1 hemagglutinin 258:270 hemagglutinin 258:270 hemagglutinin (HA) 258:275 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 2 31 theme glycosylated 295:306 arg1 Both 250:253 Both 250:253 Both 250:253 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 2 31 theme glycosylated 295:306 arg1 proteins 308:315 highly glycosylated proteins 288:315 highly glycosylated proteins 288:315 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 9 32 theme knockout 1197:1204 arg1 NA 1206:1207 NLG knockout NA 1193:1207 NLG knockout NA 1193:1207 All the results indicated that NLG knockout NA was stacked in the ER and triggered UPR, which might shut down the budding process of NA. 33177197 8 33 theme knockout 965:972 arg1 cells 991:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 14 34 theme 219 1706:1708 arg1 mutation 1719:1726 the 219 NLG site mutation 1702:1726 the 219 NLG site mutation 1702:1726 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 4 35 theme NA 470:471 arg1 NLG 463:465 NLG 463:465 NLG of NA 463:471 However, the function of NLG of NA remains largely unclear. 33177197 14 36 theme virus 1801:1805 arg1 virulence 1773:1781 virulence 1773:1781 virulence 1773:1781 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 14 36 theme virus 1801:1805 arg1 replication 1757:1767 replication 1757:1767 replication 1757:1767 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 3 37 theme influenza 419:427 arg1 viruses 429:435 influenza viruses 419:435 influenza viruses 419:435 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 8 38 theme overexpressed 977:989 arg1 cells 991:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 11 39 theme NA 1489:1490 arg1 protein 1492:1498 NA protein 1489:1498 NA protein 1489:1498 Nevertheless, how the NLG affects the function of NA protein remains largely unclear. 33177197 8 40 theme NA 974:975 arg1 cells 991:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 41 from located 1041:1047 arg1 reticulum 1068:1076 the endoplasmic reticulum 1052:1076 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1052:1081 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 41 from located 1041:1047 arg1 ER 1079:1080 ER 1079:1080 ER 1079:1080 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 10 42 theme NA 1355:1356 arg1 NLG 1348:1350 NLG 1348:1350 NLG of NA 1348:1356 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 14 43 dep attenuated 1742:1751 arg1 suggested 1835:1843 suggested 1835:1843 suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses 1835:1916 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 1 44 theme virus 231:235 arg1 replication 237:247 virus replication 231:247 virus replication 231:247 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 10 45 theme NLG 1348:1350 arg1 function 1336:1343 the function 1332:1343 the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1332:1403 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 14 46 dep replication 1757:1767 arg1 the 1753:1755 the 1753:1755 the 1753:1755 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 7 47 dep caused 696:701 arg1 plays 778:782 plays 778:782 plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus 778:867 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 10 48 dep study 1312:1316 arg1 shed 1318:1321 shed 1318:1321 shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1318:1403 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 1 49 theme life 168:171 arg1 cycle 173:177 the life cycle 164:177 the life cycle of influenza virus 164:196 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 10 50 theme virus 1361:1365 arg1 replication 1367:1377 virus replication 1361:1377 virus replication 1361:1377 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 9 51 theme budding 1276:1282 arg1 process 1284:1290 the budding process 1272:1290 the budding process of NA 1272:1296 All the results indicated that NLG knockout NA was stacked in the ER and triggered UPR, which might shut down the budding process of NA. 33177197 8 52 theme endoplasmic 1056:1066 arg1 reticulum 1068:1076 the endoplasmic reticulum 1052:1076 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1052:1081 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 52 theme endoplasmic 1056:1066 arg1 ER 1079:1080 ER 1079:1080 ER 1079:1080 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 14 53 theme influenza 1900:1908 arg1 viruses 1910:1916 influenza viruses 1900:1916 influenza viruses 1900:1916 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 14 54 theme novel 1873:1877 arg1 marker 1889:1894 a novel virulence marker 1871:1894 a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses 1871:1916 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 14 54 theme novel 1873:1877 arg1 NLG 1850:1852 NLG 1850:1852 NLG of NA protein 1850:1866 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 6 55 theme Tunicamycin 570:580 arg1 treatment 582:590 Tunicamycin treatment 570:590 Tunicamycin treatment 570:590 Tunicamycin treatment or NLG knockout significantly inhibited the budding of NA. 33177197 0 56 theme Neuraminidase 61:73 arg1 Protein 75:81 Neuraminidase Protein 61:81 Neuraminidase Protein 61:81 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 10 57 gly glycosylated 1417:1428 arg1 protein 1430:1436 a highly glycosylated protein 1408:1436 a highly glycosylated protein 1408:1436 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 10 57 gly glycosylated 1417:1428 arg1 study 1312:1316 the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1308:1403 the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA 1308:1403 Overall, the study shed light on the function of NLG of NA in virus replication and budding.IMPORTANCE NA is a highly glycosylated protein. 33177197 7 58 dep budding 809:815 arg1 the 805:807 the 805:807 the 805:807 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 7 59 theme virus 863:867 arg1 replication 818:828 replication 818:828 replication 818:828 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 7 59 theme virus 863:867 arg1 virulence 835:843 virulence 835:843 virulence 835:843 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 7 59 theme virus 863:867 arg1 budding 809:815 budding 809:815 budding 809:815 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 1 60 theme multiple 142:149 arg1 functions 151:159 multiple functions 142:159 multiple functions 142:159 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 14 61 theme protein 1860:1866 arg1 marker 1889:1894 a novel virulence marker 1871:1894 a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses 1871:1916 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 14 61 theme protein 1860:1866 arg1 NLG 1850:1852 NLG 1850:1852 NLG of NA protein 1850:1866 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 12 62 theme NA 1621:1622 arg1 protein 1624:1630 NA protein 1621:1630 NA protein 1621:1630 In this study, we found that NLG plays important roles in budding and Neuraminidase activity of NA protein. 33177197 8 63 theme protein 920:926 arg1 UPR 938:940 UPR 938:940 UPR 938:940 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 63 theme protein 920:926 arg1 response 928:935 the unfolded protein response 907:935 the unfolded protein response (UPR) 907:941 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 7 64 theme H1N1 848:851 arg1 virus 863:867 H1N1 influenza virus 848:867 H1N1 influenza virus 848:867 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 14 65 theme H1N1 1786:1789 arg1 virus 1801:1805 H1N1 influenza virus 1786:1805 H1N1 influenza virus 1786:1805 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 7 66 from position 769:776 arg1 NLG 758:760 the NLG 754:760 the NLG at 219 position 754:776 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 0 67 theme Viruses 110:116 arg1 Virulence 87:95 Virulence 87:95 Virulence of Influenza Viruses 87:116 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 0 67 theme Viruses 110:116 arg1 Budding 50:56 Budding 50:56 Budding of Neuraminidase Protein 50:81 N-Linked Glycosylation Plays an Important Role in Budding of Neuraminidase Protein and Virulence of Influenza Viruses. 33177197 3 68 theme immune 388:393 arg1 escape 395:400 immune escape 388:400 immune escape 388:400 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 3 69 gly glycosylation 327:339 arg1 viruses 429:435 influenza viruses 419:435 influenza viruses 419:435 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 3 69 gly glycosylation 327:339 arg1 HA 350:351 HA 350:351 HA 350:351 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 7 70 theme virus 718:722 arg1 attenuation 703:713 attenuation 703:713 attenuation of virus 703:722 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 8 71 theme NLG 961:963 arg1 cells 991:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells 961:995 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 1 72 theme virus 192:196 arg1 cycle 173:177 the life cycle 164:177 the life cycle of influenza virus 164:196 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 33177197 8 73 located located 1041:1047 arg1 reticulum 1068:1076 the endoplasmic reticulum 1052:1076 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1052:1081 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 73 located located 1041:1047 arg2 NA 1027:1028 the mutant NA 1016:1028 the mutant NA 1016:1028 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 73 located located 1041:1047 arg2 located 1041:1047 located 1041:1047 located 1041:1047 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 8 73 located located 1041:1047 arg1 ER 1079:1080 ER 1079:1080 ER 1079:1080 To explore the underlying mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined in NLG knockout NA overexpressed cells, which showed that the mutant NA was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the UPR markers BIP and p-eIF2α were upregulated, and XBP1 was downregulated. 33177197 9 74 theme NLG 1193:1195 arg1 NA 1206:1207 NLG knockout NA 1193:1207 NLG knockout NA 1193:1207 All the results indicated that NLG knockout NA was stacked in the ER and triggered UPR, which might shut down the budding process of NA. 33177197 12 75 theme Neuraminidase 1595:1607 arg1 activity 1609:1616 Neuraminidase activity 1595:1616 Neuraminidase activity 1595:1616 In this study, we found that NLG plays important roles in budding and Neuraminidase activity of NA protein. 33177197 14 76 theme NLG 1710:1712 arg1 mutation 1719:1726 the 219 NLG site mutation 1702:1726 the 219 NLG site mutation 1702:1726 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 12 77 theme important 1564:1572 arg1 roles 1574:1578 important roles 1564:1578 important roles 1564:1578 In this study, we found that NLG plays important roles in budding and Neuraminidase activity of NA protein. 33177197 2 78 gly glycosylated 295:306 arg1 NA 281:282 NA 281:282 NA 281:282 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 2 78 gly glycosylated 295:306 arg1 hemagglutinin 258:270 hemagglutinin 258:270 hemagglutinin (HA) 258:275 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 2 78 gly glycosylated 295:306 arg1 Both 250:253 Both 250:253 Both 250:253 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 2 78 gly glycosylated 295:306 arg1 proteins 308:315 highly glycosylated proteins 288:315 highly glycosylated proteins 288:315 Both of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are highly glycosylated proteins. 33177197 11 79 theme protein 1492:1498 arg1 function 1477:1484 the function 1473:1484 the function of NA protein 1473:1498 Nevertheless, how the NLG affects the function of NA protein remains largely unclear. 33177197 7 80 theme knockout 687:694 arg1 NLG 683:685 the NLG knockout 679:694 the NLG knockout 679:694 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 14 81 theme influenza 1791:1799 arg1 virus 1801:1805 H1N1 influenza virus 1786:1805 H1N1 influenza virus 1786:1805 In particular, the 219 NLG site mutation significantly attenuated the replication and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that NLG of NA protein is a novel virulence marker for influenza viruses. 33177197 3 82 theme viruses 429:435 arg1 virulence 406:414 virulence 406:414 virulence of influenza viruses 406:435 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 3 82 theme viruses 429:435 arg1 escape 395:400 immune escape 388:400 immune escape 388:400 N-linked glycosylation (NLG) of HA has been reported to contribute to immune escape and virulence of influenza viruses. 33177197 7 83 theme important 787:795 arg1 role 797:800 an important role 784:800 an important role 784:800 Further studies showed that the NLG knockout caused attenuation of virus in vitro and in vivo Notably, the NLG at 219 position plays an important role in the budding, replication, and virulence of H1N1 influenza virus. 33177197 6 84 theme NA 647:648 arg1 budding 636:642 the budding 632:642 the budding of NA 632:648 Tunicamycin treatment or NLG knockout significantly inhibited the budding of NA. 33177197 1 85 theme late 217:220 arg1 stage 222:226 the late stage 213:226 the late stage of virus replication 213:247 Neuraminidase (NA) has multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza virus, especially in the late stage of virus replication. 32916421 8 0 theme noticeable 1163:1172 arg1 flavonoids 1185:1194 flavonoids 1185:1194 flavonoids 1185:1194 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 8 0 theme noticeable 1163:1172 arg1 tannins 1210:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 8 0 theme noticeable 1163:1172 arg1 amounts 1174:1180 noticeable amounts 1163:1180 noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins 1163:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 11 1 used used 1682:1685 arg2 waste 1646:1650 the biomass waste 1634:1650 the biomass waste employed in this study 1634:1673 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 3 2 theme marine 549:554 arg1 residues 556:563 marine residues 549:563 marine residues 549:563 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 3 3 theme wild 570:573 arg1 grasses 575:581 wild grasses 570:581 wild grasses 570:581 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 8 4 theme tannins 1210:1216 arg1 flavonoids 1185:1194 flavonoids 1185:1194 flavonoids 1185:1194 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 8 4 theme tannins 1210:1216 arg1 tannins 1210:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 8 4 theme tannins 1210:1216 arg1 amounts 1174:1180 noticeable amounts 1163:1180 noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins 1163:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 10 5 theme commercial 1567:1576 arg1 biorefineries 1578:1590 commercial biorefineries 1567:1590 commercial biorefineries 1567:1590 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 1 6 from strategy 276:283 arg1 approaches 300:309 biorefining approaches 288:309 biorefining approaches 288:309 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses is considered a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches. 32916421 2 7 theme Mediterranean 312:324 arg1 Morocco 357:363 Morocco 357:363 Morocco 357:363 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 2 7 theme Mediterranean 312:324 arg1 countries 326:334 Mediterranean countries 312:334 Mediterranean countries 312:334 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 2 7 theme Mediterranean 312:324 arg1 Algeria 348:354 Algeria 348:354 Algeria 348:354 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 2 7 theme Mediterranean 312:324 arg1 Tunisia 370:376 Tunisia 370:376 Tunisia 370:376 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 0 8 from matrices 81:88 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 7 9 theme carbohydrate 1077:1088 arg1 content 1090:1096 structural carbohydrate content 1066:1096 structural carbohydrate content 1066:1096 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 7 10 theme lignin 1034:1039 arg1 content 1041:1047 lignin content 1034:1047 lignin content 1034:1047 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 1 11 theme available 208:216 arg1 biomasses 238:246 easily available and under-exploited biomasses 201:246 easily available and under-exploited biomasses 201:246 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses is considered a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches. 32916421 6 12 theme high 963:966 arg1 content 975:981 high lignin content 963:981 high lignin content (40 wt%) 963:990 The first category included waste with high lignin content (40 wt%). 32916421 6 12 theme high 963:966 arg1 % 989:989 40 wt% 984:989 40 wt% 984:989 The first category included waste with high lignin content (40 wt%). 32916421 0 13 from grasses 100:106 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 14 theme considerable 143:154 arg1 inflow 156:161 A considerable inflow 141:161 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 0:180 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 15 theme matrices 81:88 arg1 characterisation 9:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 15 theme matrices 81:88 arg1 assessment 40:49 technical assessment 30:49 technical assessment 30:49 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 8 16 from waste 1130:1134 arg1 category 1144:1151 this category 1139:1151 this category 1139:1151 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 4 17 theme metabolites 796:806 arg1 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 11 18 theme potential 1734:1742 arg1 material 1748:1755 a potential raw material 1732:1755 a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility 1732:1782 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 9 19 theme lignin 1317:1322 arg1 content 1324:1330 lignin content 1317:1330 lignin content above 15 wt% and carbohydrate content 1317:1368 Finally, the third category included waste with lignin content above 15 wt% and carbohydrate content in the range of 45-55 wt%. 32916421 0 20 theme grasses 100:106 arg1 characterisation 9:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 20 theme grasses 100:106 arg1 assessment 40:49 technical assessment 30:49 technical assessment 30:49 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 21 from assessment 40:49 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 2 22 theme under-exploited 390:404 arg1 waste 406:410 such under-exploited waste 385:410 such under-exploited waste of different origins 385:431 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 0 23 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 characterisation 9:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 4 24 theme various 778:784 arg1 metabolites 796:806 various secondary metabolites 778:806 various secondary metabolites 778:806 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 3 25 theme phytochemical 483:495 arg1 characteristics 497:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 9 26 theme carbohydrate 1349:1360 arg1 content 1362:1368 carbohydrate content 1349:1368 carbohydrate content 1349:1368 Finally, the third category included waste with lignin content above 15 wt% and carbohydrate content in the range of 45-55 wt%. 32916421 2 27 theme origins 425:431 arg1 waste 406:410 such under-exploited waste 385:410 such under-exploited waste of different origins 385:431 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 3 28 theme agri-food 524:532 arg1 side-products 534:546 various agri-food side-products 516:546 various agri-food side-products 516:546 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 0 29 theme agri-food 54:62 arg1 residues 64:71 agri-food residues 54:71 agri-food residues 54:71 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 4 30 theme tannins 841:847 arg1 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 11 31 theme study 1614:1618 arg1 findings 1597:1604 The findings 1593:1604 The findings of this study 1593:1618 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 3 32 theme residues 556:563 arg1 composition 467:477 chemical composition 458:477 chemical composition 458:477 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 3 32 theme residues 556:563 arg1 characteristics 497:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 1 33 theme biomasses 238:246 arg1 integration 186:196 The integration 182:196 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses 182:246 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses is considered a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches. 32916421 4 34 dep lignin 700:705 arg1 constitute 708:717 constitute 708:717 constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) 708:771 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 7 35 contain contained 1013:1021 arg1 category 1004:1011 The second category 993:1011 The second category 993:1011 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 7 35 contain contained 1013:1021 arg2 waste 1023:1027 waste 1023:1027 waste with lignin content 1023:1047 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 11 36 theme biomass 1638:1644 arg1 waste 1646:1650 the biomass waste 1634:1650 the biomass waste employed in this study 1634:1673 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 3 37 theme grasses 575:581 arg1 composition 467:477 chemical composition 458:477 chemical composition 458:477 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 3 37 theme grasses 575:581 arg1 characteristics 497:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 1 38 theme sustainable 264:274 arg1 strategy 276:283 a sustainable strategy 262:283 a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches 262:309 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses is considered a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches. 32916421 6 39 theme first 928:932 arg1 category 934:941 The first category 924:941 The first category 924:941 The first category included waste with high lignin content (40 wt%). 32916421 8 40 theme flavonoids 1185:1194 arg1 flavonoids 1185:1194 flavonoids 1185:1194 flavonoids 1185:1194 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 8 40 theme flavonoids 1185:1194 arg1 tannins 1210:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 8 40 theme flavonoids 1185:1194 arg1 amounts 1174:1180 noticeable amounts 1163:1180 noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins 1163:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 4 41 theme lignin 700:705 arg1 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 3 42 theme Maghreb 600:606 arg1 region 608:613 the Maghreb region 596:613 the Maghreb region 596:613 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 8 43 theme condensed 1200:1208 arg1 tannins 1210:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 condensed tannins 1200:1216 Additionally, the waste in this category comprised noticeable amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins, particularly from thistle, speedwell, and spurge. 32916421 10 44 from waste 1430:1434 arg1 category 1449:1456 the third category 1439:1456 the third category 1439:1456 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 0 45 theme South 115:119 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 11 46 theme biorefinery 1763:1773 arg1 facility 1775:1782 a biorefinery facility 1761:1782 a biorefinery facility 1761:1782 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 7 47 theme structural 1066:1075 arg1 content 1090:1096 structural carbohydrate content 1066:1096 structural carbohydrate content 1066:1096 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 5 48 theme Mediterranean 869:881 arg1 waste 883:887 the Mediterranean waste 865:887 the Mediterranean waste 865:887 Based on this, the Mediterranean waste was divided into three categories. 32916421 4 49 theme polysaccharides 683:697 arg1 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 6 50 theme lignin 968:973 arg1 content 975:981 high lignin content 963:981 high lignin content (40 wt%) 963:990 The first category included waste with high lignin content (40 wt%). 32916421 6 50 theme lignin 968:973 arg1 % 989:989 40 wt% 984:989 40 wt% 984:989 The first category included waste with high lignin content (40 wt%). 32916421 3 51 dep composition 467:477 arg1 the 454:456 the 454:456 the 454:456 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 4 52 contain contained 649:657 arg1 wastes 642:647 these wastes 636:647 these wastes 636:647 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 4 52 contain contained 649:657 arg2 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 4 53 theme inorganic 752:760 arg1 molecules 762:770 inorganic molecules 752:770 inorganic molecules 752:770 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 0 54 theme marine 74:79 arg1 matrices 81:88 marine matrices 74:88 marine matrices 74:88 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 9 55 theme third 1282:1286 arg1 category 1288:1295 the third category 1278:1295 the third category 1278:1295 Finally, the third category included waste with lignin content above 15 wt% and carbohydrate content in the range of 45-55 wt%. 32916421 7 56 theme second 997:1002 arg1 category 1004:1011 The second category 993:1011 The second category 993:1011 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 7 57 with waste 1023:1027 arg1 content 1041:1047 lignin content 1034:1047 lignin content 1034:1047 The second category contained waste with lignin content below 10 wt% and structural carbohydrate content below 50 wt%. 32916421 10 58 dep European 1540:1547 arg1 biorefineries 1578:1590 commercial biorefineries 1567:1590 commercial biorefineries 1567:1590 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 0 59 from characterisation 9:24 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 60 theme wild 95:98 arg1 grasses 100:106 wild grasses 95:106 wild grasses 95:106 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 61 from residues 64:71 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 4 62 theme secondary 786:794 arg1 metabolites 796:806 various secondary metabolites 778:806 various secondary metabolites 778:806 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 11 63 theme raw 1744:1746 arg1 material 1748:1755 a potential raw material 1732:1755 a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility 1732:1782 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 1 64 theme under-exploited 222:236 arg1 biomasses 238:246 easily available and under-exploited biomasses 201:246 easily available and under-exploited biomasses 201:246 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses is considered a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches. 32916421 3 65 theme chemical 458:465 arg1 composition 467:477 chemical composition 458:477 chemical composition 458:477 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 9 66 theme 15 wt 1338:1342 arg1 % 1343:1343 15 wt% 1338:1343 15 wt% 1338:1343 Finally, the third category included waste with lignin content above 15 wt% and carbohydrate content in the range of 45-55 wt%. 32916421 10 67 theme third 1443:1447 arg1 category 1449:1456 the third category 1439:1456 the third category 1439:1456 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 2 68 theme such 385:388 arg1 waste 406:410 such under-exploited waste 385:410 such under-exploited waste of different origins 385:431 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 0 69 theme technical 30:38 arg1 assessment 40:49 technical assessment 30:49 technical assessment 30:49 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 1 70 theme biorefining 288:298 arg1 approaches 300:309 biorefining approaches 288:309 biorefining approaches 288:309 The integration of easily available and under-exploited biomasses is considered a sustainable strategy in biorefining approaches. 32916421 10 71 theme similar 1485:1491 arg1 composition 1473:1483 a chemical composition 1462:1483 a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries 1462:1590 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 10 72 contain has 1458:1460 arg1 waste 1430:1434 the waste 1426:1434 the waste in the third category 1426:1456 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 10 72 contain has 1458:1460 arg2 composition 1473:1483 a chemical composition 1462:1483 a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries 1462:1590 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 10 73 theme chemical 1464:1471 arg1 composition 1473:1483 a chemical composition 1462:1483 a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries 1462:1590 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 2 74 theme different 415:423 arg1 origins 425:431 different origins 415:431 different origins 415:431 Mediterranean countries, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, offer such under-exploited waste of different origins. 32916421 0 75 theme residues 64:71 arg1 characterisation 9:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 75 theme residues 64:71 arg1 assessment 40:49 technical assessment 30:49 technical assessment 30:49 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 76 theme Mediterranean 121:133 arg1 area 135:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 the South Mediterranean area 111:138 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 10 77 theme raw 1504:1506 arg1 materials 1508:1516 raw materials 1504:1516 raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries 1504:1590 The results also showed that the waste in the third category has a chemical composition similar to that of raw materials envisioned for use in European or North American commercial biorefineries. 32916421 11 78 theme marketable 1698:1707 arg1 bioproducts 1709:1719 marketable bioproducts 1698:1719 marketable bioproducts 1698:1719 The findings of this study indicate that the biomass waste employed in this study can be used to develop marketable bioproducts and may be a potential raw material for a biorefinery facility. 32916421 3 79 theme side-products 534:546 arg1 composition 467:477 chemical composition 458:477 chemical composition 458:477 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 3 79 theme side-products 534:546 arg1 characteristics 497:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 phytochemical characteristics 483:511 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 4 80 dep molecules 719:727 arg1 lipids 740:745 lipids 740:745 lipids 740:745 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 4 80 dep molecules 719:727 arg1 proteins 730:737 proteins 730:737 proteins 730:737 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 4 80 dep molecules 719:727 arg1 molecules 762:770 inorganic molecules 752:770 inorganic molecules 752:770 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 0 81 from area 135:138 arg1 characterisation 9:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation 0:24 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 0 81 from area 135:138 arg1 assessment 40:49 technical assessment 30:49 technical assessment 30:49 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 4 82 theme flavonoids 816:825 arg1 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 3 83 theme various 516:522 arg1 side-products 534:546 various agri-food side-products 516:546 various agri-food side-products 516:546 This study revealed the chemical composition and phytochemical characteristics of various agri-food side-products, marine residues, and wild grasses collected in the Maghreb region. 32916421 9 84 theme % 1394:1394 arg1 range 1377:1381 the range 1373:1381 the range of 45-55 wt% 1373:1394 Finally, the third category included waste with lignin content above 15 wt% and carbohydrate content in the range of 45-55 wt%. 32916421 0 85 dep characterisation 9:24 arg1 inflow 156:161 A considerable inflow 141:161 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 0:180 Chemical characterisation and technical assessment of agri-food residues, marine matrices, and wild grasses in the South Mediterranean area: A considerable inflow for biorefineries. 32916421 4 86 theme variable 659:666 arg1 proportions 668:678 variable proportions 659:678 variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins 659:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 32916421 4 87 theme condensed 831:839 arg1 tannins 841:847 condensed tannins 831:847 condensed tannins 831:847 Results showed that these wastes contained variable proportions of polysaccharides, lignin, constitute molecules (proteins, lipids, and inorganic molecules) and, various secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids and condensed tannins. 34742978 6 0 theme composition 870:880 arg1 analysis 882:889 EPS composition analysis 866:889 EPS composition analysis 866:889 EPS composition analysis found that high content of polysaccharides in tightly bound-EPS (A2 and A3) and protein in loosely bound-EPS and tightly bound-EPS (O2). 34742978 7 1 theme three-dimensional 1069:1085 arg1 spectrum 1100:1107 three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum 1069:1107 three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum 1069:1107 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 3 2 theme novel 525:529 arg1 biofilter 576:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter 523:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) 523:594 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 3 2 theme novel 525:529 arg1 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 2 3 theme comprehensive 337:349 arg1 understanding 351:363 the comprehensive understanding 333:363 the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal 333:404 However, the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal remains limited in biofilm-based reactors. 34742978 11 4 theme nitrogen 1742:1749 arg1 removal 1751:1757 nitrogen removal 1742:1757 nitrogen removal 1742:1757 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 10 5 theme potential 1613:1621 arg1 mechanism 1623:1631 potential mechanism 1613:1631 potential mechanism for nitrogen removal 1613:1652 Finally, potential mechanism for nitrogen removal was illuminated. 34742978 3 6 theme anoxic/oxic 564:574 arg1 biofilter 576:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter 523:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) 523:594 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 3 6 theme anoxic/oxic 564:574 arg1 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 4 7 theme optimal 693:699 arg1 conditions 701:710 optimal conditions 693:710 optimal conditions 693:710 The operation showed as high as 81% TN removal was achieved under optimal conditions. 34742978 7 8 contain containing 1154:1163 arg2 structures 1193:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 8 contain containing 1154:1163 arg1 subfractions 1141:1152 stratified EPS subfractions 1126:1152 stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures 1126:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 1 9 theme biomass 206:212 arg1 component 189:197 a core component 182:197 a core component of the biomass 182:212 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 1 9 theme biomass 206:212 arg1 role 229:232 the important role 215:232 the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance 215:301 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 0 10 theme integrated 138:147 arg1 system 171:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 5 11 theme anoxic 829:834 arg1 zones 859:863 the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones 821:863 the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones 821:863 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 5 12 theme 2nd 738:740 arg1 contributor 775:785 the largest contributor 763:785 the largest contributor for nitrogen removal 763:806 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 5 12 theme 2nd 738:740 arg1 zone 754:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 9 13 theme nitrogen 1543:1550 arg1 removal 1552:1558 nitrogen removal 1543:1558 nitrogen removal 1543:1558 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 6 14 theme high 902:905 arg1 content 907:913 that high content 897:913 that high content of polysaccharides 897:932 EPS composition analysis found that high content of polysaccharides in tightly bound-EPS (A2 and A3) and protein in loosely bound-EPS and tightly bound-EPS (O2). 34742978 7 15 dep transform 1036:1044 arg1 infrared 1046:1053 infrared 1046:1053 transform infrared spectroscopy 1036:1066 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 8 16 theme High-throughput 1294:1308 arg1 sequencing 1310:1319 High-throughput sequencing 1294:1319 High-throughput sequencing 1294:1319 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 11 17 theme biofilm 1828:1834 arg1 process 1836:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 11 18 theme multi-stage 1812:1822 arg1 process 1836:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 0 19 theme extracellular 59:71 arg1 substances 83:92 extracellular polymeric substances 59:92 extracellular polymeric substances 59:92 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 6 20 dep bound-EPS 945:953 arg1 A2 956:957 A2 956:957 A2 956:957 EPS composition analysis found that high content of polysaccharides in tightly bound-EPS (A2 and A3) and protein in loosely bound-EPS and tightly bound-EPS (O2). 34742978 6 20 dep bound-EPS 945:953 arg1 A3 963:964 A3 963:964 A3 963:964 EPS composition analysis found that high content of polysaccharides in tightly bound-EPS (A2 and A3) and protein in loosely bound-EPS and tightly bound-EPS (O2). 34742978 5 21 theme largest 767:773 arg1 contributor 775:785 the largest contributor 763:785 the largest contributor for nitrogen removal 763:806 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 5 21 theme largest 767:773 arg1 zone 754:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 1 22 theme core 184:187 arg1 component 189:197 a core component 182:197 a core component of the biomass 182:212 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 1 22 theme core 184:187 arg1 role 229:232 the important role 215:232 the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance 215:301 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 8 23 theme nitrogen 1350:1357 arg1 nitrification/denitrification 1398:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification 1350:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox 1350:1476 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 8 24 theme genera 1378:1383 arg1 nitrification/denitrification 1398:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification 1350:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox 1350:1476 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 7 25 theme secondary 1175:1183 arg1 structures 1193:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 0 26 theme polymeric 73:81 arg1 substances 83:92 extracellular polymeric substances 59:92 extracellular polymeric substances 59:92 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 8 27 theme nitrification/denitrification 1398:1426 arg1 co-existence 1334:1345 the co-existence 1330:1345 the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox 1330:1476 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 1 28 theme treatment 281:289 arg1 performance 291:301 treatment performance 281:301 treatment performance 281:301 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 7 29 theme EPS 1137:1139 arg1 subfractions 1141:1152 stratified EPS subfractions 1126:1152 stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures 1126:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 0 30 theme advanced 28:35 arg1 removal 46:52 advanced nitrogen removal 28:52 advanced nitrogen removal 28:52 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 0 31 with correlation 13:23 arg1 substances 83:92 extracellular polymeric substances 59:92 extracellular polymeric substances 59:92 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 0 32 theme removal 46:52 arg1 correlation 13:23 correlation 13:23 correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances 13:92 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 2 33 with correlation 372:382 arg1 removal 398:404 nitrogen removal 389:404 nitrogen removal 389:404 However, the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal remains limited in biofilm-based reactors. 34742978 9 34 with correlation 1493:1503 arg1 removal 1552:1558 nitrogen removal 1543:1558 nitrogen removal 1543:1558 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 11 35 theme step-feed 1802:1810 arg1 process 1836:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 3 36 theme advanced 494:501 arg1 removal 512:518 advanced nitrogen removal 494:518 advanced nitrogen removal 494:518 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 7 37 theme main 1260:1263 arg1 protein 1244:1250 tryptophan-like protein 1228:1250 tryptophan-like protein 1228:1250 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 37 theme main 1260:1263 arg1 reason 1265:1270 the main reason 1256:1270 the main reason for nitrogen removal 1256:1291 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 37 theme main 1260:1263 arg1 helix 1218:1222 3-turn helix 1211:1222 3-turn helix 1211:1222 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 2 38 theme biofilm-based 425:437 arg1 reactors 439:446 biofilm-based reactors 425:446 biofilm-based reactors 425:446 However, the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal remains limited in biofilm-based reactors. 34742978 11 39 theme more 1691:1694 arg1 insight 1696:1702 more insight 1691:1702 more insight into EPS characteristics 1691:1727 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 3 40 theme step-feed 531:539 arg1 biofilter 576:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter 523:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) 523:594 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 3 40 theme step-feed 531:539 arg1 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 1 41 theme polymeric 251:259 arg1 EPS 273:275 EPS 273:275 EPS 273:275 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 1 41 theme polymeric 251:259 arg1 substances 261:270 extracellular polymeric substances 237:270 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 237:276 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 5 42 theme nitrogen 791:798 arg1 removal 800:806 nitrogen removal 791:806 nitrogen removal 791:806 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 7 43 theme different 1165:1173 arg1 structures 1193:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 4 44 theme high 651:654 arg1 removal 666:672 high as 81% TN removal 651:672 high as 81% TN removal 651:672 The operation showed as high as 81% TN removal was achieved under optimal conditions. 34742978 2 45 theme correlation 372:382 arg1 understanding 351:363 the comprehensive understanding 333:363 the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal 333:404 However, the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal remains limited in biofilm-based reactors. 34742978 6 46 theme EPS 866:868 arg1 analysis 882:889 EPS composition analysis 866:889 EPS composition analysis 866:889 EPS composition analysis found that high content of polysaccharides in tightly bound-EPS (A2 and A3) and protein in loosely bound-EPS and tightly bound-EPS (O2). 34742978 7 47 theme tryptophan-like 1228:1242 arg1 protein 1244:1250 tryptophan-like protein 1228:1250 tryptophan-like protein 1228:1250 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 47 theme tryptophan-like 1228:1242 arg1 reason 1265:1270 the main reason 1256:1270 the main reason for nitrogen removal 1256:1291 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 47 theme tryptophan-like 1228:1242 arg1 helix 1218:1222 3-turn helix 1211:1222 3-turn helix 1211:1222 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 10 48 theme nitrogen 1637:1644 arg1 removal 1646:1652 nitrogen removal 1637:1652 nitrogen removal 1637:1652 Finally, potential mechanism for nitrogen removal was illuminated. 34742978 11 49 dep operation 1770:1778 arg1 the 1766:1768 the 1766:1768 the 1766:1768 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 3 50 theme integrated 553:562 arg1 biofilter 576:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter 523:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) 523:594 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 3 50 theme integrated 553:562 arg1 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 9 51 theme EPS 1508:1510 arg1 correlation 1493:1503 the correlation 1489:1503 the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal 1489:1558 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 5 52 theme whole 723:727 arg1 reactor 729:735 the whole reactor 719:735 the whole reactor 719:735 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 9 53 theme microbial 1516:1524 arg1 composition 1526:1536 microbial composition 1516:1536 microbial composition 1516:1536 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 6 54 theme polysaccharides 918:932 arg1 content 907:913 that high content 897:913 that high content of polysaccharides 897:932 EPS composition analysis found that high content of polysaccharides in tightly bound-EPS (A2 and A3) and protein in loosely bound-EPS and tightly bound-EPS (O2). 34742978 0 55 from characterization 94:109 arg1 system 171:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 5 56 theme oxic 849:852 arg1 zones 859:863 the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones 821:863 the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones 821:863 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 1 57 theme important 219:227 arg1 component 189:197 a core component 182:197 a core component of the biomass 182:212 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 1 57 theme important 219:227 arg1 role 229:232 the important role 215:232 the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance 215:301 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 4 58 theme TN 663:664 arg1 removal 666:672 high as 81% TN removal 651:672 high as 81% TN removal 651:672 The operation showed as high as 81% TN removal was achieved under optimal conditions. 34742978 7 59 theme protein 1185:1191 arg1 structures 1193:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 different secondary protein structures 1165:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 1 60 from role 229:232 arg1 performance 291:301 treatment performance 281:301 treatment performance 281:301 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 0 61 theme anoxic/oxic 149:159 arg1 system 171:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 11 62 theme process 1836:1842 arg1 operation 1770:1778 operation 1770:1778 operation 1770:1778 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 11 62 theme process 1836:1842 arg1 optimization 1784:1795 optimization 1784:1795 optimization 1784:1795 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 7 63 theme 3-turn 1211:1216 arg1 protein 1244:1250 tryptophan-like protein 1228:1250 tryptophan-like protein 1228:1250 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 63 theme 3-turn 1211:1216 arg1 reason 1265:1270 the main reason 1256:1270 the main reason for nitrogen removal 1256:1291 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 7 63 theme 3-turn 1211:1216 arg1 helix 1218:1222 3-turn helix 1211:1222 3-turn helix 1211:1222 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 5 64 theme 3rd 825:827 arg1 zones 859:863 the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones 821:863 the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones 821:863 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 9 65 theme redundancy 1577:1586 arg1 analysis 1588:1595 redundancy analysis 1577:1595 redundancy analysis (RDA) 1577:1601 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 9 65 theme redundancy 1577:1586 arg1 RDA 1598:1600 RDA 1598:1600 RDA 1598:1600 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 11 66 theme A/O 1824:1826 arg1 process 1836:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process 1800:1842 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 5 67 theme anoxic 742:747 arg1 contributor 775:785 the largest contributor 763:785 the largest contributor for nitrogen removal 763:806 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 5 67 theme anoxic 742:747 arg1 zone 754:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 0 68 theme three-stage 126:136 arg1 system 171:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 9 69 theme composition 1526:1536 arg1 correlation 1493:1503 the correlation 1489:1503 the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal 1489:1558 Moreover, the correlation of EPS and microbial composition with nitrogen removal was clarified by redundancy analysis (RDA). 34742978 8 70 theme removal-associated 1359:1376 arg1 nitrification/denitrification 1398:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification 1350:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox 1350:1476 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 5 71 theme A2 750:751 arg1 contributor 775:785 the largest contributor 763:785 the largest contributor for nitrogen removal 763:806 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 5 71 theme A2 750:751 arg1 zone 754:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 2nd anoxic (A2) zone 738:757 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 8 72 theme accomplished 1385:1396 arg1 nitrification/denitrification 1398:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification 1350:1426 nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox 1350:1476 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 7 73 theme stratified 1126:1135 arg1 subfractions 1141:1152 stratified EPS subfractions 1126:1152 stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures 1126:1202 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 2 74 theme nitrogen 389:396 arg1 removal 398:404 nitrogen removal 389:404 nitrogen removal 389:404 However, the comprehensive understanding of its correlation with nitrogen removal remains limited in biofilm-based reactors. 34742978 0 75 theme nitrogen 37:44 arg1 removal 46:52 advanced nitrogen removal 28:52 advanced nitrogen removal 28:52 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 4 76 dep removal 666:672 arg1 % 661:661 % 661:661 % 661:661 The operation showed as high as 81% TN removal was achieved under optimal conditions. 34742978 7 77 theme nitrogen 1276:1283 arg1 removal 1285:1291 nitrogen removal 1276:1291 nitrogen removal 1276:1291 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 8 78 theme aerobic 1442:1448 arg1 denitrification 1450:1464 aerobic denitrification 1442:1464 aerobic denitrification 1442:1464 High-throughput sequencing revealed the co-existence of nitrogen removal-associated genera accomplished nitrification/denitrification combined with aerobic denitrification and anammox. 34742978 3 79 from relevance 468:476 arg1 biofilter 576:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter 523:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) 523:594 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 3 79 from relevance 468:476 arg1 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 0 80 theme step-feed 116:124 arg1 system 171:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 7 81 theme fluorescence 1087:1098 arg1 spectrum 1100:1107 three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum 1069:1107 three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum 1069:1107 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum further verified stratified EPS subfractions containing different secondary protein structures, while 3-turn helix and tryptophan-like protein was the main reason for nitrogen removal. 34742978 4 82 dep % 661:661 arg1 81 659:660 81 659:660 81 659:660 The operation showed as high as 81% TN removal was achieved under optimal conditions. 34742978 0 83 theme biofilter 161:169 arg1 system 171:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system 114:176 Insight into correlation of advanced nitrogen removal with extracellular polymeric substances characterization in a step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter system. 34742978 3 84 theme nitrogen 503:510 arg1 removal 512:518 advanced nitrogen removal 494:518 advanced nitrogen removal 494:518 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 1 85 theme extracellular 237:249 arg1 EPS 273:275 EPS 273:275 EPS 273:275 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 1 85 theme extracellular 237:249 arg1 substances 261:270 extracellular polymeric substances 237:270 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 237:276 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 11 86 theme EPS 1709:1711 arg1 characteristics 1713:1727 EPS characteristics 1709:1727 EPS characteristics 1709:1727 This research gives more insight into EPS characteristics in enhancing nitrogen removal during the operation and optimization of a step-feed multi-stage A/O biofilm process. 34742978 5 87 dep anoxic 829:834 arg1 A3 837:838 A3 837:838 A3 837:838 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 5 87 dep anoxic 829:834 arg1 O2 855:856 O2 855:856 O2 855:856 Among the whole reactor, 2nd anoxic (A2) zone was the largest contributor for nitrogen removal, followed by the 3rd anoxic (A3) and 2nd oxic (O2) zones. 34742978 3 88 theme three-stage 541:551 arg1 biofilter 576:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter 523:584 a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) 523:594 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 3 88 theme three-stage 541:551 arg1 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 SFTIAOB 587:593 In this study, the relevance between EPS and advanced nitrogen removal in a novel step-feed three-stage integrated anoxic/oxic biofilter (SFTIAOB) was specifically investigated. 34742978 1 89 theme substances 261:270 arg1 component 189:197 a core component 182:197 a core component of the biomass 182:212 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 34742978 1 89 theme substances 261:270 arg1 role 229:232 the important role 215:232 the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance 215:301 As a core component of the biomass, the important role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on treatment performance has been recognized. 33070932 5 0 dep composition 1061:1071 arg1 the 1049:1051 the 1049:1051 the 1049:1051 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 9 1 dep toughness 2019:2027 arg1 e.g. 2014:2017 e.g. 2014:2017 e.g. 2014:2017 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 7 2 theme central 1413:1419 arg1 populations 1427:1437 central Chile populations 1413:1437 central Chile populations 1413:1437 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 8 3 dep conditions 1745:1754 arg1 water 1782:1786 water 1782:1786 water 1782:1786 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 8 3 dep conditions 1745:1754 arg1 polysaccharides 1762:1776 polysaccharides 1762:1776 polysaccharides 1762:1776 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 8 4 theme crassa 1683:1688 arg1 shells 1690:1695 F. crassa shells 1680:1695 F. crassa shells 1680:1695 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 6 5 theme body 1181:1184 arg1 size 1186:1189 body size 1181:1189 body size 1181:1189 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 4 6 theme Chilean 927:933 arg1 coast 935:939 the Chilean coast 923:939 the Chilean coast 923:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 8 7 theme parasitized 1882:1892 arg1 limpets 1894:1900 parasitized limpets 1882:1900 parasitized limpets from central Chile 1882:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 5 8 from changes 1038:1044 arg1 composition 1061:1071 organic composition 1053:1071 organic composition 1053:1071 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 5 8 from changes 1038:1044 arg1 properties 1088:1097 mechanical properties 1077:1097 mechanical properties 1077:1097 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 0 9 theme Fissurella 115:124 arg1 crassa 126:131 the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 96:131 the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 96:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 5 10 theme mechanical 1077:1086 arg1 properties 1088:1097 mechanical properties 1077:1097 mechanical properties 1077:1097 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 8 11 theme parasite 1736:1743 arg1 conditions 1745:1754 parasite conditions 1736:1754 parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) 1736:1820 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 7 12 theme south-central 1621:1633 arg1 Chile 1635:1639 the south-central Chile 1617:1639 the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S) 1617:1650 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 11 13 theme durophagous 2472:2482 arg1 predators 2484:2492 durophagous predators 2472:2492 durophagous predators 2472:2492 In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators). 33070932 4 14 theme coast 935:939 arg1 gradient 911:918 the latitudinal gradient 895:918 the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 895:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 7 15 theme study 1347:1351 arg1 sites 1353:1357 the three study sites 1337:1357 the three study sites 1337:1357 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 11 16 theme organic 2373:2379 arg1 composition 2381:2391 shell organic composition 2367:2391 shell organic composition 2367:2391 In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators). 33070932 7 17 theme non-parasitized 1584:1598 arg1 individuals 1600:1610 non-parasitized individuals 1584:1610 non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S) 1584:1650 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 6 18 theme crassa 1197:1202 arg1 intensity 1166:1174 intensity 1166:1174 intensity 1166:1174 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 6 18 theme crassa 1197:1202 arg1 prevalence 1151:1160 parasitism prevalence 1140:1160 parasitism prevalence 1140:1160 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 6 18 theme crassa 1197:1202 arg1 size 1186:1189 body size 1181:1189 body size 1181:1189 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 10 19 theme fluctuations 2199:2210 arg1 interplay 2152:2160 the interplay 2148:2160 the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host 2148:2271 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 6 20 dep Chile 1225:1229 arg1 33°S 1236:1239 ca. 33°S 1232:1239 ca. 33°S 1232:1239 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 0 21 theme reproduction 54:65 arg1 characteristics 77:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics 43:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 43:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 2 22 from subject 313:319 arg1 ecosystems 278:287 marine ecosystems 271:287 marine ecosystems 271:287 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 9 23 theme shell 1985:1989 arg1 properties 2002:2011 shell mechanical properties 1985:2011 shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) 1985:2047 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 0 24 theme shell 71:75 arg1 characteristics 77:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics 43:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 43:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 7 25 dep Chile 1635:1639 arg1 37°S 1646:1649 ca. 37°S 1642:1649 ca. 37°S 1642:1649 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 5 26 theme host 1106:1109 arg1 shell 1111:1115 the host shell 1102:1115 the host shell 1102:1115 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 11 27 theme shell 2367:2371 arg1 composition 2381:2391 shell organic composition 2367:2391 shell organic composition 2367:2391 In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators). 33070932 4 28 theme keyhole 802:808 arg1 crassa 828:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 787:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 787:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 0 29 theme keyhole 100:106 arg1 crassa 126:131 the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 96:131 the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 96:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 7 30 theme non-parasitized 1310:1324 arg1 limpets 1326:1332 non-parasitized limpets 1310:1332 non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites 1310:1357 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 11 31 theme shell 2409:2413 arg1 functionality 2415:2427 the shell functionality 2405:2427 the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators) 2405:2493 In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators). 33070932 11 32 dep protection 2435:2444 arg1 e.g. 2430:2433 e.g. 2430:2433 e.g. 2430:2433 In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators). 33070932 0 33 theme Geographical 0:11 arg1 variability 13:23 Geographical variability 0:23 Geographical variability 0:23 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 9 34 from variability 1970:1980 arg1 properties 2002:2011 shell mechanical properties 1985:2011 shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) 1985:2047 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 2 35 theme local 455:459 arg1 variables 479:487 local physical-chemical variables 455:487 local physical-chemical variables in seawater 455:499 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 8 36 from increase 1861:1868 arg1 shell 1873:1877 shell 1873:1877 shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile 1873:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 2 37 theme interplay 440:448 arg1 dynamics 406:413 their co-evolutionary dynamics 384:413 their co-evolutionary dynamics 384:413 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 2 37 theme interplay 440:448 arg1 result 426:431 the result 422:431 the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater 422:499 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 4 38 dep Proctoeces 729:738 arg1 humboldti 740:748 Proctoeces humboldti 729:748 Proctoeces humboldti 729:748 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 7 39 theme parasitized 1282:1292 arg1 limpets 1294:1300 parasitized limpets 1282:1300 parasitized limpets 1282:1300 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 0 40 theme size 48:51 arg1 characteristics 77:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics 43:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 43:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 8 41 from shell 1873:1877 arg1 Chile 1915:1919 central Chile 1907:1919 central Chile 1907:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 4 42 theme Fissurella 817:826 arg1 crassa 828:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 787:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 787:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 1 43 theme ecological 229:238 arg1 consequences 240:251 their ecological consequences 223:251 their ecological consequences 223:251 Environmental variation may alter biological interactions and their ecological consequences. 33070932 7 44 theme non-parasitized 1484:1498 arg1 limpets 1500:1506 non-parasitized limpets 1484:1506 non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S) 1484:1551 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 5 45 theme parasitism 1008:1017 arg1 effect 998:1003 the effect 994:1003 the effect of parasitism 994:1017 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 8 46 from Chile 1915:1919 arg1 shell 1873:1877 shell 1873:1877 shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile 1873:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 8 46 from Chile 1915:1919 arg1 limpets 1894:1900 parasitized limpets 1882:1900 parasitized limpets from central Chile 1882:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 2 47 theme co-evolutionary 390:404 arg1 dynamics 406:413 their co-evolutionary dynamics 384:413 their co-evolutionary dynamics 384:413 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 2 47 theme co-evolutionary 390:404 arg1 result 426:431 the result 422:431 the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater 422:499 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 7 48 dep Chilean 1534:1540 arg1 23°S 1547:1550 ca. 23°S 1543:1550 ca. 23°S 1543:1550 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 8 49 dep polysaccharides 1762:1776 arg1 e.g. 1757:1760 e.g. 1757:1760 e.g. 1757:1760 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 9 50 theme parasitism 2104:2113 arg1 condition 2115:2123 parasitism condition 2104:2123 parasitism condition 2104:2123 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 4 51 theme latitudinal 899:909 arg1 gradient 911:918 the latitudinal gradient 895:918 the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 895:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 4 52 from impact 705:710 arg1 reproduction 771:782 reproduction 771:782 reproduction 771:782 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 4 52 from impact 705:710 arg1 size 762:765 body size 757:765 body size 757:765 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 7 53 theme Chile 1421:1425 arg1 populations 1427:1437 central Chile populations 1413:1437 central Chile populations 1413:1437 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 8 54 theme F. 1680:1681 arg1 shells 1690:1695 F. crassa shells 1680:1695 F. crassa shells 1680:1695 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 1 55 theme Environmental 161:173 arg1 variation 175:183 Environmental variation 161:183 Environmental variation 161:183 Environmental variation may alter biological interactions and their ecological consequences. 33070932 2 56 with interplay 440:448 arg1 variables 479:487 local physical-chemical variables 455:487 local physical-chemical variables in seawater 455:499 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 4 57 theme ca. 877:879 arg1 1500 km 881:887 ca. 1500 km 877:887 ca. 1500 km 877:887 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 8 58 theme limpets 1894:1900 arg1 shell 1873:1877 shell 1873:1877 shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile 1873:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 2 59 theme environmental 324:336 arg1 variability 338:348 environmental variability 324:348 environmental variability across latitudinal gradients 324:377 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 8 60 theme shells 1690:1695 arg1 composition 1665:1675 The organic composition 1653:1675 The organic composition of F. crassa shells 1653:1695 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 2 61 from variables 479:487 arg1 seawater 492:499 seawater 492:499 seawater 492:499 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 0 62 theme crassa 126:131 arg1 characteristics 77:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics 43:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 43:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 8 63 theme significant 1704:1714 arg1 differences 1716:1726 significant differences 1704:1726 significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile) 1704:1958 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 1 64 theme biological 195:204 arg1 interactions 206:217 biological interactions 195:217 biological interactions 195:217 Environmental variation may alter biological interactions and their ecological consequences. 33070932 2 65 theme latitudinal 357:367 arg1 gradients 369:377 latitudinal gradients 357:377 latitudinal gradients 357:377 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 7 66 dep lower 1558:1562 arg1 individuals 1600:1610 non-parasitized individuals 1584:1610 non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S) 1584:1650 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 7 67 theme reproductive 1360:1371 arg1 performance 1373:1383 reproductive performance 1360:1383 reproductive performance 1360:1383 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 10 68 theme parasitism 2170:2179 arg1 interplay 2152:2160 the interplay 2148:2160 the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host 2148:2271 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 8 69 theme central 1907:1913 arg1 Chile 1915:1919 central Chile 1907:1919 central Chile 1907:1919 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 6 70 theme central 1217:1223 arg1 Chile 1225:1229 central Chile 1217:1229 central Chile (ca. 33°S) 1217:1240 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 8 71 theme south-central 1939:1951 arg1 Chile 1953:1957 south-central Chile 1939:1957 south-central Chile 1939:1957 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 5 72 theme organic 1053:1059 arg1 composition 1061:1071 organic composition 1053:1071 organic composition 1053:1071 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 2 73 theme marine 271:276 arg1 ecosystems 278:287 marine ecosystems 271:287 marine ecosystems 271:287 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 4 74 dep size 762:765 arg1 the 753:755 the 753:755 the 753:755 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 2 75 from ecosystems 278:287 arg1 subject 313:319 subject 313:319 subject 313:319 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 3 76 theme host-parasite 633:645 arg1 interaction 647:657 the host-parasite interaction 629:657 the host-parasite interaction 629:657 Thus, assessing the environmental conditions required for a host in order to improve their survival is essential to understand the host-parasite interaction and dynamics. 33070932 0 77 dep Mollusca 134:141 arg1 Vetigastropoda 144:157 Vetigastropoda 144:157 Vetigastropoda 144:157 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 0 78 from parasitism 29:38 arg1 characteristics 77:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics 43:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 43:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 6 79 theme F. 1194:1195 arg1 crassa 1197:1202 F. crassa 1194:1202 F. crassa 1194:1202 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 10 80 theme environmental 2185:2197 arg1 fluctuations 2199:2210 environmental fluctuations 2185:2210 environmental fluctuations 2185:2210 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 0 81 dep crassa 126:131 arg1 Mollusca 134:141 Mollusca 134:141 Mollusca 134:141 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 0 82 from variability 13:23 arg1 characteristics 77:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics 43:91 body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 43:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 9 83 theme mechanical 1991:2000 arg1 properties 2002:2011 shell mechanical properties 1985:2011 shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) 1985:2047 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 4 84 theme parasitism 715:724 arg1 impact 705:710 the impact 701:710 the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 701:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 8 85 theme parasitized 1801:1811 arg1 limpets 1813:1819 parasitized limpets 1801:1819 parasitized limpets 1801:1819 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 10 86 dep performance 2234:2244 arg1 the 2217:2219 the 2217:2219 the 2217:2219 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 10 87 theme reproductive 2221:2232 arg1 performance 2234:2244 reproductive performance 2221:2244 reproductive performance 2221:2244 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 0 88 theme limpet 108:113 arg1 crassa 126:131 the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 96:131 the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) 96:158 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 5 89 theme shell 1111:1115 arg1 composition 1061:1071 organic composition 1053:1071 organic composition 1053:1071 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 5 89 theme shell 1111:1115 arg1 properties 1088:1097 mechanical properties 1077:1097 mechanical properties 1077:1097 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 8 90 dep proteins 1845:1852 arg1 decreased 1926:1934 decreased 1926:1934 decreased at south-central Chile 1926:1957 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 8 90 dep proteins 1845:1852 arg1 levels 1854:1859 levels 1854:1859 levels 1854:1859 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 8 90 dep proteins 1845:1852 arg1 e.g. 1840:1843 e.g. 1840:1843 e.g. 1840:1843 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 33070932 10 91 theme host 2268:2271 arg1 performance 2234:2244 reproductive performance 2221:2244 reproductive performance 2221:2244 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 10 91 theme host 2268:2271 arg1 morphology 2250:2259 morphology 2250:2259 morphology 2250:2259 These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. 33070932 4 92 theme intertidal 791:800 arg1 crassa 828:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 787:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 787:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 7 93 from Chile 1635:1639 arg1 individuals 1600:1610 non-parasitized individuals 1584:1610 non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S) 1584:1650 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 5 94 theme first 963:967 arg1 time 969:972 the first time 959:972 the first time 959:972 In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. 33070932 2 95 theme physical-chemical 461:477 arg1 variables 479:487 local physical-chemical variables 455:487 local physical-chemical variables in seawater 455:499 For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. 33070932 9 96 theme elastic 2033:2039 arg1 module 2041:2046 elastic module 2033:2046 elastic module 2033:2046 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 4 97 theme body 757:760 arg1 size 762:765 body size 757:765 body size 757:765 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 7 98 from sites 1353:1357 arg1 limpets 1326:1332 non-parasitized limpets 1310:1332 non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites 1310:1357 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 11 99 theme mechanical 2450:2459 arg1 forces 2461:2466 mechanical forces 2450:2466 mechanical forces 2450:2466 In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators). 33070932 0 100 theme body 43:46 arg1 size 48:51 body size 43:51 body size 43:51 Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). 33070932 7 101 theme northern 1525:1532 arg1 Chilean 1534:1540 the northern Chilean 1521:1540 the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S) 1521:1551 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 6 102 theme parasitism 1140:1149 arg1 prevalence 1151:1160 parasitism prevalence 1140:1160 parasitism prevalence 1140:1160 Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). 33070932 9 103 theme significant 2063:2073 arg1 differences 2075:2085 significant differences 2063:2085 significant differences across sites and parasitism condition 2063:2123 However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. 33070932 3 104 theme environmental 522:534 arg1 conditions 536:545 the environmental conditions 518:545 the environmental conditions required for a host in order to improve their survival 518:600 Thus, assessing the environmental conditions required for a host in order to improve their survival is essential to understand the host-parasite interaction and dynamics. 33070932 7 105 theme body 1250:1253 arg1 size 1255:1258 body size 1250:1258 body size 1250:1258 Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). 33070932 4 106 theme limpet 810:815 arg1 crassa 828:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa 787:833 the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast 787:939 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 4 107 theme crassa 828:833 arg1 reproduction 771:782 reproduction 771:782 reproduction 771:782 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 4 107 theme crassa 828:833 arg1 size 762:765 body size 757:765 body size 757:765 In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. 33070932 8 108 theme organic 1657:1663 arg1 composition 1665:1675 The organic composition 1653:1675 The organic composition of F. crassa shells 1653:1695 The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). 34578013 5 0 theme 20 745:746 arg1 % 747:747 % 747:747 % 747:747 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 4 1 theme cardiac 498:504 arg1 ventricle 512:520 (cardiac) left ventricle 497:520 (cardiac) left ventricle 497:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 5 2 theme left 641:644 arg1 ventricle 646:654 cardiac left ventricle 633:654 cardiac left ventricle (LV) 633:659 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 5 2 theme left 641:644 arg1 LV 657:658 LV 657:658 LV 657:658 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 0 3 theme Hydrogels 99:107 arg1 Properties 50:59 Viscoelastic Properties 37:59 Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 37:107 Architecture and Composition Dictate Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels. 34578013 6 4 theme relaxation 806:815 arg1 data 817:820 Stress relaxation data 799:820 Stress relaxation data 799:820 Stress relaxation data were modelled according to Maxwell. 34578013 1 5 dep proteins 114:121 arg1 The 110:112 The 110:112 The 110:112 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 7 6 dep composition 917:927 arg1 SEM 948:950 SEM 948:950 SEM 948:950 Physical data were compared with protein and sulfated GAGs composition and ultrastructure SEM. 34578013 4 7 theme Maxwell 580:586 arg1 model 588:592 a generalized Maxwell model 566:592 a generalized Maxwell model 566:592 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 4 8 theme left 507:510 arg1 ventricle 512:520 (cardiac) left ventricle 497:520 (cardiac) left ventricle 497:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 7 9 dep protein 891:897 arg1 composition 917:927 composition 917:927 composition 917:927 Physical data were compared with protein and sulfated GAGs composition and ultrastructure SEM. 34578013 7 9 dep protein 891:897 arg1 ultrastructure 933:946 ultrastructure 933:946 ultrastructure 933:946 Physical data were compared with protein and sulfated GAGs composition and ultrastructure SEM. 34578013 7 10 theme Physical 858:865 arg1 data 867:870 Physical data 858:870 Physical data 858:870 Physical data were compared with protein and sulfated GAGs composition and ultrastructure SEM. 34578013 12 11 theme physical 1463:1470 arg1 features 1472:1479 these physical features 1457:1479 these physical features 1457:1479 Part of these physical features correlated with their biochemical composition and ultrastructure. 34578013 5 12 theme uniaxial 710:717 arg1 compression 728:738 uniaxial low-load compression 710:738 uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate 710:761 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 8 13 theme elastic 1010:1016 arg1 modulus 1018:1024 a lower elastic modulus 1002:1024 a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM 1002:1057 We show that the skin-ECM relaxed faster and had a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM. 34578013 4 14 theme viscoelastic 424:435 arg1 properties 437:446 the viscoelastic properties 420:446 the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle 420:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 5 15 theme low-load 719:726 arg1 compression 728:738 uniaxial low-load compression 710:738 uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate 710:761 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 2 16 theme in 308:309 arg1 functions 316:324 in vivo functions 308:324 in vivo functions 308:324 Decellularized, ECM hydrogels replicate in vivo functions. 34578013 1 17 theme architectural 185:197 arg1 support 199:205 architectural support 185:205 architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells 185:265 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 10 18 contain had 1151:1153 arg2 number 1164:1169 a higher number 1155:1169 a higher number of sulfated GAGs 1155:1186 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 10 18 contain had 1151:1153 arg1 skin-ECM 1142:1149 The skin-ECM 1138:1149 The skin-ECM 1138:1149 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 12 19 theme features 1472:1479 arg1 Part 1449:1452 Part 1449:1452 Part of these physical features 1449:1479 Part of these physical features correlated with their biochemical composition and ultrastructure. 34578013 11 20 theme ECM 1352:1354 arg1 hydrogels 1356:1364 ECM hydrogels 1352:1364 ECM hydrogels 1352:1364 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 2 21 dep Decellularized 268:281 arg1 ECM 284:286 ECM 284:286 ECM 284:286 Decellularized, ECM hydrogels replicate in vivo functions. 34578013 5 22 theme % 747:747 arg1 rate 758:761 a 20%/s strain rate 743:761 a 20%/s strain rate 743:761 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 0 23 theme Matrix 92:97 arg1 Hydrogels 99:107 Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 64:107 Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 64:107 Architecture and Composition Dictate Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels. 34578013 11 24 theme hydrogels 1356:1364 arg1 behavior 1418:1425 gelling behavior 1410:1425 gelling behavior 1410:1425 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 11 24 theme hydrogels 1356:1364 arg1 dependent 1438:1446 dependent 1438:1446 dependent 1438:1446 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 11 24 theme hydrogels 1356:1364 arg1 elasticity 1338:1347 the elasticity 1334:1347 the elasticity of ECM hydrogels 1334:1364 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 11 24 theme hydrogels 1356:1364 arg1 relaxation 1395:1404 viscoelastic relaxation 1382:1404 viscoelastic relaxation 1382:1404 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 5 25 theme cardiac 633:639 arg1 ventricle 646:654 cardiac left ventricle 633:654 cardiac left ventricle (LV) 633:659 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 5 25 theme cardiac 633:639 arg1 LV 657:658 LV 657:658 LV 657:658 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 7 26 theme sulfated 903:910 arg1 GAGs 912:915 sulfated GAGs 903:915 sulfated GAGs 903:915 Physical data were compared with protein and sulfated GAGs composition and ultrastructure SEM. 34578013 11 27 theme viscoelastic 1382:1393 arg1 relaxation 1395:1404 viscoelastic relaxation 1382:1404 viscoelastic relaxation 1382:1404 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 4 28 attach derived 465:471 arg1 ventricle 512:520 (cardiac) left ventricle 497:520 (cardiac) left ventricle 497:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 4 28 attach derived 465:471 arg2 hydrogels 455:463 ECM hydrogels 451:463 ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle 451:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 4 28 attach derived 465:471 arg1 lung 488:491 lung 488:491 lung 488:491 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 4 28 attach derived 465:471 arg1 skin 482:485 skin 482:485 skin 482:485 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 10 29 contain had 1257:1259 arg1 LV-ECM 1233:1238 the LV-ECM 1229:1238 the LV-ECM 1229:1238 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 10 29 contain had 1257:1259 arg1 lung-ECM 1248:1255 the lung-ECM 1244:1255 the lung-ECM 1244:1255 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 10 29 contain had 1257:1259 arg2 surfaces 1272:1279 homogenous surfaces 1261:1279 homogenous surfaces 1261:1279 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 5 30 theme ECM 595:597 arg1 hydrogels 599:607 ECM hydrogels 595:607 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) 595:659 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 4 31 theme generalized 568:578 arg1 model 588:592 a generalized Maxwell model 566:592 a generalized Maxwell model 566:592 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 5 32 theme stress 681:686 arg1 test 699:702 a stress relaxation test 679:702 a stress relaxation test 679:702 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 1 33 theme biochemical 218:228 arg1 instruction 246:256 biochemical and biophysical instruction 218:256 architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells 185:265 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 5 34 theme /s 748:749 arg1 rate 758:761 a 20%/s strain rate 743:761 a 20%/s strain rate 743:761 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 5 35 from lung 624:627 arg1 hydrogels 599:607 ECM hydrogels 595:607 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) 595:659 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 5 36 theme relaxation 688:697 arg1 test 699:702 a stress relaxation test 679:702 a stress relaxation test 679:702 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 10 37 theme higher 1157:1162 arg1 number 1164:1169 a higher number 1155:1169 a higher number of sulfated GAGs 1155:1186 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 9 38 theme Maxwell 1081:1087 arg1 elements 1089:1096 two Maxwell elements 1077:1096 two Maxwell elements 1077:1096 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 9 38 theme Maxwell 1081:1087 arg1 lung-ECM 1103:1110 lung-ECM 1103:1110 lung-ECM 1103:1110 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 9 38 theme Maxwell 1081:1087 arg1 LV-ECM 1120:1125 LV-ECM 1120:1125 LV-ECM 1120:1125 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 0 39 theme Viscoelastic 37:48 arg1 Properties 50:59 Viscoelastic Properties 37:59 Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 37:107 Architecture and Composition Dictate Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels. 34578013 9 40 contain had 1127:1129 arg2 elements 1089:1096 two Maxwell elements 1077:1096 two Maxwell elements 1077:1096 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 9 40 contain had 1127:1129 arg2 LV-ECM 1120:1125 LV-ECM 1120:1125 LV-ECM 1120:1125 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 9 40 contain had 1127:1129 arg2 lung-ECM 1103:1110 lung-ECM 1103:1110 lung-ECM 1103:1110 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 9 40 contain had 1127:1129 arg1 skin-ECM 1064:1071 The skin-ECM 1060:1071 The skin-ECM 1060:1071 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 9 40 contain had 1127:1129 arg2 three 1131:1135 three 1131:1135 three 1131:1135 The skin-ECM had two Maxwell elements, the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM had three. 34578013 5 41 theme strain 751:756 arg1 rate 758:761 a 20%/s strain rate 743:761 a 20%/s strain rate 743:761 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 1 42 theme biophysical 234:244 arg1 instruction 246:256 biochemical and biophysical instruction 218:256 architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells 185:265 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 0 43 theme Organ-Derived 64:76 arg1 Hydrogels 99:107 Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 64:107 Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 64:107 Architecture and Composition Dictate Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels. 34578013 12 44 theme biochemical 1503:1513 arg1 composition 1515:1525 their biochemical composition 1497:1525 their biochemical composition 1497:1525 Part of these physical features correlated with their biochemical composition and ultrastructure. 34578013 10 45 theme homogenous 1261:1270 arg1 surfaces 1272:1279 homogenous surfaces 1261:1279 homogenous surfaces 1261:1279 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 8 46 theme lower 1004:1008 arg1 modulus 1018:1024 a lower elastic modulus 1002:1024 a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM 1002:1057 We show that the skin-ECM relaxed faster and had a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM. 34578013 11 47 theme gelling 1410:1416 arg1 behavior 1418:1425 gelling behavior 1410:1425 gelling behavior 1410:1425 Our results show that the elasticity of ECM hydrogels, but also their viscoelastic relaxation and gelling behavior, was organ dependent. 34578013 5 48 from ventricle 646:654 arg1 hydrogels 599:607 ECM hydrogels 595:607 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) 595:659 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 1 49 theme extracellular 150:162 arg1 ECM 172:174 ECM 172:174 ECM 172:174 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 1 49 theme extracellular 150:162 arg1 matrix 164:169 the extracellular matrix 146:169 the extracellular matrix (ECM) 146:175 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 5 50 dep skin 618:621 arg1 the 614:616 the 614:616 the 614:616 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 4 51 theme hydrogels 455:463 arg1 properties 437:446 the viscoelastic properties 420:446 the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle 420:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 1 52 theme matrix 164:169 arg1 proteins 114:121 proteins 114:121 proteins 114:121 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 1 52 theme matrix 164:169 arg1 polysaccharides 127:141 polysaccharides 127:141 polysaccharides 127:141 The proteins and polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide architectural support as well as biochemical and biophysical instruction to cells. 34578013 10 53 theme sulfated 1174:1181 arg1 GAGs 1183:1186 sulfated GAGs 1174:1186 sulfated GAGs 1174:1186 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 8 54 contain had 998:1000 arg1 skin-ECM 970:977 the skin-ECM 966:977 the skin-ECM 966:977 We show that the skin-ECM relaxed faster and had a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM. 34578013 8 54 contain had 998:1000 arg2 modulus 1018:1024 a lower elastic modulus 1002:1024 a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM 1002:1057 We show that the skin-ECM relaxed faster and had a lower elastic modulus than the lung-ECM and the LV-ECM. 34578013 3 55 theme water 352:356 arg1 retention 358:366 water retention 352:366 water retention 352:366 The ECM's elasticity and water retention renders it viscoelastic. 34578013 4 56 theme ECM 451:453 arg1 hydrogels 455:463 ECM hydrogels 451:463 ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle 451:520 In this study, we compared the viscoelastic properties of ECM hydrogels derived from the skin, lung and (cardiac) left ventricle and mathematically modelled these data with a generalized Maxwell model. 34578013 10 57 theme porous 1296:1301 arg1 regions 1303:1309 localized porous regions 1286:1309 localized porous regions 1286:1309 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 2 58 dep in 308:309 arg1 vivo 311:314 vivo 311:314 vivo 311:314 Decellularized, ECM hydrogels replicate in vivo functions. 34578013 10 59 theme GAGs 1183:1186 arg1 number 1164:1169 a higher number 1155:1169 a higher number of sulfated GAGs 1155:1186 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 6 60 theme Stress 799:804 arg1 data 817:820 Stress relaxation data 799:820 Stress relaxation data 799:820 Stress relaxation data were modelled according to Maxwell. 34578013 0 61 theme Extracellular 78:90 arg1 Hydrogels 99:107 Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 64:107 Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels 64:107 Architecture and Composition Dictate Viscoelastic Properties of Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels. 34578013 5 62 from rate 758:761 arg1 compression 728:738 uniaxial low-load compression 710:738 uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate 710:761 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 2 63 theme Decellularized 268:281 arg1 hydrogels 288:296 Decellularized, ECM hydrogels 268:296 Decellularized, ECM hydrogels 268:296 Decellularized, ECM hydrogels replicate in vivo functions. 34578013 10 64 theme localized 1286:1294 arg1 regions 1303:1309 localized porous regions 1286:1309 localized porous regions 1286:1309 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34578013 5 65 from skin 618:621 arg1 hydrogels 599:607 ECM hydrogels 595:607 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) 595:659 ECM hydrogels from the skin, lung and cardiac left ventricle (LV) were subjected to a stress relaxation test under uniaxial low-load compression at a 20%/s strain rate and the viscoelasticity determined. 34578013 10 66 theme porous 1202:1207 arg1 surface 1209:1215 a highly porous surface 1193:1215 a highly porous surface 1193:1215 The skin-ECM had a higher number of sulfated GAGs, and a highly porous surface, while both the LV-ECM and the lung-ECM had homogenous surfaces with localized porous regions. 34774628 15 0 from soils 2252:2256 arg1 areas 2268:2272 nearby areas 2261:2272 nearby areas 2261:2272 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 11 1 theme amendments 1648:1657 arg1 decomposition 1619:1631 the decomposition 1615:1631 the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them 1615:1674 The mixtures showed a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them. 34774628 0 2 theme field 162:166 arg1 study 168:172 A field study 160:172 A field study 160:172 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 11 3 attach derived 1602:1608 arg2 materials 1592:1600 materials 1592:1600 materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them 1592:1674 The mixtures showed a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them. 34774628 11 3 attach derived 1602:1608 arg1 decomposition 1619:1631 the decomposition 1615:1631 the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them 1615:1674 The mixtures showed a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them. 34774628 7 4 theme organic 1096:1102 arg1 matter 1104:1109 labile soil organic matter 1084:1109 labile soil organic matter 1084:1109 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 1 5 theme organic 249:255 arg1 amendments 257:266 different organic amendments 239:266 different organic amendments 239:266 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 34774628 8 6 theme noticeable 1237:1246 arg1 presence 1248:1255 a noticeable presence 1235:1255 a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds 1235:1276 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 7 7 theme labile 1084:1089 arg1 matter 1104:1109 labile soil organic matter 1084:1109 labile soil organic matter 1084:1109 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 13 8 theme matter 1944:1949 arg1 recovery 1919:1926 the recovery 1915:1926 the recovery of soil organic matter 1915:1949 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 5 9 theme organic 870:876 arg1 carbon 878:883 total organic carbon 864:883 total organic carbon 864:883 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 9 theme organic 870:876 arg1 capacity 829:836 water retention capacity 813:836 water retention capacity 813:836 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 8 10 theme soils 1178:1182 arg1 pyrochromatograms 1149:1165 the pyrochromatograms 1145:1165 the pyrochromatograms of natural soils 1145:1182 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 2 11 from effects 330:336 arg1 dynamics 388:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 15 12 theme plant 2188:2192 arg1 compost 2194:2200 plant compost 2188:2200 plant compost 2188:2200 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 8 13 theme lignocellulosic 1191:1205 arg1 materials 1207:1215 lignocellulosic materials 1191:1215 lignocellulosic materials 1191:1215 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 8 14 theme compounds 1268:1276 arg1 presence 1248:1255 a noticeable presence 1235:1255 a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds 1235:1276 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 8 14 theme compounds 1268:1276 arg1 polypeptides 1218:1229 polypeptides 1218:1229 polypeptides 1218:1229 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 8 14 theme compounds 1268:1276 arg1 materials 1207:1215 lignocellulosic materials 1191:1215 lignocellulosic materials 1191:1215 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 0 15 theme quarry 109:114 arg1 soils 116:120 degraded quarry soils 100:120 degraded quarry soils 100:120 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 5 16 theme electrical 839:848 arg1 conductivity 850:861 electrical conductivity 839:861 electrical conductivity 839:861 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 16 theme electrical 839:848 arg1 capacity 829:836 water retention capacity 813:836 water retention capacity 813:836 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 2 17 theme sludge 519:524 arg1 gardening 437:445 gardening 437:445 gardening 437:445 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 2 17 theme sludge 519:524 arg1 horticultural 459:471 greenhouse horticultural 448:471 greenhouse horticultural 448:471 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 2 17 theme sludge 519:524 arg1 sludge 492:497 stabilized sewage sludge 474:497 stabilized sewage sludge 474:497 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 2 17 theme sludge 519:524 arg1 mixtures 507:514 two mixtures 503:514 two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts 503:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 9 18 from technosols 1282:1291 arg1 structure 1347:1355 the organic matter structure 1328:1355 the organic matter structure 1328:1355 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 18 from technosols 1282:1291 arg1 complex 1366:1372 complex 1366:1372 complex 1366:1372 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 6 19 theme Humus 941:945 arg1 composition 956:966 Humus fraction composition 941:966 Humus fraction composition 941:966 Humus fraction composition was not altered over time. 34774628 0 20 theme Mediterranean 137:149 arg1 climate 151:157 semiarid Mediterranean climate 128:157 semiarid Mediterranean climate 128:157 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 3 21 theme Several 570:576 arg1 properties 600:609 Several physical and chemical properties 570:609 Several physical and chemical properties 570:609 Several physical and chemical properties, humus fractions, soil respiration and molecular composition was performed after 6 and 18 months. 34774628 5 22 theme amended 914:920 arg1 soils 934:938 not amended and natural soils 910:938 not amended and natural soils 910:938 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 12 23 theme matter 1730:1735 arg1 forms 1737:1741 different organic matter forms 1712:1741 different organic matter forms derived from the amendments 1712:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 7 24 theme organic 1026:1032 arg1 matter 1034:1039 organic matter 1026:1039 organic matter 1026:1039 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 3 25 theme humus 612:616 arg1 fractions 618:626 humus fractions 612:626 humus fractions 612:626 Several physical and chemical properties, humus fractions, soil respiration and molecular composition was performed after 6 and 18 months. 34774628 5 26 theme natural 926:932 arg1 soils 934:938 not amended and natural soils 910:938 not amended and natural soils 910:938 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 2 27 theme sewage 485:490 arg1 sludge 492:497 stabilized sewage sludge 474:497 stabilized sewage sludge 474:497 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 13 28 theme organic 1936:1942 arg1 matter 1944:1949 soil organic matter 1931:1949 soil organic matter 1931:1949 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 1 29 theme limestone 308:316 arg1 quarry 318:323 a semiarid limestone quarry 297:323 a semiarid limestone quarry 297:323 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 34774628 12 30 theme contribution 1696:1707 arg1 signs 1683:1687 These signs 1677:1687 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments 1677:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 13 31 theme amendments 1901:1910 arg1 effect 1887:1892 a clear effect 1879:1892 a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality 1879:1985 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 12 32 theme different 1712:1720 arg1 forms 1737:1741 different organic matter forms 1712:1741 different organic matter forms derived from the amendments 1712:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 2 33 theme mixtures 507:514 arg1 waste 428:432 waste 428:432 waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts 428:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 9 34 theme vegetable 1309:1317 arg1 compost 1319:1325 vegetable compost 1309:1325 both types vegetable compost 1298:1325 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 35 from complex 1366:1372 arg1 technosols 1282:1291 technosols 1282:1291 technosols with both types vegetable compost 1282:1325 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 15 36 theme natural 2230:2236 arg1 soils 2252:2256 natural, non-degraded soils 2230:2256 natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas 2230:2272 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 10 37 theme sludge 1493:1498 arg1 technosol 1500:1508 sludge technosol 1493:1508 sludge technosol 1493:1508 In sludge technosol, a set of sterols was outstanding. 34774628 13 38 theme clear 1881:1885 arg1 effect 1887:1892 a clear effect 1879:1892 a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality 1879:1985 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 2 39 theme organic 373:379 arg1 matter 381:386 organic matter 373:386 organic matter 373:386 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 14 40 theme microbial 2022:2030 arg1 activity 2032:2039 microbial activity 2022:2039 microbial activity 2022:2039 After the amendments application, microbial activity and soil respiration rates increased rapidly but ceased 18 months later. 34774628 2 41 theme functionality 355:367 arg1 dynamics 388:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 5 42 theme water 813:817 arg1 respect 899:905 respect 899:905 respect to not amended and natural soils 899:938 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 42 theme water 813:817 arg1 conductivity 850:861 electrical conductivity 839:861 electrical conductivity 839:861 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 42 theme water 813:817 arg1 nitrogen 889:896 nitrogen 889:896 nitrogen 889:896 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 42 theme water 813:817 arg1 carbon 878:883 total organic carbon 864:883 total organic carbon 864:883 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 42 theme water 813:817 arg1 capacity 829:836 water retention capacity 813:836 water retention capacity 813:836 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 9 43 theme organic 1332:1338 arg1 structure 1347:1355 the organic matter structure 1328:1355 the organic matter structure 1328:1355 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 43 theme organic 1332:1338 arg1 complex 1366:1372 complex 1366:1372 complex 1366:1372 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 44 dep types 1303:1307 arg1 compost 1319:1325 vegetable compost 1309:1325 both types vegetable compost 1298:1325 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 4 45 theme natural 738:744 arg1 soils 757:761 nearby natural undegraded soils 731:761 nearby natural undegraded soils 731:761 Un-amended soils, and nearby natural undegraded soils served as reference. 34774628 13 46 theme short-term 1852:1861 arg1 study 1863:1867 This short-term study 1847:1867 This short-term study 1847:1867 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 0 47 theme technosols 11:20 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate 0:157 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 9 48 from polysaccharides 1435:1449 arg1 compounds 1383:1391 compounds 1383:1391 compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen 1383:1487 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 2 49 theme greenhouse 448:457 arg1 horticultural 459:471 greenhouse horticultural 448:471 greenhouse horticultural 448:471 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 15 50 theme nearby 2261:2266 arg1 areas 2268:2272 nearby areas 2261:2272 nearby areas 2261:2272 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 9 51 from alkyl 1428:1432 arg1 compounds 1383:1391 compounds 1383:1391 compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen 1383:1487 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 0 52 dep amendments 39:48 arg1 addition 50:57 addition 50:57 addition 50:57 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 2 53 theme gardening 437:445 arg1 waste 428:432 waste 428:432 waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts 428:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 12 54 attach derived 1743:1749 arg1 amendments 1760:1769 the amendments 1756:1769 the amendments 1756:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 12 54 attach derived 1743:1749 arg2 forms 1737:1741 different organic matter forms 1712:1741 different organic matter forms derived from the amendments 1712:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 9 55 from nitrogen 1480:1487 arg1 compounds 1383:1391 compounds 1383:1391 compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen 1383:1487 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 12 56 located found 1821:1825 arg1 calorimetry 1834:1844 the calorimetry 1830:1844 the calorimetry 1830:1844 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 12 56 located found 1821:1825 arg2 peaks 1815:1819 the series exothermic peaks 1793:1819 the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry 1793:1844 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 10 57 theme sterols 1520:1526 arg1 sterols 1520:1526 sterols 1520:1526 sterols 1520:1526 In sludge technosol, a set of sterols was outstanding. 34774628 10 57 theme sterols 1520:1526 arg1 set 1513:1515 a set 1511:1515 a set of sterols 1511:1526 In sludge technosol, a set of sterols was outstanding. 34774628 15 58 theme matter 2155:2160 arg1 composition 2128:2138 The molecular composition 2114:2138 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost 2114:2200 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 15 58 theme matter 2155:2160 arg1 similar 2211:2217 similar 2211:2217 similar 2211:2217 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 9 59 from isoprenoids 1464:1474 arg1 compounds 1383:1391 compounds 1383:1391 compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen 1383:1487 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 7 60 theme soil 1091:1094 arg1 matter 1104:1109 labile soil organic matter 1084:1109 labile soil organic matter 1084:1109 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 3 61 theme molecular 650:658 arg1 composition 660:670 molecular composition 650:670 molecular composition 650:670 Several physical and chemical properties, humus fractions, soil respiration and molecular composition was performed after 6 and 18 months. 34774628 11 62 theme organic 1640:1646 arg1 amendments 1648:1657 the organic amendments 1636:1657 the organic amendments that formed them 1636:1674 The mixtures showed a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them. 34774628 2 63 theme quality 346:352 arg1 dynamics 388:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 9 64 theme chlorophyll 1452:1462 arg1 isoprenoids 1464:1474 chlorophyll isoprenoids 1452:1474 chlorophyll isoprenoids 1452:1474 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 65 theme lignin-derived 1398:1411 arg1 alkyl 1428:1432 alkyl 1428:1432 alkyl 1428:1432 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 66 theme long-chain 1417:1426 arg1 alkyl 1428:1432 alkyl 1428:1432 alkyl 1428:1432 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 1 67 from soils 288:292 arg1 quarry 318:323 a semiarid limestone quarry 297:323 a semiarid limestone quarry 297:323 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 34774628 13 68 theme functionality 1973:1985 arg1 effect 1887:1892 a clear effect 1879:1892 a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality 1879:1985 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 1 69 theme different 239:247 arg1 amendments 257:266 different organic amendments 239:266 different organic amendments 239:266 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 34774628 15 70 dep natural 2230:2236 arg1 non-degraded 2239:2250 non-degraded 2239:2250 non-degraded 2239:2250 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 5 71 theme total 864:868 arg1 carbon 878:883 total organic carbon 864:883 total organic carbon 864:883 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 71 theme total 864:868 arg1 capacity 829:836 water retention capacity 813:836 water retention capacity 813:836 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 9 72 link lignin-derived 1398:1411 arg1 alkyl 1428:1432 alkyl 1428:1432 alkyl 1428:1432 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 7 73 theme pyrolyzable 1059:1069 arg1 compounds 1071:1079 any pyrolyzable compounds 1055:1079 any pyrolyzable compounds 1055:1079 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 8 74 theme natural 1170:1176 arg1 soils 1178:1182 natural soils 1170:1182 natural soils 1170:1182 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 0 75 theme soils 116:120 arg1 functionality 83:95 the functionality 79:95 the functionality of degraded quarry soils 79:120 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 11 76 theme molecular 1567:1575 arg1 fingerprint 1577:1587 a molecular fingerprint 1565:1587 a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them 1565:1674 The mixtures showed a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them. 34774628 15 77 theme soils 2169:2173 arg1 matter 2155:2160 the organic matter 2143:2160 the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost 2143:2200 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 8 78 theme alkylic 1260:1266 arg1 compounds 1268:1276 alkylic compounds 1260:1276 alkylic compounds 1260:1276 In contrast, the pyrochromatograms of natural soils showed lignocellulosic materials, polypeptides and a noticeable presence of alkylic compounds. 34774628 0 79 theme semiarid 128:135 arg1 climate 151:157 semiarid Mediterranean climate 128:157 semiarid Mediterranean climate 128:157 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 3 80 theme physical 578:585 arg1 properties 600:609 Several physical and chemical properties 570:609 Several physical and chemical properties 570:609 Several physical and chemical properties, humus fractions, soil respiration and molecular composition was performed after 6 and 18 months. 34774628 0 81 dep study 168:172 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate 0:157 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 6 82 theme fraction 947:954 arg1 composition 956:966 Humus fraction composition 941:966 Humus fraction composition 941:966 Humus fraction composition was not altered over time. 34774628 7 83 from poor 1018:1021 arg1 matter 1034:1039 organic matter 1026:1039 organic matter 1026:1039 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 7 84 theme poor 1018:1021 arg1 soils 1006:1010 Un-amended soils 995:1010 Un-amended soils 995:1010 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 15 85 theme molecular 2118:2126 arg1 composition 2128:2138 The molecular composition 2114:2138 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost 2114:2200 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 15 85 theme molecular 2118:2126 arg1 similar 2211:2217 similar 2211:2217 similar 2211:2217 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 12 86 theme organic 1722:1728 arg1 forms 1737:1741 different organic matter forms 1712:1741 different organic matter forms derived from the amendments 1712:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 2 87 theme vegetable 536:544 arg1 composts 546:553 both vegetable composts 531:553 both vegetable composts 531:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 4 88 theme Un-amended 709:718 arg1 soils 720:724 Un-amended soils 709:724 Un-amended soils 709:724 Un-amended soils, and nearby natural undegraded soils served as reference. 34774628 13 89 theme soil 1931:1934 arg1 matter 1944:1949 soil organic matter 1931:1949 soil organic matter 1931:1949 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 3 90 theme chemical 591:598 arg1 properties 600:609 Several physical and chemical properties 570:609 Several physical and chemical properties 570:609 Several physical and chemical properties, humus fractions, soil respiration and molecular composition was performed after 6 and 18 months. 34774628 7 91 theme Un-amended 995:1004 arg1 soils 1006:1010 Un-amended soils 995:1010 Un-amended soils 995:1010 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 12 92 theme forms 1737:1741 arg1 contribution 1696:1707 the contribution 1692:1707 the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments 1692:1769 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 2 93 theme stabilized 474:483 arg1 sludge 492:497 stabilized sewage sludge 474:497 stabilized sewage sludge 474:497 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 2 94 theme horticultural 459:471 arg1 waste 428:432 waste 428:432 waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts 428:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 9 95 with technosols 1282:1291 arg1 types 1303:1307 both types vegetable compost 1298:1325 both types vegetable compost 1298:1325 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 0 96 theme functionality 83:95 arg1 recovery 67:74 the recovery 63:74 the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils 63:120 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 14 97 theme soil 2045:2048 arg1 rates 2062:2066 soil respiration rates 2045:2066 soil respiration rates 2045:2066 After the amendments application, microbial activity and soil respiration rates increased rapidly but ceased 18 months later. 34774628 12 98 theme exothermic 1804:1813 arg1 peaks 1815:1819 the series exothermic peaks 1793:1819 the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry 1793:1844 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 4 99 theme undegraded 746:755 arg1 soils 757:761 nearby natural undegraded soils 731:761 nearby natural undegraded soils 731:761 Un-amended soils, and nearby natural undegraded soils served as reference. 34774628 0 100 theme degraded 100:107 arg1 soils 116:120 degraded quarry soils 100:120 degraded quarry soils 100:120 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 2 101 theme sludge 492:497 arg1 waste 428:432 waste 428:432 waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts 428:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 5 102 theme retention 819:827 arg1 respect 899:905 respect 899:905 respect to not amended and natural soils 899:938 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 102 theme retention 819:827 arg1 conductivity 850:861 electrical conductivity 839:861 electrical conductivity 839:861 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 102 theme retention 819:827 arg1 nitrogen 889:896 nitrogen 889:896 nitrogen 889:896 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 102 theme retention 819:827 arg1 carbon 878:883 total organic carbon 864:883 total organic carbon 864:883 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 5 102 theme retention 819:827 arg1 capacity 829:836 water retention capacity 813:836 water retention capacity 813:836 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 9 103 theme matter 1340:1345 arg1 structure 1347:1355 the organic matter structure 1328:1355 the organic matter structure 1328:1355 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 9 103 theme matter 1340:1345 arg1 complex 1366:1372 complex 1366:1372 complex 1366:1372 In technosols with both types vegetable compost, the organic matter structure was more complex, showing compounds from lignin-derived and long-chain alkyl, polysaccharides, chlorophyll isoprenoids and nitrogen. 34774628 14 104 theme amendments 1998:2007 arg1 application 2009:2019 the amendments application 1994:2019 the amendments application 1994:2019 After the amendments application, microbial activity and soil respiration rates increased rapidly but ceased 18 months later. 34774628 2 105 theme technosols 404:413 arg1 effects 330:336 The effects 326:336 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts 326:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 3 106 theme soil 629:632 arg1 respiration 634:644 soil respiration 629:644 soil respiration 629:644 Several physical and chemical properties, humus fractions, soil respiration and molecular composition was performed after 6 and 18 months. 34774628 4 107 theme nearby 731:736 arg1 soils 757:761 nearby natural undegraded soils 731:761 nearby natural undegraded soils 731:761 Un-amended soils, and nearby natural undegraded soils served as reference. 34774628 0 108 theme organic 31:37 arg1 amendments 39:48 organic amendments 31:48 organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate 31:157 Effects of technosols based on organic amendments addition for the recovery of the functionality of degraded quarry soils under semiarid Mediterranean climate: A field study. 34774628 1 109 theme degraded 279:286 arg1 soils 288:292 degraded soils 279:292 degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry 279:323 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 34774628 15 110 theme organic 2147:2153 arg1 matter 2155:2160 the organic matter 2143:2160 the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost 2143:2200 The molecular composition of the organic matter of the soils amended with plant compost was very similar to that of natural, non-degraded soils in nearby areas. 34774628 2 111 theme matter 381:386 arg1 dynamics 388:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics 341:395 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 5 112 theme Amended 784:790 arg1 technosols 792:801 Amended technosols 784:801 Amended technosols 784:801 Amended technosols increased water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, respect to not amended and natural soils. 34774628 11 113 theme materials 1592:1600 arg1 fingerprint 1577:1587 a molecular fingerprint 1565:1587 a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them 1565:1674 The mixtures showed a molecular fingerprint of materials derived from the decomposition of the organic amendments that formed them. 34774628 2 114 with sludge 519:524 arg1 composts 546:553 both vegetable composts 531:553 both vegetable composts 531:553 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 1 115 theme semiarid 299:306 arg1 quarry 318:323 a semiarid limestone quarry 297:323 a semiarid limestone quarry 297:323 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 34774628 13 116 from effect 1887:1892 arg1 recovery 1919:1926 the recovery 1915:1926 the recovery of soil organic matter 1915:1949 This short-term study indicates a clear effect of the amendments on the recovery of soil organic matter and presumably of its functionality. 34774628 14 117 theme respiration 2050:2060 arg1 rates 2062:2066 soil respiration rates 2045:2066 soil respiration rates 2045:2066 After the amendments application, microbial activity and soil respiration rates increased rapidly but ceased 18 months later. 34774628 12 118 theme series 1797:1802 arg1 peaks 1815:1819 the series exothermic peaks 1793:1819 the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry 1793:1844 These signs of the contribution of different organic matter forms derived from the amendments were also reported by the series exothermic peaks found in the calorimetry. 34774628 7 119 from matter 1034:1039 arg1 poor 1018:1021 poor 1018:1021 poor 1018:1021 Un-amended soils, very poor in organic matter, did not show any pyrolyzable compounds or labile soil organic matter by thermogravimetry. 34774628 2 120 theme soil 341:344 arg1 quality 346:352 soil quality 341:352 soil quality 341:352 The effects on soil quality, functionality and organic matter dynamics of the technosols amended with waste of gardening, greenhouse horticultural, stabilized sewage sludge and two mixtures of sludge with both vegetable composts were assessed. 34774628 1 121 theme technosols 218:227 arg1 effects 207:213 the effects 203:213 the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry 203:323 This study aims to evaluate the effects of technosols made with different organic amendments to restore degraded soils in a semiarid limestone quarry. 32846088 3 0 theme cytochrome 279:288 arg1 P450 290:293 cytochrome P450 279:293 cytochrome P450 279:293 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 3 0 theme cytochrome 279:288 arg1 proteins 258:265 Two proteins 254:265 Two proteins 254:265 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 5 1 theme spike 596:600 arg1 proteins 602:609 both spike proteins 591:609 both spike proteins 591:609 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 2 theme receptor-binding 637:652 arg1 RBDs 663:666 RBDs 663:666 RBDs 663:666 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 2 theme receptor-binding 637:652 arg1 domains 654:660 their receptor-binding domains 631:660 their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) 631:667 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 4 3 theme human 533:537 arg1 receptor 544:551 the human cell receptor 529:551 the human cell receptor ACE2 529:556 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 5 4 theme proteins 602:609 arg1 proteins 602:609 both spike proteins 591:609 both spike proteins 591:609 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 4 theme proteins 602:609 arg1 similar 622:628 similar 622:628 similar 622:628 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 4 theme proteins 602:609 arg1 domains 580:586 the surface domains 568:586 the surface domains of both spike proteins 568:609 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 3 5 theme atomistic 343:351 arg1 simulations 353:363 atomistic simulations 343:363 atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields 343:420 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 3 6 with simulations 353:363 arg1 combinations 380:391 different combinations 370:391 different combinations of programs and force fields 370:420 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 4 7 theme receptor 544:551 arg1 ACE2 553:556 the human cell receptor ACE2 529:556 the human cell receptor ACE2 529:556 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 6 8 theme human 848:852 arg1 cells 854:858 negatively charged human cells 829:858 negatively charged human cells 829:858 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 4 9 theme cell 539:542 arg1 receptor 544:551 the human cell receptor 529:551 the human cell receptor ACE2 529:556 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 5 10 theme O-linked 677:684 arg1 domains 693:699 the O-linked glycan domains 673:699 the O-linked glycan domains 673:699 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 10 theme O-linked 677:684 arg1 different 718:726 different 718:726 different 718:726 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 6 11 theme charged 840:846 arg1 cells 854:858 negatively charged human cells 829:858 negatively charged human cells 829:858 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 5 12 theme surface 572:578 arg1 proteins 602:609 both spike proteins 591:609 both spike proteins 591:609 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 12 theme surface 572:578 arg1 similar 622:628 similar 622:628 similar 622:628 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 12 theme surface 572:578 arg1 domains 580:586 the surface domains 568:586 the surface domains of both spike proteins 568:609 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 13 theme glycan 686:691 arg1 domains 693:699 the O-linked glycan domains 673:699 the O-linked glycan domains 673:699 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 13 theme glycan 686:691 arg1 different 718:726 different 718:726 different 718:726 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 3 14 theme different 370:378 arg1 combinations 380:391 different combinations 370:391 different combinations of programs and force fields 370:420 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 6 15 theme glycan 742:747 arg1 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 15 theme glycan 742:747 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 15 theme glycan 742:747 arg1 domain 749:754 The O-linked glycan domain 729:754 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 729:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 1 16 theme proteins 70:77 arg1 vital 82:86 vital 82:86 vital 82:86 The surface of proteins is vital in determining protein functions. 32846088 1 16 theme proteins 70:77 arg1 surface 59:65 The surface 55:65 The surface of proteins 55:77 The surface of proteins is vital in determining protein functions. 32846088 3 17 theme force 409:413 arg1 fields 415:420 programs and force fields 396:420 programs and force fields 396:420 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 0 18 theme Surface 8:14 arg1 Printer 16:22 Protein Surface Printer 0:22 Protein Surface Printer for Exploring Protein Domains. 0:53 Protein Surface Printer for Exploring Protein Domains. 32846088 6 19 theme O-linked 733:740 arg1 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 19 theme O-linked 733:740 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 19 theme O-linked 733:740 arg1 domain 749:754 The O-linked glycan domain 729:754 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 729:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 0 20 theme Protein 0:6 arg1 Printer 16:22 Protein Surface Printer 0:22 Protein Surface Printer for Exploring Protein Domains. 0:53 Protein Surface Printer for Exploring Protein Domains. 32846088 3 21 theme programs 396:403 arg1 fields 415:420 programs and force fields 396:420 programs and force fields 396:420 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 4 22 theme SARS-CoV-2 501:510 arg1 proteins 489:496 the spike proteins 479:496 the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV 479:523 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 0 23 theme Protein 38:44 arg1 Domains 46:52 Protein Domains 38:52 Protein Domains 38:52 Protein Surface Printer for Exploring Protein Domains. 32846088 4 24 theme SARS-CoV 516:523 arg1 proteins 489:496 the spike proteins 479:496 the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV 479:523 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 2 25 theme multiple 195:202 arg1 functions 204:212 multiple functions 195:212 multiple functions 195:212 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 3 26 theme fields 415:420 arg1 combinations 380:391 different combinations 370:391 different combinations of programs and force fields 370:420 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 4 27 theme spike 483:487 arg1 proteins 489:496 the spike proteins 479:496 the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV 479:523 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 4 28 theme case 425:428 arg1 study 430:434 A case study 423:434 A case study 423:434 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 6 29 link O-linked 733:740 arg1 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 29 link O-linked 733:740 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 29 link O-linked 733:740 arg1 domain 749:754 The O-linked glycan domain 729:754 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 729:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 2 30 theme Protein 141:147 arg1 Printer 157:163 Protein Surface Printer 141:163 Protein Surface Printer (PSP) 141:169 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 2 30 theme Protein 141:147 arg1 program 132:138 a program 130:138 a program 130:138 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 2 30 theme Protein 141:147 arg1 PSP 166:168 PSP 166:168 PSP 166:168 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 1 31 theme protein 103:109 arg1 functions 111:119 protein functions 103:119 protein functions 103:119 The surface of proteins is vital in determining protein functions. 32846088 3 32 used used 300:303 arg2 PETase 268:273 PETase 268:273 PETase 268:273 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 3 32 used used 300:303 arg2 proteins 258:265 Two proteins 254:265 Two proteins 254:265 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 3 32 used used 300:303 arg2 P450 290:293 cytochrome P450 279:293 cytochrome P450 279:293 Two proteins, PETase and cytochrome P450, are used to validate that the program supports atomistic simulations with different combinations of programs and force fields. 32846088 2 33 theme Surface 149:155 arg1 Printer 157:163 Protein Surface Printer 141:163 Protein Surface Printer (PSP) 141:169 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 2 33 theme Surface 149:155 arg1 program 132:138 a program 130:138 a program 130:138 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 2 33 theme Surface 149:155 arg1 PSP 166:168 PSP 166:168 PSP 166:168 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 4 34 theme proteins 489:496 arg1 analysis 467:474 the structural analysis 452:474 the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV 452:523 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 4 34 theme proteins 489:496 arg1 ACE2 553:556 the human cell receptor ACE2 529:556 the human cell receptor ACE2 529:556 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32846088 2 35 theme protein 229:235 arg1 domains 245:251 protein surface domains 229:251 protein surface domains 229:251 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 6 36 theme SARS-CoV-2 759:768 arg1 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 charged 791:797 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 36 theme SARS-CoV-2 759:768 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 SARS-CoV-2 759:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 6 36 theme SARS-CoV-2 759:768 arg1 domain 749:754 The O-linked glycan domain 729:754 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 729:768 The O-linked glycan domain of SARS-CoV-2 is highly positively charged, which may promote binding to negatively charged human cells. 32846088 2 37 theme surface 237:243 arg1 domains 245:251 protein surface domains 229:251 protein surface domains 229:251 Herein, a program, Protein Surface Printer (PSP), is built that performs multiple functions in quantifying protein surface domains. 32846088 5 38 link O-linked 677:684 arg1 domains 693:699 the O-linked glycan domains 673:699 the O-linked glycan domains 673:699 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 5 38 link O-linked 677:684 arg1 different 718:726 different 718:726 different 718:726 Although the surface domains of both spike proteins are highly similar, their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and the O-linked glycan domains are structurally different. 32846088 4 39 theme structural 456:465 arg1 analysis 467:474 the structural analysis 452:474 the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV 452:523 A case study is conducted on the structural analysis of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and the human cell receptor ACE2. 32897971 3 0 theme cytotrophoblastic 1098:1114 arg1 cells 1116:1120 (2) cytotrophoblastic cells 1094:1120 (2) cytotrophoblastic cells 1094:1120 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 0 1 theme Epitope 44:50 arg1 H 52:52 Epitope H 44:52 Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) 44:64 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 0 1 theme Epitope 44:50 arg1 O-GlcNAcH 55:63 O-GlcNAcH 55:63 O-GlcNAcH 55:63 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 0 2 theme Chorionic 174:182 arg1 Villi 184:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi 149:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration 149:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 1 3 theme several 443:449 arg1 polypeptides 451:462 several polypeptides 443:462 several polypeptides 443:462 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 3 theme several 443:449 arg1 cytokeratin 475:485 cytokeratin 8 475:487 cytokeratin 8 475:487 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 3 theme several 443:449 arg1 vimentin 493:500 vimentin 493:500 vimentin 493:500 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 5 4 theme O-GlcNAcH 1658:1666 arg1 expression 1640:1649 The expression 1636:1649 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH 1636:1666 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 2 5 theme blot 823:826 arg1 immunoblot 828:837 Western blot immunoblot 815:837 Western blot immunoblot 815:837 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 4 6 theme epitope 1581:1587 arg1 H 1589:1589 the epitope H 1577:1589 the epitope H 1577:1589 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 0 7 theme Hydropic 202:209 arg1 Degeneration 211:222 Simple Hydropic Degeneration 195:222 Simple Hydropic Degeneration 195:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 3 8 dep showed 954:959 arg1 4 1285:1285 4 1285:1285 4 1285:1285 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 8 dep showed 954:959 arg1 1 923:923 1 923:923 1 923:923 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 1 9 located present 402:408 arg1 types 421:425 several types 413:425 several types of cells 413:434 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 9 located present 402:408 arg2 environment 330:340 environment 330:340 environment 330:340 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 9 located present 402:408 arg2 conformation 310:321 specific conformation 301:321 specific conformation 301:321 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 9 located present 402:408 arg1 latter 510:515 latter 510:515 latter 510:515 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 10 theme high 1163:1166 arg1 expression 1168:1177 high expression 1163:1177 high expression in HD CV 1163:1186 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 11 from expression 1168:1177 arg1 CV 1147:1148 CV 1147:1148 CV with NHD 1147:1157 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 11 from expression 1168:1177 arg1 CV 1185:1186 HD CV 1182:1186 HD CV 1182:1186 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 4 12 from immunoblot 1417:1426 arg1 case 1443:1446 one case 1439:1446 one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1439:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 2 13 theme present 547:553 arg1 work 555:558 the present work 543:558 the present work 543:558 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 3 14 theme nonhydropic 1010:1020 arg1 NHD 1036:1038 NHD 1036:1038 NHD 1036:1038 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 14 theme nonhydropic 1010:1020 arg1 degeneration 1022:1033 nonhydropic degeneration 1010:1033 nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) 1010:1039 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 15 theme high 1219:1222 arg1 expression 1224:1233 high expression 1219:1233 high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV 1219:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 16 dep cells 1116:1120 arg1 2 1095:1095 2 1095:1095 2 1095:1095 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 17 dep histiocytes 1288:1298 arg1 cytoplasmic 898:908 cytoplasmic 898:908 cytoplasmic 898:908 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 5 18 from CV 1764:1765 arg1 comparison 1770:1779 comparison 1770:1779 comparison to the NHD CV 1770:1793 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 2 19 theme monoclonal 759:768 arg1 antibody 770:777 monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase 759:809 antibody 770:777 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 0 20 theme Fibroblastic 127:138 arg1 Cells 140:144 the Fibroblastic Cells 123:144 the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration 123:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 1 21 theme several 413:419 arg1 types 421:425 several types 413:425 several types of cells 413:434 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 22 theme Epitope 225:231 arg1 H 233:233 Epitope H 225:233 Epitope H 225:233 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 2 23 theme simple 695:700 arg1 villi 733:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 2 24 contain containing 673:682 arg2 villi 733:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 2 24 contain containing 673:682 arg1 cases 667:671 missed miscarriage cases 648:671 missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 648:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 4 25 theme first-trimester 1482:1496 arg1 pregnancy 1498:1506 a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1473:1506 a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1473:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 3 26 dep cells 1206:1210 arg1 3 1190:1190 3 1190:1190 3 1190:1190 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 27 theme normal 684:689 arg1 villi 733:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 0 28 theme Miscarriage 156:166 arg1 Villi 184:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi 149:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration 149:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 3 29 theme endothelial 1352:1362 arg1 cells 1364:1368 endothelial cells 1352:1368 endothelial cells 1352:1368 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 30 theme low 1259:1261 arg1 expression 1263:1272 very low expression 1254:1272 very low expression in HD CV 1254:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 4 31 theme abortion 1459:1466 arg1 case 1443:1446 one case 1439:1446 one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1439:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 2 32 theme degenerated 711:721 arg1 villi 733:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 1 33 theme mouse 360:364 arg1 antibody 377:384 the mouse monoclonal antibody 356:384 the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH 356:397 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 34 theme high 1045:1048 arg1 expression 1050:1059 high expression 1045:1059 high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1045:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 35 theme curettings 632:641 arg1 cases 611:615 60 cases 608:615 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 608:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 1 36 from types 421:425 arg1 present 402:408 present 402:408 present 402:408 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 37 dep showed 1370:1375 arg1 5 1349:1349 5 1349:1349 5 1349:1349 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 38 theme degenerated 1073:1083 arg1 CV 1090:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 1 39 from cells 520:524 arg1 latter 510:515 latter 510:515 latter 510:515 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 2 40 theme missed 648:653 arg1 cases 667:671 missed miscarriage cases 648:671 missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 648:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 3 41 from expression 1133:1142 arg1 CV 1147:1148 CV 1147:1148 CV with NHD 1147:1157 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 41 from expression 1133:1142 arg1 CV 1185:1186 HD CV 1182:1186 HD CV 1182:1186 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 1 42 from latter 510:515 arg1 cells 520:524 cells 520:524 cells under stress 520:537 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 43 theme low 1312:1314 arg1 expression 1316:1325 very low expression 1307:1325 very low expression 1307:1325 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 44 from expression 1382:1391 arg1 types 1401:1405 both types 1396:1405 both types of CV 1396:1411 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 45 with villi 994:998 arg1 NHD 1036:1038 NHD 1036:1038 NHD 1036:1038 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 45 with villi 994:998 arg1 degeneration 1022:1033 nonhydropic degeneration 1010:1033 nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) 1010:1039 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 45 with villi 994:998 arg1 expression 1050:1059 high expression 1045:1059 high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1045:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 46 theme HD 1086:1087 arg1 CV 1090:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 47 dep antibody 770:777 arg1 H 779:779 H 779:779 H 779:779 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 3 48 theme syncytiotrophoblastic 926:946 arg1 cells 948:952 syncytiotrophoblastic cells 926:952 syncytiotrophoblastic cells 926:952 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 49 theme Western 815:821 arg1 immunoblot 828:837 Western blot immunoblot 815:837 Western blot immunoblot 815:837 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 5 50 theme trophoblastic 1690:1702 arg1 cells 1704:1708 the trophoblastic cells 1686:1708 the trophoblastic cells 1686:1708 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 3 51 theme low 1129:1131 arg1 expression 1133:1142 low expression 1129:1142 low expression in CV with NHD 1129:1157 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 52 theme low 966:968 arg1 expression 970:979 very low expression 961:979 very low expression 961:979 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 5 53 from cells 1748:1752 arg1 CV 1764:1765 the HD CV 1757:1765 the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV 1757:1793 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 5 54 theme HD 1761:1762 arg1 CV 1764:1765 the HD CV 1757:1765 the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV 1757:1793 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 1 55 theme N-acetylglucosamine 256:274 arg1 residue 288:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue 244:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress 244:537 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 56 from polypeptides 451:462 arg1 present 402:408 present 402:408 present 402:408 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 0 57 theme Simple 195:200 arg1 Degeneration 211:222 Simple Hydropic Degeneration 195:222 Simple Hydropic Degeneration 195:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 4 58 from case 1443:1446 arg1 CV 1431:1432 CV 1431:1432 CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1431:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 4 58 from case 1443:1446 arg1 immunoblot 1417:1426 An immunoblot 1414:1426 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1414:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 4 58 from case 1443:1446 arg1 pregnancy 1498:1506 a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1473:1506 a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1473:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 1 59 theme O-GlcNAcH 277:285 arg1 residue 288:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue 244:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress 244:537 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 5 60 theme fibroblastic 1735:1746 arg1 cells 1748:1752 the fibroblastic cells 1731:1752 the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV 1731:1793 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 3 61 theme fibroblastic 1193:1204 arg1 cells 1206:1210 (3) fibroblastic cells 1189:1210 (3) fibroblastic cells 1189:1210 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 1 62 link O-linked 247:254 arg1 residue 288:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue 244:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress 244:537 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 63 dep residue 288:294 arg1 present 402:408 present 402:408 present 402:408 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 64 from expression 1050:1059 arg1 CV 1090:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 65 theme O-GlcNAcH 595:603 arg1 expression 577:586 the expression 573:586 the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 573:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 4 66 theme CV 1431:1432 arg1 immunoblot 1417:1426 An immunoblot 1414:1426 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1414:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 4 67 theme normal 1475:1480 arg1 pregnancy 1498:1506 a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1473:1506 a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1473:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 3 68 theme CV 1344:1345 arg1 types 1335:1339 both types 1330:1339 both types of CV 1330:1345 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 69 theme hydropic 702:709 arg1 villi 733:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 0 70 theme Missed 149:154 arg1 Villi 184:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi 149:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration 149:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 1 71 contain contains 235:242 arg2 residue 288:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue 244:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress 244:537 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 71 contain contains 235:242 arg1 H 233:233 Epitope H 225:233 Epitope H 225:233 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 72 dep cytoplasmic 898:908 arg1 showed 954:959 showed 954:959 showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 954:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 73 theme HD 1182:1183 arg1 CV 1185:1186 HD CV 1182:1186 HD CV 1182:1186 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 5 74 theme NHD 1788:1790 arg1 CV 1792:1793 the NHD CV 1784:1793 the NHD CV 1784:1793 The expression of the O-GlcNAcH is upregulated in the trophoblastic cells and downregulated in the fibroblastic cells in the HD CV in comparison to the NHD CV. 32897971 0 75 theme Human 168:172 arg1 Villi 184:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi 149:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration 149:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 1 76 theme cells 430:434 arg1 types 421:425 several types 413:425 several types of cells 413:434 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 4 77 theme legal 1453:1457 arg1 abortion 1459:1466 a legal abortion 1451:1466 a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1451:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 3 78 from expression 1224:1233 arg1 CV 1238:1239 CV 1238:1239 CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV 1238:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 79 theme chorionic 723:731 arg1 villi 733:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi 684:737 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 3 80 theme O-GlcNAcH 884:892 arg1 expression 866:875 the expression 862:875 the expression of the O-GlcNAcH 862:892 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 81 theme high 1377:1380 arg1 expression 1382:1391 high expression 1377:1391 high expression in both types of CV 1377:1411 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 82 from cases 667:671 arg1 curettings 632:641 endometrial curettings 620:641 endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 620:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 2 82 from cases 667:671 arg1 cases 611:615 60 cases 608:615 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 608:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 1 83 theme monoclonal 366:375 arg1 antibody 377:384 the mouse monoclonal antibody 356:384 the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH 356:397 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 84 theme CV 1410:1411 arg1 types 1401:1405 both types 1396:1405 both types of CV 1396:1411 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 85 theme endometrial 620:630 arg1 curettings 632:641 endometrial curettings 620:641 endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 620:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 1 86 from present 402:408 arg1 types 421:425 several types 413:425 several types of cells 413:434 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 86 from present 402:408 arg1 polypeptides 451:462 several polypeptides 443:462 several polypeptides 443:462 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 86 from present 402:408 arg1 cytokeratin 475:485 cytokeratin 8 475:487 cytokeratin 8 475:487 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 86 from present 402:408 arg1 vimentin 493:500 vimentin 493:500 vimentin 493:500 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 87 theme hydropic 1064:1071 arg1 CV 1090:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 88 from expression 1263:1272 arg1 CV 1280:1281 HD CV 1277:1281 HD CV 1277:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 1 89 dep conformation 310:321 arg1 a 299:299 a 299:299 a 299:299 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 3 90 with CV 1238:1239 arg1 NHD 1246:1248 NHD 1246:1248 NHD 1246:1248 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 90 with CV 1238:1239 arg1 expression 1263:1272 very low expression 1254:1272 very low expression in HD CV 1254:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 91 theme HD 1277:1278 arg1 CV 1280:1281 HD CV 1277:1281 HD CV 1277:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 0 92 with Villi 184:188 arg1 Degeneration 211:222 Simple Hydropic Degeneration 195:222 Simple Hydropic Degeneration 195:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg1 types 421:425 several types 413:425 several types of cells 413:434 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg1 polypeptides 451:462 several polypeptides 443:462 several polypeptides 443:462 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg2 conformation 310:321 specific conformation 301:321 specific conformation 301:321 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg2 environment 330:340 environment 330:340 environment 330:340 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg1 cytokeratin 475:485 cytokeratin 8 475:487 cytokeratin 8 475:487 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg1 vimentin 493:500 vimentin 493:500 vimentin 493:500 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 93 attach present 402:408 arg1 latter 510:515 latter 510:515 latter 510:515 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 0 94 theme O-Linked 4:11 arg1 N-Acetylglucosamine 13:31 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine 0:31 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) 0:64 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 2 95 from expression 577:586 arg1 cases 611:615 60 cases 608:615 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 608:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 2 96 theme miscarriage 655:665 arg1 cases 667:671 missed miscarriage cases 648:671 missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 648:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 3 97 from NHD 1246:1248 arg1 CV 1280:1281 HD CV 1277:1281 HD CV 1277:1281 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 1 98 theme specific 301:308 arg1 conformation 310:321 specific conformation 301:321 specific conformation 301:321 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 4 99 from pregnancy 1498:1506 arg1 abortion 1459:1466 a legal abortion 1451:1466 a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1451:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 4 99 from pregnancy 1498:1506 arg1 case 1443:1446 one case 1439:1446 one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy 1439:1506 An immunoblot of CV from one case of a legal abortion from a normal first-trimester pregnancy showed 5 polypeptides with 118.5, 106.3, 85, 53, and 36.7 kD bearing the epitope H and the 53 kD corresponded to cytokeratin 8. 32897971 3 100 with CV 1147:1148 arg1 NHD 1155:1157 NHD 1155:1157 NHD 1155:1157 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 101 from cases 611:615 arg1 cases 667:671 missed miscarriage cases 648:671 missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case 648:750 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 3 102 from degeneration 1022:1033 arg1 CV 1090:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 1064:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 0 103 from Cells 140:144 arg1 Villi 184:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi 149:188 Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration 149:222 The O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Epitope H (O-GlcNAcH) is Upregulated in the Trophoblastic and Downregulated in the Fibroblastic Cells in Missed Miscarriage Human Chorionic Villi With Simple Hydropic Degeneration. 32897971 3 104 theme chorionic 984:992 arg1 CV 1001:1002 CV 1001:1002 CV 1001:1002 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 3 104 theme chorionic 984:992 arg1 villi 994:998 chorionic villi 984:998 chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV 984:1091 In all cases examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH was cytoplasmic as follows: (1) syncytiotrophoblastic cells showed very low expression in chorionic villi (CV) with nonhydropic degeneration (NHD) and high expression in hydropic degenerated (HD) CV; (2) cytotrophoblastic cells showed low expression in CV with NHD and high expression in HD CV; (3) fibroblastic cells showed high expression in CV with NHD and very low expression in HD CV; (4) histiocytes showed very low expression in both types of CV; (5) endothelial cells showed high expression in both types of CV. 32897971 2 105 theme indirect 785:792 arg1 immunoperoxidase 794:809 indirect immunoperoxidase 785:809 indirect immunoperoxidase 785:809 In the present work, we examined the expression of the O-GlcNAcH in 60 cases of endometrial curettings from missed miscarriage cases containing normal and simple hydropic degenerated chorionic villi in each case, using monoclonal antibody H and indirect immunoperoxidase and Western blot immunoblot. 32897971 1 106 dep antibody 377:384 arg1 O-GlcNAcH 389:397 O-GlcNAcH 389:397 O-GlcNAcH 389:397 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32897971 1 107 theme O-linked 247:254 arg1 residue 288:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue 244:294 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress 244:537 Epitope H contains an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcH) residue in a specific conformation and/or environment recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody H. O-GlcNAcH is present in several types of cells and in several polypeptides, including cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, on the latter in cells under stress. 32724357 11 0 theme β-catenin/SNAIL 1742:1756 arg1 pathway 1768:1774 the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway 1738:1774 the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway 1738:1774 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 10 1 theme thiamet 1434:1440 arg1 G 1442:1442 thiamet G 1434:1442 thiamet G (TMG) treatment 1434:1458 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 10 1 theme thiamet 1434:1440 arg1 TMG 1445:1447 TMG 1445:1447 TMG 1445:1447 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 3 2 theme cancer 542:547 arg1 risk 523:526 the risk 519:526 the risk of colorectal cancer 519:547 Moreover, diabetic conditions increase the risk of colorectal cancer. 32724357 11 3 theme colorectal 1779:1788 arg1 patients 1797:1804 colorectal cancer patients 1779:1804 colorectal cancer patients with T2DM 1779:1814 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 0 4 theme colorectal 94:103 arg1 cancer 105:110 colorectal cancer 94:110 colorectal cancer 94:110 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 9 5 theme concurrent 1382:1391 arg1 T2DM 1393:1396 concurrent T2DM 1382:1396 concurrent T2DM 1382:1396 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 10 6 theme OGA 1464:1466 arg1 silencing 1468:1476 OGA silencing 1464:1476 OGA silencing 1464:1476 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 1 7 theme serine 199:204 arg1 modification 183:194 Reversible post-translational modification 153:194 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation 153:294 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 0 8 theme concurrent 116:125 arg1 mellitus 143:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 1 9 link O-linked 232:239 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 241:259 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 232:259 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 232:270 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 1 9 link O-linked 232:239 arg1 O-GlcNAc 262:269 O-GlcNAc 262:269 O-GlcNAc 262:269 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 0 10 link O-linked 15:22 arg1 modification 44:55 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 15:55 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 15:55 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 8 11 theme cancer 1236:1241 arg1 tissues 1243:1249 cancer tissues 1236:1249 cancer tissues from patients with T2DM 1236:1273 Additionally, distant metastasis was significantly correlated with O-GlcNAcylation in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM. 32724357 6 12 theme cancer 936:941 arg1 tissues 943:949 cancer tissues 936:949 cancer tissues 936:949 Notably, O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly higher in tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM, and higher in cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent tissues. 32724357 9 13 theme cancer 1307:1312 arg1 tissues 1314:1320 colorectal cancer tissues 1296:1320 colorectal cancer tissues 1296:1320 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 4 14 theme concurrent 628:637 arg1 T2DM 639:642 concurrent T2DM 628:642 concurrent T2DM 628:642 However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM has not been elucidated. 32724357 11 15 theme signaling 1758:1766 arg1 pathway 1768:1774 the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway 1738:1774 the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway 1738:1774 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 11 16 theme cancer 1790:1795 arg1 patients 1797:1804 colorectal cancer patients 1779:1804 colorectal cancer patients with T2DM 1779:1814 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 0 17 with patients 80:87 arg1 cancer 105:110 colorectal cancer 94:110 colorectal cancer 94:110 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 0 17 with patients 80:87 arg1 mellitus 143:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 4 18 with patients 592:599 arg1 cancer 617:622 colorectal cancer 606:622 colorectal cancer 606:622 However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM has not been elucidated. 32724357 4 18 with patients 592:599 arg1 T2DM 639:642 concurrent T2DM 628:642 concurrent T2DM 628:642 However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM has not been elucidated. 32724357 2 19 theme diabetes 443:450 arg1 T2DM 462:465 T2DM 462:465 T2DM 462:465 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 2 19 theme diabetes 443:450 arg1 mellitus 452:459 type 2 diabetes mellitus 436:459 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 436:466 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 0 20 theme type 127:130 arg1 mellitus 143:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 11 21 theme pathway 1768:1774 arg1 upregulation 1722:1733 upregulation 1722:1733 upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM 1722:1814 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 10 22 theme cancer 1420:1425 arg1 cells 1427:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 8 23 with patients 1256:1263 arg1 T2DM 1270:1273 T2DM 1270:1273 T2DM 1270:1273 Additionally, distant metastasis was significantly correlated with O-GlcNAcylation in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM. 32724357 1 24 theme threonine 210:218 arg1 modification 183:194 Reversible post-translational modification 153:194 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation 153:294 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 6 25 with patients 857:864 arg1 T2DM 871:874 T2DM 871:874 T2DM 871:874 Notably, O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly higher in tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM, and higher in cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent tissues. 32724357 9 26 theme advanced-stage 1356:1369 arg1 cancer 1371:1376 advanced-stage cancer 1356:1376 advanced-stage cancer 1356:1376 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 5 27 theme current 673:679 arg1 study 681:685 The current study 669:685 The current study 669:685 The current study evaluated the level of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM. 32724357 9 28 with patients 1342:1349 arg1 cancer 1371:1376 advanced-stage cancer 1356:1376 advanced-stage cancer 1356:1376 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 9 28 with patients 1342:1349 arg1 T2DM 1393:1396 concurrent T2DM 1382:1396 concurrent T2DM 1382:1396 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 8 29 theme distant 1164:1170 arg1 metastasis 1172:1181 distant metastasis 1164:1181 distant metastasis 1164:1181 Additionally, distant metastasis was significantly correlated with O-GlcNAcylation in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM. 32724357 2 30 theme type 436:439 arg1 T2DM 462:465 T2DM 462:465 T2DM 462:465 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 2 30 theme type 436:439 arg1 mellitus 452:459 type 2 diabetes mellitus 436:459 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 436:466 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 6 31 theme adjacent 979:986 arg1 tissues 988:994 corresponding adjacent tissues 965:994 corresponding adjacent tissues 965:994 Notably, O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly higher in tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM, and higher in cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent tissues. 32724357 9 32 theme colorectal 1296:1305 arg1 tissues 1314:1320 colorectal cancer tissues 1296:1320 colorectal cancer tissues 1296:1320 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 1 33 dep serine 199:204 arg1 residues 220:227 residues 220:227 residues 220:227 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 10 34 theme human 1408:1412 arg1 cells 1427:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 11 35 from upregulation 1722:1733 arg1 patients 1797:1804 colorectal cancer patients 1779:1804 colorectal cancer patients with T2DM 1779:1814 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 2 36 theme cancer 472:477 arg1 etiologies 422:431 the etiologies 418:431 the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer 418:477 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 5 37 theme colorectal 743:752 arg1 cancer 754:759 colorectal cancer 743:759 colorectal cancer 743:759 The current study evaluated the level of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM. 32724357 7 38 theme cancer 1017:1022 arg1 stage 1024:1028 cancer stage 1017:1028 cancer stage 1017:1028 O-GlcNAcylation and cancer stage were more strongly correlated in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those from patients without T2DM. 32724357 10 39 theme SW480 1402:1406 arg1 cells 1427:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 1 40 theme O-linked 232:239 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 241:259 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 232:259 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 232:270 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 1 40 theme O-linked 232:239 arg1 O-GlcNAc 262:269 O-GlcNAc 262:269 O-GlcNAc 262:269 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 0 41 theme O-linked 15:22 arg1 modification 44:55 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 15:55 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 15:55 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 4 42 theme colorectal 606:615 arg1 cancer 617:622 colorectal cancer 606:622 colorectal cancer 606:622 However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM has not been elucidated. 32724357 0 43 theme diabetes 134:141 arg1 mellitus 143:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus 116:150 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 11 44 with patients 1797:1804 arg1 T2DM 1811:1814 T2DM 1811:1814 T2DM 1811:1814 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 3 45 theme colorectal 531:540 arg1 cancer 542:547 colorectal cancer 531:547 colorectal cancer 531:547 Moreover, diabetic conditions increase the risk of colorectal cancer. 32724357 0 46 theme modification 44:55 arg1 Enhancement 0:10 Enhancement 0:10 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 0:55 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 5 47 from level 701:705 arg1 patients 729:736 patients 729:736 patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM 729:780 The current study evaluated the level of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM. 32724357 0 48 theme N-acetylglucosamine 24:42 arg1 modification 44:55 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 15:55 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification 15:55 Enhancement of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32724357 2 49 theme mellitus 452:459 arg1 etiologies 422:431 the etiologies 418:431 the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer 418:477 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 4 50 from effect 563:568 arg1 patients 592:599 patients 592:599 patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM 592:642 However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM has not been elucidated. 32724357 1 51 theme number 347:352 arg1 activities 331:340 the activities 327:340 the activities of a number of different proteins 327:374 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 5 52 theme O-GlcNAcylation 710:724 arg1 level 701:705 the level 697:705 the level of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM 697:780 The current study evaluated the level of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM. 32724357 7 53 theme cancer 1063:1068 arg1 tissues 1070:1076 cancer tissues 1063:1076 cancer tissues from patients with T2DM 1063:1100 O-GlcNAcylation and cancer stage were more strongly correlated in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those from patients without T2DM. 32724357 4 54 theme O-GlcNAcylation 573:587 arg1 effect 563:568 the effect 559:568 the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM 559:642 However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer and concurrent T2DM has not been elucidated. 32724357 6 55 theme corresponding 965:977 arg1 tissues 988:994 corresponding adjacent tissues 965:994 corresponding adjacent tissues 965:994 Notably, O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly higher in tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM, and higher in cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent tissues. 32724357 8 56 from patients 1256:1263 arg1 tissues 1243:1249 cancer tissues 1236:1249 cancer tissues from patients with T2DM 1236:1273 Additionally, distant metastasis was significantly correlated with O-GlcNAcylation in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM. 32724357 5 57 with patients 729:736 arg1 cancer 754:759 colorectal cancer 743:759 colorectal cancer 743:759 The current study evaluated the level of O-GlcNAcylation in patients with colorectal cancer with or without T2DM. 32724357 6 58 theme O-GlcNAcylation 792:806 arg1 levels 808:813 O-GlcNAcylation levels 792:813 O-GlcNAcylation levels 792:813 Notably, O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly higher in tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM, and higher in cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent tissues. 32724357 2 59 theme Augmented 377:385 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 387:401 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation 377:401 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation 377:401 Augmented O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the etiologies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer. 32724357 1 60 theme different 357:365 arg1 proteins 367:374 different proteins 357:374 different proteins 357:374 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 10 61 theme normal-glucose 1588:1601 arg1 conditions 1603:1612 normal-glucose conditions 1588:1612 normal-glucose conditions 1588:1612 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 7 62 with patients 1083:1090 arg1 T2DM 1097:1100 T2DM 1097:1100 T2DM 1097:1100 O-GlcNAcylation and cancer stage were more strongly correlated in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those from patients without T2DM. 32724357 9 63 from levels 1286:1291 arg1 tissues 1314:1320 colorectal cancer tissues 1296:1320 colorectal cancer tissues 1296:1320 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 6 64 from patients 857:864 arg1 tissues 844:850 tissues 844:850 tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM 844:919 Notably, O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly higher in tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those in patients without T2DM, and higher in cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent tissues. 32724357 10 65 theme colon 1414:1418 arg1 cells 1427:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 SW480 human colon cancer cells 1402:1431 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 7 66 from patients 1083:1090 arg1 tissues 1070:1076 cancer tissues 1063:1076 cancer tissues from patients with T2DM 1063:1100 O-GlcNAcylation and cancer stage were more strongly correlated in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those from patients without T2DM. 32724357 1 67 theme Reversible 153:162 arg1 modification 183:194 Reversible post-translational modification 153:194 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation 153:294 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 9 68 theme β-catenin 1276:1284 arg1 highest 1331:1337 highest 1331:1337 highest 1331:1337 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 9 68 theme β-catenin 1276:1284 arg1 levels 1286:1291 β-catenin levels 1276:1291 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues 1276:1320 β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer tissues were the highest in patients with advanced-stage cancer and concurrent T2DM. 32724357 3 69 theme diabetic 490:497 arg1 conditions 499:508 diabetic conditions 490:508 diabetic conditions 490:508 Moreover, diabetic conditions increase the risk of colorectal cancer. 32724357 1 70 theme post-translational 164:181 arg1 modification 183:194 Reversible post-translational modification 153:194 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation 153:294 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 11 71 theme distant 1682:1688 arg1 metastasis 1690:1699 distant metastasis 1682:1699 distant metastasis 1682:1699 These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is closely associated with distant metastasis, most likely through upregulation of the β-catenin/SNAIL signaling pathway in colorectal cancer patients with T2DM. 32724357 1 72 theme proteins 367:374 arg1 number 347:352 a number 345:352 a number of different proteins 345:374 Reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation has been indicated to regulate the activities of a number of different proteins. 32724357 10 73 theme G 1442:1442 arg1 treatment 1450:1458 thiamet G (TMG) treatment 1434:1458 thiamet G (TMG) treatment 1434:1458 In SW480 human colon cancer cells, thiamet G (TMG) treatment and OGA silencing, which increased O-GlcNAcylation, significantly increased β-catenin and SNAIL in high-glucose, but not during normal-glucose conditions. 32724357 7 74 gly O-GlcNAcylation 997:1011 arg1 tissues 1070:1076 cancer tissues 1063:1076 cancer tissues from patients with T2DM 1063:1100 O-GlcNAcylation and cancer stage were more strongly correlated in cancer tissues from patients with T2DM compared with those from patients without T2DM. 31951942 15 0 from products 2256:2263 arg1 bromelain 2268:2276 bromelain 2268:2276 bromelain 2268:2276 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 9 1 link derived 1382:1388 arg1 Jacalin-like-lectin 1390:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin 1370:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin 1370:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin, herein called 'Anlec', was identified and quantified by RP-HPLC-MS in bromelain and its content was determined to be 5%, related to all proteins in bromelain. 31951942 12 2 from bromelain 1820:1828 arg1 strategy 1797:1804 An isolation strategy 1784:1804 An isolation strategy 1784:1804 An isolation strategy of Anlec from bromelain, in high purity, is shown in this work. 31951942 5 3 theme separation 691:700 arg1 power 702:706 its high separation power 682:706 its high separation power for bromelain proteinaceous compounds 682:744 RP-HPLC was applied for its high separation power for bromelain proteinaceous compounds. 31951942 1 4 theme proteolytic 252:262 arg1 activity 264:271 high proteolytic activity 247:271 high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases 247:299 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 9 5 from proteins 1547:1554 arg1 bromelain 1559:1567 bromelain 1559:1567 bromelain 1559:1567 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin, herein called 'Anlec', was identified and quantified by RP-HPLC-MS in bromelain and its content was determined to be 5%, related to all proteins in bromelain. 31951942 6 6 from peak 749:752 arg1 bromelain 816:824 bromelain 816:824 bromelain 816:824 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 7 7 theme natural 1143:1149 arg1 component 1096:1104 major component 1090:1104 major component 1090:1104 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 7 7 theme natural 1143:1149 arg1 excipient 1166:1174 a natural pharmaceutical excipient 1141:1174 a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain 1141:1187 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 13 8 theme appropriate 1982:1992 arg1 isolations 2012:2021 appropriate bromelain protein isolations 1982:2021 appropriate bromelain protein isolations 1982:2021 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 6 9 theme ratio 946:950 arg1 determination 919:931 the quantitative determination 902:931 the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme 902:979 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 10 10 theme medical 1676:1682 arg1 potential 1684:1692 anti-HIV medical potential 1667:1692 anti-HIV medical potential 1667:1692 Anlec binds specifically to mannose-containing glycans and is discussed in literature to possess anti-HIV medical potential. 31951942 5 11 theme proteinaceous 722:734 arg1 compounds 736:744 bromelain proteinaceous compounds 712:744 bromelain proteinaceous compounds 712:744 RP-HPLC was applied for its high separation power for bromelain proteinaceous compounds. 31951942 2 12 theme protein 313:319 arg1 composition 330:340 Its global protein chemical composition 302:340 Its global protein chemical composition 302:340 Its global protein chemical composition was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. 31951942 1 13 theme protein 194:200 arg1 mixture 202:208 a heterogeneous protein mixture 178:208 a heterogeneous protein mixture 178:208 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 1 13 theme protein 194:200 arg1 bromelain 165:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain 144:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain 144:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 15 14 theme bromelain 2401:2409 arg1 temperature 2386:2396 room temperature 2381:2396 room temperature of bromelain 2381:2409 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 0 15 theme reaction 125:132 arg1 products 134:141 Maillard reaction products 116:141 Maillard reaction products 116:141 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 7 16 theme view 1061:1064 arg1 point 1052:1056 a molar point 1044:1056 a molar point of view 1044:1064 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 14 17 theme glycated 2219:2226 arg1 proteins 2228:2235 glycated proteins 2219:2235 glycated proteins 2219:2235 It is furthermore shown, that proteins in bromelain may react with reducing sugars in a Maillard reaction to form glycated proteins. 31951942 9 18 theme derived 1382:1388 arg1 Jacalin-like-lectin 1390:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin 1370:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin 1370:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin, herein called 'Anlec', was identified and quantified by RP-HPLC-MS in bromelain and its content was determined to be 5%, related to all proteins in bromelain. 31951942 7 19 theme major 1090:1094 arg1 component 1096:1104 major component 1090:1104 major component 1090:1104 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 7 19 theme major 1090:1094 arg1 excipient 1166:1174 a natural pharmaceutical excipient 1141:1174 a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain 1141:1187 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 15 20 theme reaction 2247:2254 arg1 products 2256:2263 Maillard reaction products 2238:2263 Maillard reaction products in bromelain 2238:2276 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 12 21 theme isolation 1787:1795 arg1 strategy 1797:1804 An isolation strategy 1784:1804 An isolation strategy 1784:1804 An isolation strategy of Anlec from bromelain, in high purity, is shown in this work. 31951942 8 22 theme size 1339:1342 arg1 chromatography 1354:1367 size exclusion chromatography 1339:1367 size exclusion chromatography 1339:1367 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 15 23 theme storage 2364:2370 arg1 times 2372:2376 storage times 2364:2376 storage times 2364:2376 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 8 24 from fraction 1317:1324 arg1 separate 1269:1276 separate 1269:1276 separate 1269:1276 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 0 25 theme inhibitor 58:66 arg1 molecules 79:87 inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules 58:87 molecules 79:87 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 13 26 theme protein 2085:2091 arg1 components 2093:2102 all relevant protein components 2072:2102 all relevant protein components 2072:2102 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 0 27 theme enzyme 72:77 arg1 molecules 79:87 inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules 58:87 molecules 79:87 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 15 28 from temperature 2386:2396 arg1 stability 2350:2358 limited stability 2342:2358 limited stability 2342:2358 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 15 28 from temperature 2386:2396 arg1 times 2372:2376 storage times 2364:2376 storage times 2364:2376 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 8 29 from RP-HPLC 1327:1333 arg1 separate 1269:1276 separate 1269:1276 separate 1269:1276 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 0 30 theme Jacalin-like 92:103 arg1 lectin 105:110 a Jacalin-like lectin 90:110 a Jacalin-like lectin 90:110 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 13 31 theme RP-HPLC 1884:1890 arg1 comprehensive 1904:1916 comprehensive 1904:1916 comprehensive 1904:1916 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 13 31 theme RP-HPLC 1884:1890 arg1 results 1892:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results 1870:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results 1870:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 3 32 theme sample 446:451 arg1 pretreatment 453:464 elaborate sample pretreatment 436:464 elaborate sample pretreatment 436:464 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 9 33 theme pineapple 1372:1380 arg1 Jacalin-like-lectin 1390:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin 1370:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin 1370:1408 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin, herein called 'Anlec', was identified and quantified by RP-HPLC-MS in bromelain and its content was determined to be 5%, related to all proteins in bromelain. 31951942 8 34 from chromatography 1354:1367 arg1 separate 1269:1276 separate 1269:1276 separate 1269:1276 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 0 35 theme bromelain 20:28 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of bromelain 0:28 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 13 36 from information 1930:1940 arg1 comprehensive 1904:1916 comprehensive 1904:1916 comprehensive 1904:1916 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 13 36 from information 1930:1940 arg1 results 1892:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results 1870:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results 1870:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 11 37 theme economic 1739:1746 arg1 Bromelain 1695:1703 Bromelain 1695:1703 Bromelain 1695:1703 Bromelain could therefore be a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec. 31951942 11 37 theme economic 1739:1746 arg1 source 1748:1753 a possible and economic source 1724:1753 a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec 1724:1781 Bromelain could therefore be a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec. 31951942 6 38 theme quantitative 906:917 arg1 determination 919:931 the quantitative determination 902:931 the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme 902:979 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 3 39 dep pretreatment 453:464 arg1 elaborate 436:444 elaborate 436:444 elaborate 436:444 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 3 40 theme SDS-PAGE 415:422 arg1 method 424:429 A SDS-PAGE method 413:429 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment 413:464 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 11 41 theme possible 1726:1733 arg1 Bromelain 1695:1703 Bromelain 1695:1703 Bromelain 1695:1703 Bromelain could therefore be a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec. 31951942 11 41 theme possible 1726:1733 arg1 source 1748:1753 a possible and economic source 1724:1753 a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec 1724:1781 Bromelain could therefore be a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec. 31951942 15 42 dep stability 2350:2358 arg1 the 2338:2340 the 2338:2340 the 2338:2340 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 7 43 from excipient 1166:1174 arg1 Bromelain 1179:1187 Bromelain 1179:1187 Bromelain 1179:1187 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 16 44 theme active 2421:2426 arg1 group 2441:2445 Even the active center thiol group 2412:2445 Even the active center thiol group 2412:2445 Even the active center thiol group could be potentially glycated. 31951942 1 45 theme pineapple 226:234 arg1 stem 236:239 pineapple stem 226:239 pineapple stem 226:239 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 6 46 theme different 787:795 arg1 classes 805:811 different protein classes 787:811 different protein classes 787:811 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 14 47 from proteins 2135:2142 arg1 bromelain 2147:2155 bromelain 2147:2155 bromelain 2147:2155 It is furthermore shown, that proteins in bromelain may react with reducing sugars in a Maillard reaction to form glycated proteins. 31951942 6 48 from assignment 773:782 arg1 bromelain 816:824 bromelain 816:824 bromelain 816:824 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 5 49 theme high 686:689 arg1 power 702:706 its high separation power 682:706 its high separation power for bromelain proteinaceous compounds 682:744 RP-HPLC was applied for its high separation power for bromelain proteinaceous compounds. 31951942 1 50 theme high 247:250 arg1 activity 264:271 high proteolytic activity 247:271 high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases 247:299 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 4 51 theme misleading 619:628 arg1 results 630:636 misleading results 619:636 misleading results 619:636 Both can produce misleading results, if not considered. 31951942 10 52 theme mannose-containing 1598:1615 arg1 glycans 1617:1623 mannose-containing glycans 1598:1623 mannose-containing glycans 1598:1623 Anlec binds specifically to mannose-containing glycans and is discussed in literature to possess anti-HIV medical potential. 31951942 10 53 dep possess 1659:1665 arg1 literature 1645:1654 literature 1645:1654 literature 1645:1654 Anlec binds specifically to mannose-containing glycans and is discussed in literature to possess anti-HIV medical potential. 31951942 12 54 theme Anlec 1809:1813 arg1 strategy 1797:1804 An isolation strategy 1784:1804 An isolation strategy 1784:1804 An isolation strategy of Anlec from bromelain, in high purity, is shown in this work. 31951942 3 55 with method 424:429 arg1 pretreatment 453:464 elaborate sample pretreatment 436:464 elaborate sample pretreatment 436:464 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 13 56 theme bromelain 1994:2002 arg1 isolations 2012:2021 appropriate bromelain protein isolations 1982:2021 appropriate bromelain protein isolations 1982:2021 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 3 57 theme disulfide 557:565 arg1 scrambling 567:576 the hypothetical disulfide scrambling 540:576 the hypothetical disulfide scrambling 540:576 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 6 58 theme molar 940:944 arg1 ratio 946:950 the molar ratio 936:950 the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme 936:979 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 14 59 theme Maillard 2193:2200 arg1 reaction 2202:2209 a Maillard reaction 2191:2209 a Maillard reaction 2191:2209 It is furthermore shown, that proteins in bromelain may react with reducing sugars in a Maillard reaction to form glycated proteins. 31951942 6 60 theme enzyme 838:843 arg1 kinetics 845:852 enzyme kinetics 838:852 enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2 838:1016 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 2 61 theme chemical 321:328 arg1 composition 330:340 Its global protein chemical composition 302:340 Its global protein chemical composition 302:340 Its global protein chemical composition was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. 31951942 1 62 theme heterogeneous 180:192 arg1 mixture 202:208 a heterogeneous protein mixture 178:208 a heterogeneous protein mixture 178:208 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 1 62 theme heterogeneous 180:192 arg1 bromelain 165:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain 144:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain 144:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 8 63 theme inhibitor 1282:1290 arg1 fraction 1292:1299 the inhibitor fraction 1278:1299 the inhibitor fraction 1278:1299 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 0 64 theme Maillard 116:123 arg1 products 134:141 Maillard reaction products 116:141 Maillard reaction products 116:141 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 2 65 theme global 306:311 arg1 composition 330:340 Its global protein chemical composition 302:340 Its global protein chemical composition 302:340 Its global protein chemical composition was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. 31951942 16 66 theme center 2428:2433 arg1 group 2441:2445 Even the active center thiol group 2412:2445 Even the active center thiol group 2412:2445 Even the active center thiol group could be potentially glycated. 31951942 0 67 theme products 134:141 arg1 excess 48:53 a molar excess 40:53 a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products 40:141 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 8 68 theme enzyme 1310:1315 arg1 fraction 1317:1324 the enzyme fraction 1306:1324 the enzyme fraction 1306:1324 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 7 69 contain contains 1029:1036 arg1 Bromelain 1019:1027 Bromelain 1019:1027 Bromelain 1019:1027 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 7 69 contain contains 1029:1036 arg2 molecules 1077:1085 inhibitor molecules 1067:1085 inhibitor molecules 1067:1085 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 5 70 theme bromelain 712:720 arg1 compounds 736:744 bromelain proteinaceous compounds 712:744 bromelain proteinaceous compounds 712:744 RP-HPLC was applied for its high separation power for bromelain proteinaceous compounds. 31951942 15 71 theme Maillard 2238:2245 arg1 products 2256:2263 Maillard reaction products 2238:2263 Maillard reaction products in bromelain 2238:2276 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 13 72 theme chemical 1921:1928 arg1 information 1930:1940 chemical information 1921:1940 chemical information 1921:1940 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 7 73 theme inhibitor 1067:1075 arg1 molecules 1077:1085 inhibitor molecules 1067:1085 inhibitor molecules 1067:1085 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 15 74 theme room 2381:2384 arg1 temperature 2386:2396 room temperature 2381:2396 room temperature of bromelain 2381:2409 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 31951942 7 75 theme molar 1046:1050 arg1 point 1052:1056 a molar point 1044:1056 a molar point of view 1044:1064 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 9 76 theme related 1532:1538 arg1 % 1529:1529 5% 1528:1529 5% 1528:1529 A pineapple derived Jacalin-like-lectin, herein called 'Anlec', was identified and quantified by RP-HPLC-MS in bromelain and its content was determined to be 5%, related to all proteins in bromelain. 31951942 8 77 theme exclusion 1344:1352 arg1 chromatography 1354:1367 size exclusion chromatography 1339:1367 size exclusion chromatography 1339:1367 We described two methods to separate the inhibitor fraction from the enzyme fraction, RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. 31951942 11 78 theme Anlec 1777:1781 arg1 production 1763:1772 the production 1759:1772 the production of Anlec 1759:1781 Bromelain could therefore be a possible and economic source for the production of Anlec. 31951942 0 79 theme molecules 79:87 arg1 excess 48:53 a molar excess 40:53 a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products 40:141 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 1 80 theme phytotherapeutic 148:163 arg1 mixture 202:208 a heterogeneous protein mixture 178:208 a heterogeneous protein mixture 178:208 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 1 80 theme phytotherapeutic 148:163 arg1 bromelain 165:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain 144:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain 144:173 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 13 81 from comprehensive 1904:1916 arg1 information 1930:1940 chemical information 1921:1940 chemical information 1921:1940 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 6 82 theme protein 797:803 arg1 classes 805:811 different protein classes 787:811 different protein classes 787:811 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 0 83 theme lectin 105:110 arg1 excess 48:53 a molar excess 40:53 a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products 40:141 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 6 84 dep peak 749:752 arg1 identification 754:767 identification 754:767 identification 754:767 A peak identification and assignment to different protein classes in bromelain was done by enzyme kinetics and MS. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the molar ratio between inhibitor and enzyme and resulted to be approximately 3:2. 31951942 13 85 theme presented 1874:1882 arg1 comprehensive 1904:1916 comprehensive 1904:1916 comprehensive 1904:1916 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 13 85 theme presented 1874:1882 arg1 results 1892:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results 1870:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results 1870:1898 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 13 86 theme relevant 2076:2083 arg1 components 2093:2102 all relevant protein components 2072:2102 all relevant protein components 2072:2102 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 12 87 from strategy 1797:1804 arg1 purity 1839:1844 high purity 1834:1844 high purity 1834:1844 An isolation strategy of Anlec from bromelain, in high purity, is shown in this work. 31951942 12 87 from strategy 1797:1804 arg1 bromelain 1820:1828 bromelain 1820:1828 bromelain 1820:1828 An isolation strategy of Anlec from bromelain, in high purity, is shown in this work. 31951942 10 88 theme anti-HIV 1667:1674 arg1 potential 1684:1692 anti-HIV medical potential 1667:1692 anti-HIV medical potential 1667:1692 Anlec binds specifically to mannose-containing glycans and is discussed in literature to possess anti-HIV medical potential. 31951942 1 89 theme cysteine 282:289 arg1 proteases 291:299 cysteine proteases 282:299 cysteine proteases 282:299 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 7 90 theme pharmaceutical 1151:1164 arg1 component 1096:1104 major component 1090:1104 major component 1090:1104 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 7 90 theme pharmaceutical 1151:1164 arg1 excipient 1166:1174 a natural pharmaceutical excipient 1141:1174 a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain 1141:1187 Bromelain contains, from a molar point of view, inhibitor molecules as major component, which thus might be considered as a natural pharmaceutical excipient in Bromelain, because it protects the enzymes against autolysis. 31951942 16 91 theme thiol 2435:2439 arg1 group 2441:2445 Even the active center thiol group 2412:2445 Even the active center thiol group 2412:2445 Even the active center thiol group could be potentially glycated. 31951942 0 92 theme molar 42:46 arg1 excess 48:53 a molar excess 40:53 a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products 40:141 Characterization of bromelain indicates a molar excess of inhibitor vs. enzyme molecules, a Jacalin-like lectin and Maillard reaction products. 31951942 1 93 with mixture 202:208 arg1 activity 264:271 high proteolytic activity 247:271 high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases 247:299 The phytotherapeutic bromelain is a heterogeneous protein mixture, extracted from pineapple stem, with high proteolytic activity based on cysteine proteases. 31951942 12 94 theme high 1834:1837 arg1 purity 1839:1844 high purity 1834:1844 high purity 1834:1844 An isolation strategy of Anlec from bromelain, in high purity, is shown in this work. 31951942 13 95 theme quality 2046:2052 arg1 control 2054:2060 quality control 2046:2060 quality control 2046:2060 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 3 96 theme self-digestion 510:523 arg1 properties 525:534 the bromelain's self-digestion properties 494:534 the bromelain's self-digestion properties 494:534 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 13 97 theme protein 2004:2010 arg1 isolations 2012:2021 appropriate bromelain protein isolations 1982:2021 appropriate bromelain protein isolations 1982:2021 The presented RP-HPLC results are comprehensive in chemical information, and the method is expedient to provide appropriate bromelain protein isolations but also to accomplish quality control, covering all relevant protein components. 31951942 3 98 theme hypothetical 544:555 arg1 scrambling 567:576 the hypothetical disulfide scrambling 540:576 the hypothetical disulfide scrambling 540:576 A SDS-PAGE method with elaborate sample pretreatment was developed, to cope with the bromelain's self-digestion properties and the hypothetical disulfide scrambling during electrophoresis. 31951942 15 99 theme limited 2342:2348 arg1 stability 2350:2358 limited stability 2342:2358 limited stability 2342:2358 Maillard reaction products in bromelain are detected and characterized and could be responsible for the limited stability and storage times at room temperature of bromelain. 32709339 6 0 theme mentioned 926:934 arg1 pattern 950:956 the above mentioned fragmentation pattern 916:956 the above mentioned fragmentation pattern 916:956 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 10 1 from tolerance 1498:1506 arg1 " 1525:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 16 2 theme diverse 2102:2108 arg1 composition 2119:2129 diverse chemical composition 2102:2129 diverse chemical composition 2102:2129 With these modes, saponins of diverse chemical composition can be explored, grouped and identified with a high degree of predictive accuracy. 32709339 13 3 theme fragment 1848:1855 arg1 ions 1857:1860 sugar fragment ions 1842:1860 sugar fragment ions 1842:1860 Additionally, another logistic regression model completely differentiated between parent and sugar fragment ions. 32709339 9 4 theme first 1361:1365 arg1 ID 1377:1378 ID 1377:1378 ID 1377:1378 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 9 4 theme first 1361:1365 arg1 column 1367:1372 the first column 1357:1372 the first column 1357:1372 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 17 5 theme specialized 2219:2229 arg1 database 2231:2238 This specialized database 2214:2238 This specialized database 2214:2238 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 10 6 theme certain 1485:1491 arg1 tolerance 1498:1506 certain mass tolerance 1485:1506 certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search" 1485:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 11 7 theme mass 1561:1564 arg1 tolerance 1566:1574 certain mass tolerance 1553:1574 certain mass tolerance 1553:1574 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 16 8 theme accuracy 2204:2211 arg1 degree 2183:2188 a high degree 2176:2188 a high degree of predictive accuracy 2176:2211 With these modes, saponins of diverse chemical composition can be explored, grouped and identified with a high degree of predictive accuracy. 32709339 4 9 from aglycones 680:688 arg1 dissociation 723:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 7 10 from http 992:995 arg1 SMSD 963:966 The SMSD 959:966 The SMSD 959:966 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 7 10 from http 992:995 arg1 accessible 978:987 accessible 978:987 accessible 978:987 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 9 11 theme " 1160:1160 arg1 function 1162:1169 " function 1160:1169 " function 1160:1169 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 4 12 from rearrangement 663:675 arg1 dissociation 723:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 15 13 theme partial 2035:2041 arg1 searches 2048:2055 both full and partial name searches 2021:2055 both full and partial name searches 2021:2055 With the "METABOLITE" function, saponins are searched using their common names, where both full and partial name searches are supported. 32709339 6 14 theme saponins 886:893 arg1 ions 872:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions 842:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins 842:893 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 10 15 with ions 1475:1478 arg1 tolerance 1498:1506 certain mass tolerance 1485:1506 certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search" 1485:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 4 16 theme aglycones 680:688 arg1 α-dissociation 633:646 α-dissociation 633:646 α-dissociation 633:646 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 16 theme aglycones 680:688 arg1 rearrangement 663:675 McLafferty rearrangement 652:675 McLafferty rearrangement 652:675 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 9 17 theme predictive 1206:1215 arg1 accuracies 1217:1226 high predictive accuracies 1201:1226 high predictive accuracies from all metabolites 1201:1247 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 9 18 theme second 1388:1393 arg1 mass 1405:1408 mass 1405:1408 mass 1405:1408 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 9 18 theme second 1388:1393 arg1 column 1395:1400 the second column 1384:1400 the second column 1384:1400 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 12 19 theme optimal 1615:1621 arg1 candidates 1623:1632 The optimal candidates 1611:1632 The optimal candidates 1611:1632 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 2 20 theme mass 289:292 arg1 spectrometry 294:305 saponin mass spectrometry 281:305 saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 281:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 16 21 theme composition 2119:2129 arg1 saponins 2090:2097 saponins 2090:2097 saponins of diverse chemical composition 2090:2129 With these modes, saponins of diverse chemical composition can be explored, grouped and identified with a high degree of predictive accuracy. 32709339 12 22 from data 1731:1734 arg1 database 1739:1746 database 1739:1746 database 1739:1746 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 4 23 theme liquid 415:420 arg1 HR/MS 479:483 HR/MS 479:483 HR/MS 479:483 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 23 theme liquid 415:420 arg1 spectrometry 465:476 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry 415:476 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode 415:517 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 17 24 theme traditional 2331:2341 arg1 medicines 2351:2359 traditional Chinese medicines 2331:2359 traditional Chinese medicines 2331:2359 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 5 25 theme saccharide 741:750 arg1 moieties 752:759 The saccharide moieties 737:759 The saccharide moieties 737:759 The saccharide moieties produced sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides). 32709339 9 26 from metabolites 1237:1247 arg1 accuracies 1217:1226 high predictive accuracies 1201:1226 high predictive accuracies from all metabolites 1201:1247 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 4 27 theme high-resolution/mass 444:463 arg1 HR/MS 479:483 HR/MS 479:483 HR/MS 479:483 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 27 theme high-resolution/mass 444:463 arg1 spectrometry 465:476 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry 415:476 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode 415:517 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 10 28 theme Ion 1515:1517 arg1 " 1525:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 5 29 from m/z 795:797 arg1 ions 785:788 sugar fragment ions 770:788 sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides) 770:839 The saccharide moieties produced sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides). 32709339 1 30 theme secondary 113:121 arg1 metabolites 123:133 secondary metabolites 113:133 secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom 113:154 Saponins constitute an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom. 32709339 2 31 theme saponins 246:253 arg1 identification 228:241 rapid and easy identification 213:241 rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 213:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 4 32 theme high-energy 693:703 arg1 dissociation 723:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 1 33 theme plant 142:146 arg1 kingdom 148:154 the plant kingdom 138:154 the plant kingdom 138:154 Saponins constitute an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom. 32709339 7 34 dep using 1054:1058 arg1 preferrably 1042:1052 preferrably 1042:1052 preferrably 1042:1052 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 17 35 from saponins 2275:2282 arg1 study 2322:2326 the study 2318:2326 the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2318:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 17 35 from saponins 2275:2282 arg1 matrices 2295:2302 complex matrices 2287:2302 complex matrices 2287:2302 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 4 36 theme induced 715:721 arg1 dissociation 723:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 37 theme ion 510:512 arg1 mode 514:517 negative ion mode 501:517 negative ion mode 501:517 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 17 38 from identification 2257:2270 arg1 study 2322:2326 the study 2318:2326 the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2318:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 17 38 from identification 2257:2270 arg1 matrices 2295:2302 complex matrices 2287:2302 complex matrices 2287:2302 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 13 39 theme logistic 1771:1778 arg1 model 1791:1795 another logistic regression model 1763:1795 another logistic regression model 1763:1795 Additionally, another logistic regression model completely differentiated between parent and sugar fragment ions. 32709339 9 40 theme logistic 1269:1276 arg1 model 1289:1293 logistic regression model 1269:1293 logistic regression model 1269:1293 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 9 41 from input 1330:1334 arg1 data 1314:1317 their mass data 1303:1317 their mass data from HR/MS input 1303:1334 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 15 42 theme METABOLITE 1945:1954 arg1 function 1957:1964 the "METABOLITE" function 1940:1964 the "METABOLITE" function 1940:1964 With the "METABOLITE" function, saponins are searched using their common names, where both full and partial name searches are supported. 32709339 5 43 theme fragment 776:783 arg1 ions 785:788 sugar fragment ions 770:788 sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides) 770:839 The saccharide moieties produced sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides). 32709339 9 44 theme model 1289:1293 arg1 establishment 1252:1264 establishment 1252:1264 establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input 1252:1334 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 3 45 theme commercial 387:396 arg1 sources 398:404 commercial sources 387:404 commercial sources 387:404 With a total of 4196 saponins, 214 of which were obtained from commercial sources. 32709339 3 46 theme saponins 345:352 arg1 total 331:335 a total 329:335 a total of 4196 saponins 329:352 With a total of 4196 saponins, 214 of which were obtained from commercial sources. 32709339 10 47 theme SEARCH 1420:1425 arg1 function 1428:1435 the "SEARCH" function 1415:1435 the "SEARCH" function 1415:1435 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 16 48 theme chemical 2110:2117 arg1 composition 2119:2129 diverse chemical composition 2102:2129 diverse chemical composition 2102:2129 With these modes, saponins of diverse chemical composition can be explored, grouped and identified with a high degree of predictive accuracy. 32709339 0 49 theme spectrometry 7:18 arg1 database 20:27 A mass spectrometry database 0:27 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 0:69 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 32709339 8 50 theme search 1087:1092 arg1 modes 1094:1098 three search modes 1081:1098 three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE") 1081:1138 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 6 51 theme other 880:884 arg1 saponins 886:893 other saponins 880:893 other saponins 880:893 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 4 52 theme parent 555:560 arg1 ions 571:574 all parent fragment ions 551:574 all parent fragment ions 551:574 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 9 53 theme HR/MS 1324:1328 arg1 input 1330:1334 HR/MS input 1324:1334 HR/MS input 1324:1334 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 3 54 theme which 362:366 arg1 214 355:357 214 355:357 214 355:357 With a total of 4196 saponins, 214 of which were obtained from commercial sources. 32709339 3 54 theme which 362:366 arg1 which 362:366 which 362:366 which 362:366 With a total of 4196 saponins, 214 of which were obtained from commercial sources. 32709339 6 55 theme sugar 857:861 arg1 ions 872:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions 842:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins 842:893 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 17 56 theme Chinese 2343:2349 arg1 medicines 2351:2359 traditional Chinese medicines 2331:2359 traditional Chinese medicines 2331:2359 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 4 57 theme fragmentation 524:536 arg1 behavior 538:545 the fragmentation behavior 520:545 the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions 520:574 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 2 58 theme spectrometry-based 181:198 arg1 database 200:207 a mass spectrometry-based database 174:207 a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 174:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 9 59 theme csv 1341:1343 arg1 file 1345:1348 a csv file 1339:1348 a csv file 1339:1348 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 9 59 theme csv 1341:1343 arg1 saponins 1172:1179 saponins 1172:1179 saponins 1172:1179 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 6 60 theme parent 846:851 arg1 ions 872:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions 842:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins 842:893 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 4 61 theme successive 596:605 arg1 losses 607:612 successive losses 596:612 successive losses of sugar moieties 596:630 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 10 62 theme parent 1468:1473 arg1 ions 1475:1478 parent ions 1468:1478 parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search" 1468:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 11 63 theme Ion 1598:1600 arg1 " 1608:1608 "MS/MS Ion Search" 1591:1608 "MS/MS Ion Search" 1591:1608 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 4 64 from dissociation 723:734 arg1 α-dissociation 633:646 α-dissociation 633:646 α-dissociation 633:646 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 64 from dissociation 723:734 arg1 rearrangement 663:675 McLafferty rearrangement 652:675 McLafferty rearrangement 652:675 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 8 65 theme SEARCH 1114:1119 arg1 " 1120:1120 "SEARCH" 1113:1120 "SEARCH" 1113:1120 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 6 66 theme fragmentation 936:948 arg1 pattern 950:956 the above mentioned fragmentation pattern 916:956 the above mentioned fragmentation pattern 916:956 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 17 67 theme metabolomics 2370:2381 arg1 study 2322:2326 the study 2318:2326 the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2318:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 10 68 theme mass 1493:1496 arg1 tolerance 1498:1506 certain mass tolerance 1485:1506 certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search" 1485:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 2 69 theme saponin 281:287 arg1 spectrometry 294:305 saponin mass spectrometry 281:305 saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 281:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 11 70 with ions 1543:1546 arg1 tolerance 1566:1574 certain mass tolerance 1553:1574 certain mass tolerance 1553:1574 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 12 71 with comparison 1706:1715 arg1 data 1731:1734 fragment data 1722:1734 fragment data in database 1722:1746 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 8 72 theme METABOLITE 1127:1136 arg1 " 1137:1137 "METABOLITE" 1126:1137 "METABOLITE" 1126:1137 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 15 73 theme name 2043:2046 arg1 searches 2048:2055 both full and partial name searches 2021:2055 both full and partial name searches 2021:2055 With the "METABOLITE" function, saponins are searched using their common names, where both full and partial name searches are supported. 32709339 17 74 theme complex 2287:2293 arg1 matrices 2295:2302 complex matrices 2287:2302 complex matrices 2287:2302 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 16 75 theme predictive 2193:2202 arg1 accuracy 2204:2211 predictive accuracy 2193:2211 predictive accuracy 2193:2211 With these modes, saponins of diverse chemical composition can be explored, grouped and identified with a high degree of predictive accuracy. 32709339 4 76 theme McLafferty 652:661 arg1 rearrangement 663:675 McLafferty rearrangement 652:675 McLafferty rearrangement 652:675 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 10 77 theme MS 1512:1513 arg1 " 1525:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 11 78 theme certain 1553:1559 arg1 tolerance 1566:1574 certain mass tolerance 1553:1574 certain mass tolerance 1553:1574 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 8 79 dep " 1110:1110 arg1 CLASSIFY 1102:1109 CLASSIFY 1102:1109 CLASSIFY 1102:1109 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 13 80 theme sugar 1842:1846 arg1 ions 1857:1860 sugar fragment ions 1842:1860 sugar fragment ions 1842:1860 Additionally, another logistic regression model completely differentiated between parent and sugar fragment ions. 32709339 2 81 theme spectrometry 294:305 arg1 SMSD 317:320 SMSD 317:320 SMSD 317:320 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 2 81 theme spectrometry 294:305 arg1 database 307:314 saponin mass spectrometry database 281:314 saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 281:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 4 82 from α-dissociation 633:646 arg1 dissociation 723:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 83 theme chromatography-tandem 422:442 arg1 HR/MS 479:483 HR/MS 479:483 HR/MS 479:483 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 83 theme chromatography-tandem 422:442 arg1 spectrometry 465:476 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry 415:476 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode 415:517 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 4 84 theme moieties 623:630 arg1 losses 607:612 successive losses 596:612 successive losses of sugar moieties 596:630 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 2 85 theme easy 223:226 arg1 identification 228:241 rapid and easy identification 213:241 rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 213:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 15 86 theme full 2026:2029 arg1 searches 2048:2055 both full and partial name searches 2021:2055 both full and partial name searches 2021:2055 With the "METABOLITE" function, saponins are searched using their common names, where both full and partial name searches are supported. 32709339 15 87 theme common 2001:2006 arg1 names 2008:2012 their common names 1995:2012 their common names 1995:2012 With the "METABOLITE" function, saponins are searched using their common names, where both full and partial name searches are supported. 32709339 4 88 theme spectrometry 465:476 arg1 analysis 486:493 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis 415:493 liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode 415:517 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 8 89 dep modes 1094:1098 arg1 " 1137:1137 "METABOLITE" 1126:1137 "METABOLITE" 1126:1137 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 8 89 dep modes 1094:1098 arg1 " 1120:1120 "SEARCH" 1113:1120 "SEARCH" 1113:1120 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 8 89 dep modes 1094:1098 arg1 " 1110:1110 CLASSIFY" 1102:1110 CLASSIFY" 1102:1110 It provides three search modes ("CLASSIFY", "SEARCH" and "METABOLITE"). 32709339 9 90 theme high 1201:1204 arg1 accuracies 1217:1226 high predictive accuracies 1201:1226 high predictive accuracies from all metabolites 1201:1247 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 2 91 theme rapid 213:217 arg1 identification 228:241 rapid and easy identification 213:241 rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD) 213:321 Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based database for rapid and easy identification of saponins henceforth referred to as saponin mass spectrometry database (SMSD). 32709339 17 92 from study 2322:2326 arg1 identification 2257:2270 the identification 2253:2270 the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2253:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 13 93 theme regression 1780:1789 arg1 model 1791:1795 another logistic regression model 1763:1795 another logistic regression model 1763:1795 Additionally, another logistic regression model completely differentiated between parent and sugar fragment ions. 32709339 1 94 theme metabolites 123:133 arg1 class 104:108 an important class 91:108 an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom 91:154 Saponins constitute an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom. 32709339 9 95 dep the 1147:1149 arg1 CLASSIFY 1152:1159 CLASSIFY 1152:1159 "CLASSIFY" function 1151:1169 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 4 96 theme negative 501:508 arg1 mode 514:517 negative ion mode 501:517 negative ion mode 501:517 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 17 97 from matrices 2295:2302 arg1 identification 2257:2270 the identification 2253:2270 the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2253:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 1 98 theme kingdom 148:154 arg1 metabolites 123:133 secondary metabolites 113:133 secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom 113:154 Saponins constitute an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom. 32709339 4 99 theme collision 705:713 arg1 dissociation 723:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 high-energy collision induced dissociation 693:734 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 16 100 theme high 2178:2181 arg1 degree 2183:2188 a high degree 2176:2188 a high degree of predictive accuracy 2176:2211 With these modes, saponins of diverse chemical composition can be explored, grouped and identified with a high degree of predictive accuracy. 32709339 3 101 theme 4196 340:343 arg1 saponins 345:352 4196 saponins 340:352 4196 saponins 340:352 With a total of 4196 saponins, 214 of which were obtained from commercial sources. 32709339 0 102 from saponins 51:58 arg1 plants 63:68 plants 63:68 plants 63:68 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 32709339 5 103 theme sugar 770:774 arg1 ions 785:788 sugar fragment ions 770:788 sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides) 770:839 The saccharide moieties produced sugar fragment ions from m/z (monosaccharide) to m/z (polysaccharides). 32709339 9 104 theme regression 1278:1287 arg1 model 1289:1293 logistic regression model 1269:1293 logistic regression model 1269:1293 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 0 105 from identification 33:46 arg1 plants 63:68 plants 63:68 plants 63:68 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 32709339 7 106 dep //cpu-smsd.com 1026:1039 arg1 using 1054:1058 using 1054:1058 using google 1054:1065 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 0 107 theme mass 2:5 arg1 database 20:27 A mass spectrometry database 0:27 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 0:69 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 32709339 14 108 theme front 1889:1893 arg1 web 1895:1897 front web 1889:1897 front web 1889:1897 This function designed in front web is conducive to search and recheck. 32709339 7 109 dep http 992:995 arg1 //47.92.73.208:8082/ 997:1016 //47.92.73.208:8082/ 997:1016 //47.92.73.208:8082/ 997:1016 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 7 109 dep http 992:995 arg1 //cpu-smsd.com 1026:1039 //cpu-smsd.com 1026:1039 http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google) 992:1066 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 7 109 dep http 992:995 arg1 http 1021:1024 http 1021:1024 http 1021:1024 The SMSD is freely accessible at http://47.92.73.208:8082/ or http://cpu-smsd.com (preferrably using google). 32709339 9 110 theme mass 1309:1312 arg1 data 1314:1317 their mass data 1303:1317 their mass data from HR/MS input 1303:1334 Under the "CLASSIFY" function, saponins are classified with high predictive accuracies from all metabolites by establishment of logistic regression model through their mass data from HR/MS input as a csv file, where the first column is ID and the second column is mass. 32709339 1 111 theme important 94:102 arg1 class 104:108 an important class 91:108 an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom 91:154 Saponins constitute an important class of secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom. 32709339 4 112 theme fragment 562:569 arg1 ions 571:574 all parent fragment ions 551:574 all parent fragment ions 551:574 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 0 113 theme saponins 51:58 arg1 identification 33:46 identification 33:46 identification of saponins in plants 33:68 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 32709339 6 114 theme fragment 863:870 arg1 ions 872:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions 842:875 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins 842:893 The parent and sugar fragment ions of other saponins were predicted using the above mentioned fragmentation pattern. 32709339 12 115 from values 1696:1701 arg1 comparison 1706:1715 comparison 1706:1715 comparison with fragment data in database 1706:1746 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 17 116 theme saponins 2275:2282 arg1 identification 2257:2270 the identification 2253:2270 the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2253:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 11 117 theme Search 1602:1607 arg1 " 1608:1608 "MS/MS Ion Search" 1591:1608 "MS/MS Ion Search" 1591:1608 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 0 118 from plants 63:68 arg1 identification 33:46 identification 33:46 identification of saponins in plants 33:68 A mass spectrometry database for identification of saponins in plants. 32709339 12 119 theme fragment 1722:1729 arg1 data 1731:1734 fragment data 1722:1734 fragment data in database 1722:1746 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 12 120 theme rate 1691:1694 arg1 values 1696:1701 rate values 1691:1701 rate values in comparison with fragment data in database 1691:1746 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 17 121 theme medicines 2351:2359 arg1 study 2322:2326 the study 2318:2326 the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics 2318:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 10 122 theme " 1426:1426 arg1 function 1428:1435 the "SEARCH" function 1415:1435 the "SEARCH" function 1415:1435 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 11 123 theme MS/MS 1592:1596 arg1 " 1608:1608 "MS/MS Ion Search" 1591:1608 "MS/MS Ion Search" 1591:1608 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 12 124 dep the 1665:1667 arg1 match 1669:1673 match 1669:1673 match count 1669:1679 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 12 124 dep the 1665:1667 arg1 match 1685:1689 match 1685:1689 match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database 1685:1746 The optimal candidates were screened out according to the match count and match rate values in comparison with fragment data in database. 32709339 15 125 theme " 1955:1955 arg1 function 1957:1964 the "METABOLITE" function 1940:1964 the "METABOLITE" function 1940:1964 With the "METABOLITE" function, saponins are searched using their common names, where both full and partial name searches are supported. 32709339 17 126 theme plant 2364:2368 arg1 metabolomics 2370:2381 plant metabolomics 2364:2381 plant metabolomics 2364:2381 This specialized database would aid in the identification of saponins in complex matrices particular in the study of traditional Chinese medicines or plant metabolomics. 32709339 4 127 theme sugar 617:621 arg1 moieties 623:630 sugar moieties 617:630 sugar moieties 617:630 Through liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis under negative ion mode, the fragmentation behavior for all parent fragment ions almost conformed to successive losses of sugar moieties, α-dissociation and McLafferty rearrangement of aglycones in high-energy collision induced dissociation. 32709339 10 128 theme Search 1519:1524 arg1 " 1525:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 "MS Ion Search" 1511:1525 For the "SEARCH" function, saponins are searched against parent ions with certain mass tolerance in "MS Ion Search". 32709339 11 129 theme daughter 1534:1541 arg1 ions 1543:1546 daughter ions 1534:1546 daughter ions with certain mass tolerance 1534:1574 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32709339 11 129 theme daughter 1534:1541 arg1 input 1580:1584 input 1580:1584 input 1580:1584 Then, daughter ions with certain mass tolerance are input into "MS/MS Ion Search". 32721726 4 0 from sediments 1523:1531 arg1 marsh 1504:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 1 from proportions 1430:1440 arg1 marsh 1504:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 2 2 theme organic 309:315 arg1 matter 317:322 organic matter 309:322 organic matter (OM) 309:327 However, organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes are poorly understood, especially on the long-term and at molecular scales. 32721726 2 2 theme organic 309:315 arg1 OM 325:326 OM 325:326 OM 325:326 However, organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes are poorly understood, especially on the long-term and at molecular scales. 32721726 4 3 dep seagrasses 1361:1370 arg1 4 1358:1358 4 1358:1358 4 1358:1358 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 5 4 theme Deposition 1719:1728 arg1 environment 1730:1740 Deposition environment 1719:1740 Deposition environment 1719:1740 Deposition environment and source vegetation control OC sequestration and there is no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 polysaccharides 908:922 polysaccharides 908:922 polysaccharides 908:922 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 tannin 959:964 tannin 959:964 tannin 959:964 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 3 1245:1245 3 1245:1245 3 1245:1245 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 cutin 1001:1005 e.g. cutin 996:1005 e.g. cutin 996:1005 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 moieties 938:945 polyphenolic moieties 925:945 polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) 925:965 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 lignin 948:953 lignin 948:953 lignin 948:953 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 moieties 986:993 polymethylenic moieties 971:993 polymethylenic moieties 971:993 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 5 dep preserved 893:901 arg1 1 868:868 1 868:868 1 868:868 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 6 theme tidal 512:516 arg1 marshes 518:524 tidal marshes 512:524 tidal marshes 512:524 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 4 7 dep mangroves 1248:1256 arg1 preserved 893:901 preserved 893:901 preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments 893:1241 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 8 theme large 1424:1428 arg1 proportions 1430:1440 large proportions 1424:1440 (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments 1420:1531 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 9 with polysaccharides 908:922 arg1 apportions 1043:1052 smaller apportions 1035:1052 smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1035:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 10 theme tidal 1650:1654 arg1 marsh 1656:1660 tidal marsh 1650:1660 tidal marsh 1650:1660 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 5 11 theme specific 1805:1812 arg1 form 1827:1830 no specific recalcitrant form 1802:1830 no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved 1802:1866 Deposition environment and source vegetation control OC sequestration and there is no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved. 32721726 4 12 theme polysaccharide-enriched 1392:1414 arg1 OM 1416:1417 polysaccharide-enriched OM 1392:1417 polysaccharide-enriched OM 1392:1417 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 1 13 theme carbon 184:189 arg1 cycle 191:195 the global carbon cycle 173:195 the global carbon cycle 173:195 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 6 14 theme different 2035:2043 arg1 BCE 2045:2047 different BCE 2035:2047 different BCE 2035:2047 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 4 15 theme resins 1070:1075 arg1 apportions 1043:1052 smaller apportions 1035:1052 smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1035:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 1 16 theme carbon 123:128 arg1 ecosystems 130:139 Blue carbon ecosystems 118:139 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) 118:145 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 1 16 theme carbon 123:128 arg1 BCE 142:144 BCE 142:144 BCE 142:144 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 7 17 theme environmental 2139:2151 arg1 change 2153:2158 environmental change 2139:2158 environmental change 2139:2158 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 4 18 theme efficient 1284:1292 arg1 sinks 1297:1301 the most efficient OC sinks 1275:1301 the most efficient OC sinks 1275:1301 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 19 theme isotope 753:759 arg1 data 761:764 elemental and stable isotope data 732:764 elemental and stable isotope data 732:764 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 7 20 theme BCE 2132:2134 arg1 dynamics 2103:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 7 20 theme BCE 2132:2134 arg1 response 2120:2127 the response 2116:2127 the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation 2116:2239 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 6 21 from pyrolysis 1919:1927 arg1 combination 1932:1942 combination 1932:1942 combination with stable isotope analysis 1932:1971 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 0 22 theme blue 60:63 arg1 ecosystems 72:81 blue carbon ecosystems 60:81 blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting 60:115 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 3 23 dep pyrolysis 663:671 arg1 Py-GC-MS 674:681 Py-GC-MS 674:681 Py-GC-MS 674:681 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 3 23 dep pyrolysis 663:671 arg1 THM-GC-MS 687:695 THM-GC-MS 687:695 THM-GC-MS 687:695 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 4 24 theme aromatic 1456:1463 arg1 PAHs 1479:1482 PAHs 1479:1482 PAHs 1479:1482 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 24 theme aromatic 1456:1463 arg1 hydrocarbons 1465:1476 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1445:1476 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh 1445:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 25 theme sediments 1523:1531 arg1 proportions 1430:1440 large proportions 1424:1440 (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments 1420:1531 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 26 theme proteins 1057:1064 arg1 apportions 1043:1052 smaller apportions 1035:1052 smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1035:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 5 27 theme OM 1835:1836 arg1 form 1827:1830 no specific recalcitrant form 1802:1830 no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved 1802:1866 Deposition environment and source vegetation control OC sequestration and there is no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved. 32721726 4 28 dep encroachment 1634:1645 arg1 i.e. 1620:1623 i.e. 1620:1623 i.e. 1620:1623 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 29 theme degradation/preservation 807:830 arg1 dynamics 832:839 degradation/preservation dynamics 807:839 degradation/preservation dynamics 807:839 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 0 30 from shifts 50:55 arg1 ecosystems 72:81 blue carbon ecosystems 60:81 blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting 60:115 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 4 31 theme tidal 1498:1502 arg1 marsh 1504:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 32 theme vascular 1119:1126 arg1 materials 1134:1142 vascular plant materials 1119:1142 vascular plant materials 1119:1142 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 2 33 theme degradation/preservation 344:367 arg1 processes 369:377 organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes 309:377 processes 369:377 However, organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes are poorly understood, especially on the long-term and at molecular scales. 32721726 1 34 theme organic 254:260 arg1 OC 270:271 OC 270:271 OC 270:271 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 1 34 theme organic 254:260 arg1 carbon 262:267 organic carbon 254:267 organic carbon (OC) 254:272 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 6 35 theme first 1877:1881 arg1 time 1883:1886 the first time 1873:1886 the first time 1873:1886 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 6 36 with combination 1932:1942 arg1 analysis 1964:1971 stable isotope analysis 1949:1971 stable isotope analysis 1949:1971 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 0 37 theme matter 20:25 arg1 sources 27:33 organic matter sources 12:33 organic matter sources 12:33 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 4 38 from moieties 938:945 arg1 some 1214:1217 some 1214:1217 some 1214:1217 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 38 from moieties 938:945 arg1 sediments 1233:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 2 39 theme molecular 437:445 arg1 scales 447:452 molecular scales 437:452 molecular scales 437:452 However, organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes are poorly understood, especially on the long-term and at molecular scales. 32721726 6 40 theme isotope 1956:1962 arg1 analysis 1964:1971 stable isotope analysis 1949:1971 stable isotope analysis 1949:1971 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 6 41 used used 1980:1983 arg2 pyrolysis 1919:1927 analytical pyrolysis 1908:1927 analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis 1908:1971 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 3 42 theme long 566:569 arg1 cores 571:575 up to 150 cm long cores 553:575 up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation 553:620 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 4 43 theme industrial 1568:1577 arg1 combustion 1579:1588 industrial combustion 1568:1588 industrial combustion 1568:1588 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 44 theme e.g. 996:999 arg1 polysaccharides 908:922 polysaccharides 908:922 polysaccharides 908:922 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 44 theme e.g. 996:999 arg1 cutin 1001:1005 e.g. cutin 996:1005 e.g. cutin 996:1005 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 7 45 theme change 2223:2228 arg1 mitigation 2230:2239 climate change mitigation 2215:2239 climate change mitigation 2215:2239 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 3 46 theme accumulation 609:620 arg1 10,000 yrs 592:601 10,000 yrs 592:601 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation 592:620 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 3 47 dep 10,000 yrs 592:601 arg1 up 586:587 up 586:587 up 586:587 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 6 48 theme ecological 2009:2018 arg1 shifts 2020:2025 (palaeo-)ecological shifts 2000:2025 (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE 2000:2047 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 2 49 theme matter 317:322 arg1 deposition 329:338 organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes 309:377 deposition 329:338 However, organic matter (OM) deposition and degradation/preservation processes are poorly understood, especially on the long-term and at molecular scales. 32721726 5 50 theme OC 1772:1773 arg1 sequestration 1775:1787 OC sequestration 1772:1787 OC sequestration 1772:1787 Deposition environment and source vegetation control OC sequestration and there is no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved. 32721726 6 51 theme palaeo- 2001:2007 arg1 shifts 2020:2025 (palaeo-)ecological shifts 2000:2025 (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE 2000:2047 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 4 52 with moieties 938:945 arg1 apportions 1043:1052 smaller apportions 1035:1052 smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1035:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 53 from marsh 1504:1508 arg1 proportions 1430:1440 large proportions 1424:1440 (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments 1420:1531 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 54 dep proteins 1057:1064 arg1 originates 1089:1098 originates 1089:1098 originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1089:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 1 55 theme essential 155:163 arg1 role 165:168 an essential role 152:168 an essential role 152:168 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 4 56 theme smaller 1035:1041 arg1 apportions 1043:1052 smaller apportions 1035:1052 smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1035:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 5 57 theme source 1746:1751 arg1 vegetation 1753:1762 source vegetation 1746:1762 source vegetation 1746:1762 Deposition environment and source vegetation control OC sequestration and there is no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved. 32721726 4 58 dep moieties 938:945 arg1 moieties 938:945 polyphenolic moieties 925:945 polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) 925:965 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 58 dep moieties 938:945 arg1 tannin 959:964 tannin 959:964 tannin 959:964 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 58 dep moieties 938:945 arg1 lignin 948:953 lignin 948:953 lignin 948:953 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 59 theme OC 606:607 arg1 accumulation 609:620 OC accumulation 606:620 OC accumulation 606:620 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 6 60 theme analytical 1908:1917 arg1 pyrolysis 1919:1927 analytical pyrolysis 1908:1927 analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis 1908:1971 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 5 61 theme recalcitrant 1814:1825 arg1 form 1827:1830 no specific recalcitrant form 1802:1830 no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved 1802:1866 Deposition environment and source vegetation control OC sequestration and there is no specific recalcitrant form of OM that is selectively preserved. 32721726 1 62 theme global 177:182 arg1 cycle 191:195 the global carbon cycle 173:195 the global carbon cycle 173:195 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 3 63 theme sediment 467:474 arg1 samples 476:482 sediment samples 467:482 sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia) 467:657 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 3 64 dep compared 706:713 arg1 assess 800:805 assess 800:805 to assess degradation/preservation dynamics 797:839 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 3 64 dep compared 706:713 arg1 decipher 770:777 decipher 770:777 to decipher OM provenance 767:791 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 4 65 dep explained 1314:1322 arg1 sinks 1297:1301 the most efficient OC sinks 1275:1301 the most efficient OC sinks 1275:1301 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 66 from encroachment 1634:1645 arg1 marsh 1656:1660 tidal marsh 1650:1660 tidal marsh 1650:1660 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 66 from encroachment 1634:1645 arg1 seagrass 1682:1689 seagrass 1682:1689 seagrass 1682:1689 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 66 from encroachment 1634:1645 arg1 transition 1666:1675 transition 1666:1675 transition from seagrass to mangrove 1666:1701 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 1 67 theme Blue 118:121 arg1 ecosystems 130:139 Blue carbon ecosystems 118:139 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) 118:145 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 1 67 theme Blue 118:121 arg1 BCE 142:144 BCE 142:144 BCE 142:144 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 4 68 theme polycyclic 1445:1454 arg1 PAHs 1479:1482 PAHs 1479:1482 PAHs 1479:1482 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 68 theme polycyclic 1445:1454 arg1 hydrocarbons 1465:1476 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1445:1476 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh 1445:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 69 dep cutin 1001:1005 arg1 suberin 1008:1014 suberin 1008:1014 suberin 1008:1014 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 69 dep cutin 1001:1005 arg1 chlorophyll 1017:1027 chlorophyll 1017:1027 chlorophyll 1017:1027 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 70 from moieties 986:993 arg1 some 1214:1217 some 1214:1217 some 1214:1217 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 70 from moieties 986:993 arg1 sediments 1233:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 0 71 theme carbon 65:70 arg1 ecosystems 72:81 blue carbon ecosystems 60:81 blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting 60:115 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 4 72 theme hydrocarbons 1465:1476 arg1 proportions 1430:1440 large proportions 1424:1440 (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments 1420:1531 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 73 dep 150 cm 559:564 arg1 to 556:557 to 556:557 to 556:557 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 3 74 dep marshes 518:524 arg1 cores 571:575 up to 150 cm long cores 553:575 up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation 553:620 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 0 75 from sources 27:33 arg1 ecosystems 72:81 blue carbon ecosystems 60:81 blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting 60:115 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 3 76 from cores 493:497 arg1 samples 476:482 sediment samples 467:482 sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia) 467:657 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 4 77 theme OC 1294:1295 arg1 sinks 1297:1301 the most efficient OC sinks 1275:1301 the most efficient OC sinks 1275:1301 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 78 theme major 875:879 arg1 biopolymers 881:891 the major biopolymers 871:891 the major biopolymers 871:891 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 79 theme mangrove 1514:1521 arg1 sediments 1523:1531 mangrove sediments 1514:1531 mangrove sediments 1514:1531 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 80 theme stable 746:751 arg1 data 761:764 elemental and stable isotope data 732:764 elemental and stable isotope data 732:764 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 0 81 theme molecular 92:100 arg1 fingerprinting 102:115 molecular fingerprinting 92:115 molecular fingerprinting 92:115 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 4 82 with moieties 986:993 arg1 apportions 1043:1052 smaller apportions 1035:1052 smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) 1035:1173 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 83 theme OM 779:780 arg1 provenance 782:791 OM provenance 779:791 OM provenance 779:791 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 7 84 theme OC 2087:2088 arg1 dynamics 2103:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 4 85 theme plant 1128:1132 arg1 materials 1134:1142 vascular plant materials 1119:1142 vascular plant materials 1119:1142 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 3 86 theme elemental 732:740 arg1 data 761:764 elemental and stable isotope data 732:764 elemental and stable isotope data 732:764 We analysed sediment samples from six cores collected in tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses (up to 150 cm long cores spanning up to 10,000 yrs of OC accumulation) from Spencer Gulf (South Australia), by pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS and THM-GC-MS), and we compared the results with elemental and stable isotope data, to decipher OM provenance and to assess degradation/preservation dynamics. 32721726 4 87 theme mangrove 1625:1632 arg1 encroachment 1634:1645 mangrove encroachment 1625:1645 mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove 1625:1701 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 88 theme syringyl 1327:1334 arg1 preservation 1343:1354 syringyl lignin preservation 1327:1354 syringyl lignin preservation 1327:1354 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 0 89 theme organic 12:18 arg1 sources 27:33 organic matter sources 12:33 organic matter sources 12:33 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 7 90 theme accumulation 2090:2101 arg1 dynamics 2103:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 4 91 theme polyphenolic 925:936 arg1 moieties 938:945 polyphenolic moieties 925:945 polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) 925:965 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 91 theme polyphenolic 925:936 arg1 tannin 959:964 tannin 959:964 tannin 959:964 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 91 theme polyphenolic 925:936 arg1 lignin 948:953 lignin 948:953 lignin 948:953 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 92 from seagrass 1682:1689 arg1 encroachment 1634:1645 mangrove encroachment 1625:1645 mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove 1625:1701 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 92 from seagrass 1682:1689 arg1 marsh 1656:1660 tidal marsh 1650:1660 tidal marsh 1650:1660 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 92 from seagrass 1682:1689 arg1 transition 1666:1675 transition 1666:1675 transition from seagrass to mangrove 1666:1701 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 0 93 theme ecological 39:48 arg1 shifts 50:55 ecological shifts 39:55 ecological shifts 39:55 Deciphering organic matter sources and ecological shifts in blue carbon ecosystems based on molecular fingerprinting. 32721726 4 94 theme lignin 1336:1341 arg1 preservation 1343:1354 syringyl lignin preservation 1327:1354 syringyl lignin preservation 1327:1354 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 1 95 theme carbon 221:226 arg1 dioxide 228:234 atmospheric carbon dioxide 209:234 atmospheric carbon dioxide 209:234 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 4 96 from polysaccharides 908:922 arg1 some 1214:1217 some 1214:1217 some 1214:1217 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 96 from polysaccharides 908:922 arg1 sediments 1233:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 6 97 theme stable 1949:1954 arg1 analysis 1964:1971 stable isotope analysis 1949:1971 stable isotope analysis 1949:1971 For the first time, we demonstrate how analytical pyrolysis in combination with stable isotope analysis can be used to reconstruct (palaeo-)ecological shifts between different BCE. 32721726 4 98 theme pyrogenic 1550:1558 arg1 OM 1560:1561 pyrogenic OM 1550:1561 pyrogenic OM 1550:1561 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 99 theme surficial 1488:1496 arg1 marsh 1504:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 100 dep originates 1089:1098 arg1 2 1079:1079 2 1079:1079 2 1079:1079 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 101 dep shifts 1611:1616 arg1 ecosystem 1601:1609 (6) "ecosystem 1596:1609 (6) "ecosystem 1596:1609 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 101 dep shifts 1611:1616 arg1 reflect 1542:1548 reflect 1542:1548 reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion 1542:1588 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 102 theme polymethylenic 971:984 arg1 moieties 986:993 polymethylenic moieties 971:993 polymethylenic moieties 971:993 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 7 103 theme climate 2215:2221 arg1 mitigation 2230:2239 climate change mitigation 2215:2239 climate change mitigation 2215:2239 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 4 104 theme particular 1148:1157 arg1 lignocellulose 1159:1172 particular lignocellulose 1148:1172 particular lignocellulose 1148:1172 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 4 105 from hydrocarbons 1465:1476 arg1 marsh 1504:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 surficial tidal marsh 1488:1508 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 1 106 theme atmospheric 209:219 arg1 dioxide 228:234 atmospheric carbon dioxide 209:234 atmospheric carbon dioxide 209:234 Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) play an essential role in the global carbon cycle by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it as organic carbon (OC) in biomass and sediments. 32721726 4 107 dep proportions 1430:1440 arg1 5 1421:1421 5 1421:1421 5 1421:1421 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 32721726 7 108 theme strategies 2200:2209 arg1 implementation 2182:2195 the implementation 2178:2195 the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation 2178:2239 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 7 109 from knowledge 2074:2082 arg1 dynamics 2103:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 OC accumulation dynamics 2087:2110 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 7 109 from knowledge 2074:2082 arg1 response 2120:2127 the response 2116:2127 the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation 2116:2239 This study improves our knowledge on OC accumulation dynamics and the response of BCE to environmental change, which can inform the implementation of strategies for climate change mitigation. 32721726 4 110 theme oldest 1226:1231 arg1 sediments 1233:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 the oldest sediments 1222:1241 The results showed that: (1) the major biopolymers preserved were polysaccharides, polyphenolic moieties (lignin and tannin) and polymethylenic moieties (e.g. cutin, suberin, chlorophyll) with smaller apportions of proteins and resins; (2) the OM originates predominantly from vascular plant materials (in particular lignocellulose) that have been well-preserved, even in some of the oldest sediments; (3) mangroves were found to be the most efficient OC sinks, partially explained by syringyl lignin preservation; (4) seagrasses were shown to store polysaccharide-enriched OM; (5) large proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial tidal marsh and mangrove sediments probably reflect pyrogenic OM from industrial combustion, and; (6) "ecosystem shifts", i.e. mangrove encroachment in tidal marsh and transition from seagrass to mangrove, were detected. 33914740 9 0 theme IL-10 1842:1846 arg1 production 1828:1837 the production 1824:1837 the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation 1824:1946 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 1 1 theme yeast 205:209 arg1 pastoris 218:225 the yeast Pichia pastoris 201:225 the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system 201:243 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 0 2 link O-linked 10:17 arg1 glycosylation 19:31 O-linked glycosylation 10:31 O-linked glycosylation 10:31 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 6 3 gly glycosylation 1081:1093 arg1 e 1103:1103 rBer e 1 1098:1105 rBer e 1 1098:1105 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 3 4 theme P. 633:634 arg1 e 669:669 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 2 5 attach present 496:502 arg2 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 5 attach present 496:502 arg2 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 5 attach present 496:502 arg1 e 512:512 nBer e 1 507:514 nBer e 1 507:514 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 1 6 theme pastoris 218:225 arg1 system 238:243 the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system 201:243 the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system 201:243 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 10 7 theme small 2023:2027 arg1 effect 2044:2049 a small but measurable effect 2021:2049 a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1 2021:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 8 8 theme protein 1483:1489 arg1 recognition 1491:1501 protein recognition 1483:1501 protein recognition 1483:1501 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 3 9 link pastoris-derived 636:651 arg1 e 669:669 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 9 10 theme Th2 1880:1882 arg1 response 1889:1896 polarise Th2 cell response 1871:1896 polarise Th2 cell response 1871:1896 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 10 11 gly non-glycosylated 2112:2127 arg1 counterpart 2129:2139 its non-glycosylated counterpart 2108:2139 its non-glycosylated counterpart 2108:2139 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 10 11 gly non-glycosylated 2112:2127 arg1 e 2147:2147 nBer e 1 2142:2149 nBer e 1 2142:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 1 12 theme Brazil 146:151 arg1 allergen 157:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 12 theme Brazil 146:151 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 8 13 theme mannose 1622:1628 arg1 MR 1640:1641 MR 1640:1641 MR 1640:1641 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 13 theme mannose 1622:1628 arg1 receptor 1630:1637 the mannose receptor 1618:1637 particularly the mannose receptor (MR) 1605:1642 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 13 theme mannose 1622:1628 arg1 receptors 1594:1602 C-type lectin receptors 1580:1602 C-type lectin receptors 1580:1602 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 4 14 theme dendritic 829:837 arg1 model 868:872 an immune cell model 853:872 an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response 853:924 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 14 theme dendritic 829:837 arg1 DC 846:847 DC 846:847 DC 846:847 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 14 theme dendritic 829:837 arg1 cells 839:843 dendritic cells 829:843 dendritic cells (DC) 829:848 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 3 15 theme recombinant 653:663 arg1 e 669:669 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 0 16 theme recombinant 108:118 arg1 e 124:124 recombinant Ber e 1 108:126 recombinant Ber e 1 108:126 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 10 17 theme measurable 2033:2042 arg1 effect 2044:2049 a small but measurable effect 2021:2049 a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1 2021:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 3 18 theme native 681:686 arg1 counterparts 688:699 its native counterparts 677:699 its native counterparts 677:699 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 5 19 theme rBer 1062:1065 arg1 e 1067:1067 rBer e 1 1062:1069 rBer e 1 only 1062:1074 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 1 20 theme identical 334:342 arg1 immunoreactivity 344:359 identical immunoreactivity 334:359 identical immunoreactivity 334:359 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 6 21 theme nBer 1265:1268 arg1 e 1270:1270 nBer e 1 1265:1272 nBer e 1 1265:1272 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 8 22 theme bone 1533:1536 arg1 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 22 theme bone 1533:1536 arg1 cells 1563:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 1526:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1526:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 4 23 theme e 816:816 arg1 immunogenicity 789:802 immunogenicity 789:802 immunogenicity 789:802 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 23 theme e 816:816 arg1 antigenicity 772:783 antigenicity 772:783 antigenicity 772:783 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 8 24 theme dendritic 1553:1561 arg1 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 24 theme dendritic 1553:1561 arg1 cells 1563:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 1526:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1526:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 10 25 theme in 2058:2059 arg1 antigenicity 2067:2078 the in vitro antigenicity 2054:2078 the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1 2054:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 9 26 theme DC 1934:1935 arg1 maturation 1937:1946 DC maturation 1934:1946 DC maturation 1934:1946 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 6 27 theme varying 1127:1133 arg1 degree 1135:1140 varying degree 1127:1140 varying degree of antigenicity 1127:1156 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 1 28 theme native 368:373 arg1 counterpart 375:385 its native counterpart 364:385 its native counterpart 364:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 7 29 theme response 1387:1394 arg1 RI 1405:1406 RI 1405:1406 RI 1405:1406 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 7 29 theme response 1387:1394 arg1 indexes 1396:1402 their low response indexes 1377:1402 their low response indexes (RI) 1377:1407 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 4 30 theme cell 863:866 arg1 cells 839:843 dendritic cells 829:843 dendritic cells (DC) 829:848 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 30 theme cell 863:866 arg1 model 868:872 an immune cell model 853:872 an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response 853:924 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 5 31 theme e 1067:1067 arg1 chain 1053:1057 the small polypeptide chain 1031:1057 the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only 1031:1074 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 4 32 gly glycosylation 741:753 arg1 e 816:816 the rBer e 1 807:818 the rBer e 1 807:818 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 1 33 theme Ber 129:131 arg1 allergen 157:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 33 theme Ber 129:131 arg1 e 275:275 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 248:277 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart 248:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 33 theme Ber 129:131 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 4 34 theme due 874:876 arg1 cells 839:843 dendritic cells 829:843 dendritic cells (DC) 829:848 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 34 theme due 874:876 arg1 model 868:872 an immune cell model 853:872 an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response 853:924 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 6 35 theme antigens 1213:1220 arg1 combination 1182:1192 different combination 1172:1192 different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) 1172:1226 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 8 36 theme C-type 1580:1585 arg1 receptor 1630:1637 the mannose receptor 1618:1637 particularly the mannose receptor (MR) 1605:1642 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 36 theme C-type 1580:1585 arg1 receptors 1594:1602 C-type lectin receptors 1580:1602 C-type lectin receptors 1580:1602 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 10 37 theme O-linked 1979:1986 arg1 glycosylation 1988:2000 the O-linked glycosylation 1975:2000 the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris 1975:2015 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 0 38 from Effect 0:5 arg1 trafficking 74:84 trafficking 74:84 trafficking 74:84 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 0 38 from Effect 0:5 arg1 antigenicity 40:51 the antigenicity 36:51 the antigenicity 36:51 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 0 38 from Effect 0:5 arg1 uptake 63:68 cellular uptake 54:68 cellular uptake 54:68 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 6 39 theme human 1197:1201 arg1 HLA 1223:1225 HLA 1223:1225 HLA 1223:1225 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 6 39 theme human 1197:1201 arg1 antigens 1213:1220 human leukocyte antigens 1197:1220 human leukocyte antigens (HLA) 1197:1226 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 2 40 located present 496:502 arg2 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 40 located present 496:502 arg2 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 40 located present 496:502 arg1 e 512:512 nBer e 1 507:514 nBer e 1 507:514 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 7 41 theme weak 1350:1353 arg1 immunogens 1355:1364 weak immunogens 1350:1364 weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI) 1350:1407 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 7 41 theme weak 1350:1353 arg1 forms 1329:1333 both forms 1324:1333 both forms of Ber e 1 1324:1344 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 2 42 theme P.pastoris-derived 444:461 arg1 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 42 theme P.pastoris-derived 444:461 arg1 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 8 43 dep recognition 1491:1501 arg1 the 1479:1481 the 1479:1481 the 1479:1481 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 44 theme sunflower 1739:1747 arg1 seed 1749:1752 sunflower seed 1739:1752 sunflower seed 1739:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 1 45 theme similar 295:301 arg1 properties 319:328 similar physicochemical properties 295:328 similar physicochemical properties 295:328 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 10 46 theme nBer 2142:2145 arg1 counterpart 2129:2139 its non-glycosylated counterpart 2108:2139 its non-glycosylated counterpart 2108:2139 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 10 46 theme nBer 2142:2145 arg1 e 2147:2147 nBer e 1 2142:2149 nBer e 1 2142:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 9 47 theme e 1784:1784 arg1 Binding 1755:1761 Binding 1755:1761 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone 1755:1798 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 1 48 theme expression 227:236 arg1 system 238:243 the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system 201:243 the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system 201:243 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 8 49 attach present 1418:1424 arg2 Glycans 1410:1416 Glycans 1410:1416 Glycans present on rBer e 1 1410:1436 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 49 attach present 1418:1424 arg1 e 1434:1434 rBer e 1 1429:1436 rBer e 1 1429:1436 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 0 50 theme O-linked 10:17 arg1 glycosylation 19:31 O-linked glycosylation 10:31 O-linked glycosylation 10:31 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 5 51 theme polypeptide 1041:1051 arg1 chain 1053:1057 the small polypeptide chain 1031:1057 the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only 1031:1074 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 7 52 theme e 1342:1342 arg1 immunogens 1355:1364 weak immunogens 1350:1364 weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI) 1350:1407 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 7 52 theme e 1342:1342 arg1 forms 1329:1333 both forms 1324:1333 both forms of Ber e 1 1324:1344 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 2 53 theme O-linked 407:414 arg1 glycans 416:422 O-linked glycans 407:422 O-linked glycans 407:422 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 1 54 theme recombinant 259:269 arg1 e 285:285 rBer e 1 280:287 rBer e 1 280:287 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 54 theme recombinant 259:269 arg1 e 393:393 nBer e 1 388:395 nBer e 1 388:395 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 54 theme recombinant 259:269 arg1 e 275:275 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 248:277 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart 248:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 54 theme recombinant 259:269 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 0 55 theme cellular 54:61 arg1 antigenicity 40:51 the antigenicity 36:51 the antigenicity 36:51 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 0 55 theme cellular 54:61 arg1 uptake 63:68 cellular uptake 54:68 cellular uptake 54:68 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 5 56 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg2 chain 1053:1057 the small polypeptide chain 1031:1057 the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only 1031:1074 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 5 56 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg2 Ser96 974:978 Ser96 974:978 Ser96 974:978 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 5 56 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg2 Ser101 981:986 Ser101 981:986 Ser101 981:986 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 5 56 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg2 Ser110 992:997 Ser110 992:997 Ser110 992:997 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 5 56 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg2 Ser19 1022:1026 Ser19 1022:1026 Ser19 1022:1026 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 8 57 theme rBer 1429:1432 arg1 e 1434:1434 rBer e 1 1429:1436 rBer e 1 1429:1436 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 2 58 located detected 428:435 arg2 glycans 416:422 O-linked glycans 407:422 O-linked glycans 407:422 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 58 located detected 428:435 arg1 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 58 located detected 428:435 arg1 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 9 59 gly glycosylated 1766:1777 arg1 e 1784:1784 glycosylated rBer e 1 1766:1786 glycosylated rBer e 1 1766:1786 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 6 60 theme DC-T 1298:1301 arg1 assay 1308:1312 human DC-T cell assay 1292:1312 human DC-T cell assay 1292:1312 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 8 61 link marrow-derived 1538:1551 arg1 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 61 link marrow-derived 1538:1551 arg1 cells 1563:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 1526:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1526:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 10 62 from effect 2044:2049 arg1 antigenicity 2067:2078 the in vitro antigenicity 2054:2078 the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1 2054:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 3 63 theme glycosylation 599:611 arg1 differences 613:623 the glycosylation differences 595:623 the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 595:671 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 9 64 theme polarise 1871:1878 arg1 response 1889:1896 polarise Th2 cell response 1871:1896 polarise Th2 cell response 1871:1896 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 1 65 with e 275:275 arg1 properties 319:328 similar physicochemical properties 295:328 similar physicochemical properties 295:328 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 65 with e 275:275 arg1 immunoreactivity 344:359 identical immunoreactivity 334:359 identical immunoreactivity 334:359 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 66 theme nBer 388:391 arg1 e 393:393 nBer e 1 388:395 nBer e 1 388:395 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 66 theme nBer 388:391 arg1 e 275:275 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 248:277 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart 248:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 67 theme Pichia 211:216 arg1 pastoris 218:225 the yeast Pichia pastoris 201:225 the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system 201:243 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 2 68 theme nBer 507:510 arg1 e 512:512 nBer e 1 507:514 nBer e 1 507:514 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 8 69 theme present 1418:1424 arg1 Glycans 1410:1416 Glycans 1410:1416 Glycans present on rBer e 1 1410:1436 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 70 gly non-glycosylated 1661:1676 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 70 gly non-glycosylated 1661:1676 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 2 71 from present 496:502 arg1 e 512:512 nBer e 1 507:514 nBer e 1 507:514 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 3 72 theme pastoris-derived 636:651 arg1 e 669:669 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 8 73 theme 2S 1715:1716 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 73 theme 2S 1715:1716 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 6 74 theme rBer 1098:1101 arg1 e 1103:1103 rBer e 1 1098:1105 rBer e 1 1098:1105 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 1 75 theme major 140:144 arg1 allergen 157:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 75 theme major 140:144 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 8 76 theme weak 1699:1702 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 76 theme weak 1699:1702 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 9 77 theme cell 1884:1887 arg1 response 1889:1896 polarise Th2 cell response 1871:1896 polarise Th2 cell response 1871:1896 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 6 78 theme different 1172:1180 arg1 combination 1182:1192 different combination 1172:1192 different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) 1172:1226 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 8 79 theme recognition 1491:1501 arg1 efficiency 1465:1474 the efficiency 1461:1474 the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1461:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 1 80 theme nut 153:155 arg1 allergen 157:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 a major Brazil nut allergen 138:164 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 80 theme nut 153:155 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 0 81 from trafficking 74:84 arg1 cells 99:103 dendritic cells 89:103 dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1 89:126 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 3 82 theme Ber 665:667 arg1 e 669:669 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 633:671 In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. 33914740 8 83 theme internalization 1507:1521 arg1 efficiency 1465:1474 the efficiency 1461:1474 the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1461:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 0 84 from uptake 63:68 arg1 cells 99:103 dendritic cells 89:103 dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1 89:126 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 0 85 theme dendritic 89:97 arg1 cells 99:103 dendritic cells 89:103 dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1 89:126 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 6 86 theme antigenicity 1145:1156 arg1 degree 1135:1140 varying degree 1127:1140 varying degree of antigenicity 1127:1156 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 8 87 theme murine 1526:1531 arg1 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 87 theme murine 1526:1531 arg1 cells 1563:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 1526:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1526:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 0 88 theme Ber 120:122 arg1 e 124:124 recombinant Ber e 1 108:126 recombinant Ber e 1 108:126 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 8 89 from seed 1749:1752 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 89 from seed 1749:1752 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 90 theme marrow-derived 1538:1551 arg1 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 bmDC 1570:1573 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 90 theme marrow-derived 1538:1551 arg1 cells 1563:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells 1526:1567 murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) 1526:1574 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 7 91 theme low 1383:1385 arg1 RI 1405:1406 RI 1405:1406 RI 1405:1406 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 7 91 theme low 1383:1385 arg1 indexes 1396:1402 their low response indexes 1377:1402 their low response indexes (RI) 1377:1407 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 2 92 link P.pastoris-derived 444:461 arg1 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 92 link P.pastoris-derived 444:461 arg1 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 6 93 from glycosylation 1081:1093 arg1 e 1103:1103 rBer e 1 1098:1105 rBer e 1 1098:1105 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 8 94 theme allergenic 1704:1713 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 94 theme allergenic 1704:1713 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 4 95 theme rBer 811:814 arg1 e 816:816 the rBer e 1 807:818 the rBer e 1 807:818 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 96 theme immune 856:861 arg1 cells 839:843 dendritic cells 829:843 dendritic cells (DC) 829:848 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 4 96 theme immune 856:861 arg1 model 868:872 an immune cell model 853:872 an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response 853:924 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 8 97 theme albumin 1718:1724 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 97 theme albumin 1718:1724 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 1 98 theme rBer 280:283 arg1 e 285:285 rBer e 1 280:287 rBer e 1 280:287 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 98 theme rBer 280:283 arg1 e 275:275 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 248:277 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart 248:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 8 99 theme non-glycosylated 1661:1676 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 99 theme non-glycosylated 1661:1676 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 10 100 theme e 2092:2092 arg1 antigenicity 2067:2078 the in vitro antigenicity 2054:2078 the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1 2054:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 6 101 theme leukocyte 1203:1211 arg1 HLA 1223:1225 HLA 1223:1225 HLA 1223:1225 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 6 101 theme leukocyte 1203:1211 arg1 antigens 1213:1220 human leukocyte antigens 1197:1220 human leukocyte antigens (HLA) 1197:1226 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 5 102 theme large 1006:1010 arg1 chain 1012:1016 the large chain 1002:1016 the large chain 1002:1016 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 2 103 theme rBer 463:466 arg1 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 103 theme rBer 463:466 arg1 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 104 theme allergic 543:550 arg1 sensitisation 552:564 the allergic sensitisation 539:564 the allergic sensitisation 539:564 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 8 105 theme lectin 1587:1592 arg1 receptor 1630:1637 the mannose receptor 1618:1637 particularly the mannose receptor (MR) 1605:1642 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 105 theme lectin 1587:1592 arg1 receptors 1594:1602 C-type lectin receptors 1580:1602 C-type lectin receptors 1580:1602 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 9 106 theme rBer 1779:1782 arg1 e 1784:1784 glycosylated rBer e 1 1766:1786 glycosylated rBer e 1 1766:1786 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 4 107 dep antigenicity 772:783 arg1 the 768:770 the 768:770 the 768:770 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 1 108 theme physicochemical 303:317 arg1 properties 319:328 similar physicochemical properties 295:328 similar physicochemical properties 295:328 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 2 109 from e 512:512 arg1 present 496:502 present 496:502 present 496:502 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 109 from e 512:512 arg1 e 468:468 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1 440:470 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 2 110 link O-linked 407:414 arg1 glycans 416:422 O-linked glycans 407:422 O-linked glycans 407:422 However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. 33914740 0 111 theme glycosylation 19:31 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 0:127 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 5 112 theme small 1035:1039 arg1 chain 1053:1057 the small polypeptide chain 1031:1057 the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only 1031:1074 We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. 33914740 9 113 theme glycosylated 1766:1777 arg1 e 1784:1784 glycosylated rBer e 1 1766:1786 glycosylated rBer e 1 1766:1786 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 33914740 4 114 theme immune 910:915 arg1 response 917:924 the immune response 906:924 the immune response 906:924 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 10 115 contain has 2017:2019 arg1 glycosylation 1988:2000 the O-linked glycosylation 1975:2000 the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris 1975:2015 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 10 115 contain has 2017:2019 arg2 effect 2044:2049 a small but measurable effect 2021:2049 a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1 2021:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 1 116 theme homogenous 248:257 arg1 e 285:285 rBer e 1 280:287 rBer e 1 280:287 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 116 theme homogenous 248:257 arg1 e 393:393 nBer e 1 388:395 nBer e 1 388:395 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 116 theme homogenous 248:257 arg1 e 275:275 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 248:277 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart 248:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 116 theme homogenous 248:257 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 8 117 theme nBer 1678:1681 arg1 e 1683:1683 the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8 1657:1694 e 1683:1683 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 8 117 theme nBer 1678:1681 arg1 protein 1726:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein 1697:1732 a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed 1697:1752 Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. 33914740 6 118 theme different 1231:1239 arg1 frequencies 1241:1251 different frequencies 1231:1251 different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay 1231:1312 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 1 119 theme Ber 271:273 arg1 e 285:285 rBer e 1 280:287 rBer e 1 280:287 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 119 theme Ber 271:273 arg1 e 393:393 nBer e 1 388:395 nBer e 1 388:395 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 119 theme Ber 271:273 arg1 e 275:275 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 248:277 homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart 248:385 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 1 119 theme Ber 271:273 arg1 e 133:133 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1 129:135 Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. 33914740 7 120 theme Ber 1338:1340 arg1 e 1342:1342 Ber e 1 1338:1344 Ber e 1 1338:1344 However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). 33914740 0 121 theme e 124:124 arg1 cells 99:103 dendritic cells 89:103 dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1 89:126 Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. 33914740 4 122 theme fungal 734:739 arg1 glycosylation 741:753 this fungal glycosylation 729:753 this fungal glycosylation 729:753 We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. 33914740 10 123 link O-linked 1979:1986 arg1 glycosylation 1988:2000 the O-linked glycosylation 1975:2000 the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris 1975:2015 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 10 124 theme rBer 2087:2090 arg1 e 2092:2092 the rBer e 1 2083:2094 the rBer e 1 2083:2094 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 6 125 theme cell 1303:1306 arg1 assay 1308:1312 human DC-T cell assay 1292:1312 human DC-T cell assay 1292:1312 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 10 126 dep in 2058:2059 arg1 vitro 2061:2065 vitro 2061:2065 vitro 2061:2065 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 10 127 theme non-glycosylated 2112:2127 arg1 counterpart 2129:2139 its non-glycosylated counterpart 2108:2139 its non-glycosylated counterpart 2108:2139 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 10 127 theme non-glycosylated 2112:2127 arg1 e 2147:2147 nBer e 1 2142:2149 nBer e 1 2142:2149 Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy. 33914740 6 128 theme human 1292:1296 arg1 assay 1308:1312 human DC-T cell assay 1292:1312 human DC-T cell assay 1292:1312 The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. 33914740 9 129 theme IL-12 1913:1917 arg1 production 1919:1928 IL-12 production 1913:1928 IL-12 production 1913:1928 Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. 34459483 9 0 theme platelet 1550:1557 arg1 GPIbα 1559:1563 platelet GPIbα 1550:1563 platelet GPIbα 1550:1563 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 8 1 theme infected 1445:1452 arg1 valves 1454:1459 damaged or infected valves 1434:1459 damaged or infected valves 1434:1459 Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. 34459483 6 2 theme sTa 1037:1039 arg1 structures 1061:1070 sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures 1037:1070 sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures 1037:1070 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 9 3 gly sialylated 1583:1592 arg1 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 3 gly sialylated 1583:1592 arg1 glycoprotein 1605:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein 1574:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations 1574:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 4 4 theme sTa-modified 817:828 arg1 factors 835:841 sTa-modified host factors 817:841 sTa-modified host factors 817:841 However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. 34459483 7 5 theme infected 1341:1348 arg1 vegetations 1350:1360 the infected vegetations 1337:1360 the infected vegetations 1337:1360 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. 34459483 3 6 theme structures 699:708 arg1 recognition 657:667 recognition 657:667 recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 657:708 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 9 7 gly glycoprotein 1605:1616 arg1 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 7 gly glycoprotein 1605:1616 arg1 glycoprotein 1605:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein 1574:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations 1574:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 6 8 theme recombinant 1097:1107 arg1 forms 1109:1113 recombinant forms 1097:1113 recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture 1097:1196 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 9 9 theme valve 1634:1638 arg1 vegetations 1640:1650 aortic valve vegetations 1627:1650 aortic valve vegetations 1627:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 3 10 theme animal 717:722 arg1 model 724:728 an animal model 714:728 an animal model of IE 714:734 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 9 11 theme mucin-like 1594:1603 arg1 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 11 theme mucin-like 1594:1603 arg1 glycoprotein 1605:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein 1574:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations 1574:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 7 12 theme major 1313:1317 arg1 Proteoglycan 1260:1271 Proteoglycan 4 1260:1273 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) 1260:1280 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. 34459483 7 12 theme major 1313:1317 arg1 carrier 1319:1325 a major carrier 1311:1325 a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations 1311:1360 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. 34459483 0 13 theme animal 102:107 arg1 models 109:114 animal models 102:114 animal models of infective endocarditis 102:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 5 14 theme disease 1001:1007 arg1 models 986:991 rat and rabbit models 971:991 rat and rabbit models of this disease 971:1007 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 5 15 from plasma 961:966 arg1 vegetations 945:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 3 16 theme gordonii 580:587 arg1 ability 566:572 the ability 562:572 the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) 562:618 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 1 17 theme tooth 220:224 arg1 surfaces 226:233 tooth surfaces 220:233 tooth surfaces 220:233 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 9 18 theme aortic 1627:1632 arg1 vegetations 1640:1650 aortic valve vegetations 1627:1650 aortic valve vegetations 1627:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 0 19 theme endocarditis 129:140 arg1 models 109:114 animal models 102:114 animal models of infective endocarditis 102:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 5 20 theme rabbit 979:984 arg1 models 986:991 rat and rabbit models 971:991 rat and rabbit models of this disease 971:1007 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 0 21 from damage 92:97 arg1 models 109:114 animal models 102:114 animal models of infective endocarditis 102:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 4 22 theme valve 851:855 arg1 colonization 857:868 valve colonization 851:868 valve colonization 851:868 However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. 34459483 8 23 theme PRG4 1380:1383 arg1 levels 1385:1390 plasma PRG4 levels 1373:1390 plasma PRG4 levels 1373:1390 Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. 34459483 6 24 theme lectin 1161:1166 arg1 blotting 1168:1175 lectin blotting 1161:1175 lectin blotting 1161:1175 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 6 25 theme mass 1241:1244 arg1 spectrometry 1246:1257 mass spectrometry 1241:1257 mass spectrometry 1241:1257 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 6 26 theme streptococcal 1122:1134 arg1 adhesins 1148:1155 the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins 1118:1155 the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture 1118:1196 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 9 27 located found 1618:1622 arg2 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 27 located found 1618:1622 arg1 vegetations 1640:1650 aortic valve vegetations 1627:1650 aortic valve vegetations 1627:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 27 located found 1618:1622 arg2 glycoprotein 1605:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein 1574:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations 1574:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 5 28 gly glycoproteins 911:923 arg1 glycoproteins 911:923 sialylated glycoproteins 900:923 sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations 900:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 6 29 theme adhesins 1148:1155 arg1 forms 1109:1113 recombinant forms 1097:1113 recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture 1097:1196 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 0 30 theme sialylated 38:47 arg1 Proteoglycan 0:11 Proteoglycan 4 0:13 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) 0:24 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 0 30 theme sialylated 38:47 arg1 glycoprotein 49:60 a highly sialylated glycoprotein 29:60 a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis 29:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 2 31 theme platelet-fibrin 467:481 arg1 vegetations 492:502 infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) 458:503 infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) 458:503 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 2 32 theme cardiac 508:514 arg1 surfaces 522:529 cardiac valve surfaces 508:529 cardiac valve surfaces 508:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 2 33 gly sialylated 385:394 arg1 glycans 396:402 sialylated glycans 385:402 sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces 385:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 0 34 theme cardiac 78:84 arg1 damage 92:97 cardiac valve damage 78:97 cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis 78:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 0 35 gly glycoprotein 49:60 arg1 Proteoglycan 0:11 Proteoglycan 4 0:13 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) 0:24 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 0 35 gly glycoprotein 49:60 arg1 glycoprotein 49:60 a highly sialylated glycoprotein 29:60 a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis 29:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 9 36 theme oral 1693:1696 arg1 streptococci 1698:1709 oral streptococci 1693:1709 oral streptococci 1693:1709 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 8 37 theme damaged 1434:1440 arg1 valves 1454:1459 damaged or infected valves 1434:1459 damaged or infected valves 1434:1459 Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. 34459483 2 38 from formation 445:453 arg1 surfaces 522:529 cardiac valve surfaces 508:529 cardiac valve surfaces 508:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 9 39 theme protected 1719:1727 arg1 niche 1742:1746 this protected endovascular niche 1714:1746 this protected endovascular niche 1714:1746 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 2 40 theme host 407:410 arg1 glycoproteins 412:424 host glycoproteins 407:424 host glycoproteins 407:424 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 9 41 dep GPIbα 1559:1563 arg1 addition 1538:1545 addition 1538:1545 addition 1538:1545 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 42 from persistence 1678:1688 arg1 niche 1742:1746 this protected endovascular niche 1714:1746 this protected endovascular niche 1714:1746 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 8 43 theme healthy 1479:1485 arg1 animals 1487:1493 healthy animals 1479:1493 healthy animals 1479:1493 Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. 34459483 5 44 gly sialylated 900:909 arg1 glycoproteins 911:923 sialylated glycoproteins 900:923 sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations 900:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 1 45 theme surfaces 226:233 arg1 sanguinis 184:192 Streptococcus sanguinis 170:192 Streptococcus sanguinis 170:192 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 1 45 theme surfaces 226:233 arg1 colonizers 206:215 primary colonizers 198:215 primary colonizers of tooth surfaces 198:233 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 1 45 theme surfaces 226:233 arg1 gordonii 157:164 Streptococcus gordonii 143:164 Streptococcus gordonii 143:164 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 5 46 theme valve 939:943 arg1 vegetations 945:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 2 47 from glycans 396:402 arg1 glycoproteins 412:424 host glycoproteins 407:424 host glycoproteins 407:424 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 2 48 theme sialylated 385:394 arg1 glycans 396:402 sialylated glycans 385:402 sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces 385:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 2 49 theme Siglec-like 353:363 arg1 adhesins 366:373 "Siglec-like" adhesins 352:373 "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces 352:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 3 50 gly sialylated 672:681 arg1 structures 699:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 3 51 theme core 683:686 arg1 structures 699:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 10 52 theme plasma 1759:1764 arg1 biomarker 1788:1796 a biomarker 1786:1796 a biomarker for endocardial injury and infection 1786:1833 Moreover, plasma PRG4 could serve as a biomarker for endocardial injury and infection. 34459483 10 52 theme plasma 1759:1764 arg1 PRG4 1766:1769 plasma PRG4 1759:1769 plasma PRG4 1759:1769 Moreover, plasma PRG4 could serve as a biomarker for endocardial injury and infection. 34459483 10 53 theme endocardial 1802:1812 arg1 injury 1814:1819 endocardial injury 1802:1819 endocardial injury 1802:1819 Moreover, plasma PRG4 could serve as a biomarker for endocardial injury and infection. 34459483 5 54 from glycoproteins 911:923 arg1 vegetations 945:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 1 55 theme oral 269:272 arg1 health 274:279 oral health 269:279 oral health 269:279 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 6 56 theme O-linked 1207:1214 arg1 glycans 1216:1222 the O-linked glycans 1203:1222 the O-linked glycans 1203:1222 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 4 57 theme sTa 779:781 arg1 structure 783:791 the sTa structure 775:791 the sTa structure 775:791 However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. 34459483 3 58 theme O-glycan 690:697 arg1 structures 699:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 9 59 theme sialylated 1583:1592 arg1 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 PRG4 1566:1569 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 59 theme sialylated 1583:1592 arg1 glycoprotein 1605:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein 1574:1616 a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations 1574:1650 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 7 60 theme sTa 1330:1332 arg1 Proteoglycan 1260:1271 Proteoglycan 4 1260:1273 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) 1260:1280 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. 34459483 7 60 theme sTa 1330:1332 arg1 carrier 1319:1325 a major carrier 1311:1325 a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations 1311:1360 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. 34459483 1 61 theme primary 198:204 arg1 sanguinis 184:192 Streptococcus sanguinis 170:192 Streptococcus sanguinis 170:192 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 1 61 theme primary 198:204 arg1 colonizers 206:215 primary colonizers 198:215 primary colonizers of tooth surfaces 198:233 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 1 61 theme primary 198:204 arg1 gordonii 157:164 Streptococcus gordonii 143:164 Streptococcus gordonii 143:164 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 6 62 link O-linked 1207:1214 arg1 glycans 1216:1222 the O-linked glycans 1203:1222 the O-linked glycans 1203:1222 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 0 63 theme infective 119:127 arg1 endocarditis 129:140 infective endocarditis 119:140 infective endocarditis 119:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 2 64 theme valve 516:520 arg1 surfaces 522:529 cardiac valve surfaces 508:529 cardiac valve surfaces 508:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 8 65 theme plasma 1373:1378 arg1 levels 1385:1390 plasma PRG4 levels 1373:1390 plasma PRG4 levels 1373:1390 Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. 34459483 6 66 theme affinity 1181:1188 arg1 capture 1190:1196 affinity capture 1181:1196 affinity capture 1181:1196 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 4 67 theme host 830:833 arg1 factors 835:841 sTa-modified host factors 817:841 sTa-modified host factors 817:841 However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. 34459483 3 68 theme IE 733:734 arg1 model 724:728 an animal model 714:728 an animal model of IE 714:734 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 5 69 theme models 986:991 arg1 glycoproteins 911:923 sialylated glycoproteins 900:923 sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations 900:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 5 69 theme models 986:991 arg1 plasma 961:966 plasma 961:966 plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease 961:1007 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 3 70 theme sialyl 597:602 arg1 sTa 615:617 sTa 615:617 sTa 615:617 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 3 70 theme sialyl 597:602 arg1 T-antigen 604:612 sialyl T-antigen 597:612 sialyl T-antigen (sTa) 597:618 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 34459483 7 71 from carrier 1319:1325 arg1 vegetations 1350:1360 the infected vegetations 1337:1360 the infected vegetations 1337:1360 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. 34459483 5 72 theme sialylated 900:909 arg1 glycoproteins 911:923 sialylated glycoproteins 900:923 sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations 900:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 2 73 theme thrombi 483:489 arg1 vegetations 492:502 infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) 458:503 infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) 458:503 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 6 74 theme Siglec-like 1136:1146 arg1 adhesins 1148:1155 the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins 1118:1155 the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture 1118:1196 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 2 75 theme infected 458:465 arg1 vegetations 492:502 infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) 458:503 infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) 458:503 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 0 76 theme valve 86:90 arg1 damage 92:97 cardiac valve damage 78:97 cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis 78:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 0 77 gly sialylated 38:47 arg1 Proteoglycan 0:11 Proteoglycan 4 0:13 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) 0:24 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 0 77 gly sialylated 38:47 arg1 glycoprotein 49:60 a highly sialylated glycoprotein 29:60 a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis 29:140 Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. 34459483 1 78 dep endocarditis 311:322 arg1 IE 325:326 IE 325:326 IE 325:326 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 2 79 theme vegetations 492:502 arg1 formation 445:453 the formation 441:453 the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces 441:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 8 80 with animals 1421:1427 arg1 valves 1454:1459 damaged or infected valves 1434:1459 damaged or infected valves 1434:1459 Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. 34459483 2 81 theme " 364:364 arg1 adhesins 366:373 "Siglec-like" adhesins 352:373 "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces 352:529 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 9 82 theme endovascular 1729:1740 arg1 niche 1742:1746 this protected endovascular niche 1714:1746 this protected endovascular niche 1714:1746 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 83 theme combined 1500:1507 arg1 results 1509:1515 The combined results 1496:1515 The combined results 1496:1515 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 9 84 theme streptococci 1698:1709 arg1 persistence 1678:1688 the persistence 1674:1688 the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche 1674:1746 The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. 34459483 1 85 theme infective 301:309 arg1 endocarditis 311:322 infective endocarditis 301:322 infective endocarditis (IE) 301:327 Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). 34459483 5 86 theme rat 971:973 arg1 models 986:991 rat and rabbit models 971:991 rat and rabbit models of this disease 971:1007 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 5 87 theme aortic 932:937 arg1 vegetations 945:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 the aortic valve vegetations 928:955 In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. 34459483 6 88 theme O-glycan 1052:1059 arg1 structures 1061:1070 sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures 1037:1070 sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures 1037:1070 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 4 89 dep when 760:763 arg1 displayed 796:804 displayed 796:804 is displayed 793:804 However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. 34459483 2 90 gly glycoproteins 412:424 arg1 glycoproteins 412:424 host glycoproteins 407:424 host glycoproteins 407:424 These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. 34459483 6 91 theme core 1045:1048 arg1 O-glycan 1052:1059 core 2 O-glycan 1045:1059 core 2 O-glycan 1045:1059 Glycoproteins that display sTa vs. core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. 34459483 3 92 theme sialylated 672:681 arg1 structures 699:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures 672:708 We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. 31915250 7 0 theme [U-13C6 1037:1043 arg1 glucose 1045:1051 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose 1031:1051 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose 1031:1051 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 3 1 theme cardiac 625:631 arg1 flux 637:640 cardiac HBP flux 625:640 cardiac HBP flux 625:640 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 1 2 theme β-GlcNAc 226:233 arg1 modifications 265:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 6 3 with hearts 956:961 arg1 glucose 976:982 [U-13C6]glucose 968:982 [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm) 968:997 For (ii), we perfused isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm). 31915250 6 3 with hearts 956:961 arg1 mm 995:996 5.5 or 25 mm 985:996 5.5 or 25 mm 985:996 For (ii), we perfused isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm). 31915250 1 4 link O-linked 217:224 arg1 modifications 265:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 3 5 theme 13C 502:504 arg1 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 3 5 theme 13C 502:504 arg1 enrichment 521:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment 490:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) 490:536 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 1 6 theme O-GlcNAc 236:243 arg1 modifications 265:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 9 7 theme direct 1434:1439 arg1 measurement 1441:1451 the first direct measurement 1424:1451 the first direct measurement of glucose flux 1424:1467 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 9 7 theme direct 1434:1439 arg1 this 1416:1419 this 1416:1419 this 1416:1419 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 3 8 theme UDP-GlcNAc 490:499 arg1 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 3 8 theme UDP-GlcNAc 490:499 arg1 enrichment 521:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment 490:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) 490:536 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 8 9 from workload 1228:1235 arg1 beating 1240:1246 beating 1240:1246 beating 1240:1246 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 31915250 9 10 theme flux 1464:1467 arg1 measurement 1441:1451 the first direct measurement 1424:1451 the first direct measurement of glucose flux 1424:1467 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 9 10 theme flux 1464:1467 arg1 this 1416:1419 this 1416:1419 this 1416:1419 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 0 11 theme mouse 100:104 arg1 heart 106:110 ex vivo mouse heart 92:110 ex vivo mouse heart 92:110 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 3 12 theme -molar 506:511 arg1 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 3 12 theme -molar 506:511 arg1 enrichment 521:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment 490:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) 490:536 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 7 13 theme heart 1150:1154 arg1 protein/min 1156:1166 heart protein/min 1150:1166 heart protein/min 1150:1166 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 2 14 dep inability 283:291 arg1 measure 305:311 measure 305:311 to directly measure HBP flux 293:320 An inability to directly measure HBP flux has hindered our understanding of the factors regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 4 15 theme HBP 777:779 arg1 enzyme 781:786 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 759:786 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 759:786 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 8 16 theme Langendorff 1263:1273 arg1 perfusions 1275:1284 Langendorff perfusions 1263:1284 Langendorff perfusions 1263:1284 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 31915250 10 17 theme flux 1591:1594 arg1 regulation 1573:1582 the regulation 1569:1582 the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation 1569:1622 We anticipate that these methods will enable foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 7 18 theme mm 1034:1035 arg1 glucose 1045:1051 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose 1031:1051 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose 1031:1051 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 11 19 theme acute 1718:1722 arg1 changes 1724:1730 acute changes 1718:1730 acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload 1718:1774 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 1 20 theme biosynthesis 128:139 arg1 HBP 150:152 HBP 150:152 HBP 150:152 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 1 20 theme biosynthesis 128:139 arg1 pathway 141:147 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 113:147 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 113:153 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 9 21 from HBP 1481:1483 arg1 organ 1492:1496 any organ 1488:1496 any organ 1488:1496 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 4 22 theme working 680:686 arg1 hearts 688:693 isolated murine working hearts 664:693 isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 664:786 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 11 23 theme cardiac 1759:1765 arg1 workload 1767:1774 cardiac workload 1759:1774 cardiac workload 1759:1774 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 0 24 dep ex 92:93 arg1 vivo 95:98 vivo 95:98 vivo 95:98 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 8 25 theme HBP 1318:1320 arg1 flux 1322:1325 the calculated HBP flux 1303:1325 the calculated HBP flux 1303:1325 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 31915250 11 26 theme ex 1665:1666 arg1 heart 1682:1686 the healthy ex vivo perfused heart 1653:1686 the healthy ex vivo perfused heart 1653:1686 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 0 27 theme ex 92:93 arg1 heart 106:110 ex vivo mouse heart 92:110 ex vivo mouse heart 92:110 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 7 28 from nmol/g 1140:1145 arg1 concentrations 1117:1130 the glucose concentrations 1105:1130 the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min 1105:1166 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 2 29 theme factors 360:366 arg1 understanding 339:351 our understanding 335:351 our understanding of the factors regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation 335:401 An inability to directly measure HBP flux has hindered our understanding of the factors regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 0 30 theme First 0:4 arg1 characterization 6:21 First characterization 0:21 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 0:111 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 5 31 theme concentration-dependent 803:825 arg1 increase 827:834 a concentration-dependent increase 801:834 a concentration-dependent increase in UDP-GlcNAc levels 801:855 We observed a concentration-dependent increase in UDP-GlcNAc levels and MPE, with the latter reaching a plateau of 56.3 ± 2.9%. 31915250 4 32 theme isolated 664:671 arg1 hearts 688:693 isolated murine working hearts 664:693 isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 664:786 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 0 33 theme biosynthesis 62:73 arg1 HBP 84:86 HBP 84:86 HBP 84:86 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 0 33 theme biosynthesis 62:73 arg1 pathway 75:81 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 47:81 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 47:87 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 3 34 theme glucose 583:589 arg1 availability 591:602 glucose availability 583:602 glucose availability 583:602 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 11 35 theme perfused 1673:1680 arg1 heart 1682:1686 the healthy ex vivo perfused heart 1653:1686 the healthy ex vivo perfused heart 1653:1686 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 0 36 theme flux 34:37 arg1 characterization 6:21 First characterization 0:21 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 0:111 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 8 37 theme heart 1353:1357 arg1 protein/min 1359:1369 heart protein/min 1353:1369 heart protein/min 1353:1369 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 31915250 10 38 theme protein 1600:1606 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1608:1622 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1600:1622 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1600:1622 We anticipate that these methods will enable foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 3 39 theme LC-MS 451:455 arg1 method 457:462 a LC-MS method 449:462 a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration 449:554 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 7 40 theme calculated 1067:1076 arg1 similar 1091:1097 similar 1091:1097 similar 1091:1097 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 40 theme calculated 1067:1076 arg1 flux 1082:1085 the calculated HBP flux 1063:1085 the calculated HBP flux 1063:1085 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 40 theme calculated 1067:1076 arg1 representing 1169:1180 representing 1169:1180 representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis 1169:1208 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 2 41 theme HBP 313:315 arg1 flux 317:320 HBP flux 313:320 HBP flux 313:320 An inability to directly measure HBP flux has hindered our understanding of the factors regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 6 42 theme isolated 939:946 arg1 hearts 956:961 isolated working hearts 939:961 isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm) 939:997 For (ii), we perfused isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm). 31915250 3 43 theme HBP 478:480 arg1 flux 482:485 HBP flux 478:485 HBP flux 478:485 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 7 44 dep similar 1091:1097 arg1 similar 1091:1097 similar 1091:1097 similar 1091:1097 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 44 dep similar 1091:1097 arg1 flux 1082:1085 the calculated HBP flux 1063:1085 the calculated HBP flux 1063:1085 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 44 dep similar 1091:1097 arg1 representing 1169:1180 representing 1169:1180 representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis 1169:1208 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 5 45 from MPE 861:863 arg1 levels 850:855 UDP-GlcNAc levels 839:855 UDP-GlcNAc levels 839:855 We observed a concentration-dependent increase in UDP-GlcNAc levels and MPE, with the latter reaching a plateau of 56.3 ± 2.9%. 31915250 1 46 theme O-linked 217:224 arg1 modifications 265:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 3 47 theme HBP 633:635 arg1 flux 637:640 cardiac HBP flux 625:640 cardiac HBP flux 625:640 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 3 48 theme percent 513:519 arg1 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 MPE 533:535 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 3 48 theme percent 513:519 arg1 enrichment 521:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment 490:530 UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) 490:536 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 9 49 theme first 1428:1432 arg1 measurement 1441:1451 the first direct measurement 1424:1451 the first direct measurement of glucose flux 1424:1467 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 9 49 theme first 1428:1432 arg1 this 1416:1419 this 1416:1419 this 1416:1419 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 11 50 theme glucose 1735:1741 arg1 availability 1743:1754 glucose availability 1735:1754 glucose availability 1735:1754 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 11 51 from changes 1724:1730 arg1 availability 1743:1754 glucose availability 1735:1754 glucose availability 1735:1754 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 11 51 from changes 1724:1730 arg1 workload 1767:1774 cardiac workload 1759:1774 cardiac workload 1759:1774 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 10 52 theme foundational 1544:1555 arg1 analyses 1557:1564 foundational analyses 1544:1564 foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation 1544:1622 We anticipate that these methods will enable foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 8 53 theme calculated 1307:1316 arg1 flux 1322:1325 the calculated HBP flux 1303:1325 the calculated HBP flux 1303:1325 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 31915250 9 54 theme glucose 1456:1462 arg1 flux 1464:1467 glucose flux 1456:1467 glucose flux 1456:1467 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct measurement of glucose flux through the HBP in any organ. 31915250 7 55 theme glycolysis 1199:1208 arg1 glycolysis 1199:1208 glycolysis 1199:1208 glycolysis 1199:1208 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 55 theme glycolysis 1199:1208 arg1 % 1194:1194 ∼0.003-0.006% 1182:1194 ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis 1182:1208 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 4 56 with hearts 688:693 arg1 glucosamine 708:718 [U-13C6]glucosamine 700:718 [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm) 700:741 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 4 56 with hearts 688:693 arg1 μm 739:740 1, 10, 50, or 100 μm 721:740 1, 10, 50, or 100 μm 721:740 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 6 57 theme [U-13C6 968:974 arg1 glucose 976:982 [U-13C6]glucose 968:982 [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm) 968:997 For (ii), we perfused isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm). 31915250 6 57 theme [U-13C6 968:974 arg1 mm 995:996 5.5 or 25 mm 985:996 5.5 or 25 mm 985:996 For (ii), we perfused isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm). 31915250 10 58 theme regulation 1573:1582 arg1 analyses 1557:1564 foundational analyses 1544:1564 foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation 1544:1622 We anticipate that these methods will enable foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 7 59 theme protein/min 1156:1166 arg1 nmol/g 1140:1145 ∼2.5 nmol/g 1135:1145 ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min 1135:1166 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 4 60 theme rate-limiting 763:775 arg1 enzyme 781:786 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 759:786 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 759:786 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 5 61 theme UDP-GlcNAc 839:848 arg1 levels 850:855 UDP-GlcNAc levels 839:855 UDP-GlcNAc levels 839:855 We observed a concentration-dependent increase in UDP-GlcNAc levels and MPE, with the latter reaching a plateau of 56.3 ± 2.9%. 31915250 7 62 theme 25 1031:1032 arg1 mm 1034:1035 mm 1034:1035 mm 1034:1035 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 5 63 theme % 914:914 arg1 plateau 893:899 a plateau 891:899 a plateau of 56.3 ± 2.9% 891:914 We observed a concentration-dependent increase in UDP-GlcNAc levels and MPE, with the latter reaching a plateau of 56.3 ± 2.9%. 31915250 10 64 theme HBP 1587:1589 arg1 flux 1591:1594 HBP flux 1587:1594 HBP flux 1587:1594 We anticipate that these methods will enable foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 1 65 theme hexosamine 117:126 arg1 HBP 150:152 HBP 150:152 HBP 150:152 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 1 65 theme hexosamine 117:126 arg1 pathway 141:147 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 113:147 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 113:153 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 0 66 from characterization 6:21 arg1 heart 106:110 ex vivo mouse heart 92:110 ex vivo mouse heart 92:110 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 7 67 theme Glycolytic 1000:1009 arg1 efflux 1011:1016 Glycolytic efflux 1000:1016 Glycolytic efflux 1000:1016 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 3 68 from goals 408:412 arg1 study 422:426 this study 417:426 this study 417:426 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 3 69 dep validate 440:447 arg1 i 437:437 i 437:437 i 437:437 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 4 70 theme murine 673:678 arg1 hearts 688:693 isolated murine working hearts 664:693 isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 664:786 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 7 71 theme glucose 1109:1115 arg1 concentrations 1117:1130 the glucose concentrations 1105:1130 the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min 1105:1166 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 11 72 theme healthy 1657:1663 arg1 heart 1682:1686 the healthy ex vivo perfused heart 1653:1686 the healthy ex vivo perfused heart 1653:1686 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 0 73 theme glucose 26:32 arg1 flux 34:37 glucose flux 26:37 glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 26:87 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 1 74 theme post-translational 246:263 arg1 modifications 265:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications 217:277 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis and forms UDP-GlcNAc, the moiety for O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) post-translational modifications. 31915250 11 75 theme HBP 1689:1691 arg1 flux 1693:1696 HBP flux 1689:1696 HBP flux 1689:1696 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 7 76 theme HBP 1078:1080 arg1 similar 1091:1097 similar 1091:1097 similar 1091:1097 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 76 theme HBP 1078:1080 arg1 flux 1082:1085 the calculated HBP flux 1063:1085 the calculated HBP flux 1063:1085 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 7 76 theme HBP 1078:1080 arg1 representing 1169:1180 representing 1169:1180 representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis 1169:1208 Glycolytic efflux doubled with 25 mm [U-13C6]glucose; however, the calculated HBP flux was similar among the glucose concentrations at ∼2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, representing ∼0.003-0.006% of glycolysis. 31915250 2 77 theme protein 379:385 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 387:401 protein O-GlcNAcylation 379:401 protein O-GlcNAcylation 379:401 An inability to directly measure HBP flux has hindered our understanding of the factors regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 8 78 theme protein/min 1359:1369 arg1 nmol/g 1343:1348 ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g 1330:1348 ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min 1330:1369 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 31915250 10 79 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1608:1622 arg1 regulation 1573:1582 the regulation 1569:1582 the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation 1569:1622 We anticipate that these methods will enable foundational analyses of the regulation of HBP flux and protein O-GlcNAcylation. 31915250 0 80 theme hexosamine 51:60 arg1 HBP 84:86 HBP 84:86 HBP 84:86 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 0 80 theme hexosamine 51:60 arg1 pathway 75:81 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 47:81 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 47:87 First characterization of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in ex vivo mouse heart. 31915250 11 81 dep ex 1665:1666 arg1 vivo 1668:1671 vivo 1668:1671 vivo 1668:1671 Our results suggest that in the healthy ex vivo perfused heart, HBP flux does not respond to acute changes in glucose availability or cardiac workload. 31915250 5 82 from increase 827:834 arg1 levels 850:855 UDP-GlcNAc levels 839:855 UDP-GlcNAc levels 839:855 We observed a concentration-dependent increase in UDP-GlcNAc levels and MPE, with the latter reaching a plateau of 56.3 ± 2.9%. 31915250 6 83 theme working 948:954 arg1 hearts 956:961 isolated working hearts 939:961 isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm) 939:997 For (ii), we perfused isolated working hearts with [U-13C6]glucose (5.5 or 25 mm). 31915250 4 84 theme [U-13C6 700:706 arg1 glucosamine 708:718 [U-13C6]glucosamine 700:718 [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm) 700:741 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 4 84 theme [U-13C6 700:706 arg1 μm 739:740 1, 10, 50, or 100 μm 721:740 1, 10, 50, or 100 μm 721:740 For (i), we perfused isolated murine working hearts with [U-13C6]glucosamine (1, 10, 50, or 100 μm), which bypasses the rate-limiting HBP enzyme. 31915250 3 85 dep determine 565:573 arg1 ii 561:562 ii 561:562 ii 561:562 Our goals in this study were to (i) validate a LC-MS method that assesses HBP flux as UDP-GlcNAc (13C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availability or workload regulate cardiac HBP flux. 31915250 8 86 theme cardiac 1220:1226 arg1 workload 1228:1235 cardiac workload 1220:1235 cardiac workload in beating 1220:1246 Reducing cardiac workload in beating and nonbeating Langendorff perfusions had no effect on the calculated HBP flux at ∼2.3 and 2.5 nmol/g of heart protein/min, respectively. 34347113 5 0 from natural 1153:1159 arg1 strategy 1214:1221 the INLIGHT™ strategy 1201:1221 the INLIGHT™ strategy 1201:1221 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 6 1 theme glycans 1565:1571 arg1 identification 1538:1551 rapid identification 1532:1551 rapid identification of putative glycans 1532:1571 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 5 2 theme additional 1232:1241 arg1 confidence 1243:1252 additional confidence 1232:1252 additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations 1232:1389 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 4 3 theme Isotopic 920:927 arg1 INLIGHT™ 952:959 INLIGHT™ 952:959 INLIGHT™ 952:959 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 3 theme Isotopic 920:927 arg1 Tags 946:949 Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags 920:949 the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 916:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 1 4 theme gene 327:330 arg1 products 332:339 gene products 327:339 gene products 327:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 3 5 theme biological 643:652 arg1 role 654:657 its biological role 639:657 its biological role 639:657 However, understanding the relationship between a glycan and its biological role is often difficult due to the numerous glycan isomers that exist. 34347113 6 6 theme MS 1449:1450 arg1 dimensions 1452:1461 the IMS and MS dimensions 1437:1461 dimensions 1452:1461 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 3 7 dep difficult 668:676 arg1 understanding 587:599 understanding 587:599 understanding the relationship between a glycan 587:633 However, understanding the relationship between a glycan and its biological role is often difficult due to the numerous glycan isomers that exist. 34347113 0 8 theme INLIGHT™ 92:99 arg1 glycans 122:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 1 9 theme products 332:339 arg1 % 322:322 >50% 319:322 >50% of gene products 319:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 9 theme products 332:339 arg1 products 332:339 gene products 327:339 gene products 327:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 10 theme genome 427:432 arg1 % 418:418 ~2% 416:418 ~2% of the genome 416:432 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 10 theme genome 427:432 arg1 genome 427:432 the genome 423:432 the genome 423:432 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 4 11 theme liquid 761:766 arg1 chromatography 768:781 nanoflow liquid chromatography 752:781 nanoflow liquid chromatography 752:781 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 12 theme horseradish 1065:1075 arg1 peroxidase 1077:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 12 theme horseradish 1065:1075 arg1 glycoproteins 1051:1063 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 6 13 theme biological 1584:1593 arg1 samples 1595:1601 complex biological samples 1576:1601 complex biological samples 1576:1601 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 5 14 dep natural 1153:1159 arg1 label 1186:1190 label 1186:1190 label 1186:1190 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 5 14 dep natural 1153:1159 arg1 NAT 1162:1164 NAT 1162:1164 NAT 1162:1164 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 4 15 theme Individuality 869:881 arg1 Normalization 883:895 the Individuality Normalization 865:895 the Individuality Normalization 865:895 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 16 attach released 1033:1040 arg1 plasma 1114:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 16 attach released 1033:1040 arg1 fetuin 1089:1094 fetuin 1089:1094 fetuin 1089:1094 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 16 attach released 1033:1040 arg1 peroxidase 1077:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 16 attach released 1033:1040 arg2 those 1013:1017 those 1013:1017 those 1013:1017 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 16 attach released 1033:1040 arg1 glycoproteins 1051:1063 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 17 theme nanoflow 752:759 arg1 chromatography 768:781 nanoflow liquid chromatography 752:781 nanoflow liquid chromatography 752:781 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 6 18 theme putative 1556:1563 arg1 glycans 1565:1571 putative glycans 1556:1571 putative glycans 1556:1571 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 1 19 theme proteins 276:283 arg1 folding 248:254 folding 248:254 folding 248:254 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 19 theme proteins 276:283 arg1 trafficking 261:271 trafficking 261:271 trafficking 261:271 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 19 theme proteins 276:283 arg1 sorting 239:245 sorting 239:245 sorting 239:245 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 0 20 theme N-linked 113:120 arg1 glycans 122:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 6 21 theme trend 1416:1420 arg1 lines 1422:1426 molecular trend lines 1406:1426 molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions 1406:1461 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 1 22 theme ubiquitous 172:181 arg1 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 22 theme ubiquitous 172:181 arg1 modification 210:221 a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification 170:221 a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems 170:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 0 23 theme derivatized 101:111 arg1 glycans 122:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 4 24 theme glycan 992:997 arg1 standards 999:1007 glycan standards 992:1007 glycan standards 992:1007 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 25 theme those 1013:1017 arg1 series 982:987 a series 980:987 a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 980:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 5 26 theme SIL-labeled 1322:1332 arg1 glycans 1334:1340 SIL-labeled glycans 1322:1340 SIL-labeled glycans 1322:1340 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 1 27 theme co- 183:185 arg1 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 27 theme co- 183:185 arg1 modification 210:221 a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification 170:221 a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems 170:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 0 28 theme liquid 10:15 arg1 chromatography 17:30 liquid chromatography 10:30 liquid chromatography 10:30 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 5 29 from strategy 1214:1221 arg1 natural 1153:1159 natural 1153:1159 natural 1153:1159 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 5 29 from strategy 1214:1221 arg1 SIL 1193:1195 SIL 1193:1195 SIL 1193:1195 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 3 30 theme numerous 689:696 arg1 isomers 705:711 the numerous glycan isomers 685:711 the numerous glycan isomers that exist 685:722 However, understanding the relationship between a glycan and its biological role is often difficult due to the numerous glycan isomers that exist. 34347113 2 31 from Perturbations 435:447 arg1 glycosylation 452:464 glycosylation 452:464 glycosylation 452:464 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 1 32 gly glycosylated 345:356 arg1 humans 311:316 humans 311:316 humans 311:316 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 32 gly glycosylated 345:356 arg1 % 322:322 >50% 319:322 >50% of gene products 319:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 32 gly glycosylated 345:356 arg1 products 332:339 gene products 327:339 gene products 327:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 32 gly glycosylated 345:356 arg2 products 332:339 gene products 327:339 gene products 327:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 32 gly glycosylated 345:356 arg2 % 322:322 >50% 319:322 >50% of gene products 319:339 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 33 theme post-translational 191:208 arg1 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation 153:165 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 33 theme post-translational 191:208 arg1 modification 210:221 a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification 170:221 a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems 170:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 34 theme biological 288:297 arg1 systems 299:305 biological systems 288:305 biological systems 288:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 4 35 theme Glycan 929:934 arg1 INLIGHT™ 952:959 INLIGHT™ 952:959 INLIGHT™ 952:959 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 35 theme Glycan 929:934 arg1 Tags 946:949 Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags 920:949 the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 916:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 6 36 theme rapid 1532:1536 arg1 identification 1538:1551 rapid identification 1532:1551 rapid identification of putative glycans 1532:1571 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 4 37 theme mass 815:818 arg1 nLC-IMS-MS 834:843 nLC-IMS-MS 834:843 nLC-IMS-MS 834:843 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 37 theme mass 815:818 arg1 spectrometry 820:831 mass spectrometry 815:831 mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) 815:844 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 6 38 theme complex 1576:1582 arg1 samples 1595:1601 complex biological samples 1576:1601 complex biological samples 1576:1601 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 2 39 theme certain 553:559 arg1 types 561:565 certain types 553:565 certain types of cancer 553:575 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 1 40 theme cellular 367:374 arg1 machinery 376:384 the cellular machinery 363:384 the cellular machinery of glycosylation 363:401 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 6 41 theme derivatized 1498:1508 arg1 glycans 1510:1516 the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans 1485:1516 the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans 1485:1516 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 5 42 theme mobility 1296:1303 arg1 NAT- 1313:1316 the mobility aligned NAT- 1292:1316 the mobility aligned NAT- 1292:1316 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 4 43 theme human 1108:1112 arg1 plasma 1114:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 43 theme human 1108:1112 arg1 glycoproteins 1051:1063 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 0 44 theme mobility 37:44 arg1 spectrometry 46:57 ion mobility spectrometry 33:57 ion mobility spectrometry 33:57 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 4 45 theme Tags 946:949 arg1 strategy 962:969 the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy 916:969 the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 916:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 46 theme Hydrazide 936:944 arg1 INLIGHT™ 952:959 INLIGHT™ 952:959 INLIGHT™ 952:959 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 46 theme Hydrazide 936:944 arg1 Tags 946:949 Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags 920:949 the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 916:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 5 47 theme aligned 1305:1311 arg1 NAT- 1313:1316 the mobility aligned NAT- 1292:1316 the mobility aligned NAT- 1292:1316 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 0 48 theme ion 33:35 arg1 spectrometry 46:57 ion mobility spectrometry 33:57 ion mobility spectrometry 33:57 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 4 49 theme standards 999:1007 arg1 series 982:987 a series 980:987 a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 980:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 0 50 theme biological 133:142 arg1 samples 144:150 biological samples 133:150 biological samples 133:150 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 1 51 dep sorting 239:245 arg1 the 235:237 the 235:237 the 235:237 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 5 52 theme isomer 1371:1376 arg1 examinations 1378:1389 isomer examinations 1371:1389 isomer examinations 1371:1389 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 2 53 theme diseases 503:510 arg1 diseases 503:510 diseases 503:510 diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer 503:575 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 2 53 theme diseases 503:510 arg1 diseases 540:547 neurodegenerative diseases 522:547 neurodegenerative diseases 522:547 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 2 53 theme diseases 503:510 arg1 variety 492:498 a variety 490:498 a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer 490:575 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 2 53 theme diseases 503:510 arg1 types 561:565 certain types 553:565 certain types of cancer 553:575 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 2 54 theme neurodegenerative 522:538 arg1 diseases 540:547 neurodegenerative diseases 522:547 neurodegenerative diseases 522:547 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 1 55 from folding 248:254 arg1 systems 299:305 biological systems 288:305 biological systems 288:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 1 56 theme glycosylation 389:401 arg1 machinery 376:384 the cellular machinery 363:384 the cellular machinery of glycosylation 363:401 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 2 57 theme cancer 570:575 arg1 diseases 540:547 neurodegenerative diseases 522:547 neurodegenerative diseases 522:547 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 2 57 theme cancer 570:575 arg1 types 561:565 certain types 553:565 certain types of cancer 553:575 Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. 34347113 4 58 dep glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 plasma 1114:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 58 dep glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 fetuin 1089:1094 fetuin 1089:1094 fetuin 1089:1094 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 58 dep glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 peroxidase 1077:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 58 dep glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 glycoproteins 1051:1063 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 1 59 from trafficking 261:271 arg1 systems 299:305 biological systems 288:305 biological systems 288:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 4 60 dep strategy 962:969 arg1 study 974:978 study 974:978 to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 971:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 1 61 from sorting 239:245 arg1 systems 299:305 biological systems 288:305 biological systems 288:305 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. 34347113 4 62 gly glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 plasma 1114:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 62 gly glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 fetuin 1089:1094 fetuin 1089:1094 fetuin 1089:1094 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 62 gly glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 peroxidase 1077:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 horseradish peroxidase 1065:1086 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 62 gly glycoproteins 1051:1063 arg1 glycoproteins 1051:1063 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 63 theme mobility 788:795 arg1 spectrometry 797:808 ion mobility spectrometry 784:808 ion mobility spectrometry 784:808 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 5 64 theme glycan 1263:1268 arg1 identification 1270:1283 each glycan identification 1258:1283 each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations 1258:1389 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 4 65 theme ion 784:786 arg1 spectrometry 797:808 ion mobility spectrometry 784:808 ion mobility spectrometry 784:808 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 0 66 link N-linked 113:120 arg1 glycans 122:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans 92:128 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 4 67 theme pooled 1101:1106 arg1 plasma 1114:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 pooled human plasma 1101:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 4 67 theme pooled 1101:1106 arg1 glycoproteins 1051:1063 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma 1047:1119 To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. 34347113 0 68 theme mass 64:67 arg1 spectrometry 69:80 mass spectrometry 64:80 mass spectrometry 64:80 Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. 34347113 5 69 theme IMS 1141:1143 arg1 combination 1126:1136 The combination 1122:1136 The combination of IMS 1122:1143 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 5 70 theme further 1346:1352 arg1 capabilities 1354:1365 further capabilities 1346:1365 further capabilities for isomer examinations 1346:1389 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 5 71 theme INLIGHT™ 1205:1212 arg1 strategy 1214:1221 the INLIGHT™ strategy 1201:1221 the INLIGHT™ strategy 1201:1221 The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. 34347113 6 72 theme molecular 1406:1414 arg1 lines 1422:1426 molecular trend lines 1406:1426 molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions 1406:1461 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 34347113 3 73 theme glycan 698:703 arg1 isomers 705:711 the numerous glycan isomers 685:711 the numerous glycan isomers that exist 685:722 However, understanding the relationship between a glycan and its biological role is often difficult due to the numerous glycan isomers that exist. 34347113 6 74 theme IMS 1441:1443 arg1 dimensions 1452:1461 the IMS and MS dimensions 1437:1461 dimensions 1452:1461 Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples. 33530597 7 0 theme carrageenan-induced 823:841 arg1 edema 847:851 carrageenan-induced paw edema 823:851 carrageenan-induced paw edema 823:851 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 3 1 theme C. 221:222 arg1 europaea 224:231 C. europaea 221:231 C. europaea 221:231 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 3 1 theme C. 221:222 arg1 N.E.Br 211:216 N.E.Br. 211:217 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) 211:232 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 9 2 theme C. 1191:1192 arg1 fractions 1203:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 1 3 theme Fractions 173:181 arg1 Microbes 136:143 Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes 104:143 Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions 104:181 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 9 4 theme europaea 1194:1201 arg1 fractions 1203:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 12 5 theme nosocomial 1518:1527 arg1 microbes 1550:1557 nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes 1518:1557 nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes 1518:1557 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 10 6 theme % 1282:1282 arg1 fraction 1234:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction 1214:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction 1214:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 10 6 theme % 1282:1282 arg1 inhibitor 1256:1264 the best inhibitor 1247:1264 the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% 1247:1282 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 8 7 theme Antibacterial 854:866 arg1 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities 854:892 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 12 8 theme europaea 1473:1480 arg1 extract 1482:1488 C. europaea extract 1470:1488 C. europaea extract 1470:1488 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 8 9 theme disc 1043:1046 arg1 diffusion 1048:1056 disc diffusion 1043:1056 disc diffusion 1043:1056 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 1 10 theme Anti-Inflammatory 36:52 arg1 Activities 85:94 Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities 36:94 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 27:182 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 5 11 theme anti-inflammatory 411:427 arg1 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol (Poly CE) 553:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 11 theme anti-inflammatory 411:427 arg1 ethanol 512:518 hydro ethanol 506:518 hydro ethanol (ET CE) 506:526 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 11 theme anti-inflammatory 411:427 arg1 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol (But CE) 529:546 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 11 theme anti-inflammatory 411:427 arg1 potentials 460:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials 407:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE) 407:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 9 12 theme bioactive 1168:1176 arg1 compounds 1178:1186 interesting bioactive compounds 1156:1186 interesting bioactive compounds 1156:1186 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 12 13 theme potential 1437:1445 arg1 compounds 1457:1465 potential bioactive compounds 1437:1465 potential bioactive compounds 1437:1465 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 8 14 theme hydroethanol 897:908 arg1 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities 854:892 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 5 15 theme europaea 477:484 arg1 fractions 486:494 C. europaea fractions 474:494 C. europaea fractions 474:494 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 6 16 theme polyphenol-rich 632:646 arg1 fractions 648:656 polyphenol-rich fractions 632:656 polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 632:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 9 17 theme characterization 1114:1129 arg1 findings 1089:1096 The findings 1085:1096 The findings of the chemical characterization 1085:1129 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 6 18 theme C. 663:664 arg1 europaea 666:673 C. europaea 663:673 C. europaea 663:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 5 19 theme Poly 565:568 arg1 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol (Poly CE) 553:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 19 theme Poly 565:568 arg1 CE 570:571 Poly CE 565:571 Poly CE 565:571 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 1 20 theme Antifungal 55:64 arg1 Activities 85:94 Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities 36:94 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 27:182 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 5 21 theme fractions 486:494 arg1 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol (Poly CE) 553:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 21 theme fractions 486:494 arg1 ethanol 512:518 hydro ethanol 506:518 hydro ethanol (ET CE) 506:526 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 21 theme fractions 486:494 arg1 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol (But CE) 529:546 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 21 theme fractions 486:494 arg1 potentials 460:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials 407:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE) 407:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 10 22 theme polyphenol-rich 1218:1232 arg1 fraction 1234:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction 1214:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction 1214:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 10 22 theme polyphenol-rich 1218:1232 arg1 inhibitor 1256:1264 the best inhibitor 1247:1264 the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% 1247:1282 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 3 23 theme wild 239:242 arg1 N.E.Br 211:216 N.E.Br. 211:217 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) 211:232 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 3 23 theme wild 239:242 arg1 plant 254:258 a wild medicinal plant 237:258 a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae 237:294 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 4 24 theme several 355:361 arg1 diseases 363:370 several diseases 355:370 several diseases 355:370 It is commonly used in traditional medicines for treating several diseases. 33530597 6 25 theme fractions 648:656 arg1 composition 588:598 The chemical composition 575:598 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 575:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 12 26 theme bioactive 1447:1455 arg1 compounds 1457:1465 potential bioactive compounds 1437:1465 potential bioactive compounds 1437:1465 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 9 27 attach presence 1144:1151 arg2 compounds 1178:1186 interesting bioactive compounds 1156:1186 interesting bioactive compounds 1156:1186 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 9 27 attach presence 1144:1151 arg1 fractions 1203:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 5 28 theme hydro 506:510 arg1 ethanol 512:518 hydro ethanol 506:518 hydro ethanol (ET CE) 506:526 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 28 theme hydro 506:510 arg1 CE 524:525 ET CE 521:525 ET CE 521:525 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 0 29 theme Caralluma 0:8 arg1 Guss 20:23 Guss 20:23 Guss 20:23 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) 33530597 0 29 theme Caralluma 0:8 arg1 europaea 10:17 Caralluma europaea 0:17 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) 0:25 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) 33530597 7 30 theme n-butanol 767:775 arg1 effect 743:748 The anti-inflammatory effect 721:748 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions 721:806 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 8 31 theme micro-dilution 1062:1075 arg1 assays 1077:1082 the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays 1039:1082 the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays 1039:1082 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 1 32 theme Antibacterial 71:83 arg1 Activities 85:94 Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities 36:94 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 27:182 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 5 33 theme antifungal 449:458 arg1 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol (Poly CE) 553:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 33 theme antifungal 449:458 arg1 ethanol 512:518 hydro ethanol 506:518 hydro ethanol (ET CE) 506:526 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 33 theme antifungal 449:458 arg1 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol (But CE) 529:546 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 33 theme antifungal 449:458 arg1 potentials 460:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials 407:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE) 407:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 10 34 theme treatment 1297:1305 arg1 h 1292:1292 6 h 1290:1292 6 h of treatment 1290:1305 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 7 35 theme fractions 798:806 arg1 effect 743:748 The anti-inflammatory effect 721:748 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions 721:806 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 8 36 theme antifungal 872:881 arg1 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities 854:892 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 1 37 dep N.E.Br. 27:33 arg1 Activities 85:94 Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities 36:94 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 27:182 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 9 38 theme compounds 1178:1186 arg1 presence 1144:1151 the presence 1140:1151 the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions 1140:1211 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 7 39 theme hydroethanol 753:764 arg1 effect 743:748 The anti-inflammatory effect 721:748 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions 721:806 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 7 40 theme polyphenol-rich 782:796 arg1 fractions 798:806 polyphenol-rich fractions 782:806 polyphenol-rich fractions 782:806 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 6 41 theme n-butanol 617:625 arg1 composition 588:598 The chemical composition 575:598 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 575:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 4 42 used used 312:315 arg2 It 297:298 It 297:298 It 297:298 It is commonly used in traditional medicines for treating several diseases. 33530597 7 43 theme paw 843:845 arg1 edema 847:851 carrageenan-induced paw edema 823:851 carrageenan-induced paw edema 823:851 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 3 44 theme medicinal 244:252 arg1 N.E.Br 211:216 N.E.Br. 211:217 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) 211:232 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 3 44 theme medicinal 244:252 arg1 plant 254:258 a wild medicinal plant 237:258 a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae 237:294 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 6 45 from composition 588:598 arg1 europaea 666:673 C. europaea 663:673 C. europaea 663:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 5 46 theme C. 474:475 arg1 fractions 486:494 C. europaea fractions 474:494 C. europaea fractions 474:494 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 10 47 theme edema 1269:1273 arg1 % 1282:1282 edema by75.68% 1269:1282 edema by75.68% 1269:1282 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 12 48 theme antibiotic-resistant 1529:1548 arg1 microbes 1550:1557 nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes 1518:1557 nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes 1518:1557 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 4 49 theme traditional 320:330 arg1 medicines 332:340 traditional medicines 320:340 traditional medicines for treating several diseases 320:370 It is commonly used in traditional medicines for treating several diseases. 33530597 9 50 from presence 1144:1151 arg1 fractions 1203:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 C. europaea fractions 1191:1211 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 12 51 from compounds 1457:1465 arg1 extract 1482:1488 C. europaea extract 1470:1488 C. europaea extract 1470:1488 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 2 52 theme Caralluma 184:192 arg1 Guss 204:207 Guss 204:207 Guss 204:207 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) 33530597 2 52 theme Caralluma 184:192 arg1 europaea 194:201 Caralluma europaea 184:201 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) 184:209 Caralluma europaea (Guss.) 33530597 10 53 theme best 1251:1254 arg1 fraction 1234:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction 1214:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction 1214:1241 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 10 53 theme best 1251:1254 arg1 inhibitor 1256:1264 the best inhibitor 1247:1264 the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% 1247:1282 The polyphenol-rich fraction was the best inhibitor of edema by75.68% after 6 h of treatment. 33530597 1 54 theme Nosocomial 104:113 arg1 Microbes 136:143 Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes 104:143 Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions 104:181 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 8 55 theme diffusion 1048:1056 arg1 assays 1077:1082 the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays 1039:1082 the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays 1039:1082 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 9 56 theme chemical 1105:1112 arg1 characterization 1114:1129 the chemical characterization 1101:1129 the chemical characterization 1101:1129 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 1 57 theme Antibiotic-Resistant 115:134 arg1 Microbes 136:143 Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes 104:143 Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions 104:181 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 33530597 6 58 theme hydroethanol 603:614 arg1 composition 588:598 The chemical composition 575:598 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 575:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 7 59 theme anti-inflammatory 725:741 arg1 effect 743:748 The anti-inflammatory effect 721:748 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions 721:806 The anti-inflammatory effect of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema. 33530597 8 60 theme Gram-positive 960:972 arg1 bacteria 974:981 Gram-positive bacteria 960:981 Gram-positive bacteria 960:981 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 9 61 theme interesting 1156:1166 arg1 compounds 1178:1186 interesting bioactive compounds 1156:1186 interesting bioactive compounds 1156:1186 The findings of the chemical characterization affirmed the presence of interesting bioactive compounds in C. europaea fractions. 33530597 8 62 theme Gram-negative 984:996 arg1 bacteria 998:1005 Gram-negative bacteria 984:1005 Gram-negative bacteria 984:1005 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 5 63 theme antibacterial 430:442 arg1 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol 553:562 polyphenol (Poly CE) 553:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 63 theme antibacterial 430:442 arg1 ethanol 512:518 hydro ethanol 506:518 hydro ethanol (ET CE) 506:526 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 63 theme antibacterial 430:442 arg1 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol 529:537 n-butanol (But CE) 529:546 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 63 theme antibacterial 430:442 arg1 potentials 460:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials 407:469 the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE) 407:572 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 3 64 theme family 277:282 arg1 Apocynaceae 284:294 the family Apocynaceae 273:294 the family Apocynaceae 273:294 N.E.Br.: (C. europaea) is a wild medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. 33530597 8 65 theme n-butanol 911:919 arg1 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities 854:892 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 8 66 theme fractions 942:950 arg1 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities 854:892 activities 883:892 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 6 67 from europaea 666:673 arg1 composition 588:598 The chemical composition 575:598 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 575:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 6 67 from europaea 666:673 arg1 n-butanol 617:625 n-butanol 617:625 n-butanol 617:625 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 6 67 from europaea 666:673 arg1 fractions 648:656 polyphenol-rich fractions 632:656 polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 632:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 6 67 from europaea 666:673 arg1 hydroethanol 603:614 hydroethanol 603:614 hydroethanol 603:614 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 5 68 theme present 377:383 arg1 work 385:388 The present work 373:388 The present work 373:388 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 8 69 theme polyphenol-rich 926:940 arg1 fractions 942:950 polyphenol-rich fractions 926:950 polyphenol-rich fractions 926:950 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts were assessed using the disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. 33530597 6 70 theme chemical 579:586 arg1 composition 588:598 The chemical composition 575:598 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea 575:673 The chemical composition of hydroethanol, n-butanol, and polyphenol-rich fractions from C. europaea were determined using GC-MS after silylation. 33530597 12 71 theme C. 1470:1471 arg1 extract 1482:1488 C. europaea extract 1470:1488 C. europaea extract 1470:1488 This study contributes to society as it provides potential bioactive compounds in C. europaea extract, which may help in fighting nosocomial antibiotic-resistant microbes. 33530597 11 72 theme hydroethanol 1312:1323 arg1 active 1347:1352 active 1347:1352 active 1347:1352 The hydroethanol fraction was the most active against both bacteria and yeasts. 33530597 11 72 theme hydroethanol 1312:1323 arg1 fraction 1325:1332 The hydroethanol fraction 1308:1332 The hydroethanol fraction 1308:1332 The hydroethanol fraction was the most active against both bacteria and yeasts. 33530597 5 73 theme ET 521:522 arg1 ethanol 512:518 hydro ethanol 506:518 hydro ethanol (ET CE) 506:526 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 5 73 theme ET 521:522 arg1 CE 524:525 ET CE 521:525 ET CE 521:525 The present work aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of C. europaea fractions including hydro ethanol (ET CE), n-butanol (But CE), and polyphenol (Poly CE). 33530597 1 74 theme Characterized 159:171 arg1 Fractions 173:181 Chemically Characterized Fractions 148:181 Chemically Characterized Fractions 148:181 N.E.Br.: Anti-Inflammatory, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities against Nosocomial Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes of Chemically Characterized Fractions. 32998876 0 0 theme hepatic 78:84 arg1 encephalopathy 86:99 hepatic encephalopathy 78:99 hepatic encephalopathy 78:99 Interaction of bacterial metagenome and virome in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. 32998876 15 1 theme cirrhosis 1944:1952 arg1 characteristics 1954:1968 cirrhosis characteristics 1944:1968 cirrhosis characteristics 1944:1968 CONCLUSION Unlike bacteria, faecal phages are sparsely linked with cirrhosis characteristics and 90-day outcomes. 32998876 12 2 theme greater 1570:1576 arg1 pathobionts 1578:1588 greater pathobionts 1570:1588 greater pathobionts 1570:1588 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 3 from bacteria 1607:1614 arg1 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 3 from bacteria 1607:1614 arg1 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 1 4 from progression 169:179 arg1 cirrhosis 184:192 cirrhosis 184:192 cirrhosis 184:192 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 13 5 theme bacteria 1739:1746 arg1 diversity 1716:1724 alpha/beta diversity 1705:1724 alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria 1705:1746 Pre/post: No changes in alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria were seen postrifaximin. 32998876 12 6 theme autochthonous 1494:1506 arg1 bacteria 1508:1515 autochthonous bacteria 1494:1515 autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts 1494:1588 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 7 7 theme greater 968:974 arg1 hospitalisations 976:991 greater hospitalisations 968:991 greater hospitalisations 968:991 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 13 8 from changes 1694:1700 arg1 diversity 1716:1724 alpha/beta diversity 1705:1724 alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria 1705:1746 Pre/post: No changes in alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria were seen postrifaximin. 32998876 12 9 theme Faecalibacterium 1453:1468 arg1 phages 1470:1475 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages 1436:1475 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages 1436:1475 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 10 contain had 1566:1568 arg2 pathobionts 1578:1588 greater pathobionts 1570:1588 greater pathobionts 1570:1588 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 10 contain had 1566:1568 arg1 patients 1557:1564 hospitalised patients 1544:1564 hospitalised patients 1544:1564 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 16 11 theme disease 2107:2113 arg1 progression 2115:2125 disease progression 2107:2125 disease progression 2107:2125 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 15 12 theme faecal 1905:1910 arg1 phages 1912:1917 faecal phages 1905:1917 faecal phages 1905:1917 CONCLUSION Unlike bacteria, faecal phages are sparsely linked with cirrhosis characteristics and 90-day outcomes. 32998876 10 13 theme Autochthonous 1188:1200 arg1 bacteria 1202:1209 Autochthonous bacteria 1188:1209 Autochthonous bacteria 1188:1209 Autochthonous bacteria linked negatively, pathobionts linked positively with MELD but only modest phage-MELD correlations were seen. 32998876 5 14 theme correlation 631:641 arg1 networks 643:650 their correlation networks 625:650 their correlation networks 625:650 Stool metagenomics for bacteria and phages and their correlation networks were analysed in controls versus cirrhosis, within cirrhotics, hospitalised/not and pre/post rifaximin. 32998876 16 15 theme bacterial 2001:2009 arg1 linkages 2011:2018 bacterial linkages 2001:2018 bacterial linkages 2001:2018 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 2 16 theme rifaximin 285:293 arg1 cohorts 295:301 DESIGN Cross-sectional and pre/post rifaximin cohorts 249:301 cohorts 295:301 DESIGN Cross-sectional and pre/post rifaximin cohorts were enrolled. 32998876 7 17 dep % 1011:1011 arg1 p=0.008 1021:1027 p=0.008 1021:1027 p=0.008 1021:1027 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 14 18 theme Phage-bacterial 1773:1787 arg1 linkages 1789:1796 Phage-bacterial linkages 1773:1796 Phage-bacterial linkages centred around urease-producing Streptococcus species 1773:1850 Phage-bacterial linkages centred around urease-producing Streptococcus species collapsed postrifaximin. 32998876 11 19 theme correlation 1337:1347 arg1 complexity 1357:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity 1321:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity 1321:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity was highest in controls, lowest in Cirr-L and increased in Cirr-LR. 32998876 5 20 theme Stool 578:582 arg1 metagenomics 584:595 Stool metagenomics 578:595 Stool metagenomics for bacteria and phages 578:619 Stool metagenomics for bacteria and phages and their correlation networks were analysed in controls versus cirrhosis, within cirrhotics, hospitalised/not and pre/post rifaximin. 32998876 2 21 theme pre/post 276:283 arg1 cohorts 295:301 DESIGN Cross-sectional and pre/post rifaximin cohorts 249:301 cohorts 295:301 DESIGN Cross-sectional and pre/post rifaximin cohorts were enrolled. 32998876 10 22 theme phage-MELD 1286:1295 arg1 correlations 1297:1308 only modest phage-MELD correlations 1274:1308 only modest phage-MELD correlations 1274:1308 Autochthonous bacteria linked negatively, pathobionts linked positively with MELD but only modest phage-MELD correlations were seen. 32998876 12 23 from bacteria 1508:1515 arg1 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 23 from bacteria 1508:1515 arg1 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 10 24 theme modest 1279:1284 arg1 correlations 1297:1308 only modest phage-MELD correlations 1274:1308 only modest phage-MELD correlations 1274:1308 Autochthonous bacteria linked negatively, pathobionts linked positively with MELD but only modest phage-MELD correlations were seen. 32998876 13 25 theme alpha/beta 1705:1714 arg1 diversity 1716:1724 alpha/beta diversity 1705:1724 alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria 1705:1746 Pre/post: No changes in alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria were seen postrifaximin. 32998876 8 26 theme alpha/beta 1041:1050 arg1 diversity 1052:1060 Bacterial alpha/beta diversity 1031:1060 Bacterial alpha/beta diversity 1031:1060 Bacterial alpha/beta diversity worsened from controls through Cirr-LR. 32998876 8 27 theme Bacterial 1031:1039 arg1 diversity 1052:1060 Bacterial alpha/beta diversity 1031:1060 Bacterial alpha/beta diversity 1031:1060 Bacterial alpha/beta diversity worsened from controls through Cirr-LR. 32998876 0 28 theme metagenome 25:34 arg1 Interaction 0:10 Interaction 0:10 Interaction of bacterial metagenome 0:34 Interaction of bacterial metagenome and virome in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. 32998876 1 29 theme OBJECTIVE 102:110 arg1 composition 130:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition 102:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition 102:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 0 30 theme bacterial 15:23 arg1 metagenome 25:34 bacterial metagenome 15:34 bacterial metagenome 15:34 Interaction of bacterial metagenome and virome in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. 32998876 12 31 theme Microviridae 1436:1447 arg1 phages 1470:1475 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages 1436:1475 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages 1436:1475 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 1 32 theme Altered 112:118 arg1 composition 130:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition 102:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition 102:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 1 33 theme virome 210:215 arg1 phages 229:234 phages 229:234 especially phages 218:234 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 1 33 theme virome 210:215 arg1 role 202:205 the role 198:205 the role of virome 198:215 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 1 33 theme virome 210:215 arg1 unclear 240:246 unclear 240:246 unclear 240:246 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 16 34 theme rifaximin 2131:2139 arg1 therapy 2141:2147 rifaximin therapy 2131:2147 rifaximin therapy 2131:2147 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 4 35 theme rifaximin 567:575 arg1 weeks 558:562 8 weeks 556:562 8 weeks of rifaximin 556:575 Pre/post: compensated cirrhotics underwent stool collection pre/post 8 weeks of rifaximin. 32998876 5 36 theme pre/post 736:743 arg1 cirrhotics 703:712 cirrhotics 703:712 cirrhotics 703:712 Stool metagenomics for bacteria and phages and their correlation networks were analysed in controls versus cirrhosis, within cirrhotics, hospitalised/not and pre/post rifaximin. 32998876 5 36 theme pre/post 736:743 arg1 rifaximin 745:753 pre/post rifaximin 736:753 pre/post rifaximin 736:753 Stool metagenomics for bacteria and phages and their correlation networks were analysed in controls versus cirrhosis, within cirrhotics, hospitalised/not and pre/post rifaximin. 32998876 9 37 theme phage 1108:1112 arg1 diversity 1120:1128 phage alpha diversity 1108:1128 phage alpha diversity 1108:1128 While phage alpha diversity was similar, beta diversity was different between groups. 32998876 7 38 theme liver 920:924 arg1 MELD 935:938 MELD 935:938 MELD 935:938 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 7 38 theme liver 920:924 arg1 disease 926:932 end-stage liver disease 910:932 end-stage liver disease (MELD) score 910:945 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 12 39 dep bacteria 1508:1515 arg1 had 1566:1568 had 1566:1568 had greater pathobionts 1566:1588 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 3 40 dep outpatients 358:368 arg1 compensated 371:381 compensated 371:381 compensated 371:381 Cross-sectional: controls and cirrhotic outpatients (compensated, on lactulose (Cirr-L), on rifaximin (Cirr-LR)) were included and followed for 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 11 41 theme network 1349:1355 arg1 complexity 1357:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity 1321:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity 1321:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity was highest in controls, lowest in Cirr-L and increased in Cirr-LR. 32998876 9 42 theme alpha 1114:1118 arg1 diversity 1120:1128 phage alpha diversity 1108:1128 phage alpha diversity 1108:1128 While phage alpha diversity was similar, beta diversity was different between groups. 32998876 4 43 theme stool 530:534 arg1 collection 536:545 stool collection 530:545 stool collection 530:545 Pre/post: compensated cirrhotics underwent stool collection pre/post 8 weeks of rifaximin. 32998876 3 44 theme Cross-sectional 318:332 arg1 controls 335:342 Cross-sectional: controls 318:342 Cross-sectional: controls 318:342 Cross-sectional: controls and cirrhotic outpatients (compensated, on lactulose (Cirr-L), on rifaximin (Cirr-LR)) were included and followed for 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 12 45 theme hospitalised 1544:1555 arg1 patients 1557:1564 hospitalised patients 1544:1564 hospitalised patients 1544:1564 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 16 46 theme Streptococcus 2068:2080 arg1 species 2082:2088 urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species 2031:2088 urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species 2031:2088 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 1 47 theme bacterial 120:128 arg1 composition 130:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition 102:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition 102:140 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 16 48 theme 90-day 2194:2199 arg1 hospitalisations 2201:2216 90-day hospitalisations 2194:2216 90-day hospitalisations 2194:2216 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 11 49 theme Phage-bacterial 1321:1335 arg1 complexity 1357:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity 1321:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity 1321:1366 Phage-bacterial correlation network complexity was highest in controls, lowest in Cirr-L and increased in Cirr-LR. 32998876 13 50 theme phages 1729:1734 arg1 diversity 1716:1724 alpha/beta diversity 1705:1724 alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria 1705:1746 Pre/post: No changes in alpha/beta diversity of phages or bacteria were seen postrifaximin. 32998876 6 51 dep RESULTS 756:762 arg1 Cross-sectional 764:778 Cross-sectional 764:778 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 756:865 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 32998876 6 51 dep RESULTS 756:762 arg1 enrolled 857:864 enrolled 857:864 were enrolled 852:864 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 32998876 6 52 theme compensated 816:826 arg1 Cirr-L 832:837 63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L 813:837 Cirr-L 832:837 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 32998876 6 52 theme compensated 816:826 arg1 Cirr-LR 843:849 57 Cirr-LR 840:849 57 Cirr-LR 840:849 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 32998876 16 53 theme urease-producing 2031:2046 arg1 species 2082:2088 urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species 2031:2088 urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species 2031:2088 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 3 54 theme 90-day 462:467 arg1 hospitalisations 469:484 90-day hospitalisations 462:484 90-day hospitalisations 462:484 Cross-sectional: controls and cirrhotic outpatients (compensated, on lactulose (Cirr-L), on rifaximin (Cirr-LR)) were included and followed for 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 7 55 theme disease 926:932 arg1 score 941:945 end-stage liver disease (MELD) score 910:945 end-stage liver disease (MELD) score 910:945 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 12 56 theme commensal 1597:1605 arg1 bacteria 1607:1614 lower commensal bacteria 1591:1614 lower commensal bacteria 1591:1614 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 57 from phages 1620:1625 arg1 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Cirr-L 1537:1542 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 12 57 from phages 1620:1625 arg1 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Cirr-LR 1520:1526 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 0 58 with patients 50:57 arg1 cirrhosis 64:72 cirrhosis 64:72 cirrhosis 64:72 Interaction of bacterial metagenome and virome in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. 32998876 0 58 with patients 50:57 arg1 encephalopathy 86:99 hepatic encephalopathy 78:99 hepatic encephalopathy 78:99 Interaction of bacterial metagenome and virome in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. 32998876 12 59 theme lower 1591:1595 arg1 bacteria 1607:1614 lower commensal bacteria 1591:1614 lower commensal bacteria 1591:1614 Microviridae and Faecalibacterium phages were linked with autochthonous bacteria in Cirr-LR, but not Cirr-L hospitalised patients had greater pathobionts, lower commensal bacteria and phages focused on Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Myoviridae. 32998876 3 60 theme cirrhotic 348:356 arg1 outpatients 358:368 cirrhotic outpatients 348:368 cirrhotic outpatients (compensated, on lactulose (Cirr-L), on rifaximin (Cirr-LR)) 348:429 Cross-sectional: controls and cirrhotic outpatients (compensated, on lactulose (Cirr-L), on rifaximin (Cirr-LR)) were included and followed for 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 2 61 theme DESIGN 249:254 arg1 Cross-sectional 256:270 DESIGN Cross-sectional and pre/post rifaximin cohorts 249:301 Cross-sectional 256:270 DESIGN Cross-sectional and pre/post rifaximin cohorts were enrolled. 32998876 9 62 theme beta 1143:1146 arg1 diversity 1148:1156 beta diversity 1143:1156 beta diversity 1143:1156 While phage alpha diversity was similar, beta diversity was different between groups. 32998876 7 63 theme end-stage 910:918 arg1 MELD 935:938 MELD 935:938 MELD 935:938 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 7 63 theme end-stage 910:918 arg1 disease 926:932 end-stage liver disease 910:932 end-stage liver disease (MELD) score 910:945 Cirr-L/LR groups were similar on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score but Cirr-L developed greater hospitalisations versus Cirr-LR (56% vs 30%, p=0.008). 32998876 14 64 theme Streptococcus 1830:1842 arg1 species 1844:1850 urease-producing Streptococcus species 1813:1850 urease-producing Streptococcus species 1813:1850 Phage-bacterial linkages centred around urease-producing Streptococcus species collapsed postrifaximin. 32998876 15 65 theme 90-day 1974:1979 arg1 outcomes 1981:1988 90-day outcomes 1974:1988 90-day outcomes 1974:1988 CONCLUSION Unlike bacteria, faecal phages are sparsely linked with cirrhosis characteristics and 90-day outcomes. 32998876 4 66 theme compensated 497:507 arg1 cirrhotics 509:518 compensated cirrhotics 497:518 compensated cirrhotics 497:518 Pre/post: compensated cirrhotics underwent stool collection pre/post 8 weeks of rifaximin. 32998876 16 67 dep urease-producing 2031:2046 arg1 ammonia-generating 2049:2066 ammonia-generating 2049:2066 ammonia-generating 2049:2066 Phage and bacterial linkages centred on urease-producing, ammonia-generating Streptococcus species were affected by disease progression and rifaximin therapy and were altered in patients who experienced 90-day hospitalisations. 32998876 15 68 dep CONCLUSION 1877:1886 arg1 bacteria 1895:1902 bacteria 1895:1902 bacteria 1895:1902 CONCLUSION Unlike bacteria, faecal phages are sparsely linked with cirrhosis characteristics and 90-day outcomes. 32998876 1 69 theme disease 161:167 arg1 progression 169:179 disease progression 161:179 disease progression in cirrhosis 161:192 OBJECTIVE Altered bacterial composition is associated with disease progression in cirrhosis but the role of virome, especially phages, is unclear. 32998876 6 70 dep controls 784:791 arg1 Cirr-L 832:837 63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L 813:837 Cirr-L 832:837 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 32998876 6 70 dep controls 784:791 arg1 Cirr-LR 843:849 57 Cirr-LR 840:849 57 Cirr-LR 840:849 RESULTS Cross-sectional: 40 controls and 163 cirrhotics (63 compensated, 43 Cirr-L, 57 Cirr-LR) were enrolled. 32998876 14 71 theme urease-producing 1813:1828 arg1 species 1844:1850 urease-producing Streptococcus species 1813:1850 urease-producing Streptococcus species 1813:1850 Phage-bacterial linkages centred around urease-producing Streptococcus species collapsed postrifaximin. 32006768 2 0 from BY7 420:422 arg1 particles 447:455 reduced GO particles 436:455 reduced GO particles 436:455 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 7 1 theme BY7 1109:1111 arg1 cells 1113:1117 free-living BY7 cells 1097:1117 free-living BY7 cells 1097:1117 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 1 2 theme -like 260:264 arg1 nanomaterials 266:278 graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials 241:278 graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials 241:278 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 6 3 theme EPS 811:813 arg1 Concentration 794:806 Concentration 794:806 Concentration of EPS 794:813 Concentration of EPS was sharply increased (about 54%) with the addition of graphene oxide, while the composition of EPS components was strongly affected by the exposure to Cr. 32006768 5 4 dep BY7 707:709 arg1 consisted 718:726 consisted 718:726 BY7 mainly consisted of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and humic substances 707:791 EPS produced by the bacterium BY7 mainly consisted of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and humic substances. 32006768 6 5 dep increased 827:835 arg1 % 846:846 about 54% 838:846 about 54% 838:846 Concentration of EPS was sharply increased (about 54%) with the addition of graphene oxide, while the composition of EPS components was strongly affected by the exposure to Cr. 32006768 11 6 theme Cr 1558:1559 arg1 processes 1571:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes 1536:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles 1536:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 7 7 theme surface 983:989 arg1 EPS 991:993 surface EPS 983:993 surface EPS 983:993 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 3 8 theme substances 494:503 arg1 role 462:465 The role 458:465 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr 458:557 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 10 9 theme fractions 1419:1427 arg1 contribution 1394:1405 the contribution 1390:1405 the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction 1390:1455 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 11 10 theme sulfate 1546:1552 arg1 processes 1571:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes 1536:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles 1536:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 3 11 from role 462:465 arg1 reduction 531:539 reduction 531:539 reduction of sulfate and Cr 531:557 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 3 12 theme rGO 515:517 arg1 material 519:526 rGO material 515:526 rGO material 515:526 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 9 13 theme reduction 1298:1306 arg1 peak 1308:1311 the reduction peak 1294:1311 the reduction peak indicating enhanced electron transfer 1294:1349 Based on electrochemical analysis, the reduction peak indicating enhanced electron transfer was lost after removing EPS. 32006768 12 14 theme Cr 1853:1854 arg1 production 1856:1865 elemental Cr production 1843:1865 elemental Cr production 1843:1865 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 5 15 theme humic 776:780 arg1 substances 782:791 humic substances 776:791 humic substances 776:791 EPS produced by the bacterium BY7 mainly consisted of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and humic substances. 32006768 10 16 theme Cr 1444:1445 arg1 reduction 1447:1455 Cr reduction 1444:1455 Cr reduction 1444:1455 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 0 17 theme graphene 136:143 arg1 oxide 145:149 graphene oxide 136:149 graphene oxide 136:149 Enhanced reduction of sulfate and chromium under sulfate-reducing condition by synergism between extracellular polymeric substances and graphene oxide. 32006768 9 18 theme electron 1333:1340 arg1 transfer 1342:1349 enhanced electron transfer 1324:1349 enhanced electron transfer 1324:1349 Based on electrochemical analysis, the reduction peak indicating enhanced electron transfer was lost after removing EPS. 32006768 10 19 theme polysaccharides > proteins > humic 1478:1511 arg1 substances 1513:1522 polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances 1478:1522 polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances 1478:1522 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 11 20 theme sulfate 1712:1718 arg1 reduction 1727:1735 sulfate and Cr reduction 1712:1735 sulfate and Cr reduction 1712:1735 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 9 21 theme electrochemical 1268:1282 arg1 analysis 1284:1291 electrochemical analysis 1268:1291 electrochemical analysis 1268:1291 Based on electrochemical analysis, the reduction peak indicating enhanced electron transfer was lost after removing EPS. 32006768 7 22 theme reduction 1023:1031 arg1 activities 1033:1042 reduction activities 1023:1042 reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells 1023:1117 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 1 23 dep oxide 250:254 arg1 GO 257:258 GO 257:258 GO 257:258 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 13 24 theme sulfate 2058:2064 arg1 activities 2083:2092 sulfate and Cr reduction activities 2058:2092 sulfate and Cr reduction activities 2058:2092 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 13 25 theme environmental 2166:2178 arg1 bioremediation 2180:2193 environmental bioremediation 2166:2193 environmental bioremediation 2166:2193 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 12 26 theme Cr 1989:1990 arg1 reduction 1997:2005 Cr(III) reduction 1989:2005 Cr(III) reduction 1989:2005 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 4 27 dep % 652:652 arg1 up 644:645 up 644:645 up 644:645 Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and elemental Cr by BY-rGO particles up to 51% and 28%, respectively. 32006768 7 28 theme free-living 1097:1107 arg1 cells 1113:1117 free-living BY7 cells 1097:1117 free-living BY7 cells 1097:1117 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 13 29 dep additive 2121:2128 arg1 increase 2133:2140 increase 2133:2140 to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation 2130:2193 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 8 30 theme free-living 1183:1193 arg1 cells 1199:1203 the free-living BY7 cells 1179:1203 the free-living BY7 cells 1179:1203 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 11 31 theme EPS 1660:1662 arg1 EPS 1660:1662 EPS 1660:1662 EPS 1660:1662 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 11 31 theme EPS 1660:1662 arg1 amounts 1649:1655 the increasing amounts 1634:1655 the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, 1634:1736 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 6 32 theme oxide 879:883 arg1 addition 858:865 the addition 854:865 the addition of graphene oxide 854:883 Concentration of EPS was sharply increased (about 54%) with the addition of graphene oxide, while the composition of EPS components was strongly affected by the exposure to Cr. 32006768 11 33 from processes 1571:1579 arg1 presence 1588:1595 the presence 1584:1595 the presence of BY-rGO particles 1584:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 0 34 theme extracellular 97:109 arg1 substances 121:130 extracellular polymeric substances 97:130 extracellular polymeric substances 97:130 Enhanced reduction of sulfate and chromium under sulfate-reducing condition by synergism between extracellular polymeric substances and graphene oxide. 32006768 1 35 theme Microbial 152:160 arg1 reduction 162:170 Microbial reduction 152:170 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal 152:191 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 7 36 theme chromium 1059:1066 arg1 activities 1033:1042 reduction activities 1023:1042 reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells 1023:1117 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 2 37 theme reduced 436:442 arg1 particles 447:455 reduced GO particles 436:455 reduced GO particles 436:455 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 8 38 theme external 1223:1230 arg1 addition 1232:1239 external addition 1223:1239 external addition of extracted EPS 1223:1256 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 2 39 theme free-living 378:388 arg1 BY7 400:402 free-living bacterium BY7 378:402 free-living bacterium BY7 378:402 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 7 40 theme sulfate 1047:1053 arg1 activities 1033:1042 reduction activities 1023:1042 reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells 1023:1117 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 13 41 theme EPS 2111:2113 arg1 supplement 2097:2106 supplement 2097:2106 supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation 2097:2193 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 8 42 theme EPS 1254:1256 arg1 addition 1232:1239 external addition 1223:1239 external addition of extracted EPS 1223:1256 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 2 43 theme immobilized 408:418 arg1 BY-rGO 425:430 BY-rGO 425:430 BY-rGO 425:430 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 2 43 theme immobilized 408:418 arg1 BY7 420:422 immobilized BY7 408:422 immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) 408:431 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 5 44 theme nucleic 758:764 arg1 acids 766:770 nucleic acids 758:770 nucleic acids 758:770 EPS produced by the bacterium BY7 mainly consisted of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and humic substances. 32006768 6 45 theme EPS 911:913 arg1 components 915:924 EPS components 911:924 EPS components 911:924 Concentration of EPS was sharply increased (about 54%) with the addition of graphene oxide, while the composition of EPS components was strongly affected by the exposure to Cr. 32006768 3 46 theme extracellular 470:482 arg1 EPS 506:508 EPS 506:508 EPS 506:508 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 3 46 theme extracellular 470:482 arg1 substances 494:503 extracellular polymeric substances 470:503 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 470:509 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 2 47 from BY7 400:402 arg1 particles 447:455 reduced GO particles 436:455 reduced GO particles 436:455 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 11 48 theme Cr 1724:1725 arg1 reduction 1727:1735 sulfate and Cr reduction 1712:1735 sulfate and Cr reduction 1712:1735 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 1 49 theme graphene 241:248 arg1 oxide 250:254 graphene oxide 241:254 graphene oxide (GO) 241:259 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 4 50 theme elemental 611:619 arg1 Cr 621:622 elemental Cr 611:622 elemental Cr 611:622 Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and elemental Cr by BY-rGO particles up to 51% and 28%, respectively. 32006768 10 51 theme EPS 1415:1417 arg1 fractions 1419:1427 each EPS fractions 1410:1427 each EPS fractions 1410:1427 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 11 52 theme BY-rGO 1600:1605 arg1 particles 1607:1615 BY-rGO particles 1600:1615 BY-rGO particles 1600:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 13 53 theme Cr 2070:2071 arg1 activities 2083:2092 sulfate and Cr reduction activities 2058:2092 sulfate and Cr reduction activities 2058:2092 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 11 54 theme microbial 1536:1544 arg1 processes 1571:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes 1536:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles 1536:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 2 55 theme Cr 354:355 arg1 bio-reduction 337:349 bio-reduction 337:349 bio-reduction of Cr 337:355 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 13 56 theme direct 2027:2032 arg1 evidences 2034:2042 direct evidences 2027:2042 direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation 2027:2193 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 3 57 theme material 519:526 arg1 role 462:465 The role 458:465 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr 458:557 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 1 58 theme nanomaterials 266:278 arg1 presence 229:236 the presence 225:236 the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials 225:278 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 12 59 theme sulfate-reducing 1873:1888 arg1 condition 1890:1898 sulfate-reducing condition 1873:1898 sulfate-reducing condition 1873:1898 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 4 60 theme BY-rGO 627:632 arg1 particles 634:642 BY-rGO particles 627:642 BY-rGO particles up to 51% and 28%, respectively 627:674 Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and elemental Cr by BY-rGO particles up to 51% and 28%, respectively. 32006768 11 61 theme reduction 1561:1569 arg1 processes 1571:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes 1536:1579 microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles 1536:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 1 62 theme metal 187:191 arg1 reduction 162:170 Microbial reduction 152:170 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal 152:191 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 3 63 theme sulfate 544:550 arg1 reduction 531:539 reduction 531:539 reduction of sulfate and Cr 531:557 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 12 64 theme elemental 1843:1851 arg1 production 1856:1865 elemental Cr production 1843:1865 elemental Cr production 1843:1865 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 11 65 theme electron 1687:1694 arg1 transfer 1696:1703 electron transfer 1687:1703 electron transfer 1687:1703 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 9 66 theme enhanced 1324:1331 arg1 transfer 1342:1349 enhanced electron transfer 1324:1349 enhanced electron transfer 1324:1349 Based on electrochemical analysis, the reduction peak indicating enhanced electron transfer was lost after removing EPS. 32006768 10 67 theme substances 1513:1522 arg1 order 1469:1473 an order 1466:1473 an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances 1466:1522 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 3 68 theme Cr 556:557 arg1 reduction 531:539 reduction 531:539 reduction of sulfate and Cr 531:557 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 12 69 theme activation 1967:1976 arg1 energy 1978:1983 activation energy 1967:1983 activation energy for Cr(III) reduction 1967:2005 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 11 70 from toxicity 1771:1778 arg1 bacteria 1751:1758 bacteria 1751:1758 bacteria from metal toxicity 1751:1778 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 8 71 theme sulfate 1161:1167 arg1 reduction 1148:1156 reduction 1148:1156 reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells 1148:1203 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 11 72 theme increasing 1638:1647 arg1 EPS 1660:1662 EPS 1660:1662 EPS 1660:1662 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 11 72 theme increasing 1638:1647 arg1 amounts 1649:1655 the increasing amounts 1634:1655 the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, 1634:1736 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 8 73 theme Cr 1173:1174 arg1 reduction 1148:1156 reduction 1148:1156 reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells 1148:1203 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 7 74 theme BY-rGO 1076:1081 arg1 particles 1083:1091 BY-rGO particles 1076:1091 BY-rGO particles 1076:1091 By removing surface EPS without breaking the cells, reduction activities of sulfate and chromium by both BY-rGO particles and free-living BY7 cells were decreased. 32006768 2 75 dep particles 447:455 arg1 GO 444:445 GO 444:445 GO 444:445 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 1 76 theme sulfate 175:181 arg1 reduction 162:170 Microbial reduction 152:170 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal 152:191 Microbial reduction of sulfate and metal were simultaneously enhanced in the presence of graphene oxide (GO)-like nanomaterials, however, the mechanism remained unclear. 32006768 0 77 theme polymeric 111:119 arg1 substances 121:130 extracellular polymeric substances 97:130 extracellular polymeric substances 97:130 Enhanced reduction of sulfate and chromium under sulfate-reducing condition by synergism between extracellular polymeric substances and graphene oxide. 32006768 12 78 theme rGO 1811:1813 arg1 important 1829:1837 important 1829:1837 important 1829:1837 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 12 78 theme rGO 1811:1813 arg1 presence 1799:1806 the presence 1795:1806 the presence of rGO 1795:1813 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 6 79 theme graphene 870:877 arg1 oxide 879:883 graphene oxide 870:883 graphene oxide 870:883 Concentration of EPS was sharply increased (about 54%) with the addition of graphene oxide, while the composition of EPS components was strongly affected by the exposure to Cr. 32006768 8 80 theme BY7 1195:1197 arg1 cells 1199:1203 the free-living BY7 cells 1179:1203 the free-living BY7 cells 1179:1203 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 13 81 theme treatment 2142:2150 arg1 efficiency 2152:2161 treatment efficiency 2142:2161 treatment efficiency 2142:2161 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 32006768 2 82 theme bacterium 390:398 arg1 BY7 400:402 free-living bacterium BY7 378:402 free-living bacterium BY7 378:402 In this study, bio-reduction of Cr was compared between free-living bacterium BY7 and immobilized BY7 (BY-rGO) on reduced GO particles. 32006768 0 83 theme sulfate 22:28 arg1 reduction 9:17 reduction 9:17 reduction of sulfate and chromium 9:41 Enhanced reduction of sulfate and chromium under sulfate-reducing condition by synergism between extracellular polymeric substances and graphene oxide. 32006768 0 84 theme chromium 34:41 arg1 reduction 9:17 reduction 9:17 reduction of sulfate and chromium 9:41 Enhanced reduction of sulfate and chromium under sulfate-reducing condition by synergism between extracellular polymeric substances and graphene oxide. 32006768 12 85 theme electric 1936:1943 arg1 potential 1945:1953 electric potential 1936:1953 electric potential 1936:1953 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 10 86 from contribution 1394:1405 arg1 sulfate 1432:1438 sulfate 1432:1438 sulfate 1432:1438 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 10 86 from contribution 1394:1405 arg1 reduction 1447:1455 Cr reduction 1444:1455 Cr reduction 1444:1455 Moreover, the contribution of each EPS fractions on sulfate and Cr reduction followed an order of polysaccharides > proteins > humic substances. 32006768 12 87 dep reduction 1997:2005 arg1 III 1992:1994 III 1992:1994 III 1992:1994 Nevertheless, the presence of rGO was crucially important for elemental Cr production under sulfate-reducing condition, which might contribute to lowering electric potential or reducing activation energy for Cr(III) reduction. 32006768 6 88 theme components 915:924 arg1 composition 896:906 the composition 892:906 the composition of EPS components 892:924 Concentration of EPS was sharply increased (about 54%) with the addition of graphene oxide, while the composition of EPS components was strongly affected by the exposure to Cr. 32006768 8 89 theme extracted 1244:1252 arg1 EPS 1254:1256 extracted EPS 1244:1256 extracted EPS 1244:1256 In contrast, reduction of sulfate and Cr by the free-living BY7 cells was enhanced with external addition of extracted EPS. 32006768 0 90 theme sulfate-reducing 49:64 arg1 condition 66:74 sulfate-reducing condition 49:74 sulfate-reducing condition 49:74 Enhanced reduction of sulfate and chromium under sulfate-reducing condition by synergism between extracellular polymeric substances and graphene oxide. 32006768 4 91 dep reduced 588:594 arg1 VI 580:581 VI 580:581 VI 580:581 Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and elemental Cr by BY-rGO particles up to 51% and 28%, respectively. 32006768 11 92 theme particles 1607:1615 arg1 presence 1588:1595 the presence 1584:1595 the presence of BY-rGO particles 1584:1615 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 3 93 theme polymeric 484:492 arg1 EPS 506:508 EPS 506:508 EPS 506:508 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 3 93 theme polymeric 484:492 arg1 substances 494:503 extracellular polymeric substances 470:503 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 470:509 The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rGO material on reduction of sulfate and Cr was investigated. 32006768 11 94 theme metal 1765:1769 arg1 toxicity 1771:1778 metal toxicity 1765:1778 metal toxicity 1765:1778 Therefore, microbial sulfate and Cr reduction processes in the presence of BY-rGO particles were enhanced by the increasing amounts of EPS, which likely mediated electron transfer during sulfate and Cr reduction, and relieved bacteria from metal toxicity. 32006768 13 95 theme reduction 2073:2081 arg1 activities 2083:2092 sulfate and Cr reduction activities 2058:2092 sulfate and Cr reduction activities 2058:2092 This work provided direct evidences for enhancing sulfate and Cr reduction activities by supplement of EPS as an additive to increase treatment efficiency in environmental bioremediation. 31859482 5 0 theme disparate 799:807 arg1 strategies 828:837 disparate peptide enrichment strategies 799:837 disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) 799:873 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 3 1 theme sample 527:532 arg1 cohorts 534:540 large sample cohorts 521:540 large sample cohorts 521:540 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 31859482 1 2 theme biological 254:263 arg1 fluids 265:270 biological fluids 254:270 biological fluids 254:270 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 0 3 theme Glycoproteins 65:77 arg1 Glycosite 9:17 Glycosite 9:17 Glycosite 9:17 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 0 3 theme Glycoproteins 65:77 arg1 Glycoproteins 65:77 N-Linked Glycoproteins 56:77 N-Linked Glycoproteins 56:77 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 0 3 theme Glycoproteins 65:77 arg1 Glycans 0:6 Glycans 0:6 Glycans 0:6 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 0 3 theme Glycoproteins 65:77 arg1 Analysis 44:51 Intact Glycopeptide Analysis 24:51 Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins 24:77 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 3 4 theme cohorts 534:540 arg1 investigation 504:516 investigation 504:516 investigation of large sample cohorts 504:540 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 31859482 1 5 theme fluids 265:270 arg1 component 241:249 the major protein component 223:249 the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring 223:328 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 0 6 theme Handling 92:99 arg1 Systems 101:107 Liquid Handling Systems 85:107 Liquid Handling Systems 85:107 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 4 7 attach derived 750:756 arg1 glycoproteins 772:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 4 7 attach derived 750:756 arg2 glycans 697:703 glycans 697:703 glycans 697:703 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 5 8 dep hydrophilic 846:856 arg1 i.e. 840:843 i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic 840:872 i.e. 840:843 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 5 9 theme high 921:924 arg1 throughput 926:935 a high throughput 919:935 a high throughput 919:935 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 5 10 theme plate 978:982 arg1 format 984:989 a 96-well plate format 968:989 a 96-well plate format 968:989 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 0 11 theme Liquid 85:90 arg1 Systems 101:107 Liquid Handling Systems 85:107 Liquid Handling Systems 85:107 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 9 12 theme IGPs 1529:1532 arg1 enrichment 1491:1500 a high-throughput enrichment 1473:1500 a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs 1473:1532 Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples. 31859482 4 13 gly glycosites 706:715 arg2 glycosites 706:715 glycosites 706:715 glycosites 706:715 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 4 14 link N-linked 763:770 arg1 glycoproteins 772:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 9 15 theme glycan 1505:1510 arg1 enrichment 1491:1500 a high-throughput enrichment 1473:1500 a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs 1473:1532 Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples. 31859482 5 16 theme IGP 961:963 arg1 throughput 926:935 a high throughput 919:935 a high throughput 919:935 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 5 16 theme IGP 961:963 arg1 enrichment 947:956 rapid enrichment 941:956 rapid enrichment of IGP 941:963 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 4 17 gly glycoproteins 772:784 arg1 glycoproteins 772:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 2 18 theme mass 370:373 arg1 MS 389:390 MS 389:390 MS 389:390 Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. 31859482 2 18 theme mass 370:373 arg1 spectrometry 375:386 mass spectrometry 370:386 mass spectrometry (MS) 370:391 Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. 31859482 1 19 gly glycoproteins 196:208 arg1 glycoproteins 196:208 glycoproteins 196:208 glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring 196:328 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 4 20 theme N-linked 763:770 arg1 glycoproteins 772:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 N-linked glycoproteins 763:784 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 8 21 theme glycoprotein 1418:1429 arg1 information 1431:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 8 22 theme methodology 1309:1319 arg1 development 1261:1271 development 1261:1271 development 1261:1271 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 8 22 theme methodology 1309:1319 arg1 optimization 1277:1288 optimization 1277:1288 optimization 1277:1288 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 1 23 theme disease 166:172 arg1 progression 174:184 disease progression 166:184 disease progression 166:184 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 0 24 theme Glycopeptide 31:42 arg1 Analysis 44:51 Intact Glycopeptide Analysis 24:51 Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins 24:77 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 7 25 from IGPs 1219:1222 arg1 glycans 1197:1203 glycans 1197:1203 glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest 1197:1248 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 7 25 from IGPs 1219:1222 arg1 analysis 1157:1164 the analysis 1153:1164 the analysis of deglycosylated peptides 1153:1191 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 5 26 theme enrichment 817:826 arg1 strategies 828:837 disparate peptide enrichment strategies 799:837 disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) 799:873 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 6 27 from enrichment 1078:1087 arg1 samples 1110:1116 complex samples 1102:1116 complex samples 1102:1116 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 3 28 theme efficient 558:566 arg1 preparation 600:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 31859482 8 29 gly glycoprotein 1340:1351 arg1 fetuin 1354:1359 fetuin 1354:1359 fetuin 1354:1359 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 8 29 gly glycoprotein 1340:1351 arg1 glycoprotein 1340:1351 the standard glycoprotein 1327:1351 the standard glycoprotein 1327:1351 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 7 30 theme PNGase 1234:1239 arg1 F 1241:1241 PNGase F 1234:1241 PNGase F digest 1234:1248 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 5 31 theme peptide 809:815 arg1 strategies 828:837 disparate peptide enrichment strategies 799:837 disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) 799:873 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 3 32 theme sample 593:598 arg1 preparation 600:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 31859482 6 33 theme complex 1102:1108 arg1 samples 1110:1116 complex samples 1102:1116 complex samples 1102:1116 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 6 34 theme C18/MAX-Tip 996:1006 arg1 workflow 1008:1015 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow 992:1015 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow 992:1015 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 5 35 dep strategies 828:837 arg1 hydrophilic 846:856 hydrophilic 846:856 hydrophilic 846:856 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 5 35 dep strategies 828:837 arg1 hydrophobic 862:872 hydrophobic 862:872 hydrophobic 862:872 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 6 36 theme processing 1032:1041 arg1 time 1043:1046 sample processing time 1025:1046 sample processing time 1025:1046 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 4 37 theme intact 722:727 arg1 IGPs 744:747 IGPs 744:747 IGPs 744:747 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 4 37 theme intact 722:727 arg1 glycopeptides 729:741 intact glycopeptides 722:741 intact glycopeptides (IGPs) 722:748 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 8 38 link N-linked 1409:1416 arg1 information 1431:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 6 39 from samples 1110:1116 arg1 IGPs 1092:1095 IGPs 1092:1095 IGPs from complex samples 1092:1116 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 6 39 from samples 1110:1116 arg1 enrichment 1078:1087 the selective enrichment 1064:1087 the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples 1064:1116 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 5 40 theme 96-well 970:976 arg1 format 984:989 a 96-well plate format 968:989 a 96-well plate format 968:989 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 2 41 theme glycosylation 436:448 arg1 patterns 450:457 the altered glycosylation patterns 424:457 the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression 424:492 Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. 31859482 7 42 theme enriched 1210:1217 arg1 IGPs 1219:1222 enriched IGPs 1210:1222 enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest 1210:1248 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 1 43 dep component 241:249 arg1 makes 277:281 makes 277:281 makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring 277:328 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 3 44 theme reproducible 580:591 arg1 preparation 600:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 31859482 9 45 gly glycosites 1513:1522 arg2 glycosites 1513:1522 glycosites 1513:1522 glycosites 1513:1522 Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples. 31859482 2 46 theme altered 428:434 arg1 patterns 450:457 the altered glycosylation patterns 424:457 the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression 424:492 Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. 31859482 0 47 theme Intact 24:29 arg1 Analysis 44:51 Intact Glycopeptide Analysis 24:51 Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins 24:77 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 8 48 gly glycoprotein 1418:1429 arg1 glycoprotein 1418:1429 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 8 49 theme C18/MAX-Tip 1297:1307 arg1 methodology 1309:1319 the C18/MAX-Tip methodology 1293:1319 the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin 1293:1359 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 9 50 theme biological 1539:1548 arg1 samples 1550:1556 biological samples 1539:1556 biological samples 1539:1556 Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples. 31859482 5 51 theme handling 888:895 arg1 platform 897:904 a liquid handling platform 879:904 a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP 879:963 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 1 52 theme disease 311:317 arg1 monitoring 319:328 disease monitoring 311:328 disease monitoring 311:328 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 6 53 theme sample 1025:1030 arg1 time 1043:1046 sample processing time 1025:1046 sample processing time 1025:1046 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 9 54 theme high-throughput 1475:1489 arg1 enrichment 1491:1500 a high-throughput enrichment 1473:1500 a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs 1473:1532 Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples. 31859482 5 55 theme liquid 881:886 arg1 platform 897:904 a liquid handling platform 879:904 a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP 879:963 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 7 56 theme deglycosylated 1169:1182 arg1 peptides 1184:1191 deglycosylated peptides 1169:1191 deglycosylated peptides 1169:1191 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 1 57 theme Aberrant 110:117 arg1 glycosylation 119:131 Aberrant glycosylation 110:131 Aberrant glycosylation 110:131 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 2 58 theme disease 474:480 arg1 progression 482:492 disease progression 474:492 disease progression 474:492 Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. 31859482 7 59 theme F 1241:1241 arg1 digest 1243:1248 PNGase F digest 1234:1248 PNGase F digest 1234:1248 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 8 60 theme urine 1385:1389 arg1 samples 1391:1397 normal urine samples 1378:1397 normal urine samples 1378:1397 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 7 61 gly deglycosylated 1169:1182 arg1 peptides 1184:1191 deglycosylated peptides 1169:1191 deglycosylated peptides 1169:1191 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 3 62 theme large 521:525 arg1 cohorts 534:540 large sample cohorts 521:540 large sample cohorts 521:540 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 31859482 7 63 theme peptides 1184:1191 arg1 glycans 1197:1203 glycans 1197:1203 glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest 1197:1248 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 7 63 theme peptides 1184:1191 arg1 analysis 1157:1164 the analysis 1153:1164 the analysis of deglycosylated peptides 1153:1191 Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. 31859482 8 64 theme N-linked 1409:1416 arg1 information 1431:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 N-linked glycoprotein information 1409:1441 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 1 65 theme major 227:231 arg1 component 241:249 the major protein component 223:249 the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring 223:328 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 4 66 gly glycopeptides 729:741 arg2 IGPs 744:747 IGPs 744:747 IGPs 744:747 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 4 66 gly glycopeptides 729:741 arg2 glycopeptides 729:741 intact glycopeptides 722:741 intact glycopeptides (IGPs) 722:748 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 5 67 theme rapid 941:945 arg1 enrichment 947:956 rapid enrichment 941:956 rapid enrichment of IGP 941:963 We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. 31859482 6 68 theme IGPs 1092:1095 arg1 enrichment 1078:1087 the selective enrichment 1064:1087 the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples 1064:1116 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 2 69 theme glycoproteomic 342:355 arg1 analysis 357:364 glycoproteomic analysis 342:364 glycoproteomic analysis 342:364 Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. 31859482 1 70 theme protein 233:239 arg1 component 241:249 the major protein component 223:249 the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring 223:328 Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. 31859482 0 71 theme N-Linked 56:63 arg1 Glycoproteins 65:77 N-Linked Glycoproteins 56:77 N-Linked Glycoproteins 56:77 Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. 31859482 6 72 theme selective 1068:1076 arg1 enrichment 1078:1087 the selective enrichment 1064:1087 the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples 1064:1116 The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. 31859482 8 73 theme standard 1331:1338 arg1 fetuin 1354:1359 fetuin 1354:1359 fetuin 1354:1359 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 8 73 theme standard 1331:1338 arg1 glycoprotein 1340:1351 the standard glycoprotein 1327:1351 the standard glycoprotein 1327:1351 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 4 74 theme high-throughput 655:669 arg1 method 671:676 a high-throughput method 653:676 a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins 653:784 To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. 31859482 8 75 theme normal 1378:1383 arg1 samples 1391:1397 normal urine samples 1378:1397 normal urine samples 1378:1397 Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. 31859482 9 76 theme glycosites 1513:1522 arg1 enrichment 1491:1500 a high-throughput enrichment 1473:1500 a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs 1473:1532 Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples. 31859482 3 77 theme rapid 551:555 arg1 preparation 600:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation 551:610 However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. 33093845 5 0 theme restriction 803:813 arg1 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 5 0 theme restriction 803:813 arg1 sequencing 835:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing 803:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) 803:854 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 8 1 theme glucose 1504:1510 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 1 2 theme bio-based 208:216 arg1 economy 218:224 the emerging bio-based economy 195:224 the emerging bio-based economy 195:224 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 10 3 with genotypes 1745:1753 arg1 quality 1783:1789 improved fiber quality 1768:1789 improved fiber quality 1768:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 8 4 theme different 1450:1458 arg1 traits 1474:1479 different fiber quality traits 1450:1479 different fiber quality traits 1450:1479 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 8 4 theme different 1450:1458 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 2 5 theme hemp 232:235 arg1 breeding 237:244 hemp breeding 232:244 hemp breeding for fiber quality 232:262 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 8 6 theme glucuronic 1513:1522 arg1 acid 1524:1527 glucuronic acid 1513:1527 glucuronic acid 1513:1527 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 4 7 theme contrasting 742:752 arg1 environments 754:765 contrasting environments 742:765 contrasting environments 742:765 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 6 8 theme quantitative 1046:1057 arg1 QTLs 1071:1074 QTLs 1071:1074 QTLs 1071:1074 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 8 theme quantitative 1046:1057 arg1 loci 1065:1068 quantitative trait loci 1046:1068 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits 1046:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 5 9 theme hemp 772:775 arg1 panel 777:781 The hemp panel 768:781 The hemp panel 768:781 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 7 10 theme trait 1285:1289 arg1 variance 1291:1298 explained trait variance 1275:1298 explained trait variance 1275:1298 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 4 11 theme genetic 573:579 arg1 components 590:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 7 12 dep level 1241:1245 arg1 i 1226:1226 i 1226:1226 i 1226:1226 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 6 13 theme large 873:877 arg1 markers 956:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 13 theme large 873:877 arg1 > 884:884 > 600,000 884:892 > 600,000 884:892 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 13 theme large 873:877 arg1 set 879:881 a large set 871:881 a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 871:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 12 14 theme candidate 1972:1980 arg1 genes 1982:1986 These candidate genes 1966:1986 These candidate genes 1966:1986 These candidate genes were suggested to play an important role in determining fiber quality in hemp. 33093845 0 15 theme Genome-Wide 91:101 arg1 Study 115:119 a Genome-Wide Association Study 89:119 a Genome-Wide Association Study 89:119 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 7 16 dep characteristics 1208:1222 arg1 fraction 1263:1270 (ii) fraction 1258:1270 (ii) fraction of explained trait variance 1258:1298 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 16 dep characteristics 1208:1222 arg1 level 1241:1245 (i) association level 1225:1245 (i) association level to traits 1225:1255 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 16 dep characteristics 1208:1222 arg1 collinearity 1307:1318 (iii) collinearity 1301:1318 (iii) collinearity between QTLs 1301:1331 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 16 dep characteristics 1208:1222 arg1 characteristics 1208:1222 the following characteristics 1194:1222 the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments 1194:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 16 dep characteristics 1208:1222 arg1 detection 1343:1351 (iv) detection 1338:1351 (iv) detection across different environments 1338:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 11 17 theme candidate 1816:1824 arg1 genes 1826:1830 12 candidate genes 1813:1830 12 candidate genes 1813:1830 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 7 18 theme association 1229:1239 arg1 characteristics 1208:1222 the following characteristics 1194:1222 the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments 1194:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 18 theme association 1229:1239 arg1 level 1241:1245 (i) association level 1225:1245 (i) association level to traits 1225:1255 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 10 19 theme improved 1768:1775 arg1 quality 1783:1789 improved fiber quality 1768:1789 improved fiber quality 1768:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 11 20 theme monosaccharides 1920:1934 arg1 modification 1904:1915 modification 1904:1915 modification 1904:1915 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 11 20 theme monosaccharides 1920:1934 arg1 biosynthesis 1887:1898 biosynthesis 1887:1898 biosynthesis 1887:1898 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 13 21 theme new 2087:2089 arg1 insights 2091:2098 new insights 2087:2098 new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits 2087:2144 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 6 22 theme quality 1095:1101 arg1 traits 1103:1108 fiber quality traits 1089:1108 fiber quality traits 1089:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 10 23 theme hemp 1758:1761 arg1 genotypes 1745:1753 novel genotypes 1739:1753 novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality 1739:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 3 24 theme wall 493:496 arg1 basis 473:477 the genetic basis 461:477 the genetic basis of seven cell wall 461:496 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 8 25 theme bast 1559:1562 arg1 content 1570:1576 bast fiber content 1559:1576 bast fiber content 1559:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 5 26 theme DNA 831:833 arg1 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 5 26 theme DNA 831:833 arg1 sequencing 835:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing 803:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) 803:854 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 4 27 theme sense 626:630 arg1 heritability 632:643 broad sense heritability 620:643 broad sense heritability 620:643 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 4 28 with locations 727:735 arg1 environments 754:765 contrasting environments 742:765 contrasting environments 742:765 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 1 29 from potential 182:190 arg1 economy 218:224 the emerging bio-based economy 195:224 the emerging bio-based economy 195:224 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 8 30 theme content 1570:1576 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 6 31 theme genome-wide 907:917 arg1 markers 956:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 7 32 theme following 1198:1206 arg1 fraction 1263:1270 (ii) fraction 1258:1270 (ii) fraction of explained trait variance 1258:1298 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 32 theme following 1198:1206 arg1 level 1241:1245 (i) association level 1225:1245 (i) association level to traits 1225:1255 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 32 theme following 1198:1206 arg1 collinearity 1307:1318 (iii) collinearity 1301:1318 (iii) collinearity between QTLs 1301:1331 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 32 theme following 1198:1206 arg1 characteristics 1208:1222 the following characteristics 1194:1222 the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments 1194:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 32 theme following 1198:1206 arg1 detection 1343:1351 (iv) detection 1338:1351 (iv) detection across different environments 1338:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 13 33 theme fiber 2235:2239 arg1 cultivars 2254:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 4 34 theme high 605:608 arg1 values 610:615 high values 605:615 high values of broad sense heritability 605:643 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 0 35 theme Cannabis 63:70 arg1 Hemp 57:60 Hemp 57:60 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 57:81 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 0 35 theme Cannabis 63:70 arg1 L. 79:80 Cannabis sativa L. 63:80 Cannabis sativa L. 63:80 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 1 36 theme sativa 137:142 arg1 L. 144:145 Cannabis sativa L. 128:145 Cannabis sativa L. 128:145 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 1 36 theme sativa 137:142 arg1 Hemp 122:125 Hemp 122:125 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 122:146 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 7 37 theme different 1360:1368 arg1 environments 1370:1381 different environments 1360:1381 different environments 1360:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 12 38 theme important 2014:2022 arg1 role 2024:2027 an important role 2011:2027 an important role 2011:2027 These candidate genes were suggested to play an important role in determining fiber quality in hemp. 33093845 13 39 theme molecular 2207:2215 arg1 breeding 2217:2224 molecular breeding 2207:2224 molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2207:2262 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 11 40 theme polysaccharides 1937:1951 arg1 modification 1904:1915 modification 1904:1915 modification 1904:1915 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 11 40 theme polysaccharides 1937:1951 arg1 biosynthesis 1887:1898 biosynthesis 1887:1898 biosynthesis 1887:1898 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 2 41 theme quality 367:373 arg1 architecture 341:352 the genetic architecture 329:352 the genetic architecture of its fiber quality 329:373 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 4 42 theme hemp 653:656 arg1 panel 658:662 this hemp panel 648:662 this hemp panel 648:662 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 0 43 theme Genetic 16:22 arg1 Architecture 24:35 the Genetic Architecture 12:35 the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality 12:52 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 7 44 theme QTLs 1176:1179 arg1 identification 1158:1171 identification 1158:1171 identification of QTLs 1158:1179 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 2 45 theme architecture 341:352 arg1 knowledge 316:324 the limited knowledge 304:324 the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality 304:373 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 1 46 with crop 164:167 arg1 potential 182:190 a great potential 174:190 a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy 174:224 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 6 47 theme nucleotide 926:935 arg1 SNP 951:953 SNP 951:953 SNP 951:953 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 47 theme nucleotide 926:935 arg1 polymorphism 937:948 single nucleotide polymorphism 919:948 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 0 48 theme Quality 46:52 arg1 Architecture 24:35 the Genetic Architecture 12:35 the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality 12:52 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 6 49 theme GWAS 1010:1013 arg1 approach 1016:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach 977:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits 977:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 13 50 dep provides 2078:2085 arg1 identifies 2147:2156 identifies 2147:2156 identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2147:2262 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 3 51 theme accessions 396:405 arg1 panel 378:382 A panel 376:382 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, 376:441 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 8 52 theme fiber 1460:1464 arg1 traits 1474:1479 different fiber quality traits 1450:1479 different fiber quality traits 1450:1479 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 8 52 theme fiber 1460:1464 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 1 53 theme great 176:180 arg1 potential 182:190 a great potential 174:190 a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy 174:224 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 6 54 theme study 1003:1007 arg1 approach 1016:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach 977:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits 977:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 13 55 theme genetic 2109:2115 arg1 architecture 2117:2128 the genetic architecture 2105:2128 the genetic architecture of fiber traits 2105:2144 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 13 56 theme traits 2139:2144 arg1 architecture 2117:2128 the genetic architecture 2105:2128 the genetic architecture of fiber traits 2105:2144 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 6 57 theme genome-wide 979:989 arg1 approach 1016:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach 977:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits 977:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 3 58 theme phenotypic 419:428 arg1 variability 430:440 large phenotypic variability 413:440 large phenotypic variability 413:440 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 1 59 theme emerging 199:206 arg1 economy 218:224 the emerging bio-based economy 195:224 the emerging bio-based economy 195:224 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 7 60 theme variance 1291:1298 arg1 characteristics 1208:1222 the following characteristics 1194:1222 the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments 1194:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 60 theme variance 1291:1298 arg1 collinearity 1307:1318 (iii) collinearity 1301:1318 (iii) collinearity between QTLs 1301:1331 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 60 theme variance 1291:1298 arg1 fraction 1263:1270 (ii) fraction 1258:1270 (ii) fraction of explained trait variance 1258:1298 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 60 theme variance 1291:1298 arg1 detection 1343:1351 (iv) detection 1338:1351 (iv) detection across different environments 1338:1381 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 7 60 theme variance 1291:1298 arg1 level 1241:1245 (i) association level 1225:1245 (i) association level to traits 1225:1255 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 6 61 theme trait 1059:1063 arg1 QTLs 1071:1074 QTLs 1071:1074 QTLs 1071:1074 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 61 theme trait 1059:1063 arg1 loci 1065:1068 quantitative trait loci 1046:1068 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits 1046:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 10 62 theme valuable 1713:1720 arg1 markers 1649:1655 The genetic markers 1637:1655 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations 1637:1707 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 10 62 theme valuable 1713:1720 arg1 tools 1722:1726 valuable tools 1713:1726 valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality 1713:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 3 63 with accessions 396:405 arg1 variability 430:440 large phenotypic variability 413:440 large phenotypic variability 413:440 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 7 64 theme explained 1275:1283 arg1 variance 1291:1298 explained trait variance 1275:1298 explained trait variance 1275:1298 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 3 65 used used 447:450 arg2 panel 378:382 A panel 376:382 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, 376:441 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 12 66 from quality 2050:2056 arg1 hemp 2061:2064 hemp 2061:2064 hemp 2061:2064 These candidate genes were suggested to play an important role in determining fiber quality in hemp. 33093845 8 67 theme acid 1524:1527 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 4 68 theme large 567:571 arg1 components 590:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 10 69 theme novel 1739:1743 arg1 genotypes 1745:1753 novel genotypes 1739:1753 novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality 1739:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 0 70 theme Association 103:113 arg1 Study 115:119 a Genome-Wide Association Study 89:119 a Genome-Wide Association Study 89:119 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 2 71 theme fiber 250:254 arg1 quality 256:262 fiber quality 250:262 fiber quality 250:262 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 8 72 theme mannose 1530:1536 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 1 73 theme bast-fiber 153:162 arg1 crop 164:167 a bast-fiber crop 151:167 a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy 151:224 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 1 73 theme bast-fiber 153:162 arg1 Hemp 122:125 Hemp 122:125 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 122:146 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 5 74 theme site 815:818 arg1 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 5 74 theme site 815:818 arg1 sequencing 835:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing 803:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) 803:854 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 11 75 dep biosynthesis 1887:1898 arg1 the 1883:1885 the 1883:1885 the 1883:1885 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 7 76 theme sequence 1148:1155 arg1 absence 1114:1120 absence 1114:1120 absence of a complete hemp genome sequence 1114:1155 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 8 77 theme xylose 1539:1544 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 3 78 theme cell 488:491 arg1 wall 493:496 seven cell wall 482:496 seven cell wall 482:496 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 8 79 theme lignin 1547:1552 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 5 80 theme associated 820:829 arg1 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 RAD-seq 847:853 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 5 80 theme associated 820:829 arg1 sequencing 835:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing 803:844 restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) 803:854 The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). 33093845 13 81 theme quality 2241:2247 arg1 cultivars 2254:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 6 82 theme fiber 1089:1093 arg1 traits 1103:1108 fiber quality traits 1089:1108 fiber quality traits 1089:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 13 83 theme high 2230:2233 arg1 cultivars 2254:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 3 84 theme relevant 520:527 arg1 traits 513:518 fiber traits 507:518 fiber traits relevant to fiber quality 507:544 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 7 85 dep fraction 1263:1270 arg1 ii 1259:1260 ii 1259:1260 ii 1259:1260 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 3 86 theme genetic 465:471 arg1 basis 473:477 the genetic basis 461:477 the genetic basis of seven cell wall 461:496 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 6 87 theme single 919:924 arg1 SNP 951:953 SNP 951:953 SNP 951:953 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 87 theme single 919:924 arg1 polymorphism 937:948 single nucleotide polymorphism 919:948 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 4 88 theme broad 620:624 arg1 heritability 632:643 broad sense heritability 620:643 broad sense heritability 620:643 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 3 89 theme fiber 507:511 arg1 traits 513:518 fiber traits 507:518 fiber traits relevant to fiber quality 507:544 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 8 90 theme fiber 1564:1568 arg1 content 1570:1576 bast fiber content 1559:1576 bast fiber content 1559:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 6 91 theme selected 898:905 arg1 markers 956:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 4 92 theme variance 581:588 arg1 components 590:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 10 93 theme fiber 1777:1781 arg1 quality 1783:1789 improved fiber quality 1768:1789 improved fiber quality 1768:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 0 94 theme sativa 72:77 arg1 Hemp 57:60 Hemp 57:60 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 57:81 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 0 94 theme sativa 72:77 arg1 L. 79:80 Cannabis sativa L. 63:80 Cannabis sativa L. 63:80 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 1 95 theme Cannabis 128:135 arg1 L. 144:145 Cannabis sativa L. 128:145 Cannabis sativa L. 128:145 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 1 95 theme Cannabis 128:135 arg1 Hemp 122:125 Hemp 122:125 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) 122:146 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. 33093845 13 96 theme hemp 2249:2252 arg1 cultivars 2254:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 high fiber quality hemp cultivars 2230:2262 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 7 97 theme hemp 1136:1139 arg1 sequence 1148:1155 a complete hemp genome sequence 1125:1155 a complete hemp genome sequence 1125:1155 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 12 98 theme fiber 2044:2048 arg1 quality 2050:2056 fiber quality 2044:2056 fiber quality in hemp 2044:2064 These candidate genes were suggested to play an important role in determining fiber quality in hemp. 33093845 13 99 theme candidate 2167:2175 arg1 genes 2177:2181 candidate genes 2167:2181 candidate genes 2167:2181 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 6 100 theme markers 956:962 arg1 markers 956:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 100 theme markers 956:962 arg1 > 884:884 > 600,000 884:892 > 600,000 884:892 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 100 theme markers 956:962 arg1 set 879:881 a large set 871:881 a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 871:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 4 101 theme heritability 632:643 arg1 components 590:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 large genetic variance components 567:599 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 4 101 theme heritability 632:643 arg1 values 610:615 high values 605:615 high values of broad sense heritability 605:643 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 2 102 theme limited 308:314 arg1 knowledge 316:324 the limited knowledge 304:324 the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality 304:373 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 6 103 used used 968:971 arg2 set 879:881 a large set 871:881 a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 871:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 103 used used 968:971 arg2 markers 956:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 6 103 used used 968:971 arg2 > 884:884 > 600,000 884:892 > 600,000 884:892 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 2 104 theme fiber 361:365 arg1 quality 367:373 its fiber quality 357:373 its fiber quality 357:373 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 10 105 theme genetic 1641:1647 arg1 markers 1649:1655 The genetic markers 1637:1655 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations 1637:1707 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 10 105 theme genetic 1641:1647 arg1 tools 1722:1726 valuable tools 1713:1726 valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality 1713:1789 The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. 33093845 3 106 theme hemp 391:394 arg1 accessions 396:405 123 hemp accessions 387:405 123 hemp accessions 387:405 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 0 107 theme Fiber 40:44 arg1 Quality 46:52 Fiber Quality 40:52 Fiber Quality 40:52 Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. 33093845 7 108 dep collinearity 1307:1318 arg1 iii 1302:1304 iii 1302:1304 iii 1302:1304 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 6 109 theme polymorphism 937:948 arg1 markers 956:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 898:962 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 3 110 theme fiber 532:536 arg1 quality 538:544 fiber quality 532:544 fiber quality 532:544 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 2 111 theme genetic 333:339 arg1 architecture 341:352 the genetic architecture 329:352 the genetic architecture of its fiber quality 329:373 Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. 33093845 7 112 theme genome 1141:1146 arg1 sequence 1148:1155 a complete hemp genome sequence 1125:1155 a complete hemp genome sequence 1125:1155 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 11 113 theme lignin 1958:1963 arg1 modification 1904:1915 modification 1904:1915 modification 1904:1915 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 11 113 theme lignin 1958:1963 arg1 biosynthesis 1887:1898 biosynthesis 1887:1898 biosynthesis 1887:1898 Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. 33093845 4 114 theme test 722:725 arg1 locations 727:735 three test locations 716:735 three test locations with contrasting environments 716:765 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 3 115 theme large 413:417 arg1 variability 430:440 large phenotypic variability 413:440 large phenotypic variability 413:440 A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. 33093845 8 116 theme quality 1466:1472 arg1 traits 1474:1479 different fiber quality traits 1450:1479 different fiber quality traits 1450:1479 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 8 116 theme quality 1466:1472 arg1 contents 1492:1499 contents 1492:1499 contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content 1492:1576 Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. 33093845 7 117 theme complete 1127:1134 arg1 sequence 1148:1155 a complete hemp genome sequence 1125:1155 a complete hemp genome sequence 1125:1155 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 33093845 13 118 theme fiber 2133:2137 arg1 traits 2139:2144 fiber traits 2133:2144 fiber traits 2133:2144 This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars. 33093845 6 119 theme association 991:1001 arg1 approach 1016:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach 977:1023 a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits 977:1108 Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. 33093845 4 120 theme phenotypic 687:696 arg1 evaluation 698:707 the phenotypic evaluation 683:707 the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments 683:765 These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. 33093845 7 121 dep detection 1343:1351 arg1 iv 1339:1340 iv 1339:1340 iv 1339:1340 In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. 35478623 10 0 theme rubescens 1543:1551 arg1 resources 1553:1561 rubescens resources 1543:1561 rubescens resources 1543:1561 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 0 1 from rubescens 20:28 arg1 Polysaccharide 0:13 Polysaccharide 0:13 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 0:100 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 35478623 6 2 theme rubescens 823:831 arg1 polysaccharide 833:846 the rubescens polysaccharide 819:846 the rubescens polysaccharide 819:846 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 1 3 theme extraction 159:168 arg1 conditions 170:179 extraction conditions 159:179 extraction conditions 159:179 In this work, rubescens polysaccharide was extracted and extraction conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). 35478623 0 4 theme antioxidant 78:88 arg1 activities 90:99 antioxidant activities 78:99 antioxidant activities 78:99 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 35478623 6 5 theme absorption 881:890 arg1 peaks 892:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks 858:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides 858:915 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 12 6 theme natural 1880:1886 arg1 antioxidant 1888:1898 a natural antioxidant 1878:1898 a natural antioxidant 1878:1898 The research on the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide provides theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant. 35478623 6 7 theme characteristic 866:879 arg1 peaks 892:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks 858:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides 858:915 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 11 8 theme Hot-water 1564:1572 arg1 extraction 1574:1583 Hot-water extraction 1564:1583 Hot-water extraction 1564:1583 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 2 9 theme antioxidant 301:311 arg1 activity 313:320 its antioxidant activity 297:320 its antioxidant activity 297:320 The extracted polysaccharide was structurally elucidated and its antioxidant activity was investigated. 35478623 12 10 theme polysaccharide 1819:1832 arg1 activity 1797:1804 the antioxidant activity 1781:1804 the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide 1781:1832 The research on the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide provides theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant. 35478623 3 11 dep h. 500:501 arg1 yield 543:547 the predicted yield 529:547 the predicted yield of the polysaccharide 529:569 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 3 11 dep h. 500:501 arg1 % 580:580 11.92% 575:580 11.92% 575:580 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 6 12 theme typical 858:864 arg1 peaks 892:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks 858:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides 858:915 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 12 13 theme theoretical 1843:1853 arg1 support 1855:1861 theoretical support 1843:1861 theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant 1843:1898 The research on the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide provides theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant. 35478623 7 14 theme antioxidant 929:939 arg1 experiments 941:951 the antioxidant experiments 925:951 the antioxidant experiments 925:951 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 10 15 from research 1421:1428 arg1 extraction 1437:1446 the extraction 1433:1446 the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens 1433:1479 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 9 16 theme western 1308:1314 arg1 institutions 1316:1327 western institutions 1308:1327 western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity 1308:1414 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 12 17 theme antioxidant 1785:1795 arg1 activity 1797:1804 the antioxidant activity 1781:1804 the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide 1781:1832 The research on the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide provides theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant. 35478623 12 18 from research 1769:1776 arg1 activity 1797:1804 the antioxidant activity 1781:1804 the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide 1781:1832 The research on the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide provides theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant. 35478623 7 19 theme antioxidant 1025:1035 arg1 activities 1037:1046 strong antioxidant activities 1018:1046 strong antioxidant activities 1018:1046 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 3 20 theme best 344:347 arg1 conditions 360:369 The best extraction conditions 340:369 The best extraction conditions 340:369 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 7 21 theme hydroxyl 1067:1074 arg1 radicals 1076:1083 hydroxyl radicals 1067:1083 hydroxyl radicals 1067:1083 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 3 22 theme polysaccharide 556:569 arg1 yield 543:547 the predicted yield 529:547 the predicted yield of the polysaccharide 529:569 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 3 22 theme polysaccharide 556:569 arg1 % 580:580 11.92% 575:580 11.92% 575:580 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 10 23 theme polysaccharide 1451:1464 arg1 extraction 1437:1446 the extraction 1433:1446 the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens 1433:1479 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 3 24 theme extraction 431:440 arg1 temperature 442:452 the extraction temperature 427:452 the extraction temperature 427:452 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 3 24 theme extraction 431:440 arg1 °C 464:465 87.70 °C 458:465 87.70 °C 458:465 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 8 25 theme natural 1186:1192 arg1 antioxidants 1194:1205 natural antioxidants 1186:1205 natural antioxidants 1186:1205 This proved that rubescens polysaccharide has the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants. 35478623 8 26 contain has 1128:1130 arg2 potential 1136:1144 the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants 1132:1205 the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants 1132:1205 This proved that rubescens polysaccharide has the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants. 35478623 8 26 contain has 1128:1130 arg1 polysaccharide 1113:1126 rubescens polysaccharide 1103:1126 rubescens polysaccharide 1103:1126 This proved that rubescens polysaccharide has the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants. 35478623 1 27 theme response 205:212 arg1 RSM 230:232 RSM 230:232 RSM 230:232 In this work, rubescens polysaccharide was extracted and extraction conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). 35478623 1 27 theme response 205:212 arg1 method 222:227 the response surface method 201:227 the response surface method (RSM) 201:233 In this work, rubescens polysaccharide was extracted and extraction conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). 35478623 3 28 theme solvent-solid 392:404 arg1 ratio 406:410 the solvent-solid ratio 388:410 the solvent-solid ratio 388:410 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 5 29 theme polysaccharide 691:704 arg1 mannose  722:729 mannose  722:729 mannose  722:729 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 29 theme polysaccharide 691:704 arg1 composition 706:716 the polysaccharide composition 687:716 the polysaccharide composition 687:716 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 10 30 from rubescens 1471:1479 arg1 extraction 1437:1446 the extraction 1433:1446 the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens 1433:1479 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 1 31 theme surface 214:220 arg1 RSM 230:232 RSM 230:232 RSM 230:232 In this work, rubescens polysaccharide was extracted and extraction conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). 35478623 1 31 theme surface 214:220 arg1 method 222:227 the response surface method 201:227 the response surface method (RSM) 201:233 In this work, rubescens polysaccharide was extracted and extraction conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). 35478623 5 32 theme  arabinose 762:771 arg1 2.27  775:779  arabinose = 2.27  762:779 mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85 722:803 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 10 33 theme technical 1492:1500 arg1 reference 1502:1510 a technical reference 1490:1510 a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources 1490:1561 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 11 34 theme original 1713:1720 arg1 activity 1733:1740 the original biological activity 1709:1740 the original biological activity of the polysaccharide 1709:1762 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 9 35 theme oncology 1282:1289 arg1 community 1291:1299 the international oncology community 1264:1299 the international oncology community 1264:1299 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 6 36 contain possessed 848:856 arg2 peaks 892:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks 858:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides 858:915 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 6 36 contain possessed 848:856 arg1 polysaccharide 833:846 the rubescens polysaccharide 819:846 the rubescens polysaccharide 819:846 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 5 37 theme = 773:773 arg1 2.27  775:779  arabinose = 2.27  762:779 mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85 722:803 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 8 38 theme antioxidants 1194:1205 arg1 development 1171:1181 the development 1167:1181 the development of natural antioxidants 1167:1205 This proved that rubescens polysaccharide has the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants. 35478623 9 39 theme research 1231:1238 arg1 object 1240:1245 a research object 1229:1245 a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity 1229:1414 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 11 40 theme polysaccharide 1749:1762 arg1 activity 1733:1740 the original biological activity 1709:1740 the original biological activity of the polysaccharide 1709:1762 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 11 41 theme operation 1614:1622 arg1 advantages 1593:1602 the advantages 1589:1602 the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions 1589:1679 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 6 42 theme polysaccharides 901:915 arg1 peaks 892:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks 858:896 typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides 858:915 In addition, the rubescens polysaccharide possessed typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. 35478623 9 43 theme new 1365:1367 arg1 drugs 1369:1373 new drugs 1365:1373 new drugs 1365:1373 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 7 44 theme strong 1018:1023 arg1 activities 1037:1046 strong antioxidant activities 1018:1046 strong antioxidant activities 1018:1046 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 11 45 theme mild 1654:1657 arg1 conditions 1670:1679 mild extraction conditions 1654:1679 mild extraction conditions 1654:1679 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 9 46 dep research 1337:1344 arg1 the 1333:1335 the 1333:1335 the 1333:1335 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 9 47 theme drugs 1369:1373 arg1 development 1350:1360 development 1350:1360 development 1350:1360 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 9 47 theme drugs 1369:1373 arg1 research 1337:1344 research 1337:1344 research 1337:1344 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 11 48 theme extraction 1659:1668 arg1 conditions 1670:1679 mild extraction conditions 1654:1679 mild extraction conditions 1654:1679 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 10 49 theme resources 1553:1561 arg1 utilization 1528:1538 the further utilization 1516:1538 the further utilization of rubescens resources 1516:1561 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 7 50 theme reducing 996:1003 arg1 capacity 1005:1012 great reducing capacity 990:1012 great reducing capacity 990:1012 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 1 51 theme rubescens 116:124 arg1 polysaccharide 126:139 rubescens polysaccharide 116:139 rubescens polysaccharide 116:139 In this work, rubescens polysaccharide was extracted and extraction conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). 35478623 0 52 dep Polysaccharide 0:13 arg1 characterization 57:72 characterization 57:72 characterization 57:72 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 35478623 0 52 dep Polysaccharide 0:13 arg1 activities 90:99 antioxidant activities 78:99 antioxidant activities 78:99 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 35478623 0 52 dep Polysaccharide 0:13 arg1 optimization 43:54 optimization 43:54 optimization 43:54 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 35478623 0 52 dep Polysaccharide 0:13 arg1 extraction 31:40 extraction 31:40 extraction 31:40 Polysaccharide from rubescens: extraction, optimization, characterization and antioxidant activities. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1 2.27  775:779  arabinose = 2.27  762:779 mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85 722:803 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  1  795:797  1  795:797  1  795:797 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  galactose  741:751  galactose  741:751  galactose  741:751 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  1.85 799:803  1.85 799:803  1.85 799:803 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  xylose  753:760  xylose  753:760  xylose  753:760 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  4.65  781:786  4.65  781:786  4.65  781:786 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  2.57  788:793  2.57  788:793  2.57  788:793 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 5 53 dep mannose  722:729 arg1  glucose  731:739  glucose  731:739  glucose  731:739 Results showed that the polysaccharide composition was mannose : glucose : galactose : xylose : arabinose = 2.27 : 4.65 : 2.57 : 1 : 1.85. 35478623 11 54 theme simple 1607:1612 arg1 operation 1614:1622 simple operation 1607:1622 simple operation 1607:1622 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 11 54 theme simple 1607:1612 arg1 access 1630:1635 easy access 1625:1635 easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions 1625:1679 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 3 55 theme extraction 475:484 arg1 time 486:489 the extraction time 471:489 the extraction time 471:489 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 3 55 theme extraction 475:484 arg1 h. 500:501 h. 500:501 h. 500:501 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 11 56 theme easy 1625:1628 arg1 operation 1614:1622 simple operation 1607:1622 simple operation 1607:1622 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 11 56 theme easy 1625:1628 arg1 access 1630:1635 easy access 1625:1635 easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions 1625:1679 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 4 57 theme structural 599:608 arg1 characteristics 610:624 The preliminary structural characteristics 583:624 The preliminary structural characteristics 583:624 The preliminary structural characteristics were analyzed by HPLC, X-ray, and FT-IR. 35478623 8 58 theme rubescens 1103:1111 arg1 polysaccharide 1113:1126 rubescens polysaccharide 1103:1126 rubescens polysaccharide 1103:1126 This proved that rubescens polysaccharide has the potential to be a resource for the development of natural antioxidants. 35478623 11 59 theme biological 1722:1731 arg1 activity 1733:1740 the original biological activity 1709:1740 the original biological activity of the polysaccharide 1709:1762 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 3 60 theme predicted 533:541 arg1 yield 543:547 the predicted yield 529:547 the predicted yield of the polysaccharide 529:569 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 3 60 theme predicted 533:541 arg1 % 580:580 11.92% 575:580 11.92% 575:580 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 12 61 theme rubescens 1809:1817 arg1 polysaccharide 1819:1832 rubescens polysaccharide 1809:1832 rubescens polysaccharide 1809:1832 The research on the antioxidant activity of rubescens polysaccharide provides theoretical support for its use as a natural antioxidant. 35478623 10 62 theme further 1520:1526 arg1 utilization 1528:1538 the further utilization 1516:1538 the further utilization of rubescens resources 1516:1561 The research on the extraction of polysaccharide from rubescens provides a technical reference for the further utilization of rubescens resources. 35478623 4 63 theme preliminary 587:597 arg1 characteristics 610:624 The preliminary structural characteristics 583:624 The preliminary structural characteristics 583:624 The preliminary structural characteristics were analyzed by HPLC, X-ray, and FT-IR. 35478623 3 64 theme extraction 349:358 arg1 conditions 360:369 The best extraction conditions 340:369 The best extraction conditions 340:369 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 7 65 theme great 990:994 arg1 capacity 1005:1012 great reducing capacity 990:1012 great reducing capacity 990:1012 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 3 66 theme optimum 509:515 arg1 conditions 517:526 optimum conditions 509:526 optimum conditions 509:526 The best extraction conditions were as follows: the solvent-solid ratio was 33.33 : 1, the extraction temperature was 87.70 °C and the extraction time was 2.59 h. Under optimum conditions, the predicted yield of the polysaccharide was 11.92%. 35478623 9 67 theme excellent 1386:1394 arg1 activity 1407:1414 its excellent anti-tumor activity 1382:1414 its excellent anti-tumor activity 1382:1414 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 9 68 theme international 1268:1280 arg1 community 1291:1299 the international oncology community 1264:1299 the international oncology community 1264:1299 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 35478623 2 69 theme extracted 240:248 arg1 polysaccharide 250:263 The extracted polysaccharide 236:263 The extracted polysaccharide 236:263 The extracted polysaccharide was structurally elucidated and its antioxidant activity was investigated. 35478623 7 70 theme rubescens 958:966 arg1 polysaccharide 968:981 the rubescens polysaccharide 954:981 the rubescens polysaccharide 954:981 During the antioxidant experiments, the rubescens polysaccharide showed great reducing capacity and strong antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. 35478623 11 71 contain has 1585:1587 arg2 advantages 1593:1602 the advantages 1589:1602 the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions 1589:1679 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 11 71 contain has 1585:1587 arg1 extraction 1574:1583 Hot-water extraction 1564:1583 Hot-water extraction 1564:1583 Hot-water extraction has the advantages of simple operation, easy access to materials and mild extraction conditions, and it can better preserve the original biological activity of the polysaccharide. 35478623 9 72 theme anti-tumor 1396:1405 arg1 activity 1407:1414 its excellent anti-tumor activity 1382:1414 its excellent anti-tumor activity 1382:1414 Rubescens has become a research object highly valued by the international oncology community and by western institutions for the research and development of new drugs due to its excellent anti-tumor activity. 32357167 0 0 theme termite 77:83 arg1 fungus-combs 85:96 termite fungus-combs 77:96 termite fungus-combs 77:96 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 0 1 from effect 14:19 arg1 structure 64:72 bacterial community structure 44:72 bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs 44:96 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 7 2 theme community 986:994 arg1 composition 996:1006 community composition 986:1006 community composition 986:1006 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 9 3 theme average 1323:1329 arg1 diversity 1349:1357 the average highest bacterial diversity 1319:1357 the average highest bacterial diversity 1319:1357 Furthermore, the average highest bacterial diversity was recorded from the comb built by branches followed by mix food and leaves. 32357167 7 4 theme lignocellulosic 1079:1093 arg1 material 1095:1102 different lignocellulosic material 1069:1102 different lignocellulosic material 1069:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 1 5 theme external 173:180 arg1 fungus-combs 192:203 the external symbiotic fungus-combs 169:203 the external symbiotic fungus-combs 169:203 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores largely rely on the external symbiotic fungus-combs to decompose plant polysaccharides. 32357167 8 6 theme high 1261:1264 arg1 content 1270:1276 high ash content 1261:1276 high ash content 1261:1276 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 10 7 from comb 1500:1503 arg1 bacteria 1482:1489 bacteria 1482:1489 bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites 1482:1534 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 10 7 from comb 1500:1503 arg1 use 1475:1477 the use 1471:1477 the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues 1471:1572 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 4 8 theme community 518:526 arg1 structure 528:536 bacterial community structure 508:536 bacterial community structure 508:536 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 5 9 theme plant 661:665 arg1 food 705:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 5 9 theme plant 661:665 arg1 substrates 667:676 plant substrates 661:676 plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food) 661:709 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 5 10 dep indexes 598:604 arg1 such 607:610 such 607:610 such 607:610 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 4 11 theme rRNA 487:490 arg1 gene 492:495 the 16S rRNA gene 479:495 the 16S rRNA gene 479:495 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 4 12 theme decomposition 406:418 arg1 stages 420:425 different decomposition stages 396:425 different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure 396:536 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 4 13 theme 16S 483:485 arg1 rRNA 487:490 16S rRNA 483:490 the 16S rRNA gene 479:495 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 4 14 theme different 396:404 arg1 stages 420:425 different decomposition stages 396:425 different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure 396:536 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 1 15 theme symbiotic 182:190 arg1 fungus-combs 192:203 the external symbiotic fungus-combs 169:203 the external symbiotic fungus-combs 169:203 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores largely rely on the external symbiotic fungus-combs to decompose plant polysaccharides. 32357167 8 16 theme bacterial 1195:1203 arg1 diversity 1205:1213 bacterial diversity 1195:1213 bacterial diversity 1195:1213 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 6 17 theme aromatic 898:905 arg1 compounds 907:915 aromatic compounds 898:915 aromatic compounds degradation 898:927 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 8 18 theme low 1238:1240 arg1 matter 1250:1255 low organic matter 1238:1255 low organic matter 1238:1255 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 5 19 theme physicochemical 582:596 arg1 indexes 598:604 physicochemical indexes 582:604 physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) 582:655 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 7 20 with deal 1059:1062 arg1 material 1095:1102 different lignocellulosic material 1069:1102 different lignocellulosic material 1069:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 4 21 theme gene 492:495 arg1 sequencing 465:474 high-throughput sequencing 449:474 high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene 449:495 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 5 22 theme organic 641:647 arg1 matter 649:654 organic matter 641:654 organic matter 641:654 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 10 23 theme agricultural 1552:1563 arg1 residues 1565:1572 forestry and agricultural residues 1539:1572 forestry and agricultural residues 1539:1572 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 5 24 theme leaves 679:684 arg1 food 705:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 5 24 theme leaves 679:684 arg1 substrates 667:676 plant substrates 661:676 plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food) 661:709 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 10 25 theme bacteria 1482:1489 arg1 use 1475:1477 the use 1471:1477 the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues 1471:1572 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 6 26 theme lignocellulose 822:835 arg1 degradation 837:847 lignocellulose degradation 822:847 lignocellulose degradation 822:847 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 8 27 theme ash 1266:1268 arg1 content 1270:1276 high ash content 1261:1276 high ash content 1261:1276 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 3 28 theme complementary 296:308 arg1 roles 310:314 the complementary roles 292:314 the complementary roles 292:314 However, the complementary roles and functions of the bacteria are out of the box. 32357167 5 29 theme ash 625:627 arg1 content 629:635 ash content 625:635 ash content 625:635 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 1 30 theme Fungus-cultivating 99:116 arg1 termites 118:125 Fungus-cultivating termites 99:125 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores 99:151 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores largely rely on the external symbiotic fungus-combs to decompose plant polysaccharides. 32357167 1 31 theme plant 218:222 arg1 polysaccharides 224:238 plant polysaccharides 218:238 plant polysaccharides 218:238 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores largely rely on the external symbiotic fungus-combs to decompose plant polysaccharides. 32357167 8 32 theme high 1223:1226 arg1 moisture 1228:1235 too high moisture 1219:1235 too high moisture 1219:1235 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 10 33 theme termites 1527:1534 arg1 comb 1500:1503 the comb 1496:1503 the comb of fungus-cultivating termites 1496:1534 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 5 34 theme mix 701:703 arg1 food 705:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 5 34 theme mix 701:703 arg1 substrates 667:676 plant substrates 661:676 plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food) 661:709 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 7 35 theme specific 1038:1045 arg1 bacteria 1047:1054 specific bacteria 1038:1054 specific bacteria 1038:1054 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 8 36 theme indexes 1168:1174 arg1 indexes 1168:1174 physicochemical indexes 1152:1174 physicochemical indexes 1152:1174 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 8 36 theme indexes 1168:1174 arg1 amount 1142:1147 threshold amount 1132:1147 threshold amount of physicochemical indexes 1132:1174 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 0 37 theme substrates 30:39 arg1 effect 14:19 the effect 10:19 the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs 10:96 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 9 38 theme highest 1331:1337 arg1 diversity 1349:1357 the average highest bacterial diversity 1319:1357 the average highest bacterial diversity 1319:1357 Furthermore, the average highest bacterial diversity was recorded from the comb built by branches followed by mix food and leaves. 32357167 4 39 theme high-throughput 449:463 arg1 sequencing 465:474 high-throughput sequencing 449:474 high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene 449:495 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 6 40 dep involved 810:817 arg1 whereas 850:856 whereas 850:856 whereas 850:856 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 0 41 theme plant 24:28 arg1 substrates 30:39 plant substrates 24:39 plant substrates 24:39 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 0 42 from structure 64:72 arg1 fungus-combs 85:96 termite fungus-combs 77:96 termite fungus-combs 77:96 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 0 43 theme bacterial 44:52 arg1 structure 64:72 bacterial community structure 44:72 bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs 44:96 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 7 44 theme different 1069:1077 arg1 material 1095:1102 different lignocellulosic material 1069:1102 different lignocellulosic material 1069:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 7 45 theme bacteria 1047:1054 arg1 shift 977:981 a shift 975:981 a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material 975:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 7 45 theme bacteria 1047:1054 arg1 adjustment 1024:1033 an adjustment 1021:1033 an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material 1021:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 5 46 theme bacterial 560:568 arg1 response 570:577 the bacterial response 556:577 the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food) 556:709 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 3 47 theme bacteria 337:344 arg1 functions 320:328 functions 320:328 functions 320:328 However, the complementary roles and functions of the bacteria are out of the box. 32357167 3 47 theme bacteria 337:344 arg1 roles 310:314 the complementary roles 292:314 the complementary roles 292:314 However, the complementary roles and functions of the bacteria are out of the box. 32357167 8 48 theme organic 1242:1248 arg1 matter 1250:1255 low organic matter 1238:1255 low organic matter 1238:1255 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 10 49 from use 1475:1477 arg1 comb 1500:1503 the comb 1496:1503 the comb of fungus-cultivating termites 1496:1534 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 10 49 from use 1475:1477 arg1 residues 1565:1572 forestry and agricultural residues 1539:1572 forestry and agricultural residues 1539:1572 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 3 50 dep box 361:363 arg1 out 350:352 out 350:352 out 350:352 However, the complementary roles and functions of the bacteria are out of the box. 32357167 10 51 theme forestry 1539:1546 arg1 residues 1565:1572 forestry and agricultural residues 1539:1572 forestry and agricultural residues 1539:1572 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 6 52 theme compounds 907:915 arg1 degradation 917:927 aromatic compounds degradation 898:927 aromatic compounds degradation 898:927 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 1 53 theme successful 131:140 arg1 herbivores 142:151 successful herbivores 131:151 successful herbivores 131:151 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores largely rely on the external symbiotic fungus-combs to decompose plant polysaccharides. 32357167 9 54 theme bacterial 1339:1347 arg1 diversity 1349:1357 the average highest bacterial diversity 1319:1357 the average highest bacterial diversity 1319:1357 Furthermore, the average highest bacterial diversity was recorded from the comb built by branches followed by mix food and leaves. 32357167 8 55 theme threshold 1132:1140 arg1 indexes 1168:1174 physicochemical indexes 1152:1174 physicochemical indexes 1152:1174 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 8 55 theme threshold 1132:1140 arg1 amount 1142:1147 threshold amount 1132:1147 threshold amount of physicochemical indexes 1132:1174 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 5 56 theme branches 689:696 arg1 food 705:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 leaves or branches or mix food 679:708 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 5 56 theme branches 689:696 arg1 substrates 667:676 plant substrates 661:676 plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food) 661:709 We also explored the bacterial response to physicochemical indexes (such as moisture, ash content and organic matter) and plant substrates (leaves or branches or mix food). 32357167 7 57 theme composition 996:1006 arg1 adjustment 1024:1033 an adjustment 1021:1033 an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material 1021:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 7 57 theme composition 996:1006 arg1 shift 977:981 a shift 975:981 a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material 975:1102 We observed that as the comb mature there is a shift of community composition which may be an adjustment of specific bacteria to deal with different lignocellulosic material. 32357167 8 58 theme physicochemical 1152:1166 arg1 indexes 1168:1174 physicochemical indexes 1152:1174 physicochemical indexes 1152:1174 Our results indicated that threshold amount of physicochemical indexes are beneficial for bacterial diversity but too high moisture, low organic matter and high ash content may reduce their diversity. 32357167 4 59 theme fungus-combs 430:441 arg1 stages 420:425 different decomposition stages 396:425 different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure 396:536 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 6 60 theme specific 717:724 arg1 Ruminococcaceae 760:774 Ruminococcaceae 760:774 Ruminococcaceae 760:774 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 6 60 theme specific 717:724 arg1 families 726:733 Some specific families 712:733 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae 712:801 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 6 60 theme specific 717:724 arg1 Lachnospiraceae 743:757 Lachnospiraceae 743:757 Lachnospiraceae 743:757 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 6 60 theme specific 717:724 arg1 Peptostreptococcaceae 781:801 Peptostreptococcaceae 781:801 Peptostreptococcaceae 781:801 Some specific families such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae may be involved in lignocellulose degradation, whereas Burkholderiaceae may be associated with aromatic compounds degradation. 32357167 10 61 theme fungus-cultivating 1508:1525 arg1 termites 1527:1534 fungus-cultivating termites 1508:1534 fungus-cultivating termites 1508:1534 Besides, this study could help in the use of bacteria from the comb of fungus-cultivating termites in forestry and agricultural residues making them easier to digest as fodder. 32357167 9 62 theme mix 1416:1418 arg1 food 1420:1423 mix food and leaves 1416:1434 food 1420:1423 Furthermore, the average highest bacterial diversity was recorded from the comb built by branches followed by mix food and leaves. 32357167 0 63 theme community 54:62 arg1 structure 64:72 bacterial community structure 44:72 bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs 44:96 Exploring the effect of plant substrates on bacterial community structure in termite fungus-combs. 32357167 4 64 theme bacterial 508:516 arg1 structure 528:536 bacterial community structure 508:536 bacterial community structure 508:536 To this purpose, we look into different decomposition stages of fungus-combs using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine bacterial community structure. 32357167 1 65 dep termites 118:125 arg1 herbivores 142:151 successful herbivores 131:151 successful herbivores 131:151 Fungus-cultivating termites are successful herbivores largely rely on the external symbiotic fungus-combs to decompose plant polysaccharides. 32593921 10 0 theme cyanobacterial 1657:1670 arg1 blooms 1672:1677 cyanobacterial blooms 1657:1677 cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus 1657:1722 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 5 1 theme compounds 732:740 arg1 MC-LR 743:747 MC-LR 743:747 MC-LR 743:747 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 5 1 theme compounds 732:740 arg1 amount 710:715 The amount 706:715 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms 706:838 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 5 1 theme compounds 732:740 arg1 compounds 732:740 microcystin compounds 720:740 microcystin compounds (MC-LR) 720:748 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 6 2 theme peroxidase 1042:1051 arg1 activity 994:1001 increased activity 984:1001 increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations 984:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 4 3 theme higher 654:659 arg1 P > 0.2 mg L-1 689:702 P > 0.2 mg L-1 689:702 P > 0.2 mg L-1 689:702 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 4 3 theme higher 654:659 arg1 concentrations 673:686 higher phosphorous concentrations 654:686 higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1) 654:703 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 7 4 theme MC-LR 1309:1313 arg1 detoxification 1315:1328 MC-LR detoxification 1309:1328 MC-LR detoxification 1309:1328 Together, these responses indicate potential mechanisms of MC-LR detoxification. 32593921 0 5 from study 12:16 arg1 effects 25:31 the effects 21:31 the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations 21:130 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 1 6 from risk 171:174 arg1 environments 227:238 eutrophic environments 217:238 eutrophic environments 217:238 Cyanobacterial blooms cause potential risk to submerged macrophytes and biofilms in eutrophic environments. 32593921 8 7 theme α-D-glucopyranose 1339:1355 arg1 polysaccharides 1357:1371 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1331:1371 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) 1331:1376 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 8 7 theme α-D-glucopyranose 1339:1355 arg1 PS 1374:1375 PS 1374:1375 PS 1374:1375 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 9 8 theme communities 1585:1595 arg1 structure 1558:1566 structure 1558:1566 structure 1558:1566 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 9 8 theme communities 1585:1595 arg1 abundance 1544:1552 abundance 1544:1552 abundance 1544:1552 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 4 9 from concentrations 673:686 arg1 exposure 617:624 exposure 617:624 exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1) 617:703 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 10 10 theme different 1685:1693 arg1 concentrations 1695:1708 different concentrations 1685:1708 different concentrations of phosphorus 1685:1722 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 10 11 contain have 1769:1772 arg1 responses 1748:1756 differential responses 1735:1756 differential responses 1735:1756 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 10 11 contain have 1769:1772 arg2 impact 1788:1793 a significant impact 1774:1793 a significant impact 1774:1793 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 2 12 theme detoxification 314:327 arg1 activity 329:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity 277:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms 277:391 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 10 13 theme aquatic 1798:1804 arg1 ecosystems 1806:1815 aquatic ecosystems 1798:1815 aquatic ecosystems 1798:1815 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 8 14 theme cyanobacterial 1479:1492 arg1 blooms 1494:1499 the cyanobacterial blooms 1475:1499 the cyanobacterial blooms 1475:1499 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 9 15 from present 1597:1603 arg1 biofilms 1616:1623 exposed biofilms 1608:1623 exposed biofilms 1608:1623 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 2 16 dep blooms 386:391 arg1 response 359:366 response 359:366 response 359:366 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 4 17 theme phosphorous 661:671 arg1 P > 0.2 mg L-1 689:702 P > 0.2 mg L-1 689:702 P > 0.2 mg L-1 689:702 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 4 17 theme phosphorous 661:671 arg1 concentrations 673:686 higher phosphorous concentrations 654:686 higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1) 654:703 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 0 18 theme phosphorus 106:115 arg1 concentrations 117:130 different phosphorus concentrations 96:130 different phosphorus concentrations 96:130 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 9 19 theme microbial 1575:1583 arg1 communities 1585:1595 the microbial communities 1571:1595 the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms 1571:1623 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 1 20 theme submerged 179:187 arg1 macrophytes 189:199 submerged macrophytes 179:199 submerged macrophytes 179:199 Cyanobacterial blooms cause potential risk to submerged macrophytes and biofilms in eutrophic environments. 32593921 0 21 theme different 96:104 arg1 concentrations 117:130 different phosphorus concentrations 96:130 different phosphorus concentrations 96:130 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 7 22 theme potential 1285:1293 arg1 mechanisms 1295:1304 potential mechanisms 1285:1304 potential mechanisms of MC-LR detoxification 1285:1328 Together, these responses indicate potential mechanisms of MC-LR detoxification. 32593921 2 23 theme responses 299:307 arg1 activity 329:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity 277:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms 277:391 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 3 24 theme microbial 496:504 arg1 composition 516:526 microbial community composition 496:526 microbial community composition 496:526 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 0 25 from effects 25:31 arg1 natans 73:78 Vallisneria natans 61:78 Vallisneria natans 61:78 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 0 25 from effects 25:31 arg1 biofilms 84:91 biofilms 84:91 biofilms 84:91 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 9 26 attach present 1597:1603 arg1 biofilms 1616:1623 exposed biofilms 1608:1623 exposed biofilms 1608:1623 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 9 26 attach present 1597:1603 arg2 communities 1585:1595 the microbial communities 1571:1595 the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms 1571:1623 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 7 27 theme detoxification 1315:1328 arg1 mechanisms 1295:1304 potential mechanisms 1285:1304 potential mechanisms of MC-LR detoxification 1285:1328 Together, these responses indicate potential mechanisms of MC-LR detoxification. 32593921 2 28 theme plants 349:354 arg1 activity 329:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity 277:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms 277:391 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 0 29 theme Pilot-scale 0:10 arg1 study 12:16 Pilot-scale study 0:16 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 0:131 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 5 30 theme microcystin 720:730 arg1 MC-LR 743:747 MC-LR 743:747 MC-LR 743:747 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 5 30 theme microcystin 720:730 arg1 compounds 732:740 microcystin compounds 720:740 microcystin compounds (MC-LR) 720:748 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 8 31 from clusters 1436:1443 arg1 EPS 1456:1458 biofilm EPS 1448:1458 biofilm EPS 1448:1458 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 2 32 theme aquatic 341:347 arg1 plants 349:354 aquatic plants 341:354 aquatic plants 341:354 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 5 33 theme MC-LR 798:802 arg1 water 768:772 the water 764:772 the water 764:772 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 5 33 theme MC-LR 798:802 arg1 accumulation 782:793 the accumulation 778:793 the accumulation of MC-LR 778:802 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 10 34 theme significant 1776:1786 arg1 impact 1788:1793 a significant impact 1774:1793 a significant impact 1774:1793 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 10 35 theme differential 1735:1746 arg1 responses 1748:1756 differential responses 1735:1756 differential responses 1735:1756 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 9 36 theme present 1597:1603 arg1 communities 1585:1595 the microbial communities 1571:1595 the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms 1571:1623 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 6 37 theme glutathione 1222:1232 arg1 concentrations 1234:1247 glutathione concentrations 1222:1247 glutathione concentrations 1222:1247 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 6 38 theme catalase 1028:1035 arg1 activity 994:1001 increased activity 984:1001 increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations 984:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 1 39 theme eutrophic 217:225 arg1 environments 227:238 eutrophic environments 217:238 eutrophic environments 217:238 Cyanobacterial blooms cause potential risk to submerged macrophytes and biofilms in eutrophic environments. 32593921 3 40 theme substances 474:483 arg1 Variations 436:445 Variations 436:445 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) 436:490 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 3 40 theme substances 474:483 arg1 composition 516:526 microbial community composition 496:526 microbial community composition 496:526 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 4 41 theme cyanobacterial 629:642 arg1 blooms 644:649 cyanobacterial blooms 629:649 cyanobacterial blooms 629:649 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 6 42 theme significant 1107:1117 arg1 differences 1119:1129 significant differences 1107:1129 significant differences 1107:1129 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 3 43 theme community 506:514 arg1 composition 516:526 microbial community composition 496:526 microbial community composition 496:526 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 6 44 theme acid 1149:1152 arg1 phosphatase 1154:1164 acid phosphatase 1149:1164 acid phosphatase 1149:1164 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 4 45 theme natans 595:600 arg1 biomass 572:578 the biomass 568:578 the biomass of Vallisneria natans 568:600 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 10 46 theme phosphorus 1713:1722 arg1 concentrations 1695:1708 different concentrations 1685:1708 different concentrations of phosphorus 1685:1722 These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms under different concentrations of phosphorus can induce differential responses, which can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 32593921 6 47 theme stress 934:939 arg1 degree 914:919 a certain degree 904:919 a certain degree of oxidative stress 904:939 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 5 48 theme plant 814:818 arg1 tissue 820:825 plant tissue 814:825 plant tissue 814:825 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 0 49 theme blooms 51:56 arg1 effects 25:31 the effects 21:31 the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations 21:130 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 4 50 theme Vallisneria 583:593 arg1 natans 595:600 Vallisneria natans 583:600 Vallisneria natans 583:600 Results showed that the biomass of Vallisneria natans increased with exposure to cyanobacterial blooms at higher phosphorous concentrations (P > 0.2 mg L-1). 32593921 5 51 theme phosphorus 865:874 arg1 concentration 876:888 the phosphorus concentration 861:888 the phosphorus concentration 861:888 The amount of microcystin compounds (MC-LR) released into the water and the accumulation of MC-LR into both plant tissue and biofilms changed according to the phosphorus concentration. 32593921 6 52 theme oxidative 924:932 arg1 stress 934:939 oxidative stress 924:939 oxidative stress 924:939 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 2 53 theme pilot-scale 246:256 arg1 study 258:262 This pilot-scale study 241:262 This pilot-scale study 241:262 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 6 54 theme S-transferase 1182:1194 arg1 activities 1196:1205 glutathione S-transferase activities 1170:1205 glutathione S-transferase activities 1170:1205 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 2 55 theme cyanobacterial 371:384 arg1 blooms 386:391 cyanobacterial blooms 371:391 cyanobacterial blooms 371:391 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 0 56 theme cyanobacterial 36:49 arg1 blooms 51:56 cyanobacterial blooms 36:56 cyanobacterial blooms 36:56 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 3 57 theme polymeric 464:472 arg1 EPSs 486:489 EPSs 486:489 EPSs 486:489 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 3 57 theme polymeric 464:472 arg1 substances 474:483 extracellular polymeric substances 450:483 extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) 450:490 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 9 58 theme exposed 1608:1614 arg1 biofilms 1616:1623 exposed biofilms 1608:1623 exposed biofilms 1608:1623 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 6 59 theme dismutase 1017:1025 arg1 activity 994:1001 increased activity 984:1001 increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations 984:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 9 60 from biofilms 1616:1623 arg1 present 1597:1603 present 1597:1603 present 1597:1603 In addition, alterations were seen in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities present in exposed biofilms. 32593921 2 61 theme oxidative 289:297 arg1 responses 299:307 oxidative responses 289:307 oxidative responses 289:307 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 1 62 theme Cyanobacterial 133:146 arg1 blooms 148:153 Cyanobacterial blooms 133:153 Cyanobacterial blooms 133:153 Cyanobacterial blooms cause potential risk to submerged macrophytes and biofilms in eutrophic environments. 32593921 6 63 theme concentrations 1091:1104 arg1 activity 994:1001 increased activity 984:1001 increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations 984:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 6 64 theme certain 906:912 arg1 degree 914:919 a certain degree 904:919 a certain degree of oxidative stress 904:939 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 2 65 theme different 399:407 arg1 concentrations 420:433 different phosphorus concentrations 399:433 different phosphorus concentrations 399:433 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 8 66 theme biofilm 1448:1454 arg1 EPS 1456:1458 biofilm EPS 1448:1458 biofilm EPS 1448:1458 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 6 67 theme malondialdehyde 1075:1089 arg1 concentrations 1091:1104 increased malondialdehyde concentrations 1065:1104 increased malondialdehyde concentrations 1065:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 0 68 theme Vallisneria 61:71 arg1 natans 73:78 Vallisneria natans 61:78 Vallisneria natans 61:78 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 6 69 theme glutathione 1170:1180 arg1 activities 1196:1205 glutathione S-transferase activities 1170:1205 glutathione S-transferase activities 1170:1205 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 2 70 theme growth 281:286 arg1 activity 329:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity 277:336 the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms 277:391 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 1 71 from biofilms 205:212 arg1 environments 227:238 eutrophic environments 217:238 eutrophic environments 217:238 Cyanobacterial blooms cause potential risk to submerged macrophytes and biofilms in eutrophic environments. 32593921 2 72 theme phosphorus 409:418 arg1 concentrations 420:433 different phosphorus concentrations 399:433 different phosphorus concentrations 399:433 This pilot-scale study investigated the growth, oxidative responses, and detoxification activity of aquatic plants in response to cyanobacterial blooms under different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 8 73 theme Broader 1331:1337 arg1 polysaccharides 1357:1371 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides 1331:1371 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) 1331:1376 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 8 73 theme Broader 1331:1337 arg1 PS 1374:1375 PS 1374:1375 PS 1374:1375 Broader α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides (PS) increased with increasing phosphorous and aggregated into clusters in biofilm EPS in response to the cyanobacterial blooms. 32593921 6 74 theme increased 1065:1073 arg1 concentrations 1091:1104 increased malondialdehyde concentrations 1065:1104 increased malondialdehyde concentrations 1065:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 3 75 theme extracellular 450:462 arg1 EPSs 486:489 EPSs 486:489 EPSs 486:489 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 3 75 theme extracellular 450:462 arg1 substances 474:483 extracellular polymeric substances 450:483 extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) 450:490 Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and microbial community composition were also assessed. 32593921 6 76 theme increased 984:992 arg1 activity 994:1001 increased activity 984:1001 increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations 984:1104 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 1 77 theme potential 161:169 arg1 risk 171:174 potential risk 161:174 potential risk to submerged macrophytes 161:199 Cyanobacterial blooms cause potential risk to submerged macrophytes and biofilms in eutrophic environments. 32593921 6 78 theme superoxide 1006:1015 arg1 dismutase 1017:1025 superoxide dismutase 1006:1025 superoxide dismutase 1006:1025 Furthermore, a certain degree of oxidative stress was induced in the plants, as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as increased malondialdehyde concentrations; significant differences were also seen in acid phosphatase and glutathione S-transferase activities, as well as in glutathione concentrations. 32593921 0 79 from concentrations 117:130 arg1 natans 73:78 Vallisneria natans 61:78 Vallisneria natans 61:78 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 32593921 0 79 from concentrations 117:130 arg1 biofilms 84:91 biofilms 84:91 biofilms 84:91 Pilot-scale study on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on Vallisneria natans and biofilms at different phosphorus concentrations. 34805099 4 0 theme dioxabicyclo[2.2.2 538:555 arg1 motif 569:573 a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif 530:573 a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain 530:591 Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. 34805099 4 1 from motif 569:573 arg1 chain 587:591 the side chain 578:591 the side chain 578:591 Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. 34805099 6 2 dep inhibit 878:884 arg1 of 930:931 of 930:931 of 930:931 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 0 3 theme Insulin 78:84 arg1 Resistance 86:95 Insulin Resistance 78:95 Insulin Resistance 78:95 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 7 4 from composition 1106:1116 arg1 prevention 1153:1162 the prevention 1149:1162 the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer 1149:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 5 5 theme insulin-stimulated 703:720 arg1 cells 728:732 insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells 703:732 insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells 703:732 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 7 6 theme diabetes 1192:1199 arg1 mellitus 1201:1208 diabetes mellitus 1192:1208 diabetes mellitus 1192:1208 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 0 7 theme Triple-Negative 101:115 arg1 Cancer 124:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 0 8 from Meroterpenoids 0:13 arg1 Resistance 86:95 Insulin Resistance 78:95 Insulin Resistance 78:95 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 0 8 from Meroterpenoids 0:13 arg1 Cancer 124:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 5 9 theme C2C12 722:726 arg1 cells 728:732 insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells 703:732 insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells 703:732 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 5 10 theme uptake 768:773 arg1 dose 775:778 glucose uptake dose 760:778 glucose uptake dose dependently 760:790 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 7 11 theme chronic 1167:1173 arg1 mellitus 1201:1208 diabetes mellitus 1192:1208 diabetes mellitus 1192:1208 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 7 11 theme chronic 1167:1173 arg1 cancer 1237:1242 triple-negative breast cancer 1214:1242 triple-negative breast cancer 1214:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 7 11 theme chronic 1167:1173 arg1 diseases 1175:1182 chronic diseases 1167:1182 chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer 1167:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 2 12 theme well-known 300:309 arg1 I-M 362:364 dayaolingzhiols I-M 346:364 dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5) 346:370 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 2 12 theme well-known 300:309 arg1 triterpenoids 311:323 well-known triterpenoids 300:323 well-known triterpenoids 300:323 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 7 13 theme breast 1230:1235 arg1 cancer 1237:1242 triple-negative breast cancer 1214:1242 triple-negative breast cancer 1214:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 6 14 theme line 1029:1032 arg1 migration 996:1004 cell migration 991:1004 cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line 991:1032 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 3 15 theme spectroscopic 455:467 arg1 methods 487:493 spectroscopic and computational methods 455:493 spectroscopic and computational methods 455:493 Their structures were identified using spectroscopic and computational methods. 34805099 1 16 theme numerous 176:183 arg1 foods 196:200 numerous functional foods 176:200 numerous functional foods 176:200 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. 34805099 0 17 theme Breast 117:122 arg1 Cancer 124:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 4 18 theme novel 532:536 arg1 motif 569:573 a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif 530:573 a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain 530:591 Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. 34805099 2 19 theme enantiomers 281:291 arg1 pairs 258:262 five pairs 253:262 five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), 253:371 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 1 20 theme functional 185:194 arg1 foods 196:200 numerous functional foods 176:200 numerous functional foods 176:200 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. 34805099 0 21 from Mushrooms 38:46 arg1 Meroterpenoids 0:13 Meroterpenoids 0:13 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms 0:46 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 0 21 from Mushrooms 38:46 arg1 Roles 69:73 Their Biological Roles 52:73 Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 52:129 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 5 22 theme AMPK 679:682 arg1 phosphorylation 684:698 AMPK phosphorylation 679:698 AMPK phosphorylation 679:698 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 2 23 theme dayaolingzhiols 346:360 arg1 1-5 367:369 1-5 367:369 1-5 367:369 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 2 23 theme dayaolingzhiols 346:360 arg1 I-M 362:364 dayaolingzhiols I-M 346:364 dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5) 346:370 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 2 23 theme dayaolingzhiols 346:360 arg1 triterpenoids 311:323 well-known triterpenoids 300:323 well-known triterpenoids 300:323 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 6 24 theme MDA-MB-231 1013:1022 arg1 line 1029:1032 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 1009:1032 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 1009:1032 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 1 25 theme foods 196:200 arg1 materials 163:171 popular raw materials 151:171 popular raw materials of numerous functional foods 151:200 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. 34805099 2 26 theme Ganoderma 397:405 arg1 lucidum 407:413 Ganoderma lucidum 397:413 Ganoderma lucidum 397:413 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 0 27 theme lucidum 30:36 arg1 Mushrooms 38:46 Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms 20:46 Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms 20:46 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 0 28 theme Ganoderma 20:28 arg1 lucidum 30:36 Ganoderma lucidum 20:36 Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms 20:46 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 7 29 from roles 1140:1144 arg1 prevention 1153:1162 the prevention 1149:1162 the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer 1149:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 6 30 theme cell 886:889 arg1 migration 891:899 cell migration 886:899 cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line 886:927 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 6 31 theme line 924:927 arg1 migration 891:899 cell migration 886:899 cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line 886:927 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 6 32 theme cell 991:994 arg1 migration 996:1004 cell migration 991:1004 cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line 991:1032 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 3 33 theme computational 473:485 arg1 methods 487:493 spectroscopic and computational methods 455:493 spectroscopic and computational methods 455:493 Their structures were identified using spectroscopic and computational methods. 34805099 6 34 theme cell 919:922 arg1 line 924:927 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 904:927 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 904:927 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 7 35 theme G. 1121:1122 arg1 lucidum 1124:1130 G. lucidum 1121:1130 G. lucidum 1121:1130 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 5 36 link Ethnoknowledge-derived 594:615 arg1 evaluation 628:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation 594:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation 594:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 0 37 theme Biological 58:67 arg1 Roles 69:73 Their Biological Roles 52:73 Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 52:129 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 5 38 theme glucose 760:766 arg1 dose 775:778 glucose uptake dose 760:778 glucose uptake dose dependently 760:790 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 0 39 from Roles 69:73 arg1 Resistance 86:95 Insulin Resistance 78:95 Insulin Resistance 78:95 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 0 39 from Roles 69:73 arg1 Cancer 124:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 101:129 Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. 34805099 5 40 theme Ethnoknowledge-derived 594:615 arg1 evaluation 628:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation 594:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation 594:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 4 41 theme octan-3-one 557:567 arg1 motif 569:573 a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif 530:573 a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain 530:591 Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. 34805099 5 42 theme biological 617:626 arg1 evaluation 628:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation 594:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation 594:637 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 1 43 theme Ganoderma 132:140 arg1 fungi 142:146 Ganoderma fungi 132:146 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods 132:200 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. 34805099 4 44 theme side 582:585 arg1 chain 587:591 the side chain 578:591 the side chain 578:591 Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. 34805099 7 45 theme meroterpenoidal 1090:1104 arg1 composition 1106:1116 the meroterpenoidal composition 1086:1116 the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum 1086:1130 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 2 46 theme meroterpenoid 267:279 arg1 enantiomers 281:291 meroterpenoid enantiomers 267:291 meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), 267:371 In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I-M (1-5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. 34805099 7 47 theme triple-negative 1214:1228 arg1 cancer 1237:1242 triple-negative breast cancer 1214:1242 triple-negative breast cancer 1214:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 6 48 theme dose-dependent 1039:1052 arg1 manner 1054:1059 a dose-dependent manner 1037:1059 a dose-dependent manner 1037:1059 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 6 49 theme inhibitory 964:973 arg1 effects 975:981 significant inhibitory effects 952:981 significant inhibitory effects 952:981 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 7 50 theme diseases 1175:1182 arg1 prevention 1153:1162 the prevention 1149:1162 the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer 1149:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 1 51 theme popular 151:157 arg1 materials 163:171 popular raw materials 151:171 popular raw materials of numerous functional foods 151:200 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. 34805099 6 52 theme cell 1024:1027 arg1 line 1029:1032 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 1009:1032 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 1009:1032 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 6 53 theme significant 952:962 arg1 effects 975:981 significant inhibitory effects 952:981 significant inhibitory effects 952:981 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 34805099 5 54 theme C2C12 795:799 arg1 cells 801:805 C2C12 cells 795:805 C2C12 cells 795:805 Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. 34805099 7 55 theme lucidum 1124:1130 arg1 composition 1106:1116 the meroterpenoidal composition 1086:1116 the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum 1086:1130 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 7 55 theme lucidum 1124:1130 arg1 roles 1140:1144 its roles 1136:1144 its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer 1136:1242 These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer. 34805099 1 56 theme raw 159:161 arg1 materials 163:171 popular raw materials 151:171 popular raw materials of numerous functional foods 151:200 Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. 34805099 6 57 theme MDA-MB-231 908:917 arg1 line 924:927 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 904:927 the MDA-MB-231 cell line 904:927 Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (-)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. 33971399 7 0 dep fed 996:998 arg1 had 1029:1031 had 1029:1031 fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides 996:1114 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 2 1 theme gene 333:336 arg1 expression 338:347 gene expression 333:347 gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 333:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 3 2 dep astaxanthin 595:605 arg1 48 mg/kg 615:622 48 mg/kg 615:622 48 mg/kg 615:622 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 3 2 dep astaxanthin 595:605 arg1 <1 608:609 <1 608:609 <1 608:609 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 7 3 theme larger 1033:1038 arg1 livers 1040:1045 larger livers 1033:1045 larger livers 1033:1045 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 9 4 theme astaxanthin 1344:1354 arg1 salmon 1365:1370 astaxanthin deprived salmon 1344:1370 astaxanthin deprived salmon 1344:1370 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 10 5 from responses 1541:1549 arg1 liver 1554:1558 liver 1554:1558 liver 1554:1558 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 10 6 theme steroids 1682:1689 arg1 effects 1706:1712 only minor effects 1695:1712 only minor effects on immune genes 1695:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 10 6 theme steroids 1682:1689 arg1 biosynthesis 1651:1662 increased biosynthesis 1641:1662 increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids 1641:1689 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 9 7 theme salmon 1365:1370 arg1 intestine 1331:1339 the intestine 1327:1339 the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon 1327:1370 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 10 8 from biosynthesis 1651:1662 arg1 genes 1724:1728 immune genes 1717:1728 immune genes 1717:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 11 9 theme greatest 1735:1742 arg1 changes 1758:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes 1731:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes 1731:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 13 10 theme dietary 2198:2204 arg1 carotenoids 2206:2216 dietary carotenoids 2198:2216 dietary carotenoids 2198:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 10 11 theme immune 1717:1722 arg1 genes 1724:1728 immune genes 1717:1728 immune genes 1717:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 9 12 theme decreased 1373:1381 arg1 expression 1383:1392 decreased expression 1373:1392 decreased expression 1373:1392 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 8 13 theme Transcriptome 1172:1184 arg1 responses 1186:1194 Transcriptome responses 1172:1194 Transcriptome responses in different organs 1172:1214 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 3 14 theme start 494:498 arg1 197 g 507:511 start weight 197 g 494:511 start weight 197 g 494:511 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 13 15 dep diets 2125:2129 arg1 indicate 2160:2167 indicate 2160:2167 may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2156:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 13 16 theme growth 2089:2094 arg1 performance 2096:2106 equal growth performance 2083:2106 equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2083:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 11 17 theme genes 1895:1899 arg1 up-regulation 1838:1850 an up-regulation 1835:1850 an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress 1835:1945 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 2 18 with diets 404:408 arg1 content 419:425 low content 415:425 low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 415:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 11 19 theme genes 1870:1874 arg1 up-regulation 1838:1850 an up-regulation 1835:1850 an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress 1835:1945 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 5 20 theme dietary 834:840 arg1 concentration 854:866 dietary astaxanthin concentration 834:866 dietary astaxanthin concentration 834:866 The growth rate was not optimal for the two diet groups but was not affected by dietary astaxanthin concentration. 33971399 7 21 from difference 1125:1134 arg1 content 1143:1149 fat content 1139:1149 fat content 1139:1149 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 8 22 theme low 1306:1308 arg1 diets 1317:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 13 23 theme expression 2039:2048 arg1 changes 2050:2056 gene expression changes 2034:2056 gene expression changes 2034:2056 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 9 24 theme immune 1421:1426 arg1 enzymes 1497:1503 enzymes 1497:1503 enzymes of glycan metabolism 1497:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 24 theme immune 1421:1426 arg1 genes 1444:1448 genes 1444:1448 genes of innate antiviral immunity 1444:1477 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 24 theme immune 1421:1426 arg1 transporters 1480:1491 transporters 1480:1491 transporters 1480:1491 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 24 theme immune 1421:1426 arg1 genes 1428:1432 immune genes 1421:1432 immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism 1421:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 2 25 theme fishmeal 455:462 arg1 % 453:453 7.5% fishmeal 450:462 7.5% fishmeal 450:462 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 7 26 theme fat 1139:1141 arg1 content 1143:1149 fat content 1139:1149 fat content 1139:1149 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 13 27 theme Small 2007:2011 arg1 scale 2025:2029 Small or moderate scale 2007:2029 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes 2007:2056 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 3 28 theme identical 537:545 arg1 composition 557:567 identical proximate composition 537:567 identical proximate composition 537:567 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 13 29 theme absence 2187:2193 arg1 risk 2179:2182 potential risk 2169:2182 potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2169:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 8 30 theme astaxanthin 1247:1257 arg1 lack 1231:1234 lack 1231:1234 lack of dietary astaxanthin 1231:1257 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 13 31 theme moderate 2016:2023 arg1 scale 2025:2029 Small or moderate scale 2007:2029 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes 2007:2056 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 1 32 theme salmonid 148:155 arg1 species 157:163 salmonid species 148:163 salmonid species 148:163 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 2 33 theme fish 471:474 arg1 oil 476:478 5% fish oil 468:478 5% fish oil 468:478 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 4 34 theme significant 690:700 arg1 changes 716:722 significant transcriptome changes 690:722 significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray 690:751 Absence of dietary astaxanthin caused significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray. 33971399 4 35 theme dietary 663:669 arg1 astaxanthin 671:681 dietary astaxanthin 663:681 dietary astaxanthin 663:681 Absence of dietary astaxanthin caused significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray. 33971399 0 36 theme low 88:90 arg1 diets 99:103 low marine diets 88:103 low marine diets 88:103 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 9 37 theme antiviral 1460:1468 arg1 immunity 1470:1477 innate antiviral immunity 1453:1477 innate antiviral immunity 1453:1477 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 1 38 theme carotenoids 122:132 arg1 content 111:117 High content 106:117 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species 106:163 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 2 39 theme 5 468:468 arg1 % 469:469 % 469:469 % 469:469 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 3 40 with diets 526:530 arg1 composition 557:567 identical proximate composition 537:567 identical proximate composition 537:567 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 2 41 theme low 415:417 arg1 content 419:425 low content 415:425 low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 415:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 8 42 theme salmon 1295:1300 arg1 diets 1317:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 0 43 theme Transcriptome 0:12 arg1 responses 29:37 Transcriptome and functional responses 0:37 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon 0:82 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 13 44 with concordance 2066:2076 arg1 performance 2096:2106 equal growth performance 2083:2106 equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2083:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 6 45 theme lipid 982:986 arg1 malabsorption 965:977 malabsorption 965:977 malabsorption of lipid 965:986 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver was found in salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid. 33971399 4 46 theme astaxanthin 671:681 arg1 Absence 652:658 Absence 652:658 Absence of dietary astaxanthin 652:681 Absence of dietary astaxanthin caused significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray. 33971399 0 47 theme functional 18:27 arg1 responses 29:37 Transcriptome and functional responses 0:37 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon 0:82 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 13 48 theme potential 2169:2177 arg1 risk 2179:2182 potential risk 2169:2182 potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2169:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 2 49 theme ingredients 437:447 arg1 content 419:425 low content 415:425 low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 415:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 11 50 theme immune-related 1855:1868 arg1 genes 1870:1874 immune-related genes 1855:1874 immune-related genes (119) 1855:1880 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 11 50 theme immune-related 1855:1868 arg1 119 1877:1879 119 1877:1879 119 1877:1879 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 2 51 theme Salmo 387:391 arg1 salmon 379:384 Atlantic salmon 370:384 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 370:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 2 51 theme Salmo 387:391 arg1 salar 393:397 Salmo salar 387:397 Salmo salar 387:397 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 9 52 theme deprived 1356:1363 arg1 salmon 1365:1370 astaxanthin deprived salmon 1344:1370 astaxanthin deprived salmon 1344:1370 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 53 theme metabolism 1515:1524 arg1 enzymes 1497:1503 enzymes 1497:1503 enzymes of glycan metabolism 1497:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 53 theme metabolism 1515:1524 arg1 genes 1444:1448 genes 1444:1448 genes of innate antiviral immunity 1444:1477 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 53 theme metabolism 1515:1524 arg1 transporters 1480:1491 transporters 1480:1491 transporters 1480:1491 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 6 54 from Accumulation 869:880 arg1 liver 912:916 liver 912:916 liver 912:916 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver was found in salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid. 33971399 6 54 from Accumulation 869:880 arg1 intestine 898:906 intestine 898:906 intestine 898:906 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver was found in salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid. 33971399 10 55 theme increased 1641:1649 arg1 biosynthesis 1651:1662 increased biosynthesis 1641:1662 increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids 1641:1689 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 3 56 with Salmon 482:487 arg1 197 g 507:511 start weight 197 g 494:511 start weight 197 g 494:511 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 11 57 theme well-established 1906:1921 arg1 association 1923:1933 well-established association 1906:1933 well-established association with stress 1906:1945 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 11 58 theme skeletal 1783:1790 arg1 muscle 1792:1797 skeletal muscle 1783:1797 skeletal muscle 1783:1797 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 13 59 theme fish 2111:2114 arg1 performance 2096:2106 equal growth performance 2083:2106 equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2083:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 3 60 theme astaxanthin 595:605 arg1 content 584:590 the content 580:590 the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) 580:637 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 2 61 theme sea 352:354 arg1 water 356:360 sea water 352:360 sea water 352:360 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 0 62 theme astaxanthin 53:63 arg1 absence 42:48 absence 42:48 absence of astaxanthin 42:63 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 13 63 theme equal 2083:2087 arg1 performance 2096:2106 equal growth performance 2083:2106 equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids 2083:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 12 64 theme mild 1974:1977 arg1 inflammation 1979:1990 a mild inflammation 1972:1990 a mild inflammation of the muscle 1972:2004 The condition resembled a mild inflammation of the muscle. 33971399 11 65 located observed 1771:1778 arg1 muscle 1792:1797 skeletal muscle 1783:1797 skeletal muscle 1783:1797 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 11 65 located observed 1771:1778 arg1 absence 1806:1812 the absence 1802:1812 the absence of astaxanthin 1802:1827 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 11 65 located observed 1771:1778 arg2 changes 1758:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes 1731:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes 1731:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 10 66 theme minor 1700:1704 arg1 effects 1706:1712 only minor effects 1695:1712 only minor effects on immune genes 1695:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 2 67 theme study 263:267 arg1 objective 245:253 The objective 241:253 The objective of this study 241:267 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 1 68 theme possible 174:181 arg1 importance 194:203 possible functional importance 174:203 possible functional importance 174:203 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 1 69 theme species 157:163 arg1 tissues 137:143 tissues 137:143 tissues of salmonid species 137:163 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 7 70 theme fat 1058:1060 arg1 content 1062:1068 higher fat content 1051:1068 higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides 1051:1114 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 10 71 theme Transcriptome 1527:1539 arg1 responses 1541:1549 Transcriptome responses 1527:1549 Transcriptome responses in liver 1527:1558 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 3 72 theme weight 500:505 arg1 197 g 507:511 start weight 197 g 494:511 start weight 197 g 494:511 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 5 73 theme diet 798:801 arg1 groups 803:808 the two diet groups 790:808 the two diet groups 790:808 The growth rate was not optimal for the two diet groups but was not affected by dietary astaxanthin concentration. 33971399 9 74 located observed 1398:1405 arg1 intestine 1331:1339 the intestine 1327:1339 the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon 1327:1370 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 74 located observed 1398:1405 arg2 expression 1383:1392 decreased expression 1373:1392 decreased expression 1373:1392 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 74 located observed 1398:1405 arg1 suite 1412:1416 a suite 1410:1416 a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism 1410:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 11 75 theme transcriptome 1744:1756 arg1 changes 1758:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes 1731:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes 1731:1764 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 12 76 theme muscle 1999:2004 arg1 inflammation 1979:1990 a mild inflammation 1972:1990 a mild inflammation of the muscle 1972:2004 The condition resembled a mild inflammation of the muscle. 33971399 11 77 theme multiple 1886:1893 arg1 genes 1895:1899 multiple genes 1886:1899 multiple genes 1886:1899 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 1 78 theme functional 183:192 arg1 importance 194:203 possible functional importance 174:203 possible functional importance 174:203 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 6 79 theme lipid 885:889 arg1 Accumulation 869:880 Accumulation 869:880 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver 869:916 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver was found in salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid. 33971399 1 80 theme High 106:109 arg1 content 111:117 High content 106:117 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species 106:163 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 8 81 theme different 1199:1207 arg1 organs 1209:1214 different organs 1199:1214 different organs 1199:1214 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 11 82 with up-regulation 1838:1850 arg1 association 1923:1933 well-established association 1906:1933 well-established association with stress 1906:1945 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 13 83 theme gene 2034:2037 arg1 changes 2050:2056 gene expression changes 2034:2056 gene expression changes 2034:2056 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 3 84 theme proximate 547:555 arg1 composition 557:567 identical proximate composition 537:567 identical proximate composition 537:567 Salmon with start weight 197 g were fed two diets with identical proximate composition except for the content of astaxanthin (<1 and 48 mg/kg, respectively) for 84 days. 33971399 5 85 theme astaxanthin 842:852 arg1 concentration 854:866 dietary astaxanthin concentration 834:866 dietary astaxanthin concentration 834:866 The growth rate was not optimal for the two diet groups but was not affected by dietary astaxanthin concentration. 33971399 6 86 located found 922:926 arg2 Accumulation 869:880 Accumulation 869:880 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver 869:916 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver was found in salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid. 33971399 6 86 located found 922:926 arg1 salmon 931:936 salmon 931:936 salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid 931:986 Accumulation of lipid in the intestine and liver was found in salmon fed both diets, indicating malabsorption of lipid. 33971399 0 87 theme Atlantic 68:75 arg1 salmon 77:82 Atlantic salmon 68:82 Atlantic salmon 68:82 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 13 88 theme changes 2050:2056 arg1 scale 2025:2029 Small or moderate scale 2007:2029 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes 2007:2056 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 8 89 from responses 1186:1194 arg1 organs 1209:1214 different organs 1199:1214 different organs 1199:1214 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 9 90 theme genes 1428:1432 arg1 suite 1412:1416 a suite 1410:1416 a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism 1410:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 0 91 from responses 29:37 arg1 salmon 77:82 Atlantic salmon 68:82 Atlantic salmon 68:82 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 11 92 with association 1923:1933 arg1 stress 1940:1945 stress 1940:1945 stress 1940:1945 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 10 93 from effects 1706:1712 arg1 genes 1724:1728 immune genes 1717:1728 immune genes 1717:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 7 94 from content 1062:1068 arg1 liver 1073:1077 liver 1073:1077 liver 1073:1077 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 8 95 theme dietary 1239:1245 arg1 astaxanthin 1247:1257 dietary astaxanthin 1239:1257 dietary astaxanthin 1239:1257 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 0 96 theme marine 92:97 arg1 diets 99:103 low marine diets 88:103 low marine diets 88:103 Transcriptome and functional responses to absence of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 2 97 dep ingredients 437:447 arg1 % 453:453 7.5% fishmeal 450:462 7.5% fishmeal 450:462 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 2 97 dep ingredients 437:447 arg1 oil 476:478 5% fish oil 468:478 5% fish oil 468:478 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 9 98 theme innate 1453:1458 arg1 immunity 1470:1477 innate antiviral immunity 1453:1477 innate antiviral immunity 1453:1477 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 2 99 from effect 292:297 arg1 performance 317:327 performance 317:327 performance 317:327 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 2 99 from effect 292:297 arg1 expression 338:347 gene expression 333:347 gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 333:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 2 100 theme % 469:469 arg1 oil 476:478 5% fish oil 468:478 5% fish oil 468:478 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 9 101 theme immunity 1470:1477 arg1 enzymes 1497:1503 enzymes 1497:1503 enzymes of glycan metabolism 1497:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 101 theme immunity 1470:1477 arg1 genes 1444:1448 genes 1444:1448 genes of innate antiviral immunity 1444:1477 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 9 101 theme immunity 1470:1477 arg1 transporters 1480:1491 transporters 1480:1491 transporters 1480:1491 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 8 102 contain have 1263:1266 arg2 consequences 1279:1290 functional consequences 1268:1290 functional consequences 1268:1290 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 8 102 contain have 1263:1266 arg1 lack 1231:1234 lack 1231:1234 lack of dietary astaxanthin 1231:1257 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 4 103 theme transcriptome 702:714 arg1 changes 716:722 significant transcriptome changes 690:722 significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray 690:751 Absence of dietary astaxanthin caused significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray. 33971399 2 104 theme Atlantic 370:377 arg1 salmon 379:384 Atlantic salmon 370:384 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 370:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 2 104 theme Atlantic 370:377 arg1 salar 393:397 Salmo salar 387:397 Salmo salar 387:397 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 11 105 theme astaxanthin 1817:1827 arg1 absence 1806:1812 the absence 1802:1812 the absence of astaxanthin 1802:1827 The greatest transcriptome changes were observed in skeletal muscle in the absence of astaxanthin, with an up-regulation of immune-related genes (119) and multiple genes with well-established association with stress. 33971399 2 106 theme water 356:360 arg1 performance 317:327 performance 317:327 performance 317:327 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 2 106 theme water 356:360 arg1 expression 338:347 gene expression 333:347 gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 333:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 5 107 theme growth 758:763 arg1 optimal 778:784 optimal 778:784 optimal 778:784 The growth rate was not optimal for the two diet groups but was not affected by dietary astaxanthin concentration. 33971399 5 107 theme growth 758:763 arg1 rate 765:768 The growth rate 754:768 The growth rate 754:768 The growth rate was not optimal for the two diet groups but was not affected by dietary astaxanthin concentration. 33971399 1 108 from content 111:117 arg1 tissues 137:143 tissues 137:143 tissues of salmonid species 137:163 High content of carotenoids in tissues of salmonid species suggests possible functional importance, which has so far remained unclear. 33971399 10 109 theme astaxanthin 1591:1601 arg1 absence 1580:1586 absence 1580:1586 absence of astaxanthin 1580:1601 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 8 110 theme fed 1302:1304 arg1 diets 1317:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 10 111 theme lipid 1606:1610 arg1 metabolism 1612:1621 lipid metabolism 1606:1621 lipid metabolism 1606:1621 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 9 112 theme glycan 1508:1513 arg1 metabolism 1515:1524 glycan metabolism 1508:1524 glycan metabolism 1508:1524 In the intestine of astaxanthin deprived salmon, decreased expression was observed in a suite of immune genes including genes of innate antiviral immunity, transporters and enzymes of glycan metabolism. 33971399 2 113 theme marine 430:435 arg1 ingredients 437:447 marine ingredients 430:447 marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 430:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 8 114 theme marine 1310:1315 arg1 diets 1317:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 salmon fed low marine diets 1295:1321 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 7 115 theme triglycerides 1102:1114 arg1 accumulation 1086:1097 accumulation 1086:1097 accumulation of triglycerides 1086:1114 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 7 116 theme higher 1051:1056 arg1 content 1062:1068 higher fat content 1051:1068 higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides 1051:1114 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 10 117 from effect 1570:1575 arg1 effects 1706:1712 only minor effects 1695:1712 only minor effects on immune genes 1695:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 10 117 from effect 1570:1575 arg1 biosynthesis 1651:1662 increased biosynthesis 1641:1662 increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids 1641:1689 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 10 117 from effect 1570:1575 arg1 metabolism 1612:1621 lipid metabolism 1606:1621 lipid metabolism 1606:1621 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 7 118 from livers 1040:1045 arg1 liver 1073:1077 liver 1073:1077 liver 1073:1077 Salmon fed the diet without astaxanthin had larger livers and higher fat content in liver due to accumulation of triglycerides, but the difference in fat content was not significant. 33971399 8 119 theme functional 1268:1277 arg1 consequences 1279:1290 functional consequences 1268:1290 functional consequences 1268:1290 Transcriptome responses in different organs suggested that lack of dietary astaxanthin may have functional consequences in salmon fed low marine diets. 33971399 2 120 theme astaxanthin 302:312 arg1 effect 292:297 the effect 288:297 the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil) 288:479 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on performance and gene expression of sea water adapted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with low content of marine ingredients (7.5% fishmeal and 5% fish oil). 33971399 10 121 theme absence 1580:1586 arg1 effect 1570:1575 effect 1570:1575 effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes 1570:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 4 122 theme DNA 738:740 arg1 microarray 742:751 DNA microarray 738:751 DNA microarray 738:751 Absence of dietary astaxanthin caused significant transcriptome changes revealed with DNA microarray. 33971399 13 123 theme carotenoids 2206:2216 arg1 absence 2187:2193 absence 2187:2193 absence of dietary carotenoids 2187:2216 Small or moderate scale of gene expression changes were in concordance with equal growth performance of fish fed both diets, however their character may indicate potential risk of absence of dietary carotenoids. 33971399 10 124 theme terpenoids 1667:1676 arg1 effects 1706:1712 only minor effects 1695:1712 only minor effects on immune genes 1695:1728 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 33971399 10 124 theme terpenoids 1667:1676 arg1 biosynthesis 1651:1662 increased biosynthesis 1641:1662 increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids 1641:1689 Transcriptome responses in liver suggested effect of absence of astaxanthin on lipid metabolism and especially on increased biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids and only minor effects on immune genes. 34768820 0 0 theme Coagulation 118:128 arg1 Management 45:54 the Management 41:54 the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 41:128 Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. 34768820 10 1 theme DIC 1454:1456 arg1 management 1440:1449 the management 1436:1449 the management of DIC 1436:1456 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 2 2 theme disease 398:404 arg1 consequences 370:381 the most frequent consequences 352:381 the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 352:420 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 7 3 theme cytokine 1008:1015 arg1 release 1017:1023 proinflammatory cytokine release 992:1023 proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples 992:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 0 4 theme Intravascular 104:116 arg1 Coagulation 118:128 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 91:128 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 91:128 Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. 34768820 4 5 theme study 546:550 arg1 objective 528:536 The objective 524:536 The objective of this study 524:550 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 2 6 theme coronavirus 386:396 arg1 disease 398:404 coronavirus disease 2019 386:409 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 386:420 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 2 6 theme coronavirus 386:396 arg1 COVID-19 412:419 COVID-19 412:419 COVID-19 412:419 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 10 7 theme clinical 1465:1472 arg1 implications 1474:1485 clinical implications 1465:1485 clinical implications 1465:1485 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 10 7 theme clinical 1465:1472 arg1 COVID-19 1544:1551 COVID-19 1544:1551 COVID-19 1544:1551 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 4 8 theme palmitoylethanolamide 618:638 arg1 action 592:597 the anti-inflammatory action 570:597 the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats 570:703 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 5 9 theme LPS 760:762 arg1 infusion 748:755 continual infusion 738:755 continual infusion of LPS (30 mg/kg) 738:773 Experimental DIC was induced by continual infusion of LPS (30 mg/kg) for 4 h through the tail vein. 34768820 9 10 theme mast 1234:1237 arg1 MCs 1246:1248 MCs 1246:1248 MCs 1246:1248 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 9 10 theme mast 1234:1237 arg1 cells 1239:1243 mast cells 1234:1243 mast cells (MCs) 1234:1249 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 7 11 theme LPS 1064:1066 arg1 infusion 1068:1075 LPS infusion 1064:1075 LPS infusion 1064:1075 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 9 12 theme cells 1239:1243 arg1 release 1259:1265 the release 1255:1265 the release of its serine proteases 1255:1289 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 9 12 theme cells 1239:1243 arg1 number 1224:1229 the number 1220:1229 the number of mast cells (MCs) 1220:1249 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 10 13 theme potential 1402:1410 arg1 um-PEA 1370:1375 um-PEA 1370:1375 um-PEA 1370:1375 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 10 13 theme potential 1402:1410 arg1 approach 1424:1431 a potential therapeutic approach 1400:1431 a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19 1400:1551 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 9 14 theme serine 1274:1279 arg1 proteases 1281:1289 its serine proteases 1270:1289 its serine proteases 1270:1289 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 10 15 dep potential 1402:1410 arg1 therapeutic 1412:1422 therapeutic 1412:1422 therapeutic 1412:1422 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 8 16 theme lung 1171:1174 arg1 damage 1176:1181 lung damage 1171:1181 lung damage 1171:1181 Furthermore, um-PEA also has the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage. 34768820 7 17 theme lung 1039:1042 arg1 samples 1044:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 2 18 theme last 319:322 arg1 years 324:328 the last years 315:328 the last years 315:328 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 7 19 from alteration 946:955 arg1 samples 1044:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 4 20 from model 691:695 arg1 rats 700:703 rats 700:703 rats 700:703 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 1 21 theme systemic 219:226 arg1 formation 228:236 the systemic formation 215:236 the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction 215:309 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 10 22 theme lung 1518:1521 arg1 dysfunction 1523:1533 lung dysfunction 1518:1533 lung dysfunction 1518:1533 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 1 23 theme Disseminated 131:142 arg1 condition 188:196 a severe condition 179:196 a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction 179:309 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 1 23 theme Disseminated 131:142 arg1 coagulation 158:168 Disseminated intravascular coagulation 131:168 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 131:174 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 4 24 from action 592:597 arg1 model 691:695 a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model 652:695 a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats 652:703 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 4 25 theme anti-inflammatory 574:590 arg1 action 592:597 the anti-inflammatory action 570:597 the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats 570:703 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 10 26 from approach 1424:1431 arg1 implications 1474:1485 clinical implications 1465:1485 clinical implications 1465:1485 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 10 26 from approach 1424:1431 arg1 COVID-19 1544:1551 COVID-19 1544:1551 COVID-19 1544:1551 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 10 26 from approach 1424:1431 arg1 management 1440:1449 the management 1436:1449 the management of DIC 1436:1456 These results suggest that um-PEA could be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the management of DIC and in clinical implications associated to coagulopathy and lung dysfunction, such as COVID-19. 34768820 1 27 theme intravascular 144:156 arg1 condition 188:196 a severe condition 179:196 a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction 179:309 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 1 27 theme intravascular 144:156 arg1 coagulation 158:168 Disseminated intravascular coagulation 131:168 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 131:174 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 3 28 theme coagulant 487:495 arg1 pathways 514:521 the coagulant and inflammatory pathways 483:521 the coagulant and inflammatory pathways 483:521 The pathogenesis of DIC is complex, with cross-talk between the coagulant and inflammatory pathways. 34768820 8 29 contain has 1103:1105 arg2 effect 1111:1116 the effect 1107:1116 the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage 1107:1181 Furthermore, um-PEA also has the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage. 34768820 8 29 contain has 1103:1105 arg1 um-PEA 1091:1096 um-PEA 1091:1096 um-PEA 1091:1096 Furthermore, um-PEA also has the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage. 34768820 4 30 theme ultramicronized 602:616 arg1 um-PEA 641:646 um-PEA 641:646 um-PEA 641:646 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 4 30 theme ultramicronized 602:616 arg1 palmitoylethanolamide 618:638 ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide 602:638 ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) 602:647 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 5 31 theme continual 738:746 arg1 infusion 748:755 continual infusion 738:755 continual infusion of LPS (30 mg/kg) 738:773 Experimental DIC was induced by continual infusion of LPS (30 mg/kg) for 4 h through the tail vein. 34768820 1 32 theme microthrombi 241:252 arg1 formation 228:236 the systemic formation 215:236 the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction 215:309 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 3 33 theme DIC 443:445 arg1 complex 450:456 complex 450:456 complex 450:456 The pathogenesis of DIC is complex, with cross-talk between the coagulant and inflammatory pathways. 34768820 3 33 theme DIC 443:445 arg1 pathogenesis 427:438 The pathogenesis 423:438 The pathogenesis of DIC 423:445 The pathogenesis of DIC is complex, with cross-talk between the coagulant and inflammatory pathways. 34768820 4 34 theme DIC 687:689 arg1 model 691:695 a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model 652:695 a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats 652:703 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 8 35 theme deposition 1156:1165 arg1 formation 1136:1144 the formation 1132:1144 the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage 1132:1181 Furthermore, um-PEA also has the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage. 34768820 7 36 theme plasma 1028:1033 arg1 samples 1044:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 8 37 theme fibrin 1149:1154 arg1 deposition 1156:1165 fibrin deposition 1149:1165 fibrin deposition 1149:1165 Furthermore, um-PEA also has the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage. 34768820 4 38 theme -induced 678:685 arg1 model 691:695 a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model 652:695 a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats 652:703 The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DIC model in rats. 34768820 0 39 theme Coagulopathy 74:85 arg1 Management 45:54 the Management 41:54 the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 41:128 Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. 34768820 6 40 theme LPS 906:908 arg1 infusion 894:901 intravenous infusion 882:901 intravenous infusion of LPS 882:908 Um-PEA (30 mg/kg) was given orally 30 min before and 1 h after the start of intravenous infusion of LPS. 34768820 3 41 with complex 450:456 arg1 cross-talk 464:473 cross-talk 464:473 cross-talk between the coagulant and inflammatory pathways 464:521 The pathogenesis of DIC is complex, with cross-talk between the coagulant and inflammatory pathways. 34768820 0 42 theme Sepsis-Induced 59:72 arg1 Coagulopathy 74:85 Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy 59:85 Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy 59:85 Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. 34768820 9 43 theme proteases 1281:1289 arg1 release 1259:1265 the release 1255:1265 the release of its serine proteases 1255:1289 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 9 43 theme proteases 1281:1289 arg1 number 1224:1229 the number 1220:1229 the number of mast cells (MCs) 1220:1249 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 7 44 theme markers 972:978 arg1 release 1017:1023 proinflammatory cytokine release 992:1023 proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples 992:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 7 44 theme markers 972:978 arg1 alteration 946:955 alteration 946:955 alteration of coagulation markers 946:978 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 2 45 theme consequences 370:381 arg1 consequences 370:381 the most frequent consequences 352:381 the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 352:420 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 2 45 theme consequences 370:381 arg1 one 345:347 one 345:347 one 345:347 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 6 46 theme infusion 894:901 arg1 start 873:877 the start 869:877 the start of intravenous infusion of LPS 869:908 Um-PEA (30 mg/kg) was given orally 30 min before and 1 h after the start of intravenous infusion of LPS. 34768820 2 47 theme frequent 361:368 arg1 consequences 370:381 the most frequent consequences 352:381 the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 352:420 In the last years, it represents one of the most frequent consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 34768820 1 48 theme bleeding 271:278 arg1 tendency 280:287 bleeding tendency 271:287 bleeding tendency 271:287 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 7 49 theme proinflammatory 992:1006 arg1 release 1017:1023 proinflammatory cytokine release 992:1023 proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples 992:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 9 50 theme SARS-CoV-2 1321:1330 arg1 infection 1332:1340 SARS-CoV-2 infection 1321:1340 SARS-CoV-2 infection 1321:1340 Moreover, um-PEA was able to reduce the number of mast cells (MCs) and the release of its serine proteases, which are also necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34768820 1 51 theme severe 181:186 arg1 condition 188:196 a severe condition 179:196 a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction 179:309 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 1 51 theme severe 181:186 arg1 coagulation 158:168 Disseminated intravascular coagulation 131:168 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 131:174 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 8 52 theme damage 1176:1181 arg1 formation 1136:1144 the formation 1132:1144 the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage 1132:1181 Furthermore, um-PEA also has the effect of preventing the formation of fibrin deposition and lung damage. 34768820 3 53 theme inflammatory 501:512 arg1 pathways 514:521 the coagulant and inflammatory pathways 483:521 the coagulant and inflammatory pathways 483:521 The pathogenesis of DIC is complex, with cross-talk between the coagulant and inflammatory pathways. 34768820 0 54 theme Disseminated 91:102 arg1 Coagulation 118:128 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 91:128 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 91:128 Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in the Management of Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. 34768820 7 55 theme coagulation 960:970 arg1 markers 972:978 coagulation markers 960:978 coagulation markers 960:978 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 5 56 theme tail 795:798 arg1 vein 800:803 the tail vein 791:803 the tail vein 791:803 Experimental DIC was induced by continual infusion of LPS (30 mg/kg) for 4 h through the tail vein. 34768820 6 57 theme intravenous 882:892 arg1 infusion 894:901 intravenous infusion 882:901 intravenous infusion of LPS 882:908 Um-PEA (30 mg/kg) was given orally 30 min before and 1 h after the start of intravenous infusion of LPS. 34768820 7 58 from release 1017:1023 arg1 samples 1044:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 plasma and lung samples 1028:1050 Results showed that um-PEA reduced alteration of coagulation markers, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release in plasma and lung samples, induced by LPS infusion. 34768820 1 59 dep coagulation 158:168 arg1 DIC 171:173 DIC 171:173 DIC 171:173 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 34768820 1 60 theme organ 293:297 arg1 dysfunction 299:309 organ dysfunction 293:309 organ dysfunction 293:309 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe condition characterized by the systemic formation of microthrombi complicated with bleeding tendency and organ dysfunction. 33144078 4 0 theme FVIII 833:837 arg1 D1241E 839:844 FVIII D1241E 833:844 FVIII D1241E 833:844 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 4 1 theme minor 995:999 arg1 allele 1001:1006 the minor allele 991:1006 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 991:1022 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 1 2 theme coagulation 241:251 arg1 regulation 221:230 regulation 221:230 regulation of blood coagulation 221:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 5 3 theme D1241E 1384:1389 arg1 allele 1368:1373 the minor allele 1358:1373 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol 1358:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 6 4 theme posttranslational 1486:1502 arg1 process 1504:1510 the FVIII posttranslational process 1476:1510 the FVIII posttranslational process 1476:1510 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 7 5 theme FVIII 1729:1733 arg1 development 1735:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 4 6 theme capacities 1079:1088 arg1 levels 1039:1044 similar levels 1031:1044 similar levels of transcription and translation capacities 1031:1088 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 3 7 theme alpha-glucosidase 686:702 arg1 inhibitor 704:712 an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 683:712 an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 683:712 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 7 theme alpha-glucosidase 686:702 arg1 1-deoxynojirimycin 663:680 1-deoxynojirimycin 663:680 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor) 663:713 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 5 8 from level 1146:1150 arg1 apparatus 1174:1182 the Golgi apparatus 1164:1182 the Golgi apparatus 1164:1182 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 6 9 with association 1568:1578 arg1 malectin 1585:1592 malectin 1585:1592 malectin 1585:1592 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 7 10 theme future 1710:1715 arg1 development 1735:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 7 11 from role 1676:1679 arg1 development 1735:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 5 12 theme minor 1362:1366 arg1 allele 1368:1373 the minor allele 1358:1373 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol 1358:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 3 13 theme FVIII 547:551 arg1 D1241E 553:558 polymorphic FVIII D1241E 535:558 polymorphic FVIII D1241E 535:558 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 7 14 theme control 1699:1705 arg1 role 1676:1679 the role 1672:1679 the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development 1672:1745 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 3 15 theme endoglycosidase 716:730 arg1 H 732:732 endoglycosidase H 716:732 endoglycosidase H 716:732 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 0 16 theme VIII 111:114 arg1 reduction 91:99 reduction 91:99 reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion 91:159 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 0 16 theme VIII 111:114 arg1 interaction 75:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 5 17 from cytosol 1398:1404 arg1 degradation 1343:1353 degradation 1343:1353 degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol 1343:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 4 18 theme conditioned 890:900 arg1 medium 902:907 the conditioned medium 886:907 the conditioned medium 886:907 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 5 19 theme FVIII 1155:1159 arg1 level 1146:1150 a reduced level 1136:1150 a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus 1136:1182 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 6 20 theme FVIII 1541:1545 arg1 D1241E 1547:1552 FVIII D1241E 1541:1552 FVIII D1241E 1541:1552 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 1 21 theme key 205:207 arg1 cofactor 209:216 a key cofactor 203:216 a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation 203:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 21 theme key 205:207 arg1 VIII 187:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII 162:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) 162:198 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 6 22 theme proteasomal 1624:1634 arg1 degradation 1642:1652 proteasomal FVIII degradation 1624:1652 proteasomal FVIII degradation 1624:1652 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 0 23 theme secretion 151:159 arg1 reduction 91:99 reduction 91:99 reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion 91:159 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 0 23 theme secretion 151:159 arg1 interaction 75:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 4 24 theme FVIII 865:869 arg1 secretion 871:879 FVIII secretion 865:879 FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium 865:907 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 5 25 with association 1207:1217 arg1 malectin 1224:1231 malectin 1224:1231 malectin 1224:1231 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 4 26 theme procoagulation 940:953 arg1 ability 955:961 procoagulation ability 940:961 procoagulation ability 940:961 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 5 27 theme reduced 1199:1205 arg1 association 1207:1217 its reduced association 1195:1217 its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol 1195:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 0 28 theme malectin 66:73 arg1 interaction 75:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 2 29 dep in 436:437 arg1 vitro 439:443 vitro 439:443 vitro 439:443 This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. 33144078 1 30 theme coagulation 168:178 arg1 cofactor 209:216 a key cofactor 203:216 a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation 203:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 30 theme coagulation 168:178 arg1 FVIII 193:197 FVIII 193:197 FVIII 193:197 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 30 theme coagulation 168:178 arg1 VIII 187:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII 162:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) 162:198 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 3 31 dep Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 arg1 inhibitor 780:788 a proteasome inhibitor 767:788 a proteasome inhibitor 767:788 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 6 32 theme reduced 1560:1566 arg1 association 1568:1578 a reduced association 1558:1578 a reduced association with malectin 1558:1592 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 0 33 theme Blood 0:4 arg1 VIII 25:28 Blood coagulation factor VIII 0:28 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 0 34 theme factor 18:23 arg1 VIII 25:28 Blood coagulation factor VIII 0:28 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 5 35 theme reduced 1138:1144 arg1 level 1146:1150 a reduced level 1136:1150 a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus 1136:1182 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 5 36 from degradation 1343:1353 arg1 cytosol 1398:1404 the cytosol 1394:1404 the cytosol 1394:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 0 37 theme D1241E 30:35 arg1 polymorphism 37:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 2 38 theme cell 445:448 arg1 model 450:454 an in vitro cell model 433:454 an in vitro cell model 433:454 This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. 33144078 5 39 gly glycoproteins 1273:1285 arg1 glycoproteins 1273:1285 newly synthesized glycoproteins 1255:1285 newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking 1255:1329 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 5 40 from allele 1368:1373 arg1 cytosol 1398:1404 the cytosol 1394:1404 the cytosol 1394:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 3 41 link N-linked 628:635 arg1 inhibitor 651:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 41 link N-linked 628:635 arg1 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor) 612:660 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 5 42 theme Golgi 1168:1172 arg1 apparatus 1174:1182 the Golgi apparatus 1164:1182 the Golgi apparatus 1164:1182 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 3 43 theme glycosylation 637:649 arg1 inhibitor 651:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 43 theme glycosylation 637:649 arg1 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor) 612:660 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 2 44 theme endoplasmic 346:356 arg1 ER 369:370 ER 369:370 ER 369:370 This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. 33144078 2 44 theme endoplasmic 346:356 arg1 reticulum 358:366 the endoplasmic reticulum 342:366 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 342:371 This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. 33144078 1 45 theme blood 235:239 arg1 coagulation 241:251 blood coagulation 235:251 blood coagulation 235:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 4 46 theme FVIII 1011:1015 arg1 D1241E 1017:1022 FVIII D1241E 1011:1022 FVIII D1241E 1011:1022 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 5 47 theme FVIII 1378:1382 arg1 D1241E 1384:1389 FVIII D1241E 1378:1389 FVIII D1241E 1378:1389 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 6 48 contain had 1554:1556 arg1 allele 1531:1536 the minor allele 1521:1536 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 1521:1552 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 6 48 contain had 1554:1556 arg2 association 1568:1578 a reduced association 1558:1578 a reduced association with malectin 1558:1592 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 6 48 contain had 1554:1556 arg2 capacity 1611:1618 an increased capacity 1598:1618 an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation 1598:1652 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 4 49 theme D1241E 839:844 arg1 able 850:853 able 850:853 able 850:853 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 4 49 theme D1241E 839:844 arg1 allele 823:828 the minor allele 813:828 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 813:844 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 7 50 theme recombinant 1717:1727 arg1 development 1735:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 future recombinant FVIII development 1710:1745 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 3 51 theme wild-type 511:519 arg1 FVIII 526:530 wild-type (WT) FVIII 511:530 wild-type (WT) FVIII 511:530 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 6 52 theme FVIII 1480:1484 arg1 process 1504:1510 the FVIII posttranslational process 1476:1510 the FVIII posttranslational process 1476:1510 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 1 53 theme factor 180:185 arg1 cofactor 209:216 a key cofactor 203:216 a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation 203:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 53 theme factor 180:185 arg1 FVIII 193:197 FVIII 193:197 FVIII 193:197 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 53 theme factor 180:185 arg1 VIII 187:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII 162:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) 162:198 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 inhibitor 704:712 an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 683:712 an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 683:712 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor) 612:660 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 MG132 738:742 MG132 738:742 MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor) 738:789 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 1-deoxynojirimycin 663:680 1-deoxynojirimycin 663:680 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor) 663:713 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 lectins 585:591 ER lectins 582:591 ER lectins 582:591 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 H 732:732 endoglycosidase H 716:732 endoglycosidase H 716:732 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 54 with treatment 597:605 arg1 inhibitor 651:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 55 theme polymorphic 535:545 arg1 D1241E 553:558 polymorphic FVIII D1241E 535:558 polymorphic FVIII D1241E 535:558 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 4 56 theme minor 817:821 arg1 able 850:853 able 850:853 able 850:853 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 4 56 theme minor 817:821 arg1 allele 823:828 the minor allele 813:828 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 813:844 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 7 57 theme quality 1691:1697 arg1 control 1699:1705 the ER quality control 1684:1705 the ER quality control 1684:1705 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 4 58 theme transcription 1049:1061 arg1 capacities 1079:1088 transcription and translation capacities 1049:1088 transcription and translation capacities 1049:1088 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 0 59 theme posttranslational 116:132 arg1 modification 134:145 posttranslational modification 116:145 posttranslational modification 116:145 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 5 60 theme allele 1368:1373 arg1 degradation 1343:1353 degradation 1343:1353 degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol 1343:1404 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 0 61 dep VIII 111:114 arg1 modification 134:145 posttranslational modification 116:145 posttranslational modification 116:145 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 4 62 theme translation 1067:1077 arg1 capacities 1079:1088 transcription and translation capacities 1049:1088 transcription and translation capacities 1049:1088 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 6 63 theme FVIII 1636:1640 arg1 degradation 1642:1652 proteasomal FVIII degradation 1624:1652 proteasomal FVIII degradation 1624:1652 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 5 64 from glycoproteins 1273:1285 arg1 ER 1294:1295 the ER 1290:1295 the ER 1290:1295 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 3 65 dep wild-type 511:519 arg1 WT 522:523 WT 522:523 WT 522:523 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 1 66 from cofactor 209:216 arg1 regulation 221:230 regulation 221:230 regulation of blood coagulation 221:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 6 67 theme minor 1525:1529 arg1 allele 1531:1536 the minor allele 1521:1536 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 1521:1552 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 7 68 theme ER 1688:1689 arg1 control 1699:1705 the ER quality control 1684:1705 the ER quality control 1684:1705 These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development. 33144078 6 69 theme increased 1601:1609 arg1 capacity 1611:1618 an increased capacity 1598:1618 an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation 1598:1652 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 0 70 theme weak 61:64 arg1 interaction 75:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 a weak malectin interaction 59:85 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 3 71 theme ER 582:583 arg1 lectins 585:591 ER lectins 582:591 ER lectins 582:591 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 4 72 theme normal 924:929 arg1 level 931:935 a normal level 922:935 a normal level of procoagulation ability 922:961 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 3 73 theme proteasome 769:778 arg1 inhibitor 780:788 a proteasome inhibitor 767:788 a proteasome inhibitor 767:788 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 6 74 theme process 1504:1510 arg1 regulation 1462:1471 regulation 1462:1471 regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process 1462:1510 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 1 75 theme Blood 162:166 arg1 cofactor 209:216 a key cofactor 203:216 a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation 203:251 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 75 theme Blood 162:166 arg1 FVIII 193:197 FVIII 193:197 FVIII 193:197 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 1 75 theme Blood 162:166 arg1 VIII 187:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII 162:190 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) 162:198 Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. 33144078 3 76 contain carrying 502:509 arg2 D1241E 553:558 polymorphic FVIII D1241E 535:558 polymorphic FVIII D1241E 535:558 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 76 contain carrying 502:509 arg1 vectors 494:500 vectors 494:500 vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor) 494:789 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 76 contain carrying 502:509 arg2 FVIII 526:530 wild-type (WT) FVIII 511:530 wild-type (WT) FVIII 511:530 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 0 77 theme factor 104:109 arg1 VIII 111:114 factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion 104:159 VIII 111:114 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 inhibitor 704:712 an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 683:712 an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 683:712 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor) 612:660 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 MG132 738:742 MG132 738:742 MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor) 738:789 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal 745:764 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 1-deoxynojirimycin 663:680 1-deoxynojirimycin 663:680 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor) 663:713 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 lectins 585:591 ER lectins 582:591 ER lectins 582:591 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 H 732:732 endoglycosidase H 716:732 endoglycosidase H 716:732 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 78 with coexpression 564:575 arg1 inhibitor 651:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 0 79 theme coagulation 6:16 arg1 VIII 25:28 Blood coagulation factor VIII 0:28 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 4 80 theme FVIII 978:982 arg1 WT 984:985 FVIII WT 978:985 FVIII WT 978:985 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 0 81 theme VIII 25:28 arg1 polymorphism 37:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism 0:48 Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. 33144078 6 82 theme D1241E 1547:1552 arg1 allele 1531:1536 the minor allele 1521:1536 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 1521:1552 This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. 33144078 5 83 theme synthesized 1261:1271 arg1 glycoproteins 1273:1285 newly synthesized glycoproteins 1255:1285 newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking 1255:1329 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 2 84 theme Golgi 394:398 arg1 apparatus 400:408 the Golgi apparatus 390:408 the Golgi apparatus 390:408 This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. 33144078 4 85 theme ability 955:961 arg1 level 931:935 a normal level 922:935 a normal level of procoagulation ability 922:961 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 5 86 theme D1241E 1109:1114 arg1 polymorphism 1116:1127 the D1241E polymorphism 1105:1127 the D1241E polymorphism 1105:1127 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 2 87 theme in 436:437 arg1 model 450:454 an in vitro cell model 433:454 an in vitro cell model 433:454 This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. 33144078 4 88 theme D1241E 1017:1022 arg1 WT 984:985 FVIII WT 978:985 FVIII WT 978:985 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 4 88 theme D1241E 1017:1022 arg1 allele 1001:1006 the minor allele 991:1006 the minor allele of FVIII D1241E 991:1022 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 33144078 3 89 theme N-linked 628:635 arg1 inhibitor 651:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor 625:659 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 3 89 theme N-linked 628:635 arg1 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin 612:622 tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor) 612:660 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 5 90 theme FVIII 1301:1305 arg1 folding 1307:1313 FVIII folding 1301:1313 FVIII folding 1301:1313 Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. 33144078 3 91 theme HEK-293T 457:464 arg1 cells 466:470 HEK-293T cells 457:470 HEK-293T cells 457:470 HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). 33144078 4 92 theme similar 1031:1037 arg1 levels 1039:1044 similar levels 1031:1044 similar levels of transcription and translation capacities 1031:1088 The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. 32625174 3 0 attach linked 670:675 arg3 species 597:603 the related species 585:603 the related species 585:603 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 3 0 attach linked 670:675 arg2 ability 632:638 the ability to colonize the host 628:659 the ability to colonize the host 628:659 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 3 0 attach linked 670:675 arg1 glycosylation 697:709 N-linked protein glycosylation 680:709 N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology 680:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 3 0 attach linked 670:675 arg3 jejuni 620:625 Campylobacter jejuni 606:625 Campylobacter jejuni 606:625 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 7 1 theme pathway 1454:1460 arg1 enzymes 1470:1476 its enzymes 1466:1476 its enzymes 1466:1476 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 1 theme pathway 1454:1460 arg1 function 1425:1432 the function 1421:1432 the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway 1421:1460 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 9 2 theme Campylobacter 2095:2107 arg1 physiology 2114:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 8 3 theme decreased 1821:1829 arg1 motility 1831:1838 decreased motility 1821:1838 decreased motility 1821:1838 In addition, the pgl mutants displayed decreased motility and ethidium bromide efflux and showed an increased sensitivity to antibiotics. 32625174 2 4 theme fetus 332:336 arg1 infection 338:346 C. fetus infection 329:346 C. fetus infection 329:346 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 7 5 theme fetus 1444:1448 arg1 pathway 1454:1460 the C. fetus pgl pathway 1437:1460 the C. fetus pgl pathway 1437:1460 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 2 6 located detected 446:453 arg1 food 458:461 food 458:461 food 458:461 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 2 6 located detected 446:453 arg2 fetus 430:434 C. fetus 427:434 C. fetus 427:434 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 6 7 theme energy 1139:1144 arg1 harvesting 1146:1155 energy harvesting 1139:1155 energy harvesting 1139:1155 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 8 8 theme bromide 1853:1859 arg1 efflux 1861:1866 ethidium bromide efflux 1844:1866 ethidium bromide efflux 1844:1866 In addition, the pgl mutants displayed decreased motility and ethidium bromide efflux and showed an increased sensitivity to antibiotics. 32625174 7 9 contain have 1726:1729 arg1 PglA 1721:1724 PglA 1721:1724 PglA 1721:1724 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 9 contain have 1726:1729 arg2 activities 1739:1748 similar activities 1731:1748 similar activities 1731:1748 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 9 contain have 1726:1729 arg1 PglJ 1712:1715 PglJ 1712:1715 PglJ 1712:1715 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 3 10 link N-linked 680:687 arg1 glycosylation 697:709 N-linked protein glycosylation 680:709 N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology 680:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 5 11 dep mutants 986:992 arg1 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 11 dep mutants 986:992 arg1 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 11 dep mutants 986:992 arg1 mutants 986:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants 952:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) 952:1008 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 6 12 theme cellular 1208:1215 arg1 nickel 1217:1222 cellular nickel 1208:1222 cellular nickel 1208:1222 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 6 13 theme -hydrogenase 1090:1101 arg1 HynABC 1103:1108 the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC 1080:1108 the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC 1080:1108 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 3 14 theme protein 689:695 arg1 glycosylation 697:709 N-linked protein glycosylation 680:709 N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology 680:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 4 15 from expression 918:927 arg1 subsp 945:949 two C. fetus subsp 932:949 two C. fetus subsp 932:949 Using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics, we found more than 100 proteins significantly altered in expression in two C. fetus subsp. 32625174 7 16 theme novel 1602:1606 arg1 PglY 1593:1596 PglY 1593:1596 PglY 1593:1596 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 16 theme novel 1602:1606 arg1 glycosyltransferases 1608:1627 novel glycosyltransferases 1602:1627 novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core 1602:1703 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 16 theme novel 1602:1606 arg1 PglX 1584:1587 PglX 1584:1587 PglX 1584:1587 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 6 17 theme increased 1188:1196 arg1 levels 1198:1203 significantly increased levels 1174:1203 significantly increased levels of cellular nickel 1174:1222 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 6 18 theme increased 1251:1259 arg1 activity 1273:1280 increased hydrogenase activity 1251:1280 increased hydrogenase activity 1251:1280 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 3 19 theme related 589:595 arg1 species 597:603 the related species 585:603 the related species 585:603 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 3 19 theme related 589:595 arg1 jejuni 620:625 Campylobacter jejuni 606:625 Campylobacter jejuni 606:625 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 2 20 theme isolation 469:477 arg1 methods 479:485 isolation methods 469:485 isolation methods 469:485 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 1 21 theme intestinal 189:198 arg1 infections 212:221 intestinal or systemic infections 189:221 intestinal or systemic infections 189:221 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 6 22 from levels 1198:1203 arg1 H2 1244:1245 H2 1244:1245 H2 1244:1245 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 7 23 theme functional 1550:1559 arg1 analyses 1561:1568 mutational and functional analyses 1535:1568 mutational and functional analyses 1535:1568 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 9 24 theme protein 1972:1978 arg1 pathway 1996:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway 1961:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus 1961:2014 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 9 25 from influence 2055:2063 arg1 physiology 2114:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 7 26 theme conserved 1690:1698 arg1 core 1700:1703 the conserved core 1686:1703 the conserved core 1686:1703 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 27 theme mutational 1535:1544 arg1 analyses 1561:1568 mutational and functional analyses 1535:1568 mutational and functional analyses 1535:1568 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 0 28 from Influence 0:8 arg1 Physiology 58:67 Campylobacter fetus Physiology 38:67 Campylobacter fetus Physiology 38:67 Influence of Protein Glycosylation on Campylobacter fetus Physiology. 32625174 1 29 theme Campylobacter 70:82 arg1 fetus 84:88 Campylobacter fetus 70:88 Campylobacter fetus 70:88 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 4 30 theme fetus 939:943 arg1 subsp 945:949 two C. fetus subsp 932:949 two C. fetus subsp 932:949 Using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics, we found more than 100 proteins significantly altered in expression in two C. fetus subsp. 32625174 9 31 theme C. 2007:2008 arg1 fetus 2010:2014 C. fetus 2007:2014 C. fetus 2007:2014 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 6 32 theme C. 1318:1319 arg1 fetus 1321:1325 C. fetus 1318:1325 C. fetus 1318:1325 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 1 33 from abortions 139:147 arg1 sheep 163:167 sheep 163:167 sheep 163:167 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 1 33 from abortions 139:147 arg1 cattle 152:157 cattle 152:157 cattle 152:157 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 5 34 theme protein 958:964 arg1 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 34 theme protein 958:964 arg1 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 34 theme protein 958:964 arg1 mutants 986:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants 952:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) 952:1008 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 7 35 theme fetus 1658:1662 arg1 hexasaccharide 1664:1677 the C. fetus hexasaccharide 1651:1677 the C. fetus hexasaccharide 1651:1677 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 2 36 theme C. 427:428 arg1 fetus 430:434 C. fetus 427:434 C. fetus 427:434 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 1 37 theme infected 284:291 arg1 livestock 293:301 infected livestock 284:301 infected livestock 284:301 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 1 38 from disease 127:133 arg1 sheep 163:167 sheep 163:167 sheep 163:167 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 1 38 from disease 127:133 arg1 cattle 152:157 cattle 152:157 cattle 152:157 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 2 39 theme food 408:411 arg1 products 413:420 contaminated food products 395:420 contaminated food products 395:420 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 0 40 theme Protein 13:19 arg1 Glycosylation 21:33 Protein Glycosylation 13:33 Protein Glycosylation 13:33 Influence of Protein Glycosylation on Campylobacter fetus Physiology. 32625174 1 41 theme venereal 118:125 arg1 disease 127:133 venereal disease 118:133 venereal disease 118:133 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 6 42 theme nickel 1380:1385 arg1 homeostasis 1387:1397 the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis 1353:1397 homeostasis 1387:1397 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 7 43 theme heterologous 1479:1490 arg1 expression 1492:1501 heterologous expression 1479:1501 heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses 1479:1568 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 4 44 theme label-free 819:828 arg1 proteomics 849:858 label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics 819:858 label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics 819:858 Using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics, we found more than 100 proteins significantly altered in expression in two C. fetus subsp. 32625174 2 45 theme C. 329:330 arg1 infection 338:346 C. fetus infection 329:346 C. fetus infection 329:346 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 0 46 theme fetus 52:56 arg1 Physiology 58:67 Campylobacter fetus Physiology 38:67 Campylobacter fetus Physiology 38:67 Influence of Protein Glycosylation on Campylobacter fetus Physiology. 32625174 9 47 gly N-glycosylation 2076:2090 arg1 Campylobacter 2095:2107 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 9 47 gly N-glycosylation 2076:2090 arg1 cell 2109:2112 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 9 48 theme protein 2068:2074 arg1 N-glycosylation 2076:2090 protein N-glycosylation 2068:2090 protein N-glycosylation 2068:2090 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 6 49 from increases 1049:1057 arg1 expression 1066:1075 the expression 1062:1075 the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC 1062:1108 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 7 50 theme pgl 1450:1452 arg1 pathway 1454:1460 the C. fetus pgl pathway 1437:1460 the C. fetus pgl pathway 1437:1460 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 51 theme C. 1441:1442 arg1 pathway 1454:1460 the C. fetus pgl pathway 1437:1460 the C. fetus pgl pathway 1437:1460 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 7 52 theme C. 1771:1772 arg1 jejuni 1774:1779 C. jejuni 1771:1779 C. jejuni 1771:1779 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 9 53 theme cell 2109:2112 arg1 physiology 2114:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 Campylobacter cell physiology 2095:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 8 54 theme ethidium 1844:1851 arg1 bromide 1853:1859 ethidium bromide 1844:1859 ethidium bromide efflux 1844:1866 In addition, the pgl mutants displayed decreased motility and ethidium bromide efflux and showed an increased sensitivity to antibiotics. 32625174 7 55 from expression 1492:1501 arg1 coli 1518:1521 Escherichia coli 1506:1521 Escherichia coli 1506:1521 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 2 56 theme organism 546:553 arg1 physiology 528:537 the physiology 524:537 the physiology of the organism 524:553 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 3 57 theme N-linked 680:687 arg1 glycosylation 697:709 N-linked protein glycosylation 680:709 N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology 680:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 6 58 theme improved 1225:1232 arg1 growth 1234:1239 improved growth 1225:1239 improved growth in H2 1225:1245 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 4 59 theme quantitative 830:841 arg1 proteomics 849:858 label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics 819:858 label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics 819:858 Using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics, we found more than 100 proteins significantly altered in expression in two C. fetus subsp. 32625174 6 60 theme nickel 1217:1222 arg1 activity 1273:1280 increased hydrogenase activity 1251:1280 increased hydrogenase activity 1251:1280 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 6 60 theme nickel 1217:1222 arg1 levels 1198:1203 significantly increased levels 1174:1203 significantly increased levels of cellular nickel 1174:1222 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 6 60 theme nickel 1217:1222 arg1 growth 1234:1239 improved growth 1225:1239 improved growth in H2 1225:1245 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 4 61 theme LFQ 844:846 arg1 proteomics 849:858 label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics 819:858 label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics 819:858 Using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics, we found more than 100 proteins significantly altered in expression in two C. fetus subsp. 32625174 7 62 theme similar 1731:1737 arg1 activities 1739:1748 similar activities 1731:1748 similar activities 1731:1748 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 6 63 theme HynABC 1103:1108 arg1 expression 1066:1075 the expression 1062:1075 the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC 1062:1108 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 3 64 theme quantitative 716:727 arg1 proteomics 729:738 quantitative proteomics 716:738 quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology 716:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 8 65 theme increased 1882:1890 arg1 sensitivity 1892:1902 an increased sensitivity 1879:1902 an increased sensitivity to antibiotics 1879:1917 In addition, the pgl mutants displayed decreased motility and ethidium bromide efflux and showed an increased sensitivity to antibiotics. 32625174 6 66 gly N-glycosylation 1299:1313 arg1 fetus 1321:1325 C. fetus 1318:1325 C. fetus 1318:1325 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 1 67 theme systemic 203:210 arg1 infections 212:221 intestinal or systemic infections 189:221 intestinal or systemic infections 189:221 Campylobacter fetus is commonly associated with venereal disease and abortions in cattle and sheep, and can also cause intestinal or systemic infections in humans that are immunocompromised, elderly, or exposed to infected livestock. 32625174 6 68 theme hydrogenase 1261:1271 arg1 activity 1273:1280 increased hydrogenase activity 1251:1280 increased hydrogenase activity 1251:1280 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 3 69 theme cell 796:799 arg1 physiology 801:810 cell physiology 796:810 cell physiology 796:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 6 70 theme HynABC 1357:1362 arg1 hydrogenase 1364:1374 the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis 1353:1397 hydrogenase 1364:1374 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 3 71 with interconnected 776:789 arg1 physiology 801:810 cell physiology 796:810 cell physiology 796:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 9 72 theme unique 1965:1970 arg1 pathway 1996:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway 1961:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus 1961:2014 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 9 73 theme N-glycosylation 1980:1994 arg1 pathway 1996:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway 1961:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus 1961:2014 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 9 74 from knowledge 2038:2046 arg1 influence 2055:2063 the influence 2051:2063 the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology 2051:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 5 75 theme fetus 952:956 arg1 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 75 theme fetus 952:956 arg1 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 75 theme fetus 952:956 arg1 mutants 986:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants 952:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) 952:1008 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 6 76 theme Significant 1037:1047 arg1 increases 1049:1057 Significant increases 1037:1057 Significant increases 1037:1057 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 4 77 theme C. 936:937 arg1 subsp 945:949 two C. fetus subsp 932:949 two C. fetus subsp 932:949 Using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics, we found more than 100 proteins significantly altered in expression in two C. fetus subsp. 32625174 9 78 theme fetus 2010:2014 arg1 pathway 1996:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway 1961:2002 the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus 1961:2014 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 3 79 with glycosylation 697:709 arg1 proteomics 729:738 quantitative proteomics 716:738 quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology 716:810 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 0 80 theme Glycosylation 21:33 arg1 Influence 0:8 Influence 0:8 Influence of Protein Glycosylation on Campylobacter fetus Physiology. 0:68 Influence of Protein Glycosylation on Campylobacter fetus Physiology. 32625174 7 81 theme C. 1655:1656 arg1 hexasaccharide 1664:1677 the C. fetus hexasaccharide 1651:1677 the C. fetus hexasaccharide 1651:1677 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 2 82 theme products 413:420 arg1 consumption 368:378 consumption 368:378 consumption 368:378 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 2 82 theme products 413:420 arg1 handling 383:390 handling 383:390 handling 383:390 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 3 83 theme Campylobacter 606:618 arg1 species 597:603 the related species 585:603 the related species 585:603 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 3 83 theme Campylobacter 606:618 arg1 jejuni 620:625 Campylobacter jejuni 606:625 Campylobacter jejuni 606:625 In the related species, Campylobacter jejuni, the ability to colonize the host has been linked to N-linked protein glycosylation with quantitative proteomics demonstrating that glycosylation is interconnected with cell physiology. 32625174 2 84 theme contaminated 395:406 arg1 products 413:420 contaminated food products 395:420 contaminated food products 395:420 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 32625174 0 85 theme Campylobacter 38:50 arg1 Physiology 58:67 Campylobacter fetus Physiology 38:67 Campylobacter fetus Physiology 38:67 Influence of Protein Glycosylation on Campylobacter fetus Physiology. 32625174 6 86 from N-glycosylation 1299:1313 arg1 fetus 1321:1325 C. fetus 1318:1325 C. fetus 1318:1325 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 6 87 theme NiFe 1085:1088 arg1 HynABC 1103:1108 the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC 1080:1108 the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC 1080:1108 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 6 88 from activity 1273:1280 arg1 H2 1244:1245 H2 1244:1245 H2 1244:1245 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 8 89 theme pgl 1799:1801 arg1 mutants 1803:1809 the pgl mutants 1795:1809 the pgl mutants 1795:1809 In addition, the pgl mutants displayed decreased motility and ethidium bromide efflux and showed an increased sensitivity to antibiotics. 32625174 5 90 theme glycosylation 966:978 arg1 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 90 theme glycosylation 966:978 arg1 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 90 theme glycosylation 966:978 arg1 mutants 986:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants 952:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) 952:1008 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 6 91 from growth 1234:1239 arg1 H2 1244:1245 H2 1244:1245 H2 1244:1245 Significant increases in the expression of the (NiFe)-hydrogenase HynABC, catalyzing H2-oxidation for energy harvesting, correlated with significantly increased levels of cellular nickel, improved growth in H2 and increased hydrogenase activity, suggesting that N-glycosylation in C. fetus is involved in regulating the HynABC hydrogenase and nickel homeostasis. 32625174 5 92 theme pgl 981:983 arg1 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 pglJ 1004:1007 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 92 theme pgl 981:983 arg1 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 pglX 995:998 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 5 92 theme pgl 981:983 arg1 mutants 986:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants 952:992 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) 952:1008 fetus protein glycosylation (pgl) mutants (pglX and pglJ) compared to the wild-type. 32625174 7 93 from homologs 1759:1766 arg1 jejuni 1774:1779 C. jejuni 1771:1779 C. jejuni 1771:1779 To further elucidate the function of the C. fetus pgl pathway and its enzymes, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli followed by mutational and functional analyses revealed that PglX and PglY are novel glycosyltransferases involved in extending the C. fetus hexasaccharide beyond the conserved core, while PglJ and PglA have similar activities to their homologs in C. jejuni. 32625174 9 94 theme N-glycosylation 2076:2090 arg1 influence 2055:2063 the influence 2051:2063 the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology 2051:2123 This work not only provides insight into the unique protein N-glycosylation pathway of C. fetus, but also expands our knowledge on the influence of protein N-glycosylation on Campylobacter cell physiology. 32625174 2 95 dep consumption 368:378 arg1 the 364:366 the 364:366 the 364:366 It is also believed that C. fetus infection can result from the consumption or handling of contaminated food products, but C. fetus is rarely detected in food since isolation methods are not suited for its detection and the physiology of the organism makes culturing difficult. 34332386 9 0 theme domestic 1596:1603 arg1 wastewater 1605:1614 domestic wastewater 1596:1614 domestic wastewater 1596:1614 This study demonstrated that microalgae adapted to low carbon and nutrient loads could still accumulate high carbohydrate at shorter HRT using domestic wastewater as substrate. 34332386 2 1 theme semi-continuous 402:416 arg1 photobioreactor 418:432 a semi-continuous photobioreactor 400:432 a semi-continuous photobioreactor 400:432 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 4 2 theme similar 658:664 arg1 nutrients 670:678 similar low nutrients 658:678 similar low nutrients 658:678 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 0 3 theme domestic 106:113 arg1 wastewater 115:124 low-loaded domestic wastewater 95:124 low-loaded domestic wastewater 95:124 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 1 4 theme sustainable 199:209 arg1 precursor 219:227 a sustainable biofuel precursor 197:227 a sustainable biofuel precursor 197:227 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 7 5 theme depleted 1262:1269 arg1 alkalinity 1271:1280 depleted alkalinity 1262:1280 depleted alkalinity 1262:1280 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 4 6 from nutrients 670:678 arg1 operation 645:653 the operation 641:653 the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days 641:778 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 7 from patterns 797:804 arg1 uptake 819:824 uptake 819:824 uptake 819:824 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 7 from patterns 797:804 arg1 composition 838:848 biomass composition 830:848 biomass composition 830:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 7 from patterns 797:804 arg1 nutrients 809:817 nutrients uptake and biomass composition 809:848 nutrients uptake and biomass composition 809:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 3 8 theme operational 452:462 arg1 conditions 464:473 operational conditions 452:473 operational conditions 452:473 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 7 9 theme high 1307:1310 arg1 accumulation 1325:1336 an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation 1292:1336 an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up 1292:1342 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 9 10 theme low 1504:1506 arg1 carbon 1508:1513 low carbon and nutrient loads 1504:1532 carbon 1508:1513 This study demonstrated that microalgae adapted to low carbon and nutrient loads could still accumulate high carbohydrate at shorter HRT using domestic wastewater as substrate. 34332386 5 11 theme nutrients 984:992 arg1 depletion 967:975 complete depletion 958:975 complete depletion of the nutrients 958:992 Particularly, the carbohydrate accumulation was greatly influenced by the unbalance in the N:P ratios than complete depletion of the nutrients. 34332386 1 12 from streams 186:192 arg1 endeavor 245:252 a noteworthy endeavor 232:252 a noteworthy endeavor 232:252 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 1 12 from streams 186:192 arg1 production 131:140 The production 127:140 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor 127:227 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 9 13 theme high 1557:1560 arg1 carbohydrate 1562:1573 high carbohydrate 1557:1573 high carbohydrate 1557:1573 This study demonstrated that microalgae adapted to low carbon and nutrient loads could still accumulate high carbohydrate at shorter HRT using domestic wastewater as substrate. 34332386 4 14 theme low 666:668 arg1 nutrients 670:678 similar low nutrients 658:678 similar low nutrients 658:678 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 15 theme 10 762:763 arg1 operation 645:653 the operation 641:653 the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days 641:778 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 3 16 from influence 439:447 arg1 terms 568:572 terms 568:572 terms of carbohydrate content 568:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 6 17 theme carbohydrate 1122:1133 arg1 content 1135:1141 carbohydrate content 1122:1141 carbohydrate content 1122:1141 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 2 18 theme wastewater 334:343 arg1 loads 345:349 low domestic wastewater loads 321:349 low domestic wastewater loads 321:349 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 1 19 theme biofuel 211:217 arg1 precursor 219:227 a sustainable biofuel precursor 197:227 a sustainable biofuel precursor 197:227 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 3 20 with population 554:563 arg1 carbon 508:513 carbon 508:513 carbon 508:513 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 3 20 with population 554:563 arg1 nutrients 516:524 nutrients 516:524 nutrients 516:524 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 2 21 theme domestic 325:332 arg1 loads 345:349 low domestic wastewater loads 321:349 low domestic wastewater loads 321:349 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 4 22 theme retention 737:745 arg1 times 747:751 three different hydraulic retention times 711:751 three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) 711:757 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 22 theme retention 737:745 arg1 HRT 754:756 HRT 754:756 HRT 754:756 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 0 23 theme semi-continuous 10:24 arg1 production 26:35 Long-term semi-continuous production 0:35 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 0:79 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 3 24 from population 554:563 arg1 terms 568:572 terms 568:572 terms of carbohydrate content 568:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 4 25 theme different 787:795 arg1 patterns 797:804 different patterns 787:804 different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition 787:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 6 26 theme nutrients 1050:1058 arg1 efficiencies 1068:1079 high nutrients removal efficiencies 1045:1079 high nutrients removal efficiencies 1045:1079 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 7 27 theme carbohydrate 1312:1323 arg1 accumulation 1325:1336 an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation 1292:1336 an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up 1292:1342 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 0 28 theme Long-term 0:8 arg1 production 26:35 Long-term semi-continuous production 0:35 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 0:79 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 8 29 theme 8 1438:1438 arg1 HRT 1427:1429 HRT 1427:1429 HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days 1427:1450 The biomass concentration decreased in the order of HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days. 34332386 2 30 theme retention 375:383 arg1 HRT 392:394 HRT 392:394 HRT 392:394 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 2 30 theme retention 375:383 arg1 times 385:389 different hydraulic retention times 355:389 different hydraulic retention times (HRT) 355:395 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 9 31 theme nutrient 1519:1526 arg1 loads 1528:1532 low carbon and nutrient loads 1504:1532 loads 1528:1532 This study demonstrated that microalgae adapted to low carbon and nutrient loads could still accumulate high carbohydrate at shorter HRT using domestic wastewater as substrate. 34332386 5 32 theme N 942:942 arg1 ratios 946:951 the N:P ratios 938:951 the N:P ratios 938:951 Particularly, the carbohydrate accumulation was greatly influenced by the unbalance in the N:P ratios than complete depletion of the nutrients. 34332386 5 33 theme carbohydrate 869:880 arg1 accumulation 882:893 the carbohydrate accumulation 865:893 the carbohydrate accumulation 865:893 Particularly, the carbohydrate accumulation was greatly influenced by the unbalance in the N:P ratios than complete depletion of the nutrients. 34332386 8 34 theme HRT 1427:1429 arg1 order 1418:1422 the order 1414:1422 the order of HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days 1414:1450 The biomass concentration decreased in the order of HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days. 34332386 2 35 theme hydraulic 365:373 arg1 HRT 392:394 HRT 392:394 HRT 392:394 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 2 35 theme hydraulic 365:373 arg1 times 385:389 different hydraulic retention times 355:389 different hydraulic retention times (HRT) 355:395 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 1 36 theme noteworthy 234:243 arg1 endeavor 245:252 a noteworthy endeavor 232:252 a noteworthy endeavor 232:252 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 1 36 theme noteworthy 234:243 arg1 production 131:140 The production 127:140 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor 127:227 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 3 37 with influence 439:447 arg1 carbon 508:513 carbon 508:513 carbon 508:513 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 3 37 with influence 439:447 arg1 nutrients 516:524 nutrients 516:524 nutrients 516:524 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 4 38 theme biomass 830:836 arg1 composition 838:848 biomass composition 830:848 biomass composition 830:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 38 theme biomass 830:836 arg1 nutrients 809:817 nutrients uptake and biomass composition 809:848 nutrients uptake and biomass composition 809:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 2 39 theme different 355:363 arg1 HRT 392:394 HRT 392:394 HRT 392:394 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 2 39 theme different 355:363 arg1 times 385:389 different hydraulic retention times 355:389 different hydraulic retention times (HRT) 355:395 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 7 40 theme nutrient 1236:1243 arg1 consumption 1245:1255 lower nutrient consumption 1230:1255 lower nutrient consumption 1230:1255 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 0 41 theme microalgae 62:71 arg1 biomass 73:79 carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 40:79 carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 40:79 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 4 42 theme 8 766:766 arg1 operation 645:653 the operation 641:653 the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days 641:778 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 6 43 theme dry 1156:1158 arg1 DCW 1173:1175 DCW 1173:1175 DCW 1173:1175 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 6 43 theme dry 1156:1158 arg1 weight 1165:1170 dry cell weight 1156:1170 dry cell weight (DCW) 1156:1176 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 2 44 theme long-term 283:291 arg1 microalgae 293:302 the long-term microalgae 279:302 the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor 279:432 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 4 45 theme hydraulic 727:735 arg1 times 747:751 three different hydraulic retention times 711:751 three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) 711:757 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 45 theme hydraulic 727:735 arg1 HRT 754:756 HRT 754:756 HRT 754:756 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 0 46 theme carbohydrate-enriched 40:60 arg1 biomass 73:79 carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 40:79 carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 40:79 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 3 47 theme microalgae 480:489 arg1 interaction 491:501 the microalgae interaction 476:501 the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability 476:537 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 4 48 theme different 717:725 arg1 times 747:751 three different hydraulic retention times 711:751 three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) 711:757 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 48 theme different 717:725 arg1 HRT 754:756 HRT 754:756 HRT 754:756 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 3 49 theme conditions 464:473 arg1 interaction 491:501 the microalgae interaction 476:501 the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability 476:537 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 3 49 theme conditions 464:473 arg1 influence 439:447 The influence 435:447 The influence of operational conditions 435:473 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 3 49 theme conditions 464:473 arg1 population 554:563 microbial population 544:563 microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content 544:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 3 50 with interaction 491:501 arg1 carbon 508:513 carbon 508:513 carbon 508:513 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 3 50 with interaction 491:501 arg1 nutrients 516:524 nutrients 516:524 nutrients 516:524 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 7 51 theme HRT 1219:1221 arg1 d 1214:1214 8 and 6 d 1206:1214 8 and 6 d of HRT 1206:1221 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 3 52 dep carbon 508:513 arg1 availability 526:537 availability 526:537 availability 526:537 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 6 53 from % 1151:1151 arg1 DCW 1173:1175 DCW 1173:1175 DCW 1173:1175 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 6 53 from % 1151:1151 arg1 weight 1165:1170 dry cell weight 1156:1170 dry cell weight (DCW) 1156:1176 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 1 54 theme carbohydrate-enriched 145:165 arg1 biomass 167:173 carbohydrate-enriched biomass 145:173 carbohydrate-enriched biomass 145:173 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 0 55 theme biomass 73:79 arg1 production 26:35 Long-term semi-continuous production 0:35 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass 0:79 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 8 56 theme biomass 1379:1385 arg1 concentration 1387:1399 The biomass concentration 1375:1399 The biomass concentration 1375:1399 The biomass concentration decreased in the order of HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days. 34332386 7 57 theme lower 1230:1234 arg1 consumption 1245:1255 lower nutrient consumption 1230:1255 lower nutrient consumption 1230:1255 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 3 58 theme carbohydrate 577:588 arg1 content 590:596 carbohydrate content 577:596 carbohydrate content 577:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 1 59 theme biomass 167:173 arg1 endeavor 245:252 a noteworthy endeavor 232:252 a noteworthy endeavor 232:252 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 1 59 theme biomass 167:173 arg1 production 131:140 The production 127:140 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor 127:227 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 4 60 dep nutrients 809:817 arg1 uptake 819:824 uptake 819:824 uptake 819:824 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 60 dep nutrients 809:817 arg1 composition 838:848 biomass composition 830:848 biomass composition 830:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 4 60 dep nutrients 809:817 arg1 nutrients 809:817 nutrients uptake and biomass composition 809:848 nutrients uptake and biomass composition 809:848 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 8 61 theme 10 1434:1435 arg1 HRT 1427:1429 HRT 1427:1429 HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days 1427:1450 The biomass concentration decreased in the order of HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days. 34332386 2 62 theme low 321:323 arg1 loads 345:349 low domestic wastewater loads 321:349 low domestic wastewater loads 321:349 This study investigates the long-term microalgae cultivated under low domestic wastewater loads and different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in a semi-continuous photobioreactor. 34332386 6 63 theme high 1045:1048 arg1 efficiencies 1068:1079 high nutrients removal efficiencies 1045:1079 high nutrients removal efficiencies 1045:1079 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 3 64 theme microbial 544:552 arg1 population 554:563 microbial population 544:563 microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content 544:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 4 65 theme carbon 684:689 arg1 loads 691:695 carbon loads 684:695 carbon loads 684:695 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 5 66 theme complete 958:965 arg1 depletion 967:975 complete depletion 958:975 complete depletion of the nutrients 958:992 Particularly, the carbohydrate accumulation was greatly influenced by the unbalance in the N:P ratios than complete depletion of the nutrients. 34332386 9 67 theme shorter 1578:1584 arg1 HRT 1586:1588 shorter HRT 1578:1588 shorter HRT using domestic wastewater as substrate 1578:1627 This study demonstrated that microalgae adapted to low carbon and nutrient loads could still accumulate high carbohydrate at shorter HRT using domestic wastewater as substrate. 34332386 3 68 from interaction 491:501 arg1 terms 568:572 terms 568:572 terms of carbohydrate content 568:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 1 69 theme waste 180:184 arg1 streams 186:192 waste streams 180:192 waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor 180:227 The production of carbohydrate-enriched biomass from waste streams as a sustainable biofuel precursor is a noteworthy endeavor. 34332386 6 70 theme cell 1160:1163 arg1 DCW 1173:1175 DCW 1173:1175 DCW 1173:1175 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 6 70 theme cell 1160:1163 arg1 weight 1165:1170 dry cell weight 1156:1170 dry cell weight (DCW) 1156:1176 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 4 71 theme 6 days 773:778 arg1 operation 645:653 the operation 641:653 the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days 641:778 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 0 72 theme low-loaded 95:104 arg1 wastewater 115:124 low-loaded domestic wastewater 95:124 low-loaded domestic wastewater 95:124 Long-term semi-continuous production of carbohydrate-enriched microalgae biomass cultivated in low-loaded domestic wastewater. 34332386 6 73 theme removal 1060:1066 arg1 efficiencies 1068:1079 high nutrients removal efficiencies 1045:1079 high nutrients removal efficiencies 1045:1079 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 34332386 3 74 theme content 590:596 arg1 terms 568:572 terms 568:572 terms of carbohydrate content 568:596 The influence of operational conditions, the microalgae interaction with carbon, nutrients availability, and microbial population in terms of carbohydrate content were elucidated. 34332386 7 75 theme up 1341:1342 arg1 accumulation 1325:1336 an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation 1292:1336 an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up 1292:1342 Afterward, the decrease to 8 and 6 d of HRT showed lower nutrient consumption with depleted alkalinity, reaching an appreciably high carbohydrate accumulation of up to 46%, and 56%, respectively. 34332386 4 76 from loads 691:695 arg1 operation 645:653 the operation 641:653 the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days 641:778 The results revealed that the operation at similar low nutrients and carbon loads maintained at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 8, and 6 days caused different patterns in nutrients uptake and biomass composition. 34332386 8 77 theme 6 days 1445:1450 arg1 HRT 1427:1429 HRT 1427:1429 HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days 1427:1450 The biomass concentration decreased in the order of HRT of 10, 8, and 6 days. 34332386 5 78 from unbalance 925:933 arg1 ratios 946:951 the N:P ratios 938:951 the N:P ratios 938:951 Particularly, the carbohydrate accumulation was greatly influenced by the unbalance in the N:P ratios than complete depletion of the nutrients. 34332386 5 79 theme P 944:944 arg1 ratios 946:951 the N:P ratios 938:951 the N:P ratios 938:951 Particularly, the carbohydrate accumulation was greatly influenced by the unbalance in the N:P ratios than complete depletion of the nutrients. 34332386 6 80 theme d 1042:1042 arg1 HRT 1032:1034 HRT 1032:1034 HRT of 10 d 1032:1042 Hence, during the period operated at HRT of 10 d, high nutrients removal efficiencies were observed while gradually increasing carbohydrate content up to 57% in dry cell weight (DCW). 33767710 0 0 theme Type 82:85 arg1 Infectivity 89:99 Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity 69:99 Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity 69:99 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 3 1 theme transgenic 683:692 arg1 line 708:711 a transgenic Aedes aegypti line 681:711 a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A 681:740 Here, we established for the first time a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A. 33767710 2 2 theme regulatory 592:601 arg1 point 603:607 additional regulatory point 581:607 additional regulatory point 581:607 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 6 3 theme pathway 1062:1068 arg1 enhancement 1070:1080 the Toll pathway enhancement 1053:1080 the Toll pathway enhancement 1053:1080 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 1 4 theme bioprocesses 234:245 arg1 variety 223:229 a variety 221:229 a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 221:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 4 theme bioprocesses 234:245 arg1 bioprocesses 234:245 bioprocesses 234:245 bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 234:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 0 5 theme Virus 76:80 arg1 Type 82:85 Dengue Virus Type 2 69:87 Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity 69:99 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 3 6 theme first 670:674 arg1 time 676:679 the first time 666:679 the first time 666:679 Here, we established for the first time a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A. 33767710 2 7 theme additional 581:590 arg1 point 603:607 additional regulatory point 581:607 additional regulatory point 581:607 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 6 8 theme Toll 1057:1060 arg1 enhancement 1070:1080 the Toll pathway enhancement 1053:1080 the Toll pathway enhancement 1053:1080 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 2 9 theme innate 511:516 arg1 responses 525:533 innate immune responses 511:533 innate immune responses to DENV infection 511:551 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 6 10 from changes 945:951 arg1 composition 960:970 the composition 956:970 the composition of the midgut microbiome 956:995 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 6 10 from changes 945:951 arg1 mosquitoes 1019:1028 CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes 1000:1028 CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes 1000:1028 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 7 11 theme immune 1255:1260 arg1 system 1262:1267 the mosquito immune system 1242:1267 the mosquito immune system 1242:1267 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 2 12 theme mosquito 622:629 arg1 immunity 631:638 mosquito immunity 622:638 mosquito immunity 622:638 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 7 13 theme human 1289:1293 arg1 gene 1302:1305 a human immune gene 1287:1305 a human immune gene 1287:1305 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 7 14 theme immune 1295:1300 arg1 gene 1302:1305 a human immune gene 1287:1305 a human immune gene 1287:1305 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 2 15 theme potential 491:499 arg1 player 501:506 a potential player 489:506 a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection 489:551 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 3 16 theme Aedes 694:698 arg1 line 708:711 a transgenic Aedes aegypti line 681:711 a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A 681:740 Here, we established for the first time a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A. 33767710 7 17 theme mosquito 1128:1135 arg1 lines 1137:1141 Transgenic mosquito lines 1117:1141 Transgenic mosquito lines 1117:1141 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 7 18 theme DENV 1182:1185 arg1 pathogenesis 1187:1198 DENV pathogenesis 1182:1198 DENV pathogenesis 1182:1198 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 1 19 theme lectins 153:159 arg1 lectins 130:136 The C-type lectins 119:136 The C-type lectins 119:136 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 19 theme lectins 153:159 arg1 family 143:148 one family 139:148 one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response 139:302 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 7 20 theme compelling 1151:1160 arg1 option 1162:1167 a compelling option 1149:1167 a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis 1149:1198 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 5 21 theme transgenic 901:910 arg1 mosquitoes 912:921 transgenic mosquitoes 901:921 transgenic mosquitoes 901:921 Furthermore, viral genome and virus titers were reduced by 70% in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes. 33767710 2 22 theme protein 353:359 arg1 CLEC18A 361:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A 331:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular 331:381 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 0 23 theme Transgenic 0:9 arg1 Expression 11:20 Transgenic Expression 0:20 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 0:59 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 1 24 from mosquitoes 266:275 arg1 variety 223:229 a variety 221:229 a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 221:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 24 from mosquitoes 266:275 arg1 bioprocesses 234:245 bioprocesses 234:245 bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 234:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 5 25 theme mosquitoes 912:921 arg1 midgut 891:896 the midgut 887:896 the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes 887:921 Furthermore, viral genome and virus titers were reduced by 70% in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes. 33767710 1 26 theme carbohydrate 171:182 arg1 domains 192:198 carbohydrate binding domains 171:198 carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 171:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 0 27 theme Human 25:29 arg1 CLEC18A 53:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 2 28 theme DENV 538:541 arg1 infection 543:551 DENV infection 538:551 DENV infection 538:551 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 2 29 theme glycan 399:404 arg1 abilities 414:422 extensive glycan binding abilities 389:422 extensive glycan binding abilities 389:422 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 2 30 theme binding 406:412 arg1 abilities 414:422 extensive glycan binding abilities 389:422 extensive glycan binding abilities 389:422 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 6 31 theme significant 933:943 arg1 changes 945:951 significant changes 933:951 significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition 933:1114 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 1 32 from humans 255:260 arg1 variety 223:229 a variety 221:229 a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 221:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 32 from humans 255:260 arg1 bioprocesses 234:245 bioprocesses 234:245 bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 234:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 2 33 theme extensive 389:397 arg1 abilities 414:422 extensive glycan binding abilities 389:422 extensive glycan binding abilities 389:422 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 0 34 theme Lectin 38:43 arg1 CLEC18A 53:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 3 35 theme human 728:732 arg1 CLEC18A 734:740 human CLEC18A 728:740 human CLEC18A 728:740 Here, we established for the first time a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A. 33767710 1 36 from bioprocesses 234:245 arg1 mosquitoes 266:275 mosquitoes 266:275 mosquitoes 266:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 36 from bioprocesses 234:245 arg1 humans 255:260 humans 255:260 humans 255:260 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 4 37 theme DENV 805:808 arg1 infection 810:818 DENV infection 805:818 DENV infection 805:818 This expression enhanced the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection. 33767710 2 38 theme lectin 346:351 arg1 CLEC18A 361:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A 331:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular 331:381 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 5 39 theme viral 834:838 arg1 titers 857:862 viral genome and virus titers 834:862 viral genome and virus titers 834:862 Furthermore, viral genome and virus titers were reduced by 70% in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes. 33767710 2 40 theme interferon 451:460 arg1 expression 462:471 type-I interferon expression 444:471 type-I interferon expression 444:471 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 1 41 theme immune 288:293 arg1 response 295:302 immune response 288:302 immune response 288:302 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 0 42 theme C-Type 31:36 arg1 CLEC18A 53:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 2 43 theme immune 518:523 arg1 responses 525:533 innate immune responses 511:533 innate immune responses to DENV infection 511:551 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 5 44 theme genome 840:845 arg1 titers 857:862 viral genome and virus titers 834:862 viral genome and virus titers 834:862 Furthermore, viral genome and virus titers were reduced by 70% in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes. 33767710 0 45 theme CLEC18A 53:59 arg1 Expression 11:20 Transgenic Expression 0:20 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 0:59 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 3 46 dep Aedes 694:698 arg1 aegypti 700:706 aegypti 700:706 aegypti 700:706 Here, we established for the first time a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A. 33767710 1 47 from variety 223:229 arg1 mosquitoes 266:275 mosquitoes 266:275 mosquitoes 266:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 47 from variety 223:229 arg1 humans 255:260 humans 255:260 humans 255:260 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 0 48 theme Protein 45:51 arg1 CLEC18A 53:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A 25:59 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 7 49 theme gene 1302:1305 arg1 expression 1273:1282 expression 1273:1282 expression of a human immune gene 1273:1305 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 2 50 from player 501:506 arg1 responses 525:533 innate immune responses 511:533 innate immune responses to DENV infection 511:551 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 6 51 theme DENV 1100:1103 arg1 inhibition 1105:1114 DENV inhibition 1100:1114 DENV inhibition 1100:1114 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 7 52 theme DENV 1332:1335 arg1 infection 1337:1345 DENV infection 1332:1345 DENV infection 1332:1345 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 7 53 theme Transgenic 1117:1126 arg1 lines 1137:1141 Transgenic mosquito lines 1117:1141 Transgenic mosquito lines 1117:1141 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 4 54 theme immune 777:782 arg1 responses 792:800 the Toll immune pathway responses 768:800 the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection 768:818 This expression enhanced the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection. 33767710 2 55 from CLEC18A 361:367 arg1 particular 372:381 particular 372:381 particular 372:381 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 7 56 theme mosquito 1246:1253 arg1 system 1262:1267 the mosquito immune system 1242:1267 the mosquito immune system 1242:1267 Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection. 33767710 6 57 theme CLEC18A 1000:1006 arg1 mosquitoes 1019:1028 CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes 1000:1028 CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes 1000:1028 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 4 58 theme Toll 772:775 arg1 responses 792:800 the Toll immune pathway responses 768:800 the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection 768:818 This expression enhanced the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection. 33767710 1 59 theme C-type 123:128 arg1 lectins 130:136 The C-type lectins 119:136 The C-type lectins 119:136 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 1 59 theme C-type 123:128 arg1 family 143:148 one family 139:148 one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response 139:302 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 0 60 theme Dengue 69:74 arg1 Type 82:85 Dengue Virus Type 2 69:87 Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity 69:99 Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. 33767710 6 61 theme expressing 1008:1017 arg1 mosquitoes 1019:1028 CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes 1000:1028 CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes 1000:1028 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 1 62 theme binding 184:190 arg1 domains 192:198 carbohydrate binding domains 171:198 carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes 171:275 The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. 33767710 2 63 theme C-type 339:344 arg1 CLEC18A 361:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A 331:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular 331:381 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 5 64 theme virus 851:855 arg1 titers 857:862 viral genome and virus titers 834:862 viral genome and virus titers 834:862 Furthermore, viral genome and virus titers were reduced by 70% in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes. 33767710 6 65 theme microbiome 986:995 arg1 composition 960:970 the composition 956:970 the composition of the midgut microbiome 956:995 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 33767710 2 66 theme type-I 444:449 arg1 expression 462:471 type-I interferon expression 444:471 type-I interferon expression 444:471 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 4 67 theme pathway 784:790 arg1 responses 792:800 the Toll immune pathway responses 768:800 the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection 768:818 This expression enhanced the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection. 33767710 2 68 theme human 333:337 arg1 CLEC18A 361:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A 331:367 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular 331:381 A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. 33767710 6 69 theme midgut 979:984 arg1 microbiome 986:995 the midgut microbiome 975:995 the midgut microbiome 975:995 We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. 32984417 9 0 from part 1489:1492 arg1 metabolism 1511:1520 phenylalanine metabolism 1497:1520 phenylalanine metabolism 1497:1520 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 7 1 theme young 1159:1163 arg1 sheep 1165:1169 young sheep 1159:1169 young sheep 1159:1169 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 11 2 theme specific 1733:1740 arg1 microbes 1742:1749 Some specific microbes 1728:1749 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) 1728:1789 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 32984417 5 3 theme 16S 685:687 arg1 rRNA 689:692 16S rRNA 685:692 16S rRNA gene sequnecing 685:708 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 13 4 theme important 2284:2292 arg1 significance 2294:2305 important significance 2284:2305 important significance 2284:2305 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 0 5 theme Rumen 0:4 arg1 Microbiome 6:15 Rumen Microbiome 0:15 Rumen Microbiome 0:15 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 5 6 theme sub-adult 879:887 arg1 aries 909:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 6 theme sub-adult 879:887 arg1 sheep 897:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep 879:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 879:943 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 8 7 theme essential 1221:1229 arg1 acids 1237:1241 essential amino acids 1221:1241 essential amino acids 1221:1241 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 13 8 theme microbiome 2357:2366 arg1 intervention 2368:2379 microbiome intervention 2357:2379 microbiome intervention 2357:2379 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 10 9 theme rumen 1651:1655 arg1 concentration 1662:1674 rumen SCFA concentration 1651:1674 rumen SCFA concentration 1651:1674 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 7 10 theme alpha 1122:1126 arg1 values 1138:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 1 11 theme functional 165:174 arg1 attributes 176:185 animal functional attributes 158:185 animal functional attributes 158:185 The rumen microbiota plays an important role in animal functional attributes. 32984417 8 12 theme acids 1237:1241 arg1 different 1294:1302 different 1294:1302 different 1294:1302 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 8 12 theme acids 1237:1241 arg1 content 1210:1216 the content 1206:1216 the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen 1206:1287 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 6 13 theme sub-adult 994:1002 arg1 sheep 1004:1008 sub-adult sheep 994:1008 sub-adult sheep 994:1008 Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetae were enriched in sub-adult sheep, while Firmicutes and Tenericutes were more abundant in young individuals. 32984417 4 14 theme developmental 644:656 arg1 stages 658:663 developmental stages 644:663 developmental stages in ruminants 644:676 However, relatively few reports have investigated the microbiome and metabolites across developmental stages in ruminants. 32984417 13 15 theme different 2243:2251 arg1 ages 2253:2256 different ages 2243:2256 different ages 2243:2256 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 8 16 theme related 1247:1253 arg1 pathways 1271:1278 related gene functional pathways 1247:1278 related gene functional pathways 1247:1278 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 7 17 theme sub-adult 1089:1097 arg1 individuals 1099:1109 The sub-adult individuals 1085:1109 The sub-adult individuals 1085:1109 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 8 18 theme functional 1260:1269 arg1 pathways 1271:1278 related gene functional pathways 1247:1278 related gene functional pathways 1247:1278 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 8 19 theme sub-adult 1326:1334 arg1 population 1336:1345 sub-adult population 1326:1345 sub-adult population 1326:1345 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 11 20 theme rumen 1896:1900 arg1 microbes 1902:1909 rumen microbes 1896:1909 rumen microbes 1896:1909 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 32984417 5 21 theme gene 694:697 arg1 sequnecing 699:708 16S rRNA gene sequnecing 685:708 16S rRNA gene sequnecing 685:708 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 13 22 theme different 2205:2213 arg1 requirement 2227:2237 different nutritional requirement 2205:2237 different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants 2205:2269 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 5 23 theme Qinghai-Tibetan 921:935 arg1 Plateau 937:943 Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 921:943 Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 921:943 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 4 24 dep microbiome 610:619 arg1 the 606:608 the 606:608 the 606:608 However, relatively few reports have investigated the microbiome and metabolites across developmental stages in ruminants. 32984417 1 25 theme rumen 114:118 arg1 microbiota 120:129 The rumen microbiota 110:129 The rumen microbiota 110:129 The rumen microbiota plays an important role in animal functional attributes. 32984417 0 26 theme Ovis 50:53 arg1 Sheep 43:47 Tibetan Sheep 35:47 Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) 35:60 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 0 26 theme Ovis 50:53 arg1 aries 55:59 Ovis aries 50:59 Ovis aries 50:59 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 2 27 theme normal 229:234 arg1 development 250:260 the normal physiological development 225:260 the normal physiological development of the rumen 225:273 These microbes are indispensable for the normal physiological development of the rumen, and may also convert the plant polysaccharides from grass into available milk and meat, making it highly valuable to humans. 32984417 5 28 theme Ovis 904:907 arg1 aries 909:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 28 theme Ovis 904:907 arg1 sheep 897:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep 879:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 879:943 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 1 29 theme important 140:148 arg1 role 150:153 an important role 137:153 an important role 137:153 The rumen microbiota plays an important role in animal functional attributes. 32984417 6 30 from abundant 1054:1061 arg1 individuals 1072:1082 young individuals 1066:1082 young individuals 1066:1082 Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetae were enriched in sub-adult sheep, while Firmicutes and Tenericutes were more abundant in young individuals. 32984417 0 31 theme Animal 70:75 arg1 Age 77:79 Animal Age 70:79 Animal Age 70:79 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 13 32 theme microbial 2150:2158 arg1 composition 2160:2170 microbial composition 2150:2170 microbial composition 2150:2170 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 12 33 theme rumen 2014:2018 arg1 microbiota 2020:2029 rumen microbiota 2014:2029 rumen microbiota 2014:2029 Mantel test analysis showed that rumen microbiota was significantly correlated with metabolomics and SCFA profiles. 32984417 11 34 from ages 1975:1978 arg1 production 1951:1960 metabolite production 1940:1960 metabolite production at different ages 1940:1978 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 32984417 5 35 from Plateau 937:943 arg1 aries 909:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 35 from Plateau 937:943 arg1 lambs 869:873 lambs 869:873 lambs 869:873 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 35 from Plateau 937:943 arg1 sheep 897:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep 879:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 879:943 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 10 36 theme different 1706:1714 arg1 stages 1720:1725 different age stages 1706:1725 different age stages 1706:1725 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 5 37 theme fatty 841:845 arg1 SCFAs 854:858 SCFAs 854:858 SCFAs 854:858 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 37 theme fatty 841:845 arg1 acids 847:851 short chain fatty acids 829:851 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 829:859 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 9 38 theme valine 1379:1384 arg1 biosynthesis 1410:1421 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis 1379:1421 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis 1379:1421 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 12 39 theme test 1988:1991 arg1 analysis 1993:2000 Mantel test analysis 1981:2000 Mantel test analysis 1981:2000 Mantel test analysis showed that rumen microbiota was significantly correlated with metabolomics and SCFA profiles. 32984417 9 40 theme leucine 1387:1393 arg1 biosynthesis 1410:1421 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis 1379:1421 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis 1379:1421 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 3 41 theme ruminant 521:528 arg1 nutrition 530:538 ruminant nutrition 521:538 ruminant nutrition 521:538 Exploring the microbial composition and metabolites of rumen across developmental stages is important for understanding ruminant nutrition and metabolism. 32984417 9 42 theme isoleucine 1399:1408 arg1 biosynthesis 1410:1421 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis 1379:1421 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis 1379:1421 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 10 43 theme community 1580:1588 arg1 structures 1590:1599 rumen microbial community structures 1564:1599 rumen microbial community structures 1564:1599 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 13 44 theme close 2123:2127 arg1 relationship 2129:2140 the close relationship 2119:2140 the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites 2119:2186 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 3 45 theme developmental 469:481 arg1 stages 483:488 developmental stages 469:488 developmental stages 469:488 Exploring the microbial composition and metabolites of rumen across developmental stages is important for understanding ruminant nutrition and metabolism. 32984417 5 46 theme short 829:833 arg1 SCFAs 854:858 SCFAs 854:858 SCFAs 854:858 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 46 theme short 829:833 arg1 acids 847:851 short chain fatty acids 829:851 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 829:859 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 9 47 from lambs 1448:1452 arg1 abundant 1432:1439 abundant 1432:1439 abundant 1432:1439 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 8 48 from content 1210:1216 arg1 rumen 1283:1287 rumen 1283:1287 rumen 1283:1287 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 3 49 theme rumen 456:460 arg1 metabolites 441:451 metabolites 441:451 metabolites 441:451 Exploring the microbial composition and metabolites of rumen across developmental stages is important for understanding ruminant nutrition and metabolism. 32984417 3 49 theme rumen 456:460 arg1 composition 425:435 microbial composition 415:435 microbial composition 415:435 Exploring the microbial composition and metabolites of rumen across developmental stages is important for understanding ruminant nutrition and metabolism. 32984417 13 50 from requirement 2227:2237 arg1 ruminants 2261:2269 ruminants 2261:2269 ruminants 2261:2269 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 11 51 theme different 1965:1973 arg1 ages 1975:1978 different ages 1965:1978 different ages 1965:1978 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 32984417 8 52 theme pathways 1271:1278 arg1 different 1294:1302 different 1294:1302 different 1294:1302 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 8 52 theme pathways 1271:1278 arg1 content 1210:1216 the content 1206:1216 the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen 1206:1287 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 2 53 theme available 339:347 arg1 milk 349:352 available milk 339:352 available milk 339:352 These microbes are indispensable for the normal physiological development of the rumen, and may also convert the plant polysaccharides from grass into available milk and meat, making it highly valuable to humans. 32984417 8 54 theme Metabolomics 1172:1183 arg1 analysis 1185:1192 Metabolomics analysis 1172:1192 Metabolomics analysis 1172:1192 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 4 55 theme few 576:578 arg1 reports 580:586 relatively few reports 565:586 relatively few reports 565:586 However, relatively few reports have investigated the microbiome and metabolites across developmental stages in ruminants. 32984417 2 56 from grass 328:332 arg1 polysaccharides 307:321 the plant polysaccharides 297:321 the plant polysaccharides from grass 297:332 These microbes are indispensable for the normal physiological development of the rumen, and may also convert the plant polysaccharides from grass into available milk and meat, making it highly valuable to humans. 32984417 7 57 theme diversity 1128:1136 arg1 values 1138:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 2 58 theme rumen 269:273 arg1 development 250:260 the normal physiological development 225:260 the normal physiological development of the rumen 225:273 These microbes are indispensable for the normal physiological development of the rumen, and may also convert the plant polysaccharides from grass into available milk and meat, making it highly valuable to humans. 32984417 1 59 theme animal 158:163 arg1 attributes 176:185 animal functional attributes 158:185 animal functional attributes 158:185 The rumen microbiota plays an important role in animal functional attributes. 32984417 0 60 theme Sheep 43:47 arg1 Metabolome 21:30 Metabolome 21:30 Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) 21:60 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 0 60 theme Sheep 43:47 arg1 Microbiome 6:15 Rumen Microbiome 0:15 Rumen Microbiome 0:15 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 2 61 dep normal 229:234 arg1 physiological 236:248 physiological 236:248 physiological 236:248 These microbes are indispensable for the normal physiological development of the rumen, and may also convert the plant polysaccharides from grass into available milk and meat, making it highly valuable to humans. 32984417 10 62 theme SCFA 1657:1660 arg1 concentration 1662:1674 rumen SCFA concentration 1651:1674 rumen SCFA concentration 1651:1674 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 7 63 theme higher 1115:1120 arg1 values 1138:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 5 64 theme Tibetan 889:895 arg1 aries 909:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Ovis aries 904:913 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 64 theme Tibetan 889:895 arg1 sheep 897:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep 879:901 sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 879:943 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 65 theme metabolomics 711:722 arg1 techniques 767:776 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques 685:776 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques 685:776 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 6 66 from individuals 1072:1082 arg1 abundant 1054:1061 abundant 1054:1061 abundant 1054:1061 Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetae were enriched in sub-adult sheep, while Firmicutes and Tenericutes were more abundant in young individuals. 32984417 4 67 from stages 658:663 arg1 ruminants 668:676 ruminants 668:676 ruminants 668:676 However, relatively few reports have investigated the microbiome and metabolites across developmental stages in ruminants. 32984417 12 68 theme SCFA 2082:2085 arg1 profiles 2087:2094 SCFA profiles 2082:2094 SCFA profiles 2082:2094 Mantel test analysis showed that rumen microbiota was significantly correlated with metabolomics and SCFA profiles. 32984417 5 69 theme high-performance 728:743 arg1 chromatography 752:765 high-performance liquid chromatography 728:765 high-performance liquid chromatography 728:765 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 9 70 theme phenylalanine 1497:1509 arg1 metabolism 1511:1520 phenylalanine metabolism 1497:1520 phenylalanine metabolism 1497:1520 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 5 71 theme rRNA 689:692 arg1 sequnecing 699:708 16S rRNA gene sequnecing 685:708 16S rRNA gene sequnecing 685:708 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 8 72 theme gene 1255:1258 arg1 pathways 1271:1278 related gene functional pathways 1247:1278 related gene functional pathways 1247:1278 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 5 73 theme sequnecing 699:708 arg1 techniques 767:776 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques 685:776 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques 685:776 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 13 74 theme nutritional 2215:2225 arg1 requirement 2227:2237 different nutritional requirement 2205:2237 different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants 2205:2269 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 11 75 theme different 1920:1928 arg1 roles 1930:1934 different roles 1920:1934 different roles 1920:1934 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 32984417 8 76 theme amino 1231:1235 arg1 acids 1237:1241 essential amino acids 1221:1241 essential amino acids 1221:1241 Metabolomics analysis showed that the content of essential amino acids and related gene functional pathways in rumen were different between the lambs and sub-adult population. 32984417 5 77 theme rumen 795:799 arg1 microbiota 801:810 the rumen microbiota 791:810 the rumen microbiota 791:810 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 78 theme chromatography 752:765 arg1 techniques 767:776 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques 685:776 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques 685:776 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 0 79 theme Nutritional 85:95 arg1 Requirement 97:107 Nutritional Requirement 85:107 Nutritional Requirement 85:107 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 12 80 theme Mantel 1981:1986 arg1 analysis 1993:2000 Mantel test analysis 1981:2000 Mantel test analysis 1981:2000 Mantel test analysis showed that rumen microbiota was significantly correlated with metabolomics and SCFA profiles. 32984417 10 81 theme age 1716:1718 arg1 stages 1720:1725 different age stages 1706:1725 different age stages 1706:1725 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 5 82 theme chain 835:839 arg1 SCFAs 854:858 SCFAs 854:858 SCFAs 854:858 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 5 82 theme chain 835:839 arg1 acids 847:851 short chain fatty acids 829:851 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 829:859 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 7 83 contain had 1111:1113 arg2 values 1138:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 higher alpha diversity values 1115:1143 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 7 83 contain had 1111:1113 arg1 individuals 1099:1109 The sub-adult individuals 1085:1109 The sub-adult individuals 1085:1109 The sub-adult individuals had higher alpha diversity values than those in young sheep. 32984417 0 84 theme Tibetan 35:41 arg1 Sheep 43:47 Tibetan Sheep 35:47 Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) 35:60 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 0 84 theme Tibetan 35:41 arg1 aries 55:59 Ovis aries 50:59 Ovis aries 50:59 Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome of Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) Reflect Animal Age and Nutritional Requirement. 32984417 6 85 theme young 1066:1070 arg1 individuals 1072:1082 young individuals 1066:1082 young individuals 1066:1082 Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetae were enriched in sub-adult sheep, while Firmicutes and Tenericutes were more abundant in young individuals. 32984417 5 86 theme liquid 745:750 arg1 chromatography 752:765 high-performance liquid chromatography 728:765 high-performance liquid chromatography 728:765 Using 16S rRNA gene sequnecing, metabolomics and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, we compared the rumen microbiota, metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) between lambs and sub-adult Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 32984417 10 87 theme microbial 1570:1578 arg1 structures 1590:1599 rumen microbial community structures 1564:1599 rumen microbial community structures 1564:1599 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 11 88 theme metabolite 1940:1949 arg1 production 1951:1960 metabolite production 1940:1960 metabolite production at different ages 1940:1978 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 32984417 9 89 from abundant 1432:1439 arg1 lambs 1448:1452 the lambs 1444:1452 the lambs 1444:1452 L-Leucine that participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was more abundant in the lambs, while phenylethylamine that takes part in phenylalanine metabolism was more enriched in the sub-adults. 32984417 3 90 dep composition 425:435 arg1 the 411:413 the 411:413 the 411:413 Exploring the microbial composition and metabolites of rumen across developmental stages is important for understanding ruminant nutrition and metabolism. 32984417 2 91 theme plant 301:305 arg1 polysaccharides 307:321 the plant polysaccharides 297:321 the plant polysaccharides from grass 297:332 These microbes are indispensable for the normal physiological development of the rumen, and may also convert the plant polysaccharides from grass into available milk and meat, making it highly valuable to humans. 32984417 3 92 theme microbial 415:423 arg1 composition 425:435 microbial composition 415:435 microbial composition 415:435 Exploring the microbial composition and metabolites of rumen across developmental stages is important for understanding ruminant nutrition and metabolism. 32984417 10 93 theme metabolite 1605:1614 arg1 profiles 1616:1623 metabolite profiles 1605:1623 metabolite profiles 1605:1623 Both rumen microbial community structures and metabolite profiles were impacted by age, but rumen SCFA concentration was relatively stable between different age stages. 32984417 13 94 theme animal 2322:2327 arg1 nutrition 2329:2337 animal nutrition 2322:2337 animal nutrition 2322:2337 Our results indicates the close relationship between microbial composition and metabolites, and also reveal different nutritional requirement for different ages in ruminants, thus having important significance for regulating animal nutrition and metabolism by microbiome intervention. 32984417 11 95 dep Clostridium 1758:1768 arg1 e.g. 1752:1755 e.g. 1752:1755 e.g. 1752:1755 Some specific microbes (e.g., Clostridium and Ruminococcaceae) were positively associated with L-Leucine but negatively correlated with phenylethylamine, implying that rumen microbes may play different roles for metabolite production at different ages. 33413365 0 0 from study 16:20 arg1 cancer 73:78 lung cancer 68:78 lung cancer 68:78 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 0 1 theme lung 68:71 arg1 cancer 73:78 lung cancer 68:78 lung cancer 68:78 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 3 2 from expression 427:436 arg1 LuCa 454:457 LuCa 454:457 LuCa 454:457 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 3 2 from expression 427:436 arg1 cancer 446:451 lung cancer 441:451 lung cancer (LuCa) 441:458 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 6 3 theme strategy 1054:1061 arg1 significance 1021:1032 the clinical significance 1008:1032 the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa 1008:1069 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 4 4 theme PD-L1 592:596 arg1 detection 598:606 PD-L1 detection 592:606 PD-L1 detection 592:606 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 5 5 with correlations 830:841 arg1 response 852:859 the response 848:859 the response to anti-PD-1 therapy 848:880 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 6 6 from significance 1021:1032 arg1 LuCa 1066:1069 LuCa 1066:1069 LuCa 1066:1069 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 2 7 theme antigens 300:307 arg1 epitopes 282:289 different epitopes 272:289 different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens 272:307 However, whether PD-L1 antibodies against different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens responding to deglycosylation has not been characterized. 33413365 3 8 theme deglycosylated 406:419 arg1 expression 427:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 394:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) 394:458 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 3 9 gly deglycosylated 406:419 arg1 expression 427:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 394:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) 394:458 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 2 10 theme PD-L1 294:298 arg1 antigens 300:307 PD-L1 antigens 294:307 PD-L1 antigens 294:307 However, whether PD-L1 antibodies against different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens responding to deglycosylation has not been characterized. 33413365 4 11 theme N-linked 551:558 arg1 glycosylation 560:572 N-linked glycosylation 551:572 N-linked glycosylation 551:572 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 0 12 theme immunohistochemical 95:113 arg1 analysis 115:122 immunohistochemical analysis 95:122 immunohistochemical analysis 95:122 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 1 13 link N-linked 176:183 arg1 glycosylation 185:197 N-linked glycosylation 176:197 N-linked glycosylation 176:197 Emerging evidence has revealed that the removal of N-linked glycosylation could enhance PD-L1 detection. 33413365 4 14 used used 673:676 arg2 antibodies 650:659 the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies 613:659 the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 613:666 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 4 14 used used 673:676 arg2 mAbs 662:665 mAbs 662:665 mAbs 662:665 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 3 15 theme lung 441:444 arg1 LuCa 454:457 LuCa 454:457 LuCa 454:457 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 3 15 theme lung 441:444 arg1 cancer 446:451 lung cancer 441:451 lung cancer (LuCa) 441:458 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 5 16 theme PD-L1 801:805 arg1 levels 807:812 deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 786:812 deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 786:812 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 0 17 theme deglycosylated 37:50 arg1 levels 58:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 6 18 theme established 1042:1052 arg1 strategy 1054:1061 this established strategy 1037:1061 this established strategy 1037:1061 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 0 19 theme comparability 2:14 arg1 study 16:20 A comparability study 0:20 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 0:123 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 5 20 gly deglycosylated 786:799 arg1 levels 807:812 deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 786:812 deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 786:812 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 4 21 theme PD-L1 701:705 arg1 detection 707:715 PD-L1 detection 701:715 PD-L1 detection 701:715 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 1 22 theme N-linked 176:183 arg1 glycosylation 185:197 N-linked glycosylation 176:197 N-linked glycosylation 176:197 Emerging evidence has revealed that the removal of N-linked glycosylation could enhance PD-L1 detection. 33413365 4 23 theme 73-10 726:730 arg1 mAb 732:734 the 73-10 mAb 722:734 the 73-10 mAb 722:734 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 1 24 theme glycosylation 185:197 arg1 removal 165:171 the removal 161:171 the removal of N-linked glycosylation 161:197 Emerging evidence has revealed that the removal of N-linked glycosylation could enhance PD-L1 detection. 33413365 5 25 theme CAL10 764:768 arg1 mAbs 780:783 the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs 760:783 mAbs 780:783 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 6 26 theme comprehensive 916:928 arg1 insight 930:936 a comprehensive insight 914:936 a comprehensive insight 914:936 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 5 27 theme SP142 774:778 arg1 mAbs 780:783 the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs 760:783 mAbs 780:783 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 4 28 used used 740:743 arg2 mAb 732:734 the 73-10 mAb 722:734 the 73-10 mAb 722:734 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 4 29 theme monoclonal 639:648 arg1 mAbs 662:665 mAbs 662:665 mAbs 662:665 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 4 29 theme monoclonal 639:648 arg1 antibodies 650:659 the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies 613:659 the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 613:666 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 5 30 theme stronger 821:828 arg1 correlations 830:841 stronger correlations 821:841 stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy 821:880 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 1 31 theme PD-L1 213:217 arg1 detection 219:227 PD-L1 detection 213:227 PD-L1 detection 213:227 Emerging evidence has revealed that the removal of N-linked glycosylation could enhance PD-L1 detection. 33413365 0 32 theme natural 25:31 arg1 levels 58:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 6 33 theme deglycosylated 962:975 arg1 detection 983:991 deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 962:991 deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 962:991 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 5 34 theme deglycosylated 786:799 arg1 levels 807:812 deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 786:812 deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 786:812 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 0 35 theme PD-L1 52:56 arg1 levels 58:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 3 36 theme antibodies 483:492 arg1 panel 468:472 a panel 466:472 a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142) 466:523 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 3 37 theme PD-L1 421:425 arg1 expression 427:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 394:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) 394:458 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 4 38 theme glycosylation 560:572 arg1 removal 540:546 removal 540:546 removal of N-linked glycosylation 540:572 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 5 39 theme anti-PD-1 864:872 arg1 therapy 874:880 anti-PD-1 therapy 864:880 anti-PD-1 therapy 864:880 Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. 33413365 3 40 dep panel 468:472 arg1 SP142 518:522 SP142 518:522 SP142 518:522 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 3 40 dep panel 468:472 arg1 73-10 508:512 73-10 508:512 73-10 508:512 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 4 41 link N-linked 551:558 arg1 glycosylation 560:572 N-linked glycosylation 551:572 N-linked glycosylation 551:572 We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. 33413365 2 42 theme different 272:280 arg1 epitopes 282:289 different epitopes 272:289 different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens 272:307 However, whether PD-L1 antibodies against different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens responding to deglycosylation has not been characterized. 33413365 1 43 theme Emerging 125:132 arg1 evidence 134:141 Emerging evidence 125:141 Emerging evidence 125:141 Emerging evidence has revealed that the removal of N-linked glycosylation could enhance PD-L1 detection. 33413365 0 44 dep study 16:20 arg1 evidence 81:88 evidence 81:88 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 0:123 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 3 45 theme PD-L1 477:481 arg1 antibodies 483:492 PD-L1 antibodies 477:492 PD-L1 antibodies 477:492 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 6 46 theme detection 983:991 arg1 application 947:957 the application 943:957 the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 943:991 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 0 47 gly deglycosylated 37:50 arg1 levels 58:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels 25:63 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 6 48 theme clinical 1012:1019 arg1 significance 1021:1032 the clinical significance 1008:1032 the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa 1008:1069 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 6 49 theme PD-L1 977:981 arg1 detection 983:991 deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 962:991 deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 962:991 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 0 50 theme levels 58:63 arg1 study 16:20 A comparability study 0:20 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 0:123 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 33413365 2 51 theme PD-L1 247:251 arg1 antibodies 253:262 PD-L1 antibodies 247:262 PD-L1 antibodies against different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens 247:307 However, whether PD-L1 antibodies against different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens responding to deglycosylation has not been characterized. 33413365 6 52 gly deglycosylated 962:975 arg1 detection 983:991 deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 962:991 deglycosylated PD-L1 detection 962:991 Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa. 33413365 3 53 theme natural 394:400 arg1 expression 427:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 394:436 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) 394:458 In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). 33413365 0 54 from analysis 115:122 arg1 evidence 81:88 evidence 81:88 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 0:123 A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis. 34524799 4 0 from stains 604:609 arg1 assays 637:642 dot blot assays 628:642 dot blot assays 628:642 We also show that PRM-EA stains glycoproteins in dot blot assays, whereas PRM-A fails to do so, owing to severe aggregation. 34524799 6 1 theme glycoproteins 1039:1051 arg1 detection 1026:1034 the selective detection 1012:1034 the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues 1012:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 1 2 theme pigments 147:154 arg1 family 129:134 an exceptional family 114:134 an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man) 114:210 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 6 3 theme staining 993:1000 arg1 PRM-EA 962:967 PRM-EA 962:967 PRM-EA 962:967 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 6 3 theme staining 993:1000 arg1 agent 1002:1006 a unique staining agent 984:1006 a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues 984:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 3 4 from aggregation 501:511 arg1 media 532:536 neutral aqueous media 516:536 neutral aqueous media 516:536 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 6 5 theme unique 986:991 arg1 PRM-EA 962:967 PRM-EA 962:967 PRM-EA 962:967 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 6 5 theme unique 986:991 arg1 agent 1002:1006 a unique staining agent 984:1006 a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues 984:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 1 6 theme Pradimicin 60:69 arg1 PRM-A 74:78 PRM-A 74:78 PRM-A 74:78 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 1 6 theme Pradimicin 60:69 arg1 A 71:71 Pradimicin A 60:71 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) 60:79 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 4 7 gly glycoproteins 611:623 arg1 glycoproteins 611:623 glycoproteins 611:623 glycoproteins 611:623 We also show that PRM-EA stains glycoproteins in dot blot assays, whereas PRM-A fails to do so, owing to severe aggregation. 34524799 3 8 theme binding 550:556 arg1 specificity 558:568 binding specificity 550:568 binding specificity for Man 550:576 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 3 9 theme PRM-A 482:486 arg1 PRM-EA 471:476 PRM-EA 471:476 PRM-EA 471:476 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 3 9 theme PRM-A 482:486 arg1 derivative 459:468 the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative 435:468 the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A 435:486 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 5 10 theme N-linked 799:806 arg1 glycans 808:814 high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans 765:814 glycans 808:814 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 2 11 theme water-insoluble 381:395 arg1 aggregates 397:406 water-insoluble aggregates 381:406 water-insoluble aggregates 381:406 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 5 12 theme complex-type 843:854 arg1 glycans 865:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 6 13 theme staining 879:886 arg1 selectivity 888:898 Such staining selectivity 874:898 Such staining selectivity 874:898 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 5 14 contain carrying 834:841 arg1 those 828:832 those 828:832 those 828:832 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 5 14 contain carrying 834:841 arg2 glycans 865:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 2 15 theme research 260:267 arg1 promise 249:255 great promise 243:255 great promise 243:255 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 2 15 theme research 260:267 arg1 tools 269:273 research tools 260:273 research tools in glycobiology 260:289 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 1 16 theme Ca2+-dependent 166:179 arg1 recognition 181:191 Ca2+-dependent recognition 166:191 Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man) 166:210 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 0 17 theme Pradimicin-Based 2:17 arg1 Dye 28:30 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye 0:30 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye for Glycoprotein Detection 0:57 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye for Glycoprotein Detection. 34524799 6 18 theme Such 874:877 arg1 selectivity 888:898 Such staining selectivity 874:898 Such staining selectivity 874:898 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 6 19 theme Man 1067:1069 arg1 residues 1071:1078 terminal Man residues 1058:1078 terminal Man residues 1058:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 5 20 link N-linked 856:863 arg1 glycans 865:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 2 21 theme practical 298:306 arg1 application 308:318 their practical application 292:318 their practical application 292:318 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 6 22 theme terminal 1058:1065 arg1 residues 1071:1078 terminal Man residues 1058:1078 terminal Man residues 1058:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 5 23 link N-linked 799:806 arg1 glycans 808:814 high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans 765:814 glycans 808:814 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 6 24 gly glycoproteins 1039:1051 arg1 glycoproteins 1039:1051 glycoproteins 1039:1051 glycoproteins 1039:1051 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 1 25 theme related 85:91 arg1 compounds 93:101 related compounds 85:101 related compounds 85:101 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 1 26 theme d-mannose 196:204 arg1 recognition 181:191 Ca2+-dependent recognition 166:191 Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man) 166:210 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 0 27 theme Staining 19:26 arg1 Dye 28:30 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye 0:30 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye for Glycoprotein Detection 0:57 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye for Glycoprotein Detection. 34524799 4 28 theme dot 628:630 arg1 blot 632:635 dot blot 628:635 dot blot assays 628:642 We also show that PRM-EA stains glycoproteins in dot blot assays, whereas PRM-A fails to do so, owing to severe aggregation. 34524799 0 29 theme Glycoprotein 36:47 arg1 Detection 49:57 Glycoprotein Detection 36:57 Glycoprotein Detection 36:57 A Pradimicin-Based Staining Dye for Glycoprotein Detection. 34524799 5 30 theme N-linked 856:863 arg1 glycans 865:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 complex-type N-linked glycans 843:871 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 4 31 theme severe 684:689 arg1 aggregation 691:701 severe aggregation 684:701 severe aggregation 684:701 We also show that PRM-EA stains glycoproteins in dot blot assays, whereas PRM-A fails to do so, owing to severe aggregation. 34524799 5 32 theme hybrid-type 787:797 arg1 glycans 808:814 high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans 765:814 glycans 808:814 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 1 33 theme natural 139:145 arg1 pigments 147:154 natural pigments 139:154 natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man) 139:210 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 3 34 theme little 494:499 arg1 aggregation 501:511 little aggregation 494:511 little aggregation in neutral aqueous media 494:536 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 2 35 from tools 269:273 arg1 glycobiology 278:289 glycobiology 278:289 glycobiology 278:289 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 6 36 theme conventional 927:938 arg1 dyes 940:943 conventional dyes 927:943 conventional dyes 927:943 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 6 37 with detection 1026:1034 arg1 residues 1071:1078 terminal Man residues 1058:1078 terminal Man residues 1058:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 1 38 theme exceptional 117:127 arg1 family 129:134 an exceptional family 114:134 an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man) 114:210 Pradimicin A (PRM-A) and related compounds constitute an exceptional family of natural pigments that show Ca2+-dependent recognition of d-mannose (Man). 34524799 6 39 theme selective 1016:1024 arg1 detection 1026:1034 the selective detection 1012:1034 the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues 1012:1078 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 5 40 gly glycoproteins 742:754 arg1 glycoproteins 742:754 glycoproteins 742:754 glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans 742:814 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 6 41 located observed 915:922 arg1 dyes 940:943 conventional dyes 927:943 conventional dyes 927:943 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 6 41 located observed 915:922 arg2 selectivity 888:898 Such staining selectivity 874:898 Such staining selectivity 874:898 Such staining selectivity has never been observed in conventional dyes, suggesting that PRM-EA could serve as a unique staining agent for the selective detection of glycoproteins with terminal Man residues. 34524799 2 42 theme inherent 355:362 arg1 tendency 364:371 their inherent tendency 349:371 their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates 349:406 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 2 43 theme great 243:247 arg1 promise 249:255 great promise 243:255 great promise 243:255 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 2 43 theme great 243:247 arg1 tools 269:273 research tools 260:273 research tools in glycobiology 260:289 Although these compounds hold great promise as research tools in glycobiology, their practical application has been severely limited by their inherent tendency to form water-insoluble aggregates. 34524799 4 44 theme blot 632:635 arg1 assays 637:642 dot blot assays 628:642 dot blot assays 628:642 We also show that PRM-EA stains glycoproteins in dot blot assays, whereas PRM-A fails to do so, owing to severe aggregation. 34524799 3 45 theme neutral 516:522 arg1 media 532:536 neutral aqueous media 516:536 neutral aqueous media 516:536 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 3 46 theme 2-hydroxyethylamide 439:457 arg1 PRM-EA 471:476 PRM-EA 471:476 PRM-EA 471:476 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 3 46 theme 2-hydroxyethylamide 439:457 arg1 derivative 459:468 the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative 435:468 the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A 435:486 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34524799 5 47 contain carrying 756:763 arg2 glycans 808:814 high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans 765:814 glycans 808:814 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 5 47 contain carrying 756:763 arg1 glycoproteins 742:754 glycoproteins 742:754 glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans 742:814 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 5 47 contain carrying 756:763 arg2 mannose-type 770:781 mannose-type 770:781 mannose-type 770:781 Significantly, PRM-EA is sensitive to glycoproteins carrying high mannose-type and hybrid-type N-linked glycans, but not to those carrying complex-type N-linked glycans. 34524799 3 48 theme aqueous 524:530 arg1 media 532:536 neutral aqueous media 516:536 neutral aqueous media 516:536 Here, we demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethylamide derivative (PRM-EA) of PRM-A shows little aggregation in neutral aqueous media and retains binding specificity for Man. 34625868 4 0 theme related 835:841 arg1 sequences 847:855 these closely related AIV sequences 821:855 these closely related AIV sequences 821:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 7 1 theme pandemic 1744:1751 arg1 potential 1753:1761 pandemic potential 1744:1761 pandemic potential 1744:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 3 2 theme wild 678:681 arg1 species 689:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 2 3 theme avian 340:344 arg1 reservoirs 346:355 avian reservoirs 340:355 avian reservoirs 340:355 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 4 4 theme sequences 847:855 arg1 analysis 809:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis 786:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences 786:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 2 5 from events 320:325 arg1 reservoirs 346:355 avian reservoirs 340:355 avian reservoirs 340:355 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 7 6 theme AIVs 1411:1414 arg1 circulation 1390:1400 circulation 1390:1400 circulation 1390:1400 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 6 theme AIVs 1411:1414 arg1 occurrence 1375:1384 occurrence 1375:1384 occurrence 1375:1384 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 7 theme influenza 1716:1724 arg1 strain 1732:1737 a novel influenza virus strain 1708:1737 a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1708:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 6 8 theme markers 1234:1240 arg1 presence 1191:1198 the presence 1187:1198 the presence 1187:1198 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 7 9 from circulation 1390:1400 arg1 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 9 from circulation 1390:1400 arg1 viruses 1455:1461 the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses 1437:1461 viruses 1455:1461 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 6 10 theme mammalian 1213:1221 arg1 markers 1234:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 7 11 with viruses 1455:1461 arg1 events 1487:1492 numerous spillover events 1468:1492 numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine 1468:1527 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 1 12 theme subtypes 180:187 arg1 sequences 132:140 Genome sequences 125:140 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes 125:187 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 4 13 theme spillover 895:903 arg1 events 905:910 multiple spillover events 886:910 multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine 886:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 2 14 theme transmission 284:295 arg1 dynamics 297:304 the transmission dynamics 280:304 the transmission dynamics 280:304 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 15 theme Influenza 504:512 arg1 Database 523:530 the 'Influenza Research Database' 499:531 the 'Influenza Research Database' 499:531 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 6 16 theme potential 1203:1211 arg1 markers 1234:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 3 17 theme avian 583:587 arg1 sequences 603:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 6 18 theme H5N1 1277:1280 arg1 H7N9 1283:1286 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 H7N9 1283:1286 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 5 19 theme principal 1011:1019 arg1 analysis 1032:1039 The principal coordinate analysis 1007:1039 The principal coordinate analysis 1007:1039 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 1 20 theme Genome 125:130 arg1 sequences 132:140 Genome sequences 125:140 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes 125:187 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 7 21 theme strain 1732:1737 arg1 emergence 1695:1703 the emergence 1691:1703 the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1691:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 22 theme pathogenic 946:955 arg1 viruses 962:968 highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses 915:968 viruses 962:968 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 3 23 theme aquatic 749:755 arg1 birds 757:761 aquatic birds 749:761 aquatic birds to swine 749:770 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 0 24 theme viruses 67:73 arg1 dynamics 25:32 transmission dynamics 12:32 transmission dynamics 12:32 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 0 24 theme viruses 67:73 arg1 spillover 38:46 spillover 38:46 spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations 38:113 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 3 25 theme swine 593:597 arg1 sequences 603:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 1 26 theme avian 152:156 arg1 AIV 175:177 AIV 175:177 AIV 175:177 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 1 26 theme avian 152:156 arg1 virus 168:172 avian influenza virus 152:172 eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes 145:187 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 2 27 from dynamics 297:304 arg1 reservoirs 346:355 avian reservoirs 340:355 avian reservoirs 340:355 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 4 28 theme viruses 962:968 arg1 events 905:910 multiple spillover events 886:910 multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine 886:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 0 29 theme avian 80:84 arg1 species 86:92 avian species 80:92 avian species 80:92 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 1 30 theme virus 168:172 arg1 subtypes 180:187 eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes 145:187 eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes 145:187 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 7 31 theme influenza 1635:1643 arg1 viruses 1645:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 32 theme avian 1503:1507 arg1 reservoirs 1509:1518 the avian reservoirs 1499:1518 the avian reservoirs to swine 1499:1527 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 33 theme pathogenic 922:931 arg1 H5N1 933:936 highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses 915:968 H5N1 933:936 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 5 34 theme H5N1 1078:1081 arg1 viruses 1092:1098 H5N1 and H9N2 viruses 1078:1098 viruses 1092:1098 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 7 35 from threat 1549:1554 arg1 terms 1559:1563 terms 1559:1563 terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1559:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 36 theme circulating 1617:1627 arg1 viruses 1645:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 5 37 theme H9N2 1087:1090 arg1 viruses 1092:1098 H5N1 and H9N2 viruses 1078:1098 viruses 1092:1098 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 4 38 theme various 975:981 arg1 species 989:995 various avian species 975:995 various avian species to swine 975:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 2 39 theme full-length 367:377 arg1 hemagglutinin 379:391 full-length hemagglutinin 367:391 full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine 367:477 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 39 theme full-length 367:377 arg1 HA 394:395 HA 394:395 HA 394:395 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 7 40 theme endemic 1592:1598 arg1 viruses 1606:1612 endemic swine viruses 1592:1612 endemic swine viruses 1592:1612 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 2 41 theme subtypes 415:422 arg1 sequences 398:406 full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences 367:406 full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine 367:477 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 5 42 theme subtypes 1149:1156 arg1 events 1120:1125 spillover events 1110:1125 spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes 1110:1156 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 7 43 theme numerous 1468:1475 arg1 events 1487:1492 numerous spillover events 1468:1492 numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine 1468:1527 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 44 theme reassortment 1574:1585 arg1 terms 1559:1563 terms 1559:1563 terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1559:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 2 45 theme various 447:453 arg1 species 461:467 various avian species 447:467 various avian species 447:467 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 4 46 from species 989:995 arg1 H5N1 933:936 highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses 915:968 H5N1 933:936 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 4 46 from species 989:995 arg1 events 905:910 multiple spillover events 886:910 multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine 886:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 4 46 from species 989:995 arg1 viruses 962:968 highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses 915:968 viruses 962:968 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 chicken 708:714 chicken 708:714 chicken 708:714 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 duck 717:720 duck 717:720 duck 717:720 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 quail 738:742 quail 738:742 quail 738:742 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 events 644:649 potential spillover events 624:649 potential spillover events 624:649 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 pigeon 723:728 pigeon 723:728 pigeon 723:728 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 goose 731:735 goose 731:735 goose 731:735 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 47 theme potential 624:632 arg1 birds 757:761 aquatic birds 749:761 aquatic birds to swine 749:770 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 4 48 theme N-linked 786:793 arg1 analysis 809:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis 786:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences 786:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 0 49 theme avian 51:55 arg1 viruses 67:73 avian influenza viruses 51:73 avian influenza viruses 51:73 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 7 50 with strain 1732:1737 arg1 potential 1753:1761 pandemic potential 1744:1761 pandemic potential 1744:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 1 51 theme swine 211:215 arg1 populations 217:227 swine populations 211:227 swine populations from seven countries until August 2020 211:266 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 3 52 theme multiple 656:663 arg1 species 689:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 7 53 theme virus 1726:1730 arg1 strain 1732:1737 a novel influenza virus strain 1708:1737 a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1708:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 54 theme multiple 886:893 arg1 events 905:910 multiple spillover events 886:910 multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine 886:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 3 55 theme avian 683:687 arg1 species 689:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 2 56 theme spillover 310:318 arg1 events 320:325 spillover events 310:325 spillover events 310:325 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 4 57 theme AIV 843:845 arg1 sequences 847:855 these closely related AIV sequences 821:855 these closely related AIV sequences 821:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 7 58 theme novel 1710:1714 arg1 strain 1732:1737 a novel influenza virus strain 1708:1737 a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1708:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 59 theme glycosylation 795:807 arg1 analysis 809:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis 786:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences 786:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 2 60 from reservoirs 346:355 arg1 AIVs 330:333 AIVs 330:333 AIVs from avian reservoirs 330:355 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 60 from reservoirs 346:355 arg1 dynamics 297:304 the transmission dynamics 280:304 the transmission dynamics 280:304 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 60 from reservoirs 346:355 arg1 events 320:325 spillover events 310:325 spillover events 310:325 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 61 theme avian 455:459 arg1 species 461:467 various avian species 447:467 various avian species 447:467 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 6 62 theme adaptation 1223:1232 arg1 markers 1234:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 3 63 theme Phylogenetic 534:545 arg1 analysis 547:554 Phylogenetic analysis 534:554 Phylogenetic analysis 534:554 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 6 64 theme H9N2 1293:1296 arg1 viruses 1298:1304 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 viruses 1298:1304 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 4 65 gly glycosylation 795:807 arg1 sequences 847:855 these closely related AIV sequences 821:855 these closely related AIV sequences 821:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 2 66 theme Research 514:521 arg1 Database 523:530 the 'Influenza Research Database' 499:531 the 'Influenza Research Database' 499:531 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 0 67 from species 86:92 arg1 dynamics 25:32 transmission dynamics 12:32 transmission dynamics 12:32 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 0 67 from species 86:92 arg1 spillover 38:46 spillover 38:46 spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations 38:113 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 1 68 from countries 240:248 arg1 populations 217:227 swine populations 211:227 swine populations from seven countries until August 2020 211:266 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 4 69 from events 905:910 arg1 species 989:995 various avian species 975:995 various avian species to swine 975:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 3 70 theme related 575:581 arg1 sequences 603:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 7 71 theme significant 1537:1547 arg1 threat 1549:1554 a significant threat 1535:1554 a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential 1535:1761 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 72 theme events 905:910 arg1 possibility 871:881 the possibility 867:881 the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine 867:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 chicken 708:714 chicken 708:714 chicken 708:714 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 duck 717:720 duck 717:720 duck 717:720 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 quail 738:742 quail 738:742 quail 738:742 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 events 644:649 potential spillover events 624:649 potential spillover events 624:649 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 pigeon 723:728 pigeon 723:728 pigeon 723:728 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 goose 731:735 goose 731:735 goose 731:735 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 73 from species 689:695 arg1 birds 757:761 aquatic birds 749:761 aquatic birds to swine 749:770 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 6 74 from presence 1191:1198 arg1 viruses 1298:1304 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 viruses 1298:1304 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 74 from presence 1191:1198 arg1 some 1259:1262 some 1259:1262 some 1259:1262 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 74 from presence 1191:1198 arg1 H7N9 1283:1286 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 H7N9 1283:1286 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 75 attach presence 1191:1198 arg1 viruses 1298:1304 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 viruses 1298:1304 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 75 attach presence 1191:1198 arg1 some 1259:1262 some 1259:1262 some 1259:1262 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 75 attach presence 1191:1198 arg1 H7N9 1283:1286 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 H7N9 1283:1286 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 75 attach presence 1191:1198 arg2 markers 1234:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 potential mammalian adaptation markers 1203:1240 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 6 76 theme swine 1271:1275 arg1 H7N9 1283:1286 the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses 1267:1304 H7N9 1283:1286 Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. 34625868 5 77 theme coordinate 1021:1030 arg1 analysis 1032:1039 The principal coordinate analysis 1007:1039 The principal coordinate analysis 1007:1039 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 3 78 theme AIV 599:601 arg1 sequences 603:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 closely related avian and swine AIV sequences 567:611 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 7 79 dep occurrence 1375:1384 arg1 The 1371:1373 The 1371:1373 The 1371:1373 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 80 theme low 942:944 arg1 viruses 962:968 highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses 915:968 viruses 962:968 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 1 81 theme influenza 158:166 arg1 AIV 175:177 AIV 175:177 AIV 175:177 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 1 81 theme influenza 158:166 arg1 virus 168:172 avian influenza virus 152:172 eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes 145:187 Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. 34625868 4 82 theme H9N2 957:960 arg1 viruses 962:968 highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses 915:968 viruses 962:968 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 7 83 with reassortment 1574:1585 arg1 viruses 1645:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 83 with reassortment 1574:1585 arg1 viruses 1606:1612 endemic swine viruses 1592:1612 endemic swine viruses 1592:1612 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 0 84 theme swine 97:101 arg1 populations 103:113 swine populations 97:113 swine populations 97:113 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 5 85 theme spillover 1110:1118 arg1 events 1120:1125 spillover events 1110:1125 spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes 1110:1156 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 7 86 theme human 1629:1633 arg1 viruses 1645:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 circulating human influenza viruses 1617:1651 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 87 link N-linked 786:793 arg1 analysis 809:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis 786:816 N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences 786:855 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 4 88 theme H5N1 933:936 arg1 events 905:910 multiple spillover events 886:910 multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine 886:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 2 89 theme hemagglutinin 379:391 arg1 sequences 398:406 full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences 367:406 full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine 367:477 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 0 90 theme transmission 12:23 arg1 dynamics 25:32 transmission dynamics 12:32 transmission dynamics 12:32 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 5 91 theme AIV 1145:1147 arg1 subtypes 1149:1156 the other nine AIV subtypes 1130:1156 the other nine AIV subtypes 1130:1156 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 7 92 theme swine 1600:1604 arg1 viruses 1606:1612 endemic swine viruses 1592:1612 endemic swine viruses 1592:1612 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 2 93 theme AIV 411:413 arg1 n = 11 425:430 n = 11 425:430 n = 11 425:430 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 93 theme AIV 411:413 arg1 subtypes 415:422 AIV subtypes 411:422 AIV subtypes (n = 11) 411:431 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 chicken 708:714 chicken 708:714 chicken 708:714 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 duck 717:720 duck 717:720 duck 717:720 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 quail 738:742 quail 738:742 quail 738:742 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 events 644:649 potential spillover events 624:649 potential spillover events 624:649 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 pigeon 723:728 pigeon 723:728 pigeon 723:728 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 goose 731:735 goose 731:735 goose 731:735 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 3 94 theme spillover 634:642 arg1 birds 757:761 aquatic birds 749:761 aquatic birds to swine 749:770 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 7 95 theme spillover 1477:1485 arg1 events 1487:1492 numerous spillover events 1468:1492 numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine 1468:1527 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 96 from occurrence 1375:1384 arg1 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 96 from occurrence 1375:1384 arg1 viruses 1455:1461 the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses 1437:1461 viruses 1455:1461 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 0 97 theme influenza 57:65 arg1 viruses 67:73 avian influenza viruses 51:73 avian influenza viruses 51:73 Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. 34625868 7 98 from reservoirs 1509:1518 arg1 events 1487:1492 numerous spillover events 1468:1492 numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine 1468:1527 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 4 99 theme avian 983:987 arg1 species 989:995 various avian species 975:995 various avian species to swine 975:1004 Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. 34625868 3 100 theme domestic 665:672 arg1 species 689:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 multiple domestic and wild avian species 656:695 Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. 34625868 2 101 theme AIVs 330:333 arg1 dynamics 297:304 the transmission dynamics 280:304 the transmission dynamics 280:304 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 2 101 theme AIVs 330:333 arg1 events 320:325 spillover events 310:325 spillover events 310:325 To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. 34625868 5 102 theme other 1134:1138 arg1 subtypes 1149:1156 the other nine AIV subtypes 1130:1156 the other nine AIV subtypes 1130:1156 The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. 34625868 7 103 theme H9N2 1450:1453 arg1 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 103 theme H9N2 1450:1453 arg1 viruses 1455:1461 the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses 1437:1461 viruses 1455:1461 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 104 theme H5N1 1441:1444 arg1 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 swine 1419:1423 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34625868 7 104 theme H5N1 1441:1444 arg1 viruses 1455:1461 the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses 1437:1461 viruses 1455:1461 The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential. 34304571 0 0 theme Phase 107:111 arg1 Separation 113:122 Phase Separation 107:122 Phase Separation 107:122 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 4 1 theme N-terminal 758:767 arg1 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 1 theme N-terminal 758:767 arg1 region 784:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region 750:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 750:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 2 theme complexity 773:782 arg1 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 2 theme complexity 773:782 arg1 region 784:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region 750:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 750:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 3 theme in 658:659 arg1 approach 667:674 an in vitro approach 655:674 an in vitro approach 655:674 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 8 4 theme biomolecular 1605:1616 arg1 condensates 1618:1628 biomolecular condensates 1605:1628 biomolecular condensates 1605:1628 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 7 5 from O-GlcNAcylated 1303:1316 arg1 cells 1284:1288 HeLa cells 1279:1288 HeLa cells 1279:1288 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 8 6 from role 1564:1567 arg1 regulation 1591:1600 regulation 1591:1600 regulation of biomolecular condensates 1591:1628 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 3 7 theme biomolecular 577:588 arg1 assembly 601:608 biomolecular condensate assembly 577:608 biomolecular condensate assembly 577:608 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 8 8 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1572:1586 arg1 role 1564:1567 a general role 1554:1567 a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates 1554:1628 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 7 9 theme filter 1397:1402 arg1 assay 1416:1420 a filter retardation assay 1395:1420 a filter retardation assay 1395:1420 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 6 10 theme EWS 1134:1136 arg1 condensates 1147:1157 EWS LCRN+RBD condensates 1134:1157 EWS LCRN+RBD condensates 1134:1157 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 8 11 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1455:1468 arg1 proteins 1470:1477 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1455:1477 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1455:1477 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 7 12 from cells 1284:1288 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1303:1316 O-GlcNAcylated 1303:1316 O-GlcNAcylated 1303:1316 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 8 13 dep phase 1527:1531 arg1 separate 1533:1540 separate 1533:1540 separate 1533:1540 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 7 14 theme OGT 1328:1330 arg1 knockdown 1332:1340 OGT knockdown 1328:1340 OGT knockdown 1328:1340 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 6 15 theme fluidity 1205:1212 arg1 loss 1197:1200 a loss 1195:1200 a loss of fluidity 1195:1212 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 0 16 theme Condensate 137:146 arg1 Dynamics 148:155 Condensate Dynamics 137:155 Condensate Dynamics 137:155 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 8 17 theme condensates 1618:1628 arg1 regulation 1591:1600 regulation 1591:1600 regulation of biomolecular condensates 1591:1628 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 3 18 theme intracellular 523:535 arg1 glycosylation 537:549 intracellular glycosylation 523:549 intracellular glycosylation 523:549 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 5 19 theme LCRN 999:1002 arg1 condensates 1004:1014 EWS LCRN condensates 995:1014 EWS LCRN condensates 995:1014 O-GlcNAcylation enhances fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates and causes the droplets to exhibit more liquid-like relaxation following fusion. 34304571 6 20 theme LCRN+RBD 1138:1145 arg1 condensates 1147:1157 EWS LCRN+RBD condensates 1134:1157 EWS LCRN+RBD condensates 1134:1157 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 3 21 theme O-linked 443:450 arg1 form 515:518 an abundant form 503:518 an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated 503:646 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 3 21 theme O-linked 443:450 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 483:497 O-GlcNAcylation 483:497 O-GlcNAcylation 483:497 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 3 21 theme O-linked 443:450 arg1 β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 452:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 443:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 443:498 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 6 22 contain containing 1233:1242 arg2 LCRN 1263:1266 the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN 1244:1266 the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN 1244:1266 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 6 22 contain containing 1233:1242 arg1 condensates 1221:1231 condensates 1221:1231 condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN 1221:1266 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 5 23 theme liquid-like 1056:1066 arg1 relaxation 1068:1077 more liquid-like relaxation 1051:1077 more liquid-like relaxation 1051:1077 O-GlcNAcylation enhances fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates and causes the droplets to exhibit more liquid-like relaxation following fusion. 34304571 1 24 theme biomolecular 205:216 arg1 condensates 218:228 biomolecular condensates 205:228 biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers 205:289 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34304571 4 25 theme different 804:812 arg1 conditions 814:823 different conditions 804:823 different conditions 804:823 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 2 26 theme function 422:429 arg1 aspect 406:411 this aspect 401:411 this aspect of their function 401:429 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 6 27 theme incubation 1116:1125 arg1 times 1127:1131 extended incubation times 1107:1131 extended incubation times 1107:1131 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 2 28 theme separation 357:366 arg1 behavior 368:375 protein phase separation behavior 343:375 protein phase separation behavior 343:375 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 4 29 theme low 769:771 arg1 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 29 theme low 769:771 arg1 region 784:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region 750:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 750:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 0 30 theme RNA-Binding 42:52 arg1 Region 92:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 2 31 theme phase 351:355 arg1 behavior 368:375 protein phase separation behavior 343:375 protein phase separation behavior 343:375 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 6 32 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1248:1261 arg1 LCRN 1263:1266 the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN 1244:1266 the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN 1244:1266 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 6 33 theme extended 1107:1114 arg1 times 1127:1131 extended incubation times 1107:1131 extended incubation times 1107:1131 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 2 34 theme protein 343:349 arg1 behavior 368:375 protein phase separation behavior 343:375 protein phase separation behavior 343:375 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 1 35 theme phase 240:244 arg1 separation 246:255 phase separation 240:255 phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers 240:289 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34304571 0 36 theme EWS 62:64 arg1 Region 92:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 5 37 theme EWS 995:997 arg1 condensates 1004:1014 EWS LCRN condensates 995:1014 EWS LCRN condensates 995:1014 O-GlcNAcylation enhances fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates and causes the droplets to exhibit more liquid-like relaxation following fusion. 34304571 4 38 theme phase 719:723 arg1 propensity 736:745 the phase separation propensity 715:745 the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 715:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 39 theme RNA-binding 886:896 arg1 RBD 907:909 RBD 907:909 RBD 907:909 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 39 theme RNA-binding 886:896 arg1 domains 898:904 the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains 855:904 the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD) 855:910 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 3 40 theme abundant 506:513 arg1 form 515:518 an abundant form 503:518 an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated 503:646 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 3 40 theme abundant 506:513 arg1 β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 452:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 443:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 443:498 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 0 41 theme Protein 54:60 arg1 Region 92:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 5 42 theme fluorescence 938:949 arg1 recovery 951:958 fluorescence recovery 938:958 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates 938:1014 O-GlcNAcylation enhances fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates and causes the droplets to exhibit more liquid-like relaxation following fusion. 34304571 4 43 dep in 658:659 arg1 vitro 661:665 vitro 661:665 vitro 661:665 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 3 44 link O-linked 443:450 arg1 form 515:518 an abundant form 503:518 an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated 503:646 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 3 44 link O-linked 443:450 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 483:497 O-GlcNAcylation 483:497 O-GlcNAcylation 483:497 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 3 44 link O-linked 443:450 arg1 β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 452:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 443:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 443:498 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 7 45 from accumulation 1379:1390 arg1 assay 1416:1420 a filter retardation assay 1395:1420 a filter retardation assay 1395:1420 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 6 46 theme diminished 1167:1176 arg1 FRAP 1178:1181 diminished FRAP 1167:1181 diminished FRAP 1167:1181 Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. 34304571 0 47 theme Low 77:79 arg1 Region 92:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 2 48 theme many 391:394 arg1 PTMs 396:399 many PTMs 391:399 many PTMs 391:399 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 0 49 theme N-Terminal 66:75 arg1 Region 92:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 4 50 theme domains 898:904 arg1 presence 843:850 the presence 839:850 the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD) 839:910 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 51 theme region 784:789 arg1 propensity 736:745 the phase separation propensity 715:745 the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 715:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 8 52 theme general 1556:1562 arg1 role 1564:1567 a general role 1554:1567 a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates 1554:1628 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 4 53 theme glycine-rich 873:884 arg1 RBD 907:909 RBD 907:909 RBD 907:909 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 53 theme glycine-rich 873:884 arg1 domains 898:904 the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains 855:904 the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD) 855:910 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 1 54 theme Many 158:161 arg1 organelles 176:185 Many membraneless organelles 158:185 Many membraneless organelles 158:185 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34304571 1 55 theme proteins 260:267 arg1 separation 246:255 phase separation 240:255 phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers 240:289 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34304571 8 56 theme human 1439:1443 arg1 proteome 1445:1452 the human proteome 1435:1452 the human proteome 1435:1452 Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates. 34304571 7 57 theme increased 1369:1377 arg1 accumulation 1379:1390 its increased accumulation 1365:1390 its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay 1365:1420 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 1 58 theme membraneless 163:174 arg1 organelles 176:185 Many membraneless organelles 158:185 Many membraneless organelles 158:185 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34304571 7 59 theme retardation 1404:1414 arg1 assay 1416:1420 a filter retardation assay 1395:1420 a filter retardation assay 1395:1420 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 3 60 theme glycosylation 537:549 arg1 form 515:518 an abundant form 503:518 an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated 503:646 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 3 60 theme glycosylation 537:549 arg1 β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 452:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation 443:480 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 443:498 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 0 61 theme Region 92:97 arg1 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation 0:33 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation 0:33 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 0:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 2 62 theme Post-translational 292:309 arg1 PTMs 326:329 PTMs 326:329 PTMs 326:329 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 2 62 theme Post-translational 292:309 arg1 modifications 311:323 Post-translational modifications 292:323 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) 292:330 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. 34304571 3 63 theme condensate 590:599 arg1 assembly 601:608 biomolecular condensate assembly 577:608 biomolecular condensate assembly 577:608 O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. 34304571 4 64 theme separation 725:734 arg1 propensity 736:745 the phase separation propensity 715:745 the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 715:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 1 65 theme other 273:277 arg1 biopolymers 279:289 other biopolymers 273:289 other biopolymers 273:289 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34304571 0 66 theme Complexity 81:90 arg1 Region 92:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region 38:97 O-Linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. 34304571 7 67 theme HeLa 1279:1282 arg1 cells 1284:1288 HeLa cells 1279:1288 HeLa cells 1279:1288 In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. 34304571 4 68 theme arginine- 859:867 arg1 RBD 907:909 RBD 907:909 RBD 907:909 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 68 theme arginine- 859:867 arg1 domains 898:904 the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains 855:904 the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD) 855:910 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 69 theme EWS 754:756 arg1 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 LCRN 792:795 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 4 69 theme EWS 754:756 arg1 region 784:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region 750:789 the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) 750:796 Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). 34304571 1 70 theme biopolymers 279:289 arg1 separation 246:255 phase separation 240:255 phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers 240:289 Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. 34681070 1 0 theme bacteria 164:171 arg1 species 146:152 various species 138:152 various species of marine bacteria 138:171 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 1 1 theme sulphated 259:267 arg1 polysaccharides 269:283 the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides 230:283 the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides 230:283 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 1 1 theme sulphated 259:267 arg1 carrageenans 216:227 carrageenans 216:227 carrageenans 216:227 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 7 2 theme ultrafiltered 970:982 arg1 enzyme 984:989 An ultrafiltered enzyme 967:989 An ultrafiltered enzyme extracted from C. algicola 967:1016 An ultrafiltered enzyme extracted from C. algicola had the highest activity at around 40 °C. 34681070 5 3 theme incubation 774:783 arg1 h 804:804 48 h 801:804 48 h for all tested species 801:827 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 5 3 theme incubation 774:783 arg1 time 785:788 the incubation time 770:788 the incubation time 770:788 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 6 4 theme g/L 925:927 arg1 furcellaran 929:939 1.4 g/L furcellaran 921:939 1.4 g/L furcellaran 921:939 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 4 theme g/L 925:927 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 5 5 theme optimal 711:717 arg1 °C 763:764 25 °C 760:764 25 °C 760:764 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 5 5 theme optimal 711:717 arg1 temperature 730:740 The optimal incubation temperature 707:740 The optimal incubation temperature 707:740 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 6 6 theme medium 842:847 arg1 furcellaran 929:939 1.4 g/L furcellaran 921:939 1.4 g/L furcellaran 921:939 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 6 theme medium 842:847 arg1 extract 958:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 6 theme medium 842:847 arg1 salt 915:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 6 theme medium 842:847 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 3 7 theme effective 560:568 arg1 pacifica 537:544 C. pacifica 534:544 C. pacifica 534:544 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 3 7 theme effective 560:568 arg1 producer 583:590 the least effective carrageenase producer 550:590 the least effective carrageenase producer 550:590 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 4 8 theme enzyme 623:628 arg1 production 630:639 The enzyme production 619:639 The enzyme production 619:639 The enzyme production was maximized using the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method. 34681070 0 9 theme Comparative 95:105 arg1 Study 107:111 A Comparative Study 93:111 A Comparative Study 93:111 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species: A Comparative Study. 34681070 5 10 theme incubation 719:728 arg1 °C 763:764 25 °C 760:764 25 °C 760:764 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 5 10 theme incubation 719:728 arg1 temperature 730:740 The optimal incubation temperature 707:740 The optimal incubation temperature 707:740 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 6 11 theme optimal 834:840 arg1 furcellaran 929:939 1.4 g/L furcellaran 921:939 1.4 g/L furcellaran 921:939 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 11 theme optimal 834:840 arg1 extract 958:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 11 theme optimal 834:840 arg1 salt 915:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 11 theme optimal 834:840 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 3 12 theme carrageenase 570:581 arg1 pacifica 537:544 C. pacifica 534:544 C. pacifica 534:544 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 3 12 theme carrageenase 570:581 arg1 producer 583:590 the least effective carrageenase producer 550:590 the least effective carrageenase producer 550:590 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 7 13 contain had 1018:1020 arg2 activity 1034:1041 the highest activity 1022:1041 the highest activity 1022:1041 An ultrafiltered enzyme extracted from C. algicola had the highest activity at around 40 °C. 34681070 7 13 contain had 1018:1020 arg1 enzyme 984:989 An ultrafiltered enzyme 967:989 An ultrafiltered enzyme extracted from C. algicola 967:1016 An ultrafiltered enzyme extracted from C. algicola had the highest activity at around 40 °C. 34681070 0 14 dep Study 107:111 arg1 Optimization 0:11 Optimization 0:11 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species 0:90 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species: A Comparative Study. 34681070 2 15 theme carrageenase 290:301 arg1 ability 314:320 The carrageenase production ability 286:320 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species 286:358 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 6 16 theme sea 911:913 arg1 salt 915:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 16 theme sea 911:913 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 2 17 theme species 352:358 arg1 ability 314:320 The carrageenase production ability 286:320 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species 286:358 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 2 18 theme carrageenolytic 420:434 arg1 enzyme 436:441 the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme 402:441 the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme 402:441 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 2 18 theme carrageenolytic 420:434 arg1 ι-carrageenase 381:394 ι-carrageenase 381:394 ι-carrageenase 381:394 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 8 19 theme optimal 1064:1070 arg1 7.8 1119:1121 7.8 1119:1121 7.8 1119:1121 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation was determined as 7.8, and the enzyme was fairly stable at temperatures up to 40 °C. 34681070 8 19 theme optimal 1064:1070 arg1 pH 1072:1073 The optimal pH 1060:1073 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation 1060:1099 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation was determined as 7.8, and the enzyme was fairly stable at temperatures up to 40 °C. 34681070 2 20 theme Cellulophaga 339:350 arg1 species 352:358 six different Cellulophaga species 325:358 six different Cellulophaga species 325:358 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 2 21 theme abundant 411:418 arg1 enzyme 436:441 the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme 402:441 the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme 402:441 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 2 21 theme abundant 411:418 arg1 ι-carrageenase 381:394 ι-carrageenase 381:394 ι-carrageenase 381:394 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 0 22 theme Conditions 29:38 arg1 Optimization 0:11 Optimization 0:11 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species 0:90 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species: A Comparative Study. 34681070 8 23 theme enzymatic 1079:1087 arg1 degradation 1089:1099 enzymatic degradation 1079:1099 enzymatic degradation 1079:1099 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation was determined as 7.8, and the enzyme was fairly stable at temperatures up to 40 °C. 34681070 2 24 theme different 329:337 arg1 species 352:358 six different Cellulophaga species 325:358 six different Cellulophaga species 325:358 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 4 25 theme one-factor-at-a-time 665:684 arg1 method 699:704 the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method 661:704 the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method 661:704 The enzyme production was maximized using the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method. 34681070 0 26 theme Fermentation 16:27 arg1 Conditions 29:38 Fermentation Conditions 16:38 Fermentation Conditions 16:38 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species: A Comparative Study. 34681070 2 27 theme production 303:312 arg1 ability 314:320 The carrageenase production ability 286:320 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species 286:358 The carrageenase production ability of six different Cellulophaga species was identified, with ι-carrageenase being the most abundant carrageenolytic enzyme. 34681070 6 28 theme g/L 907:909 arg1 salt 915:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 30 g/L sea salt 904:918 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 28 theme g/L 907:909 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 0 29 theme Carrageenase 44:55 arg1 Production 57:66 Carrageenase Production 44:66 Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species 44:90 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species: A Comparative Study. 34681070 6 30 theme 30 904:905 arg1 g/L 907:909 g/L 907:909 g/L 907:909 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 3 31 theme potent 469:474 arg1 strain 476:481 the most potent strain 460:481 the most potent strain 460:481 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 3 31 theme potent 469:474 arg1 algicola 447:454 C. algicola 444:454 C. algicola 444:454 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 3 32 theme studied 602:608 arg1 strains 610:616 the studied strains 598:616 the studied strains 598:616 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 5 33 theme tested 814:819 arg1 species 821:827 all tested species 810:827 all tested species 810:827 The optimal incubation temperature was identified as 25 °C and the incubation time was set as 48 h for all tested species. 34681070 7 34 theme highest 1026:1032 arg1 activity 1034:1041 the highest activity 1022:1041 the highest activity 1022:1041 An ultrafiltered enzyme extracted from C. algicola had the highest activity at around 40 °C. 34681070 1 35 theme carrageenans 216:227 arg1 degradation 201:211 the degradation 197:211 the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides 197:283 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 6 36 theme yeast 952:956 arg1 extract 958:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 36 theme yeast 952:956 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 8 37 dep °C 1182:1183 arg1 up 1173:1174 up 1173:1174 up 1173:1174 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation was determined as 7.8, and the enzyme was fairly stable at temperatures up to 40 °C. 34681070 3 38 dep strain 476:481 arg1 whereas 526:532 whereas 526:532 whereas 526:532 C. algicola was the most potent strain, followed by C. fucicola and C. geojensis, whereas C. pacifica was the least effective carrageenase producer among the studied strains. 34681070 6 39 theme g/L 948:950 arg1 extract 958:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 3 g/L yeast extract 946:964 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 6 39 theme g/L 948:950 arg1 composition 849:859 The optimal medium composition 830:859 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains 830:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 8 40 from temperatures 1160:1171 arg1 enzyme 1132:1137 the enzyme 1128:1137 the enzyme 1128:1137 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation was determined as 7.8, and the enzyme was fairly stable at temperatures up to 40 °C. 34681070 8 40 from temperatures 1160:1171 arg1 stable 1150:1155 stable 1150:1155 stable 1150:1155 The optimal pH for enzymatic degradation was determined as 7.8, and the enzyme was fairly stable at temperatures up to 40 °C. 34681070 6 41 theme 3 946:946 arg1 g/L 948:950 g/L 948:950 g/L 948:950 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 1 42 theme various 138:144 arg1 species 146:152 various species 138:152 various species of marine bacteria 138:171 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 6 43 theme Cellulophaga 865:876 arg1 strains 878:884 Cellulophaga strains 865:884 Cellulophaga strains 865:884 The optimal medium composition for Cellulophaga strains was determined as 30 g/L sea salt, 1.4 g/L furcellaran, and 3 g/L yeast extract. 34681070 1 44 used used 188:191 arg2 Carrageenases 114:126 Carrageenases 114:126 Carrageenases 114:126 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 4 45 theme optimization 686:697 arg1 method 699:704 the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method 661:704 the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method 661:704 The enzyme production was maximized using the one-factor-at-a-time optimization method. 34681070 0 46 theme Cellulophaga 71:82 arg1 Species 84:90 Cellulophaga Species 71:90 Cellulophaga Species 71:90 Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Cellulophaga Species: A Comparative Study. 34681070 1 47 theme marine 157:162 arg1 bacteria 164:171 marine bacteria 157:171 marine bacteria 157:171 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 1 48 theme significant 247:257 arg1 polysaccharides 269:283 the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides 230:283 the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides 230:283 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 34681070 1 48 theme significant 247:257 arg1 carrageenans 216:227 carrageenans 216:227 carrageenans 216:227 Carrageenases appear in various species of marine bacteria and are widely used for the degradation of carrageenans, the commercially significant sulphated polysaccharides. 33180181 12 0 theme Golgi 1357:1361 arg1 chloroplasts 1263:1274 numerous chloroplasts 1254:1274 numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains 1254:1308 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 0 theme Golgi 1357:1361 arg1 apparatus 1363:1371 Golgi apparatus 1357:1371 Golgi apparatus 1357:1371 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 9 1 dep localisation 776:787 arg1 the 772:774 the 772:774 the 772:774 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 12 2 theme endoplasmic 1325:1335 arg1 reticulum 1337:1345 endoplasmic reticulum 1325:1345 endoplasmic reticulum profiles 1325:1354 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 3 dep stalk 1207:1211 arg1 the 1203:1205 the 1203:1205 the 1203:1205 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 7 4 theme urban 454:458 arg1 greenery 460:467 urban greenery 454:467 urban greenery 454:467 It can be planted in urban greenery and in degraded areas. 33180181 5 5 theme Robinia 332:338 arg1 var 348:350 Robinia viscosa var 332:350 Robinia viscosa var. 332:351 Robinia viscosa var. 33180181 17 6 theme phytopharmaceuticals 2085:2104 arg1 source 2075:2080 a source 2073:2080 a source of phytopharmaceuticals 2073:2104 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 development 657:667 development 657:667 development 657:667 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 localisation 776:787 localisation 776:787 localisation 776:787 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 ultrastructure 695:708 ultrastructure 695:708 ultrastructure 695:708 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 distribution 635:646 distribution 635:646 distribution 635:646 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 morphology 670:679 morphology 670:679 morphology 670:679 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 composition 793:803 composition 793:803 composition 793:803 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 anatomy 682:688 anatomy 682:688 anatomy 682:688 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 7 theme trichomes 723:731 arg1 origin 649:654 origin 649:654 origin 649:654 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 12 8 with chloroplasts 1263:1274 arg1 thylakoids 1281:1290 thylakoids 1281:1290 thylakoids 1281:1290 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 8 with chloroplasts 1263:1274 arg1 grains 1303:1308 starch grains 1296:1308 starch grains 1296:1308 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 17 9 from function 1991:1998 arg1 protection 2003:2012 protection 2003:2012 protection of plants against biotic stress conditions 2003:2055 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 33180181 17 10 theme plants 2017:2022 arg1 protection 2003:2012 protection 2003:2012 protection of plants against biotic stress conditions 2003:2055 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 33180181 9 11 theme locust 746:751 arg1 flowers 753:759 Hartweg's locust flowers 736:759 Hartweg's locust flowers 736:759 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 13 12 dep compounds 1444:1452 arg1 forming 1467:1473 forming 1467:1473 forming various condensed deposits 1467:1500 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 13 12 dep compounds 1444:1452 arg1 dissolved 1454:1462 dissolved 1454:1462 dissolved 1454:1462 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 17 13 theme biotic 2032:2037 arg1 conditions 2046:2055 biotic stress conditions 2032:2055 biotic stress conditions 2032:2055 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 33180181 13 14 contain contained 1425:1433 arg2 compounds 1444:1452 phenolic compounds 1435:1452 phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits 1435:1500 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 13 14 contain contained 1425:1433 arg1 vacuoles 1416:1423 Many vacuoles 1411:1423 Many vacuoles 1411:1423 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 4 15 theme secondary 252:260 arg1 metabolites 262:272 several secondary metabolites 244:272 several secondary metabolites 244:272 hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. 33180181 11 16 theme glandular 1017:1025 arg1 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 11 16 theme glandular 1017:1025 arg1 trichomes 1027:1035 The massive glandular trichomes 1005:1035 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development 1005:1099 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 14 17 theme symplast 1553:1560 arg1 elements 1562:1569 symplast elements 1553:1569 symplast elements 1553:1569 The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. 33180181 4 18 theme viscous 215:221 arg1 secretion 223:231 viscous secretion 215:231 viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids 215:329 hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. 33180181 6 19 theme apicultural 414:424 arg1 value 426:430 high apicultural value 409:430 high apicultural value 409:430 hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. 33180181 6 20 with tree 399:402 arg1 value 426:430 high apicultural value 409:430 high apicultural value 409:430 hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. 33180181 14 21 theme secretion 1621:1629 arg1 modes 1605:1609 the granulocrine and eccrine modes 1576:1609 the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion 1576:1629 The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. 33180181 11 22 theme stalk 1148:1152 arg1 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 11 22 theme stalk 1148:1152 arg1 trichomes 1027:1035 The massive glandular trichomes 1005:1035 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development 1005:1099 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 3 23 theme Permanent 143:151 arg1 trichomes 163:171 Permanent glandular trichomes 143:171 Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. 143:195 Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. 33180181 6 24 theme ornamental 388:397 arg1 tree 399:402 an ornamental tree 385:402 an ornamental tree with high apicultural value 385:430 hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. 33180181 6 24 theme ornamental 388:397 arg1 hartwigii 353:361 hartwigii 353:361 hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) 353:380 hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. 33180181 3 25 theme var 192:194 arg1 trichomes 163:171 Permanent glandular trichomes 143:171 Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. 143:195 Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. 33180181 13 26 theme various 1475:1481 arg1 deposits 1493:1500 various condensed deposits 1475:1500 various condensed deposits 1475:1500 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 0 27 theme Glandular 0:8 arg1 trichomes 10:18 Glandular trichomes 0:18 Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. 0:43 Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. 33180181 11 28 theme head 1174:1177 arg1 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 11 28 theme head 1174:1177 arg1 trichomes 1027:1035 The massive glandular trichomes 1005:1035 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development 1005:1099 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 development 657:667 development 657:667 development 657:667 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 localisation 776:787 localisation 776:787 localisation 776:787 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 ultrastructure 695:708 ultrastructure 695:708 ultrastructure 695:708 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 distribution 635:646 distribution 635:646 distribution 635:646 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 morphology 670:679 morphology 670:679 morphology 670:679 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 composition 793:803 composition 793:803 composition 793:803 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 anatomy 682:688 anatomy 682:688 anatomy 682:688 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 9 29 theme products 824:831 arg1 origin 649:654 origin 649:654 origin 649:654 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 10 30 theme light 884:888 arg1 scanning 891:898 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 884:936 scanning 891:898 To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. 33180181 0 31 theme viscosa 31:37 arg1 Vent 39:42 Robinia viscosa Vent 23:42 Robinia viscosa Vent 23:42 Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. 33180181 10 32 theme electron 918:925 arg1 microscopy 927:936 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 884:936 microscopy 927:936 To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. 33180181 12 33 theme large 1226:1230 arg1 nuclei 1232:1237 large nuclei 1226:1237 large nuclei 1226:1237 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 8 34 theme persistent 572:581 arg1 trichomes 593:601 numerous persistent glandular trichomes 563:601 numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion 563:628 The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. 33180181 11 35 theme development 1089:1099 arg1 length 1068:1073 length 1068:1073 length 1068:1073 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 11 35 theme development 1089:1099 arg1 stage 1080:1084 stage 1080:1084 stage 1080:1084 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 11 35 theme development 1089:1099 arg1 distribution 1054:1065 distribution 1054:1065 distribution 1054:1065 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 13 36 theme Many 1411:1414 arg1 vacuoles 1416:1423 Many vacuoles 1411:1423 Many vacuoles 1411:1423 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 12 37 from cells 1194:1198 arg1 head 1217:1220 head 1217:1220 head 1217:1220 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 37 from cells 1194:1198 arg1 stalk 1207:1211 stalk 1207:1211 stalk 1207:1211 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 8 38 theme sticky 613:618 arg1 secretion 620:628 sticky secretion 613:628 sticky secretion 613:628 The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. 33180181 7 39 theme degraded 476:483 arg1 areas 485:489 degraded areas 476:489 degraded areas 476:489 It can be planted in urban greenery and in degraded areas. 33180181 17 40 theme important 1981:1989 arg1 function 1991:1998 an important function 1978:1998 an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions 1978:2055 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 33180181 12 41 theme secretory 1184:1192 arg1 cells 1194:1198 The secretory cells 1180:1198 The secretory cells in the stalk and head 1180:1220 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 9 42 dep distribution 635:646 arg1 The 631:633 The 631:633 The 631:633 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 15 43 theme subcuticular 1683:1694 arg1 space 1696:1700 the subcuticular space 1679:1700 the subcuticular space 1679:1700 The secretion was accumulated in the subcuticular space at the trichome apex and released through a pore in the cuticle. 33180181 16 44 theme polyphenol 1870:1879 arg1 compounds 1881:1889 lipophilic and polyphenol compounds 1855:1889 compounds 1881:1889 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 12 45 theme multivesicular 1388:1401 arg1 bodies 1403:1408 multivesicular bodies 1388:1408 multivesicular bodies 1388:1408 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 4 46 contain containing 233:242 arg2 metabolites 262:272 several secondary metabolites 244:272 several secondary metabolites 244:272 hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. 33180181 4 46 contain containing 233:242 arg1 secretion 223:231 viscous secretion 215:231 viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids 215:329 hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. 33180181 5 47 theme viscosa 340:346 arg1 var 348:350 Robinia viscosa var 332:350 Robinia viscosa var. 332:351 Robinia viscosa var. 33180181 9 48 theme glandular 713:721 arg1 trichomes 723:731 glandular trichomes 713:731 glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers 713:759 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 12 49 theme starch 1296:1301 arg1 grains 1303:1308 starch grains 1296:1308 starch grains 1296:1308 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 14 50 theme eccrine 1597:1603 arg1 modes 1605:1609 the granulocrine and eccrine modes 1576:1609 the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion 1576:1629 The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. 33180181 10 51 theme fluorescence 970:981 arg1 techniques 983:992 fluorescence techniques 970:992 fluorescence techniques 970:992 To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. 33180181 14 52 theme granulocrine 1580:1591 arg1 modes 1605:1609 the granulocrine and eccrine modes 1576:1609 the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion 1576:1629 The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. 33180181 10 53 used used 999:1002 arg2 scanning 891:898 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 884:936 scanning 891:898 To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. 33180181 10 53 used used 999:1002 arg2 microscopy 927:936 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 884:936 microscopy 927:936 To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. 33180181 11 54 dep distribution 1054:1065 arg1 the 1050:1052 the 1050:1052 the 1050:1052 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 17 55 theme stress 2039:2044 arg1 conditions 2046:2055 biotic stress conditions 2032:2055 biotic stress conditions 2032:2055 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 33180181 15 56 theme trichome 1709:1716 arg1 apex 1718:1721 the trichome apex 1705:1721 the trichome apex 1705:1721 The secretion was accumulated in the subcuticular space at the trichome apex and released through a pore in the cuticle. 33180181 8 57 theme plant 539:543 arg1 inflorescences 516:529 inflorescences 516:529 inflorescences 516:529 The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. 33180181 8 57 theme plant 539:543 arg1 shoots 496:501 The shoots 492:501 The shoots 492:501 The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. 33180181 11 58 theme massive 1009:1015 arg1 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 built 1106:1110 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 11 58 theme massive 1009:1015 arg1 trichomes 1027:1035 The massive glandular trichomes 1005:1035 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development 1005:1099 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 4 59 theme several 244:250 arg1 metabolites 262:272 several secondary metabolites 244:272 several secondary metabolites 244:272 hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. 33180181 16 60 contain contained 1845:1853 arg2 alkaloids 1923:1931 alkaloids 1923:1931 alkaloids 1923:1931 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 16 60 contain contained 1845:1853 arg2 compounds 1881:1889 lipophilic and polyphenol compounds 1855:1889 compounds 1881:1889 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 16 60 contain contained 1845:1853 arg1 trichomes 1821:1829 the trichomes 1817:1829 the trichomes 1817:1829 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 16 60 contain contained 1845:1853 arg2 polysaccharides 1892:1906 polysaccharides 1892:1906 polysaccharides 1892:1906 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 16 60 contain contained 1845:1853 arg2 proteins 1909:1916 proteins 1909:1916 proteins 1909:1916 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 16 60 contain contained 1845:1853 arg1 secretion 1835:1843 secretion 1835:1843 secretion 1835:1843 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 16 61 theme lipophilic 1855:1864 arg1 compounds 1881:1889 lipophilic and polyphenol compounds 1855:1889 compounds 1881:1889 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 3 62 theme glandular 153:161 arg1 trichomes 163:171 Permanent glandular trichomes 143:171 Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. 143:195 Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. 33180181 12 63 contain had 1222:1224 arg1 cells 1194:1198 The secretory cells 1180:1198 The secretory cells in the stalk and head 1180:1220 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 63 contain had 1222:1224 arg2 nuclei 1232:1237 large nuclei 1226:1237 large nuclei 1226:1237 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 11 64 theme multiseriate 1135:1146 arg1 stalk 1148:1152 a multicellular and multiseriate stalk 1115:1152 a multicellular and multiseriate stalk 1115:1152 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 12 65 theme reticulum 1337:1345 arg1 chloroplasts 1263:1274 numerous chloroplasts 1254:1274 numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains 1254:1308 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 65 theme reticulum 1337:1345 arg1 profiles 1347:1354 endoplasmic reticulum profiles 1325:1354 endoplasmic reticulum profiles 1325:1354 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 6 66 theme high 409:412 arg1 value 426:430 high apicultural value 409:430 high apicultural value 409:430 hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. 33180181 14 67 theme nectar 1614:1619 arg1 secretion 1621:1629 nectar secretion 1614:1629 nectar secretion 1614:1629 The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. 33180181 11 68 theme multicellular 1117:1129 arg1 stalk 1148:1152 a multicellular and multiseriate stalk 1115:1152 a multicellular and multiseriate stalk 1115:1152 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 2 69 dep Koehne 61:66 arg1 Ashe 69:72 Ashe 69:72 Ashe 69:72 hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)-morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. 33180181 2 69 dep Koehne 61:66 arg1 Fabaceae 86:93 Fabaceae 86:93 Fabaceae 86:93 hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)-morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. 33180181 2 69 dep Koehne 61:66 arg1 Faboideae 75:83 Faboideae 75:83 Faboideae 75:83 hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)-morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. 33180181 14 70 theme secretion 1507:1515 arg1 components 1517:1526 The secretion components 1503:1526 The secretion components 1503:1526 The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. 33180181 11 71 theme multicellular 1160:1172 arg1 head 1174:1177 a multicellular head 1158:1177 a multicellular head 1158:1177 The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. 33180181 12 72 theme numerous 1254:1261 arg1 chloroplasts 1263:1274 numerous chloroplasts 1254:1274 numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains 1254:1308 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 72 theme numerous 1254:1261 arg1 profiles 1347:1354 endoplasmic reticulum profiles 1325:1354 endoplasmic reticulum profiles 1325:1354 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 72 theme numerous 1254:1261 arg1 apparatus 1363:1371 Golgi apparatus 1357:1371 Golgi apparatus 1357:1371 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 72 theme numerous 1254:1261 arg1 vesicles 1374:1381 vesicles 1374:1381 vesicles 1374:1381 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 12 72 theme numerous 1254:1261 arg1 mitochondria 1311:1322 mitochondria 1311:1322 mitochondria 1311:1322 The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. 33180181 9 73 theme secretory 814:822 arg1 products 824:831 their secretory products 808:831 their secretory products 808:831 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 13 74 theme condensed 1483:1491 arg1 deposits 1493:1500 various condensed deposits 1475:1500 various condensed deposits 1475:1500 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 0 75 theme Robinia 23:29 arg1 Vent 39:42 Robinia viscosa Vent 23:42 Robinia viscosa Vent 23:42 Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. 33180181 8 76 theme numerous 563:570 arg1 trichomes 593:601 numerous persistent glandular trichomes 563:601 numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion 563:628 The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. 33180181 13 77 theme phenolic 1435:1442 arg1 compounds 1444:1452 phenolic compounds 1435:1452 phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits 1435:1500 Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. 33180181 0 78 theme Vent 39:42 arg1 trichomes 10:18 Glandular trichomes 0:18 Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. 0:43 Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. 33180181 8 79 theme glandular 583:591 arg1 trichomes 593:601 numerous persistent glandular trichomes 563:601 numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion 563:628 The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. 33180181 16 80 theme Histochemical 1767:1779 arg1 assays 1798:1803 Histochemical and fluorescence assays 1767:1803 assays 1798:1803 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 10 81 theme transmission 905:916 arg1 microscopy 927:936 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 884:936 microscopy 927:936 To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. 33180181 2 82 dep -morphology 95:105 arg1 Koehne 61:66 Koehne 61:66 Koehne 61:66 hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)-morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. 33180181 9 83 theme first 859:863 arg1 time 865:868 the first time 855:868 the first time 855:868 The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. 33180181 16 84 theme fluorescence 1785:1796 arg1 assays 1798:1803 Histochemical and fluorescence assays 1767:1803 assays 1798:1803 Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. 33180181 17 85 from source 2075:2080 arg1 future 2113:2118 future 2113:2118 future 2113:2118 We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future. 34207190 5 0 theme size 818:821 arg1 chromatography 833:846 size exclusion chromatography 818:846 size exclusion chromatography 818:846 The structural changes were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography. 34207190 8 1 theme nanosilver/graphene 1185:1203 arg1 oxide 1205:1209 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1185:1209 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1185:1209 The foils containing nanosilver and nanosilver/graphene oxide presented bacteriostatic activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. 34207190 3 2 theme graphene 529:536 arg1 oxide 538:542 graphene oxide 529:542 graphene oxide 529:542 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 3 2 theme graphene 529:536 arg1 hyaluronate 471:481 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 hyaluronate 471:481 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 0 3 theme Acid 177:180 arg1 Matrix 182:187 Hyaluronic Acid Matrix 166:187 Hyaluronic Acid Matrix 166:187 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 1 4 theme applications 263:274 arg1 range 254:258 a wide range 247:258 a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences 247:297 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 5 5 theme exclusion 823:831 arg1 chromatography 833:846 size exclusion chromatography 818:846 size exclusion chromatography 818:846 The structural changes were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography. 34207190 6 6 theme nanosilver/graphene 989:1007 arg1 oxide 1009:1013 nanosilver/graphene oxide 989:1013 nanosilver/graphene oxide 989:1013 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 7 7 theme mechanical 1037:1046 arg1 strength 1092:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 7 theme mechanical 1037:1046 arg1 break 1119:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 7 theme mechanical 1037:1046 arg1 thickness 1073:1081 thickness 1073:1081 thickness 1073:1081 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 7 theme mechanical 1037:1046 arg1 properties 1048:1057 the mechanical properties 1033:1057 the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) 1033:1124 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 5 8 theme infrared 790:797 arg1 spectra 806:812 infrared (FTIR) spectra 790:812 infrared (FTIR) spectra 790:812 The structural changes were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography. 34207190 3 9 theme hyaluronate 494:504 arg1 nanosilver 517:526 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 nanosilver 517:526 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 10 10 theme WM266-4 1495:1501 arg1 lines 1508:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines 1480:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) 1480:1538 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 4 11 theme silver 702:707 arg1 nanoparticles 709:721 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles 693:721 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles 693:721 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 1 12 theme biomedical 279:288 arg1 sciences 290:297 biomedical sciences 279:297 biomedical sciences 279:297 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 0 13 theme Foils 106:110 arg1 Properties 78:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties 31:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils 31:110 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 10 14 theme melanoma 1486:1493 arg1 lines 1508:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines 1480:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) 1480:1538 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 4 15 theme electron 640:647 arg1 SEM 661:663 SEM 661:663 SEM 661:663 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 4 15 theme electron 640:647 arg1 microscopy 649:658 scanning electron microscopy 631:658 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 631:664 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 5 16 theme FTIR 800:803 arg1 spectra 806:812 infrared (FTIR) spectra 790:812 infrared (FTIR) spectra 790:812 The structural changes were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography. 34207190 10 17 contain containing 1392:1401 arg2 oxide 1412:1416 graphene oxide 1403:1416 graphene oxide 1403:1416 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 10 17 contain containing 1392:1401 arg1 composites 1381:1390 The composites 1377:1390 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide 1377:1446 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 10 17 contain containing 1392:1401 arg2 oxide 1442:1446 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1422:1446 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1422:1446 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 10 18 theme human 1480:1484 arg1 lines 1508:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines 1480:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) 1480:1538 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 10 19 theme graphene 1403:1410 arg1 oxide 1412:1416 graphene oxide 1403:1416 graphene oxide 1403:1416 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 1 20 theme Natural 190:196 arg1 acid 236:239 hyaluronic acid 225:239 hyaluronic acid 225:239 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 1 20 theme Natural 190:196 arg1 polysaccharides 198:212 Natural polysaccharides 190:212 Natural polysaccharides 190:212 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 0 21 theme Silver 123:128 arg1 Nanoparticles 130:142 Silver Nanoparticles 123:142 Silver Nanoparticles 123:142 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 4 22 theme scanning 631:638 arg1 SEM 661:663 SEM 661:663 SEM 661:663 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 4 22 theme scanning 631:638 arg1 microscopy 649:658 scanning electron microscopy 631:658 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 631:664 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 6 23 theme obtained 853:860 arg1 results 862:868 The obtained results 849:868 The obtained results 849:868 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 9 24 dep control 1331:1337 arg1 the 1327:1329 the 1327:1329 the 1327:1329 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 3 25 theme pure 459:462 arg1 hyaluronate 471:481 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 hyaluronate 471:481 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 3 25 theme pure 459:462 arg1 oxide 565:569 nanosilver/graphene oxide 545:569 nanosilver/graphene oxide 545:569 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 3 25 theme pure 459:462 arg1 oxide 538:542 graphene oxide 529:542 graphene oxide 529:542 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 5 26 dep using 765:769 arg1 transforms 779:788 transforms 779:788 using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography 765:846 The structural changes were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography. 34207190 8 27 theme bacteriostatic 1221:1234 arg1 activity 1236:1243 bacteriostatic activity 1221:1243 bacteriostatic activity 1221:1243 The foils containing nanosilver and nanosilver/graphene oxide presented bacteriostatic activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. 34207190 5 28 theme structural 728:737 arg1 changes 739:745 The structural changes 724:745 The structural changes 724:745 The structural changes were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and size exclusion chromatography. 34207190 6 29 contain containing 978:987 arg1 sample 971:976 a sample 969:976 a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide 969:1013 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 6 29 contain containing 978:987 arg2 oxide 1009:1013 nanosilver/graphene oxide 989:1013 nanosilver/graphene oxide 989:1013 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 8 30 contain containing 1159:1168 arg1 foils 1153:1157 The foils 1149:1157 The foils containing nanosilver and nanosilver/graphene oxide 1149:1209 The foils containing nanosilver and nanosilver/graphene oxide presented bacteriostatic activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. 34207190 8 30 contain containing 1159:1168 arg2 oxide 1205:1209 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1185:1209 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1185:1209 The foils containing nanosilver and nanosilver/graphene oxide presented bacteriostatic activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. 34207190 8 30 contain containing 1159:1168 arg2 nanosilver 1170:1179 nanosilver 1170:1179 nanosilver 1170:1179 The foils containing nanosilver and nanosilver/graphene oxide presented bacteriostatic activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. 34207190 4 31 theme nanoparticles 709:721 arg1 formation 680:688 the formation 676:688 the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles 676:721 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 0 32 theme Graphene 148:155 arg1 Oxide 157:161 Graphene Oxide 148:161 Graphene Oxide 148:161 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 7 33 dep properties 1048:1057 arg1 break 1119:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 33 dep properties 1048:1057 arg1 properties 1048:1057 the mechanical properties 1033:1057 the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) 1033:1124 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 33 dep properties 1048:1057 arg1 thickness 1073:1081 thickness 1073:1081 thickness 1073:1081 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 33 dep properties 1048:1057 arg1 strength 1092:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 1 34 theme hyaluronic 225:234 arg1 acid 236:239 hyaluronic acid 225:239 hyaluronic acid 225:239 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 1 35 from sciences 290:297 arg1 range 254:258 a wide range 247:258 a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences 247:297 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 10 36 theme cell 1503:1506 arg1 lines 1508:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines 1480:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) 1480:1538 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 2 37 theme growing 311:317 arg1 interest 319:326 a growing interest 309:326 a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene 309:420 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 3 38 theme sodium 487:492 arg1 nanosilver 517:526 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 nanosilver 517:526 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 6 39 from weights 899:905 arg1 samples 914:920 the samples 910:920 the samples containing nanoparticles 910:945 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 4 40 theme UV-vis 607:612 arg1 spectroscopy 614:625 UV-vis spectroscopy 607:625 UV-vis spectroscopy 607:625 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 1 41 from applications 263:274 arg1 sciences 290:297 biomedical sciences 279:297 biomedical sciences 279:297 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 4 42 theme 10-20 693:697 arg1 nm 699:700 nm 699:700 nm 699:700 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 6 43 from changes 878:884 arg1 weights 899:905 molecular weights 889:905 molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles 889:945 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 3 44 theme sodium 464:469 arg1 hyaluronate 471:481 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 hyaluronate 471:481 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 3 44 theme sodium 464:469 arg1 oxide 565:569 nanosilver/graphene oxide 545:569 nanosilver/graphene oxide 545:569 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 3 44 theme sodium 464:469 arg1 oxide 538:542 graphene oxide 529:542 graphene oxide 529:542 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 0 45 theme Physicochemical 31:45 arg1 Properties 78:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties 31:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils 31:110 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 7 46 theme tensile 1084:1090 arg1 properties 1048:1057 the mechanical properties 1033:1057 the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) 1033:1124 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 46 theme tensile 1084:1090 arg1 strength 1092:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 3 47 theme hyaluronate 471:481 arg1 foils 450:454 foils 450:454 foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide 450:569 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 1 48 from range 254:258 arg1 sciences 290:297 biomedical sciences 279:297 biomedical sciences 279:297 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 3 49 theme nanosilver 517:526 arg1 foils 450:454 foils 450:454 foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide 450:569 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 0 50 theme Biological 48:57 arg1 Properties 78:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties 31:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils 31:110 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 0 51 theme Hyaluronic 166:175 arg1 Acid 177:180 Hyaluronic Acid 166:180 Hyaluronic Acid Matrix 166:187 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 10 52 theme nanosilver/graphene 1422:1440 arg1 oxide 1442:1446 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1422:1446 nanosilver/graphene oxide 1422:1446 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 6 53 contain containing 922:931 arg2 nanoparticles 933:945 nanoparticles 933:945 nanoparticles 933:945 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 6 53 contain containing 922:931 arg1 samples 914:920 the samples 910:920 the samples containing nanoparticles 910:945 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 9 54 located observed 1315:1322 arg2 which 1301:1305 which 1301:1305 which 1301:1305 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 9 54 located observed 1315:1322 arg1 sample 1343:1348 sample 1343:1348 sample 1343:1348 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 9 54 located observed 1315:1322 arg1 control 1331:1337 control 1331:1337 control 1331:1337 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 10 55 from effect 1470:1475 arg1 lines 1508:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines 1480:1512 human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) 1480:1538 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 2 56 theme hyaluronic 357:366 arg1 acid 368:371 hyaluronic acid 357:371 hyaluronic acid 357:371 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 10 57 theme cytotoxic 1460:1468 arg1 effect 1470:1475 a cytotoxic effect 1458:1475 a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) 1458:1538 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 7 58 theme elongation 1105:1114 arg1 break 1119:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 58 theme elongation 1105:1114 arg1 properties 1048:1057 the mechanical properties 1033:1057 the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) 1033:1124 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 59 theme foils 1066:1070 arg1 strength 1092:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 tensile strength 1084:1099 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 59 theme foils 1066:1070 arg1 wettability 1136:1146 their wettability 1130:1146 their wettability 1130:1146 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 59 theme foils 1066:1070 arg1 thickness 1073:1081 thickness 1073:1081 thickness 1073:1081 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 59 theme foils 1066:1070 arg1 break 1119:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 59 theme foils 1066:1070 arg1 properties 1048:1057 the mechanical properties 1033:1057 the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) 1033:1124 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 3 60 theme containing 506:515 arg1 nanosilver 517:526 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 nanosilver 517:526 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 1 61 theme wide 249:252 arg1 range 254:258 a wide range 247:258 a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences 247:297 Natural polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, find a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. 34207190 0 62 theme Properties 78:87 arg1 Investigation 14:26 Investigation 14:26 Investigation 14:26 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 0 62 theme Properties 78:87 arg1 Formation 0:8 Formation 0:8 Formation 0:8 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 6 63 theme molecular 889:897 arg1 weights 899:905 molecular weights 889:905 molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles 889:945 The obtained results suggest changes in molecular weights in the samples containing nanoparticles, which was highest in a sample containing nanosilver/graphene oxide. 34207190 7 64 theme at 1116:1117 arg1 break 1119:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 64 theme at 1116:1117 arg1 properties 1048:1057 the mechanical properties 1033:1057 the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) 1033:1124 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 9 65 contain containing 1350:1359 arg2 oxide 1370:1374 graphene oxide 1361:1374 graphene oxide 1361:1374 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 9 65 contain containing 1350:1359 arg1 control 1331:1337 control 1331:1337 control 1331:1337 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 4 66 theme nm 699:700 arg1 nanoparticles 709:721 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles 693:721 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles 693:721 UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of 10-20 nm silver nanoparticles. 34207190 0 67 theme Bacteriostatic 63:76 arg1 Properties 78:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties 31:87 Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils 31:110 Formation and Investigation of Physicochemical, Biological and Bacteriostatic Properties of Nanocomposite Foils Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide in Hyaluronic Acid Matrix. 34207190 2 68 contain containing 346:355 arg2 nanometals 399:408 nanometals 399:408 nanometals 399:408 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 2 68 contain containing 346:355 arg2 acid 368:371 hyaluronic acid 357:371 hyaluronic acid 357:371 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 2 68 contain containing 346:355 arg2 nanoparticles 377:389 nanoparticles 377:389 nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene 377:420 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 2 68 contain containing 346:355 arg2 graphene 413:420 graphene 413:420 graphene 413:420 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 2 68 contain containing 346:355 arg1 nanocomposites 331:344 nanocomposites 331:344 nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene 331:420 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 10 69 dep lines 1508:1512 arg1 VA 1531:1532 VA 1531:1532 VA 1531:1532 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 10 69 dep lines 1508:1512 arg1 Manassas 1521:1528 Manassas 1521:1528 Manassas 1521:1528 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 10 69 dep lines 1508:1512 arg1 USA 1535:1537 USA 1535:1537 USA 1535:1537 The composites containing graphene oxide and nanosilver/graphene oxide exhibited a cytotoxic effect on human melanoma WM266-4 cell lines (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 34207190 9 70 theme graphene 1361:1368 arg1 oxide 1370:1374 graphene oxide 1361:1374 graphene oxide 1361:1374 and Bacillus spp., which was not observed in the control and sample containing graphene oxide. 34207190 3 71 theme nanosilver/graphene 545:563 arg1 hyaluronate 471:481 pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver 459:526 hyaluronate 471:481 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 3 71 theme nanosilver/graphene 545:563 arg1 oxide 565:569 nanosilver/graphene oxide 545:569 nanosilver/graphene oxide 545:569 In this study, we prepared foils of pure sodium hyaluronate and sodium hyaluronate containing nanosilver, graphene oxide, nanosilver/graphene oxide and characterized their properties. 34207190 2 72 from interest 319:326 arg1 nanocomposites 331:344 nanocomposites 331:344 nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene 331:420 There is a growing interest in nanocomposites containing hyaluronic acid and nanoparticles such as nanometals or graphene. 34207190 7 73 from break 1119:1123 arg1 at 1116:1117 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 34207190 7 73 from break 1119:1123 arg1 elongation 1105:1114 elongation at break 1105:1123 elongation at break 1105:1123 We also assessed the mechanical properties of the foils (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) and their wettability. 32295844 0 0 theme timely 75:80 arg1 disjunction 82:92 timely disjunction 75:92 timely disjunction of centrosomes 75:107 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 2 1 theme centrosome 457:466 arg1 integrity 468:476 centrosome integrity 457:476 centrosome integrity 457:476 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 2 2 theme mitotic 321:327 arg1 numbers 340:346 the mitotic centrosome numbers 317:346 the mitotic centrosome numbers 317:346 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 3 3 theme inhibitor 669:677 arg1 Thiamet-G 679:687 the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 661:687 the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 661:687 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 9 4 theme much 1639:1642 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1644:1651 too much O-GlcNAc 1635:1651 too much O-GlcNAc 1635:1651 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 5 5 theme PLK1 882:885 arg1 inactivation 887:898 PLK1 inactivation 882:898 PLK1 inactivation 882:898 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 5 6 theme -protein 966:973 arg1 complex 999:1005 -protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 966:1005 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 4 7 theme mitotic 859:865 arg1 kinase 840:845 Polo-like kinase 1 830:847 Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) 830:854 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 4 7 theme mitotic 859:865 arg1 kinase 874:879 a mitotic master kinase 857:879 a mitotic master kinase 857:879 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 8 8 theme O-GlcNAc 1493:1500 arg1 levels 1502:1507 high O-GlcNAc levels 1488:1507 high O-GlcNAc levels 1488:1507 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 32295844 3 9 theme biological 520:529 arg1 assays 531:536 biological assays 520:536 biological assays with HeLa cells 520:552 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 2 10 theme O-GlcNAcase 261:271 arg1 disruptions 279:289 both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions 225:289 both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions 225:289 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 3 11 with incubation 632:641 arg1 Thiamet-G 679:687 the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 661:687 the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 661:687 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 1 12 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 O-GlcNAc 152:159 O-GlcNAc 152:159 O-GlcNAc 152:159 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 1 12 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 122:173 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 7 13 from Thr-577 1277:1283 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 3 14 theme centrosomal 709:719 arg1 distances 721:729 centrosomal distances 709:729 centrosomal distances 709:729 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 3 15 theme chemical 496:503 arg1 approaches 505:514 chemical approaches 496:514 chemical approaches 496:514 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 1 16 theme modification 162:173 arg1 role 114:117 The role 110:117 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle 110:191 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 1 16 theme modification 162:173 arg1 enigmatic 202:210 enigmatic 202:210 enigmatic 202:210 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 0 17 theme centrosomes 97:107 arg1 disjunction 82:92 timely disjunction 75:92 timely disjunction of centrosomes 75:107 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 3 18 with approaches 505:514 arg1 cells 548:552 HeLa cells 543:552 HeLa cells 543:552 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 9 19 theme successful 1764:1773 arg1 divisions 1783:1791 successful mitotic divisions 1764:1791 successful mitotic divisions 1764:1791 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 3 20 with assays 531:536 arg1 cells 548:552 HeLa cells 543:552 HeLa cells 543:552 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 7 21 theme PLK1 1450:1453 arg1 activity 1455:1462 PLK1 activity 1450:1462 PLK1 activity 1450:1462 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 3 22 theme HeLa 543:546 arg1 cells 548:552 HeLa cells 543:552 HeLa cells 543:552 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 4 23 theme master 867:872 arg1 kinase 840:845 Polo-like kinase 1 830:847 Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) 830:854 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 4 23 theme master 867:872 arg1 kinase 874:879 a mitotic master kinase 857:879 a mitotic master kinase 857:879 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 6 24 theme chemoenzymatic 1170:1183 arg1 labeling 1185:1192 chemoenzymatic labeling 1170:1192 chemoenzymatic labeling 1170:1192 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 3 25 theme suggestive 732:741 arg1 distances 721:729 centrosomal distances 709:729 centrosomal distances 709:729 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 5 26 theme myosin 920:925 arg1 subunit 949:955 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 916:957 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 5 26 theme myosin 920:925 arg1 MYPT1 960:964 MYPT1 960:964 MYPT1 960:964 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 1 27 theme cell 182:185 arg1 cycle 187:191 the cell cycle 178:191 the cell cycle 178:191 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 0 28 theme phosphatase 26:36 arg1 subunit 48:54 myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 19:56 myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) 19:64 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 0 28 theme phosphatase 26:36 arg1 MYPT1 59:63 MYPT1 59:63 MYPT1 59:63 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 5 29 theme phosphatase 975:985 arg1 complex 999:1005 -protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 966:1005 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 9 30 theme little 1683:1688 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1690:1697 too little O-GlcNAc 1679:1697 too little O-GlcNAc 1679:1697 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 1 31 from role 114:117 arg1 cycle 187:191 the cell cycle 178:191 the cell cycle 178:191 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 5 32 theme phosphatase 927:937 arg1 subunit 949:955 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 916:957 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 5 32 theme phosphatase 927:937 arg1 MYPT1 960:964 MYPT1 960:964 MYPT1 960:964 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 7 33 from Ser-473 1369:1375 arg1 phosphorylation 1350:1364 CDK1-dependent phosphorylation 1335:1364 CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 1335:1375 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 0 34 theme myosin 19:24 arg1 subunit 48:54 myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 19:56 myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) 19:64 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 0 34 theme myosin 19:24 arg1 MYPT1 59:63 MYPT1 59:63 MYPT1 59:63 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 8 35 theme inopportune 1551:1561 arg1 separation 1574:1583 inopportune centrosome separation 1551:1583 inopportune centrosome separation 1551:1583 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 32295844 6 36 theme recent 1127:1132 arg1 screen 1153:1158 a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen 1125:1158 a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation 1125:1222 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 5 37 theme targeting 939:947 arg1 subunit 949:955 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 916:957 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 5 37 theme targeting 939:947 arg1 MYPT1 960:964 MYPT1 960:964 MYPT1 960:964 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 0 38 theme subunit 48:54 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) 0:64 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 5 39 theme 1cβ 987:989 arg1 complex 999:1005 -protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 966:1005 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 2 40 theme mitotic 365:371 arg1 oscillation 382:392 mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation 365:392 mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation 365:392 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 3 41 theme disjunction 767:777 arg1 suggestive 732:741 suggestive 732:741 suggestive 732:741 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 0 42 theme targeting 38:46 arg1 subunit 48:54 myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 19:56 myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) 19:64 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 0 42 theme targeting 38:46 arg1 MYPT1 59:63 MYPT1 59:63 MYPT1 59:63 O-GlcNAcylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) dictates timely disjunction of centrosomes. 32295844 6 43 theme O-GlcNAc-profiling 1134:1151 arg1 screen 1153:1158 a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen 1125:1158 a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation 1125:1222 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 5 44 theme PP1cβ 992:996 arg1 complex 999:1005 -protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 966:1005 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 2 45 theme O-GlcNAc 373:380 arg1 oscillation 382:392 mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation 365:392 mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation 365:392 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 8 46 theme centrosome 1563:1572 arg1 separation 1574:1583 inopportune centrosome separation 1551:1583 inopportune centrosome separation 1551:1583 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 32295844 7 47 theme CDK1-dependent 1335:1348 arg1 phosphorylation 1350:1364 CDK1-dependent phosphorylation 1335:1364 CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 1335:1375 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 4 48 theme Polo-like 830:838 arg1 kinase 840:845 Polo-like kinase 1 830:847 Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) 830:854 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 4 48 theme Polo-like 830:838 arg1 PLK1 850:853 PLK1 850:853 PLK1 850:853 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 4 48 theme Polo-like 830:838 arg1 kinase 874:879 a mitotic master kinase 857:879 a mitotic master kinase 857:879 These aberrations could be overcome by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic master kinase. 32295844 7 49 from Ser-585 1286:1292 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 2 50 theme mitotic 422:428 arg1 progression 430:440 mitotic progression 422:440 mitotic progression 422:440 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 3 51 theme premature 746:754 arg1 disjunction 767:777 premature centrosome disjunction 746:777 premature centrosome disjunction 746:777 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 1 52 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 O-GlcNAc 152:159 O-GlcNAc 152:159 O-GlcNAc 152:159 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 1 52 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 122:173 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 6 53 theme bioorthogonal 1198:1210 arg1 conjugation 1212:1222 bioorthogonal conjugation 1198:1222 bioorthogonal conjugation 1198:1222 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 9 54 theme mitotic 1775:1781 arg1 divisions 1783:1791 successful mitotic divisions 1764:1791 successful mitotic divisions 1764:1791 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 6 55 theme modified 1085:1092 arg1 residues 1094:1101 the modified residues 1081:1101 the modified residues 1081:1101 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 3 56 theme centrosome 756:765 arg1 disjunction 767:777 premature centrosome disjunction 746:777 premature centrosome disjunction 746:777 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 9 57 theme fine 1706:1709 arg1 balance 1711:1717 a fine balance 1704:1717 a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo 1704:1741 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 9 57 theme fine 1706:1709 arg1 indispensable 1746:1758 indispensable 1746:1758 indispensable 1746:1758 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 3 58 theme cells 650:654 arg1 incubation 632:641 incubation 632:641 incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 632:687 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 3 59 theme underlying 583:592 arg1 mechanism 604:612 the underlying molecular mechanism 579:612 the underlying molecular mechanism 579:612 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 2 60 with concert 409:415 arg1 progression 430:440 mitotic progression 422:440 mitotic progression 422:440 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 5 61 dep subunit 949:955 arg1 complex 999:1005 -protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 966:1005 the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex 916:1005 PLK1 inactivation is modulated by the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1)-protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ) complex. 32295844 6 62 located detected 1113:1120 arg2 residues 1094:1101 the modified residues 1081:1101 the modified residues 1081:1101 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 6 62 located detected 1113:1120 arg1 screen 1153:1158 a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen 1125:1158 a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation 1125:1222 Interestingly, MYPT1 has been shown to be abundantly O-GlcNAcylated, and the modified residues have been detected in a recent O-GlcNAc-profiling screen utilizing chemoenzymatic labeling and bioorthogonal conjugation. 32295844 7 63 from Ser-589 1295:1301 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 3 64 theme molecular 594:602 arg1 mechanism 604:612 the underlying molecular mechanism 579:612 the underlying molecular mechanism 579:612 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 8 65 theme high 1488:1491 arg1 levels 1502:1507 high O-GlcNAc levels 1488:1507 high O-GlcNAc levels 1488:1507 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 32295844 1 66 mod modification 162:173 arg1 cell 182:185 the cell cycle 178:191 the cell cycle 178:191 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 2 67 theme transferase 239:249 arg1 disruptions 279:289 both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions 225:289 both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions 225:289 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 1 68 theme N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 arg1 modification 162:173 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 122:173 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 122:173 The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the cell cycle has been enigmatic. 32295844 8 69 theme cycle 1612:1616 arg1 separation 1574:1583 inopportune centrosome separation 1551:1583 inopportune centrosome separation 1551:1583 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 32295844 8 69 theme cycle 1612:1616 arg1 disruption 1589:1598 disruption 1589:1598 disruption of the cell cycle 1589:1616 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 32295844 9 70 theme OGT/OGA 1731:1737 arg1 duo 1739:1741 the OGT/OGA duo 1727:1741 the OGT/OGA duo 1727:1741 We propose that too much O-GlcNAc is equally deleterious as too little O-GlcNAc, and a fine balance between the OGT/OGA duo is indispensable for successful mitotic divisions. 32295844 3 71 theme OGA 665:667 arg1 Thiamet-G 679:687 the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 661:687 the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G 661:687 Here, using both chemical approaches and biological assays with HeLa cells, we attempted to address the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that incubation of the cells with the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G strikingly elevates centrosomal distances, suggestive of premature centrosome disjunction. 32295844 2 72 theme O-GlcNAc 230:237 arg1 transferase 239:249 O-GlcNAc transferase 230:249 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 230:255 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 2 72 theme O-GlcNAc 230:237 arg1 OGT 252:254 OGT 252:254 OGT 252:254 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 7 73 from Ser-601 1308:1314 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 O-GlcNAcylated 1259:1272 We demonstrate here that MYPT1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Thr-577, Ser-585, Ser-589, and Ser-601, which antagonizes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-473 and attenuates the association between MYPT1 and PLK1, thereby promoting PLK1 activity. 32295844 2 74 theme centrosome 329:338 arg1 numbers 340:346 the mitotic centrosome numbers 317:346 the mitotic centrosome numbers 317:346 Previously, both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) disruptions have been shown to derail the mitotic centrosome numbers, suggesting that mitotic O-GlcNAc oscillation needs to be in concert with mitotic progression to account for centrosome integrity. 32295844 8 75 theme cell 1607:1610 arg1 cycle 1612:1616 the cell cycle 1603:1616 the cell cycle 1603:1616 We conclude that under high O-GlcNAc levels, PLK1 is untimely activated, conducive to inopportune centrosome separation and disruption of the cell cycle. 34418170 8 0 theme time-course 1248:1258 arg1 profile 1260:1266 The time-course profile 1244:1266 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1244:1300 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 4 1 theme further 784:790 arg1 analysis 807:814 further bioinformatics analysis 784:814 further bioinformatics analysis 784:814 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 12 2 from effect 1769:1774 arg1 expression 1783:1792 the expression 1779:1792 the expression of osteogenic markers 1779:1814 O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i showed an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 2 3 theme O-GlcNAc 442:449 arg1 OGT 464:466 OGT 464:466 OGT 464:466 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 2 3 theme O-GlcNAc 442:449 arg1 transferase 451:461 O-GlcNAc transferase 442:461 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 442:467 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 5 4 theme intracellular 872:884 arg1 [Ca2+ 895:899 [Ca2+ 895:899 [Ca2+ 895:899 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 5 4 theme intracellular 872:884 arg1 calcium 886:892 intracellular calcium 872:892 intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) 872:904 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 7 5 theme osteoblast 1216:1225 arg1 differentiation 1227:1241 osteoblast differentiation 1216:1241 osteoblast differentiation 1216:1241 O-GlcNAcylation was positively associated with osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 5 6 theme confocal 977:984 arg1 microscope 1001:1010 a confocal laser-scanning microscope 975:1010 a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS) 975:1016 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 5 6 theme confocal 977:984 arg1 CLS 1013:1015 CLS 1013:1015 CLS 1013:1015 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 13 7 theme markers 1896:1902 arg1 changes 1874:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes 1841:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers 1841:1902 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 8 8 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1278:1291 arg1 proteins 1293:1300 global O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1271:1300 global O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1271:1300 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 10 9 theme Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins 1552:1588 arg1 analysis 1526:1533 Bioinformatic analysis 1512:1533 Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins 1512:1588 Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins revealed the importance of [Ca2+ ]i . 34418170 6 10 from effect 1035:1040 arg1 expression 1100:1109 osteogenic marker expression 1082:1109 osteogenic marker expression 1082:1109 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 11 11 theme MC3T3-E1 1702:1709 arg1 cells 1711:1715 MC3T3-E1 cells 1702:1715 MC3T3-E1 cells 1702:1715 CLS showed that alteration of O-GlcNAcylation rapidly changed [Ca2+ ]i in MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 3 12 theme western 637:643 arg1 blotting 645:652 western blotting 637:652 western blotting 637:652 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 2 13 theme levels 358:363 arg1 influence 329:337 the influence 325:337 the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation 325:393 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 3 14 theme markers 587:593 arg1 expression 562:571 the expression 558:571 the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT 558:608 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 3 14 theme markers 587:593 arg1 levels 528:533 the levels 524:533 the levels of O-GlcNAcylation 524:552 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 4 15 theme O-GlcNAcylated 659:672 arg1 proteins 674:681 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins 655:681 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression 655:724 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 5 16 dep [Ca2+ 895:899 arg1 i 902:902 i 902:902 i 902:902 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 6 17 theme stable 1132:1137 arg1 cells 1162:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 2 18 theme O-GlcNAcylation 342:356 arg1 levels 358:363 O-GlcNAcylation levels 342:363 O-GlcNAcylation levels 342:363 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 12 19 theme [Ca2+ 1738:1742 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1718:1732 O-GlcNAcylation 1718:1732 O-GlcNAcylation 1718:1732 O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i showed an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 2 20 theme O-GlcNAcase 473:483 arg1 inhibitors 491:500 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 442:500 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 442:500 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 6 21 theme [Ca2+ 1070:1074 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1050:1064 O-GlcNAcylation 1050:1064 O-GlcNAcylation 1050:1064 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 12 22 theme interaction 1757:1767 arg1 effect 1769:1774 an interaction effect 1754:1774 an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers 1754:1814 O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i showed an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 8 23 theme molecular 1346:1354 arg1 weights 1356:1362 different molecular weights 1336:1362 different molecular weights 1336:1362 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 14 24 theme osteoblast 1957:1966 arg1 differentiation 1968:1982 osteoblast differentiation 1957:1982 osteoblast differentiation 1957:1982 O-GlcNAcylation interacts with [Ca2+ ]i and elicits osteoblast differentiation by regulating the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 5 25 theme OGT 946:948 arg1 inhibitors 958:967 OGT and OGA inhibitors 946:967 OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS) 946:1016 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 8 26 theme distinctive 1311:1321 arg1 pattern 1323:1329 a distinctive pattern 1309:1329 a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights 1309:1362 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 12 27 theme markers 1808:1814 arg1 expression 1783:1792 the expression 1779:1792 the expression of osteogenic markers 1779:1814 O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i showed an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 5 28 theme bioinformatics 847:860 arg1 analysis 862:869 the bioinformatics analysis 843:869 the bioinformatics analysis 843:869 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 2 29 theme osteoblastic 396:407 arg1 cells 418:422 osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells 396:422 osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells 396:422 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 6 30 theme MC3T3-E1 1153:1160 arg1 cells 1162:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 9 31 theme Runx2 1494:1498 arg1 expression 1500:1509 Runx2 expression 1494:1509 Runx2 expression 1494:1509 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 13 32 theme osteogenic 1885:1894 arg1 markers 1896:1902 osteogenic markers 1885:1902 osteogenic markers 1885:1902 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 10 33 theme [Ca2+ 1617:1621 arg1 importance 1603:1612 the importance 1599:1612 the importance of [Ca2+ ]i 1599:1624 Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins revealed the importance of [Ca2+ ]i . 34418170 13 34 theme expression 1863:1872 arg1 changes 1874:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes 1841:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers 1841:1902 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 11 35 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1658:1672 arg1 alteration 1644:1653 alteration 1644:1653 alteration of O-GlcNAcylation 1644:1672 CLS showed that alteration of O-GlcNAcylation rapidly changed [Ca2+ ]i in MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 1 36 theme osteoblast 232:241 arg1 differentiation 243:257 osteoblast differentiation 232:257 osteoblast differentiation 232:257 This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms by which O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates osteoblast differentiation using a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments. 34418170 14 37 theme markers 2027:2033 arg1 expression 2002:2011 the expression 1998:2011 the expression of osteogenic markers 1998:2033 O-GlcNAcylation interacts with [Ca2+ ]i and elicits osteoblast differentiation by regulating the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 13 38 theme [Ca2+ 1845:1849 arg1 changes 1874:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes 1841:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers 1841:1902 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 4 39 used used 775:778 arg2 proteins 674:681 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins 655:681 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression 655:724 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 3 40 theme O-GlcNAcylation 538:552 arg1 expression 562:571 the expression 558:571 the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT 558:608 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 3 40 theme O-GlcNAcylation 538:552 arg1 levels 528:533 the levels 524:533 the levels of O-GlcNAcylation 524:552 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 0 41 theme calcium 23:29 arg1 signaling 31:39 calcium signaling 23:39 calcium signaling 23:39 O-GlcNAcylation drives calcium signaling toward osteoblast differentiation: A bioinformatics-oriented study. 34418170 14 42 theme osteogenic 2016:2025 arg1 markers 2027:2033 osteogenic markers 2016:2033 osteogenic markers 2016:2033 O-GlcNAcylation interacts with [Ca2+ ]i and elicits osteoblast differentiation by regulating the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 3 43 theme OGT 606:608 arg1 expression 562:571 the expression 558:571 the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT 558:608 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 3 43 theme OGT 606:608 arg1 levels 528:533 the levels 524:533 the levels of O-GlcNAcylation 524:552 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 2 44 theme osteoblast 368:377 arg1 differentiation 379:393 osteoblast differentiation 368:393 osteoblast differentiation 368:393 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 2 45 from influence 329:337 arg1 differentiation 379:393 osteoblast differentiation 368:393 osteoblast differentiation 368:393 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 4 46 theme Runx2 709:713 arg1 expression 715:724 Runx2 expression 709:724 Runx2 expression 709:724 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 0 47 theme osteoblast 48:57 arg1 differentiation 59:73 osteoblast differentiation 48:73 osteoblast differentiation 48:73 O-GlcNAcylation drives calcium signaling toward osteoblast differentiation: A bioinformatics-oriented study. 34418170 4 48 theme bioinformatics 792:805 arg1 analysis 807:814 further bioinformatics analysis 784:814 further bioinformatics analysis 784:814 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 13 49 theme i 1852:1852 arg1 changes 1874:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes 1841:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers 1841:1902 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 4 50 theme public 754:759 arg1 databases 761:769 several public databases 746:769 several public databases 746:769 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 4 51 theme several 746:752 arg1 databases 761:769 several public databases 746:769 several public databases 746:769 The O-GlcNAcylated proteins assumed to correlate with Runx2 expression were retrieved from several public databases and used for further bioinformatics analysis. 34418170 6 52 theme interaction 1023:1033 arg1 effect 1035:1040 The interaction effect 1019:1040 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression 1019:1109 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 8 53 theme different 1336:1344 arg1 weights 1356:1362 different molecular weights 1336:1362 different molecular weights 1336:1362 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 6 54 theme marker 1093:1098 arg1 expression 1100:1109 osteogenic marker expression 1082:1109 osteogenic marker expression 1082:1109 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 10 55 theme Bioinformatic 1512:1524 arg1 analysis 1526:1533 Bioinformatic analysis 1512:1533 Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins 1512:1588 Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins revealed the importance of [Ca2+ ]i . 34418170 8 56 theme proteins 1293:1300 arg1 profile 1260:1266 The time-course profile 1244:1266 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1244:1300 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 13 57 theme OGT 1817:1819 arg1 knockdown 1821:1829 OGT knockdown 1817:1829 OGT knockdown 1817:1829 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 8 58 with pattern 1323:1329 arg1 weights 1356:1362 different molecular weights 1336:1362 different molecular weights 1336:1362 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 5 59 theme laser-scanning 986:999 arg1 microscope 1001:1010 a confocal laser-scanning microscope 975:1010 a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS) 975:1016 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 5 59 theme laser-scanning 986:999 arg1 CLS 1013:1015 CLS 1013:1015 CLS 1013:1015 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 13 60 theme -induced 1854:1861 arg1 changes 1874:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes 1841:1880 the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers 1841:1902 OGT knockdown disrupted the [Ca2+ ]i -induced expression changes of osteogenic markers. 34418170 9 61 theme expression 1403:1412 arg1 pattern 1414:1420 The expression pattern 1399:1420 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1399:1455 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 9 61 theme expression 1403:1412 arg1 similar 1475:1481 similar 1475:1481 similar 1475:1481 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 9 62 theme proteins 1448:1455 arg1 pattern 1414:1420 The expression pattern 1399:1420 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1399:1455 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 9 62 theme proteins 1448:1455 arg1 similar 1475:1481 similar 1475:1481 similar 1475:1481 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 3 63 theme osteogenic 576:585 arg1 markers 587:593 osteogenic markers 576:593 osteogenic markers as well as OGT 576:608 Correlations between the levels of O-GlcNAcylation and the expression of osteogenic markers as well as OGT were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. 34418170 8 64 theme global 1271:1276 arg1 proteins 1293:1300 global O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1271:1300 global O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1271:1300 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 1 65 theme possible 140:147 arg1 mechanisms 149:158 the possible mechanisms 136:158 the possible mechanisms by which O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates osteoblast differentiation using a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments 136:311 This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms by which O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates osteoblast differentiation using a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments. 34418170 5 66 theme OGA 954:956 arg1 inhibitors 958:967 OGT and OGA inhibitors 946:967 OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS) 946:1016 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 12 67 theme osteogenic 1797:1806 arg1 markers 1808:1814 osteogenic markers 1797:1814 osteogenic markers 1797:1814 O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i showed an interaction effect on the expression of osteogenic markers. 34418170 6 68 theme knockdown 1143:1151 arg1 cells 1162:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 10 69 theme retrieved 1542:1550 arg1 Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins 1552:1588 the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins 1538:1588 the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins 1538:1588 Bioinformatic analysis of the retrieved Runx2-related-O-GlcNAcylated-proteins revealed the importance of [Ca2+ ]i . 34418170 2 70 theme MC3T3-E1 409:416 arg1 cells 418:422 osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells 396:422 osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells 396:422 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 1 71 theme bioinformatics-oriented 277:299 arg1 experiments 301:311 bioinformatics-oriented experiments 277:311 bioinformatics-oriented experiments 277:311 This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms by which O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates osteoblast differentiation using a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments. 34418170 0 72 theme bioinformatics-oriented 78:100 arg1 study 102:106 A bioinformatics-oriented study 76:106 A bioinformatics-oriented study 76:106 O-GlcNAcylation drives calcium signaling toward osteoblast differentiation: A bioinformatics-oriented study. 34418170 9 73 theme several 1425:1431 arg1 proteins 1448:1455 several O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1425:1455 several O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1425:1455 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 0 74 dep drives 16:21 arg1 study 102:106 A bioinformatics-oriented study 76:106 A bioinformatics-oriented study 76:106 O-GlcNAcylation drives calcium signaling toward osteoblast differentiation: A bioinformatics-oriented study. 34418170 6 75 theme OGT 1139:1141 arg1 cells 1162:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells 1132:1166 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 34418170 8 76 theme osteoblast 1371:1380 arg1 differentiation 1382:1396 osteoblast differentiation 1371:1396 osteoblast differentiation 1371:1396 The time-course profile of global O-GlcNAcylated proteins showed a distinctive pattern with different molecular weights during osteoblast differentiation. 34418170 1 77 theme experiments 301:311 arg1 series 267:272 a series 265:272 a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments 265:311 This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms by which O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates osteoblast differentiation using a series of bioinformatics-oriented experiments. 34418170 5 78 theme analysis 862:869 arg1 findings 831:838 the findings 827:838 the findings of the bioinformatics analysis 827:869 Following the findings of the bioinformatics analysis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) was monitored in the cells treated with OGT and OGA inhibitors using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLS). 34418170 9 79 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1433:1446 arg1 proteins 1448:1455 several O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1425:1455 several O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1425:1455 The expression pattern of several O-GlcNAcylated proteins was significantly similar to that of Runx2 expression. 34418170 2 80 theme transferase 451:461 arg1 inhibitors 491:500 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 442:500 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 442:500 To examine the influence of O-GlcNAcylation levels on osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34418170 6 81 theme osteogenic 1082:1091 arg1 expression 1100:1109 osteogenic marker expression 1082:1109 osteogenic marker expression 1082:1109 The interaction effect between O-GlcNAcylation and [Ca2+ ]i on osteogenic marker expression was determined using stable OGT knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. 33292056 9 0 theme complexes 1696:1704 arg1 stability 1672:1680 The stability 1668:1680 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1668:1759 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 5 1 gly glycoproteins 1159:1171 arg1 glycoproteins 1159:1171 S glycoproteins 1157:1171 S glycoproteins 1157:1171 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 1 2 theme severe 289:294 arg1 syndrome 314:321 severe acute respiratory syndrome 289:321 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 279:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 4 3 theme associated 922:931 arg1 responses 945:953 associated unfavorable responses 922:953 associated unfavorable responses with CBAs 922:963 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 6 4 dep NPA 1239:1241 arg1 GRFT 1249:1252 GRFT 1249:1252 GRFT 1249:1252 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 4 dep NPA 1239:1241 arg1 BanLec 1285:1290 BanLec 1285:1290 BanLec 1285:1290 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 4 dep NPA 1239:1241 arg1 CV-N 1255:1258 CV-N 1255:1258 CV-N 1255:1258 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 5 theme S 1312:1312 arg1 glycans 1327:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 1 6 theme new 189:191 arg1 vaccines 203:210 new candidate vaccines 189:210 new candidate vaccines 189:210 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 1 7 theme potential 216:224 arg1 antivirals 226:235 potential antivirals 216:235 potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 216:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 5 8 link N-linked 1137:1144 arg1 glycans 1146:1152 N-linked glycans 1137:1152 N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins 1137:1171 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 9 9 theme favorable 1768:1776 arg1 formation 1807:1815 favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation 1768:1815 favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation 1768:1815 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 6 10 theme PRM-A 1297:1301 arg1 stability 1217:1225 stability 1217:1225 stability 1217:1225 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 10 theme PRM-A 1297:1301 arg1 binding 1205:1211 binding 1205:1211 binding 1205:1211 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 3 11 theme unique 637:642 arg1 opportunity 644:654 a unique opportunity 635:654 a unique opportunity for their targeting via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses 635:800 These glycans provide a unique opportunity for their targeting via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses. 33292056 9 12 theme hydrogen-bond 1793:1805 arg1 formation 1807:1815 favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation 1768:1815 favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation 1768:1815 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 6 13 gly glycoprotein 1314:1325 arg1 glycoprotein 1314:1325 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 14 theme MD 1351:1352 arg1 simulation 1354:1363 MD simulation 1351:1363 MD simulation 1351:1363 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 5 15 theme glycoproteins 1159:1171 arg1 glycans 1146:1152 N-linked glycans 1137:1152 N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins 1137:1171 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 2 16 theme host 529:532 arg1 cells 534:538 the host cells 525:538 the host cells 525:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 9 17 theme 100 ns 1828:1833 arg1 simulation 1838:1847 the 100 ns MD simulation 1824:1847 the 100 ns MD simulation 1824:1847 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 8 18 theme wild-type 1541:1549 arg1 BanLec 1551:1556 wild-type BanLec 1541:1556 wild-type BanLec 1541:1556 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 5 19 dep plant 1058:1062 arg1 Pradimicin-A 1090:1101 Pradimicin-A 1090:1101 mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) 1041:1109 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 5 19 dep plant 1058:1062 arg1 mimic 1084:1088 mimic 1084:1088 mimic 1084:1088 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 5 19 dep plant 1058:1062 arg1 PRM-A 1104:1108 PRM-A 1104:1108 PRM-A 1104:1108 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 1 20 theme new 356:358 arg1 approaches 375:384 new and unexplored approaches 356:384 new and unexplored approaches 356:384 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 5 21 theme unique 979:984 arg1 specificity 1007:1017 unique carbohydrate-binding specificity 979:1017 unique carbohydrate-binding specificity 979:1017 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 4 22 with responses 945:953 arg1 CBAs 960:963 CBAs 960:963 CBAs 960:963 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 5 23 contain possess 971:977 arg2 specificity 1007:1017 unique carbohydrate-binding specificity 979:1017 unique carbohydrate-binding specificity 979:1017 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 5 23 contain possess 971:977 arg1 CBAs 966:969 CBAs 966:969 CBAs 966:969 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 0 24 theme SARS-CoV-2 85:94 arg1 glycoprotein 102:113 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein 85:113 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies 85:160 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 1 25 theme unexplored 364:373 arg1 approaches 375:384 new and unexplored approaches 356:384 new and unexplored approaches 356:384 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 2 26 theme N-linked 556:563 arg1 glycans 565:571 N-linked glycans 556:571 N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars 556:610 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 0 27 theme glycoprotein 102:113 arg1 agents 54:59 carbohydrate-binding agents 33:59 carbohydrate-binding agents 33:59 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 0 27 theme glycoprotein 102:113 arg1 glycans 74:80 N-linked glycans 65:80 N-linked glycans 65:80 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 2 28 contain having 573:578 arg1 glycans 565:571 N-linked glycans 556:571 N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars 556:610 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 2 28 contain having 573:578 arg2 sugars 605:610 complex sugars 597:610 complex sugars 597:610 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 2 28 contain having 573:578 arg2 oligomannose 580:591 oligomannose 580:591 oligomannose 580:591 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 2 29 theme homotrimeric 423:434 arg1 glycoprotein 460:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein 419:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells 419:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 0 30 theme molecular 121:129 arg1 docking 131:137 molecular docking and simulation studies 121:160 docking 131:137 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 2 31 theme coronaviruses 476:488 arg1 glycoprotein 460:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein 419:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells 419:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 9 32 dep PRM-A 1712:1716 arg1 i.e. 1707:1710 i.e. 1707:1710 i.e. 1707:1710 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 1 33 theme acute 296:300 arg1 syndrome 314:321 severe acute respiratory syndrome 289:321 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 279:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 5 34 theme mannose-specific 1041:1056 arg1 plant 1058:1062 mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) 1041:1109 mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) 1041:1109 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 8 35 theme BanLec 1451:1456 arg1 H84T 1466:1469 H84T 1466:1469 H84T 1466:1469 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 8 35 theme BanLec 1451:1456 arg1 mutant 1458:1463 stable BanLec mutant 1444:1463 stable BanLec mutant (H84T) 1444:1470 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 2 36 theme S 457:457 arg1 glycoprotein 460:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein 419:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells 419:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 1 37 theme syndrome 314:321 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 338:347 SARS-CoV-2 338:347 SARS-CoV-2 338:347 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 1 37 theme syndrome 314:321 arg1 coronavirus-2 323:335 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 279:335 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 279:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 5 38 theme lectins/lectin-like 1064:1082 arg1 plant 1058:1062 mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) 1041:1109 mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) 1041:1109 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 10 39 from helpful 1913:1919 arg1 design 1928:1933 design 1928:1933 design 1928:1933 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 10 39 from helpful 1913:1919 arg1 development 1939:1949 development 1939:1949 development 1939:1949 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 7 40 theme MM/GBSA 1366:1372 arg1 calculations 1374:1385 MM/GBSA calculations 1366:1385 MM/GBSA calculations 1366:1385 MM/GBSA calculations were also performed for docked complexes. 33292056 4 41 theme carbohydrate-binding-based 877:902 arg1 antivirals 904:913 novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals 871:913 novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs 871:963 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 2 42 theme spike 450:454 arg1 glycoprotein 460:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein 419:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells 419:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 0 43 theme carbohydrate-binding 33:52 arg1 agents 54:59 carbohydrate-binding agents 33:59 carbohydrate-binding agents 33:59 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 3 44 theme carbohydrate-binding 680:699 arg1 agents 701:706 carbohydrate-binding agents 680:706 carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses 680:800 These glycans provide a unique opportunity for their targeting via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses. 33292056 3 44 theme carbohydrate-binding 680:699 arg1 CBAs 709:712 CBAs 709:712 CBAs 709:712 These glycans provide a unique opportunity for their targeting via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses. 33292056 6 45 dep binding 1205:1211 arg1 the 1201:1203 the 1201:1203 the 1201:1203 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 5 46 used used 1118:1121 arg2 CBAs 1031:1034 CBAs 1031:1034 CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) 1031:1109 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 8 47 theme binding 1640:1646 arg1 activity 1648:1655 the lectin binding activity 1629:1655 the lectin binding activity of BanLec 1629:1665 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 10 48 theme novel 1954:1958 arg1 antivirals 1970:1979 novel CBA-based antivirals 1954:1979 novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma 1954:2048 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 1 49 theme tackle 240:245 arg1 pneumonia 256:264 tackle atypical pneumonia 240:264 tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 240:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 1 50 theme recent 165:170 arg1 surge 172:176 A recent surge 163:176 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines 163:210 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 8 51 theme docking 1492:1498 arg1 affinity 1500:1507 similar docking affinity 1484:1507 similar docking affinity 1484:1507 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 6 52 from studies 1190:1196 arg1 stability 1217:1225 stability 1217:1225 stability 1217:1225 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 52 from studies 1190:1196 arg1 binding 1205:1211 binding 1205:1211 binding 1205:1211 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 2 53 gly glycoprotein 460:471 arg1 glycoprotein 460:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein 419:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells 419:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 10 54 from design 1928:1933 arg1 helpful 1913:1919 helpful 1913:1919 helpful 1913:1919 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 6 55 with lectins 1230:1236 arg1 glycans 1327:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 10 56 theme antivirals 1970:1979 arg1 design 1928:1933 design 1928:1933 design 1928:1933 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 10 56 theme antivirals 1970:1979 arg1 development 1939:1949 development 1939:1949 development 1939:1949 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 4 57 theme due 915:917 arg1 antivirals 904:913 novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals 871:913 novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs 871:963 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 1 58 theme novel 283:287 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 338:347 SARS-CoV-2 338:347 SARS-CoV-2 338:347 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 1 58 theme novel 283:287 arg1 coronavirus-2 323:335 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 279:335 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 279:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 10 59 from development 1939:1949 arg1 helpful 1913:1919 helpful 1913:1919 helpful 1913:1919 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 10 60 dep design 1928:1933 arg1 the 1924:1926 the 1924:1926 the 1924:1926 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 3 61 theme enveloped 784:792 arg1 viruses 794:800 enveloped viruses 784:800 enveloped viruses 784:800 These glycans provide a unique opportunity for their targeting via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses. 33292056 6 62 theme glycoprotein 1314:1325 arg1 glycans 1327:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 9 63 gly glycoprotein 1748:1759 arg1 glycoprotein 1748:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 0 64 link N-linked 65:72 arg1 glycans 74:80 N-linked glycans 65:80 N-linked glycans 65:80 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 1 65 theme candidate 193:201 arg1 vaccines 203:210 new candidate vaccines 189:210 new candidate vaccines 189:210 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 4 66 theme unfavorable 933:943 arg1 responses 945:953 associated unfavorable responses 922:953 associated unfavorable responses with CBAs 922:963 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 0 67 theme simulation 143:152 arg1 studies 154:160 molecular docking and simulation studies 121:160 studies 154:160 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 9 68 theme SARS-CoV-2 S 1735:1746 arg1 glycoprotein 1748:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 9 69 theme intermolecular 1778:1791 arg1 formation 1807:1815 favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation 1768:1815 favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation 1768:1815 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 10 70 dep in 1887:1888 arg1 silico 1890:1895 silico 1890:1895 silico 1890:1895 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 10 71 theme predicted 1877:1885 arg1 results 1897:1903 our predicted in silico results 1873:1903 our predicted in silico results 1873:1903 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 5 72 theme S 1157:1157 arg1 glycoproteins 1159:1171 S glycoproteins 1157:1171 S glycoproteins 1157:1171 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 2 73 theme complex 597:603 arg1 sugars 605:610 complex sugars 597:610 complex sugars 597:610 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 6 74 with PRM-A 1297:1301 arg1 glycans 1327:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 the S glycoprotein glycans 1308:1333 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 9 75 theme MD 1835:1836 arg1 simulation 1838:1847 the 100 ns MD simulation 1824:1847 the 100 ns MD simulation 1824:1847 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 7 76 theme docked 1411:1416 arg1 complexes 1418:1426 docked complexes 1411:1426 docked complexes 1411:1426 MM/GBSA calculations were also performed for docked complexes. 33292056 2 77 link N-linked 556:563 arg1 glycans 565:571 N-linked glycans 556:571 N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars 556:610 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 0 78 theme spike 96:100 arg1 glycoprotein 102:113 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein 85:113 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies 85:160 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 5 79 theme carbohydrate-binding 986:1005 arg1 specificity 1007:1017 unique carbohydrate-binding specificity 979:1017 unique carbohydrate-binding specificity 979:1017 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 6 80 dep lectins 1230:1236 arg1 NPA 1239:1241 NPA 1239:1241 NPA 1239:1241 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 8 81 theme uncoupling 1581:1590 arg1 activity 1606:1613 the mitogenic activity 1592:1613 uncoupling the mitogenic activity 1581:1613 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 4 82 theme CBA-ligand 812:821 arg1 interaction 823:833 CBA-ligand interaction 812:833 CBA-ligand interaction 812:833 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 8 83 theme mitogenic 1596:1604 arg1 activity 1606:1613 the mitogenic activity 1592:1613 uncoupling the mitogenic activity 1581:1613 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 1 84 theme global 402:407 arg1 pandemic 409:416 this global pandemic 397:416 this global pandemic 397:416 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 0 85 gly glycoprotein 102:113 arg1 glycoprotein 102:113 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein 85:113 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies 85:160 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 1 86 theme respiratory 302:312 arg1 syndrome 314:321 severe acute respiratory syndrome 289:321 the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 279:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 8 87 theme stable 1444:1449 arg1 H84T 1466:1469 H84T 1466:1469 H84T 1466:1469 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 8 87 theme stable 1444:1449 arg1 mutant 1458:1463 stable BanLec mutant 1444:1463 stable BanLec mutant (H84T) 1444:1470 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 2 88 theme virus 508:512 arg1 entry 514:518 virus entry 508:518 virus entry into the host cells 508:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 8 89 theme lectin 1633:1638 arg1 activity 1648:1655 the lectin binding activity 1629:1655 the lectin binding activity of BanLec 1629:1665 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 4 90 theme novel 871:875 arg1 antivirals 904:913 novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals 871:913 novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs 871:963 However, CBA-ligand interaction is not fully explored in developing novel carbohydrate-binding-based antivirals due to associated unfavorable responses with CBAs. 33292056 2 91 theme transmembrane 436:448 arg1 glycoprotein 460:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein 419:471 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells 419:538 The homotrimeric transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses which facilitates virus entry into the host cells is covered with N-linked glycans having oligomannose and complex sugars. 33292056 0 92 theme N-linked 65:72 arg1 glycans 74:80 N-linked glycans 65:80 N-linked glycans 65:80 Sensing the interactions between carbohydrate-binding agents and N-linked glycans of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using molecular docking and simulation studies. 33292056 8 93 dep interactions 1513:1524 arg1 compared 1529:1536 compared 1529:1536 compared to wild-type BanLec 1529:1556 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 5 94 theme N-linked 1137:1144 arg1 glycans 1146:1152 N-linked glycans 1137:1152 N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins 1137:1171 CBAs possess unique carbohydrate-binding specificity, therefore, CBAs like mannose-specific plant lectins/lectin-like mimic Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) can be used for targeting N-linked glycans of S glycoproteins. 33292056 6 95 theme lectins 1230:1236 arg1 stability 1217:1225 stability 1217:1225 stability 1217:1225 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 6 95 theme lectins 1230:1236 arg1 binding 1205:1211 binding 1205:1211 binding 1205:1211 Here, we report studies on the binding and stability of lectins (NPA, UDA, GRFT, CV-N and wild-type and mutant BanLec) and PRM-A with the S glycoprotein glycans via docking and MD simulation. 33292056 10 96 theme CBA-based 1960:1968 arg1 antivirals 1970:1979 novel CBA-based antivirals 1954:1979 novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma 1954:2048 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 9 97 theme docked 1689:1694 arg1 complexes 1696:1704 the docked complexes 1685:1704 the docked complexes 1685:1704 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 10 98 theme in 1887:1888 arg1 results 1897:1903 our predicted in silico results 1873:1903 our predicted in silico results 1873:1903 Taking these together, our predicted in silico results will be helpful in the design and development of novel CBA-based antivirals for the SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. 33292056 8 99 theme BanLec 1660:1665 arg1 activity 1648:1655 the lectin binding activity 1629:1655 the lectin binding activity of BanLec 1629:1665 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 9 100 with lectins 1722:1728 arg1 glycoprotein 1748:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 33292056 1 101 theme atypical 247:254 arg1 pneumonia 256:264 tackle atypical pneumonia 240:264 tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 240:348 A recent surge in finding new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals to tackle atypical pneumonia triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs new and unexplored approaches in solving this global pandemic. 33292056 3 102 theme antiviral 738:746 arg1 potential 748:756 their antiviral potential 732:756 their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses 732:800 These glycans provide a unique opportunity for their targeting via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) which have shown their antiviral potential against coronaviruses and enveloped viruses. 33292056 8 103 theme similar 1484:1490 arg1 affinity 1500:1507 similar docking affinity 1484:1507 similar docking affinity 1484:1507 Interestingly, stable BanLec mutant (H84T) also showed similar docking affinity and interactions as compared to wild-type BanLec, thus, confirming that uncoupling the mitogenic activity did not alter the lectin binding activity of BanLec. 33292056 9 104 with PRM-A 1712:1716 arg1 glycoprotein 1748:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein 1735:1759 The stability of the docked complexes, i.e. PRM-A and lectins with SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein showed favorable intermolecular hydrogen-bond formation during the 100 ns MD simulation. 34030146 4 0 link ECM-derived 713:723 arg1 solutions 790:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions 713:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 713:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 6 1 theme cell 1226:1229 arg1 lines 1231:1235 cell lines 1226:1235 cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) 1226:1282 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 2 theme positive 1378:1385 arg1 betweenCandE 1399:1410 the positive correlation betweenCandE 1374:1410 thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1356:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 10 3 theme ECM 2005:2007 arg1 design 2009:2014 artificial ECM design 1994:2014 artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 1994:2113 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 2 4 dep collagen 317:324 arg1 mainly 310:315 mainly 310:315 mainly 310:315 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 6 5 theme responses 1213:1221 arg1 investigation 1192:1204 investigation 1192:1204 investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1192:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 6 dep lines 1231:1235 arg1 fibroblasts 1238:1248 fibroblasts 1238:1248 fibroblasts 1238:1248 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 6 dep lines 1231:1235 arg1 cells 1262:1266 epithelial cells 1251:1266 epithelial cells 1251:1266 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 6 dep lines 1231:1235 arg1 myoblasts 1273:1281 myoblasts 1273:1281 myoblasts 1273:1281 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 4 7 theme tunable 820:826 arg1 moduli 836:841 tunable elastic moduli 820:841 tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 820:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 6 8 theme thosein 1356:1362 arg1 vivounder 1364:1372 thosein vivounder 1356:1372 thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1356:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 1 9 theme culture 173:179 arg1 substrates 181:190 cell culture substrates 168:190 cell culture substrates 168:190 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 9 10 theme HeLa 1824:1827 arg1 cells 1829:1833 HeLa cells 1824:1833 HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology 1824:1883 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 2 11 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 responses 239:247 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 11 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 polysaccharides 331:345 polysaccharides 331:345 polysaccharides 331:345 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 11 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 hydrogel 288:295 a hydrogel 286:295 a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) 286:325 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 8 12 theme actin 1630:1634 arg1 cytoskeleton 1636:1647 actin cytoskeleton 1630:1647 actin cytoskeleton organization 1630:1660 We revealed that the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization conformed to the topographic cues, even when they are as soft asin vivoECM. 34030146 9 13 theme drastic 1850:1856 arg1 changes 1858:1864 drastic changes 1850:1864 drastic changes in cell morphology 1850:1883 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 2 14 dep responses 239:247 arg1 ECM 280:282 ECM 280:282 ECM 280:282 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 14 dep responses 239:247 arg1 matrix 272:277 toin vivoextracellular matrix 249:277 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 15 theme cellular 230:237 arg1 responses 239:247 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 15 theme cellular 230:237 arg1 hydrogel 288:295 a hydrogel 286:295 a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) 286:325 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 15 theme cellular 230:237 arg1 polysaccharides 331:345 polysaccharides 331:345 polysaccharides 331:345 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 4 16 theme soft 869:872 arg1 tissues 874:880 soft tissues 869:880 soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 869:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 16 theme soft 869:872 arg1 kPa 892:894 E= 1-236 kPa 883:894 E= 1-236 kPa 883:894 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 10 17 theme regenerative 2093:2104 arg1 medicine 2106:2113 regenerative medicine 2093:2113 regenerative medicine 2093:2113 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 8 18 theme topographic 1679:1689 arg1 cues 1691:1694 the topographic cues 1675:1694 the topographic cues 1675:1694 We revealed that the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization conformed to the topographic cues, even when they are as soft asin vivoECM. 34030146 4 19 with hydrogels 805:813 arg1 moduli 836:841 tunable elastic moduli 820:841 tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 820:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 2 20 theme toin 249:252 arg1 ECM 280:282 ECM 280:282 ECM 280:282 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 20 theme toin 249:252 arg1 matrix 272:277 toin vivoextracellular matrix 249:277 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 4 21 dep collagen 751:758 arg1 gelatin 761:767 gelatin 761:767 gelatin 761:767 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 21 dep collagen 751:758 arg1 peptide 781:787 collagen peptide 772:787 collagen peptide 772:787 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 3 22 from modulus 616:622 arg1 ECM 638:640 native ECM 631:640 native ECM 631:640 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 5 23 theme obtained 1089:1096 arg1 hydrogels 1107:1115 the obtained collagen hydrogels 1085:1115 the obtained collagen hydrogels 1085:1115 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 4 24 theme reagent-free 652:663 arg1 method 665:670 A simple reagent-free method 643:670 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking 643:703 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 25 theme hydrolyzed 740:749 arg1 collagen 751:758 hydrolyzed collagen 740:758 hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) 740:788 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 10 26 theme vitrocell 1943:1951 arg1 disparity 1964:1972 vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity 1933:1972 vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity 1933:1972 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 0 27 theme cellular 92:99 arg1 processes 101:109 cellular processes 92:109 cellular processes 92:109 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 8 28 theme soft 1719:1722 arg1 vivoECM 1729:1735 soft asin vivoECM 1719:1735 soft asin vivoECM 1719:1735 We revealed that the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization conformed to the topographic cues, even when they are as soft asin vivoECM. 34030146 4 29 theme final 918:922 arg1 density 933:939 the final collagen density 914:939 the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 914:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 1 30 dep elasticity 116:125 arg1 The 112:114 The 112:114 The 112:114 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 5 31 theme acid 1021:1024 arg1 composition 1026:1036 amino acid composition 1015:1036 The amino acid composition ratio 1011:1042 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 2 32 theme native 423:428 arg1 ECM 430:432 native ECM 423:432 native ECM 423:432 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 4 33 theme ECM-derived 713:723 arg1 solutions 790:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions 713:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 713:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 0 34 theme Collagen 0:7 arg1 hydrogels 9:17 Collagen hydrogels 0:17 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography 0:78 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 7 35 theme network 1578:1584 arg1 onE 1536:1538 onE 1536:1538 onE 1536:1538 These cells adhered directly to the collagen hydrogels and chose to stay atop or spontaneously migrate into them depending onE, that is, the density of the collagen network,C. 34030146 7 35 theme network 1578:1584 arg1 density 1554:1560 the density 1550:1560 the density of the collagen network 1550:1584 These cells adhered directly to the collagen hydrogels and chose to stay atop or spontaneously migrate into them depending onE, that is, the density of the collagen network,C. 34030146 7 36 dep cells 1419:1423 arg1 adhered 1425:1431 adhered 1425:1431 adhered 1425:1431 These cells adhered directly to the collagen hydrogels and chose to stay atop or spontaneously migrate into them depending onE, that is, the density of the collagen network,C. 34030146 3 37 from concentration 586:598 arg1 ECM 638:640 native ECM 631:640 native ECM 631:640 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 0 38 theme combined 37:44 arg1 cues 46:49 controllable combined cues 24:49 controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography 24:78 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 6 39 theme topographic 1331:1341 arg1 cues 1343:1346 soft topographic cues 1326:1346 soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1326:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 39 theme topographic 1331:1341 arg1 vivounder 1364:1372 thosein vivounder 1356:1372 thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1356:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 3 40 theme collagen 463:470 arg1 hydrogels 472:480 novel collagen hydrogels 457:480 novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM 457:640 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 9 41 theme stiffer 1742:1748 arg1 microgrooves 1750:1761 The stiffer microgrooves 1738:1761 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels 1738:1783 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 10 42 from applications 2054:2065 arg1 engineering 2077:2087 tissue engineering 2070:2087 tissue engineering 2070:2087 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 10 42 from applications 2054:2065 arg1 medicine 2106:2113 regenerative medicine 2093:2113 regenerative medicine 2093:2113 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 1 43 theme chemical 144:151 arg1 composition 153:163 chemical composition 144:163 chemical composition 144:163 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 4 44 from density 933:939 arg1 microtopographies 984:1000 precise microtopographies 976:1000 precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 976:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 44 from density 933:939 arg1 μm 1006:1007 ⩾1 μm 1003:1007 ⩾1 μm 1003:1007 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 44 from density 933:939 arg1 hydrogels 948:956 the hydrogels 944:956 the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) 944:970 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 44 from density 933:939 arg1 % 969:969 C= 0.3%-14% 959:969 C= 0.3%-14% 959:969 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 6 45 theme soft 1326:1329 arg1 cues 1343:1346 soft topographic cues 1326:1346 soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1326:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 45 theme soft 1326:1329 arg1 vivounder 1364:1372 thosein vivounder 1356:1372 thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1356:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 4 46 theme precise 976:982 arg1 microtopographies 984:1000 precise microtopographies 976:1000 precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 976:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 46 theme precise 976:982 arg1 μm 1006:1007 ⩾1 μm 1003:1007 ⩾1 μm 1003:1007 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 6 47 theme lines 1231:1235 arg1 responses 1213:1221 the responses 1209:1221 the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1209:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 48 theme correlation 1387:1397 arg1 betweenCandE 1399:1410 the positive correlation betweenCandE 1374:1410 thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1356:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 5 49 theme enzyme-mediated 1128:1142 arg1 degradability 1144:1156 enzyme-mediated degradability 1128:1156 enzyme-mediated degradability 1128:1156 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 4 50 theme broad 854:858 arg1 range 860:864 a broad range 852:864 a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 852:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 10 51 theme cell 2027:2030 arg1 function 2032:2039 cell function 2027:2039 cell function 2027:2039 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 1 52 theme cell 168:171 arg1 substrates 181:190 cell culture substrates 168:190 cell culture substrates 168:190 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 2 53 theme ECM 430:432 arg1 features 411:418 the key features 403:418 the key features of native ECM 403:432 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 8 54 theme cell 1610:1613 arg1 morphology 1615:1624 the cell morphology 1606:1624 the cell morphology 1606:1624 We revealed that the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization conformed to the topographic cues, even when they are as soft asin vivoECM. 34030146 1 55 theme substrates 181:190 arg1 topography 128:137 topography 128:137 topography 128:137 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 1 55 theme substrates 181:190 arg1 elasticity 116:125 elasticity 116:125 elasticity 116:125 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 1 55 theme substrates 181:190 arg1 composition 153:163 chemical composition 144:163 chemical composition 144:163 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 4 56 theme elastic 828:834 arg1 moduli 836:841 tunable elastic moduli 820:841 tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 820:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 10 57 theme tissue 2070:2075 arg1 engineering 2077:2087 tissue engineering 2070:2087 tissue engineering 2070:2087 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 1 58 theme cell 202:205 arg1 behavior 207:214 cell behavior 202:214 cell behavior 202:214 The elasticity, topography, and chemical composition of cell culture substrates influence cell behavior. 34030146 4 59 theme E= 883:884 arg1 tissues 874:880 soft tissues 869:880 soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 869:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 59 theme E= 883:884 arg1 kPa 892:894 E= 1-236 kPa 883:894 E= 1-236 kPa 883:894 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 9 60 from microgrooves 1750:1761 arg1 hydrogels 1775:1783 collagen hydrogels 1766:1783 collagen hydrogels 1766:1783 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 3 61 theme collagen 577:584 arg1 C 601:601 C 601:601 C 601:601 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 3 61 theme collagen 577:584 arg1 concentration 586:598 collagen concentration 577:598 collagen concentration (C) 577:602 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 3 61 theme collagen 577:584 arg1 E 625:625 E 625:625 E 625:625 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 8 62 theme cytoskeleton 1636:1647 arg1 organization 1649:1660 actin cytoskeleton organization 1630:1660 actin cytoskeleton organization 1630:1660 We revealed that the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization conformed to the topographic cues, even when they are as soft asin vivoECM. 34030146 10 63 theme artificial 1994:2003 arg1 design 2009:2014 artificial ECM design 1994:2014 artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 1994:2113 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 6 64 theme collagen 1165:1172 arg1 hydrogels 1174:1182 These collagen hydrogels 1159:1182 These collagen hydrogels 1159:1182 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 10 65 theme collagen 1892:1899 arg1 hydrogels 1901:1909 These collagen hydrogels 1886:1909 These collagen hydrogels 1886:1909 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 6 66 theme epithelial 1251:1260 arg1 cells 1262:1266 epithelial cells 1251:1266 epithelial cells 1251:1266 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 9 67 theme cell 1869:1872 arg1 morphology 1874:1883 cell morphology 1869:1883 cell morphology 1869:1883 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 4 68 theme tissues 874:880 arg1 range 860:864 a broad range 852:864 a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 852:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 2 69 dep proteins 300:307 arg1 collagen 317:324 collagen 317:324 collagen 317:324 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 0 70 theme topography 69:78 arg1 cues 46:49 controllable combined cues 24:49 controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography 24:78 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 2 71 theme vivoextracellular 254:270 arg1 ECM 280:282 ECM 280:282 ECM 280:282 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 2 71 theme vivoextracellular 254:270 arg1 matrix 272:277 toin vivoextracellular matrix 249:277 the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM) 226:283 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 4 72 theme collagen 924:931 arg1 density 933:939 the final collagen density 914:939 the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 914:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 6 73 theme primary 1288:1294 arg1 cells 1296:1300 primary cells 1288:1300 primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) 1288:1321 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 73 theme primary 1288:1294 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1307:1320 rat cardiomyocytes 1303:1320 rat cardiomyocytes 1303:1320 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 74 theme rat 1303:1305 arg1 cells 1296:1300 primary cells 1288:1300 primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) 1288:1321 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 6 74 theme rat 1303:1305 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1307:1320 rat cardiomyocytes 1303:1320 rat cardiomyocytes 1303:1320 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 4 75 theme simple 645:650 arg1 method 665:670 A simple reagent-free method 643:670 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking 643:703 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 10 76 theme behavioral 1953:1962 arg1 disparity 1964:1972 vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity 1933:1972 vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity 1933:1972 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 6 77 theme cells 1296:1300 arg1 responses 1213:1221 the responses 1209:1221 the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1209:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 10 78 theme vivoandin 1933:1941 arg1 disparity 1964:1972 vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity 1933:1972 vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity 1933:1972 These collagen hydrogels may not only reducein vivoandin vitrocell behavioral disparity but also facilitate artificial ECM design to control cell function and fate for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 34030146 5 79 theme amino 1015:1019 arg1 composition 1026:1036 amino acid composition 1015:1036 The amino acid composition ratio 1011:1042 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 4 80 theme collagen 751:758 arg1 solutions 790:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions 713:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 713:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 5 81 theme composition 1026:1036 arg1 ratio 1038:1042 The amino acid composition ratio 1011:1042 The amino acid composition ratio 1011:1042 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 5 81 theme composition 1026:1036 arg1 unchanged 1055:1063 unchanged 1055:1063 unchanged 1055:1063 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 8 82 theme asin 1724:1727 arg1 vivoECM 1729:1735 soft asin vivoECM 1719:1735 soft asin vivoECM 1719:1735 We revealed that the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization conformed to the topographic cues, even when they are as soft asin vivoECM. 34030146 4 83 theme % 965:965 arg1 hydrogels 948:956 the hydrogels 944:956 the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) 944:970 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 83 theme % 965:965 arg1 % 969:969 C= 0.3%-14% 959:969 C= 0.3%-14% 959:969 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 0 84 theme controllable 24:35 arg1 cues 46:49 controllable combined cues 24:49 controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography 24:78 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 2 85 theme key 407:409 arg1 features 411:418 the key features 403:418 the key features of native ECM 403:432 However, the cellular responses toin vivoextracellular matrix (ECM), a hydrogel of proteins (mainly collagen) and polysaccharides, remain unknown as there is no substrate that preserves the key features of native ECM. 34030146 4 86 theme collagen 725:732 arg1 solutions 790:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions 713:798 ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm) 713:1008 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 5 87 theme collagen 1098:1105 arg1 hydrogels 1107:1115 the obtained collagen hydrogels 1085:1115 the obtained collagen hydrogels 1085:1115 The amino acid composition ratio was almost unchanged by this method, and the obtained collagen hydrogels maintained enzyme-mediated degradability. 34030146 7 88 theme collagen 1569:1576 arg1 network 1578:1584 the collagen network 1565:1584 the collagen network 1565:1584 These cells adhered directly to the collagen hydrogels and chose to stay atop or spontaneously migrate into them depending onE, that is, the density of the collagen network,C. 34030146 9 89 from changes 1858:1864 arg1 morphology 1874:1883 cell morphology 1869:1883 cell morphology 1869:1883 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 3 90 theme elastic 608:614 arg1 modulus 616:622 elastic modulus 608:622 elastic modulus 608:622 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 0 91 theme elasticity 54:63 arg1 cues 46:49 controllable combined cues 24:49 controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography 24:78 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 4 92 theme C= 959:960 arg1 hydrogels 948:956 the hydrogels 944:956 the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) 944:970 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 4 92 theme C= 959:960 arg1 % 969:969 C= 0.3%-14% 959:969 C= 0.3%-14% 959:969 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34030146 3 93 theme native 631:636 arg1 ECM 638:640 native ECM 631:640 native ECM 631:640 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 0 94 with hydrogels 9:17 arg1 cues 46:49 controllable combined cues 24:49 controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography 24:78 Collagen hydrogels with controllable combined cues of elasticity and topography to regulate cellular processes. 34030146 6 95 dep vivounder 1364:1372 arg1 betweenCandE 1399:1410 the positive correlation betweenCandE 1374:1410 thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE 1356:1410 These collagen hydrogels enabled investigation of the responses of cell lines (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myoblasts) and primary cells (rat cardiomyocytes) to soft topographic cues such as thosein vivounder the positive correlation betweenCandE. 34030146 7 96 theme collagen 1449:1456 arg1 hydrogels 1458:1466 the collagen hydrogels 1445:1466 the collagen hydrogels 1445:1466 These cells adhered directly to the collagen hydrogels and chose to stay atop or spontaneously migrate into them depending onE, that is, the density of the collagen network,C. 34030146 3 97 theme novel 457:461 arg1 hydrogels 472:480 novel collagen hydrogels 457:480 novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM 457:640 This study introduces novel collagen hydrogels that can combine elasticity, topography, and composition and reproduce the correlation between collagen concentration (C) and elastic modulus (E) in native ECM. 34030146 9 98 theme collagen 1766:1773 arg1 hydrogels 1775:1783 collagen hydrogels 1766:1783 collagen hydrogels 1766:1783 The stiffer microgrooves on collagen hydrogels aligned cells more effectively, except HeLa cells that underwent drastic changes in cell morphology. 34030146 4 99 theme collagen 772:779 arg1 peptide 781:787 collagen peptide 772:787 collagen peptide 772:787 A simple reagent-free method based on radiation-cross-linking altered ECM-derived collagen I and hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin or collagen peptide) solutions into hydrogels with tunable elastic moduli covering a broad range of soft tissues (E= 1-236 kPa) originating from the final collagen density in the hydrogels (C= 0.3%-14%) and precise microtopographies (⩾1 μm). 34201918 10 0 theme propria 1459:1465 arg1 lymphocytes 1467:1477 lamina propria lymphocytes 1452:1477 lamina propria lymphocytes 1452:1477 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 3 1 from effect 444:449 arg1 health 491:496 intestinal health 480:496 intestinal health 480:496 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health, however, is unknown. 34201918 2 2 theme skin 308:311 arg1 inflammation 323:334 skin and liver inflammation 308:334 skin and liver inflammation 308:334 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 1 3 theme diseases 240:247 arg1 pathogenesis 205:216 the pathogenesis 201:216 the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) 201:253 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 11 4 theme elevated 1588:1595 arg1 phenotype 1605:1613 an elevated colitis phenotype 1585:1613 an elevated colitis phenotype 1585:1613 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 9 5 theme DC-specific 1377:1387 arg1 loss 1389:1392 a DC-specific loss 1375:1392 a DC-specific loss of PTPN2 1375:1401 However, macrophage depletion by clodronate caused enhanced colitis severity in mice with a DC-specific loss of PTPN2. 34201918 6 6 theme flow 804:807 arg1 cytometry 809:817 flow cytometry 804:817 flow cytometry 804:817 Lamina propria immune cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. 34201918 7 7 theme cell 1091:1094 arg1 homeostasis 1096:1106 intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1073:1106 intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1073:1106 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 8 8 theme increased 1176:1184 arg1 susceptibility 1194:1207 increased colitis susceptibility 1176:1207 increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1176:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 10 9 theme adaptive 1530:1537 arg1 cells 1546:1550 innate and adaptive immune cells 1519:1550 innate and adaptive immune cells 1519:1550 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 2 10 theme dendritic 278:286 arg1 DCs 295:297 DCs 295:297 DCs 295:297 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 2 10 theme dendritic 278:286 arg1 cells 288:292 dendritic cells 278:292 dendritic cells (DCs) 278:298 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 11 11 from loss 1691:1694 arg1 DCs 1713:1715 DCs 1713:1715 DCs 1713:1715 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 10 12 theme innate 1519:1524 arg1 cells 1546:1550 innate and adaptive immune cells 1519:1550 innate and adaptive immune cells 1519:1550 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 7 13 theme DSS 999:1001 arg1 colitis 1003:1009 acute DSS colitis 993:1009 acute DSS colitis 993:1009 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 1 14 theme critical 184:191 arg1 role 193:196 a critical role 182:196 a critical role 182:196 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 8 15 theme cell 1136:1139 arg1 alterations 1141:1151 those immune cell alterations 1123:1151 those immune cell alterations 1123:1151 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 8 16 theme acute 1212:1216 arg1 models 1277:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 11 17 theme inflammatory 1740:1751 arg1 effect 1753:1758 the inflammatory effect 1736:1758 the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs 1736:1781 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 8 18 theme chronic 1222:1228 arg1 models 1277:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 10 19 theme cells 1546:1550 arg1 infiltration 1503:1514 increased infiltration 1493:1514 increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells 1493:1550 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 7 20 theme Th1 972:974 arg1 abundance 976:984 Th1 abundance 972:984 Th1 abundance 972:984 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 7 21 theme lamina 923:928 arg1 propria 930:936 the lamina propria 919:936 the lamina propria of unchallenged mice 919:957 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 10 22 from Loss 1404:1407 arg1 DCs 1421:1423 DCs 1421:1423 DCs 1421:1423 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 8 23 theme colitis 1242:1248 arg1 models 1277:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 1 24 theme tyrosine 128:135 arg1 type 161:164 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 120:166 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) 120:174 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 1 24 theme tyrosine 128:135 arg1 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 8 25 theme T 1253:1253 arg1 colitis 1269:1275 T cell transfer colitis 1253:1275 T cell transfer colitis 1253:1275 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 5 26 theme chronic 689:695 arg1 colitis 701:707 acute and chronic DSS colitis 679:707 acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis 679:742 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 8 27 from susceptibility 1194:1207 arg1 models 1277:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 1 28 theme nonreceptor 149:159 arg1 type 161:164 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 120:166 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) 120:174 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 1 28 theme nonreceptor 149:159 arg1 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 4 29 theme colitis 615:621 arg1 development 623:633 colitis development 615:633 colitis development 615:633 The aim of this study was to investigate the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development. 34201918 11 30 theme PTPN2 1699:1703 arg1 loss 1705:1708 PTPN2 loss 1699:1708 PTPN2 loss 1699:1708 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 0 31 theme Dendritic 70:78 arg1 Cells 80:84 Dendritic Cells 70:84 Dendritic Cells 70:84 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 7 32 theme macrophages 893:903 arg1 infiltration 856:867 infiltration 856:867 infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs 856:912 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 7 33 theme lymphocytes 880:890 arg1 infiltration 856:867 infiltration 856:867 infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs 856:912 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 5 34 theme acute 679:683 arg1 colitis 701:707 acute and chronic DSS colitis 679:707 acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis 679:742 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 5 35 theme transfer 727:734 arg1 colitis 736:742 T cell transfer colitis 720:742 acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis 679:742 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 2 36 theme generalized 368:378 arg1 loss 380:383 a generalized loss 366:383 a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses 366:437 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 7 37 theme immune 1084:1089 arg1 homeostasis 1096:1106 intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1073:1106 intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1073:1106 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 2 38 theme uncontrolled 409:420 arg1 responses 429:437 uncontrolled immune responses 409:437 uncontrolled immune responses 409:437 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 2 39 theme weeks 353:357 arg1 age 343:345 the age 339:345 the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses 339:437 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 7 40 from role 1036:1039 arg1 DCs 1054:1056 DCs 1054:1056 DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1054:1106 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 10 41 theme lamina 1452:1457 arg1 lymphocytes 1467:1477 lamina propria lymphocytes 1452:1477 lamina propria lymphocytes 1452:1477 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 0 42 theme N2 64:65 arg1 Loss 27:30 Loss 27:30 Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells 27:84 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 11 43 theme DCs 1779:1781 arg1 effect 1753:1758 the inflammatory effect 1736:1758 the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs 1736:1781 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 0 44 theme Tyrosine 43:50 arg1 Phosphatase 52:62 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 35:62 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 35:65 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 6 45 theme cell 767:770 arg1 populations 772:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. 34201918 11 46 theme macrophages 1657:1667 arg1 infiltration 1641:1652 increased infiltration 1631:1652 increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs 1631:1715 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 6 47 theme propria 752:758 arg1 populations 772:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. 34201918 3 48 theme DC-specific 454:464 arg1 loss 472:475 DC-specific PTPN2 loss 454:475 DC-specific PTPN2 loss 454:475 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health, however, is unknown. 34201918 9 49 theme enhanced 1336:1343 arg1 severity 1353:1360 enhanced colitis severity 1336:1360 enhanced colitis severity 1336:1360 However, macrophage depletion by clodronate caused enhanced colitis severity in mice with a DC-specific loss of PTPN2. 34201918 4 50 theme study 536:540 arg1 aim 524:526 The aim 520:526 The aim of this study 520:540 The aim of this study was to investigate the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development. 34201918 10 51 theme lymphocytes 1467:1477 arg1 composition 1437:1447 the composition 1433:1447 the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes 1433:1477 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 7 52 theme DC-specific 820:830 arg1 deletion 838:845 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion 820:845 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion 820:845 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 1 53 theme bowel 234:238 arg1 diseases 240:247 inflammatory bowel diseases 221:247 inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) 221:253 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 1 53 theme bowel 234:238 arg1 IBD 250:252 IBD 250:252 IBD 250:252 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 7 54 theme important 1026:1034 arg1 role 1036:1039 an important role 1023:1039 an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1023:1106 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 3 55 theme intestinal 480:489 arg1 health 491:496 intestinal health 480:496 intestinal health 480:496 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health, however, is unknown. 34201918 8 56 theme transfer 1260:1267 arg1 colitis 1269:1275 T cell transfer colitis 1253:1275 T cell transfer colitis 1253:1275 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 10 57 theme increased 1493:1501 arg1 infiltration 1503:1514 increased infiltration 1493:1514 increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells 1493:1550 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 11 58 theme colitis 1597:1603 arg1 phenotype 1605:1613 an elevated colitis phenotype 1585:1613 an elevated colitis phenotype 1585:1613 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 3 59 theme loss 472:475 arg1 unknown 511:517 unknown 511:517 unknown 511:517 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health, however, is unknown. 34201918 3 59 theme loss 472:475 arg1 effect 444:449 The effect 440:449 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health 440:496 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health, however, is unknown. 34201918 5 60 theme T 720:720 arg1 colitis 736:742 T cell transfer colitis 720:742 acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis 679:742 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 10 61 theme immune 1539:1544 arg1 cells 1546:1550 innate and adaptive immune cells 1519:1550 innate and adaptive immune cells 1519:1550 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 4 62 from role 577:580 arg1 intestine 598:606 the intestine 594:606 the intestine during colitis development 594:633 The aim of this study was to investigate the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development. 34201918 4 63 theme PTPN2 585:589 arg1 role 577:580 the DC-specific role 561:580 the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development 561:633 The aim of this study was to investigate the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development. 34201918 7 64 theme acute 993:997 arg1 colitis 1003:1009 acute DSS colitis 993:1009 acute DSS colitis 993:1009 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 9 65 theme PTPN2 1397:1401 arg1 loss 1389:1392 a DC-specific loss 1375:1392 a DC-specific loss of PTPN2 1375:1401 However, macrophage depletion by clodronate caused enhanced colitis severity in mice with a DC-specific loss of PTPN2. 34201918 8 66 theme colitis 1186:1192 arg1 susceptibility 1194:1207 increased colitis susceptibility 1176:1207 increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1176:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 5 67 theme PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre 636:654 arg1 mice 656:659 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice 636:659 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice 636:659 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 8 68 theme immune 1129:1134 arg1 alterations 1141:1151 those immune cell alterations 1123:1151 those immune cell alterations 1123:1151 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 7 69 theme unchallenged 941:952 arg1 mice 954:957 unchallenged mice 941:957 unchallenged mice 941:957 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 7 70 theme mice 954:957 arg1 propria 930:936 the lamina propria 919:936 the lamina propria of unchallenged mice 919:957 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 1 71 theme Protein 120:126 arg1 type 161:164 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 120:166 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) 120:174 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 1 71 theme Protein 120:126 arg1 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 8 72 theme DSS-induced 1230:1240 arg1 colitis 1242:1248 DSS-induced colitis 1230:1248 DSS-induced colitis 1230:1248 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 1 73 theme phosphatase 137:147 arg1 type 161:164 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 120:166 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) 120:174 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 1 73 theme phosphatase 137:147 arg1 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 PTPN2 169:173 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 11 74 from infiltration 1641:1652 arg1 intestine 1676:1684 the intestine 1672:1684 the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs 1672:1715 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 0 75 from Loss 27:30 arg1 Cells 80:84 Dendritic Cells 70:84 Dendritic Cells 70:84 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 5 76 theme DSS 697:699 arg1 colitis 701:707 acute and chronic DSS colitis 679:707 acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis 679:742 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 7 77 theme DCs 910:912 arg1 infiltration 856:867 infiltration 856:867 infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs 856:912 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 2 78 from PTPN2 269:273 arg1 DCs 295:297 DCs 295:297 DCs 295:297 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 2 78 from PTPN2 269:273 arg1 cells 288:292 dendritic cells 278:292 dendritic cells (DCs) 278:298 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 2 79 theme immune 422:427 arg1 responses 429:437 uncontrolled immune responses 409:437 uncontrolled immune responses 409:437 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 8 80 theme cell 1255:1258 arg1 colitis 1269:1275 T cell transfer colitis 1253:1275 T cell transfer colitis 1253:1275 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 11 81 theme loss 1705:1708 arg1 loss 1691:1694 loss 1691:1694 loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs 1691:1715 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 8 82 theme colitis 1269:1275 arg1 models 1277:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models 1212:1282 Surprisingly, those immune cell alterations did not translate into increased colitis susceptibility in acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis or T cell transfer colitis models. 34201918 11 83 theme PTPN2-deficient 1763:1777 arg1 DCs 1779:1781 PTPN2-deficient DCs 1763:1781 PTPN2-deficient DCs 1763:1781 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 0 84 theme Elevated 102:109 arg1 Colitis 111:117 Elevated Colitis 102:117 Elevated Colitis 102:117 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 5 85 theme cell 722:725 arg1 colitis 736:742 T cell transfer colitis 720:742 acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis 679:742 PTPN2fl/flxCD11cCre mice were subjected to acute and chronic DSS colitis as well as T cell transfer colitis. 34201918 7 86 theme T 878:878 arg1 lymphocytes 880:890 B and T lymphocytes 872:890 lymphocytes 880:890 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 7 87 theme intestinal 1073:1082 arg1 homeostasis 1096:1106 intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1073:1106 intestinal immune cell homeostasis 1073:1106 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 7 88 theme B 872:872 arg1 lymphocytes 880:890 B and T lymphocytes 872:890 lymphocytes 880:890 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 2 89 theme due 359:361 arg1 weeks 353:357 22 weeks 350:357 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses 350:437 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 0 90 theme Protein 35:41 arg1 Phosphatase 52:62 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 35:62 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 35:65 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 4 91 theme DC-specific 565:575 arg1 role 577:580 the DC-specific role 561:580 the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development 561:633 The aim of this study was to investigate the DC-specific role of PTPN2 in the intestine during colitis development. 34201918 10 92 theme PTPN2 1412:1416 arg1 Loss 1404:1407 Loss 1404:1407 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs 1404:1423 Loss of PTPN2 in DCs affects the composition of lamina propria lymphocytes, resulting in increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells. 34201918 9 93 with mice 1365:1368 arg1 loss 1389:1392 a DC-specific loss 1375:1392 a DC-specific loss of PTPN2 1375:1401 However, macrophage depletion by clodronate caused enhanced colitis severity in mice with a DC-specific loss of PTPN2. 34201918 0 94 theme Phosphatase 52:62 arg1 N2 64:65 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 35:65 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 35:65 Macrophages Compensate for Loss of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N2 in Dendritic Cells to Protect from Elevated Colitis. 34201918 9 95 theme macrophage 1294:1303 arg1 depletion 1305:1313 macrophage depletion 1294:1313 macrophage depletion by clodronate 1294:1327 However, macrophage depletion by clodronate caused enhanced colitis severity in mice with a DC-specific loss of PTPN2. 34201918 2 96 theme tolerance 388:396 arg1 loss 380:383 a generalized loss 366:383 a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses 366:437 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 6 97 theme immune 760:765 arg1 populations 772:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. 34201918 11 98 theme increased 1631:1639 arg1 infiltration 1641:1652 increased infiltration 1631:1652 increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs 1631:1715 However, this did not result in an elevated colitis phenotype, likely because increased infiltration of macrophages in the intestine upon loss of PTPN2 loss in DCs can compensate for the inflammatory effect of PTPN2-deficient DCs. 34201918 2 99 theme liver 317:321 arg1 inflammation 323:334 skin and liver inflammation 308:334 skin and liver inflammation 308:334 Mice lacking PTPN2 in dendritic cells (DCs) develop skin and liver inflammation by the age of 22 weeks due to a generalized loss of tolerance leading to uncontrolled immune responses. 34201918 7 100 theme PTPN2 832:836 arg1 deletion 838:845 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion 820:845 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion 820:845 DC-specific PTPN2 deletion promoted infiltration of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and DCs into the lamina propria of unchallenged mice and elevated Th1 abundance during acute DSS colitis, suggesting an important role for PTPN2 in DCs in maintaining intestinal immune cell homeostasis. 34201918 6 101 theme Lamina 745:750 arg1 populations 772:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations 745:782 Lamina propria immune cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. 34201918 1 102 theme inflammatory 221:232 arg1 diseases 240:247 inflammatory bowel diseases 221:247 inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) 221:253 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 1 102 theme inflammatory 221:232 arg1 IBD 250:252 IBD 250:252 IBD 250:252 Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 34201918 3 103 theme PTPN2 466:470 arg1 loss 472:475 DC-specific PTPN2 loss 454:475 DC-specific PTPN2 loss 454:475 The effect of DC-specific PTPN2 loss on intestinal health, however, is unknown. 34201918 9 104 theme colitis 1345:1351 arg1 severity 1353:1360 enhanced colitis severity 1336:1360 enhanced colitis severity 1336:1360 However, macrophage depletion by clodronate caused enhanced colitis severity in mice with a DC-specific loss of PTPN2. 34764280 0 0 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 79:99 arg1 transferase 101:111 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 66:111 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 66:115 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 5 1 theme structural 656:665 arg1 basis 667:671 a structural basis 654:671 a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease 654:770 We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. 34764280 1 2 theme signalling 176:185 arg1 modification 153:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 1 2 theme signalling 176:185 arg1 mechanism 187:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 4 3 theme OGT 615:617 arg1 model 606:610 a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model 590:610 a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT 590:617 Here, we report a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT. 34764280 0 4 theme O-linked 70:77 arg1 transferase 101:111 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 66:111 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 66:115 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 1 5 with mechanism 187:195 arg1 patterns 213:220 erroneous patterns 203:220 erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration 203:260 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 7 6 theme protein 1156:1162 arg1 ligands 1164:1170 protein ligands 1156:1170 protein ligands 1156:1170 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 5 7 from interface 736:744 arg1 mutations 719:727 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations 681:727 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface 681:744 We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. 34764280 0 8 theme OGT 113:115 arg1 arrangement 51:61 the dimer arrangement 41:61 the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 41:115 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 0 9 theme transferase 101:111 arg1 OGT 113:115 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 66:115 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 66:115 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 6 10 theme sections 911:918 arg1 positioning 890:900 the relative positioning 877:900 the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model 877:990 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 7 11 theme tetratricopeptide 1054:1070 arg1 units 1079:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units 1054:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1054:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 5 12 theme intellectual 695:706 arg1 disability 708:717 X-linked intellectual disability 686:717 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface 681:744 We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. 34764280 5 13 link X-linked 686:693 arg1 disability 708:717 X-linked intellectual disability 686:717 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface 681:744 We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. 34764280 6 14 theme OGT 814:816 arg1 section 803:809 the catalytic section 789:809 the catalytic section of OGT 789:816 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 3 15 theme OGT 486:488 arg1 structures 472:481 truncated structures 462:481 truncated structures of OGT 462:488 Previous studies have provided truncated structures of OGT through X-ray crystallography, but the full-length protein has never been observed. 34764280 3 16 theme Previous 431:438 arg1 studies 440:446 Previous studies 431:446 Previous studies 431:446 Previous studies have provided truncated structures of OGT through X-ray crystallography, but the full-length protein has never been observed. 34764280 7 17 theme repeat 1072:1077 arg1 units 1079:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units 1054:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1054:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 2 18 theme essential 342:350 arg1 glycosyltransferase 352:370 only a single essential glycosyltransferase 328:370 only a single essential glycosyltransferase 328:370 Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. 34764280 1 19 theme erroneous 203:211 arg1 patterns 213:220 erroneous patterns 203:220 erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration 203:260 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 0 20 theme Cryo-EM 0:6 arg1 structure 8:16 Cryo-EM structure 0:16 Cryo-EM structure 0:16 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 4 21 theme 5.3 Å 592:596 arg1 model 606:610 a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model 590:610 a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT 590:617 Here, we report a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT. 34764280 6 22 theme catalytic 793:801 arg1 section 803:809 the catalytic section 789:809 the catalytic section of OGT 789:816 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 2 23 theme single 335:340 arg1 glycosyltransferase 352:370 only a single essential glycosyltransferase 328:370 only a single essential glycosyltransferase 328:370 Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. 34764280 7 24 with interface 1109:1117 arg1 repercussions 1124:1136 repercussions 1124:1136 repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1124:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 6 25 theme relative 881:888 arg1 positioning 890:900 the relative positioning 877:900 the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model 877:990 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 7 26 from heterogeneity 1037:1049 arg1 units 1079:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units 1054:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1054:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 4 27 theme cryo-EM 598:604 arg1 model 606:610 a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model 590:610 a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT 590:617 Here, we report a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT. 34764280 6 28 dep proposed 948:955 arg1 crystallography-based 964:984 crystallography-based 964:984 crystallography-based 964:984 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 3 29 theme X-ray 498:502 arg1 crystallography 504:518 X-ray crystallography 498:518 X-ray crystallography 498:518 Previous studies have provided truncated structures of OGT through X-ray crystallography, but the full-length protein has never been observed. 34764280 3 30 theme truncated 462:470 arg1 structures 472:481 truncated structures 462:481 truncated structures of OGT 462:488 Previous studies have provided truncated structures of OGT through X-ray crystallography, but the full-length protein has never been observed. 34764280 7 31 theme dimer 1103:1107 arg1 interface 1109:1117 the dimer interface 1099:1117 the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1099:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 7 32 theme N-terminal 1085:1094 arg1 units 1079:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units 1054:1083 tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1054:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 0 33 link O-linked 70:77 arg1 transferase 101:111 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 66:111 the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 66:115 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 1 34 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 modification 153:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 1 34 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 mechanism 187:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 0 35 theme dimer 45:49 arg1 arrangement 51:61 the dimer arrangement 41:61 the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT 41:115 Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. 34764280 5 36 theme X-linked 686:693 arg1 disability 708:717 X-linked intellectual disability 686:717 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface 681:744 We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. 34764280 1 37 theme core 171:174 arg1 modification 153:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 1 37 theme core 171:174 arg1 mechanism 187:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 7 38 theme considerable 1024:1035 arg1 heterogeneity 1037:1049 considerable heterogeneity 1024:1049 considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners 1024:1183 We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners. 34764280 1 39 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 131:151 arg1 modification 153:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 1 39 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 131:151 arg1 mechanism 187:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 6 40 theme proposed 948:955 arg1 model 986:990 the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model 933:990 the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model 933:990 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 1 41 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 modification 153:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 118:164 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 1 41 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 mechanism 187:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 a core signalling mechanism 169:195 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. 34764280 6 42 theme unit 856:859 arg1 region 861:866 a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region 824:866 a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region 824:866 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 5 43 theme disability 708:717 arg1 mutations 719:727 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations 681:727 some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface 681:744 We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. 34764280 6 44 theme repeat 849:854 arg1 region 861:866 a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region 824:866 a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region 824:866 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 3 45 theme full-length 529:539 arg1 protein 541:547 the full-length protein 525:547 the full-length protein 525:547 Previous studies have provided truncated structures of OGT through X-ray crystallography, but the full-length protein has never been observed. 34764280 6 46 dep positioning 890:900 arg1 deviate 920:926 deviate 920:926 deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model 920:990 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 6 47 theme tetratricopeptide 831:847 arg1 repeat 849:854 a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat 824:854 a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region 824:866 We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. 34764280 2 48 theme proteins 285:292 arg1 thousands 272:280 thousands 272:280 thousands of proteins 272:292 Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. 34764280 2 49 theme O-GlcNAc 404:411 arg1 installation 386:397 its installation 382:397 its installation 382:397 Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. 34764280 2 49 theme O-GlcNAc 404:411 arg1 OGT 426:428 OGT 426:428 OGT 426:428 Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. 34764280 2 49 theme O-GlcNAc 404:411 arg1 transferase 413:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase 400:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase 400:423 Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. 33863881 2 0 dep cultivars 571:579 arg1 Billings 592:599 Billings 592:599 Billings 592:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 0 dep cultivars 571:579 arg1 Duster 581:586 Duster 581:586 Duster 581:586 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 0 dep cultivars 571:579 arg1 cultivars 571:579 winter wheat cultivars 558:579 winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings 558:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 1 1 theme wheat 343:347 arg1 cultivars 349:357 winter wheat cultivars 336:357 winter wheat cultivars 336:357 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 4 2 theme TaOGT1b 868:874 arg1 overexpression 850:863 constitutive overexpression 837:863 constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings 837:888 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 3 3 theme mapping 688:694 arg1 population 696:705 a mapping population 686:705 a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments 686:787 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 2 4 theme N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 arg1 OGT 512:514 OGT 512:514 OGT 512:514 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 4 theme N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 arg1 transferase 499:509 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 456:509 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings 456:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 4 5 theme transgenic 917:926 arg1 plants 935:940 transgenic Duster plants 917:940 transgenic Duster plants 917:940 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 5 6 theme wheat 991:995 arg1 TaGRP2 1005:1010 wheat protein TaGRP2 991:1010 wheat protein TaGRP2 991:1010 TaOGT1 is able to transfer an O-GlcNAc group to wheat protein TaGRP2. 33863881 0 7 theme winter 93:98 arg1 wheat 100:104 winter wheat 93:104 winter wheat 93:104 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 0 8 from regulation 61:70 arg1 wheat 100:104 winter wheat 93:104 winter wheat 93:104 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 0 9 link O-linked 0:7 arg1 transferase 29:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 5 10 theme O-GlcNAc 973:980 arg1 group 982:986 an O-GlcNAc group 970:986 an O-GlcNAc group 970:986 TaOGT1 is able to transfer an O-GlcNAc group to wheat protein TaGRP2. 33863881 1 11 theme spring 185:190 arg1 wheat 192:196 spring wheat and winter wheat 185:213 wheat 192:196 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 1 12 from differences 300:310 arg1 time 325:328 flowering time 315:328 flowering time 315:328 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 6 13 from roles 1046:1050 arg1 wheat 1073:1077 winter wheat 1066:1077 winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios 1066:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 0 14 theme N-acetylglucosamine 9:27 arg1 transferase 29:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 0 15 theme time 85:88 arg1 regulation 61:70 fine regulation 56:70 fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat 56:104 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 1 16 from differences 147:157 arg1 time 172:175 flowering time 162:175 flowering time 162:175 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 6 17 theme winter 1066:1071 arg1 wheat 1073:1077 winter wheat 1066:1077 winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios 1066:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 0 18 theme O-linked 0:7 arg1 transferase 29:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 4 19 theme constitutive 837:848 arg1 overexpression 850:863 constitutive overexpression 837:863 constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings 837:888 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 2 20 link O-linked 459:466 arg1 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 20 link O-linked 459:466 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 459:486 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings 456:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 1 21 theme winter 202:207 arg1 wheat 209:213 spring wheat and winter wheat 185:213 wheat 209:213 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 4 22 theme Duster 928:933 arg1 plants 935:940 transgenic Duster plants 917:940 transgenic Duster plants 917:940 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 6 23 from wheat 1073:1077 arg1 adaptation 1082:1091 adaptation 1082:1091 adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios 1082:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 1 24 theme subtler 292:298 arg1 differences 300:310 subtler differences 292:310 subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide 292:419 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 2 25 theme heading 537:543 arg1 date 545:548 heading date 537:548 heading date 537:548 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 1 26 theme Vernalization 107:119 arg1 genes 121:125 Vernalization genes 107:125 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat 107:213 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 2 27 theme O-linked 459:466 arg1 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 27 theme O-linked 459:466 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 459:486 an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings 456:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 4 28 from Billings 881:888 arg1 overexpression 850:863 constitutive overexpression 837:863 constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings 837:888 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 3 29 theme quantitative 635:646 arg1 locus 654:658 a quantitative trait locus 633:658 a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments 633:787 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 3 29 theme quantitative 635:646 arg1 QTL 661:663 QTL 661:663 QTL 661:663 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 4 30 theme Transgenic 790:799 arg1 analysis 817:824 Transgenic complementation analysis 790:824 Transgenic complementation analysis 790:824 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 4 31 theme plants 935:940 arg1 heading 906:912 the heading 902:912 the heading of transgenic Duster plants 902:940 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 3 32 dep population 696:705 arg1 derived 707:713 derived 707:713 derived from these two bread wheat cultivars 707:750 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 3 32 dep population 696:705 arg1 analyzed 756:763 analyzed 756:763 analyzed in various environments 756:787 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 1 33 theme flowering 315:323 arg1 time 325:328 flowering time 315:328 flowering time 315:328 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 1 34 theme wheat 399:403 arg1 wheat 399:403 wheat 399:403 wheat grown worldwide 399:419 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 1 34 theme wheat 399:403 arg1 % 394:394 approximately 75% 378:394 approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide 378:419 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 6 35 theme climate 1125:1131 arg1 scenarios 1133:1141 the future climate scenarios 1114:1141 the future climate scenarios 1114:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 0 36 theme fine 56:59 arg1 regulation 61:70 fine regulation 56:70 fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat 56:104 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 3 37 theme bread 730:734 arg1 cultivars 742:750 these two bread wheat cultivars 720:750 these two bread wheat cultivars 720:750 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 2 38 theme wheat 565:569 arg1 Billings 592:599 Billings 592:599 Billings 592:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 38 theme wheat 565:569 arg1 Duster 581:586 Duster 581:586 Duster 581:586 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 38 theme wheat 565:569 arg1 cultivars 571:579 winter wheat cultivars 558:579 winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings 558:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 4 39 theme complementation 801:815 arg1 analysis 817:824 Transgenic complementation analysis 790:824 Transgenic complementation analysis 790:824 Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression of TaOGT1b from Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants. 33863881 6 40 theme future 1118:1123 arg1 scenarios 1133:1141 the future climate scenarios 1114:1141 the future climate scenarios 1114:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 3 41 theme wheat 736:740 arg1 cultivars 742:750 these two bread wheat cultivars 720:750 these two bread wheat cultivars 720:750 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 2 42 theme winter 558:563 arg1 Billings 592:599 Billings 592:599 Billings 592:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 42 theme winter 558:563 arg1 Duster 581:586 Duster 581:586 Duster 581:586 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 2 42 theme winter 558:563 arg1 cultivars 571:579 winter wheat cultivars 558:579 winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings 558:599 Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. 33863881 1 43 theme dramatic 138:145 arg1 differences 147:157 dramatic differences 138:157 dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat 138:213 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 3 44 theme various 768:774 arg1 environments 776:787 various environments 768:787 various environments 768:787 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 3 45 theme trait 648:652 arg1 locus 654:658 a quantitative trait locus 633:658 a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments 633:787 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 3 45 theme trait 648:652 arg1 QTL 661:663 QTL 661:663 QTL 661:663 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 3 46 theme TaOGT1 616:621 arg1 gene 623:626 this TaOGT1 gene 611:626 this TaOGT1 gene 611:626 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 6 47 theme global 1096:1101 arg1 warming 1103:1109 global warming 1096:1109 global warming in the future climate scenarios 1096:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 0 48 theme flowering 75:83 arg1 time 85:88 flowering time 75:88 flowering time 75:88 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat. 33863881 6 49 theme important 1036:1044 arg1 roles 1046:1050 important roles 1036:1050 important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios 1036:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 5 50 theme protein 997:1003 arg1 TaGRP2 1005:1010 wheat protein TaGRP2 991:1010 wheat protein TaGRP2 991:1010 TaOGT1 is able to transfer an O-GlcNAc group to wheat protein TaGRP2. 33863881 3 51 from locus 654:658 arg1 clone 605:609 clone 605:609 clone 605:609 We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. 33863881 1 52 theme winter 336:341 arg1 cultivars 349:357 winter wheat cultivars 336:357 winter wheat cultivars 336:357 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 33863881 6 53 from warming 1103:1109 arg1 scenarios 1133:1141 the future climate scenarios 1114:1141 the future climate scenarios 1114:1141 Our findings establish important roles for TaOGT1 in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios. 33863881 1 54 theme flowering 162:170 arg1 time 172:175 flowering time 162:175 flowering time 162:175 Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. 32827216 5 0 theme l-fucose 721:728 arg1 presence 709:716 the presence 705:716 the presence of l-fucose 705:728 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 6 1 theme Bacteriodes 881:891 arg1 member 915:920 an abundant member 903:920 an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota 903:949 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 6 1 theme Bacteriodes 881:891 arg1 fragilis 893:900 Bacteriodes fragilis 881:900 Bacteriodes fragilis 881:900 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 3 2 link O-linked 439:446 arg1 structures 455:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 6 3 theme activity-based 841:854 arg1 probe 856:860 an activity-based probe 838:860 an activity-based probe 838:860 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 2 4 contain possess 328:334 arg2 operon 339:344 an operon 336:344 an operon for l-fucose utilisation 336:369 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 2 4 contain possess 328:334 arg1 Half 292:295 Half 292:295 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates 292:326 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 10 5 theme C. 1364:1365 arg1 fuc + strains 1374:1386 C. jejuni fuc + strains 1364:1386 C. jejuni fuc + strains 1364:1386 We conclude that C. jejuni fuc + strains are dependent on exogenous fucosidases for increased growth and invasion. 32827216 3 6 theme fucosidase 489:498 arg1 enzyme 500:505 a fucosidase enzyme 487:505 a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose 487:539 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 1 7 theme central 255:261 arg1 role 263:266 a central role 253:266 a central role 253:266 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 7 8 from dependent 1022:1030 arg1 presence 988:995 the presence 984:995 the presence of mucins 984:1005 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 10 9 theme exogenous 1405:1413 arg1 fucosidases 1415:1425 exogenous fucosidases 1405:1425 exogenous fucosidases for increased growth and invasion 1405:1459 We conclude that C. jejuni fuc + strains are dependent on exogenous fucosidases for increased growth and invasion. 32827216 4 10 theme C. 570:571 arg1 jejuni 573:578 C. jejuni 570:578 C. jejuni 570:578 We set out to determine how C. jejuni can gain access to these intestinal l-fucosides. 32827216 8 11 theme intestinal 1125:1134 arg1 cells 1136:1140 Caco-2 intestinal cells 1118:1140 Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1118:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 7 12 theme increased 1071:1079 arg1 growth 1081:1086 increased growth 1071:1086 increased growth 1071:1086 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 8 13 link O-linked 1163:1170 arg1 structures 1179:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures 1155:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1155:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 3 14 theme C. 471:472 arg1 jejuni 474:479 C. jejuni 471:479 C. jejuni 471:479 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 7 15 theme fucosidase 1047:1056 arg1 activity 1058:1065 B. fragilis fucosidase activity 1035:1065 B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth 1035:1086 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 8 16 theme Campylobacter 1089:1101 arg1 jejuni 1103:1108 Campylobacter jejuni 1089:1108 Campylobacter jejuni 1089:1108 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 0 17 theme mucins 107:112 arg1 presence 95:102 the presence 91:102 the presence of mucins 91:112 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases facilitate growth and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of mucins. 32827216 9 18 theme fragilis 1289:1296 arg1 presence 1274:1281 the presence 1270:1281 the presence of B. fragilis 1270:1296 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 7 19 dep B. 1035:1036 arg1 fragilis 1038:1045 fragilis 1038:1045 fragilis 1038:1045 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 6 20 theme fucosidase 816:825 arg1 assays 827:832 fucosidase assays 816:832 fucosidase assays 816:832 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 3 21 theme intestinal 379:388 arg1 tract 390:394 the intestinal tract 375:394 the intestinal tract 375:394 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 9 22 from presence 1274:1281 arg1 invasive 1258:1265 invasive 1258:1265 invasive 1258:1265 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 3 23 theme mucin 433:437 arg1 structures 455:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 8 24 theme O-linked 1163:1170 arg1 structures 1179:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures 1155:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1155:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 3 25 theme essential 507:515 arg1 enzyme 500:505 a fucosidase enzyme 487:505 a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose 487:539 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 7 26 theme B. 1035:1036 arg1 activity 1058:1065 B. fragilis fucosidase activity 1035:1065 B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth 1035:1086 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 6 27 theme microbiota 940:949 arg1 member 915:920 an abundant member 903:920 an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota 903:949 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 6 27 theme microbiota 940:949 arg1 fragilis 893:900 Bacteriodes fragilis 881:900 Bacteriodes fragilis 881:900 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 2 28 theme jejuni 303:308 arg1 isolates 319:326 C. jejuni clinical isolates 300:326 C. jejuni clinical isolates 300:326 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 7 29 theme C. 1008:1009 arg1 jejuni 1011:1016 C. jejuni 1008:1016 C. jejuni 1008:1016 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 0 30 theme Bacteroides 0:10 arg1 fucosidases 21:31 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases 0:31 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases 0:31 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases facilitate growth and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of mucins. 32827216 1 31 theme C. 271:272 arg1 jejuni 274:279 C. jejuni 271:279 C. jejuni virulence 271:289 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 10 32 theme increased 1431:1439 arg1 growth 1441:1446 increased growth 1431:1446 increased growth 1431:1446 We conclude that C. jejuni fuc + strains are dependent on exogenous fucosidases for increased growth and invasion. 32827216 2 33 theme C. 300:301 arg1 isolates 319:326 C. jejuni clinical isolates 300:326 C. jejuni clinical isolates 300:326 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 8 34 theme Caco-2 1118:1123 arg1 cells 1136:1140 Caco-2 intestinal cells 1118:1140 Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1118:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 1 35 theme jejuni 274:279 arg1 virulence 281:289 C. jejuni virulence 271:289 C. jejuni virulence 271:289 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 10 36 theme jejuni 1367:1372 arg1 fuc + strains 1374:1386 C. jejuni fuc + strains 1364:1386 C. jejuni fuc + strains 1364:1386 We conclude that C. jejuni fuc + strains are dependent on exogenous fucosidases for increased growth and invasion. 32827216 5 37 theme additional 790:799 arg1 l-fucose 801:808 additional l-fucose 790:808 additional l-fucose 790:808 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 8 38 theme glycan 1172:1177 arg1 structures 1179:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures 1155:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1155:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 5 39 theme fucose 736:741 arg1 strains 761:767 fucose permease knockout strains 736:767 fucose permease knockout strains 736:767 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 5 40 theme NCTC 680:683 arg1 strains 659:665 the fuc + C. jejuni strains 639:665 the fuc + C. jejuni strains 639:665 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 5 40 theme NCTC 680:683 arg1 11168 685:689 NCTC 11168 680:689 NCTC 11168 680:689 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 9 41 theme infection 1216:1224 arg1 experiments 1226:1236 infection experiments 1216:1236 infection experiments 1216:1236 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 9 42 from experiments 1226:1236 arg1 invasive 1258:1265 invasive 1258:1265 invasive 1258:1265 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 3 43 theme O-linked 439:446 arg1 structures 455:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 5 44 theme permease 743:750 arg1 strains 761:767 fucose permease knockout strains 736:767 fucose permease knockout strains 736:767 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 6 45 theme active 961:966 arg1 fucosidases 968:978 active fucosidases 961:978 active fucosidases 961:978 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 9 46 from invasive 1258:1265 arg1 experiments 1226:1236 infection experiments 1216:1236 infection experiments 1216:1236 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 9 46 from invasive 1258:1265 arg1 presence 1274:1281 the presence 1270:1281 the presence of B. fragilis 1270:1296 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 3 47 theme glycan 448:453 arg1 structures 455:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 5 48 theme knockout 752:759 arg1 strains 761:767 fucose permease knockout strains 736:767 fucose permease knockout strains 736:767 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 6 49 theme abundant 906:913 arg1 member 915:920 an abundant member 903:920 an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota 903:949 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 6 49 theme abundant 906:913 arg1 fragilis 893:900 Bacteriodes fragilis 881:900 Bacteriodes fragilis 881:900 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 5 50 theme fuc + C. 643:650 arg1 strains 659:665 the fuc + C. jejuni strains 639:665 the fuc + C. jejuni strains 639:665 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 5 50 theme fuc + C. 643:650 arg1 129,108 668:674 129,108 668:674 129,108 668:674 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 5 50 theme fuc + C. 643:650 arg1 11168 685:689 NCTC 11168 680:689 NCTC 11168 680:689 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 6 51 theme intestinal 929:938 arg1 microbiota 940:949 the intestinal microbiota 925:949 the intestinal microbiota 925:949 With fucosidase assays and an activity-based probe, we confirmed that Bacteriodes fragilis, an abundant member of the intestinal microbiota, secretes active fucosidases. 32827216 5 52 theme jejuni 652:657 arg1 strains 659:665 the fuc + C. jejuni strains 639:665 the fuc + C. jejuni strains 639:665 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 5 52 theme jejuni 652:657 arg1 129,108 668:674 129,108 668:674 129,108 668:674 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 5 52 theme jejuni 652:657 arg1 11168 685:689 NCTC 11168 680:689 NCTC 11168 680:689 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 9 53 theme C. 1239:1240 arg1 jejuni 1242:1247 C. jejuni 1239:1247 C. jejuni 1239:1247 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32827216 8 54 contain contain 1195:1201 arg2 l-fucose 1203:1210 l-fucose 1203:1210 l-fucose 1203:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 8 54 contain contain 1195:1201 arg1 structures 1179:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures 1155:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1155:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 3 55 from structures 455:464 arg1 available 420:428 available 420:428 available 420:428 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 1 56 theme enteropathogenic 119:134 arg1 bacterium 136:144 The enteropathogenic bacterium 115:144 The enteropathogenic bacterium 115:144 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 1 56 theme enteropathogenic 119:134 arg1 jejuni 161:166 Campylobacter jejuni 147:166 Campylobacter jejuni 147:166 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 1 56 theme enteropathogenic 119:134 arg1 non-saccharolytic 190:206 non-saccharolytic 190:206 non-saccharolytic 190:206 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 5 57 theme strains 659:665 arg1 Growth 629:634 Growth 629:634 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, 629:690 Growth of the fuc + C. jejuni strains, 129,108 and NCTC 11168, increased in the presence of l-fucose while fucose permease knockout strains did not benefit from additional l-fucose. 32827216 2 58 theme isolates 319:326 arg1 Half 292:295 Half 292:295 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates 292:326 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 7 59 theme mucins 1000:1005 arg1 presence 988:995 the presence 984:995 the presence of mucins 984:1005 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 7 60 from presence 988:995 arg1 dependent 1022:1030 dependent 1022:1030 dependent 1022:1030 In the presence of mucins, C. jejuni was dependent on B. fragilis fucosidase activity for increased growth. 32827216 8 61 theme complex 1155:1161 arg1 structures 1179:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures 1155:1188 complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose 1155:1210 Campylobacter jejuni invaded Caco-2 intestinal cells that express complex O-linked glycan structures that contain l-fucose. 32827216 2 62 theme clinical 310:317 arg1 isolates 319:326 C. jejuni clinical isolates 300:326 C. jejuni clinical isolates 300:326 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 0 63 theme jejuni 81:86 arg1 invasion 55:62 invasion 55:62 invasion 55:62 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases facilitate growth and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of mucins. 32827216 0 63 theme jejuni 81:86 arg1 growth 44:49 growth 44:49 growth 44:49 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases facilitate growth and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of mucins. 32827216 4 64 theme intestinal 605:614 arg1 l-fucosides 616:626 these intestinal l-fucosides 599:626 these intestinal l-fucosides 599:626 We set out to determine how C. jejuni can gain access to these intestinal l-fucosides. 32827216 3 65 from available 420:428 arg1 structures 455:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 mucin O-linked glycan structures 433:464 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 3 65 from available 420:428 arg1 tract 390:394 the intestinal tract 375:394 the intestinal tract 375:394 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 1 66 theme Campylobacter 147:159 arg1 bacterium 136:144 The enteropathogenic bacterium 115:144 The enteropathogenic bacterium 115:144 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 1 66 theme Campylobacter 147:159 arg1 jejuni 161:166 Campylobacter jejuni 147:166 Campylobacter jejuni 147:166 The enteropathogenic bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, was considered to be non-saccharolytic, but recently it emerged that l-fucose plays a central role in C. jejuni virulence. 32827216 0 67 theme Campylobacter 67:79 arg1 jejuni 81:86 Campylobacter jejuni 67:86 Campylobacter jejuni 67:86 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases facilitate growth and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of mucins. 32827216 3 68 from tract 390:394 arg1 available 420:428 available 420:428 available 420:428 In the intestinal tract, l-fucose is abundantly available in mucin O-linked glycan structures, but C. jejuni lacks a fucosidase enzyme essential to release the l-fucose. 32827216 0 69 dep Bacteroides 0:10 arg1 fragilis 12:19 fragilis 12:19 fragilis 12:19 Bacteroides fragilis fucosidases facilitate growth and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of mucins. 32827216 2 70 theme l-fucose 350:357 arg1 utilisation 359:369 l-fucose utilisation 350:369 l-fucose utilisation 350:369 Half of C. jejuni clinical isolates possess an operon for l-fucose utilisation. 32827216 9 71 theme fucosidase 1326:1335 arg1 activity 1337:1344 fucosidase activity 1326:1344 fucosidase activity 1326:1344 In infection experiments, C. jejuni was more invasive in the presence of B. fragilis and this increase is due to fucosidase activity. 32408838 2 0 theme new 88:90 arg1 saponin 105:111 A new triterpenoid saponin 86:111 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) 86:134 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 5 1 link O-linked 376:383 arg1 chains 391:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 5 2 from rare 419:422 arg1 products 435:442 natural products 427:442 natural products 427:442 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 4 3 theme hydrolysis 304:313 arg1 reaction 315:322 hydrolysis reaction 304:322 hydrolysis reaction 304:322 Its structure was determined by chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR data, HRESIMS and hydrolysis reaction. 32408838 6 4 theme HepG2 531:535 arg1 lines 542:546 HepG2 cell lines 531:546 HepG2 cell lines 531:546 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 5 5 theme natural 427:433 arg1 products 435:442 natural products 427:442 natural products 427:442 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 2 6 theme Anemonside 119:128 arg1 1 133:133 1 133:133 1 133:133 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 2 6 theme Anemonside 119:128 arg1 A 130:130 Anemonside A 119:130 Anemonside A (1) 119:134 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 5 7 from products 435:442 arg1 rare 419:422 rare 419:422 rare 419:422 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 6 8 theme cytotoxic 462:470 arg1 activity 472:479 the cytotoxic activity 458:479 the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A 458:495 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 6 9 theme cytotoxic 582:590 arg1 activity 592:599 no cytotoxic activity 579:599 no cytotoxic activity 579:599 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 0 10 theme new 2:4 arg1 saponin 19:25 A new triterpenoid saponin 0:25 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 0:79 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 5 11 with units 361:365 arg1 chains 391:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 2 12 attach isolated 140:147 arg2 saponin 105:111 A new triterpenoid saponin 86:111 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) 86:134 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 2 12 attach isolated 140:147 arg1 rhizome 158:164 the rhizome 154:164 the rhizome of Anemone amurensis 154:185 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 5 13 theme O-linked 376:383 arg1 chains 391:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 5 14 theme sugar 385:389 arg1 chains 391:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 two O-linked sugar chains 372:396 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 0 15 theme triterpenoid 6:17 arg1 saponin 19:25 A new triterpenoid saponin 0:25 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 0:79 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 6 16 theme Anemonside 484:493 arg1 A 495:495 Anemonside A 484:495 Anemonside A 484:495 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 0 17 from amurensis 62:70 arg1 units 43:47 nine sugar units 32:47 nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis 32:70 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 6 18 theme MTT 557:559 arg1 method 561:566 the MTT method 553:566 the MTT method 553:566 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 2 19 theme amurensis 177:185 arg1 rhizome 158:164 the rhizome 154:164 the rhizome of Anemone amurensis 154:185 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 0 20 with saponin 19:25 arg1 units 43:47 nine sugar units 32:47 nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis 32:70 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 2 21 theme Anemone 169:175 arg1 amurensis 177:185 Anemone amurensis 169:185 Anemone amurensis 169:185 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 0 22 theme sugar 37:41 arg1 units 43:47 nine sugar units 32:47 nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis 32:70 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 4 23 theme NMR 282:284 arg1 data 286:289 2D NMR data 279:289 2D NMR data 279:289 Its structure was determined by chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR data, HRESIMS and hydrolysis reaction. 32408838 5 24 theme sugar 355:359 arg1 units 361:365 nine sugar units 350:365 nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products 350:442 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 0 25 dep saponin 19:25 arg1 Korsh 73:77 Korsh 73:77 Korsh 73:77 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 4 26 theme 2D 279:280 arg1 data 286:289 2D NMR data 279:289 2D NMR data 279:289 Its structure was determined by chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR data, HRESIMS and hydrolysis reaction. 32408838 5 27 contain contains 341:348 arg2 units 361:365 nine sugar units 350:365 nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products 350:442 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 5 27 contain contains 341:348 arg1 saponin 333:339 The new saponin 325:339 The new saponin 325:339 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 32408838 2 28 dep isolated 140:147 arg1 Korsh 188:192 Korsh 188:192 Korsh 188:192 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 0 29 theme Anemone 54:60 arg1 amurensis 62:70 Anemone amurensis 54:70 Anemone amurensis 54:70 A new triterpenoid saponin with nine sugar units from Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 4 30 theme spectral 246:253 arg1 analysis 255:262 spectral analysis 246:262 spectral analysis 246:262 Its structure was determined by chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR data, HRESIMS and hydrolysis reaction. 32408838 6 31 theme cell 537:540 arg1 lines 542:546 HepG2 cell lines 531:546 HepG2 cell lines 531:546 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 2 32 theme triterpenoid 92:103 arg1 saponin 105:111 A new triterpenoid saponin 86:111 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) 86:134 A new triterpenoid saponin named Anemonside A (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis (Korsh.) 32408838 6 33 theme A 495:495 arg1 activity 472:479 the cytotoxic activity 458:479 the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A 458:495 In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Anemonside A was evaluated by against A549 and HepG2 cell lines with the MTT method and showed no cytotoxic activity with IC50 over 100 μM. 32408838 5 34 theme new 329:331 arg1 saponin 333:339 The new saponin 325:339 The new saponin 325:339 The new saponin contains nine sugar units with two O-linked sugar chains, which is relatively rare in natural products. 33155130 4 0 theme growing 747:753 arg1 stages 755:760 the growing stages 743:760 the growing stages regardless of the growing media 743:792 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 6 1 theme L. 1110:1111 arg1 WCFS1 1123:1127 L. plantarum WCFS1 1110:1127 L. plantarum WCFS1 1110:1127 Additionally, L. plantarum WCFS1 secretes ECS with a greater diversity of proteins, when growing in the sucrose-enriched media. 33155130 2 2 theme ATR-FTIR 366:373 arg1 spectroscopy 375:386 ATR-FTIR spectroscopy 366:386 ATR-FTIR spectroscopy 366:386 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 4 3 theme proteinaceous 831:843 arg1 materials 845:853 proteinaceous materials 831:853 proteinaceous materials 831:853 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 6 4 theme plantarum 1113:1121 arg1 WCFS1 1123:1127 L. plantarum WCFS1 1110:1127 L. plantarum WCFS1 1110:1127 Additionally, L. plantarum WCFS1 secretes ECS with a greater diversity of proteins, when growing in the sucrose-enriched media. 33155130 5 5 theme tested 964:969 arg1 media 986:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media 956:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 956:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 5 theme tested 964:969 arg1 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1000:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 6 6 theme greater 1149:1155 arg1 diversity 1157:1165 a greater diversity 1147:1165 a greater diversity of proteins 1147:1177 Additionally, L. plantarum WCFS1 secretes ECS with a greater diversity of proteins, when growing in the sucrose-enriched media. 33155130 3 7 theme high 517:520 arg1 weight 532:537 high molecular weight 517:537 high molecular weight 517:537 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 7 8 dep abstract 1234:1241 arg1 Graphical 1224:1232 Graphical 1224:1232 Graphical 1224:1232 Graphical abstract. 33155130 1 9 used used 175:178 arg2 media 165:169 Sugar-enriched media 150:169 Sugar-enriched media 150:169 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 4 10 theme statistical 647:657 arg1 analysis 659:666 a multivariate statistical analysis 632:666 a multivariate statistical analysis 632:666 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 5 11 from end 891:893 arg1 present 945:951 present 945:951 present 945:951 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 3 12 theme proteins 600:607 arg1 proteins 600:607 proteins 600:607 proteins 600:607 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 12 theme proteins 600:607 arg1 carbohydrates 582:594 carbohydrates 582:594 carbohydrates 582:594 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 12 theme proteins 600:607 arg1 amounts 571:577 significant amounts 559:577 significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins 559:607 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 4 13 theme growing 780:786 arg1 media 788:792 the growing media 776:792 the growing media 776:792 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 0 14 theme plantarum 120:128 arg1 media 143:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 5 15 theme sugar-enriched 971:984 arg1 media 986:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media 956:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 956:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 15 theme sugar-enriched 971:984 arg1 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1000:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 16 theme exponential 902:912 arg1 phase 914:918 the exponential phase 898:918 the exponential phase 898:918 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 4 17 theme materials 845:853 arg1 production 817:826 a higher production 808:826 a higher production of proteinaceous materials 808:853 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 2 18 theme bulk 425:428 arg1 ECS 430:432 bulk ECS 425:432 bulk ECS produced along culture growing time 425:468 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 0 19 theme Lactobacillus 106:118 arg1 media 143:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 1 20 theme plantarum 239:247 arg1 WCSF1 249:253 Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1 225:253 Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1 225:253 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 3 21 theme Secreted 471:478 arg1 biopolymers 480:490 Secreted biopolymers 471:490 Secreted biopolymers 471:490 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 5 22 from 36.9 kDa 1060:1067 arg1 20 1026:1027 20 1026:1027 20 1026:1027 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 22 from 36.9 kDa 1060:1067 arg1 muropeptidase 1043:1055 a muropeptidase 1041:1055 a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1041:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 1 23 theme extracellular 191:203 arg1 ECS 217:219 ECS 217:219 ECS 217:219 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 1 23 theme extracellular 191:203 arg1 substances 205:214 extracellular substances 191:214 extracellular substances (ECS) 191:220 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 0 24 theme Analytical 0:9 arg1 combinations 11:22 Analytical combinations 0:22 Analytical combinations 0:22 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 1 25 theme growing 272:278 arg1 stages 280:285 growing stages 272:285 growing stages 272:285 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 5 26 theme common 921:926 arg1 exoproteins 928:938 common exoproteins 921:938 common exoproteins 921:938 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 6 27 theme sucrose-enriched 1200:1215 arg1 media 1217:1221 the sucrose-enriched media 1196:1221 the sucrose-enriched media 1196:1221 Additionally, L. plantarum WCFS1 secretes ECS with a greater diversity of proteins, when growing in the sucrose-enriched media. 33155130 5 28 from hydrolase 1085:1093 arg1 20 1026:1027 20 1026:1027 20 1026:1027 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 28 from hydrolase 1085:1093 arg1 muropeptidase 1043:1055 a muropeptidase 1041:1055 a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1041:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 2 29 theme physicochemical 397:411 arg1 patterns 413:420 physicochemical patterns 397:420 physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time 397:468 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 0 30 theme culture 135:141 arg1 media 143:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 5 31 from media 986:990 arg1 present 945:951 present 945:951 present 945:951 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 4 32 theme higher 810:815 arg1 production 817:826 a higher production 808:826 a higher production of proteinaceous materials 808:853 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 2 33 theme culture 449:455 arg1 time 465:468 culture growing time 449:468 culture growing time 449:468 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 2 34 theme growing 457:463 arg1 time 465:468 culture growing time 449:468 culture growing time 449:468 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 0 35 theme cell 130:133 arg1 media 143:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 106:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 3 36 theme significant 559:569 arg1 proteins 600:607 proteins 600:607 proteins 600:607 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 36 theme significant 559:569 arg1 carbohydrates 582:594 carbohydrates 582:594 carbohydrates 582:594 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 36 theme significant 559:569 arg1 amounts 571:577 significant amounts 559:577 significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins 559:607 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 0 37 theme macromolecular 40:53 arg1 composition 55:65 the macromolecular composition 36:65 the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 36:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 1 38 theme carbon 291:296 arg1 substrates 305:314 carbon source substrates 291:314 carbon source substrates 291:314 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 5 39 located present 945:951 arg1 media 986:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media 956:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 956:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 39 located present 945:951 arg2 exoproteins 928:938 common exoproteins 921:938 common exoproteins 921:938 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 39 located present 945:951 arg1 end 891:893 the end 887:893 the end of the exponential phase 887:918 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 39 located present 945:951 arg1 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1000:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 40 theme cell 1075:1078 arg1 hydrolase 1085:1093 a cell wall hydrolase 1073:1093 a cell wall hydrolase 1073:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 4 41 theme ECS 733:735 arg1 content 712:718 the macromolecular content 693:718 the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS 693:735 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 5 42 theme phase 914:918 arg1 end 891:893 the end 887:893 the end of the exponential phase 887:918 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 4 43 theme bacterial 723:731 arg1 ECS 733:735 bacterial ECS 723:735 bacterial ECS 723:735 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 1 44 theme source 298:303 arg1 substrates 305:314 carbon source substrates 291:314 carbon source substrates 291:314 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 5 45 attach present 945:951 arg1 media 986:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media 956:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 956:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 45 attach present 945:951 arg2 exoproteins 928:938 common exoproteins 921:938 common exoproteins 921:938 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 45 attach present 945:951 arg1 end 891:893 the end 887:893 the end of the exponential phase 887:918 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 45 attach present 945:951 arg1 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1000:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 46 theme wall 1080:1083 arg1 hydrolase 1085:1093 a cell wall hydrolase 1073:1093 a cell wall hydrolase 1073:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 2 47 theme ECS 430:432 arg1 patterns 413:420 physicochemical patterns 397:420 physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time 397:468 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 2 48 theme chromatography 347:360 arg1 Combination 317:327 Combination 317:327 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy 317:386 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 1 49 from focus 263:267 arg1 substrates 305:314 carbon source substrates 291:314 carbon source substrates 291:314 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 1 49 from focus 263:267 arg1 stages 280:285 growing stages 272:285 growing stages 272:285 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 2 50 theme exclusion 337:345 arg1 chromatography 347:360 size exclusion chromatography 332:360 size exclusion chromatography 332:360 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 2 51 theme size 332:335 arg1 chromatography 347:360 size exclusion chromatography 332:360 size exclusion chromatography 332:360 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 33155130 6 52 theme proteins 1170:1177 arg1 diversity 1157:1165 a greater diversity 1147:1165 a greater diversity of proteins 1147:1177 Additionally, L. plantarum WCFS1 secretes ECS with a greater diversity of proteins, when growing in the sucrose-enriched media. 33155130 1 53 theme Lactobacillus 225:237 arg1 WCSF1 249:253 Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1 225:253 Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1 225:253 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 3 54 theme carbohydrates 582:594 arg1 proteins 600:607 proteins 600:607 proteins 600:607 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 54 theme carbohydrates 582:594 arg1 carbohydrates 582:594 carbohydrates 582:594 carbohydrates 582:594 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 54 theme carbohydrates 582:594 arg1 amounts 571:577 significant amounts 559:577 significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins 559:607 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 3 55 theme molecular 522:530 arg1 weight 532:537 high molecular weight 517:537 high molecular weight 517:537 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 0 56 from media 143:147 arg1 composition 55:65 the macromolecular composition 36:65 the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 36:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 0 57 theme substances 84:93 arg1 composition 55:65 the macromolecular composition 36:65 the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media 36:147 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 4 58 theme macromolecular 697:710 arg1 content 712:718 the macromolecular content 693:718 the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS 693:735 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 3 59 dep polydisperse 500:511 arg1 distributions 539:551 distributions 539:551 distributions 539:551 Secreted biopolymers present polydisperse and high molecular weight distributions, with significant amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. 33155130 5 60 from present 945:951 arg1 media 986:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media 956:990 all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 956:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 5 60 from present 945:951 arg1 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases 1000:1016 transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase 1000:1093 At the end of the exponential phase, common exoproteins were present in all the tested sugar-enriched media such as transglycosylases between 20 and 35 kDa, a muropeptidase at 36.9 kDa and a cell wall hydrolase. 33155130 1 61 theme Sugar-enriched 150:163 arg1 media 165:169 Sugar-enriched media 150:169 Sugar-enriched media 150:169 Sugar-enriched media are used to produce extracellular substances (ECS) by Lactobacillus plantarum WCSF1, with a focus on growing stages and carbon source substrates. 33155130 4 62 theme multivariate 634:645 arg1 analysis 659:666 a multivariate statistical analysis 632:666 a multivariate statistical analysis 632:666 Results, supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, enable to differentiate the macromolecular content of bacterial ECS along the growing stages regardless of the growing media, highlighting a higher production of proteinaceous materials compared to polysaccharides. 33155130 0 63 theme extracellular 70:82 arg1 ECS 96:98 ECS 96:98 ECS 96:98 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 0 63 theme extracellular 70:82 arg1 substances 84:93 extracellular substances 70:93 extracellular substances (ECS) 70:99 Analytical combinations to evaluate the macromolecular composition of extracellular substances (ECS) from Lactobacillus plantarum cell culture media. 33155130 2 64 theme spectroscopy 375:386 arg1 Combination 317:327 Combination 317:327 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy 317:386 Combination of size exclusion chromatography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides physicochemical patterns of bulk ECS produced along culture growing time. 32399748 0 0 theme inhibition 79:88 arg1 mechanism 90:98 its cultivation inhibition mechanism 63:98 its cultivation inhibition mechanism 63:98 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium and its cultivation inhibition mechanism. 32399748 2 1 theme collected 494:502 arg1 biomass 524:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 The results demonstrated that when the medium was continuously reused, the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass decreased. 32399748 5 2 from concentrations 1134:1147 arg1 medium 1156:1161 the medium 1152:1161 the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1152:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 0 3 theme cultivation 67:77 arg1 mechanism 90:98 its cultivation inhibition mechanism 63:98 its cultivation inhibition mechanism 63:98 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium and its cultivation inhibition mechanism. 32399748 1 4 theme aged 352:355 arg1 mechanisms 377:386 the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms 348:386 the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth 348:401 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 4 5 theme high 853:856 arg1 concentrations 858:871 high concentrations 853:871 high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, 853:970 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 1 6 theme large-scale 159:169 arg1 cultivation 193:203 large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation 159:203 large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure 159:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 5 7 theme main 1236:1239 arg1 FAs 1200:1202 the accumulated FAs 1184:1202 the accumulated FAs in the medium probably 1184:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 7 theme main 1236:1239 arg1 factor 1271:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 3 8 theme fresh 642:646 arg1 medium 648:653 the fresh medium 638:653 the fresh medium 638:653 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 4 9 theme stearic 920:926 arg1 acid 928:931 stearic acid 920:931 stearic acid 920:931 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 5 10 theme added 1117:1121 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations 1104:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1104:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 4 11 theme fatty 876:880 arg1 acid 914:917 palmitic acid 905:917 palmitic acid 905:917 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 11 theme fatty 876:880 arg1 acids 882:886 fatty acids 876:886 fatty acids (FAs) 876:892 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 11 theme fatty 876:880 arg1 amounts 944:950 small amounts 938:950 small amounts of polysaccharides 938:969 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 11 theme fatty 876:880 arg1 FAs 889:891 FAs 889:891 FAs 889:891 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 11 theme fatty 876:880 arg1 acid 928:931 stearic acid 920:931 stearic acid 920:931 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 11 theme fatty 876:880 arg1 polysaccharides 955:969 polysaccharides 955:969 polysaccharides 955:969 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 3 12 theme fourth 553:558 arg1 reuse 567:571 the fourth medium reuse 549:571 the fourth medium reuse 549:571 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 5 13 theme C. 1241:1242 arg1 FAs 1200:1202 the accumulated FAs 1184:1202 the accumulated FAs in the medium probably 1184:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 13 theme C. 1241:1242 arg1 factor 1271:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 1 14 theme aging 272:276 arg1 process 286:292 the aging forming process 268:292 the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium 268:329 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 3 15 theme gradual 676:682 arg1 aging 684:688 the gradual aging 672:688 the gradual aging of the medium 672:702 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 16 theme medium 560:565 arg1 reuse 567:571 the fourth medium reuse 549:571 the fourth medium reuse 549:571 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 1 17 theme forming 278:284 arg1 process 286:292 the aging forming process 268:292 the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium 268:329 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 5 18 contain has 1071:1073 arg2 relationship 1086:1097 a negative relationship 1075:1097 a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1075:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 18 contain has 1071:1073 arg1 biomass 1048:1054 the obtained maximal biomass 1027:1054 the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris 1027:1069 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 1 19 theme inhibition 366:375 arg1 mechanisms 377:386 the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms 348:386 the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth 348:401 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 4 20 theme secretions 768:777 arg1 variation 734:742 the composition variation 718:742 the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse 718:809 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 3 21 from % 625:625 arg1 medium 648:653 the fresh medium 638:653 the fresh medium 638:653 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 1 22 theme industrial 171:180 arg1 cultivation 193:203 large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation 159:203 large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure 159:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 2 23 theme vulgaris 515:522 arg1 biomass 524:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 The results demonstrated that when the medium was continuously reused, the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass decreased. 32399748 3 24 theme medium 697:702 arg1 aging 684:688 the gradual aging 672:688 the gradual aging of the medium 672:702 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 4 25 theme organic 760:766 arg1 secretions 768:777 the released organic secretions 747:777 the released organic secretions 747:777 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 1 26 theme microalgae 182:191 arg1 cultivation 193:203 large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation 159:203 large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure 159:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 1 27 from mechanisms 377:386 arg1 growth 396:401 cell growth 391:401 cell growth 391:401 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 4 28 theme small 938:942 arg1 polysaccharides 955:969 polysaccharides 955:969 polysaccharides 955:969 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 28 theme small 938:942 arg1 amounts 944:950 small amounts 938:950 small amounts of polysaccharides 938:969 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 29 theme composition 722:732 arg1 variation 734:742 the composition variation 718:742 the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse 718:809 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 6 30 theme inhibition 1283:1292 arg1 effect 1294:1299 The inhibition effect 1279:1299 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris 1279:1321 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 0 31 theme Aging 0:4 arg1 process 14:20 Aging forming process 0:20 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris 0:42 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium and its cultivation inhibition mechanism. 32399748 3 32 theme maximal 578:584 arg1 % 625:625 only 55 ± 1.1% 612:625 only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium 612:702 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 32 theme maximal 578:584 arg1 concentration 594:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 32 theme maximal 578:584 arg1 that 630:633 that 630:633 that 630:633 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 4 33 theme released 751:758 arg1 secretions 768:777 the released organic secretions 747:777 the released organic secretions 747:777 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 6 34 theme C. 1311:1312 arg1 vulgaris 1314:1321 C. vulgaris 1311:1321 C. vulgaris 1311:1321 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 1 35 dep medium 143:148 arg1 reuse 150:154 reuse 150:154 reuse 150:154 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 6 36 theme antioxidant 1425:1435 arg1 system 1437:1442 the intracellular antioxidant system 1407:1442 the intracellular antioxidant system 1407:1442 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 5 37 from FAs 1200:1202 arg1 medium 1211:1216 the medium 1207:1216 the medium probably 1207:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 1 38 theme cell 391:394 arg1 growth 396:401 cell growth 391:401 cell growth 391:401 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 0 39 theme vulgaris 35:42 arg1 process 14:20 Aging forming process 0:20 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris 0:42 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium and its cultivation inhibition mechanism. 32399748 1 40 theme vulgaris 307:314 arg1 process 286:292 the aging forming process 268:292 the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium 268:329 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 6 41 theme FAs 1304:1306 arg1 effect 1294:1299 The inhibition effect 1279:1299 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris 1279:1321 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 0 42 theme Chlorella 25:33 arg1 vulgaris 35:42 Chlorella vulgaris 25:42 Chlorella vulgaris 25:42 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium and its cultivation inhibition mechanism. 32399748 5 43 theme initial 1123:1129 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations 1104:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1104:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 4 44 theme polysaccharides 955:969 arg1 acid 928:931 stearic acid 920:931 stearic acid 920:931 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 44 theme polysaccharides 955:969 arg1 polysaccharides 955:969 polysaccharides 955:969 polysaccharides 955:969 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 44 theme polysaccharides 955:969 arg1 amounts 944:950 small amounts 938:950 small amounts of polysaccharides 938:969 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 4 44 theme polysaccharides 955:969 arg1 acid 914:917 palmitic acid 905:917 palmitic acid 905:917 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 5 45 theme Further 990:996 arg1 investigation 998:1010 Further investigation 990:1010 Further investigation 990:1010 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 3 46 from medium 648:653 arg1 % 625:625 only 55 ± 1.1% 612:625 only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium 612:702 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 46 from medium 648:653 arg1 concentration 594:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 46 from medium 648:653 arg1 that 630:633 that 630:633 that 630:633 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 6 47 theme photosynthesis 1368:1381 arg1 efficiencies 1383:1394 the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies 1357:1394 the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies 1357:1394 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 5 48 theme FA 1131:1132 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations 1104:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1104:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 49 theme vulgaris 1062:1069 arg1 biomass 1048:1054 the obtained maximal biomass 1027:1054 the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris 1027:1069 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 3 50 theme biomass 586:592 arg1 % 625:625 only 55 ± 1.1% 612:625 only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium 612:702 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 50 theme biomass 586:592 arg1 concentration 594:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 50 theme biomass 586:592 arg1 that 630:633 that 630:633 that 630:633 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 5 51 theme negative 1077:1084 arg1 relationship 1086:1097 a negative relationship 1075:1097 a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1075:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 6 52 theme intracellular 1411:1423 arg1 system 1437:1442 the intracellular antioxidant system 1407:1442 the intracellular antioxidant system 1407:1442 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 4 53 theme palmitic 905:912 arg1 acid 914:917 palmitic acid 905:917 palmitic acid 905:917 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 6 54 from effect 1294:1299 arg1 vulgaris 1314:1321 C. vulgaris 1311:1321 C. vulgaris 1311:1321 The inhibition effect of FAs on C. vulgaris was mainly achieved via impacting the cells' photosynthesis efficiencies to destroy the intracellular antioxidant system. 32399748 4 55 theme acids 882:886 arg1 concentrations 858:871 high concentrations 853:871 high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, 853:970 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 5 56 theme vulgaris 1244:1251 arg1 FAs 1200:1202 the accumulated FAs 1184:1202 the accumulated FAs in the medium probably 1184:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 56 theme vulgaris 1244:1251 arg1 factor 1271:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 57 theme accumulated 1188:1198 arg1 FAs 1200:1202 the accumulated FAs 1184:1202 the accumulated FAs in the medium probably 1184:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 57 theme accumulated 1188:1198 arg1 factor 1271:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 58 theme growth 1253:1258 arg1 FAs 1200:1202 the accumulated FAs 1184:1202 the accumulated FAs in the medium probably 1184:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 58 theme growth 1253:1258 arg1 factor 1271:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 1 59 theme massive 232:238 arg1 requirement 246:256 the massive water requirement 228:256 the massive water requirement pressure 228:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 5 60 theme obtained 1031:1038 arg1 biomass 1048:1054 the obtained maximal biomass 1027:1054 the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris 1027:1069 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 3 61 theme that 630:633 arg1 % 625:625 only 55 ± 1.1% 612:625 only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium 612:702 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 61 theme that 630:633 arg1 concentration 594:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 the maximal biomass concentration 574:606 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 3 61 theme that 630:633 arg1 that 630:633 that 630:633 that 630:633 After the fourth medium reuse, the maximal biomass concentration was only 55 ± 1.1% of that in the fresh medium, which indicated the gradual aging of the medium. 32399748 1 62 theme culture 135:141 arg1 medium 143:148 culture medium reuse 135:154 culture medium reuse 135:154 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 5 63 theme inhibition 1260:1269 arg1 FAs 1200:1202 the accumulated FAs 1184:1202 the accumulated FAs in the medium probably 1184:1225 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 5 63 theme inhibition 1260:1269 arg1 factor 1271:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1232:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 1 64 theme water 240:244 arg1 requirement 246:256 the massive water requirement 228:256 the massive water requirement pressure 228:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 2 65 theme C. 512:513 arg1 biomass 524:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 The results demonstrated that when the medium was continuously reused, the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass decreased. 32399748 5 66 theme maximal 1040:1046 arg1 biomass 1048:1054 the obtained maximal biomass 1027:1054 the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris 1027:1069 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 4 67 theme medium 798:803 arg1 reuse 805:809 the culture medium reuse 786:809 the culture medium reuse 786:809 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 1 68 theme medium 143:148 arg1 possibility 120:130 the possibility 116:130 the possibility of culture medium reuse 116:154 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 5 69 with relationship 1086:1097 arg1 concentrations 1134:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations 1104:1147 the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor 1104:1276 Further investigation indicated that the obtained maximal biomass of C. vulgaris has a negative relationship with the manually added initial FA concentrations in the medium which suggested that the accumulated FAs in the medium probably were the main C. vulgaris growth inhibition factor. 32399748 1 70 theme requirement 246:256 arg1 pressure 258:265 the massive water requirement pressure 228:265 the massive water requirement pressure 228:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32399748 2 71 theme maximal 504:510 arg1 biomass 524:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass 490:530 The results demonstrated that when the medium was continuously reused, the collected maximal C. vulgaris biomass decreased. 32399748 4 72 theme culture 790:796 arg1 medium 798:803 the culture medium 786:803 the culture medium reuse 786:809 Furthermore, the composition variation of the released organic secretions during the culture medium reuse was monitored and the results showed that high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), including palmitic acid, stearic acid, and small amounts of polysaccharides, were accumulated. 32399748 0 73 theme forming 6:12 arg1 process 14:20 Aging forming process 0:20 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris 0:42 Aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium and its cultivation inhibition mechanism. 32399748 1 74 theme pressure 258:265 arg1 alleviation 213:223 the alleviation 209:223 the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure 209:265 To investigate the possibility of culture medium reuse in large-scale industrial microalgae cultivation for the alleviation of the massive water requirement pressure, the aging forming process of Chlorella vulgaris growing medium was explored and the aged medium's inhibition mechanisms on cell growth were inspected. 32117192 9 0 theme pH 1237:1238 arg1 levels 1240:1245 pH levels 1237:1245 pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) 1237:1293 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 11 1 theme promising 1527:1535 arg1 depolymerases 1509:1521 capsule depolymerases 1501:1521 capsule depolymerases 1501:1521 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 11 1 theme promising 1527:1535 arg1 agents 1550:1555 promising antivirulent agents 1527:1555 promising antivirulent agents 1527:1555 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 0 2 theme Functions 77:85 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 0:126 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 9 3 theme levels 1240:1245 arg1 range 1228:1232 a relatively broad range 1209:1232 a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C) 1209:1320 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 9 4 theme broad 1222:1226 arg1 range 1228:1232 a relatively broad range 1209:1232 a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C) 1209:1320 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 9 5 dep levels 1240:1245 arg1 pH 1248:1249 pH 5.0-8.0 1248:1257 pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43 1248:1292 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 9 6 from activity 1197:1204 arg1 range 1228:1232 a relatively broad range 1209:1232 a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C) 1209:1320 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 0 7 from Identification 0:13 arg1 Capsule 94:100 K47 Capsule 90:100 K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 90:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 0 7 from Identification 0:13 arg1 IME205 47:52 Phage IME205 41:52 Phage IME205 41:52 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 0 8 theme K47 90:92 arg1 Capsule 94:100 K47 Capsule 90:100 K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 90:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 2 9 theme strains 269:275 arg1 total 252:256 a total 250:256 a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 250:293 In present research, a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 were collected with 70% (56 of 80 isolates) expressing a K47 capsular type. 32117192 6 10 attach derived 797:803 arg2 Dpo43 790:794 Dpo43 790:794 Dpo43 790:794 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 10 attach derived 797:803 arg2 Dpo42 780:784 Dpo42 780:784 Dpo42 780:784 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 10 attach derived 797:803 arg2 depolymerases 765:777 two capsule depolymerases 753:777 two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 753:821 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 10 attach derived 797:803 arg1 IME205 816:821 phage IME205 810:821 phage IME205 810:821 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 0 11 theme Klebsiella 105:114 arg1 pneumoniae 116:125 Klebsiella pneumoniae 105:125 Klebsiella pneumoniae 105:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 0 12 from IME205 47:52 arg1 Functions 77:85 Their Antivirulent Functions 58:85 Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 58:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 0 12 from IME205 47:52 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 0:126 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 0 12 from IME205 47:52 arg1 Depolymerases 22:34 Two Depolymerases 18:34 Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 18:52 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 10 13 theme susceptible 1384:1394 arg1 bacteria 1369:1376 host bacteria 1364:1376 host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement 1364:1436 Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. 32117192 2 14 theme CRKP 264:267 arg1 strains 269:275 80 CRKP strains 261:275 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 261:293 In present research, a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 were collected with 70% (56 of 80 isolates) expressing a K47 capsular type. 32117192 2 15 theme K47 352:354 arg1 type 365:368 a K47 capsular type 350:368 a K47 capsular type 350:368 In present research, a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 were collected with 70% (56 of 80 isolates) expressing a K47 capsular type. 32117192 8 16 theme specificity 1123:1133 arg1 range 1135:1139 specificity range 1123:1139 specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43 1123:1158 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 5 17 theme Previous 594:601 arg1 studies 603:609 Previous studies 594:609 Previous studies 594:609 Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents in treating CRKP infections in vitro and in vivo. 32117192 7 18 theme capsular 907:914 arg1 K47 925:927 a capsular serotype K47 905:927 a capsular serotype K47 905:927 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 6 19 dep depolymerases 765:777 arg1 Dpo42 780:784 Dpo42 780:784 Dpo42 780:784 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 19 dep depolymerases 765:777 arg1 depolymerases 765:777 two capsule depolymerases 753:777 two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 753:821 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 19 dep depolymerases 765:777 arg1 Dpo43 790:794 Dpo43 790:794 Dpo43 790:794 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 8 20 theme range 1135:1139 arg1 sum 1116:1118 the sum 1112:1118 the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43 1112:1158 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 8 21 theme Dpo42 1144:1148 arg1 range 1135:1139 specificity range 1123:1139 specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43 1123:1158 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 7 22 with strains 892:898 arg1 K47 925:927 a capsular serotype K47 905:927 a capsular serotype K47 905:927 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 6 23 theme capsule 757:763 arg1 Dpo42 780:784 Dpo42 780:784 Dpo42 780:784 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 23 theme capsule 757:763 arg1 depolymerases 765:777 two capsule depolymerases 753:777 two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 753:821 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 6 23 theme capsule 757:763 arg1 Dpo43 790:794 Dpo43 790:794 Dpo43 790:794 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 7 24 theme capsule 1017:1023 arg1 composition 1025:1035 capsule composition 1017:1035 capsule composition 1017:1035 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 1 25 theme significant 185:195 arg1 threat 197:202 a significant threat 183:202 a significant threat to global public health 183:226 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 8 26 theme host 1074:1077 arg1 range 1079:1083 The host range 1070:1083 The host range of phage IME205 1070:1099 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 10 27 theme host 1364:1367 arg1 bacteria 1369:1376 host bacteria 1364:1376 host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement 1364:1436 Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. 32117192 11 28 theme antivirulent 1537:1548 arg1 depolymerases 1509:1521 capsule depolymerases 1501:1521 capsule depolymerases 1501:1521 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 11 28 theme antivirulent 1537:1548 arg1 agents 1550:1555 promising antivirulent agents 1527:1555 promising antivirulent agents 1527:1555 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 9 29 theme stable 1190:1195 arg1 activity 1197:1204 stable activity 1190:1204 stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C) 1190:1320 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 0 30 theme Depolymerases 22:34 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 0:126 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 8 31 theme Dpo43 1154:1158 arg1 range 1135:1139 specificity range 1123:1139 specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43 1123:1158 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 9 32 theme temperatures 1299:1310 arg1 range 1228:1232 a relatively broad range 1209:1232 a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C) 1209:1320 These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0-8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0-8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20-70°C). 32117192 0 33 theme pneumoniae 116:125 arg1 Capsule 94:100 K47 Capsule 90:100 K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 90:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 10 34 theme hemolytic 1453:1461 arg1 activity 1463:1470 no hemolytic activity 1450:1470 no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes 1450:1486 Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. 32117192 1 35 theme global 207:212 arg1 health 221:226 global public health 207:226 global public health 207:226 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 0 36 theme Phage 41:45 arg1 IME205 47:52 Phage IME205 41:52 Phage IME205 41:52 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 11 37 theme CRKP 1567:1570 arg1 infections 1572:1581 combat CRKP infections 1560:1581 combat CRKP infections 1560:1581 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 0 38 from Functions 77:85 arg1 Capsule 94:100 K47 Capsule 90:100 K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 90:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 11 39 from agents 1550:1555 arg1 summary 1492:1498 summary 1492:1498 summary 1492:1498 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 1 40 theme public 214:219 arg1 health 221:226 global public health 207:226 global public health 207:226 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 5 41 theme CRKP 709:712 arg1 infections 714:723 CRKP infections 709:723 CRKP infections 709:723 Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents in treating CRKP infections in vitro and in vivo. 32117192 11 42 theme combat 1560:1565 arg1 infections 1572:1581 combat CRKP infections 1560:1581 combat CRKP infections 1560:1581 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 2 43 theme present 232:238 arg1 research 240:247 present research 232:247 present research 232:247 In present research, a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 were collected with 70% (56 of 80 isolates) expressing a K47 capsular type. 32117192 11 44 theme capsule 1501:1507 arg1 depolymerases 1509:1521 capsule depolymerases 1501:1521 capsule depolymerases 1501:1521 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 11 44 theme capsule 1501:1507 arg1 agents 1550:1555 promising antivirulent agents 1527:1555 promising antivirulent agents 1527:1555 In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections. 32117192 2 45 theme capsular 356:363 arg1 type 365:368 a K47 capsular type 350:368 a K47 capsular type 350:368 In present research, a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 were collected with 70% (56 of 80 isolates) expressing a K47 capsular type. 32117192 5 46 theme phage-encoded 646:658 arg1 depolymerases 660:672 phage-encoded depolymerases 646:672 phage-encoded depolymerases 646:672 Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents in treating CRKP infections in vitro and in vivo. 32117192 8 47 theme IME205 1094:1099 arg1 range 1079:1083 The host range 1070:1083 The host range of phage IME205 1070:1099 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 8 48 theme phage 1088:1092 arg1 IME205 1094:1099 phage IME205 1088:1099 phage IME205 1088:1099 The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. 32117192 10 49 theme complement 1427:1436 arg1 effect 1411:1416 the killing effect 1399:1416 the killing effect of serum complement 1399:1436 Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. 32117192 4 50 theme Capsule 455:461 arg1 depolymerases 463:475 Capsule depolymerases 455:475 Capsule depolymerases 455:475 Capsule depolymerases could degrade bacterial surface polysaccharides to reduce their virulence and expose bacteria to host immune attack. 32117192 4 51 theme surface 501:507 arg1 polysaccharides 509:523 bacterial surface polysaccharides 491:523 bacterial surface polysaccharides 491:523 Capsule depolymerases could degrade bacterial surface polysaccharides to reduce their virulence and expose bacteria to host immune attack. 32117192 5 52 theme depolymerases 660:672 arg1 potential 633:641 the potential 629:641 the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents 629:695 Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents in treating CRKP infections in vitro and in vivo. 32117192 6 53 theme phage 810:814 arg1 IME205 816:821 phage IME205 810:821 phage IME205 810:821 Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. 32117192 4 54 theme bacterial 491:499 arg1 polysaccharides 509:523 bacterial surface polysaccharides 491:523 bacterial surface polysaccharides 491:523 Capsule depolymerases could degrade bacterial surface polysaccharides to reduce their virulence and expose bacteria to host immune attack. 32117192 7 55 theme subtle 995:1000 arg1 differences 1002:1012 subtle differences 995:1012 subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype 995:1067 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 7 56 theme strains 975:981 arg1 subsets 964:970 different subsets 954:970 different subsets of strains 954:981 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 1 57 theme Carbapenem-resistant 128:147 arg1 CRKP 172:175 CRKP 172:175 CRKP 172:175 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 1 57 theme Carbapenem-resistant 128:147 arg1 pneumoniae 160:169 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae 128:169 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) 128:176 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 4 58 theme host 574:577 arg1 attack 586:591 host immune attack 574:591 host immune attack 574:591 Capsule depolymerases could degrade bacterial surface polysaccharides to reduce their virulence and expose bacteria to host immune attack. 32117192 5 59 theme antivirulent 677:688 arg1 agents 690:695 antivirulent agents 677:695 antivirulent agents 677:695 Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents in treating CRKP infections in vitro and in vivo. 32117192 0 60 from Capsule 94:100 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 0:126 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 7 61 theme different 954:962 arg1 subsets 964:970 different subsets 954:970 different subsets of strains 954:981 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 1 62 theme Klebsiella 149:158 arg1 CRKP 172:175 CRKP 172:175 CRKP 172:175 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 1 62 theme Klebsiella 149:158 arg1 pneumoniae 160:169 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae 128:169 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) 128:176 Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. 32117192 7 63 from differences 1002:1012 arg1 composition 1025:1035 capsule composition 1017:1035 capsule composition 1017:1035 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 0 64 theme Antivirulent 64:75 arg1 Functions 77:85 Their Antivirulent Functions 58:85 Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 58:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 10 65 theme serum 1421:1425 arg1 complement 1427:1436 serum complement 1421:1436 serum complement 1421:1436 Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. 32117192 10 66 theme killing 1403:1409 arg1 effect 1411:1416 the killing effect 1399:1416 the killing effect of serum complement 1399:1436 Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. 32117192 7 67 theme serotype 916:923 arg1 K47 925:927 a capsular serotype K47 905:927 a capsular serotype K47 905:927 Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. 32117192 0 68 from Depolymerases 22:34 arg1 Capsule 94:100 K47 Capsule 90:100 K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae 90:125 Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 32117192 4 69 theme immune 579:584 arg1 attack 586:591 host immune attack 574:591 host immune attack 574:591 Capsule depolymerases could degrade bacterial surface polysaccharides to reduce their virulence and expose bacteria to host immune attack. 34575563 4 0 theme swelling 895:902 arg1 property 904:911 swelling property 895:911 swelling property 895:911 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 10 1 theme @ 1834:1834 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 1 theme @ 1834:1834 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 11 2 theme promising 2066:2074 arg1 hydrogel 2016:2023 this injectable hydrogel 2000:2023 this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property 2000:2059 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 11 2 theme promising 2066:2074 arg1 system 2076:2081 a promising system 2064:2081 a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering 2064:2114 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 10 3 contain had 1860:1862 arg1 hydrogel 1795:1802 CMC-OCS hydrogel 1787:1802 CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1787:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 3 contain had 1860:1862 arg2 ability 1868:1874 the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis 1864:1906 the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis 1864:1906 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 4 theme COL-2 1892:1896 arg1 synthesis 1898:1906 the COL-2 synthesis 1888:1906 the COL-2 synthesis 1888:1906 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 5 theme collagen 1755:1762 arg1 staining 1743:1750 the immunofluorescent staining 1721:1750 the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) 1721:1773 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 11 6 theme tissue 2097:2102 arg1 engineering 2104:2114 cartilage tissue engineering 2087:2114 cartilage tissue engineering 2087:2114 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 1 7 theme biodegradable 340:352 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 7 theme biodegradable 340:352 arg1 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 6 8 theme hydrogel 1188:1195 arg1 modulus 1164:1170 the compressive elastic modulus 1140:1170 the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1140:1195 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 1 9 theme natural 241:247 arg1 polysaccharides 249:263 natural polysaccharides 241:263 natural polysaccharides 241:263 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 6 10 theme soft 1175:1178 arg1 hydrogel 1188:1195 soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1175:1195 soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1175:1195 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 3 11 theme reaction-embedded 760:776 arg1 MPs 778:780 reaction-embedded MPs 760:780 reaction-embedded MPs 760:780 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 0 12 theme Cartilage 157:165 arg1 Engineering 174:184 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 157:184 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 157:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 release 940:946 KGN release 936:946 KGN release from scaffolds 936:961 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 property 861:868 mechanical property 850:868 mechanical property 850:868 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 bioactivity 987:997 cell bioactivity 982:997 cell bioactivity 982:997 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 determination 880:892 porosity determination 871:892 porosity determination 871:892 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 degradation 923:933 in vitro degradation 914:933 in vitro degradation 914:933 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 morphology 838:847 morphology 838:847 morphology 838:847 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 cytotoxicity 964:975 cytotoxicity 964:975 cytotoxicity 964:975 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 4 13 from scaffolds 953:961 arg1 property 904:911 swelling property 895:911 swelling property 895:911 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 11 14 theme KGN 1987:1989 arg1 release 1991:1997 sustained KGN release 1977:1997 sustained KGN release 1977:1997 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 2 15 theme membrane 554:561 arg1 emulsification 563:576 premix membrane emulsification 547:576 premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer 547:638 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 15 theme membrane 554:561 arg1 PME 579:581 PME 579:581 PME 579:581 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 8 16 theme swelling 1471:1478 arg1 ratio 1480:1484 swelling ratio 1471:1484 swelling ratio 1471:1484 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 5 17 theme obvious 1059:1065 arg1 collapse 1067:1074 an obvious collapse 1056:1074 an obvious collapse 1056:1074 The results showed that MPs presented an obvious collapse after ultrasound treatment. 34575563 11 18 theme ultrasound-responsive 2030:2050 arg1 property 2052:2059 ultrasound-responsive property 2030:2059 ultrasound-responsive property 2030:2059 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 11 19 theme mechanical 1938:1947 arg1 property 1949:1956 the improved mechanical property 1925:1956 the improved mechanical property 1925:1956 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 8 20 dep degradation 1506:1516 arg1 lower 1491:1495 lower 1491:1495 lower 1491:1495 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 1 21 theme cell 397:400 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 21 theme cell 397:400 arg1 scaffolds 402:410 cell scaffolds 397:410 cell scaffolds 397:410 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 10 22 theme @ 1821:1821 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 22 theme @ 1821:1821 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 9 23 theme LIVE/DEAD 1529:1537 arg1 staining 1539:1546 LIVE/DEAD staining 1529:1546 LIVE/DEAD staining 1529:1546 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 2 24 theme MPs 519:521 arg1 KGN 523:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 24 theme MPs 519:521 arg1 MPs 514:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs 451:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 4 25 dep in 914:915 arg1 vitro 917:921 vitro 917:921 vitro 917:921 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 1 26 attach derived 228:234 arg2 scaffolds 402:410 cell scaffolds 397:410 cell scaffolds 397:410 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 26 attach derived 228:234 arg1 polysaccharides 249:263 natural polysaccharides 241:263 natural polysaccharides 241:263 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 26 attach derived 228:234 arg2 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 26 attach derived 228:234 arg2 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 26 attach derived 228:234 arg1 hydrogels 280:288 injectable hydrogels 269:288 injectable hydrogels 269:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 26 attach derived 228:234 arg2 MPs 223:225 MPs 223:225 MPs 223:225 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 0 27 theme Drug 132:135 arg1 System 146:151 an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System 108:151 an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 108:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 4 28 theme cell 982:985 arg1 bioactivity 987:997 cell bioactivity 982:997 cell bioactivity 982:997 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 7 29 theme release 1213:1219 arg1 KGN 1221:1223 The cumulative release KGN 1198:1223 The cumulative release KGN from MPs 1198:1232 The cumulative release KGN from MPs exhibited a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days. 34575563 8 30 dep in 1497:1498 arg1 vitro 1500:1504 vitro 1500:1504 vitro 1500:1504 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 9 31 theme rabbit 1589:1594 arg1 rBMMSCs 1632:1638 rBMMSCs 1632:1638 rBMMSCs 1632:1638 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 9 31 theme rabbit 1589:1594 arg1 marrow 1601:1606 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 1589:1629 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 7 32 theme continuous 1345:1354 arg1 concentration 1356:1368 a continuous concentration 1343:1368 a continuous concentration for at least 28 days 1343:1389 The cumulative release KGN from MPs exhibited a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days. 34575563 2 33 theme lactide-co-glycolic 481:499 arg1 acid 501:504 lactide-co-glycolic acid 481:504 lactide-co-glycolic acid 481:504 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 33 theme lactide-co-glycolic 481:499 arg1 poly 475:478 poly 475:478 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 34 theme poly 475:478 arg1 KGN 523:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 34 theme poly 475:478 arg1 MPs 514:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs 451:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 0 35 theme Injectable 15:24 arg1 Microspheres 92:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres 15:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 15:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 9 36 theme marrow 1601:1606 arg1 proliferation 1641:1653 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 0 37 theme Microspheres 92:103 arg1 Fabrication 0:10 Fabrication 0:10 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 0:185 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 3 38 theme chondroitin 686:696 arg1 CMC-OCS 707:713 CMC-OCS 707:713 CMC-OCS 707:713 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 3 38 theme chondroitin 686:696 arg1 sulfate 698:704 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate 654:704 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel 654:723 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 8 39 theme CMC-OCS 1416:1422 arg1 scaffolds 1428:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 0 40 theme Sulfate 47:53 arg1 Microspheres 92:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres 15:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 15:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 8 41 dep ratio 1480:1484 arg1 lower 1465:1469 lower 1465:1469 lower 1465:1469 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 9 42 theme stem 1620:1623 arg1 cells 1625:1629 mesenchymal stem cells 1608:1629 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 1 43 theme drug 372:375 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 43 theme drug 372:375 arg1 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 3 44 theme carboxymethyl 654:666 arg1 CMC-OCS 707:713 CMC-OCS 707:713 CMC-OCS 707:713 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 3 44 theme carboxymethyl 654:666 arg1 sulfate 698:704 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate 654:704 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel 654:723 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 8 45 theme MPs 1424:1426 arg1 scaffolds 1428:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 10 46 theme @ 1838:1838 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 46 theme @ 1838:1838 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 0 47 theme Embedding 64:72 arg1 Microspheres 92:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres 15:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 15:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 6 48 theme elastic 1156:1162 arg1 modulus 1164:1170 the compressive elastic modulus 1140:1170 the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1140:1195 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 11 49 theme improved 1929:1936 arg1 property 1949:1956 the improved mechanical property 1925:1956 the improved mechanical property 1925:1956 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 7 50 theme appropriate 1279:1289 arg1 collapse 1291:1298 an appropriate collapse 1276:1298 an appropriate collapse 1276:1298 The cumulative release KGN from MPs exhibited a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days. 34575563 10 51 theme immunofluorescent 1725:1741 arg1 staining 1743:1750 the immunofluorescent staining 1721:1750 the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) 1721:1773 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 11 52 theme cartilage 2087:2095 arg1 engineering 2104:2114 cartilage tissue engineering 2087:2114 cartilage tissue engineering 2087:2114 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 6 53 theme PLGA 1117:1120 arg1 MPs 1122:1124 The embedded PLGA MPs 1104:1124 The embedded PLGA MPs 1104:1124 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 4 54 theme mechanical 850:859 arg1 property 861:868 mechanical property 850:868 mechanical property 850:868 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 1 55 theme biocompatible 325:337 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 55 theme biocompatible 325:337 arg1 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 11 56 theme release 1991:1997 arg1 ability 1966:1972 the ability 1962:1972 the ability of sustained KGN release 1962:1997 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 11 56 theme release 1991:1997 arg1 property 1949:1956 the improved mechanical property 1925:1956 the improved mechanical property 1925:1956 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 7 57 theme slow 1246:1249 arg1 rate 1251:1254 a slow rate 1244:1254 a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days 1244:1389 The cumulative release KGN from MPs exhibited a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days. 34575563 10 58 theme CMC-OCS 1787:1793 arg1 hydrogel 1795:1802 CMC-OCS hydrogel 1787:1802 CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1787:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 59 with embedded 1804:1811 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 59 with embedded 1804:1811 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 2 60 theme ultrasound 618:627 arg1 transducer 629:638 an ultrasound transducer 615:638 an ultrasound transducer 615:638 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 6 61 theme CMC-OCS 1180:1186 arg1 hydrogel 1188:1195 soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1175:1195 soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1175:1195 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 0 62 theme Tissue 167:172 arg1 Engineering 174:184 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 157:184 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 157:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 11 63 theme sustained 1977:1985 arg1 release 1991:1997 sustained KGN release 1977:1997 sustained KGN release 1977:1997 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 2 64 theme emulsification 563:576 arg1 method 584:589 premix membrane emulsification (PME) method 547:589 premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer 547:638 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 10 65 theme MPs 1818:1820 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 65 theme MPs 1818:1820 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 1 66 theme injectable 269:278 arg1 hydrogels 280:288 injectable hydrogels 269:288 injectable hydrogels 269:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 10 67 with KGN 1822:1824 arg1 ultrasound 1849:1858 ultrasound 1849:1858 ultrasound 1849:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 2 68 theme premix 547:552 arg1 emulsification 563:576 premix membrane emulsification 547:576 premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer 547:638 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 68 theme premix 547:552 arg1 PME 579:581 PME 579:581 PME 579:581 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 7 69 from MPs 1230:1232 arg1 KGN 1221:1223 The cumulative release KGN 1198:1223 The cumulative release KGN from MPs 1198:1232 The cumulative release KGN from MPs exhibited a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days. 34575563 10 70 theme embedded 1804:1811 arg1 hydrogel 1795:1802 CMC-OCS hydrogel 1787:1802 CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1787:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 4 71 theme in 914:915 arg1 degradation 923:933 in vitro degradation 914:933 in vitro degradation 914:933 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 3 72 theme CMC-OCS/MPs 795:805 arg1 scaffold 807:814 a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold 793:814 a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold 793:814 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 10 73 theme CMC-OCS 1827:1833 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 73 theme CMC-OCS 1827:1833 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 8 74 theme in 1497:1498 arg1 degradation 1506:1516 in vitro degradation 1497:1516 in vitro degradation 1497:1516 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 5 75 theme ultrasound 1082:1091 arg1 treatment 1093:1101 ultrasound treatment 1082:1101 ultrasound treatment 1082:1101 The results showed that MPs presented an obvious collapse after ultrasound treatment. 34575563 1 76 theme Ultrasound-responsive 187:207 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 76 theme Ultrasound-responsive 187:207 arg1 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 76 theme Ultrasound-responsive 187:207 arg1 scaffolds 402:410 cell scaffolds 397:410 cell scaffolds 397:410 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 76 theme Ultrasound-responsive 187:207 arg1 MPs 223:225 MPs 223:225 MPs 223:225 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 2 77 theme @ 522:522 arg1 KGN 523:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 77 theme @ 522:522 arg1 MPs 514:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs 451:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 9 78 dep marrow 1601:1606 arg1 cells 1625:1629 mesenchymal stem cells 1608:1629 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 0 79 theme Ultrasound-Triggered 111:130 arg1 System 146:151 an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System 108:151 an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 108:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 4 80 theme KGN 936:938 arg1 release 940:946 KGN release 936:946 KGN release from scaffolds 936:961 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 0 81 theme Delivery 137:144 arg1 System 146:151 an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System 108:151 an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 108:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 1 82 theme tissue 416:421 arg1 engineering 423:433 tissue engineering 416:433 tissue engineering 416:433 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 6 83 theme embedded 1108:1115 arg1 MPs 1122:1124 The embedded PLGA MPs 1104:1124 The embedded PLGA MPs 1104:1124 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 2 84 theme kartogenin 451:460 arg1 KGN 523:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 84 theme kartogenin 451:460 arg1 MPs 514:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs 451:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 7 85 theme cumulative 1202:1211 arg1 KGN 1221:1223 The cumulative release KGN 1198:1223 The cumulative release KGN from MPs 1198:1232 The cumulative release KGN from MPs exhibited a slow rate which would display an appropriate collapse after ultrasound, allowing KGN to maintain a continuous concentration for at least 28 days. 34575563 9 86 dep showed 1548:1553 arg1 influence 1579:1587 influence 1579:1587 showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1548:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 0 87 theme Chitosan-Chondroitin 26:45 arg1 Microspheres 92:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres 15:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 15:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 9 88 theme bone 1596:1599 arg1 rBMMSCs 1632:1638 rBMMSCs 1632:1638 rBMMSCs 1632:1638 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 9 88 theme bone 1596:1599 arg1 marrow 1601:1606 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 1589:1629 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 3 89 theme chitosan-oxidized 668:684 arg1 CMC-OCS 707:713 CMC-OCS 707:713 CMC-OCS 707:713 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 3 89 theme chitosan-oxidized 668:684 arg1 sulfate 698:704 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate 654:704 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel 654:723 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 2 90 theme loaded 468:473 arg1 KGN 523:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 90 theme loaded 468:473 arg1 MPs 514:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs 451:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 0 91 theme Hydrogel 55:62 arg1 Microspheres 92:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres 15:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 15:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 1 92 theme controllable 359:370 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 92 theme controllable 359:370 arg1 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 9 93 theme mesenchymal 1608:1618 arg1 cells 1625:1629 mesenchymal stem cells 1608:1629 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation 1589:1653 CCK-8 and LIVE/DEAD staining showed these scaffolds did not influence rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) proliferation. 34575563 11 94 with hydrogel 2016:2023 arg1 property 2052:2059 ultrasound-responsive property 2030:2059 ultrasound-responsive property 2030:2059 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 10 95 theme MPs 1835:1837 arg1 KGN 1822:1824 MPs@KGN 1818:1824 MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound 1818:1858 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 10 95 theme MPs 1835:1837 arg1 KGN 1839:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN 1827:1841 Then these scaffolds were cultured with rBMMSCs for 2 weeks, and the immunofluorescent staining of collagen II (COL-2) showed that CMC-OCS hydrogel embedded with MPs@KGN (CMC-OCS@MPs@KGN) with ultrasound had the ability to increase the COL-2 synthesis. 34575563 8 96 theme composite 1406:1414 arg1 scaffolds 1428:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 2 97 theme KGN 463:465 arg1 KGN 523:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 MPs@KGN 519:525 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 2 97 theme KGN 463:465 arg1 MPs 514:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs 451:516 kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) 451:526 In this study, kartogenin (KGN) loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs (MPs@KGN) were fabricated by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method which were sonicated by an ultrasound transducer. 34575563 0 98 theme Kartogenin-Loaded 74:90 arg1 Microspheres 92:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres 15:103 Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 15:184 Fabrication of Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogel Embedding Kartogenin-Loaded Microspheres as an Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. 34575563 1 99 theme delivery 377:384 arg1 microspheres 209:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres 187:220 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels 187:288 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 1 99 theme delivery 377:384 arg1 system 386:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system 323:391 Ultrasound-responsive microspheres (MPs) derived from natural polysaccharides and injectable hydrogels have been widely investigated as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and controllable drug delivery system and cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. 34575563 4 100 theme porosity 871:878 arg1 determination 880:892 porosity determination 871:892 porosity determination 871:892 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 11 101 theme injectable 2005:2014 arg1 hydrogel 2016:2023 this injectable hydrogel 2000:2023 this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property 2000:2059 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 11 101 theme injectable 2005:2014 arg1 system 2076:2081 a promising system 2064:2081 a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering 2064:2114 Overall, due to the improved mechanical property and the ability of sustained KGN release, this injectable hydrogel with ultrasound-responsive property is a promising system for cartilage tissue engineering. 34575563 8 102 theme @ 1423:1423 arg1 scaffolds 1428:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds 1402:1436 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 34575563 4 103 theme current 824:830 arg1 work 832:835 the current work 820:835 the current work 820:835 In the current work, morphology, mechanical property, porosity determination, swelling property, in vitro degradation, KGN release from scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and cell bioactivity were investigated. 34575563 6 104 theme compressive 1144:1154 arg1 modulus 1164:1170 the compressive elastic modulus 1140:1170 the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel 1140:1195 The embedded PLGA MPs could enhance the compressive elastic modulus of soft CMC-OCS hydrogel. 34575563 3 105 theme sulfate 698:704 arg1 hydrogel 716:723 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel 654:723 carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel 654:723 Furthermore, carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized chondroitin sulfate (CMC-OCS) hydrogel were prepared via the Schiff' base reaction-embedded MPs to produce a CMC-OCS/MPs scaffold. 34575563 8 106 theme faster 1448:1453 arg1 gelation 1455:1462 faster gelation 1448:1462 faster gelation 1448:1462 Moreover, the composite CMC-OCS@MPs scaffolds exhibited faster gelation, lower swelling ratio, and lower in vitro degradation. 32606389 0 0 from locales 38:44 arg1 glycoproteins 89:101 human glycoproteins 83:101 human glycoproteins 83:101 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 0 1 link N-linked 50:57 arg1 glycans 59:65 N-linked glycans 50:65 N-linked glycans 50:65 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 1 2 from top 188:190 arg1 link 176:179 a link 174:179 a link at the top of the paper 174:203 An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. 32606389 0 3 theme exclusive 28:36 arg1 locales 38:44 Mutually exclusive locales 19:44 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 0:102 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 0 4 theme Author 0:5 arg1 Correction 7:16 Author Correction 0:16 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 0:102 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 0 5 theme N-linked 50:57 arg1 glycans 59:65 N-linked glycans 50:65 N-linked glycans 50:65 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 0 6 theme human 83:87 arg1 glycoproteins 89:101 human glycoproteins 83:101 human glycoproteins 83:101 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 0 7 dep Correction 7:16 arg1 locales 38:44 Mutually exclusive locales 19:44 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 0:102 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 32606389 1 8 theme paper 199:203 arg1 top 188:190 the top 184:190 the top of the paper 184:203 An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. 32606389 0 9 gly glycoproteins 89:101 arg1 glycoproteins 89:101 human glycoproteins 83:101 human glycoproteins 83:101 Author Correction: Mutually exclusive locales for N-linked glycans and disorder in human glycoproteins. 34587422 2 0 theme acid 586:589 arg1 composition 440:450 the proximate composition 426:450 the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy) 426:525 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 0 theme acid 586:589 arg1 content 591:597 amino acid content 580:597 amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 580:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 6 1 theme total 1116:1120 arg1 Analyses 1104:1111 Analyses 1104:1111 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents 1104:1152 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 1 2 theme medicinal 285:293 arg1 powders 313:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 8 3 theme scavenging 1763:1772 arg1 activity 1774:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 4 theme several 1546:1552 arg1 activity 1694:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 4 theme several 1546:1552 arg1 activity 1774:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 4 theme several 1546:1552 arg1 ability 1657:1663 chelating ability 1647:1663 chelating ability 1647:1663 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 4 theme several 1546:1552 arg1 activity 1621:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 4 theme several 1546:1552 arg1 methods 1564:1570 several different methods 1546:1570 several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1546:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 4 theme several 1546:1552 arg1 power 1640:1644 reducing power 1631:1644 reducing power 1631:1644 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 5 5 theme ± 1063:1063 arg1 mg/g 1085:1088 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g 1058:1088 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively 1058:1101 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 1 6 theme biomass 203:209 arg1 extracts 225:232 submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts 173:232 submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 173:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 6 7 from content 1179:1185 arg1 samples 1194:1200 all samples 1190:1200 all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively) 1190:1325 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 7 from content 1179:1185 arg1 ± 1269:1269 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 1264:1283 ± 1269:1269 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 7 from content 1179:1185 arg1 18.88 1218:1222 18.88 1218:1222 18.88 1218:1222 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 7 from content 1179:1185 arg1 ± 1224:1224 15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively 1203:1324 ± 1224:1224 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 1 8 theme hot 215:217 arg1 water 219:223 hot water 215:223 hot water 215:223 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 5 9 dep mg/g 1085:1088 arg1 to 1070:1071 to 1070:1071 to 1070:1071 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 9 10 theme antioxidant 1834:1844 arg1 activities 1846:1855 the capable antioxidant activities 1822:1855 the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs 1822:1897 Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. 34587422 8 11 theme scavenging 1610:1619 arg1 activity 1621:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 1 12 theme extracts 225:232 arg1 investigation 156:168 the investigation 152:168 the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 152:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 4 13 theme ± 877:877 arg1 % 883:883 1.97 ± 0.40% 872:883 1.97 ± 0.40% 872:883 Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. 34587422 3 14 theme polysaccharides 752:766 arg1 sources 741:747 good sources 736:747 good sources of polysaccharides 736:766 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 6 15 theme considerable 1166:1177 arg1 content 1179:1185 considerable content 1166:1185 considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively) 1166:1325 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 7 16 theme antioxidant 1445:1455 arg1 capacity 1457:1464 their antioxidant capacity 1439:1464 their antioxidant capacity 1439:1464 In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. 34587422 4 17 theme Total 839:843 arg1 contents 853:860 Total protein contents 839:860 Total protein contents 839:860 Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. 34587422 9 18 theme compounds 1870:1878 arg1 activities 1846:1855 the capable antioxidant activities 1822:1855 the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs 1822:1897 Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. 34587422 4 19 dep % 898:898 arg1 range 900:904 range 900:904 5.37 ± 0.40% range 887:904 Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. 34587422 3 20 theme % 818:818 arg1 ranges 797:802 the ranges 793:802 the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15% 793:836 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 8 21 theme chelating 1647:1655 arg1 ability 1657:1663 chelating ability 1647:1663 chelating ability 1647:1663 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 3 22 theme ± 812:812 arg1 % 818:818 4.73 ± 1.33% 807:818 4.73 ± 1.33% 807:818 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 4 23 theme 0.40 894:897 arg1 ± 892:892 ± 892:892 ± 892:892 Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. 34587422 5 24 theme 0.16 1058:1061 arg1 mg/g 1085:1088 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g 1058:1088 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively 1058:1101 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 1 25 theme active 354:359 arg1 metabolites 381:391 various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites 333:391 various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites 333:391 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 2 26 dep higher 616:621 arg1 Basidiomycetes 623:636 Basidiomycetes 623:636 Basidiomycetes 623:636 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 7 27 theme multiple 1401:1408 arg1 assays 1422:1427 multiple antioxidant assays 1401:1427 multiple antioxidant assays 1401:1427 In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. 34587422 8 28 dep in 1484:1485 arg1 vitro 1487:1491 vitro 1487:1491 vitro 1487:1491 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 0 29 theme Cultured 87:94 arg1 Mycelia 96:102 Submerged Cultured Mycelia 77:102 Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms 77:125 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 8 30 theme radical 1675:1681 arg1 activity 1694:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 1 31 theme cultivated 183:192 arg1 biomass 203:209 cultivated mycelial biomass 183:209 cultivated mycelial biomass 183:209 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 2 32 theme γ-aminobutyric 528:541 arg1 GABA 549:552 GABA 549:552 GABA 549:552 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 32 theme γ-aminobutyric 528:541 arg1 acid 543:546 γ-aminobutyric acid 528:546 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 528:553 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 32 theme γ-aminobutyric 528:541 arg1 composition 440:450 the proximate composition 426:450 the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy) 426:525 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 32 theme γ-aminobutyric 528:541 arg1 ERG 574:576 ERG 574:576 ERG 574:576 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 7 33 theme samples/extracts 1366:1381 arg1 complexity 1352:1361 the complexity 1348:1361 the complexity of samples/extracts 1348:1381 In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. 34587422 4 34 theme 5.37 887:890 arg1 ± 892:892 ± 892:892 ± 892:892 Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. 34587422 5 35 dep 0.61 1031:1034 arg1 to 1028:1029 to 1028:1029 to 1028:1029 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 2 36 theme proximate 430:438 arg1 ergothioneine 559:571 ergothioneine 559:571 ergothioneine 559:571 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 36 theme proximate 430:438 arg1 acid 543:546 γ-aminobutyric acid 528:546 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 528:553 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 36 theme proximate 430:438 arg1 content 591:597 amino acid content 580:597 amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 580:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 36 theme proximate 430:438 arg1 composition 440:450 the proximate composition 426:450 the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy) 426:525 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 0 37 theme Mushrooms 117:125 arg1 Mycelia 96:102 Submerged Cultured Mycelia 77:102 Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms 77:125 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 5 38 theme 15 995:996 arg1 samples 980:986 eight samples 974:986 eight samples out of 15 974:996 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 5 39 located detected 915:922 arg2 ERG 907:909 ERG 907:909 ERG 907:909 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 5 39 located detected 915:922 arg1 samples 938:944 all tested samples 927:944 all tested samples 927:944 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 2 40 theme total 513:517 arg1 energy 519:524 total energy 513:524 total energy 513:524 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 0 41 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 1 42 theme MM 305:306 arg1 powders 313:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 2 43 theme species 641:647 arg1 mycelia 602:608 mycelia 602:608 mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 602:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 1 44 theme dry 309:311 arg1 powders 313:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 2 45 theme total 488:492 arg1 carbohydrates 494:506 total carbohydrates 488:506 total carbohydrates 488:506 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 6 46 theme gallic 1234:1239 arg1 equivalents/g 1246:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 7 47 theme present 1331:1337 arg1 research 1339:1346 present research 1331:1346 present research 1331:1346 In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. 34587422 0 48 theme Different 51:59 arg1 Combinations 61:72 Different Combinations 51:72 Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms 51:125 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 1 49 theme various 333:339 arg1 metabolites 381:391 various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites 333:391 various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites 333:391 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 6 50 theme rutin 1293:1297 arg1 equivalents/g 1299:1311 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g 1285:1311 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g 1285:1311 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 1 51 theme different 248:256 arg1 combinations 258:269 different combinations 248:269 different combinations 248:269 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 6 52 theme 0.73 1285:1288 arg1 mg 1290:1291 mg 1290:1291 mg 1290:1291 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 0 53 theme Combinations 61:72 arg1 Composition 9:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition 0:19 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 0 53 theme Combinations 61:72 arg1 Properties 37:46 Antioxidant Properties 25:46 Antioxidant Properties 25:46 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 8 54 theme acid 1758:1761 arg1 activity 1774:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 2 55 theme amino 580:584 arg1 composition 440:450 the proximate composition 426:450 the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy) 426:525 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 55 theme amino 580:584 arg1 content 591:597 amino acid content 580:597 amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 580:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 1 56 theme mushroom 295:302 arg1 powders 313:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 285:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 9 57 theme tested 1799:1804 arg1 samples 1806:1812 all tested samples 1795:1812 all tested samples 1795:1812 Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. 34587422 1 58 theme mycelial 194:201 arg1 biomass 203:209 cultivated mycelial biomass 183:209 cultivated mycelial biomass 183:209 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 6 59 dep total 1116:1120 arg1 contents 1145:1152 contents 1145:1152 contents 1145:1152 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 2 60 theme mycelia 602:608 arg1 composition 440:450 the proximate composition 426:450 the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy) 426:525 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 60 theme mycelia 602:608 arg1 content 591:597 amino acid content 580:597 amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 580:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 3 61 theme tested 699:704 arg1 combinations 706:717 almost all tested combinations 688:717 almost all tested combinations 688:717 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 8 62 theme different 1554:1562 arg1 activity 1694:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 62 theme different 1554:1562 arg1 activity 1774:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 62 theme different 1554:1562 arg1 ability 1657:1663 chelating ability 1647:1663 chelating ability 1647:1663 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 62 theme different 1554:1562 arg1 activity 1621:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 62 theme different 1554:1562 arg1 methods 1564:1570 several different methods 1546:1570 several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1546:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 62 theme different 1554:1562 arg1 power 1640:1644 reducing power 1631:1644 reducing power 1631:1644 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 9 63 theme capable 1826:1832 arg1 activities 1846:1855 the capable antioxidant activities 1822:1855 the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs 1822:1897 Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. 34587422 3 64 theme good 736:739 arg1 sources 741:747 good sources 736:747 good sources of polysaccharides 736:766 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 3 65 with sources 741:747 arg1 content 774:780 content 774:780 content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15% 774:836 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 1 66 theme water 219:223 arg1 extracts 225:232 submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts 173:232 submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 173:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 8 67 theme 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 1580:1608 arg1 activity 1621:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity 1580:1628 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 9 68 theme bioactive 1860:1868 arg1 compounds 1870:1878 bioactive compounds 1860:1878 bioactive compounds extracted from MMs 1860:1897 Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. 34587422 6 69 theme ± 1209:1209 arg1 samples 1194:1200 all samples 1190:1200 all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively) 1190:1325 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 69 theme ± 1209:1209 arg1 ± 1224:1224 15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively 1203:1324 ± 1224:1224 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 70 theme flavonoid 1135:1143 arg1 Analyses 1104:1111 Analyses 1104:1111 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents 1104:1152 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 8 71 theme reducing 1631:1638 arg1 power 1640:1644 reducing power 1631:1644 reducing power 1631:1644 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 7 72 theme antioxidant 1410:1420 arg1 assays 1422:1427 multiple antioxidant assays 1401:1427 multiple antioxidant assays 1401:1427 In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. 34587422 4 73 theme protein 845:851 arg1 contents 853:860 Total protein contents 839:860 Total protein contents 839:860 Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. 34587422 0 74 theme Submerged 77:85 arg1 Mycelia 96:102 Submerged Cultured Mycelia 77:102 Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms 77:125 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 8 75 theme in 1484:1485 arg1 activity 1505:1512 in vitro antioxidant activity 1484:1512 in vitro antioxidant activity 1484:1512 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 0 76 theme Mycelia 96:102 arg1 Combinations 61:72 Different Combinations 51:72 Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms 51:125 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 1 77 theme compounds/secondary 361:379 arg1 metabolites 381:391 various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites 333:391 various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites 333:391 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 1 78 theme submerged 173:181 arg1 extracts 225:232 submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts 173:232 submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders 173:319 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 3 79 theme % 836:836 arg1 ranges 797:802 the ranges 793:802 the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15% 793:836 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 2 80 theme MM 638:639 arg1 species 641:647 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 613:647 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 613:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 0 81 theme Medicinal 107:115 arg1 Mushrooms 117:125 Medicinal Mushrooms 107:125 Medicinal Mushrooms 107:125 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 5 82 theme ± 1019:1019 arg1 mg/g 1043:1046 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g 1014:1046 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g 1014:1046 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 8 83 theme hydroxyl 1666:1673 arg1 activity 1694:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 3 84 theme ± 830:830 arg1 % 836:836 58.46 ± 4.15% 824:836 58.46 ± 4.15% 824:836 The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. 34587422 8 85 theme 3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic 1723:1756 arg1 activity 1774:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 2 86 theme higher 616:621 arg1 species 641:647 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 613:647 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species 613:647 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 8 87 theme scavenging 1683:1692 arg1 activity 1694:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity 1666:1701 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 8 88 theme activity 1505:1512 arg1 Determination 1467:1479 Determination 1467:1479 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity 1467:1512 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 6 89 dep ± 1224:1224 arg1 equivalents/g 1246:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 89 dep ± 1224:1224 arg1 equivalents/g 1299:1311 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g 1285:1311 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g 1285:1311 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 2 90 theme crude 468:472 arg1 protein 474:480 crude protein 468:480 crude protein 468:480 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 0 91 theme Antioxidant 25:35 arg1 Properties 37:46 Antioxidant Properties 25:46 Antioxidant Properties 25:46 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Different Combinations of Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Medicinal Mushrooms. 34587422 8 92 theme 2,2'-azino-bis 1708:1721 arg1 activity 1774:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity 1708:1781 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 6 93 theme acid 1241:1244 arg1 equivalents/g 1246:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 1 94 theme powders 313:319 arg1 ratios 275:280 ratios 275:280 ratios 275:280 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 1 94 theme powders 313:319 arg1 combinations 258:269 different combinations 248:269 different combinations 248:269 This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. 34587422 8 95 theme antioxidant 1493:1503 arg1 activity 1505:1512 in vitro antioxidant activity 1484:1512 in vitro antioxidant activity 1484:1512 Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. 34587422 5 96 dep 15 995:996 arg1 out 988:990 out 988:990 out 988:990 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 2 97 dep composition 440:450 arg1 ash 463:465 ash 463:465 ash 463:465 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 97 dep composition 440:450 arg1 carbohydrates 494:506 total carbohydrates 488:506 total carbohydrates 488:506 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 97 dep composition 440:450 arg1 protein 474:480 crude protein 468:480 crude protein 468:480 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 97 dep composition 440:450 arg1 moisture 453:460 moisture 453:460 moisture 453:460 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 97 dep composition 440:450 arg1 fat 483:485 fat 483:485 fat 483:485 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 2 97 dep composition 440:450 arg1 energy 519:524 total energy 513:524 total energy 513:524 In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. 34587422 6 98 theme mg 1231:1232 arg1 equivalents/g 1246:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g 1226:1258 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 5 99 theme tested 931:936 arg1 samples 938:944 all tested samples 927:944 all tested samples 927:944 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 6 100 theme mg 1290:1291 arg1 equivalents/g 1299:1311 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g 1285:1311 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g 1285:1311 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 6 101 theme 0.34 1226:1229 arg1 mg 1231:1232 mg 1231:1232 mg 1231:1232 Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). 34587422 5 102 theme ± 1036:1036 arg1 mg/g 1043:1046 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g 1014:1046 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g 1014:1046 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34587422 5 103 theme ± 1078:1078 arg1 mg/g 1085:1088 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g 1058:1088 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively 1058:1101 ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± < 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. 34890609 9 0 theme growth 1828:1833 arg1 advantage 1835:1843 a better growth advantage 1819:1843 a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system 1819:1869 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 3 1 theme semi-quantitative 656:672 arg1 description 716:726 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 2 2 theme pipe 322:325 arg1 materials 327:335 pipe materials 322:335 pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) 322:371 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 6 3 theme variance 1473:1480 arg1 PCoA 1424:1427 PCoA 1424:1427 PCoA 1424:1427 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 3 theme variance 1473:1480 arg1 analysis 1414:1421 principal coordinates analysis 1392:1421 principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 1392:1428 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 3 theme variance 1473:1480 arg1 analysis 1461:1468 permutational multivariate analysis 1434:1468 permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) 1434:1492 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 1 4 theme water 242:246 arg1 quality 248:254 water quality 242:254 water quality safeguard 242:264 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 7 5 from biofilms 1533:1540 arg1 dominant 1514:1521 dominant 1514:1521 dominant 1514:1521 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 2 6 theme community 563:571 arg1 composition 573:583 bacterial community composition 553:583 bacterial community composition 553:583 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 9 7 from advantage 1835:1843 arg1 system 1864:1869 the chlorinated system 1848:1869 the chlorinated system 1848:1869 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 10 8 theme functional 2054:2063 arg1 pathways 2065:2072 possible functional pathways 2045:2072 possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 2045:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 10 8 theme functional 2054:2063 arg1 abundnce 2035:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 2 9 from influence 309:317 arg1 structure 405:413 the biofilm structure 393:413 the biofilm structure 393:413 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 2 9 from influence 309:317 arg1 community 429:437 microbial community 419:437 microbial community 419:437 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 9 10 theme chlorinated 1852:1862 arg1 system 1864:1869 the chlorinated system 1848:1869 the chlorinated system 1848:1869 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 3 11 theme microscope 698:707 arg1 description 716:726 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 1 12 theme water 162:166 arg1 system 181:186 the drinking water distribution system 149:186 the drinking water distribution system 149:186 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 2 13 theme functional 590:599 arg1 traits 601:606 functional traits 590:606 functional traits 590:606 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 10 14 theme infectious 2090:2099 arg1 disease 2101:2107 infectious disease 2090:2107 infectious disease included 2090:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 10 15 theme sketch 1930:1935 arg1 prediction 1937:1946 Functional sketch prediction 1919:1946 Functional sketch prediction 1919:1946 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 6 16 theme community 1332:1340 arg1 composition 1342:1352 the biofilm community composition 1320:1352 the biofilm community composition 1320:1352 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 9 17 theme disinfectant 1894:1905 arg1 resistance 1907:1916 a stronger disinfectant resistance 1883:1916 a stronger disinfectant resistance 1883:1916 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 10 18 theme potential 1962:1970 arg1 impact 1972:1977 the potential impact 1958:1977 the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 1958:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 6 19 theme permutational 1434:1446 arg1 analysis 1461:1468 permutational multivariate analysis 1434:1468 permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) 1434:1492 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 8 20 theme genus 1707:1711 arg1 Rhodococcus 1713:1723 The genus Rhodococcus 1703:1723 The genus Rhodococcus 1703:1723 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 8 20 theme genus 1707:1711 arg1 predominant 1729:1739 predominant 1729:1739 predominant 1729:1739 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 2 21 theme structural 525:534 arg1 characteristics 536:550 structural characteristics 525:550 structural characteristics 525:550 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 5 22 theme pipe 1052:1055 arg1 material 1057:1064 pipe material 1052:1064 pipe material 1052:1064 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 1 23 theme residual 111:118 arg1 chlorine 120:127 residual chlorine 111:127 residual chlorine 111:127 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 1 23 theme residual 111:118 arg1 factors 137:143 key factors 133:143 key factors for the drinking water distribution system 133:186 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 1 23 theme residual 111:118 arg1 material 98:105 Pipe material 93:105 Pipe material 93:105 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 4 24 theme external 896:903 arg1 disinfectants 905:917 external disinfectants 896:917 external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation 896:992 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 10 25 theme material 1987:1994 arg1 impact 1972:1977 the potential impact 1958:1977 the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 1958:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 6 26 theme possible 1293:1300 arg1 factor 1310:1315 the more possible driving factor 1284:1315 the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition 1284:1352 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 26 theme possible 1293:1300 arg1 material 1271:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 7 27 theme ductile 1680:1686 arg1 biofilms 1693:1700 the steel and ductile iron biofilms 1666:1700 biofilms 1693:1700 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 4 28 theme communities 972:982 arg1 variation 984:992 communities variation 972:992 communities variation 972:992 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 11 29 theme drinking 2338:2345 arg1 water 2347:2351 the drinking water 2334:2351 the drinking water 2334:2351 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 6 30 theme principal 1392:1400 arg1 PCoA 1424:1427 PCoA 1424:1427 PCoA 1424:1427 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 30 theme principal 1392:1400 arg1 analysis 1414:1421 principal coordinates analysis 1392:1421 principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 1392:1428 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 8 31 theme PE 1748:1749 arg1 biofilms 1751:1758 the PE biofilms 1744:1758 the PE biofilms 1744:1758 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 10 32 theme functional 2016:2025 arg1 pathways 2065:2072 possible functional pathways 2045:2072 possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 2045:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 10 32 theme functional 2016:2025 arg1 abundnce 2035:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 2 33 theme extracellular 484:496 arg1 substances 508:517 extracellular polymeric substances 484:517 extracellular polymeric substances 484:517 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 0 34 from Impact 0:5 arg1 structure 56:64 the biofilm structure and microbial communities 44:90 structure 56:64 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 0 34 from Impact 0:5 arg1 communities 80:90 the biofilm structure and microbial communities 44:90 communities 80:90 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 2 35 dep materials 327:335 arg1 steel 352:356 steel 352:356 steel 352:356 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 2 35 dep materials 327:335 arg1 iron 346:349 ductile iron 338:349 ductile iron 338:349 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 2 35 dep materials 327:335 arg1 polyethylene 359:370 polyethylene 359:370 polyethylene 359:370 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 10 36 theme chlorination 2000:2011 arg1 impact 1972:1977 the potential impact 1958:1977 the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 1958:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 7 37 theme major 1649:1653 arg1 Alphaproteobacteria 1565:1583 Alphaproteobacteria 1565:1583 Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) 1565:1599 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 37 theme major 1649:1653 arg1 Gammaproteobacteria 1605:1623 Gammaproteobacteria 1605:1623 Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) 1605:1638 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 37 theme major 1649:1653 arg1 classes 1655:1661 the major classes 1645:1661 the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms 1645:1700 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 11 38 theme microbial 2223:2231 arg1 community 2233:2241 microbial community 2223:2241 microbial community 2223:2241 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 5 39 theme biomass 1110:1116 arg1 structure 1134:1142 lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure 1104:1142 lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure 1104:1142 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 6 40 theme multivariate 1448:1459 arg1 analysis 1461:1468 permutational multivariate analysis 1434:1468 permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) 1434:1492 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 2 41 theme chlorination 377:388 arg1 influence 309:317 the influence 305:317 the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community 305:437 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 0 42 theme pipe 10:13 arg1 material 15:22 pipe material 10:22 pipe material 10:22 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 10 43 from impact 1972:1977 arg1 pathways 2065:2072 possible functional pathways 2045:2072 possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 2045:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 10 43 from impact 1972:1977 arg1 abundnce 2035:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 7 44 theme % 1630:1630 arg1 % 1637:1637 6.46%-36.82% 1626:1637 6.46%-36.82% 1626:1637 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 44 theme % 1630:1630 arg1 Gammaproteobacteria 1605:1623 Gammaproteobacteria 1605:1623 Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) 1605:1638 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 4 45 theme unchlorinated 1006:1018 arg1 system 1020:1025 unchlorinated system 1006:1025 unchlorinated system 1006:1025 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 0 46 theme biofilm 48:54 arg1 structure 56:64 the biofilm structure and microbial communities 44:90 structure 56:64 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 9 47 contain have 1814:1817 arg1 Rhodococcus 1761:1771 Rhodococcus 1761:1771 Rhodococcus 1761:1771 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 9 47 contain have 1814:1817 arg2 advantage 1835:1843 a better growth advantage 1819:1843 a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system 1819:1869 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 9 47 contain have 1814:1817 arg1 Pseudomonas 1774:1784 Pseudomonas 1774:1784 Pseudomonas 1774:1784 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 9 47 contain have 1814:1817 arg1 Sphingomonas 1791:1802 Sphingomonas 1791:1802 Sphingomonas 1791:1802 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 5 48 theme lower 1145:1149 arg1 content 1180:1186 lower proteins and polysaccharides content 1145:1186 lower proteins and polysaccharides content 1145:1186 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 2 49 theme microbial 419:427 arg1 community 429:437 microbial community 419:437 microbial community 419:437 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 5 50 dep biomass 1110:1116 arg1 loose 1119:1123 loose 1119:1123 loose 1119:1123 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 3 51 theme spatial 613:619 arg1 properties 621:630 EPS spatial properties 609:630 EPS spatial properties 609:630 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 11 52 from impact 2157:2162 arg1 structure 2209:2217 biofilm structure 2201:2217 biofilm structure 2201:2217 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 11 52 from impact 2157:2162 arg1 community 2233:2241 microbial community 2223:2241 microbial community 2223:2241 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 10 53 theme possible 2045:2052 arg1 pathways 2065:2072 possible functional pathways 2045:2072 possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 2045:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 10 53 theme possible 2045:2052 arg1 abundnce 2035:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 1 54 theme biofilm 211:217 arg1 ecosystem 219:227 the biofilm ecosystem 207:227 the biofilm ecosystem 207:227 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 4 55 theme 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 786:801 arg1 chlorine 808:815 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine 786:815 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine 786:815 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 4 55 theme 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 786:801 arg1 chlorine 776:783 residule chlorine 767:783 residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) 767:816 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 2 56 theme ductile 338:344 arg1 steel 352:356 steel 352:356 steel 352:356 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 2 56 theme ductile 338:344 arg1 iron 346:349 ductile iron 338:349 ductile iron 338:349 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 2 56 theme ductile 338:344 arg1 polyethylene 359:370 polyethylene 359:370 polyethylene 359:370 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 11 57 theme pipe 2167:2170 arg1 material 2172:2179 pipe material 2167:2179 pipe material 2167:2179 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 9 58 theme better 1821:1826 arg1 advantage 1835:1843 a better growth advantage 1819:1843 a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system 1819:1869 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 3 59 theme scanning 689:696 arg1 CLSM 710:713 CLSM 710:713 CLSM 710:713 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 3 59 theme scanning 689:696 arg1 microscope 698:707 confocal laser scanning microscope 674:707 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 2 60 theme materials 327:335 arg1 influence 309:317 the influence 305:317 the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community 305:437 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 5 61 theme microbial 1198:1206 arg1 diversity 1208:1216 poor microbial diversity 1193:1216 poor microbial diversity 1193:1216 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 3 62 theme confocal 674:681 arg1 CLSM 710:713 CLSM 710:713 CLSM 710:713 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 3 62 theme confocal 674:681 arg1 microscope 698:707 confocal laser scanning microscope 674:707 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 2 63 theme bacterial 553:561 arg1 composition 573:583 bacterial community composition 553:583 bacterial community composition 553:583 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 6 64 theme Pipe 1266:1269 arg1 factor 1310:1315 the more possible driving factor 1284:1315 the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition 1284:1352 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 64 theme Pipe 1266:1269 arg1 material 1271:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 1 65 theme drinking 153:160 arg1 system 181:186 the drinking water distribution system 149:186 the drinking water distribution system 149:186 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 11 66 theme biofilm 2201:2207 arg1 structure 2209:2217 biofilm structure 2201:2217 biofilm structure 2201:2217 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 1 67 theme distribution 168:179 arg1 system 181:186 the drinking water distribution system 149:186 the drinking water distribution system 149:186 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 4 68 theme bacteria 836:843 arg1 colonization 845:856 the bacteria colonization 832:856 the bacteria colonization 832:856 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 10 69 theme Functional 1919:1928 arg1 prediction 1937:1946 Functional sketch prediction 1919:1946 Functional sketch prediction 1919:1946 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 6 70 theme composition 1342:1352 arg1 factor 1310:1315 the more possible driving factor 1284:1315 the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition 1284:1352 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 70 theme composition 1342:1352 arg1 material 1271:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 2 71 theme study 282:286 arg1 aim 271:273 The aim 267:273 The aim of our study 267:286 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 5 72 dep iron 1241:1244 arg1 contrast 1221:1228 contrast 1221:1228 contrast 1221:1228 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 9 73 theme stronger 1885:1892 arg1 resistance 1907:1916 a stronger disinfectant resistance 1883:1916 a stronger disinfectant resistance 1883:1916 Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas seemed to have a better growth advantage in the chlorinated system and display a stronger disinfectant resistance. 34890609 6 74 theme biofilm 1324:1330 arg1 composition 1342:1352 the biofilm community composition 1320:1352 the biofilm community composition 1320:1352 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 2 75 theme polymeric 498:506 arg1 substances 508:517 extracellular polymeric substances 484:517 extracellular polymeric substances 484:517 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 8 76 from predominant 1729:1739 arg1 biofilms 1751:1758 the PE biofilms 1744:1758 the PE biofilms 1744:1758 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 4 77 theme spatial 939:945 arg1 distribution 947:958 the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation 931:992 distribution 947:958 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 7 78 theme % 1591:1591 arg1 % 1598:1598 34.30%-73.22% 1586:1598 34.30%-73.22% 1586:1598 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 78 theme % 1591:1591 arg1 Alphaproteobacteria 1565:1583 Alphaproteobacteria 1565:1583 Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) 1565:1599 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 4 79 theme potential 874:882 arg1 response 884:891 a potential response 872:891 a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system 872:1025 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 1 80 dep quality 248:254 arg1 safeguard 256:264 safeguard 256:264 safeguard 256:264 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 6 81 theme driving 1302:1308 arg1 factor 1310:1315 the more possible driving factor 1284:1315 the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition 1284:1352 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 81 theme driving 1302:1308 arg1 material 1271:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material 1266:1278 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 5 82 theme material 1057:1064 arg1 impact 1042:1047 the impact 1038:1047 the impact of pipe material 1038:1064 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 8 83 from biofilms 1751:1758 arg1 Rhodococcus 1713:1723 The genus Rhodococcus 1703:1723 The genus Rhodococcus 1703:1723 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 8 83 from biofilms 1751:1758 arg1 predominant 1729:1739 predominant 1729:1739 predominant 1729:1739 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 10 84 theme pipe 1982:1985 arg1 material 1987:1994 pipe material 1982:1994 pipe material 1982:1994 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 6 85 theme coordinates 1402:1412 arg1 PCoA 1424:1427 PCoA 1424:1427 PCoA 1424:1427 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 6 85 theme coordinates 1402:1412 arg1 analysis 1414:1421 principal coordinates analysis 1392:1421 principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 1392:1428 Pipe material was the more possible driving factor of the biofilm community composition compared to the chlorination based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). 34890609 5 86 theme polyethylene 1067:1078 arg1 biofilms 1085:1092 polyethylene (PE) biofilms 1067:1092 polyethylene (PE) biofilms 1067:1092 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 1 87 theme key 133:135 arg1 chlorine 120:127 residual chlorine 111:127 residual chlorine 111:127 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 1 87 theme key 133:135 arg1 factors 137:143 key factors 133:143 key factors for the drinking water distribution system 133:186 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 1 87 theme key 133:135 arg1 material 98:105 Pipe material 93:105 Pipe material 93:105 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 7 88 theme iron 1688:1691 arg1 biofilms 1693:1700 the steel and ductile iron biofilms 1666:1700 biofilms 1693:1700 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 89 from classes 1655:1661 arg1 steel 1670:1674 the steel and ductile iron biofilms 1666:1700 steel 1670:1674 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 89 from classes 1655:1661 arg1 biofilms 1693:1700 the steel and ductile iron biofilms 1666:1700 biofilms 1693:1700 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 5 90 theme steel 1250:1254 arg1 biofilms 1256:1263 steel biofilms 1250:1263 steel biofilms 1250:1263 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 0 91 theme microbial 70:78 arg1 communities 80:90 the biofilm structure and microbial communities 44:90 communities 80:90 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 5 92 theme zoogloea 1125:1132 arg1 structure 1134:1142 lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure 1104:1142 lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure 1104:1142 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 4 93 dep distribution 947:958 arg1 changes 960:966 changes 960:966 changes 960:966 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 4 94 theme EPS 935:937 arg1 distribution 947:958 the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation 931:992 distribution 947:958 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 2 95 theme physicochemical 456:470 arg1 properties 472:481 the physicochemical properties 452:481 the physicochemical properties 452:481 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 2 95 theme physicochemical 456:470 arg1 EPS 520:522 EPS 520:522 EPS 520:522 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 4 96 theme chlorination 753:764 arg1 impact 743:748 the impact 739:748 the impact of chlorination 739:764 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 2 97 theme biofilm 397:403 arg1 structure 405:413 the biofilm structure 393:413 the biofilm structure 393:413 The aim of our study was to determine the influence of pipe materials (ductile iron, steel, polyethylene) and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial community, as shown by the physicochemical properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structural characteristics, bacterial community composition, and functional traits. 34890609 0 98 theme material 15:22 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 0:91 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 1 99 theme Pipe 93:96 arg1 chlorine 120:127 residual chlorine 111:127 residual chlorine 111:127 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 1 99 theme Pipe 93:96 arg1 factors 137:143 key factors 133:143 key factors for the drinking water distribution system 133:186 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 1 99 theme Pipe 93:96 arg1 material 98:105 Pipe material 93:105 Pipe material 93:105 Pipe material and residual chlorine are key factors for the drinking water distribution system, and understanding the biofilm ecosystem is vital for water quality safeguard. 34890609 11 100 theme maintenance 2283:2293 arg1 strategies 2295:2304 monitoring or maintenance strategies 2269:2304 monitoring or maintenance strategies 2269:2304 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 11 101 theme monitoring 2269:2278 arg1 strategies 2295:2304 monitoring or maintenance strategies 2269:2304 monitoring or maintenance strategies 2269:2304 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 0 102 theme chlorination 28:39 arg1 Impact 0:5 Impact 0:5 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 0:91 Impact of pipe material and chlorination on the biofilm structure and microbial communities. 34890609 5 103 theme poor 1193:1196 arg1 diversity 1208:1216 poor microbial diversity 1193:1216 poor microbial diversity 1193:1216 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 7 104 theme % 1548:1548 arg1 % 1555:1555 45.57%-83.32% 1543:1555 45.57%-83.32% 1543:1555 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 104 theme % 1548:1548 arg1 biofilms 1533:1540 the PE biofilms 1526:1540 the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%) 1526:1556 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 11 105 theme chlorination 2185:2196 arg1 impact 2157:2162 the impact 2153:2162 the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community 2153:2241 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 8 106 attach predominant 1729:1739 arg1 biofilms 1751:1758 the PE biofilms 1744:1758 the PE biofilms 1744:1758 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 8 106 attach predominant 1729:1739 arg2 predominant 1729:1739 predominant 1729:1739 predominant 1729:1739 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 8 106 attach predominant 1729:1739 arg2 Rhodococcus 1713:1723 The genus Rhodococcus 1703:1723 The genus Rhodococcus 1703:1723 The genus Rhodococcus was predominant in the PE biofilms. 34890609 3 107 theme EPS 609:611 arg1 properties 621:630 EPS spatial properties 609:630 EPS spatial properties 609:630 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 4 108 theme free 803:806 arg1 chlorine 808:815 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine 786:815 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine 786:815 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 4 108 theme free 803:806 arg1 chlorine 776:783 residule chlorine 767:783 residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) 767:816 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 5 109 theme proteins 1151:1158 arg1 content 1180:1186 lower proteins and polysaccharides content 1145:1186 lower proteins and polysaccharides content 1145:1186 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 11 110 theme material 2172:2179 arg1 impact 2157:2162 the impact 2153:2162 the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community 2153:2241 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 5 111 theme polysaccharides 1164:1178 arg1 content 1180:1186 lower proteins and polysaccharides content 1145:1186 lower proteins and polysaccharides content 1145:1186 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 7 112 theme PE 1530:1531 arg1 % 1555:1555 45.57%-83.32% 1543:1555 45.57%-83.32% 1543:1555 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 112 theme PE 1530:1531 arg1 biofilms 1533:1540 the PE biofilms 1526:1540 the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%) 1526:1556 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 4 113 theme residule 767:774 arg1 chlorine 808:815 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine 786:815 1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine 786:815 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 4 113 theme residule 767:774 arg1 chlorine 776:783 residule chlorine 767:783 residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) 767:816 Regarding the impact of chlorination, residule chlorine (1.0 ± 0.3 mg L-1 free chlorine) could inhibit the bacteria colonization, and initiate a potential response to external disinfectants revealed by the EPS spatial distribution changes and communities variation compared to unchlorinated system. 34890609 5 114 theme ductile 1233:1239 arg1 iron 1241:1244 ductile iron 1233:1244 ductile iron 1233:1244 Regarding the impact of pipe material, polyethylene (PE) biofilms displayed lower biomass, loose zoogloea structure, lower proteins and polysaccharides content, and poor microbial diversity in contrast to ductile iron and steel biofilms. 34890609 7 115 from dominant 1514:1521 arg1 % 1555:1555 45.57%-83.32% 1543:1555 45.57%-83.32% 1543:1555 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 7 115 from dominant 1514:1521 arg1 biofilms 1533:1540 the PE biofilms 1526:1540 the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%) 1526:1556 Actinobacteria was dominant in the PE biofilms (45.57%-83.32%), while Alphaproteobacteria (34.30%-73.22%) and Gammaproteobacteria (6.46%-36.82%) were the major classes in the steel and ductile iron biofilms. 34890609 11 116 theme water 2347:2351 arg1 biosafety 2321:2329 the biosafety 2317:2329 the biosafety of the drinking water 2317:2351 This study provides insights into the impact of pipe material and chlorination on biofilm structure and microbial community and might help to develop monitoring or maintenance strategies to protect the biosafety of the drinking water. 34890609 10 117 theme pathway 2027:2033 arg1 pathways 2065:2072 possible functional pathways 2045:2072 possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included 2045:2116 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 10 117 theme pathway 2027:2033 arg1 abundnce 2035:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 functional pathway abundnce 2016:2042 Functional sketch prediction indicated the potential impact of pipe material and chlorination on functional pathway abundnce, possible functional pathways associated with infectious disease included. 34890609 3 118 theme laser 683:687 arg1 CLSM 710:713 CLSM 710:713 CLSM 710:713 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 34890609 3 118 theme laser 683:687 arg1 microscope 698:707 confocal laser scanning microscope 674:707 a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description 654:726 EPS spatial properties were studied based on a semi-quantitative confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) description. 33494502 0 0 theme Oak 72:74 arg1 Barrels 76:82 Oak Barrels 72:82 Oak Barrels 72:82 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 4 1 from walls 813:817 arg1 release 764:770 the observed release 751:770 the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls 751:817 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 4 2 theme concrete 804:811 arg1 walls 813:817 the concrete walls 800:817 the concrete walls 800:817 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 4 3 theme titratable 708:717 arg1 acidity 719:725 the lowest titratable acidity 697:725 the lowest titratable acidity 697:725 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 2 4 from jars 524:527 arg1 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 2 5 theme stainless-steel 428:442 arg1 tanks 444:448 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 416:448 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 416:448 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 1 6 theme resulting 303:311 arg1 wines 313:317 the resulting wines 299:317 the resulting wines 299:317 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 6 7 theme clay 922:925 arg1 jars 927:930 clay jars 922:930 clay jars 922:930 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 2 8 theme oval-shaped 481:491 arg1 vessels 506:512 oval-shaped polyethylene vessels 481:512 oval-shaped polyethylene vessels 481:512 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 1 9 theme wines 313:317 arg1 composition 284:294 the chemical composition 271:294 the chemical composition of the resulting wines 271:317 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 6 10 theme volatile 1100:1107 arg1 compounds 1109:1117 volatile compounds 1100:1117 volatile compounds 1100:1117 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 4 11 theme lowest 701:706 arg1 acidity 719:725 the lowest titratable acidity 697:725 the lowest titratable acidity 697:725 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 7 12 theme observed 1132:1139 arg1 differences 1141:1151 the observed differences 1128:1151 the observed differences 1128:1151 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 7 13 theme wine 1204:1207 arg1 production 1209:1218 white wine production 1198:1218 white wine production 1198:1218 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 5 14 theme vessels 841:847 arg1 effect 827:832 Little effect 820:832 Little effect of the vessels 820:847 Little effect of the vessels was seen on the wine color and phenolic composition. 33494502 4 15 theme inorganic 775:783 arg1 compounds 785:793 inorganic compounds 775:793 inorganic compounds 775:793 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 7 16 theme chemical 1244:1251 arg1 features 1253:1260 chemical features 1244:1260 chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines 1244:1330 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 6 17 theme compounds 1109:1117 arg1 content 1089:1095 the highest content 1077:1095 the highest content of volatile compounds 1077:1117 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 6 18 theme soluble 988:994 arg1 polysaccharides 996:1010 soluble polysaccharides 988:1010 soluble polysaccharides 988:1010 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 2 19 theme Sauvignon 345:353 arg1 wine 361:364 a Sauvignon Blanc wine 343:364 a Sauvignon Blanc wine 343:364 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 2 20 theme concrete 463:470 arg1 vessels 472:478 oval-shaped concrete vessels 451:478 oval-shaped concrete vessels 451:478 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 1 21 from impact 261:266 arg1 composition 284:294 the chemical composition 271:294 the chemical composition of the resulting wines 271:317 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 2 22 theme same 390:393 arg1 juice 401:405 the same grape juice 386:405 the same grape juice 386:405 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 1 23 theme alternative 143:153 arg1 vessels 155:161 alternative vessels 143:161 alternative vessels 143:161 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 2 24 theme grape 395:399 arg1 juice 401:405 the same grape juice 386:405 the same grape juice 386:405 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 2 25 theme oval-shaped 451:461 arg1 vessels 472:478 oval-shaped concrete vessels 451:478 oval-shaped concrete vessels 451:478 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 4 26 theme highest 682:688 arg1 pH 690:691 pH 690:691 pH 690:691 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 1 27 theme vessels 155:161 arg1 use 136:138 the use 132:138 the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking 132:194 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 0 28 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 Implications 22:33 Chemical and Physical Implications 0:33 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 0:120 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 4 29 theme compounds 785:793 arg1 release 764:770 the observed release 751:770 the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls 751:817 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 5 30 theme wine 865:868 arg1 color 870:874 the wine color 861:874 the wine color 861:874 Little effect of the vessels was seen on the wine color and phenolic composition. 33494502 0 31 theme Use 42:44 arg1 Implications 22:33 Chemical and Physical Implications 0:33 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 0:120 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 0 32 theme White 109:113 arg1 Wines 115:119 White Wines 109:119 White Wines 109:119 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 7 33 theme Blanc 1320:1324 arg1 wines 1326:1330 Sauvignon Blanc wines 1310:1330 Sauvignon Blanc wines 1310:1330 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 6 34 theme highest 1081:1087 arg1 content 1089:1095 the highest content 1077:1095 the highest content of volatile compounds 1077:1117 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 1 35 theme oak 166:168 arg1 barrels 170:176 oak barrels 166:176 oak barrels 166:176 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 0 36 theme Physical 13:20 arg1 Implications 22:33 Chemical and Physical Implications 0:33 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 0:120 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 2 37 from tanks 444:448 arg1 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 6 38 theme highest 969:975 arg1 content 977:983 the highest content 965:983 the highest content of soluble polysaccharides 965:1010 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 2 39 theme cylindrical 416:426 arg1 tanks 444:448 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 416:448 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 416:448 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 7 40 theme wines 1326:1330 arg1 standards 1297:1305 the quality standards 1285:1305 the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines 1285:1330 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 0 41 theme Wines 115:119 arg1 Production 95:104 the Production 91:104 the Production of White Wines 91:119 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 2 42 theme Blanc 355:359 arg1 wine 361:364 a Sauvignon Blanc wine 343:364 a Sauvignon Blanc wine 343:364 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 7 43 theme Sauvignon 1310:1318 arg1 wines 1326:1330 Sauvignon Blanc wines 1310:1330 Sauvignon Blanc wines 1310:1330 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 4 44 theme concrete 654:661 arg1 vessels 663:669 concrete vessels 654:669 concrete vessels 654:669 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 2 45 theme polyethylene 493:504 arg1 vessels 506:512 oval-shaped polyethylene vessels 481:512 oval-shaped polyethylene vessels 481:512 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 1 46 theme chemical 275:282 arg1 composition 284:294 the chemical composition 271:294 the chemical composition of the resulting wines 271:317 Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. 33494502 2 47 from vessels 472:478 arg1 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 4 48 theme observed 755:762 arg1 release 764:770 the observed release 751:770 the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls 751:817 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 4 49 dep pH 690:691 arg1 the 678:680 the 678:680 the 678:680 Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. 33494502 3 50 theme alcoholic 569:577 arg1 fermentation 579:590 alcoholic fermentation 569:590 alcoholic fermentation 569:590 Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. 33494502 6 51 theme stainless-steel 1048:1062 arg1 tanks 1064:1068 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 1036:1068 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 1036:1068 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 2 52 from vessels 506:512 arg1 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 triplicate 532:541 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 2 53 theme clay 519:522 arg1 jars 524:527 clay jars 519:527 clay jars in triplicate 519:541 To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. 33494502 3 54 theme wines 609:613 arg1 aging 600:604 the aging 596:604 the aging of wines over its own 596:626 Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. 33494502 3 54 theme wines 609:613 arg1 fermentation 579:590 alcoholic fermentation 569:590 alcoholic fermentation 569:590 Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. 33494502 5 55 theme phenolic 880:887 arg1 composition 889:899 phenolic composition 880:899 phenolic composition 880:899 Little effect of the vessels was seen on the wine color and phenolic composition. 33494502 6 56 theme cylindrical 1036:1046 arg1 tanks 1064:1068 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 1036:1068 cylindrical stainless-steel tanks 1036:1068 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 6 57 theme highest 943:949 arg1 turbidity 951:959 the highest turbidity 939:959 the highest turbidity 939:959 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 0 58 theme Vessels 61:67 arg1 Use 42:44 the Use 38:44 the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels 38:82 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 3 59 dep fermentation 579:590 arg1 lees 628:631 lees 628:631 lees 628:631 Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. 33494502 5 60 theme Little 820:825 arg1 effect 827:832 Little effect 820:832 Little effect of the vessels 820:847 Little effect of the vessels was seen on the wine color and phenolic composition. 33494502 6 61 theme polysaccharides 996:1010 arg1 content 977:983 the highest content 965:983 the highest content of soluble polysaccharides 965:1010 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 6 61 theme polysaccharides 996:1010 arg1 turbidity 951:959 the highest turbidity 939:959 the highest turbidity 939:959 Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. 33494502 0 62 theme Alternative 49:59 arg1 Vessels 61:67 Alternative Vessels 49:67 Alternative Vessels 49:67 Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines. 33494502 7 63 theme quality 1289:1295 arg1 standards 1297:1305 the quality standards 1285:1305 the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines 1285:1330 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 7 64 theme white 1198:1202 arg1 production 1209:1218 white wine production 1198:1218 white wine production 1198:1218 Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines. 33494502 3 65 used used 560:563 arg2 vessel 549:554 Each vessel 544:554 Each vessel 544:554 Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. 34203166 6 0 theme adult 901:905 arg1 offspring 907:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 9 1 from changes 1366:1372 arg1 homeostasis 1384:1394 energy homeostasis 1377:1394 energy homeostasis 1377:1394 Changes in body weight were not associated with changes in energy homeostasis. 34203166 7 2 from controls 1046:1053 arg1 chow 1069:1072 a standard chow 1058:1072 a standard chow 1058:1072 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 10 3 theme hepatic 1472:1478 arg1 phosphorylation 1484:1498 increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation 1462:1498 increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation 1462:1498 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 4 4 theme long-term 584:592 arg1 outcomes 604:611 the long-term metabolic outcomes 580:611 the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT 580:658 We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. 34203166 10 5 theme insulin 1515:1521 arg1 p 1534:1534 p = 0.02 1534:1541 p = 0.02 1534:1541 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 10 5 theme insulin 1515:1521 arg1 treatment 1523:1531 insulin treatment 1515:1531 insulin treatment (p = 0.02) 1515:1542 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 7 6 theme glucose 1010:1016 arg1 homeostasis 1018:1028 glucose homeostasis 1010:1028 glucose homeostasis 1010:1028 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 6 7 theme metabolic 805:813 arg1 parameters 815:824 metabolic parameters 805:824 metabolic parameters 805:824 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 8 8 theme weight 1157:1162 arg1 p 1170:1170 p = 0.02 1170:1177 p = 0.02 1170:1177 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 8 theme weight 1157:1162 arg1 gain 1164:1167 body weight gain 1152:1167 body weight gain (p = 0.02) 1152:1178 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 9 theme insulin 1196:1202 arg1 tolerance 1204:1212 an improved insulin tolerance 1184:1212 an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) 1184:1223 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 9 theme insulin 1196:1202 arg1 p 1215:1215 p = 0.03 1215:1222 p = 0.03 1215:1222 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 2 10 theme diabetes 292:299 arg1 risk 272:275 the risk 268:275 the risk of obesity and diabetes 268:299 Fetal growth restriction increases the risk of obesity and diabetes later in life. 34203166 8 11 dep knocked 1305:1311 arg1 not 1282:1284 not 1282:1284 not 1282:1284 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 10 12 theme = 1536:1536 arg1 p 1534:1534 p = 0.02 1534:1541 p = 0.02 1534:1541 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 10 12 theme = 1536:1536 arg1 treatment 1523:1531 insulin treatment 1515:1531 insulin treatment (p = 0.02) 1515:1542 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 13 13 theme metabolic 1847:1855 arg1 programming 1857:1867 fetal metabolic programming 1841:1867 fetal metabolic programming 1841:1867 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 9 14 theme energy 1377:1382 arg1 homeostasis 1384:1394 energy homeostasis 1377:1394 energy homeostasis 1377:1394 Changes in body weight were not associated with changes in energy homeostasis. 34203166 8 15 theme = 1172:1172 arg1 p 1170:1170 p = 0.02 1170:1177 p = 0.02 1170:1177 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 15 theme = 1172:1172 arg1 gain 1164:1167 body weight gain 1152:1167 body weight gain (p = 0.02) 1152:1178 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 16 theme = 1217:1217 arg1 tolerance 1204:1212 an improved insulin tolerance 1184:1212 an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) 1184:1223 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 16 theme = 1217:1217 arg1 p 1215:1215 p = 0.03 1215:1222 p = 0.03 1215:1222 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 7 17 theme standard 1060:1067 arg1 chow 1069:1072 a standard chow 1058:1072 a standard chow 1058:1072 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 3 18 theme glucose 523:529 arg1 homeostasis 531:541 glucose homeostasis 523:541 glucose homeostasis 523:541 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 19 theme O-GlcNAc 326:333 arg1 marker 378:383 a marker 376:383 a marker 376:383 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 19 theme O-GlcNAc 326:333 arg1 OGT 348:350 OGT 348:350 OGT 348:350 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 19 theme O-GlcNAc 326:333 arg1 transferase 335:345 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase 316:345 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 316:351 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 2 20 theme growth 239:244 arg1 restriction 246:256 Fetal growth restriction 233:256 Fetal growth restriction 233:256 Fetal growth restriction increases the risk of obesity and diabetes later in life. 34203166 7 21 theme metabolic 986:994 arg1 parameters 996:1005 the metabolic parameters 982:1005 the metabolic parameters 982:1005 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 7 22 from reduction 920:928 arg1 OGT 943:945 placental OGT 933:945 placental OGT 933:945 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 2 23 theme obesity 280:286 arg1 risk 272:275 the risk 268:275 the risk of obesity and diabetes 268:299 Fetal growth restriction increases the risk of obesity and diabetes later in life. 34203166 1 24 theme fetal 148:152 arg1 restriction 161:171 fetal growth restriction 148:171 fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality 148:230 Placental dysfunction can lead to fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. 34203166 8 25 theme reduced 1256:1262 arg1 OGT 1274:1276 a partially reduced placental OGT 1244:1276 a partially reduced placental OGT 1244:1276 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 11 26 theme metabolic 1658:1666 arg1 challenge 1668:1676 the metabolic challenge 1654:1676 the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet 1654:1695 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 0 27 theme Insulin 73:79 arg1 Sensitivity 81:91 Insulin Sensitivity 73:91 Insulin Sensitivity 73:91 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. 34203166 10 28 from reduction 1422:1430 arg1 OGT 1445:1447 placental OGT 1435:1447 placental OGT 1435:1447 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 5 29 theme Cre-Lox 765:771 arg1 system 773:778 the Cre-Lox system 761:778 the Cre-Lox system 761:778 Mice with a partial reduction and a full knockout of placenta-specific OGT were generated utilizing the Cre-Lox system. 34203166 13 30 theme clinical 1986:1993 arg1 applications 1995:2006 clinical applications 1986:2006 clinical applications 1986:2006 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 12 31 theme insulin 1752:1758 arg1 signaling 1760:1768 increased hepatic insulin signaling 1734:1768 increased hepatic insulin signaling 1734:1768 This appears to be, in part, due to increased hepatic insulin signaling. 34203166 11 32 from gain 1609:1612 arg1 protective 1586:1595 protective 1586:1595 protective 1586:1595 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 11 32 from gain 1609:1612 arg1 reduction 1555:1563 A partial reduction 1545:1563 A partial reduction in placental OGT 1545:1580 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 0 33 from Disruption 0:9 arg1 Placenta 56:63 Placenta 56:63 Placenta 56:63 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. 34203166 11 34 theme high-fat 1683:1690 arg1 diet 1692:1695 a high-fat diet 1681:1695 a high-fat diet 1681:1695 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 5 35 theme placenta-specific 714:730 arg1 OGT 732:734 placenta-specific OGT 714:734 placenta-specific OGT 714:734 Mice with a partial reduction and a full knockout of placenta-specific OGT were generated utilizing the Cre-Lox system. 34203166 7 36 theme placental 933:941 arg1 OGT 943:945 placental OGT 933:945 placental OGT 933:945 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 11 37 from reduction 1555:1563 arg1 OGT 1578:1580 placental OGT 1568:1580 placental OGT 1568:1580 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 13 38 from understanding 1824:1836 arg1 sensitivity 1923:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 0 39 theme O-Linked 14:21 arg1 N-Acetylglucosamine 23:41 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine 14:41 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling 14:51 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. 34203166 6 40 theme high-fat 863:870 arg1 diet 872:875 a high-fat diet 861:875 a high-fat diet 861:875 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 4 41 theme placental 646:654 arg1 OGT 656:658 placental OGT 646:658 placental OGT 646:658 We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. 34203166 13 42 from effect 1877:1882 arg1 sensitivity 1923:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 3 43 theme insufficiency 413:425 arg1 mediator 391:398 a mediator 389:398 a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress 389:459 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 10 44 theme partial 1414:1420 arg1 reduction 1422:1430 a partial reduction 1412:1430 a partial reduction in placental OGT 1412:1447 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 3 45 theme stress 454:459 arg1 setting 434:440 the setting 430:440 the setting of prenatal stress 430:459 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 0 46 theme Signaling 43:51 arg1 Disruption 0:9 Disruption 0:9 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta 0:63 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. 34203166 10 47 theme increased 1462:1470 arg1 phosphorylation 1484:1498 increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation 1462:1498 increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation 1462:1498 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 6 48 theme normal 845:850 arg1 chow 852:855 a normal chow 843:855 a normal chow 843:855 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 9 49 from Changes 1318:1324 arg1 weight 1334:1339 body weight 1329:1339 body weight 1329:1339 Changes in body weight were not associated with changes in energy homeostasis. 34203166 13 50 theme future 1961:1966 arg1 investigation 1968:1980 future investigation 1961:1980 future investigation 1961:1980 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 4 51 theme metabolic 594:602 arg1 outcomes 604:611 the long-term metabolic outcomes 580:611 the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT 580:658 We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. 34203166 11 52 theme partial 1547:1553 arg1 protective 1586:1595 protective 1586:1595 protective 1586:1595 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 11 52 theme partial 1547:1553 arg1 reduction 1555:1563 A partial reduction 1545:1563 A partial reduction in placental OGT 1545:1580 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 7 53 from differences 967:977 arg1 parameters 996:1005 the metabolic parameters 982:1005 the metabolic parameters 982:1005 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 7 53 from differences 967:977 arg1 homeostasis 1018:1028 glucose homeostasis 1010:1028 glucose homeostasis 1010:1028 A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. 34203166 5 54 with Mice 661:664 arg1 reduction 681:689 a partial reduction 671:689 a partial reduction 671:689 Mice with a partial reduction and a full knockout of placenta-specific OGT were generated utilizing the Cre-Lox system. 34203166 10 55 theme Akt 1480:1482 arg1 phosphorylation 1484:1498 increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation 1462:1498 increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation 1462:1498 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 13 56 theme peripheral 1904:1913 arg1 sensitivity 1923:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 3 57 theme fetal 487:491 arg1 programming 493:503 the fetal programming 483:503 the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis 483:541 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 6 58 theme female 894:899 arg1 offspring 907:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 3 59 from role 475:478 arg1 programming 493:503 the fetal programming 483:503 the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis 483:541 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 60 theme homeostasis 531:541 arg1 programming 493:503 the fetal programming 483:503 the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis 483:541 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 6 61 theme male 885:888 arg1 offspring 907:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 11 62 theme weight 1602:1607 arg1 gain 1609:1612 weight gain 1602:1612 weight gain 1602:1612 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 8 63 theme body 1152:1155 arg1 p 1170:1170 p = 0.02 1170:1177 p = 0.02 1170:1177 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 63 theme body 1152:1155 arg1 gain 1164:1167 body weight gain 1152:1167 body weight gain (p = 0.02) 1152:1178 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 6 64 from chow 852:855 arg1 offspring 907:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 8 65 theme improved 1187:1194 arg1 tolerance 1204:1212 an improved insulin tolerance 1184:1212 an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) 1184:1223 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 65 theme improved 1187:1194 arg1 p 1215:1215 p = 0.03 1215:1222 p = 0.03 1215:1222 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 6 66 theme Glucose 781:787 arg1 homeostasis 789:799 Glucose homeostasis 781:799 Glucose homeostasis 781:799 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 1 67 theme perinatal 198:206 arg1 morbidity 208:216 morbidity 208:216 morbidity 208:216 Placental dysfunction can lead to fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. 34203166 13 68 theme programming 1857:1867 arg1 effect 1877:1882 the effect 1873:1882 the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity 1873:1933 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 13 68 theme programming 1857:1867 arg1 understanding 1824:1836 the greater understanding 1812:1836 the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming 1812:1867 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 4 69 from reduction 633:641 arg1 OGT 656:658 placental OGT 646:658 placental OGT 646:658 We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. 34203166 10 70 dep treatment 1523:1531 arg1 response 1503:1510 response 1503:1510 response 1503:1510 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 4 71 with outcomes 604:611 arg1 reduction 633:641 a reduction 631:641 a reduction in placental OGT 631:658 We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. 34203166 8 72 from tolerance 1204:1212 arg1 p 1170:1170 p = 0.02 1170:1177 p = 0.02 1170:1177 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 72 from tolerance 1204:1212 arg1 gain 1164:1167 body weight gain 1152:1167 body weight gain (p = 0.02) 1152:1178 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 5 73 theme partial 673:679 arg1 reduction 681:689 a partial reduction 671:689 a partial reduction 671:689 Mice with a partial reduction and a full knockout of placenta-specific OGT were generated utilizing the Cre-Lox system. 34203166 3 74 theme Placental 316:324 arg1 marker 378:383 a marker 376:383 a marker 376:383 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 74 theme Placental 316:324 arg1 OGT 348:350 OGT 348:350 OGT 348:350 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 74 theme Placental 316:324 arg1 transferase 335:345 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase 316:345 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 316:351 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 13 75 theme greater 1816:1822 arg1 understanding 1824:1836 the greater understanding 1812:1836 the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming 1812:1867 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 1 76 theme growth 154:159 arg1 restriction 161:171 fetal growth restriction 148:171 fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality 148:230 Placental dysfunction can lead to fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. 34203166 6 77 from diet 872:875 arg1 offspring 907:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 both male and female adult offspring 880:915 Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. 34203166 0 78 theme Female 96:101 arg1 Offspring 103:111 Female Offspring 96:111 Female Offspring 96:111 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. 34203166 12 79 theme hepatic 1744:1750 arg1 signaling 1760:1768 increased hepatic insulin signaling 1734:1768 increased hepatic insulin signaling 1734:1768 This appears to be, in part, due to increased hepatic insulin signaling. 34203166 8 80 theme placental 1264:1272 arg1 OGT 1274:1276 a partially reduced placental OGT 1244:1276 a partially reduced placental OGT 1244:1276 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 13 81 theme study 1792:1796 arg1 findings 1775:1782 The findings 1771:1782 The findings of this study 1771:1796 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 11 82 theme diet 1692:1695 arg1 challenge 1668:1676 the metabolic challenge 1654:1676 the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet 1654:1695 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 5 83 theme OGT 732:734 arg1 knockout 702:709 knockout 702:709 knockout 702:709 Mice with a partial reduction and a full knockout of placenta-specific OGT were generated utilizing the Cre-Lox system. 34203166 11 84 from intolerance 1626:1636 arg1 protective 1586:1595 protective 1586:1595 protective 1586:1595 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 11 84 from intolerance 1626:1636 arg1 reduction 1555:1563 A partial reduction 1545:1563 A partial reduction in placental OGT 1545:1580 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 3 85 theme prenatal 445:452 arg1 stress 454:459 prenatal stress 445:459 prenatal stress 445:459 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 3 86 from mediator 391:398 arg1 setting 434:440 the setting 430:440 the setting of prenatal stress 430:459 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 0 87 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 23:41 arg1 Signaling 43:51 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling 14:51 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling 14:51 Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. 34203166 1 88 theme Placental 114:122 arg1 dysfunction 124:134 Placental dysfunction 114:134 Placental dysfunction 114:134 Placental dysfunction can lead to fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. 34203166 13 89 theme OGT 1897:1899 arg1 effect 1877:1882 the effect 1873:1882 the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity 1873:1933 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 13 89 theme OGT 1897:1899 arg1 understanding 1824:1836 the greater understanding 1812:1836 the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming 1812:1867 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 13 90 theme fetal 1841:1845 arg1 programming 1857:1867 fetal metabolic programming 1841:1867 fetal metabolic programming 1841:1867 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 11 91 theme insulin 1618:1624 arg1 intolerance 1626:1636 insulin intolerance 1618:1636 insulin intolerance 1618:1636 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 8 92 theme high-fat 1079:1086 arg1 diet 1088:1091 The high-fat diet 1075:1091 The high-fat diet 1075:1091 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 10 93 with Offspring 1397:1405 arg1 reduction 1422:1430 a partial reduction 1412:1430 a partial reduction in placental OGT 1412:1447 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 8 94 with offspring 1229:1237 arg1 OGT 1274:1276 a partially reduced placental OGT 1244:1276 a partially reduced placental OGT 1244:1276 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 13 95 theme insulin 1915:1921 arg1 sensitivity 1923:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 peripheral insulin sensitivity 1904:1933 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 12 96 theme increased 1734:1742 arg1 signaling 1760:1768 increased hepatic insulin signaling 1734:1768 increased hepatic insulin signaling 1734:1768 This appears to be, in part, due to increased hepatic insulin signaling. 34203166 12 97 from due 1727:1729 arg1 part 1721:1724 part 1721:1724 part 1721:1724 This appears to be, in part, due to increased hepatic insulin signaling. 34203166 3 98 theme placental 403:411 arg1 insufficiency 413:425 placental insufficiency 403:425 placental insufficiency 403:425 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 2 99 theme Fetal 233:237 arg1 restriction 246:256 Fetal growth restriction 233:256 Fetal growth restriction 233:256 Fetal growth restriction increases the risk of obesity and diabetes later in life. 34203166 8 100 theme metabolic 1104:1112 arg1 challenge 1114:1122 a metabolic challenge 1102:1122 a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out 1102:1315 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 12 101 from part 1721:1724 arg1 due 1727:1729 due 1727:1729 due 1727:1729 This appears to be, in part, due to increased hepatic insulin signaling. 34203166 10 102 theme placental 1435:1443 arg1 OGT 1445:1447 placental OGT 1435:1447 placental OGT 1435:1447 Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). 34203166 13 103 theme placental 1887:1895 arg1 OGT 1897:1899 placental OGT 1887:1899 placental OGT 1887:1899 The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications. 34203166 8 104 from decrease 1140:1147 arg1 p 1170:1170 p = 0.02 1170:1177 p = 0.02 1170:1177 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 8 104 from decrease 1140:1147 arg1 gain 1164:1167 body weight gain 1152:1167 body weight gain (p = 0.02) 1152:1178 The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. 34203166 4 105 theme offspring 616:624 arg1 outcomes 604:611 the long-term metabolic outcomes 580:611 the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT 580:658 We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. 34203166 11 106 theme placental 1568:1576 arg1 OGT 1578:1580 placental OGT 1568:1580 placental OGT 1568:1580 A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. 34203166 3 107 theme metabolism 508:517 arg1 programming 493:503 the fetal programming 483:503 the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis 483:541 Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. 34203166 9 108 theme body 1329:1332 arg1 weight 1334:1339 body weight 1329:1339 body weight 1329:1339 Changes in body weight were not associated with changes in energy homeostasis. 33406421 1 0 from moiety 179:184 arg1 proteins 196:203 target proteins 189:203 target proteins 189:203 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 4 1 theme HSPCs 529:533 arg1 loss 521:524 rapid loss 515:524 rapid loss of HSPCs 515:533 Ogt is highly expressed in HSPCs, and its disruption induces rapid loss of HSPCs with increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. 33406421 5 2 theme Ogt-deficient 604:616 arg1 HSCs 644:647 HSCs 644:647 HSCs 644:647 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 5 2 theme Ogt-deficient 604:616 arg1 cells 637:641 Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells 604:641 Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 604:648 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 6 3 theme Ogt-deficient 774:786 arg1 HSCs 788:791 Ogt-deficient HSCs 774:791 Ogt-deficient HSCs 774:791 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 1 4 link O-linked 81:88 arg1 O-GlcNAc 111:118 O-GlcNAc 111:118 O-GlcNAc 111:118 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 1 4 link O-linked 81:88 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 90:108 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 81:108 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 81:137 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 5 5 theme hematopoietic 618:630 arg1 HSCs 644:647 HSCs 644:647 HSCs 644:647 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 5 5 theme hematopoietic 618:630 arg1 cells 637:641 Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells 604:641 Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 604:648 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 7 6 theme PINK1 965:969 arg1 overexpression 947:960 overexpression 947:960 overexpression of PINK1 947:969 Furthermore, overexpression of PINK1 restores mitophagy and the number of Ogt-deficient HSCs. 33406421 1 7 theme diverse 264:270 arg1 types 277:281 diverse cell types 264:281 diverse cell types 264:281 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 8 8 theme mitochondrial 1143:1155 arg1 quality 1157:1163 mitochondrial quality 1143:1163 mitochondrial quality 1143:1163 Collectively, our results reveal that OGT critically regulates maintenance and stress response of HSCs by ensuring mitochondrial quality through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. 33406421 6 9 theme mitophagy 872:880 arg1 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 6 9 theme mitophagy 872:880 arg1 regulator 882:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 5 10 theme stem 632:635 arg1 HSCs 644:647 HSCs 644:647 HSCs 644:647 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 5 10 theme stem 632:635 arg1 cells 637:641 Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells 604:641 Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 604:648 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 1 11 theme cell 272:275 arg1 types 277:281 diverse cell types 264:281 diverse cell types 264:281 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 8 12 theme PINK1-dependent 1173:1187 arg1 mitophagy 1189:1197 PINK1-dependent mitophagy 1173:1197 PINK1-dependent mitophagy 1173:1197 Collectively, our results reveal that OGT critically regulates maintenance and stress response of HSCs by ensuring mitochondrial quality through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. 33406421 6 13 theme key 868:870 arg1 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 6 13 theme key 868:870 arg1 regulator 882:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 1 14 theme O-linked 81:88 arg1 O-GlcNAc 111:118 O-GlcNAc 111:118 O-GlcNAc 111:118 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 1 14 theme O-linked 81:88 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 90:108 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 81:108 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 81:137 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 1 15 theme O-GlcNAc 170:177 arg1 moiety 179:184 O-GlcNAc moiety 170:184 O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins 170:203 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 6 16 theme decreased 858:866 arg1 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 6 16 theme decreased 858:866 arg1 regulator 882:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 5 17 theme regenerative 722:733 arg1 stress 751:756 regenerative and competitive stress 722:756 regenerative and competitive stress 722:756 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 1 18 theme N-acetylglucosamine 90:108 arg1 enzyme 151:156 a unique enzyme 142:156 a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins 142:203 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 1 18 theme N-acetylglucosamine 90:108 arg1 OGT 134:136 OGT 134:136 OGT 134:136 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 1 18 theme N-acetylglucosamine 90:108 arg1 transferase 121:131 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 81:131 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 81:137 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 2 19 theme hematopoietic 306:318 arg1 stem 320:323 hematopoietic stem 306:323 hematopoietic stem 306:323 However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. 33406421 6 20 with mitophagy 843:851 arg1 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Pink1 893:897 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 6 20 with mitophagy 843:851 arg1 regulator 882:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 decreased key mitophagy regulator 858:890 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 1 21 theme target 189:194 arg1 proteins 196:203 target proteins 189:203 target proteins 189:203 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 0 22 theme Stem 28:31 arg1 Maintenance 38:48 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance 14:48 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance 14:48 OGT Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance via PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy. 33406421 5 23 theme competitive 739:749 arg1 stress 751:756 regenerative and competitive stress 722:756 regenerative and competitive stress 722:756 In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. 33406421 0 24 theme Hematopoietic 14:26 arg1 Maintenance 38:48 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance 14:48 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance 14:48 OGT Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance via PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy. 33406421 3 25 theme conditional 386:396 arg1 mice 407:410 Ogt conditional knockout mice 382:410 Ogt conditional knockout mice 382:410 Here, using Ogt conditional knockout mice, we show that OGT is essential for HSPCs. 33406421 4 26 theme rapid 515:519 arg1 loss 521:524 rapid loss 515:524 rapid loss of HSPCs 515:533 Ogt is highly expressed in HSPCs, and its disruption induces rapid loss of HSPCs with increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. 33406421 6 27 theme impaired 834:841 arg1 mitophagy 843:851 impaired mitophagy 834:851 impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, 834:898 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 0 28 theme Cell 33:36 arg1 Maintenance 38:48 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance 14:48 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance 14:48 OGT Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance via PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy. 33406421 6 29 theme H3K4me3 925:931 arg1 dysregulation 908:920 dysregulation 908:920 dysregulation of H3K4me3 908:931 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 3 30 theme knockout 398:405 arg1 mice 407:410 Ogt conditional knockout mice 382:410 Ogt conditional knockout mice 382:410 Here, using Ogt conditional knockout mice, we show that OGT is essential for HSPCs. 33406421 0 31 theme PINK1-Dependent 54:68 arg1 Mitophagy 70:78 PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy 54:78 PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy 54:78 OGT Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance via PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy. 33406421 2 32 theme progenitor 329:338 arg1 HSPCs 347:351 HSPCs 347:351 HSPCs 347:351 However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. 33406421 2 32 theme progenitor 329:338 arg1 cells 340:344 progenitor cells 329:344 progenitor cells (HSPCs) 329:352 However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. 33406421 7 33 theme Ogt-deficient 1008:1020 arg1 HSCs 1022:1025 Ogt-deficient HSCs 1008:1025 Ogt-deficient HSCs 1008:1025 Furthermore, overexpression of PINK1 restores mitophagy and the number of Ogt-deficient HSCs. 33406421 6 34 theme defective 804:812 arg1 mitochondria 814:825 defective mitochondria 804:825 defective mitochondria 804:825 Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. 33406421 8 35 theme stress 1107:1112 arg1 response 1114:1121 stress response 1107:1121 stress response 1107:1121 Collectively, our results reveal that OGT critically regulates maintenance and stress response of HSCs by ensuring mitochondrial quality through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. 33406421 4 36 theme oxygen 559:564 arg1 species 566:572 increased reactive oxygen species 540:572 increased reactive oxygen species 540:572 Ogt is highly expressed in HSPCs, and its disruption induces rapid loss of HSPCs with increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. 33406421 7 37 theme HSCs 1022:1025 arg1 mitophagy 980:988 mitophagy 980:988 mitophagy 980:988 Furthermore, overexpression of PINK1 restores mitophagy and the number of Ogt-deficient HSCs. 33406421 7 37 theme HSCs 1022:1025 arg1 number 998:1003 the number 994:1003 the number of Ogt-deficient HSCs 994:1025 Furthermore, overexpression of PINK1 restores mitophagy and the number of Ogt-deficient HSCs. 33406421 4 38 theme reactive 550:557 arg1 species 566:572 increased reactive oxygen species 540:572 increased reactive oxygen species 540:572 Ogt is highly expressed in HSPCs, and its disruption induces rapid loss of HSPCs with increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. 33406421 8 39 theme HSCs 1126:1129 arg1 maintenance 1091:1101 maintenance 1091:1101 maintenance 1091:1101 Collectively, our results reveal that OGT critically regulates maintenance and stress response of HSCs by ensuring mitochondrial quality through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. 33406421 8 39 theme HSCs 1126:1129 arg1 response 1114:1121 stress response 1107:1121 stress response 1107:1121 Collectively, our results reveal that OGT critically regulates maintenance and stress response of HSCs by ensuring mitochondrial quality through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. 33406421 1 40 theme various 234:240 arg1 processes 251:259 various cellular processes 234:259 various cellular processes 234:259 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 4 41 theme increased 540:548 arg1 species 566:572 increased reactive oxygen species 540:572 increased reactive oxygen species 540:572 Ogt is highly expressed in HSPCs, and its disruption induces rapid loss of HSPCs with increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. 33406421 1 42 theme unique 144:149 arg1 enzyme 151:156 a unique enzyme 142:156 a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins 142:203 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 1 42 theme unique 144:149 arg1 transferase 121:131 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 81:131 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 81:137 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 33406421 2 43 from roles 297:301 arg1 HSPCs 347:351 HSPCs 347:351 HSPCs 347:351 However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. 33406421 2 43 from roles 297:301 arg1 stem 320:323 hematopoietic stem 306:323 hematopoietic stem 306:323 However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. 33406421 2 43 from roles 297:301 arg1 cells 340:344 progenitor cells 329:344 progenitor cells (HSPCs) 329:352 However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. 33406421 1 44 theme cellular 242:249 arg1 processes 251:259 various cellular processes 234:259 various cellular processes 234:259 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. 34677013 29 0 theme acetyltransferase 4422:4438 arg1 activity 4440:4447 histone acetyltransferase activity 4414:4447 histone acetyltransferase activity 4414:4447 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 20 1 theme biological 3205:3214 arg1 pathways 3226:3233 important biological signaling pathways 3195:3233 important biological signaling pathways 3195:3233 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 1 2 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 modification 208:219 an important post-translational modification 176:219 an important post-translational modification of proteins 176:231 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 2 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 O-GlcNAc 165:172 O-GlcNAc 165:172 O-GlcNAc 165:172 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 2 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 142:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 133:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 133:173 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 5 3 theme labeling 753:760 arg1 technology 762:771 metabolic labeling technology 743:771 metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 743:819 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 6 4 theme thiol 936:940 arg1 cysteine 951:958 cysteine 951:958 cysteine 951:958 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 6 4 theme thiol 936:940 arg1 group 942:946 the thiol group 932:946 the thiol group of cysteine 932:958 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 2 5 theme human 414:418 arg1 diseases 420:427 various human diseases 406:427 various human diseases 406:427 Studies have shown that the disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis is closely associated with various human diseases. 34677013 20 6 from proteins 3108:3115 arg1 nucleus 3138:3144 nucleus 3138:3144 nucleus 3138:3144 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 20 6 from proteins 3108:3115 arg1 cytoplasm 3124:3132 cytoplasm 3124:3132 cytoplasm 3124:3132 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 22 7 theme cytoplasmic 3367:3377 arg1 proteins 3379:3386 the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3351:3386 the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3351:3386 After the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were digested into peptides, MSH was applied to remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification. 34677013 17 8 theme sodium 2725:2730 arg1 buffer 2742:2747 sodium phosphate buffer 2725:2747 sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) 2725:2767 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 17 8 theme sodium 2725:2730 arg1 mmol/L 2753:2758 50 mmol/L 2750:2758 50 mmol/L 2750:2758 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 10 9 theme thiol-azidosugar 1575:1590 arg1 modifications 1603:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 1562:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 1562:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 22 10 theme nuclear 3355:3361 arg1 proteins 3379:3386 the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3351:3386 the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3351:3386 After the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were digested into peptides, MSH was applied to remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification. 34677013 29 11 theme acyl 4401:4404 arg1 groups 4406:4411 transferring acyl groups 4388:4411 transferring acyl groups 4388:4411 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 17 12 theme N3-O-GlcNAc 2616:2626 arg1 peptides 2628:2635 the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2612:2635 the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2612:2635 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 17 12 theme N3-O-GlcNAc 2616:2626 arg1 stable 2642:2647 stable 2642:2647 stable 2642:2647 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 8 13 theme cysteine 1405:1412 arg1 modification 1420:1431 the cysteine thiol modification 1401:1431 the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine 1401:1449 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 7 14 theme artificial 1239:1248 arg1 modification 1250:1261 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1213:1261 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1213:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 15 15 used used 2394:2397 arg2 peptides 2380:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 Furthermore, two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides were used to assess whether MSH destroyed the O-GlcNAc modification at the same time. 34677013 28 16 theme excitatory 4270:4279 arg1 potential 4294:4302 excitatory postsynaptic potential 4270:4302 excitatory postsynaptic potential 4270:4302 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 12 17 theme phosphate 1966:1974 arg1 buffer 1976:1981 Sodium phosphate buffer 1959:1981 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) 1959:2001 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 12 17 theme phosphate 1966:1974 arg1 mmol/L 1987:1992 50 mmol/L 1984:1992 50 mmol/L 1984:1992 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 5 18 theme unnatural 795:803 arg1 monosaccharides 805:819 per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 778:819 per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 778:819 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 30 19 with modification 4714:4725 arg1 MSH 4732:4734 MSH 4732:4734 MSH 4732:4734 In summary, this work developed an approach to enrich O-GlcNAc peptides precisely in metabolic labeling by removing cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH. 34677013 7 20 theme cysteine 1213:1220 arg1 modification 1250:1261 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1213:1261 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1213:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 2 21 theme homeostasis 367:377 arg1 disruption 344:353 the disruption 340:353 the disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis 340:377 Studies have shown that the disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis is closely associated with various human diseases. 34677013 24 22 theme N3-O-GlcNAz 3806:3816 arg1 peptides 3818:3825 N3-O-GlcNAz peptides 3806:3825 N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism 3806:3844 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 8 23 theme great 1360:1364 arg1 potential 1366:1374 great potential 1360:1374 great potential 1360:1374 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 6 24 theme O-GlcNAc 1097:1104 arg1 proteins 1106:1113 O-GlcNAc proteins 1097:1113 O-GlcNAc proteins 1097:1113 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 29 25 theme transferase 4366:4376 arg1 activity 4378:4385 transferase activity 4366:4385 transferase activity 4366:4385 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 13 26 theme reaction 2168:2175 arg1 ℃ 2165:2165 95 ℃ 2162:2165 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) 2162:2188 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 13 26 theme reaction 2168:2175 arg1 temperature 2177:2187 reaction temperature 2168:2187 reaction temperature 2168:2187 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 22 27 theme thiol-azidosugar 3452:3467 arg1 modification 3469:3480 cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification 3443:3480 cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification 3443:3480 After the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were digested into peptides, MSH was applied to remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification. 34677013 23 28 theme cysteine 3653:3660 arg1 modification 3690:3701 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3653:3701 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3653:3701 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 24 29 theme cell 3830:3833 arg1 metabolism 3835:3844 cell metabolism 3830:3844 cell metabolism 3830:3844 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 19 30 theme artificial 2964:2973 arg1 modification 2975:2986 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2938:2986 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2938:2986 This method can not only remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification but also ensure the stability of O-GlcNAc modification. 34677013 27 31 theme condensed 4156:4164 arg1 chromosome 4174:4183 condensed nuclear chromosome 4156:4183 condensed nuclear chromosome 4156:4183 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 27 32 theme identified 4064:4073 arg1 proteins 4084:4091 the identified O-GlcNAc proteins 4060:4091 the identified O-GlcNAc proteins 4060:4091 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 19 33 theme cysteine 2938:2945 arg1 modification 2975:2986 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2938:2986 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2938:2986 This method can not only remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification but also ensure the stability of O-GlcNAc modification. 34677013 23 34 from interference 3637:3648 arg1 metabolism 3711:3720 cell metabolism 3706:3720 cell metabolism 3706:3720 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 17 35 from stable 2642:2647 arg1 short 2588:2592 short 2588:2592 short 2588:2592 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 10 36 dep mmol/L 1777:1782 arg1 pH 1785:1786 pH 10 1785:1789 pH 10 1785:1789 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 4 37 dep enrichment 661:670 arg1 the 657:659 the 657:659 the 657:659 O-GlcNAcylation is substoichiometric, and its glycosidic bond is unstable; hence, the enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins remains a challenge. 34677013 19 38 theme thiol-azidosugar 2947:2962 arg1 modification 2975:2986 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2938:2986 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2938:2986 This method can not only remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification but also ensure the stability of O-GlcNAc modification. 34677013 7 39 theme methodology 1160:1170 arg1 necessary 1266:1274 necessary 1266:1274 necessary 1266:1274 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 7 39 theme methodology 1160:1170 arg1 development 1143:1153 the development 1139:1153 the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1139:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 15 40 theme O-GlcNAc 2435:2442 arg1 modification 2444:2455 the O-GlcNAc modification 2431:2455 the O-GlcNAc modification 2431:2455 Furthermore, two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides were used to assess whether MSH destroyed the O-GlcNAc modification at the same time. 34677013 12 41 theme Sodium 1959:1964 arg1 buffer 1976:1981 Sodium phosphate buffer 1959:1981 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) 1959:2001 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 12 41 theme Sodium 1959:1964 arg1 mmol/L 1987:1992 50 mmol/L 1984:1992 50 mmol/L 1984:1992 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 16 42 theme N3-O-GlcNAc 2507:2517 arg1 stable 2533:2538 stable 2533:2538 stable 2533:2538 The results showed that the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable after treatment with MSH at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 16 42 theme N3-O-GlcNAc 2507:2517 arg1 peptides 2519:2526 the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2499:2526 the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2499:2526 The results showed that the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable after treatment with MSH at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 0 43 theme O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine 76:108 arg1 reaction 122:129 O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 76:129 O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 76:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 1 44 theme post-translational 189:206 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 142:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 133:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 133:173 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 44 theme post-translational 189:206 arg1 modification 208:219 an important post-translational modification 176:219 an important post-translational modification of proteins 176:231 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 31 45 theme metabolic 4801:4809 arg1 technology 4820:4829 metabolic labeling technology 4801:4829 metabolic labeling technology 4801:4829 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 26 46 theme functional 3947:3956 arg1 roles 3958:3962 the functional roles 3943:3962 the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins 3943:3983 To better understand the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins, gene ontology analysis was performed. 34677013 16 47 from ℃ 2571:2571 arg1 stable 2533:2538 stable 2533:2538 stable 2533:2538 The results showed that the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable after treatment with MSH at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 16 47 from ℃ 2571:2571 arg1 peptides 2519:2526 the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2499:2526 the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2499:2526 The results showed that the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable after treatment with MSH at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 29 48 theme important 4535:4543 arg1 roles 4545:4549 important roles 4535:4549 important roles 4535:4549 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 26 49 theme gene 3986:3989 arg1 analysis 4000:4007 gene ontology analysis 3986:4007 gene ontology analysis 3986:4007 To better understand the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins, gene ontology analysis was performed. 34677013 10 50 theme thiol 1661:1665 arg1 peptides 1676:1683 thiol standard peptides 1661:1683 thiol standard peptides 1661:1683 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 12 51 dep mmol/L 1987:1992 arg1 pH 1995:1996 pH 8.0 1995:2000 pH 8.0 1995:2000 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 23 52 theme modification 3572:3583 arg1 elimination 3516:3526 the elimination 3512:3526 the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3512:3583 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 26 53 theme proteins 3976:3983 arg1 roles 3958:3962 the functional roles 3943:3962 the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins 3943:3983 To better understand the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins, gene ontology analysis was performed. 34677013 30 54 theme thiol-azidosugar 4686:4701 arg1 modification 4714:4725 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 4677:4725 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH 4677:4734 In summary, this work developed an approach to enrich O-GlcNAc peptides precisely in metabolic labeling by removing cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH. 34677013 17 55 from short 2588:2592 arg1 peptides 2628:2635 the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2612:2635 the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides 2612:2635 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 17 55 from short 2588:2592 arg1 stable 2642:2647 stable 2642:2647 stable 2642:2647 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 31 56 theme technology 4820:4829 arg1 application 4786:4796 the application 4782:4796 the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis 4782:4888 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 23 57 theme thiol-azidosugar 3544:3559 arg1 modification 3572:3583 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3531:3583 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3531:3583 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 20 58 theme most 3156:3159 arg1 proteins 3170:3177 most O-GlcNAc proteins 3156:3177 most O-GlcNAc proteins 3156:3177 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 10 59 theme tetraacetylated 1690:1704 arg1 Ac4GalNAz 1734:1742 Ac4GalNAz 1734:1742 Ac4GalNAz 1734:1742 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 10 59 theme tetraacetylated 1690:1704 arg1 N-azidoacetylgalactosamine 1706:1731 tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine 1690:1731 tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) 1690:1743 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 13 60 theme extensive 2083:2091 arg1 investigation 2093:2105 extensive investigation 2083:2105 extensive investigation 2083:2105 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 0 61 theme [Precise 0:7 arg1 identification 9:22 [Precise identification 0:22 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 0:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 1 62 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 modification 208:219 an important post-translational modification 176:219 an important post-translational modification of proteins 176:231 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 62 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 O-GlcNAc 165:172 O-GlcNAc 165:172 O-GlcNAc 165:172 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 62 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 142:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 133:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 133:173 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 10 63 theme sodium 1748:1753 arg1 buffer 1765:1770 sodium carbonate buffer 1748:1770 sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min 1748:1809 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 10 63 theme sodium 1748:1753 arg1 mmol/L 1777:1782 200 mmol/L 1773:1782 200 mmol/L 1773:1782 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 18 64 theme cysteine 2830:2837 arg1 modification 2867:2878 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2830:2878 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2830:2878 Moreover, both O-GlcNAc modification and cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification exist in cell metabolism. 34677013 9 65 theme cysteine 1511:1518 arg1 modification 1548:1559 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1511:1559 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1511:1559 Hence, it is worthwhile to probe whether MSH can eliminate cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 6 66 theme artificial 994:1003 arg1 modification 1005:1016 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 968:1016 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides 968:1125 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 24 67 theme Biotin 3723:3728 arg1 probe 3730:3734 Biotin probe 3723:3734 Biotin probe 3723:3734 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 27 68 theme Cell 4024:4027 arg1 analysis 4039:4046 Cell component analysis 4024:4046 Cell component analysis 4024:4046 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 3 69 theme O-GlcNAc 486:493 arg1 proteins 495:502 O-GlcNAc proteins 486:502 O-GlcNAc proteins 486:502 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 11 70 theme thiol-azidosugar 1917:1932 arg1 modification 1945:1956 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1908:1956 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1908:1956 Then, the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination were optimized to completely remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 18 71 theme artificial 2856:2865 arg1 modification 2867:2878 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2830:2878 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2830:2878 Moreover, both O-GlcNAc modification and cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification exist in cell metabolism. 34677013 3 72 theme diagnostic 531:540 arg1 biomarkers 542:551 diagnostic biomarkers 531:551 diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases 531:572 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 0 73 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 36:56 arg1 peptides 58:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides 27:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 27:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 9 74 theme artificial 1537:1546 arg1 modification 1548:1559 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1511:1559 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1511:1559 Hence, it is worthwhile to probe whether MSH can eliminate cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 25 75 theme O-GlcNAc 3860:3867 arg1 peptides 3869:3876 157 O-GlcNAc peptides 3856:3876 157 O-GlcNAc peptides attributed to 130 proteins 3856:3903 Finally, 157 O-GlcNAc peptides attributed to 130 proteins were identified. 34677013 6 76 theme cysteine 968:975 arg1 modification 1005:1016 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 968:1016 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides 968:1125 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 15 77 theme azide-labeled 2343:2355 arg1 peptides 2380:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 Furthermore, two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides were used to assess whether MSH destroyed the O-GlcNAc modification at the same time. 34677013 4 78 theme glycosidic 621:630 arg1 bond 632:635 its glycosidic bond 617:635 its glycosidic bond 617:635 O-GlcNAcylation is substoichiometric, and its glycosidic bond is unstable; hence, the enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins remains a challenge. 34677013 2 79 theme various 406:412 arg1 diseases 420:427 various human diseases 406:427 various human diseases 406:427 Studies have shown that the disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis is closely associated with various human diseases. 34677013 12 80 theme due 2053:2055 arg1 modification 2040:2051 the O-GlcNAc modification 2027:2051 the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature 2027:2074 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 27 81 theme O-GlcNAc 4075:4082 arg1 proteins 4084:4091 the identified O-GlcNAc proteins 4060:4091 the identified O-GlcNAc proteins 4060:4091 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 31 82 from monosaccharides 4846:4860 arg1 analysis 4881:4888 glycoproteomics analysis 4865:4888 glycoproteomics analysis 4865:4888 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 20 83 theme signaling 3216:3224 arg1 pathways 3226:3233 important biological signaling pathways 3195:3233 important biological signaling pathways 3195:3233 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 17 84 theme cysteine 2658:2665 arg1 modification 2695:2706 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2654:2706 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2654:2706 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 14 85 theme thiol-azidosugar 2232:2247 arg1 modifications 2260:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 2218:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 2218:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications could be removed completely under these conditions. 34677013 3 86 theme diseases 565:572 arg1 biomarkers 542:551 diagnostic biomarkers 531:551 diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases 531:572 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 28 87 theme microtubule-based 4309:4325 arg1 movement 4327:4334 microtubule-based movement 4309:4334 microtubule-based movement 4309:4334 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 1 88 theme normal 273:278 arg1 activities 291:300 normal biological activities 273:300 normal biological activities of organisms 273:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 10 89 from ℃ 1798:1798 arg1 buffer 1765:1770 sodium carbonate buffer 1748:1770 sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min 1748:1809 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 10 89 from ℃ 1798:1798 arg1 mmol/L 1777:1782 200 mmol/L 1773:1782 200 mmol/L 1773:1782 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 23 90 theme cell 3706:3709 arg1 metabolism 3711:3720 cell metabolism 3706:3720 cell metabolism 3706:3720 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 19 91 theme O-GlcNAc 3021:3028 arg1 modification 3030:3041 O-GlcNAc modification 3021:3041 O-GlcNAc modification 3021:3041 This method can not only remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification but also ensure the stability of O-GlcNAc modification. 34677013 17 92 theme artificial 2684:2693 arg1 modification 2695:2706 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2654:2706 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2654:2706 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 4 93 theme O-GlcNAc 694:701 arg1 proteins 703:710 O-GlcNAc proteins 694:710 O-GlcNAc proteins 694:710 O-GlcNAcylation is substoichiometric, and its glycosidic bond is unstable; hence, the enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins remains a challenge. 34677013 11 94 theme reaction 1822:1829 arg1 conditions 1831:1840 the reaction conditions 1818:1840 the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination 1818:1870 Then, the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination were optimized to completely remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 23 95 theme modification 3690:3701 arg1 interference 3637:3648 the interference 3633:3648 the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism 3633:3720 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 29 96 theme histone 4414:4420 arg1 activity 4440:4447 histone acetyltransferase activity 4414:4447 histone acetyltransferase activity 4414:4447 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 17 97 theme excess 2600:2605 arg1 MSH 2607:2609 excess MSH 2600:2609 excess MSH 2600:2609 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 19 98 theme modification 3030:3041 arg1 stability 3008:3016 the stability 3004:3016 the stability of O-GlcNAc modification 3004:3041 This method can not only remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification but also ensure the stability of O-GlcNAc modification. 34677013 11 99 theme oxidative 1850:1858 arg1 elimination 1860:1870 MSH oxidative elimination 1846:1870 MSH oxidative elimination 1846:1870 Then, the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination were optimized to completely remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 5 100 theme metabolic 743:751 arg1 technology 762:771 metabolic labeling technology 743:771 metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 743:819 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 13 101 theme reaction 2202:2209 arg1 min 2197:2199 30 min 2194:2199 30 min (reaction time) 2194:2215 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 13 101 theme reaction 2202:2209 arg1 time 2211:2214 reaction time 2202:2214 reaction time 2202:2214 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 28 102 theme postsynaptic 4281:4292 arg1 potential 4294:4302 excitatory postsynaptic potential 4270:4302 excitatory postsynaptic potential 4270:4302 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 1 103 theme organisms 305:313 arg1 activities 291:300 normal biological activities 273:300 normal biological activities of organisms 273:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 6 104 theme cell 1036:1039 arg1 metabolism 1041:1050 cell metabolism 1036:1050 cell metabolism 1036:1050 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 0 105 link O-linked 27:34 arg1 peptides 58:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides 27:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 27:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 20 106 theme important 3195:3203 arg1 pathways 3226:3233 important biological signaling pathways 3195:3233 important biological signaling pathways 3195:3233 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 29 107 theme responsible 4350:4360 arg1 proteins 4341:4348 The proteins 4337:4348 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding 4337:4472 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 7 108 theme modification 1250:1261 arg1 removal 1202:1208 the specific and complete removal 1176:1208 the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1176:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 10 109 theme artificial 1592:1601 arg1 modifications 1603:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 1562:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 1562:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 29 110 theme transferring 4388:4399 arg1 groups 4406:4411 transferring acyl groups 4388:4411 transferring acyl groups 4388:4411 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 20 111 theme growing 3053:3059 arg1 evidence 3061:3068 growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways 3053:3233 growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways 3053:3233 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 6 112 from byproduct 1023:1031 arg1 metabolism 1041:1050 cell metabolism 1036:1050 cell metabolism 1036:1050 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 7 113 theme thiol-azidosugar 1222:1237 arg1 modification 1250:1261 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1213:1261 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1213:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 10 114 theme cysteine 1566:1573 arg1 modifications 1603:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 1562:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 1562:1615 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 28 115 theme cell 4255:4258 arg1 division 4260:4267 cell division 4255:4267 cell division 4255:4267 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 1 116 theme proteins 224:231 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 142:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 133:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 133:173 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 116 theme proteins 224:231 arg1 modification 208:219 an important post-translational modification 176:219 an important post-translational modification of proteins 176:231 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 8 117 theme oxidizing 1323:1331 arg1 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine 1277:1309 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine 1277:1309 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) 1277:1315 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 8 117 theme oxidizing 1323:1331 arg1 reagent 1347:1353 an oxidizing and aminating reagent 1320:1353 an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine 1320:1449 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 21 118 theme nuclear 3240:3246 arg1 proteins 3264:3271 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3236:3271 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells 3236:3310 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 21 118 theme nuclear 3240:3246 arg1 system 3337:3342 a model system 3329:3342 a model system 3329:3342 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 31 119 theme unnatural 4836:4844 arg1 monosaccharides 4846:4860 unnatural monosaccharides 4836:4860 unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis 4836:4888 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 8 120 theme aminating 1337:1345 arg1 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine 1277:1309 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine 1277:1309 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) 1277:1315 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 8 120 theme aminating 1337:1345 arg1 reagent 1347:1353 an oxidizing and aminating reagent 1320:1353 an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine 1320:1449 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 6 121 theme proteins 1106:1113 arg1 identification 1079:1092 the identification 1075:1092 the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides 1075:1125 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 8 122 theme thiol 1414:1418 arg1 modification 1420:1431 the cysteine thiol modification 1401:1431 the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine 1401:1449 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 7 123 theme complete 1193:1200 arg1 removal 1202:1208 the specific and complete removal 1176:1208 the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1176:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 2 124 theme O-GlcNAc 358:365 arg1 homeostasis 367:377 O-GlcNAc homeostasis 358:377 O-GlcNAc homeostasis 358:377 Studies have shown that the disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis is closely associated with various human diseases. 34677013 28 125 theme biological 4223:4232 arg1 division 4260:4267 cell division 4255:4267 cell division 4255:4267 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 28 125 theme biological 4223:4232 arg1 movement 4327:4334 microtubule-based movement 4309:4334 microtubule-based movement 4309:4334 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 28 125 theme biological 4223:4232 arg1 processes 4234:4242 biological processes 4223:4242 biological processes 4223:4242 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 28 125 theme biological 4223:4232 arg1 potential 4294:4302 excitatory postsynaptic potential 4270:4302 excitatory postsynaptic potential 4270:4302 The proteins were mostly involved in biological processes, including cell division, excitatory postsynaptic potential, and microtubule-based movement. 34677013 1 126 theme essential 243:251 arg1 role 253:256 an essential role 240:256 an essential role 240:256 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 7 127 theme specific 1180:1187 arg1 removal 1202:1208 the specific and complete removal 1176:1208 the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1176:1261 Therefore, the development of a methodology for the specific and complete removal of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification is necessary. 34677013 5 128 from peptides 872:879 arg1 cells 884:888 cells 884:888 cells 884:888 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 24 129 used used 3781:3784 arg2 probe 3730:3734 Biotin probe 3723:3734 Biotin probe 3723:3734 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 24 129 used used 3781:3784 arg2 dynabeads 3753:3761 streptavidin dynabeads 3740:3761 streptavidin dynabeads 3740:3761 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 15 130 theme O-GlcNAc 2357:2364 arg1 peptides 2380:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 Furthermore, two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides were used to assess whether MSH destroyed the O-GlcNAc modification at the same time. 34677013 27 131 theme nuclear 4166:4172 arg1 chromosome 4174:4183 condensed nuclear chromosome 4156:4183 condensed nuclear chromosome 4156:4183 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 27 132 theme inpostsynaptic 4117:4130 arg1 density 4132:4138 inpostsynaptic density 4117:4138 inpostsynaptic density 4117:4138 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 5 133 theme per-O-acetylated 778:793 arg1 monosaccharides 805:819 per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 778:819 per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 778:819 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 5 134 from proteins 860:867 arg1 cells 884:888 cells 884:888 cells 884:888 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 21 135 theme model 3331:3335 arg1 proteins 3264:3271 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3236:3271 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells 3236:3310 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 21 135 theme model 3331:3335 arg1 system 3337:3342 a model system 3329:3342 a model system 3329:3342 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 8 136 with reagent 1347:1353 arg1 potential 1366:1374 great potential 1360:1374 great potential 1360:1374 O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) is an oxidizing and aminating reagent with great potential to oxidatively eliminate the cysteine thiol modification to dehydroalanine. 34677013 13 137 theme reaction 2122:2129 arg1 ℃ 2165:2165 95 ℃ 2162:2165 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) 2162:2188 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 13 137 theme reaction 2122:2129 arg1 conditions 2131:2140 the optimized reaction conditions 2108:2140 the optimized reaction conditions 2108:2140 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 13 137 theme reaction 2122:2129 arg1 min 2197:2199 30 min 2194:2199 30 min (reaction time) 2194:2215 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 21 138 theme HeLa 3301:3304 arg1 cells 3306:3310 HeLa cells 3301:3310 HeLa cells 3301:3310 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 21 139 theme cytoplasmic 3252:3262 arg1 proteins 3264:3271 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 3236:3271 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells 3236:3310 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 21 139 theme cytoplasmic 3252:3262 arg1 system 3337:3342 a model system 3329:3342 a model system 3329:3342 The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins incubated with Ac4GalNAz in HeLa cells were selected as a model system. 34677013 26 140 theme O-GlcNAc 3967:3974 arg1 proteins 3976:3983 O-GlcNAc proteins 3967:3983 O-GlcNAc proteins 3967:3983 To better understand the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins, gene ontology analysis was performed. 34677013 29 141 theme microtubule 4454:4464 arg1 binding 4466:4472 microtubule binding 4454:4472 microtubule binding 4454:4472 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 0 142 theme elimination 110:120 arg1 reaction 122:129 O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 76:129 O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 76:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 13 143 theme optimized 2112:2120 arg1 ℃ 2165:2165 95 ℃ 2162:2165 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) 2162:2188 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 13 143 theme optimized 2112:2120 arg1 conditions 2131:2140 the optimized reaction conditions 2108:2140 the optimized reaction conditions 2108:2140 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 13 143 theme optimized 2112:2120 arg1 min 2197:2199 30 min 2194:2199 30 min (reaction time) 2194:2215 After extensive investigation, the optimized reaction conditions were established as 95 ℃ (reaction temperature) and 30 min (reaction time). 34677013 15 144 theme N3-O-GlcNAc 2367:2377 arg1 peptides 2380:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides 2339:2387 Furthermore, two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides were used to assess whether MSH destroyed the O-GlcNAc modification at the same time. 34677013 1 145 theme important 179:187 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 142:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 133:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 133:173 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 1 145 theme important 179:187 arg1 modification 208:219 an important post-translational modification 176:219 an important post-translational modification of proteins 176:231 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 31 146 with application 4786:4796 arg1 monosaccharides 4846:4860 unnatural monosaccharides 4836:4860 unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis 4836:4888 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 14 147 theme cysteine 2223:2230 arg1 modifications 2260:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 2218:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 2218:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications could be removed completely under these conditions. 34677013 31 148 theme labeling 4811:4818 arg1 technology 4820:4829 metabolic labeling technology 4801:4829 metabolic labeling technology 4801:4829 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 26 149 theme ontology 3991:3998 arg1 analysis 4000:4007 gene ontology analysis 3986:4007 gene ontology analysis 3986:4007 To better understand the functional roles of O-GlcNAc proteins, gene ontology analysis was performed. 34677013 10 150 theme standard 1667:1674 arg1 peptides 1676:1683 thiol standard peptides 1661:1683 thiol standard peptides 1661:1683 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 17 151 theme phosphate 2732:2740 arg1 buffer 2742:2747 sodium phosphate buffer 2725:2747 sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) 2725:2767 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 17 151 theme phosphate 2732:2740 arg1 mmol/L 2753:2758 50 mmol/L 2750:2758 50 mmol/L 2750:2758 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 17 152 dep mmol/L 2753:2758 arg1 pH 2761:2762 pH 8.0 2761:2766 pH 8.0 2761:2766 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 5 153 theme O-GlcNAc 851:858 arg1 proteins 860:867 O-GlcNAc proteins 851:867 O-GlcNAc proteins 851:867 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 6 154 theme peptides 1118:1125 arg1 identification 1079:1092 the identification 1075:1092 the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides 1075:1125 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 30 155 theme artificial 4703:4712 arg1 modification 4714:4725 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 4677:4725 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH 4677:4734 In summary, this work developed an approach to enrich O-GlcNAc peptides precisely in metabolic labeling by removing cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH. 34677013 18 156 theme O-GlcNAc 2804:2811 arg1 modification 2813:2824 O-GlcNAc modification 2804:2824 O-GlcNAc modification 2804:2824 Moreover, both O-GlcNAc modification and cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification exist in cell metabolism. 34677013 20 157 theme O-GlcNAc 3161:3168 arg1 proteins 3170:3177 most O-GlcNAc proteins 3156:3177 most O-GlcNAc proteins 3156:3177 There is growing evidence that O-GlcNAcylation mainly occurs in proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that most O-GlcNAc proteins are involved in important biological signaling pathways. 34677013 30 158 theme cysteine 4677:4684 arg1 modification 4714:4725 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 4677:4725 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH 4677:4734 In summary, this work developed an approach to enrich O-GlcNAc peptides precisely in metabolic labeling by removing cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH. 34677013 23 159 theme artificial 3561:3570 arg1 modification 3572:3583 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3531:3583 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3531:3583 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 29 160 theme O-GlcNAc 4512:4519 arg1 proteins 4521:4528 O-GlcNAc proteins 4512:4528 O-GlcNAc proteins 4512:4528 The proteins responsible for transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, histone acetyltransferase activity, and microtubule binding were highly enriched, indicating that O-GlcNAc proteins play important roles in cells. 34677013 18 161 theme thiol-azidosugar 2839:2854 arg1 modification 2867:2878 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2830:2878 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2830:2878 Moreover, both O-GlcNAc modification and cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification exist in cell metabolism. 34677013 23 162 theme thiol-azidosugar 3662:3677 arg1 modification 3690:3701 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3653:3701 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3653:3701 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 0 163 theme O-linked 27:34 arg1 peptides 58:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides 27:65 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 27:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 23 164 theme cysteine 3535:3542 arg1 modification 3572:3583 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3531:3583 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3531:3583 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 22 165 theme cysteine 3443:3450 arg1 modification 3469:3480 cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification 3443:3480 cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification 3443:3480 After the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were digested into peptides, MSH was applied to remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar modification. 34677013 31 166 theme glycoproteomics 4865:4879 arg1 analysis 4881:4888 glycoproteomics analysis 4865:4888 glycoproteomics analysis 4865:4888 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 3 167 theme large-scale 441:451 arg1 enrichment 453:462 large-scale enrichment 441:462 large-scale enrichment 441:462 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 30 168 theme metabolic 4646:4654 arg1 labeling 4656:4663 metabolic labeling 4646:4663 metabolic labeling 4646:4663 In summary, this work developed an approach to enrich O-GlcNAc peptides precisely in metabolic labeling by removing cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH. 34677013 11 169 theme cysteine 1908:1915 arg1 modification 1945:1956 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1908:1956 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1908:1956 Then, the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination were optimized to completely remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 3 170 theme clinical 556:563 arg1 diseases 565:572 clinical diseases 556:572 clinical diseases 556:572 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 0 171 theme peptides 58:65 arg1 identification 9:22 [Precise identification 0:22 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction 0:129 [Precise identification of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine peptides based on O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine elimination reaction]. 34677013 9 172 theme thiol-azidosugar 1520:1535 arg1 modification 1548:1559 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1511:1559 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1511:1559 Hence, it is worthwhile to probe whether MSH can eliminate cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 25 173 theme 157 3856:3858 arg1 peptides 3869:3876 157 O-GlcNAc peptides 3856:3876 157 O-GlcNAc peptides attributed to 130 proteins 3856:3903 Finally, 157 O-GlcNAc peptides attributed to 130 proteins were identified. 34677013 6 174 theme thiol-azidosugar 977:992 arg1 modification 1005:1016 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 968:1016 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides 968:1125 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 24 175 theme streptavidin 3740:3751 arg1 dynabeads 3753:3761 streptavidin dynabeads 3740:3761 streptavidin dynabeads 3740:3761 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 27 176 theme component 4029:4037 arg1 analysis 4039:4046 Cell component analysis 4024:4046 Cell component analysis 4024:4046 Cell component analysis showed that the identified O-GlcNAc proteins were mainly distributed inpostsynaptic density, cytoplasm, and condensed nuclear chromosome. 34677013 3 177 theme proteins 495:502 arg1 enrichment 453:462 large-scale enrichment 441:462 large-scale enrichment 441:462 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 3 177 theme proteins 495:502 arg1 identification 468:481 identification 468:481 identification 468:481 Therefore, large-scale enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins is important for exploring diagnostic biomarkers of clinical diseases. 34677013 17 178 with stable 2642:2647 arg1 MSH 2607:2609 excess MSH 2600:2609 excess MSH 2600:2609 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 24 179 from peptides 3818:3825 arg1 metabolism 3835:3844 cell metabolism 3830:3844 cell metabolism 3830:3844 Biotin probe and streptavidin dynabeads were subsequently used to label and enrich N3-O-GlcNAz peptides in cell metabolism. 34677013 18 180 theme cell 2889:2892 arg1 metabolism 2894:2903 cell metabolism 2889:2903 cell metabolism 2889:2903 Moreover, both O-GlcNAc modification and cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification exist in cell metabolism. 34677013 16 181 with treatment 2546:2554 arg1 MSH 2561:2563 MSH 2561:2563 MSH 2561:2563 The results showed that the two N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable after treatment with MSH at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 30 182 theme O-GlcNAc 4615:4622 arg1 peptides 4624:4631 O-GlcNAc peptides 4615:4631 O-GlcNAc peptides 4615:4631 In summary, this work developed an approach to enrich O-GlcNAc peptides precisely in metabolic labeling by removing cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification with MSH. 34677013 14 183 theme artificial 2249:2258 arg1 modifications 2260:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 2218:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications 2218:2272 Both cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications could be removed completely under these conditions. 34677013 15 184 theme same 2464:2467 arg1 time 2469:2472 the same time 2460:2472 the same time 2460:2472 Furthermore, two azide-labeled O-GlcNAc (N3-O-GlcNAc) peptides were used to assess whether MSH destroyed the O-GlcNAc modification at the same time. 34677013 12 185 theme mild 2064:2067 arg1 nature 2069:2074 its mild nature 2060:2074 its mild nature 2060:2074 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 6 186 theme cysteine 951:958 arg1 cysteine 951:958 cysteine 951:958 cysteine 951:958 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 6 186 theme cysteine 951:958 arg1 group 942:946 the thiol group 932:946 the thiol group of cysteine 932:958 However, azidosugars can also react with the thiol group of cysteine to form cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification as a byproduct in cell metabolism, which interferes with the identification of O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides. 34677013 12 187 theme O-GlcNAc 2031:2038 arg1 modification 2040:2051 the O-GlcNAc modification 2027:2051 the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature 2027:2074 Sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) was selected to protect the O-GlcNAc modification due to its mild nature. 34677013 17 188 theme thiol-azidosugar 2667:2682 arg1 modification 2695:2706 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2654:2706 the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 2654:2706 In short, with excess MSH, the N3-O-GlcNAc peptides were stable, but the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification was exhausted in sodium phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.0) at 95 ℃ for 30 min. 34677013 4 189 theme proteins 703:710 arg1 identification 676:689 identification 676:689 identification 676:689 O-GlcNAcylation is substoichiometric, and its glycosidic bond is unstable; hence, the enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins remains a challenge. 34677013 4 189 theme proteins 703:710 arg1 enrichment 661:670 enrichment 661:670 enrichment 661:670 O-GlcNAcylation is substoichiometric, and its glycosidic bond is unstable; hence, the enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAc proteins remains a challenge. 34677013 10 190 theme carbonate 1755:1763 arg1 buffer 1765:1770 sodium carbonate buffer 1748:1770 sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min 1748:1809 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 10 190 theme carbonate 1755:1763 arg1 mmol/L 1777:1782 200 mmol/L 1773:1782 200 mmol/L 1773:1782 Two cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modifications were synthesized successfully by incubating thiol standard peptides with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) in sodium carbonate buffer (200 mmol/L, pH 10) at 37 ℃ for 90 min. 34677013 11 191 theme artificial 1934:1943 arg1 modification 1945:1956 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1908:1956 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 1908:1956 Then, the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination were optimized to completely remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 34677013 1 192 theme biological 280:289 arg1 activities 291:300 normal biological activities 273:300 normal biological activities of organisms 273:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an important post-translational modification of proteins, plays an essential role in maintaining normal biological activities of organisms. 34677013 23 193 theme artificial 3679:3688 arg1 modification 3690:3701 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3653:3701 cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification 3653:3701 In addition, 51 peptides for the elimination of the cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification were identified, indicating that MSH can remove the interference of cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification in cell metabolism. 34677013 5 194 with technology 762:771 arg1 monosaccharides 805:819 per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 778:819 per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides 778:819 Recently, metabolic labeling technology with per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides has been introduced to enrich O-GlcNAc proteins or peptides in cells. 34677013 31 195 theme new 4765:4767 arg1 strategy 4769:4776 a new strategy 4763:4776 a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis 4763:4888 This methodology provides a new strategy for the application of metabolic labeling technology with unnatural monosaccharides in glycoproteomics analysis. 34677013 11 196 theme MSH 1846:1848 arg1 elimination 1860:1870 MSH oxidative elimination 1846:1870 MSH oxidative elimination 1846:1870 Then, the reaction conditions for MSH oxidative elimination were optimized to completely remove cysteine thiol-azidosugar artificial modification. 32653496 14 0 theme inflammatory 2633:2644 arg1 disorders 2646:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders 2588:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients 2588:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 7 1 theme epithelial 1266:1275 arg1 cells 1277:1281 epithelial cells 1266:1281 epithelial cells 1266:1281 RESULTS The screen identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells. 32653496 11 2 theme genes 2168:2172 arg1 expression 2154:2163 expression 2154:2163 expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility 2154:2267 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 14 3 theme impairment-associated 2607:2627 arg1 disorders 2646:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders 2588:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients 2588:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 9 4 theme gut 1692:1694 arg1 permeability 1696:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 4 theme gut 1692:1694 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 10 5 theme colonic 2007:2013 arg1 epithelium 2015:2024 the colonic epithelium 2003:2024 the colonic epithelium 2003:2024 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 1 6 theme immune 281:286 arg1 system 288:293 the enteric immune system 269:293 the enteric immune system 269:293 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 14 7 theme barrier 2588:2594 arg1 disorders 2646:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders 2588:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients 2588:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 3 8 theme T84 543:545 arg1 cells 547:551 CaCo-2 and T84 cells 532:551 cells 547:551 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 4 9 theme stabilizers 844:854 arg1 effects 830:836 the effects 826:836 the effects of TJ stabilizers on these changes 826:871 We then tested the effects of TJ stabilizers on these changes. 32653496 3 10 theme tight 760:764 arg1 TJ 776:777 TJ 776:777 TJ 776:777 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 10 theme tight 760:764 arg1 junction 766:773 epithelial tight junction 749:773 epithelial tight junction (TJ) 749:778 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 11 theme tumor 588:592 arg1 factor 603:608 tumor necrosis factor 588:608 tumor necrosis factor 588:608 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 9 12 theme increased 1682:1690 arg1 permeability 1696:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 12 theme increased 1682:1690 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 13 theme electrical 1740:1749 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 13 theme electrical 1740:1749 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 8 14 theme distinct 1298:1305 arg1 alterations 1319:1329 distinct morphologic alterations 1298:1329 distinct morphologic alterations 1298:1329 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 11 15 theme oxidative 2203:2211 arg1 stress 2213:2218 oxidative stress 2203:2218 oxidative stress 2203:2218 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 11 16 theme epithelial 2100:2109 arg1 cells 2111:2115 Colonic epithelial cells 2092:2115 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine 2092:2142 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 9 17 dep mice 1645:1648 arg1 permeability 1696:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 17 dep mice 1645:1648 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 17 dep mice 1645:1648 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 10 18 theme cytokines 2064:2072 arg1 levels 2041:2046 levels 2041:2046 levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues 2041:2089 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 11 19 theme cytoskeletal 2225:2236 arg1 organization 2238:2249 cytoskeletal organization 2225:2249 cytoskeletal organization 2225:2249 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 13 20 theme intestinal 2438:2447 arg1 TJs 2460:2462 intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function 2438:2483 TJs 2460:2462 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 9 21 theme pattern 1773:1779 arg1 ligands 1802:1808 pattern recognition receptor ligands 1773:1808 pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes 1773:1834 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 22 theme receptor 1793:1800 arg1 ligands 1802:1808 pattern recognition receptor ligands 1773:1808 pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes 1773:1834 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 8 23 theme TJs 1505:1507 arg1 disruption 1491:1500 disruption 1491:1500 disruption of TJs 1491:1507 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 24 theme barrier 1347:1353 arg1 function 1355:1362 barrier function 1347:1362 barrier function 1347:1362 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 1 25 theme intestinal 147:156 arg1 cells 158:162 intestinal cells 147:162 intestinal cells 147:162 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 6 26 theme Colon 1046:1050 arg1 tissues 1052:1058 Colon tissues 1046:1058 Colon tissues 1046:1058 Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, fluorescence microscopy, and RNA sequencing. 32653496 3 27 theme focal 784:788 arg1 morphology 799:808 focal adhesion morphology 784:808 focal adhesion morphology 784:808 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 0 28 theme Intestinal 68:77 arg1 Function 87:94 Intestinal Barrier Function 68:94 Intestinal Barrier Function 68:94 High-Throughput Screen Identifies Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function. 32653496 3 29 theme receptor 622:629 arg1 antagonists 631:641 receptor antagonists 622:641 receptor antagonists 622:641 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 1 30 from antigens 182:189 arg1 lumen-breaches 198:211 the lumen-breaches 194:211 the lumen-breaches 194:211 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 9 31 theme disruptors 1548:1557 arg1 One 1535:1537 One 1535:1537 One 1535:1537 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 31 theme disruptors 1548:1557 arg1 disruptors 1548:1557 these disruptors 1542:1557 these disruptors (putrescine) 1542:1570 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 31 theme disruptors 1548:1557 arg1 putrescine 1560:1569 putrescine 1560:1569 putrescine 1560:1569 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 32 theme lymph 1824:1828 arg1 nodes 1830:1834 mesenteric lymph nodes 1813:1834 mesenteric lymph nodes 1813:1834 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 1 33 dep BACKGROUND 97:106 arg1 AIMS 110:113 AIMS 110:113 AIMS The intestinal barrier 110:136 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 11 34 from mice 2122:2125 arg1 cells 2111:2115 Colonic epithelial cells 2092:2115 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine 2092:2142 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 0 35 theme Function 87:94 arg1 Regulators 54:63 Host and Microbiota Regulators 34:63 Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function 34:94 High-Throughput Screen Identifies Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function. 32653496 14 36 from disorders 2646:2654 arg1 patients 2659:2666 patients 2659:2666 patients 2659:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 12 37 theme TJs 2337:2339 arg1 disruption 2323:2332 disruption 2323:2332 disruption of TJs 2323:2339 Co-administration of taurine with putrescine blocked disruption of TJs and the exacerbated inflammation. 32653496 12 37 theme TJs 2337:2339 arg1 inflammation 2361:2372 the exacerbated inflammation 2345:2372 the exacerbated inflammation 2345:2372 Co-administration of taurine with putrescine blocked disruption of TJs and the exacerbated inflammation. 32653496 8 38 from changes 1336:1342 arg1 function 1355:1362 barrier function 1347:1362 barrier function 1347:1362 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 5 39 theme sodium 957:962 arg1 colitis 980:986 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 12 40 theme exacerbated 2349:2359 arg1 inflammation 2361:2372 the exacerbated inflammation 2345:2372 the exacerbated inflammation 2345:2372 Co-administration of taurine with putrescine blocked disruption of TJs and the exacerbated inflammation. 32653496 8 41 theme cytokines 1393:1401 arg1 metabolites 1404:1414 metabolites 1404:1414 metabolites 1404:1414 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 41 theme cytokines 1393:1401 arg1 drugs 1421:1425 drugs 1421:1425 drugs 1421:1425 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 41 theme cytokines 1393:1401 arg1 cytokines 1393:1401 cytokines 1393:1401 cytokines 1393:1401 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 41 theme cytokines 1393:1401 arg1 variety 1382:1388 a variety 1380:1388 a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity 1380:1532 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 13 42 from development 2496:2506 arg1 mice 2533:2536 mice 2533:2536 mice 2533:2536 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 0 43 theme Microbiota 43:52 arg1 Regulators 54:63 Host and Microbiota Regulators 34:63 Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function 34:94 High-Throughput Screen Identifies Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function. 32653496 9 44 from ligands 1802:1808 arg1 nodes 1830:1834 mesenteric lymph nodes 1813:1834 mesenteric lymph nodes 1813:1834 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 8 45 theme metabolites 1404:1414 arg1 metabolites 1404:1414 metabolites 1404:1414 metabolites 1404:1414 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 45 theme metabolites 1404:1414 arg1 drugs 1421:1425 drugs 1421:1425 drugs 1421:1425 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 45 theme metabolites 1404:1414 arg1 cytokines 1393:1401 cytokines 1393:1401 cytokines 1393:1401 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 45 theme metabolites 1404:1414 arg1 variety 1382:1388 a variety 1380:1388 a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity 1380:1532 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 2 46 theme intestinal 385:394 arg1 barrier 407:413 the intestinal epithelial barrier 381:413 the intestinal epithelial barrier 381:413 We performed a screen to identify molecules that disrupt and support the intestinal epithelial barrier and tested their effects in mice. 32653496 0 47 theme High-Throughput 0:14 arg1 Screen 16:21 High-Throughput Screen 0:21 High-Throughput Screen 0:21 High-Throughput Screen Identifies Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function. 32653496 1 48 theme system 288:293 arg1 composition 227:237 the composition 223:237 the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism 223:309 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 9 49 theme ex vivo 1598:1604 arg1 tissues 1618:1624 ex vivo mouse colon tissues 1598:1624 ex vivo mouse colon tissues 1598:1624 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 50 theme survival 1868:1875 arg1 times 1877:1881 survival times 1868:1881 survival times 1868:1881 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 5 51 dep Molecules 874:882 arg1 found 887:891 found 887:891 found to disrupt or stabilize TJs 887:919 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 9 52 theme colon 1612:1616 arg1 tissues 1618:1624 ex vivo mouse colon tissues 1598:1624 ex vivo mouse colon tissues 1598:1624 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 3 53 theme secreted 661:668 arg1 proteins 670:677 secreted proteins 661:677 secreted proteins 661:677 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 10 54 from tissues 2083:2089 arg1 levels 2041:2046 levels 2041:2046 levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues 2041:2089 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 10 55 theme colon 2077:2081 arg1 tissues 2083:2089 colon tissues 2077:2089 colon tissues 2077:2089 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 14 56 from patients 2659:2666 arg1 treatment 2575:2583 treatment 2575:2583 treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients 2575:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 10 57 theme intestine 1910:1918 arg1 levels 1920:1925 intestine levels 1910:1925 intestine levels 1910:1925 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 12 58 theme taurine 2291:2297 arg1 Co-administration 2270:2286 Co-administration 2270:2286 Co-administration of taurine with putrescine 2270:2313 Co-administration of taurine with putrescine blocked disruption of TJs and the exacerbated inflammation. 32653496 3 59 dep METHODS 449:455 arg1 performed 460:468 performed 460:468 performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) 460:712 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 10 60 theme viable 1949:1954 arg1 rodentium 1958:1966 viable C rodentium 1949:1966 viable C rodentium 1949:1966 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 8 61 theme actomyosin 1452:1461 arg1 contractility 1463:1475 actomyosin contractility 1452:1475 actomyosin contractility 1452:1475 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 13 62 theme colon 2511:2515 arg1 inflammation 2517:2528 colon inflammation 2511:2528 colon inflammation in mice 2511:2536 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 9 63 theme exacerbated 1650:1660 arg1 permeability 1696:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 63 theme exacerbated 1650:1660 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 63 theme exacerbated 1650:1660 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 1 64 theme intestinal 246:255 arg1 microbiota 257:266 the intestinal microbiota 242:266 the intestinal microbiota 242:266 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 14 65 theme disorders 2646:2654 arg1 treatment 2575:2583 treatment 2575:2583 treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients 2575:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 5 66 theme intestinal 1021:1030 arg1 inflammation 1032:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 2 67 from effects 432:438 arg1 mice 443:446 mice 443:446 mice 443:446 We performed a screen to identify molecules that disrupt and support the intestinal epithelial barrier and tested their effects in mice. 32653496 9 68 theme colon 1718:1722 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 68 theme colon 1718:1722 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 7 69 theme cells 1277:1281 arg1 monolayers 1252:1261 monolayers 1252:1261 monolayers 1252:1261 RESULTS The screen identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells. 32653496 7 69 theme cells 1277:1281 arg1 TJs 1244:1246 TJs 1244:1246 TJs 1244:1246 RESULTS The screen identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells. 32653496 10 70 theme rodentium 1958:1966 arg1 levels 1920:1925 intestine levels 1910:1925 intestine levels 1910:1925 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 10 70 theme rodentium 1958:1966 arg1 shedding 1937:1944 fecal shedding 1931:1944 fecal shedding of viable C rodentium 1931:1966 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 1 71 theme enteric 273:279 arg1 system 288:293 the enteric immune system 269:293 the enteric immune system 269:293 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 14 72 theme intestinal 2596:2605 arg1 disorders 2646:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders 2588:2654 barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients 2588:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 11 73 theme metal 2188:2192 arg1 binding 2194:2200 metal binding 2188:2200 metal binding 2188:2200 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 13 74 theme epithelial 2449:2458 arg1 TJs 2460:2462 intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function 2438:2483 TJs 2460:2462 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 9 75 theme reduced 1710:1716 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 75 theme reduced 1710:1716 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 5 76 with mice 939:942 arg1 inflammation 1032:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 5 76 with mice 939:942 arg1 colitis 980:986 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 9 77 theme transepithelial 1724:1738 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 77 theme transepithelial 1724:1738 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 10 78 theme C 1956:1956 arg1 rodentium 1958:1966 viable C rodentium 1949:1966 viable C rodentium 1949:1966 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 7 79 dep RESULTS 1147:1153 arg1 identified 1166:1175 identified 1166:1175 identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells 1166:1281 RESULTS The screen identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells. 32653496 11 80 theme Colonic 2092:2098 arg1 cells 2111:2115 Colonic epithelial cells 2092:2115 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine 2092:2142 Colonic epithelial cells from mice given putrescine increased expression of genes that regulate metal binding, oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal organization and contractility. 32653496 8 81 dep cytokines 1393:1401 arg1 including 1428:1436 including 1428:1436 including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility 1428:1475 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 3 82 theme epithelial 749:758 arg1 TJ 776:777 TJ 776:777 TJ 776:777 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 82 theme epithelial 749:758 arg1 junction 766:773 epithelial tight junction 749:773 epithelial tight junction (TJ) 749:778 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 13 83 theme barrier 2468:2474 arg1 function 2476:2483 intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function 2438:2483 function 2476:2483 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 8 84 theme morphologic 1307:1317 arg1 alterations 1319:1329 distinct morphologic alterations 1298:1329 distinct morphologic alterations 1298:1329 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 10 85 theme inflammatory 2051:2062 arg1 cytokines 2064:2072 inflammatory cytokines 2051:2072 inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues 2051:2089 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 3 86 theme necrosis 594:601 arg1 factor 603:608 tumor necrosis factor 588:608 tumor necrosis factor 588:608 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 1 87 theme intestinal 119:128 arg1 barrier 130:136 The intestinal barrier 115:136 The intestinal barrier 115:136 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 9 88 theme recognition 1781:1791 arg1 ligands 1802:1808 pattern recognition receptor ligands 1773:1808 pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes 1773:1834 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 8 89 theme TJ 1521:1522 arg1 integrity 1524:1532 TJ integrity 1521:1532 TJ integrity 1521:1532 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 13 90 from mice 2533:2536 arg1 development 2496:2506 development 2496:2506 development of colon inflammation in mice 2496:2536 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 0 91 theme Barrier 79:85 arg1 Function 87:94 Intestinal Barrier Function 68:94 Intestinal Barrier Function 68:94 High-Throughput Screen Identifies Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function. 32653496 9 92 theme mesenteric 1813:1822 arg1 nodes 1830:1834 mesenteric lymph nodes 1813:1834 mesenteric lymph nodes 1813:1834 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 3 93 theme adhesion 790:797 arg1 morphology 799:808 focal adhesion morphology 784:808 focal adhesion morphology 784:808 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 5 94 theme Citrobacter 991:1001 arg1 inflammation 1032:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 5 95 theme dextran 949:955 arg1 sodium 957:962 dextran sodium 949:962 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 7 96 dep stabilized 1214:1223 arg1 disruption 1232:1241 disruption 1232:1241 disruption 1232:1241 RESULTS The screen identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells. 32653496 5 97 theme sulfate-induced 964:978 arg1 colitis 980:986 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis 949:986 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 6 98 theme fluorescence 1102:1113 arg1 microscopy 1115:1124 fluorescence microscopy 1102:1124 fluorescence microscopy 1102:1124 Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, fluorescence microscopy, and RNA sequencing. 32653496 9 99 theme colon 1851:1855 arg1 length 1857:1862 colon length 1851:1862 colon length 1851:1862 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 14 100 from treatment 2575:2583 arg1 patients 2659:2666 patients 2659:2666 patients 2659:2666 These agents might be developed for treatment of barrier intestinal impairment-associated and inflammatory disorders in patients, or avoided to prevent inflammation. 32653496 12 101 with Co-administration 2270:2286 arg1 putrescine 2304:2313 putrescine 2304:2313 putrescine 2304:2313 Co-administration of taurine with putrescine blocked disruption of TJs and the exacerbated inflammation. 32653496 2 102 theme epithelial 396:405 arg1 barrier 407:413 the intestinal epithelial barrier 381:413 the intestinal epithelial barrier 381:413 We performed a screen to identify molecules that disrupt and support the intestinal epithelial barrier and tested their effects in mice. 32653496 4 103 from effects 830:836 arg1 changes 865:871 these changes 859:871 these changes 859:871 We then tested the effects of TJ stabilizers on these changes. 32653496 10 104 from cytokines 2064:2072 arg1 tissues 2083:2089 colon tissues 2077:2089 colon tissues 2077:2089 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 13 105 dep CONCLUSIONS 2375:2385 arg1 identified 2390:2399 identified 2390:2399 identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice 2390:2536 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 13 106 from inflammation 2517:2528 arg1 mice 2533:2536 mice 2533:2536 mice 2533:2536 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 0 107 theme Host 34:37 arg1 Regulators 54:63 Host and Microbiota Regulators 34:63 Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function 34:94 High-Throughput Screen Identifies Host and Microbiota Regulators of Intestinal Barrier Function. 32653496 5 108 theme rodentium-induced 1003:1019 arg1 inflammation 1032:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation 991:1043 Molecules we found to disrupt or stabilize TJs were administered mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation. 32653496 9 109 theme mouse 1606:1610 arg1 tissues 1618:1624 ex vivo mouse colon tissues 1598:1624 ex vivo mouse colon tissues 1598:1624 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 110 theme TJ 1582:1583 arg1 integrity 1585:1593 TJ integrity 1582:1593 TJ integrity 1582:1593 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 10 111 theme fecal 1931:1935 arg1 shedding 1937:1944 fecal shedding 1931:1944 fecal shedding of viable C rodentium 1931:1966 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 3 112 theme imaging-based 473:485 arg1 screen 518:523 an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen 470:523 an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) 470:712 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 7 113 theme numerous 1177:1184 arg1 compounds 1186:1194 numerous compounds 1177:1194 numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells 1177:1281 RESULTS The screen identified numerous compounds that disrupted or stabilized (after disruption) TJs and monolayers of epithelial cells. 32653496 1 114 theme metabolism 300:309 arg1 composition 227:237 the composition 223:237 the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism 223:309 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 32653496 8 115 theme drugs 1421:1425 arg1 metabolites 1404:1414 metabolites 1404:1414 metabolites 1404:1414 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 115 theme drugs 1421:1425 arg1 drugs 1421:1425 drugs 1421:1425 drugs 1421:1425 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 115 theme drugs 1421:1425 arg1 cytokines 1393:1401 cytokines 1393:1401 cytokines 1393:1401 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 8 115 theme drugs 1421:1425 arg1 variety 1382:1388 a variety 1380:1388 a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity 1380:1532 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 13 116 theme inflammation 2517:2528 arg1 development 2496:2506 development 2496:2506 development of colon inflammation in mice 2496:2536 CONCLUSIONS We identified molecules that disrupt and stabilize intestinal epithelial TJs and barrier function and affect development of colon inflammation in mice. 32653496 4 117 theme TJ 841:842 arg1 stabilizers 844:854 TJ stabilizers 841:854 TJ stabilizers 841:854 We then tested the effects of TJ stabilizers on these changes. 32653496 3 118 theme microbial 680:688 arg1 metabolites 690:700 microbial metabolites 680:700 microbial metabolites 680:700 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 10 119 from levels 2041:2046 arg1 tissues 2083:2089 colon tissues 2077:2089 colon tissues 2077:2089 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 3 120 dep imaging-based 473:485 arg1 high-throughput 502:516 high-throughput 502:516 high-throughput 502:516 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 120 dep imaging-based 473:485 arg1 quantitative 488:499 quantitative 488:499 quantitative 488:499 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 121 theme proteins 670:677 arg1 lipopolysaccharide 568:585 lipopolysaccharide 568:585 lipopolysaccharide 568:585 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 121 theme proteins 670:677 arg1 histamine 611:619 histamine 611:619 histamine 611:619 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 121 theme proteins 670:677 arg1 antagonists 631:641 receptor antagonists 622:641 receptor antagonists 622:641 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 121 theme proteins 670:677 arg1 factor 603:608 tumor necrosis factor 588:608 tumor necrosis factor 588:608 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 3 121 theme proteins 670:677 arg1 libraries 648:656 libraries 648:656 libraries 648:656 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 9 122 theme colon 1662:1666 arg1 permeability 1696:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 increased gut permeability 1682:1707 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 122 theme colon 1662:1666 arg1 resistance 1751:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance 1710:1760 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 9 122 theme colon 1662:1666 arg1 inflammation 1668:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 exacerbated colon inflammation 1650:1679 One of these disruptors (putrescine) disrupted TJ integrity in ex vivo mouse colon tissues; administration to mice exacerbated colon inflammation, increased gut permeability, reduced colon transepithelial electrical resistance, increased pattern recognition receptor ligands in mesenteric lymph nodes, and decreased colon length and survival times. 32653496 6 123 theme RNA 1131:1133 arg1 sequencing 1135:1144 RNA sequencing 1131:1144 RNA sequencing 1131:1144 Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, fluorescence microscopy, and RNA sequencing. 32653496 10 124 theme bacterial 1979:1987 arg1 attachment 1989:1998 bacterial attachment 1979:1998 bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium 1979:2024 Putrescine also increased intestine levels and fecal shedding of viable C rodentium, increased bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelium, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. 32653496 8 125 theme contractility 1463:1475 arg1 inhibitors 1438:1447 inhibitors 1438:1447 inhibitors of actomyosin contractility 1438:1475 We associated distinct morphologic alterations with changes in barrier function, and identified a variety of cytokines, metabolites, and drugs (including inhibitors of actomyosin contractility) that prevent disruption of TJs and restore TJ integrity. 32653496 3 126 theme CaCo-2 532:537 arg1 cells 547:551 CaCo-2 and T84 cells 532:551 cells 547:551 METHODS We performed an imaging-based, quantitative, high-throughput screen (using CaCo-2 and T84 cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide; tumor necrosis factor; histamine; receptor antagonists; and libraries of secreted proteins, microbial metabolites, and drugs) to identify molecules that altered epithelial tight junction (TJ) and focal adhesion morphology. 32653496 1 127 theme microbiota 257:266 arg1 composition 227:237 the composition 223:237 the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism 223:309 BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal barrier protects intestinal cells from microbes and antigens in the lumen-breaches can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, the enteric immune system, and metabolism. 33679442 10 0 theme CK 2164:2165 arg1 PRE 2133:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 0 theme CK 2164:2165 arg1 increase 2152:2159 diminished increase 2141:2159 diminished increase of CK 2141:2165 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 9 1 from changes 1893:1899 arg1 parameters 1917:1926 respirometry parameters 1904:1926 respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria 1904:1946 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 9 2 theme relative 2010:2017 arg1 respiration 2028:2038 the relative N-linked respiration 2006:2038 the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners 2006:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 8 3 theme state 1739:1743 arg1 PRE-POST 1745:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 4 4 theme mitochondrial 593:605 arg1 function 607:614 mitochondrial function 593:614 mitochondrial function of PLTs 593:622 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 2 5 theme mitochondrial 287:299 arg1 function 301:308 mitochondrial function 287:308 mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle 287:327 Invasive biopsies are needed to assess mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, which may not be well tolerated by some individuals. 33679442 5 6 dep OXPHOS 1009:1014 arg1 ET 1047:1048 ET 1047:1048 ET 1047:1048 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 9 7 theme faster 2043:2048 arg1 runners 2050:2056 faster runners 2043:2056 faster runners 2043:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 6 8 theme slight 1430:1435 arg1 changes 1462:1468 slight, largely non-significant changes 1430:1468 slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1430:1503 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 10 9 theme potential 2381:2389 arg1 threat 2391:2396 potential threat 2381:2396 potential threat to the kidney 2381:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 8 10 theme CK 1770:1771 arg1 levels 1781:1786 CK and LDH levels 1770:1786 CK and LDH levels 1770:1786 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 2 11 theme muscle 322:327 arg1 function 301:308 mitochondrial function 287:308 mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle 287:327 Invasive biopsies are needed to assess mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, which may not be well tolerated by some individuals. 33679442 6 12 theme mitochondria 1413:1424 arg1 flux 1401:1404 LEAK O2 flux 1393:1404 LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria 1393:1424 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 5 13 theme N-pathway 886:894 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 13 theme N-pathway 886:894 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 7 14 theme lactate 1538:1544 arg1 LDH 1561:1563 LDH 1561:1563 LDH 1561:1563 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 7 14 theme lactate 1538:1544 arg1 dehydrogenase 1546:1558 lactate dehydrogenase 1538:1558 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1538:1564 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 8 15 theme LDH 1777:1779 arg1 levels 1781:1786 CK and LDH levels 1770:1786 CK and LDH levels 1770:1786 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 1 16 theme oxidative 192:200 arg1 stress 202:207 oxidative stress 192:207 oxidative stress 192:207 Only a few studies have evaluated changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress associated with ultramarathon running. 33679442 4 17 theme individual 649:658 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 5 18 theme PLTs 830:833 arg1 performance 752:762 Race performance 747:762 Race performance 747:762 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 18 theme PLTs 830:833 arg1 function 782:789 mitochondrial function 768:789 mitochondrial function 768:789 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 18 theme PLTs 830:833 arg1 respirometry 808:819 high-resolution respirometry 792:819 high-resolution respirometry 792:819 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 4 19 theme damage 717:722 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 4 19 theme damage 717:722 arg1 markers 681:687 markers 681:687 markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction 681:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 5 20 theme electron 1020:1027 arg1 pathway 1038:1044 electron transfer pathway 1020:1044 electron transfer pathway 1020:1044 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 4 21 with function 607:614 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 4 21 with function 607:614 arg1 markers 681:687 markers 681:687 markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction 681:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 7 22 theme creatine 1516:1523 arg1 kinase 1525:1530 creatine kinase 1516:1530 creatine kinase (CK) 1516:1535 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 7 22 theme creatine 1516:1523 arg1 CK 1533:1534 CK 1533:1534 CK 1533:1534 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 4 23 theme renal 728:732 arg1 dysfunction 734:744 renal dysfunction 728:744 renal dysfunction 728:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 5 24 theme male 1222:1225 arg1 years 1256:1260 26-45 years 1250:1260 26-45 years 1250:1260 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 24 theme male 1222:1225 arg1 runners 1241:1247 eight male ultramarathon runners 1216:1247 eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before 1216:1268 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 9 25 theme fitness 2104:2110 arg1 indicator 2082:2090 indicator 2082:2090 indicator of physical fitness 2082:2110 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 4 26 theme oxidative 692:700 arg1 stress 702:707 oxidative stress 692:707 oxidative stress 692:707 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 5 27 theme mitochondrial 768:780 arg1 function 782:789 mitochondrial function 768:789 mitochondrial function 768:789 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 2 28 theme Invasive 248:255 arg1 biopsies 257:264 Invasive biopsies 248:264 Invasive biopsies 248:264 Invasive biopsies are needed to assess mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, which may not be well tolerated by some individuals. 33679442 1 29 from changes 154:160 arg1 function 179:186 mitochondrial function 165:186 mitochondrial function 165:186 Only a few studies have evaluated changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress associated with ultramarathon running. 33679442 1 29 from changes 154:160 arg1 stress 202:207 oxidative stress 192:207 oxidative stress 192:207 Only a few studies have evaluated changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress associated with ultramarathon running. 33679442 7 30 theme creatinine 1592:1601 arg1 Levels 1506:1511 Levels 1506:1511 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine 1506:1601 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 9 31 theme race-related 1880:1891 arg1 changes 1893:1899 race-related changes 1880:1899 race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria 1880:1946 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 0 32 theme Oxidative 76:84 arg1 Stress 86:91 Oxidative Stress 76:91 Oxidative Stress 76:91 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 0 33 dep Study 113:117 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters 0:102 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 0 34 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Stress 86:91 Oxidative Stress 76:91 Oxidative Stress 76:91 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 0 34 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Function 50:57 Mitochondrial Function 36:57 Mitochondrial Function of Platelets 36:70 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 5 35 theme control 1062:1068 arg1 CII 1077:1079 CII 1077:1079 CII linked ET 1077:1089 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 35 theme control 1062:1068 arg1 state 1070:1074 S-pathway control state 1052:1074 S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) 1052:1090 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 8 36 theme race 1706:1709 arg1 time 1711:1714 race time 1706:1714 race time 1706:1714 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 5 37 dep race 1321:1324 arg1 POST 1332:1335 POST 1332:1335 POST 1332:1335 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 37 dep race 1321:1324 arg1 REC 1342:1344 REC 1342:1344 REC 1342:1344 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 37 dep race 1321:1324 arg1 PRE 1327:1329 PRE 1327:1329 PRE 1327:1329 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 38 theme potential 2292:2300 arg1 post-race 2302:2310 the antioxidant potential post-race 2276:2310 the antioxidant potential post-race 2276:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 5 39 dep I 919:919 arg1 OXPHOS 959:964 OXPHOS 959:964 OXPHOS 959:964 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 39 dep I 919:919 arg1 CI 955:956 CI 955:956 CI 955:956 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 3 40 theme active 426:431 arg1 population 453:462 a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 403:462 a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 403:462 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population were suggested as a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function. 33679442 0 41 theme Mitochondrial 36:48 arg1 Function 50:57 Mitochondrial Function 36:57 Mitochondrial Function of Platelets 36:70 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 11 42 theme fitness 2511:2517 arg1 levels 2519:2524 individual fitness levels 2500:2524 individual fitness levels 2500:2524 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 5 43 theme control 979:985 arg1 state 987:991 NS-pathway control state 968:991 NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET) 968:1049 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 44 theme linked 1002:1007 arg1 OXPHOS 1009:1014 CI + II linked OXPHOS 994:1014 CI + II linked OXPHOS 994:1014 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 9 45 theme PLT 1931:1933 arg1 mitochondria 1935:1946 PLT mitochondria 1931:1946 PLT mitochondria 1931:1946 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 5 46 theme oxidative 1117:1125 arg1 stress 1127:1132 oxidative stress 1117:1132 oxidative stress 1117:1132 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 8 47 theme substrate 1729:1737 arg1 PRE-POST 1745:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 5 48 dep h 1296:1296 arg1 24 1293:1294 24 1293:1294 24 1293:1294 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 49 theme protective 2317:2326 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 49 theme protective 2317:2326 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 49 theme protective 2317:2326 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 11 50 theme stresses 2557:2564 arg1 function 2482:2489 mitochondrial function 2468:2489 mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses 2468:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 10 51 theme PLT 2124:2126 arg1 PRE 2133:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 0 52 theme Ultramarathon 11:23 arg1 Running 25:31 Ultramarathon Running 11:31 Ultramarathon Running 11:31 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 7 53 theme dehydrogenase 1546:1558 arg1 Levels 1506:1511 Levels 1506:1511 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine 1506:1601 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 6 54 from changes 1462:1468 arg1 balance 1497:1503 the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1473:1503 the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1473:1503 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 6 54 from changes 1462:1468 arg1 flux 1401:1404 LEAK O2 flux 1393:1404 LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria 1393:1424 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 10 55 theme stress 2370:2375 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 55 theme stress 2370:2375 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 55 theme stress 2370:2375 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 3 56 theme homogenous 437:446 arg1 population 453:462 a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 403:462 a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 403:462 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population were suggested as a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function. 33679442 6 57 from increase 1381:1388 arg1 balance 1497:1503 the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1473:1503 the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1473:1503 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 6 57 from increase 1381:1388 arg1 flux 1401:1404 LEAK O2 flux 1393:1404 LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria 1393:1424 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 10 58 theme race-related 2347:2358 arg1 stress 2370:2375 the race-related oxidative stress 2343:2375 the race-related oxidative stress 2343:2375 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 11 59 theme further 2584:2590 arg1 research 2592:2599 further research 2584:2599 further research 2584:2599 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 0 60 theme Platelets 62:70 arg1 Stress 86:91 Oxidative Stress 76:91 Oxidative Stress 76:91 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 0 60 theme Platelets 62:70 arg1 Function 50:57 Mitochondrial Function 36:57 Mitochondrial Function of Platelets 36:70 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 5 61 theme ultramarathon 1307:1319 arg1 race 1321:1324 an ultramarathon race 1304:1324 an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC) 1304:1345 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 8 62 from changes 1759:1765 arg1 levels 1781:1786 CK and LDH levels 1770:1786 CK and LDH levels 1770:1786 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 0 63 dep Function 50:57 arg1 Parameters 93:102 Parameters 93:102 Parameters 93:102 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 6 64 theme LEAK 1393:1396 arg1 flux 1401:1404 LEAK O2 flux 1393:1404 LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria 1393:1424 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 11 65 theme individual 2500:2509 arg1 levels 2519:2524 individual fitness levels 2500:2524 individual fitness levels 2500:2524 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 10 66 theme threat 2391:2396 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 66 theme threat 2391:2396 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 66 theme threat 2391:2396 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 4 67 theme PLTs 619:622 arg1 association 632:642 its association 628:642 its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction 628:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 4 67 theme PLTs 619:622 arg1 function 607:614 mitochondrial function 593:614 mitochondrial function of PLTs 593:622 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 9 68 from respiration 2028:2038 arg1 runners 2050:2056 faster runners 2043:2056 faster runners 2043:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 3 69 theme valuable 496:503 arg1 Platelets 383:391 Platelets 383:391 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 383:462 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population were suggested as a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function. 33679442 3 69 theme valuable 496:503 arg1 surrogate 505:513 a potentially valuable surrogate 482:513 a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function 482:551 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population were suggested as a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function. 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 markers 1164:1170 markers 1164:1170 markers of muscle and renal injury 1164:1197 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 state 1070:1074 S-pathway control state 1052:1074 S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) 1052:1090 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 CII 1077:1079 CII 1077:1079 CII linked ET 1077:1089 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 state 987:991 NS-pathway control state 968:991 NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET) 968:1049 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 70 theme capacity 1150:1157 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 71 theme LEAK 2128:2131 arg1 PRE 2133:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 11 72 theme extreme 2530:2536 arg1 stresses 2557:2564 extreme physical and metal stresses 2530:2564 extreme physical and metal stresses 2530:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 9 73 theme N-linked 2019:2026 arg1 respiration 2028:2038 the relative N-linked respiration 2006:2038 the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners 2006:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 6 74 theme Ultramarathon 1348:1360 arg1 running 1362:1368 Ultramarathon running 1348:1368 Ultramarathon running 1348:1368 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 10 75 theme diminished 2141:2150 arg1 increase 2152:2159 diminished increase 2141:2159 diminished increase of CK 2141:2165 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 11 76 theme levels 2519:2524 arg1 function 2482:2489 mitochondrial function 2468:2489 mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses 2468:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 3 77 theme mitochondrial 530:542 arg1 function 544:551 mitochondrial function 530:551 mitochondrial function 530:551 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population were suggested as a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function. 33679442 6 78 dep slight 1430:1435 arg1 non-significant 1446:1460 non-significant 1446:1460 non-significant 1446:1460 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 4 79 theme race 660:663 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 8 80 theme N-linked 1845:1852 arg1 PRE 1866:1868 N-linked respiration PRE 1845:1868 N-linked respiration PRE 1845:1868 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 1 81 theme mitochondrial 165:177 arg1 function 179:186 mitochondrial function 165:186 mitochondrial function 165:186 Only a few studies have evaluated changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress associated with ultramarathon running. 33679442 5 82 dep respirometry 808:819 arg1 HRR 822:824 HRR 822:824 HRR 822:824 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 2 83 theme skeletal 313:320 arg1 muscle 322:327 skeletal muscle 313:327 skeletal muscle 313:327 Invasive biopsies are needed to assess mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, which may not be well tolerated by some individuals. 33679442 6 84 theme PLT 1409:1411 arg1 mitochondria 1413:1424 PLT mitochondria 1409:1424 PLT mitochondria 1409:1424 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 5 85 theme different 841:849 arg1 substrates 851:860 different substrates 841:860 different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury 841:1197 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 86 theme prophylactic 2199:2210 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 86 theme prophylactic 2199:2210 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 86 theme prophylactic 2199:2210 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 5 87 theme Complex 911:917 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 87 theme Complex 911:917 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 8 88 link N-linked 1720:1727 arg1 PRE-POST 1745:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 7 89 theme kinase 1525:1530 arg1 Levels 1506:1511 Levels 1506:1511 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine 1506:1601 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 5 90 theme S-pathway 1052:1060 arg1 CII 1077:1079 CII 1077:1079 CII linked ET 1077:1089 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 90 theme S-pathway 1052:1060 arg1 state 1070:1074 S-pathway control state 1052:1074 S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) 1052:1090 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 91 link linked 1002:1007 arg1 OXPHOS 1009:1014 CI + II linked OXPHOS 994:1014 CI + II linked OXPHOS 994:1014 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 92 theme slight 2236:2241 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 92 theme slight 2236:2241 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 92 theme slight 2236:2241 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 11 93 theme mitochondrial 2468:2480 arg1 function 2482:2489 mitochondrial function 2468:2489 mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses 2468:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 4 94 theme muscle 710:715 arg1 damage 717:722 muscle damage 710:722 muscle damage 710:722 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 9 95 theme physical 2095:2102 arg1 fitness 2104:2110 physical fitness 2095:2110 physical fitness 2095:2110 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 8 96 theme mitochondrial 1822:1834 arg1 LEAK 1836:1839 mitochondrial LEAK 1822:1839 mitochondrial LEAK 1822:1839 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 5 97 theme transfer 1029:1036 arg1 pathway 1038:1044 electron transfer pathway 1020:1044 electron transfer pathway 1020:1044 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 6 98 theme oxidant/antioxidant 1477:1495 arg1 balance 1497:1503 the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1473:1503 the oxidant/antioxidant balance 1473:1503 Ultramarathon running induced an increase in LEAK O2 flux of PLT mitochondria and slight, largely non-significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. 33679442 5 99 theme oxidative 928:936 arg1 phosphorylation 938:952 oxidative phosphorylation 928:952 oxidative phosphorylation 928:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 9 100 link N-linked 2019:2026 arg1 respiration 2028:2038 the relative N-linked respiration 2006:2038 the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners 2006:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 5 101 theme ultramarathon 1227:1239 arg1 years 1256:1260 26-45 years 1250:1260 26-45 years 1250:1260 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 101 theme ultramarathon 1227:1239 arg1 runners 1241:1247 eight male ultramarathon runners 1216:1247 eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before 1216:1268 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 102 theme control 896:902 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 102 theme control 896:902 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 103 dep PRE 2133:2135 arg1 The 2113:2115 The 2113:2115 The 2113:2115 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 markers 1164:1170 markers 1164:1170 markers of muscle and renal injury 1164:1197 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 state 1070:1074 S-pathway control state 1052:1074 S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) 1052:1090 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 CII 1077:1079 CII 1077:1079 CII linked ET 1077:1089 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 state 987:991 NS-pathway control state 968:991 NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET) 968:1049 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 104 theme injury 1192:1197 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 8 105 theme respiration 1854:1864 arg1 PRE 1866:1868 N-linked respiration PRE 1845:1868 N-linked respiration PRE 1845:1868 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 10 106 theme non-significant 2247:2261 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 106 theme non-significant 2247:2261 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 106 theme non-significant 2247:2261 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 9 107 theme pronounced 1983:1992 arg1 increase 1994:2001 a somewhat more pronounced increase 1967:2001 a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners 1967:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 10 108 theme higher 2117:2122 arg1 PRE 2133:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 higher PLT LEAK PRE 2117:2135 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 4 109 theme stress 702:707 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 4 109 theme stress 702:707 arg1 markers 681:687 markers 681:687 markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction 681:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 8 110 theme inverse 1677:1683 arg1 correlations 1685:1696 inverse correlations 1677:1696 inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1677:1752 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 10 111 theme post-race 2302:2310 arg1 consequence 2328:2338 a protective consequence 2315:2338 a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney 2315:2410 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 111 theme post-race 2302:2310 arg1 preconditioning 2212:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 a prophylactic preconditioning 2197:2226 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 10 111 theme post-race 2302:2310 arg1 elevation 2263:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation 2232:2271 the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race 2232:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 9 112 from increase 1994:2001 arg1 respiration 2028:2038 the relative N-linked respiration 2006:2038 the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners 2006:2056 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 9 113 theme respirometry 1904:1915 arg1 parameters 1917:1926 respirometry parameters 1904:1926 respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria 1904:1946 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 0 114 theme Pilot 107:111 arg1 Study 113:117 A Pilot Study 105:117 A Pilot Study 105:117 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 7 115 theme urea 1573:1576 arg1 nitrogen 1578:1585 blood urea nitrogen 1567:1585 blood urea nitrogen 1567:1585 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 5 116 theme NS-pathway 968:977 arg1 state 987:991 NS-pathway control state 968:991 NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET) 968:1049 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 7 117 theme nitrogen 1578:1585 arg1 Levels 1506:1511 Levels 1506:1511 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine 1506:1601 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 10 118 theme antioxidant 2280:2290 arg1 post-race 2302:2310 the antioxidant potential post-race 2276:2310 the antioxidant potential post-race 2276:2310 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 1 119 theme ultramarathon 225:237 arg1 running 239:245 ultramarathon running 225:245 ultramarathon running 225:245 Only a few studies have evaluated changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress associated with ultramarathon running. 33679442 5 120 theme Race 747:750 arg1 performance 752:762 Race performance 747:762 Race performance 747:762 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 120 theme Race 747:750 arg1 respirometry 808:819 high-resolution respirometry 792:819 high-resolution respirometry 792:819 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 7 121 theme blood 1567:1571 arg1 nitrogen 1578:1585 blood urea nitrogen 1567:1585 blood urea nitrogen 1567:1585 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 8 122 dep PLT 1818:1820 arg1 LEAK 1836:1839 mitochondrial LEAK 1822:1839 mitochondrial LEAK 1822:1839 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 11 123 theme metal 2551:2555 arg1 stresses 2557:2564 extreme physical and metal stresses 2530:2564 extreme physical and metal stresses 2530:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 9 124 theme mitochondria 1935:1946 arg1 parameters 1917:1926 respirometry parameters 1904:1926 respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria 1904:1946 Although race-related changes in respirometry parameters of PLT mitochondria were rather small, a somewhat more pronounced increase in the relative N-linked respiration in faster runners might suggest PLT CI as indicator of physical fitness. 33679442 4 125 theme dysfunction 734:744 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 4 125 theme dysfunction 734:744 arg1 markers 681:687 markers 681:687 markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction 681:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 0 126 theme Running 25:31 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters 0:102 Effects of Ultramarathon Running on Mitochondrial Function of Platelets and Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Pilot Study. 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 markers 1164:1170 markers 1164:1170 markers of muscle and renal injury 1164:1197 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 state 1070:1074 S-pathway control state 1052:1074 S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) 1052:1090 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 CII 1077:1079 CII 1077:1079 CII linked ET 1077:1089 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 state 987:991 NS-pathway control state 968:991 NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET) 968:1049 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 127 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 8 128 theme N-linked 1720:1727 arg1 PRE-POST 1745:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 N-linked substrate state PRE-POST 1720:1752 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 11 129 theme physical 2538:2545 arg1 stresses 2557:2564 extreme physical and metal stresses 2530:2564 extreme physical and metal stresses 2530:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 5 130 theme high-resolution 792:806 arg1 performance 752:762 Race performance 747:762 Race performance 747:762 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 130 theme high-resolution 792:806 arg1 respirometry 808:819 high-resolution respirometry 792:819 high-resolution respirometry 792:819 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 131 theme antioxidant 1138:1148 arg1 capacity 1150:1157 antioxidant capacity 1138:1157 antioxidant capacity 1138:1157 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 132 dep state 987:991 arg1 pathway 1038:1044 electron transfer pathway 1020:1044 electron transfer pathway 1020:1044 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 132 dep state 987:991 arg1 OXPHOS 1009:1014 CI + II linked OXPHOS 994:1014 CI + II linked OXPHOS 994:1014 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 10 133 theme oxidative 2360:2368 arg1 stress 2370:2375 the race-related oxidative stress 2343:2375 the race-related oxidative stress 2343:2375 The higher PLT LEAK PRE and diminished increase of CK during the race may represent a prophylactic preconditioning and the slight but non-significant elevation of the antioxidant potential post-race as a protective consequence of the race-related oxidative stress and potential threat to the kidney. 33679442 3 134 theme cell 448:451 arg1 population 453:462 a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 403:462 a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population 403:462 Platelets (PLTs) as a metabolically highly active and homogenous cell population were suggested as a potentially valuable surrogate to investigate mitochondrial function. 33679442 8 135 link N-linked 1845:1852 arg1 PRE 1866:1868 N-linked respiration PRE 1845:1868 N-linked respiration PRE 1845:1868 There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PLT mitochondrial LEAK and N-linked respiration PRE. 33679442 7 136 from high 1653:1656 arg1 REC 1661:1663 REC 1661:1663 REC 1661:1663 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 4 137 with association 632:642 arg1 performance 665:675 individual race performance 649:675 individual race performance 649:675 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 4 137 with association 632:642 arg1 markers 681:687 markers 681:687 markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction 681:744 Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate mitochondrial function of PLTs and its association with individual race performance and markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage and renal dysfunction. 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 markers 1164:1170 markers 1164:1170 markers of muscle and renal injury 1164:1197 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 ROUTINE 871:877 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 state 904:908 N-pathway control state 886:908 N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS) 886:965 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 state 1070:1074 S-pathway control state 1052:1074 S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) 1052:1090 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 CII 1077:1079 CII 1077:1079 CII linked ET 1077:1089 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 parameters 1103:1112 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 LEAK 880:883 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 state 987:991 NS-pathway control state 968:991 NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET) 968:1049 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 5 138 theme muscle 1175:1180 arg1 I 919:919 Complex I 911:919 Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation 911:952 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33679442 7 139 from REC 1661:1663 arg1 high 1653:1656 high 1653:1656 high 1653:1656 Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly elevated POST and remained high in REC. 33679442 11 140 theme PLTs 2494:2497 arg1 function 2482:2489 mitochondrial function 2468:2489 mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses 2468:2564 Our findings point toward an interrelationship between mitochondrial function of PLTs, individual fitness levels and extreme physical and metal stresses, which stimulates further research. 33679442 5 141 theme renal 1186:1190 arg1 injury 1192:1197 renal injury 1186:1197 renal injury 1186:1197 Race performance and mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry, HRR) of PLTs using different substrates inducing ROUTINE, LEAK, N-pathway control state (Complex I linked oxidative phosphorylation; CI, OXPHOS), NS-pathway control state (CI + II linked OXPHOS and electron transfer pathway; ET), S-pathway control state (CII linked ET) as well as parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, and markers of muscle and renal injury were assessed in eight male ultramarathon runners (26-45 years) before, immediately after and 24 h after an ultramarathon race (PRE, POST, and REC). 33918948 7 0 theme bacteria 956:963 arg1 types 947:951 both types 942:951 both types of bacteria 942:963 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 8 1 dep morphology 1171:1180 arg1 composed 1280:1287 composed 1280:1287 is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) 1277:1355 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 8 1 dep morphology 1171:1180 arg1 adhere 1190:1195 adhere 1190:1195 adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin 1190:1225 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 4 2 theme environmental 574:586 arg1 stressors 588:596 numerous oxidative environmental stressors 555:596 numerous oxidative environmental stressors 555:596 Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 4 2 theme environmental 574:586 arg1 UV-irradiation 607:620 UV-irradiation 607:620 UV-irradiation 607:620 Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 9 3 theme UVB-induced 1466:1476 arg1 apoptosis 1478:1486 UVB-induced apoptosis 1466:1486 UVB-induced apoptosis 1466:1486 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 10 4 theme natural 1641:1647 arg1 mechanism 1657:1665 the skin's natural defense mechanism 1630:1665 the skin's natural defense mechanism 1630:1665 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 4 5 theme oxidative 564:572 arg1 stressors 588:596 numerous oxidative environmental stressors 555:596 numerous oxidative environmental stressors 555:596 Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 4 5 theme oxidative 564:572 arg1 UV-irradiation 607:620 UV-irradiation 607:620 UV-irradiation 607:620 Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 7 6 theme types 947:951 arg1 localization 926:937 the localization 922:937 the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface 922:989 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 10 7 theme representatives 1544:1558 arg1 importance 1514:1523 the importance 1510:1523 the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1510:1614 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 6 8 theme matrix 868:873 arg1 composition 875:885 their matrix composition 862:885 their matrix composition 862:885 In this work, we aimed to explore the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin and characterize their matrix composition. 33918948 6 9 theme aureus 781:786 arg1 morphology 764:773 the morphology 760:773 the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin 760:843 In this work, we aimed to explore the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin and characterize their matrix composition. 33918948 1 10 used occupied 158:165 arg2 skin 116:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 1 10 used occupied 158:165 arg2 habitat 141:147 a lush microbial habitat 124:147 a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms 124:199 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 3 11 theme improved 470:477 arg1 adhesion 487:494 improved surface adhesion 470:494 improved surface adhesion 470:494 Both bacteria have been associated with cutaneous maladies, where they mostly arrange in a biofilm, thus achieving improved surface adhesion and stability. 33918948 9 12 theme biofilm 1413:1419 arg1 eDNA 1421:1424 isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA 1394:1424 isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA 1394:1424 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 9 13 theme isolated 1394:1401 arg1 eDNA 1421:1424 isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA 1394:1424 isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA 1394:1424 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 10 14 theme redox 1602:1606 arg1 balance 1608:1614 a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1582:1614 a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1582:1614 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 10 15 theme balance 1608:1614 arg1 maintenance 1567:1577 the maintenance 1563:1577 the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1563:1614 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 9 16 theme bacterial 1363:1371 arg1 cultures 1373:1380 bacterial cultures 1363:1380 bacterial cultures 1363:1380 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 9 17 dep cultures 1373:1380 arg1 Both 1358:1361 Both 1358:1361 Both 1358:1361 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 8 18 theme extracellular 1292:1304 arg1 EPS 1323:1325 EPS 1323:1325 EPS 1323:1325 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 8 18 theme extracellular 1292:1304 arg1 polysaccharides 1306:1320 extracellular polysaccharides 1292:1320 extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) 1292:1326 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 1 19 theme wide 172:175 arg1 array 177:181 a wide array 170:181 a wide array of microorganisms 170:199 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 0 20 theme Cutaneous 14:22 arg1 Protection 24:33 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection 0:33 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage 0:52 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage Conferred by Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization. 33918948 5 21 theme skin 629:632 arg1 cells 634:638 skin cells 629:638 skin cells 629:638 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 8 22 theme human 1216:1220 arg1 skin 1222:1225 ex vivo healthy human skin 1200:1225 ex vivo healthy human skin 1200:1225 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 0 23 theme eDNA-Mediated 0:12 arg1 Protection 24:33 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection 0:33 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage 0:52 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage Conferred by Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization. 33918948 10 24 from importance 1514:1523 arg1 maintenance 1567:1577 the maintenance 1563:1577 the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1563:1614 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 1 25 theme human 110:114 arg1 habitat 141:147 a lush microbial habitat 124:147 a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms 124:199 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 1 25 theme human 110:114 arg1 skin 116:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 8 26 theme healthy 1208:1214 arg1 skin 1222:1225 ex vivo healthy human skin 1200:1225 ex vivo healthy human skin 1200:1225 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 10 27 theme microbiota 1533:1542 arg1 representatives 1544:1558 skin microbiota representatives 1528:1558 skin microbiota representatives 1528:1558 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 10 28 theme cutaneous 1592:1600 arg1 balance 1608:1614 a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1582:1614 a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1582:1614 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 1 29 theme microorganisms 186:199 arg1 array 177:181 a wide array 170:181 a wide array of microorganisms 170:199 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 8 30 theme biofilm-like 1158:1169 arg1 morphology 1171:1180 a biofilm-like morphology 1156:1180 a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) 1156:1355 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 4 31 theme numerous 555:562 arg1 stressors 588:596 numerous oxidative environmental stressors 555:596 numerous oxidative environmental stressors 555:596 Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 4 31 theme numerous 555:562 arg1 UV-irradiation 607:620 UV-irradiation 607:620 UV-irradiation 607:620 Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 8 32 dep ex 1200:1201 arg1 vivo 1203:1206 vivo 1203:1206 vivo 1203:1206 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 9 33 theme cutaneous 1437:1445 arg1 protection 1447:1456 cutaneous protection 1437:1456 cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis 1437:1486 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 10 34 theme defense 1649:1655 arg1 mechanism 1657:1665 the skin's natural defense mechanism 1630:1665 the skin's natural defense mechanism 1630:1665 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 5 35 theme Nrf2-Keap1 706:715 arg1 mechanism 691:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 5 35 theme Nrf2-Keap1 706:715 arg1 pathway 717:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 6 36 theme human 834:838 arg1 skin 840:843 healthy human skin 826:843 healthy human skin 826:843 In this work, we aimed to explore the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin and characterize their matrix composition. 33918948 10 37 theme healthy 1584:1590 arg1 balance 1608:1614 a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1582:1614 a healthy cutaneous redox balance 1582:1614 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 9 38 theme S. 1403:1404 arg1 eDNA 1421:1424 isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA 1394:1424 isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA 1394:1424 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 0 39 theme UVB 43:45 arg1 Damage 47:52 UVB Damage 43:52 UVB Damage 43:52 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage Conferred by Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization. 33918948 6 40 theme healthy 826:832 arg1 skin 840:843 healthy human skin 826:843 healthy human skin 826:843 In this work, we aimed to explore the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin and characterize their matrix composition. 33918948 8 41 theme extracellular 1332:1344 arg1 eDNA 1351:1354 eDNA 1351:1354 eDNA 1351:1354 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 8 41 theme extracellular 1332:1344 arg1 DNA 1346:1348 extracellular DNA 1332:1348 extracellular DNA (eDNA) 1332:1355 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 8 42 theme extracellular 1250:1262 arg1 ECM 1272:1274 ECM 1272:1274 ECM 1272:1274 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 8 42 theme extracellular 1250:1262 arg1 matrix 1264:1269 the cultures' extracellular matrix 1236:1269 the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) 1236:1275 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 3 43 theme cutaneous 395:403 arg1 maladies 405:412 cutaneous maladies 395:412 cutaneous maladies 395:412 Both bacteria have been associated with cutaneous maladies, where they mostly arrange in a biofilm, thus achieving improved surface adhesion and stability. 33918948 5 44 theme important 661:669 arg1 mechanism 691:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 5 44 theme important 661:669 arg1 pathway 717:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 8 45 theme first 1104:1108 arg1 time 1110:1113 the first time 1100:1113 the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) 1100:1355 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 2 46 theme common 217:222 arg1 inhabitants 224:234 the most common inhabitants 208:234 the most common inhabitants 208:234 Among the most common inhabitants are Staphylococcus spp., namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and, in ≈20% of healthy individuals, Staphylococcus aureus. 33918948 3 47 from biofilm 446:452 arg1 arrange 433:439 arrange 433:439 arrange 433:439 Both bacteria have been associated with cutaneous maladies, where they mostly arrange in a biofilm, thus achieving improved surface adhesion and stability. 33918948 3 48 theme surface 479:485 arg1 adhesion 487:494 improved surface adhesion 470:494 improved surface adhesion 470:494 Both bacteria have been associated with cutaneous maladies, where they mostly arrange in a biofilm, thus achieving improved surface adhesion and stability. 33918948 5 49 theme antioxidant 671:681 arg1 mechanism 691:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 5 49 theme antioxidant 671:681 arg1 pathway 717:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 7 50 theme healthy 970:976 arg1 surface 983:989 a healthy skin surface 968:989 a healthy skin surface 968:989 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 1 51 theme lush 126:129 arg1 habitat 141:147 a lush microbial habitat 124:147 a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms 124:199 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 1 51 theme lush 126:129 arg1 skin 116:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 10 52 theme skin 1528:1531 arg1 representatives 1544:1558 skin microbiota representatives 1528:1558 skin microbiota representatives 1528:1558 This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin's natural defense mechanism. 33918948 5 53 theme defense 683:689 arg1 mechanism 691:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 an important antioxidant defense mechanism 658:699 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 5 53 theme defense 683:689 arg1 pathway 717:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway 702:723 Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. 33918948 9 54 dep S. 1403:1404 arg1 aureus 1406:1411 aureus 1406:1411 aureus 1406:1411 Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. 33918948 7 55 theme skin 978:981 arg1 surface 983:989 a healthy skin surface 968:989 a healthy skin surface 968:989 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 1 56 theme microbial 131:139 arg1 habitat 141:147 a lush microbial habitat 124:147 a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms 124:199 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 1 56 theme microbial 131:139 arg1 skin 116:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin 106:119 The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. 33918948 7 57 theme protective 1003:1012 arg1 effects 1014:1020 protective effects 1003:1020 protective effects 1003:1020 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 2 58 theme healthy 311:317 arg1 individuals 319:329 healthy individuals 311:329 healthy individuals 311:329 Among the most common inhabitants are Staphylococcus spp., namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and, in ≈20% of healthy individuals, Staphylococcus aureus. 33918948 2 59 theme individuals 319:329 arg1 % 306:306 ≈20% 303:306 ≈20% of healthy individuals 303:329 Among the most common inhabitants are Staphylococcus spp., namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and, in ≈20% of healthy individuals, Staphylococcus aureus. 33918948 2 59 theme individuals 319:329 arg1 individuals 319:329 healthy individuals 311:329 healthy individuals 311:329 Among the most common inhabitants are Staphylococcus spp., namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and, in ≈20% of healthy individuals, Staphylococcus aureus. 33918948 0 60 theme Epidermal 82:90 arg1 Colonization 92:103 Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization 67:103 Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization 67:103 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage Conferred by Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization. 33918948 6 61 theme epidermidis 795:805 arg1 morphology 764:773 the morphology 760:773 the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin 760:843 In this work, we aimed to explore the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin and characterize their matrix composition. 33918948 7 62 from localization 926:937 arg1 surface 983:989 a healthy skin surface 968:989 a healthy skin surface 968:989 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 8 63 theme ex 1200:1201 arg1 skin 1222:1225 ex vivo healthy human skin 1200:1225 ex vivo healthy human skin 1200:1225 Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures' extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). 33918948 0 64 theme Staphylococcal 67:80 arg1 Colonization 92:103 Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization 67:103 Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization 67:103 eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage Conferred by Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization. 33918948 7 65 theme oxidative 1030:1038 arg1 stressors 1040:1048 oxidative stressors 1030:1048 oxidative stressors 1030:1048 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 7 65 theme oxidative 1030:1038 arg1 UV-irradiation 1059:1072 UV-irradiation 1059:1072 UV-irradiation 1059:1072 Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. 33918948 3 66 from arrange 433:439 arg1 biofilm 446:452 a biofilm 444:452 a biofilm 444:452 Both bacteria have been associated with cutaneous maladies, where they mostly arrange in a biofilm, thus achieving improved surface adhesion and stability. 33429847 0 0 theme Ficus-Indica 82:93 arg1 Analysis 62:69 Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis 43:69 Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica 43:93 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 33429847 3 1 theme abundant 315:322 arg1 polysaccharides 324:338 the abundant polysaccharides 311:338 the abundant polysaccharides 311:338 However, proteomic analysis of the plant has been difficult due to the composition of its succulent cladodes; the abundant polysaccharides interfere with protein extraction. 33429847 3 2 theme plant 236:240 arg1 analysis 220:227 proteomic analysis 210:227 proteomic analysis of the plant 210:240 However, proteomic analysis of the plant has been difficult due to the composition of its succulent cladodes; the abundant polysaccharides interfere with protein extraction. 33429847 7 3 used used 819:822 arg2 we 816:817 we 816:817 we 816:817 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 7 4 theme Opuntia 875:881 arg1 proteome 883:890 the Opuntia proteome 871:890 the Opuntia proteome 871:890 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 8 5 theme carboxylase 1076:1086 arg1 abundance 1088:1096 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance 1056:1096 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance 1056:1096 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 8 6 theme Qualified 981:989 arg1 observations 991:1002 Qualified observations 981:1002 Qualified observations 981:1002 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 10 7 theme extraction 1324:1333 arg1 method 1335:1340 our optimized protein extraction method 1302:1340 our optimized protein extraction method 1302:1340 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 2 8 theme high 158:161 arg1 stress-tolerance 163:178 high stress-tolerance 158:178 high stress-tolerance 158:178 is an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits. 33429847 8 9 theme phosphoenolpyruvate 1056:1074 arg1 abundance 1088:1096 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance 1056:1096 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance 1056:1096 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 5 10 theme gel-free 610:617 arg1 workflow 632:639 a gel-free quantitative workflow 608:639 a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification 608:684 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 6 11 theme exocarp 737:743 arg1 tissues 745:751 exocarp tissues 737:751 exocarp tissues 737:751 We successfully analyzed the cladode mesocarp and exocarp tissues, resulting in the identification of 319 proteins. 33429847 4 12 theme plant 416:420 arg1 analysis 399:406 proteomic analysis 389:406 proteomic analysis of this plant 389:420 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 3 13 theme protein 355:361 arg1 extraction 363:372 protein extraction 355:372 protein extraction 355:372 However, proteomic analysis of the plant has been difficult due to the composition of its succulent cladodes; the abundant polysaccharides interfere with protein extraction. 33429847 4 14 theme ficus-indica 491:502 arg1 Miller 509:514 Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller 483:514 Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller 483:514 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 6 15 dep mesocarp 724:731 arg1 the 712:714 the 712:714 the 712:714 We successfully analyzed the cladode mesocarp and exocarp tissues, resulting in the identification of 319 proteins. 33429847 7 16 theme relative 851:858 arg1 changes 860:866 the relative changes 847:866 the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress 847:917 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 0 17 theme Optimized 3:11 arg1 Method 32:37 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method 0:37 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 0:94 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 33429847 2 18 theme vegetable 138:146 arg1 crop 148:151 an economically important vegetable crop 112:151 an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits 112:198 is an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits. 33429847 8 19 theme ribulose-bisphosphate 1112:1132 arg1 carboxylase 1134:1144 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase 1112:1144 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants 1112:1176 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 3 20 theme proteomic 210:218 arg1 analysis 220:227 proteomic analysis 210:227 proteomic analysis of the plant 210:240 However, proteomic analysis of the plant has been difficult due to the composition of its succulent cladodes; the abundant polysaccharides interfere with protein extraction. 33429847 6 21 theme cladode 716:722 arg1 mesocarp 724:731 cladode mesocarp 716:731 cladode mesocarp 716:731 We successfully analyzed the cladode mesocarp and exocarp tissues, resulting in the identification of 319 proteins. 33429847 4 22 dep ficus-indica 491:502 arg1 L. 505:506 L. 505:506 L. 505:506 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 5 23 theme quantitative 619:630 arg1 workflow 632:639 a gel-free quantitative workflow 608:639 a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification 608:684 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 10 24 theme proteomic 1410:1418 arg1 analysis 1420:1427 gel-free proteomic analysis 1401:1427 gel-free proteomic analysis 1401:1427 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 5 25 theme additional 662:671 arg1 purification 673:684 additional purification 662:684 additional purification 662:684 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 0 26 theme Extraction 21:30 arg1 Method 32:37 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method 0:37 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 0:94 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 33429847 5 27 with compatible 592:601 arg1 workflow 632:639 a gel-free quantitative workflow 608:639 a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification 608:684 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 4 28 theme proteomic 389:397 arg1 analysis 399:406 proteomic analysis 389:406 proteomic analysis of this plant 389:420 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 10 29 theme gel-free 1401:1408 arg1 analysis 1420:1427 gel-free proteomic analysis 1401:1427 gel-free proteomic analysis 1401:1427 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 2 30 with crop 148:151 arg1 stress-tolerance 163:178 high stress-tolerance 158:178 high stress-tolerance 158:178 is an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits. 33429847 2 30 with crop 148:151 arg1 benefits 191:198 health benefits 184:198 health benefits 184:198 is an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits. 33429847 0 31 theme Protein 13:19 arg1 Method 32:37 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method 0:37 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 0:94 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 33429847 4 32 theme simple 446:451 arg1 method 472:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method 434:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller 434:514 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 8 33 theme O. 1155:1156 arg1 plants 1171:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 2 34 theme health 184:189 arg1 benefits 191:198 health benefits 184:198 health benefits 184:198 is an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits. 33429847 10 35 theme Opuntia 1387:1393 arg1 adaptations 1372:1382 the metabolic adaptations 1358:1382 the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis 1358:1427 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 9 36 theme Crassulacean 1207:1218 arg1 metabolism 1225:1234 Crassulacean acid metabolism 1207:1234 Crassulacean acid metabolism 1207:1234 These findings suggest that Crassulacean acid metabolism is promoted under salinity. 33429847 8 37 theme young 1149:1153 arg1 plants 1171:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 4 38 theme extraction 461:470 arg1 method 472:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method 434:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller 434:514 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 6 39 theme 319 789:791 arg1 proteins 793:800 319 proteins 789:800 319 proteins 789:800 We successfully analyzed the cladode mesocarp and exocarp tissues, resulting in the identification of 319 proteins. 33429847 10 40 theme metabolic 1362:1370 arg1 adaptations 1372:1382 the metabolic adaptations 1358:1382 the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis 1358:1427 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 0 41 theme Proteomic 52:60 arg1 Analysis 62:69 Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis 43:69 Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica 43:93 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 33429847 3 42 theme cladodes 301:308 arg1 composition 272:282 the composition 268:282 the composition of its succulent cladodes 268:308 However, proteomic analysis of the plant has been difficult due to the composition of its succulent cladodes; the abundant polysaccharides interfere with protein extraction. 33429847 4 43 theme protein 453:459 arg1 method 472:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method 434:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller 434:514 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 0 44 theme Gel-Free 43:50 arg1 Analysis 62:69 Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis 43:69 Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica 43:93 An Optimized Protein Extraction Method for Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis of Opuntia Ficus-Indica. 33429847 8 45 theme ficus-indica 1158:1169 arg1 plants 1171:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 5 46 theme reproducible 554:565 arg1 patterns 575:582 highly reproducible protein patterns 547:582 highly reproducible protein patterns 547:582 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 10 47 theme protein 1316:1322 arg1 method 1335:1340 our optimized protein extraction method 1302:1340 our optimized protein extraction method 1302:1340 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 6 48 theme proteins 793:800 arg1 identification 771:784 the identification 767:784 the identification of 319 proteins 767:800 We successfully analyzed the cladode mesocarp and exocarp tissues, resulting in the identification of 319 proteins. 33429847 7 49 theme physiological 940:952 arg1 changes 954:960 physiological changes 940:960 physiological changes 940:960 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 5 50 theme protein 567:573 arg1 patterns 575:582 highly reproducible protein patterns 547:582 highly reproducible protein patterns 547:582 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 10 51 theme optimized 1306:1314 arg1 method 1335:1340 our optimized protein extraction method 1302:1340 our optimized protein extraction method 1302:1340 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 10 52 theme method 1335:1340 arg1 efficacy 1290:1297 the efficacy 1286:1297 the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis 1286:1427 This study highlights the efficacy of our optimized protein extraction method for elucidating the metabolic adaptations of Opuntia using gel-free proteomic analysis. 33429847 3 53 theme succulent 291:299 arg1 cladodes 301:308 its succulent cladodes 287:308 its succulent cladodes 287:308 However, proteomic analysis of the plant has been difficult due to the composition of its succulent cladodes; the abundant polysaccharides interfere with protein extraction. 33429847 4 54 theme rapid 436:440 arg1 method 472:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method 434:477 a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller 434:514 To facilitate proteomic analysis of this plant, we present a rapid and simple protein extraction method for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. 33429847 7 55 from changes 860:866 arg1 response 895:902 response 895:902 response to salt stress 895:917 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 7 55 from changes 860:866 arg1 proteome 883:890 the Opuntia proteome 871:890 the Opuntia proteome 871:890 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 9 56 theme acid 1220:1223 arg1 metabolism 1225:1234 Crassulacean acid metabolism 1207:1234 Crassulacean acid metabolism 1207:1234 These findings suggest that Crassulacean acid metabolism is promoted under salinity. 33429847 8 57 theme salt 1034:1037 arg1 stress 1039:1044 salt stress 1034:1044 salt stress 1034:1044 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 33429847 7 58 theme salt 907:910 arg1 stress 912:917 salt stress 907:917 salt stress 907:917 In addition, we used this method to examine the relative changes in the Opuntia proteome in response to salt stress to determine whether physiological changes could be captured. 33429847 2 59 theme important 128:136 arg1 crop 148:151 an economically important vegetable crop 112:151 an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits 112:198 is an economically important vegetable crop with high stress-tolerance and health benefits. 33429847 5 60 theme optimized 521:529 arg1 compatible 592:601 compatible 592:601 compatible 592:601 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 5 60 theme optimized 521:529 arg1 method 531:536 The optimized method 517:536 The optimized method 517:536 The optimized method produced highly reproducible protein patterns and was compatible with a gel-free quantitative workflow without the need for additional purification. 33429847 8 61 from carboxylase 1134:1144 arg1 plants 1171:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 young O. ficus-indica plants 1149:1176 Qualified observations were obtained, revealing that salt stress increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase abundance and decreased ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in young O. ficus-indica plants. 32084687 6 0 theme gill 1085:1088 arg1 ecosystems 1104:1113 the gill and hemolymph ecosystems 1081:1113 ecosystems 1104:1113 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 7 1 theme different 1357:1365 arg1 aspects 1367:1373 different aspects 1357:1373 different aspects of host physiology 1357:1392 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 2 2 theme North-Western 382:394 arg1 Sea 405:407 the North-Western Adriatic Sea 378:407 the North-Western Adriatic Sea 378:407 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 5 3 theme microbiota 1057:1066 arg1 asset 1033:1037 the general asset 1021:1037 the general asset of the animal gut microbiota 1021:1066 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 2 4 theme Next 508:511 arg1 approach 547:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 7 5 theme mussel 1335:1340 arg1 microbiota 1342:1351 mussel microbiota 1335:1351 mussel microbiota 1335:1351 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 7 6 theme host 1378:1381 arg1 physiology 1383:1392 host physiology 1378:1392 host physiology 1378:1392 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 4 7 theme peculiar 750:757 arg1 adaptation 759:768 a peculiar adaptation 748:768 a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche 748:799 Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. 32084687 6 8 theme aerobic 1159:1165 arg1 metabolism 1177:1186 aerobic oxidative metabolism 1159:1186 aerobic oxidative metabolism 1159:1186 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 6 9 theme external 1263:1270 arg1 environment 1272:1282 the external environment 1259:1282 the external environment 1259:1282 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 5 10 theme origin 970:975 arg1 polysaccharides 943:957 complex polysaccharides 935:957 complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids 935:1004 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 5 11 theme digestive 838:846 arg1 gland 848:852 the digestive gland 834:852 the digestive gland 834:852 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 1 12 theme structural 158:167 arg1 variation 169:177 the structural variation 154:177 the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale 154:244 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 3 13 from level 649:653 arg1 declinations 622:633 specific declinations 613:633 specific declinations at the tissue level 613:653 Mussels showed a distinctive microbiota structure, with specific declinations at the tissue level. 32084687 5 14 theme short-chain 982:992 arg1 acids 1000:1004 short-chain fatty acids 982:1004 short-chain fatty acids 982:1004 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 5 15 theme gland 848:852 arg1 microbiota 820:829 the microbiota 816:829 the microbiota of the digestive gland 816:852 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 2 16 theme digestive 470:478 arg1 glands 480:485 digestive glands 470:485 digestive glands 470:485 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 4 17 theme families 727:734 arg1 pattern 707:713 a distinct pattern 696:713 a distinct pattern of dominant families 696:734 Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. 32084687 0 18 theme Tissue-scale 0:11 arg1 microbiota 13:22 Tissue-scale microbiota 0:22 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 0:78 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 5 19 theme gut 1053:1055 arg1 microbiota 1057:1066 the animal gut microbiota 1042:1066 the animal gut microbiota 1042:1066 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 1 20 with connection 266:275 arg1 ecosystem 296:304 the microbial ecosystem 282:304 the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water 282:329 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 4 21 theme dominant 718:725 arg1 families 727:734 dominant families 718:734 dominant families 718:734 Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. 32084687 2 22 theme located 367:373 arg1 farm 362:365 a farm 360:365 a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea 360:407 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 7 23 theme mussel 1426:1431 arg1 health 1433:1438 mussel health 1426:1438 mussel health 1426:1438 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 2 24 theme gene 542:545 arg1 approach 547:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 0 25 with relationship 88:99 arg1 environment 110:120 the environment 106:120 the environment 106:120 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 7 26 theme ultimate 1400:1407 arg1 repercussions 1409:1421 ultimate repercussions 1400:1421 ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity 1400:1455 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 2 27 theme microbiota 413:422 arg1 composition 424:434 microbiota composition 413:434 microbiota composition 413:434 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 5 28 theme complex 935:941 arg1 polysaccharides 943:957 complex polysaccharides 935:957 complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids 935:1004 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 6 29 with consistent 1189:1198 arg1 role 1209:1212 the role 1205:1212 the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment 1205:1282 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 2 30 theme marker 535:540 arg1 approach 547:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 3 31 theme tissue 642:647 arg1 level 649:653 the tissue level 638:653 the tissue level 638:653 Mussels showed a distinctive microbiota structure, with specific declinations at the tissue level. 32084687 6 32 theme marine 1132:1137 arg1 microorganisms 1139:1152 marine microorganisms 1132:1152 marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism 1132:1186 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 7 33 theme putative 1312:1319 arg1 importance 1321:1330 the putative importance 1308:1330 the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology 1308:1392 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 0 34 theme mussel 45:50 arg1 microbiota 13:22 Tissue-scale microbiota 0:22 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 0:78 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 0 34 theme mussel 45:50 arg1 relationship 88:99 its relationship 84:99 its relationship with the environment 84:120 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 1 35 theme microbial 286:294 arg1 ecosystem 296:304 the microbial ecosystem 282:304 the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water 282:329 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 2 36 theme Sequencing 524:533 arg1 approach 547:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 3 37 theme microbiota 586:595 arg1 structure 597:605 a distinctive microbiota structure 572:605 a distinctive microbiota structure 572:605 Mussels showed a distinctive microbiota structure, with specific declinations at the tissue level. 32084687 1 38 theme Mytilus 200:206 arg1 galloprovincialis 208:224 Mytilus galloprovincialis 200:224 Mytilus galloprovincialis 200:224 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 0 39 theme Mediterranean 31:43 arg1 mussel 45:50 the Mediterranean mussel 27:50 the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 27:78 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 0 39 theme Mediterranean 31:43 arg1 galloprovincialis 61:77 Mytilus galloprovincialis 53:77 Mytilus galloprovincialis 53:77 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 6 40 with microorganisms 1139:1152 arg1 metabolism 1177:1186 aerobic oxidative metabolism 1159:1186 aerobic oxidative metabolism 1159:1186 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 2 41 theme Generation 513:522 arg1 approach 547:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach 508:554 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 7 42 theme physiology 1383:1392 arg1 aspects 1367:1373 different aspects 1357:1373 different aspects of host physiology 1357:1392 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 1 43 theme galloprovincialis 208:224 arg1 microbiota 186:195 the microbiota 182:195 the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis 182:224 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 0 44 theme Mytilus 53:59 arg1 mussel 45:50 the Mediterranean mussel 27:50 the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 27:78 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 0 44 theme Mytilus 53:59 arg1 galloprovincialis 61:77 Mytilus galloprovincialis 53:77 Mytilus galloprovincialis 53:77 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 5 45 dep shaped 917:922 arg1 matching 1012:1019 matching 1012:1019 well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota 1007:1066 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 5 46 theme general 1025:1031 arg1 asset 1033:1037 the general asset 1021:1037 the general asset of the animal gut microbiota 1021:1066 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 2 47 from located 367:373 arg1 Sea 405:407 the North-Western Adriatic Sea 378:407 the North-Western Adriatic Sea 378:407 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 4 48 theme distinct 698:705 arg1 pattern 707:713 a distinct pattern 696:713 a distinct pattern of dominant families 696:734 Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. 32084687 1 49 from scale 240:244 arg1 variation 169:177 the structural variation 154:177 the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale 154:244 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 3 50 theme distinctive 574:584 arg1 structure 597:605 a distinctive microbiota structure 572:605 a distinctive microbiota structure 572:605 Mussels showed a distinctive microbiota structure, with specific declinations at the tissue level. 32084687 0 51 with microbiota 13:22 arg1 environment 110:120 the environment 106:120 the environment 106:120 Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. 32084687 1 52 theme surrounding 313:323 arg1 water 325:329 the surrounding water 309:329 the surrounding water 309:329 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 4 53 theme respective 777:786 arg1 niche 795:799 the respective tissue niche 773:799 the respective tissue niche 773:799 Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. 32084687 3 54 theme specific 613:620 arg1 declinations 622:633 specific declinations 613:633 specific declinations at the tissue level 613:653 Mussels showed a distinctive microbiota structure, with specific declinations at the tissue level. 32084687 7 55 from repercussions 1409:1421 arg1 productivity 1444:1455 productivity 1444:1455 productivity 1444:1455 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 7 55 from repercussions 1409:1421 arg1 health 1433:1438 mussel health 1426:1438 mussel health 1426:1438 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 6 56 theme oxidative 1167:1175 arg1 metabolism 1177:1186 aerobic oxidative metabolism 1159:1186 aerobic oxidative metabolism 1159:1186 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 5 57 theme animal 1046:1051 arg1 microbiota 1057:1066 the animal gut microbiota 1042:1066 the animal gut microbiota 1042:1066 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 5 58 theme dietary 962:968 arg1 origin 970:975 dietary origin 962:975 dietary origin 962:975 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 2 59 from Sea 405:407 arg1 located 367:373 located 367:373 located 367:373 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 2 60 theme Adriatic 396:403 arg1 Sea 405:407 the North-Western Adriatic Sea 378:407 the North-Western Adriatic Sea 378:407 Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. 32084687 1 61 theme microbiota 186:195 arg1 variation 169:177 the structural variation 154:177 the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale 154:244 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 6 62 theme hemolymph 1094:1102 arg1 ecosystems 1104:1113 the gill and hemolymph ecosystems 1081:1113 ecosystems 1104:1113 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 32084687 7 63 theme microbiota 1342:1351 arg1 importance 1321:1330 the putative importance 1308:1330 the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology 1308:1392 Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity. 32084687 1 64 theme tissue 233:238 arg1 scale 240:244 the tissue scale 229:244 the tissue scale 229:244 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 5 65 theme fatty 994:998 arg1 acids 1000:1004 short-chain fatty acids 982:1004 short-chain fatty acids 982:1004 For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. 32084687 1 66 theme water 325:329 arg1 ecosystem 296:304 the microbial ecosystem 282:304 the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water 282:329 In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. 32084687 4 67 theme tissue 788:793 arg1 niche 795:799 the respective tissue niche 773:799 the respective tissue niche 773:799 Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. 32084687 6 68 with interface 1244:1252 arg1 environment 1272:1282 the external environment 1259:1282 the external environment 1259:1282 Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. 34721318 6 0 theme single- 1212:1218 arg1 biofilms 1237:1244 luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms 1195:1244 luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms 1195:1244 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 8 1 theme faecalis 1776:1783 arg1 species 1746:1752 single and dual species 1730:1752 single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1730:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 3 2 theme single 530:535 arg1 cultures 547:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 5 3 theme laser 1144:1148 arg1 microscope 1159:1168 confocal laser scanning microscope 1135:1168 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 1135:1175 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 3 theme laser 1144:1148 arg1 CLSM 1171:1174 CLSM 1171:1174 CLSM 1171:1174 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 4 theme single 862:867 arg1 biofilms 886:893 single and dual-species biofilms 862:893 single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 862:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 4 5 theme planktonic 648:657 arg1 cells 659:663 planktonic cells 648:663 planktonic cells 648:663 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 3 6 theme faecalis 518:525 arg1 growth 456:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 3 6 theme faecalis 518:525 arg1 formation 486:494 biofilm formation 478:494 biofilm formation 478:494 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 3 6 theme faecalis 518:525 arg1 adhesion 464:471 adhesion 464:471 adhesion 464:471 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 5 7 from presence 975:982 arg1 biofilms 928:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms 905:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 905:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 3 8 theme mixed 541:545 arg1 cultures 547:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 4 9 theme luteolin 631:638 arg1 32 718:719 32 718:719 32 718:719 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 4 9 theme luteolin 631:638 arg1 concentrations 613:626 the minimum inhibitory concentrations 590:626 the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures 590:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 5 10 theme violet 1028:1033 arg1 CVSA 1051:1054 CVSA 1051:1054 CVSA 1051:1054 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 10 theme violet 1028:1033 arg1 assay 1044:1048 mainly crystal violet staining assay 1013:1048 mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA) 1013:1055 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 11 theme luteolin 987:994 arg1 presence 975:982 the presence 971:982 the presence of luteolin 971:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 12 from variation 791:799 arg1 composition 847:857 composition 847:857 composition 847:857 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 12 from variation 791:799 arg1 viability 821:829 viability 821:829 viability 821:829 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 12 from variation 791:799 arg1 biomass 812:818 biofilm biomass 804:818 biofilm biomass 804:818 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 12 from variation 791:799 arg1 structure 832:840 structure 832:840 structure 832:840 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 4 13 theme mixed 698:702 arg1 cultures 704:711 mixed cultures 698:711 mixed cultures 698:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 6 14 theme dual-species 1224:1235 arg1 biofilms 1237:1244 luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms 1195:1244 luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms 1195:1244 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 2 15 theme natural 263:269 arg1 products 271:278 natural products 263:278 natural products 263:278 However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. 34721318 8 16 theme biofilm-related 1692:1706 arg1 infections 1708:1717 biofilm-related infections 1692:1717 biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1692:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 5 17 theme biofilms 886:893 arg1 composition 847:857 composition 847:857 composition 847:857 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 17 theme biofilms 886:893 arg1 viability 821:829 viability 821:829 viability 821:829 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 17 theme biofilms 886:893 arg1 biomass 812:818 biofilm biomass 804:818 biofilm biomass 804:818 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 17 theme biofilms 886:893 arg1 structure 832:840 structure 832:840 structure 832:840 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 4 18 theme albicans 671:678 arg1 luteolin 631:638 luteolin 631:638 luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures 631:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 6 19 theme biofilm 1310:1316 arg1 components 1325:1334 biofilm matrix components 1310:1334 biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) 1310:1372 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 1 20 theme biofilm-associated 155:172 arg1 infections 174:183 biofilm-associated infections 155:183 biofilm-associated infections 155:183 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 0 21 theme Candida 68:74 arg1 albicans 76:83 Candida albicans 68:83 Candida albicans 68:83 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 8 22 theme single 1730:1735 arg1 species 1746:1752 single and dual species 1730:1752 single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1730:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 7 23 theme biofilm 1493:1499 arg1 structures 1501:1510 destructing preformed biofilm structures 1471:1510 destructing preformed biofilm structures 1471:1510 Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. 34721318 4 24 theme μg 728:729 arg1 ml-1 731:734 64 μg ml-1 725:734 64 μg ml-1 725:734 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 8 25 theme dual 1741:1744 arg1 species 1746:1752 single and dual species 1730:1752 single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1730:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 7 26 theme destructing 1471:1481 arg1 structures 1501:1510 destructing preformed biofilm structures 1471:1510 destructing preformed biofilm structures 1471:1510 Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. 34721318 0 27 theme faecalis 102:109 arg1 Species 57:63 Single and Dual Species 41:63 Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis 41:109 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 3 28 theme study 385:389 arg1 aim 373:375 The aim 369:375 The aim of this study 369:389 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 8 29 theme albicans 1760:1767 arg1 species 1746:1752 single and dual species 1730:1752 single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1730:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 5 30 theme remarkable 780:789 arg1 variation 791:799 a remarkable variation 778:799 a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 778:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 6 31 dep components 1325:1334 arg1 proteins 1364:1371 proteins 1364:1371 proteins 1364:1371 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 6 31 dep components 1325:1334 arg1 polysaccharides 1344:1358 polysaccharides 1344:1358 polysaccharides 1344:1358 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 3 32 theme cell 451:454 arg1 growth 456:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 5 33 theme field 1078:1082 arg1 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 33 theme field 1078:1082 arg1 microscope 1111:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope 1078:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) 1078:1128 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 3 34 from growth 456:461 arg1 cultures 547:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 3 35 theme biofilm 478:484 arg1 formation 486:494 biofilm formation 478:494 biofilm formation 478:494 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 6 36 theme components 1325:1334 arg1 loss 1302:1305 the loss 1298:1305 the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) 1298:1372 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 5 37 theme scanning 1093:1100 arg1 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 37 theme scanning 1093:1100 arg1 microscope 1111:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope 1078:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) 1078:1128 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 3 38 from adhesion 464:471 arg1 cultures 547:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 5 39 theme scanning 1150:1157 arg1 microscope 1159:1168 confocal laser scanning microscope 1135:1168 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 1135:1175 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 39 theme scanning 1150:1157 arg1 CLSM 1171:1174 CLSM 1171:1174 CLSM 1171:1174 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 3 40 theme albicans 502:509 arg1 growth 456:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 3 40 theme albicans 502:509 arg1 formation 486:494 biofilm formation 478:494 biofilm formation 478:494 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 3 40 theme albicans 502:509 arg1 adhesion 464:471 adhesion 464:471 adhesion 464:471 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 5 41 theme faecalis 959:966 arg1 biofilms 928:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms 905:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 905:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 6 42 theme luteolin-treated 1195:1210 arg1 biofilms 1237:1244 luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms 1195:1244 luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms 1195:1244 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 5 43 from biofilms 928:935 arg1 presence 975:982 the presence 971:982 the presence of luteolin 971:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 44 theme confocal 1135:1142 arg1 microscope 1159:1168 confocal laser scanning microscope 1135:1168 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 1135:1175 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 44 theme confocal 1135:1142 arg1 CLSM 1171:1174 CLSM 1171:1174 CLSM 1171:1174 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 2 45 theme mixed 288:292 arg1 biofilms 294:301 mixed biofilms 288:301 mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis 288:332 However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. 34721318 8 46 theme luteolin 1616:1623 arg1 potential 1603:1611 the potential 1599:1611 the potential of luteolin 1599:1623 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 8 46 theme luteolin 1616:1623 arg1 agent 1652:1656 a promising antibiofilm agent 1628:1656 a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1628:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 1 47 theme huge 197:200 arg1 challenge 202:210 a huge challenge 195:210 a huge challenge to the medical community 195:235 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 1 47 theme huge 197:200 arg1 albicans 120:127 Candida albicans 112:127 Candida albicans 112:127 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 1 47 theme huge 197:200 arg1 faecalis 146:153 Enterococcus faecalis 133:153 Enterococcus faecalis 133:153 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 3 48 from formation 486:494 arg1 cultures 547:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 single and mixed cultures 530:554 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 2 49 theme albicans 309:316 arg1 biofilms 294:301 mixed biofilms 288:301 mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis 288:332 However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. 34721318 4 50 theme inhibitory 602:611 arg1 32 718:719 32 718:719 32 718:719 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 4 50 theme inhibitory 602:611 arg1 concentrations 613:626 the minimum inhibitory concentrations 590:626 the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures 590:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 5 51 theme crystal 1020:1026 arg1 CVSA 1051:1054 CVSA 1051:1054 CVSA 1051:1054 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 51 theme crystal 1020:1026 arg1 assay 1044:1048 mainly crystal violet staining assay 1013:1048 mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA) 1013:1055 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 8 52 theme antibiofilm 1640:1650 arg1 potential 1603:1611 the potential 1599:1611 the potential of luteolin 1599:1623 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 8 52 theme antibiofilm 1640:1650 arg1 agent 1652:1656 a promising antibiofilm agent 1628:1656 a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1628:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 5 53 theme biofilm 804:810 arg1 biomass 812:818 biofilm biomass 804:818 biofilm biomass 804:818 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 54 theme staining 1035:1042 arg1 CVSA 1051:1054 CVSA 1051:1054 CVSA 1051:1054 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 54 theme staining 1035:1042 arg1 assay 1044:1048 mainly crystal violet staining assay 1013:1048 mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA) 1013:1055 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 1 55 theme Candida 112:118 arg1 challenge 202:210 a huge challenge 195:210 a huge challenge to the medical community 195:235 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 1 55 theme Candida 112:118 arg1 albicans 120:127 Candida albicans 112:127 Candida albicans 112:127 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 1 55 theme Candida 112:118 arg1 faecalis 146:153 Enterococcus faecalis 133:153 Enterococcus faecalis 133:153 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 7 56 theme dual 1526:1529 arg1 species 1531:1537 single and dual species 1515:1537 single and dual species 1515:1537 Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. 34721318 4 57 theme faecalis 684:691 arg1 luteolin 631:638 luteolin 631:638 luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures 631:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 6 58 theme biofilms 1237:1244 arg1 tolerance 1182:1190 The tolerance 1178:1190 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics 1178:1259 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 2 59 theme products 271:278 arg1 efficacy 251:258 the efficacy 247:258 the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis 247:332 However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. 34721318 8 60 theme therapeutic 1666:1676 arg1 management 1678:1687 the therapeutic management 1662:1687 the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1662:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 5 61 theme dual-species 873:884 arg1 biofilms 886:893 single and dual-species biofilms 862:893 single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 862:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 7 62 theme single 1515:1520 arg1 species 1531:1537 single and dual species 1515:1537 single and dual species 1515:1537 Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. 34721318 6 63 theme matrix 1318:1323 arg1 components 1325:1334 biofilm matrix components 1310:1334 biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) 1310:1372 The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. 34721318 8 64 theme promising 1630:1638 arg1 potential 1603:1611 the potential 1599:1611 the potential of luteolin 1599:1623 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 8 64 theme promising 1630:1638 arg1 agent 1652:1656 a promising antibiofilm agent 1628:1656 a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1628:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 0 65 theme albicans 76:83 arg1 Species 57:63 Single and Dual Species 41:63 Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis 41:109 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 5 66 theme optical 1058:1064 arg1 microscope 1066:1075 optical microscope 1058:1075 optical microscope 1058:1075 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 8 67 theme infections 1708:1717 arg1 management 1678:1687 the therapeutic management 1662:1687 the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis 1662:1783 Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis. 34721318 7 68 theme preformed 1483:1491 arg1 structures 1501:1510 destructing preformed biofilm structures 1471:1510 destructing preformed biofilm structures 1471:1510 Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. 34721318 0 69 theme Enterococcus 89:100 arg1 faecalis 102:109 Enterococcus faecalis 89:109 Enterococcus faecalis 89:109 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 5 70 theme dual-species 915:926 arg1 biofilms 928:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms 905:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 905:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 1 71 dep albicans 120:127 arg1 infections 174:183 biofilm-associated infections 155:183 biofilm-associated infections 155:183 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 3 72 theme planktonic 440:449 arg1 growth 456:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 planktonic cell growth 440:461 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 4 73 theme cultures 704:711 arg1 luteolin 631:638 luteolin 631:638 luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures 631:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 3 74 theme luteolin 423:430 arg1 efficacy 411:418 the efficacy 407:418 the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures 407:554 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. 34721318 0 75 theme Luteolin 24:31 arg1 Efficacy 12:19 Efficacy 12:19 Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis 12:109 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 5 76 theme mono- 905:909 arg1 biofilms 928:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms 905:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 905:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 0 77 theme Single 41:46 arg1 Species 57:63 Single and Dual Species 41:63 Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis 41:109 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 1 78 theme medical 219:225 arg1 community 227:235 the medical community 215:235 the medical community 215:235 Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. 34721318 0 79 theme Dual 52:55 arg1 Species 57:63 Single and Dual Species 41:63 Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis 41:109 Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. 34721318 5 80 theme emission 1084:1091 arg1 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 80 theme emission 1084:1091 arg1 microscope 1111:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope 1078:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) 1078:1128 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 81 theme electron 1102:1109 arg1 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 FESEM 1123:1127 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 5 81 theme electron 1102:1109 arg1 microscope 1111:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope 1078:1120 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) 1078:1128 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 7 82 theme biofilm 1445:1451 arg1 cells 1453:1457 biofilm cells 1445:1457 biofilm cells 1445:1457 Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. 34721318 5 83 theme albicans 943:950 arg1 biofilms 928:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms 905:935 mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin 905:994 The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 34721318 2 84 theme faecalis 325:332 arg1 biofilms 294:301 mixed biofilms 288:301 mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis 288:332 However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. 34721318 4 85 theme minimum 594:600 arg1 32 718:719 32 718:719 32 718:719 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34721318 4 85 theme minimum 594:600 arg1 concentrations 613:626 the minimum inhibitory concentrations 590:626 the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures 590:711 The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml-1, respectively. 34682275 7 0 theme rice 1180:1183 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 1 1 theme rice 168:171 arg1 straw 173:177 rice straw 168:177 rice straw 168:177 The utilization of rice straw for biofuel production is limited by its composition. 34682275 5 2 theme dilution 753:760 arg1 rate 762:765 The dilution rate 749:765 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 749:777 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 8 3 theme simultaneous 1422:1433 arg1 pretreatment 1446:1457 simultaneous biological pretreatment 1422:1457 simultaneous biological pretreatment 1422:1457 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 7 4 theme % 1098:1098 arg1 delignification 1074:1088 delignification 1074:1088 delignification of 45.55% 1074:1098 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 5 from °C 1200:1201 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 1 6 theme straw 173:177 arg1 utilization 153:163 The utilization 149:163 The utilization of rice straw for biofuel production 149:200 The utilization of rice straw for biofuel production is limited by its composition. 34682275 7 7 theme 39.40 1170:1174 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 8 theme incubation 1383:1392 arg1 h 1378:1378 12 h 1375:1378 12 h of incubation 1375:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 9 theme delignification 1074:1088 arg1 percentage 1060:1069 The maximum percentage 1048:1069 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% 1048:1098 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 10 theme g/L 1246:1248 arg1 sugar 1225:1229 Reducing sugar 1216:1229 Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L 1216:1248 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 5 11 dep times 892:896 arg1 higher 898:903 higher 898:903 higher 898:903 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 5 12 theme batch 918:922 arg1 culture 924:930 batch culture 918:930 batch culture 918:930 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 0 13 theme Panus 101:105 arg1 I9 120:121 Panus neostrigosus I9 101:121 Panus neostrigosus I9 101:121 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 7 14 theme 0.10 1359:1362 arg1 ± 1357:1357 ± 1357:1357 ± 1357:1357 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 8 15 theme cellulose 1550:1558 arg1 accessibility 1533:1545 the accessibility 1529:1545 the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes 1529:1582 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 5 16 theme U/L 867:869 arg1 activity 840:847 laccase activity 832:847 laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L 832:869 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 4 17 theme rpm 724:726 arg1 speed 711:715 an agitation speed 698:715 an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L) 698:746 It was found that fungal physiology was strongly influenced by the agitation, and that the highest laccase production was obtained at an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L). 34682275 4 18 theme agitation 701:709 arg1 speed 711:715 an agitation speed 698:715 an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L) 698:746 It was found that fungal physiology was strongly influenced by the agitation, and that the highest laccase production was obtained at an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L). 34682275 8 19 theme biological 1435:1444 arg1 pretreatment 1446:1457 simultaneous biological pretreatment 1422:1457 simultaneous biological pretreatment 1422:1457 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 7 20 theme rice 1139:1142 arg1 straw 1144:1148 rice straw 1139:1148 rice straw 1139:1148 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 2 21 theme enzymatic 285:293 arg1 accessibility 295:307 the enzymatic accessibility 281:307 the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification 281:377 The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. 34682275 7 22 from straw 1286:1290 arg1 reactor 1301:1307 a SPS reactor 1295:1307 a SPS reactor 1295:1307 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 3 23 theme rice 462:465 arg1 straw 467:471 rice straw 462:471 rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 462:529 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 5 24 theme h-1 775:777 arg1 rate 762:765 The dilution rate 749:765 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 749:777 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 0 25 dep Panus 101:105 arg1 neostrigosus 107:118 neostrigosus 107:118 neostrigosus 107:118 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 1 26 theme biofuel 183:189 arg1 production 191:200 biofuel production 183:200 biofuel production 183:200 The utilization of rice straw for biofuel production is limited by its composition. 34682275 0 27 theme Biological 13:22 arg1 Pretreatment 24:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment 0:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment 0:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 4 28 theme laccase 663:669 arg1 production 671:680 the highest laccase production 651:680 the highest laccase production 651:680 It was found that fungal physiology was strongly influenced by the agitation, and that the highest laccase production was obtained at an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L). 34682275 3 29 theme 2-L 549:551 arg1 fermenter 553:561 a 2-L fermenter 547:561 a 2-L fermenter 547:561 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 0 30 theme Simultaneous 0:11 arg1 Pretreatment 24:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment 0:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment 0:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 6 31 theme surface 942:948 arg1 RSM 963:965 RSM 963:965 RSM 963:965 Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. 34682275 6 31 theme surface 942:948 arg1 methodology 950:960 Response surface methodology 933:960 Response surface methodology (RSM) 933:966 Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. 34682275 7 32 theme maximum 1052:1058 arg1 percentage 1060:1069 The maximum percentage 1048:1069 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% 1048:1098 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 5 33 theme 678.49 852:857 arg1 U/L 867:869 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L 852:869 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L 852:869 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 6 34 theme Response 933:940 arg1 RSM 963:965 RSM 963:965 RSM 963:965 Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. 34682275 6 34 theme Response 933:940 arg1 methodology 950:960 Response surface methodology 933:960 Response surface methodology (RSM) 933:966 Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. 34682275 7 35 theme non-pretreated 1316:1329 arg1 straw 1336:1340 non-pretreated rice straw 1316:1340 non-pretreated rice straw 1316:1340 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 6 36 theme delignification 1031:1045 arg1 percentage 1017:1026 maximum percentage 1009:1026 maximum percentage of delignification 1009:1045 Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. 34682275 3 37 theme laccase 487:493 arg1 production 495:504 laccase production 487:504 laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 487:529 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 3 38 theme simultaneous 395:406 arg1 pretreatment 419:430 simultaneous biological pretreatment 395:430 simultaneous biological pretreatment 395:430 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 4 39 theme fungal 582:587 arg1 physiology 589:598 fungal physiology 582:598 fungal physiology 582:598 It was found that fungal physiology was strongly influenced by the agitation, and that the highest laccase production was obtained at an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L). 34682275 0 40 theme Commercial 127:136 arg1 Cellulase 138:146 Commercial Cellulase 127:146 Commercial Cellulase 127:146 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 2 41 theme polysaccharides 312:326 arg1 accessibility 295:307 the enzymatic accessibility 281:307 the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification 281:377 The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. 34682275 7 42 dep h. 1213:1214 arg1 obtained 1254:1261 obtained 1254:1261 obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor 1254:1307 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 5 43 theme three 886:890 arg1 times 892:896 times 892:896 times 892:896 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 2 44 from accessibility 295:307 arg1 biomass 335:341 the biomass 331:341 the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification 331:377 The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. 34682275 4 45 theme highest 655:661 arg1 production 671:680 the highest laccase production 651:680 the highest laccase production 651:680 It was found that fungal physiology was strongly influenced by the agitation, and that the highest laccase production was obtained at an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L). 34682275 5 46 theme laccase 832:838 arg1 activity 840:847 laccase activity 832:847 laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L 832:869 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 8 47 theme straw 1494:1498 arg1 pretreatment 1446:1457 simultaneous biological pretreatment 1422:1457 simultaneous biological pretreatment 1422:1457 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 8 47 theme straw 1494:1498 arg1 SPS 1481:1483 SPS 1481:1483 SPS 1481:1483 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 8 47 theme straw 1494:1498 arg1 saccharification 1463:1478 saccharification 1463:1478 saccharification (SPS) 1463:1484 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 2 48 theme pretreatment 237:248 arg1 process 250:256 The pretreatment process 233:256 The pretreatment process 233:256 The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. 34682275 7 49 theme enzyme 1163:1168 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 0 50 theme Straw 66:70 arg1 Pretreatment 24:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment 0:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment 0:35 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 0 50 theme Straw 66:70 arg1 Saccharification 41:56 Saccharification 41:56 Saccharification 41:56 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 8 51 theme rice 1489:1492 arg1 straw 1494:1498 rice straw 1489:1498 rice straw 1489:1498 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 7 52 theme SPS 1297:1299 arg1 reactor 1301:1307 a SPS reactor 1295:1307 a SPS reactor 1295:1307 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 0 53 theme Rice 61:64 arg1 Straw 66:70 Rice Straw 61:70 Rice Straw 61:70 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 7 54 theme digested 1272:1279 arg1 straw 1286:1290 the digested rice straw 1268:1290 the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor 1268:1307 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 2 55 theme enzymatic 352:360 arg1 saccharification 362:377 enzymatic saccharification 352:377 enzymatic saccharification 352:377 The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. 34682275 8 56 theme cellulolytic 1563:1574 arg1 enzymes 1576:1582 cellulolytic enzymes 1563:1582 cellulolytic enzymes 1563:1582 The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes. 34682275 0 57 from I9 120:121 arg1 Enzymes 88:94 Ligninolytic Enzymes 75:94 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase 75:146 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 7 58 theme Reducing 1216:1223 arg1 sugar 1225:1229 Reducing sugar 1216:1229 Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L 1216:1248 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 59 with pretreatment 1123:1134 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 60 theme rice 1331:1334 arg1 straw 1336:1340 non-pretreated rice straw 1316:1340 non-pretreated rice straw 1316:1340 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 61 theme 1.13 1352:1355 arg1 ± 1357:1357 ± 1357:1357 ± 1357:1357 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 62 theme 3.85 1234:1237 arg1 ± 1239:1239 ± 1239:1239 ± 1239:1239 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 63 theme straw 1144:1148 arg1 pretreatment 1123:1134 pretreatment 1123:1134 pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1123:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 2 64 theme prior 343:347 arg1 biomass 335:341 the biomass 331:341 the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification 331:377 The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. 34682275 0 65 theme Ligninolytic 75:86 arg1 Enzymes 88:94 Ligninolytic Enzymes 75:94 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase 75:146 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 7 66 theme 0.15 1241:1244 arg1 ± 1239:1239 ± 1239:1239 ± 1239:1239 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 7 67 theme rice 1281:1284 arg1 straw 1286:1290 the digested rice straw 1268:1290 the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor 1268:1307 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 6 68 theme maximum 1009:1015 arg1 percentage 1017:1026 maximum percentage 1009:1026 maximum percentage of delignification 1009:1045 Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. 34682275 5 69 theme ± 859:859 arg1 U/L 867:869 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L 852:869 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L 852:869 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 3 70 theme straw 467:471 arg1 saccharification 436:451 saccharification 436:451 saccharification (SPS) 436:457 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 3 70 theme straw 467:471 arg1 pretreatment 419:430 simultaneous biological pretreatment 395:430 simultaneous biological pretreatment 395:430 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 3 70 theme straw 467:471 arg1 SPS 454:456 SPS 454:456 SPS 454:456 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 0 71 from Cellulase 138:146 arg1 Enzymes 88:94 Ligninolytic Enzymes 75:94 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase 75:146 Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase. 34682275 7 72 theme laccase 1155:1161 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34682275 5 73 theme continuous 790:799 arg1 fermentation 801:812 continuous fermentation 790:812 continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture 790:930 The dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. 34682275 3 74 theme biological 408:417 arg1 pretreatment 419:430 simultaneous biological pretreatment 395:430 simultaneous biological pretreatment 395:430 In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. 34682275 7 75 theme U/g 1176:1178 arg1 straw 1185:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw 1155:1189 laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation 1155:1392 The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. 34151124 1 0 theme walls 347:351 arg1 structure 323:331 the polysaccharide structure 304:331 the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls 304:351 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 6 1 theme twofold 1083:1089 arg1 conformation 1091:1102 a twofold conformation 1081:1102 a twofold conformation 1081:1102 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains adopt a twofold conformation more prevalently and interact more extensively with cellulose. 34151124 4 2 theme secondary 830:838 arg1 stem 855:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 6 3 theme acetylated 1037:1046 arg1 chains 1068:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains 1024:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains 1024:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains adopt a twofold conformation more prevalently and interact more extensively with cellulose. 34151124 3 4 theme cell 783:786 arg1 walls 788:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 0 5 from Structure 6:14 arg1 Walls 63:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 1 6 theme intact 166:171 arg1 stem 173:176 the intact stem and leaf cell walls 162:196 stem 173:176 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 5 7 from ferulated 1001:1009 arg1 stem 1018:1021 the stem 1014:1021 the stem 1014:1021 Moreover, the xylan chains are about twofold more acetylated and about 60% more ferulated in the stem. 34151124 2 8 theme solid-state 537:547 arg1 spectroscopy 553:564 magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 516:564 magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 516:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 0 9 theme NMR 97:99 arg1 Spectroscopy 101:112 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 85:112 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 85:112 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 3 10 theme seedling 766:773 arg1 walls 788:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 1 11 dep composition 134:144 arg1 The 115:117 The 115:117 The 115:117 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 0 12 theme Solid-State 85:95 arg1 Spectroscopy 101:112 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 85:112 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 85:112 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 3 13 theme studied 758:764 arg1 walls 788:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 8 14 theme cell 1415:1418 arg1 wall 1420:1423 the secondary cell wall 1401:1423 the secondary cell wall 1401:1423 This in turn promotes cellulose-lignin interactions that are essential for the formation of the secondary cell wall. 34151124 3 15 theme NMR 600:602 arg1 spectra 604:610 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra 567:610 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra 567:610 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 3 16 theme 13C 596:598 arg1 NMR 600:602 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR 567:602 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra 567:610 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 2 17 theme NMR 549:551 arg1 spectroscopy 553:564 magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 516:564 magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 516:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 5 18 from stem 1018:1021 arg1 ferulated 1001:1009 ferulated 1001:1009 ferulated 1001:1009 Moreover, the xylan chains are about twofold more acetylated and about 60% more ferulated in the stem. 34151124 3 19 theme Quantitative 567:578 arg1 NMR 600:602 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR 567:602 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra 567:610 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 4 20 theme wall-rich 845:853 arg1 stem 855:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 1 21 theme stem 173:176 arg1 composition 134:144 polysaccharide composition 119:144 polysaccharide composition 119:144 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 1 21 theme stem 173:176 arg1 dynamics 150:157 dynamics 150:157 dynamics 150:157 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 2 22 theme dynamics 469:476 arg1 analysis 406:413 detailed analysis 397:413 detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 397:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 2 23 with structure 428:436 arg1 cellulose 500:508 cellulose 500:508 cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 500:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 2 24 theme interaction 483:493 arg1 analysis 406:413 detailed analysis 397:413 detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 397:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 7 25 theme twofold 1243:1249 arg1 conformation 1257:1268 the twofold screw conformation 1239:1268 the twofold screw conformation 1239:1268 These results support the notion that acetylated xylan is found more in the twofold screw conformation, which preferentially binds cellulose. 34151124 2 26 theme functionalization 450:466 arg1 analysis 406:413 detailed analysis 397:413 detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 397:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 2 27 theme detailed 397:404 arg1 analysis 406:413 detailed analysis 397:413 detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 397:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 7 28 located found 1225:1229 arg2 xylan 1216:1220 acetylated xylan 1205:1220 acetylated xylan 1205:1220 These results support the notion that acetylated xylan is found more in the twofold screw conformation, which preferentially binds cellulose. 34151124 7 28 located found 1225:1229 arg1 conformation 1257:1268 the twofold screw conformation 1239:1268 the twofold screw conformation 1239:1268 These results support the notion that acetylated xylan is found more in the twofold screw conformation, which preferentially binds cellulose. 34151124 3 29 theme two-dimensional 616:630 arg1 spectra 652:658 two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra 616:658 two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra 616:658 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 1 30 theme leaf 182:185 arg1 walls 192:196 the intact stem and leaf cell walls 162:196 walls 192:196 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 0 31 theme Xylan 0:4 arg1 Structure 6:14 Xylan Structure 0:14 Xylan Structure 0:14 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 1 32 theme developmental 276:288 arg1 stage 290:294 developmental stage 276:294 developmental stage 276:294 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 3 33 theme 13C-13C 632:638 arg1 spectra 652:658 two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra 616:658 two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra 616:658 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 8 34 theme wall 1420:1423 arg1 formation 1388:1396 the formation 1384:1396 the formation of the secondary cell wall 1384:1423 This in turn promotes cellulose-lignin interactions that are essential for the formation of the secondary cell wall. 34151124 1 35 theme cell 187:190 arg1 walls 192:196 the intact stem and leaf cell walls 162:196 walls 192:196 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 2 36 theme side-chain 439:448 arg1 functionalization 450:466 side-chain functionalization 439:466 side-chain functionalization 439:466 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 4 37 theme stem 807:810 arg1 leaf 820:823 the stem and the leaf 803:823 leaf 820:823 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 1 38 theme walls 192:196 arg1 composition 134:144 polysaccharide composition 119:144 polysaccharide composition 119:144 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 1 38 theme walls 192:196 arg1 dynamics 150:157 dynamics 150:157 dynamics 150:157 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 2 39 with dynamics 469:476 arg1 cellulose 500:508 cellulose 500:508 cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 500:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 4 40 theme cell 840:843 arg1 stem 855:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 4 41 theme the 816:818 arg1 leaf 820:823 the stem and the leaf 803:823 leaf 820:823 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 2 42 theme xylan 422:426 arg1 structure 428:436 the xylan structure 418:436 the xylan structure 418:436 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 0 43 theme Native 32:37 arg1 Walls 63:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 6 44 theme xylan 1062:1066 arg1 chains 1068:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains 1024:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains 1024:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains adopt a twofold conformation more prevalently and interact more extensively with cellulose. 34151124 3 45 theme pectic 712:717 arg1 polysaccharides 719:733 less pectic polysaccharides 707:733 less pectic polysaccharides 707:733 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 2 46 theme plant 383:387 arg1 enrichment 358:367 13C enrichment 354:367 13C enrichment of the entire plant 354:387 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 8 47 theme cellulose-lignin 1331:1346 arg1 interactions 1348:1359 cellulose-lignin interactions 1331:1359 cellulose-lignin interactions that are essential for the formation of the secondary cell wall 1331:1423 This in turn promotes cellulose-lignin interactions that are essential for the formation of the secondary cell wall. 34151124 7 48 theme acetylated 1205:1214 arg1 xylan 1216:1220 acetylated xylan 1205:1220 acetylated xylan 1205:1220 These results support the notion that acetylated xylan is found more in the twofold screw conformation, which preferentially binds cellulose. 34151124 1 49 theme polysaccharide 308:321 arg1 structure 323:331 the polysaccharide structure 304:331 the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls 304:351 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 3 50 contain contain 699:705 arg1 walls 693:697 stem and leaf cell walls 674:697 walls 693:697 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 3 50 contain contain 699:705 arg2 polysaccharides 719:733 less pectic polysaccharides 707:733 less pectic polysaccharides 707:733 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 6 51 theme ferulated 1052:1060 arg1 chains 1068:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains 1024:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains 1024:1073 These highly acetylated and ferulated xylan chains adopt a twofold conformation more prevalently and interact more extensively with cellulose. 34151124 1 52 theme model 205:209 arg1 distachyon 230:239 the model grass Brachypodium distachyon 201:239 the model grass Brachypodium distachyon 201:239 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 0 53 theme Grass 52:56 arg1 Walls 63:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 5 54 theme xylan 935:939 arg1 chains 941:946 the xylan chains 931:946 the xylan chains 931:946 Moreover, the xylan chains are about twofold more acetylated and about 60% more ferulated in the stem. 34151124 8 55 theme secondary 1405:1413 arg1 wall 1420:1423 the secondary cell wall 1401:1423 the secondary cell wall 1401:1423 This in turn promotes cellulose-lignin interactions that are essential for the formation of the secondary cell wall. 34151124 3 56 theme correlation 640:650 arg1 spectra 652:658 two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra 616:658 two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra 616:658 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 2 57 theme 13C 354:356 arg1 enrichment 358:367 13C enrichment 354:367 13C enrichment of the entire plant 354:387 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 0 58 theme Brachypodium 39:50 arg1 Walls 63:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 1 59 theme cell 342:345 arg1 walls 347:351 grass cell walls 336:351 grass cell walls 336:351 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 1 60 theme polysaccharide 119:132 arg1 composition 134:144 polysaccharide composition 119:144 polysaccharide composition 119:144 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 3 61 theme primary 775:781 arg1 walls 788:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 previously studied seedling primary cell walls 747:792 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 1 62 theme grass 336:340 arg1 walls 347:351 grass cell walls 336:351 grass cell walls 336:351 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 3 63 theme leaf 683:686 arg1 walls 693:697 stem and leaf cell walls 674:697 walls 693:697 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 2 64 with functionalization 450:466 arg1 cellulose 500:508 cellulose 500:508 cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 500:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 5 65 dep ferulated 1001:1009 arg1 % 994:994 about 60% 986:994 about 60% 986:994 Moreover, the xylan chains are about twofold more acetylated and about 60% more ferulated in the stem. 34151124 1 66 theme grass 211:215 arg1 distachyon 230:239 the model grass Brachypodium distachyon 201:239 the model grass Brachypodium distachyon 201:239 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 3 67 theme one-dimensional 580:594 arg1 NMR 600:602 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR 567:602 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra 567:610 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 3 68 theme cell 688:691 arg1 walls 693:697 stem and leaf cell walls 674:697 walls 693:697 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 1 69 theme Brachypodium 217:228 arg1 distachyon 230:239 the model grass Brachypodium distachyon 201:239 the model grass Brachypodium distachyon 201:239 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 2 70 theme magic-angle-spinning 516:535 arg1 spectroscopy 553:564 magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 516:564 magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 516:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 3 71 theme stem 674:677 arg1 walls 693:697 stem and leaf cell walls 674:697 walls 693:697 Quantitative one-dimensional 13C NMR spectra and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra indicate that stem and leaf cell walls contain less pectic polysaccharides compared to previously studied seedling primary cell walls. 34151124 2 72 theme structure 428:436 arg1 analysis 406:413 detailed analysis 397:413 detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 397:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 2 73 theme entire 376:381 arg1 plant 383:387 the entire plant 372:387 the entire plant 372:387 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 1 74 theme distachyon 230:239 arg1 stem 173:176 the intact stem and leaf cell walls 162:196 stem 173:176 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 1 74 theme distachyon 230:239 arg1 walls 192:196 the intact stem and leaf cell walls 162:196 walls 192:196 The polysaccharide composition and dynamics of the intact stem and leaf cell walls of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are investigated to understand how developmental stage affects the polysaccharide structure of grass cell walls. 34151124 0 75 theme Cell 58:61 arg1 Walls 63:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 0 76 from Dynamics 20:27 arg1 Walls 63:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls 32:67 Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 34151124 2 77 with interaction 483:493 arg1 cellulose 500:508 cellulose 500:508 cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy 500:564 13C enrichment of the entire plant allowed detailed analysis of the xylan structure, side-chain functionalization, dynamics, and interaction with cellulose using magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 34151124 4 78 contain contains 860:867 arg1 stem 855:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 the secondary cell wall-rich stem 826:858 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 4 78 contain contains 860:867 arg2 xylan 874:878 more xylan 869:878 more xylan 869:878 Between the stem and the leaf, the secondary cell wall-rich stem contains more xylan and more cellulose compared to the leaf. 34151124 7 79 theme screw 1251:1255 arg1 conformation 1257:1268 the twofold screw conformation 1239:1268 the twofold screw conformation 1239:1268 These results support the notion that acetylated xylan is found more in the twofold screw conformation, which preferentially binds cellulose. 33469669 3 0 from slaughter 633:641 arg1 acetate 568:574 narrower ruminal acetate 551:574 narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios 551:593 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 0 from slaughter 633:641 arg1 pH 627:628 the average rumen pH 609:628 the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 609:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 0 from slaughter 633:641 arg1 drop 601:604 a drop 599:604 a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 599:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 0 from slaughter 633:641 arg1 performance 538:548 significantly higher zootechnical performance 504:548 significantly higher zootechnical performance 504:548 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 2 1 theme systems 315:321 arg1 effects 292:298 the effects 288:298 the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 288:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 2 2 from effects 292:298 arg1 microbiome 348:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome 326:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 326:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 1 3 theme gut 162:164 arg1 composition 177:187 The gut microbiota composition 158:187 The gut microbiota composition 158:187 The gut microbiota composition is influenced by the diet as well as the environment in both wild and domestic animals. 33469669 7 4 from increase 1254:1261 arg1 abundance 1270:1278 the abundance 1266:1278 the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals 1266:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 5 5 theme fiber 841:845 arg1 levels 847:852 their higher fiber levels 828:852 their higher fiber levels in the diet 828:864 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 6 theme low 1050:1052 arg1 conditions 1038:1047 the scarce dietary conditions 1019:1047 the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments 1019:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 6 theme low 1050:1052 arg1 density 1061:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 3 7 theme zootechnical 525:536 arg1 performance 538:548 significantly higher zootechnical performance 504:548 significantly higher zootechnical performance 504:548 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 8 8 theme metataxonomic 1412:1424 arg1 adaption 1441:1448 the metataxonomic and functional adaption 1408:1448 the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1408:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 1 9 from environment 230:240 arg1 animals 268:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 The gut microbiota composition is influenced by the diet as well as the environment in both wild and domestic animals. 33469669 8 10 theme functional 1430:1439 arg1 adaption 1441:1448 the metataxonomic and functional adaption 1408:1448 the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1408:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 0 11 theme extensive 128:136 arg1 rearing 138:144 intensive or extensive rearing 115:144 rearing 138:144 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 5 12 theme scarce 1023:1028 arg1 conditions 1038:1047 the scarce dietary conditions 1019:1047 the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments 1019:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 12 theme scarce 1023:1028 arg1 density 1061:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 3 13 theme ruminal 560:566 arg1 acetate 568:574 narrower ruminal acetate 551:574 narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios 551:593 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 5 14 theme grazing 867:873 arg1 goats 875:879 grazing goats 867:879 grazing goats 867:879 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 7 15 theme drylot 1338:1343 arg1 animals 1345:1351 drylot animals 1338:1351 drylot animals 1338:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 6 16 theme bacitracin 1195:1204 arg1 genes 1206:1210 bacitracin genes 1195:1210 bacitracin genes 1195:1210 These conditions appeared to promote a relevant abundance of bacitracin genes. 33469669 2 17 theme metagenomic 443:453 arg1 sequencing 455:464 metagenomic sequencing 443:464 metagenomic sequencing 443:464 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 8 18 theme gastrointestinal 1457:1472 arg1 microbiome 1474:1483 the gastrointestinal microbiome 1453:1483 the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1453:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 4 19 theme Hindgut 653:659 arg1 adaption 671:678 Hindgut microbial adaption 653:678 Hindgut microbial adaption 653:678 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 5 20 theme extreme 1105:1111 arg1 environments 1120:1131 extreme alpine environments 1105:1131 extreme alpine environments 1105:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 8 21 theme subject 1494:1500 arg1 goats 1488:1492 goats 1488:1492 goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1488:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 4 22 theme drylot 715:720 arg1 group 722:726 the drylot group 711:726 the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 711:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 0 23 theme high 86:89 arg1 altitude 91:98 high altitude 86:98 high altitude (4800 m) 86:107 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 0 23 theme high 86:89 arg1 4800 m 101:106 4800 m 101:106 4800 m 101:106 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 5 24 from levels 847:852 arg1 diet 861:864 the diet 857:864 the diet 857:864 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 8 25 theme intensive 1505:1513 arg1 drylot 1515:1520 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing 1505:1550 drylot 1515:1520 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 7 26 theme digestive 1318:1326 arg1 tracts 1328:1333 the digestive tracts 1314:1333 the digestive tracts of drylot animals 1314:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 2 27 theme hindgut 340:346 arg1 microbiome 348:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome 326:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 326:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 0 28 theme Taxonomic 0:8 arg1 adaption 25:32 Taxonomic and functional adaption 0:32 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats 0:76 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 1 29 theme wild 250:253 arg1 animals 268:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 The gut microbiota composition is influenced by the diet as well as the environment in both wild and domestic animals. 33469669 2 30 theme high 395:398 arg1 altitude 400:407 high altitude 395:407 high altitude (∼4800 m) 395:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 2 30 theme high 395:398 arg1 ∼4800 m 410:416 ∼4800 m 410:416 ∼4800 m 410:416 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 8 31 theme pasture 1536:1542 arg1 rearing 1544:1550 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing 1505:1550 rearing 1544:1550 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 0 32 theme functional 14:23 arg1 adaption 25:32 Taxonomic and functional adaption 0:32 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats 0:76 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 1 33 theme domestic 259:266 arg1 animals 268:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 The gut microbiota composition is influenced by the diet as well as the environment in both wild and domestic animals. 33469669 5 34 theme Methanobrevibacter 907:924 arg1 genes 930:934 genes 930:934 genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway 930:994 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 34 theme Methanobrevibacter 907:924 arg1 counts 897:902 lower counts 891:902 lower counts of Methanobrevibacter 891:924 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 7 35 theme resistance 1294:1303 arg1 genes 1305:1309 antibiotic resistance genes 1283:1309 antibiotic resistance genes 1283:1309 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 2 36 theme 16S 425:427 arg1 rRNA 429:432 16S rRNA 425:432 16S rRNA gene 425:437 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 3 37 theme average 613:619 arg1 pH 627:628 the average rumen pH 609:628 the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 609:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 4 38 theme complex 769:775 arg1 polysaccharides 788:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides 758:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 758:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 2 39 theme Tibetan 373:379 arg1 goats 381:385 semi-feral Tibetan goats 362:385 semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 362:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 7 40 from abundance 1270:1278 arg1 tracts 1328:1333 the digestive tracts 1314:1333 the digestive tracts of drylot animals 1314:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 8 41 theme high 1566:1569 arg1 altitude 1571:1578 high altitude 1566:1578 high altitude 1566:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 4 42 theme polysaccharides 788:802 arg1 influx 748:753 a higher influx 739:753 a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 739:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 2 43 theme feeding 307:313 arg1 systems 315:321 two feeding systems 303:321 two feeding systems 303:321 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 0 44 theme gastrointestinal 41:56 arg1 microbiome 58:67 the gastrointestinal microbiome 37:67 the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats 37:76 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 4 45 theme higher 741:746 arg1 influx 748:753 a higher influx 739:753 a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 739:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 5 46 theme hydrogenotrophic 956:971 arg1 pathway 988:994 the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway 952:994 the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway 952:994 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 3 47 dep acetate 568:574 arg1 ratios 588:593 propionate ratios 577:593 narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios 551:593 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 48 theme Intensive 467:475 arg1 feeding 484:490 Intensive drylot feeding 467:490 Intensive drylot feeding 467:490 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 49 from drop 601:604 arg1 pH 627:628 the average rumen pH 609:628 the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 609:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 49 from drop 601:604 arg1 slaughter 633:641 slaughter 633:641 slaughter 633:641 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 5 50 from environments 1120:1131 arg1 pasture 1092:1098 pasture 1092:1098 pasture from extreme alpine environments 1092:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 51 theme higher 834:839 arg1 levels 847:852 their higher fiber levels 828:852 their higher fiber levels in the diet 828:864 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 8 52 from altitude 1571:1578 arg1 conditions 1552:1561 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions 1505:1561 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1505:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 1 53 theme microbiota 166:175 arg1 composition 177:187 The gut microbiota composition 158:187 The gut microbiota composition 158:187 The gut microbiota composition is influenced by the diet as well as the environment in both wild and domestic animals. 33469669 3 54 theme higher 518:523 arg1 performance 538:548 significantly higher zootechnical performance 504:548 significantly higher zootechnical performance 504:548 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 2 55 theme rumen 330:334 arg1 microbiome 348:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome 326:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 326:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 5 56 theme energy 1054:1059 arg1 conditions 1038:1047 the scarce dietary conditions 1019:1047 the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments 1019:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 56 theme energy 1054:1059 arg1 density 1061:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 0 57 theme rearing 138:144 arg1 conditions 146:155 intensive or extensive rearing conditions 115:155 intensive or extensive rearing conditions 115:155 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 3 58 theme narrower 551:558 arg1 acetate 568:574 narrower ruminal acetate 551:574 narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios 551:593 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 6 59 theme genes 1206:1210 arg1 abundance 1182:1190 a relevant abundance 1171:1190 a relevant abundance of bacitracin genes 1171:1210 These conditions appeared to promote a relevant abundance of bacitracin genes. 33469669 4 60 theme microbial 661:669 arg1 adaption 671:678 Hindgut microbial adaption 653:678 Hindgut microbial adaption 653:678 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 1 61 from diet 210:213 arg1 animals 268:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 both wild and domestic animals 245:274 The gut microbiota composition is influenced by the diet as well as the environment in both wild and domestic animals. 33469669 5 62 theme dietary 1030:1036 arg1 conditions 1038:1047 the scarce dietary conditions 1019:1047 the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments 1019:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 5 62 theme dietary 1030:1036 arg1 density 1061:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 low energy density 1050:1067 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 8 63 theme microbiome 1474:1483 arg1 adaption 1441:1448 the metataxonomic and functional adaption 1408:1448 the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1408:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 7 64 theme animals 1345:1351 arg1 tracts 1328:1333 the digestive tracts 1314:1333 the digestive tracts of drylot animals 1314:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 3 65 from performance 538:548 arg1 pH 627:628 the average rumen pH 609:628 the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 609:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 65 from performance 538:548 arg1 slaughter 633:641 slaughter 633:641 slaughter 633:641 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 0 66 theme goats 72:76 arg1 microbiome 58:67 the gastrointestinal microbiome 37:67 the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats 37:76 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 3 67 theme propionate 577:586 arg1 ratios 588:593 propionate ratios 577:593 narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios 551:593 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 4 68 from influx 748:753 arg1 rumen 813:817 the rumen 809:817 the rumen 809:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 8 69 theme goats 1488:1492 arg1 microbiome 1474:1483 the gastrointestinal microbiome 1453:1483 the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1453:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 6 70 theme relevant 1173:1180 arg1 abundance 1182:1190 a relevant abundance 1171:1190 a relevant abundance of bacitracin genes 1171:1210 These conditions appeared to promote a relevant abundance of bacitracin genes. 33469669 2 71 theme rRNA 429:432 arg1 gene 434:437 16S rRNA gene 425:437 16S rRNA gene 425:437 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 5 72 theme alpine 1113:1118 arg1 environments 1120:1131 extreme alpine environments 1105:1131 extreme alpine environments 1105:1131 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 4 73 from group 722:726 arg1 diverse 700:706 diverse 700:706 diverse 700:706 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 8 74 theme drylot 1515:1520 arg1 conditions 1552:1561 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions 1505:1561 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1505:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 4 75 from rumen 813:817 arg1 influx 748:753 a higher influx 739:753 a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 739:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 4 75 from rumen 813:817 arg1 polysaccharides 788:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides 758:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 758:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 8 76 theme extensive 1526:1534 arg1 rearing 1544:1550 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing 1505:1550 rearing 1544:1550 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 4 77 from diverse 700:706 arg1 group 722:726 the drylot group 711:726 the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 711:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 5 78 theme lower 891:895 arg1 counts 897:902 lower counts 891:902 lower counts of Methanobrevibacter 891:924 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 7 79 theme genes 1305:1309 arg1 abundance 1270:1278 the abundance 1266:1278 the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals 1266:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 8 80 theme rearing 1544:1550 arg1 conditions 1552:1561 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions 1505:1561 intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1505:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 7 81 theme antibiotic 1283:1292 arg1 genes 1305:1309 antibiotic resistance genes 1283:1309 antibiotic resistance genes 1283:1309 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 3 82 from acetate 568:574 arg1 pH 627:628 the average rumen pH 609:628 the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 609:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 3 82 from acetate 568:574 arg1 slaughter 633:641 slaughter 633:641 slaughter 633:641 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 2 83 theme goats 381:385 arg1 microbiome 348:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome 326:357 the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 326:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 4 84 theme undegraded 758:767 arg1 polysaccharides 788:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides 758:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 758:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 2 85 theme semi-feral 362:371 arg1 goats 381:385 semi-feral Tibetan goats 362:385 semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) 362:417 We studied the effects of two feeding systems on the rumen and hindgut microbiome of semi-feral Tibetan goats kept at high altitude (∼4800 m) using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing. 33469669 0 86 theme microbiome 58:67 arg1 adaption 25:32 Taxonomic and functional adaption 0:32 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats 0:76 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 0 87 theme intensive 115:123 arg1 rearing 138:144 intensive or extensive rearing 115:144 rearing 138:144 Taxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats kept at high altitude (4800 m) under intensive or extensive rearing conditions. 33469669 4 88 theme non-starch 777:786 arg1 polysaccharides 788:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides 758:802 undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen 758:817 Hindgut microbial adaption appeared to be more diverse in the drylot group suggesting a higher influx of undegraded complex non-starch polysaccharides from the rumen. 33469669 7 89 theme significant 1242:1252 arg1 increase 1254:1261 a significant increase 1240:1261 a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals 1240:1351 In parallel, we recognized a significant increase in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in the digestive tracts of drylot animals. 33469669 3 90 theme rumen 621:625 arg1 pH 627:628 the average rumen pH 609:628 the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04 609:650 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33469669 8 91 theme deeper 1388:1393 arg1 insight 1395:1401 a deeper insight 1386:1401 a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude 1386:1578 In summary, this study provides a deeper insight into the metataxonomic and functional adaption of the gastrointestinal microbiome of goats subject to intensive drylot and extensive pasture rearing conditions at high altitude. 33469669 5 92 theme methanogenesis 973:986 arg1 pathway 988:994 the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway 952:994 the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway 952:994 Despite their higher fiber levels in the diet, grazing goats exhibited lower counts of Methanobrevibacter and genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, presumably reflecting the scarce dietary conditions (low energy density) when rearing goats on pasture from extreme alpine environments. 33469669 3 93 theme drylot 477:482 arg1 feeding 484:490 Intensive drylot feeding 467:490 Intensive drylot feeding 467:490 Intensive drylot feeding resulted in significantly higher zootechnical performance, narrower ruminal acetate: propionate ratios and a drop in the average rumen pH at slaughter to ∼5.04. 33359458 7 0 theme anammox 1490:1496 arg1 bacteria 1498:1505 anammox bacteria 1490:1505 anammox bacteria 1490:1505 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 6 1 theme high 1289:1292 arg1 ability 1303:1309 their high adhesion ability 1283:1309 their high adhesion ability 1283:1309 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 3 2 theme adherence 462:470 arg1 properties 472:481 the adherence properties 458:481 the adherence properties of sludge samples 458:499 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 0 3 theme QCM-D 72:76 arg1 technique 78:86 QCM-D technique 72:86 QCM-D technique 72:86 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique. 33359458 2 4 from differences 400:410 arg1 properties 425:434 adherence properties 415:434 adherence properties 415:434 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 5 theme aerobic 302:308 arg1 granules 310:317 aerobic granules 302:317 aerobic granules 302:317 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 5 theme aerobic 302:308 arg1 granules 272:279 anammox granules 264:279 anammox granules 264:279 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 6 6 theme samples 1079:1085 arg1 composition 1031:1041 composition 1031:1041 composition 1031:1041 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 6 theme samples 1079:1085 arg1 characteristics 1056:1070 spectral characteristics 1047:1070 spectral characteristics 1047:1070 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 7 theme granules 1207:1214 arg1 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 7 theme granules 1207:1214 arg1 ratio 1190:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio 1131:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration 1131:1262 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 8 theme EPS 932:934 arg1 extraction 936:945 EPS extraction 932:945 EPS extraction 932:945 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 9 dep composition 1031:1041 arg1 The 1027:1029 The 1027:1029 The 1027:1029 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 4 10 theme samples 735:741 arg1 properties 710:719 the adherence properties 696:719 the adherence properties of all sludge samples 696:741 Results showed that EPS indeed stimulated the adherence properties of all sludge samples. 33359458 6 11 theme proteins/polysaccharides 1165:1188 arg1 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 11 theme proteins/polysaccharides 1165:1188 arg1 ratio 1190:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio 1131:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration 1131:1262 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 2 12 theme sludge 250:255 arg1 kinds 241:245 four kinds 236:245 four kinds 236:245 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 5 13 from layer 869:873 arg1 surfaces 901:908 the gold-coated sensor surfaces 878:908 the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction 878:945 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 3 14 theme samples 493:499 arg1 properties 472:481 the adherence properties 458:481 the adherence properties of sludge samples 458:499 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 6 15 theme spectral 1047:1054 arg1 characteristics 1056:1070 spectral characteristics 1047:1070 spectral characteristics 1047:1070 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 16 theme high 1146:1149 arg1 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 16 theme high 1146:1149 arg1 ratio 1190:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio 1131:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration 1131:1262 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 17 theme EPS 1075:1077 arg1 samples 1079:1085 EPS samples 1075:1085 EPS samples 1075:1085 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 0 18 theme adhesion 5:12 arg1 ability 14:20 High adhesion ability 0:20 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes 0:49 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique. 33359458 3 19 with technique 605:613 arg1 dissipation 620:630 dissipation 620:630 dissipation monitoring technique 620:651 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 6 20 theme EPS 1246:1248 arg1 concentration 1250:1262 total EPS concentration 1240:1262 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration 1131:1262 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 3 21 theme substances 542:551 arg1 extraction 559:568 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction 518:568 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction 518:568 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 2 22 theme nitrification 332:344 arg1 flocs 346:350 partial nitrification flocs 324:350 partial nitrification flocs 324:350 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 22 theme nitrification 332:344 arg1 granules 272:279 anammox granules 264:279 anammox granules 264:279 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 0 23 theme High 0:3 arg1 ability 14:20 High adhesion ability 0:20 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes 0:49 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique. 33359458 6 24 theme anammox 1199:1205 arg1 granules 1207:1214 anammox granules 1199:1214 anammox granules 1199:1214 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 25 theme total 1240:1244 arg1 concentration 1250:1262 total EPS concentration 1240:1262 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration 1131:1262 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 1 26 theme Anammox 89:95 arg1 bacteria 97:104 Anammox bacteria 89:104 Anammox bacteria 89:104 Anammox bacteria are widely found to grow in bioaggregates form, but the reason for their high aggregation ability remains elusive. 33359458 2 27 theme partial 324:330 arg1 flocs 346:350 partial nitrification flocs 324:350 partial nitrification flocs 324:350 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 27 theme partial 324:330 arg1 granules 272:279 anammox granules 264:279 anammox granules 264:279 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 5 28 theme highest 809:815 arg1 rate 826:829 adhesion rate 817:829 adhesion rate 817:829 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 4 29 theme sludge 728:733 arg1 samples 735:741 all sludge samples 724:741 all sludge samples 724:741 Results showed that EPS indeed stimulated the adherence properties of all sludge samples. 33359458 7 30 theme anammox 1383:1389 arg1 bacteria 1391:1398 anammox bacteria 1383:1398 anammox bacteria 1383:1398 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 3 31 theme extracellular 518:530 arg1 EPS 554:556 EPS 554:556 EPS 554:556 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 3 31 theme extracellular 518:530 arg1 substances 542:551 extracellular polymeric substances 518:551 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction 518:568 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 2 32 theme anammox 264:270 arg1 granules 292:299 anaerobic granules 282:299 anaerobic granules 282:299 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 32 theme anammox 264:270 arg1 granules 310:317 aerobic granules 302:317 aerobic granules 302:317 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 32 theme anammox 264:270 arg1 flocs 346:350 partial nitrification flocs 324:350 partial nitrification flocs 324:350 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 32 theme anammox 264:270 arg1 granules 272:279 anammox granules 264:279 anammox granules 264:279 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 6 33 theme extracellular 1151:1163 arg1 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 3.2 ± 0.4 1217:1225 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 6 33 theme extracellular 1151:1163 arg1 ratio 1190:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio 1131:1194 the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration 1131:1262 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 3 34 theme polymeric 532:540 arg1 EPS 554:556 EPS 554:556 EPS 554:556 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 3 34 theme polymeric 532:540 arg1 substances 542:551 extracellular polymeric substances 518:551 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction 518:568 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 1 35 theme high 179:182 arg1 ability 196:202 their high aggregation ability 173:202 their high aggregation ability 173:202 Anammox bacteria are widely found to grow in bioaggregates form, but the reason for their high aggregation ability remains elusive. 33359458 0 36 theme granular 33:40 arg1 microbes 42:49 anammox granular microbes 25:49 anammox granular microbes 25:49 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique. 33359458 5 37 theme sensor 894:899 arg1 surfaces 901:908 the gold-coated sensor surfaces 878:908 the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction 878:945 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 7 38 theme bacteria 1391:1398 arg1 properties 1369:1378 the adherence properties 1355:1378 the adherence properties of anammox bacteria 1355:1398 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 1 39 theme aggregation 184:194 arg1 ability 196:202 their high aggregation ability 173:202 their high aggregation ability 173:202 Anammox bacteria are widely found to grow in bioaggregates form, but the reason for their high aggregation ability remains elusive. 33359458 0 40 theme anammox 25:31 arg1 microbes 42:49 anammox granular microbes 25:49 anammox granular microbes 25:49 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique. 33359458 7 41 theme aggregation 1467:1477 arg1 process 1479:1485 the aggregation process 1463:1485 the aggregation process of anammox bacteria 1463:1505 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 5 42 theme inherent 995:1002 arg1 ability 1018:1024 their inherent high adhesion ability 989:1024 their inherent high adhesion ability 989:1024 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 2 43 theme adherence 415:423 arg1 properties 425:434 adherence properties 415:434 adherence properties 415:434 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 5 44 contain had 801:803 arg2 rate 826:829 adhesion rate 817:829 adhesion rate 817:829 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 44 contain had 801:803 arg1 consortia 791:799 anammox consortia 783:799 anammox consortia 783:799 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 44 contain had 801:803 arg2 mass 835:838 mass 835:838 mass 835:838 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 45 theme high 1004:1007 arg1 ability 1018:1024 their inherent high adhesion ability 989:1024 their inherent high adhesion ability 989:1024 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 46 theme gold-coated 882:892 arg1 surfaces 901:908 the gold-coated sensor surfaces 878:908 the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction 878:945 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 0 47 theme microbes 42:49 arg1 ability 14:20 High adhesion ability 0:20 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes 0:49 High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique. 33359458 5 48 theme adhesion 1009:1016 arg1 ability 1018:1024 their inherent high adhesion ability 989:1024 their inherent high adhesion ability 989:1024 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 4 49 theme adherence 700:708 arg1 properties 710:719 the adherence properties 696:719 the adherence properties of all sludge samples 696:741 Results showed that EPS indeed stimulated the adherence properties of all sludge samples. 33359458 5 50 theme sludge 962:967 arg1 samples 969:975 the four sludge samples 953:975 the four sludge samples 953:975 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 3 51 theme microbalance 592:603 arg1 technique 605:613 quartz-crystal microbalance technique 577:613 quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique 577:651 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 5 52 theme striking 753:760 arg1 feature 762:768 The most striking feature 744:768 The most striking feature 744:768 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 2 53 theme anaerobic 282:290 arg1 granules 292:299 anaerobic granules 282:299 anaerobic granules 282:299 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 2 53 theme anaerobic 282:290 arg1 granules 272:279 anammox granules 264:279 anammox granules 264:279 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 6 54 theme adhesion 1294:1301 arg1 ability 1303:1309 their high adhesion ability 1283:1309 their high adhesion ability 1283:1309 The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. 33359458 7 55 theme bacteria 1498:1505 arg1 process 1479:1485 the aggregation process 1463:1485 the aggregation process of anammox bacteria 1463:1505 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 5 56 theme adhesion 817:824 arg1 rate 826:829 adhesion rate 817:829 adhesion rate 817:829 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 1 57 theme bioaggregates 134:146 arg1 form 148:151 bioaggregates form 134:151 bioaggregates form 134:151 Anammox bacteria are widely found to grow in bioaggregates form, but the reason for their high aggregation ability remains elusive. 33359458 2 58 dep granules 272:279 arg1 i.e. 258:261 i.e. 258:261 i.e. 258:261 In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. 33359458 7 59 theme further 1431:1437 arg1 researches 1439:1448 further researches 1431:1448 further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria 1431:1505 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 5 60 dep rate 826:829 arg1 the 805:807 the 805:807 the 805:807 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 61 theme compact 861:867 arg1 layer 869:873 the most compact layer 852:873 the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction 852:945 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 5 62 theme anammox 783:789 arg1 consortia 791:799 anammox consortia 783:799 anammox consortia 783:799 The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. 33359458 7 63 theme adherence 1359:1367 arg1 properties 1369:1378 the adherence properties 1355:1378 the adherence properties of anammox bacteria 1355:1398 The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria. 33359458 3 64 theme quartz-crystal 577:590 arg1 technique 605:613 quartz-crystal microbalance technique 577:613 quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique 577:651 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 33359458 3 65 theme sludge 486:491 arg1 samples 493:499 sludge samples 486:499 sludge samples 486:499 We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. 32793516 5 0 theme EPS 743:745 arg1 composition 720:730 the composition 716:730 the composition of biofilm EPS 716:745 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 6 1 from EPS 898:900 arg1 models 1005:1010 three different models 989:1010 three different models that vary in clinical relevancy 989:1042 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 8 2 theme microcosm 1292:1300 arg1 model 1302:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 7 3 theme GH 1197:1198 arg1 efficacy 1200:1207 the GH efficacy 1193:1207 the GH efficacy seen with biofilms grown in vivo 1193:1240 We show that biofilms established in an in vitro well-plate model are not strongly adhered to the polystyrene surface and do not accurately reflect the GH efficacy seen with biofilms grown in vivo. 32793516 1 4 from point 138:142 arg1 life 153:156 their life 147:156 their life 147:156 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 1 4 from point 138:142 arg1 impact 88:93 impact 88:93 impact 88:93 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 8 5 theme wound 1286:1290 arg1 model 1302:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 4 6 theme polysaccharide 551:564 arg1 linkages 566:573 the polysaccharide linkages 547:573 the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS 547:588 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 8 7 dep in 1277:1278 arg1 vitro 1280:1284 vitro 1280:1284 vitro 1280:1284 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 4 8 theme Glycoside 499:507 arg1 therapy 620:626 one potential adjunctive therapy 595:626 one potential adjunctive therapy 595:626 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 4 8 theme Glycoside 499:507 arg1 GHs 521:523 GHs 521:523 GHs 521:523 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 4 8 theme Glycoside 499:507 arg1 enzymes 527:533 enzymes 527:533 enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS 527:588 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 4 8 theme Glycoside 499:507 arg1 hydrolases 509:518 Glycoside hydrolases 499:518 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) 499:524 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 2 9 theme microorganisms 256:269 arg1 community 243:251 a community 241:251 a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm 241:337 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 6 10 theme biofilms 977:984 arg1 EPS 898:900 the EPS 894:900 the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy 894:1042 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 8 11 theme that 1331:1334 arg1 reflective 1317:1326 reflective 1317:1326 reflective 1317:1326 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 7 12 theme well-plate 1094:1103 arg1 model 1105:1109 an in vitro well-plate model 1082:1109 an in vitro well-plate model 1082:1109 We show that biofilms established in an in vitro well-plate model are not strongly adhered to the polystyrene surface and do not accurately reflect the GH efficacy seen with biofilms grown in vivo. 32793516 8 13 from efficacy 1262:1269 arg1 model 1302:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 1 14 theme Chronic 68:74 arg1 wounds 76:81 Chronic wounds 68:81 Chronic wounds 68:81 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 9 15 theme efficacy 1397:1404 arg1 loss 1389:1392 a striking loss 1378:1392 a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models 1378:1506 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 2 16 theme polymeric 299:307 arg1 EPS 320:322 EPS 320:322 EPS 320:322 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 2 16 theme polymeric 299:307 arg1 substance 309:317 an extracellular polymeric substance 282:317 an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 282:323 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 8 17 theme dispersal 1252:1260 arg1 efficacy 1262:1269 dispersal efficacy 1252:1269 dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model 1252:1306 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 6 18 theme aureus 970:975 arg1 biofilms 977:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 5 19 dep environment 768:778 arg1 the 764:766 the 764:766 the 764:766 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 9 20 theme striking 1380:1387 arg1 loss 1389:1392 a striking loss 1378:1392 a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models 1378:1506 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 3 21 theme Biofilm-associated 340:357 arg1 microbes 359:366 Biofilm-associated microbes 340:366 Biofilm-associated microbes 340:366 Biofilm-associated microbes can exhibit tolerance to antibiotics, which has prompted researchers to investigate therapeutics that improve antibiotic efficacy. 32793516 2 22 theme extracellular 285:297 arg1 EPS 320:322 EPS 320:322 EPS 320:322 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 2 22 theme extracellular 285:297 arg1 substance 309:317 an extracellular polymeric substance 282:317 an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) 282:323 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 0 23 theme Differential 0:11 arg1 Efficacy 13:20 Differential Efficacy 0:20 Differential Efficacy of Glycoside Hydrolases 0:44 Differential Efficacy of Glycoside Hydrolases to Disperse Biofilms. 32793516 9 24 theme wound 1495:1499 arg1 models 1501:1506 the wound models 1491:1506 the wound models 1491:1506 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 9 25 theme mono- 1450:1454 arg1 species 1465:1471 both mono- and dual species 1445:1471 both mono- and dual species 1445:1471 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 0 26 theme Glycoside 25:33 arg1 Hydrolases 35:44 Glycoside Hydrolases 25:44 Glycoside Hydrolases 25:44 Differential Efficacy of Glycoside Hydrolases to Disperse Biofilms. 32793516 8 27 theme wound 1353:1357 arg1 model 1359:1363 a murine wound model 1344:1363 a murine wound model 1344:1363 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 4 28 theme adjunctive 609:618 arg1 therapy 620:626 one potential adjunctive therapy 595:626 one potential adjunctive therapy 595:626 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 4 28 theme adjunctive 609:618 arg1 hydrolases 509:518 Glycoside hydrolases 499:518 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) 499:524 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 5 29 theme other 799:803 arg1 microbes 805:812 other microbes 799:812 other microbes 799:812 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 6 30 theme aeruginosa 940:949 arg1 biofilms 977:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 5 31 dep changes 747:753 arg1 based 755:759 based 755:759 changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes 747:812 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 9 32 theme dual 1460:1463 arg1 species 1465:1471 both mono- and dual species 1445:1471 both mono- and dual species 1445:1471 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 4 33 theme potential 599:607 arg1 therapy 620:626 one potential adjunctive therapy 595:626 one potential adjunctive therapy 595:626 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 4 33 theme potential 599:607 arg1 hydrolases 509:518 Glycoside hydrolases 499:518 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) 499:524 Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), enzymes that target the polysaccharide linkages within the EPS, are one potential adjunctive therapy. 32793516 3 34 theme antibiotic 478:487 arg1 efficacy 489:496 antibiotic efficacy 478:496 antibiotic efficacy 478:496 Biofilm-associated microbes can exhibit tolerance to antibiotics, which has prompted researchers to investigate therapeutics that improve antibiotic efficacy. 32793516 9 35 theme cellulase 1410:1418 arg1 biofilms 1473:1480 cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms 1410:1480 cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models 1410:1506 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 8 36 theme murine 1346:1351 arg1 model 1359:1363 a murine wound model 1344:1363 a murine wound model 1344:1363 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 6 37 theme clinical 1025:1032 arg1 relevancy 1034:1042 clinical relevancy 1025:1042 clinical relevancy 1025:1042 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 0 38 theme Hydrolases 35:44 arg1 Efficacy 13:20 Differential Efficacy 0:20 Differential Efficacy of Glycoside Hydrolases 0:44 Differential Efficacy of Glycoside Hydrolases to Disperse Biofilms. 32793516 6 39 theme dual-species 915:926 arg1 biofilms 977:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 6 40 used utilized 824:831 arg2 we 821:822 we 821:822 we 821:822 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 2 41 theme reoccurring 200:210 arg1 infection 221:229 a reoccurring, chronic infection 198:229 a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm 198:337 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 2 42 dep reoccurring 200:210 arg1 chronic 213:219 chronic 213:219 chronic 213:219 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 5 43 theme GH-based 649:656 arg1 therapeutics 658:669 GH-based therapeutics 649:669 GH-based therapeutics 649:669 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 9 44 theme EPS 1525:1527 arg1 constituents 1529:1540 EPS constituents 1525:1540 EPS constituents 1525:1540 We also saw a striking loss of efficacy for cellulase to disperse S. aureus in both mono- and dual species biofilms grown in the wound models, suggesting that EPS constituents may be altered depending on the environment. 32793516 7 45 dep in 1085:1086 arg1 vitro 1088:1092 vitro 1088:1092 vitro 1088:1092 We show that biofilms established in an in vitro well-plate model are not strongly adhered to the polystyrene surface and do not accurately reflect the GH efficacy seen with biofilms grown in vivo. 32793516 6 46 theme mono- 905:909 arg1 biofilms 977:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms 905:984 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 32793516 7 47 theme in 1085:1086 arg1 model 1105:1109 an in vitro well-plate model 1082:1109 an in vitro well-plate model 1082:1109 We show that biofilms established in an in vitro well-plate model are not strongly adhered to the polystyrene surface and do not accurately reflect the GH efficacy seen with biofilms grown in vivo. 32793516 1 48 theme United 105:110 arg1 States 112:117 the United States 101:117 the United States population 101:128 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 1 49 theme States 112:117 arg1 population 119:128 the United States population 101:128 the United States population 101:128 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 1 50 theme population 119:128 arg1 population 119:128 the United States population 101:128 the United States population 101:128 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 1 50 theme population 119:128 arg1 % 96:96 2% 95:96 2% of the United States population 95:128 Chronic wounds will impact 2% of the United States population at some point in their life. 32793516 5 51 theme microbes 805:812 arg1 environment 768:778 environment 768:778 environment 768:778 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 2 52 theme a 329:329 arg1 biofilm 331:337 a biofilm 329:337 a biofilm 329:337 These wounds are often associated with a reoccurring, chronic infection caused by a community of microorganisms encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), or a biofilm. 32793516 5 53 theme biofilm 735:741 arg1 EPS 743:745 biofilm EPS 735:745 biofilm EPS 735:745 In order to develop GH-based therapeutics, it is imperative that we understand whether the composition of biofilm EPS changes based on the environment and/or presence of other microbes. 32793516 7 54 theme polystyrene 1143:1153 arg1 surface 1155:1161 the polystyrene surface 1139:1161 the polystyrene surface 1139:1161 We show that biofilms established in an in vitro well-plate model are not strongly adhered to the polystyrene surface and do not accurately reflect the GH efficacy seen with biofilms grown in vivo. 32793516 8 55 theme in 1277:1278 arg1 model 1302:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 an in vitro wound microcosm model 1274:1306 However, dispersal efficacy in an in vitro wound microcosm model was more reflective of that seen in a murine wound model. 32793516 6 56 theme different 995:1003 arg1 models 1005:1010 three different models 989:1010 three different models that vary in clinical relevancy 989:1042 Here, we utilized α-amylase and cellulase to target the polysaccharides within the EPS of mono- and dual-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in three different models that vary in clinical relevancy. 33460647 10 0 theme blood 1523:1527 arg1 homeostasis 1537:1547 blood glucose homeostasis 1523:1547 blood glucose homeostasis 1523:1547 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 1 1 theme posttranslational 150:166 arg1 addition 168:175 posttranslational addition 150:175 posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins 150:208 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 10 2 theme glucose 1529:1535 arg1 homeostasis 1537:1547 blood glucose homeostasis 1523:1547 blood glucose homeostasis 1523:1547 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 1 3 theme cellular 257:264 arg1 levels 275:280 cellular nutrient levels 257:280 cellular nutrient levels 257:280 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 11 4 from effect 1750:1755 arg1 mass 1767:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 4 from effect 1750:1755 arg1 look 1697:1700 a first look 1689:1700 a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions 1689:1850 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 4 from effect 1750:1755 arg1 α-cell 1738:1743 the α-cell 1734:1743 the α-cell 1734:1743 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 7 5 theme α-cell 1163:1168 arg1 mass 1170:1173 α-cell mass 1163:1173 α-cell mass 1163:1173 αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. 33460647 3 6 theme mass 508:511 arg1 regulation 487:496 the regulation 483:496 the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo 483:532 The objective of this study was to determine whether OGT is necessary for the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo. 33460647 1 7 theme nutrient 266:273 arg1 levels 275:280 cellular nutrient levels 257:280 cellular nutrient levels 257:280 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 9 8 theme reduced 1351:1357 arg1 levels 1374:1379 similarly reduced blood glucagon levels 1341:1379 similarly reduced blood glucagon levels 1341:1379 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 7 9 theme glucagon 1142:1149 arg1 content 1151:1157 significantly lower α-cell glucagon content 1115:1157 significantly lower α-cell glucagon content 1115:1157 αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. 33460647 4 10 theme OGT-knockout 599:610 arg1 glucagon-Cre 635:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre 620:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) 620:655 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 10 theme OGT-knockout 599:610 arg1 models 612:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models 579:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 579:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 10 theme OGT-knockout 599:610 arg1 glucagon-Cre 674:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre 661:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 661:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 9 11 theme blood 1359:1363 arg1 levels 1374:1379 similarly reduced blood glucagon levels 1341:1379 similarly reduced blood glucagon levels 1341:1379 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 3 12 theme α-cell 501:506 arg1 mass 508:511 α-cell mass 501:511 α-cell mass 501:511 The objective of this study was to determine whether OGT is necessary for the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo. 33460647 4 13 theme specific 590:597 arg1 glucagon-Cre 635:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre 620:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) 620:655 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 13 theme specific 590:597 arg1 models 612:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models 579:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 579:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 13 theme specific 590:597 arg1 glucagon-Cre 674:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre 661:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 661:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 9 14 theme glucagon 1365:1372 arg1 levels 1374:1379 similarly reduced blood glucagon levels 1341:1379 similarly reduced blood glucagon levels 1341:1379 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 7 15 theme lower 1129:1133 arg1 content 1151:1157 significantly lower α-cell glucagon content 1115:1157 significantly lower α-cell glucagon content 1115:1157 αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. 33460647 0 16 link O-linked 0:7 arg1 transferase 29:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 0:45 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 0 16 link O-linked 0:7 arg1 OGT 42:44 OGT 42:44 OGT 42:44 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 10 17 theme α-cell 1604:1609 arg1 mass 1611:1614 α-cell mass 1604:1614 α-cell mass 1604:1614 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 8 18 theme glucagon 1291:1298 arg1 secretion 1300:1308 glucagon secretion in vitro 1291:1317 glucagon secretion in vitro 1291:1317 In fasting, αOGTKO mice showed impaired pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo and reduced glucagon secretion in vitro. 33460647 5 19 theme α-cell 908:913 arg1 mass 915:918 α-cell mass 908:918 α-cell mass 908:918 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 4 20 used utilized 538:545 arg2 We 535:536 We 535:536 We 535:536 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 10 21 theme i-αOGTKO 1476:1483 arg1 mice 1485:1488 both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice 1460:1488 mice 1485:1488 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 5 22 theme phenotyping 824:834 arg1 in vivo 836:842 metabolic phenotyping in vivo 814:842 metabolic phenotyping in vivo 814:842 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 1 23 theme O-GlcNAc 180:187 arg1 addition 168:175 posttranslational addition 150:175 posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins 150:208 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 0 24 theme N-acetylglucosamine 9:27 arg1 transferase 29:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 0:45 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 0 24 theme N-acetylglucosamine 9:27 arg1 OGT 42:44 OGT 42:44 OGT 42:44 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 11 25 theme glucagon 1806:1813 arg1 secretion 1815:1823 glucagon secretion 1806:1823 glucagon secretion 1806:1823 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 9 26 theme defective 1382:1390 arg1 secretion 1410:1418 defective in vitro glucagon secretion 1382:1418 defective in vitro glucagon secretion 1382:1418 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 11 27 from role 1709:1712 arg1 mass 1767:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 27 from role 1709:1712 arg1 look 1697:1700 a first look 1689:1700 a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions 1689:1850 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 27 from role 1709:1712 arg1 α-cell 1738:1743 the α-cell 1734:1743 the α-cell 1734:1743 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 3 28 theme study 431:435 arg1 objective 413:421 The objective 409:421 The objective of this study 409:435 The objective of this study was to determine whether OGT is necessary for the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo. 33460647 0 29 theme O-linked 0:7 arg1 transferase 29:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:39 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 0:45 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 0 29 theme O-linked 0:7 arg1 OGT 42:44 OGT 42:44 OGT 42:44 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 6 30 theme insulin 988:994 arg1 sensitivity 996:1006 insulin sensitivity 988:1006 insulin sensitivity 988:1006 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 9 31 theme i-αOGTKO 1320:1327 arg1 mice 1329:1332 i-αOGTKO mice 1320:1332 i-αOGTKO mice 1320:1332 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 10 32 theme αOGTKO 1465:1470 arg1 mice 1485:1488 both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice 1460:1488 mice 1485:1488 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 2 33 theme glucagon-secreting 321:338 arg1 α-cells 347:353 α-cells 347:353 α-cells 347:353 OGT is highly expressed in pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells), which secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia. 33460647 2 33 theme glucagon-secreting 321:338 arg1 cells 340:344 pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells 310:344 pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells) 310:354 OGT is highly expressed in pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells), which secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia. 33460647 1 34 theme target 194:199 arg1 proteins 201:208 target proteins 194:208 target proteins 194:208 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 7 35 theme age 1190:1192 arg1 6 months 1178:1185 6 months 1178:1185 6 months of age 1178:1192 αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. 33460647 4 36 theme genetic 547:553 arg1 manipulation 555:566 genetic manipulation 547:566 genetic manipulation 547:566 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 7 37 theme αOGTKO 1093:1098 arg1 mice 1100:1103 αOGTKO mice 1093:1103 αOGTKO mice 1093:1103 αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. 33460647 2 38 theme pancreatic 310:319 arg1 α-cells 347:353 α-cells 347:353 α-cells 347:353 OGT is highly expressed in pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells), which secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia. 33460647 2 38 theme pancreatic 310:319 arg1 cells 340:344 pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells 310:344 pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells) 310:354 OGT is highly expressed in pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells), which secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia. 33460647 6 39 theme fasted 1078:1083 arg1 states 1085:1090 both fed and fasted states 1065:1090 both fed and fasted states 1065:1090 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 10 40 theme glucagon 1634:1641 arg1 content 1643:1649 glucagon content 1634:1649 glucagon content 1634:1649 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 9 41 theme glucagon 1401:1408 arg1 secretion 1410:1418 defective in vitro glucagon secretion 1382:1418 defective in vitro glucagon secretion 1382:1418 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 10 42 theme fed 1555:1557 arg1 conditions 1570:1579 fed or fasting conditions 1555:1579 fed or fasting conditions 1555:1579 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 1 43 theme sensor 106:111 arg1 OGT 135:137 OGT 135:137 OGT 135:137 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 1 43 theme sensor 106:111 arg1 transferase 122:132 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase 93:132 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 93:138 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 5 44 theme immunofluorescent 783:799 arg1 imaging 801:807 immunofluorescent imaging 783:807 immunofluorescent imaging 783:807 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 6 45 theme glucose 966:972 arg1 tolerance 974:982 normal glucose tolerance 959:982 normal glucose tolerance 959:982 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 11 46 from importance 1781:1790 arg1 mass 1767:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 46 from importance 1781:1790 arg1 look 1697:1700 a first look 1689:1700 a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions 1689:1850 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 46 from importance 1781:1790 arg1 α-cell 1738:1743 the α-cell 1734:1743 the α-cell 1734:1743 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 10 47 from impairment 1590:1599 arg1 function 1620:1627 function 1620:1627 function 1620:1627 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 10 47 from impairment 1590:1599 arg1 mass 1611:1614 α-cell mass 1604:1614 α-cell mass 1604:1614 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 10 47 from impairment 1590:1599 arg1 content 1643:1649 glucagon content 1634:1649 glucagon content 1634:1649 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 8 48 theme αOGTKO 1207:1212 arg1 mice 1214:1217 αOGTKO mice 1207:1217 αOGTKO mice 1207:1217 In fasting, αOGTKO mice showed impaired pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo and reduced glucagon secretion in vitro. 33460647 4 49 theme inducible 664:672 arg1 i-αOGTKO 688:695 i-αOGTKO 688:695 i-αOGTKO 688:695 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 49 theme inducible 664:672 arg1 models 612:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models 579:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 579:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 49 theme inducible 664:672 arg1 glucagon-Cre 674:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre 661:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 661:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 6 50 theme fed 1070:1072 arg1 states 1085:1090 both fed and fasted states 1065:1090 both fed and fasted states 1065:1090 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 8 51 theme impaired 1226:1233 arg1 pyruvate 1235:1242 impaired pyruvate 1226:1242 impaired pyruvate 1226:1242 In fasting, αOGTKO mice showed impaired pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo and reduced glucagon secretion in vitro. 33460647 6 52 theme normal 959:964 arg1 tolerance 974:982 normal glucose tolerance 959:982 normal glucose tolerance 959:982 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 9 53 theme α-cell 1432:1437 arg1 mass 1439:1442 normal α-cell mass 1425:1442 normal α-cell mass 1425:1442 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 0 54 from function 75:82 arg1 mice 87:90 mice 87:90 mice 87:90 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 6 55 theme glucagon 1042:1049 arg1 levels 1051:1056 significantly lower glucagon levels 1022:1056 significantly lower glucagon levels 1022:1056 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 5 56 theme first 860:864 arg1 insight 866:872 the first insight 856:872 the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function 856:931 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 1 57 theme signaling 223:231 arg1 pathways 233:240 signaling pathways 223:240 signaling pathways 223:240 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 0 58 theme pancreatic 57:66 arg1 function 75:82 pancreatic α-cell function 57:82 pancreatic α-cell function in mice 57:90 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 8 59 dep showed 1219:1224 arg1 reduced 1283:1289 reduced 1283:1289 reduced glucagon secretion in vitro 1283:1317 In fasting, αOGTKO mice showed impaired pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo and reduced glucagon secretion in vitro. 33460647 8 59 dep showed 1219:1224 arg1 stimulated 1244:1253 stimulated 1244:1253 stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo 1244:1277 In fasting, αOGTKO mice showed impaired pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo and reduced glucagon secretion in vitro. 33460647 9 60 theme in vitro 1392:1399 arg1 secretion 1410:1418 defective in vitro glucagon secretion 1382:1418 defective in vitro glucagon secretion 1382:1418 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 1 61 theme O-GlcNAc 113:120 arg1 OGT 135:137 OGT 135:137 OGT 135:137 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 1 61 theme O-GlcNAc 113:120 arg1 transferase 122:132 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase 93:132 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 93:138 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 9 62 theme normal 1425:1430 arg1 mass 1439:1442 normal α-cell mass 1425:1442 normal α-cell mass 1425:1442 i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. 33460647 7 63 theme α-cell 1135:1140 arg1 content 1151:1157 significantly lower α-cell glucagon content 1115:1157 significantly lower α-cell glucagon content 1115:1157 αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. 33460647 11 64 theme OGT 1717:1719 arg1 signaling 1721:1729 OGT signaling 1717:1729 OGT signaling 1717:1729 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 4 65 from OGT 724:726 arg1 α-cells 731:737 α-cells 731:737 α-cells 731:737 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 6 66 theme αOGTKO 934:939 arg1 mice 941:944 αOGTKO mice 934:944 αOGTKO mice 934:944 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33460647 1 67 theme nutrient 97:104 arg1 OGT 135:137 OGT 135:137 OGT 135:137 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 1 67 theme nutrient 97:104 arg1 transferase 122:132 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase 93:132 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 93:138 The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. 33460647 5 68 theme metabolic 814:822 arg1 in vivo 836:842 metabolic phenotyping in vivo 814:842 metabolic phenotyping in vivo 814:842 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 10 69 theme fasting 1562:1568 arg1 conditions 1570:1579 fed or fasting conditions 1555:1579 fed or fasting conditions 1555:1579 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 4 70 theme α-cell 583:588 arg1 glucagon-Cre 635:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre 620:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) 620:655 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 70 theme α-cell 583:588 arg1 models 612:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models 579:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 579:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 70 theme α-cell 583:588 arg1 glucagon-Cre 674:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre 661:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 661:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 5 71 theme O-GlcNAcylation 889:903 arg1 role 881:884 the role 877:884 the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function 877:931 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 11 72 theme hypoglycemic 1828:1839 arg1 conditions 1841:1850 hypoglycemic conditions 1828:1850 hypoglycemic conditions 1828:1850 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 4 73 dep models 612:617 arg1 αOGTKO 649:654 αOGTKO 649:654 αOGTKO 649:654 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 73 dep models 612:617 arg1 glucagon-Cre 635:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre 620:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) 620:655 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 73 dep models 612:617 arg1 i-αOGTKO 688:695 i-αOGTKO 688:695 i-αOGTKO 688:695 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 73 dep models 612:617 arg1 models 612:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models 579:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 579:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 73 dep models 612:617 arg1 glucagon-Cre 674:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre 661:685 an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 661:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 5 74 from role 881:884 arg1 function 924:931 function 924:931 function 924:931 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 5 74 from role 881:884 arg1 mass 915:918 α-cell mass 908:918 α-cell mass 908:918 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 10 75 contain had 1490:1492 arg1 mice 1485:1488 both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice 1460:1488 mice 1485:1488 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 10 75 contain had 1490:1492 arg2 deficiency 1497:1506 no deficiency 1494:1506 no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions 1494:1579 Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. 33460647 4 76 theme constitutive 622:633 arg1 αOGTKO 649:654 αOGTKO 649:654 αOGTKO 649:654 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 76 theme constitutive 622:633 arg1 glucagon-Cre 635:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre 620:646 a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) 620:655 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 4 76 theme constitutive 622:633 arg1 models 612:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models 579:617 two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO) 579:696 We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. 33460647 0 77 theme α-cell 68:73 arg1 function 75:82 pancreatic α-cell function 57:82 pancreatic α-cell function in mice 57:90 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. 33460647 11 78 theme first 1691:1695 arg1 look 1697:1700 a first look 1689:1700 a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions 1689:1850 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 79 theme α-cell 1760:1765 arg1 mass 1767:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 α-cell mass 1760:1770 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 5 80 from insight 866:872 arg1 role 881:884 the role 877:884 the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function 877:931 Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. 33460647 3 81 theme function 517:524 arg1 regulation 487:496 the regulation 483:496 the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo 483:532 The objective of this study was to determine whether OGT is necessary for the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo. 33460647 11 82 theme signaling 1721:1729 arg1 importance 1781:1790 its importance 1777:1790 its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions 1777:1850 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 82 theme signaling 1721:1729 arg1 role 1709:1712 the role 1705:1712 the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell 1705:1743 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 11 82 theme signaling 1721:1729 arg1 effect 1750:1755 its effect 1746:1755 its effect on α-cell mass 1746:1770 In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions. 33460647 6 83 theme lower 1036:1040 arg1 levels 1051:1056 significantly lower glucagon levels 1022:1056 significantly lower glucagon levels 1022:1056 αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. 33924774 0 0 theme Valley 75:80 arg1 Infection 88:96 Seneca Valley Virus Infection 68:96 Seneca Valley Virus Infection 68:96 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 6 1 from N166 828:831 arg1 presence 797:804 the presence 793:804 the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain 793:881 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 7 2 theme Symmetry-expanded 884:900 arg1 reconstruction 910:923 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction 884:923 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc 884:940 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 3 3 theme glycosylation 451:463 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 0 4 theme Seneca 68:73 arg1 Infection 88:96 Seneca Valley Virus Infection 68:96 Seneca Valley Virus Infection 68:96 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 0 5 from Glycosylation 9:21 arg1 Receptor 40:47 Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 26:49 Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 26:49 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 1 6 with picornavirus 130:141 arg1 potency 148:154 potency 148:154 potency 148:154 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 5 7 gly glycosylation 629:641 arg1 domain 661:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 7 8 theme N166 976:979 arg1 presence 964:971 the presence 960:971 the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain 960:1006 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 9 9 theme post-translational 1236:1253 arg1 N-glycosylation 1195:1209 N-glycosylation 1195:1209 N-glycosylation 1195:1209 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 9 9 theme post-translational 1236:1253 arg1 modification 1255:1266 a necessary post-translational modification 1224:1266 a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV 1224:1312 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 6 10 theme spectrometry 737:748 arg1 analysis 750:757 tandem mass spectrometry analysis 725:757 tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc 725:782 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 4 11 theme glycosylation 538:550 arg1 role 523:526 the exact role 513:526 the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry 513:587 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 4 11 theme glycosylation 538:550 arg1 unknown 593:599 unknown 593:599 unknown 593:599 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 0 12 theme Virus 82:86 arg1 Infection 88:96 Seneca Valley Virus Infection 68:96 Seneca Valley Virus Infection 68:96 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 5 13 theme ANTXR1 650:655 arg1 domain 661:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 6 14 theme mass 732:735 arg1 spectrometry 737:748 tandem mass spectrometry 725:748 tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc 725:782 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 4 15 theme ANTXR1 531:536 arg1 glycosylation 538:550 ANTXR1 glycosylation 531:550 ANTXR1 glycosylation 531:550 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 6 16 theme tandem 725:730 arg1 spectrometry 737:748 tandem mass spectrometry 725:748 tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc 725:782 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 2 17 theme selective 253:261 arg1 tropism 263:269 the selective tropism 249:269 the selective tropism for tumors 249:280 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 3 18 theme mammalian 389:397 arg1 receptors 399:407 other mammalian receptors 383:407 other mammalian receptors 383:407 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 4 19 from role 523:526 arg1 attachment 559:568 SVV attachment 555:568 SVV attachment 555:568 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 4 19 from role 523:526 arg1 entry 583:587 cellular entry 574:587 cellular entry 574:587 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 10 20 theme cancer 1384:1389 arg1 therapeutics 1391:1402 future cancer therapeutics 1377:1402 future cancer therapeutics 1377:1402 We anticipate our findings will aid in selecting patients for future cancer therapeutics, where screening for both ANTXR1 and its glycosylation could lead to an improved outcome from SVV therapy. 33924774 3 21 gly glycosylation 451:463 arg2 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 7 22 attach presence 964:971 arg2 N184 985:988 N184 985:988 N184 985:988 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 7 22 attach presence 964:971 arg2 N166 976:979 N166 976:979 N166 976:979 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 7 22 attach presence 964:971 arg1 domain 1001:1006 the vWA domain 993:1006 the vWA domain 993:1006 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 6 23 theme vWA 846:848 arg1 domain 850:855 the vWA domain 842:855 the vWA domain 842:855 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 24 theme glycans 817:823 arg1 presence 797:804 the presence 793:804 the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain 793:881 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 7 25 theme vWA 997:999 arg1 domain 1001:1006 the vWA domain 993:1006 the vWA domain 993:1006 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 10 26 theme future 1377:1382 arg1 therapeutics 1391:1402 future cancer therapeutics 1377:1402 future cancer therapeutics 1377:1402 We anticipate our findings will aid in selecting patients for future cancer therapeutics, where screening for both ANTXR1 and its glycosylation could lead to an improved outcome from SVV therapy. 33924774 2 27 theme toxin 293:297 arg1 protein 343:349 a type I transmembrane protein 320:349 a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors 320:369 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 27 theme toxin 293:297 arg1 receptor 299:306 anthrax toxin receptor 1 285:308 anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) 285:317 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 27 theme toxin 293:297 arg1 ANTXR1 311:316 ANTXR1 311:316 ANTXR1 311:316 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 27 theme toxin 293:297 arg1 receptor 222:229 The cellular receptor 209:229 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors 209:280 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 5 28 dep SVV 685:687 arg1 entry 704:708 entry 704:708 entry 704:708 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 5 28 dep SVV 685:687 arg1 attachment 689:698 attachment 689:698 attachment 689:698 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 2 29 theme transmembrane 329:341 arg1 protein 343:349 a type I transmembrane protein 320:349 a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors 320:369 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 29 theme transmembrane 329:341 arg1 receptor 299:306 anthrax toxin receptor 1 285:308 anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) 285:317 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 0 30 theme N-Linked 0:7 arg1 Glycosylation 9:21 N-Linked Glycosylation 0:21 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 0:49 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 9 31 with interactions 1292:1303 arg1 SVV 1310:1312 SVV 1310:1312 SVV 1310:1312 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 2 32 theme anthrax 285:291 arg1 protein 343:349 a type I transmembrane protein 320:349 a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors 320:369 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 32 theme anthrax 285:291 arg1 receptor 299:306 anthrax toxin receptor 1 285:308 anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) 285:317 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 32 theme anthrax 285:291 arg1 ANTXR1 311:316 ANTXR1 311:316 ANTXR1 311:316 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 32 theme anthrax 285:291 arg1 receptor 222:229 The cellular receptor 209:229 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors 209:280 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 33 theme I 327:327 arg1 protein 343:349 a type I transmembrane protein 320:349 a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors 320:369 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 33 theme I 327:327 arg1 receptor 299:306 anthrax toxin receptor 1 285:308 anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) 285:317 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 0 34 theme Anthrax 26:32 arg1 Receptor 40:47 Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 26:49 Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 26:49 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 6 35 theme Fc 873:874 arg1 domain 876:881 the Fc domain 869:881 the Fc domain 869:881 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 9 36 gly N-glycosylation 1195:1209 arg1 ANTXR1 1214:1219 ANTXR1 1214:1219 ANTXR1 1214:1219 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 8 37 theme SVV 1126:1128 arg1 attachment 1130:1139 SVV attachment 1126:1139 SVV attachment 1126:1139 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 4 38 theme exact 517:521 arg1 role 523:526 the exact role 513:526 the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry 513:587 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 4 38 theme exact 517:521 arg1 unknown 593:599 unknown 593:599 unknown 593:599 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 3 39 theme extracellular 478:490 arg1 domain 496:501 its extracellular vWA domain 474:501 its extracellular vWA domain 474:501 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 6 40 theme complex 809:815 arg1 glycans 817:823 complex glycans 809:823 complex glycans 809:823 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 1 41 theme Seneca 99:104 arg1 SVV 120:122 SVV 120:122 SVV 120:122 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 1 41 theme Seneca 99:104 arg1 virus 113:117 Seneca Valley virus 99:117 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) 99:123 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 1 41 theme Seneca 99:104 arg1 picornavirus 130:141 a picornavirus 128:141 a picornavirus with potency 128:154 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 4 42 theme cellular 574:581 arg1 entry 583:587 cellular entry 574:587 cellular entry 574:587 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 8 43 theme subsequent 1145:1154 arg1 entry 1156:1160 subsequent entry 1145:1160 subsequent entry 1145:1160 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 5 44 theme vWA 657:659 arg1 domain 661:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 3 45 theme vWA 492:494 arg1 domain 496:501 its extracellular vWA domain 474:501 its extracellular vWA domain 474:501 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 2 46 theme cellular 213:220 arg1 receptor 299:306 anthrax toxin receptor 1 285:308 anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) 285:317 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 46 theme cellular 213:220 arg1 receptor 222:229 The cellular receptor 209:229 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors 209:280 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 3 47 theme other 383:387 arg1 receptors 399:407 other mammalian receptors 383:407 other mammalian receptors 383:407 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 0 48 theme Toxin 34:38 arg1 Receptor 40:47 Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 26:49 Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 26:49 N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection. 33924774 7 49 theme N184 985:988 arg1 presence 964:971 the presence 960:971 the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain 960:1006 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 8 50 theme formation 1059:1067 arg1 assays 1069:1074 plaque formation assays 1052:1074 plaque formation assays 1052:1074 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 1 51 theme cancerous 192:200 arg1 cells 202:206 cancerous cells 192:206 cancerous cells 192:206 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 10 52 from therapy 1502:1508 arg1 outcome 1485:1491 an improved outcome 1473:1491 an improved outcome from SVV therapy 1473:1508 We anticipate our findings will aid in selecting patients for future cancer therapeutics, where screening for both ANTXR1 and its glycosylation could lead to an improved outcome from SVV therapy. 33924774 8 53 theme Cell 1009:1012 arg1 blocking 1014:1021 Cell blocking 1009:1021 Cell blocking 1009:1021 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 1 54 theme Valley 106:111 arg1 SVV 120:122 SVV 120:122 SVV 120:122 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 1 54 theme Valley 106:111 arg1 virus 113:117 Seneca Valley virus 99:117 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) 99:123 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 1 54 theme Valley 106:111 arg1 picornavirus 130:141 a picornavirus 128:141 a picornavirus with potency 128:154 Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. 33924774 9 55 theme necessary 1226:1234 arg1 N-glycosylation 1195:1209 N-glycosylation 1195:1209 N-glycosylation 1195:1209 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 9 55 theme necessary 1226:1234 arg1 modification 1255:1266 a necessary post-translational modification 1224:1266 a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV 1224:1312 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 5 56 theme N-linked 620:627 arg1 glycosylation 629:641 N-linked glycosylation 620:641 N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain 620:666 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 10 57 theme SVV 1498:1500 arg1 therapy 1502:1508 SVV therapy 1498:1508 SVV therapy 1498:1508 We anticipate our findings will aid in selecting patients for future cancer therapeutics, where screening for both ANTXR1 and its glycosylation could lead to an improved outcome from SVV therapy. 33924774 3 58 theme N-linked 442:449 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 6 59 from N81 862:864 arg1 presence 797:804 the presence 793:804 the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain 793:881 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 59 from N81 862:864 arg1 domain 876:881 the Fc domain 869:881 the Fc domain 869:881 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 60 theme ANTXR1-Fc 774:782 arg1 analysis 750:757 tandem mass spectrometry analysis 725:757 tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc 725:782 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 7 61 theme SVV-ANTXR1-Fc 928:940 arg1 reconstruction 910:923 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction 884:923 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc 884:940 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 4 62 theme SVV 555:557 arg1 attachment 559:568 SVV attachment 555:568 SVV attachment 555:568 However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. 33924774 3 63 link N-linked 442:449 arg1 sites 465:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 N-linked glycosylation sites 442:469 Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. 33924774 6 64 theme recombinant 762:772 arg1 ANTXR1-Fc 774:782 recombinant ANTXR1-Fc 762:782 recombinant ANTXR1-Fc 762:782 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 8 65 theme ANTXR1 1110:1115 arg1 deglycosylation 1091:1105 deglycosylation 1091:1105 deglycosylation of ANTXR1 1091:1115 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 7 66 theme cryo-EM 902:908 arg1 reconstruction 910:923 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction 884:923 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc 884:940 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 5 67 link N-linked 620:627 arg1 glycosylation 629:641 N-linked glycosylation 620:641 N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain 620:666 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33924774 7 68 from presence 964:971 arg1 domain 1001:1006 the vWA domain 993:1006 the vWA domain 993:1006 Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. 33924774 8 69 theme plaque 1052:1057 arg1 assays 1069:1074 plaque formation assays 1052:1074 plaque formation assays 1052:1074 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 9 70 theme stable 1285:1290 arg1 interactions 1292:1303 stable interactions 1285:1303 stable interactions with SVV 1285:1312 Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. 33924774 2 71 theme type 322:325 arg1 protein 343:349 a type I transmembrane protein 320:349 a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors 320:369 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 2 71 theme type 322:325 arg1 receptor 299:306 anthrax toxin receptor 1 285:308 anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) 285:317 The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. 33924774 10 72 theme improved 1476:1483 arg1 outcome 1485:1491 an improved outcome 1473:1491 an improved outcome from SVV therapy 1473:1508 We anticipate our findings will aid in selecting patients for future cancer therapeutics, where screening for both ANTXR1 and its glycosylation could lead to an improved outcome from SVV therapy. 33924774 6 73 from N184 834:837 arg1 presence 797:804 the presence 793:804 the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain 793:881 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 73 from N184 834:837 arg1 domain 850:855 the vWA domain 842:855 the vWA domain 842:855 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 74 attach presence 797:804 arg1 N166 828:831 N166 828:831 N166 828:831 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 74 attach presence 797:804 arg2 glycans 817:823 complex glycans 809:823 complex glycans 809:823 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 74 attach presence 797:804 arg1 N81 862:864 N81 862:864 N81 862:864 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 6 74 attach presence 797:804 arg1 N184 834:837 N184 834:837 N184 834:837 In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. 33924774 8 75 gly deglycosylation 1091:1105 arg1 ANTXR1 1110:1115 ANTXR1 1110:1115 ANTXR1 1110:1115 Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. 33924774 5 76 from glycosylation 629:641 arg1 domain 661:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 the ANTXR1 vWA domain 646:666 Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. 33392644 0 0 theme NaV1.5-Na+ 80:89 arg1 channel 91:97 the NaV1.5-Na+ channel 76:97 the NaV1.5-Na+ channel 76:97 Disruption of asparagine-linked glycosylation to rescue and alter gating of the NaV1.5-Na+ channel. 33392644 5 1 theme patch-clamp 711:721 arg1 technique 723:731 the whole-cell patch-clamp technique 696:731 the whole-cell patch-clamp technique 696:731 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 9 2 theme NaV1.5 1584:1589 arg1 channel 1591:1597 the NaV1.5 channel 1580:1597 the NaV1.5 channel 1580:1597 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 3 3 theme current 484:490 arg1 density 492:498 current density 484:498 current density 484:498 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 9 4 theme gating 1677:1682 arg1 properties 1684:1693 gating properties 1677:1693 gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel 1677:1715 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 5 5 from impact 746:751 arg1 cell 804:807 Nav1.5-HEK cell 793:807 Nav1.5-HEK cell 793:807 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 7 6 theme current 1188:1194 arg1 decay 1196:1200 the current decay 1184:1200 the current decay 1184:1200 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 4 7 theme channel 557:563 arg1 isoform 565:571 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform 542:571 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human 542:601 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 3 8 theme study 340:344 arg1 aim 328:330 The aim 324:330 The aim of this study 324:344 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 6 9 theme significant 870:880 arg1 increase 882:889 a significant increase 868:889 a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) 868:921 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 0 10 link asparagine-linked 14:30 arg1 glycosylation 32:44 asparagine-linked glycosylation 14:44 asparagine-linked glycosylation 14:44 Disruption of asparagine-linked glycosylation to rescue and alter gating of the NaV1.5-Na+ channel. 33392644 2 11 from modifications 297:309 arg1 proteins 314:321 proteins 314:321 proteins 314:321 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 0 12 theme channel 91:97 arg1 gating 66:71 gating 66:71 gating of the NaV1.5-Na+ channel 66:97 Disruption of asparagine-linked glycosylation to rescue and alter gating of the NaV1.5-Na+ channel. 33392644 3 13 theme channel 533:539 arg1 density 492:498 current density 484:498 current density 484:498 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 3 13 theme channel 533:539 arg1 properties 511:520 gating properties 504:520 gating properties 504:520 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 3 14 theme Na+ 529:531 arg1 channel 533:539 the Na+ channel 525:539 the Na+ channel 525:539 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 2 15 link -linked 235:241 arg1 glycosylation 243:255 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 221:255 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 221:255 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 9 16 theme glycan 1731:1736 arg1 milieu 1738:1743 glycan milieu 1731:1743 glycan milieu of the channel protein 1731:1766 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 8 17 theme inhibitor 1298:1306 arg1 MG132 1308:1312 a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[ 1285:1317 a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy) 1285:1332 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 17 theme inhibitor 1298:1306 arg1 phenylmethoxy 1319:1331 phenylmethoxy 1319:1331 phenylmethoxy 1319:1331 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 9 18 theme protein 1760:1766 arg1 milieu 1738:1743 glycan milieu 1731:1743 glycan milieu of the channel protein 1731:1766 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 4 19 theme human 627:631 arg1 HEK 651:653 HEK 651:653 HEK 651:653 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 4 19 theme human 627:631 arg1 kidney 643:648 human embryonic kidney 627:648 human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell) 627:682 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 6 20 theme 24 h. 940:944 arg1 Tunicamycin 946:956 24 h. Tunicamycin 940:956 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction 940:1035 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 3 21 from impact 365:370 arg1 channel 420:426 the Na+ channel 412:426 the Na+ channel 412:426 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 7 22 theme slow 1162:1165 arg1 τslow 1174:1178 τslow 1174:1178 τslow 1174:1178 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 7 22 theme slow 1162:1165 arg1 phase 1167:1171 the slow phase 1158:1171 the slow phase (τslow) 1158:1179 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 6 23 theme activation 1050:1059 arg1 unaffected 1071:1080 unaffected 1071:1080 unaffected 1071:1080 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 6 23 theme activation 1050:1059 arg1 curve 1061:1065 the activation curve 1046:1065 the activation curve 1046:1065 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 9 24 theme channel 1752:1758 arg1 protein 1760:1766 the channel protein 1748:1766 the channel protein 1748:1766 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 4 25 theme kidney 643:648 arg1 cells 660:664 human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells 627:664 human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell) 627:682 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 4 25 theme kidney 643:648 arg1 cell 678:681 Nav1.5-HEK cell 667:681 Nav1.5-HEK cell 667:681 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 5 26 theme N-linked 756:763 arg1 disruption 779:788 N-linked glycosylation disruption 756:788 N-linked glycosylation disruption 756:788 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 8 27 theme inhibitor 1481:1489 arg1 BMA 1511:1513 BMA 1511:1513 BMA 1511:1513 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 27 theme inhibitor 1481:1489 arg1 methacrylate 1497:1508 a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate 1470:1508 a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA) 1470:1514 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 4 28 theme Nav1.5-HEK 667:676 arg1 cells 660:664 human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells 627:664 human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell) 627:682 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 4 28 theme Nav1.5-HEK 667:676 arg1 cell 678:681 Nav1.5-HEK cell 667:681 Nav1.5-HEK cell 667:681 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 7 29 from inactivation 1097:1108 arg1 Recovery 1083:1090 Recovery 1083:1090 Recovery from inactivation 1083:1108 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 2 30 theme modifications 297:309 arg1 modifications 297:309 the common post-translational modifications 267:309 the common post-translational modifications in proteins 267:321 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 2 30 theme modifications 297:309 arg1 one 260:262 one 260:262 one 260:262 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 3 31 theme Na+ 416:418 arg1 channel 420:426 the Na+ channel 412:426 the Na+ channel 412:426 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 0 32 theme glycosylation 32:44 arg1 Disruption 0:9 Disruption 0:9 Disruption of asparagine-linked glycosylation 0:44 Disruption of asparagine-linked glycosylation to rescue and alter gating of the NaV1.5-Na+ channel. 33392644 8 33 theme lysosome 1472:1479 arg1 BMA 1511:1513 BMA 1511:1513 BMA 1511:1513 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 33 theme lysosome 1472:1479 arg1 methacrylate 1497:1508 a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate 1470:1508 a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA) 1470:1514 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 9 34 theme activity 1655:1662 arg1 alteration 1620:1629 the alteration 1616:1629 the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity 1616:1662 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 2 35 theme post-translational 278:295 arg1 modifications 297:309 the common post-translational modifications 267:309 the common post-translational modifications in proteins 267:321 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 8 36 theme carbonyl 1333:1340 arg1 -L-leucinamide 1382:1395 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 1 37 theme α 195:195 arg1 subunit 197:203 a pore-forming α subunit 180:203 a pore-forming α subunit of the channel 180:218 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 0 38 theme asparagine-linked 14:30 arg1 glycosylation 32:44 asparagine-linked glycosylation 14:44 asparagine-linked glycosylation 14:44 Disruption of asparagine-linked glycosylation to rescue and alter gating of the NaV1.5-Na+ channel. 33392644 4 39 theme NaV1.5-Na+ 546:555 arg1 isoform 565:571 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform 542:571 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human 542:601 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 6 40 theme N-glycosylation 828:842 arg1 Inhibition 810:819 Inhibition 810:819 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin 810:859 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 2 41 theme common 271:276 arg1 modifications 297:309 the common post-translational modifications 267:309 the common post-translational modifications in proteins 267:321 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 5 42 theme Nav1.5-HEK 793:802 arg1 cell 804:807 Nav1.5-HEK cell 793:807 Nav1.5-HEK cell 793:807 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 3 43 theme disruption 398:407 arg1 impact 365:370 impact 365:370 impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel 365:426 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 3 43 theme disruption 398:407 arg1 mechanism 437:445 the mechanism 433:445 the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel 433:539 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 8 44 theme butyl 1491:1495 arg1 BMA 1511:1513 BMA 1511:1513 BMA 1511:1513 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 44 theme butyl 1491:1495 arg1 methacrylate 1497:1508 a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate 1470:1508 a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA) 1470:1514 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 9 45 theme ubiquitin-proteasome 1634:1653 arg1 activity 1655:1662 ubiquitin-proteasome activity 1634:1662 ubiquitin-proteasome activity 1634:1662 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 3 46 link N-linked 375:382 arg1 disruption 398:407 N-linked glycosylation disruption 375:407 N-linked glycosylation disruption 375:407 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 1 47 theme pore-forming 182:193 arg1 subunit 197:203 a pore-forming α subunit 180:203 a pore-forming α subunit of the channel 180:218 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 6 48 theme hyperpolarization 1009:1025 arg1 direction 1027:1035 the hyperpolarization direction 1005:1035 the hyperpolarization direction 1005:1035 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 7 49 theme fast 1135:1138 arg1 τfast 1147:1151 τfast 1147:1151 τfast 1147:1151 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 7 49 theme fast 1135:1138 arg1 phase 1140:1144 the fast phase 1131:1144 the fast phase (τfast) 1131:1152 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 4 50 dep isoform 565:571 arg1 submit 576:581 submit 576:581 submit 576:581 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 5 51 theme glycosylation 765:777 arg1 disruption 779:788 N-linked glycosylation disruption 756:788 N-linked glycosylation disruption 756:788 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 3 52 theme N-linked 375:382 arg1 disruption 398:407 N-linked glycosylation disruption 375:407 N-linked glycosylation disruption 375:407 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 6 53 dep caused 861:866 arg1 whereas 1038:1044 whereas 1038:1044 whereas 1038:1044 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 5 54 theme disruption 779:788 arg1 impact 746:751 the impact 742:751 the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell 742:807 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 9 55 theme channel 1709:1715 arg1 properties 1684:1693 gating properties 1677:1693 gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel 1677:1715 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 4 56 attach derived 584:590 arg1 human 597:601 human 597:601 human 597:601 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 4 56 attach derived 584:590 arg2 isoform 565:571 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform 542:571 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human 542:601 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 8 57 theme MG132 1308:1312 arg1 present 1274:1280 present 1274:1280 present 1274:1280 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 3 58 theme glycosylation 384:396 arg1 disruption 398:407 N-linked glycosylation disruption 375:407 N-linked glycosylation disruption 375:407 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 6 59 theme current 909:915 arg1 increase 882:889 a significant increase 868:889 a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) 868:921 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 8 60 dep methacrylate 1497:1508 arg1 presence 1458:1465 presence 1458:1465 presence 1458:1465 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 60 dep methacrylate 1497:1508 arg1 the 1454:1456 the 1454:1456 the 1454:1456 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 3 61 from mechanism 437:445 arg1 channel 420:426 the Na+ channel 412:426 the Na+ channel 412:426 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 3 62 dep density 492:498 arg1 the 480:482 the 480:482 the 480:482 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 6 63 theme channel 901:907 arg1 INa 918:920 INa 918:920 INa 918:920 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 6 63 theme channel 901:907 arg1 current 909:915 NaV1.5 channel current 894:915 NaV1.5 channel current (INa) 894:921 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 4 64 theme embryonic 633:641 arg1 HEK 651:653 HEK 651:653 HEK 651:653 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 4 64 theme embryonic 633:641 arg1 kidney 643:648 human embryonic kidney 627:648 human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell) 627:682 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 8 65 theme 1S 1355:1356 arg1 -L-leucinamide 1382:1395 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 1 66 theme voltage-gated 123:135 arg1 channel 144:150 the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 119:157 the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel 119:218 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 1 66 theme voltage-gated 123:135 arg1 gene 106:109 SCN5A gene 100:109 SCN5A gene 100:109 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 1 67 theme SCN5A 100:104 arg1 channel 144:150 the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 119:157 the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel 119:218 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 1 67 theme SCN5A 100:104 arg1 gene 106:109 SCN5A gene 100:109 SCN5A gene 100:109 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 1 68 theme channel 212:218 arg1 subunit 197:203 a pore-forming α subunit 180:203 a pore-forming α subunit of the channel 180:218 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 8 69 theme proteasome 1287:1296 arg1 MG132 1308:1312 a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[ 1285:1317 a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy) 1285:1332 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 69 theme proteasome 1287:1296 arg1 phenylmethoxy 1319:1331 phenylmethoxy 1319:1331 phenylmethoxy 1319:1331 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 2 70 theme -linked 235:241 arg1 glycosylation 243:255 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 221:255 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 221:255 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the common post-translational modifications in proteins. 33392644 1 71 theme sodium 137:142 arg1 channel 144:150 the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 119:157 the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel 119:218 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 1 71 theme sodium 137:142 arg1 gene 106:109 SCN5A gene 100:109 SCN5A gene 100:109 SCN5A gene encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 which is composed of a pore-forming α subunit of the channel. 33392644 8 72 theme present 1274:1280 arg1 -L-leucinamide 1382:1395 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 8 73 theme -L-leucy-N-[ 1342:1353 arg1 -L-leucinamide 1382:1395 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 4 74 dep submit 576:581 arg1 α 574:574 α 574:574 α 574:574 The NaV1.5-Na+ channel isoform (α submit) derived from human was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells (Nav1.5-HEK cell). 33392644 8 75 theme -1-formyl-3-methylbutyl 1358:1380 arg1 -L-leucinamide 1382:1395 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide] 1270:1396 INa was unaffected by tunicamycin in the present of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 [N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucy-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-L-leucinamide], while it was significantly increased by tunicamycin in the presence of a lysosome inhibitor butyl methacrylate (BMA). 33392644 9 76 theme N-glycosylation 1545:1559 arg1 disruption 1561:1570 N-glycosylation disruption 1545:1570 N-glycosylation disruption 1545:1570 These findings suggest that N-glycosylation disruption rescues the NaV1.5 channel possibly through the alteration of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, and changes gating properties of the NaV1.5 channel by modulating glycan milieu of the channel protein. 33392644 7 77 theme decay 1196:1200 arg1 τslow 1174:1178 τslow 1174:1178 τslow 1174:1178 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 7 77 theme decay 1196:1200 arg1 phase 1167:1171 the slow phase 1158:1171 the slow phase (τslow) 1158:1179 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 7 77 theme decay 1196:1200 arg1 τfast 1147:1151 τfast 1147:1151 τfast 1147:1151 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 7 77 theme decay 1196:1200 arg1 phase 1140:1144 the fast phase 1131:1144 the fast phase (τfast) 1131:1152 Recovery from inactivation was prolonged, while the fast phase (τfast) and the slow phase (τslow) of the current decay was unaffected by tunicamycin. 33392644 6 78 with Inhibition 810:819 arg1 tunicamycin 849:859 tunicamycin 849:859 tunicamycin 849:859 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 6 79 theme inactivation 983:994 arg1 curve 996:1000 the steady-state inactivation curve 966:1000 the steady-state inactivation curve 966:1000 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 5 80 theme whole-cell 700:709 arg1 technique 723:731 the whole-cell patch-clamp technique 696:731 the whole-cell patch-clamp technique 696:731 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 6 81 theme NaV1.5 894:899 arg1 INa 918:920 INa 918:920 INa 918:920 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 6 81 theme NaV1.5 894:899 arg1 current 909:915 NaV1.5 channel current 894:915 NaV1.5 channel current (INa) 894:921 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 33392644 5 82 link N-linked 756:763 arg1 disruption 779:788 N-linked glycosylation disruption 756:788 N-linked glycosylation disruption 756:788 We applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study the impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption in Nav1.5-HEK cell. 33392644 3 83 theme gating 504:509 arg1 properties 511:520 gating properties 504:520 gating properties 504:520 The aim of this study was to investigate impact of N-linked glycosylation disruption on the Na+ channel, and the mechanism by which glycosylation regulates the current density and gating properties of the Na+ channel. 33392644 6 84 theme steady-state 970:981 arg1 curve 996:1000 the steady-state inactivation curve 966:1000 the steady-state inactivation curve 966:1000 Inhibition of the N-glycosylation with tunicamycin caused a significant increase of NaV1.5 channel current (INa) when applied for 24 h. Tunicamycin shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the hyperpolarization direction, whereas the activation curve was unaffected. 34060360 0 0 theme Validation 76:85 arg1 Research 87:94 Validation Research 76:94 Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis 76:133 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 6 1 theme mismatch 972:979 arg1 repair 981:986 defective mismatch repair 962:986 defective mismatch repair 962:986 Additionally, colon tumors with defective mismatch repair tended to express higher PD-L1 than those without. 34060360 4 2 gly deglycosylated 704:717 arg1 expression 725:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 692:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer 692:750 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 3 3 theme PD-L1 554:558 arg1 detection 560:568 PD-L1 detection 554:568 PD-L1 detection 554:568 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 8 4 theme signal 1200:1205 arg1 intensity 1207:1215 the PD-L1 signal intensity 1190:1215 the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal 1190:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 6 5 theme defective 962:970 arg1 repair 981:986 defective mismatch repair 962:986 defective mismatch repair 962:986 Additionally, colon tumors with defective mismatch repair tended to express higher PD-L1 than those without. 34060360 2 6 theme ligand 381:386 arg1 expression 398:407 programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression 364:407 programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression 364:407 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 8 7 theme samples 1220:1226 arg1 intensity 1207:1215 the PD-L1 signal intensity 1190:1215 the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal 1190:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 5 8 from expression 865:874 arg1 tissues 892:898 colon cancer tissues 879:898 colon cancer tissues 879:898 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 3 9 theme accurate 594:601 arg1 quantification 609:622 more accurate PD-L1 quantification 589:622 more accurate PD-L1 quantification 589:622 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 3 10 theme glycosylation 517:529 arg1 removal 497:503 the removal 493:503 the removal of N-Linked glycosylation 493:529 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 0 11 theme Immunohistochemistry 105:124 arg1 Analysis 126:133 Immunohistochemistry Analysis 105:133 Immunohistochemistry Analysis 105:133 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 0 12 from Detection 49:57 arg1 Cancer 68:73 Colon Cancer 62:73 Colon Cancer 62:73 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 9 13 theme cancer 1538:1543 arg1 treatment 1519:1527 treatment 1519:1527 treatment of colon cancer 1519:1543 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 9 14 theme established 1494:1504 arg1 strategy 1506:1513 this established strategy 1489:1513 this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer 1489:1543 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 3 15 theme Recent 459:464 arg1 research 466:473 Recent research 459:473 Recent research 459:473 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 4 16 theme PD-L1 719:723 arg1 expression 725:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 692:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer 692:750 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 9 17 theme colon 1532:1536 arg1 cancer 1538:1543 colon cancer 1532:1543 colon cancer 1532:1543 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 7 18 theme PD-L1 1163:1167 arg1 detection 1169:1177 PD-L1 detection 1163:1177 PD-L1 detection 1163:1177 Most importantly, the results of the present study indicated that the removal of N-linked glycosylation remarkably enhanced PD-L1 detection. 34060360 8 19 theme low 1235:1237 arg1 signal 1253:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 4 20 theme deglycosylated 704:717 arg1 expression 725:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 692:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer 692:750 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 8 21 theme natural 1239:1245 arg1 signal 1253:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 9 22 theme improved 1372:1379 arg1 strategy 1381:1388 an improved strategy 1369:1388 an improved strategy 1369:1388 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 7 23 theme glycosylation 1129:1141 arg1 removal 1109:1115 the removal 1105:1115 the removal of N-linked glycosylation 1105:1141 Most importantly, the results of the present study indicated that the removal of N-linked glycosylation remarkably enhanced PD-L1 detection. 34060360 8 24 theme PD-L1 1194:1198 arg1 intensity 1207:1215 the PD-L1 signal intensity 1190:1215 the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal 1190:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 2 25 theme checkpoint 338:347 arg1 inhibitors 349:358 immune checkpoint inhibitors 331:358 immune checkpoint inhibitors 331:358 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 6 26 theme colon 944:948 arg1 tumors 950:955 colon tumors 944:955 colon tumors with defective mismatch repair 944:986 Additionally, colon tumors with defective mismatch repair tended to express higher PD-L1 than those without. 34060360 1 27 theme effective 185:193 arg1 strategies 207:216 effective therapeutic strategies 185:216 effective therapeutic strategies for treating human cancers 185:243 In recent years, immunotherapies have emerged as effective therapeutic strategies for treating human cancers. 34060360 5 28 theme higher 858:863 arg1 expression 865:874 a higher expression 856:874 a higher expression in colon cancer tissues 856:898 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 8 29 with samples 1220:1226 arg1 signal 1253:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 2 30 theme immune 331:336 arg1 inhibitors 349:358 immune checkpoint inhibitors 331:358 immune checkpoint inhibitors 331:358 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 1 31 theme therapeutic 195:205 arg1 strategies 207:216 effective therapeutic strategies 185:216 effective therapeutic strategies for treating human cancers 185:243 In recent years, immunotherapies have emerged as effective therapeutic strategies for treating human cancers. 34060360 0 32 theme Glycosylation 20:32 arg1 Removal 0:6 Removal 0:6 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation 0:32 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 3 33 theme PD-L1 603:607 arg1 quantification 609:622 more accurate PD-L1 quantification 589:622 more accurate PD-L1 quantification 589:622 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 5 34 theme colon 879:883 arg1 tissues 892:898 colon cancer tissues 879:898 colon cancer tissues 879:898 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 0 35 theme N-Linked 11:18 arg1 Glycosylation 20:32 N-Linked Glycosylation 11:32 N-Linked Glycosylation 11:32 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 9 36 theme patient 1394:1400 arg1 stratification 1402:1415 patient stratification 1394:1415 patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy 1394:1443 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 7 37 theme N-linked 1120:1127 arg1 glycosylation 1129:1141 N-linked glycosylation 1120:1141 N-linked glycosylation 1120:1141 Most importantly, the results of the present study indicated that the removal of N-linked glycosylation remarkably enhanced PD-L1 detection. 34060360 7 38 link N-linked 1120:1127 arg1 glycosylation 1129:1141 N-linked glycosylation 1120:1141 N-linked glycosylation 1120:1141 Most importantly, the results of the present study indicated that the removal of N-linked glycosylation remarkably enhanced PD-L1 detection. 34060360 5 39 theme cancer 885:890 arg1 tissues 892:898 colon cancer tissues 879:898 colon cancer tissues 879:898 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 0 40 theme PD-L1 43:47 arg1 Detection 49:57 PD-L1 Detection 43:57 PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer 43:73 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 2 41 dep response 319:326 arg1 status 409:414 status 409:414 status 409:414 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 8 42 theme PD-L1 1247:1251 arg1 signal 1253:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 a low natural PD-L1 signal 1233:1258 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 2 43 theme immunohistochemistry 428:447 arg1 staining 449:456 immunohistochemistry staining 428:456 immunohistochemistry staining 428:456 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 9 44 theme strategy 1506:1513 arg1 significance 1473:1484 the clinical significance 1460:1484 the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer 1460:1543 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 6 45 theme higher 1006:1011 arg1 PD-L1 1013:1017 higher PD-L1 1006:1017 higher PD-L1 1006:1017 Additionally, colon tumors with defective mismatch repair tended to express higher PD-L1 than those without. 34060360 1 46 theme human 231:235 arg1 cancers 237:243 human cancers 231:243 human cancers 231:243 In recent years, immunotherapies have emerged as effective therapeutic strategies for treating human cancers. 34060360 9 47 theme anti-PD-1/PD-L1 1421:1435 arg1 therapy 1437:1443 anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy 1421:1443 anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy 1421:1443 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 5 48 theme study 810:814 arg1 results 787:793 The results 783:793 The results of the present study 783:814 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 3 49 theme outcome 637:643 arg1 prediction 645:654 clinical outcome prediction 628:654 clinical outcome prediction 628:654 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 7 50 theme present 1076:1082 arg1 study 1084:1088 the present study 1072:1088 the present study 1072:1088 Most importantly, the results of the present study indicated that the removal of N-linked glycosylation remarkably enhanced PD-L1 detection. 34060360 2 51 theme death 375:379 arg1 ligand 381:386 death ligand 1 375:388 programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression 364:407 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 2 51 theme death 375:379 arg1 PD-L1 391:395 PD-L1 391:395 PD-L1 391:395 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 4 52 from expression 725:734 arg1 cancer 745:750 colon cancer 739:750 colon cancer 739:750 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 5 53 contain had 852:854 arg1 PD-L1 846:850 PD-L1 846:850 PD-L1 846:850 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 5 53 contain had 852:854 arg2 expression 865:874 a higher expression 856:874 a higher expression in colon cancer tissues 856:898 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 2 54 theme programmed 364:373 arg1 expression 398:407 programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression 364:407 programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression 364:407 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 4 55 theme 28-8 768:771 arg1 antibody 773:780 the PD-L1 28-8 antibody 758:780 the PD-L1 28-8 antibody 758:780 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 4 56 theme colon 739:743 arg1 cancer 745:750 colon cancer 739:750 colon cancer 739:750 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 3 57 theme N-Linked 508:515 arg1 glycosylation 517:529 N-Linked glycosylation 508:529 N-Linked glycosylation 508:529 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 4 58 theme present 664:670 arg1 study 672:676 the present study 660:676 the present study 660:676 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 7 59 theme study 1084:1088 arg1 results 1061:1067 the results 1057:1067 the results of the present study 1057:1088 Most importantly, the results of the present study indicated that the removal of N-linked glycosylation remarkably enhanced PD-L1 detection. 34060360 6 60 with tumors 950:955 arg1 repair 981:986 defective mismatch repair 962:986 defective mismatch repair 962:986 Additionally, colon tumors with defective mismatch repair tended to express higher PD-L1 than those without. 34060360 1 61 theme recent 139:144 arg1 years 146:150 recent years 139:150 recent years 139:150 In recent years, immunotherapies have emerged as effective therapeutic strategies for treating human cancers. 34060360 5 62 theme present 802:808 arg1 study 810:814 the present study 798:814 the present study 798:814 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 4 63 theme natural 692:698 arg1 expression 725:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression 692:734 natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer 692:750 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 34060360 8 64 theme signal 1320:1325 arg1 intensity 1327:1335 high signal intensity 1315:1335 high signal intensity 1315:1335 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 8 65 theme high 1315:1318 arg1 intensity 1327:1335 high signal intensity 1315:1335 high signal intensity 1315:1335 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 5 66 theme normal 914:919 arg1 tissues 921:927 normal tissues 914:927 normal tissues 914:927 The results of the present study validated the hypothesis that PD-L1 had a higher expression in colon cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. 34060360 0 67 theme Colon 62:66 arg1 Cancer 68:73 Colon Cancer 62:73 Colon Cancer 62:73 Removal of N-Linked Glycosylation Enhances PD-L1 Detection in Colon Cancer: Validation Research Based on Immunohistochemistry Analysis. 34060360 8 68 with samples 1302:1308 arg1 intensity 1327:1335 high signal intensity 1315:1335 high signal intensity 1315:1335 Moreover, the PD-L1 signal intensity of samples with a low natural PD-L1 signal was enhanced more remarkably than that of samples with high signal intensity. 34060360 2 69 theme accumulating 255:266 arg1 evidence 268:275 accumulating evidence 255:275 accumulating evidence 255:275 However, accumulating evidence has revealed an inconsistency between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status detected by immunohistochemistry staining. 34060360 3 70 theme clinical 628:635 arg1 prediction 645:654 clinical outcome prediction 628:654 clinical outcome prediction 628:654 Recent research has revealed that the removal of N-Linked glycosylation significantly enhanced PD-L1 detection, resulting in both more accurate PD-L1 quantification and clinical outcome prediction. 34060360 9 71 theme clinical 1464:1471 arg1 significance 1473:1484 the clinical significance 1460:1484 the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer 1460:1543 Overall, our research provides an improved strategy for patient stratification for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which deepens the clinical significance of this established strategy for treatment of colon cancer. 34060360 4 72 theme PD-L1 762:766 arg1 antibody 773:780 the PD-L1 28-8 antibody 758:780 the PD-L1 28-8 antibody 758:780 In the present study, we evaluated natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in colon cancer using the PD-L1 28-8 antibody. 33728790 6 0 theme Nglyco 1397:1402 arg1 motif 1407:1411 the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif 1366:1411 the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif 1366:1411 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 6 1 theme impaired 1303:1310 arg1 germination 1317:1327 impaired cyst germination 1303:1327 impaired cyst germination 1303:1327 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 6 2 theme cyst 1312:1315 arg1 germination 1317:1327 impaired cyst germination 1303:1327 impaired cyst germination 1303:1327 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 4 3 theme 355 N-glycosylated 736:753 arg1 proteins 755:762 355 N-glycosylated proteins 736:762 355 N-glycosylated proteins 736:762 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 5 4 theme oligosaccharide 1214:1228 arg1 linkage 1230:1236 asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage 1201:1236 asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage 1201:1236 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 0 5 theme -N-linked 66:74 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 5 theme -N-linked 66:74 arg1 glycosylation 76:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 5 6 theme Nglyco 1164:1169 arg1 motif 1174:1178 the Nglyco -N motif 1160:1178 the Nglyco -N motif 1160:1178 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 6 theme Nglyco 1164:1169 arg1 site 1192:1195 a target site 1183:1195 a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage 1183:1236 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 7 7 theme oomycete 1497:1504 arg1 N-glycoproteome 1506:1520 the oomycete N-glycoproteome 1493:1520 the oomycete N-glycoproteome 1493:1520 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 33728790 5 8 theme site-directed 950:962 arg1 mutagenesis 964:974 site-directed mutagenesis 950:974 site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores 950:1093 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 2 9 theme N-glycosylation 350:364 arg1 inhibitor 366:374 N-glycosylation inhibitor 350:374 N-glycosylation inhibitor 350:374 In this work, N-glycosylation inhibitor was shown to prevent Phytophthora sojae growth, suggesting that N-glycosylation is necessary for oomycete development. 33728790 6 10 theme decreased 1429:1437 arg1 production 1447:1456 decreased oospore production 1429:1456 decreased oospore production 1429:1456 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 5 11 theme heat 1041:1044 arg1 protein 1052:1058 a heat shock protein 70 1039:1061 a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores 1039:1093 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 11 theme heat 1041:1044 arg1 HSP70 1064:1068 HSP70 1064:1068 HSP70 1064:1068 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 3 12 theme sojae 540:544 arg1 analysis 525:532 a glycoproteomic analysis 508:532 a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae 508:544 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 3 13 dep conducted 498:506 arg1 map 562:564 map 562:564 map N-glycosylated proteins 562:588 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 3 13 dep conducted 498:506 arg1 identify 549:556 identify 549:556 identify 549:556 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 3 13 dep conducted 498:506 arg1 quantify 597:604 quantify 597:604 to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages 594:722 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 1 14 theme distributed 243:253 arg1 modification 274:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification 228:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes 228:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 14 theme distributed 243:253 arg1 glycosylation 177:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation 150:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 150:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 3 15 theme N-glycosylated 566:579 arg1 proteins 581:588 N-glycosylated proteins 566:588 N-glycosylated proteins 566:588 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 1 16 theme post-translational 255:272 arg1 modification 274:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification 228:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes 228:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 16 theme post-translational 255:272 arg1 glycosylation 177:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation 150:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 150:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 4 17 gly glycosites 790:799 arg2 glycosites 790:799 496 glycosites 786:799 496 glycosites 786:799 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 4 18 theme metabolic 886:894 arg1 pathways 896:903 other metabolic pathways 880:903 other metabolic pathways 880:903 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 4 19 theme glycan 826:831 arg1 degradation 833:843 glycan degradation 826:843 glycan degradation 826:843 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 2 20 theme sojae 410:414 arg1 growth 416:421 Phytophthora sojae growth 397:421 Phytophthora sojae growth 397:421 In this work, N-glycosylation inhibitor was shown to prevent Phytophthora sojae growth, suggesting that N-glycosylation is necessary for oomycete development. 33728790 1 21 link -linked 169:175 arg1 modification 274:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification 228:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes 228:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 21 link -linked 169:175 arg1 glycosylation 177:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation 150:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 150:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 6 22 from mutations 1249:1257 arg1 GPI16 1290:1294 the GPI16 1286:1294 the GPI16 1286:1294 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 2 23 theme Phytophthora 397:408 arg1 growth 416:421 Phytophthora sojae growth 397:421 Phytophthora sojae growth 397:421 In this work, N-glycosylation inhibitor was shown to prevent Phytophthora sojae growth, suggesting that N-glycosylation is necessary for oomycete development. 33728790 0 24 theme consensus 4:12 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 24 theme consensus 4:12 arg1 motif 28:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif 0:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif 0:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 6 25 from mutation 1354:1361 arg1 HSP70 1416:1420 HSP70 1416:1420 HSP70 1416:1420 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 6 26 theme -X-S/T 1276:1281 arg1 mutations 1249:1257 Glycosite mutations 1239:1257 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 1239:1294 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 6 27 theme motif 1407:1411 arg1 mutation 1354:1361 mutation 1354:1361 mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 1354:1420 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 5 28 theme protein 998:1004 arg1 assays 939:944 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 28 theme protein 998:1004 arg1 mutagenesis 964:974 site-directed mutagenesis 950:974 site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores 950:1093 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 29 theme F 921:921 arg1 deglycosylation 923:937 PNGase F deglycosylation 914:937 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 6 30 theme Nglyco 1269:1274 arg1 -X-S/T 1276:1281 Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T 1262:1281 Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T 1262:1281 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 1 31 theme -linked 169:175 arg1 modification 274:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification 228:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes 228:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 31 theme -linked 169:175 arg1 glycosylation 177:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation 150:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 150:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 0 32 theme -X-S/T 21:26 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 32 theme -X-S/T 21:26 arg1 motif 28:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif 0:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif 0:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 7 33 gly N-glycosylation 1577:1591 arg2 motifs 1593:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs 1568:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth 1568:1619 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 33728790 0 34 theme Nglyco 14:19 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 34 theme Nglyco 14:19 arg1 motif 28:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif 0:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif 0:32 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 5 35 theme asparagine 1201:1210 arg1 linkage 1230:1236 asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage 1201:1236 asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage 1201:1236 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 1 36 dep Asparagine 150:159 arg1 N 167:167 N 167:167 N 167:167 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 36 dep Asparagine 150:159 arg1 Asn 162:164 Asn 162:164 Asn 162:164 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 3 37 gly glycoproteins 631:643 arg1 glycoproteins 631:643 differentially expressed glycoproteins 606:643 differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages 606:722 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 7 38 dep providing 1474:1482 arg1 addition 1462:1469 addition 1462:1469 addition 1462:1469 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 33728790 5 39 theme protein 1052:1058 arg1 assays 939:944 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 39 theme protein 1052:1058 arg1 mutagenesis 964:974 site-directed mutagenesis 950:974 site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores 950:1093 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 0 40 theme Phytophthora 136:147 arg1 pathogenicity 119:131 pathogenicity 119:131 pathogenicity 119:131 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 40 theme Phytophthora 136:147 arg1 growth 108:113 growth 108:113 growth 108:113 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 3 41 theme sexual 688:693 arg1 stages 717:722 sexual oospore developmental stages 688:722 sexual oospore developmental stages 688:722 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 5 42 gly N-glycosylated 1136:1149 arg1 proteins 1122:1129 both proteins 1117:1129 both proteins 1117:1129 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 1 43 theme Nglyco 198:203 arg1 motif 219:223 Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 198:223 Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 198:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 44 theme diverse 308:314 arg1 processes 325:333 diverse cellular processes 308:333 diverse cellular processes 308:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 7 45 theme multiple 1568:1575 arg1 motifs 1593:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs 1568:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth 1568:1619 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 33728790 6 46 theme oospore 1439:1445 arg1 production 1447:1456 decreased oospore production 1429:1456 decreased oospore production 1429:1456 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 1 47 theme -X-S/T 205:210 arg1 motif 219:223 Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 198:223 Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 198:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 48 theme cellular 316:323 arg1 processes 325:333 diverse cellular processes 308:333 diverse cellular processes 308:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 0 49 link -N-linked 66:74 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 49 link -N-linked 66:74 arg1 glycosylation 76:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 3 50 theme glycoproteomic 510:523 arg1 analysis 525:532 a glycoproteomic analysis 508:532 a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae 508:544 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 2 51 theme oomycete 473:480 arg1 development 482:492 oomycete development 473:492 oomycete development 473:492 In this work, N-glycosylation inhibitor was shown to prevent Phytophthora sojae growth, suggesting that N-glycosylation is necessary for oomycete development. 33728790 4 52 theme other 880:884 arg1 pathways 896:903 other metabolic pathways 880:903 other metabolic pathways 880:903 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 3 53 theme expressed 621:629 arg1 glycoproteins 631:643 differentially expressed glycoproteins 606:643 differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages 606:722 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 4 54 theme proteins 755:762 arg1 total 727:731 A total 725:731 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins 725:762 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 5 55 theme target 1185:1190 arg1 motif 1174:1178 the Nglyco -N motif 1160:1178 the Nglyco -N motif 1160:1178 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 55 theme target 1185:1190 arg1 site 1192:1195 a target site 1183:1195 a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage 1183:1236 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 6 56 theme Glycosite 1239:1247 arg1 mutations 1249:1257 Glycosite mutations 1239:1257 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 1239:1294 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 6 57 theme Asn 1262:1264 arg1 -X-S/T 1276:1281 Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T 1262:1281 Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T 1262:1281 Glycosite mutations of Asn 94 Nglyco -X-S/T in the GPI16 led to impaired cyst germination and pathogenicity, while mutation of the previously unknown Asn 270 Nglyco -N motif in HSP70 led to decreased oospore production. 33728790 5 58 theme GPI 981:983 arg1 GPI16 1007:1011 GPI16 1007:1011 GPI16 1007:1011 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 58 theme GPI 981:983 arg1 protein 998:1004 a GPI transamidase protein 979:1004 a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts 979:1033 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 59 theme deglycosylation 923:937 arg1 assays 939:944 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 7 60 theme essential 1600:1608 arg1 motifs 1593:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs 1568:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth 1568:1619 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 33728790 4 61 gly 355 N-glycosylated 736:753 arg1 proteins 755:762 355 N-glycosylated proteins 736:762 355 N-glycosylated proteins 736:762 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 3 62 theme oospore 695:701 arg1 stages 717:722 sexual oospore developmental stages 688:722 sexual oospore developmental stages 688:722 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 3 63 theme asexual 670:676 arg1 cyst 678:681 asexual cyst 670:681 asexual cyst 670:681 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 5 64 theme transamidase 985:996 arg1 GPI16 1007:1011 GPI16 1007:1011 GPI16 1007:1011 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 64 theme transamidase 985:996 arg1 protein 998:1004 a GPI transamidase protein 979:1004 a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts 979:1033 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 1 65 theme X ≠ P 213:217 arg1 motif 219:223 Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 198:223 Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 198:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 0 66 theme Nglyco 59:64 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 66 theme Nglyco 59:64 arg1 glycosylation 76:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 3 67 theme developmental 703:715 arg1 stages 717:722 sexual oospore developmental stages 688:722 sexual oospore developmental stages 688:722 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 5 68 theme shock 1046:1050 arg1 protein 1052:1058 a heat shock protein 70 1039:1061 a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores 1039:1093 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 5 68 theme shock 1046:1050 arg1 HSP70 1064:1068 HSP70 1064:1068 HSP70 1064:1068 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 3 69 gly N-glycosylated 566:579 arg1 proteins 581:588 N-glycosylated proteins 566:588 N-glycosylated proteins 566:588 We conducted a glycoproteomic analysis of P. sojae to identify and map N-glycosylated proteins and to quantify differentially expressed glycoproteins associated with mycelia, asexual cyst, and sexual oospore developmental stages. 33728790 5 70 theme PNGase 914:919 arg1 deglycosylation 923:937 PNGase F deglycosylation 914:937 PNGase F deglycosylation assays 914:944 Through PNGase F deglycosylation assays and site-directed mutagenesis of a GPI transamidase protein (GPI16) upregulated in cysts and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) upregulated in oospores, we demonstrated that both proteins were N-glycosylated and that the Nglyco -N motif is a target site for asparagine - oligosaccharide linkage. 33728790 7 71 theme N-glycosylation 1577:1591 arg1 motifs 1593:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs 1568:1598 multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth 1568:1619 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 33728790 0 72 theme unknown 51:57 arg1 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 necessary 94:102 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 0 72 theme unknown 51:57 arg1 glycosylation 76:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation 38:88 The consensus Nglyco -X-S/T motif and a previously unknown Nglyco -N-linked glycosylation are necessary for growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora. 33728790 4 73 theme carbon 846:851 arg1 metabolism 853:862 carbon metabolism 846:862 carbon metabolism 846:862 A total of 355 N-glycosylated proteins was found, containing 496 glycosites, potentially involved in glycan degradation, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, or other metabolic pathways. 33728790 1 74 theme Asparagine 150:159 arg1 modification 274:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification 228:285 a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes 228:333 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 1 74 theme Asparagine 150:159 arg1 glycosylation 177:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation 150:189 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif 150:223 Asparagine (Asn, N)-linked glycosylation within Nglyco -X-S/T; X ≠ P motif is a ubiquitously distributed post-translational modification that participates in diverse cellular processes. 33728790 7 75 theme N-glycoproteome 1506:1520 arg1 map 1486:1488 a map 1484:1488 a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome 1484:1520 In addition to providing a map of the oomycete N-glycoproteome, this work confirms that P. sojae has evolved multiple N-glycosylation motifs essential for growth. 35386843 8 0 located detected 1273:1280 arg2 oligosaccharides 1251:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 8 0 located detected 1273:1280 arg1 timeframe 1310:1318 a 5-minute timeframe 1299:1318 a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization 1299:1376 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 5 1 theme acid 833:836 arg1 solvent 859:865 ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent 818:865 ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent 818:865 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 4 2 dep glycopeptides 544:556 arg1 i.e. 538:541 i.e. 538:541 i.e. 538:541 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 8 3 theme N-linked 1242:1249 arg1 oligosaccharides 1251:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 9 4 theme species 1495:1501 arg1 detection 1440:1448 fast and sensitive detection 1421:1448 fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices 1421:1521 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 9 5 theme sensitive 1430:1438 arg1 detection 1440:1448 fast and sensitive detection 1421:1448 fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices 1421:1521 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 4 6 from Glycans 509:515 arg1 buffer 600:605 non-volatile buffer 587:605 non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) 587:625 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 6 7 theme sugars 1032:1037 arg1 determination 1050:1062 determination 1050:1062 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 7 theme sugars 1032:1037 arg1 detection 983:991 direct detection 976:991 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 9 8 theme glycans/oligosaccharides 1453:1476 arg1 detection 1440:1448 fast and sensitive detection 1421:1448 fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices 1421:1521 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 6 9 gly glycopeptides 1003:1015 arg2 glycopeptides 1003:1015 intact glycopeptides 996:1015 intact glycopeptides 996:1015 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 8 10 theme further 1341:1347 arg1 enrichment 1349:1358 further enrichment 1341:1358 further enrichment 1341:1358 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 5 11 theme high 882:885 arg1 voltage 887:893 a high voltage 880:893 a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate 880:921 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 5 11 theme high 882:885 arg1 HV 896:897 HV 896:897 HV 896:897 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 9 12 theme complex 1506:1512 arg1 matrices 1514:1521 complex matrices 1506:1521 complex matrices 1506:1521 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 0 13 theme Glycans 71:77 arg1 Detection 58:66 Rapid Detection 52:66 Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates 52:97 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 8 14 link N-linked 1242:1249 arg1 oligosaccharides 1251:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 7 15 link N-linked 1204:1211 arg1 oligosaccharides 1213:1228 N-linked oligosaccharides 1204:1228 N-linked oligosaccharides 1204:1228 NISTmAb was deglycosylated with PNGase F to release N-linked oligosaccharides. 35386843 4 16 theme ACN/H2O 714:720 arg1 solution 734:741 ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 714:741 ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 714:741 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 3 17 theme carbohydrates 477:489 arg1 suppression 462:472 signal suppression 455:472 signal suppression of carbohydrates 455:489 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 9 18 contain has 1527:1529 arg2 potential 1537:1545 great potential 1531:1545 great potential in bioanalysis 1531:1560 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 9 18 contain has 1527:1529 arg1 DPS-MS 1407:1412 DPS-MS 1407:1412 DPS-MS 1407:1412 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 9 19 theme fast 1421:1424 arg1 detection 1440:1448 fast and sensitive detection 1421:1448 fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices 1421:1521 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 7 20 theme N-linked 1204:1211 arg1 oligosaccharides 1213:1228 N-linked oligosaccharides 1204:1228 N-linked oligosaccharides 1204:1228 NISTmAb was deglycosylated with PNGase F to release N-linked oligosaccharides. 35386843 4 21 theme v/v 729:731 arg1 solution 734:741 ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 714:741 ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 714:741 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 6 22 theme direct 976:981 arg1 detection 983:991 direct detection 976:991 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 0 23 theme Glycoconjugates 83:97 arg1 Detection 58:66 Rapid Detection 52:66 Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates 52:97 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 9 24 gly glycosylated 1482:1493 arg1 species 1495:1501 glycosylated species 1482:1501 glycosylated species 1482:1501 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 6 25 theme nucleotide 1021:1030 arg1 sugars 1032:1037 nucleotide sugars 1021:1037 nucleotide sugars 1021:1037 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 4 26 theme Tris 614:617 arg1 buffer 619:624 Tris buffer 614:624 Tris buffer 614:624 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 27 theme 90/10 723:727 arg1 solution 734:741 ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 714:741 ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 714:741 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 3 28 theme spray 388:392 arg1 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 28 theme spray 388:392 arg1 spectrometry 399:410 desalting paper spray mass spectrometry 372:410 a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer 370:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 4 29 theme nucleotide 559:568 arg1 glycopeptides 544:556 glycopeptides 544:556 glycopeptides 544:556 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 29 theme nucleotide 559:568 arg1 sugars 570:575 nucleotide sugars 559:575 nucleotide sugars 559:575 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 9 30 from detection 1440:1448 arg1 matrices 1514:1521 complex matrices 1506:1521 complex matrices 1506:1521 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 6 31 theme IgG 1137:1139 arg1 profiling 1081:1089 glycosylation profiling 1067:1089 glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 1067:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 3 32 theme mass 394:397 arg1 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 32 theme mass 394:397 arg1 spectrometry 399:410 desalting paper spray mass spectrometry 372:410 a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer 370:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 1 33 theme biological 180:189 arg1 fields 191:196 biological fields 180:196 biological fields 180:196 The detection of glycans and glycoconjugates has gained increasing attention in biological fields. 35386843 3 34 theme desalting 372:380 arg1 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 34 theme desalting 372:380 arg1 spectrometry 399:410 desalting paper spray mass spectrometry 372:410 a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer 370:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 6 35 theme monoclonal 1117:1126 arg1 antibody 1128:1135 NIST monoclonal antibody 1112:1135 NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 1112:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 8 36 theme 5-minute 1301:1308 arg1 timeframe 1310:1318 a 5-minute timeframe 1299:1318 a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization 1299:1376 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 3 37 theme signal 455:460 arg1 suppression 462:472 signal suppression 455:472 signal suppression of carbohydrates 455:489 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 38 theme paper 382:386 arg1 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 DPS-MS 413:418 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 38 theme paper 382:386 arg1 spectrometry 399:410 desalting paper spray mass spectrometry 372:410 a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer 370:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 6 39 theme profiling 1081:1089 arg1 determination 1050:1062 determination 1050:1062 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 39 theme profiling 1081:1089 arg1 detection 983:991 direct detection 976:991 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 40 theme antibody 1094:1101 arg1 profiling 1081:1089 glycosylation profiling 1067:1089 glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 1067:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 2 41 theme poor 296:299 arg1 intensity 301:309 poor intensity 296:309 poor intensity 296:309 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 8 42 theme Twenty-six 1231:1240 arg1 oligosaccharides 1251:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides 1231:1266 Twenty-six N-linked oligosaccharides were detected by DPS-MS within a 5-minute timeframe without the need for further enrichment or derivatization. 35386843 3 43 theme suppression 462:472 arg1 issue 446:450 the issue 442:450 the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer 442:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 44 theme salted 494:499 arg1 buffer 501:506 salted buffer 494:506 salted buffer 494:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 5 45 theme ACN/H2O/formic 818:831 arg1 FA 839:840 FA 839:840 FA 839:840 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 5 45 theme ACN/H2O/formic 818:831 arg1 acid 833:836 ACN/H2O/formic acid 818:836 ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent 818:865 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 5 45 theme ACN/H2O/formic 818:831 arg1 v/v/v 852:856 10/90/1 v/v/v 844:856 10/90/1 v/v/v 844:856 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 0 46 theme Spay 16:19 arg1 DPS-MS 40:45 DPS-MS 40:45 DPS-MS 40:45 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 0 46 theme Spay 16:19 arg1 Spectrometry 26:37 Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry 10:37 Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) 10:46 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 4 47 attach removed 690:696 arg1 substrate 654:662 the paper substrate 644:662 the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 644:741 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 47 attach removed 690:696 arg2 buffers 675:681 buffers 675:681 buffers 675:681 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 0 48 theme Mass 21:24 arg1 DPS-MS 40:45 DPS-MS 40:45 DPS-MS 40:45 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 0 48 theme Mass 21:24 arg1 Spectrometry 26:37 Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry 10:37 Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) 10:46 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 3 49 from issue 446:450 arg1 buffer 501:506 salted buffer 494:506 salted buffer 494:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 3 50 theme spectrometry 399:410 arg1 strategy 421:428 a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy 370:428 a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer 370:506 We developed a desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS) strategy to overcome the issue of signal suppression of carbohydrates in salted buffer. 35386843 4 51 dep Glycans 509:515 arg1 etc. 578:581 etc. 578:581 etc. 578:581 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 51 dep Glycans 509:515 arg1 glycopeptides 544:556 glycopeptides 544:556 glycopeptides 544:556 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 51 dep Glycans 509:515 arg1 sugars 570:575 nucleotide sugars 559:575 nucleotide sugars 559:575 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 6 52 theme antibody 1128:1135 arg1 NISTmAb 1142:1148 NISTmAb 1142:1148 NISTmAb 1142:1148 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 52 theme antibody 1128:1135 arg1 IgG 1137:1139 NIST monoclonal antibody IgG 1112:1139 NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 1112:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 53 theme glycopeptides 1003:1015 arg1 determination 1050:1062 determination 1050:1062 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 53 theme glycopeptides 1003:1015 arg1 detection 983:991 direct detection 976:991 direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 976:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 54 dep such 1104:1107 arg1 as 1109:1110 as 1109:1110 as 1109:1110 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 4 55 from glycoconjugates 521:535 arg1 buffer 600:605 non-volatile buffer 587:605 non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) 587:625 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 9 56 theme glycosylated 1482:1493 arg1 species 1495:1501 glycosylated species 1482:1501 glycosylated species 1482:1501 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 2 57 theme mass 211:214 arg1 MS 230:231 MS 230:231 MS 230:231 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 2 57 theme mass 211:214 arg1 spectrometry 216:227 Traditional mass spectrometry 199:227 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis 199:274 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 2 58 theme spectrometry 216:227 arg1 methods 240:246 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods 199:246 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis 199:274 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 2 59 theme biological 337:346 arg1 samples 348:354 complex biological samples 329:354 complex biological samples 329:354 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 5 60 theme paper 907:911 arg1 substrate 913:921 the paper substrate 903:921 the paper substrate 903:921 Glycans or glycoconjugates can then be eluted and spray ionized by adding ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) solvent and applying a high voltage (HV) to the paper substrate. 35386843 7 61 gly deglycosylated 1164:1177 arg1 NISTmAb 1152:1158 NISTmAb 1152:1158 NISTmAb 1152:1158 NISTmAb was deglycosylated with PNGase F to release N-linked oligosaccharides. 35386843 2 62 theme Traditional 199:209 arg1 MS 230:231 MS 230:231 MS 230:231 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 2 62 theme Traditional 199:209 arg1 spectrometry 216:227 Traditional mass spectrometry 199:227 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis 199:274 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 2 63 theme glycoconjugate 252:265 arg1 analysis 267:274 glycoconjugate analysis 252:274 glycoconjugate analysis 252:274 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 4 64 dep buffer 619:624 arg1 e.g. 608:611 e.g. 608:611 e.g. 608:611 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 2 65 theme complex 329:335 arg1 samples 348:354 complex biological samples 329:354 complex biological samples 329:354 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 9 66 theme great 1531:1535 arg1 potential 1537:1545 great potential 1531:1545 great potential in bioanalysis 1531:1560 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 6 67 theme glycosylation 1067:1079 arg1 profiling 1081:1089 glycosylation profiling 1067:1089 glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 1067:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 6 68 theme NIST 1112:1115 arg1 antibody 1128:1135 NIST monoclonal antibody 1112:1135 NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb) 1112:1149 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 4 69 gly glycopeptides 544:556 arg2 sugars 570:575 nucleotide sugars 559:575 nucleotide sugars 559:575 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 69 gly glycopeptides 544:556 arg2 glycopeptides 544:556 glycopeptides 544:556 glycopeptides 544:556 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 4 69 gly glycopeptides 544:556 arg2 etc. 578:581 etc. 578:581 etc. 578:581 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 1 70 theme glycans 117:123 arg1 detection 104:112 The detection 100:112 The detection of glycans and glycoconjugates 100:143 The detection of glycans and glycoconjugates has gained increasing attention in biological fields. 35386843 4 71 theme non-volatile 587:598 arg1 buffer 600:605 non-volatile buffer 587:605 non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) 587:625 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 0 72 theme Rapid 52:56 arg1 Detection 58:66 Rapid Detection 52:66 Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates 52:97 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 6 73 theme intact 996:1001 arg1 glycopeptides 1003:1015 intact glycopeptides 996:1015 intact glycopeptides 996:1015 This work also showed that DPS-MS is applicable for direct detection of intact glycopeptides and nucleotide sugars as well as determination of glycosylation profiling of antibody, such as NIST monoclonal antibody IgG (NISTmAb). 35386843 1 74 theme glycoconjugates 129:143 arg1 detection 104:112 The detection 100:112 The detection of glycans and glycoconjugates 100:143 The detection of glycans and glycoconjugates has gained increasing attention in biological fields. 35386843 4 75 theme paper 648:652 arg1 substrate 654:662 the paper substrate 644:662 the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution 644:741 Glycans and glycoconjugates (i.e., glycopeptides, nucleotide sugars, etc.) in non-volatile buffer (e.g., Tris buffer) can be loaded on the paper substrate from which buffers can be removed by washing with ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution. 35386843 9 76 from potential 1537:1545 arg1 bioanalysis 1550:1560 bioanalysis 1550:1560 bioanalysis 1550:1560 This work demonstrates that DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of glycans/oligosaccharides and glycosylated species in complex matrices and has great potential in bioanalysis. 35386843 2 77 theme -based 233:238 arg1 methods 240:246 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods 199:246 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis 199:274 Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for glycoconjugate analysis are challenged with poor intensity when dealing with complex biological samples. 35386843 0 78 theme Paper 10:14 arg1 DPS-MS 40:45 DPS-MS 40:45 DPS-MS 40:45 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 0 78 theme Paper 10:14 arg1 Spectrometry 26:37 Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry 10:37 Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) 10:46 Desalting Paper Spay Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS) for Rapid Detection of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. 35386843 7 79 theme PNGase 1184:1189 arg1 F 1191:1191 PNGase F 1184:1191 PNGase F 1184:1191 NISTmAb was deglycosylated with PNGase F to release N-linked oligosaccharides. 32277123 8 0 from decrease 1136:1143 arg1 glycogen 1148:1155 glycogen 1148:1155 glycogen 1148:1155 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 8 0 from decrease 1136:1143 arg1 levels 1167:1172 lipid levels 1161:1172 lipid levels 1161:1172 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 0 1 link N-linked 86:93 arg1 glycosylation 103:115 N-linked protein glycosylation 86:115 N-linked protein glycosylation 86:115 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 32277123 8 2 from effect 1072:1077 arg1 fecundity 1082:1090 fecundity 1082:1090 fecundity 1082:1090 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 9 3 theme mosquito 1229:1236 arg1 transcriptomes 1243:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes 1217:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes 1217:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 9 4 theme head 1238:1241 arg1 transcriptomes 1243:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes 1217:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes 1217:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 9 5 link N-linked 1373:1380 arg1 glycosylation 1382:1394 N-linked glycosylation 1373:1394 N-linked glycosylation 1373:1394 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 6 6 theme mosquitoes 858:867 arg1 fecundity 809:817 fecundity 809:817 fecundity 809:817 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 6 6 theme mosquitoes 858:867 arg1 metabolism 824:833 metabolism 824:833 metabolism 824:833 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 6 6 theme mosquitoes 858:867 arg1 survival 799:806 survival 799:806 survival 799:806 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 11 7 theme mosquito 1736:1743 arg1 control 1745:1751 mosquito control 1736:1751 mosquito control 1736:1751 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 0 8 theme protein 95:101 arg1 glycosylation 103:115 N-linked protein glycosylation 86:115 N-linked protein glycosylation 86:115 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 32277123 5 9 theme plant-based 555:565 arg1 sugar 567:571 plant-based sugar substitutes 555:583 plant-based sugar substitutes such as stevia (erythritol) 555:611 However, plant-based sugar substitutes such as stevia (erythritol) have been shown to affect lifespan in other flies. 32277123 9 10 theme N-linked 1373:1380 arg1 glycosylation 1382:1394 N-linked glycosylation 1373:1394 N-linked glycosylation 1373:1394 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 3 11 theme control 363:369 arg1 method 346:351 a novel method 338:351 a novel method of vector control 338:369 Thus, a novel method of vector control may involve targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes. 32277123 9 12 from pathway 1319:1325 arg1 upregulation 1268:1279 upregulation 1268:1279 upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1268:1325 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 4 13 theme human-safe 428:437 arg1 sugar 439:443 Multiple human-safe sugar 419:443 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes 419:455 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are readily available. 32277123 9 14 theme erythritol 1444:1453 arg1 feeding 1455:1461 erythritol feeding 1444:1461 erythritol feeding in mosquitoes 1444:1475 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 11 15 theme attractive 1677:1686 arg1 baits 1700:1704 attractive toxic sugar baits 1677:1704 attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control 1677:1751 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 4 16 theme Multiple 419:426 arg1 sugar 439:443 Multiple human-safe sugar 419:443 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes 419:455 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are readily available. 32277123 1 17 theme floral 168:173 arg1 nectar 191:196 floral and extrafloral nectar 168:196 floral and extrafloral nectar 168:196 Adult male and female mosquitoes consume sugar as floral and extrafloral nectar. 32277123 11 18 theme baits 1700:1704 arg1 erythritol 1611:1620 erythritol 1611:1620 erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose 1611:1657 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 11 18 theme baits 1700:1704 arg1 component 1664:1672 a component 1662:1672 a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control 1662:1751 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 9 19 theme feeding 1455:1461 arg1 impact 1434:1439 the negative impact 1421:1439 the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes 1421:1475 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 5 20 dep sugar 567:571 arg1 substitutes 573:583 substitutes 573:583 substitutes 573:583 However, plant-based sugar substitutes such as stevia (erythritol) have been shown to affect lifespan in other flies. 32277123 0 21 theme sugar 4:8 arg1 erythritol 21:30 The sugar substitute erythritol 0:30 The sugar substitute erythritol 0:30 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 32277123 4 22 theme Drug 499:502 arg1 Administration 504:517 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 481:517 Administration 504:517 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are readily available. 32277123 9 23 from gene 1286:1289 arg1 pathway 1319:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 9 24 from mosquitoes 1466:1475 arg1 impact 1434:1439 the negative impact 1421:1439 the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes 1421:1475 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 1 25 theme extrafloral 179:189 arg1 nectar 191:196 floral and extrafloral nectar 168:196 floral and extrafloral nectar 168:196 Adult male and female mosquitoes consume sugar as floral and extrafloral nectar. 32277123 3 26 theme sugar-feeding 393:405 arg1 mosquitoes 407:416 targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes 383:416 targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes 383:416 Thus, a novel method of vector control may involve targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes. 32277123 9 27 theme gene 1286:1289 arg1 upregulation 1268:1279 upregulation 1268:1279 upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1268:1325 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 5 28 theme other 651:655 arg1 flies 657:661 other flies 651:661 other flies 651:661 However, plant-based sugar substitutes such as stevia (erythritol) have been shown to affect lifespan in other flies. 32277123 2 29 theme sources 323:329 arg1 availability 301:312 the availability 297:312 the availability of sugar sources 297:329 Earlier work demonstrated that mosquito populations and their vector potential are dependent upon the availability of sugar sources. 32277123 7 30 dep aspartame 950:958 arg1 Equal 961:965 Equal 961:965 Equal 961:965 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 7 31 dep substitutes 888:898 arg1 tested 900:905 tested 900:905 substitutes tested 888:905 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 2 32 theme sugar 317:321 arg1 sources 323:329 sugar sources 317:329 sugar sources 317:329 Earlier work demonstrated that mosquito populations and their vector potential are dependent upon the availability of sugar sources. 32277123 9 33 theme negative 1425:1432 arg1 impact 1434:1439 the negative impact 1421:1439 the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes 1421:1475 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 9 34 from upregulation 1268:1279 arg1 pathway 1319:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 6 35 dep Aedes 844:848 arg1 aegypti 850:856 aegypti 850:856 aegypti 850:856 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 8 36 from time 1179:1182 arg1 mosquitoes 1187:1196 mosquitoes 1187:1196 mosquitoes fed on erythritol 1187:1214 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 11 37 theme human-safe 1712:1721 arg1 approach 1723:1730 a human-safe approach 1710:1730 a human-safe approach for mosquito control 1710:1751 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 6 38 theme current 679:685 arg1 study 687:691 the current study 675:691 the current study 675:691 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 7 39 theme mosquito 1034:1041 arg1 longevity 1043:1051 mosquito longevity 1034:1051 mosquito longevity 1034:1051 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 5 40 from lifespan 639:646 arg1 flies 657:661 other flies 651:661 other flies 651:661 However, plant-based sugar substitutes such as stevia (erythritol) have been shown to affect lifespan in other flies. 32277123 11 41 with combination 1634:1644 arg1 sucrose 1651:1657 sucrose 1651:1657 sucrose 1651:1657 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 9 42 theme biosynthesis 1306:1317 arg1 pathway 1319:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 4 43 theme U.S. 485:488 arg1 Food 490:493 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 481:517 Food 490:493 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are readily available. 32277123 9 44 from impact 1434:1439 arg1 mosquitoes 1466:1475 mosquitoes 1466:1475 mosquitoes 1466:1475 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 8 45 theme corresponding 1122:1134 arg1 decrease 1136:1143 a corresponding decrease 1120:1143 a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels 1120:1172 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 3 46 theme vector 356:361 arg1 control 363:369 vector control 356:369 vector control 356:369 Thus, a novel method of vector control may involve targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes. 32277123 7 47 theme Low 992:994 arg1 saccharin 973:981 saccharin 973:981 saccharin (Sweet'N Low) 973:995 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 7 47 theme Low 992:994 arg1 'N 989:990 Sweet'N Low 984:994 Sweet'N Low 984:994 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 0 48 theme Aedes 57:61 arg1 aegypti 63:69 Aedes aegypti 57:69 Aedes aegypti 57:69 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 32277123 2 49 theme mosquito 230:237 arg1 populations 239:249 mosquito populations 230:249 mosquito populations 230:249 Earlier work demonstrated that mosquito populations and their vector potential are dependent upon the availability of sugar sources. 32277123 1 50 theme Adult 118:122 arg1 mosquitoes 140:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes 118:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes 118:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes consume sugar as floral and extrafloral nectar. 32277123 8 51 theme lipid 1161:1165 arg1 levels 1167:1172 lipid levels 1161:1172 lipid levels 1161:1172 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 10 52 theme preferred 1489:1497 arg1 sucrose 1499:1505 preferred sucrose 1489:1505 preferred sucrose 1489:1505 Mosquitoes preferred sucrose when a choice was given but were not averse to erythritol. 32277123 6 53 theme Aedes 844:848 arg1 mosquitoes 858:867 adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 838:867 adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 838:867 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 8 54 from part 1112:1115 arg1 due 1105:1107 due 1105:1107 due 1105:1107 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 8 54 from part 1112:1115 arg1 effect 1072:1077 The effect 1068:1077 The effect on fecundity 1068:1090 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 6 55 theme sugar 757:761 arg1 potential 721:729 the potential 717:729 the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 717:867 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 1 56 theme male 124:127 arg1 mosquitoes 140:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes 118:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes 118:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes consume sugar as floral and extrafloral nectar. 32277123 9 57 from feeding 1455:1461 arg1 mosquitoes 1466:1475 mosquitoes 1466:1475 mosquitoes 1466:1475 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 7 58 theme Sweet 984:988 arg1 saccharin 973:981 saccharin 973:981 saccharin (Sweet'N Low) 973:995 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 7 58 theme Sweet 984:988 arg1 'N 989:990 Sweet'N Low 984:994 Sweet'N Low 984:994 Of the four sugar substitutes tested, erythritol (Stevia), sucralose (Splenda), aspartame (Equal), and saccharin (Sweet'N Low), only erythritol negatively affected mosquito longevity and fecundity. 32277123 6 59 theme adult 838:842 arg1 mosquitoes 858:867 adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 838:867 adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 838:867 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 0 60 dep erythritol 21:30 arg1 substitute 10:19 substitute 10:19 substitute 10:19 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 32277123 6 61 theme available 747:755 arg1 sugar 757:761 commercially available sugar 734:761 commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 734:867 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 2 62 theme Earlier 199:205 arg1 work 207:210 Earlier work 199:210 Earlier work 199:210 Earlier work demonstrated that mosquito populations and their vector potential are dependent upon the availability of sugar sources. 32277123 1 63 theme female 133:138 arg1 mosquitoes 140:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes 118:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes 118:149 Adult male and female mosquitoes consume sugar as floral and extrafloral nectar. 32277123 6 64 dep survival 799:806 arg1 the 795:797 the 795:797 the 795:797 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 0 65 theme aegypti 63:69 arg1 lifespan 45:52 the lifespan 41:52 the lifespan of Aedes aegypti 41:69 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 32277123 8 66 from due 1105:1107 arg1 part 1112:1115 part 1112:1115 part 1112:1115 The effect on fecundity was probably due in part to a corresponding decrease in glycogen and lipid levels over time in mosquitoes fed on erythritol. 32277123 2 67 theme vector 261:266 arg1 potential 268:276 their vector potential 255:276 their vector potential 255:276 Earlier work demonstrated that mosquito populations and their vector potential are dependent upon the availability of sugar sources. 32277123 11 68 theme toxic 1688:1692 arg1 baits 1700:1704 attractive toxic sugar baits 1677:1704 attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control 1677:1751 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 9 69 theme mannose 1298:1304 arg1 pathway 1319:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 the mannose biosynthesis pathway 1294:1325 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 11 70 theme sugar 1694:1698 arg1 baits 1700:1704 attractive toxic sugar baits 1677:1704 attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control 1677:1751 Our results suggest the possibility of using erythritol alone or in combination with sucrose as a component of attractive toxic sugar baits for a human-safe approach for mosquito control. 32277123 3 71 theme novel 340:344 arg1 method 346:351 a novel method 338:351 a novel method of vector control 338:369 Thus, a novel method of vector control may involve targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes. 32277123 9 72 theme Comparative 1217:1227 arg1 transcriptomes 1243:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes 1217:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes 1217:1256 Comparative mosquito head transcriptomes indicated upregulation of a gene in the mannose biosynthesis pathway in females fed on erythritol, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation might be responsible for the negative impact of erythritol feeding in mosquitoes. 32277123 4 73 dep sugar 439:443 arg1 substitutes 445:455 substitutes 445:455 substitutes 445:455 Multiple human-safe sugar substitutes are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are readily available. 32277123 3 74 theme targeting 383:391 arg1 mosquitoes 407:416 targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes 383:416 targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes 383:416 Thus, a novel method of vector control may involve targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes. 32277123 6 75 dep sugar 757:761 arg1 substitutes 763:773 substitutes 763:773 substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 763:867 Therefore, the current study was carried out to test the potential of commercially available sugar substitutes to adversely affect the survival, fecundity, and metabolism of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 32277123 0 76 theme N-linked 86:93 arg1 glycosylation 103:115 N-linked protein glycosylation 86:115 N-linked protein glycosylation 86:115 The sugar substitute erythritol shortens the lifespan of Aedes aegypti potentially by N-linked protein glycosylation. 34959280 7 0 theme mechanical 1184:1193 arg1 performance 1195:1205 tendon-like mechanical performance 1172:1205 tendon-like mechanical performance 1172:1205 The scaffold obtained showed tendon-like mechanical performance, depending on HP content and tube size. 34959280 9 1 theme effective 1689:1697 arg1 strategy 1699:1706 an effective strategy 1686:1706 an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1686:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 4 2 theme osteo-tendon 852:863 arg1 interface 865:873 the osteo-tendon interface 848:873 the osteo-tendon interface 848:873 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 8 3 theme scaffold 1286:1293 arg1 wall 1295:1298 the scaffold wall 1282:1298 the scaffold wall 1282:1298 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 9 4 theme HP-doped 1648:1655 arg1 scaffolds 1673:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds 1638:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1638:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 5 5 theme based 921:925 arg1 solutions 935:943 pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions 894:943 pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions 894:943 For this purpose, pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions were enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HP) and electrospun. 34959280 3 6 theme scaffolds 336:344 arg1 types 327:331 Several types 319:331 Several types of scaffolds 319:344 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 4 7 theme electrospun 512:522 arg1 scaffold 539:546 an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold 509:546 an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold 509:546 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 3 8 dep approach 395:402 arg1 enhance 446:452 enhance 446:452 to enhance the healing process 443:472 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 3 8 dep approach 395:402 arg1 complement 408:417 complement 408:417 to complement surgical procedures 405:437 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 1 9 theme scar 165:168 arg1 tissue 170:175 scar tissue 165:175 scar tissue 165:175 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 4 10 theme fibrous 577:583 arg1 arrangement 585:595 tissue fibrous arrangement 570:595 tissue fibrous arrangement 570:595 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 8 11 theme PL 1446:1447 arg1 presence 1434:1441 the presence 1430:1441 the presence of PL 1430:1447 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 2 12 theme surgical 299:306 arg1 treatment 308:316 surgical treatment 299:316 surgical treatment 299:316 Moreover, chronic non-healing tendon injuries frequently require surgical treatment. 34959280 4 13 theme extracellular 601:613 arg1 ECM 623:625 ECM 623:625 ECM 623:625 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 4 13 theme extracellular 601:613 arg1 matrix 615:620 extracellular matrix 601:620 extracellular matrix (ECM) 601:626 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 3 14 theme tissue 376:381 arg1 approach 395:402 the tissue engineering approach 372:402 the tissue engineering approach 372:402 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 4 15 theme interface 865:873 arg1 regeneration 832:843 functional regeneration 821:843 functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface 821:873 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 7 16 theme HP 1221:1222 arg1 content 1224:1230 HP content 1221:1230 HP content 1221:1230 The scaffold obtained showed tendon-like mechanical performance, depending on HP content and tube size. 34959280 5 17 theme polymer 927:933 arg1 solutions 935:943 pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions 894:943 pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions 894:943 For this purpose, pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions were enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HP) and electrospun. 34959280 9 18 theme new 1719:1721 arg1 formation 1730:1738 new tissue formation 1719:1738 new tissue formation 1719:1738 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 4 19 theme platelet 708:715 arg1 PL 725:726 PL 725:726 PL 725:726 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 4 19 theme platelet 708:715 arg1 lysate 717:722 human platelet lysate 702:722 human platelet lysate (PL) 702:727 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 4 20 theme functional 821:830 arg1 regeneration 832:843 functional regeneration 821:843 functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface 821:873 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 8 21 theme PL 1251:1252 arg1 cross 1276:1280 cross 1276:1280 cross 1276:1280 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 21 theme PL 1251:1252 arg1 able 1268:1271 able 1268:1271 able 1268:1271 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 21 theme PL 1251:1252 arg1 proteins 1254:1261 The PL proteins 1247:1261 The PL proteins 1247:1261 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 21 theme PL 1251:1252 arg1 demonstrated 1327:1338 demonstrated 1327:1338 have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL 1322:1447 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 6 22 theme tissue 1135:1140 arg1 direction 1111:1119 the fascicle direction 1098:1119 the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue 1098:1140 The nanofibers were collected vertically along the length of the scaffold to mimic the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue. 34959280 1 23 theme tissue 170:175 arg1 formation 152:160 the formation 148:160 the formation 148:160 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 9 24 theme tissue 1723:1728 arg1 formation 1730:1738 new tissue formation 1719:1738 new tissue formation 1719:1738 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 6 25 theme tendon 1128:1133 arg1 tissue 1135:1140 the tendon tissue 1124:1140 the tendon tissue 1124:1140 The nanofibers were collected vertically along the length of the scaffold to mimic the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue. 34959280 3 26 theme healing 458:464 arg1 process 466:472 the healing process 454:472 the healing process 454:472 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 5 27 theme hydroxyapatite 964:977 arg1 HP 994:995 HP 994:995 HP 994:995 For this purpose, pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions were enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HP) and electrospun. 34959280 5 27 theme hydroxyapatite 964:977 arg1 nanoparticles 979:991 hydroxyapatite nanoparticles 964:991 hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HP) 964:996 For this purpose, pullulan (P)/chitosan (CH) based polymer solutions were enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HP) and electrospun. 34959280 1 28 theme spontaneous 94:104 arg1 healing 106:112 The spontaneous healing 90:112 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration 90:135 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 4 29 with cavity 690:695 arg1 PL 725:726 PL 725:726 PL 725:726 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 4 29 with cavity 690:695 arg1 lysate 717:722 human platelet lysate 702:722 human platelet lysate (PL) 702:727 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 0 30 theme Smart 0:4 arg1 Device 6:11 Smart Device 0:11 Smart Device for Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface. 0:88 Smart Device for Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface. 34959280 9 31 theme PL-loaded 1638:1646 arg1 scaffolds 1673:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds 1638:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1638:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 9 32 theme synergic 1611:1618 arg1 effect 1620:1625 a synergic effect 1609:1625 a synergic effect 1609:1625 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 3 33 theme engineering 383:393 arg1 approach 395:402 the tissue engineering approach 372:402 the tissue engineering approach 372:402 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 4 34 theme functional 779:788 arg1 regeneration 790:801 post-surgery functional regeneration 766:801 post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface 766:873 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 1 35 theme lower 188:192 arg1 functionality 194:206 lower functionality 188:206 lower functionality 188:206 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 9 36 theme interface 1758:1766 arg1 regeneration 1768:1779 tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1743:1779 tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1743:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 4 37 theme tissue 570:575 arg1 arrangement 585:595 tissue fibrous arrangement 570:595 tissue fibrous arrangement 570:595 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 8 38 theme in 1305:1306 arg1 studies 1314:1320 in vitro studies 1305:1320 in vitro studies 1305:1320 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 1 39 contain has 184:186 arg1 formation 152:160 the formation 148:160 the formation 148:160 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 1 39 contain has 184:186 arg2 functionality 194:206 lower functionality 188:206 lower functionality 188:206 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 6 40 theme fascicle 1102:1109 arg1 direction 1111:1119 the fascicle direction 1098:1119 the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue 1098:1140 The nanofibers were collected vertically along the length of the scaffold to mimic the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue. 34959280 3 41 theme injured 481:487 arg1 site 489:492 the injured site 477:492 the injured site 477:492 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 0 42 theme Functional 39:48 arg1 Regeneration 50:61 Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration 17:61 Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface 17:87 Smart Device for Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface. 34959280 4 43 theme human 702:706 arg1 PL 725:726 PL 725:726 PL 725:726 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 4 43 theme human 702:706 arg1 lysate 717:722 human platelet lysate 702:722 human platelet lysate (PL) 702:727 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 9 44 contain have 1604:1607 arg1 HP 1594:1595 HP 1594:1595 HP 1594:1595 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 9 44 contain have 1604:1607 arg2 effect 1620:1625 a synergic effect 1609:1625 a synergic effect 1609:1625 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 9 44 contain have 1604:1607 arg1 PL 1601:1602 PL 1601:1602 PL 1601:1602 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 0 45 theme Enhanced 30:37 arg1 Regeneration 50:61 Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration 17:61 Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface 17:87 Smart Device for Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface. 34959280 4 46 theme tubular 531:537 arg1 scaffold 539:546 an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold 509:546 an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold 509:546 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 8 47 theme ECM 1562:1564 arg1 components 1548:1557 respectively-important components 1525:1557 respectively-important components of ECM 1525:1564 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 47 theme ECM 1562:1564 arg1 sialoproteins 1510:1522 sialoproteins 1510:1522 sialoproteins 1510:1522 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 4 48 dep arrangement 585:595 arg1 composition 628:638 composition 628:638 composition 628:638 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 9 49 theme tendon-to-bone 1743:1756 arg1 regeneration 1768:1779 tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1743:1779 tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1743:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 4 50 theme hybrid 524:529 arg1 scaffold 539:546 an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold 509:546 an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold 509:546 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 3 51 theme Several 319:325 arg1 types 327:331 Several types 319:331 Several types of scaffolds 319:344 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 4 52 theme tissue 810:815 arg1 regeneration 790:801 post-surgery functional regeneration 766:801 post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface 766:873 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 1 53 theme tendon 119:124 arg1 laceration 126:135 a tendon laceration 117:135 a tendon laceration 117:135 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 3 54 theme surgical 419:426 arg1 procedures 428:437 surgical procedures 419:437 surgical procedures 419:437 Several types of scaffolds have been developed using the tissue engineering approach, to complement surgical procedures and to enhance the healing process at the injured site. 34959280 9 55 theme aligned 1657:1663 arg1 scaffolds 1673:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds 1638:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1638:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 1 56 theme laceration 126:135 arg1 healing 106:112 The spontaneous healing 90:112 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration 90:135 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 9 57 theme tubular 1665:1671 arg1 scaffolds 1673:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds 1638:1681 PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration 1638:1779 These results suggest that HP and PL have a synergic effect, endorsing PL-loaded HP-doped aligned tubular scaffolds as an effective strategy to support new tissue formation in tendon-to-bone interface regeneration. 34959280 8 58 dep able 1268:1271 arg1 cross 1276:1280 cross 1276:1280 cross 1276:1280 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 58 dep able 1268:1271 arg1 able 1268:1271 able 1268:1271 able 1268:1271 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 58 dep able 1268:1271 arg1 proteins 1254:1261 The PL proteins 1247:1261 The PL proteins 1247:1261 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 58 dep able 1268:1271 arg1 demonstrated 1327:1338 demonstrated 1327:1338 have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL 1322:1447 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 2 59 theme tendon 264:269 arg1 injuries 271:278 chronic non-healing tendon injuries 244:278 chronic non-healing tendon injuries 244:278 Moreover, chronic non-healing tendon injuries frequently require surgical treatment. 34959280 7 60 theme tube 1236:1239 arg1 size 1241:1244 tube size 1236:1244 tube size 1236:1244 The scaffold obtained showed tendon-like mechanical performance, depending on HP content and tube size. 34959280 1 61 theme original 217:224 arg1 tissue 226:231 the original tissue 213:231 the original tissue 213:231 The spontaneous healing of a tendon laceration results in the formation of scar tissue, which has lower functionality than the original tissue. 34959280 2 62 theme non-healing 252:262 arg1 injuries 271:278 chronic non-healing tendon injuries 244:278 chronic non-healing tendon injuries 244:278 Moreover, chronic non-healing tendon injuries frequently require surgical treatment. 34959280 6 63 theme scaffold 1080:1087 arg1 length 1066:1071 the length 1062:1071 the length of the scaffold to mimic the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue 1062:1140 The nanofibers were collected vertically along the length of the scaffold to mimic the fascicle direction of the tendon tissue. 34959280 0 64 theme Interface 79:87 arg1 Regeneration 50:61 Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration 17:61 Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface 17:87 Smart Device for Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface. 34959280 2 65 theme chronic 244:250 arg1 injuries 271:278 chronic non-healing tendon injuries 244:278 chronic non-healing tendon injuries 244:278 Moreover, chronic non-healing tendon injuries frequently require surgical treatment. 34959280 8 66 dep in 1305:1306 arg1 vitro 1308:1312 vitro 1308:1312 vitro 1308:1312 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 4 67 theme inner 684:688 arg1 cavity 690:695 the inner cavity 680:695 the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL) 680:727 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 0 68 theme Osteo-Tendon 66:77 arg1 Interface 79:87 Osteo-Tendon Interface 66:87 Osteo-Tendon Interface 66:87 Smart Device for Biologically Enhanced Functional Regeneration of Osteo-Tendon Interface. 34959280 4 69 theme post-surgery 766:777 arg1 regeneration 790:801 post-surgery functional regeneration 766:801 post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface 766:873 In this work, an electrospun hybrid tubular scaffold was designed to mimic tissue fibrous arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and to be extemporaneously loaded into the inner cavity with human platelet lysate (PL), with the aim of leading to complete post-surgery functional regeneration of the tissue for functional regeneration of the osteo-tendon interface. 34959280 8 70 theme respectively-important 1525:1546 arg1 components 1548:1557 respectively-important components 1525:1557 respectively-important components of ECM 1525:1564 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 8 70 theme respectively-important 1525:1546 arg1 sialoproteins 1510:1522 sialoproteins 1510:1522 sialoproteins 1510:1522 The PL proteins were able to cross the scaffold wall, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tenocytes and osteoblasts are able to adhere to and proliferate onto the scaffold in the presence of PL; moreover, they were also able to produce either collagen or sialoproteins, respectively-important components of ECM. 34959280 7 71 theme tendon-like 1172:1182 arg1 performance 1195:1205 tendon-like mechanical performance 1172:1205 tendon-like mechanical performance 1172:1205 The scaffold obtained showed tendon-like mechanical performance, depending on HP content and tube size. 34356781 9 0 theme electron 1109:1116 arg1 microscope 1118:1127 scanning electron microscope 1100:1127 scanning electron microscope 1100:1127 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 3 1 from studies 276:282 arg1 activity 301:308 its potential activity 287:308 its potential activity against periodontal pathogens 287:338 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 11 2 theme frankincense 1425:1436 arg1 extract 1438:1444 the frankincense extract 1421:1444 the frankincense extract 1421:1444 This study suggested that the frankincense extract could exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates. 34356781 4 3 theme clinical 448:455 arg1 isolates 457:464 Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 423:464 Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 423:464 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 12 4 theme treatment 1581:1589 arg1 extract 1554:1560 the frankincense extract 1537:1560 the frankincense extract 1537:1560 Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis. 34356781 12 4 theme treatment 1581:1589 arg1 approach 1591:1598 a treatment approach 1579:1598 a treatment approach for periodontitis 1579:1616 Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis. 34356781 11 5 theme P. 1507:1508 arg1 gingivalis 1510:1519 P. gingivalis 1507:1519 P. gingivalis isolates 1507:1528 This study suggested that the frankincense extract could exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates. 34356781 10 6 dep formation 1288:1296 arg1 fimA 1299:1302 fimA 1299:1302 fimA 1299:1302 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 10 6 dep formation 1288:1296 arg1 hagA 1305:1308 hagA 1305:1308 hagA 1305:1308 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 10 6 dep formation 1288:1296 arg1 hagB 1315:1318 hagB 1315:1318 hagB 1315:1318 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 3 7 theme different 228:236 arg1 diseases 238:245 different diseases 228:245 different diseases 228:245 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 4 8 theme gingivalis 437:446 arg1 isolates 457:464 Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 423:464 Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 423:464 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 5 9 theme phytochemical 484:496 arg1 composition 498:508 The phytochemical composition 480:508 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract 480:550 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 9 10 theme formation 1207:1215 arg1 reduction 1186:1194 the reduction 1182:1194 the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract 1182:1239 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 3 11 theme diseases 238:245 arg1 treatment 215:223 the treatment 211:223 the treatment of different diseases 211:245 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 8 12 theme formation 1045:1053 arg1 inhibition 1023:1032 inhibition 1023:1032 inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates 1023:1076 Crystal violet assay revealed inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates. 34356781 6 13 theme nucleotides 781:791 arg1 leakage 770:776 the leakage 766:776 the leakage of nucleotides 766:791 It decreased the growth and increased the leakage of nucleotides in 58.3% and 33.3% of isolates, respectively. 34356781 7 14 theme cell 916:919 arg1 hydrophobicity 929:942 the cell surface hydrophobicity 912:942 the cell surface hydrophobicity 912:942 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 10 15 attach linked 1270:1275 arg1 formation 1288:1296 biofilm formation 1280:1296 biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) 1280:1319 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 10 15 attach linked 1270:1275 arg2 genes 1264:1268 the genes 1260:1268 the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) 1260:1319 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 7 16 theme surface 921:927 arg1 hydrophobicity 929:942 the cell surface hydrophobicity 912:942 the cell surface hydrophobicity 912:942 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 5 17 theme bisabolene 691:700 arg1 epoxide 702:708 bisabolene epoxide 691:708 bisabolene epoxide 691:708 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 8 18 theme biofilm 1037:1043 arg1 formation 1045:1053 biofilm formation 1037:1053 biofilm formation 1037:1053 Crystal violet assay revealed inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates. 34356781 1 19 theme Porphyromonas 76:88 arg1 gingivalis 90:99 Porphyromonas gingivalis 76:99 Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen 76:120 Oleoresin Extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen. 34356781 11 20 theme gingivalis 1510:1519 arg1 isolates 1521:1528 P. gingivalis isolates 1507:1528 P. gingivalis isolates 1507:1528 This study suggested that the frankincense extract could exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates. 34356781 10 21 theme genes 1264:1268 arg1 Downregulation 1242:1255 Downregulation 1242:1255 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) 1242:1319 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 3 22 theme sufficient 265:274 arg1 studies 276:282 no sufficient studies 262:282 no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens 262:338 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 4 23 theme extract 407:413 arg1 activity 382:389 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity 352:389 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 352:464 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 1 24 theme gingivalis 90:99 arg1 Pathogen 113:120 Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen 76:120 Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen 76:120 Oleoresin Extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen. 34356781 3 25 used used 203:206 arg2 frankincense 166:177 frankincense 166:177 frankincense 166:177 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 3 25 used used 203:206 arg2 extract 157:163 oleoresin extract 147:163 oleoresin extract (frankincense) 147:178 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 12 26 used used 1571:1574 arg2 approach 1591:1598 a treatment approach 1579:1598 a treatment approach for periodontitis 1579:1616 Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis. 34356781 12 26 used used 1571:1574 arg2 extract 1554:1560 the frankincense extract 1537:1560 the frankincense extract 1537:1560 Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis. 34356781 4 27 theme frankincense 394:405 arg1 extract 407:413 frankincense extract 394:413 frankincense extract 394:413 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 1 28 theme Periodontal 101:111 arg1 Pathogen 113:120 Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen 76:120 Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen 76:120 Oleoresin Extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen. 34356781 5 29 theme GC-MS 570:574 arg1 analysis 576:583 GC-MS analysis 570:583 GC-MS analysis 570:583 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 0 30 theme Antibacterial 0:12 arg1 Activity 14:21 Antibacterial Activity 0:21 Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia sacra Flueck 0:47 Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia sacra Flueck. 34356781 10 31 with treatment 1354:1362 arg1 extract 1386:1392 the frankincense extract 1369:1392 the frankincense extract 1369:1392 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 4 32 theme Porphyromonas 423:435 arg1 gingivalis 437:446 Porphyromonas gingivalis 423:446 Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 423:464 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 5 33 theme components 526:535 arg1 composition 498:508 The phytochemical composition 480:508 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract 480:550 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 7 34 theme isolates 969:976 arg1 % 952:952 41.67% 947:952 41.67% 947:952 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 7 34 theme isolates 969:976 arg1 % 960:960 50% 958:960 50% of the isolates 958:976 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 7 34 theme isolates 969:976 arg1 isolates 969:976 the isolates 965:976 the isolates 965:976 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 5 35 theme ursenoic 658:665 arg1 ester 684:688 ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester 658:688 ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester 658:688 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 5 36 theme acid 667:670 arg1 ester 684:688 ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester 658:688 ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester 658:688 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 3 37 theme potential 291:299 arg1 activity 301:308 its potential activity 287:308 its potential activity against periodontal pathogens 287:338 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 7 38 theme polysaccharide 882:895 arg1 production 897:906 the extracellular polysaccharide production 864:906 the extracellular polysaccharide production 864:906 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 7 39 theme extracellular 868:880 arg1 production 897:906 the extracellular polysaccharide production 864:906 the extracellular polysaccharide production 864:906 Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. 34356781 0 40 theme Flueck 42:47 arg1 Activity 14:21 Antibacterial Activity 0:21 Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia sacra Flueck 0:47 Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia sacra Flueck. 34356781 9 41 theme Light 1079:1083 arg1 microscope 1085:1094 Light microscope 1079:1094 Light microscope 1079:1094 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 5 42 theme extract 544:550 arg1 components 526:535 the volatile components 513:535 the volatile components of the extract 513:550 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 11 43 theme antibacterial 1460:1472 arg1 activity 1490:1497 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity 1460:1497 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates 1460:1528 This study suggested that the frankincense extract could exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates. 34356781 4 44 theme antibiofilm 370:380 arg1 activity 382:389 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity 352:389 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 352:464 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 9 45 used used 1134:1137 arg2 microscope 1118:1127 scanning electron microscope 1100:1127 scanning electron microscope 1100:1127 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 9 45 used used 1134:1137 arg2 microscope 1085:1094 Light microscope 1079:1094 Light microscope 1079:1094 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 5 46 theme trans-nerolidyl 611:625 arg1 formate 627:633 trans-nerolidyl formate 611:633 trans-nerolidyl formate 611:633 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 3 47 theme periodontal 318:328 arg1 pathogens 330:338 periodontal pathogens 318:338 periodontal pathogens 318:338 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 3 48 theme oleoresin 147:155 arg1 frankincense 166:177 frankincense 166:177 frankincense 166:177 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 3 48 theme oleoresin 147:155 arg1 extract 157:163 oleoresin extract 147:163 oleoresin extract (frankincense) 147:178 oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. 34356781 12 49 theme frankincense 1541:1552 arg1 extract 1554:1560 the frankincense extract 1537:1560 the frankincense extract 1537:1560 Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis. 34356781 12 49 theme frankincense 1541:1552 arg1 approach 1591:1598 a treatment approach 1579:1598 a treatment approach for periodontitis 1579:1616 Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis. 34356781 10 50 theme frankincense 1373:1384 arg1 extract 1386:1392 the frankincense extract 1369:1392 the frankincense extract 1369:1392 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 8 51 theme tested 1062:1067 arg1 isolates 1069:1076 the tested isolates 1058:1076 the tested isolates 1058:1076 Crystal violet assay revealed inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates. 34356781 5 52 theme cycloartenol 636:647 arg1 acetate 649:655 cycloartenol acetate 636:655 cycloartenol acetate 636:655 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 5 53 theme 3-oxomethyl 672:682 arg1 ester 684:688 ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester 658:688 ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester 658:688 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 9 54 theme frankincense 1220:1231 arg1 extract 1233:1239 frankincense extract 1220:1239 frankincense extract 1220:1239 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 9 55 theme biofilm 1199:1205 arg1 formation 1207:1215 biofilm formation 1199:1215 biofilm formation 1199:1215 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 6 56 theme isolates 815:822 arg1 % 800:800 58.3% 796:800 58.3% 796:800 It decreased the growth and increased the leakage of nucleotides in 58.3% and 33.3% of isolates, respectively. 34356781 6 56 theme isolates 815:822 arg1 % 810:810 33.3% 806:810 33.3% 806:810 It decreased the growth and increased the leakage of nucleotides in 58.3% and 33.3% of isolates, respectively. 34356781 6 56 theme isolates 815:822 arg1 isolates 815:822 isolates 815:822 isolates 815:822 It decreased the growth and increased the leakage of nucleotides in 58.3% and 33.3% of isolates, respectively. 34356781 8 57 theme violet 1001:1006 arg1 assay 1008:1012 Crystal violet assay 993:1012 Crystal violet assay 993:1012 Crystal violet assay revealed inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates. 34356781 10 58 theme biofilm 1280:1286 arg1 formation 1288:1296 biofilm formation 1280:1296 biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) 1280:1319 Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. 34356781 8 59 theme Crystal 993:999 arg1 assay 1008:1012 Crystal violet assay 993:1012 Crystal violet assay 993:1012 Crystal violet assay revealed inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates. 34356781 5 60 theme volatile 517:524 arg1 components 526:535 the volatile components 513:535 the volatile components of the extract 513:550 The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. 34356781 1 61 theme Oleoresin 50:58 arg1 Extract 60:66 Oleoresin Extract 50:66 Oleoresin Extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen. 50:121 Oleoresin Extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen. 34356781 4 62 theme antibacterial 352:364 arg1 activity 382:389 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity 352:389 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates 352:464 Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. 34356781 9 63 theme scanning 1100:1107 arg1 microscope 1118:1127 scanning electron microscope 1100:1127 scanning electron microscope 1100:1127 Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. 34356781 11 64 theme antibiofilm 1478:1488 arg1 activity 1490:1497 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity 1460:1497 antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates 1460:1528 This study suggested that the frankincense extract could exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates. 34447415 13 0 theme CDG 1871:1873 arg1 research 1875:1882 CDG research 1871:1882 CDG research 1871:1882 Still, we are confident that these data will guide CDG research and clinical care to identify CDG across populations. 34447415 9 1 theme allele 1248:1253 arg1 frequencies 1255:1265 population allele frequencies 1237:1265 population allele frequencies 1237:1265 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 2 2 theme diagnosed 294:302 arg1 PMM2-CDG 262:269 PMM2-CDG 262:269 PMM2-CDG 262:269 PMM2-CDG is the most frequently diagnosed CDG with a prevalence as high as one in 20,000. 34447415 2 2 theme diagnosed 294:302 arg1 CDG 304:306 the most frequently diagnosed CDG 274:306 the most frequently diagnosed CDG with a prevalence as high as one in 20,000 274:349 PMM2-CDG is the most frequently diagnosed CDG with a prevalence as high as one in 20,000. 34447415 2 3 from one 337:339 arg1 20,000 344:349 20,000 344:349 20,000 344:349 PMM2-CDG is the most frequently diagnosed CDG with a prevalence as high as one in 20,000. 34447415 12 4 from populations 1756:1766 arg1 data 1738:1741 estimated prevalence data 1717:1741 estimated prevalence data from diverse populations 1717:1766 We will show estimated prevalence data from diverse populations and explain the possible pitfalls of this analysis. 34447415 7 5 dep variants 812:819 arg1 defined 824:830 defined 824:830 defined by the LOFTEE algorithm 824:854 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 5 6 theme frequency 648:656 arg1 information 658:668 variant frequency information 640:668 variant frequency information 640:668 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 11 7 theme N-glycosylation 1599:1613 arg1 disorders 1615:1623 27 different N-glycosylation disorders 1586:1623 27 different N-glycosylation disorders 1586:1623 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders was around one in 22,000 Europeans but varied considerably across populations. 34447415 7 8 theme LOFTEE 839:844 arg1 algorithm 846:854 the LOFTEE algorithm 835:854 the LOFTEE algorithm 835:854 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 9 9 theme cystic 1142:1147 arg1 disorders 1131:1139 two more common recessive disorders 1105:1139 two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) 1105:1177 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 9 theme cystic 1142:1147 arg1 fibrosis 1149:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 4 10 link N-linked 482:489 arg1 disorders 513:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 0 11 theme Population 141:150 arg1 Databases 152:160 General Population Databases 133:160 General Population Databases 133:160 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 9 12 theme epidemiological 1312:1326 arg1 studies 1328:1334 previously published epidemiological studies 1291:1334 previously published epidemiological studies 1291:1334 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 1 13 theme acknowledged 220:231 arg1 group 233:237 a widely acknowledged group 211:237 a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases 211:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 13 theme acknowledged 220:231 arg1 diseases 252:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 13 theme acknowledged 220:231 arg1 disorders 174:182 Congenital disorders 163:182 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 163:205 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 5 14 theme diverse 560:566 arg1 populations 568:578 diverse populations 560:578 diverse populations 560:578 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 12 15 theme analysis 1810:1817 arg1 pitfalls 1793:1800 the possible pitfalls 1780:1800 the possible pitfalls of this analysis 1780:1817 We will show estimated prevalence data from diverse populations and explain the possible pitfalls of this analysis. 34447415 0 16 theme Glycosylation 61:73 arg1 Disorders 48:56 N-Linked Congenital Disorders 28:56 N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 28:73 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 1 17 theme Congenital 163:172 arg1 group 233:237 a widely acknowledged group 211:237 a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases 211:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 17 theme Congenital 163:172 arg1 diseases 252:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 17 theme Congenital 163:172 arg1 disorders 174:182 Congenital disorders 163:182 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 163:205 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 12 18 theme possible 1784:1791 arg1 pitfalls 1793:1800 the possible pitfalls 1780:1800 the possible pitfalls of this analysis 1780:1817 We will show estimated prevalence data from diverse populations and explain the possible pitfalls of this analysis. 34447415 4 19 theme N-linked 482:489 arg1 disorders 513:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 10 20 theme assessed 1343:1350 arg1 disorders 1391:1399 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1352:1399 assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1343:1399 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 0 21 theme Various 82:88 arg1 Populations 90:100 Various Populations 82:100 Various Populations 82:100 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 11 22 from one 1636:1638 arg1 Europeans 1650:1658 22,000 Europeans 1643:1658 22,000 Europeans 1643:1658 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders was around one in 22,000 Europeans but varied considerably across populations. 34447415 4 23 theme glycosylation 499:511 arg1 disorders 513:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 11 24 theme disorders 1615:1623 arg1 prevalence 1572:1581 The combined prevalence 1559:1581 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders 1559:1623 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders was around one in 22,000 Europeans but varied considerably across populations. 34447415 4 25 theme estimated 448:456 arg1 prevalence 458:467 the estimated prevalence 444:467 the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 444:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 9 26 theme recessive 1121:1129 arg1 disorders 1131:1139 two more common recessive disorders 1105:1139 two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) 1105:1177 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 26 theme recessive 1121:1129 arg1 fibrosis 1149:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 26 theme recessive 1121:1129 arg1 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 0 27 theme Allele 111:116 arg1 Frequencies 118:128 Allele Frequencies 111:128 Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases 111:160 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 8 28 theme population 909:918 arg1 frequencies 920:930 population frequencies 909:930 population frequencies for pathogenic alleles 909:953 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 10 29 theme European 1539:1546 arg1 ancestry 1548:1555 European ancestry 1539:1555 European ancestry 1539:1555 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 30 theme autosomal 1355:1363 arg1 disorders 1391:1399 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1352:1399 assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1343:1399 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 5 31 theme Genome 589:594 arg1 gnomAD 618:623 gnomAD 618:623 gnomAD 618:623 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 5 31 theme Genome 589:594 arg1 Database 608:615 The Genome Aggregation Database 585:615 The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) 585:624 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 12 32 theme prevalence 1727:1736 arg1 data 1738:1741 estimated prevalence data 1717:1741 estimated prevalence data from diverse populations 1717:1766 We will show estimated prevalence data from diverse populations and explain the possible pitfalls of this analysis. 34447415 10 33 theme only 1406:1409 arg1 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 33 theme only 1406:1409 arg1 prevalence 1440:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence 1402:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 1402:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 6 34 used used 732:735 arg2 we 729:730 we 729:730 we 729:730 To identify pathogenic variants, we used the ClinVar database as a primary source. 34447415 3 35 theme types 393:397 arg1 prevalence 369:378 the prevalence 365:378 the prevalence of other CDG types 365:397 In contrast, the prevalence of other CDG types remains unknown. 34447415 0 36 theme N-Linked 28:35 arg1 Disorders 48:56 N-Linked Congenital Disorders 28:56 N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 28:73 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 7 37 theme loss-of-function 795:810 arg1 variants 812:819 High confidence loss-of-function variants 779:819 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm 779:854 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 7 37 theme loss-of-function 795:810 arg1 pathogenic 880:889 pathogenic 880:889 pathogenic 880:889 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 8 38 theme estimated 956:964 arg1 values 991:996 estimated disease birth prevalence values 956:996 estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals 956:1022 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 10 39 from one 1463:1465 arg1 100,000 1470:1476 100,000 1470:1476 100,000 1470:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 8 40 with values 991:996 arg1 intervals 1014:1022 confidence intervals 1003:1022 confidence intervals 1003:1022 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 10 41 theme birth 1434:1438 arg1 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 41 theme birth 1434:1438 arg1 prevalence 1440:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence 1402:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 1402:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 0 42 theme Disorders 48:56 arg1 Prevalence 14:23 The Estimated Prevalence 0:23 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations 0:100 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 7 43 theme High 779:782 arg1 variants 812:819 High confidence loss-of-function variants 779:819 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm 779:854 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 7 43 theme High 779:782 arg1 pathogenic 880:889 pathogenic 880:889 pathogenic 880:889 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 8 44 theme birth 974:978 arg1 prevalence 980:989 disease birth prevalence 966:989 estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals 956:1022 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 10 45 theme with 1419:1422 arg1 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 45 theme with 1419:1422 arg1 prevalence 1440:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence 1402:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 1402:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 9 46 dep disorders 1131:1139 arg1 disorders 1131:1139 two more common recessive disorders 1105:1139 two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) 1105:1177 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 46 dep disorders 1131:1139 arg1 fibrosis 1149:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 46 dep disorders 1131:1139 arg1 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 10 47 from PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 arg1 those 1528:1532 those 1528:1532 those 1528:1532 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 47 from PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 arg1 individuals 1512:1522 all gnomAD individuals 1501:1522 all gnomAD individuals 1501:1522 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 13 48 theme clinical 1888:1895 arg1 care 1897:1900 clinical care 1888:1900 clinical care 1888:1900 Still, we are confident that these data will guide CDG research and clinical care to identify CDG across populations. 34447415 9 49 theme estimated 1199:1207 arg1 prevalences 1209:1219 the estimated prevalences 1195:1219 the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies 1195:1265 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 1 50 theme metabolic 242:250 arg1 diseases 252:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 3 51 theme other 383:387 arg1 types 393:397 other CDG types 383:397 other CDG types 383:397 In contrast, the prevalence of other CDG types remains unknown. 34447415 8 52 theme confidence 1003:1012 arg1 intervals 1014:1022 confidence intervals 1003:1022 confidence intervals 1003:1022 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 10 53 theme higher 1451:1456 arg1 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 53 theme higher 1451:1456 arg1 prevalence 1440:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence 1402:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 1402:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 9 54 theme population 1237:1246 arg1 frequencies 1255:1265 population allele frequencies 1237:1265 population allele frequencies 1237:1265 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 8 55 dep frequencies 920:930 arg1 up 906:907 up 906:907 up 906:907 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 1 56 theme glycosylation 187:199 arg1 group 233:237 a widely acknowledged group 211:237 a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases 211:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 56 theme glycosylation 187:199 arg1 diseases 252:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 56 theme glycosylation 187:199 arg1 disorders 174:182 Congenital disorders 163:182 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 163:205 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 8 57 theme Bayesian 1050:1057 arg1 method 1059:1064 the Bayesian method 1046:1064 the Bayesian method 1046:1064 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 5 58 theme variant 640:646 arg1 information 658:668 variant frequency information 640:668 variant frequency information 640:668 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 0 59 theme General 133:139 arg1 Databases 152:160 General Population Databases 133:160 General Population Databases 133:160 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 11 60 theme 22,000 1643:1648 arg1 Europeans 1650:1658 22,000 Europeans 1643:1658 22,000 Europeans 1643:1658 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders was around one in 22,000 Europeans but varied considerably across populations. 34447415 6 61 theme primary 763:769 arg1 database 749:756 the ClinVar database 737:756 the ClinVar database 737:756 To identify pathogenic variants, we used the ClinVar database as a primary source. 34447415 6 61 theme primary 763:769 arg1 source 771:776 a primary source 761:776 a primary source 761:776 To identify pathogenic variants, we used the ClinVar database as a primary source. 34447415 9 62 theme published 1302:1310 arg1 studies 1328:1334 previously published epidemiological studies 1291:1334 previously published epidemiological studies 1291:1334 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 0 63 from Frequencies 118:128 arg1 Databases 152:160 General Population Databases 133:160 General Population Databases 133:160 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 11 64 theme combined 1563:1570 arg1 prevalence 1572:1581 The combined prevalence 1559:1581 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders 1559:1623 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders was around one in 22,000 Europeans but varied considerably across populations. 34447415 2 65 with CDG 304:306 arg1 prevalence 315:324 a prevalence 313:324 a prevalence as high as one in 20,000 313:349 PMM2-CDG is the most frequently diagnosed CDG with a prevalence as high as one in 20,000. 34447415 4 66 theme protein 491:497 arg1 disorders 513:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 11 67 theme different 1589:1597 arg1 disorders 1615:1623 27 different N-glycosylation disorders 1586:1623 27 different N-glycosylation disorders 1586:1623 The combined prevalence of 27 different N-glycosylation disorders was around one in 22,000 Europeans but varied considerably across populations. 34447415 5 68 theme allele 537:542 arg1 frequencies 544:554 allele frequencies 537:554 allele frequencies for diverse populations 537:578 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 10 69 theme disease 1411:1417 arg1 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 69 theme disease 1411:1417 arg1 prevalence 1440:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence 1402:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 1402:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 4 70 theme disorders 513:521 arg1 prevalence 458:467 the estimated prevalence 444:467 the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 444:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 10 71 theme gnomAD 1505:1510 arg1 individuals 1512:1522 all gnomAD individuals 1501:1522 all gnomAD individuals 1501:1522 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 9 72 theme common 1114:1119 arg1 disorders 1131:1139 two more common recessive disorders 1105:1139 two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) 1105:1177 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 72 theme common 1114:1119 arg1 fibrosis 1149:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 cystic fibrosis 1142:1156 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 9 72 theme common 1114:1119 arg1 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 phenylketonuria 1162:1176 We first validated our approach using two more common recessive disorders (cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria) by showing that the estimated prevalences calculated from population allele frequencies were in accordance with previously published epidemiological studies. 34447415 12 73 theme diverse 1748:1754 arg1 populations 1756:1766 diverse populations 1748:1766 diverse populations 1748:1766 We will show estimated prevalence data from diverse populations and explain the possible pitfalls of this analysis. 34447415 4 74 theme different 472:480 arg1 disorders 513:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders 472:521 This study aimed to analyze the estimated prevalence of different N-linked protein glycosylation disorders. 34447415 10 75 theme recessive 1365:1373 arg1 disorders 1391:1399 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1352:1399 assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1343:1399 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 0 76 theme Estimated 4:12 arg1 Prevalence 14:23 The Estimated Prevalence 0:23 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations 0:100 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 6 77 theme pathogenic 708:717 arg1 variants 719:726 pathogenic variants 708:726 pathogenic variants 708:726 To identify pathogenic variants, we used the ClinVar database as a primary source. 34447415 5 78 theme Aggregation 596:606 arg1 gnomAD 618:623 gnomAD 618:623 gnomAD 618:623 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 5 78 theme Aggregation 596:606 arg1 Database 608:615 The Genome Aggregation Database 585:615 The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) 585:624 We extracted allele frequencies for diverse populations from The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), encompassing variant frequency information from 141,456 individuals. 34447415 12 79 theme estimated 1717:1725 arg1 data 1738:1741 estimated prevalence data 1717:1741 estimated prevalence data from diverse populations 1717:1766 We will show estimated prevalence data from diverse populations and explain the possible pitfalls of this analysis. 34447415 0 80 theme Congenital 37:46 arg1 Disorders 48:56 N-Linked Congenital Disorders 28:56 N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 28:73 The Estimated Prevalence of N-Linked Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Across Various Populations Based on Allele Frequencies in General Population Databases. 34447415 10 81 theme N-glycosylation 1375:1389 arg1 disorders 1391:1399 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1352:1399 assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders 1343:1399 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 8 82 theme pathogenic 936:945 arg1 alleles 947:953 pathogenic alleles 936:953 pathogenic alleles 936:953 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 3 83 theme CDG 389:391 arg1 types 393:397 other CDG types 383:397 other CDG types 383:397 In contrast, the prevalence of other CDG types remains unknown. 34447415 10 84 theme estimated 1424:1432 arg1 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 PMM2-CDG 1482:1489 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 10 84 theme estimated 1424:1432 arg1 prevalence 1440:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence 1402:1449 the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 1402:1476 Among assessed 27 autosomal recessive N-glycosylation disorders, the only disease with estimated birth prevalence higher than one in 100,000 was PMM2-CDG (in both, all gnomAD individuals and those with European ancestry). 34447415 7 85 theme confidence 784:793 arg1 variants 812:819 High confidence loss-of-function variants 779:819 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm 779:854 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 7 85 theme confidence 784:793 arg1 pathogenic 880:889 pathogenic 880:889 pathogenic 880:889 High confidence loss-of-function variants as defined by the LOFTEE algorithm were also classified as pathogenic. 34447415 8 86 theme disease 966:972 arg1 prevalence 980:989 disease birth prevalence 966:989 estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals 956:1022 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 2 87 theme high 329:332 arg1 prevalence 315:324 a prevalence 313:324 a prevalence as high as one in 20,000 313:349 PMM2-CDG is the most frequently diagnosed CDG with a prevalence as high as one in 20,000. 34447415 8 88 theme prevalence 980:989 arg1 values 991:996 estimated disease birth prevalence values 956:996 estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals 956:1022 After summing up population frequencies for pathogenic alleles, estimated disease birth prevalence values with confidence intervals were calculated using the Bayesian method. 34447415 6 89 theme ClinVar 741:747 arg1 database 749:756 the ClinVar database 737:756 the ClinVar database 737:756 To identify pathogenic variants, we used the ClinVar database as a primary source. 34447415 6 89 theme ClinVar 741:747 arg1 source 771:776 a primary source 761:776 a primary source 761:776 To identify pathogenic variants, we used the ClinVar database as a primary source. 34447415 1 90 theme diseases 252:259 arg1 group 233:237 a widely acknowledged group 211:237 a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases 211:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 90 theme diseases 252:259 arg1 diseases 252:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 metabolic diseases 242:259 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34447415 1 90 theme diseases 252:259 arg1 disorders 174:182 Congenital disorders 163:182 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 163:205 Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a widely acknowledged group of metabolic diseases. 34056367 4 0 theme moiety 587:592 arg1 attachment 563:572 The attachment 559:572 The attachment of the sugar moiety 559:592 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 7 1 theme stepwise 1138:1145 arg1 fashion 1147:1153 a stepwise fashion 1136:1153 a stepwise fashion 1136:1153 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 3 2 theme amide 517:521 arg1 nitrogen 523:530 the amide nitrogen 513:530 the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue 513:556 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 8 3 from solvents 1406:1413 arg1 insoluble 1385:1393 insoluble 1385:1393 insoluble 1385:1393 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 9 4 theme glycosylation 1596:1608 arg1 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 4 theme glycosylation 1596:1608 arg1 Asn-Val-Thr 1615:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr 1592:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1592:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 4 5 with interactions 702:713 arg1 biomolecules 726:737 other biomolecules 720:737 other biomolecules 720:737 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 3 6 theme asparagine 539:548 arg1 residue 550:556 the asparagine residue 535:556 the asparagine residue 535:556 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 9 7 theme 7-residue 1480:1488 arg1 peptide 1490:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 7 8 theme N-linked 1100:1107 arg1 glycosylation 1109:1121 N-linked glycosylation 1100:1121 N-linked glycosylation 1100:1121 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 2 9 theme consensus 318:326 arg1 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- 349:363 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- 349:363 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT) 349:369 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 2 9 theme consensus 318:326 arg1 sequence 339:346 the consensus amino acid sequence 314:346 the consensus amino acid sequence 314:346 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 6 10 theme glycosylation 974:986 arg1 use 950:952 the use 946:952 the use of in vitro protein glycosylation 946:986 Therefore, the use of in vitro protein glycosylation can help further evaluate the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules. 34056367 9 11 theme soluble 1472:1478 arg1 peptide 1490:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 8 12 theme Detergent 1294:1302 arg1 systems 1314:1320 Detergent and lipid systems 1294:1320 Detergent and lipid systems 1294:1320 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 9 13 theme hydrophobic 1501:1511 arg1 peptide 1522:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 11 14 theme NMR 1923:1925 arg1 studies 1927:1933 NMR studies 1923:1933 NMR studies 1923:1933 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 8 15 theme lipid 1308:1312 arg1 systems 1314:1320 Detergent and lipid systems 1294:1320 Detergent and lipid systems 1294:1320 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 10 16 theme samples 1655:1661 arg1 Glycosylation 1634:1646 Glycosylation 1634:1646 Glycosylation of the samples 1634:1661 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 7 17 theme In 1080:1081 arg1 studies 1089:1095 In vitro studies 1080:1095 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation 1080:1121 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 9 18 theme peptide 1522:1528 arg1 glycosylation 1453:1465 the glycosylation 1449:1465 the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1449:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 12 19 contain contain 2124:2130 arg1 proteins 2110:2117 small or large membrane proteins 2086:2117 small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2086:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 12 19 contain contain 2124:2130 arg2 sequence 2161:2168 an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2132:2168 an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2132:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 2 20 theme N-Linked 225:232 arg1 glycosylation 234:246 N-Linked glycosylation 225:246 N-Linked glycosylation 225:246 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 12 21 theme membrane 2101:2108 arg1 proteins 2110:2117 small or large membrane proteins 2086:2117 small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2086:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 11 22 theme molecule 2042:2049 arg1 attachment 2011:2020 the attachment 2007:2020 the attachment of a single glucose molecule 2007:2049 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 9 23 theme γ-sarcoglycan 1537:1549 arg1 protein 1560:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 5 24 from interested 813:822 arg1 properties 831:840 the properties 827:840 the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states 827:932 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 9 25 theme protein 1560:1566 arg1 glycosylation 1453:1465 the glycosylation 1449:1465 the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1449:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 4 26 theme other 720:724 arg1 biomolecules 726:737 other biomolecules 720:737 other biomolecules 720:737 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 5 27 theme disease 919:925 arg1 states 927:932 different disease states 909:932 different disease states 909:932 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 7 28 gly glycosylating 1221:1233 arg0 proteins 1243:1250 glycosylating soluble proteins 1221:1250 glycosylating soluble proteins 1221:1250 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 7 29 theme glycosylating 1221:1233 arg1 proteins 1243:1250 glycosylating soluble proteins 1221:1250 glycosylating soluble proteins 1221:1250 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 10 30 theme coli-expressed 1695:1708 arg1 NGT 1710:1712 Escherichia coli-expressed NGT 1683:1712 Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome 1683:1760 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 10 31 gly Glycosylation 1634:1646 arg1 samples 1655:1661 the samples 1651:1661 the samples 1651:1661 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 3 32 theme bond 424:427 arg1 formation 429:437 glycosidic bond formation 413:437 glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue 413:556 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 0 33 theme In 0:1 arg1 Glycosylation 9:21 In Vitro Glycosylation 0:21 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins 0:42 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins Using N-Glycosyltransferase. 34056367 1 34 from part 140:143 arg1 process 172:178 nearly every biological process 148:178 nearly every biological process 148:178 Glycoproteins are post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome. 34056367 9 35 theme site 1610:1613 arg1 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 35 theme site 1610:1613 arg1 Asn-Val-Thr 1615:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr 1592:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1592:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 10 36 theme Actinobacillus 1723:1736 arg1 genome 1755:1760 the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome 1719:1760 the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome 1719:1760 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 5 37 theme membrane 845:852 arg1 components 883:892 key components 879:892 key components 879:892 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 5 37 theme membrane 845:852 arg1 glycoproteins 854:866 membrane glycoproteins 845:866 membrane glycoproteins 845:866 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 11 38 theme single 2027:2032 arg1 molecule 2042:2049 a single glucose molecule 2025:2049 a single glucose molecule 2025:2049 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 6 39 theme important 1054:1062 arg1 macromolecules 1064:1077 these important macromolecules 1048:1077 these important macromolecules 1048:1077 Therefore, the use of in vitro protein glycosylation can help further evaluate the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules. 34056367 3 40 theme oligosaccharide 451:465 arg1 donor 467:471 the oligosaccharide donor 447:471 the oligosaccharide donor 447:471 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 7 41 theme membrane-mimetic 1160:1175 arg1 environment 1177:1187 a membrane-mimetic environment 1158:1187 a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins 1158:1291 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 0 42 theme Membrane 26:33 arg1 Proteins 35:42 Membrane Proteins 26:42 Membrane Proteins 26:42 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins Using N-Glycosyltransferase. 34056367 9 43 gly glycosylation 1596:1608 arg2 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 43 gly glycosylation 1596:1608 arg2 site 1610:1613 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr 1592:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1592:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 43 gly glycosylation 1596:1608 arg2 Asn-Val-Thr 1615:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr 1592:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1592:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 10 44 dep Actinobacillus 1723:1736 arg1 pleuropneumoniae 1738:1753 pleuropneumoniae 1738:1753 pleuropneumoniae 1738:1753 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 9 45 gly glycosylation 1453:1465 arg1 peptide 1490:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 45 gly glycosylation 1453:1465 arg1 protein 1560:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 45 gly glycosylation 1453:1465 arg1 peptide 1522:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 3 46 theme nucleoside 485:494 arg1 phosphatase 496:506 nucleoside phosphatase 485:506 nucleoside phosphatase 485:506 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 8 47 from insoluble 1385:1393 arg1 solvents 1406:1413 aqueous solvents 1398:1413 aqueous solvents 1398:1413 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 9 48 theme stepwise 1420:1427 arg1 method 1429:1434 The stepwise method 1416:1434 The stepwise method 1416:1434 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 11 49 theme glucose 2034:2040 arg1 molecule 2042:2049 a single glucose molecule 2025:2049 a single glucose molecule 2025:2049 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 12 50 theme small 2086:2090 arg1 proteins 2110:2117 small or large membrane proteins 2086:2117 small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2086:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 4 51 theme physiological 608:620 arg1 properties 637:646 physiological and biological properties 608:646 physiological and biological properties of the protein 608:661 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 10 52 dep coli-expressed 1695:1708 arg1 Escherichia 1683:1693 Escherichia 1683:1693 Escherichia 1683:1693 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 0 53 dep In 0:1 arg1 Vitro 3:7 Vitro 3:7 Vitro 3:7 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins Using N-Glycosyltransferase. 34056367 4 54 theme biological 626:635 arg1 properties 637:646 physiological and biological properties 608:646 physiological and biological properties of the protein 608:661 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 10 55 theme single 1769:1774 arg1 moiety 1782:1787 a single sugar moiety 1767:1787 a single sugar moiety 1767:1787 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 10 56 from genome 1755:1760 arg1 NGT 1710:1712 Escherichia coli-expressed NGT 1683:1712 Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome 1683:1760 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 4 57 theme sugar 581:585 arg1 moiety 587:592 the sugar moiety 577:592 the sugar moiety 577:592 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 3 58 theme residue 550:556 arg1 donor 467:471 the oligosaccharide donor 447:471 the oligosaccharide donor 447:471 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 3 58 theme residue 550:556 arg1 nitrogen 523:530 the amide nitrogen 513:530 the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue 513:556 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 8 59 theme membrane 1363:1370 arg1 proteins 1372:1379 membrane proteins 1363:1379 membrane proteins 1363:1379 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 7 60 theme glycosylation 1109:1121 arg1 studies 1089:1095 In vitro studies 1080:1095 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation 1080:1121 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 10 61 theme glucose 1792:1798 arg1 moiety 1782:1787 a single sugar moiety 1767:1787 a single sugar moiety 1767:1787 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 9 62 theme peptide 1490:1496 arg1 glycosylation 1453:1465 the glycosylation 1449:1465 the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1449:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 5 63 theme key 879:881 arg1 components 883:892 key components 879:892 key components 879:892 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 5 63 theme key 879:881 arg1 glycoproteins 854:866 membrane glycoproteins 845:866 membrane glycoproteins 845:866 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 5 64 gly glycoproteins 854:866 arg1 components 883:892 key components 879:892 key components 879:892 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 5 64 gly glycoproteins 854:866 arg1 glycoproteins 854:866 membrane glycoproteins 845:866 membrane glycoproteins 845:866 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 2 65 theme amino 328:332 arg1 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- 349:363 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- 349:363 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT) 349:369 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 2 65 theme amino 328:332 arg1 sequence 339:346 the consensus amino acid sequence 314:346 the consensus amino acid sequence 314:346 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 1 66 theme large 194:198 arg1 percent 200:206 a large percent 192:206 a large percent of the proteome 192:222 Glycoproteins are post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome. 34056367 5 67 theme glycoproteins 854:866 arg1 properties 831:840 the properties 827:840 the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states 827:932 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 10 68 theme nucleotide-linked 1817:1833 arg1 donor 1835:1839 a nucleotide-linked donor 1815:1839 a nucleotide-linked donor 1815:1839 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 6 69 theme protein 966:972 arg1 glycosylation 974:986 in vitro protein glycosylation 957:986 in vitro protein glycosylation 957:986 Therefore, the use of in vitro protein glycosylation can help further evaluate the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules. 34056367 1 70 theme biological 161:170 arg1 process 172:178 nearly every biological process 148:178 nearly every biological process 148:178 Glycoproteins are post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome. 34056367 11 71 theme mass 1900:1903 arg1 spectrometry 1905:1916 mass spectrometry 1900:1916 mass spectrometry 1900:1916 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 12 72 gly glycosylated 2177:2188 arg1 environments 2217:2228 membrane-mimetic environments 2200:2228 membrane-mimetic environments 2200:2228 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 12 72 gly glycosylated 2177:2188 arg2 proteins 2110:2117 small or large membrane proteins 2086:2117 small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2086:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 12 72 gly glycosylated 2177:2188 arg1 proteins 2110:2117 small or large membrane proteins 2086:2117 small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2086:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 8 73 used used 1327:1330 arg2 systems 1314:1320 Detergent and lipid systems 1294:1320 Detergent and lipid systems 1294:1320 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 9 74 theme WALP-NVT 1513:1520 arg1 peptide 1522:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 6 75 theme in 957:958 arg1 glycosylation 974:986 in vitro protein glycosylation 957:986 in vitro protein glycosylation 957:986 Therefore, the use of in vitro protein glycosylation can help further evaluate the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules. 34056367 3 76 contain containing 474:483 arg1 donor 467:471 the oligosaccharide donor 447:471 the oligosaccharide donor 447:471 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 3 76 contain containing 474:483 arg2 phosphatase 496:506 nucleoside phosphatase 485:506 nucleoside phosphatase 485:506 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 4 77 theme protein 655:661 arg1 properties 637:646 physiological and biological properties 608:646 physiological and biological properties of the protein 608:661 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 11 78 theme activity 1986:1993 arg1 detection 1953:1961 the detection 1949:1961 the detection of glycosyltransferase activity 1949:1993 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 5 79 theme states 927:932 arg1 number 899:904 a number 897:904 a number of different disease states 897:932 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 10 80 link nucleotide-linked 1817:1833 arg1 donor 1835:1839 a nucleotide-linked donor 1815:1839 a nucleotide-linked donor 1815:1839 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 12 81 theme membrane-mimetic 2200:2215 arg1 environments 2217:2228 membrane-mimetic environments 2200:2228 membrane-mimetic environments 2200:2228 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 6 82 theme properties 1033:1042 arg1 effects 1018:1024 the effects 1014:1024 the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules 1014:1077 Therefore, the use of in vitro protein glycosylation can help further evaluate the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules. 34056367 11 83 theme Gel 1879:1881 arg1 electrophoresis 1883:1897 Gel electrophoresis 1879:1897 Gel electrophoresis 1879:1897 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 10 84 theme glycosylation 1859:1871 arg1 site 1873:1876 the glycosylation site 1855:1876 the glycosylation site 1855:1876 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 12 85 theme consensus 2151:2159 arg1 sequence 2161:2168 an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2132:2168 an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2132:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 9 86 theme membrane 1551:1558 arg1 protein 1560:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 8 87 theme hydrophobic 1338:1348 arg1 peptides 1350:1357 hydrophobic peptides 1338:1357 hydrophobic peptides 1338:1357 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 7 88 theme soluble 1235:1241 arg1 proteins 1243:1250 glycosylating soluble proteins 1221:1250 glycosylating soluble proteins 1221:1250 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 5 89 from components 883:892 arg1 number 899:904 a number 897:904 a number of different disease states 897:932 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 5 90 theme different 909:917 arg1 states 927:932 different disease states 909:932 different disease states 909:932 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 12 91 theme large 2095:2099 arg1 proteins 2110:2117 small or large membrane proteins 2086:2117 small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2086:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 4 92 theme cellular 777:784 arg1 level 786:790 the cellular level 773:790 the cellular level 773:790 The attachment of the sugar moiety can influence physiological and biological properties of the protein by affecting their folding, modulating interactions with other biomolecules, and modifying their functions at the cellular level. 34056367 12 93 theme N-glycosylation 2135:2149 arg1 sequence 2161:2168 an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2132:2168 an N-glycosylation consensus sequence 2132:2168 Our experiments demonstrated that small or large membrane proteins that contain an N-glycosylation consensus sequence can be glycosylated by NGT in membrane-mimetic environments. 34056367 7 94 link N-linked 1100:1107 arg1 glycosylation 1109:1121 N-linked glycosylation 1100:1121 N-linked glycosylation 1100:1121 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 5 95 from properties 831:840 arg1 interested 813:822 interested 813:822 interested 813:822 We are specifically interested in the properties of membrane glycoproteins, which are key components in a number of different disease states. 34056367 1 96 theme modified 112:119 arg1 proteins 121:128 post-translationally modified proteins 91:128 post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome 91:222 Glycoproteins are post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome. 34056367 1 96 theme modified 112:119 arg1 Glycoproteins 73:85 Glycoproteins 73:85 Glycoproteins 73:85 Glycoproteins are post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome. 34056367 8 97 theme aqueous 1398:1404 arg1 solvents 1406:1413 aqueous solvents 1398:1413 aqueous solvents 1398:1413 Detergent and lipid systems were used since hydrophobic peptides and membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 34056367 11 98 theme glycosyltransferase 1966:1984 arg1 activity 1986:1993 glycosyltransferase activity 1966:1993 glycosyltransferase activity 1966:1993 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 0 99 theme Proteins 35:42 arg1 Glycosylation 9:21 In Vitro Glycosylation 0:21 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins 0:42 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins Using N-Glycosyltransferase. 34056367 1 100 theme proteome 215:222 arg1 percent 200:206 a large percent 192:206 a large percent of the proteome 192:222 Glycoproteins are post-translationally modified proteins that take part in nearly every biological process and make up a large percent of the proteome. 34056367 3 101 theme glycosidic 413:422 arg1 formation 429:437 glycosidic bond formation 413:437 glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue 413:556 The enzyme catalyzes glycosidic bond formation between the oligosaccharide donor, containing nucleoside phosphatase, and the amide nitrogen of the asparagine residue. 34056367 7 102 dep In 1080:1081 arg1 vitro 1083:1087 vitro 1083:1087 vitro 1083:1087 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 0 103 gly Glycosylation 9:21 arg1 Proteins 35:42 Membrane Proteins 26:42 Membrane Proteins 26:42 In Vitro Glycosylation of Membrane Proteins Using N-Glycosyltransferase. 34056367 6 104 dep in 957:958 arg1 vitro 960:964 vitro 960:964 vitro 960:964 Therefore, the use of in vitro protein glycosylation can help further evaluate the effects of the properties for these important macromolecules. 34056367 11 105 used used 1940:1943 arg2 studies 1927:1933 NMR studies 1923:1933 NMR studies 1923:1933 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 11 105 used used 1940:1943 arg2 spectrometry 1905:1916 mass spectrometry 1900:1916 mass spectrometry 1900:1916 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 11 105 used used 1940:1943 arg2 electrophoresis 1883:1897 Gel electrophoresis 1879:1897 Gel electrophoresis 1879:1897 Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and NMR studies were used for the detection of glycosyltransferase activity and to show the attachment of a single glucose molecule. 34056367 2 106 theme acid 334:337 arg1 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- 349:363 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- 349:363 -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT) 349:369 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 2 106 theme acid 334:337 arg1 sequence 339:346 the consensus amino acid sequence 314:346 the consensus amino acid sequence 314:346 N-Linked glycosylation can be performed by N-glycosyltransferase (NGT), which recognizes the consensus amino acid sequence, -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- (NXT), within the protein. 34056367 7 107 theme membrane 1275:1282 arg1 proteins 1284:1291 membrane proteins 1275:1291 membrane proteins 1275:1291 In vitro studies of N-linked glycosylation were done in a stepwise fashion in a membrane-mimetic environment to confirm that the methods for glycosylating soluble proteins could be applicable to membrane proteins. 34056367 9 108 contain contained 1582:1590 arg1 protein 1560:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein 1535:1566 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 108 contain contained 1582:1590 arg1 all 1569:1571 all 1569:1571 all 1569:1571 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 108 contain contained 1582:1590 arg1 peptide 1490:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 a soluble 7-residue peptide 1470:1496 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 108 contain contained 1582:1590 arg2 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 NVT 1628:1630 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 108 contain contained 1582:1590 arg2 Asn-Val-Thr 1615:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr 1592:1625 the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT) 1592:1631 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 9 108 contain contained 1582:1590 arg1 peptide 1522:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide 1499:1528 The stepwise method consisted of the glycosylation of a soluble 7-residue peptide, a hydrophobic WALP-NVT peptide, and a γ-sarcoglycan membrane protein, all of which contained the glycosylation site Asn-Val-Thr (NVT). 34056367 10 109 theme sugar 1776:1780 arg1 moiety 1782:1787 a single sugar moiety 1767:1787 a single sugar moiety 1767:1787 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34056367 10 110 gly glycosylation 1859:1871 arg2 site 1873:1876 the glycosylation site 1855:1876 the glycosylation site 1855:1876 Glycosylation of the samples was performed using Escherichia coli-expressed NGT from the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome, and a single sugar moiety of glucose, provided from a nucleotide-linked donor, was added to the glycosylation site. 34544801 8 0 link patient-derived 1308:1322 arg1 mAbs 1348:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs 1303:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1303:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 7 1 with patients 1261:1268 arg1 MG 1275:1276 MG 1275:1276 MG 1275:1276 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 4 2 link human-derived 733:745 arg1 autoantibodies 759:772 human-derived recombinant autoantibodies 733:772 human-derived recombinant autoantibodies 733:772 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 9 3 theme prior 1466:1470 arg1 work 1472:1475 prior work 1466:1475 prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes 1466:1556 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 7 4 located observed 1208:1215 arg2 IgG-VN-Glyc 1187:1197 IgG-VN-Glyc 1187:1197 IgG-VN-Glyc 1187:1197 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 7 4 located observed 1208:1215 arg1 IgG 1242:1244 the total circulating IgG 1220:1244 the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG 1220:1276 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 2 5 theme IgG-VN-Glyc 268:278 arg1 specificity 244:254 the broader specificity 232:254 the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc 232:278 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 1 6 theme emerging 157:164 arg1 phenotype 176:184 an emerging molecular phenotype 154:184 an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders 154:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 6 theme emerging 157:164 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation 88:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 88:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 7 theme sites 891:895 arg1 occupation 863:872 occupation 863:872 occupation of glycosylation sites 863:895 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 8 theme total 688:692 arg1 IgG 706:708 the total circulating IgG 684:708 the total circulating IgG 684:708 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 9 gly glycosylation 658:670 arg1 IgG 706:708 the total circulating IgG 684:708 the total circulating IgG 684:708 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 2 10 theme distinct 306:313 arg1 subtypes 315:322 distinct subtypes 306:322 distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 306:386 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 6 11 theme somatic 1164:1170 arg1 hypermutation 1172:1184 somatic hypermutation 1164:1184 somatic hypermutation 1164:1184 The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. 34544801 8 12 theme Autoantigen 1279:1289 arg1 binding 1291:1297 Autoantigen binding 1279:1297 Autoantigen binding 1279:1297 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 5 13 theme IgG-VN-Glyc 970:980 arg1 motifs 982:987 IgG-VN-Glyc motifs 970:987 IgG-VN-Glyc motifs 970:987 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 9 14 theme V 1495:1495 arg1 glycosylation 1513:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 4 15 theme glycosylation 658:670 arg1 patterns 672:679 glycosylation patterns 658:679 glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG 658:708 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 16 dep sites 595:599 arg1 examine 650:656 examine 650:656 to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG 647:708 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 16 dep sites 595:599 arg1 confirm 855:861 confirm 855:861 confirm occupation of glycosylation sites 855:895 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 9 17 theme N-linked 1504:1511 arg1 glycosylation 1513:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 1 18 theme IgG 123:125 arg1 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 18 theme IgG 123:125 arg1 regions 129:135 IgG V regions 123:135 IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 123:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 19 theme circulating 694:704 arg1 IgG 706:708 the total circulating IgG 684:708 the total circulating IgG 684:708 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 8 20 theme MG 1324:1325 arg1 mAbs 1348:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs 1303:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1303:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 5 21 theme motifs 982:987 arg1 frequency 957:965 the frequency 953:965 the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs 953:987 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 1 22 theme regions 129:135 arg1 phenotype 176:184 an emerging molecular phenotype 154:184 an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders 154:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 22 theme regions 129:135 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation 88:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 88:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 23 theme human-derived 733:745 arg1 autoantibodies 759:772 human-derived recombinant autoantibodies 733:772 human-derived recombinant autoantibodies 733:772 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 24 theme IgG 706:708 arg1 patterns 672:679 glycosylation patterns 658:679 glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG 658:708 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 0 25 theme Myasthenia 52:61 arg1 Gravis 63:68 Myasthenia Gravis 52:68 Myasthenia Gravis 52:68 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 2 26 theme broader 236:242 arg1 specificity 244:254 the broader specificity 232:254 the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc 232:278 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 0 27 from Glycosylation 18:30 arg1 Gravis 63:68 Myasthenia Gravis 52:68 Myasthenia Gravis 52:68 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 0 28 theme Disease 70:76 arg1 Subtypes 78:85 Disease Subtypes 70:85 Disease Subtypes 70:85 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 9 29 link N-linked 1504:1511 arg1 glycosylation 1513:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 2 30 with patients 292:299 arg1 subtypes 315:322 distinct subtypes 306:322 distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 306:386 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 4 31 theme adaptive 496:503 arg1 repertoire 521:530 adaptive immune receptor repertoire 496:530 adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing 496:541 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 7 32 theme circulating 1230:1240 arg1 IgG 1242:1244 the total circulating IgG 1220:1244 the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG 1220:1276 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 4 33 theme mass 799:802 arg1 spectrometry 804:815 mass spectrometry 799:815 mass spectrometry 799:815 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 34 gly glycosylation 581:593 arg2 sites 595:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 5 35 theme total 1010:1014 arg1 patients 1034:1041 patients 1034:1041 patients with MG 1034:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 5 35 theme total 1010:1014 arg1 repertoire 1020:1029 the total BCR repertoire 1006:1029 the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG 1006:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 4 36 theme autoantibodies 759:772 arg1 exploration 718:728 an exploration 715:728 an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry 715:815 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 36 theme autoantibodies 759:772 arg1 assays 832:837 Ag binding assays 821:837 Ag binding assays 821:837 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 2 37 theme cell-mediated 355:367 arg1 gravis 338:343 myasthenia gravis 327:343 myasthenia gravis (MG) 327:348 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 2 37 theme cell-mediated 355:367 arg1 disease 380:386 a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 351:386 a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 351:386 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 0 38 theme Elevated 0:7 arg1 Glycosylation 18:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation 0:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis 0:68 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 1 39 theme Elevated 88:95 arg1 phenotype 176:184 an emerging molecular phenotype 154:184 an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders 154:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 39 theme Elevated 88:95 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation 88:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 88:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 9 40 theme region 1497:1502 arg1 glycosylation 1513:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 3 41 theme experimental 393:404 arg1 design 406:411 Our experimental design 389:411 Our experimental design 389:411 Our experimental design focused on examining the B cell repertoire and total IgG. 34544801 3 42 theme B 438:438 arg1 repertoire 445:454 the B cell repertoire 434:454 the B cell repertoire 434:454 Our experimental design focused on examining the B cell repertoire and total IgG. 34544801 0 43 theme IgG 35:37 arg1 Regions 41:47 IgG V Regions 35:47 IgG V Regions 35:47 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 4 44 theme receptor 512:519 arg1 repertoire 521:530 adaptive immune receptor repertoire 496:530 adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing 496:541 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 0 45 theme Regions 41:47 arg1 Glycosylation 18:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation 0:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis 0:68 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 6 46 theme segment 1146:1152 arg1 usage 1154:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. 34544801 3 47 theme total 460:464 arg1 IgG 466:468 total IgG 460:468 total IgG 460:468 Our experimental design focused on examining the B cell repertoire and total IgG. 34544801 6 48 theme V 1139:1139 arg1 usage 1154:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. 34544801 4 49 theme circulating 608:618 arg1 repertoire 624:633 the circulating BCR repertoire 604:633 the circulating BCR repertoire 604:633 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 1 50 link N-linked 97:104 arg1 phenotype 176:184 an emerging molecular phenotype 154:184 an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders 154:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 50 link N-linked 97:104 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation 88:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 88:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 51 theme binding 824:830 arg1 assays 832:837 Ag binding assays 821:837 Ag binding assays 821:837 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 4 52 link N-linked 572:579 arg1 sites 595:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 5 53 theme patients 1034:1041 arg1 patients 1034:1041 patients 1034:1041 patients with MG 1034:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 5 53 theme patients 1034:1041 arg1 repertoire 1020:1029 the total BCR repertoire 1006:1029 the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG 1006:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 9 54 from work 1472:1475 arg1 autoimmunity 1530:1541 autoimmunity 1530:1541 autoimmunity 1530:1541 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 9 54 from work 1472:1475 arg1 patterns 1480:1487 patterns 1480:1487 patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1480:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 7 55 theme patients 1261:1268 arg1 subset 1251:1256 a subset 1249:1256 a subset of patients with MG 1249:1276 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 4 56 theme glycosylation 581:593 arg1 sites 595:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 1 57 theme molecular 166:174 arg1 phenotype 176:184 an emerging molecular phenotype 154:184 an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders 154:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 57 theme molecular 166:174 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation 88:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 88:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 58 theme glycosylation 877:889 arg1 sites 891:895 glycosylation sites 877:895 glycosylation sites 877:895 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 9 59 theme Ig 1492:1493 arg1 glycosylation 1513:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1492:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 4 60 gly glycosylation 877:889 arg2 sites 891:895 glycosylation sites 877:895 glycosylation sites 877:895 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 9 61 theme glycosylation 1513:1525 arg1 patterns 1480:1487 patterns 1480:1487 patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation 1480:1525 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 7 62 from IgG 1242:1244 arg1 subset 1251:1256 a subset 1249:1256 a subset of patients with MG 1249:1276 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 5 63 theme healthy 1070:1076 arg1 donors 1078:1083 healthy donors 1070:1083 healthy donors 1070:1083 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 2 64 theme elevated 259:266 arg1 IgG-VN-Glyc 268:278 elevated IgG-VN-Glyc 259:278 elevated IgG-VN-Glyc 259:278 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 1 65 theme V 127:127 arg1 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 65 theme V 127:127 arg1 regions 129:135 IgG V regions 123:135 IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 123:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 8 66 theme patient-derived 1308:1322 arg1 mAbs 1348:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs 1303:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1303:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 2 67 theme myasthenia 327:336 arg1 gravis 338:343 myasthenia gravis 327:343 myasthenia gravis (MG) 327:348 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 2 67 theme myasthenia 327:336 arg1 disease 380:386 a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 351:386 a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 351:386 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 2 67 theme myasthenia 327:336 arg1 MG 346:347 MG 346:347 MG 346:347 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 9 68 theme MG 1546:1547 arg1 subtypes 1549:1556 MG subtypes 1546:1556 MG subtypes 1546:1556 Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. 34544801 8 69 theme autoantigen-specific 1327:1346 arg1 mAbs 1348:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs 1303:1351 four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1303:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 4 70 theme immune 505:510 arg1 repertoire 521:530 adaptive immune receptor repertoire 496:530 adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing 496:541 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 7 71 theme total 1224:1228 arg1 IgG 1242:1244 the total circulating IgG 1220:1244 the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG 1220:1276 IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. 34544801 8 72 theme confirmed 1373:1381 arg1 presence 1383:1390 experimentally confirmed presence 1358:1390 experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1358:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 1 73 gly glycosylation 106:118 arg1 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 IgG-VN-Glyc 138:148 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 73 gly glycosylation 106:118 arg1 regions 129:135 IgG V regions 123:135 IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 123:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 74 from sites 595:599 arg1 repertoire 624:633 the circulating BCR repertoire 604:633 the circulating BCR repertoire 604:633 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 0 75 theme N-Linked 9:16 arg1 Glycosylation 18:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation 0:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis 0:68 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 0 76 dep Subtypes 78:85 arg1 Glycosylation 18:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation 0:30 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis 0:68 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 6 77 theme elevated 1090:1097 arg1 frequency 1099:1107 The elevated frequency 1086:1107 The elevated frequency 1086:1107 The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. 34544801 4 78 theme recombinant 747:757 arg1 autoantibodies 759:772 human-derived recombinant autoantibodies 733:772 human-derived recombinant autoantibodies 733:772 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 1 79 theme N-linked 97:104 arg1 phenotype 176:184 an emerging molecular phenotype 154:184 an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders 154:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 1 79 theme N-linked 97:104 arg1 glycosylation 106:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation 88:118 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) 88:149 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 80 theme N-linked 572:579 arg1 sites 595:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 N-linked glycosylation sites 572:599 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 8 81 theme IgG-VN-Glyc 1395:1405 arg1 presence 1383:1390 experimentally confirmed presence 1358:1390 experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1358:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 0 82 theme V 39:39 arg1 Regions 41:47 IgG V Regions 35:47 IgG V Regions 35:47 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 1 83 theme autoimmune 202:211 arg1 disorders 213:221 autoimmune disorders 202:221 autoimmune disorders 202:221 Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. 34544801 4 84 theme repertoire 521:530 arg1 sequencing 532:541 adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing 496:541 adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing 496:541 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 3 85 theme cell 440:443 arg1 repertoire 445:454 the B cell repertoire 434:454 the B cell repertoire 434:454 Our experimental design focused on examining the B cell repertoire and total IgG. 34544801 0 86 gly Glycosylation 18:30 arg1 Regions 41:47 IgG V Regions 35:47 IgG V Regions 35:47 Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. 34544801 2 87 theme gravis 338:343 arg1 subtypes 315:322 distinct subtypes 306:322 distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 306:386 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 5 88 theme BCR 1016:1018 arg1 patients 1034:1041 patients 1034:1041 patients with MG 1034:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 5 88 theme BCR 1016:1018 arg1 repertoire 1020:1029 the total BCR repertoire 1006:1029 the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG 1006:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 6 89 theme gene 1141:1144 arg1 usage 1154:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. 34544801 4 90 theme BCR 620:622 arg1 repertoire 624:633 the circulating BCR repertoire 604:633 the circulating BCR repertoire 604:633 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 34544801 8 91 with mAbs 1348:1351 arg1 presence 1383:1390 experimentally confirmed presence 1358:1390 experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc 1358:1405 Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. 34544801 6 92 theme biased 1132:1137 arg1 usage 1154:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 biased V gene segment usage 1132:1158 The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. 34544801 2 93 theme autoimmune 369:378 arg1 gravis 338:343 myasthenia gravis 327:343 myasthenia gravis (MG) 327:348 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 2 93 theme autoimmune 369:378 arg1 disease 380:386 a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 351:386 a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease 351:386 To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. 34544801 5 94 with patients 1034:1041 arg1 MG 1048:1049 MG 1048:1049 MG 1048:1049 We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. 34544801 4 95 theme Ag 821:822 arg1 assays 832:837 Ag binding assays 821:837 Ag binding assays 821:837 It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. 32094227 6 0 theme junction 934:941 arg1 terminals 900:908 the axon terminals 891:908 the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction 891:941 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 4 1 dep alleles 464:470 arg1 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 1 dep alleles 464:470 arg1 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 1 dep alleles 464:470 arg1 alleles 464:470 precise knockout Oga alleles 443:470 precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity 443:579 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 2 2 from defects 185:191 arg1 learning 232:239 learning 232:239 learning 232:239 In mice, an increase in O-GlcNAcylation leads to defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning. 32094227 2 2 from defects 185:191 arg1 plasticity 217:226 hippocampal synaptic plasticity 196:226 hippocampal synaptic plasticity 196:226 In mice, an increase in O-GlcNAcylation leads to defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning. 32094227 6 3 theme neuromuscular 920:932 arg1 junction 934:941 larval neuromuscular junction 913:941 larval neuromuscular junction 913:941 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 4 4 theme O-GlcNAcase 560:570 arg1 activity 572:579 O-GlcNAcase activity 560:579 O-GlcNAcase activity 560:579 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 6 5 theme larval 913:918 arg1 junction 934:941 larval neuromuscular junction 913:941 larval neuromuscular junction 913:941 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 4 6 theme elementary 382:391 arg1 learning 393:400 elementary learning 382:400 elementary learning 382:400 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 7 theme locomotor 588:596 arg1 phenotypes 598:607 locomotor phenotypes 588:607 locomotor phenotypes 588:607 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 5 8 theme cognitive 782:790 arg1 function 792:799 cognitive function 782:799 cognitive function 782:799 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 7 9 theme behavioral 970:979 arg1 phenotypes 1004:1013 behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes 970:1013 behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles 970:1041 Taken together, we report behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles and show that Oga contributes to cognition and synaptic morphology in Drosophila. 32094227 6 10 theme axon 895:898 arg1 terminals 900:908 the axon terminals 891:908 the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction 891:941 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 3 11 theme opposing 280:287 arg1 enzymes 289:295 two opposing enzymes 276:295 two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 276:345 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 11 theme opposing 280:287 arg1 transferase 307:317 O-GlcNAc transferase 298:317 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 298:323 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 11 theme opposing 280:287 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 329:339 O-GlcNAcase 329:339 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 329:345 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 1 12 theme abundant 83:90 arg1 modification 111:122 an abundant post-translational modification 80:122 an abundant post-translational modification in neurons 80:133 O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification in neurons. 32094227 1 12 theme abundant 83:90 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 61:75 O-GlcNAcylation 61:75 O-GlcNAcylation 61:75 O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification in neurons. 32094227 0 13 from function 37:44 arg1 Drosophila 49:58 Drosophila 49:58 Drosophila 49:58 O-GlcNAcase contributes to cognitive function in Drosophila. 32094227 5 14 theme O-GlcNAcase 757:767 arg1 activity 769:776 O-GlcNAcase activity 757:776 O-GlcNAcase activity 757:776 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 1 15 theme post-translational 92:109 arg1 modification 111:122 an abundant post-translational modification 80:122 an abundant post-translational modification in neurons 80:133 O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification in neurons. 32094227 1 15 theme post-translational 92:109 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 61:75 O-GlcNAcylation 61:75 O-GlcNAcylation 61:75 O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification in neurons. 32094227 4 16 theme Oga 542:544 arg1 flies 546:550 Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies 504:550 flies 546:550 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 6 17 theme O-GlcNAcase 838:848 arg1 Loss 830:833 Loss 830:833 Loss of O-GlcNAcase 830:848 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 6 18 theme boutons 880:886 arg1 number 861:866 a number 859:866 a number of synaptic boutons 859:886 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 0 19 theme cognitive 27:35 arg1 function 37:44 cognitive function 27:44 cognitive function in Drosophila 27:58 O-GlcNAcase contributes to cognitive function in Drosophila. 32094227 3 20 theme O-GlcNAc 298:305 arg1 OGT 320:322 OGT 320:322 OGT 320:322 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 20 theme O-GlcNAc 298:305 arg1 enzymes 289:295 two opposing enzymes 276:295 two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 276:345 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 20 theme O-GlcNAc 298:305 arg1 transferase 307:317 O-GlcNAc transferase 298:317 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 298:323 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 4 21 theme OGA 375:377 arg1 role 367:370 the role 363:370 the role of OGA in elementary learning 363:400 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 5 22 theme learning 709:716 arg1 form 701:704 an evolutionarily conserved form 673:704 an evolutionarily conserved form of learning 673:716 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 5 22 theme learning 709:716 arg1 habituation 660:670 habituation 660:670 habituation 660:670 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 4 23 theme knockout 451:458 arg1 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 23 theme knockout 451:458 arg1 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 23 theme knockout 451:458 arg1 alleles 464:470 precise knockout Oga alleles 443:470 precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity 443:579 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 24 from role 367:370 arg1 learning 393:400 elementary learning 382:400 elementary learning 382:400 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 2 25 from increase 148:155 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 160:174 O-GlcNAcylation 160:174 O-GlcNAcylation 160:174 In mice, an increase in O-GlcNAcylation leads to defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning. 32094227 4 26 theme precise 443:449 arg1 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 26 theme precise 443:449 arg1 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 26 theme precise 443:449 arg1 alleles 464:470 precise knockout Oga alleles 443:470 precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity 443:579 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 27 theme melanogaster 515:526 arg1 Oga 534:536 Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies 504:550 Oga 534:536 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 7 28 theme synaptic 1090:1097 arg1 morphology 1099:1108 synaptic morphology 1090:1108 synaptic morphology 1090:1108 Taken together, we report behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles and show that Oga contributes to cognition and synaptic morphology in Drosophila. 32094227 6 29 theme synaptic 871:878 arg1 boutons 880:886 synaptic boutons 871:886 synaptic boutons 871:886 Loss of O-GlcNAcase affected a number of synaptic boutons at the axon terminals of larval neuromuscular junction. 32094227 4 30 theme Drosophila 504:513 arg1 Oga 534:536 Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies 504:550 Oga 534:536 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 31 theme Oga 460:462 arg1 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 Oga 481:483 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 31 theme Oga 460:462 arg1 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 Oga 473:475 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 31 theme Oga 460:462 arg1 alleles 464:470 precise knockout Oga alleles 443:470 precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity 443:579 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 5 32 from deficits 648:655 arg1 form 701:704 an evolutionarily conserved form 673:704 an evolutionarily conserved form of learning 673:716 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 5 32 from deficits 648:655 arg1 habituation 660:670 habituation 660:670 habituation 660:670 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 4 33 from alleles 464:470 arg1 Oga 534:536 Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies 504:550 Oga 534:536 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 4 33 from alleles 464:470 arg1 flies 546:550 Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies 504:550 flies 546:550 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 5 34 theme Oga 628:630 arg1 lines 632:636 both Oga lines 623:636 both Oga lines 623:636 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 4 35 theme Adult 528:532 arg1 Oga 534:536 Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies 504:550 Oga 534:536 To investigate the role of OGA in elementary learning, we generated catalytically inactive and precise knockout Oga alleles (Oga and Oga , respectively) in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Oga and Oga flies lacking O-GlcNAcase activity showed locomotor phenotypes. 32094227 5 36 theme conserved 691:699 arg1 form 701:704 an evolutionarily conserved form 673:704 an evolutionarily conserved form of learning 673:716 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 5 36 theme conserved 691:699 arg1 habituation 660:670 habituation 660:670 habituation 660:670 Importantly, both Oga lines exhibited deficits in habituation, an evolutionarily conserved form of learning, highlighting that the requirement for O-GlcNAcase activity for cognitive function is preserved across species. 32094227 7 37 theme neurodevelopmental 985:1002 arg1 phenotypes 1004:1013 behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes 970:1013 behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles 970:1041 Taken together, we report behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles and show that Oga contributes to cognition and synaptic morphology in Drosophila. 32094227 2 38 theme synaptic 208:215 arg1 plasticity 217:226 hippocampal synaptic plasticity 196:226 hippocampal synaptic plasticity 196:226 In mice, an increase in O-GlcNAcylation leads to defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning. 32094227 3 39 dep enzymes 289:295 arg1 OGA 342:344 OGA 342:344 OGA 342:344 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 39 dep enzymes 289:295 arg1 OGT 320:322 OGT 320:322 OGT 320:322 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 39 dep enzymes 289:295 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 329:339 O-GlcNAcase 329:339 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 329:345 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 39 dep enzymes 289:295 arg1 transferase 307:317 O-GlcNAc transferase 298:317 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 298:323 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 3 39 dep enzymes 289:295 arg1 enzymes 289:295 two opposing enzymes 276:295 two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 276:345 O-GlcNAcylation is established by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32094227 2 40 theme hippocampal 196:206 arg1 plasticity 217:226 hippocampal synaptic plasticity 196:226 hippocampal synaptic plasticity 196:226 In mice, an increase in O-GlcNAcylation leads to defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning. 32094227 7 41 theme Oga 1031:1033 arg1 alleles 1035:1041 Oga alleles 1031:1041 Oga alleles 1031:1041 Taken together, we report behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles and show that Oga contributes to cognition and synaptic morphology in Drosophila. 32094227 1 42 from modification 111:122 arg1 neurons 127:133 neurons 127:133 neurons 127:133 O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification in neurons. 32094227 7 43 from morphology 1099:1108 arg1 Drosophila 1113:1122 Drosophila 1113:1122 Drosophila 1113:1122 Taken together, we report behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles and show that Oga contributes to cognition and synaptic morphology in Drosophila. 32094227 7 44 from cognition 1076:1084 arg1 Drosophila 1113:1122 Drosophila 1113:1122 Drosophila 1113:1122 Taken together, we report behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with Oga alleles and show that Oga contributes to cognition and synaptic morphology in Drosophila. 32498907 0 0 theme interaction 104:114 arg1 chromatography 116:129 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 92:129 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 92:129 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 2 1 theme pore 497:500 arg1 size 502:505 their adjustable pore size 480:505 their adjustable pore size 480:505 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 1 2 gly glycopeptides 329:341 arg2 glycopeptides 329:341 glycopeptides enrichment 329:352 glycopeptides enrichment 329:352 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 5 3 theme 2 μL 1151:1154 arg1 digest 1168:1173 2 μL human serum digest 1151:1173 2 μL human serum digest 1151:1173 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 0 4 theme hydrophilic 92:102 arg1 chromatography 116:129 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 92:129 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 92:129 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 3 5 theme sol-gel 675:681 arg1 reaction 683:690 sol-gel reaction 675:690 sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source 675:751 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 5 6 gly 330 N-glycosylation 1074:1092 arg2 sites 1094:1098 330 N-glycosylation sites 1074:1098 330 N-glycosylation sites 1074:1098 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 5 7 theme human 1156:1160 arg1 digest 1168:1173 2 μL human serum digest 1151:1173 2 μL human serum digest 1151:1173 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 1 8 from efficiency 315:324 arg1 enrichment 343:352 glycopeptides enrichment 329:352 glycopeptides enrichment 329:352 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 5 9 theme great 1191:1195 arg1 ability 1197:1203 the great ability 1187:1203 the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1187:1265 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 0 10 gly glycopeptides 75:87 arg2 glycopeptides 75:87 N-linked glycopeptides 66:87 N-linked glycopeptides 66:87 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 4 11 theme IgG 949:951 arg1 digests 979:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 5 12 theme 159 1111:1113 arg1 glycoproteins 1115:1127 159 glycoproteins 1111:1127 159 glycoproteins 1111:1127 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 1 13 theme researchers 287:297 arg1 attention 260:268 the attention 256:268 the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment 256:352 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 2 14 theme mechanical 518:527 arg1 properties 529:538 excellent mechanical properties 508:538 excellent mechanical properties 508:538 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 15 used used 401:404 arg2 materials 381:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 16 theme many 409:412 arg1 fields 414:419 many fields 409:419 many fields 409:419 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 16 theme many 409:412 arg1 separation 441:450 separation 441:450 separation 441:450 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 16 theme many 409:412 arg1 delivery 461:468 drug delivery 456:468 drug delivery 456:468 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 16 theme many 409:412 arg1 catalysis 430:438 catalysis 430:438 catalysis 430:438 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 17 theme excellent 508:516 arg1 properties 529:538 excellent mechanical properties 508:538 excellent mechanical properties 508:538 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 1 18 gly glycopeptides 216:228 arg2 glycopeptides 216:228 glycopeptides enrichment 216:239 glycopeptides enrichment 216:239 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 0 19 link N-linked 66:73 arg1 glycopeptides 75:87 N-linked glycopeptides 66:87 N-linked glycopeptides 66:87 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 5 20 theme complex 1240:1246 arg1 samples 1259:1265 complex biological samples 1240:1265 complex biological samples 1240:1265 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 1 21 theme important 194:202 arg1 methods 204:210 the important methods 190:210 the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment 190:239 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 0 22 theme ordered 21:27 arg1 silicas 40:46 ordered mesoporous silicas 21:46 ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 21:87 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 2 23 theme adjustable 486:495 arg1 size 502:505 their adjustable pore size 480:505 their adjustable pore size 480:505 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 1 24 theme methods 204:210 arg1 methods 204:210 the important methods 190:210 the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment 190:239 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 1 24 theme methods 204:210 arg1 one 183:185 one 183:185 one 183:185 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 2 25 theme drug 456:459 arg1 fields 414:419 many fields 409:419 many fields 409:419 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 25 theme drug 456:459 arg1 delivery 461:468 drug delivery 456:468 drug delivery 456:468 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 25 theme drug 456:459 arg1 catalysis 430:438 catalysis 430:438 catalysis 430:438 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 4 26 used used 879:882 arg2 materials 831:839 these materials 825:839 these materials 825:839 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 4 26 used used 879:882 arg2 adsorbents 887:896 adsorbents 887:896 adsorbents of HILIC 887:905 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 5 27 gly glycoproteins 1115:1127 arg1 glycoproteins 1115:1127 159 glycoproteins 1111:1127 159 glycoproteins 1111:1127 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 3 28 theme silica 739:744 arg1 F127 702:705 F127 702:705 F127 702:705 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 3 28 theme silica 739:744 arg1 source 746:751 the silica source 735:751 the silica source 735:751 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 4 29 theme N-linked 921:928 arg1 glycopeptides 930:942 N-linked glycopeptides 921:942 N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 921:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 1 30 theme Hydrophilic 132:142 arg1 HILIC 172:176 HILIC 172:176 HILIC 172:176 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 1 30 theme Hydrophilic 132:142 arg1 chromatography 156:169 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography 132:169 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 132:177 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 1 31 theme glycopeptides 216:228 arg1 enrichment 230:239 glycopeptides enrichment 216:239 glycopeptides enrichment 216:239 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 0 32 theme mesoporous 29:38 arg1 silicas 40:46 ordered mesoporous silicas 21:46 ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 21:87 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 2 33 theme preparation 552:562 arg1 size 502:505 their adjustable pore size 480:505 their adjustable pore size 480:505 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 33 theme preparation 552:562 arg1 ease 544:547 ease 544:547 ease of preparation 544:562 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 2 33 theme preparation 552:562 arg1 properties 529:538 excellent mechanical properties 508:538 excellent mechanical properties 508:538 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 1 34 theme interaction 144:154 arg1 HILIC 172:176 HILIC 172:176 HILIC 172:176 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 1 34 theme interaction 144:154 arg1 chromatography 156:169 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography 132:169 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 132:177 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 5 35 gly 26 N-glycopeptides 994:1011 arg2 26 N-glycopeptides 994:1011 26 N-glycopeptides 994:1011 26 N-glycopeptides 994:1011 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 1 36 theme high 310:313 arg1 efficiency 315:324 the high efficiency 306:324 the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment 306:352 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 5 37 theme serum 1162:1166 arg1 digest 1168:1173 2 μL human serum digest 1151:1173 2 μL human serum digest 1151:1173 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 3 38 theme pore 632:635 arg1 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 3 38 theme pore 632:635 arg1 sizes 637:641 different pore sizes 622:641 different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) 622:655 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 3 39 theme ordered 590:596 arg1 silicas 609:615 ordered mesoporous silicas 590:615 ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) 590:655 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 4 40 theme serum 957:961 arg1 protein 963:969 serum protein 957:969 serum protein 957:969 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 0 41 theme N-linked 66:73 arg1 glycopeptides 75:87 N-linked glycopeptides 66:87 N-linked glycopeptides 66:87 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 3 42 with silicas 609:615 arg1 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 3 42 with silicas 609:615 arg1 sizes 637:641 different pore sizes 622:641 different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) 622:655 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 2 43 theme silica 374:379 arg1 materials 381:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 1 44 theme glycopeptides 329:341 arg1 enrichment 343:352 glycopeptides enrichment 329:352 glycopeptides enrichment 329:352 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), as one of the important methods for glycopeptides enrichment, has attracted the attention of more and more researchers due to the high efficiency in glycopeptides enrichment. 32498907 4 45 link N-linked 921:928 arg1 glycopeptides 930:942 N-linked glycopeptides 921:942 N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 921:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 4 46 theme tryptic 971:977 arg1 digests 979:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 2 47 theme mesoporous 363:372 arg1 materials 381:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 4 48 theme protein 963:969 arg1 digests 979:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 4 49 theme photo-initiated 789:803 arg1 reaction 815:822 photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction 789:822 photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction 789:822 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 5 50 theme IgG 1034:1036 arg1 digest 1038:1043 IgG digest 1034:1043 IgG digest 1034:1043 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 5 51 gly N-glycopeptides 1219:1233 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1219:1233 N-glycopeptides 1219:1233 N-glycopeptides 1219:1233 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 4 52 theme thiol-ene 805:813 arg1 reaction 815:822 photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction 789:822 photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction 789:822 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 2 53 theme Ordered 355:361 arg1 materials 381:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials 355:389 Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been used in many fields, such as catalysis, separation and drug delivery, owing to their adjustable pore size, excellent mechanical properties and ease of preparation. 32498907 5 54 theme biological 1248:1257 arg1 samples 1259:1265 complex biological samples 1240:1265 complex biological samples 1240:1265 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 4 55 theme HILIC 901:905 arg1 adsorbents 887:896 adsorbents 887:896 adsorbents of HILIC 887:905 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 4 55 theme HILIC 901:905 arg1 materials 831:839 these materials 825:839 these materials 825:839 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 3 56 theme different 622:630 arg1 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 3.7-16.7 nm 644:654 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 3 56 theme different 622:630 arg1 sizes 637:641 different pore sizes 622:641 different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) 622:655 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 4 57 gly glycopeptides 930:942 arg1 digests 979:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 949:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 4 57 gly glycopeptides 930:942 arg2 glycopeptides 930:942 N-linked glycopeptides 921:942 N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 921:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 5 58 theme 330 N-glycosylation 1074:1092 arg1 sites 1094:1098 330 N-glycosylation sites 1074:1098 330 N-glycosylation sites 1074:1098 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 32498907 3 59 theme mesoporous 598:607 arg1 silicas 609:615 ordered mesoporous silicas 590:615 ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) 590:655 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 4 60 from digests 979:985 arg1 glycopeptides 930:942 N-linked glycopeptides 921:942 N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests 921:985 After modified with glutathione by photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction, these materials exhibited hydrophilicity and could be used as adsorbents of HILIC for capturing N-linked glycopeptides from IgG and serum protein tryptic digests. 32498907 0 61 theme glycopeptides 75:87 arg1 enrichment 52:61 enrichment 52:61 enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 52:87 Glutathione-modified ordered mesoporous silicas for enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 32498907 3 62 theme silicas 609:615 arg1 series 580:585 a series 578:585 a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) 578:655 In our case, a series of ordered mesoporous silicas with different pore sizes (3.7-16.7 nm) were prepared via sol-gel reaction employing F127 as the template and TEOS as the silica source. 32498907 5 63 gly 565 N-glycopeptides 1050:1068 arg2 565 N-glycopeptides 1050:1068 565 N-glycopeptides 1050:1068 565 N-glycopeptides 1050:1068 Up to 26 N-glycopeptides were identified from IgG digest, and 565 N-glycopeptides and 330 N-glycosylation sites, mapped to 159 glycoproteins, were identified from 2 μL human serum digest, indicating the great ability for enriching N-glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34636569 0 0 theme Protein 103:109 arg1 Glycosylation 111:123 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 94:123 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 94:123 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 1 1 theme glycopeptide 369:380 arg1 determination 382:394 intact glycopeptide determination 362:394 intact glycopeptide determination 362:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 4 2 theme sequences 966:974 arg1 coverage 946:953 the elevated coverage 933:953 the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method 933:1032 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 7 3 theme co-modifications 1440:1455 arg1 report 1409:1414 the first report 1399:1414 the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration 1399:1541 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 7 3 theme co-modifications 1440:1455 arg1 This 1382:1385 This 1382:1385 This 1382:1385 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 1 4 theme insufficient 281:292 arg1 digestion 294:302 the insufficient digestion 277:302 the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination 277:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 0 5 theme N-Linked 94:101 arg1 Glycosylation 111:123 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 94:123 N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 94:123 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 8 6 theme great 1591:1595 arg1 potential 1609:1617 great application potential 1591:1617 great application potential 1591:1617 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 6 7 theme " 1352:1352 arg1 ions 1354:1357 the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions 1335:1357 the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking 1335:1379 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 1 8 theme pathological 201:212 arg1 processes 214:222 multiple physiological and pathological processes 174:222 multiple physiological and pathological processes 174:222 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 7 9 theme M6P 1419:1421 arg1 co-modifications 1440:1455 M6P and fucosylation co-modifications 1419:1455 M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration 1419:1541 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 0 10 theme Glycosylation 111:123 arg1 Characterization 74:89 the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization 48:89 the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 48:123 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 7 11 theme further 1523:1529 arg1 exploration 1531:1541 further exploration 1523:1541 further exploration 1523:1541 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 4 12 theme elevated 937:944 arg1 coverage 946:953 the elevated coverage 933:953 the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method 933:1032 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 8 13 from exploration 1626:1636 arg1 samples 1682:1688 other complex samples 1668:1688 other complex samples 1668:1688 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 1 14 gly glycopeptide 369:380 arg2 glycopeptide 369:380 intact glycopeptide determination 362:394 intact glycopeptide determination 362:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 1 15 theme glycoproteins 307:319 arg1 digestion 294:302 the insufficient digestion 277:302 the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination 277:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 2 16 theme glycosylation 587:599 arg1 micro-heterogeneity 556:574 micro-heterogeneity 556:574 micro-heterogeneity 556:574 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 2 16 theme glycosylation 587:599 arg1 macro- 545:550 macro- 545:550 macro- 545:550 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 8 17 theme application 1597:1607 arg1 potential 1609:1617 great application potential 1591:1617 great application potential 1591:1617 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 4 18 theme trypsin 903:909 arg1 digestion 911:919 trypsin digestion 903:919 trypsin digestion 903:919 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 4 19 theme site-specific 822:834 arg1 glycoforms 836:845 the site-specific glycoforms 818:845 the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion 818:881 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 7 20 theme first 1403:1407 arg1 report 1409:1414 the first report 1399:1414 the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration 1399:1541 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 7 20 theme first 1403:1407 arg1 This 1382:1385 This 1382:1385 This 1382:1385 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 6 21 gly glycoforms 1253:1262 arg1 M6P 1248:1250 M6P 1248:1250 M6P 1248:1250 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 6 21 gly glycoforms 1253:1262 arg1 mannose-6-phosphate 1227:1245 27 mannose-6-phosphate 1224:1245 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms 1224:1262 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 2 22 theme protein 579:585 arg1 glycosylation 587:599 protein glycosylation 579:599 protein glycosylation 579:599 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 3 23 theme peptide 757:763 arg1 identification 774:787 peptide sequence identification 757:787 peptide sequence identification 757:787 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 5 24 theme glycosylation 1195:1207 arg1 coverage 1175:1182 the coverage 1171:1182 the coverage of protein glycosylation 1171:1207 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 2 25 theme LysargiNase 501:511 arg1 proteases 488:496 two orthogonal proteases 473:496 two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin 473:523 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 0 26 theme Digestion 21:29 arg1 Strategy 31:38 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy 0:38 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy 0:38 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 5 27 theme protein 1187:1193 arg1 glycosylation 1195:1207 protein glycosylation 1187:1207 protein glycosylation 1187:1207 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 2 28 gly micro-heterogeneity 556:574 arg1 glycosylation 587:599 protein glycosylation 579:599 protein glycosylation 579:599 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 8 29 theme rich 1701:1704 arg1 resources 1706:1714 rich resources 1701:1714 rich resources for glycobiology research 1701:1740 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 8 30 gly glycoproteins 1649:1661 arg1 glycoproteins 1649:1661 missing glycoproteins 1641:1661 missing glycoproteins from other complex samples 1641:1688 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 0 31 theme Mirror-Cutting-Based 0:19 arg1 Strategy 31:38 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy 0:38 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy 0:38 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 6 32 theme core 1285:1288 arg1 fucosylation 1290:1301 core fucosylation 1285:1301 core fucosylation 1285:1301 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 8 33 theme mirror-cutting 1548:1561 arg1 strategy 1573:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy 1544:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy 1544:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 1 34 gly glycoproteins 307:319 arg1 glycoproteins 307:319 glycoproteins 307:319 glycoproteins 307:319 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 8 35 from samples 1682:1688 arg1 exploration 1626:1636 the exploration 1622:1636 the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research 1622:1740 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 8 35 from samples 1682:1688 arg1 glycoproteins 1649:1661 missing glycoproteins 1641:1661 missing glycoproteins from other complex samples 1641:1688 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 8 36 contain has 1587:1589 arg1 strategy 1573:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy 1544:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy 1544:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 8 36 contain has 1587:1589 arg2 potential 1609:1617 great application potential 1591:1617 great application potential 1591:1617 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 2 37 theme digestion 428:436 arg1 strategy 438:445 a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy 405:445 a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy 405:445 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 8 38 theme digestion 1563:1571 arg1 strategy 1573:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy 1544:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy 1544:1580 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 4 39 theme LysargiNase 861:871 arg1 digestion 873:881 LysargiNase digestion 861:881 LysargiNase digestion 861:881 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 4 40 theme glycoforms 994:1003 arg1 coverage 946:953 the elevated coverage 933:953 the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method 933:1032 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 7 41 theme fucosylation 1427:1438 arg1 co-modifications 1440:1455 M6P and fucosylation co-modifications 1419:1455 M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration 1419:1541 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 1 42 theme N-linked 126:133 arg1 glycosylation 135:147 N-linked glycosylation 126:147 N-linked glycosylation 126:147 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 6 43 theme them 1314:1317 arg1 23 1308:1309 23 1308:1309 23 1308:1309 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 6 43 theme them 1314:1317 arg1 them 1314:1317 them 1314:1317 them 1314:1317 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 1 44 theme analysis 235:242 arg1 coverage 244:251 the analysis coverage 231:251 the analysis coverage 231:251 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 8 45 theme glycoproteins 1649:1661 arg1 exploration 1626:1636 the exploration 1622:1636 the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research 1622:1740 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 4 46 theme site-specific 980:992 arg1 glycoforms 994:1003 site-specific glycoforms 980:1003 site-specific glycoforms 980:1003 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 2 47 theme mirror-cutting-based 407:426 arg1 strategy 438:445 a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy 405:445 a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy 405:445 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 0 48 theme In-Depth 52:59 arg1 Characterization 74:89 the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization 48:89 the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 48:123 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 8 49 theme missing 1641:1647 arg1 glycoproteins 1649:1661 missing glycoproteins 1641:1661 missing glycoproteins from other complex samples 1641:1688 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 5 50 theme brain 1103:1107 arg1 tissues 1109:1115 mouse brain tissues 1097:1115 mouse brain tissues 1097:1115 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 1 51 theme incomplete 333:342 arg1 fragments 348:356 incomplete ion fragments 333:356 incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination 333:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 7 52 theme glycopeptides 1460:1472 arg1 co-modifications 1440:1455 M6P and fucosylation co-modifications 1419:1455 M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration 1419:1541 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 3 53 theme peptide 659:665 arg1 sequences 667:675 peptide sequences 659:675 peptide sequences 659:675 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 8 54 theme complex 1674:1680 arg1 samples 1682:1688 other complex samples 1668:1688 other complex samples 1668:1688 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 0 55 theme Accuracy 65:72 arg1 Characterization 74:89 the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization 48:89 the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation 48:123 Mirror-Cutting-Based Digestion Strategy Enables the In-Depth and Accuracy Characterization of N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. 34636569 1 56 theme ion 344:346 arg1 fragments 348:356 incomplete ion fragments 333:356 incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination 333:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 4 57 theme protein 958:964 arg1 sequences 966:974 protein sequences 958:974 protein sequences 958:974 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 3 58 theme y-ion 643:647 arg1 series 649:654 the b- or y-ion series 633:654 series 649:654 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 2 59 theme trypsin 517:523 arg1 proteases 488:496 two orthogonal proteases 473:496 two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin 473:523 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 1 60 theme fragments 348:356 arg1 digestion 294:302 the insufficient digestion 277:302 the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination 277:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 2 61 dep macro- 545:550 arg1 the 541:543 the 541:543 the 541:543 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 5 62 theme 18 1124:1125 arg1 h 1127:1127 h 1127:1127 h 1127:1127 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 5 63 theme h 1127:1127 arg1 analysis 1132:1139 the 18 h MS analysis 1120:1139 the 18 h MS analysis 1120:1139 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 1 64 theme important 155:163 arg1 roles 165:169 important roles 155:169 important roles 155:169 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 3 65 theme b- 637:638 arg1 series 649:654 the b- or y-ion series 633:654 series 649:654 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 6 66 theme manual 1365:1370 arg1 checking 1372:1379 manual checking 1365:1379 manual checking 1365:1379 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 3 67 theme complementary 731:743 arg1 spectra 745:751 the complementary spectra 727:751 the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification 727:787 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 6 68 theme mannose-6-phosphate 1227:1245 arg1 glycoforms 1253:1262 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms 1224:1262 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms 1224:1262 Intriguingly, 27 mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycoforms were determined with core fucosylation, and 23 of them were found with the "Y-HexNAc-Fuc" ions after manual checking. 34636569 3 69 theme above 612:616 arg1 proteases 622:630 the above two proteases 608:630 the above two proteases 608:630 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 5 70 theme MS 1129:1130 arg1 analysis 1132:1139 the 18 h MS analysis 1120:1139 the 18 h MS analysis 1120:1139 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 4 71 theme glycoforms 836:845 arg1 glycoforms 836:845 the site-specific glycoforms 818:845 the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion 818:881 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 4 71 theme glycoforms 836:845 arg1 489/1778 805:812 489/1778 805:812 489/1778 805:812 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 4 71 theme glycoforms 836:845 arg1 % 802:802 More than 27% 790:802 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion 790:881 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 34636569 7 72 gly glycopeptides 1460:1472 arg2 glycopeptides 1460:1472 glycopeptides 1460:1472 glycopeptides 1460:1472 This is hitherto the first report of M6P and fucosylation co-modifications of glycopeptides, in which the mechanism and function still needs further exploration. 34636569 1 73 link N-linked 126:133 arg1 glycosylation 135:147 N-linked glycosylation 126:147 N-linked glycosylation 126:147 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 5 74 theme site-specific 1051:1063 arg1 glycoforms 1065:1074 10,935 site-specific glycoforms 1044:1074 10,935 site-specific glycoforms 1044:1074 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 3 75 theme sequences 667:675 arg1 series 649:654 the b- or y-ion series 633:654 series 649:654 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 2 76 theme orthogonal 477:486 arg1 proteases 488:496 two orthogonal proteases 473:496 two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin 473:523 Herein, a mirror-cutting-based digestion strategy was proposed by combining two orthogonal proteases of LysargiNase and trypsin to characterize the macro- and micro-heterogeneity of protein glycosylation. 34636569 1 77 theme multiple 174:181 arg1 processes 214:222 multiple physiological and pathological processes 174:222 multiple physiological and pathological processes 174:222 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 8 78 theme other 1668:1672 arg1 samples 1682:1688 other complex samples 1668:1688 other complex samples 1668:1688 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 1 79 theme intact 362:367 arg1 determination 382:394 intact glycopeptide determination 362:394 intact glycopeptide determination 362:394 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 5 80 theme mouse 1097:1101 arg1 tissues 1109:1115 mouse brain tissues 1097:1115 mouse brain tissues 1097:1115 Totally, 10,935 site-specific glycoforms were identified from mouse brain tissues in the 18 h MS analysis, which significantly enhanced the coverage of protein glycosylation. 34636569 3 81 theme sequence 765:772 arg1 identification 774:787 peptide sequence identification 757:787 peptide sequence identification 757:787 Using the above two proteases, the b- or y-ion series of peptide sequences were, respectively, enhanced in MS/MS, generating the complementary spectra for peptide sequence identification. 34636569 1 82 theme physiological 183:195 arg1 processes 214:222 multiple physiological and pathological processes 174:222 multiple physiological and pathological processes 174:222 N-linked glycosylation plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes, while the analysis coverage is still limited due to the insufficient digestion of glycoproteins, as well as incomplete ion fragments for intact glycopeptide determination. 34636569 8 83 theme glycobiology 1720:1731 arg1 research 1733:1740 glycobiology research 1720:1740 glycobiology research 1720:1740 The mirror-cutting digestion strategy also has great application potential in the exploration of missing glycoproteins from other complex samples to provide rich resources for glycobiology research. 34636569 4 84 theme mirror-cutting 1012:1025 arg1 method 1027:1032 the mirror-cutting method 1008:1032 the mirror-cutting method 1008:1032 More than 27% (489/1778) of the site-specific glycoforms identified by LysargiNase digestion were not covered by trypsin digestion, suggesting the elevated coverage of protein sequences and site-specific glycoforms by the mirror-cutting method. 33557755 13 0 from https 2040:2044 arg1 available 2027:2035 available 2027:2035 available 2027:2035 NGlyAlign has been developed as an open-source tool and is freely available at https://github.com/UNSW-Mathematical-Biology/NGlyAlign_v1.0 . 33557755 3 1 from step 478:481 arg1 analysis 492:499 their analysis 486:499 their analysis 486:499 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 2 2 theme sites 341:345 arg1 incorporation 301:313 incorporation 301:313 incorporation of N-linked glycosylation sites 301:345 This variability, as well as increasing incorporation of N-linked glycosylation sites, is fundamental to this evasion. 33557755 1 3 theme subsequent 229:238 arg1 surveillance 247:258 subsequent immune surveillance 229:258 subsequent immune surveillance 229:258 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 12 4 theme robust 1942:1947 arg1 alignments 1949:1958 single robust alignments 1935:1958 single robust alignments 1935:1958 It can provide the basis for many studies reliant on single robust alignments. 33557755 4 5 theme HIV 566:568 arg1 sequences 579:587 highly variable HIV envelope sequences 550:587 highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences 550:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 10 6 theme hepatitis 1694:1702 arg1 virus 1706:1710 hepatitis C virus 1694:1710 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 5 7 theme global 869:874 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 7 theme global 869:874 arg1 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 10 8 theme virus 1706:1710 arg1 envelope 1712:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 0 9 theme automated 14:22 arg1 tool 41:44 an automated library building tool 11:44 an automated library building tool 11:44 NGlyAlign: an automated library building tool to align highly divergent HIV envelope sequences. 33557755 4 10 theme sequences 690:698 arg1 number 665:670 even a moderate number 649:670 even a moderate number of these variable sequences 649:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 1 11 theme high 111:114 arg1 variability 116:126 The high variability 107:126 The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV 107:174 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 7 12 from sequences 1207:1215 arg1 region 1249:1254 the highly variable region 1 1229:1256 the highly variable region 1 1229:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 8 13 theme entropy 1279:1285 arg1 scores 1287:1292 entropy scores 1279:1292 entropy scores 1279:1292 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 6 14 theme HIV-1 1048:1052 arg1 sequences 1063:1071 variable HIV-1 envelope sequences 1039:1071 variable HIV-1 envelope sequences 1039:1071 This combined method accurately aligns variable HIV-1 envelope sequences. 33557755 7 15 from gp120 1220:1224 arg1 region 1249:1254 the highly variable region 1 1229:1256 the highly variable region 1 1229:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 11 16 from regions 1856:1862 arg1 sequences 1871:1879 HIV sequences 1867:1879 HIV sequences 1867:1879 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 7 17 theme gp120 1220:1224 arg1 sequences 1207:1215 reference sequences 1197:1215 reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1197:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 5 18 theme site 892:895 arg1 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 18 theme site 892:895 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 0 19 theme divergent 62:70 arg1 sequences 85:93 highly divergent HIV envelope sequences 55:93 highly divergent HIV envelope sequences 55:93 NGlyAlign: an automated library building tool to align highly divergent HIV envelope sequences. 33557755 10 20 theme other 1650:1654 arg1 envelope 1712:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 10 20 theme other 1650:1654 arg1 glycoproteins 1672:1684 other highly variable glycoproteins 1650:1684 other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope 1650:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 7 21 theme reference 1197:1205 arg1 sequences 1207:1215 reference sequences 1197:1215 reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1197:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 0 22 theme envelope 76:83 arg1 sequences 85:93 highly divergent HIV envelope sequences 55:93 highly divergent HIV envelope sequences 55:93 NGlyAlign: an automated library building tool to align highly divergent HIV envelope sequences. 33557755 8 23 theme column 1315:1320 arg1 score 1322:1326 column score 1315:1326 column score 1315:1326 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 3 24 theme sequence 422:429 arg1 MSA 450:452 MSA 450:452 MSA 450:452 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 3 24 theme sequence 422:429 arg1 methods 441:447 multiple sequence alignment methods 413:447 multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis 413:499 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 5 25 theme automated 725:733 arg1 NGlyAlign 757:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 11 26 dep mapping 1769:1775 arg1 libraries 1810:1818 glycosylation motif libraries 1790:1818 glycosylation motif libraries 1790:1818 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 0 27 theme building 32:39 arg1 tool 41:44 an automated library building tool 11:44 an automated library building tool 11:44 NGlyAlign: an automated library building tool to align highly divergent HIV envelope sequences. 33557755 1 28 from variability 116:126 arg1 regions 140:146 envelope regions 131:146 envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV 131:174 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 9 29 theme large 1503:1507 arg1 sets 1518:1521 large sequence sets 1503:1521 large sequence sets producing accurate alignments without requiring manual editing 1503:1584 The method is scalable to large sequence sets producing accurate alignments without requiring manual editing. 33557755 11 30 theme variable 1847:1854 arg1 regions 1856:1862 highly variable regions 1840:1862 highly variable regions in HIV sequences 1840:1879 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 5 31 theme glycosylation 800:812 arg1 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 31 theme glycosylation 800:812 arg1 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 31 theme glycosylation 800:812 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 31 theme glycosylation 800:812 arg1 constraints 829:839 block constraints 823:839 block constraints 823:839 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 32 theme consistency-based 953:969 arg1 methods 975:981 consistency-based MSA methods 953:981 consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign 953:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 32 theme consistency-based 953:969 arg1 Dialign 991:997 Dialign 991:997 Dialign 991:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 8 33 theme similarity 1333:1342 arg1 maps 1349:1352 similarity heat maps 1333:1352 similarity heat maps 1333:1352 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 7 34 theme sequences 1167:1175 arg1 set 1190:1192 a set 1188:1192 a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1112:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 34 theme sequences 1167:1175 arg1 sequences 1167:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 34 theme sequences 1167:1175 arg1 set 1114:1116 a set 1112:1116 a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1112:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 34 theme sequences 1167:1175 arg1 sequences 1207:1215 reference sequences 1197:1215 reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1197:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 9 35 theme accurate 1533:1540 arg1 alignments 1542:1551 accurate alignments 1533:1551 accurate alignments 1533:1551 The method is scalable to large sequence sets producing accurate alignments without requiring manual editing. 33557755 1 36 theme envelope 131:138 arg1 regions 140:146 envelope regions 131:146 envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV 131:174 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 5 37 gly glycosylation 800:812 arg2 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 37 gly glycosylation 800:812 arg2 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 37 gly glycosylation 800:812 arg2 constraints 829:839 block constraints 823:839 block constraints 823:839 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 37 gly glycosylation 800:812 arg2 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 38 theme conserved 859:867 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 38 theme conserved 859:867 arg1 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 0 39 theme library 24:30 arg1 tool 41:44 an automated library building tool 11:44 an automated library building tool 11:44 NGlyAlign: an automated library building tool to align highly divergent HIV envelope sequences. 33557755 5 40 theme building 743:750 arg1 NGlyAlign 757:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 2 41 theme glycosylation 327:339 arg1 sites 341:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 This variability, as well as increasing incorporation of N-linked glycosylation sites, is fundamental to this evasion. 33557755 5 42 theme similar 783:789 arg1 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 42 theme similar 783:789 arg1 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 42 theme similar 783:789 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 42 theme similar 783:789 arg1 constraints 829:839 block constraints 823:839 block constraints 823:839 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 9 43 theme manual 1571:1576 arg1 editing 1578:1584 manual editing 1571:1584 manual editing 1571:1584 The method is scalable to large sequence sets producing accurate alignments without requiring manual editing. 33557755 4 44 theme MSA 511:513 arg1 tools 515:519 Existing MSA tools 502:519 Existing MSA tools 502:519 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 1 45 dep BACKGROUND 96:105 arg1 allow 176:180 allow 176:180 allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance 176:258 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 4 46 theme envelope 570:577 arg1 sequences 579:587 highly variable HIV envelope sequences 550:587 highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences 550:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 7 47 theme variable 1240:1247 arg1 region 1249:1254 the highly variable region 1 1229:1256 the highly variable region 1 1229:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 5 48 theme tool 752:755 arg1 NGlyAlign 757:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 7 49 theme founder 1125:1131 arg1 sequences 1167:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 4 50 with impractical 632:642 arg1 number 665:670 even a moderate number 649:670 even a moderate number of these variable sequences 649:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 7 51 from method 1088:1093 arg1 datasets 1102:1109 two datasets 1098:1109 two datasets 1098:1109 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 2 52 link N-linked 318:325 arg1 sites 341:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 This variability, as well as increasing incorporation of N-linked glycosylation sites, is fundamental to this evasion. 33557755 10 53 theme C 1704:1704 arg1 virus 1706:1710 hepatitis C virus 1694:1710 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 1 54 theme immune 240:245 arg1 surveillance 247:258 subsequent immune surveillance 229:258 subsequent immune surveillance 229:258 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 12 55 theme single 1935:1940 arg1 alignments 1949:1958 single robust alignments 1935:1958 single robust alignments 1935:1958 It can provide the basis for many studies reliant on single robust alignments. 33557755 4 56 theme variable 557:564 arg1 sequences 579:587 highly variable HIV envelope sequences 550:587 highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences 550:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 11 57 theme motif 1804:1808 arg1 libraries 1810:1818 glycosylation motif libraries 1790:1818 glycosylation motif libraries 1790:1818 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 1 58 theme viruses 156:162 arg1 regions 140:146 envelope regions 131:146 envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV 131:174 BACKGROUND The high variability in envelope regions of some viruses such as HIV allow the virus to establish infection and to escape subsequent immune surveillance. 33557755 7 59 theme gp160 1145:1149 arg1 B 1165:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 60 from region 1249:1254 arg1 sequences 1207:1215 reference sequences 1197:1215 reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1197:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 61 theme sequences 1207:1215 arg1 set 1190:1192 a set 1188:1192 a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1112:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 61 theme sequences 1207:1215 arg1 sequences 1167:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 61 theme sequences 1207:1215 arg1 set 1114:1116 a set 1112:1116 a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1112:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 7 61 theme sequences 1207:1215 arg1 sequences 1207:1215 reference sequences 1197:1215 reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1 1197:1256 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 12 62 theme many 1911:1914 arg1 studies 1916:1922 many studies 1911:1922 many studies reliant on single robust alignments 1911:1958 It can provide the basis for many studies reliant on single robust alignments. 33557755 7 63 theme subtype 1157:1163 arg1 B 1165:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 11 64 theme automated 1750:1758 arg1 NGlyAlign 1734:1742 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign 1722:1742 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign 1722:1742 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 11 64 theme automated 1750:1758 arg1 tool 1760:1763 an automated tool 1747:1763 an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences 1747:1879 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 5 65 theme block 823:827 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 65 theme block 823:827 arg1 constraints 829:839 block constraints 823:839 block constraints 823:839 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 12 66 theme reliant 1924:1930 arg1 studies 1916:1922 many studies 1911:1922 many studies reliant on single robust alignments 1911:1958 It can provide the basis for many studies reliant on single robust alignments. 33557755 4 67 theme manual 609:614 arg1 editing 616:622 extensive manual editing 599:622 extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences 599:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 2 68 theme N-linked 318:325 arg1 sites 341:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 This variability, as well as increasing incorporation of N-linked glycosylation sites, is fundamental to this evasion. 33557755 4 69 theme variable 681:688 arg1 sequences 690:698 these variable sequences 675:698 these variable sequences 675:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 5 70 theme partial 934:940 arg1 columns 942:948 partial columns 934:948 partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign 934:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 6 71 theme envelope 1054:1061 arg1 sequences 1063:1071 variable HIV-1 envelope sequences 1039:1071 variable HIV-1 envelope sequences 1039:1071 This combined method accurately aligns variable HIV-1 envelope sequences. 33557755 8 72 theme scores 1307:1312 arg1 sum 1295:1297 sum 1295:1297 sum of pair scores 1295:1312 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 8 72 theme scores 1307:1312 arg1 score 1322:1326 column score 1315:1326 column score 1315:1326 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 8 72 theme scores 1307:1312 arg1 scores 1287:1292 entropy scores 1279:1292 entropy scores 1279:1292 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 8 72 theme scores 1307:1312 arg1 maps 1349:1352 similarity heat maps 1333:1352 similarity heat maps 1333:1352 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 5 73 theme library 735:741 arg1 NGlyAlign 757:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 an automated library building tool NGlyAlign 722:765 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 74 link N-linked 791:798 arg1 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 74 link N-linked 791:798 arg1 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 74 link N-linked 791:798 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 74 link N-linked 791:798 arg1 constraints 829:839 block constraints 823:839 block constraints 823:839 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 75 theme single 885:890 arg1 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 75 theme single 885:890 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 6 76 theme variable 1039:1046 arg1 sequences 1063:1071 variable HIV-1 envelope sequences 1039:1071 variable HIV-1 envelope sequences 1039:1071 This combined method accurately aligns variable HIV-1 envelope sequences. 33557755 5 77 dep RESULTS 701:707 arg1 developed 712:720 developed 712:720 developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign 712:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 4 78 theme moderate 656:663 arg1 number 665:670 even a moderate number 649:670 even a moderate number of these variable sequences 649:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 0 79 theme HIV 72:74 arg1 sequences 85:93 highly divergent HIV envelope sequences 55:93 highly divergent HIV envelope sequences 55:93 NGlyAlign: an automated library building tool to align highly divergent HIV envelope sequences. 33557755 10 80 gly glycoproteins 1672:1684 arg1 envelope 1712:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 10 80 gly glycoproteins 1672:1684 arg1 glycoproteins 1672:1684 other highly variable glycoproteins 1650:1684 other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope 1650:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 11 81 theme CONCLUSIONS 1722:1732 arg1 NGlyAlign 1734:1742 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign 1722:1742 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign 1722:1742 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 11 81 theme CONCLUSIONS 1722:1732 arg1 tool 1760:1763 an automated tool 1747:1763 an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences 1747:1879 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 6 82 theme combined 1005:1012 arg1 method 1014:1019 This combined method 1000:1019 This combined method 1000:1019 This combined method accurately aligns variable HIV-1 envelope sequences. 33557755 8 83 theme pair 1302:1305 arg1 scores 1307:1312 pair scores 1302:1312 pair scores 1302:1312 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 3 84 theme alignment 431:439 arg1 MSA 450:452 MSA 450:452 MSA 450:452 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 3 84 theme alignment 431:439 arg1 methods 441:447 multiple sequence alignment methods 413:447 multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis 413:499 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 5 85 theme N-linked 791:798 arg1 constraints 897:907 single site constraints 885:907 single site constraints 885:907 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 85 theme N-linked 791:798 arg1 sites 876:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 statistically conserved global sites 845:880 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 85 theme N-linked 791:798 arg1 sites 814:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 similar N-linked glycosylation sites 783:818 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 85 theme N-linked 791:798 arg1 constraints 829:839 block constraints 823:839 block constraints 823:839 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 86 from columns 942:948 arg1 methods 975:981 consistency-based MSA methods 953:981 consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign 953:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 86 from columns 942:948 arg1 Dialign 991:997 Dialign 991:997 Dialign 991:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 9 87 theme sequence 1509:1516 arg1 sets 1518:1521 large sequence sets 1503:1521 large sequence sets producing accurate alignments without requiring manual editing 1503:1584 The method is scalable to large sequence sets producing accurate alignments without requiring manual editing. 33557755 3 88 theme multiple 413:420 arg1 MSA 450:452 MSA 450:452 MSA 450:452 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 3 88 theme multiple 413:420 arg1 methods 441:447 multiple sequence alignment methods 413:447 multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis 413:499 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 7 89 theme B 1165:1165 arg1 sequences 1167:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences 1121:1175 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 5 90 theme MSA 971:973 arg1 methods 975:981 consistency-based MSA methods 953:981 consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign 953:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 5 90 theme MSA 971:973 arg1 Dialign 991:997 Dialign 991:997 Dialign 991:997 RESULTS We developed an automated library building tool NGlyAlign, that organizes similar N-linked glycosylation sites as block constraints and statistically conserved global sites as single site constraints to automatically enforce partial columns in consistency-based MSA methods such as Dialign. 33557755 7 91 theme HIV-1 1151:1155 arg1 B 1165:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 4 92 theme Existing 502:509 arg1 tools 515:519 Existing MSA tools 502:519 Existing MSA tools 502:519 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 8 93 theme heat 1344:1347 arg1 maps 1349:1352 similarity heat maps 1333:1352 similarity heat maps 1333:1352 On measures such as entropy scores, sum of pair scores, column score, and similarity heat maps, NGlyAlign+Dialign proved superior against methods such as T-Coffee, ClustalOmega, ClustalW, Praline, HIValign and Muscle. 33557755 7 94 theme chronic 1137:1143 arg1 B 1165:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B 1137:1165 We tested the method on two datasets: a set of 156 founder and chronic gp160 HIV-1 subtype B sequences as well as a set of reference sequences of gp120 in the highly variable region 1. 33557755 13 95 theme open-source 1996:2006 arg1 tool 2008:2011 an open-source tool 1993:2011 an open-source tool 1993:2011 NGlyAlign has been developed as an open-source tool and is freely available at https://github.com/UNSW-Mathematical-Biology/NGlyAlign_v1.0 . 33557755 13 95 theme open-source 1996:2006 arg1 NGlyAlign 1961:1969 NGlyAlign 1961:1969 NGlyAlign 1961:1969 NGlyAlign has been developed as an open-source tool and is freely available at https://github.com/UNSW-Mathematical-Biology/NGlyAlign_v1.0 . 33557755 2 96 gly glycosylation 327:339 arg2 sites 341:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 N-linked glycosylation sites 318:345 This variability, as well as increasing incorporation of N-linked glycosylation sites, is fundamental to this evasion. 33557755 3 97 theme first 472:476 arg1 step 478:481 the first step 468:481 the first step in their analysis 468:499 It also creates difficulties for multiple sequence alignment methods (MSA) that provide the first step in their analysis. 33557755 11 98 theme glycosylation 1790:1802 arg1 libraries 1810:1818 glycosylation motif libraries 1790:1818 glycosylation motif libraries 1790:1818 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 10 99 used used 1641:1644 arg2 method 1627:1632 our method 1623:1632 our method 1623:1632 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 10 99 used used 1641:1644 arg2 application 1603:1613 this application 1598:1613 this application to HIV 1598:1620 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 11 100 theme HIV 1867:1869 arg1 sequences 1871:1879 HIV sequences 1867:1879 HIV sequences 1867:1879 CONCLUSIONS NGlyAlign is an automated tool for mapping and building glycosylation motif libraries to accurately align highly variable regions in HIV sequences. 33557755 4 101 theme extensive 599:607 arg1 editing 616:622 extensive manual editing 599:622 extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences 599:698 Existing MSA tools often fail to properly align highly variable HIV envelope sequences requiring extensive manual editing that is impractical with even a moderate number of these variable sequences. 33557755 10 102 theme variable 1663:1670 arg1 envelope 1712:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 hepatitis C virus envelope 1694:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33557755 10 102 theme variable 1663:1670 arg1 glycoproteins 1672:1684 other highly variable glycoproteins 1650:1684 other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope 1650:1719 As well as this application to HIV, our method can be used for other highly variable glycoproteins such as hepatitis C virus envelope. 33924503 2 0 with patients 372:379 arg1 ITP 386:388 ITP 386:388 ITP 386:388 We aimed to assess whether changes in platelet glycosylation in patients with ITP affected platelet counts, function, and apoptosis. 33924503 10 1 theme platelet 1472:1479 arg1 residues 1491:1498 platelet glycoside residues 1472:1498 platelet glycoside residues 1472:1498 These changes in platelet glycoside residues appeared to be related to ITP severity. 33924503 9 2 theme functional 1404:1413 arg1 capacity 1415:1422 their functional capacity 1398:1422 their functional capacity 1398:1422 Changes in glycoside composition of glycoproteins on the platelets' surface impaired their functional capacity and increased their apoptosis. 33924503 2 3 theme platelet 346:353 arg1 glycosylation 355:367 platelet glycosylation 346:367 platelet glycosylation 346:367 We aimed to assess whether changes in platelet glycosylation in patients with ITP affected platelet counts, function, and apoptosis. 33924503 0 4 theme Patients 68:75 arg1 Haemostasis 53:63 the Haemostasis 49:63 the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia 49:105 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 0 5 from Importance 4:13 arg1 Haemostasis 53:63 the Haemostasis 49:63 the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia 49:105 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 7 6 theme acid 1133:1136 arg1 loss 1138:1141 sialic acid loss 1126:1141 sialic acid loss 1126:1141 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 6 7 theme α-mannose 914:922 arg1 Levels 801:806 Levels 801:806 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) 801:1010 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 3 8 with patients 508:515 arg1 ITP 538:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 1 9 from chains 155:160 arg1 acid 123:126 sialic acid 116:126 sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 116:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 1 9 from chains 155:160 arg1 Loss 108:111 Loss 108:111 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 108:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 9 10 gly glycoproteins 1349:1361 arg1 glycoproteins 1349:1361 glycoproteins 1349:1361 glycoproteins 1349:1361 Changes in glycoside composition of glycoproteins on the platelets' surface impaired their functional capacity and increased their apoptosis. 33924503 4 11 theme activation 589:598 arg1 markers 600:606 platelet activation markers 580:606 platelet activation markers 580:606 We measured platelet activation markers and assayed platelet glycosylation and caspase activity, analysing samples using flow cytometry. 33924503 0 12 theme Immune 82:87 arg1 Thrombocytopaenia 89:105 Immune Thrombocytopaenia 82:105 Immune Thrombocytopaenia 82:105 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 5 13 with patients 720:727 arg1 ITP 734:736 ITP 734:736 ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 734:771 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 1 14 gly glycoproteins 174:186 arg1 glycoproteins 174:186 platelet glycoproteins 165:186 platelet glycoproteins 165:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 2 15 from changes 335:341 arg1 patients 372:379 patients 372:379 patients with ITP 372:388 We aimed to assess whether changes in platelet glycosylation in patients with ITP affected platelet counts, function, and apoptosis. 33924503 2 15 from changes 335:341 arg1 glycosylation 355:367 platelet glycosylation 346:367 platelet glycosylation 346:367 We aimed to assess whether changes in platelet glycosylation in patients with ITP affected platelet counts, function, and apoptosis. 33924503 1 16 theme side 150:153 arg1 chains 155:160 the carbohydrate side chains 133:160 the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 133:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 4 17 theme platelet 580:587 arg1 markers 600:606 platelet activation markers 580:606 platelet activation markers 580:606 We measured platelet activation markers and assayed platelet glycosylation and caspase activity, analysing samples using flow cytometry. 33924503 5 18 theme platelet 745:752 arg1 count 754:758 a platelet count 743:758 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 8 19 theme HepG2 1300:1304 arg1 cells 1306:1310 human hepatome HepG2 cells 1285:1310 human hepatome HepG2 cells 1285:1310 Moreover, loss of sialic acid induced the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells. 33924503 9 20 from Changes 1313:1319 arg1 surface 1381:1387 the platelets' surface 1366:1387 the platelets' surface 1366:1387 Changes in glycoside composition of glycoproteins on the platelets' surface impaired their functional capacity and increased their apoptosis. 33924503 9 20 from Changes 1313:1319 arg1 composition 1334:1344 glycoside composition 1324:1344 glycoside composition of glycoproteins 1324:1361 Changes in glycoside composition of glycoproteins on the platelets' surface impaired their functional capacity and increased their apoptosis. 33924503 3 21 theme prospective 461:471 arg1 study 490:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study 441:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study 441:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 3 22 theme chronic 522:528 arg1 ITP 538:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 5 23 theme count 754:758 arg1 103/µL 766:771 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 9 24 theme glycoside 1324:1332 arg1 composition 1334:1344 glycoside composition 1324:1344 glycoside composition of glycoproteins 1324:1361 Changes in glycoside composition of glycoproteins on the platelets' surface impaired their functional capacity and increased their apoptosis. 33924503 7 25 theme platelet 1169:1176 arg1 count 1178:1182 platelet count 1169:1182 platelet count 1169:1182 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 6 26 from patients 1055:1062 arg1 platelets 1034:1042 the platelets 1030:1042 the platelets from these patients 1030:1062 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 3 27 theme primary 530:536 arg1 ITP 538:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 1 28 theme platelet 165:172 arg1 glycoproteins 174:186 platelet glycoproteins 165:186 platelet glycoproteins 165:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 6 29 theme cellular 887:894 arg1 cytotoxicity 896:907 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 868:907 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 868:907 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 7 30 theme glycoside 1100:1108 arg1 residues 1110:1117 other glycoside residues 1094:1117 other glycoside residues 1094:1117 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 6 31 theme complement 992:1001 arg1 pathway 1003:1009 the complement pathway 988:1009 the complement pathway 988:1009 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 1 32 theme glycoproteins 174:186 arg1 chains 155:160 the carbohydrate side chains 133:160 the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 133:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 1 33 theme immune 276:281 arg1 ITP 302:304 ITP 302:304 ITP 302:304 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 1 33 theme immune 276:281 arg1 thrombocytopaenia 283:299 immune thrombocytopaenia 276:299 immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) 276:305 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 7 34 theme residues 1110:1117 arg1 exposure 1082:1089 Platelet surface exposure 1065:1089 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss 1065:1141 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 0 35 theme Platelet 18:25 arg1 Residues 37:44 Platelet Glycoside Residues 18:44 Platelet Glycoside Residues 18:44 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 1 36 theme thrombocytopaenia 283:299 arg1 etiopathogenesis 256:271 the etiopathogenesis 252:271 the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) 252:305 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 10 37 theme ITP 1526:1528 arg1 severity 1530:1537 ITP severity 1526:1537 ITP severity 1526:1537 These changes in platelet glycoside residues appeared to be related to ITP severity. 33924503 6 38 theme α1,6-fucose 811:821 arg1 Levels 801:806 Levels 801:806 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) 801:1010 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 10 39 theme glycoside 1481:1489 arg1 residues 1491:1498 platelet glycoside residues 1472:1498 platelet glycoside residues 1472:1498 These changes in platelet glycoside residues appeared to be related to ITP severity. 33924503 8 40 theme platelets 1272:1280 arg1 ingestion 1259:1267 the ingestion 1255:1267 the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells 1255:1310 Moreover, loss of sialic acid induced the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells. 33924503 7 41 theme other 1094:1098 arg1 residues 1110:1117 other glycoside residues 1094:1117 other glycoside residues 1094:1117 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 6 42 theme antibody-dependent 868:885 arg1 cytotoxicity 896:907 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 868:907 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 868:907 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 3 43 theme healthy 550:556 arg1 controls 558:565 115 healthy controls 546:565 115 healthy controls 546:565 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 1 44 theme platelet 199:206 arg1 mechanism 230:238 a proposed mechanism 219:238 a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) 219:305 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 1 44 theme platelet 199:206 arg1 clearance 208:216 platelet clearance 199:216 platelet clearance 199:216 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 0 45 theme Residues 37:44 arg1 Importance 4:13 The Importance 0:13 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia 0:105 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 8 46 theme hepatome 1291:1298 arg1 cells 1306:1310 human hepatome HepG2 cells 1285:1310 human hepatome HepG2 cells 1285:1310 Moreover, loss of sialic acid induced the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells. 33924503 7 47 theme surface 1074:1080 arg1 exposure 1082:1089 Platelet surface exposure 1065:1089 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss 1065:1141 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 4 48 theme caspase 647:653 arg1 activity 655:662 caspase activity 647:662 caspase activity 647:662 We measured platelet activation markers and assayed platelet glycosylation and caspase activity, analysing samples using flow cytometry. 33924503 6 49 dep α1,6-fucose 811:821 arg1 residue 833:839 a glycan residue 824:839 a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 824:907 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 8 50 theme human 1285:1289 arg1 cells 1306:1310 human hepatome HepG2 cells 1285:1310 human hepatome HepG2 cells 1285:1310 Moreover, loss of sialic acid induced the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells. 33924503 0 51 theme Glycoside 27:35 arg1 Residues 37:44 Platelet Glycoside Residues 18:44 Platelet Glycoside Residues 18:44 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 5 52 theme sialic 788:793 arg1 acid 795:798 less sialic acid 783:798 less sialic acid 783:798 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 3 53 with controls 558:565 arg1 ITP 538:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 chronic primary ITP 522:540 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 2 54 theme platelet 399:406 arg1 counts 408:413 platelet counts 399:413 platelet counts 399:413 We aimed to assess whether changes in platelet glycosylation in patients with ITP affected platelet counts, function, and apoptosis. 33924503 8 55 theme sialic 1235:1240 arg1 acid 1242:1245 sialic acid 1235:1245 sialic acid 1235:1245 Moreover, loss of sialic acid induced the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells. 33924503 9 56 theme glycoproteins 1349:1361 arg1 composition 1334:1344 glycoside composition 1324:1344 glycoside composition of glycoproteins 1324:1361 Changes in glycoside composition of glycoproteins on the platelets' surface impaired their functional capacity and increased their apoptosis. 33924503 10 57 from changes 1461:1467 arg1 residues 1491:1498 platelet glycoside residues 1472:1498 platelet glycoside residues 1472:1498 These changes in platelet glycoside residues appeared to be related to ITP severity. 33924503 3 58 theme transversal 478:488 arg1 study 490:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study 441:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study 441:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 5 59 from patients 720:727 arg1 Platelets 705:713 Platelets 705:713 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 705:771 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 7 60 theme Platelet 1065:1072 arg1 exposure 1082:1089 Platelet surface exposure 1065:1089 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss 1065:1141 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 1 61 theme sialic 116:121 arg1 acid 123:126 sialic acid 116:126 sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 116:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 5 62 with ITP 734:736 arg1 103/µL 766:771 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 0 63 with Patients 68:75 arg1 Thrombocytopaenia 89:105 Immune Thrombocytopaenia 82:105 Immune Thrombocytopaenia 82:105 The Importance of Platelet Glycoside Residues in the Haemostasis of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia. 33924503 1 64 theme acid 123:126 arg1 Loss 108:111 Loss 108:111 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 108:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 1 65 from Loss 108:111 arg1 chains 155:160 the carbohydrate side chains 133:160 the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 133:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 6 66 theme glycan 826:831 arg1 residue 833:839 a glycan residue 824:839 a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 824:907 Levels of α1,6-fucose (a glycan residue that can directly regulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and α-mannose (which can be recognised by mannose-binding-lectin and activate the complement pathway) were increased in the platelets from these patients. 33924503 7 67 theme sialic 1126:1131 arg1 loss 1138:1141 sialic acid loss 1126:1141 sialic acid loss 1126:1141 Platelet surface exposure of other glycoside residues due to sialic acid loss inversely correlated with platelet count and the ability to be activated. 33924503 4 68 theme flow 689:692 arg1 cytometry 694:702 flow cytometry 689:702 flow cytometry 689:702 We measured platelet activation markers and assayed platelet glycosylation and caspase activity, analysing samples using flow cytometry. 33924503 1 69 theme proposed 221:228 arg1 mechanism 230:238 a proposed mechanism 219:238 a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) 219:305 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 1 69 theme proposed 221:228 arg1 clearance 208:216 platelet clearance 199:216 platelet clearance 199:216 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 33924503 3 70 theme observational 446:458 arg1 study 490:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study 441:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study 441:494 This observational, prospective, and transversal study included 82 patients with chronic primary ITP and 115 healthy controls. 33924503 8 71 theme acid 1242:1245 arg1 loss 1227:1230 loss 1227:1230 loss of sialic acid 1227:1245 Moreover, loss of sialic acid induced the ingestion of platelets by human hepatome HepG2 cells. 33924503 4 72 theme platelet 620:627 arg1 glycosylation 629:641 platelet glycosylation 620:641 platelet glycosylation 620:641 We measured platelet activation markers and assayed platelet glycosylation and caspase activity, analysing samples using flow cytometry. 33924503 5 73 theme × 764:764 arg1 103/µL 766:771 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 a platelet count <30 × 103/µL 743:771 Platelets from patients with ITP with a platelet count <30 × 103/µL presented less sialic acid. 33924503 1 74 theme carbohydrate 137:148 arg1 chains 155:160 the carbohydrate side chains 133:160 the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins 133:186 Loss of sialic acid from the carbohydrate side chains of platelet glycoproteins can affect platelet clearance, a proposed mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). 34839801 7 0 theme glycan 1559:1564 arg1 foraging 1566:1573 dietary glycan foraging 1551:1573 dietary glycan foraging 1551:1573 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 3 1 theme rRNA 676:679 arg1 sequencing 686:695 16S rRNA gene sequencing 672:695 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements 672:808 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 6 2 theme delivery 1366:1373 arg1 limitation 1348:1357 dispersal limitation 1338:1357 dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) 1338:1379 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 6 2 theme delivery 1366:1373 arg1 mode 1375:1378 delivery mode 1366:1378 delivery mode 1366:1378 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 3 3 theme microbiome 716:725 arg1 composition 727:737 gut microbiome composition 712:737 gut microbiome composition 712:737 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 3 4 theme Fecal 543:547 arg1 samples 549:555 Fecal samples 543:555 Fecal samples 543:555 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 6 5 dep mode 1375:1378 arg1 i.e. 1360:1363 i.e. 1360:1363 i.e. 1360:1363 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 7 6 theme core 1502:1505 arg1 taxa 1507:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 6 theme core 1502:1505 arg1 immunity 1613:1620 immunity 1613:1620 immunity 1613:1620 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 6 theme core 1502:1505 arg1 production 1598:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 7 theme microbiome 1525:1534 arg1 taxa 1507:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 7 theme microbiome 1525:1534 arg1 immunity 1613:1620 immunity 1613:1620 immunity 1613:1620 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 7 theme microbiome 1525:1534 arg1 production 1598:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 8 theme initial 287:293 arg1 colonizers 302:311 initial infant colonizers 287:311 initial infant colonizers 287:311 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 1 9 theme host 191:194 arg1 outcomes 227:234 shaping long-term outcomes 209:234 shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning 209:262 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 1 9 theme host 191:194 arg1 development 196:206 host development 191:206 host development 191:206 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 1 9 theme host 191:194 arg1 brain 246:250 brain 246:250 brain functioning 246:262 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 6 10 dep filtering 1408:1416 arg1 antibiotics 1425:1435 antibiotics 1425:1435 antibiotics 1425:1435 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 6 10 dep filtering 1408:1416 arg1 feeding 1449:1455 enteral feeding 1441:1455 enteral feeding 1441:1455 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 4 11 theme caloric 970:976 arg1 restriction 978:988 caloric restriction 970:988 caloric restriction 970:988 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 0 12 theme infant 116:121 arg1 neurodevelopment 123:138 infant neurodevelopment 116:138 infant neurodevelopment 116:138 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 13 theme postmenstrual 1121:1133 arg1 age 1135:1137 30-week postmenstrual age 1113:1137 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1113:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 3 14 theme infant 594:599 arg1 cohort 601:606 a preterm infant cohort 584:606 a preterm infant cohort 584:606 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 3 15 theme clinical 760:767 arg1 data 769:772 clinical data 760:772 clinical data 760:772 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 5 16 theme separation 1078:1087 arg1 timing 1044:1049 the timing 1040:1049 the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1040:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 6 17 theme microbiome 1293:1302 arg1 succession 1304:1313 optimal infant microbiome succession 1278:1313 optimal infant microbiome succession 1278:1313 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 5 18 theme study 1097:1101 arg1 groups 1103:1108 study groups 1097:1108 study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1097:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 3 19 theme neonatal 621:628 arg1 unit 645:648 their neonatal intensive care unit stay 615:653 their neonatal intensive care unit stay 615:653 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 6 20 theme optimal 1278:1284 arg1 succession 1304:1313 optimal infant microbiome succession 1278:1313 optimal infant microbiome succession 1278:1313 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 3 21 theme circumference 783:795 arg1 measurements 797:808 head circumference measurements 778:808 head circumference measurements 778:808 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 0 22 theme time 76:79 arg1 points 81:86 key time points 72:86 key time points in early life 72:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 1 23 theme life 151:154 arg1 microbiome 156:165 The early life microbiome 141:165 The early life microbiome 141:165 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 4 24 theme restriction 978:988 arg1 independent 941:951 independent 941:951 independent 941:951 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 5 25 from age 1135:1137 arg1 groups 1103:1108 study groups 1097:1108 study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1097:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 4 26 from depletion 866:874 arg1 abundance/prevalence 883:902 the abundance/prevalence 879:902 the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae 879:938 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 0 27 attach linked 106:111 arg2 Bacteroidota 0:11 Bacteroidota 0:11 Bacteroidota 0:11 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 0 27 attach linked 106:111 arg1 neurodevelopment 123:138 infant neurodevelopment 116:138 infant neurodevelopment 116:138 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 0 27 attach linked 106:111 arg2 integration 33:43 Lachnospiraceae integration 17:43 Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life 17:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 28 theme earliest 495:502 arg1 succession 415:424 gut microbiome succession 400:424 gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 400:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 28 theme earliest 495:502 arg1 marker 514:519 the earliest validated marker 491:519 the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment 491:540 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 29 theme gut 400:402 arg1 succession 415:424 gut microbiome succession 400:424 gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 400:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 29 theme gut 400:402 arg1 marker 514:519 the earliest validated marker 491:519 the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment 491:540 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 30 theme potential 1155:1163 arg1 relationship 1175:1186 a potential mediating relationship 1153:1186 a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1153:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 5 31 theme microbiome 1011:1020 arg1 depletion 1022:1030 gut microbiome depletion 1007:1030 gut microbiome depletion 1007:1030 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 2 32 theme life 449:452 arg1 week 441:444 the first week 431:444 the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 431:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 3 33 with conjunction 743:753 arg1 data 769:772 clinical data 760:772 clinical data 760:772 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 3 33 with conjunction 743:753 arg1 measurements 797:808 head circumference measurements 778:808 head circumference measurements 778:808 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 0 34 theme Lachnospiraceae 17:31 arg1 integration 33:43 Lachnospiraceae integration 17:43 Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life 17:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 6 35 theme clinical 1244:1251 arg1 variables 1253:1261 the clinical variables 1240:1261 the clinical variables 1240:1261 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 7 36 with taxa 1507:1510 arg1 roles 1542:1546 roles 1542:1546 roles in dietary glycan foraging 1542:1573 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 37 theme significant 1054:1064 arg1 separation 1078:1087 significant HCG pattern separation 1054:1087 significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1054:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 2 38 theme head 458:461 arg1 circumference 463:475 head circumference 458:475 head circumference 458:475 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 3 39 theme care 640:643 arg1 unit 645:648 their neonatal intensive care unit stay 615:653 their neonatal intensive care unit stay 615:653 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 4 40 theme HCG 843:845 arg1 trajectories 847:858 suboptimal HCG trajectories 832:858 suboptimal HCG trajectories 832:858 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 0 41 theme gut 54:56 arg1 microbiome 58:67 the gut microbiome 50:67 the gut microbiome 50:67 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 42 theme beneficial 1576:1585 arg1 taxa 1507:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 42 theme beneficial 1576:1585 arg1 production 1598:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 43 theme pattern 1070:1076 arg1 separation 1078:1087 significant HCG pattern separation 1054:1087 significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1054:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 3 44 theme 16S 672:674 arg1 sequencing 686:695 16S rRNA gene sequencing 672:695 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements 672:808 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 1 45 theme shaping 209:215 arg1 outcomes 227:234 shaping long-term outcomes 209:234 shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning 209:262 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 1 45 theme shaping 209:215 arg1 development 196:206 host development 191:206 host development 191:206 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 1 45 theme shaping 209:215 arg1 brain 246:250 brain 246:250 brain functioning 246:262 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 4 46 theme Preterm 811:817 arg1 infants 819:825 Preterm infants 811:825 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories 811:858 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 3 47 dep unit 645:648 arg1 stay 650:653 stay 650:653 stay 650:653 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 7 48 theme dietary 1551:1557 arg1 foraging 1566:1573 dietary glycan foraging 1551:1573 dietary glycan foraging 1551:1573 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 3 49 theme gene 681:684 arg1 sequencing 686:695 16S rRNA gene sequencing 672:695 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements 672:808 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 5 50 from practices 1212:1220 arg1 resultant 1188:1196 resultant 1188:1196 resultant 1188:1196 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 6 51 theme variables 1253:1261 arg1 Consideration 1223:1235 Consideration 1223:1235 Consideration of the clinical variables 1223:1261 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 7 52 theme adult 1519:1523 arg1 microbiome 1525:1534 the adult microbiome 1515:1534 the adult microbiome 1515:1534 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 3 53 theme gut 712:714 arg1 composition 727:737 gut microbiome composition 712:737 gut microbiome composition 712:737 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 6 54 theme dispersal 1338:1346 arg1 limitation 1348:1357 dispersal limitation 1338:1357 dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) 1338:1379 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 6 54 theme dispersal 1338:1346 arg1 mode 1375:1378 delivery mode 1366:1378 delivery mode 1366:1378 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 1 55 theme critical 173:180 arg1 roles 182:186 critical roles 173:186 critical roles 173:186 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 2 56 theme infant 295:300 arg1 colonizers 302:311 initial infant colonizers 287:311 initial infant colonizers 287:311 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 4 57 theme independent 941:951 arg1 depletion 866:874 a depletion 864:874 a depletion 864:874 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 0 58 from points 81:86 arg1 Bacteroidota 0:11 Bacteroidota 0:11 Bacteroidota 0:11 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 0 58 from points 81:86 arg1 integration 33:43 Lachnospiraceae integration 17:43 Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life 17:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 0 58 from points 81:86 arg1 life 97:100 early life 91:100 early life 91:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 59 theme 30-week 1113:1119 arg1 age 1135:1137 30-week postmenstrual age 1113:1137 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1113:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 3 60 theme preterm 586:592 arg1 cohort 601:606 a preterm infant cohort 584:606 a preterm infant cohort 584:606 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 7 61 theme gut 1686:1688 arg1 microbiome 1690:1699 the gut microbiome 1682:1699 the gut microbiome 1682:1699 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 4 62 theme morbidity 956:964 arg1 independent 941:951 independent 941:951 independent 941:951 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 3 63 theme head 778:781 arg1 circumference 783:795 head circumference 778:795 head circumference measurements 778:808 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 6 64 theme enteral 1441:1447 arg1 feeding 1449:1455 enteral feeding 1441:1455 enteral feeding 1441:1455 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 4 65 theme Bacteroidota 907:918 arg1 abundance/prevalence 883:902 the abundance/prevalence 879:902 the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae 879:938 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 4 66 theme Lachnospiraceae 924:938 arg1 abundance/prevalence 883:902 the abundance/prevalence 879:902 the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae 879:938 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 6 67 theme infant 1286:1291 arg1 succession 1304:1313 optimal infant microbiome succession 1278:1313 optimal infant microbiome succession 1278:1313 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 0 68 theme key 72:74 arg1 points 81:86 key time points 72:86 key time points in early life 72:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 4 69 contain had 860:862 arg2 depletion 866:874 a depletion 864:874 a depletion 864:874 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 4 69 contain had 860:862 arg1 infants 819:825 Preterm infants 811:825 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories 811:858 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 2 70 from week 441:444 arg1 succession 415:424 gut microbiome succession 400:424 gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 400:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 70 from week 441:444 arg1 marker 514:519 the earliest validated marker 491:519 the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment 491:540 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 4 71 with infants 819:825 arg1 trajectories 847:858 suboptimal HCG trajectories 832:858 suboptimal HCG trajectories 832:858 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 5 72 theme resultant 1188:1196 arg1 relationship 1175:1186 a potential mediating relationship 1153:1186 a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1153:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 6 73 dep antibiotics 1425:1435 arg1 i.e. 1419:1422 i.e. 1419:1422 i.e. 1419:1422 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 1 74 theme early 145:149 arg1 microbiome 156:165 The early life microbiome 141:165 The early life microbiome 141:165 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 2 75 dep known 275:279 arg1 investigated 363:374 investigated 363:374 investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment 363:540 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 0 76 theme early 91:95 arg1 life 97:100 early life 91:100 early life 91:100 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 77 theme clinical 1203:1210 arg1 practices 1212:1220 clinical practices 1203:1220 clinical practices 1203:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 2 78 theme validated 504:512 arg1 succession 415:424 gut microbiome succession 400:424 gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 400:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 78 theme validated 504:512 arg1 marker 514:519 the earliest validated marker 491:519 the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment 491:540 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 79 theme gut 1007:1009 arg1 depletion 1022:1030 gut microbiome depletion 1007:1030 gut microbiome depletion 1007:1030 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 7 80 from roles 1542:1546 arg1 foraging 1566:1573 dietary glycan foraging 1551:1573 dietary glycan foraging 1551:1573 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 81 theme mediating 1165:1173 arg1 relationship 1175:1186 a potential mediating relationship 1153:1186 a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1153:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 2 82 dep life 449:452 arg1 HCG 485:487 HCG 485:487 HCG 485:487 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 82 dep life 449:452 arg1 growth 477:482 growth 477:482 growth (HCG) 477:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 83 theme first 435:439 arg1 week 441:444 the first week 431:444 the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 431:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 84 theme optimal 1726:1732 arg1 neurodevelopment 1734:1749 optimal neurodevelopment 1726:1749 optimal neurodevelopment 1726:1749 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 85 theme circumference 463:475 arg1 week 441:444 the first week 431:444 the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 431:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 3 86 theme intensive 630:638 arg1 unit 645:648 their neonatal intensive care unit stay 615:653 their neonatal intensive care unit stay 615:653 Fecal samples were collected weekly from a preterm infant cohort during their neonatal intensive care unit stay and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for evaluating gut microbiome composition, in conjunction with clinical data and head circumference measurements. 34839801 2 87 theme microbiome 404:413 arg1 succession 415:424 gut microbiome succession 400:424 gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG) 400:488 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 2 87 theme microbiome 404:413 arg1 marker 514:519 the earliest validated marker 491:519 the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment 491:540 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 88 theme HCG 1066:1068 arg1 separation 1078:1087 significant HCG pattern separation 1054:1087 significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices 1054:1220 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 6 89 theme habitat 1400:1406 arg1 filtering 1408:1416 habitat filtering 1400:1416 habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding) 1400:1456 Consideration of the clinical variables indicated that optimal infant microbiome succession is primarily driven by dispersal limitation (i.e., delivery mode) and secondarily by habitat filtering (i.e., antibiotics and enteral feeding). 34839801 4 90 theme suboptimal 832:841 arg1 trajectories 847:858 suboptimal HCG trajectories 832:858 suboptimal HCG trajectories 832:858 Preterm infants with suboptimal HCG trajectories had a depletion in the abundance/prevalence of Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae, independent of morbidity and caloric restriction. 34839801 7 91 theme metabolite 1587:1596 arg1 taxa 1507:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 core taxa 1502:1510 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 7 91 theme metabolite 1587:1596 arg1 production 1598:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 beneficial metabolite production 1576:1607 Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae are known core taxa of the adult microbiome, with roles in dietary glycan foraging, beneficial metabolite production and immunity, and our work provides evidence that their integration into the gut microbiome needs to occur early for optimal neurodevelopment. 34839801 5 92 theme depletion 1022:1030 arg1 severity 995:1002 The severity 991:1002 The severity of gut microbiome depletion 991:1030 The severity of gut microbiome depletion matched the timing of significant HCG pattern separation between study groups at 30-week postmenstrual age demonstrating a potential mediating relationship resultant from clinical practices. 34839801 2 93 theme optimal 320:326 arg1 neurodevelopment 328:343 optimal neurodevelopment 320:343 optimal neurodevelopment 320:343 It is not known which initial infant colonizers elicit optimal neurodevelopment; thus, this study investigated the association between gut microbiome succession from the first week of life and head circumference growth (HCG), the earliest validated marker for neurodevelopment. 34839801 1 94 theme long-term 217:225 arg1 outcomes 227:234 shaping long-term outcomes 209:234 shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning 209:262 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 1 94 theme long-term 217:225 arg1 development 196:206 host development 191:206 host development 191:206 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 34839801 1 94 theme long-term 217:225 arg1 brain 246:250 brain 246:250 brain functioning 246:262 The early life microbiome plays critical roles in host development, shaping long-term outcomes including brain functioning. 33900328 9 0 theme p38 1291:1293 arg1 MAPK 1295:1298 p38 MAPK 1291:1298 p38 MAPK 1291:1298 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 10 1 theme expression 1462:1471 arg1 regulation 1444:1453 the regulation 1440:1453 the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 1440:1509 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 6 2 theme glycan 878:883 arg1 moiety 885:890 the glycan moiety 874:890 the glycan moiety 874:890 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 1 3 theme coronavirus 175:185 arg1 disease-2019 187:198 coronavirus disease-2019 175:198 coronavirus disease-2019 175:198 The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. 33900328 4 4 theme anti-inflammatory 536:552 arg1 activity 554:561 anti-inflammatory activity 536:561 anti-inflammatory activity 536:561 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 9 5 theme phosphorylation 1266:1280 arg1 level 1282:1286 the phosphorylation level 1262:1286 the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK 1262:1298 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 0 6 theme MAPK 120:123 arg1 pathway 125:131 the p38 MAPK pathway 112:131 the p38 MAPK pathway 112:131 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 10 7 theme p38 1529:1531 arg1 phosphorylation 1538:1552 p38 MAPK phosphorylation 1529:1552 p38 MAPK phosphorylation 1529:1552 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 10 8 theme FIP-glu 1384:1390 arg1 N-glycosylation 1365:1379 N-glycosylation 1365:1379 N-glycosylation of FIP-glu 1365:1390 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 0 9 theme p38 116:118 arg1 pathway 125:131 the p38 MAPK pathway 112:131 the p38 MAPK pathway 112:131 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 4 10 theme N-linked 497:504 arg1 glycans 506:512 N-linked glycans 497:512 N-linked glycans 497:512 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 8 11 theme N-linked 1043:1050 arg1 glycans 1052:1058 N-linked glycans 1043:1058 N-linked glycans 1043:1058 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 6 12 theme glycan 936:941 arg1 moiety 943:948 the glycan moiety 932:948 the glycan moiety 932:948 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 6 12 theme glycan 936:941 arg1 N-linked 954:961 N-linked 954:961 N-linked 954:961 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 11 13 theme FIPs 1728:1731 arg1 application 1713:1723 the application 1709:1723 the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries 1709:1773 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 8 14 theme TGF-β1 1191:1196 arg1 expression 1168:1177 the mRNA expression 1159:1177 the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1 1159:1196 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 0 15 theme pathway 125:131 arg1 inhibition 98:107 inhibition 98:107 inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway 98:131 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 6 16 with treatment 781:789 arg1 F 818:818 peptide-N-glycosidase F 796:818 peptide-N-glycosidase F 796:818 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 6 17 theme peptide-N-glycosidase 796:816 arg1 F 818:818 peptide-N-glycosidase F 796:818 peptide-N-glycosidase F 796:818 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 5 18 gly glycoproteins 760:772 arg1 glycoproteins 760:772 glycoproteins 760:772 glycoproteins 760:772 Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. 33900328 4 19 theme potential 571:579 arg1 mechanisms 581:590 the potential mechanisms 567:590 the potential mechanisms of action 567:600 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 0 20 theme Ganoderma 15:23 arg1 lucidum 25:31 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum 0:31 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein 0:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 4 21 theme glycans 506:512 arg1 influences 483:492 the influences 479:492 the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action 479:600 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 10 22 theme inflammatory 1476:1487 arg1 cytokines 1489:1497 inflammatory cytokines 1476:1497 inflammatory cytokines 1476:1497 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 9 23 theme Western 1203:1209 arg1 results 1216:1222 The Western blot results 1199:1222 The Western blot results 1199:1222 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 11 24 from application 1713:1723 arg1 industries 1764:1773 the food and pharmaceutical industries 1736:1773 the food and pharmaceutical industries 1736:1773 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 0 25 theme N-Glycosylated 0:13 arg1 lucidum 25:31 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum 0:31 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein 0:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 0 26 theme immunomodulatory 33:48 arg1 protein 50:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein 0:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein 0:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 9 27 theme blot 1211:1214 arg1 results 1216:1222 The Western blot results 1199:1222 The Western blot results 1199:1222 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 6 28 theme Western 849:855 arg1 blot 857:860 Western blot 849:860 Western blot 849:860 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 11 29 theme technical 1677:1685 arg1 support 1687:1693 theoretical and technical support 1661:1693 theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries 1661:1773 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 9 30 gly N-glycosylated 1236:1249 arg1 WT 1251:1252 N-glycosylated WT 1236:1252 N-glycosylated WT 1236:1252 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 3 31 theme fungal 403:408 arg1 protein 427:433 fungal immunomodulatory protein 403:433 the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu) 381:443 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 31 theme fungal 403:408 arg1 FIP-glu 436:442 FIP-glu 436:442 FIP-glu 436:442 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 10 32 from regulation 1444:1453 arg1 RAW264.7 1502:1509 RAW264.7 1502:1509 RAW264.7 1502:1509 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 4 33 from influences 483:492 arg1 improvement 521:531 the improvement 517:531 the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity 517:561 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 4 33 from influences 483:492 arg1 mechanisms 581:590 the potential mechanisms 567:590 the potential mechanisms of action 567:600 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 8 34 theme cytotoxicity 1012:1023 arg1 assay 1025:1029 The cytotoxicity assay 1008:1029 The cytotoxicity assay 1008:1029 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 3 35 theme immunomodulatory 410:425 arg1 protein 427:433 fungal immunomodulatory protein 403:433 the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu) 381:443 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 35 theme immunomodulatory 410:425 arg1 FIP-glu 436:442 FIP-glu 436:442 FIP-glu 436:442 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 10 36 from expression 1462:1471 arg1 RAW264.7 1502:1509 RAW264.7 1502:1509 RAW264.7 1502:1509 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 8 37 theme WT 1090:1091 arg1 cytotoxicity 1074:1085 the cytotoxicity 1070:1085 the cytotoxicity of WT 1070:1091 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 11 38 theme food 1740:1743 arg1 industries 1764:1773 the food and pharmaceutical industries 1736:1773 the food and pharmaceutical industries 1736:1773 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 11 39 theme pharmaceutical 1749:1762 arg1 industries 1764:1773 the food and pharmaceutical industries 1736:1773 the food and pharmaceutical industries 1736:1773 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 1 40 theme immunomodulatory 228:243 arg1 agents 245:250 immunomodulatory agents 228:250 immunomodulatory agents 228:250 The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. 33900328 5 41 dep mutants 649:655 arg1 mutants 649:655 its mutants 645:655 its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N 645:680 Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. 33900328 5 41 dep mutants 649:655 arg1 T36N 663:666 T36N 663:666 T36N 663:666 Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. 33900328 5 41 dep mutants 649:655 arg1 N31S 657:660 N31S 657:660 N31S 657:660 Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. 33900328 5 41 dep mutants 649:655 arg1 N31S/T36N 672:680 N31S/T36N 672:680 N31S/T36N 672:680 Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. 33900328 4 42 theme action 595:600 arg1 improvement 521:531 the improvement 517:531 the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity 517:561 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 4 42 theme action 595:600 arg1 mechanisms 581:590 the potential mechanisms 567:590 the potential mechanisms of action 567:600 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 5 43 theme pastoris 717:724 arg1 glycoproteins 760:772 glycoproteins 760:772 glycoproteins 760:772 Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. 33900328 2 44 theme potential 268:276 arg1 products 286:293 many potential natural products 263:293 many potential natural products for drug discovery and development 263:328 There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. 33900328 0 45 theme lucidum 25:31 arg1 protein 50:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein 0:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein 0:56 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 9 46 theme N-glycosylated 1236:1249 arg1 WT 1251:1252 N-glycosylated WT 1236:1252 N-glycosylated WT 1236:1252 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 2 47 theme many 263:266 arg1 products 286:293 many potential natural products 263:293 many potential natural products for drug discovery and development 263:328 There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. 33900328 10 48 theme novel 1340:1344 arg1 mechanism 1346:1354 a novel mechanism 1338:1354 a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation 1338:1552 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 11 49 theme FIP-glu 1642:1648 arg1 properties 1628:1637 the functional properties 1613:1637 the functional properties of FIP-glu 1613:1648 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 10 50 gly N-glycosylation 1365:1379 arg1 FIP-glu 1384:1390 FIP-glu 1384:1390 FIP-glu 1384:1390 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 3 51 theme Ganoderma 385:393 arg1 One 354:356 One 354:356 One 354:356 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 51 theme Ganoderma 385:393 arg1 candidates 367:376 these candidates 361:376 these candidates 361:376 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 51 theme Ganoderma 385:393 arg1 lucidum 395:401 the Ganoderma lucidum 381:401 the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu) 381:443 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 8 52 theme RT-qPCR 1105:1111 arg1 assay 1113:1117 the RT-qPCR assay 1101:1117 the RT-qPCR assay 1101:1117 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 6 53 theme blot 857:860 arg1 results 825:831 the results 821:831 the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot 821:860 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 8 54 gly N-glycosylated 1131:1144 arg1 WT 1146:1147 N-glycosylated WT 1131:1147 N-glycosylated WT 1131:1147 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 0 55 theme anti-inflammatory 67:83 arg1 activity 85:92 anti-inflammatory activity 67:92 anti-inflammatory activity 67:92 N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. 33900328 4 56 link N-linked 497:504 arg1 glycans 506:512 N-linked glycans 497:512 N-linked glycans 497:512 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 10 57 theme phosphorylation 1538:1552 arg1 inhibition 1515:1524 inhibition 1515:1524 inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation 1515:1552 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 4 58 theme present 453:459 arg1 study 461:465 the present study 449:465 the present study 449:465 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 10 59 theme cytokines 1489:1497 arg1 expression 1462:1471 the expression 1458:1471 the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 1458:1509 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 11 60 theme functional 1617:1626 arg1 properties 1628:1637 the functional properties 1613:1637 the functional properties of FIP-glu 1613:1648 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 1 61 theme global 138:143 arg1 emergency 152:160 The global health emergency 134:160 The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 134:198 The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. 33900328 10 62 theme anti-inflammatory 1405:1421 arg1 activity 1423:1430 its anti-inflammatory activity 1401:1430 its anti-inflammatory activity 1401:1430 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 10 63 theme MAPK 1533:1536 arg1 phosphorylation 1538:1552 p38 MAPK phosphorylation 1529:1552 p38 MAPK phosphorylation 1529:1552 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 2 64 theme drug 299:302 arg1 discovery 304:312 drug discovery 299:312 drug discovery 299:312 There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. 33900328 1 65 theme health 145:150 arg1 emergency 152:160 The global health emergency 134:160 The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 134:198 The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. 33900328 8 66 link N-linked 1043:1050 arg1 glycans 1052:1058 N-linked glycans 1043:1058 N-linked glycans 1043:1058 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 8 67 theme mRNA 1163:1166 arg1 expression 1168:1177 the mRNA expression 1159:1177 the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1 1159:1196 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 3 68 dep lucidum 395:401 arg1 protein 427:433 fungal immunomodulatory protein 403:433 the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu) 381:443 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 68 dep lucidum 395:401 arg1 FIP-glu 436:442 FIP-glu 436:442 FIP-glu 436:442 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 6 69 theme SDS-PAGE 836:843 arg1 results 825:831 the results 821:831 the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot 821:860 After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. 33900328 8 70 theme IL-6 1182:1185 arg1 expression 1168:1177 the mRNA expression 1159:1177 the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1 1159:1196 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 11 71 theme theoretical 1661:1671 arg1 support 1687:1693 theoretical and technical support 1661:1693 theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries 1661:1773 It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 33900328 10 72 from RAW264.7 1502:1509 arg1 regulation 1444:1453 the regulation 1440:1453 the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 1440:1509 In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. 33900328 8 73 theme N-glycosylated 1131:1144 arg1 WT 1146:1147 N-glycosylated WT 1131:1147 N-glycosylated WT 1131:1147 The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. 33900328 3 74 theme candidates 367:376 arg1 One 354:356 One 354:356 One 354:356 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 74 theme candidates 367:376 arg1 candidates 367:376 these candidates 361:376 these candidates 361:376 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 3 74 theme candidates 367:376 arg1 lucidum 395:401 the Ganoderma lucidum 381:401 the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu) 381:443 One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). 33900328 9 75 theme MAPK 1295:1298 arg1 level 1282:1286 the phosphorylation level 1262:1286 the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK 1262:1298 The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. 33900328 2 76 theme natural 278:284 arg1 products 286:293 many potential natural products 263:293 many potential natural products for drug discovery and development 263:328 There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. 33900328 4 77 theme activity 554:561 arg1 improvement 521:531 the improvement 517:531 the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity 517:561 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33900328 4 77 theme activity 554:561 arg1 mechanisms 581:590 the potential mechanisms 567:590 the potential mechanisms of action 567:600 In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. 33271921 1 0 theme fungal 143:148 arg1 wall 155:158 The fungal cell wall 139:158 The fungal cell wall 139:158 The fungal cell wall serves as the interface between the cell and the environment. 33271921 1 0 theme fungal 143:148 arg1 interface 174:182 the interface 170:182 the interface between the cell and the environment 170:219 The fungal cell wall serves as the interface between the cell and the environment. 33271921 0 1 theme Wall 84:87 arg1 Architecture 49:60 Shared Molecular Architecture 32:60 Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 32:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 0 1 theme Wall 84:87 arg1 Wall 116:119 Spore Wall 110:119 Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae 110:136 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 6 2 theme identified 905:914 arg1 component 936:944 a previously identified but uncharacterized component 892:944 a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall 892:976 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 2 3 theme many 321:324 arg1 fungi 326:330 many fungi 321:330 many fungi 321:330 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 0 4 theme neoformans 95:104 arg1 Wall 84:87 the Melanized Cell Wall 65:87 the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 65:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 6 5 from present 1023:1029 arg1 wall 1067:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 3 6 theme melanized 593:601 arg1 cells 603:607 melanized cells 593:607 melanized cells 593:607 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 3 7 theme Saccharomyces 533:545 arg1 spores 558:563 Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores 533:563 Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores 533:563 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 4 8 from composition 688:698 arg1 walls 631:635 The specialized cell walls 610:635 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi 610:664 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 4 8 from composition 688:698 arg1 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 7 9 theme tyrosine-derived 1097:1112 arg1 constituent 1114:1124 a tyrosine-derived constituent 1095:1124 a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1095:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 8 10 theme species 1311:1317 arg1 walls 1267:1271 the walls 1263:1271 the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species 1263:1317 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 11 theme walls 1267:1271 arg1 composition 1248:1258 The similar composition 1236:1258 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species 1236:1317 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 0 12 theme Spore 110:114 arg1 Wall 116:119 Spore Wall 110:119 Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae 110:136 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 7 13 theme cell 1225:1228 arg1 wall 1230:1233 the cell wall 1221:1233 the cell wall 1221:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 8 14 theme fungal 1522:1527 arg1 species 1529:1535 other fungal species 1516:1535 other fungal species 1516:1535 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 6 15 theme C. 1038:1039 arg1 wall 1067:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 4 16 from similar 677:683 arg1 composition 688:698 composition 688:698 composition 688:698 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 2 17 theme cell 381:384 arg1 structures 391:400 additional cell wall structures 370:400 additional cell wall structures 370:400 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 8 18 theme other 1516:1520 arg1 species 1529:1535 other fungal species 1516:1535 other fungal species 1516:1535 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 7 19 dep C. 1133:1134 arg1 neoformans 1136:1145 neoformans 1136:1145 neoformans 1136:1145 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 6 20 dep C. 1038:1039 arg1 neoformans 1041:1050 neoformans 1041:1050 neoformans 1041:1050 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 8 21 theme similar 1240:1246 arg1 composition 1248:1258 The similar composition 1236:1258 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species 1236:1317 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 2 22 theme additional 370:379 arg1 structures 391:400 additional cell wall structures 370:400 additional cell wall structures 370:400 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 7 23 theme non-pigment 1194:1204 arg1 constituent 1206:1216 a non-pigment constituent 1192:1216 a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1192:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 3 24 theme Cryptococcus 569:580 arg1 neoformans 582:591 Cryptococcus neoformans 569:591 Cryptococcus neoformans 569:591 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 6 25 theme cell 1062:1065 arg1 wall 1067:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 0 26 theme Unconventional 0:13 arg1 Constituents 15:26 Unconventional Constituents 0:26 Unconventional Constituents 0:26 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 6 27 attach present 1023:1029 arg1 wall 1067:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 6 27 attach present 1023:1029 arg2 triglycerides 993:1005 triglycerides 993:1005 triglycerides 993:1005 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 7 28 dep constituent 1206:1216 arg1 wall 1147:1150 the C. neoformans wall 1129:1150 the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1129:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 6 29 theme melanized 1052:1060 arg1 wall 1067:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 0 30 theme Shared 32:37 arg1 Architecture 49:60 Shared Molecular Architecture 32:60 Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 32:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 6 31 theme wall 973:976 arg1 component 936:944 a previously identified but uncharacterized component 892:944 a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall 892:976 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 6 32 from wall 1067:1070 arg1 present 1023:1029 present 1023:1029 present 1023:1029 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 8 33 theme phylogenetically 1286:1301 arg1 species 1311:1317 these two phylogenetically distant species 1276:1317 these two phylogenetically distant species 1276:1317 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 34 theme building 1386:1393 arg1 polyaromatics 1348:1360 polyaromatics 1348:1360 polyaromatics 1348:1360 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 34 theme building 1386:1393 arg1 chitosan 1367:1374 chitosan 1367:1374 chitosan 1367:1374 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 34 theme building 1386:1393 arg1 triglycerides 1333:1345 triglycerides 1333:1345 triglycerides 1333:1345 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 34 theme building 1386:1393 arg1 blocks 1395:1400 basic building blocks 1380:1400 basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls 1380:1452 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 3 35 theme resonance 445:453 arg1 spectroscopy 455:466 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 416:466 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 416:466 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 6 36 located present 1023:1029 arg1 wall 1067:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 the C. neoformans melanized cell wall 1034:1070 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 6 36 located present 1023:1029 arg2 triglycerides 993:1005 triglycerides 993:1005 triglycerides 993:1005 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 6 37 theme spore 967:971 arg1 wall 973:976 the S. cerevisiae spore wall 949:976 the S. cerevisiae spore wall 949:976 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 8 38 theme stress-resistant 1426:1441 arg1 walls 1448:1452 highly stress-resistant cell walls 1419:1452 highly stress-resistant cell walls 1419:1452 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 1 39 theme cell 150:153 arg1 wall 155:158 The fungal cell wall 139:158 The fungal cell wall 139:158 The fungal cell wall serves as the interface between the cell and the environment. 33271921 1 39 theme cell 150:153 arg1 interface 174:182 the interface 170:182 the interface between the cell and the environment 170:219 The fungal cell wall serves as the interface between the cell and the environment. 33271921 2 40 theme cell 349:352 arg1 types 354:358 stress-resistant cell types 332:358 stress-resistant cell types 332:358 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 0 41 theme cerevisiae 127:136 arg1 Architecture 49:60 Shared Molecular Architecture 32:60 Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 32:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 0 41 theme cerevisiae 127:136 arg1 Wall 116:119 Spore Wall 110:119 Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae 110:136 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 4 42 theme fungi 660:664 arg1 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 4 42 theme fungi 660:664 arg1 walls 631:635 The specialized cell walls 610:635 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi 610:664 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 4 43 theme divergent 650:658 arg1 fungi 660:664 these two divergent fungi 640:664 these two divergent fungi 640:664 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 3 44 attach isolated 519:526 arg2 fractions 509:517 cell wall fractions 499:517 cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells 499:607 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 3 44 attach isolated 519:526 arg1 spores 558:563 Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores 533:563 Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores 533:563 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 3 44 attach isolated 519:526 arg1 neoformans 582:591 Cryptococcus neoformans 569:591 Cryptococcus neoformans 569:591 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 3 45 theme nuclear 428:434 arg1 resonance 445:453 nuclear magnetic resonance 428:453 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 416:466 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 0 46 theme Molecular 39:47 arg1 Architecture 49:60 Shared Molecular Architecture 32:60 Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 32:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 6 47 theme S. 953:954 arg1 wall 973:976 the S. cerevisiae spore wall 949:976 the S. cerevisiae spore wall 949:976 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 5 48 theme deacetylated 724:735 arg1 derivative 737:746 the deacetylated derivative 720:746 the deacetylated derivative of chitin 720:756 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33271921 5 48 theme deacetylated 724:735 arg1 chitosan 710:717 chitosan 710:717 chitosan 710:717 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33271921 6 49 dep S. 953:954 arg1 cerevisiae 956:965 cerevisiae 956:965 cerevisiae 956:965 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 2 50 theme wall 386:389 arg1 structures 391:400 additional cell wall structures 370:400 additional cell wall structures 370:400 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 5 51 theme polyaromatic 784:795 arg1 dityrosine 806:815 dityrosine 806:815 dityrosine 806:815 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33271921 5 51 theme polyaromatic 784:795 arg1 polymer 797:803 a polyaromatic polymer 782:803 a polyaromatic polymer 782:803 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33271921 5 51 theme polyaromatic 784:795 arg1 melanin 821:827 melanin 821:827 melanin 821:827 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33271921 8 52 theme cell 1443:1446 arg1 walls 1448:1452 highly stress-resistant cell walls 1419:1452 highly stress-resistant cell walls 1419:1452 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 0 53 dep Architecture 49:60 arg1 Constituents 15:26 Unconventional Constituents 0:26 Unconventional Constituents 0:26 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 7 54 theme C. 1133:1134 arg1 wall 1147:1150 the C. neoformans wall 1129:1150 the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1129:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 7 55 from constituent 1114:1124 arg1 wall 1147:1150 the C. neoformans wall 1129:1150 the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1129:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 8 56 theme constituents 1475:1486 arg1 use 1462:1464 the use 1458:1464 the use of these constituents 1458:1486 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 57 theme basic 1380:1384 arg1 polyaromatics 1348:1360 polyaromatics 1348:1360 polyaromatics 1348:1360 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 57 theme basic 1380:1384 arg1 chitosan 1367:1374 chitosan 1367:1374 chitosan 1367:1374 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 57 theme basic 1380:1384 arg1 triglycerides 1333:1345 triglycerides 1333:1345 triglycerides 1333:1345 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 8 57 theme basic 1380:1384 arg1 blocks 1395:1400 basic building blocks 1380:1400 basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls 1380:1452 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 3 58 theme cell 499:502 arg1 fractions 509:517 cell wall fractions 499:517 cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells 499:607 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 7 59 theme wall 1230:1233 arg1 constituent 1206:1216 a non-pigment constituent 1192:1216 a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1192:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 3 60 dep Saccharomyces 533:545 arg1 cerevisiae 547:556 cerevisiae 547:556 cerevisiae 547:556 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 4 61 theme cell 626:629 arg1 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 4 61 theme cell 626:629 arg1 walls 631:635 The specialized cell walls 610:635 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi 610:664 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 7 62 link tyrosine-derived 1097:1112 arg1 constituent 1114:1124 a tyrosine-derived constituent 1095:1124 a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall 1095:1233 Moreover, we identify a tyrosine-derived constituent in the C. neoformans wall that, although it is not dityrosine, is a non-pigment constituent of the cell wall. 33271921 3 63 theme fractions 509:517 arg1 architecture 483:494 the architecture 479:494 the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells 479:607 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 8 64 theme distant 1303:1309 arg1 species 1311:1317 these two phylogenetically distant species 1276:1317 these two phylogenetically distant species 1276:1317 The similar composition of the walls of these two phylogenetically distant species suggests that triglycerides, polyaromatics, and chitosan are basic building blocks used to assemble highly stress-resistant cell walls and the use of these constituents may be broadly conserved in other fungal species. 33271921 4 65 theme specialized 614:624 arg1 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 similar 677:683 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 4 65 theme specialized 614:624 arg1 walls 631:635 The specialized cell walls 610:635 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi 610:664 The specialized cell walls of these two divergent fungi are highly similar in composition. 33271921 0 66 theme Cell 79:82 arg1 Wall 84:87 the Melanized Cell Wall 65:87 the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 65:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 3 67 theme magnetic 436:443 arg1 resonance 445:453 nuclear magnetic resonance 428:453 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 416:466 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 2 68 theme cell 229:232 arg1 walls 234:238 Fungal cell walls 222:238 Fungal cell walls 222:238 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 3 69 dep spores 558:563 arg1 cells 603:607 melanized cells 593:607 melanized cells 593:607 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 3 70 theme wall 504:507 arg1 fractions 509:517 cell wall fractions 499:517 cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells 499:607 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 3 71 theme solid-state 416:426 arg1 spectroscopy 455:466 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 416:466 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 416:466 Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the architecture of cell wall fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells. 33271921 0 72 theme Melanized 69:77 arg1 Wall 84:87 the Melanized Cell Wall 65:87 the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans 65:104 Unconventional Constituents and Shared Molecular Architecture of the Melanized Cell Wall of C. neoformans and Spore Wall of S. cerevisiae. 33271921 6 73 theme uncharacterized 920:934 arg1 component 936:944 a previously identified but uncharacterized component 892:944 a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall 892:976 Additionally, we demonstrate that a previously identified but uncharacterized component of the S. cerevisiae spore wall is composed of triglycerides, which are also present in the C. neoformans melanized cell wall. 33271921 2 74 theme Fungal 222:227 arg1 walls 234:238 Fungal cell walls 222:238 Fungal cell walls 222:238 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 2 75 theme stress-resistant 332:347 arg1 types 354:358 stress-resistant cell types 332:358 stress-resistant cell types 332:358 Fungal cell walls are composed largely of polysaccharides, primarily glucans and chitin, though in many fungi stress-resistant cell types elaborate additional cell wall structures. 33271921 5 76 theme chitin 751:756 arg1 derivative 737:746 the deacetylated derivative 720:746 the deacetylated derivative of chitin 720:756 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33271921 5 76 theme chitin 751:756 arg1 chitosan 710:717 chitosan 710:717 chitosan 710:717 Both use chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, as a scaffold on which a polyaromatic polymer, dityrosine and melanin, respectively, is assembled. 33127812 17 0 dep saccharification 2544:2559 arg1 release 2572:2578 the release 2568:2578 the release of sugars 2568:2588 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 18 1 theme plant 2721:2725 arg1 degradation 2735:2745 plant biomass degradation 2721:2745 plant biomass degradation 2721:2745 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 2 2 theme microbial 387:395 arg1 consortium 397:406 lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 369:406 a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) 345:414 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 2 2 theme microbial 387:395 arg1 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 9 3 from Differences 1270:1280 arg1 composition 1289:1299 the composition 1285:1299 the composition of bacterial communities 1285:1324 Differences in the composition of bacterial communities between biological replicates indicated that selection, sampling, and/or priority effects could shape the consortium structure. 33127812 17 4 theme bacterial 2504:2512 arg1 consortium 2514:2523 a synthetic bacterial consortium 2492:2523 a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries 2492:2649 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 14 5 theme Pseudomonas 2349:2359 arg1 sp 2361:2362 Pseudomonas sp 2349:2362 Pseudomonas sp 2349:2362 We demonstrated that mainly two selectively enriched bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 13 6 theme combined 2100:2107 arg1 strategy 2129:2136 a combined top-down enrichment strategy 2098:2136 a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2098:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 10 7 dep ∼13 1482:1484 arg1 to 1479:1480 to 1479:1480 to 1479:1480 The MELMC can degrade up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction. 33127812 15 8 theme Paenibacillus 2369:2381 arg1 sp 2383:2384 Paenibacillus sp 2369:2384 Paenibacillus sp 2369:2384 and Paenibacillus sp.) 33127812 4 9 theme sequence 745:752 arg1 types 754:758 approximately 50 bacterial sequence types 718:758 approximately 50 bacterial sequence types 718:758 After the dilution-to-stimulation phase, approximately 50 bacterial sequence types, mostly belonging to the Sphingobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Paenibacillaceae, were significantly enriched. 33127812 18 10 theme enriched 2750:2757 arg1 systems 2769:2775 enriched bacterial systems 2750:2775 enriched bacterial systems 2750:2775 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 9 11 theme communities 1314:1324 arg1 composition 1289:1299 the composition 1285:1299 the composition of bacterial communities 1285:1324 Differences in the composition of bacterial communities between biological replicates indicated that selection, sampling, and/or priority effects could shape the consortium structure. 33127812 1 12 theme successful 200:209 arg1 path 211:214 a successful path 198:214 a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes 198:300 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 1 12 theme successful 200:209 arg1 engineering 156:166 The engineering 152:166 The engineering of complex communities 152:189 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 14 13 theme enriched 2321:2328 arg1 species 2340:2346 two selectively enriched bacterial species 2305:2346 two selectively enriched bacterial species 2305:2346 We demonstrated that mainly two selectively enriched bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 3 14 theme types 639:643 arg1 mixture 622:628 a mixture 620:628 a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues 620:674 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 6 15 theme bacterial 1106:1114 arg1 species 1116:1122 only two bacterial species 1097:1122 only two bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp 1097:1138 After subsequent stabilization, only two bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 12 16 theme bacterial 1860:1868 arg1 genomes 1870:1876 20 bacterial genomes 1857:1876 20 bacterial genomes 1857:1876 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 17 17 theme plant 2608:2612 arg1 residues 2614:2621 agricultural plant residues 2595:2621 agricultural plant residues 2595:2621 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 13 18 theme lignocellulolytic 2237:2253 arg1 consortium 2265:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 17 19 from residues 2614:2621 arg1 release 2572:2578 the release 2568:2578 the release of sugars 2568:2588 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 3 20 theme residues 667:674 arg1 types 639:643 three types 633:643 three types of agricultural plant residues 633:674 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 5 21 theme sequence 975:982 arg1 types 984:988 the bacterial sequence types 961:988 the bacterial sequence types 961:988 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 3 22 theme agricultural 648:659 arg1 residues 667:674 agricultural plant residues 648:674 agricultural plant residues 648:674 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 5 23 theme biomass 1044:1050 arg1 consumption 1052:1062 plant biomass consumption 1038:1062 plant biomass consumption 1038:1062 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 12 24 theme enzymes 1846:1852 arg1 analysis 1814:1821 an analysis 1811:1821 an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes 1811:1876 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 16 25 theme plant 2439:2443 arg1 polymers 2445:2452 plant polymers 2439:2452 plant polymers 2439:2452 are required to drive the effective degradation of plant polymers. 33127812 5 26 theme microbial 1017:1025 arg1 growth 1027:1032 microbial growth 1017:1032 microbial growth 1017:1032 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 9 27 dep biological 1334:1343 arg1 replicates 1345:1354 replicates 1345:1354 replicates 1345:1354 Differences in the composition of bacterial communities between biological replicates indicated that selection, sampling, and/or priority effects could shape the consortium structure. 33127812 14 28 dep sp 2361:2362 arg1 species 2340:2346 two selectively enriched bacterial species 2305:2346 two selectively enriched bacterial species 2305:2346 We demonstrated that mainly two selectively enriched bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 13 29 theme sp.IMPORTANCE 2020:2032 arg1 presence 1994:2001 the presence 1990:2001 the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE 1990:2032 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 0 30 theme Minimal 90:96 arg1 Consortium 140:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 10 31 theme cellulosic 1530:1539 arg1 fraction 1541:1548 its (hemi)cellulosic fraction 1520:1548 its (hemi)cellulosic fraction 1520:1548 The MELMC can degrade up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction. 33127812 10 31 theme cellulosic 1530:1539 arg1 hemi 1525:1528 hemi 1525:1528 hemi 1525:1528 The MELMC can degrade up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction. 33127812 10 32 theme stover 1495:1500 arg1 % 1485:1485 up to ∼13% 1476:1485 up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction 1476:1548 The MELMC can degrade up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction. 33127812 10 32 theme stover 1495:1500 arg1 stover 1495:1500 corn stover 1490:1500 corn stover 1490:1500 The MELMC can degrade up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction. 33127812 0 33 theme Versatile 102:110 arg1 Consortium 140:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 9 34 theme consortium 1432:1441 arg1 structure 1443:1451 the consortium structure 1428:1451 the consortium structure 1428:1451 Differences in the composition of bacterial communities between biological replicates indicated that selection, sampling, and/or priority effects could shape the consortium structure. 33127812 16 35 theme polymers 2445:2452 arg1 degradation 2424:2434 the effective degradation 2410:2434 the effective degradation of plant polymers 2410:2452 are required to drive the effective degradation of plant polymers. 33127812 2 36 theme sequential 424:433 arg1 combination 435:445 a sequential combination 422:445 a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches 422:510 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 0 37 theme Bacterial 130:138 arg1 Consortium 140:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 12 38 theme phylogenetic 1775:1786 arg1 composition 1788:1798 the phylogenetic composition 1771:1798 the phylogenetic composition 1771:1798 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 14 39 dep demonstrated 2280:2291 arg1 sp 2361:2362 Pseudomonas sp 2349:2362 Pseudomonas sp 2349:2362 We demonstrated that mainly two selectively enriched bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 0 40 theme Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction 0:33 arg1 Method 35:40 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method 0:40 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 0:150 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 9 41 theme priority 1399:1406 arg1 effects 1408:1414 priority effects 1399:1414 priority effects 1399:1414 Differences in the composition of bacterial communities between biological replicates indicated that selection, sampling, and/or priority effects could shape the consortium structure. 33127812 2 42 theme approaches 501:510 arg1 combination 435:445 a sequential combination 422:445 a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches 422:510 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 9 43 theme bacterial 1304:1312 arg1 communities 1314:1324 bacterial communities 1304:1324 bacterial communities 1304:1324 Differences in the composition of bacterial communities between biological replicates indicated that selection, sampling, and/or priority effects could shape the consortium structure. 33127812 4 44 dep Sphingobacteriaceae 785:803 arg1 the 781:783 the 781:783 the 781:783 After the dilution-to-stimulation phase, approximately 50 bacterial sequence types, mostly belonging to the Sphingobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Paenibacillaceae, were significantly enriched. 33127812 3 45 from incubation 587:596 arg1 medium 608:613 liquid medium 601:613 liquid medium 601:613 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 17 46 theme saccharification 2544:2559 arg1 processes 2624:2632 saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes 2544:2632 saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes 2544:2632 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 0 47 theme Combination 45:55 arg1 Strategy 68:75 a Combination Enrichment Strategy 43:75 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 0:150 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 0 48 dep Strategy 68:75 arg1 Develop 80:86 Develop 80:86 To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 77:149 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 2 49 theme lignocellulolytic 369:385 arg1 consortium 397:406 lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 369:406 a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) 345:414 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 2 49 theme lignocellulolytic 369:385 arg1 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 13 50 theme top-down 2109:2116 arg1 strategy 2129:2136 a combined top-down enrichment strategy 2098:2136 a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2098:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 11 51 theme endoenzymes 1628:1638 arg1 array 1619:1623 an array 1616:1623 an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw 1616:1716 Tests with chromogenic substrates showed that the MELMC secretes an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw. 33127812 3 52 theme Andean 547:552 arg1 soil 561:564 Andean forest soil 547:564 Andean forest soil 547:564 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 1 53 theme microbial 245:253 arg1 systems 255:261 microbial systems 245:261 microbial systems 245:261 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 12 54 theme MELMC 1907:1911 arg1 potential 1890:1898 the potential 1886:1898 the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides 1886:1948 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 1 55 theme communities 179:189 arg1 engineering 156:166 The engineering 152:166 The engineering of complex communities 152:189 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 1 55 theme communities 179:189 arg1 path 211:214 a successful path 198:214 a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes 198:300 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 13 56 theme strategy 2129:2136 arg1 development 2083:2093 the development 2079:2093 the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2079:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 18 57 theme biomass 2727:2733 arg1 degradation 2735:2745 plant biomass degradation 2721:2745 plant biomass degradation 2721:2745 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 1 58 theme biotechnological 275:290 arg1 processes 292:300 biotechnological processes 275:300 biotechnological processes 275:300 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 17 59 theme synthetic 2494:2502 arg1 consortium 2514:2523 a synthetic bacterial consortium 2492:2523 a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries 2492:2649 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 8 60 dep abundant 1178:1185 arg1 % 1191:1191 >99% 1188:1191 >99% 1188:1191 became highly abundant (>99%) within the MELMC, indicating that these are the key players in degradation. 33127812 3 61 with incubation 587:596 arg1 mixture 622:628 a mixture 620:628 a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues 620:674 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 17 62 theme consortium 2514:2523 arg1 design 2482:2487 the design 2478:2487 the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries 2478:2649 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 18 63 theme bacterial 2759:2767 arg1 systems 2769:2775 enriched bacterial systems 2750:2775 enriched bacterial systems 2750:2775 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 11 64 theme able 1640:1643 arg1 endoenzymes 1628:1638 endoenzymes 1628:1638 endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw 1628:1716 Tests with chromogenic substrates showed that the MELMC secretes an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw. 33127812 3 65 theme liquid 601:606 arg1 medium 608:613 liquid medium 601:613 liquid medium 601:613 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 5 66 theme types 984:988 arg1 types 984:988 the bacterial sequence types 961:988 the bacterial sequence types 961:988 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 5 66 theme types 984:988 arg1 eight 952:956 eight 952:956 eight 952:956 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 17 67 theme sugars 2583:2588 arg1 release 2572:2578 the release 2568:2578 the release of sugars 2568:2588 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 4 68 theme bacterial 735:743 arg1 types 754:758 approximately 50 bacterial sequence types 718:758 approximately 50 bacterial sequence types 718:758 After the dilution-to-stimulation phase, approximately 50 bacterial sequence types, mostly belonging to the Sphingobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Paenibacillaceae, were significantly enriched. 33127812 14 69 theme bacterial 2330:2338 arg1 species 2340:2346 two selectively enriched bacterial species 2305:2346 two selectively enriched bacterial species 2305:2346 We demonstrated that mainly two selectively enriched bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 12 70 theme genomes 1870:1876 arg1 enzymes 1846:1852 carbohydrate-active enzymes 1826:1852 carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes 1826:1876 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 17 71 theme agricultural 2595:2606 arg1 residues 2614:2621 agricultural plant residues 2595:2621 agricultural plant residues 2595:2621 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 17 72 dep release 2572:2578 arg1 i.e. 2562:2565 i.e. 2562:2565 i.e. 2562:2565 Our findings can guide the design of a synthetic bacterial consortium that could improve saccharification (i.e., the release of sugars from agricultural plant residues) processes in biorefineries. 33127812 11 73 with Tests 1551:1555 arg1 substrates 1574:1583 chromogenic substrates 1562:1583 chromogenic substrates 1562:1583 Tests with chromogenic substrates showed that the MELMC secretes an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw. 33127812 13 74 theme microbial 2255:2263 arg1 consortium 2265:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 3 75 theme plant 661:665 arg1 residues 667:674 agricultural plant residues 648:674 agricultural plant residues 648:674 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 5 76 theme bacterial 965:973 arg1 types 984:988 the bacterial sequence types 961:988 the bacterial sequence types 961:988 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 18 77 theme ecological 2693:2702 arg1 understanding 2704:2716 our ecological understanding 2689:2716 our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems 2689:2775 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 5 78 theme plant 1038:1042 arg1 consumption 1052:1062 plant biomass consumption 1038:1062 plant biomass consumption 1038:1062 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 6 79 theme subsequent 1071:1080 arg1 stabilization 1082:1094 subsequent stabilization 1071:1094 subsequent stabilization 1071:1094 After subsequent stabilization, only two bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 13 80 theme minimal 2215:2221 arg1 consortium 2265:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 7 81 theme Paenibacillus 1145:1157 arg1 sp 1159:1160 Paenibacillus sp 1145:1160 Paenibacillus sp 1145:1160 and Paenibacillus sp.) 33127812 6 82 dep species 1116:1122 arg1 stabilization 1082:1094 subsequent stabilization 1071:1094 subsequent stabilization 1071:1094 After subsequent stabilization, only two bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 6 82 dep species 1116:1122 arg1 sp 1137:1138 Pseudomonas sp 1125:1138 Pseudomonas sp 1125:1138 After subsequent stabilization, only two bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 13 83 theme study 2058:2062 arg1 significance 2038:2049 The significance 2034:2049 The significance of our study 2034:2062 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 13 84 theme versatile 2227:2235 arg1 consortium 2265:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2213:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 1 85 theme complex 171:177 arg1 communities 179:189 complex communities 171:189 complex communities 171:189 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 12 86 theme carbohydrate-active 1826:1844 arg1 enzymes 1846:1852 carbohydrate-active enzymes 1826:1852 carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes 1826:1876 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 13 87 theme Paenibacillus 2006:2018 arg1 sp.IMPORTANCE 2020:2032 Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE 2006:2032 Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE 2006:2032 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 0 88 theme Lignocellulolytic 112:128 arg1 Consortium 140:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium 88:149 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 6 89 theme Pseudomonas 1125:1135 arg1 sp 1137:1138 Pseudomonas sp 1125:1138 Pseudomonas sp 1125:1138 After subsequent stabilization, only two bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp. 33127812 2 90 theme minimal 347:353 arg1 consortium 397:406 lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 369:406 a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) 345:414 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 2 90 theme minimal 347:353 arg1 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 18 91 from understanding 2704:2716 arg1 systems 2769:2775 enriched bacterial systems 2750:2775 enriched bacterial systems 2750:2775 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 13 92 dep dilution 2145:2152 arg1 i.e. 2139:2142 i.e. 2139:2142 i.e. 2139:2142 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 11 93 theme chromogenic 1562:1572 arg1 substrates 1574:1583 chromogenic substrates 1562:1583 chromogenic substrates 1562:1583 Tests with chromogenic substrates showed that the MELMC secretes an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw. 33127812 2 94 theme dilution-to-extinction 478:499 arg1 approaches 501:510 dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches 450:510 dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches 450:510 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 16 95 theme effective 2414:2422 arg1 degradation 2424:2434 the effective degradation 2410:2434 the effective degradation of plant polymers 2410:2452 are required to drive the effective degradation of plant polymers. 33127812 2 96 theme dilution-to-stimulation 450:472 arg1 approaches 501:510 dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches 450:510 dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches 450:510 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 0 97 theme Enrichment 57:66 arg1 Strategy 68:75 a Combination Enrichment Strategy 43:75 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 0:150 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 8 98 from players 1246:1252 arg1 degradation 1257:1267 degradation 1257:1267 degradation 1257:1267 became highly abundant (>99%) within the MELMC, indicating that these are the key players in degradation. 33127812 12 99 theme metagenomic 1737:1747 arg1 profile 1749:1755 the metagenomic profile 1733:1755 the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes 1733:1876 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 4 100 theme dilution-to-stimulation 687:709 arg1 phase 711:715 the dilution-to-stimulation phase 683:715 the dilution-to-stimulation phase 683:715 After the dilution-to-stimulation phase, approximately 50 bacterial sequence types, mostly belonging to the Sphingobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Paenibacillaceae, were significantly enriched. 33127812 5 101 theme dilution-to-extinction 899:920 arg1 method 922:927 The dilution-to-extinction method 895:927 The dilution-to-extinction method 895:927 The dilution-to-extinction method demonstrated that only eight of the bacterial sequence types were necessary to maintain microbial growth and plant biomass consumption. 33127812 12 102 theme plant 1928:1932 arg1 polysaccharides 1934:1948 plant polysaccharides 1928:1948 plant polysaccharides 1928:1948 Additionally, the metagenomic profile inferred from the phylogenetic composition along with an analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes of 20 bacterial genomes support the potential of the MELMC to deconstruct plant polysaccharides. 33127812 11 103 theme carboxymethyl 1677:1689 arg1 cellulose 1691:1699 carboxymethyl cellulose 1677:1699 carboxymethyl cellulose 1677:1699 Tests with chromogenic substrates showed that the MELMC secretes an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw. 33127812 2 104 theme effective 359:367 arg1 consortium 397:406 lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 369:406 a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) 345:414 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 2 104 theme effective 359:367 arg1 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 MELMC 409:413 Here, we developed a strategy to assemble a minimal and effective lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (MELMC) using a sequential combination of dilution-to-stimulation and dilution-to-extinction approaches. 33127812 13 105 theme enrichment 2118:2127 arg1 strategy 2129:2136 a combined top-down enrichment strategy 2098:2136 a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium 2098:2274 This capacity was mainly attributed to the presence of Paenibacillus sp.IMPORTANCE The significance of our study mainly lies in the development of a combined top-down enrichment strategy (i.e., dilution to stimulation coupled to dilution to extinction) to build a minimal and versatile lignocellulolytic microbial consortium. 33127812 3 106 theme forest 554:559 arg1 soil 561:564 Andean forest soil 547:564 Andean forest soil 547:564 The consortium was retrieved from Andean forest soil and selected through incubation in liquid medium with a mixture of three types of agricultural plant residues. 33127812 1 107 theme systems 255:261 arg1 ecology 234:240 the ecology 230:240 the ecology of microbial systems 230:261 The engineering of complex communities can be a successful path to understand the ecology of microbial systems and improve biotechnological processes. 33127812 8 108 theme key 1242:1244 arg1 players 1246:1252 the key players 1238:1252 the key players in degradation 1238:1267 became highly abundant (>99%) within the MELMC, indicating that these are the key players in degradation. 33127812 8 108 theme key 1242:1244 arg1 these 1228:1232 these 1228:1232 these 1228:1232 became highly abundant (>99%) within the MELMC, indicating that these are the key players in degradation. 33127812 0 109 dep Method 35:40 arg1 Strategy 68:75 a Combination Enrichment Strategy 43:75 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 0:150 Dilution-to-Stimulation/Extinction Method: a Combination Enrichment Strategy To Develop a Minimal and Versatile Lignocellulolytic Bacterial Consortium. 33127812 10 110 theme corn 1490:1493 arg1 stover 1495:1500 corn stover 1490:1500 corn stover 1490:1500 The MELMC can degrade up to ∼13% of corn stover, consuming mostly its (hemi)cellulosic fraction. 33127812 18 111 theme degradation 2735:2745 arg1 understanding 2704:2716 our ecological understanding 2689:2716 our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems 2689:2775 In addition, they can help to expand our ecological understanding of plant biomass degradation in enriched bacterial systems. 33127812 11 112 theme wheat 1706:1710 arg1 straw 1712:1716 wheat straw 1706:1716 wheat straw 1706:1716 Tests with chromogenic substrates showed that the MELMC secretes an array of endoenzymes able to degrade xylan, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and wheat straw. 33505412 3 0 theme carbon 838:843 arg1 partitioning 845:856 carbon partitioning 838:856 carbon partitioning 838:856 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 4 1 theme MLG 905:907 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 1 theme MLG 905:907 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 9 2 theme soluble 2098:2104 arg1 content 2120:2126 soluble dietary fibre content 2098:2126 soluble dietary fibre content 2098:2126 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 2 3 dep 1,3 464:466 arg1 1,4 468:470 1,4 468:470 1,4 468:470 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 2 4 theme glucan 497:502 arg1 grains 449:454 whole grains 443:454 whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG) 443:508 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 8 5 from work 1836:1839 arg1 composition 1844:1854 composition 1844:1854 composition of these grains 1844:1870 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 9 6 theme fibre 2114:2118 arg1 content 2120:2126 soluble dietary fibre content 2098:2126 soluble dietary fibre content 2098:2126 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 2 7 theme attractive 636:645 arg1 model 647:651 an attractive model 633:651 an attractive model for these polysaccharides 633:677 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 6 8 theme % 1311:1311 arg1 reduction 1319:1327 a 21% (w/w) reduction 1307:1327 a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG 1307:1348 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 7 9 theme increased 1519:1527 arg1 deposition 1529:1538 increased deposition 1519:1538 increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon 1519:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 8 10 theme mutant 1689:1694 arg1 grains 1696:1701 cslf6 mutant grains 1683:1701 cslf6 mutant grains 1683:1701 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 7 11 from reduction 1487:1495 arg1 thickness 1505:1513 wall thickness 1500:1513 wall thickness 1500:1513 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 7 11 from reduction 1487:1495 arg1 deposition 1529:1538 increased deposition 1519:1538 increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon 1519:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 1 12 dep growing 204:210 arg1 fast 199:202 fast 199:202 fast 199:202 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 9 13 theme B. 1923:1924 arg1 distachyon 1926:1935 B. distachyon 1923:1935 B. distachyon 1923:1935 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 1 14 from species 218:224 arg1 subfamily 242:250 the Pooideae subfamily 229:250 the Pooideae subfamily 229:250 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 5 15 contain have 1101:1104 arg2 impact 1115:1120 a severe impact 1106:1120 a severe impact 1106:1120 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 5 15 contain have 1101:1104 arg1 loss 1058:1061 loss 1058:1061 loss of cslf6 synthase capacity 1058:1088 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 2 16 theme mixed 483:487 arg1 MLG 505:507 MLG 505:507 MLG 505:507 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 2 16 theme mixed 483:487 arg1 glucan 497:502 mixed linkage glucan 483:502 mixed linkage glucan (MLG) 483:508 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 2 17 from content 432:438 arg1 grains 449:454 whole grains 443:454 whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG) 443:508 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 8 18 theme cslf6 1683:1687 arg1 grains 1696:1701 cslf6 mutant grains 1683:1701 cslf6 mutant grains 1683:1701 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 2 19 theme -glucan 472:478 arg1 grains 449:454 whole grains 443:454 whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG) 443:508 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 9 20 theme model 1942:1946 arg1 species 1948:1954 a model species 1940:1954 a model species for understanding MLG synthesis 1940:1986 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 0 21 theme Deficient 119:127 arg1 Grain 129:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 6 22 theme average 1332:1338 arg1 MLG 1346:1348 average grain MLG 1332:1348 average grain MLG 1332:1348 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 2 23 theme high 427:430 arg1 content 432:438 The unusually high content 413:438 The unusually high content 413:438 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 2 23 theme high 427:430 arg1 compared 588:595 compared 588:595 compared with cellulose 588:610 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 4 24 theme TILLING 986:992 arg1 population 994:1003 a TILLING population 984:1003 a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro 984:1041 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 2 25 from solubility 568:577 arg1 water 582:586 water 582:586 water 582:586 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 5 26 theme cslf6 1066:1070 arg1 capacity 1081:1088 cslf6 synthase capacity 1066:1088 cslf6 synthase capacity 1066:1088 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 3 27 theme B. 721:722 arg1 distachyon 724:733 B. distachyon 721:733 B. distachyon 721:733 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 8 28 theme reduced 1718:1724 arg1 capacity 1739:1746 reduced MLG synthase capacity 1718:1746 reduced MLG synthase capacity 1718:1746 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 1 29 theme other 295:299 arg1 barley 357:362 barley 357:362 barley (Hordeum vulgare) 357:380 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 29 theme other 295:299 arg1 wheat 386:390 wheat 386:390 wheat (Triticum aestivum) 386:410 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 29 theme other 295:299 arg1 cereals 311:317 other temperate cereals 295:317 other temperate cereals 295:317 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 5 30 dep mutants 1202:1208 arg1 contrast 1179:1186 contrast 1179:1186 contrast 1179:1186 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 2 31 theme β-D- 459:462 arg1 -glucan 472:478 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan 459:478 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan 459:478 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 5 32 theme capacity 1081:1088 arg1 loss 1058:1061 loss 1058:1061 loss of cslf6 synthase capacity 1058:1088 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 3 33 theme grain 712:716 arg1 composition 697:707 The carbohydrate composition 680:707 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon 680:733 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 3 33 theme grain 712:716 arg1 interesting 738:748 interesting 738:748 interesting 738:748 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 0 34 theme Carbon 77:82 arg1 Metabolism 84:93 Altered Carbon Metabolism 69:93 Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon 69:160 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 8 35 theme starch 1785:1790 arg1 synthesis 1792:1800 starch synthesis 1785:1800 starch synthesis 1785:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 1 36 theme agricultural 322:333 arg1 significance 335:346 agricultural significance 322:346 agricultural significance 322:346 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 7 37 theme grains 1437:1442 arg1 architecture 1421:1432 The endosperm architecture 1407:1432 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation 1407:1466 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 8 38 theme grains 1696:1701 arg1 storage 1672:1678 the carbon storage 1661:1678 the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis 1661:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 2 39 theme increased 558:566 arg1 solubility 568:577 its increased solubility 554:577 its increased solubility in water 554:586 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 8 40 theme possible 1754:1761 arg1 cross-regulation 1763:1778 a possible cross-regulation 1752:1778 a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis 1752:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 1 41 theme Pooideae 233:240 arg1 subfamily 242:250 the Pooideae subfamily 229:250 the Pooideae subfamily 229:250 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 4 42 theme major 899:903 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 42 theme major 899:903 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 0 43 theme Cellulose 20:28 arg1 Synthase 30:37 Cellulose Synthase 20:37 Cellulose Synthase 20:37 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 7 44 theme B. 1594:1595 arg1 distachyon 1597:1606 wildtype B. distachyon 1585:1606 wildtype B. distachyon 1585:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 4 45 theme Several 876:882 arg1 mutants 884:890 Several mutants 876:890 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, 876:951 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 8 46 from alteration 1647:1656 arg1 storage 1672:1678 the carbon storage 1661:1678 the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis 1661:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 3 47 theme mechanism 822:830 arg1 s 832:832 the mechanism(s) 818:833 the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains 818:873 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 7 48 from thickness 1505:1513 arg1 granules 1560:1567 larger granules 1553:1567 larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon 1553:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 4 49 theme like 938:941 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 49 theme like 938:941 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 3 50 from composition 697:707 arg1 distachyon 724:733 B. distachyon 721:733 B. distachyon 721:733 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 5 51 theme equivalent 1191:1200 arg1 mutants 1202:1208 equivalent mutants 1191:1208 equivalent mutants in barley and rice 1191:1227 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 9 52 theme cereal 2062:2067 arg1 grains 2069:2074 cereal grains 2062:2074 cereal grains 2062:2074 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 6 53 theme growth 1269:1274 arg1 impacts 1276:1282 milder growth impacts 1262:1282 milder growth impacts 1262:1282 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 1 54 theme small 192:196 arg1 species 218:224 a small, fast growing grass species 190:224 a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) 190:410 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 54 theme small 192:196 arg1 distachyon 176:185 Brachypodium distachyon 163:185 Brachypodium distachyon 163:185 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 3 55 theme partitioning 845:856 arg1 s 832:832 the mechanism(s) 818:833 the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains 818:873 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 4 56 theme CSL 944:946 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 56 theme CSL 944:946 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 8 57 from storage 1672:1678 arg1 response 1706:1713 response 1706:1713 response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis 1706:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 7 58 theme larger 1553:1558 arg1 granules 1560:1567 larger granules 1553:1567 larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon 1553:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 8 59 theme MLG 1726:1728 arg1 capacity 1739:1746 reduced MLG synthase capacity 1718:1746 reduced MLG synthase capacity 1718:1746 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 0 60 theme Brachypodium 138:149 arg1 distachyon 151:160 Brachypodium distachyon 138:160 Brachypodium distachyon 138:160 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 1 61 theme grass 212:216 arg1 species 218:224 a small, fast growing grass species 190:224 a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) 190:410 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 61 theme grass 212:216 arg1 distachyon 176:185 Brachypodium distachyon 163:185 Brachypodium distachyon 163:185 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 7 62 theme starch 1543:1548 arg1 thickness 1505:1513 wall thickness 1500:1513 wall thickness 1500:1513 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 7 62 theme starch 1543:1548 arg1 deposition 1529:1538 increased deposition 1519:1538 increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon 1519:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 4 63 theme cellulose 919:927 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 63 theme cellulose 919:927 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 9 64 theme dietary 2106:2112 arg1 content 2120:2126 soluble dietary fibre content 2098:2126 soluble dietary fibre content 2098:2126 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 2 65 theme linkage 489:495 arg1 MLG 505:507 MLG 505:507 MLG 505:507 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 2 65 theme linkage 489:495 arg1 glucan 497:502 mixed linkage glucan 483:502 mixed linkage glucan (MLG) 483:508 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 3 66 theme cereal 861:866 arg1 grains 868:873 cereal grains 861:873 cereal grains 861:873 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 9 67 theme content 2120:2126 arg1 alteration 2084:2093 alteration 2084:2093 alteration of soluble dietary fibre content 2084:2126 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 9 68 theme MLG 1974:1976 arg1 synthesis 1978:1986 MLG synthesis 1974:1986 MLG synthesis 1974:1986 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 6 69 dep % 1311:1311 arg1 w/w 1314:1316 w/w 1314:1316 w/w 1314:1316 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 9 70 theme findings 1899:1906 arg1 consequences 1877:1888 The consequences 1873:1888 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content 1873:2126 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 6 71 theme 21 1309:1310 arg1 % 1311:1311 % 1311:1311 % 1311:1311 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 7 72 theme wall 1500:1503 arg1 thickness 1505:1513 wall thickness 1500:1513 wall thickness 1500:1513 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 8 73 with capacity 1739:1746 arg1 synthesis 1792:1800 starch synthesis 1785:1800 starch synthesis 1785:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 8 74 theme carbon 1665:1670 arg1 storage 1672:1678 the carbon storage 1661:1678 the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis 1661:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 1 75 theme Brachypodium 163:174 arg1 distachyon 176:185 Brachypodium distachyon 163:185 Brachypodium distachyon 163:185 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 75 theme Brachypodium 163:174 arg1 species 218:224 a small, fast growing grass species 190:224 a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) 190:410 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 2 76 dep considered 511:520 arg1 compared 588:595 compared 588:595 compared with cellulose 588:610 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 2 76 dep considered 511:520 arg1 content 432:438 The unusually high content 413:438 The unusually high content 413:438 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 8 77 from focus 1820:1824 arg1 work 1836:1839 future work 1829:1839 future work in composition of these grains 1829:1870 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 1 78 dep small 192:196 arg1 growing 204:210 growing 204:210 growing 204:210 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 5 79 from survival 1125:1132 arg1 distachyon 1165:1174 B. distachyon 1162:1174 B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice 1162:1227 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 9 80 theme distachyon 1926:1935 arg1 use 1916:1918 the use 1912:1918 the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis 1912:1986 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 0 81 theme -Glucan 111:117 arg1 Grain 129:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 1 82 theme Hordeum 365:371 arg1 barley 357:362 barley 357:362 barley (Hordeum vulgare) 357:380 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 82 theme Hordeum 365:371 arg1 vulgare 373:379 Hordeum vulgare 365:379 Hordeum vulgare 365:379 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 6 83 theme grain 1340:1344 arg1 MLG 1346:1348 average grain MLG 1332:1348 average grain MLG 1332:1348 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 1 84 dep Triticum 393:400 arg1 aestivum 402:409 Triticum aestivum 393:409 Triticum aestivum 393:409 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 0 85 from Metabolism 84:93 arg1 distachyon 151:160 Brachypodium distachyon 138:160 Brachypodium distachyon 138:160 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 0 85 from Metabolism 84:93 arg1 Grain 129:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 2 86 theme B. 619:620 arg1 distachyon 622:631 B. distachyon 619:631 B. distachyon 619:631 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 6 87 from reduction 1319:1327 arg1 MLG 1346:1348 average grain MLG 1332:1348 average grain MLG 1332:1348 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 5 88 from growth 1135:1140 arg1 distachyon 1165:1174 B. distachyon 1162:1174 B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice 1162:1227 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 4 89 theme population 994:1003 arg1 screen 974:979 a screen 972:979 a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro 972:1041 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 3 90 theme carbohydrate 684:695 arg1 composition 697:707 The carbohydrate composition 680:707 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon 680:733 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 3 90 theme carbohydrate 684:695 arg1 interesting 738:748 interesting 738:748 interesting 738:748 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 0 91 theme Altered 69:75 arg1 Metabolism 84:93 Altered Carbon Metabolism 69:93 Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon 69:160 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 0 92 dep 1,3 103:105 arg1 1,4 107:109 1,4 107:109 1,4 107:109 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 5 93 theme synthase 1072:1079 arg1 capacity 1081:1088 cslf6 synthase capacity 1066:1088 cslf6 synthase capacity 1066:1088 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 1 94 theme temperate 301:309 arg1 barley 357:362 barley 357:362 barley (Hordeum vulgare) 357:380 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 94 theme temperate 301:309 arg1 wheat 386:390 wheat 386:390 wheat (Triticum aestivum) 386:410 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 94 theme temperate 301:309 arg1 cereals 311:317 other temperate cereals 295:317 other temperate cereals 295:317 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 0 95 dep β-D- 98:101 arg1 1,3 103:105 1,3 103:105 1,3;1,4 103:109 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 0 96 theme β-D- 98:101 arg1 Grain 129:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain 98:133 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 8 97 theme synthase 1730:1737 arg1 capacity 1739:1746 reduced MLG synthase capacity 1718:1746 reduced MLG synthase capacity 1718:1746 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 7 98 theme A656T 1453:1457 arg1 mutation 1459:1466 the A656T mutation 1449:1466 the A656T mutation 1449:1466 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 2 99 theme whole 443:447 arg1 grains 449:454 whole grains 443:454 whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG) 443:508 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 4 100 theme function 1025:1032 arg1 loss 1017:1020 a loss 1015:1020 a loss of function 1015:1032 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 1 101 theme significance 335:346 arg1 barley 357:362 barley 357:362 barley (Hordeum vulgare) 357:380 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 101 theme significance 335:346 arg1 wheat 386:390 wheat 386:390 wheat (Triticum aestivum) 386:410 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 1 101 theme significance 335:346 arg1 cereals 311:317 other temperate cereals 295:317 other temperate cereals 295:317 Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). 33505412 3 102 theme MLG 793:795 arg1 synthesis 780:788 the synthesis 776:788 the synthesis of MLG 776:795 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 5 103 from development 1147:1157 arg1 distachyon 1165:1174 B. distachyon 1162:1174 B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice 1162:1227 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 5 104 theme severe 1108:1113 arg1 impact 1115:1120 a severe impact 1106:1120 a severe impact 1106:1120 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 9 105 theme implications 2010:2021 arg1 consequences 1877:1888 The consequences 1873:1888 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content 1873:2126 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 0 106 theme Synthase 30:37 arg1 Characterisation 0:15 Characterisation 0:15 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants 0:61 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 0 107 theme F6 44:45 arg1 Mutants 55:61 F6 (CslF6) Mutants 44:61 F6 (CslF6) Mutants 44:61 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 4 108 from mutants 884:890 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 108 from mutants 884:890 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 2 109 dep β-D- 459:462 arg1 1,3 464:466 1,3 464:466 1,3;1,4 464:470 The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. 33505412 8 110 theme future 1829:1834 arg1 work 1836:1839 future work 1829:1839 future work in composition of these grains 1829:1870 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 7 111 theme endosperm 1411:1419 arg1 architecture 1421:1432 The endosperm architecture 1407:1432 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation 1407:1466 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 3 112 from s 832:832 arg1 grains 868:873 cereal grains 861:873 cereal grains 861:873 The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. 33505412 9 113 theme nutritional 2041:2051 arg1 value 2053:2057 the nutritional value 2037:2057 the nutritional value of cereal grains 2037:2074 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 0 114 theme CslF6 48:52 arg1 Mutants 55:61 F6 (CslF6) Mutants 44:61 F6 (CslF6) Mutants 44:61 Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. 33505412 7 115 theme distachyon 1597:1606 arg1 typical 1574:1580 typical 1574:1580 typical 1574:1580 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 8 116 theme grains 1865:1870 arg1 composition 1844:1854 composition 1844:1854 composition of these grains 1844:1870 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 8 117 with cross-regulation 1763:1778 arg1 synthesis 1792:1800 starch synthesis 1785:1800 starch synthesis 1785:1800 Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. 33505412 7 118 with architecture 1421:1432 arg1 mutation 1459:1466 the A656T mutation 1449:1466 the A656T mutation 1449:1466 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 7 119 theme wildtype 1585:1592 arg1 distachyon 1597:1606 wildtype B. distachyon 1585:1606 wildtype B. distachyon 1585:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 5 120 from mutants 1202:1208 arg1 barley 1213:1218 barley 1213:1218 barley 1213:1218 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 5 120 from mutants 1202:1208 arg1 rice 1224:1227 rice 1224:1227 rice 1224:1227 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33505412 4 121 theme synthase 929:936 arg1 F6 949:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6 919:950 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 4 121 theme synthase 929:936 arg1 synthase 909:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 the major MLG synthase 895:916 Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. 33505412 9 122 theme grains 2069:2074 arg1 value 2053:2057 the nutritional value 2037:2057 the nutritional value of cereal grains 2037:2074 The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed. 33505412 6 123 theme milder 1262:1267 arg1 impacts 1276:1282 milder growth impacts 1262:1282 milder growth impacts 1262:1282 One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. 33505412 7 124 from deposition 1529:1538 arg1 granules 1560:1567 larger granules 1553:1567 larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon 1553:1606 The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. 33505412 5 125 theme B. 1162:1163 arg1 distachyon 1165:1174 B. distachyon 1162:1174 B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice 1162:1227 Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. 33246820 0 0 theme copper 80:85 arg1 properties 95:104 copper binding properties 80:104 copper binding properties 80:104 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 1 1 theme biochar 338:344 arg1 efficacy 326:333 the environmental efficacy 308:333 the environmental efficacy of biochar 308:344 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 2 theme organic 177:183 arg1 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 2 theme organic 177:183 arg1 matter 185:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 151:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) 151:197 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 6 3 dep matter 1220:1225 arg1 is 1254:1255 is 1254:1255 is 1254:1255 Apart from this, the carboxyl and polysaccharides took part in the binding process of Cu with BDOM, no matter how higher the temperature is. 33246820 2 4 theme BDOM 543:546 arg1 interactions 527:538 interactions 527:538 interactions of BDOM with Cu 527:554 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 2 4 theme BDOM 543:546 arg1 relationship 445:456 the relationship 441:456 the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar 441:499 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 2 4 theme BDOM 543:546 arg1 composition 502:512 composition 502:512 composition of BDOM 502:520 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 3 5 theme pyrolysis 641:649 arg1 temperature 651:661 the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) 626:674 the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase 626:807 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 2 6 theme biochar 493:499 arg1 temperature 478:488 the pyrolysis temperature 464:488 the pyrolysis temperature of biochar 464:499 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 6 7 dep higher 1231:1236 arg1 temperature 1242:1252 the temperature 1238:1252 higher the temperature 1231:1252 Apart from this, the carboxyl and polysaccharides took part in the binding process of Cu with BDOM, no matter how higher the temperature is. 33246820 7 8 theme X-ray 1280:1284 arg1 spectroscopy 1297:1308 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 1280:1308 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 1280:1308 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 3 9 from biochar 780:786 arg1 release 695:701 the release 691:701 the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase 691:807 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 2 10 with composition 502:512 arg1 Cu 553:554 Cu 553:554 Cu 553:554 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 1 11 theme heavy 264:268 arg1 metals 270:275 heavy metals 264:275 heavy metals 264:275 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 0 12 theme binding 87:93 arg1 properties 95:104 copper binding properties 80:104 copper binding properties 80:104 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 3 13 theme condensed 706:714 arg1 compounds 725:733 condensed aromatic compounds 706:733 condensed aromatic compounds 706:733 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 2 14 used used 356:359 arg2 we 353:354 we 353:354 we 353:354 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 5 15 dep involved 935:942 arg1 400 °C 1015:1020 400 °C 1015:1020 400 °C 1015:1020 The amide only involved in the binding process between Cu and BDOM at low-temperature (300 and 400 °C), whereas phenolic only associated with the such binding process at high-temperature (500 °C). 33246820 5 15 dep involved 935:942 arg1 whereas 1024:1030 whereas 1024:1030 whereas 1024:1030 The amide only involved in the binding process between Cu and BDOM at low-temperature (300 and 400 °C), whereas phenolic only associated with the such binding process at high-temperature (500 °C). 33246820 5 15 dep involved 935:942 arg1 300 1007:1009 300 1007:1009 300 1007:1009 The amide only involved in the binding process between Cu and BDOM at low-temperature (300 and 400 °C), whereas phenolic only associated with the such binding process at high-temperature (500 °C). 33246820 1 16 theme metals 270:275 arg1 behavior 252:259 the environmental behavior 234:259 the environmental behavior of heavy metals 234:275 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 0 17 theme biochar-derived 109:123 arg1 matter 143:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 3 18 theme aromatic 716:723 arg1 compounds 725:733 condensed aromatic compounds 706:733 condensed aromatic compounds 706:733 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 7 19 theme further 1260:1266 arg1 analysis 1268:1275 A further analysis 1258:1275 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy 1258:1308 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 2 20 theme spectroscopic 381:393 arg1 methods 418:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 8 21 theme biochar 1513:1519 arg1 applications 1497:1508 the environment applications 1481:1508 the environment applications of biochar 1481:1519 Our results might contribute to provide novel information for the environment applications of biochar. 33246820 2 22 theme BDOM 517:520 arg1 interactions 527:538 interactions 527:538 interactions of BDOM with Cu 527:554 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 2 22 theme BDOM 517:520 arg1 relationship 445:456 the relationship 441:456 the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar 441:499 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 2 22 theme BDOM 517:520 arg1 composition 502:512 composition 502:512 composition of BDOM 502:520 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 0 23 from effects 28:34 arg1 properties 95:104 copper binding properties 80:104 copper binding properties 80:104 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 0 23 from effects 28:34 arg1 composition 64:74 composition 64:74 composition 64:74 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 7 24 theme predominant 1375:1385 arg1 complexes 1348:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 7 24 theme predominant 1375:1385 arg1 pattern 1395:1401 the predominant binding pattern 1371:1401 the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM 1371:1416 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 8 25 theme environment 1485:1495 arg1 applications 1497:1508 the environment applications 1481:1508 the environment applications of biochar 1481:1519 Our results might contribute to provide novel information for the environment applications of biochar. 33246820 0 26 theme Molecular 0:8 arg1 insights 10:17 Molecular insights 0:17 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 0:149 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 3 27 theme oxygen-containing 739:755 arg1 groups 768:773 oxygen-containing functional groups 739:773 oxygen-containing functional groups 739:773 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 8 28 theme novel 1459:1463 arg1 information 1465:1475 novel information 1459:1475 novel information for the environment applications of biochar 1459:1519 Our results might contribute to provide novel information for the environment applications of biochar. 33246820 3 29 theme binding 561:567 arg1 affinity 569:576 The binding affinity 557:576 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu 557:591 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 3 30 theme functional 757:766 arg1 groups 768:773 oxygen-containing functional groups 739:773 oxygen-containing functional groups 739:773 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 0 31 theme organic 135:141 arg1 matter 143:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 5 32 theme binding 951:957 arg1 process 959:965 the binding process 947:965 the binding process between Cu and BDOM 947:985 The amide only involved in the binding process between Cu and BDOM at low-temperature (300 and 400 °C), whereas phenolic only associated with the such binding process at high-temperature (500 °C). 33246820 2 33 theme methods 418:424 arg1 suite 363:367 a suite 361:367 a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 361:424 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 7 34 theme binding 1387:1393 arg1 complexes 1348:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 7 34 theme binding 1387:1393 arg1 pattern 1395:1401 the predominant binding pattern 1371:1401 the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM 1371:1416 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 3 35 theme compounds 725:733 arg1 release 695:701 the release 691:701 the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase 691:807 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 0 36 theme dissolved 125:133 arg1 matter 143:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 2 37 theme spectroscopic 404:416 arg1 methods 418:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 1 38 link Biochar-derived 151:165 arg1 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 38 link Biochar-derived 151:165 arg1 matter 185:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 151:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) 151:197 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 3 39 theme increasing 630:639 arg1 temperature 651:661 the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) 626:674 the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase 626:807 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 3 40 theme BDOM 581:584 arg1 affinity 569:576 The binding affinity 557:576 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu 557:591 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 2 41 theme mass 399:402 arg1 methods 418:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 2 42 theme pyrolysis 468:476 arg1 temperature 478:488 the pyrolysis temperature 464:488 the pyrolysis temperature of biochar 464:499 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 0 43 theme matter 143:148 arg1 properties 95:104 copper binding properties 80:104 copper binding properties 80:104 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 0 43 theme matter 143:148 arg1 composition 64:74 composition 64:74 composition 64:74 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 3 44 theme groups 768:773 arg1 release 695:701 the release 691:701 the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase 691:807 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 4 45 theme notable 812:818 arg1 difference 820:829 A notable difference 810:829 A notable difference in the sequences binding with Cu 810:862 A notable difference in the sequences binding with Cu was occurred during the changing pyrolysis temperature. 33246820 1 46 theme substantial 212:222 arg1 impact 224:229 a substantial impact 210:229 a substantial impact 210:229 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 0 47 theme temperature 49:59 arg1 effects 28:34 the effects 24:34 the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 24:148 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 4 48 theme pyrolysis 897:905 arg1 temperature 907:917 the changing pyrolysis temperature 884:917 the changing pyrolysis temperature 884:917 A notable difference in the sequences binding with Cu was occurred during the changing pyrolysis temperature. 33246820 5 49 theme binding 1071:1077 arg1 process 1079:1085 the such binding process 1062:1085 the such binding process 1062:1085 The amide only involved in the binding process between Cu and BDOM at low-temperature (300 and 400 °C), whereas phenolic only associated with the such binding process at high-temperature (500 °C). 33246820 7 50 theme carboxylic-Cu 1334:1346 arg1 complexes 1348:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 7 50 theme carboxylic-Cu 1334:1346 arg1 pattern 1395:1401 the predominant binding pattern 1371:1401 the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM 1371:1416 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 0 51 theme pyrolysis 39:47 arg1 temperature 49:59 pyrolysis temperature 39:59 pyrolysis temperature 39:59 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 1 52 theme environmental 312:324 arg1 efficacy 326:333 the environmental efficacy 308:333 the environmental efficacy of biochar 308:344 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 4 53 theme changing 888:895 arg1 temperature 907:917 the changing pyrolysis temperature 884:917 the changing pyrolysis temperature 884:917 A notable difference in the sequences binding with Cu was occurred during the changing pyrolysis temperature. 33246820 2 54 with relationship 445:456 arg1 Cu 553:554 Cu 553:554 Cu 553:554 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 5 55 theme such 1066:1069 arg1 process 1079:1085 the such binding process 1062:1085 the such binding process 1062:1085 The amide only involved in the binding process between Cu and BDOM at low-temperature (300 and 400 °C), whereas phenolic only associated with the such binding process at high-temperature (500 °C). 33246820 6 56 theme binding 1184:1190 arg1 process 1192:1198 the binding process 1180:1198 the binding process of Cu 1180:1204 Apart from this, the carboxyl and polysaccharides took part in the binding process of Cu with BDOM, no matter how higher the temperature is. 33246820 6 57 theme Cu 1203:1204 arg1 process 1192:1198 the binding process 1180:1198 the binding process of Cu 1180:1204 Apart from this, the carboxyl and polysaccharides took part in the binding process of Cu with BDOM, no matter how higher the temperature is. 33246820 4 58 from difference 820:829 arg1 sequences 838:846 the sequences 834:846 the sequences binding with Cu 834:862 A notable difference in the sequences binding with Cu was occurred during the changing pyrolysis temperature. 33246820 2 59 with interactions 527:538 arg1 Cu 553:554 Cu 553:554 Cu 553:554 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 1 60 contain has 206:208 arg2 impact 224:229 a substantial impact 210:229 a substantial impact 210:229 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 60 contain has 206:208 arg1 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 60 contain has 206:208 arg1 matter 185:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 151:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) 151:197 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 7 61 theme bidentate 1324:1332 arg1 complexes 1348:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes 1324:1356 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 7 61 theme bidentate 1324:1332 arg1 pattern 1395:1401 the predominant binding pattern 1371:1401 the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM 1371:1416 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 0 62 link biochar-derived 109:123 arg1 matter 143:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 109:148 Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. 33246820 7 63 theme absorption 1286:1295 arg1 spectroscopy 1297:1308 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 1280:1308 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 1280:1308 A further analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that bidentate carboxylic-Cu complexes appear to be the predominant binding pattern for Cu to BDOM. 33246820 3 64 theme Cu 590:591 arg1 affinity 569:576 The binding affinity 557:576 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu 557:591 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 1 65 theme Biochar-derived 151:165 arg1 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 65 theme Biochar-derived 151:165 arg1 matter 185:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 151:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) 151:197 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 2 66 theme advanced 372:379 arg1 methods 418:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods 372:424 Here, we used a suite of advanced spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic methods to investigate the relationship among the pyrolysis temperature of biochar, composition of BDOM, and interactions of BDOM with Cu. 33246820 3 67 theme dissolved 793:801 arg1 phase 803:807 dissolved phase 793:807 dissolved phase 793:807 The binding affinity of BDOM and Cu showed incredibly increase, with the increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-500 °C) which promoted the release of condensed aromatic compounds and oxygen-containing functional groups from biochar into dissolved phase. 33246820 1 68 theme dissolved 167:175 arg1 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 BDOM 193:196 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 68 theme dissolved 167:175 arg1 matter 185:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter 151:190 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) 151:197 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 33246820 1 69 theme environmental 238:250 arg1 behavior 252:259 the environmental behavior 234:259 the environmental behavior of heavy metals 234:275 Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM), which has a substantial impact on the environmental behavior of heavy metals, is critical for understanding the environmental efficacy of biochar. 32772473 0 0 theme Ghirardi 69:76 arg1 Garden 86:91 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 65:91 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy) 65:109 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 9 1 from abundant 1394:1401 arg1 leaf 1410:1413 the leaf 1406:1413 the leaf 1406:1413 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate was most abundant in the leaf and (E)-β-ocimene in the flower. 32772473 9 1 from abundant 1394:1401 arg1 flower 1440:1445 the flower 1436:1445 the flower 1436:1445 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate was most abundant in the leaf and (E)-β-ocimene in the flower. 32772473 1 2 theme Open 122:125 arg1 project 135:141 an Open Science project 119:141 an Open Science project 119:141 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 5 3 theme trichomes 818:826 arg1 morphotypes 793:803 Three morphotypes 787:803 Three morphotypes of glandular trichomes 787:826 Three morphotypes of glandular trichomes were observed: peltate, short-stalked capitate and long-stalked capitate. 32772473 1 4 theme Science 127:133 arg1 project 135:141 an Open Science project 119:141 an Open Science project 119:141 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 8 5 theme total 1303:1307 arg1 compounds 1352:1360 total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds 1303:1360 total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds 1303:1360 The leaf presented a higher number of total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds. 32772473 1 6 theme Ghirardi 202:209 arg1 Garden 219:224 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 198:224 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) 198:246 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 6 7 theme polyphenols 1043:1053 arg1 capitates 1017:1025 long-stalked capitates 1004:1025 long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols 1004:1053 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 7 theme polyphenols 1043:1053 arg1 capitates 971:979 short-stalked capitates 957:979 short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides 957:998 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 7 theme polyphenols 1043:1053 arg1 producers 934:942 the main producers 925:942 the main producers of terpenes 925:954 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 7 theme polyphenols 1043:1053 arg1 trichomes 910:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 1 8 theme plants 274:279 arg1 features 262:269 the invisible features 248:269 the invisible features of plants 248:279 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 7 9 theme leaf 1060:1063 arg1 profile 1069:1075 The leaf VOC profile 1056:1075 The leaf VOC profile 1056:1075 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 9 10 from leaf 1410:1413 arg1 abundant 1394:1401 abundant 1394:1401 abundant 1394:1401 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate was most abundant in the leaf and (E)-β-ocimene in the flower. 32772473 5 11 theme long-stalked 879:890 arg1 capitate 892:899 long-stalked capitate 879:899 long-stalked capitate 879:899 Three morphotypes of glandular trichomes were observed: peltate, short-stalked capitate and long-stalked capitate. 32772473 1 12 theme Botanic 211:217 arg1 Garden 219:224 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 198:224 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) 198:246 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 0 13 theme Botanic 78:84 arg1 Garden 86:91 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 65:91 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy) 65:109 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 7 14 theme VOC 1065:1067 arg1 profile 1069:1075 The leaf VOC profile 1056:1075 The leaf VOC profile 1056:1075 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 7 15 theme monoterpene 1184:1194 arg1 hydrocarbons 1196:1207 monoterpene hydrocarbons 1184:1207 monoterpene hydrocarbons 1184:1207 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 3 16 theme vegetative 435:444 arg1 organs 463:468 the vegetative and reproductive organs 431:468 the vegetative and reproductive organs 431:468 Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their unique productivity. 32772473 1 17 theme Garden 219:224 arg1 public 188:193 the public 184:193 the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) 184:246 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 4 18 theme leaves 630:635 arg1 profiles 618:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles 586:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers 586:647 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 4 18 theme leaves 630:635 arg1 composition 657:667 the composition 653:667 the composition of essential oil (EO) 653:689 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 0 19 dep Garden 86:91 arg1 Italy 104:108 Italy 104:108 Italy 104:108 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 0 19 dep Garden 86:91 arg1 Lombardy 94:101 Lombardy 94:101 Lombardy 94:101 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 2 20 theme altissima 320:328 arg1 L 330:330 Scutellaria altissima L 308:330 Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae) 308:343 This work is dedicated to Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae). 32772473 2 20 theme altissima 320:328 arg1 Lamiaceae 334:342 Lamiaceae 334:342 Lamiaceae 334:342 This work is dedicated to Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae). 32772473 7 21 theme chemical 1153:1160 arg1 class 1162:1166 the major chemical class 1143:1166 the major chemical class (71.04%) 1143:1175 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 7 21 theme chemical 1153:1160 arg1 % 1174:1174 71.04% 1169:1174 71.04% 1169:1174 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 12 22 theme Ghirardi 1810:1817 arg1 Garden 1827:1832 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 1806:1832 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 1806:1832 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 5 23 theme short-stalked 852:864 arg1 capitate 866:873 short-stalked capitate 852:873 short-stalked capitate 852:873 Three morphotypes of glandular trichomes were observed: peltate, short-stalked capitate and long-stalked capitate. 32772473 2 24 theme Scutellaria 308:318 arg1 L 330:330 Scutellaria altissima L 308:330 Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae) 308:343 This work is dedicated to Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae). 32772473 2 24 theme Scutellaria 308:318 arg1 Lamiaceae 334:342 Lamiaceae 334:342 Lamiaceae 334:342 This work is dedicated to Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae). 32772473 0 25 theme novel 2:6 arg1 approach 14:21 A novel study approach 0:21 A novel study approach on Scutellaria 0:36 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 12 26 theme dedicated 1841:1849 arg1 approach 1864:1871 a dedicated iconographic approach 1839:1871 a dedicated iconographic approach 1839:1871 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 4 27 theme essential 672:680 arg1 oil 682:684 essential oil 672:684 essential oil (EO) 672:689 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 4 27 theme essential 672:680 arg1 EO 687:688 EO 687:688 EO 687:688 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 12 28 theme structures 1709:1718 arg1 morphotypes 1680:1690 morphotypes 1680:1690 morphotypes of the secretory structures 1680:1718 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 10 29 theme common 1453:1458 arg1 compounds 1460:1468 Four common compounds 1448:1468 Four common compounds 1448:1468 Four common compounds were detected: β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene and germacrene-D. 32772473 6 30 theme long-stalked 1004:1015 arg1 capitates 1017:1025 long-stalked capitates 1004:1025 long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols 1004:1053 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 7 31 theme non-terpene 1116:1126 arg1 derivatives 1128:1138 non-terpene derivatives 1116:1138 non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%) 1116:1175 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 4 32 theme plants 721:726 arg1 parts 712:716 aerial parts 705:716 aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before 705:784 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 12 33 theme secondary 1743:1751 arg1 metabolites 1753:1763 secondary metabolites 1743:1763 secondary metabolites 1743:1763 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 12 34 theme metabolites 1753:1763 arg1 production 1729:1738 the production 1725:1738 the production of secondary metabolites 1725:1763 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 0 35 theme study 8:12 arg1 approach 14:21 A novel study approach 0:21 A novel study approach on Scutellaria 0:36 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 8 36 theme higher 1286:1291 arg1 number 1293:1298 a higher number 1284:1298 a higher number of total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds 1284:1360 The leaf presented a higher number of total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds. 32772473 4 37 theme oil 682:684 arg1 profiles 618:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles 586:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers 586:647 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 4 37 theme oil 682:684 arg1 composition 657:667 the composition 653:667 the composition of essential oil (EO) 653:689 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 6 38 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 capitates 1017:1025 long-stalked capitates 1004:1025 long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols 1004:1053 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 38 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 capitates 971:979 short-stalked capitates 957:979 short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides 957:998 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 38 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 producers 934:942 the main producers 925:942 the main producers of terpenes 925:954 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 38 theme polysaccharides 984:998 arg1 trichomes 910:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 7 39 dep represented 1209:1219 arg1 % 1261:1261 99.73% 1256:1261 99.73% 1256:1261 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 7 40 theme major 1147:1151 arg1 class 1162:1166 the major chemical class 1143:1166 the major chemical class (71.04%) 1143:1175 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 7 40 theme major 1147:1151 arg1 % 1174:1174 71.04% 1169:1174 71.04% 1169:1174 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 9 41 theme Z 1364:1364 arg1 acetate 1377:1383 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate 1363:1383 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate 1363:1383 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate was most abundant in the leaf and (E)-β-ocimene in the flower. 32772473 4 42 theme organic 595:601 arg1 VOC 613:615 VOC 613:615 VOC 613:615 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 4 42 theme organic 595:601 arg1 compound 603:610 organic compound 595:610 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers 586:647 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 6 43 theme terpenes 1030:1037 arg1 capitates 1017:1025 long-stalked capitates 1004:1025 long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols 1004:1053 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 43 theme terpenes 1030:1037 arg1 capitates 971:979 short-stalked capitates 957:979 short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides 957:998 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 43 theme terpenes 1030:1037 arg1 producers 934:942 the main producers 925:942 the main producers of terpenes 925:954 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 43 theme terpenes 1030:1037 arg1 trichomes 910:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 44 theme main 929:932 arg1 producers 934:942 the main producers 925:942 the main producers of terpenes 925:954 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 44 theme main 929:932 arg1 trichomes 910:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 8 45 theme compounds 1352:1360 arg1 number 1293:1298 a higher number 1284:1298 a higher number of total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds 1284:1360 The leaf presented a higher number of total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds. 32772473 12 46 theme iconographic 1851:1862 arg1 approach 1864:1871 a dedicated iconographic approach 1839:1871 a dedicated iconographic approach 1839:1871 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 4 47 theme volatile 586:593 arg1 profiles 618:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles 586:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers 586:647 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 7 48 theme heterogeneous 1084:1096 arg1 composition 1098:1108 heterogeneous composition 1084:1108 heterogeneous composition 1084:1108 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 6 49 theme Peltate 902:908 arg1 producers 934:942 the main producers 925:942 the main producers of terpenes 925:954 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 49 theme Peltate 902:908 arg1 trichomes 910:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 3 50 dep Micromorphological 346:363 arg1 investigations 398:411 investigations 398:411 investigations 398:411 Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their unique productivity. 32772473 9 51 theme -3-Hexenol 1366:1375 arg1 acetate 1377:1383 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate 1363:1383 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate 1363:1383 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate was most abundant in the leaf and (E)-β-ocimene in the flower. 32772473 12 52 theme Botanic 1819:1825 arg1 Garden 1827:1832 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 1806:1832 the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 1806:1832 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 1 53 theme invisible 252:260 arg1 features 262:269 the invisible features 248:269 the invisible features of plants 248:279 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 3 54 theme substances 526:535 arg1 emission 514:521 the emission 510:521 the emission of substances and their unique productivity 510:565 Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their unique productivity. 32772473 12 55 theme secretory 1699:1707 arg1 structures 1709:1718 the secretory structures 1695:1718 the secretory structures 1695:1718 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 4 56 theme flowers 641:647 arg1 profiles 618:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles 586:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers 586:647 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 4 56 theme flowers 641:647 arg1 composition 657:667 the composition 653:667 the composition of essential oil (EO) 653:689 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 1 57 dep Garden 219:224 arg1 Italy 241:245 Italy 241:245 Italy 241:245 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 1 57 dep Garden 219:224 arg1 Lombardy 231:238 Lombardy 231:238 Lombardy 231:238 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 1 57 dep Garden 219:224 arg1 BS 227:228 BS 227:228 BS 227:228 Within an Open Science project, research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy) the invisible features of plants. 32772473 8 58 theme exclusive 1328:1336 arg1 compounds 1352:1360 total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds 1303:1360 total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds 1303:1360 The leaf presented a higher number of total (37 versus 11) and exclusive (33 versus 7) compounds. 32772473 11 59 dep β-caryophyllene 1585:1599 arg1 acetone 1633:1639 acetone 1633:1639 acetone 1633:1639 The EO contaied 21 compounds, dominated by β-caryophyllene, linalool and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone. 32772473 9 60 from flower 1440:1445 arg1 abundant 1394:1401 abundant 1394:1401 abundant 1394:1401 (Z)-3-Hexenol acetate was most abundant in the leaf and (E)-β-ocimene in the flower. 32772473 6 61 theme short-stalked 957:969 arg1 capitates 971:979 short-stalked capitates 957:979 short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides 957:998 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 12 62 attach linked 1914:1919 arg1 altissima 1927:1935 S. altissima 1924:1935 S. altissima 1924:1935 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 12 62 attach linked 1914:1919 arg2 perception 1903:1912 olfactory perception 1893:1912 olfactory perception linked to S. altissima 1893:1935 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 4 63 theme aerial 705:710 arg1 parts 712:716 aerial parts 705:716 aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before 705:784 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 12 64 theme olfactory 1893:1901 arg1 perception 1903:1912 olfactory perception 1893:1912 olfactory perception linked to S. altissima 1893:1935 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 7 65 theme flower 1248:1253 arg1 totality 1232:1239 almost the totality 1221:1239 almost the totality of the flower 1221:1253 The leaf VOC profile showed heterogeneous composition, with non-terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). 32772473 3 66 theme unique 547:552 arg1 productivity 554:565 their unique productivity 541:565 their unique productivity 541:565 Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their unique productivity. 32772473 3 67 theme reproductive 450:461 arg1 organs 463:468 the vegetative and reproductive organs 431:468 the vegetative and reproductive organs 431:468 Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their unique productivity. 32772473 4 68 theme compound 603:610 arg1 profiles 618:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles 586:625 volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers 586:647 This work reports volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of essential oil (EO) obtained from aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy that have never been described before. 32772473 6 69 theme terpenes 947:954 arg1 capitates 1017:1025 long-stalked capitates 1004:1025 long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols 1004:1053 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 69 theme terpenes 947:954 arg1 capitates 971:979 short-stalked capitates 957:979 short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides 957:998 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 69 theme terpenes 947:954 arg1 producers 934:942 the main producers 925:942 the main producers of terpenes 925:954 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 6 69 theme terpenes 947:954 arg1 trichomes 910:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes 902:918 Peltate trichomes were the main producers of terpenes, short-stalked capitates of polysaccharides and long-stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. 32772473 12 70 theme Garden 1827:1832 arg1 public 1796:1801 the public 1792:1801 the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden 1792:1832 This research allowed us to correlate morphotypes of the secretory structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim of providing the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with a dedicated iconographic approach, which accounts for olfactory perception linked to S. altissima. 32772473 0 71 from approach 14:21 arg1 Scutellaria 26:36 Scutellaria 26:36 Scutellaria 26:36 A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). 32772473 3 72 theme productivity 554:565 arg1 emission 514:521 the emission 510:521 the emission of substances and their unique productivity 510:565 Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their unique productivity. 32772473 5 73 theme glandular 808:816 arg1 trichomes 818:826 glandular trichomes 808:826 glandular trichomes 808:826 Three morphotypes of glandular trichomes were observed: peltate, short-stalked capitate and long-stalked capitate. 32978282 4 0 link monocyte-derived 822:837 arg1 macrophages 839:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 4 1 theme LPS 665:667 arg1 treatment 669:677 LPS treatment 665:677 LPS treatment 665:677 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 5 2 theme OGT 873:875 arg1 deletion 861:868 Targeted deletion 852:868 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages 852:890 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 3 3 from level 602:606 arg1 cells 617:621 these cells 611:621 these cells 611:621 However, little is known concerning the mechanisms that regulate the protein O-GlcNAcylation level in these cells. 32978282 1 4 theme reversible 208:217 arg1 Glycosylation 135:147 Glycosylation 135:147 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 135:201 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 4 theme reversible 208:217 arg1 modification 237:248 a reversible posttranslational modification 206:248 a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 206:399 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 8 5 theme pharmacological 1438:1452 arg1 inhibition 1454:1463 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition 1427:1463 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 1427:1472 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 9 6 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1662:1676 arg1 regulation 1640:1649 regulation 1640:1649 regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation 1640:1676 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 6 7 theme biosynthesis 1302:1313 arg1 pathway 1315:1321 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1287:1321 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1287:1321 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 8 dep glutamine 1179:1187 arg1 GFAT 1228:1231 GFAT 1228:1231 GFAT 1228:1231 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 8 dep glutamine 1179:1187 arg1 amidotransferase 1210:1225 fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1189:1225 glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) 1179:1232 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 5 9 from effect 917:922 arg1 expression 939:948 NOS2 expression 934:948 NOS2 expression 934:948 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 5 9 from effect 917:922 arg1 production 963:972 cytokine production 954:972 cytokine production 954:972 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 7 10 dep mRNA 1398:1401 arg1 expression 1415:1424 expression 1415:1424 expression 1415:1424 More specifically, we observed that LPS potently stimulated GFAT2 isoform mRNA and protein expression. 32978282 6 11 theme hexosamine 1291:1300 arg1 pathway 1315:1321 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1287:1321 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1287:1321 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 12 theme protein 1080:1086 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1088:1102 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1080:1102 protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages 1080:1117 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 13 theme O-linked 154:161 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 13 theme O-linked 154:161 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 163:183 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 154:183 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 154:201 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 14 from O-GlcNAcylation 1088:1102 arg1 macrophages 1107:1117 macrophages 1107:1117 macrophages 1107:1117 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 15 theme 6-phosphate 1198:1208 arg1 GFAT 1228:1231 GFAT 1228:1231 GFAT 1228:1231 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 15 theme 6-phosphate 1198:1208 arg1 amidotransferase 1210:1225 fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1189:1225 glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) 1179:1232 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 16 theme glutamine 1179:1187 arg1 activity 1167:1174 activity 1167:1174 activity 1167:1174 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 16 theme glutamine 1179:1187 arg1 expression 1152:1161 expression 1152:1161 expression 1152:1161 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 17 theme posttranslational 219:235 arg1 Glycosylation 135:147 Glycosylation 135:147 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 135:201 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 17 theme posttranslational 219:235 arg1 modification 237:248 a reversible posttranslational modification 206:248 a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 206:399 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 8 18 theme LPS 1487:1489 arg1 effect 1491:1496 the LPS effect 1483:1496 the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression 1483:1516 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 2 19 theme types 479:483 arg1 regulation 445:454 the regulation 441:454 the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages 441:506 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 1 20 with Glycosylation 135:147 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 20 with Glycosylation 135:147 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 163:183 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 154:183 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 154:201 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 4 21 theme monocyte-derived 822:837 arg1 macrophages 839:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 2 22 theme cell 474:477 arg1 types 479:483 various immune cell types 459:483 various immune cell types 459:483 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 2 22 theme cell 474:477 arg1 macrophages 496:506 macrophages 496:506 macrophages 496:506 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 5 23 theme increased 907:915 arg1 effect 917:922 an increased effect 904:922 an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production 904:972 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 9 24 theme inflammation 1717:1728 arg1 exacerbation 1701:1712 limited exacerbation 1693:1712 limited exacerbation of inflammation 1693:1728 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 4 25 theme human 816:820 arg1 macrophages 839:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 2 26 theme immune 467:472 arg1 types 479:483 various immune cell types 459:483 various immune cell types 459:483 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 2 26 theme immune 467:472 arg1 macrophages 496:506 macrophages 496:506 macrophages 496:506 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 5 27 theme NOS2 934:937 arg1 expression 939:948 NOS2 expression 934:948 NOS2 expression 934:948 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 6 28 theme fructose 1189:1196 arg1 GFAT 1228:1231 GFAT 1228:1231 GFAT 1228:1231 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 28 theme fructose 1189:1196 arg1 amidotransferase 1210:1225 fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1189:1225 glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) 1179:1232 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 8 29 theme Genetic 1427:1433 arg1 inhibition 1454:1463 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition 1427:1463 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 1427:1472 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 9 30 theme macrophage 1735:1744 arg1 activation 1746:1755 macrophage activation 1735:1755 macrophage activation 1735:1755 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 5 31 theme LPS 927:929 arg1 effect 917:922 an increased effect 904:922 an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production 904:972 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 0 32 theme GFAT2 27:31 arg1 Expression 33:42 GFAT2 Expression 27:42 GFAT2 Expression 27:42 Lipopolysaccharide Induces GFAT2 Expression to Promote O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosaminylation and Attenuate Inflammation in Macrophages. 32978282 1 33 theme hexosamine 369:378 arg1 pathway 393:399 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 365:399 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 365:399 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 34 from effect 1063:1068 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1088:1102 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1080:1102 protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages 1080:1117 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 4 35 theme mouse 786:790 arg1 macrophages 792:802 bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages 751:802 macrophages 792:802 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 4 36 from O-GlcNAcylation 716:730 arg1 macrophages 839:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 human monocyte-derived macrophages 816:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 4 36 from O-GlcNAcylation 716:730 arg1 cells 744:748 RAW264.7 cells 735:748 RAW264.7 cells 735:748 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 4 36 from O-GlcNAcylation 716:730 arg1 marrow-derived 756:769 marrow-derived 756:769 marrow-derived 756:769 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 4 37 theme protein 708:714 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 716:730 protein O-GlcNAcylation 708:730 protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages 708:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 1 38 theme biosynthesis 380:391 arg1 pathway 393:399 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 365:399 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 365:399 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 0 39 from Inflammation 106:117 arg1 Macrophages 122:132 Macrophages 122:132 Macrophages 122:132 Lipopolysaccharide Induces GFAT2 Expression to Promote O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosaminylation and Attenuate Inflammation in Macrophages. 32978282 4 40 theme RAW264.7 735:742 arg1 cells 744:748 RAW264.7 cells 735:748 RAW264.7 cells 735:748 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 4 41 theme peritoneal 775:784 arg1 macrophages 792:802 bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages 751:802 macrophages 792:802 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 8 42 theme GFAT2 1501:1505 arg1 expression 1507:1516 GFAT2 expression 1501:1516 GFAT2 expression 1501:1516 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 5 43 theme inflammatory 1020:1031 arg1 processes 1033:1041 inflammatory processes 1020:1041 inflammatory processes induced by LPS 1020:1056 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 1 44 theme intracellular 281:293 arg1 proteins 295:302 intracellular proteins 281:302 intracellular proteins according to glucose availability 281:336 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 45 theme increased 1142:1150 arg1 expression 1152:1161 expression 1152:1161 expression 1152:1161 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 6 46 theme LPS 1073:1075 arg1 effect 1063:1068 The effect 1059:1068 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages 1059:1117 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 9 47 theme LPS-inducible 1609:1621 arg1 gene 1623:1626 a new LPS-inducible gene 1603:1626 a new LPS-inducible gene 1603:1626 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 9 48 theme limited 1693:1699 arg1 exacerbation 1701:1712 limited exacerbation 1693:1712 limited exacerbation of inflammation 1693:1728 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 3 49 theme protein 578:584 arg1 level 602:606 the protein O-GlcNAcylation level 574:606 the protein O-GlcNAcylation level in these cells 574:621 However, little is known concerning the mechanisms that regulate the protein O-GlcNAcylation level in these cells. 32978282 0 50 theme O-Linked 55:62 arg1 β-N-Acetylglucosaminylation 64:90 O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosaminylation 55:90 O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosaminylation 55:90 Lipopolysaccharide Induces GFAT2 Expression to Promote O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosaminylation and Attenuate Inflammation in Macrophages. 32978282 4 51 theme present 631:637 arg1 work 639:642 the present work 627:642 the present work 627:642 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 8 52 theme FoxO1-dependent 1532:1546 arg1 mechanism 1548:1556 a FoxO1-dependent mechanism 1530:1556 a FoxO1-dependent mechanism 1530:1556 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 9 53 theme new 1605:1607 arg1 gene 1623:1626 a new LPS-inducible gene 1603:1626 a new LPS-inducible gene 1603:1626 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 3 54 theme O-GlcNAcylation 586:600 arg1 level 602:606 the protein O-GlcNAcylation level 574:606 the protein O-GlcNAcylation level in these cells 574:621 However, little is known concerning the mechanisms that regulate the protein O-GlcNAcylation level in these cells. 32978282 8 55 from effect 1491:1496 arg1 expression 1507:1516 GFAT2 expression 1501:1516 GFAT2 expression 1501:1516 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 1 56 link O-linked 154:161 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 O-GlcNAcylation 186:200 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 56 link O-linked 154:161 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 163:183 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 154:183 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 154:201 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 7 57 theme isoform 1390:1396 arg1 mRNA 1398:1401 GFAT2 isoform mRNA 1384:1401 GFAT2 isoform mRNA 1384:1401 More specifically, we observed that LPS potently stimulated GFAT2 isoform mRNA and protein expression. 32978282 1 58 theme proteins 295:302 arg1 activity 269:276 the activity 265:276 the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability 265:336 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 1 58 theme proteins 295:302 arg1 metabolism 346:355 its metabolism 342:355 its metabolism 342:355 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 7 59 theme GFAT2 1384:1388 arg1 mRNA 1398:1401 GFAT2 isoform mRNA 1384:1401 GFAT2 isoform mRNA 1384:1401 More specifically, we observed that LPS potently stimulated GFAT2 isoform mRNA and protein expression. 32978282 8 60 theme FoxO1 1468:1472 arg1 inhibition 1454:1463 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition 1427:1463 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 1427:1472 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of FoxO1 impaired the LPS effect on GFAT2 expression, suggesting a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. 32978282 5 61 theme Targeted 852:859 arg1 deletion 861:868 Targeted deletion 852:868 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages 852:890 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 5 62 from deletion 861:868 arg1 macrophages 880:890 macrophages 880:890 macrophages 880:890 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 9 63 theme protein 1654:1660 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1662:1676 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1654:1676 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1654:1676 We conclude that GFAT2 should be considered a new LPS-inducible gene involved in regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which permits limited exacerbation of inflammation upon macrophage activation. 32978282 2 64 theme various 459:465 arg1 types 479:483 various immune cell types 459:483 various immune cell types 459:483 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 2 64 theme various 459:465 arg1 macrophages 496:506 macrophages 496:506 macrophages 496:506 This modification has been involved in the regulation of various immune cell types, including macrophages. 32978282 5 65 theme cytokine 954:961 arg1 production 963:972 cytokine production 954:972 cytokine production 954:972 Targeted deletion of OGT in macrophages resulted in an increased effect of LPS on NOS2 expression and cytokine production, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation may restrain inflammatory processes induced by LPS. 32978282 6 66 theme rate-limiting 1265:1277 arg1 step 1279:1282 the rate-limiting step 1261:1282 the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1261:1321 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 4 67 from increase 696:703 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 716:730 protein O-GlcNAcylation 708:730 protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages 708:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 6 68 theme pathway 1315:1321 arg1 step 1279:1282 the rate-limiting step 1261:1282 the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1261:1321 The effect of LPS on protein O-GlcNAcylation in macrophages was associated with an increased expression and activity of glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32978282 4 69 theme marked 689:694 arg1 increase 696:703 a marked increase 687:703 a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages 687:849 In the present work, we demonstrate that LPS treatment induces a marked increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mouse macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. 32978282 1 70 theme glucose 317:323 arg1 availability 325:336 glucose availability 317:336 glucose availability 317:336 Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates the activity of intracellular proteins according to glucose availability and its metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. 32684908 5 0 theme excellent 775:783 arg1 sensitivity 805:815 an excellent mechanical response sensitivity 772:815 an excellent mechanical response sensitivity 772:815 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 4 1 theme as-fabricated 515:527 arg1 aerogel 542:548 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel 511:548 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel 511:548 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 8 2 from fabrication 1316:1326 arg1 TENG 1375:1378 TENG 1375:1378 TENG 1375:1378 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 5 3 theme mechanical 785:794 arg1 sensitivity 805:815 an excellent mechanical response sensitivity 772:815 an excellent mechanical response sensitivity 772:815 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 7 4 theme light-emitting 1181:1194 arg1 diodes 1196:1201 light-emitting diodes 1181:1201 light-emitting diodes 1181:1201 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 8 5 from application 1360:1370 arg1 TENG 1375:1378 TENG 1375:1378 TENG 1375:1378 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 4 6 theme higher 609:614 arg1 degree 616:621 higher degree 609:621 higher degree of flexibility 609:636 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 5 7 theme cellulose 731:739 arg1 TENG 758:761 the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 727:761 the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 727:761 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 2 8 theme energy 303:308 arg1 TENGs 268:272 TENGs 268:272 TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors 268:344 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 2 8 theme energy 303:308 arg1 harvesters 310:319 mechanical energy harvesters 292:319 mechanical energy harvesters 292:319 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 4 9 theme flexibility 626:636 arg1 porosity 644:651 high porosity 639:651 high porosity 639:651 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 4 9 theme flexibility 626:636 arg1 g-1 690:692 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 4 9 theme flexibility 626:636 arg1 structure 598:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 4 9 theme flexibility 626:636 arg1 degree 616:621 higher degree 609:621 higher degree of flexibility 609:636 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 6 10 theme composite 1012:1020 arg1 aerogels 1035:1042 the composite cellulose II aerogels 1008:1042 the composite cellulose II aerogels 1008:1042 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 6 11 theme alginic 924:930 arg1 acid 932:935 alginic acid 924:935 alginic acid 924:935 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 7 12 theme charge 1204:1209 arg1 capacitors 1222:1231 charge commercial capacitors 1204:1231 charge commercial capacitors 1204:1231 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 2 13 theme mechanical 292:301 arg1 TENGs 268:272 TENGs 268:272 TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors 268:344 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 2 13 theme mechanical 292:301 arg1 harvesters 310:319 mechanical energy harvesters 292:319 mechanical energy harvesters 292:319 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 6 14 theme II 1032:1033 arg1 aerogels 1035:1042 the composite cellulose II aerogels 1008:1042 the composite cellulose II aerogels 1008:1042 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 5 15 theme aerogel-based 744:756 arg1 TENG 758:761 the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 727:761 the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 727:761 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 2 16 theme novel 160:164 arg1 method 166:171 a novel method 158:171 a novel method 158:171 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 6 17 theme electron-donating 938:954 arg1 groups 981:986 electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups 938:986 electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups 938:986 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 8 18 from aerogel 1344:1350 arg1 TENG 1375:1378 TENG 1375:1378 TENG 1375:1378 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 4 19 theme m2 687:688 arg1 area 673:676 a high surface area 658:676 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 5 20 theme high 821:824 arg1 performance 844:854 high electrical output performance 821:854 high electrical output performance 821:854 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 3 21 from process 417:423 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 21 from process 417:423 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 5 22 theme response 796:803 arg1 sensitivity 805:815 an excellent mechanical response sensitivity 772:815 an excellent mechanical response sensitivity 772:815 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 4 23 theme interconnected 562:575 arg1 structure 598:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 8 24 theme cellulose 1331:1339 arg1 aerogel 1344:1350 cellulose II aerogel 1331:1350 cellulose II aerogel 1331:1350 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 4 25 theme area 673:676 arg1 g-1 690:692 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 5 26 theme electrical 826:835 arg1 performance 844:854 high electrical output performance 821:854 high electrical output performance 821:854 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 7 27 theme aerogel-based 1134:1146 arg1 TENG 1148:1151 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 1117:1151 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 1117:1151 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 6 28 theme cellulose 1022:1030 arg1 aerogels 1035:1042 the composite cellulose II aerogels 1008:1042 the composite cellulose II aerogels 1008:1042 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 8 29 theme eco-friendly 1419:1430 arg1 harvesting 1439:1448 a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting 1396:1448 harvesting 1439:1448 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 7 30 theme power 1234:1238 arg1 calculator 1242:1251 power a calculator 1234:1251 power a calculator 1234:1251 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 3 31 theme salt 453:456 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 31 theme salt 453:456 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 5 32 theme output 837:842 arg1 performance 844:854 high electrical output performance 821:854 high electrical output performance 821:854 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 4 33 theme network 590:596 arg1 structure 598:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 6 34 theme electron-withdrawing 960:979 arg1 groups 981:986 electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups 938:986 electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups 938:986 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 8 35 from TENG 1375:1378 arg1 fabrication 1316:1326 the facile fabrication 1305:1326 the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system 1305:1472 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 2 36 theme self-powered 325:336 arg1 TENGs 268:272 TENGs 268:272 TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors 268:344 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 2 36 theme self-powered 325:336 arg1 sensors 338:344 self-powered sensors 325:344 self-powered sensors 325:344 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 3 37 theme hydrate 458:464 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 37 theme hydrate 458:464 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 0 38 theme Triboelectric 27:39 arg1 Nanogenerator 41:53 II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator 10:53 II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator 10:53 Cellulose II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator. 32684908 4 39 theme 3D 587:588 arg1 structure 598:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 5 40 theme architectural 705:717 arg1 merits 719:724 its architectural merits 701:724 its architectural merits 701:724 Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. 32684908 8 41 theme self-powered 1454:1465 arg1 system 1467:1472 self-powered system 1454:1472 self-powered system 1454:1472 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 6 42 theme TENG 1111:1114 arg1 performance 1092:1102 the triboelectric performance 1074:1102 the triboelectric performance of the TENG 1074:1114 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 3 43 theme dissolution-regeneration 392:415 arg1 process 417:423 a dissolution-regeneration process 390:423 a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where 390:508 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 6 44 theme other 874:878 arg1 polysaccharides 888:902 other natural polysaccharides 874:902 other natural polysaccharides 874:902 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 8 45 theme energy 1432:1437 arg1 harvesting 1439:1448 a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting 1396:1448 harvesting 1439:1448 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 2 46 used used 250:253 arg2 aerogels 237:244 such aerogels 232:244 such aerogels 232:244 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 3 47 theme inorganic 436:444 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 47 theme inorganic 436:444 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 4 48 theme surface 665:671 arg1 area 673:676 a high surface area 658:676 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 4 49 theme high 660:663 arg1 area 673:676 a high surface area 658:676 a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1 658:692 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 3 50 theme lithium 475:481 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 50 theme lithium 475:481 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 51 theme molten 446:451 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 51 theme molten 446:451 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 6 52 dep chitosan 911:918 arg1 i.e. 905:908 i.e. 905:908 i.e. 905:908 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 3 53 theme bromide 483:489 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 53 theme bromide 483:489 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 6 54 theme natural 880:886 arg1 polysaccharides 888:902 other natural polysaccharides 874:902 other natural polysaccharides 874:902 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 3 55 theme green 430:434 arg1 solvent 466:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent 428:472 a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate) 428:501 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 3 55 theme green 430:434 arg1 trihydrate 491:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 lithium bromide trihydrate 475:500 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 4 56 theme open-pore 577:585 arg1 structure 598:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure 559:606 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 7 57 theme cellulose 1121:1129 arg1 TENG 1148:1151 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 1117:1151 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG 1117:1151 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 2 58 theme such 232:235 arg1 aerogels 237:244 such aerogels 232:244 such aerogels 232:244 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 0 59 dep Nanogenerator 41:53 arg1 Cellulose 0:8 Cellulose 0:8 Cellulose 0:8 Cellulose II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator. 32684908 8 60 theme aerogel 1344:1350 arg1 fabrication 1316:1326 the facile fabrication 1305:1326 the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system 1305:1472 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 1 61 theme triboelectric 72:84 arg1 TENGs 102:106 TENGs 102:106 TENGs 102:106 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained increasing attention. 32684908 1 61 theme triboelectric 72:84 arg1 nanogenerators 86:99 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators 56:99 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 56:107 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained increasing attention. 32684908 8 62 theme facile 1309:1314 arg1 fabrication 1316:1326 the facile fabrication 1305:1326 the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system 1305:1472 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 8 63 theme application 1360:1370 arg1 fabrication 1316:1326 the facile fabrication 1305:1326 the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system 1305:1472 This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system. 32684908 4 64 theme high 639:642 arg1 porosity 644:651 high porosity 639:651 high porosity 639:651 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 7 65 theme human 1266:1270 arg1 motions 1272:1278 monitor human motions 1258:1278 monitor human motions 1258:1278 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 3 66 theme cellulose 351:359 arg1 aerogel 364:370 The cellulose II aerogel 347:370 The cellulose II aerogel 347:370 The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. 32684908 2 67 theme cellulose-based 203:217 arg1 aerogels 219:226 cellulose-based aerogels 203:226 cellulose-based aerogels 203:226 In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. 32684908 1 68 theme Cellulose-based 56:70 arg1 TENGs 102:106 TENGs 102:106 TENGs 102:106 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained increasing attention. 32684908 1 68 theme Cellulose-based 56:70 arg1 nanogenerators 86:99 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators 56:99 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 56:107 Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained increasing attention. 32684908 7 69 theme commercial 1211:1220 arg1 capacitors 1222:1231 charge commercial capacitors 1204:1231 charge commercial capacitors 1204:1231 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 4 70 theme cellulose 529:537 arg1 aerogel 542:548 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel 511:548 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel 511:548 The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. 32684908 0 71 theme Aerogel-Based 13:25 arg1 Nanogenerator 41:53 II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator 10:53 II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator 10:53 Cellulose II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator. 32684908 6 72 theme triboelectric 1078:1090 arg1 performance 1092:1102 the triboelectric performance 1074:1102 the triboelectric performance of the TENG 1074:1114 By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. 32684908 7 73 theme a 1240:1240 arg1 calculator 1242:1251 power a calculator 1234:1251 power a calculator 1234:1251 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32684908 7 74 theme monitor 1258:1264 arg1 motions 1272:1278 monitor human motions 1258:1278 monitor human motions 1258:1278 The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. 32878894 2 0 theme segment 723:729 arg1 substitutions 731:743 segment substitutions 723:743 segment substitutions 723:743 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 5 1 theme ALV-J 1427:1431 arg1 entry 1418:1422 the entry 1414:1422 the entry of ALV-J into cells 1414:1442 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 2 2 theme mutants 710:716 arg1 series 695:700 a series 693:700 a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions 693:743 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 3 theme chNHE1 777:782 arg1 binding 784:790 chNHE1 binding 777:790 chNHE1 binding 777:790 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 4 4 theme ALV-J 1148:1152 arg1 entry 1139:1143 the entry 1135:1143 the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells 1135:1181 In addition, these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins could not effectively block the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells. 32878894 0 5 theme Viral 140:144 arg1 Entry 146:150 Viral Entry 140:150 Viral Entry 140:150 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 9 6 theme binding 2336:2342 arg1 efficiency 2317:2326 the efficiency 2313:2326 the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 2313:2352 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 7 7 theme envelope 1900:1907 arg1 proteins 1923:1930 envelope (Env) surface proteins 1900:1930 envelope (Env) surface proteins 1900:1930 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 2 8 theme chNHE1-binding 651:664 arg1 ALV-J 676:680 ALV-J gp85 676:685 ALV-J gp85 676:685 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 8 theme chNHE1-binding 651:664 arg1 domain 666:671 the chNHE1-binding domain 647:671 the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 647:685 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 4 9 theme chNHE1-expressing 1159:1175 arg1 cells 1177:1181 chNHE1-expressing cells 1159:1181 chNHE1-expressing cells 1159:1181 In addition, these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins could not effectively block the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells. 32878894 9 10 dep 283 2266:2268 arg1 to 2263:2264 to 2263:2264 to 2263:2264 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 3 11 theme N 912:912 arg1 terminus 914:921 N terminus 912:921 N terminus of gp85 912:929 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 2 12 with mutants 710:716 arg1 substitutions 731:743 segment substitutions 723:743 segment substitutions 723:743 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 6 13 theme membranes 1862:1870 arg1 fusion 1833:1838 fusion 1833:1838 fusion 1833:1838 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 13 theme membranes 1862:1870 arg1 attachment 1818:1827 the attachment 1814:1827 the attachment 1814:1827 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 8 14 theme wider 2144:2148 arg1 range 2155:2159 a wider host range 2142:2159 a wider host range than other ALV subgroups 2142:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 7 15 theme surface 1915:1921 arg1 proteins 1923:1930 envelope (Env) surface proteins 1900:1930 envelope (Env) surface proteins 1900:1930 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 9 16 dep 131 2233:2235 arg1 to 2230:2231 to 2230:2231 to 2230:2231 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 0 17 theme Leukosis 80:87 arg1 Virus 89:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 10 18 gly glycosylation 2410:2422 arg2 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 18 gly glycosylation 2410:2422 arg2 sites 2424:2428 the glycosylation sites 2406:2428 the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 2406:2441 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 18 gly glycosylation 2410:2422 arg1 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 18 gly glycosylation 2410:2422 arg2 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 18 gly glycosylation 2410:2422 arg2 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 1 19 theme Subgroup 153:160 arg1 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 19 theme Subgroup 153:160 arg1 virus 179:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus 153:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J) 153:191 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 6 20 gly glycosylation 1633:1645 arg2 two 1620:1622 two 1620:1622 two 1620:1622 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 20 gly glycosylation 1633:1645 arg2 sites 1647:1651 two N-linked glycosylation sites 1620:1651 its two N-linked glycosylation sites 1616:1651 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 7 21 theme Env 1910:1912 arg1 proteins 1923:1930 envelope (Env) surface proteins 1900:1930 envelope (Env) surface proteins 1900:1930 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 1 22 theme cellular 321:328 arg1 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 22 theme cellular 321:328 arg1 residues 405:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues 381:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 381:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 22 theme cellular 321:328 arg1 type 364:367 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I 317:369 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1) 317:378 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 23 theme avian 164:168 arg1 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 23 theme avian 164:168 arg1 virus 179:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus 153:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J) 153:191 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 8 24 theme other 2166:2170 arg1 subgroups 2176:2184 other ALV subgroups 2166:2184 other ALV subgroups 2166:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 6 25 theme sequence 1503:1510 arg1 motif 1512:1516 the bipartite sequence motif 1489:1516 the bipartite sequence motif 1489:1516 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 25 theme sequence 1503:1510 arg1 essential 1578:1586 essential 1578:1586 essential 1578:1586 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 1 26 from domain 477:482 arg1 studies 500:506 our previous studies 487:506 our previous studies 487:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 2 27 theme ALV-J 610:614 arg1 gp85 616:619 ALV-J gp85 610:619 ALV-J gp85 610:619 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 6 28 theme steps.IMPORTANCE 1752:1767 arg1 Infection 1769:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection 1725:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses 1725:1803 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 0 29 theme Crucial 103:109 arg1 Role 111:114 a Crucial Role 101:114 a Crucial Role 101:114 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 1 30 theme chicken 339:345 arg1 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 30 theme chicken 339:345 arg1 residues 405:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues 381:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 381:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 30 theme chicken 339:345 arg1 type 364:367 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I 317:369 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1) 317:378 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 5 31 dep sites 1303:1307 arg1 N11 1317:1319 N11 1317:1319 N11 1317:1319 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 31 dep sites 1303:1307 arg1 N6 1310:1311 N6 1310:1311 N6 1310:1311 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 31 dep sites 1303:1307 arg1 sites 1303:1307 glycosylation sites 1289:1307 glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 1289:1320 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 2 32 theme interaction 590:600 arg1 properties 572:581 properties 572:581 properties 572:581 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 32 theme interaction 590:600 arg1 organization 555:566 precise organization 547:566 precise organization 547:566 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 6 33 theme viral 1736:1740 arg1 Infection 1769:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection 1725:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses 1725:1803 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 5 34 gly glycosylation 1289:1301 arg2 N6 1310:1311 N6 1310:1311 N6 1310:1311 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 34 gly glycosylation 1289:1301 arg2 sites 1303:1307 glycosylation sites 1289:1307 glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 1289:1320 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 34 gly glycosylation 1289:1301 arg2 N11 1317:1319 N11 1317:1319 N11 1317:1319 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 1 35 theme exchanger 354:362 arg1 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 35 theme exchanger 354:362 arg1 residues 405:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues 381:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 381:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 35 theme exchanger 354:362 arg1 type 364:367 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I 317:369 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1) 317:378 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 9 36 theme amino 2215:2219 arg1 critical 2363:2370 critical 2363:2370 critical 2363:2370 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 9 36 theme amino 2215:2219 arg1 acids 2221:2225 the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 2211:2268 the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 2211:2300 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 6 37 dep aa 1528:1529 arg1 to 1534:1535 to 1534:1535 to 1534:1535 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 10 38 theme glycosylation 2410:2422 arg1 sites 2424:2428 the glycosylation sites 2406:2428 the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 2406:2441 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 38 theme glycosylation 2410:2422 arg1 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 38 theme glycosylation 2410:2422 arg1 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 38 theme glycosylation 2410:2422 arg1 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 0 39 theme C 42:42 arg1 Termini 44:50 the N and C Termini 32:50 Termini 44:50 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 1 40 theme envelope 259:266 arg1 unit 276:279 its envelope surface unit 255:279 its envelope surface unit (gp85) 255:286 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 40 theme envelope 259:266 arg1 gp85 282:285 gp85 282:285 gp85 282:285 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 10 41 dep sites 2424:2428 arg1 sites 2424:2428 the glycosylation sites 2406:2428 the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 2406:2441 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 41 dep sites 2424:2428 arg1 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 41 dep sites 2424:2428 arg1 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 41 dep sites 2424:2428 arg1 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 6 42 theme receptor-binding 1695:1710 arg1 function 1712:1719 its receptor-binding function 1691:1719 its receptor-binding function 1691:1719 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 11 43 theme ALV-J 2606:2610 arg1 entry 2597:2601 the entry 2593:2601 the entry of ALV-J into host cells 2593:2626 These findings might help elucidate the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells and provide antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J. 32878894 2 44 dep organization 555:566 arg1 the 543:545 the 543:545 the 543:545 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 45 theme precise 547:553 arg1 organization 555:566 precise organization 547:566 precise organization 547:566 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 7 46 theme screening 2031:2039 arg1 step 1959:1962 a key step 1953:1962 a key step 1953:1962 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 7 46 theme screening 2031:2039 arg1 target 2006:2011 the target 2002:2011 the target of antiviral drug screening 2002:2039 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 7 46 theme screening 2031:2039 arg1 adsorption 1886:1895 The specific adsorption 1873:1895 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors 1873:1948 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 11 47 theme entry 2597:2601 arg1 mechanism 2580:2588 the mechanism 2576:2588 the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells 2576:2626 These findings might help elucidate the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells and provide antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J. 32878894 4 48 theme HA-substituted 1069:1082 arg1 proteins 1098:1105 these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins 1063:1105 these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins 1063:1105 In addition, these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins could not effectively block the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells. 32878894 7 49 theme antiviral 2016:2024 arg1 screening 2031:2039 antiviral drug screening 2016:2039 antiviral drug screening 2016:2039 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 1 50 theme minimal 449:455 arg1 domain 477:482 the minimal receptor functional domain 445:482 the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 445:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 0 51 theme J 72:72 arg1 Virus 89:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 9 52 theme terminus 2246:2253 arg1 terminus 2246:2253 the N terminus 2240:2253 the N terminus 2240:2253 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 9 52 theme terminus 2246:2253 arg1 131 2233:2235 131 2233:2235 131 2233:2235 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 1 53 dep 39 391:392 arg1 to 388:389 to 388:389 to 388:389 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 6 54 theme cell 1784:1787 arg1 Infection 1769:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection 1725:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses 1725:1803 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 1 55 theme functional 466:475 arg1 domain 477:482 the minimal receptor functional domain 445:482 the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 445:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 3 56 theme aa 936:937 arg1 substitutions 867:879 hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions 848:879 hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) 848:969 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 5 57 link N-linked 1217:1224 arg1 sites 1240:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 0 58 theme Sequence 14:21 arg1 Motif 23:27 The Bipartite Sequence Motif 0:27 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 0:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 2 59 theme protein-cell 795:806 arg1 assays 816:821 protein-cell binding assays 795:821 protein-cell binding assays 795:821 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 6 60 theme viral 1856:1860 arg1 membranes 1862:1870 viral membranes 1856:1870 viral membranes 1856:1870 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 1 61 theme previous 491:498 arg1 studies 500:506 our previous studies 487:506 our previous studies 487:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 3 62 dep aa 936:937 arg1 terminus 953:960 C terminus 951:960 C terminus of gp85 951:968 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 3 62 dep aa 936:937 arg1 to 943:944 to 943:944 to 943:944 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 10 63 theme crucial 2486:2492 arg1 role 2494:2497 a crucial role 2484:2497 a crucial role 2484:2497 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 6 64 theme host 1847:1850 arg1 fusion 1833:1838 fusion 1833:1838 fusion 1833:1838 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 64 theme host 1847:1850 arg1 attachment 1818:1827 the attachment 1814:1827 the attachment 1814:1827 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 5 65 theme sites 1240:1244 arg1 analysis 1197:1204 analysis 1197:1204 analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites 1197:1244 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 65 theme sites 1240:1244 arg1 mutants 1259:1265 cysteine mutants 1250:1265 cysteine mutants in gp85 1250:1273 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 0 66 theme N 36:36 arg1 Termini 44:50 the N and C Termini 32:50 Termini 44:50 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 9 67 theme terminus 2279:2286 arg1 critical 2363:2370 critical 2363:2370 critical 2363:2370 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 9 67 theme terminus 2279:2286 arg1 acids 2221:2225 the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 2211:2268 the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 2211:2300 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 8 68 theme avian 2077:2081 arg1 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 8 68 theme avian 2077:2081 arg1 pathogen 2083:2090 an economically important avian pathogen 2051:2090 an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups 2051:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 3 69 theme hemagglutinin 848:860 arg1 substitutions 867:879 hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions 848:879 hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) 848:969 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 4 70 theme gp85 1093:1096 arg1 proteins 1098:1105 these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins 1063:1105 these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins 1063:1105 In addition, these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins could not effectively block the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells. 32878894 5 71 theme cysteine 1250:1257 arg1 mutants 1259:1265 cysteine mutants 1250:1265 cysteine mutants in gp85 1250:1273 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 1 72 theme leukemia 170:177 arg1 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 72 theme leukemia 170:177 arg1 virus 179:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus 153:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J) 153:191 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 3 73 theme gp85 965:968 arg1 terminus 953:960 C terminus 951:960 C terminus of gp85 951:968 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 3 74 theme amino 884:888 arg1 aa 897:898 aa 897:898 aa 897:898 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 3 74 theme amino 884:888 arg1 acids 890:894 amino acids 884:894 amino acids (aa) 884:899 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 10 75 theme receptor 2506:2513 arg1 binding 2515:2521 the receptor binding 2502:2521 the receptor binding 2502:2521 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 5 76 theme N-linked 1217:1224 arg1 sites 1240:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 3 77 dep 131 907:909 arg1 terminus 914:921 N terminus 912:921 N terminus of gp85 912:929 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 3 77 dep 131 907:909 arg1 to 904:905 to 904:905 to 904:905 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 8 78 theme genus 2112:2116 arg1 Alpharetrovirus 2118:2132 the genus Alpharetrovirus 2108:2132 the genus Alpharetrovirus 2108:2132 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 5 79 theme glycosylation 1289:1301 arg1 N11 1317:1319 N11 1317:1319 N11 1317:1319 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 79 theme glycosylation 1289:1301 arg1 N6 1310:1311 N6 1310:1311 N6 1310:1311 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 79 theme glycosylation 1289:1301 arg1 sites 1303:1307 glycosylation sites 1289:1307 glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 1289:1320 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 9 80 theme gp85 2331:2334 arg1 binding 2336:2342 gp85 binding 2331:2342 gp85 binding to chNHE1 2331:2352 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 1 81 theme N-terminal 394:403 arg1 residues 405:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues 381:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 381:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 81 theme N-terminal 394:403 arg1 type 364:367 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I 317:369 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1) 317:378 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 11 82 theme host 2617:2620 arg1 cells 2622:2626 host cells 2617:2626 host cells 2617:2626 These findings might help elucidate the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells and provide antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J. 32878894 8 83 theme host 2150:2153 arg1 range 2155:2159 a wider host range 2142:2159 a wider host range than other ALV subgroups 2142:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 7 84 theme cell 1935:1938 arg1 receptors 1940:1948 cell receptors 1935:1948 cell receptors 1935:1948 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 5 85 gly glycosylation 1226:1238 arg2 sites 1240:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 0 86 theme Virus 89:93 arg1 gp85 55:58 gp85 55:58 gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 55:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 5 87 dep cysteines 1326:1334 arg1 cysteines 1326:1334 cysteines 1326:1334 cysteines (C3 and C9) 1326:1346 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 87 dep cysteines 1326:1334 arg1 C9 1344:1345 C9 1344:1345 C9 1344:1345 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 5 87 dep cysteines 1326:1334 arg1 C3 1337:1338 C3 1337:1338 C3 1337:1338 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 2 88 theme ALV-J 676:680 arg1 ALV-J 676:680 ALV-J gp85 676:685 ALV-J gp85 676:685 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 88 theme ALV-J 676:680 arg1 domain 666:671 the chNHE1-binding domain 647:671 the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 647:685 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 7 89 theme proteins 1923:1930 arg1 step 1959:1962 a key step 1953:1962 a key step 1953:1962 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 7 89 theme proteins 1923:1930 arg1 adsorption 1886:1895 The specific adsorption 1873:1895 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors 1873:1948 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 3 90 dep acids 890:894 arg1 131 907:909 131 907:909 131 907:909 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 1 91 theme J 162:162 arg1 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 ALV-J 186:190 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 91 theme J 162:162 arg1 virus 179:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus 153:183 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J) 153:191 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 9 92 theme viral 2376:2380 arg1 infection 2382:2390 viral infection 2376:2390 viral infection 2376:2390 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 8 93 theme ALV 2172:2174 arg1 subgroups 2176:2184 other ALV subgroups 2166:2184 other ALV subgroups 2166:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 6 94 theme glycosylation 1633:1645 arg1 sites 1647:1651 two N-linked glycosylation sites 1620:1651 its two N-linked glycosylation sites 1616:1651 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 3 95 dep gp85 1019:1022 arg1 loop 1042:1045 loop 1 1042:1047 loop 1 1042:1047 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 1 96 theme receptor 330:337 arg1 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 96 theme receptor 330:337 arg1 residues 405:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues 381:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 381:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 96 theme receptor 330:337 arg1 type 364:367 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I 317:369 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1) 317:378 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 6 97 theme bipartite 1493:1501 arg1 motif 1512:1516 the bipartite sequence motif 1489:1516 the bipartite sequence motif 1489:1516 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 97 theme bipartite 1493:1501 arg1 essential 1578:1586 essential 1578:1586 essential 1578:1586 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 98 theme infection 1742:1750 arg1 Infection 1769:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection 1725:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses 1725:1803 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 0 99 theme Receptor 119:126 arg1 Binding 128:134 Receptor Binding 119:134 Receptor Binding 119:134 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 1 100 theme Na+/H+ 347:352 arg1 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 chNHE1 372:377 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 100 theme Na+/H+ 347:352 arg1 residues 405:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues 381:412 the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 381:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 100 theme Na+/H+ 347:352 arg1 type 364:367 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I 317:369 the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1) 317:378 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 10 101 theme viral 2527:2531 arg1 entry 2533:2537 viral entry 2527:2537 viral entry 2527:2537 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 6 102 theme subsequent 1725:1734 arg1 Infection 1769:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection 1725:1777 subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses 1725:1803 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 0 103 from Motif 23:27 arg1 Termini 44:50 the N and C Termini 32:50 Termini 44:50 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 11 104 theme antiviral 2640:2648 arg1 targets 2650:2656 antiviral targets 2640:2656 antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J 2640:2681 These findings might help elucidate the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells and provide antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J. 32878894 7 105 theme specific 1877:1884 arg1 step 1959:1962 a key step 1953:1962 a key step 1953:1962 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 7 105 theme specific 1877:1884 arg1 adsorption 1886:1895 The specific adsorption 1873:1895 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors 1873:1948 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 0 106 theme gp85 55:58 arg1 Termini 44:50 the N and C Termini 32:50 Termini 44:50 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 1 107 theme surface 268:274 arg1 unit 276:279 its envelope surface unit 255:279 its envelope surface unit (gp85) 255:286 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 1 107 theme surface 268:274 arg1 gp85 282:285 gp85 282:285 gp85 282:285 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 3 108 theme gp85 926:929 arg1 terminus 914:921 N terminus 912:921 N terminus of gp85 912:929 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 9 109 theme ALV-J 2291:2295 arg1 terminus 2279:2286 the C terminus 2273:2286 the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 2273:2300 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 6 110 dep aa 1545:1546 arg1 to 1552:1553 to 1552:1553 to 1552:1553 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 0 111 theme Subgroup 63:70 arg1 Virus 89:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 4 112 theme chimeric 1084:1091 arg1 proteins 1098:1105 these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins 1063:1105 these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins 1063:1105 In addition, these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins could not effectively block the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells. 32878894 8 113 contain has 2138:2140 arg1 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 8 113 contain has 2138:2140 arg1 pathogen 2083:2090 an economically important avian pathogen 2051:2090 an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups 2051:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 8 113 contain has 2138:2140 arg2 range 2155:2159 a wider host range 2142:2159 a wider host range than other ALV subgroups 2142:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 0 114 theme Avian 74:78 arg1 Virus 89:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 63:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 9 115 theme N 2244:2244 arg1 terminus 2246:2253 the N terminus 2240:2253 the N terminus 2240:2253 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 6 116 link N-linked 1624:1631 arg1 sites 1647:1651 two N-linked glycosylation sites 1620:1651 its two N-linked glycosylation sites 1616:1651 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 7 117 theme drug 2026:2029 arg1 screening 2031:2039 antiviral drug screening 2016:2039 antiviral drug screening 2016:2039 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 1 118 theme receptor 457:464 arg1 domain 477:482 the minimal receptor functional domain 445:482 the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies 445:506 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 0 119 theme Bipartite 4:12 arg1 Motif 23:27 The Bipartite Sequence Motif 0:27 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus 0:93 The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. 32878894 5 120 from analysis 1197:1204 arg1 gp85 1270:1273 gp85 1270:1273 gp85 1270:1273 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 2 121 from effects 766:772 arg1 assays 816:821 protein-cell binding assays 795:821 protein-cell binding assays 795:821 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 121 from effects 766:772 arg1 binding 784:790 chNHE1 binding 777:790 chNHE1 binding 777:790 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 C3 2458:2459 C3 2458:2459 C3 2458:2459 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 N11 2438:2440 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 C9 2465:2466 C9 2465:2466 C9 2465:2466 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 sites 2424:2428 the glycosylation sites 2406:2428 the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) 2406:2441 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 gp85 2472:2475 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 cysteines 2447:2455 cysteines 2447:2455 cysteines (C3 and C9) 2447:2467 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 122 theme gp85 2472:2475 arg1 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 N6 2431:2432 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 1 123 theme genus 211:215 arg1 Alpharetrovirus 217:231 the genus Alpharetrovirus 207:231 the genus Alpharetrovirus 207:231 Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. 32878894 3 124 theme C 951:951 arg1 terminus 953:960 C terminus 951:960 C terminus of gp85 951:968 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 9 125 dep acids 2221:2225 arg1 terminus 2246:2253 the N terminus 2240:2253 the N terminus 2240:2253 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 9 125 dep acids 2221:2225 arg1 283 2266:2268 283 2266:2268 283 2266:2268 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 9 125 dep acids 2221:2225 arg1 131 2233:2235 131 2233:2235 131 2233:2235 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 2 126 dep identified 636:645 arg1 evaluating 749:758 evaluating 749:758 evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays 749:821 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 126 dep identified 636:645 arg1 using 687:691 using 687:691 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions 687:743 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 2 127 theme binding 808:814 arg1 assays 816:821 protein-cell binding assays 795:821 protein-cell binding assays 795:821 In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. 32878894 6 128 theme ALV-J 1563:1567 arg1 motif 1512:1516 the bipartite sequence motif 1489:1516 the bipartite sequence motif 1489:1516 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 6 128 theme ALV-J 1563:1567 arg1 essential 1578:1586 essential 1578:1586 essential 1578:1586 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 11 129 theme ALV-J 2677:2681 arg1 control 2666:2672 the control 2662:2672 the control of ALV-J 2662:2681 These findings might help elucidate the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells and provide antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J. 32878894 5 130 theme glycosylation 1226:1238 arg1 sites 1240:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 9 131 theme C 2277:2277 arg1 terminus 2279:2286 the C terminus 2273:2286 the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 2273:2300 Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. 32878894 8 132 theme important 2067:2075 arg1 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J 2042:2046 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 8 132 theme important 2067:2075 arg1 pathogen 2083:2090 an economically important avian pathogen 2051:2090 an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups 2051:2184 ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. 32878894 5 133 from mutants 1259:1265 arg1 gp85 1270:1273 gp85 1270:1273 gp85 1270:1273 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32878894 10 134 dep cysteines 2447:2455 arg1 C9 2465:2466 C9 2465:2466 C9 2465:2466 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 134 dep cysteines 2447:2455 arg1 C3 2458:2459 C3 2458:2459 C3 2458:2459 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 10 134 dep cysteines 2447:2455 arg1 cysteines 2447:2455 cysteines 2447:2455 cysteines (C3 and C9) 2447:2467 In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. 32878894 6 135 theme N-linked 1624:1631 arg1 sites 1647:1651 two N-linked glycosylation sites 1620:1651 its two N-linked glycosylation sites 1616:1651 Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. 32878894 3 136 theme acids 890:894 arg1 substitutions 867:879 hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions 848:879 hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) 848:969 Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. 32878894 7 137 theme key 1955:1957 arg1 step 1959:1962 a key step 1953:1962 a key step 1953:1962 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 7 137 theme key 1955:1957 arg1 adsorption 1886:1895 The specific adsorption 1873:1895 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors 1873:1948 The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. 32878894 5 138 theme various 1209:1215 arg1 sites 1240:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 various N-linked glycosylation sites 1209:1244 Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. 32542517 3 0 theme animal 491:496 arg1 tissues 498:504 animal tissues 491:504 animal tissues used for production of BHV 491:531 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 32542517 10 1 theme relative 1196:1203 arg1 N-glycans 1233:1241 α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1216:1241 α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1216:1241 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 10 1 theme relative 1196:1203 arg1 higher 1248:1253 higher 1248:1253 higher 1248:1253 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 10 1 theme relative 1196:1203 arg1 amounts 1205:1211 The relative amounts 1192:1211 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1192:1241 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 4 2 theme aortic 574:579 arg1 valves 595:600 porcine aortic and pulmonary valves 566:600 porcine aortic and pulmonary valves 566:600 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 13 3 theme future 1805:1810 arg1 engineering 1820:1830 future genetic engineering 1805:1830 future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans 1805:1914 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 9 4 theme sulfated 1172:1179 arg1 O-glycans 1181:1189 sulfated O-glycans 1172:1189 sulfated O-glycans 1172:1189 α-Gal and Neu5Gc were identified on both N- and O-linked glycans, N,N´-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) on N-glycans only and sulfated O-glycans. 32542517 3 5 theme BHV 529:531 arg1 production 515:524 production 515:524 production of BHV 515:531 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 32542517 1 6 theme valvular 242:249 arg1 disease 257:263 valvular heart disease 242:263 valvular heart disease 242:263 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 11 7 contain carrying 1415:1422 arg2 Neu5Gc-determinants 1424:1442 Neu5Gc-determinants 1424:1442 Neu5Gc-determinants 1424:1442 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 11 7 contain carrying 1415:1422 arg1 proteins 1406:1413 proteins 1406:1413 proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants 1406:1442 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 4 8 theme equine 627:632 arg1 pericardia 634:643 equine pericardia 627:643 equine pericardia 627:643 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 1 9 theme heart 169:173 arg1 valves 175:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves 148:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) 148:186 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 1 9 theme heart 169:173 arg1 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 9 10 from N´-diacetyllactosamine 1116:1137 arg1 N-glycans 1153:1161 N-glycans 1153:1161 N-glycans 1153:1161 α-Gal and Neu5Gc were identified on both N- and O-linked glycans, N,N´-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) on N-glycans only and sulfated O-glycans. 32542517 2 11 theme young 277:281 arg1 recipients 287:296 Especially young BHV recipients 266:296 Especially young BHV recipients 266:296 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 12 12 theme Neu5Gc-sialylated 1640:1656 arg1 N-glycans 1658:1666 Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1640:1666 Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1640:1666 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 1 13 used used 192:195 arg2 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 1 13 used used 192:195 arg2 valves 175:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves 148:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) 148:186 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 12 14 theme bovine 1600:1605 arg1 pericardium 1607:1617 bovine pericardium 1600:1617 bovine pericardium 1600:1617 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 4 15 theme anti-carbohydrate 685:701 arg1 antibodies 703:712 anti-carbohydrate antibodies 685:712 anti-carbohydrate antibodies 685:712 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 11 16 theme proteins 1348:1355 arg1 number 1338:1343 the restricted number 1323:1343 the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc 1323:1383 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 0 17 theme heart 133:137 arg1 tissues 139:145 porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues 106:145 tissues 139:145 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 11 18 theme species 1509:1515 arg1 tissues 1489:1495 different tissues 1479:1495 different tissues of the same species 1479:1515 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 12 19 theme Neu5Gc-sialylated 1567:1583 arg1 O-glycans 1585:1593 Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1567:1593 Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1567:1593 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 10 20 theme N-glycans 1233:1241 arg1 N-glycans 1233:1241 α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1216:1241 α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1216:1241 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 10 20 theme N-glycans 1233:1241 arg1 higher 1248:1253 higher 1248:1253 higher 1248:1253 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 10 20 theme N-glycans 1233:1241 arg1 amounts 1205:1211 The relative amounts 1192:1211 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1192:1241 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 0 21 theme antigens 69:76 arg1 immunoblotting 40:53 immunoblotting 40:53 immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues 40:145 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 0 21 theme antigens 69:76 arg1 spectrometry 23:34 mass spectrometry 18:34 mass spectrometry 18:34 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 12 22 contain carried 1538:1544 arg1 pericardium 1526:1536 Porcine pericardium 1518:1536 Porcine pericardium 1518:1536 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 12 22 contain carried 1538:1544 arg2 pericardium 1607:1617 bovine pericardium 1600:1617 bovine pericardium 1600:1617 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 12 22 contain carried 1538:1544 arg2 level 1558:1562 the highest level 1546:1562 the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1546:1593 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 5 23 theme F 761:761 arg1 digestion 763:771 PNGase F digestion 754:771 PNGase F digestion 754:771 N-glycans were released by PNGase F digestion and O-glycans by β-elimination. 32542517 7 24 theme heart 965:969 arg1 lysates 978:984 animal heart tissue lysates 958:984 animal heart tissue lysates 958:984 In total, 102 N-glycans and 40 O-glycans were identified in animal heart tissue lysates. 32542517 13 25 link O-linked 1691:1698 arg1 glycans 1700:1706 The identified N- and O-linked glycans 1669:1706 glycans 1700:1706 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 6 26 theme mass 879:882 arg1 spectrometry 884:895 tandem mass spectrometry 872:895 tandem mass spectrometry 872:895 Released oligosaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. 32542517 2 27 from antigens 422:429 arg1 reaction 366:373 an immune reaction 356:373 an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens 356:429 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 13 28 theme immunogenic 1894:1904 arg1 tissues 1881:1887 the donor tissues 1871:1887 the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans 1871:1914 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 1 29 theme heart 251:255 arg1 disease 257:263 valvular heart disease 242:263 valvular heart disease 242:263 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 2 30 theme target 415:420 arg1 antigens 422:429 potential target antigens 405:429 potential target antigens 405:429 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 2 30 theme target 415:420 arg1 Neu5Gc 394:399 Neu5Gc 394:399 Neu5Gc 394:399 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 2 30 theme target 415:420 arg1 α-Gal 384:388 α-Gal 384:388 α-Gal 384:388 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 9 31 theme O-linked 1096:1103 arg1 glycans 1105:1111 O-linked glycans 1096:1111 O-linked glycans 1096:1111 α-Gal and Neu5Gc were identified on both N- and O-linked glycans, N,N´-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) on N-glycans only and sulfated O-glycans. 32542517 0 32 theme mass 18:21 arg1 spectrometry 23:34 mass spectrometry 18:34 mass spectrometry 18:34 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 12 33 theme Porcine 1518:1524 arg1 pericardium 1526:1536 Porcine pericardium 1518:1536 Porcine pericardium 1518:1536 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 12 34 dep level 1558:1562 arg1 level 1631:1635 the highest level 1619:1635 the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1619:1666 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 3 35 from expression 436:445 arg1 tissues 498:504 animal tissues 491:504 animal tissues used for production of BHV 491:531 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 32542517 3 36 theme carbohydrate 466:477 arg1 antigens 479:486 other carbohydrate antigens 460:486 other carbohydrate antigens 460:486 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 32542517 6 37 theme liquid 848:853 arg1 chromatography 855:868 liquid chromatography 848:868 liquid chromatography 848:868 Released oligosaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. 32542517 13 38 theme identified 1673:1682 arg1 N- 1684:1685 The identified N- and O-linked glycans 1669:1706 N- 1684:1685 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 13 39 from humans 1909:1914 arg1 immunogenic 1894:1904 immunogenic 1894:1904 immunogenic 1894:1904 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 1 40 theme defective 208:216 arg1 valves 218:223 defective valves 208:223 defective valves 208:223 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 13 41 from immunogenic 1894:1904 arg1 humans 1909:1914 humans 1909:1914 humans 1909:1914 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 13 42 theme clinical 1778:1785 arg1 use 1787:1789 clinical use 1778:1789 clinical use 1778:1789 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 4 43 theme valves 595:600 arg1 lysates 555:561 Protein lysates 547:561 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves 547:600 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 4 43 theme valves 595:600 arg1 bovine 616:621 bovine 616:621 bovine 616:621 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 4 43 theme valves 595:600 arg1 pericardia 634:643 equine pericardia 627:643 equine pericardia 627:643 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 4 43 theme valves 595:600 arg1 porcine 607:613 porcine 607:613 porcine 607:613 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 13 44 theme glycan 1843:1848 arg1 expression 1850:1859 glycan expression 1843:1859 glycan expression 1843:1859 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 11 45 theme proteins 1406:1413 arg1 distribution 1390:1401 the distribution 1386:1401 the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants 1386:1442 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 6 46 theme Released 805:812 arg1 oligosaccharides 814:829 Released oligosaccharides 805:829 Released oligosaccharides 805:829 Released oligosaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. 32542517 11 47 dep number 1338:1343 arg1 contrast 1311:1318 contrast 1311:1318 contrast 1311:1318 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 8 48 theme N- 991:992 arg1 different 1021:1029 different 1021:1029 different 1021:1029 The N- and O-glycan patterns were different between species. 32542517 8 48 theme N- 991:992 arg1 patterns 1007:1014 The N- and O-glycan patterns 987:1014 The N- and O-glycan patterns 987:1014 The N- and O-glycan patterns were different between species. 32542517 13 49 theme genetic 1812:1818 arg1 engineering 1820:1830 future genetic engineering 1805:1830 future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans 1805:1914 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 2 50 theme valve 326:330 arg1 deterioration 332:344 a structural valve deterioration 313:344 a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens 313:429 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 12 51 gly Neu5Gc-sialylated 1640:1656 arg1 N-glycans 1658:1666 Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1640:1666 Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1640:1666 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 1 52 theme bioprosthetic 155:167 arg1 valves 175:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves 148:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) 148:186 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 1 52 theme bioprosthetic 155:167 arg1 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 8 53 theme O-glycan 998:1005 arg1 different 1021:1029 different 1021:1029 different 1021:1029 The N- and O-glycan patterns were different between species. 32542517 8 53 theme O-glycan 998:1005 arg1 patterns 1007:1014 The N- and O-glycan patterns 987:1014 The N- and O-glycan patterns 987:1014 The N- and O-glycan patterns were different between species. 32542517 11 54 theme restricted 1327:1336 arg1 number 1338:1343 the restricted number 1323:1343 the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc 1323:1383 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 0 55 theme bovine 115:120 arg1 tissues 139:145 porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues 106:145 tissues 139:145 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 2 56 theme BHV 283:285 arg1 recipients 287:296 Especially young BHV recipients 266:296 Especially young BHV recipients 266:296 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 12 57 theme N-glycans 1658:1666 arg1 level 1631:1635 the highest level 1619:1635 the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1619:1666 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 1 58 theme Animal 148:153 arg1 valves 175:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves 148:180 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) 148:186 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 1 58 theme Animal 148:153 arg1 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 BHV 183:185 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 2 59 theme structural 315:324 arg1 deterioration 332:344 a structural valve deterioration 313:344 a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens 313:429 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 0 60 theme equine 126:131 arg1 tissues 139:145 porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues 106:145 tissues 139:145 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 12 61 gly Neu5Gc-sialylated 1567:1583 arg1 O-glycans 1585:1593 Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1567:1593 Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1567:1593 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 0 62 theme tissues 139:145 arg1 O-glycomes 92:101 O-glycomes 92:101 O-glycomes 92:101 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 0 62 theme tissues 139:145 arg1 N- 85:86 N- 85:86 N- 85:86 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 9 63 link O-linked 1096:1103 arg1 glycans 1105:1111 O-linked glycans 1096:1111 O-linked glycans 1096:1111 α-Gal and Neu5Gc were identified on both N- and O-linked glycans, N,N´-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) on N-glycans only and sulfated O-glycans. 32542517 12 64 theme highest 1623:1629 arg1 level 1631:1635 the highest level 1619:1635 the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans 1619:1666 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 11 65 contain carrying 1357:1364 arg2 α-Gal 1366:1370 α-Gal 1366:1370 α-Gal 1366:1370 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 11 65 contain carrying 1357:1364 arg1 proteins 1348:1355 proteins 1348:1355 proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc 1348:1383 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 11 65 contain carrying 1357:1364 arg2 LacdiNAc 1376:1383 LacdiNAc 1376:1383 LacdiNAc 1376:1383 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 11 66 theme same 1504:1507 arg1 species 1509:1515 the same species 1500:1515 the same species 1500:1515 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 12 67 theme O-glycans 1585:1593 arg1 level 1558:1562 the highest level 1546:1562 the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1546:1593 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 12 67 theme O-glycans 1585:1593 arg1 pericardium 1607:1617 bovine pericardium 1600:1617 bovine pericardium 1600:1617 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 10 68 theme α-Gal-containing 1216:1231 arg1 N-glycans 1233:1241 α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1216:1241 α-Gal-containing N-glycans 1216:1241 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 0 69 from spectrometry 23:34 arg1 O-glycomes 92:101 O-glycomes 92:101 O-glycomes 92:101 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 0 69 from spectrometry 23:34 arg1 N- 85:86 N- 85:86 N- 85:86 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 5 70 theme PNGase 754:759 arg1 digestion 763:771 PNGase F digestion 754:771 PNGase F digestion 754:771 N-glycans were released by PNGase F digestion and O-glycans by β-elimination. 32542517 12 71 theme highest 1550:1556 arg1 level 1558:1562 the highest level 1546:1562 the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans 1546:1593 Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. 32542517 4 72 theme Western 662:668 arg1 blotting 670:677 Western blotting 662:677 Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins 662:724 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 7 73 theme tissue 971:976 arg1 lysates 978:984 animal heart tissue lysates 958:984 animal heart tissue lysates 958:984 In total, 102 N-glycans and 40 O-glycans were identified in animal heart tissue lysates. 32542517 10 74 theme porcine 1288:1294 arg1 pericardia 1296:1305 porcine pericardia 1288:1305 porcine pericardia 1288:1305 The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. 32542517 0 75 theme porcine 106:112 arg1 tissues 139:145 porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues 106:145 tissues 139:145 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 7 76 theme animal 958:963 arg1 lysates 978:984 animal heart tissue lysates 958:984 animal heart tissue lysates 958:984 In total, 102 N-glycans and 40 O-glycans were identified in animal heart tissue lysates. 32542517 0 77 from immunoblotting 40:53 arg1 O-glycomes 92:101 O-glycomes 92:101 O-glycomes 92:101 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 0 77 from immunoblotting 40:53 arg1 N- 85:86 N- 85:86 N- 85:86 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 11 78 theme different 1479:1487 arg1 tissues 1489:1495 different tissues 1479:1495 different tissues of the same species 1479:1515 In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. 32542517 2 79 theme immune 359:364 arg1 reaction 366:373 an immune reaction 356:373 an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens 356:429 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 2 80 theme potential 405:413 arg1 antigens 422:429 potential target antigens 405:429 potential target antigens 405:429 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 2 80 theme potential 405:413 arg1 Neu5Gc 394:399 Neu5Gc 394:399 Neu5Gc 394:399 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 2 80 theme potential 405:413 arg1 α-Gal 384:388 α-Gal 384:388 α-Gal 384:388 Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. 32542517 4 81 theme Protein 547:553 arg1 lysates 555:561 Protein lysates 547:561 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves 547:600 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 13 82 theme O-linked 1691:1698 arg1 glycans 1700:1706 The identified N- and O-linked glycans 1669:1706 glycans 1700:1706 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 13 83 theme donor 1875:1879 arg1 tissues 1881:1887 the donor tissues 1871:1887 the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans 1871:1914 The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans. 32542517 3 84 theme these 450:454 arg1 expression 436:445 The expression 432:445 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV 432:531 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 32542517 6 85 theme tandem 872:877 arg1 spectrometry 884:895 tandem mass spectrometry 872:895 tandem mass spectrometry 872:895 Released oligosaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. 32542517 0 86 theme xenogeneic 58:67 arg1 antigens 69:76 xenogeneic antigens 58:76 xenogeneic antigens 58:76 Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. 32542517 3 87 theme antigens 479:486 arg1 expression 436:445 The expression 432:445 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV 432:531 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 32542517 1 88 with patients 228:235 arg1 disease 257:263 valvular heart disease 242:263 valvular heart disease 242:263 Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. 32542517 4 89 theme pulmonary 585:593 arg1 valves 595:600 porcine aortic and pulmonary valves 566:600 porcine aortic and pulmonary valves 566:600 Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. 32542517 3 90 theme other 460:464 arg1 antigens 479:486 other carbohydrate antigens 460:486 other carbohydrate antigens 460:486 The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. 33309857 4 0 theme enhanced 547:554 arg1 size 562:565 enhanced tumor size 547:565 enhanced tumor size 547:565 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 1 from lines 873:877 arg1 perturbation 829:840 genetic perturbation 821:840 genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines 821:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 5 2 dep derived 752:758 arg1 patient 744:750 gemcitabine resistant patient 722:750 gemcitabine resistant patient 722:750 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 3 theme enhanced 633:640 arg1 incidence 642:650 enhanced incidence 633:650 enhanced incidence of relapse 633:661 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 0 4 theme N-linked 107:114 arg1 glycosylation 116:128 N-linked glycosylation 107:128 N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110 107:141 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 4 5 from metastasis 589:598 arg1 patients 671:678 PDAC patients 666:678 PDAC patients 666:678 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 6 from size 562:565 arg1 patients 671:678 PDAC patients 666:678 PDAC patients 666:678 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 8 7 theme therapeutic 1485:1495 arg1 target 1497:1502 a new therapeutic target 1479:1502 a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment 1479:1546 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 6 8 theme dependent 1080:1088 arg1 kinase 1090:1095 cyclin dependent kinase 11 1073:1098 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 0 9 theme CDK11p110 133:141 arg1 glycosylation 116:128 N-linked glycosylation 107:128 N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110 107:141 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 5 10 from expression 849:858 arg1 lines 873:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 3 11 theme clinical 430:437 arg1 beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 382:411 beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 382:413 beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) 382:423 Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. 33309857 3 11 theme clinical 430:437 arg1 marker 439:444 a clinical marker 428:444 a clinical marker 428:444 Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. 33309857 2 12 theme pancreatic 326:335 arg1 cancer 337:342 pancreatic cancer 326:342 pancreatic cancer 326:342 However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. 33309857 6 13 theme kinase 1090:1095 arg1 protein 1117:1123 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 14 from incidence 642:650 arg1 patients 671:678 PDAC patients 666:678 PDAC patients 666:678 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 15 theme poor 532:535 arg1 survival 537:544 poor survival 532:544 poor survival 532:544 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 16 theme gemcitabine 722:732 arg1 patient 744:750 gemcitabine resistant patient 722:750 gemcitabine resistant patient 722:750 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 6 17 theme CDK11p110 1107:1115 arg1 protein 1117:1123 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 6 18 theme p65 968:970 arg1 activity 972:979 elevated p65 activity 959:979 elevated p65 activity 959:979 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 7 19 theme cells 1282:1286 arg1 response 1255:1262 the response 1251:1262 the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine 1251:1301 Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. 33309857 6 20 link N-linked 1129:1136 arg1 glycosylation 1138:1150 N-linked glycosylation 1129:1150 N-linked glycosylation 1129:1150 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 21 theme cancer 207:212 arg1 development 214:224 cancer development 207:224 cancer development 207:224 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 5 22 theme PDAC 863:866 arg1 lines 873:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 6 23 theme elevated 959:966 arg1 activity 972:979 elevated p65 activity 959:979 elevated p65 activity 959:979 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 24 from survival 537:544 arg1 patients 671:678 PDAC patients 666:678 PDAC patients 666:678 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 7 25 theme orthotopic 1309:1318 arg1 model 1325:1329 an orthotopic PDAC model 1306:1329 an orthotopic PDAC model 1306:1329 Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. 33309857 2 26 theme galactosyltransferase 300:320 arg1 role 273:276 the role 269:276 the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer 269:342 However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. 33309857 6 27 theme cancer 1173:1178 arg1 progression 1180:1190 cancer progression 1173:1190 cancer progression 1173:1190 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 28 from progression 617:627 arg1 patients 671:678 PDAC patients 666:678 PDAC patients 666:678 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 1 29 attach linked 197:202 arg2 glycosylation 153:165 Aberrant glycosylation 144:165 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer 144:186 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 29 attach linked 197:202 arg1 progression 227:237 progression 227:237 progression 227:237 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 29 attach linked 197:202 arg1 development 214:224 cancer development 207:224 cancer development 207:224 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 29 attach linked 197:202 arg1 chemoresistance 243:257 chemoresistance 243:257 chemoresistance 243:257 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 6 30 theme cyclin 1073:1078 arg1 kinase 1090:1095 cyclin dependent kinase 11 1073:1098 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 2 31 from role 273:276 arg1 cancer 337:342 pancreatic cancer 326:342 pancreatic cancer 326:342 However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. 33309857 3 32 theme chemoresistance 463:477 arg1 regulator 450:458 regulator 450:458 regulator 450:458 Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. 33309857 3 32 theme chemoresistance 463:477 arg1 beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 382:411 beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 382:413 beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) 382:423 Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. 33309857 3 32 theme chemoresistance 463:477 arg1 marker 439:444 a clinical marker 428:444 a clinical marker 428:444 Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. 33309857 0 33 theme Galactosyltransferase 0:20 arg1 B4GALT1 22:28 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 0:28 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 0:28 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 4 34 theme elevated 601:608 arg1 progression 617:627 elevated cancer progression 601:627 elevated cancer progression 601:627 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 35 theme B4GALT1 695:701 arg1 Expression 681:690 Expression 681:690 Expression of B4GALT1 681:701 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 36 from glycosylation 153:165 arg1 cancer 181:186 pancreatic cancer 170:186 pancreatic cancer 170:186 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 5 37 theme cancer 796:801 arg1 lines 808:812 chemoresistant cancer cell lines 781:812 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines 722:812 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 2 38 dep such 292:295 arg1 as 297:298 as 297:298 as 297:298 However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. 33309857 7 39 theme chemoresistant 1267:1280 arg1 cells 1282:1286 chemoresistant cells 1267:1286 chemoresistant cells 1267:1286 Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. 33309857 8 40 theme cancer 1429:1434 arg1 progression 1436:1446 cancer progression 1429:1446 cancer progression 1429:1446 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 8 41 theme improved 1511:1518 arg1 cancer 1531:1536 an improved pancreatic cancer 1508:1536 an improved pancreatic cancer treatment 1508:1546 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 5 42 theme cancer 889:894 arg1 progression 896:906 cancer progression 889:906 cancer progression 889:906 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 43 gly glycosylation 153:165 arg1 cancer 181:186 pancreatic cancer 170:186 pancreatic cancer 170:186 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 44 theme B4GALT1 497:503 arg1 expression 505:514 high B4GALT1 expression 492:514 high B4GALT1 expression 492:514 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 1 45 theme Aberrant 144:151 arg1 glycosylation 153:165 Aberrant glycosylation 144:165 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer 144:186 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 6 46 theme B4GALT1 1012:1018 arg1 expression 1020:1029 B4GALT1 expression 1012:1029 B4GALT1 expression 1012:1029 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 0 47 theme pancreatic 57:66 arg1 adenocarcinomas 75:89 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas 57:89 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas 57:89 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 4 48 theme cancer 610:615 arg1 progression 617:627 elevated cancer progression 601:627 elevated cancer progression 601:627 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 49 theme high 492:495 arg1 expression 505:514 high B4GALT1 expression 492:514 high B4GALT1 expression 492:514 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 8 50 theme cancer 1531:1536 arg1 treatment 1538:1546 an improved pancreatic cancer treatment 1508:1546 an improved pancreatic cancer treatment 1508:1546 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 8 51 theme p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 1380:1400 arg1 axis 1413:1416 p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis 1380:1416 p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis 1380:1416 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 5 52 theme expression 849:858 arg1 perturbation 829:840 genetic perturbation 821:840 genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines 821:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 53 theme lymph 578:582 arg1 metastasis 589:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 54 theme chemoresistant 781:794 arg1 lines 808:812 chemoresistant cancer cell lines 781:812 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines 722:812 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 5 55 theme cell 803:806 arg1 lines 808:812 chemoresistant cancer cell lines 781:812 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines 722:812 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 8 56 theme pancreatic 1520:1529 arg1 cancer 1531:1536 an improved pancreatic cancer 1508:1536 an improved pancreatic cancer treatment 1508:1546 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 7 57 theme B4GALT1 1235:1241 arg1 depletion 1222:1230 depletion 1222:1230 depletion of B4GALT1 1222:1241 Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. 33309857 4 58 theme increased 568:576 arg1 metastasis 589:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 59 theme resistant 734:742 arg1 patient 744:750 gemcitabine resistant patient 722:750 gemcitabine resistant patient 722:750 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 0 60 link N-linked 107:114 arg1 glycosylation 116:128 N-linked glycosylation 107:128 N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110 107:141 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 5 61 link derived 752:758 arg1 organoids 760:768 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids 722:768 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines 722:812 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 0 62 theme ductal 68:73 arg1 adenocarcinomas 75:89 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas 57:89 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas 57:89 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 4 63 theme tumor 556:560 arg1 size 562:565 enhanced tumor size 547:565 enhanced tumor size 547:565 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 64 from perturbation 829:840 arg1 lines 873:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 7 65 theme PDAC 1320:1323 arg1 model 1325:1329 an orthotopic PDAC model 1306:1329 an orthotopic PDAC model 1306:1329 Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. 33309857 8 66 theme signalling 1402:1411 arg1 axis 1413:1416 p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis 1380:1416 p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis 1380:1416 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 4 67 theme node 584:587 arg1 metastasis 589:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 68 theme derived 752:758 arg1 organoids 760:768 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids 722:768 gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines 722:812 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 6 69 theme isomer 1100:1105 arg1 protein 1117:1123 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein 1073:1123 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 1 70 theme pancreatic 170:179 arg1 cancer 181:186 pancreatic cancer 170:186 pancreatic cancer 170:186 Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 8 71 theme new 1481:1483 arg1 target 1497:1502 a new therapeutic target 1479:1502 a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment 1479:1546 Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. 33309857 6 72 theme N-linked 1129:1136 arg1 glycosylation 1138:1150 N-linked glycosylation 1129:1150 N-linked glycosylation 1129:1150 Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 0 73 gly glycosylation 116:128 arg1 CDK11p110 133:141 CDK11p110 133:141 CDK11p110 133:141 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 4 74 theme relapse 655:661 arg1 survival 537:544 poor survival 532:544 poor survival 532:544 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 74 theme relapse 655:661 arg1 incidence 642:650 enhanced incidence 633:650 enhanced incidence of relapse 633:661 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 74 theme relapse 655:661 arg1 metastasis 589:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 increased lymph node metastasis 568:598 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 74 theme relapse 655:661 arg1 size 562:565 enhanced tumor size 547:565 enhanced tumor size 547:565 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 4 74 theme relapse 655:661 arg1 progression 617:627 elevated cancer progression 601:627 elevated cancer progression 601:627 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 33309857 5 75 theme genetic 821:827 arg1 perturbation 829:840 genetic perturbation 821:840 genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines 821:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 0 76 from chemoresistance 38:52 arg1 adenocarcinomas 75:89 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas 57:89 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas 57:89 Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11p110. 33309857 2 77 theme glycogene 281:289 arg1 role 273:276 the role 269:276 the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer 269:342 However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. 33309857 5 78 theme cell 868:871 arg1 lines 873:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 PDAC cell lines 863:877 Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. 33309857 4 79 theme PDAC 666:669 arg1 patients 671:678 PDAC patients 666:678 PDAC patients 666:678 Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. 32023489 0 0 theme Broad 85:89 arg1 Neutralization 102:115 Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization 69:115 Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization 69:115 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. 32023489 9 1 theme immunotherapeutics 1258:1275 arg1 development 1233:1243 development 1233:1243 development of antiviral immunotherapeutics 1233:1275 These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics. 32023489 1 2 theme antiviral 181:189 arg1 mAb 212:214 mAb 212:214 mAb 212:214 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 1 2 theme antiviral 181:189 arg1 antibody 202:209 antiviral monoclonal antibody 181:209 protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 170:225 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 1 3 theme monoclonal 191:200 arg1 mAb 212:214 mAb 212:214 mAb 212:214 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 1 3 theme monoclonal 191:200 arg1 antibody 202:209 antiviral monoclonal antibody 181:209 protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 170:225 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 7 4 theme glycan 927:932 arg1 structures 938:947 the glycan cap structures 923:947 the glycan cap structures 923:947 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. 32023489 4 5 from feature 631:637 arg1 cocktail 591:598 a two-antibody cocktail 576:598 a two-antibody cocktail 576:598 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 7 6 theme virus 997:1001 arg1 neutralization 1003:1016 virus neutralization 997:1016 virus neutralization 997:1016 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. 32023489 5 7 theme conserved 709:717 arg1 epitope 719:725 a conserved epitope 707:725 a conserved epitope on the GP base region 707:747 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. 32023489 2 8 theme mAb 314:316 arg1 cocktail 318:325 a therapeutic mAb cocktail 300:325 a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus 300:345 Here, we exploited antibody cooperativity to develop a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus. 32023489 3 9 gly glycoprotein 513:524 arg1 GP 527:528 GP 527:528 GP 527:528 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 3 9 gly glycoprotein 513:524 arg1 glycoprotein 513:524 the ebolavirus glycoprotein 498:524 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) 498:529 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 0 10 theme Ebolavirus 91:100 arg1 Neutralization 102:115 Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization 69:115 Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization 69:115 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. 32023489 8 11 theme virus 1059:1063 arg1 escape 1065:1070 virus escape 1059:1070 virus escape 1059:1070 The cocktail demonstrated resistance to virus escape and protected non-human primates (NHPs) against Ebola virus disease. 32023489 2 12 theme therapeutic 302:312 arg1 cocktail 318:325 a therapeutic mAb cocktail 300:325 a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus 300:345 Here, we exploited antibody cooperativity to develop a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus. 32023489 4 13 theme major 625:629 arg1 feature 631:637 a major feature 623:637 a major feature of mAb-GP interactions 623:660 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 4 13 theme major 625:629 arg1 mimicry 611:617 molecular mimicry 601:617 molecular mimicry 601:617 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 8 14 theme Ebola 1120:1124 arg1 disease 1132:1138 Ebola virus disease 1120:1138 Ebola virus disease 1120:1138 The cocktail demonstrated resistance to virus escape and protected non-human primates (NHPs) against Ebola virus disease. 32023489 6 15 theme function 843:850 arg1 activities 852:861 neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities 805:861 neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities 805:861 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 1 16 theme antibody 202:209 arg1 cocktails 217:225 protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 170:225 protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 170:225 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 3 17 theme antibody 379:386 arg1 repertoire 388:397 the antibody repertoire 375:397 the antibody repertoire in human survivors 375:416 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 5 18 theme neutralizing 671:682 arg1 rEBOV-520 688:696 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 663:696 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 663:696 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. 32023489 6 19 theme effector 834:841 arg1 function 843:850 Fc-mediated effector function 822:850 Fc-mediated effector function 822:850 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 5 20 theme mAb 684:686 arg1 rEBOV-520 688:696 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 663:696 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 663:696 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. 32023489 6 21 theme Fc-mediated 822:832 arg1 function 843:850 Fc-mediated effector function 822:850 Fc-mediated effector function 822:850 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 8 22 theme virus 1126:1130 arg1 disease 1132:1138 Ebola virus disease 1120:1138 Ebola virus disease 1120:1138 The cocktail demonstrated resistance to virus escape and protected non-human primates (NHPs) against Ebola virus disease. 32023489 7 23 theme GP 982:983 arg1 binding 985:991 enhanced GP binding 973:991 enhanced GP binding 973:991 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. 32023489 2 24 theme Ebola 335:339 arg1 virus 341:345 Ebola virus 335:345 Ebola virus 335:345 Here, we exploited antibody cooperativity to develop a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus. 32023489 9 25 theme structural 1163:1172 arg1 principles 1174:1183 structural principles 1163:1183 structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics 1163:1275 These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics. 32023489 3 26 theme human 402:406 arg1 survivors 408:416 human survivors 402:416 human survivors 402:416 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 8 27 theme non-human 1086:1094 arg1 NHPs 1106:1109 NHPs 1106:1109 NHPs 1106:1109 The cocktail demonstrated resistance to virus escape and protected non-human primates (NHPs) against Ebola virus disease. 32023489 8 27 theme non-human 1086:1094 arg1 primates 1096:1103 non-human primates 1086:1103 non-human primates (NHPs) 1086:1110 The cocktail demonstrated resistance to virus escape and protected non-human primates (NHPs) against Ebola virus disease. 32023489 6 28 theme neutralizing 805:816 arg1 activities 852:861 neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities 805:861 neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities 805:861 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 1 29 theme cocktails 217:225 arg1 composition 155:165 the composition 151:165 the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 151:225 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 6 30 contain possessed 795:803 arg2 activities 852:861 neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities 805:861 neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities 805:861 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 6 30 contain possessed 795:803 arg1 mAb 750:752 mAb rEBOV-548 750:762 mAb rEBOV-548 750:762 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 1 31 theme Structural 118:127 arg1 principles 129:138 Structural principles 118:138 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 118:225 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 3 32 theme ebolavirus 502:511 arg1 GP 527:528 GP 527:528 GP 527:528 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 3 32 theme ebolavirus 502:511 arg1 glycoprotein 513:524 the ebolavirus glycoprotein 498:524 the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) 498:529 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 0 33 theme Cocktail 35:42 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail 0:42 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. 32023489 4 34 theme molecular 601:609 arg1 feature 631:637 a major feature 623:637 a major feature of mAb-GP interactions 623:660 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 4 34 theme molecular 601:609 arg1 mimicry 611:617 molecular mimicry 601:617 molecular mimicry 601:617 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 9 35 theme antibody 1188:1195 arg1 cooperativity 1197:1209 antibody cooperativity 1188:1209 antibody cooperativity 1188:1209 These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics. 32023489 0 36 theme Antibody 26:33 arg1 Cocktail 35:42 a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail 12:42 a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail 12:42 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. 32023489 3 37 from repertoire 388:397 arg1 survivors 408:416 human survivors 402:416 human survivors 402:416 We systematically analyzed the antibody repertoire in human survivors and identified a pair of potently neutralizing mAbs that cooperatively bound to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). 32023489 0 38 theme Therapeutic 14:24 arg1 Cocktail 35:42 a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail 12:42 a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail 12:42 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. 32023489 9 39 theme cooperativity 1197:1209 arg1 principles 1174:1183 structural principles 1163:1183 structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics 1163:1275 These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics. 32023489 5 40 from epitope 719:725 arg1 region 742:747 the GP base region 730:747 the GP base region 730:747 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. 32023489 9 41 with principles 1174:1183 arg1 implications 1216:1227 implications 1216:1227 implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics 1216:1275 These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics. 32023489 4 42 theme two-antibody 578:589 arg1 cocktail 591:598 a two-antibody cocktail 576:598 a two-antibody cocktail 576:598 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 5 43 theme GP 734:735 arg1 region 742:747 the GP base region 730:747 the GP base region 730:747 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. 32023489 6 44 theme cap 782:784 arg1 epitope 786:792 a glycan cap epitope 773:792 a glycan cap epitope 773:792 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 7 45 theme enhanced 973:980 arg1 binding 985:991 enhanced GP binding 973:991 enhanced GP binding 973:991 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. 32023489 4 46 theme mAb-GP 642:647 arg1 interactions 649:660 mAb-GP interactions 642:660 mAb-GP interactions 642:660 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 5 47 theme base 737:740 arg1 region 742:747 the GP base region 730:747 the GP base region 730:747 Broadly neutralizing mAb rEBOV-520 targeted a conserved epitope on the GP base region. 32023489 6 48 theme glycan 775:780 arg1 epitope 786:792 a glycan cap epitope 773:792 a glycan cap epitope 773:792 mAb rEBOV-548 bound to a glycan cap epitope, possessed neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector function activities, and potentiated neutralization by rEBOV-520. 32023489 0 49 theme Cooperative 69:79 arg1 Neutralization 102:115 Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization 69:115 Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization 69:115 Analysis of a Therapeutic Antibody Cocktail Reveals Determinants for Cooperative and Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization. 32023489 7 50 theme cap 934:936 arg1 structures 938:947 the glycan cap structures 923:947 the glycan cap structures 923:947 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. 32023489 2 51 theme antibody 266:273 arg1 cooperativity 275:287 antibody cooperativity 266:287 antibody cooperativity 266:287 Here, we exploited antibody cooperativity to develop a therapeutic mAb cocktail against Ebola virus. 32023489 4 52 theme High-resolution 532:546 arg1 structures 548:557 High-resolution structures 532:557 High-resolution structures 532:557 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 9 53 theme antiviral 1248:1256 arg1 immunotherapeutics 1258:1275 antiviral immunotherapeutics 1248:1275 antiviral immunotherapeutics 1248:1275 These data illuminate structural principles of antibody cooperativity with implications for development of antiviral immunotherapeutics. 32023489 1 54 theme protective 170:179 arg1 cocktails 217:225 protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 170:225 protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails 170:225 Structural principles underlying the composition of protective antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails are poorly defined. 32023489 7 55 theme structures 938:947 arg1 Remodeling 909:918 Remodeling 909:918 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail 909:963 Remodeling of the glycan cap structures by the cocktail enabled enhanced GP binding and virus neutralization. 32023489 4 56 theme interactions 649:660 arg1 feature 631:637 a major feature 623:637 a major feature of mAb-GP interactions 623:660 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32023489 4 56 theme interactions 649:660 arg1 mimicry 611:617 molecular mimicry 601:617 molecular mimicry 601:617 High-resolution structures revealed that in a two-antibody cocktail, molecular mimicry was a major feature of mAb-GP interactions. 32328881 8 0 theme OST 1118:1120 arg1 complex 1122:1128 the OST complex 1114:1128 the OST complex 1114:1128 Ost4, an unusually small protein, plays a very important role in the stabilization of the OST complex. 32328881 6 1 theme protein 912:918 arg1 subunits 920:927 nine non-identical protein subunits 893:927 nine non-identical protein subunits 893:927 In yeast, the OST is composed of nine non-identical protein subunits. 32328881 11 2 theme lethal 1469:1474 arg1 phenotype 1476:1484 a lethal phenotype 1467:1484 a lethal phenotype in yeast 1467:1493 Indeed, mutation of valine23 to an aspartate impairs OST function in vivo resulting in a lethal phenotype in yeast. 32328881 4 3 from defects 693:699 arg1 OST 704:706 OST 704:706 OST 704:706 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 1 4 theme endoplasmic 273:283 arg1 reticulum 285:293 the endoplasmic reticulum 269:293 the endoplasmic reticulum of cells 269:302 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 9 5 theme subunit 1156:1162 arg1 Stt3 1164:1167 the catalytic subunit Stt3 1142:1167 the catalytic subunit Stt3 1142:1167 It bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3 with Ost3 (or Ost6) in the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 (or Ost6) sub-complex. 32328881 9 6 from Ost6 1183:1186 arg1 Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1196:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 It bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3 with Ost3 (or Ost6) in the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 (or Ost6) sub-complex. 32328881 13 7 theme backbone 1707:1714 arg1 1H 1716:1717 backbone 1H 1707:1717 backbone 1H 1707:1717 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 10 8 link N-linked 1332:1339 arg1 glycosylation 1341:1353 N-linked glycosylation 1332:1353 N-linked glycosylation 1332:1353 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 1 9 theme conserved 214:222 arg1 reaction 245:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction 190:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome 190:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 1 9 theme conserved 214:222 arg1 glycosylation 173:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 0 10 theme important 128:136 arg1 mutant 138:143 its functionally important mutant 111:143 its functionally important mutant 111:143 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 3 11 theme membrane-bound 596:609 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 641:665 oligosaccharyltransferase 641:665 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 641:671 This reaction is carried by a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 32328881 3 11 theme membrane-bound 596:609 arg1 complex 632:638 a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex 594:638 a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex 594:638 This reaction is carried by a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 32328881 1 12 theme modification 232:243 arg1 reaction 245:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction 190:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome 190:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 1 12 theme modification 232:243 arg1 glycosylation 173:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 2 13 from sequence 516:523 arg1 side-chain 464:473 the side-chain 460:473 the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline) 460:563 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 10 14 from Mutation 1234:1241 arg1 helix 1293:1297 the trans-membrane helix 1274:1297 the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 1274:1311 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 12 15 theme Ost4 1633:1636 arg1 mutant 1669:1674 its functionally important mutant 1642:1674 its functionally important mutant 1642:1674 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 12 15 theme Ost4 1633:1636 arg1 investigation 1616:1628 a detailed investigation 1605:1628 a detailed investigation of Ost4 1605:1636 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 12 15 theme Ost4 1633:1636 arg1 Ost4V23D 1677:1684 Ost4V23D 1677:1684 Ost4V23D 1677:1684 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 7 16 with subunits 975:982 arg1 Ost3 996:999 Ost3 996:999 Ost3 996:999 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 7 16 with subunits 975:982 arg1 Ost6 1004:1007 Ost6 1004:1007 Ost6 1004:1007 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 10 17 theme N-linked 1332:1339 arg1 glycosylation 1341:1353 N-linked glycosylation 1332:1353 N-linked glycosylation 1332:1353 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 11 18 theme OST 1433:1435 arg1 function 1437:1444 OST function 1433:1444 OST function 1433:1444 Indeed, mutation of valine23 to an aspartate impairs OST function in vivo resulting in a lethal phenotype in yeast. 32328881 13 19 theme 15N 1729:1731 arg1 assignments 1743:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments 1703:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1703:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 0 20 theme secondary 39:47 arg1 structure 49:57 secondary structure 39:57 secondary structure 39:57 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 3 21 theme enzyme 625:630 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 641:665 oligosaccharyltransferase 641:665 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 641:671 This reaction is carried by a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 32328881 3 21 theme enzyme 625:630 arg1 complex 632:638 a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex 594:638 a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex 594:638 This reaction is carried by a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 32328881 2 22 theme -N-X-T/S- 506:514 arg1 sequence 516:523 an -N-X-T/S- sequence 503:523 an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline) 503:563 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 13 23 theme dodecylphosphocholine 1780:1800 arg1 micelles 1802:1809 dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1780:1809 dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1780:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 11 24 from phenotype 1476:1484 arg1 yeast 1489:1493 yeast 1489:1493 yeast 1489:1493 Indeed, mutation of valine23 to an aspartate impairs OST function in vivo resulting in a lethal phenotype in yeast. 32328881 2 25 from side-chain 464:473 arg1 sequence 516:523 an -N-X-T/S- sequence 503:523 an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline) 503:563 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 0 26 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 68:92 arg1 Ost4 102:105 yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 62:105 yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 62:105 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 4 27 theme Congenital 773:782 arg1 Disorders 784:792 Congenital Disorders 773:792 Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 773:809 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 0 28 theme Ost4 102:105 arg1 13C 4:6 13C 4:6 13C 4:6 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 0 28 theme Ost4 102:105 arg1 1H 0:1 1H 0:1 1H 0:1 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 0 28 theme Ost4 102:105 arg1 mutant 138:143 its functionally important mutant 111:143 its functionally important mutant 111:143 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 0 28 theme Ost4 102:105 arg1 structure 49:57 secondary structure 39:57 secondary structure 39:57 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 0 28 theme Ost4 102:105 arg1 15N 9:11 15N 9:11 15N 9:11 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 7 29 theme functional 934:943 arg1 complex 952:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 10 30 from M18-I24 1263:1269 arg1 Mutation 1234:1241 Mutation 1234:1241 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 1234:1311 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 2 31 from residue 492:498 arg1 sequence 516:523 an -N-X-T/S- sequence 503:523 an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline) 503:563 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 4 32 theme rare 727:730 arg1 diseases 742:749 rare metabolic diseases 727:749 rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 727:809 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 1 33 theme cells 298:302 arg1 reticulum 285:293 the endoplasmic reticulum 269:293 the endoplasmic reticulum of cells 269:302 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 8 34 theme small 1047:1051 arg1 Ost4 1028:1031 Ost4 1028:1031 Ost4 1028:1031 Ost4, an unusually small protein, plays a very important role in the stabilization of the OST complex. 32328881 8 34 theme small 1047:1051 arg1 protein 1053:1059 an unusually small protein 1034:1059 an unusually small protein 1034:1059 Ost4, an unusually small protein, plays a very important role in the stabilization of the OST complex. 32328881 1 35 link Asparagine-linked 155:171 arg1 reaction 245:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction 190:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome 190:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 1 35 link Asparagine-linked 155:171 arg1 glycosylation 173:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 4 36 theme diseases 742:749 arg1 diseases 742:749 rare metabolic diseases 727:749 rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 727:809 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 4 36 theme diseases 742:749 arg1 group 718:722 a group 716:722 a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 716:809 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 10 37 theme residue 1250:1256 arg1 Mutation 1234:1241 Mutation 1234:1241 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 1234:1311 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 1 38 theme protein 311:317 arg1 synthesis 319:327 protein synthesis 311:327 protein synthesis at the ribosome 311:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 12 39 theme enzyme 1571:1576 arg1 complex 1578:1584 the enzyme complex 1567:1584 the enzyme complex 1567:1584 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 2 40 theme lipid-linked 428:439 arg1 substrate 447:455 a lipid-linked donor substrate 426:455 a lipid-linked donor substrate 426:455 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 10 41 gly glycosylation 1341:1353 arg1 yeast 1373:1377 yeast 1373:1377 yeast 1373:1377 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 2 42 theme asparagine 481:490 arg1 residue 492:498 an asparagine residue 478:498 an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline) 478:563 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 8 43 theme important 1075:1083 arg1 role 1085:1088 a very important role 1068:1088 a very important role 1068:1088 Ost4, an unusually small protein, plays a very important role in the stabilization of the OST complex. 32328881 0 44 dep 15N 9:11 arg1 assignments 23:33 resonance assignments 13:33 resonance assignments 13:33 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 2 45 dep sequence 516:523 arg1 residue 541:547 any residue 537:547 any residue except proline 537:562 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 13 46 from Ost4V23D 1768:1775 arg1 micelles 1802:1809 dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1780:1809 dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1780:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 13 47 theme 1H 1716:1717 arg1 assignments 1743:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments 1703:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1703:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 10 48 theme yeast 1302:1306 arg1 Ost4 1308:1311 yeast Ost4 1302:1311 yeast Ost4 1302:1311 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 2 49 theme high-mannose 387:398 arg1 sugar 400:404 a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar 371:404 a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar 371:404 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 9 50 from Ost6 1215:1218 arg1 Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1196:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 It bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3 with Ost3 (or Ost6) in the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 (or Ost6) sub-complex. 32328881 13 51 from Ost4 1759:1762 arg1 micelles 1802:1809 dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1780:1809 dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1780:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 13 52 theme 13C 1720:1722 arg1 assignments 1743:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments 1703:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1703:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 1 53 from ribosome 336:343 arg1 synthesis 319:327 protein synthesis 311:327 protein synthesis at the ribosome 311:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 6 54 theme non-identical 898:910 arg1 subunits 920:927 nine non-identical protein subunits 893:927 nine non-identical protein subunits 893:927 In yeast, the OST is composed of nine non-identical protein subunits. 32328881 9 55 theme catalytic 1146:1154 arg1 Stt3 1164:1167 the catalytic subunit Stt3 1142:1167 the catalytic subunit Stt3 1142:1167 It bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3 with Ost3 (or Ost6) in the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 (or Ost6) sub-complex. 32328881 8 56 theme complex 1122:1128 arg1 stabilization 1097:1109 the stabilization 1093:1109 the stabilization of the OST complex 1093:1128 Ost4, an unusually small protein, plays a very important role in the stabilization of the OST complex. 32328881 12 57 theme important 1659:1667 arg1 mutant 1669:1674 its functionally important mutant 1642:1674 its functionally important mutant 1642:1674 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 12 57 theme important 1659:1667 arg1 Ost4V23D 1677:1684 Ost4V23D 1677:1684 Ost4V23D 1677:1684 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 1 58 theme essential 193:201 arg1 reaction 245:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction 190:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome 190:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 1 58 theme essential 193:201 arg1 glycosylation 173:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 12 59 theme Ost4 1538:1541 arg1 mechanism 1525:1533 the structural mechanism 1510:1533 the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex 1510:1584 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 7 60 contain contains 960:967 arg2 subunits 975:982 eight subunits 969:982 eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 969:1007 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 7 60 contain contains 960:967 arg1 time 1022:1025 any given time 1012:1025 any given time 1012:1025 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 7 60 contain contains 960:967 arg2 complex 952:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 7 60 contain contains 960:967 arg1 complex 952:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 1 61 theme protein 224:230 arg1 reaction 245:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction 190:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome 190:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 1 61 theme protein 224:230 arg1 glycosylation 173:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 7 62 theme given 1016:1020 arg1 time 1022:1025 any given time 1012:1025 any given time 1012:1025 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 9 63 from sub-complex 1221:1231 arg1 Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1196:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 It bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3 with Ost3 (or Ost6) in the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 (or Ost6) sub-complex. 32328881 9 64 from Ost3 1174:1177 arg1 Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1196:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 1192:1209 It bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3 with Ost3 (or Ost6) in the Stt3-Ost4-Ost3 (or Ost6) sub-complex. 32328881 3 65 theme multi-subunit 611:623 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 641:665 oligosaccharyltransferase 641:665 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) 641:671 This reaction is carried by a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 32328881 3 65 theme multi-subunit 611:623 arg1 complex 632:638 a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex 594:638 a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex 594:638 This reaction is carried by a membrane-bound multi-subunit enzyme complex, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). 32328881 4 66 theme genetic 685:691 arg1 defects 693:699 genetic defects 685:699 genetic defects in OST 685:706 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 0 67 theme yeast 62:66 arg1 Ost4 102:105 yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 62:105 yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 62:105 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 1 68 theme Asparagine-linked 155:171 arg1 reaction 245:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction 190:252 an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome 190:343 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 1 68 theme Asparagine-linked 155:171 arg1 glycosylation 173:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 155:185 Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells during protein synthesis at the ribosome. 32328881 0 69 theme subunit 94:100 arg1 Ost4 102:105 yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 62:105 yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 62:105 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 12 70 theme detailed 1607:1614 arg1 investigation 1616:1628 a detailed investigation 1605:1628 a detailed investigation of Ost4 1605:1636 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 10 71 theme yeast 1373:1377 arg1 glycosylation 1341:1353 N-linked glycosylation 1332:1353 N-linked glycosylation 1332:1353 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 10 71 theme yeast 1373:1377 arg1 growth 1363:1368 the growth 1359:1368 the growth of yeast 1359:1377 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 12 72 theme complex 1578:1584 arg1 stabilization 1550:1562 the stabilization 1546:1562 the stabilization of the enzyme complex 1546:1584 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 12 73 theme structural 1514:1523 arg1 mechanism 1525:1533 the structural mechanism 1510:1533 the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex 1510:1584 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 5 74 theme Certain 812:818 arg1 mutations 820:828 Certain mutations 812:828 Certain mutations 812:828 Certain mutations are lethal for all organisms. 32328881 7 75 theme enzyme 945:950 arg1 complex 952:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex 930:958 The functional enzyme complex contains eight subunits with either Ost3 or Ost6 at any given time. 32328881 11 76 theme valine23 1400:1407 arg1 mutation 1388:1395 mutation 1388:1395 mutation of valine23 to an aspartate 1388:1423 Indeed, mutation of valine23 to an aspartate impairs OST function in vivo resulting in a lethal phenotype in yeast. 32328881 4 77 theme metabolic 732:740 arg1 diseases 742:749 rare metabolic diseases 727:749 rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 727:809 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 13 78 theme resonance 1733:1741 arg1 assignments 1743:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments 1703:1753 the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles 1703:1809 Here, we report the backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for Ost4 and Ost4V23D in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. 32328881 2 79 theme donor 441:445 arg1 substrate 447:455 a lipid-linked donor substrate 426:455 a lipid-linked donor substrate 426:455 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 0 80 theme resonance 13:21 arg1 assignments 23:33 resonance assignments 13:33 resonance assignments 13:33 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of yeast oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost4 and its functionally important mutant Ost4V23D. 32328881 2 81 theme residue 492:498 arg1 side-chain 464:473 the side-chain 460:473 the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline) 460:563 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 10 82 theme trans-membrane 1278:1291 arg1 helix 1293:1297 the trans-membrane helix 1274:1297 the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 1274:1311 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 12 83 from mechanism 1525:1533 arg1 stabilization 1550:1562 the stabilization 1546:1562 the stabilization of the enzyme complex 1546:1584 To understand the structural mechanism of Ost4 in the stabilization of the enzyme complex, we have initiated a detailed investigation of Ost4 and its functionally important mutant, Ost4V23D. 32328881 2 84 link lipid-linked 428:439 arg1 substrate 447:455 a lipid-linked donor substrate 426:455 a lipid-linked donor substrate 426:455 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 2 85 theme central 353:359 arg1 reaction 361:368 the central reaction 349:368 the central reaction 349:368 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 32328881 10 86 theme Ost4 1308:1311 arg1 helix 1293:1297 the trans-membrane helix 1274:1297 the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 1274:1311 Mutation of any residue from M18-I24 in the trans-membrane helix of yeast Ost4 negatively impacts N-linked glycosylation and the growth of yeast. 32328881 4 87 theme Glycosylation 797:809 arg1 Disorders 784:792 Congenital Disorders 773:792 Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 773:809 In humans, genetic defects in OST lead to a group of rare metabolic diseases collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. 32328881 2 88 theme pre-assembled 373:385 arg1 sugar 400:404 a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar 371:404 a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar 371:404 In the central reaction, a pre-assembled high-mannose sugar is transferred from a lipid-linked donor substrate to the side-chain of an asparagine residue in an -N-X-T/S- sequence (where X is any residue except proline). 33523898 0 0 theme N-linked 78:85 arg1 glycosylation 87:99 N-linked glycosylation 78:99 N-linked glycosylation 78:99 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 2 1 theme TRAP 497:500 arg1 complex 503:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 2 2 theme fluorescence-based 327:344 arg1 strategy 346:353 a fluorescence-based strategy 325:353 a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells 325:408 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 1 3 theme co- 224:226 arg1 modification 250:261 this co- and posttranslational modification 219:261 this co- and posttranslational modification 219:261 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 6 4 theme tumor 1147:1151 arg1 cells 1153:1157 tumor cells 1147:1157 tumor cells 1147:1157 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 5 5 theme downstream 1019:1028 arg1 degradation 1044:1054 downstream ER-associated degradation 1019:1054 downstream ER-associated degradation 1019:1054 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 6 dep dependent 927:935 arg1 ER 906:907 ER 906:907 ER 906:907 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 6 dep dependent 927:935 arg1 stress 909:914 stress 909:914 stress 909:914 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 6 dep dependent 927:935 arg1 levels 875:880 Protein levels 867:880 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit 867:900 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 3 7 theme SSR4 557:560 arg1 knockout 537:544 knockout 537:544 knockout 537:544 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 1 8 theme posttranslational 232:248 arg1 modification 250:261 this co- and posttranslational modification 219:261 this co- and posttranslational modification 219:261 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 0 9 theme glycosylation 87:99 arg1 control 67:73 quality control 59:73 quality control of N-linked glycosylation 59:99 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 3 10 with cells 526:530 arg1 knockout 537:544 knockout 537:544 knockout 537:544 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 3 11 theme SSR3 549:552 arg1 knockout 537:544 knockout 537:544 knockout 537:544 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 4 12 theme BiP 728:730 arg1 silencing 698:706 silencing 698:706 silencing 698:706 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 4 12 theme BiP 728:730 arg1 Activation 671:680 Activation 671:680 Activation of ER stress 671:693 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 6 13 theme TRAP 1168:1171 arg1 complex 1173:1179 the TRAP complex 1164:1179 the TRAP complex 1164:1179 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 2 14 gly N-glycosylation 374:388 arg1 cells 404:408 individual cells 393:408 individual cells 393:408 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 5 15 theme N-glycosylation 986:1000 arg1 proficiency 1002:1012 upstream N-glycosylation proficiency 977:1012 upstream N-glycosylation proficiency 977:1012 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 2 16 theme aberrant 365:372 arg1 N-glycosylation 374:388 aberrant N-glycosylation 365:388 aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells 365:408 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 0 17 theme ER 108:109 arg1 stress 111:116 ER stress 108:116 ER stress 108:116 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 4 18 theme ER 856:857 arg1 stress 859:864 ER stress 856:864 ER stress 856:864 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 6 19 theme quality 1207:1213 arg1 control 1215:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 0 20 theme translocon-associated 4:24 arg1 complex 41:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 0:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 0:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 6 21 theme glycoprotein 1194:1205 arg1 control 1215:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 1 22 theme endoplasmic 171:181 arg1 ER 194:195 ER 194:195 ER 194:195 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 1 22 theme endoplasmic 171:181 arg1 reticulum 183:191 endoplasmic reticulum 171:191 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis 171:208 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 6 23 gly glycoprotein 1194:1205 arg1 glycoprotein 1194:1205 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 6 24 theme ER 1191:1192 arg1 control 1215:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 ER glycoprotein quality control 1191:1221 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 1 25 theme reticulum 183:191 arg1 homeostasis 198:208 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis 171:208 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis 171:208 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 2 26 theme regulatory 425:434 arg1 role 436:439 a regulatory role 423:439 a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 423:509 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 6 27 theme stress 1243:1248 arg1 conditions 1229:1238 conditions 1229:1238 conditions of stress 1229:1248 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 4 28 theme glycosylation 759:771 arg1 defects 773:779 the glycosylation defects 755:779 the glycosylation defects 755:779 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 3 29 with concurrent 605:614 arg1 signature 660:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 0 30 theme protein 26:32 arg1 complex 41:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 0:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 0:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 2 31 theme translocon-associated 466:486 arg1 complex 503:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 6 32 theme N-glycosylation 1090:1104 arg1 static 1113:1118 static 1113:1118 static 1113:1118 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 6 32 theme N-glycosylation 1090:1104 arg1 fidelity 1078:1085 The fidelity 1074:1085 The fidelity of N-glycosylation 1074:1104 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 2 33 theme protein 488:494 arg1 complex 503:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 1 34 theme ER 284:285 arg1 stress 287:292 ER stress 284:292 ER stress 284:292 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 4 35 theme ER 685:686 arg1 stress 688:693 ER stress 685:693 ER stress 685:693 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 0 36 theme TRAP 35:38 arg1 complex 41:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 0:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 0:47 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 1 37 link -linked 133:139 arg1 glycosylation 141:153 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 119:153 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 119:153 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 3 38 theme stress 637:642 arg1 signature 660:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 3 39 theme concurrent 605:614 arg1 time 600:603 time 600:603 time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 600:668 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 0 40 link N-linked 78:85 arg1 glycosylation 87:99 N-linked glycosylation 78:99 N-linked glycosylation 78:99 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 2 41 theme individual 393:402 arg1 cells 404:408 individual cells 393:408 individual cells 393:408 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 2 42 theme heterotetrameric 449:464 arg1 complex 503:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex 445:509 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 4 43 theme stress 688:693 arg1 silencing 698:706 silencing 698:706 silencing 698:706 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 4 43 theme stress 688:693 arg1 Activation 671:680 Activation 671:680 Activation of ER stress 671:693 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 3 44 theme transcriptional 644:658 arg1 signature 660:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 5 45 theme upstream 977:984 arg1 proficiency 1002:1012 upstream N-glycosylation proficiency 977:1012 upstream N-glycosylation proficiency 977:1012 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 4 46 theme chaperone 718:726 arg1 BiP 728:730 the ER chaperone BiP 711:730 the ER chaperone BiP 711:730 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 4 47 theme ER 715:716 arg1 BiP 728:730 the ER chaperone BiP 711:730 the ER chaperone BiP 711:730 Activation of ER stress or silencing of the ER chaperone BiP exacerbates or rescues the glycosylation defects, respectively, indicating that SSR3 and SSR4 enable N-glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 6 48 from static 1113:1118 arg1 nontransformed 1128:1141 nontransformed 1128:1141 nontransformed 1128:1141 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 6 48 from static 1113:1118 arg1 cells 1153:1157 tumor cells 1147:1157 tumor cells 1147:1157 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 3 49 theme diminished 623:632 arg1 signature 660:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 2 50 from N-glycosylation 374:388 arg1 cells 404:408 individual cells 393:408 individual cells 393:408 Here, we introduce a fluorescence-based strategy to detect aberrant N-glycosylation in individual cells and identify a regulatory role for the heterotetrameric translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex. 33523898 5 51 theme SSR3 889:892 arg1 subunit 894:900 the SSR3 subunit 885:900 the SSR3 subunit 885:900 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 1 52 gly glycosylation 141:153 arg1 ER 194:195 ER 194:195 ER 194:195 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 1 52 gly glycosylation 141:153 arg1 reticulum 183:191 endoplasmic reticulum 171:191 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis 171:208 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 33523898 3 53 theme ER 634:635 arg1 signature 660:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature 621:668 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 3 54 dep SSR3 549:552 arg1 subunits 562:569 subunits 562:569 subunits 562:569 Unexpectedly, cells with knockout of SSR3 or SSR4 subunits restore N-glycosylation over time concurrent with a diminished ER stress transcriptional signature. 33523898 5 55 theme Protein 867:873 arg1 ER 906:907 ER 906:907 ER 906:907 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 55 theme Protein 867:873 arg1 stress 909:914 stress 909:914 stress 909:914 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 55 theme Protein 867:873 arg1 levels 875:880 Protein levels 867:880 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit 867:900 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 56 theme ER-associated 1030:1042 arg1 degradation 1044:1054 downstream ER-associated degradation 1019:1054 downstream ER-associated degradation 1019:1054 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 6 57 from nontransformed 1128:1141 arg1 static 1113:1118 static 1113:1118 static 1113:1118 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 6 57 from nontransformed 1128:1141 arg1 fidelity 1078:1085 The fidelity 1074:1085 The fidelity of N-glycosylation 1074:1104 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 5 58 theme subunit 894:900 arg1 ER 906:907 ER 906:907 ER 906:907 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 58 theme subunit 894:900 arg1 stress 909:914 stress 909:914 stress 909:914 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 5 58 theme subunit 894:900 arg1 levels 875:880 Protein levels 867:880 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit 867:900 Protein levels of the SSR3 subunit are ER stress and UBE2J1 dependent, revealing a mechanism that coordinates upstream N-glycosylation proficiency with downstream ER-associated degradation and proteostasis. 33523898 0 59 theme quality 59:65 arg1 control 67:73 quality control 59:73 quality control of N-linked glycosylation 59:99 The translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex regulates quality control of N-linked glycosylation during ER stress. 33523898 6 60 from cells 1153:1157 arg1 static 1113:1118 static 1113:1118 static 1113:1118 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 6 60 from cells 1153:1157 arg1 fidelity 1078:1085 The fidelity 1074:1085 The fidelity of N-glycosylation 1074:1104 The fidelity of N-glycosylation is not static in both nontransformed and tumor cells, and the TRAP complex regulates ER glycoprotein quality control under conditions of stress. 33523898 1 61 theme -linked 133:139 arg1 glycosylation 141:153 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 119:153 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation 119:153 Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but how this co- and posttranslational modification is maintained during ER stress is unknown. 32298759 7 0 theme decreased 1443:1451 arg1 proliferation 1453:1465 decreased proliferation 1443:1465 decreased proliferation 1443:1465 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 6 1 theme normal 1262:1267 arg1 cells 1291:1295 both normal and transformed renal cells 1257:1295 both normal and transformed renal cells 1257:1295 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 7 2 from dependence 1487:1496 arg1 uptake 1509:1514 glucose uptake 1501:1514 glucose uptake 1501:1514 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 8 3 theme important 1614:1622 arg1 role 1624:1627 an important role 1611:1627 an important role 1611:1627 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 3 4 theme GLUT1 495:499 arg1 function 501:508 GLUT1 function 495:508 GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells 495:534 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 1 5 theme facilitative 121:132 arg1 transport 142:150 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 1 5 theme facilitative 121:132 arg1 protein 206:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein 170:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose 170:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 6 6 theme cycle 1236:1240 arg1 progression 1242:1252 cell cycle progression 1231:1252 cell cycle progression 1231:1252 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 2 7 theme N-linked 279:286 arg1 glycosylation 288:300 N-linked glycosylation 279:300 N-linked glycosylation 279:300 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 4 8 dep 40 802:803 arg1 to 799:800 to 799:800 to 799:800 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 7 9 theme cell 1408:1411 arg1 types 1413:1417 all renal cell types 1398:1417 all renal cell types in this study 1398:1431 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 7 10 theme effect 1375:1380 arg1 effect 1302:1307 The effect 1298:1307 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle 1298:1340 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 7 10 theme effect 1375:1380 arg1 independent 1356:1366 independent 1356:1366 independent 1356:1366 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 4 11 theme GLUT1 675:679 arg1 glycosylation 681:693 GLUT1 glycosylation 675:693 GLUT1 glycosylation 675:693 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 8 12 theme activity 1703:1710 arg1 disruption 1677:1686 disruption 1677:1686 disruption of mannosidase activity 1677:1710 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 1 13 theme membrane 197:204 arg1 transport 142:150 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 1 13 theme membrane 197:204 arg1 protein 206:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein 170:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose 170:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 7 14 from types 1413:1417 arg1 study 1427:1431 this study 1422:1431 this study 1422:1431 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 2 15 theme single 307:312 arg1 N45 334:336 N45 334:336 N45 334:336 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 2 15 theme single 307:312 arg1 residue 325:331 a single asparagine residue 305:331 a single asparagine residue (N45) 305:337 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 1 16 theme glucose 134:140 arg1 transport 142:150 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 1 16 theme glucose 134:140 arg1 protein 206:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein 170:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose 170:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 4 17 theme prior 655:659 arg1 work 661:664 prior work 655:664 prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited 655:718 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 1 18 theme basal 226:230 arg1 uptake 232:237 basal uptake 226:237 basal uptake of blood glucose 226:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 8 19 theme GLUT1 1747:1751 arg1 degradation 1732:1742 aberrant degradation 1723:1742 aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway 1723:1771 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 5 20 theme GLUT1 909:913 arg1 trafficking 915:925 deficient GLUT1 trafficking 899:925 deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 899:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 7 21 theme cell 1331:1334 arg1 cycle 1336:1340 the cell cycle 1327:1340 the cell cycle 1327:1340 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 6 22 theme modest 1195:1200 arg1 decrease 1202:1209 only a modest decrease 1188:1209 only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels 1188:1225 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 6 23 from decrease 1202:1209 arg1 levels 1220:1225 GLUT1 levels 1214:1225 GLUT1 levels 1214:1225 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 6 24 theme transformed 1273:1283 arg1 cells 1291:1295 both normal and transformed renal cells 1257:1295 both normal and transformed renal cells 1257:1295 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 7 25 from effect 1375:1380 arg1 GLUT1 1385:1389 GLUT1 1385:1389 GLUT1 1385:1389 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 3 26 theme I 614:614 arg1 kifunensine 626:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 1 27 dep transport 142:150 arg1 SLC2A1 159:164 SLC2A1 159:164 SLC2A1 159:164 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 1 27 dep transport 142:150 arg1 GLUT1 152:156 GLUT1 152:156 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 0 28 theme glucose 101:107 arg1 uptake 109:114 glucose uptake 101:114 glucose uptake 101:114 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 5 29 theme quality 955:961 arg1 mechanisms 971:980 quality control mechanisms 955:980 quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 955:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 7 30 theme kifunensine 1312:1322 arg1 effect 1302:1307 The effect 1298:1307 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle 1298:1340 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 7 30 theme kifunensine 1312:1322 arg1 independent 1356:1366 independent 1356:1366 independent 1356:1366 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 0 31 theme Pharmacologic 0:12 arg1 inhibition 14:23 Pharmacologic inhibition 0:23 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine 0:68 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 5 32 theme cell 934:937 arg1 membrane 939:946 the cell membrane 930:946 the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 930:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 2 33 theme protein 431:437 arg1 stability 390:398 stability 390:398 stability 390:398 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 2 33 theme protein 431:437 arg1 activity 414:421 transport activity 404:421 transport activity 404:421 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 2 33 theme protein 431:437 arg1 trafficking 377:387 trafficking 377:387 trafficking 377:387 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 2 34 theme GLUT1 257:261 arg1 modification 263:274 GLUT1 modification 257:274 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) 257:337 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 7 35 theme glucose 1501:1507 arg1 uptake 1509:1514 glucose uptake 1501:1514 glucose uptake 1501:1514 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 5 36 theme due 948:950 arg1 membrane 939:946 the cell membrane 930:946 the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 930:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 4 37 theme cellular 809:816 arg1 uptake 826:831 cellular glucose uptake 809:831 cellular glucose uptake 809:831 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 2 38 theme transport 404:412 arg1 activity 414:421 transport activity 404:421 transport activity 404:421 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 0 39 theme glycan 37:42 arg1 trimming 44:51 N-linked glycan trimming 28:51 N-linked glycan trimming 28:51 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 6 40 from step 1102:1105 arg1 transfer 1121:1128 N-glycosyl transfer 1110:1128 N-glycosyl transfer 1110:1128 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 3 41 theme N-glycosylation 476:490 arg1 role 460:463 the role 456:463 the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells 456:534 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 5 42 theme degradation 1029:1039 arg1 pathway 1048:1054 the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 1011:1054 the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 1011:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 6 43 theme N-glycosyl 1110:1119 arg1 transfer 1121:1128 N-glycosyl transfer 1110:1128 N-glycosyl transfer 1110:1128 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 2 44 dep trafficking 377:387 arg1 the 373:375 the 373:375 the 373:375 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 3 45 from role 460:463 arg1 function 501:508 GLUT1 function 495:508 GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells 495:534 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 4 46 theme % 804:804 arg1 decrease 784:791 a time-dependent decrease 767:791 a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake 767:831 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 1 47 theme blood 242:246 arg1 glucose 248:254 blood glucose 242:254 blood glucose 242:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 8 48 theme proper 1578:1583 arg1 processing 1594:1603 proper N-glycan processing 1578:1603 proper N-glycan processing 1578:1603 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 2 49 theme multiple 355:362 arg1 roles 364:368 multiple roles 355:368 multiple roles 355:368 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 0 50 link N-linked 28:35 arg1 trimming 44:51 N-linked glycan trimming 28:51 N-linked glycan trimming 28:51 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 3 51 from function 501:508 arg1 cells 530:534 renal epithelial cells 513:534 renal epithelial cells 513:534 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 8 52 theme cell 1655:1658 arg1 surface 1660:1666 the cell surface 1651:1666 the cell surface 1651:1666 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 6 53 from progression 1242:1252 arg1 levels 1220:1225 GLUT1 levels 1214:1225 GLUT1 levels 1214:1225 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 6 54 theme cell 1150:1153 arg1 arrest 1161:1166 dramatic cell cycle arrest 1141:1166 dramatic cell cycle arrest 1141:1166 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 3 55 theme epithelial 519:528 arg1 cells 530:534 renal epithelial cells 513:534 renal epithelial cells 513:534 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 7 56 theme renal 1402:1406 arg1 types 1413:1417 all renal cell types 1398:1417 all renal cell types in this study 1398:1431 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 6 57 theme cycle 1155:1159 arg1 arrest 1161:1166 dramatic cell cycle arrest 1141:1166 dramatic cell cycle arrest 1141:1166 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 6 58 theme cell 1231:1234 arg1 progression 1242:1252 cell cycle progression 1231:1252 cell cycle progression 1231:1252 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 1 59 theme expressed 187:195 arg1 transport 142:150 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) 117:165 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 1 59 theme expressed 187:195 arg1 protein 206:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein 170:212 a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose 170:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 32298759 6 60 theme dramatic 1141:1148 arg1 arrest 1161:1166 dramatic cell cycle arrest 1141:1166 dramatic cell cycle arrest 1141:1166 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 2 61 link N-linked 279:286 arg1 glycosylation 288:300 N-linked glycosylation 279:300 N-linked glycosylation 279:300 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 2 62 theme asparagine 314:323 arg1 N45 334:336 N45 334:336 N45 334:336 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 2 62 theme asparagine 314:323 arg1 residue 325:331 a single asparagine residue 305:331 a single asparagine residue (N45) 305:337 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 8 63 theme mannosidase 1691:1701 arg1 activity 1703:1710 mannosidase activity 1691:1710 mannosidase activity 1691:1710 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 6 64 theme GLUT1 1214:1218 arg1 levels 1220:1225 GLUT1 levels 1214:1225 GLUT1 levels 1214:1225 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 4 65 gly glycosylation 681:693 arg1 work 661:664 prior work 655:664 prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited 655:718 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 3 66 theme high-mannose 574:585 arg1 stage 587:591 the high-mannose stage 570:591 the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 570:636 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 8 67 theme aberrant 1723:1730 arg1 degradation 1732:1742 aberrant degradation 1723:1742 aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway 1723:1771 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 5 68 theme deficient 899:907 arg1 trafficking 915:925 deficient GLUT1 trafficking 899:925 deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 899:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 6 69 theme renal 1285:1289 arg1 cells 1291:1295 both normal and transformed renal cells 1257:1295 both normal and transformed renal cells 1257:1295 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 3 70 theme inhibitor 616:624 arg1 kifunensine 626:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 5 71 theme trafficking 915:925 arg1 result 889:894 a result 887:894 a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 887:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 5 71 theme trafficking 915:925 arg1 effect 867:872 this effect 862:872 this effect 862:872 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 4 72 theme time-dependent 769:782 arg1 decrease 784:791 a time-dependent decrease 767:791 a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake 767:831 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 0 73 theme GLUT1 79:83 arg1 trafficking 85:95 GLUT1 trafficking 79:95 GLUT1 trafficking 79:95 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 3 74 theme mannosidase 602:612 arg1 kifunensine 626:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 3 75 with stage 587:591 arg1 kifunensine 626:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine 598:636 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 8 76 theme ERAD 1760:1763 arg1 pathway 1765:1771 the ERAD pathway 1756:1771 the ERAD pathway 1756:1771 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 4 77 from decrease 784:791 arg1 uptake 826:831 cellular glucose uptake 809:831 cellular glucose uptake 809:831 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 2 78 from residue 325:331 arg1 modification 263:274 GLUT1 modification 257:274 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) 257:337 GLUT1 modification by N-linked glycosylation at a single asparagine residue (N45) appears to play multiple roles in the trafficking, stability and transport activity of this protein. 32298759 5 79 theme control 963:969 arg1 mechanisms 971:980 quality control mechanisms 955:980 quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 955:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 4 80 theme kifunensine 734:744 arg1 treatment 746:754 kifunensine treatment 734:754 kifunensine treatment 734:754 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 0 81 theme N-linked 28:35 arg1 trimming 44:51 N-linked glycan trimming 28:51 N-linked glycan trimming 28:51 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 0 82 theme trimming 44:51 arg1 inhibition 14:23 Pharmacologic inhibition 0:23 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine 0:68 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 5 83 theme ER-associated 1015:1027 arg1 ERAD 1042:1045 ERAD 1042:1045 ERAD 1042:1045 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 5 83 theme ER-associated 1015:1027 arg1 degradation 1029:1039 ER-associated degradation 1015:1039 the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway 1011:1054 We further demonstrate that this effect is primarily a result of deficient GLUT1 trafficking to the cell membrane due to quality control mechanisms that instead direct GLUT1 to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. 32298759 4 84 theme glucose 818:824 arg1 uptake 826:831 cellular glucose uptake 809:831 cellular glucose uptake 809:831 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 0 85 with inhibition 14:23 arg1 kifunensine 58:68 kifunensine 58:68 kifunensine 58:68 Pharmacologic inhibition of N-linked glycan trimming with kifunensine disrupts GLUT1 trafficking and glucose uptake. 32298759 4 86 with Consistent 639:648 arg1 work 661:664 prior work 655:664 prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited 655:718 Consistent with prior work in which GLUT1 glycosylation was completely inhibited, we find that kifunensine treatment results in a time-dependent decrease of up to 40% in cellular glucose uptake. 32298759 3 87 theme complex 468:474 arg1 N-glycosylation 476:490 complex N-glycosylation 468:490 complex N-glycosylation 468:490 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 7 88 from effect 1302:1307 arg1 cycle 1336:1340 the cell cycle 1327:1340 the cell cycle 1327:1340 The effect of kifunensine on the cell cycle appears to be independent of its effect on GLUT1, since all renal cell types in this study displayed decreased proliferation regardless of their dependence on glucose uptake for growth and survival. 32298759 6 89 theme first 1096:1100 arg1 step 1102:1105 the first step 1092:1105 the first step in N-glycosyl transfer 1092:1128 Unlike tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step in N-glycosyl transfer and causes dramatic cell cycle arrest, kifunensine causes only a modest decrease in GLUT1 levels and cell cycle progression in both normal and transformed renal cells. 32298759 8 90 theme N-glycan 1585:1592 arg1 processing 1594:1603 proper N-glycan processing 1578:1603 proper N-glycan processing 1578:1603 Together these results indicate that proper N-glycan processing plays an important role in directing GLUT1 to the cell surface and that disruption of mannosidase activity results in aberrant degradation of GLUT1 by the ERAD pathway. 32298759 3 91 theme renal 513:517 arg1 cells 530:534 renal epithelial cells 513:534 renal epithelial cells 513:534 Here we examine the role of complex N-glycosylation on GLUT1 function in renal epithelial cells by arresting this modification at the high-mannose stage with the mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine. 32298759 1 92 theme glucose 248:254 arg1 uptake 232:237 basal uptake 226:237 basal uptake of blood glucose 226:254 The facilitative glucose transport GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is a constitutively expressed membrane protein involved in basal uptake of blood glucose. 33065162 3 0 theme cascades 524:531 arg1 disruption 502:511 the disruption 498:511 the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers 498:550 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 5 1 from activity 922:929 arg1 RBPR2 934:938 RBPR2 934:938 RBPR2 934:938 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 9 2 theme gene 1403:1406 arg1 transfection 1408:1419 CRBP1 gene transfection 1397:1419 CRBP1 gene transfection 1397:1419 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 10 3 from glucose 1717:1723 arg1 hepatocytes 1728:1738 hepatocytes 1728:1738 hepatocytes 1728:1738 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 8 4 theme RBP4 1208:1211 arg1 overproduction 1213:1226 RBP4 overproduction 1208:1226 RBP4 overproduction 1208:1226 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 4 theme RBP4 1208:1211 arg1 cascade 1199:1205 retinol cascade 1191:1205 retinol cascade 1191:1205 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 12 5 theme liver 1996:2000 arg1 dyshomeostasis 2010:2023 liver retinol dyshomeostasis 1996:2023 liver retinol dyshomeostasis 1996:2023 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 2 6 theme receptor 280:287 arg1 Disruption 214:223 Disruption 214:223 Disruption of the retinol cascade 214:246 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 2 6 theme receptor 280:287 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) 252:295 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 4 7 theme glucose-cultured 779:794 arg1 hepatocytes 796:806 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 774:806 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 774:806 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 3 8 from disruption 502:511 arg1 livers 545:550 diabetic livers 536:550 diabetic livers 536:550 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 1 9 theme metabolic 194:202 arg1 diseases 204:211 metabolic diseases 194:211 metabolic diseases 194:211 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is elevated and associated with inflammation in metabolic diseases. 33065162 11 10 theme cascade 1814:1820 arg1 disruption 1783:1792 the disruption 1779:1792 the disruption of cellular retinol cascade 1779:1820 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 10 11 theme retinol 1647:1653 arg1 cascade 1655:1661 the cellular retinol cascade 1634:1661 the cellular retinol cascade 1634:1661 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 2 12 theme cascade 240:246 arg1 Disruption 214:223 Disruption 214:223 Disruption of the retinol cascade 214:246 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 2 12 theme cascade 240:246 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) 252:295 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 9 13 theme retinol 1462:1468 arg1 cascade 1470:1476 the cellular retinol cascade 1449:1476 the cellular retinol cascade 1449:1476 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 8 14 theme cascade 1199:1205 arg1 Disruption 1177:1186 Disruption 1177:1186 Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, 1177:1253 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 15 theme RBP4 1265:1268 arg1 activity 1278:1285 RBP4 binding activity 1265:1285 RBP4 binding activity 1265:1285 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 5 16 theme RBP4 909:912 arg1 activity 922:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity 881:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 881:938 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 5 17 theme O-GlcNAc-modified 881:897 arg1 activity 922:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity 881:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 881:938 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 0 18 theme diabetes 66:73 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 76:90 diabetes: O-GlcNAcylation 66:90 diabetes: O-GlcNAcylation involved 66:99 Disruption of retinoid homeostasis induces RBP4 overproduction in diabetes: O-GlcNAcylation involved. 33065162 5 19 used used 865:868 arg2 Immunoprecipitation 809:827 Immunoprecipitation 809:827 Immunoprecipitation 809:827 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 5 19 used used 865:868 arg2 staining 851:858 dual fluorescence staining 833:858 dual fluorescence staining 833:858 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 9 20 theme RBP4 1512:1515 arg1 overproduction 1517:1530 the RBP4 overproduction 1508:1530 the RBP4 overproduction 1508:1530 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 6 21 theme gene 967:970 arg1 Transfection 941:952 Transfection 941:952 Transfection of the CRBP1 gene 941:970 Transfection of the CRBP1 gene was done to verify whether a disrupted retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction. 33065162 11 22 theme cellular 1797:1804 arg1 cascade 1814:1820 cellular retinol cascade 1797:1820 cellular retinol cascade 1797:1820 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 12 23 theme O-linked 1953:1960 arg1 modification 1969:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 4 24 theme inflammatory 672:683 arg1 markers 685:691 inflammatory markers 672:691 inflammatory markers 672:691 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 10 25 theme RBP4 1664:1667 arg1 overproduction 1669:1682 RBP4 overproduction 1664:1682 RBP4 overproduction 1664:1682 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 7 26 theme cascade 1160:1166 arg1 disruption 1138:1147 the disruption 1134:1147 the disruption of retinol cascade 1134:1166 OGT silencing was done to investigate the association of O-GlcNAcylation with the disruption of retinol cascade. 33065162 9 27 theme glucose-treated 1557:1571 arg1 hepatocytes 1573:1583 high glucose-treated hepatocytes 1552:1583 high glucose-treated hepatocytes 1552:1583 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 3 28 theme retinol 385:391 arg1 cascade 393:399 the retinol cascade 381:399 the retinol cascade 381:399 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 8 29 theme db/db 1337:1341 arg1 mice 1353:1356 db/db and ob/ob mice 1337:1356 db/db and ob/ob mice 1337:1356 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 10 30 theme cascade 1655:1661 arg1 disruption 1620:1629 the disruption 1616:1629 the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes 1616:1738 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 12 31 theme high 1931:1934 arg1 modification 1969:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 1 32 theme BACKGROUND 102:111 arg1 RBP4 140:143 RBP4 140:143 RBP4 140:143 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is elevated and associated with inflammation in metabolic diseases. 33065162 1 32 theme BACKGROUND 102:111 arg1 protein 129:135 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 102:137 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) 102:144 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is elevated and associated with inflammation in metabolic diseases. 33065162 6 33 theme retinol 1011:1017 arg1 cascade 1019:1025 a disrupted retinol cascade 999:1025 a disrupted retinol cascade 999:1025 Transfection of the CRBP1 gene was done to verify whether a disrupted retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction. 33065162 8 34 theme ob/ob 1347:1351 arg1 mice 1353:1356 db/db and ob/ob mice 1337:1356 db/db and ob/ob mice 1337:1356 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 0 35 theme retinoid 14:21 arg1 homeostasis 23:33 retinoid homeostasis 14:33 retinoid homeostasis 14:33 Disruption of retinoid homeostasis induces RBP4 overproduction in diabetes: O-GlcNAcylation involved. 33065162 5 36 theme binding 914:920 arg1 activity 922:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity 881:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 881:938 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 2 37 located found 301:305 arg1 kidneys 319:325 diabetic kidneys 310:325 diabetic kidneys 310:325 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 2 37 located found 301:305 arg2 Disruption 214:223 Disruption 214:223 Disruption of the retinol cascade 214:246 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 2 37 located found 301:305 arg2 O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) 252:295 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 3 38 dep OBJECTIVES 328:337 arg1 investigated 342:353 investigated 342:353 investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers 342:550 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 4 39 theme db/db 749:753 arg1 mice 765:768 db/db and ob/ob mice 749:768 mice 765:768 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 7 40 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1113:1127 arg1 association 1098:1108 the association 1094:1108 the association of O-GlcNAcylation with the disruption of retinol cascade 1094:1166 OGT silencing was done to investigate the association of O-GlcNAcylation with the disruption of retinol cascade. 33065162 8 41 dep RESULTS 1169:1175 arg1 decreased 1255:1263 decreased 1255:1263 decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation 1255:1311 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 4 42 theme ob/ob 759:763 arg1 mice 765:768 db/db and ob/ob mice 749:768 mice 765:768 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 11 43 theme diabetic 1890:1897 arg1 livers 1899:1904 diabetic livers 1890:1904 diabetic livers 1890:1904 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 4 44 theme mice 765:768 arg1 livers 739:744 livers 739:744 livers of db/db and ob/ob mice 739:768 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 4 44 theme mice 765:768 arg1 hepatocytes 796:806 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 774:806 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 774:806 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 10 45 theme high 1712:1715 arg1 glucose 1717:1723 high glucose 1712:1723 high glucose in hepatocytes 1712:1738 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 5 46 theme fluorescence 838:849 arg1 staining 851:858 dual fluorescence staining 833:858 dual fluorescence staining 833:858 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 8 47 located found 1318:1322 arg1 livers 1327:1332 livers 1327:1332 livers of db/db and ob/ob mice 1327:1356 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 47 located found 1318:1322 arg2 RESULTS 1169:1175 RESULTS 1169:1175 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation 1169:1311 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 47 located found 1318:1322 arg1 hepatocytes 1384:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 3 48 theme retinol 516:522 arg1 cascades 524:531 retinol cascades 516:531 retinol cascades 516:531 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 11 49 from RBP4 1850:1853 arg1 livers 1899:1904 diabetic livers 1890:1904 diabetic livers 1890:1904 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 8 50 theme glucose-cultured 1367:1382 arg1 hepatocytes 1384:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 9 51 theme CRBP1 1397:1401 arg1 transfection 1408:1419 CRBP1 gene transfection 1397:1419 CRBP1 gene transfection 1397:1419 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 7 52 with association 1098:1108 arg1 disruption 1138:1147 the disruption 1134:1147 the disruption of retinol cascade 1134:1166 OGT silencing was done to investigate the association of O-GlcNAcylation with the disruption of retinol cascade. 33065162 7 53 theme OGT 1056:1058 arg1 silencing 1060:1068 OGT silencing 1056:1068 OGT silencing 1056:1068 OGT silencing was done to investigate the association of O-GlcNAcylation with the disruption of retinol cascade. 33065162 3 54 link O-linked 436:443 arg1 modification 452:463 O-linked GlcNAc modification 436:463 O-linked GlcNAc modification 436:463 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 2 55 theme diabetic 310:317 arg1 kidneys 319:325 diabetic kidneys 310:325 diabetic kidneys 310:325 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 12 56 link O-linked 1953:1960 arg1 modification 1969:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 4 57 theme high 774:777 arg1 hepatocytes 796:806 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 774:806 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 774:806 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 10 58 theme OGT 1603:1605 arg1 silencing 1590:1598 The silencing 1586:1598 The silencing of OGT 1586:1605 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 10 59 theme cellular 1638:1645 arg1 cascade 1655:1661 the cellular retinol cascade 1634:1661 the cellular retinol cascade 1634:1661 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 9 60 theme cellular 1453:1460 arg1 cascade 1470:1476 the cellular retinol cascade 1449:1476 the cellular retinol cascade 1449:1476 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 2 61 gly O-GlcNAcylation 252:266 arg1 kidneys 319:325 diabetic kidneys 310:325 diabetic kidneys 310:325 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 8 62 theme RBPR2 1248:1252 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1229:1243 O-GlcNAcylation 1229:1243 O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2 1229:1252 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 62 theme RBPR2 1248:1252 arg1 cascade 1199:1205 retinol cascade 1191:1205 retinol cascade 1191:1205 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 2 63 theme retinol 232:238 arg1 cascade 240:246 the retinol cascade 228:246 the retinol cascade 228:246 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 9 64 theme cascade 1470:1476 arg1 suppression 1434:1444 the suppression 1430:1444 the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade 1430:1476 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 8 65 theme retinol 1191:1197 arg1 overproduction 1213:1226 RBP4 overproduction 1208:1226 RBP4 overproduction 1208:1226 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 65 theme retinol 1191:1197 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1229:1243 O-GlcNAcylation 1229:1243 O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2 1229:1252 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 65 theme retinol 1191:1197 arg1 cascade 1199:1205 retinol cascade 1191:1205 retinol cascade 1191:1205 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 2 66 theme RBP4 275:278 arg1 STRA6 290:294 STRA6 290:294 STRA6 290:294 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 2 66 theme RBP4 275:278 arg1 receptor 280:287 RBP4 receptor 275:287 the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) 271:295 Disruption of the retinol cascade and O-GlcNAcylation of the RBP4 receptor (STRA6) are found in diabetic kidneys. 33065162 8 67 theme binding 1270:1276 arg1 activity 1278:1285 RBP4 binding activity 1265:1285 RBP4 binding activity 1265:1285 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 5 68 theme dual 833:836 arg1 staining 851:858 dual fluorescence staining 833:858 dual fluorescence staining 833:858 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 4 69 dep METHODS 553:559 arg1 METHODS 553:559 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, 553:719 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, 553:719 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 4 69 dep METHODS 553:559 arg1 immunohistochemistry 577:596 immunohistochemistry 577:596 immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, 577:719 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 4 69 dep METHODS 553:559 arg1 blot 569:572 Western blot 561:572 Western blot 561:572 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 12 70 theme GlcNAc 1962:1967 arg1 modification 1969:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 1 71 from inflammation 178:189 arg1 diseases 204:211 metabolic diseases 194:211 metabolic diseases 194:211 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is elevated and associated with inflammation in metabolic diseases. 33065162 6 72 theme CRBP1 961:965 arg1 gene 967:970 the CRBP1 gene 957:970 the CRBP1 gene 957:970 Transfection of the CRBP1 gene was done to verify whether a disrupted retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction. 33065162 11 73 theme retinol 1806:1812 arg1 cascade 1814:1820 cellular retinol cascade 1797:1820 cellular retinol cascade 1797:1820 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 7 74 theme retinol 1152:1158 arg1 cascade 1160:1166 retinol cascade 1152:1166 retinol cascade 1152:1166 OGT silencing was done to investigate the association of O-GlcNAcylation with the disruption of retinol cascade. 33065162 11 75 dep RBP4 1850:1853 arg1 overproduction 1855:1868 overproduction 1855:1868 overproduction 1855:1868 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 9 76 theme high 1552:1555 arg1 hepatocytes 1573:1583 high glucose-treated hepatocytes 1552:1583 high glucose-treated hepatocytes 1552:1583 CRBP1 gene transfection reversed the suppression of the cellular retinol cascade and simultaneously attenuated the RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in high glucose-treated hepatocytes. 33065162 6 77 theme RBP4 1035:1038 arg1 overproduction 1040:1053 RBP4 overproduction 1035:1053 RBP4 overproduction 1035:1053 Transfection of the CRBP1 gene was done to verify whether a disrupted retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction. 33065162 11 78 from inflammation 1874:1885 arg1 livers 1899:1904 diabetic livers 1890:1904 diabetic livers 1890:1904 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 12 79 theme glucose-mediated 1936:1951 arg1 modification 1969:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification 1931:1980 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 5 80 theme RBPR2 899:903 arg1 activity 922:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity 881:929 O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 881:938 Immunoprecipitation and dual fluorescence staining were used to explore O-GlcNAc-modified RBPR2 and RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2. 33065162 3 81 theme cascade 393:399 arg1 disruption 367:376 the disruption 363:376 the disruption of the retinol cascade 363:399 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 3 82 theme O-linked 436:443 arg1 modification 452:463 O-linked GlcNAc modification 436:463 O-linked GlcNAc modification 436:463 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 0 83 theme homeostasis 23:33 arg1 Disruption 0:9 Disruption 0:9 Disruption of retinoid homeostasis 0:33 Disruption of retinoid homeostasis induces RBP4 overproduction in diabetes: O-GlcNAcylation involved. 33065162 1 84 theme Retinol-binding 113:127 arg1 RBP4 140:143 RBP4 140:143 RBP4 140:143 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is elevated and associated with inflammation in metabolic diseases. 33065162 1 84 theme Retinol-binding 113:127 arg1 protein 129:135 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 102:137 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) 102:144 BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is elevated and associated with inflammation in metabolic diseases. 33065162 6 85 theme disrupted 1001:1009 arg1 cascade 1019:1025 a disrupted retinol cascade 999:1025 a disrupted retinol cascade 999:1025 Transfection of the CRBP1 gene was done to verify whether a disrupted retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction. 33065162 10 86 theme inflammation 1688:1699 arg1 disruption 1620:1629 the disruption 1616:1629 the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes 1616:1738 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 0 87 theme RBP4 43:46 arg1 overproduction 48:61 RBP4 overproduction 43:61 RBP4 overproduction 43:61 Disruption of retinoid homeostasis induces RBP4 overproduction in diabetes: O-GlcNAcylation involved. 33065162 3 88 theme GlcNAc 445:450 arg1 modification 452:463 O-linked GlcNAc modification 436:463 O-linked GlcNAc modification 436:463 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 8 89 theme mice 1353:1356 arg1 livers 1327:1332 livers 1327:1332 livers of db/db and ob/ob mice 1327:1356 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 89 theme mice 1353:1356 arg1 hepatocytes 1384:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 10 90 theme overproduction 1669:1682 arg1 disruption 1620:1629 the disruption 1616:1629 the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes 1616:1738 The silencing of OGT reversed the disruption of the cellular retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction and inflammation induced by high glucose in hepatocytes. 33065162 11 91 dep CONCLUSIONS 1741:1751 arg1 indicates 1764:1772 indicates 1764:1772 indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers 1764:1904 CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the disruption of cellular retinol cascade is strongly associated with RBP4 overproduction and inflammation in diabetic livers. 33065162 3 92 theme RBP4 409:412 arg1 overproduction 414:427 RBP4 overproduction 409:427 RBP4 overproduction 409:427 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33065162 4 93 theme Western 561:567 arg1 METHODS 553:559 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, 553:719 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, 553:719 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 4 93 theme Western 561:567 arg1 blot 569:572 Western blot 561:572 Western blot 561:572 METHODS Western blot or immunohistochemistry for RBPR2, CRBP1, LRAT, RALDH, RARα, RARγ, RXRα, RBP4, GFAT, OGT, OGA and inflammatory markers, as well as ELISA for RBP4, were performed in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 8 94 theme high 1362:1365 arg1 hepatocytes 1384:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 high glucose-cultured hepatocytes 1362:1394 RESULTS Disruption of retinol cascade, RBP4 overproduction, O-GlcNAcylation of RBPR2, decreased RBP4 binding activity on RBPR2 and inflammation were found in livers of db/db and ob/ob mice and high glucose-cultured hepatocytes. 33065162 12 95 theme retinol 2002:2008 arg1 dyshomeostasis 2010:2023 liver retinol dyshomeostasis 1996:2023 liver retinol dyshomeostasis 1996:2023 RBPR2 is one target for high glucose-mediated O-linked GlcNAc modification, which causes liver retinol dyshomeostasis. 33065162 3 96 theme diabetic 536:543 arg1 livers 545:550 diabetic livers 536:550 diabetic livers 536:550 OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the disruption of the retinol cascade induces RBP4 overproduction and if O-linked GlcNAc modification targets RBPR2 and contributes to the disruption of retinol cascades in diabetic livers. 33799511 14 0 theme pathophysiological 1518:1535 arg1 relevance 1537:1545 The pathophysiological relevance 1514:1545 The pathophysiological relevance of this result 1514:1560 The pathophysiological relevance of this result needs further investigation. 33799511 2 1 theme impaired 346:353 arg1 functions 355:363 impaired functions 346:363 impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) 346:403 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 7 2 theme activation 889:898 arg1 assay 910:914 an activation pull-down assay 886:914 an activation pull-down assay 886:914 The activity of the small GTPase Rac1 was determined by means of an activation pull-down assay. 33799511 0 3 theme Disease 76:82 arg1 Patients 84:91 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 61:91 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 61:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 10 4 theme amyloid 1070:1076 arg1 A 1078:1078 protein serum amyloid A 1056:1078 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) 1040:1084 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 10 4 theme amyloid 1070:1076 arg1 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 3 5 from effect 509:514 arg1 expression 575:584 the CD14 expression 566:584 the CD14 expression 566:584 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 3 5 from effect 509:514 arg1 patients 554:561 CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 528:561 CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 528:561 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 3 5 from effect 509:514 arg1 PMNLs 589:593 PMNLs 589:593 PMNLs 589:593 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 13 6 theme healthy 1451:1457 arg1 subjects 1459:1466 healthy subjects 1451:1466 healthy subjects 1451:1466 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 13 7 theme known 1380:1384 arg1 effects 1404:1410 the known anti-inflammatory effects 1376:1410 the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL 1376:1417 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 5 8 theme Ficoll-Hypaque 715:728 arg1 centrifugation 747:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 Isolation of PMNLs was carried out by discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 0 9 from Effect 0:5 arg1 Patients 84:91 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 61:91 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 61:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 0 9 from Effect 0:5 arg1 Subjects 48:55 Healthy Subjects 40:55 Healthy Subjects 40:55 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 0 9 from Effect 0:5 arg1 Expression 105:114 the CD14 Expression 96:114 the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 96:146 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 13 10 theme even 1437:1440 arg1 HDL 1442:1444 even HDL 1437:1444 even HDL from healthy subjects 1437:1466 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 3 11 theme hemodialysis 536:547 arg1 patients 554:561 CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 528:561 CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 528:561 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 4 12 theme gradient 638:645 arg1 centrifugation 647:660 a one-step density gradient centrifugation 619:660 a one-step density gradient centrifugation 619:660 HDL was isolated using a one-step density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 13 13 from subjects 1459:1466 arg1 HDL 1442:1444 even HDL 1437:1444 even HDL from healthy subjects 1437:1466 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 5 14 theme density 730:736 arg1 centrifugation 747:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 Isolation of PMNLs was carried out by discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 10 15 theme higher 1093:1098 arg1 expression 1105:1114 higher CD14 expression 1093:1114 higher CD14 expression 1093:1114 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 14 16 theme further 1568:1574 arg1 investigation 1576:1588 further investigation 1568:1588 further investigation 1568:1588 The pathophysiological relevance of this result needs further investigation. 33799511 13 17 theme CD14 1482:1485 arg1 expression 1487:1496 the CD14 expression 1478:1496 the CD14 expression 1478:1496 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 5 18 theme gradient 738:745 arg1 centrifugation 747:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 Isolation of PMNLs was carried out by discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 0 19 from Subjects 48:55 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 0:147 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 0 19 from Subjects 48:55 arg1 Lipoprotein 23:33 High-Density Lipoprotein 10:33 High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 10:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 3 20 theme CKD 528:530 arg1 patients 554:561 CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 528:561 CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 528:561 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 7 21 theme pull-down 900:908 arg1 assay 910:914 an activation pull-down assay 886:914 an activation pull-down assay 886:914 The activity of the small GTPase Rac1 was determined by means of an activation pull-down assay. 33799511 1 22 theme high-density 169:180 arg1 HDL 195:197 HDL 195:197 HDL 195:197 In uremic patients, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loses its anti-inflammatory features and can even become pro-inflammatory due to an altered protein composition. 33799511 1 22 theme high-density 169:180 arg1 lipoprotein 182:192 high-density lipoprotein 169:192 high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 169:198 In uremic patients, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loses its anti-inflammatory features and can even become pro-inflammatory due to an altered protein composition. 33799511 0 23 theme CD14 100:103 arg1 Expression 105:114 the CD14 Expression 96:114 the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 96:146 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 11 24 theme HDL 1276:1278 arg1 presence 1264:1271 presence 1264:1271 presence 1264:1271 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 11 24 theme HDL 1276:1278 arg1 absence 1252:1258 absence 1252:1258 absence 1252:1258 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 6 25 theme flow 805:808 arg1 cytometry 810:818 flow cytometry 805:818 flow cytometry 805:818 CD14 surface expression was quantified by flow cytometry. 33799511 12 26 theme Rac1 1358:1361 arg1 activity 1346:1353 the activity 1342:1353 the activity of Rac1 1342:1361 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients decreased the activity of Rac1. 33799511 7 27 theme Rac1 854:857 arg1 activity 825:832 The activity 821:832 The activity of the small GTPase Rac1 821:857 The activity of the small GTPase Rac1 was determined by means of an activation pull-down assay. 33799511 4 28 theme density 630:636 arg1 centrifugation 647:660 a one-step density gradient centrifugation 619:660 a one-step density gradient centrifugation 619:660 HDL was isolated using a one-step density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 2 29 theme kidney 324:329 arg1 CKD 340:342 CKD 340:342 CKD 340:342 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 29 theme kidney 324:329 arg1 disease 331:337 chronic kidney disease 316:337 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 316:343 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 30 theme leukocytes 386:395 arg1 functions 355:363 impaired functions 346:363 impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) 346:403 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 31 theme increased 439:447 arg1 risk 449:452 an increased risk 436:452 an increased risk of cardiovascular disease 436:478 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 32 theme chronic 316:322 arg1 CKD 340:342 CKD 340:342 CKD 340:342 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 32 theme chronic 316:322 arg1 disease 331:337 chronic kidney disease 316:337 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 316:343 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 7 33 theme small 841:845 arg1 Rac1 854:857 the small GTPase Rac1 837:857 the small GTPase Rac1 837:857 The activity of the small GTPase Rac1 was determined by means of an activation pull-down assay. 33799511 2 34 theme polymorphonuclear 368:384 arg1 PMNLs 398:402 PMNLs 398:402 PMNLs 398:402 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 34 theme polymorphonuclear 368:384 arg1 leukocytes 386:395 polymorphonuclear leukocytes 368:395 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) 368:403 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 0 35 theme Lipoprotein 23:33 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 0:147 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 1 36 theme altered 284:290 arg1 composition 300:310 an altered protein composition 281:310 an altered protein composition 281:310 In uremic patients, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loses its anti-inflammatory features and can even become pro-inflammatory due to an altered protein composition. 33799511 0 37 theme Polymorphonuclear 119:135 arg1 Leukocytes 137:146 Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 119:146 Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 119:146 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 7 38 theme GTPase 847:852 arg1 Rac1 854:857 the small GTPase Rac1 837:857 the small GTPase Rac1 837:857 The activity of the small GTPase Rac1 was determined by means of an activation pull-down assay. 33799511 11 39 with disruption 1174:1183 arg1 methyl-β-cyclodextrin 1190:1210 methyl-β-cyclodextrin 1190:1210 methyl-β-cyclodextrin 1190:1210 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 0 40 theme High-Density 10:21 arg1 Lipoprotein 23:33 High-Density Lipoprotein 10:33 High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 10:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 1 41 theme protein 292:298 arg1 composition 300:310 an altered protein composition 281:310 an altered protein composition 281:310 In uremic patients, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loses its anti-inflammatory features and can even become pro-inflammatory due to an altered protein composition. 33799511 8 42 theme surface 940:946 arg1 expression 948:957 the CD14 surface expression 931:957 the CD14 surface expression on PMNLs 931:966 HDL increased the CD14 surface expression on PMNLs. 33799511 0 43 from Patients 84:91 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 0:147 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 0 43 from Patients 84:91 arg1 Lipoprotein 23:33 High-Density Lipoprotein 10:33 High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 10:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 13 44 theme anti-inflammatory 1386:1402 arg1 effects 1404:1410 the known anti-inflammatory effects 1376:1410 the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL 1376:1417 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 12 45 from patients 1323:1330 arg1 HDL 1281:1283 HDL 1281:1283 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients 1281:1330 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients decreased the activity of Rac1. 33799511 0 46 theme Healthy 40:46 arg1 Subjects 48:55 Healthy Subjects 40:55 Healthy Subjects 40:55 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 10 47 theme CD14 1100:1103 arg1 expression 1105:1114 higher CD14 expression 1093:1114 higher CD14 expression 1093:1114 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 4 48 theme one-step 621:628 arg1 centrifugation 647:660 a one-step density gradient centrifugation 619:660 a one-step density gradient centrifugation 619:660 HDL was isolated using a one-step density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 2 49 theme disease 472:478 arg1 risk 449:452 an increased risk 436:452 an increased risk of cardiovascular disease 436:478 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 2 49 theme disease 472:478 arg1 inflammation 419:430 inflammation 419:430 inflammation 419:430 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 11 50 from expression 1234:1243 arg1 presence 1264:1271 presence 1264:1271 presence 1264:1271 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 11 50 from expression 1234:1243 arg1 absence 1252:1258 absence 1252:1258 absence 1252:1258 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 5 51 theme discontinuous 701:713 arg1 centrifugation 747:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation 701:760 Isolation of PMNLs was carried out by discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 1 52 theme anti-inflammatory 210:226 arg1 features 228:235 its anti-inflammatory features 206:235 its anti-inflammatory features 206:235 In uremic patients, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loses its anti-inflammatory features and can even become pro-inflammatory due to an altered protein composition. 33799511 2 53 theme cardiovascular 457:470 arg1 disease 472:478 cardiovascular disease 457:478 cardiovascular disease 457:478 In chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) contribute to inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 33799511 11 54 theme reduced 1221:1227 arg1 expression 1234:1243 a reduced CD14 expression 1219:1243 a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL 1219:1278 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 11 55 theme Lipid 1163:1167 arg1 disruption 1174:1183 Lipid raft disruption 1163:1183 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin 1163:1210 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 6 56 theme surface 768:774 arg1 expression 776:785 CD14 surface expression 763:785 CD14 surface expression 763:785 CD14 surface expression was quantified by flow cytometry. 33799511 12 57 theme healthy 1290:1296 arg1 subjects 1298:1305 healthy subjects 1290:1305 healthy subjects 1290:1305 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients decreased the activity of Rac1. 33799511 10 58 theme serum 1064:1068 arg1 A 1078:1078 protein serum amyloid A 1056:1078 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) 1040:1084 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 10 58 theme serum 1064:1068 arg1 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 11 59 theme CD14 1229:1232 arg1 expression 1234:1243 a reduced CD14 expression 1219:1243 a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL 1219:1278 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 0 60 from Expression 105:114 arg1 Leukocytes 137:146 Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 119:146 Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 119:146 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 3 61 theme CD14 570:573 arg1 expression 575:584 the CD14 expression 566:584 the CD14 expression 566:584 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 6 62 theme CD14 763:766 arg1 expression 776:785 CD14 surface expression 763:785 CD14 surface expression 763:785 CD14 surface expression was quantified by flow cytometry. 33799511 5 63 theme PMNLs 676:680 arg1 Isolation 663:671 Isolation 663:671 Isolation of PMNLs 663:680 Isolation of PMNLs was carried out by discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. 33799511 8 64 theme CD14 935:938 arg1 expression 948:957 the CD14 surface expression 931:957 the CD14 surface expression on PMNLs 931:966 HDL increased the CD14 surface expression on PMNLs. 33799511 13 65 theme HDL 1415:1417 arg1 effects 1404:1410 the known anti-inflammatory effects 1376:1410 the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL 1376:1417 Considering the known anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, the finding that even HDL from healthy subjects increased the CD14 expression was unexpected. 33799511 9 66 theme uremic 1023:1028 arg1 patients 1030:1037 uremic patients 1023:1037 uremic patients 1023:1037 This effect was more pronounced for HDL isolated from uremic patients. 33799511 14 67 theme result 1555:1560 arg1 relevance 1537:1545 The pathophysiological relevance 1514:1545 The pathophysiological relevance of this result 1514:1560 The pathophysiological relevance of this result needs further investigation. 33799511 10 68 theme acute 1044:1048 arg1 phase 1050:1054 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) 1040:1084 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) 1040:1084 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 11 69 theme raft 1169:1172 arg1 disruption 1174:1183 Lipid raft disruption 1163:1183 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin 1163:1210 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 3 70 from patients 554:561 arg1 HDL 519:521 HDL 519:521 HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients 519:561 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 3 70 from patients 554:561 arg1 effect 509:514 the effect 505:514 the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs 505:593 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 10 71 theme particle 1145:1152 arg1 part 1130:1133 part 1130:1133 part of an HDL particle 1130:1152 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 0 72 theme Kidney 69:74 arg1 Disease 76:82 Chronic Kidney Disease 61:82 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 61:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 8 73 from expression 948:957 arg1 PMNLs 962:966 PMNLs 962:966 PMNLs 962:966 HDL increased the CD14 surface expression on PMNLs. 33799511 9 74 attach isolated 1009:1016 arg1 patients 1030:1037 uremic patients 1023:1037 uremic patients 1023:1037 This effect was more pronounced for HDL isolated from uremic patients. 33799511 9 74 attach isolated 1009:1016 arg2 HDL 1005:1007 HDL 1005:1007 HDL isolated from uremic patients 1005:1037 This effect was more pronounced for HDL isolated from uremic patients. 33799511 12 75 theme HD 1320:1321 arg1 patients 1323:1330 HD patients 1320:1330 HD patients 1320:1330 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients decreased the activity of Rac1. 33799511 3 76 theme HDL 519:521 arg1 effect 509:514 the effect 505:514 the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs 505:593 This study investigated the effect of HDL from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients on the CD14 expression on PMNLs. 33799511 12 77 from subjects 1298:1305 arg1 HDL 1281:1283 HDL 1281:1283 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients 1281:1330 HDL from healthy subjects but not from HD patients decreased the activity of Rac1. 33799511 10 78 theme HDL 1141:1143 arg1 particle 1145:1152 an HDL particle 1138:1152 an HDL particle 1138:1152 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 0 79 theme Chronic 61:67 arg1 Disease 76:82 Chronic Kidney Disease 61:82 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 61:91 Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein from Healthy Subjects and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on the CD14 Expression on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. 33799511 11 80 dep absence 1252:1258 arg1 the 1248:1250 the 1248:1250 the 1248:1250 Lipid raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a reduced CD14 expression in the absence and presence of HDL. 33799511 10 81 theme protein 1056:1062 arg1 A 1078:1078 protein serum amyloid A 1056:1078 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) 1040:1084 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 10 81 theme protein 1056:1062 arg1 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 1 82 theme uremic 152:157 arg1 patients 159:166 uremic patients 152:166 uremic patients 152:166 In uremic patients, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loses its anti-inflammatory features and can even become pro-inflammatory due to an altered protein composition. 33799511 10 83 dep phase 1050:1054 arg1 A 1078:1078 protein serum amyloid A 1056:1078 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) 1040:1084 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 33799511 10 83 dep phase 1050:1054 arg1 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 SAA 1081:1083 The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) caused higher CD14 expression, while SAA as part of an HDL particle did not. 34462420 6 0 theme flow 1080:1083 arg1 cytometry 1085:1093 flow cytometry 1080:1093 flow cytometry 1080:1093 Neuronal apoptosis and viability were detected by flow cytometry and the MTS method. 34462420 3 1 theme renal 694:698 arg1 failure 700:706 renal failure 694:706 renal failure 694:706 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 13 2 theme renal 1985:1989 arg1 failure 1991:1997 renal failure 1985:1997 renal failure 1985:1997 Taken together, silencing OGT downregulates EZH2, which increases the expression of KLF2 and then decreases the expression of CXCL1, thus alleviating hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 1 3 theme renal 289:293 arg1 failure 295:301 renal failure 289:301 renal failure 289:301 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 0 4 link O-linked 13:20 arg1 transferase 42:52 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 13:52 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 13:52 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 10 5 theme primary 1541:1547 arg1 neurons 1549:1555 primary neurons 1541:1555 primary neurons 1541:1555 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 4 6 theme short 830:834 arg1 RNA 844:846 short hairpin RNA 830:846 short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 830:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 8 7 theme Ca2+ 1226:1229 arg1 concentration 1209:1221 The concentration 1205:1221 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice 1205:1264 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 10 8 theme CXCL1 1532:1536 arg1 expression 1518:1527 the expression 1514:1527 the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons 1514:1555 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 11 9 theme EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 1657:1671 arg1 axis 1673:1676 the EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis 1653:1676 the EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis 1653:1676 Silencing OGT attenuated hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity by regulating the EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 13 10 theme hypercalcemia-induced 1947:1967 arg1 injury 1975:1980 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 1947:1980 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 1947:1980 Taken together, silencing OGT downregulates EZH2, which increases the expression of KLF2 and then decreases the expression of CXCL1, thus alleviating hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 8 11 theme brain 1234:1238 arg1 tissues 1240:1246 brain tissues 1234:1246 brain tissues of CKD model mice 1234:1264 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 2 12 theme nerve 558:562 arg1 injury 564:569 the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 532:569 the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 532:586 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 12 13 theme nerve 1771:1775 arg1 injury 1777:1782 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 1749:1782 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice 1749:1794 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 2 14 theme molecular 328:336 arg1 mechanism 338:346 a molecular mechanism 326:346 a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 326:586 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 4 15 theme kidney 717:722 arg1 disease 724:730 Chronic kidney disease 709:730 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 709:736 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 4 15 theme kidney 717:722 arg1 CKD 733:735 CKD 733:735 CKD 733:735 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 4 16 theme cerebral 914:921 arg1 cortex 923:928 the cerebral cortex 910:928 the cerebral cortex 910:928 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 8 17 theme model 1255:1259 arg1 mice 1261:1264 CKD model mice 1251:1264 CKD model mice 1251:1264 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 9 18 theme model 1381:1385 arg1 mice 1387:1390 CKD model mice 1377:1390 CKD model mice 1377:1390 High expression of OGT occurred in kidney tissue of CKD model mice. 34462420 4 19 theme behavioral 875:884 arg1 tests 886:890 behavioral tests 875:890 behavioral tests 875:890 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 3 20 theme Bioinformatics 589:602 arg1 analyses 604:611 Bioinformatics analyses 589:611 Bioinformatics analyses 589:611 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 12 21 theme silencing 1722:1730 arg1 OGT 1732:1734 silencing OGT 1722:1734 silencing OGT 1722:1734 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 4 22 contain carrying 821:828 arg2 RNA 844:846 short hairpin RNA 830:846 short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 830:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 4 22 contain carrying 821:828 arg1 vector 814:819 adenovirus vector 803:819 adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 803:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 8 23 theme nerve 1285:1289 arg1 functions 1291:1299 nerve functions 1285:1299 nerve functions 1285:1299 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 1 24 theme failure 295:301 arg1 dysfunction 242:252 nerve dysfunction 236:252 nerve dysfunction 236:252 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 1 24 theme failure 295:301 arg1 problem 278:284 a significant problem 264:284 a significant problem of renal failure 264:301 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 0 25 theme O-linked 13:20 arg1 transferase 42:52 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 13:52 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 13:52 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 4 26 theme Chronic 709:715 arg1 disease 724:730 Chronic kidney disease 709:730 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 709:736 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 4 26 theme Chronic 709:715 arg1 CKD 733:735 CKD 733:735 CKD 733:735 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 2 27 theme axis 516:519 arg1 enhancer 411:418 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer 351:418 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 351:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 4 28 theme adenine 756:762 arg1 diet 764:767 an adenine diet 753:767 an adenine diet in mice 753:775 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 7 29 theme immunoprecipitation 1178:1196 arg1 assay 1198:1202 chromatin immunoprecipitation assay 1168:1202 chromatin immunoprecipitation assay 1168:1202 The binding of EZH2 to KLF2 promoter was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. 34462420 5 30 theme Calcium 951:957 arg1 level 959:963 Calcium level 951:963 Calcium level in neurons 951:974 Calcium level in neurons was measured by Fluo-4-am and Perkin Elmer+ Operetta. 34462420 2 31 theme CXCL1 509:513 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 10 32 theme neurons 1453:1459 arg1 toxicity 1441:1448 the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity 1415:1448 the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons 1415:1459 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 13 33 theme KLF2 1881:1884 arg1 expression 1867:1876 the expression 1863:1876 the expression of KLF2 1863:1884 Taken together, silencing OGT downregulates EZH2, which increases the expression of KLF2 and then decreases the expression of CXCL1, thus alleviating hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 12 34 theme In 1679:1680 arg1 experiments 1687:1697 In vivo experiments 1679:1697 In vivo experiments 1679:1697 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 2 35 theme KLF2 469:472 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 36 theme /krüppel-like 445:457 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 7 37 theme KLF2 1138:1141 arg1 promoter 1143:1150 KLF2 promoter 1138:1150 KLF2 promoter 1138:1150 The binding of EZH2 to KLF2 promoter was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. 34462420 6 38 theme Neuronal 1030:1037 arg1 apoptosis 1039:1047 Neuronal apoptosis 1030:1047 Neuronal apoptosis 1030:1047 Neuronal apoptosis and viability were detected by flow cytometry and the MTS method. 34462420 2 39 theme C-X-C 486:490 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 7 40 theme EZH2 1130:1133 arg1 binding 1119:1125 The binding 1115:1125 The binding of EZH2 to KLF2 promoter 1115:1150 The binding of EZH2 to KLF2 promoter was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. 34462420 0 41 theme transferase 42:52 arg1 Silencing 0:8 Silencing 0:8 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:52 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 13 42 theme silencing 1813:1821 arg1 OGT 1823:1825 silencing OGT 1813:1825 silencing OGT 1813:1825 Taken together, silencing OGT downregulates EZH2, which increases the expression of KLF2 and then decreases the expression of CXCL1, thus alleviating hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 43 theme /chemokine 474:483 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 3 44 theme key 641:643 arg1 factors 645:651 the key factors 637:651 the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 637:706 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 4 45 theme vector 814:819 arg1 injection 790:798 injection 790:798 injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 790:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 0 46 theme hypercalcemia-induced 66:86 arg1 neurotoxicity 88:100 hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity 66:100 hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure 66:117 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 9 47 theme OGT 1344:1346 arg1 expression 1330:1339 High expression 1325:1339 High expression of OGT 1325:1346 High expression of OGT occurred in kidney tissue of CKD model mice. 34462420 10 48 theme EZH2 1493:1496 arg1 expression 1479:1488 the expression 1475:1488 the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2 1475:1575 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 2 49 theme N-acetylglucosamine 364:382 arg1 transferase 384:394 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 351:394 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 351:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 49 theme N-acetylglucosamine 364:382 arg1 OGT 397:399 OGT 397:399 OGT 397:399 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 3 50 theme nerve 678:682 arg1 injury 684:689 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 656:689 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 656:706 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 11 51 theme hypercalcemia-induced 1603:1623 arg1 neurotoxicity 1625:1637 hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity 1603:1637 hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity 1603:1637 Silencing OGT attenuated hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity by regulating the EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 2 52 theme enhancer 411:418 arg1 mechanism 338:346 a molecular mechanism 326:346 a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 326:586 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 1 53 theme significant 266:276 arg1 dysfunction 242:252 nerve dysfunction 236:252 nerve dysfunction 236:252 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 1 53 theme significant 266:276 arg1 problem 278:284 a significant problem 264:284 a significant problem of renal failure 264:301 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 3 54 from injury 684:689 arg1 failure 700:706 renal failure 694:706 renal failure 694:706 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 55 link O-linked 355:362 arg1 transferase 384:394 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 351:394 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 351:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 55 link O-linked 355:362 arg1 OGT 397:399 OGT 397:399 OGT 397:399 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 9 56 theme CKD 1377:1379 arg1 mice 1387:1390 CKD model mice 1377:1390 CKD model mice 1377:1390 High expression of OGT occurred in kidney tissue of CKD model mice. 34462420 12 57 theme CKD 1787:1789 arg1 mice 1791:1794 CKD mice 1787:1794 CKD mice 1787:1794 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 2 58 from injury 564:569 arg1 failure 580:586 renal failure 574:586 renal failure 574:586 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 9 59 theme mice 1387:1390 arg1 tissue 1367:1372 kidney tissue 1360:1372 kidney tissue of CKD model mice 1360:1390 High expression of OGT occurred in kidney tissue of CKD model mice. 34462420 8 60 from concentration 1209:1221 arg1 tissues 1240:1246 brain tissues 1234:1246 brain tissues of CKD model mice 1234:1264 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 3 61 from factors 645:651 arg1 injury 684:689 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 656:689 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 656:706 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 5 62 dep Fluo-4-am 992:1000 arg1 Operetta 1020:1027 Operetta 1020:1027 Operetta 1020:1027 Calcium level in neurons was measured by Fluo-4-am and Perkin Elmer+ Operetta. 34462420 12 63 theme hypercalcemia-induced 1749:1769 arg1 injury 1777:1782 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 1749:1782 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice 1749:1794 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 13 64 theme nerve 1969:1973 arg1 injury 1975:1980 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 1947:1980 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 1947:1980 Taken together, silencing OGT downregulates EZH2, which increases the expression of KLF2 and then decreases the expression of CXCL1, thus alleviating hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 4 65 theme hairpin 836:842 arg1 RNA 844:846 short hairpin RNA 830:846 short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 830:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 1 66 theme nerve 236:240 arg1 dysfunction 242:252 nerve dysfunction 236:252 nerve dysfunction 236:252 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 1 66 theme nerve 236:240 arg1 problem 278:284 a significant problem 264:284 a significant problem of renal failure 264:301 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 2 67 theme hypercalcemia-induced 536:556 arg1 injury 564:569 the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 532:569 the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 532:586 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 3 68 dep screen 626:631 arg1 out 633:635 out 633:635 out 633:635 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 8 69 theme CKD 1251:1253 arg1 mice 1261:1264 CKD model mice 1251:1264 CKD model mice 1251:1264 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 7 70 theme chromatin 1168:1176 arg1 assay 1198:1202 chromatin immunoprecipitation assay 1168:1202 chromatin immunoprecipitation assay 1168:1202 The binding of EZH2 to KLF2 promoter was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. 34462420 2 71 theme renal 574:578 arg1 failure 580:586 renal failure 574:586 renal failure 574:586 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 8 72 theme mice 1261:1264 arg1 tissues 1240:1246 brain tissues 1234:1246 brain tissues of CKD model mice 1234:1264 The concentration of Ca2+ in brain tissues of CKD model mice was increased, and nerve functions were obviously damaged. 34462420 13 73 theme CXCL1 1923:1927 arg1 expression 1909:1918 the expression 1905:1918 the expression of CXCL1 1905:1927 Taken together, silencing OGT downregulates EZH2, which increases the expression of KLF2 and then decreases the expression of CXCL1, thus alleviating hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 0 74 theme renal 105:109 arg1 failure 111:117 renal failure 105:117 renal failure 105:117 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 1 75 theme Calcium 185:191 arg1 neurotoxicity 193:205 Calcium neurotoxicity 185:205 Calcium neurotoxicity 185:205 Hypocalcemia, associated with Calcium neurotoxicity, has been reported to induce nerve dysfunction, which is a significant problem of renal failure. 34462420 2 76 theme ligand 499:504 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 3 77 used used 618:621 arg2 analyses 604:611 Bioinformatics analyses 589:611 Bioinformatics analyses 589:611 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 78 theme motif 492:496 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 0 79 theme EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 133:147 arg1 axis 149:152 EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis 133:152 EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis 133:152 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 4 80 from diet 764:767 arg1 mice 772:775 mice 772:775 mice 772:775 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 4 81 theme cortex 923:928 arg1 tests 886:890 behavioral tests 875:890 behavioral tests 875:890 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 4 81 theme cortex 923:928 arg1 collection 896:905 collection 896:905 collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 896:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 0 82 from neurotoxicity 88:100 arg1 failure 111:117 renal failure 105:117 renal failure 105:117 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 10 83 theme Silencing 1393:1401 arg1 OGT 1403:1405 Silencing OGT 1393:1405 Silencing OGT 1393:1405 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 4 84 theme primary 934:940 arg1 neurons 942:948 primary neurons 934:948 primary neurons 934:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 10 85 theme hypercalcemia-induced 1419:1439 arg1 toxicity 1441:1448 the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity 1415:1448 the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons 1415:1459 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 0 86 theme N-acetylglucosamine 22:40 arg1 transferase 42:52 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 13:52 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 13:52 Silencing of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase ameliorates hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity in renal failure by regulating EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 12 87 from injury 1777:1782 arg1 mice 1791:1794 CKD mice 1787:1794 CKD mice 1787:1794 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 2 88 theme factor 459:464 arg1 axis 516:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 423:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 9 89 theme High 1325:1328 arg1 expression 1330:1339 High expression 1325:1339 High expression of OGT 1325:1346 High expression of OGT occurred in kidney tissue of CKD model mice. 34462420 10 90 from expression 1518:1527 arg1 neurons 1549:1555 primary neurons 1541:1555 primary neurons 1541:1555 Silencing OGT reduced the hypercalcemia-induced toxicity of neurons by inhibiting the expression of EZH2, which elevated the expression of CXCL1 in primary neurons by diminishing KLF2. 34462420 4 91 theme adenovirus 803:812 arg1 vector 814:819 adenovirus vector 803:819 adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons 803:948 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced by an adenine diet in mice, followed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA targeting OGT, followed by behavioral tests and collection of the cerebral cortex for primary neurons. 34462420 2 92 theme transferase 384:394 arg1 enhancer 411:418 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer 351:418 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 351:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 6 93 theme MTS 1103:1105 arg1 method 1107:1112 the MTS method 1099:1112 the MTS method 1099:1112 Neuronal apoptosis and viability were detected by flow cytometry and the MTS method. 34462420 3 94 theme hypercalcemia-induced 656:676 arg1 injury 684:689 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury 656:689 hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure 656:706 Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen out the key factors in hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 12 95 dep In 1679:1680 arg1 vivo 1682:1685 vivo 1682:1685 vivo 1682:1685 In vivo experiments further confirmed that silencing OGT could reduce hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in CKD mice. 34462420 2 96 theme O-linked 355:362 arg1 transferase 384:394 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 351:394 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 351:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 2 96 theme O-linked 355:362 arg1 OGT 397:399 OGT 397:399 OGT 397:399 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 9 97 theme kidney 1360:1365 arg1 tissue 1367:1372 kidney tissue 1360:1372 kidney tissue of CKD model mice 1360:1390 High expression of OGT occurred in kidney tissue of CKD model mice. 34462420 11 98 theme Silencing 1578:1586 arg1 OGT 1588:1590 Silencing OGT 1578:1590 Silencing OGT 1578:1590 Silencing OGT attenuated hypercalcemia-induced neurotoxicity by regulating the EZH2/KLF2/CXCL1 axis. 34462420 2 99 theme -mediated 401:409 arg1 enhancer 411:418 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer 351:418 the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis 351:519 This study identifies a molecular mechanism of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT)-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) axis underlying the hypercalcemia-induced nerve injury in renal failure. 34462420 5 100 from level 959:963 arg1 neurons 968:974 neurons 968:974 neurons 968:974 Calcium level in neurons was measured by Fluo-4-am and Perkin Elmer+ Operetta. 33242079 8 0 located detected 1311:1318 arg2 N-glycans 1287:1295 α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1271:1295 α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1271:1295 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 8 0 located detected 1311:1318 arg1 tissues 1341:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 7 1 theme St6gal2 1208:1214 arg1 gene 1216:1219 St6gal2 gene 1208:1219 St6gal2 gene 1208:1219 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 2 theme profiles 1110:1117 arg1 expression 1079:1088 expression 1079:1088 expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain 1079:1160 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 2 theme profiles 1110:1117 arg1 function 1066:1073 the function 1062:1073 the function 1062:1073 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 0 3 from brain 59:63 arg1 Majority 0:7 Majority 0:7 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain 0:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 8 4 gly α2,6-sialylated 1368:1382 arg1 glycans 1384:1390 α2,6-sialylated glycans 1368:1390 α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain 1368:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 4 5 theme tissues 711:717 arg1 stages 695:700 the embryonic and perinatal stages 667:700 the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues 667:717 On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. 33242079 7 6 theme genes 1100:1104 arg1 expression 1079:1088 expression 1079:1088 expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain 1079:1160 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 6 theme genes 1100:1104 arg1 function 1066:1073 the function 1062:1073 the function 1062:1073 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 1 7 theme immune 271:276 arg1 systems 278:284 immune systems 271:284 immune systems 271:284 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 6 8 theme gene 860:863 arg1 products 865:872 St6gal gene products 853:872 St6gal gene products 853:872 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 10 9 theme St6gal1 1673:1679 arg1 gene 1681:1684 St6gal1 gene 1673:1684 St6gal1 gene 1673:1684 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 1 10 theme unique 175:180 arg1 sugars 182:187 unique sugars 175:187 unique sugars with negative charge 175:208 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 10 theme unique 175:180 arg1 acids 165:169 Sialic acids 158:169 Sialic acids 158:169 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 4 11 theme other 619:623 arg1 hand 625:628 the other hand 615:628 the other hand 615:628 On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. 33242079 8 12 theme adult 1323:1327 arg1 tissues 1341:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 0 13 theme knockout 107:114 arg1 mice 116:119 knockout mice 107:119 knockout mice 107:119 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 3 14 theme St6gal1 550:556 arg1 gene 558:561 St6gal1 gene 550:561 St6gal1 gene 550:561 Previously, it has been reported that St6gal1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues. 33242079 2 15 from products 483:490 arg1 humans 495:500 humans 495:500 humans 495:500 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 15 from products 483:490 arg1 mice 506:509 mice 506:509 mice 506:509 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 11 16 theme O-linked 1808:1815 arg1 glycoproteins 1817:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 7 17 theme alkylamidationmass 995:1012 arg1 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 17 theme alkylamidationmass 995:1012 arg1 method 1027:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method 960:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS) 960:1043 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 8 18 theme mouse 1405:1409 arg1 brain 1411:1415 the mouse brain 1401:1415 the mouse brain 1401:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 4 19 theme perinatal 685:693 arg1 stages 695:700 the embryonic and perinatal stages 667:700 the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues 667:717 On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. 33242079 0 20 theme genes 151:155 arg1 analysis 94:101 SALSA-MS analysis 85:101 SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes 85:155 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 7 21 theme acid 973:976 arg1 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 21 theme acid 973:976 arg1 method 1027:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method 960:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS) 960:1043 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 10 22 theme mouse 1755:1759 arg1 brain 1761:1765 the adult mouse brain 1745:1765 the adult mouse brain 1745:1765 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 7 23 theme novel 960:964 arg1 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 23 theme novel 960:964 arg1 method 1027:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method 960:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS) 960:1043 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 10 24 theme few 1612:1614 arg1 N-glycans 1632:1640 a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1610:1640 a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1610:1640 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 0 25 theme alpha2,6-sialylated 12:30 arg1 glycans 32:38 alpha2,6-sialylated glycans 12:38 alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain 12:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 9 26 theme O-glycans 1478:1486 arg1 antigen 1540:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 9 26 theme O-glycans 1478:1486 arg1 majority 1444:1451 The majority 1440:1451 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1440:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 4 27 theme embryonic 671:679 arg1 stages 695:700 the embryonic and perinatal stages 667:700 the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues 667:717 On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. 33242079 5 28 theme St6gal2 738:744 arg1 gene 746:749 St6gal2 gene 738:749 St6gal2 gene 738:749 However, roles of St6gal2 gene have not been clarified. 33242079 1 29 theme properties 344:353 arg1 maintenance 287:297 maintenance 287:297 maintenance of nerve tissues 287:314 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 29 theme properties 344:353 arg1 regulation 257:266 regulation 257:266 regulation of immune systems 257:284 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 29 theme properties 344:353 arg1 expression 320:329 expression 320:329 expression of malignant properties of cancers 320:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 7 30 theme conventional 927:938 arg1 blotting 947:954 conventional lectin blotting 927:954 conventional lectin blotting 927:954 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 0 31 from Majority 0:7 arg1 brain 59:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 1 32 theme cancers 358:364 arg1 properties 344:353 malignant properties 334:353 malignant properties of cancers 334:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 2 33 from St6gal1 459:465 arg1 humans 495:500 humans 495:500 humans 495:500 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 33 from St6gal1 459:465 arg1 mice 506:509 mice 506:509 mice 506:509 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 8 34 gly α2,6-sialylated 1271:1285 arg1 N-glycans 1287:1295 α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1271:1295 α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1271:1295 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 5 35 theme gene 746:749 arg1 roles 729:733 roles 729:733 roles of St6gal2 gene 729:749 However, roles of St6gal2 gene have not been clarified. 33242079 9 36 theme antigen 1516:1522 arg1 antigen 1540:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 9 36 theme antigen 1516:1522 arg1 majority 1444:1451 The majority 1440:1451 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1440:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 11 37 gly sialylated 1797:1806 arg1 glycoproteins 1817:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 2 38 gly sialylated 377:386 arg1 one 399:401 one 399:401 one 399:401 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 38 gly sialylated 377:386 arg1 N-glycans 388:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 38 gly sialylated 377:386 arg1 forms 433:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 8 39 theme mouse 1329:1333 arg1 tissues 1341:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 11 40 theme sialylated 1797:1806 arg1 glycoproteins 1817:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 1 41 theme systems 278:284 arg1 maintenance 287:297 maintenance 287:297 maintenance of nerve tissues 287:314 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 41 theme systems 278:284 arg1 regulation 257:266 regulation 257:266 regulation of immune systems 257:284 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 41 theme systems 278:284 arg1 expression 320:329 expression 320:329 expression of malignant properties of cancers 320:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 9 42 theme sialyl- 1528:1534 arg1 antigen 1540:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 9 42 theme sialyl- 1528:1534 arg1 majority 1444:1451 The majority 1440:1451 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1440:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 10 43 theme adult 1749:1753 arg1 brain 1761:1765 the adult mouse brain 1745:1765 the adult mouse brain 1745:1765 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 2 44 theme forms 433:437 arg1 one 399:401 one 399:401 one 399:401 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 44 theme forms 433:437 arg1 N-glycans 388:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 44 theme forms 433:437 arg1 forms 433:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 7 45 theme adult 1144:1148 arg1 brain 1156:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 2 46 theme gene 478:481 arg1 products 483:490 St6gal2 gene products 470:490 St6gal2 gene products 470:490 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 47 theme representative 406:419 arg1 forms 433:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 1 48 theme nerve 302:306 arg1 tissues 308:314 nerve tissues 302:314 nerve tissues 302:314 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 6 49 theme sialic 828:833 arg1 acid 835:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid 814:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain 814:885 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 9 50 theme T 1538:1538 arg1 antigen 1540:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 9 50 theme T 1538:1538 arg1 majority 1444:1451 The majority 1440:1451 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1440:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 0 51 theme adult 47:51 arg1 brain 59:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 6 52 theme terminal 814:821 arg1 acid 835:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid 814:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain 814:885 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 11 53 theme brain 1847:1851 arg1 tissue 1853:1858 the brain tissue 1843:1858 the brain tissue 1843:1858 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 8 54 theme α2,6-sialylated 1368:1382 arg1 glycans 1384:1390 α2,6-sialylated glycans 1368:1390 α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain 1368:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 1 55 theme various 220:226 arg1 functions 239:247 various biological functions 220:247 various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers 220:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 55 theme various 220:226 arg1 regulation 257:266 regulation 257:266 regulation of immune systems 257:284 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 55 theme various 220:226 arg1 maintenance 287:297 maintenance 287:297 maintenance of nerve tissues 287:314 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 55 theme various 220:226 arg1 expression 320:329 expression 320:329 expression of malignant properties of cancers 320:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 6 56 theme N-glycans 799:807 arg1 profiles 787:794 Expression profiles 776:794 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain 776:885 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 9 57 theme spectrometry 1556:1567 arg1 analysis 1569:1576 mass spectrometry analysis 1551:1576 mass spectrometry analysis 1551:1576 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 7 58 theme St6gal 1093:1098 arg1 genes 1100:1104 St6gal genes 1093:1104 St6gal genes 1093:1104 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 6 59 theme Expression 776:785 arg1 profiles 787:794 Expression profiles 776:794 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain 776:885 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 10 60 theme gene 1681:1684 arg1 action 1663:1668 the action 1659:1668 the action of St6gal1 gene 1659:1684 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 6 61 theme St6gal 853:858 arg1 products 865:872 St6gal gene products 853:872 St6gal gene products 853:872 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 11 62 link O-linked 1808:1815 arg1 glycoproteins 1817:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 4 63 theme St6gal2 631:637 arg1 gene 639:642 St6gal2 gene 631:642 St6gal2 gene 631:642 On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. 33242079 7 64 theme St6gal1 1194:1200 arg1 gene 1202:1205 St6gal1 gene 1194:1205 St6gal1 gene 1194:1205 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 10 65 theme St6gal2 1712:1718 arg1 genes 1720:1724 both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes 1695:1724 both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes 1695:1724 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 6 66 with profiles 787:794 arg1 acid 835:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid 814:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain 814:885 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 10 67 theme St6gal1 1700:1706 arg1 genes 1720:1724 both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes 1695:1724 both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes 1695:1724 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 1 68 theme negative 194:201 arg1 charge 203:208 negative charge 194:208 negative charge 194:208 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 0 69 theme alpha2,6-sialyltransferase 124:149 arg1 genes 151:155 alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes 124:155 alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes 124:155 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 7 70 theme KO 1178:1179 arg1 mice 1181:1184 KO mice 1178:1184 KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout) 1178:1254 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 71 theme spectrometry 1014:1025 arg1 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 71 theme spectrometry 1014:1025 arg1 method 1027:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method 960:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS) 960:1043 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 8 72 located found 1392:1396 arg2 glycans 1384:1390 α2,6-sialylated glycans 1368:1390 α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain 1368:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 8 72 located found 1392:1396 arg1 brain 1411:1415 the mouse brain 1401:1415 the mouse brain 1401:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 8 73 theme O-linked 1422:1429 arg1 majority 1356:1363 a majority 1354:1363 a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain 1354:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 8 73 theme O-linked 1422:1429 arg1 glycans 1431:1437 O-linked glycans 1422:1437 O-linked glycans 1422:1437 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 11 74 dep where 1783:1787 arg1 function 1831:1838 function 1831:1838 function in the brain tissue 1831:1858 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 7 75 theme linkage-specific 978:993 arg1 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 SALSA-MS 1035:1042 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 75 theme linkage-specific 978:993 arg1 method 1027:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method 960:1032 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS) 960:1043 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 3 76 theme all 599:601 arg1 tissues 603:609 almost all tissues 592:609 almost all tissues 592:609 Previously, it has been reported that St6gal1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues. 33242079 7 77 theme sialic 966:971 arg1 acid 973:976 sialic acid 966:976 novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS) 960:1043 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 9 78 theme α2,6-sialylated 1462:1476 arg1 O-glycans 1478:1486 these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1456:1486 these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1456:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 0 79 from glycans 32:38 arg1 brain 59:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 1 80 theme malignant 334:342 arg1 properties 344:353 malignant properties 334:353 malignant properties of cancers 334:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 81 theme Sialic 158:163 arg1 sugars 182:187 unique sugars 175:187 unique sugars with negative charge 175:208 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 81 theme Sialic 158:163 arg1 acids 165:169 Sialic acids 158:169 Sialic acids 158:169 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 8 82 theme α2,6-sialylated 1271:1285 arg1 N-glycans 1287:1295 α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1271:1295 α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1271:1295 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 0 83 theme SALSA-MS 85:92 arg1 analysis 94:101 SALSA-MS analysis 85:101 SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes 85:155 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 7 84 theme lectin 940:945 arg1 blotting 947:954 conventional lectin blotting 927:954 conventional lectin blotting 927:954 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 85 dep both 1225:1228 arg1 knockout 1246:1253 knockout 1246:1253 knockout 1246:1253 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 11 86 gly glycoproteins 1817:1829 arg1 glycoproteins 1817:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 sialylated O-linked glycoproteins 1797:1829 In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified. 33242079 9 87 theme disialyl-T 1505:1514 arg1 antigen 1540:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen 1505:1546 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 9 87 theme disialyl-T 1505:1514 arg1 majority 1444:1451 The majority 1440:1451 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1440:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 7 88 theme mouse 1150:1154 arg1 brain 1156:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 9 89 gly α2,6-sialylated 1462:1476 arg1 O-glycans 1478:1486 these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1456:1486 these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans 1456:1486 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 7 90 from function 1066:1073 arg1 brain 1156:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 4 91 theme brain 705:709 arg1 tissues 711:717 brain tissues 705:717 brain tissues 705:717 On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. 33242079 2 92 theme sialylated 377:386 arg1 one 399:401 one 399:401 one 399:401 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 92 theme sialylated 377:386 arg1 N-glycans 388:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 92 theme sialylated 377:386 arg1 forms 433:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 0 93 theme glycans 32:38 arg1 Majority 0:7 Majority 0:7 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain 0:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 7 94 from expression 1079:1088 arg1 brain 1156:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 the adult mouse brain 1140:1160 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 8 95 theme brain 1335:1339 arg1 tissues 1341:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 adult mouse brain tissues 1323:1347 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 2 96 theme sialylation 421:431 arg1 forms 433:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 7 97 theme products 1128:1135 arg1 genes 1100:1104 St6gal genes 1093:1104 St6gal genes 1093:1104 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 7 97 theme products 1128:1135 arg1 profiles 1110:1117 profiles 1110:1117 profiles of their products 1110:1135 Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). 33242079 8 98 link O-linked 1422:1429 arg1 majority 1356:1363 a majority 1354:1363 a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain 1354:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 8 98 link O-linked 1422:1429 arg1 glycans 1431:1437 O-linked glycans 1422:1437 O-linked glycans 1422:1437 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 2 99 theme St6gal2 470:476 arg1 products 483:490 St6gal2 gene products 470:490 St6gal2 gene products 470:490 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 0 100 theme mouse 53:57 arg1 brain 59:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 the adult mouse brain 43:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 1 101 theme tissues 308:314 arg1 maintenance 287:297 maintenance 287:297 maintenance of nerve tissues 287:314 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 101 theme tissues 308:314 arg1 regulation 257:266 regulation 257:266 regulation of immune systems 257:284 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 101 theme tissues 308:314 arg1 expression 320:329 expression 320:329 expression of malignant properties of cancers 320:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 102 with sugars 182:187 arg1 charge 203:208 negative charge 194:208 negative charge 194:208 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 6 103 theme α2,6 823:826 arg1 acid 835:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid 814:838 terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain 814:885 Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. 33242079 0 104 gly alpha2,6-sialylated 12:30 arg1 glycans 32:38 alpha2,6-sialylated glycans 12:38 alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain 12:63 Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes. 33242079 10 105 gly α2,6-sialylated 1616:1630 arg1 N-glycans 1632:1640 a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1610:1640 a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1610:1640 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 9 106 theme mass 1551:1554 arg1 analysis 1569:1576 mass spectrometry analysis 1551:1576 mass spectrometry analysis 1551:1576 The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. 33242079 10 107 theme α2,6-sialylated 1616:1630 arg1 N-glycans 1632:1640 a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1610:1640 a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans 1610:1640 Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. 33242079 1 108 theme biological 228:237 arg1 functions 239:247 various biological functions 220:247 various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers 220:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 108 theme biological 228:237 arg1 regulation 257:266 regulation 257:266 regulation of immune systems 257:284 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 108 theme biological 228:237 arg1 maintenance 287:297 maintenance 287:297 maintenance of nerve tissues 287:314 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 1 108 theme biological 228:237 arg1 expression 320:329 expression 320:329 expression of malignant properties of cancers 320:364 Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. 33242079 8 109 theme glycans 1384:1390 arg1 majority 1356:1363 a majority 1354:1363 a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain 1354:1415 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 8 109 theme glycans 1384:1390 arg1 glycans 1431:1437 O-linked glycans 1422:1437 O-linked glycans 1422:1437 Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. 33242079 2 110 theme Alpha 367:371 arg1 one 399:401 one 399:401 one 399:401 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 110 theme Alpha 367:371 arg1 N-glycans 388:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans 367:396 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 33242079 2 110 theme Alpha 367:371 arg1 forms 433:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 representative sialylation forms 406:437 Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. 34367145 4 0 theme AC 871:872 arg1 L4 874:875 AC L4 871:875 AC L4 on macrophages 871:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 2 1 theme Excretory-secretory 373:391 arg1 products 398:405 Excretory-secretory (ES) products 373:405 Excretory-secretory (ES) products 373:405 Excretory-secretory (ES) products play an important role in the interaction between parasites and hosts' immune responses. 34367145 11 2 link helminth-derived 1965:1980 arg1 molecules 1999:2007 helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules 1965:2007 helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules 1965:2007 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 11 3 theme molecules 1999:2007 arg1 research 1953:1960 research 1953:1960 research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases 1953:2079 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 3 4 theme mice 736:739 arg1 model 741:745 AC-infected mice model 724:745 AC-infected mice model 724:745 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 9 5 theme exofree 1674:1680 arg1 analysis 1662:1669 glycoproteomic analysis 1647:1669 glycoproteomic analysis of exofree 1647:1680 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 9 5 theme exofree 1674:1680 arg1 analysis 1694:1701 RNA-seq analysis 1686:1701 RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage 1686:1731 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 6 6 theme excretory-secretory 1156:1174 arg1 exofree 1186:1192 exofree 1186:1192 exofree 1186:1192 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 6 6 theme excretory-secretory 1156:1174 arg1 products 1176:1183 exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products 1139:1183 exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) 1139:1193 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 6 7 theme differential 1239:1250 arg1 centrifugation 1252:1265 differential centrifugation 1239:1265 differential centrifugation 1239:1265 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 10 8 theme network 1762:1768 arg1 analysis 1770:1777 Bi-layer PPI network analysis 1749:1777 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results 1749:1800 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 9 9 theme RNA-seq 1686:1692 arg1 analysis 1694:1701 RNA-seq analysis 1686:1701 RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage 1686:1731 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 7 10 theme alternative 1401:1411 arg1 activation 1413:1422 alternative activation 1401:1422 alternative activation 1401:1422 Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 3 11 theme alternative 761:771 arg1 activation 773:782 alternative activation 761:782 alternative activation of macrophages 761:797 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 10 12 theme protein 1832:1838 arg1 molecule 1854:1861 a key molecule 1848:1861 a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages 1848:1911 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 10 12 theme protein 1832:1838 arg1 Hexa 1840:1843 macrophage-related protein Hexa 1813:1843 macrophage-related protein Hexa 1813:1843 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 6 13 theme L4 1124:1125 arg1 exosome 1127:1133 AC L4 exosome 1121:1133 AC L4 exosome 1121:1133 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 3 14 theme soluble 588:594 arg1 antigens 596:603 the soluble antigens 584:603 the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, 584:685 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 9 15 theme macrophage 1722:1731 arg1 analysis 1662:1669 glycoproteomic analysis 1647:1669 glycoproteomic analysis of exofree 1647:1680 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 9 15 theme macrophage 1722:1731 arg1 analysis 1694:1701 RNA-seq analysis 1686:1701 RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage 1686:1731 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 6 16 theme ES 1221:1222 arg1 products 1224:1231 AC L4 ES products 1215:1231 AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation 1215:1265 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 8 17 from role 1598:1601 arg1 exofree 1632:1638 exofree 1632:1638 exofree 1632:1638 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 5 18 theme AC 1069:1070 arg1 products 1078:1085 AC L4 ES products 1069:1085 AC L4 ES products 1069:1085 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 3 19 theme stage 643:647 arg1 a 664:664 a 664:664 a 664:664 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 19 theme stage 643:647 arg1 larva 649:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva 608:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4) 608:661 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 19 theme stage 643:647 arg1 L4 659:660 AC L4 656:660 AC L4 656:660 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 4 20 from molecules 839:847 arg1 products 859:866 the ES products 852:866 the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages 852:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 6 21 theme AC 1215:1216 arg1 products 1224:1231 AC L4 ES products 1215:1231 AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation 1215:1265 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 3 22 from meningitis 710:719 arg1 model 741:745 AC-infected mice model 724:745 AC-infected mice model 724:745 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 6 23 theme macrophage 1296:1305 arg1 polarization 1307:1318 macrophage polarization 1296:1318 macrophage polarization 1296:1318 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 3 24 theme cantonensis 624:634 arg1 a 664:664 a 664:664 a 664:664 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 24 theme cantonensis 624:634 arg1 larva 649:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva 608:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4) 608:661 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 24 theme cantonensis 624:634 arg1 L4 659:660 AC L4 656:660 AC L4 656:660 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 11 25 theme drug 2036:2039 arg1 development 2041:2051 drug development 2036:2051 drug development for immune-related diseases 2036:2079 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 0 26 theme cantonensis 89:99 arg1 Products 37:44 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products 0:44 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 0:99 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 10 27 theme key 1850:1852 arg1 molecule 1854:1861 a key molecule 1848:1861 a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages 1848:1911 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 10 27 theme key 1850:1852 arg1 Hexa 1840:1843 macrophage-related protein Hexa 1813:1843 macrophage-related protein Hexa 1813:1843 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 0 28 theme Alternative 110:120 arg1 Activation 122:131 Alternative Activation 110:131 Alternative Activation of Macrophages 110:146 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 1 29 theme meningitis 361:370 arg1 cantonensis 221:231 Angiostrongylus cantonensis 205:231 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC) 205:236 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 1 29 theme meningitis 361:370 arg1 agent 339:343 an etiologic agent 326:343 an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis 326:370 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 4 30 from products 859:866 arg1 macrophages 880:890 macrophages 880:890 macrophages 880:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 2 31 theme important 415:423 arg1 role 425:428 an important role 412:428 an important role 412:428 Excretory-secretory (ES) products play an important role in the interaction between parasites and hosts' immune responses. 34367145 0 32 theme Exosome-Depleted 0:15 arg1 Products 37:44 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products 0:44 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 0:99 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 8 33 theme deglycosylation 1546:1560 arg1 assay 1562:1566 deglycosylation assay 1546:1566 deglycosylation assay 1546:1566 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 11 34 theme helminth-derived 1965:1980 arg1 molecules 1999:2007 helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules 1965:2007 helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules 1965:2007 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 5 35 theme AC 1025:1026 arg1 L4 1028:1029 macrophage and AC L4 1010:1029 macrophage and AC L4 1010:1029 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 2 36 theme immune 478:483 arg1 responses 485:493 ' immune responses 476:493 ' immune responses 476:493 Excretory-secretory (ES) products play an important role in the interaction between parasites and hosts' immune responses. 34367145 10 37 theme alternative 1875:1885 arg1 activation 1887:1896 alternative activation 1875:1896 alternative activation of macrophages 1875:1911 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 0 38 theme Larval 66:71 arg1 cantonensis 89:99 the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 49:99 the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 49:99 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 1 39 theme etiologic 329:337 arg1 cantonensis 221:231 Angiostrongylus cantonensis 205:231 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC) 205:236 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 1 39 theme etiologic 329:337 arg1 agent 339:343 an etiologic agent 326:343 an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis 326:370 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 8 40 gly glycoproteins 1615:1627 arg1 glycoproteins 1615:1627 N-linked glycoproteins 1606:1627 N-linked glycoproteins 1606:1627 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 3 41 theme Inflammatory 496:507 arg1 macrophages 509:519 Inflammatory macrophages 496:519 Inflammatory macrophages 496:519 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 7 42 theme macrophages 1427:1437 arg1 activation 1413:1422 alternative activation 1401:1422 alternative activation 1401:1422 Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 7 43 theme PI3K-Akt 1506:1513 arg1 pathway 1515:1521 the PI3K-Akt pathway 1502:1521 the PI3K-Akt pathway 1502:1521 Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 3 44 theme dead 675:678 arg1 L4 683:684 dead AC L4 675:684 dead AC L4 675:684 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 10 45 theme PPI 1758:1760 arg1 analysis 1770:1777 Bi-layer PPI network analysis 1749:1777 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results 1749:1800 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 46 dep a 664:664 arg1 mimic 666:670 mimic 666:670 mimic 666:670 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 5 47 theme macrophage 1010:1019 arg1 L4 1028:1029 macrophage and AC L4 1010:1029 macrophage and AC L4 1010:1029 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 8 48 theme N-linked 1606:1613 arg1 glycoproteins 1615:1627 N-linked glycoproteins 1606:1627 N-linked glycoproteins 1606:1627 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 6 49 theme distinct 1278:1285 arg1 roles 1287:1291 their distinct roles 1272:1291 their distinct roles on macrophage polarization 1272:1318 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 1 50 theme host 292:295 arg1 brain 264:268 the brain 260:268 the brain of the non-permissive host 260:295 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 4 51 from L4 874:875 arg1 macrophages 880:890 macrophages 880:890 macrophages 880:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 7 52 theme metabolic 1475:1483 arg1 reprogramming 1485:1497 metabolic reprogramming 1475:1497 metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway 1475:1521 Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 9 53 theme glycoproteomic 1647:1660 arg1 analysis 1662:1669 glycoproteomic analysis 1647:1669 glycoproteomic analysis of exofree 1647:1680 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 4 54 theme L4 874:875 arg1 products 859:866 the ES products 852:866 the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages 852:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 6 55 theme exosome-depleted 1139:1154 arg1 exofree 1186:1192 exofree 1186:1192 exofree 1186:1192 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 6 55 theme exosome-depleted 1139:1154 arg1 products 1176:1183 exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products 1139:1183 exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) 1139:1193 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 3 56 theme AC-infected 724:734 arg1 model 741:745 AC-infected mice model 724:745 AC-infected mice model 724:745 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 10 57 theme macrophage-related 1813:1830 arg1 molecule 1854:1861 a key molecule 1848:1861 a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages 1848:1911 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 10 57 theme macrophage-related 1813:1830 arg1 Hexa 1840:1843 macrophage-related protein Hexa 1813:1843 macrophage-related protein Hexa 1813:1843 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 4 58 theme ES 856:857 arg1 products 859:866 the ES products 852:866 the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages 852:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 6 59 theme qPCR 1341:1344 arg1 experiments 1356:1366 qPCR and ELISA experiments 1341:1366 qPCR and ELISA experiments 1341:1366 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 9 60 theme exofree-treated 1706:1720 arg1 macrophage 1722:1731 exofree-treated macrophage 1706:1731 exofree-treated macrophage 1706:1731 Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. 34367145 6 61 theme AC 1121:1122 arg1 exosome 1127:1133 AC L4 exosome 1121:1133 AC L4 exosome 1121:1133 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 0 62 theme PI3K-Akt 187:194 arg1 Pathway 196:202 the PI3K-Akt Pathway 183:202 the PI3K-Akt Pathway 183:202 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 3 63 theme fourth 636:641 arg1 a 664:664 a 664:664 a 664:664 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 63 theme fourth 636:641 arg1 larva 649:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva 608:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4) 608:661 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 63 theme fourth 636:641 arg1 L4 659:660 AC L4 656:660 AC L4 656:660 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 4 64 theme metabolic 930:938 arg1 reprogramming 940:952 metabolic reprogramming 930:952 metabolic reprogramming 930:952 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 6 65 theme L4 1218:1219 arg1 products 1224:1231 AC L4 ES products 1215:1231 AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation 1215:1265 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 5 66 theme L4 1072:1073 arg1 products 1078:1085 AC L4 ES products 1069:1085 AC L4 ES products 1069:1085 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 3 67 theme Angiostrongylus 608:622 arg1 a 664:664 a 664:664 a 664:664 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 67 theme Angiostrongylus 608:622 arg1 larva 649:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva 608:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4) 608:661 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 67 theme Angiostrongylus 608:622 arg1 L4 659:660 AC L4 656:660 AC L4 656:660 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 68 theme macrophages 787:797 arg1 activation 773:782 alternative activation 761:782 alternative activation of macrophages 761:797 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 69 theme AC 656:657 arg1 larva 649:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva 608:653 Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4) 608:661 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 3 69 theme AC 656:657 arg1 L4 659:660 AC L4 656:660 AC L4 656:660 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 8 70 link N-linked 1606:1613 arg1 glycoproteins 1615:1627 N-linked glycoproteins 1606:1627 N-linked glycoproteins 1606:1627 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 4 71 from macrophages 880:890 arg1 products 859:866 the ES products 852:866 the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages 852:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 3 72 theme larva 649:653 arg1 antigens 596:603 the soluble antigens 584:603 the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, 584:685 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 1 73 theme eosinophilic 348:359 arg1 meningitis 361:370 eosinophilic meningitis 348:370 eosinophilic meningitis 348:370 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 1 74 theme Angiostrongylus 205:219 arg1 agent 339:343 an etiologic agent 326:343 an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis 326:370 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 1 74 theme Angiostrongylus 205:219 arg1 AC 234:235 AC 234:235 AC 234:235 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 1 74 theme Angiostrongylus 205:219 arg1 cantonensis 221:231 Angiostrongylus cantonensis 205:231 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC) 205:236 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 34367145 5 75 theme ES 1075:1076 arg1 products 1078:1085 AC L4 ES products 1069:1085 AC L4 ES products 1069:1085 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 5 76 from role 1061:1064 arg1 polarization 1101:1112 macrophage polarization 1090:1112 macrophage polarization 1090:1112 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 0 77 theme Macrophages 136:146 arg1 Activation 122:131 Alternative Activation 110:131 Alternative Activation of Macrophages 110:146 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 8 78 theme lectin 1530:1535 arg1 blot 1537:1540 lectin blot 1530:1540 lectin blot 1530:1540 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 6 79 theme ELISA 1350:1354 arg1 experiments 1356:1366 qPCR and ELISA experiments 1341:1366 qPCR and ELISA experiments 1341:1366 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 5 80 theme products 1078:1085 arg1 role 1061:1064 the role 1057:1064 the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization 1057:1112 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 2 81 dep parasites 457:465 arg1 responses 485:493 ' immune responses 476:493 ' immune responses 476:493 Excretory-secretory (ES) products play an important role in the interaction between parasites and hosts' immune responses. 34367145 4 82 theme PI3K-Akt 962:969 arg1 pathway 971:977 the PI3K-Akt pathway 958:977 the PI3K-Akt pathway 958:977 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 0 83 theme Metabolic 156:164 arg1 Reprogramming 166:178 Metabolic Reprogramming 156:178 Metabolic Reprogramming 156:178 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 0 84 theme Excretory-Secretory 17:35 arg1 Products 37:44 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products 0:44 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 0:99 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 5 85 theme macrophage 1090:1099 arg1 polarization 1101:1112 macrophage polarization 1090:1112 macrophage polarization 1090:1112 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 11 86 theme great 1937:1941 arg1 value 1943:1947 a great value 1935:1947 a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases 1935:2079 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 7 87 theme AC 1379:1380 arg1 exofree 1385:1391 AC L4 exofree 1379:1391 AC L4 exofree 1379:1391 Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 10 88 theme macrophages 1901:1911 arg1 activation 1887:1896 alternative activation 1875:1896 alternative activation of macrophages 1875:1911 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 11 89 theme immunoregulatory 1982:1997 arg1 molecules 1999:2007 helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules 1965:2007 helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules 1965:2007 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 0 90 theme Fourth-Stage 53:64 arg1 cantonensis 89:99 the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 49:99 the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 49:99 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 0 91 theme Angiostrongylus 73:87 arg1 cantonensis 89:99 the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 49:99 the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis 49:99 Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. 34367145 6 92 from roles 1287:1291 arg1 polarization 1307:1318 macrophage polarization 1296:1318 macrophage polarization 1296:1318 Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. 34367145 5 93 theme L4 1028:1029 arg1 system 1000:1005 a co-culture system 987:1005 a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 987:1029 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 8 94 theme key 1594:1596 arg1 role 1598:1601 the key role 1590:1601 the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree 1590:1638 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 3 95 theme AC 680:681 arg1 L4 683:684 dead AC L4 675:684 dead AC L4 675:684 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 4 96 theme key 835:837 arg1 molecules 839:847 the key molecules 831:847 the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages 831:890 In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 3 97 theme eosinophilic 541:552 arg1 meningitis 554:563 eosinophilic meningitis 541:563 eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC 541:577 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 5 98 theme co-culture 989:998 arg1 system 1000:1005 a co-culture system 987:1005 a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 987:1029 First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. 34367145 7 99 theme L4 1382:1383 arg1 exofree 1385:1391 AC L4 exofree 1379:1391 AC L4 exofree 1379:1391 Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. 34367145 11 100 theme immune-related 2057:2070 arg1 diseases 2072:2079 immune-related diseases 2057:2079 immune-related diseases 2057:2079 Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases. 34367145 10 101 theme Bi-layer 1749:1756 arg1 analysis 1770:1777 Bi-layer PPI network analysis 1749:1777 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results 1749:1800 Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 8 102 theme glycoproteins 1615:1627 arg1 role 1598:1601 the key role 1590:1601 the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree 1590:1638 Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. 34367145 3 103 theme eosinophilic 697:708 arg1 meningitis 710:719 eosinophilic meningitis 697:719 eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model 697:745 Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. 34367145 2 104 theme ES 394:395 arg1 products 398:405 Excretory-secretory (ES) products 373:405 Excretory-secretory (ES) products 373:405 Excretory-secretory (ES) products play an important role in the interaction between parasites and hosts' immune responses. 34367145 1 105 theme non-permissive 277:290 arg1 host 292:295 the non-permissive host 273:295 the non-permissive host 273:295 Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. 33644125 7 0 from animals 1275:1281 arg1 Hg 1354:1355 low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg 1333:1355 low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg 1333:1355 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 0 from animals 1275:1281 arg1 Hg 1326:1327 high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg 1304:1327 high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg 1304:1327 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 0 from animals 1275:1281 arg1 diet 1298:1301 a high-salt diet 1286:1301 a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001) 1286:1367 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 4 1 from accuracy 759:766 arg1 rats 805:808 Dahl salt-sensitive rats 785:808 Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 785:888 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 4 2 theme % 877:877 arg1 NaCl 879:882 8% NaCl 876:882 8% NaCl 876:882 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 11 3 theme good 2038:2041 arg1 accuracy 2054:2061 good diagnostic accuracy 2038:2061 good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy 2038:2116 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 12 4 theme cardiovascular 2355:2368 arg1 disease 2370:2376 cardiovascular disease 2355:2376 cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling) 2355:2459 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 11 5 theme thrombotic 2119:2128 arg1 microangiopathy 2130:2144 thrombotic microangiopathy 2119:2144 thrombotic microangiopathy 2119:2144 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 1 6 theme acute 290:294 arg1 injuries 306:313 acute end-organ injuries 290:313 acute end-organ injuries 290:313 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 0 7 theme Circulating 0:10 arg1 Biomarkers 35:44 Biomarkers 35:44 Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 35:90 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 0 7 theme Circulating 0:10 arg1 Pathways 115:122 Underlying Pathways 104:122 Underlying Pathways 104:122 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 0 7 theme Circulating 0:10 arg1 microRNAs 12:20 Circulating microRNAs 0:20 Circulating microRNAs 0:20 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 4 8 theme = 870:870 arg1 N 868:868 N = 60 868:873 N = 60 868:873 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 4 8 theme = 870:870 arg1 diet 885:888 a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 855:888 a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 855:888 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 3 9 theme severe 635:640 arg1 hypertension 642:653 severe hypertension 635:653 severe hypertension 635:653 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 1 10 theme underlying 188:197 arg1 pathophysiology 199:213 the underlying pathophysiology 184:213 the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension 184:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 11 11 theme ejection 2179:2186 arg1 fraction 2188:2195 preserved ejection fraction 2169:2195 preserved ejection fraction 2169:2195 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 6 12 theme aorta 1206:1210 arg1 relaxation 1217:1226 acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation 1184:1226 acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation 1184:1226 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 9 13 with c-miRs 1710:1715 arg1 fraction 1693:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 13 with c-miRs 1710:1715 arg1 microangiopathy 1623:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 13 with c-miRs 1710:1715 arg1 failure 1661:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 13 with c-miRs 1710:1715 arg1 dysfunction 1734:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 10 14 theme same 1901:1904 arg1 c-miRs 1906:1911 the same c-miRs 1897:1911 the same c-miRs 1897:1911 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 8 15 theme hypertensive 1481:1492 arg1 complications 1504:1516 hypertensive emergency complications 1481:1516 hypertensive emergency complications 1481:1516 Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed 68 c-miRs discriminating between animals with and without hypertensive emergency complications. 33644125 6 16 theme endothelial 1142:1152 arg1 dysfunction 1154:1164 endothelial dysfunction 1142:1164 endothelial dysfunction 1142:1164 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 11 17 theme diagnostic 2043:2052 arg1 accuracy 2054:2061 good diagnostic accuracy 2038:2061 good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy 2038:2116 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 1 18 from pathophysiology 199:213 arg1 emergencies 231:241 hypertensive emergencies 218:241 hypertensive emergencies 218:241 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 5 19 theme hypertensive 903:914 arg1 encephalopathy 916:929 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy 891:929 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy 891:929 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy were diagnosed by histopathology. 33644125 4 20 theme salt-sensitive 790:803 arg1 rats 805:808 Dahl salt-sensitive rats 785:808 Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 785:888 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 10 21 theme endothelial 1922:1932 arg1 dysfunction 1934:1944 endothelial dysfunction 1922:1944 endothelial dysfunction 1922:1944 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 6 22 theme ejection 1038:1045 arg1 fraction 1047:1054 preserved ejection fraction 1028:1054 preserved ejection fraction 1028:1054 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 12 23 theme TGF-beta 2441:2448 arg1 signaling 2450:2458 TGF-beta signaling 2441:2458 TGF-beta signaling 2441:2458 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 7 24 theme < 1360:1360 arg1 p 1358:1358 p < 0.001 1358:1366 p < 0.001 1358:1366 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 0 25 theme Emergency 63:71 arg1 Injuries 83:90 Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 50:90 Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 50:90 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 11 26 theme composite 2069:2077 arg1 outcome 2079:2085 a composite outcome 2067:2085 a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy 2067:2116 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 1 27 from understanding 167:179 arg1 emergencies 231:241 hypertensive emergencies 218:241 hypertensive emergencies 218:241 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 4 28 dep N 833:833 arg1 a 821:821 a 821:821 a 821:821 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 4 28 dep N 833:833 arg1 NaCl 846:849 0.3% NaCl 841:849 0.3% NaCl 841:849 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 10 29 from deviations 1875:1884 arg1 c-miRs 1906:1911 the same c-miRs 1897:1911 the same c-miRs 1897:1911 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 29 from deviations 1875:1884 arg1 many 1889:1892 many 1889:1892 many 1889:1892 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 30 dep associated 1859:1868 arg1 whereas 1914:1920 whereas 1914:1920 whereas 1914:1920 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 1 31 theme chronic 362:368 arg1 hypertension 370:381 chronic hypertension 362:381 chronic hypertension 362:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 1 32 theme incomplete 156:165 arg1 understanding 167:179 an incomplete understanding 153:179 an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension 153:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 6 33 theme heart 1009:1013 arg1 failure 1015:1021 heart failure 1009:1021 heart failure with preserved ejection fraction 1009:1054 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 10 34 theme heart 1807:1811 arg1 failure 1813:1819 heart failure 1807:1819 heart failure 1807:1819 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 7 35 dep mm 1323:1324 arg1 ± 1318:1318 ± 1318:1318 ± 1318:1318 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 12 36 theme O-glycan 2396:2403 arg1 biosynthesis 2405:2416 mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis 2385:2416 mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis 2385:2416 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 10 37 theme Hypertensive 1747:1758 arg1 encephalopathy 1760:1773 Hypertensive encephalopathy 1747:1773 Hypertensive encephalopathy 1747:1773 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 4 38 theme = 835:835 arg1 N 833:833 N = 20 833:838 N = 20 833:838 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 6 39 theme pro-brain 1107:1115 arg1 peptide 1129:1135 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 1096:1135 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 1096:1135 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 0 40 theme End-Organ 73:81 arg1 Injuries 83:90 Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 50:90 Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 50:90 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 8 41 theme least 1378:1382 arg1 squares 1384:1390 Partial least squares 1370:1390 Partial least squares discriminant analysis 1370:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed 68 c-miRs discriminating between animals with and without hypertensive emergency complications. 33644125 4 42 dep N 868:868 arg1 NaCl 879:882 8% NaCl 876:882 8% NaCl 876:882 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 1 43 theme end-organ 296:304 arg1 injuries 306:313 acute end-organ injuries 290:313 acute end-organ injuries 290:313 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 2 44 theme hypertensive 467:478 arg1 encephalopathy 480:493 hypertensive encephalopathy 467:493 hypertensive encephalopathy 467:493 Furthermore, current biomarkers are unable to detect early end-organ injuries like hypertensive encephalopathy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. 33644125 6 45 with failure 1015:1021 arg1 fraction 1047:1054 preserved ejection fraction 1028:1054 preserved ejection fraction 1028:1054 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 8 46 theme discriminant 1392:1403 arg1 analysis 1405:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis 1370:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis 1370:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed 68 c-miRs discriminating between animals with and without hypertensive emergency complications. 33644125 7 47 dep mm 1351:1352 arg1 ± 1346:1346 ± 1346:1346 ± 1346:1346 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 48 theme Systolic 1229:1236 arg1 pressure 1244:1251 Systolic blood pressure 1229:1251 Systolic blood pressure 1229:1251 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 12 49 dep biosynthesis 2405:2416 arg1 e.g. 2379:2382 e.g. 2379:2382 e.g. 2379:2382 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 10 50 theme preserved 1826:1834 arg1 fraction 1845:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 13 51 theme important 2563:2571 arg1 biomarkers 2496:2505 biomarkers 2496:2505 biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2496:2547 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 13 51 theme important 2563:2571 arg1 C-miRs 2462:2467 C-miRs 2462:2467 C-miRs 2462:2467 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 13 51 theme important 2563:2571 arg1 pathways 2573:2580 important pathways 2563:2580 important pathways involved 2563:2589 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 7 52 theme 18 1348:1349 arg1 ± 1346:1346 ± 1346:1346 ± 1346:1346 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 11 53 theme c-miRs 2010:2015 arg1 Several 1993:1999 Several 1993:1999 Several 1993:1999 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 12 54 theme several 2325:2331 arg1 pathways 2333:2340 several pathways 2325:2340 several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling) 2325:2459 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 12 55 theme type 2391:2394 arg1 biosynthesis 2405:2416 mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis 2385:2416 mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis 2385:2416 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 2 56 theme early 437:441 arg1 injuries 453:460 early end-organ injuries 437:460 early end-organ injuries 437:460 Furthermore, current biomarkers are unable to detect early end-organ injuries like hypertensive encephalopathy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. 33644125 7 57 dep Hg 1354:1355 arg1 mm 1351:1352 mm 1351:1352 mm 1351:1352 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 58 theme 152 1342:1344 arg1 ± 1346:1346 ± 1346:1346 ± 1346:1346 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 2 59 theme thrombotic 505:514 arg1 microangiopathy 516:530 renal thrombotic microangiopathy 499:530 renal thrombotic microangiopathy 499:530 Furthermore, current biomarkers are unable to detect early end-organ injuries like hypertensive encephalopathy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. 33644125 3 60 theme important 704:712 arg1 pathways 714:721 important pathways 704:721 important pathways involved 704:730 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 12 61 theme relevant 2342:2349 arg1 pathways 2333:2340 several pathways 2325:2340 several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling) 2325:2459 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 10 62 with failure 1813:1819 arg1 fraction 1845:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 9 63 theme preserved 1674:1682 arg1 fraction 1693:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 13 64 theme severe 2510:2515 arg1 injuries 2540:2547 severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2510:2547 severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2510:2547 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 10 65 theme thrombotic 1776:1785 arg1 microangiopathy 1787:1801 thrombotic microangiopathy 1776:1801 thrombotic microangiopathy 1776:1801 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 66 theme ejection 1836:1843 arg1 fraction 1845:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 67 theme different 1968:1976 arg1 set 1978:1980 a different set 1966:1980 a different set of c-miRs 1966:1990 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 67 theme different 1968:1976 arg1 c-miRs 1985:1990 c-miRs 1985:1990 c-miRs 1985:1990 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 4 68 theme % 844:844 arg1 NaCl 846:849 0.3% NaCl 841:849 0.3% NaCl 841:849 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 2 69 theme current 397:403 arg1 biomarkers 405:414 current biomarkers 397:414 current biomarkers 397:414 Furthermore, current biomarkers are unable to detect early end-organ injuries like hypertensive encephalopathy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. 33644125 1 70 theme blood 268:272 arg1 pressure 274:281 severely elevated blood pressure 250:281 severely elevated blood pressure 250:281 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 7 71 theme high-salt 1304:1312 arg1 Hg 1326:1327 high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg 1304:1327 high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg 1304:1327 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 71 theme high-salt 1304:1312 arg1 diet 1298:1301 a high-salt diet 1286:1301 a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001) 1286:1367 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 3 72 theme acute 600:604 arg1 complications 618:630 acute and chronic complications 600:630 acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension 600:653 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 9 73 theme endothelial 1722:1732 arg1 dysfunction 1734:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 11 74 theme hypertensive 2090:2101 arg1 encephalopathy 2103:2116 hypertensive encephalopathy 2090:2116 hypertensive encephalopathy 2090:2116 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 10 75 with encephalopathy 1760:1773 arg1 fraction 1845:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 4 76 theme high-salt 857:865 arg1 diet 885:888 a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 855:888 a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 855:888 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 4 76 theme high-salt 857:865 arg1 N 868:868 N = 60 868:873 N = 60 868:873 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 12 77 theme Target 2264:2269 arg1 prediction 2271:2280 Target prediction 2264:2280 Target prediction 2264:2280 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 9 78 with c-miRs 1643:1648 arg1 fraction 1693:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 78 with c-miRs 1643:1648 arg1 microangiopathy 1623:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 78 with c-miRs 1643:1648 arg1 failure 1661:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 78 with c-miRs 1643:1648 arg1 dysfunction 1734:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 11 79 theme heart 2150:2154 arg1 failure 2156:2162 heart failure 2150:2162 heart failure 2150:2162 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 6 80 theme ring 1212:1215 arg1 relaxation 1217:1226 acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation 1184:1226 acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation 1184:1226 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 13 81 theme injuries 2540:2547 arg1 biomarkers 2496:2505 biomarkers 2496:2505 biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2496:2547 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 13 81 theme injuries 2540:2547 arg1 C-miRs 2462:2467 C-miRs 2462:2467 C-miRs 2462:2467 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 13 81 theme injuries 2540:2547 arg1 pathways 2573:2580 important pathways 2563:2580 important pathways involved 2563:2589 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 0 82 theme Animal 130:135 arg1 Model 137:141 an Animal Model 127:141 an Animal Model 127:141 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 13 83 theme end-organ 2530:2538 arg1 injuries 2540:2547 severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2510:2547 severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2510:2547 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 3 84 theme chronic 610:616 arg1 complications 618:630 acute and chronic complications 600:630 acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension 600:653 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 1 85 theme pathophysiology 199:213 arg1 understanding 167:179 an incomplete understanding 153:179 an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension 153:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 6 86 theme acetylcholine-induced 1184:1204 arg1 relaxation 1217:1226 acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation 1184:1226 acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation 1184:1226 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 10 87 theme c-miRs 1906:1911 arg1 c-miRs 1906:1911 the same c-miRs 1897:1911 the same c-miRs 1897:1911 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 87 theme c-miRs 1906:1911 arg1 many 1889:1892 many 1889:1892 many 1889:1892 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 9 88 theme Twenty-nine 1519:1529 arg1 c-miRs 1531:1536 Twenty-nine c-miRs 1519:1536 Twenty-nine c-miRs 1519:1536 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 11 89 theme preserved 2169:2177 arg1 fraction 2188:2195 preserved ejection fraction 2169:2195 preserved ejection fraction 2169:2195 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 8 90 theme emergency 1494:1502 arg1 complications 1504:1516 hypertensive emergency complications 1481:1516 hypertensive emergency complications 1481:1516 Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed 68 c-miRs discriminating between animals with and without hypertensive emergency complications. 33644125 9 91 with c-miRs 1600:1605 arg1 fraction 1693:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 91 with c-miRs 1600:1605 arg1 microangiopathy 1623:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 91 with c-miRs 1600:1605 arg1 failure 1661:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 91 with c-miRs 1600:1605 arg1 dysfunction 1734:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 3 92 theme hypertension 642:653 arg1 complications 618:630 acute and chronic complications 600:630 acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension 600:653 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 1 93 from emergencies 231:241 arg1 understanding 167:179 an incomplete understanding 153:179 an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension 153:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 5 94 theme Subclinical 891:901 arg1 encephalopathy 916:929 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy 891:929 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy 891:929 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy were diagnosed by histopathology. 33644125 4 95 theme c-miRs 775:780 arg1 accuracy 759:766 the diagnostic accuracy 744:766 the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 744:888 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 3 96 theme c-miRs 681:686 arg1 combinations 665:676 combinations 665:676 combinations of c-miRs 665:686 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 11 97 theme receiver-operating-curve 2200:2223 arg1 analyses 2225:2232 receiver-operating-curve analyses 2200:2232 receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88) 2200:2261 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 11 97 theme receiver-operating-curve 2200:2223 arg1 0.75-0.88 2252:2260 area-under-curve 0.75-0.88 2235:2260 area-under-curve 0.75-0.88 2235:2260 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 7 98 theme high-salt 1288:1296 arg1 Hg 1354:1355 low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg 1333:1355 low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg 1333:1355 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 98 theme high-salt 1288:1296 arg1 Hg 1326:1327 high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg 1304:1327 high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg 1304:1327 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 98 theme high-salt 1288:1296 arg1 diet 1298:1301 a high-salt diet 1286:1301 a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001) 1286:1367 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 9 99 theme hypertensive 1568:1579 arg1 encephalopathy 1581:1594 hypertensive encephalopathy 1568:1594 hypertensive encephalopathy 1568:1594 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 6 100 theme preserved 1028:1036 arg1 fraction 1047:1054 preserved ejection fraction 1028:1054 preserved ejection fraction 1028:1054 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 4 101 theme diagnostic 748:757 arg1 accuracy 759:766 the diagnostic accuracy 744:766 the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet 744:888 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 0 102 theme Underlying 104:113 arg1 Biomarkers 35:44 Biomarkers 35:44 Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 35:90 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 0 102 theme Underlying 104:113 arg1 Pathways 115:122 Underlying Pathways 104:122 Underlying Pathways 104:122 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 0 102 theme Underlying 104:113 arg1 microRNAs 12:20 Circulating microRNAs 0:20 Circulating microRNAs 0:20 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 1 103 theme hypertension 370:381 arg1 manifestations 344:357 the long-term manifestations 330:357 the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension 330:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 9 104 with encephalopathy 1581:1594 arg1 fraction 1693:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 104 with encephalopathy 1581:1594 arg1 microangiopathy 1623:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 104 with encephalopathy 1581:1594 arg1 failure 1661:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 9 104 with encephalopathy 1581:1594 arg1 dysfunction 1734:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 endothelial dysfunction 1722:1744 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 4 105 theme low-salt 823:830 arg1 N 833:833 N = 20 833:838 N = 20 833:838 We studied the diagnostic accuracy of 145 c-miRs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed either a low-salt (N = 20: 0.3% NaCl) or a high-salt (N = 60: 8% NaCl) diet. 33644125 9 106 theme thrombotic 1612:1621 arg1 microangiopathy 1623:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 thrombotic microangiopathy 1612:1637 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 6 107 theme natriuretic 1117:1127 arg1 peptide 1129:1135 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 1096:1135 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 1096:1135 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 12 108 theme mucin 2385:2389 arg1 biosynthesis 2405:2416 mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis 2385:2416 mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis 2385:2416 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 7 109 theme blood 1238:1242 arg1 pressure 1244:1251 Systolic blood pressure 1229:1251 Systolic blood pressure 1229:1251 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 5 110 theme thrombotic 935:944 arg1 microangiopathy 946:960 thrombotic microangiopathy 935:960 thrombotic microangiopathy 935:960 Subclinical hypertensive encephalopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy were diagnosed by histopathology. 33644125 6 111 theme N-terminal 1096:1105 arg1 peptide 1129:1135 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 1096:1135 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 1096:1135 In addition, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was evaluated with echocardiography and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; and endothelial dysfunction was studied using acetylcholine-induced aorta ring relaxation. 33644125 8 112 theme Partial 1370:1376 arg1 squares 1384:1390 Partial least squares 1370:1390 Partial least squares discriminant analysis 1370:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed 68 c-miRs discriminating between animals with and without hypertensive emergency complications. 33644125 12 113 theme related 2314:2320 arg1 genes 2308:2312 genes 2308:2312 genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling) 2308:2459 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 7 114 dep Hg 1326:1327 arg1 mm 1323:1324 mm 1323:1324 mm 1323:1324 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 114 dep Hg 1326:1327 arg1 p 1358:1358 p < 0.001 1358:1366 p < 0.001 1358:1366 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 8 115 theme squares 1384:1390 arg1 analysis 1405:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis 1370:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis 1370:1412 Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed 68 c-miRs discriminating between animals with and without hypertensive emergency complications. 33644125 2 116 theme end-organ 443:451 arg1 injuries 453:460 early end-organ injuries 437:460 early end-organ injuries 437:460 Furthermore, current biomarkers are unable to detect early end-organ injuries like hypertensive encephalopathy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. 33644125 1 117 theme hypertensive 218:229 arg1 emergencies 231:241 hypertensive emergencies 218:241 hypertensive emergencies 218:241 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 9 118 theme heart 1655:1659 arg1 failure 1661:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 heart failure 1655:1667 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 7 119 theme low-salt 1333:1340 arg1 Hg 1354:1355 low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg 1333:1355 low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg 1333:1355 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 7 119 theme low-salt 1333:1340 arg1 diet 1298:1301 a high-salt diet 1286:1301 a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001) 1286:1367 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 0 120 theme Hypertensive 50:61 arg1 Injuries 83:90 Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 50:90 Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries 50:90 Circulating microRNAs May Serve as Biomarkers for Hypertensive Emergency End-Organ Injuries and Address Underlying Pathways in an Animal Model. 33644125 11 121 theme area-under-curve 2235:2250 arg1 analyses 2225:2232 receiver-operating-curve analyses 2200:2232 receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88) 2200:2261 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 11 121 theme area-under-curve 2235:2250 arg1 0.75-0.88 2252:2260 area-under-curve 0.75-0.88 2235:2260 area-under-curve 0.75-0.88 2235:2260 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 10 122 with microangiopathy 1787:1801 arg1 fraction 1845:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 preserved ejection fraction 1826:1852 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 13 123 theme hypertensive 2517:2528 arg1 injuries 2540:2547 severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2510:2547 severe hypertensive end-organ injuries 2510:2547 C-miRs could potentially serve as biomarkers of severe hypertensive end-organ injuries and elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 2 124 theme renal 499:503 arg1 microangiopathy 516:530 renal thrombotic microangiopathy 499:530 renal thrombotic microangiopathy 499:530 Furthermore, current biomarkers are unable to detect early end-organ injuries like hypertensive encephalopathy and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. 33644125 10 125 theme c-miRs 1985:1990 arg1 set 1978:1980 a different set 1966:1980 a different set of c-miRs 1966:1990 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 10 125 theme c-miRs 1985:1990 arg1 c-miRs 1985:1990 c-miRs 1985:1990 c-miRs 1985:1990 Hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were associated with deviations in many of the same c-miRs, whereas endothelial dysfunction was associated with a different set of c-miRs. 33644125 3 126 theme circulating 554:564 arg1 c-miRs 577:582 c-miRs 577:582 c-miRs 577:582 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 3 126 theme circulating 554:564 arg1 microRNAs 566:574 circulating microRNAs 554:574 circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) 554:583 We hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) could identify acute and chronic complications of severe hypertension, and that combinations of c-miRs could elucidate important pathways involved. 33644125 1 127 theme long-term 334:342 arg1 manifestations 344:357 the long-term manifestations 330:357 the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension 330:381 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33644125 9 128 theme ejection 1684:1691 arg1 fraction 1693:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 preserved ejection fraction 1674:1700 Twenty-nine c-miRs were strongly associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, 24 c-miRs with thrombotic microangiopathy, 30 c-miRs with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 28 c-miRs with endothelial dysfunction. 33644125 7 129 theme 20 1320:1321 arg1 ± 1318:1318 ± 1318:1318 ± 1318:1318 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 11 130 theme encephalopathy 2103:2116 arg1 outcome 2079:2085 a composite outcome 2067:2085 a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy 2067:2116 Several of these c-miRs demonstrated fair to good diagnostic accuracy for a composite outcome of hypertensive encephalopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in receiver-operating-curve analyses (area-under-curve 0.75-0.88). 33644125 7 131 theme 205 1314:1316 arg1 ± 1318:1318 ± 1318:1318 ± 1318:1318 Systolic blood pressure increased severely in animals on a high-salt diet (high-salt 205 ± 20 mm Hg vs. low-salt 152 ± 18 mm Hg, p < 0.001). 33644125 12 132 theme genes 2308:2312 arg1 enrichment 2294:2303 an enrichment 2291:2303 an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling) 2291:2459 Target prediction revealed an enrichment of genes related to several pathways relevant for cardiovascular disease (e.g., mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, MAPK, Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-beta signaling). 33644125 1 133 theme elevated 259:266 arg1 pressure 274:281 severely elevated blood pressure 250:281 severely elevated blood pressure 250:281 There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in hypertensive emergencies, where severely elevated blood pressure causes acute end-organ injuries, as opposed to the long-term manifestations of chronic hypertension. 33339233 7 0 theme golden 1726:1731 arg1 apple 1733:1737 the golden apple 1722:1737 the golden apple 1722:1737 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 8 1 theme microcracks 2034:2044 arg1 formation 2021:2029 the formation 2017:2029 the formation of microcracks 2017:2044 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 3 2 theme specific 445:452 arg1 composition 454:464 The specific composition 441:464 The specific composition 441:464 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 3 theme polarization 639:650 arg1 angle 658:662 cross polarization magic angle 633:662 cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 633:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 5 4 theme 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic 1357:1382 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 4 theme 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic 1357:1382 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 4 theme 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic 1357:1382 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 4 theme 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic 1357:1382 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 4 theme 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic 1357:1382 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 4 theme 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic 1357:1382 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 3 5 theme cutin 500:504 arg1 composition 454:464 The specific composition 441:464 The specific composition 441:464 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 5 theme cutin 500:504 arg1 characteristics 481:495 structural characteristics 470:495 structural characteristics 470:495 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 8 6 dep understanding 1850:1862 arg1 related 1926:1932 related 1926:1932 related 1926:1932 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 3 7 theme laser 920:924 arg1 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 7 theme laser 920:924 arg1 microscopy 935:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy 911:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) 911:951 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 7 theme laser 920:924 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 4 8 theme 13C 1015:1017 arg1 NMR 1019:1021 13C NMR 1015:1021 13C NMR 1015:1021 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 4 8 theme 13C 1015:1017 arg1 CP-MAS 1008:1013 CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis 1008:1043 CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis 1008:1043 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 10,16-DHPA 1344:1353 10,16-DHPA 1344:1353 10,16-DHPA 1344:1353 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 9 theme hexadecenoic 1325:1336 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 1 10 theme cuticular 138:146 arg1 barrier 148:154 a protective cuticular barrier 125:154 a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs 125:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 10 theme cuticular 138:146 arg1 cuticle 116:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 6 11 attach presence 1478:1485 arg2 phenolics 1510:1518 phenolics 1510:1518 phenolics 1510:1518 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 11 attach presence 1478:1485 arg1 cutins 1527:1532 the cutins 1523:1532 the cutins obtained 1523:1541 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 11 attach presence 1478:1485 arg2 polysaccharides 1490:1504 polysaccharides 1490:1504 polysaccharides 1490:1504 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 8 12 theme russet 2071:2076 arg1 formation 2078:2086 russet formation 2071:2086 russet formation 2071:2086 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 3 13 theme nuclear 673:679 arg1 NMR 712:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 13 theme nuclear 673:679 arg1 resonance 690:698 nuclear magnetic resonance 673:698 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) 673:715 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 6 14 theme low 1474:1476 arg1 presence 1478:1485 The low presence 1470:1485 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained 1470:1541 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 14 theme low 1474:1476 arg1 related 1552:1558 related 1552:1558 related 1552:1558 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 1 15 theme present 156:162 arg1 barrier 148:154 a protective cuticular barrier 125:154 a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs 125:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 15 theme present 156:162 arg1 cuticle 116:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 0 16 theme Malus 94:98 arg1 Delicious 83:91 Red Delicious 79:91 Red Delicious (Malus domestica) 79:109 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 16 theme Malus 94:98 arg1 domestica 100:108 Malus domestica 94:108 Malus domestica 94:108 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 3 17 theme CP-MAS 701:706 arg1 NMR 712:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 17 theme CP-MAS 701:706 arg1 resonance 690:698 nuclear magnetic resonance 673:698 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) 673:715 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 18 theme delicious 540:548 arg1 " 549:549 "golden delicious" 532:549 "golden delicious" 532:549 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 18 theme delicious 540:548 arg1 varieties 521:529 two apple varieties 511:529 two apple varieties 511:529 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 4 19 dep CP-MAS 1008:1013 arg1 NMR 1019:1021 13C NMR 1015:1021 13C NMR 1015:1021 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 4 19 dep CP-MAS 1008:1013 arg1 analysis 1036:1043 ATR-FTIR analysis 1027:1043 ATR-FTIR analysis 1027:1043 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 4 19 dep CP-MAS 1008:1013 arg1 CP-MAS 1008:1013 CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis 1008:1043 CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis 1008:1043 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 1 20 theme primary 178:184 arg1 organs 199:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 6 21 theme cracks 1629:1634 arg1 presence 1617:1624 the presence 1613:1624 the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface 1613:1663 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 21 theme cracks 1629:1634 arg1 behavior 1579:1586 the low elastic behavior 1563:1586 the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite 1563:1607 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 8 22 theme better 1843:1848 arg1 understanding 1850:1862 a better understanding 1841:1862 a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin 1841:1979 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 3 23 theme red 556:558 arg1 " 569:569 "red delicious" 555:569 "red delicious" 555:569 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 23 theme red 556:558 arg1 varieties 521:529 two apple varieties 511:529 two apple varieties 511:529 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 24 from varieties 521:529 arg1 composition 454:464 The specific composition 441:464 The specific composition 441:464 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 24 from varieties 521:529 arg1 characteristics 481:495 structural characteristics 470:495 structural characteristics 470:495 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 25 dep angle 658:662 arg1 characterized 828:840 characterized 828:840 were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 807:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 25 dep angle 658:662 arg1 attenuated 718:727 attenuated 718:727 attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry 718:800 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 25 dep angle 658:662 arg1 spinning 664:671 spinning 664:671 spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) 664:715 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 1 26 contain has 207:209 arg1 barrier 148:154 a protective cuticular barrier 125:154 a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs 125:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 26 contain has 207:209 arg1 cuticle 116:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 26 contain has 207:209 arg2 composition 213:223 a composition 211:223 a composition that varies between plant species 211:257 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 2 27 theme human 422:426 arg1 consumption 428:438 human consumption 422:438 human consumption 422:438 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 28 from appearance 355:364 arg1 fruits 402:407 fresh fruits 396:407 fresh fruits destined for human consumption 396:438 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 3 29 theme infrared 746:753 arg1 spectroscopy 755:766 total reflection infrared spectroscopy 729:766 total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 729:777 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 0 30 theme Golden 58:63 arg1 Delicious 65:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 30 theme Golden 58:63 arg1 Studies 11:17 Structural Studies 0:17 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 0:110 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 6 31 theme biocomposite 1596:1607 arg1 presence 1617:1624 the presence 1613:1624 the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface 1613:1663 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 31 theme biocomposite 1596:1607 arg1 behavior 1579:1586 the low elastic behavior 1563:1586 the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite 1563:1607 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 5 32 theme main 1446:1449 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 32 theme main 1446:1449 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 32 theme main 1446:1449 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 32 theme main 1446:1449 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 32 theme main 1446:1449 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 32 theme main 1446:1449 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 3 33 theme total 729:733 arg1 spectroscopy 755:766 total reflection infrared spectroscopy 729:766 total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 729:777 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 34 theme scanning 958:965 arg1 microscopy 976:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 34 theme scanning 958:965 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 6 35 from presence 1478:1485 arg1 cutins 1527:1532 the cutins 1523:1532 the cutins obtained 1523:1541 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 5 36 theme mass 1214:1217 arg1 spectrometry 1219:1230 mass spectrometry 1214:1230 mass spectrometry 1214:1230 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 2 37 theme important 328:336 arg1 role 338:341 an important role 325:341 an important role 325:341 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 37 theme important 328:336 arg1 part 265:268 a part 263:268 a part of the apple peel 263:286 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 38 dep appearance 355:364 arg1 the 346:348 the 346:348 the 346:348 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 6 39 theme elastic 1571:1577 arg1 behavior 1579:1586 the low elastic behavior 1563:1586 the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite 1563:1607 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 5 40 theme 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic 1394:1430 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 40 theme 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic 1394:1430 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 40 theme 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic 1394:1430 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 40 theme 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic 1394:1430 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 40 theme 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic 1394:1430 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 40 theme 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic 1394:1430 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 0 41 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Delicious 65:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 41 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Delicious 83:91 Red Delicious 79:91 Red Delicious (Malus domestica) 79:109 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 41 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 Studies 11:17 Structural Studies 0:17 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 0:110 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 3 42 theme microscopy 857:866 arg1 microscopy 893:902 atomic force microscopy 880:902 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 880:908 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 42 theme microscopy 857:866 arg1 microscopy 935:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy 911:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) 911:951 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 42 theme microscopy 857:866 arg1 microscopy 976:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 42 theme microscopy 857:866 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 8 43 theme aliphatic 1950:1958 arg1 composition 1960:1970 the specific aliphatic composition 1937:1970 the specific aliphatic composition of cutin 1937:1979 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 5 44 theme hydrolyzed 1184:1193 arg1 analysis 1202:1209 the hydrolyzed cutins analysis 1180:1209 the hydrolyzed cutins analysis 1180:1209 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 2 45 theme skin 350:353 arg1 appearance 355:364 skin appearance 350:364 skin appearance 350:364 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 8 46 theme fruit 1904:1908 arg1 skin 1910:1913 the apple fruit skin 1894:1913 the apple fruit skin 1894:1913 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 1 47 theme plant 245:249 arg1 species 251:257 plant species 245:257 plant species 245:257 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 0 48 theme Cutin 26:30 arg1 Delicious 65:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 48 theme Cutin 26:30 arg1 Delicious 83:91 Red Delicious 79:91 Red Delicious (Malus domestica) 79:109 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 48 theme Cutin 26:30 arg1 Studies 11:17 Structural Studies 0:17 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 0:110 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 3 49 theme force 887:891 arg1 AFM 905:907 AFM 905:907 AFM 905:907 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 49 theme force 887:891 arg1 microscopy 893:902 atomic force microscopy 880:902 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 880:908 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 49 theme force 887:891 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 49 theme force 887:891 arg1 SEM 988:990 SEM 988:990 SEM 988:990 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 7 50 from ± 1752:1752 arg1 those 1762:1766 those 1762:1766 those 1762:1766 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 2 51 theme fresh 396:400 arg1 fruits 402:407 fresh fruits 396:407 fresh fruits destined for human consumption 396:438 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 52 theme peel 283:286 arg1 role 338:341 an important role 325:341 an important role 325:341 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 52 theme peel 283:286 arg1 part 265:268 a part 263:268 a part of the apple peel 263:286 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 1 53 attach present 156:162 arg1 organs 199:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 53 attach present 156:162 arg2 cuticle 116:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 53 attach present 156:162 arg2 barrier 148:154 a protective cuticular barrier 125:154 a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs 125:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 10,16-DHPA 1344:1353 10,16-DHPA 1344:1353 10,16-DHPA 1344:1353 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 54 theme 10,16-dihydroxy 1309:1323 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 1 55 theme aerial 186:191 arg1 organs 199:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 5 56 theme 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic 1239:1269 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 56 theme 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic 1239:1269 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 56 theme 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic 1239:1269 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 56 theme 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic 1239:1269 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 56 theme 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic 1239:1269 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 56 theme 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic 1239:1269 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 2 57 theme epicuticular 301:312 arg1 waxes 314:318 cuticle and epicuticular waxes 289:318 cuticle and epicuticular waxes 289:318 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 6 58 from behavior 1579:1586 arg1 surface 1657:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 7 59 from ± 1712:1712 arg1 apple 1733:1737 the golden apple 1722:1737 the golden apple 1722:1737 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 2 60 theme cuticle 289:295 arg1 waxes 314:318 cuticle and epicuticular waxes 289:318 cuticle and epicuticular waxes 289:318 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 8 61 theme mechanical 1869:1878 arg1 properties 1880:1889 mechanical properties 1869:1889 mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin 1869:1913 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 3 62 theme scanning 926:933 arg1 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 62 theme scanning 926:933 arg1 microscopy 935:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy 911:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) 911:951 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 62 theme scanning 926:933 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 6 63 theme phenolics 1510:1518 arg1 presence 1478:1485 The low presence 1470:1485 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained 1470:1541 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 63 theme phenolics 1510:1518 arg1 related 1552:1558 related 1552:1558 related 1552:1558 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 3 64 theme confocal 911:918 arg1 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 64 theme confocal 911:918 arg1 microscopy 935:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy 911:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) 911:951 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 64 theme confocal 911:918 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 7 65 located found 1768:1772 arg2 those 1762:1766 those 1762:1766 those 1762:1766 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 7 65 located found 1768:1772 arg1 apple 1785:1789 the red apple 1777:1789 the red apple 1777:1789 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 3 66 theme magic 652:656 arg1 angle 658:662 cross polarization magic angle 633:662 cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 633:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 67 theme structural 470:479 arg1 characteristics 481:495 structural characteristics 470:495 structural characteristics 470:495 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 6 68 theme polysaccharides 1490:1504 arg1 presence 1478:1485 The low presence 1470:1485 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained 1470:1541 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 68 theme polysaccharides 1490:1504 arg1 related 1552:1558 related 1552:1558 related 1552:1558 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 1 69 theme protective 127:136 arg1 barrier 148:154 a protective cuticular barrier 125:154 a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs 125:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 1 69 theme protective 127:136 arg1 cuticle 116:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle 112:122 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 8 70 theme important 2050:2058 arg1 symptom 2060:2066 an important symptom 2047:2066 an important symptom of russet formation 2047:2086 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 4 71 theme ATR-FTIR 1027:1034 arg1 analysis 1036:1043 ATR-FTIR analysis 1027:1043 ATR-FTIR analysis 1027:1043 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 4 71 theme ATR-FTIR 1027:1034 arg1 CP-MAS 1008:1013 CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis 1008:1043 CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis 1008:1043 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 0 72 from Varieties 47:55 arg1 Delicious 65:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 72 from Varieties 47:55 arg1 Delicious 83:91 Red Delicious 79:91 Red Delicious (Malus domestica) 79:109 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 72 from Varieties 47:55 arg1 Studies 11:17 Structural Studies 0:17 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 0:110 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 72 from Varieties 47:55 arg1 Cutin 26:30 the Cutin 22:30 the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties 22:55 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 3 73 theme cross 633:637 arg1 angle 658:662 cross polarization magic angle 633:662 cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 633:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 74 theme apple 515:519 arg1 " 569:569 "red delicious" 555:569 "red delicious" 555:569 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 74 theme apple 515:519 arg1 " 549:549 "golden delicious" 532:549 "golden delicious" 532:549 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 74 theme apple 515:519 arg1 varieties 521:529 two apple varieties 511:529 two apple varieties 511:529 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 2 75 from characteristic 378:391 arg1 fruits 402:407 fresh fruits 396:407 fresh fruits destined for human consumption 396:438 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 7 76 contain have 1679:1682 arg1 cracks 1672:1677 These cracks 1666:1677 These cracks 1666:1677 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 7 76 contain have 1679:1682 arg2 depth 1695:1699 an average depth 1684:1699 an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple 1684:1789 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 7 77 theme average 1687:1693 arg1 depth 1695:1699 an average depth 1684:1699 an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple 1684:1789 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 3 78 theme magnetic 681:688 arg1 NMR 712:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 78 theme magnetic 681:688 arg1 resonance 690:698 nuclear magnetic resonance 673:698 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) 673:715 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 6 79 theme apple 1643:1647 arg1 surface 1657:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 8 80 theme formation 2078:2086 arg1 symptom 2060:2066 an important symptom 2047:2066 an important symptom of russet formation 2047:2086 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 2 81 contain have 320:323 arg2 part 265:268 a part 263:268 a part of the apple peel 263:286 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 81 contain have 320:323 arg1 waxes 314:318 cuticle and epicuticular waxes 289:318 cuticle and epicuticular waxes 289:318 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 2 81 contain have 320:323 arg2 role 338:341 an important role 325:341 an important role 325:341 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 3 82 theme golden 533:538 arg1 " 549:549 "golden delicious" 532:549 "golden delicious" 532:549 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 82 theme golden 533:538 arg1 varieties 521:529 two apple varieties 511:529 two apple varieties 511:529 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 1 83 theme all 174:176 arg1 organs 199:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 3 84 theme 13C 708:710 arg1 NMR 712:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 CP-MAS 13C NMR 701:714 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 84 theme 13C 708:710 arg1 resonance 690:698 nuclear magnetic resonance 673:698 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) 673:715 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 1 85 from organs 199:204 arg1 present 156:162 present 156:162 present 156:162 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 6 86 attach presence 1617:1624 arg2 biocomposite 1596:1607 this biocomposite 1591:1607 this biocomposite 1591:1607 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 86 attach presence 1617:1624 arg1 surface 1657:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 6 86 attach presence 1617:1624 arg2 cracks 1629:1634 cracks 1629:1634 cracks 1629:1634 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 3 87 dep spectroscopy 755:766 arg1 ATR-FTIR 769:776 ATR-FTIR 769:776 ATR-FTIR 769:776 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 1 88 from present 156:162 arg1 organs 199:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 7 89 from those 1762:1766 arg1 ± 1752:1752 ± 1752:1752 ± 1752:1752 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 3 90 theme electron 967:974 arg1 microscopy 976:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 90 theme electron 967:974 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 microscopy 935:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy 911:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) 911:951 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 AFM 905:907 AFM 905:907 AFM 905:907 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 microscopy 976:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 CLMS 947:950 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 SEM 988:990 SEM 988:990 SEM 988:990 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 91 dep techniques 868:877 arg1 microscopy 893:902 atomic force microscopy 880:902 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 880:908 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 0 92 from Studies 11:17 arg1 Varieties 47:55 Two Apple Varieties 37:55 Two Apple Varieties 37:55 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 4 93 theme small 1113:1117 arg1 difference 1119:1128 a small difference 1111:1128 a small difference 1111:1128 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 0 94 theme Red 79:81 arg1 Delicious 83:91 Red Delicious 79:91 Red Delicious (Malus domestica) 79:109 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 94 theme Red 79:81 arg1 domestica 100:108 Malus domestica 94:108 Malus domestica 94:108 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 94 theme Red 79:81 arg1 Studies 11:17 Structural Studies 0:17 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 0:110 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 3 95 theme mass 784:787 arg1 spectrometry 789:800 mass spectrometry 784:800 mass spectrometry 784:800 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 96 theme reflection 735:744 arg1 spectroscopy 755:766 total reflection infrared spectroscopy 729:766 total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 729:777 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 8 97 theme specific 1941:1948 arg1 composition 1960:1970 the specific aliphatic composition 1937:1970 the specific aliphatic composition of cutin 1937:1979 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 8 98 theme apple 1898:1902 arg1 skin 1910:1913 the apple fruit skin 1894:1913 the apple fruit skin 1894:1913 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 6 99 theme low 1567:1569 arg1 behavior 1579:1586 the low elastic behavior 1563:1586 the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite 1563:1607 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 7 100 from apple 1733:1737 arg1 ± 1712:1712 ± 1712:1712 ± 1712:1712 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 2 101 theme quality 370:376 arg1 characteristic 378:391 quality characteristic 370:391 quality characteristic 370:391 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 8 102 theme skin 1910:1913 arg1 properties 1880:1889 mechanical properties 1869:1889 mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin 1869:1913 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 7 103 theme red 1781:1783 arg1 apple 1785:1789 the red apple 1777:1789 the red apple 1777:1789 These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. 33339233 8 104 theme cutin 1975:1979 arg1 composition 1960:1970 the specific aliphatic composition 1937:1970 the specific aliphatic composition of cutin 1937:1979 The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation. 33339233 5 105 theme cutins 1195:1200 arg1 analysis 1202:1209 the hydrolyzed cutins analysis 1180:1209 the hydrolyzed cutins analysis 1180:1209 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 3 106 theme specialized 845:855 arg1 microscopy 893:902 atomic force microscopy 880:902 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 880:908 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 106 theme specialized 845:855 arg1 microscopy 935:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy 911:944 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) 911:951 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 106 theme specialized 845:855 arg1 microscopy 976:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 scanning electron microscopy 958:985 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 106 theme specialized 845:855 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 107 theme delicious 560:568 arg1 " 569:569 "red delicious" 555:569 "red delicious" 555:569 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 107 theme delicious 560:568 arg1 varieties 521:529 two apple varieties 511:529 two apple varieties 511:529 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 5 108 theme 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic 1277:1301 arg1 acid 1303:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid 1277:1306 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 108 theme 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic 1277:1301 arg1 acid 1432:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1394:1435 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 108 theme 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic 1277:1301 arg1 acid 1384:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid 1357:1387 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 108 theme 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic 1277:1301 arg1 acid 1271:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid 1239:1274 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 108 theme 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic 1277:1301 arg1 acid 1338:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid 1309:1341 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA) 1309:1354 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 5 108 theme 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic 1277:1301 arg1 monomers 1451:1458 the main monomers 1442:1458 the main monomers isolated 1442:1467 This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. 33339233 0 109 theme Apple 41:45 arg1 Varieties 47:55 Two Apple Varieties 37:55 Two Apple Varieties 37:55 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 4 110 from varieties 1063:1071 arg1 cutins 1046:1051 cutins 1046:1051 cutins from both varieties 1046:1071 According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. 33339233 6 111 from presence 1617:1624 arg1 surface 1657:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 the apple cutin's surface 1639:1663 The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. 33339233 3 112 theme enzymatic 589:597 arg1 protocols 599:607 enzymatic protocols 589:607 enzymatic protocols 589:607 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 2 113 theme apple 277:281 arg1 peel 283:286 the apple peel 273:286 the apple peel 273:286 As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. 33339233 3 114 theme atomic 880:885 arg1 AFM 905:907 AFM 905:907 AFM 905:907 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 114 theme atomic 880:885 arg1 microscopy 893:902 atomic force microscopy 880:902 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 880:908 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 114 theme atomic 880:885 arg1 techniques 868:877 specialized microscopy techniques 845:877 specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) 845:992 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 3 114 theme atomic 880:885 arg1 SEM 988:990 SEM 988:990 SEM 988:990 The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). 33339233 1 115 theme plant 193:197 arg1 organs 199:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 almost all primary aerial plant organs 167:204 The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. 33339233 0 116 dep Studies 11:17 arg1 Delicious 65:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Golden Delicious 58:73 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 116 dep Studies 11:17 arg1 Delicious 83:91 Red Delicious 79:91 Red Delicious (Malus domestica) 79:109 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 116 dep Studies 11:17 arg1 domestica 100:108 Malus domestica 94:108 Malus domestica 94:108 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 33339233 0 116 dep Studies 11:17 arg1 Studies 11:17 Structural Studies 0:17 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 0:110 Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica). 32466324 6 0 theme biofilm 1131:1137 arg1 Inhibition 1117:1126 Inhibition 1117:1126 Inhibition of biofilm 1117:1137 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 1 1 theme factors 258:264 arg1 arsenal 237:243 its arsenal 233:243 its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production 233:357 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 6 2 theme polysaccharide 1232:1245 arg1 inhibition 1188:1197 the inhibition 1184:1197 the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1184:1245 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 3 3 theme fatty 736:740 arg1 acids 742:746 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids 710:746 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids 710:746 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 10 4 theme Arthrographis 1876:1888 arg1 kalrae 1890:1895 endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1865:1895 endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1865:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 5 5 from production 1014:1023 arg1 plates 1045:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 1 6 theme major 177:181 arg1 agent 195:199 the major etiological agent 173:199 the major etiological agent of dental caries 173:216 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 1 6 theme major 177:181 arg1 mutans 143:148 Streptococcus mutans 129:148 Streptococcus mutans 129:148 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 7 7 from concentration 1316:1328 arg1 acids 1305:1309 Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids 1278:1309 Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 1278:1342 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 6 8 theme insoluble 1208:1216 arg1 polysaccharide 1232:1245 water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1202:1245 water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1202:1245 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 10 9 theme biofilm-preventing 1921:1938 arg1 alternatives 1940:1951 the biofilm-preventing alternatives 1917:1951 the biofilm-preventing alternatives 1917:1951 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 5 10 theme hydroxyapatite 1095:1108 arg1 discs 1110:1114 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1081:1114 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1081:1114 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 3 11 theme acids 576:580 arg1 composition 551:561 The chemical composition 538:561 The chemical composition of the fatty acids 538:580 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 1 12 theme dental 204:209 arg1 caries 211:216 dental caries 204:216 dental caries 204:216 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 6 13 dep R=1 1248:1250 arg1 p 1253:1253 p 1253:1253 p <0.0001 1253:1261 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 3 14 theme spectrometry 622:633 arg1 GC-MS 635:639 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS 598:639 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS 598:639 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 6 15 dep p 1253:1253 arg1 <0.0001 1255:1261 <0.0001 1255:1261 p <0.0001 1253:1261 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 5 16 theme model 1063:1067 arg1 assay 1069:1073 tooth model assay 1057:1073 tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1057:1114 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 3 17 theme gas 598:600 arg1 spectrometry 622:633 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 598:633 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS 598:639 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 9 18 theme saliva-coated 1562:1574 arg1 discs 1591:1595 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1562:1595 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids 1562:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 5 19 theme Streptococcus 935:947 arg1 biofilm 956:962 Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production 935:1023 biofilm 956:962 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 7 20 theme Arthrographis 1278:1290 arg1 acids 1305:1309 Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids 1278:1309 Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 1278:1342 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 5 21 from assay 1069:1073 arg1 plates 1045:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 1 22 theme high 338:341 arg1 production 348:357 high acid production 338:357 high acid production 338:357 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 5 23 theme mg 907:908 arg1 L-1 910:912 31.3 mg L-1 902:912 31.3 mg L-1 902:912 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 5 24 from concentration 885:897 arg1 acids 872:876 the fatty acids 862:876 the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 862:912 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 5 25 theme insoluble 975:983 arg1 production 1014:1023 Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production 935:1023 production 1014:1023 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 2 26 theme antivirulence 381:393 arg1 activity 395:402 the antivirulence activity 377:402 the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 377:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 0 27 theme Arthrographis 100:112 arg1 Strain 121:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 5 28 theme polysaccharide 999:1012 arg1 production 1014:1023 Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production 935:1023 production 1014:1023 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 2 29 theme endophytic 436:445 arg1 fungus 447:452 the endophytic fungus 432:452 the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 432:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 8 30 theme Streptococcus 1436:1448 arg1 mutans 1450:1455 Streptococcus mutans 1436:1455 Streptococcus mutans 1436:1455 They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. 32466324 2 31 attach derived 419:425 arg2 acids 413:417 fatty acids 407:417 fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 407:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 2 31 attach derived 419:425 arg1 fungus 447:452 the endophytic fungus 432:452 the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 432:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 2 32 theme acids 413:417 arg1 activity 395:402 the antivirulence activity 377:402 the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 377:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 0 33 theme Cariogenic 13:22 arg1 Biofilm 45:51 Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm 13:51 Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm 13:51 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 1 34 theme strong 277:282 arg1 formation 292:300 strong biofilm formation 277:300 strong biofilm formation 277:300 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 9 35 theme biofilm 1687:1693 arg1 architecture 1695:1706 disturbed biofilm architecture 1677:1706 disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy 1677:1786 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 7 36 theme acidogenesis-mitigation 1354:1376 arg1 activity 1378:1385 acidogenesis-mitigation activity 1354:1385 acidogenesis-mitigation activity 1354:1385 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 4 37 theme unsaturated 825:835 arg1 acids 804:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 4 37 theme unsaturated 825:835 arg1 acids 843:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 0 38 theme mutans 38:43 arg1 Biofilm 45:51 Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm 13:51 Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm 13:51 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 7 39 theme L-1 1340:1342 arg1 concentration 1316:1328 a concentration 1314:1328 a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 1314:1342 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 0 40 theme Acid 62:65 arg1 Array 67:71 Fatty Acid Array 56:71 Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 56:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 8 41 theme human 1488:1492 arg1 cells 1510:1514 human oral fibroblast cells 1488:1514 human oral fibroblast cells 1488:1514 They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. 32466324 10 42 theme acid 1840:1843 arg1 arrays 1845:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays 1816:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1816:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 10 43 attach derived 1852:1858 arg2 arrays 1845:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays 1816:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1816:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 10 43 attach derived 1852:1858 arg1 kalrae 1890:1895 endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1865:1895 endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1865:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 1 44 theme exopolysaccharides 303:320 arg1 production 322:331 exopolysaccharides production 303:331 exopolysaccharides production 303:331 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 5 45 theme tooth 1057:1061 arg1 assay 1069:1073 tooth model assay 1057:1073 tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1057:1114 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 0 46 attach Derived 73:79 arg1 Strain 121:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 0 46 attach Derived 73:79 arg2 Array 67:71 Fatty Acid Array 56:71 Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 56:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 7 47 theme 7.8 1333:1335 arg1 mg 1337:1338 mg 1337:1338 mg 1337:1338 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 8 48 theme fibroblast 1499:1508 arg1 cells 1510:1514 human oral fibroblast cells 1488:1514 human oral fibroblast cells 1488:1514 They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. 32466324 8 49 theme cytotoxic 1461:1469 arg1 activity 1471:1478 cytotoxic activity 1461:1478 cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells 1461:1514 They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. 32466324 10 50 theme intracellular 1820:1832 arg1 arrays 1845:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays 1816:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1816:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 3 51 theme fatty 691:695 arg1 acids 697:701 fatty acids 691:701 fatty acids 691:701 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 10 52 theme endophytic 1865:1874 arg1 kalrae 1890:1895 endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1865:1895 endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1865:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 5 53 from biofilm 956:962 arg1 plates 1045:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 5 54 theme polystyrene 1033:1043 arg1 plates 1045:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 both polystyrene plates 1028:1050 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 3 55 theme saturated 726:734 arg1 acids 742:746 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids 710:746 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids 710:746 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 9 56 theme fluorescence 1764:1775 arg1 microscopy 1777:1786 fluorescence microscopy 1764:1786 fluorescence microscopy 1764:1786 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 7 57 theme fatty 1299:1303 arg1 acids 1305:1309 Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids 1278:1309 Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 1278:1342 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 3 58 theme unsaturated 710:720 arg1 acids 742:746 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids 710:746 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids 710:746 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 1 59 theme virulence 248:256 arg1 production 322:331 exopolysaccharides production 303:331 exopolysaccharides production 303:331 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 1 59 theme virulence 248:256 arg1 formation 292:300 strong biofilm formation 277:300 strong biofilm formation 277:300 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 1 59 theme virulence 248:256 arg1 production 348:357 high acid production 338:357 high acid production 338:357 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 1 59 theme virulence 248:256 arg1 factors 258:264 virulence factors 248:264 virulence factors 248:264 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 9 60 theme sub-minimum 1610:1620 arg1 concentration 1641:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration 1610:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids 1610:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 9 61 with architecture 1695:1706 arg1 few 1715:1717 few 1715:1717 few 1715:1717 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 3 62 theme chemical 542:549 arg1 composition 551:561 The chemical composition 538:561 The chemical composition of the fatty acids 538:580 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 5 63 theme fatty 866:870 arg1 acids 872:876 the fatty acids 862:876 the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 862:912 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 6 64 theme extracellular 1218:1230 arg1 polysaccharide 1232:1245 water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1202:1245 water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1202:1245 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 8 65 theme oral 1494:1497 arg1 cells 1510:1514 human oral fibroblast cells 1488:1514 human oral fibroblast cells 1488:1514 They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. 32466324 1 66 theme etiological 183:193 arg1 agent 195:199 the major etiological agent 173:199 the major etiological agent of dental caries 173:216 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 1 66 theme etiological 183:193 arg1 mutans 143:148 Streptococcus mutans 129:148 Streptococcus mutans 129:148 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 6 67 theme water 1202:1206 arg1 polysaccharide 1232:1245 water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1202:1245 water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide 1202:1245 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 6 68 dep correlated 1139:1148 arg1 R=1 1248:1250 R=1 1248:1250 R=1 1248:1250 Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). 32466324 3 69 theme fatty 570:574 arg1 acids 576:580 the fatty acids 566:580 the fatty acids 566:580 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 9 70 theme biofilm 1622:1628 arg1 concentration 1641:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration 1610:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids 1610:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 3 71 theme chromatography-mass 602:620 arg1 spectrometry 622:633 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 598:633 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS 598:639 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 1 72 theme caries 211:216 arg1 agent 195:199 the major etiological agent 173:199 the major etiological agent of dental caries 173:216 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 1 72 theme caries 211:216 arg1 mutans 143:148 Streptococcus mutans 129:148 Streptococcus mutans 129:148 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 9 73 dep distributed 1729:1739 arg1 clumped 1741:1747 clumped 1741:1747 clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy 1741:1786 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 5 74 theme L-1 910:912 arg1 concentration 885:897 the concentration 881:897 the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 881:912 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 9 75 theme hydroxyapatite 1576:1589 arg1 discs 1591:1595 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1562:1595 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids 1562:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 9 76 theme inhibitory 1630:1639 arg1 concentration 1641:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration 1610:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids 1610:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 5 77 theme saliva-coated 1081:1093 arg1 discs 1110:1114 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1081:1114 saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs 1081:1114 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 5 78 theme 31.3 902:905 arg1 mg 907:908 mg 907:908 mg 907:908 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 0 79 theme Endophytic 89:98 arg1 Strain 121:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 1 80 theme acid 343:346 arg1 production 348:357 high acid production 338:357 high acid production 338:357 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 2 81 attach isolated 475:482 arg2 fungus 447:452 the endophytic fungus 432:452 the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 432:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 2 81 attach isolated 475:482 arg1 Coriandrum 489:498 Coriandrum 489:498 Coriandrum 489:498 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 5 82 theme water 969:973 arg1 production 1014:1023 Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production 935:1023 production 1014:1023 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 5 83 dep Streptococcus 935:947 arg1 mutans 949:954 mutans 949:954 mutans 949:954 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 0 84 theme kalrae 114:119 arg1 Strain 121:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 86:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 5 85 theme extracellular 985:997 arg1 production 1014:1023 Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production 935:1023 production 1014:1023 Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. 32466324 2 86 theme Streptococcus 516:528 arg1 mutans 530:535 Streptococcus mutans 516:535 Streptococcus mutans 516:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 8 87 theme bactericidal 1406:1417 arg1 activity 1419:1426 bactericidal activity 1406:1426 bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans 1406:1455 They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. 32466324 9 88 theme fatty 1658:1662 arg1 acids 1664:1668 fatty acids 1658:1668 fatty acids 1658:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 9 89 theme acids 1664:1668 arg1 concentration 1641:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration 1610:1653 sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids 1610:1668 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 9 90 theme disturbed 1677:1685 arg1 architecture 1695:1706 disturbed biofilm architecture 1677:1706 disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy 1677:1786 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 10 91 theme mutans 1981:1986 arg1 biofilms 1988:1995 Streptococcus mutans biofilms 1967:1995 Streptococcus mutans biofilms 1967:1995 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 2 92 theme fatty 407:411 arg1 acids 413:417 fatty acids 407:417 fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 407:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 1 93 theme biofilm 284:290 arg1 formation 292:300 strong biofilm formation 277:300 strong biofilm formation 277:300 Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. 32466324 9 94 theme other 1550:1554 arg1 hand 1556:1559 the other hand 1546:1559 the other hand 1546:1559 On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. 32466324 7 95 theme mg 1337:1338 arg1 L-1 1340:1342 7.8 mg L-1 1333:1342 7.8 mg L-1 1333:1342 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 7 96 dep Arthrographis 1278:1290 arg1 kalrae 1292:1297 kalrae 1292:1297 kalrae 1292:1297 Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. 32466324 4 97 theme major 819:823 arg1 acids 804:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 4 97 theme major 819:823 arg1 acids 843:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 0 98 theme Fatty 56:60 arg1 Array 67:71 Fatty Acid Array 56:71 Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain 56:126 Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. 32466324 2 99 dep Coriandrum 489:498 arg1 sativum 500:506 Coriandrum sativum 489:506 Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans 489:535 Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. 32466324 3 100 theme acids 697:701 arg1 % 686:686 99.6% 682:686 99.6% of fatty acids 682:701 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 3 100 theme acids 697:701 arg1 acids 697:701 fatty acids 691:701 fatty acids 691:701 The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. 32466324 4 101 theme fatty 837:841 arg1 acids 804:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 4 101 theme fatty 837:841 arg1 acids 843:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 10 102 theme fatty 1834:1838 arg1 arrays 1845:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays 1816:1850 the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae 1816:1895 Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms. 32466324 4 103 theme Oleic 785:789 arg1 acids 804:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 4 103 theme Oleic 785:789 arg1 acids 843:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 4 104 theme linoleic 795:802 arg1 acids 804:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids 785:808 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 32466324 4 104 theme linoleic 795:802 arg1 acids 843:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 the major unsaturated fatty acids 815:847 Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. 35518329 0 0 theme tomentosa 75:83 arg1 behavior 55:62 behavior 55:62 behavior 55:62 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 0 0 theme tomentosa 75:83 arg1 rate 46:49 ultra-high hydrolysis rate 24:49 ultra-high hydrolysis rate 24:49 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 5 1 theme % 1065:1065 arg1 % 1072:1072 34% to 37% 1063:1072 34% to 37% 1063:1072 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 2 2 from formation 458:466 arg1 process 490:496 the autohydrolysis process 471:496 the autohydrolysis process 471:496 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 1 3 theme monosaccharide 166:179 arg1 rate 192:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate 159:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 159:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 3 theme monosaccharide 166:179 arg1 keys 323:326 the most important keys 304:326 the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery 304:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 3 theme monosaccharide 166:179 arg1 one 297:299 one 297:299 one 297:299 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 7 4 dep xylose 1139:1144 arg1 The 1135:1137 The 1135:1137 The 1135:1137 The xylose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose from hemicellulose could be almost completely removed under the conditions. 35518329 5 5 theme % 1049:1049 arg1 % 1056:1056 42% to 58% 1047:1056 42% to 58% 1047:1056 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 1 6 theme conversion 181:190 arg1 rate 192:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate 159:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 159:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 6 theme conversion 181:190 arg1 keys 323:326 the most important keys 304:326 the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery 304:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 6 theme conversion 181:190 arg1 one 297:299 one 297:299 one 297:299 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 10 7 theme partial 1735:1741 arg1 hydrolysis 1743:1752 the partial hydrolysis 1731:1752 the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall 1731:1809 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 1 8 from keys 323:326 arg1 biorefinery 349:359 a lignocellulosic biorefinery 331:359 a lignocellulosic biorefinery 331:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 9 9 from glucose 1438:1444 arg1 hemicellulose 1449:1461 hemicellulose 1449:1461 hemicellulose 1449:1461 It is notable that almost all glucose in hemicellulose was dissolved and the glucose in cellulose was partially hydrolyzed. 35518329 2 10 dep Populus 378:384 arg1 tomentosa 386:394 tomentosa 386:394 tomentosa 386:394 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 10 11 from regions 1692:1698 arg1 shift 1671:1675 shift 1671:1675 shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions 1671:1721 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 12 theme bio-refinery 1939:1950 arg1 autohydrolysis 1867:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis 1836:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa 1836:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 12 theme bio-refinery 1939:1950 arg1 process 1952:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 13 theme subcritical 1849:1859 arg1 autohydrolysis 1867:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis 1836:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa 1836:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 13 theme subcritical 1849:1859 arg1 process 1952:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 2 14 theme Populus 378:384 arg1 crystallinity 427:439 crystallinity 427:439 crystallinity 427:439 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 14 theme Populus 378:384 arg1 polysaccharides 410:424 Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides 378:424 Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides 378:424 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 14 theme Populus 378:384 arg1 formation 458:466 the furfural formation 445:466 the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process 445:496 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 10 15 theme potential 1929:1937 arg1 autohydrolysis 1867:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis 1836:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa 1836:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 15 theme potential 1929:1937 arg1 process 1952:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 0 16 theme moderate 120:127 arg1 conditions 147:156 moderate subcritical water conditions 120:156 moderate subcritical water conditions 120:156 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 10 17 theme crystalline 1757:1767 arg1 cellulose 1769:1777 crystalline cellulose 1757:1777 crystalline cellulose 1757:1777 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 18 theme sugar 1551:1555 arg1 composition 1557:1567 the sugar composition 1547:1567 the sugar composition 1547:1567 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 5 19 dep % 1072:1072 arg1 to 1067:1068 to 1067:1068 to 1067:1068 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 20 dep 180 887:889 arg1 to 884:885 to 884:885 to 884:885 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 10 21 theme Overall 1803:1809 arg1 °C. 1799:1801 180 °C. Overall 1795:1809 180 °C. Overall 1795:1809 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 8 22 theme removal 1276:1282 arg1 rate 1284:1287 The hemicellulose removal rate 1258:1287 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein 1258:1303 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein exceeded the values reported for most acid, alkali, ionic liquid, or deep eutectic solvent treatments. 35518329 4 23 theme Factor 713:718 arg1 analysis 720:727 Factor analysis 713:727 Factor analysis 713:727 Factor analysis indicates that the temperature is the most important factor affecting hemicellulose autohydrolysis. 35518329 9 24 theme all 1434:1436 arg1 glucose 1438:1444 almost all glucose 1427:1444 almost all glucose in hemicellulose 1427:1461 It is notable that almost all glucose in hemicellulose was dissolved and the glucose in cellulose was partially hydrolyzed. 35518329 10 25 theme moderate 1840:1847 arg1 autohydrolysis 1867:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis 1836:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa 1836:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 25 theme moderate 1840:1847 arg1 process 1952:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 26 theme amorphous 1682:1690 arg1 regions 1692:1698 amorphous regions 1682:1698 amorphous regions 1682:1698 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 27 from °C 1620:1621 arg1 change 1591:1596 the crystallinity change 1573:1596 the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C 1573:1621 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 27 from °C 1620:1621 arg1 analysis 1535:1542 An analysis 1532:1542 An analysis of the sugar composition 1532:1567 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 1 28 theme hemicellulose 200:212 arg1 rate 192:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate 159:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 159:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 28 theme hemicellulose 200:212 arg1 keys 323:326 the most important keys 304:326 the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery 304:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 28 theme hemicellulose 200:212 arg1 one 297:299 one 297:299 one 297:299 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 0 29 theme Green 0:4 arg1 biorefinery 6:16 Green biorefinery 0:16 Green biorefinery 0:16 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 7 30 from hemicellulose 1187:1199 arg1 xylose 1139:1144 xylose 1139:1144 xylose 1139:1144 The xylose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose from hemicellulose could be almost completely removed under the conditions. 35518329 7 30 from hemicellulose 1187:1199 arg1 galactose 1157:1165 galactose 1157:1165 galactose 1157:1165 The xylose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose from hemicellulose could be almost completely removed under the conditions. 35518329 7 30 from hemicellulose 1187:1199 arg1 arabinose 1172:1180 arabinose 1172:1180 arabinose 1172:1180 The xylose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose from hemicellulose could be almost completely removed under the conditions. 35518329 7 30 from hemicellulose 1187:1199 arg1 rhamnose 1147:1154 rhamnose 1147:1154 rhamnose 1147:1154 The xylose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose from hemicellulose could be almost completely removed under the conditions. 35518329 4 31 theme hemicellulose 799:811 arg1 autohydrolysis 813:826 hemicellulose autohydrolysis 799:826 hemicellulose autohydrolysis 799:826 Factor analysis indicates that the temperature is the most important factor affecting hemicellulose autohydrolysis. 35518329 2 32 theme polysaccharides 410:424 arg1 behavior 366:373 The behavior 362:373 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) 362:570 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 33 theme autohydrolysis 475:488 arg1 process 490:496 the autohydrolysis process 471:496 the autohydrolysis process 471:496 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 5 34 theme % 1024:1024 arg1 % 1032:1032 71% to 100% 1022:1032 71% to 100% 1022:1032 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 34 theme % 1024:1024 arg1 % 1019:1019 91% 1017:1019 91% 1017:1019 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 0 35 theme water 141:145 arg1 conditions 147:156 moderate subcritical water conditions 120:156 moderate subcritical water conditions 120:156 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 10 36 theme crystallinity 1577:1589 arg1 change 1591:1596 the crystallinity change 1573:1596 the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C 1573:1621 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 37 theme composition 1557:1567 arg1 change 1591:1596 the crystallinity change 1573:1596 the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C 1573:1621 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 37 theme composition 1557:1567 arg1 analysis 1535:1542 An analysis 1532:1542 An analysis of the sugar composition 1532:1567 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 0 38 theme subcritical 129:139 arg1 conditions 147:156 moderate subcritical water conditions 120:156 moderate subcritical water conditions 120:156 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 1 39 theme green 219:223 arg1 solvent 225:231 a green solvent 217:231 a green solvent 217:231 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 0 40 theme hydrolysis 35:44 arg1 rate 46:49 ultra-high hydrolysis rate 24:49 ultra-high hydrolysis rate 24:49 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 1 41 theme important 313:321 arg1 keys 323:326 the most important keys 304:326 the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery 304:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 5 42 theme hydrolysis 907:916 arg1 rate 918:921 the hydrolysis rate 903:921 the hydrolysis rate of xylose 903:931 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 43 dep % 1032:1032 arg1 to 1026:1027 to 1026:1027 to 1026:1027 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 2 44 theme furfural 449:456 arg1 polysaccharides 410:424 Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides 378:424 Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides 378:424 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 44 theme furfural 449:456 arg1 formation 458:466 the furfural formation 445:466 the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process 445:496 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 0 45 theme ultra-high 24:33 arg1 rate 46:49 ultra-high hydrolysis rate 24:49 ultra-high hydrolysis rate 24:49 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 1 46 theme keys 323:326 arg1 rate 192:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate 159:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 159:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 46 theme keys 323:326 arg1 keys 323:326 the most important keys 304:326 the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery 304:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 46 theme keys 323:326 arg1 one 297:299 one 297:299 one 297:299 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 2 47 theme water 525:529 arg1 conditions 531:540 moderate subcritical water conditions 504:540 moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) 504:570 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 3 48 theme ultra-high 685:694 arg1 rate 707:710 an ultra-high hydrolysis rate 682:710 an ultra-high hydrolysis rate 682:710 The results have shown that the hemicellulose was converted to corresponding monosaccharides at an ultra-high hydrolysis rate. 35518329 0 49 dep rate 46:49 arg1 the 20:22 the 20:22 the 20:22 Green biorefinery - the ultra-high hydrolysis rate and behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose autohydrolysis under moderate subcritical water conditions. 35518329 5 50 dep % 1056:1056 arg1 to 1051:1052 to 1051:1052 to 1051:1052 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 2 51 theme subcritical 513:523 arg1 conditions 531:540 moderate subcritical water conditions 504:540 moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) 504:570 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 3 52 theme hydrolysis 696:705 arg1 rate 707:710 an ultra-high hydrolysis rate 682:710 an ultra-high hydrolysis rate 682:710 The results have shown that the hemicellulose was converted to corresponding monosaccharides at an ultra-high hydrolysis rate. 35518329 8 53 theme most 1338:1341 arg1 acid 1343:1346 most acid 1338:1346 most acid 1338:1346 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein exceeded the values reported for most acid, alkali, ionic liquid, or deep eutectic solvent treatments. 35518329 4 54 theme important 772:780 arg1 factor 782:787 the most important factor 763:787 the most important factor affecting hemicellulose autohydrolysis 763:826 Factor analysis indicates that the temperature is the most important factor affecting hemicellulose autohydrolysis. 35518329 4 54 theme important 772:780 arg1 temperature 748:758 the temperature 744:758 the temperature 744:758 Factor analysis indicates that the temperature is the most important factor affecting hemicellulose autohydrolysis. 35518329 2 55 theme moderate 504:511 arg1 conditions 531:540 moderate subcritical water conditions 504:540 moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) 504:570 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 10 56 theme hemicellulose 1885:1897 arg1 autohydrolysis 1867:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis 1836:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa 1836:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 56 theme hemicellulose 1885:1897 arg1 process 1952:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 57 theme cellulose 1769:1777 arg1 hydrolysis 1743:1752 the partial hydrolysis 1731:1752 the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall 1731:1809 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 8 58 theme eutectic 1379:1386 arg1 treatments 1396:1405 deep eutectic solvent treatments 1374:1405 deep eutectic solvent treatments 1374:1405 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein exceeded the values reported for most acid, alkali, ionic liquid, or deep eutectic solvent treatments. 35518329 10 59 theme crystalline 1703:1713 arg1 regions 1715:1721 crystalline regions 1703:1721 crystalline regions 1703:1721 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 60 from change 1591:1596 arg1 process 1605:1611 the process 1601:1611 the process 1601:1611 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 2 61 dep conditions 531:540 arg1 °C 551:552 160-180 °C 543:552 160-180 °C 543:552 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 61 dep conditions 531:540 arg1 MPa 567:569 0.618-1.002 MPa 555:569 0.618-1.002 MPa 555:569 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 9 62 from glucose 1485:1491 arg1 cellulose 1496:1504 cellulose 1496:1504 cellulose 1496:1504 It is notable that almost all glucose in hemicellulose was dissolved and the glucose in cellulose was partially hydrolyzed. 35518329 1 63 theme lignocellulosic 333:347 arg1 biorefinery 349:359 a lignocellulosic biorefinery 331:359 a lignocellulosic biorefinery 331:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 8 64 theme deep 1374:1377 arg1 treatments 1396:1405 deep eutectic solvent treatments 1374:1405 deep eutectic solvent treatments 1374:1405 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein exceeded the values reported for most acid, alkali, ionic liquid, or deep eutectic solvent treatments. 35518329 2 65 from crystallinity 427:439 arg1 process 490:496 the autohydrolysis process 471:496 the autohydrolysis process 471:496 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 10 66 theme hydrolysis 1640:1649 arg1 reaction 1651:1658 hydrolysis reaction 1640:1658 hydrolysis reaction 1640:1658 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 67 from autohydrolysis 1867:1880 arg1 tomentosa 1910:1918 Populus tomentosa 1902:1918 Populus tomentosa 1902:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 8 68 theme hemicellulose 1262:1274 arg1 rate 1284:1287 The hemicellulose removal rate 1258:1287 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein 1258:1303 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein exceeded the values reported for most acid, alkali, ionic liquid, or deep eutectic solvent treatments. 35518329 10 69 from analysis 1535:1542 arg1 process 1605:1611 the process 1601:1611 the process 1601:1611 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 70 theme water 1861:1865 arg1 autohydrolysis 1867:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis 1836:1880 the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa 1836:1918 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 10 70 theme water 1861:1865 arg1 process 1952:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 a potential bio-refinery process 1927:1958 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 1 71 theme moderate 243:250 arg1 conditions 261:270 moderate reaction conditions 243:270 moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 243:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 10 72 from °C. 1799:1801 arg1 min 1788:1790 90 min 1785:1790 90 min at 180 °C. Overall 1785:1809 An analysis of the sugar composition and the crystallinity change in the process at 180 °C demonstrate that hydrolysis reaction started to shift from amorphous regions to crystalline regions, due to the partial hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose after 90 min at 180 °C. Overall, these results show that the moderate subcritical water autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in Populus tomentosa may be a potential bio-refinery process. 35518329 8 73 theme solvent 1388:1394 arg1 treatments 1396:1405 deep eutectic solvent treatments 1374:1405 deep eutectic solvent treatments 1374:1405 The hemicellulose removal rate obtained herein exceeded the values reported for most acid, alkali, ionic liquid, or deep eutectic solvent treatments. 35518329 3 74 theme corresponding 649:661 arg1 monosaccharides 663:677 corresponding monosaccharides 649:677 corresponding monosaccharides 649:677 The results have shown that the hemicellulose was converted to corresponding monosaccharides at an ultra-high hydrolysis rate. 35518329 2 75 theme hemicellulose 396:408 arg1 crystallinity 427:439 crystallinity 427:439 crystallinity 427:439 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 75 theme hemicellulose 396:408 arg1 polysaccharides 410:424 Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides 378:424 Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides 378:424 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 2 75 theme hemicellulose 396:408 arg1 formation 458:466 the furfural formation 445:466 the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process 445:496 The behavior of Populus tomentosa hemicellulose polysaccharides, crystallinity and the furfural formation in the autohydrolysis process under moderate subcritical water conditions (160-180 °C, 0.618-1.002 MPa) were studied. 35518329 5 76 theme xylose 926:931 arg1 glucose 968:974 glucose 968:974 glucose 968:974 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 76 theme xylose 926:931 arg1 rate 918:921 the hydrolysis rate 903:921 the hydrolysis rate of xylose 903:931 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 76 theme xylose 926:931 arg1 galactose 944:952 galactose 944:952 galactose 944:952 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 76 theme xylose 926:931 arg1 °C 891:892 160 to 180 °C 880:892 160 to 180 °C for 2 h 880:900 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 76 theme xylose 926:931 arg1 mannose 955:961 mannose 955:961 mannose 955:961 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 5 76 theme xylose 926:931 arg1 rhamnose 934:941 rhamnose 934:941 rhamnose 934:941 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 1 77 theme reaction 252:259 arg1 conditions 261:270 moderate reaction conditions 243:270 moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 243:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 5 78 theme autohydrolysis 838:851 arg1 temperature 853:863 the autohydrolysis temperature 834:863 the autohydrolysis temperature 834:863 When the autohydrolysis temperature increased from 160 to 180 °C for 2 h, the hydrolysis rate of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, and glucose from hemicellulose increased from 70% to 91%, 71% to 100%, 82% to 95%, 42% to 58%, and 34% to 37%, respectively. 35518329 1 79 from rate 192:195 arg1 solvent 225:231 a green solvent 217:231 a green solvent 217:231 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 80 theme high 161:164 arg1 rate 192:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate 159:195 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization 159:292 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 80 theme high 161:164 arg1 keys 323:326 the most important keys 304:326 the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery 304:359 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 35518329 1 80 theme high 161:164 arg1 one 297:299 one 297:299 one 297:299 A high monosaccharide conversion rate of hemicellulose in a green solvent and under moderate reaction conditions for industrialization is one of the most important keys in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. 34585272 5 0 theme genomes 576:582 arg1 total 549:553 A total 547:553 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer 547:607 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer were selected to compare with YPW1. 34585272 1 1 dep Yanpu 78:82 arg1 harbor 84:89 harbor 84:89 harbor 84:89 YPW1 from mangrove sediments in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 4 2 theme new 511:513 arg1 species 515:521 a potential new species 499:521 a potential new species 499:521 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 2 theme new 511:513 arg1 YPW1 490:493 YPW1 490:493 YPW1 490:493 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 6 3 theme various 756:762 arg1 polysaccharides 777:791 various recalcitrant polysaccharides 756:791 various recalcitrant polysaccharides 756:791 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 4 4 theme potential 501:509 arg1 species 515:521 a potential new species 499:521 a potential new species 499:521 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 4 theme potential 501:509 arg1 YPW1 490:493 YPW1 490:493 YPW1 490:493 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 2 5 from sediments 155:163 arg1 Yanpu 194:198 Yanpu 194:198 Yanpu 194:198 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 2 5 from sediments 155:163 arg1 China 208:212 China 208:212 China 208:212 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 6 6 theme recalcitrant 764:775 arg1 polysaccharides 777:791 various recalcitrant polysaccharides 756:791 various recalcitrant polysaccharides 756:791 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 5 7 theme genus 589:593 arg1 Microbulbifer 595:607 genus Microbulbifer 589:607 genus Microbulbifer 589:607 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer were selected to compare with YPW1. 34585272 8 8 theme genus 1148:1152 arg1 Microbulbifer 1154:1166 genus Microbulbifer 1148:1166 genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1148:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 1 9 from mangrove 56:63 arg1 YPW1 46:49 YPW1 46:49 YPW1 from mangrove 46:63 YPW1 from mangrove sediments in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 4 10 from species 515:521 arg1 Microbulbifer 532:544 genus Microbulbifer 526:544 genus Microbulbifer 526:544 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 6 11 theme strain 683:688 arg1 genome 673:678 the genome 669:678 the genome of strain YPW1 669:693 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 4 12 theme maximum 343:349 arg1 90.36 444:448 90.36 444:448 90.36 444:448 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 12 theme maximum 343:349 arg1 values 351:356 the maximum values 339:356 the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome 339:437 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 2 13 from mangrove 182:189 arg1 Yanpu 194:198 Yanpu 194:198 Yanpu 194:198 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 2 13 from mangrove 182:189 arg1 China 208:212 China 208:212 China 208:212 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 8 14 theme nitrogen 1226:1233 arg1 cycles 1205:1210 the cycles 1201:1210 the cycles of carbon and nitrogen 1201:1233 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 4 15 theme hybridization 409:421 arg1 90.36 444:448 90.36 444:448 90.36 444:448 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 15 theme hybridization 409:421 arg1 values 351:356 the maximum values 339:356 the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome 339:437 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 8 16 theme special 1173:1179 arg1 roles 1192:1196 special ecological roles 1173:1196 special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1173:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 17 theme strain 1104:1109 arg1 member 1138:1143 a potential novel member 1120:1143 a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1120:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 17 theme strain 1104:1109 arg1 YPW1 1111:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 4 18 theme genome 432:437 arg1 hybridization 409:421 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 393:421 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 393:421 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 18 theme genome 432:437 arg1 identity 380:387 average nucleotide identity 361:387 average nucleotide identity 361:387 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 7 19 theme process 1084:1090 arg1 end-product 1049:1059 the end-product 1045:1059 the end-product of its denitrification process 1045:1090 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 6 20 theme enzyme 730:735 arg1 genes 737:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 2 21 from Yanpu 194:198 arg1 sediments 155:163 the sediments 151:163 the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China 151:212 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 0 22 theme genome 9:14 arg1 sequence 16:23 Complete genome sequence 0:23 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp 0:43 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp. 34585272 4 23 theme ZHDP1 426:430 arg1 genome 432:437 ZHDP1 genome 426:437 ZHDP1 genome 426:437 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 7 24 theme powerful 1017:1024 arg1 gas 1037:1039 a powerful greenhouse gas 1015:1039 a powerful greenhouse gas 1015:1039 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 7 24 theme powerful 1017:1024 arg1 oxide 1008:1012 nitrous oxide 1000:1012 nitrous oxide 1000:1012 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 6 25 theme carbohydrate-active 710:728 arg1 genes 737:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 0 26 theme Complete 0:7 arg1 sequence 16:23 Complete genome sequence 0:23 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp 0:43 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp. 34585272 5 27 theme representative 561:574 arg1 genomes 576:582 10 representative genomes 558:582 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer 558:607 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer were selected to compare with YPW1. 34585272 6 28 theme more 705:708 arg1 genes 737:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 8 29 theme ecological 1181:1190 arg1 roles 1192:1196 special ecological roles 1173:1196 special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1173:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 30 theme novel 1132:1136 arg1 member 1138:1143 a potential novel member 1120:1143 a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1120:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 30 theme novel 1132:1136 arg1 YPW1 1111:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 7 31 theme selected 886:893 arg1 genomes 895:901 the selected genomes 882:901 the selected genomes 882:901 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 4 32 theme genus 314:318 arg1 Microbulbifer 320:332 genus Microbulbifer 314:332 genus Microbulbifer 314:332 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 7 33 theme only 917:920 arg1 YPW1 904:907 YPW1 904:907 YPW1 904:907 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 7 33 theme only 917:920 arg1 strain 922:927 the only strain 913:927 the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process 913:1090 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 2 34 attach isolated 137:144 arg1 sediments 155:163 the sediments 151:163 the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China 151:212 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 2 34 attach isolated 137:144 arg2 strain 115:120 a strain 113:120 a strain named YPW1 113:131 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 8 35 theme potential 1122:1130 arg1 member 1138:1143 a potential novel member 1120:1143 a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1120:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 35 theme potential 1122:1130 arg1 YPW1 1111:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 5 36 from total 549:553 arg1 Microbulbifer 595:607 genus Microbulbifer 589:607 genus Microbulbifer 589:607 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer were selected to compare with YPW1. 34585272 7 37 theme greenhouse 1026:1035 arg1 gas 1037:1039 a powerful greenhouse gas 1015:1039 a powerful greenhouse gas 1015:1039 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 7 37 theme greenhouse 1026:1035 arg1 oxide 1008:1012 nitrous oxide 1000:1012 nitrous oxide 1000:1012 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 0 38 theme sp 42:43 arg1 sequence 16:23 Complete genome sequence 0:23 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp 0:43 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp. 34585272 6 39 theme selected 845:852 arg1 genomes 854:860 the selected genomes 841:860 the selected genomes 841:860 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 7 40 theme nitrous 1000:1006 arg1 gas 1037:1039 a powerful greenhouse gas 1015:1039 a powerful greenhouse gas 1015:1039 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 7 40 theme nitrous 1000:1006 arg1 oxide 1008:1012 nitrous oxide 1000:1012 nitrous oxide 1000:1012 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 4 41 theme identity 380:387 arg1 90.36 444:448 90.36 444:448 90.36 444:448 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 41 theme identity 380:387 arg1 values 351:356 the maximum values 339:356 the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome 339:437 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 2 42 dep Yanpu 194:198 arg1 harbor 200:205 harbor 200:205 harbor 200:205 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 0 43 theme Microbulbifer 28:40 arg1 sp 42:43 Microbulbifer sp 28:43 Microbulbifer sp 28:43 Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp. 34585272 6 44 contain possessed 695:703 arg2 genes 737:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes 705:741 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 6 44 contain possessed 695:703 arg1 genome 673:678 the genome 669:678 the genome of strain YPW1 669:693 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 3 45 theme complete 217:224 arg1 genome 226:231 A complete genome 215:231 A complete genome of YPW1 215:239 A complete genome of YPW1 was sequenced and assembled. 34585272 4 46 theme DNA-DNA 401:407 arg1 hybridization 409:421 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 393:421 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 393:421 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 7 47 theme nitric 956:961 arg1 oxide 963:967 nitric oxide 956:967 nitric oxide 956:967 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 8 48 theme Microbulbifer 1154:1166 arg1 member 1138:1143 a potential novel member 1120:1143 a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1120:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 48 theme Microbulbifer 1154:1166 arg1 YPW1 1111:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 strain YPW1 1104:1114 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 5 49 from Microbulbifer 595:607 arg1 total 549:553 A total 547:553 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer 547:607 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer were selected to compare with YPW1. 34585272 5 49 from Microbulbifer 595:607 arg1 genomes 576:582 10 representative genomes 558:582 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer 558:607 A total of 10 representative genomes from genus Microbulbifer were selected to compare with YPW1. 34585272 4 50 theme digital 393:399 arg1 hybridization 409:421 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 393:421 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 393:421 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 2 51 theme mangrove 182:189 arg1 sediments 155:163 the sediments 151:163 the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China 151:212 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 4 52 theme rRNA 278:281 arg1 gene 283:286 The 16S rRNA gene 270:286 The 16S rRNA gene 270:286 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 7 53 theme denitrification 1068:1082 arg1 process 1084:1090 its denitrification process 1064:1090 its denitrification process 1064:1090 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 6 54 theme bioavailable 798:809 arg1 monosaccharides 811:825 bioavailable monosaccharides 798:825 bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes 798:860 The results showed that the genome of strain YPW1 possessed more carbohydrate-active enzyme genes to transform various recalcitrant polysaccharides into bioavailable monosaccharides than those of the selected genomes. 34585272 2 55 theme artificial 171:180 arg1 mangrove 182:189 an artificial mangrove 168:189 an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China 168:212 In this work, a strain named YPW1 was isolated from the sediments of an artificial mangrove in Yanpu harbor, China. 34585272 4 56 theme strain 297:302 arg1 YPW1 304:307 strain YPW1 297:307 strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer 297:332 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 8 57 theme carbon 1215:1220 arg1 cycles 1205:1210 the cycles 1201:1210 the cycles of carbon and nitrogen 1201:1233 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 7 58 with strain 922:927 arg1 nitrite 943:949 nitrite 943:949 nitrite 943:949 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 7 58 with strain 922:927 arg1 nitrate 934:940 nitrate 934:940 nitrate 934:940 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 7 58 with strain 922:927 arg1 oxide 963:967 nitric oxide 956:967 nitric oxide 956:967 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 3 59 theme YPW1 236:239 arg1 genome 226:231 A complete genome 215:231 A complete genome of YPW1 215:239 A complete genome of YPW1 was sequenced and assembled. 34585272 4 60 theme nucleotide 369:378 arg1 identity 380:387 average nucleotide identity 361:387 average nucleotide identity 361:387 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 8 61 from roles 1192:1196 arg1 ecosystems 1247:1256 mangrove ecosystems 1238:1256 mangrove ecosystems 1238:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 61 from roles 1192:1196 arg1 cycles 1205:1210 the cycles 1201:1210 the cycles of carbon and nitrogen 1201:1233 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 8 62 with Microbulbifer 1154:1166 arg1 roles 1192:1196 special ecological roles 1173:1196 special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems 1173:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34585272 7 63 dep nitrate 934:940 arg1 reductases 969:978 reductases 969:978 reductases 969:978 Furthermore, among the selected genomes, YPW1 was the only strain with nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductases which could appoint nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, as the end-product of its denitrification process. 34585272 4 64 theme genus 526:530 arg1 Microbulbifer 532:544 genus Microbulbifer 526:544 genus Microbulbifer 526:544 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 65 theme average 361:367 arg1 identity 380:387 average nucleotide identity 361:387 average nucleotide identity 361:387 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 4 66 theme 16S 274:276 arg1 gene 283:286 The 16S rRNA gene 270:286 The 16S rRNA gene 270:286 The 16S rRNA gene assigned strain YPW1 into genus Microbulbifer, and the maximum values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of ZHDP1 genome were 90.36 and 68.1, respectively, indicating that YPW1 was a potential new species in genus Microbulbifer. 34585272 8 67 theme mangrove 1238:1245 arg1 ecosystems 1247:1256 mangrove ecosystems 1238:1256 mangrove ecosystems 1238:1256 Therefore, strain YPW1 was a potential novel member of genus Microbulbifer with special ecological roles in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen in mangrove ecosystems. 34451558 0 0 theme Blight 78:83 arg1 Disease 85:91 Halo Blight Disease 73:91 Halo Blight Disease 73:91 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 3 1 theme enhanced 618:625 arg1 production 627:636 the enhanced production 614:636 the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants 614:665 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 5 2 theme enzymatic 1021:1029 arg1 hydrolysis 1031:1040 enzymatic hydrolysis 1021:1040 enzymatic hydrolysis 1021:1040 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 6 3 theme cellulosic 1162:1171 arg1 polysaccharides 1192:1206 the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1158:1206 the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1158:1206 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 5 4 theme pectic 971:976 arg1 component 978:986 the pectic component 967:986 the pectic component 967:986 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 4 theme pectic 971:976 arg1 CW 941:942 the bean CW 932:942 the bean CW 932:942 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 4 theme pectic 971:976 arg1 result 895:900 a result 893:900 a result 893:900 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 0 5 theme Halo 73:76 arg1 Disease 85:91 Halo Blight Disease 73:91 Halo Blight Disease 73:91 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 7 6 theme drastic 1422:1428 arg1 remodeling 1433:1442 a drastic CW remodeling 1420:1442 a drastic CW remodeling 1420:1442 In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling. 34451558 3 7 with elicitation 673:683 arg1 flg22 702:706 the peptide flg22 690:706 the peptide flg22 690:706 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 5 8 theme non-inoculated 1060:1073 arg1 plants 1075:1080 non-inoculated plants 1060:1080 non-inoculated plants 1060:1080 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 7 9 theme increased 1317:1325 arg1 resistance 1332:1341 the increased bean resistance 1313:1341 the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming 1313:1377 In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling. 34451558 5 10 from vulnerable 1007:1016 arg1 case 1052:1055 the case 1048:1055 the case of non-inoculated plants 1048:1080 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 11 theme plants 1075:1080 arg1 case 1052:1055 the case 1048:1055 the case of non-inoculated plants 1048:1080 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 3 12 theme H2O2 641:644 arg1 production 627:636 the enhanced production 614:636 the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants 614:665 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 6 13 theme pronounced 1124:1133 arg1 both 1150:1153 both 1150:1153 both 1150:1153 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 6 13 theme pronounced 1124:1133 arg1 remodeling 1138:1147 a pronounced CW remodeling 1122:1147 a pronounced CW remodeling 1122:1147 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 2 14 theme priming 444:450 arg1 capacity 452:459 the immune priming capacity 433:459 the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) 433:498 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 2 15 used used 362:365 arg2 we 359:360 we 359:360 we 359:360 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 6 16 theme INA 1100:1102 arg1 priming 1104:1110 the INA priming 1096:1110 the INA priming 1096:1110 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 0 17 theme Common 96:101 arg1 Bean 103:106 Common Bean 96:106 Common Bean 96:106 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 0 18 from Remodeling 34:43 arg1 Bean 103:106 Common Bean 96:106 Common Bean 96:106 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 1 19 from roles 256:260 arg1 crops 310:314 crops 310:314 crops 310:314 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 6 20 theme enzymatic 1276:1284 arg1 hydrolysis 1286:1295 enzymatic hydrolysis 1276:1295 enzymatic hydrolysis 1276:1295 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 1 21 theme dynamic 133:139 arg1 structure 141:149 a dynamic structure 131:149 a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth 131:191 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 1 21 theme dynamic 133:139 arg1 wall 118:121 The cell wall 109:121 The cell wall (CW) 109:126 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 2 22 theme Phaseolus 371:379 arg1 pathosystem 417:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 0 23 theme Immune 0:5 arg1 Priming 7:13 Immune Priming 0:13 Immune Priming 0:13 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 3 24 theme plants 660:665 arg1 production 627:636 the enhanced production 614:636 the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants 614:665 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 4 25 theme different 754:762 arg1 treatments 764:773 the different treatments 750:773 the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) 750:831 Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. 34451558 7 26 theme CW 1430:1431 arg1 remodeling 1433:1442 a drastic CW remodeling 1420:1442 a drastic CW remodeling 1420:1442 In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling. 34451558 0 27 theme Cell 24:27 arg1 Remodeling 34:43 Cell Wall Remodeling 24:43 Cell Wall Remodeling 24:43 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 2 28 theme Pph 412:414 arg1 pathosystem 417:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 3 29 theme primed 653:658 arg1 plants 660:665 the primed plants 649:665 the primed plants 649:665 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 2 30 theme acid 489:492 arg1 capacity 452:459 the immune priming capacity 433:459 the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) 433:498 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 2 30 theme acid 489:492 arg1 pathosystem 417:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 5 31 theme Pph 907:909 arg1 inoculation 911:921 the Pph inoculation 903:921 the Pph inoculation 903:921 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 1 32 theme plant 180:184 arg1 growth 186:191 plant growth 180:191 plant growth 180:191 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 0 33 theme Wall 29:32 arg1 Remodeling 34:43 Cell Wall Remodeling 24:43 Cell Wall Remodeling 24:43 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 2 34 theme 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic 464:487 arg1 INA 495:497 INA 495:497 INA 495:497 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 2 34 theme 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic 464:487 arg1 acid 489:492 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid 464:492 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) 464:498 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 6 35 theme non-cellulosic 1177:1190 arg1 polysaccharides 1192:1206 the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1158:1206 the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides 1158:1206 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 2 36 theme immune 437:442 arg1 capacity 452:459 the immune priming capacity 433:459 the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) 433:498 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 0 37 theme Increased 49:57 arg1 Resistance 59:68 Increased Resistance 49:68 Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean 49:106 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 3 38 theme peptide 694:700 arg1 flg22 702:706 the peptide flg22 690:706 the peptide flg22 690:706 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 4 39 theme non- 802:805 arg1 plants 825:830 non- or INA-pretreated plants 802:830 non- or INA-pretreated plants 802:830 Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. 34451558 0 40 from Resistance 59:68 arg1 Bean 103:106 Common Bean 96:106 Common Bean 96:106 Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. 34451558 3 41 theme first 508:512 arg1 instance 514:521 the first instance 504:521 the first instance 504:521 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 4 42 from plants 730:735 arg1 CWs 721:723 CWs 721:723 CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) 721:831 Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. 34451558 2 43 theme vulgaris-Pseudomonas 381:400 arg1 pathosystem 417:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 1 44 theme immune 273:278 arg1 system 280:285 the immune system 269:285 the immune system priming 269:293 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 5 45 theme bean 936:939 arg1 component 978:986 the pectic component 967:986 the pectic component 967:986 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 45 theme bean 936:939 arg1 CW 941:942 the bean CW 932:942 the bean CW 932:942 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 45 theme bean 936:939 arg1 result 895:900 a result 893:900 a result 893:900 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 46 from case 1052:1055 arg1 CW 997:998 the CW 993:998 the CW 993:998 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 5 46 from case 1052:1055 arg1 vulnerable 1007:1016 vulnerable 1007:1016 vulnerable 1007:1016 As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. 34451558 6 47 theme CW 1135:1136 arg1 both 1150:1153 both 1150:1153 both 1150:1153 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 6 47 theme CW 1135:1136 arg1 remodeling 1138:1147 a pronounced CW remodeling 1122:1147 a pronounced CW remodeling 1122:1147 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 1 48 theme system 280:285 arg1 priming 287:293 the immune system priming 269:293 the immune system priming 269:293 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 4 49 theme INA-pretreated 810:823 arg1 plants 825:830 non- or INA-pretreated plants 802:830 non- or INA-pretreated plants 802:830 Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. 34451558 2 50 dep shed 329:332 arg1 to 326:327 to 326:327 to 326:327 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 1 51 theme cell 113:116 arg1 structure 141:149 a dynamic structure 131:149 a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth 131:191 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 1 51 theme cell 113:116 arg1 CW 124:125 CW 124:125 CW 124:125 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 1 51 theme cell 113:116 arg1 wall 118:121 The cell wall 109:121 The cell wall (CW) 109:126 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 6 52 theme CW 1213:1214 arg1 proteins 1216:1223 CW proteins 1213:1223 CW proteins 1213:1223 By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. 34451558 1 53 theme stress 203:208 arg1 conditions 210:219 stress conditions 203:219 stress conditions 203:219 The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. 34451558 2 54 theme syringae 402:409 arg1 pathosystem 417:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem 367:427 In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). 34451558 7 55 theme bean 1327:1330 arg1 resistance 1332:1341 the increased bean resistance 1313:1341 the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming 1313:1377 In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling. 34451558 3 56 theme INA-pretreated 541:554 arg1 plants 556:561 INA-pretreated plants 541:561 INA-pretreated plants 541:561 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 34451558 7 57 theme INA 1367:1369 arg1 priming 1371:1377 INA priming 1367:1377 INA priming 1367:1377 In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling. 34451558 4 58 dep treatments 764:773 arg1 non- 776:779 non- 776:779 non- 776:779 Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. 34451558 4 58 dep treatments 764:773 arg1 Pph-inoculated 784:797 Pph-inoculated 784:797 Pph-inoculated 784:797 Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. 34451558 3 59 with line 604:607 arg1 production 627:636 the enhanced production 614:636 the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants 614:665 In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. 33868212 10 0 theme mutans 1714:1719 arg1 resistance 1686:1695 drug resistance 1681:1695 drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans 1681:1719 We found that LCG-N25 exhibited a good antibacterial activity, low-cytotoxicity, and did not induce drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans. 33868212 6 1 theme forming 919:925 arg1 units 927:931 colony forming units 912:931 colony forming units counting 912:940 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 7 2 theme acid 1147:1150 arg1 method 1152:1157 anthrone-sulfuric acid method 1129:1157 anthrone-sulfuric acid method 1129:1157 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 1 3 theme cariogenic 131:140 arg1 biofilm 142:148 cariogenic biofilm 131:148 cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface 131:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 11 4 used used 1816:1819 arg2 adjuvant 1827:1834 adjuvant 1827:1834 adjuvant 1827:1834 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 11 4 used used 1816:1819 arg2 agent 1798:1802 a promising antimicrobial agent 1772:1802 a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries 1772:1869 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 6 5 theme scanning 1005:1012 arg1 microscopy 1023:1032 scanning electron microscopy 1005:1032 scanning electron microscopy 1005:1032 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 6 6 theme colony 912:917 arg1 units 927:931 colony forming units 912:931 colony forming units counting 912:940 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 7 7 theme anthrone-sulfuric 1129:1145 arg1 method 1152:1157 anthrone-sulfuric acid method 1129:1157 anthrone-sulfuric acid method 1129:1157 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 9 8 theme LCG-N25 1457:1463 arg1 treatment 1465:1473 LCG-N25 treatment 1457:1473 LCG-N25 treatment 1457:1473 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 8 9 theme microbial 1189:1197 arg1 composition 1199:1209 The microbial composition 1185:1209 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment 1185:1259 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 9 10 theme cariogenic 1559:1568 arg1 bacterium 1570:1578 this cariogenic bacterium 1554:1578 this cariogenic bacterium 1554:1578 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 5 11 theme minimal 613:619 arg1 concentrations 632:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations 609:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations 609:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 10 12 theme antibacterial 1620:1632 arg1 low-cytotoxicity 1644:1659 low-cytotoxicity 1644:1659 low-cytotoxicity 1644:1659 We found that LCG-N25 exhibited a good antibacterial activity, low-cytotoxicity, and did not induce drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans. 33868212 10 12 theme antibacterial 1620:1632 arg1 activity 1634:1641 a good antibacterial activity 1613:1641 a good antibacterial activity 1613:1641 We found that LCG-N25 exhibited a good antibacterial activity, low-cytotoxicity, and did not induce drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans. 33868212 3 13 theme dental 517:522 arg1 caries 524:529 dental caries 517:529 dental caries 517:529 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 3 14 theme caries 524:529 arg1 control 506:512 the control 502:512 the control of dental caries 502:529 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 5 15 theme inhibitory 621:630 arg1 concentrations 632:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations 609:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations 609:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 9 16 theme bacterium 1570:1578 arg1 resistance 1540:1549 drug resistance 1535:1549 drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium 1535:1578 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 6 17 theme violet 895:900 arg1 staining 902:909 crystal violet staining 887:909 crystal violet staining 887:909 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 9 18 theme novel 1507:1511 arg1 compound 1513:1520 this novel compound 1502:1520 this novel compound 1502:1520 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 1 19 theme adhered 150:156 arg1 biofilm 142:148 cariogenic biofilm 131:148 cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface 131:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 3 20 theme current 341:347 arg1 study 349:353 The current study 337:353 The current study 337:353 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 6 21 theme crystal 887:893 arg1 staining 902:909 crystal violet staining 887:909 crystal violet staining 887:909 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 8 22 theme streptococcal 1214:1226 arg1 biofilms 1228:1235 streptococcal biofilms 1214:1235 streptococcal biofilms 1214:1235 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 0 23 theme Novel 2:6 arg1 LCG-N25 24:30 LCG-N25 24:30 LCG-N25 24:30 A Novel Small Molecule, LCG-N25, Inhibits Oral Streptococcal Biofilm. 33868212 0 23 theme Novel 2:6 arg1 Molecule 14:21 A Novel Small Molecule 0:21 A Novel Small Molecule 0:21 A Novel Small Molecule, LCG-N25, Inhibits Oral Streptococcal Biofilm. 33868212 3 24 theme antimicrobial 479:491 arg1 agent 493:497 an antimicrobial agent 476:497 an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries 476:529 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 7 25 theme biofilms 1097:1104 arg1 polysaccharides 1078:1092 the extracellular polysaccharides 1060:1092 the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms 1060:1104 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 11 26 theme caries 1864:1869 arg1 management 1843:1852 the management 1839:1852 the management of dental caries 1839:1869 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 1 27 theme Dental 70:75 arg1 caries 77:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 1 27 theme Dental 70:75 arg1 disease 113:119 a chronic oral infectious disease 87:119 a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface 87:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 9 28 theme LCG-N25 1367:1373 arg1 cytotoxicity 1351:1362 the cytotoxicity 1347:1362 the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 1347:1373 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 8 29 theme fluorescence 1302:1313 arg1 hybridization 1323:1335 fluorescence in situ hybridization 1302:1335 fluorescence in situ hybridization 1302:1335 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 5 30 theme microdilution 802:814 arg1 method 816:821 microdilution method 802:821 microdilution method 802:821 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 6 31 theme fluorescent 979:989 arg1 staining 991:998 dead/live fluorescent staining 969:998 dead/live fluorescent staining 969:998 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 7 32 theme extracellular 1064:1076 arg1 polysaccharides 1078:1092 the extracellular polysaccharides 1060:1092 the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms 1060:1104 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 11 33 theme dental 1857:1862 arg1 caries 1864:1869 dental caries 1857:1869 dental caries 1857:1869 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 1 34 theme tooth 165:169 arg1 surface 171:177 the tooth surface 161:177 the tooth surface 161:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 8 35 theme LCG-N25 1243:1249 arg1 treatment 1251:1259 LCG-N25 treatment 1243:1259 LCG-N25 treatment 1243:1259 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 6 36 theme dead/live 969:977 arg1 staining 991:998 dead/live fluorescent staining 969:998 dead/live fluorescent staining 969:998 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 5 37 theme bactericidal 663:674 arg1 concentrations 676:689 the minimal bactericidal concentrations 651:689 the minimal bactericidal concentrations 651:689 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 2 38 theme antimicrobial 277:289 arg1 activity 291:298 good antimicrobial activity 272:298 good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms 272:334 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 8 39 dep in 1315:1316 arg1 situ 1318:1321 situ 1318:1321 situ 1318:1321 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 3 40 theme novel 366:370 arg1 molecule 378:385 a novel small molecule 364:385 a novel small molecule 364:385 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 3 40 theme novel 366:370 arg1 LCG-N25 395:401 LCG-N25 395:401 namely LCG-N25 388:401 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 9 41 theme Counting 1397:1404 arg1 assay 1412:1416 Cell Counting Kit-8 assay 1392:1416 Cell Counting Kit-8 assay 1392:1416 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 2 42 theme good 272:275 arg1 activity 291:298 good antimicrobial activity 272:298 good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms 272:334 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 8 43 theme in 1315:1316 arg1 hybridization 1323:1335 fluorescence in situ hybridization 1302:1335 fluorescence in situ hybridization 1302:1335 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 9 44 theme Kit-8 1406:1410 arg1 assay 1412:1416 Cell Counting Kit-8 assay 1392:1416 Cell Counting Kit-8 assay 1392:1416 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 4 45 theme NAP 604:606 arg1 structure 591:599 the structure 587:599 the structure of NAP 587:606 LCG-N25 was designed and synthesized with reference to the structure of NAP. 33868212 9 46 theme mutans 1447:1452 arg1 exposure 1432:1439 repeated exposure 1423:1439 repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment 1423:1473 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 10 47 theme drug 1681:1684 arg1 resistance 1686:1695 drug resistance 1681:1695 drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans 1681:1719 We found that LCG-N25 exhibited a good antibacterial activity, low-cytotoxicity, and did not induce drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans. 33868212 3 48 theme lead 419:422 arg1 compound 424:431 a lead compound 417:431 a lead compound 417:431 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 3 48 theme lead 419:422 arg1 NAP 410:412 NAP 410:412 NAP 410:412 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 0 49 theme Small 8:12 arg1 LCG-N25 24:30 LCG-N25 24:30 LCG-N25 24:30 A Novel Small Molecule, LCG-N25, Inhibits Oral Streptococcal Biofilm. 33868212 0 49 theme Small 8:12 arg1 Molecule 14:21 A Novel Small Molecule 0:21 A Novel Small Molecule 0:21 A Novel Small Molecule, LCG-N25, Inhibits Oral Streptococcal Biofilm. 33868212 6 50 theme metabolism 951:960 arg1 assay 962:966 biofilm metabolism assay 943:966 biofilm metabolism assay 943:966 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 5 51 theme LCG-N25 694:700 arg1 concentrations 676:689 the minimal bactericidal concentrations 651:689 the minimal bactericidal concentrations 651:689 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 5 51 theme LCG-N25 694:700 arg1 concentrations 632:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations 609:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations 609:645 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 9 52 theme Cell 1392:1395 arg1 assay 1412:1416 Cell Counting Kit-8 assay 1392:1416 Cell Counting Kit-8 assay 1392:1416 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 8 53 theme biofilms 1228:1235 arg1 composition 1199:1209 The microbial composition 1185:1209 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment 1185:1259 The microbial composition of streptococcal biofilms after LCG-N25 treatment was further visualized and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. 33868212 6 54 theme biofilm 943:949 arg1 assay 962:966 biofilm metabolism assay 943:966 biofilm metabolism assay 943:966 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 7 55 theme LCG-N25 1049:1055 arg1 effect 1039:1044 The effect 1035:1044 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms 1035:1104 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 6 56 theme LCG-N25 854:860 arg1 activity 842:849 The antimicrobial activity 824:849 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 824:860 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 1 57 theme chronic 89:95 arg1 caries 77:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 1 57 theme chronic 89:95 arg1 disease 113:119 a chronic oral infectious disease 87:119 a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface 87:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 7 58 theme fluorescent 1163:1173 arg1 staining 1175:1182 fluorescent staining 1163:1182 fluorescent staining 1163:1182 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 2 59 theme previous 184:191 arg1 study 193:197 Our previous study 180:197 Our previous study 180:197 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 1 60 theme oral 97:100 arg1 caries 77:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 1 60 theme oral 97:100 arg1 disease 113:119 a chronic oral infectious disease 87:119 a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface 87:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 9 61 theme repeated 1423:1430 arg1 exposure 1432:1439 repeated exposure 1423:1439 repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment 1423:1473 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 11 62 theme promising 1774:1782 arg1 adjuvant 1827:1834 adjuvant 1827:1834 adjuvant 1827:1834 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 11 62 theme promising 1774:1782 arg1 agent 1798:1802 a promising antimicrobial agent 1772:1802 a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries 1772:1869 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 10 63 theme good 1615:1618 arg1 low-cytotoxicity 1644:1659 low-cytotoxicity 1644:1659 low-cytotoxicity 1644:1659 We found that LCG-N25 exhibited a good antibacterial activity, low-cytotoxicity, and did not induce drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans. 33868212 10 63 theme good 1615:1618 arg1 activity 1634:1641 a good antibacterial activity 1613:1641 a good antibacterial activity 1613:1641 We found that LCG-N25 exhibited a good antibacterial activity, low-cytotoxicity, and did not induce drug resistance of cariogenic S. mutans. 33868212 1 64 theme infectious 102:111 arg1 caries 77:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries 70:82 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 1 64 theme infectious 102:111 arg1 disease 113:119 a chronic oral infectious disease 87:119 a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface 87:177 Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease caused by cariogenic biofilm adhered on the tooth surface. 33868212 7 65 from effect 1039:1044 arg1 polysaccharides 1078:1092 the extracellular polysaccharides 1060:1092 the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms 1060:1104 The effect of LCG-N25 on the extracellular polysaccharides of biofilms was determined by both anthrone-sulfuric acid method and fluorescent staining. 33868212 5 66 theme minimal 655:661 arg1 concentrations 676:689 the minimal bactericidal concentrations 651:689 the minimal bactericidal concentrations 651:689 The minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of LCG-N25 against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were evaluated by microdilution method. 33868212 6 67 theme antimicrobial 828:840 arg1 activity 842:849 The antimicrobial activity 824:849 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 824:860 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 2 68 theme compound 238:245 arg1 NAP 260:262 NAP 260:262 NAP 260:262 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 2 68 theme compound 238:245 arg1 napabucasin 247:257 a repurposed natural compound napabucasin 217:257 a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) 217:263 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 2 69 theme oral 308:311 arg1 biofilms 327:334 oral streptococcal biofilms 308:334 oral streptococcal biofilms 308:334 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 2 70 theme streptococcal 313:325 arg1 biofilms 327:334 oral streptococcal biofilms 308:334 oral streptococcal biofilms 308:334 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 0 71 theme Streptococcal 47:59 arg1 Biofilm 61:67 Oral Streptococcal Biofilm 42:67 Oral Streptococcal Biofilm 42:67 A Novel Small Molecule, LCG-N25, Inhibits Oral Streptococcal Biofilm. 33868212 2 72 theme natural 230:236 arg1 NAP 260:262 NAP 260:262 NAP 260:262 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 2 72 theme natural 230:236 arg1 napabucasin 247:257 a repurposed natural compound napabucasin 217:257 a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) 217:263 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 9 73 theme drug 1535:1538 arg1 resistance 1540:1549 drug resistance 1535:1549 drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium 1535:1578 Besides, the cytotoxicity of LCG-N25 was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and repeated exposure of S. mutans to LCG-N25 treatment was performed to assess if this novel compound could induce drug resistance of this cariogenic bacterium. 33868212 11 74 theme antimicrobial 1784:1796 arg1 adjuvant 1827:1834 adjuvant 1827:1834 adjuvant 1827:1834 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 11 74 theme antimicrobial 1784:1796 arg1 agent 1798:1802 a promising antimicrobial agent 1772:1802 a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries 1772:1869 These findings suggest that LCG-N25 may represent a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used as an adjuvant to the management of dental caries. 33868212 0 75 theme Oral 42:45 arg1 Biofilm 61:67 Oral Streptococcal Biofilm 42:67 Oral Streptococcal Biofilm 42:67 A Novel Small Molecule, LCG-N25, Inhibits Oral Streptococcal Biofilm. 33868212 6 76 theme units 927:931 arg1 counting 933:940 colony forming units counting 912:940 colony forming units counting 912:940 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33868212 2 77 theme repurposed 219:228 arg1 NAP 260:262 NAP 260:262 NAP 260:262 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 2 77 theme repurposed 219:228 arg1 napabucasin 247:257 a repurposed natural compound napabucasin 217:257 a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) 217:263 Our previous study demonstrated that a repurposed natural compound napabucasin (NAP) showed good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal biofilms. 33868212 3 78 theme small 372:376 arg1 molecule 378:385 a novel small molecule 364:385 a novel small molecule 364:385 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 3 78 theme small 372:376 arg1 LCG-N25 395:401 LCG-N25 395:401 namely LCG-N25 388:401 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 3 79 from agent 493:497 arg1 control 506:512 the control 502:512 the control of dental caries 502:529 The current study designed a novel small molecule, namely LCG-N25, using NAP as a lead compound, and aimed to investigate its potential as an antimicrobial agent in the control of dental caries. 33868212 6 80 theme electron 1014:1021 arg1 microscopy 1023:1032 scanning electron microscopy 1005:1032 scanning electron microscopy 1005:1032 The antimicrobial activity of LCG-N25 was further evaluated by crystal violet staining, colony forming units counting, biofilm metabolism assay, dead/live fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy. 33778219 7 0 theme carbon 1410:1415 arg1 metabolism 1417:1426 carbon metabolism 1410:1426 carbon metabolism 1410:1426 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 4 1 theme strain 841:846 arg1 transcriptomes 793:806 transcriptomes 793:806 transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger 793:882 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 1 2 from regulator 294:302 arg1 fungi 319:323 most fungi 314:323 most fungi 314:323 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 3 3 theme major 515:519 arg1 source 528:533 their major carbon source 509:533 their major carbon source 509:533 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 5 4 theme gene 1162:1165 arg1 expression 1167:1176 gene expression 1162:1176 gene expression 1162:1176 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 7 5 theme related 1399:1405 arg1 genes 1393:1397 genes 1393:1397 genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species 1393:1506 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 8 6 theme sugar 1594:1598 arg1 concentrations 1600:1613 low sugar concentrations 1590:1613 low sugar concentrations 1590:1613 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 4 7 theme creA 813:816 arg1 deletion 818:825 a creA deletion and reference strain 811:846 deletion 818:825 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 5 8 from profiling 996:1004 arg1 variety 1023:1029 a variety 1021:1029 a variety of carbon sources 1021:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 8 from profiling 996:1004 arg1 sources 1041:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 9 from effect 1152:1157 arg1 expression 1167:1176 gene expression 1162:1176 gene expression 1162:1176 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 10 theme carbon 1034:1039 arg1 sources 1041:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 3 11 theme plant 567:571 arg1 polysaccharides 583:597 plant cell wall polysaccharides 567:597 plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars 567:623 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 0 12 theme dependent 143:151 arg1 manner 153:158 a time and substrate dependent manner 122:158 a time and substrate dependent manner 122:158 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 4 13 theme Aspergillus 866:876 arg1 niger 878:882 the ascomycete Aspergillus niger 851:882 the ascomycete Aspergillus niger 851:882 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 8 14 theme orthologs 1698:1706 arg1 presence 1681:1688 the presence 1677:1688 the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi 1677:1726 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 0 15 dep dependent 143:151 arg1 time 124:127 time 124:127 time 124:127 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 6 16 theme crude 1320:1324 arg1 biomass 1332:1338 crude plant biomass 1320:1338 crude plant biomass 1320:1338 In addition, we compared the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose. 33778219 3 17 theme wall 578:581 arg1 polysaccharides 583:597 plant cell wall polysaccharides 567:597 plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars 567:623 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 1 18 theme most 314:317 arg1 fungi 319:323 most fungi 314:323 most fungi 314:323 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 1 19 theme Carbon 161:166 arg1 repression 179:188 Carbon catabolite repression 161:188 Carbon catabolite repression 161:188 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 2 20 from situation 426:434 arg1 biotopes 452:459 most natural biotopes 439:459 most natural biotopes 439:459 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 0 21 theme substrate 133:141 arg1 manner 153:158 a time and substrate dependent manner 122:158 a time and substrate dependent manner 122:158 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 5 22 theme composition 1209:1219 arg1 manner 1231:1236 a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner 1181:1236 manner 1231:1236 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 0 23 theme plant 94:98 arg1 conversion 108:117 fungal plant biomass conversion 87:117 fungal plant biomass conversion 87:117 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 6 24 from fungi 1291:1295 arg1 regulon 1273:1279 the CreA regulon 1264:1279 the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose 1264:1351 In addition, we compared the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose. 33778219 7 25 theme different 1490:1498 arg1 species 1500:1506 different species 1490:1506 different species 1490:1506 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 0 26 theme CreA-mediated 0:12 arg1 repression 14:23 CreA-mediated repression 0:23 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression 0:42 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 2 27 theme uncommon 417:424 arg1 situation 426:434 an uncommon situation 414:434 an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes 414:459 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 2 27 theme uncommon 417:424 arg1 concentrations 398:411 high monosaccharide concentrations 378:411 high monosaccharide concentrations 378:411 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 8 28 contain has 1541:1543 arg1 CreA 1536:1539 CreA 1536:1539 CreA 1536:1539 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 8 28 contain has 1541:1543 arg2 role 1555:1558 a crucial role 1545:1558 a crucial role for fungi 1545:1568 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 7 29 dep metabolism 1417:1426 arg1 enzymes 1475:1481 degrading enzymes 1465:1481 degrading enzymes 1465:1481 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 7 30 theme degrading 1465:1473 arg1 enzymes 1475:1481 degrading enzymes 1465:1481 degrading enzymes 1465:1481 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 2 31 theme monosaccharide 383:396 arg1 situation 426:434 an uncommon situation 414:434 an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes 414:459 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 2 31 theme monosaccharide 383:396 arg1 concentrations 398:411 high monosaccharide concentrations 378:411 high monosaccharide concentrations 378:411 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 0 32 theme expression 33:42 arg1 repression 14:23 CreA-mediated repression 0:23 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression 0:42 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 1 33 theme key 290:292 arg1 regulator 294:302 a key regulator 288:302 a key regulator 288:302 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 1 33 theme key 290:292 arg1 CreA 305:308 CreA 305:308 CreA 305:308 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 7 34 theme cell 1455:1458 arg1 wall 1460:1463 plant cell wall 1449:1463 plant cell wall 1449:1463 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 5 35 theme growth 989:994 arg1 profiling 996:1004 growth profiling 989:1004 growth profiling 989:1004 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 2 36 theme natural 444:450 arg1 biotopes 452:459 most natural biotopes 439:459 most natural biotopes 439:459 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 0 37 theme monosaccharide 58:71 arg1 levels 73:78 low monosaccharide levels 54:78 low monosaccharide levels 54:78 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 5 38 theme free 1113:1116 arg1 monosaccharides 1118:1132 free monosaccharides 1113:1132 free monosaccharides 1113:1132 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 1 39 theme favourable 224:233 arg1 source 242:247 the most favourable carbon source 215:247 the most favourable carbon source in the environment 215:266 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 7 40 theme sugar 1429:1433 arg1 transport 1435:1443 sugar transport 1429:1443 sugar transport 1429:1443 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 5 41 theme extracellular 950:962 arg1 concentrations 970:983 extracellular sugar concentrations 950:983 extracellular sugar concentrations 950:983 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 4 42 theme cell 769:772 arg1 walls 774:778 plant cell walls 763:778 plant cell walls 763:778 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 2 43 theme CreA-mediated 326:338 arg1 regulation 340:349 CreA-mediated regulation 326:349 CreA-mediated regulation 326:349 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 5 44 from Transcriptomics 933:947 arg1 variety 1023:1029 a variety 1021:1029 a variety of carbon sources 1021:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 44 from Transcriptomics 933:947 arg1 sources 1041:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 45 theme major 1146:1150 arg1 effect 1152:1157 a major effect 1144:1157 a major effect on gene expression 1144:1176 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 4 46 theme deletion 818:825 arg1 transcriptomes 793:806 transcriptomes 793:806 transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger 793:882 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 47 theme reference 831:839 arg1 strain 841:846 a creA deletion and reference strain 811:846 strain 841:846 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 5 48 from concentrations 970:983 arg1 variety 1023:1029 a variety 1021:1029 a variety of carbon sources 1021:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 48 from concentrations 970:983 arg1 sources 1041:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 1 49 theme catabolite 168:177 arg1 repression 179:188 Carbon catabolite repression 161:188 Carbon catabolite repression 161:188 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 8 50 from presence 1681:1688 arg1 fungi 1722:1726 nearly all fungi 1711:1726 nearly all fungi 1711:1726 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 8 51 theme natural 1637:1643 arg1 biotopes 1645:1652 their natural biotopes 1631:1652 their natural biotopes 1631:1652 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 3 52 theme carbon 521:526 arg1 source 528:533 their major carbon source 509:533 their major carbon source 509:533 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 5 53 contain has 1140:1142 arg1 CreA 1135:1138 CreA 1135:1138 CreA 1135:1138 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 53 contain has 1140:1142 arg2 effect 1152:1157 a major effect 1144:1157 a major effect on gene expression 1144:1176 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 6 54 theme CreA 1268:1271 arg1 regulon 1273:1279 the CreA regulon 1264:1279 the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose 1264:1351 In addition, we compared the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose. 33778219 4 55 from growth 891:896 arg1 bran 927:930 wheat bran 921:930 wheat bran 921:930 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 55 from growth 891:896 arg1 beet 907:910 sugar beet pulp and wheat bran 901:930 beet 907:910 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 1 56 from source 242:247 arg1 environment 256:266 the environment 252:266 the environment 252:266 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 5 57 theme sources 1041:1047 arg1 variety 1023:1029 a variety 1021:1029 a variety of carbon sources 1021:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 57 theme sources 1041:1047 arg1 sources 1041:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 carbon sources 1034:1047 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 58 theme dependent 1221:1229 arg1 manner 1231:1236 a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner 1181:1236 manner 1231:1236 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 59 theme niger 1012:1016 arg1 concentrations 970:983 extracellular sugar concentrations 950:983 extracellular sugar concentrations 950:983 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 59 theme niger 1012:1016 arg1 profiling 996:1004 growth profiling 989:1004 growth profiling 989:1004 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 5 59 theme niger 1012:1016 arg1 Transcriptomics 933:947 Transcriptomics 933:947 Transcriptomics 933:947 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 4 60 theme ascomycete 855:864 arg1 niger 878:882 the ascomycete Aspergillus niger 851:882 the ascomycete Aspergillus niger 851:882 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 61 theme natural 680:686 arg1 conditions 688:697 more natural conditions 675:697 more natural conditions 675:697 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 6 62 theme plant 1326:1330 arg1 biomass 1332:1338 crude plant biomass 1320:1338 crude plant biomass 1320:1338 In addition, we compared the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose. 33778219 5 63 with conditions 1075:1084 arg1 concentrations 1095:1108 low concentrations 1091:1108 low concentrations of free monosaccharides 1091:1132 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 3 64 theme cell 573:576 arg1 polysaccharides 583:597 plant cell wall polysaccharides 567:597 plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars 567:623 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 8 65 theme CreA 1693:1696 arg1 orthologs 1698:1706 CreA orthologs 1693:1706 CreA orthologs 1693:1706 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 4 66 theme wheat 921:925 arg1 bran 927:930 wheat bran 921:930 wheat bran 921:930 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 67 theme CreA 651:654 arg1 role 643:646 the role 639:646 the role of CreA 639:654 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 0 68 theme fungal 87:92 arg1 conversion 108:117 fungal plant biomass conversion 87:117 fungal plant biomass conversion 87:117 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 6 69 from growth 1310:1315 arg1 cellulose 1343:1351 cellulose 1343:1351 cellulose 1343:1351 In addition, we compared the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose. 33778219 6 69 from growth 1310:1315 arg1 biomass 1332:1338 crude plant biomass 1320:1338 crude plant biomass 1320:1338 In addition, we compared the CreA regulon from five fungi during their growth on crude plant biomass or cellulose. 33778219 4 70 theme niger 878:882 arg1 deletion 818:825 a creA deletion and reference strain 811:846 deletion 818:825 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 70 theme niger 878:882 arg1 strain 841:846 a creA deletion and reference strain 811:846 strain 841:846 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 5 71 theme substrate 1199:1207 arg1 manner 1231:1236 a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner 1181:1236 manner 1231:1236 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 0 72 theme biomass 100:106 arg1 conversion 108:117 fungal plant biomass conversion 87:117 fungal plant biomass conversion 87:117 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 5 73 theme low 1091:1093 arg1 concentrations 1095:1108 low concentrations 1091:1108 low concentrations of free monosaccharides 1091:1132 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 4 74 theme sugar 901:905 arg1 beet 907:910 sugar beet pulp and wheat bran 901:930 beet 907:910 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 75 dep beet 907:910 arg1 pulp 912:915 pulp 912:915 pulp 912:915 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 0 76 theme gene 28:31 arg1 expression 33:42 gene expression 28:42 gene expression 28:42 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 8 77 attach presence 1681:1688 arg2 orthologs 1698:1706 CreA orthologs 1693:1706 CreA orthologs 1693:1706 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 8 77 attach presence 1681:1688 arg1 fungi 1722:1726 nearly all fungi 1711:1726 nearly all fungi 1711:1726 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 3 78 theme metabolizable 604:616 arg1 sugars 618:623 metabolizable sugars 604:623 metabolizable sugars 604:623 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 4 79 theme walls 774:778 arg1 conversion 749:758 conversion 749:758 conversion 749:758 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 4 79 theme walls 774:778 arg1 degradation 733:743 degradation 733:743 degradation 733:743 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 2 80 theme high 378:381 arg1 situation 426:434 an uncommon situation 414:434 an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes 414:459 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 2 80 theme high 378:381 arg1 concentrations 398:411 high monosaccharide concentrations 378:411 high monosaccharide concentrations 378:411 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 0 81 theme low 54:56 arg1 levels 73:78 low monosaccharide levels 54:78 low monosaccharide levels 54:78 CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner. 33778219 2 82 theme most 439:442 arg1 biotopes 452:459 most natural biotopes 439:459 most natural biotopes 439:459 CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. 33778219 3 83 theme many 473:476 arg1 fungi 478:482 many fungi 473:482 many fungi 473:482 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 5 84 theme monosaccharides 1118:1132 arg1 concentrations 1095:1108 low concentrations 1091:1108 low concentrations of free monosaccharides 1091:1132 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 7 85 theme plant 1449:1453 arg1 wall 1460:1463 plant cell wall 1449:1463 plant cell wall 1449:1463 It showed that CreA commonly regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, sugar transport and plant cell wall degrading enzymes across different species. 33778219 8 86 theme low 1590:1592 arg1 concentrations 1600:1613 low sugar concentrations 1590:1613 low sugar concentrations 1590:1613 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 1 87 theme carbon 235:240 arg1 source 242:247 the most favourable carbon source 215:247 the most favourable carbon source in the environment 215:266 Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. 33778219 5 88 theme sugar 964:968 arg1 concentrations 970:983 extracellular sugar concentrations 950:983 extracellular sugar concentrations 950:983 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33778219 8 89 theme crucial 1547:1553 arg1 role 1555:1558 a crucial role 1545:1558 a crucial role for fungi 1545:1568 We therefore conclude that CreA has a crucial role for fungi also in adapting to low sugar concentrations as occurring in their natural biotopes, which is supported by the presence of CreA orthologs in nearly all fungi. 33778219 4 90 theme plant 763:767 arg1 walls 774:778 plant cell walls 763:778 plant cell walls 763:778 To determine the role of CreA when fungi grow in more natural conditions and in particular with respect to degradation and conversion of plant cell walls, we compared transcriptomes of a creA deletion and reference strain of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during growth on sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. 33778219 3 91 theme plant 492:496 arg1 biomass 498:504 plant biomass 492:504 plant biomass as their major carbon source 492:533 In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars. 33778219 5 92 theme strong 1183:1188 arg1 time 1190:1193 a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner 1181:1236 time 1190:1193 Transcriptomics, extracellular sugar concentrations and growth profiling of A. niger on a variety of carbon sources, revealed that also under conditions with low concentrations of free monosaccharides, CreA has a major effect on gene expression in a strong time and substrate composition dependent manner. 33679625 10 0 from fungi 2046:2050 arg1 general 2055:2061 general 2055:2061 general 2055:2061 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 8 1 theme utilization 1634:1644 arg1 rate 1594:1597 the rate 1590:1597 the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi 1590:1660 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 8 1 theme utilization 1634:1644 arg1 fast 1678:1681 fast 1678:1681 fast 1678:1681 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 11 2 theme specific 2210:2217 arg1 research 2219:2226 More specific research 2205:2226 More specific research 2205:2226 More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns. 33679625 3 3 contain contains 610:617 arg2 amounts 631:637 substantial amounts 619:637 substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight) 619:658 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 3 3 contain contains 610:617 arg1 Chitin 543:548 Chitin 543:548 Chitin 543:548 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 3 3 contain contains 610:617 arg2 N 642:642 N 642:642 N (>6% by weight) 642:658 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 4 4 theme many 755:758 arg1 microbes 794:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes 755:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil 755:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 7 5 theme non-mycorrhizal 1554:1568 arg1 pots 1570:1573 non-mycorrhizal pots 1554:1573 non-mycorrhizal pots 1554:1573 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 2 6 theme organic 528:534 arg1 forms 536:540 organic forms 528:540 organic forms 528:540 The latter is particularly important for efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms. 33679625 5 7 theme chitin 910:915 arg1 molecules 917:925 chitin molecules 910:925 chitin molecules 910:925 However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. 33679625 1 8 theme great 174:178 arg1 majority 180:187 great majority 174:187 great majority of extant plant species including most crops 174:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 9 9 theme AM 1892:1893 arg1 communities 1902:1912 AM fungal communities 1892:1912 AM fungal communities 1892:1912 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 10 theme communities 1902:1912 arg1 composition 1877:1887 the composition 1873:1887 the composition of AM fungal communities 1873:1912 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 10 theme communities 1902:1912 arg1 context 1931:1937 environmental context 1917:1937 environmental context 1917:1937 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 6 11 theme 15N-labeled 1178:1188 arg1 chitin 1190:1195 15N-labeled chitin 1178:1195 15N-labeled chitin 1178:1195 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 4 12 from soil 823:826 arg1 present 812:818 present 812:818 present 812:818 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 6 13 theme N 1267:1267 arg1 % 1261:1261 more than 20% 1249:1261 more than 20% 1249:1261 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 6 13 theme N 1267:1267 arg1 proportions 1236:1246 substantial proportions 1224:1246 substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks 1224:1337 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 1 14 theme plant 199:203 arg1 species 205:211 extant plant species 192:211 extant plant species including most crops 192:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 14 theme plant 199:203 arg1 crops 228:232 most crops 223:232 most crops 223:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 3 15 dep N 642:642 arg1 % 647:647 >6% 645:647 >6% 645:647 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 9 16 theme environmental 1917:1929 arg1 context 1931:1937 environmental context 1917:1937 environmental context 1917:1937 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 4 17 from present 812:818 arg1 soil 823:826 soil 823:826 soil 823:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 9 18 dep affected 1861:1868 arg1 supply 1985:1990 additional mineral N supply 1964:1990 additional mineral N supply to the plants 1964:2004 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 18 dep affected 1861:1868 arg1 outdoors 1954:1961 outdoors 1954:1961 outdoors 1954:1961 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 18 dep affected 1861:1868 arg1 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 4 19 theme present 812:818 arg1 microbes 794:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes 755:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil 755:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 11 20 theme exact 2250:2254 arg1 mechanisms 2266:2275 molecular mechanisms 2256:2275 molecular mechanisms 2256:2275 More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns. 33679625 6 21 theme root-free 1142:1150 arg1 compartments 1152:1163 root-free compartments 1142:1163 root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin 1142:1195 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 3 22 theme widespread 569:578 arg1 polysaccharides 580:594 the most widespread polysaccharides 560:594 the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth 560:603 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 1 23 theme arbuscular 129:138 arg1 fungi 157:161 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi 129:161 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi 129:161 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 23 theme arbuscular 129:138 arg1 AM 153:154 AM 153:154 AM 153:154 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 2 24 theme nutrients 473:481 arg1 plants 463:468 plants 463:468 plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms 463:540 The latter is particularly important for efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms. 33679625 8 25 theme clover 1708:1713 arg1 manure 1700:1705 green manure 1694:1705 green manure (clover biomass) 1694:1722 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 8 25 theme clover 1708:1713 arg1 biomass 1715:1721 clover biomass 1708:1721 clover biomass 1708:1721 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 1 26 theme stress 304:309 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 26 theme stress 304:309 arg1 tolerance 311:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 4 27 from walls 711:715 arg1 present 671:677 present 671:677 present 671:677 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 6 28 dep using 1090:1094 arg1 both 1127:1130 both 1127:1130 both 1127:1130 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 0 29 theme Nitrogen 74:81 arg1 Plants 64:69 Plants 64:69 Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin 64:97 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Mediates Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin. 33679625 7 30 theme several 1484:1490 arg1 weeks 1492:1496 several weeks 1484:1496 several weeks 1484:1496 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 10 31 theme robust 2097:2102 arg1 fungi 2046:2050 AM fungi 2043:2050 AM fungi in general 2043:2061 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 31 theme robust 2097:2102 arg1 resource 2109:2116 a critical and robust soil resource 2082:2116 a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling 2082:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 4 32 theme insect 682:687 arg1 exoskeletons 689:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 9 33 theme mineral 1975:1981 arg1 supply 1985:1990 additional mineral N supply 1964:1990 additional mineral N supply to the plants 1964:2004 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 33 theme mineral 1975:1981 arg1 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 1 34 theme aggregate 327:335 arg1 stabilization 337:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 34 theme aggregate 327:335 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 8 35 theme chitin 1602:1607 arg1 mineralization 1609:1622 chitin mineralization 1602:1622 chitin mineralization 1602:1622 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 7 36 theme overall 1362:1368 arg1 losses 1372:1377 overall N losses 1362:1377 overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization) 1362:1410 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 10 37 theme critical 2084:2091 arg1 fungi 2046:2050 AM fungi 2043:2050 AM fungi in general 2043:2061 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 37 theme critical 2084:2091 arg1 resource 2109:2116 a critical and robust soil resource 2082:2116 a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling 2082:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 0 38 from Soil 56:59 arg1 Recycling 41:49 Efficient Recycling 31:49 Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin 31:97 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Mediates Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin. 33679625 6 39 theme AM 1203:1204 arg1 fungi 1206:1210 AM fungi 1203:1210 AM fungi 1203:1210 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 4 40 from present 671:677 arg1 exoskeletons 689:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 40 from present 671:677 arg1 walls 711:715 cell walls 706:715 cell walls 706:715 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 9 41 theme efficient 1772:1780 arg1 recycling 1784:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 0 42 theme Arbuscular 0:9 arg1 Mycorrhiza 11:20 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 0:20 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 0:20 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Mediates Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin. 33679625 8 43 theme N 1632:1632 arg1 utilization 1634:1644 its N utilization 1628:1644 its N utilization 1628:1644 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 1 44 theme mineral 266:272 arg1 stabilization 337:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 44 theme mineral 266:272 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 44 theme mineral 266:272 arg1 tolerance 311:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 7 45 theme N 1444:1444 arg1 % 1435:1435 50% 1433:1435 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks 1433:1496 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 7 45 theme N 1444:1444 arg1 N 1444:1444 the N 1440:1444 the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks 1440:1496 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 10 46 theme N 2173:2173 arg1 mineralization 2175:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 47 theme complex 2134:2140 arg1 recycling 2194:2202 recycling 2194:2202 recycling 2194:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 47 theme complex 2134:2140 arg1 mineralization 2175:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 47 theme complex 2134:2140 arg1 processes 2147:2155 complex soil processes 2134:2155 complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling 2134:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 4 48 located present 671:677 arg1 exoskeletons 689:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 48 located present 671:677 arg1 walls 711:715 cell walls 706:715 cell walls 706:715 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 48 located present 671:677 arg2 Chitin 661:666 Chitin 661:666 Chitin 661:666 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 1 49 theme species 205:211 arg1 majority 180:187 great majority 174:187 great majority of extant plant species including most crops 174:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 11 50 theme microbial 2281:2289 arg1 players 2291:2297 microbial players 2281:2297 microbial players 2281:2297 More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns. 33679625 9 51 theme mycorrhizal 1826:1836 arg1 pots 1838:1841 mycorrhizal pots 1826:1841 mycorrhizal pots 1826:1841 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 4 52 theme many 720:723 arg1 fungi 725:729 many fungi 720:729 many fungi 720:729 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 1 53 theme most 223:226 arg1 crops 228:232 most crops 223:232 most crops 223:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 5 54 theme N 1058:1058 arg1 mineralization 1060:1073 organic N mineralization 1050:1073 organic N mineralization 1050:1073 However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. 33679625 4 55 theme prokaryotic 760:770 arg1 microbes 794:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes 755:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil 755:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 11 56 theme observed 2310:2317 arg1 patterns 2319:2326 the observed patterns 2306:2326 the observed patterns 2306:2326 More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns. 33679625 3 57 from polysaccharides 580:594 arg1 Earth 599:603 Earth 599:603 Earth 599:603 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 3 58 theme N 642:642 arg1 N 642:642 N 642:642 N (>6% by weight) 642:658 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 3 58 theme N 642:642 arg1 amounts 631:637 substantial amounts 619:637 substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight) 619:658 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 8 59 theme AM 1653:1654 arg1 fungi 1656:1660 the AM fungi 1649:1660 the AM fungi 1649:1660 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 6 60 theme pot 1110:1112 arg1 experiments 1114:1124 two pot experiments 1106:1124 two pot experiments 1106:1124 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 10 61 theme organic 2165:2171 arg1 mineralization 2175:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 6 62 theme substantial 1224:1234 arg1 % 1261:1261 more than 20% 1249:1261 more than 20% 1249:1261 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 6 62 theme substantial 1224:1234 arg1 proportions 1236:1246 substantial proportions 1224:1246 substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks 1224:1337 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 9 63 from soil 1799:1802 arg1 recycling 1784:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 64 theme fungal 1895:1900 arg1 communities 1902:1912 AM fungal communities 1892:1912 AM fungal communities 1892:1912 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 1 65 theme extant 192:197 arg1 species 205:211 extant plant species 192:211 extant plant species including most crops 192:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 65 theme extant 192:197 arg1 crops 228:232 most crops 223:232 most crops 223:232 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 8 66 theme green 1694:1698 arg1 manure 1700:1705 green manure 1694:1705 green manure (clover biomass) 1694:1722 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 8 66 theme green 1694:1698 arg1 biomass 1715:1721 clover biomass 1708:1721 clover biomass 1708:1721 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 1 67 theme soil 371:374 arg1 microbiomes 376:386 shaping soil microbiomes 363:386 plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes 260:386 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 5 68 theme nutrient-rich 997:1009 arg1 resource 1011:1018 this nutrient-rich resource 992:1018 this nutrient-rich resource 992:1018 However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. 33679625 4 69 theme eukaryotic 783:792 arg1 microbes 794:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes 755:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil 755:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 70 attach present 671:677 arg1 exoskeletons 689:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 70 attach present 671:677 arg1 walls 711:715 cell walls 706:715 cell walls 706:715 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 70 attach present 671:677 arg2 Chitin 661:666 Chitin 661:666 Chitin 661:666 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 10 71 theme AM 2043:2044 arg1 fungi 2046:2050 AM fungi 2043:2050 AM fungi in general 2043:2061 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 71 theme AM 2043:2044 arg1 resource 2109:2116 a critical and robust soil resource 2082:2116 a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling 2082:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 7 72 dep losses 1372:1377 arg1 leaching 1380:1387 leaching 1380:1387 leaching 1380:1387 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 7 72 dep losses 1372:1377 arg1 volatilization 1396:1409 volatilization 1396:1409 volatilization 1396:1409 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 1 73 theme mycorrhizal 140:150 arg1 fungi 157:161 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi 129:161 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi 129:161 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 73 theme mycorrhizal 140:150 arg1 AM 153:154 AM 153:154 AM 153:154 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 9 74 located observed 1814:1821 arg2 recycling 1784:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 74 located observed 1814:1821 arg1 pots 1838:1841 mycorrhizal pots 1826:1841 mycorrhizal pots 1826:1841 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 7 75 theme N 1370:1370 arg1 losses 1372:1377 overall N losses 1362:1377 overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization) 1362:1410 Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. 33679625 9 76 theme additional 1964:1973 arg1 supply 1985:1990 additional mineral N supply 1964:1990 additional mineral N supply to the plants 1964:2004 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 76 theme additional 1964:1973 arg1 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 5 77 from microbes 944:951 arg1 hyphosphere 962:972 their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization 956:1073 their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization 956:1073 However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. 33679625 1 78 theme soil 322:325 arg1 stabilization 337:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 78 theme soil 322:325 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 4 79 from exoskeletons 689:700 arg1 present 671:677 present 671:677 present 671:677 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 9 80 theme N 1983:1983 arg1 supply 1985:1990 additional mineral N supply 1964:1990 additional mineral N supply to the plants 1964:2004 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 9 80 theme N 1983:1983 arg1 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 glasshouse 1940:1949 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 8 81 theme 15N 1741:1743 arg1 labeling 1745:1752 direct 15N labeling 1734:1752 direct 15N labeling 1734:1752 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 2 82 from soil 455:458 arg1 recycling 440:448 efficient recycling 430:448 efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms 430:540 The latter is particularly important for efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms. 33679625 8 83 theme mineralization 1609:1622 arg1 rate 1594:1597 the rate 1590:1597 the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi 1590:1660 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 8 83 theme mineralization 1609:1622 arg1 fast 1678:1681 fast 1678:1681 fast 1678:1681 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 9 84 theme N 1782:1782 arg1 recycling 1784:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling 1767:1792 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 0 85 theme Efficient 31:39 arg1 Recycling 41:49 Efficient Recycling 31:49 Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin 31:97 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Mediates Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin. 33679625 1 86 theme plant 260:264 arg1 stabilization 337:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 soil aggregate stabilization 322:349 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 86 theme plant 260:264 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 86 theme plant 260:264 arg1 tolerance 311:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 5 87 theme AM 842:843 arg1 fungi 845:849 the AM fungi 838:849 the AM fungi 838:849 However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. 33679625 10 88 theme soil 2104:2107 arg1 fungi 2046:2050 AM fungi 2043:2050 AM fungi in general 2043:2061 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 88 theme soil 2104:2107 arg1 resource 2109:2116 a critical and robust soil resource 2082:2116 a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling 2082:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 5 89 theme organic 1050:1056 arg1 mineralization 1060:1073 organic N mineralization 1050:1073 organic N mineralization 1050:1073 However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. 33679625 11 90 dep mechanisms 2266:2275 arg1 the 2246:2248 the 2246:2248 the 2246:2248 More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns. 33679625 4 91 attach present 812:818 arg1 soil 823:826 soil 823:826 soil 823:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 91 attach present 812:818 arg2 microbes 794:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes 755:801 many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil 755:826 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 10 92 theme soil 2142:2145 arg1 recycling 2194:2202 recycling 2194:2202 recycling 2194:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 92 theme soil 2142:2145 arg1 mineralization 2175:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 organic N mineralization 2165:2188 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 10 92 theme soil 2142:2145 arg1 processes 2147:2155 complex soil processes 2134:2155 complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling 2134:2202 These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. 33679625 3 93 theme polysaccharides 580:594 arg1 polysaccharides 580:594 the most widespread polysaccharides 560:594 the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth 560:603 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 3 93 theme polysaccharides 580:594 arg1 one 553:555 one 553:555 one 553:555 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 4 94 theme fungi 725:729 arg1 exoskeletons 689:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 insect exoskeletons 682:700 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 4 94 theme fungi 725:729 arg1 walls 711:715 cell walls 706:715 cell walls 706:715 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 8 95 theme direct 1734:1739 arg1 labeling 1745:1752 direct 15N labeling 1734:1752 direct 15N labeling 1734:1752 Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. 33679625 1 96 theme abiotic 285:291 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 96 theme abiotic 285:291 arg1 tolerance 311:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 9 97 dep glasshouse 1940:1949 arg1 not 2009:2011 not 2009:2011 not 2009:2011 This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). 33679625 2 98 theme efficient 430:438 arg1 recycling 440:448 efficient recycling 430:448 efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms 430:540 The latter is particularly important for efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms. 33679625 3 99 theme substantial 619:629 arg1 N 642:642 N 642:642 N (>6% by weight) 642:658 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 3 99 theme substantial 619:629 arg1 amounts 631:637 substantial amounts 619:637 substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight) 619:658 Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). 33679625 1 100 theme shaping 363:369 arg1 microbiomes 376:386 shaping soil microbiomes 363:386 plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes 260:386 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 101 theme biotic 297:302 arg1 nutrition 274:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 plant mineral nutrition 260:282 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 1 101 theme biotic 297:302 arg1 tolerance 311:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 abiotic and biotic stress tolerance 285:319 Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. 33679625 4 102 theme cell 706:709 arg1 walls 711:715 cell walls 706:715 cell walls 706:715 Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. 33679625 6 103 from experiments 1114:1124 arg1 data 1096:1099 data 1096:1099 data from two pot experiments 1096:1124 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 33679625 11 104 theme molecular 2256:2264 arg1 mechanisms 2266:2275 molecular mechanisms 2256:2275 molecular mechanisms 2256:2275 More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns. 33679625 6 105 theme plants 1299:1304 arg1 hosts 1306:1310 their plants hosts 1293:1310 their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks 1293:1337 Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. 32540977 3 0 theme cariogenic 309:318 arg1 bacteria 320:327 oral cariogenic bacteria 304:327 oral cariogenic bacteria 304:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 6 1 from propolis 817:824 arg1 compounds 802:810 the polyphenolic compounds 785:810 the polyphenolic compounds from propolis 785:824 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 8 2 from activity 1304:1311 arg1 biofilms 1323:1330 mature biofilms 1316:1330 mature biofilms 1316:1330 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 5 3 dep controversial 689:701 arg1 understood 722:731 understood 722:731 completely understood 711:731 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 0 4 from Effect 14:19 arg1 Biofilms 101:108 Streptococcus mutans Biofilms 80:108 Streptococcus mutans Biofilms 80:108 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 0 4 from Effect 14:19 arg1 Bacteria 67:74 Cariogenic Bacteria 56:74 Cariogenic Bacteria 56:74 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 7 5 theme cariogenic 1111:1120 arg1 abilities 1122:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities 1087:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1087:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 4 6 theme biofilm 402:408 arg1 formation 410:418 biofilm formation 402:418 biofilm formation 402:418 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibits S. mutans growth and biofilm formation, as well as the genes involved in virulence and adherence, through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF). 32540977 7 7 theme biofilm-forming 1091:1105 arg1 abilities 1122:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities 1087:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1087:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 8 theme cariogenic 1198:1207 arg1 bacteria 1209:1216 cariogenic bacteria 1198:1216 cariogenic bacteria 1198:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 5 9 theme antimicrobial 640:652 arg1 action 654:659 its antimicrobial action 636:659 its antimicrobial action 636:659 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 6 10 theme polyphenolic 789:800 arg1 compounds 802:810 the polyphenolic compounds 785:810 the polyphenolic compounds from propolis 785:824 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 10 11 theme bacteria 1744:1751 arg1 growth 1723:1728 the growth 1719:1728 the growth of cariogenic bacteria 1719:1751 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 9 12 theme virulence 1371:1379 arg1 production 1448:1457 acid production 1443:1457 acid production 1443:1457 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 12 theme virulence 1371:1379 arg1 tolerance 1465:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 12 theme virulence 1371:1379 arg1 factors 1381:1387 the key virulence factors 1363:1387 the key virulence factors 1363:1387 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 12 theme virulence 1371:1379 arg1 ability 1496:1502 the bacterium's ability 1480:1502 the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels 1480:1612 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 0 13 theme mutans 94:99 arg1 Biofilms 101:108 Streptococcus mutans Biofilms 80:108 Streptococcus mutans Biofilms 80:108 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 10 14 with agent 1655:1659 arg1 potential 1681:1689 anticariogenic potential 1666:1689 anticariogenic potential 1666:1689 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 5 15 theme action 654:659 arg1 mechanism 623:631 the mechanism 619:631 the mechanism of its antimicrobial action 619:659 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 5 15 theme action 654:659 arg1 compound 676:683 the active compound 665:683 the active compound 665:683 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 7 16 theme CAPE 928:931 arg1 effects 917:923 the antibacterial effects 899:923 the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 899:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 5 17 theme active 669:674 arg1 compound 676:683 the active compound 665:683 the active compound 665:683 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 8 18 theme metabolic 1294:1302 arg1 activity 1304:1311 their metabolic activity 1288:1311 their metabolic activity in mature biofilms 1288:1330 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 3 19 theme nontoxic 244:251 arg1 product 261:267 a nontoxic natural product 242:267 a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria 242:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 3 19 theme nontoxic 244:251 arg1 Propolis 230:237 Propolis 230:237 Propolis 230:237 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 1 20 from disease 144:150 arg1 mouth 165:169 the human mouth 155:169 the human mouth 155:169 Dental caries is the most common disease in the human mouth. 32540977 1 21 theme human 159:163 arg1 mouth 165:169 the human mouth 155:169 the human mouth 155:169 Dental caries is the most common disease in the human mouth. 32540977 3 22 theme natural 253:259 arg1 product 261:267 a nontoxic natural product 242:267 a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria 242:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 3 22 theme natural 253:259 arg1 Propolis 230:237 Propolis 230:237 Propolis 230:237 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 4 23 theme S. 381:382 arg1 growth 391:396 S. mutans growth 381:396 S. mutans growth 381:396 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibits S. mutans growth and biofilm formation, as well as the genes involved in virulence and adherence, through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF). 32540977 7 24 theme antimicrobial 1167:1179 arg1 activity 1181:1188 remarkable antimicrobial activity 1156:1188 remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1156:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 25 theme oral 943:946 arg1 bacteria 959:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria 936:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) 936:1066 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 26 theme remarkable 1156:1165 arg1 activity 1181:1188 remarkable antimicrobial activity 1156:1188 remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1156:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 9 27 theme extracellular 1515:1527 arg1 EPS 1546:1548 EPS 1546:1548 EPS 1546:1548 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 27 theme extracellular 1515:1527 arg1 polysaccharides 1529:1543 extracellular polysaccharides 1515:1543 extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) 1515:1549 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 6 28 from compounds 802:810 arg1 abundant 773:780 abundant 773:780 abundant 773:780 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 0 29 theme Antibacterial 0:12 arg1 Effect 14:19 Antibacterial Effect 0:19 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms 0:108 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 7 30 dep abilities 1122:1130 arg1 shows 1150:1154 shows 1150:1154 shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1150:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 0 31 theme Caffeic 24:30 arg1 Ester 47:51 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 24:51 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 24:51 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 10 32 theme anticariogenic 1666:1679 arg1 potential 1681:1689 anticariogenic potential 1666:1689 anticariogenic potential 1666:1689 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 5 33 theme propolis 578:585 arg1 variable 597:604 variable 597:604 variable 597:604 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 5 33 theme propolis 578:585 arg1 composition 563:573 the chemical composition 550:573 the chemical composition of propolis 550:585 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 9 34 theme bacterial 1570:1578 arg1 viability 1580:1588 bacterial viability 1570:1588 bacterial viability 1570:1588 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 7 35 theme common 936:941 arg1 bacteria 959:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria 936:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) 936:1066 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 3 36 with product 261:267 arg1 effect 294:299 a strong inhibitory effect 274:299 a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria 274:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 37 from effects 1076:1082 arg1 abilities 1122:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities 1087:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1087:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 3 38 theme strong 276:281 arg1 effect 294:299 a strong inhibitory effect 274:299 a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria 274:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 6 39 theme pharmacological 843:857 arg1 effects 859:865 many pharmacological effects 838:865 many pharmacological effects 838:865 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 1 40 theme Dental 111:116 arg1 disease 144:150 the most common disease 128:150 the most common disease in the human mouth 128:169 Dental caries is the most common disease in the human mouth. 32540977 1 40 theme Dental 111:116 arg1 caries 118:123 Dental caries 111:123 Dental caries 111:123 Dental caries is the most common disease in the human mouth. 32540977 10 41 theme cariogenic 1733:1742 arg1 bacteria 1744:1751 cariogenic bacteria 1733:1751 cariogenic bacteria 1733:1751 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 8 42 theme mature 1316:1321 arg1 biofilms 1323:1330 mature biofilms 1316:1330 mature biofilms 1316:1330 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 0 43 theme Phenethyl 37:45 arg1 Ester 47:51 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 24:51 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 24:51 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 10 44 dep agent 1655:1659 arg1 only 1696:1699 only 1696:1699 only 1696:1699 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 6 45 theme many 838:841 arg1 effects 859:865 many pharmacological effects 838:865 many pharmacological effects 838:865 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 4 46 from propolis 363:370 arg1 extract 350:356 The polyphenol-rich extract 330:356 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis 330:370 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibits S. mutans growth and biofilm formation, as well as the genes involved in virulence and adherence, through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF). 32540977 6 47 from abundant 773:780 arg1 compounds 802:810 the polyphenolic compounds 785:810 the polyphenolic compounds from propolis 785:824 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 0 48 theme Acid 32:35 arg1 Ester 47:51 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 24:51 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 24:51 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 7 49 theme mutans 1138:1143 arg1 abilities 1122:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities 1087:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1087:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 8 50 theme biofilms 1275:1282 arg1 activity 1304:1311 their metabolic activity 1288:1311 their metabolic activity in mature biofilms 1288:1330 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 8 50 theme biofilms 1275:1282 arg1 formation 1252:1260 the formation 1248:1260 the formation of S. mutans biofilms 1248:1282 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 9 51 theme subinhibitory 1593:1605 arg1 levels 1607:1612 subinhibitory levels 1593:1612 subinhibitory levels 1593:1612 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 4 52 theme glucosyltransferases 505:524 arg1 inhibition 491:500 the inhibition 487:500 the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF) 487:530 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibits S. mutans growth and biofilm formation, as well as the genes involved in virulence and adherence, through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF). 32540977 8 53 theme mutans 1268:1273 arg1 biofilms 1275:1282 S. mutans biofilms 1265:1282 S. mutans biofilms 1265:1282 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 9 54 theme acid 1443:1446 arg1 production 1448:1457 acid production 1443:1457 acid production 1443:1457 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 4 55 theme polyphenol-rich 334:348 arg1 extract 350:356 The polyphenol-rich extract 330:356 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis 330:370 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibits S. mutans growth and biofilm formation, as well as the genes involved in virulence and adherence, through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF). 32540977 0 56 theme Ester 47:51 arg1 Effect 14:19 Antibacterial Effect 0:19 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms 0:108 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 9 57 theme key 1367:1369 arg1 production 1448:1457 acid production 1443:1457 acid production 1443:1457 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 57 theme key 1367:1369 arg1 tolerance 1465:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 57 theme key 1367:1369 arg1 factors 1381:1387 the key virulence factors 1363:1387 the key virulence factors 1363:1387 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 57 theme key 1367:1369 arg1 ability 1496:1502 the bacterium's ability 1480:1502 the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels 1480:1612 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 3 58 theme oral 304:307 arg1 bacteria 320:327 oral cariogenic bacteria 304:327 oral cariogenic bacteria 304:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 2 59 theme primary 200:206 arg1 bacterium 219:227 the primary cariogenic bacterium 196:227 the primary cariogenic bacterium 196:227 Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacterium. 32540977 2 59 theme primary 200:206 arg1 mutans 186:191 Streptococcus mutans 172:191 Streptococcus mutans 172:191 Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacterium. 32540977 2 60 theme cariogenic 208:217 arg1 bacterium 219:227 the primary cariogenic bacterium 196:227 the primary cariogenic bacterium 196:227 Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacterium. 32540977 2 60 theme cariogenic 208:217 arg1 mutans 186:191 Streptococcus mutans 172:191 Streptococcus mutans 172:191 Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacterium. 32540977 6 61 theme phenethyl 747:755 arg1 CAPE 764:767 CAPE 764:767 CAPE 764:767 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 6 61 theme phenethyl 747:755 arg1 ester 757:761 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester 734:761 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) 734:768 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 6 62 contain has 834:836 arg2 effects 859:865 many pharmacological effects 838:865 many pharmacological effects 838:865 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 6 62 contain has 834:836 arg1 it 831:832 it 831:832 it 831:832 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 7 63 theme antibacterial 903:915 arg1 effects 917:923 the antibacterial effects 899:923 the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 899:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 3 64 theme inhibitory 283:292 arg1 effect 294:299 a strong inhibitory effect 274:299 a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria 274:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 5 65 theme chemical 554:561 arg1 variable 597:604 variable 597:604 variable 597:604 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 5 65 theme chemical 554:561 arg1 composition 563:573 the chemical composition 550:573 the chemical composition of propolis 550:585 However, because the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex, the mechanism of its antimicrobial action and the active compound are controversial and not completely understood. 32540977 6 66 theme acid 742:745 arg1 CAPE 764:767 CAPE 764:767 CAPE 764:767 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 6 66 theme acid 742:745 arg1 ester 757:761 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester 734:761 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) 734:768 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 7 67 from effects 917:923 arg1 effects 1076:1082 its effects 1072:1082 its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1072:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 67 from effects 917:923 arg1 bacteria 959:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria 936:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) 936:1066 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 10 68 theme growth 1723:1728 arg1 inhibition 1705:1714 inhibition 1705:1714 inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria 1705:1751 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 8 69 from formation 1252:1260 arg1 biofilms 1323:1330 mature biofilms 1316:1330 mature biofilms 1316:1330 Moreover, CAPE also inhibits the formation of S. mutans biofilms and their metabolic activity in mature biofilms. 32540977 6 70 theme Caffeic 734:740 arg1 CAPE 764:767 CAPE 764:767 CAPE 764:767 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 6 70 theme Caffeic 734:740 arg1 ester 757:761 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester 734:761 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) 734:768 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is abundant in the polyphenolic compounds from propolis, and it has many pharmacological effects. 32540977 7 71 dep bacteria 959:966 arg1 acidophilus 1055:1065 Lactobacillus acidophilus 1041:1065 Lactobacillus acidophilus 1041:1065 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 71 dep bacteria 959:966 arg1 Actinomyces 1015:1025 Actinomyces 1015:1025 Actinomyces 1015:1025 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 71 dep bacteria 959:966 arg1 mutans 983:988 Streptococcus mutans 969:988 Streptococcus mutans 969:988 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 71 dep bacteria 959:966 arg1 sobrinus 1005:1012 Streptococcus sobrinus 991:1012 Streptococcus sobrinus 991:1012 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 4 72 dep S. 381:382 arg1 mutans 384:389 mutans 384:389 mutans 384:389 The polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibits S. mutans growth and biofilm formation, as well as the genes involved in virulence and adherence, through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases (GTF). 32540977 3 73 from effect 294:299 arg1 bacteria 320:327 oral cariogenic bacteria 304:327 oral cariogenic bacteria 304:327 Propolis is a nontoxic natural product with a strong inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 10 74 theme new 1651:1653 arg1 agent 1655:1659 a new agent 1649:1659 a new agent with anticariogenic potential 1649:1689 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 10 74 theme new 1651:1653 arg1 CAPE 1630:1633 CAPE 1630:1633 CAPE 1630:1633 In conclusion, CAPE appears to be a new agent with anticariogenic potential, not only via inhibition of the growth of cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 9 75 theme acid 1460:1463 arg1 tolerance 1465:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 1 76 theme common 137:142 arg1 disease 144:150 the most common disease 128:150 the most common disease in the human mouth 128:169 Dental caries is the most common disease in the human mouth. 32540977 1 76 theme common 137:142 arg1 caries 118:123 Dental caries 111:123 Dental caries 111:123 Dental caries is the most common disease in the human mouth. 32540977 7 77 from bacteria 959:966 arg1 abilities 1122:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities 1087:1130 the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria 1087:1216 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 0 78 theme Cariogenic 56:65 arg1 Bacteria 67:74 Cariogenic Bacteria 56:74 Cariogenic Bacteria 56:74 Antibacterial Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Cariogenic Bacteria and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. 32540977 9 79 theme mutans 1395:1400 arg1 production 1448:1457 acid production 1443:1457 acid production 1443:1457 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 79 theme mutans 1395:1400 arg1 tolerance 1465:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 acid tolerance 1460:1473 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 79 theme mutans 1395:1400 arg1 factors 1381:1387 the key virulence factors 1363:1387 the key virulence factors 1363:1387 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 9 79 theme mutans 1395:1400 arg1 ability 1496:1502 the bacterium's ability 1480:1502 the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels 1480:1612 Furthermore, CAPE can inhibit the key virulence factors of S. mutans associated with cariogenicity, including acid production, acid tolerance, and the bacterium's ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), without affecting bacterial viability at subinhibitory levels. 32540977 7 80 theme cariogenic 948:957 arg1 bacteria 959:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria 936:966 common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) 936:1066 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32540977 7 81 dep Actinomyces 1015:1025 arg1 viscosus 1027:1034 Actinomyces viscosus 1015:1034 Actinomyces viscosus 1015:1034 In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of CAPE on common oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and its effects on the biofilm-forming and cariogenic abilities of S. mutans CAPE shows remarkable antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. 32528900 8 0 theme cell 1448:1451 arg1 carbohydrates 1458:1470 cell wall carbohydrates 1448:1470 cell wall carbohydrates 1448:1470 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 5 1 contain had 863:865 arg1 glabrata 820:827 Candida glabrata 812:827 Candida glabrata 812:827 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 5 1 contain had 863:865 arg1 guilliermondii 841:854 Candida guilliermondii 833:854 Candida guilliermondii 833:854 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 5 1 contain had 863:865 arg2 β-1,3-glucan 882:893 naturally more β-1,3-glucan 867:893 naturally more β-1,3-glucan 867:893 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 3 2 theme caspofungin 484:494 arg1 treatment 496:504 caspofungin treatment 484:504 caspofungin treatment 484:504 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 5 3 theme more 877:880 arg1 β-1,3-glucan 882:893 naturally more β-1,3-glucan 867:893 naturally more β-1,3-glucan 867:893 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 4 4 theme Candida 677:683 arg1 species 685:691 Candida species 677:691 Candida species 677:691 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 8 5 theme carbohydrates 1458:1470 arg1 exposure 1436:1443 the exposure 1432:1443 the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates 1432:1470 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 6 6 with Treatment 994:1002 arg1 caspofungin 1009:1019 caspofungin 1009:1019 caspofungin 1009:1019 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 2 7 from alterations 309:319 arg1 wall 340:343 the fungal cell wall 324:343 the fungal cell wall 324:343 Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. 32528900 1 8 theme Candida 93:99 arg1 species 101:107 Candida species 93:107 Candida species 93:107 Candida species are known to differ in their ability to cause infection and have been shown to display varied susceptibilities to antifungal drugs. 32528900 4 9 theme fibril 726:731 arg1 length 733:738 reduced fibril length 718:738 reduced fibril length 718:738 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 8 10 from variations 1476:1485 arg1 exposure 1436:1443 the exposure 1432:1443 the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates 1432:1470 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 8 10 from variations 1476:1485 arg1 proteins 1536:1543 covalently attached surface proteins 1508:1543 covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1508:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 8 10 from variations 1476:1485 arg1 repertoire 1494:1503 the repertoire 1490:1503 the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1490:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 5 11 theme Candida 833:839 arg1 guilliermondii 841:854 Candida guilliermondii 833:854 Candida guilliermondii 833:854 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 3 12 with interactions 570:581 arg1 macrophages 588:598 macrophages 588:598 macrophages 588:598 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 6 13 dep glabrata 1181:1188 arg1 isolates 1215:1222 isolates 1215:1222 isolates 1215:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 3 14 dep structure 386:394 arg1 the 382:384 the 382:384 the 382:384 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 7 15 theme most 1294:1297 arg1 cases 1299:1303 most cases 1294:1303 most cases 1294:1303 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 6 16 theme β-1,3-glucan 1066:1077 arg1 exposure 1043:1050 increased exposure 1033:1050 increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1033:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 3 17 theme walls 424:428 arg1 composition 400:410 composition 400:410 composition 400:410 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 3 17 theme walls 424:428 arg1 structure 386:394 structure 386:394 structure 386:394 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 8 18 theme immune 1610:1615 arg1 cells 1617:1621 immune cells 1610:1621 immune cells 1610:1621 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 6 19 theme Candida 1113:1119 arg1 isolates 1129:1136 Candida species isolates 1113:1136 Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1113:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 6 20 from exposure 1043:1050 arg1 surface 1086:1092 the surface 1082:1092 the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1082:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 7 21 theme TNFα 1393:1396 arg1 production 1379:1388 production 1379:1388 production of TNFα 1379:1396 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 6 22 from surface 1086:1092 arg1 exposure 1043:1050 increased exposure 1033:1050 increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1033:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 8 23 theme attached 1519:1526 arg1 proteins 1536:1543 covalently attached surface proteins 1508:1543 covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1508:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 7 24 theme polysaccharides 1274:1288 arg1 exposure 1242:1249 exposure 1242:1249 exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides 1242:1288 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 8 25 from differences 1417:1427 arg1 exposure 1436:1443 the exposure 1432:1443 the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates 1432:1470 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 8 25 from differences 1417:1427 arg1 proteins 1536:1543 covalently attached surface proteins 1508:1543 covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1508:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 8 25 from differences 1417:1427 arg1 repertoire 1494:1503 the repertoire 1490:1503 the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1490:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 3 26 theme fungal 542:547 arg1 surface 554:560 the fungal cell surface 538:560 the fungal cell surface 538:560 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 7 27 theme inner 1258:1262 arg1 wall 1269:1272 the inner cell wall 1254:1272 the inner cell wall polysaccharides 1254:1288 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 4 28 theme layer 656:660 arg1 length 626:631 the length 622:631 the length of the outer fibrillar layer 622:660 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 6 29 theme glabrata 1181:1188 arg1 exception 1165:1173 the exception 1161:1173 the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1161:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 6 30 from chitin 1055:1060 arg1 surface 1086:1092 the surface 1082:1092 the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1082:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 3 31 theme cell 549:552 arg1 surface 554:560 the fungal cell surface 538:560 the fungal cell surface 538:560 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 3 32 from surface 554:560 arg1 changes 527:533 changes 527:533 changes at the fungal cell surface 527:560 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 3 33 theme cell 419:422 arg1 walls 424:428 the cell walls 415:428 the cell walls of different Candida species 415:457 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 0 34 theme Wall 25:28 arg1 Changes 30:36 Cell Wall Changes 20:36 Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species 20:55 Caspofungin Induced Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species Influences Macrophage Interactions. 32528900 4 35 theme most 706:709 arg1 cases 711:715 most cases 706:715 most cases 706:715 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 6 36 theme parapsilosis 1202:1213 arg1 exception 1165:1173 the exception 1161:1173 the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1161:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 2 37 theme compensatory 296:307 arg1 alterations 309:319 compensatory alterations 296:319 compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall 296:343 Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. 32528900 6 38 from β-1,3-glucan 1066:1077 arg1 surface 1086:1092 the surface 1082:1092 the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1082:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 3 39 theme species 451:457 arg1 walls 424:428 the cell walls 415:428 the cell walls of different Candida species 415:457 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 0 40 theme Cell 20:23 arg1 Changes 30:36 Cell Wall Changes 20:36 Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species 20:55 Caspofungin Induced Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species Influences Macrophage Interactions. 32528900 8 41 theme surface 1528:1534 arg1 proteins 1536:1543 covalently attached surface proteins 1508:1543 covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1508:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 7 42 from increase 1230:1237 arg1 exposure 1242:1249 exposure 1242:1249 exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides 1242:1288 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 7 42 from increase 1230:1237 arg1 cases 1299:1303 most cases 1294:1303 most cases 1294:1303 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 5 43 theme Candida 812:818 arg1 glabrata 820:827 Candida glabrata 812:827 Candida glabrata 812:827 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 6 44 theme species 1121:1127 arg1 isolates 1129:1136 Candida species isolates 1113:1136 Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1113:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 1 45 theme varied 196:201 arg1 susceptibilities 203:218 varied susceptibilities 196:218 varied susceptibilities to antifungal drugs 196:238 Candida species are known to differ in their ability to cause infection and have been shown to display varied susceptibilities to antifungal drugs. 32528900 8 46 theme species 1566:1572 arg1 proteins 1536:1543 covalently attached surface proteins 1508:1543 covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1508:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 4 47 theme fibrillar 646:654 arg1 layer 656:660 the outer fibrillar layer 636:660 the outer fibrillar layer 636:660 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 3 48 theme different 433:441 arg1 species 451:457 different Candida species 433:457 different Candida species 433:457 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 4 49 theme outer 640:644 arg1 layer 656:660 the outer fibrillar layer 636:660 the outer fibrillar layer 636:660 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 3 50 theme Candida 443:449 arg1 species 451:457 different Candida species 433:457 different Candida species 433:457 This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. 32528900 0 51 theme Species 49:55 arg1 Changes 30:36 Cell Wall Changes 20:36 Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species 20:55 Caspofungin Induced Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species Influences Macrophage Interactions. 32528900 2 52 with Treatment 241:249 arg1 caspofungin 274:284 caspofungin 274:284 caspofungin 274:284 Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. 32528900 2 52 with Treatment 241:249 arg1 echinocandin 260:271 the echinocandin 256:271 the echinocandin 256:271 Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. 32528900 7 53 theme reduced 1322:1328 arg1 uptake 1330:1335 reduced uptake 1322:1335 reduced uptake by macrophages 1322:1350 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 6 54 theme isolates 1129:1136 arg1 majority 1101:1108 the majority 1097:1108 the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1097:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 0 55 theme Candida 41:47 arg1 Species 49:55 Candida Species 41:55 Candida Species 41:55 Caspofungin Induced Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species Influences Macrophage Interactions. 32528900 8 56 theme Candida 1558:1564 arg1 species 1566:1572 different Candida species 1548:1572 different Candida species 1548:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 4 57 theme cell 798:801 arg1 surface 803:809 the cell surface 794:809 the cell surface 794:809 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 7 58 theme cell 1264:1267 arg1 wall 1269:1272 the inner cell wall 1254:1272 the inner cell wall polysaccharides 1254:1288 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 2 59 theme cell 335:338 arg1 wall 340:343 the fungal cell wall 324:343 the fungal cell wall 324:343 Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. 32528900 8 60 theme different 1548:1556 arg1 species 1566:1572 different Candida species 1548:1572 different Candida species 1548:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 6 61 theme Candida 1194:1200 arg1 parapsilosis 1202:1213 Candida parapsilosis 1194:1213 Candida parapsilosis 1194:1213 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 5 62 theme J774 976:979 arg1 macrophages 981:991 J774 macrophages 976:991 J774 macrophages 976:991 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 2 63 theme fungal 328:333 arg1 wall 340:343 the fungal cell wall 324:343 the fungal cell wall 324:343 Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. 32528900 4 64 theme reduced 718:724 arg1 length 733:738 reduced fibril length 718:738 reduced fibril length 718:738 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 7 65 theme wall 1269:1272 arg1 polysaccharides 1274:1288 the inner cell wall polysaccharides 1254:1288 the inner cell wall polysaccharides 1254:1288 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 4 66 theme increased 756:764 arg1 exposure 766:773 increased exposure 756:773 increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface 756:809 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 5 67 theme cell 910:913 arg1 surface 915:921 the cell surface 906:921 the cell surface 906:921 Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. 32528900 1 68 theme antifungal 223:232 arg1 drugs 234:238 antifungal drugs 223:238 antifungal drugs 223:238 Candida species are known to differ in their ability to cause infection and have been shown to display varied susceptibilities to antifungal drugs. 32528900 0 69 theme Macrophage 68:77 arg1 Interactions 79:90 Macrophage Interactions 68:90 Macrophage Interactions 68:90 Caspofungin Induced Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species Influences Macrophage Interactions. 32528900 6 70 theme increased 1033:1041 arg1 exposure 1043:1050 increased exposure 1033:1050 increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1033:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 4 71 theme β-1,3-glucan 778:789 arg1 exposure 766:773 increased exposure 756:773 increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface 756:809 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 6 72 theme chitin 1055:1060 arg1 exposure 1043:1050 increased exposure 1033:1050 increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1033:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 6 73 theme majority 1101:1108 arg1 surface 1086:1092 the surface 1082:1092 the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates 1082:1222 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 7 74 from decrease 1367:1374 arg1 production 1379:1388 production 1379:1388 production of TNFα 1379:1396 This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. 32528900 8 75 theme wall 1453:1456 arg1 carbohydrates 1458:1470 cell wall carbohydrates 1448:1470 cell wall carbohydrates 1448:1470 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 6 76 theme C. 1178:1179 arg1 glabrata 1181:1188 C. glabrata 1178:1188 C. glabrata 1178:1188 Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. 32528900 4 77 from exposure 766:773 arg1 surface 803:809 the cell surface 794:809 the cell surface 794:809 We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. 32528900 8 78 theme proteins 1536:1543 arg1 proteins 1536:1543 covalently attached surface proteins 1508:1543 covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1508:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32528900 8 78 theme proteins 1536:1543 arg1 repertoire 1494:1503 the repertoire 1490:1503 the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species 1490:1572 Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells. 32286813 2 0 theme sensory 465:471 arg1 quality 473:479 sensory quality 465:479 sensory quality 465:479 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 2 1 from effect 411:416 arg1 quality 473:479 sensory quality 465:479 sensory quality 465:479 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 2 1 from effect 411:416 arg1 profile 453:459 its metabolic profile 439:459 its metabolic profile 439:459 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 4 2 from sample 807:812 arg1 different 788:796 different 788:796 different 788:796 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 4 2 from sample 807:812 arg1 sample 729:734 the tea sample 721:734 the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) 721:769 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 4 3 theme tea 725:727 arg1 different 788:796 different 788:796 different 788:796 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 4 3 theme tea 725:727 arg1 sample 729:734 the tea sample 721:734 the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) 721:769 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 7 4 theme metabolic 1468:1476 arg1 profile 1478:1484 the metabolic profile 1464:1484 the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves 1464:1502 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 0 5 theme Tea 75:77 arg1 Processing 79:88 Qingzhuan Tea Processing 65:88 Qingzhuan Tea Processing 65:88 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 5 6 theme novel 1091:1095 arg1 acids 1106:1110 some novel phenolic acids 1086:1110 some novel phenolic acids 1086:1110 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 7 7 theme QZT 1539:1541 arg1 quality 1528:1534 the sensory quality 1516:1534 the sensory quality of QZT 1516:1541 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 6 8 dep tea 1286:1288 arg1 leaves 1290:1295 leaves 1290:1295 leaves 1290:1295 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 7 9 theme raw 1489:1491 arg1 tea 1493:1495 raw tea 1489:1495 raw tea leaves 1489:1502 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 6 10 theme tea 1286:1288 arg1 bitterness 1268:1277 bitterness 1268:1277 bitterness 1268:1277 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 6 10 theme tea 1286:1288 arg1 astringency 1252:1262 astringency 1252:1262 astringency 1252:1262 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 6 11 theme QZT 1173:1175 arg1 quality 1162:1168 The sensory quality 1150:1168 The sensory quality of QZT 1150:1175 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 2 12 theme chromatography-mass 255:273 arg1 LC-MS 289:293 LC-MS 289:293 LC-MS 289:293 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 2 12 theme chromatography-mass 255:273 arg1 spectrometry 275:286 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 248:286 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis 248:329 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 4 13 theme LC-MS-based 673:683 arg1 analyses 698:705 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses 673:705 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses 673:705 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 5 14 theme critical 930:937 arg1 metabolites 939:949 critical metabolites 930:949 critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing 930:1008 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 5 14 theme critical 930:937 arg1 total 888:892 A total 886:892 A total of 102 compounds 886:909 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 5 15 theme phenolic 1097:1104 arg1 acids 1106:1110 some novel phenolic acids 1086:1110 some novel phenolic acids 1086:1110 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 6 16 theme raw 1282:1284 arg1 tea 1286:1288 raw tea 1282:1288 raw tea leaves 1282:1295 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 2 17 theme liquid 248:253 arg1 LC-MS 289:293 LC-MS 289:293 LC-MS 289:293 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 2 17 theme liquid 248:253 arg1 spectrometry 275:286 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 248:286 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis 248:329 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 1 18 theme unique 153:158 arg1 tea 138:140 Qingzhuan tea 128:140 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) 128:146 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 1 18 theme unique 153:158 arg1 type 160:163 a unique type 151:163 a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China 151:223 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 0 19 theme LC-MS-Based 102:112 arg1 Metabolomics 114:125 LC-MS-Based Metabolomics 102:125 LC-MS-Based Metabolomics 102:125 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 0 20 theme Distinct 0:7 arg1 Changes 9:15 Distinct Changes 0:15 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing 0:88 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 2 21 theme processing 425:434 arg1 effect 411:416 the effect 407:416 the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality 407:479 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 5 22 theme catechin 1116:1123 arg1 derivatives 1125:1135 catechin derivatives 1116:1135 catechin derivatives 1116:1135 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 3 23 theme polysaccharides 559:573 arg1 content 575:581 the polysaccharides content 555:581 the polysaccharides content 555:581 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids decreased significantly while the polysaccharides content remained stable, while the theabrownin content inversely increased during QZT processing. 32286813 2 24 theme chemical 363:370 arg1 composition 372:382 the chemical composition 359:382 the chemical composition of QZT 359:389 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 2 25 theme QZT 421:423 arg1 processing 425:434 QZT processing 421:434 QZT processing 421:434 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 1 26 theme dark 168:171 arg1 tea 173:175 dark tea 168:175 dark tea 168:175 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 0 27 theme Metabolic 20:28 arg1 Profile 30:36 Metabolic Profile 20:36 Metabolic Profile 20:36 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 5 28 theme responsible 951:961 arg1 metabolites 939:949 critical metabolites 930:949 critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing 930:1008 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 5 28 theme responsible 951:961 arg1 total 888:892 A total 886:892 A total of 102 compounds 886:909 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 1 29 theme tea 173:175 arg1 tea 138:140 Qingzhuan tea 128:140 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) 128:146 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 1 29 theme tea 173:175 arg1 type 160:163 a unique type 151:163 a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China 151:223 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 7 30 dep tea 1493:1495 arg1 leaves 1497:1502 leaves 1497:1502 leaves 1497:1502 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 3 31 theme QZT 657:659 arg1 processing 661:670 QZT processing 657:670 QZT processing 657:670 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids decreased significantly while the polysaccharides content remained stable, while the theabrownin content inversely increased during QZT processing. 32286813 7 32 theme microbial 1405:1413 arg1 fermentation 1415:1426 microbial fermentation 1405:1426 microbial fermentation 1405:1426 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 7 32 theme microbial 1405:1413 arg1 process 1444:1450 the critical process 1431:1450 the critical process 1431:1450 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 2 33 theme multivariate 309:320 arg1 analysis 322:329 multivariate analysis 309:329 multivariate analysis 309:329 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 6 34 theme stale 1339:1343 arg1 aroma 1345:1349 stale aroma 1339:1349 stale aroma 1339:1349 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 4 35 theme metabolomics 685:696 arg1 analyses 698:705 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses 673:705 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses 673:705 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 2 36 theme metabolic 443:451 arg1 profile 453:459 its metabolic profile 439:459 its metabolic profile 439:459 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 0 37 theme Profile 30:36 arg1 Changes 9:15 Distinct Changes 0:15 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing 0:88 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 2 38 theme QZT 387:389 arg1 composition 372:382 the chemical composition 359:382 the chemical composition of QZT 359:389 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 0 39 theme Quality 50:56 arg1 Changes 9:15 Distinct Changes 0:15 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing 0:88 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 5 40 theme flavonoids 1046:1055 arg1 contents 1020:1027 the contents 1016:1027 the contents of catechins and flavonoids 1016:1055 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 5 41 theme compounds 901:909 arg1 total 888:892 A total 886:892 A total of 102 compounds 886:909 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 5 41 theme compounds 901:909 arg1 metabolites 939:949 critical metabolites 930:949 critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing 930:1008 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 0 42 theme Sensory 42:48 arg1 Quality 50:56 Sensory Quality 42:56 Sensory Quality 42:56 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 6 43 theme characteristic 1314:1327 arg1 woody 1329:1333 its characteristic woody 1310:1333 its characteristic woody 1310:1333 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 5 44 theme catechins 1032:1040 arg1 contents 1020:1027 the contents 1016:1027 the contents of catechins and flavonoids 1016:1055 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 1 45 theme Qingzhuan 128:136 arg1 tea 138:140 Qingzhuan tea 128:140 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) 128:146 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 1 45 theme Qingzhuan 128:136 arg1 type 160:163 a unique type 151:163 a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China 151:223 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 1 45 theme Qingzhuan 128:136 arg1 QZT 143:145 QZT 143:145 QZT 143:145 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 4 46 theme microbial 821:829 arg1 UFT 845:847 UFT 845:847 UFT 845:847 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 4 46 theme microbial 821:829 arg1 fermentation 831:842 microbial fermentation 821:842 microbial fermentation (UFT) 821:848 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 7 47 theme critical 1435:1442 arg1 fermentation 1415:1426 microbial fermentation 1405:1426 microbial fermentation 1405:1426 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 7 47 theme critical 1435:1442 arg1 process 1444:1450 the critical process 1431:1450 the critical process 1431:1450 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 5 48 theme QZT 995:997 arg1 processing 999:1008 QZT processing 995:1008 QZT processing 995:1008 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 2 49 theme current 233:239 arg1 study 241:245 the current study 229:245 the current study 229:245 In the current study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of QZT and investigate the effect of QZT processing on its metabolic profile and sensory quality. 32286813 6 50 theme sensory 1154:1160 arg1 quality 1162:1168 The sensory quality 1150:1168 The sensory quality of QZT 1150:1175 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 1 51 theme Hubei 201:205 arg1 Province 207:214 Hubei Province 201:214 Hubei Province of China 201:223 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 32286813 3 52 theme flavonoids 514:523 arg1 contents 486:493 The contents 482:493 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids 482:523 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids decreased significantly while the polysaccharides content remained stable, while the theabrownin content inversely increased during QZT processing. 32286813 5 53 theme metabolic 967:975 arg1 changes 977:983 metabolic changes 967:983 metabolic changes caused by QZT processing 967:1008 A total of 102 compounds were identified as critical metabolites responsible for metabolic changes caused by QZT processing, with the contents of catechins and flavonoids significantly decreased, and some novel phenolic acids and catechin derivatives were formed. 32286813 4 54 theme microbial 742:750 arg1 MFT 766:768 MFT 766:768 MFT 766:768 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 4 54 theme microbial 742:750 arg1 fermentation 752:763 microbial fermentation 742:763 microbial fermentation (MFT) 742:769 LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that the tea sample after microbial fermentation (MFT) was dramatically different from the sample before microbial fermentation (UFT), while MFT was very similar to QZT. 32286813 6 55 theme mellow 1362:1367 arg1 taste 1369:1373 mellow taste 1362:1373 mellow taste 1362:1373 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 0 56 theme Qingzhuan 65:73 arg1 Processing 79:88 Qingzhuan Tea Processing 65:88 Qingzhuan Tea Processing 65:88 Distinct Changes of Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality during Qingzhuan Tea Processing Revealed by LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. 32286813 6 57 theme microbial 1202:1210 arg1 fermentation 1212:1223 microbial fermentation 1202:1223 microbial fermentation 1202:1223 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 6 58 dep astringency 1252:1262 arg1 the 1248:1250 the 1248:1250 the 1248:1250 The sensory quality of QZT was mainly formed during microbial fermentation, which greatly reduced the astringency and bitterness of raw tea leaves and produced its characteristic woody and stale aroma as well as mellow taste. 32286813 7 59 theme tea 1493:1495 arg1 profile 1478:1484 the metabolic profile 1464:1484 the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves 1464:1502 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 3 60 theme theabrownin 610:620 arg1 content 622:628 the theabrownin content 606:628 the theabrownin content 606:628 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids decreased significantly while the polysaccharides content remained stable, while the theabrownin content inversely increased during QZT processing. 32286813 7 61 theme sensory 1520:1526 arg1 quality 1528:1534 the sensory quality 1516:1534 the sensory quality of QZT 1516:1541 These results suggested that microbial fermentation is the critical process in changing the metabolic profile of raw tea leaves and forming the sensory quality of QZT. 32286813 3 62 theme polyphenols 498:508 arg1 contents 486:493 The contents 482:493 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids 482:523 The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids decreased significantly while the polysaccharides content remained stable, while the theabrownin content inversely increased during QZT processing. 32286813 1 63 theme China 219:223 arg1 Province 207:214 Hubei Province 201:214 Hubei Province of China 201:223 Qingzhuan tea (QZT) is a unique type of dark tea exclusively produced in Hubei Province of China. 35211131 0 0 from Analysis 42:49 arg1 the 84:86 the 84:86 the 84:86 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 10 1 theme transcriptomic 1530:1543 arg1 data 1545:1548 metabolomic and transcriptomic data 1514:1548 metabolomic and transcriptomic data 1514:1548 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 1 2 theme biological 286:295 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 12 3 theme genes 1984:1988 arg1 up-regulation 1967:1979 The up-regulation 1963:1979 The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis 1963:2028 The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis might contribute to flavonoid accumulation at high altitudes. 35211131 12 4 theme flavonoid 2050:2058 arg1 accumulation 2060:2071 flavonoid accumulation 2050:2071 flavonoid accumulation 2050:2071 The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis might contribute to flavonoid accumulation at high altitudes. 35211131 8 5 theme KEGG 1179:1182 arg1 pathway 1184:1190 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway 1153:1190 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway 1153:1190 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 8 5 theme KEGG 1179:1182 arg1 related 1196:1202 related 1196:1202 related 1196:1202 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 10 6 theme metabolomic 1514:1524 arg1 data 1545:1548 metabolomic and transcriptomic data 1514:1548 metabolomic and transcriptomic data 1514:1548 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 4 7 theme paliurus 625:632 arg1 mature 605:610 mature 605:610 mature 605:610 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 5 8 theme low 896:898 arg1 altitude 900:907 low altitude 896:907 low altitude 896:907 The flavonoid content and composition were higher in the leaves of C. paliurus collected at high altitude than in those collected at low altitude. 35211131 0 9 theme Different 121:129 arg1 Altitudes 131:139 Different Altitudes 121:139 Different Altitudes 121:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 9 10 theme influencing 1409:1419 arg1 UV-light 1382:1389 High UV-light 1377:1389 High UV-light 1377:1389 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 9 10 theme influencing 1409:1419 arg1 factor 1421:1426 the main influencing factor 1400:1426 the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes 1400:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 0 11 from the 84:86 arg1 Analysis 42:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis 11:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes 11:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 8 12 theme subcategory 1211:1221 arg1 phosphorylation 1234:1248 the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation 1207:1248 the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation 1207:1248 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 11 13 theme different 1920:1928 arg1 pathways 1953:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 0 14 from Accumulation 68:79 arg1 the 84:86 the 84:86 the 84:86 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 0 14 from Accumulation 68:79 arg1 Altitudes 131:139 Different Altitudes 121:139 Different Altitudes 121:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 8 15 theme Oxidative 1224:1232 arg1 phosphorylation 1234:1248 the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation 1207:1248 the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation 1207:1248 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 9 16 theme harsh 1438:1442 arg1 factors 1458:1464 the harsh environmental factors 1434:1464 the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes 1434:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 4 17 dep mature 605:610 arg1 leaves 612:617 leaves 612:617 leaves 612:617 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 1 18 theme Cyclocarya 142:151 arg1 plant 177:181 a medicinal plant 165:181 a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions 165:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 18 theme Cyclocarya 142:151 arg1 paliurus 153:160 Cyclocarya paliurus 142:160 Cyclocarya paliurus 142:160 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 11 19 from relocation 1864:1873 arg1 paliurus 1895:1902 C. paliurus 1892:1902 C. paliurus leaves 1892:1909 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 10 20 dep DEGs 1696:1699 arg1 the 1692:1694 the 1692:1694 the 1692:1694 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 0 21 theme Accumulation 68:79 arg1 Analysis 42:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis 11:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes 11:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 11 22 theme biosynthesis 1940:1951 arg1 pathways 1953:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 13 23 from understanding 2116:2128 arg1 biosynthesis 2187:2198 biosynthesis 2187:2198 biosynthesis 2187:2198 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 13 23 from understanding 2116:2128 arg1 accumulation 2170:2181 metabolite accumulation 2159:2181 metabolite accumulation 2159:2181 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 4 24 theme high 670:673 arg1 altitude 675:682 high altitude 670:682 high altitude (920 m) 670:690 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 4 24 theme high 670:673 arg1 m 689:689 920 m 685:689 920 m 685:689 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 11 25 theme possible 1721:1728 arg1 due 1829:1831 due 1829:1831 due 1829:1831 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 11 25 theme possible 1721:1728 arg1 mechanisms 1730:1739 The possible mechanisms 1717:1739 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude 1717:1818 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 1 26 theme medicinal 167:175 arg1 plant 177:181 a medicinal plant 165:181 a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions 165:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 26 theme medicinal 167:175 arg1 paliurus 153:160 Cyclocarya paliurus 142:160 Cyclocarya paliurus 142:160 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 2 27 from accumulation 449:460 arg1 paliurus 468:475 C. paliurus 465:475 C. paliurus 465:475 C. paliurus is distributed across altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus. 35211131 7 28 dep enriched 1119:1126 arg1 " 1151:1151 " 1151:1151 " 1151:1151 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 11 29 from variations 1836:1845 arg1 pathways 1953:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 11 29 from variations 1836:1845 arg1 relocation 1864:1873 relocation 1864:1873 relocation 1864:1873 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 11 29 from variations 1836:1845 arg1 transport 1850:1858 transport 1850:1858 transport 1850:1858 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 6 30 theme accumulated 937:947 arg1 DAMs 962:965 DAMs 962:965 DAMs 962:965 Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis." 35211131 6 30 theme accumulated 937:947 arg1 metabolites 949:959 the differentially accumulated metabolites 918:959 the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) 918:966 Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis." 35211131 11 31 from transport 1850:1858 arg1 paliurus 1895:1902 C. paliurus 1892:1902 C. paliurus leaves 1892:1909 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 9 32 theme High 1377:1380 arg1 UV-light 1382:1389 High UV-light 1377:1389 High UV-light 1377:1389 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 9 32 theme High 1377:1380 arg1 factor 1421:1426 the main influencing factor 1400:1426 the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes 1400:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 6 33 dep enriched 973:980 arg1 " 1020:1020 " 1020:1020 " 1020:1020 Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis." 35211131 0 34 dep the 84:86 arg1 Leaves 88:93 Leaves 88:93 Leaves 88:93 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 2 35 theme metabolite 438:447 arg1 accumulation 449:460 metabolite accumulation 438:460 metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus 438:475 C. paliurus is distributed across altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus. 35211131 13 36 from effect 2137:2142 arg1 biosynthesis 2187:2198 biosynthesis 2187:2198 biosynthesis 2187:2198 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 13 36 from effect 2137:2142 arg1 accumulation 2170:2181 metabolite accumulation 2159:2181 metabolite accumulation 2159:2181 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 2 37 theme altitude 426:433 arg1 effect 416:421 the effect 412:421 the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus 412:475 C. paliurus is distributed across altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus. 35211131 8 38 theme paliurus 1336:1343 arg1 response 1321:1328 the response 1317:1328 the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors 1317:1374 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 10 39 dep pairs 1646:1650 arg1 positive 1657:1664 positive 1657:1664 positive 1657:1664 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 10 39 dep pairs 1646:1650 arg1 negative 1674:1681 negative 1674:1681 negative 1674:1681 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 3 40 theme biosynthetic 488:499 arg1 pathway 501:507 the biosynthetic pathway 484:507 the biosynthetic pathway involved in flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus 484:557 Also, the biosynthetic pathway involved in flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus has not been fully elucidated. 35211131 1 41 with compounds 263:271 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 13 42 theme altitude 2147:2154 arg1 effect 2137:2142 the effect 2133:2142 the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus 2133:2213 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 2 43 from effect 416:421 arg1 accumulation 449:460 metabolite accumulation 438:460 metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus 438:475 C. paliurus is distributed across altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus. 35211131 3 44 theme flavonoid 521:529 arg1 accumulation 531:542 flavonoid accumulation 521:542 flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus 521:557 Also, the biosynthetic pathway involved in flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus has not been fully elucidated. 35211131 8 45 theme enriched 1170:1177 arg1 pathway 1184:1190 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway 1153:1190 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway 1153:1190 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 8 45 theme enriched 1170:1177 arg1 related 1196:1202 related 1196:1202 related 1196:1202 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 13 46 theme metabolite 2159:2168 arg1 accumulation 2170:2181 metabolite accumulation 2159:2181 metabolite accumulation 2159:2181 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 0 47 theme Flavonoid 58:66 arg1 Accumulation 68:79 the Flavonoid Accumulation 54:79 the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes 54:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 1 48 with polysaccharides 236:250 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 10 49 theme Integrated 1491:1500 arg1 analysis 1502:1509 Integrated analysis 1491:1509 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data 1491:1548 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 10 50 theme data 1545:1548 arg1 analysis 1502:1509 Integrated analysis 1491:1509 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data 1491:1548 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 8 51 theme harsh 1348:1352 arg1 factors 1368:1374 harsh environmental factors 1348:1374 harsh environmental factors 1348:1374 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 1 52 theme diverse 278:284 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 9 53 theme high 1475:1478 arg1 altitudes 1480:1488 high altitudes 1475:1488 high altitudes 1475:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 7 54 theme expressed 1053:1061 arg1 DEGs 1070:1073 DEGs 1070:1073 DEGs 1070:1073 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 7 54 theme expressed 1053:1061 arg1 genes 1063:1067 The significant differentially expressed genes 1022:1067 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes 1022:1105 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 3 55 from accumulation 531:542 arg1 paliurus 550:557 C. paliurus 547:557 C. paliurus 547:557 Also, the biosynthetic pathway involved in flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus has not been fully elucidated. 35211131 4 56 theme low 645:647 arg1 altitude 649:656 low altitude 645:656 low altitude (280 m) 645:664 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 4 56 theme low 645:647 arg1 m 663:663 280 m 659:663 280 m 659:663 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 8 57 theme environmental 1354:1366 arg1 factors 1368:1374 harsh environmental factors 1348:1374 harsh environmental factors 1348:1374 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 7 58 theme significant 1026:1036 arg1 DEGs 1070:1073 DEGs 1070:1073 DEGs 1070:1073 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 7 58 theme significant 1026:1036 arg1 genes 1063:1067 The significant differentially expressed genes 1022:1067 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes 1022:1105 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 9 59 theme main 1404:1407 arg1 UV-light 1382:1389 High UV-light 1377:1389 High UV-light 1377:1389 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 9 59 theme main 1404:1407 arg1 factor 1421:1426 the main influencing factor 1400:1426 the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes 1400:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 12 60 theme high 2076:2079 arg1 altitudes 2081:2089 high altitudes 2076:2089 high altitudes 2076:2089 The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis might contribute to flavonoid accumulation at high altitudes. 35211131 11 61 theme different 1801:1809 arg1 altitude 1811:1818 different altitude 1801:1818 different altitude 1801:1818 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 9 62 located found 1466:1470 arg2 factors 1458:1464 the harsh environmental factors 1434:1464 the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes 1434:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 9 62 located found 1466:1470 arg1 altitudes 1480:1488 high altitudes 1475:1488 high altitudes 1475:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 11 63 theme flavonoids 1787:1796 arg1 accumulation 1771:1782 the differentially accumulation 1752:1782 the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude 1752:1818 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 9 64 theme environmental 1444:1456 arg1 factors 1458:1464 the harsh environmental factors 1434:1464 the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes 1434:1488 High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. 35211131 4 65 theme 920 685:687 arg1 altitude 675:682 high altitude 670:682 high altitude (920 m) 670:690 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 4 65 theme 920 685:687 arg1 m 689:689 920 m 685:689 920 m 685:689 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 11 66 theme flavonoid 1930:1938 arg1 pathways 1953:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways 1920:1960 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 12 67 theme protein 2012:2018 arg1 synthesis 2020:2028 protein synthesis 2012:2028 protein synthesis 2012:2028 The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis might contribute to flavonoid accumulation at high altitudes. 35211131 5 68 theme high 855:858 arg1 altitude 860:867 high altitude 855:867 high altitude 855:867 The flavonoid content and composition were higher in the leaves of C. paliurus collected at high altitude than in those collected at low altitude. 35211131 13 69 from biosynthesis 2187:2198 arg1 paliurus 2206:2213 C. paliurus 2203:2213 C. paliurus 2203:2213 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 13 69 from biosynthesis 2187:2198 arg1 understanding 2116:2128 our understanding 2112:2128 our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus 2112:2213 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 4 70 theme transcriptomic 738:751 arg1 analyses 753:760 metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses 722:760 metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses 722:760 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 2 71 dep 1,000 372:376 arg1 to 369:370 to 369:370 to 369:370 C. paliurus is distributed across altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus. 35211131 8 72 theme biological 1280:1289 arg1 processes 1291:1299 complicated biological processes 1268:1299 complicated biological processes 1268:1299 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 0 73 dep Cyclocarya 98:107 arg1 paliurus 109:116 Cyclocarya paliurus 98:116 Cyclocarya paliurus 98:116 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 11 74 from altitude 1811:1818 arg1 accumulation 1771:1782 the differentially accumulation 1752:1782 the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude 1752:1818 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 4 75 theme metabolomic 722:732 arg1 analyses 753:760 metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses 722:760 metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses 722:760 In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. 35211131 11 76 theme flavonoids 1878:1887 arg1 relocation 1864:1873 relocation 1864:1873 relocation 1864:1873 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 11 76 theme flavonoids 1878:1887 arg1 transport 1850:1858 transport 1850:1858 transport 1850:1858 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 0 77 theme Metabolomic 11:21 arg1 Analysis 42:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis 11:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes 11:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 10 78 theme 227 1611:1613 arg1 DEGs 1615:1618 227 DEGs 1611:1618 227 DEGs 1611:1618 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 0 79 theme Transcriptomic 27:40 arg1 Analysis 42:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis 11:49 Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes 11:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 1 80 with polyphenolics 221:233 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 6 81 theme flavonol 998:1005 arg1 biosynthesis 1007:1018 "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis 985:1018 "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis 985:1018 Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis." 35211131 10 82 theme related 1638:1644 arg1 pairs 1646:1650 412 related pairs 1634:1650 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids 1634:1714 Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. 35211131 7 83 theme high 1092:1095 arg1 altitudes 1097:1105 low and high altitudes 1084:1105 low and high altitudes 1084:1105 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 1 84 with triterpenoids 206:218 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 6 85 theme flavone 986:992 arg1 biosynthesis 1007:1018 "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis 985:1018 "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis 985:1018 Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis." 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg2 polyphenolics 221:233 polyphenolics 221:233 polyphenolics 221:233 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg2 compounds 263:271 other compounds 257:271 other compounds with diverse biological functions 257:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg1 paliurus 153:160 Cyclocarya paliurus 142:160 Cyclocarya paliurus 142:160 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg2 flavonoids 194:203 flavonoids 194:203 flavonoids 194:203 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg2 polysaccharides 236:250 polysaccharides 236:250 polysaccharides 236:250 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg1 plant 177:181 a medicinal plant 165:181 a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions 165:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 1 86 contain containing 183:192 arg2 triterpenoids 206:218 triterpenoids 206:218 triterpenoids 206:218 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 7 87 theme biological 1132:1141 arg1 process 1143:1149 "biological process 1131:1149 "biological process 1131:1149 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 7 88 theme low 1084:1086 arg1 altitudes 1097:1105 low and high altitudes 1084:1105 low and high altitudes 1084:1105 The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." 35211131 1 89 with flavonoids 194:203 arg1 functions 297:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 diverse biological functions 278:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 35211131 12 90 theme related 1990:1996 arg1 genes 1984:1988 genes 1984:1988 genes related to energy and protein synthesis 1984:2028 The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis might contribute to flavonoid accumulation at high altitudes. 35211131 13 91 from accumulation 2170:2181 arg1 paliurus 2206:2213 C. paliurus 2203:2213 C. paliurus 2203:2213 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 13 91 from accumulation 2170:2181 arg1 understanding 2116:2128 our understanding 2112:2128 our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus 2112:2213 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 5 92 dep the 816:818 arg1 leaves 820:825 leaves 820:825 leaves 820:825 The flavonoid content and composition were higher in the leaves of C. paliurus collected at high altitude than in those collected at low altitude. 35211131 8 93 theme complicated 1268:1278 arg1 processes 1291:1299 complicated biological processes 1268:1299 complicated biological processes 1268:1299 The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. 35211131 11 94 dep paliurus 1895:1902 arg1 leaves 1904:1909 leaves 1904:1909 leaves 1904:1909 The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. 35211131 13 95 theme effect 2137:2142 arg1 understanding 2116:2128 our understanding 2112:2128 our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus 2112:2213 This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus. 35211131 0 96 from Altitudes 131:139 arg1 Accumulation 68:79 the Flavonoid Accumulation 54:79 the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes 54:139 Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. 35211131 5 97 theme flavonoid 767:775 arg1 content 777:783 The flavonoid content 763:783 The flavonoid content 763:783 The flavonoid content and composition were higher in the leaves of C. paliurus collected at high altitude than in those collected at low altitude. 35211131 5 97 theme flavonoid 767:775 arg1 higher 806:811 higher 806:811 higher 806:811 The flavonoid content and composition were higher in the leaves of C. paliurus collected at high altitude than in those collected at low altitude. 35211131 1 98 theme other 257:261 arg1 compounds 263:271 other compounds 257:271 other compounds with diverse biological functions 257:305 Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. 34494932 7 0 theme known 1228:1232 arg1 mechanisms 1266:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 10 1 theme drug 1973:1976 arg1 intervention 1978:1989 drug intervention 1973:1989 drug intervention 1973:1989 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 6 2 from changes 1033:1039 arg1 networks 1059:1066 host RNA-miRNA networks 1044:1066 host RNA-miRNA networks 1044:1066 Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. 34494932 10 3 theme further 1913:1919 arg1 investigation 1921:1933 further investigation 1913:1933 further investigation 1913:1933 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 3 4 from diet 451:454 arg1 freeze-dried 431:442 freeze-dried 431:442 freeze-dried 431:442 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 2 5 theme cancer 290:295 arg1 prevention 297:306 cancer prevention 290:306 cancer prevention 290:306 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 10 6 from colectomy 1959:1967 arg1 patients 2002:2009 at-risk patients 1994:2009 at-risk patients 1994:2009 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 3 7 theme significant 467:477 arg1 efficacy 489:496 significant antitumor efficacy 467:496 significant antitumor efficacy 467:496 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 1 8 theme gut 198:200 arg1 microbes 202:209 gut microbes 198:209 gut microbes 198:209 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 9 9 theme butanoate 1755:1763 arg1 metabolism 1765:1774 butanoate metabolism 1755:1774 butanoate metabolism 1755:1774 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 2 10 from time 351:354 arg1 polyposis 363:371 the polyposis 359:371 the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model 359:397 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 5 11 theme transcriptomic 902:915 arg1 analyses 933:940 transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses 902:940 transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses 902:940 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 7 12 theme anti-inflammatory/ 1234:1251 arg1 mechanisms 1266:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 8 13 from rats 1450:1453 arg1 tumors 1430:1435 colon tumors 1424:1435 colon tumors from SPI-fed rats 1424:1453 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 5 14 theme butanoate 807:815 arg1 metabolism 817:826 linoleate and butanoate metabolism 793:826 metabolism 817:826 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 7 15 theme microbiome 1409:1418 arg1 α-diversity 1386:1396 increased α-diversity 1376:1396 increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome 1376:1418 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 7 16 attach linked 1180:1185 arg2 outcomes 1166:1173 anticancer outcomes 1155:1173 anticancer outcomes 1155:1173 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 7 16 attach linked 1180:1185 arg1 bioactives 1212:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives 1190:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1190:1314 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 3 17 theme genetic 521:527 arg1 background 529:538 the Apc-mutant genetic background 506:538 the Apc-mutant genetic background 506:538 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 9 18 theme tumor-associated 1788:1803 arg1 changes 1805:1811 tumor-associated changes 1788:1811 tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate 1788:1850 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 4 19 theme gut 662:664 arg1 diversity 677:685 increased gut microbiome diversity 652:685 increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption 652:707 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 9 20 from changes 1805:1811 arg1 N-acetylneuraminate 1832:1850 N-acetylneuraminate 1832:1850 N-acetylneuraminate 1832:1850 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 9 20 from changes 1805:1811 arg1 L-glutamate 1816:1826 L-glutamate 1816:1826 L-glutamate 1816:1826 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 7 21 with bioactives 1212:1221 arg1 N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1289:1314 N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1289:1314 N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1289:1314 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 7 21 with bioactives 1212:1221 arg1 mechanisms 1266:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 0 22 theme Apc-mutant 50:59 arg1 background 69:78 an Apc-mutant genetic background 47:78 an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics 47:128 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 8 23 theme mitochondrial 1531:1543 arg1 energetics 1545:1554 altered mitochondrial energetics 1523:1554 altered mitochondrial energetics 1523:1554 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 7 24 theme linoleate 1202:1210 arg1 bioactives 1212:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives 1190:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1190:1314 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 4 25 dep rats 646:649 arg1 Apc-mutant 635:644 Apc-mutant 635:644 Apc-mutant 635:644 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 4 25 dep rats 646:649 arg1 both 616:619 both 616:619 both 616:619 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 0 26 theme mechanistic 81:91 arg1 insights 93:100 mechanistic insights 81:100 an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics 47:128 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 6 27 theme tumor 949:953 arg1 suppression 955:965 tumor suppression 949:965 tumor suppression by SPI 949:972 Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. 34494932 8 28 theme surface 1565:1571 arg1 glycans 1573:1579 cell surface glycans 1560:1579 cell surface glycans 1560:1579 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 2 29 theme rat 376:378 arg1 model 393:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 3 30 dep freeze-dried 431:442 arg1 % 424:424 10% 422:424 10% w/w 422:428 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 0 31 theme Dietary 0:6 arg1 spinach 8:14 Dietary spinach 0:14 Dietary spinach 0:14 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 0 32 dep background 69:78 arg1 insights 93:100 mechanistic insights 81:100 an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics 47:128 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 7 33 theme butanoate 1341:1349 arg1 metabolism 1351:1360 altered butanoate metabolism 1333:1360 altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome 1333:1418 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 8 34 theme oncogenic 1593:1601 arg1 networks 1613:1620 oncogenic signaling networks 1593:1620 oncogenic signaling networks 1593:1620 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 4 35 theme SPI 693:695 arg1 consumption 697:707 SPI consumption 693:707 SPI consumption 693:707 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 5 36 theme linoleate 793:801 arg1 metabolism 817:826 linoleate and butanoate metabolism 793:826 metabolism 817:826 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 5 37 theme metabolomic 921:931 arg1 analyses 933:940 transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses 902:940 transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses 902:940 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 6 38 theme microbiome 1011:1020 arg1 marked 983:988 marked 983:988 marked 983:988 Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. 34494932 7 39 theme anticancer 1155:1164 arg1 outcomes 1166:1173 anticancer outcomes 1155:1173 anticancer outcomes 1155:1173 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 8 40 theme colon 1424:1428 arg1 tumors 1430:1435 colon tumors 1424:1435 colon tumors from SPI-fed rats 1424:1453 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 0 41 theme gut 29:31 arg1 microbiome 33:42 the gut microbiome 25:42 the gut microbiome 25:42 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 2 42 from polyposis 363:371 arg1 model 393:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 8 43 theme immune 1626:1631 arg1 evasion 1633:1639 immune evasion 1626:1639 immune evasion 1626:1639 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 3 44 theme adenomatous 584:594 arg1 polyps 596:601 adenomatous polyps 584:601 adenomatous polyps 584:601 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 7 45 theme matched 1106:1112 arg1 tissues 1129:1135 matched normal-looking tissues 1106:1135 matched normal-looking tissues 1106:1135 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 9 46 theme multi-omics 1659:1669 arg1 approach 1671:1678 a multi-omics approach 1657:1678 a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI 1657:1706 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 10 47 theme delaying 1950:1957 arg1 colectomy 1959:1967 delaying colectomy 1950:1967 delaying colectomy 1950:1967 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 4 48 theme taxonomic 736:744 arg1 composition 746:756 taxonomic composition 736:756 taxonomic composition 736:756 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 1 49 theme exogenous 226:234 arg1 drivers 236:242 exogenous drivers 226:242 exogenous drivers of disease outcome 226:261 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 3 50 dep 26 weeks 412:419 arg1 freeze-dried 431:442 freeze-dried 431:442 freeze-dried 431:442 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 5 51 theme acid 843:846 arg1 cycle 848:852 tricarboxylic acid cycle 829:852 tricarboxylic acid cycle 829:852 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 0 52 from multi-omics 118:128 arg1 background 69:78 an Apc-mutant genetic background 47:78 an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics 47:128 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 2 53 theme first 345:349 arg1 time 351:354 the first time 341:354 the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model 341:397 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 1 54 theme outcome 255:261 arg1 microbes 202:209 gut microbes 198:209 gut microbes 198:209 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 1 54 theme outcome 255:261 arg1 host 216:219 the host 212:219 the host 212:219 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 1 54 theme outcome 255:261 arg1 drivers 236:242 exogenous drivers 226:242 exogenous drivers of disease outcome 226:261 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 6 55 theme RNA-miRNA 1049:1057 arg1 networks 1059:1066 host RNA-miRNA networks 1044:1066 host RNA-miRNA networks 1044:1066 Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. 34494932 7 56 theme colon 1074:1078 arg1 polyps 1080:1085 colon polyps 1074:1085 colon polyps 1074:1085 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 3 57 theme antitumor 479:487 arg1 efficacy 489:496 significant antitumor efficacy 467:496 significant antitumor efficacy 467:496 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 9 58 theme mechanistic 1717:1727 arg1 support 1729:1735 mechanistic support 1717:1735 mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism 1717:1774 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 5 59 theme tricarboxylic 829:841 arg1 cycle 848:852 tricarboxylic acid cycle 829:852 tricarboxylic acid cycle 829:852 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 10 60 theme at-risk 1994:2000 arg1 patients 2002:2009 at-risk patients 1994:2009 at-risk patients 1994:2009 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 7 61 link SPI-derived 1190:1200 arg1 bioactives 1212:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives 1190:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1190:1314 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 3 62 from freeze-dried 431:442 arg1 diet 451:454 the diet 447:454 the diet 447:454 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 10 63 theme Additional 1853:1862 arg1 factors 1864:1870 Additional factors 1853:1870 Additional factors 1853:1870 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 10 63 theme Additional 1853:1862 arg1 content 1891:1897 the fiber content 1881:1897 the fiber content 1881:1897 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 10 64 from intervention 1978:1989 arg1 patients 2002:2009 at-risk patients 1994:2009 at-risk patients 1994:2009 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 9 65 from support 1729:1735 arg1 N-acetylneuraminate 1832:1850 N-acetylneuraminate 1832:1850 N-acetylneuraminate 1832:1850 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 9 65 from support 1729:1735 arg1 L-glutamate 1816:1826 L-glutamate 1816:1826 L-glutamate 1816:1826 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 7 66 with consistent 1317:1326 arg1 metabolism 1351:1360 altered butanoate metabolism 1333:1360 altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome 1333:1418 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 10 67 theme fiber 1885:1889 arg1 content 1891:1897 the fiber content 1881:1897 the fiber content 1881:1897 Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients. 34494932 3 68 theme Apc-mutant 510:519 arg1 background 529:538 the Apc-mutant genetic background 506:538 the Apc-mutant genetic background 506:538 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 7 69 theme gut 1405:1407 arg1 microbiome 1409:1418 the gut microbiome 1401:1418 the gut microbiome 1401:1418 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 2 70 theme multi-omics 266:276 arg1 approach 278:285 A multi-omics approach 264:285 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) 264:323 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 1 71 theme Complex 131:137 arg1 interrelationships 139:156 Complex interrelationships 131:156 Complex interrelationships 131:156 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 8 72 theme altered 1523:1529 arg1 energetics 1545:1554 altered mitochondrial energetics 1523:1554 altered mitochondrial energetics 1523:1554 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 4 73 theme increased 652:660 arg1 diversity 677:685 increased gut microbiome diversity 652:685 increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption 652:707 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 0 74 theme genetic 61:67 arg1 background 69:78 an Apc-mutant genetic background 47:78 an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics 47:128 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 7 75 theme increased 1376:1384 arg1 α-diversity 1386:1396 increased α-diversity 1376:1396 increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome 1376:1418 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 4 76 theme wild 621:624 arg1 type 626:629 wild type 621:629 wild type 621:629 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 7 77 theme SPI-derived 1190:1200 arg1 bioactives 1212:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives 1190:1221 SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate 1190:1314 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 1 78 theme dynamic 169:175 arg1 interactions 177:188 the dynamic interactions 165:188 the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome 165:261 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34494932 8 79 theme cell 1560:1563 arg1 glycans 1573:1579 cell surface glycans 1560:1579 cell surface glycans 1560:1579 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 3 80 dep % 424:424 arg1 w/w 426:428 w/w 426:428 10% w/w 422:428 SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. 34494932 0 81 theme integrated 107:116 arg1 multi-omics 118:128 integrated multi-omics 107:128 integrated multi-omics 107:128 Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics. 34494932 6 82 theme host 1044:1047 arg1 networks 1059:1066 host RNA-miRNA networks 1044:1066 host RNA-miRNA networks 1044:1066 Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. 34494932 5 83 theme Metagenomic 759:769 arg1 prediction 771:780 Metagenomic prediction 759:780 Metagenomic prediction 759:780 Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. 34494932 7 84 theme altered 1333:1339 arg1 metabolism 1351:1360 altered butanoate metabolism 1333:1360 altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome 1333:1418 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 8 85 theme signaling 1603:1611 arg1 networks 1613:1620 oncogenic signaling networks 1593:1620 oncogenic signaling networks 1593:1620 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 4 86 theme microbiome 666:675 arg1 diversity 677:685 increased gut microbiome diversity 652:685 increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption 652:707 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 2 87 theme Pirc 387:390 arg1 model 393:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 7 88 theme normal-looking 1114:1127 arg1 tissues 1129:1135 matched normal-looking tissues 1106:1135 matched normal-looking tissues 1106:1135 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 6 89 theme gut 1007:1009 arg1 microbiome 1011:1020 the gut microbiome 1003:1020 the gut microbiome 1003:1020 Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. 34494932 2 90 theme colon 380:384 arg1 model 393:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 rat colon (Pirc) model 376:397 A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. 34494932 4 91 dep both 616:619 arg1 type 626:629 wild type 621:629 wild type 621:629 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 8 92 theme SPI-fed 1442:1448 arg1 rats 1450:1453 SPI-fed rats 1442:1453 SPI-fed rats 1442:1453 In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. 34494932 9 93 theme cancer 1683:1688 arg1 prevention 1690:1699 cancer prevention 1683:1699 cancer prevention 1683:1699 In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. 34494932 7 94 theme proapoptotic 1253:1264 arg1 mechanisms 1266:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms 1228:1275 When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. 34494932 4 95 theme composition 746:756 arg1 reversal 724:731 reversal 724:731 reversal of taxonomic composition 724:756 However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. 34494932 1 96 theme disease 247:253 arg1 outcome 255:261 disease outcome 247:261 disease outcome 247:261 Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. 34455356 2 0 contain contains 325:332 arg1 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 0 contain contains 325:332 arg2 protein 309:315 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 289:317 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) 289:323 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 0 contain contains 325:332 arg2 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 0 contain contains 325:332 arg1 residues 392:399 residues 130, 175 and 207 392:416 residues 130, 175 and 207 392:416 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 0 contain contains 325:332 arg1 protein 309:315 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 289:317 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) 289:323 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 0 contain contains 325:332 arg2 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 0 1 from virulence 136:144 arg1 ducklings 149:157 ducklings 149:157 ducklings 149:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 3 2 theme subcellular 600:610 arg1 localization 612:623 their subcellular localization 594:623 their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm 594:640 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 10 3 theme DTMUV 2079:2083 arg1 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 0 4 from viremia 124:130 arg1 ducklings 149:157 ducklings 149:157 ducklings 149:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 3 5 theme molecular 484:492 arg1 weight 494:499 the molecular weight 480:499 the molecular weight of recombinant NS1 480:518 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 7 6 theme single 1307:1312 arg1 mutants 1314:1320 the single mutants 1303:1320 the single mutants 1303:1320 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 1 7 from syndrome 259:266 arg1 ducks 282:286 egg-laying ducks 271:286 egg-laying ducks 271:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 0 8 link N-linked 24:31 arg1 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 8 link N-linked 24:31 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 8 link N-linked 24:31 arg1 sites 47:51 N-linked glycosylation sites 24:51 N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings 24:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 8 link N-linked 24:31 arg1 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 8 link N-linked 24:31 arg1 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 3 9 theme NS1 516:518 arg1 weight 494:499 the molecular weight 480:499 the molecular weight of recombinant NS1 480:518 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 1 10 theme Duck 160:163 arg1 virus 173:177 Duck Tembusu virus 160:177 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) 160:185 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 1 10 theme Duck 160:163 arg1 flavivirus 217:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus 190:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks 190:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 1 10 theme Duck 160:163 arg1 DTMUV 180:184 DTMUV 180:184 DTMUV 180:184 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 10 11 theme viral 2118:2122 arg1 multiplication 2124:2137 viral multiplication 2118:2137 viral multiplication 2118:2137 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 3 12 from localization 612:623 arg1 cytoplasm 632:640 the cytoplasm 628:640 the cytoplasm 628:640 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 0 13 theme viral 102:106 arg1 multiplication 108:121 viral multiplication 102:121 viral multiplication 102:121 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 7 14 theme plaque 1488:1493 arg1 sizes 1495:1499 smaller plaque sizes 1480:1499 smaller plaque sizes 1480:1499 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 4 15 theme alanine 797:803 arg1 residues 809:816 alanine (A) residues 797:816 alanine (A) residues 797:816 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 7 16 dep 5-fold 1432:1437 arg1 to 1439:1440 to 1439:1440 to 1439:1440 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 7 16 dep 5-fold 1432:1437 arg1 178-fold 1442:1449 178-fold 1442:1449 178-fold 1442:1449 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 7 17 theme viral 1463:1467 arg1 titers 1469:1474 viral titers 1463:1474 viral titers 1463:1474 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 4 18 theme cDNA 863:866 arg1 clone 868:872 an infectious cDNA clone 849:872 an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain 849:897 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 4 18 theme cDNA 863:866 arg1 rDTMUV-i 839:846 rDTMUV-i 839:846 rDTMUV-i 839:846 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 9 19 theme viral 1857:1861 arg1 titers 1863:1868 significantly lower viral titers 1837:1868 significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection 1837:1984 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 6 20 theme glycosylation 1236:1248 arg1 NS1 1265:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 20 theme glycosylation 1236:1248 arg1 N207 1222:1225 N207 1222:1225 N207 1222:1225 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 20 theme glycosylation 1236:1248 arg1 N175 1213:1216 N175 1213:1216 N175 1213:1216 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 20 theme glycosylation 1236:1248 arg1 sites 1250:1254 the glycosylation sites 1232:1254 the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1 1232:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 5 21 theme F 1002:1002 arg1 treatment 1004:1012 PNGase F treatment 995:1012 PNGase F treatment 995:1012 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 5 21 theme F 1002:1002 arg1 endoglycosidases 968:983 endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment 968:1012 endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells 968:1046 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 3 22 theme blot 544:547 arg1 assays 549:554 western blot assays 536:554 western blot assays 536:554 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 0 23 theme duck 56:59 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 4 24 from N130/N175/N207 770:783 arg1 residues 738:745 the asparagine (N) residues 719:745 the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 719:790 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 5 25 theme virus 937:941 arg1 NS1 943:945 the mutant virus NS1 926:945 the mutant virus NS1 926:945 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 7 26 gly nonglycosylated 1372:1386 arg1 rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1394:1421 the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1368:1421 the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1368:1421 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 2 27 gly glycosylation 369:381 arg2 three 334:338 three 334:338 three 334:338 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 27 gly glycosylation 369:381 arg2 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 4 28 theme recombinant 686:696 arg1 viruses 698:704 Four recombinant viruses 681:704 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues 681:816 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 0 29 theme virus 69:73 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 5 30 theme Endo 985:988 arg1 H 990:990 Endo H 985:990 Endo H 985:990 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 5 30 theme Endo 985:988 arg1 endoglycosidases 968:983 endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment 968:1012 endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells 968:1046 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 2 31 theme N-linked 360:367 arg1 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 4 32 from N175 756:759 arg1 residues 738:745 the asparagine (N) residues 719:745 the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 719:790 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 10 33 link N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 33 link N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 33 link N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 33 link N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 33 link N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 sites 2070:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 34 theme glycosylation 2056:2068 arg1 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 34 theme glycosylation 2056:2068 arg1 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 34 theme glycosylation 2056:2068 arg1 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 34 theme glycosylation 2056:2068 arg1 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 34 theme glycosylation 2056:2068 arg1 sites 2070:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 2 35 theme potential 340:348 arg1 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 9 36 from days 1966:1969 arg1 viremia 1947:1953 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia 1924:1953 significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection 1837:1984 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 36 from days 1966:1969 arg1 titers 1863:1868 significantly lower viral titers 1837:1868 significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection 1837:1984 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 1 37 theme egg-drop 250:257 arg1 syndrome 259:266 acute egg-drop syndrome 244:266 acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks 244:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 7 38 theme virus 1388:1392 arg1 rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1394:1421 the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1368:1421 the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1368:1421 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 4 39 theme DTMUV 881:885 arg1 strain 892:897 the DTMUV CQW1 strain 877:897 the DTMUV CQW1 strain 877:897 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 6 40 theme NS1 1265:1267 arg1 NS1 1265:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 40 theme NS1 1265:1267 arg1 N207 1222:1225 N207 1222:1225 N207 1222:1225 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 40 theme NS1 1265:1267 arg1 N175 1213:1216 N175 1213:1216 N175 1213:1216 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 40 theme NS1 1265:1267 arg1 sites 1250:1254 the glycosylation sites 1232:1254 the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1 1232:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 5 41 theme mammalian 1022:1030 arg1 cells 1042:1046 both mammalian and avian cells 1017:1046 both mammalian and avian cells 1017:1046 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 5 42 theme Deglycosylation 900:914 arg1 assays 916:921 Deglycosylation assays 900:921 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 900:945 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 4 43 theme strain 892:897 arg1 clone 868:872 an infectious cDNA clone 849:872 an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain 849:897 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 4 43 theme strain 892:897 arg1 rDTMUV-i 839:846 rDTMUV-i 839:846 rDTMUV-i 839:846 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 2 44 dep residues 392:399 arg1 130 401:403 130 401:403 130 401:403 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 44 dep residues 392:399 arg1 207 414:416 207 414:416 207 414:416 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 0 45 theme N-linked 24:31 arg1 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 45 theme N-linked 24:31 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 45 theme N-linked 24:31 arg1 sites 47:51 N-linked glycosylation sites 24:51 N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings 24:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 45 theme N-linked 24:31 arg1 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 45 theme N-linked 24:31 arg1 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 5 46 theme avian 1036:1040 arg1 cells 1042:1046 both mammalian and avian cells 1017:1046 both mammalian and avian cells 1017:1046 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 7 47 from decrease 1451:1458 arg1 titers 1469:1474 viral titers 1463:1474 viral titers 1463:1474 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 7 47 from decrease 1451:1458 arg1 sizes 1495:1499 smaller plaque sizes 1480:1499 smaller plaque sizes 1480:1499 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 10 48 theme crucial 2101:2107 arg1 roles 2109:2113 crucial roles 2101:2113 crucial roles 2101:2113 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 4 49 theme asparagine 723:732 arg1 residues 738:745 the asparagine (N) residues 719:745 the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 719:790 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 2 50 theme nonstructural 295:307 arg1 protein 309:315 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 289:317 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) 289:323 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 50 theme nonstructural 295:307 arg1 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 5 51 dep endoglycosidases 968:983 arg1 treatment 1004:1012 PNGase F treatment 995:1012 PNGase F treatment 995:1012 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 5 51 dep endoglycosidases 968:983 arg1 H 990:990 Endo H 985:990 Endo H 985:990 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 5 51 dep endoglycosidases 968:983 arg1 endoglycosidases 968:983 endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment 968:1012 endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells 968:1046 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 6 52 with digestion 1140:1148 arg1 endoglycosidases 1160:1175 both endoglycosidases 1155:1175 both endoglycosidases 1155:1175 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 0 53 theme glycosylation 33:45 arg1 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 53 theme glycosylation 33:45 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 53 theme glycosylation 33:45 arg1 sites 47:51 N-linked glycosylation sites 24:51 N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings 24:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 53 theme glycosylation 33:45 arg1 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 53 theme glycosylation 33:45 arg1 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 7 54 theme viral 1331:1335 arg1 multiplication 1337:1350 viral multiplication 1331:1350 viral multiplication 1331:1350 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 0 55 gly glycosylation 33:45 arg2 sites 47:51 N-linked glycosylation sites 24:51 N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings 24:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 55 gly glycosylation 33:45 arg2 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 55 gly glycosylation 33:45 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 55 gly glycosylation 33:45 arg2 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 55 gly glycosylation 33:45 arg2 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 55 gly glycosylation 33:45 arg2 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 1 56 theme mosquito-borne 202:215 arg1 flavivirus 217:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus 190:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks 190:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 1 56 theme mosquito-borne 202:215 arg1 virus 173:177 Duck Tembusu virus 160:177 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) 160:185 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 10 57 theme NS1 2085:2087 arg1 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 57 theme NS1 2085:2087 arg1 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 57 theme NS1 2085:2087 arg1 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 57 theme NS1 2085:2087 arg1 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 57 theme NS1 2085:2087 arg1 sites 2070:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 7 58 theme parental 1286:1293 arg1 rDTMUV 1295:1300 the parental rDTMUV 1282:1300 the parental rDTMUV 1282:1300 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 8 59 theme duck 1560:1563 arg1 embryos 1565:1571 duck embryos 1560:1571 duck embryos 1560:1571 Notably, all mutant viruses were still highly virulent to duck embryos, but the embryos inoculated with rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A started to die on the fourth day, which exhibited a prolonged time to death compared to that of rDTMUV. 34455356 9 60 dep 3-fold 1934:1939 arg1 to 1931:1932 to 1931:1932 to 1931:1932 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 60 dep 3-fold 1934:1939 arg1 lower 1941:1945 lower 1941:1945 lower 1941:1945 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 10 61 gly glycosylation 2056:2068 arg2 sites 2070:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 61 gly glycosylation 2056:2068 arg1 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 61 gly glycosylation 2056:2068 arg2 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 61 gly glycosylation 2056:2068 arg2 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 61 gly glycosylation 2056:2068 arg2 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 61 gly glycosylation 2056:2068 arg2 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 3 62 theme recombinant 504:514 arg1 NS1 516:518 recombinant NS1 504:518 recombinant NS1 504:518 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 1 63 theme Tembusu 165:171 arg1 virus 173:177 Duck Tembusu virus 160:177 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) 160:185 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 1 63 theme Tembusu 165:171 arg1 flavivirus 217:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus 190:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks 190:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 1 63 theme Tembusu 165:171 arg1 DTMUV 180:184 DTMUV 180:184 DTMUV 180:184 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 9 64 dep viremia 1947:1953 arg1 3-fold 1934:1939 3-fold 1934:1939 3-fold 1934:1939 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 3 65 theme colocalization 658:671 arg1 assays 673:678 colocalization assays 658:678 colocalization assays 658:678 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 7 66 theme smaller 1480:1486 arg1 sizes 1495:1499 smaller plaque sizes 1480:1499 smaller plaque sizes 1480:1499 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 5 67 theme mutant 930:935 arg1 NS1 943:945 the mutant virus NS1 926:945 the mutant virus NS1 926:945 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 9 68 from viremia 1947:1953 arg1 spleen 1880:1885 spleen 1880:1885 spleen 1880:1885 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 68 from viremia 1947:1953 arg1 heart 1873:1877 heart 1873:1877 heart 1873:1877 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 68 from viremia 1947:1953 arg1 brain 1896:1900 brain 1896:1900 brain 1896:1900 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 68 from viremia 1947:1953 arg1 thymus 1906:1911 thymus 1906:1911 thymus 1906:1911 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 68 from viremia 1947:1953 arg1 kidney 1888:1893 kidney 1888:1893 kidney 1888:1893 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 69 theme lower 1851:1855 arg1 titers 1863:1868 significantly lower viral titers 1837:1868 significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection 1837:1984 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 6 70 from shift 1105:1109 arg1 migration 1114:1122 migration 1114:1122 migration 1114:1122 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 5 71 theme NS1 943:945 arg1 assays 916:921 Deglycosylation assays 900:921 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 900:945 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 3 72 theme western 536:542 arg1 blot 544:547 western blot 536:547 western blot assays 536:554 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 4 73 theme infectious 852:861 arg1 clone 868:872 an infectious cDNA clone 849:872 an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain 849:897 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 4 73 theme infectious 852:861 arg1 rDTMUV-i 839:846 rDTMUV-i 839:846 rDTMUV-i 839:846 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 3 74 from sites 467:471 arg1 mutations 448:456 mutations 448:456 mutations at these sites 448:471 In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. 34455356 5 75 from endoglycosidases 968:983 arg1 cells 1042:1046 both mammalian and avian cells 1017:1046 both mammalian and avian cells 1017:1046 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 0 76 theme Tembusu 61:67 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 8 77 theme fourth 1657:1662 arg1 day 1664:1666 the fourth day 1653:1666 the fourth day 1653:1666 Notably, all mutant viruses were still highly virulent to duck embryos, but the embryos inoculated with rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A started to die on the fourth day, which exhibited a prolonged time to death compared to that of rDTMUV. 34455356 4 78 from N207 762:765 arg1 residues 738:745 the asparagine (N) residues 719:745 the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 719:790 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 7 79 theme 5-fold 1432:1437 arg1 decrease 1451:1458 a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease 1430:1458 a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes 1430:1499 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 0 80 theme NS1 75:77 arg1 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N175 6:9 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 80 theme NS1 75:77 arg1 NS1 75:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 duck Tembusu virus NS1 56:77 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 80 theme NS1 75:77 arg1 sites 47:51 N-linked glycosylation sites 24:51 N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings 24:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 80 theme NS1 75:77 arg1 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130 0:3 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 0 80 theme NS1 75:77 arg1 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N207 15:18 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 9 81 from titers 1863:1868 arg1 spleen 1880:1885 spleen 1880:1885 spleen 1880:1885 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 81 from titers 1863:1868 arg1 heart 1873:1877 heart 1873:1877 heart 1873:1877 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 81 from titers 1863:1868 arg1 brain 1896:1900 brain 1896:1900 brain 1896:1900 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 81 from titers 1863:1868 arg1 thymus 1906:1911 thymus 1906:1911 thymus 1906:1911 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 9 81 from titers 1863:1868 arg1 kidney 1888:1893 kidney 1888:1893 kidney 1888:1893 Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. 34455356 2 82 theme predicted 350:358 arg1 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 5 83 theme PNGase 995:1000 arg1 F 1002:1002 PNGase F 995:1002 PNGase F treatment 995:1012 Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. 34455356 8 84 theme prolonged 1687:1695 arg1 time 1697:1700 a prolonged time 1685:1700 a prolonged time to death 1685:1709 Notably, all mutant viruses were still highly virulent to duck embryos, but the embryos inoculated with rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A started to die on the fourth day, which exhibited a prolonged time to death compared to that of rDTMUV. 34455356 10 85 theme N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 NS1 2085:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 DTMUV NS1 2079:2087 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 85 theme N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 N207 2038:2041 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 85 theme N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 N130 2023:2026 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 85 theme N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 N175 2029:2032 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 10 85 theme N-linked 2047:2054 arg1 sites 2070:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 N-linked glycosylation sites 2047:2074 Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo. 34455356 1 86 theme acute 244:248 arg1 syndrome 259:266 acute egg-drop syndrome 244:266 acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks 244:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 2 87 link N-linked 360:367 arg1 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 88 theme glycosylation 369:381 arg1 sites 383:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites 334:387 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 6 89 theme DTMUV 1259:1263 arg1 NS1 1265:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 1 90 theme egg-laying 271:280 arg1 ducks 282:286 egg-laying ducks 271:286 egg-laying ducks 271:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 7 91 theme nonglycosylated 1372:1386 arg1 rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1394:1421 the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1368:1421 the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A 1368:1421 Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. 34455356 4 92 theme CQW1 887:890 arg1 strain 892:897 the DTMUV CQW1 strain 877:897 the DTMUV CQW1 strain 877:897 Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. 34455356 8 93 theme mutant 1515:1520 arg1 viruses 1522:1528 all mutant viruses 1511:1528 all mutant viruses 1511:1528 Notably, all mutant viruses were still highly virulent to duck embryos, but the embryos inoculated with rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A started to die on the fourth day, which exhibited a prolonged time to death compared to that of rDTMUV. 34455356 6 94 gly glycosylation 1236:1248 arg2 sites 1250:1254 the glycosylation sites 1232:1254 the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1 1232:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 94 gly glycosylation 1236:1248 arg1 NS1 1265:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 94 gly glycosylation 1236:1248 arg2 N207 1222:1225 N207 1222:1225 N207 1222:1225 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 94 gly glycosylation 1236:1248 arg2 N175 1213:1216 N175 1213:1216 N175 1213:1216 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 6 94 gly glycosylation 1236:1248 arg2 NS1 1265:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 DTMUV NS1 1259:1267 The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. 34455356 0 95 from multiplication 108:121 arg1 ducklings 149:157 ducklings 149:157 ducklings 149:157 N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. 34455356 2 96 theme DTMUV 289:293 arg1 protein 309:315 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 289:317 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) 289:323 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 2 96 theme DTMUV 289:293 arg1 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 NS1 320:322 DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. 34455356 1 97 theme emerging 193:200 arg1 flavivirus 217:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus 190:226 an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks 190:286 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 34455356 1 97 theme emerging 193:200 arg1 virus 173:177 Duck Tembusu virus 160:177 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) 160:185 Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. 33647064 9 0 from disruption 1172:1181 arg1 GPC 1230:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 5 1 theme Candid 618:623 arg1 vaccine 627:633 Candid#1 vaccine 618:633 Candid#1 vaccine 618:633 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 10 2 theme specific 1447:1454 arg1 glycans 1460:1466 specific GPC glycans 1447:1466 specific GPC glycans 1447:1466 We also found that MACV lacking specific GPC glycans elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV. 33647064 3 3 link N-linked 260:267 arg1 glycans 269:275 Specific N-linked glycans 251:275 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 251:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 7 4 theme glycosylation 810:822 arg1 sites 824:828 These glycosylation sites 804:828 These glycosylation sites 804:828 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 8 5 theme neutralizing 1099:1110 arg1 antibodies 1112:1121 neutralizing antibodies 1099:1121 neutralizing antibodies 1099:1121 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 10 6 theme higher 1477:1482 arg1 levels 1484:1489 higher levels 1477:1489 higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV 1477:1539 We also found that MACV lacking specific GPC glycans elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV. 33647064 11 7 theme specific 1585:1592 arg1 glycans 1594:1600 specific glycans 1585:1600 specific glycans 1585:1600 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 5 8 theme # 624:624 arg1 vaccine 627:633 Candid#1 vaccine 618:633 Candid#1 vaccine 618:633 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 10 9 theme wild-type 1526:1534 arg1 MACV 1536:1539 wild-type MACV 1526:1539 wild-type MACV 1526:1539 We also found that MACV lacking specific GPC glycans elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV. 33647064 11 10 theme viruses 1749:1755 arg1 viruses 1749:1755 hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1723:1755 hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1723:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 11 10 theme viruses 1749:1755 arg1 group 1714:1718 this group 1709:1718 this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1709:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 6 11 link N-linked 714:721 arg1 glycans 723:729 N-linked glycans 714:729 N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 714:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 7 12 theme wild-type 858:866 arg1 MACV 868:871 wild-type MACV 858:871 wild-type MACV 858:871 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 3 13 theme Specific 251:258 arg1 glycans 269:275 Specific N-linked glycans 251:275 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 251:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 10 14 theme antibodies 1507:1516 arg1 levels 1484:1489 higher levels 1477:1489 higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV 1477:1539 We also found that MACV lacking specific GPC glycans elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV. 33647064 11 15 theme hemorrhagic 1723:1733 arg1 viruses 1749:1755 hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1723:1755 hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1723:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 5 16 theme virus 532:536 arg1 infection 545:553 hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 498:553 hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 498:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 4 17 theme GPC 410:412 arg1 glycans 414:420 GPC glycans 410:420 GPC glycans 410:420 However the role of GPC glycans in arenavirus pathogenicity is largely unclear. 33647064 9 18 gly glycosylation 1192:1204 arg2 sites 1206:1210 these glycosylation sites 1186:1210 these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC 1186:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 2 19 theme Junin 218:222 arg1 JUNV 231:234 JUNV 231:234 JUNV 231:234 A vaccine named Candid#1 is available only against Junin virus (JUNV) in Argentina. 33647064 2 19 theme Junin 218:222 arg1 virus 224:228 Junin virus 218:228 Junin virus (JUNV) in Argentina 218:248 A vaccine named Candid#1 is available only against Junin virus (JUNV) in Argentina. 33647064 5 20 theme fever-causing 510:522 arg1 MACV 539:542 MACV 539:542 MACV 539:542 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 5 20 theme fever-causing 510:522 arg1 virus 532:536 fever-causing Machupo virus 510:536 hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 498:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 9 21 theme cultured 1399:1406 arg1 cells 1408:1412 cultured cells 1399:1412 cultured cells 1399:1412 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 9 22 from sites 1206:1210 arg1 GPC 1230:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 7 23 gly glycosylation 810:822 arg2 sites 824:828 These glycosylation sites 804:828 These glycosylation sites 804:828 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 4 24 from role 402:405 arg1 pathogenicity 436:448 arenavirus pathogenicity 425:448 arenavirus pathogenicity 425:448 However the role of GPC glycans in arenavirus pathogenicity is largely unclear. 33647064 7 25 theme chimeric 929:936 arg1 MACV 938:941 the chimeric MACV 925:941 the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo 925:993 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 5 26 theme animal 482:487 arg1 model 489:493 a lethal animal model 473:493 a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 473:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 1 27 theme high 141:144 arg1 rates 160:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 11 28 theme rational 1673:1680 arg1 design 1682:1687 rational design 1673:1687 rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1673:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 0 29 theme arenavirus 54:63 arg1 pathogenicity 65:77 arenavirus pathogenicity 54:77 arenavirus pathogenicity 54:77 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans play a critical role in arenavirus pathogenicity. 33647064 9 30 theme sites 1206:1210 arg1 disruption 1172:1181 disruption 1172:1181 disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC 1172:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 7 31 theme phenotypic 900:909 arg1 this 890:893 this 890:893 this 890:893 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 7 31 theme phenotypic 900:909 arg1 reversion 911:919 a phenotypic reversion 898:919 a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo 898:993 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 1 32 theme fatality 151:158 arg1 rates 160:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 3 33 theme surface 295:301 arg1 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 3 33 theme surface 295:301 arg1 glycoprotein 303:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein 280:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 280:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 9 34 theme wild-type 1215:1223 arg1 GPC 1230:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 3 35 theme important 326:334 arg1 epitopes 336:343 important epitopes 326:343 important epitopes 326:343 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 1 36 theme Several 80:86 arg1 arenaviruses 88:99 Several arenaviruses 80:99 Several arenaviruses 80:99 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 2 37 from virus 224:228 arg1 Argentina 240:248 Argentina 240:248 Argentina 240:248 A vaccine named Candid#1 is available only against Junin virus (JUNV) in Argentina. 33647064 0 38 theme Glycoprotein 0:11 arg1 glycans 22:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans 0:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans 0:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans play a critical role in arenavirus pathogenicity. 33647064 1 39 with humans 129:134 arg1 rates 160:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 5 40 theme infection 545:553 arg1 model 489:493 a lethal animal model 473:493 a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 473:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 8 41 theme Further 996:1002 arg1 studies 1004:1010 Further studies 996:1010 Further studies 996:1010 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 6 42 theme infection 793:801 arg1 stages 779:784 late stages 774:784 late stages of the infection 774:801 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 11 43 from role 1577:1580 arg1 GPC 1605:1607 GPC 1605:1607 GPC 1605:1607 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 9 44 dep virus 1247:1251 arg1 attenuated 1267:1276 attenuated 1267:1276 attenuated in vivo 1267:1284 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 9 44 dep virus 1247:1251 arg1 susceptible 1300:1310 susceptible 1300:1310 susceptible 1300:1310 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 11 45 theme arenavirus 1612:1621 arg1 pathogenicity 1623:1635 arenavirus pathogenicity 1612:1635 arenavirus pathogenicity 1612:1635 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 1 46 from fevers 119:124 arg1 humans 129:134 humans 129:134 humans with high case fatality rates 129:164 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 3 47 from glycans 269:275 arg1 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 3 47 from glycans 269:275 arg1 glycoprotein 303:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein 280:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 280:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 8 48 theme mutant 1035:1040 arg1 viruses 1042:1048 the GPC mutant viruses 1027:1048 the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans 1027:1072 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 6 49 theme late 774:777 arg1 stages 779:784 late stages 774:784 late stages of the infection 774:801 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 5 50 with MACV 581:584 arg1 GPC 609:611 GPC 609:611 GPC 609:611 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 5 50 with MACV 581:584 arg1 ectodomain 595:604 the ectodomain 591:604 the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine 591:633 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 11 51 theme important 1646:1654 arg1 implications 1656:1667 important implications 1646:1667 important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1646:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 8 52 from virulent 1132:1139 arg1 animals 1144:1150 animals 1144:1150 animals 1144:1150 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 8 53 with viruses 1042:1048 arg1 glycans 1066:1072 additional glycans 1055:1072 additional glycans 1055:1072 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 10 54 theme GPC 1456:1458 arg1 glycans 1460:1466 specific GPC glycans 1447:1466 specific GPC glycans 1447:1466 We also found that MACV lacking specific GPC glycans elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV. 33647064 10 55 theme neutralizing 1494:1505 arg1 antibodies 1507:1516 neutralizing antibodies 1494:1516 neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV 1494:1539 We also found that MACV lacking specific GPC glycans elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type MACV. 33647064 11 56 theme critical 1568:1575 arg1 role 1577:1580 the critical role 1564:1580 the critical role of specific glycans on GPC 1564:1607 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 5 57 theme GPC 609:611 arg1 GPC 609:611 GPC 609:611 GPC 609:611 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 5 57 theme GPC 609:611 arg1 ectodomain 595:604 the ectodomain 591:604 the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine 591:633 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 0 58 link N-linked 13:20 arg1 glycans 22:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans 0:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans 0:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans play a critical role in arenavirus pathogenicity. 33647064 5 59 theme chimeric 572:579 arg1 MACV 581:584 a chimeric MACV 570:584 a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine 570:633 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 9 60 theme glycans 1360:1366 arg1 loss 1346:1349 loss 1346:1349 loss of these glycans 1346:1366 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 8 61 from animals 1144:1150 arg1 virulent 1132:1139 virulent 1132:1139 virulent 1132:1139 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 11 62 theme glycans 1594:1600 arg1 role 1577:1580 the critical role 1564:1580 the critical role of specific glycans on GPC 1564:1607 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 6 63 theme GPC 734:736 arg1 N83 738:740 GPC N83 734:740 GPC N83 734:740 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 5 64 theme lethal 475:480 arg1 model 489:493 a lethal animal model 473:493 a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 473:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 6 65 theme glycans 723:729 arg1 acquisition 699:709 acquisition 699:709 acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 699:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 9 66 theme virus 1383:1387 arg1 growth 1389:1394 virus growth 1383:1394 virus growth in cultured cells 1383:1412 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 3 67 theme N-linked 260:267 arg1 glycans 269:275 Specific N-linked glycans 251:275 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 251:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 4 68 theme glycans 414:420 arg1 role 402:405 the role 398:405 the role of GPC glycans in arenavirus pathogenicity 398:448 However the role of GPC glycans in arenavirus pathogenicity is largely unclear. 33647064 4 68 theme glycans 414:420 arg1 unclear 461:467 unclear 461:467 unclear 461:467 However the role of GPC glycans in arenavirus pathogenicity is largely unclear. 33647064 11 69 theme fever-causing 1735:1747 arg1 viruses 1749:1755 hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1723:1755 hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1723:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 9 70 theme other 1160:1164 arg1 hand 1166:1169 the other hand 1156:1169 the other hand 1156:1169 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 4 71 theme arenavirus 425:434 arg1 pathogenicity 436:448 arenavirus pathogenicity 425:448 arenavirus pathogenicity 425:448 However the role of GPC glycans in arenavirus pathogenicity is largely unclear. 33647064 9 72 from GPC 1230:1232 arg1 disruption 1172:1181 disruption 1172:1181 disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC 1172:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 7 73 theme crucial 965:971 arg1 glycans 957:963 those glycans 951:963 those glycans crucial for infection 951:985 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 5 74 theme Machupo 524:530 arg1 MACV 539:542 MACV 539:542 MACV 539:542 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 5 74 theme Machupo 524:530 arg1 virus 532:536 fever-causing Machupo virus 510:536 hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 498:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 3 75 theme arenavirus 284:293 arg1 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 3 75 theme arenavirus 284:293 arg1 glycoprotein 303:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein 280:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 280:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 11 76 contain have 1641:1644 arg2 implications 1656:1667 important implications 1646:1667 important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1646:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 11 76 contain have 1641:1644 arg1 findings 1546:1553 Our findings 1542:1553 Our findings 1542:1553 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 11 77 theme vaccines 1692:1699 arg1 design 1682:1687 rational design 1673:1687 rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses 1673:1755 Our findings revealed the critical role of specific glycans on GPC in arenavirus pathogenicity and have important implications for rational design of vaccines against this group of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. 33647064 9 78 theme glycosylation 1192:1204 arg1 sites 1206:1210 these glycosylation sites 1186:1210 these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC 1186:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 1 79 theme case 146:149 arg1 rates 160:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 high case fatality rates 141:164 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 5 80 theme hemorrhagic 498:508 arg1 infection 545:553 hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 498:553 hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection 498:553 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 9 81 theme MACV 1225:1228 arg1 GPC 1230:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 wild-type MACV GPC 1215:1232 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 6 82 from N166 746:749 arg1 acquisition 699:709 acquisition 699:709 acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 699:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 6 82 from N166 746:749 arg1 glycans 723:729 N-linked glycans 714:729 N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 714:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 5 83 from vaccine 627:633 arg1 GPC 609:611 GPC 609:611 GPC 609:611 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 5 83 from vaccine 627:633 arg1 ectodomain 595:604 the ectodomain 591:604 the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine 591:633 In a lethal animal model of hemorrhagic fever-causing Machupo virus (MACV) infection, we found that a chimeric MACV with the ectodomain of GPC from Candid#1 vaccine was partially attenuated. 33647064 0 84 theme N-linked 13:20 arg1 glycans 22:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans 0:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans 0:28 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans play a critical role in arenavirus pathogenicity. 33647064 7 85 theme MACV 868:871 arg1 GPC 851:853 the GPC 847:853 the GPC of wild-type MACV 847:871 These glycosylation sites are conserved in the GPC of wild-type MACV, indicating that this is a phenotypic reversion for the chimeric MACV to gain those glycans crucial for infection in vivo. 33647064 1 86 theme hemorrhagic 107:117 arg1 fevers 119:124 hemorrhagic fevers 107:124 hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates 107:164 Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high case fatality rates. 33647064 2 87 theme Candid 183:188 arg1 # 189:189 Candid#1 183:190 Candid#1 183:190 A vaccine named Candid#1 is available only against Junin virus (JUNV) in Argentina. 33647064 0 88 theme critical 37:44 arg1 role 46:49 a critical role 35:49 a critical role 35:49 Glycoprotein N-linked glycans play a critical role in arenavirus pathogenicity. 33647064 6 89 from N83 738:740 arg1 acquisition 699:709 acquisition 699:709 acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 699:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 6 89 from N83 738:740 arg1 glycans 723:729 N-linked glycans 714:729 N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 714:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 6 90 theme N-linked 714:721 arg1 glycans 723:729 N-linked glycans 714:729 N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 714:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 8 91 theme GPC 1031:1033 arg1 viruses 1042:1048 the GPC mutant viruses 1027:1048 the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans 1027:1072 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33647064 6 92 from acquisition 699:709 arg1 N166 746:749 N166 746:749 N166 746:749 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 6 92 from acquisition 699:709 arg1 N83 738:740 GPC N83 734:740 GPC N83 734:740 Interestingly, mutations resulting in acquisition of N-linked glycans at GPC N83 and N166 frequently occurred in late stages of the infection. 33647064 3 93 theme antibody 370:377 arg1 responses 379:387 antibody responses 370:387 antibody responses 370:387 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 3 94 gly glycoprotein 303:314 arg1 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 GP 317:318 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 3 94 gly glycoprotein 303:314 arg1 glycoprotein 303:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein 280:314 the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) 280:319 Specific N-linked glycans on the arenavirus surface glycoprotein (GP) mask important epitopes and help the virus evade antibody responses. 33647064 9 95 from growth 1389:1394 arg1 cells 1408:1412 cultured cells 1399:1412 cultured cells 1399:1412 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 9 96 theme antibody 1315:1322 arg1 neutralization 1324:1337 antibody neutralization 1315:1337 antibody neutralization 1315:1337 On the other hand, disruption of these glycosylation sites on wild-type MACV GPC rendered the virus substantially attenuated in vivo and also more susceptible to antibody neutralization, while loss of these glycans did not affect virus growth in cultured cells. 33647064 8 97 theme additional 1055:1064 arg1 glycans 1066:1072 additional glycans 1055:1072 additional glycans 1055:1072 Further studies indicated that the GPC mutant viruses with additional glycans became more resistant to neutralizing antibodies and more virulent in animals. 33206527 10 0 theme glycan 2006:2011 arg1 effect 1988:1993 the regulatory effect 1973:1993 the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth 1973:2030 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 8 1 theme Tera-1 1627:1632 arg1 cells 1634:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 1 theme Tera-1 1627:1632 arg1 lines 1605:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines 1574:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells) 1574:1639 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 7 2 theme signaling 1437:1445 arg1 pathway 1447:1453 the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway 1423:1453 the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway 1423:1453 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 7 3 theme signaling 1301:1309 arg1 proteins 1318:1325 key signaling target proteins 1297:1325 key signaling target proteins via Western blotting 1297:1346 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 11 4 theme cell 2259:2262 arg1 growth 2264:2269 cell growth 2259:2269 cell growth 2259:2269 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 8 5 theme non-HCC 1592:1598 arg1 cells 1634:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 5 theme non-HCC 1592:1598 arg1 lines 1605:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines 1574:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells) 1574:1639 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 12 6 gly glycosylation 2461:2473 arg1 Asn79 2478:2482 Asn79 2478:2482 Asn79 2478:2482 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 12 6 gly glycosylation 2461:2473 arg2 Asn79 2478:2482 Asn79 2478:2482 Asn79 2478:2482 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 3 7 theme expression 510:519 arg1 suppression 490:500 the suppression 486:500 the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells 486:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 12 8 theme cancer 2419:2424 arg1 cells 2426:2430 liver cancer cells 2413:2430 liver cancer cells 2413:2430 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 6 9 theme N79 1120:1122 arg1 glycan 1124:1129 the N79 glycan 1116:1129 the N79 glycan of CES1 1116:1137 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 9 10 theme enzyme 1820:1825 arg1 activity 1827:1834 CES1 enzyme activity 1815:1834 CES1 enzyme activity 1815:1834 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 13 11 theme cancer 2606:2611 arg1 lines 2618:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 10 12 theme cellular 2016:2023 arg1 growth 2025:2030 cellular growth 2016:2030 cellular growth 2016:2030 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 6 13 theme chain 1198:1202 arg1 reaction 1204:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 9 14 link N-linked 1739:1746 arg1 Asn79 1766:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 14 link N-linked 1739:1746 arg1 glycan 1777:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 6 15 theme antiproliferative 1086:1102 arg1 function 1104:1111 This antiproliferative function 1081:1111 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 1081:1137 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 10 16 theme single 2048:2053 arg1 site 2071:2074 the single N-glycosylation site 2044:2074 the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn 2044:2091 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 3 17 theme Hep3B 680:684 arg1 cells 686:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 5 18 theme expression 1001:1010 arg1 levels 1012:1017 the expression levels 997:1017 the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation 997:1078 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 3 19 theme liver 524:528 arg1 cells 537:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 13 20 theme HCC 2585:2587 arg1 tumors 2589:2594 human HCC tumors 2579:2594 human HCC tumors 2579:2594 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 1 21 theme N-linked 196:203 arg1 group 214:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 6 22 theme polymerase 1187:1196 arg1 reaction 1204:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 8 23 theme liver 1679:1683 arg1 effect 1716:1721 a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect 1677:1721 a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect 1677:1721 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 4 24 theme control 825:831 arg1 cells 846:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 6 25 theme quantitative 1164:1175 arg1 reaction 1204:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 9 26 from Asn79 1766:1770 arg1 glycosyl 1748:1755 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 26 from Asn79 1766:1770 arg1 group 1757:1761 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 26 from Asn79 1766:1770 arg1 at 1763:1764 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 6 27 theme array 1255:1259 arg1 assay 1261:1265 an apoptosis protein array assay 1234:1265 an apoptosis protein array assay 1234:1265 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 5 28 theme substantial 972:982 arg1 decreases 984:992 substantial decreases 972:992 substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation 972:1078 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 8 29 theme suppressive 1704:1714 arg1 effect 1716:1721 a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect 1677:1721 a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect 1677:1721 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 12 30 link N-linked 2452:2459 arg1 glycosylation 2461:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation 2441:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 2441:2482 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 4 31 theme cancer 839:844 arg1 cells 846:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 8 32 with transfection 1540:1551 arg1 CES1 1558:1561 CES1 1558:1561 CES1 1558:1561 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 14 33 theme identifier 2692:2701 arg1 PXD021573 2703:2711 the identifier PXD021573 2688:2711 the identifier PXD021573 2688:2711 Mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD021573. 33206527 9 34 theme CES1 1897:1900 arg1 modification 1881:1892 the post-translational modification 1858:1892 the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 1858:1907 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 6 35 theme apoptosis 1237:1245 arg1 assay 1261:1265 an apoptosis protein array assay 1234:1265 an apoptosis protein array assay 1234:1265 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 3 36 theme detectability 573:585 arg1 advantage 552:560 advantage 552:560 advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors 552:610 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 5 37 theme interactive 859:869 arg1 proteome 886:893 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 proteome 886:893 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 3 38 from cells 537:541 arg1 suppression 490:500 the suppression 486:500 the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells 486:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 0 39 theme Cancer 77:82 arg1 Growth 89:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 0 40 from Role 21:24 arg1 Growth 89:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 5 41 from decreases 984:992 arg1 levels 1012:1017 the expression levels 997:1017 the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation 997:1078 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 11 42 theme gel 2171:2173 arg1 electrophoresis 2175:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis 2143:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 11 43 theme Fluorescence 2143:2154 arg1 electrophoresis 2175:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis 2143:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 11 44 theme doubling 2289:2296 arg1 time 2298:2301 doubling time 2289:2301 doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation 2289:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 3 45 from expression 510:519 arg1 cells 537:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 5 46 theme subsequent 900:909 arg1 analysis 936:943 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 analysis 936:943 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 11 47 theme electrophoresis 2175:2189 arg1 analysis 2210:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis 2143:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 9 48 theme antiproliferative 1930:1946 arg1 activity 1948:1955 its antiproliferative activity 1926:1955 its antiproliferative activity 1926:1955 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 2 49 theme normal 368:373 arg1 plasma 381:386 normal human plasma 368:386 normal human plasma 368:386 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 4 50 dep cells 846:850 arg1 was 795:797 was 795:797 was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells 795:850 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 5 51 theme cell 1040:1043 arg1 regulation 1051:1060 cell cycle regulation 1040:1060 cell cycle regulation 1040:1060 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 5 52 theme Ontology 916:923 arg1 analysis 936:943 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 analysis 936:943 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 2 53 theme major 405:409 arg1 lines 429:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 3 54 from detectability 573:585 arg1 tumors 605:610 tumors 605:610 tumors 605:610 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 0 55 theme Potential 0:8 arg1 Role 21:24 Potential Regulatory Role 0:24 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 0:95 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 9 56 from N79 1905:1907 arg1 modification 1881:1892 the post-translational modification 1858:1892 the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 1858:1907 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 57 theme glycosyl 1748:1755 arg1 Asn79 1766:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 57 theme glycosyl 1748:1755 arg1 glycan 1777:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 8 58 theme cell 1502:1505 arg1 PLC/RFP/5 1513:1521 PLC/RFP/5 1513:1521 PLC/RFP/5 1513:1521 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 58 theme cell 1502:1505 arg1 line 1507:1510 HCC cell line 1498:1510 another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) 1490:1522 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 59 dep cells 1634:1638 arg1 e.g. 1612:1615 e.g. 1612:1615 e.g. 1612:1615 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 2 60 theme HCC 389:391 arg1 tumors 393:398 HCC tumors 389:398 HCC tumors 389:398 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 1 61 theme serological 256:266 arg1 marker 268:273 a candidate serological marker 244:273 a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 244:307 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 61 theme serological 256:266 arg1 carboxylesterase 131:146 human carboxylesterase 1 125:148 human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) 125:155 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 7 62 theme CES1 1363:1366 arg1 overexpression 1368:1381 CES1 overexpression 1363:1381 CES1 overexpression 1363:1381 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 14 63 theme Mass 2625:2628 arg1 data 2643:2646 Mass spectrometry data 2625:2646 Mass spectrometry data 2625:2646 Mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD021573. 33206527 9 64 theme at 1763:1764 arg1 Asn79 1766:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 64 theme at 1763:1764 arg1 glycan 1777:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 11 65 theme protein 2191:2197 arg1 analysis 2210:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis 2143:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 1 66 contain containing 176:185 arg2 group 214:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 66 contain containing 176:185 arg1 esterase 167:174 a serine esterase 158:174 a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1) 158:238 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 66 contain containing 176:185 arg1 carboxylesterase 131:146 human carboxylesterase 1 125:148 human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) 125:155 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 4 67 theme cells 750:754 arg1 population 711:720 the population 707:720 the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells 707:754 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 0 68 theme Human-Carboxylesterase-1 29:52 arg1 Glycosylation 54:66 Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation 29:66 Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation 29:66 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 2 69 from levels 358:363 arg1 plasma 381:386 normal human plasma 368:386 normal human plasma 368:386 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 69 from levels 358:363 arg1 tumors 393:398 HCC tumors 389:398 HCC tumors 389:398 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 69 from levels 358:363 arg1 present 327:333 present 327:333 present 327:333 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 69 from levels 358:363 arg1 lines 429:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 70 theme cancer 417:422 arg1 lines 429:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 11 71 from time 2298:2301 arg1 cells 2306:2310 cells 2306:2310 cells carrying the N79Q mutation 2306:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 1 72 theme carcinoma 293:301 arg1 marker 268:273 a candidate serological marker 244:273 a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 244:307 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 72 theme carcinoma 293:301 arg1 carboxylesterase 131:146 human carboxylesterase 1 125:148 human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) 125:155 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 12 73 theme single 2445:2450 arg1 glycosylation 2461:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation 2441:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 2441:2482 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 7 74 theme levels 1287:1292 arg1 analysis 1271:1278 An analysis 1268:1278 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting 1268:1346 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 4 75 theme CES1-overexpressing 725:743 arg1 cells 750:754 CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells 725:754 CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells 725:754 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 4 75 theme CES1-overexpressing 725:743 arg1 OE 746:747 OE 746:747 OE 746:747 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 8 76 theme cell 1600:1603 arg1 cells 1634:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 76 theme cell 1600:1603 arg1 lines 1605:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines 1574:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells) 1574:1639 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 10 77 theme regulatory 1977:1986 arg1 effect 1988:1993 the regulatory effect 1973:1993 the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth 1973:2030 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 12 78 theme liver 2413:2417 arg1 cells 2426:2430 liver cancer cells 2413:2430 liver cancer cells 2413:2430 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 3 79 from tumors 605:610 arg1 detectability 573:585 the low detectability 565:585 the low detectability of this marker in tumors 565:610 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 2 80 attach present 327:333 arg2 CES1 310:313 CES1 310:313 CES1 310:313 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 80 attach present 327:333 arg1 levels 358:363 low-to-undetectable levels 338:363 low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines 338:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 5 81 theme CES1-OE 948:954 arg1 cells 956:960 CES1-OE cells 948:960 CES1-OE cells 948:960 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 3 82 theme cell 651:654 arg1 cells 686:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 3 82 theme cell 651:654 arg1 lines 656:660 multiple HCC cell lines 638:660 multiple HCC cell lines 638:660 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 3 83 theme potential 455:463 arg1 mechanism 465:473 the potential mechanism 451:473 the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells 451:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 8 84 theme Similar 1456:1462 arg1 results 1464:1470 Similar results 1456:1470 Similar results 1456:1470 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 7 85 theme PKD1/PKCμ 1427:1435 arg1 pathway 1447:1453 the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway 1423:1453 the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway 1423:1453 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 10 86 theme N79 2002:2004 arg1 glycan 2006:2011 the N79 glycan 1998:2011 the N79 glycan 1998:2011 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 3 87 theme multiple 638:645 arg1 cells 686:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 3 87 theme multiple 638:645 arg1 lines 656:660 multiple HCC cell lines 638:660 multiple HCC cell lines 638:660 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 3 88 theme CES1 505:508 arg1 expression 510:519 CES1 expression 505:519 CES1 expression in liver cancer cells 505:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 6 89 theme glycan 1124:1129 arg1 function 1104:1111 This antiproliferative function 1081:1111 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 1081:1137 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 9 90 theme CES1 1815:1818 arg1 activity 1827:1834 CES1 enzyme activity 1815:1834 CES1 enzyme activity 1815:1834 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 8 91 theme treated 1584:1590 arg1 cells 1634:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 91 theme treated 1584:1590 arg1 lines 1605:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines 1574:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells) 1574:1639 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 3 92 from marker 595:600 arg1 tumors 605:610 tumors 605:610 tumors 605:610 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 3 93 theme stable 673:678 arg1 cells 686:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 6 94 theme flow 1214:1217 arg1 cytometry 1219:1227 flow cytometry 1214:1227 flow cytometry 1214:1227 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 13 95 theme liver 2600:2604 arg1 lines 2618:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 1 96 theme serine 160:165 arg1 esterase 167:174 a serine esterase 158:174 a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1) 158:238 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 96 theme serine 160:165 arg1 carboxylesterase 131:146 human carboxylesterase 1 125:148 human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) 125:155 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 7 97 theme antiproliferative 1394:1410 arg1 effect 1412:1417 an antiproliferative effect 1391:1417 an antiproliferative effect 1391:1417 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 11 98 theme difference 2160:2169 arg1 electrophoresis 2175:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis 2143:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 10 99 from site 2071:2074 arg1 CES1 2079:2082 CES1 2079:2082 CES1 2079:2082 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 13 100 theme CES1 2571:2574 arg1 undetectability 2552:2566 the undetectability 2548:2566 the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines 2548:2622 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 3 101 theme cancer 530:535 arg1 cells 537:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 13 102 theme cell 2613:2616 arg1 lines 2618:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 4 103 theme doubling 781:788 arg1 time 790:793 their doubling time 775:793 their doubling time 775:793 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 10 104 theme N-glycosylation 2055:2069 arg1 site 2071:2074 the single N-glycosylation site 2044:2074 the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn 2044:2091 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 12 105 theme regulatory 2502:2511 arg1 role 2513:2516 a potential regulatory role 2490:2516 a potential regulatory role 2490:2516 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 1 106 theme unique 189:194 arg1 group 214:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 11 107 theme expression 2199:2208 arg1 analysis 2210:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis 2143:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 10 108 from Asn 2089:2091 arg1 site 2071:2074 the single N-glycosylation site 2044:2074 the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn 2044:2091 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 1 109 theme glycosyl 205:212 arg1 group 214:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 6 110 theme real-time 1177:1185 arg1 reaction 1204:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 1164:1211 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 9 111 theme post-translational 1862:1879 arg1 modification 1881:1892 the post-translational modification 1858:1892 the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 1858:1907 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 8 112 theme transient 1530:1538 arg1 transfection 1540:1551 transient transfection 1530:1551 transient transfection with CES1 1530:1561 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 13 113 theme human 2579:2583 arg1 tumors 2589:2594 human HCC tumors 2579:2594 human HCC tumors 2579:2594 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 5 114 theme genes 1022:1026 arg1 levels 1012:1017 the expression levels 997:1017 the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation 997:1078 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 12 115 theme potential 2492:2500 arg1 role 2513:2516 a potential regulatory role 2490:2516 a potential regulatory role 2490:2516 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 1 116 theme human 125:129 arg1 marker 268:273 a candidate serological marker 244:273 a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 244:307 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 116 theme human 125:129 arg1 carboxylesterase 131:146 human carboxylesterase 1 125:148 human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) 125:155 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 116 theme human 125:129 arg1 CES1 151:154 CES1 151:154 CES1 151:154 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 116 theme human 125:129 arg1 esterase 167:174 a serine esterase 158:174 a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1) 158:238 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 11 117 theme N79Q 2325:2328 arg1 mutation 2330:2337 the N79Q mutation 2321:2337 the N79Q mutation 2321:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 4 118 theme mock 820:823 arg1 cells 846:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 7 119 theme target 1311:1316 arg1 proteins 1318:1325 key signaling target proteins 1297:1325 key signaling target proteins via Western blotting 1297:1346 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 6 120 theme protein 1247:1253 arg1 assay 1261:1265 an apoptosis protein array assay 1234:1265 an apoptosis protein array assay 1234:1265 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 3 121 theme low 569:571 arg1 detectability 573:585 the low detectability 565:585 the low detectability of this marker in tumors 565:610 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 8 122 theme cell-type-specific 1685:1702 arg1 effect 1716:1721 a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect 1677:1721 a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect 1677:1721 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 7 123 theme Western 1331:1337 arg1 blotting 1339:1346 Western blotting 1331:1346 Western blotting 1331:1346 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 4 124 theme liver 833:837 arg1 cells 846:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 mock control liver cancer cells 820:850 We found that the population of CES1-overexpressing (OE) cells decreased and that their doubling time was longer compared with mock control liver cancer cells. 33206527 7 125 theme key 1297:1299 arg1 proteins 1318:1325 key signaling target proteins 1297:1325 key signaling target proteins via Western blotting 1297:1346 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 11 126 theme cell 2222:2225 arg1 lysates 2227:2233 cell lysates 2222:2233 cell lysates 2222:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 9 127 attach linked 1916:1921 arg1 activity 1948:1955 its antiproliferative activity 1926:1955 its antiproliferative activity 1926:1955 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 127 attach linked 1916:1921 arg2 modification 1881:1892 the post-translational modification 1858:1892 the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 1858:1907 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 0 128 theme Cell 84:87 arg1 Growth 89:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 2 129 located present 327:333 arg2 CES1 310:313 CES1 310:313 CES1 310:313 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 129 located present 327:333 arg1 levels 358:363 low-to-undetectable levels 338:363 low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines 338:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 6 130 theme CES1 1134:1137 arg1 glycan 1124:1129 the N79 glycan 1116:1129 the N79 glycan of CES1 1116:1137 This antiproliferative function of the N79 glycan of CES1 was further supported by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and an apoptosis protein array assay. 33206527 3 131 from suppression 490:500 arg1 cells 537:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 liver cancer cells 524:541 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 10 132 theme site-directed 2116:2128 arg1 mutagenesis 2130:2140 site-directed mutagenesis 2116:2140 site-directed mutagenesis 2116:2140 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 11 133 from increase 2247:2254 arg1 growth 2264:2269 cell growth 2259:2269 cell growth 2259:2269 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 11 133 from increase 2247:2254 arg1 time 2298:2301 doubling time 2289:2301 doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation 2289:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 11 134 theme 2-D 2156:2158 arg1 electrophoresis 2175:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis 2143:2189 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 1 135 link N-linked 196:203 arg1 group 214:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 a unique N-linked glycosyl group 187:218 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 5 136 theme Gene 911:914 arg1 analysis 936:943 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 analysis 936:943 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 11 137 theme lysates 2227:2233 arg1 analysis 2210:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis 2143:2217 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates 2143:2233 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 8 138 theme HCC 1498:1500 arg1 PLC/RFP/5 1513:1521 PLC/RFP/5 1513:1521 PLC/RFP/5 1513:1521 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 138 theme HCC 1498:1500 arg1 line 1507:1510 HCC cell line 1498:1510 another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) 1490:1522 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 10 139 from effect 1988:1993 arg1 growth 2025:2030 cellular growth 2016:2030 cellular growth 2016:2030 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 0 140 theme Regulatory 10:19 arg1 Role 21:24 Potential Regulatory Role 0:24 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 0:95 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 5 141 theme cycle 1045:1049 arg1 regulation 1051:1060 cell cycle regulation 1040:1060 cell cycle regulation 1040:1060 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 5 142 theme transcriptome 871:883 arg1 proteome 886:893 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 proteome 886:893 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 9 143 theme N-linked 1739:1746 arg1 Asn79 1766:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 143 theme N-linked 1739:1746 arg1 glycan 1777:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 12 144 theme antiproliferative 2385:2401 arg1 effect 2403:2408 an antiproliferative effect 2382:2408 an antiproliferative effect 2382:2408 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 2 145 theme low-to-undetectable 338:356 arg1 levels 358:363 low-to-undetectable levels 338:363 low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines 338:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 1 146 theme candidate 246:254 arg1 marker 268:273 a candidate serological marker 244:273 a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 244:307 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 146 theme candidate 246:254 arg1 carboxylesterase 131:146 human carboxylesterase 1 125:148 human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) 125:155 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 7 147 theme proteins 1318:1325 arg1 levels 1287:1292 the levels 1283:1292 the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting 1283:1346 An analysis of the levels of key signaling target proteins via Western blotting suggested that CES1 overexpression exerted an antiproliferative effect via the PKD1/PKCμ signaling pathway. 33206527 14 148 theme spectrometry 2630:2641 arg1 data 2643:2646 Mass spectrometry data 2625:2646 Mass spectrometry data 2625:2646 Mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD021573. 33206527 9 149 theme group 1757:1761 arg1 Asn79 1766:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 149 theme group 1757:1761 arg1 glycan 1777:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 10 150 gly N-glycosylation 2055:2069 arg2 site 2071:2074 the single N-glycosylation site 2044:2074 the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn 2044:2091 To investigate the regulatory effect of the N79 glycan on cellular growth, we mutated the single N-glycosylation site in CES1 from Asn to Gln (CES1-N79Q) via site-directed mutagenesis. 33206527 3 151 theme marker 595:600 arg1 detectability 573:585 the low detectability 565:585 the low detectability of this marker in tumors 565:610 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 0 152 theme Glycosylation 54:66 arg1 Role 21:24 Potential Regulatory Role 0:24 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 0:95 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 12 153 from Asn79 2478:2482 arg1 glycosylation 2461:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation 2441:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 2441:2482 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 5 154 theme cells 956:960 arg1 proteome 886:893 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 proteome 886:893 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 5 154 theme cells 956:960 arg1 analysis 936:943 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 analysis 936:943 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 12 155 theme N-linked 2452:2459 arg1 glycosylation 2461:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation 2441:2473 the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 2441:2482 Thus our results suggest that CES1 exerts an antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells and that the single N-linked glycosylation at Asn79 plays a potential regulatory role. 33206527 2 156 theme cell 424:427 arg1 lines 429:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 2 157 theme human 375:379 arg1 plasma 381:386 normal human plasma 368:386 normal human plasma 368:386 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 0 158 theme Liver 71:75 arg1 Growth 89:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Liver Cancer Cell Growth 71:94 Potential Regulatory Role of Human-Carboxylesterase-1 Glycosylation in Liver Cancer Cell Growth. 33206527 1 159 theme hepatocellular 278:291 arg1 HCC 304:306 HCC 304:306 HCC 304:306 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 1 159 theme hepatocellular 278:291 arg1 carcinoma 293:301 hepatocellular carcinoma 278:301 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 278:307 We previously reported that human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a serine esterase containing a unique N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 CES1), is a candidate serological marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 33206527 2 160 theme liver 411:415 arg1 lines 429:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 major liver cancer cell lines 405:433 CES1 is normally present at low-to-undetectable levels in normal human plasma, HCC tumors, and major liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 5 161 theme enrichment 925:934 arg1 analysis 936:943 interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 859:943 analysis 936:943 Using interactive transcriptome, proteome, and subsequent Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of CES1-OE cells, we found substantial decreases in the expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. 33206527 13 162 from undetectability 2552:2566 arg1 lines 2618:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 liver cancer cell lines 2600:2622 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 13 162 from undetectability 2552:2566 arg1 tumors 2589:2594 human HCC tumors 2579:2594 human HCC tumors 2579:2594 These functions may underlie the undetectability of CES1 in human HCC tumors and liver cancer cell lines. 33206527 9 163 theme CES1 1788:1791 arg1 Asn79 1766:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 1735:1770 the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 1735:1791 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 9 163 theme CES1 1788:1791 arg1 glycan 1777:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 N79 glycan 1773:1782 Given that the N-linked glycosyl group at Asn79 (N79 glycan) of CES1 is known to influence CES1 enzyme activity, we hypothesized that the post-translational modification of CES1 at N79 may be linked to its antiproliferative activity. 33206527 11 164 contain carrying 2312:2319 arg1 cells 2306:2310 cells 2306:2310 cells carrying the N79Q mutation 2306:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 11 164 contain carrying 2312:2319 arg2 mutation 2330:2337 the N79Q mutation 2321:2337 the N79Q mutation 2321:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 3 165 theme HCC 647:649 arg1 cells 686:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 stable Hep3B cells 673:690 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 3 165 theme HCC 647:649 arg1 lines 656:660 multiple HCC cell lines 638:660 multiple HCC cell lines 638:660 To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the suppression of CES1 expression in liver cancer cells, we took advantage of the low detectability of this marker in tumors by overexpressing CES1 in multiple HCC cell lines, including stable Hep3B cells. 33206527 11 166 from decrease 2277:2284 arg1 growth 2264:2269 cell growth 2259:2269 cell growth 2259:2269 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 11 166 from decrease 2277:2284 arg1 time 2298:2301 doubling time 2289:2301 doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation 2289:2337 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis protein expression analysis of cell lysates revealed an increase in cell growth and a decrease in doubling time in cells carrying the N79Q mutation. 33206527 8 167 theme HeLa 1618:1621 arg1 cells 1634:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 HeLa and Tera-1 cells 1618:1638 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33206527 8 167 theme HeLa 1618:1621 arg1 lines 1605:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines 1574:1609 similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells) 1574:1639 Similar results were also seen in another HCC cell line (PLC/RFP/5) after transient transfection with CES1 but not in similarly treated non-HCC cell lines (e.g., HeLa and Tera-1 cells), suggesting that CES1 likely exerts a liver cell-type-specific suppressive effect. 33619653 3 0 theme sapromyophilous 701:715 arg1 syndromes 729:737 the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes 682:737 syndromes 729:737 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 2 1 theme floral 361:366 arg1 characters 368:377 floral characters 361:377 floral characters 361:377 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 9 2 dep Echinosepala 1678:1689 arg1 species 1723:1729 a sapromyophilous species 1705:1729 a sapromyophilous species 1705:1729 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 2 dep Echinosepala 1678:1689 arg1 aspasicensis 1691:1702 Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species 1678:1729 aspasicensis 1691:1702 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 0 3 from glands 7:12 arg1 species 48:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species 17:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland 17:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 4 4 theme electron 893:900 arg1 microscopy 902:911 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 859:911 microscopy 902:911 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 9 5 theme unique 1583:1588 arg1 gland 1590:1594 a unique gland 1581:1594 a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids 1581:1807 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 1 6 theme challenging 250:260 arg1 systematics 262:272 their challenging systematics 244:272 their challenging systematics 244:272 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 8 7 theme myophilous 1423:1432 arg1 species 1434:1440 both myophilous species 1418:1440 both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1418:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 9 8 theme sapromyophilous 1707:1721 arg1 species 1723:1729 a sapromyophilous species 1705:1729 a sapromyophilous species 1705:1729 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 9 from occurrence 1567:1576 arg1 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 10 theme gland 1590:1594 arg1 reabsorption 1502:1513 reabsorption 1502:1513 reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae 1502:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 10 theme gland 1590:1594 arg1 occurrence 1567:1576 the occurrence 1563:1576 the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids 1563:1807 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 6 11 dep dorsal 1117:1122 arg1 sepals 1139:1144 sepals 1139:1144 sepals 1139:1144 Nectaries were restricted to the labellum of the myophilous species, whereas osmophores occurred in the dorsal and/or lateral sepals, varying according to species. 33619653 9 12 theme first 1474:1478 arg1 time 1480:1483 the first time 1470:1483 the first time 1470:1483 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 10 13 theme Similar 1810:1816 arg1 glands 1818:1823 Similar glands 1810:1823 Similar glands 1810:1823 Similar glands have been reported in Bulbophyllum, highlighting the convergence between both groups. 33619653 8 14 theme present 1393:1399 arg1 osmophores 1374:1383 the trichome osmophores 1361:1383 the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1361:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 4 15 from stages 787:792 arg1 labellum 751:758 labellum 751:758 labellum 751:758 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 4 15 from stages 787:792 arg1 Sepals 740:745 Sepals 740:745 Sepals 740:745 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 4 16 theme developmental 773:785 arg1 stages 787:792 different developmental stages 763:792 different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 763:837 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 5 17 theme Lucifer 950:956 arg1 Yellow 958:963 Lucifer Yellow 950:963 Lucifer Yellow CH tracer 950:973 Nectar reabsorption was assessed by Lucifer Yellow CH tracer and imaged under confocal microscopy. 33619653 9 18 theme sticky-exudate 1602:1615 arg1 glands 1617:1622 sticky-exudate glands 1602:1622 sticky-exudate glands 1602:1622 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 1 19 theme Pleurothallidinae 157:173 arg1 focus 197:201 the focus 193:201 the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy 193:285 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 1 19 theme Pleurothallidinae 157:173 arg1 orchids 175:181 Pleurothallidinae orchids 157:181 Pleurothallidinae orchids 157:181 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 0 20 theme -osmophores 106:116 arg1 species 48:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species 17:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland 17:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 3 21 theme pollination 717:727 arg1 syndromes 729:737 the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes 682:737 syndromes 729:737 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 7 22 theme sapromyophilous 1184:1198 arg1 species 1200:1206 the sapromyophilous species 1180:1206 the sapromyophilous species 1180:1206 In the sapromyophilous species, floral nectaries were not detected and osmophores were restricted to the labellum. 33619653 6 23 theme myophilous 1062:1071 arg1 species 1073:1079 the myophilous species 1058:1079 the myophilous species 1058:1079 Nectaries were restricted to the labellum of the myophilous species, whereas osmophores occurred in the dorsal and/or lateral sepals, varying according to species. 33619653 4 24 theme transmission 880:891 arg1 microscopy 902:911 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 859:911 microscopy 902:911 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 8 25 attach present 1393:1399 arg2 osmophores 1374:1383 the trichome osmophores 1361:1383 the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1361:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 8 25 attach present 1393:1399 arg1 sepals 1408:1413 the sepals 1404:1413 the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1404:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 4 26 theme different 763:771 arg1 stages 787:792 different developmental stages 763:792 different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 763:837 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 0 27 theme Floral 0:5 arg1 glands 7:12 Floral glands 0:12 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 0:155 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 3 28 from variations 576:585 arg1 volatiles 590:598 volatiles 590:598 volatiles emitted 590:606 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 5 29 theme Nectar 914:919 arg1 reabsorption 921:932 Nectar reabsorption 914:932 Nectar reabsorption 914:932 Nectar reabsorption was assessed by Lucifer Yellow CH tracer and imaged under confocal microscopy. 33619653 0 30 theme myophilous 17:26 arg1 species 48:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species 17:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland 17:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 9 31 theme heterogeneous 1748:1760 arg1 exudate 1762:1768 a heterogeneous exudate 1746:1768 a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids 1746:1807 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 32 from Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 arg1 reabsorption 1502:1513 reabsorption 1502:1513 reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae 1502:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 32 from Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 arg1 occurrence 1567:1576 the occurrence 1563:1576 the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids 1563:1807 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 2 33 dep related 350:356 arg1 occurrence 408:417 the occurrence 404:417 the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance 404:452 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 33 dep related 350:356 arg1 synapomorphies 292:305 The synapomorphies 288:305 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group 288:337 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 33 dep related 350:356 arg1 related 350:356 related 350:356 related 350:356 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 33 dep related 350:356 arg1 last 384:387 last 384:387 last 384:387 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 34 theme alkanes 422:428 arg1 occurrence 408:417 the occurrence 404:417 the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance 404:452 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 34 theme alkanes 422:428 arg1 synapomorphies 292:305 The synapomorphies 288:305 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group 288:337 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 34 theme alkanes 422:428 arg1 related 350:356 related 350:356 related 350:356 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 34 theme alkanes 422:428 arg1 last 384:387 last 384:387 last 384:387 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 7 35 theme floral 1209:1214 arg1 nectaries 1216:1224 floral nectaries 1209:1224 floral nectaries 1209:1224 In the sapromyophilous species, floral nectaries were not detected and osmophores were restricted to the labellum. 33619653 0 36 theme nectaries 119:127 arg1 species 48:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species 17:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland 17:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 5 37 theme confocal 992:999 arg1 microscopy 1001:1010 confocal microscopy 992:1010 confocal microscopy 992:1010 Nectar reabsorption was assessed by Lucifer Yellow CH tracer and imaged under confocal microscopy. 33619653 0 38 theme sapromyophilous 32:46 arg1 species 48:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species 17:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland 17:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 3 39 theme osmophores 644:653 arg1 structure 631:639 the structure 627:639 the structure of osmophores 627:653 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 8 40 theme Osmophore 1292:1300 arg1 structure 1302:1310 Osmophore structure 1292:1310 Osmophore structure 1292:1310 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 9 41 theme released 1522:1529 arg1 nectar 1531:1536 the released nectar 1518:1536 the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae 1518:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 6 42 theme species 1073:1079 arg1 labellum 1046:1053 the labellum 1042:1053 the labellum of the myophilous species 1042:1079 Nectaries were restricted to the labellum of the myophilous species, whereas osmophores occurred in the dorsal and/or lateral sepals, varying according to species. 33619653 9 43 theme nectar 1531:1536 arg1 reabsorption 1502:1513 reabsorption 1502:1513 reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae 1502:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 43 theme nectar 1531:1536 arg1 occurrence 1567:1576 the occurrence 1563:1576 the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids 1563:1807 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 44 theme lateral 1647:1653 arg1 sepals 1655:1660 the lateral sepals 1643:1660 the lateral sepals 1643:1660 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 1 45 theme many 206:209 arg1 studies 229:235 many multidisciplinary studies 206:235 many multidisciplinary studies 206:235 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 0 46 theme sticky 143:148 arg1 gland 150:154 a unique sticky gland 134:154 a unique sticky gland 134:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 9 47 from nectar 1531:1536 arg1 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 3 48 theme bouquet 485:491 arg1 composition 459:469 The composition 455:469 The composition of the floral bouquet 455:491 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 8 49 contain possess 1447:1453 arg2 nectaries 1455:1463 nectaries 1455:1463 nectaries 1455:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 8 49 contain possess 1447:1453 arg1 species 1434:1440 both myophilous species 1418:1440 both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1418:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 0 50 theme unique 136:141 arg1 gland 150:154 a unique sticky gland 134:154 a unique sticky gland 134:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 4 51 theme light 859:863 arg1 scanning 866:873 light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy 859:911 scanning 866:873 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 7 52 located detected 1235:1242 arg2 nectaries 1216:1224 floral nectaries 1209:1224 floral nectaries 1209:1224 In the sapromyophilous species, floral nectaries were not detected and osmophores were restricted to the labellum. 33619653 7 52 located detected 1235:1242 arg1 species 1200:1206 the sapromyophilous species 1180:1206 the sapromyophilous species 1180:1206 In the sapromyophilous species, floral nectaries were not detected and osmophores were restricted to the labellum. 33619653 5 53 theme Yellow 958:963 arg1 tracer 968:973 Lucifer Yellow CH tracer 950:973 Lucifer Yellow CH tracer 950:973 Nectar reabsorption was assessed by Lucifer Yellow CH tracer and imaged under confocal microscopy. 33619653 4 54 theme Pleurothallidinae 813:829 arg1 species 831:837 seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 797:837 seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 797:837 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 5 55 theme CH 965:966 arg1 tracer 968:973 Lucifer Yellow CH tracer 950:973 Lucifer Yellow CH tracer 950:973 Nectar reabsorption was assessed by Lucifer Yellow CH tracer and imaged under confocal microscopy. 33619653 3 56 attach linked 617:622 arg2 variations 576:585 the variations 572:585 the variations in volatiles emitted 572:606 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 3 56 attach linked 617:622 arg1 structure 631:639 the structure 627:639 the structure of osmophores 627:653 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 1 57 theme multidisciplinary 211:227 arg1 studies 229:235 many multidisciplinary studies 206:235 many multidisciplinary studies 206:235 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 0 58 theme gland 150:154 arg1 species 48:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species 17:54 myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland 17:154 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 4 59 theme Brazilian 803:811 arg1 species 831:837 seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 797:837 seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 797:837 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 2 60 from occurrence 408:417 arg1 fragrance 444:452 fragrance 444:452 fragrance 444:452 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 3 61 theme floral 478:483 arg1 bouquet 485:491 the floral bouquet 474:491 the floral bouquet 474:491 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 33619653 1 62 theme studies 229:235 arg1 focus 197:201 the focus 193:201 the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy 193:285 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 1 62 theme studies 229:235 arg1 orchids 175:181 Pleurothallidinae orchids 157:181 Pleurothallidinae orchids 157:181 Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. 33619653 2 63 from fragrance 444:452 arg1 occurrence 408:417 the occurrence 404:417 the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance 404:452 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 63 from fragrance 444:452 arg1 synapomorphies 292:305 The synapomorphies 288:305 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group 288:337 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 63 from fragrance 444:452 arg1 related 350:356 related 350:356 related 350:356 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 2 63 from fragrance 444:452 arg1 last 384:387 last 384:387 last 384:387 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 8 64 theme species 1434:1440 arg1 sepals 1408:1413 the sepals 1404:1413 the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1404:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 9 65 theme Echinosepala 1678:1689 arg1 sepals 1655:1660 the lateral sepals 1643:1660 the lateral sepals 1643:1660 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 65 theme Echinosepala 1678:1689 arg1 labellum 1666:1673 labellum 1666:1673 labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species 1666:1729 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 9 66 from reabsorption 1502:1513 arg1 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 Pleurothallidinae 1541:1557 For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. 33619653 8 67 theme trichome 1365:1372 arg1 osmophores 1374:1383 the trichome osmophores 1361:1383 the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries 1361:1463 Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. 33619653 0 68 theme Pleurothallidinae 59:75 arg1 -osmophores 106:116 Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores 59:116 Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores 59:116 Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. 33619653 4 69 theme species 831:837 arg1 stages 787:792 different developmental stages 763:792 different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species 763:837 Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 33619653 2 70 from alkanes 422:428 arg1 fragrance 444:452 fragrance 444:452 fragrance 444:452 The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. 33619653 3 71 theme studied 524:530 arg1 species 532:538 the studied species 520:538 the studied species 520:538 The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. 32501708 0 0 theme Peptide 87:93 arg1 Levels 106:111 the Peptide and Glycan Levels 83:111 Levels 106:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 7 1 with glycans 890:896 arg1 anomers 958:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 9 2 theme demonstrated 1167:1178 arg1 coupling 1196:1203 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling 1154:1203 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation 1154:1265 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation makes high-definition FAIMS an attractive tool for glycoproteomics. 32501708 9 3 theme electron-transfer 1236:1252 arg1 dissociation 1254:1265 electron-transfer dissociation 1236:1265 electron-transfer dissociation 1236:1265 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation makes high-definition FAIMS an attractive tool for glycoproteomics. 32501708 9 4 theme straightforward 1180:1194 arg1 coupling 1196:1203 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling 1154:1203 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation 1154:1265 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation makes high-definition FAIMS an attractive tool for glycoproteomics. 32501708 7 5 theme O-linked 881:888 arg1 glycans 890:896 O-linked glycans 881:896 O-linked glycans 881:896 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 0 6 theme Glycan 99:104 arg1 Levels 106:111 the Peptide and Glycan Levels 83:111 Levels 106:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 2 7 theme promising 299:307 arg1 biomarkers 309:318 promising biomarkers 299:318 promising biomarkers 299:318 Glycosylation patterns are impacted by many diseases, making promising biomarkers. 32501708 7 8 theme GalNAc 951:956 arg1 anomers 958:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 8 9 with baseline 1044:1051 arg1 resolution 1062:1071 the resolution 1058:1071 the resolution exceeding previous benchmarks by 10-fold 1058:1112 The first two classes were separated baseline with the resolution exceeding previous benchmarks by 10-fold, and the last pair was partly resolved. 32501708 7 10 gly glycopeptides 862:874 arg2 glycopeptides 862:874 representative mucin glycopeptides 841:874 representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers 841:1004 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 9 11 theme ultrahigh-resolution 1208:1227 arg1 MS 1229:1230 ultrahigh-resolution MS 1208:1230 ultrahigh-resolution MS 1208:1230 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation makes high-definition FAIMS an attractive tool for glycoproteomics. 32501708 6 12 theme isomeric 705:712 arg1 peptides 714:721 disentangled isomeric peptides 692:721 disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs 692:742 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 7 13 with variants 925:932 arg1 anomers 958:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 6 14 theme multilevel 798:807 arg1 isomerism 809:817 multilevel isomerism 798:817 multilevel isomerism 798:817 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 6 15 theme disentangled 692:703 arg1 peptides 714:721 disentangled isomeric peptides 692:721 disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs 692:742 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 0 16 theme Ion 16:18 arg1 Separations 29:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations 0:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels 0:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 7 17 theme α/β 947:949 arg1 anomers 958:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 7 18 theme mucin 856:860 arg1 glycopeptides 862:874 representative mucin glycopeptides 841:874 representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers 841:1004 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 3 19 theme isomeric 414:421 arg1 moieties 423:430 isomeric moieties 414:430 isomeric moieties 414:430 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 0 20 theme High-Resolution 0:14 arg1 Separations 29:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations 0:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels 0:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 6 21 contain had 679:681 arg2 peptides 714:721 disentangled isomeric peptides 692:721 disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs 692:742 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 6 21 contain had 679:681 arg1 FAIMS 672:676 FAIMS 672:676 FAIMS 672:676 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 6 21 contain had 679:681 arg1 IMS 667:669 High-definition differential IMS 638:669 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) 638:677 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 5 22 theme ion 584:586 arg1 IMS 611:613 IMS 611:613 IMS 611:613 Characterizing them by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been a challenge. 32501708 5 22 theme ion 584:586 arg1 spectrometry 597:608 ion mobility spectrometry 584:608 ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) 584:614 Characterizing them by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been a challenge. 32501708 7 23 theme GalNAc 905:910 arg1 variants 925:932 three GalNAc localization variants 899:932 three GalNAc localization variants 899:932 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 4 24 with Permuted 434:441 arg1 variants 461:468 localization variants 448:468 localization variants that occur for all PTMs 448:492 Permuted with localization variants that occur for all PTMs, these produce numerous isomeric glycoforms. 32501708 7 25 with pair 937:940 arg1 anomers 958:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 α/β GalNAc anomers 947:964 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 5 26 theme mobility 588:595 arg1 IMS 611:613 IMS 611:613 IMS 611:613 Characterizing them by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been a challenge. 32501708 5 26 theme mobility 588:595 arg1 spectrometry 597:608 ion mobility spectrometry 584:608 ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) 584:614 Characterizing them by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been a challenge. 32501708 0 27 theme Mobility 20:27 arg1 Separations 29:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations 0:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels 0:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 6 28 gly glycopeptides 770:782 arg2 glycopeptides 770:782 glycopeptides 770:782 glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism 770:817 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 8 29 theme previous 1083:1090 arg1 benchmarks 1092:1101 previous benchmarks 1083:1101 previous benchmarks 1083:1101 The first two classes were separated baseline with the resolution exceeding previous benchmarks by 10-fold, and the last pair was partly resolved. 32501708 7 30 link O-linked 881:888 arg1 glycans 890:896 O-linked glycans 881:896 O-linked glycans 881:896 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 0 31 theme Isomeric 44:51 arg1 Glycoforms 53:62 Isomeric Glycoforms 44:62 Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations 44:78 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 9 32 theme high-definition 1273:1287 arg1 FAIMS 1289:1293 high-definition FAIMS 1273:1293 high-definition FAIMS 1273:1293 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation makes high-definition FAIMS an attractive tool for glycoproteomics. 32501708 4 33 theme isomeric 518:525 arg1 glycoforms 527:536 numerous isomeric glycoforms 509:536 numerous isomeric glycoforms 509:536 Permuted with localization variants that occur for all PTMs, these produce numerous isomeric glycoforms. 32501708 2 34 theme Glycosylation 238:250 arg1 patterns 252:259 Glycosylation patterns 238:259 Glycosylation patterns 238:259 Glycosylation patterns are impacted by many diseases, making promising biomarkers. 32501708 4 35 theme numerous 509:516 arg1 glycoforms 527:536 numerous isomeric glycoforms 509:536 numerous isomeric glycoforms 509:536 Permuted with localization variants that occur for all PTMs, these produce numerous isomeric glycoforms. 32501708 4 36 theme localization 448:459 arg1 variants 461:468 localization variants 448:468 localization variants that occur for all PTMs 448:492 Permuted with localization variants that occur for all PTMs, these produce numerous isomeric glycoforms. 32501708 0 37 theme Glycoforms 53:62 arg1 Separations 29:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations 0:39 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels 0:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 9 38 theme attractive 1298:1307 arg1 tool 1309:1312 an attractive tool 1295:1312 an attractive tool for glycoproteomics 1295:1332 The recently demonstrated straightforward coupling to ultrahigh-resolution MS and electron-transfer dissociation makes high-definition FAIMS an attractive tool for glycoproteomics. 32501708 8 39 theme first 1011:1015 arg1 classes 1021:1027 The first two classes 1007:1027 The first two classes 1007:1027 The first two classes were separated baseline with the resolution exceeding previous benchmarks by 10-fold, and the last pair was partly resolved. 32501708 8 40 theme last 1123:1126 arg1 pair 1128:1131 the last pair 1119:1131 the last pair 1119:1131 The first two classes were separated baseline with the resolution exceeding previous benchmarks by 10-fold, and the last pair was partly resolved. 32501708 2 41 theme many 277:280 arg1 diseases 282:289 many diseases 277:289 many diseases 277:289 Glycosylation patterns are impacted by many diseases, making promising biomarkers. 32501708 5 42 theme mass 562:565 arg1 spectrometry 567:578 mass spectrometry 562:578 mass spectrometry 562:578 Characterizing them by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been a challenge. 32501708 6 43 theme differential 654:665 arg1 FAIMS 672:676 FAIMS 672:676 FAIMS 672:676 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 6 43 theme differential 654:665 arg1 IMS 667:669 High-definition differential IMS 638:669 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) 638:677 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 3 44 dep isomers 372:378 arg1 anomers 390:396 anomers 390:396 anomers 390:396 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 3 44 dep isomers 372:378 arg1 those 403:407 those 403:407 those 403:407 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 3 44 dep isomers 372:378 arg1 linkage 381:387 linkage 381:387 linkage 381:387 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 7 45 with glycopeptides 862:874 arg1 another 971:977 another 971:977 another 971:977 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 7 45 with glycopeptides 862:874 arg1 variants 925:932 three GalNAc localization variants 899:932 three GalNAc localization variants 899:932 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 7 45 with glycopeptides 862:874 arg1 pair 937:940 a pair 935:940 a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers 935:964 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 7 45 with glycopeptides 862:874 arg1 glycans 890:896 O-linked glycans 881:896 O-linked glycans 881:896 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 7 46 theme GalNAc/GlcNAc 984:996 arg1 isomers 998:1004 GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers 984:1004 GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers 984:1004 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 1 47 theme ubiquitous 133:142 arg1 modification 163:174 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 131:174 a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function 131:235 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 1 47 theme ubiquitous 133:142 arg1 Glycosylation 114:126 Glycosylation 114:126 Glycosylation 114:126 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 1 47 theme ubiquitous 133:142 arg1 PTM 177:179 PTM 177:179 PTM 177:179 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 6 48 theme High-definition 638:652 arg1 FAIMS 672:676 FAIMS 672:676 FAIMS 672:676 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 6 48 theme High-definition 638:652 arg1 IMS 667:669 High-definition differential IMS 638:669 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) 638:677 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32501708 7 49 theme representative 841:854 arg1 glycopeptides 862:874 representative mucin glycopeptides 841:874 representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers 841:1004 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 3 50 theme most 342:345 arg1 Glycans 321:327 Glycans 321:327 Glycans 321:327 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 3 50 theme most 342:345 arg1 PTMs 355:358 the most complex PTMs 338:358 the most complex PTMs 338:358 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 0 51 with Glycoforms 53:62 arg1 Variations 69:78 Variations 69:78 Variations 69:78 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 1 52 theme post-translational 144:161 arg1 modification 163:174 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 131:174 a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function 131:235 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 1 52 theme post-translational 144:161 arg1 Glycosylation 114:126 Glycosylation 114:126 Glycosylation 114:126 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 1 52 theme post-translational 144:161 arg1 PTM 177:179 PTM 177:179 PTM 177:179 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 7 53 theme localization 912:923 arg1 variants 925:932 three GalNAc localization variants 899:932 three GalNAc localization variants 899:932 Here, we apply it to representative mucin glycopeptides with O-linked glycans: three GalNAc localization variants, a pair with α/β GalNAc anomers, and another with GalNAc/GlcNAc isomers. 32501708 3 54 theme complex 347:353 arg1 Glycans 321:327 Glycans 321:327 Glycans 321:327 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 3 54 theme complex 347:353 arg1 PTMs 355:358 the most complex PTMs 338:358 the most complex PTMs 338:358 Glycans are also the most complex PTMs, exhibiting isomers (linkage, anomers, and those with isomeric moieties). 32501708 0 55 from Separations 29:39 arg1 Levels 106:111 the Peptide and Glycan Levels 83:111 Levels 106:111 High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations of Isomeric Glycoforms with Variations on the Peptide and Glycan Levels. 32501708 1 56 dep protein 208:214 arg1 function 228:235 function 228:235 function 228:235 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 1 56 dep protein 208:214 arg1 folding 216:222 folding 216:222 folding 216:222 Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) that strongly affects the protein folding and function. 32501708 6 57 theme other 733:737 arg1 PTMs 739:742 other PTMs 733:742 other PTMs 733:742 High-definition differential IMS (FAIMS) had robustly disentangled isomeric peptides involving other PTMs but was not evaluated for glycopeptides that featured multilevel isomerism. 32788301 6 0 theme [CUS1 1099:1103 arg1 mutants 1106:1112 CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 1084:1113 CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 1084:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 9 1 theme modifications 1681:1693 arg1 types/degrees 1664:1676 distinct types/degrees 1655:1676 distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta 1655:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 5 2 theme ensuing 659:665 arg1 materials 677:685 The ensuing polymeric materials 655:685 The ensuing polymeric materials 655:685 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 5 2 theme ensuing 659:665 arg1 esterified 698:707 esterified 698:707 esterified 698:707 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 3 3 theme molecular 519:527 arg1 structure 529:537 the molecular structure 515:537 the molecular structure of cutin 515:546 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 6 4 theme systematic 884:893 arg1 study 895:899 a systematic study 882:899 a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 882:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 7 5 attach derived 1276:1282 arg1 esters 1311:1316 primary and secondary esters 1289:1316 primary and secondary esters 1289:1316 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 5 attach derived 1276:1282 arg2 those 1270:1274 those 1270:1274 those 1270:1274 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 3 6 dep purification 467:478 arg1 the 463:465 the 463:465 the 463:465 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 2 7 theme biological 274:283 arg1 processes 285:293 many biological processes 269:293 many biological processes 269:293 Cutin influences many biological processes in planta; however, due to its complexity and highly branched nature, the native structure remains partially unresolved. 32788301 9 8 theme polysaccharides 1737:1751 arg1 preservation 1701:1712 preservation 1701:1712 preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides 1701:1751 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 8 9 theme esterification 1441:1454 arg1 arrangement 1456:1466 the esterification arrangement 1437:1466 the esterification arrangement of cutin 1437:1475 Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. 32788301 4 10 theme 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium 617:644 arg1 acetate 646:652 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 617:652 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 617:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 4 10 theme 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium 617:644 arg1 liquids 585:591 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 9 11 contain carrying 1646:1653 arg1 biopolymer 1635:1644 a biopolymer 1633:1644 a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta 1633:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 11 contain carrying 1646:1653 arg2 types/degrees 1664:1676 distinct types/degrees 1655:1676 distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta 1655:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 7 12 theme relative 1156:1163 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 12 theme relative 1156:1163 arg1 distribution 1165:1176 relative distribution 1156:1176 relative distribution of ester aliphatics 1156:1196 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 6 13 theme cutins 947:952 arg1 NMR 919:921 solution-state NMR 904:921 solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 904:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 4 14 dep liquids 585:591 arg1 hexanoate 603:611 cholinium hexanoate 593:611 cholinium hexanoate 593:611 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 4 14 dep liquids 585:591 arg1 acetate 646:652 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 617:652 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 617:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 4 14 dep liquids 585:591 arg1 liquids 585:591 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 9 15 theme liquids 1497:1503 arg1 usage 1482:1486 The usage 1478:1486 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters 1478:1533 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 6 16 theme wild 1017:1020 arg1 type 1022:1025 the wild type 1013:1025 the wild type 1013:1025 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 7 17 theme hydroxyl 1229:1236 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 17 theme hydroxyl 1229:1236 arg1 groups 1238:1243 free hydroxyl groups 1224:1243 free hydroxyl groups 1224:1243 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 1 18 from plants 157:162 arg1 ubiquitous 138:147 ubiquitous 138:147 ubiquitous 138:147 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 1 18 from plants 157:162 arg1 cutin 129:133 The biopolyester cutin 112:133 The biopolyester cutin 112:133 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 5 19 dep esterified 698:707 arg1 amorphous 710:718 amorphous 710:718 amorphous 710:718 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 0 20 theme Cutin 69:73 arg1 Structure 56:64 the Molecular Structure 42:64 the Molecular Structure of Cutin 42:73 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 32788301 1 21 theme land 152:155 arg1 plants 157:162 land plants 152:162 land plants 152:162 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 6 22 dep Micro-Tom 1001:1009 arg1 [GPAT6 1072:1077 the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 1013:1077 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 979:1077 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 7 23 theme acid 1204:1207 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 23 theme acid 1204:1207 arg1 end-groups 1209:1218 free acid end-groups 1199:1218 free acid end-groups 1199:1218 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 9 24 theme conventional 1555:1566 arg1 approaches 1568:1577 conventional approaches 1555:1577 conventional approaches 1555:1577 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 8 25 theme hydroxyl 1362:1369 arg1 groups 1371:1376 free hydroxyl groups 1357:1376 free hydroxyl groups 1357:1376 Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. 32788301 0 26 theme Magnetic 92:99 arg1 Resonance 101:109 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 84:109 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 84:109 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 32788301 5 27 theme monomeric 740:748 arg1 composition 750:760 a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 730:866 a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 730:866 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 2 28 theme branched 348:355 arg1 nature 357:362 highly branched nature 341:362 highly branched nature 341:362 Cutin influences many biological processes in planta; however, due to its complexity and highly branched nature, the native structure remains partially unresolved. 32788301 7 29 theme ester 1181:1185 arg1 aliphatics 1187:1196 ester aliphatics 1181:1196 ester aliphatics 1181:1196 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 9 30 theme simple 1586:1591 arg1 modifications 1593:1605 simple modifications 1586:1605 simple modifications 1586:1605 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 0 31 theme Liquid 9:14 arg1 Extraction 16:25 An Ionic Liquid Extraction 0:25 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin 0:73 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 32788301 6 32 theme GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE 1035:1054 arg1 ACYLTRANSFERASE 1056:1070 the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE 1031:1070 the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE 1031:1070 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 2 33 theme native 369:374 arg1 structure 376:384 the native structure 365:384 the native structure 365:384 Cutin influences many biological processes in planta; however, due to its complexity and highly branched nature, the native structure remains partially unresolved. 32788301 5 34 theme solid-state 781:791 arg1 NMR 793:795 solid-state NMR 781:795 solid-state NMR 781:795 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 7 35 theme secondary 1301:1309 arg1 esters 1311:1316 primary and secondary esters 1289:1316 primary and secondary esters 1289:1316 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 36 theme molecular 1134:1142 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 36 theme molecular 1134:1142 arg1 distribution 1165:1176 relative distribution 1156:1176 relative distribution of ester aliphatics 1156:1196 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 36 theme molecular 1134:1142 arg1 groups 1238:1243 free hydroxyl groups 1224:1243 free hydroxyl groups 1224:1243 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 36 theme molecular 1134:1142 arg1 end-groups 1209:1218 free acid end-groups 1199:1218 free acid end-groups 1199:1218 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 37 theme primary 1289:1295 arg1 esters 1311:1316 primary and secondary esters 1289:1316 primary and secondary esters 1289:1316 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 8 38 from existence 1344:1352 arg1 cutin 1381:1385 cutin 1381:1385 cutin 1381:1385 Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. 32788301 1 39 theme outermost 210:218 arg1 barrier 230:236 the plant's outermost defensive barrier 198:236 the plant's outermost defensive barrier 198:236 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 1 39 theme outermost 210:218 arg1 cuticle 243:249 the cuticle 239:249 the cuticle 239:249 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 9 40 from multifunctionality 1875:1892 arg1 planta 1924:1929 planta 1924:1929 planta 1924:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 41 theme distinct 1655:1662 arg1 types/degrees 1664:1676 distinct types/degrees 1655:1676 distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta 1655:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 4 42 theme ionic 579:583 arg1 hexanoate 603:611 cholinium hexanoate 593:611 cholinium hexanoate 593:611 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 4 42 theme ionic 579:583 arg1 acetate 646:652 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 617:652 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 617:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 4 42 theme ionic 579:583 arg1 liquids 585:591 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 9 43 theme solution 1785:1792 arg1 methodologies 1798:1810 the solution NMR methodologies 1781:1810 the solution NMR methodologies developed here 1781:1825 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 1 44 theme barrier 230:236 arg1 matrix 188:193 the polymeric matrix 174:193 the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle 174:249 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 6 45 theme solution-state 904:917 arg1 NMR 919:921 solution-state NMR 904:921 solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 904:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 6 46 theme SYNTHASE 1090:1097 arg1 mutants 1106:1112 CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 1084:1113 CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 1084:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 2 47 theme many 269:272 arg1 processes 285:293 many biological processes 269:293 many biological processes 269:293 Cutin influences many biological processes in planta; however, due to its complexity and highly branched nature, the native structure remains partially unresolved. 32788301 9 48 dep multifunctionality 1875:1892 arg1 the 1871:1873 the 1871:1873 the 1871:1873 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 5 49 theme scattering 848:857 arg1 analyses 859:866 spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 814:866 spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 814:866 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 9 50 dep preservation 1701:1712 arg1 e.g. 1696:1699 e.g. 1696:1699 e.g. 1696:1699 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 51 from planta 1924:1929 arg1 multifunctionality 1875:1892 multifunctionality 1875:1892 multifunctionality 1875:1892 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 51 from planta 1924:1929 arg1 structure 1902:1910 the structure 1898:1910 the structure of cutin in planta 1898:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 52 dep fingerprint 1859:1869 arg1 multifunctionality 1875:1892 multifunctionality 1875:1892 multifunctionality 1875:1892 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 52 dep fingerprint 1859:1869 arg1 structure 1902:1910 the structure 1898:1910 the structure of cutin in planta 1898:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 3 53 theme cutin 542:546 arg1 structure 529:537 the molecular structure 515:537 the molecular structure of cutin 515:546 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 6 54 theme Solanum 979:985 arg1 Micro-Tom 1001:1009 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom' 979:1010 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 979:1077 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 9 55 theme esters 1717:1722 arg1 preservation 1701:1712 preservation 1701:1712 preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides 1701:1751 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 56 from cutin 1915:1919 arg1 planta 1924:1929 planta 1924:1929 planta 1924:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 3 57 theme structure 529:537 arg1 purification 467:478 purification 467:478 purification 467:478 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 3 57 theme structure 529:537 arg1 characterization 495:510 systematic characterization 484:510 systematic characterization 484:510 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 1 58 theme polymeric 178:186 arg1 matrix 188:193 the polymeric matrix 174:193 the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle 174:249 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 9 59 theme cuticular 1727:1735 arg1 polysaccharides 1737:1751 cuticular polysaccharides 1727:1751 cuticular polysaccharides 1727:1751 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 60 from structure 1902:1910 arg1 planta 1924:1929 planta 1924:1929 planta 1924:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 4 61 theme cholinium 593:601 arg1 hexanoate 603:611 cholinium hexanoate 593:611 cholinium hexanoate 593:611 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 4 61 theme cholinium 593:601 arg1 liquids 585:591 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate 575:652 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 8 62 theme cutin 1471:1475 arg1 arrangement 1456:1466 the esterification arrangement 1437:1466 the esterification arrangement of cutin 1437:1475 Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. 32788301 7 63 theme free 1199:1202 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 63 theme free 1199:1202 arg1 end-groups 1209:1218 free acid end-groups 1199:1218 free acid end-groups 1199:1218 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 5 64 theme polymeric 667:675 arg1 materials 677:685 The ensuing polymeric materials 655:685 The ensuing polymeric materials 655:685 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 5 64 theme polymeric 667:675 arg1 esterified 698:707 esterified 698:707 esterified 698:707 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 9 65 theme ionic 1491:1495 arg1 liquids 1497:1503 ionic liquids 1491:1503 ionic liquids 1491:1503 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 6 66 theme milled 940:945 arg1 cutins 947:952 cryogenically milled cutins 926:952 cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 926:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 6 67 dep tomatoes 969:976 arg1 Micro-Tom 1001:1009 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom' 979:1010 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 979:1077 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 1 68 theme biopolyester 116:127 arg1 ubiquitous 138:147 ubiquitous 138:147 ubiquitous 138:147 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 1 68 theme biopolyester 116:127 arg1 cutin 129:133 The biopolyester cutin 112:133 The biopolyester cutin 112:133 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 6 69 theme type 1022:1025 arg1 [GPAT6 1072:1077 the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 1013:1077 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 979:1077 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 6 70 dep Solanum 979:985 arg1 lycopersicum 987:998 lycopersicum 987:998 lycopersicum 987:998 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 7 71 theme free 1224:1227 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 71 theme free 1224:1227 arg1 groups 1238:1243 free hydroxyl groups 1224:1243 free hydroxyl groups 1224:1243 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 4 72 dep tested 568:573 arg1 purify 552:557 purify 552:557 To purify cutin 549:563 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. 32788301 5 73 theme thermal 829:835 arg1 analyses 859:866 spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 814:866 spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 814:866 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 9 74 theme plant 1518:1522 arg1 polyesters 1524:1533 plant polyesters 1518:1533 plant polyesters 1518:1533 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 75 theme NMR 1794:1796 arg1 methodologies 1798:1810 the solution NMR methodologies 1781:1810 the solution NMR methodologies developed here 1781:1825 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 0 76 theme Nuclear 84:90 arg1 Resonance 101:109 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 84:109 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 84:109 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 32788301 7 77 theme aliphatics 1187:1196 arg1 structures 1144:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 their molecular structures 1128:1153 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 7 77 theme aliphatics 1187:1196 arg1 distribution 1165:1176 relative distribution 1156:1176 relative distribution of ester aliphatics 1156:1196 We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. 32788301 1 78 from ubiquitous 138:147 arg1 plants 157:162 land plants 152:162 land plants 152:162 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 6 79 theme CUTIN 1084:1088 arg1 mutants 1106:1112 CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 1084:1113 CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants) 1084:1113 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 5 80 contain have 725:728 arg2 composition 750:760 a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 730:866 a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 730:866 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 5 80 contain have 725:728 arg1 materials 677:685 The ensuing polymeric materials 655:685 The ensuing polymeric materials 655:685 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 5 80 contain have 725:728 arg1 esterified 698:707 esterified 698:707 esterified 698:707 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 8 81 theme free 1357:1360 arg1 groups 1371:1376 free hydroxyl groups 1357:1376 free hydroxyl groups 1357:1376 Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. 32788301 9 82 with combination 1764:1774 arg1 methodologies 1798:1810 the solution NMR methodologies 1781:1810 the solution NMR methodologies developed here 1781:1825 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 0 83 theme Ionic 3:7 arg1 Extraction 16:25 An Ionic Liquid Extraction 0:25 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin 0:73 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 32788301 9 84 theme essential 1840:1848 arg1 tools 1850:1854 essential tools 1840:1854 essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta 1840:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 8 85 theme groups 1371:1376 arg1 existence 1344:1352 the existence 1340:1352 the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin 1340:1385 Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. 32788301 5 86 theme spectroscopic 814:826 arg1 analyses 859:866 spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 814:866 spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 814:866 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 6 87 theme ACYLTRANSFERASE 1056:1070 arg1 [GPAT6 1072:1077 the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 1013:1077 Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6 979:1077 We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). 32788301 5 88 theme typical 732:738 arg1 composition 750:760 a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 730:866 a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses 730:866 The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. 32788301 0 89 theme Molecular 46:54 arg1 Structure 56:64 the Molecular Structure 42:64 the Molecular Structure of Cutin 42:73 An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 32788301 9 90 contain has 1535:1537 arg2 advantages 1539:1548 advantages 1539:1548 advantages over conventional approaches 1539:1577 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 90 contain has 1535:1537 arg1 usage 1482:1486 The usage 1478:1486 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters 1478:1533 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 3 91 theme original 441:448 arg1 workflow 450:457 an original workflow 438:457 an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin 438:546 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 9 92 theme cutin 1915:1919 arg1 multifunctionality 1875:1892 multifunctionality 1875:1892 multifunctionality 1875:1892 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 9 92 theme cutin 1915:1919 arg1 structure 1902:1910 the structure 1898:1910 the structure of cutin in planta 1898:1929 The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta. 32788301 3 93 theme systematic 484:493 arg1 characterization 495:510 systematic characterization 484:510 systematic characterization 484:510 Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. 32788301 1 94 theme defensive 220:228 arg1 barrier 230:236 the plant's outermost defensive barrier 198:236 the plant's outermost defensive barrier 198:236 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 32788301 1 94 theme defensive 220:228 arg1 cuticle 243:249 the cuticle 239:249 the cuticle 239:249 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. 33624682 0 0 theme PdII 96:99 arg1 complexes 101:109 N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes 78:109 N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes 78:109 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 1 1 theme 22π 294:296 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 1 theme 22π 294:296 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 0 2 theme sapphyrin 86:94 arg1 complexes 101:109 N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes 78:109 N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes 78:109 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 1 3 theme aromatic 298:305 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 3 theme aromatic 298:305 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 2 4 link linked 373:378 arg1 dimer 380:384 C-N linked dimer 7 369:386 C-N linked dimer 7 369:386 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 33624682 2 5 theme Sc 346:347 arg1 OTf 349:351 Sc(OTf)3 346:353 Sc(OTf)3 346:353 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 33624682 1 6 dep complexes 273:281 arg1 5 283:283 5 283:283 5 283:283 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 6 dep complexes 273:281 arg1 6 289:289 6 289:289 6 289:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 0 7 theme insertion-triggered 5:23 arg1 extrusion 37:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion 0:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin 0:68 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 2 8 dep linked 373:378 arg1 C-N 369:371 C-N 369:371 C-N 369:371 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 33624682 0 9 theme PdII 0:3 arg1 extrusion 37:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion 0:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin 0:68 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 1 10 theme PdII 190:193 arg1 complexation 195:206 its PdII complexation 186:206 its PdII complexation 186:206 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 11 theme sapphyrin 257:265 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 11 theme sapphyrin 257:265 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 12 theme meso-Carbon 112:122 arg1 extrusion 124:132 meso-Carbon extrusion 112:132 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) 112:170 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 0 13 theme meso-carbon 25:35 arg1 extrusion 37:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion 0:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin 0:68 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 2 14 theme 5 331:331 arg1 Oxidation 318:326 Oxidation 318:326 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 318:353 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 33624682 0 15 theme N-fused 50:56 arg1 pentaphyrin 58:68 N-fused pentaphyrin 50:68 N-fused pentaphyrin 50:68 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 1 16 theme PdII 268:271 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 16 theme PdII 268:271 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 17 theme N-fused 216:222 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 17 theme N-fused 216:222 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 0 18 theme pentaphyrin 58:68 arg1 extrusion 37:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion 0:45 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin 0:68 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 2 19 with Oxidation 318:326 arg1 OTf 349:351 Sc(OTf)3 346:353 Sc(OTf)3 346:353 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 33624682 2 19 with Oxidation 318:326 arg1 DDQ 338:340 DDQ 338:340 DDQ 338:340 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 33624682 1 20 theme N-fused 137:143 arg1 1.1.1.1.1 161:169 1.1.1.1.1 161:169 1.1.1.1.1 161:169 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 20 theme N-fused 137:143 arg1 pentaphyrin 149:159 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin 137:159 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) 137:170 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 21 theme [22 145:147 arg1 1.1.1.1.1 161:169 1.1.1.1.1 161:169 1.1.1.1.1 161:169 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 21 theme [22 145:147 arg1 pentaphyrin 149:159 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin 137:159 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) 137:170 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 22 theme [22 224:226 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 22 theme [22 224:226 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 0 23 theme N-fused 78:84 arg1 complexes 101:109 N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes 78:109 N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes 78:109 PdII insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin PdII complexes. 33624682 1 24 theme pentaphyrin 149:159 arg1 extrusion 124:132 meso-Carbon extrusion 112:132 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) 112:170 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 25 theme pentaphyrin 228:238 arg1 compounds 307:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 22π aromatic compounds 294:315 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 1 25 theme pentaphyrin 228:238 arg1 complexes 273:281 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 216:289 meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. 33624682 2 26 theme linked 373:378 arg1 dimer 380:384 C-N linked dimer 7 369:386 C-N linked dimer 7 369:386 Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7. 34738170 7 0 theme pombe 1484:1488 arg1 cell-surface 1465:1476 cell-surface 1465:1476 cell-surface 1465:1476 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 3 1 theme growth 711:716 arg1 defect 718:723 the growth defect 707:723 the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 707:760 To overcome this problem, here we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells. 34738170 1 2 theme therapeutic 275:285 arg1 glycoproteins 287:299 therapeutic glycoproteins 275:299 therapeutic glycoproteins 275:299 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 10 3 theme cells 1929:1933 arg1 delay 1914:1918 the growth delay 1903:1918 the growth delay of och1Δ cells 1903:1933 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 34738170 3 4 theme och1Δ 750:754 arg1 cells 756:760 temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 728:760 temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 728:760 To overcome this problem, here we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells. 34738170 2 5 theme mutant 333:338 arg1 strain 340:345 a deletion mutant strain 322:345 a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ) 322:381 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 8 6 theme human 1724:1728 arg1 glycoprotein 1730:1741 human glycoprotein 1724:1741 human glycoprotein 1724:1741 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 6 7 theme GPI-anchored 1130:1141 arg1 region 1143:1148 the GPI-anchored region 1126:1148 the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p 1126:1157 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 6 7 theme GPI-anchored 1130:1141 arg1 important 1162:1170 important 1162:1170 important 1162:1170 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 8 8 from oligosaccharides 1610:1625 arg1 pombe 1650:1654 S. pombe 1647:1654 S. pombe 1647:1654 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 4 9 theme och1Δ 951:955 arg1 cells 957:961 och1Δ cells 951:961 och1Δ cells 951:961 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 9 10 dep POINTS 1748:1753 arg1 screened 1761:1768 screened 1761:1768 screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells 1761:1839 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 11 theme GPI-anchor 1942:1951 arg1 important 1972:1980 important 1972:1980 important 1972:1980 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 11 theme GPI-anchor 1942:1951 arg1 Pwp1p 1963:1967 Pwp1p 1963:1967 Pwp1p 1963:1967 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 11 theme GPI-anchor 1942:1951 arg1 domain 1953:1958 The GPI-anchor domain 1938:1958 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p 1936:1967 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 12 link N-linked 1601:1608 arg1 oligosaccharides 1610:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 2 13 theme proteins 602:609 arg1 productivity 573:584 reduced productivity 565:584 reduced productivity of heterologous proteins 565:609 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 11 14 theme • 1936:1936 arg1 important 1972:1980 important 1972:1980 important 1972:1980 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 14 theme • 1936:1936 arg1 Pwp1p 1963:1967 Pwp1p 1963:1967 Pwp1p 1963:1967 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 14 theme • 1936:1936 arg1 domain 1953:1958 The GPI-anchor domain 1938:1958 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p 1936:1967 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 15 gly glycoprotein 1730:1741 arg1 glycoprotein 1730:1741 human glycoprotein 1724:1741 human glycoprotein 1724:1741 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 0 16 from pombe 136:140 arg1 growth 64:69 cell growth 59:69 cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 59:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 8 17 from glycoproteins 1630:1642 arg1 pombe 1650:1654 S. pombe 1647:1654 S. pombe 1647:1654 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 1 18 theme yeast 164:168 arg1 glycoproteins 147:159 The glycoproteins 143:159 The glycoproteins of yeast 143:168 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 9 19 theme KEY 1744:1746 arg1 POINTS 1748:1753 KEY POINTS 1744:1753 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 1744:1840 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 7 20 theme disruptants 1218:1228 arg1 Analysis 1206:1213 Analysis 1206:1213 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 1206:1252 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 1 21 from chain 192:196 arg1 oligosaccharides 210:225 N-linked oligosaccharides 201:225 N-linked oligosaccharides 201:225 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 0 22 theme och1 100:103 arg1 mutants 105:111 N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants 74:111 N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 74:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 1 23 theme outer 186:190 arg1 chain 192:196 a large outer chain 178:196 a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides 178:225 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 7 24 theme sensitive 1340:1348 arg1 β-glucanase 1350:1360 sensitive β-glucanase 1340:1360 sensitive β-glucanase 1340:1360 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 1 25 link N-linked 201:208 arg1 oligosaccharides 210:225 N-linked oligosaccharides 201:225 N-linked oligosaccharides 201:225 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 4 26 theme 18,000 813:818 arg1 transformants 820:832 18,000 transformants 813:832 18,000 transformants 813:832 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 11 27 theme cells 2025:2029 arg1 defect 2009:2014 the growth defect 1998:2014 the growth defect of och1Δ cells 1998:2029 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 2 28 theme pombe 478:482 arg1 cells 490:494 the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells 454:494 the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells 454:494 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 4 29 theme genomic 771:777 arg1 library 779:785 a genomic library 769:785 a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants 769:832 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 2 30 theme humanized 407:415 arg1 N-glycans 417:425 humanized N-glycans 407:425 humanized N-glycans 407:425 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 1 31 theme human 305:309 arg1 use 311:313 human use 305:313 human use 305:313 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 0 32 theme cell-wall 18:26 arg1 proteins 41:48 cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins 18:48 cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins 18:48 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 7 33 theme cell 1297:1300 arg1 viability 1302:1310 cell viability 1297:1310 cell viability 1297:1310 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 0 34 theme proteins 41:48 arg1 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins 0:48 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 5 35 theme copy 1019:1022 arg1 number 1024:1029 a high copy number 1012:1029 a high copy number of the genes 1012:1042 We further showed that a high copy number of the genes was needed to improve the growth rate. 34738170 9 36 theme fission 1815:1821 arg1 cells 1835:1839 fission yeast och1Δ cells 1815:1839 fission yeast och1Δ cells 1815:1839 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 0 37 theme cell 59:62 arg1 growth 64:69 cell growth 59:69 cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 59:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 9 38 theme och1Δ 1829:1833 arg1 cells 1835:1839 fission yeast och1Δ cells 1815:1839 fission yeast och1Δ cells 1815:1839 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 39 theme GPI-anchored 1575:1586 arg1 proteins 1588:1595 GPI-anchored proteins 1575:1595 GPI-anchored proteins 1575:1595 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 2 40 theme α1,6-mannosyltransferase 350:373 arg1 strain 340:345 a deletion mutant strain 322:345 a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ) 322:381 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 10 41 theme Appropriate 1844:1854 arg1 expression 1856:1865 • Appropriate expression 1842:1865 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins 1842:1890 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 34738170 7 42 theme SPBC1E8.05 1243:1252 arg1 disruptants 1218:1228 disruptants 1218:1228 disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 1218:1252 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 3 43 theme temperature-sensitive 728:748 arg1 cells 756:760 temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 728:760 temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 728:760 To overcome this problem, here we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells. 34738170 3 44 theme cells 756:760 arg1 defect 718:723 the growth defect 707:723 the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 707:760 To overcome this problem, here we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells. 34738170 7 45 theme pwp1+ 1233:1237 arg1 disruptants 1218:1228 disruptants 1218:1228 disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 1218:1252 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 8 46 theme glycoproteins 1630:1642 arg1 oligosaccharides 1610:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 8 46 theme glycoproteins 1630:1642 arg1 proteins 1588:1595 GPI-anchored proteins 1575:1595 GPI-anchored proteins 1575:1595 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 10 47 theme proteins 1883:1890 arg1 expression 1856:1865 • Appropriate expression 1842:1865 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins 1842:1890 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 34738170 4 48 theme GPI-anchored 894:905 arg1 proteins 907:914 GPI-anchored proteins 894:914 GPI-anchored proteins 894:914 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 10 49 theme och1Δ 1923:1927 arg1 cells 1929:1933 och1Δ cells 1923:1933 och1Δ cells 1923:1933 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 50 from proteins 1588:1595 arg1 pombe 1650:1654 S. pombe 1647:1654 S. pombe 1647:1654 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 8 51 theme pombe 1697:1701 arg1 application 1679:1689 the application 1675:1689 the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein 1675:1741 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 9 52 theme yeast 1823:1827 arg1 cells 1835:1839 fission yeast och1Δ cells 1815:1839 fission yeast och1Δ cells 1815:1839 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 6 53 theme Pwp1p 1153:1157 arg1 region 1143:1148 the GPI-anchored region 1126:1148 the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p 1126:1157 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 6 53 theme Pwp1p 1153:1157 arg1 important 1162:1170 important 1162:1170 important 1162:1170 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 1 54 contain contain 170:176 arg2 chain 192:196 a large outer chain 178:196 a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides 178:225 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 1 54 contain contain 170:176 arg1 glycoproteins 147:159 The glycoproteins 143:159 The glycoproteins of yeast 143:168 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 1 55 theme N-linked 201:208 arg1 oligosaccharides 210:225 N-linked oligosaccharides 201:225 N-linked oligosaccharides 201:225 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 7 56 from β-glucan 1449:1456 arg1 cell-surface 1465:1476 cell-surface 1465:1476 cell-surface 1465:1476 Analysis of disruptants of pwp1+ and SPBC1E8.05 showed that neither gene was essential for cell viability; however, both mutants were sensitive β-glucanase, suggesting that Pwp1p and the protein encoded by SPBC1E8.05 non-enzymatically support β-glucan on the cell-surface of S. pombe. 34738170 1 57 gly glycoproteins 147:159 arg1 glycoproteins 147:159 The glycoproteins 143:159 The glycoproteins of yeast 143:168 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 2 58 theme deletion 324:331 arg1 strain 340:345 a deletion mutant strain 322:345 a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ) 322:381 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 11 59 theme och1Δ 2019:2023 arg1 cells 2025:2029 och1Δ cells 2019:2029 och1Δ cells 2019:2029 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 4 60 theme growth 936:941 arg1 rate 943:946 the growth rate 932:946 the growth rate of och1Δ cells 932:961 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 0 61 from mutants 105:111 arg1 pombe 136:140 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 116:140 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 116:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 8 62 theme glycoprotein 1730:1741 arg1 production 1710:1719 the production 1706:1719 the production of human glycoprotein 1706:1741 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 4 63 dep genes 853:857 arg1 SPBC1E8.05 867:876 SPBC1E8.05 867:876 SPBC1E8.05 867:876 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 4 63 dep genes 853:857 arg1 pwp1+ 860:864 pwp1+ 860:864 pwp1+ 860:864 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 8 64 from pombe 1650:1654 arg1 oligosaccharides 1610:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 8 64 from pombe 1650:1654 arg1 proteins 1588:1595 GPI-anchored proteins 1575:1595 GPI-anchored proteins 1575:1595 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 5 65 theme growth 1070:1075 arg1 rate 1077:1080 the growth rate 1066:1080 the growth rate 1066:1080 We further showed that a high copy number of the genes was needed to improve the growth rate. 34738170 5 66 theme genes 1038:1042 arg1 number 1024:1029 a high copy number 1012:1029 a high copy number of the genes 1012:1042 We further showed that a high copy number of the genes was needed to improve the growth rate. 34738170 11 67 theme Pwp1p 1963:1967 arg1 important 1972:1980 important 1972:1980 important 1972:1980 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 67 theme Pwp1p 1963:1967 arg1 Pwp1p 1963:1967 Pwp1p 1963:1967 Pwp1p 1963:1967 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 67 theme Pwp1p 1963:1967 arg1 domain 1953:1958 The GPI-anchor domain 1938:1958 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p 1936:1967 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 11 68 theme growth 2002:2007 arg1 defect 2009:2014 the growth defect 1998:2014 the growth defect of och1Δ cells 1998:2029 • The GPI-anchor domain of Pwp1p is important for suppressing the growth defect of och1Δ cells. 34738170 2 69 theme heterologous 589:600 arg1 proteins 602:609 heterologous proteins 589:609 heterologous proteins 589:609 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 6 70 theme growth 1191:1196 arg1 defect 1198:1203 the growth defect 1187:1203 the growth defect 1187:1203 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 0 71 theme N-glycosylation-defective 74:98 arg1 mutants 105:111 N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants 74:111 N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 74:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 4 72 theme outer 976:980 arg1 chain 982:986 the outer chain 972:986 the outer chain 972:986 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 0 73 theme mutants 105:111 arg1 growth 64:69 cell growth 59:69 cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 59:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 1 74 theme large 180:184 arg1 chain 192:196 a large outer chain 178:196 a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides 178:225 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 2 75 theme growth 508:513 arg1 delay 515:519 a growth delay 506:519 a growth delay 506:519 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 4 76 theme cells 957:961 arg1 rate 943:946 the growth rate 932:946 the growth rate of och1Δ cells 932:961 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 0 77 from growth 64:69 arg1 pombe 136:140 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 116:140 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 116:140 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 2 78 theme vegetative 533:542 arg1 growth 544:549 vegetative growth 533:549 vegetative growth 533:549 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 2 79 theme reduced 565:571 arg1 productivity 573:584 reduced productivity 565:584 reduced productivity of heterologous proteins 565:609 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 0 80 theme GPI-anchored 28:39 arg1 proteins 41:48 cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins 18:48 cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins 18:48 Overexpression of cell-wall GPI-anchored proteins restores cell growth of N-glycosylation-defective och1 mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 34738170 1 81 gly glycoproteins 287:299 arg1 glycoproteins 287:299 therapeutic glycoproteins 275:299 therapeutic glycoproteins 275:299 The glycoproteins of yeast contain a large outer chain on N-linked oligosaccharides; therefore, yeast is not suitable for producing therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. 34738170 9 82 theme growth 1798:1803 arg1 defect 1805:1810 the growth defect 1794:1810 the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells 1794:1839 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 83 theme functional 1542:1551 arg1 relationships 1553:1565 the functional relationships 1538:1565 the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe 1538:1654 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 10 84 theme • 1842:1842 arg1 expression 1856:1865 • Appropriate expression 1842:1865 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins 1842:1890 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 34738170 3 85 dep performed 646:654 arg1 overcome 615:622 overcome 615:622 overcome 615:622 To overcome this problem, here we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells. 34738170 5 86 theme high 1014:1017 arg1 number 1024:1029 a high copy number 1012:1029 a high copy number of the genes 1012:1042 We further showed that a high copy number of the genes was needed to improve the growth rate. 34738170 3 87 theme genome-wide 658:668 arg1 screen 670:675 a genome-wide screen 656:675 a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells 656:760 To overcome this problem, here we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that would suppress the growth defect of temperature-sensitive och1Δ cells. 34738170 2 88 theme fission 430:436 arg1 yeast 438:442 fission yeast 430:442 fission yeast 430:442 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 2 89 theme och1Δ 484:488 arg1 cells 490:494 the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells 454:494 the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells 454:494 Using a deletion mutant strain of α1,6-mannosyltransferase (och1Δ), we previously produced humanized N-glycans in fission yeast; however, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1Δ cells displayed a growth delay even during vegetative growth, resulting in reduced productivity of heterologous proteins. 34738170 10 90 theme GPI-anchored 1870:1881 arg1 proteins 1883:1890 GPI-anchored proteins 1870:1890 GPI-anchored proteins 1870:1890 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 91 gly glycoproteins 1630:1642 arg1 glycoproteins 1630:1642 glycoproteins 1630:1642 glycoproteins in S. pombe 1630:1654 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 6 92 theme Pwp1p 1106:1110 arg1 analysis 1094:1101 Mutational analysis 1083:1101 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p 1083:1110 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 9 93 theme cells 1835:1839 arg1 defect 1805:1810 the growth defect 1794:1810 the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells 1794:1839 KEY POINTS: • We screened for genes that suppress the growth defect of fission yeast och1Δ cells. 34738170 8 94 theme N-linked 1601:1608 arg1 oligosaccharides 1610:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 N-linked oligosaccharides 1601:1625 Collectively, our work not only sheds light on the functional relationships between GPI-anchored proteins and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in S. pombe, but also supports the application of S. pombe to the production of human glycoprotein. 34738170 4 95 theme transformants 820:832 arg1 screening 800:808 screening 800:808 screening of 18,000 transformants 800:832 Using a genomic library coupled with screening of 18,000 transformants, we identified two genes (pwp1+, SPBC1E8.05), both encoding GPI-anchored proteins, that increased the growth rate of och1Δ cells, lacking the outer chain. 34738170 6 96 theme Mutational 1083:1092 arg1 analysis 1094:1101 Mutational analysis 1083:1101 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p 1083:1110 Mutational analysis of Pwp1p revealed that the GPI-anchored region of Pwp1p is important in attenuating the growth defect. 34738170 10 97 theme growth 1907:1912 arg1 delay 1914:1918 the growth delay 1903:1918 the growth delay of och1Δ cells 1903:1933 • Appropriate expression of GPI-anchored proteins alleviates the growth delay of och1Δ cells. 32516600 0 0 theme glycosylhydrazide 86:102 arg1 acylation 71:79 chemoselective acylation 56:79 chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide 56:102 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 1 theme GlcNAc 295:300 arg1 OH 302:303 FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH 287:303 FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1) 287:307 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 1 theme GlcNAc 295:300 arg1 residue 312:318 a residue 310:318 a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 310:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 1 theme GlcNAc 295:300 arg1 reagent 369:375 a competent reagent 357:375 a competent reagent 357:375 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 1 theme GlcNAc 295:300 arg1 1 306:306 1 306:306 1 306:306 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 2 theme FmocAsn 287:293 arg1 OH 302:303 FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH 287:303 FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1) 287:307 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 2 theme FmocAsn 287:293 arg1 residue 312:318 a residue 310:318 a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 310:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 2 theme FmocAsn 287:293 arg1 reagent 369:375 a competent reagent 357:375 a competent reagent 357:375 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 2 theme FmocAsn 287:293 arg1 1 306:306 1 306:306 1 306:306 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 1 3 theme glycosylhydrazide 169:185 arg1 N-acylation 152:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation 123:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide 123:185 Herein, we report the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 4 link N-linked 417:424 arg1 glycopeptides 426:438 N-linked glycopeptides 417:438 N-linked glycopeptides 417:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 0 5 theme glycosylated 16:27 arg1 residue 40:46 a glycosylated asparagine residue 14:46 a glycosylated asparagine residue 14:46 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 0 6 gly glycosylated 16:27 arg1 residue 40:46 a glycosylated asparagine residue 14:46 a glycosylated asparagine residue 14:46 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 7 theme solid-phase 384:394 arg1 synthesis 404:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis 380:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 380:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 0 8 theme residue 40:46 arg1 Generation 0:9 Generation 0:9 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 0:103 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 0 9 theme asparagine 29:38 arg1 residue 40:46 a glycosylated asparagine residue 14:46 a glycosylated asparagine residue 14:46 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 10 theme peptide 396:402 arg1 synthesis 404:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis 380:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 380:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 11 theme competent 359:367 arg1 reagent 369:375 a competent reagent 357:375 a competent reagent 357:375 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 11 theme competent 359:367 arg1 residue 312:318 a residue 310:318 a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 310:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 11 theme competent 359:367 arg1 OH 302:303 FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH 287:303 FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1) 287:307 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 12 theme glycopeptides 426:438 arg1 synthesis 404:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis 380:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 380:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 13 theme N-linked 417:424 arg1 glycopeptides 426:438 N-linked glycopeptides 417:438 N-linked glycopeptides 417:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 14 gly glycopeptides 426:438 arg2 glycopeptides 426:438 N-linked glycopeptides 417:438 N-linked glycopeptides 417:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 1 15 theme first 127:131 arg1 N-acylation 152:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation 123:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide 123:185 Herein, we report the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 16 theme building 261:268 arg1 blocks 270:275 amino acid building blocks 250:275 amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 250:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 2 17 from reagent 369:375 arg1 synthesis 404:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis 380:412 the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 380:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 1 18 theme selective 133:141 arg1 N-acylation 152:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation 123:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide 123:185 Herein, we report the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 19 theme acid 256:259 arg1 blocks 270:275 amino acid building blocks 250:275 amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 250:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 32516600 1 20 theme anomeric 143:150 arg1 N-acylation 152:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation 123:162 the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide 123:185 Herein, we report the first selective anomeric N-acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 0 21 theme chemoselective 56:69 arg1 acylation 71:79 chemoselective acylation 56:79 chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide 56:102 Generation of a glycosylated asparagine residue through chemoselective acylation of a glycosylhydrazide. 32516600 2 22 theme amino 250:254 arg1 blocks 270:275 amino acid building blocks 250:275 amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides 250:438 We show that this transformation can be harnessed to generate amino acid building blocks including FmocAsn(GlcNAc)OH (1), a residue that has been previously shown to be a competent reagent in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides. 31973189 6 0 dep flagella 1019:1026 arg1 flagella 1019:1026 the flagella structure and motility 1015:1049 the flagella structure and motility 1015:1049 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 6 0 dep flagella 1019:1026 arg1 motility 1042:1049 motility 1042:1049 motility 1042:1049 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 6 0 dep flagella 1019:1026 arg1 structure 1028:1036 structure 1028:1036 structure 1028:1036 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 2 1 theme most 378:381 arg1 animals 390:396 most marine animals 378:396 most marine animals 378:396 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 8 2 theme settlement 1411:1420 arg1 rate 1440:1443 similar settlement and metamorphosis rate 1403:1443 similar settlement and metamorphosis rate 1403:1443 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 2 3 from settlement 346:355 arg1 animals 390:396 most marine animals 378:396 most marine animals 378:396 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 1 4 theme biochemical 163:173 arg1 cues 175:178 biochemical cues 163:178 biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition 163:238 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 2 5 from modulation 332:341 arg1 animals 390:396 most marine animals 378:396 most marine animals 378:396 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 7 6 theme biofilm 1143:1149 arg1 matrix 1151:1156 changed biofilm matrix 1135:1156 changed biofilm matrix 1135:1156 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 4 7 theme extracellular 796:808 arg1 substances 820:829 extracellular polymeric substances 796:829 extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms 796:841 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 2 8 theme molecular 313:321 arg1 basis 323:327 the molecular basis 309:327 the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria 309:408 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 3 9 theme bacteria-mussel 594:608 arg1 interaction 610:620 the bacteria-mussel interaction 590:620 the bacteria-mussel interaction 590:620 Here, Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis was chosen as a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction. 31973189 2 10 from metamorphosis 361:373 arg1 animals 390:396 most marine animals 378:396 most marine animals 378:396 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 4 11 theme fliP 741:744 arg1 gene 746:749 fliP gene 741:749 fliP gene 741:749 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 6 12 theme flagella 1019:1026 arg1 loss 1007:1010 the loss 1003:1010 the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain 1003:1069 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 7 13 theme biofilm-inducing 1246:1261 arg1 activities 1263:1272 biofilm-inducing activities 1246:1272 biofilm-inducing activities 1246:1272 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 4 14 theme fliP 673:676 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 6 15 theme strain 1064:1069 arg1 loss 1007:1010 the loss 1003:1010 the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain 1003:1069 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 8 16 theme ∆fliP 1336:1340 arg1 biofilms 1342:1349 ∆fliP biofilms 1336:1349 ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins 1336:1393 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 4 17 theme marina 700:705 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 9 18 theme molecular 1531:1539 arg1 interactions 1541:1552 the molecular interactions 1527:1552 the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels 1527:1581 These findings provide novel insight on the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels. 31973189 7 19 theme changed 1135:1141 arg1 matrix 1151:1156 changed biofilm matrix 1135:1156 changed biofilm matrix 1135:1156 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 2 20 theme bacteria-animal 280:294 arg1 interaction 296:306 the bacteria-animal interaction 276:306 the bacteria-animal interaction 276:306 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 3 21 theme inducing 471:478 arg1 activity 480:487 inducing activity 471:487 inducing activity 471:487 Here, Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis was chosen as a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction. 31973189 0 22 theme Flagellar 4:12 arg1 Gene 14:17 The Flagellar Gene 0:17 The Flagellar Gene 0:17 The Flagellar Gene Regulates Biofilm Formation and Mussel Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis. 31973189 7 23 theme biofilm 1113:1119 arg1 formation 1121:1129 the biofilm formation 1109:1129 the biofilm formation 1109:1129 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 2 24 theme modulation 332:341 arg1 basis 323:327 the molecular basis 309:327 the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria 309:408 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 3 25 theme Pseudoalteromonas 438:454 arg1 model 544:548 a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction 542:620 a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction 542:620 Here, Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis was chosen as a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction. 31973189 3 25 theme Pseudoalteromonas 438:454 arg1 marina 456:461 Pseudoalteromonas marina 438:461 Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis 438:526 Here, Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis was chosen as a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction. 31973189 9 26 from insight 1516:1522 arg1 interactions 1541:1552 the molecular interactions 1527:1552 the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels 1527:1581 These findings provide novel insight on the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels. 31973189 7 27 theme extracellular 1203:1215 arg1 proteins 1217:1224 extracellular proteins 1203:1224 extracellular proteins 1203:1224 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 2 28 from animals 390:396 arg1 modulation 332:341 modulation 332:341 modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria 332:408 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 8 29 theme Flagellar 1275:1283 arg1 extract 1293:1299 Flagellar protein extract 1275:1299 Flagellar protein extract 1275:1299 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 8 30 theme similar 1403:1409 arg1 rate 1440:1443 similar settlement and metamorphosis rate 1403:1443 similar settlement and metamorphosis rate 1403:1443 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 8 31 theme metamorphosis 1426:1438 arg1 rate 1440:1443 similar settlement and metamorphosis rate 1403:1443 similar settlement and metamorphosis rate 1403:1443 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 3 32 theme mussel 492:497 arg1 settlement 499:508 mussel settlement 492:508 mussel settlement 492:508 Here, Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis was chosen as a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria-mussel interaction. 31973189 8 33 theme wild-type 1469:1477 arg1 strain 1479:1484 the wild-type strain 1465:1484 the wild-type strain 1465:1484 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 1 34 theme critical 108:115 arg1 Biofilms 95:102 Biofilms 95:102 Biofilms 95:102 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 1 34 theme critical 108:115 arg1 components 117:126 critical components 108:126 critical components of most marine systems 108:149 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 1 35 theme overall 210:216 arg1 composition 228:238 overall community composition 210:238 overall community composition 210:238 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 8 36 theme flagellar 1376:1384 arg1 proteins 1386:1393 additional flagellar proteins 1365:1393 additional flagellar proteins 1365:1393 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 7 37 theme fliP 1090:1093 arg1 gene 1095:1098 the fliP gene 1086:1098 the fliP gene 1086:1098 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 5 38 theme flagellar 883:891 arg1 proteins 893:900 flagellar proteins 883:900 flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria 883:924 Furthermore, we examined the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis. 31973189 1 39 theme community 218:226 arg1 composition 228:238 overall community composition 210:238 overall community composition 210:238 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 0 40 theme Biofilm 29:35 arg1 Formation 37:45 Biofilm Formation 29:45 Biofilm Formation 29:45 The Flagellar Gene Regulates Biofilm Formation and Mussel Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis. 31973189 7 41 theme gene 1095:1098 arg1 Deficiency 1072:1081 Deficiency 1072:1081 Deficiency of the fliP gene 1072:1098 Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. 31973189 8 42 theme additional 1365:1374 arg1 proteins 1386:1393 additional flagellar proteins 1365:1393 additional flagellar proteins 1365:1393 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 5 43 theme proteins 893:900 arg1 effect 873:878 the effect 869:878 the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis 869:963 Furthermore, we examined the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis. 31973189 0 44 theme Mussel 51:56 arg1 Settlement 65:74 Mussel Larval Settlement 51:74 Mussel Larval Settlement 51:74 The Flagellar Gene Regulates Biofilm Formation and Mussel Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis. 31973189 5 45 theme larval 929:934 arg1 settlement 936:945 settlement 936:945 settlement 936:945 Furthermore, we examined the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis. 31973189 8 46 theme protein 1285:1291 arg1 extract 1293:1299 Flagellar protein extract 1275:1299 Flagellar protein extract 1275:1299 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 2 47 theme metamorphosis 361:373 arg1 modulation 332:341 modulation 332:341 modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria 332:408 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 4 48 theme flagellin 640:648 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 6 49 theme fliP 986:989 arg1 gene 991:994 the fliP gene 982:994 the fliP gene 982:994 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 5 50 from effect 873:878 arg1 metamorphosis 951:963 metamorphosis 951:963 metamorphosis 951:963 Furthermore, we examined the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis. 31973189 5 50 from effect 873:878 arg1 settlement 936:945 settlement 936:945 settlement 936:945 Furthermore, we examined the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis. 31973189 4 51 theme gene 746:749 arg1 deficiency 727:736 deficiency 727:736 deficiency of fliP gene 727:749 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 4 52 theme biofilms 834:841 arg1 motility 782:789 motility 782:789 motility 782:789 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 4 52 theme biofilms 834:841 arg1 activity 772:779 activity 772:779 activity 772:779 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 4 52 theme biofilms 834:841 arg1 substances 820:829 extracellular polymeric substances 796:829 extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms 796:841 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 6 53 theme ∆fliP 1058:1062 arg1 strain 1064:1069 the ∆fliP strain 1054:1069 the ∆fliP strain 1054:1069 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 1 54 theme most 131:134 arg1 systems 143:149 most marine systems 131:149 most marine systems 131:149 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 4 55 theme synthetic 650:658 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 4 56 theme polymeric 810:818 arg1 substances 820:829 extracellular polymeric substances 796:829 extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms 796:841 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 1 57 theme marine 136:141 arg1 systems 143:149 most marine systems 131:149 most marine systems 131:149 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 8 58 theme mussel 1310:1315 arg1 metamorphosis 1317:1329 mussel metamorphosis 1310:1329 mussel metamorphosis 1310:1329 Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ∆fliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. 31973189 2 59 theme settlement 346:355 arg1 modulation 332:341 modulation 332:341 modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria 332:408 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 4 60 theme deletion 678:685 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 1 61 theme systems 143:149 arg1 Biofilms 95:102 Biofilms 95:102 Biofilms 95:102 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 1 61 theme systems 143:149 arg1 components 117:126 critical components 108:126 critical components of most marine systems 108:149 Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. 31973189 4 62 theme gene 668:671 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 31973189 0 63 theme Larval 58:63 arg1 Settlement 65:74 Mussel Larval Settlement 51:74 Mussel Larval Settlement 51:74 The Flagellar Gene Regulates Biofilm Formation and Mussel Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis. 31973189 9 64 theme novel 1510:1514 arg1 insight 1516:1522 novel insight 1510:1522 novel insight on the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels 1510:1581 These findings provide novel insight on the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels. 31973189 2 65 theme marine 383:388 arg1 animals 390:396 most marine animals 378:396 most marine animals 378:396 Although progress has been made in the bacteria-animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. 31973189 6 66 theme gene 991:994 arg1 deletion 970:977 The deletion 966:977 The deletion of the fliP gene 966:994 The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ∆fliP strain. 31973189 4 67 theme protein 660:666 arg1 mutant 687:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant 638:692 a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina 638:705 We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. 35052229 4 0 theme energy 807:812 arg1 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 0 theme energy 807:812 arg1 intake 814:819 total energy intake 801:819 total energy intake (TEI) 801:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 1 dep equilibrium 731:741 arg1 excess 765:770 an excess 762:770 an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) 762:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 1 dep equilibrium 731:741 arg1 % 833:833 15% 831:833 15% 831:833 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 2 2 from 2014 349:352 arg1 studies 328:334 4 studies 326:334 4 studies from 1997 to 2014 326:352 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 2 3 theme personal 301:308 arg1 studies 317:323 personal French studies 301:323 personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet) 301:401 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 7 4 theme milk 1412:1415 arg1 diet 1397:1400 the mother's diet 1384:1400 the mother's diet of breast milk 1384:1415 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 9 5 theme vitamins 1724:1731 arg1 D 1733:1733 vitamins D 1724:1733 vitamins D 1724:1733 We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. 35052229 4 6 theme total 801:805 arg1 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 6 theme total 801:805 arg1 intake 814:819 total energy intake 801:819 total energy intake (TEI) 801:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 9 7 theme fish 1640:1643 arg1 intake 1630:1635 a very insufficient intake 1610:1635 a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products 1610:1662 We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. 35052229 4 8 from excess 837:842 arg1 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 992:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 7 9 theme breast 1405:1410 arg1 milk 1412:1415 breast milk 1405:1415 breast milk 1405:1415 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 4 10 theme fats 847:850 arg1 excess 867:872 excess 867:872 excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3 867:972 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 10 theme fats 847:850 arg1 equilibrium 731:741 a bad equilibrium 725:741 a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%] 725:834 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 10 theme fats 847:850 arg1 deficit 981:987 a deficit 979:987 a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 979:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 10 theme fats 847:850 arg1 excess 837:842 excess 837:842 excess of fats (45% vs. 35%) 837:864 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 11 dep carbohydrates 992:1004 arg1 % 1009:1009 45% 1007:1009 45% 1007:1009 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 11 dep carbohydrates 992:1004 arg1 % 1017:1017 55% 1015:1017 55% 1015:1017 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 0 12 from Nutrition 0:8 arg1 Days 60:63 the First 1000 Days 45:63 the First 1000 Days of Infant 45:73 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. 35052229 5 13 theme vitamins 1087:1094 arg1 D 1096:1096 vitamins D 1087:1096 vitamins D 1087:1096 There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. 35052229 8 14 from calories 1480:1487 arg1 low 1473:1475 low 1473:1475 low 1473:1475 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 14 from calories 1480:1487 arg1 diet 1464:1467 the diet 1460:1467 the diet 1460:1467 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 0 15 theme Infant 68:73 arg1 Days 60:63 the First 1000 Days 45:63 the First 1000 Days of Infant 45:73 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. 35052229 3 16 theme blood 594:598 arg1 lipids 579:584 the lipids 575:584 the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue 575:622 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 7 17 from composition 1308:1318 arg1 lipids 1323:1328 lipids 1323:1328 lipids 1323:1328 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 7 17 from composition 1308:1318 arg1 elements 1337:1344 trace elements 1331:1344 trace elements 1331:1344 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 7 17 from composition 1308:1318 arg1 vitamins 1351:1358 vitamins 1351:1358 vitamins 1351:1358 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 4 18 theme omega 966:970 arg1 excess 867:872 excess 867:872 excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3 867:972 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 18 theme omega 966:970 arg1 equilibrium 731:741 a bad equilibrium 725:741 a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%] 725:834 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 18 theme omega 966:970 arg1 deficit 981:987 a deficit 979:987 a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 979:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 18 theme omega 966:970 arg1 excess 837:842 excess 837:842 excess of fats (45% vs. 35%) 837:864 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 2 19 theme nutrition 238:246 arg1 adequacy 221:228 the adequacy 217:228 the adequacy of this nutrition 217:246 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 6 20 theme necessary 1175:1183 arg1 macronutrients 1160:1173 all the macronutrients 1152:1173 all the macronutrients necessary for the growth of the child 1152:1211 Breast milk adequately provides all the macronutrients necessary for the growth of the child. 35052229 7 21 theme other 1292:1296 arg1 hand 1298:1301 the other hand 1288:1301 the other hand 1288:1301 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 8 22 from carbohydrate 1560:1571 arg1 low 1553:1555 low 1553:1555 low 1553:1555 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 2 23 dep studies 317:323 arg1 studies 328:334 4 studies 326:334 4 studies from 1997 to 2014 326:352 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 4 24 theme fetus 787:791 arg1 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 24 theme fetus 787:791 arg1 intake 814:819 total energy intake 801:819 total energy intake (TEI) 801:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 24 theme fetus 787:791 arg1 % 796:796 fetus [17% 787:796 fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) 787:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 10 25 theme adequate 1807:1814 arg1 diet 1802:1805 a diet 1800:1805 a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding 1800:1862 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 4 26 theme additional 687:696 arg1 Kcal 702:705 an additional 300 Kcal 684:705 an additional 300 Kcal 684:705 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 27 theme acids 939:943 arg1 excess 867:872 excess 867:872 excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3 867:972 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 27 theme acids 939:943 arg1 equilibrium 731:741 a bad equilibrium 725:741 a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%] 725:834 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 27 theme acids 939:943 arg1 deficit 981:987 a deficit 979:987 a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 979:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 27 theme acids 939:943 arg1 excess 837:842 excess 837:842 excess of fats (45% vs. 35%) 837:864 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 28 theme fatty 887:891 arg1 SFA 900:902 SFA 900:902 SFA 900:902 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 28 theme fatty 887:891 arg1 acids 893:897 saturated fatty acids 877:897 saturated fatty acids (SFA) 877:903 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 5 29 from deficiency 1037:1046 arg1 zinc 1077:1080 zinc 1077:1080 zinc 1077:1080 There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. 35052229 5 29 from deficiency 1037:1046 arg1 calcium 1051:1057 calcium 1051:1057 calcium 1051:1057 There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. 35052229 5 29 from deficiency 1037:1046 arg1 iron 1060:1063 iron 1060:1063 iron 1060:1063 There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. 35052229 5 29 from deficiency 1037:1046 arg1 magnesium 1066:1074 magnesium 1066:1074 magnesium 1066:1074 There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. 35052229 5 29 from deficiency 1037:1046 arg1 D 1096:1096 vitamins D 1087:1096 vitamins D 1087:1096 There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. 35052229 3 30 theme cord 589:592 arg1 blood 594:598 cord blood 589:598 cord blood 589:598 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 4 31 theme fatty 933:937 arg1 PUFA 946:949 PUFA 946:949 PUFA 946:949 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 31 theme fatty 933:937 arg1 acids 939:943 polyunsaturated fatty acids 917:943 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 917:950 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 8 32 from study 1425:1429 arg1 2014 1434:1437 2014 1434:1437 2014 1434:1437 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 32 from study 1425:1429 arg1 low 1473:1475 low 1473:1475 low 1473:1475 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 32 from study 1425:1429 arg1 diet 1464:1467 the diet 1460:1467 the diet 1460:1467 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 4 33 theme saturated 877:885 arg1 SFA 900:902 SFA 900:902 SFA 900:902 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 33 theme saturated 877:885 arg1 acids 893:897 saturated fatty acids 877:897 saturated fatty acids (SFA) 877:903 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 3 34 theme tissue 617:622 arg1 lipids 579:584 the lipids 575:584 the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue 575:622 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 3 35 theme breast 480:485 arg1 milk 487:490 breast milk 480:490 breast milk 480:490 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 10 36 theme medicinal 1899:1907 arg1 supplements 1909:1919 medicinal supplements 1899:1919 medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3 1899:1970 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 1 37 theme child 164:168 arg1 development 145:155 the development 141:155 the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond 141:202 Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. 35052229 2 38 theme dietary 365:371 arg1 surveys 373:379 dietary surveys 365:379 dietary surveys 365:379 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 3 39 theme fatty 465:469 arg1 acids 471:475 the fatty acids 461:475 the fatty acids 461:475 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 4 40 dep fats 847:850 arg1 % 855:855 45% vs. 35% 853:863 % 855:855 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 40 dep fats 847:850 arg1 % 863:863 45% vs. 35% 853:863 % 863:863 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 0 41 theme Pregnant 13:20 arg1 Women 36:40 Pregnant and Lactating Women 13:40 Pregnant and Lactating Women 13:40 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. 35052229 3 42 theme maternal 604:611 arg1 tissue 617:622 maternal fat tissue 604:622 maternal fat tissue 604:622 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 6 43 theme child 1207:1211 arg1 growth 1193:1198 the growth 1189:1198 the growth of the child 1189:1211 Breast milk adequately provides all the macronutrients necessary for the growth of the child. 35052229 6 44 theme Breast 1120:1125 arg1 milk 1127:1130 Breast milk 1120:1130 Breast milk 1120:1130 Breast milk adequately provides all the macronutrients necessary for the growth of the child. 35052229 8 45 from low 1553:1555 arg1 carbohydrate 1560:1571 carbohydrate 1560:1571 carbohydrate 1560:1571 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 45 from low 1553:1555 arg1 polysaccharides 1585:1599 polysaccharides 1585:1599 especially polysaccharides 1574:1599 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 0 46 theme Women 36:40 arg1 Nutrition 0:8 Nutrition 0:8 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant 0:73 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. 35052229 3 47 theme fat 613:615 arg1 tissue 617:622 maternal fat tissue 604:622 maternal fat tissue 604:622 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 3 48 theme breast 542:547 arg1 1997-2014 555:563 1997-2014 555:563 1997-2014 555:563 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 3 48 theme breast 542:547 arg1 milk 549:552 breast milk 542:552 breast milk (1997-2014) 542:564 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 4 49 from excess 867:872 arg1 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 992:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 1 50 theme first 177:181 arg1 days 188:191 its first 1000 days 173:191 its first 1000 days 173:191 Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. 35052229 0 51 theme Lactating 26:34 arg1 Women 36:40 Pregnant and Lactating Women 13:40 Pregnant and Lactating Women 13:40 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. 35052229 7 52 with variable 1370:1377 arg1 diet 1397:1400 the mother's diet 1384:1400 the mother's diet of breast milk 1384:1415 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 4 53 theme intake 814:819 arg1 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 TEI 822:824 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 53 theme intake 814:819 arg1 intake 814:819 total energy intake 801:819 total energy intake (TEI) 801:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 53 theme intake 814:819 arg1 % 796:796 fetus [17% 787:796 fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) 787:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 3 54 theme lipids 529:534 arg1 intake 519:524 the dietary intake 507:524 the dietary intake of lipids 507:534 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 8 55 dep calories 1480:1487 arg1 Kcal 1495:1498 1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA 1490:1516 Kcal 1495:1498 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 55 dep calories 1480:1487 arg1 RDA 1514:1516 1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA 1490:1516 RDA 1514:1516 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 56 theme Kcal 1509:1512 arg1 RDA 1514:1516 1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA 1490:1516 RDA 1514:1516 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 57 from participants 1446:1457 arg1 low 1473:1475 low 1473:1475 low 1473:1475 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 57 from participants 1446:1457 arg1 diet 1464:1467 the diet 1460:1467 the diet 1460:1467 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 10 58 theme trace 1934:1938 arg1 elements 1940:1947 trace elements 1934:1947 trace elements 1934:1947 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 4 59 theme % 796:796 arg1 proteins 775:782 proteins 775:782 proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) 775:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 3 60 theme milk 487:490 arg1 acids 471:475 the fatty acids 461:475 the fatty acids 461:475 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 1 61 theme pregnant 90:97 arg1 women 117:121 pregnant and breastfeeding women 90:121 women 117:121 Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. 35052229 4 62 from deficit 981:987 arg1 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 992:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 9 63 theme dairy 1649:1653 arg1 products 1655:1662 dairy products 1649:1662 dairy products 1649:1662 We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. 35052229 4 64 theme bad 727:729 arg1 equilibrium 731:741 a bad equilibrium 725:741 a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%] 725:834 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 2 65 dep 2014 349:352 arg1 to 346:347 to 346:347 to 346:347 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 4 66 theme polyunsaturated 917:931 arg1 PUFA 946:949 PUFA 946:949 PUFA 946:949 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 66 theme polyunsaturated 917:931 arg1 acids 939:943 polyunsaturated fatty acids 917:943 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 917:950 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 67 theme macronutrients 746:759 arg1 excess 867:872 excess 867:872 excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3 867:972 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 67 theme macronutrients 746:759 arg1 equilibrium 731:741 a bad equilibrium 725:741 a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%] 725:834 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 67 theme macronutrients 746:759 arg1 deficit 981:987 a deficit 979:987 a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 979:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 67 theme macronutrients 746:759 arg1 excess 837:842 excess 837:842 excess of fats (45% vs. 35%) 837:864 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 1 68 theme breastfeeding 103:115 arg1 women 117:121 pregnant and breastfeeding women 90:121 women 117:121 Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. 35052229 8 69 from low 1473:1475 arg1 calories 1480:1487 calories 1480:1487 calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA) 1480:1517 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 69 from low 1473:1475 arg1 study 1425:1429 our study 1421:1429 our study in 2014 1421:1437 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 8 69 from low 1473:1475 arg1 participants 1446:1457 80 participants 1443:1457 80 participants 1443:1457 In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. 35052229 10 70 dep her 1819:1821 arg1 needs 1823:1827 needs 1823:1827 needs 1823:1827 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 4 71 from equilibrium 731:741 arg1 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates 992:1004 carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 992:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 10 72 from supplements 1909:1919 arg1 minerals 1924:1931 minerals 1924:1931 minerals 1924:1931 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 10 72 from supplements 1909:1919 arg1 vitamins 1950:1957 vitamins 1950:1957 vitamins 1950:1957 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 10 72 from supplements 1909:1919 arg1 omega 1964:1968 omega 3 1964:1970 omega 3 1964:1970 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 10 72 from supplements 1909:1919 arg1 elements 1940:1947 trace elements 1934:1947 trace elements 1934:1947 Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3. 35052229 2 73 theme historical 267:276 arg1 surveys 286:292 historical dietary surveys 267:292 historical dietary surveys 267:292 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 2 74 theme dietary 278:284 arg1 surveys 286:292 historical dietary surveys 267:292 historical dietary surveys 267:292 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 9 75 theme insufficient 1617:1628 arg1 intake 1630:1635 a very insufficient intake 1610:1635 a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products 1610:1662 We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. 35052229 9 76 theme products 1655:1662 arg1 intake 1630:1635 a very insufficient intake 1610:1635 a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products 1610:1662 We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. 35052229 4 77 theme acids 893:897 arg1 excess 867:872 excess 867:872 excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3 867:972 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 77 theme acids 893:897 arg1 equilibrium 731:741 a bad equilibrium 725:741 a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%] 725:834 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 77 theme acids 893:897 arg1 deficit 981:987 a deficit 979:987 a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%) 979:1018 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 4 77 theme acids 893:897 arg1 excess 837:842 excess 837:842 excess of fats (45% vs. 35%) 837:864 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 35052229 7 78 theme trace 1331:1335 arg1 elements 1337:1344 trace elements 1331:1344 trace elements 1331:1344 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 0 79 theme First 49:53 arg1 Days 60:63 the First 1000 Days 45:63 the First 1000 Days of Infant 45:73 Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. 35052229 7 80 dep according 1253:1261 arg1 little 1246:1251 little 1246:1251 little 1246:1251 Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. 35052229 3 81 theme dietary 511:517 arg1 intake 519:524 the dietary intake 507:524 the dietary intake of lipids 507:534 Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. 35052229 1 82 from development 145:155 arg1 beyond 197:202 beyond 197:202 beyond 197:202 Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. 35052229 1 82 from development 145:155 arg1 days 188:191 its first 1000 days 173:191 its first 1000 days 173:191 Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. 35052229 2 83 theme French 310:315 arg1 studies 317:323 personal French studies 301:323 personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet) 301:401 To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). 35052229 4 84 theme proteins 775:782 arg1 excess 765:770 an excess 762:770 an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) 762:825 According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). 34482030 7 0 theme Phylogenomic 640:651 arg1 analysis 653:660 Phylogenomic analysis 640:660 Phylogenomic analysis 640:660 Phylogenomic analysis showed that the isolates could be grouped into four phylogenetic clusters. 34482030 16 1 theme polysaccharolyticum 1630:1648 arg1 sp 1650:1651 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 1614:1651 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 1614:1651 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 7 2 theme phylogenetic 714:725 arg1 clusters 727:734 four phylogenetic clusters 709:734 four phylogenetic clusters 709:734 Phylogenomic analysis showed that the isolates could be grouped into four phylogenetic clusters. 34482030 11 3 from 35 °C 1217:1221 arg1 growth 1207:1212 optimum growth 1199:1212 optimum growth at 35 °C 1199:1221 All strains grew at a temperature range of 20-42 °C, with optimum growth at 35 °C. 34482030 3 4 theme genus 173:177 arg1 Bifidobacterium 179:193 the genus Bifidobacterium 169:193 the genus Bifidobacterium 169:193 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 13 5 theme phenotypic 1321:1330 arg1 characterizations 1351:1367 multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations 1312:1367 multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations 1312:1367 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters varied in multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations. 34482030 6 6 theme bee 618:620 arg1 guts 600:603 the guts 596:603 the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) 596:637 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 13 7 theme chemotaxonomic 1336:1349 arg1 characterizations 1351:1367 multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations 1312:1367 multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations 1312:1367 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters varied in multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations. 34482030 6 8 theme novel 532:536 arg1 strains 538:544 three novel strains 526:544 three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium 526:575 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 2 9 theme polysaccharolyticum 116:134 arg1 sp 136:137 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 100:137 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 100:137 nov., and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 3 10 theme Bifidobacterium 179:193 arg1 nov. 140:143 nov. 140:143 nov. 140:143 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 3 10 theme Bifidobacterium 179:193 arg1 species 158:164 three novel species 146:164 three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut 146:212 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 1 11 theme Bifidobacterium 54:68 arg1 choladohabitans 70:84 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans 54:84 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans 54:84 nov., Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 6 12 theme honey 612:616 arg1 bee 618:620 the honey bee 608:620 the honey bee (Apis mellifera) 608:637 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 6 12 theme honey 612:616 arg1 mellifera 628:636 Apis mellifera 623:636 Apis mellifera 623:636 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 10 13 dep rods 1072:1075 arg1 grew 1083:1086 grew 1083:1086 grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere 1083:1138 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34482030 16 14 theme Bifidobacterium 1614:1628 arg1 sp 1650:1651 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 1614:1651 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 1614:1651 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 17 15 theme 1.18894 T = JCM 1695:1709 arg1 34588 T 1711:1717 =CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T 1688:1717 =CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T 1688:1717 nov. whose type strain is W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T). 34482030 17 15 theme 1.18894 T = JCM 1695:1709 arg1 W8117T 1680:1685 W8117T 1680:1685 W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T) 1680:1718 nov. whose type strain is W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T). 34482030 5 16 theme functional 470:479 arg1 potentials 481:490 different functional potentials 460:490 different functional potentials 460:490 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 9 17 theme metabolic 975:983 arg1 capacity 985:992 the metabolic capacity 971:992 the metabolic capacity for carbohydrates 971:1010 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation confirmed that the metabolic capacity for carbohydrates varied between clusters of strains. 34482030 17 18 theme =CGMCC 1688:1693 arg1 34588 T 1711:1717 =CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T 1688:1717 =CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T 1688:1717 nov. whose type strain is W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T). 34482030 17 18 theme =CGMCC 1688:1693 arg1 W8117T 1680:1685 W8117T 1680:1685 W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T) 1680:1718 nov. whose type strain is W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T). 34482030 13 19 from clusters 1293:1300 arg1 Strains 1257:1263 Strains 1257:1263 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters 1257:1300 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters varied in multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations. 34482030 4 20 theme bee 286:288 arg1 gut 290:292 the honey bee gut 276:292 the honey bee gut 276:292 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 8 21 theme different 797:805 arg1 clusters 807:814 different clusters 797:814 different clusters 797:814 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 3 22 theme bee 206:208 arg1 gut 210:212 honey bee gut 200:212 honey bee gut 200:212 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 8 23 theme identity 760:767 arg1 values 769:774 The average nucleotide identity values 737:774 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters 737:814 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 8 23 theme identity 760:767 arg1 % 823:823 <95% 820:823 <95% 820:823 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 8 24 theme characterized 868:880 arg1 asteroides 906:915 the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides 864:915 the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides 864:915 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 14 25 theme novel 1393:1397 arg1 species 1399:1405 three novel species 1387:1405 three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1387:1432 Thus, we propose three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 10 26 theme CO2-enriched 1116:1127 arg1 atmosphere 1129:1138 a CO2-enriched atmosphere 1114:1138 a CO2-enriched atmosphere 1114:1138 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34482030 16 27 theme type 1550:1553 arg1 strain 1555:1560 strain 1555:1560 strain 1555:1560 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 9 28 theme Carbohydrate-active 918:936 arg1 annotation 945:954 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation 918:954 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation 918:954 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation confirmed that the metabolic capacity for carbohydrates varied between clusters of strains. 34482030 17 29 theme type 1665:1668 arg1 strain 1670:1675 strain 1670:1675 strain 1670:1675 nov. whose type strain is W8117T (=CGMCC 1.18894 T = JCM 34588 T). 34482030 15 30 theme =CGMCC 1469:1474 arg1 34587 T 1492:1498 =CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T 1469:1498 =CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T 1469:1498 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 15 30 theme =CGMCC 1469:1474 arg1 W8102T 1461:1466 W8102T 1461:1466 W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T) 1461:1499 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 14 31 theme apousia 1423:1429 arg1 sp 1431:1432 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1407:1432 three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1387:1432 Thus, we propose three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 8 32 theme Bifidobacterium 890:904 arg1 asteroides 906:915 the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides 864:915 the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides 864:915 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 0 33 theme apousia 36:42 arg1 sp 44:45 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 20:45 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 20:45 Characterization of Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 15 34 theme 1.18893 T = JCM 1476:1490 arg1 34587 T 1492:1498 =CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T 1469:1498 =CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T 1469:1498 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 15 34 theme 1.18893 T = JCM 1476:1490 arg1 W8102T 1461:1466 W8102T 1461:1466 W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T) 1461:1499 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 3 35 theme honey 200:204 arg1 bee 206:208 honey bee 200:208 honey bee gut 200:212 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 4 36 theme genera 266:271 arg1 genera 266:271 the dominating bacterial genera 241:271 the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut 241:292 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 4 36 theme genera 266:271 arg1 one 234:236 one 234:236 one 234:236 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 0 37 theme Bifidobacterium 20:34 arg1 sp 44:45 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 20:45 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 20:45 Characterization of Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 8 38 from strains 832:838 arg1 Cluster 843:849 Cluster IV 843:852 Cluster IV 843:852 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 4 39 theme honey 280:284 arg1 bee 286:288 the honey bee 276:288 the honey bee gut 276:292 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 5 40 theme different 460:468 arg1 potentials 481:490 different functional potentials 460:490 different functional potentials 460:490 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 5 41 theme hemicellulose 495:507 arg1 digestion 509:517 hemicellulose digestion 495:517 hemicellulose digestion 495:517 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 14 42 dep species 1399:1405 arg1 sp 1431:1432 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1407:1432 three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1387:1432 Thus, we propose three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 10 43 theme Gram-positive 1058:1070 arg1 Cells 1048:1052 Cells 1048:1052 Cells 1048:1052 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34482030 10 43 theme Gram-positive 1058:1070 arg1 rods 1072:1075 Gram-positive rods 1058:1075 Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere 1058:1138 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34482030 0 44 theme sp 44:45 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 0:46 Characterization of Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 2 45 theme Bifidobacterium 100:114 arg1 sp 136:137 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 100:137 Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp 100:137 nov., and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 15 46 theme Bifidobacterium 1502:1516 arg1 sp 1534:1535 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp 1502:1535 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp 1502:1535 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 15 46 theme Bifidobacterium 1502:1516 arg1 nov. 1435:1438 nov. 1435:1438 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T) 1435:1499 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 13 47 theme multiple 1312:1319 arg1 characterizations 1351:1367 multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations 1312:1367 multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations 1312:1367 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters varied in multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations. 34482030 15 48 theme choladohabitans 1518:1532 arg1 sp 1534:1535 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp 1502:1535 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp 1502:1535 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 15 48 theme choladohabitans 1518:1532 arg1 nov. 1435:1438 nov. 1435:1438 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T) 1435:1499 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 6 49 attach isolated 582:589 arg1 guts 600:603 the guts 596:603 the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) 596:637 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 6 49 attach isolated 582:589 arg2 strains 538:544 three novel strains 526:544 three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium 526:575 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 4 50 from genera 266:271 arg1 gut 290:292 the honey bee gut 276:292 the honey bee gut 276:292 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 9 51 theme strains 1039:1045 arg1 clusters 1027:1034 clusters 1027:1034 clusters of strains 1027:1045 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation confirmed that the metabolic capacity for carbohydrates varied between clusters of strains. 34482030 14 52 theme Bifidobacterium 1407:1421 arg1 sp 1431:1432 Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1407:1432 three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp 1387:1432 Thus, we propose three novel species Bifidobacterium apousia sp. 34482030 9 53 theme enzyme 938:943 arg1 annotation 945:954 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation 918:954 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation 918:954 Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation confirmed that the metabolic capacity for carbohydrates varied between clusters of strains. 34482030 16 54 theme 1.18892 T = JCM 1584:1598 arg1 B14384H11T 1565:1574 B14384H11T 1565:1574 B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T) 1565:1607 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 16 54 theme 1.18892 T = JCM 1584:1598 arg1 34586 T 1600:1606 =CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T 1577:1606 =CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T 1577:1606 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 1 55 dep sp 86:87 arg1 nov. 48:51 nov. 48:51 nov. 48:51 nov., Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 1 55 dep sp 86:87 arg1 choladohabitans 70:84 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans 54:84 Bifidobacterium choladohabitans 54:84 nov., Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 15 56 theme type 1446:1449 arg1 strain 1451:1456 strain 1451:1456 strain 1451:1456 nov. whose type strain is W8102T (=CGMCC 1.18893 T = JCM 34587 T), Bifidobacterium choladohabitans sp. 34482030 8 57 theme nucleotide 749:758 arg1 values 769:774 The average nucleotide identity values 737:774 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters 737:814 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 8 57 theme nucleotide 749:758 arg1 % 823:823 <95% 820:823 <95% 820:823 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 8 58 from clusters 807:814 arg1 strains 784:790 strains 784:790 strains from different clusters 784:814 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 13 59 theme different 1270:1278 arg1 clusters 1293:1300 different phylogenetic clusters 1270:1300 different phylogenetic clusters 1270:1300 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters varied in multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations. 34482030 4 60 theme polysaccharides 333:347 arg1 they 299:302 they 299:302 they 299:302 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 4 60 theme polysaccharides 333:347 arg1 degrader 316:323 the key degrader 308:323 the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host 308:360 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 5 61 theme separate 415:422 arg1 clusters 437:444 separate phylogenetic clusters 415:444 separate phylogenetic clusters 415:444 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 8 62 theme average 741:747 arg1 values 769:774 The average nucleotide identity values 737:774 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters 737:814 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 8 62 theme average 741:747 arg1 % 823:823 <95% 820:823 <95% 820:823 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 6 63 from Bifidobacterium 561:575 arg1 strains 538:544 three novel strains 526:544 three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium 526:575 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 4 64 theme diet 328:331 arg1 polysaccharides 333:347 diet polysaccharides 328:347 diet polysaccharides 328:347 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 5 65 theme phylogenetic 424:435 arg1 clusters 437:444 separate phylogenetic clusters 415:444 separate phylogenetic clusters 415:444 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 5 66 theme Previous 363:370 arg1 analysis 380:387 Previous genomic analysis 363:387 Previous genomic analysis 363:387 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 13 67 theme phylogenetic 1280:1291 arg1 clusters 1293:1300 different phylogenetic clusters 1270:1300 different phylogenetic clusters 1270:1300 Strains from different phylogenetic clusters varied in multiple phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations. 34482030 11 68 theme 20-42 °C 1184:1191 arg1 range 1175:1179 a temperature range 1161:1179 a temperature range of 20-42 °C 1161:1191 All strains grew at a temperature range of 20-42 °C, with optimum growth at 35 °C. 34482030 3 69 theme novel 152:156 arg1 nov. 140:143 nov. 140:143 nov. 140:143 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 3 69 theme novel 152:156 arg1 species 158:164 three novel species 146:164 three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut 146:212 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 3 70 from gut 210:212 arg1 nov. 140:143 nov. 140:143 nov. 140:143 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 3 70 from gut 210:212 arg1 species 158:164 three novel species 146:164 three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut 146:212 nov., three novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium from honey bee gut. 34482030 4 71 theme bacterial 256:264 arg1 genera 266:271 the dominating bacterial genera 241:271 the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut 241:292 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 5 72 theme genomic 372:378 arg1 analysis 380:387 Previous genomic analysis 363:387 Previous genomic analysis 363:387 Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. 34482030 6 73 theme genus 555:559 arg1 Bifidobacterium 561:575 the genus Bifidobacterium 551:575 the genus Bifidobacterium 551:575 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 11 74 theme temperature 1163:1173 arg1 range 1175:1179 a temperature range 1161:1179 a temperature range of 20-42 °C 1161:1191 All strains grew at a temperature range of 20-42 °C, with optimum growth at 35 °C. 34482030 11 75 theme optimum 1199:1205 arg1 growth 1207:1212 optimum growth 1199:1212 optimum growth at 35 °C 1199:1221 All strains grew at a temperature range of 20-42 °C, with optimum growth at 35 °C. 34482030 4 76 theme dominating 245:254 arg1 genera 266:271 the dominating bacterial genera 241:271 the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut 241:292 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 10 77 dep both 1088:1091 arg1 anaerobically 1093:1105 anaerobically 1093:1105 anaerobically 1093:1105 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34482030 8 78 theme species 882:888 arg1 asteroides 906:915 the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides 864:915 the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides 864:915 The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are <95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. 34482030 16 79 theme =CGMCC 1577:1582 arg1 B14384H11T 1565:1574 B14384H11T 1565:1574 B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T) 1565:1607 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 16 79 theme =CGMCC 1577:1582 arg1 34586 T 1600:1606 =CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T 1577:1606 =CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T 1577:1606 nov., whose type strain is B14384H11T (=CGMCC 1.18892 T = JCM 34586 T), and Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. 34482030 4 80 theme key 312:314 arg1 they 299:302 they 299:302 they 299:302 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 4 80 theme key 312:314 arg1 degrader 316:323 the key degrader 308:323 the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host 308:360 Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. 34482030 12 81 theme pH 1228:1229 arg1 5-9 1252:1254 5-9 1252:1254 5-9 1252:1254 The pH range for growth was 5-9. 34482030 12 81 theme pH 1228:1229 arg1 range 1231:1235 The pH range 1224:1235 The pH range for growth 1224:1246 The pH range for growth was 5-9. 34482030 6 82 theme Apis 623:626 arg1 bee 618:620 the honey bee 608:620 the honey bee (Apis mellifera) 608:637 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 6 82 theme Apis 623:626 arg1 mellifera 628:636 Apis mellifera 623:636 Apis mellifera 623:636 Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 34482030 10 83 dep grew 1083:1086 arg1 atmosphere 1129:1138 a CO2-enriched atmosphere 1114:1138 a CO2-enriched atmosphere 1114:1138 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34482030 10 83 dep grew 1083:1086 arg1 both 1088:1091 both 1088:1091 both 1088:1091 Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. 34279390 0 0 theme Precursors 96:105 arg1 Indicative 74:83 Indicative 74:83 Indicative 74:83 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 3 1 dep Substances 553:562 arg1 method 572:577 Society method 564:577 the International Humic Substances Society method 529:577 FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. 34279390 6 2 theme spectra 1003:1009 arg1 analysis 991:998 The analysis 987:998 The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS 987:1033 The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. 34279390 0 3 theme Organic 88:94 arg1 Precursors 96:105 Organic Precursors 88:105 Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS 88:159 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 2 4 from conservation 419:430 arg1 Mexico 466:471 Mexico 466:471 Mexico 466:471 The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. 34279390 4 5 theme high-performance 667:682 arg1 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 5 theme high-performance 667:682 arg1 spectrometry 735:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry 667:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) 667:760 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 0 6 theme Fulvic 112:117 arg1 Acids 119:123 Fulvic Acids 112:123 Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS 112:159 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 7 7 theme aromatic 1247:1254 arg1 rings 1256:1260 substituted aromatic rings 1235:1260 substituted aromatic rings 1235:1260 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 4 8 theme liquid 684:689 arg1 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 8 theme liquid 684:689 arg1 spectrometry 735:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry 667:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) 667:760 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 1 9 theme organic 335:341 arg1 precursors 343:352 organic precursors 335:352 organic precursors 335:352 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 1 10 theme work 178:181 arg1 aim 166:168 The aim 162:168 The aim of this work 162:181 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 5 11 theme COSY 850:853 arg1 experiments 864:874 the COSY and HSQC experiments 846:874 experiments 864:874 Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. 34279390 1 12 theme precursors 343:352 arg1 structures 321:330 structures 321:330 structures 321:330 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 1 12 theme precursors 343:352 arg1 substructures 303:315 substructures 303:315 substructures 303:315 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 4 13 theme magnetic 638:645 arg1 resonance 647:655 nuclear magnetic resonance 630:655 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 630:661 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 13 theme magnetic 638:645 arg1 NMR 658:660 NMR 658:660 NMR 658:660 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 14 dep positive 765:772 arg1 ESI- 795:798 ESI- 795:798 ESI- 795:798 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 14 dep positive 765:772 arg1 ESI+ 775:778 ESI+ 775:778 ESI+ 775:778 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 2 15 theme sediment 359:366 arg1 samples 368:374 The sediment samples 355:374 The sediment samples 355:374 The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. 34279390 0 16 theme Spectral 0:7 arg1 Characteristics 9:23 Spectral Characteristics 0:23 Spectral Characteristics 0:23 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 3 17 theme Society 564:570 arg1 method 572:577 Society method 564:577 the International Humic Substances Society method 529:577 FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. 34279390 3 18 theme International 533:545 arg1 Substances 553:562 the International Humic Substances 529:562 the International Humic Substances Society method 529:577 FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. 34279390 2 19 theme priority 397:404 arg1 area 406:409 a priority area 395:409 a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico 395:471 The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. 34279390 7 20 theme carboxylic 1179:1188 arg1 acids 1190:1194 carboxylic acids 1179:1194 carboxylic acids 1179:1194 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 3 21 theme Humic 547:551 arg1 Substances 553:562 the International Humic Substances 529:562 the International Humic Substances Society method 529:577 FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. 34279390 7 22 theme organic 1308:1314 arg1 polysaccharides 1359:1373 polysaccharides 1359:1373 polysaccharides 1359:1373 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 7 22 theme organic 1308:1314 arg1 derivatives 1343:1353 lignin derivatives 1336:1353 lignin derivatives 1336:1353 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 7 22 theme organic 1308:1314 arg1 precursors 1316:1325 organic precursors 1308:1325 organic precursors 1308:1325 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 2 23 theme biodiversity 450:461 arg1 conservation 419:430 the conservation 415:430 the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico 415:471 The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. 34279390 4 24 theme nuclear 630:636 arg1 resonance 647:655 nuclear magnetic resonance 630:655 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 630:661 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 24 theme nuclear 630:636 arg1 NMR 658:660 NMR 658:660 NMR 658:660 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 1 25 theme Fulvic 200:205 arg1 FAs 214:216 FAs 214:216 FAs 214:216 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 1 25 theme Fulvic 200:205 arg1 Acids 207:211 Fulvic Acids 200:211 Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments 200:230 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 0 26 theme Chemical 36:43 arg1 Substructures 45:57 Chemical Substructures 36:57 Chemical Substructures 36:57 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 1 27 theme molecular 272:280 arg1 level 282:286 the molecular level 268:286 the molecular level 268:286 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 5 28 theme HSQC 859:862 arg1 experiments 864:874 the COSY and HSQC experiments 846:874 experiments 864:874 Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. 34279390 4 29 dep 2D 627:628 arg1 resonance 647:655 nuclear magnetic resonance 630:655 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 630:661 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 29 dep 2D 627:628 arg1 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 29 dep 2D 627:628 arg1 spectrometry 735:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry 667:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) 667:760 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 29 dep 2D 627:628 arg1 NMR 658:660 NMR 658:660 NMR 658:660 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 6 30 theme similar 1085:1091 arg1 presence 1052:1059 presence 1052:1059 presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR 1052:1138 The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. 34279390 2 31 theme ecosystems 435:444 arg1 conservation 419:430 the conservation 415:430 the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico 415:471 The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. 34279390 1 32 from Acids 207:211 arg1 sediments 222:230 sediments 222:230 sediments 222:230 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 4 33 theme ionization-mass 719:733 arg1 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 33 theme ionization-mass 719:733 arg1 spectrometry 735:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry 667:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) 667:760 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 34 theme chromatography-electrospray 691:717 arg1 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 HPLC-ESI-MS 749:759 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 34 theme chromatography-electrospray 691:717 arg1 spectrometry 735:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry 667:746 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) 667:760 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 0 35 from Acids 119:123 arg1 Sediments 128:136 Sediments 128:136 Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS 128:159 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 0 35 from Acids 119:123 arg1 Precursors 96:105 Organic Precursors 88:105 Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS 88:159 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 4 36 theme positive 765:772 arg1 modes 801:805 positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes 765:805 positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes 765:805 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 4 37 theme negative 785:792 arg1 modes 801:805 positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes 765:805 positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes 765:805 The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. 34279390 5 38 theme lignin 924:929 arg1 derivatives 931:941 lignin derivatives 924:941 lignin derivatives obtained from soils 924:961 Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. 34279390 7 39 theme related 1297:1303 arg1 structures 1286:1295 structures 1286:1295 structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides 1286:1373 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 7 40 theme lignin 1336:1341 arg1 derivatives 1343:1353 lignin derivatives 1336:1353 lignin derivatives 1336:1353 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 34279390 6 41 theme compounds 1064:1072 arg1 presence 1052:1059 presence 1052:1059 presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR 1052:1138 The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. 34279390 0 42 theme Indicative 74:83 arg1 Substructures 45:57 Chemical Substructures 36:57 Chemical Substructures 36:57 Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. 34279390 1 43 dep determine 190:198 arg1 propose 295:301 propose 295:301 to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors 292:352 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 1 43 dep determine 190:198 arg1 know 242:245 know 242:245 to better know their composition at the molecular level 232:286 The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. 34279390 7 44 theme substituted 1235:1245 arg1 rings 1256:1260 substituted aromatic rings 1235:1260 substituted aromatic rings 1235:1260 FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides. 31883117 1 0 located found 105:109 arg2 biopolymer 94:103 a complex phenolic biopolymer 75:103 a complex phenolic biopolymer 75:103 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 1 0 located found 105:109 arg1 walls 140:144 the secondary cell walls 121:144 the secondary cell walls of vascular plants 121:163 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 1 0 located found 105:109 arg2 Lignin 65:70 Lignin 65:70 Lignin 65:70 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 6 1 theme cell 1045:1048 arg1 corners 1050:1056 the cell corners 1041:1056 the cell corners 1041:1056 These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. 31883117 4 2 contain has 671:673 arg1 leatherwood 659:669 leatherwood 659:669 leatherwood 659:669 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 2 contain has 671:673 arg2 levels 687:692 low overall levels 675:692 low overall levels of lignin 675:702 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 2 contain has 671:673 arg2 content 728:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 2 contain has 671:673 arg2 distribution 750:761 a unique distribution 741:761 a unique distribution of lignin 741:771 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 0 3 from lignification 9:21 arg1 leatherwood 34:44 eastern leatherwood 26:44 eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) 26:62 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 0 3 from lignification 9:21 arg1 palustris 53:61 Dirca palustris 47:61 Dirca palustris 47:61 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 5 4 theme mature 850:855 arg1 xylem 857:861 mature xylem 850:861 mature xylem 850:861 Most remarkably, the cell corners and middle lamellae remain unlignified in mature xylem. 31883117 7 5 theme cell 1167:1170 arg1 wall 1172:1175 plant secondary cell wall 1151:1175 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 3 6 from distribution 480:491 arg1 xylem 549:553 leatherwood xylem 537:553 leatherwood xylem 537:553 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 7 theme polysaccharides 518:532 arg1 distribution 480:491 distribution 480:491 distribution 480:491 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 7 theme polysaccharides 518:532 arg1 composition 464:474 composition 464:474 composition 464:474 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 1 8 theme plant 233:237 arg1 defence 239:245 plant defence 233:245 plant defence 233:245 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 7 9 theme wall 1172:1175 arg1 formation 1177:1185 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 4 10 theme syringyl 712:719 arg1 content 728:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 6 11 theme middle 1062:1067 arg1 lamellae 1069:1076 middle lamellae 1062:1076 middle lamellae 1062:1076 These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. 31883117 7 12 theme plant 1151:1155 arg1 wall 1172:1175 plant secondary cell wall 1151:1175 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 7 13 theme new 1237:1239 arg1 model 1241:1245 a new model 1235:1245 a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis 1235:1280 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 3 14 dep aspen 584:588 arg1 tremuloides 599:609 Populus tremuloides 591:609 Populus tremuloides 591:609 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 1 15 theme vascular 149:156 arg1 plants 158:163 vascular plants 149:163 vascular plants 149:163 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 7 16 theme lignification 1093:1105 arg1 regime 1107:1112 This atypical lignification regime 1079:1112 This atypical lignification regime 1079:1112 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 7 17 from diversity 1138:1146 arg1 formation 1177:1185 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 3 18 theme structural 507:516 arg1 polysaccharides 518:532 structural polysaccharides 507:532 structural polysaccharides 507:532 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 1 19 theme plants 158:163 arg1 walls 140:144 the secondary cell walls 121:144 the secondary cell walls of vascular plants 121:163 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 3 20 theme lignin 496:501 arg1 distribution 480:491 distribution 480:491 distribution 480:491 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 20 theme lignin 496:501 arg1 composition 464:474 composition 464:474 composition 464:474 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 2 21 theme leatherwood 281:291 arg1 lignin 263:268 the lignin 259:268 the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) 259:309 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 3 22 theme Various 382:388 arg1 techniques 401:410 Various analytical techniques 382:410 Various analytical techniques 382:410 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 0 23 theme Atypical 0:7 arg1 lignification 9:21 Atypical lignification 0:21 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 0:63 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 1 24 theme complex 77:83 arg1 Lignin 65:70 Lignin 65:70 Lignin 65:70 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 1 24 theme complex 77:83 arg1 biopolymer 94:103 a complex phenolic biopolymer 75:103 a complex phenolic biopolymer 75:103 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 3 25 theme analytical 390:399 arg1 techniques 401:410 Various analytical techniques 382:410 Various analytical techniques 382:410 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 0 26 theme eastern 26:32 arg1 leatherwood 34:44 eastern leatherwood 26:44 eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) 26:62 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 0 26 theme eastern 26:32 arg1 palustris 53:61 Dirca palustris 47:61 Dirca palustris 47:61 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 4 27 theme lignin 697:702 arg1 content 728:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 27 theme lignin 697:702 arg1 distribution 750:761 a unique distribution 741:761 a unique distribution of lignin 741:771 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 27 theme lignin 697:702 arg1 levels 687:692 low overall levels 675:692 low overall levels of lignin 675:702 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 3 28 from composition 464:474 arg1 xylem 549:553 leatherwood xylem 537:553 leatherwood xylem 537:553 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 29 theme leatherwood 537:547 arg1 xylem 549:553 leatherwood xylem 537:553 leatherwood xylem 537:553 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 2 30 theme eastern 273:279 arg1 palustris 300:308 Dirca palustris 294:308 Dirca palustris 294:308 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 2 30 theme eastern 273:279 arg1 leatherwood 281:291 eastern leatherwood 273:291 eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) 273:309 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 6 31 theme leatherwood 911:921 arg1 flexibility 896:906 the flexibility 892:906 the flexibility of leatherwood 892:921 These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. 31883117 4 32 theme high 707:710 arg1 content 728:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 1 33 theme secondary 125:133 arg1 walls 140:144 the secondary cell walls 121:144 the secondary cell walls of vascular plants 121:163 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 3 34 theme Picea 630:634 arg1 spruce 622:627 white spruce 616:627 white spruce (Picea glauca) 616:642 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 34 theme Picea 630:634 arg1 glauca 636:641 Picea glauca 630:641 Picea glauca 630:641 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 4 35 theme lignin 766:771 arg1 content 728:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 35 theme lignin 766:771 arg1 distribution 750:761 a unique distribution 741:761 a unique distribution of lignin 741:771 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 35 theme lignin 766:771 arg1 levels 687:692 low overall levels 675:692 low overall levels of lignin 675:702 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 6 36 theme lignin 1009:1014 arg1 polymerization 1016:1029 lignin polymerization 1009:1029 lignin polymerization 1009:1029 These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. 31883117 2 37 theme flexible 366:373 arg1 stems 375:379 its flexible stems 362:379 its flexible stems 362:379 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 5 38 theme middle 812:817 arg1 lamellae 819:826 middle lamellae 812:826 middle lamellae 812:826 Most remarkably, the cell corners and middle lamellae remain unlignified in mature xylem. 31883117 3 39 theme white 616:620 arg1 spruce 622:627 white spruce 616:627 white spruce (Picea glauca) 616:642 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 39 theme white 616:620 arg1 glauca 636:641 Picea glauca 630:641 Picea glauca 630:641 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 7 40 theme secondary 1157:1165 arg1 wall 1172:1175 plant secondary cell wall 1151:1175 plant secondary cell wall formation 1151:1185 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 1 41 theme mechanical 190:199 arg1 strength 201:208 mechanical strength 190:208 mechanical strength 190:208 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 7 42 theme atypical 1084:1091 arg1 regime 1107:1112 This atypical lignification regime 1079:1112 This atypical lignification regime 1079:1112 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 3 43 dep techniques 401:410 arg1 methods 427:433 methods 427:433 methods 427:433 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 4 44 theme overall 679:685 arg1 levels 687:692 low overall levels 675:692 low overall levels of lignin 675:702 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 0 45 theme Dirca 47:51 arg1 leatherwood 34:44 eastern leatherwood 26:44 eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) 26:62 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 0 45 theme Dirca 47:51 arg1 palustris 53:61 Dirca palustris 47:61 Dirca palustris 47:61 Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris). 31883117 7 46 theme biogenesis 1271:1280 arg1 study 1255:1259 the study 1251:1259 the study of lignin biogenesis 1251:1280 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 3 47 theme trembling 574:582 arg1 aspen 584:588 trembling aspen 574:588 trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) 574:610 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 4 48 theme low 675:677 arg1 levels 687:692 low overall levels 675:692 low overall levels of lignin 675:702 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 4 49 theme unique 743:748 arg1 distribution 750:761 a unique distribution 741:761 a unique distribution of lignin 741:771 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 2 50 theme Dirca 294:298 arg1 palustris 300:308 Dirca palustris 294:308 Dirca palustris 294:308 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 2 50 theme Dirca 294:298 arg1 leatherwood 281:291 eastern leatherwood 273:291 eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) 273:309 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 1 51 theme phenolic 85:92 arg1 Lignin 65:70 Lignin 65:70 Lignin 65:70 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 1 51 theme phenolic 85:92 arg1 biopolymer 94:103 a complex phenolic biopolymer 75:103 a complex phenolic biopolymer 75:103 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 6 52 theme lignification 974:986 arg1 model 965:969 the classical model 951:969 the classical model 951:969 These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. 31883117 3 53 dep composition 464:474 arg1 the 460:462 the 460:462 the 460:462 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 4 54 theme lignin 721:726 arg1 content 728:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 a high syringyl lignin content 705:734 We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. 31883117 1 55 theme cell 135:138 arg1 walls 140:144 the secondary cell walls 121:144 the secondary cell walls of vascular plants 121:163 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 7 56 theme lignin 1264:1269 arg1 biogenesis 1271:1280 lignin biogenesis 1264:1280 lignin biogenesis 1264:1280 This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis. 31883117 5 57 theme cell 795:798 arg1 corners 800:806 the cell corners 791:806 the cell corners 791:806 Most remarkably, the cell corners and middle lamellae remain unlignified in mature xylem. 31883117 2 58 theme woody 337:341 arg1 shrub 343:347 this slow-growing woody shrub 319:347 this slow-growing woody shrub 319:347 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 1 59 theme water 211:215 arg1 conduction 217:226 water conduction 211:226 water conduction 211:226 Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. 31883117 3 60 with comparison 558:567 arg1 aspen 584:588 trembling aspen 574:588 trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) 574:610 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 60 with comparison 558:567 arg1 spruce 622:627 white spruce 616:627 white spruce (Picea glauca) 616:642 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 3 60 with comparison 558:567 arg1 glauca 636:641 Picea glauca 630:641 Picea glauca 630:641 Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). 31883117 2 61 theme slow-growing 324:335 arg1 shrub 343:347 this slow-growing woody shrub 319:347 this slow-growing woody shrub 319:347 We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow-growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems. 31883117 6 62 theme classical 955:963 arg1 model 965:969 the classical model 951:969 the classical model 951:969 These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. 32709987 8 0 theme low 1012:1014 arg1 scores 1052:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 13 1 contain have 1917:1920 arg2 value 1942:1946 a strong prognostic value 1922:1946 a strong prognostic value 1922:1946 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 1 contain have 1917:1920 arg1 TILs 1912:1915 TILs 1912:1915 TILs 1912:1915 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 8 2 theme infiltrating 1022:1033 arg1 scores 1052:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 9 3 theme nonrecurrent 1245:1256 arg1 patients 1272:1279 nonrecurrent and surviving patients 1245:1279 nonrecurrent and surviving patients 1245:1279 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 7 4 theme recurrent 890:898 arg1 patients 900:907 recurrent patients 890:907 recurrent patients 890:907 RNA analysis revealed significantly decreased scores for pathways involved in cell regulation and function, as well as chemokines, in recurrent patients compared to nonrecurrent patients. 32709987 7 5 theme RNA 756:758 arg1 analysis 760:767 RNA analysis 756:767 RNA analysis 756:767 RNA analysis revealed significantly decreased scores for pathways involved in cell regulation and function, as well as chemokines, in recurrent patients compared to nonrecurrent patients. 32709987 12 6 theme type 1844:1847 arg1 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 6 theme type 1844:1847 arg1 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 6 theme type 1844:1847 arg1 tumors 1849:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors 1800:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1800:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 9 7 theme surviving 1262:1270 arg1 patients 1272:1279 nonrecurrent and surviving patients 1245:1279 nonrecurrent and surviving patients 1245:1279 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 5 8 theme ARMM 531:534 arg1 samples 573:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples 520:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples 520:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 13 9 from strategies 2113:2122 arg1 ARMM 2150:2153 ARMM 2150:2153 ARMM 2150:2153 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 12 10 theme absent/non-brisk 1827:1842 arg1 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 10 theme absent/non-brisk 1827:1842 arg1 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 10 theme absent/non-brisk 1827:1842 arg1 tumors 1849:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors 1800:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1800:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 2 11 theme assessment 303:312 arg1 techniques 314:323 proper assessment techniques 296:323 proper assessment techniques 296:323 Determining ARMM prognosis precisely is difficult due to the lack of proper assessment techniques. 32709987 1 12 theme poor 211:214 arg1 prognosis 216:224 poor prognosis 211:224 poor prognosis 211:224 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 13 13 theme TIL 2011:2013 arg1 phenotype 2015:2023 TIL phenotype 2011:2023 TIL phenotype 2011:2023 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 9 14 theme prediction 1077:1086 arg1 models 1088:1093 Recurrence/death prediction models 1060:1093 Recurrence/death prediction models 1060:1093 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 4 15 theme ARMM 471:474 arg1 profile 460:466 the immune profile 449:466 the immune profile of ARMM 449:474 Herein, we assessed the immune profile of ARMM to identify possible prognostic biomarkers. 32709987 9 16 theme Recurrence/death 1060:1075 arg1 models 1088:1093 Recurrence/death prediction models 1060:1093 Recurrence/death prediction models 1060:1093 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 10 17 theme TIL 1297:1299 arg1 groups 1339:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups 1282:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups 1282:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 12 18 theme inflamed 1681:1688 arg1 tumors 1717:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 10 19 theme survival 1379:1386 arg1 outcomes 1388:1395 significantly better overall survival outcomes 1350:1395 significantly better overall survival outcomes 1350:1395 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 0 20 from indicators 108:117 arg1 melanoma 142:149 anorectal malignant melanoma 122:149 anorectal malignant melanoma 122:149 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 10 21 theme high 1286:1289 arg1 TIL 1297:1299 high total TIL 1286:1299 high total TIL 1286:1299 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 0 22 theme microenvironment 65:80 arg1 composition 82:92 lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition 43:92 lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition 43:92 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 0 22 theme microenvironment 65:80 arg1 indicators 108:117 prognostic indicators 97:117 prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma 97:149 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 11 23 from indicator 1585:1593 arg1 addition 1486:1493 addition 1486:1493 addition 1486:1493 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 9 24 theme logistic 1114:1121 arg1 regression 1123:1132 logistic regression 1114:1132 logistic regression 1114:1132 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 10 25 contain had 1346:1348 arg2 outcomes 1388:1395 significantly better overall survival outcomes 1350:1395 significantly better overall survival outcomes 1350:1395 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 25 contain had 1346:1348 arg1 groups 1339:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups 1282:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups 1282:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 12 26 theme better 1749:1754 arg1 survival 1764:1771 a significantly better overall survival 1733:1771 a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1733:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 11 27 theme prognostic 1574:1583 arg1 presence 1500:1507 the presence 1496:1507 the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front 1496:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 27 theme prognostic 1574:1583 arg1 indicator 1585:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 10 28 theme tumor-associated 1305:1320 arg1 macrophage 1322:1331 tumor-associated macrophage 1305:1331 tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) 1305:1337 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 28 theme tumor-associated 1305:1320 arg1 TAM 1334:1336 TAM 1334:1336 TAM 1334:1336 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 12 29 theme type 1712:1715 arg1 tumors 1717:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 1 30 theme malignant 162:170 arg1 disease 198:204 a rare disease 191:204 a rare disease with poor prognosis 191:224 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 1 30 theme malignant 162:170 arg1 ARMM 182:185 ARMM 182:185 ARMM 182:185 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 1 30 theme malignant 162:170 arg1 melanoma 172:179 Anorectal malignant melanoma 152:179 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) 152:186 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 3 31 theme cutaneous 369:377 arg1 melanoma 389:396 cutaneous malignant melanoma 369:396 cutaneous malignant melanoma 369:396 Immunotherapy has proven effective against cutaneous malignant melanoma and may show efficacy in ARMM. 32709987 0 32 theme anorectal 122:130 arg1 melanoma 142:149 anorectal malignant melanoma 122:149 anorectal malignant melanoma 122:149 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 3 33 from efficacy 411:418 arg1 ARMM 423:426 ARMM 423:426 ARMM 423:426 Immunotherapy has proven effective against cutaneous malignant melanoma and may show efficacy in ARMM. 32709987 5 34 theme PanCancer 615:623 arg1 Panel 642:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 9 35 dep patients 1198:1205 arg1 all 1208:1210 all 1208:1210 all 1208:1210 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 9 35 dep patients 1198:1205 arg1 P < 0.001 1213:1221 P < 0.001 1213:1221 P < 0.001 1213:1221 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 4 36 theme prognostic 497:506 arg1 biomarkers 508:517 possible prognostic biomarkers 488:517 possible prognostic biomarkers 488:517 Herein, we assessed the immune profile of ARMM to identify possible prognostic biomarkers. 32709987 13 37 theme prognostic 1931:1940 arg1 value 1942:1946 a strong prognostic value 1922:1946 a strong prognostic value 1922:1946 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 0 38 theme Distribution 0:11 arg1 pattern 13:19 Distribution pattern 0:19 Distribution pattern of tumor 0:28 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 5 39 theme Profiling 632:640 arg1 Panel 642:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 13 40 theme phenotype 2015:2023 arg1 analysis 1995:2002 an analysis 1992:2002 an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis 1992:2078 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 40 theme phenotype 2015:2023 arg1 quantification 1965:1978 the quantification 1961:1978 the quantification of TILs 1961:1986 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 40 theme phenotype 2015:2023 arg1 essential 2084:2092 essential 2084:2092 essential 2084:2092 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 11 41 theme CD3 + TILs 1512:1521 arg1 presence 1500:1507 the presence 1496:1507 the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front 1496:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 41 theme CD3 + TILs 1512:1521 arg1 indicator 1585:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 9 42 theme deceased 1189:1196 arg1 patients 1198:1205 recurrent and deceased patients 1175:1205 recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) 1175:1222 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 10 43 theme better 1364:1369 arg1 survival 1379:1386 significantly better overall survival 1350:1386 significantly better overall survival outcomes 1350:1395 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 11 44 from presence 1500:1507 arg1 front 1539:1543 the invasion front 1526:1543 the invasion front 1526:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 45 theme interval 1645:1652 arg1 % 1630:1630 95% 1628:1630 95% confidential interval 1628:1652 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 1 46 with disease 198:204 arg1 prognosis 216:224 poor prognosis 211:224 poor prognosis 211:224 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 11 47 from CD3 + TILs 1512:1521 arg1 front 1539:1543 the invasion front 1526:1543 the invasion front 1526:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 13 48 theme TILs 1983:1986 arg1 analysis 1995:2002 an analysis 1992:2002 an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis 1992:2078 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 48 theme TILs 1983:1986 arg1 quantification 1965:1978 the quantification 1961:1978 the quantification of TILs 1961:1986 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 48 theme TILs 1983:1986 arg1 essential 2084:2092 essential 2084:2092 essential 2084:2092 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 49 theme pathological 2057:2068 arg1 diagnosis 2070:2078 pathological diagnosis 2057:2078 pathological diagnosis 2057:2078 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 12 50 dep tumors 1849:1854 arg1 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 50 dep tumors 1849:1854 arg1 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 50 dep tumors 1849:1854 arg1 tumors 1849:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors 1800:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1800:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 51 with Patients 1667:1674 arg1 tumors 1717:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 8 52 theme tumor 1016:1020 arg1 scores 1052:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 10 53 theme total 1417:1421 arg1 TIL 1423:1425 low total TIL 1413:1425 low total TIL 1413:1425 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 54 dep groups 1435:1440 arg1 P = 0.007 1443:1451 P = 0.007 1443:1451 P = 0.007 1443:1451 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 54 dep groups 1435:1440 arg1 groups 1435:1440 the low total TIL and TAM groups 1409:1440 the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively) 1409:1480 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 54 dep groups 1435:1440 arg1 P = 0.035 1457:1465 P = 0.035 1457:1465 P = 0.035 1457:1465 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 13 55 theme accurate 2128:2135 arg1 prognosis 2137:2145 accurate prognosis 2128:2145 accurate prognosis in ARMM 2128:2153 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 8 56 theme lymphocyte 1035:1044 arg1 scores 1052:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 2 57 theme proper 296:301 arg1 techniques 314:323 proper assessment techniques 296:323 proper assessment techniques 296:323 Determining ARMM prognosis precisely is difficult due to the lack of proper assessment techniques. 32709987 8 58 theme TIL 1047:1049 arg1 scores 1052:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores 1012:1057 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 11 59 theme favorable 1564:1572 arg1 presence 1500:1507 the presence 1496:1507 the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front 1496:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 59 theme favorable 1564:1572 arg1 indicator 1585:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 5 60 theme formalin-fixed 536:549 arg1 samples 573:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples 520:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples 520:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 1 61 theme rare 193:196 arg1 disease 198:204 a rare disease 191:204 a rare disease with poor prognosis 191:224 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 1 61 theme rare 193:196 arg1 melanoma 172:179 Anorectal malignant melanoma 152:179 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) 152:186 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 12 62 theme immune-desert/excluded 1800:1821 arg1 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 62 theme immune-desert/excluded 1800:1821 arg1 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 62 theme immune-desert/excluded 1800:1821 arg1 tumors 1849:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors 1800:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1800:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 2 63 theme techniques 314:323 arg1 lack 288:291 the lack 284:291 the lack of proper assessment techniques 284:323 Determining ARMM prognosis precisely is difficult due to the lack of proper assessment techniques. 32709987 13 64 from prognosis 2137:2145 arg1 ARMM 2150:2153 ARMM 2150:2153 ARMM 2150:2153 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 10 65 theme macrophage 1322:1331 arg1 groups 1339:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups 1282:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups 1282:1344 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 2 66 theme ARMM 239:242 arg1 prognosis 244:252 ARMM prognosis 239:252 ARMM prognosis 239:252 Determining ARMM prognosis precisely is difficult due to the lack of proper assessment techniques. 32709987 11 67 theme invasion 1530:1537 arg1 front 1539:1543 the invasion front 1526:1543 the invasion front 1526:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 5 68 theme nCounter® 605:613 arg1 Panel 642:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 1 69 theme Anorectal 152:160 arg1 disease 198:204 a rare disease 191:204 a rare disease with poor prognosis 191:224 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 1 69 theme Anorectal 152:160 arg1 ARMM 182:185 ARMM 182:185 ARMM 182:185 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 1 69 theme Anorectal 152:160 arg1 melanoma 172:179 Anorectal malignant melanoma 152:179 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) 152:186 Anorectal malignant melanoma (ARMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. 32709987 12 70 theme overall 1756:1762 arg1 survival 1764:1771 a significantly better overall survival 1733:1771 a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1733:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 4 71 theme immune 453:458 arg1 profile 460:466 the immune profile 449:466 the immune profile of ARMM 449:474 Herein, we assessed the immune profile of ARMM to identify possible prognostic biomarkers. 32709987 10 72 theme total 1291:1295 arg1 TIL 1297:1299 high total TIL 1286:1299 high total TIL 1286:1299 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 5 73 theme paraffin-embedded 555:571 arg1 samples 573:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples 520:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples 520:579 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 11 74 theme independent 1552:1562 arg1 presence 1500:1507 the presence 1496:1507 the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front 1496:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 74 theme independent 1552:1562 arg1 indicator 1585:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 0 75 theme prognostic 97:106 arg1 composition 82:92 lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition 43:92 lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition 43:92 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 0 75 theme prognostic 97:106 arg1 indicators 108:117 prognostic indicators 97:117 prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma 97:149 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 9 76 theme recurrent 1175:1183 arg1 patients 1198:1205 recurrent and deceased patients 1175:1205 recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) 1175:1222 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 12 77 with patients 1786:1793 arg1 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 P = 0.0023 1870:1879 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 77 with patients 1786:1793 arg1 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 P = 0.03 1857:1864 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 77 with patients 1786:1793 arg1 tumors 1849:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors 1800:1854 immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1800:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 6 78 theme immunohistochemical 682:700 arg1 staining 702:709 immunohistochemical staining 682:709 immunohistochemical staining for CD3, CD8, Foxp3, CD68, CD163, and PD-L1 682:753 Validation was performed through immunohistochemical staining for CD3, CD8, Foxp3, CD68, CD163, and PD-L1. 32709987 4 79 theme possible 488:495 arg1 biomarkers 508:517 possible prognostic biomarkers 488:517 possible prognostic biomarkers 488:517 Herein, we assessed the immune profile of ARMM to identify possible prognostic biomarkers. 32709987 0 80 theme malignant 132:140 arg1 melanoma 142:149 anorectal malignant melanoma 122:149 anorectal malignant melanoma 122:149 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 12 81 theme brisk-infiltration 1693:1710 arg1 tumors 1717:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1681:1722 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 3 82 theme malignant 379:387 arg1 melanoma 389:396 cutaneous malignant melanoma 369:396 cutaneous malignant melanoma 369:396 Immunotherapy has proven effective against cutaneous malignant melanoma and may show efficacy in ARMM. 32709987 9 83 theme lower 1159:1163 arg1 scores 1165:1170 significantly lower scores 1145:1170 significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) 1145:1222 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 5 84 theme Immune 625:630 arg1 Panel 642:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel 602:646 Twenty-two ARMM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were evaluated using an nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. 32709987 0 85 theme tumor 24:28 arg1 pattern 13:19 Distribution pattern 0:19 Distribution pattern of tumor 0:28 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 13 86 theme infiltration 2029:2040 arg1 pattern 2042:2048 infiltration pattern 2029:2048 infiltration pattern 2029:2048 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 10 87 theme overall 1371:1377 arg1 survival 1379:1386 significantly better overall survival 1350:1386 significantly better overall survival outcomes 1350:1395 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 0 88 theme lymphocytes 43:53 arg1 composition 82:92 lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition 43:92 lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition 43:92 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 0 88 theme lymphocytes 43:53 arg1 indicators 108:117 prognostic indicators 97:117 prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma 97:149 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 8 89 theme cell-type 947:955 arg1 profiling 957:965 cell-type profiling 947:965 cell-type profiling 947:965 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 13 90 dep phenotype 2015:2023 arg1 the 2007:2009 the 2007:2009 the 2007:2009 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 12 91 contain had 1729:1731 arg1 Patients 1667:1674 Patients 1667:1674 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors 1667:1722 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 12 91 contain had 1729:1731 arg2 survival 1764:1771 a significantly better overall survival 1733:1771 a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively) 1733:1894 Patients with inflamed or brisk-infiltration type tumors also had a significantly better overall survival than that of patients with immune-desert/excluded and absent/non-brisk type tumors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0023, respectively). 32709987 10 92 theme low 1413:1415 arg1 TIL 1423:1425 low total TIL 1413:1425 low total TIL 1413:1425 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 0 93 theme tumor 59:63 arg1 microenvironment 65:80 tumor microenvironment 59:80 tumor microenvironment 59:80 Distribution pattern of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment composition as prognostic indicators in anorectal malignant melanoma. 32709987 7 94 theme cell 834:837 arg1 regulation 839:848 cell regulation 834:848 cell regulation 834:848 RNA analysis revealed significantly decreased scores for pathways involved in cell regulation and function, as well as chemokines, in recurrent patients compared to nonrecurrent patients. 32709987 11 95 from front 1539:1543 arg1 presence 1500:1507 the presence 1496:1507 the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front 1496:1543 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 95 from front 1539:1543 arg1 indicator 1585:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 an independent favorable prognostic indicator 1549:1593 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 13 96 theme treatment 2103:2111 arg1 strategies 2113:2122 treatment strategies 2103:2122 treatment strategies 2103:2122 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 97 theme pattern 2042:2048 arg1 analysis 1995:2002 an analysis 1992:2002 an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis 1992:2078 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 97 theme pattern 2042:2048 arg1 quantification 1965:1978 the quantification 1961:1978 the quantification of TILs 1961:1986 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 13 97 theme pattern 2042:2048 arg1 essential 2084:2092 essential 2084:2092 essential 2084:2092 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 8 98 theme recurrent 972:980 arg1 cases 982:986 the recurrent cases 968:986 the recurrent cases 968:986 In cell-type profiling, the recurrent cases displayed significantly low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. 32709987 11 99 dep indicator 1585:1593 arg1 P = 0.003 1596:1604 P = 0.003 1596:1604 P = 0.003 1596:1604 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 99 dep indicator 1585:1593 arg1 ratio = 0.21 1614:1625 hazard ratio = 0.21 1607:1625 hazard ratio = 0.21 1607:1625 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 9 100 from scores 1165:1170 arg1 patients 1198:1205 recurrent and deceased patients 1175:1205 recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) 1175:1222 Recurrence/death prediction models were defined using logistic regression and showed significantly lower scores in recurrent and deceased patients (all, P < 0.001) compared to those in nonrecurrent and surviving patients. 32709987 10 101 theme TAM 1431:1433 arg1 P = 0.007 1443:1451 P = 0.007 1443:1451 P = 0.007 1443:1451 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 101 theme TAM 1431:1433 arg1 groups 1435:1440 the low total TIL and TAM groups 1409:1440 the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively) 1409:1480 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 101 theme TAM 1431:1433 arg1 P = 0.035 1457:1465 P = 0.035 1457:1465 P = 0.035 1457:1465 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 13 102 theme strong 1924:1929 arg1 value 1942:1946 a strong prognostic value 1922:1946 a strong prognostic value 1922:1946 In conclusion, TILs have a strong prognostic value in ARMM, and the quantification of TILs and an analysis of the TIL phenotype and infiltration pattern during pathological diagnosis are essential to guide treatment strategies and accurate prognosis in ARMM. 32709987 11 103 dep P = 0.003 1596:1604 arg1 0.01-0.41 1655:1663 0.01-0.41 1655:1663 0.01-0.41 1655:1663 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 11 103 dep P = 0.003 1596:1604 arg1 % 1630:1630 95% 1628:1630 95% confidential interval 1628:1652 In addition, the presence of CD3 + TILs in the invasion front was an independent favorable prognostic indicator (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.21, 95% confidential interval, 0.01-0.41). 32709987 10 104 theme TIL 1423:1425 arg1 P = 0.007 1443:1451 P = 0.007 1443:1451 P = 0.007 1443:1451 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 104 theme TIL 1423:1425 arg1 groups 1435:1440 the low total TIL and TAM groups 1409:1440 the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively) 1409:1480 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 10 104 theme TIL 1423:1425 arg1 P = 0.035 1457:1465 P = 0.035 1457:1465 P = 0.035 1457:1465 The high total TIL and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) groups had significantly better overall survival outcomes compared to the low total TIL and TAM groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). 32709987 7 105 theme nonrecurrent 921:932 arg1 patients 934:941 nonrecurrent patients 921:941 nonrecurrent patients 921:941 RNA analysis revealed significantly decreased scores for pathways involved in cell regulation and function, as well as chemokines, in recurrent patients compared to nonrecurrent patients. 32709987 7 106 theme decreased 792:800 arg1 scores 802:807 significantly decreased scores 778:807 significantly decreased scores for pathways involved in cell regulation and function 778:861 RNA analysis revealed significantly decreased scores for pathways involved in cell regulation and function, as well as chemokines, in recurrent patients compared to nonrecurrent patients. 32952729 0 0 theme data 80:83 arg1 analysis 85:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 4 1 theme manual 564:569 arg1 interrogation 571:583 manual interrogation 564:583 manual interrogation 564:583 The output of GlypNirO is clearly structured, allowing manual interrogation, and is also appropriate for input into diverse statistical workflows. 32952729 5 2 theme O-glycosylation 772:786 arg1 occupancy 788:796 site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy 751:796 site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy 751:796 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 1 3 theme unprecedented 159:171 arg1 insights 173:180 unprecedented insights 159:180 unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation 159:238 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 5 4 theme site-specific 751:763 arg1 N- 765:766 site-specific N- 751:766 site-specific N- 751:766 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 0 5 theme glycoproteomic 65:78 arg1 analysis 85:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 3 6 theme Byonic 400:405 arg1 outputs 389:395 the complementary outputs 371:395 the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer 371:429 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 5 7 theme hepatocellular 828:841 arg1 carcinoma 843:851 hepatocellular carcinoma 828:851 hepatocellular carcinoma 828:851 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 8 used used 659:662 arg2 We 656:657 We 656:657 We 656:657 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 9 theme published 686:694 arg1 dataset 717:723 a published plasma glycoproteome dataset 684:723 a published plasma glycoproteome dataset 684:723 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 0 10 theme quantitative 36:47 arg1 N- 49:50 quantitative N- 36:50 quantitative N- 36:50 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 5 11 theme plasma 696:701 arg1 dataset 717:723 a published plasma glycoproteome dataset 684:723 a published plasma glycoproteome dataset 684:723 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 12 theme disease 879:885 arg1 biomarkers 865:874 putative biomarkers 856:874 putative biomarkers of disease 856:885 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 12 theme disease 879:885 arg1 changes 740:746 changes 740:746 changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma 740:851 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 13 theme glycoproteome 703:715 arg1 dataset 717:723 a published plasma glycoproteome dataset 684:723 a published plasma glycoproteome dataset 684:723 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 14 theme putative 856:863 arg1 biomarkers 865:874 putative biomarkers 856:874 putative biomarkers of disease 856:885 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 14 theme putative 856:863 arg1 changes 740:746 changes 740:746 changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma 740:851 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 3 15 theme data 494:497 arg1 analysis 499:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 0 16 theme automated 13:21 arg1 workflow 23:30 An automated workflow 10:30 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 0:93 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 1 17 theme Mass 95:98 arg1 glycoproteomics 113:127 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics 95:127 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics 95:127 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 2 18 theme quantitative 250:261 arg1 glycoproteomics 263:277 quantitative glycoproteomics 250:277 quantitative glycoproteomics 250:277 However, quantitative glycoproteomics remains challenging. 32952729 3 19 theme Discoverer 420:429 arg1 outputs 389:395 the complementary outputs 371:395 the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer 371:429 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 4 20 theme statistical 633:643 arg1 workflows 645:653 diverse statistical workflows 625:653 diverse statistical workflows 625:653 The output of GlypNirO is clearly structured, allowing manual interrogation, and is also appropriate for input into diverse statistical workflows. 32952729 1 21 theme spectrometry 100:111 arg1 glycoproteomics 113:127 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics 95:127 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics 95:127 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 3 22 theme quantitative 466:477 arg1 analysis 499:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 4 23 theme diverse 625:631 arg1 workflows 645:653 diverse statistical workflows 625:653 diverse statistical workflows 625:653 The output of GlypNirO is clearly structured, allowing manual interrogation, and is also appropriate for input into diverse statistical workflows. 32952729 1 24 dep diversity 191:199 arg1 the 187:189 the 187:189 the 187:189 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 1 25 theme protein 218:224 arg1 glycosylation 226:238 protein glycosylation 218:238 protein glycosylation 218:238 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 3 26 theme glycoproteomic 479:492 arg1 analysis 499:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 5 27 from changes 740:746 arg1 structure 802:810 structure 802:810 structure 802:810 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 5 27 from changes 740:746 arg1 occupancy 788:796 site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy 751:796 site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy 751:796 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 1 28 theme glycosylation 226:238 arg1 diversity 191:199 diversity 191:199 diversity 191:199 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 1 28 theme glycosylation 226:238 arg1 functions 205:213 functions 205:213 functions 205:213 Mass spectrometry glycoproteomics is rapidly maturing, allowing unprecedented insights into the diversity and functions of protein glycosylation. 32952729 3 29 theme high-throughput 440:454 arg1 analysis 499:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 3 30 theme software 336:343 arg1 GlypNirO 313:320 GlypNirO 313:320 GlypNirO 313:320 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 3 30 theme software 336:343 arg1 pipeline 345:352 an automated software pipeline 323:352 an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 323:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 4 31 theme GlypNirO 523:530 arg1 appropriate 598:608 appropriate 598:608 appropriate 598:608 The output of GlypNirO is clearly structured, allowing manual interrogation, and is also appropriate for input into diverse statistical workflows. 32952729 4 31 theme GlypNirO 523:530 arg1 output 513:518 The output 509:518 The output of GlypNirO 509:530 The output of GlypNirO is clearly structured, allowing manual interrogation, and is also appropriate for input into diverse statistical workflows. 32952729 3 32 theme automated 456:464 arg1 analysis 499:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 440:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 5 33 theme N- 765:766 arg1 occupancy 788:796 site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy 751:796 site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy 751:796 We used GlypNirO to analyse a published plasma glycoproteome dataset and identified changes in site-specific N- and O-glycosylation occupancy and structure associated with hepatocellular carcinoma as putative biomarkers of disease. 32952729 0 34 link O-linked 56:63 arg1 analysis 85:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 3 35 theme automated 326:334 arg1 GlypNirO 313:320 GlypNirO 313:320 GlypNirO 313:320 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 3 35 theme automated 326:334 arg1 pipeline 345:352 an automated software pipeline 323:352 an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis 323:506 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 0 36 theme O-linked 56:63 arg1 analysis 85:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis 56:92 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 3 37 theme complementary 375:387 arg1 outputs 389:395 the complementary outputs 371:395 the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer 371:429 We developed GlypNirO, an automated software pipeline which integrates the complementary outputs of Byonic and Proteome Discoverer to allow high-throughput automated quantitative glycoproteomic data analysis. 32952729 0 38 dep GlypNirO 0:7 arg1 workflow 23:30 An automated workflow 10:30 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 0:93 GlypNirO: An automated workflow for quantitative N- and O-linked glycoproteomic data analysis. 32432478 0 0 theme Derivatives 94:104 arg1 Production 59:68 the Production 55:68 the Production of Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives 55:104 Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides for the Production of Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives. 32432478 3 1 from incorporation 626:638 arg1 stages 669:674 various stages 661:674 various stages in an automated program 661:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 2 2 theme site-selective 334:347 arg1 incorporation 349:361 the site-selective incorporation 330:361 the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 330:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 3 3 theme trimmers 554:561 arg1 synthesis 525:533 the synthesis 521:533 the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 521:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 3 4 theme selective 616:624 arg1 incorporation 626:638 the selective incorporation 612:638 the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 612:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 0 5 theme Solution-Phase 10:23 arg1 Synthesis 25:33 Solution-Phase Synthesis 10:33 Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides 10:49 Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides for the Production of Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives. 32432478 2 6 theme automated 382:390 arg1 protocols 423:431 automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 382:431 automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 382:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 1 7 theme attractive 216:225 arg1 targets 227:233 attractive targets 216:233 attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development 216:280 Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. 32432478 3 8 theme various 661:667 arg1 stages 669:674 various stages 661:674 various stages in an automated program 661:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 3 9 from stages 669:674 arg1 incorporation 626:638 the selective incorporation 612:638 the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 612:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 3 9 from stages 669:674 arg1 program 692:698 an automated program 679:698 an automated program 679:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 3 10 theme O-glycosides 504:515 arg1 formation 485:493 the formation 481:493 the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 481:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 2 11 theme S-linkages 366:375 arg1 incorporation 349:361 the site-selective incorporation 330:361 the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 330:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 3 12 theme mannopyranoside 538:552 arg1 trimmers 554:561 mannopyranoside trimmers 538:561 mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 538:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 3 13 theme S-glycoside 646:656 arg1 incorporation 626:638 the selective incorporation 612:638 the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 612:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 1 14 theme carbohydrate-based 239:256 arg1 development 270:280 carbohydrate-based therapeutic development 239:280 carbohydrate-based therapeutic development 239:280 Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. 32432478 1 15 theme therapeutic 258:268 arg1 development 270:280 carbohydrate-based therapeutic development 239:280 carbohydrate-based therapeutic development 239:280 Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. 32432478 0 16 theme S-Glycosides 38:49 arg1 Synthesis 25:33 Solution-Phase Synthesis 10:33 Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides 10:49 Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides for the Production of Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives. 32432478 1 17 link O-linked 176:183 arg1 counterparts 185:196 their O-linked counterparts 170:196 their O-linked counterparts 170:196 Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. 32432478 3 18 theme automated 682:690 arg1 program 692:698 an automated program 679:698 an automated program 679:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 1 19 theme enzymatic 144:152 arg1 hydrolysis 154:163 enzymatic hydrolysis 144:163 enzymatic hydrolysis 144:163 Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. 32432478 2 20 theme methods 318:324 arg1 development 303:313 the first development 293:313 the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 293:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 2 21 theme oligosaccharide 407:421 arg1 protocols 423:431 automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 382:431 automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 382:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 3 22 from S-glycoside 646:656 arg1 stages 669:674 various stages 661:674 various stages in an automated program 661:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 2 23 theme solution-phase 392:405 arg1 protocols 423:431 automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 382:431 automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 382:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 0 24 theme Oligomannopyranoside 73:92 arg1 Derivatives 94:104 Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives 73:104 Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives 73:104 Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides for the Production of Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives. 32432478 3 25 with compatible 465:474 arg1 formation 485:493 the formation 481:493 the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 481:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 3 26 theme S- 498:499 arg1 formation 485:493 the formation 481:493 the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program 481:698 The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program. 32432478 2 27 theme first 297:301 arg1 development 303:313 the first development 293:313 the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols 293:431 We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. 32432478 1 28 theme O-linked 176:183 arg1 counterparts 185:196 their O-linked counterparts 170:196 their O-linked counterparts 170:196 Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. 33523877 5 0 theme O-linked 779:786 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminase 788:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 1 theme AD 954:955 arg1 pathology 957:965 AD pathology 954:965 AD pathology 954:965 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 6 2 theme RIPK3 868:872 arg1 interaction 882:892 its interaction 878:892 its interaction with RIPK1 878:903 O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 suppresses phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its interaction with RIPK1. 33523877 6 2 theme RIPK3 868:872 arg1 phosphorylation 849:863 phosphorylation 849:863 phosphorylation of RIPK3 849:872 O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 suppresses phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its interaction with RIPK1. 33523877 7 3 theme increased 916:924 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 926:940 increased O-GlcNAcylation 916:940 increased O-GlcNAcylation 916:940 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 1 4 gly O-GlcNAcylation 110:124 arg1 brain 214:218 Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain 189:218 Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain 189:218 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. 33523877 4 5 theme protective 481:490 arg1 role 492:495 a protective role 479:495 a protective role 479:495 Here, we found that O-GlcNAcylation plays a protective role in AD by inhibiting necroptosis. 33523877 5 6 theme RIPK3 671:675 arg1 necroptosis 633:643 decreased necroptosis 623:643 decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) 623:732 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 7 theme 5xFAD 750:754 arg1 mice 756:759 5xFAD mice 750:759 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 750:810 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 1 8 theme disease 201:207 arg1 brain 214:218 Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain 189:218 Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain 189:218 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. 33523877 5 9 theme decreased 623:631 arg1 necroptosis 633:643 decreased necroptosis 623:643 decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) 623:732 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 10 theme AD 575:576 arg1 model 584:588 AD mouse model 575:588 AD mouse model 575:588 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 11 dep phenotype 1069:1077 arg1 the 1062:1064 the 1062:1064 the 1062:1064 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 7 12 theme phagocytic 1083:1092 arg1 activity 1094:1101 phagocytic activity 1083:1101 phagocytic activity 1083:1101 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 6 13 with phosphorylation 849:863 arg1 RIPK1 899:903 RIPK1 899:903 RIPK1 899:903 O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 suppresses phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its interaction with RIPK1. 33523877 5 14 theme mouse 578:582 arg1 model 584:588 AD mouse model 575:588 AD mouse model 575:588 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 15 link O-linked 779:786 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminase 788:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 16 theme microglia 1106:1114 arg1 phenotype 1069:1077 M2 phenotype 1066:1077 M2 phenotype 1066:1077 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 7 16 theme microglia 1106:1114 arg1 activity 1094:1101 phagocytic activity 1083:1101 phagocytic activity 1083:1101 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 8 17 theme potential 1264:1272 arg1 treatments 1250:1259 O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments 1228:1259 O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments 1228:1259 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 8 17 theme potential 1264:1272 arg1 interventions 1274:1286 potential interventions 1264:1286 potential interventions for AD 1264:1293 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 0 18 theme pathological 32:43 arg1 manifestations 45:58 the pathological manifestations 28:58 the pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease 28:81 O-GlcNAcylation ameliorates the pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting necroptosis. 33523877 3 19 theme Aβ 390:391 arg1 accumulation 394:405 β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation 379:405 β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation 379:405 However, the links among altered O-GlcNAcylation, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, and necroptosis are unclear. 33523877 1 20 theme O-linked 127:134 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 110:124 O-GlcNAcylation 110:124 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) 110:163 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. 33523877 1 20 theme O-linked 127:134 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 136:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 127:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 127:162 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. 33523877 8 21 theme Aβ 1178:1179 arg1 accumulation 1181:1192 Aβ accumulation 1178:1192 Aβ accumulation 1178:1192 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 2 22 theme AD 249:250 arg1 brain 252:256 AD brain 249:256 AD brain 249:256 Necroptosis is activated in AD brain and is positively correlated with neuroinflammation and tau pathology. 33523877 6 23 with interaction 882:892 arg1 RIPK1 899:903 RIPK1 899:903 RIPK1 899:903 O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 suppresses phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its interaction with RIPK1. 33523877 3 24 theme β-amyloid 379:387 arg1 accumulation 394:405 β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation 379:405 β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation 379:405 However, the links among altered O-GlcNAcylation, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, and necroptosis are unclear. 33523877 8 25 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1159:1173 arg1 influence 1146:1154 the influence 1142:1154 the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration 1142:1214 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 3 26 theme altered 354:360 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 362:376 altered O-GlcNAcylation 354:376 altered O-GlcNAcylation 354:376 However, the links among altered O-GlcNAcylation, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, and necroptosis are unclear. 33523877 5 27 theme AD 559:560 arg1 patients 562:569 AD patients 559:569 AD patients 559:569 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 28 theme receptor-interacting 678:697 arg1 kinase 724:729 receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 678:731 receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 678:731 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 28 theme receptor-interacting 678:697 arg1 RIPK3 671:675 RIPK3 671:675 RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) 671:732 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 29 theme neuronal 989:996 arg1 loss 998:1001 neuronal loss 989:1001 neuronal loss 989:1001 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 5 30 theme serine/threonine 699:714 arg1 kinase 724:729 receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 678:731 receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 678:731 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 30 theme serine/threonine 699:714 arg1 RIPK3 671:675 RIPK3 671:675 RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) 671:732 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 6 31 theme RIPK3 832:836 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 813:827 O-GlcNAcylation 813:827 O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 813:836 O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 suppresses phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its interaction with RIPK1. 33523877 5 32 with mice 756:759 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminase 788:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 33 theme Aβ 978:979 arg1 burden 981:986 Aβ burden 978:986 Aβ burden 978:986 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 8 34 theme O-GlcNAcylation-based 1228:1248 arg1 treatments 1250:1259 O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments 1228:1259 O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments 1228:1259 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 8 34 theme O-GlcNAcylation-based 1228:1248 arg1 interventions 1274:1286 potential interventions 1264:1286 potential interventions for AD 1264:1293 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 5 35 theme protein 716:722 arg1 kinase 724:729 receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 678:731 receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 678:731 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 35 theme protein 716:722 arg1 RIPK3 671:675 RIPK3 671:675 RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) 671:732 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 36 theme M2 1066:1067 arg1 phenotype 1069:1077 M2 phenotype 1066:1077 M2 phenotype 1066:1077 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 5 37 located observed 738:745 arg1 mice 756:759 5xFAD mice 750:759 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 750:810 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 5 37 located observed 738:745 arg2 necroptosis 633:643 decreased necroptosis 623:643 decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) 623:732 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 2 38 dep neuroinflammation 292:308 arg1 pathology 318:326 pathology 318:326 pathology 318:326 Necroptosis is activated in AD brain and is positively correlated with neuroinflammation and tau pathology. 33523877 1 39 link O-linked 127:134 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 110:124 O-GlcNAcylation 110:124 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) 110:163 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. 33523877 1 39 link O-linked 127:134 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 136:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 127:162 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 127:162 O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. 33523877 5 40 theme insufficient 766:777 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminase 788:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase 766:810 Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. 33523877 7 41 theme damaged 1027:1033 arg1 mitochondria 1035:1046 damaged mitochondria 1027:1046 damaged mitochondria 1027:1046 Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. 33523877 8 42 from influence 1146:1154 arg1 neurodegeneration 1198:1214 neurodegeneration 1198:1214 neurodegeneration 1198:1214 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 33523877 8 42 from influence 1146:1154 arg1 accumulation 1181:1192 Aβ accumulation 1178:1192 Aβ accumulation 1178:1192 Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD. 32103424 7 0 theme precise 1716:1722 arg1 alterations 1724:1734 precise alterations 1716:1734 precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva 1716:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 0 1 with patients 93:100 arg1 Cancer 114:119 breast Cancer 107:119 breast Cancer 107:119 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 2 2 theme human 352:356 arg1 pathology 358:366 human pathology 352:366 human pathology 352:366 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 6 3 theme galactosylated 1378:1391 arg1 m/z 1408:1410 m/z 2773.977 1408:1419 m/z 2773.977 1408:1419 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 3 theme galactosylated 1378:1391 arg1 peak 1402:1405 One galactosylated N-glycan peak 1374:1405 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977) 1374:1420 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 4 4 with patients 1131:1138 arg1 cancer 1152:1157 breast cancer 1145:1157 breast cancer 1145:1157 The results showed that the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer compared with HV (p < 0.05). 32103424 2 5 theme saliva 288:293 arg1 advantages 274:283 the advantages 270:283 the advantages of saliva in collection and storage 270:319 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 7 6 theme breast 1693:1698 arg1 cancer 1700:1705 early-stage breast cancer 1681:1705 early-stage breast cancer 1681:1705 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 7 theme particle 750:757 arg1 conjugates 759:768 the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates 732:768 the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 732:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 5 8 theme BB 1340:1341 arg1 samples 1325:1331 the pooled salivary samples 1305:1331 the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1305:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 4 9 dep increased 1118:1126 arg1 compared 1159:1166 compared 1159:1166 compared with HV (p < 0.05) 1159:1185 The results showed that the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer compared with HV (p < 0.05). 32103424 5 10 theme BC-I 1344:1347 arg1 samples 1325:1331 the pooled salivary samples 1305:1331 the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1305:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 6 11 theme galactosylated 1429:1442 arg1 peaks 1453:1457 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks 1427:1457 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) 1427:1502 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 11 theme galactosylated 1429:1442 arg1 m/z 1460:1462 m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348 1460:1501 m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348 1460:1501 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 5 12 theme BC-II 1353:1357 arg1 samples 1325:1331 the pooled salivary samples 1305:1331 the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1305:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 3 13 theme female 779:784 arg1 subjects 786:793 259 female subjects 775:793 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 775:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 14 theme Bandeiraea 546:555 arg1 BS-I 581:584 BS-I 581:584 BS-I 581:584 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 14 theme Bandeiraea 546:555 arg1 lectin 571:576 Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I 546:578 Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) 546:585 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 4 15 theme galactosylated 1058:1071 arg1 glycans 1073:1079 galactosylated glycans 1058:1079 galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I 1058:1098 The results showed that the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer compared with HV (p < 0.05). 32103424 7 16 dep galactosylated 1581:1594 arg1 N/O-linked 1596:1605 N/O-linked 1596:1605 N/O-linked 1596:1605 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 17 theme healthy 799:805 arg1 volunteers 807:816 66 healthy volunteers 796:816 66 healthy volunteers (HV) 796:821 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 17 theme healthy 799:805 arg1 HV 819:820 HV 819:820 HV 819:820 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 1 18 theme definitive 137:146 arg1 diagnosis 148:156 the definitive diagnosis 133:156 the definitive diagnosis in breast cancer 133:173 Currently, the definitive diagnosis in breast cancer requires biopsy and histopathology, such the most effective markers are tissue-based. 32103424 3 19 theme saliva 640:645 arg1 microarrays 647:657 saliva microarrays 640:657 saliva microarrays 640:657 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 7 20 theme breast 1626:1631 arg1 cancer 1633:1638 breast cancer 1626:1638 breast cancer 1626:1638 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 21 with patients 873:880 arg1 cancer 947:952 breast cancer 940:952 breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 940:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 21 with patients 873:880 arg1 cancer 894:899 breast cancer 887:899 breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 887:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 7 22 theme related 1615:1621 arg1 glycans 1607:1613 galactosylated N/O-linked glycans 1581:1613 galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer 1581:1638 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 23 theme glycoproteins 706:718 arg1 profiles 679:686 the N/O-glycan profiles 664:686 the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 664:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 24 theme breast 834:839 arg1 BB 865:866 BB 865:866 BB 865:866 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 24 theme breast 834:839 arg1 cyst 841:844 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients 824:862 cyst 841:844 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 25 with patients 855:862 arg1 cancer 947:952 breast cancer 940:952 breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 940:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 25 with patients 855:862 arg1 cancer 894:899 breast cancer 887:899 breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 887:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 1 26 from diagnosis 148:156 arg1 cancer 168:173 breast cancer 161:173 breast cancer 161:173 Currently, the definitive diagnosis in breast cancer requires biopsy and histopathology, such the most effective markers are tissue-based. 32103424 0 27 from Lectin 71:76 arg1 saliva 83:88 saliva 83:88 saliva of patients with breast Cancer 83:119 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 3 28 theme breast 887:892 arg1 cancer 894:899 breast cancer 887:899 breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 887:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 29 from cancer 947:952 arg1 BC-II 967:971 BC-II 967:971 BC-II 967:971 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 29 from cancer 947:952 arg1 stage 957:961 stage II 957:964 stage II (BC-II) 957:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 0 30 theme Abnormal 0:7 arg1 Galactosylated-Glycans 9:30 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans 0:30 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans 0:30 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 7 31 theme pivotal 1558:1564 arg1 information 1566:1576 pivotal information 1558:1576 pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer 1558:1638 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 5 32 theme galactosylated 1235:1248 arg1 glycans 1262:1268 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans 1235:1268 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans 1235:1268 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 2 33 theme clinical 437:444 arg1 application 446:456 clinical application 437:456 clinical application 437:456 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 7 34 from N/O-glycans 1754:1764 arg1 saliva 1769:1774 saliva 1769:1774 saliva 1769:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 2 35 theme biomarkers 422:431 arg1 development 392:402 the development 388:402 the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application 388:456 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 0 36 theme Bandeiraea 46:55 arg1 Lectin 71:76 Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I 46:78 Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer 46:119 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 7 37 from saliva 1769:1774 arg1 alterations 1724:1734 precise alterations 1716:1734 precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva 1716:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 38 theme glycopatterns 518:530 arg1 alteration 487:496 alteration 487:496 alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) 487:585 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 7 39 theme galactosylated 1739:1752 arg1 N/O-glycans 1754:1764 galactosylated N/O-glycans 1739:1764 galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva 1739:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 7 40 theme biomarkers 1666:1675 arg1 study 1657:1661 the study 1653:1661 the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva 1653:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 41 theme salivary 501:508 arg1 glycopatterns 518:530 salivary protein glycopatterns 501:530 salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) 501:585 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 1 42 theme effective 225:233 arg1 tissue-based 247:258 tissue-based 247:258 tissue-based 247:258 Currently, the definitive diagnosis in breast cancer requires biopsy and histopathology, such the most effective markers are tissue-based. 32103424 1 42 theme effective 225:233 arg1 markers 235:241 the most effective markers 216:241 the most effective markers 216:241 Currently, the definitive diagnosis in breast cancer requires biopsy and histopathology, such the most effective markers are tissue-based. 32103424 4 43 theme expression 1038:1047 arg1 level 1049:1053 the expression level 1034:1053 the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I 1034:1098 The results showed that the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer compared with HV (p < 0.05). 32103424 3 44 theme simplicifolia 557:569 arg1 BS-I 581:584 BS-I 581:584 BS-I 581:584 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 44 theme simplicifolia 557:569 arg1 lectin 571:576 Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I 546:578 Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) 546:585 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 45 theme breast 940:945 arg1 cancer 947:952 breast cancer 940:952 breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 940:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 46 theme BS-I-magnetic 736:748 arg1 conjugates 759:768 the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates 732:768 the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 732:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 5 47 theme salivary 1316:1323 arg1 samples 1325:1331 the pooled salivary samples 1305:1331 the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1305:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 6 48 theme N-glycan 1393:1400 arg1 m/z 1408:1410 m/z 2773.977 1408:1419 m/z 2773.977 1408:1419 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 48 theme N-glycan 1393:1400 arg1 peak 1402:1405 One galactosylated N-glycan peak 1374:1405 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977) 1374:1420 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 49 located found 1509:1513 arg2 m/z 1460:1462 m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348 1460:1501 m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348 1460:1501 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 49 located found 1509:1513 arg2 peaks 1453:1457 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks 1427:1457 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) 1427:1502 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 49 located found 1509:1513 arg2 peak 1402:1405 One galactosylated N-glycan peak 1374:1405 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977) 1374:1420 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 49 located found 1509:1513 arg2 m/z 1408:1410 m/z 2773.977 1408:1419 m/z 2773.977 1408:1419 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 49 located found 1509:1513 arg1 BC-I 1523:1526 BC-I 1523:1526 BC-I 1523:1526 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 3 50 with patients 926:933 arg1 cancer 947:952 breast cancer 940:952 breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 940:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 50 with patients 926:933 arg1 cancer 894:899 breast cancer 887:899 breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 887:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 7 51 theme early-stage 1681:1691 arg1 cancer 1700:1705 early-stage breast cancer 1681:1705 early-stage breast cancer 1681:1705 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 5 52 dep 11/10 1208:1212 arg1 identified 1275:1284 identified 1275:1284 identified 1275:1284 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 5 52 dep 11/10 1208:1212 arg1 annotated 1290:1298 annotated 1290:1298 annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1290:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 6 53 theme O-glycan 1444:1451 arg1 peaks 1453:1457 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks 1427:1457 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) 1427:1502 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 6 53 theme O-glycan 1444:1451 arg1 m/z 1460:1462 m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348 1460:1501 m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348 1460:1501 One galactosylated N-glycan peak (m/z 2773.977), and 4 galactosylated O-glycan peaks (m/z 868.295, 882.243, 884.270 and 1030.348) were found only in BC-I. 32103424 4 54 theme glycans 1073:1079 arg1 level 1049:1053 the expression level 1034:1053 the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I 1034:1098 The results showed that the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer compared with HV (p < 0.05). 32103424 3 55 theme breast 618:623 arg1 diseases 625:632 breast diseases 618:632 breast diseases using saliva microarrays 618:657 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 4 56 theme breast 1145:1150 arg1 cancer 1152:1157 breast cancer 1145:1157 breast cancer 1145:1157 The results showed that the expression level of galactosylated glycans recognized by BS-I was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer compared with HV (p < 0.05). 32103424 3 57 with patients 604:611 arg1 diseases 625:632 breast diseases 618:632 breast diseases using saliva microarrays 618:657 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 58 theme patients 604:611 arg1 saliva 594:599 the saliva 590:599 the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays 590:657 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 59 with cyst 841:844 arg1 cancer 947:952 breast cancer 940:952 breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 940:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 59 with cyst 841:844 arg1 cancer 894:899 breast cancer 887:899 breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 887:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 7 60 from information 1566:1576 arg1 glycans 1607:1613 galactosylated N/O-linked glycans 1581:1613 galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer 1581:1638 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 2 61 from advantages 274:283 arg1 storage 313:319 storage 313:319 storage 313:319 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 2 61 from advantages 274:283 arg1 collection 298:307 collection 298:307 collection 298:307 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 3 62 from cancer 894:899 arg1 BC-I 913:916 BC-I 913:916 BC-I 913:916 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 62 from cancer 894:899 arg1 I 910:910 stage I 904:910 stage I (BC-I) 904:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 63 theme benign 827:832 arg1 BB 865:866 BB 865:866 BB 865:866 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 63 theme benign 827:832 arg1 cyst 841:844 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients 824:862 cyst 841:844 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 5 64 link N-/O-linked 1250:1260 arg1 glycans 1262:1268 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans 1235:1268 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans 1235:1268 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 0 65 theme patients 93:100 arg1 saliva 83:88 saliva 83:88 saliva of patients with breast Cancer 83:119 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 3 66 dep subjects 786:793 arg1 BB 865:866 BB 865:866 BB 865:866 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 66 dep subjects 786:793 arg1 volunteers 807:816 66 healthy volunteers 796:816 66 healthy volunteers (HV) 796:821 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 66 dep subjects 786:793 arg1 HV 819:820 HV 819:820 HV 819:820 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 66 dep subjects 786:793 arg1 cyst 841:844 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients 824:862 cyst 841:844 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 66 dep subjects 786:793 arg1 patients 926:933 62 patients 923:933 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 923:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 66 dep subjects 786:793 arg1 patients 873:880 66 patients 870:880 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 870:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 1 67 theme breast 161:166 arg1 cancer 168:173 breast cancer 161:173 breast cancer 161:173 Currently, the definitive diagnosis in breast cancer requires biopsy and histopathology, such the most effective markers are tissue-based. 32103424 3 68 theme tumor 849:853 arg1 patients 855:862 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients 824:862 patients 855:862 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 0 69 theme breast 107:112 arg1 Cancer 114:119 breast Cancer 107:119 breast Cancer 107:119 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 3 70 with volunteers 807:816 arg1 cancer 947:952 breast cancer 940:952 breast cancer in stage II (BC-II) 940:972 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 70 with volunteers 807:816 arg1 cancer 894:899 breast cancer 887:899 breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) 887:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 71 theme stage 904:908 arg1 BC-I 913:916 BC-I 913:916 BC-I 913:916 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 71 theme stage 904:908 arg1 I 910:910 stage I 904:910 stage I (BC-I) 904:917 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 72 from subjects 786:793 arg1 conjugates 759:768 the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates 732:768 the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 732:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 73 theme present 463:469 arg1 study 471:475 The present study 459:475 The present study 459:475 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 7 74 theme galactosylated 1581:1594 arg1 glycans 1607:1613 galactosylated N/O-linked glycans 1581:1613 galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer 1581:1638 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 7 75 from alterations 1724:1734 arg1 saliva 1769:1774 saliva 1769:1774 saliva 1769:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 76 theme N/O-glycan 668:677 arg1 profiles 679:686 the N/O-glycan profiles 664:686 the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 664:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 5 77 theme N-/O-linked 1250:1260 arg1 glycans 1262:1268 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans 1235:1268 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans 1235:1268 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 0 78 theme Simplicifolia 57:69 arg1 Lectin 71:76 Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I 46:78 Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer 46:119 Abnormal Galactosylated-Glycans recognized by Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Lectin I in saliva of patients with breast Cancer. 32103424 2 79 theme cancer-related 407:420 arg1 biomarkers 422:431 cancer-related biomarkers 407:431 cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application 407:456 However, the advantages of saliva in collection and storage make it possible for assessing human pathology and contributing to the development of cancer-related biomarkers for clinical application. 32103424 3 80 theme salivary 697:704 arg1 glycoproteins 706:718 their salivary glycoproteins 691:718 their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 691:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 5 81 theme HV 1336:1337 arg1 samples 1325:1331 the pooled salivary samples 1305:1331 the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1305:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 32103424 7 82 theme N/O-glycans 1754:1764 arg1 alterations 1724:1734 precise alterations 1716:1734 precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva 1716:1774 These findings could provide pivotal information on galactosylated N/O-linked glycans related to breast cancer, and promote the study of biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer based on precise alterations of galactosylated N/O-glycans in saliva. 32103424 3 83 gly glycoproteins 706:718 arg1 glycoproteins 706:718 their salivary glycoproteins 691:718 their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) 691:973 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 3 84 theme protein 510:516 arg1 glycopatterns 518:530 salivary protein glycopatterns 501:530 salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) 501:585 The present study validated alteration of salivary protein glycopatterns recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) in the saliva of patients with breast diseases using saliva microarrays, and the N/O-glycan profiles of their salivary glycoproteins isolated by the BS-I-magnetic particle conjugates from 259 female subjects (66 healthy volunteers (HV), 65 benign breast cyst or tumor patients (BB), 66 patients with breast cancer in stage I (BC-I) and 62 patients with breast cancer in stage II (BC-II)) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. 32103424 5 85 theme pooled 1309:1314 arg1 samples 1325:1331 the pooled salivary samples 1305:1331 the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively 1305:1371 Totally, there were 11/10, 10/19, 7/24 and 7/9 galactosylated N-/O-linked glycans were identified and annotated from the pooled salivary samples of HV, BB, BC-I and BC-II, respectively. 34564466 2 0 theme prolonged 406:414 arg1 time 433:436 prolonged sludge retention time 406:436 prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days) 406:480 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 1 1 theme palm 280:283 arg1 POME 304:307 POME 304:307 POME 304:307 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 1 theme palm 280:283 arg1 effluent 294:301 palm oil mill effluent 280:301 palm oil mill effluent (POME) 280:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 7 2 theme key 1070:1072 arg1 formation 1002:1010 formation 1002:1010 formation 1002:1010 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 7 2 theme key 1070:1072 arg1 accumulation 1016:1027 accumulation 1016:1027 accumulation 1016:1027 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 7 2 theme key 1070:1072 arg1 contributor 1074:1084 the key contributor 1066:1084 the key contributor to most of the fouling 1066:1107 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 1 3 from foulant 148:154 arg1 layer 168:172 the cake layer 159:172 the cake layer 159:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 5 4 theme electron 840:847 arg1 microscope 849:858 field emission scanning electron microscope 816:858 field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 816:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 4 5 theme scanning 687:694 arg1 microscopy 696:705 confocal laser scanning microscopy 672:705 confocal laser scanning microscopy 672:705 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 7 6 from accumulation 1016:1027 arg1 layer 1056:1060 the cake layer 1047:1060 the cake layer 1047:1060 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 6 7 theme atomic 949:954 arg1 microscopy 962:971 atomic force microscopy 949:971 atomic force microscopy 949:971 Roughness of membrane was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. 34564466 0 8 from Behavior 8:15 arg1 High-Rate 22:30 a High-Rate 20:30 a High-Rate 20:30 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 10 9 theme group 1398:1402 arg1 compounds 1419:1427 hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds 1389:1427 hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds 1389:1427 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 1 10 theme L 208:208 arg1 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 10 theme L 208:208 arg1 bioreactor 239:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor 203:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 203:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 0 11 theme Palm 84:87 arg1 POME 108:111 POME 108:111 POME 108:111 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 0 11 theme Palm 84:87 arg1 Effluent 98:105 Palm Oil Mill Effluent 84:105 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment 84:122 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 1 12 theme mill 289:292 arg1 POME 304:307 POME 304:307 POME 304:307 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 12 theme mill 289:292 arg1 effluent 294:301 palm oil mill effluent 280:301 palm oil mill effluent (POME) 280:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 10 13 theme hydroxyl 1389:1396 arg1 group 1398:1402 hydroxyl group 1389:1402 hydroxyl group 1389:1402 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 1 14 from characteristics 129:143 arg1 layer 168:172 the cake layer 159:172 the cake layer 159:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 4 15 theme laser 681:685 arg1 microscopy 696:705 confocal laser scanning microscopy 672:705 confocal laser scanning microscopy 672:705 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 1 16 theme submerged 210:218 arg1 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 16 theme submerged 210:218 arg1 bioreactor 239:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor 203:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 203:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 17 theme effluent 294:301 arg1 treatment 267:275 treatment 267:275 treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 267:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 9 18 theme proteins 1284:1291 arg1 charge 1274:1279 the hydrophilic charge 1258:1279 the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides 1258:1311 In addition, the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides influenced the adsorption mechanism. 34564466 4 19 theme confocal 672:679 arg1 microscopy 696:705 confocal laser scanning microscopy 672:705 confocal laser scanning microscopy 672:705 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 1 20 theme anaerobic 220:228 arg1 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 20 theme anaerobic 220:228 arg1 bioreactor 239:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor 203:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 203:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 0 21 theme Mill 93:96 arg1 POME 108:111 POME 108:111 POME 108:111 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 0 21 theme Mill 93:96 arg1 Effluent 98:105 Palm Oil Mill Effluent 84:105 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment 84:122 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 7 22 theme cake 1051:1054 arg1 layer 1056:1060 the cake layer 1047:1060 the cake layer 1047:1060 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 8 23 theme protein 1201:1207 arg1 EPS 1209:1211 protein EPS 1201:1211 protein EPS 1201:1211 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 0 24 theme Oil 89:91 arg1 POME 108:111 POME 108:111 POME 108:111 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 0 24 theme Oil 89:91 arg1 Effluent 98:105 Palm Oil Mill Effluent 84:105 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment 84:122 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 7 25 theme EPS 1040:1042 arg1 formation 1002:1010 formation 1002:1010 formation 1002:1010 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 7 25 theme EPS 1040:1042 arg1 accumulation 1016:1027 accumulation 1016:1027 accumulation 1016:1027 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 7 25 theme EPS 1040:1042 arg1 contributor 1074:1084 the key contributor 1066:1084 the key contributor to most of the fouling 1066:1107 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 0 26 theme Fouling 0:6 arg1 Behavior 8:15 Fouling Behavior 0:15 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate 0:30 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 1 27 theme foulant 148:154 arg1 solids 193:198 bulk suspended solids 178:198 bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 178:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 27 theme foulant 148:154 arg1 characteristics 129:143 The characteristics 125:143 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer 125:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 8 28 theme pressure 1128:1135 arg1 evolution 1137:1145 The transmembrane pressure evolution 1110:1145 The transmembrane pressure evolution 1110:1145 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 10 29 theme acid 1414:1417 arg1 compounds 1419:1427 hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds 1389:1427 hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds 1389:1427 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 10 30 theme feed 1373:1376 arg1 composition 1354:1364 The composition 1350:1364 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) 1350:1471 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 5 31 theme X-ray 891:895 arg1 spectrometer 897:908 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 873:908 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 873:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 4 32 dep Fourier 711:717 arg1 transform 719:727 transform 719:727 transform infrared spectroscopy 719:749 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 1 33 theme oil 285:287 arg1 POME 304:307 POME 304:307 POME 304:307 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 33 theme oil 285:287 arg1 effluent 294:301 palm oil mill effluent 280:301 palm oil mill effluent (POME) 280:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 34 theme membrane 230:237 arg1 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 AnMBR 251:255 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 34 theme membrane 230:237 arg1 bioreactor 239:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor 203:248 a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 203:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 10 35 theme fatty 1408:1412 arg1 acid 1414:1417 fatty acid 1408:1417 fatty acid 1408:1417 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 4 36 theme foulant 647:653 arg1 thicknesses 613:623 The thicknesses 609:623 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant 609:653 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 5 37 theme field 816:820 arg1 microscope 849:858 field emission scanning electron microscope 816:858 field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 816:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 2 38 theme loading 367:373 arg1 rates 375:379 Three different organic loading rates 343:379 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) 343:386 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 2 38 theme loading 367:373 arg1 OLRs 382:385 OLRs 382:385 OLRs 382:385 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 1 39 theme bioreactor 239:248 arg1 solids 193:198 bulk suspended solids 178:198 bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 178:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 39 theme bioreactor 239:248 arg1 characteristics 129:143 The characteristics 125:143 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer 125:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 7 40 theme protein 1032:1038 arg1 EPS 1040:1042 protein EPS 1032:1042 protein EPS 1032:1042 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 5 41 theme dispersive 880:889 arg1 spectrometer 897:908 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 873:908 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 873:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 1 42 theme cake 163:166 arg1 layer 168:172 the cake layer 159:172 the cake layer 159:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 2 43 theme organic 359:365 arg1 rates 375:379 Three different organic loading rates 343:379 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) 343:386 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 2 43 theme organic 359:365 arg1 OLRs 382:385 OLRs 382:385 OLRs 382:385 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 6 44 theme membrane 924:931 arg1 Roughness 911:919 Roughness 911:919 Roughness of membrane 911:931 Roughness of membrane was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. 34564466 0 45 theme Effluent 98:105 arg1 Treatment 114:122 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment 84:122 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment 84:122 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 3 46 theme extracellular 567:579 arg1 EPS 603:605 EPS 603:605 EPS 603:605 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 3 46 theme extracellular 567:579 arg1 substances 591:600 extracellular polymeric substances 567:600 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 567:606 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 8 47 theme EPS 1209:1211 arg1 adsorption 1171:1180 adsorption 1171:1180 adsorption 1171:1180 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 8 47 theme EPS 1209:1211 arg1 entrapment 1187:1196 entrapment 1187:1196 entrapment 1187:1196 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 8 47 theme EPS 1209:1211 arg1 attachment 1159:1168 attachment 1159:1168 attachment 1159:1168 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 10 48 theme high-rate 1520:1528 arg1 operation 1530:1538 the high-rate operation 1516:1538 the high-rate operation 1516:1538 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 10 49 theme microbial 1434:1442 arg1 protein 1464:1470 protein 1464:1470 protein 1464:1470 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 10 49 theme microbial 1434:1442 arg1 products 1454:1461 microbial metabolic products 1434:1461 microbial metabolic products (protein) 1434:1471 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 3 50 theme polymeric 581:589 arg1 EPS 603:605 EPS 603:605 EPS 603:605 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 3 50 theme polymeric 581:589 arg1 substances 591:600 extracellular polymeric substances 567:600 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 567:606 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 10 51 dep feed 1373:1376 arg1 including 1379:1387 including 1379:1387 including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds 1379:1427 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 5 52 theme inorganic 780:788 arg1 elements 790:797 inorganic elements 780:797 inorganic elements 780:797 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 9 53 theme polysaccharides 1297:1311 arg1 charge 1274:1279 the hydrophilic charge 1258:1279 the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides 1258:1311 In addition, the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides influenced the adsorption mechanism. 34564466 2 54 theme operation 456:464 arg1 time 466:469 a long operation time 449:469 a long operation time (270 days) 449:480 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 2 54 theme operation 456:464 arg1 days 476:479 270 days 472:479 270 days 472:479 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 6 55 theme force 956:960 arg1 microscopy 962:971 atomic force microscopy 949:971 atomic force microscopy 949:971 Roughness of membrane was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. 34564466 1 56 theme bulk 178:181 arg1 solids 193:198 bulk suspended solids 178:198 bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 178:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 0 57 theme Membrane 52:59 arg1 AnMBR 73:77 AnMBR 73:77 AnMBR 73:77 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 0 57 theme Membrane 52:59 arg1 Bioreactor 61:70 Submerged Membrane Bioreactor 42:70 Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) 42:78 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 2 58 theme long 451:454 arg1 time 466:469 a long operation time 449:469 a long operation time (270 days) 449:480 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 2 58 theme long 451:454 arg1 days 476:479 270 days 472:479 270 days 472:479 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 7 59 dep formation 1002:1010 arg1 the 998:1000 the 998:1000 the 998:1000 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 3 60 theme organic 487:493 arg1 foulant 495:501 The organic foulant 483:501 The organic foulant 483:501 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 4 61 theme cake 632:635 arg1 layer 637:641 the cake layer 628:641 the cake layer 628:641 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 0 62 theme Submerged 42:50 arg1 AnMBR 73:77 AnMBR 73:77 AnMBR 73:77 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 0 62 theme Submerged 42:50 arg1 Bioreactor 61:70 Submerged Membrane Bioreactor 42:70 Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) 42:78 Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment. 34564466 10 63 theme products 1454:1461 arg1 composition 1354:1364 The composition 1350:1364 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) 1350:1471 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 10 64 theme membrane 1496:1503 arg1 fouling 1505:1511 membrane fouling 1496:1511 membrane fouling 1496:1511 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 8 65 theme membrane 1229:1236 arg1 pores 1238:1242 the membrane pores 1225:1242 the membrane pores 1225:1242 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 9 66 theme adsorption 1328:1337 arg1 mechanism 1339:1347 the adsorption mechanism 1324:1347 the adsorption mechanism 1324:1347 In addition, the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides influenced the adsorption mechanism. 34564466 1 67 from layer 168:172 arg1 solids 193:198 bulk suspended solids 178:198 bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 178:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 67 from layer 168:172 arg1 characteristics 129:143 The characteristics 125:143 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer 125:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 5 68 theme energy 873:878 arg1 spectrometer 897:908 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 873:908 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 873:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 10 69 theme metabolic 1444:1452 arg1 protein 1464:1470 protein 1464:1470 protein 1464:1470 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 10 69 theme metabolic 1444:1452 arg1 products 1454:1461 microbial metabolic products 1434:1461 microbial metabolic products (protein) 1434:1471 The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation. 34564466 1 70 theme suspended 183:191 arg1 solids 193:198 bulk suspended solids 178:198 bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 178:308 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 1 71 from solids 193:198 arg1 layer 168:172 the cake layer 159:172 the cake layer 159:172 The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. 34564466 3 72 theme substances 591:600 arg1 concentration 550:562 concentration 550:562 concentration 550:562 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 3 72 theme substances 591:600 arg1 concentration 532:544 biomass concentration 524:544 biomass concentration 524:544 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 5 73 theme membrane 756:763 arg1 morphology 765:774 The membrane morphology 752:774 The membrane morphology 752:774 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 4 74 theme layer 637:641 arg1 thicknesses 613:623 The thicknesses 609:623 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant 609:653 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 2 75 theme retention 423:431 arg1 time 433:436 prolonged sludge retention time 406:436 prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days) 406:480 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 9 76 theme hydrophilic 1262:1272 arg1 charge 1274:1279 the hydrophilic charge 1258:1279 the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides 1258:1311 In addition, the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides influenced the adsorption mechanism. 34564466 2 77 theme different 349:357 arg1 rates 375:379 Three different organic loading rates 343:379 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) 343:386 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 2 77 theme different 349:357 arg1 OLRs 382:385 OLRs 382:385 OLRs 382:385 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 5 78 theme emission 822:829 arg1 microscope 849:858 field emission scanning electron microscope 816:858 field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 816:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34564466 4 79 dep transform 719:727 arg1 infrared 729:736 infrared 729:736 transform infrared spectroscopy 719:749 The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 34564466 7 80 from formation 1002:1010 arg1 layer 1056:1060 the cake layer 1047:1060 the cake layer 1047:1060 The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. 34564466 2 81 theme sludge 416:421 arg1 time 433:436 prolonged sludge retention time 406:436 prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days) 406:480 Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). 34564466 8 82 theme transmembrane 1114:1126 arg1 evolution 1137:1145 The transmembrane pressure evolution 1110:1145 The transmembrane pressure evolution 1110:1145 The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. 34564466 3 83 theme biomass 524:530 arg1 concentration 532:544 biomass concentration 524:544 biomass concentration 524:544 The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34564466 5 84 theme scanning 831:838 arg1 microscope 849:858 field emission scanning electron microscope 816:858 field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer 816:908 The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. 34373697 2 0 contain have 400:403 arg2 activities 444:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 2 0 contain have 400:403 arg1 substances 382:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 6 1 theme cyclophosphamide-induced 1261:1284 arg1 model 1310:1314 a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1259:1314 a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1259:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 3 2 theme A. 551:552 arg1 Harms 563:567 A. giraldii Harms 551:567 A. giraldii Harms 551:567 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 2 3 from Harms 352:356 arg1 present 329:335 present 329:335 present 329:335 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 4 4 theme molecular 1026:1034 arg1 weight 1036:1041 a collective molecular weight 1013:1041 a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da 1013:1059 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 6 5 theme AHP-II 1242:1247 arg1 analyses 1230:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses 1206:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1206:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 3 6 dep in 620:621 arg1 vivo 623:626 vivo 623:626 vivo 623:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 4 7 contain had 1009:1011 arg2 weight 1036:1041 a collective molecular weight 1013:1041 a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da 1013:1059 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 7 contain had 1009:1011 arg1 monosaccharides 807:821 various monosaccharides 799:821 various monosaccharides 799:821 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 8 theme gel 709:711 arg1 HPGPC 740:744 HPGPC 740:744 HPGPC 740:744 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 8 theme gel 709:711 arg1 chromatography 724:737 high-performance gel permeation chromatography 692:737 high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) 692:745 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 3 9 theme immunomodulatory 595:610 arg1 effects 612:618 its immunomodulatory effects 591:618 its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 591:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 1 10 theme Chinese 221:227 arg1 medicine 229:236 traditional Chinese medicine 209:236 traditional Chinese medicine 209:236 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism, improve joints, and strengthen muscles and bones. 34373697 7 11 theme chemotherapy-induced 1749:1768 arg1 immunosuppression 1770:1786 chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression 1749:1786 chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression 1749:1786 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 4 12 theme chromatography 666:679 arg1 analyses 753:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses 645:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses 645:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 0 13 theme Mice 149:152 arg1 Model 154:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 2 14 theme present 329:335 arg1 polysaccharides 313:327 The polysaccharides 309:327 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms 309:356 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 6 15 theme effect 1223:1228 arg1 analyses 1230:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses 1206:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1206:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 16 theme based 747:751 arg1 analyses 753:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses 645:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses 645:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 3 17 theme in 620:621 arg1 effects 612:618 its immunomodulatory effects 591:618 its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 591:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 6 18 dep cytokines 1572:1580 arg1 IgG 1605:1607 IgG 1605:1607 IgG 1605:1607 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 6 18 dep cytokines 1572:1580 arg1 TNF-α 1589:1593 TNF-α 1589:1593 TNF-α 1589:1593 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 6 18 dep cytokines 1572:1580 arg1 IL-6 1583:1586 IL-6 1583:1586 IL-6 1583:1586 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 6 18 dep cytokines 1572:1580 arg1 cytokines 1572:1580 cytokines 1572:1580 cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels 1572:1615 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 6 18 dep cytokines 1572:1580 arg1 IgM 1596:1598 IgM 1596:1598 IgM 1596:1598 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 19 theme molar 931:935 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 6 20 theme mouse 1304:1308 arg1 model 1310:1314 a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1259:1314 a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1259:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 21 from acid 923:926 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 1 22 theme Acanthopanax 161:172 arg1 Harms 183:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms 161:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms 161:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism, improve joints, and strengthen muscles and bones. 34373697 4 23 theme chromatography 724:737 arg1 analyses 753:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses 645:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses 645:760 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 6 24 theme cytokines 1572:1580 arg1 levels 1610:1615 cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels 1572:1615 cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels 1572:1615 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 0 25 theme Immune-Protective 78:94 arg1 Role 96:99 Its Immune-Protective Role 74:99 Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 74:158 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 4 26 from acid 902:905 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 7 27 theme natural 1683:1689 arg1 AHP-II 1647:1652 AHP-II 1647:1652 AHP-II 1647:1652 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 7 27 theme natural 1683:1689 arg1 immunomodulator 1691:1705 natural immunomodulator 1683:1705 natural immunomodulator 1683:1705 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 4 28 theme various 799:805 arg1 monosaccharides 807:821 various monosaccharides 799:821 various monosaccharides 799:821 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 29 dep 29.5  947:951 arg1  3.1 985:988  3.1 985:988  3.1 985:988 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 29 dep 29.5  947:951 arg1  4.4  967:971  4.4  967:971  4.4  967:971 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 29 dep 29.5  947:951 arg1  5.7  973:977  5.7  973:977  5.7  973:977 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 29 dep 29.5  947:951 arg1  24.6  953:958  24.6  953:958  24.6  953:958 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 29 dep 29.5  947:951 arg1  23.8  960:965  23.8  960:965  23.8  960:965 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 29 dep 29.5  947:951 arg1  8.8  979:983  8.8  979:983  8.8  979:983 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 5 30 theme infrared 1080:1087 arg1 spectroscopy 1096:1107 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 1062:1107 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 1062:1107 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 0 31 theme Cyclophosphamide-Induced 106:129 arg1 Model 154:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 0 32 theme Polysaccharide 40:53 arg1 Composition 58:68 Polysaccharide II Composition 40:68 Polysaccharide II Composition 40:68 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 6 33 theme CD4+ 1461:1464 arg1 percentage 1479:1488 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage 1461:1488 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage 1461:1488 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 3 34 dep A. 551:552 arg1 giraldii 554:561 giraldii 554:561 giraldii 554:561 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 0 35 theme Acanthopanax 12:23 arg1 giraldii 25:32 Acanthopanax giraldii 12:32 Acanthopanax giraldii 12:32 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 5 36 theme glycosidic 1162:1171 arg1 linkages 1173:1180 β-type glycosidic linkages 1155:1180 β-type glycosidic linkages 1155:1180 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 2 37 theme antiviral 434:442 arg1 activities 444:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 6 38 theme splenic 1432:1438 arg1 lymphocytes 1440:1450 splenic lymphocytes 1432:1450 splenic lymphocytes 1432:1450 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 5 39 from presence 1123:1130 arg1 AHP-II 1185:1190 AHP-II 1185:1190 AHP-II 1185:1190 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 6 40 dep percentage 1479:1488 arg1 ratio 1506:1510  CD8+ ratio 1500:1510 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis 1461:1557 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 3 41 theme polysaccharide 522:535 arg1 characterization 486:501 the structural characterization 471:501 the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 471:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 5 42 theme pyranose 1137:1144 arg1 ring 1146:1149 a pyranose ring 1135:1149 a pyranose ring 1135:1149 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 6 43 from ratio 1506:1510 arg1 spleen 1519:1524 the spleen 1515:1524 the spleen 1515:1524 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 44 theme 80.21 × 103 Da 1046:1059 arg1 weight 1036:1041 a collective molecular weight 1013:1041 a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da 1013:1059 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 3 45 attach isolated 537:544 arg1 effects 612:618 its immunomodulatory effects 591:618 its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 591:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 3 45 attach isolated 537:544 arg1 Harms 563:567 A. giraldii Harms 551:567 A. giraldii Harms 551:567 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 3 45 attach isolated 537:544 arg2 polysaccharide 522:535 the homogeneous polysaccharide 506:535 the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 506:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 4 46 theme collective 1015:1024 arg1 weight 1036:1041 a collective molecular weight 1013:1041 a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da 1013:1059 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 6 47 theme immunosuppressive 1286:1302 arg1 model 1310:1314 a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1259:1314 a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1259:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 48 theme galacturonic 889:900 arg1 rhamnose 839:846 rhamnose 839:846 rhamnose 839:846 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 48 theme galacturonic 889:900 arg1 acid 902:905 galacturonic acid 889:905 galacturonic acid 889:905 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 6 49 dep spleen 1519:1524 arg1 promote 1527:1533 promote 1527:1533 promote macrophage phagocytosis 1527:1557 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 6 50 theme lymphocyte 1468:1477 arg1 percentage 1479:1488 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage 1461:1488 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage 1461:1488 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 2 51 theme bioactive 372:380 arg1 substances 382:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 6 52 theme macrophage 1535:1544 arg1 phagocytosis 1546:1557 macrophage phagocytosis 1535:1557 macrophage phagocytosis 1535:1557 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 1 53 theme traditional 209:219 arg1 medicine 229:236 traditional Chinese medicine 209:236 traditional Chinese medicine 209:236 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism, improve joints, and strengthen muscles and bones. 34373697 4 54 theme high-performance 692:707 arg1 HPGPC 740:744 HPGPC 740:744 HPGPC 740:744 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 54 theme high-performance 692:707 arg1 chromatography 724:737 high-performance gel permeation chromatography 692:737 high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) 692:745 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 2 55 attach present 329:335 arg1 Harms 352:356 Harms 352:356 Harms 352:356 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 2 55 attach present 329:335 arg2 polysaccharides 313:327 The polysaccharides 309:327 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms 309:356 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 0 56 from Role 96:99 arg1 Model 154:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 4 57 theme ion 662:664 arg1 HPIC 682:685 HPIC 682:685 HPIC 682:685 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 57 theme ion 662:664 arg1 chromatography 666:679 High-performance ion chromatography 645:679 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) 645:686 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 58 theme 29.5  947:951 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 6 59 theme immunomodulatory 1206:1221 arg1 analyses 1230:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses 1206:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1206:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 5 60 theme Fourier-transform 1062:1078 arg1 spectroscopy 1096:1107 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 1062:1107 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 1062:1107 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 4 61 from galactose 860:868 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 62 theme glucuronic 912:921 arg1 rhamnose 839:846 rhamnose 839:846 rhamnose 839:846 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 62 theme glucuronic 912:921 arg1 acid 923:926 glucuronic acid 912:926 glucuronic acid 912:926 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 1 63 theme giraldii 174:181 arg1 Harms 183:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms 161:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms 161:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism, improve joints, and strengthen muscles and bones. 34373697 7 64 theme alternative 1717:1727 arg1 AHP-II 1647:1652 AHP-II 1647:1652 AHP-II 1647:1652 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 7 64 theme alternative 1717:1727 arg1 treatment 1729:1737 an alternative treatment 1714:1737 an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression 1714:1786 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 1 65 used used 201:204 arg2 Harms 183:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms 161:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms 161:187 Acanthopanax giraldii Harms is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism, improve joints, and strengthen muscles and bones. 34373697 4 66 theme permeation 713:722 arg1 HPGPC 740:744 HPGPC 740:744 HPGPC 740:744 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 66 theme permeation 713:722 arg1 chromatography 724:737 high-performance gel permeation chromatography 692:737 high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) 692:745 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 2 67 contain contain 358:364 arg1 polysaccharides 313:327 The polysaccharides 309:327 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms 309:356 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 2 67 contain contain 358:364 arg2 substances 382:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 2 68 from present 329:335 arg1 Harms 352:356 Harms 352:356 Harms 352:356 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 6 69 used used 1254:1257 arg2 analyses 1230:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses 1206:1237 immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model 1206:1314 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 6 70 theme thymus 1387:1392 arg1 indices 1394:1400 spleen and thymus indices 1376:1400 indices 1394:1400 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 0 71 from Composition 58:68 arg1 Model 154:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 6 72 theme spleen 1376:1381 arg1 indices 1394:1400 spleen and thymus indices 1376:1400 indices 1394:1400 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 73 from mannose 880:886 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 7 74 used used 1675:1678 arg2 treatment 1729:1737 an alternative treatment 1714:1737 an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression 1714:1786 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 7 74 used used 1675:1678 arg2 immunomodulator 1691:1705 natural immunomodulator 1683:1705 natural immunomodulator 1683:1705 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 7 74 used used 1675:1678 arg2 AHP-II 1647:1652 AHP-II 1647:1652 AHP-II 1647:1652 These results suggested that AHP-II could potentially be used as natural immunomodulator and as an alternative treatment to reduce chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. 34373697 0 75 theme Immunosuppressive 131:147 arg1 Model 154:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model 104:158 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 6 76 theme T 1466:1466 arg1 percentage 1479:1488 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage 1461:1488 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage 1461:1488 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 4 77 from glucose 871:877 arg1 ratios 937:942 molar ratios 931:942 molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively 931:1002 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 2 78 theme antioxidant 405:415 arg1 activities 444:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 0 79 theme giraldii 25:32 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii 0:32 Analysis of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Polysaccharide II Composition and Its Immune-Protective Role in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice Model. 34373697 5 80 theme β-type 1155:1160 arg1 linkages 1173:1180 β-type glycosidic linkages 1155:1180 β-type glycosidic linkages 1155:1180 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 6 81 theme lymphocytes 1440:1450 arg1 proliferation 1415:1427 the proliferation 1411:1427 the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes 1411:1450 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 5 82 theme linkages 1173:1180 arg1 presence 1123:1130 the presence 1119:1130 the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II 1119:1190 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 3 83 theme structural 475:484 arg1 characterization 486:501 the structural characterization 471:501 the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 471:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 5 84 dep infrared 1080:1087 arg1 FTIR 1090:1093 FTIR 1090:1093 FTIR 1090:1093 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 2 85 theme major 366:370 arg1 substances 382:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 major bioactive substances 366:391 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 5 86 theme ring 1146:1149 arg1 presence 1123:1130 the presence 1119:1130 the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II 1119:1190 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 5 87 attach presence 1123:1130 arg2 linkages 1173:1180 β-type glycosidic linkages 1155:1180 β-type glycosidic linkages 1155:1180 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 5 87 attach presence 1123:1130 arg2 ring 1146:1149 a pyranose ring 1135:1149 a pyranose ring 1135:1149 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 5 87 attach presence 1123:1130 arg1 AHP-II 1185:1190 AHP-II 1185:1190 AHP-II 1185:1190 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and β-type glycosidic linkages in AHP-II. 34373697 3 88 theme homogeneous 510:520 arg1 polysaccharide 522:535 the homogeneous polysaccharide 506:535 the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo 506:626 In this study, the structural characterization of the homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from A. giraldii Harms, known as AHP-II, and its immunomodulatory effects in vivo will be studied. 34373697 6 89 theme  CD8+ 1500:1504 arg1 ratio 1506:1510  CD8+ ratio 1500:1510 CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis 1461:1557 In addition, immunomodulatory effect analyses of AHP-II that used a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model demonstrated that its treatment could significantly restore spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, elevate CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage and CD4+ : CD8+ ratio in the spleen, promote macrophage phagocytosis, and restore cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IgM, and IgG) levels. 34373697 2 90 theme anticancer 418:427 arg1 activities 444:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities 405:453 The polysaccharides present in A. giraldii Harms contain major bioactive substances, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. 34373697 4 91 theme High-performance 645:660 arg1 HPIC 682:685 HPIC 682:685 HPIC 682:685 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34373697 4 91 theme High-performance 645:660 arg1 chromatography 666:679 High-performance ion chromatography 645:679 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) 645:686 High-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) based analyses revealed that AHP-II was composed of various monosaccharides, which included rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in molar ratios of 29.5 : 24.6 : 23.8 : 4.4 : 5.7 : 8.8 : 3.1, respectively, and had a collective molecular weight of 80.21 × 103 Da. 34056365 2 0 theme food 330:333 arg1 products 335:342 various food products 322:342 various food products 322:342 The hydrocolloids are mainly polysaccharides and some proteins that are applied in various food products. 34056365 1 1 theme structures 227:236 arg1 development 207:217 the development 203:217 the development of food structures 203:236 Hydrocolloids are a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures. 34056365 11 2 theme hydrocolloids 1928:1940 arg1 obtention 1915:1923 the obtention 1911:1923 the obtention of hydrocolloids 1911:1940 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 6 3 theme C. 1122:1123 arg1 CPJ 1137:1139 CPJ 1137:1139 CPJ 1137:1139 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 6 3 theme C. 1122:1123 arg1 jam 1132:1134 C. papaya jam 1122:1134 C. papaya jam (CPJ) 1122:1140 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 11 4 theme friendly 2156:2163 arg1 way 2165:2167 an environmentally friendly way 2137:2167 an environmentally friendly way 2137:2167 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 6 5 theme jam 1176:1178 arg1 matrix 1180:1185 the jam matrix 1172:1185 the jam matrix 1172:1185 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 11 6 theme byproducts 2052:2061 arg1 formulation 2005:2015 formulation 2005:2015 formulation 2005:2015 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 6 theme byproducts 2052:2061 arg1 development 1989:1999 development 1989:1999 development 1989:1999 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 7 theme food 2020:2023 arg1 products 2025:2032 food products 2020:2032 food products 2020:2032 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 6 8 theme pectin 1112:1117 arg1 partial 1090:1096 partial 1090:1096 partial 1090:1096 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 6 8 theme pectin 1112:1117 arg1 samples 1063:1069 the samples 1059:1069 the samples 1059:1069 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 9 9 theme dynamic 1406:1412 arg1 test 1439:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test 1402:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test 1402:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 9 10 theme rheological 1427:1437 arg1 test 1439:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test 1402:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test 1402:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 1 11 used used 195:198 arg2 ingredients 167:177 functional ingredients 156:177 functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures 156:236 Hydrocolloids are a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures. 34056365 0 12 theme papaya 115:120 arg1 Jam 122:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 11 13 theme squash 1883:1888 arg1 peel 1890:1893 butternut squash peel 1873:1893 butternut squash peel 1873:1893 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 10 14 theme sensory 1724:1730 arg1 evaluation 1732:1741 the sensory evaluation 1720:1741 the sensory evaluation 1720:1741 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 5 15 theme higher 861:866 arg1 carbohydrate 868:879 higher carbohydrate and protein contents 861:900 carbohydrate 868:879 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 11 16 theme raw 1969:1971 arg1 material 1973:1980 a raw material 1967:1980 a raw material 1967:1980 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 16 theme raw 1969:1971 arg1 they 1947:1950 they 1947:1950 they 1947:1950 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 4 17 theme Carica 701:706 arg1 papaya 708:713 Carica papaya 701:713 Carica papaya 701:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 0 18 from Properties 80:89 arg1 Jam 122:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 4 19 theme microstructure 658:671 arg1 product 673:679 a microstructure product 656:679 a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya 656:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 9 20 theme modulus 1503:1509 arg1 values 1511:1516 the storage modulus values 1491:1516 the storage modulus values 1491:1516 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 5 21 theme non-Newtonian 906:918 arg1 shear-thinning 939:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 5 22 theme behavior 925:932 arg1 shear-thinning 939:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 7 23 theme jams 1259:1262 arg1 properties 1245:1254 The physicochemical properties 1225:1254 The physicochemical properties of jams 1225:1262 The physicochemical properties of jams did not present significant differences. 34056365 11 24 used used 2070:2073 arg2 development 1989:1999 development 1989:1999 development 1989:1999 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 24 used used 2070:2073 arg2 formulation 2005:2015 formulation 2005:2015 formulation 2005:2015 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 0 25 theme Food 0:3 arg1 Hydrocolloids 5:17 Food Hydrocolloids 0:17 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 0:125 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 4 26 theme squash 520:525 arg1 peels-HBSP-and 548:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 11 27 theme obtained 1846:1853 arg1 results 1855:1861 The obtained results 1842:1861 The obtained results 1842:1861 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 9 28 theme loss 1539:1542 arg1 values 1552:1557 the loss modulus values 1535:1557 the loss modulus values 1535:1557 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 4 29 theme Cucurbita 528:536 arg1 peels-HBSP-and 548:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 0 30 theme Squash 34:39 arg1 Peel 62:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 5 31 theme higher 827:832 arg1 values 840:845 higher yield values 827:845 higher yield values 827:845 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 6 32 theme HBSP 992:995 arg1 influence 979:987 the influence 975:987 the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product 975:1056 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 4 33 theme extract 483:489 arg1 hydrocolloids 491:503 extract hydrocolloids 483:503 extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 483:561 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 11 34 from agroindustry 2121:2132 arg1 way 2165:2167 an environmentally friendly way 2137:2167 an environmentally friendly way 2137:2167 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 34 from agroindustry 2121:2132 arg1 waste 2106:2110 organic waste 2098:2110 organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way 2098:2167 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 8 35 theme shear-thinning 1346:1359 arg1 behavior 1332:1339 non-Newtonian behavior 1318:1339 non-Newtonian behavior type shear-thinning 1318:1359 CPJ presents non-Newtonian behavior type shear-thinning adjusting to the Herschel-Bulkley model. 34056365 2 36 theme various 322:328 arg1 products 335:342 various food products 322:342 various food products 322:342 The hydrocolloids are mainly polysaccharides and some proteins that are applied in various food products. 34056365 0 37 theme Cucurbita 42:50 arg1 Peel 62:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 10 38 theme color 1642:1646 arg1 parameter 1648:1656 the color parameter 1638:1656 the color parameter 1638:1656 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 4 39 dep effect 646:651 arg1 use 642:644 use 642:644 use 642:644 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 4 40 theme proximal 577:584 arg1 composition 586:596 the proximal composition 573:596 the proximal composition 573:596 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 8 41 theme Herschel-Bulkley 1378:1393 arg1 model 1395:1399 the Herschel-Bulkley model 1374:1399 the Herschel-Bulkley model 1374:1399 CPJ presents non-Newtonian behavior type shear-thinning adjusting to the Herschel-Bulkley model. 34056365 4 42 from composition 586:596 arg1 product 673:679 a microstructure product 656:679 a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya 656:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 1 43 theme food 222:225 arg1 structures 227:236 food structures 222:236 food structures 222:236 Hydrocolloids are a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures. 34056365 6 44 theme product 1050:1056 arg1 properties 1016:1025 the rheological properties 1000:1025 the rheological properties of the microstructured product 1000:1056 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 10 45 theme higher 1812:1817 arg1 level 1819:1823 a higher level 1810:1823 a higher level of satisfaction 1810:1839 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 6 46 theme papaya 1125:1130 arg1 CPJ 1137:1139 CPJ 1137:1139 CPJ 1137:1139 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 6 46 theme papaya 1125:1130 arg1 jam 1132:1134 C. papaya jam 1122:1134 C. papaya jam (CPJ) 1122:1140 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 11 47 theme environmentally 2140:2154 arg1 way 2165:2167 an environmentally friendly way 2137:2167 an environmentally friendly way 2137:2167 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 4 48 from effect 646:651 arg1 product 673:679 a microstructure product 656:679 a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya 656:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 6 49 dep partial 1090:1096 arg1 substitute 1098:1107 substitute 1098:1107 substitute 1098:1107 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 11 50 dep development 1989:1999 arg1 the 1985:1987 the 1985:1987 the 1985:1987 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 1 51 theme functional 156:165 arg1 ingredients 167:177 functional ingredients 156:177 functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures 156:236 Hydrocolloids are a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures. 34056365 11 52 theme products 2025:2032 arg1 formulation 2005:2015 formulation 2005:2015 formulation 2005:2015 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 52 theme products 2025:2032 arg1 development 1989:1999 development 1989:1999 development 1989:1999 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 0 53 theme Carica 108:113 arg1 Jam 122:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 9 54 theme viscoelastic 1414:1425 arg1 test 1439:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test 1402:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test 1402:1442 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 11 55 theme butternut 1873:1881 arg1 peel 1890:1893 butternut squash peel 1873:1893 butternut squash peel 1873:1893 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 1 56 theme ingredients 167:177 arg1 Hydrocolloids 127:139 Hydrocolloids 127:139 Hydrocolloids 127:139 Hydrocolloids are a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures. 34056365 1 56 theme ingredients 167:177 arg1 class 147:151 a class 145:151 a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures 145:236 Hydrocolloids are a class of functional ingredients that are widely used in the development of food structures. 34056365 5 57 theme different 792:800 arg1 temperatures 802:813 different temperatures 792:813 different temperatures 792:813 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 0 58 from Peel 62:65 arg1 Hydrocolloids 5:17 Food Hydrocolloids 0:17 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 0:125 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 6 59 theme positive 1153:1160 arg1 effect 1162:1167 a positive effect 1151:1167 a positive effect on the jam matrix 1151:1185 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 0 60 from Use 101:103 arg1 Jam 122:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Carica papaya Jam 108:124 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 4 61 theme fruit 686:690 arg1 jam 692:694 fruit jam 686:694 fruit jam from Carica papaya 686:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 6 62 theme hydrocolloids 1210:1222 arg1 addition 1198:1205 the addition 1194:1205 the addition of hydrocolloids 1194:1222 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 5 63 theme yield 834:838 arg1 values 840:845 higher yield values 827:845 higher yield values 827:845 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 7 64 theme significant 1280:1290 arg1 differences 1292:1302 significant differences 1280:1302 significant differences 1280:1302 The physicochemical properties of jams did not present significant differences. 34056365 6 65 from effect 1162:1167 arg1 matrix 1180:1185 the jam matrix 1172:1185 the jam matrix 1172:1185 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 10 66 theme M3 1759:1760 arg1 better 1773:1778 better 1773:1778 better 1773:1778 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 10 66 theme M3 1759:1760 arg1 sample 1762:1767 the M3 sample 1755:1767 the M3 sample 1755:1767 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 9 67 theme gel-like 1471:1478 arg1 state 1480:1484 a gel-like state 1469:1484 a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied 1469:1589 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 9 67 theme gel-like 1471:1478 arg1 jam 1462:1464 the jam 1458:1464 the jam 1458:1464 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 10 68 from increase 1694:1701 arg1 tonality 1706:1713 tonality 1706:1713 tonality 1706:1713 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 11 69 theme organic 2098:2104 arg1 waste 2106:2110 organic waste 2098:2110 organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way 2098:2167 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 0 70 theme Rheological 68:78 arg1 Properties 80:89 Rheological Properties 68:89 Rheological Properties 68:89 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 5 71 theme butternut 749:757 arg1 squash 759:764 butternut squash 749:764 butternut squash 749:764 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 5 72 with °C 853:854 arg1 carbohydrate 868:879 higher carbohydrate and protein contents 861:900 carbohydrate 868:879 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 5 72 with °C 853:854 arg1 contents 893:900 higher carbohydrate and protein contents 861:900 contents 893:900 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 5 72 with °C 853:854 arg1 shear-thinning 939:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 5 73 theme flow 920:923 arg1 shear-thinning 939:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 6 74 from influence 979:987 arg1 properties 1016:1025 the rheological properties 1000:1025 the rheological properties of the microstructured product 1000:1056 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 4 75 from peels-HBSP-and 548:561 arg1 hydrocolloids 491:503 extract hydrocolloids 483:503 extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 483:561 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 5 76 theme type 934:937 arg1 shear-thinning 939:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning 906:952 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 6 77 theme microstructured 1034:1048 arg1 product 1050:1056 the microstructured product 1030:1056 the microstructured product 1030:1056 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 5 78 theme protein 885:891 arg1 contents 893:900 higher carbohydrate and protein contents 861:900 contents 893:900 Hydrocolloids were obtained from butternut squash at pH 3, 7, and 10 and at different temperatures, presenting higher yield values at 80 °C with higher carbohydrate and protein contents and non-Newtonian flow behavior type shear-thinning. 34056365 7 79 theme physicochemical 1229:1243 arg1 properties 1245:1254 The physicochemical properties 1225:1254 The physicochemical properties of jams 1225:1262 The physicochemical properties of jams did not present significant differences. 34056365 3 80 theme natural 362:368 arg1 sources 370:376 natural sources 362:376 natural sources that are friendly to the environment 362:413 For this reason, natural sources that are friendly to the environment must be sought for their extraction. 34056365 3 80 theme natural 362:368 arg1 friendly 387:394 friendly 387:394 friendly to the environment 387:413 For this reason, natural sources that are friendly to the environment must be sought for their extraction. 34056365 0 81 theme Butternut 24:32 arg1 Peel 62:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 4 82 from papaya 708:713 arg1 jam 692:694 fruit jam 686:694 fruit jam from Carica papaya 686:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 6 83 theme rheological 1004:1014 arg1 properties 1016:1025 the rheological properties 1000:1025 the rheological properties of the microstructured product 1000:1056 In order to analyze the influence of HBSP on the rheological properties of the microstructured product, the samples were employed as a partial substitute of pectin in C. papaya jam (CPJ), showing a positive effect on the jam matrix due to the addition of hydrocolloids. 34056365 4 84 theme moschata 538:545 arg1 peels-HBSP-and 548:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 10 85 theme other 1789:1793 arg1 products 1795:1802 the other products 1785:1802 the other products 1785:1802 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 4 86 from properties 614:623 arg1 product 673:679 a microstructure product 656:679 a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya 656:713 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 9 87 theme modulus 1544:1550 arg1 values 1552:1557 the loss modulus values 1535:1557 the loss modulus values 1535:1557 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 8 88 theme non-Newtonian 1318:1330 arg1 behavior 1332:1339 non-Newtonian behavior 1318:1339 non-Newtonian behavior type shear-thinning 1318:1359 CPJ presents non-Newtonian behavior type shear-thinning adjusting to the Herschel-Bulkley model. 34056365 10 89 theme HBSP 1618:1621 arg1 addition 1606:1613 the addition 1602:1613 the addition of HBSP 1602:1621 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 0 90 theme moschata 52:59 arg1 Peel 62:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel 24:65 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 4 91 theme butternut 510:518 arg1 peels-HBSP-and 548:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and 510:561 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 9 92 theme storage 1495:1501 arg1 modulus 1503:1509 the storage modulus 1491:1509 the storage modulus values 1491:1516 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 9 93 theme frequency 1566:1574 arg1 ranges 1576:1581 the frequency ranges 1562:1581 the frequency ranges studied 1562:1589 The dynamic viscoelastic rheological test characterized the jam as a gel-like state when the storage modulus values were higher than the loss modulus values in the frequency ranges studied. 34056365 11 94 used used 1959:1962 arg2 material 1973:1980 a raw material 1967:1980 a raw material 1967:1980 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 11 94 used used 1959:1962 arg2 they 1947:1950 they 1947:1950 they 1947:1950 The obtained results show that butternut squash peel is suitable for the obtention of hydrocolloids, and they can be used as a raw material in the development and formulation of food products, as well as their byproducts can be used to solve problems with organic waste from the agroindustry in an environmentally friendly way. 34056365 0 95 dep Hydrocolloids 5:17 arg1 Properties 80:89 Rheological Properties 68:89 Rheological Properties 68:89 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 0 95 dep Hydrocolloids 5:17 arg1 Use 101:103 Their Use 95:103 Their Use in Carica papaya Jam 95:124 Food Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Peel: Rheological Properties and Their Use in Carica papaya Jam. 34056365 4 96 theme rheological 602:612 arg1 properties 614:623 rheological properties 602:623 rheological properties 602:623 Therefore, this study aimed to extract hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) peels-HBSP-and determine the proximal composition and rheological properties as well as their use effect in a microstructure product like fruit jam from Carica papaya. 34056365 10 97 theme satisfaction 1828:1839 arg1 level 1819:1823 a higher level 1810:1823 a higher level of satisfaction 1810:1839 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 34056365 10 98 theme reddish 1672:1678 arg1 color 1680:1684 a reddish color 1670:1684 a reddish color 1670:1684 Regarding the addition of HBSP, this modified the color parameter, presenting a reddish color with an increase in tonality, and the sensory evaluation showed that the M3 sample was better than the other products, with a higher level of satisfaction. 32722155 0 0 theme Butternut 97:105 arg1 Moschata 87:94 Moschata 87:94 Moschata 87:94 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 0 0 theme Butternut 97:105 arg1 Squash 107:112 Butternut Squash 97:112 Butternut Squash 97:112 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 5 1 theme Sedimentation 571:583 arg1 velocity 585:592 Sedimentation velocity 571:592 Sedimentation velocity 571:592 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 7 2 theme extended 1063:1070 arg1 conformation 1092:1103 an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation 1060:1103 an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation 1060:1103 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 11 3 theme flexibility 1585:1595 arg1 understanding 1544:1556 Our understanding 1540:1556 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity 1540:1630 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 10 4 theme evidence 1494:1501 arg1 content 1419:1425 a high galacturonic acid content 1394:1425 a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) 1394:1453 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 4 theme evidence 1494:1501 arg1 presence 1463:1470 the presence 1459:1470 the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp 1459:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 7 5 theme sedimentation 989:1001 arg1 data 1003:1006 sedimentation data 989:1006 sedimentation data 989:1006 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 4 6 theme composition 541:551 arg1 identification 508:521 identification 508:521 identification of monosaccharide composition 508:551 Characterisation includes the hydrodynamic properties, identification of monosaccharide composition, and bioactivity. 32722155 4 6 theme composition 541:551 arg1 properties 496:505 the hydrodynamic properties 479:505 the hydrodynamic properties 479:505 Characterisation includes the hydrodynamic properties, identification of monosaccharide composition, and bioactivity. 32722155 4 6 theme composition 541:551 arg1 bioactivity 558:568 bioactivity 558:568 bioactivity 558:568 Characterisation includes the hydrodynamic properties, identification of monosaccharide composition, and bioactivity. 32722155 10 7 theme galacturonic 1401:1412 arg1 content 1419:1425 a high galacturonic acid content 1394:1425 a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) 1394:1453 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 5 8 theme additional 642:651 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 2 9 theme moschata 301:308 arg1 polysaccharide 273:286 the mesocarp polysaccharide 260:286 the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata 260:308 This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata. 32722155 9 10 theme galacturonic 1200:1211 arg1 acid 1213:1216 galacturonic acid 1200:1216 galacturonic acid 1200:1216 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 10 11 from mesocarp 1530:1537 arg1 evidence 1494:1501 fructans-the first evidence 1475:1501 fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp 1475:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 11 12 theme high 1615:1618 arg1 bioactivity 1620:1630 the high bioactivity 1611:1630 the high bioactivity 1611:1630 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 5 13 theme discrete 653:660 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 2 14 theme Cucurbita 291:299 arg1 moschata 301:308 Cucurbita moschata 291:308 Cucurbita moschata 291:308 This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata. 32722155 11 15 contain has 1691:1693 arg2 potential 1699:1707 the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent 1695:1748 the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent 1695:1748 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 11 15 contain has 1691:1693 arg1 polysaccharide 1650:1663 the polysaccharide 1646:1663 the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata 1646:1689 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 10 16 theme linkages 1301:1308 arg1 extent 1280:1285 the extent 1276:1285 the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 1276:1318 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 7 17 dep extended 1063:1070 arg1 semi-flexible 1073:1085 semi-flexible 1073:1085 semi-flexible 1073:1085 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 4 18 theme hydrodynamic 483:494 arg1 properties 496:505 the hydrodynamic properties 479:505 the hydrodynamic properties 479:505 Characterisation includes the hydrodynamic properties, identification of monosaccharide composition, and bioactivity. 32722155 5 19 theme molecular 669:677 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 5 20 theme higher 662:667 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 1 21 used used 152:155 arg2 Cucurbits 116:124 Cucurbits 116:124 Cucurbits 116:124 Cucurbits are plants that have been used frequently as functional foods. 32722155 1 21 used used 152:155 arg2 foods 182:186 functional foods 171:186 functional foods 171:186 Cucurbits are plants that have been used frequently as functional foods. 32722155 1 21 used used 152:155 arg2 plants 130:135 plants 130:135 plants that have been used frequently as functional foods 130:186 Cucurbits are plants that have been used frequently as functional foods. 32722155 1 22 theme functional 171:180 arg1 foods 182:186 functional foods 171:186 functional foods 171:186 Cucurbits are plants that have been used frequently as functional foods. 32722155 1 22 theme functional 171:180 arg1 plants 130:135 plants 130:135 plants that have been used frequently as functional foods 130:186 Cucurbits are plants that have been used frequently as functional foods. 32722155 0 23 theme Polysaccharides 56:70 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 0 23 theme Polysaccharides 56:70 arg1 Characterisation 26:41 Biophysical Characterisation 14:41 Biophysical Characterisation 14:41 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 5 24 theme weight 679:684 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 7 25 theme sets 967:970 arg1 combinations 949:960 combinations 949:960 combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions 949:1039 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 2 26 theme polysaccharide 273:286 arg1 isolation 225:233 isolation 225:233 isolation 225:233 This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata. 32722155 2 26 theme polysaccharide 273:286 arg1 characterisation 240:255 characterisation 240:255 characterisation 240:255 This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata. 32722155 2 26 theme polysaccharide 273:286 arg1 extraction 213:222 extraction 213:222 extraction 213:222 This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata. 32722155 6 27 theme molecular 784:792 arg1 weights 794:800 respective weight average molecular weights 758:800 respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa 758:822 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 3 28 theme weights 444:450 arg1 NJBTF2 401:406 NJBTF2 401:406 NJBTF2 401:406 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 3 28 theme weights 444:450 arg1 NJBTF3 413:418 NJBTF3 413:418 NJBTF3 413:418 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 3 28 theme weights 444:450 arg1 NJBTF1 393:398 NJBTF1 393:398 NJBTF1 393:398 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 3 28 theme weights 444:450 arg1 fractions 382:390 three fractions 376:390 three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights 376:450 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 7 29 theme viscosity 975:983 arg1 sets 967:970 3 sets 965:970 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions 965:1039 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 7 29 theme viscosity 975:983 arg1 viscosity 975:983 viscosity 975:983 viscosity 975:983 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 7 29 theme viscosity 975:983 arg1 data 1003:1006 sedimentation data 989:1006 sedimentation data 989:1006 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 5 30 theme components 686:695 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 5 30 theme components 686:695 arg1 amounts 631:637 small amounts 625:637 small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components 625:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 6 31 theme higher 834:839 arg1 NJBTF1 852:857 NJBTF1 852:857 NJBTF1 852:857 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 6 31 theme higher 834:839 arg1 fractions 841:849 the higher fractions 830:849 the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate 830:909 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 6 31 theme higher 834:839 arg1 NJBTF2 863:868 NJBTF2 863:868 NJBTF2 863:868 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 10 32 from extent 1280:1285 arg1 NJBTF1 1313:1318 NJBTF1 1313:1318 NJBTF1 1313:1318 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 6 33 theme average 776:782 arg1 weights 794:800 respective weight average molecular weights 758:800 respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa 758:822 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 10 34 theme fructans-the 1475:1486 arg1 evidence 1494:1501 fructans-the first evidence 1475:1501 fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp 1475:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 5 35 theme small 625:629 arg1 components 686:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 additional discrete higher molecular weight components 642:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 5 35 theme small 625:629 arg1 amounts 631:637 small amounts 625:637 small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components 625:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 11 36 theme size 1565:1568 arg1 understanding 1544:1556 Our understanding 1540:1556 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity 1540:1630 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 6 37 theme weight 769:774 arg1 weights 794:800 respective weight average molecular weights 758:800 respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa 758:822 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 3 38 theme different 424:432 arg1 weights 444:450 different molecular weights 424:450 different molecular weights 424:450 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 9 39 theme sugars 1250:1255 arg1 acid 1213:1216 galacturonic acid 1200:1216 galacturonic acid 1200:1216 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 9 39 theme sugars 1250:1255 arg1 amounts 1231:1237 variable amounts 1222:1237 variable amounts of neutral sugars 1222:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 9 39 theme sugars 1250:1255 arg1 sugars 1250:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 5 40 theme amounts 631:637 arg1 presence 613:620 the presence 609:620 the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components 609:695 Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. 32722155 6 41 theme respective 758:767 arg1 weights 794:800 respective weight average molecular weights 758:800 respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa 758:822 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 10 42 from linkages 1301:1308 arg1 NJBTF1 1313:1318 NJBTF1 1313:1318 NJBTF1 1313:1318 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 0 43 theme Biophysical 14:24 arg1 Characterisation 26:41 Biophysical Characterisation 14:41 Biophysical Characterisation 14:41 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 10 44 from NJBTF1 1313:1318 arg1 extent 1280:1285 the extent 1276:1285 the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 1276:1318 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 9 45 theme variable 1222:1229 arg1 amounts 1231:1237 variable amounts 1222:1237 variable amounts of neutral sugars 1222:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 9 45 theme variable 1222:1229 arg1 sugars 1250:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 10 46 theme chromatography-mass 1344:1362 arg1 GCMS 1378:1381 GCMS 1378:1381 GCMS 1378:1381 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 46 theme chromatography-mass 1344:1362 arg1 spectrometry 1364:1375 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1340:1375 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) 1340:1382 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 0 47 theme Bioactive 46:54 arg1 Polysaccharides 56:70 Bioactive Polysaccharides 46:70 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash) 46:113 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 3 48 theme molecular 434:442 arg1 weights 444:450 different molecular weights 424:450 different molecular weights 424:450 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 7 49 theme coil 1087:1090 arg1 conformation 1092:1103 an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation 1060:1103 an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation 1060:1103 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 0 50 from Moschata 87:94 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 0 50 from Moschata 87:94 arg1 Characterisation 26:41 Biophysical Characterisation 14:41 Biophysical Characterisation 14:41 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 0 50 from Moschata 87:94 arg1 Polysaccharides 56:70 Bioactive Polysaccharides 46:70 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash) 46:113 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 10 51 theme fructans 1506:1513 arg1 evidence 1494:1501 fructans-the first evidence 1475:1501 fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp 1475:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 52 from evidence 1494:1501 arg1 mesocarp 1530:1537 the mesocarp 1526:1537 the mesocarp 1526:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 9 53 contain contained 1190:1198 arg1 fractions 1180:1188 All fractions 1176:1188 All fractions 1176:1188 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 9 53 contain contained 1190:1198 arg2 sugars 1250:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 9 53 contain contained 1190:1198 arg2 amounts 1231:1237 variable amounts 1222:1237 variable amounts of neutral sugars 1222:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 9 53 contain contained 1190:1198 arg2 acid 1213:1216 galacturonic acid 1200:1216 galacturonic acid 1200:1216 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 3 54 theme polysaccharide 315:328 arg1 component 330:338 The polysaccharide component 311:338 The polysaccharide component 311:338 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 6 55 theme kDa 820:822 arg1 weights 794:800 respective weight average molecular weights 758:800 respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa 758:822 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 0 56 from Isolation 0:8 arg1 Moschata 87:94 Moschata 87:94 Moschata 87:94 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 0 56 from Isolation 0:8 arg1 Squash 107:112 Butternut Squash 97:112 Butternut Squash 97:112 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 4 57 theme monosaccharide 526:539 arg1 composition 541:551 monosaccharide composition 526:551 monosaccharide composition 526:551 Characterisation includes the hydrodynamic properties, identification of monosaccharide composition, and bioactivity. 32722155 10 58 theme pectin 1432:1437 arg1 polysaccharide 1439:1452 pectin polysaccharide 1432:1452 pectin polysaccharide 1432:1452 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 11 59 dep size 1565:1568 arg1 the 1561:1563 the 1561:1563 the 1561:1563 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 6 60 theme Sedimentation 723:735 arg1 equilibrium 737:747 Sedimentation equilibrium 723:747 Sedimentation equilibrium 723:747 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 10 61 theme first 1488:1492 arg1 evidence 1494:1501 fructans-the first evidence 1475:1501 fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp 1475:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 11 62 theme structural 1574:1583 arg1 flexibility 1585:1595 structural flexibility 1574:1595 structural flexibility 1574:1595 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 2 63 theme mesocarp 264:271 arg1 polysaccharide 273:286 the mesocarp polysaccharide 260:286 the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata 260:308 This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide of Cucurbita moschata. 32722155 7 64 theme data 1003:1006 arg1 sets 967:970 3 sets 965:970 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions 965:1039 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 7 64 theme data 1003:1006 arg1 viscosity 975:983 viscosity 975:983 viscosity 975:983 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 7 64 theme data 1003:1006 arg1 data 1003:1006 sedimentation data 989:1006 sedimentation data 989:1006 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 3 65 dep fractions 382:390 arg1 NJBTF2 401:406 NJBTF2 401:406 NJBTF2 401:406 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 3 65 dep fractions 382:390 arg1 NJBTF3 413:418 NJBTF3 413:418 NJBTF3 413:418 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 3 65 dep fractions 382:390 arg1 NJBTF1 393:398 NJBTF1 393:398 NJBTF1 393:398 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 3 65 dep fractions 382:390 arg1 fractions 382:390 three fractions 376:390 three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights 376:450 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 7 66 dep data 943:946 arg1 combinations 949:960 combinations 949:960 combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions 949:1039 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 10 67 theme high 1396:1399 arg1 content 1419:1425 a high galacturonic acid content 1394:1425 a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) 1394:1453 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 68 theme gas 1340:1342 arg1 GCMS 1378:1381 GCMS 1378:1381 GCMS 1378:1381 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 68 theme gas 1340:1342 arg1 spectrometry 1364:1375 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1340:1375 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) 1340:1382 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 69 from fructans 1506:1513 arg1 mesocarp 1530:1537 the mesocarp 1526:1537 the mesocarp 1526:1537 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 6 70 dep fractions 841:849 arg1 NJBTF1 852:857 NJBTF1 852:857 NJBTF1 852:857 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 6 70 dep fractions 841:849 arg1 fractions 841:849 the higher fractions 830:849 the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate 830:909 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 6 70 dep fractions 841:849 arg1 NJBTF2 863:868 NJBTF2 863:868 NJBTF2 863:868 Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. 32722155 8 71 theme highest 1155:1161 arg1 bioactivity 1163:1173 the highest bioactivity 1151:1173 the highest bioactivity 1151:1173 Of all the fractions obtained, NJBTF1 showed the highest bioactivity. 32722155 11 72 theme therapeutic 1732:1742 arg1 agent 1744:1748 a therapeutic agent 1730:1748 a therapeutic agent 1730:1748 Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained from C. moschata has the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent. 32722155 10 73 theme glycosidic 1290:1299 arg1 linkages 1301:1308 glycosidic linkages 1290:1308 glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 1290:1318 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 10 74 theme acid 1414:1417 arg1 content 1419:1425 a high galacturonic acid content 1394:1425 a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) 1394:1453 To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. 32722155 7 75 theme data 943:946 arg1 data 943:946 data 943:946 data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions) 943:1040 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 7 75 theme data 943:946 arg1 amount 933:938 the limited amount 921:938 the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions) 921:1040 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 9 76 theme neutral 1242:1248 arg1 sugars 1250:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 neutral sugars 1242:1255 All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. 32722155 3 77 theme gel 356:358 arg1 filtration 360:369 gel filtration 356:369 gel filtration 356:369 The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. 32722155 0 78 from Characterisation 26:41 arg1 Moschata 87:94 Moschata 87:94 Moschata 87:94 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 0 78 from Characterisation 26:41 arg1 Squash 107:112 Butternut Squash 97:112 Butternut Squash 97:112 Isolation and Biophysical Characterisation of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Cucurbita Moschata (Butternut Squash). 32722155 7 79 theme limited 925:931 arg1 data 943:946 data 943:946 data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions) 943:1040 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32722155 7 79 theme limited 925:931 arg1 amount 933:938 the limited amount 921:938 the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions) 921:1040 Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. 32138153 5 0 from cleavage 762:769 arg1 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 0 from cleavage 762:769 arg1 chains 791:796 side chains 786:796 side chains of xylan 786:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 1 from carboxyl 774:781 arg1 chains 791:796 side chains 786:796 side chains of xylan 786:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 2 2 theme Cell 332:335 arg1 properties 353:362 Cell wall mechanical properties 332:362 Cell wall mechanical properties 332:362 Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. 32138153 4 3 theme porosity 564:571 arg1 Changes 494:500 Changes 494:500 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity 494:571 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 7 4 from impact 1032:1037 arg1 mechanics 1042:1050 mechanics 1042:1050 mechanics 1042:1050 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 6 5 from mesopores 940:948 arg1 walls 958:962 cell walls 953:962 cell walls 953:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 7 6 contain has 1059:1061 arg2 implications 1070:1081 strong implications 1063:1081 strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks 1063:1131 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 7 6 contain has 1059:1061 arg1 mechanics 1042:1050 mechanics 1042:1050 mechanics 1042:1050 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 3 7 theme modulus 485:491 arg1 decrease 447:454 more than 25% decrease 433:454 more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus 433:491 WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. 32138153 6 8 from walls 958:962 arg1 amount 930:935 a higher amount 921:935 a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls 921:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 6 8 from walls 958:962 arg1 mesopores 940:948 mesopores 940:948 mesopores in cell walls 940:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 6 9 theme higher 923:928 arg1 amount 930:935 a higher amount 921:935 a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls 921:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 6 9 theme higher 923:928 arg1 mesopores 940:948 mesopores 940:948 mesopores in cell walls 940:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 5 10 theme β-O-4 869:873 arg1 interlinks 875:884 β-O-4 interlinks 869:884 β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 869:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 3 11 theme elastic 477:483 arg1 modulus 485:491 elastic modulus 477:491 elastic modulus 477:491 WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. 32138153 1 12 theme intact 264:269 arg1 VICWs 283:287 VICWs 283:287 VICWs 283:287 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 1 12 theme intact 264:269 arg1 walls 276:280 visually intact cell walls 255:280 visually intact cell walls (VICWs) 255:288 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 7 13 theme archaeological 1107:1120 arg1 shipwrecks 1122:1131 archaeological shipwrecks 1107:1131 archaeological shipwrecks 1107:1131 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 4 14 theme angle 685:689 arg1 scattering 697:706 wide angle X-ray scattering 680:706 wide angle X-ray scattering 680:706 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 4 15 theme Raman 612:616 arg1 imaging 618:624 Raman imaging 612:624 Raman imaging 612:624 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 4 16 theme state 652:656 arg1 NMR 658:660 13C-solid state NMR 642:660 13C-solid state NMR 642:660 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 1 17 theme Structural 157:166 arg1 deterioration 181:193 Structural and chemical deterioration 157:193 Structural and chemical deterioration 157:193 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 7 18 theme shipwrecks 1122:1131 arg1 conservation 1091:1102 the conservation 1087:1102 the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks 1087:1131 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 6 19 theme cell 953:956 arg1 walls 958:962 cell walls 953:962 cell walls 953:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 4 20 theme composition 515:525 arg1 Changes 494:500 Changes 494:500 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity 494:571 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 0 21 from Walls 26:30 arg1 Wood 62:65 Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 35:65 Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 35:65 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 4 22 theme cellulose 528:536 arg1 structure 550:558 cellulose crystallite structure 528:558 cellulose crystallite structure 528:558 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 5 23 theme interlinks 875:884 arg1 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 23 theme interlinks 875:884 arg1 cleavage 762:769 a cleavage 760:769 a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan 760:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 23 theme interlinks 875:884 arg1 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 1 24 theme chemical 172:179 arg1 deterioration 181:193 Structural and chemical deterioration 157:193 Structural and chemical deterioration 157:193 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 5 25 theme carboxyl 774:781 arg1 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 25 theme carboxyl 774:781 arg1 cleavage 762:769 a cleavage 760:769 a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan 760:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 25 theme carboxyl 774:781 arg1 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 1 26 theme cell 271:274 arg1 VICWs 283:287 VICWs 283:287 VICWs 283:287 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 1 26 theme cell 271:274 arg1 walls 276:280 visually intact cell walls 255:280 visually intact cell walls (VICWs) 255:288 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 6 27 from amount 930:935 arg1 walls 958:962 cell walls 953:962 cell walls 953:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 4 28 theme 13C-solid 642:650 arg1 NMR 658:660 13C-solid state NMR 642:660 13C-solid state NMR 642:660 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 0 29 theme Cell 21:24 arg1 Walls 26:30 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls 0:30 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 0:65 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 5 30 theme partial 849:855 arg1 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 4 31 theme nitrogen 716:723 arg1 adsorption 725:734 N2 nitrogen adsorption 713:734 N2 nitrogen adsorption 713:734 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 5 32 from breakage 857:864 arg1 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 32 from breakage 857:864 arg1 chains 791:796 side chains 786:796 side chains of xylan 786:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 0 33 theme Intact 14:19 arg1 Walls 26:30 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls 0:30 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 0:65 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 4 34 theme structure 550:558 arg1 Changes 494:500 Changes 494:500 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity 494:571 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 4 35 theme ATR-FTIR 594:601 arg1 imaging 603:609 ATR-FTIR imaging 594:609 ATR-FTIR imaging 594:609 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 4 36 theme N2 713:714 arg1 adsorption 725:734 N2 nitrogen adsorption 713:734 N2 nitrogen adsorption 713:734 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 2 37 theme prior 405:409 arg1 embedding 411:419 prior embedding 405:419 prior embedding 405:419 Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. 32138153 7 38 theme strong 1063:1068 arg1 implications 1070:1081 strong implications 1063:1081 strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks 1063:1131 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 4 39 theme crystallite 538:548 arg1 structure 550:558 cellulose crystallite structure 528:558 cellulose crystallite structure 528:558 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 5 40 theme xylan 801:805 arg1 chains 791:796 side chains 786:796 side chains of xylan 786:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 4 41 theme wet 627:629 arg1 chemistry 631:639 wet chemistry 627:639 wet chemistry 627:639 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 4 42 theme cell 505:508 arg1 composition 515:525 cell wall composition 505:525 cell wall composition 505:525 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 7 43 theme Even 965:968 arg1 VICWs 970:974 Even VICWs 965:974 Even VICWs in WAW 965:981 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 1 44 from impact 203:208 arg1 mechanics 223:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 4 45 theme wall 510:513 arg1 composition 515:525 cell wall composition 505:525 cell wall composition 505:525 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 0 46 theme Archaeological 47:60 arg1 Wood 62:65 Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 35:65 Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 35:65 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 5 47 theme polysaccharides 826:840 arg1 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 47 theme polysaccharides 826:840 arg1 cleavage 762:769 a cleavage 760:769 a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan 760:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 47 theme polysaccharides 826:840 arg1 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 0 48 theme Year-Old 137:144 arg1 Shipwreck 146:154 a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck 131:154 a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck 131:154 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 3 49 theme hardness 464:471 arg1 decrease 447:454 more than 25% decrease 433:454 more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus 433:491 WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. 32138153 0 50 theme Waterlogged 35:45 arg1 Wood 62:65 Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 35:65 Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 35:65 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 1 51 theme waterlogged 293:303 arg1 WAW 326:328 WAW 326:328 WAW 326:328 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 1 51 theme waterlogged 293:303 arg1 wood 320:323 waterlogged archaeological wood 293:323 waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) 293:329 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 0 52 theme 170 133:135 arg1 Shipwreck 146:154 a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck 131:154 a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck 131:154 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 5 53 from VICWs 737:741 arg1 WAW 746:748 WAW 746:748 WAW 746:748 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 54 from chains 791:796 arg1 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 54 from chains 791:796 arg1 cleavage 762:769 a cleavage 760:769 a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan 760:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 54 from chains 791:796 arg1 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 4 55 theme wide 680:683 arg1 scattering 697:706 wide angle X-ray scattering 680:706 wide angle X-ray scattering 680:706 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 5 56 from lignin 889:894 arg1 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 56 from lignin 889:894 arg1 cleavage 762:769 a cleavage 760:769 a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan 760:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 56 from lignin 889:894 arg1 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 1 57 theme archaeological 305:318 arg1 WAW 326:328 WAW 326:328 WAW 326:328 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 1 57 theme archaeological 305:318 arg1 wood 320:323 waterlogged archaeological wood 293:323 waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) 293:329 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 1 58 theme cell 213:216 arg1 mechanics 223:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 0 59 theme Shipwreck 146:154 arg1 Case 123:126 A Case 121:126 A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck 121:154 Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. 32138153 5 60 contain possessed 750:758 arg2 cleavage 762:769 a cleavage 760:769 a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan 760:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 60 contain possessed 750:758 arg2 breakage 857:864 a partial breakage 847:864 a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin 847:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 60 contain possessed 750:758 arg2 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 60 contain possessed 750:758 arg1 VICWs 737:741 VICWs 737:741 VICWs in WAW 737:748 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 61 theme side 786:789 arg1 chains 791:796 side chains 786:796 side chains of xylan 786:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 62 from loss 818:821 arg1 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 5 62 from loss 818:821 arg1 chains 791:796 side chains 786:796 side chains of xylan 786:805 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 4 63 theme X-ray 691:695 arg1 scattering 697:706 wide angle X-ray scattering 680:706 wide angle X-ray scattering 680:706 Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. 32138153 5 64 from interlinks 875:884 arg1 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 lignin 889:894 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 1 65 theme wall 218:221 arg1 mechanics 223:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 3 66 dep % 445:445 arg1 25 443:444 25 443:444 25 443:444 WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. 32138153 1 67 from deterioration 181:193 arg1 mechanics 223:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 cell wall mechanics 213:231 Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). 32138153 2 68 theme mechanical 342:351 arg1 properties 353:362 Cell wall mechanical properties 332:362 Cell wall mechanical properties 332:362 Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. 32138153 5 69 theme serious 810:816 arg1 loss 818:821 a serious loss 808:821 a serious loss of polysaccharides 808:840 VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. 32138153 7 70 from VICWs 970:974 arg1 WAW 979:981 WAW 979:981 WAW 979:981 Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks. 32138153 3 71 dep decrease 447:454 arg1 % 445:445 % 445:445 % 445:445 WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. 32138153 2 72 theme wall 337:340 arg1 properties 353:362 Cell wall mechanical properties 332:362 Cell wall mechanical properties 332:362 Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. 32138153 6 73 theme mesopores 940:948 arg1 amount 930:935 a higher amount 921:935 a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls 921:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32138153 6 73 theme mesopores 940:948 arg1 mesopores 940:948 mesopores 940:948 mesopores in cell walls 940:962 This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. 32673831 9 0 dep follows 1237:1243 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 5 1 theme small 647:651 arg1 components 590:599 two components 586:599 two components 586:599 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 1 theme small 647:651 arg1 APS-II 675:680 APS-II 675:680 APS-II 675:680 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 1 theme small 647:651 arg1 components 663:672 small molecular components 647:672 small molecular components (APS-II) 647:681 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 2 theme macromolecular 610:623 arg1 component 625:633 macromolecular component 610:633 macromolecular component (APS-I) 610:641 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 2 theme macromolecular 610:623 arg1 components 590:599 two components 586:599 two components 586:599 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 2 theme macromolecular 610:623 arg1 APS-I 636:640 APS-I 636:640 APS-I 636:640 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 2 3 theme polysaccharide 267:280 arg1 macromolecules 282:295 complex polysaccharide macromolecules 259:295 complex polysaccharide macromolecules that may increase the risk upon application 259:339 Zhunzi Z20040086) includes complex polysaccharide macromolecules that may increase the risk upon application. 32673831 7 4 theme Monosaccharide-composition 818:843 arg1 analysis 845:852 Monosaccharide-composition analysis 818:852 Monosaccharide-composition analysis 818:852 Monosaccharide-composition analysis revealed that APS-I consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, with a ratio of approximately 1.5:1:5.4:0.08:0.1. 32673831 9 5 theme 1→ 1270:1271 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 12 6 theme immunosuppressed 1834:1849 arg1 mice 1851:1854 cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice 1817:1854 cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice 1817:1854 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 6 7 theme APS-I 763:767 arg1 weight 753:758 the average molecular weight 731:758 the average molecular weight of APS-I 731:767 The molecular weight measurement revealed that the average molecular weight of APS-I exceeded 500 kDa, and that of APS-II was 10 kDa. 32673831 9 8 theme APS-I 1194:1198 arg1 residue 1215:1221 the APS-I monosaccharide residue 1190:1221 the APS-I monosaccharide residue 1190:1221 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 8 theme APS-I 1194:1198 arg1 follows 1237:1243 follows 1237:1243 follows 1237:1243 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 12 9 theme leukocyte 1798:1806 arg1 level 1808:1812 the leukocyte level 1794:1812 the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice 1794:1854 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 13 10 theme products 2005:2012 arg1 generation 1987:1996 a new generation 1981:1996 a new generation of APS products 1981:2012 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 11 11 theme immunological 1627:1639 arg1 activity 1641:1648 their in vitro immunological activity 1612:1648 their in vitro immunological activity 1612:1648 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 7 12 theme 1.5:1:5.4:0.08:0.1 981:998 arg1 ratio 958:962 a ratio 956:962 a ratio of approximately 1.5:1:5.4:0.08:0.1 956:998 Monosaccharide-composition analysis revealed that APS-I consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, with a ratio of approximately 1.5:1:5.4:0.08:0.1. 32673831 11 13 theme stronger 1673:1680 arg1 effect 1682:1687 stronger effect 1673:1687 stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities 1673:1721 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 13 14 theme new 1983:1985 arg1 generation 1987:1996 a new generation 1981:1996 a new generation of APS products 1981:2012 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 12 15 theme In 1735:1736 arg1 experiments 1750:1760 In vivo animal experiments 1735:1760 In vivo animal experiments 1735:1760 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 0 16 theme Astragalus 54:63 arg1 polysaccharide 65:78 Astragalus polysaccharide 54:78 Astragalus polysaccharide 54:78 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 9 17 theme D-Glcp- 1246:1252 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 1 18 theme traditional 145:155 arg1 medicine 165:172 a special traditional Chinese medicine 135:172 a special traditional Chinese medicine 135:172 As a special traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus polysaccharides for injection (APS, batch no. 32673831 12 19 theme animal 1743:1748 arg1 experiments 1750:1760 In vivo animal experiments 1735:1760 In vivo animal experiments 1735:1760 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 9 20 theme 1→ 1254:1255 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 4 21 theme reactions 519:527 arg1 risk 503:506 the risk 499:506 the risk of adverse reactions of the drug 499:539 Identifying the active components is the key to reduce the risk of adverse reactions of the drug. 32673831 7 22 theme galacturonic 932:943 arg1 acid 945:948 galacturonic acid 932:948 galacturonic acid 932:948 Monosaccharide-composition analysis revealed that APS-I consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, with a ratio of approximately 1.5:1:5.4:0.08:0.1. 32673831 0 23 theme different 103:111 arg1 weights 123:129 different molecular weights 103:129 different molecular weights 103:129 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 9 24 theme -D-Glcp- 1261:1268 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 13 25 theme main 1925:1928 arg1 ingredient 1937:1946 the main active ingredient 1921:1946 the main active ingredient of APS 1921:1953 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 13 25 theme main 1925:1928 arg1 APS-II 1911:1916 APS-II 1911:1916 APS-II 1911:1916 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 9 26 dep 1 →  1348:1351 arg1 →2,5 1318:1321 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 →2,5 1318:1321 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 26 dep 1 →  1348:1351 arg1 →4 1336:1337 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 →4 1336:1337 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 26 dep 1 →  1348:1351 arg1 →5 1302:1303 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 →5 1302:1303 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 26 dep 1 →  1348:1351 arg1 →2 1274:1275 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 →2 1274:1275 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 26 dep 1 →  1348:1351 arg1 D-Araf- 1290:1296 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 D-Araf- 1290:1296 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 26 dep 1 →  1348:1351 arg1 →4 1258:1259 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 →4 1258:1259 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 1 27 theme special 137:143 arg1 medicine 165:172 a special traditional Chinese medicine 135:172 a special traditional Chinese medicine 135:172 As a special traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus polysaccharides for injection (APS, batch no. 32673831 10 28 theme -α-D-Glcp- 1460:1469 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 29 theme -L-Rhap- 1277:1284 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 3 30 theme active 412:417 arg1 ingredients 419:429 the specific active ingredients 399:429 the specific active ingredients 399:429 Although fingerprints for quality control are available, the specific active ingredients are unclear. 32673831 3 30 theme active 412:417 arg1 unclear 435:441 unclear 435:441 unclear 435:441 Although fingerprints for quality control are available, the specific active ingredients are unclear. 32673831 6 31 theme molecular 743:751 arg1 weight 753:758 the average molecular weight 731:758 the average molecular weight of APS-I 731:767 The molecular weight measurement revealed that the average molecular weight of APS-I exceeded 500 kDa, and that of APS-II was 10 kDa. 32673831 10 32 theme -α-D-Glcp- 1480:1489 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 0 33 theme components 40:49 arg1 structure 14:22 structure 14:22 structure 14:22 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 0 33 theme components 40:49 arg1 Screening 0:8 Screening 0:8 Screening 0:8 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 9 34 theme 1→ 1286:1287 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 8 35 theme galacturonic 1077:1088 arg1 acid 1090:1093 galacturonic acid 1077:1093 galacturonic acid 1077:1093 Meanwhile, APS-II consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, with a molar ratio of 9:1:1.4:0.04:0.001. 32673831 1 36 dep APS 217:219 arg1 no 228:229 batch no 222:229 batch no 222:229 As a special traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus polysaccharides for injection (APS, batch no. 32673831 1 37 theme batch 222:226 arg1 no 228:229 batch no 222:229 batch no 222:229 As a special traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus polysaccharides for injection (APS, batch no. 32673831 1 38 dep injection 206:214 arg1 APS 217:219 APS 217:219 APS 217:219 As a special traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus polysaccharides for injection (APS, batch no. 32673831 9 39 theme 1→ 1298:1299 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 11 40 dep in 1618:1619 arg1 vitro 1621:1625 vitro 1621:1625 vitro 1621:1625 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 11 41 from effect 1682:1687 arg1 immunities 1712:1721 immunities 1712:1721 immunities 1712:1721 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 10 42 theme APS-II 1369:1374 arg1 residue 1391:1397 the APS-II monosaccharide residue 1365:1397 the APS-II monosaccharide residue 1365:1397 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 42 theme APS-II 1369:1374 arg1 Meanwhile 1354:1362 Meanwhile 1354:1362 Meanwhile 1354:1362 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 6 43 theme weight 698:703 arg1 measurement 705:715 The molecular weight measurement 684:715 The molecular weight measurement 684:715 The molecular weight measurement revealed that the average molecular weight of APS-I exceeded 500 kDa, and that of APS-II was 10 kDa. 32673831 9 44 theme -D-Araf- 1305:1312 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 8 45 theme 9:1:1.4:0.04:0.001 1118:1135 arg1 ratio 1109:1113 a molar ratio 1101:1113 a molar ratio of 9:1:1.4:0.04:0.001 1101:1135 Meanwhile, APS-II consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, with a molar ratio of 9:1:1.4:0.04:0.001. 32673831 9 46 theme NMR 1162:1164 arg1 analysis 1166:1173 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis 1138:1173 analysis 1166:1173 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 47 theme -α-D-Glcp- 1502:1511 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 48 theme 1→ 1314:1315 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 49 theme -α-L-Rhap- 1520:1529 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 12 50 theme cyclophosphamide 1817:1832 arg1 mice 1851:1854 cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice 1817:1854 cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice 1817:1854 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 10 51 theme α-D-Glcp- 1425:1433 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 52 dep connected 1403:1411 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 53 theme -D-Araf- 1323:1330 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 11 54 contain had 1669:1671 arg1 APS-II 1662:1667 APS-II 1662:1667 APS-II 1662:1667 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 11 54 contain had 1669:1671 arg2 effect 1682:1687 stronger effect 1673:1687 stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities 1673:1721 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 10 55 theme -α-D-Glcp- 1442:1451 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 56 theme monosaccharide 1200:1213 arg1 residue 1215:1221 the APS-I monosaccharide residue 1190:1221 the APS-I monosaccharide residue 1190:1221 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 56 theme monosaccharide 1200:1213 arg1 follows 1237:1243 follows 1237:1243 follows 1237:1243 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 57 theme 1→ 1332:1333 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 11 58 from experiments 1597:1607 arg1 activity 1641:1648 their in vitro immunological activity 1612:1648 their in vitro immunological activity 1612:1648 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 5 59 theme molecular 653:661 arg1 components 590:599 two components 586:599 two components 586:599 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 59 theme molecular 653:661 arg1 APS-II 675:680 APS-II 675:680 APS-II 675:680 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 5 59 theme molecular 653:661 arg1 components 663:672 small molecular components 647:672 small molecular components (APS-II) 647:681 In this work, APS was mainly separated into two components, namely, macromolecular component (APS-I) and small molecular components (APS-II). 32673831 10 60 theme 1→ 1531:1532 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 2 61 theme complex 259:265 arg1 macromolecules 282:295 complex polysaccharide macromolecules 259:295 complex polysaccharide macromolecules that may increase the risk upon application 259:339 Zhunzi Z20040086) includes complex polysaccharide macromolecules that may increase the risk upon application. 32673831 9 62 theme -D-Galp- 1339:1346 arg1 1 →  1348:1351 D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 →  1246:1351 1 →  1348:1351 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 4 63 theme active 460:465 arg1 components 467:476 the active components 456:476 the active components 456:476 Identifying the active components is the key to reduce the risk of adverse reactions of the drug. 32673831 0 64 theme polysaccharide 65:78 arg1 components 40:49 active components 33:49 active components of Astragalus polysaccharide 33:78 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 10 65 theme 1→ 1545:1546 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 13 66 theme APS 1951:1953 arg1 ingredient 1937:1946 the main active ingredient 1921:1946 the main active ingredient of APS 1921:1953 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 13 66 theme APS 1951:1953 arg1 APS-II 1911:1916 APS-II 1911:1916 APS-II 1911:1916 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 4 67 theme adverse 511:517 arg1 reactions 519:527 adverse reactions 511:527 adverse reactions of the drug 511:539 Identifying the active components is the key to reduce the risk of adverse reactions of the drug. 32673831 1 68 theme Chinese 157:163 arg1 medicine 165:172 a special traditional Chinese medicine 135:172 a special traditional Chinese medicine 135:172 As a special traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus polysaccharides for injection (APS, batch no. 32673831 6 69 theme molecular 688:696 arg1 measurement 705:715 The molecular weight measurement 684:715 The molecular weight measurement 684:715 The molecular weight measurement revealed that the average molecular weight of APS-I exceeded 500 kDa, and that of APS-II was 10 kDa. 32673831 0 70 theme molecular 113:121 arg1 weights 123:129 different molecular weights 103:129 different molecular weights 103:129 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 12 71 dep In 1735:1736 arg1 vivo 1738:1741 vivo 1738:1741 vivo 1738:1741 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 3 72 theme quality 368:374 arg1 control 376:382 quality control 368:382 quality control 368:382 Although fingerprints for quality control are available, the specific active ingredients are unclear. 32673831 11 73 theme Screening 1587:1595 arg1 experiments 1597:1607 Screening experiments 1587:1607 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity 1587:1648 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 3 74 theme specific 403:410 arg1 ingredients 419:429 the specific active ingredients 399:429 the specific active ingredients 399:429 Although fingerprints for quality control are available, the specific active ingredients are unclear. 32673831 3 74 theme specific 403:410 arg1 unclear 435:441 unclear 435:441 unclear 435:441 Although fingerprints for quality control are available, the specific active ingredients are unclear. 32673831 13 75 theme active 1930:1935 arg1 ingredient 1937:1946 the main active ingredient 1921:1946 the main active ingredient of APS 1921:1953 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 13 75 theme active 1930:1935 arg1 APS-II 1911:1916 APS-II 1911:1916 APS-II 1911:1916 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 11 76 theme in 1618:1619 arg1 activity 1641:1648 their in vitro immunological activity 1612:1648 their in vitro immunological activity 1612:1648 Screening experiments on their in vitro immunological activity showed that APS-II had stronger effect on innate and adaptive immunities than APS-I. 32673831 0 77 theme active 33:38 arg1 components 40:49 active components 33:49 active components of Astragalus polysaccharide 33:78 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 13 78 theme APS 2001:2003 arg1 products 2005:2012 APS products 2001:2012 APS products 2001:2012 Therefore, APS-II is the main active ingredient of APS and is expected to become a new generation of APS products. 32673831 4 79 theme drug 536:539 arg1 reactions 519:527 adverse reactions 511:527 adverse reactions of the drug 511:539 Identifying the active components is the key to reduce the risk of adverse reactions of the drug. 32673831 10 80 theme -α-D-Araf- 1552:1561 arg1 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 12 81 theme immunomodulatory 1874:1889 arg1 ability 1891:1897 their immunomodulatory ability 1868:1897 their immunomodulatory ability 1868:1897 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 6 82 theme average 735:741 arg1 weight 753:758 the average molecular weight 731:758 the average molecular weight of APS-I 731:767 The molecular weight measurement revealed that the average molecular weight of APS-I exceeded 500 kDa, and that of APS-II was 10 kDa. 32673831 0 83 dep Screening 0:8 arg1 study 24:28 study 24:28 study 24:28 Screening and structure study of active components of Astragalus polysaccharide for injection based on different molecular weights. 32673831 12 84 theme mice 1851:1854 arg1 level 1808:1812 the leukocyte level 1794:1812 the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice 1794:1854 In vivo animal experiments showed that APS-II can increase the leukocyte level of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice and improve their immunomodulatory ability. 32673831 8 85 theme molar 1103:1107 arg1 ratio 1109:1113 a molar ratio 1101:1113 a molar ratio of 9:1:1.4:0.04:0.001 1101:1135 Meanwhile, APS-II consisted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, with a molar ratio of 9:1:1.4:0.04:0.001. 32673831 10 86 dep -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 arg1 α-D-Araf- 1535:1543 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 α-D-Araf- 1535:1543 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 86 dep -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 arg1 1 →  1581:1584 1 →  1581:1584 1 →  1581:1584 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 86 dep -β-D-Galp- 1570:1579 arg1 →5 1549:1550 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 →  1425:1584 →5 1549:1550 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 87 theme monosaccharide 1376:1389 arg1 residue 1391:1397 the APS-II monosaccharide residue 1365:1397 the APS-II monosaccharide residue 1365:1397 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 10 87 theme monosaccharide 1376:1389 arg1 Meanwhile 1354:1362 Meanwhile 1354:1362 Meanwhile 1354:1362 Meanwhile, the APS-II monosaccharide residue was connected as follows: α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → . 32673831 9 88 theme Methylation 1138:1148 arg1 FT-IR 1151:1155 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis 1138:1173 FT-IR 1151:1155 Methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analysis indicated that the APS-I monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →2)-L-Rhap-(1→, D-Araf-(1→, →5)-D-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-D-Araf-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1 → . 33648171 13 0 theme stable 1732:1737 arg1 emulsions 1739:1747 Kinetically stable emulsions 1720:1747 Kinetically stable emulsions 1720:1747 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 4 1 theme Turbiscan 771:779 arg1 TSI 798:800 TSI 798:800 TSI 798:800 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 1 theme Turbiscan 771:779 arg1 Index 791:795 Turbiscan Stability Index 771:795 Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) 771:801 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 2 2 theme cheap 313:317 arg1 material 250:257 this material 245:257 this material 245:257 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 2 theme cheap 313:317 arg1 alternative 335:345 a cheap and sustainable alternative 311:345 a cheap and sustainable alternative 311:345 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 2 theme cheap 313:317 arg1 material 360:367 a carrier material 350:367 a carrier material for microencapsulation 350:390 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 3 from available 262:270 arg1 amounts 281:287 large amounts 275:287 large amounts 275:287 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 4 4 theme droplet 804:810 arg1 size 812:815 droplet size 804:815 droplet size 804:815 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 13 5 theme yeast 1797:1801 arg1 materials 1855:1863 carrier materials 1847:1863 carrier materials 1847:1863 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 13 5 theme yeast 1797:1801 arg1 ingredients 1803:1813 spent brewer's yeast ingredients 1782:1813 spent brewer's yeast ingredients 1782:1813 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 13 5 theme yeast 1797:1801 arg1 emulsifiers 1869:1879 emulsifiers 1869:1879 emulsifiers 1869:1879 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 2 6 from amounts 281:287 arg1 available 262:270 available 262:270 available 262:270 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 8 7 theme dry 1246:1248 arg1 powder 1250:1255 dry powder 1246:1255 dry powder at the same temperature 1246:1279 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 9 8 theme water 1303:1307 arg1 activity 1309:1316 The water activity 1299:1316 The water activity of powders without M20 1299:1339 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 9 8 theme water 1303:1307 arg1 lower 1358:1362 lower 1358:1362 lower 1358:1362 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 6 9 theme -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1023:1036 arg1 potential 1010:1018 a ζ- potential 1005:1018 a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1005:1036 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 9 theme -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1023:1036 arg1 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 9 theme -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1023:1036 arg1 diameter 979:986 a mean droplet diameter 964:986 a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 964:1002 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 9 theme -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1023:1036 arg1 TSI 1044:1046 a TSI 1042:1046 a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2% 1042:1067 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 3 10 theme emulsifying 485:495 arg1 hydrolysate 443:453 the protein hydrolysate 431:453 the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast 431:477 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 3 10 theme emulsifying 485:495 arg1 agent 497:501 an emulsifying agent 482:501 an emulsifying agent 482:501 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 4 11 theme protein 683:689 arg1 conditions 671:680 emulsion's optimal conditions 652:680 emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) 652:759 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 11 theme protein 683:689 arg1 concentration 691:703 protein concentration 683:703 protein concentration (1.5-6.0%) 683:714 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 11 theme protein 683:689 arg1 % 713:713 1.5-6.0% 706:713 1.5-6.0% 706:713 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 0 12 theme carrier 76:82 arg1 materials 84:92 carrier materials 76:92 carrier materials 76:92 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 12 theme carrier 76:82 arg1 proteins 21:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 12 theme carrier 76:82 arg1 debris 39:44 cell debris 34:44 cell debris 34:44 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 11 13 dep oxidation 1578:1586 arg1 45 °C 1589:1593 45 °C 1589:1593 45 °C for 4 weeks 1589:1605 The powder without M20, dried at 150 °C, showed the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks), with a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil. 33648171 4 14 theme Stability 781:789 arg1 TSI 798:800 TSI 798:800 TSI 798:800 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 14 theme Stability 781:789 arg1 Index 791:795 Turbiscan Stability Index 771:795 Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) 771:801 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 3 15 theme spent 458:462 arg1 yeast 473:477 spent brewer's yeast 458:477 spent brewer's yeast 458:477 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 3 16 theme protein 435:441 arg1 hydrolysate 443:453 the protein hydrolysate 431:453 the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast 431:477 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 3 16 theme protein 435:441 arg1 agent 497:501 an emulsifying agent 482:501 an emulsifying agent 482:501 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 0 17 theme edible 98:103 arg1 microencapsulation 109:126 edible oil microencapsulation 98:126 edible oil microencapsulation 98:126 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 10 18 theme mean 1461:1464 arg1 size 1475:1478 The mean particle size 1457:1478 The mean particle size 1457:1478 The mean particle size was close to 50 μm. 33648171 10 18 theme mean 1461:1464 arg1 50 μm 1493:1497 50 μm 1493:1497 50 μm 1493:1497 The mean particle size was close to 50 μm. 33648171 2 19 dep nutritive 234:242 arg1 addition 216:223 addition 216:223 addition 216:223 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 20 theme carrier 352:358 arg1 material 250:257 this material 245:257 this material 245:257 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 20 theme carrier 352:358 arg1 alternative 335:345 a cheap and sustainable alternative 311:345 a cheap and sustainable alternative 311:345 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 20 theme carrier 352:358 arg1 material 360:367 a carrier material 350:367 a carrier material for microencapsulation 350:390 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 9 21 dep 150 1411:1413 arg1 0.13 1428:1431 0.13 1428:1431 0.13 1428:1431 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 9 21 dep 150 1411:1413 arg1 0.15 1437:1440 0.15 1437:1440 0.15 1437:1440 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 4 22 used used 634:637 arg2 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 22 used used 634:637 arg2 Design 616:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design 585:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) 585:628 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 5 23 theme % 884:884 arg1 protein 886:892 4.4% protein and 17.5% 881:902 protein 886:892 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 5 24 contain containing 870:879 arg2 oil 904:906 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 881:906 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 881:906 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 5 24 contain containing 870:879 arg1 emulsion 861:868 The validated optimised emulsion 837:868 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 837:906 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 4 25 theme Rotational 605:614 arg1 Design 616:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design 585:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) 585:628 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 25 theme Rotational 605:614 arg1 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 1 26 theme rich 166:169 arg1 yeast 144:148 Spent brewer's yeast 129:148 Spent brewer's yeast 129:148 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 1 26 theme rich 166:169 arg1 by-product 155:164 a by-product 153:164 a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres 153:210 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 2 27 theme large 275:279 arg1 amounts 281:287 large amounts 275:287 large amounts 275:287 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 9 28 with powders 1385:1391 arg1 M20 1398:1400 M20 1398:1400 M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively 1398:1454 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 9 29 dep lower 1358:1362 arg1 0.17 1374:1377 0.17 1374:1377 0.17 1374:1377 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 9 29 dep lower 1358:1362 arg1 0.20 1365:1368 0.20 1365:1368 0.20 1365:1368 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 0 30 theme yeast 15:19 arg1 emulsifiers 60:70 innovative emulsifiers 49:70 innovative emulsifiers 49:70 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 30 theme yeast 15:19 arg1 materials 84:92 carrier materials 76:92 carrier materials 76:92 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 30 theme yeast 15:19 arg1 proteins 21:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 30 theme yeast 15:19 arg1 debris 39:44 cell debris 34:44 cell debris 34:44 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 8 31 theme higher 1234:1239 arg1 M20 1225:1227 M20 1225:1227 M20 1225:1227 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 8 31 theme higher 1234:1239 arg1 % 1232:1232 87% 1230:1232 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature 1230:1279 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 5 32 theme validated 841:849 arg1 emulsion 861:868 The validated optimised emulsion 837:868 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 837:906 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 5 33 theme optimised 851:859 arg1 emulsion 861:868 The validated optimised emulsion 837:868 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 837:906 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 11 34 theme peroxide 1616:1623 arg1 index 1625:1629 a peroxide index 1614:1629 a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil 1614:1666 The powder without M20, dried at 150 °C, showed the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks), with a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil. 33648171 8 35 with 180 °C 1213:1218 arg1 M20 1225:1227 M20 1225:1227 M20 1225:1227 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 8 35 with 180 °C 1213:1218 arg1 % 1232:1232 87% 1230:1232 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature 1230:1279 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 0 36 theme oil 105:107 arg1 microencapsulation 109:126 edible oil microencapsulation 98:126 edible oil microencapsulation 98:126 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 5 37 theme 6.5 938:940 arg1 value 929:933 a pH value 924:933 a pH value of 6.5 924:940 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 3 38 theme carrier 507:513 arg1 material 515:522 carrier material 507:522 carrier material 507:522 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 10 39 theme particle 1466:1473 arg1 size 1475:1478 The mean particle size 1457:1478 The mean particle size 1457:1478 The mean particle size was close to 50 μm. 33648171 10 39 theme particle 1466:1473 arg1 50 μm 1493:1497 50 μm 1493:1497 50 μm 1493:1497 The mean particle size was close to 50 μm. 33648171 6 40 theme droplet 971:977 arg1 diameter 979:986 a mean droplet diameter 964:986 a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 964:1002 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 13 41 theme important 1916:1924 arg1 residue 1934:1940 an important brewing residue 1913:1940 an important brewing residue 1913:1940 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 11 42 theme oil 1664:1666 arg1 kg 1658:1659 kg 1658:1659 kg of oil 1658:1666 The powder without M20, dried at 150 °C, showed the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks), with a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil. 33648171 4 43 theme Composite 595:603 arg1 Design 616:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design 585:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) 585:628 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 43 theme Composite 595:603 arg1 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 13 44 theme more 1894:1897 arg1 use 1905:1907 a more noble use 1892:1907 a more noble use 1892:1907 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 3 45 theme work 415:418 arg1 objective 397:405 The objective 393:405 The objective of this work 393:418 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 11 46 theme highest 1552:1558 arg1 stability 1560:1568 the highest stability 1548:1568 the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks) 1548:1606 The powder without M20, dried at 150 °C, showed the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks), with a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil. 33648171 3 47 theme sunflower 554:562 arg1 oil 564:566 sunflower oil 554:566 sunflower oil by spray drying 554:582 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 1 48 from polysaccharides 184:198 arg1 rich 166:169 rich 166:169 rich 166:169 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 4 49 theme Central 587:593 arg1 Design 616:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design 585:621 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) 585:628 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 49 theme Central 587:593 arg1 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 CCRD 624:627 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 8 50 theme same 1264:1267 arg1 temperature 1269:1279 the same temperature 1260:1279 the same temperature 1260:1279 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 13 51 theme carrier 1847:1853 arg1 materials 1855:1863 carrier materials 1847:1863 carrier materials 1847:1863 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 13 51 theme carrier 1847:1853 arg1 ingredients 1803:1813 spent brewer's yeast ingredients 1782:1813 spent brewer's yeast ingredients 1782:1813 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 12 52 theme Powder 1669:1674 arg1 properties 1676:1685 Powder properties 1669:1685 Powder properties 1669:1685 Powder properties were evaluated by SEM and FT-IR. 33648171 6 53 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 potential 1010:1018 a ζ- potential 1005:1018 a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1005:1036 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 53 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 53 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 diameter 979:986 a mean droplet diameter 964:986 a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 964:1002 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 53 theme % 1067:1067 arg1 TSI 1044:1046 a TSI 1042:1046 a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2% 1042:1067 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 11 54 theme peroxide 1645:1652 arg1 311 meq 1634:1640 311 meq 1634:1640 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil 1634:1666 The powder without M20, dried at 150 °C, showed the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks), with a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil. 33648171 0 55 theme cell 34:37 arg1 emulsifiers 60:70 innovative emulsifiers 49:70 innovative emulsifiers 49:70 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 55 theme cell 34:37 arg1 materials 84:92 carrier materials 76:92 carrier materials 76:92 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 55 theme cell 34:37 arg1 proteins 21:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 55 theme cell 34:37 arg1 debris 39:44 cell debris 34:44 cell debris 34:44 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 6 56 contain had 960:962 arg2 TSI 1044:1046 a TSI 1042:1046 a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2% 1042:1067 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 56 contain had 960:962 arg2 potential 1010:1018 a ζ- potential 1005:1018 a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1005:1036 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 56 contain had 960:962 arg2 diameter 979:986 a mean droplet diameter 964:986 a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 964:1002 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 56 contain had 960:962 arg2 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 56 contain had 960:962 arg1 formulation 948:958 This formulation 943:958 This formulation 943:958 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 5 57 theme pH 926:927 arg1 value 929:933 a pH value 924:933 a pH value of 6.5 924:940 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 1 58 from proteins 174:181 arg1 rich 166:169 rich 166:169 rich 166:169 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 6 59 theme 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 991:1002 arg1 potential 1010:1018 a ζ- potential 1005:1018 a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1005:1036 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 59 theme 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 991:1002 arg1 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 24 h 1049:1052 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 59 theme 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 991:1002 arg1 diameter 979:986 a mean droplet diameter 964:986 a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 964:1002 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 6 59 theme 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 991:1002 arg1 TSI 1044:1046 a TSI 1042:1046 a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2% 1042:1067 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 5 60 theme % 902:902 arg1 oil 904:906 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 881:906 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 881:906 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 13 61 theme spent 1782:1786 arg1 materials 1855:1863 carrier materials 1847:1863 carrier materials 1847:1863 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 13 61 theme spent 1782:1786 arg1 ingredients 1803:1813 spent brewer's yeast ingredients 1782:1813 spent brewer's yeast ingredients 1782:1813 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 13 61 theme spent 1782:1786 arg1 emulsifiers 1869:1879 emulsifiers 1869:1879 emulsifiers 1869:1879 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 4 62 theme oil 717:719 arg1 concentration 721:733 oil concentration 717:733 oil concentration (10-25%) 717:742 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 62 theme oil 717:719 arg1 % 741:741 10-25% 736:741 10-25% 736:741 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 62 theme oil 717:719 arg1 conditions 671:680 emulsion's optimal conditions 652:680 emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) 652:759 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 3 63 theme spray 571:575 arg1 drying 577:582 spray drying 571:582 spray drying 571:582 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 11 64 theme 311 meq 1634:1640 arg1 index 1625:1629 a peroxide index 1614:1629 a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil 1614:1666 The powder without M20, dried at 150 °C, showed the highest stability against oxidation (45 °C for 4 weeks), with a peroxide index of 311 meq of peroxide per kg of oil. 33648171 4 65 theme optimal 663:669 arg1 concentration 721:733 oil concentration 717:733 oil concentration (10-25%) 717:742 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 65 theme optimal 663:669 arg1 conditions 671:680 emulsion's optimal conditions 652:680 emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) 652:759 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 65 theme optimal 663:669 arg1 concentration 691:703 protein concentration 683:703 protein concentration (1.5-6.0%) 683:714 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 65 theme optimal 663:669 arg1 pH 748:749 pH 748:749 pH (5.5-7.5) 748:759 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 6 66 theme ζ- 1007:1008 arg1 potential 1010:1018 a ζ- potential 1005:1018 a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV 1005:1036 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 1 67 from fibres 205:210 arg1 rich 166:169 rich 166:169 rich 166:169 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 9 68 theme powders 1321:1327 arg1 activity 1309:1316 The water activity 1299:1316 The water activity of powders without M20 1299:1339 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 9 68 theme powders 1321:1327 arg1 lower 1358:1362 lower 1358:1362 lower 1358:1362 The water activity of powders without M20 were 58% and 14% lower (0.20 and 0.17) than powders with M20 dried at 150 and 180 °C, (0.13 and 0.15) respectively. 33648171 8 69 theme encapsulation 1167:1179 arg1 efficiency 1181:1190 The highest encapsulation efficiency 1155:1190 The highest encapsulation efficiency 1155:1190 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 8 69 theme encapsulation 1167:1179 arg1 % 1198:1198 55% 1196:1198 55% 1196:1198 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 1 70 from rich 166:169 arg1 polysaccharides 184:198 polysaccharides 184:198 polysaccharides 184:198 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 1 70 from rich 166:169 arg1 fibres 205:210 fibres 205:210 fibres 205:210 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 1 70 from rich 166:169 arg1 proteins 174:181 proteins 174:181 proteins 174:181 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 1 71 theme Spent 129:133 arg1 brewer 135:140 Spent brewer's 129:142 Spent brewer's yeast 129:148 Spent brewer's yeast is a by-product rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and fibres. 33648171 8 72 theme highest 1159:1165 arg1 efficiency 1181:1190 The highest encapsulation efficiency 1155:1190 The highest encapsulation efficiency 1155:1190 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 8 72 theme highest 1159:1165 arg1 % 1198:1198 55% 1196:1198 55% 1196:1198 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33648171 13 73 theme brewing 1926:1932 arg1 residue 1934:1940 an important brewing residue 1913:1940 an important brewing residue 1913:1940 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 0 74 theme innovative 49:58 arg1 emulsifiers 60:70 innovative emulsifiers 49:70 innovative emulsifiers 49:70 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 74 theme innovative 49:58 arg1 proteins 21:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 brewer's yeast proteins 6:28 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 0 74 theme innovative 49:58 arg1 debris 39:44 cell debris 34:44 cell debris 34:44 Spent brewer's yeast proteins and cell debris as innovative emulsifiers and carrier materials for edible oil microencapsulation. 33648171 6 75 theme mean 966:969 arg1 diameter 979:986 a mean droplet diameter 964:986 a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm 964:1002 This formulation had a mean droplet diameter of 6.6 ± 0.3 μm, a ζ- potential of -29.0 ± 1.7 mV and a TSI (24 h) of 0.9 ± 0.2%. 33648171 3 76 theme oil 564:566 arg1 microencapsulation 532:549 the microencapsulation 528:549 the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying 528:582 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 2 77 theme sustainable 323:333 arg1 material 250:257 this material 245:257 this material 245:257 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 77 theme sustainable 323:333 arg1 alternative 335:345 a cheap and sustainable alternative 311:345 a cheap and sustainable alternative 311:345 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 2 77 theme sustainable 323:333 arg1 material 360:367 a carrier material 350:367 a carrier material for microencapsulation 350:390 In addition to being nutritive, this material is available in large amounts and can be considered a cheap and sustainable alternative as a carrier material for microencapsulation. 33648171 5 78 theme protein 886:892 arg1 oil 904:906 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 881:906 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil 881:906 The validated optimised emulsion containing 4.4% protein and 17.5% oil was produced at a pH value of 6.5. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 concentration 721:733 oil concentration 717:733 oil concentration (10-25%) 717:742 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 pH 748:749 pH 748:749 pH (5.5-7.5) 748:759 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 5.5-7.5 752:758 5.5-7.5 752:758 5.5-7.5 752:758 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 % 713:713 1.5-6.0% 706:713 1.5-6.0% 706:713 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 % 741:741 10-25% 736:741 10-25% 736:741 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 conditions 671:680 emulsion's optimal conditions 652:680 emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) 652:759 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 4 79 dep conditions 671:680 arg1 concentration 691:703 protein concentration 683:703 protein concentration (1.5-6.0%) 683:714 A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used to determine emulsion's optimal conditions: protein concentration (1.5-6.0%), oil concentration (10-25%) and pH (5.5-7.5) regarding Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), droplet size and zeta-potential. 33648171 3 80 theme yeast 473:477 arg1 hydrolysate 443:453 the protein hydrolysate 431:453 the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast 431:477 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 3 80 theme yeast 473:477 arg1 agent 497:501 an emulsifying agent 482:501 an emulsifying agent 482:501 The objective of this work was to use the protein hydrolysate of spent brewer's yeast as an emulsifying agent and carrier material for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying. 33648171 13 81 theme noble 1899:1903 arg1 use 1905:1907 a more noble use 1892:1907 a more noble use 1892:1907 Kinetically stable emulsions and particles were produced from spent brewer's yeast ingredients, which were able to act as both carrier materials and emulsifiers, providing a more noble use for an important brewing residue. 33648171 8 82 from temperature 1269:1279 arg1 powder 1250:1255 dry powder 1246:1255 dry powder at the same temperature 1246:1279 The highest encapsulation efficiency was 55%, achieved at 180 °C with M20, 87% higher than dry powder at the same temperature, but without M20. 33283815 6 0 theme further 989:995 arg1 functionalization 997:1013 further functionalization 989:1013 further functionalization 989:1013 The nitrogen functionality incorporated in the glycomimetics can be exploited for further functionalization, including tethering to linkers, scaffolds or peptide residues. 33283815 4 1 theme sialic 735:740 arg1 derivatives 747:757 sialic acid derivatives 735:757 sialic acid derivatives 735:757 Single isomers were obtained in good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives. 33283815 2 2 theme disaccharides 365:377 arg1 series 345:350 a series 343:350 a series of mono- and disaccharides 343:377 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 2 3 theme pseudo-glycosidic 400:416 arg1 compounds 418:426 pseudo-glycosidic compounds 400:426 pseudo-glycosidic compounds 400:426 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 1 4 theme corresponding 153:165 arg1 thio-acetates 176:188 the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 149:188 the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 149:188 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 2 5 theme opening 310:316 arg1 reaction 318:325 the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 288:325 the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 288:325 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 3 6 theme solvent 604:610 arg1 influence 569:577 the influence 565:577 the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization 565:631 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 2 7 theme aziridine 300:308 arg1 reaction 318:325 the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 288:325 the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 288:325 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 6 8 theme peptide 1061:1067 arg1 residues 1069:1076 peptide residues 1061:1076 peptide residues 1061:1076 The nitrogen functionality incorporated in the glycomimetics can be exploited for further functionalization, including tethering to linkers, scaffolds or peptide residues. 33283815 5 9 theme thio-glycomimetics 773:790 arg1 class 764:768 The class 760:768 The class of thio-glycomimetics synthesized 760:802 The class of thio-glycomimetics synthesized can potentially be recognized by various lectins, while presenting hydrolytic and enzymatic stability. 33283815 1 10 theme glycosyl 110:117 arg1 thiols 119:124 glycosyl thiols 110:124 glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 110:188 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 2 11 theme one-pot 292:298 arg1 reaction 318:325 the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 288:325 the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 288:325 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 1 12 theme anomeric 167:174 arg1 thio-acetates 176:188 the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 149:188 the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 149:188 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 1 13 theme one-pot 72:78 arg1 reaction 98:105 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction 70:105 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 70:188 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 3 14 theme Unexpected 474:483 arg1 anomerization 485:497 Unexpected anomerization 474:497 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols 474:516 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 0 15 theme pot 4:6 arg1 synthesis 8:16 One pot synthesis 0:16 One pot synthesis of thio-glycosides via aziridine opening reactions. 0:68 One pot synthesis of thio-glycosides via aziridine opening reactions. 33283815 1 16 theme aziridine 80:88 arg1 reaction 98:105 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction 70:105 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 70:188 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 1 17 theme opening 90:96 arg1 reaction 98:105 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction 70:105 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates 70:188 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 5 18 theme hydrolytic 871:880 arg1 stability 896:904 hydrolytic and enzymatic stability 871:904 hydrolytic and enzymatic stability 871:904 The class of thio-glycomimetics synthesized can potentially be recognized by various lectins, while presenting hydrolytic and enzymatic stability. 33283815 3 19 theme base 595:598 arg1 influence 569:577 the influence 565:577 the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization 565:631 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 3 20 theme glycosyl 502:509 arg1 thiols 511:516 glycosyl thiols 502:516 glycosyl thiols 502:516 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 2 21 theme further 447:453 arg1 functionalization 455:471 further functionalization 447:471 further functionalization 447:471 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 1 22 dep N-linked 258:265 arg1 tether 267:272 tether 267:272 tether 267:272 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 2 23 theme reaction 318:325 arg1 scope 279:283 The scope 275:283 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction 275:325 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 3 24 theme thiols 511:516 arg1 anomerization 485:497 Unexpected anomerization 474:497 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols 474:516 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 3 25 theme reaction 541:548 arg1 conditions 550:559 the reaction conditions 537:559 the reaction conditions 537:559 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 1 26 theme pseudo-disaccharide 221:239 arg1 structure 241:249 a pseudo-disaccharide structure 219:249 a pseudo-disaccharide structure 219:249 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 0 27 theme thio-glycosides 21:35 arg1 synthesis 8:16 One pot synthesis 0:16 One pot synthesis of thio-glycosides via aziridine opening reactions. 0:68 One pot synthesis of thio-glycosides via aziridine opening reactions. 33283815 5 28 theme various 837:843 arg1 lectins 845:851 various lectins 837:851 various lectins 837:851 The class of thio-glycomimetics synthesized can potentially be recognized by various lectins, while presenting hydrolytic and enzymatic stability. 33283815 2 29 theme compounds 418:426 arg1 class 391:395 a class 389:395 a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization 389:471 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 0 30 theme opening 51:57 arg1 reactions 59:67 aziridine opening reactions 41:67 aziridine opening reactions 41:67 One pot synthesis of thio-glycosides via aziridine opening reactions. 33283815 6 31 theme nitrogen 911:918 arg1 functionality 920:932 The nitrogen functionality 907:932 The nitrogen functionality incorporated in the glycomimetics 907:966 The nitrogen functionality incorporated in the glycomimetics can be exploited for further functionalization, including tethering to linkers, scaffolds or peptide residues. 33283815 2 32 theme mono- 355:359 arg1 series 345:350 a series 343:350 a series of mono- and disaccharides 343:377 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 0 33 theme aziridine 41:49 arg1 reactions 59:67 aziridine opening reactions 41:67 aziridine opening reactions 41:67 One pot synthesis of thio-glycosides via aziridine opening reactions. 33283815 1 34 with thio-glycosides 198:212 arg1 N-linked 258:265 N-linked 258:265 N-linked 258:265 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 1 34 with thio-glycosides 198:212 arg1 structure 241:249 a pseudo-disaccharide structure 219:249 a pseudo-disaccharide structure 219:249 A one-pot aziridine opening reaction by glycosyl thiols generated in situ from the corresponding anomeric thio-acetates affords thio-glycosides with a pseudo-disaccharide structure and an N-linked tether. 33283815 4 35 theme acid 742:745 arg1 derivatives 747:757 sialic acid derivatives 735:757 sialic acid derivatives 735:757 Single isomers were obtained in good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives. 33283815 4 36 theme Single 651:656 arg1 isomers 658:664 Single isomers 651:664 Single isomers 651:664 Single isomers were obtained in good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives. 33283815 3 37 theme temperature 582:592 arg1 influence 569:577 the influence 565:577 the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization 565:631 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 33283815 4 38 theme good 683:686 arg1 yields 702:707 good to acceptable yields 683:707 good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives 683:757 Single isomers were obtained in good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives. 33283815 4 39 dep yields 702:707 arg1 to 688:689 to 688:689 to 688:689 Single isomers were obtained in good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives. 33283815 5 40 theme enzymatic 886:894 arg1 stability 896:904 hydrolytic and enzymatic stability 871:904 hydrolytic and enzymatic stability 871:904 The class of thio-glycomimetics synthesized can potentially be recognized by various lectins, while presenting hydrolytic and enzymatic stability. 33283815 4 41 theme acceptable 691:700 arg1 yields 702:707 good to acceptable yields 683:707 good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives 683:757 Single isomers were obtained in good to acceptable yields for mannose, rhamnose and sialic acid derivatives. 33283815 2 42 with class 391:395 arg1 potential 433:441 potential 433:441 potential for further functionalization 433:471 The scope of the one-pot aziridine opening reaction was explored on a series of mono- and disaccharides, creating a class of pseudo-glycosidic compounds with potential for further functionalization. 33283815 3 43 from influence 569:577 arg1 isomerization 619:631 the isomerization 615:631 the isomerization 615:631 Unexpected anomerization of glycosyl thiols was observed under the reaction conditions and the influence of temperature, base and solvent on the isomerization was investigated. 32065175 1 0 theme mass 146:149 arg1 spectrometry 151:162 mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches 146:207 spectrometry 151:162 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 4 1 from searching 887:895 arg1 results 865:871 low confidence results 850:871 low confidence results from database searching 850:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 4 1 from searching 887:895 arg1 rescue 840:845 rescue 840:845 rescue of low confidence results from database searching 840:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 4 2 theme database 878:885 arg1 searching 887:895 database searching 878:895 database searching 878:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 4 3 theme N-linked 808:815 arg1 data 817:820 N-linked data 808:820 N-linked data 808:820 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 1 4 gly glycopeptide 79:90 arg2 glycopeptide 79:90 Intact glycopeptide analysis 72:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis 72:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 3 5 theme matched 644:650 arg1 results 658:664 matched EThcD results 644:664 matched EThcD results 644:664 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 3 6 theme peak 598:601 arg1 files 608:612 HCD peak list files 594:612 HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments 594:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 1 7 from developments 130:141 arg1 approaches 198:207 fragmentation approaches 184:207 fragmentation approaches 184:207 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 1 7 from developments 130:141 arg1 spectrometry 151:162 mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches 146:207 spectrometry 151:162 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 4 8 theme confidence 854:863 arg1 results 865:871 low confidence results 850:871 low confidence results from database searching 850:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 2 9 theme complementary 416:428 arg1 information 430:440 complementary information 416:440 complementary information 416:440 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 4 10 theme low 850:852 arg1 results 865:871 low confidence results 850:871 low confidence results from database searching 850:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 2 11 theme dissociation 300:311 arg1 HCD 314:316 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 1 12 dep spectrometry 151:162 arg1 instrumentation 164:178 instrumentation 164:178 instrumentation 164:178 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 1 13 theme Intact 72:77 arg1 analysis 92:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis 72:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis 72:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 1 14 theme fragmentation 184:196 arg1 approaches 198:207 fragmentation approaches 184:207 fragmentation approaches 184:207 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 2 15 theme combined 488:495 arg1 information 497:507 this combined information 483:507 this combined information 483:507 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 4 16 theme results 865:871 arg1 rescue 840:845 rescue 840:845 rescue of low confidence results from database searching 840:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 1 17 theme glycopeptide 79:90 arg1 analysis 92:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis 72:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis 72:99 Intact glycopeptide analysis is becoming more common with developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and fragmentation approaches. 32065175 0 18 theme filtering 21:29 arg1 effectiveness 4:16 The effectiveness 0:16 The effectiveness of filtering 0:29 The effectiveness of filtering glycopeptide peak list files for Y ions. 32065175 4 19 theme O-glycopeptide 763:776 arg1 data 778:781 O-glycopeptide data 763:781 O-glycopeptide data 763:781 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 2 20 dep strategies 461:470 arg1 utilize 475:481 utilize 475:481 to utilize this combined information 472:507 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 21 theme radical-driven 323:336 arg1 dissociation 389:400 electron transfer dissociation 371:400 electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 371:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 21 theme radical-driven 323:336 arg1 approaches 352:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches 323:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 323:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 22 theme fragmentation 338:350 arg1 dissociation 389:400 electron transfer dissociation 371:400 electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 371:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 22 theme fragmentation 338:350 arg1 approaches 352:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches 323:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 323:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 3 23 theme HCD 594:596 arg1 files 608:612 HCD peak list files 594:612 HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments 594:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 0 24 theme peak 44:47 arg1 files 54:58 peak list files 44:58 peak list files for Y ions 44:69 The effectiveness of filtering glycopeptide peak list files for Y ions. 32065175 3 25 theme predicted 618:626 arg1 ions 630:633 predicted Y ions 618:633 predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments 618:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 2 26 theme bioinformatic 447:459 arg1 strategies 461:470 bioinformatic strategies 447:470 bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information 447:507 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 3 27 theme EThcD 652:656 arg1 results 658:664 matched EThcD results 644:664 matched EThcD results 644:664 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 3 28 theme Y 628:628 arg1 ions 630:633 predicted Y ions 618:633 predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments 618:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 4 29 link N-linked 808:815 arg1 data 817:820 N-linked data 808:820 N-linked data 808:820 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 4 30 gly O-glycopeptide 763:776 arg2 O-glycopeptide 763:776 O-glycopeptide data 763:781 O-glycopeptide data 763:781 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 2 31 theme fragmentation 241:253 arg1 approaches 255:264 collision-based fragmentation approaches 225:264 collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 225:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 31 theme fragmentation 241:253 arg1 HCD 314:316 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 31 theme fragmentation 241:253 arg1 approaches 352:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches 323:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 323:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 4 32 from rescue 840:845 arg1 searching 887:895 database searching 878:895 database searching 878:895 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 2 33 theme transfer 380:387 arg1 ETD 403:405 ETD 403:405 ETD 403:405 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 33 theme transfer 380:387 arg1 dissociation 389:400 electron transfer dissociation 371:400 electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 371:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 0 34 theme list 49:52 arg1 files 54:58 peak list files 44:58 peak list files for Y ions 44:69 The effectiveness of filtering glycopeptide peak list files for Y ions. 32065175 2 35 theme collision-based 225:239 arg1 approaches 255:264 collision-based fragmentation approaches 225:264 collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 225:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 35 theme collision-based 225:239 arg1 HCD 314:316 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 35 theme collision-based 225:239 arg1 approaches 352:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches 323:361 radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 323:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 36 theme electron 371:378 arg1 ETD 403:405 ETD 403:405 ETD 403:405 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 2 36 theme electron 371:378 arg1 dissociation 389:400 electron transfer dissociation 371:400 electron transfer dissociation (ETD) 371:406 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 0 37 gly glycopeptide 31:42 arg2 glycopeptide 31:42 glycopeptide 31:42 glycopeptide peak list files for Y ions 31:69 The effectiveness of filtering glycopeptide peak list files for Y ions. 32065175 2 38 theme collisional 288:298 arg1 HCD 314:316 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 4 39 theme benefit 796:802 arg1 powerful 750:757 powerful 750:757 powerful 750:757 The strategy proved to be extremely powerful for O-glycopeptide data, and also of benefit for N-linked data, where it allowed rescue of low confidence results from database searching. 32065175 3 40 theme additional 677:686 arg1 assignments 701:711 additional glycopeptide assignments 677:711 additional glycopeptide assignments 677:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 2 41 theme energy 281:286 arg1 HCD 314:316 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 0 42 theme Y 64:64 arg1 ions 66:69 Y ions 64:69 Y ions 64:69 The effectiveness of filtering glycopeptide peak list files for Y ions. 32065175 3 43 theme glycopeptide 688:699 arg1 assignments 701:711 additional glycopeptide assignments 677:711 additional glycopeptide assignments 677:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 2 44 theme higher 274:279 arg1 HCD 314:316 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) 274:317 In particular, collision-based fragmentation approaches such as higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and radical-driven fragmentation approaches such as electron transfer dissociation (ETD) provide complementary information, but bioinformatic strategies to utilize this combined information are currently lacking. 32065175 3 45 theme software 558:565 arg1 MS-Filter 573:581 MS-Filter 573:581 MS-Filter 573:581 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 3 45 theme software 558:565 arg1 tool 567:570 a software tool 556:570 a software tool 556:570 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 3 46 gly glycopeptide 688:699 arg2 glycopeptide 688:699 glycopeptide 688:699 glycopeptide 688:699 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 32065175 3 47 theme list 603:606 arg1 files 608:612 HCD peak list files 594:612 HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments 594:711 In this work we adapted a software tool, MS-Filter, to search HCD peak list files for predicted Y ions based on matched EThcD results to propose additional glycopeptide assignments. 33403372 0 0 theme 1,7-enynes 79:88 arg1 annulations 47:57 annulations 47:57 annulations of aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes 47:88 Facile access to [1,2]-oxazine derivatives via annulations of aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes. 33403372 1 1 theme functionalized 163:176 arg1 oxazines 196:203 functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines 163:203 functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols 163:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 1 2 theme accessible 270:279 arg1 alcohols 293:300 readily accessible propargylic alcohols 262:300 readily accessible propargylic alcohols 262:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 0 3 theme aminoxy-tethered 62:77 arg1 1,7-enynes 79:88 aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes 62:88 aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes 62:88 Facile access to [1,2]-oxazine derivatives via annulations of aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes. 33403372 2 4 theme linked 376:381 arg1 1,7-enynes 383:392 these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 366:392 these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 366:392 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 1 5 theme propargylic 281:291 arg1 alcohols 293:300 readily accessible propargylic alcohols 262:300 readily accessible propargylic alcohols 262:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 1 6 theme alcohols 293:300 arg1 oxyamination 220:231 sequential oxyamination 209:231 sequential oxyamination 209:231 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 1 6 theme alcohols 293:300 arg1 reaction 250:257 Pauson-Khand reaction 237:257 Pauson-Khand reaction 237:257 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 2 7 theme 1,7-enynes 383:392 arg1 metathesis 352:361 the ring closing metathesis 335:361 the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 335:392 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 3 8 theme [1,2 502:505 arg1 oxazine 507:513 the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 476:513 the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 476:513 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 2 9 link linked 376:381 arg1 1,7-enynes 383:392 these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 366:392 these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 366:392 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 3 10 theme cyclopenta[d 489:500 arg1 oxazine 507:513 the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 476:513 the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 476:513 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 3 11 theme cyclopentenone-based 541:560 arg1 alcohols 568:575 cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols 541:575 cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols 541:575 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 2 12 theme good 430:433 arg1 yields 435:440 good yields 430:440 good yields 430:440 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 3 13 theme amino 562:566 arg1 alcohols 568:575 cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols 541:575 cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols 541:575 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 1 14 theme [1,2 191:194 arg1 oxazines 196:203 functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines 163:203 functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols 163:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 2 15 theme closing 344:350 arg1 metathesis 352:361 the ring closing metathesis 335:361 the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 335:392 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 0 16 theme Facile 0:5 arg1 access 7:12 Facile access 0:12 Facile access to [1,2]-oxazine 0:29 Facile access to [1,2]-oxazine derivatives via annulations of aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes. 33403372 2 17 theme ring 339:342 arg1 metathesis 352:361 the ring closing metathesis 335:361 the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 335:392 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 1 18 theme oxazines 196:203 arg1 construction 147:158 the highly diastereoselective construction 117:158 the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols 117:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 0 19 theme [1,2 17:20 arg1 -oxazine 22:29 [1,2]-oxazine 17:29 [1,2]-oxazine 17:29 Facile access to [1,2]-oxazine derivatives via annulations of aminoxy-tethered 1,7-enynes. 33403372 1 20 theme efficient 94:102 arg1 approach 104:111 An efficient approach 91:111 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols 91:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 3 21 theme obtained 480:487 arg1 oxazine 507:513 the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 476:513 the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 476:513 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 1 22 theme cyclopenta[d 178:189 arg1 oxazines 196:203 functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines 163:203 functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols 163:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 1 23 theme sequential 209:218 arg1 oxyamination 220:231 sequential oxyamination 209:231 sequential oxyamination 209:231 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 3 24 theme N-O 464:466 arg1 bond 468:471 the N-O bond 460:471 the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 460:513 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 2 25 from oxazines 418:425 arg1 yields 435:440 good yields 430:440 good yields 430:440 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 2 26 theme N-O 372:374 arg1 1,7-enynes 383:392 these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 366:392 these N-O linked 1,7-enynes 366:392 Furthermore, the ring closing metathesis of these N-O linked 1,7-enynes afforded vinylated-[1,2]oxazines in good yields. 33403372 3 27 theme oxazine 507:513 arg1 bond 468:471 the N-O bond 460:471 the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 460:513 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 33403372 1 28 theme Pauson-Khand 237:248 arg1 reaction 250:257 Pauson-Khand reaction 237:257 Pauson-Khand reaction 237:257 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 1 29 theme diastereoselective 128:145 arg1 construction 147:158 the highly diastereoselective construction 117:158 the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols 117:300 An efficient approach for the highly diastereoselective construction of functionalized cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazines via sequential oxyamination and Pauson-Khand reaction of readily accessible propargylic alcohols has been developed. 33403372 3 30 theme bond 468:471 arg1 reduction 447:455 The reduction 443:455 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine 443:513 The reduction of the N-O bond of the obtained cyclopenta[d][1,2]oxazine is accomplished to access cyclopentenone-based amino alcohols. 31463903 4 0 theme domains 693:699 arg1 properties 659:668 the chemical and functional properties 631:668 the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains 631:699 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 1 1 theme system 154:159 arg1 tissues 124:130 tissues 124:130 tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon 124:170 ADAMTS7 is a secreted protease that is predominantly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon. 31463903 4 2 theme scientists 520:529 arg1 benefit 509:515 the benefit 505:515 the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease 505:587 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 4 3 theme ADAMTS7 685:691 arg1 domains 693:699 the various ADAMTS7 domains 673:699 the various ADAMTS7 domains 673:699 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 4 4 theme functional 648:657 arg1 properties 659:668 the chemical and functional properties 631:668 the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains 631:699 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 3 5 theme extensive 351:359 arg1 N 436:436 N 436:436 N 436:436 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 5 theme extensive 351:359 arg1 glycosylation 451:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 5 theme extensive 351:359 arg1 attachment 424:433 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 5 theme extensive 351:359 arg1 modifications 379:391 extensive posttranslational modifications 351:391 extensive posttranslational modifications 351:391 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 4 6 theme recombinant 732:742 arg1 expression 744:753 expression 744:753 expression 744:753 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 2 7 theme disease 266:272 arg1 etiology 238:245 the etiology 234:245 the etiology of coronary artery disease 234:272 Although recent evidence suggests that it may play a role in the etiology of coronary artery disease, its physiological function and substrates are unknown. 31463903 2 8 theme artery 259:264 arg1 disease 266:272 coronary artery disease 250:272 coronary artery disease 250:272 Although recent evidence suggests that it may play a role in the etiology of coronary artery disease, its physiological function and substrates are unknown. 31463903 1 9 theme tendon 165:170 arg1 tissues 124:130 tissues 124:130 tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon 124:170 ADAMTS7 is a secreted protease that is predominantly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon. 31463903 4 10 from role 573:576 arg1 disease 581:587 disease 581:587 disease 581:587 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 1 11 theme secreted 71:78 arg1 ADAMTS7 58:64 ADAMTS7 58:64 ADAMTS7 58:64 ADAMTS7 is a secreted protease that is predominantly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon. 31463903 1 11 theme secreted 71:78 arg1 protease 80:87 a secreted protease 69:87 a secreted protease that is predominantly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon 69:170 ADAMTS7 is a secreted protease that is predominantly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon. 31463903 3 12 link O-linked 442:449 arg1 glycosylation 451:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 4 13 theme ADAMTS7 557:563 arg1 role 573:576 its role 569:576 its role in disease 569:587 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 4 13 theme ADAMTS7 557:563 arg1 function 545:552 the function 541:552 the function of ADAMTS7 541:563 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 3 14 theme posttranslational 361:377 arg1 N 436:436 N 436:436 N 436:436 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 14 theme posttranslational 361:377 arg1 glycosylation 451:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 14 theme posttranslational 361:377 arg1 attachment 424:433 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 14 theme posttranslational 361:377 arg1 modifications 379:391 extensive posttranslational modifications 351:391 extensive posttranslational modifications 351:391 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 2 15 theme physiological 279:291 arg1 function 293:300 its physiological function 275:300 its physiological function 275:300 Although recent evidence suggests that it may play a role in the etiology of coronary artery disease, its physiological function and substrates are unknown. 31463903 0 16 theme Recombinant 9:19 arg1 Expression 29:38 Recombinant Protein Expression 9:38 Recombinant Protein Expression 9:38 ADAMTS7: Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification. 31463903 2 17 theme recent 182:187 arg1 evidence 189:196 recent evidence 182:196 recent evidence 182:196 Although recent evidence suggests that it may play a role in the etiology of coronary artery disease, its physiological function and substrates are unknown. 31463903 3 18 theme two-step 472:479 arg1 process 492:498 a two-step activation process 470:498 a two-step activation process 470:498 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 4 19 from function 545:552 arg1 disease 581:587 disease 581:587 disease 581:587 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 4 20 dep expression 744:753 arg1 the 728:730 the 728:730 the 728:730 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 4 21 theme chemical 635:642 arg1 properties 659:668 the chemical and functional properties 631:668 the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains 631:699 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 3 22 theme O-linked 442:449 arg1 glycosylation 451:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 O-linked glycosylation 442:463 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 0 23 theme Protein 21:27 arg1 Expression 29:38 Recombinant Protein Expression 9:38 Recombinant Protein Expression 9:38 ADAMTS7: Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification. 31463903 3 24 theme chondroitin 404:414 arg1 sulfate 416:422 chondroitin sulfate 404:422 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 3 25 theme sulfate 416:422 arg1 attachment 424:433 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 chondroitin sulfate attachment 404:433 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 4 26 theme ADAMTS7 775:781 arg1 expression 744:753 expression 744:753 expression 744:753 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 4 26 theme ADAMTS7 775:781 arg1 purification 759:770 purification 759:770 purification 759:770 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 3 27 theme activation 481:490 arg1 process 492:498 a two-step activation process 470:498 a two-step activation process 470:498 The enzyme undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications, including chondroitin sulfate attachment, N and O-linked glycosylation, and a two-step activation process. 31463903 2 28 theme coronary 250:257 arg1 disease 266:272 coronary artery disease 250:272 coronary artery disease 250:272 Although recent evidence suggests that it may play a role in the etiology of coronary artery disease, its physiological function and substrates are unknown. 31463903 4 29 theme various 677:683 arg1 domains 693:699 the various ADAMTS7 domains 673:699 the various ADAMTS7 domains 673:699 For the benefit of scientists who study the function of ADAMTS7 and its role in disease, this chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and functional properties of the various ADAMTS7 domains, as well as a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of ADAMTS7. 31463903 0 30 dep ADAMTS7 0:6 arg1 Purification 44:55 Purification 44:55 Purification 44:55 ADAMTS7: Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification. 31463903 0 30 dep ADAMTS7 0:6 arg1 Expression 29:38 Recombinant Protein Expression 9:38 Recombinant Protein Expression 9:38 ADAMTS7: Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification. 31463903 1 31 theme cardiovascular 139:152 arg1 system 154:159 the cardiovascular system 135:159 the cardiovascular system 135:159 ADAMTS7 is a secreted protease that is predominantly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system and tendon. 34359264 8 0 theme complex 1116:1122 arg1 polysaccharides 1132:1146 complex dietary polysaccharides 1116:1146 complex dietary polysaccharides 1116:1146 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 10 1 theme gut 1400:1402 arg1 effects 1404:1410 overall positive gut effects 1383:1410 overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs 1383:1504 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 11 2 theme composition 1581:1591 arg1 richness 1558:1565 the overall richness 1546:1565 the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs 1546:1615 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 3 3 theme rRNA 441:444 arg1 sequencing 471:480 rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing 441:480 rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups 441:529 Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. 34359264 8 4 theme families 1079:1086 arg1 Members 1062:1068 Members 1062:1068 Members of these families 1062:1086 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 10 5 theme diarrhea 1473:1480 arg1 height 1430:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 5 theme diarrhea 1473:1480 arg1 reduction 1460:1468 reduction 1460:1468 reduction of diarrhea 1460:1480 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 6 theme positive 1391:1398 arg1 effects 1404:1410 overall positive gut effects 1383:1410 overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs 1383:1504 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 3 7 theme high-throughput 446:460 arg1 sequencing 471:480 rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing 441:480 rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups 441:529 Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. 34359264 1 8 theme growing-fattening 246:262 arg1 period 264:269 the growing-fattening period 242:269 the growing-fattening period (≈90 days) 242:280 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 1 8 theme growing-fattening 246:262 arg1 days 276:279 ≈90 days 272:279 ≈90 days 272:279 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 0 9 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Microbiota 73:82 Gut Microbiota 69:82 Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs 69:108 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 10 10 theme overall 1383:1389 arg1 effects 1404:1410 overall positive gut effects 1383:1410 overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs 1383:1504 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 11 11 theme overall 1550:1556 arg1 richness 1558:1565 the overall richness 1546:1565 the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs 1546:1615 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 2 12 dep 9 323:323 arg1 -CG- 384:387 -CG- 384:387 -CG- 384:387 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 11 13 theme gut 1677:1679 arg1 parameters 1688:1697 better gut health parameters 1670:1697 better gut health parameters 1670:1697 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 0 14 theme Growing-Finishing 87:103 arg1 Pigs 105:108 Growing-Finishing Pigs 87:108 Growing-Finishing Pigs 87:108 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 2 15 from pigs 317:320 arg1 gram 287:290 One gram 283:290 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) 283:388 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 3 16 theme microbiota 497:506 arg1 changes 508:514 microbiota changes 497:514 microbiota changes between groups 497:529 Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. 34359264 11 17 theme health 1681:1686 arg1 parameters 1688:1697 better gut health parameters 1670:1697 better gut health parameters 1670:1697 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 5 18 theme specific 691:698 arg1 taxa 700:703 some specific taxa 686:703 some specific taxa 686:703 No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. 34359264 10 19 theme villus 1423:1428 arg1 etc. 1483:1486 etc. 1483:1486 etc. 1483:1486 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 19 theme villus 1423:1428 arg1 height 1430:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 19 theme villus 1423:1428 arg1 reduction 1460:1468 reduction 1460:1468 reduction of diarrhea 1460:1480 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 19 theme villus 1423:1428 arg1 weight 1452:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 4 20 theme operational 568:578 arg1 units 590:594 the 4697 operational taxonomic units 559:594 the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified 559:605 The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. 34359264 1 21 theme dietary 174:180 arg1 supplementation 182:196 dietary supplementation 174:196 dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) 174:233 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 1 22 theme pigs 163:166 arg1 microbiota 149:158 the gut microbiota 141:158 the gut microbiota of pigs 141:166 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 8 23 theme acids 1196:1200 arg1 acids 1196:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 8 23 theme acids 1196:1200 arg1 amounts 1167:1173 larger amounts 1160:1173 larger amounts of short chain fatty acids 1160:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 6 24 theme anti-apoptotic 856:869 arg1 properties 894:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 8 25 theme fatty 1190:1194 arg1 acids 1196:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 1 26 from changes 130:136 arg1 microbiota 149:158 the gut microbiota 141:158 the gut microbiota of pigs 141:166 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 10 27 dep effects 1404:1410 arg1 etc. 1483:1486 etc. 1483:1486 etc. 1483:1486 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 27 dep effects 1404:1410 arg1 height 1430:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 27 dep effects 1404:1410 arg1 reduction 1460:1468 reduction 1460:1468 reduction of diarrhea 1460:1480 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 27 dep effects 1404:1410 arg1 weight 1452:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 28 theme weanling 1492:1499 arg1 pigs 1501:1504 weanling pigs 1492:1504 weanling pigs 1492:1504 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 6 29 with production 812:821 arg1 properties 894:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 6 30 theme low-represented 739:753 arg1 Deinococcus-Thermus 762:780 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus 735:780 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus 735:780 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 2 31 theme colon 295:299 arg1 content 301:307 colon content 295:307 colon content 295:307 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 2 32 theme group 344:348 arg1 -TG- 350:353 the treatment group -TG- 330:353 the treatment group -TG- 330:353 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 8 33 theme larger 1160:1165 arg1 acids 1196:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 8 33 theme larger 1160:1165 arg1 amounts 1167:1173 larger amounts 1160:1173 larger amounts of short chain fatty acids 1160:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 11 34 theme specific 1640:1647 arg1 taxa 1649:1652 increased specific taxa 1630:1652 increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters 1630:1697 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 11 35 theme increased 1630:1638 arg1 taxa 1649:1652 increased specific taxa 1630:1652 increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters 1630:1697 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 2 36 theme treatment 334:342 arg1 -TG- 350:353 the treatment group -TG- 330:353 the treatment group -TG- 330:353 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 0 37 theme Supplementation 19:33 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs 0:108 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 6 38 theme = 933:933 arg1 TG 927:928 the TG 923:928 the TG (p = 0.032) 923:940 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 6 38 theme = 933:933 arg1 0.032 935:939 p = 0.032 931:939 p = 0.032 931:939 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 10 39 theme body 1447:1450 arg1 height 1430:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 39 theme body 1447:1450 arg1 weight 1452:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 2 40 dep pigs 317:320 arg1 9 323:323 9 323:323 9 323:323 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 2 40 dep pigs 317:320 arg1 9 359:359 9 359:359 9 359:359 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 2 41 theme control 370:376 arg1 group 378:382 the control group 366:382 the control group 366:382 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 0 42 theme Dietary 11:17 arg1 Supplementation 19:33 Dietary Supplementation 11:33 Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate 11:64 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 6 43 theme p 931:931 arg1 TG 927:928 the TG 923:928 the TG (p = 0.032) 923:940 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 6 43 theme p 931:931 arg1 0.032 935:939 p = 0.032 931:939 p = 0.032 931:939 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 10 44 theme improved 1438:1445 arg1 height 1430:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 44 theme improved 1438:1445 arg1 weight 1452:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 6 45 theme antioxidant 843:853 arg1 properties 894:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 1 46 theme protected 203:211 arg1 PSB 230:232 PSB 230:232 PSB 230:232 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 1 46 theme protected 203:211 arg1 butyrate 220:227 protected sodium butyrate 203:227 protected sodium butyrate (PSB) 203:233 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 0 47 theme Protected 40:48 arg1 Butyrate 57:64 Protected Sodium Butyrate 40:64 Protected Sodium Butyrate 40:64 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 5 48 theme significant 658:668 arg1 differences 670:680 significant differences 658:680 significant differences for some specific taxa 658:703 No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. 34359264 0 49 from Microbiota 73:82 arg1 Pigs 105:108 Growing-Finishing Pigs 87:108 Growing-Finishing Pigs 87:108 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 1 50 theme sodium 213:218 arg1 PSB 230:232 PSB 230:232 PSB 230:232 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 1 50 theme sodium 213:218 arg1 butyrate 220:227 protected sodium butyrate 203:227 protected sodium butyrate (PSB) 203:233 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 8 51 theme chain 1184:1188 arg1 acids 1196:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 5 52 from differences 611:621 arg1 diversity 632:640 alpha diversity 626:640 alpha diversity 626:640 No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. 34359264 6 53 theme carotenoids 826:836 arg1 production 812:821 the production 808:821 the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 808:903 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 8 54 theme short 1178:1182 arg1 acids 1196:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 short chain fatty acids 1178:1200 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 0 55 with Supplementation 19:33 arg1 Butyrate 57:64 Protected Sodium Butyrate 40:64 Protected Sodium Butyrate 40:64 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 4 56 theme units 590:594 arg1 units 590:594 the 4697 operational taxonomic units 559:594 the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified 559:605 The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. 34359264 4 56 theme units 590:594 arg1 % 554:554 75.4% 550:554 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified 550:605 The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. 34359264 10 57 from effects 1404:1410 arg1 pigs 1501:1504 weanling pigs 1492:1504 weanling pigs 1492:1504 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 5 58 theme alpha 626:630 arg1 diversity 632:640 alpha diversity 626:640 alpha diversity 626:640 No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. 34359264 9 59 theme only 1222:1225 arg1 butyricum 1239:1247 only Clostridium butyricum 1222:1247 only Clostridium butyricum 1222:1247 Regarding species, only Clostridium butyricum was increased in the TG (p = 0.048). 34359264 11 60 theme microbiota 1570:1579 arg1 composition 1581:1591 microbiota composition 1570:1591 microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs 1570:1615 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 8 61 contain have 1088:1091 arg1 Members 1062:1068 Members 1062:1068 Members of these families 1062:1086 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 8 61 contain have 1088:1091 arg2 ability 1097:1103 the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides 1093:1146 the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides 1093:1146 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 34359264 0 62 theme Sodium 50:55 arg1 Butyrate 57:64 Protected Sodium Butyrate 40:64 Protected Sodium Butyrate 40:64 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 1 63 with supplementation 182:196 arg1 PSB 230:232 PSB 230:232 PSB 230:232 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 1 63 with supplementation 182:196 arg1 butyrate 220:227 protected sodium butyrate 203:227 protected sodium butyrate (PSB) 203:233 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 9 64 theme Clostridium 1227:1237 arg1 butyricum 1239:1247 only Clostridium butyricum 1222:1247 only Clostridium butyricum 1222:1247 Regarding species, only Clostridium butyricum was increased in the TG (p = 0.048). 34359264 10 65 theme increased 1413:1421 arg1 etc. 1483:1486 etc. 1483:1486 etc. 1483:1486 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 65 theme increased 1413:1421 arg1 height 1430:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 increased villus height 1413:1435 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 65 theme increased 1413:1421 arg1 reduction 1460:1468 reduction 1460:1468 reduction of diarrhea 1460:1480 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 65 theme increased 1413:1421 arg1 weight 1452:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 improved body weight 1438:1457 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 66 theme Clostridium 1286:1296 arg1 butyricum 1298:1306 Clostridium butyricum 1286:1306 Clostridium butyricum 1286:1306 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 10 67 from humans 1338:1343 arg1 probiotic 1325:1333 probiotic 1325:1333 probiotic 1325:1333 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 11 68 contain have 1625:1628 arg2 taxa 1649:1652 increased specific taxa 1630:1652 increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters 1630:1697 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 11 68 contain have 1625:1628 arg1 it 1618:1619 it 1618:1619 it 1618:1619 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 11 69 theme slaughter 1602:1610 arg1 pigs 1612:1615 these slaughter pigs 1596:1615 these slaughter pigs 1596:1615 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 6 70 theme phylum 755:760 arg1 Deinococcus-Thermus 762:780 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus 735:780 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus 735:780 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 2 71 theme content 301:307 arg1 gram 287:290 One gram 283:290 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) 283:388 One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. 34359264 11 72 theme better 1670:1675 arg1 parameters 1688:1697 better gut health parameters 1670:1697 better gut health parameters 1670:1697 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 0 73 theme Gut 69:71 arg1 Microbiota 73:82 Gut Microbiota 69:82 Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs 69:108 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs. 34359264 10 74 from probiotic 1325:1333 arg1 humans 1338:1343 humans 1338:1343 humans 1338:1343 Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. 34359264 3 75 theme Bacterial 405:413 arg1 DNA 415:417 Bacterial DNA 405:417 Bacterial DNA 405:417 Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. 34359264 3 76 theme amplicon 462:469 arg1 sequencing 471:480 rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing 441:480 rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups 441:529 Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. 34359264 6 77 theme anti-inflammatory 876:892 arg1 properties 894:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties 843:903 The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). 34359264 4 78 theme taxonomic 580:588 arg1 units 590:594 the 4697 operational taxonomic units 559:594 the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified 559:605 The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. 34359264 11 79 theme PSB 1527:1529 arg1 use 1520:1522 the use 1516:1522 the use of PSB 1516:1529 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 1 80 theme gut 145:147 arg1 microbiota 149:158 the gut microbiota 141:158 the gut microbiota of pigs 141:166 The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). 34359264 11 81 theme pigs 1612:1615 arg1 composition 1581:1591 microbiota composition 1570:1591 microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs 1570:1615 Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters. 34359264 8 82 theme dietary 1124:1130 arg1 polysaccharides 1132:1146 complex dietary polysaccharides 1116:1146 complex dietary polysaccharides 1116:1146 Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. 32979595 0 0 theme size 102:105 arg1 fractionation 107:119 size fractionation 102:119 size fractionation 102:119 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 5 1 theme high 746:749 arg1 concentration 755:767 a high COD concentration 744:767 a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L 744:792 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 2 2 theme real 378:381 arg1 DWW 383:385 real DWW 378:385 real DWW 378:385 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 6 3 theme particle 967:974 arg1 size 976:979 the particle size 963:979 the particle size distribution 963:992 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 5 4 theme COD 751:753 arg1 concentration 755:767 a high COD concentration 744:767 a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L 744:792 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 3 5 dep wherein 570:576 arg1 attributed 596:605 attributed 596:605 is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm 593:663 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 7 6 theme PDWW 1111:1114 arg1 COD 1104:1106 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD 1080:1106 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW 1080:1114 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 6 7 theme settleable 890:899 arg1 fractions 915:923 settleable and suspended fractions 890:923 settleable and suspended fractions 890:923 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 7 8 theme acceptable 1045:1054 arg1 potential 1067:1075 The acceptable biomethane potential 1041:1075 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW 1041:1114 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 7 9 theme DWW 1166:1168 arg1 preconcentration 1170:1185 DWW preconcentration 1166:1185 DWW preconcentration 1166:1185 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 7 10 theme biomethane 1056:1065 arg1 potential 1067:1075 The acceptable biomethane potential 1041:1075 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW 1041:1114 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 6 11 theme COD 1022:1024 arg1 % 1003:1003 52.4% 999:1003 52.4% 999:1003 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 11 theme COD 1022:1024 arg1 % 948:948 63.4% 944:948 63.4% 944:948 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 11 theme COD 1022:1024 arg1 distribution 981:992 the particle size distribution 963:992 the particle size distribution 963:992 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 11 theme COD 1022:1024 arg1 % 1013:1013 32.2% 1009:1013 32.2% 1009:1013 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 11 theme COD 1022:1024 arg1 % 958:958 33.8% 954:958 33.8% of the particle size distribution 954:992 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 11 theme COD 1022:1024 arg1 COD 1022:1024 the COD 1018:1024 the COD 1018:1024 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 0 12 theme chemical 122:129 arg1 composition 131:141 chemical composition 122:141 chemical composition 122:141 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 6 13 theme larger 868:873 arg1 proportions 875:885 larger proportions 868:885 larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions 868:923 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 3 14 theme average 541:547 arg1 COD 549:551 average COD 541:551 average COD of 440.26 mg/L 541:566 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 14 theme average 541:547 arg1 wastewater 529:538 low-strength wastewater 516:538 low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L) 516:567 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 2 15 theme size 464:467 arg1 0.45-2000 μm 484:495 0.45-2000 μm 484:495 0.45-2000 μm 484:495 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 2 15 theme size 464:467 arg1 fractionation 469:481 particle size fractionation 455:481 particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm) 455:496 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 7 16 theme bioenergy 1126:1134 arg1 recovery 1136:1143 bioenergy recovery 1126:1143 bioenergy recovery 1126:1143 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 2 17 theme domestic 407:414 arg1 wastewater 416:425 preconcentrated domestic wastewater 391:425 preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) 391:432 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 2 17 theme domestic 407:414 arg1 PDWW 428:431 PDWW 428:431 PDWW 428:431 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 2 18 theme particle 455:462 arg1 0.45-2000 μm 484:495 0.45-2000 μm 484:495 0.45-2000 μm 484:495 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 2 18 theme particle 455:462 arg1 fractionation 469:481 particle size fractionation 455:481 particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm) 455:496 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 4 19 theme DWW 718:720 arg1 polysaccharides 676:690 polysaccharides 676:690 polysaccharides 676:690 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 4 19 theme DWW 718:720 arg1 components 722:731 the major DWW components 708:731 the major DWW components 708:731 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 4 19 theme DWW 718:720 arg1 lipids 697:702 lipids 697:702 lipids 697:702 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 4 19 theme DWW 718:720 arg1 Proteins 666:673 Proteins 666:673 Proteins 666:673 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 2 20 theme preconcentrated 391:405 arg1 wastewater 416:425 preconcentrated domestic wastewater 391:425 preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) 391:432 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 2 20 theme preconcentrated 391:405 arg1 PDWW 428:431 PDWW 428:431 PDWW 428:431 Herein, real DWW and preconcentrated domestic wastewater (PDWW) were both subject to particle size fractionation (0.45-2000 μm). 32979595 0 21 theme domestic 36:43 arg1 wastewater 45:54 preconcentrated domestic wastewater 20:54 preconcentrated domestic wastewater 20:54 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 3 22 theme COD 589:591 arg1 % 580:580 60% 578:580 60% of the COD 578:591 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 22 theme COD 589:591 arg1 COD 589:591 the COD 585:591 the COD 585:591 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 0 23 theme biomethane 147:156 arg1 assay 168:172 biomethane potential assay 147:172 biomethane potential assay 147:172 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 3 24 theme 440.26 mg/L 556:566 arg1 COD 549:551 average COD 541:551 average COD of 440.26 mg/L 541:566 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 24 theme 440.26 mg/L 556:566 arg1 wastewater 529:538 low-strength wastewater 516:538 low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L) 516:567 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 25 with substances 614:623 arg1 than 0.45 μm 652:663 particle size greater than 0.45 μm 630:663 particle size greater than 0.45 μm 630:663 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 5 26 theme membrane 822:829 arg1 process 848:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 0 27 theme preconcentrated 20:34 arg1 wastewater 45:54 preconcentrated domestic wastewater 20:54 preconcentrated domestic wastewater 20:54 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 6 28 theme distribution 981:992 arg1 % 1003:1003 52.4% 999:1003 52.4% 999:1003 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 28 theme distribution 981:992 arg1 % 948:948 63.4% 944:948 63.4% 944:948 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 28 theme distribution 981:992 arg1 distribution 981:992 the particle size distribution 963:992 the particle size distribution 963:992 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 28 theme distribution 981:992 arg1 % 1013:1013 32.2% 1009:1013 32.2% 1009:1013 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 28 theme distribution 981:992 arg1 % 958:958 33.8% 954:958 33.8% of the particle size distribution 954:992 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 28 theme distribution 981:992 arg1 COD 1022:1024 the COD 1018:1024 the COD 1018:1024 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 6 29 theme suspended 905:913 arg1 fractions 915:923 settleable and suspended fractions 890:923 settleable and suspended fractions 890:923 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 5 30 theme filtration 831:840 arg1 process 848:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 7 31 theme COD 1104:1106 arg1 potential 1067:1075 The acceptable biomethane potential 1041:1075 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW 1041:1114 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 3 32 theme particle 630:637 arg1 than 0.45 μm 652:663 particle size greater than 0.45 μm 630:663 particle size greater than 0.45 μm 630:663 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 7 33 theme 262.52 ± 11.86 mL 1080:1096 arg1 COD 1104:1106 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD 1080:1106 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW 1080:1114 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 0 34 theme wastewater 45:54 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 0:173 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 0 35 theme potential 158:166 arg1 assay 168:172 biomethane potential assay 147:172 biomethane potential assay 147:172 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 5 36 with PDWW 734:737 arg1 concentration 755:767 a high COD concentration 744:767 a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L 744:792 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 1 37 theme energy 238:243 arg1 recovery 245:252 energy recovery 238:252 energy recovery 238:252 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 0 38 theme bioenergy 73:81 arg1 recovery 83:90 efficient bioenergy recovery 63:90 efficient bioenergy recovery 63:90 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 1 39 theme carbon 310:315 arg1 utilization 356:366 "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 309:366 "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 309:366 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 0 40 theme efficient 63:71 arg1 recovery 83:90 efficient bioenergy recovery 63:90 efficient bioenergy recovery 63:90 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 1 41 theme capture-anaerobic 317:333 arg1 utilization 356:366 "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 309:366 "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 309:366 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 6 42 theme fractions 915:923 arg1 proportions 875:885 larger proportions 868:885 larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions 868:923 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32979595 1 43 theme conversion-bioenergy 335:354 arg1 utilization 356:366 "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 309:366 "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 309:366 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 7 44 theme CH4/g 1098:1102 arg1 COD 1104:1106 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD 1080:1106 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW 1080:1114 The acceptable biomethane potential of 262.52 ± 11.86 mL CH4/g COD of PDWW indicates bioenergy recovery is feasible based on DWW preconcentration and AD. 32979595 4 45 theme major 712:716 arg1 polysaccharides 676:690 polysaccharides 676:690 polysaccharides 676:690 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 4 45 theme major 712:716 arg1 components 722:731 the major DWW components 708:731 the major DWW components 708:731 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 4 45 theme major 712:716 arg1 lipids 697:702 lipids 697:702 lipids 697:702 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 4 45 theme major 712:716 arg1 Proteins 666:673 Proteins 666:673 Proteins 666:673 Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are the major DWW components. 32979595 3 46 theme size greater 639:650 arg1 than 0.45 μm 652:663 particle size greater than 0.45 μm 630:663 particle size greater than 0.45 μm 630:663 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 5 47 theme dynamic 814:820 arg1 process 848:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 3 48 theme wastewater 529:538 arg1 DWW 499:501 DWW 499:501 DWW 499:501 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 48 theme wastewater 529:538 arg1 type 508:511 a type 506:511 a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm 506:663 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 5 49 theme DMF 843:845 arg1 process 848:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process 810:854 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 1 50 dep preconcentrated 208:222 arg1 " 368:368 " 368:368 " 368:368 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 3 51 theme low-strength 516:527 arg1 COD 549:551 average COD 541:551 average COD of 440.26 mg/L 541:566 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 51 theme low-strength 516:527 arg1 wherein 570:576 wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm 570:663 wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm 570:663 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 3 51 theme low-strength 516:527 arg1 wastewater 529:538 low-strength wastewater 516:538 low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L) 516:567 DWW is a type of low-strength wastewater (average COD of 440.26 mg/L), wherein 60% of the COD is attributed to the substances with particle size greater than 0.45 μm. 32979595 1 52 theme anaerobic 258:266 arg1 AD 279:280 AD 279:280 AD 279:280 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 1 52 theme anaerobic 258:266 arg1 digestion 268:276 anaerobic digestion 258:276 anaerobic digestion (AD) 258:281 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 5 53 theme 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L 772:792 arg1 concentration 755:767 a high COD concentration 744:767 a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L 744:792 PDWW with a high COD concentration of 2125.89 ± 273.71 mg/L was obtained by the dynamic membrane filtration (DMF) process. 32979595 1 54 theme utilization 356:366 arg1 concept 298:304 the concept 294:304 the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization 294:366 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 0 55 dep Characterization 0:15 arg1 Applying 93:100 Applying 93:100 Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay 93:172 Characterization of preconcentrated domestic wastewater toward efficient bioenergy recovery: Applying size fractionation, chemical composition and biomethane potential assay. 32979595 1 56 theme Domestic 175:182 arg1 DWW 196:198 DWW 196:198 DWW 196:198 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 1 56 theme Domestic 175:182 arg1 wastewater 184:193 Domestic wastewater 175:193 Domestic wastewater (DWW) 175:199 Domestic wastewater (DWW) can be preconcentrated to facilitate energy recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD), following the concept of "carbon capture-anaerobic conversion-bioenergy utilization." 32979595 6 57 theme size 976:979 arg1 distribution 981:992 the particle size distribution 963:992 the particle size distribution 963:992 PDWW shows larger proportions of settleable and suspended fractions, and accounted for 63.4% and 33.8% of the particle size distribution, and 52.4% and 32.2% of the COD, respectively. 32032975 0 0 from Gastritis 23:31 arg1 Mice 44:47 C57BL/6 Mice 36:47 C57BL/6 Mice 36:47 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. 32032975 4 1 theme mice 611:614 arg1 microbiota 597:606 the stomach microbiota 585:606 the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets 585:645 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 6 2 used used 1098:1101 arg2 diet 1090:1093 A buckwheat diet 1078:1093 A buckwheat diet 1078:1093 A buckwheat diet is used to treat gastritis. 32032975 3 3 theme C57BL/6 466:472 arg1 mice 474:477 C57BL/6 mice 466:477 C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks 466:529 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 7 4 dep show 1135:1138 arg1 alleviated 1197:1206 alleviated 1197:1206 show gastritis induced by the high-salt diet is significantly alleviated 1135:1206 The results show gastritis induced by the high-salt diet is significantly alleviated, and the dysbiosis in the stomach also improved. 32032975 6 5 theme buckwheat 1080:1088 arg1 diet 1090:1093 A buckwheat diet 1078:1093 A buckwheat diet 1078:1093 A buckwheat diet is used to treat gastritis. 32032975 1 6 dep SCOPE 124:128 arg1 diet 142:145 A high-salt diet 130:145 SCOPE A high-salt diet 124:145 SCOPE A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. 32032975 4 7 theme microbiota 597:606 arg1 composition 570:580 the composition 566:580 the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets 566:645 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 0 8 theme High-Salt 0:8 arg1 Gastritis 23:31 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis 0:31 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice 0:47 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. 32032975 0 9 theme Buckwheat 108:116 arg1 Diet 118:121 a Buckwheat Diet 106:121 a Buckwheat Diet 106:121 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. 32032975 5 10 theme unobserved 824:833 arg1 states 835:840 unobserved states 824:840 unobserved states (PICRUSt) 824:850 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 5 10 theme unobserved 824:833 arg1 PICRUSt 843:849 PICRUSt 843:849 PICRUSt 843:849 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 4 11 theme rRNA 544:547 arg1 sequencing 554:563 16S rRNA gene sequencing 540:563 16S rRNA gene sequencing 540:563 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 4 12 theme which 676:680 arg1 results 665:671 the results 661:671 the results 661:671 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 2 13 theme gastric 341:347 arg1 flora 349:353 gastric flora 341:353 gastric flora 341:353 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 2 14 theme gastric 249:255 arg1 flora 257:261 gastric flora 249:261 gastric flora 249:261 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 5 15 used used 855:858 arg2 investigation 774:786 Phylogenetic investigation 761:786 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) 761:850 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 0 16 theme Diet-Induced 10:21 arg1 Gastritis 23:31 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis 0:31 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice 0:47 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. 32032975 5 17 from microbiota 891:900 arg1 stomach 909:915 the stomach 905:915 the stomach 905:915 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 1 18 theme gastritis 161:169 arg1 SCOPE 124:128 SCOPE A high-salt diet 124:145 SCOPE A high-salt diet 124:145 SCOPE A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. 32032975 1 18 theme gastritis 161:169 arg1 cause 152:156 a cause 150:156 a cause of gastritis 150:169 SCOPE A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. 32032975 2 19 theme high-salt 393:401 arg1 diet 403:406 a high-salt diet 391:406 a high-salt diet 391:406 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 4 20 theme gastric 746:752 arg1 flora 754:758 the gastric flora 742:758 the gastric flora 742:758 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 3 21 theme % 508:508 arg1 diet 495:498 a high-salt diet 483:498 a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks 483:529 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 3 21 theme % 508:508 arg1 NaCl 510:513 salt: 5% NaCl 501:513 salt: 5% NaCl 501:513 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 3 22 theme salt 501:504 arg1 diet 495:498 a high-salt diet 483:498 a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks 483:529 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 3 22 theme salt 501:504 arg1 NaCl 510:513 salt: 5% NaCl 501:513 salt: 5% NaCl 501:513 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 8 23 theme Buckwheat 1268:1276 arg1 diet 1278:1281 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet 1257:1281 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet 1257:1281 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet. 32032975 4 24 theme gene 549:552 arg1 sequencing 554:563 16S rRNA gene sequencing 540:563 16S rRNA gene sequencing 540:563 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 5 25 from stomach 909:915 arg1 function 875:882 the function 871:882 the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice 871:923 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 3 26 theme RESULTS 421:427 arg1 Gastritis 429:437 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis 409:437 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis 409:437 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 7 27 from dysbiosis 1217:1225 arg1 stomach 1234:1240 the stomach 1230:1240 the stomach 1230:1240 The results show gastritis induced by the high-salt diet is significantly alleviated, and the dysbiosis in the stomach also improved. 32032975 8 28 theme ways 1301:1304 arg1 one 1290:1292 one 1290:1292 one 1290:1292 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet. 32032975 8 28 theme ways 1301:1304 arg1 ways 1301:1304 the ways 1297:1304 the ways 1297:1304 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet. 32032975 2 29 theme Recent 218:223 arg1 studies 225:231 Recent studies 218:231 Recent studies 218:231 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 1 30 theme associated 180:189 arg1 mechanism 191:199 the associated mechanism 176:199 the associated mechanism 176:199 SCOPE A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. 32032975 0 31 theme C57BL/6 36:42 arg1 Mice 44:47 C57BL/6 Mice 36:47 C57BL/6 Mice 36:47 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. 32032975 5 32 theme high-salt 958:966 arg1 diet 968:971 a high-salt diet 956:971 a high-salt diet 956:971 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 8 33 theme CONCLUSION 1257:1266 arg1 diet 1278:1281 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet 1257:1281 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet 1257:1281 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet. 32032975 4 34 from changes 731:737 arg1 flora 754:758 the gastric flora 742:758 the gastric flora 742:758 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 3 35 theme METHODS 409:415 arg1 Gastritis 429:437 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis 409:437 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis 409:437 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 5 36 theme communities 791:801 arg1 investigation 774:786 Phylogenetic investigation 761:786 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) 761:850 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 5 37 theme mice 920:923 arg1 microbiota 891:900 the microbiota 887:900 the microbiota in the stomach of mice 887:923 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 5 38 from decrease 984:991 arg1 ability 1000:1006 the ability 996:1006 the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins 996:1075 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 4 39 theme normal 620:625 arg1 diets 641:645 normal and high-salt diets 620:645 normal and high-salt diets 620:645 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 5 40 theme microbiota 1023:1032 arg1 ability 1000:1006 the ability 996:1006 the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins 996:1075 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 4 41 theme significant 719:729 arg1 changes 731:737 significant changes 719:737 significant changes in the gastric flora 719:758 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 5 42 theme states 835:840 arg1 reconstruction 806:819 reconstruction 806:819 reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) 806:850 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 2 43 theme diseases 303:310 arg1 variety 284:290 a variety 282:290 a variety of stomach diseases 282:310 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 2 43 theme diseases 303:310 arg1 diseases 303:310 stomach diseases 295:310 stomach diseases 295:310 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 3 44 theme high-salt 485:493 arg1 diet 495:498 a high-salt diet 483:498 a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks 483:529 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 3 44 theme high-salt 485:493 arg1 NaCl 510:513 salt: 5% NaCl 501:513 salt: 5% NaCl 501:513 METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. 32032975 5 45 theme microbiota 891:900 arg1 function 875:882 the function 871:882 the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice 871:923 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 2 46 theme stomach 295:301 arg1 diseases 303:310 stomach diseases 295:310 stomach diseases 295:310 Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. 32032975 4 47 theme high-salt 631:639 arg1 diets 641:645 normal and high-salt diets 620:645 normal and high-salt diets 620:645 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 0 48 theme Microbial 68:76 arg1 Dysbiosis 78:86 Microbial Dysbiosis 68:86 Microbial Dysbiosis 68:86 High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. 32032975 7 49 theme high-salt 1165:1173 arg1 diet 1175:1178 the high-salt diet 1161:1178 the high-salt diet 1161:1178 The results show gastritis induced by the high-salt diet is significantly alleviated, and the dysbiosis in the stomach also improved. 32032975 4 50 theme high-salt 696:704 arg1 diet 706:709 the high-salt diet 692:709 the high-salt diet 692:709 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 1 51 theme high-salt 132:140 arg1 diet 142:145 A high-salt diet 130:145 SCOPE A high-salt diet 124:145 SCOPE A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. 32032975 5 52 theme Phylogenetic 761:772 arg1 investigation 774:786 Phylogenetic investigation 761:786 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) 761:850 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 4 53 theme 16S 540:542 arg1 sequencing 554:563 16S rRNA gene sequencing 540:563 16S rRNA gene sequencing 540:563 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 8 54 theme high-salt 1349:1357 arg1 diet 1359:1362 a high-salt diet 1347:1362 a high-salt diet 1347:1362 CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet. 32032975 4 55 theme stomach 589:595 arg1 microbiota 597:606 the stomach microbiota 585:606 the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets 585:645 Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. 32032975 5 56 from function 875:882 arg1 stomach 909:915 the stomach 905:915 the stomach 905:915 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 32032975 5 57 theme gastric 1015:1021 arg1 microbiota 1023:1032 the gastric microbiota 1011:1032 the gastric microbiota 1011:1032 Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. 34961114 0 0 theme Wall 91:94 arg1 Polysaccharides 96:110 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 86:110 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 86:110 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 6 1 theme cell 897:900 arg1 modifications 907:919 cell wall modifications 897:919 cell wall modifications at anthesis 897:931 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 2 2 used used 264:267 arg2 PGR 240:242 a PGR 238:242 a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes 238:299 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 2 2 used used 264:267 arg2 CPPU 230:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU 206:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU 206:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 0 3 theme Cell 86:89 arg1 Polysaccharides 96:110 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 86:110 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 86:110 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 5 4 theme CPPU-treated 608:619 arg1 plants 621:626 CPPU-treated plants 608:626 CPPU-treated plants 608:626 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 6 5 theme monoclonal 787:796 arg1 antibodies 798:807 monoclonal antibodies 787:807 monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan 787:850 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 6 5 theme monoclonal 787:796 arg1 LM15 817:820 LM15 817:820 LM15 817:820 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 6 5 theme monoclonal 787:796 arg1 2F4 809:811 2F4 809:811 2F4 809:811 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 5 6 theme wall 694:697 arg1 modification 699:710 cell division and cell wall modification 671:710 cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65) 671:741 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 7 7 from harvest 1139:1145 arg1 firmness 1127:1134 a higher berry firmness 1112:1134 a higher berry firmness at harvest 1112:1145 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 7 7 from harvest 1139:1145 arg1 content 1100:1106 increased calcium content 1082:1106 increased calcium content 1082:1106 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 8 theme cytological 543:553 arg1 analyses 587:594 cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 543:594 cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 543:594 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 3 9 theme berry 333:337 arg1 firmness 339:346 berry firmness 333:346 berry firmness 333:346 However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. 34961114 7 10 dep hemicellulose 993:1005 arg1 the 989:991 the 989:991 the 989:991 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 6 11 theme CPPU 870:873 arg1 treatment 875:883 CPPU treatment 870:883 CPPU treatment 870:883 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 7 12 theme increased 1082:1090 arg1 content 1100:1106 increased calcium content 1082:1106 increased calcium content 1082:1106 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 13 theme current 366:372 arg1 study 374:378 The current study 362:378 The current study 362:378 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 3 14 theme CPPU 325:328 arg1 effect 315:320 the effect 311:320 the effect of CPPU on berry firmness 311:346 However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. 34961114 3 14 theme CPPU 325:328 arg1 clear 355:359 clear 355:359 clear 355:359 However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. 34961114 7 15 theme calcium 1092:1098 arg1 content 1100:1106 increased calcium content 1082:1106 increased calcium content 1082:1106 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 16 from harvest 510:516 arg1 firmness 498:505 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness 472:505 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest 472:516 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 6 17 theme wall 902:905 arg1 modifications 907:919 cell wall modifications 897:919 cell wall modifications at anthesis 897:931 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 0 18 theme Cytokinin 13:21 arg1 Applications 23:34 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications 0:34 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications 0:34 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 7 19 theme mature 1043:1048 arg1 fruits 1050:1055 mature fruits 1043:1055 mature fruits 1043:1055 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 0 20 theme Pre-Anthesis 0:11 arg1 Applications 23:34 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications 0:34 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications 0:34 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 5 21 from stage 728:732 arg1 modification 699:710 cell division and cell wall modification 671:710 cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65) 671:741 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 7 22 theme higher 1114:1119 arg1 firmness 1127:1134 a higher berry firmness 1112:1134 a higher berry firmness at harvest 1112:1145 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 5 23 from Ovaries 597:603 arg1 plants 621:626 CPPU-treated plants 608:626 CPPU-treated plants 608:626 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 5 24 theme cell 671:674 arg1 division 676:683 cell division 671:683 cell division 671:683 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 6 25 theme immunofluorescence 754:771 arg1 analysis 773:780 immunofluorescence analysis 754:780 immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan 754:850 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 2 26 theme quality 286:292 arg1 grapes 294:299 higher quality grapes 279:299 higher quality grapes 279:299 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 4 27 theme analyses 587:594 arg1 combination 528:538 a combination 526:538 a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 526:594 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 5 28 theme division 676:683 arg1 modification 699:710 cell division and cell wall modification 671:710 cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65) 671:741 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 4 29 theme applications 421:432 arg1 effects 397:403 the effects 393:403 the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest 393:516 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 2 30 theme higher 279:284 arg1 grapes 294:299 higher quality grapes 279:299 higher quality grapes 279:299 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 7 31 theme early 940:944 arg1 changes 946:952 These early changes 934:952 These early changes 934:952 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 32 theme biochemical 575:585 arg1 analyses 587:594 cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 543:594 cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 543:594 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 0 33 theme Grape 51:55 arg1 Firmness 63:70 Table Grape Berry Firmness 45:70 Table Grape Berry Firmness 45:70 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 7 34 theme fruits 1050:1055 arg1 composition 1028:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 7 34 theme fruits 1050:1055 arg1 hemicellulose 993:1005 hemicellulose 993:1005 hemicellulose 993:1005 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 35 theme pre-anthesis 408:419 arg1 stages 453:458 BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages 435:458 BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages 435:458 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 4 35 theme pre-anthesis 408:419 arg1 applications 421:432 pre-anthesis applications 408:432 pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU 408:467 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 7 36 theme wall 1023:1026 arg1 composition 1028:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 0 37 theme Table 45:49 arg1 Firmness 63:70 Table Grape Berry Firmness 45:70 Table Grape Berry Firmness 45:70 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 5 38 theme cell 689:692 arg1 wall 694:697 cell wall 689:697 cell wall 689:697 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 7 39 theme pectin 1011:1016 arg1 composition 1028:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 7 40 contain have 954:957 arg1 changes 946:952 These early changes 934:952 These early changes 934:952 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 7 40 contain have 954:957 arg2 repercussions 965:977 major repercussions 959:977 major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits 959:1055 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 5 41 theme morphological 638:650 arg1 changes 652:658 morphological changes 638:658 morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65) 638:741 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 6 42 dep antibodies 798:807 arg1 antibodies 798:807 monoclonal antibodies 787:807 monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan 787:850 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 6 42 dep antibodies 798:807 arg1 LM15 817:820 LM15 817:820 LM15 817:820 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 6 42 dep antibodies 798:807 arg1 2F4 809:811 2F4 809:811 2F4 809:811 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 2 43 theme cytokinin 220:228 arg1 CPPU 230:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU 206:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU 206:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 2 43 theme cytokinin 220:228 arg1 PGR 240:242 a PGR 238:242 a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes 238:299 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 7 44 theme cell 1018:1021 arg1 composition 1028:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 pectin cell wall composition 1011:1038 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 0 45 theme Berry 57:61 arg1 Firmness 63:70 Table Grape Berry Firmness 45:70 Table Grape Berry Firmness 45:70 Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. 34961114 4 46 theme berry 492:496 arg1 firmness 498:505 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness 472:505 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest 472:516 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 4 47 from effects 397:403 arg1 firmness 498:505 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness 472:505 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest 472:516 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 2 48 theme synthetic 210:218 arg1 CPPU 230:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU 206:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU 206:233 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 2 48 theme synthetic 210:218 arg1 PGR 240:242 a PGR 238:242 a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes 238:299 The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. 34961114 1 49 theme plant 124:128 arg1 PGRs 149:152 PGRs 149:152 PGRs 149:152 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 1 49 theme plant 124:128 arg1 regulators 137:146 plant growth regulators 124:146 plant growth regulators (PGRs) 124:153 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 5 50 theme related 660:666 arg1 changes 652:658 morphological changes 638:658 morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65) 638:741 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 1 51 from vineyards 195:203 arg1 widespread 158:167 widespread 158:167 widespread 158:167 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 1 51 from vineyards 195:203 arg1 use 117:119 The use 113:119 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) 113:153 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 1 52 theme growth 130:135 arg1 PGRs 149:152 PGRs 149:152 PGRs 149:152 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 1 52 theme growth 130:135 arg1 regulators 137:146 plant growth regulators 124:146 plant growth regulators (PGRs) 124:153 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 7 53 theme major 959:963 arg1 repercussions 965:977 major repercussions 959:977 major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits 959:1055 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 54 theme morphological 556:568 arg1 analyses 587:594 cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 543:594 cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses 543:594 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 6 55 from anthesis 924:931 arg1 modifications 907:919 cell wall modifications 897:919 cell wall modifications at anthesis 897:931 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 1 56 theme regulators 137:146 arg1 widespread 158:167 widespread 158:167 widespread 158:167 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 1 56 theme regulators 137:146 arg1 use 117:119 The use 113:119 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) 113:153 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 5 57 theme anthesis 719:726 arg1 stage 728:732 the anthesis stage 715:732 the anthesis stage (BBCH65) 715:741 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 5 57 theme anthesis 719:726 arg1 BBCH65 735:740 BBCH65 735:740 BBCH65 735:740 Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). 34961114 3 58 from effect 315:320 arg1 firmness 339:346 berry firmness 333:346 berry firmness 333:346 However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. 34961114 7 59 theme berry 1121:1125 arg1 firmness 1127:1134 a higher berry firmness 1112:1134 a higher berry firmness at harvest 1112:1145 These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest. 34961114 4 60 theme CPPU 464:467 arg1 stages 453:458 BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages 435:458 BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages 435:458 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 4 60 theme CPPU 464:467 arg1 applications 421:432 pre-anthesis applications 408:432 pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU 408:467 The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. 34961114 1 61 from widespread 158:167 arg1 vineyards 195:203 vineyards 195:203 vineyards 195:203 The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. 34961114 6 62 with analysis 773:780 arg1 antibodies 798:807 monoclonal antibodies 787:807 monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan 787:850 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 6 62 with analysis 773:780 arg1 LM15 817:820 LM15 817:820 LM15 817:820 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34961114 6 62 with analysis 773:780 arg1 2F4 809:811 2F4 809:811 2F4 809:811 Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. 34215103 3 0 theme high 703:706 arg1 enrichment 720:729 high specificity enrichment 703:729 high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 703:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 5 1 theme endogenous 1411:1420 arg1 glycopeptides 1431:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides 1411:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1411:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 2 2 theme endogenous 358:367 arg1 glycopeptides 369:381 endogenous glycopeptides 358:381 endogenous glycopeptides 358:381 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 4 3 theme low 1078:1080 arg1 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 3 theme low 1078:1080 arg1 limit 1092:1096 low detection limit 1078:1096 low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1) 1078:1110 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 4 theme polydopamine 571:582 arg1 nanoparticle 584:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle 542:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 542:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 5 theme PEI 866:868 arg1 nanoparticles 873:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 6 theme endogenous 734:743 arg1 glycopeptides 745:757 endogenous glycopeptides 734:757 endogenous glycopeptides 734:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 2 7 theme glycopeptide 288:299 arg1 analysis 265:272 direct analysis 258:272 direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide 258:299 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 7 theme glycopeptide 288:299 arg1 challenge 318:326 a great challenge 310:326 a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 310:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 6 8 theme @ 1529:1529 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 4 9 theme CA 870:871 arg1 nanoparticles 873:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 6 10 theme @ 1525:1525 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 2 11 theme great 312:316 arg1 challenge 318:326 a great challenge 310:326 a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 310:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 11 theme great 312:316 arg1 analysis 265:272 direct analysis 258:272 direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide 258:299 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 6 12 theme bowl-like 1511:1519 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 1 13 theme pathological 207:218 arg1 processes 238:246 pathological and physiological processes 207:246 pathological and physiological processes 207:246 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 4 14 theme size-exclusion 1125:1138 arg1 ability 1140:1146 outstanding size-exclusion ability 1113:1146 outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA) 1113:1171 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 15 theme MPDA 633:636 arg1 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 609:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 15 theme MPDA 633:636 arg1 CA 642:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 16 dep ability 1140:1146 arg1 mass 1156:1159 1:1000 mass 1149:1159 1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA 1149:1170 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 1 17 theme physiological 224:236 arg1 processes 238:246 pathological and physiological processes 207:246 pathological and physiological processes 207:246 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 4 18 theme unique 1178:1183 arg1 reusability 1185:1195 unique reusability 1178:1195 unique reusability (five times) 1178:1208 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 18 theme unique 1178:1183 arg1 times 1203:1207 five times 1198:1207 five times 1198:1207 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 1 19 gly glycopeptide 154:165 arg2 glycopeptide 154:165 endogenous glycopeptide 143:165 endogenous glycopeptide 143:165 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 3 20 theme denoted 622:628 arg1 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 609:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 20 theme denoted 622:628 arg1 CA 642:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 21 theme N-linked 936:943 arg1 glycopeptide 945:956 N-linked glycopeptide 936:956 N-linked glycopeptide 936:956 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 2 22 theme endogenous 277:286 arg1 glycopeptide 288:299 endogenous glycopeptide 277:299 endogenous glycopeptide 277:299 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 5 23 from sites 1231:1235 arg1 glycoproteins 1266:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 1 24 theme endogenous 143:152 arg1 glycopeptide 154:165 endogenous glycopeptide 143:165 endogenous glycopeptide 143:165 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 4 25 theme peroxidase 1016:1025 arg1 BSA 1063:1065 BSA 1063:1065 BSA 1063:1065 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 25 theme peroxidase 1016:1025 arg1 albumin 1054:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin 1004:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 1004:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 26 theme HRP/BSA 1164:1170 arg1 mass 1156:1159 1:1000 mass 1149:1159 1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA 1149:1170 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 0 27 theme selective 65:73 arg1 recognition 75:85 highly selective recognition 58:85 highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides 58:113 Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 28 from performance 907:917 arg1 enrichment 922:931 enrichment 922:931 enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times) 922:1208 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 29 theme PEI 638:640 arg1 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 609:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 29 theme PEI 638:640 arg1 CA 642:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 6 30 theme novel 1552:1556 arg1 structure 1558:1566 novel structure 1552:1566 novel structure prepared in this work 1552:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 1 31 theme important 176:184 arg1 role 186:189 an important role 173:189 an important role 173:189 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 4 32 theme 1:5000 M 986:993 arg1 ratio 995:999 1:5000 M ratio 986:999 1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 986:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 33 gly N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg2 125 1211:1213 125 1211:1213 125 1211:1213 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 33 gly N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg2 sites 1231:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites 1211:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1211:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 33 gly N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg2 glycoproteins 1266:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 33 gly N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg1 glycopeptides 1244:1256 134 glycopeptides 1240:1256 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1240:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 33 gly N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg2 glycopeptides 1244:1256 134 glycopeptides 1240:1256 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1240:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 0 34 theme glycopeptides 101:113 arg1 recognition 75:85 highly selective recognition 58:85 highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides 58:113 Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 5 35 theme complex 1450:1456 arg1 samples 1469:1475 complex biological samples 1450:1475 complex biological samples 1450:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 2 36 theme large 405:409 arg1 heteropeptides 477:490 heteropeptides 477:490 heteropeptides 477:490 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 36 theme large 405:409 arg1 proteins 464:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 36 theme large 405:409 arg1 number 411:416 a large number 403:416 a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 403:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 37 theme complex 495:501 arg1 sample 514:519 complex biological sample 495:519 complex biological sample 495:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 6 38 theme glycopeptidome 1614:1627 arg1 analysis 1629:1636 glycopeptidome analysis 1614:1636 glycopeptidome analysis 1614:1636 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 5 39 theme MPDA 1345:1348 arg1 nanoparticles 1357:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 0 40 theme Bowl-like 0:8 arg1 mesoporous 10:19 Bowl-like mesoporous 0:19 Bowl-like mesoporous 0:19 Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 41 theme digests 1068:1074 arg1 ratio 995:999 1:5000 M ratio 986:999 1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 986:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 42 theme pore 783:786 arg1 structure 796:804 the suitable pore channel structure 770:804 the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface 770:842 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 2 43 theme substances 433:442 arg1 heteropeptides 477:490 heteropeptides 477:490 heteropeptides 477:490 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 43 theme substances 433:442 arg1 proteins 464:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 43 theme substances 433:442 arg1 number 411:416 a large number 403:416 a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 403:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 3 44 with carrageenan 609:619 arg1 hydrophilicity 658:671 strong hydrophilicity 651:671 strong hydrophilicity 651:671 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 44 with carrageenan 609:619 arg1 effect 692:697 size-exclusion effect 677:697 size-exclusion effect 677:697 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 45 with enrichment 922:931 arg1 selectivity 973:983 ultrahigh selectivity 963:983 ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests) 963:1075 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 45 with enrichment 922:931 arg1 reusability 1185:1195 unique reusability 1178:1195 unique reusability (five times) 1178:1208 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 45 with enrichment 922:931 arg1 ability 1140:1146 outstanding size-exclusion ability 1113:1146 outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA) 1113:1171 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 45 with enrichment 922:931 arg1 limit 1092:1096 low detection limit 1078:1096 low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1) 1078:1110 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 45 with enrichment 922:931 arg1 times 1203:1207 five times 1198:1207 five times 1198:1207 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 45 with enrichment 922:931 arg1 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 46 theme digests/bovine 1033:1046 arg1 BSA 1063:1065 BSA 1063:1065 BSA 1063:1065 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 46 theme digests/bovine 1033:1046 arg1 albumin 1054:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin 1004:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 1004:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 47 theme serum 1322:1326 arg1 sample 1306:1311 2 μL sample 1301:1311 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1301:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 0 48 theme size 39:42 arg1 exclusion 44:52 size exclusion 39:52 size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides 39:113 Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 49 theme albumin 1054:1060 arg1 digests 1068:1074 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 1004:1074 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 1004:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 50 theme MPDA 861:864 arg1 nanoparticles 873:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 2 51 theme direct 258:263 arg1 analysis 265:272 direct analysis 258:272 direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide 258:299 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 51 theme direct 258:263 arg1 challenge 318:326 a great challenge 310:326 a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 310:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 5 52 gly glycopeptides 1244:1256 arg2 glycopeptides 1244:1256 134 glycopeptides 1240:1256 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1240:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 52 gly glycopeptides 1244:1256 arg1 glycoproteins 1266:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 4 53 theme strong 817:822 arg1 surface 836:842 strong hydrophilic surface 817:842 the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface 770:842 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 2 54 theme low 341:343 arg1 abundance 345:353 the low abundance 337:353 the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides 337:381 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 1 55 theme processes 238:246 arg1 processes 238:246 pathological and physiological processes 207:246 pathological and physiological processes 207:246 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 1 55 theme processes 238:246 arg1 variety 196:202 a variety 194:202 a variety of pathological and physiological processes 194:246 It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. 34215103 3 56 theme bowl-like 550:558 arg1 nanoparticle 584:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle 542:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 542:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 57 theme size-exclusion 677:690 arg1 effect 692:697 size-exclusion effect 677:697 size-exclusion effect 677:697 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 5 58 theme PEI 1350:1352 arg1 nanoparticles 1357:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 59 theme CA 1354:1355 arg1 nanoparticles 1357:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 2 60 theme glycopeptides 369:381 arg1 abundance 345:353 the low abundance 337:353 the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides 337:381 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 60 theme glycopeptides 369:381 arg1 presence 391:398 the presence 387:398 the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 387:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 4 61 theme detection 1082:1090 arg1 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 5 fmol μL-1 1099:1109 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 61 theme detection 1082:1090 arg1 limit 1092:1096 low detection limit 1078:1096 low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1) 1078:1110 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 62 link N-linked 936:943 arg1 glycopeptide 945:956 N-linked glycopeptide 936:956 N-linked glycopeptide 936:956 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 63 theme specificity 708:718 arg1 enrichment 720:729 high specificity enrichment 703:729 high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 703:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 5 64 theme N-linked 1422:1429 arg1 glycopeptides 1431:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides 1411:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1411:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 3 65 theme mesoporous 560:569 arg1 nanoparticle 584:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle 542:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 542:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 66 theme prominent 897:905 arg1 performance 907:917 prominent performance 897:917 prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times) 897:1208 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 67 from glycoproteins 1266:1278 arg1 sites 1231:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites 1211:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1211:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 67 from glycoproteins 1266:1278 arg1 glycopeptides 1244:1256 134 glycopeptides 1240:1256 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1240:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 4 68 theme 1:1000 1149:1154 arg1 mass 1156:1159 1:1000 mass 1149:1159 1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA 1149:1170 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 69 link N-linked 1422:1429 arg1 glycopeptides 1431:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides 1411:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1411:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 2 70 gly glycopeptide 288:299 arg2 glycopeptide 288:299 endogenous glycopeptide 277:299 endogenous glycopeptide 277:299 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 3 71 theme novel 544:548 arg1 nanoparticle 584:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle 542:595 a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 542:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 6 72 theme CA 1530:1531 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 4 73 theme @ 865:865 arg1 nanoparticles 873:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 74 theme glycopeptides 745:757 arg1 enrichment 720:729 high specificity enrichment 703:729 high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 703:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 6 75 theme PEI 1526:1528 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 5 76 from samples 1469:1475 arg1 glycopeptides 1431:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides 1411:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1411:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 4 77 theme @ 869:869 arg1 nanoparticles 873:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 78 theme outstanding 1113:1123 arg1 ability 1140:1146 outstanding size-exclusion ability 1113:1146 outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA) 1113:1171 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 6 79 theme MPDA 1521:1524 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 6 80 contain had 1590:1592 arg2 potential 1600:1608 great potential 1594:1608 great potential for glycopeptidome analysis 1594:1636 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 6 80 contain had 1590:1592 arg1 nanoparticles 1533:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1507:1545 the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work 1507:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 4 81 theme glycopeptide 945:956 arg1 enrichment 922:931 enrichment 922:931 enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times) 922:1208 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 6 82 with nanoparticles 1533:1545 arg1 structure 1558:1566 novel structure 1552:1566 novel structure prepared in this work 1552:1588 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 4 83 theme ultrahigh 963:971 arg1 selectivity 973:983 ultrahigh selectivity 963:983 ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests) 963:1075 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 84 gly glycopeptide 945:956 arg2 glycopeptide 945:956 N-linked glycopeptide 936:956 N-linked glycopeptide 936:956 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 3 85 theme @ 641:641 arg1 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 609:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 85 theme @ 641:641 arg1 CA 642:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 86 theme @ 637:637 arg1 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan 609:619 carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides 609:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 86 theme @ 637:637 arg1 CA 642:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA 622:643 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 87 theme horseradish 1004:1014 arg1 peroxidase 1016:1025 horseradish peroxidase 1004:1025 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 1004:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 87 theme horseradish 1004:1014 arg1 HRP 1028:1030 HRP 1028:1030 HRP 1028:1030 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 88 theme N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg1 sites 1231:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites 1211:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1211:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 88 theme N-glycosylation 1215:1229 arg1 glycopeptides 1244:1256 134 glycopeptides 1240:1256 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1240:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 89 theme glycopeptides 1244:1256 arg1 sites 1231:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites 1211:1235 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1211:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 89 theme glycopeptides 1244:1256 arg1 glycopeptides 1244:1256 134 glycopeptides 1240:1256 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins 1240:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 90 gly glycopeptides 1431:1443 arg1 samples 1469:1475 complex biological samples 1450:1475 complex biological samples 1450:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 90 gly glycopeptides 1431:1443 arg2 glycopeptides 1431:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides 1411:1443 endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1411:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 0 91 theme endogenous 90:99 arg1 glycopeptides 101:113 endogenous glycopeptides 90:113 endogenous glycopeptides 90:113 Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 2 92 theme biological 503:512 arg1 sample 514:519 complex biological sample 495:519 complex biological sample 495:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 93 from proteins 464:471 arg1 sample 514:519 complex biological sample 495:519 complex biological sample 495:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 4 94 dep selectivity 973:983 arg1 ratio 995:999 1:5000 M ratio 986:999 1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 986:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 2 95 from heteropeptides 477:490 arg1 sample 514:519 complex biological sample 495:519 complex biological sample 495:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 4 96 theme channel 788:794 arg1 structure 796:804 the suitable pore channel structure 770:804 the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface 770:842 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 97 theme biological 1458:1467 arg1 samples 1469:1475 complex biological samples 1450:1475 complex biological samples 1450:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 0 98 gly glycopeptides 101:113 arg2 glycopeptides 101:113 endogenous glycopeptides 90:113 endogenous glycopeptides 90:113 Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 2 99 theme large-sized 452:462 arg1 proteins 464:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 6 100 theme great 1594:1598 arg1 potential 1600:1608 great potential 1594:1608 great potential for glycopeptidome analysis 1594:1636 These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis. 34215103 3 101 gly glycopeptides 745:757 arg2 glycopeptides 745:757 endogenous glycopeptides 734:757 endogenous glycopeptides 734:757 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 3 102 theme strong 651:656 arg1 hydrophilicity 658:671 strong hydrophilicity 651:671 strong hydrophilicity 651:671 Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. 34215103 4 103 theme suitable 774:781 arg1 structure 796:804 the suitable pore channel structure 770:804 the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface 770:842 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 104 theme human 1316:1320 arg1 serum 1322:1326 human serum 1316:1326 human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples 1316:1475 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 2 105 theme interfering 421:431 arg1 heteropeptides 477:490 heteropeptides 477:490 heteropeptides 477:490 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 105 theme interfering 421:431 arg1 proteins 464:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 large-sized proteins 452:471 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 105 theme interfering 421:431 arg1 substances 433:442 interfering substances 421:442 interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 421:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 106 gly glycopeptides 369:381 arg2 glycopeptides 369:381 endogenous glycopeptides 358:381 endogenous glycopeptides 358:381 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 107 theme number 411:416 arg1 abundance 345:353 the low abundance 337:353 the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides 337:381 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 2 107 theme number 411:416 arg1 presence 391:398 the presence 387:398 the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample 387:519 However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. 34215103 4 108 theme serum 1048:1052 arg1 BSA 1063:1065 BSA 1063:1065 BSA 1063:1065 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 108 theme serum 1048:1052 arg1 albumin 1054:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin 1004:1060 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests 1004:1074 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 4 109 theme as-prepared 849:859 arg1 nanoparticles 873:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 845:885 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 110 gly glycoproteins 1266:1278 arg1 glycoproteins 1266:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 65 glycoproteins 1263:1278 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 5 111 theme @ 1349:1349 arg1 nanoparticles 1357:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34215103 4 112 theme hydrophilic 824:834 arg1 surface 836:842 strong hydrophilic surface 817:842 the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface 770:842 Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 34215103 5 113 theme @ 1353:1353 arg1 nanoparticles 1357:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles 1341:1369 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 34105957 2 0 theme α-N-linked 462:471 arg1 ribosides 473:481 α-N-linked ribosides 462:481 α-N-linked ribosides 462:481 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 6 1 link β-N-linked 788:797 arg1 glycosides 799:808 β-N-linked glycosides 788:808 β-N-linked glycosides like β-adenosine or β-R 788:832 GkCblS did not phosphorylate β-N-linked glycosides like β-adenosine or β-R. 34105957 8 2 theme mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 975:1014 arg1 CobT 1044:1047 CobT 1044:1047 CobT 1044:1047 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 8 2 theme mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 975:1014 arg1 transferase 1031:1041 mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase 975:1041 the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 960:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 2 3 theme continuous 317:326 arg1 assay 347:351 a continuous spectrophotometric assay 315:351 a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides 315:481 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 6 4 theme β-N-linked 788:797 arg1 glycosides 799:808 β-N-linked glycosides 788:808 β-N-linked glycosides like β-adenosine or β-R 788:832 GkCblS did not phosphorylate β-N-linked glycosides like β-adenosine or β-R. 34105957 1 5 theme α-ribazole 153:162 arg1 enzyme 177:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 7 6 theme G. 849:850 arg1 Expression 835:844 Expression 835:844 Expression of G. kaustophilus 835:863 Expression of G. kaustophilus cblS+ in a Salmonella enterica subsp. 34105957 0 7 theme Geobacillus 81:91 arg1 kaustophilus 93:104 Geobacillus kaustophilus 81:104 Geobacillus kaustophilus 81:104 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 7 8 dep Salmonella 876:885 arg1 enterica 887:894 enterica 887:894 enterica 887:894 Expression of G. kaustophilus cblS+ in a Salmonella enterica subsp. 34105957 12 9 theme α-N-glycosidic 1533:1546 arg1 bonds 1548:1552 α-N-glycosidic bonds 1533:1552 α-N-glycosidic bonds 1533:1552 We conclude that GkCblS has specificity for α-N-glycosidic bonds, but not for the base in α-ribosides. 34105957 12 10 contain has 1513:1515 arg2 specificity 1517:1527 specificity 1517:1527 specificity for α-N-glycosidic bonds, but not for the base in α-ribosides 1517:1589 We conclude that GkCblS has specificity for α-N-glycosidic bonds, but not for the base in α-ribosides. 34105957 12 10 contain has 1513:1515 arg1 GkCblS 1506:1511 GkCblS 1506:1511 GkCblS 1506:1511 We conclude that GkCblS has specificity for α-N-glycosidic bonds, but not for the base in α-ribosides. 34105957 5 11 theme other 709:713 arg1 α-ribosides 715:725 other α-ribosides 709:725 other α-ribosides 709:725 Purified GkCblS activated α-R and other α-ribosides, including α-adenosine (α-Ado). 34105957 5 11 theme other 709:713 arg1 α-adenosine 738:748 α-adenosine 738:748 α-adenosine (α-Ado) 738:756 Purified GkCblS activated α-R and other α-ribosides, including α-adenosine (α-Ado). 34105957 8 12 theme robust 1193:1198 arg1 growth 1200:1205 robust growth 1193:1205 robust growth 1193:1205 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 10 13 theme high 1370:1373 arg1 concentration 1375:1387 a very high concentration 1363:1387 a very high concentration 1363:1387 When α-Ado was provided at a very high concentration, growth was observed. 34105957 2 14 dep assay 347:351 arg1 study 422:426 study 422:426 to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides 419:481 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 2 14 dep assay 347:351 arg1 obtain 356:361 obtain 356:361 to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates 353:413 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 4 15 theme available 631:639 arg1 α-ribosides 641:651 non-commercially available α-ribosides 614:651 non-commercially available α-ribosides 614:651 We also report methods for synthesizing and quantifying non-commercially available α-ribosides and β-ribazole (β-R). 34105957 7 16 dep G. 849:850 arg1 kaustophilus 852:863 G. kaustophilus 849:863 G. kaustophilus 849:863 Expression of G. kaustophilus cblS+ in a Salmonella enterica subsp. 34105957 2 17 theme kinetic 363:369 arg1 parameters 371:380 kinetic parameters 363:380 kinetic parameters for several potential substrates 363:413 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 8 18 theme nicotinate 964:973 arg1 enzyme 1050:1055 the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 960:1055 the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 960:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 0 19 theme Functional 0:9 arg1 Studies 11:17 Functional Studies 0:17 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 0:105 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 8 20 theme transferase 1031:1041 arg1 enzyme 1050:1055 the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 960:1055 the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 960:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 11 21 theme α-Ado 1453:1457 arg1 transport 1459:1467 S. enterica α-Ado transport 1441:1467 S. enterica α-Ado transport 1441:1467 This result suggested that in S. enterica α-Ado transport may be inefficient. 34105957 1 22 theme kinase 170:175 arg1 enzyme 177:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 0 23 theme α-Riboside 22:31 arg1 Activation 33:42 α-Riboside Activation 22:42 α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus 22:104 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 8 24 theme various 1087:1093 arg1 α-ribosides 1109:1119 various benzimidazole α-ribosides 1087:1119 various benzimidazole α-ribosides 1087:1119 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 8 25 theme phosphoribosyl 1016:1029 arg1 CobT 1044:1047 CobT 1044:1047 CobT 1044:1047 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 8 25 theme phosphoribosyl 1016:1029 arg1 transferase 1031:1041 mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase 975:1041 the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 960:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 11 26 from inefficient 1476:1486 arg1 transport 1459:1467 S. enterica α-Ado transport 1441:1467 S. enterica α-Ado transport 1441:1467 This result suggested that in S. enterica α-Ado transport may be inefficient. 34105957 1 27 theme enzyme 177:182 arg1 characterization 129:144 the initial characterization 117:144 the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides 117:297 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 5 28 theme Purified 675:682 arg1 GkCblS 684:689 Purified GkCblS 675:689 Purified GkCblS 675:689 Purified GkCblS activated α-R and other α-ribosides, including α-adenosine (α-Ado). 34105957 3 29 theme apparent 488:495 arg1 μM 540:541 358 and 297 μM 528:541 358 and 297 μM 528:541 The apparent Km values for α-R and ATP were 358 and 297 μM, respectively. 34105957 3 29 theme apparent 488:495 arg1 values 500:505 The apparent Km values 484:505 The apparent Km values for α-R and ATP 484:521 The apparent Km values for α-R and ATP were 358 and 297 μM, respectively. 34105957 11 30 theme S. 1441:1442 arg1 transport 1459:1467 S. enterica α-Ado transport 1441:1467 S. enterica α-Ado transport 1441:1467 This result suggested that in S. enterica α-Ado transport may be inefficient. 34105957 2 31 theme potential 394:402 arg1 substrates 404:413 several potential substrates 386:413 several potential substrates 386:413 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 2 32 theme enzyme 451:456 arg1 specificity 432:442 the specificity 428:442 the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides 428:481 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 8 33 theme α-ribosides 1109:1119 arg1 activation 1073:1082 the activation 1069:1082 the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides 1069:1119 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 1 34 theme Geobacillus 187:197 arg1 GkCblS 213:218 GkCblS 213:218 GkCblS 213:218 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 1 34 theme Geobacillus 187:197 arg1 kaustophilus 199:210 Geobacillus kaustophilus 187:210 Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS) 187:219 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 7 35 theme Salmonella 876:885 arg1 subsp 896:900 a Salmonella enterica subsp 874:900 a Salmonella enterica subsp 874:900 Expression of G. kaustophilus cblS+ in a Salmonella enterica subsp. 34105957 2 36 theme several 386:392 arg1 substrates 404:413 several potential substrates 386:413 several potential substrates 386:413 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 0 37 theme Activation 33:42 arg1 Studies 11:17 Functional Studies 0:17 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 0:105 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 8 38 theme benzimidazole 1095:1107 arg1 α-ribosides 1109:1119 various benzimidazole α-ribosides 1087:1119 various benzimidazole α-ribosides 1087:1119 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 9 39 theme similar 1252:1258 arg1 conditions 1260:1269 similar conditions 1252:1269 similar conditions 1252:1269 Notably, α-Ado did not support growth under similar conditions, in spite of the fact that GkCblS phosphorylated α-Ado in vitro. 34105957 2 40 link α-N-linked 462:471 arg1 ribosides 473:481 α-N-linked ribosides 462:481 α-N-linked ribosides 462:481 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 34105957 1 41 theme kaustophilus 199:210 arg1 enzyme 177:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 0 42 theme α-Ribazole 51:60 arg1 CblS 70:73 CblS 70:73 CblS 70:73 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 0 42 theme α-Ribazole 51:60 arg1 Kinase 62:67 α-Ribazole Kinase 51:67 the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus 47:104 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 12 43 from base 1571:1574 arg1 α-ribosides 1579:1589 α-ribosides 1579:1589 α-ribosides 1579:1589 We conclude that GkCblS has specificity for α-N-glycosidic bonds, but not for the base in α-ribosides. 34105957 11 44 from transport 1459:1467 arg1 inefficient 1476:1486 inefficient 1476:1486 inefficient 1476:1486 This result suggested that in S. enterica α-Ado transport may be inefficient. 34105957 8 45 theme Typhimurium 915:925 arg1 LT2 927:929 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 903:929 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 903:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 0 46 from kaustophilus 93:104 arg1 CblS 70:73 CblS 70:73 CblS 70:73 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 0 46 from kaustophilus 93:104 arg1 Kinase 62:67 α-Ribazole Kinase 51:67 the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus 47:104 Functional Studies of α-Riboside Activation by the α-Ribazole Kinase (CblS) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. 34105957 8 47 theme sv 912:913 arg1 LT2 927:929 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 903:929 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 903:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 8 48 dep LT2 927:929 arg1 enterica 935:942 S. enterica 932:942 S. enterica 932:942 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 8 49 theme enterica 903:910 arg1 LT2 927:929 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 903:929 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 903:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 11 50 dep S. 1441:1442 arg1 enterica 1444:1451 enterica 1444:1451 enterica 1444:1451 This result suggested that in S. enterica α-Ado transport may be inefficient. 34105957 1 51 theme initial 121:127 arg1 characterization 129:144 the initial characterization 117:144 the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides 117:297 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 8 52 theme benzimidazolyl 1143:1156 arg1 synthesis 1130:1138 the synthesis 1126:1138 the synthesis of benzimidazolyl 1126:1156 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 8 53 theme LT2 927:929 arg1 strain 945:950 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain 903:950 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme 903:1055 enterica sv Typhimurium LT2 (S. enterica) strain lacking the nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyl transferase (CobT) enzyme resulted in the activation of various benzimidazole α-ribosides, and the synthesis of benzimidazolyl cobamides to levels that supported robust growth. 34105957 3 54 theme Km 497:498 arg1 μM 540:541 358 and 297 μM 528:541 358 and 297 μM 528:541 The apparent Km values for α-R and ATP were 358 and 297 μM, respectively. 34105957 3 54 theme Km 497:498 arg1 values 500:505 The apparent Km values 484:505 The apparent Km values for α-R and ATP 484:521 The apparent Km values for α-R and ATP were 358 and 297 μM, respectively. 34105957 1 55 theme α-R 165:167 arg1 enzyme 177:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme 149:182 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 1 56 theme cobamides 289:297 arg1 synthesis 276:284 the synthesis 272:284 the synthesis of cobamides 272:297 We report the initial characterization of the α-ribazole (α-R) kinase enzyme of Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkCblS), which converts α-R to α-R-phosphate (α-RP) during the synthesis of cobamides. 34105957 2 57 theme spectrophotometric 328:345 arg1 assay 347:351 a continuous spectrophotometric assay 315:351 a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides 315:481 We implemented a continuous spectrophotometric assay to obtain kinetic parameters for several potential substrates and to study the specificity of the enzyme for α-N-linked ribosides. 32766576 6 0 theme steered 874:880 arg1 dynamics 892:899 steered molecular dynamics 874:899 steered molecular dynamics 874:899 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 12 1 theme RBD-ACE2 1686:1693 arg1 interaction 1695:1705 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1676:1705 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1676:1705 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 7 2 theme CoV-1 1143:1147 arg1 RBD 1149:1151 CoV-1 RBD 1143:1151 CoV-1 RBD 1143:1151 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 10 3 theme greater 1425:1431 arg1 force 1433:1437 a greater force 1423:1437 a greater force 1423:1437 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 32766576 12 4 link N-linked 1571:1578 arg1 glycans 1580:1586 N-linked glycans 1571:1586 N-linked glycans 1571:1586 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 6 5 theme spectroscopy 857:868 arg1 approach 918:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 5 6 dep mechanism 742:750 arg1 behind 752:757 behind 752:757 behind such binding affinity difference 752:790 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 32766576 7 7 theme CoV-2 1063:1067 arg1 RBD 1069:1071 CoV-2 RBD 1063:1071 CoV-2 RBD 1063:1071 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 13 8 theme new 1860:1862 arg1 strategies 1864:1873 new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry 1860:1899 new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry 1860:1899 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, and could aid in the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 32766576 3 9 theme SARS-CoV-2 484:493 arg1 entry 475:479 the host cell entry 461:479 the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 461:493 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32766576 6 10 theme single-molecule 835:849 arg1 SMD 902:904 SMD 902:904 SMD 902:904 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 6 10 theme single-molecule 835:849 arg1 spectroscopy 857:868 single-molecule force spectroscopy 835:868 single-molecule force spectroscopy 835:868 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 10 11 theme interaction 1453:1463 arg1 lifetime 1465:1472 prolonged interaction lifetime 1443:1472 prolonged interaction lifetime 1443:1472 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 32766576 9 12 theme RBD-ACE2 1327:1334 arg1 complex 1336:1342 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1317:1342 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1317:1342 This interaction is mostly absent in the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 32766576 12 13 theme CoV-2 1634:1638 arg1 RBD 1640:1642 CoV-2 RBD 1634:1642 CoV-2 RBD 1634:1642 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 2 14 theme binding 281:287 arg1 RBD 297:299 RBD 297:299 RBD 297:299 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 2 14 theme binding 281:287 arg1 domain 289:294 protein's receptor binding domain 262:294 protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) 262:300 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 8 15 link N-linked 1246:1253 arg1 glycan 1255:1260 the N-linked glycan 1242:1260 the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2 1242:1277 SMD results indicate that CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 32766576 6 16 theme simulation 907:916 arg1 approach 918:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 5 17 theme such 759:762 arg1 difference 781:790 such binding affinity difference 759:790 such binding affinity difference 759:790 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 32766576 8 18 theme SMD 1191:1193 arg1 results 1195:1201 SMD results 1191:1201 SMD results 1191:1201 SMD results indicate that CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 32766576 12 19 theme binding 1612:1618 arg1 strength 1620:1627 its mechanical binding strength 1597:1627 its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD 1597:1642 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 6 20 theme dynamics 892:899 arg1 approach 918:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 2 21 theme spike 252:256 arg1 S 259:259 its surface spike (S) 240:260 its surface spike (S) 240:260 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 2 22 theme surface 244:250 arg1 S 259:259 its surface spike (S) 240:260 its surface spike (S) 240:260 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 6 23 theme CoV-1 982:986 arg1 RBD 988:990 CoV-1 RBD 982:990 CoV-1 RBD 982:990 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 8 24 theme CoV-2 1217:1221 arg1 RBD 1223:1225 CoV-2 RBD 1217:1225 CoV-2 RBD 1217:1225 SMD results indicate that CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 32766576 0 25 theme ACE2 65:68 arg1 Interaction 86:96 Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction 59:96 Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction 59:96 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 4 26 theme S 645:645 arg1 virus 674:678 the virus 670:678 the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 670:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 4 26 theme S 645:645 arg1 protein 647:653 the structurally identical S protein 618:653 the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1 618:667 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 0 27 theme Interaction 86:96 arg1 Characterization 14:29 Biomechanical Characterization 0:29 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 0:97 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 12 28 with strength 1620:1627 arg1 RBD 1640:1642 CoV-2 RBD 1634:1642 CoV-2 RBD 1634:1642 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 4 29 theme ACE2 529:532 arg1 interaction 534:544 the ACE2 interaction 525:544 the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 525:574 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 12 30 theme glycans 1580:1586 arg1 removal 1560:1566 the removal 1556:1566 the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2 1556:1594 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 0 31 theme Biomechanical 0:12 arg1 Characterization 14:29 Biomechanical Characterization 0:29 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 0:97 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 1 32 theme current 103:109 arg1 pandemic 120:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic has already had a devastating impact across the world. 32766576 2 33 theme human 389:393 arg1 types 400:404 many human cell types 384:404 many human cell types 384:404 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 10 34 theme RBD-N-glycan 1383:1394 arg1 interaction 1396:1406 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1373:1406 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1373:1406 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 32766576 8 35 theme ACE2 1274:1277 arg1 Asn90 1265:1269 Asn90 1265:1269 Asn90 of ACE2 1265:1277 SMD results indicate that CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 32766576 3 36 theme RBD-ACE2 411:418 arg1 step 445:448 a crucial step 435:448 a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 435:493 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32766576 3 36 theme RBD-ACE2 411:418 arg1 interaction 420:430 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 407:430 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 407:430 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32766576 5 37 theme binding 764:770 arg1 difference 781:790 such binding affinity difference 759:790 such binding affinity difference 759:790 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 32766576 4 38 with binding 605:611 arg1 virus 674:678 the virus 670:678 the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 670:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 4 38 with binding 605:611 arg1 protein 647:653 the structurally identical S protein 618:653 the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1 618:667 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 0 39 theme Spike 45:49 arg1 RBD 51:53 SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD 34:53 SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD 34:53 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 9 40 from absent 1307:1312 arg1 complex 1336:1342 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1317:1342 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1317:1342 This interaction is mostly absent in the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 32766576 4 41 contain has 576:578 arg1 interaction 534:544 the ACE2 interaction 525:544 the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 525:574 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 4 41 contain has 576:578 arg2 affinity 587:594 higher affinity 580:594 higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 580:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 3 42 theme crucial 437:443 arg1 step 445:448 a crucial step 435:448 a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 435:493 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32766576 3 42 theme crucial 437:443 arg1 interaction 420:430 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 407:430 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 407:430 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32766576 5 43 theme biophysical 730:740 arg1 unclear 795:801 unclear 795:801 unclear 795:801 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 32766576 5 43 theme biophysical 730:740 arg1 mechanism 742:750 the biophysical mechanism 726:750 the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference 726:790 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 32766576 12 44 theme CoV-1 1680:1684 arg1 interaction 1695:1705 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1676:1705 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1676:1705 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 7 45 theme similar 1168:1174 arg1 rates 1184:1188 similar loading rates 1168:1188 similar loading rates 1168:1188 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 10 46 theme prolonged 1443:1451 arg1 lifetime 1465:1472 prolonged interaction lifetime 1443:1472 prolonged interaction lifetime 1443:1472 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 32766576 11 47 theme spectroscopy 1530:1541 arg1 study 1543:1547 our experimental force spectroscopy study 1507:1547 our experimental force spectroscopy study 1507:1547 The observation is confirmed by our experimental force spectroscopy study. 32766576 2 48 theme angiotensin-converting 323:344 arg1 enzyme 346:351 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 319:353 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types 319:404 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 2 48 theme angiotensin-converting 323:344 arg1 ACE2 356:359 ACE2 356:359 ACE2 356:359 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 0 49 theme Human 59:63 arg1 Interaction 86:96 Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction 59:96 Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction 59:96 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 6 50 theme molecular 882:890 arg1 dynamics 892:899 steered molecular dynamics 874:899 steered molecular dynamics 874:899 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 12 51 theme interaction 1695:1705 arg1 level 1667:1671 a similar level 1657:1671 a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1657:1705 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 4 52 theme SARS-CoV-2 555:564 arg1 protein 568:574 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 551:574 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 551:574 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 1 53 contain had 141:143 arg2 impact 159:164 a devastating impact 145:164 a devastating impact 145:164 The current COVID-19 pandemic has already had a devastating impact across the world. 32766576 1 53 contain had 141:143 arg1 pandemic 120:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic has already had a devastating impact across the world. 32766576 11 54 theme experimental 1511:1522 arg1 study 1543:1547 our experimental force spectroscopy study 1507:1547 our experimental force spectroscopy study 1507:1547 The observation is confirmed by our experimental force spectroscopy study. 32766576 12 55 theme similar 1659:1665 arg1 level 1667:1671 a similar level 1657:1671 a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1657:1705 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 6 56 theme force 851:855 arg1 SMD 902:904 SMD 902:904 SMD 902:904 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 6 56 theme force 851:855 arg1 spectroscopy 857:868 single-molecule force spectroscopy 835:868 single-molecule force spectroscopy 835:868 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 2 57 dep SARS-CoV-2 184:193 arg1 causing 206:212 causing 206:212 causing COVID-19 206:221 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 13 58 theme strategies 1864:1873 arg1 development 1845:1855 the development 1841:1855 the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry 1841:1899 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, and could aid in the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 32766576 3 59 theme cell 470:473 arg1 entry 475:479 the host cell entry 461:479 the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 461:493 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32766576 9 60 theme CoV-1 1321:1325 arg1 complex 1336:1342 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1317:1342 the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1317:1342 This interaction is mostly absent in the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 32766576 6 61 theme combined 826:833 arg1 approach 918:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach 824:925 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 12 62 from removal 1560:1566 arg1 ACE2 1591:1594 ACE2 1591:1594 ACE2 1591:1594 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 7 63 theme loading 1019:1025 arg1 rates 1027:1031 the loading rates 1015:1031 the loading rates 1015:1031 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 2 64 theme receptor 272:279 arg1 RBD 297:299 RBD 297:299 RBD 297:299 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 2 64 theme receptor 272:279 arg1 domain 289:294 protein's receptor binding domain 262:294 protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) 262:300 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 5 65 theme affinity 772:779 arg1 difference 781:790 such binding affinity difference 759:790 such binding affinity difference 759:790 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 32766576 4 66 theme higher 580:585 arg1 affinity 587:594 higher affinity 580:594 higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 580:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 4 67 with interaction 534:544 arg1 protein 568:574 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 551:574 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 551:574 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 12 68 theme mechanical 1601:1610 arg1 strength 1620:1627 its mechanical binding strength 1597:1627 its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD 1597:1642 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 4 69 theme SARS-CoV-1 658:667 arg1 virus 674:678 the virus 670:678 the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 670:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 4 69 theme SARS-CoV-1 658:667 arg1 protein 647:653 the structurally identical S protein 618:653 the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1 618:667 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 0 70 theme Protein-Protein 70:84 arg1 Interaction 86:96 Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction 59:96 Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction 59:96 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 1 71 theme devastating 147:157 arg1 impact 159:164 a devastating impact 145:164 a devastating impact 145:164 The current COVID-19 pandemic has already had a devastating impact across the world. 32766576 13 72 theme ACE2 1776:1779 arg1 binding 1781:1787 ACE2 binding 1776:1787 ACE2 binding 1776:1787 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, and could aid in the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 32766576 7 73 dep 110 1099:1101 arg1 to 1096:1097 to 1096:1097 to 1096:1097 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 4 74 theme identical 635:643 arg1 virus 674:678 the virus 670:678 the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 670:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 4 74 theme identical 635:643 arg1 protein 647:653 the structurally identical S protein 618:653 the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1 618:667 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 6 75 theme specific 943:950 arg1 interactions 952:963 the specific interactions 939:963 the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 939:999 This study utilizes a combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approach to quantify the specific interactions between CoV-2 or CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 32766576 9 76 from complex 1336:1342 arg1 absent 1307:1312 absent 1307:1312 absent 1307:1312 This interaction is mostly absent in the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 32766576 7 77 from pN 1103:1104 arg1 RBD 1069:1071 CoV-2 RBD 1063:1071 CoV-2 RBD 1063:1071 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 7 77 from pN 1103:1104 arg1 range 1082:1086 ACE2 range 1077:1086 ACE2 range 1077:1086 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 10 78 theme SMD 1356:1358 arg1 simulations 1360:1370 the SMD simulations 1352:1370 the SMD simulations 1352:1370 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 32766576 8 79 theme N-linked 1246:1253 arg1 glycan 1255:1260 the N-linked glycan 1242:1260 the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2 1242:1277 SMD results indicate that CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 32766576 12 80 theme N-linked 1571:1578 arg1 glycans 1580:1586 N-linked glycans 1571:1586 N-linked glycans 1571:1586 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 2 81 theme cell 395:398 arg1 types 400:404 many human cell types 384:404 many human cell types 384:404 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 4 82 theme Recent 496:501 arg1 studies 503:509 Recent studies 496:509 Recent studies 496:509 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 2 83 theme enzyme 346:351 arg1 receptor 362:369 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 319:369 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types 319:404 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 0 84 theme SARS-CoV-2 34:43 arg1 RBD 51:53 SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD 34:53 SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD 34:53 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 1 85 theme COVID-19 111:118 arg1 pandemic 120:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic has already had a devastating impact across the world. 32766576 2 86 theme many 384:387 arg1 types 400:404 many human cell types 384:404 many human cell types 384:404 SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use its surface spike (S) protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 32766576 10 87 theme extra 1377:1381 arg1 interaction 1396:1406 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1373:1406 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1373:1406 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 32766576 0 88 theme RBD 51:53 arg1 Characterization 14:29 Biomechanical Characterization 0:29 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 0:97 Biomechanical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and Human ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction. 32766576 7 89 theme ACE2 1077:1080 arg1 range 1082:1086 ACE2 range 1077:1086 ACE2 range 1077:1086 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 7 90 theme loading 1176:1182 arg1 rates 1184:1188 similar loading rates 1168:1188 similar loading rates 1168:1188 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 110 pN, and are 30-50% higher than those of CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 32766576 8 91 from glycan 1255:1260 arg1 Asn90 1265:1269 Asn90 1265:1269 Asn90 of ACE2 1265:1277 SMD results indicate that CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 32766576 13 92 from difference 1762:1771 arg1 binding 1781:1787 ACE2 binding 1776:1787 ACE2 binding 1776:1787 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, and could aid in the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 32766576 4 93 theme epidemic 707:714 arg1 2002-2004 692:700 the 2002-2004 688:700 the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic 688:714 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 11 94 theme force 1524:1528 arg1 study 1543:1547 our experimental force spectroscopy study 1507:1547 our experimental force spectroscopy study 1507:1547 The observation is confirmed by our experimental force spectroscopy study. 32766576 13 95 dep mechanism 1741:1749 arg1 behind 1751:1756 behind 1751:1756 behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 1751:1821 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, and could aid in the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 32766576 4 96 theme S 566:566 arg1 protein 568:574 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 551:574 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 551:574 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS epidemic. 32766576 12 97 attach removal 1560:1566 arg2 glycans 1580:1586 N-linked glycans 1571:1586 N-linked glycans 1571:1586 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 12 97 attach removal 1560:1566 arg3 ACE2 1591:1594 ACE2 1591:1594 ACE2 1591:1594 After the removal of N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 32766576 13 98 theme SARS-CoV-2 1884:1893 arg1 entry 1895:1899 SARS-CoV-2 entry 1884:1899 SARS-CoV-2 entry 1884:1899 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, and could aid in the development of new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 32766576 3 99 theme host 465:468 arg1 entry 475:479 the host cell entry 461:479 the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 461:493 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 32747272 0 0 theme resistant 72:80 arg1 V 94:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 0 0 theme resistant 72:80 arg1 complex 63:69 oleic acid complex 52:69 oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet 52:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 3 1 theme butyrate-producing 670:687 arg1 bacteria 689:696 butyrate-producing bacteria 670:696 butyrate-producing bacteria 670:696 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 2 2 theme starch-oleic 311:322 arg1 supplementation 337:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 3 theme rice 306:309 arg1 supplementation 337:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 5 4 theme enzymes 1049:1055 arg1 changes 1015:1021 the changes 1011:1021 the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes 1011:1055 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 0 5 theme type 89:92 arg1 V 94:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 0 5 theme type 89:92 arg1 complex 63:69 oleic acid complex 52:69 oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet 52:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 0 6 from Studies 0:6 arg1 intervention 23:34 nutritional intervention 11:34 nutritional intervention 11:34 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 1 7 theme supplementary 224:236 arg1 complex 165:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex 142:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility 142:206 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 1 7 theme supplementary 224:236 arg1 diet 238:241 a supplementary diet 222:241 a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet 222:273 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 0 8 theme starch 82:87 arg1 V 94:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 0 8 theme starch 82:87 arg1 complex 63:69 oleic acid complex 52:69 oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet 52:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 6 9 theme rice 1126:1129 arg1 foods 1144:1148 rice starch-based foods 1126:1148 rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits 1126:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 6 10 theme nutritional 1155:1165 arg1 functions 1167:1175 nutritional functions 1155:1175 nutritional functions 1155:1175 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 5 11 theme rice 946:949 arg1 intake 977:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 3 12 dep proliferation 642:654 arg1 the 638:640 the 638:640 the 638:640 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 2 13 theme rats 489:492 arg1 microbiota 475:484 gut microbiota 471:484 gut microbiota 471:484 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 6 14 theme rational 1107:1114 arg1 design 1116:1121 the rational design 1103:1121 the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits 1103:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 4 15 theme SOD 833:835 arg1 level 837:841 SOD level 833:841 SOD level 833:841 The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the genus Turicibacter and Romboutsia genus were positively correlated to HDL-c and SOD level. 32747272 2 16 theme improved 390:397 arg1 profiles 411:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 16 theme improved 390:397 arg1 weight 382:387 body weight 377:387 body weight 377:387 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 5 17 theme starch-oleic 951:962 arg1 intake 977:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 2 18 theme body 377:380 arg1 metabolism 429:438 hepatic metabolism 421:438 hepatic metabolism 421:438 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 18 theme body 377:380 arg1 profiles 411:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 18 theme body 377:380 arg1 weight 382:387 body weight 377:387 body weight 377:387 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 3 19 theme bacteria 689:696 arg1 growth 660:665 growth 660:665 growth 660:665 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 3 19 theme bacteria 689:696 arg1 proliferation 642:654 proliferation 642:654 proliferation 642:654 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 5 20 theme acid 964:967 arg1 intake 977:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 2 21 theme hepatic 421:427 arg1 weight 382:387 body weight 377:387 body weight 377:387 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 21 theme hepatic 421:427 arg1 metabolism 429:438 hepatic metabolism 421:438 hepatic metabolism 421:438 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 6 22 theme starch-based 1131:1142 arg1 foods 1144:1148 rice starch-based foods 1126:1148 rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits 1126:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 4 23 theme correlation 714:724 arg1 analysis 726:733 The Spearman's correlation analysis 699:733 The Spearman's correlation analysis 699:733 The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the genus Turicibacter and Romboutsia genus were positively correlated to HDL-c and SOD level. 32747272 2 24 theme resistant 532:540 arg1 RS 550:551 RS 550:551 RS 550:551 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 24 theme resistant 532:540 arg1 starch 542:547 resistant starch 532:547 the higher resistant starch (RS) level 521:558 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 4 25 dep Romboutsia 776:785 arg1 genus 787:791 Romboutsia genus 776:791 Romboutsia genus 776:791 The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the genus Turicibacter and Romboutsia genus were positively correlated to HDL-c and SOD level. 32747272 5 26 theme main 918:921 arg1 genus 901:905 Bifidobacteria genus 886:905 Bifidobacteria genus 886:905 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 5 26 theme main 918:921 arg1 degrader 931:938 a main primary degrader 916:938 a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes 916:1055 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 5 26 theme main 918:921 arg1 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 1 27 theme rice 142:145 arg1 complex 165:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex 142:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility 142:206 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 1 27 theme rice 142:145 arg1 diet 238:241 a supplementary diet 222:241 a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet 222:273 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 6 28 with foods 1144:1148 arg1 benefits 1195:1202 physiological benefits 1181:1202 physiological benefits 1181:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 6 28 with foods 1144:1148 arg1 functions 1167:1175 nutritional functions 1155:1175 nutritional functions 1155:1175 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 1 29 with complex 165:171 arg1 digestibility 194:206 well-controlled digestibility 178:206 well-controlled digestibility 178:206 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 5 30 theme primary 923:929 arg1 genus 901:905 Bifidobacteria genus 886:905 Bifidobacteria genus 886:905 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 5 30 theme primary 923:929 arg1 degrader 931:938 a main primary degrader 916:938 a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes 916:1055 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 5 30 theme primary 923:929 arg1 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 1 31 theme starch-oleic 147:158 arg1 complex 165:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex 142:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility 142:206 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 1 31 theme starch-oleic 147:158 arg1 diet 238:241 a supplementary diet 222:241 a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet 222:273 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 0 32 theme nutritional 11:21 arg1 intervention 23:34 nutritional intervention 11:34 nutritional intervention 11:34 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 3 33 theme complex 599:605 arg1 supplementation 607:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 1 34 theme acid 160:163 arg1 complex 165:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex 142:171 rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility 142:206 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 1 34 theme acid 160:163 arg1 diet 238:241 a supplementary diet 222:241 a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet 222:273 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 0 35 theme rice 39:42 arg1 Studies 0:6 Studies 0:6 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice 0:42 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 1 36 theme high 261:264 arg1 diet 270:273 high fat diet 261:273 high fat diet 261:273 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 0 37 from complex 63:69 arg1 rats 100:103 rats 100:103 rats fed by high-fat diet 100:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 4 38 dep Turicibacter 759:770 arg1 the 749:751 the 749:751 the 749:751 The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the genus Turicibacter and Romboutsia genus were positively correlated to HDL-c and SOD level. 32747272 0 39 theme oleic 52:56 arg1 acid 58:61 oleic acid 52:61 oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet 52:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 1 40 theme fat 266:268 arg1 diet 270:273 high fat diet 261:273 high fat diet 261:273 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 2 41 theme starch 542:547 arg1 level 554:558 the higher resistant starch (RS) level 521:558 the higher resistant starch (RS) level 521:558 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 42 theme gut 471:473 arg1 microbiota 475:484 gut microbiota 471:484 gut microbiota 471:484 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 6 43 theme basic 1088:1092 arg1 data 1094:1097 basic data 1088:1097 basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits 1088:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 5 44 theme Bifidobacteria 886:899 arg1 genus 901:905 Bifidobacteria genus 886:905 Bifidobacteria genus 886:905 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 5 44 theme Bifidobacteria 886:899 arg1 degrader 931:938 a main primary degrader 916:938 a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes 916:1055 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 5 44 theme Bifidobacteria 886:899 arg1 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile 844:852 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 0 45 theme high-fat 112:119 arg1 diet 121:124 high-fat diet 112:124 high-fat diet 112:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 3 46 theme acid 594:597 arg1 supplementation 607:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 3 47 theme starch-oleic 581:592 arg1 supplementation 607:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 2 48 theme higher 525:530 arg1 level 554:558 the higher resistant starch (RS) level 521:558 the higher resistant starch (RS) level 521:558 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 5 49 theme complex 969:975 arg1 intake 977:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 rice starch-oleic acid complex intake 946:982 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 1 50 theme well-controlled 178:192 arg1 digestibility 194:206 well-controlled digestibility 178:206 well-controlled digestibility 178:206 In this study, rice starch-oleic acid complex with well-controlled digestibility was chosen as a supplementary diet for rats fed with high fat diet. 32747272 6 51 theme foods 1144:1148 arg1 design 1116:1121 the rational design 1103:1121 the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits 1103:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 5 52 theme key 1026:1028 arg1 enzymes 1049:1055 key starch-degradation enzymes 1026:1055 key starch-degradation enzymes 1026:1055 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 3 53 theme rice 576:579 arg1 supplementation 607:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 576:621 Interestingly, rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation contributed to the proliferation and growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. 32747272 5 54 theme metagenomic 868:878 arg1 data 880:883 the metagenomic data 864:883 the metagenomic data 864:883 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 2 55 theme microbiota 475:484 arg1 composition 456:466 the composition 452:466 the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level 452:558 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 5 56 theme starch-degradation 1030:1047 arg1 enzymes 1049:1055 key starch-degradation enzymes 1026:1055 key starch-degradation enzymes 1026:1055 Meanwhile, based on the metagenomic data, Bifidobacteria genus might be a main primary degrader after rice starch-oleic acid complex intake, which was associated with the changes of key starch-degradation enzymes. 32747272 6 57 theme physiological 1181:1193 arg1 benefits 1195:1202 physiological benefits 1181:1202 physiological benefits 1181:1202 Overall, our results provided basic data for the rational design of rice starch-based foods with nutritional functions and physiological benefits. 32747272 2 58 theme serum 399:403 arg1 profiles 411:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 58 theme serum 399:403 arg1 weight 382:387 body weight 377:387 body weight 377:387 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 59 theme complex 329:335 arg1 supplementation 337:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 0 60 theme acid 58:61 arg1 V 94:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 resistant starch type V 72:94 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 0 60 theme acid 58:61 arg1 complex 63:69 oleic acid complex 52:69 oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet 52:124 Studies on nutritional intervention of rice starch- oleic acid complex (resistant starch type V) in rats fed by high-fat diet. 32747272 2 61 theme lipid 405:409 arg1 profiles 411:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 improved serum lipid profiles 390:418 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 61 theme lipid 405:409 arg1 weight 382:387 body weight 377:387 body weight 377:387 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32747272 2 62 theme acid 324:327 arg1 supplementation 337:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation 306:351 Our results demonstrated that rice starch-oleic acid complex supplementation significantly decreased body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, hepatic metabolism and altered the composition of gut microbiota of rats, which might be related to the higher resistant starch (RS) level. 32174982 4 0 theme autophagic 518:527 arg1 activity 529:536 autophagic activity 518:536 autophagic activity in response to O-GlcNAcylation 518:567 Here, we evaluate the change in autophagic activity in response to O-GlcNAcylation and explore the potential mechanisms. 32174982 5 1 theme genetic 702:708 arg1 manipulations 710:722 pharmacological or genetic manipulations 683:722 pharmacological or genetic manipulations 683:722 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 7 2 theme AMP-activated 1040:1052 arg1 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 2 theme AMP-activated 1040:1052 arg1 kinase 1062:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase 1016:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 1016:1074 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 2 theme AMP-activated 1040:1052 arg1 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 12 3 theme dependent 1643:1651 arg1 autophagy 1653:1661 AMPK dependent autophagy 1638:1661 AMPK dependent autophagy 1638:1661 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 5 4 theme O-GlcNAc 817:824 arg1 OGT 839:841 OGT 839:841 OGT 839:841 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 4 theme O-GlcNAc 817:824 arg1 transferase 826:836 O-GlcNAc transferase 817:836 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 817:842 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 4 5 dep O-GlcNAcylation 553:567 arg1 response 541:548 response 541:548 response 541:548 Here, we evaluate the change in autophagic activity in response to O-GlcNAcylation and explore the potential mechanisms. 32174982 5 6 theme bladder 641:647 arg1 cells 656:660 bladder cancer cells 641:660 bladder cancer cells 641:660 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 12 7 theme GlcNAcylation 1616:1628 arg1 Blockage 1595:1602 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage 1576:1602 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation 1576:1628 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 5 8 dep METHODS 607:613 arg1 altered 667:673 altered 667:673 were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations 662:722 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 8 dep METHODS 607:613 arg1 treating 725:732 treating 725:732 treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 725:863 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 11 9 theme AMPK 1570:1573 arg1 regulation 1556:1565 regulation 1556:1565 regulation of AMPK 1556:1573 CONCLUSION We characterized a new function of O-GlcNAcylation in the suppression of autophagy via regulation of AMPK. 32174982 8 10 theme high 1224:1227 arg1 levels 1245:1250 high O-GlcNAcylation levels 1224:1250 high O-GlcNAcylation levels 1224:1250 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 7 11 theme autophagy 1020:1028 arg1 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 11 theme autophagy 1020:1028 arg1 kinase 1062:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase 1016:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 1016:1074 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 11 theme autophagy 1020:1028 arg1 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 0 12 link O-linked 12:19 arg1 GlcNAcylation 21:33 O-linked GlcNAcylation 12:33 O-linked GlcNAcylation 12:33 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 2 13 theme critical 328:335 arg1 role 337:340 a critical role 326:340 a critical role 326:340 Autophagy, which can be induced by stress from post-translational modifications, plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating tumorigenesis. 32174982 10 14 theme ULK1 1429:1432 arg1 activity 1434:1441 ULK1 activity 1429:1441 ULK1 activity 1429:1441 We found that O-GlcNAcylation of AMPK suppressed the activity of this regulator, thereby inhibiting ULK1 activity and autophagy. 32174982 2 15 theme post-translational 286:303 arg1 modifications 305:317 post-translational modifications 286:317 post-translational modifications 286:317 Autophagy, which can be induced by stress from post-translational modifications, plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating tumorigenesis. 32174982 5 16 from levels 631:636 arg1 cells 656:660 bladder cancer cells 641:660 bladder cancer cells 641:660 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 8 17 theme autophagic 1116:1125 arg1 flux 1127:1130 Cellular autophagic flux 1107:1130 Cellular autophagic flux 1107:1130 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 8 17 theme autophagic 1116:1125 arg1 result 1161:1166 a result 1159:1166 a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression 1159:1197 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 9 18 theme AMPK 1272:1275 arg1 Phosphorylation 1253:1267 Phosphorylation 1253:1267 Phosphorylation of AMPK 1253:1275 Phosphorylation of AMPK increased after the suppression of O-GlcNAcylation. 32174982 1 19 theme multiple 195:202 arg1 cancers 204:210 multiple cancers 195:210 multiple cancers 195:210 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 1 19 theme multiple 195:202 arg1 cancer 231:236 bladder cancer 223:236 bladder cancer 223:236 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 8 20 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1229:1243 arg1 levels 1245:1250 high O-GlcNAcylation levels 1224:1250 high O-GlcNAcylation levels 1224:1250 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 3 21 from impact 412:417 arg1 autophagy 441:449 autophagy 441:449 autophagy 441:449 The impact of O-GlcNAcylation on autophagy in bladder cancer remains unclear. 32174982 3 21 from impact 412:417 arg1 cancer 462:467 bladder cancer 454:467 bladder cancer 454:467 The impact of O-GlcNAcylation on autophagy in bladder cancer remains unclear. 32174982 4 22 from change 508:513 arg1 activity 529:536 autophagic activity 518:536 autophagic activity in response to O-GlcNAcylation 518:567 Here, we evaluate the change in autophagic activity in response to O-GlcNAcylation and explore the potential mechanisms. 32174982 12 23 theme bladder 1666:1672 arg1 cells 1681:1685 bladder cancer cells 1666:1685 bladder cancer cells 1666:1685 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 5 24 theme pharmacological 683:697 arg1 manipulations 710:722 pharmacological or genetic manipulations 683:722 pharmacological or genetic manipulations 683:722 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 25 theme O-GlcNAcylation 615:629 arg1 levels 631:636 O-GlcNAcylation levels 615:636 O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells 615:660 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 1 26 theme BACKGROUND 93:102 arg1 levels 109:114 BACKGROUND High levels 93:114 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 93:180 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 10 27 theme AMPK 1362:1365 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1343:1357 O-GlcNAcylation 1343:1357 O-GlcNAcylation of AMPK 1343:1365 We found that O-GlcNAcylation of AMPK suppressed the activity of this regulator, thereby inhibiting ULK1 activity and autophagy. 32174982 3 28 theme bladder 454:460 arg1 cancer 462:467 bladder cancer 454:467 bladder cancer 454:467 The impact of O-GlcNAcylation on autophagy in bladder cancer remains unclear. 32174982 5 29 theme O-GlcNAcase 847:857 arg1 thiamet-G 773:781 thiamet-G 773:781 thiamet-G 773:781 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 29 theme O-GlcNAcase 847:857 arg1 downregulation 799:812 downregulation 799:812 downregulation 799:812 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 29 theme O-GlcNAcase 847:857 arg1 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine 739:762 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine 739:762 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) 739:768 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 29 theme O-GlcNAcase 847:857 arg1 TG 784:785 TG 784:785 TG 784:785 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 29 theme O-GlcNAcase 847:857 arg1 DON 765:767 DON 765:767 DON 765:767 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 29 theme O-GlcNAcase 847:857 arg1 up- 791:793 up- 791:793 up- 791:793 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 4 30 theme potential 585:593 arg1 mechanisms 595:604 the potential mechanisms 581:604 the potential mechanisms 581:604 Here, we evaluate the change in autophagic activity in response to O-GlcNAcylation and explore the potential mechanisms. 32174982 11 31 dep CONCLUSION 1458:1467 arg1 characterized 1472:1484 characterized 1472:1484 characterized a new function of O-GlcNAcylation in the suppression of autophagy via regulation of AMPK 1472:1573 CONCLUSION We characterized a new function of O-GlcNAcylation in the suppression of autophagy via regulation of AMPK. 32174982 1 32 theme High 104:107 arg1 levels 109:114 BACKGROUND High levels 93:114 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 93:180 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 6 33 theme fluorescence 897:908 arg1 microscopy 910:919 fluorescence microscopy 897:919 fluorescence microscopy 897:919 Autophagy was determined using fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. 32174982 0 34 theme GlcNAcylation 21:33 arg1 Blockage 0:7 Blockage 0:7 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation 0:33 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 10 35 theme regulator 1399:1407 arg1 activity 1382:1389 the activity 1378:1389 the activity of this regulator 1378:1407 We found that O-GlcNAcylation of AMPK suppressed the activity of this regulator, thereby inhibiting ULK1 activity and autophagy. 32174982 9 36 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1312:1326 arg1 suppression 1297:1307 the suppression 1293:1307 the suppression of O-GlcNAcylation 1293:1326 Phosphorylation of AMPK increased after the suppression of O-GlcNAcylation. 32174982 0 37 theme O-linked 12:19 arg1 GlcNAcylation 21:33 O-linked GlcNAcylation 12:33 O-linked GlcNAcylation 12:33 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 12 38 theme O-linked 1607:1614 arg1 GlcNAcylation 1616:1628 O-linked GlcNAcylation 1607:1628 O-linked GlcNAcylation 1607:1628 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 0 39 theme AMPK-dependent 43:56 arg1 autophagy 58:66 AMPK-dependent autophagy 43:66 AMPK-dependent autophagy 43:66 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 11 40 theme autophagy 1542:1550 arg1 suppression 1527:1537 the suppression 1523:1537 the suppression of autophagy 1523:1550 CONCLUSION We characterized a new function of O-GlcNAcylation in the suppression of autophagy via regulation of AMPK. 32174982 1 41 located found 186:190 arg1 cancer 231:236 bladder cancer 223:236 bladder cancer 223:236 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 1 41 located found 186:190 arg1 cancers 204:210 multiple cancers 195:210 multiple cancers 195:210 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 1 41 located found 186:190 arg2 levels 109:114 BACKGROUND High levels 93:114 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 93:180 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 1 42 theme bladder 223:229 arg1 cancer 231:236 bladder cancer 223:236 bladder cancer 223:236 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 12 43 theme AMPK 1638:1641 arg1 autophagy 1653:1661 AMPK dependent autophagy 1638:1661 AMPK dependent autophagy 1638:1661 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 3 44 theme O-GlcNAcylation 422:436 arg1 impact 412:417 The impact 408:417 The impact of O-GlcNAcylation on autophagy in bladder cancer 408:467 The impact of O-GlcNAcylation on autophagy in bladder cancer remains unclear. 32174982 8 45 dep RESULTS 1099:1105 arg1 enhanced 1147:1154 enhanced 1147:1154 enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression 1147:1197 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 11 46 theme new 1488:1490 arg1 function 1492:1499 a new function 1486:1499 a new function of O-GlcNAcylation 1486:1518 CONCLUSION We characterized a new function of O-GlcNAcylation in the suppression of autophagy via regulation of AMPK. 32174982 6 47 theme western 925:931 arg1 blotting 933:940 western blotting 925:940 western blotting 925:940 Autophagy was determined using fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. 32174982 2 48 theme cellular 357:364 arg1 homeostasis 366:376 cellular homeostasis 357:376 cellular homeostasis 357:376 Autophagy, which can be induced by stress from post-translational modifications, plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating tumorigenesis. 32174982 11 49 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1504:1518 arg1 function 1492:1499 a new function 1486:1499 a new function of O-GlcNAcylation 1486:1518 CONCLUSION We characterized a new function of O-GlcNAcylation in the suppression of autophagy via regulation of AMPK. 32174982 12 50 theme GRAPHICAL 1576:1584 arg1 Blockage 1595:1602 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage 1576:1602 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation 1576:1628 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 8 51 theme Cellular 1107:1114 arg1 flux 1127:1130 Cellular autophagic flux 1107:1130 Cellular autophagic flux 1107:1130 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 8 51 theme Cellular 1107:1114 arg1 result 1161:1166 a result 1159:1166 a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression 1159:1197 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 1 52 theme post-translational 123:140 arg1 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 1 52 theme post-translational 123:140 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation 119:169 the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 119:180 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 8 53 theme suppression 1187:1197 arg1 flux 1127:1130 Cellular autophagic flux 1107:1130 Cellular autophagic flux 1107:1130 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 8 53 theme suppression 1187:1197 arg1 result 1161:1166 a result 1159:1166 a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression 1159:1197 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32174982 5 54 theme cancer 649:654 arg1 cells 656:660 bladder cancer cells 641:660 bladder cancer cells 641:660 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 1 55 theme modification 142:153 arg1 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 1 55 theme modification 142:153 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation 119:169 the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 119:180 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 12 56 theme cancer 1674:1679 arg1 cells 1681:1685 bladder cancer cells 1666:1685 bladder cancer cells 1666:1685 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 5 57 theme transferase 826:836 arg1 thiamet-G 773:781 thiamet-G 773:781 thiamet-G 773:781 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 57 theme transferase 826:836 arg1 downregulation 799:812 downregulation 799:812 downregulation 799:812 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 57 theme transferase 826:836 arg1 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine 739:762 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine 739:762 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) 739:768 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 57 theme transferase 826:836 arg1 TG 784:785 TG 784:785 TG 784:785 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 57 theme transferase 826:836 arg1 DON 765:767 DON 765:767 DON 765:767 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 5 57 theme transferase 826:836 arg1 up- 791:793 up- 791:793 up- 791:793 METHODS O-GlcNAcylation levels in bladder cancer cells were altered through pharmacological or genetic manipulations: treating with 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON) or thiamet-G (TG) or up- and downregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA). 32174982 7 58 theme protein 1054:1060 arg1 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 58 theme protein 1054:1060 arg1 kinase 1062:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase 1016:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 1016:1074 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 58 theme protein 1054:1060 arg1 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 1 59 theme O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 arg1 levels 109:114 BACKGROUND High levels 93:114 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 93:180 BACKGROUND High levels of the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) are found in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer. 32174982 7 60 theme Co-immunoprecipitation 943:964 arg1 assays 974:979 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays 943:979 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays 943:979 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 12 61 link O-linked 1607:1614 arg1 GlcNAcylation 1616:1628 O-linked GlcNAcylation 1607:1628 O-linked GlcNAcylation 1607:1628 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 0 62 theme cancer 79:84 arg1 cells 86:90 bladder cancer cells 71:90 bladder cancer cells 71:90 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 12 63 theme ABSTRACT 1586:1593 arg1 Blockage 1595:1602 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage 1576:1602 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation 1576:1628 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 0 64 theme bladder 71:77 arg1 cells 86:90 bladder cancer cells 71:90 bladder cancer cells 71:90 Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells. 32174982 7 65 theme regulator 1030:1038 arg1 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 AMPK 1070:1073 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 65 theme regulator 1030:1038 arg1 kinase 1062:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase 1016:1067 the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 1016:1074 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 7 65 theme regulator 1030:1038 arg1 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 modified 1089:1096 Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to evaluate whether the autophagy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was O-GlcNAc modified. 32174982 8 66 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1171:1185 arg1 suppression 1187:1197 O-GlcNAcylation suppression 1171:1197 O-GlcNAcylation suppression 1171:1197 RESULTS Cellular autophagic flux was strikingly enhanced as a result of O-GlcNAcylation suppression, whereas it decreased at high O-GlcNAcylation levels. 32522876 2 0 theme repressive 504:513 arg1 properties 530:539 intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 494:539 intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 494:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 10 1 theme chromatin 1714:1722 arg1 factors 1724:1730 chromatin factors 1714:1730 chromatin factors 1714:1730 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 4 2 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 748:768 arg1 OGT 783:785 OGT 783:785 OGT 783:785 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 2 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 748:768 arg1 transferase 770:780 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 739:780 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 739:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 2 3 theme complex 391:397 arg1 assembly 345:352 the assembly 341:352 the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 341:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 1 4 theme major 269:273 arg1 mechanisms 97:106 The mechanisms 93:106 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression 93:250 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 1 4 theme major 269:273 arg1 issue 286:290 a major unresolved issue 267:290 a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics 267:318 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 2 5 theme intrinsic 494:502 arg1 properties 530:539 intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 494:539 intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 494:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 2 6 theme silencing 381:389 arg1 complex 391:397 a methylation-dependent silencing complex 357:397 a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 357:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 9 7 theme methylation 1650:1660 arg1 loss 1638:1641 loss 1638:1641 loss of DNA methylation 1638:1660 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 1 8 theme unresolved 275:284 arg1 mechanisms 97:106 The mechanisms 93:106 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression 93:250 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 1 8 theme unresolved 275:284 arg1 issue 286:290 a major unresolved issue 267:290 a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics 267:318 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 10 9 theme transcriptional 1753:1767 arg1 repression 1769:1778 the transcriptional repression 1749:1778 the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons 1749:1809 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 7 10 from proteins 1360:1367 arg1 loss 1303:1306 a loss 1301:1306 a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28 1301:1390 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 3 11 theme key 562:564 arg1 effector 566:573 the key effector 558:573 the key effector within this complex 558:593 The identity of the key effector within this complex that represses transcription is unknown. 32522876 10 12 theme methylated 1783:1792 arg1 retrotransposons 1794:1809 methylated retrotransposons 1783:1809 methylated retrotransposons 1783:1809 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 7 13 theme repressor 1350:1358 arg1 proteins 1360:1367 multiple transcriptional repressor proteins 1325:1367 multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28 1325:1390 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 3 14 theme effector 566:573 arg1 unknown 627:633 unknown 627:633 unknown 627:633 The identity of the key effector within this complex that represses transcription is unknown. 32522876 3 14 theme effector 566:573 arg1 identity 546:553 The identity 542:553 The identity of the key effector within this complex that represses transcription 542:622 The identity of the key effector within this complex that represses transcription is unknown. 32522876 7 15 theme methylation 1282:1292 arg1 loss 1270:1273 genome-wide loss 1258:1273 genome-wide loss of DNA methylation 1258:1292 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 6 16 theme DNA 1228:1230 arg1 methylation 1232:1242 DNA methylation 1228:1242 DNA methylation 1228:1242 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 5 17 theme cytoplasmic 898:908 arg1 protein 922:928 cytoplasmic and nuclear protein 898:928 cytoplasmic and nuclear protein 898:928 OGT is the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls. 32522876 4 18 theme methylation 826:836 arg1 patterns 838:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 6 19 theme control 1162:1168 arg1 regions 1170:1176 imprinting control regions 1151:1176 imprinting control regions 1151:1176 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 6 20 gly O-glycosylated 1045:1058 arg1 proteins 1060:1067 O-glycosylated proteins 1045:1067 O-glycosylated proteins 1045:1067 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 4 21 theme genomic 818:824 arg1 patterns 838:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 9 22 theme targeted 1598:1605 arg1 family 1623:1628 the targeted retrotransposon family 1594:1628 the targeted retrotransposon family 1594:1628 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 10 23 theme retrotransposons 1794:1809 arg1 repression 1769:1778 the transcriptional repression 1749:1778 the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons 1749:1809 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 2 24 contain contains 404:411 arg1 complex 391:397 a methylation-dependent silencing complex 357:397 a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 357:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 2 24 contain contains 404:411 arg2 protein 478:484 a scaffolding protein 464:484 a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 464:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 2 24 contain contains 404:411 arg2 protein 424:430 the TRIM28 protein 413:430 the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β) 413:461 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 7 25 theme O-GlcNAc 1311:1318 arg1 loss 1303:1306 a loss 1301:1306 a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28 1301:1390 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 8 26 theme retrotransposon 1491:1505 arg1 promoters 1507:1515 retrotransposon promoters 1491:1515 retrotransposon promoters 1491:1515 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc was directed against retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 2 27 theme TRIM28 417:422 arg1 protein 424:430 the TRIM28 protein 413:430 the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β) 413:461 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 2 27 theme TRIM28 417:422 arg1 protein 478:484 a scaffolding protein 464:484 a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 464:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 0 28 theme Methylation-directed 0:19 arg1 glycosylation 21:33 Methylation-directed glycosylation 0:33 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors 0:54 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors represses retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 1 29 theme methylated 117:126 arg1 promoters 138:146 methylated mammalian promoters 117:146 methylated mammalian promoters 117:146 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 6 30 theme imprinting 1151:1160 arg1 regions 1170:1176 imprinting control regions 1151:1176 imprinting control regions 1151:1176 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 0 31 theme chromatin 38:46 arg1 factors 48:54 chromatin factors 38:54 chromatin factors 38:54 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors represses retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 5 32 theme only 859:862 arg1 OGT 848:850 OGT 848:850 OGT 848:850 OGT is the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls. 32522876 5 32 theme only 859:862 arg1 glycosyltransferase 864:882 the only glycosyltransferase 855:882 the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls 855:1008 OGT is the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls. 32522876 1 33 from issue 286:290 arg1 field 299:303 the field 295:303 the field of epigenetics 295:318 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 8 34 theme developed 1401:1409 arg1 method 1430:1435 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method 1393:1435 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc 1393:1468 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc was directed against retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 1 35 theme mammalian 128:136 arg1 promoters 138:146 methylated mammalian promoters 117:146 methylated mammalian promoters 117:146 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 4 36 theme interaction 674:684 arg1 screen 686:691 a methylation-sensitized interaction screen 649:691 a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 649:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 37 link O-linked 739:746 arg1 OGT 783:785 OGT 783:785 OGT 783:785 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 37 link O-linked 739:746 arg1 transferase 770:780 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 739:780 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 739:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 38 theme O-linked 739:746 arg1 OGT 783:785 OGT 783:785 OGT 783:785 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 38 theme O-linked 739:746 arg1 transferase 770:780 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 739:780 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 739:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 39 theme methylation-sensitized 651:672 arg1 screen 686:691 a methylation-sensitized interaction screen 649:691 a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 649:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 10 40 link O-linked 1688:1695 arg1 glycosylation 1697:1709 O-linked glycosylation 1688:1709 O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors 1688:1730 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 1 41 theme epigenetics 308:318 arg1 field 299:303 the field 295:303 the field of epigenetics 295:318 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 7 42 theme DNA 1278:1280 arg1 methylation 1282:1292 DNA methylation 1278:1292 DNA methylation 1278:1292 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 2 43 dep known 438:442 arg1 also 433:436 also 433:436 also 433:436 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 9 44 theme family 1623:1628 arg1 expression 1580:1589 the expression 1576:1589 the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family 1576:1628 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 6 45 theme retrotransposons 1127:1142 arg1 promoters 1107:1115 promoters 1107:1115 promoters of active retrotransposons 1107:1142 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 0 46 theme factors 48:54 arg1 glycosylation 21:33 Methylation-directed glycosylation 0:33 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors 0:54 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors represses retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 9 47 theme DNA 1646:1648 arg1 methylation 1650:1660 DNA methylation 1646:1660 DNA methylation 1646:1660 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 0 48 gly glycosylation 21:33 arg1 factors 48:54 chromatin factors 38:54 chromatin factors 38:54 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors represses retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 5 49 theme nuclear 914:920 arg1 protein 922:928 cytoplasmic and nuclear protein 898:928 cytoplasmic and nuclear protein 898:928 OGT is the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls. 32522876 2 50 theme scaffolding 466:476 arg1 protein 424:430 the TRIM28 protein 413:430 the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β) 413:461 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 2 50 theme scaffolding 466:476 arg1 protein 478:484 a scaffolding protein 464:484 a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 464:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 6 51 theme Whole-genome 1011:1022 arg1 analysis 1024:1031 Whole-genome analysis 1011:1031 Whole-genome analysis 1011:1031 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 8 52 theme O-GlcNAc 1461:1468 arg1 removal 1450:1456 targeted removal 1441:1456 targeted removal of O-GlcNAc 1441:1468 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc was directed against retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 6 53 theme O-glycosylated 1045:1058 arg1 proteins 1060:1067 O-glycosylated proteins 1045:1067 O-glycosylated proteins 1045:1067 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 1 54 dep all 203:205 arg1 the 187:189 the 187:189 the 187:189 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 1 54 dep all 203:205 arg1 presence 191:198 presence 191:198 presence 191:198 The mechanisms by which methylated mammalian promoters are transcriptionally silenced even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression have long been a major unresolved issue in the field of epigenetics. 32522876 6 55 theme regulatory 1193:1202 arg1 sequences 1204:1212 the two major regulatory sequences 1179:1212 the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation 1179:1242 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 2 56 theme methylation-dependent 359:379 arg1 complex 391:397 a methylation-dependent silencing complex 357:397 a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 357:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 0 57 theme retrotransposon 66:80 arg1 promoters 82:90 retrotransposon promoters 66:90 retrotransposon promoters 66:90 Methylation-directed glycosylation of chromatin factors represses retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 4 58 contain had 807:809 arg1 cells 796:800 cells 796:800 cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 796:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 4 58 contain had 807:809 arg2 patterns 838:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 10 59 theme O-linked 1688:1695 arg1 glycosylation 1697:1709 O-linked glycosylation 1688:1709 O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors 1688:1730 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 8 60 theme targeted 1441:1448 arg1 removal 1450:1456 targeted removal 1441:1456 targeted removal of O-GlcNAc 1441:1468 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc was directed against retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 7 61 theme genome-wide 1258:1268 arg1 loss 1270:1273 genome-wide loss 1258:1273 genome-wide loss of DNA methylation 1258:1292 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 8 62 theme editing 1422:1428 arg1 method 1430:1435 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method 1393:1435 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc 1393:1468 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc was directed against retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 9 63 theme Local 1518:1522 arg1 de-GlcNAcylation 1534:1549 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation 1518:1549 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation 1518:1549 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 5 64 dep serine 979:984 arg1 hydroxyls 1000:1008 hydroxyls 1000:1008 hydroxyls 1000:1008 OGT is the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls. 32522876 4 65 theme normal 811:816 arg1 patterns 838:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 normal genomic methylation patterns 811:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 8 66 theme Cas9-based 1411:1420 arg1 method 1430:1435 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method 1393:1435 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc 1393:1468 A newly developed Cas9-based editing method for targeted removal of O-GlcNAc was directed against retrotransposon promoters. 32522876 9 67 theme chromatin 1524:1532 arg1 de-GlcNAcylation 1534:1549 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation 1518:1549 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation 1518:1549 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 2 68 theme DNA-binding 518:528 arg1 properties 530:539 intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 494:539 intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties 494:539 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 6 69 theme active 1120:1125 arg1 retrotransposons 1127:1142 active retrotransposons 1120:1142 active retrotransposons 1120:1142 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 5 70 theme N-acetylglucosamine 945:963 arg1 transfer 933:940 transfer 933:940 transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls 933:1008 OGT is the only glycosyltransferase that modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear protein by transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine hydroxyls. 32522876 4 71 from transferase 770:780 arg1 cells 796:800 cells 796:800 cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns 796:845 We developed a methylation-sensitized interaction screen which revealed that TRIM28 was complexed with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) only in cells that had normal genomic methylation patterns. 32522876 10 72 gly glycosylation 1697:1709 arg1 factors 1724:1730 chromatin factors 1714:1730 chromatin factors 1714:1730 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 10 72 gly glycosylation 1697:1709 arg1 retrotransposons 1794:1809 methylated retrotransposons 1783:1809 methylated retrotransposons 1783:1809 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 32522876 7 73 theme multiple 1325:1332 arg1 proteins 1360:1367 multiple transcriptional repressor proteins 1325:1367 multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28 1325:1390 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 9 74 theme retrotransposon 1607:1621 arg1 family 1623:1628 the targeted retrotransposon family 1594:1628 the targeted retrotransposon family 1594:1628 Local chromatin de-GlcNAcylation specifically reactivated the expression of the targeted retrotransposon family without loss of DNA methylation. 32522876 2 75 dep protein 424:430 arg1 known 438:442 known 438:442 known as KAP1 and TIF1β 438:460 Repression requires the assembly of a methylation-dependent silencing complex that contains the TRIM28 protein (also known as KAP1 and TIF1β), a scaffolding protein without intrinsic repressive or DNA-binding properties. 32522876 6 76 theme major 1187:1191 arg1 sequences 1204:1212 the two major regulatory sequences 1179:1212 the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation 1179:1242 Whole-genome analysis showed that O-glycosylated proteins and TRIM28 were specifically bound to promoters of active retrotransposons and to imprinting control regions, the two major regulatory sequences controlled by DNA methylation. 32522876 7 77 theme transcriptional 1334:1348 arg1 proteins 1360:1367 multiple transcriptional repressor proteins 1325:1367 multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28 1325:1390 Furthermore, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation caused a loss of O-GlcNAc from multiple transcriptional repressor proteins associated with TRIM28. 32522876 10 78 theme factors 1724:1730 arg1 glycosylation 1697:1709 O-linked glycosylation 1688:1709 O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors 1688:1730 These data revealed that O-linked glycosylation of chromatin factors is essential for the transcriptional repression of methylated retrotransposons. 31833829 8 0 theme major 1330:1334 arg1 lipids 1342:1347 major polar lipids 1330:1347 major polar lipids 1330:1347 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 0 theme major 1330:1334 arg1 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 5 1 theme gene 448:451 arg1 sequence 453:460 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 435:460 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T 435:475 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 10 2 theme 2250-007T= 1549:1558 arg1 F21T 1537:1540 strain F21T 1530:1540 strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus 1530:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 10 2 theme 2250-007T= 1549:1558 arg1 33187T 1576:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 6 3 theme identity 894:901 arg1 hybridization 939:951 in silico DNA-DNA hybridization 921:951 in silico DNA-DNA hybridization 921:951 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 3 theme identity 894:901 arg1 analyses 863:870 analyses 863:870 analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) 863:915 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 5 4 dep Algoriphagus 601:612 arg1 marincola 614:622 marincola 614:622 marincola 614:622 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 2 5 dep marine 77:82 arg1 rod-shaped 109:118 rod-shaped 109:118 rod-shaped 109:118 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 2 5 dep marine 77:82 arg1 Gram-negative 94:106 Gram-negative 94:106 Gram-negative 94:106 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 2 5 dep marine 77:82 arg1 aerobic 85:91 aerobic 85:91 aerobic 85:91 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 5 6 theme similarity 561:570 arg1 values 572:577 similarity values 561:577 similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively 561:693 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 6 7 theme F21 734:736 arg1 T 738:738 F21 T 734:738 F21 T 734:738 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 8 theme Distance 980:987 arg1 Calculator 989:998 the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator 959:998 the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %) 959:1012 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 8 theme Distance 980:987 arg1 % 1011:1011 14.7-75.2 % 1001:1011 14.7-75.2 % 1001:1011 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 3 9 from colonies 317:324 arg1 agar 336:339 marine agar 329:339 marine agar 329:339 Cells of strain F21T were non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming and formed pinkish-red colonies on marine agar. 31833829 3 10 theme marine 329:334 arg1 agar 336:339 marine agar 329:339 marine agar 329:339 Cells of strain F21T were non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming and formed pinkish-red colonies on marine agar. 31833829 6 11 theme genus 793:797 arg1 Algoriphagus 799:810 the genus Algoriphagus 789:810 the genus Algoriphagus 789:810 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 8 12 theme summed 1195:1200 arg1 feature 1202:1208 summed feature 3 1195:1210 summed feature 3 1195:1210 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 1 13 theme seashore 47:54 arg1 sand 56:59 seashore sand 47:59 seashore sand 47:59 nov., isolated from seashore sand. 31833829 10 14 theme genus 1591:1595 arg1 Algoriphagus 1597:1608 the genus Algoriphagus 1587:1608 the genus Algoriphagus 1587:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 6 15 theme average 875:881 arg1 identity 894:901 average nucleotide identity 875:901 average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) 875:915 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 15 theme average 875:881 arg1 % 914:914 71.8-92.7 % 904:914 71.8-92.7 % 904:914 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 4 16 theme  NaCl 410:414 arg1 presence 393:400 the presence 389:400 the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v) 389:420 The strain grew optimally at 37°C, pH 7 and in the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v). 31833829 5 17 theme genus 510:514 arg1 Cyclobacteriaceae 537:553 family Cyclobacteriaceae 530:553 family Cyclobacteriaceae 530:553 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 5 17 theme genus 510:514 arg1 Algoriphagus 516:527 the genus Algoriphagus 506:527 the genus Algoriphagus 506:527 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 8 18 theme isoprenoid 1141:1150 arg1 quinone 1152:1158 the predominant isoprenoid quinone 1125:1158 the predominant isoprenoid quinone 1125:1158 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 18 theme isoprenoid 1141:1150 arg1 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 5 19 theme Algoriphagus 639:650 arg1 14014T 674:679 Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T 639:679 Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T 639:679 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 4 20 theme % 409:409 arg1 w/v 417:419 w/v 417:419 w/v 417:419 The strain grew optimally at 37°C, pH 7 and in the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v). 31833829 4 20 theme % 409:409 arg1  NaCl 410:414 2-3 % NaCl 405:414 2-3 % NaCl (w/v) 405:420 The strain grew optimally at 37°C, pH 7 and in the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v). 31833829 6 21 theme genome 715:720 arg1 sequence 722:729 the genome sequence 711:729 the genome sequence of F21 T 711:738 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 9 22 theme chemotaxonomic 1381:1394 arg1 properties 1396:1405 phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties 1366:1405 phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties 1366:1405 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 6 23 theme Genome-to-Genome 963:978 arg1 Calculator 989:998 the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator 959:998 the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %) 959:1012 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 23 theme Genome-to-Genome 963:978 arg1 % 1011:1011 14.7-75.2 % 1001:1011 14.7-75.2 % 1001:1011 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 24 theme species 778:784 arg1 strains 763:769 the type strains 754:769 the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus 754:810 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 3 25 theme strain 210:215 arg1 F21T 217:220 strain F21T 210:220 strain F21T 210:220 Cells of strain F21T were non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming and formed pinkish-red colonies on marine agar. 31833829 7 26 theme 42.0 1054:1057 arg1 mol 1059:1061 mol 1059:1061 mol 1059:1061 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 0 27 theme aquimaris 13:21 arg1 sp 23:24 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp 0:24 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 0:25 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 10 28 from F21T 1537:1540 arg1 Algoriphagus 1597:1608 the genus Algoriphagus 1587:1608 the genus Algoriphagus 1587:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 8 29 dep C16  1213:1216 arg1  1ω7c 1236:1240  1ω7c 1236:1240  1ω7c 1236:1240 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 29 dep C16  1213:1216 arg1 C16  1231:1234 C16  1231:1234 C16  1231:1234 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 29 dep C16  1213:1216 arg1  1ω6c 1218:1222  1ω6c 1218:1222  1ω6c 1218:1222 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 0 30 theme Algoriphagus 0:11 arg1 sp 23:24 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp 0:24 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 0:25 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 2 31 theme Strain 62:67 arg1 bacterium 120:128 a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium 75:128 a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium 75:128 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 2 31 theme Strain 62:67 arg1 F21T 69:72 Strain F21T 62:72 Strain F21T 62:72 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 9 32 theme phylogenetic 1408:1419 arg1 distinctiveness 1421:1435 phylogenetic distinctiveness 1408:1435 phylogenetic distinctiveness 1408:1435 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 9 33 theme Algoriphagus 1480:1491 arg1 sp 1503:1504 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp 1480:1504 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp 1480:1504 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 7 34 theme strain 1038:1043 arg1 F21T 1045:1048 strain F21T 1038:1048 strain F21T 1038:1048 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 9 35 theme strain 1465:1470 arg1 F21T 1472:1475 strain F21T 1465:1475 strain F21T 1465:1475 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 10 36 theme novel 1623:1627 arg1 species 1629:1635 a novel species 1621:1635 a novel species 1621:1635 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 6 37 theme DNA-DNA 931:937 arg1 hybridization 939:951 in silico DNA-DNA hybridization 921:951 in silico DNA-DNA hybridization 921:951 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 7 38 theme F21T 1045:1048 arg1 content 1027:1033 The DNA G+C content 1015:1033 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T 1015:1048 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 7 38 theme F21T 1045:1048 arg1 % 1062:1062 42.0 mol% 1054:1062 42.0 mol% 1054:1062 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 5 39 theme Algoriphagus 601:612 arg1 16067T 628:633 Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T 601:633 Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T 601:633 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 2 40 theme seashore 149:156 arg1 sand 158:161 seashore sand 149:161 seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea 149:198 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 10 41 theme =KEMB 1543:1547 arg1 F21T 1537:1540 strain F21T 1530:1540 strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus 1530:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 10 41 theme =KEMB 1543:1547 arg1 33187T 1576:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 8 42 theme predominant 1129:1139 arg1 quinone 1152:1158 the predominant isoprenoid quinone 1125:1158 the predominant isoprenoid quinone 1125:1158 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 42 theme predominant 1129:1139 arg1 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 9 43 theme aquimaris 1493:1501 arg1 sp 1503:1504 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp 1480:1504 Algoriphagus aquimaris sp 1480:1504 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 9 44 dep properties 1396:1405 arg1 the 1353:1355 the 1353:1355 the 1353:1355 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 9 44 dep properties 1396:1405 arg1 basis 1357:1361 basis 1357:1361 basis 1357:1361 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 3 45 theme F21T 217:220 arg1 Cells 201:205 Cells 201:205 Cells of strain F21T 201:220 Cells of strain F21T were non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming and formed pinkish-red colonies on marine agar. 31833829 8 46 theme fatty 1261:1265 arg1 acids 1267:1271 major cellular fatty acids 1246:1271 major cellular fatty acids 1246:1271 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 6 47 theme in 921:922 arg1 hybridization 939:951 in silico DNA-DNA hybridization 921:951 in silico DNA-DNA hybridization 921:951 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 8 48 theme chemotaxonomic 1069:1082 arg1 characteristics 1084:1098 The chemotaxonomic characteristics 1065:1098 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T 1065:1106 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 2 49 theme marine 77:82 arg1 bacterium 120:128 a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium 75:128 a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium 75:128 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 2 49 theme marine 77:82 arg1 F21T 69:72 Strain F21T 62:72 Strain F21T 62:72 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 5 50 theme DSM 624:626 arg1 16067T 628:633 Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T 601:633 Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T 601:633 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 4 51 theme 2-3  405:408 arg1 w/v 417:419 w/v 417:419 w/v 417:419 The strain grew optimally at 37°C, pH 7 and in the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v). 31833829 4 51 theme 2-3  405:408 arg1  NaCl 410:414 2-3 % NaCl 405:414 2-3 % NaCl (w/v) 405:420 The strain grew optimally at 37°C, pH 7 and in the presence of 2-3 % NaCl (w/v). 31833829 9 52 theme genomic 1442:1448 arg1 data 1450:1453 genomic data 1442:1453 genomic data 1442:1453 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 5 53 theme sequence 453:460 arg1 Analysis 423:430 Analysis 423:430 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T 423:475 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 2 54 attach isolated 135:142 arg2 bacterium 120:128 a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium 75:128 a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium 75:128 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 2 54 attach isolated 135:142 arg2 F21T 69:72 Strain F21T 62:72 Strain F21T 62:72 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 2 54 attach isolated 135:142 arg1 sand 158:161 seashore sand 149:161 seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea 149:198 Strain F21T, a marine, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from seashore sand sampled in Pohang, Republic of Korea. 31833829 7 55 theme DNA 1019:1021 arg1 content 1027:1033 The DNA G+C content 1015:1033 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T 1015:1048 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 7 55 theme DNA 1019:1021 arg1 % 1062:1062 42.0 mol% 1054:1062 42.0 mol% 1054:1062 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 5 56 dep Algoriphagus 639:650 arg1 ornithinivorans 652:666 ornithinivorans 652:666 ornithinivorans 652:666 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 5 57 theme 14014T 674:679 arg1 values 572:577 similarity values 561:577 similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively 561:693 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 7 58 theme G+C 1023:1025 arg1 content 1027:1033 The DNA G+C content 1015:1033 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T 1015:1048 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 7 58 theme G+C 1023:1025 arg1 % 1062:1062 42.0 mol% 1054:1062 42.0 mol% 1054:1062 The DNA G+C content of strain F21T was 42.0 mol%. 31833829 6 59 theme Algoriphagus 799:810 arg1 species 778:784 six species 774:784 six species of the genus Algoriphagus 774:810 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 5 60 theme family 530:535 arg1 Cyclobacteriaceae 537:553 family Cyclobacteriaceae 530:553 family Cyclobacteriaceae 530:553 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 5 60 theme family 530:535 arg1 Algoriphagus 516:527 the genus Algoriphagus 506:527 the genus Algoriphagus 506:527 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 5 61 theme strain 465:470 arg1 F21T 472:475 strain F21T 465:475 strain F21T 465:475 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 6 62 theme type 758:761 arg1 strains 763:769 the type strains 754:769 the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus 754:810 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 8 63 dep iso-C15  1161:1168 arg1 C16  1213:1216 C16  1213:1216 C16  1213:1216 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 5 64 theme F21T 472:475 arg1 sequence 453:460 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 435:460 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T 435:475 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 10 65 theme strain 1530:1535 arg1 F21T 1537:1540 strain F21T 1530:1540 strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus 1530:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 10 65 theme strain 1530:1535 arg1 33187T 1576:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 5 66 theme % 596:596 arg1 values 572:577 similarity values 561:577 similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively 561:693 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 9 67 theme phenotypic 1366:1375 arg1 properties 1396:1405 phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties 1366:1405 phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties 1366:1405 On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and genomic data, we named strain F21T as Algoriphagus aquimaris sp. 31833829 6 68 dep in 921:922 arg1 silico 924:929 silico 924:929 silico 924:929 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 8 69 theme F21T 1103:1106 arg1 characteristics 1084:1098 The chemotaxonomic characteristics 1065:1098 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T 1065:1106 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 5 70 theme IMSNU 668:672 arg1 14014T 674:679 Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T 639:679 Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T 639:679 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 6 71 theme T 738:738 arg1 sequence 722:729 the genome sequence 711:729 the genome sequence of F21 T 711:738 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 8 72 theme cellular 1252:1259 arg1 acids 1267:1271 major cellular fatty acids 1246:1271 major cellular fatty acids 1246:1271 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 5 73 theme 16S 439:441 arg1 rRNA 443:446 the 16S rRNA 435:446 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T 435:475 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 10 74 theme 72106T=JCM 1565:1574 arg1 F21T 1537:1540 strain F21T 1530:1540 strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus 1530:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 10 74 theme 72106T=JCM 1565:1574 arg1 33187T 1576:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 6 75 theme nucleotide 883:892 arg1 identity 894:901 average nucleotide identity 875:901 average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) 875:915 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 6 75 theme nucleotide 883:892 arg1 % 914:914 71.8-92.7 % 904:914 71.8-92.7 % 904:914 When comparing the genome sequence of F21 T with those of the type strains of six species of the genus Algoriphagus, the values obtained were below the thresholds for analyses of average nucleotide identity (71.8-92.7 %) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (14.7-75.2 %). 31833829 3 76 theme pinkish-red 305:315 arg1 colonies 317:324 pinkish-red colonies 305:324 pinkish-red colonies on marine agar 305:339 Cells of strain F21T were non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming and formed pinkish-red colonies on marine agar. 31833829 8 77 theme polar 1336:1340 arg1 lipids 1342:1347 major polar lipids 1330:1347 major polar lipids 1330:1347 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 77 theme polar 1336:1340 arg1 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 MK-7 1117:1120 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 8 78 theme major 1246:1250 arg1 acids 1267:1271 major cellular fatty acids 1246:1271 major cellular fatty acids 1246:1271 The chemotaxonomic characteristics of F21T included MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as major cellular fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. 31833829 5 79 theme rRNA 443:446 arg1 sequence 453:460 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 435:460 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T 435:475 Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F21T revealed that it belonged to the genus Algoriphagus, family Cyclobacteriaceae, with similarity values of 98.1 and 96.8 % to Algoriphagus marincola DSM 16067T and Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014T, respectively. 31833829 10 80 theme KCTC 1560:1563 arg1 F21T 1537:1540 strain F21T 1530:1540 strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus 1530:1608 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 31833829 10 80 theme KCTC 1560:1563 arg1 33187T 1576:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 =KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T 1543:1581 nov. and proposed that strain F21T (=KEMB 2250-007T= KCTC 72106T=JCM 33187T) in the genus Algoriphagus represents a novel species. 32188979 6 0 theme solvation 1141:1149 arg1 environment 1151:1161 their solvation environment 1135:1161 their solvation environment 1135:1161 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 8 1 from effect 1593:1598 arg1 structure 1630:1638 the structure 1626:1638 the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1626:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 2 theme atomic 1672:1677 arg1 level 1679:1683 the atomic level 1668:1683 the atomic level 1668:1683 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 7 3 theme future 1460:1465 arg1 studies 1481:1487 future computational studies 1460:1487 future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation 1460:1524 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 2 4 theme hydroxylysine 289:301 arg1 glycosylation 272:284 glycosylation 272:284 glycosylation of hydroxylysine (Hyl) 272:307 Among these PTMs, glycosylation of hydroxylysine (Hyl) is the most complicated. 32188979 2 4 theme hydroxylysine 289:301 arg1 complicated 321:331 complicated 321:331 complicated 321:331 Among these PTMs, glycosylation of hydroxylysine (Hyl) is the most complicated. 32188979 6 5 theme Data 937:940 arg1 analysis 942:949 Data analysis 937:949 Data analysis 937:949 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 6 6 theme attached 1193:1200 arg1 sugars 1202:1207 the attached sugars 1189:1207 the attached sugars 1189:1207 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 5 7 theme Hyl-O-glycosylation 721:739 arg1 influence 708:716 the influence 704:716 the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule 704:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 8 8 theme biomaterials 1760:1771 arg1 manufacture 1733:1743 manufacture 1733:1743 manufacture 1733:1743 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 8 theme biomaterials 1760:1771 arg1 design 1722:1727 design 1722:1727 design 1722:1727 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 8 theme biomaterials 1760:1771 arg1 development 1781:1791 the development 1777:1791 the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1777:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 5 9 theme I 766:766 arg1 collagen 768:775 type I collagen 761:775 type I collagen molecule 761:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 1 10 theme extracellular 225:237 arg1 modifications 239:251 extracellular modifications 225:251 extracellular modifications 225:251 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 6 11 dep remain 997:1002 arg1 i 970:970 i 970:970 i 970:970 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 6 12 theme hydrophobic 1337:1347 arg1 portions 1349:1356 the hydrophobic portions 1333:1356 the hydrophobic portions of collagen 1333:1368 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 8 13 theme therapies 1807:1815 arg1 manufacture 1733:1743 manufacture 1733:1743 manufacture 1733:1743 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 13 theme therapies 1807:1815 arg1 design 1722:1727 design 1722:1727 design 1722:1727 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 13 theme therapies 1807:1815 arg1 development 1781:1791 the development 1777:1791 the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1777:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 6 14 theme triple 982:987 arg1 helices 989:995 collagen triple helices 973:995 collagen triple helices 973:995 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 7 15 theme field 1389:1393 arg1 parameters 1395:1404 The adapted force field parameters 1371:1404 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates 1371:1449 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 8 16 theme collagen-related 1821:1836 arg1 diseases 1838:1845 collagen-related diseases 1821:1845 collagen-related diseases 1821:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 7 17 theme adapted 1375:1381 arg1 parameters 1395:1404 The adapted force field parameters 1371:1404 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates 1371:1449 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 5 18 gly Hyl-O-glycosylation 721:739 arg1 molecule 777:784 type I collagen molecule 761:784 type I collagen molecule 761:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 5 19 theme comprehensive 801:813 arg1 simulations 833:843 comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations 801:843 comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations 801:843 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 5 20 theme segment 886:892 arg1 solvent 857:863 explicit solvent 848:863 explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl 848:934 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 1 21 theme post-translational 142:159 arg1 PTMs 176:179 PTMs 176:179 PTMs 176:179 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 1 21 theme post-translational 142:159 arg1 modifications 161:173 post-translational modifications 142:173 post-translational modifications (PTMs) 142:180 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 5 22 theme dynamic 825:831 arg1 simulations 833:843 comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations 801:843 comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations 801:843 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 7 23 from studies 1481:1487 arg1 proteins 1492:1499 proteins 1492:1499 proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation 1492:1524 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 6 24 theme Hyl 1056:1058 arg1 glycosylation 1039:1051 glycosylation 1039:1051 glycosylation of Hyl 1039:1058 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 0 25 from Effect 0:5 arg1 structure 47:55 the structure 43:55 the structure of type I collagen molecule 43:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 5 26 theme molecule 777:784 arg1 structure 748:756 the structure 744:756 the structure of type I collagen molecule 744:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 0 27 dep study 102:106 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule 0:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 8 28 theme first 1559:1563 arg1 time 1565:1568 the first time 1555:1568 the first time 1555:1568 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 3 29 theme collagen 398:405 arg1 helix 414:418 the collagen triple helix 394:418 the collagen triple helix 394:418 Experimental studies demonstrated that this PTM ceases once the collagen triple helix is formed and that Hyl-O-glycosylation modulates collagen fibrillogenesis. 32188979 4 30 theme atomic-level 519:530 arg1 mechanisms 532:541 the underlying atomic-level mechanisms 504:541 the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomena 504:560 However, the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomena remain unclear. 32188979 5 31 theme collagen 868:875 arg1 segment 886:892 collagen molecule segment 868:892 collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl 868:934 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 5 32 theme force 614:618 arg1 parameters 626:635 the force field parameters 610:635 the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates 610:680 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 6 33 theme peptide 1101:1107 arg1 conformation 1118:1129 the peptide backbone conformation 1097:1129 the peptide backbone conformation 1097:1129 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 8 34 dep design 1722:1727 arg1 the 1718:1720 the 1718:1720 the 1718:1720 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 0 35 theme hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation 10:38 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule 0:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 8 36 theme Hyl-O-glycosylation 1603:1621 arg1 effect 1593:1598 the detailed effect 1580:1598 the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1580:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 0 37 theme I 65:65 arg1 collagen 67:74 type I collagen 60:74 type I collagen molecule 60:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 6 38 gly glycosylation 1066:1078 arg1 Hyl 1083:1085 Hyl 1083:1085 Hyl 1083:1085 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 0 39 theme type 60:63 arg1 collagen 67:74 type I collagen 60:74 type I collagen molecule 60:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 6 40 theme collagen 973:980 arg1 helices 989:995 collagen triple helices 973:995 collagen triple helices 973:995 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 8 41 theme type 1649:1652 arg1 collagen 1656:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 5 42 gly glycosylation 915:927 arg1 Hyl 932:934 Hyl 932:934 Hyl 932:934 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 8 43 theme collagen 1656:1663 arg1 structure 1630:1638 the structure 1626:1638 the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1626:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 6 44 theme hydrophobic 1301:1311 arg1 faces 1313:1317 their hydrophobic faces 1295:1317 their hydrophobic faces 1295:1317 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 7 45 theme computational 1467:1479 arg1 studies 1481:1487 future computational studies 1460:1487 future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation 1460:1524 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 2 46 gly glycosylation 272:284 arg1 Hyl 304:306 Hyl 304:306 Hyl 304:306 Among these PTMs, glycosylation of hydroxylysine (Hyl) is the most complicated. 32188979 2 46 gly glycosylation 272:284 arg1 hydroxylysine 289:301 hydroxylysine 289:301 hydroxylysine (Hyl) 289:307 Among these PTMs, glycosylation of hydroxylysine (Hyl) is the most complicated. 32188979 0 47 theme molecule 76:83 arg1 structure 47:55 the structure 43:55 the structure of type I collagen molecule 43:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 5 48 theme Hyl 932:934 arg1 glycosylation 915:927 the glycosylation 911:927 the glycosylation of Hyl 911:934 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 8 49 theme collagenous 1748:1758 arg1 biomaterials 1760:1771 collagenous biomaterials 1748:1771 collagenous biomaterials 1748:1771 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 1 50 theme intracellular 193:205 arg1 modifications 207:219 intracellular modifications 193:219 intracellular modifications 193:219 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 6 51 theme triple-helical 1009:1022 arg1 structure 1024:1032 a triple-helical structure 1007:1032 a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl 1007:1058 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 5 52 theme type 761:764 arg1 collagen 768:775 type I collagen 761:775 type I collagen molecule 761:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 8 53 attach presents 1571:1578 arg2 work 1545:1548 this work 1540:1548 this work 1540:1548 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 53 attach presents 1571:1578 arg1 addition 1530:1537 addition 1530:1537 addition 1530:1537 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 6 54 theme collagen 1361:1368 arg1 portions 1349:1356 the hydrophobic portions 1333:1356 the hydrophobic portions of collagen 1333:1368 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 6 55 dep arranged 1213:1220 arg1 iii 1184:1186 iii 1184:1186 iii 1184:1186 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 5 56 theme collagen 768:775 arg1 molecule 777:784 type I collagen molecule 761:784 type I collagen molecule 761:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 4 57 theme phenomena 552:560 arg1 mechanisms 532:541 the underlying atomic-level mechanisms 504:541 the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomena 504:560 However, the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomena remain unclear. 32188979 8 58 theme biomedical 1796:1805 arg1 therapies 1807:1815 biomedical therapies 1796:1815 biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1796:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 1 59 theme many 128:131 arg1 modifications 207:219 intracellular modifications 193:219 intracellular modifications 193:219 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 1 59 theme many 128:131 arg1 modifications 239:251 extracellular modifications 225:251 extracellular modifications 225:251 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 1 59 theme many 128:131 arg1 types 133:137 many types 128:137 many types 128:137 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 6 60 theme hydrophilic 1238:1248 arg1 faces 1250:1254 their hydrophilic faces 1232:1254 their hydrophilic faces 1232:1254 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 0 61 theme collagen 67:74 arg1 molecule 76:83 type I collagen molecule 60:83 type I collagen molecule 60:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 7 62 theme force 1383:1387 arg1 parameters 1395:1404 The adapted force field parameters 1371:1404 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates 1371:1449 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 5 63 theme molecular 815:823 arg1 simulations 833:843 comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations 801:843 comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations 801:843 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 1 64 theme modifications 161:173 arg1 modifications 207:219 intracellular modifications 193:219 intracellular modifications 193:219 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 1 64 theme modifications 161:173 arg1 modifications 239:251 extracellular modifications 225:251 extracellular modifications 225:251 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 1 64 theme modifications 161:173 arg1 types 133:137 many types 128:137 many types 128:137 Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. 32188979 3 65 theme Experimental 334:345 arg1 studies 347:353 Experimental studies 334:353 Experimental studies 334:353 Experimental studies demonstrated that this PTM ceases once the collagen triple helix is formed and that Hyl-O-glycosylation modulates collagen fibrillogenesis. 32188979 0 66 theme computational 88:100 arg1 study 102:106 A computational study 86:106 A computational study 86:106 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 4 67 theme underlying 508:517 arg1 mechanisms 532:541 the underlying atomic-level mechanisms 504:541 the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomena 504:560 However, the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomena remain unclear. 32188979 7 68 gly Hyl-O-glycosylation 1506:1524 arg1 proteins 1492:1499 proteins 1492:1499 proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation 1492:1524 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 6 69 dep glycosylation 1066:1078 arg1 ii 1062:1063 ii 1062:1063 ii 1062:1063 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 8 70 from level 1679:1683 arg1 structure 1630:1638 the structure 1626:1638 the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1626:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 3 71 theme collagen 469:476 arg1 fibrillogenesis 478:492 collagen fibrillogenesis 469:492 collagen fibrillogenesis 469:492 Experimental studies demonstrated that this PTM ceases once the collagen triple helix is formed and that Hyl-O-glycosylation modulates collagen fibrillogenesis. 32188979 8 72 gly Hyl-O-glycosylation 1603:1621 arg1 collagen 1656:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 6 73 theme backbone 1109:1116 arg1 conformation 1118:1129 the peptide backbone conformation 1097:1129 the peptide backbone conformation 1097:1129 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 3 74 theme triple 407:412 arg1 helix 414:418 the collagen triple helix 394:418 the collagen triple helix 394:418 Experimental studies demonstrated that this PTM ceases once the collagen triple helix is formed and that Hyl-O-glycosylation modulates collagen fibrillogenesis. 32188979 8 75 theme detailed 1584:1591 arg1 effect 1593:1598 the detailed effect 1580:1598 the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases 1580:1845 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 5 76 theme molecule 877:884 arg1 segment 886:892 collagen molecule segment 868:892 collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl 868:934 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 5 77 theme field 620:624 arg1 parameters 626:635 the force field parameters 610:635 the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates 610:680 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 6 78 theme Hyl 1083:1085 arg1 glycosylation 1066:1078 (ii) glycosylation 1061:1078 (ii) glycosylation of Hyl 1061:1085 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 5 79 theme explicit 848:855 arg1 solvent 857:863 explicit solvent 848:863 explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl 848:934 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 5 80 from influence 708:716 arg1 structure 748:756 the structure 744:756 the structure of type I collagen molecule 744:784 In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. 32188979 0 81 gly hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation 10:38 arg1 molecule 76:83 type I collagen molecule 60:83 type I collagen molecule 60:83 Effect of hydroxylysine-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule: A computational study. 32188979 6 82 gly glycosylation 1039:1051 arg1 Hyl 1056:1058 Hyl 1056:1058 Hyl 1056:1058 Data analysis demonstrated that (i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; (ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulates the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity and (iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. 32188979 7 83 with proteins 1492:1499 arg1 Hyl-O-glycosylation 1506:1524 Hyl-O-glycosylation 1506:1524 Hyl-O-glycosylation 1506:1524 The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. 32188979 8 84 theme human 1643:1647 arg1 collagen 1656:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 32188979 8 85 theme I 1654:1654 arg1 collagen 1656:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 human type I collagen 1643:1663 In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. 33738296 7 0 theme significant 1772:1782 arg1 differences 1796:1806 significant statistical differences 1772:1806 significant statistical differences 1772:1806 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 3 1 theme metabolic 634:642 arg1 activity 644:651 The cellular metabolic activity 621:651 The cellular metabolic activity 621:651 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 8 2 theme GSH 1946:1948 arg1 levels 1950:1955 GSH levels 1946:1955 GSH levels 1946:1955 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 8 3 theme LDH 1905:1907 arg1 leakage 1909:1915 the LDH leakage 1901:1915 the LDH leakage 1901:1915 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 3 4 theme MTT 676:678 arg1 assay 748:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 4 5 from levels 908:913 arg1 cells 922:926 the cells 918:926 the cells 918:926 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 4 6 theme cell 819:822 arg1 supernatant 824:834 the cell supernatant 815:834 the cell supernatant 815:834 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 7 7 theme heme 1599:1602 arg1 expression 1623:1632 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression 1599:1632 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression 1599:1632 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 11 8 theme Nrf2/HO-1 2360:2368 arg1 pathway 2380:2386 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 2356:2386 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 2356:2386 It was observed that the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway can be activated, regulated, and controlled by functional BCP to protect H9c2 cells injured by oxidative stress. 33738296 6 9 theme cell 1186:1189 arg1 rate 1200:1203 the model group's cell survival rate 1168:1203 the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) 1168:1219 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 6 9 theme cell 1186:1189 arg1 % 1218:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 1 10 theme cora 178:181 arg1 BCP 200:202 BCP 200:202 BCP 200:202 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 1 10 theme cora 178:181 arg1 polysaccharides 183:197 blood cora polysaccharides 172:197 blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) 172:203 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 11 theme B-cell 1715:1720 arg1 expression 1741:1750 B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 1715:1750 B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 1715:1750 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 4 12 theme expression 897:906 arg1 levels 908:913 mRNA and protein expression levels 880:913 mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells 880:926 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 0 13 theme Nrf2/HO-1 121:129 arg1 Pathway 138:144 Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway 121:144 Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway 121:144 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 5 14 theme BCP 1040:1042 arg1 composition 1025:1035 The chemical composition 1012:1035 The chemical composition of BCP 1012:1042 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 8 15 theme C 2054:2054 arg1 expression 2056:2065 Cyt C expression 2050:2065 Cyt C expression 2050:2065 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 6 16 theme model 1172:1176 arg1 rate 1200:1203 the model group's cell survival rate 1168:1203 the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) 1168:1219 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 6 16 theme model 1172:1176 arg1 % 1218:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 3 17 theme bromide 739:745 arg1 assay 748:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 7 18 theme related 1574:1580 arg1 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 18 theme related 1574:1580 arg1 factor 1582:1587 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 1547:1589 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) 1547:1596 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 9 19 theme potential 2178:2186 arg1 reduction 2142:2150 the reduction 2138:2150 the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment 2138:2211 BCP inhibited the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment. 33738296 7 20 theme factor 1555:1560 arg1 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 20 theme factor 1555:1560 arg1 factor 1582:1587 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 1547:1589 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) 1547:1596 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 6 21 theme normal 1154:1159 arg1 group 1161:1165 the normal group 1150:1165 the normal group 1150:1165 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 0 22 theme Rat 56:58 arg1 Cells 66:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 5 23 theme liquid 1084:1089 arg1 chromatography 1091:1104 high performance liquid chromatography 1067:1104 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 1067:1111 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 5 23 theme liquid 1084:1089 arg1 HPLC 1107:1110 HPLC 1107:1110 HPLC 1107:1110 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 1 24 from effect 162:167 arg1 cells 223:227 H9c2 rat heart cells 208:227 H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress 208:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 4 25 theme quantitative 948:959 arg1 reaction 978:985 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 948:985 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 948:992 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 4 25 theme quantitative 948:959 arg1 qPCR 988:991 qPCR 988:991 qPCR 988:991 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 1 26 theme stress 303:308 arg1 model 310:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 1 27 theme protective 151:160 arg1 effect 162:167 The protective effect 147:167 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress 147:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 28 theme western 1429:1435 arg1 blot 1437:1440 western blot 1429:1440 western blot 1429:1440 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 29 theme qPCR 1420:1423 arg1 results 1409:1415 The results 1405:1415 The results of qPCR and western blot 1405:1440 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 2 30 theme similar 585:591 arg1 concentration 593:605 a similar concentration 583:605 a similar concentration of vitamin C 583:618 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 11 31 theme H9c2 2461:2464 arg1 cells 2466:2470 H9c2 cells 2461:2470 H9c2 cells injured by oxidative stress 2461:2498 It was observed that the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway can be activated, regulated, and controlled by functional BCP to protect H9c2 cells injured by oxidative stress. 33738296 0 32 theme Oxidative 90:98 arg1 Stress 100:105 Oxidative Stress 90:105 Oxidative Stress 90:105 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 5 33 theme high 1067:1070 arg1 chromatography 1091:1104 high performance liquid chromatography 1067:1104 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 1067:1111 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 5 33 theme high 1067:1070 arg1 HPLC 1107:1110 HPLC 1107:1110 HPLC 1107:1110 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 6 34 theme superoxide 1321:1330 arg1 SOD 1343:1345 SOD 1343:1345 SOD 1343:1345 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 6 34 theme superoxide 1321:1330 arg1 dismutase 1332:1340 superoxide dismutase 1321:1340 superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1321:1346 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 0 35 theme Protective 0:9 arg1 Effect 11:16 Protective Effect 0:16 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 0:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 7 36 theme cytochrome 1679:1688 arg1 c 1690:1690 cytochrome c 1679:1690 cytochrome c 1679:1690 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 4 37 theme western 998:1004 arg1 blot 1006:1009 western blot 998:1009 western blot 998:1009 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 2 38 theme C 618:618 arg1 concentration 593:605 a similar concentration 583:605 a similar concentration of vitamin C 583:618 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 11 39 theme oxidative 2483:2491 arg1 stress 2493:2498 oxidative stress 2483:2498 oxidative stress 2483:2498 It was observed that the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway can be activated, regulated, and controlled by functional BCP to protect H9c2 cells injured by oxidative stress. 33738296 10 40 theme glucosum 2291:2298 arg1 anhydricum 2300:2309 glucosum anhydricum 2291:2309 glucosum anhydricum 2291:2309 According to the component analysis, BCP mainly consist of mannitol, ribose, glucosum anhydricum, galactose, and xylose. 33738296 4 41 theme chain 972:976 arg1 reaction 978:985 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 948:985 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 948:992 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 4 41 theme chain 972:976 arg1 qPCR 988:991 qPCR 988:991 qPCR 988:991 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 4 42 theme indicator 792:800 arg1 level 802:806 the relevant oxidation indicator level 769:806 the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells 769:844 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 2 43 theme 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic 363:395 arg1 2,2'-azino-bis 348:361 2,2'-azino-bis 348:361 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) 348:408 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 2 43 theme 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic 363:395 arg1 acid 397:400 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid 363:400 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid 363:400 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 0 44 theme Cora 27:30 arg1 Polysaccharides 32:46 Blood Cora Polysaccharides 21:46 Blood Cora Polysaccharides 21:46 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 8 45 theme MDA 1985:1987 arg1 content 1989:1995 the MDA content 1981:1995 the MDA content 1981:1995 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 8 46 theme Bcl-2 2089:2093 arg1 expression 2095:2104 the Bcl-2 expression 2085:2104 the Bcl-2 expression 2085:2104 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 7 47 theme P 1639:1639 arg1 H 1641:1641 NAD(P)H 1635:1641 NAD(P)H 1635:1641 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 1 48 theme cell 288:291 arg1 model 310:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 49 theme NAD 1635:1637 arg1 H 1641:1641 NAD(P)H 1635:1641 NAD(P)H 1635:1641 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 8 50 theme survival 1849:1856 arg1 rate 1858:1861 the cell survival rate 1840:1861 the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group 1840:1888 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 3 51 theme cellular 625:632 arg1 activity 644:651 The cellular metabolic activity 621:651 The cellular metabolic activity 621:651 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 4 52 theme relevant 773:780 arg1 level 802:806 the relevant oxidation indicator level 769:806 the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells 769:844 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 1 53 theme rat 213:215 arg1 cells 223:227 H9c2 rat heart cells 208:227 H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress 208:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 54 theme HO-1 1617:1620 arg1 expression 1623:1632 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression 1599:1632 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression 1599:1632 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 8 55 theme BCP-treated 1872:1882 arg1 group 1884:1888 each BCP-treated group 1867:1888 each BCP-treated group 1867:1888 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 7 56 theme statistical 1784:1794 arg1 differences 1796:1806 significant statistical differences 1772:1806 significant statistical differences 1772:1806 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 57 theme oxygenase-1 1604:1614 arg1 expression 1623:1632 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression 1599:1632 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression 1599:1632 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 6 58 theme ± 1212:1212 arg1 rate 1200:1203 the model group's cell survival rate 1168:1203 the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) 1168:1219 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 6 58 theme ± 1212:1212 arg1 % 1218:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 1 59 theme oxidative 235:243 arg1 stress 245:250 oxidative stress 235:250 oxidative stress 235:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 2 60 theme powerful 536:543 arg1 effect 557:562 a more powerful antioxidant effect 529:562 a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C 529:618 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 3 61 theme [3- 680:682 arg1 assay 748:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 8 62 from SOD 1932:1934 arg1 cells 1964:1968 the cells 1960:1968 the cells 1960:1968 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 6 63 theme survival 1191:1198 arg1 rate 1200:1203 the model group's cell survival rate 1168:1203 the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) 1168:1219 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 6 63 theme survival 1191:1198 arg1 % 1218:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 28.75 ± 2.56% 1206:1218 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 1 64 theme blood 172:176 arg1 BCP 200:202 BCP 200:202 BCP 200:202 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 1 64 theme blood 172:176 arg1 polysaccharides 183:197 blood cora polysaccharides 172:197 blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) 172:203 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 65 theme model 1488:1492 arg1 Bcl-2 1502:1506 the model group's Bcl-2 1484:1506 the model group's Bcl-2 1484:1506 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 2 66 theme BCP 567:569 arg1 effect 557:562 a more powerful antioxidant effect 529:562 a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C 529:618 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 11 67 theme signaling 2370:2378 arg1 pathway 2380:2386 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 2356:2386 the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway 2356:2386 It was observed that the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway can be activated, regulated, and controlled by functional BCP to protect H9c2 cells injured by oxidative stress. 33738296 3 68 theme -2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium 709:737 arg1 assay 748:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 1 69 theme polysaccharides 183:197 arg1 effect 162:167 The protective effect 147:167 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress 147:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 70 theme Bcl-2 1734:1738 arg1 expression 1741:1750 B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 1715:1750 B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 1715:1750 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 8 71 theme Cyt 2050:2052 arg1 expression 2056:2065 Cyt C expression 2050:2065 Cyt C expression 2050:2065 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 4 72 theme mRNA 880:883 arg1 levels 908:913 mRNA and protein expression levels 880:913 mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells 880:926 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 3 73 theme 4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl 684:707 arg1 assay 748:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay 672:752 The cellular metabolic activity was tested through the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. 33738296 0 74 theme Signal 131:136 arg1 Pathway 138:144 Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway 121:144 Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway 121:144 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 2 75 dep powerful 536:543 arg1 antioxidant 545:555 antioxidant 545:555 antioxidant 545:555 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 7 76 theme normal 1470:1475 arg1 group 1477:1481 the normal group 1466:1481 the normal group 1466:1481 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 4 77 theme protein 889:895 arg1 levels 908:913 mRNA and protein expression levels 880:913 mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells 880:926 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 6 78 theme lactate 1232:1238 arg1 LDH 1255:1257 LDH 1255:1257 LDH 1255:1257 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 6 78 theme lactate 1232:1238 arg1 dehydrogenase 1240:1252 lactate dehydrogenase 1232:1252 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage 1232:1266 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 4 79 theme reagent 862:868 arg1 kits 870:873 reagent kits 862:873 reagent kits 862:873 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 0 80 theme Heart 60:64 arg1 Cells 66:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 5 81 theme chemical 1016:1023 arg1 composition 1025:1035 The chemical composition 1012:1035 The chemical composition of BCP 1012:1042 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 7 82 theme erythroid-2 1562:1572 arg1 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 82 theme erythroid-2 1562:1572 arg1 factor 1582:1587 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 1547:1589 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) 1547:1596 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 83 theme blot 1437:1440 arg1 results 1409:1415 The results 1405:1415 The results of qPCR and western blot 1405:1440 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 2 84 theme hydroxyl 453:460 arg1 radicals 462:469 hydroxyl radicals 453:469 hydroxyl radicals 453:469 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 1 85 theme oxidative 293:301 arg1 model 310:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 86 theme nuclear 1547:1553 arg1 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 Nrf2 1592:1595 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 86 theme nuclear 1547:1553 arg1 factor 1582:1587 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 1547:1589 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) 1547:1596 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 0 87 from Effect 11:16 arg1 Cells 66:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 2 88 theme vitamin 610:616 arg1 C 618:618 vitamin C 610:618 vitamin C 610:618 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 6 89 theme malondialdehyde 1276:1290 arg1 content 1298:1304 the malondialdehyde (MDA) content 1272:1304 the malondialdehyde (MDA) content 1272:1304 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 1 90 theme model 310:314 arg1 use 274:276 the use 270:276 the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 270:314 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 7 91 theme Cyt 1693:1695 arg1 C 1697:1697 Cyt C 1693:1697 Cyt C 1693:1697 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 91 theme Cyt 1693:1695 arg1 protein 1521:1527 X protein 1519:1527 X protein (Bax) 1519:1533 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 2 92 theme reducing 479:486 arg1 power 488:492 its reducing power 475:492 its reducing power 475:492 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 10 93 theme component 2231:2239 arg1 analysis 2241:2248 the component analysis 2227:2248 the component analysis 2227:2248 According to the component analysis, BCP mainly consist of mannitol, ribose, glucosum anhydricum, galactose, and xylose. 33738296 5 94 theme performance 1072:1082 arg1 chromatography 1091:1104 high performance liquid chromatography 1067:1104 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 1067:1111 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 5 94 theme performance 1072:1082 arg1 HPLC 1107:1110 HPLC 1107:1110 HPLC 1107:1110 The chemical composition of BCP was determined through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 33738296 9 95 theme membrane 2169:2176 arg1 potential 2178:2186 mitochondrial membrane potential 2155:2186 mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment 2155:2211 BCP inhibited the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment. 33738296 0 96 dep Injury 72:77 arg1 Effect 11:16 Protective Effect 0:16 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 0:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 8 97 from CAT 1937:1939 arg1 cells 1964:1968 the cells 1960:1968 the cells 1960:1968 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 8 98 theme model 1827:1831 arg1 group 1833:1837 the model group 1823:1837 the model group 1823:1837 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 2 99 theme BCP 332:334 arg1 ability 321:327 The ability 317:327 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power 317:492 The ability of BCP to scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals and its reducing power were measured in vitro, indicating a more powerful antioxidant effect of BCP compared to a similar concentration of vitamin C. 33738296 0 100 theme Blood 21:25 arg1 Polysaccharides 32:46 Blood Cora Polysaccharides 21:46 Blood Cora Polysaccharides 21:46 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 11 101 theme functional 2435:2444 arg1 BCP 2446:2448 functional BCP 2435:2448 functional BCP 2435:2448 It was observed that the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway can be activated, regulated, and controlled by functional BCP to protect H9c2 cells injured by oxidative stress. 33738296 7 102 theme X 1519:1519 arg1 C 1697:1697 Cyt C 1693:1697 Cyt C 1693:1697 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 102 theme X 1519:1519 arg1 Bax 1530:1532 Bax 1530:1532 Bax 1530:1532 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 7 102 theme X 1519:1519 arg1 protein 1521:1527 X protein 1519:1527 X protein (Bax) 1519:1533 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 0 103 theme Polysaccharides 32:46 arg1 Effect 11:16 Protective Effect 0:16 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 0:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 9 104 theme H2O2 2198:2201 arg1 treatment 2203:2211 H2O2 treatment 2198:2211 H2O2 treatment 2198:2211 BCP inhibited the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment. 33738296 8 105 from levels 1950:1955 arg1 cells 1964:1968 the cells 1960:1968 the cells 1960:1968 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 8 106 theme cell 1844:1847 arg1 rate 1858:1861 the cell survival rate 1840:1861 the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group 1840:1888 Compared with the model group, the cell survival rate for each BCP-treated group increased, the LDH leakage decreased, the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in the cells increased, the MDA content decreased, the Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and Cyt C expression was weakened, and the Bcl-2 expression was strengthened. 33738296 4 107 theme polymerase 961:970 arg1 reaction 978:985 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 948:985 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 948:992 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 4 107 theme polymerase 961:970 arg1 qPCR 988:991 qPCR 988:991 qPCR 988:991 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 7 108 theme lymphoma-2 1722:1731 arg1 expression 1741:1750 B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 1715:1750 B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 1715:1750 The results of qPCR and western blot show that compared with the normal group, the model group's Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome c (Cyt C) decreased, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was increased, with significant statistical differences. 33738296 4 109 theme oxidation 782:790 arg1 level 802:806 the relevant oxidation indicator level 769:806 the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells 769:844 Additionally, the relevant oxidation indicator level within the cell supernatant and cells was tested with reagent kits, and mRNA and protein expression levels in the cells were tested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. 33738296 0 110 theme H9c2 51:54 arg1 Cells 66:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 H9c2 Rat Heart Cells 51:70 Protective Effect of Blood Cora Polysaccharides on H9c2 Rat Heart Cells Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. 33738296 6 111 theme dehydrogenase 1240:1252 arg1 leakage 1260:1266 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage 1232:1266 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage 1232:1266 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 9 112 theme mitochondrial 2155:2167 arg1 potential 2178:2186 mitochondrial membrane potential 2155:2186 mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment 2155:2211 BCP inhibited the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2 treatment. 33738296 6 113 theme glutathione 1369:1379 arg1 levels 1387:1392 glutathione (GSH) levels 1369:1392 glutathione (GSH) levels 1369:1392 The results show that compared with the normal group, the model group's cell survival rate (28.75 ± 2.56%) decreased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. 33738296 1 114 theme H9c2 283:286 arg1 model 310:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model 281:314 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 1 115 theme H9c2 208:211 arg1 cells 223:227 H9c2 rat heart cells 208:227 H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress 208:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 33738296 1 116 theme heart 217:221 arg1 cells 223:227 H9c2 rat heart cells 208:227 H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress 208:250 The protective effect of blood cora polysaccharides (BCP) on H9c2 rat heart cells under oxidative stress was explored with the use of a H9c2 cell oxidative stress model. 35004852 6 0 from synthesis 1156:1164 arg1 lysate 1299:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 4 1 theme reaction 718:725 arg1 compartmentalization 727:746 reaction compartmentalization 718:746 reaction compartmentalization 718:746 Microfluidics offer advantages such as reaction compartmentalization, tunable residence time, the ability to tether enzymes for reuse, and the potential for continuous manufacturing. 35004852 3 2 from synthesis 540:548 arg1 compartments 619:630 separate compartments 610:630 separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized 610:676 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 2 3 theme competing 360:368 arg1 reactions 370:378 competing reactions 360:378 competing reactions 360:378 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 6 4 theme protein 1148:1154 arg1 synthesis 1156:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 5 with glycosylation 1185:1197 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 1219:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 1 6 gly glycoproteins 216:228 arg1 glycoproteins 216:228 glycoproteins 216:228 glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell 216:261 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 2 7 theme synthesis 312:320 arg1 steps 322:326 multiple synthesis steps 303:326 multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product 303:453 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 3 8 from glycosylation 551:563 arg1 compartments 619:630 separate compartments 610:630 separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized 610:676 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 7 9 theme first-in-kind 1339:1351 arg1 prototype 1377:1385 a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype 1337:1385 a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production 1337:1584 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 7 10 theme glycoprotein 1562:1573 arg1 production 1575:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 7 10 theme glycoprotein 1562:1573 arg1 platform 1522:1529 a biomanufacturing platform 1503:1529 a biomanufacturing platform for small batch 1503:1545 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 7 11 theme decentralized 1548:1560 arg1 production 1575:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 7 11 theme decentralized 1548:1560 arg1 platform 1522:1529 a biomanufacturing platform 1503:1529 a biomanufacturing platform for small batch 1503:1545 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 2 12 theme multiple 303:310 arg1 steps 322:326 multiple synthesis steps 303:326 multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product 303:453 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 6 13 from enrichment 1250:1259 arg1 lysate 1299:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 14 theme efficient 1167:1175 arg1 glycosylation 1185:1197 efficient protein glycosylation 1167:1197 efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1167:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 5 15 theme reactions 942:950 arg1 control 917:923 spatiotemporal control 902:923 spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions 902:950 Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. 35004852 6 16 gly glycosylation 1185:1197 arg1 product 1276:1282 the protein product 1264:1282 the protein product from cell-free lysate 1264:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 3 17 gly glycoprotein 594:605 arg1 glycoprotein 594:605 a model glycoprotein 586:605 a model glycoprotein 586:605 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 3 18 theme protein 532:538 arg1 synthesis 540:548 cell-free protein synthesis 522:548 cell-free protein synthesis 522:548 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 7 19 gly glycoprotein 1562:1573 arg1 glycoprotein 1562:1573 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 6 20 theme glycoprotein 1085:1096 arg1 system 1108:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system 1072:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate 1072:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 5 21 theme glycosylation 928:940 arg1 reactions 942:950 glycosylation reactions 928:950 glycosylation reactions 928:950 Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. 35004852 6 22 theme protein 1177:1183 arg1 glycosylation 1185:1197 efficient protein glycosylation 1167:1197 efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1167:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 2 23 theme systems 287:293 arg1 many 273:276 many 273:276 many 273:276 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 2 23 theme systems 287:293 arg1 systems 287:293 these systems 281:293 these systems 281:293 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 6 24 theme cell-free 1138:1146 arg1 synthesis 1156:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 25 with synthesis 1156:1164 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 1219:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 26 theme enhanced 1129:1136 arg1 synthesis 1156:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 1 27 theme recent 102:107 arg1 years 109:113 recent years 102:113 recent years 102:113 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 7 28 theme glycosylation-on-a-chip 1353:1375 arg1 prototype 1377:1385 a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype 1337:1385 a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production 1337:1584 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 2 29 theme product 447:453 arg1 yield 426:430 low yield 422:430 low yield of the desired product 422:453 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 6 30 with enrichment 1250:1259 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 1219:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 7 31 theme biomanufacturing 1505:1520 arg1 production 1575:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 decentralized glycoprotein production 1548:1584 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 7 31 theme biomanufacturing 1505:1520 arg1 platform 1522:1529 a biomanufacturing platform 1503:1529 a biomanufacturing platform for small batch 1503:1545 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 1 32 theme glycoproteins 216:228 arg1 remodeling 202:211 remodeling 202:211 remodeling 202:211 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 1 32 theme glycoproteins 216:228 arg1 production 187:196 production 187:196 production 187:196 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 2 33 theme desired 439:445 arg1 product 447:453 the desired product 435:453 the desired product 435:453 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 6 34 theme product 1276:1282 arg1 synthesis 1156:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 34 theme product 1276:1282 arg1 enrichment 1250:1259 enrichment 1250:1259 enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate 1250:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 34 theme product 1276:1282 arg1 glycosylation 1185:1197 efficient protein glycosylation 1167:1197 efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1167:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 35 gly glycoprotein 1085:1096 arg1 glycoprotein 1085:1096 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system 1072:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate 1072:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 4 36 theme continuous 836:845 arg1 manufacturing 847:859 continuous manufacturing 836:859 continuous manufacturing 836:859 Microfluidics offer advantages such as reaction compartmentalization, tunable residence time, the ability to tether enzymes for reuse, and the potential for continuous manufacturing. 35004852 6 37 theme immobilized 1207:1217 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 1219:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1204:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 7 38 theme process 1484:1490 arg1 dissection 1444:1453 mechanistic dissection 1432:1453 mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process 1432:1490 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 6 39 theme synthesis 1098:1106 arg1 system 1108:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system 1072:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate 1072:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 5 40 theme cell-free 1010:1018 arg1 systems 1034:1040 cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems 995:1040 cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems 995:1040 Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. 35004852 1 41 theme cell-free 116:124 arg1 technologies 149:160 cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies 116:160 cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies 116:160 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 3 42 gly glycosylation 551:563 arg1 glycoprotein 594:605 a model glycoprotein 586:605 a model glycoprotein 586:605 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 3 42 gly glycosylation 551:563 arg1 compartments 619:630 separate compartments 610:630 separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized 610:676 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 3 43 theme microfluidic 484:495 arg1 platform 497:504 a microfluidic platform 482:504 a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized 482:676 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 6 44 theme flow-based 1074:1083 arg1 system 1108:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system 1072:1113 a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate 1072:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 3 45 theme glycoprotein 594:605 arg1 glycosylation 551:563 glycosylation 551:563 glycosylation 551:563 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 3 45 theme glycoprotein 594:605 arg1 purification 570:581 purification 570:581 purification 570:581 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 3 45 theme glycoprotein 594:605 arg1 synthesis 540:548 cell-free protein synthesis 522:548 cell-free protein synthesis 522:548 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 7 46 theme laboratory 1412:1421 arg1 tool 1423:1426 a laboratory tool 1410:1426 a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process 1410:1490 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 2 47 theme low 422:424 arg1 yield 426:430 low yield 422:430 low yield of the desired product 422:453 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 0 48 theme Microfluidic 38:49 arg1 System 51:56 A Flow-Based Microfluidic System 25:56 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 0:97 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 35004852 0 49 theme Flow-Based 27:36 arg1 System 51:56 A Flow-Based Microfluidic System 25:56 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 0:97 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 35004852 7 50 theme glycosylation 1470:1482 arg1 process 1484:1490 the protein glycosylation process 1458:1490 the protein glycosylation process 1458:1490 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 0 51 theme Cell-Free 62:70 arg1 Biosynthesis 85:96 Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis 62:96 Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis 62:96 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 35004852 5 52 theme spatiotemporal 902:915 arg1 control 917:923 spatiotemporal control 902:923 spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions 902:950 Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. 35004852 7 53 theme mechanistic 1432:1442 arg1 dissection 1444:1453 mechanistic dissection 1432:1453 mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process 1432:1490 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 7 54 theme protein 1462:1468 arg1 process 1484:1490 the protein glycosylation process 1458:1490 the protein glycosylation process 1458:1490 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 1 55 theme synthetic 126:134 arg1 technologies 149:160 cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies 116:160 cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies 116:160 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 3 56 theme model 588:592 arg1 glycoprotein 594:605 a model glycoprotein 586:605 a model glycoprotein 586:605 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 7 57 theme small 1535:1539 arg1 batch 1541:1545 small batch 1535:1545 small batch 1535:1545 Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production. 35004852 1 58 theme glycobiology 136:147 arg1 technologies 149:160 cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies 116:160 cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies 116:160 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 6 59 theme protein 1268:1274 arg1 product 1276:1282 the protein product 1264:1282 the protein product from cell-free lysate 1264:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 60 theme cell-free 1289:1297 arg1 lysate 1299:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 61 from glycosylation 1185:1197 arg1 lysate 1299:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 cell-free lysate 1289:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 4 62 theme residence 757:765 arg1 time 767:770 tunable residence time 749:770 tunable residence time 749:770 Microfluidics offer advantages such as reaction compartmentalization, tunable residence time, the ability to tether enzymes for reuse, and the potential for continuous manufacturing. 35004852 6 63 from lysate 1299:1304 arg1 synthesis 1156:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 enhanced cell-free protein synthesis 1129:1164 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 63 from lysate 1299:1304 arg1 enrichment 1250:1259 enrichment 1250:1259 enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate 1250:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 63 from lysate 1299:1304 arg1 glycosylation 1185:1197 efficient protein glycosylation 1167:1197 efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase 1167:1243 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 6 63 from lysate 1299:1304 arg1 product 1276:1282 the protein product 1264:1282 the protein product from cell-free lysate 1264:1304 In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. 35004852 5 64 theme glycosylation 1020:1032 arg1 systems 1034:1040 cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems 995:1040 cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems 995:1040 Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. 35004852 5 65 theme cell-based 995:1004 arg1 systems 1034:1040 cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems 995:1040 cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems 995:1040 Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. 35004852 4 66 theme tunable 749:755 arg1 time 767:770 tunable residence time 749:770 tunable residence time 749:770 Microfluidics offer advantages such as reaction compartmentalization, tunable residence time, the ability to tether enzymes for reuse, and the potential for continuous manufacturing. 35004852 3 67 from purification 570:581 arg1 compartments 619:630 separate compartments 610:630 separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized 610:676 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 1 68 theme cell 258:261 arg1 confines 242:249 the confines 238:249 the confines of the cell 238:261 In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. 35004852 3 69 theme separate 610:617 arg1 compartments 619:630 separate compartments 610:630 separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized 610:676 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 35004852 2 70 theme side 384:387 arg1 products 389:396 side products 384:396 side products 384:396 However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. 35004852 0 71 theme Glycoprotein 72:83 arg1 Biosynthesis 85:96 Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis 62:96 Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis 62:96 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 35004852 0 72 dep Glycosylation-on-a-Chip 0:22 arg1 System 51:56 A Flow-Based Microfluidic System 25:56 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 0:97 Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. 35004852 3 73 theme cell-free 522:530 arg1 synthesis 540:548 cell-free protein synthesis 522:548 cell-free protein synthesis 522:548 In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. 32885501 0 0 theme capillary 88:96 arg1 spectrometry 119:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 5 1 theme rapid 841:845 arg1 detection 847:855 a rapid detection 839:855 a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min 839:900 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 2 2 theme development 401:411 arg1 stages 352:357 all stages 348:357 all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 348:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 4 3 theme CE-MS 628:632 arg1 method 634:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method 599:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 599:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 0 4 theme chip-based 77:86 arg1 spectrometry 119:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 3 5 theme MS 560:561 arg1 characterization 563:578 MS characterization 560:578 MS characterization 560:578 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 4 6 theme chip-based 617:626 arg1 method 634:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method 599:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 599:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 5 7 theme multiple 797:804 arg1 glycoforms 817:826 multiple sialylated glycoforms 797:826 multiple sialylated glycoforms 797:826 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 2 8 theme important 295:303 arg1 glycosylation 275:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 8 theme important 295:303 arg1 requirement 305:315 an important requirement 292:315 an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 292:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 4 9 gly sialylated 726:735 arg1 N 737:737 complex sialylated N 718:737 complex sialylated N 718:737 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 2 10 from stages 352:357 arg1 control 337:343 product quality control 321:343 product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 321:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 5 11 from changes 860:866 arg1 profile 885:891 glycosylation profile 871:891 glycosylation profile 871:891 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 0 12 theme electrophoresis-mass 98:117 arg1 spectrometry 119:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 2 13 theme quality 329:335 arg1 control 337:343 product quality control 321:343 product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 321:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 3 14 theme high-resolution 528:542 arg1 separation 544:553 high-resolution separation 528:553 high-resolution separation 528:553 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 3 15 with mode 520:523 arg1 characterization 563:578 MS characterization 560:578 MS characterization 560:578 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 2 16 theme product 321:327 arg1 control 337:343 product quality control 321:343 product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 321:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 3 17 theme CE 452:453 arg1 device 455:460 a new microfluidic CE device 433:460 a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS 433:479 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 5 18 from profile 885:891 arg1 detection 847:855 a rapid detection 839:855 a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min 839:900 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 3 19 theme device 455:460 arg1 development 418:428 The development 414:428 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS 414:479 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 3 20 theme new 435:437 arg1 device 455:460 a new microfluidic CE device 433:460 a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS 433:479 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 5 21 gly sialylated 806:815 arg1 glycoforms 817:826 multiple sialylated glycoforms 797:826 multiple sialylated glycoforms 797:826 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 0 22 theme Rapid 0:4 arg1 fingerprinting 6:19 Rapid fingerprinting 0:19 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 0:130 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 4 23 theme fast 601:604 arg1 method 634:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method 599:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 599:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 1 24 theme therapeutic 212:222 arg1 proteins 224:231 therapeutic proteins 212:231 therapeutic proteins 212:231 Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. 32885501 1 25 dep efficacy 170:177 arg1 the 166:168 the 166:168 the 166:168 Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. 32885501 1 26 theme proteins 224:231 arg1 safety 180:185 safety 180:185 safety 180:185 Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. 32885501 1 26 theme proteins 224:231 arg1 pharmacokinetics 192:207 pharmacokinetics 192:207 pharmacokinetics 192:207 Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. 32885501 1 26 theme proteins 224:231 arg1 efficacy 170:177 efficacy 170:177 efficacy 170:177 Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. 32885501 4 27 theme robust 610:615 arg1 method 634:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method 599:639 a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 599:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 1 28 theme Protein 133:139 arg1 glycosylation 141:153 Protein glycosylation 133:153 Protein glycosylation 133:153 Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. 32885501 3 29 theme orthogonal 509:518 arg1 mode 520:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode 488:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization 488:578 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 0 30 theme glycosylated 33:44 arg1 protein 53:59 a highly glycosylated fusion protein 24:59 a highly glycosylated fusion protein 24:59 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 3 31 theme separation 544:553 arg1 mode 520:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode 488:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization 488:578 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 4 32 theme protein 705:711 arg1 fingerprinting 666:679 intact glycosylation fingerprinting 645:679 intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 645:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 4 33 theme sialylated 726:735 arg1 N 737:737 complex sialylated N 718:737 complex sialylated N 718:737 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 3 34 theme fast 490:493 arg1 mode 520:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode 488:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization 488:578 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 3 35 theme compatible 462:471 arg1 device 455:460 a new microfluidic CE device 433:460 a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS 433:479 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 5 36 theme changes 860:866 arg1 detection 847:855 a rapid detection 839:855 a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min 839:900 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 2 37 theme protein 267:273 arg1 glycosylation 275:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 37 theme protein 267:273 arg1 requirement 305:315 an important requirement 292:315 an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 292:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 4 38 theme fusion 698:703 arg1 protein 705:711 a therapeutic fusion protein 684:711 a therapeutic fusion protein 684:711 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 0 39 theme protein 53:59 arg1 fingerprinting 6:19 Rapid fingerprinting 0:19 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 0:130 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 5 40 theme glycosylation 871:883 arg1 profile 885:891 glycosylation profile 871:891 glycosylation profile 871:891 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 2 41 theme consistent 256:265 arg1 glycosylation 275:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 41 theme consistent 256:265 arg1 requirement 305:315 an important requirement 292:315 an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 292:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 42 theme discovery 387:395 arg1 stages 352:357 all stages 348:357 all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 348:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 0 43 theme fusion 46:51 arg1 protein 53:59 a highly glycosylated fusion protein 24:59 a highly glycosylated fusion protein 24:59 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 2 44 theme uniform 244:250 arg1 glycosylation 275:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 44 theme uniform 244:250 arg1 requirement 305:315 an important requirement 292:315 an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 292:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 5 45 from detection 847:855 arg1 profile 885:891 glycosylation profile 871:891 glycosylation profile 871:891 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 5 45 from detection 847:855 arg1 min 898:900 6 min 896:900 6 min 896:900 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 32885501 2 46 theme drug 382:385 arg1 discovery 387:395 therapeutic protein drug discovery 362:395 therapeutic protein drug discovery 362:395 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 47 theme Achieving 234:242 arg1 glycosylation 275:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation 234:287 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 2 47 theme Achieving 234:242 arg1 requirement 305:315 an important requirement 292:315 an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development 292:411 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 4 48 with fingerprinting 666:679 arg1 glycoforms 752:761 O-linked glycoforms 743:761 O-linked glycoforms 743:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 4 48 with fingerprinting 666:679 arg1 N 737:737 complex sialylated N 718:737 complex sialylated N 718:737 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 2 49 theme protein 374:380 arg1 discovery 387:395 therapeutic protein drug discovery 362:395 therapeutic protein drug discovery 362:395 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 4 50 link O-linked 743:750 arg1 glycoforms 752:761 O-linked glycoforms 743:761 O-linked glycoforms 743:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 4 51 theme glycosylation 652:664 arg1 fingerprinting 666:679 intact glycosylation fingerprinting 645:679 intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 645:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 3 52 with compatible 462:471 arg1 MS 478:479 MS 478:479 MS 478:479 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 0 53 gly glycosylated 33:44 arg1 protein 53:59 a highly glycosylated fusion protein 24:59 a highly glycosylated fusion protein 24:59 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 2 54 theme therapeutic 362:372 arg1 discovery 387:395 therapeutic protein drug discovery 362:395 therapeutic protein drug discovery 362:395 Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. 32885501 4 55 theme intact 645:650 arg1 fingerprinting 666:679 intact glycosylation fingerprinting 645:679 intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms 645:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 0 56 theme microfluidic 64:75 arg1 spectrometry 119:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 64:130 Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. 32885501 3 57 theme sensitive 499:507 arg1 mode 520:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode 488:523 a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization 488:578 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 4 58 theme O-linked 743:750 arg1 glycoforms 752:761 O-linked glycoforms 743:761 O-linked glycoforms 743:761 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 3 59 theme microfluidic 439:450 arg1 device 455:460 a new microfluidic CE device 433:460 a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS 433:479 The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. 32885501 4 60 theme therapeutic 686:696 arg1 protein 705:711 a therapeutic fusion protein 684:711 a therapeutic fusion protein 684:711 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 4 61 dep sialylated 726:735 arg1 complex 718:724 complex 718:724 complex 718:724 Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. 32885501 5 62 theme sialylated 806:815 arg1 glycoforms 817:826 multiple sialylated glycoforms 797:826 multiple sialylated glycoforms 797:826 The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min. 34058199 10 0 theme reduced 1576:1582 arg1 stability 1592:1600 significantly reduced protein stability 1562:1600 significantly reduced protein stability 1562:1600 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 3 1 theme O-linked 671:678 arg1 fucose 680:685 O-linked fucose 671:685 O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats 671:718 B3GLCT catalyzes the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats. 34058199 7 2 theme C-terminal 1134:1143 arg1 domain 1145:1150 the C-terminal domain 1130:1150 the C-terminal domain 1130:1150 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 1 3 theme Peters 253:258 arg1 dysgenesis 297:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 3 theme Peters 253:258 arg1 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 12 4 theme substrate 1805:1813 arg1 proteins 1815:1822 B3GLCT substrate proteins 1798:1822 B3GLCT substrate proteins 1798:1822 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 2 5 from mutations 561:569 arg1 gene 578:581 the gene 574:581 the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) 574:624 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 9 6 theme functional 1448:1457 arg1 assays 1459:1464 cell-based functional assays 1437:1464 cell-based functional assays 1437:1464 PTRPLS and PTRPLS-like mutations were individually introduced into B3GLCT, and the mutated enzymes were evaluated using in vitro enzyme assays and cell-based functional assays. 34058199 11 7 theme destabilizing 1708:1720 arg1 effect 1722:1727 a minor destabilizing effect 1700:1727 a minor destabilizing effect 1700:1727 In contrast, B3GLCT with PTRPLS-like mutations retained enzymatic activity, although some showed a minor destabilizing effect. 34058199 6 8 from domain 1047:1052 arg1 sites 959:963 two putative active sites 939:963 two putative active sites 939:963 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 8 from domain 1047:1052 arg1 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 1 9 theme congenital 155:164 arg1 disorder 166:173 a severe congenital disorder 146:173 a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities 146:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 9 theme congenital 155:164 arg1 Syndrome 112:119 Peters Plus Syndrome 100:119 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) 100:141 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 2 10 theme PTRPLS 537:542 arg1 phenotypes 544:553 PTRPLS phenotypes 537:553 PTRPLS phenotypes 537:553 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 7 11 theme in vitro 1083:1090 arg1 assays 1101:1106 in vitro activity assays 1083:1106 in vitro activity assays 1083:1106 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 8 12 theme homology 1222:1229 arg1 model 1231:1235 a homology model 1220:1235 a homology model of B3GLCT 1220:1245 We also generated a homology model of B3GLCT and identified D421 as the catalytic base. 34058199 3 13 from fucose 680:685 arg1 repeats 712:718 thrombospondin type-1 repeats 690:718 thrombospondin type-1 repeats 690:718 B3GLCT catalyzes the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats. 34058199 1 14 theme developmental 385:397 arg1 delay 399:403 developmental delay 385:403 developmental delay 385:403 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 6 15 theme active 952:957 arg1 one 966:968 one 966:968 one 966:968 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 15 theme active 952:957 arg1 sites 959:963 two putative active sites 939:963 two putative active sites 939:963 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 15 theme active 952:957 arg1 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 12 16 located observed 1902:1909 arg2 those 1896:1900 those 1896:1900 those 1896:1900 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 12 16 located observed 1902:1909 arg1 patients 1926:1933 PTRPLS-like patients 1914:1933 PTRPLS-like patients 1914:1933 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 6 17 from one 966:968 arg1 region 988:993 the N-terminal region 973:993 the N-terminal region 973:993 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 4 18 theme Most 721:724 arg1 proteins 743:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins 721:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins 721:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins belong to the ADAMTS superfamily and play critical roles in extracellular matrix. 34058199 1 19 theme variable 410:417 arg1 abnormalities 430:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 20 theme disproportionate 310:325 arg1 stature 333:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 2 21 theme PTRPLS-like 488:498 arg1 patients 501:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients 465:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) 465:554 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 0 22 theme human 68:72 arg1 β1,3-glucosyltransferase 74:97 human β1,3-glucosyltransferase 68:97 human β1,3-glucosyltransferase 68:97 Peters plus syndrome mutations affect the function and stability of human β1,3-glucosyltransferase. 34058199 5 23 theme B3GLCT 911:916 arg1 activity 918:925 B3GLCT activity 911:925 B3GLCT activity 911:925 We sought to determine whether the PTRPLS or PTRPLS-like mutations abrogated B3GLCT activity. 34058199 6 24 theme N-terminal 977:986 arg1 region 988:993 the N-terminal region 973:993 the N-terminal region 973:993 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 1 25 theme dysmorphic 357:366 arg1 features 375:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 4 26 theme substrate 733:741 arg1 proteins 743:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins 721:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins 721:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins belong to the ADAMTS superfamily and play critical roles in extracellular matrix. 34058199 0 27 theme Peters 0:5 arg1 mutations 21:29 Peters plus syndrome mutations 0:29 Peters plus syndrome mutations 0:29 Peters plus syndrome mutations affect the function and stability of human β1,3-glucosyltransferase. 34058199 1 28 theme Peters 100:105 arg1 disorder 166:173 a severe congenital disorder 146:173 a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities 146:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 28 theme Peters 100:105 arg1 # 134:134 # 134:134 # 134:134 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 28 theme Peters 100:105 arg1 Syndrome 112:119 Peters Plus Syndrome 100:119 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) 100:141 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 10 29 theme B3GLCT 1529:1534 arg1 activity 1546:1553 B3GLCT enzymatic activity 1529:1553 B3GLCT enzymatic activity 1529:1553 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 0 30 theme syndrome 12:19 arg1 mutations 21:29 Peters plus syndrome mutations 0:29 Peters plus syndrome mutations 0:29 Peters plus syndrome mutations affect the function and stability of human β1,3-glucosyltransferase. 34058199 2 31 theme Plus-like 477:485 arg1 patients 501:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients 465:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) 465:554 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 11 32 with B3GLCT 1616:1621 arg1 mutations 1640:1648 PTRPLS-like mutations 1628:1648 PTRPLS-like mutations 1628:1648 In contrast, B3GLCT with PTRPLS-like mutations retained enzymatic activity, although some showed a minor destabilizing effect. 34058199 4 33 theme extracellular 812:824 arg1 matrix 826:831 extracellular matrix 812:831 extracellular matrix 812:831 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins belong to the ADAMTS superfamily and play critical roles in extracellular matrix. 34058199 1 34 theme segment 289:295 arg1 dysgenesis 297:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 34 theme segment 289:295 arg1 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 12 35 theme PTRPLS-like 1914:1924 arg1 patients 1926:1933 PTRPLS-like patients 1914:1933 PTRPLS-like patients 1914:1933 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 0 36 dep function 42:49 arg1 the 38:40 the 38:40 the 38:40 Peters plus syndrome mutations affect the function and stability of human β1,3-glucosyltransferase. 34058199 12 37 theme PTRPLS 1867:1872 arg1 patients 1874:1881 PTRPLS patients 1867:1881 PTRPLS patients 1867:1881 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 6 38 theme glycosyltransferase 1027:1045 arg1 domain 1047:1052 the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain 1012:1052 the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain 1012:1052 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 3 39 theme type-1 705:710 arg1 repeats 712:718 thrombospondin type-1 repeats 690:718 thrombospondin type-1 repeats 690:718 B3GLCT catalyzes the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats. 34058199 12 40 located observed 1855:1862 arg1 patients 1874:1881 PTRPLS patients 1867:1881 PTRPLS patients 1867:1881 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 12 40 located observed 1855:1862 arg2 defects 1847:1853 the defects 1843:1853 the defects observed in PTRPLS patients 1843:1881 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 10 41 theme activity 1546:1553 arg1 loss 1521:1524 loss 1521:1524 loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability 1521:1600 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 11 42 theme PTRPLS-like 1628:1638 arg1 mutations 1640:1648 PTRPLS-like mutations 1628:1648 PTRPLS-like mutations 1628:1648 In contrast, B3GLCT with PTRPLS-like mutations retained enzymatic activity, although some showed a minor destabilizing effect. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 abnormalities 430:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 delay 399:403 developmental delay 385:403 developmental delay 385:403 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 anomalies 232:240 multiple structural anomalies 212:240 multiple structural anomalies 212:240 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 stature 333:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 features 375:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 43 theme multiple 212:219 arg1 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 9 44 theme in vitro 1410:1417 arg1 assays 1426:1431 in vitro enzyme assays 1410:1431 in vitro enzyme assays 1410:1431 PTRPLS and PTRPLS-like mutations were individually introduced into B3GLCT, and the mutated enzymes were evaluated using in vitro enzyme assays and cell-based functional assays. 34058199 3 45 theme thrombospondin 690:703 arg1 repeats 712:718 thrombospondin type-1 repeats 690:718 thrombospondin type-1 repeats 690:718 B3GLCT catalyzes the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats. 34058199 10 46 theme protein 1584:1590 arg1 stability 1592:1600 significantly reduced protein stability 1562:1600 significantly reduced protein stability 1562:1600 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 11 47 theme minor 1702:1706 arg1 effect 1722:1727 a minor destabilizing effect 1700:1727 a minor destabilizing effect 1700:1727 In contrast, B3GLCT with PTRPLS-like mutations retained enzymatic activity, although some showed a minor destabilizing effect. 34058199 2 48 contain have 520:523 arg1 patients 501:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients 465:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) 465:554 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 2 48 contain have 520:523 arg2 subset 527:532 a subset 525:532 a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes 525:553 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 9 49 theme cell-based 1437:1446 arg1 assays 1459:1464 cell-based functional assays 1437:1464 cell-based functional assays 1437:1464 PTRPLS and PTRPLS-like mutations were individually introduced into B3GLCT, and the mutated enzymes were evaluated using in vitro enzyme assays and cell-based functional assays. 34058199 1 50 theme severe 148:153 arg1 disorder 166:173 a severe congenital disorder 146:173 a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities 146:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 50 theme severe 148:153 arg1 Syndrome 112:119 Peters Plus Syndrome 100:119 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) 100:141 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 12 51 theme glucose 1785:1791 arg1 loss 1777:1780 loss 1777:1780 loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins 1777:1822 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 8 52 theme B3GLCT 1240:1245 arg1 model 1231:1235 a homology model 1220:1235 a homology model of B3GLCT 1220:1245 We also generated a homology model of B3GLCT and identified D421 as the catalytic base. 34058199 7 53 theme activity 1092:1099 arg1 assays 1101:1106 in vitro activity assays 1083:1106 in vitro activity assays 1083:1106 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 12 54 theme B3GLCT 1798:1803 arg1 proteins 1815:1822 B3GLCT substrate proteins 1798:1822 B3GLCT substrate proteins 1798:1822 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 3 55 theme glucose 660:666 arg1 transfer 648:655 the transfer 644:655 the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats 644:718 B3GLCT catalyzes the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats. 34058199 3 56 link O-linked 671:678 arg1 fucose 680:685 O-linked fucose 671:685 O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats 671:718 B3GLCT catalyzes the transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose on thrombospondin type-1 repeats. 34058199 6 57 contain has 935:937 arg2 sites 959:963 two putative active sites 939:963 two putative active sites 939:963 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 57 contain has 935:937 arg2 one 966:968 one 966:968 one 966:968 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 57 contain has 935:937 arg1 B3GLCT 928:933 B3GLCT 928:933 B3GLCT 928:933 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 57 contain has 935:937 arg2 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 1 58 theme glycosylation 178:190 arg1 disorder 166:173 a severe congenital disorder 146:173 a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities 146:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 58 theme glycosylation 178:190 arg1 Syndrome 112:119 Peters Plus Syndrome 100:119 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) 100:141 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 7 59 theme sequence 1061:1068 arg1 analysis 1070:1077 sequence analysis 1061:1077 sequence analysis 1061:1077 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 8 60 theme catalytic 1274:1282 arg1 D421 1262:1265 D421 1262:1265 D421 1262:1265 We also generated a homology model of B3GLCT and identified D421 as the catalytic base. 34058199 8 60 theme catalytic 1274:1282 arg1 base 1284:1287 the catalytic base 1270:1287 the catalytic base 1270:1287 We also generated a homology model of B3GLCT and identified D421 as the catalytic base. 34058199 6 61 theme putative 943:950 arg1 one 966:968 one 966:968 one 966:968 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 61 theme putative 943:950 arg1 sites 959:963 two putative active sites 939:963 two putative active sites 939:963 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 61 theme putative 943:950 arg1 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 other 1003:1007 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 6 62 theme C-terminal 1016:1025 arg1 domain 1047:1052 the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain 1012:1052 the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain 1012:1052 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 2 63 theme phenotypes 544:553 arg1 subset 527:532 a subset 525:532 a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes 525:553 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 1 64 theme additional 419:428 arg1 abnormalities 430:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 7 65 link O-linked 1185:1192 arg1 fucose 1194:1199 O-linked fucose 1185:1199 O-linked fucose 1185:1199 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 5 66 theme PTRPLS-like 879:889 arg1 mutations 891:899 PTRPLS-like mutations 879:899 PTRPLS-like mutations 879:899 We sought to determine whether the PTRPLS or PTRPLS-like mutations abrogated B3GLCT activity. 34058199 0 67 theme β1,3-glucosyltransferase 74:97 arg1 stability 55:63 stability 55:63 stability 55:63 Peters plus syndrome mutations affect the function and stability of human β1,3-glucosyltransferase. 34058199 0 67 theme β1,3-glucosyltransferase 74:97 arg1 function 42:49 function 42:49 function 42:49 Peters plus syndrome mutations affect the function and stability of human β1,3-glucosyltransferase. 34058199 1 68 theme short 327:331 arg1 stature 333:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 6 69 from other 1003:1007 arg1 domain 1047:1052 the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain 1012:1052 the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain 1012:1052 B3GLCT has two putative active sites, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain. 34058199 9 70 theme PTRPLS-like 1301:1311 arg1 mutations 1313:1321 PTRPLS-like mutations 1301:1321 PTRPLS-like mutations 1301:1321 PTRPLS and PTRPLS-like mutations were individually introduced into B3GLCT, and the mutated enzymes were evaluated using in vitro enzyme assays and cell-based functional assays. 34058199 10 71 theme PTRPLS 1497:1502 arg1 mutations 1504:1512 PTRPLS mutations 1497:1512 PTRPLS mutations 1497:1512 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 4 72 theme ADAMTS 766:771 arg1 superfamily 773:783 the ADAMTS superfamily 762:783 the ADAMTS superfamily 762:783 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins belong to the ADAMTS superfamily and play critical roles in extracellular matrix. 34058199 7 73 theme O-linked 1185:1192 arg1 fucose 1194:1199 O-linked fucose 1185:1199 O-linked fucose 1185:1199 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 1 74 theme facial 368:373 arg1 features 375:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 12 75 from proteins 1815:1822 arg1 loss 1777:1780 loss 1777:1780 loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins 1777:1822 Overall, our data supports the hypothesis that loss of glucose from B3GLCT substrate proteins is responsible for the defects observed in PTRPLS patients, but not for those observed in PTRPLS-like patients. 34058199 2 76 theme PTRPLS 445:450 arg1 patients 452:459 PTRPLS patients 445:459 PTRPLS patients 445:459 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 4 77 theme B3GLCT 726:731 arg1 proteins 743:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins 721:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins 721:750 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins belong to the ADAMTS superfamily and play critical roles in extracellular matrix. 34058199 7 78 theme glucose 1174:1180 arg1 transfer 1162:1169 transfer 1162:1169 transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose 1162:1199 Using sequence analysis and in vitro activity assays, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain catalyzes transfer of glucose to O-linked fucose. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 dysgenesis 297:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 abnormalities 430:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 delay 399:403 developmental delay 385:403 developmental delay 385:403 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 stature 333:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 features 375:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 79 theme eye 275:277 arg1 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 80 theme Plus 107:110 arg1 disorder 166:173 a severe congenital disorder 146:173 a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities 146:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 80 theme Plus 107:110 arg1 # 134:134 # 134:134 # 134:134 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 80 theme Plus 107:110 arg1 Syndrome 112:119 Peters Plus Syndrome 100:119 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) 100:141 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 2 81 contain have 556:559 arg2 mutations 561:569 mutations 561:569 mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) 561:624 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 2 81 contain have 556:559 arg1 patients 452:459 PTRPLS patients 445:459 PTRPLS patients 445:459 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 2 81 contain have 556:559 arg1 patients 501:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients 465:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) 465:554 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 1 82 theme anterior 280:287 arg1 dysgenesis 297:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 anterior segment dysgenesis 280:306 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 82 theme anterior 280:287 arg1 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 2 83 theme Peters 470:475 arg1 patients 501:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients 465:508 some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) 465:554 PTRPLS patients and some Peters Plus-like (PTRPLS-like) patients (who only have a subset of PTRPLS phenotypes) have mutations in the gene encoding β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). 34058199 9 84 theme mutated 1373:1379 arg1 enzymes 1381:1387 the mutated enzymes 1369:1387 the mutated enzymes 1369:1387 PTRPLS and PTRPLS-like mutations were individually introduced into B3GLCT, and the mutated enzymes were evaluated using in vitro enzyme assays and cell-based functional assays. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 delay 399:403 developmental delay 385:403 developmental delay 385:403 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 stature 333:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 features 375:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg1 patients 198:205 patients 198:205 patients 198:205 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 abnormalities 430:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 85 contain have 207:210 arg2 anomalies 232:240 multiple structural anomalies 212:240 multiple structural anomalies 212:240 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 10 86 theme enzymatic 1536:1544 arg1 activity 1546:1553 B3GLCT enzymatic activity 1529:1553 B3GLCT enzymatic activity 1529:1553 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 abnormalities 430:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 variable additional abnormalities 410:442 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 delay 399:403 developmental delay 385:403 developmental delay 385:403 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 brachydactyly 342:354 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 anomalies 232:240 multiple structural anomalies 212:240 multiple structural anomalies 212:240 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 stature 333:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 disproportionate short stature 310:339 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 features 375:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 dysmorphic facial features 357:382 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 1 87 theme structural 221:230 arg1 anomaly 260:266 Peters anomaly 253:266 Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis) 253:307 Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS OMIM #261540) is a severe congenital disorder of glycosylation where patients have multiple structural anomalies, including Peters anomaly of the eye (anterior segment dysgenesis), disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable additional abnormalities. 34058199 10 88 theme stability 1592:1600 arg1 loss 1521:1524 loss 1521:1524 loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability 1521:1600 Our results demonstrated that PTRPLS mutations caused loss of B3GLCT enzymatic activity and/or significantly reduced protein stability. 34058199 4 89 theme critical 794:801 arg1 roles 803:807 critical roles 794:807 critical roles 794:807 Most B3GLCT substrate proteins belong to the ADAMTS superfamily and play critical roles in extracellular matrix. 34058199 11 90 theme enzymatic 1659:1667 arg1 activity 1669:1676 enzymatic activity 1659:1676 enzymatic activity 1659:1676 In contrast, B3GLCT with PTRPLS-like mutations retained enzymatic activity, although some showed a minor destabilizing effect. 34058199 9 91 theme enzyme 1419:1424 arg1 assays 1426:1431 in vitro enzyme assays 1410:1431 in vitro enzyme assays 1410:1431 PTRPLS and PTRPLS-like mutations were individually introduced into B3GLCT, and the mutated enzymes were evaluated using in vitro enzyme assays and cell-based functional assays. 34195388 0 0 theme pi 76:77 arg1 S-transferase 97:109 pi class glutathione S-transferase 76:109 pi class glutathione S-transferase 76:109 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 8 1 theme drug 1155:1158 arg1 vanadate 1160:1167 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate 1135:1167 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate 1135:1167 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 8 1 theme drug 1155:1158 arg1 able 1178:1181 able 1178:1181 able 1178:1181 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 9 2 theme insulin-treated 1331:1345 arg1 animals 1347:1353 insulin-treated animals 1331:1353 insulin-treated animals 1331:1353 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 6 3 from role 870:873 arg1 regulation 910:919 the regulation 906:919 the regulation of GSTP expression 906:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 0 4 from increase 3:10 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 15:36 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 8 5 theme insulin-mimetic 1139:1153 arg1 vanadate 1160:1167 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate 1135:1167 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate 1135:1167 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 8 5 theme insulin-mimetic 1139:1153 arg1 able 1178:1181 able 1178:1181 able 1178:1181 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 1 6 theme key 151:153 arg1 factor 155:160 a key factor 149:160 a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications 149:218 Oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications. 34195388 1 6 theme key 151:153 arg1 stress 139:144 Oxidative stress 129:144 Oxidative stress 129:144 Oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications. 34195388 6 7 theme expression 929:938 arg1 regulation 910:919 the regulation 906:919 the regulation of GSTP expression 906:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 0 8 theme glutathione 85:95 arg1 S-transferase 97:109 pi class glutathione S-transferase 76:109 pi class glutathione S-transferase 76:109 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 6 9 theme Specificity 795:805 arg1 protein 807:813 Specificity protein 1 795:815 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression 795:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 9 theme Specificity 795:805 arg1 Sp1 818:820 Sp1 818:820 Sp1 818:820 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 2 10 theme stress 293:298 arg1 products 271:278 products 271:278 products of oxidative stress 271:298 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against products of oxidative stress by conjugating glutathione to electrophilic substrates, producing compounds that are generally less reactive and more soluble. 34195388 6 11 theme GSTP 924:927 arg1 expression 929:938 GSTP expression 924:938 GSTP expression 924:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 0 12 theme class 79:83 arg1 S-transferase 97:109 pi class glutathione S-transferase 76:109 pi class glutathione S-transferase 76:109 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 11 13 theme Sp1 1596:1598 arg1 O-glycosylation 1600:1614 Sp1 O-glycosylation 1596:1614 Sp1 O-glycosylation 1596:1614 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 2 14 theme oxidative 283:291 arg1 stress 293:298 oxidative stress 283:298 oxidative stress 283:298 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against products of oxidative stress by conjugating glutathione to electrophilic substrates, producing compounds that are generally less reactive and more soluble. 34195388 6 15 from O-glycosylation 838:852 arg1 regulation 910:919 the regulation 906:919 the regulation of GSTP expression 906:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 3 16 theme Pi-class 561:568 arg1 GSTP 575:578 GSTP 575:578 GSTP 575:578 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 3 16 theme Pi-class 561:568 arg1 GST 570:572 Pi-class GST 561:572 Pi-class GST (GSTP) 561:579 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 9 17 theme O-glycosylated 1277:1290 arg1 levels 1296:1301 O-glycosylated Sp1 levels 1277:1301 O-glycosylated Sp1 levels 1277:1301 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 2 18 theme electrophilic 330:342 arg1 substrates 344:353 electrophilic substrates 330:353 electrophilic substrates 330:353 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against products of oxidative stress by conjugating glutathione to electrophilic substrates, producing compounds that are generally less reactive and more soluble. 34195388 11 19 theme observed 1575:1582 arg1 increase 1584:1591 the observed increase 1571:1591 the observed increase 1571:1591 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 3 20 theme regulation 536:545 arg1 mechanisms 547:556 regulation mechanisms 536:556 regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP) 536:579 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 0 21 theme S-transferase 97:109 arg1 expression 62:71 the gene expression 53:71 the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice 53:126 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 7 22 theme protein 1022:1028 arg1 levels 1030:1035 GSTP mRNA and protein levels 1008:1035 GSTP mRNA and protein levels 1008:1035 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 11 23 theme Sp1-dependent 1679:1691 arg1 GSTP 1693:1696 Sp1-dependent GSTP 1679:1696 Sp1-dependent GSTP 1679:1696 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 3 24 theme GSTs 458:461 arg1 activity 446:453 activity 446:453 activity 446:453 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 3 24 theme GSTs 458:461 arg1 expression 431:440 expression 431:440 expression 431:440 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 9 25 from animals 1347:1353 arg1 similar 1382:1388 similar 1382:1388 similar 1382:1388 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 7 26 theme GSTP 1008:1011 arg1 mRNA 1013:1016 GSTP mRNA 1008:1016 GSTP mRNA 1008:1016 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 9 27 gly O-glycosylated 1277:1290 arg1 levels 1296:1301 O-glycosylated Sp1 levels 1277:1301 O-glycosylated Sp1 levels 1277:1301 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 7 28 theme normal 1091:1096 arg1 values 1098:1103 normal values 1091:1103 normal values 1091:1103 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 3 29 dep expression 431:440 arg1 The 427:429 The 427:429 The 427:429 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 9 30 theme Sp1 1292:1294 arg1 levels 1296:1301 O-glycosylated Sp1 levels 1277:1301 O-glycosylated Sp1 levels 1277:1301 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 11 31 theme diabetic 1714:1721 arg1 mice 1723:1726 diabetic mice 1714:1726 diabetic mice 1714:1726 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 11 32 theme GSTP 1693:1696 arg1 expression 1665:1674 the expression 1661:1674 the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice 1661:1726 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 10 33 theme vanadate 1418:1425 arg1 administration 1427:1440 vanadate administration 1418:1440 vanadate administration 1418:1440 After vanadate administration, Sp1 expression levels and glycosylation were lower than those of controls. 34195388 3 34 theme GST 570:572 arg1 mechanisms 547:556 regulation mechanisms 536:556 regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP) 536:579 The expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes have been extensively studied, but little is known about regulation mechanisms of Pi-class GST (GSTP). 34195388 11 35 from expression 1665:1674 arg1 liver 1705:1709 the liver 1701:1709 the liver of diabetic mice 1701:1726 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 6 36 from expression 823:832 arg1 regulation 910:919 the regulation 906:919 the regulation of GSTP expression 906:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 9 37 theme diabetic 1259:1266 arg1 animals 1268:1274 diabetic animals 1259:1274 diabetic animals 1259:1274 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 0 38 theme diabetic 114:121 arg1 mice 123:126 diabetic mice 114:126 diabetic mice 114:126 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 6 39 dep members 883:889 arg1 Jun 891:893 Jun 891:893 Jun 891:893 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 39 dep members 883:889 arg1 members 883:889 AP-1 members Jun and Fos 878:901 AP-1 members Jun and Fos 878:901 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 39 dep members 883:889 arg1 Fos 899:901 Fos 899:901 Fos 899:901 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 8 40 theme mRNA/protein 1235:1246 arg1 levels 1248:1253 GSTP mRNA/protein levels 1230:1253 GSTP mRNA/protein levels 1230:1253 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 7 41 theme mRNA 1013:1016 arg1 levels 1030:1035 GSTP mRNA and protein levels 1008:1035 GSTP mRNA and protein levels 1008:1035 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 0 42 theme Sp1 34:36 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 15:36 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 7 43 theme GST 985:987 arg1 activity 995:1002 GST total activity 985:1002 GST total activity 985:1002 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 1 44 theme diabetes 197:204 arg1 complications 206:218 diabetes complications 197:218 diabetes complications 197:218 Oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications. 34195388 5 45 theme adult 758:762 arg1 mice 769:772 adult male mice 758:772 adult male mice diabetized with STZ 758:792 GST activity and GSTP expression were determined in adult male mice diabetized with STZ. 34195388 11 46 theme mice 1723:1726 arg1 liver 1705:1709 the liver 1701:1709 the liver of diabetic mice 1701:1726 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 7 47 theme total 989:993 arg1 activity 995:1002 GST total activity 985:1002 GST total activity 985:1002 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 0 48 from expression 62:71 arg1 mice 123:126 diabetic mice 114:126 diabetic mice 114:126 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 1 49 theme complications 206:218 arg1 development 182:192 the development 178:192 the development of diabetes complications 178:218 Oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications. 34195388 5 50 theme male 764:767 arg1 mice 769:772 adult male mice 758:772 adult male mice diabetized with STZ 758:792 GST activity and GSTP expression were determined in adult male mice diabetized with STZ. 34195388 7 51 theme insulin 1111:1117 arg1 administration 1119:1132 insulin administration 1111:1132 insulin administration 1111:1132 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 10 52 theme expression 1447:1456 arg1 levels 1458:1463 Sp1 expression levels 1443:1463 Sp1 expression levels 1443:1463 After vanadate administration, Sp1 expression levels and glycosylation were lower than those of controls. 34195388 2 53 theme Glutathione 221:231 arg1 S-transferases 233:246 Glutathione S-transferases 221:246 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) 221:253 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against products of oxidative stress by conjugating glutathione to electrophilic substrates, producing compounds that are generally less reactive and more soluble. 34195388 2 53 theme Glutathione 221:231 arg1 GSTs 249:252 GSTs 249:252 GSTs 249:252 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against products of oxidative stress by conjugating glutathione to electrophilic substrates, producing compounds that are generally less reactive and more soluble. 34195388 4 54 theme murine 683:688 arg1 model 699:703 a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model 652:703 a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model 652:703 The aim of the present study was to evaluate how GSTP is regulated in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model. 34195388 7 55 theme diabetic 1059:1066 arg1 liver 1068:1072 the diabetic liver 1055:1072 the diabetic liver 1055:1072 The results showed that GST total activity and GSTP mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the diabetic liver, and returned to normal values after insulin administration. 34195388 6 56 theme members 883:889 arg1 role 870:873 the role 866:873 the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression 866:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 56 theme members 883:889 arg1 O-glycosylation 838:852 O-glycosylation 838:852 O-glycosylation 838:852 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 56 theme members 883:889 arg1 expression 823:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression 795:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression 795:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 10 57 theme Sp1 1443:1445 arg1 levels 1458:1463 Sp1 expression levels 1443:1463 Sp1 expression levels 1443:1463 After vanadate administration, Sp1 expression levels and glycosylation were lower than those of controls. 34195388 9 58 from similar 1382:1388 arg1 animals 1347:1353 insulin-treated animals 1331:1353 insulin-treated animals 1331:1353 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 4 59 theme -induced 674:681 arg1 model 699:703 a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model 652:703 a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model 652:703 The aim of the present study was to evaluate how GSTP is regulated in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model. 34195388 6 60 theme AP-1 878:881 arg1 Jun 891:893 Jun 891:893 Jun 891:893 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 60 theme AP-1 878:881 arg1 members 883:889 AP-1 members Jun and Fos 878:901 AP-1 members Jun and Fos 878:901 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 60 theme AP-1 878:881 arg1 Fos 899:901 Fos 899:901 Fos 899:901 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 11 61 from decrease 1649:1656 arg1 expression 1665:1674 the expression 1661:1674 the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice 1661:1726 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 4 62 theme present 597:603 arg1 study 605:609 the present study 593:609 the present study 593:609 The aim of the present study was to evaluate how GSTP is regulated in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model. 34195388 6 63 theme protein 807:813 arg1 expression 823:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression 795:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression 795:832 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 1 64 theme Oxidative 129:137 arg1 factor 155:160 a key factor 149:160 a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications 149:218 Oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications. 34195388 1 64 theme Oxidative 129:137 arg1 stress 139:144 Oxidative stress 129:144 Oxidative stress 129:144 Oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications. 34195388 6 65 gly O-glycosylation 838:852 arg1 Jun 891:893 Jun 891:893 Jun 891:893 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 65 gly O-glycosylation 838:852 arg1 members 883:889 AP-1 members Jun and Fos 878:901 AP-1 members Jun and Fos 878:901 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 65 gly O-glycosylation 838:852 arg1 Fos 899:901 Fos 899:901 Fos 899:901 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 6 65 gly O-glycosylation 838:852 arg1 regulation 910:919 the regulation 906:919 the regulation of GSTP expression 906:938 Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and O-glycosylation, as well as the role of AP-1 members Jun and Fos in the regulation of GSTP expression, were also assessed. 34195388 4 66 theme diabetes 690:697 arg1 model 699:703 a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model 652:703 a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model 652:703 The aim of the present study was to evaluate how GSTP is regulated in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model. 34195388 5 67 theme GSTP 723:726 arg1 expression 728:737 GSTP expression 723:737 GSTP expression 723:737 GST activity and GSTP expression were determined in adult male mice diabetized with STZ. 34195388 5 68 theme GST 706:708 arg1 activity 710:717 GST activity 706:717 GST activity 706:717 GST activity and GSTP expression were determined in adult male mice diabetized with STZ. 34195388 8 69 theme GST 1194:1196 arg1 activity 1198:1205 GST activity 1194:1205 GST activity 1194:1205 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 8 70 theme GSTP 1230:1233 arg1 levels 1248:1253 GSTP mRNA/protein levels 1230:1253 GSTP mRNA/protein levels 1230:1253 The insulin-mimetic drug vanadate was also able to restore GST activity, but failed to recover GSTP mRNA/protein levels. 34195388 9 71 theme glycosylation 1356:1368 arg1 values 1370:1375 glycosylation values 1356:1375 glycosylation values 1356:1375 In diabetic animals, O-glycosylated Sp1 levels were increased, whereas, in insulin-treated animals, glycosylation values were similar to those of controls. 34195388 0 72 theme gene 57:60 arg1 expression 62:71 the gene expression 53:71 the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice 53:126 An increase in O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 down-regulates the gene expression of pi class glutathione S-transferase in diabetic mice. 34195388 11 73 from increase 1584:1591 arg1 O-glycosylation 1600:1614 Sp1 O-glycosylation 1596:1614 Sp1 O-glycosylation 1596:1614 Our results suggest that hyperglycemia could lead to the observed increase in Sp1 O-glycosylation, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in the expression of Sp1-dependent GSTP in the liver of diabetic mice. 34195388 4 74 theme study 605:609 arg1 aim 586:588 The aim 582:588 The aim of the present study 582:609 The aim of the present study was to evaluate how GSTP is regulated in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine diabetes model. 32878444 3 0 theme metal-free 349:358 arg1 reaction 385:392 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction 344:392 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction 344:392 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 4 1 theme oxoammonium 542:552 arg1 important 576:584 important 576:584 important 576:584 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 4 1 theme oxoammonium 542:552 arg1 salt 554:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt 520:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt 520:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 1 2 theme direct 70:75 arg1 amination 77:85 The direct amination 66:85 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources 66:148 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. 32878444 3 3 theme good 471:474 arg1 yields 476:481 good yields 471:481 good yields under very mild reaction conditions 471:517 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 4 4 theme in 524:525 arg1 important 576:584 important 576:584 important 576:584 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 4 4 theme in 524:525 arg1 salt 554:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt 520:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt 520:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 0 5 theme TEMPO-Mediated 0:13 arg1 Amination 19:27 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination 0:27 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 0:64 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 32878444 1 6 theme first 177:181 arg1 time 183:186 the first time 173:186 the first time 173:186 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. 32878444 3 7 theme important 418:426 arg1 bis-heteocycles 440:454 important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles 418:454 bis-heteocycles 440:454 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 1 8 theme benzoxazoles 90:101 arg1 amination 77:85 The direct amination 66:85 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources 66:148 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. 32878444 3 9 theme C 428:428 arg1 bis-heteocycles 440:454 important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles 418:454 bis-heteocycles 440:454 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 4 10 dep in 524:525 arg1 situ 527:530 situ 527:530 situ 527:530 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 2 11 from effective 253:261 arg1 presence 294:301 the presence 290:301 the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl 290:341 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 2 12 theme 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl 306:341 arg1 presence 294:301 the presence 290:301 the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl 290:341 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 3 13 theme mild 494:497 arg1 conditions 508:517 very mild reaction conditions 489:517 very mild reaction conditions 489:517 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 3 14 theme reaction 499:506 arg1 conditions 508:517 very mild reaction conditions 489:517 very mild reaction conditions 489:517 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 3 15 theme bis-heteocycles 440:454 arg1 variety 407:413 a variety 405:413 a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles 405:454 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 3 15 theme bis-heteocycles 440:454 arg1 bis-heteocycles 440:454 important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles 418:454 bis-heteocycles 440:454 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 2 16 theme electricity 236:246 arg1 kinds 197:201 Several kinds 189:201 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity 189:246 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 0 17 theme Benzoxazoles 32:43 arg1 Amination 19:27 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination 0:27 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 0:64 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 32878444 3 18 link N'-linked 430:438 arg1 bis-heteocycles 440:454 important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles 418:454 bis-heteocycles 440:454 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 0 19 with Amination 19:27 arg1 N-Heterocycles 50:63 N-Heterocycles 50:63 N-Heterocycles 50:63 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 32878444 3 20 theme N'-linked 430:438 arg1 bis-heteocycles 440:454 important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles 418:454 bis-heteocycles 440:454 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 2 21 theme inexpensive 206:216 arg1 oxidants 218:225 inexpensive oxidants 206:225 inexpensive oxidants and also electricity 206:246 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 2 22 theme oxidants 218:225 arg1 kinds 197:201 Several kinds 189:201 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity 189:246 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 1 23 from C2 106:107 arg1 amination 77:85 The direct amination 66:85 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources 66:148 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. 32878444 1 24 theme nitrogen 133:140 arg1 N-heterocycles 115:128 N-heterocycles 115:128 N-heterocycles 115:128 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. 32878444 1 24 theme nitrogen 133:140 arg1 sources 142:148 nitrogen sources 133:148 nitrogen sources 133:148 The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. 32878444 2 25 from presence 294:301 arg1 effective 253:261 effective 253:261 effective 253:261 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 2 26 theme Several 189:195 arg1 kinds 197:201 Several kinds 189:201 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity 189:246 Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. 32878444 3 27 theme simple 378:383 arg1 reaction 385:392 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction 344:392 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction 344:392 This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. 32878444 4 28 theme generated 532:540 arg1 important 576:584 important 576:584 important 576:584 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 4 28 theme generated 532:540 arg1 salt 554:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt 520:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt 520:557 The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation. 32878444 0 29 theme C-H 15:17 arg1 Amination 19:27 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination 0:27 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 0:64 TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. 32665404 9 0 theme proven 1681:1686 arg1 antibodies 1700:1709 proven therapeutic antibodies 1681:1709 proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies 1681:1737 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 8 1 dep binding 1399:1405 arg1 the 1387:1389 the 1387:1389 the 1387:1389 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 1 2 theme intestinal 255:264 arg1 proteases 266:274 intestinal proteases 255:274 intestinal proteases 255:274 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 9 3 theme therapeutic 1688:1698 arg1 antibodies 1700:1709 proven therapeutic antibodies 1681:1709 proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies 1681:1737 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 1 4 theme particular 342:351 arg1 interest 353:360 particular interest 342:360 particular interest 342:360 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 9 5 theme remarkable 1527:1536 arg1 increase 1538:1545 This remarkable increase 1522:1545 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1522:1601 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 6 6 theme additional 1060:1069 arg1 stability 1071:1079 additional stability 1060:1079 additional stability 1060:1079 In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. 32665404 6 7 theme bovine 934:939 arg1 IgG2 941:944 bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies 934:970 IgG2 941:944 In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. 32665404 0 8 theme intestinal 104:113 arg1 fluid 115:119 a simulated intestinal fluid 92:119 a simulated intestinal fluid 92:119 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 3 9 theme small 681:685 arg1 intestine 687:695 the human small intestine 671:695 the human small intestine 671:695 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 9 10 theme amino 1578:1582 arg1 substitutions 1589:1601 as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1565:1601 as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1565:1601 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 3 11 theme factor 542:547 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 11 theme factor 542:547 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 0 12 theme simulated 94:102 arg1 fluid 115:119 a simulated intestinal fluid 92:119 a simulated intestinal fluid 92:119 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 3 13 theme human 675:679 arg1 intestine 687:695 the human small intestine 671:695 the human small intestine 671:695 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 1 14 from serum 320:324 arg1 antibodies 288:297 antibodies 288:297 antibodies from human or bovine serum 288:324 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 4 15 theme human 745:749 arg1 antibodies 755:764 human IgG antibodies 745:764 human IgG antibodies 745:764 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 5 16 theme F 902:902 arg1 fragments 910:918 F(ab')2 fragments 902:918 F(ab')2 fragments 902:918 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 8 17 theme sequence 1445:1452 arg1 binding 1399:1405 antigen binding 1391:1405 antigen binding 1391:1405 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 8 17 theme sequence 1445:1452 arg1 activity 1426:1433 neutralization activity 1411:1433 neutralization activity 1411:1433 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 7 18 theme light 1306:1310 arg1 chain 1312:1316 the light chain 1302:1316 the light chain 1302:1316 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 3 19 theme anti-tumor 522:531 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 19 theme anti-tumor 522:531 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 9 20 theme antibodies 1728:1737 arg1 delivery 1669:1676 oral delivery 1664:1676 oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection 1664:1823 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 7 21 theme hinge 1268:1272 arg1 region 1274:1279 the upper hinge region 1258:1279 the upper hinge region 1258:1279 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 1 22 theme administered 372:383 arg1 agents 397:402 orally administered therapeutic agents 365:402 orally administered therapeutic agents 365:402 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 1 22 theme administered 372:383 arg1 them 334:337 them 334:337 them 334:337 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 3 23 theme necrosis 533:540 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 23 theme necrosis 533:540 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 8 24 theme antigen 1391:1397 arg1 binding 1399:1405 antigen binding 1391:1405 antigen binding 1391:1405 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 6 25 theme smaller 1006:1012 arg1 fragments 1014:1022 smaller fragments 1006:1022 smaller fragments 1006:1022 In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. 32665404 9 26 theme antibodies 1700:1709 arg1 delivery 1669:1676 oral delivery 1664:1676 oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection 1664:1823 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 1 27 theme therapeutic 385:395 arg1 agents 397:402 orally administered therapeutic agents 365:402 orally administered therapeutic agents 365:402 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 1 27 theme therapeutic 385:395 arg1 them 334:337 them 334:337 them 334:337 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 7 28 theme disulfide 1226:1234 arg1 motif 1244:1248 a predicted disulfide bonding motif 1214:1248 a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain 1214:1316 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 3 29 theme polyclonal 555:564 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 29 theme polyclonal 555:564 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 5 30 theme primary 849:855 arg1 antibodies 833:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 5 30 theme primary 849:855 arg1 component 857:865 the primary component 845:865 the primary component of AVX-470 845:876 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 0 31 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 features 11:18 Structural features 0:18 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid 0:119 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 8 32 theme IgG1 1342:1345 arg1 chimera 1347:1353 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera 1319:1353 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) 1319:1376 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 8 32 theme IgG1 1342:1345 arg1 infliximab 1366:1375 bovinized infliximab 1356:1375 bovinized infliximab 1356:1375 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 7 33 theme upper 1262:1266 arg1 region 1274:1279 the upper hinge region 1258:1279 the upper hinge region 1258:1279 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 0 34 theme bovine 23:28 arg1 immunoglobulin 40:53 bovine colostral immunoglobulin 23:53 bovine colostral immunoglobulin 23:53 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 8 35 theme bovinized 1356:1364 arg1 chimera 1347:1353 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera 1319:1353 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) 1319:1376 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 8 35 theme bovinized 1356:1364 arg1 infliximab 1366:1375 bovinized infliximab 1356:1375 bovinized infliximab 1356:1375 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 9 36 theme bovinization 1622:1633 arg1 process 1635:1641 this bovinization process 1617:1641 this bovinization process 1617:1641 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 9 36 theme bovinization 1622:1633 arg1 means 1648:1652 a means 1646:1652 a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection 1646:1823 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 3 37 theme TNF 550:552 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 37 theme TNF 550:552 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 4 38 theme chimeric 806:813 arg1 infliximab 769:778 infliximab 769:778 infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG) 769:818 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 4 38 theme chimeric 806:813 arg1 IgG 815:817 a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG 781:817 a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG 781:817 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 2 39 theme resistance 432:441 arg1 basis 418:422 the basis 414:422 the basis of this resistance 414:441 However, the basis of this resistance is not well defined. 32665404 1 40 theme human 304:308 arg1 serum 320:324 human or bovine serum 304:324 serum 320:324 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 7 41 theme bovine 1185:1190 arg1 region 1203:1208 the bovine IgG1 hinge region 1181:1208 the bovine IgG1 hinge region 1181:1208 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 5 42 theme Bovine 821:826 arg1 antibodies 833:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 5 42 theme Bovine 821:826 arg1 component 857:865 the primary component 845:865 the primary component of AVX-470 845:876 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 0 43 theme immunoglobulin 40:53 arg1 features 11:18 Structural features 0:18 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid 0:119 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 3 44 theme AVX-470 494:500 arg1 stability 481:489 the stability 477:489 the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, 477:641 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 7 45 theme IgG1 1192:1195 arg1 region 1203:1208 the bovine IgG1 hinge region 1181:1208 the bovine IgG1 hinge region 1181:1208 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 3 46 theme early 583:587 arg1 studies 598:604 early clinical studies 583:604 early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 583:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 7 47 theme bonding 1236:1242 arg1 motif 1244:1248 a predicted disulfide bonding motif 1214:1248 a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain 1214:1316 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 5 48 theme IgG1 828:831 arg1 antibodies 833:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 5 48 theme IgG1 828:831 arg1 component 857:865 the primary component 845:865 the primary component of AVX-470 845:876 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 0 49 theme colostral 30:38 arg1 immunoglobulin 40:53 bovine colostral immunoglobulin 23:53 bovine colostral immunoglobulin 23:53 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 1 50 theme bovine 313:318 arg1 serum 320:324 human or bovine serum 304:324 serum 320:324 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 3 51 theme ulcerative 623:632 arg1 colitis 634:640 ulcerative colitis 623:640 ulcerative colitis 623:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 52 theme clinical 589:596 arg1 studies 598:604 early clinical studies 583:604 early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 583:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 9 53 with increase 1538:1545 arg1 substitutions 1589:1601 as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1565:1601 as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1565:1601 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 1 54 theme enhanced 217:224 arg1 resistance 226:235 enhanced resistance 217:235 enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases 217:274 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 8 55 theme unmodified 1499:1508 arg1 infliximab 1510:1519 the unmodified infliximab 1495:1519 the unmodified infliximab 1495:1519 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 3 56 theme colitis 634:640 arg1 treatment 610:618 treatment 610:618 treatment of ulcerative colitis 610:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 8 57 theme infliximab-bovine 1324:1340 arg1 chimera 1347:1353 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera 1319:1353 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) 1319:1376 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 8 57 theme infliximab-bovine 1324:1340 arg1 infliximab 1366:1375 bovinized infliximab 1356:1375 bovinized infliximab 1356:1375 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 6 58 theme specific 1037:1044 arg1 regions 1046:1052 specific regions 1037:1052 specific regions where additional stability might be gained 1037:1095 In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. 32665404 1 59 theme Bovine 122:127 arg1 antibodies 139:148 Bovine colostral antibodies 122:148 Bovine colostral antibodies 122:148 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 7 60 from regions 1162:1168 arg1 sequences 1141:1149 the sequences 1137:1149 the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain 1137:1316 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 9 61 theme acid 1584:1587 arg1 substitutions 1589:1601 as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1565:1601 as few as 18 amino acid substitutions 1565:1601 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 1 62 theme colostral 129:137 arg1 antibodies 139:148 Bovine colostral antibodies 122:148 Bovine colostral antibodies 122:148 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 7 63 theme hinge 1197:1201 arg1 region 1203:1208 the bovine IgG1 hinge region 1181:1208 the bovine IgG1 hinge region 1181:1208 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 1 64 contain have 212:215 arg1 antibodies 139:148 Bovine colostral antibodies 122:148 Bovine colostral antibodies 122:148 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 1 64 contain have 212:215 arg2 resistance 226:235 enhanced resistance 217:235 enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases 217:274 Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. 32665404 7 65 theme CH1 1286:1288 arg1 domain 1290:1295 the CH1 domain 1282:1295 the CH1 domain 1282:1295 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 4 66 theme mouse-human 794:804 arg1 infliximab 769:778 infliximab 769:778 infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG) 769:818 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 4 66 theme mouse-human 794:804 arg1 IgG 815:817 a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG 781:817 a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG 781:817 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 4 67 theme ∼3 719:720 arg1 times 722:726 degraded ∼3 times 710:726 degraded ∼3 times 710:726 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 9 68 theme oral 1664:1667 arg1 delivery 1669:1676 oral delivery 1664:1676 oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection 1664:1823 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 8 69 theme neutralization 1411:1424 arg1 activity 1426:1433 neutralization activity 1411:1433 neutralization activity 1411:1433 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 4 70 theme IgG 751:753 arg1 antibodies 755:764 human IgG antibodies 745:764 human IgG antibodies 745:764 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 4 71 theme degraded 710:717 arg1 times 722:726 degraded ∼3 times 710:726 degraded ∼3 times 710:726 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 9 72 theme novel 1722:1726 arg1 antibodies 1728:1737 novel antibodies 1722:1737 proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies 1681:1737 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 6 73 theme IgG1 956:959 arg1 antibodies 961:970 bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies 934:970 antibodies 961:970 In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. 32665404 8 74 theme WT 1442:1443 arg1 sequence 1445:1452 the WT sequence 1438:1452 the WT sequence 1438:1452 This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. 32665404 5 75 theme AVX-470 870:876 arg1 antibodies 833:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies 821:842 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 5 75 theme AVX-470 870:876 arg1 component 857:865 the primary component 845:865 the primary component of AVX-470 845:876 Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. 32665404 4 76 theme monoclonal 783:792 arg1 infliximab 769:778 infliximab 769:778 infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG) 769:818 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 4 76 theme monoclonal 783:792 arg1 IgG 815:817 a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG 781:817 a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG 781:817 AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). 32665404 9 77 from increase 1538:1545 arg1 stability 1550:1558 stability 1550:1558 stability 1550:1558 This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection. 32665404 3 78 theme bovine 505:510 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 78 theme bovine 505:510 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 6 79 theme human 950:954 arg1 antibodies 961:970 bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies 934:970 antibodies 961:970 In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. 32665404 0 80 theme proteolytic 67:77 arg1 stability 79:87 proteolytic stability 67:87 proteolytic stability 67:87 Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. 32665404 7 81 theme predicted 1216:1224 arg1 motif 1244:1248 a predicted disulfide bonding motif 1214:1248 a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain 1214:1316 Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. 32665404 3 82 theme colostral 512:520 arg1 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 AVX-470 494:500 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 32665404 3 82 theme colostral 512:520 arg1 antibody 566:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody 503:573 a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis 503:640 We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. 31940380 0 0 theme green 81:85 arg1 turtles 87:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles 57:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 57:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 0 0 theme green 81:85 arg1 mydas 105:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 1 1 dep omnivorous 267:276 arg1 herbivorous 291:301 herbivorous 291:301 herbivorous 291:301 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 1 dep omnivorous 267:276 arg1 to 278:279 to 278:279 to 278:279 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 8 2 from underutilization 1575:1590 arg1 individuals 1623:1633 released individuals 1614:1633 released individuals 1614:1633 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 6 3 theme dominant 1026:1033 arg1 phyla 1035:1039 The dominant phyla 1022:1039 The dominant phyla 1022:1039 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 5 4 theme seafood-vegetable 941:957 arg1 diet 959:962 a mixed seafood-vegetable diet 933:962 a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery 933:1019 Samples were collected at admission, mid-rehabilitation, and recovery, which entailed a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery. 31940380 0 5 theme rehabilitating 66:79 arg1 turtles 87:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles 57:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 57:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 0 5 theme rehabilitating 66:79 arg1 mydas 105:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 0 6 from effect 4:9 arg1 microbiome 43:52 the gastrointestinal microbiome 22:52 the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 22:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 8 7 theme wild 1595:1598 arg1 items 1605:1609 wild diet items 1595:1609 wild diet items 1595:1609 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 9 8 dep soon 1747:1750 arg1 as 1752:1753 as 1752:1753 as 1752:1753 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 5 9 from recovery 1012:1019 arg1 diet 1004:1007 a primarily herbivorous diet 980:1007 a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery 980:1019 Samples were collected at admission, mid-rehabilitation, and recovery, which entailed a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery. 31940380 2 10 dep seafood 431:437 arg1 e.g. 426:429 e.g. 426:429 e.g. 426:429 Nevertheless, when injured and ill animals are admitted to rehabilitation, animal protein (e.g. seafood) is often offered to combat poor appetite and emaciation. 31940380 9 11 theme herbivorous 1727:1737 arg1 diet 1739:1742 an herbivorous diet 1724:1742 an herbivorous diet 1724:1742 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 6 12 theme less 1099:1102 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1104:1116 less Bacteroidetes 1099:1116 less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) 1099:1124 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 6 12 theme less 1099:1102 arg1 % 1123:1123 11.4% 1119:1123 11.4% 1119:1123 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 9 13 theme survival 1803:1810 arg1 probability 1788:1798 the best probability 1779:1798 the best probability of survival 1779:1810 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 2 14 theme poor 467:470 arg1 appetite 472:479 poor appetite 467:479 poor appetite 467:479 Nevertheless, when injured and ill animals are admitted to rehabilitation, animal protein (e.g. seafood) is often offered to combat poor appetite and emaciation. 31940380 7 15 theme Bacteroidetes 1328:1340 arg1 inversion 1315:1323 this consistent inversion 1299:1323 this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals 1299:1373 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 4 16 theme bacterial 801:809 arg1 composition 821:831 bacterial community composition 801:831 bacterial community composition 801:831 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 4 17 theme = 697:697 arg1 N 695:695 N = 17 695:700 N = 17 695:700 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 4 17 theme = 697:697 arg1 turtles 686:692 turtles 686:692 turtles (N = 17) 686:701 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 8 18 theme items 1605:1609 arg1 underutilization 1575:1590 underutilization 1575:1590 underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals 1575:1633 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 9 19 theme green 1707:1711 arg1 turtles 1713:1719 transitioning rehabilitating green turtles 1678:1719 transitioning rehabilitating green turtles 1678:1719 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 1 20 dep diet 303:306 arg1 seagrass 314:321 seagrass 314:321 seagrass 314:321 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 20 dep diet 303:306 arg1 algae 327:331 algae 327:331 algae 327:331 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 4 21 theme next 763:766 arg1 sequencing 779:788 next generation sequencing 763:788 next generation sequencing 763:788 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 7 22 theme individuals 1286:1296 arg1 status 1276:1281 the changing health status 1256:1281 the changing health status of individuals 1256:1296 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 8 23 theme diet 1600:1603 arg1 items 1605:1609 wild diet items 1595:1609 wild diet items 1595:1609 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 1 24 theme Chelonia 154:161 arg1 turtles 145:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles 113:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 113:168 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 24 theme Chelonia 154:161 arg1 mydas 163:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 0 25 theme Chelonia 96:103 arg1 turtles 87:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles 57:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 57:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 0 25 theme Chelonia 96:103 arg1 mydas 105:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 8 26 theme released 1614:1621 arg1 individuals 1623:1633 released individuals 1614:1633 released individuals 1614:1633 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 2 27 theme injured 354:360 arg1 animals 370:376 injured and ill animals 354:376 injured and ill animals 354:376 Nevertheless, when injured and ill animals are admitted to rehabilitation, animal protein (e.g. seafood) is often offered to combat poor appetite and emaciation. 31940380 2 28 theme animal 410:415 arg1 protein 417:423 animal protein 410:423 animal protein (e.g. seafood) 410:438 Nevertheless, when injured and ill animals are admitted to rehabilitation, animal protein (e.g. seafood) is often offered to combat poor appetite and emaciation. 31940380 2 28 theme animal 410:415 arg1 seafood 431:437 seafood 431:437 seafood 431:437 Nevertheless, when injured and ill animals are admitted to rehabilitation, animal protein (e.g. seafood) is often offered to combat poor appetite and emaciation. 31940380 7 29 theme Firmicutes 1346:1355 arg1 inversion 1315:1323 this consistent inversion 1299:1323 this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals 1299:1373 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 1 30 dep seagrass 314:321 arg1 i.e. 309:312 i.e. 309:312 i.e. 309:312 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 4 31 theme generation 768:777 arg1 sequencing 779:788 next generation sequencing 763:788 next generation sequencing 763:788 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 4 32 from turtles 686:692 arg1 samples 641:647 fecal samples 635:647 fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) 635:701 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 3 33 theme fecal 517:521 arg1 microbiome 523:532 the fecal microbiome 513:532 the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles 513:558 We examined how the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles changed in response to a dietary shift during rehabilitation. 31940380 3 34 dep shift 593:597 arg1 response 571:578 response 571:578 response 571:578 We examined how the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles changed in response to a dietary shift during rehabilitation. 31940380 0 35 theme diet 14:17 arg1 effect 4:9 The effect 0:9 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 0:111 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 4 36 theme Georgia 728:734 arg1 Center 747:752 the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 724:752 the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 724:752 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 9 37 theme rehabilitating 1692:1705 arg1 turtles 1713:1719 transitioning rehabilitating green turtles 1678:1719 transitioning rehabilitating green turtles 1678:1719 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 6 38 from admission 1129:1137 arg1 Firmicutes 1075:1084 primarily Firmicutes 1065:1084 primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission 1065:1137 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 6 38 from admission 1129:1137 arg1 % 1091:1091 55.0% 1087:1091 55.0% 1087:1091 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 7 39 theme changing 1260:1267 arg1 status 1276:1281 the changing health status 1256:1281 the changing health status of individuals 1256:1296 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 4 40 theme Turtle 740:745 arg1 Center 747:752 the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 724:752 the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 724:752 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 9 41 theme possible 1755:1762 arg1 importance 1664:1673 the importance 1660:1673 the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet 1660:1742 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 4 42 dep -January 667:674 arg1 2016 676:679 2016 676:679 2016 676:679 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 3 43 theme dietary 585:591 arg1 shift 593:597 a dietary shift 583:597 a dietary shift during rehabilitation 583:619 We examined how the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles changed in response to a dietary shift during rehabilitation. 31940380 7 44 theme health 1269:1274 arg1 status 1276:1281 the changing health status 1256:1281 the changing health status of individuals 1256:1296 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 4 45 theme fecal 635:639 arg1 samples 641:647 fecal samples 635:647 fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) 635:701 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 1 46 theme omnivorous 267:276 arg1 diet 303:306 an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet 264:306 an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae) 264:332 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 3 47 theme juvenile 537:544 arg1 turtles 552:558 juvenile green turtles 537:558 juvenile green turtles 537:558 We examined how the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles changed in response to a dietary shift during rehabilitation. 31940380 5 48 from diet 959:962 arg1 shift 922:926 a shift 920:926 a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery 920:1019 Samples were collected at admission, mid-rehabilitation, and recovery, which entailed a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery. 31940380 7 49 theme consistent 1304:1313 arg1 inversion 1315:1323 this consistent inversion 1299:1323 this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals 1299:1373 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 6 50 with Firmicutes 1075:1084 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1104:1116 less Bacteroidetes 1099:1116 less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) 1099:1124 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 6 50 with Firmicutes 1075:1084 arg1 % 1123:1123 11.4% 1119:1123 11.4% 1119:1123 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 3 51 theme green 546:550 arg1 turtles 552:558 juvenile green turtles 537:558 juvenile green turtles 537:558 We examined how the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles changed in response to a dietary shift during rehabilitation. 31940380 2 52 theme ill 366:368 arg1 animals 370:376 injured and ill animals 354:376 injured and ill animals 354:376 Nevertheless, when injured and ill animals are admitted to rehabilitation, animal protein (e.g. seafood) is often offered to combat poor appetite and emaciation. 31940380 9 53 theme transitioning 1678:1690 arg1 turtles 1713:1719 transitioning rehabilitating green turtles 1678:1719 transitioning rehabilitating green turtles 1678:1719 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 7 54 theme protein 1414:1420 arg1 digestion 1422:1430 protein digestion 1414:1430 protein digestion 1414:1430 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 4 55 from Center 747:752 arg1 rehabilitation 706:719 rehabilitation 706:719 rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 706:752 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 0 56 theme gastrointestinal 26:41 arg1 microbiome 43:52 the gastrointestinal microbiome 22:52 the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 22:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 4 57 used used 758:761 arg2 We 622:623 We 622:623 We 622:623 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 7 58 theme increased 1395:1403 arg1 need 1405:1408 the increased need 1391:1408 the increased need 1391:1408 While the microbiome likely shifts with the changing health status of individuals, this consistent inversion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes among individuals likely reflects the increased need for protein digestion, for which Bacteroidetes are important. 31940380 4 59 theme community 811:819 arg1 composition 821:831 bacterial community composition 801:831 bacterial community composition 801:831 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 5 60 theme mixed 935:939 arg1 diet 959:962 a mixed seafood-vegetable diet 933:962 a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery 933:1019 Samples were collected at admission, mid-rehabilitation, and recovery, which entailed a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery. 31940380 4 61 theme Sea 736:738 arg1 Center 747:752 the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 724:752 the Georgia Sea Turtle Center 724:752 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 1 62 theme Threatened 113:122 arg1 turtles 145:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles 113:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 113:168 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 62 theme Threatened 113:122 arg1 mydas 163:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 8 63 theme fewer 1544:1548 arg1 Firmicutes 1550:1559 fewer Firmicutes 1544:1559 fewer Firmicutes 1544:1559 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 6 64 theme less 1179:1182 arg1 Firmicutes 1184:1193 less Firmicutes 1179:1193 less Firmicutes (31.8%) 1179:1201 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 6 64 theme less 1179:1182 arg1 % 1200:1200 31.8% 1196:1200 31.8% 1196:1200 The dominant phyla changed over time, from primarily Firmicutes (55.0%) with less Bacteroidetes (11.4%) at admission, to primarily Bacteroidetes (38.4%) and less Firmicutes (31.8%) at recovery. 31940380 9 65 theme turtles 1713:1719 arg1 importance 1664:1673 the importance 1660:1673 the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet 1660:1742 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 5 66 from admission 967:975 arg1 diet 959:962 a mixed seafood-vegetable diet 933:962 a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery 933:1019 Samples were collected at admission, mid-rehabilitation, and recovery, which entailed a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery. 31940380 0 67 theme juvenile 57:64 arg1 turtles 87:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles 57:93 juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 57:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 0 67 theme juvenile 57:64 arg1 mydas 105:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 Chelonia mydas 96:109 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 31940380 5 68 theme herbivorous 992:1002 arg1 diet 1004:1007 a primarily herbivorous diet 980:1007 a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery 980:1019 Samples were collected at admission, mid-rehabilitation, and recovery, which entailed a shift from a mixed seafood-vegetable diet at admission to a primarily herbivorous diet at recovery. 31940380 3 69 theme turtles 552:558 arg1 microbiome 523:532 the fecal microbiome 513:532 the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles 513:558 We examined how the fecal microbiome of juvenile green turtles changed in response to a dietary shift during rehabilitation. 31940380 1 70 theme endangered 128:137 arg1 turtles 145:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles 113:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 113:168 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 70 theme endangered 128:137 arg1 mydas 163:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 4 71 from January 654:660 arg1 samples 641:647 fecal samples 635:647 fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) 635:701 We collected fecal samples from January 2014 -January 2016 from turtles (N = 17) in rehabilitation at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center and used next generation sequencing to analyze bacterial community composition. 31940380 8 72 theme plant 1515:1519 arg1 polysaccharides 1521:1535 plant polysaccharides 1515:1535 plant polysaccharides 1515:1535 Firmicutes are significant in metabolizing plant polysaccharides; thus, fewer Firmicutes may result in underutilization of wild diet items in released individuals. 31940380 1 73 theme pelagic 220:226 arg1 waters 242:247 pelagic to near-shore waters 220:247 pelagic to near-shore waters 220:247 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 74 theme green 139:143 arg1 turtles 145:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles 113:151 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 113:168 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 1 74 theme green 139:143 arg1 mydas 163:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Chelonia mydas 154:167 Threatened and endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are unique because as juveniles they recruit from pelagic to near-shore waters and shift from an omnivorous to primarily herbivorous diet (i.e. seagrass and algae). 31940380 9 75 theme best 1783:1786 arg1 probability 1788:1798 the best probability 1779:1798 the best probability of survival 1779:1810 This study demonstrates the importance of transitioning rehabilitating green turtles to an herbivorous diet as soon as possible to afford them the best probability of survival. 31940380 0 76 theme turtles 87:93 arg1 microbiome 43:52 the gastrointestinal microbiome 22:52 the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 22:110 The effect of diet on the gastrointestinal microbiome of juvenile rehabilitating green turtles (Chelonia mydas). 33955444 2 0 theme classical 605:613 arg1 method 630:635 the classical quantification method 601:635 the classical quantification method 601:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 4 1 theme chemometric 1004:1014 arg1 approach 1016:1023 a chemometric approach 1002:1023 a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification 1002:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 3 2 theme limiting 693:700 arg1 P 684:684 P 684:684 P 684:684 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 3 2 theme limiting 693:700 arg1 nutrient 702:709 the limiting nutrient 689:709 the limiting nutrient 689:709 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 6 3 theme DRIFT 1202:1206 arg1 analysis 1221:1228 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis 1202:1228 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments 1202:1250 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 1 4 theme diffuse 231:237 arg1 Fourier 260:266 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 231:266 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools 231:332 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 7 5 theme metabolism 1391:1400 arg1 efficiency 1375:1384 a low efficiency 1369:1384 a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms 1369:1451 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 3 6 theme Zea 723:725 arg1 L. 732:733 Zea mays L. 723:733 Zea mays L. 723:733 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 3 6 theme Zea 723:725 arg1 maize 716:720 maize 716:720 maize (Zea mays L.) 716:734 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 8 7 theme spectroscopy 1626:1637 arg1 protocol 1657:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 1 8 theme infrared 251:258 arg1 Fourier 260:266 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 231:266 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools 231:332 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 4 9 theme P 803:803 arg1 fertilization 805:817 P fertilization 803:817 P fertilization 803:817 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 8 10 theme profile 1649:1655 arg1 protocol 1657:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 7 11 theme low 1371:1373 arg1 efficiency 1375:1384 a low efficiency 1369:1384 a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms 1369:1451 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 7 12 theme low 1340:1342 arg1 availability 1346:1357 low P availability 1340:1357 low P availability 1340:1357 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 4 13 theme leaf 871:874 arg1 quantification 884:897 leaf pigment quantification 871:897 leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis 871:907 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 6 14 theme elevated 1264:1271 arg1 content 1273:1279 an elevated content 1261:1279 an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability 1261:1334 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 1 15 theme biochemical 369:379 arg1 composition 381:391 leaf biochemical composition 364:391 leaf biochemical composition 364:391 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 16 theme cheap 194:198 arg1 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 16 theme cheap 194:198 arg1 procedures 200:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 16 theme cheap 194:198 arg1 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 4 17 from effects 792:798 arg1 maize 828:832 total maize 822:832 total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations 822:953 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 4 18 theme P 849:849 arg1 accumulation 857:868 P shoot accumulation 849:868 P shoot accumulation 849:868 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 6 19 theme extracted 1233:1241 arg1 pigments 1243:1250 extracted pigments 1233:1250 extracted pigments 1233:1250 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 2 20 theme leaf 568:571 arg1 extract 581:587 the same leaf pigment extract 559:587 the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method 559:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 2 21 theme DRIFT 502:506 arg1 spectroscopy 508:519 DRIFT spectroscopy 502:519 DRIFT spectroscopy 502:519 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 6 22 theme P 1321:1321 arg1 availability 1323:1334 high P availability 1316:1334 high P availability 1316:1334 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 5 23 theme P 1083:1083 arg1 fertilization 1085:1097 P fertilization 1083:1097 P fertilization 1083:1097 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 1 24 theme leaf 160:163 arg1 pigments 165:172 leaf pigments 160:172 leaf pigments 160:172 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 4 25 theme biochemical 932:942 arg1 variations 944:953 biochemical variations 932:953 biochemical variations 932:953 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 2 26 theme same 563:566 arg1 extract 581:587 the same leaf pigment extract 559:587 the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method 559:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 6 27 from availability 1323:1334 arg1 content 1273:1279 an elevated content 1261:1279 an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability 1261:1334 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 2 28 theme component 533:541 arg1 analysis 543:550 principal component analysis 523:550 principal component analysis 523:550 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 0 29 theme leaf 98:101 arg1 extraction 111:120 plant leaf pigment extraction 92:120 plant leaf pigment extraction 92:120 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 1 30 theme new 346:348 arg1 insights 350:357 new insights 346:357 new insights into leaf biochemical composition 346:391 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 0 31 theme extraction 111:120 arg1 evaluation 78:87 a qualitative evaluation 64:87 a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction 64:120 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 0 32 theme Diffuse 0:6 arg1 Fourier 29:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 0:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 0:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 2 33 theme leaf 424:427 arg1 quantification 437:450 the classic leaf pigment quantification 412:450 the classic leaf pigment quantification 412:450 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 0 34 theme infrared 20:27 arg1 Fourier 29:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 0:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 0:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 2 35 theme biochemical 465:475 arg1 information 477:487 leaf biochemical information 460:487 leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method 460:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 4 36 theme variations 944:953 arg1 accumulation 857:868 P shoot accumulation 849:868 P shoot accumulation 849:868 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 4 36 theme variations 944:953 arg1 quantification 884:897 leaf pigment quantification 871:897 leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis 871:907 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 4 36 theme variations 944:953 arg1 evaluation 918:927 the evaluation 914:927 the evaluation of biochemical variations 914:953 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 4 36 theme variations 944:953 arg1 biomass 840:846 biomass 840:846 biomass 840:846 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 7 37 theme N 1445:1445 arg1 forms 1447:1451 inorganic N forms 1435:1451 inorganic N forms 1435:1451 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 4 38 theme spectroscopy 964:975 arg1 analysis 977:984 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis 958:984 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification 958:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 0 39 theme qualitative 66:76 arg1 evaluation 78:87 a qualitative evaluation 64:87 a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction 64:120 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 1 40 theme chemometrics 315:326 arg1 tools 328:332 chemometrics tools 315:332 chemometrics tools 315:332 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 4 41 theme leaf 1037:1040 arg1 extract 1042:1048 the same leaf extract 1028:1048 the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification 1028:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 8 42 theme leaf 1507:1510 arg1 extraction 1520:1529 the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1495:1555 extraction 1520:1529 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 8 43 theme promising 1572:1580 arg1 spectroscopy 1460:1471 DRIFT spectroscopy 1454:1471 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1454:1555 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 8 43 theme promising 1572:1580 arg1 tool 1582:1585 a novel and promising tool 1560:1585 a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies 1560:1613 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 5 44 theme total 1158:1162 arg1 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 5 44 theme total 1158:1162 arg1 contents 1184:1191 total chlorophyll a and b contents 1158:1191 total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×) 1158:1199 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 5 45 theme a 1176:1176 arg1 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 5 45 theme a 1176:1176 arg1 contents 1184:1191 total chlorophyll a and b contents 1158:1191 total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×) 1158:1199 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 8 46 theme quantification 1535:1548 arg1 method 1550:1555 the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1495:1555 method 1550:1555 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 6 47 theme high 1316:1319 arg1 availability 1323:1334 high P availability 1316:1334 high P availability 1316:1334 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 6 48 theme spectroscopy 1208:1219 arg1 analysis 1221:1228 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis 1202:1228 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments 1202:1250 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 8 49 theme nutrition 1597:1605 arg1 studies 1607:1613 plant nutrition studies 1591:1613 plant nutrition studies 1591:1613 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 7 50 theme N 1389:1389 arg1 metabolism 1391:1400 N metabolism 1389:1400 N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms 1389:1451 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 4 51 theme total 822:826 arg1 maize 828:832 total maize 822:832 total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations 822:953 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 1 52 theme reflectance 239:249 arg1 Fourier 260:266 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 231:266 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools 231:332 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 4 53 from approach 1016:1023 arg1 extract 1042:1048 the same leaf extract 1028:1048 the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification 1028:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 8 54 theme novel 1562:1566 arg1 spectroscopy 1460:1471 DRIFT spectroscopy 1454:1471 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1454:1555 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 8 54 theme novel 1562:1566 arg1 tool 1582:1585 a novel and promising tool 1560:1585 a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies 1560:1613 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 3 55 theme mays 727:730 arg1 L. 732:733 Zea mays L. 723:733 Zea mays L. 723:733 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 3 55 theme mays 727:730 arg1 maize 716:720 maize 716:720 maize (Zea mays L.) 716:734 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 8 56 theme DRIFT 1620:1624 arg1 protocol 1657:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 1 57 theme easy 178:181 arg1 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 57 theme easy 178:181 arg1 procedures 200:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 57 theme easy 178:181 arg1 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 8 58 theme metabolic 1639:1647 arg1 protocol 1657:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol 1618:1664 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 1 59 theme fast 184:187 arg1 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 59 theme fast 184:187 arg1 procedures 200:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 59 theme fast 184:187 arg1 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 2 60 theme quantification 615:628 arg1 method 630:635 the classical quantification method 601:635 the classical quantification method 601:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 7 61 theme P 1344:1344 arg1 availability 1346:1357 low P availability 1340:1357 low P availability 1340:1357 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 4 62 theme pigment 1059:1065 arg1 quantification 1067:1080 pigment quantification 1059:1080 pigment quantification 1059:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 4 63 theme pigment 876:882 arg1 quantification 884:897 leaf pigment quantification 871:897 leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis 871:907 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 6 64 theme polysaccharides 1297:1311 arg1 content 1273:1279 an elevated content 1261:1279 an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability 1261:1334 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 6 65 theme pigments 1243:1250 arg1 analysis 1221:1228 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis 1202:1228 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments 1202:1250 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 2 66 theme pigment 573:579 arg1 extract 581:587 the same leaf pigment extract 559:587 the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method 559:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 4 67 theme shoot 851:855 arg1 accumulation 857:868 P shoot accumulation 849:868 P shoot accumulation 849:868 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 5 68 theme b 1182:1182 arg1 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 ∼2.1× 1194:1198 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 5 68 theme b 1182:1182 arg1 contents 1184:1191 total chlorophyll a and b contents 1158:1191 total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×) 1158:1199 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 0 69 theme plant 92:96 arg1 extraction 111:120 plant leaf pigment extraction 92:120 plant leaf pigment extraction 92:120 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 2 70 attach derived 489:495 arg2 information 477:487 leaf biochemical information 460:487 leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method 460:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 2 70 attach derived 489:495 arg1 analysis 543:550 principal component analysis 523:550 principal component analysis 523:550 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 2 70 attach derived 489:495 arg1 spectroscopy 508:519 DRIFT spectroscopy 502:519 DRIFT spectroscopy 502:519 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 1 71 theme pigments 165:172 arg1 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 quantification 142:155 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 71 theme pigments 165:172 arg1 procedures 200:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 easy, fast, and cheap procedures 178:209 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 71 theme pigments 165:172 arg1 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 extraction 127:136 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 1 72 dep Fourier 260:266 arg1 transform 268:276 transform 268:276 transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools 268:332 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 0 73 theme pigment 103:109 arg1 extraction 111:120 plant leaf pigment extraction 92:120 plant leaf pigment extraction 92:120 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 5 74 theme biomass 1106:1112 arg1 ∼7.4× 1128:1132 ∼7.4× 1128:1132 ∼7.4× 1128:1132 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 5 74 theme biomass 1106:1112 arg1 accumulation 1114:1125 biomass accumulation 1106:1125 biomass accumulation (∼7.4×) 1106:1133 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 2 75 theme principal 523:531 arg1 analysis 543:550 principal component analysis 523:550 principal component analysis 523:550 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 6 76 theme proteins 1284:1291 arg1 content 1273:1279 an elevated content 1261:1279 an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability 1261:1334 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis of extracted pigments revealed an elevated content of proteins and polysaccharides at high P availability. 33955444 8 77 theme DRIFT 1454:1458 arg1 spectroscopy 1460:1471 DRIFT spectroscopy 1454:1471 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1454:1555 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 8 77 theme DRIFT 1454:1458 arg1 tool 1582:1585 a novel and promising tool 1560:1585 a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies 1560:1613 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 1 78 dep extraction 127:136 arg1 The 123:125 The 123:125 The 123:125 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 0 79 theme reflectance 8:18 arg1 Fourier 29:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 0:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier 0:35 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy for a qualitative evaluation of plant leaf pigment extraction. 33955444 1 80 theme leaf 364:367 arg1 composition 381:391 leaf biochemical composition 364:391 leaf biochemical composition 364:391 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 2 81 theme pigment 429:435 arg1 quantification 437:450 the classic leaf pigment quantification 412:450 the classic leaf pigment quantification 412:450 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 5 82 theme P 1136:1136 arg1 ∼2.3× 1146:1150 ∼2.3× 1146:1150 ∼2.3× 1146:1150 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 5 82 theme P 1136:1136 arg1 uptake 1138:1143 P uptake 1136:1143 P uptake (∼2.3×) 1136:1151 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 2 83 theme classic 416:422 arg1 quantification 437:450 the classic leaf pigment quantification 412:450 the classic leaf pigment quantification 412:450 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 3 84 theme dose-response 653:665 arg1 experiment 667:676 a dose-response experiment 651:676 a dose-response experiment 651:676 We performed a dose-response experiment using P as the limiting nutrient, and maize (Zea mays L.) as a plant-test. 33955444 1 85 theme DRIFT 279:283 arg1 spectroscopy 286:297 (DRIFT) spectroscopy 278:297 (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools 278:332 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 2 86 theme leaf 460:463 arg1 information 477:487 leaf biochemical information 460:487 leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method 460:635 We aimed to boost the classic leaf pigment quantification, adding leaf biochemical information derived from DRIFT spectroscopy + principal component analysis, using the same leaf pigment extract produced by the classical quantification method. 33955444 8 87 theme classic 1499:1505 arg1 extraction 1520:1529 the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1495:1555 extraction 1520:1529 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 1 88 theme other 219:223 arg1 hand 225:228 the other hand 215:228 the other hand 215:228 The extraction and quantification of leaf pigments are easy, fast, and cheap procedures; on the other hand, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy associated with chemometrics tools could offer new insights into leaf biochemical composition. 33955444 7 89 theme forms 1447:1451 arg1 accumulation 1419:1430 the accumulation 1415:1430 the accumulation of inorganic N forms 1415:1451 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 4 90 theme fertilization 805:817 arg1 effects 792:798 the effects 788:798 the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations 788:953 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 4 91 theme DRIFT 958:962 arg1 analysis 977:984 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis 958:984 DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification 958:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 8 92 theme pigment 1512:1518 arg1 extraction 1520:1529 the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method 1495:1555 extraction 1520:1529 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 7 93 theme inorganic 1435:1443 arg1 forms 1447:1451 inorganic N forms 1435:1451 inorganic N forms 1435:1451 At low P availability, we found a low efficiency of N metabolism suggested by the accumulation of inorganic N forms. 33955444 4 94 theme same 1032:1035 arg1 extract 1042:1048 the same leaf extract 1028:1048 the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification 1028:1080 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33955444 8 95 theme plant 1591:1595 arg1 studies 1607:1613 plant nutrition studies 1591:1613 plant nutrition studies 1591:1613 DRIFT spectroscopy applied together with the classic leaf pigment extraction and quantification method is a novel and promising tool for plant nutrition studies as a DRIFT spectroscopy metabolic profile protocol. 33955444 5 96 theme chlorophyll 1164:1174 arg1 a 1176:1176 chlorophyll a 1164:1176 chlorophyll a 1164:1176 P fertilization raised biomass accumulation (∼7.4×), P uptake (∼2.3×), and total chlorophyll a and b contents (∼2.1×). 33955444 4 97 theme growth 767:772 arg1 d 762:762 45 d 759:762 45 d of growth 759:772 After 45 d of growth, we evaluated the effects of P fertilization in total maize shoot biomass, P shoot accumulation, leaf pigment quantification by UV-Vis, and the evaluation of biochemical variations by DRIFT spectroscopy analysis associated with a chemometric approach in the same leaf extract used for pigment quantification. 33628840 4 0 theme pregnancy 444:452 arg1 trimester 431:439 the third trimester 421:439 the third trimester of pregnancy 421:452 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 10 1 theme characteristic 1839:1852 arg1 changes 1854:1860 essential characteristic changes 1829:1860 essential characteristic changes 1829:1860 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 3 2 theme Recent 190:195 arg1 research 197:204 Recent research 190:204 Recent research 190:204 Recent research suggests that changes in the intestinal flora during pregnancy play a key role in it. 33628840 10 3 contain had 1825:1827 arg1 microbes 1738:1745 the gut microbes 1730:1745 the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls 1730:1823 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 10 3 contain had 1825:1827 arg2 changes 1854:1860 essential characteristic changes 1829:1860 essential characteristic changes 1829:1860 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 9 4 theme microbes 1628:1635 arg1 biosynthesis 1512:1523 biosynthesis 1512:1523 biosynthesis 1512:1523 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 4 theme microbes 1628:1635 arg1 classification 1578:1591 classification 1578:1591 classification 1578:1591 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 4 theme microbes 1628:1635 arg1 degradation 1598:1608 degradation 1598:1608 degradation 1598:1608 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 4 theme microbes 1628:1635 arg1 system 1570:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 4 theme microbes 1628:1635 arg1 metabolism 1529:1538 metabolism 1529:1538 metabolism 1529:1538 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 5 theme intestinal 1617:1626 arg1 microbes 1628:1635 the intestinal microbes 1613:1635 the intestinal microbes 1613:1635 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 4 6 theme intestinal 363:372 arg1 flora 374:378 the intestinal flora 359:378 the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes 359:416 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 7 7 theme species 1030:1036 arg1 level 1038:1042 the species level 1026:1042 the species level 1026:1042 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 8 8 from groups 1442:1447 arg1 abundance 1400:1408 the abundance 1396:1408 the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups 1396:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 8 9 theme relative 1157:1164 arg1 abundance 1166:1174 the relative abundance 1153:1174 the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus 1153:1247 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 10 10 theme patients 1905:1912 arg1 regulation 1891:1900 the regulation 1887:1900 the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels 1887:1934 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 6 11 theme group 915:919 arg1 group 929:933 the NOR group vs. GDM group 907:933 the NOR group vs. GDM group 907:933 Our results showed that there were significant differences between the NOR group vs. GDM group and the G group vs. LG group among Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroides. 33628840 4 12 with flora 484:488 arg1 differences 507:517 significant differences 495:517 significant differences in healthy pregnant women 495:543 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 9 13 theme GDM 1657:1659 arg1 groups 1661:1666 GDM groups 1657:1666 GDM groups 1657:1666 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 4 14 theme microecological 613:627 arg1 agents 629:634 intestinal microecological agents 602:634 intestinal microecological agents 602:634 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 5 15 theme pregnant 798:805 arg1 women 807:811 52 singleton pregnant women 785:811 52 singleton pregnant women 785:811 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 10 16 theme blood 1915:1919 arg1 levels 1929:1934 blood glucose levels 1915:1934 patients' blood glucose levels 1905:1934 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 7 17 from groups 1133:1138 arg1 abundance 1087:1095 the abundance 1083:1095 the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups 1083:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 8 18 theme species 1418:1424 arg1 abundance 1400:1408 the abundance 1396:1408 the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups 1396:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 8 19 theme Ruminococcus_gnavus 1229:1247 arg1 abundance 1166:1174 the relative abundance 1153:1174 the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus 1153:1247 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 1 20 theme high 112:115 arg1 prevalence 86:95 The prevalence 82:95 The prevalence of GDM 82:102 The prevalence of GDM is very high worldwide. 33628840 1 20 theme high 112:115 arg1 worldwide 117:125 very high worldwide 107:125 very high worldwide 107:125 The prevalence of GDM is very high worldwide. 33628840 5 21 theme 16S 720:722 arg1 gene 758:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 10 22 theme GDM 1755:1757 arg1 patients 1759:1766 GDM patients 1755:1766 GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy 1755:1802 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 5 23 theme gestation 829:837 arg1 weeks 820:824 >28 weeks 816:824 >28 weeks of gestation 816:837 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 9 24 from differences 1493:1503 arg1 biosynthesis 1512:1523 biosynthesis 1512:1523 biosynthesis 1512:1523 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 24 from differences 1493:1503 arg1 classification 1578:1591 classification 1578:1591 classification 1578:1591 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 24 from differences 1493:1503 arg1 degradation 1598:1608 degradation 1598:1608 degradation 1598:1608 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 24 from differences 1493:1503 arg1 system 1570:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 24 from differences 1493:1503 arg1 metabolism 1529:1538 metabolism 1529:1538 metabolism 1529:1538 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 6 25 theme G 943:943 arg1 group 945:949 the G group 939:949 the G group 939:949 Our results showed that there were significant differences between the NOR group vs. GDM group and the G group vs. LG group among Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroides. 33628840 7 26 from differences 1068:1078 arg1 abundance 1087:1095 the abundance 1083:1095 the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups 1083:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 3 27 theme key 276:278 arg1 role 280:283 a key role 274:283 a key role 274:283 Recent research suggests that changes in the intestinal flora during pregnancy play a key role in it. 33628840 5 28 theme ribonucleic 734:744 arg1 gene 758:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 4 29 theme gestational 397:407 arg1 diabetes 409:416 gestational diabetes 397:416 gestational diabetes 397:416 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 5 30 theme V3-V4 699:703 arg1 regions 705:711 the V3-V4 regions 695:711 the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 695:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 6 31 theme GDM 925:927 arg1 group 929:933 the NOR group vs. GDM group 907:933 the NOR group vs. GDM group 907:933 Our results showed that there were significant differences between the NOR group vs. GDM group and the G group vs. LG group among Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroides. 33628840 8 32 from abundance 1400:1408 arg1 groups 1442:1447 the G and LG groups 1429:1447 groups 1442:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 8 33 from species 1418:1424 arg1 groups 1442:1447 the G and LG groups 1429:1447 groups 1442:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 5 34 theme acid 746:749 arg1 gene 758:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 7 35 from species 1106:1112 arg1 NOR 1121:1123 NOR 1121:1123 NOR 1121:1123 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 7 35 from species 1106:1112 arg1 groups 1133:1138 GDM groups 1129:1138 GDM groups 1129:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 0 36 theme Correlation 0:10 arg1 Analysis 12:19 Correlation Analysis 0:19 Correlation Analysis between GDM and Gut Microbial Composition in Late Pregnancy. 0:80 Correlation Analysis between GDM and Gut Microbial Composition in Late Pregnancy. 33628840 3 37 from changes 220:226 arg1 flora 246:250 the intestinal flora 231:250 the intestinal flora 231:250 Recent research suggests that changes in the intestinal flora during pregnancy play a key role in it. 33628840 10 38 from patients 1759:1766 arg1 trimester 1781:1789 the third trimester 1771:1789 the third trimester of pregnancy 1771:1802 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 9 39 dep NOR 1649:1651 arg1 the 1645:1647 the 1645:1647 the 1645:1647 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 1 40 theme GDM 100:102 arg1 prevalence 86:95 The prevalence 82:95 The prevalence of GDM 82:102 The prevalence of GDM is very high worldwide. 33628840 1 40 theme GDM 100:102 arg1 worldwide 117:125 very high worldwide 107:125 very high worldwide 107:125 The prevalence of GDM is very high worldwide. 33628840 4 41 theme pregnant 530:537 arg1 women 539:543 healthy pregnant women 522:543 healthy pregnant women 522:543 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 7 42 theme species 1106:1112 arg1 abundance 1087:1095 the abundance 1083:1095 the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups 1083:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 4 43 with patients 383:390 arg1 diabetes 409:416 gestational diabetes 397:416 gestational diabetes 397:416 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 9 44 theme polysaccharides 1543:1557 arg1 biosynthesis 1512:1523 biosynthesis 1512:1523 biosynthesis 1512:1523 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 44 theme polysaccharides 1543:1557 arg1 classification 1578:1591 classification 1578:1591 classification 1578:1591 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 44 theme polysaccharides 1543:1557 arg1 degradation 1598:1608 degradation 1598:1608 degradation 1598:1608 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 44 theme polysaccharides 1543:1557 arg1 system 1570:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 44 theme polysaccharides 1543:1557 arg1 metabolism 1529:1538 metabolism 1529:1538 metabolism 1529:1538 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 10 45 theme third 1775:1779 arg1 trimester 1781:1789 the third trimester 1771:1789 the third trimester of pregnancy 1771:1802 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 0 46 theme Microbial 41:49 arg1 Composition 51:61 Gut Microbial Composition 37:61 Gut Microbial Composition 37:61 Correlation Analysis between GDM and Gut Microbial Composition in Late Pregnancy. 33628840 9 47 theme digestive 1560:1568 arg1 system 1570:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 digestive system 1560:1575 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 4 48 theme significant 495:505 arg1 differences 507:517 significant differences 495:517 significant differences in healthy pregnant women 495:543 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 7 49 dep NOR 1121:1123 arg1 the 1117:1119 the 1117:1119 the 1117:1119 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 8 50 theme significant 1369:1379 arg1 differences 1381:1391 significant differences 1369:1391 significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups 1369:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 8 51 dep correlated 1264:1273 arg1 whereas 1350:1356 whereas 1350:1356 whereas 1350:1356 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 5 52 theme rRNA 752:755 arg1 gene 758:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 4 53 theme clinical 575:582 arg1 attempts 584:591 future clinical attempts 568:591 future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 568:679 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 7 54 theme GDM 1129:1131 arg1 groups 1133:1138 GDM groups 1129:1138 GDM groups 1129:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 10 55 theme essential 1829:1837 arg1 changes 1854:1860 essential characteristic changes 1829:1860 essential characteristic changes 1829:1860 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 4 56 theme flora 374:378 arg1 characteristics 340:354 the characteristics 336:354 the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes 336:416 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 2 57 theme specific 132:139 arg1 clear 183:187 clear 183:187 clear 183:187 The specific pathogenesis of GDM is currently not very clear. 33628840 2 57 theme specific 132:139 arg1 pathogenesis 141:152 The specific pathogenesis 128:152 The specific pathogenesis of GDM 128:159 The specific pathogenesis of GDM is currently not very clear. 33628840 4 58 theme gestational 645:655 arg1 GDM 676:678 GDM 676:678 GDM 676:678 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 4 58 theme gestational 645:655 arg1 mellitus 666:673 gestational diabetes mellitus 645:673 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 645:679 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 5 59 theme women 807:811 arg1 samples 774:780 stool samples 768:780 stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women 768:811 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 10 60 from controls 1816:1823 arg1 trimester 1781:1789 the third trimester 1771:1789 the third trimester of pregnancy 1771:1802 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 3 61 theme intestinal 235:244 arg1 flora 246:250 the intestinal flora 231:250 the intestinal flora 231:250 Recent research suggests that changes in the intestinal flora during pregnancy play a key role in it. 33628840 0 62 from Analysis 12:19 arg1 Pregnancy 71:79 Late Pregnancy 66:79 Late Pregnancy 66:79 Correlation Analysis between GDM and Gut Microbial Composition in Late Pregnancy. 33628840 8 63 from differences 1381:1391 arg1 abundance 1400:1408 the abundance 1396:1408 the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups 1396:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 5 64 theme singleton 788:796 arg1 women 807:811 52 singleton pregnant women 785:811 52 singleton pregnant women 785:811 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 7 65 from NOR 1121:1123 arg1 abundance 1087:1095 the abundance 1083:1095 the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups 1083:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 4 66 theme intestinal 602:611 arg1 agents 629:634 intestinal microecological agents 602:634 intestinal microecological agents 602:634 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 10 67 theme glucose 1921:1927 arg1 levels 1929:1934 blood glucose levels 1915:1934 patients' blood glucose levels 1905:1934 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 10 68 theme gut 1734:1736 arg1 microbes 1738:1745 the gut microbes 1730:1745 the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls 1730:1823 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 6 69 theme significant 875:885 arg1 differences 887:897 significant differences 875:897 significant differences between the NOR group vs. GDM group and the G group vs. LG group among Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroides 875:1020 Our results showed that there were significant differences between the NOR group vs. GDM group and the G group vs. LG group among Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroides. 33628840 4 70 theme patients 383:390 arg1 flora 374:378 the intestinal flora 359:378 the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes 359:416 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 8 71 theme Eubacterium_dolichum 1203:1222 arg1 abundance 1166:1174 the relative abundance 1153:1174 the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus 1153:1247 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 0 72 theme Gut 37:39 arg1 Composition 51:61 Gut Microbial Composition 37:61 Gut Microbial Composition 37:61 Correlation Analysis between GDM and Gut Microbial Composition in Late Pregnancy. 33628840 6 73 theme LG 955:956 arg1 group 958:962 LG group 955:962 LG group 955:962 Our results showed that there were significant differences between the NOR group vs. GDM group and the G group vs. LG group among Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroides. 33628840 9 74 theme G 1684:1684 arg1 groups 1693:1698 the G and LG groups 1680:1698 groups 1693:1698 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 8 75 theme G 1433:1433 arg1 groups 1442:1447 the G and LG groups 1429:1447 groups 1442:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 0 76 theme Late 66:69 arg1 Pregnancy 71:79 Late Pregnancy 66:79 Late Pregnancy 66:79 Correlation Analysis between GDM and Gut Microbial Composition in Late Pregnancy. 33628840 9 77 theme Functional 1450:1459 arg1 analysis 1461:1468 Functional analysis 1450:1468 Functional analysis 1450:1468 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 9 78 theme LG 1690:1691 arg1 groups 1693:1698 the G and LG groups 1680:1698 groups 1693:1698 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 8 79 theme LG 1439:1440 arg1 groups 1442:1447 the G and LG groups 1429:1447 groups 1442:1447 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 33628840 4 80 theme diabetes 657:664 arg1 GDM 676:678 GDM 676:678 GDM 676:678 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 4 80 theme diabetes 657:664 arg1 mellitus 666:673 gestational diabetes mellitus 645:673 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 645:679 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 5 81 theme ribosomal 724:732 arg1 gene 758:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 716:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 4 82 theme intestinal 473:482 arg1 flora 484:488 the intestinal flora 469:488 the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women 469:543 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 9 83 dep biosynthesis 1512:1523 arg1 the 1508:1510 the 1508:1510 the 1508:1510 Functional analysis showed that there were differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of polysaccharides, digestive system, classification, and degradation of the intestinal microbes between the NOR and GDM groups and between the G and LG groups. 33628840 7 84 from abundance 1087:1095 arg1 NOR 1121:1123 NOR 1121:1123 NOR 1121:1123 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 7 84 from abundance 1087:1095 arg1 groups 1133:1138 GDM groups 1129:1138 GDM groups 1129:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 10 85 dep patients 1905:1912 arg1 levels 1929:1934 blood glucose levels 1915:1934 patients' blood glucose levels 1905:1934 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 5 86 theme gene 758:761 arg1 regions 705:711 the V3-V4 regions 695:711 the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene 695:761 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 4 87 theme healthy 522:528 arg1 women 539:543 healthy pregnant women 522:543 healthy pregnant women 522:543 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 4 88 dep aimed 317:321 arg1 finding 461:467 finding 461:467 finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 461:679 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 4 88 dep aimed 317:321 arg1 exploring 326:334 exploring 326:334 exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy 326:452 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 5 89 theme stool 768:772 arg1 samples 774:780 stool samples 768:780 stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women 768:811 We sequenced the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene from stool samples of 52 singleton pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation. 33628840 10 90 theme pregnancy 1794:1802 arg1 trimester 1781:1789 the third trimester 1771:1789 the third trimester of pregnancy 1771:1802 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 4 91 from differences 507:517 arg1 women 539:543 healthy pregnant women 522:543 healthy pregnant women 522:543 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 2 92 theme GDM 157:159 arg1 clear 183:187 clear 183:187 clear 183:187 The specific pathogenesis of GDM is currently not very clear. 33628840 2 92 theme GDM 157:159 arg1 pathogenesis 141:152 The specific pathogenesis 128:152 The specific pathogenesis of GDM 128:159 The specific pathogenesis of GDM is currently not very clear. 33628840 7 93 theme significant 1056:1066 arg1 differences 1068:1078 significant differences 1056:1078 significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups 1056:1138 At the species level, there were significant differences in the abundance of eight species in the NOR and GDM groups. 33628840 4 94 theme third 425:429 arg1 trimester 431:439 the third trimester 421:439 the third trimester of pregnancy 421:452 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 4 95 theme future 568:573 arg1 attempts 584:591 future clinical attempts 568:591 future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 568:679 Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of the intestinal flora of patients with gestational diabetes in the third trimester of pregnancy and at finding the intestinal flora with significant differences in healthy pregnant women to provide a basis for future clinical attempts of using intestinal microecological agents to treat gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 33628840 10 96 theme healthy 1808:1814 arg1 controls 1816:1823 healthy controls 1808:1823 healthy controls 1808:1823 These results indicated that the gut microbes between GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy and healthy controls had essential characteristic changes and might be involved in the regulation of patients' blood glucose levels. 33628840 8 97 theme Clostridium_spiroforme 1179:1200 arg1 abundance 1166:1174 the relative abundance 1153:1174 the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus 1153:1247 Among them, the relative abundance of Clostridium_spiroforme, Eubacterium_dolichum, and Ruminococcus_gnavus was positively correlated with FBG, and Pyramidobacter_piscolens was negatively correlated with FBG, whereas there were significant differences in the abundance of five species in the G and LG groups. 32361430 3 0 theme membrane 501:508 arg1 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 0 theme membrane 501:508 arg1 bioreactor 510:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 458:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 458:529 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 10 1 theme AnOMEBR 1645:1651 arg1 capacity 1633:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity 1608:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR 1608:1651 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 10 1 theme AnOMEBR 1645:1651 arg1 times 1668:1672 nearly 1.5 times 1657:1672 nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR 1657:1691 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 1 2 theme membrane 172:179 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 2 theme membrane 172:179 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 2 theme membrane 172:179 arg1 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 5 3 from value 885:889 arg1 AnOMEBR 894:900 AnOMEBR 894:900 AnOMEBR 894:900 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 0 4 theme membrane 115:122 arg1 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 4 theme membrane 115:122 arg1 bioreactor 124:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 69:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 69:143 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 5 5 theme products 821:828 arg1 content 836:842 the soluble microbial products (SMP) content 799:842 the soluble microbial products (SMP) content 799:842 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 5 5 theme products 821:828 arg1 lower 919:923 lower 919:923 lower 919:923 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 10 6 theme AnOMBR 1686:1691 arg1 capacity 1633:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity 1608:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR 1608:1651 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 10 6 theme AnOMBR 1686:1691 arg1 times 1668:1672 nearly 1.5 times 1657:1672 nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR 1657:1691 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 8 7 theme membrane 1374:1381 arg1 surface 1383:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 3 8 theme membrane 578:585 arg1 fouling 587:593 membrane fouling 578:593 membrane fouling 578:593 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 9 9 theme hydraulic 1415:1423 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 9 theme hydraulic 1415:1423 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 9 theme hydraulic 1415:1423 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 4 10 dep formation 686:694 arg1 The 682:684 The 682:684 The 682:684 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 3 11 theme conductive 609:618 arg1 cathode 673:679 cathode 673:679 cathode 673:679 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 11 theme conductive 609:618 arg1 unit 664:667 the separation unit 649:667 the separation unit 649:667 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 11 theme conductive 609:618 arg1 membrane 623:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 11 theme conductive 609:618 arg1 both 641:644 both 641:644 both 641:644 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 6 12 theme absolute 964:971 arg1 times 1024:1028 1.2 times 1020:1028 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR 1020:1047 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 6 12 theme absolute 964:971 arg1 value 973:977 The absolute value 960:977 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR 960:1014 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 0 13 theme membrane 49:56 arg1 fouling 58:64 membrane fouling 49:64 membrane fouling 49:64 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 8 14 theme strong 1254:1259 arg1 interaction 1261:1271 The strong interaction 1250:1271 The strong interaction among foulants 1250:1286 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 1 15 theme forward 156:162 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 15 theme forward 156:162 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 15 theme forward 156:162 arg1 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 6 16 from value 973:977 arg1 AnOMEBR 1008:1014 AnOMEBR 1008:1014 AnOMEBR 1008:1014 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 0 17 theme electro-assisted 72:87 arg1 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 17 theme electro-assisted 72:87 arg1 bioreactor 124:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 69:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 69:143 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 18 theme forward 99:105 arg1 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 18 theme forward 99:105 arg1 bioreactor 124:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 69:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 69:143 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 9 19 theme higher 1443:1448 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 19 theme higher 1443:1448 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 11 20 theme wastewater 1781:1790 arg1 capacity 1802:1809 wastewater treatment capacity 1781:1809 wastewater treatment capacity 1781:1809 This work provides an efficient strategy for mitigating membrane fouling and improving wastewater treatment capacity. 32361430 0 21 theme Customized 0:9 arg1 layer 31:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 1 22 theme low 260:262 arg1 consumption 271:281 its low energy consumption 256:281 its low energy consumption 256:281 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 4 23 from alleviation 713:723 arg1 AnOMEBR 748:754 AnOMEBR 748:754 AnOMEBR 748:754 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 9 24 theme osmotic 1483:1489 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 24 theme osmotic 1483:1489 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 6 25 theme mixture 997:1003 arg1 Zeta 982:985 Zeta 982:985 Zeta of sludge mixture 982:1003 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 4 26 theme membrane 728:735 arg1 fouling 737:743 membrane fouling 728:743 membrane fouling 728:743 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 5 27 theme soluble 803:809 arg1 SMP 831:833 SMP 831:833 SMP 831:833 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 5 27 theme soluble 803:809 arg1 products 821:828 soluble microbial products 803:828 the soluble microbial products (SMP) content 799:842 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 7 28 theme membrane 1232:1239 arg1 fouling 1241:1247 membrane fouling 1232:1247 membrane fouling 1232:1247 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 6 29 theme Zeta 982:985 arg1 times 1024:1028 1.2 times 1020:1028 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR 1020:1047 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 6 29 theme Zeta 982:985 arg1 value 973:977 The absolute value 960:977 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR 960:1014 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 6 30 dep times 1024:1028 arg1 that 1030:1033 that 1030:1033 that 1030:1033 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 2 31 theme water 394:398 arg1 flux 400:403 water flux 394:403 water flux 394:403 However, membrane fouling is still a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime. 32361430 0 32 theme cake 26:29 arg1 layer 31:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 1 33 theme high 287:290 arg1 quality 301:307 high effluent quality 287:307 high effluent quality 287:307 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 3 34 theme anaerobic 475:483 arg1 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 34 theme anaerobic 475:483 arg1 bioreactor 510:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 458:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 458:529 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 35 theme separation 653:662 arg1 unit 664:667 the separation unit 649:667 the separation unit 649:667 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 35 theme separation 653:662 arg1 membrane 623:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 35 theme separation 653:662 arg1 both 641:644 both 641:644 both 641:644 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 8 36 theme cake 1353:1356 arg1 layer 1358:1362 the cake layer 1349:1362 the cake layer 1349:1362 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 11 37 theme efficient 1716:1724 arg1 strategy 1726:1733 an efficient strategy 1713:1733 an efficient strategy for mitigating membrane fouling and improving wastewater treatment capacity 1713:1809 This work provides an efficient strategy for mitigating membrane fouling and improving wastewater treatment capacity. 32361430 1 38 theme potential 206:214 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 38 theme potential 206:214 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 9 39 theme lower 1533:1537 arg1 rate 1552:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 39 theme lower 1533:1537 arg1 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 11 40 theme membrane 1750:1757 arg1 fouling 1759:1765 membrane fouling 1750:1765 membrane fouling 1750:1765 This work provides an efficient strategy for mitigating membrane fouling and improving wastewater treatment capacity. 32361430 2 41 theme considerable 347:358 arg1 problem 360:366 a considerable problem 345:366 a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime 345:440 However, membrane fouling is still a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime. 32361430 2 41 theme considerable 347:358 arg1 fouling 328:334 membrane fouling 319:334 membrane fouling 319:334 However, membrane fouling is still a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime. 32361430 1 42 theme treatment 227:235 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 42 theme treatment 227:235 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 9 43 theme decline 1544:1550 arg1 rate 1552:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 43 theme decline 1544:1550 arg1 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 3 44 theme osmosis 493:499 arg1 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 44 theme osmosis 493:499 arg1 bioreactor 510:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 458:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 458:529 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 8 45 from composition 1309:1319 arg1 surface 1383:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 7 46 from adsorption 1165:1174 arg1 surface 1200:1206 membrane surface 1191:1206 membrane surface 1191:1206 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 9 47 theme LMH/h 1566:1570 arg1 rate 1552:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 47 theme LMH/h 1566:1570 arg1 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 5 48 theme PN/PS 878:882 arg1 lower 919:923 lower 919:923 lower 919:923 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 5 48 theme PN/PS 878:882 arg1 value 885:889 the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value 848:889 the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR 848:900 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 8 49 from thickness 1336:1344 arg1 surface 1383:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 1 50 theme osmosis 164:170 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 50 theme osmosis 164:170 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 50 theme osmosis 164:170 arg1 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 8 51 from structure 1322:1330 arg1 surface 1383:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 5 52 theme microbial 811:819 arg1 SMP 831:833 SMP 831:833 SMP 831:833 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 5 52 theme microbial 811:819 arg1 products 821:828 soluble microbial products 803:828 the soluble microbial products (SMP) content 799:842 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 8 53 theme FO 1371:1372 arg1 surface 1383:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 the FO membrane surface 1367:1389 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 9 54 theme organic 1450:1456 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 54 theme organic 1450:1456 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 2 55 theme membrane 319:326 arg1 problem 360:366 a considerable problem 345:366 a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime 345:440 However, membrane fouling is still a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime. 32361430 2 55 theme membrane 319:326 arg1 fouling 328:334 membrane fouling 319:334 membrane fouling 319:334 However, membrane fouling is still a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime. 32361430 9 56 theme shorter 1407:1413 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 56 theme shorter 1407:1413 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 56 theme shorter 1407:1413 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 10 57 theme wastewater 1612:1621 arg1 capacity 1633:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity 1608:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR 1608:1651 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 10 57 theme wastewater 1612:1621 arg1 times 1668:1672 nearly 1.5 times 1657:1672 nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR 1657:1691 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 7 58 from foulants 1138:1145 arg1 interaction 1070:1080 the interaction 1066:1080 the interaction between the membrane surface 1066:1109 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 9 59 theme retention 1425:1433 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 59 theme retention 1425:1433 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 59 theme retention 1425:1433 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 10 60 dep times 1668:1672 arg1 that 1674:1677 that 1674:1677 that 1674:1677 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 7 61 theme membrane 1191:1198 arg1 surface 1200:1206 membrane surface 1191:1206 membrane surface 1191:1206 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 5 62 theme proteins/polysaccharides 852:875 arg1 lower 919:923 lower 919:923 lower 919:923 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 5 62 theme proteins/polysaccharides 852:875 arg1 value 885:889 the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value 848:889 the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR 848:900 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 7 63 from increase 1054:1061 arg1 interaction 1070:1080 the interaction 1066:1080 the interaction between the membrane surface 1066:1109 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 7 64 theme charged 1130:1136 arg1 foulants 1138:1145 the negatively charged foulants 1115:1145 the negatively charged foulants 1115:1145 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 5 65 from content 836:842 arg1 AnOMEBR 894:900 AnOMEBR 894:900 AnOMEBR 894:900 The results showed that the soluble microbial products (SMP) content and the proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) value in AnOMEBR were 26% and 15% lower than that in AnOMBR, respectively. 32361430 1 66 theme Anaerobic 146:154 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 66 theme Anaerobic 146:154 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 66 theme Anaerobic 146:154 arg1 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 AnOMBR 193:198 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 0 67 theme anaerobic 89:97 arg1 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 67 theme anaerobic 89:97 arg1 bioreactor 124:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 69:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 69:143 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 9 68 theme loading 1458:1464 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 68 theme loading 1458:1464 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 4 69 theme fouling 737:743 arg1 formation 686:694 formation 686:694 formation 686:694 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 4 69 theme fouling 737:743 arg1 alleviation 713:723 alleviation 713:723 alleviation 713:723 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 4 69 theme fouling 737:743 arg1 development 697:707 development 697:707 development 697:707 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 0 70 theme osmosis 107:113 arg1 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 AnOMEBR 136:142 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 70 theme osmosis 107:113 arg1 bioreactor 124:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 69:133 an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 69:143 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 0 71 theme thin 11:14 arg1 layer 31:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 9 72 theme lower 1477:1481 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 72 theme lower 1477:1481 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 7 73 theme fouling 1241:1247 arg1 stage 1223:1227 the initial stage 1211:1227 the initial stage of membrane fouling 1211:1247 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 2 74 theme membrane 424:431 arg1 lifetime 433:440 the membrane lifetime 420:440 the membrane lifetime 420:440 However, membrane fouling is still a considerable problem which causes dwindling of water flux and shortening the membrane lifetime. 32361430 11 75 theme treatment 1792:1800 arg1 capacity 1802:1809 wastewater treatment capacity 1781:1809 wastewater treatment capacity 1781:1809 This work provides an efficient strategy for mitigating membrane fouling and improving wastewater treatment capacity. 32361430 0 76 theme loose 20:24 arg1 layer 31:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer 0:35 Customized thin and loose cake layer to mitigate membrane fouling in an electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR). 32361430 1 77 theme energy 264:269 arg1 consumption 271:281 its low energy consumption 256:281 its low energy consumption 256:281 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 9 78 theme pressure 1491:1498 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 78 theme pressure 1491:1498 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 6 79 theme sludge 990:995 arg1 mixture 997:1003 sludge mixture 990:1003 sludge mixture 990:1003 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 3 80 used used 636:639 arg2 unit 664:667 the separation unit 649:667 the separation unit 649:667 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 80 used used 636:639 arg2 both 641:644 both 641:644 both 641:644 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 80 used used 636:639 arg2 membrane 623:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 80 used used 636:639 arg2 cathode 673:679 cathode 673:679 cathode 673:679 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 10 81 theme treatment 1623:1631 arg1 capacity 1633:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity 1608:1640 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR 1608:1651 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 10 81 theme treatment 1623:1631 arg1 times 1668:1672 nearly 1.5 times 1657:1672 nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR 1657:1691 The wastewater treatment capacity of AnOMEBR was nearly 1.5 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 7 82 theme initial 1215:1221 arg1 stage 1223:1227 the initial stage 1211:1227 the initial stage of membrane fouling 1211:1247 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 9 83 with AnOMEBR 1392:1398 arg1 time 1435:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 a shorter hydraulic retention time 1405:1438 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 83 with AnOMEBR 1392:1398 arg1 rate 1466:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 a higher organic loading rate 1441:1469 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 83 with AnOMEBR 1392:1398 arg1 difference 1500:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 a lower osmotic pressure difference 1475:1509 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 3 84 theme FO 620:621 arg1 cathode 673:679 cathode 673:679 cathode 673:679 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 84 theme FO 620:621 arg1 unit 664:667 the separation unit 649:667 the separation unit 649:667 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 84 theme FO 620:621 arg1 membrane 623:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 the conductive FO membrane 605:630 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 84 theme FO 620:621 arg1 both 641:644 both 641:644 both 641:644 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 1 85 theme effluent 292:299 arg1 quality 301:307 high effluent quality 287:307 high effluent quality 287:307 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 3 86 theme forward 485:491 arg1 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 86 theme forward 485:491 arg1 bioreactor 510:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 458:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 458:529 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 4 87 from development 697:707 arg1 AnOMEBR 748:754 AnOMEBR 748:754 AnOMEBR 748:754 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 6 88 theme AnOMBR 1042:1047 arg1 times 1024:1028 1.2 times 1020:1028 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR 1020:1047 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 6 88 theme AnOMBR 1042:1047 arg1 value 973:977 The absolute value 960:977 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR 960:1014 The absolute value of Zeta of sludge mixture in AnOMEBR was 1.2 times that of the AnOMBR. 32361430 3 89 theme electro-assisted 458:473 arg1 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 AnOMEBR 522:528 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 3 89 theme electro-assisted 458:473 arg1 bioreactor 510:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 458:519 electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) 458:529 In this study, electro-assisted anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMEBR) was developed to treat wastewater and mitigate membrane fouling, in which the conductive FO membrane was used both as the separation unit and cathode. 32361430 4 90 from formation 686:694 arg1 AnOMEBR 748:754 AnOMEBR 748:754 AnOMEBR 748:754 The formation, development and alleviation of membrane fouling in AnOMEBR were investigated. 32361430 1 91 theme wastewater 216:225 arg1 bioreactor 181:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor 146:190 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) 146:199 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 1 91 theme wastewater 216:225 arg1 technology 237:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 a potential wastewater treatment technology 204:246 Anaerobic forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) is a potential wastewater treatment technology, due to its low energy consumption and high effluent quality. 32361430 9 92 theme flux 1539:1542 arg1 rate 1552:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 a lower flux decline rate 1531:1555 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 9 92 theme flux 1539:1542 arg1 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 lower 1589:1593 AnOMEBR with a shorter hydraulic retention time, a higher organic loading rate and a lower osmotic pressure difference, could still obtain a lower flux decline rate of 0.063 LMH/h, which was 35.7% lower than AnOMBR. 32361430 7 93 theme foulants 1179:1186 arg1 adsorption 1165:1174 the adsorption 1161:1174 the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface 1161:1206 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 32361430 8 94 theme layer 1358:1362 arg1 thickness 1336:1344 thickness 1336:1344 thickness 1336:1344 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 8 94 theme layer 1358:1362 arg1 structure 1322:1330 structure 1322:1330 structure 1322:1330 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 8 94 theme layer 1358:1362 arg1 composition 1309:1319 composition 1309:1319 composition 1309:1319 The strong interaction among foulants further affected the composition, structure and thickness of the cake layer on the FO membrane surface. 32361430 7 95 theme membrane 1094:1101 arg1 surface 1103:1109 the membrane surface 1090:1109 the membrane surface 1090:1109 The increase in the interaction between the membrane surface and the negatively charged foulants could inhibit the adsorption of foulants on membrane surface in the initial stage of membrane fouling. 33158121 0 0 theme Pharyngeal 22:31 arg1 Glycans 46:52 Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans 22:52 Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans 22:52 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 5 1 with removal 774:780 arg1 mannosidase 837:847 α1-6 mannosidase 832:847 α1-6 mannosidase 832:847 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 2 theme F. 637:638 arg1 Removal 640:646 PNGase F. Removal 630:646 PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans 630:666 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 3 3 dep role 274:277 arg1 play 297:300 play 297:300 play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 297:403 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 5 4 theme mannose 794:800 arg1 removal 774:780 the removal 770:780 the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase 770:847 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 4 theme mannose 794:800 arg1 sialidase 875:883 the broad specificity sialidase 853:883 the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) 853:897 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 4 theme mannose 794:800 arg1 A 896:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 9 5 theme biofilm 1467:1473 arg1 formation 1475:1483 biofilm formation 1467:1483 biofilm formation 1467:1483 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 5 6 theme broad 857:861 arg1 sialidase 875:883 the broad specificity sialidase 853:883 the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) 853:897 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 6 theme broad 857:861 arg1 A 896:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 7 theme pharyngeal 608:617 arg1 cells 619:623 pharyngeal cells 608:623 pharyngeal cells 608:623 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 8 theme residues 818:825 arg1 removal 774:780 the removal 770:780 the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase 770:847 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 8 theme residues 818:825 arg1 sialidase 875:883 the broad specificity sialidase 853:883 the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) 853:897 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 8 theme residues 818:825 arg1 A 896:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 10 9 theme residues 1661:1668 arg1 removal 1617:1623 removal 1617:1623 removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues 1617:1668 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 10 10 theme sialic 1649:1654 arg1 residues 1661:1668 sialic acid residues 1649:1668 sialic acid residues 1649:1668 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 10 11 theme mannose 1637:1643 arg1 removal 1617:1623 removal 1617:1623 removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues 1617:1668 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 9 12 theme sialic 1521:1526 arg1 acid 1528:1531 sialic acid 1521:1531 sialic acid 1521:1531 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 7 13 from increase 1219:1226 arg1 tolerance 1242:1250 penicillin tolerance 1231:1250 penicillin tolerance 1231:1250 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 4 14 theme biofilm 695:701 arg1 biomass 703:709 biofilm biomass 695:709 biofilm biomass 695:709 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 9 15 theme residue 1533:1539 arg1 removal 1541:1547 residue removal 1533:1547 residue removal 1533:1547 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 4 16 theme glycans 660:666 arg1 Removal 640:646 PNGase F. Removal 630:646 PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans 630:666 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 11 17 theme biofilm 1775:1781 arg1 formation 1783:1791 GAS biofilm formation 1771:1791 GAS biofilm formation 1771:1791 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 7 18 theme penicillin 1231:1240 arg1 tolerance 1242:1250 penicillin tolerance 1231:1250 penicillin tolerance 1231:1250 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 2 19 theme treatment 216:224 arg1 rates 234:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates 205:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% 205:248 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% have been observed. 33158121 3 20 theme host 279:282 arg1 glycans 289:295 host cell glycans 279:295 host cell glycans 279:295 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 0 21 from Role 14:17 arg1 Formation 87:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 11 22 theme glycan 1809:1814 arg1 fashion 1825:1831 a strain and glycan specific fashion 1796:1831 a strain and glycan specific fashion 1796:1831 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 0 23 theme A 63:63 arg1 Formation 87:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 5 24 theme Sialidase 886:894 arg1 sialidase 875:883 the broad specificity sialidase 853:883 the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) 853:897 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 24 theme Sialidase 886:894 arg1 A 896:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 3 25 theme biofilm 309:315 arg1 formation 317:325 GAS biofilm formation 305:325 GAS biofilm formation 305:325 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 7 26 theme 2500-fold 1209:1217 arg1 increase 1219:1226 a 2500-fold increase 1207:1226 a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance 1207:1250 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 0 27 theme Biofilm 79:85 arg1 Formation 87:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 4 28 dep resulted 668:675 arg1 compared 711:718 compared 711:718 compared to untreated controls 711:740 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 3 29 theme failure 397:403 arg1 context 334:340 the context 330:340 the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 330:403 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 0 30 theme Cell 33:36 arg1 Glycans 46:52 Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans 22:52 Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans 22:52 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 6 31 theme polymeric 1080:1088 arg1 EPS 1102:1104 EPS 1102:1104 EPS 1102:1104 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 6 31 theme polymeric 1080:1088 arg1 substances 1090:1099 extracellular polymeric substances 1066:1099 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 1066:1105 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 4 32 theme serotype 447:454 arg1 biofilms 464:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 6 33 from Increases 992:1000 arg1 biomass 1013:1019 biofilm biomass 1005:1019 biofilm biomass 1005:1019 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 3 34 theme antibiotic 376:385 arg1 failure 397:403 subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 365:403 subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 365:403 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 7 35 theme untreated 1165:1173 arg1 monolayers 1186:1195 untreated pharyngeal monolayers 1165:1195 untreated pharyngeal monolayers 1165:1195 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 5 36 theme biofilm 915:921 arg1 biomass 923:929 biofilm biomass 915:929 biofilm biomass 915:929 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 37 theme Detroit 512:518 arg1 monolayers 540:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 38 theme untreated 723:731 arg1 controls 733:740 untreated controls 723:740 untreated controls 723:740 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 39 theme sialic 806:811 arg1 residues 818:825 sialic acid residues 806:825 sialic acid residues 806:825 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 1 40 theme Group 98:102 arg1 GAS 121:123 GAS 121:123 GAS 121:123 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 1 40 theme Group 98:102 arg1 Streptococcus 106:118 Group A Streptococcus 98:118 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) 98:124 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 6 41 theme increased 1042:1050 arg1 production 1052:1061 increased production 1042:1061 increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 1042:1105 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 4 42 theme pharyngeal 524:533 arg1 monolayers 540:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 11 43 theme glycan 1737:1742 arg1 structures 1744:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 7 44 theme GAS 1143:1145 arg1 biofilms 1147:1154 M12 GAS biofilms 1139:1154 M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers 1139:1195 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 4 45 from formation 499:507 arg1 monolayers 540:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 3 46 theme GAS 345:347 arg1 pharyngitis 349:359 GAS pharyngitis 345:359 GAS pharyngitis 345:359 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 11 47 theme cell 1724:1727 arg1 structures 1744:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 0 48 theme Surface 38:44 arg1 Glycans 46:52 Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans 22:52 Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans 22:52 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 11 49 theme GAS 1771:1773 arg1 formation 1783:1791 GAS biofilm formation 1771:1791 GAS biofilm formation 1771:1791 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 8 50 from tolerance 1374:1382 arg1 biofilms 1397:1404 resultant biofilms 1387:1404 resultant biofilms 1387:1404 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases resulted in a further doubling of penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms. 33158121 10 51 theme biofilm 1567:1573 arg1 biomass 1575:1581 biofilm biomass 1567:1581 biofilm biomass on monolayers 1567:1595 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 1 52 dep half 173:176 arg1 deaths 188:193 a million deaths 178:193 half a million deaths per year 173:202 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 9 53 theme additional 1418:1427 arg1 emm-types 1439:1447 an additional eight GAS emm-types 1415:1447 an additional eight GAS emm-types 1415:1447 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 7 54 theme planktonic 1264:1273 arg1 GAS 1275:1277 planktonic GAS 1264:1277 planktonic GAS 1264:1277 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 4 55 theme N-linked 586:593 arg1 glycans 595:601 all N-linked glycans 582:601 all N-linked glycans 582:601 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 56 theme Further 743:749 arg1 investigation 751:763 Further investigation 743:763 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) 743:897 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 9 57 theme GAS 1435:1437 arg1 emm-types 1439:1447 an additional eight GAS emm-types 1415:1447 an additional eight GAS emm-types 1415:1447 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 4 58 theme GAS 460:462 arg1 biofilms 464:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 59 theme enzymatic 561:569 arg1 removal 571:577 enzymatic removal 561:577 enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells 561:623 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 8 60 with Pre-treatment 1280:1292 arg1 exoglycosidases 1313:1327 exoglycosidases 1313:1327 exoglycosidases 1313:1327 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases resulted in a further doubling of penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms. 33158121 2 61 theme % 248:248 arg1 rates 234:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates 205:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% 205:248 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% have been observed. 33158121 4 62 theme PNGase 630:635 arg1 Removal 640:646 PNGase F. Removal 630:646 PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans 630:666 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 10 63 theme terminal 1628:1635 arg1 mannose 1637:1643 terminal mannose 1628:1643 terminal mannose 1628:1643 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 11 64 from impact 1764:1769 arg1 fashion 1825:1831 a strain and glycan specific fashion 1796:1831 a strain and glycan specific fashion 1796:1831 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 4 65 from cells 619:623 arg1 removal 571:577 enzymatic removal 561:577 enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells 561:623 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 66 theme acid 813:816 arg1 residues 818:825 sialic acid residues 806:825 sialic acid residues 806:825 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 1 67 theme million 137:143 arg1 infections 145:154 700 million infections 133:154 700 million infections 133:154 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 10 68 theme acid 1656:1659 arg1 residues 1661:1668 sialic acid residues 1649:1668 sialic acid residues 1649:1668 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 2 69 theme Antibiotic 205:214 arg1 rates 234:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates 205:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% 205:248 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% have been observed. 33158121 1 70 theme million 180:186 arg1 deaths 188:193 a million deaths 178:193 half a million deaths per year 173:202 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 1 71 theme A 104:104 arg1 GAS 121:123 GAS 121:123 GAS 121:123 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 1 71 theme A 104:104 arg1 Streptococcus 106:118 Group A Streptococcus 98:118 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) 98:124 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 8 72 theme monolayers 1297:1306 arg1 Pre-treatment 1280:1292 Pre-treatment 1280:1292 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases 1280:1327 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases resulted in a further doubling of penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms. 33158121 8 73 theme penicillin 1363:1372 arg1 tolerance 1374:1382 penicillin tolerance 1363:1382 penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms 1363:1404 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases resulted in a further doubling of penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms. 33158121 0 74 theme Group 57:61 arg1 Formation 87:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 11 75 dep specific 1816:1823 arg1 strain 1798:1803 strain 1798:1803 strain 1798:1803 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 2 76 theme failure 226:232 arg1 rates 234:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates 205:238 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% 205:248 Antibiotic treatment failure rates of 20-40% have been observed. 33158121 5 77 theme specificity 863:873 arg1 sialidase 875:883 the broad specificity sialidase 853:883 the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) 853:897 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 77 theme specificity 863:873 arg1 A 896:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Sialidase A 886:896 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 6 78 theme biofilm 1005:1011 arg1 biomass 1013:1019 biofilm biomass 1005:1019 biofilm biomass 1005:1019 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 4 79 theme N-linked 651:658 arg1 glycans 660:666 N-linked glycans 651:666 N-linked glycans 651:666 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 0 80 theme Streptococcus 65:77 arg1 Formation 87:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 57:95 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 1 81 theme 700 133:135 arg1 infections 145:154 700 million infections 133:154 700 million infections 133:154 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 3 82 theme cell 284:287 arg1 glycans 289:295 host cell glycans 279:295 host cell glycans 279:295 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 11 83 theme specific 1816:1823 arg1 fashion 1825:1831 a strain and glycan specific fashion 1796:1831 a strain and glycan specific fashion 1796:1831 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 4 84 link N-linked 651:658 arg1 glycans 660:666 N-linked glycans 651:666 N-linked glycans 651:666 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 85 theme GAS 443:445 arg1 biofilms 464:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 5 86 with sialidase 875:883 arg1 mannosidase 837:847 α1-6 mannosidase 832:847 α1-6 mannosidase 832:847 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 7 87 theme pharyngeal 1175:1184 arg1 monolayers 1186:1195 untreated pharyngeal monolayers 1165:1195 untreated pharyngeal monolayers 1165:1195 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 1 88 theme a 178:178 arg1 deaths 188:193 a million deaths 178:193 half a million deaths per year 173:202 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. 33158121 6 89 theme substances 1090:1099 arg1 production 1052:1061 increased production 1042:1061 increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 1042:1105 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 3 90 theme GAS 305:307 arg1 formation 317:325 GAS biofilm formation 305:325 GAS biofilm formation 305:325 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 4 91 theme M12 456:458 arg1 biofilms 464:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms 443:471 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 8 92 theme tolerance 1374:1382 arg1 doubling 1351:1358 doubling 1351:1358 doubling 1351:1358 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases resulted in a further doubling of penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms. 33158121 5 93 theme terminal 785:792 arg1 mannose 794:800 terminal mannose 785:800 terminal mannose 785:800 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 6 94 theme extracellular 1066:1078 arg1 EPS 1102:1104 EPS 1102:1104 EPS 1102:1104 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 6 94 theme extracellular 1066:1078 arg1 substances 1090:1099 extracellular polymeric substances 1066:1099 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 1066:1105 Increases in biofilm biomass were associated with increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 33158121 8 95 theme resultant 1387:1395 arg1 biofilms 1397:1404 resultant biofilms 1387:1404 resultant biofilms 1387:1404 Pre-treatment of monolayers with exoglycosidases resulted in a further doubling of penicillin tolerance in resultant biofilms. 33158121 3 96 theme treatment 387:395 arg1 failure 397:403 subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 365:403 subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 365:403 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 4 97 theme cell 535:538 arg1 monolayers 540:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 512:549 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 11 98 theme surface 1729:1735 arg1 structures 1744:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 7 99 theme M12 1139:1141 arg1 biofilms 1147:1154 M12 GAS biofilms 1139:1154 M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers 1139:1195 Furthermore, it was found that M12 GAS biofilms grown on untreated pharyngeal monolayers exhibited a 2500-fold increase in penicillin tolerance compared to planktonic GAS. 33158121 4 100 link N-linked 586:593 arg1 glycans 595:601 all N-linked glycans 582:601 all N-linked glycans 582:601 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 3 101 theme subsequent 365:374 arg1 failure 397:403 subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 365:403 subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 365:403 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 4 102 theme biofilm 491:497 arg1 formation 499:507 biofilm formation 491:507 biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers 491:549 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 11 103 theme pharyngeal 1713:1722 arg1 structures 1744:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures 1713:1753 Collectively, these data demonstrate that pharyngeal cell surface glycan structures directly impact GAS biofilm formation in a strain and glycan specific fashion. 33158121 0 104 theme Glycans 46:52 arg1 Role 14:17 the Role 10:17 the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation 10:95 Assessing the Role of Pharyngeal Cell Surface Glycans in Group A Streptococcus Biofilm Formation. 33158121 9 105 theme terminal 1500:1507 arg1 mannose 1509:1515 terminal mannose 1500:1515 terminal mannose 1500:1515 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 3 106 theme pharyngitis 349:359 arg1 context 334:340 the context 330:340 the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure 330:403 The role host cell glycans play in GAS biofilm formation in the context of GAS pharyngitis and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure has not been previously investigated. 33158121 10 107 from biomass 1575:1581 arg1 monolayers 1586:1595 monolayers 1586:1595 monolayers 1586:1595 As seen for M12, biofilm biomass on monolayers increased following removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues. 33158121 5 108 theme untreated 972:980 arg1 controls 982:989 untreated controls 972:989 untreated controls 972:989 Further investigation into the removal of terminal mannose and sialic acid residues with α1-6 mannosidase and the broad specificity sialidase (Sialidase A) also found that biofilm biomass increased significantly when compared to untreated controls. 33158121 9 109 dep mannose 1509:1515 arg1 removal 1541:1547 residue removal 1533:1547 residue removal 1533:1547 Lastly, an additional eight GAS emm-types were assessed for biofilm formation in response to terminal mannose and sialic acid residue removal. 33158121 4 110 from increase 683:690 arg1 biomass 703:709 biofilm biomass 695:709 biofilm biomass 695:709 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 33158121 4 111 theme glycans 595:601 arg1 removal 571:577 enzymatic removal 561:577 enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells 561:623 GAS serotype M12 GAS biofilms were assessed for biofilm formation on Detroit 562 pharyngeal cell monolayers following enzymatic removal of all N-linked glycans from pharyngeal cells with PNGase F. Removal of N-linked glycans resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass compared to untreated controls. 34649588 8 0 from glycosylation 1729:1741 arg1 host 1763:1766 the heterologous host 1746:1766 the heterologous host 1746:1766 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 2 1 theme production 412:421 arg1 hosts 423:427 production hosts 412:427 production hosts 412:427 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 8 2 theme native 1885:1890 arg1 host 1892:1895 native host 1885:1895 native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells 1885:1944 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 7 3 theme glycosylation 1639:1651 arg1 efficiency 1653:1662 glycosylation efficiency 1639:1662 glycosylation efficiency 1639:1662 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 6 4 theme twofold 1322:1328 arg1 improvement 1330:1340 twofold improvement 1322:1340 twofold improvement in glycosylation efficiency 1322:1368 These approaches achieve up to twofold improvement in glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 9 5 theme physiological 2085:2097 arg1 burden 2099:2104 physiological burden 2085:2104 physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth 2085:2148 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 8 6 theme protein 1824:1830 arg1 translocation 1832:1844 protein translocation 1824:1844 protein translocation 1824:1844 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 7 7 with supplementation 1409:1423 arg1 cystine 1451:1457 the chemical oxidant cystine 1430:1457 the chemical oxidant cystine 1430:1457 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 8 8 dep CONCLUSIONS 1665:1675 arg1 demonstrate 1695:1705 demonstrate 1695:1705 demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells 1695:1944 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 4 9 theme Campylobacter-derived 927:947 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 954:978 the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase 923:978 the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli 923:998 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 8 10 theme Campylobacter 1905:1917 arg1 jejuni 1919:1924 Campylobacter jejuni 1905:1924 Campylobacter jejuni 1905:1924 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 1 11 theme great 206:210 arg1 potential 212:220 great potential 206:220 great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics 206:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 9 12 theme protein 2118:2124 arg1 stress 2126:2131 unfolded protein stress 2109:2131 unfolded protein stress 2109:2131 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 1 13 theme N-linked 136:143 arg1 glycoproteins 145:157 N-linked glycoproteins 136:157 N-linked glycoproteins 136:157 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 7 14 theme protein 1550:1556 arg1 production 1558:1567 total protein production 1544:1567 total protein production 1544:1567 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 1 15 gly glycoproteins 145:157 arg1 glycoproteins 145:157 N-linked glycoproteins 136:157 N-linked glycoproteins 136:157 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 5 16 theme oxygen 1191:1196 arg1 limitation 1198:1207 oxygen limitation 1191:1207 oxygen limitation 1191:1207 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 1 17 theme faster/simpler 240:253 arg1 bioprocesses 255:266 faster/simpler bioprocesses 240:266 faster/simpler bioprocesses 240:266 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 3 18 dep bottleneck 608:617 arg1 enhance 622:628 enhance 622:628 to enhance glycosylation efficiency 619:653 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 2 19 theme expression 579:588 arg1 attenuation 559:569 attenuation 559:569 attenuation of gene expression 559:588 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 19 theme expression 579:588 arg1 use 516:518 use 516:518 use of alternative secretion pathways 516:552 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 19 theme expression 579:588 arg1 enzymes 484:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 19 theme expression 579:588 arg1 engineering 503:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 7 20 theme oxidoreductase 1500:1513 arg1 strain 1524:1529 an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1497:1529 an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1497:1529 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 5 21 with strains 1212:1218 arg1 activity 1281:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 21 with strains 1212:1218 arg1 oxidoreductase 1237:1250 compromised oxidoreductase 1225:1250 compromised oxidoreductase 1225:1250 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 0 22 theme N-glycoprotein 68:81 arg1 production 83:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production 47:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria 47:104 Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. 34649588 3 23 theme other 688:692 arg1 improvements 694:705 the other improvements 684:705 the other improvements 684:705 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 1 24 theme amenable 174:181 arg1 hosts 193:197 genetically amenable bacterial hosts 162:197 genetically amenable bacterial hosts 162:197 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 6 25 from improvement 1330:1340 arg1 efficiency 1359:1368 glycosylation efficiency 1345:1368 glycosylation efficiency 1345:1368 These approaches achieve up to twofold improvement in glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 10 26 theme heterologous 2253:2264 arg1 production 2293:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 5 27 theme disulphide-bond 1255:1269 arg1 activity 1281:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 28 theme membrane 1031:1038 arg1 time 1050:1053 increasing membrane residency time 1020:1053 increasing membrane residency time of the target protein 1020:1075 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 4 29 from oligosaccharyltransferase 954:978 arg1 coli 995:998 Escherichia coli 983:998 Escherichia coli 983:998 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 7 30 theme same 1600:1603 arg1 time 1605:1608 the same time 1596:1608 the same time 1596:1608 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 5 31 theme cleavage 1094:1101 arg1 signal 1125:1130 its secretion signal 1111:1130 its secretion signal 1111:1130 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 31 theme cleavage 1094:1101 arg1 site 1103:1106 the cleavage site 1090:1106 the cleavage site of its secretion signal 1090:1130 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 2 32 theme glycosylation 470:482 arg1 attenuation 559:569 attenuation 559:569 attenuation of gene expression 559:588 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 32 theme glycosylation 470:482 arg1 use 516:518 use 516:518 use of alternative secretion pathways 516:552 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 32 theme glycosylation 470:482 arg1 enzymes 484:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 32 theme glycosylation 470:482 arg1 engineering 503:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 33 theme alternative 523:533 arg1 pathways 545:552 alternative secretion pathways 523:552 alternative secretion pathways 523:552 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 34 dep Efforts 392:398 arg1 optimize 403:410 optimize 403:410 to optimize production hosts 400:427 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 1 35 theme distributed 308:318 arg1 manufacturing 320:332 distributed manufacturing 308:332 distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics 308:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 9 36 gly glycoprotein 2042:2053 arg1 glycoprotein 2042:2053 glycoprotein yield 2042:2059 glycoprotein yield 2042:2059 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 5 37 theme protein 1069:1075 arg1 time 1050:1053 increasing membrane residency time 1020:1053 increasing membrane residency time of the target protein 1020:1075 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 7 38 theme glycoprotein 1481:1492 arg1 titre 1472:1476 the titre 1468:1476 the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1468:1529 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 9 39 theme bioprocess 2008:2017 arg1 strategies 2019:2028 strain engineering and bioprocess strategies 1985:2028 strain engineering and bioprocess strategies 1985:2028 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 8 40 theme improved 1712:1719 arg1 glycosylation 1729:1741 improved protein glycosylation 1712:1741 improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host 1712:1766 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 4 41 theme genetic 820:826 arg1 series 810:815 a series 808:815 a series of genetic 808:826 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 1 42 theme vaccines 352:359 arg1 manufacturing 320:332 distributed manufacturing 308:332 distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics 308:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 2 43 theme pathways 545:552 arg1 attenuation 559:569 attenuation 559:569 attenuation of gene expression 559:588 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 43 theme pathways 545:552 arg1 use 516:518 use 516:518 use of alternative secretion pathways 516:552 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 43 theme pathways 545:552 arg1 enzymes 484:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 43 theme pathways 545:552 arg1 engineering 503:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 0 44 theme enhanced 47:54 arg1 production 83:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production 47:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria 47:104 Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. 34649588 1 45 theme glycoprotein 365:376 arg1 therapeutics 378:389 glycoprotein therapeutics 365:389 glycoprotein therapeutics 365:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 7 46 theme oxidant 1443:1449 arg1 cystine 1451:1457 the chemical oxidant cystine 1430:1457 the chemical oxidant cystine 1430:1457 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 3 47 theme accessibility 747:759 arg1 impact 715:720 the impact 711:720 the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation 711:780 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 3 47 theme accessibility 747:759 arg1 bottleneck 608:617 a major bottleneck 600:617 a major bottleneck 600:617 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 1 48 from production 122:131 arg1 hosts 193:197 genetically amenable bacterial hosts 162:197 genetically amenable bacterial hosts 162:197 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 5 49 theme secretion 1115:1123 arg1 signal 1125:1130 its secretion signal 1111:1130 its secretion signal 1111:1130 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 10 50 theme N-glycoprotein 2278:2291 arg1 production 2293:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 3 51 theme protein 732:738 arg1 accessibility 747:759 target protein sequon accessibility 725:759 target protein sequon accessibility 725:759 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 4 52 theme N-linked 887:894 arg1 glycosylation 896:908 recombinant N-linked glycosylation 875:908 recombinant N-linked glycosylation 875:908 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 1 53 theme greater 269:275 arg1 customisation 277:289 greater customisation 269:289 greater customisation 269:289 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 7 54 theme efficiency 1653:1662 arg1 levels 1629:1634 higher levels 1622:1634 higher levels of glycosylation efficiency 1622:1662 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 7 55 theme higher 1622:1627 arg1 levels 1629:1634 higher levels 1622:1634 higher levels of glycosylation efficiency 1622:1662 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 5 56 theme increasing 1020:1029 arg1 time 1050:1053 increasing membrane residency time 1020:1053 increasing membrane residency time of the target protein 1020:1075 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 3 57 theme major 602:606 arg1 impact 715:720 the impact 711:720 the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation 711:780 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 3 57 theme major 602:606 arg1 bottleneck 608:617 a major bottleneck 600:617 a major bottleneck 600:617 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 9 58 theme glycoprotein 2042:2053 arg1 yield 2055:2059 glycoprotein yield 2042:2059 glycoprotein yield 2042:2059 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 9 59 theme unfolded 2109:2116 arg1 stress 2126:2131 unfolded protein stress 2109:2131 unfolded protein stress 2109:2131 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 4 60 theme PglB 949:952 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 954:978 the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase 923:978 the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli 923:998 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 9 61 theme stress 2126:2131 arg1 burden 2099:2104 physiological burden 2085:2104 physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth 2085:2148 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 10 62 theme process 2155:2161 arg1 strategies 2175:2184 The process and genetic strategies 2151:2184 The process and genetic strategies identified herein 2151:2202 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 3 63 theme glycosylation 630:642 arg1 efficiency 644:653 glycosylation efficiency 630:653 glycosylation efficiency 630:653 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 1 64 theme reduced 226:232 arg1 cost 234:237 reduced cost 226:237 reduced cost 226:237 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 7 65 theme cell 1573:1576 arg1 fitness 1578:1584 cell fitness 1573:1584 cell fitness 1573:1584 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 9 66 theme cell 2138:2141 arg1 growth 2143:2148 cell growth 2138:2148 cell growth 2138:2148 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 8 67 theme mammalian 1930:1938 arg1 cells 1940:1944 mammalian cells 1930:1944 mammalian cells 1930:1944 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 0 68 from production 83:92 arg1 bacteria 97:104 bacteria 97:104 bacteria 97:104 Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. 34649588 4 69 link Campylobacter-derived 927:947 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 954:978 the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase 923:978 the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli 923:998 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 5 70 theme limitation 1198:1207 arg1 strains 1212:1218 strains 1212:1218 strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1212:1288 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 70 theme limitation 1198:1207 arg1 use 1184:1186 use 1184:1186 use of oxygen limitation 1184:1207 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 71 theme residency 1040:1048 arg1 time 1050:1053 increasing membrane residency time 1020:1053 increasing membrane residency time of the target protein 1020:1075 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 7 72 theme total 1544:1548 arg1 production 1558:1567 total protein production 1544:1567 total protein production 1544:1567 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 10 73 theme genetic 2167:2173 arg1 strategies 2175:2184 The process and genetic strategies 2151:2184 The process and genetic strategies identified herein 2151:2202 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 3 74 theme improvements 694:705 arg1 utility 673:679 the utility 669:679 the utility of the other improvements 669:705 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 1 75 theme glycoproteins 145:157 arg1 production 122:131 The production 118:131 The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts 118:197 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 6 76 theme glycosylation 1345:1357 arg1 efficiency 1359:1368 glycosylation efficiency 1345:1368 glycosylation efficiency 1345:1368 These approaches achieve up to twofold improvement in glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 10 77 theme further 2216:2222 arg1 optimisation 2224:2235 further optimisation 2216:2235 further optimisation 2216:2235 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 4 78 dep strategies 852:861 arg1 increase 866:873 increase 866:873 to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation 863:908 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 2 79 theme gene 574:577 arg1 expression 579:588 gene expression 574:588 gene expression 574:588 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 7 80 theme knockout 1515:1522 arg1 strain 1524:1529 an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1497:1529 an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1497:1529 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 1 81 gly glycoprotein 365:376 arg1 glycoprotein 365:376 glycoprotein therapeutics 365:389 glycoprotein therapeutics 365:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 1 82 theme bacterial 183:191 arg1 hosts 193:197 genetically amenable bacterial hosts 162:197 genetically amenable bacterial hosts 162:197 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 1 83 dep BACKGROUND 107:116 arg1 offers 199:204 offers 199:204 offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics 199:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 5 84 theme isomerase 1271:1279 arg1 activity 1281:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 0 85 gly N-glycoprotein 68:81 arg1 N-glycoprotein 68:81 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production 47:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria 47:104 Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. 34649588 8 86 gly glycosylation 1729:1741 arg1 host 1763:1766 the heterologous host 1746:1766 the heterologous host 1746:1766 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 9 87 theme strain 1985:1990 arg1 engineering 1992:2002 strain engineering 1985:2002 strain engineering 1985:2002 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34649588 4 88 theme engineering 840:850 arg1 strategies 852:861 engineering strategies 840:861 engineering strategies 840:861 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 5 89 theme compromised 1225:1235 arg1 oxidoreductase 1237:1250 compromised oxidoreductase 1225:1250 compromised oxidoreductase 1225:1250 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 7 90 gly glycoprotein 1481:1492 arg1 glycoprotein 1481:1492 glycoprotein 1481:1492 glycoprotein 1481:1492 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 5 91 theme target 1062:1067 arg1 protein 1069:1075 the target protein 1058:1075 the target protein 1058:1075 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 8 92 theme protein 1721:1727 arg1 glycosylation 1729:1741 improved protein glycosylation 1712:1741 improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host 1712:1766 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 10 93 gly N-glycoprotein 2278:2291 arg1 N-glycoprotein 2278:2291 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 2 94 theme heterologous 443:454 arg1 expression 456:465 heterologous expression 443:465 heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression 443:588 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 0 95 theme engineering 20:30 arg1 strategies 32:41 engineering strategies 20:41 engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria 20:104 Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. 34649588 4 96 link N-linked 887:894 arg1 glycosylation 896:908 recombinant N-linked glycosylation 875:908 recombinant N-linked glycosylation 875:908 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 5 97 with use 1184:1186 arg1 activity 1281:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 disulphide-bond isomerase activity 1255:1288 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 97 with use 1184:1186 arg1 oxidoreductase 1237:1250 compromised oxidoreductase 1225:1250 compromised oxidoreductase 1225:1250 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 2 98 theme metabolic 493:501 arg1 enzymes 484:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 glycosylation enzymes 470:490 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 2 98 theme metabolic 493:501 arg1 engineering 503:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 metabolic engineering 493:513 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 1 99 theme glycoconjugate 337:350 arg1 vaccines 352:359 glycoconjugate vaccines 337:359 glycoconjugate vaccines 337:359 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 8 100 theme heterologous 1750:1761 arg1 host 1763:1766 the heterologous host 1746:1766 the heterologous host 1746:1766 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 2 101 theme enzymes 484:490 arg1 expression 456:465 heterologous expression 443:465 heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression 443:588 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 0 102 theme recombinant 56:66 arg1 production 83:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production 47:92 enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria 47:104 Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. 34649588 5 103 theme protein 1148:1154 arg1 folding 1156:1162 protein folding 1148:1162 protein folding 1148:1162 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 7 104 theme chemical 1434:1441 arg1 cystine 1451:1457 the chemical oxidant cystine 1430:1457 the chemical oxidant cystine 1430:1457 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 2 105 theme secretion 535:543 arg1 pathways 545:552 alternative secretion pathways 523:552 alternative secretion pathways 523:552 Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. 34649588 3 106 theme sequon 740:745 arg1 accessibility 747:759 target protein sequon accessibility 725:759 target protein sequon accessibility 725:759 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 1 107 theme therapeutics 378:389 arg1 manufacturing 320:332 distributed manufacturing 308:332 distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics 308:389 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 8 108 located observed 1873:1880 arg2 translocation 1832:1844 protein translocation 1824:1844 protein translocation 1824:1844 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 8 108 located observed 1873:1880 arg1 host 1892:1895 native host 1885:1895 native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells 1885:1944 CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. 34649588 7 109 from titre 1472:1476 arg1 strain 1524:1529 an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1497:1529 an oxidoreductase knockout strain 1497:1529 Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. 34649588 10 110 theme production 2293:2302 arg1 scale-up 2241:2248 scale-up 2241:2248 scale-up 2241:2248 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 10 110 theme production 2293:2302 arg1 optimisation 2224:2235 further optimisation 2216:2235 further optimisation 2216:2235 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 1 111 link N-linked 136:143 arg1 glycoproteins 145:157 N-linked glycoproteins 136:157 N-linked glycoproteins 136:157 BACKGROUND The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. 34649588 3 112 theme target 725:730 arg1 accessibility 747:759 target protein sequon accessibility 725:759 target protein sequon accessibility 725:759 However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. 34649588 5 113 theme signal 1125:1130 arg1 signal 1125:1130 its secretion signal 1111:1130 its secretion signal 1111:1130 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 5 113 theme signal 1125:1130 arg1 site 1103:1106 the cleavage site 1090:1106 the cleavage site of its secretion signal 1090:1130 Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. 34649588 10 114 theme recombinant 2266:2276 arg1 production 2293:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production 2253:2302 The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. 34649588 4 115 theme recombinant 875:885 arg1 glycosylation 896:908 recombinant N-linked glycosylation 875:908 recombinant N-linked glycosylation 875:908 RESULTS Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. 34649588 9 116 theme engineering 1992:2002 arg1 strategies 2019:2028 strain engineering and bioprocess strategies 1985:2028 strain engineering and bioprocess strategies 1985:2028 Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. 34375644 7 0 theme sulfatide 1164:1172 arg1 hydrolysis 1174:1183 sulfatide hydrolysis 1164:1183 sulfatide hydrolysis 1164:1183 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 1 1 theme massive 261:267 arg1 storage 284:290 massive intralysosomal storage 261:290 massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 261:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 8 2 theme in vitro 1206:1213 arg1 data 1215:1218 the in vitro data 1202:1218 the in vitro data 1202:1218 Consistent with the in vitro data, deletion of FAAH lowered lyso-sulfatide levels in a mouse model of MLD. 34375644 4 3 link N-linked 755:762 arg1 acid 770:773 the N-linked fatty acid 751:773 the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide 751:788 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 10 4 theme rotarod 1621:1627 arg1 performance 1629:1639 rotarod performance 1621:1639 rotarod performance 1621:1639 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 7 5 theme enzyme 1154:1159 arg1 role 1141:1144 the novel role 1131:1144 the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis 1131:1183 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 9 6 theme FAAH 1486:1489 arg1 inactivation 1470:1481 genetic inactivation 1462:1481 genetic inactivation of FAAH 1462:1489 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 4 7 theme microglial 693:702 arg1 cells 704:708 microglial cells 693:708 microglial cells 693:708 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 7 8 theme novel 1135:1139 arg1 role 1141:1144 the novel role 1131:1144 the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis 1131:1183 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 1 9 theme lysosomal 183:191 arg1 disease 201:207 the lysosomal storage disease 179:207 the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 179:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 4 10 theme ASA-deficient 656:668 arg1 macrophages 677:687 murine macrophages 670:687 murine macrophages 670:687 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 7 11 theme recombinant 1104:1114 arg1 FAAH 1116:1119 recombinant FAAH 1104:1119 recombinant FAAH 1104:1119 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 3 12 theme lyso-sulfatide 611:624 arg1 unknown 629:635 unknown 629:635 unknown 629:635 However, the metabolic origin of lyso-sulfatide is unknown. 34375644 3 12 theme lyso-sulfatide 611:624 arg1 origin 601:606 the metabolic origin 587:606 the metabolic origin of lyso-sulfatide 587:624 However, the metabolic origin of lyso-sulfatide is unknown. 34375644 10 13 theme exploratory 1670:1680 arg1 activity 1682:1689 anxiety-related exploratory activity 1654:1689 anxiety-related exploratory activity 1654:1689 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 1 14 theme inherited 126:134 arg1 deficiency 136:145 An inherited deficiency 123:145 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) 123:170 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 6 15 theme sulfatide 983:991 arg1 Hydrolysis 969:978 Hydrolysis 969:978 Hydrolysis of sulfatide 969:991 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 4 16 theme N-linked 755:762 arg1 acid 770:773 the N-linked fatty acid 751:773 the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide 751:788 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 9 17 theme MLD 1557:1559 arg1 mice 1561:1564 MLD mice 1557:1564 MLD mice 1557:1564 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 11 18 contain has 1787:1789 arg1 FAAH 1782:1785 FAAH 1782:1785 FAAH 1782:1785 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 11 18 contain has 1787:1789 arg2 function 1804:1811 a protective function 1791:1811 a protective function 1791:1811 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 2 19 theme pathology 508:516 arg1 driver 498:503 a key driver 492:503 a key driver of pathology 492:516 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 0 20 from leukodystrophy 99:112 arg1 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 mice 117:120 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 9 21 theme established 1311:1321 arg1 cytotoxicity 1323:1334 the established cytotoxicity 1307:1334 the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases 1307:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 1 22 theme A 164:164 arg1 deficiency 136:145 An inherited deficiency 123:145 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) 123:170 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 9 23 theme inhibition 1396:1405 arg1 lyso-sulfatide 1339:1352 lyso-sulfatide 1339:1352 lyso-sulfatide 1339:1352 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 9 23 theme inhibition 1396:1405 arg1 effects 1380:1386 the anti-inflammatory effects 1358:1386 the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases 1358:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 5 24 theme astrocytoma 808:818 arg1 line 825:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line 791:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity 791:852 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 5 25 theme substrate 944:952 arg1 specificities 954:966 substrate specificities 944:966 substrate specificities 944:966 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 6 26 theme acid 1052:1055 arg1 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 6 26 theme acid 1052:1055 arg1 hydrolase 1063:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase 1035:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) 1035:1078 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 8 27 with Consistent 1186:1195 arg1 data 1215:1218 the in vitro data 1202:1218 the in vitro data 1202:1218 Consistent with the in vitro data, deletion of FAAH lowered lyso-sulfatide levels in a mouse model of MLD. 34375644 6 28 theme enzyme 1039:1044 arg1 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 6 28 theme enzyme 1039:1044 arg1 hydrolase 1063:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase 1035:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) 1035:1078 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 2 29 theme acid 444:447 arg1 lack 417:420 the lack 413:420 the lack of the N-linked fatty acid 413:447 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 9 30 theme anti-inflammatory 1362:1378 arg1 effects 1380:1386 the anti-inflammatory effects 1358:1386 the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases 1358:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 0 31 theme hydrolase 29:37 arg1 Deletion 0:7 Deletion 0:7 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase 0:37 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 4 32 from sulfatide 780:788 arg1 acid 770:773 the N-linked fatty acid 751:773 the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide 751:788 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 10 33 theme peripheral 1707:1716 arg1 neuropathy 1718:1727 peripheral neuropathy 1707:1727 peripheral neuropathy 1707:1727 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 5 34 theme activity 845:852 arg1 devoid 830:835 devoid 830:835 devoid 830:835 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 7 35 with assay 1093:1097 arg1 FAAH 1116:1119 recombinant FAAH 1104:1119 recombinant FAAH 1104:1119 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 0 36 theme fatty 12:16 arg1 hydrolase 29:37 fatty acid amide hydrolase 12:37 fatty acid amide hydrolase 12:37 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 1 37 theme acidic 299:304 arg1 sulfatide 324:332 the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide 295:332 the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide 295:332 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 1 38 theme arylsulfatase 150:162 arg1 A 164:164 arylsulfatase A 150:164 arylsulfatase A (ASA) 150:170 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 1 38 theme arylsulfatase 150:162 arg1 ASA 167:169 ASA 167:169 ASA 167:169 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 10 39 theme reduced 1734:1740 arg1 expectancy 1747:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 6 40 located detected 997:1004 arg1 cells 1014:1018 cells 1014:1018 cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) 1014:1078 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 6 40 located detected 997:1004 arg2 Hydrolysis 969:978 Hydrolysis 969:978 Hydrolysis of sulfatide 969:991 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 2 41 theme fatty 438:442 arg1 acid 444:447 the N-linked fatty acid 425:447 the N-linked fatty acid 425:447 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 0 42 theme amide 23:27 arg1 hydrolase 29:37 fatty acid amide hydrolase 12:37 fatty acid amide hydrolase 12:37 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 1 43 theme sulfatide 324:332 arg1 storage 284:290 massive intralysosomal storage 261:290 massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 261:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 10 44 theme unexpected 1572:1581 arg1 finding 1583:1589 This unexpected finding 1567:1589 This unexpected finding 1567:1589 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 1 45 theme progressive 338:348 arg1 demyelination 350:362 progressive demyelination 338:362 progressive demyelination 338:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 2 46 link N-linked 429:436 arg1 acid 444:447 the N-linked fatty acid 425:447 the N-linked fatty acid 425:447 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 11 47 theme fatal 1887:1891 arg1 condition 1893:1901 this fatal condition 1882:1901 this fatal condition 1882:1901 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 9 48 theme several 1431:1437 arg1 diseases 1452:1459 several neurological diseases 1431:1459 several neurological diseases 1431:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 8 49 theme mouse 1273:1277 arg1 model 1279:1283 a mouse model 1271:1283 a mouse model of MLD 1271:1290 Consistent with the in vitro data, deletion of FAAH lowered lyso-sulfatide levels in a mouse model of MLD. 34375644 9 50 theme diseases 1452:1459 arg1 models 1421:1426 mouse models 1415:1426 mouse models of several neurological diseases 1415:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 5 51 theme devoid 830:835 arg1 line 825:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line 791:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity 791:852 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 5 52 theme ASA-deficient 794:806 arg1 line 825:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line 791:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity 791:852 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 9 53 theme genetic 1462:1468 arg1 inactivation 1470:1481 genetic inactivation 1462:1481 genetic inactivation of FAAH 1462:1489 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 10 54 theme performance 1629:1639 arg1 aggravation 1692:1702 aggravation 1692:1702 aggravation of peripheral neuropathy 1692:1727 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 54 theme performance 1629:1639 arg1 increase 1642:1649 increase 1642:1649 increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity 1642:1689 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 54 theme performance 1629:1639 arg1 worsening 1608:1616 worsening 1608:1616 worsening of rotarod performance 1608:1639 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 54 theme performance 1629:1639 arg1 expectancy 1747:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 1 55 theme intralysosomal 269:282 arg1 storage 284:290 massive intralysosomal storage 261:290 massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 261:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 8 56 theme MLD 1288:1290 arg1 model 1279:1283 a mouse model 1271:1283 a mouse model of MLD 1271:1290 Consistent with the in vitro data, deletion of FAAH lowered lyso-sulfatide levels in a mouse model of MLD. 34375644 4 57 theme murine 670:675 arg1 macrophages 677:687 murine macrophages 670:687 murine macrophages 670:687 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 10 58 theme anxiety-related 1654:1668 arg1 activity 1682:1689 anxiety-related exploratory activity 1654:1689 anxiety-related exploratory activity 1654:1689 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 1 59 theme storage 193:199 arg1 disease 201:207 the lysosomal storage disease 179:207 the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 179:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 8 60 theme FAAH 1233:1236 arg1 deletion 1221:1228 deletion 1221:1228 deletion of FAAH 1221:1236 Consistent with the in vitro data, deletion of FAAH lowered lyso-sulfatide levels in a mouse model of MLD. 34375644 2 61 theme sulfatide 560:568 arg1 levels 570:575 sulfatide levels 560:575 sulfatide levels 560:575 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 11 62 theme novel 1840:1844 arg1 target 1858:1863 a novel therapeutic target 1838:1863 a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition 1838:1901 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 1 63 theme metachromatic 209:221 arg1 MLD 239:241 MLD 239:241 MLD 239:241 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 1 63 theme metachromatic 209:221 arg1 leukodystrophy 223:236 metachromatic leukodystrophy 209:236 the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 179:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 8 64 theme lyso-sulfatide 1246:1259 arg1 levels 1261:1266 lyso-sulfatide levels 1246:1266 lyso-sulfatide levels 1246:1266 Consistent with the in vitro data, deletion of FAAH lowered lyso-sulfatide levels in a mouse model of MLD. 34375644 10 65 theme activity 1682:1689 arg1 aggravation 1692:1702 aggravation 1692:1702 aggravation of peripheral neuropathy 1692:1727 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 65 theme activity 1682:1689 arg1 increase 1642:1649 increase 1642:1649 increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity 1642:1689 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 65 theme activity 1682:1689 arg1 worsening 1608:1616 worsening 1608:1616 worsening of rotarod performance 1608:1639 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 65 theme activity 1682:1689 arg1 expectancy 1747:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 7 66 theme cell-free 1083:1091 arg1 assay 1093:1097 A cell-free assay 1081:1097 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH 1081:1119 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 3 67 theme metabolic 591:599 arg1 unknown 629:635 unknown 629:635 unknown 629:635 However, the metabolic origin of lyso-sulfatide is unknown. 34375644 3 67 theme metabolic 591:599 arg1 origin 601:606 the metabolic origin 587:606 the metabolic origin of lyso-sulfatide 587:624 However, the metabolic origin of lyso-sulfatide is unknown. 34375644 9 68 theme disease 1536:1542 arg1 phenotype 1544:1552 the disease phenotype 1532:1552 the disease phenotype of MLD mice 1532:1564 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 9 69 theme mice 1561:1564 arg1 phenotype 1544:1552 the disease phenotype 1532:1552 the disease phenotype of MLD mice 1532:1564 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 11 70 theme protective 1793:1802 arg1 function 1804:1811 a protective function 1791:1811 a protective function 1791:1811 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 0 71 theme metachromatic 85:97 arg1 leukodystrophy 99:112 metachromatic leukodystrophy 85:112 metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice 85:120 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 11 72 dep novel 1840:1844 arg1 therapeutic 1846:1856 therapeutic 1846:1856 therapeutic 1846:1856 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 6 73 theme amide 1057:1061 arg1 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 6 73 theme amide 1057:1061 arg1 hydrolase 1063:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase 1035:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) 1035:1078 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 2 74 theme key 494:496 arg1 driver 498:503 a key driver 492:503 a key driver of pathology 492:516 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 9 75 theme lyso-sulfatide 1339:1352 arg1 cytotoxicity 1323:1334 the established cytotoxicity 1307:1334 the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases 1307:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 6 76 theme fatty 1046:1050 arg1 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 FAAH 1074:1077 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 6 76 theme fatty 1046:1050 arg1 hydrolase 1063:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase 1035:1071 the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) 1035:1078 Hydrolysis of sulfatide was detected only in cells overexpressing the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). 34375644 10 77 theme neuropathy 1718:1727 arg1 aggravation 1692:1702 aggravation 1692:1702 aggravation of peripheral neuropathy 1692:1727 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 77 theme neuropathy 1718:1727 arg1 increase 1642:1649 increase 1642:1649 increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity 1642:1689 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 77 theme neuropathy 1718:1727 arg1 worsening 1608:1616 worsening 1608:1616 worsening of rotarod performance 1608:1639 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 10 77 theme neuropathy 1718:1727 arg1 expectancy 1747:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 9 78 theme effects 1380:1386 arg1 cytotoxicity 1323:1334 the established cytotoxicity 1307:1334 the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases 1307:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 4 79 theme fatty 764:768 arg1 acid 770:773 the N-linked fatty acid 751:773 the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide 751:788 We show here that ASA-deficient murine macrophages and microglial cells express an endo-N-deacylase that cleaves the N-linked fatty acid from sulfatide. 34375644 0 80 theme acid 18:21 arg1 hydrolase 29:37 fatty acid amide hydrolase 12:37 fatty acid amide hydrolase 12:37 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 9 81 theme FAAH 1391:1394 arg1 inhibition 1396:1405 FAAH inhibition 1391:1405 FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases 1391:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 7 82 from role 1141:1144 arg1 hydrolysis 1174:1183 sulfatide hydrolysis 1164:1183 sulfatide hydrolysis 1164:1183 A cell-free assay with recombinant FAAH confirmed the novel role of this enzyme in sulfatide hydrolysis. 34375644 10 83 theme life 1742:1745 arg1 expectancy 1747:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 reduced life expectancy 1734:1756 This unexpected finding was reflected by worsening of rotarod performance, increase of anxiety-related exploratory activity, aggravation of peripheral neuropathy, and reduced life expectancy. 34375644 5 84 theme cell 820:823 arg1 line 825:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line 791:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity 791:852 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 1 85 theme glycosphingolipid 306:322 arg1 sulfatide 324:332 the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide 295:332 the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide 295:332 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 2 86 theme N-linked 429:436 arg1 acid 444:447 the N-linked fatty acid 425:447 the N-linked fatty acid 425:447 Lyso-sulfatide, which differs from sulfatide by the lack of the N-linked fatty acid, also accumulates in MLD and is considered a key driver of pathology although its concentrations are far below sulfatide levels. 34375644 0 87 theme lyso-sulfatide 47:60 arg1 levels 62:67 lyso-sulfatide levels 47:67 lyso-sulfatide levels 47:67 Deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduces lyso-sulfatide levels but exacerbates metachromatic leukodystrophy in mice. 34375644 9 88 theme mouse 1415:1419 arg1 models 1421:1426 mouse models 1415:1426 mouse models of several neurological diseases 1415:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 5 89 used used 858:861 arg2 line 825:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line 791:828 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity 791:852 An ASA-deficient astrocytoma cell line devoid of this activity was used to identify the enzyme by overexpressing 13 deacylases with potentially matching substrate specificities. 34375644 1 90 theme demyelination 350:362 arg1 storage 284:290 massive intralysosomal storage 261:290 massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 261:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 11 91 theme condition 1893:1901 arg1 treatment 1869:1877 treatment 1869:1877 treatment of this fatal condition 1869:1901 Thus, we conclude that FAAH has a protective function in MLD and may represent a novel therapeutic target for treatment of this fatal condition. 34375644 9 92 theme neurological 1439:1450 arg1 diseases 1452:1459 several neurological diseases 1431:1459 several neurological diseases 1431:1459 Regardless of the established cytotoxicity of lyso-sulfatide and the anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition seen in mouse models of several neurological diseases, genetic inactivation of FAAH did not mitigate, but rather exacerbated the disease phenotype of MLD mice. 34375644 1 93 dep disease 201:207 arg1 MLD 239:241 MLD 239:241 MLD 239:241 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 34375644 1 93 dep disease 201:207 arg1 leukodystrophy 223:236 metachromatic leukodystrophy 209:236 the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination 179:362 An inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes the lysosomal storage disease metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) characterized by massive intralysosomal storage of the acidic glycosphingolipid sulfatide and progressive demyelination. 32331895 3 0 theme Chinese 662:668 arg1 cells 690:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 2 1 theme N-Linked 328:335 arg1 glycosylation 337:349 N-Linked glycosylation 328:349 N-Linked glycosylation 328:349 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 1 2 theme mammary 224:230 arg1 gland 232:236 the bovine mammary gland 213:236 the bovine mammary gland 213:236 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 10 3 theme 4.23 1724:1727 arg1 µM 1729:1730 98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM 1699:1730 µM 1729:1730 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 5 4 dep http 746:749 arg1 //202.195.246.60/BioXM/ 751:773 //202.195.246.60/BioXM/ 751:773 http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/ 746:773 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 3 5 gly N-glycosylation 601:615 arg2 sites 617:621 N-glycosylation sites 601:621 N-glycosylation sites 601:621 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 10 6 theme Kinetic 1601:1607 arg1 studies 1609:1615 Kinetic studies 1601:1615 Kinetic studies 1601:1615 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 3 7 theme CHO 685:687 arg1 cells 690:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 5 8 dep BioXM 739:743 arg1 http 746:749 http 746:749 http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/ 746:773 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 5 8 dep BioXM 739:743 arg1 software 830:837 software 830:837 software 830:837 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 10 9 theme ± 1849:1849 arg1 pmol/min 1873:1880 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min 1851:1880 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type 1851:1923 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 10 10 theme protein 1899:1905 arg1 milligram 1886:1894 milligram 1886:1894 milligram of protein 1886:1905 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 10 11 theme wild 1740:1743 arg1 type 1745:1748 the wild type 1736:1748 the wild type 1736:1748 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 6 12 theme AA 933:934 arg1 sequence 936:943 The AA sequence 929:943 The AA sequence of bPepT2 929:953 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 1 13 theme di- 190:192 arg1 absorption 176:185 the absorption 172:185 the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland 172:236 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 10 14 theme 40.29 1843:1847 arg1 ± 1849:1849 ± 1849:1849 ± 1849:1849 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 2 15 theme bPepT2 540:545 arg1 function 528:535 the function 524:535 the function of bPepT2 524:545 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 3 16 theme N-glycosylation 601:615 arg1 sites 617:621 N-glycosylation sites 601:621 N-glycosylation sites 601:621 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 9 17 theme N-linked 1496:1503 arg1 glycosylation 1505:1517 N-linked glycosylation 1496:1517 N-linked glycosylation 1496:1517 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 1 18 theme Bovine 118:123 arg1 transporter 133:143 Bovine peptide transporter 2 118:145 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2) 118:154 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 18 theme Bovine 118:123 arg1 bPepT2 148:153 bPepT2 148:153 bPepT2 148:153 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 7 19 theme mutant 1187:1192 arg1 construct 1194:1202 the mutant construct 1183:1202 the mutant construct 1183:1202 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 3 20 theme mutagenesis 586:596 arg1 effect 576:581 the effect 572:581 the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 572:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 8 21 contain had 1312:1314 arg2 activity 1343:1350 significantly lower uptake activity 1316:1350 significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide 1316:1449 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 8 21 contain had 1312:1314 arg1 mutant 1305:1310 the bPepT2 mutant 1294:1310 the bPepT2 mutant 1294:1310 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 0 22 theme transport 66:74 arg1 activity 76:83 the transport activity 62:83 the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2 62:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 1 23 theme residues 318:325 arg1 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 23 theme residues 318:325 arg1 sites 298:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites 264:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues 264:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 5 24 theme AA 864:865 arg1 composition 867:877 AA composition 864:877 AA composition 864:877 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 9 25 from uptake 1532:1537 arg1 cells 1564:1568 CHO cells 1560:1568 CHO cells relative to the control group 1560:1598 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 2 26 theme essential 506:514 arg1 role 516:519 an essential role 503:519 an essential role 503:519 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 7 27 from sites 1117:1121 arg1 loop 1131:1134 this loop 1126:1134 this loop 1126:1134 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 10 28 dep mutation 1689:1696 arg1 mutant 1758:1763 mutant 1758:1763 mutant 1758:1763 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 10 28 dep mutation 1689:1696 arg1 ± 1705:1705 98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM 1699:1730 ± 1705:1705 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 10 28 dep mutation 1689:1696 arg1 µM 1729:1730 98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM 1699:1730 µM 1729:1730 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 1 29 theme peptide 125:131 arg1 transporter 133:143 Bovine peptide transporter 2 118:145 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2) 118:154 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 29 theme peptide 125:131 arg1 bPepT2 148:153 bPepT2 148:153 bPepT2 148:153 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 5 30 dep composition 867:877 arg1 the 860:862 the 860:862 the 860:862 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 0 31 theme peptide 95:101 arg1 transporter 103:113 bovine peptide transporter 2 88:115 bovine peptide transporter 2 88:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 4 32 theme bPepT2 701:706 arg1 cDNA 708:711 The bPepT2 cDNA 697:711 The bPepT2 cDNA 697:711 The bPepT2 cDNA was cloned and sequenced. 32331895 10 33 theme Michaelis 1636:1644 arg1 constant 1646:1653 the Michaelis constant 1632:1653 the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 1632:1663 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 0 34 theme Short 0:4 arg1 communication 6:18 Short communication 0:18 Short communication 0:18 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 5 35 theme bPepT2 907:912 arg1 bPepT2 907:912 bPepT2 907:912 bPepT2 907:912 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 5 35 theme bPepT2 907:912 arg1 composition 867:877 AA composition 864:877 AA composition 864:877 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 5 35 theme bPepT2 907:912 arg1 domain 897:902 transmembrane domain 883:902 transmembrane domain 883:902 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 6 36 theme large 1010:1014 arg1 loop 1030:1033 a large extracellular loop 1008:1033 a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains 1008:1083 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 8 37 theme uptake 1336:1341 arg1 activity 1343:1350 significantly lower uptake activity 1316:1350 significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide 1316:1449 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 2 38 theme nutrient 444:451 arg1 transporters 453:464 nutrient transporters 444:464 nutrient transporters 444:464 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 9 39 with Treatment 1452:1460 arg1 tunicamycin 1467:1477 tunicamycin 1467:1477 tunicamycin 1467:1477 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 9 39 with Treatment 1452:1460 arg1 inhibitor 1483:1491 an inhibitor 1480:1491 an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation 1480:1517 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 3 40 theme transport 630:638 arg1 function 640:647 the transport function 626:647 the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 626:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 2 41 dep folding 385:391 arg1 the 381:383 the 381:383 the 381:383 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 3 42 from effect 576:581 arg1 function 640:647 the transport function 626:647 the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 626:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 0 43 theme essential 25:33 arg1 role 35:38 The essential role 21:38 The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2 21:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 1 44 theme multiple 264:271 arg1 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 44 theme multiple 264:271 arg1 sites 298:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites 264:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues 264:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 9 45 theme control 1586:1592 arg1 group 1594:1598 the control group 1582:1598 the control group 1582:1598 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 8 46 theme acid 1410:1413 arg1 activity 1343:1350 significantly lower uptake activity 1316:1350 significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide 1316:1449 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 10 47 theme transport 1797:1805 arg1 activity 1807:1814 the maximum transport activity 1785:1814 the maximum transport activity 1785:1814 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 7 48 theme putative 1092:1099 arg1 sites 1117:1121 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites 1086:1121 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop 1086:1134 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 1 49 theme N-glycosylation 282:296 arg1 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 49 theme N-glycosylation 282:296 arg1 sites 298:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites 264:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues 264:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 9 50 link N-linked 1496:1503 arg1 glycosylation 1505:1517 N-linked glycosylation 1496:1517 N-linked glycosylation 1496:1517 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 7 51 theme transport 1239:1247 arg1 assay 1258:1262 transport activity assay 1239:1262 transport activity assay 1239:1262 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 6 52 theme transmembrane 1063:1075 arg1 domains 1077:1083 the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains 1043:1083 domains 1077:1083 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 3 53 from function 640:647 arg1 cells 690:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 2 54 contain have 498:501 arg1 glycosylation 337:349 N-Linked glycosylation 328:349 N-Linked glycosylation 328:349 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 2 54 contain have 498:501 arg2 role 516:519 an essential role 503:519 an essential role 503:519 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 0 55 gly N-glycosylation 43:57 arg1 transport 66:74 the transport activity 62:83 the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2 62:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 0 55 gly N-glycosylation 43:57 arg1 transporter 103:113 bovine peptide transporter 2 88:115 bovine peptide transporter 2 88:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 10 56 dep reduced 1834:1840 arg1 mutant 1933:1938 mutant 1933:1938 mutant 1933:1938 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 10 56 dep reduced 1834:1840 arg1 pmol/min 1873:1880 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min 1851:1880 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type 1851:1923 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 1 57 theme bovine 217:222 arg1 gland 232:236 the bovine mammary gland 213:236 the bovine mammary gland 213:236 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 3 58 theme hamster 670:676 arg1 cells 690:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 1 59 contain contain 256:262 arg2 sites 298:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites 264:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues 264:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 59 contain contain 256:262 arg2 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 59 contain contain 256:262 arg1 transporter 133:143 Bovine peptide transporter 2 118:145 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2) 118:154 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 59 contain contain 256:262 arg1 bPepT2 148:153 bPepT2 148:153 bPepT2 148:153 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 10 60 theme ± 1722:1722 arg1 µM 1729:1730 98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM 1699:1730 µM 1729:1730 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 5 61 used used 844:847 arg2 TMHMM 780:784 TMHMM 780:784 TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) 780:828 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 5 61 used used 844:847 arg2 BioXM 739:743 BioXM 739:743 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) 739:774 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 5 61 used used 844:847 arg2 http 787:790 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/ 787:827 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/ 787:827 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 11 62 theme bPepT2 2045:2050 arg1 function 2033:2040 the function 2029:2040 the function of bPepT2 2029:2050 In summary, this study demonstrated that N-glycosylation is critical for the function of bPepT2. 32331895 8 63 theme model 1435:1439 arg1 dipeptide 1441:1449 a model dipeptide 1433:1449 a model dipeptide 1433:1449 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 8 63 theme model 1435:1439 arg1 acid 1410:1413 β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid 1355:1413 β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) 1355:1430 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 7 64 theme site-directed 1152:1164 arg1 mutagenesis 1166:1176 site-directed mutagenesis 1152:1176 site-directed mutagenesis 1152:1176 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 1 65 from absorption 176:185 arg1 gland 232:236 the bovine mammary gland 213:236 the bovine mammary gland 213:236 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 5 66 theme transmembrane 883:895 arg1 bPepT2 907:912 bPepT2 907:912 bPepT2 907:912 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 5 66 theme transmembrane 883:895 arg1 domain 897:902 transmembrane domain 883:902 transmembrane domain 883:902 BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. 32331895 11 67 gly N-glycosylation 1997:2011 arg1 bPepT2 2045:2050 bPepT2 2045:2050 bPepT2 2045:2050 In summary, this study demonstrated that N-glycosylation is critical for the function of bPepT2. 32331895 6 68 theme transmembrane 980:992 arg1 domains 994:1000 12 transmembrane domains 977:1000 12 transmembrane domains 977:1000 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 10 69 theme maximum 1789:1795 arg1 activity 1807:1814 the maximum transport activity 1785:1814 the maximum transport activity 1785:1814 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 9 70 theme glycosylation 1505:1517 arg1 tunicamycin 1467:1477 tunicamycin 1467:1477 tunicamycin 1467:1477 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 9 70 theme glycosylation 1505:1517 arg1 inhibitor 1483:1491 an inhibitor 1480:1491 an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation 1480:1517 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 1 71 theme asparagine 307:316 arg1 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 72 gly N-glycosylation 282:296 arg2 sites 298:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites 264:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues 264:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 72 gly N-glycosylation 282:296 arg1 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 72 gly N-glycosylation 282:296 arg2 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 2 73 theme transporters 453:464 arg1 binding 433:439 substrate binding 423:439 substrate binding 423:439 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 2 73 theme transporters 453:464 arg1 folding 385:391 folding 385:391 folding 385:391 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 2 73 theme transporters 453:464 arg1 localization 405:416 localization 405:416 localization 405:416 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 2 73 theme transporters 453:464 arg1 stability 394:402 stability 394:402 stability 394:402 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 8 74 theme wild 1283:1286 arg1 type 1288:1291 the wild type 1279:1291 the wild type 1279:1291 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 0 75 theme bovine 88:93 arg1 transporter 103:113 bovine peptide transporter 2 88:115 bovine peptide transporter 2 88:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 6 76 theme bPepT2 948:953 arg1 sequence 936:943 The AA sequence 929:943 The AA sequence of bPepT2 929:953 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 6 77 contain have 972:975 arg2 domains 994:1000 12 transmembrane domains 977:1000 12 transmembrane domains 977:1000 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 6 77 contain have 972:975 arg1 sequence 936:943 The AA sequence 929:943 The AA sequence of bPepT2 929:953 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 0 78 theme transporter 103:113 arg1 activity 76:83 the transport activity 62:83 the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2 62:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 9 79 theme β-Ala-Lys-AMCA 1542:1555 arg1 uptake 1532:1537 the uptake 1528:1537 the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group 1528:1598 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 0 80 from role 35:38 arg1 activity 76:83 the transport activity 62:83 the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2 62:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 8 81 theme bPepT2 1298:1303 arg1 mutant 1305:1310 the bPepT2 mutant 1294:1310 the bPepT2 mutant 1294:1310 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 9 82 theme CHO 1560:1562 arg1 cells 1564:1568 CHO cells 1560:1568 CHO cells relative to the control group 1560:1598 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 6 83 theme extracellular 1016:1028 arg1 loop 1030:1033 a large extracellular loop 1008:1033 a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains 1008:1083 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 9 84 theme relative 1570:1577 arg1 cells 1564:1568 CHO cells 1560:1568 CHO cells relative to the control group 1560:1598 Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. 32331895 8 85 theme lower 1330:1334 arg1 activity 1343:1350 significantly lower uptake activity 1316:1350 significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide 1316:1449 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 7 86 theme N-glycosylation 1101:1115 arg1 sites 1117:1121 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites 1086:1121 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop 1086:1134 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 7 87 theme activity 1249:1256 arg1 assay 1258:1262 transport activity assay 1239:1262 transport activity assay 1239:1262 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 2 88 gly glycosylation 337:349 arg1 transporters 453:464 nutrient transporters 444:464 nutrient transporters 444:464 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 2 88 gly glycosylation 337:349 arg1 substrate 423:431 substrate binding 423:439 substrate binding 423:439 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 3 89 theme sites 617:621 arg1 mutagenesis 586:596 mutagenesis 586:596 mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites 586:621 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 7 90 gly N-glycosylation 1101:1115 arg2 5 1090:1090 5 1090:1090 5 1090:1090 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 7 90 gly N-glycosylation 1101:1115 arg2 sites 1117:1121 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites 1086:1121 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop 1086:1134 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 10 91 theme bPepT2 1658:1663 arg1 constant 1646:1653 the Michaelis constant 1632:1653 the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 1632:1663 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 32331895 0 92 theme N-glycosylation 43:57 arg1 role 35:38 The essential role 21:38 The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2 21:115 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 1 93 theme putative 273:280 arg1 residues 318:325 asparagine residues 307:325 asparagine residues 307:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 1 93 theme putative 273:280 arg1 sites 298:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites 264:302 multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues 264:325 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 0 94 dep role 35:38 arg1 communication 6:18 Short communication 0:18 Short communication 0:18 Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. 32331895 2 95 theme substrate 423:431 arg1 binding 433:439 substrate binding 423:439 substrate binding 423:439 N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. 32331895 3 96 theme bPepT2 652:657 arg1 function 640:647 the transport function 626:647 the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 626:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 8 97 theme β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic 1355:1408 arg1 dipeptide 1441:1449 a model dipeptide 1433:1449 a model dipeptide 1433:1449 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 8 97 theme β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic 1355:1408 arg1 β-Ala-Lys-AMCA 1416:1429 β-Ala-Lys-AMCA 1416:1429 β-Ala-Lys-AMCA 1416:1429 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 8 97 theme β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic 1355:1408 arg1 acid 1410:1413 β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid 1355:1413 β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) 1355:1430 Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. 32331895 7 98 theme CHO 1225:1227 arg1 cells 1229:1233 CHO cells 1225:1233 CHO cells 1225:1233 All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. 32331895 1 99 theme tripeptides 198:208 arg1 absorption 176:185 the absorption 172:185 the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland 172:236 Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. 32331895 6 100 theme tenth 1057:1061 arg1 domains 1077:1083 the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains 1043:1083 domains 1077:1083 The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. 32331895 3 101 theme ovary 678:682 arg1 cells 690:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 662:694 This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 32331895 10 102 theme wild 1915:1918 arg1 type 1920:1923 the wild type 1911:1923 the wild type 1911:1923 Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). 34934932 2 0 dep N-acetylglucosamine 307:325 arg1 motif 327:331 motif 327:331 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) 298:349 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 5 1 theme anti-hypertrophic 809:825 arg1 effect 827:832 anti-hypertrophic effect 809:832 anti-hypertrophic effect 809:832 Knockdown of GFAT2 does not affect anti-hypertrophic effect by Akt inhibition. 34934932 6 2 theme cardiomyocyte 957:969 arg1 hypertrophy 971:981 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 957:981 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 957:981 Administration of glucosamine, a substrate of HBP, induces protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. 34934932 6 3 theme glucosamine 871:881 arg1 Administration 853:866 Administration 853:866 Administration of glucosamine, a substrate of HBP, 853:902 Administration of glucosamine, a substrate of HBP, induces protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. 34934932 2 4 theme post-translational 366:383 arg1 modification 385:396 a post-translational modification 364:396 a post-translational modification 364:396 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 4 theme post-translational 366:383 arg1 attachment 284:293 the attachment 280:293 the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins 280:361 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 8 5 theme critical 1252:1259 arg1 target 1273:1278 a critical therapeutic target 1250:1278 a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy 1250:1301 Our results demonstrate that GFAT2 mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway and could be a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 2 6 theme N-acetylglucosamine 307:325 arg1 modification 385:396 a post-translational modification 364:396 a post-translational modification 364:396 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 6 theme N-acetylglucosamine 307:325 arg1 attachment 284:293 the attachment 280:293 the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins 280:361 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 7 theme O-linked 298:305 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 307:325 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 298:325 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) 298:349 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 7 theme O-linked 298:305 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 3 8 theme GFAT 528:531 arg1 isoform 517:523 a major isoform 509:523 a major isoform of GFAT in the heart 509:544 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 8 theme GFAT 528:531 arg1 amidotransferase 455:470 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 424:472 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) 424:480 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 4 9 theme cardiomyocyte 681:693 arg1 hypertrophy 695:705 ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 669:705 ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 669:705 Knockdown of GFAT2 suppresses ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation. 34934932 5 10 theme GFAT2 787:791 arg1 Knockdown 774:782 Knockdown 774:782 Knockdown of GFAT2 774:791 Knockdown of GFAT2 does not affect anti-hypertrophic effect by Akt inhibition. 34934932 2 11 theme biosynthesis 189:200 arg1 pathway 230:236 an accessory pathway 217:236 an accessory pathway of glycolysis 217:250 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 11 theme biosynthesis 189:200 arg1 HBP 211:213 HBP 211:213 HBP 211:213 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 11 theme biosynthesis 189:200 arg1 pathway 202:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 178:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 178:214 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 1 12 theme cardiac 107:113 arg1 hypertrophy 115:125 cardiac hypertrophy 107:125 cardiac hypertrophy 107:125 Molecular mechanisms mediating cardiac hypertrophy by glucose metabolism are incompletely understood. 34934932 3 13 theme critical 485:492 arg1 enzyme 498:503 a critical HBP enzyme 483:503 a critical HBP enzyme 483:503 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 13 theme critical 485:492 arg1 amidotransferase 455:470 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 424:472 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) 424:480 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 8 14 theme cardiac 1283:1289 arg1 hypertrophy 1291:1301 cardiac hypertrophy 1283:1301 cardiac hypertrophy 1283:1301 Our results demonstrate that GFAT2 mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway and could be a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 2 15 theme Hexosamine 178:187 arg1 pathway 230:236 an accessory pathway 217:236 an accessory pathway of glycolysis 217:250 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 15 theme Hexosamine 178:187 arg1 HBP 211:213 HBP 211:213 HBP 211:213 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 15 theme Hexosamine 178:187 arg1 pathway 202:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 178:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 178:214 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 3 16 theme several 578:584 arg1 stimuli 599:605 several hypertrophic stimuli 578:605 several hypertrophic stimuli 578:605 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 16 theme several 578:584 arg1 isoproterenol 618:630 isoproterenol 618:630 isoproterenol (ISO) 618:636 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 8 17 theme cardiomyocyte 1176:1188 arg1 hypertrophy 1190:1200 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 1176:1200 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 1176:1200 Our results demonstrate that GFAT2 mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway and could be a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 3 18 theme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate 424:453 arg1 isoform 517:523 a major isoform 509:523 a major isoform of GFAT in the heart 509:544 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 18 theme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate 424:453 arg1 enzyme 498:503 a critical HBP enzyme 483:503 a critical HBP enzyme 483:503 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 18 theme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate 424:453 arg1 amidotransferase 455:470 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 424:472 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) 424:480 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 18 theme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate 424:453 arg1 GFAT2 475:479 GFAT2 475:479 GFAT2 475:479 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 19 from isoform 517:523 arg1 heart 540:544 the heart 536:544 the heart 536:544 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 20 theme hypertrophic 586:597 arg1 stimuli 599:605 several hypertrophic stimuli 578:605 several hypertrophic stimuli 578:605 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 20 theme hypertrophic 586:597 arg1 isoproterenol 618:630 isoproterenol 618:630 isoproterenol (ISO) 618:636 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 8 21 theme therapeutic 1261:1271 arg1 target 1273:1278 a critical therapeutic target 1250:1278 a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy 1250:1301 Our results demonstrate that GFAT2 mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway and could be a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 1 22 theme glucose 130:136 arg1 metabolism 138:147 glucose metabolism 130:147 glucose metabolism 130:147 Molecular mechanisms mediating cardiac hypertrophy by glucose metabolism are incompletely understood. 34934932 7 23 theme Akt 1091:1093 arg1 activation 1095:1104 Akt activation 1091:1104 Akt activation 1091:1104 In mice, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of GFAT, attenuates ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 0 24 theme cardiac 15:21 arg1 hypertrophy 23:33 cardiac hypertrophy 15:33 cardiac hypertrophy 15:33 GFAT2 mediates cardiac hypertrophy through HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway. 34934932 4 25 dep Akt 738:740 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 742:756 O-GlcNAcylation 742:756 O-GlcNAcylation 742:756 Knockdown of GFAT2 suppresses ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation. 34934932 4 25 dep Akt 738:740 arg1 activation 762:771 activation 762:771 activation 762:771 Knockdown of GFAT2 suppresses ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation. 34934932 0 26 theme HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt 43:65 arg1 pathway 67:73 HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway 43:73 HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway 43:73 GFAT2 mediates cardiac hypertrophy through HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway. 34934932 2 27 link O-linked 298:305 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 307:325 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 298:325 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) 298:349 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 27 link O-linked 298:305 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 3 28 theme HBP 494:496 arg1 enzyme 498:503 a critical HBP enzyme 483:503 a critical HBP enzyme 483:503 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 28 theme HBP 494:496 arg1 amidotransferase 455:470 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 424:472 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) 424:480 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 4 29 theme GFAT2 652:656 arg1 Knockdown 639:647 Knockdown 639:647 Knockdown of GFAT2 639:656 Knockdown of GFAT2 suppresses ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation. 34934932 5 30 theme Akt 837:839 arg1 inhibition 841:850 Akt inhibition 837:850 Akt inhibition 837:850 Knockdown of GFAT2 does not affect anti-hypertrophic effect by Akt inhibition. 34934932 6 31 theme HBP 899:901 arg1 substrate 886:894 a substrate 884:894 a substrate of HBP 884:901 Administration of glucosamine, a substrate of HBP, induces protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. 34934932 6 31 theme HBP 899:901 arg1 glucosamine 871:881 glucosamine 871:881 glucosamine 871:881 Administration of glucosamine, a substrate of HBP, induces protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. 34934932 6 32 theme Akt 937:939 arg1 activation 941:950 Akt activation 937:950 Akt activation 937:950 Administration of glucosamine, a substrate of HBP, induces protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. 34934932 2 33 attach attachment 284:293 arg2 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 O-GlcNAcylation 334:348 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 33 attach attachment 284:293 arg2 N-acetylglucosamine 307:325 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 298:325 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) 298:349 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 33 attach attachment 284:293 arg1 proteins 354:361 proteins 354:361 proteins 354:361 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 7 34 theme cardiac 1111:1117 arg1 hypertrophy 1119:1129 cardiac hypertrophy 1111:1129 cardiac hypertrophy 1111:1129 In mice, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of GFAT, attenuates ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 2 35 theme glycolysis 241:250 arg1 pathway 230:236 an accessory pathway 217:236 an accessory pathway of glycolysis 217:250 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 35 theme glycolysis 241:250 arg1 pathway 202:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 178:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 178:214 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 7 36 theme protein 1066:1072 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1074:1088 ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1054:1088 ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1054:1088 In mice, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of GFAT, attenuates ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 4 37 theme Akt 738:740 arg1 suppression 723:733 suppression 723:733 suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation 723:771 Knockdown of GFAT2 suppresses ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation. 34934932 8 38 theme HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt 1205:1227 arg1 pathway 1229:1235 HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway 1205:1235 HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway 1205:1235 Our results demonstrate that GFAT2 mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway and could be a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 1 39 theme Molecular 76:84 arg1 mechanisms 86:95 Molecular mechanisms 76:95 Molecular mechanisms mediating cardiac hypertrophy by glucose metabolism 76:147 Molecular mechanisms mediating cardiac hypertrophy by glucose metabolism are incompletely understood. 34934932 3 40 theme major 511:515 arg1 isoform 517:523 a major isoform 509:523 a major isoform of GFAT in the heart 509:544 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 3 40 theme major 511:515 arg1 amidotransferase 455:470 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 424:472 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) 424:480 We here demonstrate that glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2), a critical HBP enzyme, is a major isoform of GFAT in the heart and is increased in response to several hypertrophic stimuli, including isoproterenol (ISO). 34934932 2 41 theme accessory 220:228 arg1 pathway 230:236 an accessory pathway 217:236 an accessory pathway of glycolysis 217:250 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 2 41 theme accessory 220:228 arg1 pathway 202:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 178:208 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 178:214 Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), an accessory pathway of glycolysis, is known to be involved in the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine motif (O-GlcNAcylation) to proteins, a post-translational modification. 34934932 7 42 theme ISO-induced 1054:1064 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1074:1088 ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1054:1088 ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation 1054:1088 In mice, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of GFAT, attenuates ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 4 43 theme ISO-induced 669:679 arg1 hypertrophy 695:705 ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 669:705 ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy 669:705 Knockdown of GFAT2 suppresses ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, accompanied by suppression of Akt O-GlcNAcylation and activation. 34934932 8 44 theme hypertrophy 1291:1301 arg1 target 1273:1278 a critical therapeutic target 1250:1278 a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy 1250:1301 Our results demonstrate that GFAT2 mediates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by HBP-O-GlcNAcylation-Akt pathway and could be a critical therapeutic target of cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 7 45 theme GFAT 1037:1040 arg1 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine 993:1018 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine 993:1018 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine 993:1018 In mice, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of GFAT, attenuates ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiac hypertrophy. 34934932 7 45 theme GFAT 1037:1040 arg1 inhibitor 1024:1032 an inhibitor 1021:1032 an inhibitor of GFAT 1021:1040 In mice, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of GFAT, attenuates ISO-induced protein O-GlcNAcylation, Akt activation, and cardiac hypertrophy. 34632474 5 0 theme ion 839:841 arg1 structures 843:852 product ion structures 831:852 product ion structures 831:852 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 3 1 theme furanose 552:559 arg1 ions 574:577 furanose N-acetylated ions 552:577 furanose N-acetylated ions 552:577 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 5 2 dep reaction 806:813 arg1 feasibility 815:825 feasibility 815:825 feasibility 815:825 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 4 3 theme irrespective 641:652 arg1 peptidoglycans 626:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans 605:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β) 605:696 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 5 4 theme glycosidic 719:728 arg1 bonds 740:744 the glycosidic and other bonds 715:744 the glycosidic and other bonds 715:744 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 3 5 theme N-acetylated 561:572 arg1 ions 574:577 furanose N-acetylated ions 552:577 furanose N-acetylated ions 552:577 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 0 6 from Evidence 0:7 arg1 peptidoglycans 71:84 protonated peptidoglycans 60:84 protonated peptidoglycans 60:84 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 2 7 theme gas-phase 334:342 arg1 processes 357:365 the critical gas-phase dissociation processes 321:365 the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved 321:374 Mass spectrometry is employed to infer their biomolecular sequences and stereochemisties, but little is known about the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved. 34632474 4 8 theme glycosidic 657:666 arg1 stereochemistry 676:690 glycosidic linkage stereochemistry 657:690 glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β) 657:696 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 4 8 theme glycosidic 657:666 arg1 α/β 693:695 α/β 693:695 α/β 693:695 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 0 9 from peptidoglycans 71:84 arg1 Evidence 0:7 Evidence 0:7 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 0:85 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 5 10 theme other 734:738 arg1 bonds 740:744 the glycosidic and other bonds 715:744 the glycosidic and other bonds 715:744 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 2 11 theme critical 325:332 arg1 processes 357:365 the critical gas-phase dissociation processes 321:365 the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved 321:374 Mass spectrometry is employed to infer their biomolecular sequences and stereochemisties, but little is known about the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved. 34632474 3 12 theme mass 396:399 arg1 spectrometry 401:412 tandem mass spectrometry 389:412 tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS) 389:427 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 12 theme mass 396:399 arg1 simulations 464:474 high-level simulations 453:474 high-level simulations 453:474 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 12 theme mass 396:399 arg1 labelling 439:447 isotopic labelling 430:447 isotopic labelling 430:447 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 1 13 theme diverse 106:112 arg1 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 1 13 theme diverse 106:112 arg1 modifications 141:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications 106:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes 106:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 0 14 from isomerization 43:55 arg1 peptidoglycans 71:84 protonated peptidoglycans 60:84 protonated peptidoglycans 60:84 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 1 15 theme co- 114:116 arg1 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 1 15 theme co- 114:116 arg1 modifications 141:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications 106:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes 106:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 4 16 theme O- 610:611 arg1 peptidoglycans 626:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans 605:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β) 605:696 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 0 17 theme pyranose-to-furanose 22:41 arg1 isomerization 43:55 gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization 12:55 gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans 12:84 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 1 18 theme post-translational 122:139 arg1 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 1 18 theme post-translational 122:139 arg1 modifications 141:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications 106:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes 106:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 0 19 theme gas-phase 12:20 arg1 isomerization 43:55 gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization 12:55 gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans 12:84 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 4 20 theme N-linked 617:624 arg1 peptidoglycans 626:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans 605:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β) 605:696 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 5 21 theme furanose 766:773 arg1 isomer 775:780 the furanose isomer 762:780 the furanose isomer 762:780 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 2 22 theme dissociation 344:355 arg1 processes 357:365 the critical gas-phase dissociation processes 321:365 the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved 321:374 Mass spectrometry is employed to infer their biomolecular sequences and stereochemisties, but little is known about the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved. 34632474 3 23 theme facile 508:513 arg1 reaction 529:536 a facile isomerization reaction 506:536 a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions 506:577 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 0 24 theme isomerization 43:55 arg1 Evidence 0:7 Evidence 0:7 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 0:85 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 3 25 theme high-level 453:462 arg1 spectrometry 401:412 tandem mass spectrometry 389:412 tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS) 389:427 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 25 theme high-level 453:462 arg1 simulations 464:474 high-level simulations 453:474 high-level simulations 453:474 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 26 theme isotopic 430:437 arg1 labelling 439:447 isotopic labelling 430:447 isotopic labelling 430:447 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 26 theme isotopic 430:437 arg1 spectrometry 401:412 tandem mass spectrometry 389:412 tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS) 389:427 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 5 27 theme bonds 740:744 arg1 Dissociation 699:710 Dissociation 699:710 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds 699:744 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 2 28 theme Mass 205:208 arg1 spectrometry 210:221 Mass spectrometry 205:221 Mass spectrometry 205:221 Mass spectrometry is employed to infer their biomolecular sequences and stereochemisties, but little is known about the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved. 34632474 0 29 theme protonated 60:69 arg1 peptidoglycans 71:84 protonated peptidoglycans 60:84 protonated peptidoglycans 60:84 Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. 34632474 3 30 dep spectrometry 401:412 arg1 MS 425:426 MS 425:426 MS 425:426 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 30 dep spectrometry 401:412 arg1 MS/MS 415:419 MS/MS 415:419 MS/MS 415:419 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 2 31 theme biomolecular 250:261 arg1 sequences 263:271 their biomolecular sequences 244:271 their biomolecular sequences 244:271 Mass spectrometry is employed to infer their biomolecular sequences and stereochemisties, but little is known about the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved. 34632474 1 32 theme key 158:160 arg1 importance 162:171 key importance 158:171 key importance 158:171 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 5 33 theme product 831:837 arg1 structures 843:852 product ion structures 831:852 product ion structures 831:852 Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures. 34632474 1 34 theme importance 162:171 arg1 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans 87:100 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 1 34 theme importance 162:171 arg1 modifications 141:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications 106:153 diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes 106:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 1 35 from modifications 141:153 arg1 processes 194:202 myriad biological processes 176:202 myriad biological processes 176:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 4 36 theme stereochemistry 676:690 arg1 irrespective 641:652 irrespective 641:652 irrespective 641:652 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 3 37 theme isomerization 515:527 arg1 reaction 529:536 a facile isomerization reaction 506:536 a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions 506:577 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 1 38 theme myriad 176:181 arg1 processes 194:202 myriad biological processes 176:202 myriad biological processes 176:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34632474 3 39 theme tandem 389:394 arg1 spectrometry 401:412 tandem mass spectrometry 389:412 tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS) 389:427 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 39 theme tandem 389:394 arg1 simulations 464:474 high-level simulations 453:474 high-level simulations 453:474 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 3 39 theme tandem 389:394 arg1 labelling 439:447 isotopic labelling 430:447 isotopic labelling 430:447 Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. 34632474 4 40 link N-linked 617:624 arg1 peptidoglycans 626:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans 605:639 both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β) 605:696 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 4 41 theme linkage 668:674 arg1 stereochemistry 676:690 glycosidic linkage stereochemistry 657:690 glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β) 657:696 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 4 41 theme linkage 668:674 arg1 α/β 693:695 α/β 693:695 α/β 693:695 This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). 34632474 1 42 theme biological 183:192 arg1 processes 194:202 myriad biological processes 176:202 myriad biological processes 176:202 Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. 34721363 3 0 theme wheat-soybean 629:641 arg1 diet 649:652 wheat-soybean basal diet 629:652 wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase 629:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 1 with diet 649:652 arg1 xylanase 669:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 1 with diet 649:652 arg1 xylanase 747:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 2 from diets 824:828 arg1 broilers 833:840 broilers 833:840 broilers 833:840 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 10 3 theme butyrate-producing 2001:2018 arg1 bacteria 2020:2027 butyrate-producing bacteria 2001:2027 butyrate-producing bacteria 2001:2027 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria. 34721363 11 4 theme positive 2094:2101 arg1 effects 2103:2109 positive effects 2094:2109 positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets 2094:2174 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 2 5 from wheat 286:290 arg1 corn 277:280 corn 277:280 corn 277:280 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 7 6 theme polysaccharides-degrading 1441:1465 arg1 bacteria 1473:1480 non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria 1430:1480 non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria 1430:1480 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 7 6 theme polysaccharides-degrading 1441:1465 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1511:1523 Bacteroidetes 1511:1523 Bacteroidetes (p<0.05) 1511:1532 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 7 6 theme polysaccharides-degrading 1441:1465 arg1 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 3 7 theme 4,000U/kg 659:667 arg1 xylanase 669:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 9 8 dep broilers 1873:1880 arg1 performance 1882:1892 performance 1882:1892 performance 1882:1892 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 9 8 dep broilers 1873:1880 arg1 composition 1915:1925 cecal microbiota composition 1898:1925 cecal microbiota composition 1898:1925 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 9 8 dep broilers 1873:1880 arg1 broilers 1873:1880 broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition 1873:1925 broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition 1873:1925 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 11 9 theme xylanase 2254:2261 arg1 supplementation 2263:2277 xylanase supplementation 2254:2277 xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets 2254:2297 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 3 10 with diet 623:626 arg1 xylanase 669:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 10 with diet 623:626 arg1 xylanase 747:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 1 11 theme wheat- 160:165 arg1 diets 181:185 wheat- or corn-based diets 160:185 wheat- or corn-based diets 160:185 Xylanase has been demonstrated to improve growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX). 34721363 11 12 theme bacterium 2380:2388 arg1 abundance 2321:2329 the abundance 2317:2329 the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium 2317:2388 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 10 13 theme wheat-based 1956:1966 arg1 diets 1968:1972 wheat-based diets 1956:1972 wheat-based diets 1956:1972 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria. 34721363 2 14 theme AX 271:272 arg1 content 246:252 content 246:252 content 246:252 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 2 14 theme AX 271:272 arg1 wheat 286:290 wheat 286:290 wheat 286:290 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 2 14 theme AX 271:272 arg1 structure 258:266 structure 258:266 structure 258:266 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 1 15 theme corn-based 170:179 arg1 diets 181:185 wheat- or corn-based diets 160:185 wheat- or corn-based diets 160:185 Xylanase has been demonstrated to improve growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX). 34721363 3 16 theme basal 692:696 arg1 diet 698:701 corn-soybean basal diet 679:701 corn-soybean basal diet 679:701 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 8 17 dep bacteria 1613:1620 arg1 such 1623:1626 such 1623:1626 such 1623:1626 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 11 18 theme cecal 2126:2130 arg1 microbiota 2132:2141 cecal microbiota 2126:2141 cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets 2126:2174 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 0 19 from Microbiota 59:68 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 0:81 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 6 20 theme microbial 1237:1245 arg1 structure 1247:1255 overall microbial structure 1229:1255 overall microbial structure 1229:1255 Xylanase modulated the abundance of specific bacteria without changing overall microbial structure. 34721363 10 21 theme bacteria 2074:2081 arg1 abundance 2047:2055 the abundance 2043:2055 the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria 2043:2081 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria. 34721363 11 22 theme bacteria 2240:2247 arg1 inhibition 2203:2212 the inhibition 2199:2212 the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria 2199:2247 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 7 23 theme bacteria 1389:1396 arg1 abundance 1316:1324 the abundance 1312:1324 the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria 1312:1396 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 8 24 dep bacteria 1717:1724 arg1 such 1727:1730 such 1727:1730 such 1727:1730 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 3 25 theme corn-soybean 708:719 arg1 diet 727:730 corn-soybean basal diet 708:730 corn-soybean basal diet 708:730 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 26 theme one-day-old 519:529 arg1 broilers 531:538 192 one-day-old broilers 515:538 192 one-day-old broilers 515:538 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 6 27 theme bacteria 1203:1210 arg1 abundance 1181:1189 the abundance 1177:1189 the abundance of specific bacteria 1177:1210 Xylanase modulated the abundance of specific bacteria without changing overall microbial structure. 34721363 7 28 theme NSP 1468:1470 arg1 bacteria 1473:1480 non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria 1430:1480 non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria 1430:1480 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 7 28 theme NSP 1468:1470 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1511:1523 Bacteroidetes 1511:1523 Bacteroidetes (p<0.05) 1511:1532 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 7 28 theme NSP 1468:1470 arg1 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 2 29 theme specificity 445:455 arg1 mechanism 428:436 the mechanism 424:436 the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains 424:495 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 3 30 theme 4,000U/kg 737:745 arg1 xylanase 747:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 2 31 theme corn- 373:377 arg1 diets 394:398 corn- or wheat-based diets 373:398 corn- or wheat-based diets 373:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 1 32 theme broilers 147:154 arg1 performance 132:142 growth performance 125:142 growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX) 125:234 Xylanase has been demonstrated to improve growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX). 34721363 2 33 theme different 473:481 arg1 grains 490:495 different cereal grains 473:495 different cereal grains 473:495 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 0 34 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Microbiota 59:68 Cecal Microbiota 53:68 Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 53:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 0 34 from Effects 0:6 arg1 Diets 44:48 Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets 23:48 Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 23:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 8 35 from abundance 1693:1701 arg1 p<0.05 1791:1796 p<0.05 1791:1796 p<0.05 1791:1796 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 8 35 from abundance 1693:1701 arg1 cecum 1784:1788 the cecum 1780:1788 the cecum (p<0.05) 1780:1797 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 3 36 theme interactive 768:778 arg1 effects 780:786 interactive effects 768:786 interactive effects of xylanase 768:798 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 0 37 theme Broilers 73:80 arg1 Microbiota 59:68 Cecal Microbiota 53:68 Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 53:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 5 38 theme corn-based 1068:1077 arg1 diets 1079:1083 corn-based diets 1068:1083 corn-based diets 1068:1083 Compared with broilers fed wheat-based diets, corn-based diets increased alpha-diversity and separated from wheat-based diets (p<0.05). 34721363 6 39 theme specific 1194:1201 arg1 bacteria 1203:1210 specific bacteria 1194:1210 specific bacteria 1194:1210 Xylanase modulated the abundance of specific bacteria without changing overall microbial structure. 34721363 3 40 with diet 727:730 arg1 xylanase 669:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 40 with diet 727:730 arg1 xylanase 747:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 2 41 theme xylanase 460:467 arg1 specificity 445:455 the specificity 441:455 the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains 441:495 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 2 42 theme cecal 340:344 arg1 microbiota 346:355 cecal microbiota 340:355 cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets 340:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 11 43 theme corn-based 2282:2291 arg1 diets 2293:2297 corn-based diets 2282:2297 corn-based diets 2282:2297 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 7 44 theme Bifidobacterium 1344:1358 arg1 abundance 1316:1324 the abundance 1312:1324 the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria 1312:1396 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 8 45 theme corn-based 1551:1560 arg1 diets 1562:1566 corn-based diets 1551:1566 corn-based diets 1551:1566 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 11 46 theme bacteria 2353:2360 arg1 abundance 2321:2329 the abundance 2317:2329 the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium 2317:2388 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 2 47 theme xylanase 328:335 arg1 effects 317:323 comparing effects 307:323 comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets 307:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 7 48 theme Lactobacillus 1329:1341 arg1 abundance 1316:1324 the abundance 1312:1324 the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria 1312:1396 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 9 49 theme wheat- 1837:1842 arg1 diets 1858:1862 wheat- or corn-based diets 1837:1862 wheat- or corn-based diets 1837:1862 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 0 50 theme Xylanase 11:18 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 0:81 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 3 51 theme production 875:884 arg1 period 886:891 a 6-week production period 866:891 a 6-week production period 866:891 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 9 52 theme corn-based 1847:1856 arg1 diets 1858:1862 wheat- or corn-based diets 1837:1862 wheat- or corn-based diets 1837:1862 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 0 53 theme Corn- 23:27 arg1 Diets 44:48 Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets 23:48 Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 23:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 0 54 theme Wheat-Based 32:42 arg1 Diets 44:48 Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets 23:48 Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 23:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 11 55 from effects 2103:2109 arg1 microbiota 2132:2141 cecal microbiota 2126:2141 cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets 2126:2174 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 8 56 theme harmful 1605:1611 arg1 bacteria 1613:1620 harmful bacteria 1605:1620 harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) 1605:1674 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 10 57 theme Xylanase 1928:1935 arg1 supplementation 1937:1951 Xylanase supplementation 1928:1951 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets 1928:1972 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria. 34721363 7 58 theme wheat-based 1274:1284 arg1 diets 1286:1290 wheat-based diets 1274:1290 wheat-based diets 1274:1290 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 9 59 theme cecal 1898:1902 arg1 composition 1915:1925 cecal microbiota composition 1898:1925 cecal microbiota composition 1898:1925 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 9 59 theme cecal 1898:1902 arg1 broilers 1873:1880 broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition 1873:1925 broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition 1873:1925 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 3 60 theme basal 617:621 arg1 diet 623:626 wheat-soybean basal diet 603:626 wheat-soybean basal diet 603:626 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 11 61 theme AX 2443:2444 arg1 content 2432:2438 lower content 2426:2438 lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat 2426:2470 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 3 62 theme basal 643:647 arg1 diet 649:652 wheat-soybean basal diet 629:652 wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase 629:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 8 63 theme bacteria 1717:1724 arg1 abundance 1693:1701 the abundance 1689:1701 the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05) 1689:1797 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 3 64 theme corn-soybean 679:690 arg1 diet 698:701 corn-soybean basal diet 679:701 corn-soybean basal diet 679:701 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 65 theme cecal 842:846 arg1 microbiota 848:857 cecal microbiota 842:857 cecal microbiota 842:857 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 7 66 theme bacteria 1473:1480 arg1 abundance 1417:1425 the abundance 1413:1425 the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05) 1413:1532 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 11 67 theme pathogenic 2229:2238 arg1 bacteria 2240:2247 potentially pathogenic bacteria 2217:2247 potentially pathogenic bacteria 2217:2247 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 11 68 theme NSP-degrading 2366:2378 arg1 bacterium 2380:2388 NSP-degrading bacterium 2366:2388 NSP-degrading bacterium 2366:2388 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 11 69 theme xylanase 2114:2121 arg1 effects 2103:2109 positive effects 2094:2109 positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets 2094:2174 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 2 70 from effects 317:323 arg1 microbiota 346:355 cecal microbiota 340:355 cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets 340:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 3 71 from corn- 803:807 arg1 broilers 833:840 broilers 833:840 broilers 833:840 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 11 72 from content 2432:2438 arg1 corn 2449:2452 corn 2449:2452 corn 2449:2452 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 7 73 theme non-starch 1430:1439 arg1 bacteria 1473:1480 non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria 1430:1480 non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria 1430:1480 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 7 73 theme non-starch 1430:1439 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1511:1523 Bacteroidetes 1511:1523 Bacteroidetes (p<0.05) 1511:1532 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 7 73 theme non-starch 1430:1439 arg1 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 Ruminococcaceae 1491:1505 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 11 74 theme broilers 2146:2153 arg1 microbiota 2132:2141 cecal microbiota 2126:2141 cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets 2126:2174 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 10 75 theme bacteria 2020:2027 arg1 abundance 1988:1996 the abundance 1984:1996 the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria 1984:2027 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria. 34721363 5 76 theme wheat-based 1049:1059 arg1 diets 1061:1065 wheat-based diets 1049:1065 wheat-based diets 1049:1065 Compared with broilers fed wheat-based diets, corn-based diets increased alpha-diversity and separated from wheat-based diets (p<0.05). 34721363 3 77 theme broilers 531:538 arg1 total 506:510 a total 504:510 a total of 192 one-day-old broilers 504:538 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 2 78 theme cereal 483:488 arg1 grains 490:495 different cereal grains 473:495 different cereal grains 473:495 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 6 79 theme overall 1229:1235 arg1 structure 1247:1255 overall microbial structure 1229:1255 overall microbial structure 1229:1255 Xylanase modulated the abundance of specific bacteria without changing overall microbial structure. 34721363 10 80 theme NSP-degrading 2060:2072 arg1 bacteria 2074:2081 NSP-degrading bacteria 2060:2081 NSP-degrading bacteria 2060:2081 Xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria. 34721363 3 81 theme basal 721:725 arg1 diet 727:730 corn-soybean basal diet 708:730 corn-soybean basal diet 708:730 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 82 theme wheat-based 812:822 arg1 diets 824:828 wheat-based diets 812:828 wheat-based diets on broilers 812:840 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 11 83 theme corn-based 2159:2168 arg1 diets 2170:2174 corn-based diets 2159:2174 corn-based diets 2159:2174 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 7 84 theme butyrate-producing 1370:1387 arg1 bacteria 1389:1396 some butyrate-producing bacteria 1365:1396 some butyrate-producing bacteria 1365:1396 In broilers fed wheat-based diets, xylanase increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and some butyrate-producing bacteria, and decreased the abundance of non-starch polysaccharides-degrading (NSP) bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05). 34721363 0 85 theme Cecal 53:57 arg1 Microbiota 59:68 Cecal Microbiota 53:68 Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 53:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 1 86 theme growth 125:130 arg1 performance 132:142 growth performance 125:142 growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX) 125:234 Xylanase has been demonstrated to improve growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX). 34721363 2 87 from content 246:252 arg1 corn 277:280 corn 277:280 corn 277:280 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 4 88 theme community 931:939 arg1 clustering 941:950 bacterial community clustering 921:950 bacterial community clustering 921:950 The results indicated that bacterial community clustering was mainly due to cereal grains rather than xylanase supplementation. 34721363 2 89 from structure 258:266 arg1 corn 277:280 corn 277:280 corn 277:280 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 3 90 theme xylanase 791:798 arg1 effects 780:786 interactive effects 768:786 interactive effects of xylanase 768:798 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 5 91 theme wheat-based 1130:1140 arg1 p<0.05 1149:1154 p<0.05 1149:1154 p<0.05 1149:1154 Compared with broilers fed wheat-based diets, corn-based diets increased alpha-diversity and separated from wheat-based diets (p<0.05). 34721363 5 91 theme wheat-based 1130:1140 arg1 diets 1142:1146 wheat-based diets 1130:1146 wheat-based diets (p<0.05) 1130:1155 Compared with broilers fed wheat-based diets, corn-based diets increased alpha-diversity and separated from wheat-based diets (p<0.05). 34721363 3 92 dep corn- 803:807 arg1 microbiota 848:857 cecal microbiota 842:857 cecal microbiota 842:857 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 0 93 from Diets 44:48 arg1 Microbiota 59:68 Cecal Microbiota 53:68 Cecal Microbiota of Broilers 53:80 Effects of Xylanase in Corn- or Wheat-Based Diets on Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. 34721363 3 94 theme 6-week 868:873 arg1 period 886:891 a 6-week production period 866:891 a 6-week production period 866:891 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 9 95 theme xylanase 1809:1816 arg1 supplementation 1818:1832 xylanase supplementation 1809:1832 xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets 1809:1862 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 4 96 theme bacterial 921:929 arg1 clustering 941:950 bacterial community clustering 921:950 bacterial community clustering 921:950 The results indicated that bacterial community clustering was mainly due to cereal grains rather than xylanase supplementation. 34721363 3 97 with diet 698:701 arg1 xylanase 669:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 4,000U/kg xylanase 659:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 97 with diet 698:701 arg1 xylanase 747:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 4,000U/kg xylanase 737:754 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 2 98 theme wheat-based 382:392 arg1 diets 394:398 corn- or wheat-based diets 373:398 corn- or wheat-based diets 373:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 1 99 dep arabinoxylans 217:229 arg1 AX 232:233 AX 232:233 AX 232:233 Xylanase has been demonstrated to improve growth performance of broilers fed wheat- or corn-based diets due to its ability to degrade arabinoxylans (AX). 34721363 4 100 theme xylanase 996:1003 arg1 supplementation 1005:1019 xylanase supplementation 996:1019 xylanase supplementation 996:1019 The results indicated that bacterial community clustering was mainly due to cereal grains rather than xylanase supplementation. 34721363 2 101 theme broilers 360:367 arg1 microbiota 346:355 cecal microbiota 340:355 cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets 340:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 11 102 theme lower 2426:2430 arg1 content 2432:2438 lower content 2426:2438 lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat 2426:2470 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 3 103 theme dietary 573:579 arg1 diet 649:652 wheat-soybean basal diet 629:652 wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase 629:676 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 103 theme dietary 573:579 arg1 diet 727:730 corn-soybean basal diet 708:730 corn-soybean basal diet 708:730 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 103 theme dietary 573:579 arg1 diet 623:626 wheat-soybean basal diet 603:626 wheat-soybean basal diet 603:626 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 103 theme dietary 573:579 arg1 treatments 581:590 four dietary treatments 568:590 four dietary treatments 568:590 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 3 103 theme dietary 573:579 arg1 diet 698:701 corn-soybean basal diet 679:701 corn-soybean basal diet 679:701 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 11 104 theme butyrate-producing 2334:2351 arg1 bacteria 2353:2360 butyrate-producing bacteria 2334:2360 butyrate-producing bacteria 2334:2360 Moreover, positive effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn-based diets were mostly related to the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and xylanase supplementation to corn-based diets slightly affected the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and NSP-degrading bacterium, the difference might be related to lower content of AX in corn compared to wheat. 34721363 4 105 theme cereal 970:975 arg1 grains 977:982 cereal grains 970:982 cereal grains 970:982 The results indicated that bacterial community clustering was mainly due to cereal grains rather than xylanase supplementation. 34721363 8 106 theme bacteria 1613:1620 arg1 abundance 1592:1600 the abundance 1588:1600 the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) 1588:1674 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 3 107 theme wheat-soybean 603:615 arg1 diet 623:626 wheat-soybean basal diet 603:626 wheat-soybean basal diet 603:626 Thus, a total of 192 one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, including wheat-soybean basal diet, wheat-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase, corn-soybean basal diet, and corn-soybean basal diet with 4,000U/kg xylanase to evaluate interactive effects of xylanase in corn- or wheat-based diets on broilers cecal microbiota during a 6-week production period. 34721363 9 108 theme microbiota 1904:1913 arg1 composition 1915:1925 cecal microbiota composition 1898:1925 cecal microbiota composition 1898:1925 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 9 108 theme microbiota 1904:1913 arg1 broilers 1873:1880 broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition 1873:1925 broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition 1873:1925 Overall, xylanase supplementation to wheat- or corn-based diets improved broilers performance and cecal microbiota composition. 34721363 8 109 theme genus 1631:1635 arg1 Faecalitalea 1637:1648 genus Faecalitalea 1631:1648 genus Faecalitalea 1631:1648 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 34721363 2 110 theme comparing 307:315 arg1 effects 317:323 comparing effects 307:323 comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets 307:398 However, content and structure of AX in corn and wheat are different, comparing effects of xylanase on cecal microbiota of broilers fed corn- or wheat-based diets could further elaborate the mechanism of the specificity of xylanase for different cereal grains. 34721363 8 111 theme beneficial 1706:1715 arg1 bacteria 1717:1724 beneficial bacteria 1706:1724 beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) 1706:1775 In broilers fed corn-based diets, xylanase decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (such as genus Faecalitalea and Escherichia-Shigella) and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Anaerofustis and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010) in the cecum (p<0.05). 32590187 0 0 theme intestinal 77:86 arg1 carriage 88:95 intestinal carriage 77:95 intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 77:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 7 1 theme plasmids 1199:1206 arg1 variants 1254:1261 11 single-nucleotide variants 1233:1261 11 single-nucleotide variants 1233:1261 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 1 theme plasmids 1199:1206 arg1 presence 1172:1179 the presence 1168:1179 the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1168:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 1 theme plasmids 1199:1206 arg1 chromosomal 1278:1288 one chromosomal 1274:1288 one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1274:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 2 2 theme continuous 364:373 arg1 fermentor 340:348 A fermentor 338:348 A fermentor 338:348 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 2 2 theme continuous 364:373 arg1 system 383:388 a continuous culture system 362:388 a continuous culture system for 48h 362:396 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 12 3 dep in 1844:1845 arg1 vivo 1847:1850 vivo 1847:1850 vivo 1847:1850 Further in vivo studies and protein expression experiments are needed to confirm our observations and hypotheses. 32590187 12 4 theme expression 1872:1881 arg1 experiments 1883:1893 protein expression experiments 1864:1893 protein expression experiments 1864:1893 Further in vivo studies and protein expression experiments are needed to confirm our observations and hypotheses. 32590187 0 5 theme system 174:179 arg1 model 181:185 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 0 6 dep Escherichia 125:135 arg1 coli 137:140 coli 137:140 coli 137:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 12 7 theme protein 1864:1870 arg1 experiments 1883:1893 protein expression experiments 1864:1893 protein expression experiments 1864:1893 Further in vivo studies and protein expression experiments are needed to confirm our observations and hypotheses. 32590187 8 8 theme phage 1486:1490 arg1 treatment 1492:1500 the phage treatment 1482:1500 the phage treatment maintaining itself at 108CFU/mL 1482:1532 In both studies, the commensal E. coli population remained unchanged by the phage treatment maintaining itself at 108CFU/mL. 32590187 3 9 theme strain 526:531 arg1 coli 520:523 E. coli 517:523 E. coli (strain 4901.28) 517:540 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 3 9 theme strain 526:531 arg1 4901.28 533:539 strain 4901.28 526:539 strain 4901.28 526:539 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 3 10 theme susceptible 542:552 arg1 ST131 511:515 a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 490:515 a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages 490:570 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 3 11 theme different 403:411 arg1 pools 413:417 Two different pools 399:417 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers 399:471 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 7 12 theme additional 1188:1197 arg1 plasmids 1199:1206 two additional plasmids 1184:1206 two additional plasmids 1184:1206 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 4 13 theme Nanopore 876:883 arg1 platforms 898:906 Nanopore and Illumina platforms 876:906 Nanopore and Illumina platforms 876:906 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 5 14 theme 4901.28 969:975 arg1 numbers 958:964 the numbers 954:964 the numbers of 4901.28 954:975 RESULTS In study I, bacteriophages decreased the numbers of 4901.28 dramatically (≤101CFU/mL after 6h). 32590187 1 15 theme intestinal 269:278 arg1 carriers 280:287 intestinal carriers 269:287 intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli 269:327 OBJECTIVES We investigated the use of bacteriophages as a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. 32590187 0 16 theme ST131 119:123 arg1 carriage 88:95 intestinal carriage 77:95 intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 77:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 4 17 theme variant 843:849 arg1 analysis 851:858 single-nucleotide variant analysis 825:858 single-nucleotide variant analysis 825:858 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 8 18 theme E. 1441:1442 arg1 population 1449:1458 the commensal E. coli population 1427:1458 the commensal E. coli population 1427:1458 In both studies, the commensal E. coli population remained unchanged by the phage treatment maintaining itself at 108CFU/mL. 32590187 7 19 theme glycosyltransferase 1295:1313 arg1 responsible 1340:1350 responsible 1340:1350 responsible 1340:1350 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 19 theme glycosyltransferase 1295:1313 arg1 protein 1324:1330 a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein 1293:1330 a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1293:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 0 20 theme CTX-M-15-producing 100:117 arg1 ST131 119:123 CTX-M-15-producing ST131 100:123 CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 100:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 4 21 theme single-nucleotide 825:841 arg1 analysis 851:858 single-nucleotide variant analysis 825:858 single-nucleotide variant analysis 825:858 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 10 22 theme resistance 1748:1757 arg1 development 1727:1737 the development 1723:1737 the development of phage resistance 1723:1757 However, the individual microbiota composition may have an impact on the development of phage resistance. 32590187 6 23 theme 4901.28 1071:1077 arg1 mutant 1061:1066 a phage-resistant mutant 1043:1066 a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 1043:1077 In contrast, during study II, a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 persisted in the continuous culture (104CFU/mL at 48h). 32590187 9 24 dep CONCLUSIONS 1535:1545 arg1 indicates 1556:1564 indicates 1556:1564 indicates that bacteriophage cocktails may be implemented to decolonize some intestinal carriers 1556:1651 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that bacteriophage cocktails may be implemented to decolonize some intestinal carriers. 32590187 7 25 from variants 1254:1261 arg1 mutant 1215:1220 the mutant 1211:1220 the mutant 1211:1220 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 4 26 theme Illumina 889:896 arg1 platforms 898:906 Nanopore and Illumina platforms 876:906 Nanopore and Illumina platforms 876:906 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 6 27 theme phage-resistant 1045:1059 arg1 mutant 1061:1066 a phage-resistant mutant 1043:1066 a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 1043:1077 In contrast, during study II, a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 persisted in the continuous culture (104CFU/mL at 48h). 32590187 2 28 used used 354:357 arg2 system 383:388 a continuous culture system 362:388 a continuous culture system for 48h 362:396 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 2 28 used used 354:357 arg2 fermentor 340:348 A fermentor 338:348 A fermentor 338:348 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 5 29 dep RESULTS 909:915 arg1 decreased 944:952 decreased 944:952 decreased the numbers of 4901.28 dramatically (≤101CFU/mL after 6h) 944:1010 RESULTS In study I, bacteriophages decreased the numbers of 4901.28 dramatically (≤101CFU/mL after 6h). 32590187 4 30 theme spot 756:759 arg1 panels 748:753 microdilution panels 734:753 microdilution panels 734:753 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 4 30 theme spot 756:759 arg1 test 761:764 spot test 756:764 spot test 756:764 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 7 31 theme family 1315:1320 arg1 responsible 1340:1350 responsible 1340:1350 responsible 1340:1350 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 31 theme family 1315:1320 arg1 protein 1324:1330 a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein 1293:1330 a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1293:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 32 theme Whole-genome 1135:1146 arg1 sequencing 1148:1157 Whole-genome sequencing 1135:1157 Whole-genome sequencing 1135:1157 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 10 33 contain have 1705:1708 arg1 composition 1689:1699 the individual microbiota composition 1663:1699 the individual microbiota composition 1663:1699 However, the individual microbiota composition may have an impact on the development of phage resistance. 32590187 10 33 contain have 1705:1708 arg2 impact 1713:1718 an impact 1710:1718 an impact 1710:1718 However, the individual microbiota composition may have an impact on the development of phage resistance. 32590187 5 34 dep decreased 944:952 arg1 ≤101CFU/mL 991:1000 ≤101CFU/mL 991:1000 ≤101CFU/mL after 6h 991:1009 RESULTS In study I, bacteriophages decreased the numbers of 4901.28 dramatically (≤101CFU/mL after 6h). 32590187 12 35 theme in 1844:1845 arg1 studies 1852:1858 Further in vivo studies 1836:1858 Further in vivo studies 1836:1858 Further in vivo studies and protein expression experiments are needed to confirm our observations and hypotheses. 32590187 6 36 theme continuous 1096:1105 arg1 culture 1107:1113 the continuous culture 1092:1113 the continuous culture (104CFU/mL at 48h) 1092:1132 In contrast, during study II, a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 persisted in the continuous culture (104CFU/mL at 48h). 32590187 0 37 theme Escherichia 125:135 arg1 ST131 119:123 CTX-M-15-producing ST131 100:123 CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 100:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 7 38 from presence 1172:1179 arg1 mutant 1215:1220 the mutant 1211:1220 the mutant 1211:1220 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 2 39 dep METHODS 330:336 arg1 used 354:357 used 354:357 was used as a continuous culture system for 48h 350:396 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 6 40 from 48h 1129:1131 arg1 104CFU/mL 1116:1124 104CFU/mL 1116:1124 104CFU/mL 1116:1124 In contrast, during study II, a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 persisted in the continuous culture (104CFU/mL at 48h). 32590187 12 41 theme Further 1836:1842 arg1 studies 1852:1858 Further in vivo studies 1836:1858 Further in vivo studies 1836:1858 Further in vivo studies and protein expression experiments are needed to confirm our observations and hypotheses. 32590187 10 42 theme microbiota 1678:1687 arg1 composition 1689:1699 the individual microbiota composition 1663:1699 the individual microbiota composition 1663:1699 However, the individual microbiota composition may have an impact on the development of phage resistance. 32590187 0 43 theme bacteriophages 25:38 arg1 use 18:20 the use 14:20 the use of bacteriophages 14:38 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 0 43 theme bacteriophages 25:38 arg1 strategy 64:71 a new decolonization strategy 43:71 a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 43:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 1 44 theme coli 324:327 arg1 carriers 280:287 intestinal carriers 269:287 intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli 269:327 OBJECTIVES We investigated the use of bacteriophages as a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. 32590187 3 45 theme faeces 422:427 arg1 pools 413:417 Two different pools 399:417 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers 399:471 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 3 46 theme cocktail 629:636 arg1 doses 598:602 three doses 592:602 three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum 592:684 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 1 47 dep OBJECTIVES 188:197 arg1 investigated 202:213 investigated 202:213 investigated the use of bacteriophages as a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli 202:327 OBJECTIVES We investigated the use of bacteriophages as a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. 32590187 10 48 theme individual 1667:1676 arg1 composition 1689:1699 the individual microbiota composition 1663:1699 the individual microbiota composition 1663:1699 However, the individual microbiota composition may have an impact on the development of phage resistance. 32590187 0 49 theme new 45:47 arg1 use 18:20 the use 14:20 the use of bacteriophages 14:38 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 0 49 theme new 45:47 arg1 strategy 64:71 a new decolonization strategy 43:71 a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 43:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 8 50 dep E. 1441:1442 arg1 coli 1444:1447 coli 1444:1447 coli 1444:1447 In both studies, the commensal E. coli population remained unchanged by the phage treatment maintaining itself at 108CFU/mL. 32590187 8 51 theme commensal 1431:1439 arg1 population 1449:1458 the commensal E. coli population 1427:1458 the commensal E. coli population 1427:1458 In both studies, the commensal E. coli population remained unchanged by the phage treatment maintaining itself at 108CFU/mL. 32590187 7 52 from chromosomal 1278:1288 arg1 responsible 1340:1350 responsible 1340:1350 responsible 1340:1350 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 52 from chromosomal 1278:1288 arg1 protein 1324:1330 a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein 1293:1330 a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1293:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 4 53 dep panels 748:753 arg1 including 804:812 including 804:812 including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis 804:858 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 0 54 theme in 146:147 arg1 system 174:179 An in vitro continuous culture system 143:179 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 3 55 theme CTX-M-15-producing 492:509 arg1 ST131 511:515 a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 490:515 a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages 490:570 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 4 56 theme Bacterial 687:695 arg1 typing 697:702 Bacterial typing 687:702 Bacterial typing 687:702 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 4 57 theme whole-genome 779:790 arg1 sequencing 792:801 whole-genome sequencing 779:801 whole-genome sequencing 779:801 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 4 57 theme whole-genome 779:790 arg1 panels 748:753 microdilution panels 734:753 microdilution panels 734:753 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 0 58 theme culture 166:172 arg1 system 174:179 An in vitro continuous culture system 143:179 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 6 59 dep culture 1107:1113 arg1 104CFU/mL 1116:1124 104CFU/mL 1116:1124 104CFU/mL 1116:1124 In contrast, during study II, a phage-resistant mutant of 4901.28 persisted in the continuous culture (104CFU/mL at 48h). 32590187 3 60 theme INTESTI 607:613 arg1 cocktail 629:636 INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail 607:636 INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail 607:636 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 7 61 attach presence 1172:1179 arg2 plasmids 1199:1206 two additional plasmids 1184:1206 two additional plasmids 1184:1206 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 61 attach presence 1172:1179 arg1 mutant 1215:1220 the mutant 1211:1220 the mutant 1211:1220 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 62 theme single-nucleotide 1236:1252 arg1 variants 1254:1261 11 single-nucleotide variants 1233:1261 11 single-nucleotide variants 1233:1261 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 7 62 theme single-nucleotide 1236:1252 arg1 chromosomal 1278:1288 one chromosomal 1274:1288 one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1274:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 32590187 9 63 theme bacteriophage 1571:1583 arg1 cocktails 1585:1593 bacteriophage cocktails 1571:1593 bacteriophage cocktails 1571:1593 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that bacteriophage cocktails may be implemented to decolonize some intestinal carriers. 32590187 0 64 theme continuous 155:164 arg1 system 174:179 An in vitro continuous culture system 143:179 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 3 65 theme Bacteriophage 615:627 arg1 cocktail 629:636 INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail 607:636 INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail 607:636 Two different pools of faeces (studies I and II) obtained from volunteers were spiked with a CTX-M-15-producing ST131 E. coli (strain 4901.28) susceptible to bacteriophages and challenged with three doses of INTESTI Bacteriophage cocktail administered at 2, 6 and 10h after the inoculum. 32590187 4 66 theme microdilution 734:746 arg1 rep-PCR 767:773 rep-PCR 767:773 rep-PCR 767:773 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 4 66 theme microdilution 734:746 arg1 panels 748:753 microdilution panels 734:753 microdilution panels 734:753 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 4 66 theme microdilution 734:746 arg1 test 761:764 spot test 756:764 spot test 756:764 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 4 66 theme microdilution 734:746 arg1 sequencing 792:801 whole-genome sequencing 779:801 whole-genome sequencing 779:801 Bacterial typing was performed by implementing microdilution panels, spot test, rep-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (including cgMLST and single-nucleotide variant analysis) obtained using Nanopore and Illumina platforms. 32590187 0 67 dep in 146:147 arg1 vitro 149:153 vitro 149:153 vitro 149:153 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 1 68 theme bacteriophages 226:239 arg1 strategy 246:253 a strategy 244:253 a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli 244:327 OBJECTIVES We investigated the use of bacteriophages as a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. 32590187 1 68 theme bacteriophages 226:239 arg1 use 219:221 the use 215:221 the use of bacteriophages 215:239 OBJECTIVES We investigated the use of bacteriophages as a strategy to decolonize intestinal carriers of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. 32590187 9 69 theme intestinal 1633:1642 arg1 carriers 1644:1651 some intestinal carriers 1628:1651 some intestinal carriers 1628:1651 CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that bacteriophage cocktails may be implemented to decolonize some intestinal carriers. 32590187 10 70 theme phage 1742:1746 arg1 resistance 1748:1757 phage resistance 1742:1757 phage resistance 1742:1757 However, the individual microbiota composition may have an impact on the development of phage resistance. 32590187 0 71 theme decolonization 49:62 arg1 use 18:20 the use 14:20 the use of bacteriophages 14:38 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 0 71 theme decolonization 49:62 arg1 strategy 64:71 a new decolonization strategy 43:71 a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli 43:140 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 0 72 dep Investigating 0:12 arg1 model 181:185 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 An in vitro continuous culture system model 143:185 Investigating the use of bacteriophages as a new decolonization strategy for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 Escherichia coli: An in vitro continuous culture system model. 32590187 2 73 theme culture 375:381 arg1 fermentor 340:348 A fermentor 338:348 A fermentor 338:348 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 2 73 theme culture 375:381 arg1 system 383:388 a continuous culture system 362:388 a continuous culture system for 48h 362:396 METHODS A fermentor was used as a continuous culture system for 48h. 32590187 7 74 theme sugars 1372:1377 arg1 transfer 1360:1367 the transfer 1356:1367 the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids 1356:1407 Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of two additional plasmids in the mutant as well as 11 single-nucleotide variants, including one chromosomal in a glycosyltransferase family 2 protein that is responsible for the transfer of sugars to polysaccharides and lipids. 34865779 3 0 theme composition 479:489 arg1 analysis 491:498 Monosaccharide composition analysis 464:498 Monosaccharide composition analysis 464:498 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 7 1 theme digestion 1398:1406 arg1 model 1408:1412 an Infogest simulated digestion model 1376:1412 an Infogest simulated digestion model 1376:1412 Furthermore, A-SPDF performed significantly better in inhibiting starch hydrolysis and reducing the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model. 34865779 7 2 theme glucose 1347:1353 arg1 rate 1365:1368 the glucose diffusion rate 1343:1368 the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model 1343:1412 Furthermore, A-SPDF performed significantly better in inhibiting starch hydrolysis and reducing the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model. 34865779 9 3 theme functional 1787:1796 arg1 food 1798:1801 a functional food 1785:1801 a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1785:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 3 theme functional 1787:1796 arg1 fiber 1769:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber 1748:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) 1748:1780 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 1 4 theme sweet 266:270 arg1 residue 279:285 sweet potato residue 266:285 sweet potato residue 266:285 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 7 5 theme Infogest 1379:1386 arg1 model 1408:1412 an Infogest simulated digestion model 1376:1412 an Infogest simulated digestion model 1376:1412 Furthermore, A-SPDF performed significantly better in inhibiting starch hydrolysis and reducing the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model. 34865779 4 6 theme Fourier 641:647 arg1 analyses 743:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses 641:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses 641:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 6 7 theme oil 1180:1182 arg1 OHC 1204:1206 OHC 1204:1206 OHC 1204:1206 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 7 theme oil 1180:1182 arg1 capacities 1192:1201 oil holding capacities 1180:1201 oil holding capacities (OHC) 1180:1207 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 4 8 theme infrared 661:668 arg1 Fourier 641:647 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) 641:676 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) 641:676 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 4 8 theme infrared 661:668 arg1 FT-IR 671:675 FT-IR 671:675 FT-IR 671:675 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 9 9 contain has 1512:1514 arg1 A-SPDF 1505:1510 A-SPDF 1505:1510 A-SPDF 1505:1510 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 9 contain has 1512:1514 arg2 potential 1520:1528 the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1516:1838 the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1516:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 3 10 theme pectin 548:553 arg1 polysaccharides 555:569 pectin polysaccharides 548:569 pectin polysaccharides 548:569 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 9 11 theme food 1826:1829 arg1 industry 1831:1838 the food industry 1822:1838 the food industry 1822:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 0 12 theme sweet 122:126 arg1 residue 135:141 sweet potato residue 122:141 sweet potato residue 122:141 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 9 13 theme digestion 1615:1623 arg1 disorders 1633:1641 nutrients digestion related disorders 1605:1641 nutrients digestion related disorders 1605:1641 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 14 from industry 1831:1838 arg1 additive 1810:1817 additive 1810:1817 additive 1810:1817 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 6 15 dep A-SPDF 1124:1129 arg1 determined 1134:1143 determined 1134:1143 determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC) 1134:1244 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 3 16 theme rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ 602:621 arg1 backbones 630:638 rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones 602:638 rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones 602:638 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 9 17 theme residue 1720:1726 arg1 utilization 1692:1702 the better utilization 1681:1702 the better utilization of sweet potato residue 1681:1726 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 4 18 theme electron 688:695 arg1 SEM 709:711 SEM 709:711 SEM 709:711 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 4 18 theme electron 688:695 arg1 microscopy 697:706 scanning electron microscopy 679:706 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 679:712 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 6 19 theme water 1214:1218 arg1 WSC 1241:1243 WSC 1241:1243 WSC 1241:1243 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 19 theme water 1214:1218 arg1 capacities 1229:1238 water swelling capacities 1214:1238 water swelling capacities (WSC) 1214:1244 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 9 20 from additive 1810:1817 arg1 industry 1831:1838 the food industry 1822:1838 the food industry 1822:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 6 21 theme water 1148:1152 arg1 capacities 1162:1171 water holding capacities 1148:1171 water holding capacities (WHC) 1148:1177 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 21 theme water 1148:1152 arg1 WHC 1174:1176 WHC 1174:1176 WHC 1174:1176 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 2 22 contain had 380:382 arg1 SPDF 366:369 AHP modified SPDF 353:369 AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) 353:378 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 22 contain had 380:382 arg2 zeta-potential 438:451 a lower zeta-potential 430:451 a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV 430:461 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 22 contain had 380:382 arg1 A-SPDF 372:377 A-SPDF 372:377 A-SPDF 372:377 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 22 contain had 380:382 arg2 weight 404:409 a smaller molecular weight 384:409 a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da 384:424 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 6 23 theme A-SPDF 1124:1129 arg1 properties 1110:1119 the better functional properties 1088:1119 the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC) 1088:1244 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 5 24 theme higher 911:916 arg1 viscosity 918:926 higher viscosity 911:926 higher viscosity than O-SPDF 911:938 Characterization of their rheological properties showed that A-SPDF exhibited higher viscosity than O-SPDF at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 34865779 9 25 theme scientific 1660:1669 arg1 basis 1671:1675 the scientific basis 1656:1675 the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue 1656:1726 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 5 26 theme rheological 859:869 arg1 properties 871:880 their rheological properties 853:880 their rheological properties 853:880 Characterization of their rheological properties showed that A-SPDF exhibited higher viscosity than O-SPDF at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 34865779 0 27 theme modified 76:83 arg1 fiber 101:105 modified soluble dietary fiber 76:105 modified soluble dietary fiber 76:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 0 28 from Structure 0:8 arg1 nutrients 53:61 nutrients 53:61 nutrients 53:61 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 4 29 theme diffraction 725:735 arg1 analyses 743:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses 641:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses 641:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 0 30 theme dietary 93:99 arg1 fiber 101:105 modified soluble dietary fiber 76:105 modified soluble dietary fiber 76:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 7 31 theme diffusion 1355:1363 arg1 rate 1365:1368 the glucose diffusion rate 1343:1368 the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model 1343:1412 Furthermore, A-SPDF performed significantly better in inhibiting starch hydrolysis and reducing the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model. 34865779 5 32 theme % 962:962 arg1 concentrations 943:956 concentrations 943:956 concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively 943:987 Characterization of their rheological properties showed that A-SPDF exhibited higher viscosity than O-SPDF at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 34865779 9 33 theme sweet 1707:1711 arg1 residue 1720:1726 sweet potato residue 1707:1726 sweet potato residue 1707:1726 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 2 34 theme modified 357:364 arg1 SPDF 366:369 AHP modified SPDF 353:369 AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) 353:378 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 34 theme modified 357:364 arg1 A-SPDF 372:377 A-SPDF 372:377 A-SPDF 372:377 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 0 35 theme Structure 0:8 arg1 digestion 63:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion 0:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber 0:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 1 36 theme potato 272:277 arg1 residue 279:285 sweet potato residue 266:285 sweet potato residue 266:285 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 2 37 theme molecular 394:402 arg1 weight 404:409 a smaller molecular weight 384:409 a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da 384:424 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 8 38 theme digestion 1451:1459 arg1 rate 1461:1464 the digestion rate 1447:1464 the digestion rate of protein 1447:1475 However, SPDFs had no impact on the digestion rate of protein. 34865779 0 39 theme physicochemical 11:25 arg1 properties 27:36 physicochemical properties 11:36 physicochemical properties 11:36 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 2 40 theme lower 432:436 arg1 zeta-potential 438:451 a lower zeta-potential 430:451 a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV 430:461 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 5 41 theme % 973:973 arg1 concentrations 943:956 concentrations 943:956 concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively 943:987 Characterization of their rheological properties showed that A-SPDF exhibited higher viscosity than O-SPDF at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 34865779 9 42 theme sweet 1748:1752 arg1 food 1798:1801 a functional food 1785:1801 a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1785:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 42 theme sweet 1748:1752 arg1 SPDF 1776:1779 SPDF 1776:1779 SPDF 1776:1779 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 42 theme sweet 1748:1752 arg1 fiber 1769:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber 1748:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) 1748:1780 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 3 43 theme RG-Ⅰ 624:627 arg1 backbones 630:638 rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones 602:638 rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones 602:638 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 4 44 theme structural 783:792 arg1 differences 794:804 the structural differences 779:804 the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF 779:830 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 0 45 from properties 27:36 arg1 nutrients 53:61 nutrients 53:61 nutrients 53:61 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 9 46 theme dietary 1761:1767 arg1 food 1798:1801 a functional food 1785:1801 a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1785:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 46 theme dietary 1761:1767 arg1 SPDF 1776:1779 SPDF 1776:1779 SPDF 1776:1779 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 46 theme dietary 1761:1767 arg1 fiber 1769:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber 1748:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) 1748:1780 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 3 47 contain had 521:523 arg2 proportion 534:543 a higher proportion 525:543 a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides 525:569 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 3 47 contain had 521:523 arg1 A-SPDF 514:519 A-SPDF 514:519 A-SPDF 514:519 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 2 48 theme potato 322:327 arg1 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 48 theme potato 322:327 arg1 fiber 337:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber 303:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF) 303:350 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 1 49 theme hydrogen 153:160 arg1 AHP 172:174 AHP 172:174 AHP 172:174 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 1 49 theme hydrogen 153:160 arg1 peroxide 162:169 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide 144:169 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification 144:188 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 1 50 theme soluble 229:235 arg1 fiber 245:249 soluble dietary fiber 229:249 soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue 229:285 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 6 51 from O-SPDF 1045:1050 arg1 presence 1059:1066 the presence 1055:1066 the presence of Ca2+ 1055:1074 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 3 52 theme Monosaccharide 464:477 arg1 analysis 491:498 Monosaccharide composition analysis 464:498 Monosaccharide composition analysis 464:498 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 1 53 theme fiber 245:249 arg1 yield 204:208 the yield 200:208 the yield 200:208 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 1 53 theme fiber 245:249 arg1 content 218:224 the content 214:224 the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue 214:285 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 7 54 theme simulated 1388:1396 arg1 model 1408:1412 an Infogest simulated digestion model 1376:1412 an Infogest simulated digestion model 1376:1412 Furthermore, A-SPDF performed significantly better in inhibiting starch hydrolysis and reducing the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model. 34865779 9 55 theme novel 1544:1548 arg1 food 1550:1553 a novel food 1542:1553 a novel food additive 1542:1562 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 56 theme additive 1555:1562 arg1 food 1550:1553 a novel food 1542:1553 a novel food additive 1542:1562 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 5 57 theme properties 871:880 arg1 Characterization 833:848 Characterization 833:848 Characterization of their rheological properties 833:880 Characterization of their rheological properties showed that A-SPDF exhibited higher viscosity than O-SPDF at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 34865779 8 58 contain had 1430:1432 arg1 SPDFs 1424:1428 SPDFs 1424:1428 SPDFs 1424:1428 However, SPDFs had no impact on the digestion rate of protein. 34865779 8 58 contain had 1430:1432 arg2 impact 1437:1442 no impact 1434:1442 no impact 1434:1442 However, SPDFs had no impact on the digestion rate of protein. 34865779 6 59 theme holding 1184:1190 arg1 OHC 1204:1206 OHC 1204:1206 OHC 1204:1206 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 59 theme holding 1184:1190 arg1 capacities 1192:1201 oil holding capacities 1180:1201 oil holding capacities (OHC) 1180:1207 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 2 60 theme 69073.59 Da 414:424 arg1 weight 404:409 a smaller molecular weight 384:409 a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da 384:424 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 60 theme 69073.59 Da 414:424 arg1 zeta-potential 438:451 a lower zeta-potential 430:451 a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV 430:461 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 9 61 theme functional 1568:1577 arg1 hydrocolloid 1579:1590 functional hydrocolloid 1568:1590 functional hydrocolloid 1568:1590 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 6 62 theme functional 1099:1108 arg1 properties 1110:1119 the better functional properties 1088:1119 the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC) 1088:1244 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 9 63 theme additive 1810:1817 arg1 food 1798:1801 a functional food 1785:1801 a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1785:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 63 theme additive 1810:1817 arg1 fiber 1769:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber 1748:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) 1748:1780 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 2 64 theme original 307:314 arg1 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 64 theme original 307:314 arg1 fiber 337:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber 303:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF) 303:350 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 4 65 theme transformed 649:659 arg1 Fourier 641:647 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) 641:676 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) 641:676 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 4 65 theme transformed 649:659 arg1 FT-IR 671:675 FT-IR 671:675 FT-IR 671:675 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 0 66 theme potato 128:133 arg1 residue 135:141 sweet potato residue 122:141 sweet potato residue 122:141 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 3 67 theme higher 527:532 arg1 proportion 534:543 a higher proportion 525:543 a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides 525:569 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 9 68 theme nutrients 1605:1613 arg1 disorders 1633:1641 nutrients digestion related disorders 1605:1641 nutrients digestion related disorders 1605:1641 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 7 69 theme starch 1312:1317 arg1 hydrolysis 1319:1328 starch hydrolysis 1312:1328 starch hydrolysis 1312:1328 Furthermore, A-SPDF performed significantly better in inhibiting starch hydrolysis and reducing the glucose diffusion rate using an Infogest simulated digestion model. 34865779 9 70 theme related 1625:1631 arg1 disorders 1633:1641 nutrients digestion related disorders 1605:1641 nutrients digestion related disorders 1605:1641 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 6 71 theme swelling 1220:1227 arg1 WSC 1241:1243 WSC 1241:1243 WSC 1241:1243 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 71 theme swelling 1220:1227 arg1 capacities 1229:1238 water swelling capacities 1214:1238 water swelling capacities (WSC) 1214:1244 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 3 72 theme polysaccharides 555:569 arg1 proportion 534:543 a higher proportion 525:543 a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides 525:569 Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that A-SPDF had a higher proportion of pectin polysaccharides with homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) backbones. 34865779 6 73 theme holding 1154:1160 arg1 capacities 1162:1171 water holding capacities 1148:1171 water holding capacities (WHC) 1148:1177 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 73 theme holding 1154:1160 arg1 WHC 1174:1176 WHC 1174:1176 WHC 1174:1176 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 4 74 theme scanning 679:686 arg1 SEM 709:711 SEM 709:711 SEM 709:711 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 4 74 theme scanning 679:686 arg1 microscopy 697:706 scanning electron microscopy 679:706 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 679:712 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 4 75 theme microscopy 697:706 arg1 analyses 743:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses 641:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses 641:750 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 1 76 theme Alkaline 144:151 arg1 AHP 172:174 AHP 172:174 AHP 172:174 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 1 76 theme Alkaline 144:151 arg1 peroxide 162:169 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide 144:169 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification 144:188 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 2 77 theme -27 mV 456:461 arg1 weight 404:409 a smaller molecular weight 384:409 a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da 384:424 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 77 theme -27 mV 456:461 arg1 zeta-potential 438:451 a lower zeta-potential 430:451 a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV 430:461 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 6 78 contain had 1011:1013 arg2 behavior 1031:1038 a more gel-like behavior 1015:1038 a more gel-like behavior 1015:1038 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 6 78 contain had 1011:1013 arg1 A-SPDF 1004:1009 A-SPDF 1004:1009 A-SPDF 1004:1009 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 0 79 theme soluble 85:91 arg1 fiber 101:105 modified soluble dietary fiber 76:105 modified soluble dietary fiber 76:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 1 80 theme peroxide 162:169 arg1 modification 177:188 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification 144:188 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification 144:188 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 0 81 theme fiber 101:105 arg1 digestion 63:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion 0:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber 0:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 9 82 theme better 1685:1690 arg1 utilization 1692:1702 the better utilization 1681:1702 the better utilization of sweet potato residue 1681:1726 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 4 83 theme X-ray 719:723 arg1 diffraction 725:735 X-ray diffraction 719:735 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 719:741 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 4 83 theme X-ray 719:723 arg1 XRD 738:740 XRD 738:740 XRD 738:740 Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to determine the structural differences between A-SPDF and O-SPDF. 34865779 6 84 theme gel-like 1022:1029 arg1 behavior 1031:1038 a more gel-like behavior 1015:1038 a more gel-like behavior 1015:1038 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 0 85 from effects 42:48 arg1 nutrients 53:61 nutrients 53:61 nutrients 53:61 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 9 86 theme potato 1713:1718 arg1 residue 1720:1726 sweet potato residue 1707:1726 sweet potato residue 1707:1726 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 2 87 theme AHP 353:355 arg1 SPDF 366:369 AHP modified SPDF 353:369 AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) 353:378 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 87 theme AHP 353:355 arg1 A-SPDF 372:377 A-SPDF 372:377 A-SPDF 372:377 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 0 88 theme properties 27:36 arg1 digestion 63:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion 0:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber 0:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 2 89 theme smaller 386:392 arg1 weight 404:409 a smaller molecular weight 384:409 a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da 384:424 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 8 90 theme protein 1469:1475 arg1 rate 1461:1464 the digestion rate 1447:1464 the digestion rate of protein 1447:1475 However, SPDFs had no impact on the digestion rate of protein. 34865779 0 91 theme effects 42:48 arg1 digestion 63:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion 0:71 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber 0:105 Structure, physicochemical properties and effects on nutrients digestion of modified soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34865779 6 92 theme Ca2+ 1071:1074 arg1 presence 1059:1066 the presence 1055:1066 the presence of Ca2+ 1055:1074 Additionally, A-SPDF had a more gel-like behavior than O-SPDF in the presence of Ca2+, supporting the better functional properties of A-SPDF as determined by water holding capacities (WHC), oil holding capacities (OHC), and water swelling capacities (WSC). 34865779 9 93 theme potato 1754:1759 arg1 food 1798:1801 a functional food 1785:1801 a functional food and/or additive in the food industry 1785:1838 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 93 theme potato 1754:1759 arg1 SPDF 1776:1779 SPDF 1776:1779 SPDF 1776:1779 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 9 93 theme potato 1754:1759 arg1 fiber 1769:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber 1748:1773 sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) 1748:1780 Our results suggested that A-SPDF has the potential to serve as a novel food additive and functional hydrocolloid to attenuate nutrients digestion related disorders, which forms the scientific basis for the better utilization of sweet potato residue and further develop sweet potato dietary fiber (SPDF) as a functional food and/or additive in the food industry. 34865779 2 94 theme dietary 329:335 arg1 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 94 theme dietary 329:335 arg1 fiber 337:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber 303:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF) 303:350 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 95 theme sweet 316:320 arg1 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 O-SPDF 344:349 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 2 95 theme sweet 316:320 arg1 fiber 337:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber 303:341 the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF) 303:350 As compared to the original sweet potato dietary fiber (O-SPDF), AHP modified SPDF (A-SPDF) had a smaller molecular weight of 69073.59 Da and a lower zeta-potential of -27 mV. 34865779 5 96 theme % 966:966 arg1 concentrations 943:956 concentrations 943:956 concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively 943:987 Characterization of their rheological properties showed that A-SPDF exhibited higher viscosity than O-SPDF at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. 34865779 1 97 theme dietary 237:243 arg1 fiber 245:249 soluble dietary fiber 229:249 soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue 229:285 Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) modification increased the yield and the content of soluble dietary fiber extracted from sweet potato residue. 34071374 2 0 with formation 371:379 arg1 malignancy 448:457 malignancy 448:457 malignancy 448:457 However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. 34071374 6 1 theme tumor 1133:1137 arg1 microenvironment 1139:1154 the tumor microenvironment 1129:1154 the tumor microenvironment 1129:1154 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 0 2 from Encapsulation 16:28 arg1 Microcalcifications 67:85 HAp Microcalcifications 63:85 HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging 63:133 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 1 3 theme cancer 342:347 arg1 lesions 349:355 suspicious cancer lesions 331:355 suspicious cancer lesions 331:355 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 0 4 theme Breast 96:101 arg1 Tissues 110:116 Human Breast Cancer Tissues 90:116 Human Breast Cancer Tissues 90:116 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 1 5 theme lesions 349:355 arg1 indicators 317:326 the first indicators 307:326 the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions 307:355 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 5 6 from encapsulation 933:945 arg1 calcifications 985:998 HAp calcifications 981:998 HAp calcifications 981:998 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 6 from encapsulation 933:945 arg1 polysaccharides 1044:1058 polysaccharides 1044:1058 polysaccharides 1044:1058 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 6 from encapsulation 933:945 arg1 proteins 1017:1024 proteins 1017:1024 proteins 1017:1024 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 6 from encapsulation 933:945 arg1 C 1038:1038 cytochrome C 1027:1038 cytochrome C 1027:1038 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 6 from encapsulation 933:945 arg1 lipids 1009:1014 lipids 1009:1014 lipids 1009:1014 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 0 7 theme Human 90:94 arg1 Tissues 110:116 Human Breast Cancer Tissues 90:116 Human Breast Cancer Tissues 90:116 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 3 8 theme calcifications 744:757 arg1 composition 725:735 the molecular composition 711:735 the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 711:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 0 9 theme Tissues 110:116 arg1 Microcalcifications 67:85 HAp Microcalcifications 63:85 HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging 63:133 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 6 10 theme natural 1082:1088 arg1 biomineralization 1094:1110 natural DNA biomineralization 1082:1110 natural DNA biomineralization 1082:1110 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 3 11 theme three-dimensional 518:534 arg1 analysis 548:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis 500:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications 500:592 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 1 12 theme mammography 177:187 arg1 screening 189:197 mammography screening 177:197 mammography screening 177:197 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 0 13 theme Cancer 103:108 arg1 Tissues 110:116 Human Breast Cancer Tissues 90:116 Human Breast Cancer Tissues 90:116 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 3 14 theme biochemical 536:546 arg1 analysis 548:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis 500:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications 500:592 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 2 15 theme hydroxyapatite 384:397 arg1 calcifications 405:418 hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications 384:418 hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications 384:418 However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. 34071374 3 16 theme HAp 740:742 arg1 calcifications 744:757 HAp calcifications 740:757 HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 740:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 6 17 theme malignant 1266:1274 arg1 tissues 1276:1282 malignant tissues 1266:1282 malignant tissues 1266:1282 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 3 18 located found 759:763 arg1 biopsies 792:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 3 18 located found 759:763 arg2 calcifications 744:757 HAp calcifications 740:757 HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 740:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 3 19 theme microcalcifications 574:592 arg1 analysis 548:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis 500:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications 500:592 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 1 20 theme suspicious 331:340 arg1 lesions 349:355 suspicious cancer lesions 331:355 suspicious cancer lesions 331:355 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 3 21 theme breast 771:776 arg1 biopsies 792:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 4 22 theme HAp 878:880 arg1 microcalcifications 882:900 HAp microcalcifications 878:900 HAp microcalcifications 878:900 We demonstrate that DNA has been naturally adsorbed and encapsulated inside HAp microcalcifications. 34071374 5 23 theme HAp 981:983 arg1 calcifications 985:998 HAp calcifications 981:998 HAp calcifications 981:998 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 23 theme HAp 981:983 arg1 polysaccharides 1044:1058 polysaccharides 1044:1058 polysaccharides 1044:1058 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 23 theme HAp 981:983 arg1 proteins 1017:1024 proteins 1017:1024 proteins 1017:1024 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 23 theme HAp 981:983 arg1 C 1038:1038 cytochrome C 1027:1038 cytochrome C 1027:1038 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 23 theme HAp 981:983 arg1 lipids 1009:1014 lipids 1009:1014 lipids 1009:1014 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 6 24 theme biomineralization 1094:1110 arg1 demonstration 1065:1077 The demonstration 1061:1077 The demonstration 1061:1077 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 3 25 theme cancer 778:783 arg1 biopsies 792:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 0 26 theme Raman 121:125 arg1 Imaging 127:133 Raman Imaging 121:133 Raman Imaging 121:133 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 3 27 theme breast 560:565 arg1 microcalcifications 574:592 breast cancer microcalcifications 560:592 breast cancer microcalcifications 560:592 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 6 28 theme DNA 1090:1092 arg1 biomineralization 1094:1110 natural DNA biomineralization 1082:1110 natural DNA biomineralization 1082:1110 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 3 29 theme cancer 567:572 arg1 microcalcifications 574:592 breast cancer microcalcifications 560:592 breast cancer microcalcifications 560:592 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 2 30 theme calcifications 405:418 arg1 formation 371:379 the formation 367:379 the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications 367:418 However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. 34071374 2 30 theme calcifications 405:418 arg1 relationship 430:441 their relationship 424:441 their relationship with malignancy 424:457 However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. 34071374 5 31 theme other 950:954 arg1 biomolecules 965:976 other relevant biomolecules 950:976 other relevant biomolecules 950:976 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 6 32 theme HAp 1259:1261 arg1 role 1251:1254 the role 1247:1254 the role of HAp in malignant tissues 1247:1282 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 0 33 theme DNA 33:35 arg1 Encapsulation 16:28 the Encapsulation 12:28 the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging 12:133 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 3 34 theme tissue 785:790 arg1 biopsies 792:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 768:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 3 35 theme 3D 613:614 arg1 spectroscopy 622:633 3D Raman spectroscopy 613:633 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging 613:641 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 2 36 with relationship 430:441 arg1 malignancy 448:457 malignancy 448:457 malignancy 448:457 However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. 34071374 2 37 theme HAp 400:402 arg1 calcifications 405:418 hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications 384:418 hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications 384:418 However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. 34071374 0 38 theme Biomolecules 47:58 arg1 Encapsulation 16:28 the Encapsulation 12:28 the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging 12:133 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 3 39 theme multivariate 656:667 arg1 analysis 669:676 advanced multivariate analysis 647:676 advanced multivariate analysis 647:676 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 0 40 theme Other 41:45 arg1 Biomolecules 47:58 Other Biomolecules 41:58 Other Biomolecules 41:58 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 1 41 theme first 311:315 arg1 indicators 317:326 the first indicators 307:326 the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions 307:355 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 3 42 theme advanced 647:654 arg1 analysis 669:676 advanced multivariate analysis 647:676 advanced multivariate analysis 647:676 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 6 43 from role 1251:1254 arg1 tissues 1276:1282 malignant tissues 1266:1282 malignant tissues 1266:1282 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 1 44 theme indicators 317:326 arg1 one 300:302 one 300:302 one 300:302 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 1 44 theme indicators 317:326 arg1 indicators 317:326 the first indicators 307:326 the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions 307:355 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 6 45 from demonstration 1065:1077 arg1 microenvironment 1139:1154 the tumor microenvironment 1129:1154 the tumor microenvironment 1129:1154 The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues. 34071374 5 46 theme relevant 956:963 arg1 biomolecules 965:976 other relevant biomolecules 950:976 other relevant biomolecules 950:976 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 5 47 theme biomolecules 965:976 arg1 encapsulation 933:945 the encapsulation 929:945 the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides 929:1058 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 0 48 theme HAp 63:65 arg1 Microcalcifications 67:85 HAp Microcalcifications 63:85 HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging 63:133 Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging. 34071374 3 49 theme Raman 616:620 arg1 spectroscopy 622:633 3D Raman spectroscopy 613:633 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging 613:641 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 5 50 theme cytochrome 1027:1036 arg1 C 1038:1038 cytochrome C 1027:1038 cytochrome C 1027:1038 Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. 34071374 3 51 theme molecular 715:723 arg1 composition 725:735 the molecular composition 711:735 the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies 711:799 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 3 52 theme spectroscopy 622:633 arg1 imaging 635:641 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging 613:641 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging 613:641 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 3 53 theme detailed 509:516 arg1 analysis 548:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis 500:555 the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications 500:592 In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. 34071374 1 54 theme BI-RADS 252:258 arg1 distribution 238:249 distribution 238:249 distribution (BI-RADS classification) 238:274 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 34071374 1 54 theme BI-RADS 252:258 arg1 classification 260:273 BI-RADS classification 252:273 BI-RADS classification 252:273 Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. 32989484 6 0 theme desiccation/rehydration 990:1012 arg1 cycles 1014:1019 four desiccation/rehydration cycles 985:1019 four desiccation/rehydration cycles 985:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 7 1 from TR9 1272:1274 arg1 inducible 1259:1267 inducible 1259:1267 inducible 1259:1267 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 6 2 from analyses 903:910 arg1 microalgae 961:970 the two lichen microalgae 946:970 the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 946:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 0 3 theme Different 91:99 arg1 Mechanisms 101:110 Different Mechanisms 91:110 Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms 91:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 5 4 theme microalgae 820:829 arg1 substances 783:792 the extracellular polymeric substances 755:792 the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration 755:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 5 4 theme microalgae 820:829 arg1 EPS 795:797 EPS 795:797 EPS 795:797 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 7 5 theme constitutive 1213:1224 arg1 expression 1226:1235 a constitutive expression 1211:1235 a constitutive expression in Csol 1211:1243 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 8 6 theme EPS-associated 1296:1309 arg1 proteins 1311:1318 the EPS-associated proteins 1292:1318 the EPS-associated proteins 1292:1318 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 6 7 theme EPS-associated 919:932 arg1 proteins 934:941 the EPS-associated proteins 915:941 the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 915:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 4 8 theme aero-terrestrial 609:624 arg1 microalgae 626:635 other aero-terrestrial microalgae 603:635 other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability 603:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 0 9 theme Desiccation 115:125 arg1 Tolerance 127:135 Desiccation Tolerance 115:135 Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms 115:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 3 10 from elements 455:462 arg1 tolerance 471:479 the tolerance 467:479 the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae 467:513 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 9 11 theme availability 1741:1752 arg1 conditions 1721:1730 the different conditions 1707:1730 the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives 1707:1779 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 2 12 theme prevailing 311:320 arg1 conditions 322:331 the prevailing conditions 307:331 the prevailing conditions of their habitats 307:349 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 9 13 theme extracellular 1676:1688 arg1 structures 1690:1699 the extracellular structures 1672:1699 the extracellular structures 1672:1699 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 3 14 theme extracellular 385:397 arg1 polysaccharides 399:413 cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides 371:413 polysaccharides 399:413 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 8 15 theme small 1409:1413 arg1 proteins 1440:1447 small intrinsically disordered proteins 1409:1447 small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms 1409:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 15 theme small 1409:1413 arg1 some 1372:1375 some 1372:1375 some 1372:1375 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 15 theme small 1409:1413 arg1 functions 1361:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 6 16 theme proteins 1071:1078 arg1 compilation 1033:1043 the compilation 1029:1043 the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins 1029:1078 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 3 17 theme cell 371:374 arg1 wall 376:379 cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides 371:413 wall 376:379 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 7 18 from inducible 1259:1267 arg1 TR9 1272:1274 TR9 1272:1274 TR9 1272:1274 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 7 19 theme biological 1179:1188 arg1 functions 1190:1198 predicted biological functions 1169:1198 predicted biological functions 1169:1198 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 8 20 theme proteins 1341:1348 arg1 number 1331:1336 a number 1329:1336 a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms 1329:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 9 21 theme expression 1533:1542 arg1 pattern 1544:1550 the expression pattern 1529:1550 the expression pattern 1529:1550 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 0 22 theme Tolerance 127:135 arg1 Mechanisms 101:110 Different Mechanisms 91:110 Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms 91:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 6 23 theme lichen 954:959 arg1 microalgae 961:970 the two lichen microalgae 946:970 the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 946:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 3 24 theme key 451:453 arg1 remodelling 356:366 The remodelling 352:366 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability 352:445 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 3 24 theme key 451:453 arg1 elements 455:462 key elements 451:462 key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae 451:513 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 8 25 theme disordered 1429:1438 arg1 proteins 1440:1447 small intrinsically disordered proteins 1409:1447 small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms 1409:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 25 theme disordered 1429:1438 arg1 some 1372:1375 some 1372:1375 some 1372:1375 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 25 theme disordered 1429:1438 arg1 functions 1361:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 26 theme unknown 1353:1359 arg1 functions 1361:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 4 27 from microalgae 626:635 arg1 response 640:647 response 640:647 response to limited water availability 640:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 0 28 theme Under-explored 4:17 arg1 Proteome 33:40 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome 0:40 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae 0:71 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 5 29 theme aero-terrestrial 803:818 arg1 microalgae 820:829 aero-terrestrial microalgae 803:829 aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration 803:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 9 30 theme biophysical 1646:1656 arg1 properties 1658:1667 the biochemical and biophysical properties 1626:1667 the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures 1626:1699 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 6 31 theme identified 1060:1069 arg1 proteins 1071:1078 111 and 121 identified proteins 1048:1078 111 and 121 identified proteins 1048:1078 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 2 32 theme habitats 342:349 arg1 conditions 322:331 the prevailing conditions 307:331 the prevailing conditions of their habitats 307:349 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 3 33 theme water 428:432 arg1 availability 434:445 water availability 428:445 water availability 428:445 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 4 34 theme algae 593:597 arg1 proteins 575:582 the extracellular proteins 557:582 the extracellular proteins of these algae 557:597 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 4 34 theme algae 593:597 arg1 microalgae 626:635 other aero-terrestrial microalgae 603:635 other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability 603:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 7 35 theme predicted 1169:1177 arg1 functions 1190:1198 predicted biological functions 1169:1198 predicted biological functions 1169:1198 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 8 36 theme related 1449:1455 arg1 proteins 1440:1447 small intrinsically disordered proteins 1409:1447 small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms 1409:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 36 theme related 1449:1455 arg1 some 1372:1375 some 1372:1375 some 1372:1375 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 8 36 theme related 1449:1455 arg1 functions 1361:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 unknown functions 1353:1369 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 5 37 from report 716:721 arg1 proteins 730:737 the proteins 726:737 the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration 726:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 3 38 theme polysaccharides 399:413 arg1 remodelling 356:366 The remodelling 352:366 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability 352:445 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 3 38 theme polysaccharides 399:413 arg1 elements 455:462 key elements 451:462 key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae 451:513 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 9 39 theme different 1711:1719 arg1 conditions 1721:1730 the different conditions 1707:1730 the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives 1707:1779 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 7 40 theme functions 1190:1198 arg1 functions 1190:1198 predicted biological functions 1169:1198 predicted biological functions 1169:1198 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 7 40 theme functions 1190:1198 arg1 variety 1158:1164 a variety 1156:1164 a variety of predicted biological functions 1156:1198 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 9 41 theme EPS-associated 1572:1585 arg1 proteins 1587:1594 the studied EPS-associated proteins 1560:1594 the studied EPS-associated proteins 1560:1594 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 0 42 theme Extracellular 19:31 arg1 Proteome 33:40 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome 0:40 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae 0:71 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 4 43 theme other 603:607 arg1 microalgae 626:635 other aero-terrestrial microalgae 603:635 other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability 603:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 0 44 theme Non-Model 140:148 arg1 Organisms 150:158 Non-Model Organisms 140:158 Non-Model Organisms 140:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 0 45 from Mechanisms 101:110 arg1 Organisms 150:158 Non-Model Organisms 140:158 Non-Model Organisms 140:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 8 46 theme desiccation-tolerant 1462:1481 arg1 organisms 1483:1491 desiccation-tolerant organisms 1462:1491 desiccation-tolerant organisms 1462:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 5 47 theme cyclic 844:849 arg1 desiccation/rehydration 851:873 cyclic desiccation/rehydration 844:873 cyclic desiccation/rehydration 844:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 3 48 theme microalgae 504:513 arg1 desiccation 484:494 desiccation 484:494 desiccation of both microalgae 484:513 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 0 49 theme Aero-Terrestrial 45:60 arg1 Microalgae 62:71 Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae 45:71 Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae 45:71 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 2 50 with microalgae 242:251 arg1 strategies 277:286 different adaptive strategies 258:286 different adaptive strategies 258:286 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 7 51 theme proteins 1140:1147 arg1 sets 1117:1120 Both sets 1112:1120 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins 1112:1147 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 7 51 theme proteins 1140:1147 arg1 proteins 1140:1147 EPS-associated proteins 1125:1147 EPS-associated proteins 1125:1147 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 2 52 theme Coccomyxa 185:193 arg1 microalgae 242:251 desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae 214:251 desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies 214:286 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 52 theme Coccomyxa 185:193 arg1 Csol 204:207 Csol 204:207 Csol 204:207 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 52 theme Coccomyxa 185:193 arg1 simplex 195:201 Coccomyxa simplex 185:201 Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) 185:208 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 52 theme Coccomyxa 185:193 arg1 TR9 176:178 (TR9) 175:179 (TR9) 175:179 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 6 53 from LC-MS/MS 876:883 arg1 microalgae 961:970 the two lichen microalgae 946:970 the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 946:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 8 54 theme functions 1361:1369 arg1 proteins 1341:1348 proteins 1341:1348 proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms 1341:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 4 55 from proteins 575:582 arg1 response 640:647 response 640:647 response to limited water availability 640:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 4 56 theme extracellular 561:573 arg1 proteins 575:582 the extracellular proteins 557:582 the extracellular proteins of these algae 557:597 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 5 57 theme polymeric 773:781 arg1 substances 783:792 the extracellular polymeric substances 755:792 the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration 755:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 5 57 theme polymeric 773:781 arg1 EPS 795:797 EPS 795:797 EPS 795:797 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 9 58 theme water 1735:1739 arg1 availability 1741:1752 water availability 1735:1752 water availability 1735:1752 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 3 59 theme wall 376:379 arg1 remodelling 356:366 The remodelling 352:366 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability 352:445 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 3 59 theme wall 376:379 arg1 elements 455:462 key elements 451:462 key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae 451:513 The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. 32989484 5 60 theme extracellular 759:771 arg1 substances 783:792 the extracellular polymeric substances 755:792 the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration 755:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 5 60 theme extracellular 759:771 arg1 EPS 795:797 EPS 795:797 EPS 795:797 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 5 61 theme first 710:714 arg1 this 698:701 this 698:701 this 698:701 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 5 61 theme first 710:714 arg1 report 716:721 the first report 706:721 the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration 706:873 To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. 32989484 0 62 from Clues 82:86 arg1 Mechanisms 101:110 Different Mechanisms 91:110 Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms 91:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 2 63 theme lichen 235:240 arg1 microalgae 242:251 desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae 214:251 desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies 214:286 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 63 theme lichen 235:240 arg1 simplex 195:201 Coccomyxa simplex 185:201 Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) 185:208 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 63 theme lichen 235:240 arg1 TR9 176:178 (TR9) 175:179 (TR9) 175:179 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 0 64 theme Microalgae 62:71 arg1 Proteome 33:40 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome 0:40 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae 0:71 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 7 65 theme EPS-associated 1125:1138 arg1 proteins 1140:1147 EPS-associated proteins 1125:1147 EPS-associated proteins 1125:1147 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 2 66 theme desiccation-tolerant 214:233 arg1 microalgae 242:251 desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae 214:251 desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies 214:286 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 66 theme desiccation-tolerant 214:233 arg1 simplex 195:201 Coccomyxa simplex 185:201 Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) 185:208 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 2 66 theme desiccation-tolerant 214:233 arg1 TR9 176:178 (TR9) 175:179 (TR9) 175:179 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 9 67 dep composition 1513:1523 arg1 the 1509:1511 the 1509:1511 the 1509:1511 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 6 68 theme proteins 934:941 arg1 LC-MS/MS 876:883 LC-MS/MS 876:883 LC-MS/MS 876:883 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 6 68 theme proteins 934:941 arg1 analyses 903:910 bioinformatic analyses 889:910 bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 889:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 0 69 from Tolerance 127:135 arg1 Organisms 150:158 Non-Model Organisms 140:158 Non-Model Organisms 140:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 9 70 theme studied 1564:1570 arg1 proteins 1587:1594 the studied EPS-associated proteins 1560:1594 the studied EPS-associated proteins 1560:1594 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 4 71 theme limited 652:658 arg1 availability 666:677 limited water availability 652:677 limited water availability 652:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 32989484 9 72 theme structures 1690:1699 arg1 properties 1658:1667 the biochemical and biophysical properties 1626:1667 the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures 1626:1699 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 8 73 with related 1449:1455 arg1 organisms 1483:1491 desiccation-tolerant organisms 1462:1491 desiccation-tolerant organisms 1462:1491 In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. 32989484 1 74 theme Trebouxia 161:169 arg1 sp 171:172 Trebouxia sp 161:172 Trebouxia sp. 161:173 Trebouxia sp. 32989484 9 75 from Differences 1494:1504 arg1 pattern 1544:1550 the expression pattern 1529:1550 the expression pattern 1529:1550 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 9 75 from Differences 1494:1504 arg1 composition 1513:1523 composition 1513:1523 composition 1513:1523 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 6 76 theme bioinformatic 889:901 arg1 analyses 903:910 bioinformatic analyses 889:910 bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 889:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 2 77 theme adaptive 268:275 arg1 strategies 277:286 different adaptive strategies 258:286 different adaptive strategies 258:286 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 9 78 theme biochemical 1630:1640 arg1 properties 1658:1667 the biochemical and biophysical properties 1626:1667 the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures 1626:1699 Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives. 32989484 0 79 from Organisms 150:158 arg1 Mechanisms 101:110 Different Mechanisms 91:110 Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms 91:158 The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. 32989484 6 80 from microalgae 961:970 arg1 LC-MS/MS 876:883 LC-MS/MS 876:883 LC-MS/MS 876:883 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 6 80 from microalgae 961:970 arg1 analyses 903:910 bioinformatic analyses 889:910 bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 889:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 7 81 from expression 1226:1235 arg1 Csol 1240:1243 Csol 1240:1243 Csol 1240:1243 Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. 32989484 2 82 theme different 258:266 arg1 strategies 277:286 different adaptive strategies 258:286 different adaptive strategies 258:286 (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. 32989484 6 83 from proteins 934:941 arg1 microalgae 961:970 the two lichen microalgae 946:970 the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles 946:1019 LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. 32989484 4 84 theme water 660:664 arg1 availability 666:677 limited water availability 652:677 limited water availability 652:677 Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. 35036407 0 0 theme Sialic 84:89 arg1 Viruses 121:127 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 0 theme Sialic 84:89 arg1 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 0 theme Sialic 84:89 arg1 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 0 theme Sialic 84:89 arg1 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 11 1 theme AAV 1664:1666 arg1 tropism 1668:1674 AAV tropism 1664:1674 AAV tropism 1664:1674 These data thus strongly suggest that the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc plays a role in AAV tropism, and that results obtained in commonly used animal models might not translate into the clinic. 35036407 1 2 theme Adeno-associated 151:166 arg1 AAV 175:177 AAV 175:177 AAV 175:177 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 1 2 theme Adeno-associated 151:166 arg1 virus 168:172 Adeno-associated virus 151:172 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors 151:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 9 3 theme expression 1270:1279 arg1 distribution 1254:1265 distribution 1254:1265 distribution 1254:1265 Importantly, the AAV tropism or distribution of expression among different organs was also affected. 35036407 9 3 theme expression 1270:1279 arg1 AAV 1239:1241 the AAV tropism or distribution 1235:1265 AAV 1239:1241 Importantly, the AAV tropism or distribution of expression among different organs was also affected. 35036407 0 4 theme N-linked 75:82 arg1 Viruses 121:127 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 4 theme N-linked 75:82 arg1 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 4 theme N-linked 75:82 arg1 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 4 theme N-linked 75:82 arg1 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 4 5 theme common 495:500 arg1 serotypes 506:514 the most common AAV serotypes 486:514 the most common AAV serotypes 486:514 Several of the most common AAV serotypes use sialic acid (SIA) as their primary receptor. 35036407 6 6 theme human 792:796 arg1 glycans 798:804 human glycans 792:804 human glycans 792:804 As a result, human glycans only contain Neu5Ac and not Neu5Gc. 35036407 1 7 theme virus 168:172 arg1 vectors 180:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors 151:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors 151:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 1 7 theme virus 168:172 arg1 candidates 202:211 promising candidates 192:211 promising candidates for gene therapy 192:228 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 8 8 link N-linked 961:968 arg1 serotypes 982:990 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes 957:990 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) 957:1006 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 0 9 theme Adeno-Associated 104:119 arg1 Viruses 121:127 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 9 theme Adeno-Associated 104:119 arg1 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 9 theme Adeno-Associated 104:119 arg1 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 9 theme Adeno-Associated 104:119 arg1 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 7 10 theme wild-type 898:906 arg1 WT 918:919 WT 918:919 WT 918:919 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 7 10 theme wild-type 898:906 arg1 C57BL/6J 908:915 wild-type C57BL/6J 898:915 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) 898:920 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 2 11 theme animal 277:282 arg1 studies 284:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 However, a number of recent preclinical large animal studies failed to translate into the clinic. 35036407 8 12 theme heart 1055:1059 arg1 transduction 1035:1046 significantly lower transduction 1015:1046 significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- 1015:1070 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 3 13 theme formidable 350:359 arg1 challenge 361:369 the formidable challenge 346:369 the formidable challenge of choosing the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic 346:472 This illustrates the formidable challenge of choosing the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic. 35036407 0 14 dep Viruses 121:127 arg1 Viruses 121:127 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 14 dep Viruses 121:127 arg1 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 14 dep Viruses 121:127 arg1 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 14 dep Viruses 121:127 arg1 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 2 15 theme large 271:275 arg1 studies 284:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 However, a number of recent preclinical large animal studies failed to translate into the clinic. 35036407 4 16 theme primary 547:553 arg1 receptor 555:562 their primary receptor 541:562 their primary receptor 541:562 Several of the most common AAV serotypes use sialic acid (SIA) as their primary receptor. 35036407 8 17 dep serotypes 982:990 arg1 6 1005:1005 6 1005:1005 6 1005:1005 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 8 17 dep serotypes 982:990 arg1 5 999:999 5 999:999 5 999:999 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 8 17 dep serotypes 982:990 arg1 AAV1 993:996 AAV1 993:996 AAV1 993:996 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 9 18 dep AAV 1239:1241 arg1 tropism 1243:1249 tropism 1243:1249 tropism 1243:1249 Importantly, the AAV tropism or distribution of expression among different organs was also affected. 35036407 8 19 theme N-linked 961:968 arg1 serotypes 982:990 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes 957:990 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) 957:1006 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 8 20 theme skeletal 1127:1134 arg1 transduction 1143:1154 skeletal muscle transduction 1127:1154 skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 1127:1162 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 2 21 theme preclinical 259:269 arg1 studies 284:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 However, a number of recent preclinical large animal studies failed to translate into the clinic. 35036407 6 22 contain contain 811:817 arg1 glycans 798:804 human glycans 792:804 human glycans 792:804 As a result, human glycans only contain Neu5Ac and not Neu5Gc. 35036407 6 22 contain contain 811:817 arg2 Neu5Gc 834:839 Neu5Gc 834:839 Neu5Gc 834:839 As a result, human glycans only contain Neu5Ac and not Neu5Gc. 35036407 6 22 contain contain 811:817 arg2 Neu5Ac 819:824 Neu5Ac 819:824 Neu5Ac 819:824 As a result, human glycans only contain Neu5Ac and not Neu5Gc. 35036407 6 22 contain contain 811:817 arg2 result 784:789 a result 782:789 a result 782:789 As a result, human glycans only contain Neu5Ac and not Neu5Gc. 35036407 0 23 theme Viruses 121:127 arg1 Tropism 64:70 the in vivo Tropism 52:70 the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 52:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 2 24 theme recent 252:257 arg1 studies 284:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 recent preclinical large animal studies 252:290 However, a number of recent preclinical large animal studies failed to translate into the clinic. 35036407 10 25 from expression 1461:1470 arg1 heart 1479:1483 the heart 1475:1483 the heart compared to the skeletal muscle 1475:1515 For AAV1, AAV5 and AAV6, expression in the heart compared to the liver was 4.6-8-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice, and for AAV5 the expression in the heart compared to the skeletal muscle was 57.3-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice. 35036407 5 26 theme most 589:592 arg1 mammals 594:600 most mammals 589:600 most mammals 589:600 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 8 27 theme lower 1029:1033 arg1 transduction 1035:1046 significantly lower transduction 1015:1046 significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- 1015:1070 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 10 28 theme CMAH-/- 1430:1436 arg1 mice 1438:1441 CMAH-/- mice 1430:1441 CMAH-/- mice 1430:1441 For AAV1, AAV5 and AAV6, expression in the heart compared to the liver was 4.6-8-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice, and for AAV5 the expression in the heart compared to the skeletal muscle was 57.3-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice. 35036407 8 29 theme SIA-binding 970:980 arg1 serotypes 982:990 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes 957:990 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) 957:1006 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 9 30 theme different 1287:1295 arg1 organs 1297:1302 different organs 1287:1302 different organs 1287:1302 Importantly, the AAV tropism or distribution of expression among different organs was also affected. 35036407 7 31 from tropism 867:873 arg1 mice 951:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 3 32 theme best 418:421 arg1 chance 423:428 the best chance 414:428 the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic 414:472 This illustrates the formidable challenge of choosing the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic. 35036407 0 33 theme Acid 36:39 arg1 Hydroxylation 0:12 Hydroxylation 0:12 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid 0:39 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 11 34 theme relative 1608:1615 arg1 abundance 1617:1625 the relative abundance 1604:1625 the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc 1604:1646 These data thus strongly suggest that the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc plays a role in AAV tropism, and that results obtained in commonly used animal models might not translate into the clinic. 35036407 8 35 theme WT 1089:1090 arg1 mice 1092:1095 WT mice 1089:1095 WT mice (5-5.8-fold) 1089:1108 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 11 36 theme Neu5Ac 1630:1635 arg1 abundance 1617:1625 the relative abundance 1604:1625 the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc 1604:1646 These data thus strongly suggest that the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc plays a role in AAV tropism, and that results obtained in commonly used animal models might not translate into the clinic. 35036407 3 37 theme translation 446:456 arg1 chance 423:428 the best chance 414:428 the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic 414:472 This illustrates the formidable challenge of choosing the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic. 35036407 0 38 theme N-acetylneuraminic 17:34 arg1 Acid 36:39 N-acetylneuraminic Acid 17:39 N-acetylneuraminic Acid 17:39 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 11 39 theme used 1715:1718 arg1 models 1727:1732 commonly used animal models 1706:1732 commonly used animal models 1706:1732 These data thus strongly suggest that the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc plays a role in AAV tropism, and that results obtained in commonly used animal models might not translate into the clinic. 35036407 5 40 theme cytidine 651:658 arg1 CMP-Neu5Ac 699:708 CMP-Neu5Ac 699:708 CMP-Neu5Ac 699:708 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 5 40 theme cytidine 651:658 arg1 acid 693:696 cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid 651:696 cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc) 651:776 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 2 41 theme studies 284:290 arg1 number 242:247 a number 240:247 a number of recent preclinical large animal studies 240:290 However, a number of recent preclinical large animal studies failed to translate into the clinic. 35036407 1 42 theme promising 192:200 arg1 vectors 180:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors 151:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors 151:186 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 1 42 theme promising 192:200 arg1 candidates 202:211 promising candidates 192:211 promising candidates for gene therapy 192:228 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 5 43 theme monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic 660:691 arg1 CMP-Neu5Ac 699:708 CMP-Neu5Ac 699:708 CMP-Neu5Ac 699:708 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 5 43 theme monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic 660:691 arg1 acid 693:696 cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid 651:696 cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc) 651:776 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 8 44 from transduction 1035:1046 arg1 CMAH-/- 1064:1070 CMAH-/- 1064:1070 CMAH-/- 1064:1070 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 5 45 dep mammals 594:600 arg1 contrast 577:584 contrast 577:584 contrast 577:584 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 4 46 theme serotypes 506:514 arg1 Several 475:481 Several 475:481 Several 475:481 Several of the most common AAV serotypes use sialic acid (SIA) as their primary receptor. 35036407 8 47 dep mice 1092:1095 arg1 5-5.8-fold 1098:1107 5-5.8-fold 1098:1107 5-5.8-fold 1098:1107 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 0 48 dep in 56:57 arg1 vivo 59:62 vivo 59:62 vivo 59:62 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 7 49 theme knock-out 931:939 arg1 mice 951:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 3 50 theme successful 435:444 arg1 translation 446:456 a successful translation 433:456 a successful translation into the clinic 433:472 This illustrates the formidable challenge of choosing the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic. 35036407 3 51 theme animal 387:392 arg1 models 394:399 the animal models 383:399 the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic 383:472 This illustrates the formidable challenge of choosing the animal models that promise the best chance of a successful translation into the clinic. 35036407 4 52 theme AAV 502:504 arg1 serotypes 506:514 the most common AAV serotypes 486:514 the most common AAV serotypes 486:514 Several of the most common AAV serotypes use sialic acid (SIA) as their primary receptor. 35036407 5 53 theme enzyme 619:624 arg1 CMAH 626:629 the enzyme CMAH 615:629 the enzyme CMAH 615:629 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 0 54 link N-linked 75:82 arg1 Viruses 121:127 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 54 link N-linked 75:82 arg1 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 54 link N-linked 75:82 arg1 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 54 link N-linked 75:82 arg1 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 55 theme in 56:57 arg1 Tropism 64:70 the in vivo Tropism 52:70 the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 52:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 4 56 theme sialic 520:525 arg1 SIA 533:535 SIA 533:535 SIA 533:535 Several of the most common AAV serotypes use sialic acid (SIA) as their primary receptor. 35036407 4 56 theme sialic 520:525 arg1 acid 527:530 sialic acid 520:530 sialic acid (SIA) 520:536 Several of the most common AAV serotypes use sialic acid (SIA) as their primary receptor. 35036407 10 57 theme CMAH-/- 1552:1558 arg1 mice 1560:1563 CMAH-/- mice 1552:1563 CMAH-/- mice 1552:1563 For AAV1, AAV5 and AAV6, expression in the heart compared to the liver was 4.6-8-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice, and for AAV5 the expression in the heart compared to the skeletal muscle was 57.3-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice. 35036407 7 58 theme CMAH-/- 942:948 arg1 mice 951:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 7 59 theme CMAH 926:929 arg1 mice 951:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 11 60 theme Neu5Gc 1641:1646 arg1 abundance 1617:1625 the relative abundance 1604:1625 the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc 1604:1646 These data thus strongly suggest that the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc plays a role in AAV tropism, and that results obtained in commonly used animal models might not translate into the clinic. 35036407 7 61 theme AAV1 878:881 arg1 tropism 867:873 the tropism 863:873 the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 863:954 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 1 62 theme gene 217:220 arg1 therapy 222:228 gene therapy 217:228 gene therapy 217:228 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy. 35036407 8 63 theme WT 1213:1214 arg1 mice 1216:1219 WT mice 1213:1219 WT mice 1213:1219 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 10 64 theme skeletal 1501:1508 arg1 muscle 1510:1515 the skeletal muscle 1497:1515 the skeletal muscle 1497:1515 For AAV1, AAV5 and AAV6, expression in the heart compared to the liver was 4.6-8-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice, and for AAV5 the expression in the heart compared to the skeletal muscle was 57.3-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice. 35036407 5 65 theme cytidine 716:723 arg1 CMP-Neu5Gc 766:775 CMP-Neu5Gc 766:775 CMP-Neu5Gc 766:775 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 5 65 theme cytidine 716:723 arg1 acid 760:763 cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid 716:763 cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc) 716:776 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 8 66 theme muscle 1136:1141 arg1 transduction 1143:1154 skeletal muscle transduction 1127:1154 skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 1127:1162 All N-linked SIA-binding serotypes (AAV1, 5 and 6) showed significantly lower transduction of the heart in CMAH-/- when compared to WT mice (5-5.8-fold) and, strikingly, skeletal muscle transduction by AAV5 was almost 30-fold higher in CMAH-/- compared to WT mice. 35036407 10 67 from expression 1348:1357 arg1 heart 1366:1370 the heart 1362:1370 the heart 1362:1370 For AAV1, AAV5 and AAV6, expression in the heart compared to the liver was 4.6-8-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice, and for AAV5 the expression in the heart compared to the skeletal muscle was 57.3-fold higher in WT than in CMAH-/- mice. 35036407 5 68 theme monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic 725:758 arg1 CMP-Neu5Gc 766:775 CMP-Neu5Gc 766:775 CMP-Neu5Gc 766:775 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 5 68 theme monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic 725:758 arg1 acid 760:763 cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid 716:763 cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc) 716:776 However, in contrast to most mammals, humans lack the enzyme CMAH, which hydroxylates cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into cytidine monophosphate-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc). 35036407 11 69 theme animal 1720:1725 arg1 models 1727:1732 commonly used animal models 1706:1732 commonly used animal models 1706:1732 These data thus strongly suggest that the relative abundance of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc plays a role in AAV tropism, and that results obtained in commonly used animal models might not translate into the clinic. 35036407 7 70 theme C57BL/6J 908:915 arg1 mice 951:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice 898:954 Here, we investigate the tropism of AAV1, 5, 6 and 9 in wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and CMAH knock-out (CMAH-/-) mice. 35036407 0 71 theme Acid-Binding 91:102 arg1 Viruses 121:127 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 75:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 71 theme Acid-Binding 91:102 arg1 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 AAV5 135:138 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 71 theme Acid-Binding 91:102 arg1 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 AAV6 145:148 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 35036407 0 71 theme Acid-Binding 91:102 arg1 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 AAV1 129:132 Hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic Acid Influences the in vivo Tropism of N-linked Sialic Acid-Binding Adeno-Associated Viruses AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6. 33886622 7 0 theme molecular 1174:1182 arg1 mass 1184:1187 the molecular mass 1170:1187 the molecular mass of PmCOX 1170:1196 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 12 1 theme COX 1944:1946 arg1 function 1948:1955 COX function 1944:1955 COX function in crustaceans 1944:1970 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 12 2 from function 1948:1955 arg1 crustaceans 1960:1970 crustaceans 1960:1970 crustaceans 1960:1970 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 3 3 theme many 481:484 arg1 species 486:492 many species 481:492 many species 481:492 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 5 4 theme monodon 814:820 arg1 PmCOX 827:831 PmCOX 827:831 PmCOX 827:831 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 4 theme monodon 814:820 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 4 5 theme 1,842-base 617:626 arg1 gene 637:640 a 1,842-base pair cox gene 615:640 a 1,842-base pair cox gene 615:640 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 1 6 theme labile 175:180 arg1 H2 169:170 prostaglandin H2 155:170 prostaglandin H2 155:170 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 1 6 theme labile 175:180 arg1 intermediate 182:193 a labile intermediate 173:193 a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 173:273 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 2 7 from N-glycosylated 315:328 arg1 corals 295:300 corals 295:300 corals 295:300 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 7 from N-glycosylated 315:328 arg1 vertebrates 279:289 vertebrates 279:289 vertebrates 279:289 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 9 8 theme glycosylation 1452:1464 arg1 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 9 8 theme glycosylation 1452:1464 arg1 sites 1466:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites 1436:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX 1436:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 3 9 theme crustacean 503:512 arg1 COXs 514:517 crustacean COXs 503:517 crustacean COXs 503:517 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 5 10 theme catalytic 790:798 arg1 domains 800:806 putative catalytic domains 781:806 putative catalytic domains 781:806 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 10 theme catalytic 790:798 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 12 11 theme N-glycosylation 1884:1898 arg1 sites 1900:1904 N-glycosylation sites 1884:1904 N-glycosylation sites 1884:1904 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 12 12 from presence 1816:1823 arg1 shrimp 1854:1859 penaeid shrimp 1846:1859 penaeid shrimp 1846:1859 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 3 13 theme enzymatic 553:561 arg1 function 563:570 their enzymatic function 547:570 their enzymatic function 547:570 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 1 14 theme F2α 263:265 arg1 production 207:216 the production 203:216 the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 203:273 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 8 15 theme tunicamycin 1222:1232 arg1 addition 1210:1217 addition 1210:1217 addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells 1210:1298 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 6 16 from Expression 907:916 arg1 cells 935:939 293T cells 930:939 293T cells 930:939 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 9 17 theme potential 1442:1450 arg1 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 9 17 theme potential 1442:1450 arg1 sites 1466:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites 1436:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX 1436:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 11 18 theme ibuprofen 1704:1712 arg1 treatment 1714:1722 ibuprofen treatment 1704:1722 ibuprofen treatment 1704:1722 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph. 33886622 10 19 gly glycosylated 1587:1598 arg1 residues 1573:1580 all three residues 1563:1580 all three residues 1563:1580 Mutational analysis revealed that although all three residues were glycosylated, only mutations at N170 and N424 completely abolished catalytic function. 33886622 8 20 from addition 1210:1217 arg1 cells 1294:1298 PmCOX-expressing cells 1277:1298 PmCOX-expressing cells 1277:1298 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 5 21 theme other 869:873 arg1 COXs 901:904 other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 869:904 other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 869:904 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 6 22 theme secreted 961:968 arg1 PGE2 970:973 secreted PGE2 961:973 secreted PGE2 961:973 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 4 23 theme cox 633:635 arg1 gene 637:640 a 1,842-base pair cox gene 615:640 a 1,842-base pair cox gene 615:640 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 11 24 theme activity 1692:1699 arg1 Inhibition 1674:1683 Inhibition 1674:1683 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment 1674:1722 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph. 33886622 9 25 theme PmCOX 1475:1479 arg1 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 9 25 theme PmCOX 1475:1479 arg1 sites 1466:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites 1436:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX 1436:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 1 26 theme prostaglandin 155:167 arg1 H2 169:170 prostaglandin H2 155:170 prostaglandin H2 155:170 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 1 26 theme prostaglandin 155:167 arg1 intermediate 182:193 a labile intermediate 173:193 a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 173:273 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 2 27 from vertebrates 279:289 arg1 N-glycosylated 315:328 N-glycosylated 315:328 N-glycosylated 315:328 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 9 28 gly glycosylation 1452:1464 arg1 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 9 28 gly glycosylation 1452:1464 arg2 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 PmCOX 1475:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 9 28 gly glycosylation 1452:1464 arg2 sites 1466:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites 1436:1470 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX 1436:1479 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 9 28 gly glycosylation 1452:1464 arg2 Three 1436:1440 Three 1436:1440 Three 1436:1440 Three potential glycosylation sites of PmCOX were identified at N79, N170 and N424. 33886622 8 29 theme PmCOX-expressing 1277:1292 arg1 cells 1294:1298 PmCOX-expressing cells 1277:1298 PmCOX-expressing cells 1277:1298 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 7 30 gly glycoproteins 1147:1159 arg1 glycoproteins 1147:1159 N-linked glycoproteins 1138:1159 N-linked glycoproteins 1138:1159 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 7 31 theme N-linked 1138:1145 arg1 glycoproteins 1147:1159 N-linked glycoproteins 1138:1159 N-linked glycoproteins 1138:1159 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 2 32 theme asparagine 346:355 arg1 residues 357:364 at least two asparagine residues 333:364 at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif 333:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 5 33 theme Sequence 716:723 arg1 analysis 725:732 Sequence analysis 716:732 Sequence analysis 716:732 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 2 34 theme -S/T 378:381 arg1 motif 383:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 8 35 theme PmCOX 1312:1316 arg1 protein 1318:1324 PmCOX protein 1312:1324 PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells 1312:1391 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 0 36 theme Biochemical 0:10 arg1 characterization 12:27 Biochemical characterization 0:27 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 0:75 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 33886622 1 37 theme prostaglandin 249:261 arg1 PGF2α 268:272 PGF2α 268:272 PGF2α 268:272 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 1 37 theme prostaglandin 249:261 arg1 F2α 263:265 prostaglandin F2α 249:265 prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 249:273 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 12 38 theme penaeid 1846:1852 arg1 shrimp 1854:1859 penaeid shrimp 1846:1859 penaeid shrimp 1846:1859 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 2 39 theme X 376:376 arg1 motif 383:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 40 gly N-glycosylated 315:328 arg1 vertebrates 279:289 vertebrates 279:289 vertebrates 279:289 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 40 gly N-glycosylated 315:328 arg2 COX 303:305 COX 303:305 COX 303:305 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 40 gly N-glycosylated 315:328 arg1 residues 357:364 at least two asparagine residues 333:364 at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif 333:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 40 gly N-glycosylated 315:328 arg1 corals 295:300 corals 295:300 corals 295:300 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 40 gly N-glycosylated 315:328 arg1 COX 303:305 COX 303:305 COX 303:305 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 2 40 gly N-glycosylated 315:328 arg2 residues 357:364 at least two asparagine residues 333:364 at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif 333:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 4 41 theme tiger 686:690 arg1 monodon 707:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 2 42 theme N- 373:374 arg1 motif 383:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 8 43 theme N-linked 1250:1257 arg1 glycosylation 1259:1271 N-linked glycosylation 1250:1271 N-linked glycosylation 1250:1271 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 8 44 theme molecular 1337:1345 arg1 mass 1347:1350 lower molecular mass 1331:1350 lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells 1331:1391 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 0 45 theme cyclooxygenase 36:49 arg1 enzyme 51:56 the cyclooxygenase enzyme 32:56 the cyclooxygenase enzyme 32:56 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 33886622 12 46 attach presence 1816:1823 arg2 enzyme 1836:1841 the COX enzyme 1828:1841 the COX enzyme 1828:1841 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 12 46 attach presence 1816:1823 arg1 shrimp 1854:1859 penaeid shrimp 1846:1859 penaeid shrimp 1846:1859 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 7 47 theme purified 1063:1070 arg1 PmCOX 1072:1076 purified PmCOX 1063:1076 purified PmCOX 1063:1076 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 11 48 theme COX 1688:1690 arg1 activity 1692:1699 COX activity 1688:1699 COX activity 1688:1699 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph. 33886622 7 49 link N-linked 1138:1145 arg1 glycoproteins 1147:1159 N-linked glycoproteins 1138:1159 N-linked glycoproteins 1138:1159 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 10 50 from N170 1619:1622 arg1 mutations 1606:1614 only mutations 1601:1614 only mutations at N170 and N424 1601:1631 Mutational analysis revealed that although all three residues were glycosylated, only mutations at N170 and N424 completely abolished catalytic function. 33886622 6 51 theme control 1034:1040 arg1 cells 1042:1046 control cells 1034:1046 control cells 1034:1046 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 8 52 theme untreated 1377:1385 arg1 cells 1387:1391 untreated cells 1377:1391 untreated cells 1377:1391 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 1 53 theme prostaglandin 221:233 arg1 PGE2 239:242 PGE2 239:242 PGE2 239:242 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 1 53 theme prostaglandin 221:233 arg1 E2 235:236 prostaglandin E2 221:236 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 221:243 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 10 54 from N424 1628:1631 arg1 mutations 1606:1614 only mutations 1601:1614 only mutations at N170 and N424 1601:1631 Mutational analysis revealed that although all three residues were glycosylated, only mutations at N170 and N424 completely abolished catalytic function. 33886622 7 55 theme PmCOX 1192:1196 arg1 mass 1184:1187 the molecular mass 1170:1187 the molecular mass of PmCOX 1170:1196 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 3 56 theme glycosylation 430:442 arg1 requirement 444:454 COX glycosylation requirement 426:454 COX glycosylation requirement 426:454 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 2 57 from corals 295:300 arg1 N-glycosylated 315:328 N-glycosylated 315:328 N-glycosylated 315:328 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 7 58 with Incubation 1049:1058 arg1 H 1099:1099 endoglycosidase H 1083:1099 endoglycosidase H 1083:1099 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 10 59 theme Mutational 1520:1529 arg1 analysis 1531:1538 Mutational analysis 1520:1538 Mutational analysis 1520:1538 Mutational analysis revealed that although all three residues were glycosylated, only mutations at N170 and N424 completely abolished catalytic function. 33886622 3 60 from well-characterized 459:476 arg1 species 486:492 many species 481:492 many species 481:492 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 5 61 theme P. 811:812 arg1 PmCOX 827:831 PmCOX 827:831 PmCOX 827:831 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 61 theme P. 811:812 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 8 62 link N-linked 1250:1257 arg1 glycosylation 1259:1271 N-linked glycosylation 1250:1271 N-linked glycosylation 1250:1271 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 12 63 gly N-glycosylation 1884:1898 arg2 sites 1900:1904 N-glycosylation sites 1884:1904 N-glycosylation sites 1884:1904 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 5 64 theme COX 822:824 arg1 domains 800:806 putative catalytic domains 781:806 putative catalytic domains 781:806 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 64 theme COX 822:824 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 64 theme COX 822:824 arg1 residues 768:775 essential catalytic residues 748:775 essential catalytic residues 748:775 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 6 65 theme PmCOX 921:925 arg1 Expression 907:916 Expression 907:916 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells 907:939 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 11 66 theme shrimp 1761:1766 arg1 haemolymph 1768:1777 shrimp haemolymph 1761:1777 shrimp haemolymph 1761:1777 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph. 33886622 5 67 theme putative 781:788 arg1 domains 800:806 putative catalytic domains 781:806 putative catalytic domains 781:806 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 67 theme putative 781:788 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 10 68 theme catalytic 1654:1662 arg1 function 1664:1671 catalytic function 1654:1671 catalytic function 1654:1671 Mutational analysis revealed that although all three residues were glycosylated, only mutations at N170 and N424 completely abolished catalytic function. 33886622 8 69 gly N-glycosylated 1420:1433 arg1 PmCOX 1410:1414 PmCOX 1410:1414 PmCOX 1410:1414 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 11 70 from levels 1743:1748 arg1 haemolymph 1768:1777 shrimp haemolymph 1761:1777 shrimp haemolymph 1761:1777 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph. 33886622 1 71 theme two-step 103:110 arg1 Cyclooxygenase 77:90 Cyclooxygenase 77:90 Cyclooxygenase (COX) 77:96 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 1 71 theme two-step 103:110 arg1 enzyme 112:117 a two-step enzyme 101:117 a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 101:273 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 7 72 from glycoproteins 1147:1159 arg1 oligosaccharides 1116:1131 oligosaccharides 1116:1131 oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins 1116:1159 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 0 73 theme enzyme 51:56 arg1 characterization 12:27 Biochemical characterization 0:27 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 0:75 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 33886622 6 74 theme PGE2 970:973 arg1 levels 951:956 levels 951:956 levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- 951:993 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 4 75 theme Penaeus 699:705 arg1 monodon 707:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 4 76 theme ovarian 660:666 arg1 cDNA 668:671 ovarian cDNA 660:671 ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 660:713 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 1 77 theme arachidonic 133:143 arg1 acid 145:148 arachidonic acid 133:148 arachidonic acid 133:148 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 33886622 4 78 theme pair 628:631 arg1 gene 637:640 a 1,842-base pair cox gene 615:640 a 1,842-base pair cox gene 615:640 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 0 79 from characterization 12:27 arg1 shrimp 69:74 penaeid shrimp 61:74 penaeid shrimp 61:74 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 33886622 3 80 from species 486:492 arg1 well-characterized 459:476 well-characterized 459:476 well-characterized 459:476 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 8 81 with protein 1318:1324 arg1 mass 1347:1350 lower molecular mass 1331:1350 lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells 1331:1391 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 5 82 from well-conserved 839:852 arg1 relation 857:864 relation 857:864 relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 857:904 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 6 83 theme 293T 930:933 arg1 cells 935:939 293T cells 930:939 293T cells 930:939 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 4 84 theme shrimp 692:697 arg1 monodon 707:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 4 85 theme monodon 707:713 arg1 cDNA 668:671 ovarian cDNA 660:671 ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 660:713 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 10 86 theme only 1601:1604 arg1 mutations 1606:1614 only mutations 1601:1614 only mutations at N170 and N424 1601:1631 Mutational analysis revealed that although all three residues were glycosylated, only mutations at N170 and N424 completely abolished catalytic function. 33886622 5 87 theme essential 748:756 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 87 theme essential 748:756 arg1 residues 768:775 essential catalytic residues 748:775 essential catalytic residues 748:775 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 11 88 theme PGE2 1753:1756 arg1 levels 1743:1748 the levels 1739:1748 the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph 1739:1777 Inhibition of COX activity by ibuprofen treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2 in shrimp haemolymph. 33886622 5 89 theme vertebrate 875:884 arg1 COXs 901:904 other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 869:904 other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 869:904 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 6 90 dep 60- 991:993 arg1 up 985:986 up 985:986 up 985:986 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 7 91 theme endoglycosidase 1083:1097 arg1 H 1099:1099 endoglycosidase H 1083:1099 endoglycosidase H 1083:1099 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 5 92 theme catalytic 758:766 arg1 COX 822:824 P. monodon COX 811:824 P. monodon COX (PmCOX) 811:832 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 92 theme catalytic 758:766 arg1 residues 768:775 essential catalytic residues 748:775 essential catalytic residues 748:775 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 93 from relation 857:864 arg1 well-conserved 839:852 well-conserved 839:852 well-conserved 839:852 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 5 94 theme crustacean 890:899 arg1 COXs 901:904 other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 869:904 other vertebrate and crustacean COXs 869:904 Sequence analysis revealed that essential catalytic residues and putative catalytic domains of P. monodon COX (PmCOX) were well-conserved in relation to other vertebrate and crustacean COXs. 33886622 4 95 theme black 680:684 arg1 monodon 707:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 676:713 In this study, a 1,842-base pair cox gene was obtained from ovarian cDNA of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. 33886622 7 96 theme PmCOX 1072:1076 arg1 Incubation 1049:1058 Incubation 1049:1058 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, 1049:1160 Incubation of purified PmCOX with endoglycosidase H, which cleaves oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins, reduced the molecular mass of PmCOX. 33886622 12 97 theme COX 1832:1834 arg1 enzyme 1836:1841 the COX enzyme 1828:1841 the COX enzyme 1828:1841 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 6 98 theme PGF2α 979:983 arg1 levels 951:956 levels 951:956 levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- 951:993 Expression of PmCOX in 293T cells increased levels of secreted PGE2 and PGF2α up to 60- and 77-fold, respectively, compared to control cells. 33886622 8 99 theme lower 1331:1335 arg1 mass 1347:1350 lower molecular mass 1331:1350 lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells 1331:1391 Similarly, addition of tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation, in PmCOX-expressing cells resulted in PmCOX protein with lower molecular mass than those obtained from untreated cells, suggesting that PmCOX was N-glycosylated. 33886622 0 100 theme penaeid 61:67 arg1 shrimp 69:74 penaeid shrimp 61:74 penaeid shrimp 61:74 Biochemical characterization of the cyclooxygenase enzyme in penaeid shrimp. 33886622 12 101 theme enzyme 1836:1841 arg1 presence 1816:1823 the presence 1812:1823 the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp 1812:1859 This study not only establishes the presence of the COX enzyme in penaeid shrimp, but also reveals that N-glycosylation sites are highly conserved and required for COX function in crustaceans. 33886622 3 102 theme COX 426:428 arg1 requirement 444:454 COX glycosylation requirement 426:454 COX glycosylation requirement 426:454 Although COX glycosylation requirement is well-characterized in many species, whether crustacean COXs require N-glycosylation for their enzymatic function have not been investigated. 33886622 2 103 from residues 357:364 arg1 motif 383:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 the N-(X)-S/T motif 369:387 In vertebrates and corals, COX must be N-glycosylated on at least two asparagine residues in the N-(X)-S/T motif to be catalytically active. 33886622 1 104 theme E2 235:236 arg1 production 207:216 the production 203:216 the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 203:273 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a two-step enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, a labile intermediate used in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). 32892942 8 0 theme real 1133:1136 arg1 sample 1149:1154 real biological sample 1133:1154 real biological sample 1133:1154 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 4 1 from groups 513:518 arg1 surface 527:533 the surface 523:533 the surface 523:533 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 6 2 theme MALDI-TOF 845:853 arg1 MS 855:856 MALDI-TOF MS 845:856 MALDI-TOF MS 845:856 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 5 3 from digest 741:746 arg1 glycopeptides 714:726 N-linked glycopeptides 705:726 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 705:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 8 4 theme sample 1149:1154 arg1 analysis 1121:1128 the LC-MS/MS analysis 1108:1128 the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample 1108:1154 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 6 5 theme IgG 917:919 arg1 digest 892:897 tryptic digest 884:897 tryptic digest of standard human IgG 884:919 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 8 6 from 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides 1195:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1195:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 6 from 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 arg1 N-glycosites 1179:1190 344 unique N-glycosites 1168:1190 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1168:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 6 7 theme standard 902:909 arg1 IgG 917:919 standard human IgG 902:919 standard human IgG 902:919 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 8 8 gly N-glycosites 1179:1190 arg2 N-glycosites 1179:1190 344 unique N-glycosites 1168:1190 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1168:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 2 9 theme reverse 266:272 arg1 polymerization 285:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 2 9 theme reverse 266:272 arg1 process 247:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 8 10 from N-glycosites 1179:1190 arg1 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 10 from N-glycosites 1179:1190 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides 1195:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1195:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 4 11 used utilized 593:600 arg2 it 586:587 it 586:587 it 586:587 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 6 12 theme detection 785:793 arg1 sensitivity 795:805 The detection sensitivity 781:805 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS 781:856 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 6 12 theme detection 785:793 arg1 low 865:867 low 865:867 low 865:867 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 5 13 theme PAM-OH 663:668 arg1 HMSs 670:673 PAM-OH HMSs 663:673 PAM-OH HMSs 663:673 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 8 14 theme unique 1172:1177 arg1 N-glycosites 1179:1190 344 unique N-glycosites 1168:1190 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1168:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 15 gly N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 arg1 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 15 gly N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides 1195:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1195:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 10 16 theme low-abundance 1785:1797 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1799:1813 the low-abundance N-glycopeptides 1781:1813 the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples 1781:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 8 17 theme human 1273:1277 arg1 serum 1279:1283 2 μL human serum 1268:1283 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F 1268:1316 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 18 gly 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 arg1 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 172 N-glycoproteins 1227:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 10 19 theme real 1845:1848 arg1 samples 1873:1879 real complicated biological samples 1845:1879 real complicated biological samples 1845:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 7 20 theme BSA 1020:1022 arg1 digest 1032:1037 BSA tryptic digest 1020:1037 BSA tryptic digest 1020:1037 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 8 21 theme unique 1199:1204 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides 1195:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1195:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 22 from total 1159:1163 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides 1195:1220 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1195:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 7 23 theme tryptic 1046:1052 arg1 digest 1054:1059 IgG tryptic digest 1042:1059 IgG tryptic digest 1042:1059 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 9 24 theme hepatocelluar 1572:1584 arg1 HCC 1597:1599 HCC 1597:1599 HCC 1597:1599 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 9 24 theme hepatocelluar 1572:1584 arg1 carcinoma 1586:1594 hepatocelluar carcinoma 1572:1594 hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient 1572:1608 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 5 25 theme N-linked 705:712 arg1 glycopeptides 714:726 N-linked glycopeptides 705:726 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 705:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 2 26 theme synthetic 237:245 arg1 polymerization 285:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 2 26 theme synthetic 237:245 arg1 process 247:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 1 27 theme hydroxyl 167:174 arg1 groups 176:181 hydroxyl groups 167:181 hydroxyl groups 167:181 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 4 28 theme abundant 495:502 arg1 groups 513:518 The abundant hydroxyl groups 491:518 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface 491:533 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 0 29 theme N-linked 82:89 arg1 glycopeptides 91:103 N-linked glycopeptides 82:103 N-linked glycopeptides 82:103 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 3 30 theme obtained 369:376 arg1 HMS 378:380 obtained HMS 369:380 obtained HMS 369:380 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 8 31 theme intact 1327:1332 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1334:1348 825 intact N-glycopeptides 1323:1348 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform 1323:1382 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 9 32 theme carcinoma 1586:1594 arg1 patient 1602:1608 hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient 1572:1608 hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient 1572:1608 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 5 33 theme human 751:755 arg1 IgG 775:777 IgG 775:777 IgG 775:777 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 5 33 theme human 751:755 arg1 G 772:772 human immunoglobulin G 751:772 human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 751:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 4 34 gly N-glycopeptides 606:620 arg2 N-glycopeptides 606:620 N-glycopeptides enrichment 606:631 N-glycopeptides enrichment 606:631 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 9 35 from control 1621:1627 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control 1538:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 9 35 from control 1621:1627 arg1 serum 1561:1565 the serum 1557:1565 the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control 1557:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 3 36 theme static 440:445 arg1 measurement 467:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 5 37 theme G 772:772 arg1 digest 741:746 tryptic digest 733:746 tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 733:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 7 38 theme HMS 945:947 arg1 selectivity 926:936 The selectivity 922:936 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides 922:971 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 0 39 gly glycopeptides 91:103 arg2 glycopeptides 91:103 N-linked glycopeptides 82:103 N-linked glycopeptides 82:103 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 0 40 theme One-step 0:7 arg1 synthesis 9:17 One-step synthesis 0:17 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 0:104 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 8 41 theme glycoform 1374:1382 arg1 types 1365:1369 different types 1355:1369 different types of glycoform 1355:1382 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 42 gly N-glycopeptides 1334:1348 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1334:1348 825 intact N-glycopeptides 1323:1348 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform 1323:1382 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 6 43 theme tryptic 884:890 arg1 digest 892:897 tryptic digest 884:897 tryptic digest of standard human IgG 884:919 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 1 44 theme hydrophilic 129:139 arg1 microsphere 141:151 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere 106:151 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) 106:205 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 3 45 theme contact 453:459 arg1 measurement 467:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 0 46 theme microspheres 34:45 arg1 synthesis 9:17 One-step synthesis 0:17 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 0:104 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 3 47 theme electron 413:420 arg1 microscopy 422:431 scanning electron microscopy 404:431 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 404:437 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 3 47 theme electron 413:420 arg1 SEM 434:436 SEM 434:436 SEM 434:436 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 10 48 theme hydrophilic 1723:1733 arg1 microsphere 1735:1745 this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere 1697:1745 this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere 1697:1745 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 10 49 theme biological 1862:1871 arg1 samples 1873:1879 real complicated biological samples 1845:1879 real complicated biological samples 1845:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 9 50 theme health 1614:1619 arg1 control 1621:1627 health control 1614:1627 health control 1614:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 9 51 theme real 1514:1517 arg1 issues 1530:1535 real biological issues 1514:1535 real biological issues 1514:1535 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 10 52 theme great 1755:1759 arg1 potential 1761:1769 a great potential 1753:1769 a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples 1753:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 8 53 theme LC-MS/MS 1112:1119 arg1 analysis 1121:1128 the LC-MS/MS analysis 1108:1128 the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample 1108:1154 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 4 54 theme N-glycopeptides 606:620 arg1 enrichment 622:631 N-glycopeptides enrichment 606:631 N-glycopeptides enrichment 606:631 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 5 55 theme HMSs 670:673 arg1 efficiency 649:658 The enrichment efficiency 634:658 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs 634:673 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 8 56 gly N-glycopeptides 1425:1439 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1425:1439 the N-glycopeptides 1421:1439 the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS 1421:1462 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 57 theme biological 1138:1147 arg1 sample 1149:1154 real biological sample 1133:1154 real biological sample 1133:1154 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 6 58 theme human 911:915 arg1 IgG 917:919 standard human IgG 902:919 standard human IgG 902:919 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 9 59 theme biological 1519:1528 arg1 issues 1530:1535 real biological issues 1514:1535 real biological issues 1514:1535 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 7 60 gly N-glycopeptides 957:971 arg2 N-glycopeptides 957:971 N-glycopeptides 957:971 N-glycopeptides 957:971 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 6 61 theme N-glycopeptides 811:825 arg1 identification 827:840 N-glycopeptides identification 811:840 N-glycopeptides identification 811:840 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 2 62 theme suspension 274:283 arg1 polymerization 285:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 2 62 theme suspension 274:283 arg1 process 247:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 5 63 theme enrichment 638:647 arg1 efficiency 649:658 The enrichment efficiency 634:658 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs 634:673 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 10 64 theme glycoproteome 1819:1831 arg1 analysis 1833:1840 glycoproteome analysis 1819:1840 glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples 1819:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 1 65 theme PAM-OH 195:200 arg1 surface 186:192 surface 186:192 surface (PAM-OH HMS) 186:205 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 1 65 theme PAM-OH 195:200 arg1 HMS 202:204 PAM-OH HMS 195:204 PAM-OH HMS 195:204 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 2 66 theme chemical 312:319 arg1 derivation 321:330 any chemical derivation 308:330 any chemical derivation 308:330 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 8 67 theme PAM-OH 1453:1458 arg1 HMS 1460:1462 PAM-OH HMS 1453:1462 PAM-OH HMS 1453:1462 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 7 68 contain had 973:975 arg2 decrease 987:994 almost no decrease 977:994 almost no decrease 977:994 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 7 68 contain had 973:975 arg1 selectivity 926:936 The selectivity 922:936 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides 922:971 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 10 69 theme polyacrylamide-based 1702:1721 arg1 microsphere 1735:1745 this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere 1697:1745 this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere 1697:1745 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 5 70 theme tryptic 733:739 arg1 digest 741:746 tryptic digest 733:746 tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 733:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 10 71 theme complicated 1850:1860 arg1 samples 1873:1879 real complicated biological samples 1845:1879 real complicated biological samples 1845:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 8 72 theme N-glycosites 1179:1190 arg1 total 1159:1163 a total 1157:1163 a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1157:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 8 73 theme 2 μL 1268:1271 arg1 serum 1279:1283 2 μL human serum 1268:1283 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F 1268:1316 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 7 74 theme IgG 1042:1044 arg1 digest 1054:1059 IgG tryptic digest 1042:1059 IgG tryptic digest 1042:1059 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 7 75 theme tryptic 1024:1030 arg1 digest 1032:1037 BSA tryptic digest 1020:1037 BSA tryptic digest 1020:1037 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 6 76 gly N-glycopeptides 811:825 arg2 N-glycopeptides 811:825 N-glycopeptides identification 811:840 N-glycopeptides identification 811:840 The detection sensitivity for N-glycopeptides identification by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 10 fmol for tryptic digest of standard human IgG. 32892942 5 77 gly glycopeptides 714:726 arg2 glycopeptides 714:726 N-linked glycopeptides 705:726 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 705:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 5 77 gly glycopeptides 714:726 arg1 digest 741:746 tryptic digest 733:746 tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 733:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 7 78 theme digest 1032:1037 arg1 ratio 1011:1015 the molar ratio 1001:1015 the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest 1001:1059 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 2 79 theme simple 259:264 arg1 polymerization 285:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 simple reverse suspension polymerization 259:298 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 2 79 theme simple 259:264 arg1 process 247:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process 233:253 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32892942 8 80 from N-glycopeptides 1206:1220 arg1 total 1159:1163 a total 1157:1163 a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins 1157:1245 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 9 81 theme material 1494:1501 arg1 potential 1477:1485 the potential 1473:1485 the potential of our material in solving real biological issues 1473:1535 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 8 82 with N-glycopeptides 1334:1348 arg1 types 1365:1369 different types 1355:1369 different types of glycoform 1355:1382 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 10 83 theme samples 1873:1879 arg1 analysis 1833:1840 glycoproteome analysis 1819:1840 glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples 1819:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 7 84 theme molar 1005:1009 arg1 ratio 1011:1015 the molar ratio 1001:1015 the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest 1001:1059 The selectivity of the HMS towards N-glycopeptides had almost no decrease when the molar ratio of BSA tryptic digest to IgG tryptic digest was increased from 10:1 to 100:1. 32892942 4 85 theme hydroxyl 504:511 arg1 groups 513:518 The abundant hydroxyl groups 491:518 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface 491:533 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 8 86 theme PNGase 1309:1314 arg1 F 1316:1316 PNGase F 1309:1316 PNGase F 1309:1316 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 0 87 theme glycopeptides 91:103 arg1 enrichment 68:77 highly selective enrichment 51:77 highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 51:103 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 1 88 theme groups 176:181 arg1 lot 160:162 a lot 158:162 a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) 158:205 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 1 88 theme groups 176:181 arg1 groups 176:181 hydroxyl groups 167:181 hydroxyl groups 167:181 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 9 89 from N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 arg1 patient 1602:1608 hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient 1572:1608 hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient 1572:1608 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 9 89 from N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 arg1 control 1621:1627 health control 1614:1627 health control 1614:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 9 89 from N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 arg1 serum 1561:1565 the serum 1557:1565 the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control 1557:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 3 90 theme HMS 378:380 arg1 properties 355:364 The properties 351:364 The properties of obtained HMS 351:380 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 5 91 theme immunoglobulin 757:770 arg1 IgG 775:777 IgG 775:777 IgG 775:777 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 5 91 theme immunoglobulin 757:770 arg1 G 772:772 human immunoglobulin G 751:772 human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 751:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 3 92 theme water 447:451 arg1 measurement 467:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 1 93 with microsphere 141:151 arg1 lot 160:162 a lot 158:162 a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) 158:205 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 1 93 with microsphere 141:151 arg1 groups 176:181 hydroxyl groups 167:181 hydroxyl groups 167:181 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 1 94 from lot 160:162 arg1 surface 186:192 surface 186:192 surface (PAM-OH HMS) 186:205 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 1 94 from lot 160:162 arg1 HMS 202:204 PAM-OH HMS 195:204 PAM-OH HMS 195:204 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 3 95 theme scanning 404:411 arg1 microscopy 422:431 scanning electron microscopy 404:431 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 404:437 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 3 95 theme scanning 404:411 arg1 SEM 434:436 SEM 434:436 SEM 434:436 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 9 96 gly N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control 1538:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 8 97 theme different 1355:1363 arg1 types 1365:1369 different types 1355:1369 different types of glycoform 1355:1382 Moreover, in the LC-MS/MS analysis of real biological sample, a total of 344 unique N-glycosites in 598 unique N-glycopeptides from 172 N-glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL human serum after deglycosylated by PNGase F, and 825 intact N-glycopeptides with different types of glycoform were detected when directly analyzed the N-glycopeptides enriched by PAM-OH HMS. 32892942 0 98 theme hydrophilic 22:32 arg1 microspheres 34:45 hydrophilic microspheres 22:45 hydrophilic microspheres 22:45 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 1 99 theme polyacrylamide-based 108:127 arg1 microsphere 141:151 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere 106:151 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) 106:205 A polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere with a lot of hydroxyl groups on surface (PAM-OH HMS) was prepared in one step. 32892942 9 100 from patient 1602:1608 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 N-glycopeptides 1538:1552 N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control 1538:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 9 100 from patient 1602:1608 arg1 serum 1561:1565 the serum 1557:1565 the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control 1557:1627 To show the potential of our material in solving real biological issues, N-glycopeptides in the serum from hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) patient and health control were enriched and quantified. 32892942 4 101 theme hydrophilic 565:575 arg1 material 544:551 the material 540:551 the material highly good hydrophilic 540:575 The abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface make the material highly good hydrophilic and thus it was utilized for N-glycopeptides enrichment. 32892942 10 102 gly N-glycopeptides 1799:1813 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1799:1813 the low-abundance N-glycopeptides 1781:1813 the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples 1781:1879 All the experiments demonstrated that this polyacrylamide-based hydrophilic microsphere shows a great potential to enrich the low-abundance N-glycopeptides for glycoproteome analysis of real complicated biological samples. 32892942 3 103 theme angle 461:465 arg1 measurement 467:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 static water contact angle measurement 440:477 The properties of obtained HMS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR. 32892942 0 104 theme selective 58:66 arg1 enrichment 68:77 highly selective enrichment 51:77 highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 51:103 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 0 105 link N-linked 82:89 arg1 glycopeptides 91:103 N-linked glycopeptides 82:103 N-linked glycopeptides 82:103 One-step synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres for highly selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32892942 5 106 link N-linked 705:712 arg1 glycopeptides 714:726 N-linked glycopeptides 705:726 N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) 705:778 The enrichment efficiency of PAM-OH HMSs was demonstrated by capturing N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digest of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). 32892942 2 107 theme grafting 335:342 arg1 steps 344:348 grafting steps 335:348 grafting steps 335:348 The synthetic process was simple reverse suspension polymerization without any chemical derivation or grafting steps. 32441096 7 0 gly arm-fucosylated 1321:1335 arg1 glycans 1337:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 2 1 theme specific 360:367 arg1 linkages 378:385 specific anomeric linkages 360:385 specific anomeric linkages 360:385 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 3 2 from workflow 511:518 arg1 tissues 547:553 formalin-fixed clinical tissues 523:553 formalin-fixed clinical tissues 523:553 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 1 3 theme disease 241:247 arg1 states 249:254 other disease states 235:254 other disease states 235:254 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 7 4 theme core-fucosylated 1199:1214 arg1 glycans 1216:1222 core-fucosylated glycans 1199:1222 core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue 1199:1376 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 3 5 theme MALDI 479:483 arg1 spectrometry 490:501 A new MALDI mass spectrometry 473:501 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues 473:553 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 0 6 theme MALDI 96:100 arg1 Spectrometry 115:126 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry 96:126 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry 96:126 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 3 7 theme core-fucosylated 666:681 arg1 N-glycans 683:691 core-fucosylated N-glycans 666:691 core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 666:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 4 8 theme protein 872:878 arg1 site 891:894 the protein attachment site 868:894 the protein attachment site 868:894 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 2 9 theme possible 277:284 arg1 linkages 295:302 the many possible anomeric linkages 268:302 the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans 268:340 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 7 10 gly core-fucosylated 1199:1214 arg1 glycans 1216:1222 core-fucosylated glycans 1199:1222 core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue 1199:1376 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 6 11 theme sections 1134:1141 arg1 digestion 1105:1113 PNGaseF digestion 1097:1113 PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections 1097:1141 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 3 12 theme formalin-fixed 523:536 arg1 tissues 547:553 formalin-fixed clinical tissues 523:553 formalin-fixed clinical tissues 523:553 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 7 13 theme specific 1238:1245 arg1 regions 1254:1260 specific tissue regions 1238:1260 specific tissue regions 1238:1260 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 2 14 theme many 272:275 arg1 linkages 295:302 the many possible anomeric linkages 268:302 the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans 268:340 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 2 15 theme fucosylated 320:330 arg1 N-glycans 332:340 fucosylated N-glycans 320:340 fucosylated N-glycans 320:340 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 0 16 theme Mass 110:113 arg1 Spectrometry 115:126 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry 96:126 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry 96:126 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 7 17 theme core- 1305:1309 arg1 mix 1298:1300 a diverse mix 1288:1300 a diverse mix of core- 1288:1309 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 7 17 theme core- 1305:1309 arg1 glycans 1337:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 5 18 theme a.m.u. 949:954 arg1 shift 932:936 a mass shift 925:936 a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans 925:985 On tissues, this results in a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans when compared to N-glycans released with standard PNGaseF. 32441096 7 19 theme arm-fucosylated 1321:1335 arg1 glycans 1337:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 0 20 theme Imaging 102:108 arg1 Spectrometry 115:126 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry 96:126 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry 96:126 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 6 21 with combination 1080:1090 arg1 digestion 1105:1113 PNGaseF digestion 1097:1113 PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections 1097:1141 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 2 22 dep core 423:426 arg1 i.e. 417:420 i.e. 417:420 i.e. 417:420 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 6 23 theme same 1122:1125 arg1 sections 1134:1141 the same tissue sections 1118:1141 the same tissue sections 1118:1141 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 2 24 theme outer 431:435 arg1 arm 437:439 outer arm 431:439 outer arm 431:439 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 2 25 theme site 395:398 arg1 determination 343:355 determination 343:355 determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) 343:440 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 0 26 theme Enzymatic 4:12 arg1 Approach 14:21 New Enzymatic Approach 0:21 New Enzymatic Approach 0:21 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 4 27 theme N-acetylglucosamine 836:854 arg1 residues 856:863 the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues 823:863 the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues 823:863 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 1 28 from alterations 138:148 arg1 fucosylation 184:195 core fucosylation 179:195 core fucosylation 179:195 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 1 28 from alterations 138:148 arg1 glycans 162:168 N-linked glycans 153:168 N-linked glycans 153:168 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 4 29 theme broader 739:745 arg1 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 4 29 theme broader 739:745 arg1 F 786:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F 735:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF) 735:796 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 1 30 theme core 179:182 arg1 fucosylation 184:195 core fucosylation 179:195 core fucosylation 179:195 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 0 31 theme New 0:2 arg1 Approach 14:21 New Enzymatic Approach 0:21 New Enzymatic Approach 0:21 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 8 32 theme tissue 1579:1584 arg1 solubilization 1557:1570 solubilization 1557:1570 solubilization 1557:1570 By determining these specific linkages while preserving localization, more targeted diagnostic biomarkers for disease states are possible without the need for microdissection or solubilization of the tissue. 32441096 8 32 theme tissue 1579:1584 arg1 microdissection 1538:1552 microdissection 1538:1552 microdissection 1538:1552 By determining these specific linkages while preserving localization, more targeted diagnostic biomarkers for disease states are possible without the need for microdissection or solubilization of the tissue. 32441096 4 33 theme core 831:834 arg1 residues 856:863 the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues 823:863 the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues 823:863 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 6 34 theme tissue 1127:1132 arg1 sections 1134:1141 the same tissue sections 1118:1141 the same tissue sections 1118:1141 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 7 35 theme outer 1315:1319 arg1 glycans 1337:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 outer arm-fucosylated glycans 1315:1343 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 6 36 used used 1061:1064 arg2 F3 1051:1052 Endo F3 1046:1052 Endo F3 1046:1052 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 2 37 theme linkages 295:302 arg1 difficult 449:457 difficult 449:457 difficult 449:457 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 8 38 theme specific 1400:1407 arg1 linkages 1409:1416 these specific linkages 1394:1416 these specific linkages 1394:1416 By determining these specific linkages while preserving localization, more targeted diagnostic biomarkers for disease states are possible without the need for microdissection or solubilization of the tissue. 32441096 6 39 theme Endo 1046:1049 arg1 F3 1051:1052 Endo F3 1046:1052 Endo F3 1046:1052 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 7 40 theme Initial 1144:1150 arg1 results 1152:1158 Initial results 1144:1158 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues 1144:1188 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 3 41 gly glycoproteins 705:717 arg1 glycoproteins 705:717 glycoproteins 705:717 glycoproteins 705:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 42 theme new 475:477 arg1 spectrometry 490:501 A new MALDI mass spectrometry 473:501 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues 473:553 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 8 43 theme diagnostic 1463:1472 arg1 biomarkers 1474:1483 more targeted diagnostic biomarkers 1449:1483 more targeted diagnostic biomarkers for disease states 1449:1502 By determining these specific linkages while preserving localization, more targeted diagnostic biomarkers for disease states are possible without the need for microdissection or solubilization of the tissue. 32441096 2 44 theme anomeric 286:293 arg1 linkages 295:302 the many possible anomeric linkages 268:302 the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans 268:340 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 3 45 with enzyme 619:624 arg1 preference 642:651 a specific preference 631:651 a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 631:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 46 theme mass 485:488 arg1 spectrometry 490:501 A new MALDI mass spectrometry 473:501 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues 473:553 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 0 47 theme Fucosylation 38:49 arg1 Isomers 51:57 Fucosylation Isomers 38:57 Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans 38:77 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 7 48 theme tissue 1247:1252 arg1 regions 1254:1260 specific tissue regions 1238:1260 specific tissue regions 1238:1260 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 3 49 theme endoglycosidase 586:600 arg1 enzyme 619:624 an enzyme 616:624 an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 616:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 49 theme endoglycosidase 586:600 arg1 F3 602:603 recombinant endoglycosidase F3 574:603 recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3) 574:613 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 49 theme endoglycosidase 586:600 arg1 F3 611:612 F3 611:612 F3 611:612 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 7 50 theme diverse 1290:1296 arg1 mix 1298:1300 a diverse mix 1288:1300 a diverse mix of core- 1288:1309 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 5 51 gly core-fucosylated 960:975 arg1 N-glycans 977:985 core-fucosylated N-glycans 960:985 core-fucosylated N-glycans 960:985 On tissues, this results in a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans when compared to N-glycans released with standard PNGaseF. 32441096 1 52 link N-linked 153:160 arg1 fucosylation 184:195 core fucosylation 179:195 core fucosylation 179:195 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 1 52 link N-linked 153:160 arg1 glycans 162:168 N-linked glycans 153:168 N-linked glycans 153:168 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 4 53 theme substrate 747:755 arg1 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 4 53 theme substrate 747:755 arg1 F 786:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F 735:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF) 735:796 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 2 54 theme fucosylation 403:414 arg1 site 395:398 the site 391:398 the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) 391:440 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 2 54 theme fucosylation 403:414 arg1 fucosylation 403:414 fucosylation 403:414 fucosylation 403:414 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 2 54 theme fucosylation 403:414 arg1 linkages 378:385 specific anomeric linkages 360:385 specific anomeric linkages 360:385 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 3 55 attach attached 693:700 arg1 glycoproteins 705:717 glycoproteins 705:717 glycoproteins 705:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 55 attach attached 693:700 arg2 N-glycans 683:691 core-fucosylated N-glycans 666:691 core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 666:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 7 56 theme tissue 1371:1376 arg1 regions 1360:1366 all regions 1356:1366 all regions of tissue 1356:1376 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 7 57 from results 1152:1158 arg1 tissues 1182:1188 liver and prostate tissues 1163:1188 liver and prostate tissues 1163:1188 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 5 58 theme mass 927:930 arg1 shift 932:936 a mass shift 925:936 a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans 925:985 On tissues, this results in a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans when compared to N-glycans released with standard PNGaseF. 32441096 3 59 gly core-fucosylated 666:681 arg1 N-glycans 683:691 core-fucosylated N-glycans 666:691 core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 666:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 4 60 theme attachment 880:889 arg1 site 891:894 the protein attachment site 868:894 the protein attachment site 868:894 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 5 61 theme standard 1028:1035 arg1 PNGaseF 1037:1043 standard PNGaseF 1028:1043 standard PNGaseF 1028:1043 On tissues, this results in a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans when compared to N-glycans released with standard PNGaseF. 32441096 3 62 theme recombinant 574:584 arg1 enzyme 619:624 an enzyme 616:624 an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 616:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 62 theme recombinant 574:584 arg1 F3 602:603 recombinant endoglycosidase F3 574:603 recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3) 574:613 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 3 62 theme recombinant 574:584 arg1 F3 611:612 F3 611:612 F3 611:612 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 7 63 theme prostate 1173:1180 arg1 tissues 1182:1188 liver and prostate tissues 1163:1188 liver and prostate tissues 1163:1188 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 2 64 gly fucosylated 320:330 arg1 N-glycans 332:340 fucosylated N-glycans 320:340 fucosylated N-glycans 320:340 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 8 65 theme disease 1489:1495 arg1 states 1497:1502 disease states 1489:1502 disease states 1489:1502 By determining these specific linkages while preserving localization, more targeted diagnostic biomarkers for disease states are possible without the need for microdissection or solubilization of the tissue. 32441096 5 66 theme core-fucosylated 960:975 arg1 N-glycans 977:985 core-fucosylated N-glycans 960:985 core-fucosylated N-glycans 960:985 On tissues, this results in a mass shift of 349.137 a.m.u. for core-fucosylated N-glycans when compared to N-glycans released with standard PNGaseF. 32441096 1 67 theme Specific 129:136 arg1 alterations 138:148 Specific alterations 129:148 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, 129:196 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 3 68 theme clinical 538:545 arg1 tissues 547:553 formalin-fixed clinical tissues 523:553 formalin-fixed clinical tissues 523:553 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 1 69 theme many 218:221 arg1 cancers 223:229 many cancers 218:229 many cancers 218:229 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 4 70 theme peptide-N-glycosidase 764:784 arg1 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 4 70 theme peptide-N-glycosidase 764:784 arg1 F 786:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F 735:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF) 735:796 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 4 71 theme enzyme 757:762 arg1 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 PNGaseF 789:795 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 4 71 theme enzyme 757:762 arg1 F 786:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F 735:786 the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF) 735:796 In contrast to the broader substrate enzyme peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), Endo F3 cleaves between the two core N-acetylglucosamine residues at the protein attachment site. 32441096 2 72 theme anomeric 369:376 arg1 linkages 378:385 specific anomeric linkages 360:385 specific anomeric linkages 360:385 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 6 73 theme PNGaseF 1097:1103 arg1 digestion 1105:1113 PNGaseF digestion 1097:1113 PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections 1097:1141 Endo F3 can be used singly and in combination with PNGaseF digestion of the same tissue sections. 32441096 0 74 theme Glycans 71:77 arg1 Isomers 51:57 Fucosylation Isomers 38:57 Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans 38:77 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 3 75 theme specific 633:640 arg1 preference 642:651 a specific preference 631:651 a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins 631:717 A new MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow in formalin-fixed clinical tissues is described using recombinant endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3), an enzyme with a specific preference for cleaving core-fucosylated N-glycans attached to glycoproteins. 32441096 2 76 theme linkages 378:385 arg1 determination 343:355 determination 343:355 determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) 343:440 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 0 77 theme N-Linked 62:69 arg1 Glycans 71:77 N-Linked Glycans 62:77 N-Linked Glycans 62:77 New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 32441096 7 78 theme liver 1163:1167 arg1 tissues 1182:1188 liver and prostate tissues 1163:1188 liver and prostate tissues 1163:1188 Initial results in liver and prostate tissues indicate core-fucosylated glycans associated to specific tissue regions while still demonstrating a diverse mix of core- and outer arm-fucosylated glycans throughout all regions of tissue. 32441096 2 79 dep site 395:398 arg1 core 423:426 core 423:426 core 423:426 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 2 79 dep site 395:398 arg1 arm 437:439 outer arm 431:439 outer arm 431:439 Because of the many possible anomeric linkages associated with fucosylated N-glycans, determination of specific anomeric linkages and the site of fucosylation (i.e., core vs outer arm) can be difficult to elucidate. 32441096 1 80 theme N-linked 153:160 arg1 fucosylation 184:195 core fucosylation 179:195 core fucosylation 179:195 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 1 80 theme N-linked 153:160 arg1 glycans 162:168 N-linked glycans 153:168 N-linked glycans 153:168 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 32441096 1 81 theme other 235:239 arg1 states 249:254 other disease states 235:254 other disease states 235:254 Specific alterations in N-linked glycans, such as core fucosylation, are associated with many cancers and other disease states. 34040330 6 0 theme bacterial 850:858 arg1 diversity 860:868 the bacterial diversity 846:868 the bacterial diversity 846:868 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 3 1 from associations 473:484 arg1 microbiota 422:431 the gut microbiota 414:431 the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM 414:461 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 4 2 from children 536:543 arg1 Samples 520:526 METHODS Samples 512:526 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 512:608 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 3 3 with children 444:451 arg1 T1DM 458:461 T1DM 458:461 T1DM 458:461 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 8 4 with children 1571:1578 arg1 T1DM 1585:1588 T1DM 1585:1588 T1DM from healthy controls 1585:1610 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 1 5 theme autoimmune 171:180 arg1 diseases 182:189 autoimmune diseases 171:189 autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) 171:229 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 1 5 theme autoimmune 171:180 arg1 mellitus 215:222 type 1 diabetes mellitus 199:222 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) 199:229 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 4 6 theme structural 640:649 arg1 alterations 666:676 the structural and functional alterations 636:676 the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota 636:700 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 10 7 theme comprehensive 1955:1967 arg1 investigation 1969:1981 Our present comprehensive investigation 1943:1981 Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1943:2021 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 9 8 theme fecal 1672:1676 arg1 microbiota 1678:1687 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1652:1687 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1652:1687 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 1 9 theme type 199:202 arg1 T1DM 225:228 T1DM 225:228 T1DM 225:228 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 1 9 theme type 199:202 arg1 mellitus 215:222 type 1 diabetes mellitus 199:222 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) 199:229 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 6 10 theme fecal 921:925 arg1 microbiota 927:936 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 901:936 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 901:936 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 10 11 theme T1DM 2134:2137 arg1 treatment 2121:2129 treatment 2121:2129 treatment 2121:2129 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 10 11 theme T1DM 2134:2137 arg1 diagnosis 2107:2115 diagnosis 2107:2115 diagnosis 2107:2115 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 10 12 theme T1DM-associated 1990:2004 arg1 microbiota 2012:2021 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1986:2021 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1986:2021 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 7 13 theme T1DM-reduced 1029:1040 arg1 ovatus 1112:1117 ovatus 1112:1117 ovatus 1112:1117 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 13 theme T1DM-reduced 1029:1040 arg1 xylanisolvens 1132:1144 xylanisolvens 1132:1144 xylanisolvens 1132:1144 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 13 theme T1DM-reduced 1029:1040 arg1 Flavonifractor 1151:1164 Flavonifractor 1151:1164 Flavonifractor 1151:1164 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 13 theme T1DM-reduced 1029:1040 arg1 vulgatus 1081:1088 vulgatus 1081:1088 vulgatus 1081:1088 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 13 theme T1DM-reduced 1029:1040 arg1 taxa 1055:1058 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa 1025:1058 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa 1025:1058 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 9 14 dep pathogenesis 1894:1905 arg1 the 1890:1892 the 1890:1892 the 1890:1892 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 1 15 theme diabetes 206:213 arg1 T1DM 225:228 T1DM 225:228 T1DM 225:228 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 1 15 theme diabetes 206:213 arg1 mellitus 215:222 type 1 diabetes mellitus 199:222 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) 199:229 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 8 16 theme hallii 1433:1438 arg1 vulgatus 1378:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus 1366:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482 1366:1394 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 16 theme hallii 1433:1438 arg1 biomarkers 1544:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 16 theme hallii 1433:1438 arg1 group 1440:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 16 theme hallii 1433:1438 arg1 ovatus 1409:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 16 theme hallii 1433:1438 arg1 hadrus 1464:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 3 17 with alterations 399:409 arg1 indicators 500:509 clinical indicators 491:509 clinical indicators 491:509 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 4 18 theme fecal 685:689 arg1 microbiota 691:700 the fecal microbiota 681:700 the fecal microbiota 681:700 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 1 19 theme Gut 111:113 arg1 dysbiosis 126:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis 100:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis 100:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 9 20 theme fecal 1713:1717 arg1 microbes 1719:1726 these fecal microbes 1707:1726 these fecal microbes 1707:1726 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 10 21 theme novel 2032:2036 arg1 insights 2038:2045 novel insights 2032:2045 novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease 2032:2082 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 4 22 with children 536:543 arg1 T1DM 550:553 T1DM 550:553 T1DM 550:553 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 2 23 with alterations 245:255 arg1 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 2 23 with alterations 245:255 arg1 glucose 320:326 fasting blood glucose 306:326 fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM 306:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 4 24 theme functional 655:664 arg1 alterations 666:676 the structural and functional alterations 636:676 the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota 636:700 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 10 25 theme microbiota 2012:2021 arg1 investigation 1969:1981 Our present comprehensive investigation 1943:1981 Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1943:2021 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 5 26 theme 16S 728:730 arg1 gene 737:740 the 16S rRNA gene 724:740 the 16S rRNA gene 724:740 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced on a MiSeq instrument, and the association with FBG were analyzed. 34040330 8 27 dep vulgatus 1378:1385 arg1 combination 1491:1501 combination 1491:1501 combination 1491:1501 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 27 dep vulgatus 1378:1385 arg1 either 1472:1477 either 1472:1477 either 1472:1477 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 0 28 from dysbiosis 15:23 arg1 children 36:43 Chinese children 28:43 Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus 28:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 5 29 theme gene 737:740 arg1 regions 713:719 The V3-V4 regions 703:719 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene 703:740 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced on a MiSeq instrument, and the association with FBG were analyzed. 34040330 2 30 from correlation 289:299 arg1 microbiota 268:277 the gut microbiota 260:277 the gut microbiota 260:277 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 5 31 theme V3-V4 707:711 arg1 regions 713:719 The V3-V4 regions 703:719 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene 703:740 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced on a MiSeq instrument, and the association with FBG were analyzed. 34040330 0 32 dep study 93:97 arg1 dysbiosis 15:23 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 0:23 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus 0:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 9 33 theme metabolic 1771:1779 arg1 metabolism 1825:1834 metabolism 1825:1834 metabolism 1825:1834 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 9 33 theme metabolic 1771:1779 arg1 biosynthesis 1808:1819 glycan biosynthesis 1801:1819 glycan biosynthesis 1801:1819 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 9 33 theme metabolic 1771:1779 arg1 activities 1781:1790 metabolic activities 1771:1790 metabolic activities 1771:1790 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 10 34 dep CONCLUSION 1932:1941 arg1 provides 2023:2030 provides 2023:2030 provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease 2023:2082 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 10 34 dep CONCLUSION 1932:1941 arg1 sheds 2088:2092 sheds 2088:2092 sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM 2088:2137 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 6 35 located observed 985:992 arg1 levels 1017:1022 different taxonomic levels 997:1022 different taxonomic levels 997:1022 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 6 35 located observed 985:992 arg2 changes 943:949 changes 943:949 changes in the microbial composition 943:978 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 0 36 theme Gut 0:2 arg1 dysbiosis 15:23 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 0:23 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus 0:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 6 37 theme taxonomic 1007:1015 arg1 levels 1017:1022 different taxonomic levels 997:1022 different taxonomic levels 997:1022 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 0 38 theme Chinese 28:34 arg1 children 36:43 Chinese children 28:43 Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus 28:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 7 39 theme hallii 1271:1276 arg1 group 1278:1282 Eubacterium hallii group 1259:1282 Eubacterium hallii group 1259:1282 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 8 40 theme diagnostic 1533:1542 arg1 vulgatus 1378:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus 1366:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482 1366:1394 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 40 theme diagnostic 1533:1542 arg1 biomarkers 1544:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 40 theme diagnostic 1533:1542 arg1 group 1440:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 40 theme diagnostic 1533:1542 arg1 ovatus 1409:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 40 theme diagnostic 1533:1542 arg1 hadrus 1464:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 41 used used 1513:1516 arg2 hadrus 1464:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 41 used used 1513:1516 arg2 biomarkers 1544:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 41 used used 1513:1516 arg2 ovatus 1409:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 41 used used 1513:1516 arg2 group 1440:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 41 used used 1513:1516 arg2 vulgatus 1378:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus 1366:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482 1366:1394 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 9 42 theme lipid 1840:1844 arg1 metabolism 1846:1855 lipid metabolism 1840:1855 lipid metabolism 1840:1855 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 3 43 theme Chinese 436:442 arg1 children 444:451 Chinese children 436:451 Chinese children with T1DM 436:461 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 4 44 theme age-matched 562:572 arg1 controls 601:608 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 559:608 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 559:608 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 4 45 with controls 601:608 arg1 T1DM 550:553 T1DM 550:553 T1DM 550:553 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 2 46 with children 345:352 arg1 T1DM 359:362 T1DM 359:362 T1DM 359:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 4 47 theme gender-matched 578:591 arg1 controls 601:608 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 559:608 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 559:608 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 4 48 from alterations 666:676 arg1 microbiota 691:700 the fecal microbiota 681:700 the fecal microbiota 681:700 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 7 49 theme T1DM-enriched 1222:1234 arg1 taxa 1236:1239 the T1DM-enriched taxa 1218:1239 the T1DM-enriched taxa 1218:1239 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 49 theme T1DM-enriched 1222:1234 arg1 group 1278:1282 Eubacterium hallii group 1259:1282 Eubacterium hallii group 1259:1282 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 49 theme T1DM-enriched 1222:1234 arg1 Blautia 1250:1256 Blautia 1250:1256 Blautia 1250:1256 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 49 theme T1DM-enriched 1222:1234 arg1 longicatena 1316:1326 longicatena 1316:1326 longicatena 1316:1326 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 49 theme T1DM-enriched 1222:1234 arg1 Anaerostipes 1285:1296 Anaerostipes 1285:1296 Anaerostipes 1285:1296 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 9 50 theme vital 1875:1879 arg1 roles 1881:1885 vital roles 1875:1885 vital roles 1875:1885 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 8 51 theme healthy 1595:1601 arg1 controls 1603:1610 healthy controls 1595:1610 healthy controls 1595:1610 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 3 52 with associations 473:484 arg1 indicators 500:509 clinical indicators 491:509 clinical indicators 491:509 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 2 53 theme gut 264:266 arg1 microbiota 268:277 the gut microbiota 260:277 the gut microbiota 260:277 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 8 54 dep either 1472:1477 arg1 alone 1479:1483 alone 1479:1483 alone 1479:1483 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 9 55 theme functional 1630:1639 arg1 changes 1641:1647 the functional changes 1626:1647 the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1626:1687 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 2 56 from glucose 320:326 arg1 children 345:352 Chinese children 337:352 Chinese children with T1DM 337:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 3 57 theme clinical 491:498 arg1 indicators 500:509 clinical indicators 491:509 clinical indicators 491:509 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 4 58 theme METHODS 512:518 arg1 Samples 520:526 METHODS Samples 512:526 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 512:608 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 9 59 theme T1DM-associated 1656:1670 arg1 microbiota 1678:1687 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1652:1687 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1652:1687 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 10 60 theme present 1947:1953 arg1 investigation 1969:1981 Our present comprehensive investigation 1943:1981 Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1943:2021 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 7 61 theme differential 1042:1053 arg1 ovatus 1112:1117 ovatus 1112:1117 ovatus 1112:1117 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 61 theme differential 1042:1053 arg1 xylanisolvens 1132:1144 xylanisolvens 1132:1144 xylanisolvens 1132:1144 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 61 theme differential 1042:1053 arg1 Flavonifractor 1151:1164 Flavonifractor 1151:1164 Flavonifractor 1151:1164 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 61 theme differential 1042:1053 arg1 vulgatus 1081:1088 vulgatus 1081:1088 vulgatus 1081:1088 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 61 theme differential 1042:1053 arg1 taxa 1055:1058 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa 1025:1058 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa 1025:1058 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 9 62 from changes 1641:1647 arg1 microbiota 1678:1687 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1652:1687 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1652:1687 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 8 63 theme Eubacterium 1421:1431 arg1 vulgatus 1378:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus 1366:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482 1366:1394 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 63 theme Eubacterium 1421:1431 arg1 biomarkers 1544:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 63 theme Eubacterium 1421:1431 arg1 group 1440:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 63 theme Eubacterium 1421:1431 arg1 ovatus 1409:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 63 theme Eubacterium 1421:1431 arg1 hadrus 1464:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 9 64 theme T1DM 1926:1929 arg1 pathogenesis 1894:1905 pathogenesis 1894:1905 pathogenesis 1894:1905 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 9 64 theme T1DM 1926:1929 arg1 development 1911:1921 development 1911:1921 development 1911:1921 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 4 65 from controls 601:608 arg1 Samples 520:526 METHODS Samples 512:526 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 512:608 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 6 66 theme T1DM-associated 905:919 arg1 microbiota 927:936 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 901:936 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 901:936 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 6 67 theme different 997:1005 arg1 levels 1017:1022 different taxonomic levels 997:1022 different taxonomic levels 997:1022 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 1 68 theme BACKGROUND 100:109 arg1 dysbiosis 126:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis 100:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis 100:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 8 69 from controls 1603:1610 arg1 T1DM 1585:1588 T1DM 1585:1588 T1DM from healthy controls 1585:1610 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 1 70 theme microbiota 115:124 arg1 dysbiosis 126:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis 100:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis 100:134 BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis is reportedly actively involved in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 34040330 2 71 from alterations 245:255 arg1 microbiota 268:277 the gut microbiota 260:277 the gut microbiota 260:277 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 2 72 theme fasting 306:312 arg1 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 2 72 theme fasting 306:312 arg1 glucose 320:326 fasting blood glucose 306:326 fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM 306:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 0 73 theme diabetes 57:64 arg1 mellitus 66:73 type 1 diabetes mellitus 50:73 type 1 diabetes mellitus 50:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 10 74 theme disease 2076:2082 arg1 pathogenesis 2056:2067 the pathogenesis 2052:2067 the pathogenesis of the disease 2052:2082 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 10 75 theme fecal 2006:2010 arg1 microbiota 2012:2021 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1986:2021 the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota 1986:2021 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 5 76 theme rRNA 732:735 arg1 gene 737:740 the 16S rRNA gene 724:740 the 16S rRNA gene 724:740 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced on a MiSeq instrument, and the association with FBG were analyzed. 34040330 6 77 theme microbial 958:966 arg1 composition 968:978 the microbial composition 954:978 the microbial composition 954:978 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 9 78 theme altered 1749:1755 arg1 metabolism 1825:1834 metabolism 1825:1834 metabolism 1825:1834 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 9 78 theme altered 1749:1755 arg1 biosynthesis 1808:1819 glycan biosynthesis 1801:1819 glycan biosynthesis 1801:1819 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 9 78 theme altered 1749:1755 arg1 functions 1757:1765 altered functions 1749:1765 altered functions 1749:1765 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 0 79 theme observational 79:91 arg1 study 93:97 An observational study 76:97 An observational study 76:97 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 2 80 with correlation 289:299 arg1 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 2 80 with correlation 289:299 arg1 glucose 320:326 fasting blood glucose 306:326 fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM 306:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 6 81 from changes 943:949 arg1 composition 968:978 the microbial composition 954:978 the microbial composition 954:978 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 5 82 theme MiSeq 762:766 arg1 instrument 768:777 a MiSeq instrument 760:777 a MiSeq instrument 760:777 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced on a MiSeq instrument, and the association with FBG were analyzed. 34040330 2 83 theme Chinese 337:343 arg1 children 345:352 Chinese children 337:352 Chinese children with T1DM 337:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 9 84 theme glycan 1801:1806 arg1 biosynthesis 1808:1819 glycan biosynthesis 1801:1819 glycan biosynthesis 1801:1819 In addition, the functional changes in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota also suggest that these fecal microbes were associated with altered functions and metabolic activities, such as glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and lipid metabolism, which might play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of T1DM. 34040330 8 85 theme noninvasive 1521:1531 arg1 vulgatus 1378:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus 1366:1385 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482 1366:1394 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 85 theme noninvasive 1521:1531 arg1 biomarkers 1544:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers 1521:1553 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 85 theme noninvasive 1521:1531 arg1 group 1440:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 the Eubacterium hallii group 1417:1444 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 85 theme noninvasive 1521:1531 arg1 ovatus 1409:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides ovatus 1397:1414 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 8 85 theme noninvasive 1521:1531 arg1 hadrus 1464:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Anaerostipes hadrus 1451:1469 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, the Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes hadrus, either alone or in combination, could be used as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate children with T1DM from healthy controls. 34040330 7 86 dep Anaerostipes 1285:1296 arg1 hadrus 1298:1303 Anaerostipes hadrus 1285:1303 Anaerostipes hadrus 1285:1303 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 7 87 theme Eubacterium 1259:1269 arg1 group 1278:1282 Eubacterium hallii group 1259:1282 Eubacterium hallii group 1259:1282 The T1DM-reduced differential taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC8482, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Flavonifractor plautii, were negatively correlated with FBG, while the T1DM-enriched taxa, such as Blautia, Eubacterium hallii group, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Dorea longicatena, were positively correlated with FBG. 34040330 5 88 with association 788:798 arg1 FBG 805:807 FBG 805:807 FBG 805:807 The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced on a MiSeq instrument, and the association with FBG were analyzed. 34040330 3 89 theme gut 418:420 arg1 microbiota 422:431 the gut microbiota 414:431 the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM 414:461 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 0 90 theme type 50:53 arg1 mellitus 66:73 type 1 diabetes mellitus 50:73 type 1 diabetes mellitus 50:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 6 91 dep RESULTS 824:830 arg1 found 835:839 found 835:839 found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels 835:1022 RESULTS We found that the bacterial diversity was significantly increased in the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota, and changes in the microbial composition were observed at different taxonomic levels. 34040330 3 92 from microbiota 422:431 arg1 children 444:451 Chinese children 436:451 Chinese children with T1DM 436:461 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 2 93 theme blood 314:318 arg1 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 FBG 329:331 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 2 93 theme blood 314:318 arg1 glucose 320:326 fasting blood glucose 306:326 fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM 306:362 However, the alterations in the gut microbiota and their correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Chinese children with T1DM remain unclear. 34040330 0 94 with children 36:43 arg1 mellitus 66:73 type 1 diabetes mellitus 50:73 type 1 diabetes mellitus 50:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 34040330 10 95 dep diagnosis 2107:2115 arg1 the 2103:2105 the 2103:2105 the 2103:2105 CONCLUSION Our present comprehensive investigation of the T1DM-associated fecal microbiota provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and sheds light on the diagnosis and treatment of T1DM. 34040330 4 96 theme healthy 593:599 arg1 controls 601:608 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 559:608 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls 559:608 METHODS Samples from 51 children with T1DM and 47 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained, to explore the structural and functional alterations in the fecal microbiota. 34040330 3 97 from alterations 399:409 arg1 microbiota 422:431 the gut microbiota 414:431 the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM 414:461 AIM To investigate alterations in the gut microbiota in Chinese children with T1DM and their associations with clinical indicators. 34040330 0 98 theme microbiota 4:13 arg1 dysbiosis 15:23 Gut microbiota dysbiosis 0:23 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus 0:73 Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study. 32700722 3 0 link N-linked 309:316 arg1 motifs 266:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 4 1 theme co-expression 463:475 arg1 system 477:482 a heterologous co-expression system 448:482 a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli 448:502 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 6 2 theme Trp 672:674 arg1 requirement 715:725 the requirement 711:725 the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition 711:793 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 6 2 theme Trp 672:674 arg1 glycosyltransferase 679:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 4 3 theme machinery 418:426 arg1 tolerance 388:396 the substrate tolerance 374:396 the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 374:437 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 6 4 theme rare 667:670 arg1 requirement 715:725 the requirement 711:725 the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition 711:793 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 6 4 theme rare 667:670 arg1 glycosyltransferase 679:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 6 5 theme substrate 773:781 arg1 recognition 783:793 substrate recognition 773:793 substrate recognition 773:793 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 6 6 theme structures 746:755 arg1 requirement 715:725 the requirement 711:725 the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition 711:793 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 6 6 theme structures 746:755 arg1 glycosyltransferase 679:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 4 7 theme NAI-112 431:437 arg1 machinery 418:426 the biosynthetic machinery 401:426 the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 401:437 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 6 8 theme ring 741:744 arg1 structures 746:755 two intact ring structures 730:755 two intact ring structures 730:755 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 1 9 gly glycosylated 100:111 arg1 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 1 9 gly glycosylated 100:111 arg1 lanthipeptide 123:135 a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide 98:135 a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp 98:166 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 6 10 from requirement 715:725 arg1 peptides 760:767 peptides 760:767 peptides for substrate recognition 760:793 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 3 11 theme rare 279:282 arg1 modification 296:307 a rare deoxyhexose modification 277:307 a rare deoxyhexose modification 277:307 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 6 12 theme intact 734:739 arg1 structures 746:755 two intact ring structures 730:755 two intact ring structures 730:755 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 7 13 from residues 863:870 arg1 AplG 899:902 AplG 899:902 AplG 899:902 Structural modelling and mutagenesis studies helped identify three residues of catalytic importance in AplG. 32700722 5 14 theme first 542:546 arg1 synthetase 572:581 the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase 538:581 the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase 538:581 The results demonstrate AplKC as the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase to catalyze the formation of two labionin/methyllabionin motifs independently. 32700722 0 15 theme Substrate 0:8 arg1 tolerance 10:18 Substrate tolerance 0:18 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 0:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 4 16 theme biosynthetic 405:416 arg1 machinery 418:426 the biosynthetic machinery 401:426 the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 401:437 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 3 17 theme labionin/methyllabionin 242:264 arg1 motifs 266:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 5 18 theme labionin/methyllabionin 616:638 arg1 motifs 640:645 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 612:645 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 612:645 The results demonstrate AplKC as the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase to catalyze the formation of two labionin/methyllabionin motifs independently. 32700722 3 19 theme N-linked 309:316 arg1 motifs 266:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 5 20 theme motifs 640:645 arg1 formation 599:607 the formation 595:607 the formation of two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 595:645 The results demonstrate AplKC as the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase to catalyze the formation of two labionin/methyllabionin motifs independently. 32700722 1 21 theme glycosylated 100:111 arg1 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 1 21 theme glycosylated 100:111 arg1 lanthipeptide 123:135 a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide 98:135 a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp 98:166 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 1 22 theme class 113:117 arg1 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 87:93 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 1 22 theme class 113:117 arg1 lanthipeptide 123:135 a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide 98:135 a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp 98:166 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 7 23 theme catalytic 875:883 arg1 importance 885:894 catalytic importance 875:894 catalytic importance 875:894 Structural modelling and mutagenesis studies helped identify three residues of catalytic importance in AplG. 32700722 0 24 theme enzymes 40:46 arg1 tolerance 10:18 Substrate tolerance 0:18 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 0:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 3 25 theme deoxyhexose 284:294 arg1 modification 296:307 a rare deoxyhexose modification 277:307 a rare deoxyhexose modification 277:307 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 2 26 theme potent 181:186 arg1 bioactivity 188:198 potent bioactivity 181:198 potent bioactivity against nociceptive pain 181:223 strain with potent bioactivity against nociceptive pain. 32700722 7 27 theme importance 885:894 arg1 residues 863:870 three residues 857:870 three residues of catalytic importance in AplG 857:902 Structural modelling and mutagenesis studies helped identify three residues of catalytic importance in AplG. 32700722 7 27 theme importance 885:894 arg1 importance 885:894 catalytic importance 875:894 catalytic importance 875:894 Structural modelling and mutagenesis studies helped identify three residues of catalytic importance in AplG. 32700722 0 28 theme biosynthetic 27:38 arg1 enzymes 40:46 the biosynthetic enzymes 23:46 the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 23:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 4 29 from system 477:482 arg1 coli 499:502 Escherichia coli 487:502 Escherichia coli 487:502 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 0 30 theme glycosylated 51:62 arg1 NAI-112 78:84 glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 51:84 glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 51:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 4 31 theme substrate 378:386 arg1 tolerance 388:396 the substrate tolerance 374:396 the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 374:437 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 2 32 with strain 169:174 arg1 bioactivity 188:198 potent bioactivity 181:198 potent bioactivity against nociceptive pain 181:223 strain with potent bioactivity against nociceptive pain. 32700722 7 33 theme mutagenesis 821:831 arg1 studies 833:839 mutagenesis studies 821:839 mutagenesis studies 821:839 Structural modelling and mutagenesis studies helped identify three residues of catalytic importance in AplG. 32700722 7 34 theme Structural 796:805 arg1 modelling 807:815 Structural modelling 796:815 Structural modelling 796:815 Structural modelling and mutagenesis studies helped identify three residues of catalytic importance in AplG. 32700722 3 35 theme tryptophan 323:332 arg1 residue 334:340 a tryptophan residue 321:340 a tryptophan residue 321:340 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 2 36 theme nociceptive 208:218 arg1 pain 220:223 nociceptive pain 208:223 nociceptive pain 208:223 strain with potent bioactivity against nociceptive pain. 32700722 5 37 theme class 548:552 arg1 synthetase 572:581 the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase 538:581 the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase 538:581 The results demonstrate AplKC as the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase to catalyze the formation of two labionin/methyllabionin motifs independently. 32700722 0 38 theme NAI-112 78:84 arg1 enzymes 40:46 the biosynthetic enzymes 23:46 the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 23:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 4 39 theme heterologous 450:461 arg1 system 477:482 a heterologous co-expression system 448:482 a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli 448:502 In this study, we investigated the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic machinery of NAI-112 by using a heterologous co-expression system in Escherichia coli. 32700722 6 40 theme N 676:676 arg1 requirement 715:725 the requirement 711:725 the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition 711:793 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 6 40 theme N 676:676 arg1 glycosyltransferase 679:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase 665:697 As a rare Trp(N) glycosyltransferase, AplG shows the requirement of two intact ring structures in peptides for substrate recognition. 32700722 0 41 theme lanthipeptide 64:76 arg1 NAI-112 78:84 glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 51:84 glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 51:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 0 42 gly glycosylated 51:62 arg1 NAI-112 78:84 glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 51:84 glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112 51:84 Substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic enzymes of glycosylated lanthipeptide NAI-112. 32700722 5 43 theme lanthipeptide 558:570 arg1 synthetase 572:581 the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase 538:581 the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase 538:581 The results demonstrate AplKC as the first class III lanthipeptide synthetase to catalyze the formation of two labionin/methyllabionin motifs independently. 32700722 1 44 theme Actinoplanes 152:163 arg1 sp 165:166 an Actinoplanes sp 149:166 an Actinoplanes sp 149:166 NAI-112 is a glycosylated class III lanthipeptide produced by an Actinoplanes sp. 32700722 3 45 contain contains 229:236 arg1 It 226:227 It 226:227 It 226:227 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 3 45 contain contains 229:236 arg2 motifs 266:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 two labionin/methyllabionin motifs 238:271 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 32700722 3 45 contain contains 229:236 arg2 modification 296:307 a rare deoxyhexose modification 277:307 a rare deoxyhexose modification 277:307 It contains two labionin/methyllabionin motifs and a rare deoxyhexose modification N-linked to a tryptophan residue. 33665237 7 0 theme different 1455:1463 arg1 tissues 1465:1471 different tissues 1455:1471 different tissues 1455:1471 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 9 1 theme relevant 1625:1632 arg1 results 1617:1623 generalized results 1605:1623 generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs 1605:1694 The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. 33665237 14 2 theme spatial 2463:2469 arg1 survey 2471:2476 a spatial survey 2461:2476 a spatial survey 2461:2476 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 3 3 theme specific 645:652 arg1 NCPs 654:657 specific NCPs 645:657 specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey 645:739 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 6 4 theme various 1243:1249 arg1 NCPs 1251:1254 various NCPs 1243:1254 various NCPs 1243:1254 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 7 5 theme NCPs 1447:1450 arg1 picture 1436:1442 a complete picture 1425:1442 a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species 1425:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 9 6 theme various 1637:1643 arg1 families 1653:1660 various protein families 1637:1660 various protein families 1637:1660 The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. 33665237 7 7 theme proteomics 1399:1408 arg1 work 1410:1413 The proteomics work 1395:1413 The proteomics work 1395:1413 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 4 8 theme same 986:989 arg1 specimen 1002:1009 the same individual specimen 982:1009 the same individual specimen 982:1009 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 14 9 from tissues 2540:2546 arg1 NCPs 2496:2499 NCPs 2496:2499 NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2496:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 14 9 from tissues 2540:2546 arg1 comparison 2482:2491 comparison 2482:2491 comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2482:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 14 9 from tissues 2540:2546 arg1 time 2456:2459 the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2446:2546 time 2456:2459 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 5 10 theme protein 1106:1112 arg1 extraction 1114:1123 sequential protein extraction 1095:1123 sequential protein extraction 1095:1123 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 3 11 theme models 718:723 arg1 tissues 696:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 662:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey 662:739 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 10 12 theme small 1755:1759 arg1 family 1794:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 1 13 theme non-collagenous 192:206 arg1 glycoproteins 235:247 glycoproteins 235:247 glycoproteins 235:247 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 13 theme non-collagenous 192:206 arg1 NCPs 218:221 NCPs 218:221 NCPs 218:221 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 13 theme non-collagenous 192:206 arg1 proteoglycans 253:265 proteoglycans 253:265 proteoglycans 253:265 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 13 theme non-collagenous 192:206 arg1 proteins 208:215 associated non-collagenous proteins 181:215 associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) 181:222 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 2 14 theme tissues 524:530 arg1 related 560:566 related 560:566 related 560:566 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 2 14 theme tissues 524:530 arg1 ability 494:500 The ability 490:500 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize 490:544 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 11 15 theme collagenous 1922:1932 arg1 matrix 1934:1939 the collagenous matrix 1918:1939 the collagenous matrix 1918:1939 SLRPs were found to be associated only with the collagenous matrix, a result suggesting that they are mainly involved in structural matrix organization and not in mineralization. 33665237 12 16 theme matrix 2073:2078 arg1 protein 2105:2111 matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2073:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2053:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 11 17 theme structural 1995:2004 arg1 organization 2013:2024 structural matrix organization 1995:2024 structural matrix organization 1995:2024 SLRPs were found to be associated only with the collagenous matrix, a result suggesting that they are mainly involved in structural matrix organization and not in mineralization. 33665237 6 18 with association 1271:1281 arg1 matrix 1333:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix 1295:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases 1295:1345 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 6 18 with association 1271:1281 arg1 phases 1372:1377 the inorganic mineral phases 1350:1377 the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues 1350:1392 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 10 19 gly glycoproteins 1848:1860 arg1 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 10 19 gly glycoproteins 1848:1860 arg1 glycoproteins 1848:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 1805:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 1805:1871 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 2 20 theme certain 505:511 arg1 tissues 524:530 certain vertebrate tissues 505:530 certain vertebrate tissues 505:530 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 3 21 from NCPs 654:657 arg1 tissues 696:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 662:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey 662:739 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 1 22 theme idealized 410:418 arg1 OH 445:446 OH 445:446 OH 445:446 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 22 theme idealized 410:418 arg1 HAP 405:407 HAP 405:407 HAP 405:407 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 22 theme idealized 410:418 arg1 Ca10 434:437 idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6 410:443 idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 410:448 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 10 23 theme SLRP 1788:1791 arg1 family 1794:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 14 24 theme tendons 2595:2601 arg1 model 2608:2612 a model 2606:2612 a model for vertebrate mineralization 2606:2642 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 14 24 theme tendons 2595:2601 arg1 proteome 2572:2579 the proteome 2568:2579 the proteome of turkey leg tendons 2568:2601 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 10 25 theme proteoglycan 1774:1785 arg1 family 1794:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 14 26 theme turkey 2584:2589 arg1 tendons 2595:2601 turkey leg tendons 2584:2601 turkey leg tendons 2584:2601 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 6 27 theme inorganic 1354:1362 arg1 phases 1372:1377 the inorganic mineral phases 1350:1377 the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues 1350:1392 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 9 28 theme individual 1680:1689 arg1 NCPs 1691:1694 only individual NCPs 1675:1694 only individual NCPs 1675:1694 The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. 33665237 4 29 theme leg 913:915 arg1 tendon 917:922 turkey leg tendon 906:922 turkey leg tendon 906:922 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 14 30 theme first 2450:2454 arg1 time 2456:2459 the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2446:2546 time 2456:2459 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 3 31 theme tissue 804:809 arg1 type 796:799 each type 791:799 each type of tissue 791:809 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 5 32 theme experimental 1016:1027 arg1 approach 1029:1036 An experimental approach 1013:1036 An experimental approach ex vivo 1013:1044 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 6 33 dep matrix 1333:1338 arg1 phases 1340:1345 phases 1340:1345 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases 1295:1345 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 14 34 dep time 2456:2459 arg1 survey 2471:2476 a spatial survey 2461:2476 a spatial survey 2461:2476 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 6 35 theme organic 1313:1319 arg1 matrix 1333:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix 1295:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases 1295:1345 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 1 36 theme hydroxyapatite 389:402 arg1 precipitation 342:354 the precipitation 338:354 the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue 338:487 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 0 37 theme vertebrate 80:89 arg1 tissues 91:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 12 38 theme tissues 2188:2194 arg1 phase 2166:2170 the inorganic mineral phase 2144:2170 the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues 2144:2194 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 0 39 theme Spatial 0:6 arg1 survey 8:13 Spatial survey 0:13 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo 0:105 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 4 40 from regions 971:977 arg1 specimen 1002:1009 the same individual specimen 982:1009 the same individual specimen 982:1009 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 1 41 dep nanosized 359:367 arg1 non-stoichiometric 370:387 non-stoichiometric 370:387 non-stoichiometric 370:387 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 42 theme calcium 300:306 arg1 ions 322:325 inorganic calcium and phosphate ions 290:325 inorganic calcium and phosphate ions 290:325 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 14 43 theme non-mineralizing 2523:2538 arg1 tissues 2540:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 10 44 theme N-linked 1839:1846 arg1 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 10 44 theme N-linked 1839:1846 arg1 glycoproteins 1848:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 1805:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 1805:1871 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 12 45 theme mineral 2158:2164 arg1 phase 2166:2170 the inorganic mineral phase 2144:2170 the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues 2144:2194 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 0 46 theme proteins 34:41 arg1 survey 8:13 Spatial survey 0:13 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo 0:105 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 1 47 theme phosphate 312:320 arg1 ions 322:325 inorganic calcium and phosphate ions 290:325 inorganic calcium and phosphate ions 290:325 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 14 48 theme mineralizing 2506:2517 arg1 tissues 2540:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 5 49 dep ex 1038:1039 arg1 vivo 1041:1044 vivo 1041:1044 vivo 1041:1044 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 14 50 from comparison 2482:2491 arg1 tissues 2540:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 0 51 theme non-mineralizing 63:78 arg1 tissues 91:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 0 52 theme mineralizing 46:57 arg1 tissues 91:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 7 53 theme animal 1477:1482 arg1 species 1484:1490 animal species 1477:1490 animal species 1477:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 13 54 theme possible 2381:2388 arg1 roles 2401:2405 possible additional roles 2381:2405 possible additional roles 2381:2405 The results from this study indicated that osteocalcin was closely involved in mineralization but did not preclude possible additional roles as a hormone. 33665237 13 54 theme possible 2381:2388 arg1 hormone 2412:2418 a hormone 2410:2418 a hormone 2410:2418 The results from this study indicated that osteocalcin was closely involved in mineralization but did not preclude possible additional roles as a hormone. 33665237 11 55 dep associated 1897:1906 arg1 suggesting 1951:1960 suggesting 1951:1960 suggesting that they are mainly involved in structural matrix organization and not in mineralization 1951:2050 SLRPs were found to be associated only with the collagenous matrix, a result suggesting that they are mainly involved in structural matrix organization and not in mineralization. 33665237 3 56 theme mineralizing 662:673 arg1 tissues 696:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 662:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey 662:739 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 6 57 theme NCPs 1251:1254 arg1 separation 1229:1238 separation 1229:1238 separation of various NCPs 1229:1254 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 5 58 theme protein 1144:1150 arg1 mapping 1152:1158 comprehensive protein mapping 1130:1158 comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting 1130:1196 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 7 59 from species 1484:1490 arg1 picture 1436:1442 a complete picture 1425:1442 a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species 1425:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 2 60 theme several 571:577 arg1 aspects 579:585 several aspects 571:585 several aspects of their function 571:603 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 4 61 contain having 925:930 arg2 regions 971:977 both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions 932:977 both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen 932:1009 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 4 61 contain having 925:930 arg1 non-mineralizing 884:899 non-mineralizing 884:899 non-mineralizing 884:899 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 4 61 contain having 925:930 arg1 tendon 876:881 tail tendon 871:881 tail tendon (non-mineralizing) 871:900 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 10 62 theme integrin-binding 1815:1830 arg1 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 10 62 theme integrin-binding 1815:1830 arg1 glycoproteins 1848:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 1805:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 1805:1871 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 4 63 theme individual 991:1000 arg1 specimen 1002:1009 the same individual specimen 982:1009 the same individual specimen 982:1009 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 11 64 theme matrix 2006:2011 arg1 organization 2013:2024 structural matrix organization 1995:2024 structural matrix organization 1995:2024 SLRPs were found to be associated only with the collagenous matrix, a result suggesting that they are mainly involved in structural matrix organization and not in mineralization. 33665237 7 65 theme complete 1427:1434 arg1 picture 1436:1442 a complete picture 1425:1442 a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species 1425:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 9 66 theme protein 1645:1651 arg1 families 1653:1660 various protein families 1637:1660 various protein families 1637:1660 The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. 33665237 13 67 from study 2288:2292 arg1 results 2270:2276 The results 2266:2276 The results from this study 2266:2292 The results from this study indicated that osteocalcin was closely involved in mineralization but did not preclude possible additional roles as a hormone. 33665237 2 68 theme function 596:603 arg1 aspects 579:585 several aspects 571:585 several aspects of their function 571:603 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 12 69 theme γ-carboxyglutamate 2085:2102 arg1 protein 2105:2111 matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2073:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2053:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 3 70 theme non-mineralizing 679:694 arg1 tissues 696:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 662:702 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey 662:739 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 6 71 theme extraction 1203:1212 arg1 method 1214:1219 The extraction method 1199:1219 The extraction method 1199:1219 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 10 72 theme leucine-rich 1761:1772 arg1 family 1794:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family 1751:1799 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 1 73 theme associated 181:190 arg1 glycoproteins 235:247 glycoproteins 235:247 glycoproteins 235:247 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 73 theme associated 181:190 arg1 NCPs 218:221 NCPs 218:221 NCPs 218:221 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 73 theme associated 181:190 arg1 proteoglycans 253:265 proteoglycans 253:265 proteoglycans 253:265 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 73 theme associated 181:190 arg1 proteins 208:215 associated non-collagenous proteins 181:215 associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) 181:222 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 14 74 theme vertebrate 2618:2627 arg1 mineralization 2629:2642 vertebrate mineralization 2618:2642 vertebrate mineralization 2618:2642 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 14 75 theme NCPs 2496:2499 arg1 comparison 2482:2491 comparison 2482:2491 comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2482:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 14 75 theme NCPs 2496:2499 arg1 time 2456:2459 the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2446:2546 time 2456:2459 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 6 76 theme extracellular 1299:1311 arg1 matrix 1333:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix 1295:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases 1295:1345 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 7 77 from picture 1436:1442 arg1 tissues 1465:1471 different tissues 1455:1471 different tissues 1455:1471 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 7 77 from picture 1436:1442 arg1 species 1484:1490 animal species 1477:1490 animal species 1477:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 2 78 theme vertebrate 513:522 arg1 tissues 524:530 certain vertebrate tissues 505:530 certain vertebrate tissues 505:530 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 3 79 theme animal 711:716 arg1 models 718:723 two animal models 707:723 two animal models 707:723 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 3 79 theme animal 711:716 arg1 turkey 734:739 turkey 734:739 turkey 734:739 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 3 79 theme animal 711:716 arg1 rat 726:728 rat 726:728 rat 726:728 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 7 80 from NCPs 1447:1450 arg1 tissues 1465:1471 different tissues 1455:1471 different tissues 1455:1471 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 7 80 from NCPs 1447:1450 arg1 species 1484:1490 animal species 1477:1490 animal species 1477:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 12 81 theme Gla 2080:2082 arg1 protein 2105:2111 matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2073:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2053:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 1 82 theme stoichiometry 420:432 arg1 OH 445:446 OH 445:446 OH 445:446 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 82 theme stoichiometry 420:432 arg1 HAP 405:407 HAP 405:407 HAP 405:407 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 82 theme stoichiometry 420:432 arg1 Ca10 434:437 idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6 410:443 idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 410:448 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 14 83 theme leg 2591:2593 arg1 tendons 2595:2601 turkey leg tendons 2584:2601 turkey leg tendons 2584:2601 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 9 84 theme only 1675:1678 arg1 NCPs 1691:1694 only individual NCPs 1675:1694 only individual NCPs 1675:1694 The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. 33665237 10 85 theme small 1809:1813 arg1 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 10 85 theme small 1809:1813 arg1 glycoproteins 1848:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 1805:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 1805:1871 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 1 86 theme complex 136:142 arg1 process 144:150 a complex process 134:150 a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue 134:487 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 86 theme complex 136:142 arg1 biomineralization 113:129 Bone biomineralization 108:129 Bone biomineralization 108:129 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 4 87 theme rat 842:844 arg1 mineralizing 853:864 mineralizing 853:864 mineralizing 853:864 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 4 87 theme rat 842:844 arg1 femur 846:850 rat femur 842:850 rat femur (mineralizing) 842:865 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 4 87 theme rat 842:844 arg1 tissues 816:822 The tissues 812:822 The tissues investigated 812:835 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 6 88 theme mineral 1364:1370 arg1 phases 1372:1377 the inorganic mineral phases 1350:1377 the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues 1350:1392 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 1 89 theme type 161:164 arg1 collagen 168:175 type I collagen 161:175 type I collagen 161:175 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 4 90 theme turkey 906:911 arg1 tendon 917:922 turkey leg tendon 906:922 turkey leg tendon 906:922 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 0 91 from survey 8:13 arg1 tissues 91:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues 46:97 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 14 92 from time 2456:2459 arg1 tissues 2540:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues 2506:2546 This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization. 33665237 1 93 theme nanosized 359:367 arg1 hydroxyapatite 389:402 nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite 359:402 nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) 359:449 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 4 94 theme tail 871:874 arg1 non-mineralizing 884:899 non-mineralizing 884:899 non-mineralizing 884:899 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 4 94 theme tail 871:874 arg1 tendon 876:881 tail tendon 871:881 tail tendon (non-mineralizing) 871:900 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 6 95 theme collagenous 1321:1331 arg1 matrix 1333:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix 1295:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases 1295:1345 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 1 96 gly glycoproteins 235:247 arg1 glycoproteins 235:247 glycoproteins 235:247 glycoproteins 235:247 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 8 97 theme Western 1507:1513 arg1 blotting 1515:1522 Western blotting 1507:1522 Western blotting 1507:1522 Subsequently, Western blotting provided validation for some of the proteomics findings. 33665237 13 98 theme additional 2390:2399 arg1 roles 2401:2405 possible additional roles 2381:2405 possible additional roles 2381:2405 The results from this study indicated that osteocalcin was closely involved in mineralization but did not preclude possible additional roles as a hormone. 33665237 13 98 theme additional 2390:2399 arg1 hormone 2412:2418 a hormone 2410:2418 a hormone 2410:2418 The results from this study indicated that osteocalcin was closely involved in mineralization but did not preclude possible additional roles as a hormone. 33665237 4 99 theme mineralizing 937:948 arg1 regions 971:977 both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions 932:977 both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen 932:1009 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 12 100 theme mineralizing 2175:2186 arg1 tissues 2188:2194 mineralizing tissues 2175:2194 mineralizing tissues 2175:2194 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 10 101 link N-linked 1839:1846 arg1 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 10 101 link N-linked 1839:1846 arg1 glycoproteins 1848:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 1805:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 1805:1871 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 0 102 theme non-collagenous 18:32 arg1 proteins 34:41 non-collagenous proteins 18:41 non-collagenous proteins 18:41 Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. 33665237 1 103 theme inorganic 290:298 arg1 calcium 300:306 inorganic calcium 290:306 inorganic calcium 290:306 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 104 theme Bone 108:111 arg1 process 144:150 a complex process 134:150 a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue 134:487 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 104 theme Bone 108:111 arg1 biomineralization 113:129 Bone biomineralization 108:129 Bone biomineralization 108:129 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 4 105 theme non-mineralizing 954:969 arg1 regions 971:977 both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions 932:977 both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen 932:1009 The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). 33665237 6 106 theme tissues 1386:1392 arg1 matrix 1333:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix 1295:1338 the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases 1295:1345 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 6 106 theme tissues 1386:1392 arg1 phases 1372:1377 the inorganic mineral phases 1350:1377 the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues 1350:1392 The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. 33665237 5 107 theme comprehensive 1130:1142 arg1 mapping 1152:1158 comprehensive protein mapping 1130:1158 comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting 1130:1196 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 2 108 dep ability 494:500 arg1 mineralize 535:544 mineralize 535:544 to mineralize 532:544 The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. 33665237 1 109 dep hydroxyapatite 389:402 arg1 HAP 405:407 HAP 405:407 HAP 405:407 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 1 109 dep hydroxyapatite 389:402 arg1 Ca10 434:437 idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6 410:443 idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 410:448 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 12 110 located localized 2127:2135 arg2 SIBLINGs 2053:2060 SIBLINGs 2053:2060 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2053:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 12 110 located localized 2127:2135 arg2 protein 2105:2111 matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2073:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein 2053:2111 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 12 110 located localized 2127:2135 arg1 phase 2166:2170 the inorganic mineral phase 2144:2170 the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues 2144:2194 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 10 111 theme ligand 1832:1837 arg1 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 SIBLINGs 1863:1870 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 10 111 theme ligand 1832:1837 arg1 glycoproteins 1848:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 1805:1860 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 1805:1871 This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). 33665237 12 112 theme inorganic 2148:2156 arg1 phase 2166:2170 the inorganic mineral phase 2144:2170 the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues 2144:2194 SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. 33665237 1 113 theme organic 462:468 arg1 matrix 470:475 the organic matrix 458:475 the organic matrix of a tissue 458:487 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 5 114 theme ex 1038:1039 arg1 approach 1029:1036 An experimental approach 1013:1036 An experimental approach ex vivo 1013:1044 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 8 115 theme proteomics 1560:1569 arg1 findings 1571:1578 the proteomics findings 1556:1578 the proteomics findings 1556:1578 Subsequently, Western blotting provided validation for some of the proteomics findings. 33665237 5 116 theme sequential 1095:1104 arg1 extraction 1114:1123 sequential protein extraction 1095:1123 sequential protein extraction 1095:1123 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 3 117 theme study 623:627 arg1 goal 610:613 The goal 606:613 The goal of this study 606:627 The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. 33665237 1 118 theme tissue 482:487 arg1 matrix 470:475 the organic matrix 458:475 the organic matrix of a tissue 458:487 Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. 33665237 5 119 theme Western 1181:1187 arg1 blotting 1189:1196 Western blotting 1181:1196 Western blotting 1181:1196 An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. 33665237 7 120 from tissues 1465:1471 arg1 picture 1436:1442 a complete picture 1425:1442 a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species 1425:1490 The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. 33665237 9 121 theme generalized 1605:1615 arg1 results 1617:1623 generalized results 1605:1623 generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs 1605:1694 The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. 34858763 0 0 theme Neuronal 77:84 arg1 Inclusions 86:95 Neuronal Inclusions 77:95 Neuronal Inclusions 77:95 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 5 1 theme lacrimal 777:784 arg1 problems 791:798 lacrimal duct problems 777:798 lacrimal duct problems 777:798 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 3 2 contain had 322:324 arg2 mutation 349:356 an autosomal recessive mutation 326:356 an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1 326:365 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 3 2 contain had 322:324 arg2 gene 372:375 the gene 368:375 the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing 368:440 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 3 2 contain had 322:324 arg1 child 316:320 This child 311:320 This child 311:320 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 6 3 theme inclusions 887:896 arg1 images 864:869 images 864:869 images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency 864:960 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 5 4 theme choreoathetosis-like 745:764 arg1 movements 766:774 choreoathetosis-like movements 745:774 choreoathetosis-like movements 745:774 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 5 5 theme duct 786:789 arg1 problems 791:798 lacrimal duct problems 777:798 lacrimal duct problems 777:798 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 4 6 theme -aspartyl 499:507 arg1 bond 523:526 the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond 495:526 the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins 495:552 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 5 7 theme myoclonic 725:733 arg1 epilepsy 735:742 myoclonic epilepsy 725:742 myoclonic epilepsy 725:742 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 6 8 theme steatosis 908:916 arg1 images 864:869 images 864:869 images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency 864:960 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 4 9 link N-linked 531:538 arg1 glycoproteins 540:552 N-linked glycoproteins 531:552 N-linked glycoproteins 531:552 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 6 10 theme NGLY1 945:949 arg1 deficiency 951:960 NGLY1 deficiency 945:960 NGLY1 deficiency 945:960 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 2 11 from case 225:228 arg1 child 266:270 a child 264:270 a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 264:308 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 3 12 theme autosomal 329:337 arg1 gene 372:375 the gene 368:375 the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing 368:440 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 3 12 theme autosomal 329:337 arg1 mutation 349:356 an autosomal recessive mutation 326:356 an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1 326:365 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 6 13 theme liver 902:906 arg1 steatosis 908:916 liver steatosis 902:916 liver steatosis 902:916 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 2 14 theme N-glycanase 277:287 arg1 deficiency 299:308 N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 277:308 N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 277:308 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 0 15 theme Liver 101:105 arg1 Steatosis 107:115 Liver Steatosis 101:115 Liver Steatosis 101:115 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 6 16 dep inclusions 887:896 arg1 the 874:876 the 874:876 the 874:876 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 4 17 theme N-linked 531:538 arg1 glycoproteins 540:552 N-linked glycoproteins 531:552 N-linked glycoproteins 531:552 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 5 18 theme developmental 812:824 arg1 delay 826:830 severe developmental delay 805:830 severe developmental delay 805:830 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 4 19 theme protein 459:465 arg1 deglycosylation 467:481 protein deglycosylation 459:481 protein deglycosylation 459:481 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 5 20 theme age 682:684 arg1 years 673:677 five years 668:677 five years of age 668:684 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 0 21 theme N-Glycanase 0:10 arg1 Deficiency 14:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency 0:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency 0:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 0 21 theme N-Glycanase 0:10 arg1 Cause 35:39 a Rare Cause 28:39 a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis 28:115 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 6 22 theme clinical 984:991 arg1 history 993:999 a detailed clinical history 973:999 a detailed clinical history 973:999 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 4 23 theme glycoproteins 540:552 arg1 bond 523:526 the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond 495:526 the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins 495:552 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 5 24 theme prolonged 694:702 arg1 course 713:718 a prolonged clinical course 692:718 a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay 692:830 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 5 25 with course 713:718 arg1 delay 826:830 severe developmental delay 805:830 severe developmental delay 805:830 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 5 25 with course 713:718 arg1 problems 791:798 lacrimal duct problems 777:798 lacrimal duct problems 777:798 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 5 25 with course 713:718 arg1 epilepsy 735:742 myoclonic epilepsy 725:742 myoclonic epilepsy 725:742 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 5 25 with course 713:718 arg1 movements 766:774 choreoathetosis-like movements 745:774 choreoathetosis-like movements 745:774 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 5 26 theme clinical 704:711 arg1 course 713:718 a prolonged clinical course 692:718 a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay 692:830 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 6 27 theme neuronal 878:885 arg1 inclusions 887:896 neuronal inclusions 878:896 neuronal inclusions 878:896 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 2 28 theme NGLY1 292:296 arg1 deficiency 299:308 N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 277:308 N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 277:308 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 0 29 theme Rare 30:33 arg1 Deficiency 14:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency 0:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency 0:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 0 29 theme Rare 30:33 arg1 Cause 35:39 a Rare Cause 28:39 a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis 28:115 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 2 30 theme pediatric 233:241 arg1 neurodegeneration 243:259 pediatric neurodegeneration 233:259 pediatric neurodegeneration 233:259 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 6 31 located found 918:922 arg2 inclusions 887:896 neuronal inclusions 878:896 neuronal inclusions 878:896 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 6 31 located found 918:922 arg1 patient 932:938 this patient 927:938 this patient with NGLY1 deficiency 927:960 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 3 32 theme enzyme 392:397 arg1 NGLY1 399:403 the enzyme NGLY1 388:403 the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing 388:440 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 3 33 from mutation 349:356 arg1 NGLY1 361:365 NGLY1 361:365 NGLY1 361:365 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 4 34 gly glycoproteins 540:552 arg1 glycoproteins 540:552 N-linked glycoproteins 531:552 N-linked glycoproteins 531:552 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 3 35 theme exome 425:429 arg1 sequencing 431:440 exome sequencing 425:440 exome sequencing 425:440 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 4 36 theme glycosylamine 509:521 arg1 bond 523:526 the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond 495:526 the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins 495:552 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 6 37 theme detailed 975:982 arg1 history 993:999 a detailed clinical history 973:999 a detailed clinical history 973:999 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 5 38 theme severe 805:810 arg1 delay 826:830 severe developmental delay 805:830 severe developmental delay 805:830 This child passed away at five years of age after a prolonged clinical course with myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis-like movements, lacrimal duct problems, and severe developmental delay. 34858763 2 39 with child 266:270 arg1 deficiency 299:308 N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 277:308 N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 277:308 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 3 40 theme recessive 339:347 arg1 gene 372:375 the gene 368:375 the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing 368:440 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 3 40 theme recessive 339:347 arg1 mutation 349:356 an autosomal recessive mutation 326:356 an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1 326:365 This child had an autosomal recessive mutation in NGLY1, the gene coding for the enzyme NGLY1 that was found with exome sequencing. 34858763 2 41 theme rare 220:223 arg1 case 225:228 a rare case 218:228 a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 218:308 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 1 42 theme Pediatric 118:126 arg1 neurodegeneration 128:144 Pediatric neurodegeneration 118:144 Pediatric neurodegeneration 118:144 Pediatric neurodegeneration is extremely rare and devastating to the families involved. 34858763 6 43 with patient 932:938 arg1 deficiency 951:960 NGLY1 deficiency 945:960 NGLY1 deficiency 945:960 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 4 44 theme reticulum-associated 600:619 arg1 pathway 633:639 the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 584:639 the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 584:639 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 6 45 theme case 846:849 arg1 report 851:856 This autopsy case report 833:856 This autopsy case report 833:856 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 4 46 theme endoplasmic 588:598 arg1 pathway 633:639 the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 584:639 the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 584:639 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 0 47 theme Neurodegeneration 54:70 arg1 Deficiency 14:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency 0:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency 0:23 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 0 47 theme Neurodegeneration 54:70 arg1 Cause 35:39 a Rare Cause 28:39 a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis 28:115 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 6 48 theme autopsy 838:844 arg1 report 851:856 This autopsy case report 833:856 This autopsy case report 833:856 This autopsy case report shows images of the neuronal inclusions and liver steatosis found in this patient with NGLY1 deficiency and offers a detailed clinical history. 34858763 0 49 with Cause 35:39 arg1 Inclusions 86:95 Neuronal Inclusions 77:95 Neuronal Inclusions 77:95 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 0 49 with Cause 35:39 arg1 Steatosis 107:115 Liver Steatosis 101:115 Liver Steatosis 101:115 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 4 50 theme pathway 633:639 arg1 component 571:579 a component 569:579 a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 569:639 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34858763 0 51 theme Pediatric 44:52 arg1 Neurodegeneration 54:70 Pediatric Neurodegeneration 44:70 Pediatric Neurodegeneration 44:70 N-Glycanase 1 Deficiency Is a Rare Cause of Pediatric Neurodegeneration With Neuronal Inclusions and Liver Steatosis. 34858763 2 52 theme neurodegeneration 243:259 arg1 case 225:228 a rare case 218:228 a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency 218:308 We describe a rare case of pediatric neurodegeneration in a child with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency. 34858763 4 53 theme degradation 621:631 arg1 pathway 633:639 the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 584:639 the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway 584:639 NGLY1 catalyzes protein deglycosylation by cleaving the -aspartyl glycosylamine bond of N-linked glycoproteins and is thereby a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. 34628630 4 0 theme capillary 562:570 arg1 methods 625:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 4 1 theme carbohydrate 603:614 arg1 methods 625:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 4 2 theme N-linked 594:601 arg1 methods 625:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 4 3 theme biopharmaceutical 679:695 arg1 fields 712:717 the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 675:717 the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 675:717 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 2 4 theme therapeutics 349:360 arg1 development 326:336 the development 322:336 the development of protein therapeutics 322:360 Analysis of N-glycosylation is very important during the development of protein therapeutics and it also plays a key role in biomarker discovery. 34628630 1 5 dep industry 163:170 arg1 the 141:143 the 141:143 the 141:143 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 2 6 theme protein 341:347 arg1 therapeutics 349:360 protein therapeutics 341:360 protein therapeutics 341:360 Analysis of N-glycosylation is very important during the development of protein therapeutics and it also plays a key role in biomarker discovery. 34628630 1 7 theme new 206:208 arg1 tools 262:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 3 8 theme capillary 468:476 arg1 methods 456:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods 415:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods 415:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 3 8 theme capillary 468:476 arg1 electrophoresis 478:492 capillary electrophoresis 468:492 capillary electrophoresis 468:492 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 1 9 theme high-performance 210:225 arg1 tools 262:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 0 10 theme Electrophoresis-Based 10:30 arg1 Analysis 48:55 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis 0:55 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 0:103 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 34628630 3 11 theme liquid 495:500 arg1 chromatography 502:515 liquid chromatography 495:515 liquid chromatography 495:515 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 0 12 theme Capillary 0:8 arg1 Analysis 48:55 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis 0:55 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 0:103 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 34628630 1 13 theme high-sensitivity 231:246 arg1 tools 262:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 4 14 from emphasis 652:659 arg1 use 668:670 its use 664:670 its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 664:717 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 4 15 link N-linked 594:601 arg1 methods 625:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 1 16 theme growing 121:127 arg1 interest 129:136 a growing interest 119:136 a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 119:266 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 1 17 theme bioanalytical 248:260 arg1 tools 262:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 206:266 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 0 18 theme N-Glycosylation 32:46 arg1 Analysis 48:55 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis 0:55 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 0:103 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 34628630 3 19 theme mass 522:525 arg1 spectrometry 527:538 mass spectrometry 522:538 mass spectrometry 522:538 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 4 20 from use 668:670 arg1 fields 712:717 the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 675:717 the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 675:717 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 4 21 theme analysis 616:623 arg1 methods 625:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 2 22 theme N-glycosylation 281:295 arg1 Analysis 269:276 Analysis 269:276 Analysis of N-glycosylation 269:295 Analysis of N-glycosylation is very important during the development of protein therapeutics and it also plays a key role in biomarker discovery. 34628630 2 23 theme biomarker 394:402 arg1 discovery 404:412 biomarker discovery 394:412 biomarker discovery 394:412 Analysis of N-glycosylation is very important during the development of protein therapeutics and it also plays a key role in biomarker discovery. 34628630 0 24 theme Biomedical 64:73 arg1 Fields 97:102 the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields 60:102 the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields 60:102 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 34628630 4 25 theme electrophoresis-based 572:592 arg1 methods 625:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods 558:631 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 1 26 contain has 115:117 arg2 interest 129:136 a growing interest 119:136 a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools 119:266 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 1 26 contain has 115:117 arg1 Glycomics 105:113 Glycomics 105:113 Glycomics 105:113 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 1 27 theme biopharmaceutical 145:161 arg1 industry 163:170 biopharmaceutical industry 145:170 biopharmaceutical industry 145:170 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 1 28 from interest 129:136 arg1 industry 163:170 biopharmaceutical industry 145:170 biopharmaceutical industry 145:170 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 1 28 from interest 129:136 arg1 research 187:194 biomedical research 176:194 biomedical research 176:194 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 34628630 4 29 theme biomedical 701:710 arg1 fields 712:717 the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 675:717 the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields 675:717 In this chapter, the capillary electrophoresis-based N-linked carbohydrate analysis methods are conferred with emphasis on its use in the biopharmaceutical and biomedical fields. 34628630 2 30 theme key 382:384 arg1 role 386:389 a key role 380:389 a key role 380:389 Analysis of N-glycosylation is very important during the development of protein therapeutics and it also plays a key role in biomarker discovery. 34628630 3 31 theme glycoanalytical 440:454 arg1 methods 456:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods 415:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods 415:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 3 31 theme glycoanalytical 440:454 arg1 electrophoresis 478:492 capillary electrophoresis 468:492 capillary electrophoresis 468:492 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 0 32 theme Biopharmaceutical 79:95 arg1 Fields 97:102 the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields 60:102 the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields 60:102 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 34628630 0 33 from Analysis 48:55 arg1 Fields 97:102 the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields 60:102 the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields 60:102 Capillary Electrophoresis-Based N-Glycosylation Analysis in the Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Fields. 34628630 3 34 theme used 435:438 arg1 methods 456:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods 415:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods 415:462 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 3 34 theme used 435:438 arg1 electrophoresis 478:492 capillary electrophoresis 468:492 capillary electrophoresis 468:492 The most frequently used glycoanalytical methods are capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. 34628630 1 35 theme biomedical 176:185 arg1 research 187:194 biomedical research 176:194 biomedical research 176:194 Glycomics has a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry and biomedical research requiring new high-performance and high-sensitivity bioanalytical tools. 33427328 5 0 theme unique 799:804 arg1 behavior 840:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 Compound 3 exhibits a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior. 33427328 6 1 theme HOMO 924:927 arg1 distribution 904:915 the asymmetric distribution 889:915 the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT 889:945 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 6 2 dep HOMO 924:927 arg1 the 920:922 the 920:922 the 920:922 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 4 3 theme type 761:764 arg1 structure 766:774 its donor-donor type structure 745:774 its donor-donor type structure 745:774 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 1 4 theme symmetric 189:197 arg1 one 199:201 a symmetric one 187:201 a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) 187:247 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 2 5 dep linked 419:424 arg1 C-N 415:417 C-N 415:417 C-N 415:417 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 1 6 theme asymmetric 257:266 arg1 ones 268:271 two asymmetric ones 253:271 two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3) 253:323 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 2 7 theme X-ray 447:451 arg1 analysis 453:460 X-ray analysis 447:460 X-ray analysis 447:460 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 3 8 theme electronic 468:477 arg1 interaction 492:502 The electronic ground-state interaction 464:502 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units 464:524 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 3 8 theme electronic 468:477 arg1 large 529:533 large 529:533 large 529:533 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 1 9 dep units 309:313 arg1 3 322:322 3 322:322 3 322:322 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 9 dep units 309:313 arg1 2 316:316 2 316:316 2 316:316 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 10 theme 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene 85:116 arg1 dimers 126:131 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers 85:131 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns 85:168 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 3 11 from 1 538:538 arg1 interaction 492:502 The electronic ground-state interaction 464:502 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units 464:524 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 3 11 from 1 538:538 arg1 large 529:533 large 529:533 large 529:533 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 3 12 from 3 559:559 arg1 small 544:548 small 544:548 small 544:548 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 6 13 theme emission 854:861 arg1 behavior 863:870 The emission behavior 850:870 The emission behavior 850:870 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 1 14 with dimers 126:131 arg1 patterns 161:168 different substitution patterns 138:168 different substitution patterns 138:168 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 2 15 dep oriented 399:406 arg1 analysis 453:460 X-ray analysis 447:460 X-ray analysis 447:460 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 3 16 from small 544:548 arg1 3 559:559 3 559:559 3 559:559 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 3 16 from small 544:548 arg1 2 553:553 2 553:553 2 553:553 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 6 17 theme asymmetric 893:902 arg1 distribution 904:915 the asymmetric distribution 889:915 the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT 889:945 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 4 18 theme donor-donor 749:759 arg1 structure 766:774 its donor-donor type structure 745:774 its donor-donor type structure 745:774 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 2 19 link linked 419:424 arg1 dimers 426:431 the C-N linked dimers 411:431 the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 411:439 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 1 20 theme C-C 210:212 arg1 bond 214:217 a C-C bond 208:217 a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) 208:247 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 21 dep synthesized 174:184 arg1 one 199:201 a symmetric one 187:201 a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) 187:247 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 21 dep synthesized 174:184 arg1 ones 268:271 two asymmetric ones 253:271 two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3) 253:323 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 0 22 theme Electronic 14:23 arg1 Properties 25:34 Electronic Properties 14:34 Electronic Properties 14:34 Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers. 33427328 1 23 theme C-N 280:282 arg1 bond 284:287 a C-N bond 278:287 a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3) 278:323 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 4 24 theme positive 657:664 arg1 solvatochromism 666:680 positive solvatochromism 657:680 positive solvatochromism 657:680 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 5 25 theme multi-step 806:815 arg1 behavior 840:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 Compound 3 exhibits a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior. 33427328 2 26 theme linked 364:369 arg1 dimer 371:375 the C-C linked dimer 1 356:377 the C-C linked dimer 1 356:377 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 2 27 theme linked 419:424 arg1 dimers 426:431 the C-N linked dimers 411:431 the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 411:439 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 5 28 theme emission 831:838 arg1 behavior 840:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 Compound 3 exhibits a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior. 33427328 4 29 theme donor-acceptor 711:724 arg1 molecules 726:734 electron donor-acceptor molecules 702:734 electron donor-acceptor molecules 702:734 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 3 30 from large 529:533 arg1 1 538:538 1 538:538 1 538:538 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 4 31 theme 3 587:587 arg1 different 592:600 different 592:600 different 592:600 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 4 31 theme 3 587:587 arg1 behavior 575:582 The emission behavior 562:582 The emission behavior of 3 562:587 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 4 32 theme electron 702:709 arg1 molecules 726:734 electron donor-acceptor molecules 702:734 electron donor-acceptor molecules 702:734 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 1 33 theme monomer 231:237 arg1 1 246:246 1 246:246 1 246:246 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 33 theme monomer 231:237 arg1 units 239:243 the monomer units 227:243 the monomer units (1) 227:247 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 0 34 theme Dihydrodiazatetracene 55:75 arg1 Dimers 77:82 Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers 39:82 Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers 39:82 Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers. 33427328 1 35 with ones 268:271 arg1 bond 284:287 a C-N bond 278:287 a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3) 278:323 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 35 with ones 268:271 arg1 bond 214:217 a C-C bond 208:217 a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) 208:247 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 36 theme different 138:146 arg1 patterns 161:168 different substitution patterns 138:168 different substitution patterns 138:168 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 0 37 theme Linked 48:53 arg1 Dimers 77:82 Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers 39:82 Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers 39:82 Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers. 33427328 1 38 theme monomer 301:307 arg1 units 309:313 the monomer units 297:313 the monomer units (2 and 3) 297:323 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 2 39 dep linked 364:369 arg1 C-C 360:362 C-C 360:362 C-C 360:362 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 1 40 theme substitution 148:159 arg1 patterns 161:168 different substitution patterns 138:168 different substitution patterns 138:168 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 41 with one 199:201 arg1 bond 284:287 a C-N bond 278:287 a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3) 278:323 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 1 41 with one 199:201 arg1 bond 214:217 a C-C bond 208:217 a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) 208:247 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-diazatetracene (DHDAT) dimers with different substitution patterns are synthesized: a symmetric one with a C-C bond between the monomer units (1) and two asymmetric ones with a C-N bond between the monomer units (2 and 3). 33427328 4 42 theme emission 566:573 arg1 different 592:600 different 592:600 different 592:600 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 4 42 theme emission 566:573 arg1 behavior 575:582 The emission behavior 562:582 The emission behavior of 3 562:587 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 2 43 from planar 346:351 arg1 dimer 371:375 the C-C linked dimer 1 356:377 the C-C linked dimer 1 356:377 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 4 44 theme other 615:619 arg1 dimers 621:626 other dimers 615:626 other dimers 615:626 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 3 45 theme ground-state 479:490 arg1 interaction 492:502 The electronic ground-state interaction 464:502 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units 464:524 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 3 45 theme ground-state 479:490 arg1 large 529:533 large 529:533 large 529:533 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 33427328 6 46 theme DHDAT 941:945 arg1 LUMO 933:936 LUMO 933:936 LUMO 933:936 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 6 46 theme DHDAT 941:945 arg1 HOMO 924:927 HOMO 924:927 HOMO 924:927 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 5 47 theme thermochromic 817:829 arg1 behavior 840:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior 797:847 Compound 3 exhibits a unique multi-step thermochromic emission behavior. 33427328 4 48 from that 607:610 arg1 different 592:600 different 592:600 different 592:600 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 4 48 from that 607:610 arg1 behavior 575:582 The emission behavior 562:582 The emission behavior of 3 562:587 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 2 49 link linked 364:369 arg1 dimer 371:375 the C-C linked dimer 1 356:377 the C-C linked dimer 1 356:377 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 2 50 theme DHDAT 330:334 arg1 units 336:340 The DHDAT units 326:340 The DHDAT units 326:340 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 6 51 theme LUMO 933:936 arg1 distribution 904:915 the asymmetric distribution 889:915 the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT 889:945 The emission behavior is attributed to the asymmetric distribution of the HOMO and LUMO of DHDAT. 33427328 0 52 theme Dimers 77:82 arg1 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers. 33427328 0 52 theme Dimers 77:82 arg1 Properties 25:34 Electronic Properties 14:34 Electronic Properties 14:34 Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Directly Linked Dihydrodiazatetracene Dimers. 33427328 4 53 theme characteristic 683:696 arg1 solvatochromism 666:680 positive solvatochromism 657:680 positive solvatochromism 657:680 The emission behavior of 3 is different from that of other dimers and its monomer; it displays positive solvatochromism, characteristic for electron donor-acceptor molecules, despite its donor-donor type structure. 33427328 2 54 from dimer 371:375 arg1 planar 346:351 planar 346:351 planar 346:351 The DHDAT units are planar in the C-C linked dimer 1 but perpendicularly oriented in the C-N linked dimers 2 and 3 (from X-ray analysis). 33427328 3 55 from 2 553:553 arg1 small 544:548 small 544:548 small 544:548 The electronic ground-state interaction between the two units is large in 1 and small in 2 and 3. 34474339 7 0 theme corticosterone 1358:1371 arg1 level 1373:1377 the plasma corticosterone level 1347:1377 the plasma corticosterone level 1347:1377 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 9 1 theme Alpha 1506:1510 arg1 diversity 1512:1520 Alpha diversity 1506:1520 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress 1506:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 1 2 from changes 401:407 arg1 offspring 447:455 the maternal and offspring 430:455 offspring 447:455 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 1 2 from changes 401:407 arg1 maternal 434:441 maternal 434:441 maternal 434:441 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 8 3 from impact 1436:1441 arg1 OFT 1488:1490 OFT 1488:1490 OFT 1488:1490 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 8 3 from impact 1436:1441 arg1 performance 1456:1466 emotional performance 1446:1466 emotional performance of the offspring 1446:1483 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 8 3 from impact 1436:1441 arg1 TST 1501:1503 TST 1501:1503 TST 1501:1503 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 8 3 from impact 1436:1441 arg1 SPT 1493:1495 SPT 1493:1495 SPT 1493:1495 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 11 4 theme gut 1987:1989 arg1 microbiota 1991:2000 the gut microbiota 1983:2000 the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring 1983:2028 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 10 5 theme gut 1832:1834 arg1 microbiota 1836:1845 gut microbiota 1832:1845 gut microbiota 1832:1845 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 1 6 theme gut 412:414 arg1 microbiota 416:425 gut microbiota 412:425 gut microbiota 412:425 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 5 7 theme test 1092:1095 arg1 SPT 1067:1069 SPT 1067:1069 SPT 1067:1069 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 7 theme test 1092:1095 arg1 tail 1076:1079 tail 1076:1079 tail of suspend test (TST) 1076:1101 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 7 theme test 1092:1095 arg1 test 1061:1064 sucrose preference test 1042:1064 sucrose preference test (SPT) 1042:1070 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 7 theme test 1092:1095 arg1 OFT 1036:1038 OFT 1036:1038 OFT 1036:1038 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 7 theme test 1092:1095 arg1 test 1030:1033 open-field test 1019:1033 open-field test (OFT) 1019:1039 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 9 8 theme microbiota 1529:1538 arg1 diversity 1512:1520 Alpha diversity 1506:1520 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress 1506:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 8 9 contain had 1418:1420 arg1 stress 1411:1416 Prenatal chronic stress 1394:1416 Prenatal chronic stress 1394:1416 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 8 9 contain had 1418:1420 arg2 impact 1436:1441 a significant impact 1422:1441 a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST 1422:1503 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 11 10 theme chronic 1900:1906 arg1 stress 1908:1913 prenatal chronic stress 1891:1913 prenatal chronic stress 1891:1913 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 7 11 theme control 1328:1334 arg1 group 1336:1340 the control group 1324:1340 the control group 1324:1340 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 9 12 theme microbiota 1544:1553 arg1 composition 1555:1565 microbiota composition 1544:1565 microbiota composition 1544:1565 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 7 13 theme prenatal 1285:1292 arg1 stress 1302:1307 prenatal chronic stress 1285:1307 prenatal chronic stress 1285:1307 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 2 14 theme chronic 672:678 arg1 stress 680:685 prenatal chronic stress 663:685 prenatal chronic stress 663:685 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress was made and used LBP to intervene by gavage. 34474339 1 15 from changes 262:268 arg1 environment 290:300 the intrauterine environment 273:300 the intrauterine environment 273:300 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 4 16 theme Illumina 839:846 arg1 technology 870:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 7 17 theme offspring 1268:1276 arg1 lower 1313:1317 lower 1313:1317 lower 1313:1317 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 7 17 theme offspring 1268:1276 arg1 weight 1258:1263 The body weight 1249:1263 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress 1249:1307 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 5 18 theme emotional 972:980 arg1 function 982:989 the emotional function 968:989 the emotional function of offspring 968:1002 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 4 19 theme sequencing 859:868 arg1 technology 870:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 1 20 theme chronic 615:621 arg1 stress 623:628 prenatal chronic stress 606:628 prenatal chronic stress in the offspring 606:645 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 0 21 theme microbiota 138:147 arg1 regulation 120:129 regulation 120:129 regulation of gut microbiota 120:147 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 2 22 used used 700:703 arg2 model 654:658 A rat model 648:658 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress 648:685 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress was made and used LBP to intervene by gavage. 34474339 1 23 theme own 211:213 arg1 health 235:240 own physical and mental health 211:240 a woman's own physical and mental health 201:240 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 9 24 theme chronic 1592:1598 arg1 stress 1600:1605 prenatal chronic stress 1583:1605 prenatal chronic stress 1583:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 1 25 from effect 522:527 arg1 microbiota 543:552 gut microbiota 539:552 gut microbiota 539:552 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 4 26 used used 885:888 arg2 technology 870:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 10 27 theme LBP 1679:1681 arg1 treatment 1683:1691 LBP treatment 1679:1691 LBP treatment 1679:1691 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 9 28 from diversity 1512:1520 arg1 offspring 1570:1578 offspring 1570:1578 offspring of prenatal chronic stress 1570:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 6 29 theme corticosterone 1163:1176 arg1 level 1178:1182 the plasma corticosterone level 1152:1182 the plasma corticosterone level of rats 1152:1190 Results indicated that stress factors increased the plasma corticosterone level of rats during pregnancy and they appeared depressive behaviors. 34474339 10 30 theme corticosterone 1720:1733 arg1 level 1735:1739 offspring's plasma corticosterone level 1701:1739 offspring's plasma corticosterone level 1701:1739 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 3 31 theme microbial 795:803 arg1 metabolites 805:815 microbial metabolites 795:815 microbial metabolites 795:815 Fresh feces of offspring were collected, the concentration of microbial metabolites were tested by ELISA. 34474339 11 32 theme mother 2076:2081 arg1 flora 2063:2067 the intestinal flora 2048:2067 the intestinal flora of the mother 2048:2081 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 2 33 theme rat 650:652 arg1 model 654:658 A rat model 648:658 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress 648:685 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress was made and used LBP to intervene by gavage. 34474339 0 34 theme chronic 93:99 arg1 stress 101:106 prenatal chronic stress 84:106 prenatal chronic stress 84:106 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 3 35 theme Fresh 733:737 arg1 feces 739:743 Fresh feces 733:743 Fresh feces of offspring 733:756 Fresh feces of offspring were collected, the concentration of microbial metabolites were tested by ELISA. 34474339 1 36 theme later 329:333 arg1 growth 335:340 growth 335:340 growth 335:340 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 8 37 theme Prenatal 1394:1401 arg1 stress 1411:1416 Prenatal chronic stress 1394:1416 Prenatal chronic stress 1394:1416 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 0 38 from injury 52:57 arg1 rats 111:114 rats 111:114 rats 111:114 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 1 39 theme regulatory 511:520 arg1 effect 522:527 the regulatory effect 507:527 the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota 507:552 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 0 40 theme Lycium 0:5 arg1 barbarum polysaccharide 7:29 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide 0:29 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide 0:29 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 11 41 theme offspring 2020:2028 arg1 microbiota 1991:2000 the gut microbiota 1983:2000 the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring 1983:2028 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 4 42 theme rRNA 923:926 arg1 sequence 907:914 the sequence 903:914 the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms 903:950 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 11 43 theme emotional 2137:2145 arg1 injury 2147:2152 the emotional injury 2133:2152 the emotional injury of offspring 2133:2165 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 11 44 from influence 2102:2110 arg1 injury 2147:2152 the emotional injury 2133:2152 the emotional injury of offspring 2133:2165 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 1 45 theme intrauterine 277:288 arg1 environment 290:300 the intrauterine environment 273:300 the intrauterine environment 273:300 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 11 46 theme intestinal 2052:2061 arg1 flora 2063:2067 the intestinal flora 2048:2067 the intestinal flora of the mother 2048:2081 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 8 47 theme emotional 1446:1454 arg1 performance 1456:1466 emotional performance 1446:1466 emotional performance of the offspring 1446:1483 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 0 48 theme offspring 62:70 arg1 injury 52:57 emotional injury 42:57 emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats 42:114 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 5 49 theme preference 1050:1059 arg1 SPT 1067:1069 SPT 1067:1069 SPT 1067:1069 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 49 theme preference 1050:1059 arg1 test 1061:1064 sucrose preference test 1042:1064 sucrose preference test (SPT) 1042:1070 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 1 50 theme prenatal 467:474 arg1 stress 484:489 prenatal chronic stress 467:489 prenatal chronic stress 467:489 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 1 51 theme physical 215:222 arg1 health 235:240 own physical and mental health 211:240 a woman's own physical and mental health 201:240 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 8 52 theme offspring 1475:1483 arg1 performance 1456:1466 emotional performance 1446:1466 emotional performance of the offspring 1446:1483 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 1 53 theme mental 228:233 arg1 health 235:240 own physical and mental health 211:240 a woman's own physical and mental health 201:240 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 7 54 theme plasma 1351:1356 arg1 level 1373:1377 the plasma corticosterone level 1347:1377 the plasma corticosterone level 1347:1377 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 6 55 theme plasma 1156:1161 arg1 level 1178:1182 the plasma corticosterone level 1152:1182 the plasma corticosterone level of rats 1152:1190 Results indicated that stress factors increased the plasma corticosterone level of rats during pregnancy and they appeared depressive behaviors. 34474339 11 56 theme mother 2009:2014 arg1 microbiota 1991:2000 the gut microbiota 1983:2000 the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring 1983:2028 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 10 57 theme emotional 1785:1793 arg1 function 1795:1802 the emotional function 1781:1802 the emotional function 1781:1802 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 5 58 theme suspend 1084:1090 arg1 TST 1098:1100 TST 1098:1100 TST 1098:1100 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 58 theme suspend 1084:1090 arg1 test 1092:1095 suspend test 1084:1095 suspend test (TST) 1084:1101 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 9 59 theme gut 1525:1527 arg1 microbiota 1529:1538 gut microbiota 1525:1538 gut microbiota 1525:1538 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 6 60 theme stress 1127:1132 arg1 factors 1134:1140 stress factors 1127:1140 stress factors 1127:1140 Results indicated that stress factors increased the plasma corticosterone level of rats during pregnancy and they appeared depressive behaviors. 34474339 1 61 theme microbiota 416:425 arg1 changes 401:407 the changes 397:407 the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress 397:489 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 11 62 theme prenatal 1891:1898 arg1 stress 1908:1913 prenatal chronic stress 1891:1913 prenatal chronic stress 1891:1913 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 2 63 theme stress 680:685 arg1 model 654:658 A rat model 648:658 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress 648:685 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress was made and used LBP to intervene by gavage. 34474339 1 64 theme emotional 579:587 arg1 damage 589:594 the emotional damage 575:594 the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring 575:645 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 11 65 theme emotional 1931:1939 arg1 injury 1941:1946 emotional injury 1931:1946 emotional injury on the offspring 1931:1963 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 9 66 theme composition 1555:1565 arg1 diversity 1512:1520 Alpha diversity 1506:1520 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress 1506:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 7 67 theme chronic 1294:1300 arg1 stress 1302:1307 prenatal chronic stress 1285:1307 prenatal chronic stress 1285:1307 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 11 68 theme offspring 2157:2165 arg1 injury 2147:2152 the emotional injury 2133:2152 the emotional injury of offspring 2133:2165 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 0 69 theme gut 134:136 arg1 microbiota 138:147 gut microbiota 134:147 gut microbiota 134:147 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 1 70 theme prenatal 606:613 arg1 stress 623:628 prenatal chronic stress 606:628 prenatal chronic stress in the offspring 606:645 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 10 71 theme microbiota 1836:1845 arg1 diversity 1819:1827 the diversity 1815:1827 the diversity of gut microbiota 1815:1845 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 9 72 theme prenatal 1583:1590 arg1 stress 1600:1605 prenatal chronic stress 1583:1605 prenatal chronic stress 1583:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 10 73 dep reduced 1693:1699 arg1 increased 1805:1813 increased 1805:1813 increased the diversity of gut microbiota 1805:1845 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 10 73 dep reduced 1693:1699 arg1 changed 1773:1779 changed 1773:1779 changed the emotional function 1773:1802 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 6 74 theme rats 1187:1190 arg1 level 1178:1182 the plasma corticosterone level 1152:1182 the plasma corticosterone level of rats 1152:1190 Results indicated that stress factors increased the plasma corticosterone level of rats during pregnancy and they appeared depressive behaviors. 34474339 5 75 theme offspring 994:1002 arg1 function 982:989 the emotional function 968:989 the emotional function of offspring 968:1002 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 9 76 theme stress 1600:1605 arg1 offspring 1570:1578 offspring 1570:1578 offspring of prenatal chronic stress 1570:1605 Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. 34474339 7 77 theme body 1253:1256 arg1 lower 1313:1317 lower 1313:1317 lower 1313:1317 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 7 77 theme body 1253:1256 arg1 weight 1258:1263 The body weight 1249:1263 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress 1249:1307 The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. 34474339 1 78 theme gut 539:541 arg1 microbiota 543:552 gut microbiota 539:552 gut microbiota 539:552 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 2 79 theme prenatal 663:670 arg1 stress 680:685 prenatal chronic stress 663:685 prenatal chronic stress 663:685 A rat model of prenatal chronic stress was made and used LBP to intervene by gavage. 34474339 0 80 theme prenatal 84:91 arg1 stress 101:106 prenatal chronic stress 84:106 prenatal chronic stress 84:106 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 10 81 theme plasma 1713:1718 arg1 level 1735:1739 offspring's plasma corticosterone level 1701:1739 offspring's plasma corticosterone level 1701:1739 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 3 82 theme metabolites 805:815 arg1 concentration 778:790 the concentration 774:790 the concentration of microbial metabolites 774:815 Fresh feces of offspring were collected, the concentration of microbial metabolites were tested by ELISA. 34474339 3 83 theme offspring 748:756 arg1 feces 739:743 Fresh feces 733:743 Fresh feces of offspring 733:756 Fresh feces of offspring were collected, the concentration of microbial metabolites were tested by ELISA. 34474339 11 84 theme stress 2115:2120 arg1 factors 2122:2128 stress factors 2115:2128 stress factors 2115:2128 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 8 85 theme chronic 1403:1409 arg1 stress 1411:1416 Prenatal chronic stress 1394:1416 Prenatal chronic stress 1394:1416 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 6 86 theme depressive 1227:1236 arg1 behaviors 1238:1246 depressive behaviors 1227:1246 depressive behaviors 1227:1246 Results indicated that stress factors increased the plasma corticosterone level of rats during pregnancy and they appeared depressive behaviors. 34474339 11 87 dep mother 2009:2014 arg1 the 2005:2007 the 2005:2007 the 2005:2007 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 5 88 theme open-field 1019:1028 arg1 OFT 1036:1038 OFT 1036:1038 OFT 1036:1038 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 88 theme open-field 1019:1028 arg1 test 1030:1033 open-field test 1019:1033 open-field test (OFT) 1019:1039 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 4 89 theme microorganisms 937:950 arg1 rRNA 923:926 16S rRNA V3-V4 919:932 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms 919:950 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 8 90 theme significant 1424:1434 arg1 impact 1436:1441 a significant impact 1422:1441 a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST 1422:1503 Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. 34474339 0 91 theme emotional 42:50 arg1 injury 52:57 emotional injury 42:57 emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats 42:114 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. 34474339 10 92 theme body 1760:1763 arg1 weight 1765:1770 their body weight 1754:1770 their body weight 1754:1770 LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. 34474339 1 93 theme LBP 532:534 arg1 effect 522:527 the regulatory effect 507:527 the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota 507:552 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 1 94 from impact 319:324 arg1 growth 335:340 growth 335:340 growth 335:340 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 1 94 from impact 319:324 arg1 development 346:356 development 346:356 development 346:356 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 4 95 theme 16S 919:921 arg1 rRNA 923:926 16S rRNA V3-V4 919:932 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms 919:950 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 5 96 theme sucrose 1042:1048 arg1 SPT 1067:1069 SPT 1067:1069 SPT 1067:1069 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 5 96 theme sucrose 1042:1048 arg1 test 1061:1064 sucrose preference test 1042:1064 sucrose preference test (SPT) 1042:1070 On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). 34474339 4 97 theme MiSeqPE300 848:857 arg1 technology 870:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology 839:879 Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. 34474339 1 98 from stress 623:628 arg1 offspring 637:645 the offspring 633:645 the offspring 633:645 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 1 99 theme chronic 476:482 arg1 stress 484:489 prenatal chronic stress 467:489 prenatal chronic stress 467:489 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 34474339 11 100 theme factors 2122:2128 arg1 influence 2102:2110 the influence 2098:2110 the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring 2098:2165 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 11 101 from injury 1941:1946 arg1 offspring 1955:1963 the offspring 1951:1963 the offspring 1951:1963 Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring. 34474339 1 102 dep woman 203:207 arg1 health 235:240 own physical and mental health 211:240 a woman's own physical and mental health 201:240 Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. 32272438 7 0 from process 1364:1370 arg1 crucial 1348:1354 crucial 1348:1354 crucial 1348:1354 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 7 1 theme O-linked 1281:1288 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 7 1 theme O-linked 1281:1288 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 1277:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process 1277:1370 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 9 2 theme metabolic 1552:1560 arg1 diseases 1594:1601 metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases 1552:1601 metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers 1552:1620 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 8 3 theme regulator 1389:1397 arg1 enzyme 1399:1404 a master regulator enzyme 1380:1404 a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins 1380:1486 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 14 4 theme IZKF 2481:2484 arg1 Program 2486:2492 the IZKF Program 2477:2492 the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2477:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 3 5 theme differentiation 554:568 arg1 blockage 570:577 the differentiation blockage 550:577 the differentiation blockage 550:577 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 13 6 theme differentiation 2237:2251 arg1 blockage 2253:2260 the differentiation blockage 2233:2260 the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia 2233:2342 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 12 7 theme acute 2077:2081 arg1 blasts 2092:2097 acute leukemia blasts 2077:2097 acute leukemia blasts 2077:2097 Most intriguingly, overriding of the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts is validated in vivo following two patients treated with dronabinol. 32272438 14 8 theme Program 2561:2567 arg1 Program 2486:2492 the IZKF Program 2477:2492 the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2477:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 13 9 theme IDH1/2-mutated 2320:2333 arg1 leukemia 2335:2342 promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia 2302:2342 leukemia 2335:2342 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 5 10 from effects 1036:1042 arg1 leukemia 1060:1067 acute leukemia 1054:1067 acute leukemia 1054:1067 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 5 11 theme lentiviral 907:916 arg1 models 959:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 14 12 theme Brigitte 2536:2543 arg1 Program 2561:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 6 13 theme blasts 1203:1208 arg1 blockage 1176:1183 the differentiation blockage 1156:1183 the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone 1156:1254 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 4 14 theme Cellular 687:694 arg1 maturation 696:705 Cellular maturation 687:705 Cellular maturation 687:705 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 4 14 theme Cellular 687:694 arg1 METHODS 679:685 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation 679:725 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation 679:725 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 5 15 theme knock-down 922:931 arg1 models 959:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 7 16 link O-linked 1281:1288 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 7 16 link O-linked 1281:1288 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 1277:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process 1277:1370 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 1 17 with patients 301:308 arg1 leukemia 335:342 acute promyelocytic leukemia 315:342 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 315:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 17 with patients 301:308 arg1 APL 345:347 APL 345:347 APL 345:347 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 6 18 theme acute 1188:1192 arg1 blasts 1203:1208 acute leukemia blasts 1188:1208 acute leukemia blasts 1188:1208 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 8 19 theme master 1382:1387 arg1 regulator 1389:1397 a master regulator 1380:1397 a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins 1380:1486 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 1 20 theme -based 386:391 arg1 regimens 393:400 all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 356:400 all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 356:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 21 theme successful 221:230 arg1 BACKGROUND 126:135 BACKGROUND 126:135 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 126:207 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 21 theme successful 221:230 arg1 mode-of-action 232:245 the most successful mode-of-action 212:245 the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy 212:265 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 22 theme differentiation 152:166 arg1 blockage 168:175 the differentiation blockage 148:175 the differentiation blockage 148:175 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 11 23 theme apoptosis 1945:1953 arg1 induction 1932:1940 induction 1932:1940 induction of apoptosis 1932:1953 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 14 24 theme FUNDING 2439:2445 arg1 grant 2460:2464 FUNDING Unrestricted grant 2439:2464 FUNDING Unrestricted grant 2439:2464 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 3 25 with treatment 584:592 arg1 dronabinol 646:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol 599:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo 599:676 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 1 26 from mode-of-action 232:245 arg1 therapy 259:265 leukemia therapy 250:265 leukemia therapy 250:265 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 3 27 dep dronabinol 646:655 arg1 - 612:612 - 612:612 - 612:612 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 8 28 theme target 1472:1477 arg1 proteins 1479:1486 target proteins 1472:1486 target proteins 1472:1486 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 3 29 theme natural 603:609 arg1 dronabinol 646:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol 599:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo 599:676 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 5 30 theme cell 954:957 arg1 models 959:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 6 31 theme leukemia-initiating 1230:1248 arg1 clone 1250:1254 the leukemia-initiating clone 1226:1254 the leukemia-initiating clone 1226:1254 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 10 32 theme start 1740:1744 arg1 TSS 1752:1754 TSS 1752:1754 TSS 1752:1754 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 10 32 theme start 1740:1744 arg1 site 1746:1749 the transcription start site 1722:1749 the transcription start site (TSS) 1722:1755 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 0 33 theme differentiation 82:96 arg1 blockage 98:105 the differentiation blockage 78:105 the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia 78:123 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 3 34 theme -Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol 614:637 arg1 dronabinol 646:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol 599:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo 599:676 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 8 35 dep serine 1425:1430 arg1 residues 1445:1452 residues 1445:1452 residues 1445:1452 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 14 36 theme Arts 2660:2663 arg1 Program 2607:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program 2580:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2580:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 36 theme Arts 2660:2663 arg1 Program 2561:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 36 theme Arts 2660:2663 arg1 Tübingen 2517:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen 2497:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) 2497:2530 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 36 theme Arts 2660:2663 arg1 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 2 37 theme active 488:493 arg1 investigation 495:507 active investigation 488:507 active investigation 488:507 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 1 38 theme all-trans 356:364 arg1 ATRA 381:384 ATRA 381:384 ATRA 381:384 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 38 theme all-trans 356:364 arg1 acid 375:378 all-trans retinoic acid 356:378 all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 356:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 5 39 theme ex 946:947 arg1 models 959:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 11 40 theme central 1805:1811 arg1 role 1813:1816 the central role 1801:1816 the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action 1801:1885 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 1 41 theme acid 375:378 arg1 regimens 393:400 all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 356:400 all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 356:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 13 42 theme novel 2386:2390 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2365:2379 O-GlcNAcylation 2365:2379 O-GlcNAcylation 2365:2379 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 13 42 theme novel 2386:2390 arg1 field 2403:2407 a novel (drugable) field 2384:2407 a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research 2384:2436 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 13 42 theme novel 2386:2390 arg1 drugable 2393:2400 drugable 2393:2400 drugable 2393:2400 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 5 43 theme apoptotic 1006:1014 arg1 effects 1036:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects 991:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia 991:1067 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 10 44 theme transcription 1726:1738 arg1 TSS 1752:1754 TSS 1752:1754 TSS 1752:1754 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 10 44 theme transcription 1726:1738 arg1 site 1746:1749 the transcription start site 1722:1749 the transcription start site (TSS) 1722:1755 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 2 45 theme Similar 403:409 arg1 AML 473:475 IDH1/2-mutated AML 458:475 IDH1/2-mutated AML 458:475 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 2 45 theme Similar 403:409 arg1 approaches 411:420 Similar approaches 403:420 Similar approaches 403:420 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 5 46 theme differentiating 1020:1034 arg1 effects 1036:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects 991:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia 991:1067 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 4 47 theme whole 767:771 arg1 methylation 780:790 whole genome methylation profiling 767:800 whole genome methylation profiling 767:800 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 6 48 from state 1217:1221 arg1 blockage 1176:1183 the differentiation blockage 1156:1183 the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone 1156:1254 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 0 49 theme Epigenetic 0:9 arg1 activation 11:20 Epigenetic activation 0:20 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:66 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 5 50 dep in 933:934 arg1 vitro 936:940 vitro 936:940 vitro 936:940 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 2 51 theme leukemia 431:438 arg1 subtypes 440:447 other leukemia subtypes 425:447 other leukemia subtypes 425:447 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 14 52 theme Science 2634:2640 arg1 Ministry 2622:2629 the Ministry 2618:2629 the Ministry of Science 2618:2640 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 52 theme Science 2634:2640 arg1 Program 2710:2716 Athene Program 2703:2716 Athene Program 2703:2716 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 52 theme Science 2634:2640 arg1 Research 2643:2650 Research 2643:2650 Research 2643:2650 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 52 theme Science 2634:2640 arg1 Arts 2660:2663 the Arts 2656:2663 the Arts 2656:2663 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 5 53 theme proliferative 991:1003 arg1 effects 1036:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects 991:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia 991:1067 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 1 54 theme acute 180:184 arg1 AML 204:206 AML 204:206 AML 204:206 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 54 theme acute 180:184 arg1 leukemia 194:201 acute myeloid leukemia 180:201 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 180:207 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 4 55 theme multispectral 846:858 arg1 imaging 860:866 multispectral imaging 846:866 multispectral imaging 846:866 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 11 56 theme lower 1964:1968 arg1 concentrations 1970:1983 lower concentrations 1964:1983 lower concentrations 1964:1983 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 0 57 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 34:54 arg1 transferase 56:66 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 25:66 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 25:66 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 1 58 theme promyelocytic 321:333 arg1 leukemia 335:342 acute promyelocytic leukemia 315:342 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 315:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 58 theme promyelocytic 321:333 arg1 APL 345:347 APL 345:347 APL 345:347 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 14 59 theme Ministry 2622:2629 arg1 Program 2607:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program 2580:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2580:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 59 theme Ministry 2622:2629 arg1 Program 2561:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 59 theme Ministry 2622:2629 arg1 Tübingen 2517:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen 2497:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) 2497:2530 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 59 theme Ministry 2622:2629 arg1 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 4 60 theme flow 868:871 arg1 cytometry 873:881 flow cytometry 868:881 flow cytometry 868:881 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 6 61 theme differentiation 1160:1174 arg1 blockage 1176:1183 the differentiation blockage 1156:1183 the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone 1156:1254 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 13 62 from blockage 2253:2260 arg1 leukemia 2271:2278 acute leukemia 2265:2278 acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia 2265:2342 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 4 63 theme NGS 822:824 arg1 sequencing 831:840 NGS deep sequencing 822:840 NGS deep sequencing 822:840 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 1 64 theme leukemia 250:257 arg1 therapy 259:265 leukemia therapy 250:265 leukemia therapy 250:265 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 14 65 theme Wrangell 2598:2605 arg1 Program 2607:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program 2580:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2580:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 4 66 dep METHODS 679:685 arg1 differentiation 711:725 differentiation 711:725 differentiation 711:725 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 4 66 dep METHODS 679:685 arg1 maturation 696:705 Cellular maturation 687:705 Cellular maturation 687:705 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 4 66 dep METHODS 679:685 arg1 METHODS 679:685 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation 679:725 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation 679:725 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 7 67 from crucial 1348:1354 arg1 process 1364:1370 this process 1359:1370 this process 1359:1370 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 1 68 theme myeloid 186:192 arg1 AML 204:206 AML 204:206 AML 204:206 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 68 theme myeloid 186:192 arg1 leukemia 194:201 acute myeloid leukemia 180:201 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 180:207 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 14 69 theme Faculty 2509:2515 arg1 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 69 theme Faculty 2509:2515 arg1 Tübingen 2517:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen 2497:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) 2497:2530 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 13 70 theme acute 2265:2269 arg1 leukemia 2271:2278 acute leukemia 2265:2278 acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia 2265:2342 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 12 71 theme leukemia 2083:2090 arg1 blasts 2092:2097 acute leukemia blasts 2077:2097 acute leukemia blasts 2077:2097 Most intriguingly, overriding of the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts is validated in vivo following two patients treated with dronabinol. 32272438 14 72 theme Margarete 2584:2592 arg1 Program 2607:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program 2580:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2580:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 73 theme initiative 2736:2745 arg1 Ministry 2622:2629 the Ministry 2618:2629 the Ministry of Science 2618:2640 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 73 theme initiative 2736:2745 arg1 Program 2710:2716 Athene Program 2703:2716 Athene Program 2703:2716 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 73 theme initiative 2736:2745 arg1 Research 2643:2650 Research 2643:2650 Research 2643:2650 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 73 theme initiative 2736:2745 arg1 Arts 2660:2663 the Arts 2656:2663 the Arts 2656:2663 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 11 74 theme dronabinol 1911:1920 arg1 concentrations 1893:1906 High concentrations 1888:1906 High concentrations of dronabinol 1888:1920 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 0 75 link O-linked 25:32 arg1 transferase 56:66 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 25:66 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 25:66 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 7 76 theme β-N-acetyl 1290:1299 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 7 76 theme β-N-acetyl 1290:1299 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 1277:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process 1277:1370 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 1 77 theme vast 284:287 arg1 majority 289:296 the vast majority 280:296 the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 280:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 12 78 theme differentiation 2049:2063 arg1 blockage 2065:2072 the differentiation blockage 2045:2072 the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts 2045:2097 Most intriguingly, overriding of the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts is validated in vivo following two patients treated with dronabinol. 32272438 13 79 dep INTERPRETATION 2168:2181 arg1 conclusion 2186:2195 conclusion 2186:2195 conclusion 2186:2195 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 8 80 from serine 1425:1430 arg1 multitude 1459:1467 a multitude 1457:1467 a multitude of target proteins 1457:1486 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 13 81 theme leukemia 2420:2427 arg1 research 2429:2436 future leukemia research 2413:2436 future leukemia research 2413:2436 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 14 82 theme Schlieben-Lange 2545:2559 arg1 Program 2561:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 5 83 theme OGT 918:920 arg1 models 959:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 6 84 theme leukemia 1194:1201 arg1 blasts 1203:1208 acute leukemia blasts 1188:1208 acute leukemia blasts 1188:1208 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 14 85 theme Unrestricted 2447:2458 arg1 grant 2460:2464 FUNDING Unrestricted grant 2439:2464 FUNDING Unrestricted grant 2439:2464 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 3 86 theme blockage 570:577 arg1 release 539:545 successful release 528:545 successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo 528:676 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 14 87 theme Athene 2703:2708 arg1 Program 2710:2716 Athene Program 2703:2716 Athene Program 2703:2716 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 9 88 theme neurodegenerative 1563:1579 arg1 diseases 1594:1601 metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases 1552:1601 metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers 1552:1620 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 11 89 theme antileukemic 1834:1845 arg1 efficacy 1847:1854 antileukemic efficacy 1834:1854 antileukemic efficacy 1834:1854 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 8 90 from threonine 1435:1443 arg1 multitude 1459:1467 a multitude 1457:1467 a multitude of target proteins 1457:1486 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 9 91 theme O-GlcNAc 1498:1505 arg1 modification 1507:1518 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification 1489:1518 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification 1489:1518 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 8 92 theme proteins 1479:1486 arg1 multitude 1459:1467 a multitude 1457:1467 a multitude of target proteins 1457:1486 OGT is a master regulator enzyme adding O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues in a multitude of target proteins. 32272438 11 93 theme action 1880:1885 arg1 dual-mechanism 1862:1875 a dual-mechanism 1860:1875 a dual-mechanism of action 1860:1885 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 4 94 dep methylation 780:790 arg1 cytometry 873:881 flow cytometry 868:881 flow cytometry 868:881 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 13 95 theme future 2413:2418 arg1 research 2429:2436 future leukemia research 2413:2436 future leukemia research 2413:2436 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 3 96 theme isomer 639:644 arg1 dronabinol 646:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol 599:655 the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo 599:676 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 32272438 6 97 theme clone 1250:1254 arg1 state 1217:1221 the state 1213:1221 the state of the leukemia-initiating clone 1213:1254 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 14 98 dep initiative 2736:2745 arg1 University 2747:2756 University 2747:2756 University 2747:2756 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 5 99 theme in 933:934 arg1 models 959:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models 907:964 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 11 100 theme cellular 1991:1998 arg1 maturation 2000:2009 cellular maturation 1991:2009 cellular maturation 1991:2009 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 0 101 theme acute 110:114 arg1 leukemia 116:123 acute leukemia 110:123 acute leukemia 110:123 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 11 102 theme OGT 1821:1823 arg1 role 1813:1816 the central role 1801:1816 the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action 1801:1885 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 1 103 theme retinoic 366:373 arg1 ATRA 381:384 ATRA 381:384 ATRA 381:384 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 103 theme retinoic 366:373 arg1 acid 375:378 all-trans retinoic acid 356:378 all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 356:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 14 104 theme Research 2643:2650 arg1 Program 2607:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program 2580:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2580:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 104 theme Research 2643:2650 arg1 Program 2561:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program 2536:2567 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 104 theme Research 2643:2650 arg1 Tübingen 2517:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen 2497:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) 2497:2530 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 104 theme Research 2643:2650 arg1 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 9 105 theme autoimme 1585:1592 arg1 diseases 1594:1601 metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases 1552:1601 metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers 1552:1620 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 4 106 theme profiling 792:800 arg1 methylation 780:790 whole genome methylation profiling 767:800 whole genome methylation profiling 767:800 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 11 107 theme High 1888:1891 arg1 concentrations 1893:1906 High concentrations 1888:1906 High concentrations of dronabinol 1888:1920 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 9 108 theme Aberrant 1489:1496 arg1 modification 1507:1518 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification 1489:1518 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification 1489:1518 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 9 109 theme diseases 1594:1601 arg1 pathologies 1537:1547 pathologies 1537:1547 pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers 1537:1620 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 6 110 dep FINDINGS 1070:1077 arg1 In 1079:1080 FINDINGS In 1070:1080 FINDINGS In 1070:1080 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 4 111 theme proteome 803:810 arg1 analyses 812:819 proteome analyses 803:819 proteome analyses 803:819 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 10 112 theme epigenetic 1692:1701 arg1 hypomethylation 1703:1717 epigenetic hypomethylation 1692:1717 epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS) 1692:1755 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 6 113 theme molecular 1099:1107 arg1 evidence 1109:1116 molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone 1099:1254 molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone 1099:1254 FINDINGS In here, we provide molecular evidence that dronbinol is capable to override the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts at the state of the leukemia-initiating clone. 32272438 14 114 theme von 2594:2596 arg1 Program 2607:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program 2580:2613 the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2580:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 5 115 dep ex 946:947 arg1 vivo 949:952 vivo 949:952 vivo 949:952 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 10 116 theme OGT 1684:1686 arg1 transcription 1667:1679 transcription 1667:1679 transcription of OGT 1667:1686 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 0 117 theme O-linked 25:32 arg1 transferase 56:66 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 25:66 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 25:66 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 1 118 theme patients 301:308 arg1 majority 289:296 the vast majority 280:296 the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 280:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 9 119 theme cancers 1614:1620 arg1 pathologies 1537:1547 pathologies 1537:1547 pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers 1537:1620 Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification is implicated in pathologies of metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimme diseases as well as cancers. 32272438 14 120 theme excellence 2725:2734 arg1 initiative 2736:2745 the excellence initiative University 2721:2756 the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2721:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 4 121 theme genome 773:778 arg1 methylation 780:790 whole genome methylation profiling 767:800 whole genome methylation profiling 767:800 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 2 122 theme other 425:429 arg1 subtypes 440:447 other leukemia subtypes 425:447 other leukemia subtypes 425:447 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 0 123 theme transferase 56:66 arg1 activation 11:20 Epigenetic activation 0:20 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 0:66 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 1 124 theme acute 315:319 arg1 leukemia 335:342 acute promyelocytic leukemia 315:342 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens 315:400 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 1 124 theme acute 315:319 arg1 APL 345:347 APL 345:347 APL 345:347 BACKGROUND Overriding the differentiation blockage in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most successful mode-of-action in leukemia therapy - now curing the vast majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based regimens. 32272438 5 125 theme acute 1054:1058 arg1 leukemia 1060:1067 acute leukemia 1054:1067 acute leukemia 1054:1067 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 14 126 theme KKS 2771:2773 arg1 initiative 2736:2745 the excellence initiative University 2721:2756 the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2721:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 2 127 theme IDH1/2-mutated 458:471 arg1 AML 473:475 IDH1/2-mutated AML 458:475 IDH1/2-mutated AML 458:475 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 13 128 from leukemia 2271:2278 arg1 subentities 2283:2293 subentities 2283:2293 subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia 2283:2342 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 11 129 theme lentiviral 1760:1769 arg1 OGT-knock 1771:1779 A lentiviral OGT-knock 1758:1779 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach 1758:1792 A lentiviral OGT-knock out approach proves the central role of OGT exerting antileukemic efficacy via a dual-mechanism of action: High concentrations of dronabinol result in induction of apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations drive cellular maturation. 32272438 0 130 from blockage 98:105 arg1 leukemia 116:123 acute leukemia 110:123 acute leukemia 110:123 Epigenetic activation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase overrides the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia. 32272438 13 131 theme promyelocytic 2302:2314 arg1 leukemia 2335:2342 promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia 2302:2342 leukemia 2335:2342 INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we provide evidence for overcoming the differentiation blockage in acute leukemia in subentities beyond promyelocytic and IDH1/2-mutated leukemia and thereby identify O-GlcNAcylation as a novel (drugable) field for future leukemia research. 32272438 14 132 theme Program 2607:2613 arg1 Program 2486:2492 the IZKF Program 2477:2492 the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2477:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 7 133 theme O-GlcNAc 1314:1321 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 7 133 theme O-GlcNAc 1314:1321 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 1277:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process 1277:1370 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 14 134 theme Tübingen 2517:2524 arg1 Program 2486:2492 the IZKF Program 2477:2492 the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS) 2477:2774 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 10 135 theme site 1746:1749 arg1 hypomethylation 1703:1717 epigenetic hypomethylation 1692:1717 epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS) 1692:1755 We provide evidence that dronabinol induces transcription of OGT via epigenetic hypomethylation of the transcription start site (TSS). 32272438 12 136 theme blasts 2092:2097 arg1 blockage 2065:2072 the differentiation blockage 2045:2072 the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts 2045:2097 Most intriguingly, overriding of the differentiation blockage of acute leukemia blasts is validated in vivo following two patients treated with dronabinol. 32272438 5 137 theme functional 888:897 arg1 studies 899:905 functional studies 888:905 functional studies 888:905 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 5 138 theme OGT 1047:1049 arg1 effects 1036:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects 991:1042 proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia 991:1067 For functional studies lentiviral OGT knock-down in vitro and ex vivo cell models were created to evaluate proliferative, apoptotic and differentiating effects of OGT in acute leukemia. 32272438 2 139 from approaches 411:420 arg1 subtypes 440:447 other leukemia subtypes 425:447 other leukemia subtypes 425:447 Similar approaches in other leukemia subtypes, such as IDH1/2-mutated AML, are under active investigation. 32272438 7 140 theme glucosamine 1301:1311 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 7 140 theme glucosamine 1301:1311 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 1277:1334 the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process 1277:1370 We further identify the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) to be crucial in this process. 32272438 4 141 theme deep 826:829 arg1 sequencing 831:840 NGS deep sequencing 822:840 NGS deep sequencing 822:840 METHODS Cellular maturation and differentiation were followed in two patients employing whole genome methylation profiling, proteome analyses, NGS deep sequencing and multispectral imaging flow cytometry. 32272438 14 142 theme Medical 2501:2507 arg1 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 MMS 2527:2529 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 14 142 theme Medical 2501:2507 arg1 Tübingen 2517:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen 2497:2524 the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) 2497:2530 FUNDING Unrestricted grant support by the IZKF Program of the Medical Faculty Tübingen (MMS) and Brigitte Schlieben-Lange Program as well as the Margarete von Wrangell Program of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (KKS) and Athene Program of the excellence initiative University of Tübingen (KKS). 32272438 3 143 theme successful 528:537 arg1 release 539:545 successful release 528:545 successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo 528:676 We herein present successful release of the differentiation blockage upon treatment with the natural (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol isomer dronabinol in vitro and in vivo. 34177992 9 0 theme wall 1507:1510 arg1 lignin 1512:1517 cell wall lignin and pectin investments 1502:1540 lignin 1512:1517 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 11 1 theme substantial 1930:1940 arg1 plasticity 1942:1951 substantial plasticity 1930:1951 substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall 1930:2032 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 13 2 theme leaf 2395:2398 arg1 C 2400:2400 leaf C 2395:2400 leaf C 2395:2400 We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species. 34177992 6 3 from eudicots 1152:1159 arg1 generality 1098:1107 the generality 1094:1107 the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1094:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 9 4 theme investments 1530:1540 arg1 share 1493:1497 the share 1489:1497 the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale 1489:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 10 5 theme lower 1761:1765 arg1 temperature 1767:1777 lower temperature 1761:1777 lower temperature 1761:1777 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 8 6 dep operating 1375:1383 arg1 within 1385:1390 within 1385:1390 within 1385:1390 We found a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems. 34177992 8 6 dep operating 1375:1383 arg1 species 1403:1409 species 1403:1409 species 1403:1409 We found a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems. 34177992 3 7 theme cell 491:494 arg1 pectins 501:507 cell wall pectins 491:507 cell wall pectins 491:507 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 13 8 theme species 2548:2554 arg1 differentiation 2529:2543 biogeochemical niche differentiation 2508:2543 biogeochemical niche differentiation of species 2508:2554 We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species. 34177992 1 9 theme macronutrients 181:194 arg1 Stoichiometry 159:171 Stoichiometry 159:171 Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients 159:194 Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients can provide insight into the tradeoffs between leaf structural and metabolic investments. 34177992 7 10 theme cell 1321:1324 arg1 walls 1326:1330 leaf cell walls 1316:1330 leaf cell walls 1316:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 7 11 theme lignin 1279:1284 arg1 concentrations 1298:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations 1272:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls 1272:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 12 12 theme investment 2333:2342 arg1 strategies 2344:2353 protoplasm investment strategies 2322:2353 protoplasm investment strategies 2322:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 13 theme major 2051:2055 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 13 theme major 2051:2055 arg1 axis 2191:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis 2166:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2166:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 13 theme major 2051:2055 arg1 axis 2121:2124 the cell-wall structural axis 2096:2124 the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca 2096:2160 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 14 theme 222 1142:1144 arg1 eudicots 1152:1159 222 woody eudicots 1142:1159 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1142:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 11 15 theme N 1956:1956 arg1 distribution 1965:1976 N and Mg distribution 1956:1976 distribution 1965:1976 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 7 16 theme Ca 1275:1276 arg1 concentrations 1298:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations 1272:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls 1272:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 10 17 theme mean 1614:1617 arg1 temperature 1626:1636 mean annual temperature 1614:1636 mean annual temperature 1614:1636 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 13 18 theme biogeochemical 2508:2521 arg1 differentiation 2529:2543 biogeochemical niche differentiation 2508:2543 biogeochemical niche differentiation of species 2508:2554 We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species. 34177992 6 19 theme macronutrient 894:906 arg1 concentrations 926:939 macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations 894:939 macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 894:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 7 20 theme C 1272:1272 arg1 concentrations 1298:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations 1272:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls 1272:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 7 21 theme broad-leaved 1209:1220 arg1 species 1222:1228 20 broad-leaved species 1206:1228 20 broad-leaved species 1206:1228 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 0 22 theme Leaf 133:136 arg1 Function 149:156 Leaf Structural Function 133:156 Leaf Structural Function 133:156 Relationships Between Leaf Carbon and Macronutrients Across Woody Species and Forest Ecosystems Highlight How Carbon Is Allocated to Leaf Structural Function. 34177992 5 23 theme structural 778:787 arg1 tradeoffs 803:811 the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 769:811 the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 769:811 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 12 24 theme protoplasm 2170:2179 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 24 theme protoplasm 2170:2179 arg1 axis 2191:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis 2166:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2166:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 25 theme observed 1116:1123 arg1 relationships 1125:1137 the observed relationships 1112:1137 the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1112:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 11 26 theme biological 1894:1903 arg1 organization 1905:1916 biological organization 1894:1916 biological organization 1894:1916 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 12 27 theme protein-free 2140:2151 arg1 C 2153:2153 protein-free C 2140:2153 protein-free C 2140:2153 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 28 from relationships 1125:1137 arg1 eudicots 1152:1159 222 woody eudicots 1142:1159 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1142:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 28 from relationships 1125:1137 arg1 ecosystems 1176:1185 15 forest ecosystems 1166:1185 15 forest ecosystems 1166:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 8 29 theme leaf 1356:1359 arg1 tradeoff 1366:1373 a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff 1342:1373 a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems 1342:1431 We found a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems. 34177992 4 30 theme metabolic 608:616 arg1 functions 618:626 cell metabolic functions 603:626 cell metabolic functions 603:626 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 0 31 theme Forest 78:83 arg1 Ecosystems 85:94 Forest Ecosystems 78:94 Forest Ecosystems 78:94 Relationships Between Leaf Carbon and Macronutrients Across Woody Species and Forest Ecosystems Highlight How Carbon Is Allocated to Leaf Structural Function. 34177992 7 32 from concentrations 1298:1311 arg1 walls 1326:1330 leaf cell walls 1316:1330 leaf cell walls 1316:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 6 33 from generality 1098:1107 arg1 eudicots 1152:1159 222 woody eudicots 1142:1159 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1142:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 13 34 theme leaf 2446:2449 arg1 function 2462:2469 leaf structural function 2446:2469 leaf structural function 2446:2469 We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species. 34177992 12 35 theme differentiation 2079:2093 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 35 theme differentiation 2079:2093 arg1 axis 2191:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis 2166:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2166:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 35 theme differentiation 2079:2093 arg1 axis 2121:2124 the cell-wall structural axis 2096:2124 the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca 2096:2160 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 36 theme macronutrient 2065:2077 arg1 differentiation 2079:2093 macronutrient differentiation 2065:2093 macronutrient differentiation 2065:2093 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 37 theme woody 982:986 arg1 species 988:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species 944:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 944:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 12 38 theme elements 2275:2282 arg1 decoupling 2236:2245 the decoupling 2232:2245 the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies 2232:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 3 39 theme leaf 414:417 arg1 Ca 428:429 Ca 428:429 Ca 428:429 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 3 39 theme leaf 414:417 arg1 calcium 419:425 leaf calcium 414:425 leaf calcium (Ca) 414:430 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 9 40 theme basic 1439:1443 arg1 relationship 1445:1456 This basic relationship 1434:1456 This basic relationship 1434:1456 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 9 41 from variations 1475:1484 arg1 share 1493:1497 the share 1489:1497 the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale 1489:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 9 41 from variations 1475:1484 arg1 scale 1554:1558 the cell scale 1545:1558 the cell scale 1545:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 6 42 theme broad-leaved 959:970 arg1 species 988:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species 944:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 944:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 11 43 theme cell 1984:1987 arg1 organelles 1989:1998 cell organelles 1984:1998 cell organelles 1984:1998 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 6 44 dep species 988:994 arg1 platyphylla 1045:1055 Betula platyphylla 1038:1055 Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 1038:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 44 dep species 988:994 arg1 individuals 1061:1071 47 individuals 1058:1071 47 individuals 1058:1071 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 44 dep species 988:994 arg1 wutaishanica 1004:1015 Quercus wutaishanica 996:1015 Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) 996:1032 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 44 dep species 988:994 arg1 individuals 1021:1031 90 individuals 1018:1031 90 individuals 1018:1031 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 0 45 theme Leaf 22:25 arg1 Carbon 27:32 Leaf Carbon 22:32 Leaf Carbon 22:32 Relationships Between Leaf Carbon and Macronutrients Across Woody Species and Forest Ecosystems Highlight How Carbon Is Allocated to Leaf Structural Function. 34177992 11 46 theme cell 2024:2027 arg1 wall 2029:2032 cell protoplast and cell wall 2004:2032 wall 2029:2032 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 10 47 theme annual 1619:1624 arg1 temperature 1626:1636 mean annual temperature 1614:1636 mean annual temperature 1614:1636 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 11 48 theme Mg 1962:1963 arg1 distribution 1965:1976 N and Mg distribution 1956:1976 distribution 1965:1976 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 10 49 theme C-Ca 1565:1568 arg1 tradeoffs 1570:1578 The C-Ca tradeoffs 1561:1578 The C-Ca tradeoffs 1561:1578 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 10 50 with built 1703:1707 arg1 C 1719:1719 less C 1714:1719 less C 1714:1719 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 10 50 with built 1703:1707 arg1 Ca 1730:1731 more Ca 1725:1731 more Ca 1725:1731 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 11 51 theme consistent 1831:1840 arg1 patterns 1842:1849 consistent patterns 1831:1849 consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg 1831:1869 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 5 52 theme metabolic 793:801 arg1 tradeoffs 803:811 the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 769:811 the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 769:811 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 1 53 theme structural 248:257 arg1 investments 273:283 leaf structural and metabolic investments 243:283 leaf structural and metabolic investments 243:283 Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients can provide insight into the tradeoffs between leaf structural and metabolic investments. 34177992 9 54 theme cell 1502:1505 arg1 lignin 1512:1517 cell wall lignin and pectin investments 1502:1540 lignin 1512:1517 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 1 55 theme metabolic 263:271 arg1 investments 273:283 leaf structural and metabolic investments 243:283 leaf structural and metabolic investments 243:283 Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients can provide insight into the tradeoffs between leaf structural and metabolic investments. 34177992 12 56 theme structural 2110:2119 arg1 axis 2121:2124 the cell-wall structural axis 2096:2124 the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca 2096:2160 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 56 theme structural 2110:2119 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 9 57 theme lignin 1512:1517 arg1 share 1493:1497 the share 1489:1497 the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale 1489:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 6 58 theme Quercus 996:1002 arg1 wutaishanica 1004:1015 Quercus wutaishanica 996:1015 Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) 996:1032 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 58 theme Quercus 996:1002 arg1 individuals 1021:1031 90 individuals 1018:1031 90 individuals 1018:1031 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 10 59 theme soil 1736:1739 arg1 pH 1741:1742 soil pH 1736:1742 soil pH 1736:1742 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 6 60 theme forest 1169:1174 arg1 ecosystems 1176:1185 15 forest ecosystems 1166:1185 15 forest ecosystems 1166:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 3 61 theme wall 496:499 arg1 pectins 501:507 cell wall pectins 491:507 cell wall pectins 491:507 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 9 62 theme pectin 1523:1528 arg1 investments 1530:1540 cell wall lignin and pectin investments 1502:1540 investments 1530:1540 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 12 63 theme protoplasm 2322:2331 arg1 strategies 2344:2353 protoplasm investment strategies 2322:2353 protoplasm investment strategies 2322:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 10 64 theme soil 1602:1605 arg1 pH 1607:1608 soil pH 1602:1608 soil pH 1602:1608 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 1 65 theme leaf 176:179 arg1 macronutrients 181:194 leaf macronutrients 176:194 leaf macronutrients 176:194 Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients can provide insight into the tradeoffs between leaf structural and metabolic investments. 34177992 7 66 theme leaf 1316:1319 arg1 walls 1326:1330 leaf cell walls 1316:1330 leaf cell walls 1316:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 7 67 theme pectin 1291:1296 arg1 concentrations 1298:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations 1272:1311 C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls 1272:1330 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 5 68 theme leaf 697:700 arg1 C 702:702 leaf C 697:702 leaf C 697:702 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 6 69 theme woody 1146:1150 arg1 eudicots 1152:1159 222 woody eudicots 1142:1159 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1142:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 70 from concentrations 926:939 arg1 species 988:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species 944:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 944:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 9 71 theme cell 1549:1552 arg1 scale 1554:1558 the cell scale 1545:1558 the cell scale 1545:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 2 72 theme cell 311:314 arg1 walls 316:320 cell walls 311:320 cell walls 311:320 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 10 73 theme lower 1783:1787 arg1 precipitation 1789:1801 lower precipitation 1783:1801 lower precipitation 1783:1801 The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. 34177992 0 74 theme Structural 138:147 arg1 Function 149:156 Leaf Structural Function 133:156 Leaf Structural Function 133:156 Relationships Between Leaf Carbon and Macronutrients Across Woody Species and Forest Ecosystems Highlight How Carbon Is Allocated to Leaf Structural Function. 34177992 13 75 theme niche 2523:2527 arg1 differentiation 2529:2543 biogeochemical niche differentiation 2508:2543 biogeochemical niche differentiation of species 2508:2554 We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species. 34177992 5 76 theme leaf 773:776 arg1 tradeoffs 803:811 the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 769:811 the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 769:811 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 11 77 theme different 1874:1882 arg1 levels 1884:1889 different levels 1874:1889 different levels of biological organization 1874:1916 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 12 78 theme metabolic 2181:2189 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 78 theme metabolic 2181:2189 arg1 axis 2191:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis 2166:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2166:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 79 theme relationships 1125:1137 arg1 generality 1098:1107 the generality 1094:1107 the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1094:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 11 80 from plasticity 1942:1951 arg1 distribution 1965:1976 N and Mg distribution 1956:1976 distribution 1965:1976 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 5 81 from information 646:656 arg1 interrelations 676:689 the functional interrelations 661:689 the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients 661:721 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 6 82 theme leaf 883:886 arg1 C 888:888 leaf C 883:888 leaf C 883:888 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 2 83 theme Structural 286:295 arg1 C 305:305 C 305:305 C 305:305 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 2 83 theme Structural 286:295 arg1 carbon 297:302 Structural carbon 286:302 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls 286:320 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 2 84 from carbon 297:302 arg1 walls 316:320 cell walls 311:320 cell walls 311:320 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 11 85 theme organization 1905:1916 arg1 levels 1884:1889 different levels 1874:1889 different levels of biological organization 1874:1916 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 8 86 theme significant 1344:1354 arg1 tradeoff 1366:1373 a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff 1342:1373 a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems 1342:1431 We found a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems. 34177992 5 87 theme functional 665:674 arg1 interrelations 676:689 the functional interrelations 661:689 the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients 661:721 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 8 88 theme C-Ca 1361:1364 arg1 tradeoff 1366:1373 a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff 1342:1373 a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems 1342:1431 We found a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems. 34177992 12 89 dep axes 2057:2060 arg1 axis 2121:2124 the cell-wall structural axis 2096:2124 the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca 2096:2160 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 89 dep axes 2057:2060 arg1 axis 2191:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis 2166:2194 the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2166:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 89 dep axes 2057:2060 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 4 90 theme cell 603:606 arg1 functions 618:626 cell metabolic functions 603:626 cell metabolic functions 603:626 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 5 91 theme limited 638:644 arg1 information 646:656 limited information 638:656 limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients 638:721 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 12 92 from strategies 2344:2353 arg1 wall 2312:2315 cell wall 2307:2315 cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies 2307:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 9 93 from scale 1554:1558 arg1 variations 1475:1484 variations 1475:1484 variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale 1475:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 9 93 from scale 1554:1558 arg1 share 1493:1497 the share 1489:1497 the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale 1489:1558 This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. 34177992 2 94 dep polysaccharides 349:363 arg1 hemicellulose 377:389 hemicellulose 377:389 hemicellulose 377:389 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 2 94 dep polysaccharides 349:363 arg1 pectins 396:402 pectins 396:402 pectins 396:402 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 2 94 dep polysaccharides 349:363 arg1 cellulose 366:374 cellulose 366:374 cellulose 366:374 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 2 94 dep polysaccharides 349:363 arg1 polysaccharides 349:363 polysaccharides 349:363 polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins) 349:403 Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). 34177992 6 95 dep concentrations 926:939 arg1 K 915:915 K 915:915 K 915:915 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 95 dep concentrations 926:939 arg1 Mg 922:923 Mg 922:923 Mg 922:923 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 95 dep concentrations 926:939 arg1 P 912:912 P 912:912 P 912:912 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 95 dep concentrations 926:939 arg1 N 909:909 N 909:909 N 909:909 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 95 dep concentrations 926:939 arg1 Ca 918:919 Ca 918:919 Ca 918:919 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 13 96 theme structural 2451:2460 arg1 function 2462:2469 leaf structural function 2446:2469 leaf structural function 2446:2469 We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 nitrogen 564:571 nitrogen 564:571 nitrogen (N) 564:575 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 macronutrients 514:527 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) 510:575 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) 510:575 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 potassium 545:553 potassium 545:553 potassium (K) 545:557 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 phosphorus 529:538 phosphorus 529:538 phosphorus (P) 529:542 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 K 556:556 K 556:556 K 556:556 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 N 574:574 N 574:574 N 574:574 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 4 97 dep macronutrients 514:527 arg1 P 541:541 P 541:541 P 541:541 The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. 34177992 7 98 theme species 1222:1228 arg1 subsample 1193:1201 a subsample 1191:1201 a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species 1191:1228 In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. 34177992 12 99 theme cell-wall 2100:2108 arg1 axis 2121:2124 the cell-wall structural axis 2096:2124 the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca 2096:2160 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 12 99 theme cell-wall 2100:2108 arg1 axes 2057:2060 two major axes 2047:2060 two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K 2047:2216 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 100 theme deciduous 972:980 arg1 species 988:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species 944:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 944:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 11 101 theme cell 2004:2007 arg1 protoplast 2009:2018 cell protoplast and cell wall 2004:2032 protoplast 2009:2018 However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. 34177992 12 102 theme metabolic 2265:2273 arg1 elements 2275:2282 structural and metabolic elements 2250:2282 structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies 2250:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 3 103 theme calcium 419:425 arg1 Much 406:409 Much 406:409 Much 406:409 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 5 104 theme functional 732:741 arg1 dimensions 743:752 the functional dimensions 728:752 the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs 728:811 There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. 34177992 6 105 theme widespread 948:957 arg1 species 988:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species 944:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 944:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 12 106 theme cell 2307:2310 arg1 wall 2312:2315 cell wall 2307:2315 cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies 2307:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 3 107 theme fraction 438:445 arg1 Much 406:409 Much 406:409 Much 406:409 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 0 108 theme Woody 60:64 arg1 Species 66:72 Woody Species 60:72 Woody Species 60:72 Relationships Between Leaf Carbon and Macronutrients Across Woody Species and Forest Ecosystems Highlight How Carbon Is Allocated to Leaf Structural Function. 34177992 12 109 theme structural 2250:2259 arg1 elements 2275:2282 structural and metabolic elements 2250:2282 structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies 2250:2353 We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. 34177992 6 110 from C 888:888 arg1 species 988:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species 944:994 two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals) 944:1072 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 3 111 theme magnesium 450:458 arg1 Ca 428:429 Ca 428:429 Ca 428:429 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 3 111 theme magnesium 450:458 arg1 calcium 419:425 leaf calcium 414:425 leaf calcium (Ca) 414:430 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 3 111 theme magnesium 450:458 arg1 fraction 438:445 a fraction 436:445 a fraction of magnesium (Mg) 436:463 Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. 34177992 1 112 theme leaf 243:246 arg1 investments 273:283 leaf structural and metabolic investments 243:283 leaf structural and metabolic investments 243:283 Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients can provide insight into the tradeoffs between leaf structural and metabolic investments. 34177992 6 113 from ecosystems 1176:1185 arg1 eudicots 1152:1159 222 woody eudicots 1142:1159 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1142:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 34177992 6 113 from ecosystems 1176:1185 arg1 relationships 1125:1137 the observed relationships 1112:1137 the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems 1112:1185 We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. 33801434 6 0 theme water 1547:1551 arg1 solubility 1553:1562 water solubility 1547:1562 water solubility 1547:1562 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 4 1 theme DF 1097:1098 arg1 analysis 1111:1118 DF structural analysis 1097:1118 DF structural analysis 1097:1118 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 5 2 theme phenolic 1434:1441 arg1 acids 1443:1447 phenolic acids 1434:1447 phenolic acids 1434:1447 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 3 3 theme High 857:860 arg1 contents 890:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 4 theme twin-screw 614:623 arg1 extruder 625:632 a co-rotating twin-screw extruder 600:632 a co-rotating twin-screw extruder 600:632 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 2 5 theme DF 511:512 arg1 fractions 514:522 the DF fractions 507:522 the DF fractions 507:522 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 3 6 theme DF 887:888 arg1 contents 890:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 7 dep characteristics 1612:1626 arg1 characteristics 1612:1626 the sensory characteristics 1600:1626 the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1600:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 7 dep characteristics 1612:1626 arg1 hardness 1640:1647 hardness 1640:1647 hardness 1640:1647 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 7 dep characteristics 1612:1626 arg1 color 1654:1658 color 1654:1658 color 1654:1658 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 7 dep characteristics 1612:1626 arg1 expansion 1629:1637 expansion 1629:1637 expansion 1629:1637 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 3 8 theme TDF 1043:1045 arg1 contents 1048:1055 total DF (TDF) contents 1033:1055 total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) 1033:1079 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 8 theme TDF 1043:1045 arg1 dm 1077:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 9 theme screw 645:649 arg1 speeds 651:656 different screw speeds 635:656 different screw speeds 635:656 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 10 theme g 1022:1022 arg1 CPP 1000:1002 CPP 1000:1002 CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm) 1000:1026 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 10 theme g 1022:1022 arg1 dm 1024:1025 11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm 1005:1025 11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm 1005:1025 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 11 theme weight 872:877 arg1 contents 890:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 12 from DF 1781:1782 arg1 rich 1773:1776 rich 1773:1776 rich 1773:1776 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 4 13 from changes 1145:1151 arg1 fractions 1255:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 4 13 from changes 1145:1151 arg1 portions 1160:1167 the portions 1156:1167 the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) 1156:1221 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 3 14 theme DF 1039:1040 arg1 contents 1048:1055 total DF (TDF) contents 1033:1055 total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) 1033:1079 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 14 theme DF 1039:1040 arg1 dm 1077:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 15 theme related 1589:1595 arg1 properties 1578:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties 1497:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1497:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 16 theme pure 1664:1667 arg1 extrudates 1673:1682 pure CPP extrudates 1664:1682 pure CPP extrudates 1664:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 4 17 theme extrusion-based 1129:1143 arg1 changes 1145:1151 extrusion-based changes 1129:1151 extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1129:1263 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 3 18 theme g 1075:1075 arg1 contents 1048:1055 total DF (TDF) contents 1033:1055 total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) 1033:1079 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 18 theme g 1075:1075 arg1 dm 1077:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 19 theme water 693:697 arg1 cw 709:710 cw 709:710 cw 709:710 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 19 theme water 693:697 arg1 contents 699:706 different water contents 683:706 different water contents (cw) 683:711 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 5 20 dep g 1403:1403 arg1 dm 1405:1406 dm 1405:1406 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C) 1385:1427 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 1 21 theme high 282:285 arg1 index 296:300 the high glycemic index 278:300 the high glycemic index of these food products 278:323 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 4 22 theme I 1201:1201 arg1 polysaccharides 1179:1193 pectic polysaccharides 1172:1193 pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) 1172:1221 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 4 22 theme I 1201:1201 arg1 rhamnogalacturonan 1203:1220 type I rhamnogalacturonan 1196:1220 type I rhamnogalacturonan 1196:1220 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 4 23 theme pectic 1172:1177 arg1 polysaccharides 1179:1193 pectic polysaccharides 1172:1193 pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) 1172:1221 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 4 23 theme pectic 1172:1177 arg1 rhamnogalacturonan 1203:1220 type I rhamnogalacturonan 1196:1220 type I rhamnogalacturonan 1196:1220 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 1 24 from substitution 138:149 arg1 cereals 227:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 24 from substitution 138:149 arg1 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 3 25 theme mechanical 741:750 arg1 energies 752:759 specific mechanical energies 732:759 specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 732:796 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 25 theme mechanical 741:750 arg1 SME 762:764 SME 762:764 SME 762:764 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 2 26 theme PP 538:539 arg1 profile 496:502 profile 496:502 profile 496:502 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 26 theme PP 538:539 arg1 content 484:490 the content 480:490 the content 480:490 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 26 theme PP 538:539 arg1 properties 564:573 techno-functional properties 546:573 techno-functional properties of the extrudates 546:591 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 26 theme PP 538:539 arg1 stability 525:533 stability 525:533 stability of PP 525:539 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 6 27 theme CPP 1724:1726 arg1 extrudates 1728:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 27 theme CPP 1724:1726 arg1 ingredient 1762:1771 a suitable food ingredient 1746:1771 a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP 1746:1789 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 28 from PP 1788:1789 arg1 rich 1773:1776 rich 1773:1776 rich 1773:1776 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 2 29 theme rich 436:439 arg1 chokeberry 384:393 pure chokeberry 379:393 pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) 379:466 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 29 theme rich 436:439 arg1 melanocarpa 403:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 4 30 theme DF 1252:1253 arg1 fractions 1255:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 0 31 theme Fiber 87:91 arg1 Profile 93:99 Dietary Fiber Profile 79:99 Dietary Fiber Profile 79:99 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 1 32 theme products 316:323 arg1 index 296:300 the high glycemic index 278:300 the high glycemic index of these food products 278:323 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 0 33 theme Extrusion 0:8 arg1 Processing 10:19 Extrusion Processing 0:19 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 0:124 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 3 34 theme thermomechanical 933:948 arg1 stress 950:955 thermomechanical stress 933:955 thermomechanical stress 933:955 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 35 theme Whkg-1 791:796 arg1 range 774:778 the range 770:778 the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 770:796 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 36 theme techno-functional 1507:1523 arg1 properties 1578:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties 1497:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1497:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 37 theme extrudates 1673:1682 arg1 characteristics 1612:1626 the sensory characteristics 1600:1626 the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1600:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 37 theme extrudates 1673:1682 arg1 hardness 1640:1647 hardness 1640:1647 hardness 1640:1647 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 37 theme extrudates 1673:1682 arg1 color 1654:1658 color 1654:1658 color 1654:1658 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 37 theme extrudates 1673:1682 arg1 expansion 1629:1637 expansion 1629:1637 expansion 1629:1637 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 2 38 theme extrusion 355:363 arg1 processing 365:374 extrusion processing 355:374 extrusion processing 355:374 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 5 39 dep g 1370:1370 arg1 dm 1372:1373 dm 1372:1373 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm 1352:1373 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 3 40 from temperatures 811:822 arg1 range 774:778 the range 770:778 the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 770:796 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 41 theme rich 1773:1776 arg1 extrudates 1728:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 41 theme rich 1773:1776 arg1 ingredient 1762:1771 a suitable food ingredient 1746:1771 a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP 1746:1789 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 0 42 theme Chokeberry 29:38 arg1 Pomace 61:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 2 43 theme Aronia 396:401 arg1 chokeberry 384:393 pure chokeberry 379:393 pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) 379:466 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 43 theme Aronia 396:401 arg1 melanocarpa 403:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 6 44 theme food 1757:1760 arg1 extrudates 1728:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 44 theme food 1757:1760 arg1 ingredient 1762:1771 a suitable food ingredient 1746:1771 a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP 1746:1789 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 0 45 theme Aronia 41:46 arg1 Pomace 61:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 3 46 theme material 802:809 arg1 TM 825:826 TM 825:826 TM 825:826 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 46 theme material 802:809 arg1 temperatures 811:822 material temperatures 802:822 material temperatures (TM) 802:827 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 5 47 theme thermolabile 1278:1289 arg1 anthocyanins 1291:1302 thermolabile anthocyanins 1278:1302 thermolabile anthocyanins 1278:1302 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 1 48 theme extruded 188:195 arg1 cereals 227:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 48 theme extruded 188:195 arg1 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 3 49 theme g 980:980 arg1 dm 982:983 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change 974:1094 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change 963:1094 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 2 50 from impact 345:350 arg1 chokeberry 384:393 pure chokeberry 379:393 pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) 379:466 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 50 from impact 345:350 arg1 melanocarpa 403:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 1 51 theme partial 130:136 arg1 substitution 138:149 The partial substitution 126:149 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 126:233 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 51 theme partial 130:136 arg1 strategy 259:266 a strategy 257:266 a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products 257:323 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 6 52 from rich 1773:1776 arg1 PP 1788:1789 PP 1788:1789 PP 1788:1789 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 52 from rich 1773:1776 arg1 DF 1781:1782 DF 1781:1782 DF 1781:1782 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 1 53 theme texturized 210:219 arg1 cereals 227:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 53 theme texturized 210:219 arg1 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 3 54 theme °C. 853:855 arg1 range 836:840 the range 832:840 the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change 832:1094 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 55 from energies 752:759 arg1 range 774:778 the range 770:778 the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 770:796 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 56 theme water 1526:1530 arg1 absorption 1532:1541 water absorption 1526:1541 water absorption 1526:1541 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 1 57 theme starch 154:159 arg1 substitution 138:149 The partial substitution 126:149 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 126:233 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 57 theme starch 154:159 arg1 strategy 259:266 a strategy 257:266 a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products 257:323 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 2 58 theme fractions 514:522 arg1 profile 496:502 profile 496:502 profile 496:502 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 58 theme fractions 514:522 arg1 content 484:490 the content 480:490 the content 480:490 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 58 theme fractions 514:522 arg1 properties 564:573 techno-functional properties 546:573 techno-functional properties of the extrudates 546:591 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 58 theme fractions 514:522 arg1 stability 525:533 stability 525:533 stability of PP 525:539 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 3 59 theme soluble 879:885 arg1 contents 890:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 60 theme co-rotating 602:612 arg1 extruder 625:632 a co-rotating twin-screw extruder 600:632 a co-rotating twin-screw extruder 600:632 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 1 61 theme dietary 166:172 arg1 DF 181:182 DF 181:182 DF 181:182 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 61 theme dietary 166:172 arg1 fiber 174:178 dietary fiber 166:178 dietary fiber (DF) 166:183 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 3 62 theme molecular 862:870 arg1 contents 890:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 High molecular weight soluble DF contents 857:897 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 6 63 theme sensory 1604:1610 arg1 characteristics 1612:1626 the sensory characteristics 1600:1626 the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1600:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 63 theme sensory 1604:1610 arg1 hardness 1640:1647 hardness 1640:1647 hardness 1640:1647 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 63 theme sensory 1604:1610 arg1 color 1654:1658 color 1654:1658 color 1654:1658 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 63 theme sensory 1604:1610 arg1 expansion 1629:1637 expansion 1629:1637 expansion 1629:1637 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 0 64 theme Bioactive 105:113 arg1 Compounds 115:123 Bioactive Compounds 105:123 Bioactive Compounds 105:123 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 0 65 from Impact 69:74 arg1 Compounds 115:123 Bioactive Compounds 105:123 Bioactive Compounds 105:123 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 0 65 from Impact 69:74 arg1 Profile 93:99 Dietary Fiber Profile 79:99 Dietary Fiber Profile 79:99 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 3 66 theme different 635:643 arg1 speeds 651:656 different screw speeds 635:656 different screw speeds 635:656 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 4 67 theme structural 1100:1109 arg1 analysis 1111:1118 DF structural analysis 1097:1118 DF structural analysis 1097:1118 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 3 68 theme total 1033:1037 arg1 contents 1048:1055 total DF (TDF) contents 1033:1055 total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) 1033:1079 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 68 theme total 1033:1037 arg1 dm 1077:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm 1058:1078 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 2 69 from rich 436:439 arg1 PP 464:465 PP 464:465 PP 464:465 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 69 from rich 436:439 arg1 polyphenols 451:461 polyphenols 451:461 polyphenols (PP) 451:466 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 69 from rich 436:439 arg1 DF 444:445 DF 444:445 DF 444:445 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 70 theme extrudates 582:591 arg1 profile 496:502 profile 496:502 profile 496:502 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 70 theme extrudates 582:591 arg1 content 484:490 the content 480:490 the content 480:490 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 70 theme extrudates 582:591 arg1 properties 564:573 techno-functional properties 546:573 techno-functional properties of the extrudates 546:591 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 70 theme extrudates 582:591 arg1 stability 525:533 stability 525:533 stability of PP 525:539 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 3 71 theme specific 732:739 arg1 energies 752:759 specific mechanical energies 732:759 specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 732:796 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 71 theme specific 732:739 arg1 SME 762:764 SME 762:764 SME 762:764 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 2 72 from DF 444:445 arg1 rich 436:439 rich 436:439 rich 436:439 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 4 73 theme type 1196:1199 arg1 polysaccharides 1179:1193 pectic polysaccharides 1172:1193 pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) 1172:1221 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 4 73 theme type 1196:1199 arg1 rhamnogalacturonan 1203:1220 type I rhamnogalacturonan 1196:1220 type I rhamnogalacturonan 1196:1220 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 0 74 theme Pomace 61:66 arg1 Processing 10:19 Extrusion Processing 0:19 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 0:124 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 5 75 dep dm 1405:1406 arg1 Whkg-1 1413:1418 222 Whkg-1 1409:1418 222 Whkg-1 1409:1418 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 5 75 dep dm 1405:1406 arg1 °C 1425:1426 155 °C 1421:1426 155 °C 1421:1426 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 6 76 theme physical 1569:1576 arg1 properties 1578:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties 1497:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1497:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 3 77 theme different 683:691 arg1 cw 709:710 cw 709:710 cw 709:710 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 77 theme different 683:691 arg1 contents 699:706 different water contents 683:706 different water contents (cw) 683:711 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 78 dep ± 968:968 arg1 dm 982:983 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change 974:1094 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change 963:1094 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 78 dep ± 968:968 arg1 up 957:958 up 957:958 up 957:958 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 1 79 theme glycemic 287:294 arg1 index 296:300 the high glycemic index 278:300 the high glycemic index of these food products 278:323 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 80 with substitution 138:149 arg1 DF 181:182 DF 181:182 DF 181:182 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 80 with substitution 138:149 arg1 fiber 174:178 dietary fiber 166:178 dietary fiber (DF) 166:183 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 0 81 theme Dietary 79:85 arg1 Profile 93:99 Dietary Fiber Profile 79:99 Dietary Fiber Profile 79:99 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 6 82 theme granulated 1713:1722 arg1 extrudates 1728:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 82 theme granulated 1713:1722 arg1 ingredient 1762:1771 a suitable food ingredient 1746:1771 a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP 1746:1789 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 4 83 theme polysaccharides 1179:1193 arg1 portions 1160:1167 the portions 1156:1167 the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) 1156:1221 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 1 84 theme food 311:314 arg1 products 316:323 these food products 305:323 these food products 305:323 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 3 85 with CPP 674:676 arg1 cw 709:710 cw 709:710 cw 709:710 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 3 85 with CPP 674:676 arg1 contents 699:706 different water contents 683:706 different water contents (cw) 683:711 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 4 86 theme insoluble 1242:1250 arg1 fractions 1255:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 2 87 theme pure 379:382 arg1 chokeberry 384:393 pure chokeberry 379:393 pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) 379:466 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 87 theme pure 379:382 arg1 melanocarpa 403:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Aronia melanocarpa 396:413 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 2 88 theme techno-functional 546:562 arg1 properties 564:573 techno-functional properties 546:573 techno-functional properties of the extrudates 546:591 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 0 89 theme Pure 24:27 arg1 Pomace 61:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 2 90 theme processing 365:374 arg1 impact 345:350 the impact 341:350 the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) 341:466 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 6 91 theme Resulting 1497:1505 arg1 properties 1578:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties 1497:1587 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates 1497:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 92 theme CPP 1669:1671 arg1 extrudates 1673:1682 pure CPP extrudates 1664:1682 pure CPP extrudates 1664:1682 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 4 93 theme soluble 1230:1236 arg1 fractions 1255:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 the soluble and insoluble DF fractions 1226:1263 DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. 33801434 0 94 theme melanocarpa 48:58 arg1 Pomace 61:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace 24:66 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 33801434 6 95 theme suitable 1748:1755 arg1 extrudates 1728:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 granulated CPP extrudates 1713:1737 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 95 theme suitable 1748:1755 arg1 ingredient 1762:1771 a suitable food ingredient 1746:1771 a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP 1746:1789 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 3 96 theme g/100 974:978 arg1 g 980:980 g 980:980 g 980:980 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 5 97 from g 1370:1370 arg1 temperature 1335:1345 temperature 1335:1345 temperature 1335:1345 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 5 97 from g 1370:1370 arg1 SME 1327:1329 SME 1327:1329 SME 1327:1329 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 2 98 from polyphenols 451:461 arg1 rich 436:439 rich 436:439 rich 436:439 Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. 33801434 5 99 theme anthocyanins 1291:1302 arg1 Contents 1266:1273 Contents 1266:1273 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins 1266:1302 Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg-1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. 33801434 3 100 dep °C. 853:855 arg1 increase 908:915 increase 908:915 increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change 908:1094 Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg-1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. 33801434 1 101 theme ready-to-eat 197:208 arg1 cereals 227:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals 188:233 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 1 101 theme ready-to-eat 197:208 arg1 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 RTE 222:224 The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. 33801434 6 102 dep techno-functional 1507:1523 arg1 absorption 1532:1541 water absorption 1526:1541 water absorption 1526:1541 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 6 102 dep techno-functional 1507:1523 arg1 solubility 1553:1562 water solubility 1547:1562 water solubility 1547:1562 Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP. 33801434 0 103 dep Processing 10:19 arg1 Impact 69:74 Impact 69:74 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 0:124 Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds. 32910282 4 0 theme Cav 935:937 arg1 activity 939:946 Cav activity 935:946 Cav activity 935:946 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 9 1 theme α1 1783:1784 arg1 subunits 1793:1800 the Cav α1 and β2 subunits 1775:1800 the Cav α1 and β2 subunits 1775:1800 Additionally, we show that the Cav α1 and β2 subunits are O-GlcNAcylated while α2δ1 is not. 32910282 9 1 theme α1 1783:1784 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1806:1819 O-GlcNAcylated 1806:1819 O-GlcNAcylated 1806:1819 Additionally, we show that the Cav α1 and β2 subunits are O-GlcNAcylated while α2δ1 is not. 32910282 11 2 theme critical 2160:2167 arg1 signaling 2145:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 2 theme critical 2160:2167 arg1 regulator 2180:2188 a critical and direct regulator 2158:2188 a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation 2158:2297 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 9 3 theme β2 1790:1791 arg1 subunits 1793:1800 the Cav α1 and β2 subunits 1775:1800 the Cav α1 and β2 subunits 1775:1800 Additionally, we show that the Cav α1 and β2 subunits are O-GlcNAcylated while α2δ1 is not. 32910282 9 3 theme β2 1790:1791 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1806:1819 O-GlcNAcylated 1806:1819 O-GlcNAcylated 1806:1819 Additionally, we show that the Cav α1 and β2 subunits are O-GlcNAcylated while α2δ1 is not. 32910282 7 4 theme adrenergic 1499:1508 arg1 stimulation 1510:1520 adrenergic stimulation 1499:1520 adrenergic stimulation 1499:1520 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 1 5 theme pathways 203:210 arg1 targets 182:188 targets 182:188 targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli 182:276 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 5 theme pathways 203:210 arg1 channels 162:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels 136:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) 136:176 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 7 6 theme steady-state 1531:1542 arg1 gating 1544:1549 Cav steady-state gating 1527:1549 Cav steady-state gating 1527:1549 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 3 7 link O-linked 487:494 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 7 link O-linked 487:494 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 7 link O-linked 487:494 arg1 modification 766:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification 721:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes 721:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 7 link O-linked 487:494 arg1 result 542:547 the result 538:547 the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 538:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 8 theme many 817:820 arg1 processes 834:842 many physiologic processes 817:842 many physiologic processes 817:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 10 9 theme Ca2+ 1920:1923 arg1 handling 1925:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 3 10 dep residues 667:674 arg1 OGT 677:679 OGT 677:679 OGT 677:679 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 10 dep residues 667:674 arg1 residues 667:674 intracellular serine/threonine residues 636:674 intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 636:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 10 dep residues 667:674 arg1 OGA 685:687 OGA 685:687 OGA 685:687 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 4 11 theme electrical 983:992 arg1 signaling 994:1002 cardiac electrical signaling 975:1002 cardiac electrical signaling 975:1002 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 2 12 theme chronic 336:342 arg1 stimulation 344:354 chronic stimulation 336:354 chronic stimulation 336:354 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 11 13 theme cardiomyocyte 2193:2205 arg1 ICa 2207:2209 cardiomyocyte ICa 2193:2209 cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation 2193:2297 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 5 14 theme subsequent 1148:1157 arg1 effect 1159:1164 its subsequent effect 1144:1164 its subsequent effect on EC coupling 1144:1179 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 11 15 theme first 2119:2123 arg1 time 2125:2128 the first time 2115:2128 the first time 2115:2128 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 16 theme direct 2173:2178 arg1 signaling 2145:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 16 theme direct 2173:2178 arg1 regulator 2180:2188 a critical and direct regulator 2158:2188 a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation 2158:2297 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 3 17 theme processes 834:842 arg1 regulation 803:812 the regulation 799:812 the regulation of many physiologic processes 799:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 5 18 theme cardiomyocyte 1106:1118 arg1 activity 1131:1138 cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity 1106:1138 cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity 1106:1138 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 3 19 theme intracellular 636:648 arg1 OGT 677:679 OGT 677:679 OGT 677:679 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 19 theme intracellular 636:648 arg1 residues 667:674 intracellular serine/threonine residues 636:674 intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 636:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 19 theme intracellular 636:648 arg1 OGA 685:687 OGA 685:687 OGA 685:687 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 4 20 from role 882:885 arg1 regulation 921:930 the direct regulation 910:930 the direct regulation of Cav activity 910:946 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 11 21 theme altered 2228:2234 arg1 expression 2240:2249 altered Cav expression 2228:2249 altered Cav expression 2228:2249 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 6 22 theme adult 1304:1308 arg1 OGTKO 1326:1330 OGTKO 1326:1330 OGTKO 1326:1330 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 6 22 theme adult 1304:1308 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1310:1323 adult cardiomyocytes 1304:1323 adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) 1304:1331 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 6 23 from cardiomyocytes 1310:1323 arg1 Ablation 1276:1283 Ablation 1276:1283 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) 1276:1331 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 5 24 theme Cav 1127:1129 arg1 activity 1131:1138 cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity 1106:1138 cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity 1106:1138 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 10 25 theme whole-heart 1974:1984 arg1 level 1986:1990 the whole-heart level 1970:1990 the whole-heart level 1970:1990 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 7 26 theme OGTKO 1443:1447 arg1 current 1453:1459 OGTKO Cav current 1443:1459 OGTKO Cav current (ICa) 1443:1465 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 7 26 theme OGTKO 1443:1447 arg1 ICa 1462:1464 ICa 1462:1464 ICa 1462:1464 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 5 27 from activity 1131:1138 arg1 coupling 1172:1179 EC coupling 1169:1179 EC coupling 1169:1179 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 2 28 theme Cav 279:281 arg1 regulation 283:292 Cav regulation 279:292 Cav regulation 279:292 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 11 29 theme EC 2369:2370 arg1 coupling 2372:2379 EC coupling 2369:2379 EC coupling 2369:2379 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 30 theme Cav 2236:2238 arg1 expression 2240:2249 altered Cav expression 2228:2249 altered Cav expression 2228:2249 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 5 31 theme mouse 1196:1200 arg1 strain 1202:1207 a mouse strain 1194:1207 a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1194:1273 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 11 32 theme O-GlcNAc 2136:2143 arg1 signaling 2145:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 32 theme O-GlcNAc 2136:2143 arg1 regulator 2180:2188 a critical and direct regulator 2158:2188 a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation 2158:2297 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 5 33 from effect 1159:1164 arg1 coupling 1172:1179 EC coupling 1169:1179 EC coupling 1169:1179 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 8 34 theme OGTKO 1616:1620 arg1 release 1655:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 Consistently, OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release and contractility were diminished and demonstrated greater beat-to-beat variability. 32910282 2 35 theme regulation 435:444 arg1 understanding 414:426 a more complete understanding 398:426 a more complete understanding of Cav regulation 398:444 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 8 36 theme intracellular 1636:1648 arg1 release 1655:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 Consistently, OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release and contractility were diminished and demonstrated greater beat-to-beat variability. 32910282 6 37 from Ablation 1276:1283 arg1 OGTKO 1326:1330 OGTKO 1326:1330 OGTKO 1326:1330 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 6 37 from Ablation 1276:1283 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1310:1323 adult cardiomyocytes 1304:1323 adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) 1304:1331 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 0 38 theme Intracellular 0:12 arg1 glycosylation 23:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 0:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 0:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 7 39 theme % 1428:1428 arg1 reduction 1430:1438 an ~ 40% reduction 1421:1438 an ~ 40% reduction 1421:1438 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 6 40 theme OGT-gene 1292:1299 arg1 Ablation 1276:1283 Ablation 1276:1283 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) 1276:1331 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 1 41 theme L-type 150:155 arg1 Cavs 172:175 Cavs 172:175 Cavs 172:175 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 41 theme L-type 150:155 arg1 targets 182:188 targets 182:188 targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli 182:276 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 41 theme L-type 150:155 arg1 channels 162:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels 136:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) 136:176 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 3 42 from residues 667:674 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 42 from residues 667:674 arg1 result 542:547 the result 538:547 the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 538:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 5 43 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1076:1090 arg1 role 1068:1071 the role 1064:1071 the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1064:1273 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 7 44 theme clamp 1394:1398 arg1 recordings 1400:1409 Voltage clamp recordings 1386:1409 Voltage clamp recordings 1386:1409 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 0 45 theme channel 82:88 arg1 activity 90:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 11 46 theme adrenergic 2276:2285 arg1 stimulation 2287:2297 adrenergic stimulation 2276:2297 adrenergic stimulation 2276:2297 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 0 47 theme L-type 70:75 arg1 activity 90:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 5 48 theme inducible 1223:1231 arg1 OGT-null-transgene 1256:1273 an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1220:1273 an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1220:1273 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 8 49 theme beat-to-beat 1722:1733 arg1 variability 1735:1745 greater beat-to-beat variability 1714:1745 greater beat-to-beat variability 1714:1745 Consistently, OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release and contractility were diminished and demonstrated greater beat-to-beat variability. 32910282 10 50 theme reduced 2022:2028 arg1 contractility 2047:2059 significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility 2008:2059 significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy 2008:2089 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 3 51 theme enzymes 556:562 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 51 theme enzymes 556:562 arg1 result 542:547 the result 538:547 the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 538:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 10 52 theme Echocardiographic 1840:1856 arg1 analyses 1858:1865 Echocardiographic analyses 1840:1865 Echocardiographic analyses 1840:1865 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 7 53 theme window 1555:1560 arg1 current 1562:1568 window current 1555:1568 window current 1555:1568 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 9 54 theme Cav 1779:1781 arg1 α1 1783:1784 Cav α1 1779:1784 Cav α1 1779:1784 Additionally, we show that the Cav α1 and β2 subunits are O-GlcNAcylated while α2δ1 is not. 32910282 3 55 theme important 737:745 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 55 theme important 737:745 arg1 modification 766:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification 721:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes 721:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 6 56 dep O-GlcNAcylation 1360:1374 arg1 % 1383:1383 by > 90% 1376:1383 O-GlcNAcylation by > 90% 1360:1383 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 4 57 theme activity 939:946 arg1 regulation 921:930 the direct regulation 910:930 the direct regulation of Cav activity 910:946 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 0 58 link O-linked 14:21 arg1 glycosylation 23:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 0:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 0:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 1 59 theme signaling 193:201 arg1 pathways 203:210 signaling pathways 193:210 signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli 193:276 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 10 60 from contractility 2047:2059 arg1 absence 2068:2074 the absence 2064:2074 the absence of hypertrophy 2064:2089 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 7 61 theme Cav 1527:1529 arg1 gating 1544:1549 Cav steady-state gating 1527:1549 Cav steady-state gating 1527:1549 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 7 62 theme stimulation 1510:1520 arg1 efficacy 1487:1494 increased efficacy 1477:1494 increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation 1477:1520 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 6 63 theme OGT 1341:1343 arg1 expression 1345:1354 OGT expression 1341:1354 OGT expression 1341:1354 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 4 64 theme direct 914:919 arg1 regulation 921:930 the direct regulation 910:930 the direct regulation of Cav activity 910:946 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 3 65 theme physiologic 822:832 arg1 processes 834:842 many physiologic processes 817:842 many physiologic processes 817:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 10 66 theme cardiomyocyte 1906:1918 arg1 handling 1925:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 1 67 theme channel 226:232 arg1 activity 234:241 channel activity 226:241 channel activity 226:241 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 4 68 theme cardiac 975:981 arg1 signaling 994:1002 cardiac electrical signaling 975:1002 cardiac electrical signaling 975:1002 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 7 69 theme increased 1477:1485 arg1 efficacy 1487:1494 increased efficacy 1477:1494 increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation 1477:1520 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 3 70 theme serine/threonine 650:665 arg1 OGT 677:679 OGT 677:679 OGT 677:679 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 70 theme serine/threonine 650:665 arg1 residues 667:674 intracellular serine/threonine residues 636:674 intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 636:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 70 theme serine/threonine 650:665 arg1 OGA 685:687 OGA 685:687 OGA 685:687 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 11 71 theme ICa 2207:2209 arg1 signaling 2145:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 O-GlcNAc signaling 2136:2153 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 71 theme ICa 2207:2209 arg1 regulator 2180:2188 a critical and direct regulator 2158:2188 a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation 2158:2297 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 1 72 theme Ca2+ 157:160 arg1 Cavs 172:175 Cavs 172:175 Cavs 172:175 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 72 theme Ca2+ 157:160 arg1 targets 182:188 targets 182:188 targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli 182:276 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 72 theme Ca2+ 157:160 arg1 channels 162:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels 136:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) 136:176 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 5 73 theme L-type 1120:1125 arg1 activity 1131:1138 cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity 1106:1138 cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity 1106:1138 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 3 74 theme single 596:601 arg1 N-acetylglucosamines 603:622 single N-acetylglucosamines 596:622 single N-acetylglucosamines 596:622 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 5 75 contain possessing 1209:1218 arg2 OGT-null-transgene 1256:1273 an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1220:1273 an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1220:1273 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 5 75 contain possessing 1209:1218 arg1 strain 1202:1207 a mouse strain 1194:1207 a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1194:1273 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 10 76 from reductions 1886:1895 arg1 contractility 1938:1950 contractility 1938:1950 contractility 1938:1950 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 10 76 from reductions 1886:1895 arg1 handling 1925:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 7 77 theme Cav 1449:1451 arg1 current 1453:1459 OGTKO Cav current 1443:1459 OGTKO Cav current (ICa) 1443:1465 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 7 77 theme Cav 1449:1451 arg1 ICa 1462:1464 ICa 1462:1464 ICa 1462:1464 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 2 78 dep transient 307:315 arg1 importance 461:470 critical importance 452:470 critical importance 452:470 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 6 79 from OGT-gene 1292:1299 arg1 OGTKO 1326:1330 OGTKO 1326:1330 OGTKO 1326:1330 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 6 79 from OGT-gene 1292:1299 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1310:1323 adult cardiomyocytes 1304:1323 adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) 1304:1331 Ablation of the OGT-gene in adult cardiomyocytes (OGTKO) reduced OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation by > 90%. 32910282 0 80 theme excitation-contraction 103:124 arg1 coupling 126:133 excitation-contraction coupling 103:133 excitation-contraction coupling 103:133 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 2 81 theme complete 405:412 arg1 understanding 414:426 a more complete understanding 398:426 a more complete understanding of Cav regulation 398:444 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 10 82 theme OGTKO 1900:1904 arg1 handling 1925:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling 1900:1932 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 4 83 theme EC 1008:1009 arg1 coupling 1011:1018 EC coupling 1008:1018 EC coupling 1008:1018 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 8 84 theme cardiomyocyte 1622:1634 arg1 release 1655:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 Consistently, OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release and contractility were diminished and demonstrated greater beat-to-beat variability. 32910282 5 85 theme EC 1169:1170 arg1 coupling 1172:1179 EC coupling 1169:1179 EC coupling 1169:1179 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 8 86 theme Ca2+ 1650:1653 arg1 release 1655:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release 1616:1661 Consistently, OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release and contractility were diminished and demonstrated greater beat-to-beat variability. 32910282 2 87 theme Cav 431:433 arg1 regulation 435:444 Cav regulation 431:444 Cav regulation 431:444 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 0 88 theme O-linked 14:21 arg1 glycosylation 23:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 0:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 0:35 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 7 89 theme an ~ 40 1421:1427 arg1 % 1428:1428 % 1428:1428 % 1428:1428 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 11 90 theme significant 2322:2332 arg1 implications 2334:2345 significant implications 2322:2345 significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease 2322:2414 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 3 91 theme Intracellular 473:485 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 91 theme Intracellular 473:485 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 91 theme Intracellular 473:485 arg1 modification 766:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification 721:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes 721:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 91 theme Intracellular 473:485 arg1 result 542:547 the result 538:547 the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 538:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 1 92 theme Cardiomyocyte 136:148 arg1 Cavs 172:175 Cavs 172:175 Cavs 172:175 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 92 theme Cardiomyocyte 136:148 arg1 targets 182:188 targets 182:188 targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli 182:276 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 1 92 theme Cardiomyocyte 136:148 arg1 channels 162:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels 136:169 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) 136:176 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 2 93 theme critical 452:459 arg1 importance 461:470 critical importance 452:470 critical importance 452:470 Cav regulation is typically transient and beneficial but chronic stimulation can become pathologic; therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of Cav regulation is of critical importance. 32910282 0 94 theme cardiomyocyte 56:68 arg1 activity 90:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 7 95 theme Voltage 1386:1392 arg1 recordings 1400:1409 Voltage clamp recordings 1386:1409 Voltage clamp recordings 1386:1409 Voltage clamp recordings indicated an ~ 40% reduction in OGTKO Cav current (ICa), but with increased efficacy of adrenergic stimulation, and Cav steady-state gating and window current were significantly depolarized. 32910282 3 96 theme O-linked 487:494 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 O-GlcNAcylation 511:525 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 96 theme O-linked 487:494 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 96 theme O-linked 487:494 arg1 modification 766:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification 721:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes 721:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 96 theme O-linked 487:494 arg1 result 542:547 the result 538:547 the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively) 538:701 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 4 97 theme known 876:880 arg1 role 882:885 no known role 873:885 no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity 873:946 However, there is currently no known role for O-GlcNAcylation in the direct regulation of Cav activity nor is its contribution to cardiac electrical signaling and EC coupling well understood. 32910282 0 98 theme Ca2+ 77:80 arg1 activity 90:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity 56:97 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation directly regulates cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channel activity and excitation-contraction coupling. 32910282 8 99 theme greater 1714:1720 arg1 variability 1735:1745 greater beat-to-beat variability 1714:1745 greater beat-to-beat variability 1714:1745 Consistently, OGTKO cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ release and contractility were diminished and demonstrated greater beat-to-beat variability. 32910282 10 100 theme hypertrophy 2079:2089 arg1 absence 2068:2074 the absence 2064:2074 the absence of hypertrophy 2064:2089 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 5 101 theme cardiomyocyte-specific 1233:1254 arg1 OGT-null-transgene 1256:1273 an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1220:1273 an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene 1220:1273 Here we aimed to delineate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cardiomyocyte L-type Cav activity and its subsequent effect on EC coupling by utilizing a mouse strain possessing an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific OGT-null-transgene. 32910282 10 102 theme left-ventricular 2030:2045 arg1 contractility 2047:2059 significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility 2008:2059 significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy 2008:2089 Echocardiographic analyses indicated that the reductions in OGTKO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractility were conserved at the whole-heart level as evidenced by significantly reduced left-ventricular contractility in the absence of hypertrophy. 32910282 1 103 theme physiologic 258:268 arg1 stimuli 270:276 physiologic stimuli 258:276 physiologic stimuli 258:276 Cardiomyocyte L-type Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are targets of signaling pathways that modulate channel activity in response to physiologic stimuli. 32910282 3 104 theme post-translational 747:764 arg1 glycosylation 496:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation 473:508 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 473:526 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 3 104 theme post-translational 747:764 arg1 modification 766:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification 721:777 an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes 721:842 Intracellular O-linked glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation), which is the result of two enzymes that dynamically add and remove single N-acetylglucosamines to and from intracellular serine/threonine residues (OGT and OGA respectively), has proven to be an increasingly important post-translational modification that contributes to the regulation of many physiologic processes. 32910282 11 105 contain have 2317:2320 arg1 mechanisms 2306:2315 these mechanisms 2300:2315 these mechanisms 2300:2315 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32910282 11 105 contain have 2317:2320 arg2 implications 2334:2345 significant implications 2322:2345 significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease 2322:2414 The data indicate, for the first time, that O-GlcNAc signaling is a critical and direct regulator of cardiomyocyte ICa achieved through altered Cav expression, gating, and response to adrenergic stimulation; these mechanisms have significant implications for understanding how EC coupling is regulated in health and disease. 32708562 8 0 theme gravimetric 1628:1638 arg1 TGA 1650:1652 TGA 1650:1652 TGA 1650:1652 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 8 0 theme gravimetric 1628:1638 arg1 analysis 1640:1647 thermal gravimetric analysis 1620:1647 thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 1620:1653 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 1 1 theme synthetic 152:160 arg1 foams 193:197 Polyurethane foams 180:197 Polyurethane foams 180:197 It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. 32708562 1 1 theme synthetic 152:160 arg1 polymers 162:169 the traditional synthetic polymers 136:169 the traditional synthetic polymers 136:169 It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. 32708562 6 2 theme polyurethane 1174:1185 arg1 foams 1187:1191 sustainable rigid polyurethane foams 1156:1191 sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced 1156:1241 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 5 3 theme good 784:787 arg1 balance 789:795 a good balance 782:795 a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances 782:903 This approach enables a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances, to fulfill the technological requirements for specific applications. 32708562 8 4 theme scanning 1541:1548 arg1 microscopy 1559:1568 scanning electron microscopy 1541:1568 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1541:1574 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 8 4 theme scanning 1541:1548 arg1 SEM 1571:1573 SEM 1571:1573 SEM 1571:1573 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 7 5 used used 1384:1387 arg2 amount 1255:1260 A suitable amount 1244:1260 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source 1244:1377 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 5 used used 1384:1387 arg2 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 5 used used 1384:1387 arg2 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 5 used used 1384:1387 arg2 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 3 6 from sources 527:533 arg1 polyurethanes 498:510 polyurethanes 498:510 polyurethanes from renewable sources 498:533 However, polyurethanes from renewable sources exhibit poor physical and functional performances. 32708562 6 7 theme polyol 1007:1012 arg1 sample 1014:1019 a succinic-based polyol sample 990:1019 a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) 990:1050 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 6 8 theme cardanol-based 1100:1113 arg1 polyol 1115:1120 cardanol-based polyol 1100:1120 cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) 1100:1143 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 6 8 theme cardanol-based 1100:1113 arg1 polyol 1137:1142 Mannich-based polyol 1123:1142 Mannich-based polyol 1123:1142 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 2 9 dep materials 461:469 arg1 polyols 479:485 polyols 479:485 polyols 479:485 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 8 10 theme thermal 1725:1731 arg1 insulation 1733:1742 thermal insulation 1725:1742 thermal insulation 1725:1742 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 6 11 theme succinic-based 992:1005 arg1 sample 1014:1019 a succinic-based polyol sample 990:1019 a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) 990:1050 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 0 12 theme Mannich-Based 92:104 arg1 Polyol 106:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 12 theme Mannich-Based 92:104 arg1 Polyols 57:63 Greener Polyols 49:63 Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 49:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 6 13 theme rigid 1168:1172 arg1 foams 1187:1191 sustainable rigid polyurethane foams 1156:1191 sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced 1156:1241 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 8 14 theme thermal 1659:1665 arg1 conductivity 1667:1678 thermal conductivity 1659:1678 thermal conductivity 1659:1678 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 4 15 theme partial 698:704 arg1 replacement 706:716 a partial replacement 696:716 a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors 696:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 6 16 theme Mannich-based 1123:1135 arg1 polyol 1115:1120 cardanol-based polyol 1100:1120 cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) 1100:1143 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 6 16 theme Mannich-based 1123:1135 arg1 polyol 1137:1142 Mannich-based polyol 1123:1142 Mannich-based polyol 1123:1142 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 8 17 theme electron 1550:1557 arg1 microscopy 1559:1568 scanning electron microscopy 1541:1568 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1541:1574 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 8 17 theme electron 1550:1557 arg1 SEM 1571:1573 SEM 1571:1573 SEM 1571:1573 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 7 18 theme poly-methylene 1320:1333 arg1 di-isocyanate 1344:1356 reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate 1308:1356 reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate 1308:1356 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 19 theme diphenyl 1335:1342 arg1 di-isocyanate 1344:1356 reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate 1308:1356 reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate 1308:1356 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 0 20 theme Greener 49:55 arg1 Polyol 81:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 20 theme Greener 49:55 arg1 Polyol 106:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 20 theme Greener 49:55 arg1 Polyols 57:63 Greener Polyols 49:63 Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 49:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 3 21 theme renewable 517:525 arg1 sources 527:533 renewable sources 517:533 renewable sources 517:533 However, polyurethanes from renewable sources exhibit poor physical and functional performances. 32708562 7 22 theme isocyanate 1361:1370 arg1 source 1372:1377 isocyanate source 1361:1377 isocyanate source 1361:1377 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 0 23 theme Sustainable 10:20 arg1 Based 40:44 Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based 10:44 Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 10:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 24 from Based 40:44 arg1 Polyol 81:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 24 from Based 40:44 arg1 Polyol 106:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 24 from Based 40:44 arg1 Polyols 57:63 Greener Polyols 49:63 Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 49:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 4 25 theme precursors 748:757 arg1 replacement 706:716 a partial replacement 696:716 a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors 696:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 4 26 theme materials 669:677 arg1 solution 626:633 the best technological solution 603:633 the best technological solution 603:633 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 4 26 theme materials 669:677 arg1 production 642:651 the production 638:651 the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors 638:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 2 27 theme approaches 419:428 arg1 biomass 331:337 biomass 331:337 biomass 331:337 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 27 theme approaches 419:428 arg1 approaches 419:428 the most promising approaches 400:428 the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 400:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 27 theme approaches 419:428 arg1 polysaccharides 340:354 polysaccharides 340:354 polysaccharides 340:354 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 27 theme approaches 419:428 arg1 one 393:395 one 393:395 one 393:395 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 27 theme approaches 419:428 arg1 resources 313:321 renewable resources 303:321 renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins 303:367 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 27 theme approaches 419:428 arg1 proteins 360:367 proteins 360:367 proteins 360:367 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 3 28 theme functional 561:570 arg1 performances 572:583 poor physical and functional performances 543:583 poor physical and functional performances 543:583 However, polyurethanes from renewable sources exhibit poor physical and functional performances. 32708562 1 29 theme Polyurethane 180:191 arg1 foams 193:197 Polyurethane foams 180:197 Polyurethane foams 180:197 It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. 32708562 2 30 theme promising 409:417 arg1 approaches 419:428 the most promising approaches 400:428 the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 400:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 4 31 theme polyurethane 735:746 arg1 precursors 748:757 the oil-based polyurethane precursors 721:757 the oil-based polyurethane precursors 721:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 3 32 theme poor 543:546 arg1 performances 572:583 poor physical and functional performances 543:583 poor physical and functional performances 543:583 However, polyurethanes from renewable sources exhibit poor physical and functional performances. 32708562 8 33 theme resulting 1425:1433 arg1 foams 1435:1439 The resulting foams 1421:1439 The resulting foams 1421:1439 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 2 34 theme most 404:407 arg1 approaches 419:428 the most promising approaches 400:428 the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 400:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 5 35 theme specific 952:959 arg1 applications 961:972 specific applications 952:972 specific applications 952:972 This approach enables a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances, to fulfill the technological requirements for specific applications. 32708562 3 36 theme physical 548:555 arg1 performances 572:583 poor physical and functional performances 543:583 poor physical and functional performances 543:583 However, polyurethanes from renewable sources exhibit poor physical and functional performances. 32708562 8 37 dep spectroscopy 1481:1492 arg1 means 1463:1467 means 1463:1467 means 1463:1467 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 4 38 theme technological 612:624 arg1 solution 626:633 the best technological solution 603:633 the best technological solution 603:633 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 4 38 theme technological 612:624 arg1 production 642:651 the production 638:651 the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors 638:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 7 39 theme catalysts 1265:1273 arg1 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 39 theme catalysts 1265:1273 arg1 amount 1255:1260 A suitable amount 1244:1260 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source 1244:1377 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 39 theme catalysts 1265:1273 arg1 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 39 theme catalysts 1265:1273 arg1 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 0 40 dep Polyols 57:63 arg1 Polyol 81:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 40 dep Polyols 57:63 arg1 Polyol 106:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Mannich-Based Polyol 92:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 40 dep Polyols 57:63 arg1 Polyols 57:63 Greener Polyols 49:63 Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 49:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 4 41 theme polyurethane 656:667 arg1 materials 669:677 polyurethane materials 656:677 polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors 656:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 5 42 theme polymer 851:857 arg1 sustainability 829:842 the sustainability 825:842 the sustainability of the polymer 825:857 This approach enables a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances, to fulfill the technological requirements for specific applications. 32708562 2 43 theme raw 457:459 arg1 materials 461:469 substituting oil-based raw materials 434:469 substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 434:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 0 44 theme Foam 35:38 arg1 Based 40:44 Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based 10:44 Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 10:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 1 45 theme raw 208:210 arg1 materials 212:220 raw materials 208:220 raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks 208:283 It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. 32708562 2 46 theme oil-based 447:455 arg1 materials 461:469 substituting oil-based raw materials 434:469 substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 434:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 8 47 theme morphological 1592:1604 arg1 structure 1606:1614 the morphological structure 1588:1614 the morphological structure 1588:1614 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 8 48 theme cross-linking 1516:1528 arg1 reactions 1530:1538 the cross-linking reactions 1512:1538 the cross-linking reactions 1512:1538 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 7 49 theme water 1291:1295 arg1 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 49 theme water 1291:1295 arg1 amount 1255:1260 A suitable amount 1244:1260 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source 1244:1377 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 49 theme water 1291:1295 arg1 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 49 theme water 1291:1295 arg1 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 2 50 theme substituting 434:445 arg1 materials 461:469 substituting oil-based raw materials 434:469 substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 434:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 8 51 theme thermal 1620:1626 arg1 TGA 1650:1652 TGA 1650:1652 TGA 1650:1652 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 8 51 theme thermal 1620:1626 arg1 analysis 1640:1647 thermal gravimetric analysis 1620:1647 thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 1620:1653 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 7 52 theme polyurethane 1397:1408 arg1 synthesis 1410:1418 the polyurethane synthesis 1393:1418 the polyurethane synthesis 1393:1418 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 8 53 theme infrared 1472:1479 arg1 FTIR 1495:1498 FTIR 1495:1498 FTIR 1495:1498 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 8 53 theme infrared 1472:1479 arg1 spectroscopy 1481:1492 infrared spectroscopy 1472:1492 infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 1472:1499 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 6 54 theme oil-based 1206:1214 arg1 polyol 1216:1221 the oil-based polyol 1202:1221 the oil-based polyol 1202:1221 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 8 55 dep behavior 1712:1719 arg1 properties 1744:1753 properties 1744:1753 properties 1744:1753 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 4 56 theme oil-based 725:733 arg1 precursors 748:757 the oil-based polyurethane precursors 721:757 the oil-based polyurethane precursors 721:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 6 57 theme sustainable 1156:1166 arg1 foams 1187:1191 sustainable rigid polyurethane foams 1156:1191 sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced 1156:1241 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 6 58 theme biomass 1036:1042 arg1 source 1044:1049 biomass source 1036:1049 biomass source 1036:1049 In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. 32708562 2 59 dep polyols 479:485 arg1 mainly 472:477 mainly 472:477 mainly 472:477 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 60 theme renewable 303:311 arg1 biomass 331:337 biomass 331:337 biomass 331:337 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 60 theme renewable 303:311 arg1 approaches 419:428 the most promising approaches 400:428 the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols) 400:486 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 60 theme renewable 303:311 arg1 polysaccharides 340:354 polysaccharides 340:354 polysaccharides 340:354 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 60 theme renewable 303:311 arg1 one 393:395 one 393:395 one 393:395 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 60 theme renewable 303:311 arg1 resources 313:321 renewable resources 303:321 renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins 303:367 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 2 60 theme renewable 303:311 arg1 proteins 360:367 proteins 360:367 proteins 360:367 For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). 32708562 8 61 theme degradation 1700:1710 arg1 behavior 1712:1719 thermal degradation behavior 1692:1719 thermal degradation behavior 1692:1719 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 5 62 theme technological 921:933 arg1 requirements 935:946 the technological requirements 917:946 the technological requirements for specific applications 917:972 This approach enables a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances, to fulfill the technological requirements for specific applications. 32708562 0 63 theme Succinic-Based 66:79 arg1 Polyol 81:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Succinic-Based Polyol 66:86 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 0 63 theme Succinic-Based 66:79 arg1 Polyols 57:63 Greener Polyols 49:63 Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 49:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 7 64 theme reagent 1308:1314 arg1 di-isocyanate 1344:1356 reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate 1308:1356 reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate 1308:1356 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 5 65 theme suitable 883:890 arg1 performances 892:903 suitable performances 883:903 suitable performances 883:903 This approach enables a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances, to fulfill the technological requirements for specific applications. 32708562 8 66 theme thermal 1692:1698 arg1 behavior 1712:1719 thermal degradation behavior 1692:1719 thermal degradation behavior 1692:1719 The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties. 32708562 4 67 theme best 607:610 arg1 solution 626:633 the best technological solution 603:633 the best technological solution 603:633 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 4 67 theme best 607:610 arg1 production 642:651 the production 638:651 the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors 638:757 For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. 32708562 7 68 theme suitable 1246:1253 arg1 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 68 theme suitable 1246:1253 arg1 amount 1255:1260 A suitable amount 1244:1260 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source 1244:1377 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 68 theme suitable 1246:1253 arg1 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 68 theme suitable 1246:1253 arg1 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 0 69 theme Polyurethane 22:33 arg1 Based 40:44 Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based 10:44 Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol 10:111 Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol. 32708562 7 70 theme surfactant 1279:1288 arg1 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 catalysts 1265:1273 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 70 theme surfactant 1279:1288 arg1 amount 1255:1260 A suitable amount 1244:1260 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source 1244:1377 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 70 theme surfactant 1279:1288 arg1 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 water 1291:1295 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 7 70 theme surfactant 1279:1288 arg1 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 surfactant 1279:1288 A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. 32708562 1 71 theme traditional 140:150 arg1 foams 193:197 Polyurethane foams 180:197 Polyurethane foams 180:197 It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. 32708562 1 71 theme traditional 140:150 arg1 polymers 162:169 the traditional synthetic polymers 136:169 the traditional synthetic polymers 136:169 It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. 34458505 8 0 theme glycosylation 1748:1760 arg1 strategy 1783:1790 an immune escaped strategy 1765:1790 an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host 1765:1863 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 0 theme glycosylation 1748:1760 arg1 mutation 1723:1730 mutation 1723:1730 mutation of the N-linked glycosylation 1723:1760 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 1 link N-linked 1690:1697 arg1 site 1713:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 1 link N-linked 1690:1697 arg1 acid 1662:1665 The amino acid 1652:1665 The amino acid at this position 1652:1682 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 2 theme stillborn 562:570 arg1 piglets 572:578 stillborn piglets 562:578 stillborn piglets 562:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 8 3 from infection 1835:1843 arg1 host 1860:1863 the natural host 1848:1863 the natural host 1848:1863 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 6 4 theme isolate 1232:1238 arg1 analysis 1184:1191 Phylogenetic analysis 1171:1191 Phylogenetic analysis 1171:1191 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 4 theme isolate 1232:1238 arg1 comparison 1206:1215 sequence comparison 1197:1215 sequence comparison 1197:1215 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 2 5 from mortality 327:335 arg1 pigs 358:361 pigs 358:361 pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 358:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 5 from mortality 327:335 arg1 groups 348:353 all age groups 340:353 all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 340:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 3 6 from aim 621:623 arg1 outbreaks 694:702 outbreaks 694:702 outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage 694:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 6 7 with lineage 1391:1397 arg1 strains 1427:1433 highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1404:1433 highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1404:1433 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 2 8 theme pathogenic 258:267 arg1 strains 269:275 highly pathogenic strains 251:275 highly pathogenic strains 251:275 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 7 9 from position 1631:1638 arg1 DCE 1623:1625 DCE 1623:1625 DCE 1623:1625 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 9 from position 1631:1638 arg1 epitope 1614:1620 the decoy epitope 1604:1620 the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30 1604:1649 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 3 10 theme primary 718:724 arg1 macrophage 743:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 1 11 theme serious 171:177 arg1 disease 185:191 a serious swine disease 169:191 a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide 169:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 1 11 theme serious 171:177 arg1 syndrome 150:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome 113:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) 113:164 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 7 12 located found 1595:1599 arg2 mutation 1577:1584 one more mutation 1568:1584 one more mutation 1568:1584 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 12 located found 1595:1599 arg2 epitope 1528:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope 1503:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 1503:1562 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 12 located found 1595:1599 arg2 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 12 located found 1595:1599 arg1 DCE 1623:1625 DCE 1623:1625 DCE 1623:1625 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 12 located found 1595:1599 arg1 epitope 1614:1620 the decoy epitope 1604:1620 the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30 1604:1649 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 6 13 theme HP-PRRS 1293:1299 arg1 strains 1301:1307 Myanmar HP-PRRS strains 1285:1307 Myanmar HP-PRRS strains 1285:1307 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 14 with % 1278:1278 arg1 strains 1301:1307 Myanmar HP-PRRS strains 1285:1307 Myanmar HP-PRRS strains 1285:1307 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 8 15 link N-linked 1739:1746 arg1 glycosylation 1748:1760 the N-linked glycosylation 1735:1760 the N-linked glycosylation 1735:1760 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 16 theme premature 514:522 arg1 farrowing 524:532 premature farrowing 514:532 premature farrowing 514:532 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 6 17 theme sequence 1197:1204 arg1 comparison 1206:1215 sequence comparison 1197:1215 sequence comparison 1197:1215 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 1 18 theme great 201:205 arg1 worldwide 223:231 great economic impact worldwide 201:231 great economic impact worldwide 201:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 3 19 theme alveolar 734:741 arg1 macrophage 743:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 8 20 theme persistent 1824:1833 arg1 infection 1835:1843 a persistent infection 1822:1843 a persistent infection in the natural host 1822:1863 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 3 21 theme GP5 789:791 arg1 sequence 798:805 the GP5 gene sequence 785:805 the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate 785:820 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 8 22 theme natural 1852:1858 arg1 host 1860:1863 the natural host 1848:1863 the natural host 1848:1863 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 4 23 theme immunoperoxidase 1010:1025 arg1 test 1027:1030 immunoperoxidase test 1010:1030 immunoperoxidase test 1010:1030 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 8 24 theme N-linked 1690:1697 arg1 site 1713:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 24 theme N-linked 1690:1697 arg1 acid 1662:1665 The amino acid 1652:1665 The amino acid at this position 1652:1682 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 6 25 contain have 1253:1256 arg1 analysis 1184:1191 Phylogenetic analysis 1171:1191 Phylogenetic analysis 1171:1191 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 25 contain have 1253:1256 arg1 comparison 1206:1215 sequence comparison 1197:1215 sequence comparison 1197:1215 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 25 contain have 1253:1256 arg2 % 1278:1278 similarity 98.7-98.8% 1258:1278 similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains 1258:1307 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 25 contain have 1253:1256 arg2 % 1350:1350 98.2-98.3% 1341:1350 98.2-98.3% with China strains 1341:1369 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 25 contain have 1253:1256 arg2 % 1317:1317 98-98.5% 1310:1317 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains 1310:1338 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 7 26 theme neutralizing 1515:1526 arg1 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 26 theme neutralizing 1515:1526 arg1 epitope 1528:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope 1503:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 1503:1562 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 2 27 theme disorders 470:478 arg1 pneumonia 430:438 pneumonia 430:438 pneumonia 430:438 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 27 theme disorders 470:478 arg1 distress 420:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 27 theme disorders 470:478 arg1 series 447:452 a series 445:452 a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 445:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 28 from distress 420:427 arg1 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 0 29 theme suid 85:88 arg1 gene 61:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene 44:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 44:90 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 3 30 theme analysis 847:854 arg1 terms 825:829 terms 825:829 terms of phylogenetic analysis 825:854 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 2 31 from pneumonia 430:438 arg1 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 5 32 theme full-length 1061:1071 arg1 gene 1077:1080 The full-length GP5 gene 1057:1080 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) 1057:1088 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). 34458505 5 32 theme full-length 1061:1071 arg1 603nt 1083:1087 603nt 1083:1087 603nt 1083:1087 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). 34458505 7 33 from position 1545:1552 arg1 mutation 1577:1584 one more mutation 1568:1584 one more mutation 1568:1584 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 33 from position 1545:1552 arg1 epitope 1528:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope 1503:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 1503:1562 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 33 from position 1545:1552 arg1 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 34 theme decoy 1608:1612 arg1 DCE 1623:1625 DCE 1623:1625 DCE 1623:1625 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 34 theme decoy 1608:1612 arg1 epitope 1614:1620 the decoy epitope 1604:1620 the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30 1604:1649 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 4 35 theme alveolar 946:953 arg1 culture 985:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 3 36 from Mizoram 707:713 arg1 macrophage 743:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 2 37 theme classical 375:383 arg1 presentation 385:396 the classical presentation 371:396 the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 371:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 3 38 theme acid 873:876 arg1 comparison 887:896 amino acid sequence comparison 867:896 amino acid sequence comparison 867:896 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 8 39 gly glycosylation 1699:1711 arg2 acid 1662:1665 The amino acid 1652:1665 The amino acid at this position 1652:1682 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 39 gly glycosylation 1699:1711 arg2 site 1713:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 40 from series 447:452 arg1 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 8 41 theme N-linked 1739:1746 arg1 glycosylation 1748:1760 the N-linked glycosylation 1735:1760 the N-linked glycosylation 1735:1760 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 42 from emergence 238:246 arg1 countries 286:294 Asian countries 280:294 Asian countries 280:294 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 43 theme respiratory 408:418 arg1 distress 420:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 0 44 theme molecular 14:22 arg1 characterization 24:39 molecular characterization 14:39 molecular characterization 14:39 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 4 45 theme cell 980:983 arg1 culture 985:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 6 46 theme China 1357:1361 arg1 strains 1363:1369 China strains 1357:1369 China strains 1357:1369 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 2 47 theme series 447:452 arg1 presentation 385:396 the classical presentation 371:396 the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 371:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 0 48 theme glycoprotein 48:59 arg1 gene 61:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene 44:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 44:90 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 7 49 theme acid 1453:1456 arg1 sequence 1458:1465 deduced amino acid sequence 1439:1465 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 8 50 theme escaped 1775:1781 arg1 strategy 1783:1790 an immune escaped strategy 1765:1790 an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host 1765:1863 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 50 theme escaped 1775:1781 arg1 mutation 1723:1730 mutation 1723:1730 mutation of the N-linked glycosylation 1723:1760 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 3 51 theme present 585:591 arg1 study 593:597 The present study 581:597 The present study 581:597 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 52 theme characterization 642:657 arg1 aim 621:623 the aim 617:623 the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage 617:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 2 53 theme scale 321:325 arg1 mortality 327:335 large scale mortality 315:335 large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 315:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 1 54 theme economic 207:214 arg1 worldwide 223:231 great economic impact worldwide 201:231 great economic impact worldwide 201:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 7 55 theme deduced 1439:1445 arg1 sequence 1458:1465 deduced amino acid sequence 1439:1465 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 3 56 theme isolation 628:636 arg1 aim 621:623 the aim 617:623 the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage 617:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 6 57 theme PRRS 1422:1425 arg1 strains 1427:1433 highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1404:1433 highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1404:1433 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 3 58 theme suid 682:685 arg1 isolation 628:636 isolation 628:636 isolation 628:636 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 58 theme suid 682:685 arg1 characterization 642:657 characterization 642:657 characterization 642:657 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 2 59 theme age 344:346 arg1 pigs 358:361 pigs 358:361 pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 358:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 59 theme age 344:346 arg1 groups 348:353 all age groups 340:353 all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 340:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 5 60 dep sequenced 1149:1157 arg1 MN928985 1160:1167 MN928985 1160:1167 MN928985 1160:1167 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). 34458505 2 61 theme piglets 572:578 arg1 farrowing 524:532 premature farrowing 514:532 premature farrowing 514:532 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 61 theme piglets 572:578 arg1 number 552:557 an increased number 539:557 an increased number of stillborn piglets 539:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 61 theme piglets 572:578 arg1 abortion 504:511 late-term abortion 494:511 late-term abortion 494:511 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 8 62 theme immune 1768:1773 arg1 strategy 1783:1790 an immune escaped strategy 1765:1790 an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host 1765:1863 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 62 theme immune 1768:1773 arg1 mutation 1723:1730 mutation 1723:1730 mutation of the N-linked glycosylation 1723:1760 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 63 theme Asian 280:284 arg1 countries 286:294 Asian countries 280:294 Asian countries 280:294 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 4 64 theme PAM 967:969 arg1 culture 985:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 6 65 theme present 1224:1230 arg1 isolate 1232:1238 the present isolate 1220:1238 the present isolate 1220:1238 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 2 66 theme strains 269:275 arg1 emergence 238:246 The emergence 234:246 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries 234:294 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 6 67 theme Vietnam 1324:1330 arg1 strains 1332:1338 Vietnam strains 1324:1338 Vietnam strains 1324:1338 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 3 68 from outbreaks 694:702 arg1 isolation 628:636 isolation 628:636 isolation 628:636 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 68 from outbreaks 694:702 arg1 Mizoram 707:713 Mizoram 707:713 Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage 707:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 68 from outbreaks 694:702 arg1 aim 621:623 the aim 617:623 the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage 617:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 68 from outbreaks 694:702 arg1 characterization 642:657 characterization 642:657 characterization 642:657 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 69 theme porcine 726:732 arg1 macrophage 743:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 primary porcine alveolar macrophage 718:752 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 1 70 theme swine 179:183 arg1 disease 185:191 a serious swine disease 169:191 a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide 169:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 1 70 theme swine 179:183 arg1 syndrome 150:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome 113:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) 113:164 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 4 71 theme Virus 899:903 arg1 propagation 905:915 Virus propagation 899:915 Virus propagation 899:915 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 2 72 from disorders 470:478 arg1 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 sows 483:486 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 73 from sows 483:486 arg1 pneumonia 430:438 pneumonia 430:438 pneumonia 430:438 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 73 from sows 483:486 arg1 distress 420:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 73 from sows 483:486 arg1 series 447:452 a series 445:452 a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 445:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 8 74 from position 1675:1682 arg1 acid 1662:1665 The amino acid 1652:1665 The amino acid at this position 1652:1682 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 74 from position 1675:1682 arg1 site 1713:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 75 theme amino 1656:1660 arg1 acid 1662:1665 The amino acid 1652:1665 The amino acid at this position 1652:1682 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 75 theme amino 1656:1660 arg1 site 1713:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 76 theme increased 542:550 arg1 number 552:557 an increased number 539:557 an increased number of stillborn piglets 539:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 0 77 from India 106:110 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 0 77 from India 106:110 arg1 characterization 24:39 molecular characterization 14:39 molecular characterization 14:39 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 6 78 theme Phylogenetic 1171:1182 arg1 analysis 1184:1191 Phylogenetic analysis 1171:1191 Phylogenetic analysis 1171:1191 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 79 theme similarity 1258:1267 arg1 % 1317:1317 98-98.5% 1310:1317 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains 1310:1338 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 79 theme similarity 1258:1267 arg1 % 1350:1350 98.2-98.3% 1341:1350 98.2-98.3% with China strains 1341:1369 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 79 theme similarity 1258:1267 arg1 % 1278:1278 similarity 98.7-98.8% 1258:1278 similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains 1258:1307 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 1 80 theme reproductive 121:132 arg1 disease 185:191 a serious swine disease 169:191 a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide 169:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 1 80 theme reproductive 121:132 arg1 syndrome 150:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome 113:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) 113:164 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 1 80 theme reproductive 121:132 arg1 PRRS 160:163 PRRS 160:163 PRRS 160:163 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 3 81 theme phylogenetic 834:845 arg1 analysis 847:854 phylogenetic analysis 834:854 phylogenetic analysis 834:854 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 3 82 theme gene 793:796 arg1 sequence 798:805 the GP5 gene sequence 785:805 the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate 785:820 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 0 83 theme Betaarterivirus 69:83 arg1 suid 85:88 Betaarterivirus suid 2 69:90 Betaarterivirus suid 2 69:90 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 1 84 theme respiratory 138:148 arg1 disease 185:191 a serious swine disease 169:191 a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide 169:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 1 84 theme respiratory 138:148 arg1 syndrome 150:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome 113:157 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) 113:164 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 1 84 theme respiratory 138:148 arg1 PRRS 160:163 PRRS 160:163 PRRS 160:163 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 7 85 theme primary 1507:1513 arg1 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 PNE 1537:1539 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 85 theme primary 1507:1513 arg1 epitope 1528:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope 1503:1534 the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 1503:1562 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 4 86 theme macrophage 955:964 arg1 culture 985:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 6 87 with % 1317:1317 arg1 strains 1332:1338 Vietnam strains 1324:1338 Vietnam strains 1324:1338 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 3 88 theme amino 867:871 arg1 comparison 887:896 amino acid sequence comparison 867:896 amino acid sequence comparison 867:896 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 2 89 theme reproductive 457:468 arg1 disorders 470:478 reproductive disorders 457:478 reproductive disorders 457:478 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 3 90 theme isolate 814:820 arg1 sequence 798:805 the GP5 gene sequence 785:805 the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate 785:820 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 8 91 theme glycosylation 1699:1711 arg1 site 1713:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 an N-linked glycosylation site 1687:1716 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 8 91 theme glycosylation 1699:1711 arg1 acid 1662:1665 The amino acid 1652:1665 The amino acid at this position 1652:1682 The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host. 34458505 2 92 theme late-term 494:502 arg1 abortion 504:511 late-term abortion 494:511 late-term abortion 494:511 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 5 93 theme GP5 1073:1075 arg1 gene 1077:1080 The full-length GP5 gene 1057:1080 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) 1057:1088 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). 34458505 5 93 theme GP5 1073:1075 arg1 603nt 1083:1087 603nt 1083:1087 603nt 1083:1087 The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). 34458505 4 94 theme porcine 938:944 arg1 culture 985:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 6 95 theme close 1385:1389 arg1 lineage 1391:1397 a close lineage 1383:1397 a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1383:1433 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 6 96 with % 1350:1350 arg1 strains 1363:1369 China strains 1357:1369 China strains 1357:1369 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 34458505 3 97 theme sequence 878:885 arg1 comparison 887:896 amino acid sequence comparison 867:896 amino acid sequence comparison 867:896 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 2 98 theme pneumonia 430:438 arg1 presentation 385:396 the classical presentation 371:396 the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 371:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 99 theme pigs 358:361 arg1 pigs 358:361 pigs 358:361 pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 358:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 99 theme pigs 358:361 arg1 groups 348:353 all age groups 340:353 all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 340:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 100 theme distress 420:427 arg1 presentation 385:396 the classical presentation 371:396 the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 371:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 2 101 theme severe 401:406 arg1 distress 420:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 severe respiratory distress 401:427 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 0 102 theme GP5 44:46 arg1 gene 61:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene 44:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 44:90 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 4 103 theme primary 972:978 arg1 culture 985:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture 934:991 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 0 104 theme gene 61:64 arg1 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation 0:8 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 0 104 theme gene 61:64 arg1 characterization 24:39 molecular characterization 14:39 molecular characterization 14:39 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 7 105 located found 1494:1498 arg2 mutation 1481:1488 one mutation 1477:1488 one mutation 1477:1488 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 105 located found 1494:1498 arg1 analysis 1467:1474 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 7 106 theme sequence 1458:1465 arg1 analysis 1467:1474 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 4 107 theme nested 1042:1047 arg1 RT-PCR 1049:1054 nested RT-PCR 1042:1054 nested RT-PCR 1042:1054 Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. 34458505 2 108 theme large 315:319 arg1 mortality 327:335 large scale mortality 315:335 large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets 315:578 The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. 34458505 1 109 theme impact 216:221 arg1 worldwide 223:231 great economic impact worldwide 201:231 great economic impact worldwide 201:231 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. 34458505 7 110 theme amino 1447:1451 arg1 sequence 1458:1465 deduced amino acid sequence 1439:1465 deduced amino acid sequence analysis 1439:1474 In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. 34458505 0 111 gly glycoprotein 48:59 arg1 glycoprotein 48:59 GP5 glycoprotein gene 44:64 GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 44:90 Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. 34458505 3 112 theme Betaarterivirus 666:680 arg1 suid 682:685 the Betaarterivirus suid 2 662:687 the Betaarterivirus suid 2 662:687 The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. 34458505 6 113 theme pathogenic 1411:1420 arg1 strains 1427:1433 highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1404:1433 highly pathogenic PRRS strains 1404:1433 Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. 33755314 0 0 from immunogenicity 11:24 arg1 mice 94:97 mice 94:97 mice 94:97 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 4 1 theme a 555:555 arg1 model 557:561 mouse a model 549:561 mouse a model 549:561 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 2 theme Th2 495:497 arg1 responses 506:514 Th1 and Th2 immune responses 487:514 Th1 and Th2 immune responses 487:514 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 3 theme mouse 549:553 arg1 model 557:561 mouse a model 549:561 mouse a model 549:561 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 2 4 theme licensed 250:257 arg1 vaccines 259:266 no licensed vaccines 247:266 no licensed vaccines 247:266 However, no licensed vaccines exist for this pathogen. 33755314 5 5 with challenge 896:904 arg1 A. 911:912 A. 911:912 A. 911:912 Additionally, the broad protection from the vaccine was further proved via lethal challenge with A. baumannii. 33755314 4 6 theme suppressed 763:772 arg1 levels 806:811 suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 763:811 suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 763:811 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 6 7 theme efficient 1001:1009 arg1 response 1018:1025 an efficient immune response 998:1025 an efficient immune response 998:1025 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 3 8 theme conjugate 321:329 arg1 vaccine 331:337 a conjugate vaccine 319:337 a conjugate vaccine against A. baumannii 319:358 In this study, we created a conjugate vaccine against A. baumannii by introducing an O-linked glycosylation system into the host strain. 33755314 4 9 theme pro-inflammatory 780:795 arg1 cytokine 797:804 serum pro-inflammatory cytokine 774:804 suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 763:811 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 6 10 theme murine 1089:1094 arg1 models 1103:1108 murine sepsis models 1089:1108 murine sepsis models 1089:1108 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 0 11 theme glycoengineered 35:49 arg1 vaccine 51:57 a new glycoengineered vaccine 29:57 a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii 29:89 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 4 12 dep ability 454:460 arg1 observing 520:528 observing 520:528 observing its good safety in mouse a model 520:561 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 12 dep ability 454:460 arg1 elicit 480:485 elicit 480:485 to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses 477:514 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 6 13 dep A. 1063:1064 arg1 baumannii 1066:1074 baumannii 1066:1074 baumannii 1066:1074 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 4 14 theme serum 774:778 arg1 cytokine 797:804 serum pro-inflammatory cytokine 774:804 suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 763:811 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 6 15 theme sepsis 1096:1101 arg1 models 1103:1108 murine sepsis models 1089:1108 murine sepsis models 1089:1108 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 4 16 theme vaccine 469:475 arg1 ability 454:460 the ability 450:460 the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model 450:561 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 17 theme bacterial 736:744 arg1 loads 746:750 post-infection tissue bacterial loads 714:750 post-infection tissue bacterial loads 714:750 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 18 theme vaccine 648:654 arg1 activity 597:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 18 theme vaccine 648:654 arg1 effects 623:629 prophylactic effects 610:629 prophylactic effects 610:629 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 19 theme good 534:537 arg1 safety 539:544 its good safety 530:544 its good safety 530:544 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 6 20 from infection 1076:1084 arg1 models 1103:1108 murine sepsis models 1089:1108 murine sepsis models 1089:1108 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 4 21 theme tissue 729:734 arg1 loads 746:750 post-infection tissue bacterial loads 714:750 post-infection tissue bacterial loads 714:750 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 3 22 theme host 417:420 arg1 strain 422:427 the host strain 413:427 the host strain 413:427 In this study, we created a conjugate vaccine against A. baumannii by introducing an O-linked glycosylation system into the host strain. 33755314 5 23 theme broad 832:836 arg1 protection 838:847 the broad protection 828:847 the broad protection from the vaccine 828:864 Additionally, the broad protection from the vaccine was further proved via lethal challenge with A. baumannii. 33755314 1 24 theme Acinetobacter 100:112 arg1 baumannii 114:122 Acinetobacter baumannii 100:122 Acinetobacter baumannii 100:122 Acinetobacter baumannii poses a serious threat to human health, mainly because of its widespread distribution and severe drug resistance. 33755314 1 25 theme widespread 186:195 arg1 distribution 197:208 its widespread distribution 182:208 its widespread distribution 182:208 Acinetobacter baumannii poses a serious threat to human health, mainly because of its widespread distribution and severe drug resistance. 33755314 4 26 theme strong 568:573 arg1 activity 597:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 0 27 theme new 31:33 arg1 vaccine 51:57 a new glycoengineered vaccine 29:57 a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii 29:89 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 6 28 theme conjugate 967:975 arg1 vaccine 977:983 the conjugate vaccine 963:983 the conjugate vaccine 963:983 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 7 29 theme A. 1205:1206 arg1 infection 1218:1226 A. baumannii infection 1205:1226 A. baumannii infection 1205:1226 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 3 30 link O-linked 378:385 arg1 system 401:406 an O-linked glycosylation system 375:406 an O-linked glycosylation system 375:406 In this study, we created a conjugate vaccine against A. baumannii by introducing an O-linked glycosylation system into the host strain. 33755314 4 31 theme conjugate 638:646 arg1 vaccine 648:654 the conjugate vaccine 634:654 the conjugate vaccine against infection 634:672 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 6 32 theme A. 1063:1064 arg1 infection 1076:1084 A. baumannii infection 1063:1084 A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models 1063:1108 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 7 33 theme promising 1162:1170 arg1 vaccine 1182:1188 a promising candidate vaccine 1160:1188 a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection 1160:1226 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 7 33 theme promising 1162:1170 arg1 vaccine 1131:1137 the conjugate vaccine 1117:1137 the conjugate vaccine 1117:1137 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 6 34 theme immune 1011:1016 arg1 response 1018:1025 an efficient immune response 998:1025 an efficient immune response 998:1025 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 7 35 theme candidate 1172:1180 arg1 vaccine 1182:1188 a promising candidate vaccine 1160:1188 a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection 1160:1226 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 7 35 theme candidate 1172:1180 arg1 vaccine 1131:1137 the conjugate vaccine 1117:1137 the conjugate vaccine 1117:1137 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 5 36 from vaccine 858:864 arg1 protection 838:847 the broad protection 828:847 the broad protection from the vaccine 828:864 Additionally, the broad protection from the vaccine was further proved via lethal challenge with A. baumannii. 33755314 1 37 theme severe 214:219 arg1 resistance 226:235 severe drug resistance 214:235 severe drug resistance 214:235 Acinetobacter baumannii poses a serious threat to human health, mainly because of its widespread distribution and severe drug resistance. 33755314 0 38 theme vaccine 51:57 arg1 immunogenicity 11:24 immunogenicity 11:24 immunogenicity 11:24 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 0 38 theme vaccine 51:57 arg1 Safety 0:5 Safety 0:5 Safety 0:5 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 4 39 theme immune 499:504 arg1 responses 506:514 Th1 and Th2 immune responses 487:514 Th1 and Th2 immune responses 487:514 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 7 40 dep A. 1205:1206 arg1 baumannii 1208:1216 baumannii 1208:1216 baumannii 1208:1216 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 3 41 theme glycosylation 387:399 arg1 system 401:406 an O-linked glycosylation system 375:406 an O-linked glycosylation system 375:406 In this study, we created a conjugate vaccine against A. baumannii by introducing an O-linked glycosylation system into the host strain. 33755314 7 42 theme conjugate 1121:1129 arg1 vaccine 1131:1137 the conjugate vaccine 1117:1137 the conjugate vaccine 1117:1137 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 7 42 theme conjugate 1121:1129 arg1 vaccine 1182:1188 a promising candidate vaccine 1160:1188 a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection 1160:1226 Thus, the conjugate vaccine can be considered as a promising candidate vaccine for preventing A. baumannii infection. 33755314 6 43 theme good 1039:1042 arg1 protection 1044:1053 good protection 1039:1053 good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models 1039:1108 Overall, these results indicated that the conjugate vaccine could elicit an efficient immune response and provide good protection against A. baumannii infection in murine sepsis models. 33755314 1 44 theme serious 132:138 arg1 threat 140:145 a serious threat 130:145 a serious threat to human health 130:161 Acinetobacter baumannii poses a serious threat to human health, mainly because of its widespread distribution and severe drug resistance. 33755314 5 45 theme lethal 889:894 arg1 challenge 896:904 lethal challenge 889:904 lethal challenge with A. baumannii 889:922 Additionally, the broad protection from the vaccine was further proved via lethal challenge with A. baumannii. 33755314 1 46 theme drug 221:224 arg1 resistance 226:235 severe drug resistance 214:235 severe drug resistance 214:235 Acinetobacter baumannii poses a serious threat to human health, mainly because of its widespread distribution and severe drug resistance. 33755314 4 47 theme cytokine 797:804 arg1 levels 806:811 suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 763:811 suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 763:811 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 48 theme post-infection 714:727 arg1 loads 746:750 post-infection tissue bacterial loads 714:750 post-infection tissue bacterial loads 714:750 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 0 49 theme Acinetobacter 67:79 arg1 baumannii 81:89 Acinetobacter baumannii 67:89 Acinetobacter baumannii 67:89 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 4 50 theme prophylactic 610:621 arg1 effects 623:629 prophylactic effects 610:629 prophylactic effects 610:629 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 4 51 theme bactericidal 584:595 arg1 activity 597:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 3 52 theme O-linked 378:385 arg1 system 401:406 an O-linked glycosylation system 375:406 an O-linked glycosylation system 375:406 In this study, we created a conjugate vaccine against A. baumannii by introducing an O-linked glycosylation system into the host strain. 33755314 4 53 theme Th1 487:489 arg1 responses 506:514 Th1 and Th2 immune responses 487:514 Th1 and Th2 immune responses 487:514 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33755314 0 54 from Safety 0:5 arg1 mice 94:97 mice 94:97 mice 94:97 Safety and immunogenicity of a new glycoengineered vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. 33755314 1 55 theme human 150:154 arg1 health 156:161 human health 150:161 human health 150:161 Acinetobacter baumannii poses a serious threat to human health, mainly because of its widespread distribution and severe drug resistance. 33755314 4 56 theme in vitro 575:582 arg1 activity 597:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 the strong in vitro bactericidal activity 564:604 After demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to elicit Th1 and Th2 immune responses and observing its good safety in mouse a model, the strong in vitro bactericidal activity and prophylactic effects of the conjugate vaccine against infection were further demonstrated by evaluating post-infection tissue bacterial loads, observing suppressed serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. 33672424 6 0 contain had 862:864 arg1 YM155 793:797 YM155 793:797 YM155 793:797 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 0 contain had 862:864 arg2 impact 876:881 no direct impact 866:881 no direct impact 866:881 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 1 theme potential 949:957 arg1 inhibitor 974:982 a potential anti-virulence inhibitor 947:982 a potential anti-virulence inhibitor 947:982 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 1 theme potential 949:957 arg1 utility 936:942 utility 936:942 utility 936:942 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 5 2 theme mammalian 676:684 arg1 cells 686:690 mammalian cells 676:690 mammalian cells 676:690 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 4 3 theme Salmonella 616:625 arg1 SseK1 636:640 Salmonella enterica SseK1 616:640 Salmonella enterica SseK1 616:640 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 3 4 theme mechanistic 351:361 arg1 probes 363:368 mechanistic probes 351:368 mechanistic probes 351:368 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 4 5 theme Escherichia 555:565 arg1 NleB1 572:576 Escherichia coli NleB1 555:576 Escherichia coli NleB1 555:576 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 1 6 theme protein 172:178 arg1 substrates 180:189 protein substrates 172:189 protein substrates 172:189 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 4 7 theme SseK1 636:640 arg1 activity 543:550 the activity 539:550 the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2 539:650 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 2 8 from assays 252:257 arg1 compounds 269:277 42,498 compounds 262:277 42,498 compounds 262:277 We conducted high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds to identify NleB/SseK inhibitors. 33672424 4 9 theme sepantronium 508:519 arg1 YM155 501:505 YM155 501:505 YM155 (sepantronium bromide) 501:528 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 4 9 theme sepantronium 508:519 arg1 bromide 521:527 sepantronium bromide 508:527 sepantronium bromide 508:527 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 1 10 theme type 72:75 arg1 system 91:96 type III secretion system 72:96 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK 68:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 11 theme arginine 194:201 arg1 residues 203:210 arginine residues 194:210 arginine residues 194:210 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 0 12 theme Glycosyltransferase 38:56 arg1 Activity 58:65 SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity 24:65 SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity 24:65 YM155 Inhibits NleB and SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity. 33672424 6 13 theme macrophage-like 836:850 arg1 cells 852:856 mouse macrophage-like cells 830:856 mouse macrophage-like cells 830:856 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 5 14 with cross-reactivity 709:724 arg1 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 5 14 with cross-reactivity 709:724 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 754:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 731:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 731:790 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 6 15 theme mouse 830:834 arg1 cells 852:856 mouse macrophage-like cells 830:856 mouse macrophage-like cells 830:856 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 1 16 theme secretion 81:89 arg1 system 91:96 type III secretion system 72:96 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK 68:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 3 17 theme bacterial 463:471 arg1 pathogens 473:481 enteric bacterial pathogens 455:481 enteric bacterial pathogens 455:481 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 4 18 theme NleB 601:604 arg1 activity 543:550 the activity 539:550 the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2 539:650 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 1 19 theme system 91:96 arg1 SseK 125:128 SseK 125:128 SseK 125:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 19 theme system 91:96 arg1 NleB 116:119 NleB 116:119 NleB 116:119 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 19 theme system 91:96 arg1 glycosyltransferases 134:153 glycosyltransferases 134:153 glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues 134:210 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 19 theme system 91:96 arg1 proteins 107:114 The type III secretion system effector proteins 68:114 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK 68:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 4 20 theme rodentium 591:599 arg1 NleB 601:604 Citrobacter rodentium NleB 579:604 Citrobacter rodentium NleB 579:604 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 3 21 theme Such 313:316 arg1 molecules 324:332 Such small molecules 313:332 Such small molecules 313:332 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 1 22 theme effector 98:105 arg1 SseK 125:128 SseK 125:128 SseK 125:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 22 theme effector 98:105 arg1 NleB 116:119 NleB 116:119 NleB 116:119 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 22 theme effector 98:105 arg1 glycosyltransferases 134:153 glycosyltransferases 134:153 glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues 134:210 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 22 theme effector 98:105 arg1 proteins 107:114 The type III secretion system effector proteins 68:114 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK 68:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 3 23 theme eventual 398:405 arg1 development 407:417 the eventual development 394:417 the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens 394:481 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 6 24 theme bacterial 886:894 arg1 rates 903:907 bacterial growth rates 886:907 bacterial growth rates 886:907 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 3 25 theme small 318:322 arg1 molecules 324:332 Such small molecules 313:332 Such small molecules 313:332 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 5 26 theme O-linked 745:752 arg1 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 5 26 theme O-linked 745:752 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 754:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 731:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 731:790 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 6 27 from survival 818:825 arg1 cells 852:856 mouse macrophage-like cells 830:856 mouse macrophage-like cells 830:856 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 0 28 theme Arginine 29:36 arg1 Activity 58:65 SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity 24:65 SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity 24:65 YM155 Inhibits NleB and SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity. 33672424 5 29 theme mammalian 735:743 arg1 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 5 29 theme mammalian 735:743 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 754:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 731:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 731:790 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 2 30 theme 42,498 262:267 arg1 compounds 269:277 42,498 compounds 262:277 42,498 compounds 262:277 We conducted high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds to identify NleB/SseK inhibitors. 33672424 6 31 contain have 931:934 arg2 inhibitor 974:982 a potential anti-virulence inhibitor 947:982 a potential anti-virulence inhibitor 947:982 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 31 contain have 931:934 arg1 YM155 921:925 YM155 921:925 YM155 921:925 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 31 contain have 931:934 arg2 utility 936:942 utility 936:942 utility 936:942 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 3 32 theme enteric 455:461 arg1 pathogens 473:481 enteric bacterial pathogens 455:481 enteric bacterial pathogens 455:481 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 4 33 theme NleB1 572:576 arg1 activity 543:550 the activity 539:550 the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2 539:650 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 0 34 theme SseK 24:27 arg1 Activity 58:65 SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity 24:65 SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity 24:65 YM155 Inhibits NleB and SseK Arginine Glycosyltransferase Activity. 33672424 4 35 dep Salmonella 616:625 arg1 enterica 627:634 enterica 627:634 enterica 627:634 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 3 36 contain have 378:381 arg2 utility 383:389 utility 383:389 utility 383:389 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 3 36 contain have 378:381 arg1 molecules 324:332 Such small molecules 313:332 Such small molecules 313:332 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 3 37 theme anti-virulence 422:435 arg1 therapies 437:445 anti-virulence therapies 422:445 anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens 422:481 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 4 38 dep Escherichia 555:565 arg1 coli 567:570 coli 567:570 coli 567:570 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 6 39 theme growth 896:901 arg1 rates 903:907 bacterial growth rates 886:907 bacterial growth rates 886:907 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 3 40 theme therapies 437:445 arg1 development 407:417 the eventual development 394:417 the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens 394:481 Such small molecules may be useful as mechanistic probes and may have utility in the eventual development of anti-virulence therapies against enteric bacterial pathogens. 33672424 4 41 theme Citrobacter 579:589 arg1 rodentium 591:599 Citrobacter rodentium 579:599 Citrobacter rodentium NleB 579:604 We observed that YM155 (sepantronium bromide) inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli NleB1, Citrobacter rodentium NleB, and both Salmonella enterica SseK1 and SseK2. 33672424 2 42 theme high-throughput 226:240 arg1 assays 252:257 high-throughput screening assays 226:257 high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds 226:277 We conducted high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds to identify NleB/SseK inhibitors. 33672424 2 43 theme screening 242:250 arg1 assays 252:257 high-throughput screening assays 226:257 high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds 226:277 We conducted high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds to identify NleB/SseK inhibitors. 33672424 2 44 theme NleB/SseK 291:299 arg1 inhibitors 301:310 NleB/SseK inhibitors 291:310 NleB/SseK inhibitors 291:310 We conducted high-throughput screening assays on 42,498 compounds to identify NleB/SseK inhibitors. 33672424 1 45 gly glycosylate 160:170 arg1 substrates 180:189 protein substrates 172:189 protein substrates 172:189 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 6 46 theme Salmonella 807:816 arg1 survival 818:825 Salmonella survival 807:825 Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells 807:856 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 5 47 link O-linked 745:752 arg1 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 OGT 787:789 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 5 47 link O-linked 745:752 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 754:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 731:784 the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) 731:790 YM155 was not toxic to mammalian cells, nor did it show cross-reactivity with the mammalian O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT). 33672424 6 48 theme direct 869:874 arg1 impact 876:881 no direct impact 866:881 no direct impact 866:881 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 49 theme anti-virulence 959:972 arg1 inhibitor 974:982 a potential anti-virulence inhibitor 947:982 a potential anti-virulence inhibitor 947:982 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 6 49 theme anti-virulence 959:972 arg1 utility 936:942 utility 936:942 utility 936:942 YM155 reduced Salmonella survival in mouse macrophage-like cells but had no direct impact on bacterial growth rates, suggesting YM155 may have utility as a potential anti-virulence inhibitor. 33672424 1 50 dep proteins 107:114 arg1 SseK 125:128 SseK 125:128 SseK 125:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 50 dep proteins 107:114 arg1 NleB 116:119 NleB 116:119 NleB 116:119 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33672424 1 50 dep proteins 107:114 arg1 proteins 107:114 The type III secretion system effector proteins 68:114 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK 68:128 The type III secretion system effector proteins NleB and SseK are glycosyltransferases that glycosylate protein substrates on arginine residues. 33667901 0 0 theme human 97:101 arg1 transferase 112:122 human O-GlcNAc transferase 97:122 human O-GlcNAc transferase 97:122 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate bioisostere as inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase. 33667901 3 1 theme valuable 556:563 arg1 tools 565:569 valuable tools 556:569 valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification 556:628 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 3 1 theme valuable 556:563 arg1 Inhibitors 511:520 Inhibitors 511:520 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 511:550 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 5 2 theme activities 974:983 arg1 basis 959:963 the structural basis 944:963 the structural basis of their activities 944:983 Further, we investigate the structural basis of their activities via molecular modelling, explaining their lack of potency towards OGT inhibition. 33667901 0 3 theme transferase 112:122 arg1 inhibitors 83:92 inhibitors 83:92 inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase 83:122 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate bioisostere as inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase. 33667901 1 4 dep serine 330:335 arg1 residues 351:358 residues 351:358 residues 351:358 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 3 5 theme O-GlcNAc 608:615 arg1 modification 617:628 protein O-GlcNAc modification 600:628 protein O-GlcNAc modification 600:628 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 0 6 theme O-GlcNAc 103:110 arg1 transferase 112:122 human O-GlcNAc transferase 97:122 human O-GlcNAc transferase 97:122 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate bioisostere as inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase. 33667901 5 7 theme OGT 1051:1053 arg1 inhibition 1055:1064 OGT inhibition 1051:1064 OGT inhibition 1051:1064 Further, we investigate the structural basis of their activities via molecular modelling, explaining their lack of potency towards OGT inhibition. 33667901 4 8 theme inactive 766:773 arg1 analogue 791:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue 750:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 750:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 1 9 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 303:325 arg1 attachment 289:298 the attachment 285:298 the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 285:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 9 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 303:325 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 10 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 10 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 10 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 modification 268:279 cotranslational modification 252:279 an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification 209:279 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 10 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 10 theme O-linked 133:140 arg1 attachment 289:298 the attachment 285:298 the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 285:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 4 11 theme inhibitory 857:866 arg1 activities 868:877 their inhibitory activities 851:877 their inhibitory activities against OGT 851:889 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 3 12 theme cell 584:587 arg1 biology 589:595 the cell biology 580:595 the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification 580:628 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 4 13 theme acceptor 712:719 arg1 peptide 721:727 an acceptor peptide 709:727 an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 709:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 0 14 theme bisubstrate 6:16 arg1 analogues 34:42 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues 0:42 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate 0:66 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate bioisostere as inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase. 33667901 2 15 from profile 412:418 arg1 proteins 431:438 certain proteins 423:438 certain proteins 423:438 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 3 16 theme modification 617:628 arg1 biology 589:595 the cell biology 580:595 the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification 580:628 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 5 17 theme structural 948:957 arg1 basis 959:963 the structural basis 944:963 the structural basis of their activities 944:983 Further, we investigate the structural basis of their activities via molecular modelling, explaining their lack of potency towards OGT inhibition. 33667901 0 18 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 analogues 34:42 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues 0:42 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate 0:66 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate bioisostere as inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase. 33667901 4 19 theme substrate 781:789 arg1 analogue 791:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue 750:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 750:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 3 20 theme protein 600:606 arg1 modification 617:628 protein O-GlcNAc modification 600:628 protein O-GlcNAc modification 600:628 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 3 21 theme O-GlcNAc 525:532 arg1 OGT 547:549 OGT 547:549 OGT 547:549 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 3 21 theme O-GlcNAc 525:532 arg1 transferase 534:544 O-GlcNAc transferase 525:544 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 525:550 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 0 22 theme uridine-peptide 18:32 arg1 analogues 34:42 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues 0:42 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate 0:66 Novel bisubstrate uridine-peptide analogues bearing a pyrophosphate bioisostere as inhibitors of human O-GlcNAc transferase. 33667901 4 23 contain bears 805:809 arg2 bioisostere 827:837 a pyrophosphate bioisostere 811:837 a pyrophosphate bioisostere 811:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 4 23 contain bears 805:809 arg1 analogue 791:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue 750:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 750:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 4 24 theme novel 655:659 arg1 molecules 687:695 novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules 655:695 novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 655:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 1 25 theme Protein 125:131 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 25 theme Protein 125:131 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 25 theme Protein 125:131 arg1 modification 268:279 cotranslational modification 252:279 an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification 209:279 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 25 theme Protein 125:131 arg1 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 25 theme Protein 125:131 arg1 attachment 289:298 the attachment 285:298 the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 285:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 3 26 theme transferase 534:544 arg1 tools 565:569 valuable tools 556:569 valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification 556:628 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 3 26 theme transferase 534:544 arg1 Inhibitors 511:520 Inhibitors 511:520 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 511:550 Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are valuable tools to study the cell biology of protein O-GlcNAc modification. 33667901 2 27 theme aberrant 394:401 arg1 profile 412:418 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile 391:418 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins 391:438 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 4 28 theme radioactive 896:906 arg1 assay 913:917 a radioactive hOGT assay 894:917 a radioactive hOGT assay 894:917 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 4 29 theme donor 775:779 arg1 analogue 791:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue 750:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 750:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 2 30 theme metabolic 463:471 arg1 cancer 503:508 cancer 503:508 cancer 503:508 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 2 30 theme metabolic 463:471 arg1 diseases 473:480 metabolic diseases 463:480 metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer 463:508 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 2 30 theme metabolic 463:471 arg1 diabetes 490:497 diabetes 490:497 diabetes 490:497 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 4 31 attach linked 740:745 arg2 peptide 721:727 an acceptor peptide 709:727 an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 709:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 4 31 attach linked 740:745 arg1 analogue 791:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue 750:798 a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 750:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 2 32 theme O-GlcNAc 403:410 arg1 profile 412:418 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile 391:418 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins 391:438 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 1 33 theme nucleocytoplasmic 363:379 arg1 proteins 381:388 nucleocytoplasmic proteins 363:388 nucleocytoplasmic proteins 363:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 4 34 theme hOGT 908:911 arg1 assay 913:917 a radioactive hOGT assay 894:917 a radioactive hOGT assay 894:917 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 1 35 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 142:164 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 35 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 142:164 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 35 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 142:164 arg1 modification 268:279 cotranslational modification 252:279 an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification 209:279 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 35 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 142:164 arg1 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 35 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 142:164 arg1 attachment 289:298 the attachment 285:298 the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 285:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 36 theme proteins 381:388 arg1 threonine 341:349 threonine 341:349 threonine 341:349 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 36 theme proteins 381:388 arg1 serine 330:335 serine 330:335 serine 330:335 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 37 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 37 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 37 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 modification 268:279 cotranslational modification 252:279 an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification 209:279 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 37 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 37 link O-linked 133:140 arg1 attachment 289:298 the attachment 285:298 the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 285:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 38 attach attachment 289:298 arg2 β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 303:325 β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 303:325 β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 303:325 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 38 attach attachment 289:298 arg1 threonine 341:349 threonine 341:349 threonine 341:349 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 38 attach attachment 289:298 arg1 serine 330:335 serine 330:335 serine 330:335 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 39 theme cotranslational 252:266 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 39 theme cotranslational 252:266 arg1 modification 268:279 cotranslational modification 252:279 an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification 209:279 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 5 40 theme molecular 989:997 arg1 modelling 999:1007 molecular modelling 989:1007 molecular modelling 989:1007 Further, we investigate the structural basis of their activities via molecular modelling, explaining their lack of potency towards OGT inhibition. 33667901 4 41 theme pyrophosphate 813:825 arg1 bioisostere 827:837 a pyrophosphate bioisostere 811:837 a pyrophosphate bioisostere 811:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 1 42 theme O-GlcNAc 167:174 arg1 modification 177:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 125:188 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 125:206 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 42 theme O-GlcNAc 167:174 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 O-GlcNAcylation 191:205 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 42 theme O-GlcNAc 167:174 arg1 modification 268:279 cotranslational modification 252:279 an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification 209:279 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 42 theme O-GlcNAc 167:174 arg1 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 post-translational 222:239 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 1 42 theme O-GlcNAc 167:174 arg1 attachment 289:298 the attachment 285:298 the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 285:388 Protein O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), an essential post-translational as well as cotranslational modification, is the attachment of β-D-N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33667901 5 43 theme potency 1035:1041 arg1 lack 1027:1030 their lack 1021:1030 their lack of potency towards OGT inhibition 1021:1064 Further, we investigate the structural basis of their activities via molecular modelling, explaining their lack of potency towards OGT inhibition. 33667901 4 44 theme conjugate 677:685 arg1 molecules 687:695 novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules 655:695 novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 655:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33667901 2 45 theme certain 423:429 arg1 proteins 431:438 certain proteins 423:438 certain proteins 423:438 An aberrant O-GlcNAc profile on certain proteins has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 33667901 4 46 theme uridine-peptide 661:675 arg1 molecules 687:695 novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules 655:695 novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere 655:837 In this study we report novel uridine-peptide conjugate molecules composed of an acceptor peptide covalently linked to a catalytically inactive donor substrate analogue that bears a pyrophosphate bioisostere and explore their inhibitory activities against OGT by a radioactive hOGT assay. 33491329 6 0 theme derived 912:918 arg1 traits 920:925 two derived traits 908:925 two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) 908:940 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 10 1 dep CONCLUSIONS 1505:1515 arg1 associated 1615:1624 associated 1615:1624 was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome 1597:1666 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 2 2 theme DR. 337:339 arg1 METHODS 341:347 DR. METHODS 337:347 DR. METHODS 337:347 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 7 3 theme weak 1150:1153 arg1 correlation 1155:1165 a weak correlation 1148:1165 a weak correlation with clinical features 1148:1188 The glycosylation panel showed a weak correlation with clinical features, except for age. 33491329 5 4 theme sensitivity 796:806 arg1 analyses 808:815 sensitivity analyses 796:815 sensitivity analyses 796:815 The results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses. 33491329 2 5 dep lasso 444:448 arg1 shrinkage 466:474 least absolute shrinkage 451:474 least absolute shrinkage 451:474 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 5 dep lasso 444:448 arg1 operator 490:497 selection operator 480:497 selection operator 480:497 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 0 6 link N-linked 17:24 arg1 profile 40:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 1 7 theme diabetic 159:166 arg1 nephropathy 168:178 diabetic nephropathy 159:178 diabetic nephropathy 159:178 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 6 8 theme IgG 879:881 arg1 glycans 883:889 two IgG glycans 875:889 two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) 875:902 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 0 9 from Variation 0:8 arg1 retinopathy 60:70 diabetic retinopathy 51:70 diabetic retinopathy 51:70 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 6 10 theme selected 835:842 arg1 candidates 851:860 16 selected glycan candidates 832:860 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) 832:940 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 9 11 theme rematched 1426:1434 arg1 population 1436:1445 the 1:3 rematched population 1418:1445 the 1:3 rematched population 1418:1445 Furthermore, in the 1:3 rematched population, a significant association was observed, apart from GP20. 33491329 6 12 dep traits 920:925 arg1 IGP54 935:939 IGP54 935:939 IGP54 935:939 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 7 13 theme clinical 1172:1179 arg1 features 1181:1188 clinical features 1172:1188 clinical features 1172:1188 The glycosylation panel showed a weak correlation with clinical features, except for age. 33491329 2 14 theme candidate 423:431 arg1 glycans 433:439 the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans 361:439 glycans 433:439 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 15 theme regression 500:509 arg1 analysis 511:518 lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis 444:518 lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis 444:518 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 16 theme glycosylation 318:330 arg1 association 299:309 the association 295:309 the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS 295:347 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 6 17 theme odds 1048:1051 arg1 ORs 1061:1063 ORs 1061:1063 ORs 1061:1063 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 17 theme odds 1048:1051 arg1 0.587 1071:1075 0.587 1071:1075 0.587 1071:1075 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 17 theme odds 1048:1051 arg1 ratios 1053:1058 the combined adjusted odds ratios 1026:1058 the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) 1026:1064 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 18 theme combined 1030:1037 arg1 ORs 1061:1063 ORs 1061:1063 ORs 1061:1063 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 18 theme combined 1030:1037 arg1 0.587 1071:1075 0.587 1071:1075 0.587 1071:1075 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 18 theme combined 1030:1037 arg1 ratios 1053:1058 the combined adjusted odds ratios 1026:1058 the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) 1026:1064 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 2 19 theme N-linked 369:376 arg1 profile 392:398 the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans 361:439 profile 392:398 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 7 20 theme glycosylation 1121:1133 arg1 panel 1135:1139 The glycosylation panel 1117:1139 The glycosylation panel 1117:1139 The glycosylation panel showed a weak correlation with clinical features, except for age. 33491329 2 21 theme absolute 457:464 arg1 shrinkage 466:474 least absolute shrinkage 451:474 least absolute shrinkage 451:474 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 22 theme IgG 365:367 arg1 profile 392:398 the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans 361:439 profile 392:398 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 10 23 theme IgG 1656:1658 arg1 glycome 1660:1666 the IgG glycome 1652:1666 the IgG glycome 1652:1666 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 9 24 theme significant 1450:1460 arg1 association 1462:1472 a significant association 1448:1472 a significant association 1448:1472 Furthermore, in the 1:3 rematched population, a significant association was observed, apart from GP20. 33491329 4 25 theme glycosylation 679:691 arg1 panel 693:697 the significant glycosylation panel 663:697 the significant glycosylation panel 663:697 The association between the significant glycosylation panel and clinical features was illustrated with Spearman's coefficient. 33491329 10 26 theme diabetic 1695:1702 arg1 complications 1704:1716 diabetic complications 1695:1716 diabetic complications 1695:1716 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 10 27 theme more 1677:1680 arg1 attention 1682:1690 more attention 1677:1690 more attention 1677:1690 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 4 28 theme significant 667:677 arg1 panel 693:697 the significant glycosylation panel 663:697 the significant glycosylation panel 663:697 The association between the significant glycosylation panel and clinical features was illustrated with Spearman's coefficient. 33491329 1 29 with relationship 88:99 arg1 diabetes 146:153 diabetes 146:153 diabetes 146:153 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 29 with relationship 88:99 arg1 nephropathy 168:178 diabetic nephropathy 159:178 diabetic nephropathy 159:178 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 30 theme immunoglobulin 104:117 arg1 IgG 122:124 IgG 122:124 IgG 122:124 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 30 theme immunoglobulin 104:117 arg1 G 119:119 immunoglobulin G 104:119 immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation 104:139 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 6 31 theme glycan 844:849 arg1 candidates 851:860 16 selected glycan candidates 832:860 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) 832:940 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 10 32 theme pro-inflammatory 1572:1587 arg1 status 1589:1594 pro-inflammatory status 1572:1594 pro-inflammatory status 1572:1594 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 0 33 theme IgG 13:15 arg1 profile 40:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 1 34 theme G 119:119 arg1 glycosylation 127:139 immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation 104:139 immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation 104:139 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 9 35 theme 1:3 1422:1424 arg1 population 1436:1445 the 1:3 rematched population 1418:1445 the 1:3 rematched population 1418:1445 Furthermore, in the 1:3 rematched population, a significant association was observed, apart from GP20. 33491329 0 36 theme profile 40:46 arg1 Variation 0:8 Variation 0:8 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 0:71 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 2 37 theme discovery 527:535 arg1 population 537:546 the discovery population 523:546 the discovery population 523:546 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 38 with association 299:309 arg1 METHODS 341:347 DR. METHODS 337:347 DR. METHODS 337:347 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 3 39 theme replication 584:594 arg1 population 596:605 the replication population 580:605 the replication population using a binary logistics model 580:636 The findings were validated in the replication population using a binary logistics model. 33491329 6 40 link derived 912:918 arg1 traits 920:925 two derived traits 908:925 two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) 908:940 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 0 41 theme glycosylation 26:38 arg1 profile 40:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 3 42 theme logistics 622:630 arg1 model 632:636 a binary logistics model 613:636 a binary logistics model 613:636 The findings were validated in the replication population using a binary logistics model. 33491329 2 43 link N-linked 369:376 arg1 profile 392:398 the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans 361:439 profile 392:398 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 0 44 theme N-linked 17:24 arg1 profile 40:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 IgG N-linked glycosylation profile 13:46 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 2 45 theme glycosylation 378:390 arg1 profile 392:398 the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans 361:439 profile 392:398 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 0 46 theme diabetic 51:58 arg1 retinopathy 60:70 diabetic retinopathy 51:70 diabetic retinopathy 51:70 Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy. 33491329 10 47 theme glycosylation 1525:1537 arg1 profile 1539:1545 The IgG glycosylation profile 1517:1545 The IgG glycosylation profile 1517:1545 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 8 48 from 1.597 1360:1364 arg1 population 1390:1399 the whole population 1380:1399 the whole population 1380:1399 In addition, the results remained consistent when the subjects with prediabetes were excluded from the controls, and the adjusted ORs were 0.677, 0.738, 1.597, and 0.678 in the whole population. 33491329 8 49 theme adjusted 1328:1335 arg1 1.597 1360:1364 1.597 1360:1364 1.597 1360:1364 In addition, the results remained consistent when the subjects with prediabetes were excluded from the controls, and the adjusted ORs were 0.677, 0.738, 1.597, and 0.678 in the whole population. 33491329 8 49 theme adjusted 1328:1335 arg1 ORs 1337:1339 the adjusted ORs 1324:1339 the adjusted ORs 1324:1339 In addition, the results remained consistent when the subjects with prediabetes were excluded from the controls, and the adjusted ORs were 0.677, 0.738, 1.597, and 0.678 in the whole population. 33491329 1 50 from role 207:210 arg1 retinopathy 224:234 diabetic retinopathy 215:234 diabetic retinopathy (DR) 215:239 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 50 from role 207:210 arg1 DR 237:238 DR 237:238 DR 237:238 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 51 dep BACKGROUND 73:82 arg1 reported 189:196 reported 189:196 has been reported 180:196 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 51 dep BACKGROUND 73:82 arg1 remains 241:247 remains 241:247 remains unclear 241:255 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 2 52 theme lasso 444:448 arg1 analysis 511:518 lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis 444:518 lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis 444:518 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 53 theme IgG 314:316 arg1 glycosylation 318:330 IgG glycosylation 314:330 IgG glycosylation 314:330 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 9 54 located observed 1478:1485 arg2 association 1462:1472 a significant association 1448:1472 a significant association 1448:1472 Furthermore, in the 1:3 rematched population, a significant association was observed, apart from GP20. 33491329 9 54 located observed 1478:1485 arg1 population 1436:1445 the 1:3 rematched population 1418:1445 the 1:3 rematched population 1418:1445 Furthermore, in the 1:3 rematched population, a significant association was observed, apart from GP20. 33491329 6 55 dep glycans 883:889 arg1 GP20 898:901 GP20 898:901 GP20 898:901 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 10 56 theme IgG 1521:1523 arg1 profile 1539:1545 The IgG glycosylation profile 1517:1545 The IgG glycosylation profile 1517:1545 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 3 57 theme binary 615:620 arg1 model 632:636 a binary logistics model 613:636 a binary logistics model 613:636 The findings were validated in the replication population using a binary logistics model. 33491329 4 58 theme clinical 703:710 arg1 features 712:719 clinical features 703:719 clinical features 703:719 The association between the significant glycosylation panel and clinical features was illustrated with Spearman's coefficient. 33491329 2 59 dep analyzed 352:359 arg1 aimed 261:265 aimed 261:265 aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS 261:347 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 8 60 theme whole 1384:1388 arg1 population 1390:1399 the whole population 1380:1399 the whole population 1380:1399 In addition, the results remained consistent when the subjects with prediabetes were excluded from the controls, and the adjusted ORs were 0.677, 0.738, 1.597, and 0.678 in the whole population. 33491329 1 61 theme glycosylation 127:139 arg1 relationship 88:99 The relationship 84:99 The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy 84:178 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 62 theme diabetic 215:222 arg1 retinopathy 224:234 diabetic retinopathy 215:234 diabetic retinopathy (DR) 215:239 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 1 62 theme diabetic 215:222 arg1 DR 237:238 DR 237:238 DR 237:238 BACKGROUND The relationship of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy has been reported, but its role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. 33491329 7 63 with correlation 1155:1165 arg1 features 1181:1188 clinical features 1172:1188 clinical features 1172:1188 The glycosylation panel showed a weak correlation with clinical features, except for age. 33491329 10 64 theme The 1635:1637 arg1 variation 1639:1647 DR. The variation 1631:1647 DR. The variation in the IgG glycome 1631:1666 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 6 65 theme adjusted 1039:1046 arg1 ORs 1061:1063 ORs 1061:1063 ORs 1061:1063 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 65 theme adjusted 1039:1046 arg1 0.587 1071:1075 0.587 1071:1075 0.587 1071:1075 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 6 65 theme adjusted 1039:1046 arg1 ratios 1053:1058 the combined adjusted odds ratios 1026:1058 the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) 1026:1064 RESULTS Among 16 selected glycan candidates using lasso, two IgG glycans (GP15, GP20) and two derived traits (IGP32, IGP54) were identified and validated to be significantly associated with DR (P < .05), and the combined adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.587, 0.613, 1.970, and 0.593, respectively. 33491329 2 66 theme selection 480:488 arg1 operator 490:497 selection operator 480:497 selection operator 480:497 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 2 67 theme selected 414:421 arg1 glycans 433:439 the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans 361:439 glycans 433:439 We aimed to investigate and validate the association of IgG glycosylation with DR. METHODS We analyzed the IgG N-linked glycosylation profile and primarily selected candidate glycans by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis in the discovery population. 33491329 10 68 theme DR. 1631:1633 arg1 variation 1639:1647 DR. The variation 1631:1647 DR. The variation in the IgG glycome 1631:1666 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 10 69 from variation 1639:1647 arg1 glycome 1660:1666 the IgG glycome 1652:1666 the IgG glycome 1652:1666 CONCLUSIONS The IgG glycosylation profile, reflecting an aging and pro-inflammatory status, was significantly associated with DR. The variation in the IgG glycome deserves more attention in diabetic complications. 33491329 8 70 with subjects 1261:1268 arg1 prediabetes 1275:1285 prediabetes 1275:1285 prediabetes 1275:1285 In addition, the results remained consistent when the subjects with prediabetes were excluded from the controls, and the adjusted ORs were 0.677, 0.738, 1.597, and 0.678 in the whole population. 34127633 9 0 theme N-linked 1558:1565 arg1 substrates 1567:1576 N-linked substrates 1558:1576 N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08) 1558:1593 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 9 0 theme N-linked 1558:1565 arg1 % 1582:1582 +17% 1579:1582 +17% 1579:1582 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 9 1 dep % 1540:1540 arg1 P 1543:1543 P = 0.09 1543:1550 P = 0.09 1543:1550 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 10 2 theme P 1626:1626 arg1 ratio 1630:1634 P:O ratio 1626:1634 P:O ratio 1626:1634 Prior exercise did not change P:O ratio. 34127633 13 3 theme intrinsic 1992:2000 arg1 phosphorylation 2026:2040 intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 1992:2040 intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 1992:2040 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 4 4 theme L·min-1 636:642 arg1 index 659:663 body mass index 649:663 body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 649:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 4 theme L·min-1 636:642 arg1 capacity 614:621 peak aerobic capacity 601:621 peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1 601:642 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 4 theme L·min-1 636:642 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 1 5 contain have 165:168 arg2 shifts 178:183 dynamic shifts 170:183 dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism 170:207 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 1 5 contain have 165:168 arg1 mitochondria 152:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 2 6 theme nonlipid 290:297 arg1 substrates 299:308 lipid and nonlipid substrates 280:308 lipid and nonlipid substrates 280:308 Specific complexes oxidize lipid and nonlipid substrates. 34127633 5 7 theme 1 799:799 arg1 h 801:801 h 801:801 h 801:801 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 12 8 theme subunit 1791:1797 arg1 different 1842:1850 different 1842:1850 different 1842:1850 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 12 8 theme subunit 1791:1797 arg1 abundance 1763:1771 The protein abundance 1751:1771 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β 1751:1832 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 4 9 with conditions 557:566 arg1 index 659:663 body mass index 649:663 body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 649:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 9 with conditions 557:566 arg1 capacity 614:621 peak aerobic capacity 601:621 peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1 601:642 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 9 with conditions 557:566 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 12 10 theme inhibitory 1802:1811 arg1 methylation 1813:1823 inhibitory methylation 1802:1823 inhibitory methylation 1802:1823 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 10 11 theme O 1628:1628 arg1 ratio 1630:1634 P:O ratio 1626:1634 P:O ratio 1626:1634 Prior exercise did not change P:O ratio. 34127633 1 12 theme energy 217:222 arg1 demands 224:230 energy demands 217:230 energy demands of aerobic exercise 217:250 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 4 13 theme 22.2 668:671 arg1 ± 673:673 ± 673:673 ± 673:673 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 13 14 theme cycling 1955:1961 arg1 bout 1928:1931 the single bout 1917:1931 the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling 1917:1961 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 13 15 theme mitochondrial 2002:2014 arg1 phosphorylation 2026:2040 intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 1992:2040 intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 1992:2040 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 1 16 theme INTRODUCTION 123:134 arg1 mitochondria 152:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 6 17 theme Isolated 842:849 arg1 mitochondria 851:862 Isolated mitochondria 842:862 Isolated mitochondria 842:862 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 4 18 theme kg·m-2 677:682 arg1 index 659:663 body mass index 649:663 body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 649:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 18 theme kg·m-2 677:682 arg1 capacity 614:621 peak aerobic capacity 601:621 peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1 601:642 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 18 theme kg·m-2 677:682 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 19 from metabolism 466:475 arg1 n 514:514 n = 11F/4M 514:523 n = 11F/4M 514:523 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 19 from metabolism 466:475 arg1 adults 506:511 sedentary male and female adults 480:511 sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 480:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 13 20 theme single 1921:1926 arg1 bout 1928:1931 the single bout 1917:1931 the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling 1917:1961 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 2 21 theme lipid 280:284 arg1 substrates 299:308 lipid and nonlipid substrates 280:308 lipid and nonlipid substrates 280:308 Specific complexes oxidize lipid and nonlipid substrates. 34127633 1 22 theme muscle 145:150 arg1 mitochondria 152:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 8 23 theme electron 1275:1282 arg1 flavoprotein 1293:1304 electron transfer flavoprotein 1275:1304 electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits 1275:1319 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 8 23 theme electron 1275:1282 arg1 ETF 1307:1309 ETF 1307:1309 ETF 1307:1309 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 3 24 theme intrinsic 356:364 arg1 metabolism 376:385 intrinsic oxidative metabolism 356:385 intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria 356:401 It is unclear if aerobic exercise stimulates intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria or varies between substrates. 34127633 4 25 theme sedentary 480:488 arg1 n 514:514 n = 11F/4M 514:523 n = 11F/4M 514:523 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 25 theme sedentary 480:488 arg1 adults 506:511 sedentary male and female adults 480:511 sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 480:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 9 26 link N-linked 1558:1565 arg1 substrates 1567:1576 N-linked substrates 1558:1576 N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08) 1558:1593 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 9 26 link N-linked 1558:1565 arg1 % 1582:1582 +17% 1579:1582 +17% 1579:1582 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 8 27 theme flavoprotein 1293:1304 arg1 site 1355:1358 inhibitory methylation site 1332:1358 inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β 1332:1367 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 8 27 theme flavoprotein 1293:1304 arg1 subunits 1312:1319 electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits 1275:1319 electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits 1275:1319 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 9 28 dep -linked 1528:1534 arg1 % 1540:1540 +14% 1537:1540 +14% 1537:1540 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 5 29 theme 65 814:815 arg1 % 816:816 % 816:816 % 816:816 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 5 30 theme lateralis 725:733 arg1 muscle 735:740 the vastus lateralis muscle 714:740 the vastus lateralis muscle 714:740 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 13 31 theme sedentary 1899:1907 arg1 adults 1909:1914 sedentary adults 1899:1914 sedentary adults 1899:1914 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 5 32 theme peak 818:821 arg1 capacity 831:838 65% peak aerobic capacity 814:838 65% peak aerobic capacity 814:838 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 6 33 theme protocols 935:943 arg1 respirometry 900:911 high-resolution respirometry 884:911 high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked) 884:1057 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 3 34 theme mitochondria 390:401 arg1 metabolism 376:385 intrinsic oxidative metabolism 356:385 intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria 356:401 It is unclear if aerobic exercise stimulates intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria or varies between substrates. 34127633 7 35 theme reactive 1181:1188 arg1 species 1197:1203 reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2) 1181:1219 reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2) 1181:1219 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 4 36 dep METHODS 433:439 arg1 studied 444:450 studied 444:450 studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 444:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 0 37 theme Cycling 94:100 arg1 h 80:80 1 h 78:80 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults 78:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 6 38 theme separate 916:923 arg1 protocols 935:943 separate titration protocols 916:943 separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked) 916:1057 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 6 39 dep lipid 949:953 arg1 palmitoylcarnitine 956:973 palmitoylcarnitine 956:973 palmitoylcarnitine 956:973 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 6 39 dep lipid 949:953 arg1 N-linked 1029:1036 N-linked 1029:1036 N-linked 1029:1036 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 6 39 dep lipid 949:953 arg1 glutamate-malate 1011:1026 glutamate-malate 1011:1026 glutamate-malate 1011:1026 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 0 40 theme Sedentary 105:113 arg1 Adults 115:120 Sedentary Adults 105:120 Sedentary Adults 105:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 11 41 dep increased 1672:1680 arg1 P 1698:1698 P = 0.06 1698:1705 P = 0.06 1698:1705 Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. 34127633 0 42 theme Muscle 52:57 arg1 Mitochondria 59:70 Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria 34:70 Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria 34:70 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 6 43 dep palmitoylcarnitine 956:973 arg1 F-linked 976:983 F-linked 976:983 F-linked 976:983 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 8 44 theme methylation 1343:1353 arg1 site 1355:1358 inhibitory methylation site 1332:1358 inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β 1332:1367 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 0 45 theme Substrate-Specific 0:17 arg1 Respiration 19:29 Substrate-Specific Respiration 0:29 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults 0:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 0 46 from Cycling 94:100 arg1 Adults 115:120 Sedentary Adults 105:120 Sedentary Adults 105:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 9 47 dep % 1582:1582 arg1 P 1585:1585 P = 0.08 1585:1592 P = 0.08 1585:1592 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 4 48 theme mean 573:576 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 9 49 dep % 1510:1510 arg1 P 1513:1513 P = 0.08 1513:1520 P = 0.08 1513:1520 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 7 50 theme leak 1132:1135 arg1 respiration 1137:1147 leak respiration 1132:1147 leak respiration 1132:1147 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 9 51 from increases 1410:1418 arg1 respiration 1437:1447 mitochondrial respiration 1423:1447 mitochondrial respiration 1423:1447 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 4 52 theme mass 654:657 arg1 index 659:663 body mass index 649:663 body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 649:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 53 theme SD 580:581 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 7 54 dep species 1197:1203 arg1 H2O2 1215:1218 H2O2 1215:1218 H2O2 1215:1218 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 7 54 dep species 1197:1203 arg1 emission 1205:1212 emission 1205:1212 reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2) 1181:1219 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 0 55 theme Skeletal 43:50 arg1 Mitochondria 59:70 Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria 34:70 Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria 34:70 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 4 56 theme major 543:547 arg1 conditions 557:566 major medical conditions 543:566 major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 543:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 5 57 theme study 754:758 arg1 days 760:763 separate study days 745:763 separate study days 745:763 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 4 58 theme conditions 557:566 arg1 free 535:538 free 535:538 free 535:538 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 1 59 theme aerobic 235:241 arg1 exercise 243:250 aerobic exercise 235:250 aerobic exercise 235:250 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 9 60 theme = 1545:1545 arg1 P 1543:1543 P = 0.09 1543:1550 P = 0.09 1543:1550 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 4 61 theme body 649:652 arg1 index 659:663 body mass index 649:663 body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 649:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 62 theme yr 597:598 arg1 index 659:663 body mass index 649:663 body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 649:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 62 theme yr 597:598 arg1 capacity 614:621 peak aerobic capacity 601:621 peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1 601:642 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 62 theme yr 597:598 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 1 63 theme oxidative 188:196 arg1 metabolism 198:207 oxidative metabolism 188:207 oxidative metabolism 188:207 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 9 64 theme RESULTS 1370:1376 arg1 exercise 1386:1393 RESULTS Aerobic exercise 1370:1393 RESULTS Aerobic exercise 1370:1393 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 4 65 theme peak 601:604 arg1 capacity 614:621 peak aerobic capacity 601:621 peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1 601:642 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 5 66 theme vastus 718:723 arg1 lateralis 725:733 the vastus lateralis 714:733 the vastus lateralis muscle 714:740 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 7 67 theme Titration 1060:1068 arg1 protocols 1070:1078 Titration protocols 1060:1078 Titration protocols 1060:1078 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 10 68 theme Prior 1596:1600 arg1 exercise 1602:1609 Prior exercise 1596:1609 Prior exercise 1596:1609 Prior exercise did not change P:O ratio. 34127633 8 69 from site 1355:1358 arg1 ETF-β 1363:1367 ETF-β 1363:1367 ETF-β 1363:1367 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 13 70 theme modest 1971:1976 arg1 increases 1978:1986 modest increases 1971:1986 modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates 1971:2087 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 9 71 theme modest 1403:1408 arg1 increases 1410:1418 modest increases 1403:1418 modest increases in mitochondrial respiration 1403:1447 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 12 72 theme methylation 1813:1823 arg1 different 1842:1850 different 1842:1850 different 1842:1850 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 12 72 theme methylation 1813:1823 arg1 abundance 1763:1771 The protein abundance 1751:1771 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β 1751:1832 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 4 73 theme mitochondrial 452:464 arg1 metabolism 466:475 mitochondrial metabolism 452:475 mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 452:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 5 74 theme % 816:816 arg1 capacity 831:838 65% peak aerobic capacity 814:838 65% peak aerobic capacity 814:838 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 4 75 theme ± 593:593 arg1 yr 597:598 28 ± 7 yr 590:598 28 ± 7 yr 590:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 0 76 theme Mitochondria 59:70 arg1 Respiration 19:29 Substrate-Specific Respiration 0:29 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults 0:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 4 77 theme 0.4 632:634 arg1 ± 630:630 ± 630:630 ± 630:630 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 7 78 theme oxygen 1190:1195 arg1 species 1197:1203 reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2) 1181:1219 reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2) 1181:1219 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 5 79 theme h 801:801 arg1 cycling 803:809 1 h cycling 799:809 1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity 799:838 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 12 80 theme ETF-β 1785:1789 arg1 subunit 1791:1797 ETF-α or ETF-β subunit 1776:1797 ETF-α or ETF-β subunit 1776:1797 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 6 81 theme high-resolution 884:898 arg1 respirometry 900:911 high-resolution respirometry 884:911 high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked) 884:1057 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 9 82 theme = 1587:1587 arg1 P 1585:1585 P = 0.08 1585:1592 P = 0.08 1585:1592 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 4 83 theme female 499:504 arg1 n 514:514 n = 11F/4M 514:523 n = 11F/4M 514:523 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 83 theme female 499:504 arg1 adults 506:511 sedentary male and female adults 480:511 sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 480:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 9 84 theme = 1515:1515 arg1 P 1513:1513 P = 0.08 1513:1520 P = 0.08 1513:1520 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 8 85 theme Western 1222:1228 arg1 blotting 1230:1237 Western blotting 1222:1237 Western blotting 1222:1237 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 13 86 theme moderate-intensity 1936:1953 arg1 cycling 1955:1961 moderate-intensity cycling 1936:1961 moderate-intensity cycling 1936:1961 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 2 87 theme Specific 253:260 arg1 complexes 262:270 Specific complexes 253:270 Specific complexes 253:270 Specific complexes oxidize lipid and nonlipid substrates. 34127633 9 88 theme coupled 1470:1476 arg1 respiration 1478:1488 increased coupled respiration 1460:1488 increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08) 1460:1593 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 0 89 from h 80:80 arg1 Adults 115:120 Sedentary Adults 105:120 Sedentary Adults 105:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 4 90 theme 2.0 626:628 arg1 ± 630:630 ± 630:630 ± 630:630 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 5 91 theme aerobic 823:829 arg1 capacity 831:838 65% peak aerobic capacity 814:838 65% peak aerobic capacity 814:838 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 12 92 theme ETF-α 1776:1780 arg1 subunit 1791:1797 ETF-α or ETF-β subunit 1776:1797 ETF-α or ETF-β subunit 1776:1797 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 3 93 theme aerobic 328:334 arg1 exercise 336:343 aerobic exercise 328:343 aerobic exercise 328:343 It is unclear if aerobic exercise stimulates intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria or varies between substrates. 34127633 0 94 from Adults 115:120 arg1 h 80:80 1 h 78:80 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults 78:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 8 95 theme protein 1254:1260 arg1 abundance 1262:1270 the protein abundance 1250:1270 the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β 1250:1367 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 1 96 theme Skeletal 136:143 arg1 mitochondria 152:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria 123:163 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 4 97 theme male 490:493 arg1 n 514:514 n = 11F/4M 514:523 n = 11F/4M 514:523 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 97 theme male 490:493 arg1 adults 506:511 sedentary male and female adults 480:511 sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 480:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 8 98 theme subunits 1312:1319 arg1 abundance 1262:1270 the protein abundance 1250:1270 the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β 1250:1367 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 4 99 theme 2 675:675 arg1 ± 673:673 ± 673:673 ± 673:673 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 7 100 theme species 1197:1203 arg1 measurement 1166:1176 the measurement 1162:1176 the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2) 1162:1219 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 3 101 theme oxidative 366:374 arg1 metabolism 376:385 intrinsic oxidative metabolism 356:385 intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria 356:401 It is unclear if aerobic exercise stimulates intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria or varies between substrates. 34127633 8 102 theme transfer 1284:1291 arg1 flavoprotein 1293:1304 electron transfer flavoprotein 1275:1304 electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits 1275:1319 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 8 102 theme transfer 1284:1291 arg1 ETF 1307:1309 ETF 1307:1309 ETF 1307:1309 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 0 103 theme Moderate 85:92 arg1 Cycling 94:100 Moderate Cycling 85:100 Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults 85:120 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 1 104 theme dynamic 170:176 arg1 shifts 178:183 dynamic shifts 170:183 dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism 170:207 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 11 105 theme Electron 1637:1644 arg1 leak 1646:1649 Electron leak 1637:1649 Electron leak to H2O2 1637:1657 Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. 34127633 11 106 dep increased 1659:1667 arg1 increased 1672:1680 increased 1672:1680 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid 1659:1748 Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. 34127633 12 107 theme protein 1755:1761 arg1 different 1842:1850 different 1842:1850 different 1842:1850 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 12 107 theme protein 1755:1761 arg1 abundance 1763:1771 The protein abundance 1751:1771 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β 1751:1832 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 1 108 from shifts 178:183 arg1 metabolism 198:207 oxidative metabolism 188:207 oxidative metabolism 188:207 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 6 109 theme titration 925:933 arg1 protocols 935:943 separate titration protocols 916:943 separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked) 916:1057 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 4 110 theme = 516:516 arg1 n 514:514 n = 11F/4M 514:523 n = 11F/4M 514:523 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 4 110 theme = 516:516 arg1 adults 506:511 sedentary male and female adults 480:511 sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 480:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 9 111 theme increased 1460:1468 arg1 respiration 1478:1488 increased coupled respiration 1460:1488 increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08) 1460:1593 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 13 112 theme oxidative 2016:2024 arg1 phosphorylation 2026:2040 intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 1992:2040 intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 1992:2040 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 4 113 theme ± 578:578 arg1 age 583:585 mean ± SD age 573:585 mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr 573:598 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 8 114 theme inhibitory 1332:1341 arg1 site 1355:1358 inhibitory methylation site 1332:1358 inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β 1332:1367 Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β. 34127633 0 115 theme Isolated 34:41 arg1 Mitochondria 59:70 Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria 34:70 Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria 34:70 Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults. 34127633 5 116 from capacity 831:838 arg1 cycling 803:809 1 h cycling 799:809 1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity 799:838 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 6 117 theme nonlipid 990:997 arg1 substrates 999:1008 lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates 949:1008 substrates 999:1008 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 13 118 dep CONCLUSION 1885:1894 arg1 adults 1909:1914 sedentary adults 1899:1914 sedentary adults 1899:1914 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 6 119 dep glutamate-malate 1011:1026 arg1 S-linked 1049:1056 S-linked 1049:1056 S-linked 1049:1056 Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). 34127633 7 120 theme oxidative 1102:1110 arg1 phosphorylation 1112:1126 oxidative phosphorylation 1102:1126 oxidative phosphorylation 1102:1126 Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). 34127633 4 121 theme medical 549:555 arg1 conditions 557:566 major medical conditions 543:566 major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2 543:682 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 5 122 theme separate 745:752 arg1 days 760:763 separate study days 745:763 separate study days 745:763 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 11 123 theme = 1700:1700 arg1 P 1698:1698 P = 0.06 1698:1705 P = 0.06 1698:1705 Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. 34127633 13 124 theme multiple 2069:2076 arg1 substrates 2078:2087 multiple substrates 2069:2087 multiple substrates 2069:2087 CONCLUSION In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates. 34127633 9 125 theme mitochondrial 1423:1435 arg1 respiration 1437:1447 mitochondrial respiration 1423:1447 mitochondrial respiration 1423:1447 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 34127633 5 126 dep exercise 789:796 arg1 cycling 803:809 1 h cycling 799:809 1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity 799:838 Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). 34127633 1 127 theme exercise 243:250 arg1 demands 224:230 energy demands 217:230 energy demands of aerobic exercise 217:250 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. 34127633 12 128 from abundance 1763:1771 arg1 ETF-β 1828:1832 ETF-β 1828:1832 ETF-β 1828:1832 The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise. 34127633 4 129 theme aerobic 606:612 arg1 capacity 614:621 peak aerobic capacity 601:621 peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1 601:642 METHODS We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. 34127633 11 130 theme lipid 1712:1716 arg1 substrates 1718:1727 lipid substrates 1712:1727 lipid substrates 1712:1727 Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. 34127633 9 131 theme Aerobic 1378:1384 arg1 exercise 1386:1393 RESULTS Aerobic exercise 1370:1393 RESULTS Aerobic exercise 1370:1393 RESULTS Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). 31919391 0 0 theme Michael 102:108 arg1 addition 110:117 Michael addition 102:117 Michael addition 102:117 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 4 1 theme N-linked 1021:1028 arg1 glycopeptides 1030:1042 393 N-linked glycopeptides 1017:1042 393 N-linked glycopeptides 1017:1042 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 2 theme glycosylation 1094:1106 arg1 sites 1108:1112 458 glycosylation sites 1090:1112 458 glycosylation sites 1090:1112 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 1 3 theme N-glycoproteome 287:301 arg1 profiling 303:311 N-glycoproteome profiling 287:311 N-glycoproteome profiling 287:311 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples is crucial to N-glycoproteome profiling. 31919391 5 4 theme surface 1179:1185 arg1 materials 1208:1216 the surface functionalized novel materials 1175:1216 the surface functionalized novel materials 1175:1216 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 5 5 theme functionalized 1187:1200 arg1 materials 1208:1216 the surface functionalized novel materials 1175:1216 the surface functionalized novel materials 1175:1216 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 1 6 theme methods 190:196 arg1 crucial 276:282 crucial 276:282 crucial 276:282 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples is crucial to N-glycoproteome profiling. 31919391 1 6 theme methods 190:196 arg1 development 175:185 The development 171:185 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples 171:271 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples is crucial to N-glycoproteome profiling. 31919391 5 7 theme novel 1202:1206 arg1 materials 1208:1216 the surface functionalized novel materials 1175:1216 the surface functionalized novel materials 1175:1216 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 1 8 gly N-glycopeptides 221:235 arg2 N-glycopeptides 221:235 N-glycopeptides 221:235 N-glycopeptides 221:235 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples is crucial to N-glycoproteome profiling. 31919391 4 9 theme PDA-Chitosan 864:875 arg1 nanocomposites 877:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 2 10 theme chitosan-functionalized 338:360 arg1 nanocomposites 380:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites 322:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) 322:428 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 2 11 theme hydrophilic 326:336 arg1 nanocomposites 380:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites 322:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) 322:428 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 3 12 theme @ 560:560 arg1 nanocomposites 574:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 548:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 548:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 13 theme PDA-Chitosan 561:572 arg1 nanocomposites 574:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 548:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 548:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 14 theme low 622:624 arg1 limit 636:640 low detection limit 622:640 low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1) 622:656 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 14 theme low 622:624 arg1 repeatability 785:797 good repeatability 780:797 good repeatability (4 times) 780:807 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 14 theme low 622:624 arg1 capacity 823:830 high binding capacity 810:830 high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1) 810:842 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 14 theme low 622:624 arg1 selectivity 664:674 good selectivity 659:674 good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1) 659:777 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 14 theme low 622:624 arg1 fmol·μL-1 647:655 0.4 fmol·μL-1 643:655 0.4 fmol·μL-1 643:655 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 0 15 theme selective 123:131 arg1 enrichment 133:142 selective enrichment 123:142 selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 123:168 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 3 16 from ration 763:768 arg1 mixture 677:683 mixture 677:683 mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 677:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 16 from ration 763:768 arg1 digests 744:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests 688:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 688:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 17 theme detection 626:634 arg1 limit 636:640 low detection limit 622:640 low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1) 622:656 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 17 theme detection 626:634 arg1 repeatability 785:797 good repeatability 780:797 good repeatability (4 times) 780:807 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 17 theme detection 626:634 arg1 capacity 823:830 high binding capacity 810:830 high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1) 810:842 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 17 theme detection 626:634 arg1 selectivity 664:674 good selectivity 659:674 good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1) 659:777 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 17 theme detection 626:634 arg1 fmol·μL-1 647:655 0.4 fmol·μL-1 643:655 0.4 fmol·μL-1 643:655 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 0 18 link N-linked 147:154 arg1 glycopeptides 156:168 N-linked glycopeptides 147:168 N-linked glycopeptides 147:168 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 3 19 dep selectivity 664:674 arg1 mixture 677:683 mixture 677:683 mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 677:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 2 20 theme Michael 529:535 arg1 addition 537:544 Michael addition 529:544 Michael addition 529:544 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 3 21 theme good 780:783 arg1 limit 636:640 low detection limit 622:640 low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1) 622:656 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 21 theme good 780:783 arg1 repeatability 785:797 good repeatability 780:797 good repeatability (4 times) 780:807 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 21 theme good 780:783 arg1 times 802:806 4 times 800:806 4 times 800:806 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 5 22 theme feasible 1153:1160 arg1 strategy 1162:1169 a feasible strategy 1151:1169 a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides 1151:1264 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 0 23 theme Facile 0:5 arg1 synthesis 7:15 Facile synthesis 0:15 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene 0:48 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 4 24 from digest 1005:1010 arg1 glycopeptides 936:948 glycopeptides 936:948 glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 936:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 25 theme different 1062:1070 arg1 glycoproteins 1072:1084 195 different glycoproteins 1058:1084 195 different glycoproteins 1058:1084 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 3 26 theme tryptic 736:742 arg1 digests 744:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests 688:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 688:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 0 27 theme hydrophilic 20:30 arg1 graphene 41:48 hydrophilic magnetic graphene 20:48 hydrophilic magnetic graphene 20:48 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 0 28 theme N-linked 147:154 arg1 glycopeptides 156:168 N-linked glycopeptides 147:168 N-linked glycopeptides 147:168 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 4 29 theme @ 863:863 arg1 nanocomposites 877:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 2 30 theme graphene 371:378 arg1 nanocomposites 380:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites 322:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) 322:428 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 2 31 theme dopamine 496:503 arg1 self-polymerization 505:523 dopamine self-polymerization 496:523 dopamine self-polymerization 496:523 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 5 32 theme N-glycopeptides 1250:1264 arg1 isolation 1222:1230 isolation 1222:1230 isolation 1222:1230 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 5 32 theme N-glycopeptides 1250:1264 arg1 enrichment 1236:1245 enrichment 1236:1245 enrichment 1236:1245 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 4 33 theme cell 977:980 arg1 digest 1005:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 3 34 theme peroxidase 725:734 arg1 digests 744:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests 688:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 688:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 2 35 theme magnetic 362:369 arg1 nanocomposites 380:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites 322:393 the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) 322:428 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 4 36 dep cell 977:980 arg1 200 μg 989:994 200 μg 989:994 200 μg 989:994 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 36 dep cell 977:980 arg1 HRMC 983:986 HRMC 983:986 HRMC 983:986 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 0 37 theme graphene 41:48 arg1 synthesis 7:15 Facile synthesis 0:15 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene 0:48 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 1 38 theme complex 246:252 arg1 samples 265:271 the complex biological samples 242:271 the complex biological samples 242:271 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples is crucial to N-glycoproteome profiling. 31919391 4 39 theme Fe3O4-GO 855:862 arg1 nanocomposites 877:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 3 40 from mixture 677:683 arg1 ration 763:768 a molar ration 755:768 a molar ration of 10:1 755:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 2 41 theme two-step 473:480 arg1 modification 482:493 a simple two-step modification 464:493 a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition) 464:545 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 0 42 theme magnetic 32:39 arg1 graphene 41:48 hydrophilic magnetic graphene 20:48 hydrophilic magnetic graphene 20:48 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 0 43 theme glycopeptides 156:168 arg1 enrichment 133:142 selective enrichment 123:142 selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 123:168 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 4 44 gly glycoproteins 1072:1084 arg1 glycoproteins 1072:1084 195 different glycoproteins 1058:1084 195 different glycoproteins 1058:1084 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 1 45 theme biological 254:263 arg1 samples 265:271 the complex biological samples 242:271 the complex biological samples 242:271 The development of methods to effectively capture N-glycopeptides from the complex biological samples is crucial to N-glycoproteome profiling. 31919391 4 46 used utilized 905:912 arg2 nanocomposites 877:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 855:890 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 47 theme human 955:959 arg1 digest 1005:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 3 48 theme horseradish 713:723 arg1 peroxidase 725:734 horseradish peroxidase 713:734 horseradish peroxidase 713:734 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 49 theme good 659:662 arg1 limit 636:640 low detection limit 622:640 low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1) 622:656 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 49 theme good 659:662 arg1 selectivity 664:674 good selectivity 659:674 good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1) 659:777 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 4 50 gly glycopeptides 936:948 arg2 glycopeptides 936:948 glycopeptides 936:948 glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 936:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 50 gly glycopeptides 936:948 arg1 digest 1005:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 2 51 theme @ 415:415 arg1 PDA-Chitosan 416:427 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan 407:427 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan 407:427 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 3 52 theme high 810:813 arg1 limit 636:640 low detection limit 622:640 low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1) 622:656 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 52 theme high 810:813 arg1 75 mg·g-1 833:841 75 mg·g-1 833:841 75 mg·g-1 833:841 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 52 theme high 810:813 arg1 capacity 823:830 high binding capacity 810:830 high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1) 810:842 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 4 53 link N-linked 1021:1028 arg1 glycopeptides 1030:1042 393 N-linked glycopeptides 1017:1042 393 N-linked glycopeptides 1017:1042 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 54 gly glycosylation 1094:1106 arg2 458 1090:1092 458 1090:1092 458 1090:1092 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 54 gly glycosylation 1094:1106 arg2 sites 1108:1112 458 glycosylation sites 1090:1112 458 glycosylation sites 1090:1112 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 2 55 dep modification 482:493 arg1 self-polymerization 505:523 dopamine self-polymerization 496:523 dopamine self-polymerization 496:523 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 2 55 dep modification 482:493 arg1 addition 537:544 Michael addition 529:544 Michael addition 529:544 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 3 56 theme good 599:602 arg1 performances 604:615 good performances 599:615 good performances 599:615 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 2 57 theme Fe3O4-GO 407:414 arg1 PDA-Chitosan 416:427 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan 407:427 Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan 407:427 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 3 58 theme binding 815:821 arg1 limit 636:640 low detection limit 622:640 low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1) 622:656 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 58 theme binding 815:821 arg1 75 mg·g-1 833:841 75 mg·g-1 833:841 75 mg·g-1 833:841 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 58 theme binding 815:821 arg1 capacity 823:830 high binding capacity 810:830 high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1) 810:842 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 4 59 theme mesangial 967:975 arg1 cell 977:980 renal mesangial cell 961:980 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 3 60 theme molar 757:761 arg1 ration 763:768 a molar ration 755:768 a molar ration of 10:1 755:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 61 theme serum 695:699 arg1 albumin 701:707 bovine serum albumin 688:707 bovine serum albumin 688:707 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 5 62 gly N-glycopeptides 1250:1264 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1250:1264 N-glycopeptides 1250:1264 N-glycopeptides 1250:1264 This study provides a feasible strategy for the surface functionalized novel materials for isolation and enrichment of N-glycopeptides. 31919391 0 63 gly glycopeptides 156:168 arg2 glycopeptides 156:168 N-linked glycopeptides 147:168 N-linked glycopeptides 147:168 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 4 64 gly glycopeptides 1030:1042 arg2 glycopeptides 1030:1042 393 N-linked glycopeptides 1017:1042 393 N-linked glycopeptides 1017:1042 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 4 65 theme renal 961:965 arg1 cell 977:980 renal mesangial cell 961:980 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 31919391 3 66 theme digests 744:750 arg1 mixture 677:683 mixture 677:683 mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 677:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 67 theme albumin 701:707 arg1 digests 744:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests 688:750 bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1 688:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 2 68 dep nanocomposites 380:393 arg1 denoted 396:402 denoted 396:402 denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan 396:427 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 3 69 theme Fe3O4-GO 552:559 arg1 nanocomposites 574:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 548:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites 548:587 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 2 70 theme simple 466:471 arg1 modification 482:493 a simple two-step modification 464:493 a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition) 464:545 Herein, the hydrophilic chitosan-functionalized magnetic graphene nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan) were designed and synthesized via a simple two-step modification (dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition). 31919391 0 71 theme dopamine 69:76 arg1 self-polymerization 78:96 dopamine self-polymerization 69:96 dopamine self-polymerization 69:96 Facile synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic graphene nanocomposites via dopamine self-polymerization and Michael addition for selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 31919391 3 72 theme 10:1 773:776 arg1 ration 763:768 a molar ration 755:768 a molar ration of 10:1 755:776 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 3 73 theme bovine 688:693 arg1 albumin 701:707 bovine serum albumin 688:707 bovine serum albumin 688:707 The Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites exhibited good performances with low detection limit (0.4 fmol·μL-1), good selectivity (mixture of bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase tryptic digests at a molar ration of 10:1), good repeatability (4 times), high binding capacity (75 mg·g-1). 31919391 4 74 theme tryptic 997:1003 arg1 digest 1005:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest 955:1010 Moreover, Fe3O4-GO@PDA-Chitosan nanocomposites were further utilized to selectively enrich glycopeptides from human renal mesangial cell (HRMC, 200 μg) tryptic digest, and 393 N-linked glycopeptides, representing 195 different glycoproteins and 458 glycosylation sites were identified. 34478712 11 0 link N-linked 1931:1938 arg1 glycans 1940:1946 N-linked glycans 1931:1946 N-linked glycans 1931:1946 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 10 1 theme product 1715:1721 arg1 unprecedented 1726:1738 unprecedented 1726:1738 unprecedented 1726:1738 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 10 1 theme product 1715:1721 arg1 specificity 1676:1686 the β1-6 specificity 1667:1686 the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product 1667:1721 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 11 2 theme N-linked 1931:1938 arg1 glycans 1940:1946 N-linked glycans 1931:1946 N-linked glycans 1931:1946 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 6 3 dep ricin 1099:1103 arg1 mAb139 1131:1136 mAb139 1131:1136 mAb139 1131:1136 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 6 3 dep ricin 1099:1103 arg1 mAbCB1 1142:1147 mAbCB1 1142:1147 mAbCB1 1142:1147 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 1 4 from extensions 276:285 arg1 anchors 350:356 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 315:356 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 315:356 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 1 4 from extensions 276:285 arg1 glycans 303:309 the N-linked glycans 290:309 the N-linked glycans 290:309 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 6 5 theme monoclonal 1109:1118 arg1 antibodies 1120:1129 the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies 1088:1129 antibodies 1120:1129 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 10 6 theme BSF 1607:1609 arg1 N-glycan 1611:1618 BSF N-glycan 1607:1618 BSF N-glycan 1607:1618 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 10 7 theme TbGT10 1597:1602 arg1 role 1589:1592 The dual role 1580:1592 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1580:1649 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 10 7 theme TbGT10 1597:1602 arg1 notable 1654:1660 notable 1654:1660 notable 1654:1660 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 11 8 theme I-branching 1807:1817 arg1 EC 1827:1828 EC 2.4.1.150 1827:1838 EC 2.4.1.150 1827:1838 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 8 theme I-branching 1807:1817 arg1 enzyme 1819:1824 higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme 1790:1824 higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150) 1790:1839 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 4 9 theme TbGT10 886:891 arg1 nonessentiality 867:881 nonessentiality 867:881 nonessentiality of TbGT10 867:891 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 10 10 theme GPI-glycan 1628:1637 arg1 elaboration 1639:1649 PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1624:1649 PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1624:1649 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 7 11 theme poly-N-acetyllactosamine 1280:1303 arg1 repeats 1305:1311 (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1257:1311 (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1257:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 3 12 theme GT67 569:572 arg1 family 594:599 the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 549:599 the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 549:599 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 5 13 theme BSF 984:986 arg1 parasites 996:1004 BSF and PCF parasites 984:1004 BSF and PCF parasites 984:1004 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 11 14 theme novel 1955:1959 arg1 example 1961:1967 a novel example 1953:1967 a novel example of convergent evolution 1953:1991 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 14 theme novel 1955:1959 arg1 activities 1753:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 5 15 theme PCF 992:994 arg1 parasites 996:1004 BSF and PCF parasites 984:1004 BSF and PCF parasites 984:1004 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 1 16 theme parasite 147:154 arg1 brucei 168:173 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei 143:173 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei 143:173 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 8 17 attach isolated 1377:1384 arg2 glycopeptides 1363:1375 Pronase-digested glycopeptides 1346:1375 Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1346:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 8 17 attach isolated 1377:1384 arg1 parasites 1421:1429 BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1391:1429 BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1391:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 7 18 theme present 1189:1195 arg1 epitope 1181:1187 a carbohydrate epitope 1166:1187 a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1166:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 3 19 theme family 594:599 arg1 gene 649:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 3 19 theme family 594:599 arg1 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 3 19 theme family 594:599 arg1 s 543:543 the function(s) 530:544 the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 530:599 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 4 20 theme BSF-null 665:672 arg1 viable 787:792 viable 787:792 viable 787:792 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 4 20 theme BSF-null 665:672 arg1 mutant 674:679 A BSF-null mutant 663:679 A BSF-null mutant 663:679 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 7 21 theme carbohydrate 1168:1179 arg1 epitope 1181:1187 a carbohydrate epitope 1166:1187 a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1166:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 8 22 theme Methylation 1314:1324 arg1 analysis 1334:1341 Methylation linkage analysis 1314:1341 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1314:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 4 23 theme diCre/loxP 706:715 arg1 method 717:722 the diCre/loxP method 702:722 the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time 702:754 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 11 24 theme trypanosome 1767:1777 arg1 TbGT10 1779:1784 trypanosome TbGT10 1767:1784 trypanosome TbGT10 1767:1784 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 0 25 theme N-glycan 105:112 arg1 anchor 122:127 N-glycan and GPI anchor modification 105:140 anchor 122:127 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 9 26 theme β1-6 1555:1558 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 1560:1577 a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 1537:1577 a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 1537:1577 These data define TbGT10 as a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase. 34478712 9 26 theme β1-6 1555:1558 arg1 TbGT10 1527:1532 TbGT10 1527:1532 TbGT10 1527:1532 These data define TbGT10 as a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase. 34478712 0 27 theme GPI 118:120 arg1 anchor 122:127 N-glycan and GPI anchor modification 105:140 anchor 122:127 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 4 28 from method 717:722 arg1 T. brucei 727:735 T. brucei 727:735 T. brucei 727:735 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 11 29 dep families 1878:1885 arg1 families 1878:1885 glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14 1858:1899 glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14 1858:1899 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 29 dep families 1878:1885 arg1 GT14 1896:1899 GT14 1896:1899 GT14 1896:1899 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 29 dep families 1878:1885 arg1 GT67 1887:1890 GT67 1887:1890 GT67 1887:1890 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 6 30 gly glycoprotein 1064:1075 arg1 glycoprotein 1064:1075 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding 1052:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1 1052:1147 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 8 31 theme Pronase-digested 1346:1361 arg1 glycopeptides 1363:1375 Pronase-digested glycopeptides 1346:1375 Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1346:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 7 32 theme ≥4 1277:1278 arg1 repeats 1305:1311 (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1257:1311 (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1257:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 11 33 theme convergent 1972:1981 arg1 evolution 1983:1991 convergent evolution 1972:1991 convergent evolution 1972:1991 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 1 34 theme carbohydrate 263:274 arg1 extensions 276:285 large carbohydrate extensions 257:285 large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 257:356 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 7 35 gly glycoprotein 1210:1221 arg1 glycoprotein 1210:1221 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 1200:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1200:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 7 36 theme -6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1- 1258:1275 arg1 repeats 1305:1311 (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1257:1311 (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1257:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 3 37 theme β3GT 631:634 arg1 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 3 37 theme β3GT 631:634 arg1 gene 649:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 4 38 theme fitness 766:772 arg1 cost 774:777 a fitness cost 764:777 a fitness cost 764:777 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 10 39 theme β1-6 1671:1674 arg1 unprecedented 1726:1738 unprecedented 1726:1738 unprecedented 1726:1738 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 10 39 theme β1-6 1671:1674 arg1 specificity 1676:1686 the β1-6 specificity 1667:1686 the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product 1667:1721 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 0 40 theme glycosyltransferase 24:42 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 76:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 69:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification 69:140 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 0 40 theme glycosyltransferase 24:42 arg1 gene 56:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 5 41 theme side 969:972 arg1 chains 974:979 side chains 969:979 side chains 969:979 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 3 42 theme glycosyltransferase 610:628 arg1 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 3 42 theme glycosyltransferase 610:628 arg1 gene 649:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 10 43 theme gene 1710:1713 arg1 product 1715:1721 a β3GT superfamily gene product 1691:1721 a β3GT superfamily gene product 1691:1721 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 8 44 gly glycopeptides 1363:1375 arg2 glycopeptides 1363:1375 Pronase-digested glycopeptides 1346:1375 Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1346:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 11 45 theme evolution 1983:1991 arg1 example 1961:1967 a novel example 1953:1967 a novel example of convergent evolution 1953:1991 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 45 theme evolution 1983:1991 arg1 activities 1753:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 8 46 theme null 1416:1419 arg1 parasites 1421:1429 BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1391:1429 BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1391:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 10 47 theme β3GT 1693:1696 arg1 product 1715:1721 a β3GT superfamily gene product 1691:1721 a β3GT superfamily gene product 1691:1721 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 5 48 theme N-glycans 944:952 arg1 anchor 962:967 GPI anchor 958:967 GPI anchor 958:967 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 5 48 theme N-glycans 944:952 arg1 elaboration 929:939 the elaboration 925:939 the elaboration of N-glycans 925:952 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 6 49 theme glycoprotein 1064:1075 arg1 binding 1077:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding 1052:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1 1052:1147 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 3 50 theme superfamily 637:647 arg1 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 3 50 theme superfamily 637:647 arg1 gene 649:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 5 51 theme GPI 958:960 arg1 anchor 962:967 GPI anchor 958:967 GPI anchor 958:967 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 6 52 theme reduced 1052:1058 arg1 binding 1077:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding 1052:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1 1052:1147 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 7 53 theme lysosomal 1200:1208 arg1 p67 1223:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 1200:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1200:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 10 54 theme dual 1584:1587 arg1 role 1589:1592 The dual role 1580:1592 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1580:1649 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 10 54 theme dual 1584:1587 arg1 notable 1654:1660 notable 1654:1660 notable 1654:1660 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 11 55 theme glycosyltransferase 1858:1876 arg1 families 1878:1885 glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14 1858:1899 glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14 1858:1899 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 55 theme glycosyltransferase 1858:1876 arg1 GT14 1896:1899 GT14 1896:1899 GT14 1896:1899 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 55 theme glycosyltransferase 1858:1876 arg1 GT67 1887:1890 GT67 1887:1890 GT67 1887:1890 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 1 56 theme N-linked 294:301 arg1 glycans 303:309 the N-linked glycans 290:309 the N-linked glycans 290:309 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 1 57 theme bloodstream 192:202 arg1 BSF 210:212 BSF 210:212 BSF 210:212 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 1 57 theme bloodstream 192:202 arg1 form 204:207 a bloodstream form 190:207 a bloodstream form (BSF) 190:213 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 3 58 theme function 534:541 arg1 s 543:543 the function(s) 530:544 the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 530:599 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 5 59 theme TbGT10 909:914 arg1 absence 898:904 The absence 894:904 The absence of TbGT10 894:914 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 6 60 theme lectin 1092:1097 arg1 ricin 1099:1103 the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies 1088:1129 ricin 1099:1103 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 11 61 theme enzyme 1819:1824 arg1 activities 1753:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 61 theme enzyme 1819:1824 arg1 example 1961:1967 a novel example 1953:1967 a novel example of convergent evolution 1953:1991 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 3 62 theme uncharacterized 553:567 arg1 family 594:599 the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 549:599 the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 549:599 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 8 63 theme 6-O-substituted- 1453:1468 arg1 residues 1499:1506 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues 1453:1506 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues 1453:1506 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 10 64 theme PCF 1624:1626 arg1 elaboration 1639:1649 PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1624:1649 PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1624:1649 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 8 65 theme 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal 1474:1497 arg1 residues 1499:1506 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues 1453:1506 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues 1453:1506 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 5 66 dep elaboration 929:939 arg1 chains 974:979 side chains 969:979 side chains 969:979 The absence of TbGT10 impaired the elaboration of N-glycans and GPI anchor side chains in BSF and PCF parasites, respectively. 34478712 0 67 dep anchor 122:127 arg1 modification 129:140 modification 129:140 modification 129:140 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 7 68 attach present 1189:1195 arg2 epitope 1181:1187 a carbohydrate epitope 1166:1187 a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1166:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 7 68 attach present 1189:1195 arg1 p67 1223:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 1200:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1200:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 34478712 0 69 theme β1-6 71:74 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 76:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 69:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification 69:140 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 0 69 theme β1-6 71:74 arg1 gene 56:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 3 70 theme glycosyltransferase 574:592 arg1 family 594:599 the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 549:599 the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family 549:599 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 1 71 theme Trypanosoma 156:166 arg1 brucei 168:173 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei 143:173 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei 143:173 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 11 72 theme similar 1745:1751 arg1 activities 1753:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 72 theme similar 1745:1751 arg1 example 1961:1967 a novel example 1953:1967 a novel example of convergent evolution 1953:1991 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 8 73 from reduction 1440:1448 arg1 residues 1499:1506 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues 1453:1506 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues 1453:1506 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 1 74 theme glycosylphosphatidylinositol 315:342 arg1 anchors 350:356 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 315:356 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 315:356 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 9 75 theme UDP-GlcNAc 1539:1548 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 1560:1577 a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 1537:1577 a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 1537:1577 These data define TbGT10 as a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase. 34478712 9 75 theme UDP-GlcNAc 1539:1548 arg1 TbGT10 1527:1532 TbGT10 1527:1532 TbGT10 1527:1532 These data define TbGT10 as a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase. 34478712 11 76 theme higher-eukaryote 1790:1805 arg1 EC 1827:1828 EC 2.4.1.150 1827:1838 EC 2.4.1.150 1827:1838 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 76 theme higher-eukaryote 1790:1805 arg1 enzyme 1819:1824 higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme 1790:1824 higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150) 1790:1839 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 1 77 theme GPI 345:347 arg1 anchors 350:356 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 315:356 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 315:356 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 9 78 theme βGal 1550:1553 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 1560:1577 a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 1537:1577 a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 1537:1577 These data define TbGT10 as a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase. 34478712 9 78 theme βGal 1550:1553 arg1 TbGT10 1527:1532 TbGT10 1527:1532 TbGT10 1527:1532 These data define TbGT10 as a UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase. 34478712 11 79 theme TbGT10 1779:1784 arg1 activities 1753:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities 1741:1762 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 11 79 theme TbGT10 1779:1784 arg1 example 1961:1967 a novel example 1953:1967 a novel example of convergent evolution 1953:1991 The similar activities of trypanosome TbGT10 and higher-eukaryote I-branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.150), which belong to glycosyltransferase families GT67 and GT14, respectively, in elaborating N-linked glycans, are a novel example of convergent evolution. 34478712 6 80 theme Glycosylation 1021:1033 arg1 defects 1035:1041 Glycosylation defects 1021:1041 Glycosylation defects 1021:1041 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 8 81 theme linkage 1326:1332 arg1 analysis 1334:1341 Methylation linkage analysis 1314:1341 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1314:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 2 82 theme glycosyltransferase 435:453 arg1 activities 460:469 at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities 423:469 at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities 423:469 The parasite's glycoconjugate repertoire suggests at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities, 16 of which are currently uncharacterized. 34478712 0 83 theme β3 21:22 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 76:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 69:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification 69:140 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 0 83 theme β3 21:22 arg1 gene 56:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 1 84 theme large 257:261 arg1 extensions 276:285 large carbohydrate extensions 257:285 large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors 257:356 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 8 85 theme glycopeptides 1363:1375 arg1 analysis 1334:1341 Methylation linkage analysis 1314:1341 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1314:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 6 86 theme BSF 1060:1062 arg1 binding 1077:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding 1052:1083 reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1 1052:1147 Glycosylation defects included reduced BSF glycoprotein binding to the lectin ricin and monoclonal antibodies mAb139 and mAbCB1. 34478712 0 87 theme superfamily 44:54 arg1 GlcNAc-transferase 76:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase 69:93 a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification 69:140 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 0 87 theme superfamily 44:54 arg1 gene 56:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene 0:59 A Trypanosoma brucei β3 glycosyltransferase superfamily gene encodes a β1-6 GlcNAc-transferase mediating N-glycan and GPI anchor modification. 34478712 2 88 theme activities 460:469 arg1 16 472:473 16 472:473 16 472:473 The parasite's glycoconjugate repertoire suggests at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities, 16 of which are currently uncharacterized. 34478712 2 88 theme activities 460:469 arg1 activities 460:469 at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities 423:469 at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities 423:469 The parasite's glycoconjugate repertoire suggests at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities, 16 of which are currently uncharacterized. 34478712 3 89 theme β3 607:608 arg1 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 TbGT10 655:660 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 3 89 theme β3 607:608 arg1 gene 649:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene 605:652 Here, we probe the function(s) of the uncharacterized GT67 glycosyltransferase family and a β3 glycosyltransferase (β3GT) superfamily gene, TbGT10. 34478712 1 90 link N-linked 294:301 arg1 glycans 303:309 the N-linked glycans 290:309 the N-linked glycans 290:309 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 2 91 theme glycoconjugate 388:401 arg1 repertoire 403:412 The parasite's glycoconjugate repertoire 373:412 The parasite's glycoconjugate repertoire 373:412 The parasite's glycoconjugate repertoire suggests at least 38 glycosyltransferase (GT) activities, 16 of which are currently uncharacterized. 34478712 8 92 theme wild-type 1395:1403 arg1 parasites 1421:1429 BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1391:1429 BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites 1391:1429 Methylation linkage analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides isolated from BSF wild-type and TbGT10 null parasites showed a reduction in 6-O-substituted- and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Gal residues. 34478712 10 93 theme superfamily 1698:1708 arg1 product 1715:1721 a β3GT superfamily gene product 1691:1721 a β3GT superfamily gene product 1691:1721 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 4 94 theme first 745:749 arg1 time 751:754 the first time 741:754 the first time 741:754 A BSF-null mutant, created by applying the diCre/loxP method in T. brucei for the first time, showed a fitness cost but was viable in vitro and in vivo and could differentiate into the PCF, demonstrating nonessentiality of TbGT10. 34478712 1 95 theme procyclic 221:229 arg1 form 231:234 a procyclic form 219:234 a procyclic form (PCF) 219:240 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 1 95 theme procyclic 221:229 arg1 PCF 237:239 PCF 237:239 PCF 237:239 The parasite Trypanosoma brucei exists in both a bloodstream form (BSF) and a procyclic form (PCF), which exhibit large carbohydrate extensions on the N-linked glycans and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, respectively. 34478712 10 96 from role 1589:1592 arg1 N-glycan 1611:1618 BSF N-glycan 1607:1618 BSF N-glycan 1607:1618 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 10 96 from role 1589:1592 arg1 elaboration 1639:1649 PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1624:1649 PCF GPI-glycan elaboration 1624:1649 The dual role of TbGT10 in BSF N-glycan and PCF GPI-glycan elaboration is notable, and the β1-6 specificity of a β3GT superfamily gene product is unprecedented. 34478712 7 97 theme glycoprotein 1210:1221 arg1 p67 1223:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 1200:1225 lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1200:1311 The latter bind a carbohydrate epitope present on lysosomal glycoprotein p67 that we show here consists of (-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-)≥4 poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats. 33409271 9 0 theme fusion 1279:1284 arg1 soluble 1298:1304 soluble 1298:1304 soluble 1298:1304 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 9 0 theme fusion 1279:1284 arg1 protein 1286:1292 The fusion protein 1275:1292 The fusion protein 1275:1292 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 11 1 theme human 1569:1573 arg1 enzyme 1598:1603 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 1569:1605 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 1569:1612 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 1 theme human 1569:1573 arg1 ACE2 1608:1611 ACE2 1608:1611 ACE2 1608:1611 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 1 theme human 1569:1573 arg1 receptor 1619:1626 the receptor 1615:1626 the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD 1615:1654 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 3 2 theme N-linked 511:518 arg1 glycosylations 520:533 N-linked glycosylations 511:533 N-linked glycosylations 511:533 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 4 3 theme yellow 668:673 arg1 YFP 696:698 YFP 696:698 YFP 696:698 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 4 3 theme yellow 668:673 arg1 protein 687:693 yellow fluorescent protein 668:693 yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD 668:727 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 12 4 theme immunization 1964:1975 arg1 studies 1977:1983 immunization studies 1964:1983 immunization studies 1964:1983 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 2 5 theme virus 262:266 arg1 proteins 268:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 5 6 theme interferon 800:809 arg1 peptide 834:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 6 theme interferon 800:809 arg1 eYFP 846:849 an eYFP 843:849 an eYFP 843:849 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 2 7 theme related 303:309 arg1 research 294:301 research 294:301 research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action 294:410 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 1 8 theme ongoing 177:183 arg1 pandemic 227:234 the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic 158:234 pandemic 227:234 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 8 9 theme Ni-NTA 1133:1138 arg1 purification 1193:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 10 10 theme N-linked 1473:1480 arg1 glycosylations 1482:1495 N-linked glycosylations 1473:1495 N-linked glycosylations 1473:1495 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 5 11 theme spike 943:947 arg1 protein 949:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 1 12 theme worldwide 186:194 arg1 COVID-19 217:224 COVID-19 217:224 COVID-19 217:224 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 1 12 theme worldwide 186:194 arg1 disease 208:214 worldwide coronavirus disease 186:214 worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 186:225 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 1 13 dep pandemic 227:234 arg1 COVID-19 217:224 COVID-19 217:224 COVID-19 217:224 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 1 13 dep pandemic 227:234 arg1 disease 208:214 worldwide coronavirus disease 186:214 worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 186:225 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 8 14 theme metal 1152:1156 arg1 chromatography 1171:1184 metal ion affinity chromatography 1152:1184 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 8 14 theme metal 1152:1156 arg1 IMAC 1187:1190 IMAC 1187:1190 IMAC 1187:1190 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 11 15 theme YFP-fused 1692:1700 arg1 RBD 1708:1710 the YFP-fused spike RBD 1688:1710 the YFP-fused spike RBD 1688:1710 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 9 16 theme size-exclusion 1340:1353 arg1 SEC 1371:1373 SEC 1371:1373 SEC 1371:1373 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 9 16 theme size-exclusion 1340:1353 arg1 chromatography 1355:1368 size-exclusion chromatography 1340:1368 size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) 1340:1374 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 12 17 theme fusion 1813:1818 arg1 protein 1820:1826 the fusion protein 1809:1826 the fusion protein 1809:1826 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 8 18 theme affinity 1162:1169 arg1 chromatography 1171:1184 metal ion affinity chromatography 1152:1184 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 8 18 theme affinity 1162:1169 arg1 IMAC 1187:1190 IMAC 1187:1190 IMAC 1187:1190 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 10 19 theme secreted 1504:1511 arg1 protein 1513:1519 the secreted protein 1500:1519 the secreted protein 1500:1519 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 12 20 from cells 1931:1935 arg1 use 1942:1944 the use 1938:1944 the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 1938:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 20 from cells 1931:1935 arg1 cells 1855:1859 cells 1855:1859 cells 1855:1859 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 20 from cells 1931:1935 arg1 labeling 1886:1893 fluorescent labeling 1874:1893 fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells 1874:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 4 21 theme protein 687:693 arg1 purification 652:663 purification 652:663 purification 652:663 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 4 21 theme protein 687:693 arg1 expression 637:646 expression 637:646 expression 637:646 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 11 22 theme 2019-nCoV 1636:1644 arg1 RBD 1652:1654 the 2019-nCoV spike RBD 1632:1654 the 2019-nCoV spike RBD 1632:1654 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 2 23 theme quality 242:248 arg1 proteins 268:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 12 24 from sites 1922:1926 arg1 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 25 theme potential 1898:1906 arg1 sites 1922:1926 potential virus-binding sites 1898:1926 potential virus-binding sites on cells 1898:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 11 26 theme YFP 1754:1756 arg1 removal 1743:1749 removal 1743:1749 removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage 1743:1780 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 7 27 theme adherent 1094:1101 arg1 cells 1103:1107 adherent cells 1094:1107 adherent cells 1094:1107 Following expansion of the cells, the fusion protein was secreted from adherent cells into serum-free medium. 33409271 9 28 theme negative 1380:1387 arg1 microscopy 1407:1416 negative staining electron microscopy 1380:1416 negative staining electron microscopy 1380:1416 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 12 29 theme sites 1922:1926 arg1 use 1942:1944 the use 1938:1944 the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 1938:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 29 theme sites 1922:1926 arg1 cells 1855:1859 cells 1855:1859 cells 1855:1859 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 29 theme sites 1922:1926 arg1 labeling 1886:1893 fluorescent labeling 1874:1893 fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells 1874:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 0 30 theme YFP-Tagged 60:69 arg1 Construct 111:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 5 31 theme signal 827:832 arg1 peptide 834:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 31 theme signal 827:832 arg1 eYFP 846:849 an eYFP 843:849 an eYFP 843:849 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 4 32 theme spike 719:723 arg1 RBD 725:727 2019-nCoV spike RBD 709:727 2019-nCoV spike RBD 709:727 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 0 33 theme Spike 81:85 arg1 Construct 111:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 5 34 theme C-terminal 963:972 arg1 His-tag 977:983 a C-terminal 8x His-tag 961:983 a C-terminal 8x His-tag 961:983 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 35 theme human 866:870 arg1 HRV3C 896:900 HRV3C 896:900 HRV3C 896:900 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 35 theme human 866:870 arg1 protease 886:893 a human rhinovirus 3C protease 864:893 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 8 36 theme chromatography 1171:1184 arg1 purification 1193:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 8 37 theme protein 1228:1234 arg1 purity 1236:1241 very high protein purity 1218:1241 very high protein purity 1218:1241 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 2 38 theme general 374:380 arg1 understanding 382:394 the general understanding 370:394 the general understanding of virus action 370:410 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 0 39 theme Domain 104:109 arg1 Construct 111:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 5 40 theme 3C 883:884 arg1 HRV3C 896:900 HRV3C 896:900 HRV3C 896:900 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 40 theme 3C 883:884 arg1 protease 886:893 a human rhinovirus 3C protease 864:893 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 11 41 theme angiotensin-converting 1575:1596 arg1 enzyme 1598:1603 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 1569:1605 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 1569:1612 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 41 theme angiotensin-converting 1575:1596 arg1 ACE2 1608:1611 ACE2 1608:1611 ACE2 1608:1611 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 41 theme angiotensin-converting 1575:1596 arg1 receptor 1619:1626 the receptor 1615:1626 the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD 1615:1654 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 7 42 theme cells 1050:1054 arg1 expansion 1033:1041 expansion 1033:1041 expansion of the cells 1033:1054 Following expansion of the cells, the fusion protein was secreted from adherent cells into serum-free medium. 33409271 12 43 theme assays 2056:2061 arg1 development 2006:2016 the development 2002:2016 the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2002:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 2 44 theme action 405:410 arg1 understanding 382:394 the general understanding 370:394 the general understanding of virus action 370:410 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 5 45 theme pcDNA 764:768 arg1 4/TO 770:773 the vector pcDNA 4/TO 753:773 the vector pcDNA 4/TO 753:773 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 12 46 from studies 1844:1850 arg1 use 1942:1944 the use 1938:1944 the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 1938:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 46 from studies 1844:1850 arg1 cells 1855:1859 cells 1855:1859 cells 1855:1859 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 12 46 from studies 1844:1850 arg1 labeling 1886:1893 fluorescent labeling 1874:1893 fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells 1874:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 11 47 theme proteolytic 1761:1771 arg1 cleavage 1773:1780 proteolytic cleavage 1761:1780 proteolytic cleavage 1761:1780 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 5 48 theme N-terminal 789:798 arg1 peptide 834:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 48 theme N-terminal 789:798 arg1 eYFP 846:849 an eYFP 843:849 an eYFP 843:849 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 49 theme fusion 734:739 arg1 protein 741:747 The fusion protein 730:747 The fusion protein 730:747 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 12 50 theme novel 2021:2025 arg1 assays 2056:2061 novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2021:2061 novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2021:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 3 51 theme spike 464:468 arg1 protein 474:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 11 52 theme Complex 1522:1528 arg1 formation 1530:1538 Complex formation 1522:1538 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, 1522:1655 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 3 53 theme protein 474:480 arg1 RBD 442:444 RBD 442:444 RBD 442:444 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 53 theme protein 474:480 arg1 domain 434:439 The receptor-binding domain 413:439 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 413:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 53 theme protein 474:480 arg1 protein 474:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 12 54 from labeling 1886:1893 arg1 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 4 55 dep construct 606:614 arg1 a 604:604 a 604:604 a 604:604 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 11 56 theme peptidase 1549:1557 arg1 enzyme 1598:1603 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 1569:1605 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 1569:1612 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 56 theme peptidase 1549:1557 arg1 domain 1559:1564 the peptidase domain 1545:1564 the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, 1545:1655 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 2 57 theme improved 346:353 arg1 assays 355:360 improved assays 346:360 improved assays 346:360 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 12 58 theme fluorescent 1874:1884 arg1 labeling 1886:1893 fluorescent labeling 1874:1893 fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells 1874:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 10 59 link N-linked 1473:1480 arg1 glycosylations 1482:1495 N-linked glycosylations 1473:1495 N-linked glycosylations 1473:1495 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 10 60 attach presence 1461:1468 arg1 protein 1513:1519 the secreted protein 1500:1519 the secreted protein 1500:1519 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 10 60 attach presence 1461:1468 arg2 glycosylations 1482:1495 N-linked glycosylations 1473:1495 N-linked glycosylations 1473:1495 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 2 61 theme vaccines 333:340 arg1 development 318:328 the development 314:328 the development of vaccines and improved assays 314:360 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 3 62 theme disulfide 491:499 arg1 bonds 501:505 disulfide bonds 491:505 disulfide bonds 491:505 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 1 63 theme serious 162:168 arg1 pandemic 227:234 the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic 158:234 pandemic 227:234 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 12 64 from cells 1855:1859 arg1 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 5 65 theme alpha 811:815 arg1 peptide 834:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 65 theme alpha 811:815 arg1 eYFP 846:849 an eYFP 843:849 an eYFP 843:849 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 10 66 theme glycosylations 1482:1495 arg1 presence 1461:1468 the presence 1457:1468 the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein 1457:1519 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 12 67 theme binding 1836:1842 arg1 studies 1844:1850 binding studies 1836:1850 binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 1836:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 9 68 theme electron 1398:1405 arg1 microscopy 1407:1416 negative staining electron microscopy 1380:1416 negative staining electron microscopy 1380:1416 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 3 69 theme S 471:471 arg1 protein 474:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 RBD 922:924 the RBD 918:924 the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein 918:955 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 eYFP 846:849 an eYFP 843:849 an eYFP 843:849 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 His-tag 977:983 a C-terminal 8x His-tag 961:983 a C-terminal 8x His-tag 961:983 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 site 912:915 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 FLAG-tag 854:861 a FLAG-tag 852:861 a FLAG-tag 852:861 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 protein 949:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 70 theme protein 949:955 arg1 peptide 834:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide 786:840 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 1 71 theme coronavirus 196:206 arg1 COVID-19 217:224 COVID-19 217:224 COVID-19 217:224 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 1 71 theme coronavirus 196:206 arg1 disease 208:214 worldwide coronavirus disease 186:214 worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 186:225 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 8 72 theme immobilized 1140:1150 arg1 purification 1193:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 7 73 theme fusion 1061:1066 arg1 protein 1068:1074 the fusion protein 1057:1074 the fusion protein 1057:1074 Following expansion of the cells, the fusion protein was secreted from adherent cells into serum-free medium. 33409271 8 74 theme ion 1158:1160 arg1 chromatography 1171:1184 metal ion affinity chromatography 1152:1184 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification 1133:1204 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 8 74 theme ion 1158:1160 arg1 IMAC 1187:1190 IMAC 1187:1190 IMAC 1187:1190 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 2 75 theme recombinant 250:260 arg1 proteins 268:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 4 76 theme fluorescent 675:685 arg1 YFP 696:698 YFP 696:698 YFP 696:698 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 4 76 theme fluorescent 675:685 arg1 protein 687:693 yellow fluorescent protein 668:693 yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD 668:727 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 11 77 theme spike 1646:1650 arg1 RBD 1652:1654 the 2019-nCoV spike RBD 1632:1654 the 2019-nCoV spike RBD 1632:1654 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 5 78 theme 2019-nCoV 933:941 arg1 protein 949:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 2 79 theme High 237:240 arg1 proteins 268:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins 237:275 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 1 80 theme causative 139:147 arg1 agent 149:153 the causative agent 135:153 the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic 135:234 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 1 80 theme causative 139:147 arg1 2019-nCoV 122:130 2019-nCoV 122:130 2019-nCoV 122:130 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 0 81 theme 2019-nCoV 71:79 arg1 Construct 111:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 9 82 theme staining 1389:1396 arg1 microscopy 1407:1416 negative staining electron microscopy 1380:1416 negative staining electron microscopy 1380:1416 The fusion protein was soluble and monodisperse, as confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and negative staining electron microscopy. 33409271 3 83 contain contains 482:489 arg1 RBD 442:444 RBD 442:444 RBD 442:444 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 83 contain contains 482:489 arg1 domain 434:439 The receptor-binding domain 413:439 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 413:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 83 contain contains 482:489 arg1 protein 474:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 83 contain contains 482:489 arg2 glycosylations 520:533 N-linked glycosylations 511:533 N-linked glycosylations 511:533 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 83 contain contains 482:489 arg2 bonds 501:505 disulfide bonds 491:505 disulfide bonds 491:505 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 12 84 theme virus-binding 1908:1920 arg1 sites 1922:1926 potential virus-binding sites 1898:1926 potential virus-binding sites on cells 1898:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 0 85 theme Receptor-Binding 87:102 arg1 Construct 111:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct 58:119 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 12 86 theme Possible 1783:1790 arg1 applications 1792:1803 Possible applications 1783:1803 Possible applications for the fusion protein 1783:1826 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 4 87 theme 2019-nCoV 709:717 arg1 RBD 725:727 2019-nCoV spike RBD 709:727 2019-nCoV spike RBD 709:727 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 0 88 theme Construct 111:119 arg1 Expression 8:17 Expression 8:17 Expression 8:17 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 0 88 theme Construct 111:119 arg1 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 0 88 theme Construct 111:119 arg1 Purification 20:31 Purification 20:31 Purification 20:31 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 0 88 theme Construct 111:119 arg1 Characterization 38:53 Characterization 38:53 Characterization 38:53 Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a YFP-Tagged 2019-nCoV Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Construct. 33409271 5 89 theme 8x 974:975 arg1 His-tag 977:983 a C-terminal 8x His-tag 961:983 a C-terminal 8x His-tag 961:983 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 90 theme rhinovirus 872:881 arg1 HRV3C 896:900 HRV3C 896:900 HRV3C 896:900 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 90 theme rhinovirus 872:881 arg1 protease 886:893 a human rhinovirus 3C protease 864:893 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 3 91 link N-linked 511:518 arg1 glycosylations 520:533 N-linked glycosylations 511:533 N-linked glycosylations 511:533 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 8 92 theme high 1223:1226 arg1 purity 1236:1241 very high protein purity 1218:1241 very high protein purity 1218:1241 Ni-NTA immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification resulted in very high protein purity, based on analysis by SDS-PAGE. 33409271 12 93 theme virus- 2027:2032 arg1 assays 2056:2061 novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2021:2061 novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2021:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 5 94 theme vector 757:762 arg1 4/TO 770:773 the vector pcDNA 4/TO 753:773 the vector pcDNA 4/TO 753:773 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 12 95 from use 1942:1944 arg1 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 cells 1931:1935 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 4 96 dep expression 637:646 arg1 the 633:635 the 633:635 the 633:635 Here, we describe a construct and protocol for the expression and purification of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) labeled 2019-nCoV spike RBD. 33409271 12 97 theme antibody-detection 2037:2054 arg1 assays 2056:2061 novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2021:2061 novel virus- or antibody-detection assays 2021:2061 Possible applications for the fusion protein include binding studies on cells or in vitro, fluorescent labeling of potential virus-binding sites on cells, the use as an antigen for immunization studies or as a tool for the development of novel virus- or antibody-detection assays. 33409271 2 98 theme virus 399:403 arg1 action 405:410 virus action 399:410 virus action 399:410 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 5 99 theme cleavage 903:910 arg1 site 912:915 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 99 theme cleavage 903:910 arg1 protein 949:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 3 100 theme receptor-binding 417:432 arg1 RBD 442:444 RBD 442:444 RBD 442:444 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 100 theme receptor-binding 417:432 arg1 domain 434:439 The receptor-binding domain 413:439 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 413:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 3 100 theme receptor-binding 417:432 arg1 protein 474:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 11 101 theme enzyme 1598:1603 arg1 enzyme 1598:1603 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 1569:1605 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 1569:1612 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 101 theme enzyme 1598:1603 arg1 domain 1559:1564 the peptidase domain 1545:1564 the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, 1545:1655 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 102 theme spike 1702:1706 arg1 RBD 1708:1710 the YFP-fused spike RBD 1688:1710 the YFP-fused spike RBD 1688:1710 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 6 103 theme HEK 1008:1010 arg1 cells 1016:1020 HEK 293 cells 1008:1020 HEK 293 cells 1008:1020 We stably transfected HEK 293 cells. 33409271 11 104 theme spike 1720:1724 arg1 RBD 1726:1728 spike RBD 1720:1728 spike RBD alone 1720:1734 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 5 105 theme protease 886:893 arg1 site 912:915 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site 864:915 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 5 105 theme protease 886:893 arg1 protein 949:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 the 2019-nCoV spike protein 929:955 The fusion protein, in the vector pcDNA 4/TO, comprises an N-terminal interferon alpha 2 (IFNα2) signal peptide, an eYFP, a FLAG-tag, a human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) cleavage site, the RBD of the 2019-nCoV spike protein and a C-terminal 8x His-tag. 33409271 3 106 theme 2019-nCoV 454:462 arg1 protein 474:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein 450:480 The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the 2019-nCoV spike (S) protein contains disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylations, therefore, it is typically produced by secretion. 33409271 10 107 from presence 1461:1468 arg1 protein 1513:1519 the secreted protein 1500:1519 the secreted protein 1500:1519 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 7 108 theme serum-free 1114:1123 arg1 medium 1125:1130 serum-free medium 1114:1130 serum-free medium 1114:1130 Following expansion of the cells, the fusion protein was secreted from adherent cells into serum-free medium. 33409271 10 109 theme Deglycosylation 1419:1433 arg1 experiments 1435:1445 Deglycosylation experiments 1419:1445 Deglycosylation experiments 1419:1445 Deglycosylation experiments confirmed the presence of N-linked glycosylations in the secreted protein. 33409271 2 110 theme assays 355:360 arg1 development 318:328 the development 314:328 the development of vaccines and improved assays 314:360 High quality recombinant virus proteins are required for research related to the development of vaccines and improved assays, and to the general understanding of virus action. 33409271 11 111 with formation 1530:1538 arg1 enzyme 1598:1603 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 1569:1605 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 1569:1612 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 11 111 with formation 1530:1538 arg1 domain 1559:1564 the peptidase domain 1545:1564 the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, 1545:1655 Complex formation with the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for the 2019-nCoV spike RBD, was confirmed by SEC, both for the YFP-fused spike RBD and for spike RBD alone, after removal of YFP by proteolytic cleavage. 33409271 1 112 theme pandemic 227:234 arg1 agent 149:153 the causative agent 135:153 the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic 135:234 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 33409271 1 112 theme pandemic 227:234 arg1 2019-nCoV 122:130 2019-nCoV 122:130 2019-nCoV 122:130 2019-nCoV is the causative agent of the serious, still ongoing, worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 34839131 0 0 theme 6-O 61:63 arg1 phosphodiester 72:85 6-O linked phosphodiester 61:85 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose 61:110 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 0 theme 6-O 61:63 arg1 2-O 56:58 a 2-O 54:58 a 2-O 54:58 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 7 1 theme Agrobacterium 1139:1151 arg1 strains 1128:1134 certain strains 1120:1134 certain strains of Agrobacterium 1120:1151 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 0 2 link linked 65:70 arg1 phosphodiester 72:85 6-O linked phosphodiester 61:85 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose 61:110 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 2 link linked 65:70 arg1 2-O 56:58 a 2-O 54:58 a 2-O 54:58 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 4 3 attach linked 463:468 arg1 moiety 516:521 the glucose moiety 504:521 the glucose moiety of sucrose 504:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 4 3 attach linked 463:468 arg1 group 495:499 the C6-hydroxy-methyl group 473:499 the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose 473:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 4 3 attach linked 463:468 arg2 glucose-2-phosphodiester 438:461 a glucose-2-phosphodiester 436:461 a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose 436:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 7 4 theme aldehyde 883:890 arg1 forms 892:896 the open chain aldehyde forms 868:896 the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 868:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 3 5 dep Helianthus 355:364 arg1 L. 373:374 Helianthus annuus L. 355:374 Helianthus annuus L. 355:374 from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) galls. 34839131 1 6 theme small 133:137 arg1 molecule 139:146 a small molecule 131:146 a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 131:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 6 theme small 133:137 arg1 C 126:126 Agrocinopine C 113:126 Agrocinopine C 113:126 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 7 theme tumour-inducing 237:251 arg1 Bo542 265:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 2 8 theme phosphodiester 277:290 arg1 opine 292:296 This phosphodiester opine 272:296 This phosphodiester opine 272:296 This phosphodiester opine was isolated (at 0.02 g/100 g fresh wt.) 34839131 6 9 theme C 721:721 arg1 complexity 694:703 five-fold anomeric complexity 675:703 five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C 675:721 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 1 10 theme plasmid 253:259 arg1 Bo542 265:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 0 11 theme linked 65:70 arg1 phosphodiester 72:85 6-O linked phosphodiester 61:85 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose 61:110 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 11 theme linked 65:70 arg1 2-O 56:58 a 2-O 54:58 a 2-O 54:58 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 7 12 theme agrocinopine 948:959 arg1 A 961:961 agrocinopine A 948:961 agrocinopine A 948:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 12 theme agrocinopine 948:959 arg1 opines 922:927 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 6 13 theme agrocinopine 708:719 arg1 C 721:721 agrocinopine C 708:721 agrocinopine C 708:721 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 1 14 theme pTi 261:263 arg1 Bo542 265:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 0 15 theme D-Glucose 90:98 arg1 phosphodiester 72:85 6-O linked phosphodiester 61:85 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose 61:110 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 15 theme D-Glucose 90:98 arg1 2-O 56:58 a 2-O 54:58 a 2-O 54:58 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 7 16 theme certain 1120:1126 arg1 strains 1128:1134 certain strains 1120:1134 certain strains of Agrobacterium 1120:1151 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 17 theme selective 1098:1106 arg1 toxicity 1108:1115 agrocin's selective toxicity 1088:1115 agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases 1088:1197 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 6 18 theme anomeric 685:692 arg1 complexity 694:703 five-fold anomeric complexity 675:703 five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C 675:721 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 0 19 theme Agrocinopine 0:11 arg1 enzyme-product 35:48 a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product 16:48 a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product 16:48 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 19 theme Agrocinopine 0:11 arg1 C 13:13 Agrocinopine C 0:13 Agrocinopine C 0:13 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 19 theme Agrocinopine 0:11 arg1 2-O 56:58 a 2-O 54:58 a 2-O 54:58 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 5 20 theme plant 570:574 arg1 tissues 576:582 plant tissues 570:582 plant tissues 570:582 Sugar-2-phosphates are uncommon in plant tissues, whether transformed by Agrobacterium or not. 34839131 6 21 theme five-fold 675:683 arg1 complexity 694:703 five-fold anomeric complexity 675:703 five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C 675:721 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 1 22 theme crown 157:161 arg1 tumours 168:174 crown gall tumours 157:174 crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 157:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 4 23 theme sucrose 526:532 arg1 moiety 516:521 the glucose moiety 504:521 the glucose moiety of sucrose 504:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 0 24 theme sucrose 104:110 arg1 phosphodiester 72:85 6-O linked phosphodiester 61:85 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose 61:110 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 24 theme sucrose 104:110 arg1 2-O 56:58 a 2-O 54:58 a 2-O 54:58 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 7 25 theme agrocinopine 929:940 arg1 C 942:942 agrocinopine C 929:942 agrocinopine C 929:942 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 25 theme agrocinopine 929:940 arg1 opines 922:927 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 1 26 theme gall 163:166 arg1 tumours 168:174 crown gall tumours 157:174 crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 157:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 27 located found 148:152 arg1 tumours 168:174 crown gall tumours 157:174 crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 157:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 27 located found 148:152 arg2 C 126:126 Agrocinopine C 113:126 Agrocinopine C 113:126 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 27 located found 148:152 arg2 molecule 139:146 a small molecule 131:146 a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 131:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 2 28 dep isolated 302:309 arg1 wt 334:335 fresh wt 328:335 at 0.02 g/100 g fresh wt. 312:336 This phosphodiester opine was isolated (at 0.02 g/100 g fresh wt.) 34839131 7 29 dep opines 922:927 arg1 C 942:942 agrocinopine C 929:942 agrocinopine C 929:942 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 29 dep opines 922:927 arg1 A 961:961 agrocinopine A 948:961 agrocinopine A 948:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 29 dep opines 922:927 arg1 opines 922:927 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 30 theme Ti 1170:1171 arg1 permeases 1189:1197 Ti plasmid-encoded permeases 1170:1197 Ti plasmid-encoded permeases 1170:1197 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 5 31 from tissues 576:582 arg1 uncommon 558:565 uncommon 558:565 uncommon 558:565 Sugar-2-phosphates are uncommon in plant tissues, whether transformed by Agrobacterium or not. 34839131 4 32 theme agrocinopine 414:425 arg1 A 427:427 agrocinopine A 414:427 agrocinopine A 414:427 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 1 33 contain carrying 224:231 arg1 radiobacter 212:222 pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter 187:222 pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 187:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 33 contain carrying 224:231 arg2 Bo542 265:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 233:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 6 34 theme signal 645:650 arg1 multiplicity 652:663 signal multiplicity 645:663 signal multiplicity 645:663 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 0 35 theme Ti-plasmid-coded 18:33 arg1 enzyme-product 35:48 a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product 16:48 a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product 16:48 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 0 35 theme Ti-plasmid-coded 18:33 arg1 C 13:13 Agrocinopine C 0:13 Agrocinopine C 0:13 Agrocinopine C, a Ti-plasmid-coded enzyme-product, is a 2-O, 6-O linked phosphodiester of D-Glucose and sucrose. 34839131 4 36 theme glucose 508:514 arg1 moiety 516:521 the glucose moiety 504:521 the glucose moiety of sucrose 504:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 7 37 theme plasmid-encoded 1173:1187 arg1 permeases 1189:1197 Ti plasmid-encoded permeases 1170:1197 Ti plasmid-encoded permeases 1170:1197 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 38 theme antibiotic 1043:1052 arg1 agrocin 1054:1060 the antibiotic agrocin 84 1039:1063 the antibiotic agrocin 84 1039:1063 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 3 39 from sunflower 344:352 arg1 galls 377:381 from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) galls 339:381 from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) galls 339:381 from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) galls. 34839131 3 39 from sunflower 344:352 arg1 Helianthus 355:364 Helianthus 355:364 Helianthus 355:364 from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) galls. 34839131 7 40 theme agrocin 1054:1060 arg1 component 1026:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component 967:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 967:1063 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 40 theme agrocin 1054:1060 arg1 forms 892:896 the open chain aldehyde forms 868:896 the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 868:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 41 theme phosphorylated 985:998 arg1 component 1026:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component 967:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 967:1063 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 42 theme central 1072:1078 arg1 role 1080:1083 a central role 1070:1083 a central role 1070:1083 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 6 43 theme anomers 840:846 arg1 anomers 840:846 the five anomers 831:846 the five anomers 831:846 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 6 43 theme anomers 840:846 arg1 one 824:826 one 824:826 one 824:826 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 2 44 theme fresh 328:332 arg1 wt 334:335 fresh wt 328:335 at 0.02 g/100 g fresh wt. 312:336 This phosphodiester opine was isolated (at 0.02 g/100 g fresh wt.) 34839131 4 45 theme moiety 516:521 arg1 moiety 516:521 the glucose moiety 504:521 the glucose moiety of sucrose 504:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 4 45 theme moiety 516:521 arg1 group 495:499 the C6-hydroxy-methyl group 473:499 the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose 473:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 5 46 from uncommon 558:565 arg1 tissues 576:582 plant tissues 570:582 plant tissues 570:582 Sugar-2-phosphates are uncommon in plant tissues, whether transformed by Agrobacterium or not. 34839131 6 47 theme 31P 637:639 arg1 NMR 641:643 31P NMR 637:643 31P NMR 637:643 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 1 48 theme pathogenic 187:196 arg1 radiobacter 212:222 pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter 187:222 pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 187:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 7 49 theme glucose-2-phosphoramidate 1000:1024 arg1 component 1026:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component 967:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 967:1063 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 1 50 theme Agrocinopine 113:124 arg1 molecule 139:146 a small molecule 131:146 a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 131:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 50 theme Agrocinopine 113:124 arg1 C 126:126 Agrocinopine C 113:126 Agrocinopine C 113:126 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 1 51 theme Agrobacterium 198:210 arg1 radiobacter 212:222 pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter 187:222 pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542 187:269 Agrocinopine C is a small molecule found in crown gall tumours induced by pathogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter carrying the tumour-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542. 34839131 7 52 theme open 872:875 arg1 forms 892:896 the open chain aldehyde forms 868:896 the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 868:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 6 53 dep 1H 630:631 arg1 multiplicity 652:663 signal multiplicity 645:663 signal multiplicity 645:663 1H and 31P NMR signal multiplicity indicates five-fold anomeric complexity of agrocinopine C in solution, implying that the permeases taking up these sucrose-phosphodiesters could recognise any one of the five anomers. 34839131 7 54 theme 2-phosphorylated 905:920 arg1 C 942:942 agrocinopine C 929:942 agrocinopine C 929:942 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 54 theme 2-phosphorylated 905:920 arg1 A 961:961 agrocinopine A 948:961 agrocinopine A 948:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 54 theme 2-phosphorylated 905:920 arg1 opines 922:927 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 901:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 4 55 theme C6-hydroxy-methyl 477:493 arg1 moiety 516:521 the glucose moiety 504:521 the glucose moiety of sucrose 504:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 4 55 theme C6-hydroxy-methyl 477:493 arg1 group 495:499 the C6-hydroxy-methyl group 473:499 the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose 473:532 It is structurally related to agrocinopine A and is a glucose-2-phosphodiester linked to the C6-hydroxy-methyl group of the glucose moiety of sucrose. 34839131 7 56 theme corresponding 971:983 arg1 component 1026:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component 967:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 967:1063 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 57 theme chain 877:881 arg1 forms 892:896 the open chain aldehyde forms 868:896 the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 868:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 58 theme opines 922:927 arg1 component 1026:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component 967:1034 the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 967:1063 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 34839131 7 58 theme opines 922:927 arg1 forms 892:896 the open chain aldehyde forms 868:896 the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A 868:961 Data suggests that the open chain aldehyde forms of the 2-phosphorylated opines agrocinopine C and agrocinopine A and the corresponding phosphorylated glucose-2-phosphoramidate component of the antibiotic agrocin 84 play a central role in agrocin's selective toxicity to certain strains of Agrobacterium after uptake via Ti plasmid-encoded permeases. 32736841 2 0 from enzyme 388:393 arg1 pathway 415:421 the biosynthesis pathway 398:421 the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid 398:436 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 5 1 theme Mass 866:869 arg1 spectrometry 871:882 Mass spectrometry 866:882 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 2 2 theme pathophysiological 443:460 arg1 pathway 462:468 the pathophysiological pathway 439:468 the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy 439:535 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 2 2 theme pathophysiological 443:460 arg1 unclear 546:552 unclear 546:552 unclear 546:552 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 1 3 theme recessive 156:164 arg1 disorder 180:187 a recessive neuromuscular disorder 154:187 a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology 154:304 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 1 3 theme recessive 156:164 arg1 Myopathy 142:149 GNE Myopathy 138:149 GNE Myopathy 138:149 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 5 4 theme matched 1047:1053 arg1 samples 1063:1069 matched control samples 1047:1069 matched control samples 1047:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 0 5 theme consistent 80:89 arg1 hyposialylation 91:105 consistent hyposialylation 80:105 consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates 80:135 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 3 6 theme disease 651:657 arg1 cause 638:642 the cause 634:642 the cause of the disease 634:657 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 4 7 theme specific 841:848 arg1 glycoconjugate 850:863 a specific glycoconjugate 839:863 a specific glycoconjugate 839:863 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 4 8 theme cultured 794:801 arg1 cells 810:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 5 9 theme N- 975:976 arg1 level 958:962 the sialylation level 942:962 the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples 942:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 2 10 from gene 342:345 arg1 disease 354:360 the disease 350:360 the disease 350:360 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 5 11 theme sialylation 946:956 arg1 level 958:962 the sialylation level 942:962 the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples 942:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 7 12 theme potential 1163:1171 arg1 roles 1184:1188 potential additional roles 1163:1188 potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology 1163:1241 These results suggest potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology. 32736841 6 13 theme consistent 1075:1084 arg1 change 1086:1091 No consistent change 1072:1091 No consistent change in sialylation 1072:1106 No consistent change in sialylation was detected in glycoconjugates. 32736841 4 14 theme distinctive 735:745 arg1 pattern 755:761 a distinctive altered pattern 733:761 a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 733:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 1 15 theme neuromuscular 166:178 arg1 disorder 180:187 a recessive neuromuscular disorder 154:187 a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology 154:304 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 1 15 theme neuromuscular 166:178 arg1 Myopathy 142:149 GNE Myopathy 138:149 GNE Myopathy 138:149 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 2 16 theme GNE 483:485 arg1 mutations 487:495 GNE mutations 483:495 GNE mutations 483:495 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 6 17 located detected 1112:1119 arg1 glycoconjugates 1124:1138 glycoconjugates 1124:1138 glycoconjugates 1124:1138 No consistent change in sialylation was detected in glycoconjugates. 32736841 6 17 located detected 1112:1119 arg2 change 1086:1091 No consistent change 1072:1091 No consistent change in sialylation 1072:1106 No consistent change in sialylation was detected in glycoconjugates. 32736841 4 18 theme muscle 803:808 arg1 cells 810:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 5 19 dep derived 1014:1020 arg1 glycolipid 1003:1012 glycolipid 1003:1012 glycolipid 1003:1012 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 0 20 theme glycomic 4:11 arg1 profile 25:31 The glycomic sialylation profile 0:31 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells 0:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 7 21 theme additional 1173:1182 arg1 roles 1184:1188 potential additional roles 1163:1188 potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology 1163:1241 These results suggest potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology. 32736841 5 22 used utilized 923:930 arg2 methodologies 899:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 23 link O-linked 982:989 arg1 glycans 991:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 1 24 theme typical 281:287 arg1 pathology 296:304 a typical muscle pathology 279:304 a typical muscle pathology 279:304 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 4 25 theme present 690:696 arg1 study 698:702 the present study 686:702 the present study 686:702 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 2 26 theme biosynthesis 402:413 arg1 pathway 415:421 the biosynthesis pathway 398:421 the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid 398:436 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 1 27 theme muscle 289:294 arg1 pathology 296:304 a typical muscle pathology 279:304 a typical muscle pathology 279:304 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 0 28 theme glycoconjugates 121:135 arg1 hyposialylation 91:105 consistent hyposialylation 80:105 consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates 80:135 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 5 29 theme derived 1014:1020 arg1 glycans 1022:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 0 30 gly hyposialylation 91:105 arg1 glycoconjugates 121:135 individual glycoconjugates 110:135 individual glycoconjugates 110:135 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 4 31 theme GNE 781:783 arg1 cells 810:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 1 32 theme adult-onset 206:216 arg1 weakness 265:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 0 33 theme sialylation 13:23 arg1 profile 25:31 The glycomic sialylation profile 0:31 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells 0:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 0 34 theme individual 110:119 arg1 glycoconjugates 121:135 individual glycoconjugates 110:135 individual glycoconjugates 110:135 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 3 35 theme skeletal 615:622 arg1 muscle 624:629 patients' skeletal muscle 605:629 patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease 605:657 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 5 36 theme spectrometry 871:882 arg1 methodologies 899:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 2 37 theme acid 433:436 arg1 pathway 415:421 the biosynthesis pathway 398:421 the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid 398:436 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 0 38 theme GNE 36:38 arg1 cells 56:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 5 39 theme glycomic 890:897 arg1 methodologies 899:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 6 40 from change 1086:1091 arg1 sialylation 1096:1106 sialylation 1096:1106 sialylation 1096:1106 No consistent change in sialylation was detected in glycoconjugates. 32736841 5 41 theme control 1055:1061 arg1 samples 1063:1069 matched control samples 1047:1069 matched control samples 1047:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 3 42 theme obvious 559:565 arg1 hypothesis 567:576 The obvious hypothesis 555:576 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease 555:657 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 3 42 theme obvious 559:565 arg1 controversial 668:680 controversial 668:680 controversial 668:680 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 3 43 from hypothesis 567:576 arg1 muscle 624:629 patients' skeletal muscle 605:629 patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease 605:657 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 2 44 theme key 384:386 arg1 GNE 316:318 GNE 316:318 GNE 316:318 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 2 44 theme key 384:386 arg1 enzyme 388:393 the key enzyme 380:393 the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid 380:436 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 5 45 link derived 1014:1020 arg1 glycans 1022:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 2 46 theme muscle 504:509 arg1 phenotype 511:519 the muscle phenotype 500:519 the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy 500:535 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 5 47 theme glycans 991:997 arg1 level 958:962 the sialylation level 942:962 the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples 942:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 0 48 theme muscle 49:54 arg1 cells 56:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 5 49 from samples 1063:1069 arg1 glycans 1022:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 49 from samples 1063:1069 arg1 level 958:962 the sialylation level 942:962 the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples 942:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 49 from samples 1063:1069 arg1 N- 975:976 protein N- 967:976 protein N- 967:976 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 49 from samples 1063:1069 arg1 glycans 991:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 50 theme O-linked 982:989 arg1 glycans 991:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 0 51 gly sialylation 13:23 arg1 cells 56:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 5 52 theme based 884:888 arg1 methodologies 899:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies 866:911 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 0 53 theme Myopathy 40:47 arg1 cells 56:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 GNE Myopathy muscle cells 36:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 2 54 theme GNE 524:526 arg1 Myopathy 528:535 GNE Myopathy 524:535 GNE Myopathy 524:535 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 2 55 theme sialic 426:431 arg1 acid 433:436 sialic acid 426:436 sialic acid 426:436 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 4 56 theme Myopathy 785:792 arg1 cells 810:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 2 57 theme mutated 334:340 arg1 GNE 316:318 GNE 316:318 GNE 316:318 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 2 57 theme mutated 334:340 arg1 gene 342:345 the mutated gene 330:345 the mutated gene in the disease 330:360 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 4 58 theme sialylation 766:776 arg1 pattern 755:761 a distinctive altered pattern 733:761 a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 733:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 5 59 theme protein 967:973 arg1 N- 975:976 protein N- 967:976 protein N- 967:976 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 3 60 theme sialylation 590:600 arg1 hypothesis 567:576 The obvious hypothesis 555:576 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease 555:657 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 3 60 theme sialylation 590:600 arg1 controversial 668:680 controversial 668:680 controversial 668:680 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 1 61 theme distal 238:243 arg1 weakness 265:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 4 62 theme altered 747:753 arg1 pattern 755:761 a distinctive altered pattern 733:761 a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 733:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 1 63 theme GNE 138:140 arg1 disorder 180:187 a recessive neuromuscular disorder 154:187 a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology 154:304 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 1 63 theme GNE 138:140 arg1 Myopathy 142:149 GNE Myopathy 138:149 GNE Myopathy 138:149 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 5 64 from patient 1035:1041 arg1 glycans 1022:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 glycolipid derived glycans 1003:1028 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 64 from patient 1035:1041 arg1 level 958:962 the sialylation level 942:962 the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples 942:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 64 from patient 1035:1041 arg1 N- 975:976 protein N- 967:976 protein N- 967:976 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 64 from patient 1035:1041 arg1 glycans 991:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 O-linked glycans 982:997 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 1 65 dep adult-onset 206:216 arg1 progressive 226:236 progressive 226:236 progressive 226:236 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 7 66 theme disease 1225:1231 arg1 pathology 1233:1241 the disease pathology 1221:1241 the disease pathology 1221:1241 These results suggest potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology. 32736841 1 67 theme proximal 249:256 arg1 weakness 265:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32736841 0 68 theme cells 56:60 arg1 profile 25:31 The glycomic sialylation profile 0:31 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells 0:60 The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. 32736841 3 69 theme impaired 581:588 arg1 sialylation 590:600 impaired sialylation 581:600 impaired sialylation 581:600 The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. 32736841 4 70 from pattern 755:761 arg1 cells 810:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells 781:814 In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. 32736841 2 71 from phenotype 511:519 arg1 Myopathy 528:535 GNE Myopathy 524:535 GNE Myopathy 524:535 Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. 32736841 5 72 from level 958:962 arg1 patient 1035:1041 patient 1035:1041 patient 1035:1041 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 5 72 from level 958:962 arg1 samples 1063:1069 matched control samples 1047:1069 matched control samples 1047:1069 Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. 32736841 1 73 theme muscle 258:263 arg1 weakness 265:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness 206:272 GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. 32102257 0 0 theme HBV 106:108 arg1 Reactivation 110:121 Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation 81:121 Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation 81:121 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 2 1 theme surface 505:511 arg1 antigen 513:519 HBV surface antigen 501:519 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 501:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 2 1 theme surface 505:511 arg1 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 2 2 from mutations 488:496 arg1 antigen 513:519 HBV surface antigen 501:519 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 501:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 2 2 from mutations 488:496 arg1 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 4 3 from profiles 696:703 arg1 patients 720:727 47 patients 717:727 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation 717:774 In particular, we investigated profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation and we evaluated their impact on HBsAg-antigenicity and HBV-replication in vitro. 32102257 2 4 theme HBV 501:503 arg1 antigen 513:519 HBV surface antigen 501:519 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 501:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 2 4 theme HBV 501:503 arg1 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 2 5 from enrichment 460:469 arg1 antigen 513:519 HBV surface antigen 501:519 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 501:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 2 5 from enrichment 460:469 arg1 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 HBsAg 522:526 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 7 6 theme HBsAg 1141:1145 arg1 region 1131:1136 the major hydrophilic region 1109:1136 the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) 1109:1184 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 4 7 from impact 799:804 arg1 HBV-replication 832:846 HBV-replication 832:846 HBV-replication 832:846 In particular, we investigated profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation and we evaluated their impact on HBsAg-antigenicity and HBV-replication in vitro. 32102257 4 7 from impact 799:804 arg1 HBsAg-antigenicity 809:826 HBsAg-antigenicity 809:826 HBsAg-antigenicity 809:826 In particular, we investigated profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation and we evaluated their impact on HBsAg-antigenicity and HBV-replication in vitro. 32102257 1 8 theme driven 190:195 arg1 -reactivation 220:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation 171:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation 171:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 3 9 from HBsAg 650:654 arg1 acquisition 603:613 the acquisition 599:613 the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 599:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 7 10 theme hydrophilic 1119:1129 arg1 region 1131:1136 the major hydrophilic region 1109:1136 the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) 1109:1184 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 1 11 theme several 276:282 arg1 settings 293:300 several clinical settings 276:300 several clinical settings 276:300 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 5 12 theme patients 946:953 arg1 patients 946:953 patients 946:953 patients 946:953 At HBV-reactivation, despite a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL, 23.4% of patients remained HBsAg-negative. 32102257 5 12 theme patients 946:953 arg1 % 941:941 23.4% 937:941 23.4% of patients 937:953 At HBV-reactivation, despite a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL, 23.4% of patients remained HBsAg-negative. 32102257 9 13 theme HBV-reactivation 1734:1749 arg1 diagnosis 1721:1729 a proper diagnosis 1712:1729 a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation 1712:1749 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 1 14 theme clinical 284:291 arg1 settings 293:300 several clinical settings 276:300 several clinical settings 276:300 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 7 15 from region 1131:1136 arg1 located 1098:1104 located 1098:1104 located 1098:1104 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 3 16 gly glycosylation 627:639 arg2 sites 641:645 N-linked glycosylation sites 618:645 N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 618:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 1 17 theme Hepatitis 197:205 arg1 Virus 209:213 Hepatitis B Virus 197:213 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation 171:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 1 17 theme Hepatitis 197:205 arg1 HBV 216:218 HBV 216:218 HBV 216:218 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 5 18 theme logIU/mL 927:934 arg1 HBV-DNA 902:908 a median serum HBV-DNA 887:908 a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL 887:934 At HBV-reactivation, despite a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL, 23.4% of patients remained HBsAg-negative. 32102257 7 19 theme major 1113:1117 arg1 region 1131:1136 the major hydrophilic region 1109:1136 the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) 1109:1184 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 7 20 theme antibodies 1174:1183 arg1 target 1164:1169 the target 1160:1169 the target of antibodies 1160:1183 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 3 21 from sites 641:645 arg1 NLGSs 657:661 NLGSs 657:661 NLGSs 657:661 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 3 21 from sites 641:645 arg1 HBsAg 650:654 HBsAg 650:654 HBsAg (NLGSs) 650:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 1 22 theme B 207:207 arg1 Virus 209:213 Hepatitis B Virus 197:213 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation 171:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 1 22 theme B 207:207 arg1 HBV 216:218 HBV 216:218 HBV 216:218 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 3 23 link N-linked 618:625 arg1 sites 641:645 N-linked glycosylation sites 618:645 N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 618:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 0 24 theme Immunosuppression-Driven 81:104 arg1 Reactivation 110:121 Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation 81:121 Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation 81:121 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 7 25 theme single 1208:1213 arg1 mutation 1215:1222 the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins 1204:1251 the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins 1204:1251 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 4 26 theme immunosuppression-driven 734:757 arg1 HBV-reactivation 759:774 immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation 734:774 immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation 734:774 In particular, we investigated profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation and we evaluated their impact on HBsAg-antigenicity and HBV-replication in vitro. 32102257 1 27 theme Virus 209:213 arg1 -reactivation 220:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation 171:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation 171:232 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 2 28 with patients 404:411 arg1 HBV-reactivation 418:433 HBV-reactivation 418:433 HBV-reactivation 418:433 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 7 29 from located 1098:1104 arg1 region 1131:1136 the major hydrophilic region 1109:1136 the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) 1109:1184 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 5 30 theme median 889:894 arg1 HBV-DNA 902:908 a median serum HBV-DNA 887:908 a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL 887:934 At HBV-reactivation, despite a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL, 23.4% of patients remained HBsAg-negative. 32102257 1 31 dep driven 190:195 arg1 Immune-suppression 171:188 Immune-suppression 171:188 Immune-suppression 171:188 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 9 32 from role 1648:1651 arg1 immune-escape 1664:1676 immune-escape 1664:1676 immune-escape 1664:1676 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 0 33 theme HBV 25:27 arg1 Antigen 37:43 HBV Surface Antigen 25:43 HBV Surface Antigen 25:43 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 9 34 theme NGSs 1656:1659 arg1 importance 1686:1695 the importance 1682:1695 the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation 1682:1749 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 9 34 theme NGSs 1656:1659 arg1 role 1648:1651 the role 1644:1651 the role of NGSs in immune-escape 1644:1676 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 0 35 theme HBsAg 143:147 arg1 Recognition 149:159 HBsAg Recognition 143:159 HBsAg Recognition 143:159 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 3 36 theme specific 550:557 arg1 mutations 573:581 specific immune-escape mutations 550:581 specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 550:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 7 37 theme triple 1267:1272 arg1 S113N+T131N+M133T 1281:1297 the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T 1263:1297 the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T 1263:1297 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 8 38 theme HBsAg 1331:1335 arg1 properties 1347:1356 HBsAg antigenic properties 1331:1356 HBsAg antigenic properties 1331:1356 In vitro, NLGSs strongly alter HBsAg antigenic properties and recognition by antibodies used in assays for HBsAg-quantification without affecting HBsAg-secretion and other parameters of HBV-replication. 32102257 3 39 theme immune-escape 559:571 arg1 mutations 573:581 specific immune-escape mutations 550:581 specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 550:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 3 40 from acquisition 603:613 arg1 NLGSs 657:661 NLGSs 657:661 NLGSs 657:661 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 3 40 from acquisition 603:613 arg1 HBsAg 650:654 HBsAg 650:654 HBsAg (NLGSs) 650:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 7 41 theme mutant 1274:1279 arg1 S113N+T131N+M133T 1281:1297 the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T 1263:1297 the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T 1263:1297 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 0 42 theme Antigen 37:43 arg1 Hyper-Glycosylation 2:20 A Hyper-Glycosylation 0:20 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen 0:43 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 4 43 theme NLGSs 708:712 arg1 profiles 696:703 profiles 696:703 profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation 696:774 In particular, we investigated profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation and we evaluated their impact on HBsAg-antigenicity and HBV-replication in vitro. 32102257 7 44 dep mutation 1215:1222 arg1 N114ins 1245:1251 N114ins 1245:1251 N114ins 1245:1251 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 7 44 dep mutation 1215:1222 arg1 T123N 1238:1242 T123N 1238:1242 T123N 1238:1242 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 7 44 dep mutation 1215:1222 arg1 T117N 1231:1235 T117N 1231:1235 T117N 1231:1235 These NLGSs are located in the major hydrophilic region of HBsAg (known to be the target of antibodies) and resulted from the single mutation T115N, T117N, T123N, N114ins, and from the triple mutant S113N+T131N+M133T. 32102257 9 45 from importance 1686:1695 arg1 immune-escape 1664:1676 immune-escape 1664:1676 immune-escape 1664:1676 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 2 46 theme mutations 488:496 arg1 enrichment 460:469 an enrichment 457:469 an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 457:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 0 47 theme Surface 29:35 arg1 Antigen 37:43 HBV Surface Antigen 25:43 HBV Surface Antigen 25:43 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 1 48 dep serious 240:246 arg1 concerns 248:255 concerns 248:255 concerns 248:255 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 0 49 gly Hyper-Glycosylation 2:20 arg1 Antigen 37:43 HBV Surface Antigen 25:43 HBV Surface Antigen 25:43 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 6 50 theme p 1070:1070 arg1 NLGSs 1063:1067 >1 additional NLGSs 1049:1067 >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001) 1049:1079 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 6 50 theme p 1070:1070 arg1 < 1072:1072 p < 0.001 1070:1078 p < 0.001 1070:1078 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 2 51 theme immune-escape 474:486 arg1 mutations 488:496 immune-escape mutations 474:496 immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 474:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 1 52 theme severe 320:325 arg1 forms 327:331 severe forms 320:331 severe forms of hepatitis 320:344 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 8 53 theme antigenic 1337:1345 arg1 properties 1347:1356 HBsAg antigenic properties 1331:1356 HBsAg antigenic properties 1331:1356 In vitro, NLGSs strongly alter HBsAg antigenic properties and recognition by antibodies used in assays for HBsAg-quantification without affecting HBsAg-secretion and other parameters of HBV-replication. 32102257 2 54 from antigen 513:519 arg1 enrichment 460:469 an enrichment 457:469 an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) 457:527 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 6 55 from HBV-reactivation 1000:1015 arg1 HBsAg-negativity 980:995 HBsAg-negativity 980:995 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation 980:1015 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 4 56 with patients 720:727 arg1 HBV-reactivation 759:774 immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation 734:774 immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation 734:774 In particular, we investigated profiles of NLGSs in 47 patients with immunosuppression-driven HBV-reactivation and we evaluated their impact on HBsAg-antigenicity and HBV-replication in vitro. 32102257 9 57 theme HBV-DNA 1700:1706 arg1 importance 1686:1695 the importance 1682:1695 the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation 1682:1749 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 9 57 theme HBV-DNA 1700:1706 arg1 role 1648:1651 the role 1644:1651 the role of NGSs in immune-escape 1644:1676 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 2 58 theme Previous 347:354 arg1 studies 356:362 Previous studies 347:362 Previous studies 347:362 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 9 59 theme proper 1714:1719 arg1 diagnosis 1721:1729 a proper diagnosis 1712:1729 a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation 1712:1749 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 8 60 theme other 1466:1470 arg1 parameters 1472:1481 other parameters 1466:1481 other parameters of HBV-replication 1466:1500 In vitro, NLGSs strongly alter HBsAg antigenic properties and recognition by antibodies used in assays for HBsAg-quantification without affecting HBsAg-secretion and other parameters of HBV-replication. 32102257 3 61 theme sites 641:645 arg1 acquisition 603:613 the acquisition 599:613 the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 599:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 8 62 theme HBV-replication 1486:1500 arg1 HBsAg-secretion 1446:1460 HBsAg-secretion 1446:1460 HBsAg-secretion 1446:1460 In vitro, NLGSs strongly alter HBsAg antigenic properties and recognition by antibodies used in assays for HBsAg-quantification without affecting HBsAg-secretion and other parameters of HBV-replication. 32102257 8 62 theme HBV-replication 1486:1500 arg1 parameters 1472:1481 other parameters 1466:1481 other parameters of HBV-replication 1466:1500 In vitro, NLGSs strongly alter HBsAg antigenic properties and recognition by antibodies used in assays for HBsAg-quantification without affecting HBsAg-secretion and other parameters of HBV-replication. 32102257 5 63 theme [5.3-8.0 917:924 arg1 logIU/mL 927:934 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL 913:934 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL 913:934 At HBV-reactivation, despite a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL, 23.4% of patients remained HBsAg-negative. 32102257 6 64 theme NLGSs 1063:1067 arg1 presence 1037:1044 the presence 1033:1044 the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001) 1033:1079 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 0 65 from Reactivation 110:121 arg1 HBsAg-Negativity 61:76 HBsAg-Negativity 61:76 HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation 61:121 A Hyper-Glycosylation of HBV Surface Antigen Correlates with HBsAg-Negativity at Immunosuppression-Driven HBV Reactivation in Vivo and Hinders HBsAg Recognition in Vitro. 32102257 3 66 theme N-linked 618:625 arg1 sites 641:645 N-linked glycosylation sites 618:645 N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 618:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 9 67 theme additional 1518:1527 arg1 NLGSs 1529:1533 additional NLGSs 1518:1533 additional NLGSs 1518:1533 In conclusion, additional NLGSs correlate with HBsAg-negativity despite HBV-reactivation, and hamper HBsAg-antigenicity in vitro, supporting the role of NGSs in immune-escape and the importance of HBV-DNA for a proper diagnosis of HBV-reactivation. 32102257 5 68 theme serum 896:900 arg1 HBV-DNA 902:908 a median serum HBV-DNA 887:908 a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL 887:934 At HBV-reactivation, despite a median serum HBV-DNA of 6.7 [5.3-8.0] logIU/mL, 23.4% of patients remained HBsAg-negative. 32102257 6 69 theme additional 1052:1061 arg1 NLGSs 1063:1067 >1 additional NLGSs 1049:1067 >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001) 1049:1079 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 6 69 theme additional 1052:1061 arg1 < 1072:1072 p < 0.001 1070:1078 p < 0.001 1070:1078 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 1 70 theme hepatitis 336:344 arg1 forms 327:331 severe forms 320:331 severe forms of hepatitis 320:344 Immune-suppression driven Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-reactivation poses serious concerns since it occurs in several clinical settings and can result in severe forms of hepatitis. 32102257 3 71 theme glycosylation 627:639 arg1 sites 641:645 N-linked glycosylation sites 618:645 N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs) 618:662 Here, we focused on specific immune-escape mutations associated with the acquisition of N-linked glycosylation sites in HBsAg (NLGSs). 32102257 2 72 theme HBV 376:378 arg1 strains 380:386 HBV strains 376:386 HBV strains 376:386 Previous studies showed that HBV strains, circulating in patients with HBV-reactivation, are characterized by an enrichment of immune-escape mutations in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). 32102257 6 73 theme >1 1049:1050 arg1 NLGSs 1063:1067 >1 additional NLGSs 1049:1067 >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001) 1049:1079 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32102257 6 73 theme >1 1049:1050 arg1 < 1072:1072 p < 0.001 1070:1078 p < 0.001 1070:1078 HBsAg-negativity at HBV-reactivation correlated with the presence of >1 additional NLGSs (p < 0.001). 32493725 12 0 theme in 2005:2006 arg1 potency 2014:2020 comparable in vitro potency 1994:2020 comparable in vitro potency 1994:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 1 dep STATEMENT 1818:1826 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 1 dep STATEMENT 1818:1826 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 10 2 theme OGA 1541:1543 arg1 inhibition 1545:1554 OGA inhibition 1541:1554 OGA inhibition 1541:1554 These findings suggest that OGA inhibition may reduce tau pathology in tauopathies. 32493725 7 3 theme tomography 1066:1075 arg1 studies 1085:1091 positron emission tomography imaging studies 1048:1091 positron emission tomography imaging studies 1048:1091 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 12 4 theme multiple 1972:1979 arg1 species 1981:1987 multiple species 1972:1987 multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1972:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 4 5 theme in 646:647 arg1 properties 683:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties 642:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719 642:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 11 6 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1624:1637 arg1 proteins 1639:1646 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1624:1646 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1624:1646 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 7 7 theme positron 1048:1055 arg1 tomography 1066:1075 positron emission tomography 1048:1075 positron emission tomography imaging studies 1048:1091 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 9 8 theme atrophy 1396:1402 arg1 attenuation 1375:1385 attenuation 1375:1385 attenuation of brain atrophy 1375:1402 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 5 9 with inhibitor 779:787 arg1 activity 829:836 comparable activity 818:836 comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 818:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 10 10 theme tau 1567:1569 arg1 pathology 1571:1579 tau pathology 1567:1579 tau pathology in tauopathies 1567:1594 These findings suggest that OGA inhibition may reduce tau pathology in tauopathies. 32493725 11 11 theme O-GlcNAc 1777:1784 arg1 elevation 1786:1794 chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1769:1794 chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1769:1794 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 3 12 theme novel 563:567 arg1 strategy 569:576 a novel strategy 561:576 a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau 561:621 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 3 12 theme novel 563:567 arg1 Inhibition 482:491 Inhibition 482:491 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, 482:556 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 12 13 link O-linked 1871:1878 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1901:1908 O-GlcNAc 1901:1908 O-GlcNAc 1901:1908 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 13 link O-linked 1871:1878 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 1880:1898 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 1871:1898 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 1 14 theme hyperphosphorylated 179:197 arg1 protein 218:224 hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein 179:224 hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein 179:224 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 12 15 theme OGA 1945:1947 arg1 activity 1956:1963 OGA enzyme activity 1945:1963 OGA enzyme activity 1945:1963 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 6 16 theme oral 907:910 arg1 administration 912:925 oral administration 907:925 oral administration of MK-8719 907:936 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 8 17 theme human 1211:1215 arg1 tauopathy 1217:1225 human tauopathy 1211:1225 human tauopathy 1211:1225 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 5 18 theme human 796:800 arg1 enzyme 806:811 the human OGA enzyme 792:811 the human OGA enzyme 792:811 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 5 19 theme enzyme 806:811 arg1 compound 758:765 this compound 753:765 this compound 753:765 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 5 19 theme enzyme 806:811 arg1 inhibitor 779:787 a potent inhibitor 770:787 a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 770:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 0 20 theme Mouse 139:143 arg1 Model 145:149 a Mouse Model 137:149 a Mouse Model of Tauopathy 137:162 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 13 21 theme brain 2049:2053 arg1 levels 2064:2069 brain O-GlcNAc levels 2049:2069 brain O-GlcNAc levels 2049:2069 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 4 22 theme in 659:660 arg1 properties 683:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties 642:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719 642:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 8 23 theme brain 1260:1264 arg1 levels 1275:1280 brain O-GlcNAc levels 1260:1280 brain O-GlcNAc levels 1260:1280 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 3 24 theme tau 619:621 arg1 formation 595:603 the formation 591:603 the formation of pathologic tau 591:621 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 6 25 theme blood 968:972 arg1 levels 1000:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 9 26 theme volume 1438:1443 arg1 loss 1445:1448 forebrain volume loss 1428:1448 forebrain volume loss 1428:1448 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 14 27 theme Alzheimer 2274:2282 arg1 disease 2284:2290 Alzheimer disease 2274:2290 Alzheimer disease 2274:2290 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 9 28 theme magnetic 1476:1483 arg1 resonance 1485:1493 volumetric magnetic resonance 1465:1493 volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis 1465:1510 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 11 29 theme toxicological 1739:1751 arg1 consequences 1753:1764 the physiologic and toxicological consequences 1719:1764 the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1719:1794 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 7 30 theme mice 1175:1178 arg1 brains 1148:1153 the brains 1144:1153 the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice 1144:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 12 31 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1880:1898 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 31 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1880:1898 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 7 32 from engagement 1119:1128 arg1 brains 1148:1153 the brains 1144:1153 the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice 1144:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 11 33 theme physiologic 1723:1733 arg1 consequences 1753:1764 the physiologic and toxicological consequences 1719:1764 the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1719:1794 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 14 34 theme therapeutic 2232:2242 arg1 inhibition 2202:2211 OGA inhibition 2198:2211 OGA inhibition 2198:2211 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 14 34 theme therapeutic 2232:2242 arg1 strategy 2244:2251 a promising therapeutic strategy 2220:2251 a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 2220:2312 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 0 35 theme Tau 96:98 arg1 Formation 70:78 the Formation 66:78 the Formation of Pathological Tau 66:98 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 0 36 theme Selective 21:29 arg1 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 0 36 theme Selective 21:29 arg1 Inhibitor 43:51 a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor 9:51 a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy 9:162 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 5 37 from rat 884:886 arg1 enzymes 864:870 the corresponding enzymes 846:870 the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 846:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 4 38 dep in 659:660 arg1 vivo 662:665 vivo 662:665 vivo 662:665 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 4 39 theme OGA 719:721 arg1 inhibitor 723:731 a novel and selective OGA inhibitor 697:731 a novel and selective OGA inhibitor 697:731 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 4 39 theme OGA 719:721 arg1 MK-8719 734:740 MK-8719 734:740 MK-8719 734:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 5 40 theme potent 772:777 arg1 compound 758:765 this compound 753:765 this compound 753:765 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 5 40 theme potent 772:777 arg1 inhibitor 779:787 a potent inhibitor 770:787 a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 770:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 1 41 theme Alzheimer 277:285 arg1 disease 287:293 Alzheimer disease 277:293 Alzheimer disease 277:293 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 12 42 theme potent 1864:1869 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 42 theme potent 1864:1869 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 5 43 from mouse 877:881 arg1 enzymes 864:870 the corresponding enzymes 846:870 the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 846:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 7 44 theme MK-8719 1133:1139 arg1 engagement 1119:1128 robust target engagement 1105:1128 robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice 1105:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 14 45 theme OGA 2198:2200 arg1 inhibition 2202:2211 OGA inhibition 2198:2211 OGA inhibition 2198:2211 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 14 45 theme OGA 2198:2200 arg1 strategy 2244:2251 a promising therapeutic strategy 2220:2251 a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 2220:2312 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 8 46 theme rTg4510 1188:1194 arg1 model 1202:1206 the rTg4510 mouse model 1184:1206 the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy 1184:1225 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 1 47 theme tauopathies 305:315 arg1 characteristic 259:272 characteristic 259:272 characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 259:315 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 6 48 theme cell 986:989 arg1 levels 1000:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 12 49 dep in 2005:2006 arg1 vitro 2008:2012 vitro 2008:2012 vitro 2008:2012 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 2 50 theme N-acetylglucosamine 345:363 arg1 modification 376:387 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 336:387 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 336:387 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 7 51 theme robust 1105:1110 arg1 engagement 1119:1128 robust target engagement 1105:1128 robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice 1105:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 9 52 theme tau 1327:1329 arg1 pathology 1331:1339 tau pathology 1327:1339 tau pathology 1327:1339 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 12 53 theme SIGNIFICANCE 1805:1816 arg1 STATEMENT 1818:1826 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT 1805:1826 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 1805:2021 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 5 54 theme corresponding 850:862 arg1 enzymes 864:870 the corresponding enzymes 846:870 the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 846:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 5 55 theme comparable 818:827 arg1 activity 829:836 comparable activity 818:836 comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 818:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 1 56 theme central 233:239 arg1 system 249:254 the central nervous system 229:254 the central nervous system 229:254 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 7 57 theme imaging 1077:1083 arg1 studies 1085:1091 positron emission tomography imaging studies 1048:1091 positron emission tomography imaging studies 1048:1091 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 12 58 theme comparable 1994:2003 arg1 potency 2014:2020 comparable in vitro potency 1994:2020 comparable in vitro potency 1994:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 10 59 from pathology 1571:1579 arg1 tauopathies 1584:1594 tauopathies 1584:1594 tauopathies 1584:1594 These findings suggest that OGA inhibition may reduce tau pathology in tauopathies. 32493725 2 60 link O-linked 336:343 arg1 O-GlcNAc 366:373 O-GlcNAc 366:373 O-GlcNAc 366:373 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 2 60 link O-linked 336:343 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 345:363 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 336:363 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 336:387 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 7 61 theme emission 1057:1064 arg1 tomography 1066:1075 positron emission tomography 1048:1075 positron emission tomography imaging studies 1048:1091 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 3 62 theme O-GlcNAc 539:546 arg1 moieties 548:555 O-GlcNAc moieties 539:555 O-GlcNAc moieties 539:555 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 13 63 theme brain 2114:2118 arg1 atrophy 2120:2126 brain atrophy 2114:2126 brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy 2114:2166 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 12 64 theme enzyme 1949:1954 arg1 activity 1956:1963 OGA enzyme activity 1945:1963 OGA enzyme activity 1945:1963 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 9 65 theme brain 1390:1394 arg1 atrophy 1396:1402 brain atrophy 1390:1402 brain atrophy 1390:1402 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 0 66 theme O-GlcNAcase 31:41 arg1 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 0 66 theme O-GlcNAcase 31:41 arg1 Inhibitor 43:51 a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor 9:51 a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy 9:162 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 13 67 theme tauopathy 2158:2166 arg1 model 2149:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model 2131:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy 2131:2166 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 11 68 theme proteins 1639:1646 arg1 hundreds 1612:1619 hundreds 1612:1619 hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1612:1646 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 8 69 theme mouse 1196:1200 arg1 model 1202:1206 the rTg4510 mouse model 1184:1206 the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy 1184:1225 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 11 70 theme elevation 1786:1794 arg1 consequences 1753:1764 the physiologic and toxicological consequences 1719:1764 the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1719:1794 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 14 71 theme tauopathies 2302:2312 arg1 treatment 2261:2269 the treatment 2257:2269 the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 2257:2312 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 11 72 theme chronic 1769:1775 arg1 elevation 1786:1794 chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1769:1794 chronic O-GlcNAc elevation 1769:1794 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 13 73 theme pathological 2080:2091 arg1 tau 2093:2095 pathological tau 2080:2095 pathological tau 2080:2095 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 5 74 theme OGA 802:804 arg1 enzyme 806:811 the human OGA enzyme 792:811 the human OGA enzyme 792:811 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 12 75 theme -ase 1910:1913 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 75 theme -ase 1910:1913 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 8 76 theme tauopathy 1217:1225 arg1 model 1202:1206 the rTg4510 mouse model 1184:1206 the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy 1184:1225 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 7 77 theme rats 1158:1161 arg1 brains 1148:1153 the brains 1144:1153 the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice 1144:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 12 78 with species 1981:1987 arg1 potency 2014:2020 comparable in vitro potency 1994:2020 comparable in vitro potency 1994:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 9 79 theme loss 1445:1448 arg1 reduction 1415:1423 reduction 1415:1423 reduction of forebrain volume loss 1415:1448 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 12 80 theme OGA 1916:1918 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 80 theme OGA 1916:1918 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 14 81 theme other 2296:2300 arg1 tauopathies 2302:2312 other tauopathies 2296:2312 other tauopathies 2296:2312 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 0 82 theme Tauopathy 154:162 arg1 Model 145:149 a Mouse Model 137:149 a Mouse Model of Tauopathy 137:162 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 13 83 theme O-GlcNAc 2055:2062 arg1 levels 2064:2069 brain O-GlcNAc levels 2049:2069 brain O-GlcNAc levels 2049:2069 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 3 84 theme pathologic 608:617 arg1 tau 619:621 pathologic tau 608:621 pathologic tau 608:621 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 6 85 theme mononuclear 974:984 arg1 levels 1000:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 4 86 theme novel 699:703 arg1 inhibitor 723:731 a novel and selective OGA inhibitor 697:731 a novel and selective OGA inhibitor 697:731 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 4 86 theme novel 699:703 arg1 MK-8719 734:740 MK-8719 734:740 MK-8719 734:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 14 87 theme disease 2284:2290 arg1 treatment 2261:2269 the treatment 2257:2269 the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 2257:2312 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 9 88 theme volumetric 1465:1474 arg1 resonance 1485:1493 volumetric magnetic resonance 1465:1493 volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis 1465:1510 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 6 89 theme peripheral 957:966 arg1 blood 968:972 peripheral blood 957:972 peripheral blood 957:972 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 8 90 theme O-GlcNAc 1266:1273 arg1 levels 1275:1280 brain O-GlcNAc levels 1260:1280 brain O-GlcNAc levels 1260:1280 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 7 91 theme rTg4510 1167:1173 arg1 mice 1175:1178 rTg4510 mice 1167:1178 rTg4510 mice 1167:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 1 92 from Deposition 165:174 arg1 system 249:254 the central nervous system 229:254 the central nervous system 229:254 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 6 93 theme brain 947:951 arg1 levels 1000:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 4 94 theme pharmacological 667:681 arg1 properties 683:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties 642:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719 642:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 0 95 theme Pathological 83:94 arg1 Tau 96:98 Pathological Tau 83:98 Pathological Tau 83:98 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 9 96 from reduction 1314:1322 arg1 mice 1352:1355 rTg4510 mice 1344:1355 rTg4510 mice 1344:1355 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 9 96 from reduction 1314:1322 arg1 pathology 1331:1339 tau pathology 1327:1339 tau pathology 1327:1339 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 6 97 theme MK-8719 930:936 arg1 administration 912:925 oral administration 907:925 oral administration of MK-8719 907:936 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 8 98 theme pathologic 1294:1303 arg1 tau 1305:1307 pathologic tau 1294:1307 pathologic tau 1294:1307 In the rTg4510 mouse model of human tauopathy, MK-8719 significantly increases brain O-GlcNAc levels and reduces pathologic tau. 32493725 1 99 theme aggregated 203:212 arg1 protein 218:224 hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein 179:224 hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein 179:224 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 14 100 theme promising 2222:2230 arg1 inhibition 2202:2211 OGA inhibition 2198:2211 OGA inhibition 2198:2211 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 14 100 theme promising 2222:2230 arg1 strategy 2244:2251 a promising therapeutic strategy 2220:2251 a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 2220:2312 These findings indicate that OGA inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 12 101 theme O-linked 1871:1878 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1901:1908 O-GlcNAc 1901:1908 O-GlcNAc 1901:1908 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 101 theme O-linked 1871:1878 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 1880:1898 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 1871:1898 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 6 102 theme dose-dependent 1012:1025 arg1 manner 1027:1032 a dose-dependent manner 1010:1032 a dose-dependent manner 1010:1032 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 2 103 theme tau 445:447 arg1 phosphorylation 449:463 tau phosphorylation 445:463 tau phosphorylation 445:463 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 4 104 theme selective 709:717 arg1 inhibitor 723:731 a novel and selective OGA inhibitor 697:731 a novel and selective OGA inhibitor 697:731 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 4 104 theme selective 709:717 arg1 MK-8719 734:740 MK-8719 734:740 MK-8719 734:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 0 105 theme Novel 11:15 arg1 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719 0:6 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 0 105 theme Novel 11:15 arg1 Inhibitor 43:51 a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor 9:51 a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy 9:162 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 1 106 theme disease 287:293 arg1 characteristic 259:272 characteristic 259:272 characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies 259:315 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 12 107 theme novel 1842:1846 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 107 theme novel 1842:1846 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 13 108 from atrophy 2120:2126 arg1 model 2149:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model 2131:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy 2131:2166 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 11 109 theme OGA 1669:1671 arg1 inhibition 1673:1682 OGA inhibition 1669:1682 OGA inhibition 1669:1682 However, since hundreds of O-GlcNAcylated proteins may be influenced by OGA inhibition, it will be critical to understand the physiologic and toxicological consequences of chronic O-GlcNAc elevation in vivo. 32493725 4 110 theme inhibitor 723:731 arg1 properties 683:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties 642:692 the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719 642:740 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 7 111 theme target 1112:1117 arg1 engagement 1119:1128 robust target engagement 1105:1128 robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice 1105:1178 In addition, positron emission tomography imaging studies demonstrate robust target engagement of MK-8719 in the brains of rats and rTg4510 mice. 32493725 1 112 theme other 299:303 arg1 tauopathies 305:315 other tauopathies 299:315 other tauopathies 299:315 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 12 113 theme selective 1849:1857 arg1 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 MK-8719 1829:1835 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 12 113 theme selective 1849:1857 arg1 inhibitor 1921:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor 1840:1929 a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency 1840:2020 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MK-8719 is a novel, selective, and potent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-ase (OGA) inhibitor that inhibits OGA enzyme activity across multiple species with comparable in vitro potency. 32493725 1 114 theme tau 214:216 arg1 protein 218:224 hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein 179:224 hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein 179:224 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 5 115 from dog 893:895 arg1 enzymes 864:870 the corresponding enzymes 846:870 the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog 846:895 In vitro, this compound is a potent inhibitor of the human OGA enzyme with comparable activity against the corresponding enzymes from mouse, rat, and dog. 32493725 6 116 theme O-GlcNAc 991:998 arg1 levels 1000:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels 947:1005 In vivo, oral administration of MK-8719 elevates brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cell O-GlcNAc levels in a dose-dependent manner. 32493725 13 117 theme rTg4510 2135:2141 arg1 model 2149:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model 2131:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy 2131:2166 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 2 118 theme tau 413:415 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 394:408 O-GlcNAcylation 394:408 O-GlcNAcylation of tau 394:415 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 9 119 theme forebrain 1428:1436 arg1 loss 1445:1448 forebrain volume loss 1428:1448 forebrain volume loss 1428:1448 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 2 120 theme O-linked 336:343 arg1 O-GlcNAc 366:373 O-GlcNAc 366:373 O-GlcNAc 366:373 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 2 120 theme O-linked 336:343 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 345:363 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 336:363 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 336:387 Tau is subject to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, and O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to influence tau phosphorylation and aggregation. 32493725 3 121 theme O-GlcNAcase 496:506 arg1 strategy 569:576 a novel strategy 561:576 a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau 561:621 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 3 121 theme O-GlcNAcase 496:506 arg1 Inhibition 482:491 Inhibition 482:491 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, 482:556 Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc moieties, is a novel strategy to attenuate the formation of pathologic tau. 32493725 9 122 theme rTg4510 1344:1350 arg1 mice 1352:1355 rTg4510 mice 1344:1355 rTg4510 mice 1344:1355 The reduction in tau pathology in rTg4510 mice is accompanied by attenuation of brain atrophy, including reduction of forebrain volume loss as revealed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. 32493725 1 123 theme protein 218:224 arg1 Deposition 165:174 Deposition 165:174 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system 165:254 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32493725 4 124 dep in 646:647 arg1 vitro 649:653 vitro 649:653 vitro 649:653 Here we described the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a novel and selective OGA inhibitor, MK-8719. 32493725 0 125 from Neurodegeneration 116:132 arg1 Model 145:149 a Mouse Model 137:149 a Mouse Model of Tauopathy 137:162 MK-8719, a Novel and Selective O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor That Reduces the Formation of Pathological Tau and Ameliorates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. 32493725 13 126 theme mouse 2143:2147 arg1 model 2149:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model 2131:2153 the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy 2131:2166 In vivo, MK-8719 elevates brain O-GlcNAc levels, reduces pathological tau, and ameliorates brain atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. 32493725 1 127 theme nervous 241:247 arg1 system 249:254 the central nervous system 229:254 the central nervous system 229:254 Deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein in the central nervous system is characteristic of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. 32404505 4 0 dep concentration 733:745 arg1 = 754:754 = 754:754 = 754:754 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 1 theme ligand 701:706 arg1 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 1 theme ligand 701:706 arg1 concentration 733:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration 667:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM] 667:762 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 9 2 from OGA 1669:1671 arg1 monkey 1687:1692 monkey 1687:1692 monkey 1687:1692 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 9 2 from OGA 1669:1671 arg1 rodent 1676:1681 rodent 1676:1681 rodent 1676:1681 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 0 3 theme O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 57:87 arg1 hydrolase 89:97 O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase 57:97 O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase 57:97 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 quantify O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain. 32404505 8 4 theme total 1421:1425 arg1 volume 1427:1432 stable brain total volume 1408:1432 stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values 1408:1460 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 8 4 theme total 1421:1425 arg1 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 4 5 theme OGA 697:699 arg1 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 5 theme OGA 697:699 arg1 concentration 733:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration 667:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM] 667:762 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 8 6 theme distribution 1437:1448 arg1 volume 1427:1432 stable brain total volume 1408:1432 stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values 1408:1460 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 8 6 theme distribution 1437:1448 arg1 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 6 7 theme fluorine 946:953 arg1 functionality 968:980 fluorine and carbonyl functionality 946:980 functionality 968:980 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 6 8 theme functionality 968:980 arg1 presence 934:941 The presence 930:941 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 930:994 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 9 9 theme human 1556:1560 arg1 studies 1562:1568 future human studies 1549:1568 future human studies 1549:1568 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 8 10 theme healthy 1281:1287 arg1 brain 1295:1299 healthy human brain 1281:1299 healthy human brain 1281:1299 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 1 11 theme living 275:280 arg1 subjects 282:289 living subjects 275:289 living subjects 275:289 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 7 12 theme G 1201:1201 arg1 doses 1184:1188 pharmacological doses 1168:1188 pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, 1168:1243 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 5 13 theme human 923:927 arg1 brains 896:901 postmortem brains 885:901 postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human 885:927 [3H]LSN3316612 imaged and quantified OGA in postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human. 32404505 6 14 theme carbonyl 959:966 arg1 functionality 968:980 fluorine and carbonyl functionality 946:980 functionality 968:980 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 7 15 theme such 1140:1143 arg1 binding 1145:1151 such binding 1140:1151 such binding 1140:1151 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 4 16 theme inhibitory 722:731 arg1 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 16 theme inhibitory 722:731 arg1 concentration 733:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration 667:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM] 667:762 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 17 theme in 819:820 arg1 evaluations 828:838 in vitro evaluations 819:838 in vitro evaluations 819:838 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 6 18 attach presence 934:941 arg2 functionality 968:980 fluorine and carbonyl functionality 946:980 functionality 968:980 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 6 18 attach presence 934:941 arg1 LSN3316612 985:994 LSN3316612 985:994 LSN3316612 985:994 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 1 19 theme brain 172:176 arg1 O-GlcNAc 211:218 O-GlcNAc 211:218 O-GlcNAc 211:218 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 1 19 theme brain 172:176 arg1 O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 178:208 brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 172:208 brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) 172:235 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 2 20 theme O-GlcNAc 459:466 arg1 transferase 468:478 O-GlcNAc transferase 459:478 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 459:484 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 2 20 theme O-GlcNAc 459:466 arg1 OGT 481:483 OGT 481:483 OGT 481:483 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 6 21 from presence 934:941 arg1 LSN3316612 985:994 LSN3316612 985:994 LSN3316612 985:994 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 0 22 theme PET 0:2 arg1 ligands 4:10 PET ligands 0:10 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 0:46 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 quantify O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain. 32404505 1 23 theme O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 178:208 arg1 hydrolase 221:229 brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase 172:229 brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) 172:235 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 1 23 theme O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 178:208 arg1 OGA 232:234 OGA 232:234 OGA 232:234 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 7 24 theme pharmacological 1168:1182 arg1 doses 1184:1188 pharmacological doses 1168:1188 pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, 1168:1243 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 9 25 theme future 1549:1554 arg1 studies 1562:1568 future human studies 1549:1568 future human studies 1549:1568 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 5 26 theme rat 906:908 arg1 brains 896:901 postmortem brains 885:901 postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human 885:927 [3H]LSN3316612 imaged and quantified OGA in postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human. 32404505 4 27 theme selective 676:684 arg1 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 27 theme selective 676:684 arg1 concentration 733:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration 667:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM] 667:762 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 1 28 from tomography 261:270 arg1 subjects 282:289 living subjects 275:289 living subjects 275:289 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 9 29 dep preferred 1514:1522 arg1 whereas 1571:1577 whereas 1571:1577 whereas 1571:1577 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 3 30 theme tau 578:580 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 582:596 tau O-GlcNAcylation 578:596 tau O-GlcNAcylation 578:596 Increase in tau O-GlcNAcylation by OGA inhibition is believed to reduce tau aggregation. 32404505 6 31 theme fluorine-18 1036:1046 arg1 positron-emitting 1018:1034 positron-emitting fluorine-18 1018:1046 positron-emitting fluorine-18 1018:1046 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 2 32 theme pair 446:449 arg1 OGA 451:453 the enzyme pair OGA 435:453 the enzyme pair OGA 435:453 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 2 33 theme form 560:563 arg1 form 560:563 its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 526:563 its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 526:563 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 2 33 theme form 560:563 arg1 amounts 515:521 the amounts 511:521 the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 511:563 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 5 34 theme monkey 911:916 arg1 brains 896:901 postmortem brains 885:901 postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human 885:927 [3H]LSN3316612 imaged and quantified OGA in postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human. 32404505 4 35 theme in 796:797 arg1 analysis 806:813 in silico analysis 796:813 in silico analysis 796:813 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 2 36 theme enzyme 439:444 arg1 OGA 451:453 the enzyme pair OGA 435:453 the enzyme pair OGA 435:453 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 8 37 theme scanning 1476:1483 arg1 min 1469:1471 110 min 1465:1471 110 min of scanning 1465:1483 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 2 38 theme hyperphosphorylated 540:558 arg1 form 560:563 its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 526:563 its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 526:563 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 0 39 dep LSN3316612 37:46 arg1 [18F 12:15 [18F 12:15 [18F 12:15 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 quantify O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain. 32404505 4 40 theme potent 690:695 arg1 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 40 theme potent 690:695 arg1 concentration 733:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration 667:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM] 667:762 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 41 dep = 754:754 arg1 nM 760:761 1.9 nM 756:761 1.9 nM 756:761 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 2 42 theme insoluble 530:538 arg1 form 560:563 its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 526:563 its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form 526:563 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 7 43 theme chemotype 1234:1242 arg1 inhibitor 1211:1219 an OGA inhibitor 1204:1219 an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype 1204:1242 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 7 43 theme chemotype 1234:1242 arg1 G 1201:1201 thiamet G 1193:1201 thiamet G 1193:1201 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 3 44 theme OGA 601:603 arg1 inhibition 605:614 OGA inhibition 601:614 OGA inhibition 601:614 Increase in tau O-GlcNAcylation by OGA inhibition is believed to reduce tau aggregation. 32404505 8 45 dep avidly 1301:1306 arg1 SUV 1312:1314 ~4 SUV 1309:1314 ~4 SUV 1309:1314 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 4 46 dep in 796:797 arg1 silico 799:804 silico 799:804 silico 799:804 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 0 47 theme LSN3316612 17:26 arg1 ligands 4:10 PET ligands 0:10 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 0:46 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 quantify O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain. 32404505 1 48 theme drug 315:318 arg1 engagement 327:336 drug target engagement 315:336 drug target engagement 315:336 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 9 49 theme positron 1606:1613 arg1 tomography 1624:1633 positron emission tomography 1606:1633 an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey 1593:1692 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 3 50 theme tau 638:640 arg1 aggregation 642:652 tau aggregation 638:652 tau aggregation 638:652 Increase in tau O-GlcNAcylation by OGA inhibition is believed to reduce tau aggregation. 32404505 4 51 dep in 819:820 arg1 vitro 822:826 vitro 822:826 vitro 822:826 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 8 52 theme stable 1408:1413 arg1 volume 1427:1432 stable brain total volume 1408:1432 stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values 1408:1460 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 8 52 theme stable 1408:1413 arg1 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 1 53 theme target 320:325 arg1 engagement 327:336 drug target engagement 315:336 drug target engagement 315:336 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 9 54 theme emission 1615:1622 arg1 tomography 1624:1633 positron emission tomography 1606:1633 an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey 1593:1692 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 9 55 theme brain 1663:1667 arg1 OGA 1669:1671 brain OGA 1663:1671 brain OGA in rodent and monkey 1663:1692 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 8 56 theme volume 1427:1432 arg1 values 1455:1460 stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values 1408:1460 stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values 1408:1460 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 2 57 theme tau 374:376 arg1 modifications 357:369 Posttranslational modifications 339:369 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 339:484 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 0 58 theme [11C 32:35 arg1 ligands 4:10 PET ligands 0:10 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 0:46 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 quantify O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain. 32404505 9 59 theme tomography 1624:1633 arg1 either 1579:1584 either 1579:1584 either 1579:1584 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 9 59 theme tomography 1624:1633 arg1 radioligand 1635:1645 an effective positron emission tomography radioligand 1593:1645 an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey 1593:1692 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 6 60 with labeling 1004:1011 arg1 positron-emitting 1018:1034 positron-emitting fluorine-18 1018:1046 positron-emitting fluorine-18 1018:1046 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 6 60 with labeling 1004:1011 arg1 carbon-11 1051:1059 carbon-11 1051:1059 carbon-11 1051:1059 The presence of fluorine and carbonyl functionality in LSN3316612 enabled labeling with positron-emitting fluorine-18 or carbon-11. 32404505 9 61 theme effective 1596:1604 arg1 either 1579:1584 either 1579:1584 either 1579:1584 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 9 61 theme effective 1596:1604 arg1 radioligand 1635:1645 an effective positron emission tomography radioligand 1593:1645 an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey 1593:1692 Overall, [18F]LSN3316612 is preferred over [11C]LSN3316612 for future human studies, whereas either may be an effective positron emission tomography radioligand for quantifying brain OGA in rodent and monkey. 32404505 4 62 theme [half-maximal 708:720 arg1 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612 655:664 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 4 62 theme [half-maximal 708:720 arg1 concentration 733:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration 667:745 a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM] 667:762 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 8 63 from radiometabolites 1374:1389 arg1 radiodefluorination 1325:1343 radiodefluorination 1325:1343 radiodefluorination 1325:1343 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 8 63 from radiometabolites 1374:1389 arg1 effect 1356:1361 adverse effect 1348:1361 adverse effect 1348:1361 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 5 64 theme postmortem 885:894 arg1 brains 896:901 postmortem brains 885:901 postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human 885:927 [3H]LSN3316612 imaged and quantified OGA in postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human. 32404505 7 65 theme OGA 1207:1209 arg1 inhibitor 1211:1219 an OGA inhibitor 1204:1219 an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype 1204:1242 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 7 65 theme OGA 1207:1209 arg1 G 1201:1201 thiamet G 1193:1201 thiamet G 1193:1201 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 3 66 from Increase 566:573 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 582:596 tau O-GlcNAcylation 578:596 tau O-GlcNAcylation 578:596 Increase in tau O-GlcNAcylation by OGA inhibition is believed to reduce tau aggregation. 32404505 8 67 theme human 1289:1293 arg1 brain 1295:1299 healthy human brain 1281:1299 healthy human brain 1281:1299 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 7 68 theme different 1224:1232 arg1 chemotype 1234:1242 different chemotype 1224:1242 different chemotype 1224:1242 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 8 69 theme adverse 1348:1354 arg1 effect 1356:1361 adverse effect 1348:1361 adverse effect 1348:1361 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 2 70 theme Posttranslational 339:355 arg1 modifications 357:369 Posttranslational modifications 339:369 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 339:484 Posttranslational modifications of tau, a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, by O-GlcNAc through the enzyme pair OGA and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are inversely related to the amounts of its insoluble hyperphosphorylated form. 32404505 8 71 theme brain 1415:1419 arg1 volume 1427:1432 stable brain total volume 1408:1432 stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values 1408:1460 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 8 71 theme brain 1415:1419 arg1 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 VT 1451:1452 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 8 72 theme other 1368:1372 arg1 radiometabolites 1374:1389 other radiometabolites 1368:1389 other radiometabolites 1368:1389 [18F]LSN3316612 entered healthy human brain avidly (~4 SUV) without radiodefluorination or adverse effect from other radiometabolites, as evidenced by stable brain total volume of distribution (VT) values by 110 min of scanning. 32404505 1 73 theme effective 133:141 arg1 radioligands 143:154 effective radioligands 133:154 effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) 133:235 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 5 74 theme [3H 841:843 arg1 LSN3316612 845:854 [3H]LSN3316612 841:854 [3H]LSN3316612 841:854 [3H]LSN3316612 imaged and quantified OGA in postmortem brains of rat, monkey, and human. 32404505 1 75 theme positron 243:250 arg1 tools 294:298 tools 294:298 tools for evaluating drug target engagement 294:336 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 1 75 theme positron 243:250 arg1 tomography 261:270 positron emission tomography 243:270 positron emission tomography in living subjects 243:289 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 0 76 theme LSN3316612 37:46 arg1 ligands 4:10 PET ligands 0:10 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 0:46 PET ligands [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 quantify O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine hydrolase in the brain. 32404505 4 77 theme lead 778:781 arg1 ligand 783:788 a lead ligand 776:788 a lead ligand 776:788 LSN3316612, a highly selective and potent OGA ligand [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1.9 nM], emerged as a lead ligand after in silico analysis and in vitro evaluations. 32404505 7 78 theme thiamet 1193:1199 arg1 inhibitor 1211:1219 an OGA inhibitor 1204:1219 an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype 1204:1242 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 7 78 theme thiamet 1193:1199 arg1 G 1201:1201 thiamet G 1193:1201 thiamet G 1193:1201 Both [18F]LSN3316612 and [11C]LSN3316612 bound reversibly to OGA in vivo, and such binding was blocked by pharmacological doses of thiamet G, an OGA inhibitor of different chemotype, in monkeys. 32404505 1 79 theme emission 252:259 arg1 tools 294:298 tools 294:298 tools for evaluating drug target engagement 294:336 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 32404505 1 79 theme emission 252:259 arg1 tomography 261:270 positron emission tomography 243:270 positron emission tomography in living subjects 243:289 We aimed to develop effective radioligands for quantifying brain O-linked-β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) hydrolase (OGA) using positron emission tomography in living subjects as tools for evaluating drug target engagement. 33272761 8 0 theme anti-obesity 1099:1110 arg1 effects 1112:1118 anti-obesity effects 1099:1118 anti-obesity effects 1099:1118 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 4 1 theme fucosylated 432:442 arg1 feature 462:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 5 2 theme metabolism 582:591 arg1 effects 604:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects 573:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity 573:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 6 3 theme decomposition 814:826 arg1 metabolism 828:837 23% lipid decomposition metabolism 804:837 23% lipid decomposition metabolism 804:837 Results revealed that 37.0 μg/mL patatin promoted 23% lipid decomposition metabolism. 33272761 5 4 theme patatin 615:621 arg1 effects 604:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects 573:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity 573:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 5 theme regulatory 593:602 arg1 effects 604:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects 573:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity 573:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 1 6 theme several 140:146 arg1 isoforms 148:155 several isoforms 140:155 several isoforms 140:155 Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. 33272761 6 7 theme lipid 808:812 arg1 metabolism 828:837 23% lipid decomposition metabolism 804:837 23% lipid decomposition metabolism 804:837 Results revealed that 37.0 μg/mL patatin promoted 23% lipid decomposition metabolism. 33272761 3 8 theme fucose 321:326 arg1 monosaccharides 328:342 fucose monosaccharides 321:342 fucose monosaccharides 321:342 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 4 9 theme structural 451:460 arg1 feature 462:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 2 10 theme valuable 244:251 arg1 source 261:266 a valuable protein source 242:266 a valuable protein source 242:266 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 10 theme valuable 244:251 arg1 it 236:237 it 236:237 it 236:237 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 8 11 with naturalactiveconstituent 1069:1092 arg1 effects 1112:1118 anti-obesity effects 1099:1118 anti-obesity effects 1099:1118 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 4 12 gly fucosylated 432:442 arg1 feature 462:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 8 13 gly fucosylated 1012:1022 arg1 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 8 13 gly fucosylated 1012:1022 arg1 glycoprotein 1024:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 7 14 theme Meanwhile 840:848 arg1 patatin 850:856 Meanwhile patatin 840:856 Meanwhile patatin 840:856 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 8 15 gly glycoprotein 1024:1035 arg1 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 8 15 gly glycoprotein 1024:1035 arg1 glycoprotein 1024:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 0 16 from effects 42:48 arg1 metabolism 59:68 lipid metabolism 53:68 lipid metabolism 53:68 Patatin primary structural properties and effects on lipid metabolism. 33272761 7 17 theme fat 893:895 arg1 absorption 897:906 fat absorption 893:906 fat absorption 893:906 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 0 18 theme primary 8:14 arg1 properties 27:36 primary structural properties 8:36 primary structural properties 8:36 Patatin primary structural properties and effects on lipid metabolism. 33272761 4 19 dep AAL 492:494 arg1 Leukoagglutinin 514:528 Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin 497:528 Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin 497:528 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 5 20 theme lipase 680:685 arg1 activity 687:694 lipase activity 680:694 lipase activity 680:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 21 theme larvae 746:751 arg1 feeding 725:731 high-fat feeding 716:731 high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae 716:751 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 22 theme thelipid 573:580 arg1 effects 604:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects 573:610 thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity 573:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 1 23 theme major 84:88 arg1 Patatin 71:77 Patatin 71:77 Patatin 71:77 Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. 33272761 1 23 theme major 84:88 arg1 protein 90:96 the major protein 80:96 the major protein found in potatoes 80:114 Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. 33272761 4 24 dep had 426:428 arg1 bound 486:490 bound 486:490 bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin 486:560 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 3 25 link O-linked 284:291 arg1 glycoprotein 293:304 an O-linked glycoprotein 281:304 an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose 281:415 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 3 25 link O-linked 284:291 arg1 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 7 26 dep half 937:940 arg1 that 942:945 that 942:945 that 942:945 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 0 27 theme structural 16:25 arg1 properties 27:36 primary structural properties 8:36 primary structural properties 8:36 Patatin primary structural properties and effects on lipid metabolism. 33272761 8 28 theme fucosylated 1012:1022 arg1 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 8 28 theme fucosylated 1012:1022 arg1 glycoprotein 1024:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 2 29 theme essential 162:170 arg1 content 183:189 The essential amino acid content 158:189 The essential amino acid content of patatin 158:200 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 29 theme essential 162:170 arg1 % 217:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 30 theme protein 253:259 arg1 source 261:266 a valuable protein source 242:266 a valuable protein source 242:266 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 30 theme protein 253:259 arg1 it 236:237 it 236:237 it 236:237 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 8 31 used used 1059:1062 arg2 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 patatin 1001:1007 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 8 31 used used 1059:1062 arg2 glycoprotein 1024:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 a fucosylated glycoprotein 1010:1035 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 8 31 used used 1059:1062 arg2 naturalactiveconstituent 1069:1092 a naturalactiveconstituent 1067:1092 a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects 1067:1118 Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. 33272761 5 32 theme fat 646:648 arg1 absorption 650:659 fat absorption 646:659 fat absorption 646:659 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 6 33 theme % 806:806 arg1 metabolism 828:837 23% lipid decomposition metabolism 804:837 23% lipid decomposition metabolism 804:837 Results revealed that 37.0 μg/mL patatin promoted 23% lipid decomposition metabolism. 33272761 5 34 theme high-fat 716:723 arg1 feeding 725:731 high-fat feeding 716:731 high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae 716:751 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 35 from effects 604:610 arg1 inhibition 666:675 inhibition 666:675 inhibition of lipase activity 666:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 35 from effects 604:610 arg1 catabolism 634:643 the fat catabolism 626:643 the fat catabolism 626:643 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 35 from effects 604:610 arg1 absorption 650:659 fat absorption 646:659 fat absorption 646:659 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 6 36 theme 23 804:805 arg1 % 806:806 % 806:806 % 806:806 Results revealed that 37.0 μg/mL patatin promoted 23% lipid decomposition metabolism. 33272761 2 37 theme ashighas 206:213 arg1 content 183:189 The essential amino acid content 158:189 The essential amino acid content of patatin 158:200 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 37 theme ashighas 206:213 arg1 % 217:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 3 38 contain contained 311:319 arg2 monosaccharides 328:342 fucose monosaccharides 321:342 fucose monosaccharides 321:342 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 3 38 contain contained 311:319 arg1 glycoprotein 293:304 an O-linked glycoprotein 281:304 an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose 281:415 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 3 38 contain contained 311:319 arg2 mannose 356:362 mannose 356:362 mannose 356:362 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 3 38 contain contained 311:319 arg1 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 0 39 theme lipid 53:57 arg1 metabolism 59:68 lipid metabolism 53:68 lipid metabolism 53:68 Patatin primary structural properties and effects on lipid metabolism. 33272761 3 40 gly glycoprotein 293:304 arg1 glycoprotein 293:304 an O-linked glycoprotein 281:304 an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose 281:415 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 3 40 gly glycoprotein 293:304 arg1 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 7 41 theme drug 969:972 arg1 half 937:940 half 937:940 half that of a positive control drug 937:972 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 4 42 contain had 426:428 arg2 feature 462:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 4 42 contain had 426:428 arg1 Patatin 418:424 Patatin 418:424 Patatin 418:424 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 1 43 located found 98:102 arg2 protein 90:96 the major protein 80:96 the major protein found in potatoes 80:114 Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. 33272761 1 43 located found 98:102 arg1 potatoes 107:114 potatoes 107:114 potatoes 107:114 Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. 33272761 1 43 located found 98:102 arg2 Patatin 71:77 Patatin 71:77 Patatin 71:77 Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. 33272761 4 44 theme glycan 444:449 arg1 feature 462:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 a fucosylated glycan structural feature 430:468 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 2 45 theme patatin 194:200 arg1 content 183:189 The essential amino acid content 158:189 The essential amino acid content of patatin 158:200 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 45 theme patatin 194:200 arg1 % 217:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 6 46 theme 37.0 μg/mL 776:785 arg1 patatin 787:793 37.0 μg/mL patatin 776:793 37.0 μg/mL patatin 776:793 Results revealed that 37.0 μg/mL patatin promoted 23% lipid decomposition metabolism. 33272761 7 47 theme positive 952:959 arg1 drug 969:972 a positive control drug 950:972 a positive control drug 950:972 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 7 48 theme lipase 873:878 arg1 activity 880:887 lipase activity 873:887 lipase activity 873:887 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 4 49 theme fucose 540:545 arg1 AAL 492:494 AAL 492:494 AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin) 492:529 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 4 49 theme fucose 540:545 arg1 lectin 555:560 a known fucose binding lectin 532:560 a known fucose binding lectin 532:560 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 5 50 theme fat 630:632 arg1 catabolism 634:643 the fat catabolism 626:643 the fat catabolism 626:643 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 2 51 theme acid 178:181 arg1 content 183:189 The essential amino acid content 158:189 The essential amino acid content of patatin 158:200 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 51 theme acid 178:181 arg1 % 217:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 7 52 theme control 961:967 arg1 drug 969:972 a positive control drug 950:972 a positive control drug 950:972 Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. 33272761 4 53 theme known 534:538 arg1 AAL 492:494 AAL 492:494 AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin) 492:529 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 4 53 theme known 534:538 arg1 lectin 555:560 a known fucose binding lectin 532:560 a known fucose binding lectin 532:560 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 3 54 theme O-linked 284:291 arg1 glycoprotein 293:304 an O-linked glycoprotein 281:304 an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose 281:415 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 3 54 theme O-linked 284:291 arg1 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin 269:275 Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. 33272761 2 55 theme amino 172:176 arg1 content 183:189 The essential amino acid content 158:189 The essential amino acid content of patatin 158:200 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 2 55 theme amino 172:176 arg1 % 217:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 ashighas 76% 206:217 The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. 33272761 5 56 theme activity 687:694 arg1 inhibition 666:675 inhibition 666:675 inhibition of lipase activity 666:694 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 56 theme activity 687:694 arg1 catabolism 634:643 the fat catabolism 626:643 the fat catabolism 626:643 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 5 56 theme activity 687:694 arg1 absorption 650:659 fat absorption 646:659 fat absorption 646:659 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 0 57 from properties 27:36 arg1 metabolism 59:68 lipid metabolism 53:68 lipid metabolism 53:68 Patatin primary structural properties and effects on lipid metabolism. 33272761 5 58 theme zebrafish 736:744 arg1 larvae 746:751 zebrafish larvae 736:751 zebrafish larvae 736:751 Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. 33272761 4 59 theme binding 547:553 arg1 AAL 492:494 AAL 492:494 AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin) 492:529 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 33272761 4 59 theme binding 547:553 arg1 lectin 555:560 a known fucose binding lectin 532:560 a known fucose binding lectin 532:560 Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. 34625256 1 0 from rate 217:220 arg1 worldwide 253:261 all cancer diagnoses worldwide 232:261 all cancer diagnoses worldwide 232:261 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 1 0 from rate 217:220 arg1 men 225:227 men 225:227 men 225:227 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 1 1 theme second 191:196 arg1 rate 217:220 the second highest malignancy rate 187:220 the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide 187:261 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 0 2 theme sdAb 89:92 arg1 partitioning 94:105 sdAb partitioning 89:105 sdAb partitioning 89:105 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 1 3 theme highest 198:204 arg1 rate 217:220 the second highest malignancy rate 187:220 the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide 187:261 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 5 4 gly α2,6-sialylated 1028:1042 arg1 isomers 1044:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 0 5 theme downstream 111:120 arg1 electrophoresis 132:146 downstream capillary electrophoresis 111:146 downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 111:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 6 6 theme cancer 1272:1277 arg1 forms 1254:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms 1217:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer 1217:1277 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 4 7 theme laser-induced 818:830 arg1 detection 845:853 laser-induced fluorescence detection 818:853 laser-induced fluorescence detection 818:853 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 4 8 theme yield 698:702 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 3 9 theme based 601:605 arg1 analysis 614:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis 557:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis 557:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 3 10 theme high-throughput 559:573 arg1 analysis 614:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis 557:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis 557:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 5 11 theme glycan 916:921 arg1 profiles 923:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles 904:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles 904:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 0 12 theme electrophoresis 132:146 arg1 separation 148:157 downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 111:157 downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 111:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 5 13 theme PSA 912:914 arg1 profiles 923:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles 904:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles 904:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 4 14 theme capillary 779:787 arg1 electrophoresis 789:803 preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis 758:803 electrophoresis 789:803 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 1 15 theme malignancy 206:215 arg1 rate 217:220 the second highest malignancy rate 187:220 the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide 187:261 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 0 16 theme capillary 122:130 arg1 electrophoresis 132:146 downstream capillary electrophoresis 111:146 downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 111:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 5 17 theme standard 978:985 arg1 PSA 974:976 a commercially available PSA standard 949:985 a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 949:1050 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 2 18 gly N-glycosylation 413:427 arg1 PSA 459:461 PSA 459:461 PSA 459:461 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 2 18 gly N-glycosylation 413:427 arg1 antigen 450:456 prostate-specific antigen 432:456 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 432:462 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 2 19 theme cancer 308:313 arg1 progression 284:294 progression 284:294 progression 284:294 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 2 19 theme cancer 308:313 arg1 development 268:278 development 268:278 development 268:278 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 6 20 theme important 1171:1179 arg1 role 1181:1184 an important role 1168:1184 an important role 1168:1184 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 6 21 theme prostate 1263:1270 arg1 cancer 1272:1277 prostate cancer 1263:1277 prostate cancer 1263:1277 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 2 22 theme molecular 351:359 arg1 level 361:365 molecular level 351:365 molecular level 351:365 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 4 23 theme domain 711:716 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 5 24 theme excellent 1065:1073 arg1 selectivity 1075:1085 the excellent selectivity 1061:1085 the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow 1061:1111 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 3 25 theme glycan 607:612 arg1 analysis 614:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis 557:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis 557:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 4 26 theme PSA 733:735 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 0 27 theme urinary 24:30 arg1 antigen 50:56 urinary prostate specific antigen 24:56 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 24:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 4 28 theme high 869:872 arg1 profiles 894:901 high resolution N-glycan profiles 869:901 high resolution N-glycan profiles 869:901 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 5 29 from differences 997:1007 arg1 isomers 1044:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 3 30 theme capillary 575:583 arg1 analysis 614:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis 557:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis 557:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 5 31 theme workflow 1104:1111 arg1 selectivity 1075:1085 the excellent selectivity 1061:1085 the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow 1061:1111 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 5 32 theme Urinary 904:910 arg1 profiles 923:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles 904:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles 904:930 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 6 33 theme indolent 1217:1224 arg1 forms 1254:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms 1217:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer 1217:1277 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 2 34 dep development 268:278 arg1 The 264:266 The 264:266 The 264:266 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 5 35 theme α2,6-sialylated 1028:1042 arg1 isomers 1044:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 3 36 theme electrophoresis 585:599 arg1 analysis 614:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis 557:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis 557:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 2 37 theme antigen 450:456 arg1 N-glycosylation 413:427 the N-glycosylation 409:427 the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 409:462 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 0 38 theme specific 41:48 arg1 antigen 50:56 urinary prostate specific antigen 24:56 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 24:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 2 39 theme prostate-specific 432:448 arg1 PSA 459:461 PSA 459:461 PSA 459:461 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 2 39 theme prostate-specific 432:448 arg1 antigen 450:456 prostate-specific antigen 432:456 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 432:462 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 4 40 theme N-glycan 885:892 arg1 profiles 894:901 high resolution N-glycan profiles 869:901 high resolution N-glycan profiles 869:901 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 4 41 theme single 704:709 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 1 42 theme cancer 236:241 arg1 diagnoses 243:251 all cancer diagnoses 232:251 all cancer diagnoses worldwide 232:261 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 0 43 theme prostate 32:39 arg1 antigen 50:56 urinary prostate specific antigen 24:56 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 24:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 3 44 theme urinary 636:642 arg1 analysis 648:655 urinary PSA analysis 636:655 urinary PSA analysis 636:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 6 45 theme sialylation 1135:1145 arg1 classification 1147:1160 sialylation classification 1135:1160 sialylation classification 1135:1160 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 1 46 theme diagnoses 243:251 arg1 worldwide 253:261 all cancer diagnoses worldwide 232:261 all cancer diagnoses worldwide 232:261 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 0 47 theme N-glycosylation 58:72 arg1 analysis 74:81 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis 24:81 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 24:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 3 48 theme analysis 614:621 arg1 implementation 539:552 implementation 539:552 implementation 539:552 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 3 48 theme analysis 614:621 arg1 development 523:533 development 523:533 development 523:533 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 2 49 from changes 398:404 arg1 N-glycosylation 413:427 the N-glycosylation 409:427 the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 409:462 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 0 50 theme antigen 50:56 arg1 analysis 74:81 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis 24:81 urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation 24:157 Integrated workflow for urinary prostate specific antigen N-glycosylation analysis using sdAb partitioning and downstream capillary electrophoresis separation. 34625256 2 51 theme tumor 477:481 arg1 genesis 483:489 tumor genesis 477:489 tumor genesis 477:489 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 3 52 theme workflow 623:630 arg1 analysis 614:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis 557:621 a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis 557:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 6 53 theme significant 1227:1237 arg1 forms 1254:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms 1217:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer 1217:1277 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 5 54 theme α2,3- 1018:1022 arg1 isomers 1044:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 1012:1050 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 2 55 theme prostate 299:306 arg1 cancer 308:313 prostate cancer 299:313 prostate cancer 299:313 The development and progression of prostate cancer is not completely understood yet at molecular level, but it has been reported that changes in the N-glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur during tumor genesis. 34625256 4 56 theme resolution 874:883 arg1 profiles 894:901 high resolution N-glycan profiles 869:901 high resolution N-glycan profiles 869:901 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 1 57 theme Prostate 160:167 arg1 cancer 169:174 Prostate cancer 160:174 Prostate cancer 160:174 Prostate cancer represents the second highest malignancy rate in men in all cancer diagnoses worldwide. 34625256 3 58 dep development 523:533 arg1 the 519:521 the 519:521 the 519:521 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 4 59 dep selective 682:690 arg1 high 693:696 high 693:696 high 693:696 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 4 60 theme fluorescence 832:843 arg1 detection 845:853 laser-induced fluorescence detection 818:853 laser-induced fluorescence detection 818:853 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 5 61 theme available 964:972 arg1 PSA 974:976 a commercially available PSA standard 949:985 a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers 949:1050 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 4 62 theme preconcentration 758:773 arg1 electrophoresis 789:803 preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis 758:803 electrophoresis 789:803 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 4 63 theme selective 682:690 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 3 64 theme PSA 644:646 arg1 analysis 648:655 urinary PSA analysis 636:655 urinary PSA analysis 636:655 In this paper we report on the development and implementation of a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis based glycan analysis workflow for urinary PSA analysis. 34625256 4 65 theme based 727:731 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 34625256 6 66 theme aggressive 1243:1252 arg1 forms 1254:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms 1217:1258 indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer 1217:1277 This is important as sialylation classification plays an important role in the differentiation between indolent, significant and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. 34625256 5 67 theme suggested 1094:1102 arg1 workflow 1104:1111 the suggested workflow 1090:1111 the suggested workflow 1090:1111 Urinary PSA glycan profiles were compared to a commercially available PSA standard revealing differences in their α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated isomers, proving the excellent selectivity of the suggested workflow. 34625256 4 68 theme antibody 718:725 arg1 capture 737:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture 682:743 The technology utilizes selective, high yield single domain antibody based PSA capture, followed by preconcentration and capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, resulting in high resolution N-glycan profiles. 31969392 0 0 theme marine 80:85 arg1 habitat 87:93 its marine habitat 76:93 its marine habitat 76:93 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 4 1 used used 622:625 arg2 we 619:620 we 619:620 we 619:620 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 3 2 theme modified 474:481 arg1 sulfate 532:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 2 theme modified 474:481 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 483:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans 461:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan) 461:552 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 2 theme modified 474:481 arg1 fucoidan 544:551 fucoidan 544:551 fucoidan 544:551 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 4 3 theme Holothuria 772:781 arg1 cucumber 762:769 the black sea cucumber 748:769 the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) 748:787 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 4 3 theme Holothuria 772:781 arg1 atra 783:786 Holothuria atra 772:786 Holothuria atra 772:786 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 8 4 theme order-specific 1459:1472 arg1 aspects 1474:1480 the phylum- and order-specific aspects 1443:1480 the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation 1443:1513 Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features. 31969392 8 5 theme vertebrate-like 1545:1559 arg1 features 1561:1568 both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features 1522:1568 both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features 1522:1568 Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features. 31969392 5 6 theme fucosylated 896:906 arg1 moieties 959:966 various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 888:966 various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 888:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 2 7 theme biopolymers 328:338 arg1 range 304:308 a wide range 297:308 a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health 297:371 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 5 8 theme oligomannosidic 988:1002 arg1 modifications 971:983 modifications 971:983 modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans 971:1038 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 5 8 theme oligomannosidic 988:1002 arg1 presence 876:883 the presence 872:883 the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 872:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 7 9 theme vertebrate 1240:1249 arg1 epitopes 1292:1299 sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1277:1299 sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1277:1299 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 7 9 theme vertebrate 1240:1249 arg1 motifs 1251:1256 vertebrate motifs 1240:1256 vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1240:1299 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 7 9 theme vertebrate 1240:1249 arg1 sulfo- 1266:1271 sulfo- 1266:1271 sulfo- 1266:1271 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 7 10 theme marine 1389:1394 arg1 invertebrates 1396:1408 other marine invertebrates 1383:1408 other marine invertebrates 1383:1408 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 5 11 theme various 888:894 arg1 moieties 959:966 various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 888:966 various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 888:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 4 12 theme black 752:756 arg1 cucumber 762:769 the black sea cucumber 748:769 the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) 748:787 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 4 12 theme black 752:756 arg1 atra 783:786 Holothuria atra 772:786 Holothuria atra 772:786 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 4 13 theme cucumber 762:769 arg1 N-glycans 735:743 the N-glycans 731:743 the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS 731:793 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 7 14 theme A 1290:1290 arg1 epitopes 1292:1299 sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1277:1299 sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1277:1299 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 0 15 theme Sulfated 0:7 arg1 N-glycans 24:32 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans 0:32 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra 0:66 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 6 16 theme holothuroid 1138:1148 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 1150:1167 holothuroid glycosaminoglycans 1138:1167 holothuroid glycosaminoglycans 1138:1167 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. 31969392 4 17 theme neutral 696:702 arg1 N-glycans 704:712 anionic and neutral N-glycans 684:712 anionic and neutral N-glycans 684:712 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 7 18 theme high 1316:1319 arg1 degree 1321:1326 a high degree 1314:1326 a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans 1314:1365 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 7 19 theme H. 1213:1214 arg1 atra 1216:1219 H. atra 1213:1219 H. atra 1213:1219 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 3 20 theme fucosylated 508:518 arg1 sulfate 532:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 20 theme fucosylated 508:518 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 483:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans 461:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan) 461:552 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 6 21 theme fucosylation 1074:1085 arg1 degree 1050:1055 The high degree 1041:1055 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation 1041:1085 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. 31969392 8 22 theme N-glycosylation 1499:1513 arg1 aspects 1474:1480 the phylum- and order-specific aspects 1443:1480 the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation 1443:1513 Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features. 31969392 4 23 theme chemical 829:836 arg1 treatments 838:847 enzymatic and chemical treatments 815:847 enzymatic and chemical treatments 815:847 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 2 24 theme sea 261:263 arg1 holothuroids 247:258 the holothuroids 243:258 the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) 243:274 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 2 24 theme sea 261:263 arg1 cucumbers 265:273 sea cucumbers 261:273 sea cucumbers 261:273 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 7 25 with Compatible 1170:1179 arg1 position 1203:1210 its phylogenetic position 1186:1210 its phylogenetic position 1186:1210 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 1 26 theme evolutionary 167:178 arg1 group 190:194 an evolutionary important group 164:194 an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals 164:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 1 26 theme evolutionary 167:178 arg1 echinoderms 148:158 the echinoderms 144:158 the echinoderms 144:158 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 1 26 theme evolutionary 167:178 arg1 animals 214:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 3 27 link protein-linked 584:597 arg1 glycosylation 599:611 their protein-linked glycosylation 578:611 their protein-linked glycosylation 578:611 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 5 28 dep fucosylated 896:906 arg1 sulfated 950:957 sulfated 950:957 sulfated 950:957 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 5 28 dep fucosylated 896:906 arg1 sialylated 925:934 sialylated 925:934 sialylated 925:934 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 5 28 dep fucosylated 896:906 arg1 phosphorylated 909:922 phosphorylated 909:922 phosphorylated 909:922 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 1 29 theme important 180:188 arg1 group 190:194 an evolutionary important group 164:194 an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals 164:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 1 29 theme important 180:188 arg1 echinoderms 148:158 the echinoderms 144:158 the echinoderms 144:158 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 1 29 theme important 180:188 arg1 animals 214:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 2 30 theme culinary 410:417 arg1 interest 419:426 economic and culinary interest 397:426 economic and culinary interest 397:426 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 7 31 theme phylogenetic 1190:1201 arg1 position 1203:1210 its phylogenetic position 1186:1210 its phylogenetic position 1186:1210 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 3 32 dep glycosaminoglycans 483:500 arg1 sulfate 532:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 32 dep glycosaminoglycans 483:500 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 483:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans 461:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan) 461:552 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 32 dep glycosaminoglycans 483:500 arg1 fucoidan 544:551 fucoidan 544:551 fucoidan 544:551 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 7 33 theme glycans 1359:1365 arg1 substitution 1339:1350 anionic substitution 1331:1350 anionic substitution of its glycans 1331:1365 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 5 34 gly fucosylated 896:906 arg1 moieties 959:966 various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 888:966 various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 888:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 4 35 theme sea 758:760 arg1 cucumber 762:769 the black sea cucumber 748:769 the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) 748:787 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 4 35 theme sea 758:760 arg1 atra 783:786 Holothuria atra 772:786 Holothuria atra 772:786 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 8 36 theme invertebrate- 1527:1539 arg1 features 1561:1568 both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features 1522:1568 both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features 1522:1568 Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features. 31969392 6 37 theme sulfation 1060:1068 arg1 degree 1050:1055 The high degree 1041:1055 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation 1041:1085 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. 31969392 2 38 theme economic 397:404 arg1 interest 419:426 economic and culinary interest 397:426 economic and culinary interest 397:426 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 2 39 with range 304:308 arg1 benefits 354:361 apparent benefits 345:361 apparent benefits to health 345:371 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 3 40 gly fucosylated 508:518 arg1 sulfate 532:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 40 gly fucosylated 508:518 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 483:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans 461:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan) 461:552 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 1 41 theme ancient 199:205 arg1 animals 214:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 7 42 theme anionic 1331:1337 arg1 substitution 1339:1350 anionic substitution 1331:1350 anionic substitution of its glycans 1331:1365 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 4 43 theme N-glycan 637:644 arg1 fractionation 646:658 multistep N-glycan fractionation 627:658 multistep N-glycan fractionation 627:658 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 5 44 theme complex-type 1017:1028 arg1 N-glycans 1030:1038 complex-type N-glycans 1017:1038 complex-type N-glycans 1017:1038 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 1 45 theme marine 207:212 arg1 animals 214:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 8 46 theme other 1424:1428 arg1 echinoderms 1430:1440 other echinoderms 1424:1440 other echinoderms 1424:1440 Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features. 31969392 5 47 theme N-glycans 1030:1038 arg1 modifications 971:983 modifications 971:983 modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans 971:1038 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 5 47 theme N-glycans 1030:1038 arg1 presence 876:883 the presence 872:883 the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 872:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 1 48 theme animals 214:220 arg1 group 190:194 an evolutionary important group 164:194 an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals 164:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 1 48 theme animals 214:220 arg1 echinoderms 148:158 the echinoderms 144:158 the echinoderms 144:158 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 1 48 theme animals 214:220 arg1 animals 214:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 ancient marine animals 199:220 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 0 49 theme Holothuria 52:61 arg1 atra 63:66 the echinoderm Holothuria atra 37:66 the echinoderm Holothuria atra 37:66 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 6 50 theme high 1045:1048 arg1 degree 1050:1055 The high degree 1041:1055 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation 1041:1085 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. 31969392 6 51 located observed 1115:1122 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 1150:1167 holothuroid glycosaminoglycans 1138:1167 holothuroid glycosaminoglycans 1138:1167 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. 31969392 6 51 located observed 1115:1122 arg2 modifications 1101:1113 the modifications 1097:1113 the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans 1097:1167 The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. 31969392 0 52 gly sialylated 13:22 arg1 N-glycans 24:32 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans 0:32 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra 0:66 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 2 53 theme glycoconjugate 313:326 arg1 biopolymers 328:338 glycoconjugate biopolymers 313:338 glycoconjugate biopolymers 313:338 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 0 54 theme echinoderm 41:50 arg1 atra 63:66 the echinoderm Holothuria atra 37:66 the echinoderm Holothuria atra 37:66 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 7 55 dep expresses 1230:1238 arg1 only 1225:1228 only 1225:1228 only 1225:1228 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 4 56 theme enzymatic 815:823 arg1 treatments 838:847 enzymatic and chemical treatments 815:847 enzymatic and chemical treatments 815:847 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 8 57 theme phylum- 1447:1453 arg1 aspects 1474:1480 the phylum- and order-specific aspects 1443:1480 the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation 1443:1513 Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features. 31969392 7 58 theme other 1383:1387 arg1 invertebrates 1396:1408 other marine invertebrates 1383:1408 other marine invertebrates 1383:1408 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 4 59 theme anionic 684:690 arg1 N-glycans 704:712 anionic and neutral N-glycans 684:712 anionic and neutral N-glycans 684:712 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 1 60 theme earliest 120:127 arg1 deuterostomes 129:141 the earliest deuterostomes 116:141 the earliest deuterostomes 116:141 Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. 31969392 3 61 theme chondroitin 520:530 arg1 sulfate 532:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 fucosylated chondroitin sulfate 508:538 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 3 61 theme chondroitin 520:530 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 483:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans 461:500 their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan) 461:552 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 5 62 theme hybrid 1005:1010 arg1 modifications 971:983 modifications 971:983 modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans 971:1038 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 5 62 theme hybrid 1005:1010 arg1 presence 876:883 the presence 872:883 the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 872:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 2 63 theme wide 299:302 arg1 range 304:308 a wide range 297:308 a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health 297:371 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 3 64 dep sulfate 532:538 arg1 e.g. 503:506 e.g. 503:506 e.g. 503:506 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 4 65 theme multistep 627:635 arg1 fractionation 646:658 multistep N-glycan fractionation 627:658 multistep N-glycan fractionation 627:658 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 31969392 3 66 theme protein-linked 584:597 arg1 glycosylation 599:611 their protein-linked glycosylation 578:611 their protein-linked glycosylation 578:611 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 7 67 theme substitution 1339:1350 arg1 degree 1321:1326 a high degree 1314:1326 a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans 1314:1365 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 5 68 theme moieties 959:966 arg1 modifications 971:983 modifications 971:983 modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans 971:1038 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 5 68 theme moieties 959:966 arg1 presence 876:883 the presence 872:883 the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties 872:966 These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. 31969392 3 69 dep known 566:570 arg1 Other 450:454 Other 450:454 Other 450:454 Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. 31969392 0 70 from N-glycans 24:32 arg1 atra 63:66 the echinoderm Holothuria atra 37:66 the echinoderm Holothuria atra 37:66 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 0 71 theme sialylated 13:22 arg1 N-glycans 24:32 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans 0:32 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra 0:66 Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. 31969392 2 72 theme apparent 345:352 arg1 benefits 354:361 apparent benefits 345:361 apparent benefits to health 345:371 Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. 31969392 7 73 theme sialyl-Lewis 1277:1288 arg1 epitopes 1292:1299 sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1277:1299 sialyl-Lewis A epitopes 1277:1299 Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. 31969392 4 74 with combination 798:808 arg1 treatments 838:847 enzymatic and chemical treatments 815:847 enzymatic and chemical treatments 815:847 Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. 34215068 8 0 theme β-Casein 1653:1660 arg1 digest 1662:1667 β-Casein digest 1653:1667 β-Casein digest to BSA digest 1653:1681 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 3 1 theme melamine 755:762 arg1 foam 764:767 melamine foam 755:767 melamine foam 755:767 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 3 2 theme flexible 733:740 arg1 structure 742:750 the well-ordered and flexible structure 712:750 the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam 712:767 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 8 3 theme smooth 1897:1902 arg1 enrichment 1904:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 3 theme smooth 1897:1902 arg1 effect 1797:1802 excellent size exclusion effect 1772:1802 excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins 1772:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 4 theme several 1721:1727 arg1 characteristics 1747:1761 several other fascinating characteristics 1721:1761 several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment 1721:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 2 5 theme mechanical 616:625 arg1 strength 627:634 good mechanical strength 611:634 good mechanical strength 611:634 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 7 6 with glycopeptides 1314:1326 arg1 limit 1359:1363 a low limit 1353:1363 a low limit of detection 1353:1376 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 7 theme fascinating 1735:1745 arg1 characteristics 1747:1761 several other fascinating characteristics 1721:1761 several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment 1721:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 3 8 theme foam 764:767 arg1 structure 742:750 the well-ordered and flexible structure 712:750 the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam 712:767 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 7 9 with phosphopeptides 1332:1346 arg1 limit 1359:1363 a low limit 1353:1363 a low limit of detection 1353:1376 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 10 theme such 1763:1766 arg1 characteristics 1747:1761 several other fascinating characteristics 1721:1761 several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment 1721:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 4 11 theme excellent 889:897 arg1 characteristics 899:913 its excellent characteristics 885:913 its excellent characteristics 885:913 Metal-organic framework, due to its excellent characteristics, was grafted on its surface anchored by self-assembling polydopamine. 34215068 5 12 from material 1069:1076 arg1 structure 1093:1101 the conical structure 1081:1101 the conical structure of the tip 1081:1112 The resulting material was characterized and packed in the tip by just pressing the material in the conical structure of the tip. 34215068 4 13 theme self-assembling 955:969 arg1 polydopamine 971:982 self-assembling polydopamine 955:982 self-assembling polydopamine 955:982 Metal-organic framework, due to its excellent characteristics, was grafted on its surface anchored by self-assembling polydopamine. 34215068 8 14 theme human 1946:1950 arg1 sample 1959:1964 a human saliva sample 1944:1964 a human saliva sample 1944:1964 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 15 theme size 1782:1785 arg1 backpressure 1853:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 15 theme size 1782:1785 arg1 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 15 theme size 1782:1785 arg1 effect 1797:1802 excellent size exclusion effect 1772:1802 excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins 1772:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 15 theme size 1782:1785 arg1 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 15 theme size 1782:1785 arg1 enrichment 1904:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 1 16 theme green 246:250 arg1 one 235:237 one 235:237 one 235:237 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 16 theme green 246:250 arg1 green 246:250 the green 242:250 the green 242:250 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 16 theme green 246:250 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 2 17 theme hierarchical 564:575 arg1 substrate 577:585 a flexible and hierarchical substrate 549:585 a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip 549:601 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 3 18 used used 777:780 arg2 it 770:771 it 770:771 it 770:771 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 3 18 used used 777:780 arg2 substrate 787:795 a substrate 785:795 a substrate 785:795 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 7 19 theme β-Casein 1449:1456 arg1 digests 1411:1417 tryptic digests 1403:1417 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein 1403:1456 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 3 20 theme hydrophilic 805:815 arg1 HILIC 845:849 HILIC 845:849 HILIC 845:849 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 3 20 theme hydrophilic 805:815 arg1 chromatography 829:842 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 805:842 hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 805:850 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 1 21 theme powerful 256:263 arg1 techniques 295:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 21 theme powerful 256:263 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 7 22 theme peroxidase 1434:1443 arg1 digests 1411:1417 tryptic digests 1403:1417 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein 1403:1456 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 6 23 gly glycopeptides 1210:1222 arg2 glycopeptides 1210:1222 glycopeptides 1210:1222 glycopeptides as well as phosphopeptides 1210:1249 This affinity tip established good and tunable permeability and was used to selectively enrich glycopeptides as well as phosphopeptides. 34215068 1 24 theme tip 445:447 arg1 fabrication 384:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 24 theme tip 445:447 arg1 blocking 429:436 blocking 429:436 blocking of the tip 429:447 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 24 theme tip 445:447 arg1 instability 397:407 instability 397:407 instability of sorbent bed 397:422 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 7 25 theme tryptic 1403:1409 arg1 digests 1411:1417 tryptic digests 1403:1417 tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein 1403:1456 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 7 26 theme excellent 1282:1290 arg1 performance 1292:1302 excellent performance 1282:1302 excellent performance 1282:1302 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 27 theme proteins 1836:1843 arg1 omission 1812:1819 the omission 1808:1819 the omission of large-sized proteins 1808:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 1 28 theme solid-phase 190:200 arg1 one 235:237 one 235:237 one 235:237 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 28 theme solid-phase 190:200 arg1 green 246:250 the green 242:250 the green 242:250 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 28 theme solid-phase 190:200 arg1 techniques 295:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 28 theme solid-phase 190:200 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 0 29 theme facile 85:90 arg1 fabrication 105:115 facile affinity-tip fabrication 85:115 facile affinity-tip fabrication 85:115 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 8 30 theme modest 1846:1851 arg1 backpressure 1853:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 30 theme modest 1846:1851 arg1 effect 1797:1802 excellent size exclusion effect 1772:1802 excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins 1772:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 2 31 theme flexible 551:558 arg1 substrate 577:585 a flexible and hierarchical substrate 549:585 a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip 549:601 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 8 32 theme high 1561:1564 arg1 selectivity 1566:1576 high selectivity 1561:1576 high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides 1561:1702 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 33 dep 1:200 1646:1650 arg1 digest 1662:1667 β-Casein digest 1653:1667 β-Casein digest to BSA digest 1653:1681 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 1 34 theme sorbent 412:418 arg1 bed 420:422 sorbent bed 412:422 sorbent bed 412:422 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 8 35 dep characteristics 1747:1761 arg1 backpressure 1853:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 35 dep characteristics 1747:1761 arg1 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 35 dep characteristics 1747:1761 arg1 effect 1797:1802 excellent size exclusion effect 1772:1802 excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins 1772:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 35 dep characteristics 1747:1761 arg1 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 35 dep characteristics 1747:1761 arg1 enrichment 1904:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 0 36 theme Flexible 0:7 arg1 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite 0:58 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 5 37 theme resulting 989:997 arg1 material 999:1006 The resulting material 985:1006 The resulting material 985:1006 The resulting material was characterized and packed in the tip by just pressing the material in the conical structure of the tip. 34215068 0 38 theme hierarchical 13:24 arg1 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite 0:58 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 7 39 theme detection 1368:1376 arg1 limit 1359:1363 a low limit 1353:1363 a low limit of detection 1353:1376 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 40 theme HRP 1598:1600 arg1 1:1000 1590:1595 1:1000 1590:1595 1:1000 1590:1595 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 40 theme HRP 1598:1600 arg1 digest 1602:1607 HRP digest 1598:1607 HRP digest to BSA digest 1598:1621 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 4 41 theme Metal-organic 853:865 arg1 framework 867:875 Metal-organic framework 853:875 Metal-organic framework 853:875 Metal-organic framework, due to its excellent characteristics, was grafted on its surface anchored by self-assembling polydopamine. 34215068 7 42 dep rounds 1496:1501 arg1 up 1488:1489 up 1488:1489 up 1488:1489 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 43 gly glycopeptides 1628:1640 arg2 glycopeptides 1628:1640 glycopeptides 1628:1640 glycopeptides 1628:1640 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 44 theme BSA 1672:1674 arg1 digest 1676:1681 BSA digest 1672:1681 BSA digest 1672:1681 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 1 45 theme analytical 265:274 arg1 techniques 295:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 45 theme analytical 265:274 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 46 theme preparation 283:293 arg1 techniques 295:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 46 theme preparation 283:293 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 2 47 from substrate 577:585 arg1 microtip 594:601 the microtip 590:601 the microtip 590:601 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 7 48 theme affinity 1256:1263 arg1 tip 1265:1267 The affinity tip 1252:1267 The affinity tip 1252:1267 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 7 48 theme affinity 1256:1263 arg1 stable 1481:1486 stable 1481:1486 stable 1481:1486 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 6 49 theme affinity 1120:1127 arg1 tip 1129:1131 This affinity tip 1115:1131 This affinity tip 1115:1131 This affinity tip established good and tunable permeability and was used to selectively enrich glycopeptides as well as phosphopeptides. 34215068 1 50 theme biological 465:474 arg1 samples 476:482 biological samples 465:482 biological samples due to low permeability 465:506 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 7 51 theme enrichment 1506:1515 arg1 rounds 1496:1501 5 rounds 1494:1501 5 rounds of enrichment 1494:1515 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 2 52 theme good 611:614 arg1 strength 627:634 good mechanical strength 611:634 good mechanical strength 611:634 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 1 53 theme due 484:486 arg1 samples 476:482 biological samples 465:482 biological samples due to low permeability 465:506 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 6 54 used used 1183:1186 arg2 tip 1129:1131 This affinity tip 1115:1131 This affinity tip 1115:1131 This affinity tip established good and tunable permeability and was used to selectively enrich glycopeptides as well as phosphopeptides. 34215068 4 55 theme due 878:880 arg1 framework 867:875 Metal-organic framework 853:875 Metal-organic framework 853:875 Metal-organic framework, due to its excellent characteristics, was grafted on its surface anchored by self-assembling polydopamine. 34215068 1 56 theme low 491:493 arg1 permeability 495:506 low permeability 491:506 low permeability 491:506 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 2 57 theme specific 640:647 arg1 functionality 649:661 specific functionality 640:661 specific functionality 640:661 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 8 58 theme saliva 1952:1957 arg1 sample 1959:1964 a human saliva sample 1944:1964 a human saliva sample 1944:1964 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 5 59 theme tip 1110:1112 arg1 structure 1093:1101 the conical structure 1081:1101 the conical structure of the tip 1081:1112 The resulting material was characterized and packed in the tip by just pressing the material in the conical structure of the tip. 34215068 8 60 theme excellent 1772:1780 arg1 backpressure 1853:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 60 theme excellent 1772:1780 arg1 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 60 theme excellent 1772:1780 arg1 effect 1797:1802 excellent size exclusion effect 1772:1802 excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins 1772:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 60 theme excellent 1772:1780 arg1 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 60 theme excellent 1772:1780 arg1 enrichment 1904:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 3 61 theme interaction 817:827 arg1 HILIC 845:849 HILIC 845:849 HILIC 845:849 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 3 61 theme interaction 817:827 arg1 chromatography 829:842 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 805:842 hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 805:850 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 8 62 theme exclusion 1787:1795 arg1 backpressure 1853:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 modest backpressure 1846:1864 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 62 theme exclusion 1787:1795 arg1 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 reusability 1884:1894 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 62 theme exclusion 1787:1795 arg1 effect 1797:1802 excellent size exclusion effect 1772:1802 excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins 1772:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 62 theme exclusion 1787:1795 arg1 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 reproducibility 1867:1881 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 62 theme exclusion 1787:1795 arg1 enrichment 1904:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 smooth enrichment 1897:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 0 63 gly glycopeptides 139:151 arg2 glycopeptides 139:151 glycopeptides 139:151 glycopeptides 139:151 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 5 64 theme conical 1085:1091 arg1 structure 1093:1101 the conical structure 1081:1101 the conical structure of the tip 1081:1112 The resulting material was characterized and packed in the tip by just pressing the material in the conical structure of the tip. 34215068 7 65 theme horseradish 1422:1432 arg1 peroxidase 1434:1443 horseradish peroxidase 1422:1443 horseradish peroxidase 1422:1443 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 66 dep 1:1000 1590:1595 arg1 up 1578:1579 up 1578:1579 up 1578:1579 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 8 66 dep 1:1000 1590:1595 arg1 to 1587:1588 to 1587:1588 to 1587:1588 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 1 67 theme Micro-tip-based 174:188 arg1 one 235:237 one 235:237 one 235:237 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 67 theme Micro-tip-based 174:188 arg1 green 246:250 the green 242:250 the green 242:250 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 67 theme Micro-tip-based 174:188 arg1 techniques 295:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 67 theme Micro-tip-based 174:188 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 0 68 theme affinity-tip 92:103 arg1 fabrication 105:115 facile affinity-tip fabrication 85:115 facile affinity-tip fabrication 85:115 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 1 69 theme tedious 376:382 arg1 fabrication 384:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 8 70 theme large-sized 1824:1834 arg1 proteins 1836:1843 large-sized proteins 1824:1843 large-sized proteins 1824:1843 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 2 71 theme desired 678:684 arg1 biomolecules 686:697 the desired biomolecules 674:697 the desired biomolecules 674:697 These issues are tackled by introducing a flexible and hierarchical substrate in the microtip, having good mechanical strength and specific functionality to capture the desired biomolecules. 34215068 7 72 from digests 1411:1417 arg1 0.5 fmol μL-1 1384:1396 0.5 fmol μL-1 1384:1396 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein 1384:1456 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 1 73 theme bed 420:422 arg1 fabrication 384:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 73 theme bed 420:422 arg1 blocking 429:436 blocking 429:436 blocking of the tip 429:447 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 73 theme bed 420:422 arg1 instability 397:407 instability 397:407 instability of sorbent bed 397:422 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 8 74 theme other 1729:1733 arg1 characteristics 1747:1761 several other fascinating characteristics 1721:1761 several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment 1721:1913 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 0 75 theme metal-organic 26:38 arg1 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite 0:58 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 7 76 gly glycopeptides 1314:1326 arg2 glycopeptides 1314:1326 glycopeptides 1314:1326 glycopeptides 1314:1326 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 0 77 theme composite 50:58 arg1 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite 0:58 framework 40:48 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 7 78 theme low 1355:1357 arg1 limit 1359:1363 a low limit 1353:1363 a low limit of detection 1353:1376 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 8 79 theme BSA 1612:1614 arg1 digest 1616:1621 BSA digest 1612:1621 BSA digest 1612:1621 Moreover, this affinity-tip also exhibited high selectivity up to up to 1:1000 (HRP digest to BSA digest) for glycopeptides and 1:200 (β-Casein digest to BSA digest) for phosphopeptides and demonstrated several other fascinating characteristics such as; excellent size exclusion effect for the omission of large-sized proteins, modest backpressure, reproducibility, reusability, smooth enrichment, and successfully applied to a human saliva sample. 34215068 0 80 theme solid-phase 63:73 arg1 media 75:79 solid-phase media 63:79 solid-phase media 63:79 Flexible and hierarchical metal-organic framework composite as solid-phase media for facile affinity-tip fabrication to selectively enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. 34215068 1 81 theme basic 355:359 arg1 blocking 429:436 blocking 429:436 blocking of the tip 429:447 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 81 theme basic 355:359 arg1 fabrication 384:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 tedious fabrication 376:394 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 81 theme basic 355:359 arg1 issues 361:366 some basic issues 350:366 some basic issues 350:366 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 81 theme basic 355:359 arg1 instability 397:407 instability 397:407 instability of sorbent bed 397:422 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 7 82 dep 0.5 fmol μL-1 1384:1396 arg1 up 1378:1379 up 1378:1379 up 1378:1379 The affinity tip demonstrated excellent performance to enrich glycopeptides and phosphopeptides with a low limit of detection up to 0.5 fmol μL-1 from tryptic digests of horseradish peroxidase and β-Casein, respectively, and was stable up to 5 rounds of enrichment. 34215068 3 83 theme well-ordered 716:727 arg1 structure 742:750 the well-ordered and flexible structure 712:750 the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam 712:767 Considering the well-ordered and flexible structure of melamine foam, it was used as a substrate and for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). 34215068 6 84 theme tunable 1154:1160 arg1 permeability 1162:1173 good and tunable permeability 1145:1173 good and tunable permeability 1145:1173 This affinity tip established good and tunable permeability and was used to selectively enrich glycopeptides as well as phosphopeptides. 34215068 1 85 theme sample 276:281 arg1 techniques 295:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 powerful analytical sample preparation techniques 256:304 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 1 85 theme sample 276:281 arg1 microextraction 202:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction 174:216 Micro-tip-based solid-phase microextraction is considered as one of the green and powerful analytical sample preparation techniques, but its efficiency is severely hampered by some basic issues such as tedious fabrication, instability of sorbent bed, and blocking of the tip, especially for biological samples due to low permeability. 34215068 6 86 theme good 1145:1148 arg1 permeability 1162:1173 good and tunable permeability 1145:1173 good and tunable permeability 1145:1173 This affinity tip established good and tunable permeability and was used to selectively enrich glycopeptides as well as phosphopeptides. 34132588 12 0 theme methanogenic 2010:2021 arg1 organisms 2023:2031 surface-associated methanogenic organisms 1991:2031 surface-associated methanogenic organisms 1991:2031 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 6 1 theme JJ 800:801 arg1 mutant 803:808 A strain JJ mutant 791:808 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus 791:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 3 2 theme metal 436:440 arg1 surfaces 442:449 glass or metal surfaces 427:449 glass or metal surfaces 427:449 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 6 3 theme pilus 860:864 arg1 components 829:838 structural components 818:838 structural components of the type IV-like pilus 818:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 12 4 theme anaerobic 2089:2097 arg1 corrosion 2104:2112 anaerobic iron corrosion 2089:2112 anaerobic iron corrosion 2089:2112 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 10 5 theme surface-associated 1715:1732 arg1 growth 1734:1739 surface-associated growth 1715:1739 surface-associated growth 1715:1739 Methanogens often grow as biofilms associated with surfaces or partner organisms; however, the molecular details of surface-associated growth remain uncharacterized. 34132588 8 6 from growth 1359:1364 arg1 member 1371:1376 a member 1369:1376 a member of the methanogenic archaea 1369:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 5 7 gly glycoprotein 625:636 arg1 glycoprotein 625:636 a glycoprotein 623:636 a glycoprotein 623:636 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 5 7 gly glycoprotein 625:636 arg1 S2 616:617 strain S2 609:617 strain S2 609:617 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 5 7 gly glycoprotein 625:636 arg1 S-layer 579:585 the S-layer 575:585 the S-layer of strain JJ 575:598 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 7 8 with association 1235:1245 arg1 surface 1271:1277 the Fe0 surface 1263:1277 the Fe0 surface 1263:1277 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 11 9 theme iron 1922:1925 arg1 corrosion 1927:1935 anaerobic iron corrosion 1912:1935 anaerobic iron corrosion 1912:1935 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 9 10 theme Methanogenic 1418:1429 arg1 archaea 1431:1437 Methanogenic archaea 1418:1437 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea 1407:1437 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 0 11 from Oxidation 79:87 arg1 maripaludis 106:116 Methanococcus maripaludis 92:116 Methanococcus maripaludis 92:116 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB Supports Surface-Associated Growth and Iron Oxidation in Methanococcus maripaludis. 34132588 4 12 theme several 470:476 arg1 structures 487:496 several cellular structures 470:496 several cellular structures 470:496 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 12 theme several 470:476 arg1 pili 507:510 pili 507:510 pili 507:510 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 12 theme several 470:476 arg1 archaella 513:521 archaella 513:521 archaella 513:521 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 12 theme several 470:476 arg1 layer 545:549 the cell surface layer 528:549 the cell surface layer (S-layer) 528:559 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 8 13 theme archaea 1398:1404 arg1 member 1371:1376 a member 1369:1376 a member of the methanogenic archaea 1369:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 12 14 theme association 2073:2083 arg1 importance 2051:2060 the importance 2047:2060 the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion 2047:2112 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 9 15 theme terminal 1519:1526 arg1 reactions 1528:1536 the terminal reactions 1515:1536 the terminal reactions 1515:1536 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 3 16 from growth 378:383 arg1 surfaces 442:449 glass or metal surfaces 427:449 glass or metal surfaces 427:449 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 7 17 theme Fe0 1267:1269 arg1 surface 1271:1277 the Fe0 surface 1263:1277 the Fe0 surface 1263:1277 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 3 18 from surfaces 442:449 arg1 growth 378:383 growth 378:383 growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces 378:449 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 4 19 gly glycosylates 457:468 arg1 structures 487:496 several cellular structures 470:496 several cellular structures 470:496 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 19 gly glycosylates 457:468 arg1 pili 507:510 pili 507:510 pili 507:510 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 19 gly glycosylates 457:468 arg1 archaella 513:521 archaella 513:521 archaella 513:521 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 19 gly glycosylates 457:468 arg1 layer 545:549 the cell surface layer 528:549 the cell surface layer (S-layer) 528:559 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 20 theme cell 532:535 arg1 S-layer 552:558 S-layer 552:558 S-layer 552:558 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 20 theme cell 532:535 arg1 layer 545:549 the cell surface layer 528:549 the cell surface layer (S-layer) 528:559 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 8 21 from member 1371:1376 arg1 characterization 1320:1335 an initial characterization 1309:1335 an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea 1309:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 5 22 theme strain 609:614 arg1 glycoprotein 625:636 a glycoprotein 623:636 a glycoprotein 623:636 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 5 22 theme strain 609:614 arg1 S-layer 579:585 the S-layer 575:585 the S-layer of strain JJ 575:598 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 5 22 theme strain 609:614 arg1 S2 616:617 strain S2 609:617 strain S2 609:617 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 11 23 from growth 1850:1855 arg1 surfaces 1878:1885 surfaces 1878:1885 surfaces 1878:1885 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 11 24 theme maripaludis 1863:1873 arg1 growth 1850:1855 growth 1850:1855 growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces 1850:1885 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 5 25 theme aglB 715:718 arg1 deletion 703:710 deletion 703:710 deletion of aglB 703:718 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 7 26 theme oxidation 1119:1127 arg1 capable 1104:1110 capable 1104:1110 capable 1104:1110 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 5 27 theme JJ 597:598 arg1 glycoprotein 625:636 a glycoprotein 623:636 a glycoprotein 623:636 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 5 27 theme JJ 597:598 arg1 S2 616:617 strain S2 609:617 strain S2 609:617 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 5 27 theme JJ 597:598 arg1 S-layer 579:585 the S-layer 575:585 the S-layer of strain JJ 575:598 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 1 28 theme Most 119:122 arg1 organisms 134:142 Most microbial organisms 119:142 Most microbial organisms 119:142 Most microbial organisms grow as surface-attached communities known as biofilms. 34132588 9 29 from degradation 1545:1555 arg1 environments 1585:1596 anoxic environments 1578:1596 anoxic environments 1578:1596 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 7 30 theme biomass 1250:1256 arg1 association 1235:1245 decreased association 1225:1245 decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface 1225:1277 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 6 31 theme IV-like 852:858 arg1 pilus 860:864 the type IV-like pilus 843:864 the type IV-like pilus 843:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 8 32 theme initial 1312:1318 arg1 characterization 1320:1335 an initial characterization 1309:1335 an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea 1309:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 0 33 theme Surface-Associated 44:61 arg1 Growth 63:68 Surface-Associated Growth 44:68 Surface-Associated Growth 44:68 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB Supports Surface-Associated Growth and Iron Oxidation in Methanococcus maripaludis. 34132588 11 34 theme surface 1819:1825 arg1 layer 1827:1831 the cell surface layer 1810:1831 the cell surface layer 1810:1831 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 9 35 dep IMPORTANCE 1407:1416 arg1 archaea 1431:1437 Methanogenic archaea 1418:1437 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea 1407:1437 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 9 36 theme matter 1568:1573 arg1 degradation 1545:1555 the degradation 1541:1555 the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments 1541:1596 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 7 37 theme oxidation 1196:1204 arg1 rate 1174:1177 the rate 1170:1177 the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation 1170:1204 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 6 38 theme sole 1053:1056 arg1 formate 1025:1031 formate 1025:1031 formate 1025:1031 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 6 38 theme sole 1053:1056 arg1 donor 1067:1071 the sole electron donor 1049:1071 the sole electron donor 1049:1071 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 5 39 theme surface-associated 764:781 arg1 growth 783:788 surface-associated growth 764:788 surface-associated growth 764:788 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 9 40 theme anoxic 1578:1583 arg1 environments 1585:1596 anoxic environments 1578:1596 anoxic environments 1578:1596 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 7 41 theme anaerobic 1182:1190 arg1 oxidation 1196:1204 anaerobic Fe0 oxidation 1182:1204 anaerobic Fe0 oxidation 1182:1204 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 12 42 theme surface-associated 1991:2008 arg1 organisms 2023:2031 surface-associated methanogenic organisms 1991:2031 surface-associated methanogenic organisms 1991:2031 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 6 43 theme growth 881:886 arg1 defect 888:893 a growth defect 879:893 a growth defect 879:893 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 5 44 theme only 644:647 arg1 strain 649:654 only strain JJ 644:657 only strain JJ 644:657 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 6 45 theme strain 793:798 arg1 mutant 803:808 A strain JJ mutant 791:808 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus 791:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 5 46 from growth 674:679 arg1 surfaces 684:691 surfaces 684:691 surfaces 684:691 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 10 47 theme partner 1662:1668 arg1 organisms 1670:1678 partner organisms 1662:1678 partner organisms 1662:1678 Methanogens often grow as biofilms associated with surfaces or partner organisms; however, the molecular details of surface-associated growth remain uncharacterized. 34132588 10 48 theme molecular 1694:1702 arg1 details 1704:1710 the molecular details 1690:1710 the molecular details of surface-associated growth 1690:1739 Methanogens often grow as biofilms associated with surfaces or partner organisms; however, the molecular details of surface-associated growth remain uncharacterized. 34132588 8 49 from characterization 1320:1335 arg1 member 1371:1376 a member 1369:1376 a member of the methanogenic archaea 1369:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 5 50 theme growth 674:679 arg1 capable 663:669 capable 663:669 capable 663:669 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 10 51 theme growth 1734:1739 arg1 details 1704:1710 the molecular details 1690:1710 the molecular details of surface-associated growth 1690:1739 Methanogens often grow as biofilms associated with surfaces or partner organisms; however, the molecular details of surface-associated growth remain uncharacterized. 34132588 11 52 theme anaerobic 1912:1920 arg1 corrosion 1927:1935 anaerobic iron corrosion 1912:1935 anaerobic iron corrosion 1912:1935 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 8 53 theme methanogenic 1385:1396 arg1 archaea 1398:1404 the methanogenic archaea 1381:1404 the methanogenic archaea 1381:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 6 54 contain have 874:877 arg1 mutant 803:808 A strain JJ mutant 791:808 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus 791:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 6 54 contain have 874:877 arg2 defect 888:893 a growth defect 879:893 a growth defect 879:893 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 9 55 from environments 1585:1596 arg1 degradation 1545:1555 the degradation 1541:1555 the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments 1541:1596 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 4 56 theme cellular 478:485 arg1 structures 487:496 several cellular structures 470:496 several cellular structures 470:496 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 56 theme cellular 478:485 arg1 pili 507:510 pili 507:510 pili 507:510 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 56 theme cellular 478:485 arg1 archaella 513:521 archaella 513:521 archaella 513:521 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 56 theme cellular 478:485 arg1 layer 545:549 the cell surface layer 528:549 the cell surface layer (S-layer) 528:559 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 8 57 theme growth 1359:1364 arg1 characterization 1320:1335 an initial characterization 1309:1335 an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea 1309:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 1 58 theme surface-attached 152:167 arg1 communities 169:179 surface-attached communities 152:179 surface-attached communities known as biofilms 152:197 Most microbial organisms grow as surface-attached communities known as biofilms. 34132588 3 59 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 330:354 arg1 essential 364:372 essential 364:372 essential 364:372 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 3 59 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 330:354 arg1 AglB 356:359 the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB 326:359 the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB 326:359 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 12 60 theme surface 2065:2071 arg1 association 2073:2083 surface association 2065:2083 surface association 2065:2083 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 7 61 theme aglB 1155:1158 arg1 deletion 1143:1150 deletion 1143:1150 deletion of aglB 1143:1158 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 11 62 theme corrosion 1927:1935 arg1 rates 1903:1907 rates 1903:1907 rates of anaerobic iron corrosion 1903:1935 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 4 63 theme surface 537:543 arg1 S-layer 552:558 S-layer 552:558 S-layer 552:558 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 4 63 theme surface 537:543 arg1 layer 545:549 the cell surface layer 528:549 the cell surface layer (S-layer) 528:559 AglB glycosylates several cellular structures, such as pili, archaella, and the cell surface layer (S-layer). 34132588 12 64 theme organisms 2023:2031 arg1 physiology 1977:1986 the physiology 1973:1986 the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms 1973:2031 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 5 65 theme S-layer 728:734 arg1 glycosylation 736:748 S-layer glycosylation 728:748 S-layer glycosylation 728:748 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 9 66 theme methane 1485:1491 arg1 majority 1473:1480 the majority 1469:1480 the majority of methane 1469:1491 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 6 67 theme preflagellin 951:962 arg1 peptidase 964:972 the preflagellin peptidase 947:972 the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) 947:980 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 6 67 theme preflagellin 951:962 arg1 ΔflaK 975:979 ΔflaK 975:979 ΔflaK 975:979 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 3 68 theme maripaludis 402:412 arg1 growth 378:383 growth 378:383 growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces 378:449 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 0 69 from Growth 63:68 arg1 maripaludis 106:116 Methanococcus maripaludis 92:116 Methanococcus maripaludis 92:116 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB Supports Surface-Associated Growth and Iron Oxidation in Methanococcus maripaludis. 34132588 0 70 theme Oligosaccharyltransferase 4:28 arg1 AglB 30:33 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB 0:33 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB 0:33 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB Supports Surface-Associated Growth and Iron Oxidation in Methanococcus maripaludis. 34132588 9 71 from matter 1568:1573 arg1 environments 1585:1596 anoxic environments 1578:1596 anoxic environments 1578:1596 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 5 72 dep strain 649:654 arg1 JJ 656:657 JJ 656:657 JJ 656:657 We show that the S-layer of strain JJ, but not strain S2, is a glycoprotein, that only strain JJ was capable of growth on surfaces, and that deletion of aglB blocked S-layer glycosylation and abolished surface-associated growth. 34132588 1 73 theme microbial 124:132 arg1 organisms 134:142 Most microbial organisms 119:142 Most microbial organisms 119:142 Most microbial organisms grow as surface-attached communities known as biofilms. 34132588 7 74 theme decreased 1225:1233 arg1 association 1235:1245 decreased association 1225:1245 decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface 1225:1277 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 3 75 theme glass 427:431 arg1 surfaces 442:449 glass or metal surfaces 427:449 glass or metal surfaces 427:449 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 6 76 theme type 847:850 arg1 pilus 860:864 the type IV-like pilus 843:864 the type IV-like pilus 843:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 6 77 theme surface 1000:1006 arg1 growth 1008:1013 surface growth 1000:1013 surface growth 1000:1013 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 11 78 gly glycosylation 1793:1805 arg1 maripaludis 1863:1873 M. maripaludis 1860:1873 M. maripaludis 1860:1873 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 11 78 gly glycosylation 1793:1805 arg1 layer 1827:1831 the cell surface layer 1810:1831 the cell surface layer 1810:1831 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 0 79 theme Iron 74:77 arg1 Oxidation 79:87 Iron Oxidation 74:87 Iron Oxidation 74:87 The Oligosaccharyltransferase AglB Supports Surface-Associated Growth and Iron Oxidation in Methanococcus maripaludis. 34132588 3 80 dep maripaludis 402:412 arg1 JJ 421:422 JJ 421:422 JJ 421:422 Here, we show that the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB is essential for growth of Methanococcus maripaludis strain JJ on glass or metal surfaces. 34132588 11 81 theme layer 1827:1831 arg1 glycosylation 1793:1805 glycosylation 1793:1805 glycosylation of the cell surface layer 1793:1831 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 6 82 theme structural 818:827 arg1 components 829:838 structural components 818:838 structural components of the type IV-like pilus 818:864 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 9 83 theme organic 1560:1566 arg1 matter 1568:1573 organic matter 1560:1573 organic matter in anoxic environments 1560:1596 IMPORTANCE Methanogenic archaea are responsible for producing the majority of methane on Earth and catalyze the terminal reactions in the degradation of organic matter in anoxic environments. 34132588 7 84 theme Fe0 1192:1194 arg1 oxidation 1196:1204 anaerobic Fe0 oxidation 1182:1204 anaerobic Fe0 oxidation 1182:1204 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34132588 2 85 theme methanogenic 232:243 arg1 archaea 245:251 methanogenic archaea 232:251 methanogenic archaea 232:251 However, the mechanisms whereby methanogenic archaea grow attached to surfaces have remained understudied. 34132588 8 86 theme surface-associated 1340:1357 arg1 growth 1359:1364 surface-associated growth 1340:1364 surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea 1340:1404 Together, these data provide an initial characterization of surface-associated growth in a member of the methanogenic archaea. 34132588 11 87 theme cell 1814:1817 arg1 layer 1827:1831 the cell surface layer 1810:1831 the cell surface layer 1810:1831 We have found evidence that glycosylation of the cell surface layer is essential for growth of M. maripaludis on surfaces and can enhance rates of anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 12 88 theme iron 2099:2102 arg1 corrosion 2104:2112 anaerobic iron corrosion 2089:2112 anaerobic iron corrosion 2089:2112 These results provide insight into the physiology of surface-associated methanogenic organisms and highlight the importance of surface association for anaerobic iron corrosion. 34132588 6 89 theme electron 1058:1065 arg1 formate 1025:1031 formate 1025:1031 formate 1025:1031 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 6 89 theme electron 1058:1065 arg1 donor 1067:1071 the sole electron donor 1049:1071 the sole electron donor 1049:1071 A strain JJ mutant lacking structural components of the type IV-like pilus did not have a growth defect under any conditions tested, while a mutant lacking the preflagellin peptidase (ΔflaK) was defective for surface growth only when formate was provided as the sole electron donor. 34132588 2 90 dep grow 253:256 arg1 attached 258:265 attached 258:265 grow attached to surfaces 253:277 However, the mechanisms whereby methanogenic archaea grow attached to surfaces have remained understudied. 34132588 7 91 theme Fe0 1115:1117 arg1 oxidation 1119:1127 Fe0 oxidation 1115:1127 Fe0 oxidation 1115:1127 Finally, for strains that are capable of Fe0 oxidation, we show that deletion of aglB decreases the rate of anaerobic Fe0 oxidation, presumably due to decreased association of biomass with the Fe0 surface. 34293647 17 0 theme family 1818:1823 arg1 representatives 1784:1798 representatives 1784:1798 representatives of Thermofilaceae family 1784:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 15 1 theme strain 1692:1697 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 1 theme strain 1692:1697 arg1 comb 1707:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 9 2 theme elemental 943:951 arg1 selenate 931:938 selenate 931:938 selenate 931:938 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 2 theme elemental 943:951 arg1 sulfur 953:958 elemental sulfur 943:958 elemental sulfur 943:958 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 2 theme elemental 943:951 arg1 thiosulfate 918:928 thiosulfate 918:928 thiosulfate 918:928 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 2 theme elemental 943:951 arg1 acceptors 987:995 the electron acceptors 974:995 the electron acceptors 974:995 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 2 theme elemental 943:951 arg1 nitrate 909:915 nitrate 909:915 nitrate 909:915 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 15 3 theme Infirmifilum 1670:1681 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 3 theme Infirmifilum 1670:1681 arg1 comb 1707:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 12 4 dep sequence 1163:1170 arg1 analyses 1224:1231 phylogenetic analyses 1211:1231 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 10 5 with chromosome 1067:1076 arg1 size 1083:1086 size 1083:1086 size of 1.63 Mbp 1083:1098 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 4 6 attach isolated 296:303 arg2 crenarchaeon 262:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 4 6 attach isolated 296:303 arg1 spring 328:333 a terrestrial hot spring 310:333 a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile 310:366 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 4 6 attach isolated 296:303 arg2 3507LTT 283:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 7 7 theme filtrate 547:554 arg1 obligatory 622:631 obligatory 622:631 obligatory 622:631 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 7 7 theme filtrate 547:554 arg1 presence 521:528 The presence 517:528 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 517:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 13 8 theme phenotypic 1396:1405 arg1 characteristics 1407:1421 phenotypic characteristics 1396:1421 phenotypic characteristics 1396:1421 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 9 9 theme electron 978:985 arg1 selenate 931:938 selenate 931:938 selenate 931:938 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 9 theme electron 978:985 arg1 sulfur 953:958 elemental sulfur 943:958 elemental sulfur 943:958 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 9 theme electron 978:985 arg1 thiosulfate 918:928 thiosulfate 918:928 thiosulfate 918:928 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 9 theme electron 978:985 arg1 acceptors 987:995 the electron acceptors 974:995 the electron acceptors 974:995 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 9 9 theme electron 978:985 arg1 nitrate 909:915 nitrate 909:915 nitrate 909:915 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 8 10 theme fermenting 721:730 arg1 chemoorganoheterotroph 697:718 an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph 684:718 an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph 684:718 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 10 theme fermenting 721:730 arg1 monosaccharides 732:746 fermenting monosaccharides 721:746 fermenting monosaccharides 721:746 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 7 11 theme isolate 657:663 arg1 growth 637:642 growth 637:642 growth of the novel isolate 637:663 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 13 12 theme nov. 1558:1561 arg1 sp 1563:1564 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 1 13 theme uzonense 135:142 arg1 comb 144:147 Infirmifilum uzonense comb 122:147 Infirmifilum uzonense comb 122:147 nov., reclassification of Thermofilum uzonense as Infirmifilum uzonense comb. 34293647 4 14 theme hyperthermophilic 244:260 arg1 crenarchaeon 262:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 4 14 theme hyperthermophilic 244:260 arg1 3507LTT 283:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 10 15 theme 3507LTT 1028:1034 arg1 genome 1011:1016 The complete genome 998:1016 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT 998:1034 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 8 16 theme xanthan 802:808 arg1 gum 810:812 xanthan gum 802:812 xanthan gum 802:812 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 16 theme xanthan 802:808 arg1 lichenan 784:791 lichenan 784:791 lichenan 784:791 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 13 17 theme B-3376T = KCTC 1530:1543 arg1 3507LTT 1516:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT 1480:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 13 17 theme B-3376T = KCTC 1530:1543 arg1 15797T 1545:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 5 18 theme filamentous 413:423 arg1 rods 425:428 non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods 380:428 non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods 380:428 Cells were non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods. 34293647 6 19 theme pH 455:456 arg1 range 458:462 pH range 455:462 pH range 455:462 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 12 20 theme rRNA 1153:1156 arg1 sequence 1163:1170 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1145:1170 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 7 21 theme extract 610:616 arg1 obligatory 622:631 obligatory 622:631 obligatory 622:631 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 7 21 theme extract 610:616 arg1 presence 521:528 The presence 517:528 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 517:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 8 22 theme amorphous 847:855 arg1 cellulose 857:865 amorphous cellulose 847:865 amorphous cellulose 847:865 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 22 theme amorphous 847:855 arg1 lichenan 784:791 lichenan 784:791 lichenan 784:791 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 7 23 theme archaeon 584:591 arg1 filtrate 547:554 culture broth filtrate 533:554 culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 533:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 7 23 theme archaeon 584:591 arg1 extract 610:616 yeast extract 604:616 culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 533:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 5 24 theme thin 391:394 arg1 rods 425:428 non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods 380:428 non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods 380:428 Cells were non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods. 34293647 13 25 theme species 1480:1486 arg1 3507LTT 1516:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT 1480:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 13 25 theme species 1480:1486 arg1 15797T 1545:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 17 26 theme family 1907:1912 arg1 Thermofilaceae 1914:1927 the family Thermofilaceae 1903:1927 the family Thermofilaceae 1903:1927 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 4 27 theme terrestrial 312:322 arg1 spring 328:333 a terrestrial hot spring 310:333 a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile 310:366 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 13 28 theme lucidum 1501:1507 arg1 3507LTT 1516:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT 1480:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 13 28 theme lucidum 1501:1507 arg1 15797T 1545:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 0 29 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 1 30 theme Thermofilum 98:108 arg1 reclassification 78:93 reclassification 78:93 reclassification of Thermofilum 78:108 nov., reclassification of Thermofilum uzonense as Infirmifilum uzonense comb. 34293647 1 30 theme Thermofilum 98:108 arg1 nov. 72:75 nov. 72:75 nov. 72:75 nov., reclassification of Thermofilum uzonense as Infirmifilum uzonense comb. 34293647 12 31 theme Thermofilum 1263:1273 arg1 uzonense 1275:1282 Thermofilum uzonense 1263:1282 Thermofilum uzonense 1263:1282 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 6 32 with range 458:462 arg1 optimum 484:490 an optimum 481:490 an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7 481:514 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 0 33 theme crenarchaeon 24:35 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 17 34 theme other 1829:1833 arg1 representatives 1835:1849 other representatives 1829:1849 other representatives of Thermoproteales order 1829:1874 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 7 35 theme culture 533:539 arg1 filtrate 547:554 culture broth filtrate 533:554 culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 533:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 10 36 theme complete 1002:1009 arg1 genome 1011:1016 The complete genome 998:1016 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT 998:1034 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 2 37 theme Thermofilaceae 184:197 arg1 assignment 159:168 assignment 159:168 assignment 159:168 nov. and assignment of the family Thermofilaceae to the order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 2 37 theme Thermofilaceae 184:197 arg1 nov. 150:153 nov. 150:153 nov. 150:153 nov. and assignment of the family Thermofilaceae to the order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 0 38 theme lucidum 50:56 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 11 39 theme DNA 1105:1107 arg1 content 1113:1119 The DNA G+C content 1101:1119 The DNA G+C content 1101:1119 The DNA G+C content was 53.9%. 34293647 11 39 theme DNA 1105:1107 arg1 % 1129:1129 53.9% 1125:1129 53.9% 1125:1129 The DNA G+C content was 53.9%. 34293647 17 40 theme comparative 1753:1763 arg1 analyses 1772:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses 1736:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family 1736:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 12 41 theme strain 1234:1239 arg1 3507LTT 1241:1247 strain 3507LTT 1234:1247 strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense 1234:1282 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 9 42 theme growth 872:877 arg1 stimulation 879:889 No growth stimulation 869:889 No growth stimulation 869:889 No growth stimulation was detected when nitrate, thiosulfate, selenate or elemental sulfur were added as the electron acceptors. 34293647 17 43 theme order 1870:1874 arg1 analyses 1772:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses 1736:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family 1736:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 17 43 theme order 1870:1874 arg1 representatives 1835:1849 other representatives 1829:1849 other representatives of Thermoproteales order 1829:1874 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 12 44 theme conserved 1183:1191 arg1 sequences 1201:1209 conserved protein sequences 1183:1209 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 5 45 dep thin 391:394 arg1 curved 406:411 curved 406:411 curved 406:411 Cells were non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods. 34293647 17 46 theme representatives 1784:1798 arg1 analyses 1772:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses 1736:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family 1736:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 17 46 theme representatives 1784:1798 arg1 representatives 1835:1849 other representatives 1829:1849 other representatives of Thermoproteales order 1829:1874 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 15 47 theme uzonense 1620:1627 arg1 1807-2T 1636:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 47 theme uzonense 1620:1627 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 4 48 theme Tinguiririca 340:351 arg1 Chile 362:366 Chile 362:366 Chile 362:366 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 4 48 theme Tinguiririca 340:351 arg1 volcano 353:359 Tinguiririca volcano 340:359 Tinguiririca volcano 340:359 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 15 49 theme closest 1590:1596 arg1 1807-2T 1636:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 49 theme closest 1590:1596 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 49 theme closest 1590:1596 arg1 comb 1707:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 6 50 from 85 °C 495:499 arg1 optimum 484:490 an optimum 481:490 an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7 481:514 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 15 51 theme 1807-2T 1699:1705 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 51 theme 1807-2T 1699:1705 arg1 comb 1707:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 6 52 from pH 505:506 arg1 optimum 484:490 an optimum 481:490 an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7 481:514 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 17 53 theme separate 1936:1943 arg1 order 1945:1949 a separate order 1934:1949 a separate order 1934:1949 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 8 54 theme Strain 666:671 arg1 chemoorganoheterotroph 697:718 an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph 684:718 an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph 684:718 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 54 theme Strain 666:671 arg1 3507LTT 673:679 Strain 3507LTT 666:679 Strain 3507LTT 666:679 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 15 55 theme uzonense 1683:1690 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 55 theme uzonense 1683:1690 arg1 comb 1707:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb 1670:1710 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 10 56 theme single 1051:1056 arg1 chromosome 1067:1076 a single circular chromosome 1049:1076 a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp 1049:1098 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 17 57 theme phylogenomic 1736:1747 arg1 analyses 1772:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses 1736:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family 1736:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 8 58 theme anaerobic 687:695 arg1 polysaccharides 767:781 polysaccharides 767:781 polysaccharides 767:781 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 58 theme anaerobic 687:695 arg1 disaccharides 749:761 disaccharides 749:761 disaccharides 749:761 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 58 theme anaerobic 687:695 arg1 chemoorganoheterotroph 697:718 an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph 684:718 an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph 684:718 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 58 theme anaerobic 687:695 arg1 monosaccharides 732:746 fermenting monosaccharides 721:746 fermenting monosaccharides 721:746 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 58 theme anaerobic 687:695 arg1 3507LTT 673:679 Strain 3507LTT 666:679 Strain 3507LTT 666:679 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 13 59 theme gen. 1553:1556 arg1 nov. 1558:1561 gen. nov. 1553:1561 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 1 60 theme Infirmifilum 122:133 arg1 comb 144:147 Infirmifilum uzonense comb 122:147 Infirmifilum uzonense comb 122:147 nov., reclassification of Thermofilum uzonense as Infirmifilum uzonense comb. 34293647 12 61 theme Thermofilaceae 1319:1332 arg1 Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota 1342:1383 Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota 1342:1383 Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota 1342:1383 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 12 61 theme Thermofilaceae 1319:1332 arg1 family 1334:1339 a Thermofilaceae family 1317:1339 a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota) 1317:1384 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 6 62 with 73-93 °C 442:449 arg1 optimum 484:490 an optimum 481:490 an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7 481:514 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 7 63 theme novel 651:655 arg1 isolate 657:663 the novel isolate 647:663 the novel isolate 647:663 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 13 64 theme 3507LTT 1516:1522 arg1 sp 1563:1564 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 4 65 theme novel 238:242 arg1 crenarchaeon 262:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 4 65 theme novel 238:242 arg1 3507LTT 283:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 12 66 theme 16S 1149:1151 arg1 rRNA 1153:1156 the 16S rRNA 1145:1156 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 10 67 theme strain 1021:1026 arg1 3507LTT 1028:1034 strain 3507LTT 1021:1034 strain 3507LTT 1021:1034 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 13 68 theme =VKM 1525:1528 arg1 3507LTT 1516:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT 1480:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 13 68 theme =VKM 1525:1528 arg1 15797T 1545:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 12 69 theme separate 1293:1300 arg1 cluster 1302:1308 a separate cluster 1291:1308 a separate cluster 1291:1308 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 12 70 theme gene 1158:1161 arg1 sequence 1163:1170 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1145:1170 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 10 71 theme circular 1058:1065 arg1 chromosome 1067:1076 a single circular chromosome 1049:1076 a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp 1049:1098 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 17 72 theme transfer 1891:1898 arg1 proposal 1879:1886 a proposal 1877:1886 a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order 1877:1949 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 7 73 theme hyperthemophilic 567:582 arg1 archaeon 584:591 another hyperthemophilic archaeon 559:591 another hyperthemophilic archaeon 559:591 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 5 74 theme non-motile 380:389 arg1 rods 425:428 non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods 380:428 non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods 380:428 Cells were non-motile thin, slightly curved filamentous rods. 34293647 7 75 theme yeast 604:608 arg1 extract 610:616 yeast extract 604:616 culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 533:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 13 76 theme Infirmifilum 1488:1499 arg1 3507LTT 1516:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT 1480:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 13 76 theme Infirmifilum 1488:1499 arg1 15797T 1545:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 0 77 theme hyperthermophilic 6:22 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 17 78 theme Thermofilaceae 1914:1927 arg1 transfer 1891:1898 transfer 1891:1898 transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order 1891:1949 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 7 79 theme broth 541:545 arg1 filtrate 547:554 culture broth filtrate 533:554 culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract 533:616 The presence of culture broth filtrate of another hyperthemophilic archaeon as well as yeast extract was obligatory for growth of the novel isolate. 34293647 13 80 theme strain 1509:1514 arg1 3507LTT 1516:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT 1480:1522 species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp 1480:1564 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 13 80 theme strain 1509:1514 arg1 15797T 1545:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 =VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T 1525:1550 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 0 81 theme Infirmifilum 37:48 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 4 82 theme strain 276:281 arg1 crenarchaeon 262:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon 236:273 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 4 82 theme strain 276:281 arg1 3507LTT 283:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 strain 3507LTT 276:289 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34293647 13 83 theme novel 1464:1468 arg1 genus 1470:1474 a novel genus 1462:1474 a novel genus 1462:1474 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 0 84 theme gen. 58:61 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 10 85 theme Mbp 1096:1098 arg1 size 1083:1086 size 1083:1086 size of 1.63 Mbp 1083:1098 The complete genome of strain 3507LTT consisted of a single circular chromosome with size of 1.63 Mbp. 34293647 8 86 dep monosaccharides 732:746 arg1 gum 810:812 xanthan gum 802:812 xanthan gum 802:812 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 86 dep monosaccharides 732:746 arg1 cellulose 857:865 amorphous cellulose 847:865 amorphous cellulose 847:865 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 86 dep monosaccharides 732:746 arg1 xyloglucan 815:824 xyloglucan 815:824 xyloglucan 815:824 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 86 dep monosaccharides 732:746 arg1 lichenan 784:791 lichenan 784:791 lichenan 784:791 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 86 dep monosaccharides 732:746 arg1 starch 794:799 starch 794:799 starch 794:799 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 8 86 dep monosaccharides 732:746 arg1 alpha-cellulose 827:841 alpha-cellulose 827:841 alpha-cellulose 827:841 Strain 3507LTT is an anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph, fermenting monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (lichenan, starch, xanthan gum, xyloglucan, alpha-cellulose and amorphous cellulose). 34293647 0 87 dep sp 68:69 arg1 nov. 63:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. 0:66 Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. 34293647 6 88 dep 7.5 472:474 arg1 to 469:470 to 469:470 to 469:470 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 6 89 theme 7.5 472:474 arg1 73-93 °C 442:449 73-93 °C 442:449 73-93 °C 442:449 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 6 89 theme 7.5 472:474 arg1 range 458:462 pH range 455:462 pH range 455:462 It grew at 73-93 °C and pH range of 5 to 7.5 with an optimum at 85 °C and pH 6.0-6.7. 34293647 2 90 theme family 177:182 arg1 Thermofilaceae 184:197 the family Thermofilaceae 173:197 the family Thermofilaceae 173:197 nov. and assignment of the family Thermofilaceae to the order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 17 91 theme Thermoproteales 1854:1868 arg1 order 1870:1874 Thermoproteales order 1854:1874 Thermoproteales order 1854:1874 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 17 92 theme genome 1765:1770 arg1 analyses 1772:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses 1736:1779 phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family 1736:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 12 93 theme protein 1193:1199 arg1 sequences 1201:1209 conserved protein sequences 1183:1209 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 15 94 theme strain 1629:1634 arg1 1807-2T 1636:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 94 theme strain 1629:1634 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 13 95 theme AAI 1445:1447 arg1 comparisons 1449:1459 AAI comparisons 1445:1459 phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons 1424:1459 Based on phenotypic characteristics, phylogeny as well as AAI comparisons, a novel genus and species Infirmifilum lucidum strain 3507LTT (=VKM B-3376T = KCTC 15797T) gen. nov. sp. 34293647 12 96 theme phylogenetic 1211:1222 arg1 analyses 1224:1231 phylogenetic analyses 1211:1231 the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses 1145:1231 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as conserved protein sequences phylogenetic analyses, strain 3507LTT together with Thermofilum uzonense formed a separate cluster within a Thermofilaceae family (Thermoproteales/Thermoprotei/Crenarchaeota). 34293647 17 97 theme Thermofilaceae 1803:1816 arg1 family 1818:1823 Thermofilaceae family 1803:1823 Thermofilaceae family 1803:1823 Finally, based on phylogenomic and comparative genome analyses of representatives of Thermofilaceae family and other representatives of Thermoproteales order, a proposal of transfer of the family Thermofilaceae into a separate order Thermofilales ord. 34293647 15 98 theme Thermofilum 1608:1618 arg1 1807-2T 1636:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T 1608:1642 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 15 98 theme Thermofilum 1608:1618 arg1 relative 1598:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative 1586:1605 Its closest relative, Thermofilum uzonense strain 1807-2T should be reclassified as Infirmifilum uzonense strain 1807-2T comb. 34293647 11 99 theme G+C 1109:1111 arg1 content 1113:1119 The DNA G+C content 1101:1119 The DNA G+C content 1101:1119 The DNA G+C content was 53.9%. 34293647 11 99 theme G+C 1109:1111 arg1 % 1129:1129 53.9% 1125:1129 53.9% 1125:1129 The DNA G+C content was 53.9%. 34293647 4 100 theme hot 324:326 arg1 spring 328:333 a terrestrial hot spring 310:333 a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile 310:366 A novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon, strain 3507LTT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near Tinguiririca volcano, Chile. 34164741 9 0 theme central 1285:1291 arg1 cell 1293:1296 a central cell 1283:1296 a central cell through which the secretion is released 1283:1336 The nectaries of sepals and petals have two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released. 34164741 10 1 theme sepals 1417:1422 arg1 surface 1406:1412 the dorsal surface 1395:1412 the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals 1395:1452 Nectaries are numerous, forming a nectariferous area on the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals, and can form isolated units on the ventral surface of sepals. 34164741 5 2 dep located 715:721 arg1 surfaces 825:832 ventral surfaces 817:832 (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary 812:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 2 dep located 715:721 arg1 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 2 dep located 715:721 arg1 dorsal 801:806 the dorsal 797:806 (i) the dorsal 793:806 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 3 dep dorsal 801:806 arg1 i 794:794 i 794:794 i 794:794 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 13 4 theme potential 1794:1802 arg1 robbers 1804:1810 potential robbers 1794:1810 potential robbers 1794:1810 The secretion of colleters acts in the protection of developing organs, while nectaries are related to defenses against herbivores and the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators. 34164741 5 5 dep apex 851:854 arg1 iii 846:848 iii 846:848 iii 846:848 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 1 6 theme morphoanatomical 251:266 arg1 studies 268:274 morphoanatomical studies 251:274 morphoanatomical studies of these glands 251:290 Floral secretory structures have been reported for Gentianaceae; however, morphoanatomical studies of these glands are rare. 34164741 5 7 theme ventral 730:736 arg1 surface 738:744 the ventral surface 726:744 the ventral surface of sepals 726:754 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 13 8 theme developing 1688:1697 arg1 organs 1699:1704 developing organs 1688:1704 developing organs 1688:1704 The secretion of colleters acts in the protection of developing organs, while nectaries are related to defenses against herbivores and the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators. 34164741 3 9 theme scanning 542:549 arg1 microscopy 560:569 scanning electron microscopy 542:569 scanning electron microscopy 542:569 We collected flower buds, flowers at anthesis, and fruits to be investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. 34164741 13 10 theme colleters 1652:1660 arg1 secretion 1639:1647 The secretion 1635:1647 The secretion of colleters 1635:1660 The secretion of colleters acts in the protection of developing organs, while nectaries are related to defenses against herbivores and the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators. 34164741 0 11 theme functional 70:79 arg1 aspects 81:87 functional aspects 70:87 functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 70:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 3 12 theme electron 551:558 arg1 microscopy 560:569 scanning electron microscopy 542:569 scanning electron microscopy 542:569 We collected flower buds, flowers at anthesis, and fruits to be investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. 34164741 5 13 located located 715:721 arg2 dorsal 801:806 the dorsal 797:806 (i) the dorsal 793:806 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 13 located located 715:721 arg2 surfaces 825:832 ventral surfaces 817:832 (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary 812:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 13 located located 715:721 arg2 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 13 located located 715:721 arg1 surface 738:744 the ventral surface 726:744 the ventral surface of sepals 726:754 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 11 14 theme flower 1538:1543 arg1 buds 1545:1548 flower buds 1538:1548 flower buds 1538:1548 They are active from flower buds to fruits. 34164741 7 15 theme flower 994:999 arg1 buds 1001:1004 flower buds 994:1004 flower buds 994:1004 They are active in flower buds and secrete polysaccharides and proteins. 34164741 5 16 theme ovary 884:888 arg1 apex 851:854 (iii) apex 845:854 (iii) apex of petals 845:864 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 16 theme ovary 884:888 arg1 base 876:879 (iv) base 871:879 (iv) base of ovary 871:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 16 theme ovary 884:888 arg1 sepals 837:842 sepals 837:842 sepals 837:842 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 4 17 theme glucose 682:688 arg1 presence 670:677 the presence 666:677 the presence of glucose in nectar 666:698 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 34164741 2 18 theme floral 400:405 arg1 development 407:417 the floral development 396:417 the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 396:446 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 5 19 theme sepals 749:754 arg1 surface 738:744 the ventral surface 726:744 the ventral surface of sepals 726:754 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 3 20 from anthesis 486:493 arg1 fruits 500:505 fruits 500:505 fruits 500:505 We collected flower buds, flowers at anthesis, and fruits to be investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. 34164741 3 20 from anthesis 486:493 arg1 flowers 475:481 flowers 475:481 flowers at anthesis 475:493 We collected flower buds, flowers at anthesis, and fruits to be investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. 34164741 3 20 from anthesis 486:493 arg1 buds 469:472 flower buds 462:472 flower buds 462:472 We collected flower buds, flowers at anthesis, and fruits to be investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. 34164741 2 21 dep colleters 361:369 arg1 the 357:359 the 357:359 the 357:359 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 4 22 from presence 670:677 arg1 nectar 693:698 nectar 693:698 nectar 693:698 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 34164741 3 23 theme flower 462:467 arg1 buds 469:472 flower buds 462:472 flower buds 462:472 We collected flower buds, flowers at anthesis, and fruits to be investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. 34164741 9 24 theme sepals 1230:1235 arg1 nectaries 1217:1225 The nectaries 1213:1225 The nectaries of sepals and petals 1213:1246 The nectaries of sepals and petals have two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released. 34164741 1 25 theme Floral 177:182 arg1 structures 194:203 Floral secretory structures 177:203 Floral secretory structures 177:203 Floral secretory structures have been reported for Gentianaceae; however, morphoanatomical studies of these glands are rare. 34164741 10 26 theme isolated 1468:1475 arg1 units 1477:1481 isolated units 1468:1481 isolated units 1468:1481 Nectaries are numerous, forming a nectariferous area on the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals, and can form isolated units on the ventral surface of sepals. 34164741 7 27 from active 984:989 arg1 buds 1001:1004 flower buds 994:1004 flower buds 994:1004 They are active in flower buds and secrete polysaccharides and proteins. 34164741 13 28 theme nectar 1784:1789 arg1 herbivores 1755:1764 herbivores 1755:1764 herbivores 1755:1764 The secretion of colleters acts in the protection of developing organs, while nectaries are related to defenses against herbivores and the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators. 34164741 13 28 theme nectar 1784:1789 arg1 supply 1774:1779 the supply 1770:1779 the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators 1770:1825 The secretion of colleters acts in the protection of developing organs, while nectaries are related to defenses against herbivores and the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators. 34164741 2 29 dep development 319:329 arg1 the 315:317 the 315:317 the 315:317 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 8 30 theme protoplast 1108:1117 arg1 retraction 1119:1128 senescence presenting protoplast retraction 1086:1128 senescence presenting protoplast retraction 1086:1128 In flowers at anthesis, they begin to senescence presenting protoplast retraction, cell collapse, and lignification; these characteristics are intensified in fruit. 34164741 1 31 theme secretory 184:192 arg1 structures 194:203 Floral secretory structures 177:203 Floral secretory structures 177:203 Floral secretory structures have been reported for Gentianaceae; however, morphoanatomical studies of these glands are rare. 34164741 0 32 theme several 14:20 arg1 secretions 22:31 several secretions 14:31 several secretions 14:31 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 1 33 theme glands 285:290 arg1 studies 268:274 morphoanatomical studies 251:274 morphoanatomical studies of these glands 251:290 Floral secretory structures have been reported for Gentianaceae; however, morphoanatomical studies of these glands are rare. 34164741 0 34 theme secretory 103:111 arg1 structures 113:122 the floral secretory structures 92:122 the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 92:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 10 35 theme sepals 1509:1514 arg1 surface 1498:1504 the ventral surface 1486:1504 the ventral surface of sepals 1486:1514 Nectaries are numerous, forming a nectariferous area on the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals, and can form isolated units on the ventral surface of sepals. 34164741 6 36 contain have 905:908 arg2 peduncle 918:925 a short peduncle 910:925 a short peduncle 910:925 The colleters have a short peduncle and a secretory portion with homogeneous cells. 34164741 6 36 contain have 905:908 arg1 colleters 895:903 The colleters 891:903 The colleters 891:903 The colleters have a short peduncle and a secretory portion with homogeneous cells. 34164741 6 36 contain have 905:908 arg2 portion 943:949 a secretory portion 931:949 a secretory portion 931:949 The colleters have a short peduncle and a secretory portion with homogeneous cells. 34164741 2 37 theme viridiflorus 435:446 arg1 development 407:417 the floral development 396:417 the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 396:446 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 8 38 theme senescence 1086:1095 arg1 retraction 1119:1128 senescence presenting protoplast retraction 1086:1128 senescence presenting protoplast retraction 1086:1128 In flowers at anthesis, they begin to senescence presenting protoplast retraction, cell collapse, and lignification; these characteristics are intensified in fruit. 34164741 0 39 theme floral 96:101 arg1 structures 113:122 the floral secretory structures 92:122 the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 92:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 12 40 with region 1563:1568 arg1 activity 1585:1592 secretory activity 1575:1592 secretory activity 1575:1592 A region with secretory activity was identified at the base of the ovary. 34164741 4 41 theme histochemical 585:597 arg1 tests 599:603 histochemical tests 585:603 histochemical tests 585:603 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 34164741 7 42 from buds 1001:1004 arg1 active 984:989 active 984:989 active 984:989 They are active in flower buds and secrete polysaccharides and proteins. 34164741 4 43 attach presence 670:677 arg2 glucose 682:688 glucose 682:688 glucose 682:688 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 34164741 4 43 attach presence 670:677 arg1 nectar 693:698 nectar 693:698 nectar 693:698 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 34164741 2 44 theme nectaries 375:383 arg1 development 319:329 development 319:329 development 319:329 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 2 44 theme nectaries 375:383 arg1 activity 345:352 secretory activity 335:352 secretory activity 335:352 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 5 45 theme ventral 817:823 arg1 surfaces 825:832 ventral surfaces 817:832 (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary 812:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 45 theme ventral 817:823 arg1 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 0 46 theme structures 113:122 arg1 aspects 81:87 functional aspects 70:87 functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 70:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 0 46 theme structures 113:122 arg1 anatomy 34:40 anatomy 34:40 anatomy 34:40 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 0 46 theme structures 113:122 arg1 composition 53:63 secretion composition 43:63 secretion composition 43:63 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 0 46 theme structures 113:122 arg1 Helieae-Gentianaceae 154:173 Helieae-Gentianaceae 154:173 Helieae-Gentianaceae 154:173 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 8 47 theme presenting 1097:1106 arg1 retraction 1119:1128 senescence presenting protoplast retraction 1086:1128 senescence presenting protoplast retraction 1086:1128 In flowers at anthesis, they begin to senescence presenting protoplast retraction, cell collapse, and lignification; these characteristics are intensified in fruit. 34164741 6 48 theme secretory 933:941 arg1 portion 943:949 a secretory portion 931:949 a secretory portion 931:949 The colleters have a short peduncle and a secretory portion with homogeneous cells. 34164741 8 49 theme cell 1131:1134 arg1 collapse 1136:1143 cell collapse 1131:1143 cell collapse 1131:1143 In flowers at anthesis, they begin to senescence presenting protoplast retraction, cell collapse, and lignification; these characteristics are intensified in fruit. 34164741 11 50 from buds 1545:1548 arg1 active 1526:1531 active 1526:1531 active 1526:1531 They are active from flower buds to fruits. 34164741 0 51 theme viridiflorus 140:151 arg1 structures 113:122 the floral secretory structures 92:122 the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 92:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 9 52 theme petals 1241:1246 arg1 nectaries 1217:1225 The nectaries 1213:1225 The nectaries of sepals and petals 1213:1246 The nectaries of sepals and petals have two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released. 34164741 9 53 contain have 1248:1251 arg1 nectaries 1217:1225 The nectaries 1213:1225 The nectaries of sepals and petals 1213:1246 The nectaries of sepals and petals have two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released. 34164741 9 53 contain have 1248:1251 arg2 cells 1265:1269 two to five cells 1253:1269 two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released 1253:1336 The nectaries of sepals and petals have two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released. 34164741 5 54 theme apex 851:854 arg1 surfaces 825:832 ventral surfaces 817:832 (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary 812:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 54 theme apex 851:854 arg1 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 54 theme apex 851:854 arg1 dorsal 801:806 the dorsal 797:806 (i) the dorsal 793:806 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 10 55 theme nectariferous 1373:1385 arg1 area 1387:1390 a nectariferous area 1371:1390 a nectariferous area 1371:1390 Nectaries are numerous, forming a nectariferous area on the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals, and can form isolated units on the ventral surface of sepals. 34164741 0 56 theme Chelonanthus 127:138 arg1 viridiflorus 140:151 Chelonanthus viridiflorus 127:151 Chelonanthus viridiflorus 127:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 5 57 dep surfaces 825:832 arg1 ii 813:814 ii 813:814 ii 813:814 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 0 58 with flower 2:7 arg1 secretions 22:31 several secretions 14:31 several secretions 14:31 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 2 59 theme secretory 335:343 arg1 activity 345:352 secretory activity 335:352 secretory activity 335:352 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 9 60 dep five 1260:1263 arg1 to 1257:1258 to 1257:1258 to 1257:1258 The nectaries of sepals and petals have two to five cells surrounding a central cell through which the secretion is released. 34164741 5 61 theme petals 859:864 arg1 apex 851:854 (iii) apex 845:854 (iii) apex of petals 845:864 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 61 theme petals 859:864 arg1 base 876:879 (iv) base 871:879 (iv) base of ovary 871:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 61 theme petals 859:864 arg1 sepals 837:842 sepals 837:842 sepals 837:842 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 62 theme sepals 837:842 arg1 surfaces 825:832 ventral surfaces 817:832 (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary 812:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 62 theme sepals 837:842 arg1 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 62 theme sepals 837:842 arg1 dorsal 801:806 the dorsal 797:806 (i) the dorsal 793:806 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 10 63 theme dorsal 1399:1404 arg1 surface 1406:1412 the dorsal surface 1395:1412 the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals 1395:1452 Nectaries are numerous, forming a nectariferous area on the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals, and can form isolated units on the ventral surface of sepals. 34164741 8 64 from anthesis 1062:1069 arg1 flowers 1051:1057 flowers 1051:1057 flowers at anthesis 1051:1069 In flowers at anthesis, they begin to senescence presenting protoplast retraction, cell collapse, and lignification; these characteristics are intensified in fruit. 34164741 5 65 theme base 876:879 arg1 surfaces 825:832 ventral surfaces 817:832 (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary 812:888 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 65 theme base 876:879 arg1 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters 701:709 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 5 65 theme base 876:879 arg1 dorsal 801:806 the dorsal 797:806 (i) the dorsal 793:806 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 13 66 theme organs 1699:1704 arg1 protection 1674:1683 the protection 1670:1683 the protection of developing organs 1670:1704 The secretion of colleters acts in the protection of developing organs, while nectaries are related to defenses against herbivores and the supply of nectar to potential robbers or pollinators. 34164741 12 67 theme secretory 1575:1583 arg1 activity 1585:1592 secretory activity 1575:1592 secretory activity 1575:1592 A region with secretory activity was identified at the base of the ovary. 34164741 5 68 dep base 876:879 arg1 iv 872:873 iv 872:873 iv 872:873 Colleters are located on the ventral surface of sepals and nectaries occur in four regions: (i) the dorsal and (ii) ventral surfaces of sepals; (iii) apex of petals; and (iv) base of ovary. 34164741 12 69 theme ovary 1628:1632 arg1 base 1616:1619 the base 1612:1619 the base of the ovary 1612:1632 A region with secretory activity was identified at the base of the ovary. 34164741 0 70 dep flower 2:7 arg1 aspects 81:87 functional aspects 70:87 functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus 70:151 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 0 70 dep flower 2:7 arg1 anatomy 34:40 anatomy 34:40 anatomy 34:40 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 0 70 dep flower 2:7 arg1 composition 53:63 secretion composition 43:63 secretion composition 43:63 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 0 70 dep flower 2:7 arg1 Helieae-Gentianaceae 154:173 Helieae-Gentianaceae 154:173 Helieae-Gentianaceae 154:173 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 6 71 theme homogeneous 956:966 arg1 cells 968:972 homogeneous cells 956:972 homogeneous cells 956:972 The colleters have a short peduncle and a secretory portion with homogeneous cells. 34164741 0 72 theme secretion 43:51 arg1 composition 53:63 secretion composition 43:63 secretion composition 43:63 A flower with several secretions: anatomy, secretion composition, and functional aspects of the floral secretory structures of Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Helieae-Gentianaceae). 34164741 6 73 theme short 912:916 arg1 peduncle 918:925 a short peduncle 910:925 a short peduncle 910:925 The colleters have a short peduncle and a secretory portion with homogeneous cells. 34164741 4 74 used used 639:642 arg2 We 572:573 We 572:573 We 572:573 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 34164741 2 75 theme colleters 361:369 arg1 development 319:329 development 319:329 development 319:329 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 2 75 theme colleters 361:369 arg1 activity 345:352 secretory activity 335:352 secretory activity 335:352 We described the development and secretory activity of the colleters and nectaries throughout the floral development of Chelonanthus viridiflorus. 34164741 10 76 theme ventral 1490:1496 arg1 surface 1498:1504 the ventral surface 1486:1504 the ventral surface of sepals 1486:1514 Nectaries are numerous, forming a nectariferous area on the dorsal surface of sepals, like that observed on petals, and can form isolated units on the ventral surface of sepals. 34164741 4 77 theme colleters 625:633 arg1 secretion 612:620 the secretion 608:620 the secretion of colleters 608:633 We performed histochemical tests on the secretion of colleters and used glycophyte to confirm the presence of glucose in nectar. 33233621 0 0 theme Bioactive 90:98 arg1 Pectic-Oligosaccharides 100:122 Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides 90:122 Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides 90:122 Environmentally Friendly Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides. 33233621 4 1 with chromatography 787:800 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 1 with chromatography 787:800 arg1 detection 827:835 pulsed amperometric detection 807:835 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 807:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 2 theme infrared 722:729 arg1 FTIR 745:748 FTIR 745:748 FTIR 745:748 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 2 theme infrared 722:729 arg1 spectroscopy 731:742 infrared spectroscopy 722:742 infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 722:749 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 3 3 from effect 450:455 arg1 composition 479:489 the composition 475:489 the composition of the obtained liquors 475:513 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 3 3 from effect 450:455 arg1 content 540:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 3 4 theme liquors 507:513 arg1 composition 479:489 the composition 475:489 the composition of the obtained liquors 475:513 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 3 4 theme liquors 507:513 arg1 content 540:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 6 5 theme oligosaccharide 1196:1210 arg1 yield 1212:1216 the total oligosaccharide yield 1186:1216 the total oligosaccharide yield 1186:1216 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 8 6 theme % 1561:1561 arg1 content 1545:1551 a galacturonic acid content 1525:1551 a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity 1525:1580 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 5 7 theme spent 1031:1035 arg1 solids 1037:1042 the spent solids 1027:1042 the spent solids from the hydrothermal treatment 1027:1074 In addition, the spent solids from the hydrothermal treatment were characterized and their potential use was assessed. 33233621 4 8 theme amperometric 814:825 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 8 theme amperometric 814:825 arg1 detection 827:835 pulsed amperometric detection 807:835 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 807:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 9 theme high-performance 911:926 arg1 spectrometry 983:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry 911:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 911:1011 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 9 theme high-performance 911:926 arg1 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 6 10 theme 15.24 1232:1236 arg1 WIS 1246:1248 15.24 g/100 g WIS 1232:1248 15.24 g/100 g WIS 1232:1248 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 0 11 theme Pectic-Oligosaccharides 100:122 arg1 Recovery 78:85 the Recovery 74:85 the Recovery of Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides 74:122 Environmentally Friendly Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides. 33233621 8 12 theme high 1567:1570 arg1 linearity 1572:1580 high linearity 1567:1580 high linearity 1567:1580 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 4 13 theme exchange 778:785 arg1 chromatography 787:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography 755:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 755:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 6 14 theme WIS 1246:1248 arg1 oligogalacturonides 1283:1301 oligogalacturonides 1283:1301 oligogalacturonides 1283:1301 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 2 15 theme melon 304:308 arg1 peels 310:314 melon peels 304:314 melon peels 304:314 In this work, melon peels were extracted with water to remove free sugars, and the water-insoluble solids (WISs) were subjected to hydrothermal processing. 33233621 3 16 theme phenolic 531:538 arg1 content 540:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 5 17 from treatment 1066:1074 arg1 solids 1037:1042 the spent solids 1027:1042 the spent solids from the hydrothermal treatment 1027:1074 In addition, the spent solids from the hydrothermal treatment were characterized and their potential use was assessed. 33233621 4 18 theme MALDI-TOF 689:697 arg1 spectroscopy 675:686 flight mass spectroscopy 663:686 flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 663:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 18 theme MALDI-TOF 689:697 arg1 MS 699:700 MALDI-TOF MS 689:700 MALDI-TOF MS 689:700 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 8 19 theme galacturonic 1527:1538 arg1 content 1545:1551 a galacturonic acid content 1525:1551 a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity 1525:1580 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 4 20 theme phenolic 858:865 arg1 compounds 867:875 its phenolic compounds 854:875 its phenolic compounds 854:875 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 7 21 theme oligogalacturonides 1390:1408 arg1 presence 1350:1357 the presence 1346:1357 the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides 1346:1408 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 4 22 theme selected 567:574 arg1 liquors 576:582 The selected liquors 563:582 The selected liquors 563:582 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 23 theme high 755:758 arg1 chromatography 787:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography 755:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 755:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 6 24 theme g 1272:1272 arg1 WIS 1274:1276 10.07 g/100 g WIS 1260:1276 10.07 g/100 g WIS 1260:1276 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 6 25 theme total 1190:1194 arg1 yield 1212:1216 the total oligosaccharide yield 1186:1216 the total oligosaccharide yield 1186:1216 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 1 26 theme sustainable 206:216 arg1 source 218:223 a sustainable source 204:223 a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants 204:287 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 1 26 theme sustainable 206:216 arg1 by-products 131:141 Melon by-products 125:141 Melon by-products 125:141 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 6 27 theme g 1244:1244 arg1 WIS 1246:1248 15.24 g/100 g WIS 1232:1248 15.24 g/100 g WIS 1232:1248 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 1 28 theme Melon 125:129 arg1 source 218:223 a sustainable source 204:223 a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants 204:287 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 1 28 theme Melon 125:129 arg1 by-products 131:141 Melon by-products 125:141 Melon by-products 125:141 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 7 29 theme degrees 1446:1452 arg1 range 1422:1426 a wide range 1415:1426 a wide range of polymerization degrees 1415:1452 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 2 30 theme hydrothermal 421:432 arg1 processing 434:443 hydrothermal processing 421:443 hydrothermal processing 421:443 In this work, melon peels were extracted with water to remove free sugars, and the water-insoluble solids (WISs) were subjected to hydrothermal processing. 33233621 0 31 theme Hydrothermal 25:36 arg1 Processing 38:47 Hydrothermal Processing 25:47 Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products 25:68 Environmentally Friendly Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides. 33233621 4 32 with spectroscopy 731:742 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 32 with spectroscopy 731:742 arg1 detection 827:835 pulsed amperometric detection 807:835 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 807:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 33 theme mass 978:981 arg1 spectrometry 983:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry 911:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 911:1011 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 33 theme mass 978:981 arg1 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 34 theme performance 760:770 arg1 chromatography 787:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography 755:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 755:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 1 35 theme high 164:167 arg1 applications 181:192 high value-added applications 164:192 high value-added applications 164:192 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 0 36 theme Melon 52:56 arg1 by-Products 58:68 Melon by-Products 52:68 Melon by-Products 52:68 Environmentally Friendly Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides. 33233621 3 37 theme obtained 498:505 arg1 liquors 507:513 the obtained liquors 494:513 the obtained liquors 494:513 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 4 38 theme spectroscopy 675:686 arg1 desorption/ionization-time 633:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time 611:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 611:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 39 theme mass 670:673 arg1 spectroscopy 675:686 flight mass spectroscopy 663:686 flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 663:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 39 theme mass 670:673 arg1 MS 699:700 MALDI-TOF MS 689:700 MALDI-TOF MS 689:700 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 1 40 theme bioactive 228:236 arg1 polysaccharides 256:270 polysaccharides 256:270 polysaccharides 256:270 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 1 40 theme bioactive 228:236 arg1 antioxidants 276:287 antioxidants 276:287 antioxidants 276:287 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 1 40 theme bioactive 228:236 arg1 compounds 238:246 bioactive compounds 228:246 bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants 228:287 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 6 41 theme optimal 1140:1146 arg1 conditions 1148:1157 the optimal conditions 1136:1157 the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03) 1136:1183 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 7 42 theme esterified 1379:1388 arg1 oligogalacturonides 1390:1408 partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides 1362:1408 partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides 1362:1408 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 3 43 theme temperature 460:470 arg1 effect 450:455 The effect 446:455 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content 446:546 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 8 44 theme linearity 1572:1580 arg1 content 1545:1551 a galacturonic acid content 1525:1551 a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity 1525:1580 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 4 45 theme chromatography-diode 935:954 arg1 spectrometry 983:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry 911:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 911:1011 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 45 theme chromatography-diode 935:954 arg1 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 7 46 dep esterified 1379:1388 arg1 methyl 1372:1377 methyl 1372:1377 methyl 1372:1377 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 6 47 theme °C 1166:1167 arg1 conditions 1148:1157 the optimal conditions 1136:1157 the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03) 1136:1183 At the optimal conditions of 140 °C (severity 2.03), the total oligosaccharide yield accounted for 15.24 g/100 g WIS, of which 10.07 g/100 g WIS were oligogalacturonides. 33233621 7 48 theme structural 1308:1317 arg1 characterization 1319:1334 The structural characterization 1304:1334 The structural characterization 1304:1334 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 0 49 theme by-Products 58:68 arg1 Processing 38:47 Hydrothermal Processing 25:47 Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products 25:68 Environmentally Friendly Hydrothermal Processing of Melon by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Pectic-Oligosaccharides. 33233621 4 50 theme liquid 928:933 arg1 spectrometry 983:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry 911:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 911:1011 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 50 theme liquid 928:933 arg1 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 5 51 theme potential 1105:1113 arg1 use 1115:1117 their potential use 1099:1117 their potential use 1099:1117 In addition, the spent solids from the hydrothermal treatment were characterized and their potential use was assessed. 33233621 7 52 theme polymerization 1431:1444 arg1 degrees 1446:1452 polymerization degrees 1431:1452 polymerization degrees 1431:1452 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 2 53 theme free 352:355 arg1 sugars 357:362 free sugars 352:362 free sugars 352:362 In this work, melon peels were extracted with water to remove free sugars, and the water-insoluble solids (WISs) were subjected to hydrothermal processing. 33233621 8 54 theme pectin 1497:1502 arg1 WIS 1490:1492 16.59 g/100 g WIS 1476:1492 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin 1476:1502 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 4 55 theme detector-tandem 962:976 arg1 spectrometry 983:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry 911:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 911:1011 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 55 theme detector-tandem 962:976 arg1 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 8 56 theme g 1488:1488 arg1 WIS 1490:1492 16.59 g/100 g WIS 1476:1492 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin 1476:1502 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 7 57 theme wide 1417:1420 arg1 range 1422:1426 a wide range 1415:1426 a wide range of polymerization degrees 1415:1452 The structural characterization confirmed the presence of partially methyl esterified oligogalacturonides with a wide range of polymerization degrees. 33233621 4 58 theme anion 772:776 arg1 chromatography 787:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography 755:800 high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 755:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 59 theme assisted 618:625 arg1 desorption/ionization-time 633:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time 611:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 611:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 60 theme array 956:960 arg1 spectrometry 983:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry 911:994 high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 911:1011 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 60 theme array 956:960 arg1 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 HPLC-DAD-MS/MS 997:1010 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 8 61 theme acid 1540:1543 arg1 content 1545:1551 a galacturonic acid content 1525:1551 a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity 1525:1580 After precipitation, 16.59 g/100 g WIS of pectin were recovered, with a galacturonic acid content of 55.41% and high linearity. 33233621 4 62 theme pulsed 807:812 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 HPAEC-PAD 838:846 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 62 theme pulsed 807:812 arg1 detection 827:835 pulsed amperometric detection 807:835 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 807:847 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 1 63 theme value-added 169:179 arg1 applications 181:192 high value-added applications 164:192 high value-added applications 164:192 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 4 64 theme matrix 611:616 arg1 desorption/ionization-time 633:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time 611:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 611:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 1 65 theme compounds 238:246 arg1 source 218:223 a sustainable source 204:223 a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants 204:287 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 1 65 theme compounds 238:246 arg1 by-products 131:141 Melon by-products 125:141 Melon by-products 125:141 Melon by-products, that currently lack high value-added applications, could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and antioxidants. 33233621 5 66 theme hydrothermal 1053:1064 arg1 treatment 1066:1074 the hydrothermal treatment 1049:1074 the hydrothermal treatment 1049:1074 In addition, the spent solids from the hydrothermal treatment were characterized and their potential use was assessed. 33233621 4 67 theme flight 663:668 arg1 spectroscopy 675:686 flight mass spectroscopy 663:686 flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 663:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 4 67 theme flight 663:668 arg1 MS 699:700 MALDI-TOF MS 689:700 MALDI-TOF MS 689:700 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 33233621 2 68 theme water-insoluble 373:387 arg1 WISs 397:400 WISs 397:400 WISs 397:400 In this work, melon peels were extracted with water to remove free sugars, and the water-insoluble solids (WISs) were subjected to hydrothermal processing. 33233621 2 68 theme water-insoluble 373:387 arg1 solids 389:394 the water-insoluble solids 369:394 the water-insoluble solids (WISs) 369:401 In this work, melon peels were extracted with water to remove free sugars, and the water-insoluble solids (WISs) were subjected to hydrothermal processing. 33233621 3 69 theme total 525:529 arg1 content 540:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 their total phenolic content 519:546 The effect of temperature on the composition of the obtained liquors and their total phenolic content was evaluated. 33233621 4 70 theme laser 627:631 arg1 desorption/ionization-time 633:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time 611:658 matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 611:701 The selected liquors were also characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and its phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). 34371350 3 0 theme L-1 680:682 arg1 chlorine 694:701 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine 648:701 chlorine 694:701 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 3 1 theme higher 604:609 arg1 output 619:624 a 53% and 123% higher current output 589:624 a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively 589:715 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 1 2 theme coronavirus 262:272 arg1 disease 274:280 coronavirus disease 2019 262:285 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 262:296 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 1 2 theme coronavirus 262:272 arg1 COVID-19 288:295 COVID-19 288:295 COVID-19 288:295 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 1 3 theme disease 274:280 arg1 outbreak 250:257 the outbreak 246:257 the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria 246:422 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 6 4 theme EAB 1144:1146 arg1 application 1118:1128 the application 1114:1128 the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment 1114:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 4 5 theme chlorine 730:737 arg1 exposure 739:746 The chronic chlorine exposure 718:746 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB 718:753 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 6 6 from EAB 1144:1146 arg1 environment 1191:1201 a disinfection environment 1176:1201 a disinfection environment 1176:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 5 7 from % 1046:1046 arg1 abundance 1016:1024 reduced relative abundance 999:1024 reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 999:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 7 from % 1046:1046 arg1 EAB-0 1051:1055 EAB-0 1051:1055 EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 1051:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 7 from % 1046:1046 arg1 Geobacter 1029:1037 Geobacter 1029:1037 Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 1029:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 1 8 theme electron 371:378 arg1 transfer 380:387 electron transfer 371:387 electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria 371:422 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 5 9 theme electron 940:947 arg1 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 9 theme electron 940:947 arg1 capacities 958:967 lower electron exchange capacities 934:967 lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS 934:981 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 4 10 theme chronic 722:728 arg1 exposure 739:746 The chronic chlorine exposure 718:746 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB 718:753 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 5 11 theme exchange 949:956 arg1 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 11 theme exchange 949:956 arg1 capacities 958:967 lower electron exchange capacities 934:967 lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS 934:981 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 1 12 theme chlorine 178:185 arg1 disinfectants 187:199 chlorine disinfectants 178:199 chlorine disinfectants 178:199 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 0 13 theme spatial 100:106 arg1 structure 108:116 spatial structure 100:116 spatial structure 100:116 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 2 14 theme chlorine 488:495 arg1 exposure 497:504 chronic chlorine exposure 480:504 chronic chlorine exposure 480:504 Herein, the response of electroactive biofilm (EAB) to chronic chlorine exposure was investigated. 34371350 0 15 dep composition 84:94 arg1 the 80:82 the 80:82 the 80:82 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 6 16 from application 1118:1128 arg1 environment 1191:1201 a disinfection environment 1176:1201 a disinfection environment 1176:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 1 17 theme disinfectants 187:199 arg1 amounts 167:173 Extensive amounts 157:173 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants 157:199 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 1 17 theme disinfectants 187:199 arg1 disinfectants 187:199 chlorine disinfectants 178:199 chlorine disinfectants 178:199 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 6 18 theme new 1096:1098 arg1 insights 1100:1107 new insights 1096:1107 new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment 1096:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 3 19 theme L-1 655:657 arg1 EAB-0.1 660:666 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine 648:701 EAB-0.1 660:666 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 3 20 dep showed 532:537 arg1 exhibited 579:587 exhibited 579:587 showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively 532:715 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 0 21 theme biofilms 27:34 arg1 Responses 0:8 Responses 0:8 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 0:155 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 0 22 theme extracellular 121:133 arg1 substances 145:154 extracellular polymeric substances 121:154 extracellular polymeric substances 121:154 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 6 23 theme wastewater 1152:1161 arg1 treatment 1163:1171 wastewater treatment 1152:1171 wastewater treatment 1152:1171 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 5 24 theme reduced 999:1005 arg1 abundance 1016:1024 reduced relative abundance 999:1024 reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 999:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 25 theme EPS 979:981 arg1 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 25 theme EPS 979:981 arg1 capacities 958:967 lower electron exchange capacities 934:967 lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS 934:981 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 26 theme lower 934:938 arg1 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 EECs 970:973 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 26 theme lower 934:938 arg1 capacities 958:967 lower electron exchange capacities 934:967 lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS 934:981 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 0 27 theme electroactive 13:25 arg1 biofilms 27:34 electroactive biofilms 13:34 electroactive biofilms 13:34 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 4 28 theme polysaccharides 878:892 arg1 secretion 851:859 over secretion 846:859 over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides 846:892 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 1 29 theme electroactive 401:413 arg1 bacteria 415:422 electroactive bacteria 401:422 electroactive bacteria 401:422 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 0 30 theme chronic 39:45 arg1 exposure 56:63 chronic chlorine exposure 39:63 chronic chlorine exposure 39:63 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 0 31 theme substances 145:154 arg1 composition 84:94 composition 84:94 composition 84:94 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 0 31 theme substances 145:154 arg1 structure 108:116 spatial structure 100:116 spatial structure 100:116 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 4 32 theme extracellular 779:791 arg1 EPS 815:817 EPS 815:817 EPS 815:817 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 4 32 theme extracellular 779:791 arg1 substances 803:812 extracellular polymeric substances 779:812 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 779:818 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 1 33 theme wastewater 222:231 arg1 system 233:238 wastewater system 222:238 wastewater system 222:238 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 2 34 theme chronic 480:486 arg1 exposure 497:504 chronic chlorine exposure 480:504 chronic chlorine exposure 480:504 Herein, the response of electroactive biofilm (EAB) to chronic chlorine exposure was investigated. 34371350 0 35 theme polymeric 135:143 arg1 substances 145:154 extracellular polymeric substances 121:154 extracellular polymeric substances 121:154 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 2 36 theme biofilm 463:469 arg1 response 437:444 the response 433:444 the response of electroactive biofilm (EAB) to chronic chlorine exposure 433:504 Herein, the response of electroactive biofilm (EAB) to chronic chlorine exposure was investigated. 34371350 5 37 theme Geobacter 1029:1037 arg1 abundance 1016:1024 reduced relative abundance 999:1024 reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 999:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 6 38 from environment 1191:1201 arg1 application 1118:1128 the application 1114:1128 the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment 1114:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 4 39 theme substances 803:812 arg1 contents 767:774 the contents 763:774 the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 763:841 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 6 40 theme disinfection 1178:1189 arg1 environment 1191:1201 a disinfection environment 1176:1201 a disinfection environment 1176:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 0 41 theme chlorine 47:54 arg1 exposure 56:63 chronic chlorine exposure 39:63 chronic chlorine exposure 39:63 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 4 42 theme over 846:849 arg1 secretion 851:859 over secretion 846:859 over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides 846:892 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 0 43 from structure 108:116 arg1 Insights 66:73 Insights 66:73 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 0:155 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 4 44 theme polymeric 793:801 arg1 EPS 815:817 EPS 815:817 EPS 815:817 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 4 44 theme polymeric 793:801 arg1 substances 803:812 extracellular polymeric substances 779:812 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 779:818 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 1 45 theme pollutant 328:336 arg1 degradation 338:348 the pollutant degradation 324:348 the pollutant degradation 324:348 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 4 46 theme extracellular 864:876 arg1 polysaccharides 878:892 extracellular polysaccharides 864:892 extracellular polysaccharides 864:892 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 5 47 theme relative 1007:1014 arg1 abundance 1016:1024 reduced relative abundance 999:1024 reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 999:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 3 48 theme current 611:617 arg1 output 619:624 a 53% and 123% higher current output 589:624 a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively 589:715 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 3 49 theme 0.1 mg 648:653 arg1 EAB-0.1 660:666 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine 648:701 EAB-0.1 660:666 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 4 50 theme EAB 751:753 arg1 exposure 739:746 The chronic chlorine exposure 718:746 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB 718:753 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 4 51 from contents 767:774 arg1 EAB-0.5 835:841 EAB-0.5 835:841 EAB-0.5 835:841 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 4 51 from contents 767:774 arg1 EAB-0.1 823:829 EAB-0.1 823:829 EAB-0.1 823:829 The chronic chlorine exposure of EAB boosted the contents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 by over secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. 34371350 5 52 dep presented 924:932 arg1 coincided 984:992 coincided 984:992 coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 984:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 5 53 from abundance 1016:1024 arg1 % 1046:1046 61% 1044:1046 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5 1044:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 0 54 from composition 84:94 arg1 Insights 66:73 Insights 66:73 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 0:155 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 6 55 theme engineered 1133:1142 arg1 EAB 1144:1146 engineered EAB 1133:1146 engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment 1133:1201 This study provided new insights into the application of engineered EAB for wastewater treatment in a disinfection environment. 34371350 2 56 theme electroactive 449:461 arg1 EAB 472:474 EAB 472:474 EAB 472:474 Herein, the response of electroactive biofilm (EAB) to chronic chlorine exposure was investigated. 34371350 2 56 theme electroactive 449:461 arg1 biofilm 463:469 electroactive biofilm 449:469 electroactive biofilm (EAB) 449:475 Herein, the response of electroactive biofilm (EAB) to chronic chlorine exposure was investigated. 34371350 5 57 from % 1062:1062 arg1 EAB-0.5 1067:1073 EAB-0.5 1067:1073 EAB-0.5 1067:1073 The EAB-0.1 and EAB-0.5 also presented lower electron exchange capacities (EECs) of EPS, coincided with reduced relative abundance of Geobacter from 61% in EAB-0 to 52% in EAB-0.5. 34371350 3 58 theme 0.5 mg 673:678 arg1 chlorine 694:701 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine 648:701 chlorine 694:701 Results showed the EAB formed without exposure (EAB-0) exhibited a 53% and 123% higher current output than that formed with 0.1 mg L-1 (EAB-0.1) and 0.5 mg L-1 (EAB-0.5) chlorine, respectively. 34371350 0 59 dep Responses 0:8 arg1 Insights 66:73 Insights 66:73 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 0:155 Responses of electroactive biofilms to chronic chlorine exposure: Insights from the composition and spatial structure of extracellular polymeric substances. 34371350 1 60 theme Extensive 157:165 arg1 amounts 167:173 Extensive amounts 157:173 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants 157:199 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34371350 1 60 theme Extensive 157:165 arg1 disinfectants 187:199 chlorine disinfectants 178:199 chlorine disinfectants 178:199 Extensive amounts of chlorine disinfectants have been applied to wastewater system since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which inevitably affects the pollutant degradation via interfering with electron transfer mediated by electroactive bacteria. 34316281 6 0 theme Bioactive 876:884 arg1 proteins 886:893 Bioactive proteins 876:893 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract 876:931 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 2 1 theme nutritional 361:371 arg1 value 373:377 a promising nutritional value 349:377 a promising nutritional value 349:377 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 9 2 theme cytotoxic 1487:1495 arg1 proteases 1497:1505 several potential cytotoxic proteases 1469:1505 several potential cytotoxic proteases 1469:1505 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 7 3 dep scavenging 1086:1095 arg1 expressed 1098:1106 expressed 1098:1106 expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g 1098:1145 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 4 theme potent 1152:1157 arg1 activities 1169:1178 potent cytotoxic activities 1152:1178 potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1152:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 2 5 theme fruiting 298:305 arg1 OCS02® 313:318 OCS02® 313:318 OCS02® 313:318 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 2 5 theme fruiting 298:305 arg1 body 307:310 O. sinensis fruiting body 286:310 O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) 286:319 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 9 6 theme oxalate 1514:1520 arg1 decarboxylase 1522:1534 oxalate decarboxylase 1514:1534 an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys 1511:1590 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 8 7 theme molecular 1279:1287 arg1 mass 1289:1292 High molecular mass 1274:1292 High molecular mass polysaccharides 1274:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 5 8 theme Tetrazolium 767:777 arg1 assay 799:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. 34316281 3 9 theme active 475:480 arg1 proteins 482:489 biologically active proteins 462:489 biologically active proteins 462:489 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. 34316281 4 10 theme ferric 715:720 arg1 reducing 722:729 ferric reducing 715:729 ferric reducing 715:729 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 6 11 from proteins 886:893 arg1 fraction 909:916 the active fraction 898:916 the active fraction of the extract 898:931 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 7 12 theme Trolox 1111:1116 arg1 18.4±1.1 1131:1138 18.4±1.1 1131:1138 18.4±1.1 1131:1138 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 12 theme Trolox 1111:1116 arg1 equivalents 1118:1128 Trolox equivalents 1111:1128 Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g 1111:1145 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 13 theme strong 1073:1078 arg1 scavenging 1086:1095 strong O2 •- scavenging 1073:1095 strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) 1073:1146 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 9 14 theme protection 1562:1571 arg1 effects 1573:1579 protection effects 1562:1579 protection effects on kidneys 1562:1590 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 8 15 theme protein-polysaccharide 1324:1345 arg1 complexes 1347:1355 protein-polysaccharide complexes 1324:1355 protein-polysaccharide complexes 1324:1355 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 8 15 theme protein-polysaccharide 1324:1345 arg1 polysaccharides 1294:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides 1274:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides 1274:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 1 16 theme BACKGROUND 142:151 arg1 sinensis 168:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 1 16 theme BACKGROUND 142:151 arg1 fungus 204:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 2 17 theme O. 286:287 arg1 OCS02® 313:318 OCS02® 313:318 OCS02® 313:318 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 2 17 theme O. 286:287 arg1 body 307:310 O. sinensis fruiting body 286:310 O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) 286:319 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 4 18 theme •- 745:746 arg1 assays 759:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 7 19 dep RESULTS 1020:1026 arg1 extract 1055:1061 The OCS02® extract 1044:1061 The OCS02® extract 1044:1061 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 0 20 theme sinensis 71:78 arg1 Proteins 90:97 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 56:97 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 56:97 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 7 21 theme epithelial 1225:1234 arg1 cells 1243:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells 1188:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1188:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 21 theme epithelial 1225:1234 arg1 µg/mL 1266:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 10 22 theme OCS02® 1672:1677 arg1 potential 1659:1667 the potential 1655:1667 the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins 1655:1850 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 0 23 theme Proteins 90:97 arg1 Identification 38:51 Identification 38:51 Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 38:97 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 0 23 theme Proteins 90:97 arg1 Effects 26:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects 0:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects 0:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 1 24 theme valued 187:192 arg1 sinensis 168:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 1 24 theme valued 187:192 arg1 fungus 204:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 4 25 theme EXPERIMENTAL 568:579 arg1 APPROACH 581:588 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 568:588 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 568:588 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 0 26 theme Shotgun 105:111 arg1 Analysis 123:130 Shotgun Proteomic Analysis 105:130 Shotgun Proteomic Analysis 105:130 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 10 27 theme radical 1754:1760 arg1 capacity 1773:1780 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 10 28 theme promising 1727:1735 arg1 radical 1754:1760 its promising superoxide anion radical 1723:1760 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 10 29 theme superoxide 1737:1746 arg1 radical 1754:1760 its promising superoxide anion radical 1723:1760 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 0 30 theme Antioxidant 0:10 arg1 Effects 26:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects 0:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects 0:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 10 31 theme cytotoxic 1783:1791 arg1 effect 1793:1798 cytotoxic effect 1783:1798 cytotoxic effect 1783:1798 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 0 32 theme Cytotoxic 16:24 arg1 Effects 26:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects 0:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects 0:32 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 6 33 theme extract 925:931 arg1 fraction 909:916 the active fraction 898:916 the active fraction of the extract 898:931 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 4 34 theme cold 629:632 arg1 extract 640:646 the OCS02® cold water extract 618:646 the OCS02® cold water extract 618:646 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 7 35 theme A549 1237:1240 arg1 cells 1243:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells 1188:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1188:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 35 theme A549 1237:1240 arg1 µg/mL 1266:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 36 theme alveolar 1210:1217 arg1 cells 1243:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells 1188:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1188:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 36 theme alveolar 1210:1217 arg1 µg/mL 1266:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 5 37 theme antiproliferative 833:849 arg1 activity 851:858 the antiproliferative activity 829:858 the antiproliferative activity of the extract 829:873 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. 34316281 10 38 dep NOVELTY 1593:1599 arg1 findings 1634:1641 The findings 1630:1641 The findings 1630:1641 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 2 39 theme promising 351:359 arg1 value 373:377 a promising nutritional value 349:377 a promising nutritional value 349:377 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 7 40 theme adenocarcinomic 1188:1202 arg1 cells 1243:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells 1188:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1188:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 40 theme adenocarcinomic 1188:1202 arg1 µg/mL 1266:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 6 41 theme active 902:907 arg1 fraction 909:916 the active fraction 898:916 the active fraction of the extract 898:931 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 9 42 theme LC-MS/MS 1440:1447 arg1 analysis 1449:1456 LC-MS/MS analysis 1440:1456 LC-MS/MS analysis 1440:1456 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 3 43 theme OCS02® 498:503 arg1 proteins 482:489 biologically active proteins 462:489 biologically active proteins 462:489 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. 34316281 3 43 theme OCS02® 498:503 arg1 properties 447:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties 413:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties 413:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. 34316281 2 44 theme numerous 383:390 arg1 compounds 402:410 numerous bioactive compounds 383:410 numerous bioactive compounds 383:410 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 4 45 theme antioxidant 672:682 arg1 activities 684:693 the antioxidant activities 668:693 the antioxidant activities 668:693 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 7 46 theme cytotoxic 1159:1167 arg1 activities 1169:1178 potent cytotoxic activities 1152:1178 potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1152:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 10 47 theme active 1836:1841 arg1 proteins 1843:1850 biopharmaceutically active proteins 1816:1850 biopharmaceutically active proteins 1816:1850 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 9 48 theme potential 1477:1485 arg1 proteases 1497:1505 several potential cytotoxic proteases 1469:1505 several potential cytotoxic proteases 1469:1505 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 4 49 theme extract 640:646 arg1 composition 603:613 The chemical composition 590:613 The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract 590:646 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 6 50 theme liquid 955:960 arg1 LC 978:979 LC 978:979 LC 978:979 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 6 50 theme liquid 955:960 arg1 chromatography 962:975 liquid chromatography 955:975 liquid chromatography (LC) 955:980 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 2 51 theme body 307:310 arg1 cultivation 271:281 Successful cultivation 260:281 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) 260:319 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 1 52 theme medicinal 194:202 arg1 sinensis 168:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 1 52 theme medicinal 194:202 arg1 fungus 204:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 4 53 theme reducing 722:729 arg1 assays 759:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 10 54 theme functional 1700:1709 arg1 food 1711:1714 functional food 1700:1714 functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins 1700:1850 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 9 55 theme decarboxylase 1522:1534 arg1 protein 1536:1542 an oxalate decarboxylase protein 1511:1542 an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys 1511:1590 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 9 56 from effects 1573:1579 arg1 kidneys 1584:1590 kidneys 1584:1590 kidneys 1584:1590 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 34316281 8 57 theme High 1274:1277 arg1 mass 1289:1292 High molecular mass 1274:1292 High molecular mass polysaccharides 1274:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 7 58 theme equivalents 1118:1128 arg1 mol/g 1141:1145 Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g 1111:1145 Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g 1111:1145 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 8 59 theme mass 1289:1292 arg1 complexes 1347:1355 protein-polysaccharide complexes 1324:1355 protein-polysaccharide complexes 1324:1355 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 8 59 theme mass 1289:1292 arg1 polysaccharides 1294:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides 1274:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides 1274:1308 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 8 59 theme mass 1289:1292 arg1 proteins 1311:1318 proteins 1311:1318 proteins 1311:1318 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 5 60 theme dye 779:781 arg1 assay 799:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. 34316281 4 61 dep determined 652:661 arg1 APPROACH 581:588 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 568:588 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 568:588 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 2 62 theme Successful 260:269 arg1 cultivation 271:281 Successful cultivation 260:281 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) 260:319 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 4 63 theme DPPH• 732:736 arg1 assays 759:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 10 64 theme due 1716:1718 arg1 food 1711:1714 functional food 1700:1714 functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins 1700:1850 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 5 65 theme MTT 784:786 arg1 assay 799:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. 34316281 1 66 theme RESEARCH 133:140 arg1 sinensis 168:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 1 66 theme RESEARCH 133:140 arg1 fungus 204:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 6 67 theme tandem-mass 986:996 arg1 spectrometry 998:1009 tandem-mass spectrometry 986:1009 tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) 986:1017 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 6 67 theme tandem-mass 986:996 arg1 MS/MS 1012:1016 MS/MS 1012:1016 MS/MS 1012:1016 Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 34316281 7 68 theme •- 1083:1084 arg1 scavenging 1086:1095 strong O2 •- scavenging 1073:1095 strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) 1073:1146 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 2 69 theme sinensis 289:296 arg1 OCS02® 313:318 OCS02® 313:318 OCS02® 313:318 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 2 69 theme sinensis 289:296 arg1 body 307:310 O. sinensis fruiting body 286:310 O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) 286:319 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 1 70 theme Ophiocordyceps 153:166 arg1 sinensis 168:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis 133:175 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 1 70 theme Ophiocordyceps 153:166 arg1 fungus 204:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 a highly valued medicinal fungus 178:209 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. 34316281 0 71 theme Bioactive 80:88 arg1 Proteins 90:97 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 56:97 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 56:97 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 7 72 theme OCS02® 1048:1053 arg1 extract 1055:1061 The OCS02® extract 1044:1061 The OCS02® extract 1044:1061 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 4 73 theme O2 742:743 arg1 assays 759:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 2 74 contain has 345:347 arg1 cultivar 336:343 the cultivar 332:343 the cultivar 332:343 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 2 74 contain has 345:347 arg2 value 373:377 a promising nutritional value 349:377 a promising nutritional value 349:377 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 2 74 contain has 345:347 arg2 compounds 402:410 numerous bioactive compounds 383:410 numerous bioactive compounds 383:410 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 4 75 theme scavenging 748:757 arg1 assays 759:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays 715:764 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 0 76 theme Proteomic 113:121 arg1 Analysis 123:130 Shotgun Proteomic Analysis 105:130 Shotgun Proteomic Analysis 105:130 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 8 77 theme antioxidant 1387:1397 arg1 selectivity 1413:1423 the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity 1383:1423 the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02® 1383:1437 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 5 78 theme cytotoxic 789:797 arg1 assay 799:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay 767:803 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. 34316281 8 79 theme cytotoxic 1403:1411 arg1 selectivity 1413:1423 the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity 1383:1423 the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02® 1383:1437 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 10 80 theme anion 1748:1752 arg1 radical 1754:1760 its promising superoxide anion radical 1723:1760 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 3 81 theme Antioxidant 413:423 arg1 properties 447:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties 413:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties 413:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. 34316281 4 82 theme OCS02® 622:627 arg1 extract 640:646 the OCS02® cold water extract 618:646 the OCS02® cold water extract 618:646 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 2 83 theme bioactive 392:400 arg1 compounds 402:410 numerous bioactive compounds 383:410 numerous bioactive compounds 383:410 Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. 34316281 7 84 theme basal 1219:1223 arg1 cells 1243:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells 1188:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1188:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 84 theme basal 1219:1223 arg1 µg/mL 1266:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 5 85 theme extract 867:873 arg1 activity 851:858 the antiproliferative activity 829:858 the antiproliferative activity of the extract 829:873 Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. 34316281 4 86 theme water 634:638 arg1 extract 640:646 the OCS02® cold water extract 618:646 the OCS02® cold water extract 618:646 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 8 87 theme OCS02® 1432:1437 arg1 selectivity 1413:1423 the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity 1383:1423 the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02® 1383:1437 High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. 34316281 7 88 theme human 1204:1208 arg1 cells 1243:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells 1188:1247 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL) 1188:1271 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 7 88 theme human 1204:1208 arg1 µg/mL 1266:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL 1250:1270 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). 34316281 4 89 theme chemical 594:601 arg1 composition 603:613 The chemical composition 590:613 The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract 590:646 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. 34316281 10 90 theme scavenging 1762:1771 arg1 capacity 1773:1780 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 0 91 theme Ophiocordyceps 56:69 arg1 Proteins 90:97 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 56:97 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins 56:97 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. 34316281 3 92 theme antiproliferative 429:445 arg1 properties 447:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties 413:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties 413:456 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. 34316281 10 93 theme SCIENTIFIC 1605:1614 arg1 CONTRIBUTIONS 1616:1628 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS 1605:1628 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS 1605:1628 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 3 94 theme possible 526:533 arg1 development 535:545 possible development 526:545 possible development into nutraceuticals 526:565 Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. 34316281 10 95 theme proteins 1843:1850 arg1 presence 1804:1811 presence 1804:1811 presence 1804:1811 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 10 95 theme proteins 1843:1850 arg1 capacity 1773:1780 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity 1723:1780 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 10 95 theme proteins 1843:1850 arg1 effect 1793:1798 cytotoxic effect 1783:1798 cytotoxic effect 1783:1798 NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins. 34316281 9 96 theme several 1469:1475 arg1 proteases 1497:1505 several potential cytotoxic proteases 1469:1505 several potential cytotoxic proteases 1469:1505 LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. 33877808 5 0 from glycoproteins 1088:1100 arg1 serum 1173:1177 human serum 1167:1177 human serum 1167:1177 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 1 theme composite 722:730 arg1 area 756:759 high surface area 743:759 high surface area 743:759 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 1 theme composite 722:730 arg1 binding 905:911 the reversible covalent binding 881:911 the reversible covalent binding with BA 881:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 1 theme composite 722:730 arg1 interaction 854:864 hydrophilic interaction 842:864 hydrophilic interaction of silica 842:874 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 1 theme composite 722:730 arg1 merits 707:712 The merits 703:712 The merits 703:712 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 1 theme composite 722:730 arg1 effect 777:782 synergistic effect 765:782 synergistic effect 765:782 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 3 2 theme boronic 533:539 arg1 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 4 3 theme effective 933:941 arg1 enrichment 956:965 the effective and specific enrichment 929:965 the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides 929:1003 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 1 4 theme glycopeptides 283:295 arg1 key 307:309 key 307:309 key 307:309 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 1 4 theme glycopeptides 283:295 arg1 analysis 264:271 the analysis 260:271 the analysis 260:271 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 0 5 theme Intact 106:111 arg1 N- 113:114 Intact N- 106:114 Intact N- 106:114 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 1 6 theme low 189:191 arg1 abundance 193:201 low abundance 189:201 low abundance 189:201 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 4 7 with area 756:759 arg1 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 3 8 theme biological 683:692 arg1 samples 694:700 complex biological samples 675:700 complex biological samples 675:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 0 9 theme O-Linked 120:127 arg1 Analysis 142:149 O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis 120:149 O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis 120:149 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 2 10 theme Efficient 386:394 arg1 enrichment 409:418 Efficient and specific enrichment 386:418 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides 386:442 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides could help greatly with this problem. 33877808 3 11 theme mesoporous 566:575 arg1 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 4 12 theme N- 982:983 arg1 enrichment 956:965 the effective and specific enrichment 929:965 the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides 929:1003 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 1 13 from role 348:351 arg1 organism 376:383 an organism 373:383 an organism 373:383 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 4 14 from functionality 804:816 arg1 binding 905:911 the reversible covalent binding 881:911 the reversible covalent binding with BA 881:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 14 from functionality 804:816 arg1 area 756:759 high surface area 743:759 high surface area 743:759 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 14 from functionality 804:816 arg1 effect 777:782 synergistic effect 765:782 synergistic effect 765:782 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 14 from functionality 804:816 arg1 interaction 854:864 hydrophilic interaction 842:864 hydrophilic interaction of silica 842:874 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 3 15 theme graphene-silica 577:591 arg1 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 2 16 gly glycopeptides 430:442 arg2 glycopeptides 430:442 intact glycopeptides 423:442 intact glycopeptides 423:442 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides could help greatly with this problem. 33877808 3 17 theme new 501:503 arg1 strategy 516:523 a new enrichment strategy 499:523 a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 499:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 4 18 theme mesoporous 821:830 arg1 material 832:839 mesoporous material 821:839 mesoporous material 821:839 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 2 19 theme intact 423:428 arg1 glycopeptides 430:442 intact glycopeptides 423:442 intact glycopeptides 423:442 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides could help greatly with this problem. 33877808 3 20 gly glycopeptides 656:668 arg2 glycopeptides 656:668 intact glycopeptides 649:668 intact glycopeptides 649:668 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 0 21 theme Glycopeptide 129:140 arg1 Analysis 142:149 O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis 120:149 O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis 120:149 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 4 22 with interaction 854:864 arg1 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 3 23 theme -functionalized 550:564 arg1 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 2 24 theme glycopeptides 430:442 arg1 enrichment 409:418 Efficient and specific enrichment 386:418 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides 386:442 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides could help greatly with this problem. 33877808 0 25 theme Enrichment 10:19 arg1 Strategy 21:28 Effective Enrichment Strategy 0:28 Effective Enrichment Strategy 0:28 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 5 26 theme human 1167:1171 arg1 serum 1173:1177 human serum 1167:1177 human serum 1167:1177 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 1 27 gly glycopeptides 283:295 arg2 glycopeptides 283:295 intact glycopeptides 276:295 intact glycopeptides 276:295 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 5 28 from performance 1038:1048 arg1 results 1010:1016 The results 1006:1016 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum 1006:1177 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 1 29 theme protein 206:212 arg1 glycosylation 214:226 protein glycosylation 206:226 protein glycosylation 206:226 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 0 30 theme Effective 0:8 arg1 Strategy 21:28 Effective Enrichment Strategy 0:28 Effective Enrichment Strategy 0:28 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 5 31 theme strategy 1224:1231 arg1 potential 1207:1215 potential 1207:1215 potential 1207:1215 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 5 31 theme strategy 1224:1231 arg1 robustness 1192:1201 robustness 1192:1201 robustness 1192:1201 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 32 theme covalent 896:903 arg1 binding 905:911 the reversible covalent binding 881:911 the reversible covalent binding with BA 881:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 33 theme reversible 885:894 arg1 binding 905:911 the reversible covalent binding 881:911 the reversible covalent binding with BA 881:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 1 34 theme glycosylation 214:226 arg1 heterogeneity 171:183 heterogeneity 171:183 heterogeneity 171:183 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 1 34 theme glycosylation 214:226 arg1 abundance 193:201 low abundance 189:201 low abundance 189:201 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 5 35 dep robustness 1192:1201 arg1 the 1188:1190 the 1188:1190 the 1188:1190 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 0 36 theme Human 154:158 arg1 Serum 160:164 Human Serum 154:164 Human Serum 154:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 5 37 theme standard 1079:1086 arg1 glycoproteins 1088:1100 standard glycoproteins 1079:1100 standard glycoproteins 1079:1100 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 38 gly O-glycopeptides 989:1003 arg2 O-glycopeptides 989:1003 O-glycopeptides 989:1003 O-glycopeptides 989:1003 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 5 39 theme strategy 1057:1064 arg1 performance 1038:1048 the enrichment performance 1023:1048 the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum 1023:1177 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 40 theme synergistic 765:775 arg1 effect 777:782 synergistic effect 765:782 synergistic effect 765:782 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 5 41 theme intact 1237:1242 arg1 analysis 1257:1264 intact glycopeptide analysis 1237:1264 intact glycopeptide analysis 1237:1264 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 5 42 gly glycopeptide 1244:1255 arg2 glycopeptide 1244:1255 intact glycopeptide analysis 1237:1264 intact glycopeptide analysis 1237:1264 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 0 43 from N- 113:114 arg1 Serum 160:164 Human Serum 154:164 Human Serum 154:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 1 44 dep heterogeneity 171:183 arg1 The 167:169 The 167:169 The 167:169 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 1 45 theme challenging 236:246 arg1 barriers 248:255 challenging barriers 236:255 challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism 236:383 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 0 46 theme Acid-Functionalized 44:62 arg1 Composites 91:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites 36:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum 36:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 5 47 theme glycopeptide 1244:1255 arg1 analysis 1257:1264 intact glycopeptide analysis 1237:1264 intact glycopeptide analysis 1237:1264 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 48 theme intact 975:980 arg1 N- 982:983 intact N- 975:983 intact N- 975:983 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 5 49 theme global 1125:1130 arg1 N- 1132:1133 global N- 1125:1133 global N- 1125:1133 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 50 theme silica 869:874 arg1 binding 905:911 the reversible covalent binding 881:911 the reversible covalent binding with BA 881:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 50 theme silica 869:874 arg1 area 756:759 high surface area 743:759 high surface area 743:759 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 50 theme silica 869:874 arg1 effect 777:782 synergistic effect 765:782 synergistic effect 765:782 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 50 theme silica 869:874 arg1 interaction 854:864 hydrophilic interaction 842:864 hydrophilic interaction of silica 842:874 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 0 51 theme Boronic 36:42 arg1 Composites 91:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites 36:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum 36:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 4 52 theme exclusion 794:802 arg1 functionality 804:816 size exclusion functionality 789:816 size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material 789:839 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 4 53 theme O-glycopeptides 989:1003 arg1 enrichment 956:965 the effective and specific enrichment 929:965 the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides 929:1003 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 0 54 theme Graphene-Silica 75:89 arg1 Composites 91:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites 36:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum 36:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 1 55 gly heterogeneity 171:183 arg1 glycosylation 214:226 protein glycosylation 206:226 protein glycosylation 206:226 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 3 56 theme complex 675:681 arg1 samples 694:700 complex biological samples 675:700 complex biological samples 675:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 3 57 theme GO 615:616 arg1 mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 618:632 GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 615:632 GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 615:632 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 4 58 theme surface 748:754 arg1 area 756:759 high surface area 743:759 high surface area 743:759 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 0 59 theme Mesoporous 64:73 arg1 Composites 91:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites 36:100 Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum 36:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 4 60 with effect 777:782 arg1 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 0 61 from Analysis 142:149 arg1 Serum 160:164 Human Serum 154:164 Human Serum 154:164 Effective Enrichment Strategy Using Boronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Graphene-Silica Composites for Intact N- and O-Linked Glycopeptide Analysis in Human Serum. 33877808 3 62 theme @ 617:617 arg1 mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 618:632 GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 615:632 GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 615:632 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 3 63 theme acid 541:544 arg1 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 4 64 theme high 743:746 arg1 area 756:759 high surface area 743:759 high surface area 743:759 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 1 65 theme glycosylation 356:368 arg1 role 348:351 the role 344:351 the role of glycosylation in an organism 344:383 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 33877808 4 66 theme specific 947:954 arg1 enrichment 956:965 the effective and specific enrichment 929:965 the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides 929:1003 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 5 67 theme enrichment 1027:1036 arg1 performance 1038:1048 the enrichment performance 1023:1048 the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum 1023:1177 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 3 68 theme intact 649:654 arg1 glycopeptides 656:668 intact glycopeptides 649:668 intact glycopeptides 649:668 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 3 69 theme enrichment 505:514 arg1 strategy 516:523 a new enrichment strategy 499:523 a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 499:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 4 70 theme size 789:792 arg1 functionality 804:816 size exclusion functionality 789:816 size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material 789:839 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 5 71 dep N- 1132:1133 arg1 analyses 1155:1162 analyses 1155:1162 analyses 1155:1162 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 72 theme material 832:839 arg1 functionality 804:816 size exclusion functionality 789:816 size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material 789:839 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 3 73 theme BA 547:548 arg1 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 3 74 attach isolating 639:647 arg1 samples 694:700 complex biological samples 675:700 complex biological samples 675:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 3 74 attach isolating 639:647 arg2 composite 593:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite 531:601 a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples 531:700 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 3 75 dep composite 593:601 arg1 denoted 604:610 denoted 604:610 denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB 604:632 Here, we propose a new enrichment strategy using a boronic acid (BA)-functionalized mesoporous graphene-silica composite (denoted as GO@mSiO2-GLYMO-APB) for isolating intact glycopeptides from complex biological samples. 33877808 5 76 from application 1110:1120 arg1 serum 1173:1177 human serum 1167:1177 human serum 1167:1177 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 4 77 theme hydrophilic 842:852 arg1 interaction 854:864 hydrophilic interaction 842:864 hydrophilic interaction of silica 842:874 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 5 78 gly glycoproteins 1088:1100 arg1 glycoproteins 1088:1100 standard glycoproteins 1079:1100 standard glycoproteins 1079:1100 The results from the enrichment performance of the strategy evaluated by standard glycoproteins and the application to global N- and O-glycosylation analyses in human serum indicate the robustness and potential of the strategy for intact glycopeptide analysis. 33877808 2 79 theme specific 400:407 arg1 enrichment 409:418 Efficient and specific enrichment 386:418 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides 386:442 Efficient and specific enrichment of intact glycopeptides could help greatly with this problem. 33877808 4 80 with binding 905:911 arg1 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 BA 918:919 The merits of this composite, including high surface area and synergistic effect from size exclusion functionality of mesoporous material, hydrophilic interaction of silica, and the reversible covalent binding with BA, enable the effective and specific enrichment of both intact N- and O-glycopeptides. 33877808 1 81 theme intact 276:281 arg1 glycopeptides 283:295 intact glycopeptides 276:295 intact glycopeptides 276:295 The heterogeneity and low abundance of protein glycosylation present challenging barriers to the analysis of intact glycopeptides, which is key to comprehensively understanding the role of glycosylation in an organism. 34029673 4 0 dep earlier 478:484 arg1 over-consumption 496:511 over-consumption 496:511 over-consumption 496:511 While the size of a meal affected subsequent intake, there was no compensation for earlier under- or over-consumption. 34029673 4 0 dep earlier 478:484 arg1 under- 486:491 under- 486:491 under- 486:491 While the size of a meal affected subsequent intake, there was no compensation for earlier under- or over-consumption. 34029673 5 1 theme O-linked 591:598 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 600:620 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 591:620 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 591:631 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 5 1 theme O-linked 591:598 arg1 signal 644:649 an energy signal 634:649 an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones 634:714 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 5 1 theme O-linked 591:598 arg1 O-GlcNAc 623:630 O-GlcNAc 623:630 O-GlcNAc 623:630 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 9 2 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1130:1144 arg1 removal 1119:1125 removal 1119:1125 removal of O-GlcNAcylation 1119:1144 Across days, energy balance was improved upon increased O-GlcNAc levels and impaired upon removal of O-GlcNAcylation. 34029673 8 3 theme meal 942:945 arg1 frequency 947:955 meal frequency 942:955 meal frequency 942:955 Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. 34029673 8 4 theme caloric 991:997 arg1 consumption 999:1009 caloric consumption 991:1009 caloric consumption 991:1009 Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. 34029673 3 5 theme free 322:325 arg1 access 327:332 free access 322:332 free access to food 322:340 Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. 34029673 7 6 theme Meal 856:859 arg1 size 861:864 Meal size 856:864 Meal size 856:864 Meal size was affected at least in part due to faster eating speed. 34029673 10 7 theme perceived 1171:1179 arg1 need 1181:1184 a perceived need 1169:1184 a perceived need for calories 1169:1197 Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance. 34029673 5 8 theme nutrient 677:684 arg1 access 686:691 nutrient access 677:691 nutrient access 677:691 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 8 9 theme consumption 999:1009 arg1 effect 981:986 the effect 977:986 the effect of caloric consumption on future intake 977:1026 Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. 34029673 7 10 theme eating 910:915 arg1 speed 917:921 faster eating speed 903:921 faster eating speed 903:921 Meal size was affected at least in part due to faster eating speed. 34029673 4 11 theme meal 415:418 arg1 size 405:408 the size 401:408 the size of a meal 401:418 While the size of a meal affected subsequent intake, there was no compensation for earlier under- or over-consumption. 34029673 5 12 theme caloric 559:565 arg1 control 567:573 caloric control 559:573 caloric control 559:573 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 1 13 theme Caloric 71:77 arg1 need 79:82 Caloric need 71:82 Caloric need 71:82 Caloric need has long been thought a major driver of appetite. 34029673 8 14 theme future 1014:1019 arg1 intake 1021:1026 future intake 1014:1026 future intake 1014:1026 Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. 34029673 9 15 theme energy 1042:1047 arg1 balance 1049:1055 energy balance 1042:1055 energy balance 1042:1055 Across days, energy balance was improved upon increased O-GlcNAc levels and impaired upon removal of O-GlcNAcylation. 34029673 4 16 theme subsequent 429:438 arg1 intake 440:445 subsequent intake 429:445 subsequent intake 429:445 While the size of a meal affected subsequent intake, there was no compensation for earlier under- or over-consumption. 34029673 7 17 theme faster 903:908 arg1 speed 917:921 faster eating speed 903:921 faster eating speed 903:921 Meal size was affected at least in part due to faster eating speed. 34029673 10 18 theme future 1238:1243 arg1 intake 1245:1250 future intake 1238:1250 future intake 1238:1250 Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance. 34029673 3 19 theme calorie 374:380 arg1 expenditure 382:392 calorie expenditure 374:392 calorie expenditure 374:392 Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. 34029673 0 20 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 cycling 9:15 O-GlcNAc cycling 0:15 O-GlcNAc cycling 0:15 O-GlcNAc cycling mediates energy balance by regulating caloric memory. 34029673 5 21 theme spontaneous 526:536 arg1 eating 538:543 spontaneous eating 526:543 spontaneous eating 526:543 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 10 22 theme energy 1321:1326 arg1 balance 1328:1334 energy balance 1321:1334 energy balance 1321:1334 Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance. 34029673 0 23 theme energy 26:31 arg1 balance 33:39 energy balance 26:39 energy balance 26:39 O-GlcNAc cycling mediates energy balance by regulating caloric memory. 34029673 6 24 theme pharmacological 729:743 arg1 manipulation 745:756 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation 717:756 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation 717:805 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 2 25 theme food 275:278 arg1 shortage 263:270 no shortage 260:270 no shortage of food 260:278 However, it is unclear whether caloric need regulates appetite in environments offered by many societies today where there is no shortage of food. 34029673 6 26 dep mice 761:764 arg1 increasing 766:775 increasing 766:775 increasing 766:775 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 6 26 dep mice 761:764 arg1 decreasing 780:789 decreasing 780:789 decreasing O-GlcNAcylation 780:805 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 8 27 from effect 981:986 arg1 intake 1021:1026 future intake 1014:1026 future intake 1014:1026 Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. 34029673 6 28 theme meal 845:848 arg1 size 850:853 meal size 845:853 meal size 845:853 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 3 29 with mice 312:315 arg1 access 327:332 free access 322:332 free access to food 322:340 Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. 34029673 9 30 theme increased 1075:1083 arg1 levels 1094:1099 increased O-GlcNAc levels 1075:1099 increased O-GlcNAc levels 1075:1099 Across days, energy balance was improved upon increased O-GlcNAc levels and impaired upon removal of O-GlcNAcylation. 34029673 5 31 link O-linked 591:598 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 600:620 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 591:620 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 591:631 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 5 31 link O-linked 591:598 arg1 signal 644:649 an energy signal 634:649 an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones 634:714 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 5 31 link O-linked 591:598 arg1 O-GlcNAc 623:630 O-GlcNAc 623:630 O-GlcNAc 623:630 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 5 32 theme dependent 664:672 arg1 cells 658:662 cells 658:662 cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones 658:714 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 6 33 theme Genetic 717:723 arg1 manipulation 745:756 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation 717:756 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation 717:805 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 6 34 from manipulation 745:756 arg1 mice 761:764 mice 761:764 mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation 761:805 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 0 35 theme caloric 55:61 arg1 memory 63:68 caloric memory 55:68 caloric memory 55:68 O-GlcNAc cycling mediates energy balance by regulating caloric memory. 34029673 3 36 theme calorie 356:362 arg1 intake 364:369 calorie intake 356:369 calorie intake 356:369 Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. 34029673 10 37 dep Rather 1147:1152 arg1 affecting 1159:1167 affecting 1159:1167 affecting a perceived need for calories 1159:1197 Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance. 34029673 1 38 theme major 108:112 arg1 driver 114:119 a major driver 106:119 a major driver of appetite 106:131 Caloric need has long been thought a major driver of appetite. 34029673 6 39 theme daily 817:821 arg1 intake 823:828 daily intake 817:828 daily intake 817:828 Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. 34029673 10 40 theme caloric 1289:1295 arg1 memory 1297:1302 a caloric memory 1287:1302 a caloric memory 1287:1302 Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance. 34029673 5 41 theme energy 637:642 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 600:620 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 591:620 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 591:631 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 5 41 theme energy 637:642 arg1 signal 644:649 an energy signal 634:649 an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones 634:714 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 9 42 theme O-GlcNAc 1085:1092 arg1 levels 1094:1099 increased O-GlcNAc levels 1075:1099 increased O-GlcNAc levels 1075:1099 Across days, energy balance was improved upon increased O-GlcNAc levels and impaired upon removal of O-GlcNAcylation. 34029673 5 43 theme metabolic 697:705 arg1 hormones 707:714 metabolic hormones 697:714 metabolic hormones 697:714 To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. 34029673 2 44 theme caloric 165:171 arg1 need 173:176 caloric need 165:176 caloric need 165:176 However, it is unclear whether caloric need regulates appetite in environments offered by many societies today where there is no shortage of food. 34029673 1 45 theme appetite 124:131 arg1 driver 114:119 a major driver 106:119 a major driver of appetite 106:131 Caloric need has long been thought a major driver of appetite. 34029673 3 46 theme wildtype 303:310 arg1 mice 312:315 wildtype mice 303:315 wildtype mice with free access to food 303:340 Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. 34029673 2 47 theme many 224:227 arg1 societies 229:237 many societies 224:237 many societies 224:237 However, it is unclear whether caloric need regulates appetite in environments offered by many societies today where there is no shortage of food. 33909044 3 0 from domains 423:429 arg1 NPCs 434:437 NPCs 434:437 NPCs 434:437 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 4 1 theme living 722:727 arg1 cells 735:739 living human cells 722:739 living human cells 722:739 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 1 2 theme pore 187:190 arg1 NPCs 203:206 NPCs 203:206 NPCs 203:206 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 1 2 theme pore 187:190 arg1 complexes 192:200 nuclear pore complexes 179:200 nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) 179:207 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 8 3 theme nonspecific 1199:1209 arg1 permeability 1211:1222 the nonspecific permeability 1195:1222 the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier 1195:1247 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 5 4 mod modification 776:787 arg3 O-GlcNAc 767:774 increasing O-GlcNAc modification 756:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC 756:798 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 5 4 mod modification 776:787 arg1 NPC 796:798 the NPC 792:798 the NPC 792:798 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 6 5 theme O-GlcNAc 970:977 arg1 enrichment 956:965 strong enrichment 949:965 strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier 949:1002 Superresolution imaging revealed strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier. 33909044 3 6 link O-linked 459:466 arg1 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 6 link O-linked 459:466 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 459:486 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 7 7 theme passive 1044:1050 arg1 permeation 1052:1061 passive permeation 1044:1061 passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs 1044:1100 O-GlcNAc modification also accelerated passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs. 33909044 3 8 theme modification 545:556 arg1 unclear 592:598 unclear 592:598 unclear 592:598 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 8 theme modification 545:556 arg1 role 532:535 the functional role 517:535 the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport 517:587 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 4 9 theme high-throughput 614:628 arg1 assays 630:635 high-throughput assays 614:635 high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes 614:663 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 2 10 theme repeat 298:303 arg1 domains 305:311 phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains 271:311 phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 271:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 2 11 theme nuclear 377:383 arg1 NTRs 406:409 NTRs 406:409 NTRs 406:409 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 2 11 theme nuclear 377:383 arg1 receptors 395:403 nuclear transport receptors 377:403 nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 377:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 8 12 theme interactions 1282:1293 arg1 inhibition 1268:1277 steric inhibition 1261:1277 steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats 1261:1312 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 5 13 theme increasing 756:765 arg1 modification 776:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification 756:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC 756:798 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 6 14 theme strong 949:954 arg1 enrichment 956:965 strong enrichment 949:965 strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier 949:1002 Superresolution imaging revealed strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier. 33909044 8 15 theme O-GlcNAc 1120:1127 arg1 modification 1129:1140 O-GlcNAc modification 1120:1140 O-GlcNAc modification 1120:1140 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 3 16 from role 532:535 arg1 transport 579:587 nucleocytoplasmic transport 561:587 nucleocytoplasmic transport 561:587 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 1 17 theme Macromolecular 85:98 arg1 transport 100:108 Macromolecular transport 85:108 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope 85:136 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 3 18 theme major 445:449 arg1 modification 499:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 18 theme major 445:449 arg1 domains 423:429 FG-repeat domains 413:429 FG-repeat domains in NPCs 413:437 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 18 theme major 445:449 arg1 site 451:454 a major site 443:454 a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 443:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 5 19 theme O-GlcNAc 767:774 arg1 modification 776:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification 756:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC 756:798 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 5 20 theme proteins 841:848 arg1 transport 828:836 NTR-facilitated transport 812:836 NTR-facilitated transport of proteins 812:848 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 5 21 theme NPC 796:798 arg1 modification 776:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification 756:787 increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC 756:798 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 5 22 dep accelerated 800:810 arg1 slowed 898:903 slowed 898:903 slowed transport 898:913 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 7 23 theme O-GlcNAc 1005:1012 arg1 modification 1014:1025 O-GlcNAc modification 1005:1025 O-GlcNAc modification 1005:1025 O-GlcNAc modification also accelerated passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs. 33909044 4 24 from kinetics 681:688 arg1 cells 735:739 living human cells 722:739 living human cells 722:739 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 4 25 theme import 701:706 arg1 kinetics 681:688 the kinetics 677:688 the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells 677:739 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 0 26 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 modification 9:20 O-GlcNAc modification 0:20 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes 0:46 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes accelerates bidirectional transport. 33909044 4 27 theme nuclear 693:699 arg1 import 701:706 nuclear import 693:706 nuclear import 693:706 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 0 28 theme nuclear 25:31 arg1 complexes 38:46 nuclear pore complexes 25:46 nuclear pore complexes 25:46 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes accelerates bidirectional transport. 33909044 8 29 theme steric 1261:1266 arg1 inhibition 1268:1277 steric inhibition 1261:1277 steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats 1261:1312 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 8 30 theme FG 1303:1304 arg1 repeats 1306:1312 FG repeats 1303:1312 FG repeats 1303:1312 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 1 31 theme nuclear 121:127 arg1 envelope 129:136 the nuclear envelope 117:136 the nuclear envelope 117:136 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 3 32 theme N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 arg1 modification 499:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 8 33 theme nucleocytoplasmic 1154:1170 arg1 transport 1172:1180 nucleocytoplasmic transport 1154:1180 nucleocytoplasmic transport 1154:1180 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 6 34 theme Superresolution 916:930 arg1 imaging 932:938 Superresolution imaging 916:938 Superresolution imaging 916:938 Superresolution imaging revealed strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier. 33909044 4 35 theme export 712:717 arg1 kinetics 681:688 the kinetics 677:688 the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells 677:739 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 0 36 theme complexes 38:46 arg1 modification 9:20 O-GlcNAc modification 0:20 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes 0:46 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes accelerates bidirectional transport. 33909044 4 37 theme human 729:733 arg1 cells 735:739 living human cells 722:739 living human cells 722:739 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 7 38 dep small 1068:1072 arg1 inert 1075:1079 inert 1075:1079 inert 1075:1079 O-GlcNAc modification also accelerated passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs. 33909044 0 39 theme pore 33:36 arg1 complexes 38:46 nuclear pore complexes 25:46 nuclear pore complexes 25:46 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes accelerates bidirectional transport. 33909044 5 40 theme NTR-facilitated 812:826 arg1 transport 828:836 NTR-facilitated transport 812:836 NTR-facilitated transport of proteins 812:848 We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. 33909044 8 41 theme barrier 1241:1247 arg1 permeability 1211:1222 the nonspecific permeability 1195:1222 the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier 1195:1247 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 2 42 theme permeability 242:253 arg1 barrier 255:261 a permeability barrier 240:261 a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 240:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 7 43 theme protein 1081:1087 arg1 permeation 1052:1061 passive permeation 1044:1061 passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs 1044:1100 O-GlcNAc modification also accelerated passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs. 33909044 3 44 theme O-linked 459:466 arg1 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 O-GlcNAc 489:496 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 44 theme O-linked 459:466 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 468:486 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 459:486 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 0 45 theme bidirectional 60:72 arg1 transport 74:82 bidirectional transport 60:82 bidirectional transport 60:82 O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes accelerates bidirectional transport. 33909044 6 46 from barrier 996:1002 arg1 enrichment 956:965 strong enrichment 949:965 strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier 949:1002 Superresolution imaging revealed strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier. 33909044 3 47 theme modification 499:510 arg1 modification 499:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 47 theme modification 499:510 arg1 domains 423:429 FG-repeat domains 413:429 FG-repeat domains in NPCs 413:437 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 47 theme modification 499:510 arg1 site 451:454 a major site 443:454 a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 443:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 2 48 theme NPCs 226:229 arg1 interior 214:221 The interior 210:221 The interior of NPCs 210:229 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 2 49 theme cargoes 360:366 arg1 permeation 346:355 the permeation 342:355 the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 342:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 6 50 theme FG-repeat 986:994 arg1 barrier 996:1002 the FG-repeat barrier 982:1002 the FG-repeat barrier 982:1002 Superresolution imaging revealed strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier. 33909044 1 51 theme facilitated 149:159 arg1 diffusion 161:169 facilitated diffusion 149:169 facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) 149:207 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 3 52 theme nucleocytoplasmic 561:577 arg1 transport 579:587 nucleocytoplasmic transport 561:587 nucleocytoplasmic transport 561:587 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 2 53 contain contains 231:238 arg1 interior 214:221 The interior 210:221 The interior of NPCs 210:229 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 2 53 contain contains 231:238 arg2 barrier 255:261 a permeability barrier 240:261 a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 240:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 2 54 theme phenylalanine-glycine 271:291 arg1 domains 305:311 phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains 271:311 phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 271:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 1 55 theme nuclear 179:185 arg1 NPCs 203:206 NPCs 203:206 NPCs 203:206 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 1 55 theme nuclear 179:185 arg1 complexes 192:200 nuclear pore complexes 179:200 nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) 179:207 Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). 33909044 8 56 theme FG-repeat 1231:1239 arg1 barrier 1241:1247 the FG-repeat barrier 1227:1247 the FG-repeat barrier 1227:1247 We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats. 33909044 7 57 theme small 1068:1072 arg1 protein 1081:1087 a small, inert protein 1066:1087 a small, inert protein 1066:1087 O-GlcNAc modification also accelerated passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs. 33909044 3 58 theme functional 521:530 arg1 unclear 592:598 unclear 592:598 unclear 592:598 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 58 theme functional 521:530 arg1 role 532:535 the functional role 517:535 the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport 517:587 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 4 59 theme optogenetic 646:656 arg1 probes 658:663 optogenetic probes 646:663 optogenetic probes 646:663 We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. 33909044 3 60 theme FG-repeat 413:421 arg1 modification 499:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 459:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 60 theme FG-repeat 413:421 arg1 domains 423:429 FG-repeat domains 413:429 FG-repeat domains in NPCs 413:437 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 3 60 theme FG-repeat 413:421 arg1 site 451:454 a major site 443:454 a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 443:510 FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. 33909044 2 61 theme transport 385:393 arg1 NTRs 406:409 NTRs 406:409 NTRs 406:409 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33909044 2 61 theme transport 385:393 arg1 receptors 395:403 nuclear transport receptors 377:403 nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) 377:410 The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). 33108275 6 0 theme flagellin-binding 1146:1162 arg1 domain 1164:1169 its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain 1131:1169 its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain 1131:1169 The substrate specificity of FlmG is conferred by its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain. 33108275 0 1 theme cell 71:74 arg1 cycle 76:80 the modular and cell cycle 55:80 cycle 76:80 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 0 2 theme glycosyltransferase 92:110 arg1 FlmG 112:115 glycosyltransferase FlmG 92:115 glycosyltransferase FlmG 92:115 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 0 3 from Specificity 0:10 arg1 glycosylation 15:27 glycosylation 15:27 glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle 15:80 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 2 4 theme substrate 320:328 arg1 specificity 330:340 the substrate specificity 316:340 the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium 316:546 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 5 5 theme flagellin 1057:1065 arg1 modification 1067:1078 flagellin modification 1057:1078 flagellin modification 1057:1078 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 4 6 theme acid 876:879 arg1 synthases 881:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 7 7 theme flagellin 1245:1253 arg1 modification 1255:1266 flagellin modification 1245:1266 flagellin modification 1245:1266 FlmG accumulates before the FlaF secretion chaperone, potentially timing flagellin modification, export, and assembly during the cell division cycle. 33108275 3 8 theme acid-like 605:613 arg1 acid 633:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 1 9 theme proteins 188:195 arg1 modification 172:183 post-translational modification 153:183 post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation 153:212 How specificity is programmed into post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation is poorly understood, especially for O-linked glycosylation systems. 33108275 3 10 theme sugar 615:619 arg1 acid 633:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 5 11 theme new 977:979 arg1 class 981:985 a new class 975:985 a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 975:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 12 theme cycle-regulated 924:938 arg1 member 965:970 a defining member 954:970 a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 954:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 12 theme cycle-regulated 924:938 arg1 protein 945:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 12 theme cycle-regulated 924:938 arg1 required 1029:1036 required 1029:1036 required 1029:1036 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 3 13 theme sialic 598:603 arg1 acid 633:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 2 14 theme cytoplasmic 359:369 arg1 pathway 387:393 the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway 355:393 the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium 355:546 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 5 15 theme class 981:985 arg1 member 965:970 a defining member 954:970 a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 954:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 15 theme class 981:985 arg1 protein 945:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 16 theme FlmG 940:943 arg1 member 965:970 a defining member 954:970 a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 954:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 16 theme FlmG 940:943 arg1 protein 945:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 16 theme FlmG 940:943 arg1 required 1029:1036 required 1029:1036 required 1029:1036 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 6 17 theme FlmG 1110:1113 arg1 specificity 1095:1105 The substrate specificity 1081:1105 The substrate specificity of FlmG 1081:1113 The substrate specificity of FlmG is conferred by its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain. 33108275 7 18 theme division 1306:1313 arg1 cycle 1315:1319 the cell division cycle 1297:1319 the cell division cycle 1297:1319 FlmG accumulates before the FlaF secretion chaperone, potentially timing flagellin modification, export, and assembly during the cell division cycle. 33108275 1 19 link O-linked 251:258 arg1 systems 274:280 O-linked glycosylation systems 251:280 O-linked glycosylation systems 251:280 How specificity is programmed into post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation is poorly understood, especially for O-linked glycosylation systems. 33108275 4 20 theme pseudaminic 864:874 arg1 synthases 881:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 2 21 theme Caulobacter 476:486 arg1 crescentus 488:497 Caulobacter crescentus 476:497 Caulobacter crescentus 476:497 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 4 22 theme other 858:862 arg1 synthases 881:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 7 23 theme cell 1301:1304 arg1 cycle 1315:1319 the cell division cycle 1297:1319 the cell division cycle 1297:1319 FlmG accumulates before the FlaF secretion chaperone, potentially timing flagellin modification, export, and assembly during the cell division cycle. 33108275 5 24 theme defining 956:963 arg1 member 965:970 a defining member 954:970 a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 954:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 24 theme defining 956:963 arg1 protein 945:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 0 25 theme flagellins 41:50 arg1 glycosylation 15:27 glycosylation 15:27 glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle 15:80 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 4 26 theme pseudaminic 804:814 arg1 acid 816:819 pseudaminic acid 804:819 pseudaminic acid 804:819 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 7 27 theme FlaF 1200:1203 arg1 chaperone 1215:1223 the FlaF secretion chaperone 1196:1223 the FlaF secretion chaperone 1196:1223 FlmG accumulates before the FlaF secretion chaperone, potentially timing flagellin modification, export, and assembly during the cell division cycle. 33108275 6 28 theme substrate 1085:1093 arg1 specificity 1095:1105 The substrate specificity 1081:1105 The substrate specificity of FlmG 1081:1113 The substrate specificity of FlmG is conferred by its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain. 33108275 4 29 theme NeuB 738:741 arg1 interchangeable 837:851 interchangeable 837:851 interchangeable 837:851 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 4 29 theme NeuB 738:741 arg1 enzyme 743:748 The cognate NeuB enzyme 726:748 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid 726:819 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 0 30 theme multiple 32:39 arg1 flagellins 41:50 multiple flagellins 32:50 multiple flagellins 32:50 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 5 31 theme unknown 907:913 arg1 member 965:970 a defining member 954:970 a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 954:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 31 theme unknown 907:913 arg1 protein 945:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein 892:951 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 5 31 theme unknown 907:913 arg1 required 1029:1036 required 1029:1036 required 1029:1036 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 3 32 theme flagellin 681:689 arg1 modification 691:702 flagellin modification 681:702 flagellin modification 681:702 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 2 33 theme regulatory 453:462 arg1 paralog 464:470 one regulatory paralog 449:470 one regulatory paralog 449:470 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 2 33 theme regulatory 453:462 arg1 flagellins 417:426 all six flagellins 409:426 all six flagellins 409:426 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 2 34 theme flagellated 514:524 arg1 alpha-proteobacterium 526:546 a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium 500:546 a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium 500:546 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 5 35 theme cytoplasmic 990:1000 arg1 O-glycosyltransferases 1002:1023 cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 990:1023 cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 990:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 0 36 gly glycosylation 15:27 arg1 flagellins 41:50 multiple flagellins 32:50 multiple flagellins 32:50 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 7 37 theme secretion 1205:1213 arg1 chaperone 1215:1223 the FlaF secretion chaperone 1196:1223 the FlaF secretion chaperone 1196:1223 FlmG accumulates before the FlaF secretion chaperone, potentially timing flagellin modification, export, and assembly during the cell division cycle. 33108275 3 38 theme biosynthetic 569:580 arg1 pathway 582:588 the biosynthetic pathway 565:588 the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 565:636 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 4 39 with interchangeable 837:851 arg1 synthases 881:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 other pseudaminic acid synthases 858:889 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 3 40 theme efficient 708:716 arg1 export 718:723 efficient export 708:723 efficient export 708:723 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 3 41 theme pseudaminic 621:631 arg1 acid 633:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid 594:636 We characterize the biosynthetic pathway for the sialic acid-like sugar pseudaminic acid and show its requirement for flagellation, flagellin modification and efficient export. 33108275 2 42 theme O-glycosylation 371:385 arg1 pathway 387:393 the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway 355:393 the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium 355:546 Here we reconstitute and dissect the substrate specificity underpinning the cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies all six flagellins, five structural and one regulatory paralog, in Caulobacter crescentus, a monopolarly flagellated alpha-proteobacterium. 33108275 1 43 theme O-linked 251:258 arg1 systems 274:280 O-linked glycosylation systems 251:280 O-linked glycosylation systems 251:280 How specificity is programmed into post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation is poorly understood, especially for O-linked glycosylation systems. 33108275 4 44 theme cognate 730:736 arg1 interchangeable 837:851 interchangeable 837:851 interchangeable 837:851 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 4 44 theme cognate 730:736 arg1 enzyme 743:748 The cognate NeuB enzyme 726:748 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid 726:819 The cognate NeuB enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with a hexose into pseudaminic acid is functionally interchangeable with other pseudaminic acid synthases. 33108275 5 45 theme O-glycosyltransferases 1002:1023 arg1 class 981:985 a new class 975:985 a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases 975:1023 The previously unknown and cell cycle-regulated FlmG protein, a defining member of a new class of cytoplasmic O-glycosyltransferases, is required and sufficient for flagellin modification. 33108275 1 46 theme glycosylation 260:272 arg1 systems 274:280 O-linked glycosylation systems 251:280 O-linked glycosylation systems 251:280 How specificity is programmed into post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation is poorly understood, especially for O-linked glycosylation systems. 33108275 0 47 theme modular 59:65 arg1 cycle 76:80 the modular and cell cycle 55:80 cycle 76:80 Specificity in glycosylation of multiple flagellins by the modular and cell cycle regulated glycosyltransferase FlmG. 33108275 1 48 theme post-translational 153:170 arg1 modification 172:183 post-translational modification 153:183 post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation 153:212 How specificity is programmed into post-translational modification of proteins by glycosylation is poorly understood, especially for O-linked glycosylation systems. 33108275 6 49 theme N-terminal 1135:1144 arg1 domain 1164:1169 its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain 1131:1169 its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain 1131:1169 The substrate specificity of FlmG is conferred by its N-terminal flagellin-binding domain. 34325800 2 0 from chemistry 423:431 arg1 applications 395:406 applications 395:406 applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis 395:444 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 2 0 from chemistry 423:431 arg1 range 386:390 a range 384:390 a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis 384:444 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 1 1 theme well-defined 145:156 arg1 structures 182:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures 145:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 145:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 4 2 theme detailed 733:740 arg1 protocols 742:750 detailed protocols 733:750 detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids 733:880 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 2 3 theme sequence 310:317 arg1 modularity 319:328 sequence modularity 310:328 sequence modularity 310:328 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 3 4 theme folded 581:586 arg1 hybrids 606:612 helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids 571:612 helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties 571:714 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 1 5 dep enantiopure 60:70 arg1 sequence-defined 73:88 sequence-defined 73:88 sequence-defined 73:88 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 3 6 theme synthetic 494:502 arg1 backbone 512:519 this synthetic helical backbone 489:519 this synthetic helical backbone 489:519 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 4 7 theme monomers 785:792 arg1 preparation 760:770 the preparation 756:770 the preparation of requested monomers 756:792 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 2 8 theme synthetic 285:293 arg1 accessibility 295:307 synthetic accessibility 285:307 synthetic accessibility 285:307 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 1 9 theme predictable 162:172 arg1 structures 182:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures 145:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 145:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 3 10 theme regular 542:548 arg1 peptides 550:557 regular peptides 542:557 regular peptides 542:557 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 1 11 theme helical 174:180 arg1 structures 182:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures 145:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 145:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 1 12 link N'-linked 24:32 arg1 class 51:55 a class 49:55 a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 49:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 1 12 link N'-linked 24:32 arg1 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas 22:43 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 1 13 theme enantiopure 60:70 arg1 oligomers 105:113 enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers 60:113 enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 60:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 3 14 theme peptide-oligourea 588:604 arg1 hybrids 606:612 helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids 571:612 helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties 571:714 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 1 15 theme akin 193:196 arg1 structures 182:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures 145:191 well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 145:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 4 16 theme peptide-oligourea 856:872 arg1 hybrids 874:880 homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids 836:880 homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids 836:880 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 2 17 from use 377:379 arg1 range 386:390 a range 384:390 a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis 384:444 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 4 18 theme requested 775:783 arg1 monomers 785:792 requested monomers 775:792 requested monomers 775:792 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 1 19 theme peptidomimetic 90:103 arg1 oligomers 105:113 enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers 60:113 enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 60:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 3 20 theme protein-surface 677:691 arg1 properties 705:714 protein-surface recognition properties 677:714 protein-surface recognition properties 677:714 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 2 21 theme medicinal 413:421 arg1 chemistry 423:431 medicinal chemistry 413:431 medicinal chemistry to catalysis 413:444 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 4 22 dep synthesis 806:814 arg1 the 802:804 the 802:804 the 802:804 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 1 23 theme peptide 205:211 arg1 α-helix 213:219 the peptide α-helix 201:219 the peptide α-helix 201:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 2 24 theme applications 395:406 arg1 range 386:390 a range 384:390 a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis 384:444 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 3 25 theme helix 659:663 arg1 mimicry 665:671 helix mimicry 659:671 helix mimicry 659:671 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 3 26 theme additional 627:636 arg1 features 638:645 additional features 627:645 additional features 627:645 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 2 27 from range 386:390 arg1 chemistry 423:431 medicinal chemistry 413:431 medicinal chemistry to catalysis 413:444 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 3 28 theme mimicry 665:671 arg1 terms 650:654 terms 650:654 terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties 650:714 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 2 29 theme Oligourea-based 222:236 arg1 foldamers 238:246 Oligourea-based foldamers 222:246 Oligourea-based foldamers 222:246 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 1 30 theme oligomers 105:113 arg1 class 51:55 a class 49:55 a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 49:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 1 30 theme oligomers 105:113 arg1 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas 22:43 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 3 31 theme helical 504:510 arg1 backbone 512:519 this synthetic helical backbone 489:519 this synthetic helical backbone 489:519 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 1 32 theme N 22:22 arg1 class 51:55 a class 49:55 a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 49:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 1 32 theme N 22:22 arg1 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas 22:43 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 2 33 theme features-such 268:280 arg1 number 258:263 a number 256:263 a number of features-such 256:280 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 4 34 theme hybrids 874:880 arg1 synthesis 806:814 synthesis 806:814 synthesis 806:814 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 4 34 theme hybrids 874:880 arg1 purification 820:831 purification 820:831 purification 820:831 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 1 35 theme amino 123:127 arg1 acids 129:133 amino acids 123:133 amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 123:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 3 36 theme recognition 693:703 arg1 properties 705:714 protein-surface recognition properties 677:714 protein-surface recognition properties 677:714 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 2 37 theme folding 335:341 arg1 fidelity-that 343:355 folding fidelity-that 335:355 folding fidelity-that 335:355 Oligourea-based foldamers combine a number of features-such as synthetic accessibility, sequence modularity, and folding fidelity-that bode well for their use in a range of applications from medicinal chemistry to catalysis. 34325800 4 38 theme homo-oligoureas 836:850 arg1 hybrids 874:880 homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids 836:880 homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids 836:880 Here we provide detailed protocols for the preparation of requested monomers and for the synthesis and purification of homo-oligoureas and peptide-oligourea hybrids. 34325800 3 39 theme properties 705:714 arg1 terms 650:654 terms 650:654 terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties 650:714 Moreover, it was recently recognized that this synthetic helical backbone can be combined with regular peptides to generate helically folded peptide-oligourea hybrids that display additional features in terms of helix mimicry and protein-surface recognition properties. 34325800 1 40 theme N'-linked 24:32 arg1 class 51:55 a class 49:55 a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix 49:219 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 34325800 1 40 theme N'-linked 24:32 arg1 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas 22:43 oligoureas 34:43 N,N'-linked oligoureas are a class of enantiopure, sequence-defined peptidomimetic oligomers without amino acids that form well-defined and predictable helical structures akin to the peptide α-helix. 33869942 6 0 theme LB-EPS 777:782 arg1 2.23 788:791 2.23 788:791 2.23 788:791 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 6 0 theme LB-EPS 777:782 arg1 capacity 765:772 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity 745:772 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS 745:782 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 4 1 theme cultivation 497:507 arg1 h 549:549 24 h 546:549 24 h 546:549 Maximum EPS production was obtained when the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value were 24 h, 30 °C, and 8.0, respectively. 33869942 4 1 theme cultivation 497:507 arg1 time 509:512 the cultivation time 493:512 the cultivation time 493:512 Maximum EPS production was obtained when the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value were 24 h, 30 °C, and 8.0, respectively. 33869942 10 2 theme LB-EPS 1783:1788 arg1 complexation 1767:1778 the complexation 1763:1778 the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ 1763:1798 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 2 3 theme polymeric 263:271 arg1 EPS 285:287 EPS 285:287 EPS 285:287 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 3 theme polymeric 263:271 arg1 substances 273:282 extracellular polymeric substances 249:282 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 249:288 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 6 4 theme Pb2+ 749:752 arg1 2.23 788:791 2.23 788:791 2.23 788:791 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 6 4 theme Pb2+ 749:752 arg1 capacity 765:772 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity 745:772 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS 745:782 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 3 5 theme EPS 379:381 arg1 behavior 359:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior 339:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 339:449 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 2 6 dep yield 224:228 arg1 the 220:222 the 220:222 the 220:222 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 9 7 theme protein 1540:1546 arg1 amide 1548:1552 protein amide I 1540:1554 protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS 1540:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 7 8 theme reaction 913:920 arg1 system 922:927 the reaction system 909:927 the reaction system 909:927 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 9 9 from amide 1548:1552 arg1 LB-EPS 1595:1600 LB-EPS 1595:1600 LB-EPS 1595:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 9 9 from amide 1548:1552 arg1 responsible 1613:1623 responsible 1613:1623 responsible 1613:1623 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 9 9 from amide 1548:1552 arg1 peak 1530:1533 the C=O peak 1522:1533 the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS 1522:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 4 10 theme pH 532:533 arg1 value 535:539 pH value 532:539 pH value 532:539 Maximum EPS production was obtained when the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value were 24 h, 30 °C, and 8.0, respectively. 33869942 9 11 theme tryptophan-containing 1559:1579 arg1 substances 1581:1590 tryptophan-containing substances 1559:1590 tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS 1559:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 6 12 dep 2.23 788:791 arg1 higher 808:813 higher 808:813 higher 808:813 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 10 13 theme O 1829:1829 arg1 atom 1831:1834 the O atom 1825:1834 the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I 1825:1873 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 7 14 theme pH 897:898 arg1 value 900:904 the pH value 893:904 the pH value of the reaction system 893:927 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 2 15 theme value 211:215 arg1 effects 158:164 the effects 154:164 the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp 154:309 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 5 16 theme different 698:706 arg1 proportions 708:718 different proportions 698:718 different proportions 698:718 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 8 17 theme three-dimensional 1110:1126 arg1 analysis 1190:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 10 18 theme C=O 1843:1845 arg1 terminus 1847:1854 the C=O terminus 1839:1854 the C=O terminus of protein amide I 1839:1873 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 9 19 dep Fourier 1406:1412 arg1 transform 1414:1422 transform 1414:1422 transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra 1414:1505 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 8 20 theme matrix 1148:1153 arg1 3D-EEM 1182:1187 3D-EEM 1182:1187 3D-EEM 1182:1187 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 8 20 theme matrix 1148:1153 arg1 spectroscopy 1168:1179 excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy 1128:1179 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 5 21 theme different 668:676 arg1 types 682:686 the different EPS types 664:686 the different EPS types 664:686 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 9 22 from LB-EPS 1595:1600 arg1 amide 1548:1552 protein amide I 1540:1554 protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS 1540:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 1 23 dep Adsorption 85:94 arg1 Behaviors 96:104 Behaviors 96:104 Behaviors 96:104 and Their Pb2+ Adsorption Behaviors. 33869942 10 24 theme amide 1867:1871 arg1 terminus 1847:1854 the C=O terminus 1839:1854 the C=O terminus of protein amide I 1839:1873 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 9 25 from substances 1581:1590 arg1 LB-EPS 1595:1600 LB-EPS 1595:1600 LB-EPS 1595:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 0 26 from Variation 0:8 arg1 Substances 37:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 13:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp 13:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 0 26 from Variation 0:8 arg1 sp 66:67 Enterobacter sp 53:67 Enterobacter sp 53:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 8 27 theme substances 1384:1393 arg1 complexation 1346:1357 the complexation 1342:1357 the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+ 1342:1403 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 5 28 theme EPS 605:607 arg1 proteins 614:621 proteins 614:621 proteins 614:621 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 5 28 theme EPS 605:607 arg1 components 591:600 The main components 582:600 The main components of EPS 582:607 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 5 29 contain contained 688:696 arg2 components 733:742 specific components 724:742 specific components 724:742 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 5 29 contain contained 688:696 arg1 types 682:686 the different EPS types 664:686 the different EPS types 664:686 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 5 29 contain contained 688:696 arg2 proportions 708:718 different proportions 698:718 different proportions 698:718 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 8 30 with complexation 1346:1357 arg1 Pb2+ 1400:1403 Pb2+ 1400:1403 Pb2+ 1400:1403 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 7 31 theme more 1000:1003 arg1 groups 1016:1021 more functional groups 1000:1021 more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange 1000:1103 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 4 32 theme Maximum 452:458 arg1 production 464:473 Maximum EPS production 452:473 Maximum EPS production 452:473 Maximum EPS production was obtained when the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value were 24 h, 30 °C, and 8.0, respectively. 33869942 8 33 theme fluorescence 1215:1226 arg1 intensity 1228:1236 the fluorescence intensity 1211:1236 the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances 1211:1272 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 3 34 theme bound 400:404 arg1 LB-EPS 411:416 LB-EPS 411:416 LB-EPS 411:416 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 3 34 theme bound 400:404 arg1 EPS 406:408 loosely bound EPS 392:408 loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) 392:417 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 0 35 theme Extracellular 13:25 arg1 Substances 37:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 13:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp 13:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 10 36 from atom 1831:1834 arg1 terminus 1847:1854 the C=O terminus 1839:1854 the C=O terminus of protein amide I 1839:1873 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 10 37 theme peak 1711:1714 arg1 proportion 1689:1698 the proportion 1685:1698 the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS 1685:1724 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 9 38 theme photoelectron 1464:1476 arg1 spectroscopy 1478:1489 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 1458:1489 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 1458:1495 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 9 38 theme photoelectron 1464:1476 arg1 XPS 1492:1494 XPS 1492:1494 XPS 1492:1494 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 3 39 theme adsorption 348:357 arg1 behavior 359:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior 339:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 339:449 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 8 40 theme substances 1263:1272 arg1 intensity 1228:1236 the fluorescence intensity 1211:1236 the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances 1211:1272 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 0 41 theme Enterobacter 53:64 arg1 sp 66:67 Enterobacter sp 53:67 Enterobacter sp 53:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 7 42 theme ion 1092:1094 arg1 exchange 1096:1103 ion exchange 1092:1103 ion exchange 1092:1103 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 2 43 theme temperature 191:201 arg1 effects 158:164 the effects 154:164 the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp 154:309 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 44 theme time 185:188 arg1 effects 158:164 the effects 154:164 the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp 154:309 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 3 45 theme bound 432:436 arg1 TB-EPS 443:448 TB-EPS 443:448 TB-EPS 443:448 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 3 45 theme bound 432:436 arg1 EPS 438:440 tightly bound EPS 424:440 tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 424:449 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 2 46 from effects 158:164 arg1 yield 224:228 yield 224:228 yield 224:228 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 46 from effects 158:164 arg1 composition 234:244 composition 234:244 composition 234:244 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 47 from sp 308:309 arg1 yield 224:228 yield 224:228 yield 224:228 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 47 from sp 308:309 arg1 composition 234:244 composition 234:244 composition 234:244 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 48 theme substances 273:282 arg1 yield 224:228 yield 224:228 yield 224:228 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 48 theme substances 273:282 arg1 composition 234:244 composition 234:244 composition 234:244 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 6 49 theme adsorption 754:763 arg1 2.23 788:791 2.23 788:791 2.23 788:791 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 6 49 theme adsorption 754:763 arg1 capacity 765:772 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity 745:772 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS 745:782 The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of LB-EPS was 2.23 and 1.50 times higher than that of S-EPS and TB-EPS, respectively. 33869942 9 50 theme C=O 1526:1528 arg1 responsible 1613:1623 responsible 1613:1623 responsible 1613:1623 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 9 50 theme C=O 1526:1528 arg1 peak 1530:1533 the C=O peak 1522:1533 the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS 1522:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 8 51 theme spectroscopy 1168:1179 arg1 analysis 1190:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 7 52 theme system 922:927 arg1 value 900:904 the pH value 893:904 the pH value of the reaction system 893:927 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 2 53 theme extracellular 249:261 arg1 EPS 285:287 EPS 285:287 EPS 285:287 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 2 53 theme extracellular 249:261 arg1 substances 273:282 extracellular polymeric substances 249:282 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 249:288 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 5 54 theme specific 724:731 arg1 components 733:742 specific components 724:742 specific components 724:742 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 7 55 contain contained 990:998 arg1 LB-EPS 983:988 LB-EPS 983:988 LB-EPS 983:988 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 7 55 contain contained 990:998 arg2 groups 1016:1021 more functional groups 1000:1021 more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange 1000:1103 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 5 56 theme EPS 678:680 arg1 types 682:686 the different EPS types 664:686 the different EPS types 664:686 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 8 57 theme Pb2+ 1299:1302 arg1 adsorption 1304:1313 Pb2+ adsorption 1299:1313 Pb2+ adsorption 1299:1313 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 10 58 theme Pb2+ 1679:1682 arg1 adsorption 1665:1674 the adsorption 1661:1674 the adsorption of Pb2+ 1661:1682 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 9 59 theme substances 1581:1590 arg1 amide 1548:1552 protein amide I 1540:1554 protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS 1540:1600 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 2 60 theme pH 208:209 arg1 value 211:215 pH value 208:215 pH value 208:215 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 7 61 theme Pb2+ 866:869 arg1 adsorption 871:880 Pb2+ adsorption 866:880 Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS 866:890 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 9 62 dep spectroscopy 1433:1444 arg1 spectra 1499:1505 O spectra 1497:1505 O spectra 1497:1505 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 8 63 theme excitation-emission 1128:1146 arg1 3D-EEM 1182:1187 3D-EEM 1182:1187 3D-EEM 1182:1187 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 8 63 theme excitation-emission 1128:1146 arg1 spectroscopy 1168:1179 excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy 1128:1179 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 8 64 theme tryptophan-containing 1362:1382 arg1 substances 1384:1393 tryptophan-containing substances 1362:1393 tryptophan-containing substances 1362:1393 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 8 65 theme fluorescence 1155:1166 arg1 3D-EEM 1182:1187 3D-EEM 1182:1187 3D-EEM 1182:1187 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 8 65 theme fluorescence 1155:1166 arg1 spectroscopy 1168:1179 excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy 1128:1179 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis 1106:1197 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 10 66 theme protein 1859:1865 arg1 amide 1867:1871 protein amide I 1859:1873 protein amide I 1859:1873 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 5 67 theme main 586:589 arg1 proteins 614:621 proteins 614:621 proteins 614:621 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 5 67 theme main 586:589 arg1 components 591:600 The main components 582:600 The main components of EPS 582:607 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 9 68 theme Pb2+ 1649:1652 arg1 complexation 1633:1644 the complexation 1629:1644 the complexation of Pb2+ 1629:1652 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 0 69 from sp 66:67 arg1 Variation 0:8 Variation 0:8 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp 0:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 0 69 from sp 66:67 arg1 Substances 37:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 13:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp 13:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 7 70 theme functional 1005:1014 arg1 groups 1016:1021 more functional groups 1000:1021 more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange 1000:1103 After Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, the pH value of the reaction system decreased to the lowest of 5.23, which indicated that LB-EPS contained more functional groups that could release H+, which will help to better adsorb Pb2+ through ion exchange. 33869942 9 71 theme infrared 1424:1431 arg1 FT-IR 1447:1451 FT-IR 1447:1451 FT-IR 1447:1451 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 9 71 theme infrared 1424:1431 arg1 spectroscopy 1433:1444 infrared spectroscopy 1424:1444 infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) 1424:1452 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 3 72 theme Pb2+ 343:346 arg1 behavior 359:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior 339:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 339:449 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 4 73 theme EPS 460:462 arg1 production 464:473 Maximum EPS production 452:473 Maximum EPS production 452:473 Maximum EPS production was obtained when the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value were 24 h, 30 °C, and 8.0, respectively. 33869942 0 74 theme Polymeric 27:35 arg1 Substances 37:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 13:46 Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp 13:67 Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 10 75 with complexation 1767:1778 arg1 Pb2+ 1795:1798 Pb2+ 1795:1798 Pb2+ 1795:1798 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 2 76 theme cultivation 173:183 arg1 time 185:188 the cultivation time 169:188 the cultivation time 169:188 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 3 77 theme EPS 406:408 arg1 behavior 359:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior 339:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 339:449 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 9 78 theme X-ray 1458:1462 arg1 spectroscopy 1478:1489 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 1458:1489 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 1458:1495 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 9 78 theme X-ray 1458:1462 arg1 XPS 1492:1494 XPS 1492:1494 XPS 1492:1494 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 10 79 from proportion 1689:1698 arg1 LB-EPS 1719:1724 LB-EPS 1719:1724 LB-EPS 1719:1724 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 3 80 theme soluble 371:377 arg1 S-EPS 384:388 S-EPS 384:388 S-EPS 384:388 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 3 80 theme soluble 371:377 arg1 EPS 379:381 soluble EPS 371:381 soluble EPS (S-EPS) 371:389 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 33869942 10 81 theme C=O 1707:1709 arg1 peak 1711:1714 the C=O peak 1703:1714 the C=O peak 1703:1714 After the adsorption of Pb2+, the proportion of the C=O peak in LB-EPS increased by 33.89%, indicating that the complexation of LB-EPS with Pb2+ was mainly attributed to the O atom in the C=O terminus of protein amide I. 33869942 5 82 theme nucleic 645:651 arg1 acids 653:657 nucleic acids 645:657 nucleic acids 645:657 The main components of EPS were proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, but the different EPS types contained different proportions and specific components. 33869942 8 83 theme tryptophan-containing 1241:1261 arg1 substances 1263:1272 tryptophan-containing substances 1241:1272 tryptophan-containing substances 1241:1272 The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-containing substances decreased by 85.5% after Pb2+ adsorption by LB-EPS, which indicated the complexation of tryptophan-containing substances with Pb2+. 33869942 2 84 theme Enterobacter 295:306 arg1 sp 308:309 Enterobacter sp 295:309 Enterobacter sp 295:309 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 9 85 theme O 1497:1497 arg1 spectra 1499:1505 O spectra 1497:1505 O spectra 1497:1505 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) O spectra indicated that the C=O peak from protein amide I of tryptophan-containing substances in LB-EPS was mainly responsible for the complexation of Pb2+. 33869942 2 86 theme study 129:133 arg1 objective 111:119 The objective 107:119 The objective of this study 107:133 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the cultivation time, temperature, and pH value on the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. 33869942 3 87 theme EPS 438:440 arg1 behavior 359:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior 339:366 the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) 339:449 FM-1 (FM-1) and to analyze the Pb2+ adsorption behavior of soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). 32212022 8 0 with thick-walled 946:957 arg1 vacuole 988:994 a large vacuole 980:994 a large vacuole 980:994 They are thick-walled, multinucleate, with a large vacuole and a peripheral cytoplasm. 32212022 8 0 with thick-walled 946:957 arg1 cytoplasm 1013:1021 a peripheral cytoplasm 1000:1021 a peripheral cytoplasm 1000:1021 They are thick-walled, multinucleate, with a large vacuole and a peripheral cytoplasm. 32212022 13 1 from Cannabaceae 1673:1683 arg1 insertion 1626:1634 the recent insertion 1615:1634 the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae 1615:1683 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 13 2 theme Celtis 1639:1644 arg1 insertion 1626:1634 the recent insertion 1615:1634 the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae 1615:1683 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 3 3 from checking 429:436 arg1 latex 520:524 the latex 516:524 the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 516:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 3 4 theme main 486:489 arg1 classes 491:497 the main classes 482:497 the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 482:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 10 5 theme cellulase 1177:1185 arg1 activities 1187:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities 1163:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities 1163:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 5 6 theme histochemical 724:736 arg1 analyses 773:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 9 7 theme starch 1134:1139 arg1 grains 1141:1146 starch grains 1134:1146 starch grains 1134:1146 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 10 8 theme articulated 1262:1272 arg1 origin 1274:1279 its articulated origin 1258:1279 its articulated origin 1258:1279 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 3 9 from latex 520:524 arg1 classes 491:497 the main classes 482:497 the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 482:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 3 9 from latex 520:524 arg1 checking 429:436 checking their structural type and distribution 429:475 checking their structural type and distribution 429:475 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 4 10 theme Such 593:596 arg1 information 598:608 Such information 593:608 Such information 593:608 Such information is also updated for C. sativa. 32212022 8 11 theme peripheral 1002:1011 arg1 cytoplasm 1013:1021 a peripheral cytoplasm 1000:1021 a peripheral cytoplasm 1000:1021 They are thick-walled, multinucleate, with a large vacuole and a peripheral cytoplasm. 32212022 3 12 from classes 491:497 arg1 latex 520:524 the latex 516:524 the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 516:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 14 13 theme families 1806:1813 arg1 separation 1786:1795 the separation 1782:1795 the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types 1782:1848 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 1 14 from production 152:161 arg1 laticifers 182:191 laticifers 182:191 laticifers 182:191 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 1 14 from production 152:161 arg1 trichomes 207:215 glandular trichomes 197:215 glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa 197:234 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 10 15 theme Pectinase 1163:1171 arg1 activities 1187:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities 1163:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities 1163:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 5 16 theme flowers 685:691 arg1 Samples 641:647 Samples 641:647 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers 641:691 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 7 17 theme sampled 921:927 arg1 organs 929:934 all sampled organs 917:934 all sampled organs 917:934 They occur in all sampled organs. 32212022 11 18 theme laticifer 1375:1383 arg1 walls 1394:1398 the laticifer terminal walls 1371:1398 the laticifer terminal walls 1371:1398 These enzymes promote the complete dissolution of the laticifer terminal walls. 32212022 3 19 from substances 502:511 arg1 latex 520:524 the latex 516:524 the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 516:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 10 20 from time 1301:1304 arg1 family 1313:1318 the family 1309:1318 the family 1309:1318 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 0 21 theme latex 88:92 arg1 composition 94:104 latex composition 88:104 latex composition 88:104 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 12 22 dep phenolics 1473:1481 arg1 sativa 1487:1492 C. sativa 1484:1492 C. sativa 1484:1492 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 12 22 dep phenolics 1473:1481 arg1 addition 1461:1468 addition 1461:1468 addition 1461:1468 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 14 23 theme articulated 1690:1700 arg1 type 1702:1705 The articulated type 1686:1705 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae 1686:1765 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 11 24 theme terminal 1385:1392 arg1 walls 1394:1398 the laticifer terminal walls 1371:1398 the laticifer terminal walls 1371:1398 These enzymes promote the complete dissolution of the laticifer terminal walls. 32212022 5 25 theme cytochemical 760:771 arg1 analyses 773:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 6 26 theme non-articulated 847:861 arg1 species 828:834 all species 824:834 all species instead of non-articulated as previously described for the family 824:900 Laticifers are articulated unbranched in all species instead of non-articulated as previously described for the family. 32212022 13 27 from insertion 1626:1634 arg1 Cannabaceae 1673:1683 Cannabaceae 1673:1683 Cannabaceae 1673:1683 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 11 28 theme walls 1394:1398 arg1 dissolution 1356:1366 the complete dissolution 1343:1366 the complete dissolution of the laticifer terminal walls 1343:1398 These enzymes promote the complete dissolution of the laticifer terminal walls. 32212022 6 29 dep articulated 798:808 arg1 unbranched 810:819 unbranched 810:819 are articulated unbranched in all species instead of non-articulated as previously described for the family 794:900 Laticifers are articulated unbranched in all species instead of non-articulated as previously described for the family. 32212022 8 30 theme large 982:986 arg1 vacuole 988:994 a large vacuole 980:994 a large vacuole 980:994 They are thick-walled, multinucleate, with a large vacuole and a peripheral cytoplasm. 32212022 12 31 contain contains 1411:1418 arg2 lipids 1430:1435 lipids 1430:1435 lipids 1430:1435 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 12 31 contain contains 1411:1418 arg2 proteins 1420:1427 proteins 1420:1427 proteins 1420:1427 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 12 31 contain contains 1411:1418 arg2 polysaccharides 1442:1456 polysaccharides 1442:1456 polysaccharides 1442:1456 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 12 31 contain contains 1411:1418 arg1 latex 1405:1409 The latex 1401:1409 The latex 1401:1409 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 1 32 theme cannabinoids 166:177 arg1 production 152:161 the production 148:161 the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa 148:234 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 14 33 theme laticifer 1834:1842 arg1 types 1844:1848 distinct laticifer types 1825:1848 distinct laticifer types 1825:1848 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 5 34 theme stems 666:670 arg1 Samples 641:647 Samples 641:647 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers 641:691 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 9 35 theme endoplasmic 1063:1073 arg1 reticulum 1075:1083 endoplasmic reticulum 1063:1083 endoplasmic reticulum 1063:1083 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 36 from ribosomes 1099:1107 arg1 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 36 from ribosomes 1099:1107 arg1 cytoplasm 1028:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 0 37 theme laticifer 14:22 arg1 knowledge 24:32 the laticifer knowledge 10:32 the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae 10:47 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 13 38 with laticifers 1554:1563 arg1 morphology 1595:1604 morphology 1595:1604 morphology 1595:1604 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 13 38 with laticifers 1554:1563 arg1 distribution 1578:1589 similar distribution 1570:1589 similar distribution 1570:1589 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 3 39 theme pubescens 536:544 arg1 latex 520:524 the latex 516:524 the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 516:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 8 40 dep thick-walled 946:957 arg1 multinucleate 960:972 multinucleate 960:972 multinucleate 960:972 They are thick-walled, multinucleate, with a large vacuole and a peripheral cytoplasm. 32212022 5 41 theme leaves 673:678 arg1 Samples 641:647 Samples 641:647 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers 641:691 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 10 42 theme laticifer 1219:1227 arg1 wall 1229:1232 the laticifer wall 1215:1232 the laticifer wall 1215:1232 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 9 43 from reticulum 1075:1083 arg1 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 43 from reticulum 1075:1083 arg1 cytoplasm 1028:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 44 from plastids 1114:1121 arg1 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 44 from plastids 1114:1121 arg1 cytoplasm 1028:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 45 from dictyosomes 1086:1096 arg1 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 45 from dictyosomes 1086:1096 arg1 cytoplasm 1028:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 3 46 theme laticifers 400:409 arg1 knowledge 387:395 the knowledge 383:395 the knowledge of laticifers 383:409 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 13 47 theme Trema 1664:1668 arg1 insertion 1626:1634 the recent insertion 1615:1634 the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae 1615:1683 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 5 48 theme ultrastructural 739:753 arg1 analyses 773:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 3 49 theme structural 444:453 arg1 type 455:458 their structural type 438:458 their structural type 438:458 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 14 50 contain having 1818:1823 arg1 separation 1786:1795 the separation 1782:1795 the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types 1782:1848 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 14 50 contain having 1818:1823 arg2 types 1844:1848 distinct laticifer types 1825:1848 distinct laticifer types 1825:1848 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 9 51 contain containing 1123:1132 arg2 grains 1141:1146 starch grains 1134:1146 starch grains 1134:1146 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 51 contain containing 1123:1132 arg1 mitochondria 1049:1060 mitochondria 1049:1060 mitochondria 1049:1060 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 51 contain containing 1123:1132 arg2 drops 1156:1160 oil drops 1152:1160 oil drops 1152:1160 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 52 theme oil 1152:1154 arg1 drops 1156:1160 oil drops 1152:1160 oil drops 1152:1160 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 11 53 theme complete 1347:1354 arg1 dissolution 1356:1366 the complete dissolution 1343:1366 the complete dissolution of the laticifer terminal walls 1343:1398 These enzymes promote the complete dissolution of the laticifer terminal walls. 32212022 3 54 theme tatarinowii 559:569 arg1 latex 520:524 the latex 516:524 the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 516:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 13 55 theme recent 1619:1624 arg1 insertion 1626:1634 the recent insertion 1615:1634 the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae 1615:1683 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 14 56 located found 1720:1724 arg2 type 1702:1705 The articulated type 1686:1705 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae 1686:1765 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 14 56 located found 1720:1724 arg1 Moraceae 1742:1749 Moraceae 1742:1749 Moraceae 1742:1749 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 14 56 located found 1720:1724 arg1 Urticaceae 1756:1765 Urticaceae 1756:1765 Urticaceae 1756:1765 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 14 56 located found 1720:1724 arg1 Cannabaceae 1729:1739 Cannabaceae 1729:1739 Cannabaceae 1729:1739 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 14 57 theme laticifer 1710:1718 arg1 type 1702:1705 The articulated type 1686:1705 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae 1686:1765 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 5 58 theme shoot 652:656 arg1 apices 658:663 shoot apices 652:663 shoot apices 652:663 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 10 59 located detected 1203:1210 arg2 activities 1187:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities 1163:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities 1163:1196 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 10 59 located detected 1203:1210 arg1 vacuole 1238:1244 vacuole 1238:1244 vacuole 1238:1244 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 10 59 located detected 1203:1210 arg1 wall 1229:1232 the laticifer wall 1215:1232 the laticifer wall 1215:1232 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 3 60 dep checking 429:436 arg1 distribution 464:475 distribution 464:475 distribution 464:475 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 3 60 dep checking 429:436 arg1 type 455:458 their structural type 438:458 their structural type 438:458 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 10 61 theme first 1295:1299 arg1 time 1301:1304 first time 1295:1304 first time in the family 1295:1318 Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the laticifer wall and vacuole, confirming its articulated origin, described by first time in the family. 32212022 13 62 theme Pteroceltis 1647:1657 arg1 insertion 1626:1634 the recent insertion 1615:1634 the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae 1615:1683 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 9 63 from rich 1041:1044 arg1 ribosomes 1099:1107 ribosomes 1099:1107 ribosomes 1099:1107 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 63 from rich 1041:1044 arg1 plastids 1114:1121 plastids 1114:1121 plastids 1114:1121 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 63 from rich 1041:1044 arg1 dictyosomes 1086:1096 dictyosomes 1086:1096 dictyosomes 1086:1096 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 63 from rich 1041:1044 arg1 mitochondria 1049:1060 mitochondria 1049:1060 mitochondria 1049:1060 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 63 from rich 1041:1044 arg1 reticulum 1075:1083 endoplasmic reticulum 1063:1083 endoplasmic reticulum 1063:1083 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 5 64 theme apices 658:663 arg1 Samples 641:647 Samples 641:647 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers 641:691 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 2 65 theme latex-secreting 252:266 arg1 Laticifers 237:246 Laticifers 237:246 Laticifers 237:246 Laticifers are latex-secreting structures, which in Cannabaceae were identified only in C. sativa and Humulus lupulus. 32212022 2 65 theme latex-secreting 252:266 arg1 structures 268:277 latex-secreting structures 252:277 latex-secreting structures 252:277 Laticifers are latex-secreting structures, which in Cannabaceae were identified only in C. sativa and Humulus lupulus. 32212022 13 66 theme similar 1570:1576 arg1 distribution 1578:1589 similar distribution 1570:1589 similar distribution 1570:1589 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 12 67 dep terpenes 1499:1506 arg1 pubescens 1512:1520 C. pubescens 1509:1520 C. pubescens 1509:1520 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 12 67 dep terpenes 1499:1506 arg1 micrantha 1526:1534 T. micrantha 1523:1534 T. micrantha 1523:1534 The latex contains proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in addition to phenolics (C. sativa) and terpenes (C. pubescens, T. micrantha). 32212022 9 68 from mitochondria 1049:1060 arg1 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 rich 1041:1044 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 9 68 from mitochondria 1049:1060 arg1 cytoplasm 1028:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm 1024:1036 The cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, ribosomes, and plastids containing starch grains and oil drops. 32212022 6 69 dep non-articulated 847:861 arg1 described 877:885 described 877:885 described for the family 877:900 Laticifers are articulated unbranched in all species instead of non-articulated as previously described for the family. 32212022 1 70 theme glandular 197:205 arg1 trichomes 207:215 glandular trichomes 197:215 glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa 197:234 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 3 71 theme micrantha 582:590 arg1 latex 520:524 the latex 516:524 the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 516:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 14 72 theme distinct 1825:1832 arg1 types 1844:1848 distinct laticifer types 1825:1848 distinct laticifer types 1825:1848 The articulated type of laticifer found in Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae indicates that the separation of these families by having distinct laticifer types should be reviewed. 32212022 1 73 theme known 124:128 arg1 family 130:135 a known family 122:135 a known family 122:135 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 1 73 theme known 124:128 arg1 Cannabaceae 107:117 Cannabaceae 107:117 Cannabaceae 107:117 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 1 74 theme Cannabis 220:227 arg1 sativa 229:234 Cannabis sativa 220:234 Cannabis sativa 220:234 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 5 75 theme anatomical 712:721 arg1 analyses 773:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses 712:780 Samples of shoot apices, stems, leaves, and flowers were processed for anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical analyses. 32212022 0 76 from knowledge 24:32 arg1 Cannabaceae 37:47 Cannabaceae 37:47 Cannabaceae 37:47 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 0 77 dep Expanding 0:8 arg1 origin 76:81 origin 76:81 origin 76:81 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 0 77 dep Expanding 0:8 arg1 distribution 50:61 distribution 50:61 distribution 50:61 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 0 77 dep Expanding 0:8 arg1 morphology 64:73 morphology 64:73 morphology 64:73 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 0 77 dep Expanding 0:8 arg1 composition 94:104 latex composition 88:104 latex composition 88:104 Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. 32212022 13 78 theme laticifers 1554:1563 arg1 presence 1542:1549 The presence 1538:1549 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology 1538:1604 The presence of laticifers with similar distribution and morphology supports the recent insertion of Celtis, Pteroceltis, and Trema in Cannabaceae. 32212022 3 79 theme substances 502:511 arg1 classes 491:497 the main classes 482:497 the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha 482:590 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 3 79 theme substances 502:511 arg1 checking 429:436 checking their structural type and distribution 429:475 checking their structural type and distribution 429:475 This study aimed to expand the knowledge of laticifers in Cannabaceae by checking their structural type and distribution, and the main classes of substances in the latex of Celtis pubescens, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Trema micrantha. 32212022 1 80 theme sativa 229:234 arg1 laticifers 182:191 laticifers 182:191 laticifers 182:191 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32212022 1 80 theme sativa 229:234 arg1 trichomes 207:215 glandular trichomes 197:215 glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa 197:234 Cannabaceae is a known family because of the production of cannabinoids in laticifers and glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa. 32007869 4 0 dep evident 994:1000 arg1 MW-dependent 1002:1013 MW-dependent 1002:1013 MW-dependent 1002:1013 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 2 1 theme batch 576:580 arg1 experiment 582:591 batch experiment 576:591 batch experiment 576:591 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 1 2 theme molecular 291:299 arg1 MW 309:310 MW 309:310 MW 309:310 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 1 2 theme molecular 291:299 arg1 weight 301:306 molecular weight 291:306 molecular weight (MW) properties 291:322 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 3 3 theme matters 753:759 arg1 matters 753:759 total organic matters 739:759 total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix 739:782 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 3 3 theme matters 753:759 arg1 two-thirds 725:734 two-thirds 725:734 two-thirds 725:734 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 3 4 theme total 739:743 arg1 matters 753:759 total organic matters 739:759 total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix 739:782 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 1 5 theme colloidal 223:231 arg1 particles 233:241 colloidal particles 223:241 colloidal particles 223:241 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 7 6 theme polysaccharides 1721:1735 arg1 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 6 theme polysaccharides 1721:1735 arg1 groups 1711:1716 then the CH groups 1699:1716 then the CH groups of polysaccharides 1699:1735 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 6 theme polysaccharides 1721:1735 arg1 groups 1688:1693 the CC functional groups 1670:1693 the CC functional groups 1670:1693 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 2 7 theme MW-dependent 499:510 arg1 heterogeneities 523:537 MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 499:537 MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 499:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 8 dep transform 660:668 arg1 infrared 670:677 infrared 670:677 transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 660:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 8 9 from characterization 1917:1932 arg1 fractionation 1942:1954 size fractionation 1937:1954 size fractionation 1937:1954 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 3 10 theme bulk 768:771 arg1 matrix 777:782 bulk EPS matrix 768:782 bulk EPS matrix 768:782 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 5 11 theme adsorption 1061:1070 arg1 capacity 1072:1079 The adsorption capacity 1057:1079 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1057:1155 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 8 12 theme EPS 1868:1870 arg1 matrix 1872:1877 EPS matrix 1868:1877 EPS matrix 1868:1877 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 1 13 theme polymeric 146:154 arg1 substances 156:165 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances 117:165 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments 117:196 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 1 13 theme polymeric 146:154 arg1 EPSs 168:171 EPSs 168:171 EPSs 168:171 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 3 14 theme LMW 847:849 arg1 fraction 851:858 the LMW fraction 843:858 the LMW fraction 843:858 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 2 15 theme TiO2 544:547 arg1 colloids 549:556 TiO2 colloids 544:556 TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 544:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 6 16 theme aromatic 1458:1465 arg1 substances 1467:1476 the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances 1430:1476 the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances 1430:1476 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 5 17 theme fluorescent 1137:1147 arg1 spectra 1149:1155 UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1126:1155 UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1126:1155 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 5 17 theme fluorescent 1137:1147 arg1 measurement 1094:1104 the measurement 1090:1104 the measurement of total abundance 1090:1123 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 7 18 theme functional 1677:1686 arg1 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 18 theme functional 1677:1686 arg1 groups 1688:1693 the CC functional groups 1670:1693 the CC functional groups 1670:1693 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 4 19 theme evident 994:1000 arg1 differences 1015:1025 evident MW-dependent differences 994:1025 evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition 994:1054 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 1 20 theme aquatic 177:183 arg1 environments 185:196 aquatic environments 177:196 aquatic environments 177:196 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 0 21 from Adsorption 0:9 arg1 particle 76:83 colloidal particle 66:83 colloidal particle 66:83 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 0 22 theme molecular 99:107 arg1 weight 109:114 molecular weight 99:114 molecular weight 99:114 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 5 23 theme abundance 1115:1123 arg1 measurement 1094:1104 the measurement 1090:1104 the measurement of total abundance 1090:1123 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 5 23 theme abundance 1115:1123 arg1 spectra 1149:1155 UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1126:1155 UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1126:1155 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 7 24 theme values 1784:1789 arg1 variations 1762:1771 the variations 1758:1771 the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants 1758:1809 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 4 25 theme protein-like 961:972 arg1 substances 974:983 autochthonous protein-like substances 947:983 autochthonous protein-like substances 947:983 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 5 26 theme UV-Vis 1126:1131 arg1 spectra 1149:1155 UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1126:1155 UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra 1126:1155 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 5 26 theme UV-Vis 1126:1131 arg1 measurement 1094:1104 the measurement 1090:1104 the measurement of total abundance 1090:1123 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 2 27 dep MW 432:433 arg1 HMW- 436:439 HMW- 436:439 HMW- 436:439 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 27 dep MW 432:433 arg1 1 kDa~0.45 μm 442:454 1 kDa~0.45 μm 442:454 1 kDa~0.45 μm 442:454 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 8 28 theme size 1937:1940 arg1 fractionation 1942:1954 size fractionation 1937:1954 size fractionation 1937:1954 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 6 29 theme non-aromatic 1514:1525 arg1 moieties 1527:1534 the non-aromatic moieties 1510:1534 the non-aromatic moieties 1510:1534 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 1 30 theme weight 301:306 arg1 properties 313:322 molecular weight (MW) properties 291:322 molecular weight (MW) properties 291:322 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 2 31 theme high 427:430 arg1 MW 432:433 high MW 427:433 high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) 427:455 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 0 32 theme cyanobacterial 14:27 arg1 substance 53:61 cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance 14:61 cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance 14:61 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 5 33 theme obvious 1223:1229 arg1 heterogeneities 1255:1269 obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 1223:1269 obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 1223:1269 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 7 34 theme colloidal 1639:1647 arg1 surface 1649:1655 colloidal surface 1639:1655 colloidal surface 1639:1655 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 1 35 theme Cyanobacterial 117:130 arg1 substances 156:165 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances 117:165 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments 117:196 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 1 35 theme Cyanobacterial 117:130 arg1 EPSs 168:171 EPSs 168:171 EPSs 168:171 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 2 36 theme low 461:463 arg1 MW 465:466 low MW 461:466 low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) 461:481 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 0 37 theme polymeric 43:51 arg1 substance 53:61 cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance 14:61 cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance 14:61 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 4 38 from differences 1015:1025 arg1 composition 1044:1054 composition 1044:1054 composition 1044:1054 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 4 38 from differences 1015:1025 arg1 abundance 1030:1038 abundance 1030:1038 abundance 1030:1038 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 2 39 dep MW 465:466 arg1 LMW- 469:472 LMW- 469:472 LMW- 469:472 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 39 dep MW 465:466 arg1 <1 kDa 475:480 <1 kDa 475:480 <1 kDa 475:480 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 40 theme EPS 383:385 arg1 <0.45 μm 395:402 <0.45 μm 395:402 <0.45 μm 395:402 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 40 theme EPS 383:385 arg1 matrix 387:392 the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix 359:392 the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) 359:403 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 1 41 theme adsorption 256:265 arg1 behavior 267:274 the adsorption behavior 252:274 the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties 252:322 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 7 42 theme carboxylic 1575:1584 arg1 proteins 1596:1603 proteins 1596:1603 proteins 1596:1603 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 42 theme carboxylic 1575:1584 arg1 groups 1586:1591 the carboxylic groups 1571:1591 the carboxylic groups of proteins 1571:1603 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 0 43 dep Adsorption 0:9 arg1 Influence 86:94 Influence 86:94 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 0:115 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 6 44 theme initial 1351:1357 arg1 decrease 1359:1366 an initial decrease 1348:1366 an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples 1348:1411 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 2 45 theme bulk 363:366 arg1 <0.45 μm 395:402 <0.45 μm 395:402 <0.45 μm 395:402 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 45 theme bulk 363:366 arg1 matrix 387:392 the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix 359:392 the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) 359:403 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 5 46 theme adsorption 1244:1253 arg1 heterogeneities 1255:1269 obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 1223:1269 obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 1223:1269 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 8 47 theme future 1974:1979 arg1 studies 1981:1987 future studies 1974:1987 future studies 1974:1987 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 6 48 theme residual 1316:1323 arg1 supernatants 1325:1336 residual supernatants 1316:1336 residual supernatants 1316:1336 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 2 49 theme fluorescence 605:616 arg1 spectroscopy 618:629 UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy 594:629 spectroscopy 618:629 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 1 50 theme unknown 333:339 arg1 now 346:348 unknown till now 333:348 unknown till now 333:348 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 6 51 theme SUVA254 1305:1311 arg1 values 1295:1300 the values 1291:1300 the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants 1291:1336 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 2 52 theme UV-Vis 594:599 arg1 spectroscopy 618:629 UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy 594:629 spectroscopy 618:629 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 53 theme adsorption 512:521 arg1 heterogeneities 523:537 MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 499:537 MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 499:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 3 54 theme organic 745:751 arg1 matters 753:759 total organic matters 739:759 total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix 739:782 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 7 55 theme CH 1708:1709 arg1 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 55 theme CH 1708:1709 arg1 groups 1711:1716 then the CH groups 1699:1716 then the CH groups of polysaccharides 1699:1735 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 1 56 theme till 341:344 arg1 now 346:348 unknown till now 333:348 unknown till now 333:348 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 6 57 theme gradual 1380:1386 arg1 increase 1388:1395 gradual increase 1380:1395 gradual increase for all samples 1380:1411 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 5 58 theme total 1109:1113 arg1 abundance 1115:1123 total abundance 1109:1123 total abundance 1109:1123 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 8 59 theme adsorption 1845:1854 arg1 behavior 1856:1863 the adsorption behavior 1841:1863 the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix 1841:1877 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 8 59 theme adsorption 1845:1854 arg1 MW-dependent 1890:1901 MW-dependent 1890:1901 MW-dependent 1890:1901 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 1 60 theme extracellular 132:144 arg1 substances 156:165 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances 117:165 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments 117:196 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 1 60 theme extracellular 132:144 arg1 EPSs 168:171 EPSs 168:171 EPSs 168:171 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 7 61 from variations 1762:1771 arg1 supernatants 1798:1809 the supernatants 1794:1809 the supernatants 1794:1809 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 3 62 theme EPS 773:775 arg1 matrix 777:782 bulk EPS matrix 768:782 bulk EPS matrix 768:782 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 2 63 dep Fourier 652:658 arg1 transform 660:668 transform 660:668 transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 660:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 4 64 theme HMW 886:888 arg1 counterpart 890:900 the HMW counterpart 882:900 the HMW counterpart 882:900 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 6 65 from values 1295:1300 arg1 supernatants 1325:1336 residual supernatants 1316:1336 residual supernatants 1316:1336 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 3 66 theme HMW 808:810 arg1 fraction 812:819 the HMW fraction 804:819 the HMW fraction 804:819 About two-thirds of total organic matters within bulk EPS matrix were distributed in the HMW fraction, leaving one-third in the LMW fraction. 32007869 8 67 theme matrix 1872:1877 arg1 behavior 1856:1863 the adsorption behavior 1841:1863 the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix 1841:1877 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 8 67 theme matrix 1872:1877 arg1 MW-dependent 1890:1901 MW-dependent 1890:1901 MW-dependent 1890:1901 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 7 68 theme CC 1674:1675 arg1 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 polysaccharides 1721:1735 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 68 theme CC 1674:1675 arg1 groups 1688:1693 the CC functional groups 1670:1693 the CC functional groups 1670:1693 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 6 69 theme adsorbed 1449:1456 arg1 substances 1467:1476 the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances 1430:1476 the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances 1430:1476 During adsorption, the values of SUVA254 in residual supernatants exhibited an initial decrease followed by gradual increase for all samples, suggesting that the preferentially adsorbed aromatic substances can be subsequently replaced by the non-aromatic moieties. 32007869 2 70 theme MW 465:466 arg1 fractions 483:491 high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions 427:491 high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions 427:491 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 71 theme dimensional 640:650 arg1 Fourier 652:658 two dimensional Fourier 636:658 two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 636:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 0 72 theme weight 109:114 arg1 Influence 86:94 Influence 86:94 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 0:115 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 4 73 dep higher 912:917 arg1 richness 935:942 richness 935:942 richness 935:942 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 4 73 dep higher 912:917 arg1 aromaticity 919:929 aromaticity 919:929 aromaticity 919:929 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 8 74 theme detailed 1908:1915 arg1 characterization 1917:1932 detailed characterization 1908:1932 detailed characterization on size fractionation 1908:1954 This study demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of EPS matrix was highly MW-dependent, and detailed characterization on size fractionation is thus needed in future studies. 32007869 4 75 theme autochthonous 947:959 arg1 substances 974:983 autochthonous protein-like substances 947:983 autochthonous protein-like substances 947:983 Compared to LMW-EPS, the HMW counterpart exhibited higher aromaticity and richness of autochthonous protein-like substances, showing evident MW-dependent differences in abundance and composition. 32007869 2 76 theme correlation 679:689 arg1 2D-FTIR-COS 705:715 2D-FTIR-COS 705:715 2D-FTIR-COS 705:715 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 76 theme correlation 679:689 arg1 spectroscopy 691:702 correlation spectroscopy 679:702 correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) 679:716 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 7 77 theme SUVA254 1776:1782 arg1 values 1784:1789 SUVA254 values 1776:1789 SUVA254 values 1776:1789 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 0 78 theme extracellular 29:41 arg1 substance 53:61 cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance 14:61 cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance 14:61 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 2 79 theme MW 432:433 arg1 fractions 483:491 high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions 427:491 high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions 427:491 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 0 80 theme substance 53:61 arg1 Adsorption 0:9 Adsorption 0:9 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 0:115 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 5 81 theme MW-dependent 1231:1242 arg1 heterogeneities 1255:1269 obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 1223:1269 obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities 1223:1269 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 0 82 theme colloidal 66:74 arg1 particle 76:83 colloidal particle 66:83 colloidal particle 66:83 Adsorption of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance on colloidal particle: Influence of molecular weight. 32007869 5 83 theme HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS 1186:1206 arg1 sequence 1174:1181 sequence 1174:1181 sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS 1174:1206 The adsorption capacity based on the measurement of total abundance, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra all decreased in sequence of HMW- > Bulk > LMW-EPS, demonstrating obvious MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities. 32007869 1 84 from substances 156:165 arg1 environments 185:196 aquatic environments 177:196 aquatic environments 177:196 Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aquatic environments are easily adsorbed onto colloidal particles, whereas the adsorption behavior as affected by molecular weight (MW) properties remained unknown till now. 32007869 7 85 theme proteins 1596:1603 arg1 proteins 1596:1603 proteins 1596:1603 proteins 1596:1603 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 7 85 theme proteins 1596:1603 arg1 groups 1586:1591 the carboxylic groups 1571:1591 the carboxylic groups of proteins 1571:1603 2D-FTIR-COS further revealed that the carboxylic groups of proteins were preferentially adsorbed onto colloidal surface, followed by the CC functional groups and then the CH groups of polysaccharides, which accounted for the variations of SUVA254 values in the supernatants. 32007869 2 86 theme cyanobacterial 368:381 arg1 <0.45 μm 395:402 <0.45 μm 395:402 <0.45 μm 395:402 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 32007869 2 86 theme cyanobacterial 368:381 arg1 matrix 387:392 the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix 359:392 the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) 359:403 Herein, the bulk cyanobacterial EPS matrix (<0.45 μm) was fractionated into high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa~0.45 μm) and low MW (LMW-, <1 kDa) fractions, with MW-dependent adsorption heterogeneities onto TiO2 colloids exploring through batch experiment, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and two dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). 34579295 5 0 theme unsaturated 1032:1042 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 1 theme several 770:776 arg1 strains 808:814 several clinically relevant bacterial strains 770:814 several clinically relevant bacterial strains 770:814 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 1 2 theme coastline 225:233 arg1 shrub 201:205 an endemic shrub 190:205 an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 190:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 2 theme coastline 225:233 arg1 album 183:187 Corema album 176:187 Corema album 176:187 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 0 3 theme Biological 66:75 arg1 Activity 77:84 Biological Activity 66:84 Biological Activity 66:84 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 0 3 theme Biological 66:75 arg1 Insights 6:13 Novel Insights 0:13 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 0:85 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 5 4 theme fatty 1044:1048 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 2 5 dep oil 396:398 arg1 characterized 415:427 characterized 415:427 characterized for the first time 415:446 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 5 dep oil 396:398 arg1 extracted 401:409 extracted 401:409 extracted 401:409 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 6 theme phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 6 7 theme fruit 1265:1269 arg1 samples 1271:1277 edible fruit samples 1258:1277 edible fruit samples 1258:1277 These results pave the way for a reliable correlation between chemical composition and biological activity, in edible fruit samples. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 8 theme acids 1050:1054 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 9 theme relevant 789:796 arg1 strains 808:814 several clinically relevant bacterial strains 770:814 several clinically relevant bacterial strains 770:814 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 2 10 dep pulp 327:330 arg1 the 323:325 the 323:325 the 323:325 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg1 pulp 1010:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg1 oil 1068:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 11 attach presence 932:939 arg2 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 6 12 theme edible 1258:1263 arg1 samples 1271:1277 edible fruit samples 1258:1277 edible fruit samples 1258:1277 These results pave the way for a reliable correlation between chemical composition and biological activity, in edible fruit samples. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 13 theme carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 14 theme significant 727:737 arg1 capacity 753:760 a significant antimicrobial capacity 725:760 a significant antimicrobial capacity 725:760 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 1 15 from properties 138:147 arg1 shrub 201:205 an endemic shrub 190:205 an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 190:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 15 from properties 138:147 arg1 album 183:187 Corema album 176:187 Corema album 176:187 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 4 16 theme higher 663:668 arg1 activity 682:689 higher antioxidant activity 663:689 higher antioxidant activity 663:689 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 5 17 from presence 932:939 arg1 pulp 1010:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 17 from presence 932:939 arg1 oil 1068:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 17 from presence 932:939 arg1 residue 1138:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 1 18 theme edible 156:161 arg1 berries 163:169 the edible berries 152:169 the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 152:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 5 19 theme high 1016:1019 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 20 from amounts 1089:1095 arg1 pulp 1010:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 20 from amounts 1089:1095 arg1 oil 1068:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 20 from amounts 1089:1095 arg1 residue 1138:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 21 from content 1021:1027 arg1 pulp 1010:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 the pulp 1006:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 21 from content 1021:1027 arg1 oil 1068:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 21 from content 1021:1027 arg1 residue 1138:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 2 22 theme berries 350:356 arg1 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 22 theme berries 350:356 arg1 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 23 theme seed 391:394 arg1 oil 396:398 seed oil 391:398 seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time) 391:447 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 24 theme methanolic 284:293 arg1 extracts 295:302 Different methanolic extracts 274:302 Different methanolic extracts 274:302 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 25 from residue 1138:1144 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 2 26 theme fresh 344:348 arg1 berries 350:356 fresh berries 344:356 fresh berries 344:356 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 0 27 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 Profile 54:60 Vibrational Profile 42:60 Vibrational Profile 42:60 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 0 27 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 Activity 77:84 Biological Activity 66:84 Biological Activity 66:84 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 0 27 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 Insights 6:13 Novel Insights 0:13 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 0:85 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 4 28 theme antimicrobial 739:751 arg1 capacity 753:760 a significant antimicrobial capacity 725:760 a significant antimicrobial capacity 725:760 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 2 29 theme Different 274:282 arg1 extracts 295:302 Different methanolic extracts 274:302 Different methanolic extracts 274:302 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 5 30 from carotenoids 1114:1124 arg1 residue 1138:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 1 31 theme Corema 176:181 arg1 shrub 201:205 an endemic shrub 190:205 an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 190:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 31 theme Corema 176:181 arg1 album 183:187 Corema album 176:187 Corema album 176:187 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 0 32 theme Corema 20:25 arg1 Berries 33:39 Corema album Berries 20:39 Corema album Berries 20:39 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 4 33 theme berry 639:643 arg1 part 627:630 the most nutraceutical part 604:630 the most nutraceutical part of the berry 604:643 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 4 33 theme berry 639:643 arg1 seeds 581:585 the seeds 577:585 the seeds 577:585 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 2 34 theme seed 373:376 arg1 residue 378:384 seed residue 373:384 seed residue 373:384 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 35 theme residue 378:384 arg1 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 35 theme residue 378:384 arg1 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 36 theme significant 1077:1087 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 37 theme Raman 898:902 arg1 spectroscopy 904:915 complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy 871:915 spectroscopy 904:915 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 3 38 theme antimicrobial 545:557 arg1 ability 559:565 the antimicrobial ability 541:565 the antimicrobial ability 541:565 For each of these, the antioxidant activity was assessed, by different methods, as well as the antimicrobial ability. 34579295 3 39 theme antioxidant 473:483 arg1 activity 485:492 the antioxidant activity 469:492 the antioxidant activity 469:492 For each of these, the antioxidant activity was assessed, by different methods, as well as the antimicrobial ability. 34579295 6 40 theme biological 1234:1243 arg1 activity 1245:1252 biological activity 1234:1252 biological activity 1234:1252 These results pave the way for a reliable correlation between chemical composition and biological activity, in edible fruit samples. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 41 theme triterpenoids 989:1001 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 42 theme pulp 702:705 arg1 extract 707:713 the pulp extract 698:713 the pulp extract 698:713 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 2 43 theme extract 364:370 arg1 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 43 theme extract 364:370 arg1 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 0 44 theme album 27:31 arg1 Berries 33:39 Corema album Berries 20:39 Corema album Berries 20:39 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 5 45 from phenolics 1100:1108 arg1 residue 1138:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 3 46 theme different 511:519 arg1 methods 521:527 different methods 511:527 different methods 511:527 For each of these, the antioxidant activity was assessed, by different methods, as well as the antimicrobial ability. 34579295 1 47 theme endemic 193:199 arg1 shrub 201:205 an endemic shrub 190:205 an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 190:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 47 theme endemic 193:199 arg1 album 183:187 Corema album 176:187 Corema album 176:187 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 0 48 theme Vibrational 42:52 arg1 Profile 54:60 Vibrational Profile 42:60 Vibrational Profile 42:60 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 0 48 theme Vibrational 42:52 arg1 Insights 6:13 Novel Insights 0:13 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 0:85 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 6 49 theme chemical 1209:1216 arg1 composition 1218:1228 chemical composition 1209:1228 chemical composition 1209:1228 These results pave the way for a reliable correlation between chemical composition and biological activity, in edible fruit samples. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 50 theme acids 953:957 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 2 51 theme oil 396:398 arg1 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 pulp 327:330 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 51 theme oil 396:398 arg1 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 seed 336:339 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 5 52 theme seed 1063:1066 arg1 oil 1068:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 the seed oil 1059:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 53 theme bacterial 798:806 arg1 strains 808:814 several clinically relevant bacterial strains 770:814 several clinically relevant bacterial strains 770:814 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 54 theme polysaccharides 960:974 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 1 55 from album 183:187 arg1 properties 138:147 the biological properties 123:147 the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 123:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 55 from album 183:187 arg1 berries 163:169 the edible berries 152:169 the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 152:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 5 56 theme phenolic 944:951 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 57 theme nutraceutical 613:625 arg1 part 627:630 the most nutraceutical part 604:630 the most nutraceutical part of the berry 604:643 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 4 57 theme nutraceutical 613:625 arg1 seeds 581:585 the seeds 577:585 the seeds 577:585 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 6 58 theme reliable 1180:1187 arg1 correlation 1189:1199 a reliable correlation 1178:1199 a reliable correlation between chemical composition and biological activity 1178:1252 These results pave the way for a reliable correlation between chemical composition and biological activity, in edible fruit samples. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 polysaccharides 960:974 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 carotenoids 1114:1124 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 acids 1050:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 unsaturated fatty acids 1032:1054 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 sugars 977:982 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 amounts 1089:1095 significant amounts 1077:1095 significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue 1077:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 presence 932:939 the presence 928:939 the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp 928:1013 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 acids 953:957 phenolic acids 944:957 phenolic acids 944:957 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 content 1021:1027 high content 1016:1027 high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil 1016:1070 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 triterpenoids 989:1001 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 5 59 theme sugars 977:982 arg1 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 phenolics 1100:1108 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 4 60 theme antioxidant 670:680 arg1 activity 682:689 higher antioxidant activity 663:689 higher antioxidant activity 663:689 Overall, the seeds were shown to be the most nutraceutical part of the berry since they showed higher antioxidant activity, while the pulp extract displayed a significant antimicrobial capacity against several clinically relevant bacterial strains. 34579295 2 61 theme first 437:441 arg1 time 443:446 the first time 433:446 the first time 433:446 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 2 62 theme pulp 359:362 arg1 extract 364:370 pulp extract 359:370 pulp extract 359:370 Different methanolic extracts were obtained from the pulp and seed of fresh berries: pulp extract, seed residue, and seed oil (extracted and characterized for the first time). 34579295 0 63 dep Insights 6:13 arg1 Profile 54:60 Vibrational Profile 42:60 Vibrational Profile 42:60 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 0 63 dep Insights 6:13 arg1 Activity 77:84 Biological Activity 66:84 Biological Activity 66:84 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 0 63 dep Insights 6:13 arg1 Insights 6:13 Novel Insights 0:13 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 0:85 Novel Insights into Corema album Berries: Vibrational Profile and Biological Activity. 34579295 1 64 theme biological 127:136 arg1 properties 138:147 the biological properties 123:147 the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 123:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 65 theme berries 163:169 arg1 properties 138:147 the biological properties 123:147 the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 123:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 5 66 theme seed 1133:1136 arg1 residue 1138:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 the seed residue 1129:1144 Furthermore, the extracts were fully characterized by complementary infrared and Raman spectroscopy, revealing the presence of phenolic acids, polysaccharides, sugars, and triterpenoids in the pulp, high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil, and significant amounts of phenolics and carotenoids in the seed residue. 34579295 1 67 theme properties 138:147 arg1 evaluation 109:118 an evaluation 106:118 an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline 106:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 34579295 1 68 theme Portuguese 214:223 arg1 coastline 225:233 the Portuguese coastline 210:233 the Portuguese coastline 210:233 This study reports an evaluation of the biological properties of the edible berries from Corema album, an endemic shrub of the Portuguese coastline, aiming at its use as a nutraceutical. 33774549 13 0 theme UV-aged 2068:2074 arg1 PE 2076:2077 UV-aged PE 2068:2077 UV-aged PE 2068:2077 In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE. 33774549 12 1 theme transfer 1922:1929 arg1 rate 1931:1934 a higher transfer rate 1913:1934 a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size 1913:1963 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 10 2 theme xanthan 1709:1715 arg1 polysaccharides 1692:1706 polysaccharides 1692:1706 polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran) 1692:1732 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 2 theme xanthan 1709:1715 arg1 gum 1717:1719 xanthan gum 1709:1719 xanthan gum 1709:1719 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 3 theme microlayer 1528:1537 arg1 components 1498:1507 components 1498:1507 components of the sea surface microlayer 1498:1537 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 7 4 theme plastic 1058:1064 arg1 transfer 1076:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 7 4 theme plastic 1058:1064 arg1 function 1090:1097 a function 1088:1097 a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition 1088:1146 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 10 5 theme polysaccharides 1692:1706 arg1 effect 1682:1687 no significant effect 1667:1687 no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran) 1667:1732 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 5 theme polysaccharides 1692:1706 arg1 rate 1601:1604 a higher particle transfer rate 1574:1604 a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1574:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 1 6 theme extensive 167:175 arg1 literature 177:186 an extensive literature 164:186 an extensive literature 164:186 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 2 7 theme fragmentation 316:328 arg1 characterisation 280:295 the characterisation 276:295 the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes 276:338 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 9 8 theme smaller 1435:1441 arg1 particles 1425:1433 particles 1425:1433 particles smaller than 1 μm 1425:1451 Results show that under tested conditions, the transfer is possible but limited to particles smaller than 1 μm. 33774549 10 9 from effect 1682:1687 arg1 presence 1613:1620 the presence 1609:1620 the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1609:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 8 10 theme transferred 1239:1249 arg1 particles 1251:1259 transferred particles 1239:1259 transferred particles 1239:1259 Size distribution of transferred particles were recorded, and their plastic nature was confirmed using electron microscopy. 33774549 2 11 theme degradation 300:310 arg1 characterisation 280:295 the characterisation 276:295 the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes 276:338 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 12 12 theme bubble 1874:1879 arg1 size 1881:1884 bubble size 1874:1884 bubble size 1874:1884 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 2 13 dep degradation 300:310 arg1 processes 330:338 processes 330:338 processes 330:338 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 10 14 theme transfer 1592:1599 arg1 rate 1601:1604 a higher particle transfer rate 1574:1604 a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1574:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 13 15 theme higher 2048:2053 arg1 transfer 2055:2062 higher transfer 2048:2062 higher transfer 2048:2062 In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE. 33774549 4 16 theme atmospheric 706:716 arg1 transport 718:726 long range atmospheric transport 695:726 long range atmospheric transport 695:726 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 10 17 theme higher 1576:1581 arg1 rate 1601:1604 a higher particle transfer rate 1574:1604 a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1574:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 13 18 theme polyethylene 2015:2026 arg1 samples 2033:2039 grounded polyethylene (PE) samples 2006:2039 grounded polyethylene (PE) samples 2006:2039 In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE. 33774549 5 19 theme bubbles 935:941 arg1 bursting 919:926 the bursting 915:926 the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface 915:960 Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. 33774549 2 20 theme abundance 259:267 arg1 determination 227:239 the determination 223:239 the determination of plastic litter abundance 223:267 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 10 21 from influence 1458:1466 arg1 water 1546:1550 the water 1542:1550 the water 1542:1550 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 7 22 theme laboratory 1198:1207 arg1 reactor 1209:1215 a laboratory reactor 1196:1215 a laboratory reactor 1196:1215 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 2 23 theme plastic 244:250 arg1 abundance 259:267 plastic litter abundance 244:267 plastic litter abundance 244:267 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 4 24 theme long 695:698 arg1 transport 718:726 long range atmospheric transport 695:726 long range atmospheric transport 695:726 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 8 25 theme electron 1321:1328 arg1 microscopy 1330:1339 electron microscopy 1321:1339 electron microscopy 1321:1339 Size distribution of transferred particles were recorded, and their plastic nature was confirmed using electron microscopy. 33774549 7 26 theme bursting 1173:1180 arg1 phenomenon 1182:1191 the bubble bursting phenomenon 1162:1191 the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor 1162:1215 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 5 27 theme sea 950:952 arg1 surface 954:960 the sea surface 946:960 the sea surface 946:960 Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. 33774549 11 28 from behaviour 1786:1794 arg1 phase 1811:1815 the aqueous phase 1799:1815 the aqueous phase 1799:1815 The surface state of the particles can alter their behaviour in the aqueous phase and thus their transfer to the atmosphere. 33774549 2 29 theme debris 389:394 arg1 abundance 396:404 the global plastic debris abundance 370:404 the global plastic debris abundance 370:404 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 0 30 theme Experimental 0:11 arg1 evidence 13:20 Experimental evidence 0:20 Experimental evidence of plastic particles 0:41 Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting. 33774549 5 31 theme air 931:933 arg1 bubbles 935:941 air bubbles 931:941 air bubbles 931:941 Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. 33774549 10 32 theme presence 1475:1482 arg1 influence 1458:1466 The influence 1454:1466 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water 1454:1550 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 2 33 used used 353:356 arg2 models 341:346 models 341:346 models 341:346 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 10 34 theme sodium 1639:1644 arg1 surfactant 1627:1636 a surfactant 1625:1636 a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1625:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 34 theme sodium 1639:1644 arg1 sulfate 1654:1660 sodium dodecyl sulfate 1639:1660 sodium dodecyl sulfate 1639:1660 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 7 35 theme water 1130:1134 arg1 composition 1136:1146 water composition 1130:1146 water composition 1130:1146 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 10 36 theme surfactant 1627:1636 arg1 presence 1613:1620 the presence 1609:1620 the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1609:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 0 37 theme particles 33:41 arg1 evidence 13:20 Experimental evidence 0:20 Experimental evidence of plastic particles 0:41 Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting. 33774549 7 38 theme characteristics 1110:1124 arg1 transfer 1076:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 7 38 theme characteristics 1110:1124 arg1 function 1090:1097 a function 1088:1097 a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition 1088:1146 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 10 39 theme components 1498:1507 arg1 proxies 1487:1493 proxies 1487:1493 proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer 1487:1537 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 0 40 theme water-air 59:67 arg1 interface 69:77 the water-air interface 55:77 the water-air interface 55:77 Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting. 33774549 10 41 theme proxies 1487:1493 arg1 presence 1475:1482 the presence 1471:1482 the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer 1471:1537 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 1 42 from debris 112:117 arg1 environment 133:143 the marine environment 122:143 the marine environment 122:143 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 9 43 theme tested 1366:1371 arg1 conditions 1373:1382 tested conditions 1366:1382 tested conditions 1366:1382 Results show that under tested conditions, the transfer is possible but limited to particles smaller than 1 μm. 33774549 8 44 theme plastic 1286:1292 arg1 nature 1294:1299 their plastic nature 1280:1299 their plastic nature 1280:1299 Size distribution of transferred particles were recorded, and their plastic nature was confirmed using electron microscopy. 33774549 10 45 theme surface 1520:1526 arg1 microlayer 1528:1537 the sea surface microlayer 1512:1537 the sea surface microlayer 1512:1537 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 2 46 theme global 374:379 arg1 abundance 396:404 the global plastic debris abundance 370:404 the global plastic debris abundance 370:404 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 5 47 theme recent 771:776 arg1 literature 778:787 recent literature 771:787 recent literature 771:787 Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. 33774549 11 48 theme aqueous 1803:1809 arg1 phase 1811:1815 the aqueous phase 1799:1815 the aqueous phase 1799:1815 The surface state of the particles can alter their behaviour in the aqueous phase and thus their transfer to the atmosphere. 33774549 12 49 theme bubble 1953:1958 arg1 size 1960:1963 the smaller bubble size 1941:1963 the smaller bubble size 1941:1963 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 7 50 theme particles 1066:1074 arg1 transfer 1076:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 7 50 theme particles 1066:1074 arg1 function 1090:1097 a function 1088:1097 a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition 1088:1146 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 12 51 theme higher 1915:1920 arg1 rate 1931:1934 a higher transfer rate 1913:1934 a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size 1913:1963 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 10 52 from rate 1601:1604 arg1 presence 1613:1620 the presence 1609:1620 the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1609:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 1 53 theme literature 177:186 arg1 subject 153:159 the subject 149:159 the subject of an extensive literature 149:186 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 1 53 theme literature 177:186 arg1 debris 112:117 Plastic debris 104:117 Plastic debris in the marine environment 104:143 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 8 54 theme Size 1218:1221 arg1 distribution 1223:1234 Size distribution 1218:1234 Size distribution of transferred particles 1218:1259 Size distribution of transferred particles were recorded, and their plastic nature was confirmed using electron microscopy. 33774549 3 55 theme plastic 549:555 arg1 abundance 557:565 plastic abundance 549:565 plastic abundance 549:565 Despite these efforts, there is still missing plastic in the models used as areas exist where plastic abundance is less than that estimated. 33774549 11 56 theme surface 1739:1745 arg1 state 1747:1751 The surface state 1735:1751 The surface state of the particles 1735:1768 The surface state of the particles can alter their behaviour in the aqueous phase and thus their transfer to the atmosphere. 33774549 4 57 theme remote 657:662 arg1 areas 664:668 remote areas 657:668 remote areas 657:668 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 8 58 theme particles 1251:1259 arg1 distribution 1223:1234 Size distribution 1218:1234 Size distribution of transferred particles 1218:1259 Size distribution of transferred particles were recorded, and their plastic nature was confirmed using electron microscopy. 33774549 10 59 theme particle 1583:1590 arg1 rate 1601:1604 a higher particle transfer rate 1574:1604 a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1574:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 12 60 theme size 1881:1884 arg1 effect 1864:1869 The effect 1860:1869 The effect of bubble size 1860:1884 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 7 61 from phenomenon 1182:1191 arg1 reactor 1209:1215 a laboratory reactor 1196:1215 a laboratory reactor 1196:1215 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 4 62 theme range 700:704 arg1 transport 718:726 long range atmospheric transport 695:726 long range atmospheric transport 695:726 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 11 63 theme particles 1760:1768 arg1 state 1747:1751 The surface state 1735:1751 The surface state of the particles 1735:1768 The surface state of the particles can alter their behaviour in the aqueous phase and thus their transfer to the atmosphere. 33774549 12 64 with rate 1931:1934 arg1 size 1960:1963 the smaller bubble size 1941:1963 the smaller bubble size 1941:1963 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 1 65 theme marine 126:131 arg1 environment 133:143 the marine environment 122:143 the marine environment 122:143 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 6 66 theme direct 997:1002 arg1 evidence 1004:1011 no direct evidence 994:1011 no direct evidence of this transfer 994:1028 Nevertheless, to date there is no direct evidence of this transfer. 33774549 2 67 theme litter 252:257 arg1 abundance 259:267 plastic litter abundance 244:267 plastic litter abundance 244:267 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 5 68 theme marine 874:879 arg1 environment 881:891 the marine environment 870:891 the marine environment 870:891 Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. 33774549 10 69 dep polysaccharides 1692:1706 arg1 dextran 1725:1731 dextran 1725:1731 dextran 1725:1731 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 69 dep polysaccharides 1692:1706 arg1 polysaccharides 1692:1706 polysaccharides 1692:1706 polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran) 1692:1732 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 69 dep polysaccharides 1692:1706 arg1 gum 1717:1719 xanthan gum 1709:1719 xanthan gum 1709:1719 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 0 70 theme bubble 87:92 arg1 bursting 94:101 bubble bursting 87:101 bubble bursting 87:101 Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting. 33774549 7 71 theme bubble 1166:1171 arg1 phenomenon 1182:1191 the bubble bursting phenomenon 1162:1191 the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor 1162:1215 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 13 72 theme grounded 2006:2013 arg1 PE 2029:2030 PE 2029:2030 PE 2029:2030 In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE. 33774549 13 72 theme grounded 2006:2013 arg1 polyethylene 2015:2026 grounded polyethylene 2006:2026 grounded polyethylene (PE) samples 2006:2039 In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE. 33774549 7 73 theme composition 1136:1146 arg1 transfer 1076:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 plastic particles transfer 1058:1083 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 7 73 theme composition 1136:1146 arg1 function 1090:1097 a function 1088:1097 a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition 1088:1146 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 2 74 theme plastic 381:387 arg1 abundance 396:404 the global plastic debris abundance 370:404 the global plastic debris abundance 370:404 According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. 33774549 0 75 theme plastic 25:31 arg1 particles 33:41 plastic particles 25:41 plastic particles 25:41 Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting. 33774549 1 76 theme Plastic 104:110 arg1 subject 153:159 the subject 149:159 the subject of an extensive literature 149:186 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 1 76 theme Plastic 104:110 arg1 debris 112:117 Plastic debris 104:117 Plastic debris in the marine environment 104:143 Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. 33774549 6 77 theme transfer 1021:1028 arg1 evidence 1004:1011 no direct evidence 994:1011 no direct evidence of this transfer 994:1028 Nevertheless, to date there is no direct evidence of this transfer. 33774549 4 78 from presence 623:630 arg1 atmosphere 639:648 the atmosphere 635:648 the atmosphere 635:648 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 4 78 from presence 623:630 arg1 areas 664:668 remote areas 657:668 remote areas 657:668 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 7 79 theme MPs/NPs 1102:1108 arg1 characteristics 1110:1124 MPs/NPs characteristics 1102:1124 MPs/NPs characteristics 1102:1124 In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. 33774549 10 80 theme dodecyl 1646:1652 arg1 surfactant 1627:1636 a surfactant 1625:1636 a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 1625:1661 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 10 80 theme dodecyl 1646:1652 arg1 sulfate 1654:1660 sodium dodecyl sulfate 1639:1660 sodium dodecyl sulfate 1639:1660 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 13 81 theme pristine 2088:2095 arg1 PE 2097:2098 pristine PE 2088:2098 pristine PE 2088:2098 In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE. 33774549 12 82 theme smaller 1945:1951 arg1 size 1960:1963 the smaller bubble size 1941:1963 the smaller bubble size 1941:1963 The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. 33774549 10 83 theme significant 1670:1680 arg1 effect 1682:1687 no significant effect 1667:1687 no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran) 1667:1732 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 4 84 theme microplastics 609:621 arg1 presence 623:630 microplastics presence 609:630 microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas 609:668 In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. 33774549 10 85 theme sea 1516:1518 arg1 microlayer 1528:1537 the sea surface microlayer 1512:1537 the sea surface microlayer 1512:1537 The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). 33774549 5 86 from surface 954:960 arg1 bursting 919:926 the bursting 915:926 the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface 915:960 Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. 33220635 4 0 theme pH 440:441 arg1 range 443:447 a pH range 438:447 a pH range of 5.0-8.0 438:458 The strain grew at 25-60°C and within a pH range of 5.0-8.0 with an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5. 33220635 14 1 theme =KCTC 1406:1410 arg1 B-3161T 1424:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 14 1 theme =KCTC 1406:1410 arg1 2918T 1399:1403 Strain 2918T 1392:1403 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) 1392:1431 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 14 2 dep species 1454:1460 arg1 sp 1486:1487 Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1462:1487 its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1444:1487 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 4 3 theme 5.0-8.0 452:458 arg1 range 443:447 a pH range 438:447 a pH range of 5.0-8.0 438:458 The strain grew at 25-60°C and within a pH range of 5.0-8.0 with an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5. 33220635 4 4 with 25-60°C 419:425 arg1 optimum 468:474 an optimum 465:474 an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5 465:496 The strain grew at 25-60°C and within a pH range of 5.0-8.0 with an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5. 33220635 2 5 attach isolated 215:222 arg1 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 2 5 attach isolated 215:222 arg1 spring 247:252 a terrestrial hot spring 229:252 a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka 229:265 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 2 5 attach isolated 215:222 arg2 bacterium 175:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 8 6 theme fatty 880:884 arg1 acids 886:890 Major cellular fatty acids 865:890 Major cellular fatty acids 865:890 Major cellular fatty acids were C18:0 and C20:0. 33220635 7 7 theme electron 846:853 arg1 acceptor 855:862 any electron acceptor 842:862 any electron acceptor 842:862 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 11 8 theme 60.4mol 1028:1034 arg1 % 1035:1035 60.4mol% 1028:1035 60.4mol% 1028:1035 Genomic DNA G+C content was 60.4mol%. 33220635 10 9 theme strain 974:979 arg1 2918T 981:985 strain 2918T 974:985 strain 2918T 974:985 The size of the genome of strain 2918T was 4.81 Mb. 33220635 5 10 theme sodium 528:533 arg1 chloride 535:542 sodium chloride 528:542 sodium chloride 528:542 Strain 2918T did not require sodium chloride or yeast extract for growth. 33220635 2 11 theme Kamchatka 257:265 arg1 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 2 11 theme Kamchatka 257:265 arg1 spring 247:252 a terrestrial hot spring 229:252 a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka 229:265 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 7 12 theme anaerobic 743:751 arg1 conditions 753:762 anaerobic conditions 743:762 anaerobic conditions 743:762 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 12 13 theme protein 1092:1098 arg1 sequences 1100:1108 conserved protein sequences 1082:1108 conserved protein sequences 1082:1108 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 12 14 theme conserved 1082:1090 arg1 sequences 1100:1108 conserved protein sequences 1082:1108 conserved protein sequences 1082:1108 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 1 15 from spring 127:132 arg1 planctomycete 68:80 planctomycete 68:80 planctomycete 68:80 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 1 15 from spring 127:132 arg1 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 13 16 from genus 1312:1316 arg1 Gemmatales 1325:1334 the Gemmatales 1321:1334 the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed 1321:1389 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 12 17 theme order 1174:1178 arg1 Gemmatales 1180:1189 the order Gemmatales 1170:1189 the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes 1170:1211 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 3 18 dep Gram-negative 288:300 arg1 spherical 311:319 spherical 311:319 spherical 311:319 Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells were present singly, in pairs, or aggregates, and reproduced by budding. 33220635 3 18 dep Gram-negative 288:300 arg1 motile 303:308 motile 303:308 motile 303:308 Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells were present singly, in pairs, or aggregates, and reproduced by budding. 33220635 10 19 theme genome 964:969 arg1 size 952:955 The size 948:955 The size of the genome of strain 2918T 948:985 The size of the genome of strain 2918T was 4.81 Mb. 33220635 10 19 theme genome 964:969 arg1 Mb 996:997 4.81 Mb 991:997 4.81 Mb 991:997 The size of the genome of strain 2918T was 4.81 Mb. 33220635 5 20 theme yeast 547:551 arg1 extract 553:559 yeast extract 547:559 yeast extract 547:559 Strain 2918T did not require sodium chloride or yeast extract for growth. 33220635 6 21 theme xanthan 687:693 arg1 starch 649:654 starch 649:654 starch 649:654 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 6 21 theme xanthan 687:693 arg1 gum 695:697 xanthan gum 687:697 xanthan gum 687:697 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 0 22 theme Thermogemmata 0:12 arg1 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov., sp. 33220635 0 22 theme Thermogemmata 0:12 arg1 nov. 29:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov. 0:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov. 0:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov., sp. 33220635 11 23 theme DNA 1008:1010 arg1 content 1016:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content 1000:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content 1000:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content was 60.4mol%. 33220635 0 24 theme fonticola 14:22 arg1 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov., sp. 33220635 0 24 theme fonticola 14:22 arg1 nov. 29:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov. 0:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov. 0:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov., sp. 33220635 5 25 theme Strain 499:504 arg1 2918T 506:510 Strain 2918T 499:510 Strain 2918T 499:510 Strain 2918T did not require sodium chloride or yeast extract for growth. 33220635 12 26 dep sequence 1069:1076 arg1 phylogenies 1110:1120 phylogenies 1110:1120 phylogenies 1110:1120 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 14 27 theme fonticola 1476:1484 arg1 sp 1486:1487 Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1462:1487 its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1444:1487 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 13 28 theme name 1350:1353 arg1 nov. 1374:1377 the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. 1346:1377 the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. 1346:1377 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 4 29 from pH 491:492 arg1 optimum 468:474 an optimum 465:474 an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5 465:496 The strain grew at 25-60°C and within a pH range of 5.0-8.0 with an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5. 33220635 13 30 theme phenotypic 1249:1258 arg1 features 1260:1267 phenotypic features 1249:1267 phenotypic features 1249:1267 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 13 31 theme gen. 1369:1372 arg1 nov. 1374:1377 the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. 1346:1377 the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. 1346:1377 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 12 32 theme distinct 1150:1157 arg1 lineage 1159:1165 a distinct lineage 1148:1165 a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes 1148:1211 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 12 33 theme Gemmatales 1180:1189 arg1 lineage 1159:1165 a distinct lineage 1148:1165 a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes 1148:1211 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 8 34 theme Major 865:869 arg1 acids 886:890 Major cellular fatty acids 865:890 Major cellular fatty acids 865:890 Major cellular fatty acids were C18:0 and C20:0. 33220635 4 35 from 54-60°C 479:485 arg1 optimum 468:474 an optimum 465:474 an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5 465:496 The strain grew at 25-60°C and within a pH range of 5.0-8.0 with an optimum at 54-60°C and pH 7.5. 33220635 2 36 theme thermophilic 162:173 arg1 bacterium 175:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 1 37 theme order 89:93 arg1 Gemmatales 95:104 the order Gemmatales 85:104 the order Gemmatales 85:104 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 12 38 theme rRNA 1059:1062 arg1 sequence 1069:1076 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1051:1076 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1051:1076 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 10 39 theme 2918T 981:985 arg1 genome 964:969 the genome 960:969 the genome of strain 2918T 960:985 The size of the genome of strain 2918T was 4.81 Mb. 33220635 13 40 theme Thermogemmata 1355:1367 arg1 nov. 1374:1377 the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. 1346:1377 the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. 1346:1377 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 8 41 theme cellular 871:878 arg1 acids 886:890 Major cellular fatty acids 865:890 Major cellular fatty acids 865:890 Major cellular fatty acids were C18:0 and C20:0. 33220635 2 42 theme aerobic 143:149 arg1 bacterium 175:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 14 43 theme first 1448:1452 arg1 species 1454:1460 its first species 1444:1460 its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1444:1487 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 12 44 theme strain 1123:1128 arg1 2918T 1130:1134 strain 2918T 1123:1134 strain 2918T 1123:1134 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 13 45 theme phylogenetic 1223:1234 arg1 analysis 1236:1243 phylogenetic analysis 1223:1243 phylogenetic analysis 1223:1243 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 2 46 theme novel 137:141 arg1 bacterium 175:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium 135:183 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 14 47 theme Strain 1392:1397 arg1 B-3161T 1424:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 14 47 theme Strain 1392:1397 arg1 2918T 1399:1403 Strain 2918T 1392:1403 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) 1392:1431 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 14 48 theme Thermogemmata 1462:1474 arg1 sp 1486:1487 Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1462:1487 its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp 1444:1487 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 1 49 theme Gemmatales 95:104 arg1 planctomycete 68:80 planctomycete 68:80 planctomycete 68:80 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 1 49 theme Gemmatales 95:104 arg1 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov. 39:42 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 3 50 theme Gram-negative 288:300 arg1 cells 321:325 Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells 288:325 Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells 288:325 Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells were present singly, in pairs, or aggregates, and reproduced by budding. 33220635 2 51 theme strain 197:202 arg1 2918T 204:208 strain 2918T 197:208 strain 2918T 197:208 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 12 52 theme gene 1064:1067 arg1 sequence 1069:1076 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1051:1076 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1051:1076 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 6 53 dep polysaccharides 632:646 arg1 lichenan 657:664 lichenan 657:664 lichenan 657:664 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 6 53 dep polysaccharides 632:646 arg1 gum 695:697 xanthan gum 687:697 xanthan gum 687:697 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 6 53 dep polysaccharides 632:646 arg1 galactan 667:674 galactan 667:674 galactan 667:674 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 6 53 dep polysaccharides 632:646 arg1 beta-glucan 700:710 beta-glucan 700:710 beta-glucan 700:710 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 6 53 dep polysaccharides 632:646 arg1 starch 649:654 starch 649:654 starch 649:654 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 6 53 dep polysaccharides 632:646 arg1 arabinan 677:684 arabinan 677:684 arabinan 677:684 It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (starch, lichenan, galactan, arabinan, xanthan gum, beta-glucan). 33220635 11 54 theme Genomic 1000:1006 arg1 content 1016:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content 1000:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content 1000:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content was 60.4mol%. 33220635 7 55 theme thiosulfate 811:821 arg1 presence 779:786 the presence 775:786 the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate 775:821 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 2 56 theme hot 243:245 arg1 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 2 56 theme hot 243:245 arg1 spring 247:252 a terrestrial hot spring 229:252 a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka 229:265 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 13 57 theme novel 1274:1278 arg1 isolate 1280:1286 the novel isolate 1270:1286 the novel isolate 1270:1286 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 13 58 theme novel 1306:1310 arg1 genus 1312:1316 a novel genus 1304:1316 a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed 1304:1389 Based on phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic features, the novel isolate was assigned to a novel genus in the Gemmatales for which the name Thermogemmata gen. nov. is proposed. 33220635 7 59 theme nitrate 799:805 arg1 presence 779:786 the presence 775:786 the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate 775:821 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 7 60 located observed 728:735 arg1 adding 835:840 adding 835:840 adding any electron acceptor 835:862 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 7 60 located observed 728:735 arg1 presence 779:786 the presence 775:786 the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate 775:821 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 7 60 located observed 728:735 arg2 growth 717:722 No growth 714:722 No growth 714:722 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 2 61 theme terrestrial 231:241 arg1 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 Federation 276:285 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 2 61 theme terrestrial 231:241 arg1 spring 247:252 a terrestrial hot spring 229:252 a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka 229:265 A novel aerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, designated strain 2918T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of Kamchatka, Russian Federation. 33220635 1 62 theme Kamchatka 113:121 arg1 spring 127:132 a Kamchatka hot spring 111:132 a Kamchatka hot spring 111:132 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 11 63 theme G+C 1012:1014 arg1 content 1016:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content 1000:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content 1000:1022 Genomic DNA G+C content was 60.4mol%. 33220635 14 64 theme =VKM 1419:1422 arg1 B-3161T 1424:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 14 64 theme =VKM 1419:1422 arg1 2918T 1399:1403 Strain 2918T 1392:1403 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) 1392:1431 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 1 65 theme hot 123:125 arg1 spring 127:132 a Kamchatka hot spring 111:132 a Kamchatka hot spring 111:132 nov., the first thermophilic planctomycete of the order Gemmatales from a Kamchatka hot spring. 33220635 7 66 theme sulfur 791:796 arg1 presence 779:786 the presence 775:786 the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate 775:821 No growth was observed under anaerobic conditions neither in the presence of sulfur, nitrate, or thiosulfate nor without adding any electron acceptor. 33220635 0 67 theme gen. 24:27 arg1 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 sp 35:36 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov., sp. 33220635 0 67 theme gen. 24:27 arg1 nov. 29:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov. 0:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov. 0:32 Thermogemmata fonticola gen. nov., sp. 33220635 14 68 theme 72012T 1412:1417 arg1 B-3161T 1424:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 =KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T 1406:1430 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 14 68 theme 72012T 1412:1417 arg1 2918T 1399:1403 Strain 2918T 1392:1403 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) 1392:1431 Strain 2918T (=KCTC 72012T =VKM B-3161T) represents its first species Thermogemmata fonticola sp. 33220635 12 69 theme 16S 1055:1057 arg1 rRNA 1059:1062 the 16S rRNA 1051:1062 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 1051:1076 According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence and conserved protein sequences phylogenies, strain 2918T represented a distinct lineage of the order Gemmatales within Planctomycetes. 33220635 9 70 theme respiratory 918:928 arg1 quinone 930:936 The respiratory quinone 914:936 The respiratory quinone 914:936 The respiratory quinone was MK-6. 33220635 9 70 theme respiratory 918:928 arg1 MK-6 942:945 MK-6 942:945 MK-6 942:945 The respiratory quinone was MK-6. 32492593 7 0 theme chemical 1168:1175 arg1 composition 1177:1187 the SEPS chemical composition 1159:1187 the SEPS chemical composition 1159:1187 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 11 1 theme SEPSAGS 1751:1757 arg1 stiffness 1738:1746 the gel stiffness 1730:1746 the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS 1730:1757 This resulted in a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS than that of SEPSWAS during the AD process. 32492593 1 2 theme energy 269:274 arg1 consumption 276:286 energy consumption 269:286 energy consumption 269:286 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 8 3 theme mechanical 1327:1336 arg1 strength 1338:1345 the mechanical strength 1323:1345 the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions 1323:1408 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 3 4 theme potential 524:532 arg1 option 534:539 a potential option 522:539 a potential option also for produced AGS treatment 522:571 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 12 5 theme bound 1867:1871 arg1 EPS 1873:1875 loosely bound EPS 1859:1875 loosely bound EPS 1859:1875 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 10 6 from extent 1610:1615 arg1 SEPSAGS 1638:1644 the SEPSAGS 1634:1644 the SEPSAGS 1634:1644 Polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, the proteins in the SEPSAGS were more refractory compared to those in SEPSWAS. 32492593 5 7 theme structural 833:842 arg1 SEPS 880:883 SEPS 880:883 SEPS 880:883 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 5 7 theme structural 833:842 arg1 substances 868:877 structural extracellular polymeric substances 833:877 structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS) 833:884 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 12 8 from EPS 1852:1854 arg1 release 1817:1823 the release 1813:1823 the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS 1813:1875 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 5 9 dep understand 745:754 arg1 to 742:743 to 742:743 to 742:743 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 4 10 located found 639:643 arg1 studies 585:591 earlier studies 577:591 earlier studies 577:591 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 4 10 located found 639:643 arg2 potential 618:626 the biochemical methane potential 594:626 the biochemical methane potential of AGS 594:633 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 3 11 theme produced 550:557 arg1 treatment 563:571 produced AGS treatment 550:571 produced AGS treatment 550:571 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 5 12 theme polymeric 858:866 arg1 SEPS 880:883 SEPS 880:883 SEPS 880:883 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 5 12 theme polymeric 858:866 arg1 substances 868:877 structural extracellular polymeric substances 833:877 structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS) 833:884 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 12 13 theme bound 1846:1850 arg1 EPS 1852:1854 tightly bound EPS 1838:1854 tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS 1838:1875 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 6 14 theme SEPS 1089:1092 arg1 fraction 1094:1101 the SEPS fraction 1085:1101 the SEPS fraction 1085:1101 Using WAS and AGS as substrates, a comparative AD batch experiment was performed for 44 days during which the SEPS fraction was extracted from both types of sludge. 32492593 4 15 theme methane 610:616 arg1 potential 618:626 the biochemical methane potential 594:626 the biochemical methane potential of AGS 594:633 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 1 16 theme activated 216:224 arg1 sludge 226:231 conventional activated sludge 203:231 conventional activated sludge 203:231 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 12 17 theme lower 1944:1948 arg1 rate 1961:1964 a lower transition rate 1942:1964 a lower transition rate 1942:1964 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 11 18 theme lower 1716:1720 arg1 loss 1722:1725 a lower loss 1714:1725 a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS 1714:1757 This resulted in a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS than that of SEPSWAS during the AD process. 32492593 1 19 theme Aerobic 141:147 arg1 alternative 188:198 an alternative 185:198 an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption 185:286 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 1 19 theme Aerobic 141:147 arg1 technology 171:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 8 20 theme mechanical 1438:1447 arg1 analysis 1449:1456 dynamic mechanical analysis 1430:1456 dynamic mechanical analysis 1430:1456 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 4 21 theme full-scale 682:691 arg1 systems 724:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 13 22 theme structure 2094:2102 arg1 biodegradability 2037:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 22 theme structure 2094:2102 arg1 decomposition 2066:2078 the slower decomposition 2055:2078 the slower decomposition of the sludge structure 2055:2102 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 22 theme structure 2094:2102 arg1 dewaterability 2127:2140 the better dewaterability 2116:2140 the better dewaterability of AGS 2116:2147 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 1 23 theme sludge 158:163 arg1 alternative 188:198 an alternative 185:198 an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption 185:286 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 1 23 theme sludge 158:163 arg1 technology 171:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 13 24 theme better 2120:2125 arg1 dewaterability 2127:2140 the better dewaterability 2116:2140 the better dewaterability of AGS 2116:2147 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 6 25 theme sludge 1136:1141 arg1 types 1127:1131 both types 1122:1131 both types of sludge 1122:1141 Using WAS and AGS as substrates, a comparative AD batch experiment was performed for 44 days during which the SEPS fraction was extracted from both types of sludge. 32492593 1 26 theme AGS 166:168 arg1 alternative 188:198 an alternative 185:198 an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption 185:286 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 1 26 theme AGS 166:168 arg1 technology 171:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 7 27 theme SEPS 1163:1166 arg1 composition 1177:1187 the SEPS chemical composition 1159:1187 the SEPS chemical composition 1159:1187 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 9 28 theme SEPS 1493:1496 arg1 SEPS 1493:1496 SEPS 1493:1496 SEPS 1493:1496 Results showed that the amount of SEPS was reduced by 26% in AGS (SEPSAGS) and by 41% in WAS (SEPSWAS), respectively. 32492593 9 28 theme SEPS 1493:1496 arg1 amount 1483:1488 the amount 1479:1488 the amount of SEPS 1479:1496 Results showed that the amount of SEPS was reduced by 26% in AGS (SEPSAGS) and by 41% in WAS (SEPSWAS), respectively. 32492593 9 29 from % 1515:1515 arg1 SEPSAGS 1525:1531 SEPSAGS 1525:1531 SEPSAGS 1525:1531 Results showed that the amount of SEPS was reduced by 26% in AGS (SEPSAGS) and by 41% in WAS (SEPSWAS), respectively. 32492593 9 29 from % 1515:1515 arg1 AGS 1520:1522 AGS 1520:1522 AGS (SEPSAGS) 1520:1532 Results showed that the amount of SEPS was reduced by 26% in AGS (SEPSAGS) and by 41% in WAS (SEPSWAS), respectively. 32492593 12 30 theme sludge 1908:1913 arg1 types 1899:1903 both types 1894:1903 both types of sludge 1894:1913 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 0 31 theme waste 96:100 arg1 granules 131:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 0 32 theme sludge 112:117 arg1 granules 131:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 0 33 from difference 60:69 arg1 digestibility 74:86 digestibility 74:86 digestibility 74:86 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 12 34 located observed 1882:1889 arg1 types 1899:1903 both types 1894:1903 both types of sludge 1894:1913 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 12 34 located observed 1882:1889 arg2 release 1817:1823 the release 1813:1823 the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS 1813:1875 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 0 35 theme aerobic 123:129 arg1 granules 131:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 3 36 dep sludge 492:497 arg1 WAS 500:502 WAS 500:502 WAS 500:502 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 6 37 theme AD 1026:1027 arg1 experiment 1035:1044 a comparative AD batch experiment 1012:1044 a comparative AD batch experiment 1012:1044 Using WAS and AGS as substrates, a comparative AD batch experiment was performed for 44 days during which the SEPS fraction was extracted from both types of sludge. 32492593 4 38 theme wastewater 703:712 arg1 systems 724:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 3 39 theme Anaerobic 428:436 arg1 AD 449:450 AD 449:450 AD 449:450 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 3 39 theme Anaerobic 428:436 arg1 digestion 438:446 Anaerobic digestion 428:446 Anaerobic digestion (AD) 428:451 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 0 40 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 substances 35:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances 0:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances 0:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 7 41 theme emission 1284:1291 arg1 analysis 1300:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 0 42 theme polymeric 25:33 arg1 substances 35:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances 0:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances 0:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 5 43 theme biopolymer 918:927 arg1 which 887:891 which 887:891 which 887:891 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 5 43 theme biopolymer 918:927 arg1 type 898:901 a type 896:901 a type of gel-forming biopolymer 896:927 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 7 44 theme excitation 1269:1278 arg1 analysis 1300:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 2 45 theme further 407:413 arg1 development 415:425 further development 407:425 further development 407:425 Strategies for the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, need further development. 32492593 11 46 theme AD 1791:1792 arg1 process 1794:1800 the AD process 1787:1800 the AD process 1787:1800 This resulted in a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS than that of SEPSWAS during the AD process. 32492593 8 47 theme polymers 1373:1380 arg1 hydrogels 1350:1358 hydrogels 1350:1358 hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions 1350:1408 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 11 48 theme gel 1734:1736 arg1 stiffness 1738:1746 the gel stiffness 1730:1746 the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS 1730:1757 This resulted in a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS than that of SEPSWAS during the AD process. 32492593 7 49 theme infrared 1225:1232 arg1 spectroscopy 1234:1245 Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy 1205:1245 Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy 1205:1245 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 10 50 theme lesser 1603:1608 arg1 extent 1610:1615 a lesser extent 1601:1615 a lesser extent 1601:1615 Polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, the proteins in the SEPSAGS were more refractory compared to those in SEPSWAS. 32492593 10 50 theme lesser 1603:1608 arg1 refractory 1656:1665 refractory 1656:1665 refractory 1656:1665 Polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, the proteins in the SEPSAGS were more refractory compared to those in SEPSWAS. 32492593 13 51 theme distinct 2003:2010 arg1 differences 2012:2022 the distinct differences 1999:2022 the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS 1999:2147 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 7 52 theme Fourier 1205:1211 arg1 spectroscopy 1234:1245 Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy 1205:1245 Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy 1205:1245 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 4 53 theme earlier 577:583 arg1 studies 585:591 earlier studies 577:591 earlier studies 577:591 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 2 54 theme granular 373:380 arg1 morphology 382:391 a granular morphology 371:391 a granular morphology 371:391 Strategies for the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, need further development. 32492593 12 55 theme transition 1950:1959 arg1 rate 1961:1964 a lower transition rate 1942:1964 a lower transition rate 1942:1964 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 1 56 theme process 247:253 arg1 footprint 255:263 process footprint 247:263 process footprint 247:263 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 5 57 theme sludge 971:976 arg1 aggregation 956:966 the aggregation 952:966 the aggregation of sludge 952:976 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 13 58 theme observed 1971:1978 arg1 properties 1980:1989 The observed properties 1967:1989 The observed properties 1967:1989 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 2 59 theme efficient 308:316 arg1 management 318:327 the efficient management 304:327 the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, 304:400 Strategies for the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, need further development. 32492593 3 60 theme activated 482:490 arg1 sludge 492:497 waste activated sludge 476:497 waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment 476:513 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 10 61 from proteins 1622:1629 arg1 SEPSAGS 1638:1644 the SEPSAGS 1634:1644 the SEPSAGS 1634:1644 Polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, the proteins in the SEPSAGS were more refractory compared to those in SEPSWAS. 32492593 4 62 theme AGS 631:633 arg1 potential 618:626 the biochemical methane potential 594:626 the biochemical methane potential of AGS 594:633 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 2 63 theme produced 336:343 arg1 well 396:399 well 396:399 well 396:399 Strategies for the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, need further development. 32492593 2 63 theme produced 336:343 arg1 biomass 345:351 its produced biomass 332:351 its produced biomass 332:351 Strategies for the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, need further development. 32492593 5 64 theme extracellular 844:856 arg1 SEPS 880:883 SEPS 880:883 SEPS 880:883 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 5 64 theme extracellular 844:856 arg1 substances 868:877 structural extracellular polymeric substances 833:877 structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS) 833:884 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 12 65 theme SEPS 1828:1831 arg1 release 1817:1823 the release 1813:1823 the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS 1813:1875 Moreover, the release of SEPS from tightly bound EPS to loosely bound EPS were observed in both types of sludge, but that in AGS exhibited a lower transition rate. 32492593 1 66 theme conventional 203:214 arg1 sludge 226:231 conventional activated sludge 203:231 conventional activated sludge 203:231 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 4 67 theme biochemical 598:608 arg1 potential 618:626 the biochemical methane potential 594:626 the biochemical methane potential of AGS 594:633 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 11 68 theme stiffness 1738:1746 arg1 loss 1722:1725 a lower loss 1714:1725 a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS 1714:1757 This resulted in a lower loss of the gel stiffness of SEPSAGS than that of SEPSWAS during the AD process. 32492593 5 69 theme anaerobic 809:817 arg1 conversion 819:828 the anaerobic conversion 805:828 the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS) 805:884 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 8 70 theme dynamic 1430:1436 arg1 analysis 1449:1456 dynamic mechanical analysis 1430:1456 dynamic mechanical analysis 1430:1456 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 3 71 theme AGS 559:561 arg1 treatment 563:571 produced AGS treatment 550:571 produced AGS treatment 550:571 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 7 72 from changes 1148:1154 arg1 composition 1177:1187 the SEPS chemical composition 1159:1187 the SEPS chemical composition 1159:1187 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 1 73 theme granular 149:156 arg1 alternative 188:198 an alternative 185:198 an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption 185:286 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 1 73 theme granular 149:156 arg1 technology 171:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology 141:180 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is an alternative to conventional activated sludge to reduce the process footprint and energy consumption. 32492593 5 74 theme substances 868:877 arg1 conversion 819:828 the anaerobic conversion 805:828 the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS) 805:884 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 0 75 theme activated 102:110 arg1 granules 131:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 waste activated sludge and aerobic granules 96:138 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 3 76 theme waste 476:480 arg1 sludge 492:497 waste activated sludge 476:497 waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment 476:513 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 13 77 theme AGS 2145:2147 arg1 biodegradability 2037:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 77 theme AGS 2145:2147 arg1 decomposition 2066:2078 the slower decomposition 2055:2078 the slower decomposition of the sludge structure 2055:2102 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 77 theme AGS 2145:2147 arg1 dewaterability 2127:2140 the better dewaterability 2116:2140 the better dewaterability of AGS 2116:2147 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 6 78 theme batch 1029:1033 arg1 experiment 1035:1044 a comparative AD batch experiment 1012:1044 a comparative AD batch experiment 1012:1044 Using WAS and AGS as substrates, a comparative AD batch experiment was performed for 44 days during which the SEPS fraction was extracted from both types of sludge. 32492593 0 79 theme extracellular 11:23 arg1 substances 35:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances 0:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances 0:44 Structural extracellular polymeric substances determine the difference in digestibility between waste activated sludge and aerobic granules. 32492593 6 80 theme comparative 1014:1024 arg1 experiment 1035:1044 a comparative AD batch experiment 1012:1044 a comparative AD batch experiment 1012:1044 Using WAS and AGS as substrates, a comparative AD batch experiment was performed for 44 days during which the SEPS fraction was extracted from both types of sludge. 32492593 4 81 theme municipal 693:701 arg1 systems 724:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 5 82 theme gel-forming 906:916 arg1 biopolymer 918:927 gel-forming biopolymer 906:927 gel-forming biopolymer 906:927 In order to understand this difference, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic conversion of structural extracellular polymeric substances (SEPS), which is a type of gel-forming biopolymer, being responsible for the aggregation of sludge. 32492593 9 83 from % 1543:1543 arg1 WAS 1548:1550 WAS 1548:1550 WAS 1548:1550 Results showed that the amount of SEPS was reduced by 26% in AGS (SEPSAGS) and by 41% in WAS (SEPSWAS), respectively. 32492593 9 83 from % 1543:1543 arg1 SEPSWAS 1553:1559 SEPSWAS 1553:1559 SEPSWAS 1553:1559 Results showed that the amount of SEPS was reduced by 26% in AGS (SEPSAGS) and by 41% in WAS (SEPSWAS), respectively. 32492593 7 84 theme three-dimensional 1251:1267 arg1 analysis 1300:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 4 85 theme treatment 714:722 arg1 systems 724:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems 682:730 In earlier studies, the biochemical methane potential of AGS was found lower than that of WAS both grown in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems. 32492593 13 86 theme sludge 2087:2092 arg1 structure 2094:2102 the sludge structure 2083:2102 the sludge structure 2083:2102 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 7 87 theme matrix 1293:1298 arg1 analysis 1300:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis 1251:1307 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 8 88 theme hydrogels 1350:1358 arg1 strength 1338:1345 the mechanical strength 1323:1345 the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions 1323:1408 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 7 89 theme transformed 1213:1223 arg1 spectroscopy 1234:1245 Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy 1205:1245 Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy 1205:1245 The changes in the SEPS chemical composition was analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix analysis. 32492593 8 90 theme extracted 1363:1371 arg1 polymers 1373:1380 extracted polymers 1363:1380 extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions 1363:1408 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 3 91 theme sludge 492:497 arg1 treatment 505:513 waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment 476:513 waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment 476:513 Anaerobic digestion (AD) is commonly applied in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment and is a potential option also for produced AGS treatment. 32492593 13 92 theme slower 2059:2064 arg1 decomposition 2066:2078 the slower decomposition 2055:2078 the slower decomposition of the sludge structure 2055:2102 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 93 theme AD 2178:2179 arg1 process 2181:2187 the AD process 2174:2187 the AD process 2174:2187 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 94 from differences 2012:2022 arg1 biodegradability 2037:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 94 from differences 2012:2022 arg1 decomposition 2066:2078 the slower decomposition 2055:2078 the slower decomposition of the sludge structure 2055:2102 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 13 94 from differences 2012:2022 arg1 dewaterability 2127:2140 the better dewaterability 2116:2140 the better dewaterability of AGS 2116:2147 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32492593 2 95 theme biomass 345:351 arg1 management 318:327 the efficient management 304:327 the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, 304:400 Strategies for the efficient management of its produced biomass, that is grown in a granular morphology as well, need further development. 32492593 10 96 from Polysaccharides 1577:1591 arg1 SEPSAGS 1638:1644 the SEPSAGS 1634:1644 the SEPSAGS 1634:1644 Polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, the proteins in the SEPSAGS were more refractory compared to those in SEPSWAS. 32492593 8 97 theme Ca2+ 1400:1403 arg1 ions 1405:1408 Ca2+ ions 1400:1408 Ca2+ ions 1400:1408 In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogels of extracted polymers cross-linked with Ca2+ ions was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. 32492593 13 98 theme anaerobic 2027:2035 arg1 biodegradability 2037:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 anaerobic biodegradability 2027:2052 The observed properties explain the distinct differences in anaerobic biodegradability, the slower decomposition of the sludge structure, as well as the better dewaterability of AGS as compared to WAS after the AD process. 32296775 7 0 theme DPPE 1295:1298 arg1 ratio 1335:1339 the ratio 1331:1339 the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1331:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 0 theme DPPE 1295:1298 arg1 composition 1300:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 2 1 contain have 428:431 arg2 structure 456:464 a disordered secondary structure 433:464 a disordered secondary structure 433:464 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 2 1 contain have 428:431 arg1 they 423:426 they 423:426 they 423:426 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 1 2 theme arginine 271:278 arg1 sequences 284:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 6 3 theme thickness 1239:1247 arg1 polydispersity 1204:1217 polydispersity 1204:1217 polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness 1204:1247 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 12 4 theme extracellular 2188:2200 arg1 polysaccharides 2202:2216 extracellular polysaccharides 2188:2216 extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria 2188:2250 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 5 5 theme bacterial 801:809 arg1 membranes 811:819 model bacterial membranes 795:819 model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 795:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 5 6 theme [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 860:904 arg1 mixtures 832:839 mixtures 832:839 mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 832:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 7 7 theme antimicrobial 1489:1501 arg1 strains 1513:1519 antimicrobial resistant strains 1489:1519 antimicrobial resistant strains 1489:1519 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 6 8 theme vesicle 1226:1232 arg1 thickness 1239:1247 the vesicle wall thickness 1222:1247 the vesicle wall thickness 1222:1247 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 10 9 theme other 1832:1836 arg1 species 1850:1856 other Pseudomonas species 1832:1856 other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae 1832:1913 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 6 10 theme SAXS 1026:1029 arg1 factor 1041:1046 the SAXS structure factor 1022:1046 the SAXS structure factor 1022:1046 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 13 11 with peptide 2303:2309 arg1 activity 2316:2323 activity 2316:2323 activity against Pseudomonas species 2316:2351 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 1 12 theme short 222:226 arg1 sequences 284:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 4 13 theme transmission 648:659 arg1 microscopy 670:679 transmission electron microscopy 648:679 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 648:685 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 4 13 theme transmission 648:659 arg1 TEM 682:684 TEM 682:684 TEM 682:684 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 5 14 theme lipids 848:853 arg1 [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 860:904 the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 844:904 the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 844:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 7 15 with vesicles 1270:1277 arg1 ratio 1335:1339 the ratio 1331:1339 the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1331:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 15 with vesicles 1270:1277 arg1 composition 1300:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 12 16 theme dichroism 2133:2141 arg1 studies 2156:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 10 17 theme Pseudomonas 1894:1904 arg1 pathogen 1885:1892 the common plant pathogen 1868:1892 the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae 1868:1913 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 6 18 theme lipid 1083:1087 arg1 bilayers 1089:1096 lipid bilayers 1083:1096 lipid bilayers 1083:1096 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 1 19 dep behavior 122:129 arg1 The 104:106 The 104:106 The 104:106 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 0 20 theme Arginine-Rich 68:80 arg1 Peptides 94:101 Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides 68:101 Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides 68:101 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 10 21 theme plant 1879:1883 arg1 pathogen 1885:1892 the common plant pathogen 1868:1892 the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae 1868:1913 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 1 22 theme amphiphilic 174:184 arg1 R4F4 205:208 R4F4 205:208 R4F4 205:208 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 22 theme amphiphilic 174:184 arg1 R3F3 196:199 R3F3 196:199 R3F3 196:199 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 22 theme amphiphilic 174:184 arg1 peptides 186:193 two designed amphiphilic peptides 161:193 two designed amphiphilic peptides 161:193 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 0 23 theme Peptides 94:101 arg1 Activity 24:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity 0:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity 0:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 0 23 theme Peptides 94:101 arg1 Interactions 52:63 Lipid Membrane Interactions 37:63 Lipid Membrane Interactions 37:63 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 12 24 theme spectroscopy 2143:2154 arg1 studies 2156:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 6 25 theme factor 1041:1046 arg1 Analysis 1010:1017 Analysis 1010:1017 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor 1010:1046 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 6 26 dep interacts 1068:1076 arg1 whereas 1140:1146 whereas 1140:1146 whereas 1140:1146 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 2 27 theme secondary 446:454 arg1 structure 456:464 a disordered secondary structure 433:464 a disordered secondary structure 433:464 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 0 28 theme Amphiphilic 82:92 arg1 Peptides 94:101 Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides 68:101 Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides 68:101 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 2 29 theme FTIR 388:391 arg1 spectroscopy 393:404 FTIR spectroscopy 388:404 FTIR spectroscopy 388:404 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 0 30 theme Selective 0:8 arg1 Activity 24:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity 0:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity 0:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 13 31 theme antimicrobial 2289:2301 arg1 peptide 2303:2309 a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide 2267:2309 a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species 2267:2351 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 13 31 theme antimicrobial 2289:2301 arg1 R4F4 2259:2262 R4F4 2259:2262 R4F4 2259:2262 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 1 32 theme self-assembly 108:120 arg1 behavior 122:129 self-assembly behavior 108:129 self-assembly behavior 108:129 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 7 33 theme lipids 1354:1359 arg1 ratio 1335:1339 the ratio 1331:1339 the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1331:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 33 theme lipids 1354:1359 arg1 composition 1300:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 3 34 theme Concentration-dependent 467:489 arg1 assays 504:509 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays 467:509 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays 467:509 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 8 35 from activity 1541:1548 arg1 form 1587:1590 planktonic form 1576:1590 planktonic form 1576:1590 Both peptides show activity against this bacterium in planktonic form. 32296775 5 36 theme DPPE 911:914 arg1 [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 916:964 DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 911:964 DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 911:964 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 11 37 theme aeruginosa 1974:1983 arg1 biofilms 1985:1992 P. aeruginosa biofilms 1971:1992 P. aeruginosa biofilms 1971:1992 Finally, we show that R4F4 inhibits the development of P. aeruginosa biofilms. 32296775 0 38 theme Lipid 37:41 arg1 Interactions 52:63 Lipid Membrane Interactions 37:63 Lipid Membrane Interactions 37:63 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 13 39 theme promising 2269:2277 arg1 peptide 2303:2309 a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide 2267:2309 a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species 2267:2351 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 13 39 theme promising 2269:2277 arg1 R4F4 2259:2262 R4F4 2259:2262 R4F4 2259:2262 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 6 40 from increase 1192:1199 arg1 polydispersity 1204:1217 polydispersity 1204:1217 polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness 1204:1247 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 9 41 theme inhibitory 1681:1690 arg1 MIC 1707:1709 MIC 1707:1709 MIC 1707:1709 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 9 41 theme inhibitory 1681:1690 arg1 concentration 1692:1704 inhibitory concentration 1681:1704 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible 1671:1783 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 13 42 theme Pseudomonas 2333:2343 arg1 species 2345:2351 Pseudomonas species 2333:2351 Pseudomonas species 2333:2351 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 4 43 theme small-angle 608:618 arg1 SAXS 638:641 SAXS 638:641 SAXS 638:641 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 4 43 theme small-angle 608:618 arg1 scattering 626:635 small-angle X-ray scattering 608:635 small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 608:642 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 1 44 contain containing 211:220 arg1 R4F4 205:208 R4F4 205:208 R4F4 205:208 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 44 contain containing 211:220 arg1 R3F3 196:199 R3F3 196:199 R3F3 196:199 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 44 contain containing 211:220 arg1 peptides 186:193 two designed amphiphilic peptides 161:193 two designed amphiphilic peptides 161:193 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 44 contain containing 211:220 arg2 sequences 284:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 3 45 theme critical 534:541 arg1 cac 570:572 cac 570:572 cac 570:572 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 3 45 theme critical 534:541 arg1 concentration 555:567 a critical aggregation concentration 532:567 a critical aggregation concentration (cac) 532:573 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 12 46 theme signaling 2073:2081 arg1 c-di-GMP 2092:2099 the signaling molecule c-di-GMP 2069:2099 the signaling molecule c-di-GMP 2069:2099 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 1 47 theme cationic 262:269 arg1 arginine 271:278 cationic arginine 262:278 cationic arginine (R) 262:282 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 47 theme cationic 262:269 arg1 R 281:281 R 281:281 R 281:281 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 12 48 theme c-di-GMP 2092:2099 arg1 binding 2058:2064 binding 2058:2064 binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP 2058:2099 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 7 49 theme resistant 1503:1511 arg1 strains 1513:1519 antimicrobial resistant strains 1489:1519 antimicrobial resistant strains 1489:1519 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 3 50 theme concentration 555:567 arg1 presence 520:527 the presence 516:527 the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide 516:590 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 5 51 theme DPPG 855:858 arg1 [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 860:904 the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 844:904 the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 844:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 6 52 theme wall 1234:1237 arg1 thickness 1239:1247 the vesicle wall thickness 1222:1247 the vesicle wall thickness 1222:1247 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 4 53 theme electron 661:668 arg1 microscopy 670:679 transmission electron microscopy 648:679 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 648:685 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 4 53 theme electron 661:668 arg1 TEM 682:684 TEM 682:684 TEM 682:684 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 7 54 theme 1:3 1286:1288 arg1 ratio 1335:1339 the ratio 1331:1339 the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1331:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 54 theme 1:3 1286:1288 arg1 composition 1300:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 10 55 theme Pseudomonas 1838:1848 arg1 species 1850:1856 other Pseudomonas species 1832:1856 other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae 1832:1913 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 6 56 theme structure 1031:1039 arg1 factor 1041:1046 the SAXS structure factor 1022:1046 the SAXS structure factor 1022:1046 Analysis of the SAXS structure factor indicates that R3F3 interacts with lipid bilayers by inducing correlation between bilayers, whereas R4F4 interacts with the bilayers causing an increase in polydispersity of the vesicle wall thickness. 32296775 9 57 theme concentrations 1734:1747 arg1 range 1725:1729 the range 1721:1729 the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible 1721:1783 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 7 58 theme serious 1446:1452 arg1 infections 1454:1463 serious infections 1446:1463 serious infections 1446:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 10 59 dep Pseudomonas 1894:1904 arg1 syringae 1906:1913 syringae 1906:1913 syringae 1906:1913 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 12 60 theme proposed 2029:2036 arg1 mechanism 2038:2046 a proposed mechanism 2027:2046 a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP 2027:2099 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 7 61 theme responsible 1430:1440 arg1 aeruginosa 1407:1416 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1395:1416 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1395:1416 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 61 theme responsible 1430:1440 arg1 pathogen 1421:1428 a pathogen 1419:1428 a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1419:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 10 62 theme common 1872:1877 arg1 pathogen 1885:1892 the common plant pathogen 1868:1892 the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae 1868:1913 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 12 63 theme polysaccharides 2202:2216 arg1 assays 2178:2183 Congo red assays 2168:2183 Congo red assays 2168:2183 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 12 63 theme polysaccharides 2202:2216 arg1 studies 2156:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 1 64 theme hydrophobic 228:238 arg1 F 255:255 F 255:255 F 255:255 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 64 theme hydrophobic 228:238 arg1 phenylalanine 240:252 hydrophobic phenylalanine 228:252 hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) 228:256 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 9 65 from value 1712:1716 arg1 range 1725:1729 the range 1721:1729 the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible 1721:1783 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 12 66 theme red 2174:2176 arg1 assays 2178:2183 Congo red assays 2168:2183 Congo red assays 2168:2183 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 1 67 theme antimicrobial 135:147 arg1 activity 149:156 antimicrobial activity 135:156 antimicrobial activity 135:156 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 7 68 theme aeruginosa 1407:1416 arg1 membrane 1383:1390 the lipid membrane 1373:1390 the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1373:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 12 69 theme circular 2124:2131 arg1 studies 2156:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 circular dichroism spectroscopy studies 2124:2162 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 7 70 located observed 1361:1368 arg1 membrane 1383:1390 the lipid membrane 1373:1390 the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1373:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 70 located observed 1361:1368 arg2 lipids 1354:1359 PG and PE lipids 1344:1359 PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1344:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 5 71 with interaction 762:772 arg1 membranes 811:819 model bacterial membranes 795:819 model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 795:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 4 72 theme tapes 718:722 arg1 population 696:705 a population 694:705 a population of twisted tapes 694:722 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 7 73 theme DPPG 1290:1293 arg1 ratio 1335:1339 the ratio 1331:1339 the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1331:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 7 73 theme DPPG 1290:1293 arg1 composition 1300:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition 1284:1310 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 1 74 theme designed 165:172 arg1 R4F4 205:208 R4F4 205:208 R4F4 205:208 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 74 theme designed 165:172 arg1 R3F3 196:199 R3F3 196:199 R3F3 196:199 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 74 theme designed 165:172 arg1 peptides 186:193 two designed amphiphilic peptides 161:193 two designed amphiphilic peptides 161:193 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 7 75 theme lipid 1377:1381 arg1 membrane 1383:1390 the lipid membrane 1373:1390 the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1373:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 1 76 theme peptides 186:193 arg1 behavior 122:129 self-assembly behavior 108:129 self-assembly behavior 108:129 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 1 76 theme peptides 186:193 arg1 activity 149:156 antimicrobial activity 135:156 antimicrobial activity 135:156 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 10 77 contain have 1810:1813 arg1 It 1786:1787 It 1786:1787 It 1786:1787 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 10 77 contain have 1810:1813 arg2 activity 1815:1822 activity 1815:1822 activity 1815:1822 It was further shown to have activity against other Pseudomonas species including the common plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. 32296775 9 78 theme Peptide 1593:1599 arg1 R4F4 1601:1604 Peptide R4F4 1593:1604 Peptide R4F4 1593:1604 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 8 79 theme planktonic 1576:1585 arg1 form 1587:1590 planktonic form 1576:1590 planktonic form 1576:1590 Both peptides show activity against this bacterium in planktonic form. 32296775 5 80 with [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 916:964 arg1 membranes 811:819 model bacterial membranes 795:819 model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 795:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 5 81 theme model 795:799 arg1 membranes 811:819 model bacterial membranes 795:819 model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 795:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 9 82 theme strong 1625:1630 arg1 bioactivity 1632:1642 particularly strong bioactivity 1612:1642 particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe 1612:1663 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 7 83 theme PE 1351:1352 arg1 lipids 1354:1359 PG and PE lipids 1344:1359 PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1344:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 2 84 theme disordered 435:444 arg1 structure 456:464 a disordered secondary structure 433:464 a disordered secondary structure 433:464 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 7 85 theme PG 1344:1345 arg1 lipids 1354:1359 PG and PE lipids 1344:1359 PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections 1344:1463 Both peptides break vesicles with a 1:3 DPPG:DPPE composition, which is close to the ratio of PG and PE lipids observed in the lipid membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen responsible for serious infections and which has developed antimicrobial resistant strains. 32296775 3 86 theme fluorescence 491:502 arg1 assays 504:509 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays 467:509 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays 467:509 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 0 87 theme Membrane 43:50 arg1 Interactions 52:63 Lipid Membrane Interactions 37:63 Lipid Membrane Interactions 37:63 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 32296775 11 88 theme biofilms 1985:1992 arg1 development 1956:1966 the development 1952:1966 the development of P. aeruginosa biofilms 1952:1992 Finally, we show that R4F4 inhibits the development of P. aeruginosa biofilms. 32296775 5 89 theme peptides 781:788 arg1 [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 916:964 DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 911:964 DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 911:964 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 5 89 theme peptides 781:788 arg1 interaction 762:772 The interaction 758:772 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 758:904 The interaction of the peptides with model bacterial membranes comprising mixtures of the lipids DPPG [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol] and DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine], was studied using SAXS and cryogenic-TEM. 32296775 2 90 theme circular 365:372 arg1 dichroism 374:382 circular dichroism 365:382 circular dichroism 365:382 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 2 91 theme peptides 337:344 arg1 conformation 317:328 The conformation 313:328 The conformation of the peptides 313:344 The conformation of the peptides was examined using circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy, which show that they have a disordered secondary structure. 32296775 13 92 theme candidate 2279:2287 arg1 peptide 2303:2309 a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide 2267:2309 a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species 2267:2351 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 13 92 theme candidate 2279:2287 arg1 R4F4 2259:2262 R4F4 2259:2262 R4F4 2259:2262 Thus, R4F4 is a promising candidate antimicrobial peptide with activity against Pseudomonas species. 32296775 9 93 theme minimum 1673:1679 arg1 value 1712:1716 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1671:1716 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible 1671:1783 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 4 94 theme X-ray 620:624 arg1 SAXS 638:641 SAXS 638:641 SAXS 638:641 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 4 94 theme X-ray 620:624 arg1 scattering 626:635 small-angle X-ray scattering 608:635 small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 608:642 Above the cac, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a population of twisted tapes for R3F3 and nanosheets for R4F4. 32296775 3 95 theme aggregation 543:553 arg1 cac 570:572 cac 570:572 cac 570:572 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 3 95 theme aggregation 543:553 arg1 concentration 555:567 a critical aggregation concentration 532:567 a critical aggregation concentration (cac) 532:573 Concentration-dependent fluorescence assays show the presence of a critical aggregation concentration (cac) for each peptide. 32296775 12 96 theme molecule 2083:2090 arg1 c-di-GMP 2092:2099 the signaling molecule c-di-GMP 2069:2099 the signaling molecule c-di-GMP 2069:2099 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 1 97 theme phenylalanine 240:252 arg1 sequences 284:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences 222:292 The self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of two designed amphiphilic peptides, R3F3 and R4F4, containing short hydrophobic phenylalanine (F) and cationic arginine (R) sequences, are investigated. 32296775 9 98 theme concentration 1692:1704 arg1 value 1712:1716 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1671:1716 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible 1671:1783 Peptide R4F4 shows particularly strong bioactivity against this microbe, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in the range of concentrations where the peptide is cytocompatible. 32296775 12 99 theme stressed 2234:2241 arg1 bacteria 2243:2250 the stressed bacteria 2230:2250 the stressed bacteria 2230:2250 This was examined in detail and a proposed mechanism involving binding of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP is suggested, based on circular dichroism spectroscopy studies and Congo red assays of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the stressed bacteria. 32296775 0 100 theme Antibacterial 10:22 arg1 Activity 24:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity 0:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity 0:31 Selective Antibacterial Activity and Lipid Membrane Interactions of Arginine-Rich Amphiphilic Peptides. 34693225 4 0 theme collisional 457:467 arg1 spectrometry 494:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 5 1 theme functional 628:637 arg1 studies 639:645 functional studies 628:645 functional studies 628:645 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 5 2 gly glycosylated 679:690 arg1 peptide 692:698 the full-length glycosylated peptide 663:698 the full-length glycosylated peptide 663:698 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 7 3 theme O-glycans 1088:1096 arg1 role 1076:1079 a key solubilizing role 1057:1079 a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans 1057:1096 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 4 4 theme mass 489:492 arg1 spectrometry 494:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 7 5 gly Deglycosylation 980:994 arg1 Mg7a 999:1002 Mg7a 999:1002 Mg7a 999:1002 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 3 6 theme glycopeptide 326:337 arg1 characterization 294:309 characterization 294:309 characterization 294:309 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 3 6 theme glycopeptide 326:337 arg1 discovery 280:288 discovery 280:288 discovery 280:288 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 4 7 theme tandem 482:487 arg1 spectrometry 494:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 8 theme present 580:586 arg1 α-GalNAc 570:577 α-GalNAc 570:577 α-GalNAc 570:577 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 8 theme present 580:586 arg1 residues 560:567 three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues 529:567 three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide 529:612 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 6 9 from inflammation 892:903 arg1 mammals 908:914 mammals 908:914 mammals 908:914 We show that Mg7a is paralytic and lethal to insects, and triggers pain behavior and inflammation in mammals, which it achieves through a membrane-targeting mode of action. 34693225 3 10 link O-linked 317:324 arg1 Mg7a 340:343 Mg7a 340:343 Mg7a 340:343 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 3 10 link O-linked 317:324 arg1 glycopeptide 326:337 an O-linked glycopeptide 314:337 an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) 314:344 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 4 11 theme transfer 417:424 arg1 dissociation 426:437 Electron transfer dissociation 408:437 Electron transfer dissociation 408:437 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 12 used used 512:515 arg2 spectrometry 494:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 12 used used 512:515 arg2 dissociation 426:437 Electron transfer dissociation 408:437 Electron transfer dissociation 408:437 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 3 13 theme O-linked 317:324 arg1 Mg7a 340:343 Mg7a 340:343 Mg7a 340:343 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 3 13 theme O-linked 317:324 arg1 glycopeptide 326:337 an O-linked glycopeptide 314:337 an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) 314:344 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 4 14 theme higher-energy 443:455 arg1 spectrometry 494:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 3 15 theme ant 387:389 arg1 gulosa 400:405 the ant Myrmecia gulosa 383:405 the ant Myrmecia gulosa 383:405 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 0 16 theme pain-causing 2:13 arg1 glycopeptide 39:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide 0:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 0:51 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 34693225 6 17 theme action 972:977 arg1 mode 964:967 a membrane-targeting mode 943:967 a membrane-targeting mode of action 943:977 We show that Mg7a is paralytic and lethal to insects, and triggers pain behavior and inflammation in mammals, which it achieves through a membrane-targeting mode of action. 34693225 3 18 theme venom 374:378 arg1 component 357:365 a major component 349:365 a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa 349:405 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 7 19 from insoluble 1015:1023 arg1 solution 1036:1043 aqueous solution 1028:1043 aqueous solution 1028:1043 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 0 20 theme paralytic 19:27 arg1 glycopeptide 39:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide 0:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 0:51 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 34693225 2 21 theme ant 219:221 arg1 chemistry 229:237 ant venom chemistry 219:237 ant venom chemistry 219:237 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 3 22 dep discovery 280:288 arg1 the 276:278 the 276:278 the 276:278 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 6 23 from behavior 879:886 arg1 mammals 908:914 mammals 908:914 mammals 908:914 We show that Mg7a is paralytic and lethal to insects, and triggers pain behavior and inflammation in mammals, which it achieves through a membrane-targeting mode of action. 34693225 3 24 gly glycopeptide 326:337 arg2 Mg7a 340:343 Mg7a 340:343 Mg7a 340:343 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 3 24 gly glycopeptide 326:337 arg2 glycopeptide 326:337 an O-linked glycopeptide 314:337 an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) 314:344 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 1 25 theme familiar 88:95 arg1 inhabitants 97:107 familiar inhabitants 88:107 familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments 88:140 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 1 25 theme familiar 88:95 arg1 Ants 53:56 Ants 53:56 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 53:82 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 0 26 theme venom 33:37 arg1 glycopeptide 39:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide 0:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 0:51 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 34693225 4 27 theme α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl 535:558 arg1 α-GalNAc 570:577 α-GalNAc 570:577 α-GalNAc 570:577 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 27 theme α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl 535:558 arg1 residues 560:567 three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues 529:567 three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide 529:612 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 5 28 theme solid-phase 704:714 arg1 synthesis 724:732 solid-phase peptide synthesis 704:732 solid-phase peptide synthesis 704:732 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 7 29 from solution 1036:1043 arg1 insoluble 1015:1023 insoluble 1015:1023 insoluble 1015:1023 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 3 30 theme Myrmecia 391:398 arg1 gulosa 400:405 the ant Myrmecia gulosa 383:405 the ant Myrmecia gulosa 383:405 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 0 31 theme ant 29:31 arg1 glycopeptide 39:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide 0:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 0:51 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 34693225 5 32 theme peptide 716:722 arg1 synthesis 724:732 solid-phase peptide synthesis 704:732 solid-phase peptide synthesis 704:732 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 4 33 theme Electron 408:415 arg1 dissociation 426:437 Electron transfer dissociation 408:437 Electron transfer dissociation 408:437 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 3 34 theme gulosa 400:405 arg1 venom 374:378 the venom 370:378 the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa 370:405 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 3 35 theme major 351:355 arg1 component 357:365 a major component 349:365 a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa 349:405 Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of an O-linked glycopeptide (Mg7a) as a major component of the venom of the ant Myrmecia gulosa. 34693225 7 36 theme key 1059:1061 arg1 role 1076:1079 a key solubilizing role 1057:1079 a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans 1057:1096 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 1 37 dep Hymenoptera 59:69 arg1 Formicidae 72:81 Formicidae 72:81 Formicidae 72:81 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 6 38 theme membrane-targeting 945:962 arg1 mode 964:967 a membrane-targeting mode 943:967 a membrane-targeting mode of action 943:977 We show that Mg7a is paralytic and lethal to insects, and triggers pain behavior and inflammation in mammals, which it achieves through a membrane-targeting mode of action. 34693225 7 39 theme solubilizing 1063:1074 arg1 role 1076:1079 a key solubilizing role 1057:1079 a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans 1057:1096 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 2 40 theme species 188:194 arg1 ability 172:178 the ability 168:178 the ability of many species to sting 168:203 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 6 41 theme pain 874:877 arg1 behavior 879:886 pain behavior 874:886 pain behavior 874:886 We show that Mg7a is paralytic and lethal to insects, and triggers pain behavior and inflammation in mammals, which it achieves through a membrane-targeting mode of action. 34693225 5 42 theme full-length 667:677 arg1 peptide 692:698 the full-length glycosylated peptide 663:698 the full-length glycosylated peptide 663:698 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 2 43 theme many 183:186 arg1 species 188:194 many species 183:194 many species 183:194 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 2 44 theme chemistry 229:237 arg1 knowledge 206:214 knowledge 206:214 knowledge of ant venom chemistry 206:237 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 7 45 theme aqueous 1028:1034 arg1 solution 1036:1043 aqueous solution 1028:1043 aqueous solution 1028:1043 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 1 46 theme most 112:115 arg1 environments 129:140 most terrestrial environments 112:140 most terrestrial environments 112:140 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 5 47 theme glycosylated 679:690 arg1 peptide 692:698 the full-length glycosylated peptide 663:698 the full-length glycosylated peptide 663:698 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 2 48 theme venom 223:227 arg1 chemistry 229:237 ant venom chemistry 219:237 ant venom chemistry 219:237 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 1 49 theme terrestrial 117:127 arg1 environments 129:140 most terrestrial environments 112:140 most terrestrial environments 112:140 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 1 50 dep Ants 53:56 arg1 Hymenoptera 59:69 Hymenoptera 59:69 Hymenoptera 59:69 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 5 51 theme diselenide-selenoester 749:770 arg1 chemistry 796:804 diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry 749:804 diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry 749:804 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 2 52 theme ability 172:178 arg1 aware 159:163 aware 159:163 aware of the ability of many species to sting 159:203 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 2 52 theme ability 172:178 arg1 we 152:153 we 152:153 we 152:153 Although we are aware of the ability of many species to sting, knowledge of ant venom chemistry remains limited. 34693225 0 53 gly glycopeptide 39:50 arg2 glycopeptide 39:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide 0:50 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 0:51 A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. 34693225 1 54 theme environments 129:140 arg1 inhabitants 97:107 familiar inhabitants 88:107 familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments 88:140 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 1 54 theme environments 129:140 arg1 Ants 53:56 Ants 53:56 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 53:82 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are familiar inhabitants of most terrestrial environments. 34693225 5 55 theme ligation-deselenization 772:794 arg1 chemistry 796:804 diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry 749:804 diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry 749:804 To allow for functional studies, we synthesized the full-length glycosylated peptide via solid-phase peptide synthesis, combined with diselenide-selenoester ligation-deselenization chemistry. 34693225 4 56 theme dissociation 469:480 arg1 spectrometry 494:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry 443:505 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 57 attach present 580:586 arg2 residues 560:567 three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues 529:567 three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide 529:612 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 57 attach present 580:586 arg2 α-GalNAc 570:577 α-GalNAc 570:577 α-GalNAc 570:577 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 4 57 attach present 580:586 arg1 peptide 606:612 the 63-residue peptide 591:612 the 63-residue peptide 591:612 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34693225 7 58 theme Mg7a 999:1002 arg1 Deglycosylation 980:994 Deglycosylation 980:994 Deglycosylation of Mg7a 980:1002 Deglycosylation of Mg7a renders it insoluble in aqueous solution, suggesting a key solubilizing role of the O-glycans. 34693225 4 59 theme 63-residue 595:604 arg1 peptide 606:612 the 63-residue peptide 591:612 the 63-residue peptide 591:612 Electron transfer dissociation and higher-energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry were used to localize three α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues (α-GalNAc) present on the 63-residue peptide. 34142147 1 0 from animals 182:188 arg1 common 172:177 common 172:177 common 172:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 1 theme glycosylation 158:170 arg1 form 136:139 a dynamic form 126:139 a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms 126:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 1 theme glycosylation 158:170 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 90:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 81:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 81:121 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 4 2 theme protein 607:613 arg1 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 2 theme protein 607:613 arg1 complex 618:624 the coat protein II complex 598:624 the coat protein II complex (COPII) 598:632 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 2 theme protein 607:613 arg1 system 637:642 a system 635:642 a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 635:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 5 3 from sites 790:794 arg1 Sec31A 818:823 Sec31A 818:823 Sec31A 818:823 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 3 from sites 790:794 arg1 components 831:840 core components 826:840 core components of the COPII system 826:860 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 3 from sites 790:794 arg1 Sec24D 807:812 Sec24D 807:812 Sec24D 807:812 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 3 from sites 790:794 arg1 Sec24C 799:804 Sec24C 799:804 Sec24C 799:804 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 1 4 theme common 172:177 arg1 form 136:139 a dynamic form 126:139 a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms 126:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 4 theme common 172:177 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 90:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 81:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 81:121 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 4 5 theme coat 602:605 arg1 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 5 theme coat 602:605 arg1 complex 618:624 the coat protein II complex 598:624 the coat protein II complex (COPII) 598:632 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 5 theme coat 602:605 arg1 system 637:642 a system 635:642 a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 635:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 3 6 theme pathophysiological 384:401 arg1 significance 403:414 this pathophysiological significance 379:414 this pathophysiological significance 379:414 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 1 7 from common 172:177 arg1 plants 191:196 plants 191:196 plants 191:196 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 7 from common 172:177 arg1 organisms 208:216 other organisms 202:216 other organisms 202:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 7 from common 172:177 arg1 animals 182:188 animals 182:188 animals 182:188 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 2 8 theme human 297:301 arg1 neurodegeneration 329:345 neurodegeneration 329:345 neurodegeneration 329:345 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 8 theme human 297:301 arg1 syndrome 361:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 8 theme human 297:301 arg1 cancer 321:326 cancer 321:326 cancer 321:326 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 8 theme human 297:301 arg1 diseases 303:310 myriad human diseases 290:310 myriad human diseases 290:310 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 3 9 theme key 417:419 arg1 aspects 421:427 key aspects 417:427 key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling 417:449 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 1 10 link O-linked 81:88 arg1 form 136:139 a dynamic form 126:139 a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms 126:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 10 link O-linked 81:88 arg1 O-GlcNAc 113:120 O-GlcNAc 113:120 O-GlcNAc 113:120 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 10 link O-linked 81:88 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 90:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 81:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 81:121 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 2 11 theme myriad 290:295 arg1 neurodegeneration 329:345 neurodegeneration 329:345 neurodegeneration 329:345 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 11 theme myriad 290:295 arg1 syndrome 361:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 11 theme myriad 290:295 arg1 cancer 321:326 cancer 321:326 cancer 321:326 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 11 theme myriad 290:295 arg1 diseases 303:310 myriad human diseases 290:310 myriad human diseases 290:310 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 4 12 theme II 615:616 arg1 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 12 theme II 615:616 arg1 complex 618:624 the coat protein II complex 598:624 the coat protein II complex (COPII) 598:632 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 12 theme II 615:616 arg1 system 637:642 a system 635:642 a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 635:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 5 13 theme new 770:772 arg1 sites 790:794 new O-GlcNAcylation sites 770:794 new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, 770:861 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 4 14 theme endoplasmic 735:745 arg1 reticulum 747:755 the endoplasmic reticulum 731:755 the endoplasmic reticulum 731:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 5 15 theme system 855:860 arg1 components 831:840 core components 826:840 core components of the COPII system 826:860 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 15 theme system 855:860 arg1 Sec24C 799:804 Sec24C 799:804 Sec24C 799:804 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 16 theme O-GlcNAcylation 774:788 arg1 sites 790:794 new O-GlcNAcylation sites 770:794 new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, 770:861 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 1 17 theme O-linked 81:88 arg1 form 136:139 a dynamic form 126:139 a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms 126:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 17 theme O-linked 81:88 arg1 O-GlcNAc 113:120 O-GlcNAc 113:120 O-GlcNAc 113:120 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 17 theme O-linked 81:88 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 90:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 81:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 81:121 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 5 18 theme core 826:829 arg1 components 831:840 core components 826:840 core components of the COPII system 826:860 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 18 theme core 826:829 arg1 Sec24C 799:804 Sec24C 799:804 Sec24C 799:804 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 2 19 from essential 238:246 arg1 cells 261:265 mammalian cells 251:265 mammalian cells 251:265 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 3 20 theme signaling 441:449 arg1 aspects 421:427 key aspects 417:427 key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling 417:449 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 4 21 theme O-GlcNAcylation 579:593 arg1 role 571:574 the role 567:574 the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 567:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 2 22 from cells 261:265 arg1 essential 238:246 essential 238:246 essential 238:246 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 5 23 theme potential 888:896 arg1 regulation 925:934 potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation 888:934 potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation 888:970 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 5 24 theme COPII 849:853 arg1 system 855:860 the COPII system 845:860 the COPII system 845:860 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 0 25 theme nutrient-dependent 13:30 arg1 regulation 32:41 nutrient-dependent regulation 13:41 nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation 13:78 Evidence for nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 2 26 theme metabolic 351:359 arg1 syndrome 361:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 1 27 theme other 202:206 arg1 organisms 208:216 other organisms 202:216 other organisms 202:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 4 28 from role 571:574 arg1 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 COPII 627:631 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 28 from role 571:574 arg1 complex 618:624 the coat protein II complex 598:624 the coat protein II complex (COPII) 598:632 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 4 28 from role 571:574 arg1 system 637:642 a system 635:642 a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 635:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 3 29 theme O-GlcNAc 432:439 arg1 signaling 441:449 O-GlcNAc signaling 432:449 O-GlcNAc signaling 432:449 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 6 30 theme new 993:995 arg1 connection 997:1006 a new connection 991:1006 a new connection between metabolism and trafficking 991:1041 Our work suggests a new connection between metabolism and trafficking through the conduit of COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 1 31 from organisms 208:216 arg1 common 172:177 common 172:177 common 172:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 0 32 theme coat 56:59 arg1 regulation 32:41 nutrient-dependent regulation 13:41 nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation 13:78 Evidence for nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 5 33 theme nutrient-sensitive 898:915 arg1 regulation 925:934 potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation 888:934 potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation 888:970 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 3 34 theme cell 519:522 arg1 processes 535:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 0 35 theme COPII 50:54 arg1 coat 56:59 the COPII coat 46:59 the COPII coat 46:59 Evidence for nutrient-dependent regulation of the COPII coat by O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 3 36 theme biological 524:533 arg1 processes 535:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 3 37 from impact 497:502 arg1 processes 535:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 1 38 theme dynamic 128:134 arg1 form 136:139 a dynamic form 126:139 a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms 126:216 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 1 38 theme dynamic 128:134 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 90:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 81:110 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 81:121 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 4 39 from reticulum 747:755 arg1 trafficking 714:724 anterograde vesicle trafficking 694:724 anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 694:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 6 40 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1080:1094 arg1 conduit 1055:1061 the conduit 1051:1061 the conduit of COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation 1051:1094 Our work suggests a new connection between metabolism and trafficking through the conduit of COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 5 41 theme site-specific 944:956 arg1 glycosylation 958:970 site-specific glycosylation 944:970 site-specific glycosylation 944:970 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 3 42 theme fundamental 507:517 arg1 processes 535:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 fundamental cell biological processes 507:543 Despite this pathophysiological significance, key aspects of O-GlcNAc signaling remain incompletely understood, including its impact on fundamental cell biological processes. 34142147 6 43 theme protein 1072:1078 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1080:1094 COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation 1066:1094 COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation 1066:1094 Our work suggests a new connection between metabolism and trafficking through the conduit of COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 4 44 theme anterograde 694:704 arg1 trafficking 714:724 anterograde vesicle trafficking 694:724 anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 694:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 5 45 theme pathway 917:923 arg1 regulation 925:934 potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation 888:934 potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation 888:970 We identify new O-GlcNAcylation sites on Sec24C, Sec24D and Sec31A, core components of the COPII system, and provide evidence for potential nutrient-sensitive pathway regulation through site-specific glycosylation. 34142147 1 46 from plants 191:196 arg1 common 172:177 common 172:177 common 172:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 34142147 4 47 theme vesicle 706:712 arg1 trafficking 714:724 anterograde vesicle trafficking 694:724 anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum 694:755 Here, we investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the coat protein II complex (COPII), a system universally conserved in eukaryotes that mediates anterograde vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. 34142147 6 48 theme COPII 1066:1070 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1080:1094 COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation 1066:1094 COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation 1066:1094 Our work suggests a new connection between metabolism and trafficking through the conduit of COPII protein O-GlcNAcylation. 34142147 2 49 gly O-GlcNAcylation 219:233 arg1 neurodegeneration 329:345 neurodegeneration 329:345 neurodegeneration 329:345 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 49 gly O-GlcNAcylation 219:233 arg1 syndrome 361:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 metabolic syndrome 351:368 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 49 gly O-GlcNAcylation 219:233 arg1 cancer 321:326 cancer 321:326 cancer 321:326 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 49 gly O-GlcNAcylation 219:233 arg1 diseases 303:310 myriad human diseases 290:310 myriad human diseases 290:310 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 2 50 theme mammalian 251:259 arg1 cells 261:265 mammalian cells 251:265 mammalian cells 251:265 O-GlcNAcylation is essential in mammalian cells and is dysregulated in myriad human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. 34142147 1 51 theme intracellular 144:156 arg1 glycosylation 158:170 intracellular glycosylation 144:170 intracellular glycosylation 144:170 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic form of intracellular glycosylation common in animals, plants and other organisms. 33908008 2 0 theme antibodies 360:369 arg1 analysis 348:355 the analysis 344:355 the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins 344:400 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 4 1 theme number 620:625 arg1 preparation 597:607 simultaneous preparation 584:607 simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples 584:636 Sample preparation has been optimized and simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples can be achieved within a day. 33908008 4 2 theme large 614:618 arg1 number 620:625 a large number 612:625 a large number of samples 612:636 Sample preparation has been optimized and simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples can be achieved within a day. 33908008 4 3 theme Sample 542:547 arg1 preparation 549:559 Sample preparation 542:559 Sample preparation 542:559 Sample preparation has been optimized and simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples can be achieved within a day. 33908008 5 4 theme MS 679:680 arg1 tool 733:736 an additional tool 719:736 an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type 719:770 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection is an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type. 33908008 5 4 theme MS 679:680 arg1 use 672:674 The use 668:674 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection 668:714 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection is an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type. 33908008 0 5 with Derivatization 82:95 arg1 Anthranilamide 114:127 Fluorescent Anthranilamide 102:127 Fluorescent Anthranilamide 102:127 Profiling of N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein by UPLC-FLR-ESI-MS After Derivatization with Fluorescent Anthranilamide. 33908008 4 6 theme samples 630:636 arg1 number 620:625 a large number 612:625 a large number of samples 612:636 Sample preparation has been optimized and simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples can be achieved within a day. 33908008 0 7 theme Fluorescent 102:112 arg1 Anthranilamide 114:127 Fluorescent Anthranilamide 102:127 Fluorescent Anthranilamide 102:127 Profiling of N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein by UPLC-FLR-ESI-MS After Derivatization with Fluorescent Anthranilamide. 33908008 5 8 theme N-glycan 758:765 arg1 type 767:770 the N-glycan type 754:770 the N-glycan type 754:770 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection is an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type. 33908008 3 9 theme high-throughput 443:457 arg1 method 407:412 The method 403:412 The method described here 403:427 The method described here is a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS. 33908008 3 9 theme high-throughput 443:457 arg1 method 459:464 a fast and high-throughput method 432:464 a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS 432:539 The method described here is a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS. 33908008 2 10 theme characterization 313:328 arg1 type 286:289 type 286:289 type 286:289 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 2 10 theme characterization 313:328 arg1 parameter 330:338 a characterization parameter 311:338 a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins 311:400 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 2 10 theme characterization 313:328 arg1 extent 275:280 extent 275:280 extent 275:280 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 2 11 theme proteins 393:400 arg1 analysis 348:355 the analysis 344:355 the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins 344:400 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 3 12 theme fast 434:437 arg1 method 407:412 The method 403:412 The method described here 403:427 The method described here is a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS. 33908008 3 12 theme fast 434:437 arg1 method 459:464 a fast and high-throughput method 432:464 a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS 432:539 The method described here is a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS. 33908008 0 13 theme Oligosaccharides 22:37 arg1 Profiling 0:8 Profiling 0:8 Profiling of N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein by UPLC-FLR-ESI-MS After Derivatization with Fluorescent Anthranilamide. 0:128 Profiling of N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein by UPLC-FLR-ESI-MS After Derivatization with Fluorescent Anthranilamide. 33908008 4 14 theme simultaneous 584:595 arg1 preparation 597:607 simultaneous preparation 584:607 simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples 584:636 Sample preparation has been optimized and simultaneous preparation of a large number of samples can be achieved within a day. 33908008 1 15 theme proteins 213:220 arg1 properties 187:196 the properties 183:196 the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy 183:251 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 0 16 theme N-Linked 13:20 arg1 Oligosaccharides 22:37 N-Linked Oligosaccharides 13:37 N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein 13:55 Profiling of N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein by UPLC-FLR-ESI-MS After Derivatization with Fluorescent Anthranilamide. 33908008 5 17 theme additional 722:731 arg1 tool 733:736 an additional tool 719:736 an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type 719:770 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection is an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type. 33908008 5 17 theme additional 722:731 arg1 use 672:674 The use 668:674 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection 668:714 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection is an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type. 33908008 2 18 theme glycosylation 294:306 arg1 type 286:289 type 286:289 type 286:289 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 2 18 theme glycosylation 294:306 arg1 extent 275:280 extent 275:280 extent 275:280 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 2 18 theme glycosylation 294:306 arg1 parameter 330:338 a characterization parameter 311:338 a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins 311:400 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 2 19 theme therapeutic 381:391 arg1 proteins 393:400 other therapeutic proteins 375:400 other therapeutic proteins 375:400 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 1 20 theme therapeutic 201:211 arg1 efficacy 244:251 efficacy 244:251 efficacy 244:251 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 1 20 theme therapeutic 201:211 arg1 proteins 213:220 therapeutic proteins 201:220 therapeutic proteins 201:220 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 1 20 theme therapeutic 201:211 arg1 safety 233:238 safety 233:238 safety 233:238 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 3 21 theme N-glycans 511:519 arg1 semiquantification 489:506 semiquantification 489:506 semiquantification 489:506 The method described here is a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS. 33908008 3 21 theme N-glycans 511:519 arg1 identification 470:483 identification 470:483 identification 470:483 The method described here is a fast and high-throughput method for identification and semiquantification of N-glycans by HILIC-FLR-ESI-MS. 33908008 0 22 theme Glycoprotein 44:55 arg1 Oligosaccharides 22:37 N-Linked Oligosaccharides 13:37 N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein 13:55 Profiling of N-Linked Oligosaccharides of a Glycoprotein by UPLC-FLR-ESI-MS After Derivatization with Fluorescent Anthranilamide. 33908008 5 23 theme fluorescence 693:704 arg1 detection 706:714 fluorescence detection 693:714 fluorescence detection 693:714 The use of MS coupled to fluorescence detection is an additional tool for identifying the N-glycan type. 33908008 1 24 theme large 164:168 arg1 influence 170:178 a large influence 162:178 a large influence 162:178 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 2 25 theme other 375:379 arg1 proteins 393:400 other therapeutic proteins 375:400 other therapeutic proteins 375:400 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 33908008 1 26 contain have 157:160 arg2 influence 170:178 a large influence 162:178 a large influence 162:178 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 1 26 contain have 157:160 arg1 N-glycans 130:138 N-glycans 130:138 N-glycans 130:138 N-glycans are described to have a large influence on the properties of therapeutic proteins, including safety and efficacy. 33908008 2 27 dep extent 275:280 arg1 the 271:273 the 271:273 the 271:273 For this reason, the extent and type of glycosylation is a characterization parameter for the analysis of antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. 31724933 4 0 from regions 617:623 arg1 interactions 641:652 virus-vector interactions 628:652 virus-vector interactions 628:652 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 3 1 theme N-linked 323:330 arg1 sites 346:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 5 2 theme single 680:685 arg1 variabilis 703:712 single Neohydatothrips variabilis 680:712 single Neohydatothrips variabilis 680:712 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 3 theme opening 954:960 arg1 avenues 966:972 opening new avenues 954:972 opening new avenues 954:972 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 3 theme opening 954:960 arg1 efficiency 942:951 transmission efficiency 929:951 transmission efficiency 929:951 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 4 theme Neohydatothrips 687:701 arg1 variabilis 703:712 single Neohydatothrips variabilis 680:712 single Neohydatothrips variabilis 680:712 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 5 theme peptide 763:769 arg1 NASIAAAHEVSQE 771:783 peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE 763:783 peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE 763:783 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 3 6 theme Glycoprotein 295:306 arg1 motifs 312:317 Glycoprotein RGD motifs 295:317 Glycoprotein RGD motifs 295:317 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 3 7 theme receptor 383:390 arg1 binding 392:398 receptor binding 383:398 receptor binding 383:398 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 4 8 theme N 567:567 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 0 9 theme Transmission 0:11 arg1 blockage 13:20 Transmission blockage 0:20 Transmission blockage of an orthotospovirus 0:42 Transmission blockage of an orthotospovirus using synthetic peptides. 31724933 4 10 theme virus 561:565 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 2 11 gly glycoproteins 257:269 arg1 glycoproteins 257:269 the viral glycoproteins 247:269 the viral glycoproteins 247:269 Virions travel through the foregut and enter midgut epithelial cells through the interaction between the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. 31724933 4 12 theme necrosis 552:559 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 3 13 theme RGD 308:310 arg1 motifs 312:317 Glycoprotein RGD motifs 295:317 Glycoprotein RGD motifs 295:317 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 5 14 theme RLTGECNITKVSLTN 825:839 arg1 NASIAAAHEVSQE 771:783 peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE 763:783 peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE 763:783 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 14 theme RLTGECNITKVSLTN 825:839 arg1 combination 792:802 the combination 788:802 the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN 788:839 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 3 15 theme important 408:416 arg1 roles 418:422 important roles 408:422 important roles 408:422 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 2 16 theme midgut 191:196 arg1 cells 209:213 midgut epithelial cells 191:213 midgut epithelial cells 191:213 Virions travel through the foregut and enter midgut epithelial cells through the interaction between the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. 31724933 5 17 theme NASIRGDHEVSQE 807:819 arg1 NASIAAAHEVSQE 771:783 peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE 763:783 peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE 763:783 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 17 theme NASIRGDHEVSQE 807:819 arg1 combination 792:802 the combination 788:802 the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN 788:839 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 3 18 link N-linked 323:330 arg1 sites 346:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 2 19 theme viral 251:255 arg1 glycoproteins 257:269 the viral glycoproteins 247:269 the viral glycoproteins 247:269 Virions travel through the foregut and enter midgut epithelial cells through the interaction between the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. 31724933 0 20 theme orthotospovirus 28:42 arg1 blockage 13:20 Transmission blockage 0:20 Transmission blockage of an orthotospovirus 0:42 Transmission blockage of an orthotospovirus using synthetic peptides. 31724933 3 21 theme host 444:447 arg1 cells 449:453 host cells 444:453 host cells 444:453 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 3 22 theme virus 427:431 arg1 entry 433:437 virus entry 427:437 virus entry into host cells 427:453 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 3 23 theme glycosylation 332:344 arg1 sites 346:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 31724933 5 24 theme new 962:964 arg1 avenues 966:972 opening new avenues 954:972 opening new avenues 954:972 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 24 theme new 962:964 arg1 efficiency 942:951 transmission efficiency 929:951 transmission efficiency 929:951 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 0 25 theme synthetic 50:58 arg1 peptides 60:67 synthetic peptides 50:67 synthetic peptides 50:67 Transmission blockage of an orthotospovirus using synthetic peptides. 31724933 4 26 theme vein 547:550 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 1 27 theme infected 129:136 arg1 tissue 138:143 infected tissue 129:143 infected tissue 129:143 Orthotospoviruses are acquired by thrips during feeding on infected tissue. 31724933 4 28 theme soybean 539:545 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 4 29 gly glycoprotein 569:580 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 5 30 theme diseases 992:999 arg1 control 981:987 the control 977:987 the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses 977:1027 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 4 31 used utilized 587:594 arg2 peptides 513:520 peptides 513:520 peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 513:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 2 32 theme cellular 275:282 arg1 receptors 284:292 cellular receptors 275:292 cellular receptors 275:292 Virions travel through the foregut and enter midgut epithelial cells through the interaction between the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. 31724933 4 33 attach derived 522:528 arg2 peptides 513:520 peptides 513:520 peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 513:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 4 33 attach derived 522:528 arg1 glycoprotein 569:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein 535:580 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 4 34 theme critical 608:615 arg1 regions 617:623 critical regions 608:623 critical regions in virus-vector interactions 608:652 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 2 35 theme epithelial 198:207 arg1 cells 209:213 midgut epithelial cells 191:213 midgut epithelial cells 191:213 Virions travel through the foregut and enter midgut epithelial cells through the interaction between the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. 31724933 5 36 theme transmission 929:940 arg1 avenues 966:972 opening new avenues 954:972 opening new avenues 954:972 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 5 36 theme transmission 929:940 arg1 efficiency 942:951 transmission efficiency 929:951 transmission efficiency 929:951 Transmission mediated by single Neohydatothrips variabilis dropped by more than 2/3 when thrips were fed on peptide NASIAAAHEVSQE or the combination of NASIRGDHEVSQE and RLTGECNITKVSLTN when compared to the controls; indicating that this strategy could significantly reduce transmission efficiency, opening new avenues in the control of diseases caused by orthotospoviruses. 31724933 4 37 theme virus-vector 628:639 arg1 interactions 641:652 virus-vector interactions 628:652 virus-vector interactions 628:652 In this study, peptides derived from the soybean vein necrosis virus N glycoprotein were utilized to identify critical regions in virus-vector interactions. 31724933 3 38 gly glycosylation 332:344 arg2 sites 346:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 N-linked glycosylation sites 323:350 Glycoprotein RGD motifs and N-linked glycosylation sites have been predicted to mediate receptor binding or play important roles in virus entry into host cells, yet their function needs to be validated. 33335689 5 0 theme new 790:792 arg1 sites 794:798 new sites 790:798 new sites 790:798 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 2 1 located observed 365:372 arg1 linker 381:386 the linker 377:386 the linker 377:386 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 2 1 located observed 365:372 arg2 glycosylation 342:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 4 2 theme protein 719:725 arg1 attributes 735:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 1 3 theme immunoglobulin 146:159 arg1 IgG1 165:168 IgG1 165:168 IgG1 165:168 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 1 3 theme immunoglobulin 146:159 arg1 G1 161:162 immunoglobulin G1 146:162 immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) 146:169 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 6 4 theme glycan 1048:1053 arg1 transferase 1055:1065 glycan transferase 1048:1065 glycan transferase 1048:1065 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 6 5 theme O-glycosylation 950:964 arg1 initiation 966:975 O-glycosylation initiation 950:975 O-glycosylation initiation 950:975 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 0 6 from insights 14:21 arg1 attributes 114:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 9 7 theme new 1549:1551 arg1 design 1573:1578 new therapeutic protein design 1549:1578 new therapeutic protein design 1549:1578 Findings from this study shed light on new therapeutic protein design and development. 33335689 1 8 theme G1 161:162 arg1 linker 191:196 a common linker 182:196 a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 182:231 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 1 8 theme G1 161:162 arg1 region 136:141 The hinge region 126:141 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) 126:169 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 4 9 from impacts 708:714 arg1 attributes 735:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 9 from impacts 708:714 arg1 protein 692:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 3 10 theme posttranslational 447:463 arg1 modification 465:476 this unusual posttranslational modification 434:476 this unusual posttranslational modification 434:476 However, the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification is unknown. 33335689 5 11 gly O-glycosylation 896:910 arg2 sites 912:916 all potential O-glycosylation sites 882:916 all potential O-glycosylation sites 882:916 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 2 12 theme mass 271:274 arg1 spectrometry 276:287 high-resolution mass spectrometry 255:287 high-resolution mass spectrometry 255:287 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 6 13 theme linker 1029:1034 arg1 peptide 1036:1042 the linker peptide 1025:1042 the linker peptide 1025:1042 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 2 14 theme high-resolution 255:269 arg1 spectrometry 276:287 high-resolution mass spectrometry 255:287 high-resolution mass spectrometry 255:287 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 2 15 theme strategies 310:319 arg1 advances 243:250 the advances 239:250 the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies 239:319 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 0 16 theme quality 106:112 arg1 attributes 114:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 17 theme computational 591:603 arg1 modeling 605:612 computational modeling 591:612 computational modeling 591:612 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 8 18 theme linker 1439:1444 arg1 O-glycans 1446:1454 linker O-glycans 1439:1454 linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1439:1507 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 8 19 theme protein 1347:1353 arg1 effect 1383:1388 a desirable effect 1371:1388 a desirable effect 1371:1388 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 8 19 theme protein 1347:1353 arg1 aggregation 1355:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation 1335:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation 1335:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 4 20 theme Fc-fusion 682:690 arg1 protein 692:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 0 21 theme protein 98:104 arg1 attributes 114:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 7 22 theme O-glycan-free 1205:1217 arg1 proteins 1235:1242 O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins 1205:1242 O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins 1205:1242 As predicted, O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins were more homogenous for sialylation, and interestingly less prone to protein aggregation. 33335689 6 23 theme molecular 1155:1163 arg1 modeling 1165:1172 molecular modeling 1155:1172 molecular modeling 1155:1172 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 4 24 theme CTLA4 676:680 arg1 protein 692:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 25 theme analytical 560:569 arg1 chromatography 571:584 analytical chromatography 560:584 analytical chromatography 560:584 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 2 26 theme treatment 300:308 arg1 strategies 310:319 sample treatment strategies 293:319 sample treatment strategies 293:319 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 5 27 theme potential 886:894 arg1 sites 912:916 all potential O-glycosylation sites 882:916 all potential O-glycosylation sites 882:916 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 0 28 theme Computational 0:12 arg1 insights 14:21 Computational insights 0:21 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 0:78 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 2 29 theme sample 293:298 arg1 strategies 310:319 sample treatment strategies 293:319 sample treatment strategies 293:319 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 5 30 theme O-glycosylation 896:910 arg1 sites 912:916 all potential O-glycosylation sites 882:916 all potential O-glycosylation sites 882:916 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 0 31 gly O-glycosylation 28:42 arg1 linker 73:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 5 32 theme initial 808:814 arg1 site 832:835 an initial O-glycosylation site 805:835 an initial O-glycosylation site 805:835 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 8 33 theme bond 1492:1495 arg1 reformation 1497:1507 inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1470:1507 inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1470:1507 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 6 34 theme linker 1114:1119 arg1 flexibility 1121:1131 the linker flexibility 1110:1131 the linker flexibility 1110:1131 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 8 35 theme O-glycans 1446:1454 arg1 presence 1427:1434 the reduced presence 1415:1434 the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1415:1507 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 9 36 from study 1529:1533 arg1 Findings 1510:1517 Findings 1510:1517 Findings from this study 1510:1533 Findings from this study shed light on new therapeutic protein design and development. 33335689 2 37 theme spectrometry 276:287 arg1 advances 243:250 the advances 239:250 the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies 239:319 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 5 38 theme O-glycosylation 816:830 arg1 site 832:835 an initial O-glycosylation site 805:835 an initial O-glycosylation site 805:835 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 9 39 theme protein 1565:1571 arg1 design 1573:1578 new therapeutic protein design 1549:1578 new therapeutic protein design 1549:1578 Findings from this study shed light on new therapeutic protein design and development. 33335689 7 40 theme Fc-fusion 1225:1233 arg1 proteins 1235:1242 O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins 1205:1242 O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins 1205:1242 As predicted, O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins were more homogenous for sialylation, and interestingly less prone to protein aggregation. 33335689 4 41 theme quality 727:733 arg1 attributes 735:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 2 42 gly glycosylation 342:354 arg1 linker 381:386 the linker 377:386 the linker 377:386 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 4 43 theme used 671:674 arg1 protein 692:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 6 44 theme complex 999:1005 arg1 formation 1007:1015 the complex formation 995:1015 the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase 995:1065 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 8 45 theme Attenuating 1335:1345 arg1 effect 1383:1388 a desirable effect 1371:1388 a desirable effect 1371:1388 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 8 45 theme Attenuating 1335:1345 arg1 aggregation 1355:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation 1335:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation 1335:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 3 46 theme unusual 439:445 arg1 modification 465:476 this unusual posttranslational modification 434:476 this unusual posttranslational modification 434:476 However, the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification is unknown. 33335689 3 47 theme molecular 402:410 arg1 mechanism 412:420 the molecular mechanism 398:420 the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification 398:476 However, the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification is unknown. 33335689 3 47 theme molecular 402:410 arg1 unknown 481:487 unknown 481:487 unknown 481:487 However, the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification is unknown. 33335689 8 48 theme desirable 1373:1381 arg1 effect 1383:1388 a desirable effect 1371:1388 a desirable effect 1371:1388 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 8 48 theme desirable 1373:1381 arg1 aggregation 1355:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation 1335:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation 1335:1365 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 8 49 theme disulfide 1482:1490 arg1 reformation 1497:1507 inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1470:1507 inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1470:1507 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 1 50 theme common 184:189 arg1 linker 191:196 a common linker 182:196 a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 182:231 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 1 50 theme common 184:189 arg1 region 136:141 The hinge region 126:141 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) 126:169 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 0 51 theme Fc-fusion 55:63 arg1 linker 73:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 52 theme site-direct 516:526 arg1 mutagenesis 528:538 site-direct mutagenesis 516:538 site-direct mutagenesis 516:538 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 2 53 link O-linked 333:340 arg1 glycosylation 342:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 7 54 theme protein 1314:1320 arg1 aggregation 1322:1332 protein aggregation 1314:1332 protein aggregation 1314:1332 As predicted, O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins were more homogenous for sialylation, and interestingly less prone to protein aggregation. 33335689 2 55 theme O-linked 333:340 arg1 glycosylation 342:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 0 56 theme CTLA4 49:53 arg1 linker 73:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 57 theme mass 541:544 arg1 spectrometry 546:557 mass spectrometry 541:557 mass spectrometry 541:557 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 6 58 theme initiation 966:975 arg1 Site-preference 931:945 Site-preference 931:945 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation 931:975 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 1 59 used used 174:177 arg2 linker 191:196 a common linker 182:196 a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 182:231 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 1 59 used used 174:177 arg2 region 136:141 The hinge region 126:141 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) 126:169 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 2 60 theme unexpected 322:331 arg1 glycosylation 342:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 unexpected O-linked glycosylation 322:354 With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. 33335689 7 61 theme CTLA4 1219:1223 arg1 proteins 1235:1242 O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins 1205:1242 O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins 1205:1242 As predicted, O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins were more homogenous for sialylation, and interestingly less prone to protein aggregation. 33335689 8 62 theme inter-chain 1470:1480 arg1 reformation 1497:1507 inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1470:1507 inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1470:1507 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 6 63 theme O-glycosylating 1079:1093 arg1 efficiency 1095:1104 the O-glycosylating efficiency 1075:1104 the O-glycosylating efficiency 1075:1104 Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. 33335689 1 64 theme hinge 130:134 arg1 linker 191:196 a common linker 182:196 a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 182:231 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 1 64 theme hinge 130:134 arg1 region 136:141 The hinge region 126:141 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) 126:169 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 8 65 theme reduced 1419:1425 arg1 presence 1427:1434 the reduced presence 1415:1434 the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation 1415:1507 Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. 33335689 4 66 from processes 645:653 arg1 attributes 735:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 protein quality attributes 719:744 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 66 from processes 645:653 arg1 protein 692:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 658:698 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 0 67 from impact 88:93 arg1 attributes 114:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 protein quality attributes 98:123 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 5 68 gly O-glycosylation 816:830 arg2 site 832:835 an initial O-glycosylation site 805:835 an initial O-glycosylation site 805:835 Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. 33335689 9 69 theme therapeutic 1553:1563 arg1 design 1573:1578 new therapeutic protein design 1549:1578 new therapeutic protein design 1549:1578 Findings from this study shed light on new therapeutic protein design and development. 33335689 1 70 theme Fc-fusion 202:210 arg1 proteins 224:231 Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 202:231 Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 202:231 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 33335689 0 71 theme protein 65:71 arg1 linker 73:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 0 72 from O-glycosylation 28:42 arg1 linker 73:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker 47:78 Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. 33335689 4 73 theme O-glycosylation 629:643 arg1 processes 645:653 O-glycosylation processes 629:653 O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein 629:698 In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. 33335689 1 74 theme therapeutic 212:222 arg1 proteins 224:231 Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 202:231 Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins 202:231 The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. 32293671 5 0 theme non-redundant 702:714 arg1 substrate 716:724 a non-redundant substrate 700:724 a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2 700:735 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 5 0 theme non-redundant 702:714 arg1 O-glycosylation 659:673 O-glycosylation 659:673 O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III 659:697 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 2 1 theme GALNT2-congenital 332:348 arg1 disorder 350:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder 332:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG) 332:387 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 1 theme GALNT2-congenital 332:348 arg1 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 1 theme GALNT2-congenital 332:348 arg1 disorder 416:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 8 2 theme behavioural 1242:1252 arg1 studies 1254:1260 behavioural studies 1242:1260 behavioural studies 1242:1260 In behavioural studies, GALNT2-CDG mice demonstrated cerebellar motor deficits, decreased sociability, and impaired sensory integration and processing. 32293671 6 3 theme brain 982:986 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 4 theme autistic 884:891 arg1 features 893:900 autistic features 884:900 autistic features 884:900 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 2 5 from families 318:325 arg1 features 281:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features 240:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder 240:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 5 from families 318:325 arg1 patients 299:306 seven patients 293:306 seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder 293:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 6 6 from changes 971:977 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 5 7 theme apolipoprotein 678:691 arg1 C-III 693:697 apolipoprotein C-III 678:697 apolipoprotein C-III 678:697 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 2 8 theme biochemical 254:264 arg1 features 281:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features 240:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder 240:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 6 9 theme white 958:962 arg1 changes 971:977 white matter changes 958:977 white matter changes on brain MRI 958:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 1 10 theme deficient 181:189 arg1 protein 191:197 deficient protein 181:197 deficient protein 181:197 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 8 11 theme cerebellar 1292:1301 arg1 deficits 1309:1316 cerebellar motor deficits 1292:1316 cerebellar motor deficits 1292:1316 In behavioural studies, GALNT2-CDG mice demonstrated cerebellar motor deficits, decreased sociability, and impaired sensory integration and processing. 32293671 6 12 theme decreased 1037:1045 arg1 levels 1084:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 0 13 link O-linked 29:36 arg1 glycosylation 38:50 O-linked glycosylation 29:50 O-linked glycosylation 29:50 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 6 14 from insomnia 948:955 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 deficit 875:881 language deficit 866:881 language deficit 866:881 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 abnormalities 915:927 behavioural abnormalities 903:927 behavioural abnormalities 903:927 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 epilepsy 930:937 epilepsy 930:937 epilepsy 930:937 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 changes 971:977 white matter changes 958:977 white matter changes on brain MRI 958:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 features 1004:1011 dysmorphic features 993:1011 dysmorphic features 993:1011 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 levels 1084:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 features 893:900 autistic features 884:900 autistic features 884:900 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 stature 1024:1030 decreased stature 1014:1030 decreased stature 1014:1030 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 15 with disability 850:859 arg1 insomnia 948:955 chronic insomnia 940:955 chronic insomnia 940:955 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 7 16 theme GALNT2-CDG 1125:1134 arg1 models 1115:1120 Rodent (mouse and rat) models 1092:1120 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG 1092:1134 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 7 16 theme GALNT2-CDG 1125:1134 arg1 rat 1110:1112 rat 1110:1112 rat 1110:1112 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 7 16 theme GALNT2-CDG 1125:1134 arg1 mouse 1100:1104 mouse 1100:1104 mouse 1100:1104 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 6 17 theme decreased 1014:1022 arg1 stature 1024:1030 decreased stature 1014:1030 decreased stature 1014:1030 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 2 18 theme clinical 244:251 arg1 features 281:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features 240:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder 240:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 1 19 theme growing 131:137 arg1 disorders 161:169 rare genetic disorders 148:169 rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 148:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 19 theme growing 131:137 arg1 disorders 98:106 Congenital disorders 87:106 Congenital disorders of glycosylation 87:123 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 19 theme growing 131:137 arg1 group 139:143 a growing group 129:143 a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 129:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 0 20 theme GALNT2 62:67 arg1 loss 69:72 GALNT2 loss 62:72 GALNT2 loss of function 62:84 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 9 21 theme multisystem 1395:1405 arg1 nature 1407:1412 The multisystem nature 1391:1412 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1391:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 1 22 theme genetic 153:159 arg1 disorders 161:169 rare genetic disorders 148:169 rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 148:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 6 23 theme cholesterol 1072:1082 arg1 levels 1084:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 24 theme density 1052:1058 arg1 levels 1084:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 25 from levels 1084:1089 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 0 26 theme Novel 0:4 arg1 disorder 17:24 Novel congenital disorder 0:24 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation 0:50 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 1 27 theme Congenital 87:96 arg1 disorders 161:169 rare genetic disorders 148:169 rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 148:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 27 theme Congenital 87:96 arg1 disorders 98:106 Congenital disorders 87:106 Congenital disorders of glycosylation 87:123 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 27 theme Congenital 87:96 arg1 group 139:143 a growing group 129:143 a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 129:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 6 28 from features 893:900 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 3 29 theme N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 473:508 arg1 isoenzyme 512:520 the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme 441:520 the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme 441:520 GALNT2 encodes the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme. 32293671 3 29 theme N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 473:508 arg1 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 encodes the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme. 32293671 4 30 theme mucin-type 595:604 arg1 O-glycosylation 614:628 mucin-type protein O-glycosylation 595:628 mucin-type protein O-glycosylation 595:628 GALNT2 is widely expressed in most cell types and directs initiation of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation. 32293671 3 31 theme Golgi-localized 445:459 arg1 isoenzyme 512:520 the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme 441:520 the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme 441:520 GALNT2 encodes the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme. 32293671 3 31 theme Golgi-localized 445:459 arg1 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 encodes the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme. 32293671 2 32 theme O-linked 393:400 arg1 disorder 350:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder 332:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG) 332:387 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 32 theme O-linked 393:400 arg1 disorder 416:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 0 33 theme O-linked 29:36 arg1 glycosylation 38:50 O-linked glycosylation 29:50 O-linked glycosylation 29:50 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 9 34 theme GALNT2-CDG 1461:1470 arg1 models 1451:1456 rodent models 1444:1456 rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1444:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 9 34 theme GALNT2-CDG 1461:1470 arg1 patients 1431:1438 patients 1431:1438 patients 1431:1438 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 6 35 theme chronic 940:946 arg1 insomnia 948:955 chronic insomnia 940:955 chronic insomnia 940:955 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 7 36 dep models 1115:1120 arg1 models 1115:1120 Rodent (mouse and rat) models 1092:1120 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG 1092:1134 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 7 36 dep models 1115:1120 arg1 rat 1110:1112 rat 1110:1112 rat 1110:1112 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 7 36 dep models 1115:1120 arg1 mouse 1100:1104 mouse 1100:1104 mouse 1100:1104 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 4 37 theme cell 558:561 arg1 types 563:567 most cell types 553:567 most cell types 553:567 GALNT2 is widely expressed in most cell types and directs initiation of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation. 32293671 7 38 theme neurodevelopmental 1205:1222 arg1 abnormalities 1224:1236 neurodevelopmental abnormalities 1205:1236 neurodevelopmental abnormalities 1205:1236 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 6 39 from stature 1024:1030 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 40 theme developmental 816:828 arg1 delay 830:834 global developmental delay 809:834 global developmental delay 809:834 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 40 theme developmental 816:828 arg1 disability 850:859 intellectual disability 837:859 intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 837:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 2 41 theme glycosylation 362:374 arg1 disorder 350:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder 332:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG) 332:387 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 41 theme glycosylation 362:374 arg1 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 41 theme glycosylation 362:374 arg1 disorder 416:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 9 42 theme non-redundant 1504:1516 arg1 substrates 1526:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates 1495:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 1495:1545 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 6 43 theme dysmorphic 993:1002 arg1 features 1004:1011 dysmorphic features 993:1011 dysmorphic features 993:1011 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 7 44 theme poor 1189:1192 arg1 growth 1194:1199 poor growth 1189:1199 poor growth 1189:1199 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 4 45 theme O-glycosylation 614:628 arg1 initiation 581:590 initiation 581:590 initiation of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation 581:628 GALNT2 is widely expressed in most cell types and directs initiation of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation. 32293671 2 46 theme molecular 271:279 arg1 features 281:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features 240:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder 240:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 9 47 theme GALNT2 1540:1545 arg1 substrates 1526:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates 1495:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 1495:1545 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 7 48 theme human 1162:1166 arg1 phenotype 1168:1176 the human phenotype 1158:1176 the human phenotype 1158:1176 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 1 49 theme disorders 161:169 arg1 disorders 161:169 rare genetic disorders 148:169 rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 148:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 49 theme disorders 161:169 arg1 disorders 98:106 Congenital disorders 87:106 Congenital disorders of glycosylation 87:123 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 49 theme disorders 161:169 arg1 group 139:143 a growing group 129:143 a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 129:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 6 50 theme matter 964:969 arg1 changes 971:977 white matter changes 958:977 white matter changes on brain MRI 958:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 9 51 from patients 1431:1438 arg1 nature 1407:1412 The multisystem nature 1391:1412 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1391:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 5 52 theme C-III 693:697 arg1 substrate 716:724 a non-redundant substrate 700:724 a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2 700:735 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 5 52 theme C-III 693:697 arg1 O-glycosylation 659:673 O-glycosylation 659:673 O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III 659:697 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 6 53 theme language 866:873 arg1 deficit 875:881 language deficit 866:881 language deficit 866:881 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 2 54 theme patients 299:306 arg1 features 281:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features 240:288 the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder 240:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 8 55 theme GALNT2-CDG 1263:1272 arg1 mice 1274:1277 GALNT2-CDG mice 1263:1277 GALNT2-CDG mice 1263:1277 In behavioural studies, GALNT2-CDG mice demonstrated cerebellar motor deficits, decreased sociability, and impaired sensory integration and processing. 32293671 6 56 theme high 1047:1050 arg1 levels 1084:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 9 57 from phenotypes 1417:1426 arg1 models 1451:1456 rodent models 1444:1456 rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1444:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 9 57 from phenotypes 1417:1426 arg1 patients 1431:1438 patients 1431:1438 patients 1431:1438 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 8 58 theme sensory 1355:1361 arg1 integration 1363:1373 sensory integration 1355:1373 sensory integration 1355:1373 In behavioural studies, GALNT2-CDG mice demonstrated cerebellar motor deficits, decreased sociability, and impaired sensory integration and processing. 32293671 6 59 from abnormalities 915:927 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 1 60 theme lipid 203:207 arg1 glycosylation 209:221 lipid glycosylation 203:221 lipid glycosylation 203:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 8 61 theme motor 1303:1307 arg1 deficits 1309:1316 cerebellar motor deficits 1292:1316 cerebellar motor deficits 1292:1316 In behavioural studies, GALNT2-CDG mice demonstrated cerebellar motor deficits, decreased sociability, and impaired sensory integration and processing. 32293671 6 62 from epilepsy 930:937 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 9 63 theme various 1550:1556 arg1 tissues 1558:1564 various tissues 1550:1564 various tissues 1550:1564 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 9 63 theme various 1550:1556 arg1 brain 1577:1581 brain 1577:1581 brain 1577:1581 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 1 64 theme glycosylation 111:123 arg1 disorders 161:169 rare genetic disorders 148:169 rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 148:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 64 theme glycosylation 111:123 arg1 disorders 98:106 Congenital disorders 87:106 Congenital disorders of glycosylation 87:123 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 1 64 theme glycosylation 111:123 arg1 group 139:143 a growing group 129:143 a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 129:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 7 65 theme Rodent 1092:1097 arg1 models 1115:1120 Rodent (mouse and rat) models 1092:1120 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG 1092:1134 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 7 65 theme Rodent 1092:1097 arg1 rat 1110:1112 rat 1110:1112 rat 1110:1112 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 7 65 theme Rodent 1092:1097 arg1 mouse 1100:1104 mouse 1100:1104 mouse 1100:1104 Rodent (mouse and rat) models of GALNT2-CDG recapitulated much of the human phenotype, including poor growth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 32293671 9 66 theme normal 1606:1611 arg1 growth 1613:1618 growth 1613:1618 growth 1613:1618 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 6 67 theme lipoprotein 1060:1070 arg1 levels 1084:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 1037:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 0 68 theme function 77:84 arg1 loss 69:72 GALNT2 loss 62:72 GALNT2 loss of function 62:84 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 1 69 theme rare 148:151 arg1 disorders 161:169 rare genetic disorders 148:169 rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation 148:221 Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing group of rare genetic disorders caused by deficient protein and lipid glycosylation. 32293671 2 70 from features 281:288 arg1 families 318:325 four families 313:325 four families 313:325 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 4 71 theme most 553:556 arg1 types 563:567 most cell types 553:567 most cell types 553:567 GALNT2 is widely expressed in most cell types and directs initiation of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation. 32293671 2 72 with patients 299:306 arg1 disorder 350:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder 332:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG) 332:387 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 72 with patients 299:306 arg1 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 GALNT2-CDG 377:386 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 72 with patients 299:306 arg1 disorder 416:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 9 73 theme phenotypes 1417:1426 arg1 nature 1407:1412 The multisystem nature 1391:1412 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1391:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 9 74 from models 1451:1456 arg1 nature 1407:1412 The multisystem nature 1391:1412 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1391:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 5 75 theme O-glycosylation 659:673 arg1 loss 651:654 loss 651:654 loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2 651:735 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 0 76 theme congenital 6:15 arg1 disorder 17:24 Novel congenital disorder 0:24 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation 0:50 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 9 77 theme rodent 1444:1449 arg1 models 1451:1456 rodent models 1444:1456 rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1444:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 4 78 theme protein 606:612 arg1 O-glycosylation 614:628 mucin-type protein O-glycosylation 595:628 mucin-type protein O-glycosylation 595:628 GALNT2 is widely expressed in most cell types and directs initiation of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation. 32293671 2 79 theme glycosylation 402:414 arg1 disorder 350:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder 332:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG) 332:387 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 79 theme glycosylation 402:414 arg1 disorder 416:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 0 80 theme glycosylation 38:50 arg1 disorder 17:24 Novel congenital disorder 0:24 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation 0:50 Novel congenital disorder of O-linked glycosylation caused by GALNT2 loss of function. 32293671 6 81 from deficit 875:881 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 9 82 from nature 1407:1412 arg1 models 1451:1456 rodent models 1444:1456 rodent models of GALNT2-CDG 1444:1470 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 9 82 from nature 1407:1412 arg1 patients 1431:1438 patients 1431:1438 patients 1431:1438 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 6 83 theme intellectual 837:848 arg1 delay 830:834 global developmental delay 809:834 global developmental delay 809:834 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 83 theme intellectual 837:848 arg1 disability 850:859 intellectual disability 837:859 intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 837:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 3 84 theme polypeptide 461:471 arg1 isoenzyme 512:520 the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme 441:520 the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme 441:520 GALNT2 encodes the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme. 32293671 3 84 theme polypeptide 461:471 arg1 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 426:431 GALNT2 encodes the Golgi-localized polypeptide N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-transferase 2 isoenzyme. 32293671 6 85 from features 1004:1011 arg1 MRI 988:990 brain MRI 982:990 brain MRI 982:990 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 2 86 link O-linked 393:400 arg1 disorder 350:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder 332:357 GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG) 332:387 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 2 86 link O-linked 393:400 arg1 disorder 416:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 an O-linked glycosylation disorder 390:423 Here, we report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of seven patients from four families with GALNT2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (GALNT2-CDG), an O-linked glycosylation disorder. 32293671 6 87 with Patients 738:745 arg1 GALNT2-CDG 752:761 GALNT2-CDG 752:761 GALNT2-CDG 752:761 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 88 theme global 809:814 arg1 delay 830:834 global developmental delay 809:834 global developmental delay 809:834 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 6 88 theme global 809:814 arg1 disability 850:859 intellectual disability 837:859 intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 837:1089 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 9 89 theme multiple 1495:1502 arg1 substrates 1526:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates 1495:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 1495:1545 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32293671 6 90 theme behavioural 903:913 arg1 abnormalities 915:927 behavioural abnormalities 903:927 behavioural abnormalities 903:927 Patients with GALNT2-CDG generally exhibit a syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability with language deficit, autistic features, behavioural abnormalities, epilepsy, chronic insomnia, white matter changes on brain MRI, dysmorphic features, decreased stature, and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 32293671 5 91 gly O-glycosylation 659:673 arg1 C-III 693:697 apolipoprotein C-III 678:697 apolipoprotein C-III 678:697 All patients showed loss of O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III, a non-redundant substrate for GALNT2. 32293671 9 92 theme protein 1518:1524 arg1 substrates 1526:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates 1495:1535 multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 1495:1545 The multisystem nature of phenotypes in patients and rodent models of GALNT2-CDG suggest that there are multiple non-redundant protein substrates of GALNT2 in various tissues, including brain, which are critical to normal growth and development. 32702151 2 0 theme ribosomal 491:499 arg1 sequencing 518:527 ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing 491:527 ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing 491:527 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 4 1 theme different 742:750 arg1 communities 762:772 significantly different microbial communities 728:772 significantly different microbial communities 728:772 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 6 2 theme related 1227:1233 arg1 functions 1217:1225 microbial gene functions 1202:1225 microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1202:1271 Finally, microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were found to be enriched in GDM patients. 32702151 7 3 theme levels 1488:1493 arg1 diagnosis 1453:1461 the diagnosis 1449:1461 the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1449:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 1 4 from glucose 336:342 arg1 microbiome 144:153 the gut microbiome 136:153 the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 136:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 5 theme second 162:167 arg1 trimester 169:177 the second trimester 158:177 the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 158:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 2 6 theme second 536:541 arg1 trimester 543:551 the second trimester 532:551 the second trimester of pregnancy 532:564 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 4 7 dep Firmicutes 830:839 arg1 the 819:821 the 819:821 the 819:821 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 1 8 with glucose 336:342 arg1 levels 302:307 fasting serum levels 288:307 fasting serum levels of metabolites 288:322 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 5 9 theme decreased 1048:1056 arg1 genera 1058:1063 decreased genera 1048:1063 decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients 1048:1108 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 3 10 contain had 612:614 arg1 patients 603:610 GDM patients 599:610 GDM patients 599:610 RESULTS Our results showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits. 32702151 3 10 contain had 612:614 arg2 α-diversity 622:632 lower α-diversity 616:632 lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits 616:687 RESULTS Our results showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits. 32702151 4 11 theme GDM 785:787 arg1 patients 789:796 GDM patients 785:796 GDM patients 785:796 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 5 12 theme oral 1157:1160 arg1 test 1180:1183 oral glucose tolerance test 1157:1183 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 1 13 from microbiome 144:153 arg1 trimester 169:177 the second trimester 158:177 the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 158:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 7 14 theme serum 1482:1486 arg1 levels 1488:1493 fasting serum levels 1474:1493 fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1474:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 2 15 contain carried 370:376 arg2 study 397:401 a case-control study 382:401 a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy 382:564 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 2 15 contain carried 370:376 arg1 We 367:368 We 367:368 We 367:368 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 7 16 theme microbiota 1382:1391 arg1 composition 1393:1403 changed gut microbiota composition 1370:1403 changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1370:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 6 17 theme glycan 1238:1243 arg1 biosynthesis 1245:1256 glycan biosynthesis 1238:1256 glycan biosynthesis 1238:1256 Finally, microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were found to be enriched in GDM patients. 32702151 4 18 theme coordinates 700:710 arg1 analysis 712:719 Principal coordinates analysis 690:719 Principal coordinates analysis 690:719 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 5 19 theme tolerance 1170:1178 arg1 test 1180:1183 oral glucose tolerance test 1157:1183 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 5 20 theme microbiota 985:994 arg1 analysis 1018:1025 microbiota co-occurrence network analysis 985:1025 microbiota co-occurrence network analysis 985:1025 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 7 21 theme second 1412:1417 arg1 trimester 1419:1427 the second trimester 1408:1427 the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1408:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 5 22 theme test 1180:1183 arg1 values 1185:1190 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 1 23 with changes 125:131 arg1 levels 302:307 fasting serum levels 288:307 fasting serum levels of metabolites 288:322 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 2 24 theme acid 513:516 arg1 sequencing 518:527 ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing 491:527 ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing 491:527 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 2 25 dep MATERIALS 345:353 arg1 carried 370:376 carried 370:376 carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy 370:564 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 5 26 theme glucose 1162:1168 arg1 test 1180:1183 oral glucose tolerance test 1157:1183 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 1 27 theme pregnancy 182:190 arg1 trimester 169:177 the second trimester 158:177 the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 158:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 28 theme fasting 288:294 arg1 levels 302:307 fasting serum levels 288:307 fasting serum levels of metabolites 288:322 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 7 29 theme GDM 1573:1575 arg1 prevention 1545:1554 prevention 1545:1554 prevention 1545:1554 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 7 29 theme GDM 1573:1575 arg1 diagnosis 1534:1542 diagnosis 1534:1542 diagnosis 1534:1542 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 7 29 theme GDM 1573:1575 arg1 treatment 1560:1568 treatment 1560:1568 treatment 1560:1568 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 1 30 from changes 125:131 arg1 microbiome 144:153 the gut microbiome 136:153 the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 136:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 5 31 theme co-occurrence 996:1008 arg1 analysis 1018:1025 microbiota co-occurrence network analysis 985:1025 microbiota co-occurrence network analysis 985:1025 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 5 32 from Firmicutes 1083:1092 arg1 patients 1101:1108 GDM patients 1097:1108 GDM patients 1097:1108 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 2 33 theme case-control 384:395 arg1 study 397:401 a case-control study 382:401 a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy 382:564 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 2 34 theme pregnant 441:448 arg1 women 450:454 220 healthy pregnant women 429:454 220 healthy pregnant women 429:454 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 1 35 theme serum 296:300 arg1 levels 302:307 fasting serum levels 288:307 fasting serum levels of metabolites 288:322 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 36 from relationship 270:281 arg1 microbiome 144:153 the gut microbiome 136:153 the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 136:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 4 37 theme phylum 860:865 arg1 Actinobacteria 867:880 the phylum Actinobacteria 856:880 the phylum Actinobacteria 856:880 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 5 38 theme network 1010:1016 arg1 analysis 1018:1025 microbiota co-occurrence network analysis 985:1025 microbiota co-occurrence network analysis 985:1025 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 7 39 theme gut 1378:1380 arg1 composition 1393:1403 changed gut microbiota composition 1370:1403 changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1370:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 0 40 theme gut 22:24 arg1 microbiota 26:35 gut microbiota 22:35 gut microbiota 22:35 Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma glucose and gestational diabetes mellitus. 32702151 2 41 theme pregnancy 556:564 arg1 trimester 543:551 the second trimester 532:551 the second trimester of pregnancy 532:564 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 5 42 theme significant 1119:1129 arg1 correlation 1140:1150 a significant negative correlation 1117:1150 a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values 1117:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 6 43 theme microbial 1202:1210 arg1 functions 1217:1225 microbial gene functions 1202:1225 microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1202:1271 Finally, microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were found to be enriched in GDM patients. 32702151 1 44 theme later-diagnosed 208:222 arg1 GDM 255:257 GDM 255:257 GDM 255:257 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 44 theme later-diagnosed 208:222 arg1 mellitus 245:252 later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus 208:252 later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 208:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 0 45 theme plasma 38:43 arg1 glucose 45:51 plasma glucose 38:51 plasma glucose 38:51 Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma glucose and gestational diabetes mellitus. 32702151 7 46 theme changed 1370:1376 arg1 composition 1393:1403 changed gut microbiota composition 1370:1403 changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1370:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 3 47 theme glycemic 673:680 arg1 traits 682:687 glycemic traits 673:687 glycemic traits 673:687 RESULTS Our results showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits. 32702151 6 48 theme GDM 1302:1304 arg1 patients 1306:1313 GDM patients 1302:1313 GDM patients 1302:1313 Finally, microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were found to be enriched in GDM patients. 32702151 4 49 theme Principal 690:698 arg1 analysis 712:719 Principal coordinates analysis 690:719 Principal coordinates analysis 690:719 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 1 50 theme gestational 224:234 arg1 GDM 255:257 GDM 255:257 GDM 255:257 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 50 theme gestational 224:234 arg1 mellitus 245:252 later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus 208:252 later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 208:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 51 theme metabolites 312:322 arg1 levels 302:307 fasting serum levels 288:307 fasting serum levels of metabolites 288:322 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 5 52 theme phylum 1076:1081 arg1 Firmicutes 1083:1092 the phylum Firmicutes 1072:1092 the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients 1072:1108 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 1 53 with relationship 270:281 arg1 levels 302:307 fasting serum levels 288:307 fasting serum levels of metabolites 288:322 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 54 theme diabetes 236:243 arg1 GDM 255:257 GDM 255:257 GDM 255:257 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 1 54 theme diabetes 236:243 arg1 mellitus 245:252 later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus 208:252 later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 208:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 2 55 theme fecal 469:473 arg1 samples 475:481 fecal samples 469:481 fecal samples 469:481 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 2 56 theme ribonucleic 501:511 arg1 sequencing 518:527 ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing 491:527 ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing 491:527 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 7 57 dep CONCLUSIONS 1316:1326 arg1 show 1340:1343 show 1340:1343 show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1340:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 5 58 theme GDM 1097:1099 arg1 patients 1101:1108 GDM patients 1097:1108 GDM patients 1097:1108 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 3 59 theme GDM 599:601 arg1 patients 603:610 GDM patients 599:610 GDM patients 599:610 RESULTS Our results showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits. 32702151 4 60 theme microbial 752:760 arg1 communities 762:772 significantly different microbial communities 728:772 significantly different microbial communities 728:772 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 5 61 with correlation 1140:1150 arg1 values 1185:1190 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 oral glucose tolerance test values 1157:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 7 62 dep diagnosis 1534:1542 arg1 the 1530:1532 the 1530:1532 the 1530:1532 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 7 63 theme pregnancy 1432:1440 arg1 trimester 1419:1427 the second trimester 1408:1427 the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1408:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 7 64 theme GDM 1466:1468 arg1 diagnosis 1453:1461 the diagnosis 1449:1461 the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1449:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 6 65 theme gene 1212:1215 arg1 functions 1217:1225 microbial gene functions 1202:1225 microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1202:1271 Finally, microbial gene functions related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were found to be enriched in GDM patients. 32702151 7 66 theme fasting 1474:1480 arg1 levels 1488:1493 fasting serum levels 1474:1493 fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1474:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 7 67 theme metabolites 1498:1508 arg1 levels 1488:1493 fasting serum levels 1474:1493 fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1474:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 7 67 theme metabolites 1498:1508 arg1 GDM 1466:1468 GDM 1466:1468 GDM 1466:1468 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 4 68 theme phylum 823:828 arg1 Firmicutes 830:839 phylum Firmicutes 823:839 phylum Firmicutes 823:839 Principal coordinates analysis showed significantly different microbial communities, as within GDM patients, seven genera within the phylum Firmicutes and two within the phylum Actinobacteria were significantly decreased, and four genera within phylum Bacteroidetes were increased. 32702151 5 69 theme negative 1131:1138 arg1 correlation 1140:1150 a significant negative correlation 1117:1150 a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values 1117:1190 In addition, microbiota co-occurrence network analysis was carried out, and decreased genera within the phylum Firmicutes in GDM patients showed a significant negative correlation with oral glucose tolerance test values. 32702151 1 70 theme gut 140:142 arg1 microbiome 144:153 the gut microbiome 136:153 the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 136:258 AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the changes in the gut microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy associated with later-diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with fasting serum levels of metabolites, especially glucose. 32702151 0 71 theme diabetes 69:76 arg1 mellitus 78:85 gestational diabetes mellitus 57:85 gestational diabetes mellitus 57:85 Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma glucose and gestational diabetes mellitus. 32702151 2 72 theme GDM 412:414 arg1 patients 416:423 110 GDM patients 408:423 110 GDM patients 408:423 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 3 73 theme lower 616:620 arg1 α-diversity 622:632 lower α-diversity 616:632 lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits 616:687 RESULTS Our results showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits. 32702151 3 74 dep RESULTS 567:573 arg1 showed 587:592 showed 587:592 showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits 587:687 RESULTS Our results showed that GDM patients had lower α-diversity that was significantly associated with glycemic traits. 32702151 7 75 from composition 1393:1403 arg1 trimester 1419:1427 the second trimester 1408:1427 the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM 1408:1575 CONCLUSIONS Our results show the relationship between changed gut microbiota composition in the second trimester of pregnancy before the diagnosis of GDM and fasting serum levels of metabolites, which might inform the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GDM. 32702151 0 76 theme gestational 57:67 arg1 mellitus 78:85 gestational diabetes mellitus 57:85 gestational diabetes mellitus 57:85 Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma glucose and gestational diabetes mellitus. 32702151 2 77 with study 397:401 arg1 women 450:454 220 healthy pregnant women 429:454 220 healthy pregnant women 429:454 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 2 77 with study 397:401 arg1 patients 416:423 110 GDM patients 408:423 110 GDM patients 408:423 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 32702151 2 78 theme healthy 433:439 arg1 women 450:454 220 healthy pregnant women 429:454 220 healthy pregnant women 429:454 MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 110 GDM patients and 220 healthy pregnant women who provided fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in the second trimester of pregnancy. 33780840 0 0 theme water 78:82 arg1 purification 84:95 surface water purification 70:95 surface water purification 70:95 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 6 1 theme flocculation 1223:1234 arg1 ability 1236:1242 the flocculation ability 1219:1242 the flocculation ability 1219:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 2 2 theme unpolluted 335:344 arg1 river 368:372 river 368:372 river 368:372 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 2 theme unpolluted 335:344 arg1 water 354:358 unpolluted surface water 335:358 unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM) 335:377 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 4 3 theme bacteria 721:728 arg1 ability 697:703 the flocculation ability 680:703 the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation 680:800 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 4 3 theme bacteria 721:728 arg1 greater 820:826 greater 820:826 greater 820:826 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 0 4 theme surface 70:76 arg1 purification 84:95 surface water purification 70:95 surface water purification 70:95 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 1 5 theme water 165:169 arg1 self-purification 205:221 the self-purification 201:221 the self-purification of surface waters 201:239 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 1 5 theme water 165:169 arg1 systems 184:190 water purification systems 165:190 water purification systems 165:190 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 0 6 from Contribution 0:11 arg1 purification 84:95 surface water purification 70:95 surface water purification 70:95 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 2 7 theme polluted 288:295 arg1 OG 327:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 7 theme polluted 288:295 arg1 water 305:309 polluted surface water 288:309 polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) 288:329 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 8 theme surface 297:303 arg1 OG 327:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 8 theme surface 297:303 arg1 water 305:309 polluted surface water 288:309 polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) 288:329 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 7 9 theme community 1471:1479 arg1 structures 1481:1490 Proteobacteria community structures 1456:1490 Proteobacteria community structures 1456:1490 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 3 10 theme JM 537:538 arg1 Proteobacteria 572:585 Proteobacteria 572:585 Proteobacteria 572:585 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 10 theme JM 537:538 arg1 Firmicutes 557:566 Firmicutes 557:566 Firmicutes 557:566 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 10 theme JM 537:538 arg1 both 548:551 both 548:551 both 548:551 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 10 theme JM 537:538 arg1 waters 540:545 OG and JM waters 530:545 waters 540:545 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 2 11 used used 385:388 arg2 sources 267:273 two water sources 257:273 two water sources 257:273 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 8 12 theme surface 1745:1751 arg1 water 1753:1757 surface water 1745:1757 surface water 1745:1757 These findings provide new information showing how bacterial communities change with environmental factors while maintaining the purity of surface water. 33780840 5 13 theme Further 847:853 arg1 examination 855:865 Further examination 847:865 Further examination 847:865 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 5 14 theme main 888:891 arg1 components 893:902 the main components 884:902 the main components of EPS 884:909 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 5 14 theme main 888:891 arg1 polysaccharides 916:930 polysaccharides 916:930 polysaccharides 916:930 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 6 15 dep COOH 1145:1148 arg1 e.g. 1140:1143 e.g. 1140:1143 e.g. 1140:1143 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 16 theme main 1195:1198 arg1 reasons 1200:1206 the main reasons 1191:1206 the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability 1191:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 16 theme main 1195:1198 arg1 structure 1171:1179 a networked structure 1159:1179 a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability 1159:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 4 17 theme flocculation 684:695 arg1 ability 697:703 the flocculation ability 680:703 the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation 680:800 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 4 17 theme flocculation 684:695 arg1 greater 820:826 greater 820:826 greater 820:826 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 3 18 theme dominant 498:505 arg1 community 517:525 The dominant bacterial community 494:525 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) 494:586 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 7 19 theme bacterial 1249:1257 arg1 diversity 1259:1267 The bacterial diversity 1245:1267 The bacterial diversity 1245:1267 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 1 20 theme purification 171:182 arg1 self-purification 205:221 the self-purification 201:221 the self-purification of surface waters 201:239 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 1 20 theme purification 171:182 arg1 systems 184:190 water purification systems 165:190 water purification systems 165:190 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 2 21 theme water 434:438 arg1 self-purification 405:421 the self-purification 401:421 the self-purification of surface water 401:438 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 22 theme water 261:265 arg1 sources 267:273 two water sources 257:273 two water sources 257:273 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 4 23 theme extracellular 734:746 arg1 substances 758:767 extracellular polymeric substances 734:767 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 734:773 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 4 23 theme extracellular 734:746 arg1 EPS 770:772 EPS 770:772 EPS 770:772 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 5 24 theme important 949:957 arg1 role 959:962 an important role 946:962 an important role 946:962 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 7 25 dep quality 1379:1385 arg1 TOC 1392:1394 TOC 1392:1394 TOC 1392:1394 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 25 dep quality 1379:1385 arg1 NH4+ 1401:1404 NH4+ 1401:1404 NH4+ 1401:1404 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 25 dep quality 1379:1385 arg1 SS 1388:1389 SS 1388:1389 SS 1388:1389 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 6 26 theme bacteria 1042:1049 arg1 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 26 theme bacteria 1042:1049 arg1 strains 1051:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains 1024:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1024:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 26 theme bacteria 1042:1049 arg1 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 8 27 theme water 1753:1757 arg1 purity 1735:1740 the purity 1731:1740 the purity of surface water 1731:1757 These findings provide new information showing how bacterial communities change with environmental factors while maintaining the purity of surface water. 33780840 2 28 theme Olympic 312:318 arg1 OG 327:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 28 theme Olympic 312:318 arg1 water 305:309 polluted surface water 288:309 polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) 288:329 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 7 29 theme fulvic 1592:1597 arg1 SS 1573:1574 SS 1573:1574 SS 1573:1574 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 29 theme fulvic 1592:1597 arg1 acid 1599:1602 fulvic acid 1592:1602 fulvic acid 1592:1602 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 6 30 theme dominant 1024:1031 arg1 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 30 theme dominant 1024:1031 arg1 strains 1051:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains 1024:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1024:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 30 theme dominant 1024:1031 arg1 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 31 contain had 1155:1157 arg2 structure 1171:1179 a networked structure 1159:1179 a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability 1159:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 31 contain had 1155:1157 arg1 EPS 1015:1017 EPS 1015:1017 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1015:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 31 contain had 1155:1157 arg2 reasons 1200:1206 the main reasons 1191:1206 the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability 1191:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 3 32 theme waters 540:545 arg1 community 517:525 The dominant bacterial community 494:525 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) 494:586 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 7 33 theme humic 1577:1581 arg1 SS 1573:1574 SS 1573:1574 SS 1573:1574 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 33 theme humic 1577:1581 arg1 acid 1583:1586 humic acid 1577:1586 humic acid 1577:1586 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 3 34 contain carry 630:634 arg1 community 517:525 The dominant bacterial community 494:525 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) 494:586 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 34 contain carry 630:634 arg2 tests 653:657 flocculation tests 640:657 flocculation tests 640:657 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 0 35 theme extracellular 26:38 arg1 substances 50:59 bacterial extracellular polymeric substances 16:59 bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 16:65 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 0 35 theme extracellular 26:38 arg1 EPS 62:64 EPS 62:64 EPS 62:64 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 3 36 theme OG 530:531 arg1 Proteobacteria 572:585 Proteobacteria 572:585 Proteobacteria 572:585 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 36 theme OG 530:531 arg1 Firmicutes 557:566 Firmicutes 557:566 Firmicutes 557:566 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 36 theme OG 530:531 arg1 both 548:551 both 548:551 both 548:551 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 36 theme OG 530:531 arg1 waters 540:545 OG and JM waters 530:545 waters 540:545 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 8 37 theme new 1629:1631 arg1 information 1633:1643 new information 1629:1643 new information showing how bacterial communities change with environmental factors while maintaining the purity of surface water 1629:1757 These findings provide new information showing how bacterial communities change with environmental factors while maintaining the purity of surface water. 33780840 0 38 theme bacterial 16:24 arg1 substances 50:59 bacterial extracellular polymeric substances 16:59 bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 16:65 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 0 38 theme bacterial 16:24 arg1 EPS 62:64 EPS 62:64 EPS 62:64 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 7 39 theme different 1412:1420 arg1 Bacteroidetes 1422:1434 different Bacteroidetes 1412:1434 different Bacteroidetes 1412:1434 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 6 40 theme hydrophilic 1120:1130 arg1 groups 1132:1137 hydrophilic groups 1120:1137 hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) 1120:1149 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 1 41 theme present 108:114 arg1 microorganisms 124:137 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms 98:137 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms 98:137 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 3 42 dep waters 540:545 arg1 Proteobacteria 572:585 Proteobacteria 572:585 Proteobacteria 572:585 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 42 dep waters 540:545 arg1 Firmicutes 557:566 Firmicutes 557:566 Firmicutes 557:566 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 42 dep waters 540:545 arg1 both 548:551 both 548:551 both 548:551 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 3 42 dep waters 540:545 arg1 waters 540:545 OG and JM waters 530:545 waters 540:545 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 6 43 theme different 1095:1103 arg1 sources 1105:1111 the two different sources 1087:1111 the two different sources 1087:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 0 44 theme substances 50:59 arg1 Contribution 0:11 Contribution 0:11 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification 0:95 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 7 45 theme microbial 1324:1332 arg1 composition 1344:1354 microbial community composition 1324:1354 microbial community composition 1324:1354 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 46 theme Proteobacteria 1456:1469 arg1 structures 1481:1490 Proteobacteria community structures 1456:1490 Proteobacteria community structures 1456:1490 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 4 47 theme substances 758:767 arg1 ability 697:703 the flocculation ability 680:703 the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation 680:800 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 4 47 theme substances 758:767 arg1 greater 820:826 greater 820:826 greater 820:826 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 7 48 theme diversity 1259:1267 arg1 RDA 1294:1296 RDA 1294:1296 RDA 1294:1296 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 48 theme diversity 1259:1267 arg1 results 1299:1305 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results 1245:1305 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results 1245:1305 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 0 49 theme polymeric 40:48 arg1 substances 50:59 bacterial extracellular polymeric substances 16:59 bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 16:65 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 0 49 theme polymeric 40:48 arg1 EPS 62:64 EPS 62:64 EPS 62:64 Contribution of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface water purification. 33780840 2 50 theme surface 426:432 arg1 water 434:438 surface water 426:438 surface water 426:438 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 6 51 theme networked 1161:1169 arg1 reasons 1200:1206 the main reasons 1191:1206 the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability 1191:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 51 theme networked 1161:1169 arg1 structure 1171:1179 a networked structure 1159:1179 a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability 1159:1242 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 7 52 theme environmental 1539:1551 arg1 pollutants 1553:1562 environmental pollutants 1539:1562 environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid) 1539:1603 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 5 53 theme flocculation 981:992 arg1 ability 994:1000 the flocculation ability 977:1000 the flocculation ability of bacteria 977:1012 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 8 54 theme bacterial 1657:1665 arg1 communities 1667:1677 bacterial communities 1657:1677 bacterial communities 1657:1677 These findings provide new information showing how bacterial communities change with environmental factors while maintaining the purity of surface water. 33780840 1 55 theme aquatic 116:122 arg1 microorganisms 124:137 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms 98:137 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms 98:137 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 7 56 dep pollutants 1553:1562 arg1 such 1565:1568 such 1565:1568 such 1565:1568 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 6 57 attach isolated 1073:1080 arg2 strains 1051:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains 1024:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1024:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 57 attach isolated 1073:1080 arg1 sources 1105:1111 the two different sources 1087:1111 the two different sources 1087:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 57 attach isolated 1073:1080 arg2 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 57 attach isolated 1073:1080 arg2 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 4 58 theme OG 789:790 arg1 isolation 792:800 OG isolation 789:800 OG isolation 789:800 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 7 59 theme redundancy 1273:1282 arg1 analysis 1284:1291 redundancy analysis 1273:1291 redundancy analysis 1273:1291 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 60 theme water 1373:1377 arg1 quality 1379:1385 water quality 1373:1385 water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+) 1373:1405 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 3 61 used used 622:625 arg2 community 517:525 The dominant bacterial community 494:525 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) 494:586 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 2 62 dep different 458:466 arg1 environmental 468:480 environmental 468:480 environmental 468:480 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 5 63 theme bacteria 1005:1012 arg1 ability 994:1000 the flocculation ability 977:1000 the flocculation ability of bacteria 977:1012 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 4 64 theme polymeric 748:756 arg1 substances 758:767 extracellular polymeric substances 734:767 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 734:773 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 4 64 theme polymeric 748:756 arg1 EPS 770:772 EPS 770:772 EPS 770:772 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 6 65 dep strains 1051:1057 arg1 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 65 dep strains 1051:1057 arg1 strains 1051:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains 1024:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1024:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 65 dep strains 1051:1057 arg1 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 8 66 theme environmental 1691:1703 arg1 factors 1705:1711 environmental factors 1691:1711 environmental factors 1691:1711 These findings provide new information showing how bacterial communities change with environmental factors while maintaining the purity of surface water. 33780840 5 67 theme EPS 907:909 arg1 components 893:902 the main components 884:902 the main components of EPS 884:909 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 5 67 theme EPS 907:909 arg1 polysaccharides 916:930 polysaccharides 916:930 polysaccharides 916:930 Further examination illustrated that the main components of EPS were polysaccharides, which played an important role in improving the flocculation ability of bacteria. 33780840 1 68 theme surface 226:232 arg1 waters 234:239 surface waters 226:239 surface waters 226:239 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 3 69 theme bacterial 507:515 arg1 community 517:525 The dominant bacterial community 494:525 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) 494:586 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 4 70 theme dominant 712:719 arg1 bacteria 721:728 the dominant bacteria 708:728 the dominant bacteria 708:728 Results showed that the flocculation ability of the dominant bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtained from OG isolation was significantly greater than that from JM. 33780840 2 71 theme Green 320:324 arg1 OG 327:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 Olympic Green; OG 312:328 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 71 theme Green 320:324 arg1 water 305:309 polluted surface water 288:309 polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) 288:329 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 1 72 theme waters 234:239 arg1 self-purification 205:221 the self-purification 201:221 the self-purification of surface waters 201:239 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 2 73 theme different 458:466 arg1 conditions 482:491 different environmental conditions 458:491 different environmental conditions 458:491 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 7 74 theme analysis 1284:1291 arg1 RDA 1294:1296 RDA 1294:1296 RDA 1294:1296 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 74 theme analysis 1284:1291 arg1 results 1299:1305 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results 1245:1305 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results 1245:1305 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 6 75 from strains 1051:1057 arg1 EPS 1015:1017 EPS 1015:1017 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1015:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 1 76 theme important 147:155 arg1 role 157:160 an important role 144:160 an important role 144:160 Naturally present aquatic microorganisms play an important role in water purification systems, such as the self-purification of surface waters. 33780840 6 77 theme cultural 1033:1040 arg1 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 OG1 1060:1062 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 77 theme cultural 1033:1040 arg1 strains 1051:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains 1024:1057 dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources 1024:1111 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 6 77 theme cultural 1033:1040 arg1 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 JM3 1068:1070 EPS from dominant cultural bacteria strains (OG1 and JM3) isolated from the two different sources lacked hydrophilic groups (e.g. COOH) and had a networked structure which are the main reasons to enhance the flocculation ability. 33780840 3 78 theme flocculation 640:651 arg1 tests 653:657 flocculation tests 640:657 flocculation tests 640:657 The dominant bacterial community of OG and JM waters (both are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) were isolated, cultured, and then used to carry out flocculation tests. 33780840 2 79 dep river 368:372 arg1 JM 375:376 JM 375:376 JM 375:376 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 80 theme surface 346:352 arg1 river 368:372 river 368:372 river 368:372 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 2 80 theme surface 346:352 arg1 water 354:358 unpolluted surface water 335:358 unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM) 335:377 In this study, two water sources representing polluted surface water (Olympic Green; OG) and unpolluted surface water (Jingmi river; JM), were used to explore the self-purification of surface water by bacteria under different environmental conditions. 33780840 7 81 theme community 1334:1342 arg1 composition 1344:1354 microbial community composition 1324:1354 microbial community composition 1324:1354 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33780840 7 82 theme water 1508:1512 arg1 ability 1521:1527 the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid) 1504:1603 the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid) 1504:1603 The bacterial diversity and redundancy analysis (RDA) results also showed that microbial community composition is determined by water quality (SS, TOC, and NH4+), and different Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria community structures can improve the water body's ability to remove environmental pollutants (such as SS, humic acid and fulvic acid). 33743893 0 0 theme rhamnolipid 77:87 arg1 solubilisation 89:102 rhamnolipid solubilisation 77:102 rhamnolipid solubilisation 77:102 Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ based on rhamnolipid solubilisation. 33743893 4 1 theme inlet 469:473 arg1 concentrations 475:488 different inlet concentrations 459:488 different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) 459:519 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 6 2 theme elimination 842:852 arg1 capacity 854:861 the average CB elimination capacity 827:861 the average CB elimination capacity 827:861 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 4 3 theme empty 525:529 arg1 times 545:549 empty bed residence times 525:549 empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec) 525:577 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 7 4 theme average 1026:1032 arg1 efficiency 1042:1051 The average removal efficiency 1022:1051 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec 1022:1082 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. 33743893 6 5 from efficiency 875:884 arg1 presence 893:900 the presence 889:900 the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 889:917 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 11 6 theme CB 1579:1580 arg1 biodegradation 1582:1595 CB biodegradation 1579:1595 CB biodegradation in BTFs 1579:1603 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 5 7 theme Fe3+/Zn2+ 635:643 arg1 effects 624:630 the promoting effects 610:630 the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism 610:678 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 5 7 theme Fe3+/Zn2+ 635:643 arg1 highest 685:691 highest 685:691 highest 685:691 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 8 8 theme biofilm 1229:1235 arg1 biofilm 1229:1235 the biofilm 1225:1235 the biofilm 1225:1235 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 8 8 theme biofilm 1229:1235 arg1 composition 1150:1160 The chemical composition 1137:1160 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) 1137:1198 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 8 8 theme biofilm 1229:1235 arg1 groups 1215:1220 functional groups 1204:1220 functional groups of the biofilm 1204:1235 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 7 9 from EBRTs 1056:1060 arg1 efficiency 1042:1051 The average removal efficiency 1022:1051 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec 1022:1082 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. 33743893 2 10 theme 150 mg/L 277:284 arg1 rhamnolipids 286:297 150 mg/L rhamnolipids 277:297 150 mg/L rhamnolipids 277:297 The CB mass transfer rate could be improved by 150 mg/L rhamnolipids. 33743893 4 11 theme residence 535:543 arg1 times 545:549 empty bed residence times 525:549 empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec) 525:577 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 3 12 theme Zn2+ 350:353 arg1 use 334:336 the combined use 321:336 the combined use of Fe3+ and Zn2+ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day 321:400 This study evaluated the combined use of Fe3+ and Zn2+ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day. 33743893 10 13 theme Zn2+ 1459:1462 arg1 effect 1440:1445 the promoting effect 1426:1445 the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations 1426:1487 High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations. 33743893 11 14 from biodegradation 1582:1595 arg1 BTFs 1600:1603 BTFs 1600:1603 BTFs 1600:1603 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 8 15 dep composition 1150:1160 arg1 PN 1173:1174 PN 1173:1174 PN 1173:1174 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 8 15 dep composition 1150:1160 arg1 polysaccharides 1178:1192 polysaccharides 1178:1192 polysaccharides (PS) 1178:1197 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 8 15 dep composition 1150:1160 arg1 proteins 1163:1170 proteins 1163:1170 proteins (PN) 1163:1175 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 4 16 theme bed 531:533 arg1 times 545:549 empty bed residence times 525:549 empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec) 525:577 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 5 17 theme microbial 648:656 arg1 growth 658:663 growth 658:663 growth 658:663 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 6 18 from capacity 854:861 arg1 presence 893:900 the presence 889:900 the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 889:917 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 5 19 theme 2 mg/L 738:743 arg1 Zn2+ 745:748 2 mg/L Zn2+ 738:748 2 mg/L Zn2+ 738:748 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 3 20 theme Fe3+ 341:344 arg1 use 334:336 the combined use 321:336 the combined use of Fe3+ and Zn2+ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day 321:400 This study evaluated the combined use of Fe3+ and Zn2+ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day. 33743893 4 21 theme different 459:467 arg1 concentrations 475:488 different inlet concentrations 459:488 different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) 459:519 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 5 22 from effects 624:630 arg1 metabolism 669:678 metabolism 669:678 metabolism 669:678 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 5 22 from effects 624:630 arg1 growth 658:663 growth 658:663 growth 658:663 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 11 23 with combination 1494:1504 arg1 rhamnolipids 1528:1539 rhamnolipids 1528:1539 rhamnolipids 1528:1539 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 10 24 theme Fe3+ 1450:1453 arg1 effect 1440:1445 the promoting effect 1426:1445 the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations 1426:1487 High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations. 33743893 6 25 theme Fe3+ 812:815 arg1 absence 801:807 the absence 797:807 the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 797:824 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 5 26 theme 2 mg/L 713:718 arg1 Zn2+ 720:723 2 mg/L Zn2+ 713:723 2 mg/L Zn2+ 713:723 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 11 27 theme efficient 1548:1556 arg1 method 1558:1563 an efficient method 1545:1563 an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs 1545:1603 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 11 27 theme efficient 1548:1556 arg1 combination 1494:1504 The combination 1490:1504 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids 1490:1539 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 7 28 theme removal 1034:1040 arg1 efficiency 1042:1051 The average removal efficiency 1022:1051 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec 1022:1082 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. 33743893 7 29 theme 45 1069:1070 arg1 EBRTs 1056:1060 EBRTs 1056:1060 EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec 1056:1082 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. 33743893 0 30 theme Enhanced 0:7 arg1 biodegradation 9:22 Enhanced biodegradation 0:22 Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ 0:66 Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ based on rhamnolipid solubilisation. 33743893 6 31 theme CB 839:840 arg1 capacity 854:861 the average CB elimination capacity 827:861 the average CB elimination capacity 827:861 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 8 32 theme functional 1204:1213 arg1 biofilm 1229:1235 the biofilm 1225:1235 the biofilm 1225:1235 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 8 32 theme functional 1204:1213 arg1 groups 1215:1220 functional groups 1204:1220 functional groups of the biofilm 1204:1235 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 6 33 theme removal 867:873 arg1 efficiency 875:884 removal efficiency 867:884 removal efficiency 867:884 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 5 34 theme 3 mg/L 765:770 arg1 Fe3+ 772:775 3 mg/L Fe3+ 765:775 3 mg/L Fe3+ 765:775 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 0 35 theme chlorobenzene 27:39 arg1 biodegradation 9:22 Enhanced biodegradation 0:22 Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ 0:66 Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ based on rhamnolipid solubilisation. 33743893 6 36 theme average 831:837 arg1 capacity 854:861 the average CB elimination capacity 827:861 the average CB elimination capacity 827:861 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 10 37 from effect 1440:1445 arg1 populations 1477:1487 bacterial populations 1467:1487 bacterial populations 1467:1487 High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations. 33743893 1 38 theme Biotrickling 105:116 arg1 BTFs 127:130 BTFs 127:130 BTFs 127:130 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. 33743893 1 38 theme Biotrickling 105:116 arg1 filters 118:124 Biotrickling filters 105:124 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification 105:179 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. 33743893 6 39 theme Zn2+ 914:917 arg1 presence 893:900 the presence 889:900 the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 889:917 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 5 40 theme promoting 614:622 arg1 effects 624:630 the promoting effects 610:630 the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism 610:678 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 5 40 theme promoting 614:622 arg1 highest 685:691 highest 685:691 highest 685:691 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 10 41 theme bacterial 1467:1475 arg1 populations 1477:1487 bacterial populations 1467:1487 bacterial populations 1467:1487 High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations. 33743893 1 42 theme mass 196:199 arg1 transfer 201:208 mass transfer 196:208 mass transfer 196:208 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. 33743893 0 43 theme combined 45:52 arg1 Fe3+ 54:57 combined Fe3+ 45:57 combined Fe3+ 45:57 Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ based on rhamnolipid solubilisation. 33743893 7 44 theme 32 sec 1077:1082 arg1 EBRTs 1056:1060 EBRTs 1056:1060 EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec 1056:1082 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. 33743893 2 45 theme CB 234:235 arg1 rate 251:254 The CB mass transfer rate 230:254 The CB mass transfer rate 230:254 The CB mass transfer rate could be improved by 150 mg/L rhamnolipids. 33743893 6 46 theme Fe3+ 905:908 arg1 presence 893:900 the presence 889:900 the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 889:917 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 5 47 theme 3 mg/L 697:702 arg1 Fe3+ 704:707 3 mg/L Fe3+ 697:707 3 mg/L Fe3+ 697:707 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 6 48 theme Zn2+ 821:824 arg1 absence 801:807 the absence 797:807 the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 797:824 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 9 49 theme PS 1318:1319 arg1 secretion 1321:1329 PS secretion 1318:1329 PS secretion 1318:1329 Fe3+ and Zn2+ significantly enhanced PN and PS secretion, which may have promoted CB adsorption and biodegradation. 33743893 4 50 theme elements 430:437 arg1 effects 407:413 The effects 403:413 The effects of these trace elements 403:437 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 6 51 dep 65.79 g/ 943:950 arg1 to 940:941 to 940:941 to 940:941 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 11 52 theme Fe3+ 1509:1512 arg1 method 1558:1563 an efficient method 1545:1563 an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs 1545:1603 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 11 52 theme Fe3+ 1509:1512 arg1 combination 1494:1504 The combination 1490:1504 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids 1490:1539 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 5 53 theme Batch 580:584 arg1 experiments 586:596 Batch experiments 580:596 Batch experiments 580:596 Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe3+/Zn2+ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe3+ and 2 mg/L Zn2+, followed by 2 mg/L Zn2+, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe3+. 33743893 4 54 theme trace 424:428 arg1 elements 430:437 these trace elements 418:437 these trace elements 418:437 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 4 55 dep concentrations 475:488 arg1 900 501:503 900 501:503 900 501:503 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 4 55 dep concentrations 475:488 arg1 1200 mg/L 510:518 1200 mg/L 510:518 1200 mg/L 510:518 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 6 56 dep % 973:973 arg1 to 975:976 to 975:976 to 975:976 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 6 57 theme 80.93 968:972 arg1 % 973:973 % 973:973 % 973:973 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 8 58 theme chemical 1141:1148 arg1 composition 1150:1160 The chemical composition 1137:1160 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) 1137:1198 The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. 33743893 10 59 theme High-throughput 1390:1404 arg1 sequencing 1406:1415 High-throughput sequencing 1390:1415 High-throughput sequencing 1390:1415 High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations. 33743893 6 60 theme 89.37 978:982 arg1 % 973:973 % 973:973 % 973:973 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 10 61 theme promoting 1430:1438 arg1 effect 1440:1445 the promoting effect 1426:1445 the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations 1426:1487 High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe3+ and Zn2+ on bacterial populations. 33743893 6 62 theme 60 sec 1014:1019 arg1 EBRT 1006:1009 an EBRT 1003:1009 an EBRT of 60 sec 1003:1019 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 7 63 theme 60 1065:1066 arg1 EBRTs 1056:1060 EBRTs 1056:1060 EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec 1056:1082 The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. 33743893 11 64 theme Zn2+ 1518:1521 arg1 method 1558:1563 an efficient method 1545:1563 an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs 1545:1603 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 11 64 theme Zn2+ 1518:1521 arg1 combination 1494:1504 The combination 1490:1504 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids 1490:1539 The combination of Fe3+ and Zn2+ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs. 33743893 3 65 theme combined 325:332 arg1 use 334:336 the combined use 321:336 the combined use of Fe3+ and Zn2+ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day 321:400 This study evaluated the combined use of Fe3+ and Zn2+ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day. 33743893 4 66 dep times 545:549 arg1 45 563:564 45 563:564 45 563:564 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 4 66 dep times 545:549 arg1 32 sec 571:576 32 sec 571:576 32 sec 571:576 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 4 66 dep times 545:549 arg1 60 559:560 60 559:560 60 559:560 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 4 66 dep times 545:549 arg1 EBRTs 552:556 EBRTs 552:556 EBRTs 552:556 The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). 33743893 2 67 theme transfer 242:249 arg1 rate 251:254 The CB mass transfer rate 230:254 The CB mass transfer rate 230:254 The CB mass transfer rate could be improved by 150 mg/L rhamnolipids. 33743893 1 68 theme hydrophobic 137:147 arg1 chlorobenzene 149:161 hydrophobic chlorobenzene 137:161 hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification 137:179 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. 33743893 1 68 theme hydrophobic 137:147 arg1 CB 164:165 CB 164:165 CB 164:165 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. 33743893 6 69 from BTF 790:792 arg1 absence 801:807 the absence 797:807 the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ 797:824 Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe3+ and Zn2+, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe3+ and Zn2+ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m3⋅hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. 33743893 2 70 theme mass 237:240 arg1 rate 251:254 The CB mass transfer rate 230:254 The CB mass transfer rate 230:254 The CB mass transfer rate could be improved by 150 mg/L rhamnolipids. 33743893 1 71 theme chlorobenzene 149:161 arg1 purification 168:179 hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification 137:179 hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification 137:179 Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. 33722273 9 0 theme glycosides 1175:1184 arg1 derivatives 1143:1153 per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives 1116:1153 per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis 1116:1216 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 7 1 theme dry 908:910 arg1 weight 912:917 wall dry weight 903:917 wall dry weight 903:917 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). 33722273 8 2 theme sugar 982:986 arg1 yields 988:993 the sugar yields 978:993 the sugar yields 978:993 Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. 33722273 11 3 theme % 1584:1584 arg1 content 1592:1598 15% lipid content 1582:1598 15% lipid content 1582:1598 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 10 4 theme alditols 1358:1365 arg1 analysis 1339:1346 GC/MS analysis 1333:1346 GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation 1333:1392 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 33722273 2 5 theme pathogen 271:278 arg1 attack 280:285 pathogen attack 271:285 pathogen attack 271:285 Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. 33722273 6 6 theme pulsed 832:837 arg1 detection 852:860 pulsed amperometric detection 832:860 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 832:872 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 6 6 theme pulsed 832:837 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 7 7 theme Total 875:879 arg1 yields 887:892 Total sugar yields 875:892 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight 875:917 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). 33722273 8 8 theme enzymatic 1006:1014 arg1 digestion 1016:1024 enzymatic digestion 1006:1024 enzymatic digestion 1006:1024 Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. 33722273 11 9 theme 13C 1512:1514 arg1 NMR 1528:1530 13C solid-state NMR 1512:1530 13C solid-state NMR 1512:1530 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 9 10 theme galacturonic 1240:1251 arg1 GalA 1259:1262 GalA 1259:1262 GalA 1259:1262 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 9 10 theme galacturonic 1240:1251 arg1 acid 1253:1256 galacturonic acid 1240:1256 galacturonic acid (GalA) 1240:1263 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 3 11 theme wall 371:374 arg1 deconstruction 349:362 chemical and enzymatic deconstruction 326:362 chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels 326:420 These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. 33722273 1 12 contain have 84:87 arg1 walls 78:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 1 12 contain have 84:87 arg2 roles 123:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 9 13 theme high 1225:1228 arg1 yield 1230:1234 a high yield 1223:1234 a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) 1223:1263 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 13 14 theme monosaccharides 1992:2006 arg1 yields 1973:1978 Low yields 1969:1978 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods 1969:2022 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results. 33722273 12 15 theme exact 1694:1698 arg1 values 1700:1705 exact values 1694:1705 exact values 1694:1705 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 6 16 dep RESULTS 624:630 arg1 analyzed 768:775 analyzed 768:775 were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 763:872 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 6 16 dep RESULTS 624:630 arg1 depolymerized 653:665 depolymerized 653:665 were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 648:736 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 3 17 theme chemical 326:333 arg1 deconstruction 349:362 chemical and enzymatic deconstruction 326:362 chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels 326:420 These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. 33722273 12 18 theme other 1946:1950 arg1 polysaccharides 1952:1966 other polysaccharides 1946:1966 other polysaccharides 1946:1966 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 13 19 theme Low 1969:1971 arg1 yields 1973:1978 Low yields 1969:1978 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods 1969:2022 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results. 33722273 11 20 theme 15 1582:1583 arg1 % 1584:1584 % 1584:1584 % 1584:1584 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 10 21 theme other 1434:1438 arg1 sugars 1448:1453 other neutral sugars 1434:1453 other neutral sugars 1434:1453 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 33722273 5 22 theme cell 591:594 arg1 imaging 601:607 cell wall imaging 591:607 cell wall imaging 591:607 This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. 33722273 1 23 theme plant 148:152 arg1 life 136:139 the life 132:139 the life of the plant 132:152 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 4 24 theme scales 504:509 arg1 wall 490:493 the outer epidermal wall 470:493 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 470:509 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 11 25 theme walls 1503:1507 arg1 Analysis 1487:1494 Analysis 1487:1494 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR 1487:1530 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 1 26 theme Epidermal 63:71 arg1 walls 78:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 3 27 theme enzymatic 339:347 arg1 deconstruction 349:362 chemical and enzymatic deconstruction 326:362 chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels 326:420 These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. 33722273 6 28 theme acid 722:725 arg1 hydrolysis 727:736 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 704:736 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 704:736 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 3 29 theme sugar 380:384 arg1 analysis 386:393 sugar analysis 380:393 sugar analysis 380:393 These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. 33722273 4 30 theme epidermal 480:488 arg1 wall 490:493 the outer epidermal wall 470:493 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 470:509 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 6 31 theme 2M 704:705 arg1 hydrolysis 727:736 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 704:736 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 704:736 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 0 32 theme Saccharide 0:9 arg1 analysis 11:18 Saccharide analysis 0:18 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 0:50 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 33722273 1 33 theme special 89:95 arg1 roles 123:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 8 34 with Removal 935:941 arg1 chloroform 957:966 chloroform 957:966 chloroform 957:966 Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. 33722273 6 35 theme amperometric 839:850 arg1 detection 852:860 pulsed amperometric detection 832:860 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 832:872 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 6 35 theme amperometric 839:850 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 13 36 theme results 2139:2145 arg1 interpretation 2117:2130 cautious interpretation 2108:2130 cautious interpretation of the results 2108:2145 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results. 33722273 12 37 dep CONCLUSIONS 1673:1683 arg1 vary 1707:1710 vary 1707:1710 vary with the analytical method 1707:1737 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 6 38 theme acidic 670:675 arg1 methanolysis 677:688 acidic methanolysis 670:688 acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 670:736 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 9 39 theme per-O-trimethylsilyl 1116:1135 arg1 derivatives 1143:1153 per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives 1116:1153 per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis 1116:1216 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 0 40 theme outer 29:33 arg1 walls 45:49 onion outer epidermal walls 23:49 onion outer epidermal walls 23:49 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 33722273 12 41 theme outer 1788:1792 arg1 wall 1804:1807 the outer epidermal wall 1784:1807 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 1784:1823 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 4 42 theme different 516:524 arg1 methods 537:543 different analytical methods 516:543 different analytical methods 516:543 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 10 43 theme complementary 1310:1322 arg1 fashion 1324:1330 a complementary fashion 1308:1330 a complementary fashion 1308:1330 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 33722273 0 44 theme walls 45:49 arg1 analysis 11:18 Saccharide analysis 0:18 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 0:50 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 33722273 13 45 theme cautious 2108:2115 arg1 interpretation 2117:2130 cautious interpretation 2108:2130 cautious interpretation of the results 2108:2145 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results. 33722273 8 46 theme waxes 946:950 arg1 Removal 935:941 Removal 935:941 Removal of waxes with chloroform 935:966 Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. 33722273 9 47 theme derivatives 1143:1153 arg1 Analysis 1056:1063 Analysis 1056:1063 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis 1056:1216 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 12 48 theme scales 1818:1823 arg1 wall 1804:1807 the outer epidermal wall 1784:1807 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 1784:1823 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 2 49 theme multi-ply 174:182 arg1 they 165:168 they 165:168 they 165:168 Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. 33722273 2 49 theme multi-ply 174:182 arg1 structures 184:193 multi-ply structures 174:193 multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack 174:285 Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. 33722273 6 50 theme resultant 746:754 arg1 sugars 756:761 the resultant sugars 742:761 the resultant sugars 742:761 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 12 51 from polysaccharide 1766:1779 arg1 wall 1804:1807 the outer epidermal wall 1784:1807 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 1784:1823 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 9 52 theme methyl 1168:1173 arg1 glycosides 1175:1184 the sugar methyl glycosides 1158:1184 the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis 1158:1216 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 13 53 theme epidermal 2046:2054 arg1 walls 2056:2060 epidermal walls 2046:2060 epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin 2046:2093 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results. 33722273 12 54 theme smaller 1927:1933 arg1 polysaccharides 1952:1966 other polysaccharides 1946:1966 other polysaccharides 1946:1966 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 54 theme smaller 1927:1933 arg1 amounts 1935:1941 smaller amounts 1927:1941 smaller amounts of other polysaccharides 1927:1966 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 11 55 theme chloroform 1606:1615 arg1 extraction 1617:1626 chloroform extraction 1606:1626 chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes) 1606:1670 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 11 55 theme chloroform 1606:1615 arg1 waxes 1665:1669 potentially cutin and unextractable waxes 1629:1669 potentially cutin and unextractable waxes 1629:1669 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 11 56 theme solid-state 1516:1526 arg1 NMR 1528:1530 13C solid-state NMR 1512:1530 13C solid-state NMR 1512:1530 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 11 57 theme unextractable 1651:1663 arg1 extraction 1617:1626 chloroform extraction 1606:1626 chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes) 1606:1670 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 11 57 theme unextractable 1651:1663 arg1 waxes 1665:1669 potentially cutin and unextractable waxes 1629:1669 potentially cutin and unextractable waxes 1629:1669 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 10 58 theme methyl 1351:1356 arg1 alditols 1358:1365 methyl alditols 1351:1365 methyl alditols produced by permethylation 1351:1392 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 33722273 7 59 theme wall 903:906 arg1 weight 912:917 wall dry weight 903:917 wall dry weight 903:917 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). 33722273 11 60 theme cutin 1641:1645 arg1 extraction 1617:1626 chloroform extraction 1606:1626 chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes) 1606:1670 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 11 60 theme cutin 1641:1645 arg1 waxes 1665:1669 potentially cutin and unextractable waxes 1629:1669 potentially cutin and unextractable waxes 1629:1669 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 10 61 theme substantial 1399:1409 arg1 yields 1411:1416 substantial yields 1399:1416 substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars 1399:1453 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 33722273 7 62 dep low 924:926 arg1 % 931:931 53% 929:931 53% 929:931 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). 33722273 7 63 theme sugar 881:885 arg1 yields 887:892 Total sugar yields 875:892 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight 875:917 Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). 33722273 4 64 theme saccharide 444:453 arg1 composition 455:465 the saccharide composition 440:465 the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 440:509 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 6 65 with chromatography 812:825 arg1 detection 852:860 pulsed amperometric detection 832:860 pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 832:872 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 6 65 with chromatography 812:825 arg1 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 HPAEC-PAD 863:871 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 1 66 theme biological 112:121 arg1 roles 123:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 6 67 theme anion-exchange 797:810 arg1 chromatography 812:825 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography 780:825 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 780:872 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 12 68 dep estimate 1749:1756 arg1 is 1758:1759 is 1758:1759 estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides 1749:1966 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 4 69 theme onion 498:502 arg1 scales 504:509 onion scales 498:509 onion scales 498:509 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 6 70 theme Epidermal 632:640 arg1 walls 642:646 Epidermal walls 632:646 Epidermal walls 632:646 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 % 1920:1920 ~ 10% 1916:1920 ~ 10% 1916:1920 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 % 1882:1882 ~ 20% 1878:1882 ~ 20% 1878:1882 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 polysaccharides 1952:1966 other polysaccharides 1946:1966 other polysaccharides 1946:1966 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 % 1900:1900 ~ 10% 1896:1900 ~ 10% 1896:1900 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 % 1863:1863 ~ 50% 1859:1863 ~ 50% 1859:1863 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 amounts 1935:1941 smaller amounts 1927:1941 smaller amounts of other polysaccharides 1927:1966 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 galactan 1886:1893 galactan 1886:1893 galactan (~ 10%) 1886:1901 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 xyloglucan 1904:1913 xyloglucan 1904:1913 xyloglucan (~ 10%) 1904:1921 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 homogalacturonan 1841:1856 homogalacturonan 1841:1856 homogalacturonan (~ 50%) 1841:1864 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 71 theme polysaccharides 1952:1966 arg1 cellulose 1867:1875 cellulose 1867:1875 cellulose (~ 20%) 1867:1883 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 13 72 theme specific 1983:1990 arg1 monosaccharides 1992:2006 specific monosaccharides 1983:2006 specific monosaccharides by some methods 1983:2022 Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results. 33722273 5 73 theme wall 596:599 arg1 imaging 601:607 cell wall imaging 591:607 cell wall imaging 591:607 This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. 33722273 1 74 theme BACKGROUND 52:61 arg1 walls 78:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 4 75 theme outer 474:478 arg1 wall 490:493 the outer epidermal wall 470:493 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 470:509 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 9 76 theme gas 1068:1070 arg1 spectrometry 1092:1103 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 1068:1103 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) 1068:1111 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 9 76 theme gas 1068:1070 arg1 GC/MS 1106:1110 GC/MS 1106:1110 GC/MS 1106:1110 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 1 77 theme cell 73:76 arg1 walls 78:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls 52:82 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 12 78 theme analytical 1721:1730 arg1 method 1732:1737 the analytical method 1717:1737 the analytical method 1717:1737 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 4 79 theme wall 490:493 arg1 composition 455:465 the saccharide composition 440:465 the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 440:509 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 6 80 theme trifluoracetic 707:720 arg1 hydrolysis 727:736 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 704:736 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis 704:736 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 5 81 theme useful 574:579 arg1 model 581:585 a particularly useful model 559:585 a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics 559:621 This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. 33722273 5 81 theme useful 574:579 arg1 wall 551:554 This wall 546:554 This wall 546:554 This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. 33722273 10 82 theme neutral 1440:1446 arg1 sugars 1448:1453 other neutral sugars 1434:1453 other neutral sugars 1434:1453 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 33722273 0 83 theme onion 23:27 arg1 walls 45:49 onion outer epidermal walls 23:49 onion outer epidermal walls 23:49 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 33722273 1 84 theme structural 97:106 arg1 roles 123:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 special structural and biological roles 89:127 BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. 33722273 0 85 theme epidermal 35:43 arg1 walls 45:49 onion outer epidermal walls 23:49 onion outer epidermal walls 23:49 Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. 33722273 9 86 theme chromatography/mass 1072:1090 arg1 spectrometry 1092:1103 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 1068:1103 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) 1068:1111 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 9 86 theme chromatography/mass 1072:1090 arg1 GC/MS 1106:1110 GC/MS 1106:1110 GC/MS 1106:1110 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 4 87 theme analytical 526:535 arg1 methods 537:543 different analytical methods 516:543 different analytical methods 516:543 We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. 33722273 6 88 theme high-performance 780:795 arg1 chromatography 812:825 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography 780:825 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) 780:872 RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). 33722273 12 89 theme onion 1812:1816 arg1 scales 1818:1823 onion scales 1812:1823 onion scales 1812:1823 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 12 90 theme epidermal 1794:1802 arg1 wall 1804:1807 the outer epidermal wall 1784:1807 the outer epidermal wall of onion scales 1784:1823 CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. 33722273 9 91 theme sugar 1162:1166 arg1 glycosides 1175:1184 the sugar methyl glycosides 1158:1184 the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis 1158:1216 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 11 92 theme lipid 1586:1590 arg1 content 1592:1598 15% lipid content 1582:1598 15% lipid content 1582:1598 Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). 33722273 9 93 theme acidic 1198:1203 arg1 methanolysis 1205:1216 acidic methanolysis 1198:1216 acidic methanolysis 1198:1216 Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. 33722273 10 94 theme GC/MS 1333:1337 arg1 analysis 1339:1346 GC/MS analysis 1333:1346 GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation 1333:1392 In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. 32443698 7 0 theme emerging 1576:1583 arg1 maltophilia 1622:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 5 1 theme petroleum 1065:1073 arg1 derivatives 1084:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 4 2 theme positive 568:575 arg1 strains 577:583 The positive strains 564:583 The positive strains 564:583 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 6 3 theme pathogens 1331:1339 arg1 panel 1285:1289 a panel 1283:1289 a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 1283:1339 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 6 4 theme concentration 1434:1446 arg1 value 1454:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1413:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL 1413:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 4 5 with spectrometry 798:809 arg1 RLs 912:914 six previously undescribed RLs 885:914 six previously undescribed RLs 885:914 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 0 6 theme Edmonson 103:110 arg1 Antarctica 119:128 Antarctica 119:128 Antarctica 119:128 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 0 6 theme Edmonson 103:110 arg1 Point 112:116 Edmonson Point 103:116 Edmonson Point (Antarctica) 103:129 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 5 7 theme first 1115:1119 arg1 time 1121:1124 the first time 1111:1124 the first time 1111:1124 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 4 8 theme RL 866:867 arg1 congeners 869:877 17 different RL congeners 853:877 17 different RL congeners 853:877 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 6 9 with monocytogenes 1394:1406 arg1 value 1454:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1413:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL 1413:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 4 10 theme liquid 756:761 arg1 chromatography 763:776 liquid chromatography 756:776 liquid chromatography 756:776 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 6 11 theme inhibitory 1423:1432 arg1 MIC 1449:1451 MIC 1449:1451 MIC 1449:1451 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 6 11 theme inhibitory 1423:1432 arg1 concentration 1434:1446 inhibitory concentration 1423:1446 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL 1413:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 7 12 theme first 1502:1506 arg1 time 1508:1511 the first time 1498:1511 the first time 1498:1511 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 4 13 theme gene 613:616 arg1 sequencing 618:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing 604:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing 604:627 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 14 theme different 856:864 arg1 congeners 869:877 17 different RL congeners 853:877 17 different RL congeners 853:877 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 7 15 theme maltophilia 1622:1632 arg1 strains 1561:1567 three strains 1555:1567 three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml 1555:1662 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 7 16 theme µg/ml 1658:1662 arg1 values 1643:1648 MIC values 1639:1648 MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml 1639:1662 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 6 17 theme Gram-positive 1299:1311 arg1 pathogens 1331:1339 both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 1294:1339 both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 1294:1339 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 3 18 theme Ross 471:474 arg1 Lake 465:468 Lake 465:468 Lake 465:468 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 3 18 theme Ross 471:474 arg1 Sea 476:478 Ross Sea 471:478 Ross Sea 471:478 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 6 19 theme mixture 1266:1272 arg1 potential 1246:1254 the antimicrobial potential 1228:1254 the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture 1228:1272 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 3 20 attach isolated 436:443 arg1 Antarctica 481:490 Antarctica 481:490 Antarctica 481:490 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 3 20 attach isolated 436:443 arg1 Lake 465:468 Lake 465:468 Lake 465:468 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 3 20 attach isolated 436:443 arg1 Sea 476:478 Ross Sea 471:478 Ross Sea 471:478 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 3 20 attach isolated 436:443 arg2 bacteria 427:434 34 cultivable bacteria 413:434 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica 413:490 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 5 21 theme carbon 950:955 arg1 source 957:962 the carbon source 946:962 the carbon source 946:962 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 1 22 theme surface-active 155:168 arg1 Rhamnolipids 132:143 Rhamnolipids 132:143 Rhamnolipids (RLs) 132:149 Rhamnolipids (RLs) are surface-active molecules mainly produced by Pseudomonas spp. 32443698 1 22 theme surface-active 155:168 arg1 molecules 170:178 surface-active molecules 155:178 surface-active molecules mainly produced by Pseudomonas spp 155:213 Rhamnolipids (RLs) are surface-active molecules mainly produced by Pseudomonas spp. 32443698 6 23 theme interesting 1357:1367 arg1 results 1369:1375 very interesting results 1352:1375 very interesting results 1352:1375 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 5 24 theme sole 1158:1161 arg1 source 1170:1175 sole carbon source 1158:1175 sole carbon source 1158:1175 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 3 25 theme preliminary 510:520 arg1 screening 522:530 preliminary screening 510:530 preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity 510:561 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 6 26 theme Listeria 1385:1392 arg1 monocytogenes 1394:1406 Listeria monocytogenes 1385:1406 Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL 1385:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 2 27 theme structures 379:388 arg1 discovery 360:368 the discovery 356:368 the discovery of novel structures 356:388 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 6 28 theme minimum 1415:1421 arg1 value 1454:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1413:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL 1413:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 7 29 theme resistant 1595:1603 arg1 maltophilia 1622:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 2 30 theme producer 303:310 arg1 strains 312:318 novel RL producer strains 294:318 novel RL producer strains 294:318 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 5 31 theme industry 1075:1082 arg1 derivatives 1084:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 2 32 theme novel 373:377 arg1 structures 379:388 novel structures 373:388 novel structures 373:388 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 5 33 theme RLs 1144:1146 arg1 production 1130:1139 the production 1126:1139 the production of RLs 1126:1146 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 4 34 theme new 838:840 arg1 mixture 842:848 a new mixture 836:848 a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners 836:877 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 2 35 theme RL 300:301 arg1 strains 312:318 novel RL producer strains 294:318 novel RL producer strains 294:318 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 7 36 theme MIC 1639:1641 arg1 values 1643:1648 MIC values 1639:1648 MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml 1639:1662 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 0 37 theme New 22:24 arg1 Mixture 26:32 a New Mixture 20:32 a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids 20:53 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 7 38 theme Stenotrophomonas 1605:1620 arg1 maltophilia 1622:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 4 39 theme undescribed 900:910 arg1 RLs 912:914 six previously undescribed RLs 885:914 six previously undescribed RLs 885:914 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 2 40 theme novel 294:298 arg1 strains 312:318 novel RL producer strains 294:318 novel RL producer strains 294:318 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 7 41 theme antimicrobial 1517:1529 arg1 activity 1531:1538 the antimicrobial activity 1513:1538 the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml 1513:1662 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 3 42 theme biosurfactant 540:552 arg1 activity 554:561 the biosurfactant activity 536:561 the biosurfactant activity 536:561 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 2 43 from places 255:260 arg1 Earth 265:269 Earth 265:269 Earth 265:269 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 1 44 theme Pseudomonas 199:209 arg1 spp 211:213 Pseudomonas spp 199:213 Pseudomonas spp 199:213 Rhamnolipids (RLs) are surface-active molecules mainly produced by Pseudomonas spp. 32443698 3 45 theme present 398:404 arg1 study 406:410 the present study 394:410 the present study 394:410 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 7 46 theme multidrug 1585:1593 arg1 maltophilia 1622:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1572:1632 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 6 47 theme µg/mL 1468:1472 arg1 value 1454:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1413:1458 a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL 1413:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 0 48 theme Mixture 26:32 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids 0:53 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 5 49 theme carbon 1163:1168 arg1 source 1170:1175 sole carbon source 1158:1175 sole carbon source 1158:1175 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 6 50 theme Gram-negative 1317:1329 arg1 pathogens 1331:1339 both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 1294:1339 both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens 1294:1339 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 3 51 theme cultivable 416:425 arg1 bacteria 427:434 34 cultivable bacteria 413:434 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica 413:490 In the present study, 34 cultivable bacteria isolated from Edmonson Point Lake, Ross Sea, Antarctica were subjected to preliminary screening for the biosurfactant activity. 32443698 5 52 theme different 995:1003 arg1 derivatives 1084:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 5 52 theme different 995:1003 arg1 materials 1009:1017 12 different raw materials 992:1017 12 different raw materials 992:1017 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 5 52 theme different 995:1003 arg1 polysaccharides 1045:1059 polysaccharides 1045:1059 polysaccharides 1045:1059 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 5 52 theme different 995:1003 arg1 monosaccharides 1028:1042 monosaccharides 1028:1042 monosaccharides 1028:1042 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 6 53 theme RL 1263:1264 arg1 mixture 1266:1272 the RL mixture 1259:1272 the RL mixture 1259:1272 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 2 54 theme promising 333:341 arg1 strategy 343:350 a promising strategy 331:350 a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures 331:388 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 0 55 theme Mono-Rhamnolipids 37:53 arg1 Mixture 26:32 a New Mixture 20:32 a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids 20:53 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 4 56 theme congeners 869:877 arg1 mixture 842:848 a new mixture 836:848 a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners 836:877 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 5 57 theme raw 1005:1007 arg1 derivatives 1084:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 petroleum industry derivatives 1065:1094 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 5 57 theme raw 1005:1007 arg1 materials 1009:1017 12 different raw materials 992:1017 12 different raw materials 992:1017 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 5 57 theme raw 1005:1007 arg1 polysaccharides 1045:1059 polysaccharides 1045:1059 polysaccharides 1045:1059 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 5 57 theme raw 1005:1007 arg1 monosaccharides 1028:1042 monosaccharides 1028:1042 monosaccharides 1028:1042 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 6 58 theme antimicrobial 1232:1244 arg1 potential 1246:1254 the antimicrobial potential 1228:1254 the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture 1228:1272 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 6 59 theme 3.13 1463:1466 arg1 µg/mL 1468:1472 3.13 µg/mL 1463:1472 3.13 µg/mL 1463:1472 Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the RL mixture, towards a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, reporting very interesting results towards Listeria monocytogenes with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 µg/mL. 32443698 4 60 theme high 705:708 arg1 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 60 theme high 705:708 arg1 spectrometry 726:737 high resolution mass spectrometry 705:737 high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) 705:750 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 61 theme tandem 791:796 arg1 spectrometry 798:809 tandem spectrometry 791:809 tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 791:820 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 61 theme tandem 791:796 arg1 LC-MS/MS 812:819 LC-MS/MS 812:819 LC-MS/MS 812:819 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 2 62 theme places 255:260 arg1 one 230:232 one 230:232 one 230:232 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 2 62 theme places 255:260 arg1 places 255:260 the less explored places 237:260 the less explored places on Earth 237:269 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 0 63 attach Isolated 89:96 arg1 Antarctica 119:128 Antarctica 119:128 Antarctica 119:128 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 0 63 attach Isolated 89:96 arg1 Point 112:116 Edmonson Point 103:116 Edmonson Point (Antarctica) 103:129 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 0 63 attach Isolated 89:96 arg2 gessardii 79:87 Pseudomonas gessardii 67:87 Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica) 67:129 Characterization of a New Mixture of Mono-Rhamnolipids Produced by Pseudomonas gessardii Isolated from Edmonson Point (Antarctica). 32443698 4 64 theme mass 721:724 arg1 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 64 theme mass 721:724 arg1 spectrometry 726:737 high resolution mass spectrometry 705:737 high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) 705:750 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 5 65 from influence 933:941 arg1 composition 974:984 the RL composition 967:984 the RL composition 967:984 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 7 66 theme RLs 1543:1545 arg1 activity 1531:1538 the antimicrobial activity 1513:1538 the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml 1513:1662 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 5 67 theme source 957:962 arg1 influence 933:941 the influence 929:941 the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition 929:984 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 2 68 theme explored 246:253 arg1 places 255:260 the less explored places 237:260 the less explored places on Earth 237:269 Antarctica is one of the less explored places on Earth and bioprospecting for novel RL producer strains represents a promising strategy for the discovery of novel structures. 32443698 4 69 theme resolution 710:719 arg1 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 LC-HRESIMS 740:749 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 69 theme resolution 710:719 arg1 spectrometry 726:737 high resolution mass spectrometry 705:737 high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) 705:750 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 5 70 theme RL 971:972 arg1 composition 974:984 the RL composition 967:984 the RL composition 967:984 We explored the influence of the carbon source on the RL composition using 12 different raw materials, such as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and petroleum industry derivatives, reporting for the first time the production of RLs using, as sole carbon source, anthracene and benzene. 32443698 4 71 theme liquid 672:677 arg1 chromatography 679:692 liquid chromatography 672:692 liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs 672:914 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 72 theme produced 637:644 arg1 RLs 646:648 the produced RLs 633:648 the produced RLs 633:648 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 4 73 theme rRNA 608:611 arg1 sequencing 618:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing 604:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing 604:627 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 32443698 7 74 with strains 1561:1567 arg1 values 1643:1648 MIC values 1639:1648 MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml 1639:1662 Finally, we report for the first time the antimicrobial activity of RLs towards three strains of the emerging multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with MIC values of 12.5 µg/ml. 32443698 4 75 theme 16S 604:606 arg1 sequencing 618:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing 604:627 16S rRNA gene sequencing 604:627 The positive strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the produced RLs were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), resulting in a new mixture of 17 different RL congeners, with six previously undescribed RLs. 34399766 3 0 theme microbiota 1129:1138 arg1 composition 1140:1150 the microbiota composition 1125:1150 the microbiota composition at both ages 1125:1163 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 2 1 theme Urinary 820:826 arg1 samples 838:844 Urinary and fecal samples 820:844 Urinary and fecal samples 820:844 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 2 theme gender-matched 868:881 arg1 mice 906:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 9 3 theme altered 2181:2187 arg1 microbiota 2189:2198 Those altered microbiota 2175:2198 Those altered microbiota 2175:2198 Those altered microbiota were exceedingly associated with the levels of differential metabolites. 34399766 7 4 theme functional 1815:1824 arg1 pathway 1836:1842 functional metabolic pathway 1815:1842 functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1815:1957 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 10 5 dep CONCLUSIONS 2273:2283 arg1 mediated 2333:2340 mediated 2333:2340 may be partially mediated by the gut microbiota 2316:2362 CONCLUSIONS The urinary metabolomics of AD may be partially mediated by the gut microbiota. 34399766 3 6 theme metabolomic 965:975 arg1 signatures 977:986 Urinary metabolomic signatures 957:986 Urinary metabolomic signatures 957:986 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 4 7 theme gut 1344:1346 arg1 microbiota 1348:1357 gut microbiota 1344:1357 gut microbiota 1344:1357 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 3 8 theme gas 1009:1011 arg1 spectrometer 1048:1059 the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1005:1059 the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1005:1059 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 8 9 theme reduced 1968:1974 arg1 richness 1976:1983 richness 1976:1983 richness 1976:1983 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 1 10 theme integrative 380:390 arg1 signatures 404:413 integrative metabolomic signatures 380:413 integrative metabolomic signatures 380:413 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 7 11 theme threonine 1633:1641 arg1 metabolism 1643:1652 serine and threonine metabolism 1622:1652 metabolism 1643:1652 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 11 theme threonine 1633:1641 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 11 12 theme integrated 2369:2378 arg1 analysis 2380:2387 The integrated analysis 2365:2387 The integrated analysis between gut microbes and host metabolism 2365:2428 The integrated analysis between gut microbes and host metabolism may provide a reference for the pathogenesis of AD. 34399766 1 13 theme C57BL/6 661:667 arg1 mice 684:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 9 14 theme metabolites 2260:2270 arg1 levels 2237:2242 the levels 2233:2242 the levels of differential metabolites 2233:2270 Those altered microbiota were exceedingly associated with the levels of differential metabolites. 34399766 7 15 theme serine 1622:1627 arg1 metabolism 1643:1652 serine and threonine metabolism 1622:1652 metabolism 1643:1652 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 15 theme serine 1622:1627 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 2 16 from mice 859:862 arg1 METHODS 812:818 METHODS 812:818 METHODS 812:818 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 16 from mice 859:862 arg1 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 8 17 from evenness 1989:1996 arg1 microbiome 2005:2014 gut microbiome 2001:2014 gut microbiome 2001:2014 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 1 18 theme microbiotic 419:429 arg1 profilings 441:450 microbiotic community profilings 419:450 microbiotic community profilings 419:450 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 19 theme low 137:139 arg1 treatment 151:159 the clinical low efficient treatment 124:159 the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 124:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 11 20 theme AD 2478:2479 arg1 pathogenesis 2462:2473 the pathogenesis 2458:2473 the pathogenesis of AD 2458:2479 The integrated analysis between gut microbes and host metabolism may provide a reference for the pathogenesis of AD. 34399766 7 21 theme sucrose 1749:1755 arg1 metabolism 1757:1766 starch and sucrose metabolism 1738:1766 metabolism 1757:1766 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 21 theme sucrose 1749:1755 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 0 22 theme conditional 73:83 arg1 mice 101:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 7 23 theme starch 1738:1743 arg1 metabolism 1757:1766 starch and sucrose metabolism 1738:1766 metabolism 1757:1766 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 23 theme starch 1738:1743 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 0 24 from changes 20:26 arg1 mice 101:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 1 25 theme AD-like 603:609 arg1 phenotypes 611:620 AD-like phenotypes 603:620 AD-like phenotypes 603:620 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 0 26 theme knockout 92:99 arg1 mice 101:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 1 27 dep age 478:480 arg1 2-month 483:489 2-month 483:489 2-month 483:489 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 7 28 theme disturbed 1567:1575 arg1 pathways 1587:1594 The disturbed metabolic pathways 1563:1594 The disturbed metabolic pathways 1563:1594 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 3 29 theme mass 1043:1046 arg1 spectrometer 1048:1059 the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1005:1059 the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1005:1059 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 5 30 theme early 1470:1474 arg1 ages 1487:1490 early and mature ages 1470:1490 early and mature ages 1470:1490 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 10 31 theme urinary 2289:2295 arg1 metabolomics 2297:2308 The urinary metabolomics 2285:2308 The urinary metabolomics of AD 2285:2314 CONCLUSIONS The urinary metabolomics of AD may be partially mediated by the gut microbiota. 34399766 1 32 theme double 546:551 arg1 cDKO 566:569 PS cDKO 563:569 PS cDKO 563:569 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 32 theme double 546:551 arg1 mice 572:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice 520:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 520:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 8 33 theme cDKO 2020:2023 arg1 mice 2025:2028 PS cDKO mice 2017:2028 PS cDKO mice 2017:2028 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 3 34 theme 16S 1073:1075 arg1 rRNA 1077:1080 16S rRNA 1073:1080 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages 1073:1163 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 5 35 theme mature 1480:1485 arg1 ages 1487:1490 early and mature ages 1470:1490 early and mature ages 1470:1490 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 3 36 dep rRNA 1077:1080 arg1 performed 1104:1112 performed 1104:1112 was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages 1100:1163 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 0 37 theme Urinary 0:6 arg1 changes 20:26 Urinary metabolomic changes 0:26 Urinary metabolomic changes 0:26 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 7 38 theme dicarboxylate 1670:1682 arg1 metabolism 1684:1693 glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism 1655:1693 metabolism 1684:1693 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 38 theme dicarboxylate 1670:1682 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 4 39 theme functional 1201:1210 arg1 prediction 1212:1221 microbiotic functional prediction 1189:1221 microbiotic functional prediction 1189:1221 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 7 40 theme glycan 1924:1929 arg1 biosynthesis 1931:1942 glycan biosynthesis 1924:1942 glycan biosynthesis 1924:1942 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 3 41 from ages 1160:1163 arg1 composition 1140:1150 the microbiota composition 1125:1150 the microbiota composition at both ages 1125:1163 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 7 42 theme glyoxylate 1655:1664 arg1 metabolism 1684:1693 glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism 1655:1693 metabolism 1684:1693 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 42 theme glyoxylate 1655:1664 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 2 43 theme C57BL/6 883:889 arg1 mice 906:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 1 44 theme metabolomic 740:750 arg1 changes 752:758 metabolomic changes 740:758 metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 740:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 45 theme mice 572:575 arg1 age 503:505 mature age 496:505 mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 496:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 45 theme mice 572:575 arg1 6-month 508:514 6-month 508:514 6-month 508:514 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 45 theme mice 572:575 arg1 age 478:480 the early age 468:480 the early age (2-month) 468:490 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 0 46 theme microbiotic 32:42 arg1 alterations 44:54 microbiotic alterations 32:54 microbiotic alterations 32:54 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 3 47 theme sequence 1082:1089 arg1 analysis 1091:1098 sequence analysis 1082:1098 sequence analysis 1082:1098 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 5 48 dep RESULTS 1360:1366 arg1 displayed 1415:1423 displayed 1415:1423 displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages 1415:1490 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 7 49 with consistent 1799:1808 arg1 pathway 1836:1842 functional metabolic pathway 1815:1842 functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1815:1957 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 5 50 theme PS 1402:1403 arg1 mice 1410:1413 PS cDKO mice 1402:1413 PS cDKO mice 1402:1413 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 1 51 theme disease 771:777 arg1 progression 779:789 the disease progression 767:789 the disease progression of AD 767:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 4 52 theme coefficient 1250:1260 arg1 analysis 1262:1269 Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis 1227:1269 Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis 1227:1269 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 6 53 theme longitudinal 1496:1507 arg1 study 1509:1513 longitudinal study 1496:1513 longitudinal study 1496:1513 By longitudinal study, xylitol and glycine were reduced at both ages. 34399766 7 54 theme energy 1887:1892 arg1 metabolism 1894:1903 energy metabolism 1887:1903 energy metabolism 1887:1903 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 11 55 theme gut 2397:2399 arg1 microbes 2401:2408 gut microbes 2397:2408 gut microbes 2397:2408 The integrated analysis between gut microbes and host metabolism may provide a reference for the pathogenesis of AD. 34399766 1 56 theme WT 680:681 arg1 mice 684:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 7 57 theme metabolic 1826:1834 arg1 pathway 1836:1842 functional metabolic pathway 1815:1842 functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism 1815:1957 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 2 58 theme fecal 832:836 arg1 samples 838:844 Urinary and fecal samples 820:844 Urinary and fecal samples 820:844 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 1 59 theme presenilin1/2 520:532 arg1 cDKO 566:569 PS cDKO 563:569 PS cDKO 563:569 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 59 theme presenilin1/2 520:532 arg1 mice 572:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice 520:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 520:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 60 theme microbiome-gut-brain 253:272 arg1 axis 274:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis 253:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 253:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 60 theme microbiome-gut-brain 253:272 arg1 pathway 313:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 2 61 theme 2 926:926 arg1 age 919:921 age 919:921 age of 2 919:926 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 61 theme 2 926:926 arg1 6 months 932:939 6 months 932:939 6 months 932:939 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 8 62 from richness 1976:1983 arg1 microbiome 2005:2014 gut microbiome 2001:2014 gut microbiome 2001:2014 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 1 63 theme mature 496:501 arg1 age 503:505 mature age 496:505 mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 496:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 63 theme mature 496:501 arg1 6-month 508:514 6-month 508:514 6-month 508:514 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 3 64 theme Urinary 957:963 arg1 signatures 977:986 Urinary metabolomic signatures 957:986 Urinary metabolomic signatures 957:986 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 2 65 theme cDKO 854:857 arg1 mice 859:862 PS cDKO mice 851:862 PS cDKO mice 851:862 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 4 66 theme urinary 1320:1326 arg1 metabolites 1328:1338 differential urinary metabolites 1307:1338 differential urinary metabolites 1307:1338 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 1 67 theme early 472:476 arg1 age 478:480 the early age 468:480 the early age (2-month) 468:490 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 8 68 theme gut 2001:2003 arg1 microbiome 2005:2014 gut microbiome 2001:2014 gut microbiome 2001:2014 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 5 69 theme metabolic 1425:1433 arg1 changes 1451:1457 metabolic and microbiotic changes 1425:1457 metabolic and microbiotic changes 1425:1457 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 2 70 dep MATERIALS 798:806 arg1 samples 838:844 Urinary and fecal samples 820:844 Urinary and fecal samples 820:844 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 7 71 theme citrate 1773:1779 arg1 cycle 1781:1785 citrate cycle 1773:1785 citrate cycle 1773:1785 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 71 theme citrate 1773:1779 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 5 72 theme microbiotic 1439:1449 arg1 changes 1451:1457 metabolic and microbiotic changes 1425:1457 metabolic and microbiotic changes 1425:1457 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 1 73 theme age-matched 649:659 arg1 mice 684:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 9 74 theme differential 2247:2258 arg1 metabolites 2260:2270 differential metabolites 2247:2270 differential metabolites 2247:2270 Those altered microbiota were exceedingly associated with the levels of differential metabolites. 34399766 1 75 theme metabolomic 392:402 arg1 signatures 404:413 integrative metabolomic signatures 380:413 integrative metabolomic signatures 380:413 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 76 theme wild-type 669:677 arg1 mice 684:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 649:687 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 77 from emphasis 241:248 arg1 axis 274:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis 253:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 253:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 77 from emphasis 241:248 arg1 pathway 313:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 78 theme clinical 128:135 arg1 treatment 151:159 the clinical low efficient treatment 124:159 the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 124:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 79 theme community 431:439 arg1 profilings 441:450 microbiotic community profilings 419:450 microbiotic community profilings 419:450 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 80 theme efficient 141:149 arg1 treatment 151:159 the clinical low efficient treatment 124:159 the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 124:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 0 81 theme double 85:90 arg1 mice 101:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 1 82 from disease 210:216 arg1 axis 274:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis 253:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 253:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 82 from disease 210:216 arg1 pathway 313:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 7 83 theme metabolic 1577:1585 arg1 pathways 1587:1594 The disturbed metabolic pathways 1563:1594 The disturbed metabolic pathways 1563:1594 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 1 84 theme mono-brain-target 170:186 arg1 design 188:193 mono-brain-target design 170:193 mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 170:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 8 85 from increases 2040:2048 arg1 Lactobacillus 2053:2065 Lactobacillus 2053:2065 Lactobacillus 2053:2065 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 1 86 theme AD 794:795 arg1 progression 779:789 the disease progression 767:789 the disease progression of AD 767:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 10 87 theme AD 2313:2314 arg1 metabolomics 2297:2308 The urinary metabolomics 2285:2308 The urinary metabolomics of AD 2285:2314 CONCLUSIONS The urinary metabolomics of AD may be partially mediated by the gut microbiota. 34399766 1 88 theme phenotypes 611:620 arg1 series 593:598 a series 591:598 a series of AD-like phenotypes 591:620 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 8 89 theme PS 2017:2018 arg1 mice 2025:2028 PS cDKO mice 2017:2028 PS cDKO mice 2017:2028 Besides reduced richness and evenness in gut microbiome, PS cDKO mice displayed increases in Lactobacillus, while decreases in norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. 34399766 3 90 theme chromatography-time-of-flight 1013:1041 arg1 spectrometer 1048:1059 the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1005:1059 the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1005:1059 Urinary metabolomic signatures were measured by the gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis was performed to analyse the microbiota composition at both ages. 34399766 4 91 theme correlation 1238:1248 arg1 coefficient 1250:1260 Spearman's correlation coefficient 1227:1260 Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis 1227:1269 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 1 92 theme conditional 534:544 arg1 cDKO 566:569 PS cDKO 563:569 PS cDKO 563:569 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 92 theme conditional 534:544 arg1 mice 572:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice 520:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 520:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 93 theme metabolic 361:369 arg1 changes 371:377 metabolic changes 361:377 metabolic changes 361:377 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 7 94 theme glucuronate 1708:1718 arg1 interconversions 1720:1735 pentose and glucuronate interconversions 1696:1735 interconversions 1720:1735 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 94 theme glucuronate 1708:1718 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 0 95 from alterations 44:54 arg1 mice 101:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 4 96 theme microbiotic 1189:1199 arg1 prediction 1212:1221 microbiotic functional prediction 1189:1221 microbiotic functional prediction 1189:1221 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 1 97 theme knockout 553:560 arg1 cDKO 566:569 PS cDKO 563:569 PS cDKO 563:569 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 97 theme knockout 553:560 arg1 mice 572:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice 520:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 520:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 0 98 theme metabolomic 8:18 arg1 changes 20:26 Urinary metabolomic changes 0:26 Urinary metabolomic changes 0:26 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 7 99 theme pentose 1696:1702 arg1 interconversions 1720:1735 pentose and glucuronate interconversions 1696:1735 interconversions 1720:1735 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 7 99 theme pentose 1696:1702 arg1 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 glycine 1613:1619 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 2 100 from age 919:921 arg1 METHODS 812:818 METHODS 812:818 METHODS 812:818 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 100 from age 919:921 arg1 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 101 theme WT 902:903 arg1 mice 906:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 1 102 theme PS 563:564 arg1 cDKO 566:569 PS cDKO 563:569 PS cDKO 563:569 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 102 theme PS 563:564 arg1 mice 572:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice 520:575 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 520:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 2 103 theme wild-type 891:899 arg1 mice 906:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice 868:909 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 104 dep mice 859:862 arg1 both 911:914 both 911:914 both 911:914 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 1 105 theme crucial 305:311 arg1 axis 274:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis 253:277 microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 253:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 1 105 theme crucial 305:311 arg1 pathway 313:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 a crucial pathway 303:319 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 7 106 theme lipid 1906:1910 arg1 metabolism 1912:1921 lipid metabolism 1906:1921 lipid metabolism 1906:1921 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 2 107 from 6 months 932:939 arg1 METHODS 812:818 METHODS 812:818 METHODS 812:818 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 2 107 from 6 months 932:939 arg1 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS 798:806 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 4 108 theme differential 1307:1318 arg1 metabolites 1328:1338 differential urinary metabolites 1307:1338 differential urinary metabolites 1307:1338 Furthermore, combining microbiotic functional prediction and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis to explore the relationship between differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota. 34399766 0 109 theme presenilin1/2 59:71 arg1 mice 101:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice 59:104 Urinary metabolomic changes and microbiotic alterations in presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout mice. 34399766 5 110 theme cDKO 1405:1408 arg1 mice 1410:1413 PS cDKO mice 1402:1413 PS cDKO mice 1402:1413 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 34399766 7 111 theme gut 1861:1863 arg1 microbiome 1865:1874 the gut microbiome 1857:1874 the gut microbiome 1857:1874 The disturbed metabolic pathways were involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and citrate cycle, which were consistent with functional metabolic pathway predicted by the gut microbiome, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. 34399766 11 112 theme host 2414:2417 arg1 metabolism 2419:2428 host metabolism 2414:2428 host metabolism 2414:2428 The integrated analysis between gut microbes and host metabolism may provide a reference for the pathogenesis of AD. 34399766 2 113 theme PS 851:852 arg1 mice 859:862 PS cDKO mice 851:862 PS cDKO mice 851:862 MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary and fecal samples from PS cDKO mice and gender-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice both at age of 2 and 6 months were collected. 34399766 1 114 theme increasing 230:239 arg1 emphasis 241:248 an increasing emphasis 227:248 an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD 227:795 BACKGROUND Given the clinical low efficient treatment based on mono-brain-target design in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an increasing emphasis on microbiome-gut-brain axis which was considered as a crucial pathway to affect the progress of AD along with metabolic changes, integrative metabolomic signatures and microbiotic community profilings were applied on the early age (2-month) and mature age (6-month) of presenilin1/2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice which exhibit a series of AD-like phenotypes, comparing with gender and age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice to clarify the relationship between microbiota and metabolomic changes during the disease progression of AD. 34399766 5 115 theme memory 1383:1388 arg1 impairment 1390:1399 memory impairment 1383:1399 memory impairment 1383:1399 RESULTS In addition to memory impairment, PS cDKO mice displayed metabolic and microbiotic changes at both of early and mature ages. 32827076 7 0 theme experiments 1136:1146 arg1 completion 1122:1131 completion 1122:1131 completion of experiments 1122:1146 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 6 1 theme sixth 885:889 arg1 week 891:894 the sixth week 881:894 the sixth week of photoaging induction 881:918 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 5 2 theme 300-W 807:811 arg1 lamp 826:829 a 300-W incandescent lamp 805:829 a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects 805:860 The mice were photoaged for 6 weeks in a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects. 32827076 7 3 theme region 1160:1165 arg1 skin 1167:1170 the dorsal region skin 1149:1170 the dorsal region skin 1149:1170 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 1 4 theme different 260:268 arg1 strategies 270:279 different strategies 260:279 different strategies 260:279 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 6 5 theme different 1003:1011 arg1 PBM 1041:1043 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 PBM 1041:1043 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 5 theme different 1003:1011 arg1 times 1067:1071 three times 1061:1071 three times per week after each session of photoaging 1061:1113 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 5 theme different 1003:1011 arg1 orders 1013:1018 different orders 1003:1018 different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely) 1003:1058 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 5 theme different 1003:1011 arg1 LBPF 1027:1030 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 LBPF 1027:1030 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 6 theme LBPF 966:969 arg1 applications 950:961 topical applications 942:961 topical applications 942:961 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 2 7 attach isolated 362:369 arg1 berry 405:409 goji berry 400:409 goji berry 400:409 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 7 attach isolated 362:369 arg2 LBPF 356:359 LBPF 356:359 LBPF 356:359 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 7 attach isolated 362:369 arg1 fruits 392:397 Lycium Barbarum fruits 376:397 Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) 376:410 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 7 attach isolated 362:369 arg2 fraction 346:353 The polysaccharide fraction 327:353 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) 327:410 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 7 8 theme collagen 1217:1224 arg1 content 1226:1232 collagen content 1217:1232 collagen content 1217:1232 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 6 9 theme photoaging 1104:1113 arg1 session 1093:1099 each session 1088:1099 each session of photoaging 1088:1113 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 0 10 theme collagen 114:121 arg1 fragmentation 123:135 collagen fragmentation 114:135 collagen fragmentation 114:135 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 11 11 dep LBPF 1700:1703 arg1 the 1696:1698 the 1696:1698 the 1696:1698 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 11 12 theme photoprotective 1723:1737 arg1 effect 1739:1744 a photoprotective effect 1721:1744 a photoprotective effect 1721:1744 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 9 13 theme skin 1520:1523 arg1 composition 1534:1544 the skin collagen composition 1516:1544 the skin collagen composition 1516:1544 All treatments maintained the skin collagen composition, except when PBM was applied after the LBPF. 32827076 4 14 theme mice 712:715 arg1 skin 695:698 the skin 691:698 the skin of hairless mice 691:715 This study investigated the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage in the skin of hairless mice. 32827076 5 15 theme incandescent 813:824 arg1 lamp 826:829 a 300-W incandescent lamp 805:829 a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects 805:860 The mice were photoaged for 6 weeks in a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects. 32827076 5 16 theme exposure 782:789 arg1 regimen 791:797 a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen 757:797 a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects 757:860 The mice were photoaged for 6 weeks in a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects. 32827076 10 17 theme MMP 1647:1649 arg1 increase 1651:1658 the UVR-induced MMP increase 1631:1658 the UVR-induced MMP increase 1631:1658 However, no treatment protected against the UVR-induced MMP increase. 32827076 5 18 theme UVR 850:852 arg1 effects 854:860 the UVR effects 846:860 the UVR effects 846:860 The mice were photoaged for 6 weeks in a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects. 32827076 5 19 theme chronic 759:765 arg1 regimen 791:797 a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen 757:797 a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects 757:860 The mice were photoaged for 6 weeks in a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects. 32827076 6 20 from applications 950:961 arg1 PBM 1041:1043 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 PBM 1041:1043 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 20 from applications 950:961 arg1 times 1067:1071 three times 1061:1071 three times per week after each session of photoaging 1061:1113 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 20 from applications 950:961 arg1 orders 1013:1018 different orders 1003:1018 different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely) 1003:1058 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 20 from applications 950:961 arg1 LBPF 1027:1030 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 LBPF 1027:1030 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 7 21 theme content 1226:1232 arg1 analysis 1194:1201 the analysis 1190:1201 the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels 1190:1269 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 10 22 theme UVR-induced 1635:1645 arg1 increase 1651:1658 the UVR-induced MMP increase 1631:1658 the UVR-induced MMP increase 1631:1658 However, no treatment protected against the UVR-induced MMP increase. 32827076 4 23 theme PBM 648:650 arg1 effects 628:634 the effects 624:634 the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage 624:686 This study investigated the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage in the skin of hairless mice. 32827076 0 24 theme barbarum 7:14 arg1 fraction 31:38 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction 0:38 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation 0:73 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 11 25 theme epidermal 1776:1784 arg1 thickening 1786:1795 epidermal thickening 1776:1795 epidermal thickening 1776:1795 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 12 26 used used 1868:1871 arg2 strategies 1828:1837 Both strategies 1823:1837 Both strategies 1823:1837 Both strategies, singly and combined, can be used to reduce the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging. 32827076 11 27 theme low 1801:1803 arg1 density 1814:1820 low collagen density 1801:1820 low collagen density 1801:1820 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 8 28 theme photoprotective 1274:1288 arg1 potential 1290:1298 A photoprotective potential 1272:1298 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers 1272:1392 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 4 29 theme UVR-induced 664:674 arg1 photodamage 676:686 the UVR-induced photodamage 660:686 the UVR-induced photodamage 660:686 This study investigated the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage in the skin of hairless mice. 32827076 0 30 theme Lycium 0:5 arg1 fraction 31:38 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction 0:38 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation 0:73 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 6 31 theme topical 942:948 arg1 applications 950:961 topical applications 942:961 topical applications 942:961 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 9 32 theme collagen 1525:1532 arg1 composition 1534:1544 the skin collagen composition 1516:1544 the skin collagen composition 1516:1544 All treatments maintained the skin collagen composition, except when PBM was applied after the LBPF. 32827076 6 33 dep orders 1013:1018 arg1 PBM 1041:1043 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 PBM 1041:1043 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 33 dep orders 1013:1018 arg1 orders 1013:1018 different orders 1003:1018 different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely) 1003:1058 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 33 dep orders 1013:1018 arg1 LBPF 1027:1030 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 LBPF 1027:1030 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 2 34 theme Barbarum 383:390 arg1 fruits 392:397 Lycium Barbarum fruits 376:397 Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) 376:410 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 34 theme Barbarum 383:390 arg1 berry 405:409 goji berry 400:409 goji berry 400:409 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 35 theme several 421:427 arg1 ingredients 436:446 several active ingredients 421:446 several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects 421:512 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 36 theme active 429:434 arg1 ingredients 436:446 several active ingredients 421:446 several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects 421:512 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 12 37 theme cutaneous 1899:1907 arg1 photoaging 1909:1918 the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging 1883:1918 the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging 1883:1918 Both strategies, singly and combined, can be used to reduce the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging. 32827076 1 38 used used 285:288 arg2 strategies 270:279 different strategies 260:279 different strategies 260:279 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 1 39 theme etiologic 215:223 arg1 radiation 186:194 Ultraviolet radiation 174:194 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) 174:200 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 1 39 theme etiologic 215:223 arg1 agent 225:229 the major etiologic agent 205:229 the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging 205:253 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 0 40 theme photodamage 161:171 arg1 model 142:146 a model 140:146 a model of cutaneous photodamage 140:171 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 11 41 theme collagen 1805:1812 arg1 density 1814:1820 low collagen density 1801:1820 low collagen density 1801:1820 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 7 42 theme thickness 1206:1214 arg1 analysis 1194:1201 the analysis 1190:1201 the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels 1190:1269 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 2 43 theme system 473:478 arg1 modulation 480:489 immune system modulation 466:489 immune system modulation 466:489 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 11 44 theme hairless 1749:1756 arg1 mice 1758:1761 hairless mice 1749:1761 hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density 1749:1820 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 0 45 theme cutaneous 151:159 arg1 photodamage 161:171 cutaneous photodamage 151:171 cutaneous photodamage 151:171 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 7 46 theme metalloproteinases 1239:1256 arg1 analysis 1194:1201 the analysis 1190:1201 the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels 1190:1269 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 2 47 with ingredients 436:446 arg1 effects 506:512 antitumor effects 496:512 antitumor effects 496:512 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 47 with ingredients 436:446 arg1 antioxidant 453:463 antioxidant 453:463 antioxidant 453:463 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 47 with ingredients 436:446 arg1 modulation 480:489 immune system modulation 466:489 immune system modulation 466:489 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 4 48 theme LBPF 639:642 arg1 effects 628:634 the effects 624:634 the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage 624:686 This study investigated the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage in the skin of hairless mice. 32827076 2 49 theme immune 466:471 arg1 system 473:478 immune system 466:478 immune system modulation 466:489 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 6 50 theme induction 910:918 arg1 week 891:894 the sixth week 881:894 the sixth week of photoaging induction 881:918 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 7 51 theme dorsal 1153:1158 arg1 skin 1167:1170 the dorsal region skin 1149:1170 the dorsal region skin 1149:1170 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 4 52 theme hairless 703:710 arg1 mice 712:715 hairless mice 703:715 hairless mice 703:715 This study investigated the effects of LBPF and PBM against the UVR-induced photodamage in the skin of hairless mice. 32827076 5 53 theme cumulative 771:780 arg1 regimen 791:797 a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen 757:797 a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects 757:860 The mice were photoaged for 6 weeks in a chronic and cumulative exposure regimen using a 300-W incandescent lamp that simulates the UVR effects. 32827076 6 54 theme photoaging 899:908 arg1 induction 910:918 photoaging induction 899:918 photoaging induction 899:918 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 3 55 theme photoaging 578:587 arg1 treatment 589:597 photoaging treatment 578:597 photoaging treatment 578:597 In addition, the photobiomodulation (PBM) is widely applied in photoaging treatment. 32827076 8 56 theme collagen 1378:1385 arg1 fibers 1387:1392 the collagen fibers 1374:1392 the collagen fibers 1374:1392 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 8 57 theme thickness 1339:1347 arg1 fragmentation 1357:1369 the fragmentation 1353:1369 the fragmentation of the collagen fibers 1353:1392 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 8 57 theme thickness 1339:1347 arg1 increase 1312:1319 the increase 1308:1319 the increase of the epithelium thickness 1308:1347 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 12 58 theme UVR-induced 1887:1897 arg1 photoaging 1909:1918 the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging 1883:1918 the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging 1883:1918 Both strategies, singly and combined, can be used to reduce the UVR-induced cutaneous photoaging. 32827076 8 59 theme fibers 1387:1392 arg1 fragmentation 1357:1369 the fragmentation 1353:1369 the fragmentation of the collagen fibers 1353:1392 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 8 59 theme fibers 1387:1392 arg1 increase 1312:1319 the increase 1308:1319 the increase of the epithelium thickness 1308:1347 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 7 60 dep thickness 1206:1214 arg1 levels 1264:1269 levels 1264:1269 levels 1264:1269 After completion of experiments, the dorsal region skin was collected for the analysis of thickness, collagen content, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels. 32827076 11 61 dep mice 1758:1761 arg1 skin 1763:1766 skin 1763:1766 skin 1763:1766 Taken together, we have shown that the LBPF and PBM promote a photoprotective effect in hairless mice skin against epidermal thickening and low collagen density. 32827076 1 62 theme cutaneous 234:242 arg1 photoaging 244:253 cutaneous photoaging 234:253 cutaneous photoaging 234:253 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 2 63 contain contains 412:419 arg1 LBPF 356:359 LBPF 356:359 LBPF 356:359 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 63 contain contains 412:419 arg1 fraction 346:353 The polysaccharide fraction 327:353 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) 327:410 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 63 contain contains 412:419 arg2 ingredients 436:446 several active ingredients 421:446 several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects 421:512 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 8 64 theme epithelium 1328:1337 arg1 thickness 1339:1347 the epithelium thickness 1324:1347 the epithelium thickness 1324:1347 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 2 65 theme polysaccharide 331:344 arg1 LBPF 356:359 LBPF 356:359 LBPF 356:359 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 65 theme polysaccharide 331:344 arg1 fraction 346:353 The polysaccharide fraction 327:353 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) 327:410 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 1 66 theme photoaging 244:253 arg1 radiation 186:194 Ultraviolet radiation 174:194 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) 174:200 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 1 66 theme photoaging 244:253 arg1 agent 225:229 the major etiologic agent 205:229 the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging 205:253 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 0 67 theme epithelium 89:98 arg1 thickness 100:108 epithelium thickness 89:108 epithelium thickness 89:108 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 1 68 theme major 209:213 arg1 radiation 186:194 Ultraviolet radiation 174:194 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) 174:200 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 1 68 theme major 209:213 arg1 agent 225:229 the major etiologic agent 205:229 the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging 205:253 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 2 69 theme Lycium 376:381 arg1 fruits 392:397 Lycium Barbarum fruits 376:397 Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) 376:410 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 2 69 theme Lycium 376:381 arg1 berry 405:409 goji berry 400:409 goji berry 400:409 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 6 70 theme first 1021:1025 arg1 orders 1013:1018 different orders 1003:1018 different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely) 1003:1058 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 6 70 theme first 1021:1025 arg1 LBPF 1027:1030 first LBPF and then PBM 1021:1043 LBPF 1027:1030 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 32827076 2 71 theme antitumor 496:504 arg1 effects 506:512 antitumor effects 496:512 antitumor effects 496:512 The polysaccharide fraction (LBPF) isolated from Lycium Barbarum fruits (goji berry) contains several active ingredients with antioxidant, immune system modulation, and antitumor effects. 32827076 8 72 theme skin 1414:1417 arg1 of mice 1419:1425 the skin of mice 1410:1425 the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly 1410:1457 A photoprotective potential against the increase of the epithelium thickness and the fragmentation of the collagen fibers was achieved in the skin of mice treated with LBPF or PBM singly, as well as their combination. 32827076 0 73 theme polysaccharide 16:29 arg1 fraction 31:38 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction 0:38 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation 0:73 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide fraction associated with photobiomodulation protects from epithelium thickness and collagen fragmentation in a model of cutaneous photodamage. 32827076 1 74 theme Ultraviolet 174:184 arg1 agent 225:229 the major etiologic agent 205:229 the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging 205:253 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 1 74 theme Ultraviolet 174:184 arg1 UVR 197:199 UVR 197:199 UVR 197:199 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 1 74 theme Ultraviolet 174:184 arg1 radiation 186:194 Ultraviolet radiation 174:194 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) 174:200 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major etiologic agent of cutaneous photoaging, and different strategies are used to prevent and treat this condition. 32827076 6 75 theme PBM 975:977 arg1 applications 950:961 topical applications 942:961 topical applications 942:961 From the third to the sixth week of photoaging induction, the animals received topical applications of LBPF and PBM, singly or combined, in different orders (first LBPF and then PBM and inversely), three times per week after each session of photoaging. 33419227 8 0 theme correct 1102:1108 arg1 folding 1110:1116 folding 1110:1116 folding 1110:1116 However, the mutations in the strands of the C-sheet allowed correct folding and secretion, which resulted in functional variants. 33419227 4 1 theme N-glycosylation 514:528 arg1 sites 530:534 N-glycosylation sites 514:534 N-glycosylation sites 514:534 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 10 2 theme natural 1359:1365 arg1 variants 1367:1374 natural variants 1359:1374 natural variants causing type-I deficiencies 1359:1402 These results could also help us understand the functional effects of natural variants causing type-I deficiencies. 33419227 1 3 theme protein 167:173 arg1 folding 175:181 protein folding 167:181 protein folding 167:181 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 10 4 theme type-I 1384:1389 arg1 deficiencies 1391:1402 type-I deficiencies 1384:1402 type-I deficiencies 1384:1402 These results could also help us understand the functional effects of natural variants causing type-I deficiencies. 33419227 2 5 theme proteins 295:302 arg1 half-lives 276:285 the half-lives 272:285 the half-lives of many proteins 272:302 N-linked glycosylation is also used therapeutically to enhance the half-lives of many proteins. 33419227 5 6 theme additional 709:718 arg1 sequence 736:743 an additional N-glycosylation sequence 706:743 an additional N-glycosylation sequence in each strand 706:758 To accomplish this task, we introduced an additional N-glycosylation sequence in each strand. 33419227 6 7 theme N-glycosylation 880:894 arg1 present 907:913 present 907:913 present 907:913 Interestingly, all regions that likely fold rapidly or were surrounded by lysines were not glycosylated even though an N-glycosylation sequon was present. 33419227 6 7 theme N-glycosylation 880:894 arg1 sequon 896:901 an N-glycosylation sequon 877:901 an N-glycosylation sequon 877:901 Interestingly, all regions that likely fold rapidly or were surrounded by lysines were not glycosylated even though an N-glycosylation sequon was present. 33419227 2 8 theme many 290:293 arg1 proteins 295:302 many proteins 290:302 many proteins 290:302 N-linked glycosylation is also used therapeutically to enhance the half-lives of many proteins. 33419227 3 9 theme N-glycosylation 348:362 arg1 sites 364:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 10 10 theme functional 1337:1346 arg1 effects 1348:1354 the functional effects 1333:1354 the functional effects of natural variants causing type-I deficiencies 1333:1402 These results could also help us understand the functional effects of natural variants causing type-I deficiencies. 33419227 3 11 theme thrombotic 454:463 arg1 risk 465:468 thrombotic risk 454:468 thrombotic risk 454:468 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 8 12 theme C-sheet 1086:1092 arg1 strands 1071:1077 the strands 1067:1077 the strands of the C-sheet 1067:1092 However, the mutations in the strands of the C-sheet allowed correct folding and secretion, which resulted in functional variants. 33419227 4 13 gly N-glycosylation 514:528 arg2 sites 530:534 N-glycosylation sites 514:534 N-glycosylation sites 514:534 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 4 14 theme anticoagulant 652:664 arg1 secretion 616:624 secretion 616:624 secretion 616:624 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 4 14 theme anticoagulant 652:664 arg1 function 631:638 function 631:638 function 631:638 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 4 14 theme anticoagulant 652:664 arg1 folding 607:613 protein folding 599:613 protein folding 599:613 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 7 15 dep A- 953:954 arg1 the 949:951 the 949:951 the 949:951 The new sequon in the strands of the A- and B-sheets reduced secretion, and the B-sheet was more sensitive to these changes. 33419227 4 16 theme key 648:650 arg1 anticoagulant 652:664 this key anticoagulant 643:664 this key anticoagulant 643:664 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 8 17 theme functional 1151:1160 arg1 variants 1162:1169 functional variants 1151:1169 functional variants 1151:1169 However, the mutations in the strands of the C-sheet allowed correct folding and secretion, which resulted in functional variants. 33419227 7 18 theme new 920:922 arg1 sequon 924:929 The new sequon 916:929 The new sequon in the strands of the A- and B-sheets 916:967 The new sequon in the strands of the A- and B-sheets reduced secretion, and the B-sheet was more sensitive to these changes. 33419227 1 19 theme N-linked 87:94 arg1 modification 142:153 a crucial post-translational modification 113:153 a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance 113:206 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 1 19 theme N-linked 87:94 arg1 glycosylation 96:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 6 20 gly glycosylated 852:863 arg1 regions 780:786 all regions 776:786 all regions that likely fold rapidly or were surrounded by lysines 776:841 Interestingly, all regions that likely fold rapidly or were surrounded by lysines were not glycosylated even though an N-glycosylation sequon was present. 33419227 3 21 theme pivotal 379:385 arg1 role 387:390 a pivotal role 377:390 a pivotal role 377:390 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 0 22 theme Study 29:33 arg1 Secretion 48:56 Study Antithrombin Secretion 29:56 Study Antithrombin Secretion 29:56 N-Glycosylation as a Tool to Study Antithrombin Secretion, Conformation, and Function. 33419227 5 23 from sequence 736:743 arg1 strand 753:758 each strand 748:758 each strand 748:758 To accomplish this task, we introduced an additional N-glycosylation sequence in each strand. 33419227 4 24 contain has 588:590 arg2 effect 562:567 effect 562:567 effect 562:567 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 4 24 contain has 588:590 arg1 glycosylation 574:586 this glycosylation 569:586 this glycosylation 569:586 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 2 25 used used 240:243 arg2 glycosylation 218:230 N-linked glycosylation 209:230 N-linked glycosylation 209:230 N-linked glycosylation is also used therapeutically to enhance the half-lives of many proteins. 33419227 2 26 link N-linked 209:216 arg1 glycosylation 218:230 N-linked glycosylation 209:230 N-linked glycosylation 209:230 N-linked glycosylation is also used therapeutically to enhance the half-lives of many proteins. 33419227 4 27 used used 489:492 arg2 we 486:487 we 486:487 we 486:487 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 3 28 gly N-glycosylation 348:362 arg2 sites 364:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 3 28 gly N-glycosylation 348:362 arg2 four 333:336 four 333:336 four 333:336 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 4 29 theme sites 530:534 arg1 introduction 498:509 the introduction 494:509 the introduction of N-glycosylation sites 494:534 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 4 29 theme sites 530:534 arg1 tool 541:544 a tool 539:544 a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant 539:664 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 9 30 theme crucial 1202:1208 arg1 regions 1210:1216 crucial regions 1202:1216 crucial regions for antithrombin secretion 1202:1243 Therefore, our study revealed crucial regions for antithrombin secretion and could potentially apply to all serpins. 33419227 0 31 theme Antithrombin 35:46 arg1 Secretion 48:56 Study Antithrombin Secretion 29:56 Study Antithrombin Secretion 29:56 N-Glycosylation as a Tool to Study Antithrombin Secretion, Conformation, and Function. 33419227 2 32 theme N-linked 209:216 arg1 glycosylation 218:230 N-linked glycosylation 209:230 N-linked glycosylation 209:230 N-linked glycosylation is also used therapeutically to enhance the half-lives of many proteins. 33419227 10 33 theme variants 1367:1374 arg1 effects 1348:1354 the functional effects 1333:1354 the functional effects of natural variants causing type-I deficiencies 1333:1402 These results could also help us understand the functional effects of natural variants causing type-I deficiencies. 33419227 3 34 with serpin 321:326 arg1 sites 364:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 1 35 theme crucial 115:121 arg1 modification 142:153 a crucial post-translational modification 113:153 a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance 113:206 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 1 35 theme crucial 115:121 arg1 glycosylation 96:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 6 36 gly N-glycosylation 880:894 arg2 present 907:913 present 907:913 present 907:913 Interestingly, all regions that likely fold rapidly or were surrounded by lysines were not glycosylated even though an N-glycosylation sequon was present. 33419227 6 36 gly N-glycosylation 880:894 arg2 sequon 896:901 an N-glycosylation sequon 877:901 an N-glycosylation sequon 877:901 Interestingly, all regions that likely fold rapidly or were surrounded by lysines were not glycosylated even though an N-glycosylation sequon was present. 33419227 4 37 theme protein 599:605 arg1 folding 607:613 protein folding 599:613 protein folding 599:613 In this study, we used the introduction of N-glycosylation sites as a tool to explore what effect this glycosylation has on the protein folding, secretion, and function of this key anticoagulant. 33419227 3 38 dep plays 371:375 arg1 wherein 407:413 wherein 407:413 wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk 407:468 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 9 39 theme antithrombin 1222:1233 arg1 secretion 1235:1243 antithrombin secretion 1222:1243 antithrombin secretion 1222:1243 Therefore, our study revealed crucial regions for antithrombin secretion and could potentially apply to all serpins. 33419227 7 40 theme B-sheets 960:967 arg1 strands 938:944 the strands 934:944 the strands of the A- and B-sheets 934:967 The new sequon in the strands of the A- and B-sheets reduced secretion, and the B-sheet was more sensitive to these changes. 33419227 1 41 theme post-translational 123:140 arg1 modification 142:153 a crucial post-translational modification 113:153 a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance 113:206 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 1 41 theme post-translational 123:140 arg1 glycosylation 96:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 7 42 from sequon 924:929 arg1 strands 938:944 the strands 934:944 the strands of the A- and B-sheets 934:967 The new sequon in the strands of the A- and B-sheets reduced secretion, and the B-sheet was more sensitive to these changes. 33419227 1 43 link N-linked 87:94 arg1 modification 142:153 a crucial post-translational modification 113:153 a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance 113:206 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 1 43 link N-linked 87:94 arg1 glycosylation 96:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation 87:108 N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification involved in protein folding, function, and clearance. 33419227 3 44 theme potential 338:346 arg1 sites 364:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 four potential N-glycosylation sites 333:368 Antithrombin, a serpin with four potential N-glycosylation sites, plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, wherein its deficiency significantly increases thrombotic risk. 33419227 0 45 dep N-Glycosylation 0:14 arg1 Tool 21:24 a Tool 19:24 a Tool to Study Antithrombin Secretion, Conformation, and Function 19:84 N-Glycosylation as a Tool to Study Antithrombin Secretion, Conformation, and Function. 33419227 7 46 theme A- 953:954 arg1 strands 938:944 the strands 934:944 the strands of the A- and B-sheets 934:967 The new sequon in the strands of the A- and B-sheets reduced secretion, and the B-sheet was more sensitive to these changes. 33419227 8 47 from mutations 1054:1062 arg1 strands 1071:1077 the strands 1067:1077 the strands of the C-sheet 1067:1092 However, the mutations in the strands of the C-sheet allowed correct folding and secretion, which resulted in functional variants. 33419227 5 48 theme N-glycosylation 720:734 arg1 sequence 736:743 an additional N-glycosylation sequence 706:743 an additional N-glycosylation sequence in each strand 706:758 To accomplish this task, we introduced an additional N-glycosylation sequence in each strand. 32598381 4 0 theme N-linked 559:566 arg1 glycan 568:573 this novel N-linked glycan 548:573 this novel N-linked glycan 548:573 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 3 1 theme human 493:497 arg1 population 504:513 the human H3N2 population 489:513 the human H3N2 population of viruses 489:524 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 1 2 theme A 245:245 arg1 surveillance 247:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 10 3 theme antibody 1715:1722 arg1 neutralization 1739:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. 32598381 11 4 theme virus 2017:2021 arg1 replication 2023:2033 virus replication 2017:2033 virus replication 2017:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 7 5 theme NA 1210:1211 arg1 genotype 1218:1225 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1202:1225 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1202:1225 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 3 6 theme viruses 518:524 arg1 population 504:513 the human H3N2 population 489:513 the human H3N2 population of viruses 489:524 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 1 7 theme novel 172:176 arg1 neuraminidase 178:190 novel neuraminidase 172:190 a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype 170:204 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 1 7 theme novel 172:176 arg1 NA 193:194 NA 193:194 NA 193:194 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 4 8 theme NA 644:645 arg1 Gly+ 647:650 (NA Gly+) 643:651 (NA Gly+) 643:651 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 5 9 with viruses 872:878 arg1 genotype 901:908 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 885:908 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 885:908 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 2 10 theme glycosylation 301:313 arg1 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 10 theme glycosylation 301:313 arg1 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 5 11 theme primary 800:806 arg1 cells 847:851 primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells 800:851 cells 847:851 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 11 theme primary 800:806 arg1 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 9 12 theme convalescent 1576:1587 arg1 serum 1589:1593 convalescent serum 1576:1593 convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans 1576:1619 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 0 13 theme antibody 118:125 arg1 binding 127:133 inhibitory antibody binding 107:133 inhibitory antibody binding 107:133 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 11 14 theme monoclonal 1915:1924 arg1 antibodies 1954:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies 1915:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication 1915:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 8 15 theme NA 1334:1335 arg1 activity 1347:1354 NA enzymatic activity 1334:1354 NA enzymatic activity 1334:1354 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 4 16 theme recombinant 618:628 arg1 viruses 630:636 recombinant viruses 618:636 recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan 618:690 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 2 17 link N-linked 292:299 arg1 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 17 link N-linked 292:299 arg1 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 5 18 theme infectious 774:783 arg1 titer 791:795 a significantly lower infectious virus titer 752:795 a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) 752:858 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 11 19 theme antibodies 1954:1963 arg1 binding 1904:1910 the binding 1900:1910 the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication 1900:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 7 20 with viruses 1096:1102 arg1 genotype 1125:1132 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1109:1132 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1109:1132 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 5 21 theme immortalized 937:948 arg1 cells 950:954 immortalized cells 937:954 immortalized cells 937:954 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 11 22 theme NA 1942:1943 arg1 antibodies 1954:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies 1915:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication 1915:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 8 23 theme virus 1360:1364 arg1 replication 1366:1376 virus replication 1360:1376 virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein 1360:1415 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 7 24 theme Gly+ 1120:1123 arg1 genotype 1125:1132 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1109:1132 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1109:1132 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 7 25 contain had 1134:1136 arg1 viruses 1096:1102 viruses 1096:1102 viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1096:1132 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 7 25 contain had 1134:1136 arg2 activity 1168:1175 significantly lower enzymatic activity 1138:1175 significantly lower enzymatic activity 1138:1175 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 11 26 theme enzymatic 1855:1863 arg1 activity 1865:1872 enzymatic activity 1855:1872 enzymatic activity 1855:1872 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 5 27 theme differentiated 809:822 arg1 cells 847:851 primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells 800:851 cells 847:851 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 27 theme differentiated 809:822 arg1 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 28 theme nasal 830:834 arg1 cells 847:851 primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells 800:851 cells 847:851 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 28 theme nasal 830:834 arg1 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 2 29 from site 315:318 arg1 viruses 380:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 29 from site 315:318 arg1 protein 350:356 the NA protein 343:356 the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 343:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 9 30 theme Gly- 1657:1660 arg1 genotype 1662:1669 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1646:1669 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1646:1669 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 8 31 theme NA 1401:1402 arg1 protein 1409:1415 an NA Gly+ protein 1398:1415 an NA Gly+ protein 1398:1415 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 8 32 theme monoclonal 1234:1243 arg1 antibodies 1245:1254 Human monoclonal antibodies 1228:1254 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan 1228:1298 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 0 33 theme enzymatic 84:92 arg1 activity 94:101 enzymatic activity 84:101 enzymatic activity 84:101 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 9 34 from serum 1589:1593 arg1 virus 1493:1497 a recombinant H6N2 virus 1474:1497 a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1474:1526 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 9 34 from serum 1589:1593 arg1 resistant 1537:1545 resistant 1537:1545 resistant 1537:1545 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 11 35 theme virus 1814:1818 arg1 replication 1820:1830 virus replication 1814:1830 virus replication in hNECs 1814:1839 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 3 36 theme 2014-2015 416:424 arg1 season 426:431 the 2014-2015 season 412:431 the 2014-2015 season 412:431 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 5 37 theme NA 893:894 arg1 genotype 901:908 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 885:908 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 885:908 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 0 38 theme virus 65:69 arg1 replication 71:81 virus replication 65:81 virus replication 65:81 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 2 39 theme 3c.2a 369:373 arg1 viruses 380:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 0 40 theme Neuraminidase 0:12 arg1 drift 24:28 Neuraminidase antigenic drift 0:28 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 0:56 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 7 41 theme Gly- 1213:1216 arg1 genotype 1218:1225 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1202:1225 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1202:1225 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 3 42 theme novel 439:443 arg1 genotype 462:469 this novel NA glycosylation genotype 434:469 this novel NA glycosylation genotype 434:469 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 8 43 theme Gly- 1446:1449 arg1 protein 1451:1457 NA Gly- protein 1443:1457 NA Gly- protein 1443:1457 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 10 44 theme virus 1733:1737 arg1 neutralization 1739:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. 32598381 8 45 theme NA 1290:1291 arg1 glycan 1293:1298 the 245 NA glycan 1282:1298 the 245 NA glycan 1282:1298 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 11 46 theme NA 1796:1797 arg1 Gly+ 1799:1802 the 245 NA Gly+ 1788:1802 the 245 NA Gly+ 1788:1802 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 0 47 theme H3N2 33:36 arg1 viruses 50:56 H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 33:56 H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 33:56 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 1 48 located detected 210:217 arg2 genotype 197:204 a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype 170:204 a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype 170:204 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 1 48 located detected 210:217 arg1 surveillance 247:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 1 48 located detected 210:217 arg1 season 163:168 the 2014-2015 influenza season 139:168 the 2014-2015 influenza season 139:168 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 4 49 with viruses 630:636 arg1 Gly+ 647:650 (NA Gly+) 643:651 (NA Gly+) 643:651 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 5 50 theme NA 727:728 arg1 genotype 735:742 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 719:742 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 719:742 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 2 51 from viruses 380:386 arg1 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 51 from viruses 380:386 arg1 protein 350:356 the NA protein 343:356 the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 343:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 51 from viruses 380:386 arg1 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 9 52 theme H6N2 1488:1491 arg1 virus 1493:1497 a recombinant H6N2 virus 1474:1497 a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1474:1526 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 9 52 theme H6N2 1488:1491 arg1 resistant 1537:1545 resistant 1537:1545 resistant 1537:1545 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 3 53 theme glycosylation 448:460 arg1 genotype 462:469 this novel NA glycosylation genotype 434:469 this novel NA glycosylation genotype 434:469 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 4 54 link N-linked 559:566 arg1 glycan 568:573 this novel N-linked glycan 548:573 this novel N-linked glycan 548:573 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 1 55 theme 2014-2015 143:151 arg1 season 163:168 the 2014-2015 influenza season 139:168 the 2014-2015 influenza season 139:168 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 2 56 gly glycosylation 301:313 arg2 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 56 gly glycosylation 301:313 arg2 viruses 380:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 56 gly glycosylation 301:313 arg2 position 323:330 position 245-247 323:338 position 245-247 323:338 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 56 gly glycosylation 301:313 arg2 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 3 57 theme H3N2 499:502 arg1 population 504:513 the human H3N2 population 489:513 the human H3N2 population of viruses 489:524 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 1 58 theme global 222:227 arg1 surveillance 247:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 9 59 theme Gly+ 1515:1518 arg1 protein 1520:1526 the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1504:1526 the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1504:1526 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 7 60 theme lower 1152:1156 arg1 activity 1168:1175 significantly lower enzymatic activity 1138:1175 significantly lower enzymatic activity 1138:1175 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 2 61 theme NA 347:348 arg1 protein 350:356 the NA protein 343:356 the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 343:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 1 62 theme influenza 235:243 arg1 surveillance 247:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 11 63 theme enzymatic 1994:2002 arg1 activity 2004:2011 enzymatic activity 1994:2011 enzymatic activity 1994:2011 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 2 64 from position 323:330 arg1 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 64 from position 323:330 arg1 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 6 65 theme human 981:985 arg1 antibodies 1009:1018 human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies 981:1018 human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope 981:1079 The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. 32598381 4 66 theme novel 553:557 arg1 glycan 568:573 this novel N-linked glycan 548:573 this novel N-linked glycan 548:573 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 9 67 with virus 1493:1497 arg1 protein 1520:1526 the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1504:1526 the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1504:1526 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 11 68 theme NA 1883:1884 arg1 glycan 1886:1891 the 245 NA glycan 1875:1891 the 245 NA glycan 1875:1891 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 5 69 theme human 824:828 arg1 cells 847:851 primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells 800:851 cells 847:851 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 69 theme human 824:828 arg1 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 2 70 theme novel 266:270 arg1 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 70 theme novel 266:270 arg1 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 5 71 theme virus 785:789 arg1 titer 791:795 a significantly lower infectious virus titer 752:795 a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) 752:858 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 0 72 theme 3c.2a 44:48 arg1 viruses 50:56 H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 33:56 H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 33:56 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 9 73 theme enzymatic 1550:1558 arg1 inhibition 1560:1569 enzymatic inhibition 1550:1569 enzymatic inhibition 1550:1569 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 1 74 theme neuraminidase 178:190 arg1 genotype 197:204 a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype 170:204 a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype 170:204 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 11 75 from replication 1820:1830 arg1 hNECs 1835:1839 hNECs 1835:1839 hNECs 1835:1839 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 7 76 with viruses 1189:1195 arg1 genotype 1218:1225 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1202:1225 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1202:1225 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 2 77 theme N-linked 292:299 arg1 genotype 272:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype 261:279 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 2 77 theme N-linked 292:299 arg1 site 315:318 an N-linked glycosylation site 289:318 an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 289:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 11 78 theme serum 1936:1940 arg1 antibodies 1954:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies 1915:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication 1915:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 8 79 theme enzymatic 1337:1345 arg1 activity 1347:1354 NA enzymatic activity 1334:1354 NA enzymatic activity 1334:1354 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 6 80 theme enzymatic 1036:1044 arg1 site 1046:1049 the enzymatic site 1032:1049 the enzymatic site 1032:1049 The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. 32598381 4 81 theme antibody 600:607 arg1 binding 609:615 antibody binding 600:615 antibody binding 600:615 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 10 82 theme NA 1689:1690 arg1 Gly+ 1692:1695 the 245 NA Gly+ 1681:1695 the 245 NA Gly+ 1681:1695 Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. 32598381 5 83 theme lower 768:772 arg1 titer 791:795 a significantly lower infectious virus titer 752:795 a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) 752:858 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 9 84 theme H3N2-infected 1600:1612 arg1 humans 1614:1619 H3N2-infected humans 1600:1619 H3N2-infected humans 1600:1619 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 5 85 theme epithelial 836:845 arg1 cells 847:851 primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells 800:851 cells 847:851 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 85 theme epithelial 836:845 arg1 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 11 86 theme human 1930:1934 arg1 antibodies 1954:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies 1915:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication 1915:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 10 87 theme NA 1712:1713 arg1 neutralization 1739:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. 32598381 11 88 theme specific 1945:1952 arg1 antibodies 1954:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies 1915:1963 monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication 1915:2033 These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the 245 NA glycan blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication. 32598381 8 89 theme viruses 1381:1387 arg1 activity 1347:1354 NA enzymatic activity 1334:1354 NA enzymatic activity 1334:1354 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 8 89 theme viruses 1381:1387 arg1 replication 1366:1376 virus replication 1360:1376 virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein 1360:1415 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 5 90 with Viruses 706:712 arg1 genotype 735:742 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 719:742 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 719:742 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 4 91 theme Gly- 668:671 arg1 NA 665:666 NA Gly- 665:671 NA Gly- 665:671 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 4 91 theme Gly- 668:671 arg1 glycan 685:690 the 245 NA glycan 674:690 (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan 664:690 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 7 92 theme NA 1117:1118 arg1 genotype 1125:1132 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1109:1132 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 1109:1132 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 9 93 from humans 1614:1619 arg1 serum 1589:1593 convalescent serum 1576:1593 convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans 1576:1619 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 5 94 from titer 791:795 arg1 cells 847:851 primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells 800:851 cells 847:851 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 5 94 from titer 791:795 arg1 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 hNEC 854:857 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 1 95 theme influenza 153:161 arg1 season 163:168 the 2014-2015 influenza season 139:168 the 2014-2015 influenza season 139:168 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 32598381 9 96 theme NA 1654:1655 arg1 genotype 1662:1669 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1646:1669 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1646:1669 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 8 97 theme Gly+ 1404:1407 arg1 protein 1409:1415 an NA Gly+ protein 1398:1415 an NA Gly+ protein 1398:1415 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 8 98 theme Human 1228:1232 arg1 antibodies 1245:1254 Human monoclonal antibodies 1228:1254 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan 1228:1298 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 0 99 theme inhibitory 107:116 arg1 binding 127:133 inhibitory antibody binding 107:133 inhibitory antibody binding 107:133 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 4 100 dep effect 541:546 arg1 has 575:577 has 575:577 has on virus fitness and antibody binding 575:615 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 2 101 theme H3N2 375:378 arg1 viruses 380:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 5 102 theme Gly+ 730:733 arg1 genotype 735:742 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 719:742 the 245 NA Gly+ genotype 719:742 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 6 103 theme NA 965:966 arg1 Gly+ 968:971 The 245 NA Gly+ 957:971 The 245 NA Gly+ 957:971 The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. 32598381 8 104 theme NA 1443:1444 arg1 protein 1451:1457 NA Gly- protein 1443:1457 NA Gly- protein 1443:1457 Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycan were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly- protein. 32598381 2 105 theme clade 363:367 arg1 viruses 380:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses 363:386 This novel genotype encoded an N-linked glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. 32598381 4 106 theme NA 682:683 arg1 NA 665:666 NA Gly- 665:671 NA Gly- 665:671 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 4 106 theme NA 682:683 arg1 glycan 685:690 the 245 NA glycan 674:690 (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan 664:690 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 3 107 theme NA 445:446 arg1 genotype 462:469 this novel NA glycosylation genotype 434:469 this novel NA glycosylation genotype 434:469 In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. 32598381 0 108 theme clade 38:42 arg1 viruses 50:56 H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 33:56 H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 33:56 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 9 109 theme recombinant 1476:1486 arg1 virus 1493:1497 a recombinant H6N2 virus 1474:1497 a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1474:1526 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 9 109 theme recombinant 1476:1486 arg1 resistant 1537:1545 resistant 1537:1545 resistant 1537:1545 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 10 110 theme mediated 1724:1731 arg1 neutralization 1739:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 NA antibody mediated virus neutralization 1712:1752 Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. 32598381 0 111 theme viruses 50:56 arg1 drift 24:28 Neuraminidase antigenic drift 0:28 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 0:56 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 5 112 theme Gly- 896:899 arg1 genotype 901:908 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 885:908 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 885:908 Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. 32598381 7 113 theme enzymatic 1158:1166 arg1 activity 1168:1175 significantly lower enzymatic activity 1138:1175 significantly lower enzymatic activity 1138:1175 Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 4 114 theme virus 582:586 arg1 fitness 588:594 virus fitness 582:594 virus fitness 582:594 To assess the effect this novel N-linked glycan has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the 245 NA glycan were created. 32598381 6 115 theme rabbit 991:996 arg1 antibodies 1009:1018 human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies 981:1018 human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope 981:1079 The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. 32598381 9 116 theme NA 1512:1513 arg1 protein 1520:1526 the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1504:1526 the 245 NA Gly+ protein 1504:1526 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 6 117 theme monoclonal 998:1007 arg1 antibodies 1009:1018 human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies 981:1018 human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope 981:1079 The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. 32598381 9 118 with viruses 1633:1639 arg1 genotype 1662:1669 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1646:1669 the 245 NA Gly- genotype 1646:1669 Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly- genotype. 32598381 0 119 theme antigenic 14:22 arg1 drift 24:28 Neuraminidase antigenic drift 0:28 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses 0:56 Neuraminidase antigenic drift of H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding. 32598381 1 120 theme human 229:233 arg1 surveillance 247:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 global human influenza A surveillance 222:258 In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype was detected in global human influenza A surveillance. 34724770 8 0 theme DNA 1160:1162 arg1 fragmentation 1164:1176 DNA fragmentation 1160:1176 DNA fragmentation 1160:1176 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 9 1 theme N. 1308:1309 arg1 fowleri 1311:1317 N. fowleri 1308:1317 N. fowleri 1308:1317 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 1 2 theme fatal 167:171 arg1 meningoencephalitis 144:162 primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 128:162 primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 128:162 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 1 2 theme fatal 167:171 arg1 infection 173:181 a fatal infection 165:181 a fatal infection 165:181 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 3 3 theme O-GlcNAc 522:529 arg1 addition 531:538 O-GlcNAc addition 522:538 O-GlcNAc addition 522:538 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 1 4 theme olfactory 251:259 arg1 nerves 261:266 the olfactory nerves 247:266 the olfactory nerves 247:266 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 6 5 theme DNA 906:908 arg1 fragmentation 910:922 DNA fragmentation 906:922 DNA fragmentation 906:922 Co-incubation with live N. fowleri trophozoites increased DNA fragmentation. 34724770 3 6 theme O-linked 355:362 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 6 theme O-linked 355:362 arg1 glycosylation 397:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 355:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 355:427 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 7 gly glycosylation 397:409 arg1 proliferation 502:514 proliferation 502:514 proliferation 502:514 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 7 gly glycosylation 397:409 arg1 processes 467:475 various cell-signaling processes 444:475 various cell-signaling processes 444:475 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 7 gly glycosylation 397:409 arg1 apoptosis 488:496 apoptosis 488:496 apoptosis 488:496 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 7 8 theme N. 954:955 arg1 fowleri 957:963 N. fowleri 954:963 N. fowleri 954:963 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 3 9 theme O-GlcNAc 565:572 arg1 transferase 574:584 O-GlcNAc transferase 565:584 O-GlcNAc transferase 565:584 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 5 10 theme T 839:839 arg1 cells 841:845 Jurkat T cells 832:845 Jurkat T cells 832:845 In this study, we investigated whether N. fowleri can induce the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins during cell death in Jurkat T cells. 34724770 5 11 from death 823:827 arg1 cells 841:845 Jurkat T cells 832:845 Jurkat T cells 832:845 In this study, we investigated whether N. fowleri can induce the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins during cell death in Jurkat T cells. 34724770 5 12 theme Jurkat 832:837 arg1 cells 841:845 Jurkat T cells 832:845 Jurkat T cells 832:845 In this study, we investigated whether N. fowleri can induce the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins during cell death in Jurkat T cells. 34724770 4 13 theme death 668:672 arg1 unknown 699:705 unknown 699:705 unknown 699:705 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 4 13 theme death 668:672 arg1 mechanism 645:653 the detailed mechanism 632:653 the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri 632:694 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 6 14 theme fowleri 875:881 arg1 trophozoites 883:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 Co-incubation with live N. fowleri trophozoites increased DNA fragmentation. 34724770 5 15 theme proteins 802:809 arg1 modulation 773:782 the modulation 769:782 the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins 769:809 In this study, we investigated whether N. fowleri can induce the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins during cell death in Jurkat T cells. 34724770 1 16 theme pathogenic 73:82 arg1 fowleri 113:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri 69:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri 69:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 8 17 theme OGA 1088:1090 arg1 PUGNAc 1102:1107 the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1084:1107 the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1084:1107 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 3 18 theme various 444:450 arg1 proliferation 502:514 proliferation 502:514 proliferation 502:514 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 18 theme various 444:450 arg1 processes 467:475 various cell-signaling processes 444:475 various cell-signaling processes 444:475 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 18 theme various 444:450 arg1 apoptosis 488:496 apoptosis 488:496 apoptosis 488:496 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 19 theme O-GlcNAc 387:394 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 19 theme O-GlcNAc 387:394 arg1 glycosylation 397:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 355:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 355:427 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 6 20 theme N. 872:873 arg1 trophozoites 883:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 Co-incubation with live N. fowleri trophozoites increased DNA fragmentation. 34724770 8 21 theme T 1071:1071 arg1 cells 1073:1077 Jurkat T cells 1064:1077 Jurkat T cells 1064:1077 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 9 22 theme important 1230:1238 arg1 O-deGlcNAcylation 1206:1222 O-deGlcNAcylation 1206:1222 O-deGlcNAcylation 1206:1222 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 9 22 theme important 1230:1238 arg1 process 1250:1256 an important signaling process 1227:1256 an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri 1227:1317 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 8 23 theme inhibitor 1092:1100 arg1 PUGNAc 1102:1107 the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1084:1107 the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1084:1107 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 0 24 theme Naegleria 0:8 arg1 fowleri 10:16 Naegleria fowleri 0:16 Naegleria fowleri 0:16 Naegleria fowleri Induces Jurkat T Cell Death via O-deGlcNAcylation. 34724770 8 25 theme Jurkat 1064:1069 arg1 cells 1073:1077 Jurkat T cells 1064:1077 Jurkat T cells 1064:1077 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 9 26 theme signaling 1240:1248 arg1 O-deGlcNAcylation 1206:1222 O-deGlcNAcylation 1206:1222 O-deGlcNAcylation 1206:1222 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 9 26 theme signaling 1240:1248 arg1 process 1250:1256 an important signaling process 1227:1256 an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri 1227:1317 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 1 27 theme amoeba 96:101 arg1 fowleri 113:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri 69:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri 69:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 3 28 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 364:384 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 28 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 364:384 arg1 glycosylation 397:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 355:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 355:427 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 2 29 theme cell 296:299 arg1 death 301:305 host cell death 291:305 host cell death 291:305 N. fowleri can induce host cell death via lytic necrosis. 34724770 1 30 theme nasal 203:207 arg1 mucosa 209:214 the nasal mucosa 199:214 the nasal mucosa 199:214 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 7 31 with incubation 938:947 arg1 fowleri 957:963 N. fowleri 954:963 N. fowleri 954:963 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 8 32 theme cells 1073:1077 arg1 pretreatment 1048:1059 pretreatment 1048:1059 pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1048:1107 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 6 33 theme live 867:870 arg1 trophozoites 883:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 Co-incubation with live N. fowleri trophozoites increased DNA fragmentation. 34724770 2 34 theme host 291:294 arg1 death 301:305 host cell death 291:305 host cell death 291:305 N. fowleri can induce host cell death via lytic necrosis. 34724770 4 35 theme detailed 636:643 arg1 unknown 699:705 unknown 699:705 unknown 699:705 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 4 35 theme detailed 636:643 arg1 mechanism 645:653 the detailed mechanism 632:653 the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri 632:694 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 0 36 theme Cell 35:38 arg1 Death 40:44 Jurkat T Cell Death 26:44 Jurkat T Cell Death 26:44 Naegleria fowleri Induces Jurkat T Cell Death via O-deGlcNAcylation. 34724770 1 37 dep pathogenic 73:82 arg1 free-living 84:94 free-living 84:94 free-living 84:94 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 7 38 from levels 1020:1025 arg1 min 1033:1035 30 min 1030:1035 30 min 1030:1035 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 4 39 theme host 658:661 arg1 death 668:672 host cell death 658:672 host cell death induced by N. fowleri 658:694 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 8 40 with pretreatment 1048:1059 arg1 PUGNAc 1102:1107 the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1084:1107 the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc 1084:1107 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 3 41 theme cell-signaling 452:465 arg1 proliferation 502:514 proliferation 502:514 proliferation 502:514 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 41 theme cell-signaling 452:465 arg1 processes 467:475 various cell-signaling processes 444:475 various cell-signaling processes 444:475 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 41 theme cell-signaling 452:465 arg1 apoptosis 488:496 apoptosis 488:496 apoptosis 488:496 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 0 42 theme T 33:33 arg1 Death 40:44 Jurkat T Cell Death 26:44 Jurkat T Cell Death 26:44 Naegleria fowleri Induces Jurkat T Cell Death via O-deGlcNAcylation. 34724770 0 43 theme Jurkat 26:31 arg1 Death 40:44 Jurkat T Cell Death 26:44 Jurkat T Cell Death 26:44 Naegleria fowleri Induces Jurkat T Cell Death via O-deGlcNAcylation. 34724770 5 44 theme cell 818:821 arg1 death 823:827 cell death 818:827 cell death in Jurkat T cells 818:845 In this study, we investigated whether N. fowleri can induce the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins during cell death in Jurkat T cells. 34724770 9 45 theme Jurkat 1277:1282 arg1 death 1291:1295 Jurkat T cell death 1277:1295 Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri 1277:1317 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 3 46 link O-linked 355:362 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 O-GlcNAcylation 412:426 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 3 46 link O-linked 355:362 arg1 glycosylation 397:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 355:409 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 355:427 Similar to phosphorylation, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in various cell-signaling processes, including apoptosis and proliferation, with O-GlcNAc addition and removal regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. 34724770 5 47 theme O-GlcNAcylated 787:800 arg1 proteins 802:809 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 787:809 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 787:809 In this study, we investigated whether N. fowleri can induce the modulation of O-GlcNAcylated proteins during cell death in Jurkat T cells. 34724770 7 48 from reduction 984:992 arg1 levels 1020:1025 O-GlcNAcylated protein levels 997:1025 O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min 997:1035 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 9 49 theme T 1284:1284 arg1 death 1291:1295 Jurkat T cell death 1277:1295 Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri 1277:1317 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 7 50 theme protein 1012:1018 arg1 levels 1020:1025 O-GlcNAcylated protein levels 997:1025 O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min 997:1035 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 1 51 theme primary 128:134 arg1 meningoencephalitis 144:162 primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 128:162 primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 128:162 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 1 51 theme primary 128:134 arg1 infection 173:181 a fatal infection 165:181 a fatal infection 165:181 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 8 52 theme N. 1119:1120 arg1 O-deGlcNAcylation 1138:1154 N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation 1119:1154 N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation 1119:1154 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 9 53 theme cell 1286:1289 arg1 death 1291:1295 Jurkat T cell death 1277:1295 Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri 1277:1317 These results suggest that O-deGlcNAcylation is an important signaling process that occurs during Jurkat T cell death induced by N. fowleri. 34724770 1 54 theme amoebic 136:142 arg1 meningoencephalitis 144:162 primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 128:162 primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 128:162 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 1 54 theme amoebic 136:142 arg1 infection 173:181 a fatal infection 165:181 a fatal infection 165:181 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 1 55 theme Naegleria 103:111 arg1 fowleri 113:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri 69:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri 69:119 The pathogenic free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal infection, by penetrating the nasal mucosa and migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves. 34724770 2 56 theme N. 269:270 arg1 fowleri 272:278 N. fowleri 269:278 N. fowleri 269:278 N. fowleri can induce host cell death via lytic necrosis. 34724770 2 57 theme lytic 311:315 arg1 necrosis 317:324 lytic necrosis 311:324 lytic necrosis 311:324 N. fowleri can induce host cell death via lytic necrosis. 34724770 7 58 theme O-GlcNAcylated 997:1010 arg1 levels 1020:1025 O-GlcNAcylated protein levels 997:1025 O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min 997:1035 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 4 59 theme cell 663:666 arg1 death 668:672 host cell death 658:672 host cell death induced by N. fowleri 658:694 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 8 60 theme fowleri-induced 1122:1136 arg1 O-deGlcNAcylation 1138:1154 N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation 1119:1154 N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation 1119:1154 Moreover, pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc prevented N. fowleri-induced O-deGlcNAcylation and DNA fragmentation. 34724770 7 61 theme dramatic 975:982 arg1 reduction 984:992 a dramatic reduction 973:992 a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min 973:1035 In addition, incubation with N. fowleri induced a dramatic reduction in O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in 30 min. 34724770 4 62 theme N. 685:686 arg1 fowleri 688:694 N. fowleri 685:694 N. fowleri 685:694 However, the detailed mechanism of host cell death induced by N. fowleri is unknown. 34724770 6 63 with Co-incubation 848:860 arg1 trophozoites 883:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 live N. fowleri trophozoites 867:894 Co-incubation with live N. fowleri trophozoites increased DNA fragmentation. 33997889 10 0 theme ComP 1537:1540 arg1 insertion 1549:1557 ComP sequon insertion 1537:1557 ComP sequon insertion 1537:1557 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 6 1 theme engineered 937:946 arg1 protein 956:962 an engineered carrier protein 934:962 an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP 934:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 8 2 dep A 1210:1210 arg1 aeruginosa 1190:1199 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA) 1178:1216 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA) 1178:1216 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 10 3 theme EPA 1512:1514 arg1 surface 1501:1507 the surface 1497:1507 the surface of EPA 1497:1514 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 0 4 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 72:96 arg1 PglS 98:101 the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 58:101 the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 58:101 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. 33997889 1 5 attach attached 157:164 arg1 proteins 177:184 carrier proteins 169:184 carrier proteins 169:184 Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. 33997889 1 5 attach attached 157:164 arg2 polysaccharides 141:155 polysaccharides 141:155 polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins 141:184 Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. 33997889 10 6 theme Cross-Reactive 1573:1586 arg1 Material 1588:1595 Cross-Reactive Material 197 1573:1599 Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment 1573:1624 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 3 7 theme substrate 580:588 arg1 scope 590:594 the broadest substrate scope 567:594 the broadest substrate scope 567:594 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 11 8 theme O-linking 1770:1778 arg1 sequons 1780:1786 bacterial O-linking sequons 1760:1786 bacterial O-linking sequons 1760:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 4 9 theme sequon 766:771 arg1 terms 753:757 terms 753:757 terms of the sequon it recognizes 753:785 However, PglS is currently the least understood in terms of the sequon it recognizes. 33997889 9 10 theme sequon 1374:1379 arg1 critical 1407:1414 critical 1407:1414 critical 1407:1414 We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. 33997889 9 10 theme sequon 1374:1379 arg1 placement 1352:1360 the placement 1348:1360 the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein 1348:1402 We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. 33997889 8 11 theme sufficient 1278:1287 arg1 sequence 1269:1276 an 11-amino acid sequence 1252:1276 an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS 1252:1320 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 11 12 theme significant 1674:1684 arg1 expansion 1686:1694 a significant expansion 1672:1694 a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons 1672:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 8 13 theme sequence 1269:1276 arg1 identification 1234:1247 the identification 1230:1247 the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS 1230:1320 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 9 14 theme subsequent 1434:1443 arg1 glycosylation 1445:1457 subsequent glycosylation 1434:1457 subsequent glycosylation 1434:1457 We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. 33997889 2 15 theme conserved 453:461 arg1 sequences 474:482 conserved amino acid sequences 453:482 conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 453:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 8 16 theme exotoxin 1201:1208 arg1 EPA 1213:1215 EPA 1213:1215 EPA 1213:1215 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 8 16 theme exotoxin 1201:1208 arg1 A 1210:1210 exotoxin A 1201:1210 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA) 1178:1216 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 5 17 theme pilin-specific 798:811 arg1 OTase 823:827 a pilin-specific O-linking OTase 796:827 a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP 796:878 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 5 17 theme pilin-specific 798:811 arg1 PglS 788:791 PglS 788:791 PglS 788:791 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 3 18 theme broadest 571:578 arg1 scope 590:594 the broadest substrate scope 567:594 the broadest substrate scope 567:594 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 0 19 theme minimal 2:8 arg1 sequon 10:15 A minimal sequon 0:15 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 0:101 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. 33997889 7 20 theme PglS 1096:1099 arg1 glycosylation 1101:1113 PglS glycosylation 1096:1113 PglS glycosylation 1096:1113 Here we sought to identify the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation. 33997889 3 21 theme many 610:613 arg1 those 662:666 those 662:666 those 662:666 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 21 theme many 610:613 arg1 types 625:629 many different types 610:629 many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose 610:679 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 8 22 theme acid 1264:1267 arg1 sequence 1269:1276 an 11-amino acid sequence 1252:1276 an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS 1252:1320 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 3 23 contain have 562:565 arg2 scope 590:594 the broadest substrate scope 567:594 the broadest substrate scope 567:594 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 23 contain have 562:565 arg1 PglS 538:541 PglS 538:541 PglS 538:541 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 23 contain have 562:565 arg1 OTase 531:535 The most recently discovered OTase 502:535 The most recently discovered OTase 502:535 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 9 24 from placement 1352:1360 arg1 protein 1396:1402 the carrier protein 1384:1402 the carrier protein 1384:1402 We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. 33997889 0 25 link O-linked 32:39 arg1 glycosylation 41:53 O-linked glycosylation 32:53 O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 32:101 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. 33997889 1 26 theme Bioconjugate 104:115 arg1 vaccines 117:124 Bioconjugate vaccines 104:124 Bioconjugate vaccines 104:124 Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. 33997889 2 27 theme carrier 425:431 arg1 proteins 433:440 engineered carrier proteins 414:440 engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 414:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 0 28 theme sufficient 17:26 arg1 sequon 10:15 A minimal sequon 0:15 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 0:101 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. 33997889 6 29 theme ComP 995:998 arg1 fragment 983:990 a large fragment 975:990 a large fragment of ComP 975:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 7 30 theme sufficient 1081:1090 arg1 sequon 1074:1079 the minimal ComP sequon 1057:1079 the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation 1057:1113 Here we sought to identify the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation. 33997889 11 31 theme sequons 1780:1786 arg1 expansion 1686:1694 a significant expansion 1672:1694 a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons 1672:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 11 31 theme sequons 1780:1786 arg1 understanding 1743:1755 our understanding 1739:1755 a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons 1672:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 5 32 gly glycosylates 844:855 arg1 ComP 875:878 ComP 875:878 ComP 875:878 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 5 32 gly glycosylates 844:855 arg1 protein 866:872 a single protein 857:872 a single protein 857:872 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 1 33 theme prokaryotic 221:231 arg1 systems 247:253 prokaryotic glycosylation systems 221:253 prokaryotic glycosylation systems 221:253 Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. 33997889 3 34 theme different 615:623 arg1 those 662:666 those 662:666 those 662:666 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 34 theme different 615:623 arg1 types 625:629 many different types 610:629 many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose 610:679 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 35 theme reducing 688:695 arg1 end 697:699 the reducing end 684:699 the reducing end 684:699 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 2 36 theme enzymes 328:334 arg1 group 319:323 a group 317:323 a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 317:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 2 36 theme enzymes 328:334 arg1 Key 291:293 Key 291:293 Key 291:293 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 2 36 theme enzymes 328:334 arg1 enzymes 328:334 enzymes 328:334 enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) 328:379 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 1 37 theme glycosylation 233:245 arg1 systems 247:253 prokaryotic glycosylation systems 221:253 prokaryotic glycosylation systems 221:253 Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. 33997889 0 38 theme O-linked 32:39 arg1 glycosylation 41:53 O-linked glycosylation 32:53 O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 32:101 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. 33997889 7 39 theme ComP 1069:1072 arg1 sequon 1074:1079 the minimal ComP sequon 1057:1079 the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation 1057:1113 Here we sought to identify the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation. 33997889 8 40 theme robust 1293:1298 arg1 glycosylation 1300:1312 robust glycosylation 1293:1312 robust glycosylation by PglS 1293:1320 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 3 41 theme bacterial 634:642 arg1 glycans 644:650 bacterial glycans 634:650 bacterial glycans 634:650 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 8 42 theme 11-amino 1255:1262 arg1 sequence 1269:1276 an 11-amino acid sequence 1252:1276 an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS 1252:1320 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 2 43 theme acid 469:472 arg1 sequences 474:482 conserved amino acid sequences 453:482 conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 453:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 5 44 theme O-linking 813:821 arg1 OTase 823:827 a pilin-specific O-linking OTase 796:827 a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP 796:878 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 5 44 theme O-linking 813:821 arg1 PglS 788:791 PglS 788:791 PglS 788:791 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 6 45 theme large 977:981 arg1 fragment 983:990 a large fragment 975:990 a large fragment of ComP 975:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 2 46 contain containing 442:451 arg2 sequences 474:482 conserved amino acid sequences 453:482 conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 453:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 2 46 contain containing 442:451 arg1 proteins 433:440 engineered carrier proteins 414:440 engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 414:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 3 47 theme glycans 644:650 arg1 those 662:666 those 662:666 those 662:666 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 47 theme glycans 644:650 arg1 types 625:629 many different types 610:629 many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose 610:679 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 2 48 theme amino 463:467 arg1 sequences 474:482 conserved amino acid sequences 453:482 conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 453:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 10 49 theme ComP 1612:1615 arg1 fragment 1617:1624 a ComP fragment 1610:1624 a ComP fragment 1610:1624 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 9 50 theme ComP 1369:1372 arg1 sequon 1374:1379 the ComP sequon 1365:1379 the ComP sequon 1365:1379 We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. 33997889 10 51 from sites 1488:1492 arg1 surface 1501:1507 the surface 1497:1507 the surface of EPA 1497:1514 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 7 52 theme minimal 1061:1067 arg1 sequon 1074:1079 the minimal ComP sequon 1057:1079 the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation 1057:1113 Here we sought to identify the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation. 33997889 10 53 theme novel 1482:1486 arg1 sites 1488:1492 novel sites 1482:1492 novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated 1482:1645 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 8 54 theme ComP 1141:1144 arg1 fragments 1146:1154 >100 different ComP fragments 1126:1154 >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA) 1126:1216 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 6 55 gly glycosylated 1008:1019 arg1 protein 956:962 an engineered carrier protein 934:962 an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP 934:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 4 56 dep sequon 766:771 arg1 it 773:774 it 773:774 it 773:774 However, PglS is currently the least understood in terms of the sequon it recognizes. 33997889 4 56 dep sequon 766:771 arg1 recognizes 776:785 recognizes 776:785 recognizes 776:785 However, PglS is currently the least understood in terms of the sequon it recognizes. 33997889 9 57 theme carrier 1388:1394 arg1 protein 1396:1402 the carrier protein 1384:1402 the carrier protein 1384:1402 We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. 33997889 8 58 theme different 1131:1139 arg1 fragments 1146:1154 >100 different ComP fragments 1126:1154 >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA) 1126:1216 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 11 59 theme toolbox 1720:1726 arg1 expansion 1686:1694 a significant expansion 1672:1694 a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons 1672:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 11 59 theme toolbox 1720:1726 arg1 understanding 1743:1755 our understanding 1739:1755 a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons 1672:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 6 60 contain containing 964:973 arg1 protein 956:962 an engineered carrier protein 934:962 an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP 934:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 6 60 contain containing 964:973 arg2 fragment 983:990 a large fragment 975:990 a large fragment of ComP 975:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 11 61 theme glycoengineering 1703:1718 arg1 toolbox 1720:1726 the glycoengineering toolbox 1699:1726 the glycoengineering toolbox 1699:1726 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 11 62 theme bacterial 1760:1768 arg1 sequons 1780:1786 bacterial O-linking sequons 1760:1786 bacterial O-linking sequons 1760:1786 These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons. 33997889 0 63 theme versatile 62:70 arg1 PglS 98:101 the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 58:101 the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS 58:101 A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. 33997889 10 64 gly glycosylated 1634:1645 arg1 Material 1588:1595 Cross-Reactive Material 197 1573:1599 Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment 1573:1624 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 3 65 theme discovered 520:529 arg1 PglS 538:541 PglS 538:541 PglS 538:541 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 3 65 theme discovered 520:529 arg1 OTase 531:535 The most recently discovered OTase 502:535 The most recently discovered OTase 502:535 The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. 33997889 2 66 theme engineered 414:423 arg1 proteins 433:440 engineered carrier proteins 414:440 engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons 414:499 Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. 33997889 10 67 theme sequon 1542:1547 arg1 insertion 1549:1557 ComP sequon insertion 1537:1557 ComP sequon insertion 1537:1557 Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. 33997889 6 68 theme carrier 948:954 arg1 protein 956:962 an engineered carrier protein 934:962 an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP 934:998 In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. 33997889 5 69 theme single 859:864 arg1 ComP 875:878 ComP 875:878 ComP 875:878 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 5 69 theme single 859:864 arg1 protein 866:872 a single protein 857:872 a single protein 857:872 PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. 33997889 1 70 theme carrier 169:175 arg1 proteins 177:184 carrier proteins 169:184 carrier proteins 169:184 Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. 33997889 8 71 theme Pseudomonas 1178:1188 arg1 EPA 1213:1215 EPA 1213:1215 EPA 1213:1215 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33997889 8 71 theme Pseudomonas 1178:1188 arg1 A 1210:1210 exotoxin A 1201:1210 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA) 1178:1216 We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. 33022975 0 0 theme barbarum 88:95 arg1 Fruit 100:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 7 1 theme phenolic 1098:1105 arg1 acids 1107:1111 free phenolic acids 1093:1111 free phenolic acids 1093:1111 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 6 2 theme phenolic 955:962 arg1 acids 964:968 eight phenolic acids 949:968 eight phenolic acids 949:968 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 3 3 dep compounds 497:505 arg1 including 508:516 including 508:516 including individual free phenolic acids 508:547 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 6 4 theme 5 927:927 arg1 % 928:928 % 928:928 % 928:928 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 0 5 theme Lycium 81:86 arg1 Fruit 100:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 4 6 theme gruel 783:787 arg1 processing 789:798 gruel processing 783:798 gruel processing 783:798 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 8 7 theme polyphenol 1284:1293 arg1 amounts 1295:1301 higher polyphenol amounts 1277:1301 higher polyphenol amounts 1277:1301 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 4 8 theme further 628:634 arg1 objective 636:644 A further objective 626:644 A further objective 626:644 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 8 9 theme higher 1366:1371 arg1 ability 1373:1379 higher ability 1366:1379 higher ability to scavenge DPPH 1366:1396 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 2 10 contain contains 226:233 arg2 carotenoids 252:262 carotenoids 252:262 carotenoids 252:262 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 10 contain contains 226:233 arg2 polysaccharides 235:249 polysaccharides 235:249 polysaccharides 235:249 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 10 contain contains 226:233 arg2 acids 306:310 fatty and organic acids 288:310 acids 306:310 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 10 contain contains 226:233 arg2 vitamins 265:272 vitamins 265:272 vitamins 265:272 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 10 contain contains 226:233 arg1 It 218:219 It 218:219 It 218:219 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 10 contain contains 226:233 arg2 minerals 278:285 minerals 278:285 minerals 278:285 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 8 11 theme rpm 1242:1244 arg1 speeds 1220:1225 screw speeds 1214:1225 screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm 1214:1263 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 6 12 dep detected 975:982 arg1 whereas 985:991 whereas 985:991 whereas 985:991 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 8 13 theme higher 1277:1282 arg1 amounts 1295:1301 higher polyphenol amounts 1277:1301 higher polyphenol amounts 1277:1301 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 1 14 dep Lycium 119:124 arg1 L. 135:136 Lycium barbarum L. 119:136 Lycium barbarum L. 119:136 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 3 15 theme polyphenolic 484:495 arg1 compounds 497:505 included polyphenolic compounds 475:505 included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) 475:548 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 0 16 theme L. 97:98 arg1 Fruit 100:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 8 17 theme screw 1214:1218 arg1 speeds 1220:1225 screw speeds 1214:1225 screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm 1214:1263 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 5 18 theme acids 900:904 arg1 acids 900:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 5 18 theme acids 900:904 arg1 variety 870:876 a wide variety 863:876 a wide variety of available phenolic acids 863:904 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 7 19 theme antioxidant 1056:1066 arg1 activity 1068:1075 The antioxidant activity 1052:1075 The antioxidant activity 1052:1075 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 0 20 with Enriched 67:74 arg1 Fruit 100:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Lycium barbarum L. Fruit 81:104 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 4 21 theme important 699:707 arg1 parameter 720:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 3 22 theme dry 410:412 arg1 contents 425:432 various dry goji berry contents 402:432 various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 402:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 22 theme dry 410:412 arg1 % 445:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 0 23 theme Instant 52:58 arg1 Composition 11:21 Polyphenol Composition 0:21 Polyphenol Composition 0:21 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 0 23 theme Instant 52:58 arg1 Potential 39:47 Antioxidant Potential 27:47 Antioxidant Potential 27:47 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 8 24 theme goji 1200:1203 arg1 content 1205:1211 all goji content 1196:1211 all goji content 1196:1211 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 3 25 with gruels 390:395 arg1 contents 425:432 various dry goji berry contents 402:432 various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 402:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 25 with gruels 390:395 arg1 % 445:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 8 26 theme antioxidant 1333:1343 arg1 capacity 1345:1352 equivalent antioxidant capacity 1322:1352 equivalent antioxidant capacity 1322:1352 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 3 27 theme goji 414:417 arg1 contents 425:432 various dry goji berry contents 402:432 various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 402:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 27 theme goji 414:417 arg1 % 445:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 6 28 located detected 975:982 arg2 acids 964:968 eight phenolic acids 949:968 eight phenolic acids 949:968 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 6 28 located detected 975:982 arg1 samples 914:920 the samples 910:920 the samples with 5% addition of fruit 910:946 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 7 29 theme acids 1107:1111 arg1 sum 1121:1123 the sum 1117:1123 the sum of polyphenols 1117:1138 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 7 29 theme acids 1107:1111 arg1 activity 1068:1075 The antioxidant activity 1052:1075 The antioxidant activity 1052:1075 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 7 29 theme acids 1107:1111 arg1 content 1082:1088 the content 1078:1088 the content of free phenolic acids 1078:1111 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 3 30 theme compounds 497:505 arg1 level 466:470 the level 462:470 the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) 462:548 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 0 31 theme Polyphenol 0:9 arg1 Composition 11:21 Polyphenol Composition 0:21 Polyphenol Composition 0:21 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 4 32 theme screw 770:774 arg1 speed 746:750 the rotational speed 731:750 the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing 731:798 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 4 32 theme screw 770:774 arg1 one 683:685 one 683:685 one 683:685 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 4 32 theme screw 770:774 arg1 parameter 720:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 2 33 theme fatty 288:292 arg1 polysaccharides 235:249 polysaccharides 235:249 polysaccharides 235:249 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 33 theme fatty 288:292 arg1 acids 306:310 fatty and organic acids 288:310 acids 306:310 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 1 34 theme polyphenolic 164:175 arg1 fruit 112:116 Goji fruit 107:116 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) 107:137 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 34 theme polyphenolic 164:175 arg1 source 192:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source 162:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness 162:215 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 0 35 theme Antioxidant 27:37 arg1 Potential 39:47 Antioxidant Potential 27:47 Antioxidant Potential 27:47 Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Instant Gruels Enriched with Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. 33022975 3 36 theme included 475:482 arg1 compounds 497:505 included polyphenolic compounds 475:505 included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) 475:548 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 1 37 theme compound 177:184 arg1 fruit 112:116 Goji fruit 107:116 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) 107:137 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 37 theme compound 177:184 arg1 source 192:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source 162:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness 162:215 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 4 38 theme optimum 666:672 arg1 value 674:678 the optimum value 662:678 the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing 662:798 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 3 39 theme antioxidant 568:578 arg1 properties 580:589 the antioxidant properties 564:589 the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products 564:623 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 1 40 theme Goji 107:110 arg1 Lycium 119:124 Lycium 119:124 Lycium 119:124 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 40 theme Goji 107:110 arg1 fruit 112:116 Goji fruit 107:116 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) 107:137 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 40 theme Goji 107:110 arg1 source 192:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source 162:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness 162:215 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 41 theme plant 186:190 arg1 fruit 112:116 Goji fruit 107:116 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) 107:137 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 41 theme plant 186:190 arg1 source 192:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source 162:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness 162:215 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 3 42 theme corn 385:388 arg1 gruels 390:395 innovative instant corn gruels 366:395 innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 366:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 5 43 theme phenolic 891:898 arg1 acids 900:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 7 44 theme polyphenols 1128:1138 arg1 sum 1121:1123 the sum 1117:1123 the sum of polyphenols 1117:1138 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 7 44 theme polyphenols 1128:1138 arg1 activity 1068:1075 The antioxidant activity 1052:1075 The antioxidant activity 1052:1075 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 7 44 theme polyphenols 1128:1138 arg1 content 1082:1088 the content 1078:1088 the content of free phenolic acids 1078:1111 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 3 45 theme free 529:532 arg1 acids 543:547 individual free phenolic acids 518:547 individual free phenolic acids 518:547 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 46 theme various 402:408 arg1 contents 425:432 various dry goji berry contents 402:432 various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 402:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 46 theme various 402:408 arg1 % 445:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 47 theme berry 419:423 arg1 contents 425:432 various dry goji berry contents 402:432 various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 402:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 47 theme berry 419:423 arg1 % 445:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 1, 3 and 5% 435:445 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 6 48 theme fruit 942:946 arg1 addition 930:937 5% addition 927:937 5% addition of fruit 927:946 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 8 49 theme equivalent 1322:1331 arg1 capacity 1345:1352 equivalent antioxidant capacity 1322:1352 equivalent antioxidant capacity 1322:1352 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 3 50 theme research 342:349 arg1 purpose 317:323 The purpose 313:323 The purpose of the presented research 313:349 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 7 51 theme additive 1182:1189 arg1 increase 1155:1162 increase 1155:1162 increase of the functional additive 1155:1189 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 3 52 theme innovative 366:375 arg1 gruels 390:395 innovative instant corn gruels 366:395 innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 366:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 5 53 theme undertaken 805:814 arg1 analysis 832:839 The undertaken chromatographic analysis 801:839 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) 801:854 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 5 53 theme undertaken 805:814 arg1 LC-ESI-MS/MS 842:853 LC-ESI-MS/MS 842:853 LC-ESI-MS/MS 842:853 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 3 54 theme instant 377:383 arg1 gruels 390:395 innovative instant corn gruels 366:395 innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%) 366:446 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 6 55 with samples 914:920 arg1 addition 930:937 5% addition 927:937 5% addition of fruit 927:946 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 3 56 theme functional-food 600:614 arg1 products 616:623 these functional-food products 594:623 these functional-food products 594:623 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 3 57 theme individual 518:527 arg1 acids 543:547 individual free phenolic acids 518:547 individual free phenolic acids 518:547 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 7 58 theme free 1093:1096 arg1 acids 1107:1111 free phenolic acids 1093:1111 free phenolic acids 1093:1111 The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. 33022975 4 59 theme rotational 735:744 arg1 speed 746:750 the rotational speed 731:750 the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing 731:798 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 4 59 theme rotational 735:744 arg1 one 683:685 one 683:685 one 683:685 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 4 59 theme rotational 735:744 arg1 parameter 720:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 5 60 theme wide 865:868 arg1 acids 900:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 5 60 theme wide 865:868 arg1 variety 870:876 a wide variety 863:876 a wide variety of available phenolic acids 863:904 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 3 61 theme products 616:623 arg1 properties 580:589 the antioxidant properties 564:589 the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products 564:623 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 4 62 theme parameter 720:728 arg1 speed 746:750 the rotational speed 731:750 the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing 731:798 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 4 62 theme parameter 720:728 arg1 one 683:685 one 683:685 one 683:685 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 4 62 theme parameter 720:728 arg1 parameter 720:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 3 63 theme phenolic 534:541 arg1 acids 543:547 individual free phenolic acids 518:547 individual free phenolic acids 518:547 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 33022975 4 64 theme one 683:685 arg1 value 674:678 the optimum value 662:678 the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing 662:798 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 1 65 theme noted 202:206 arg1 richness 208:215 noted richness 202:215 noted richness 202:215 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 8 66 theme greater 1307:1313 arg1 Trolox 1315:1320 greater Trolox 1307:1320 greater Trolox 1307:1320 For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH. 33022975 4 67 theme production 709:718 arg1 parameter 720:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 the most important production parameter 690:728 A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. 33022975 2 68 theme organic 298:304 arg1 polysaccharides 235:249 polysaccharides 235:249 polysaccharides 235:249 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 2 68 theme organic 298:304 arg1 acids 306:310 fatty and organic acids 288:310 acids 306:310 It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. 33022975 1 69 theme richness 208:215 arg1 fruit 112:116 Goji fruit 107:116 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) 107:137 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 1 69 theme richness 208:215 arg1 source 192:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source 162:197 a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness 162:215 Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. 33022975 6 70 theme corn 1000:1003 arg1 gruel 1005:1009 the corn gruel 996:1009 the corn gruel without additives 996:1027 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 5 71 theme available 881:889 arg1 acids 900:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 available phenolic acids 881:904 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 6 72 theme % 928:928 arg1 addition 930:937 5% addition 927:937 5% addition of fruit 927:946 In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. 33022975 5 73 theme chromatographic 816:830 arg1 analysis 832:839 The undertaken chromatographic analysis 801:839 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) 801:854 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 5 73 theme chromatographic 816:830 arg1 LC-ESI-MS/MS 842:853 LC-ESI-MS/MS 842:853 LC-ESI-MS/MS 842:853 The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. 33022975 3 74 theme presented 332:340 arg1 research 342:349 the presented research 328:349 the presented research 328:349 The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. 34051053 4 0 theme O-fucose 495:502 arg1 modifications 504:516 O-fucose modifications 495:516 O-fucose modifications 495:516 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 8 1 from layer 1111:1115 arg1 pathways 1169:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 4 2 with balance 473:479 arg1 modifications 504:516 O-fucose modifications 495:516 O-fucose modifications 495:516 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 6 3 gly O-glycosylation 742:756 arg1 plants 795:800 plants 795:800 plants 795:800 Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation is still not very well understood in plants, even though a high number of proteins were found to be affected. 34051053 0 4 from O-GlcNAc 10:17 arg1 plants 35:40 plants 35:40 plants 35:40 Balancing O-GlcNAc and O-fucose in plants. 34051053 8 5 from pathways 1169:1176 arg1 layer 1111:1115 an additional flexible layer 1088:1115 an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1088:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 5 6 theme specific 628:635 arg1 hydrolases 647:656 specific glycoside hydrolases 628:656 specific glycoside hydrolases for either of the two modifications 628:692 However, specific glycoside hydrolases for either of the two modifications have not yet been identified. 34051053 3 7 theme essential 365:373 arg1 enzymes 387:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 7 theme essential 365:373 arg1 OGA 448:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 7 theme essential 365:373 arg1 OGT 421:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 2 8 theme many 158:161 arg1 aspects 163:169 many aspects 158:169 many aspects of this post-translational modification 158:209 While many aspects of this post-translational modification are highly conserved, there are striking differences between plants and the animal kingdom. 34051053 5 9 theme glycoside 637:645 arg1 hydrolases 647:656 specific glycoside hydrolases 628:656 specific glycoside hydrolases for either of the two modifications 628:692 However, specific glycoside hydrolases for either of the two modifications have not yet been identified. 34051053 1 10 from eukaryotes 140:149 arg1 essential 123:131 essential 123:131 essential 123:131 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 4 11 theme protein 567:573 arg1 POFUT 597:601 POFUT 597:601 POFUT 597:601 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 4 11 theme protein 567:573 arg1 O-fucosyltransferase 575:594 the protein O-fucosyltransferase 563:594 the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY) 563:616 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 4 11 theme protein 567:573 arg1 SPY 613:615 SPY 613:615 SPY 613:615 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 8 12 theme signaling 1159:1167 arg1 pathways 1169:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 1 13 theme nuclear 68:74 arg1 proteins 90:97 nuclear and cytosolic proteins 68:97 nuclear and cytosolic proteins 68:97 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 3 14 theme hydrolase 438:446 arg1 enzymes 387:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 14 theme hydrolase 438:446 arg1 OGA 448:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 8 15 theme integrating 1201:1211 arg1 signals 1234:1240 integrating internal or external signals 1201:1240 integrating internal or external signals 1201:1240 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 4 16 from balance 473:479 arg1 contrast 456:463 contrast 456:463 contrast 456:463 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 8 17 theme flexible 1102:1109 arg1 layer 1111:1115 an additional flexible layer 1088:1115 an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1088:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 1 18 theme cytosolic 80:88 arg1 proteins 90:97 nuclear and cytosolic proteins 68:97 nuclear and cytosolic proteins 68:97 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 1 19 link O-linked 43:50 arg1 modification 52:63 O-linked modification 43:63 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides 43:118 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 8 20 from regulation 1120:1129 arg1 pathways 1169:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 1 21 theme proteins 90:97 arg1 modification 52:63 O-linked modification 43:63 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides 43:118 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 3 22 theme O-GlcNAc 429:436 arg1 enzymes 387:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 22 theme O-GlcNAc 429:436 arg1 OGA 448:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 23 theme single 375:380 arg1 enzymes 387:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 23 theme single 375:380 arg1 OGA 448:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 23 theme single 375:380 arg1 OGT 421:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 8 24 theme O-GlcNAc- 1032:1040 arg1 proteins 1063:1070 O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins 1032:1070 O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins 1032:1070 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 1 25 from essential 123:131 arg1 eukaryotes 140:149 all eukaryotes 136:149 all eukaryotes 136:149 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 3 26 theme copy 382:385 arg1 enzymes 387:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 26 theme copy 382:385 arg1 OGA 448:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA 429:450 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 26 theme copy 382:385 arg1 OGT 421:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 2 27 theme animal 287:292 arg1 kingdom 294:300 the animal kingdom 283:300 the animal kingdom 283:300 While many aspects of this post-translational modification are highly conserved, there are striking differences between plants and the animal kingdom. 34051053 2 28 theme post-translational 179:196 arg1 modification 198:209 this post-translational modification 174:209 this post-translational modification 174:209 While many aspects of this post-translational modification are highly conserved, there are striking differences between plants and the animal kingdom. 34051053 3 29 theme transferase 409:419 arg1 enzymes 387:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 two essential single copy enzymes 361:393 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 3 29 theme transferase 409:419 arg1 OGT 421:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 8 30 theme O-fucose-binding 1046:1061 arg1 proteins 1063:1070 O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins 1032:1070 O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins 1032:1070 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 6 31 theme proteins 832:839 arg1 number 822:827 a high number 815:827 a high number of proteins 815:839 Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation is still not very well understood in plants, even though a high number of proteins were found to be affected. 34051053 2 32 theme striking 243:250 arg1 differences 252:262 striking differences 243:262 striking differences between plants and the animal kingdom 243:300 While many aspects of this post-translational modification are highly conserved, there are striking differences between plants and the animal kingdom. 34051053 8 33 theme signals 1234:1240 arg1 potential 1188:1196 the potential 1184:1196 the potential of integrating internal or external signals 1184:1240 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 8 34 theme external 1225:1232 arg1 signals 1234:1240 integrating internal or external signals 1201:1240 integrating internal or external signals 1201:1240 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 8 35 theme O-glycosylation-mediated 1134:1157 arg1 pathways 1169:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1134:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 1 36 with modification 52:63 arg1 monosaccharides 104:118 monosaccharides 104:118 monosaccharides 104:118 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 8 37 theme additional 1091:1100 arg1 layer 1111:1115 an additional flexible layer 1088:1115 an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1088:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 3 38 theme O-GlcNAc 400:407 arg1 transferase 409:419 the O-GlcNAc transferase 396:419 the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT 396:423 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 4 39 theme SECRET 540:545 arg1 SEC 554:556 SEC 554:556 SEC 554:556 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 4 39 theme SECRET 540:545 arg1 AGENT 547:551 the OGT SECRET AGENT 532:551 the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) 532:557 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 3 40 theme dynamic 315:321 arg1 cycling 323:329 dynamic cycling 315:329 dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc 315:341 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 6 41 theme high 817:820 arg1 number 822:827 a high number 815:827 a high number of proteins 815:839 Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation is still not very well understood in plants, even though a high number of proteins were found to be affected. 34051053 6 42 theme Nucleocytoplasmic 724:740 arg1 O-glycosylation 742:756 Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation 724:756 Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation 724:756 Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation is still not very well understood in plants, even though a high number of proteins were found to be affected. 34051053 7 43 theme important 872:880 arg1 question 887:894 One important open question 868:894 One important open question 868:894 One important open question is how specificity is established in a system where only two enzymes modify hundreds of proteins. 34051053 4 44 theme OGT 536:538 arg1 SEC 554:556 SEC 554:556 SEC 554:556 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 4 44 theme OGT 536:538 arg1 AGENT 547:551 the OGT SECRET AGENT 532:551 the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) 532:557 In contrast, plants balance O-GlcNAc with O-fucose modifications, catalyzed by the OGT SECRET AGENT (SEC) and the protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT) SPINDLY (SPY). 34051053 7 45 theme proteins 984:991 arg1 hundreds 972:979 hundreds 972:979 hundreds of proteins 972:991 One important open question is how specificity is established in a system where only two enzymes modify hundreds of proteins. 34051053 7 46 theme open 882:885 arg1 question 887:894 One important open question 868:894 One important open question 868:894 One important open question is how specificity is established in a system where only two enzymes modify hundreds of proteins. 34051053 3 47 theme O-GlcNAc 334:341 arg1 cycling 323:329 dynamic cycling 315:329 dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc 315:341 In animals, dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAc is established by two essential single copy enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT and O-GlcNAc hydrolase OGA. 34051053 2 48 theme modification 198:209 arg1 aspects 163:169 many aspects 158:169 many aspects of this post-translational modification 158:209 While many aspects of this post-translational modification are highly conserved, there are striking differences between plants and the animal kingdom. 34051053 8 49 theme internal 1213:1220 arg1 signals 1234:1240 integrating internal or external signals 1201:1240 integrating internal or external signals 1201:1240 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 34051053 0 50 from O-fucose 23:30 arg1 plants 35:40 plants 35:40 plants 35:40 Balancing O-GlcNAc and O-fucose in plants. 34051053 1 51 theme O-linked 43:50 arg1 modification 52:63 O-linked modification 43:63 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides 43:118 O-linked modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with monosaccharides is essential in all eukaryotes. 34051053 8 52 theme regulation 1120:1129 arg1 layer 1111:1115 an additional flexible layer 1088:1115 an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways 1088:1176 Here, we discuss the possibility that O-GlcNAc- and O-fucose-binding proteins could introduce an additional flexible layer of regulation in O-glycosylation-mediated signaling pathways, with the potential of integrating internal or external signals. 32850000 4 0 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 598:618 arg1 transferase 620:630 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 586:630 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 0 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 598:618 arg1 OGT 633:635 OGT 633:635 OGT 633:635 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 1 1 theme pathways 167:174 arg1 alteration 143:152 the alteration 139:152 the alteration of those two pathways 139:174 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 5 2 from initiation 749:758 arg1 cardiomyocytes 776:789 cardiomyocytes 776:789 cardiomyocytes 776:789 We also identified that OGT might regulate the initiation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes through promoting the activity of ULK1 by O-GlcNAcylation. 32850000 2 3 theme heart 359:363 arg1 failure 365:371 heart failure 359:371 heart failure 359:371 Hence, determining the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy is imperative to understand, prevent, and treat heart failure. 32850000 5 4 theme autophagy 763:771 arg1 initiation 749:758 the initiation 745:758 the initiation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes 745:789 We also identified that OGT might regulate the initiation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes through promoting the activity of ULK1 by O-GlcNAcylation. 32850000 4 5 theme transferase 620:630 arg1 model 676:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model 586:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 6 6 theme heart 940:944 arg1 dysfunction 946:956 heart dysfunction 940:956 heart dysfunction 940:956 In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction and benefit the development of treatments for heart failure. 32850000 1 7 theme substantial 182:192 arg1 roles 194:198 substantial roles 182:198 substantial roles 182:198 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 0 8 from Autophagy 33:41 arg1 Cardiomyocytes 46:59 Cardiomyocytes 46:59 Cardiomyocytes 46:59 O-GlcNAcylation Is Essential for Autophagy in Cardiomyocytes. 32850000 1 9 theme sense 103:107 arg1 level 132:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 1 10 theme intracellular 109:121 arg1 level 132:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 6 11 theme molecular 908:916 arg1 mechanisms 918:927 the molecular mechanisms 904:927 the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction 904:956 In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction and benefit the development of treatments for heart failure. 32850000 1 12 theme nutrient 123:130 arg1 level 132:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 4 13 theme O-linked 589:596 arg1 transferase 620:630 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 586:630 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 13 theme O-linked 589:596 arg1 OGT 633:635 OGT 633:635 OGT 633:635 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 14 theme mouse 670:674 arg1 model 676:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model 586:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 15 from autophagy 545:553 arg1 cardiomyocytes 558:571 cardiomyocytes 558:571 cardiomyocytes 558:571 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 6 16 theme heart 1004:1008 arg1 failure 1010:1016 heart failure 1004:1016 heart failure 1004:1016 In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction and benefit the development of treatments for heart failure. 32850000 5 17 theme ULK1 825:828 arg1 activity 813:820 the activity 809:820 the activity of ULK1 809:828 We also identified that OGT might regulate the initiation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes through promoting the activity of ULK1 by O-GlcNAcylation. 32850000 1 18 theme heart 222:226 arg1 failure 228:234 heart failure 222:234 heart failure 222:234 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 1 19 dep O-GlcNAcylation 73:87 arg1 level 132:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 sense intracellular nutrient level 103:136 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 6 20 theme treatments 989:998 arg1 development 974:984 the development 970:984 the development of treatments for heart failure 970:1016 In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction and benefit the development of treatments for heart failure. 32850000 6 21 theme new 886:888 arg1 insights 890:897 new insights 886:897 new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction 886:956 In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heart dysfunction and benefit the development of treatments for heart failure. 32850000 1 22 theme failure 228:234 arg1 progression 207:217 the progression 203:217 the progression of heart failure 203:234 Since both O-GlcNAcylation and autophagy sense intracellular nutrient level, the alteration of those two pathways plays substantial roles in the progression of heart failure. 32850000 4 23 link O-linked 589:596 arg1 transferase 620:630 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 586:630 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 23 link O-linked 589:596 arg1 OGT 633:635 OGT 633:635 OGT 633:635 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 24 theme first 690:694 arg1 time 696:699 the first time 686:699 the first time 686:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 25 theme knockout 661:668 arg1 model 676:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model 586:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 32850000 4 26 theme cardiomyocyte-specific 638:659 arg1 model 676:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model 586:680 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time 586:699 In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is required for autophagy in cardiomyocytes by utilizing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model for the first time. 31981375 0 0 theme glycoprotein 76:87 arg1 purification 12:23 purification 12:23 purification 12:23 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 0 theme glycoprotein 76:87 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 0 theme glycoprotein 76:87 arg1 properties 60:69 rheological properties 48:69 rheological properties 48:69 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 0 theme glycoprotein 76:87 arg1 characterization 26:41 characterization 26:41 characterization 26:41 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 7 1 theme further 1338:1344 arg1 study 1346:1350 the further study 1334:1350 the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1334:1380 These results provide a scientific basis for the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 3 2 theme 32:1 479:482 arg1 ratio 454:458 a ratio 452:458 a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage 452:597 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 4 3 theme polysaccharide 756:769 arg1 peak 748:751 the characteristic absorption peak 718:751 the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein 718:781 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 5 4 theme CSG-1 1005:1009 arg1 solution 1011:1018 CSG-1 solution 1005:1018 CSG-1 solution 1005:1018 Besides, CSG-1 solution was described by the Herschel-Bulkley model and it behaved as a shear-thinning fluid. 31981375 3 5 gly glycoprotein 401:412 arg1 glycoprotein 401:412 a maximum glycoprotein yield 391:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% 391:434 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 2 6 used used 287:290 arg2 methodology 270:280 response surface methodology 253:280 response surface methodology 253:280 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 6 used used 287:290 arg2 experiments 237:247 single-factor experiments 223:247 single-factor experiments 223:247 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 3 7 theme glycopeptide 578:589 arg1 linkage 591:597 glycopeptide linkage 578:597 glycopeptide linkage 578:597 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 4 8 theme glycopeptide 848:859 arg1 bonds 861:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 8 theme glycopeptide 848:859 arg1 Mw 878:879 Mw 878:879 Mw 878:879 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 0 9 dep Rupr 116:119 arg1 purification 12:23 purification 12:23 purification 12:23 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 9 dep Rupr 116:119 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 9 dep Rupr 116:119 arg1 properties 60:69 rheological properties 48:69 rheological properties 48:69 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 9 dep Rupr 116:119 arg1 characterization 26:41 characterization 26:41 characterization 26:41 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 3 10 theme CSG-1 632:636 arg1 weight 622:627 average molecular weight 604:627 average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG 604:654 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 4 11 dep Mw 878:879 arg1 /Mn 881:883 /Mn 881:883 Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn 868:883 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 7 12 theme Rupr 1377:1380 arg1 study 1346:1350 the further study 1334:1350 the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1334:1380 These results provide a scientific basis for the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 4 13 theme O-linked 839:846 arg1 bonds 861:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 13 theme O-linked 839:846 arg1 Mw 878:879 Mw 878:879 Mw 878:879 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 6 14 theme frequency 1120:1128 arg1 sweep 1130:1134 a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ 1118:1155 a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ 1118:1155 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 3 15 dep solid 463:467 arg1 to 469:470 to 469:470 to 469:470 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 15 dep solid 463:467 arg1 liquid 472:477 liquid 472:477 liquid 472:477 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 16 theme solid 463:467 arg1 32:1 479:482 solid to liquid 32:1 463:482 solid to liquid 32:1 463:482 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 17 gly glycopeptide 578:589 arg2 glycopeptide 578:589 glycopeptide linkage 578:597 glycopeptide linkage 578:597 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 7 18 theme Cynomorium 1355:1364 arg1 Rupr 1377:1380 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1355:1380 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1355:1380 These results provide a scientific basis for the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 19 gly glycoprotein 76:87 arg1 glycoprotein 76:87 a glycoprotein 74:87 a glycoprotein 74:87 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 7 20 theme songaricum 1366:1375 arg1 Rupr 1377:1380 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1355:1380 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1355:1380 These results provide a scientific basis for the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 3 21 theme monosaccharide 518:531 arg1 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. Then 497:507 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 21 theme monosaccharide 518:531 arg1 composition 533:543 monosaccharide composition 518:543 monosaccharide composition 518:543 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 6 22 theme CSG-1 1216:1220 arg1 dispersions 1222:1232 the CSG-1 dispersions 1212:1232 the CSG-1 dispersions 1212:1232 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 4 23 link O-linked 839:846 arg1 bonds 861:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 23 link O-linked 839:846 arg1 Mw 878:879 Mw 878:879 Mw 878:879 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 24 theme amino 822:826 arg1 acids 828:832 17 amino acids 819:832 17 amino acids 819:832 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 25 theme characteristic 722:735 arg1 peak 748:751 the characteristic absorption peak 718:751 the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein 718:781 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 1 26 theme traditional 179:189 arg1 medicine 198:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 1 26 theme traditional 179:189 arg1 Rupr 144:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 3 27 theme acid 552:555 arg1 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. Then 497:507 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 27 theme acid 552:555 arg1 composition 557:567 amino acid composition 546:567 amino acid composition 546:567 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 1 28 theme herbal 191:196 arg1 medicine 198:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 1 28 theme herbal 191:196 arg1 Rupr 144:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 6 29 theme thermal 1243:1249 arg1 stability 1251:1259 weak thermal stability 1238:1259 weak thermal stability 1238:1259 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 7 30 theme scientific 1313:1322 arg1 basis 1324:1328 a scientific basis 1311:1328 a scientific basis for the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 1311:1380 These results provide a scientific basis for the further study of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 3 31 theme glycoprotein 401:412 arg1 yield 414:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield 391:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% 391:434 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 2 32 theme Rupr 344:347 arg1 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 32 theme Rupr 344:347 arg1 glycoprotein 349:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein 322:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG) 322:366 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 6 33 theme weak 1238:1241 arg1 stability 1251:1259 weak thermal stability 1238:1259 weak thermal stability 1238:1259 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 3 34 theme average 604:610 arg1 weight 622:627 average molecular weight 604:627 average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG 604:654 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 2 35 theme single-factor 223:235 arg1 experiments 237:247 single-factor experiments 223:247 single-factor experiments 223:247 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 4 36 gly glycopeptide 848:859 arg2 glycopeptide 848:859 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 O-linked glycopeptide bonds 839:865 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 3 37 theme % 434:434 arg1 yield 414:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield 391:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% 391:434 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 38 theme linkage 591:597 arg1 type 570:573 type 570:573 type of glycopeptide linkage 570:597 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 38 theme linkage 591:597 arg1 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. Then 497:507 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 0 39 theme rheological 48:58 arg1 properties 60:69 rheological properties 48:69 rheological properties 48:69 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 6 40 theme moduli 1140:1145 arg1 G 1147:1147 the moduli G' 1136:1148 the moduli G' 1136:1148 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 2 41 theme glycoprotein 349:360 arg1 extraction 308:317 the extraction 304:317 the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG) 304:366 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 3 42 theme maximum 393:399 arg1 yield 414:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield 391:418 a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% 391:434 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 2 43 gly glycoprotein 349:360 arg1 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 43 gly glycoprotein 349:360 arg1 glycoprotein 349:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein 322:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG) 322:366 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 3 44 theme amino 546:550 arg1 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. 497:502 52 °C. Then 497:507 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 3 44 theme amino 546:550 arg1 composition 557:567 amino acid composition 546:567 amino acid composition 546:567 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 1 45 theme Cynomorium 122:131 arg1 medicine 198:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 1 45 theme Cynomorium 122:131 arg1 Rupr 144:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 6 46 contain had 1234:1236 arg2 stability 1251:1259 weak thermal stability 1238:1259 weak thermal stability 1238:1259 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 6 46 contain had 1234:1236 arg1 dispersions 1222:1232 the CSG-1 dispersions 1212:1232 the CSG-1 dispersions 1212:1232 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 5 47 theme shear-thinning 1084:1097 arg1 fluid 1099:1103 a shear-thinning fluid 1082:1103 a shear-thinning fluid 1082:1103 Besides, CSG-1 solution was described by the Herschel-Bulkley model and it behaved as a shear-thinning fluid. 31981375 6 48 theme CSG-1 1188:1192 arg1 concentration 1194:1206 CSG-1 concentration 1188:1206 CSG-1 concentration 1188:1206 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31981375 0 49 from songaricum 105:114 arg1 purification 12:23 purification 12:23 purification 12:23 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 49 from songaricum 105:114 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 49 from songaricum 105:114 arg1 properties 60:69 rheological properties 48:69 rheological properties 48:69 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 0 49 from songaricum 105:114 arg1 characterization 26:41 characterization 26:41 characterization 26:41 Extraction, purification, characterization, and rheological properties of a glycoprotein from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 31981375 2 50 theme surface 262:268 arg1 methodology 270:280 response surface methodology 253:280 response surface methodology 253:280 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 1 51 theme songaricum 133:142 arg1 medicine 198:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 a traditional herbal medicine 177:205 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 1 51 theme songaricum 133:142 arg1 Rupr 144:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr 122:147 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr is widely known in China as a traditional herbal medicine. 31981375 4 52 theme absorption 737:746 arg1 peak 748:751 the characteristic absorption peak 718:751 the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein 718:781 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 3 53 theme molecular 612:620 arg1 weight 622:627 average molecular weight 604:627 average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG 604:654 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 2 54 theme response 253:260 arg1 methodology 270:280 response surface methodology 253:280 response surface methodology 253:280 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 55 theme Cynomorium 322:331 arg1 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 55 theme Cynomorium 322:331 arg1 glycoprotein 349:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein 322:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG) 322:366 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 56 theme songaricum 333:342 arg1 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 CSG 363:365 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 2 56 theme songaricum 333:342 arg1 glycoprotein 349:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein 322:360 Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG) 322:366 In this study, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr glycoprotein (CSG). 31981375 4 57 theme protein 775:781 arg1 peak 748:751 the characteristic absorption peak 718:751 the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein 718:781 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 58 dep monosaccharides 799:813 arg1 had 835:837 had 835:837 had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp 835:888 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 58 dep monosaccharides 799:813 arg1 z-average 900:908 the z-average 896:908 the z-average 896:908 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 4 58 dep monosaccharides 799:813 arg1 5.343 × 106 915:925 5.343 × 106 915:925 5.343 × 106 915:925 The results indicate that CSG-1 presented the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide and protein, including four monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, had O-linked glycopeptide bonds, Mw , Wn , Mw /Mn , Mp , and the z-average were 5.343 × 106 , 3.203 × 106 , 1.668, 8.911 × 106 , and 6.948 × 106 , respectively. 31981375 5 59 theme Herschel-Bulkley 1041:1056 arg1 model 1058:1062 the Herschel-Bulkley model 1037:1062 the Herschel-Bulkley model 1037:1062 Besides, CSG-1 solution was described by the Herschel-Bulkley model and it behaved as a shear-thinning fluid. 31981375 3 60 from 52 °C. 497:502 arg1 4.2 H 488:492 4.2 H 488:492 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage 488:597 The results show that a maximum glycoprotein yield of 6.39 ± 0.32% was achieved at a ratio of solid to liquid 32:1 for 4.2 H at 52 °C. Then, the IR, monosaccharide composition, amino acid composition, type of glycopeptide linkage, and average molecular weight of CSG-1 purified from CSG were characterized. 31981375 6 61 theme temperature 1270:1280 arg1 sweep 1282:1286 the temperature sweep 1266:1286 the temperature sweep 1266:1286 Also, under a frequency sweep the moduli G' and G″ both increased with increasing CSG-1 concentration and the CSG-1 dispersions had weak thermal stability over the temperature sweep. 31911580 7 0 theme PGK1 913:916 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 894:908 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation 880:908 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 880:916 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 0 1 theme tumor 72:76 arg1 growth 78:83 tumor growth 72:83 tumor growth 72:83 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 coordinates glycolysis and TCA cycle to promote tumor growth. 31911580 4 2 link O-linked 551:558 arg1 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 2 link O-linked 551:558 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 560:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 551:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255) 551:613 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 7 3 theme the TCA 993:999 arg1 cycle 1001:1005 the TCA cycle 993:1005 the TCA cycle 993:1005 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 7 4 theme T255 889:892 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 894:908 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation 880:908 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 880:916 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 4 5 from threonine 594:602 arg1 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 5 from threonine 594:602 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 560:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 551:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255) 551:613 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 8 6 theme PGK1 1068:1071 arg1 levels 1089:1094 PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels 1068:1094 PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels 1068:1094 Furthermore, PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels are elevated in human colon cancers. 31911580 9 7 theme the TCA 1226:1232 arg1 cycle 1234:1238 the TCA cycle 1226:1238 the TCA cycle 1226:1238 This study highlights O-GlcNAcylation as an important signal for coordinating glycolysis and the TCA cycle to promote tumorigenesis. 31911580 4 8 theme first 465:469 arg1 kinase 444:449 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 427:451 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) 427:458 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 8 theme first 465:469 arg1 enzyme 485:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme 461:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis 461:504 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 5 9 theme lactate 667:673 arg1 production 675:684 lactate production 667:684 lactate production 667:684 O-GlcNAcylation activates PGK1 activity to enhance lactate production, and simultaneously induces PGK1 translocation into mitochondria. 31911580 6 10 theme dehydrogenase 815:827 arg1 complex 835:841 pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex 806:841 pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex 806:841 Inside mitochondria, PGK1 acts as a kinase to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to reduce oxidative phosphorylation. 31911580 3 11 theme acid 365:368 arg1 cycle 376:380 the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 333:380 the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 333:380 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is largely unknown. 31911580 4 12 from enzyme 485:490 arg1 glycolysis 495:504 glycolysis 495:504 glycolysis 495:504 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 6 13 theme pyruvate 806:813 arg1 dehydrogenase 815:827 pyruvate dehydrogenase 806:827 pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex 806:841 Inside mitochondria, PGK1 acts as a kinase to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to reduce oxidative phosphorylation. 31911580 6 13 theme pyruvate 806:813 arg1 PDH 830:832 PDH 830:832 PDH 830:832 Inside mitochondria, PGK1 acts as a kinase to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to reduce oxidative phosphorylation. 31911580 7 14 theme Blocking 880:887 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 894:908 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation 880:908 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 880:916 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 8 15 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1073:1087 arg1 levels 1089:1094 PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels 1068:1094 PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels 1068:1094 Furthermore, PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels are elevated in human colon cancers. 31911580 4 16 theme ATP-producing 471:483 arg1 kinase 444:449 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 427:451 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) 427:458 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 16 theme ATP-producing 471:483 arg1 enzyme 485:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme 461:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis 461:504 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 17 mod modified 537:544 arg1 kinase 444:449 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 427:451 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) 427:458 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 17 mod modified 537:544 arg1 PGK1 454:457 PGK1 454:457 PGK1 454:457 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 17 mod modified 537:544 arg1 enzyme 485:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme 461:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis 461:504 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 17 mod modified 537:544 arg3 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 17 mod modified 537:544 arg3 N-acetylglucosamine 560:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 551:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255) 551:613 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 18 theme O-linked 551:558 arg1 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 O-GlcNAc 581:588 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 18 theme O-linked 551:558 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 560:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 551:578 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255) 551:613 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 5 19 theme PGK1 642:645 arg1 activity 647:654 PGK1 activity 642:654 PGK1 activity 642:654 O-GlcNAcylation activates PGK1 activity to enhance lactate production, and simultaneously induces PGK1 translocation into mitochondria. 31911580 1 20 theme Many 86:89 arg1 cells 98:102 Many cancer cells 86:102 Many cancer cells 86:102 Many cancer cells display enhanced glycolysis and suppressed mitochondrial metabolism. 31911580 3 21 theme cancer 267:272 arg1 cells 274:278 cancer cells 267:278 cancer cells 267:278 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is largely unknown. 31911580 1 22 theme cancer 91:96 arg1 cells 98:102 Many cancer cells 86:102 Many cancer cells 86:102 Many cancer cells display enhanced glycolysis and suppressed mitochondrial metabolism. 31911580 7 23 from growth 1027:1032 arg1 models 1047:1052 xenograft models 1037:1052 xenograft models 1037:1052 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 0 24 theme PGK1 19:22 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 0:22 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 coordinates glycolysis and TCA cycle to promote tumor growth. 31911580 5 25 theme PGK1 714:717 arg1 translocation 719:731 PGK1 translocation 714:731 PGK1 translocation into mitochondria 714:749 O-GlcNAcylation activates PGK1 activity to enhance lactate production, and simultaneously induces PGK1 translocation into mitochondria. 31911580 8 26 theme colon 1118:1122 arg1 cancers 1124:1130 human colon cancers 1112:1130 human colon cancers 1112:1130 Furthermore, PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels are elevated in human colon cancers. 31911580 7 27 theme xenograft 1037:1045 arg1 models 1047:1052 xenograft models 1037:1052 xenograft models 1037:1052 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 6 28 theme oxidative 853:861 arg1 phosphorylation 863:877 oxidative phosphorylation 853:877 oxidative phosphorylation 853:877 Inside mitochondria, PGK1 acts as a kinase to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to reduce oxidative phosphorylation. 31911580 0 29 theme TCA 51:53 arg1 cycle 55:59 TCA cycle 51:59 TCA cycle 51:59 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 coordinates glycolysis and TCA cycle to promote tumor growth. 31911580 8 30 theme human 1112:1116 arg1 cancers 1124:1130 human colon cancers 1112:1130 human colon cancers 1112:1130 Furthermore, PGK1 O-GlcNAcylation levels are elevated in human colon cancers. 31911580 4 31 theme phosphoglycerate 427:442 arg1 kinase 444:449 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 427:451 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) 427:458 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 31 theme phosphoglycerate 427:442 arg1 PGK1 454:457 PGK1 454:457 PGK1 454:457 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 4 31 theme phosphoglycerate 427:442 arg1 enzyme 485:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme 461:490 the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis 461:504 We demonstrate here that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis, is reversibly and dynamically modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 255 (T255). 31911580 1 32 theme enhanced 112:119 arg1 glycolysis 121:130 enhanced glycolysis 112:130 enhanced glycolysis 112:130 Many cancer cells display enhanced glycolysis and suppressed mitochondrial metabolism. 31911580 7 33 theme cancer 934:939 arg1 proliferation 946:958 colon cancer cell proliferation 928:958 colon cancer cell proliferation 928:958 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 2 34 theme Warburg 203:209 arg1 effect 211:216 the Warburg effect 199:216 the Warburg effect 199:216 This phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, is critical for tumor development. 31911580 9 35 theme important 1177:1185 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1155:1169 O-GlcNAcylation 1155:1169 O-GlcNAcylation 1155:1169 This study highlights O-GlcNAcylation as an important signal for coordinating glycolysis and the TCA cycle to promote tumorigenesis. 31911580 9 35 theme important 1177:1185 arg1 signal 1187:1192 an important signal 1174:1192 an important signal for coordinating glycolysis and the TCA cycle to promote tumorigenesis 1174:1263 This study highlights O-GlcNAcylation as an important signal for coordinating glycolysis and the TCA cycle to promote tumorigenesis. 31911580 7 36 theme cell 941:944 arg1 proliferation 946:958 colon cancer cell proliferation 928:958 colon cancer cell proliferation 928:958 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 3 37 theme glucose 291:297 arg1 metabolism 299:308 glucose metabolism 291:308 glucose metabolism 291:308 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is largely unknown. 31911580 3 38 theme the mitochondrial 333:349 arg1 cycle 376:380 the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 333:380 the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 333:380 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is largely unknown. 31911580 7 39 theme tumor 1021:1025 arg1 growth 1027:1032 tumor growth 1021:1032 tumor growth in xenograft models 1021:1052 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 1 40 theme suppressed 136:145 arg1 metabolism 161:170 suppressed mitochondrial metabolism 136:170 suppressed mitochondrial metabolism 136:170 Many cancer cells display enhanced glycolysis and suppressed mitochondrial metabolism. 31911580 7 41 theme colon 928:932 arg1 cancer 934:939 colon cancer 928:939 colon cancer cell proliferation 928:958 Blocking T255 O-GlcNAcylation of PGK1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation, suppresses glycolysis, enhances the TCA cycle, and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. 31911580 3 42 theme tricarboxylic 351:363 arg1 TCA 371:373 TCA 371:373 TCA 371:373 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is largely unknown. 31911580 3 42 theme tricarboxylic 351:363 arg1 acid 365:368 tricarboxylic acid 351:368 the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 333:380 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is largely unknown. 31911580 2 43 theme tumor 235:239 arg1 development 241:251 tumor development 235:251 tumor development 235:251 This phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, is critical for tumor development. 31911580 1 44 theme mitochondrial 147:159 arg1 metabolism 161:170 suppressed mitochondrial metabolism 136:170 suppressed mitochondrial metabolism 136:170 Many cancer cells display enhanced glycolysis and suppressed mitochondrial metabolism. 34120284 0 0 theme titanium 69:76 arg1 dioxide 78:84 titanium dioxide 69:84 titanium dioxide 69:84 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 9 1 theme free 1274:1277 arg1 N-glycans 1279:1287 free N-glycans 1274:1287 free N-glycans 1274:1287 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 11 2 from effect 1424:1429 arg1 gut 1452:1454 medaka gut 1445:1454 medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology 1445:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 10 3 theme cytosolic 1349:1357 arg1 trimming 1373:1380 cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming 1349:1380 cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming 1349:1380 Our findings also suggest that TiO2NPs exposure suppresses cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming. 34120284 1 4 theme broad 139:143 arg1 range 145:149 a broad range 137:149 a broad range of industries 137:163 Nanomaterials are in general use in a broad range of industries. 34120284 6 5 dep dioxide 712:718 arg1 nanoparticles 720:732 nanoparticles 720:732 nanoparticles 720:732 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 0 6 from analysis 11:18 arg1 gut 43:45 medaka gut 36:45 medaka gut 36:45 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 6 7 theme several 786:792 arg1 N-glycans 794:802 several N-glycans 786:802 several N-glycans 786:802 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 11 8 theme environmental 1475:1487 arg1 glycobiology 1489:1500 environmental glycobiology 1475:1500 environmental glycobiology 1475:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 7 9 theme free 939:942 arg1 N-glycans 944:952 free N-glycans 939:952 free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end 939:1011 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 7 10 theme high 859:862 arg1 levels 864:869 high levels 859:869 high levels 859:869 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 8 11 from control 1082:1088 arg1 cytosol 1123:1129 cytosol 1123:1129 cytosol 1123:1129 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 8 11 from control 1082:1088 arg1 reticulum 1109:1117 the endoplasmic reticulum 1093:1117 the endoplasmic reticulum 1093:1117 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 0 12 theme dioxide 78:84 arg1 nanoparticles 86:98 silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles 58:98 silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles 58:98 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 2 13 theme aquatic 246:252 arg1 environment 254:264 the aquatic environment 242:264 the aquatic environment 242:264 However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. 34120284 6 14 theme gut 680:682 arg1 N-glycans 684:692 gut N-glycans 680:692 gut N-glycans 680:692 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 11 15 theme TiO2NPs 1434:1440 arg1 effect 1424:1429 the effect 1420:1429 the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology 1420:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 7 16 theme Structural 832:841 arg1 analysis 843:850 Structural analysis 832:850 Structural analysis 832:850 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 4 17 from N-glycans 457:465 arg1 organisms 478:486 aquatic organisms 470:486 aquatic organisms exposed to nanomaterials 470:511 However, little is known about N-glycans in aquatic organisms exposed to nanomaterials. 34120284 6 18 theme relative 767:774 arg1 levels 776:781 the relative levels 763:781 the relative levels of several N-glycans 763:802 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 11 19 theme medaka 1445:1450 arg1 gut 1452:1454 medaka gut 1445:1454 medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology 1445:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 3 20 theme life 410:413 arg1 phenomena 415:423 most life phenomena 405:423 most life phenomena 405:423 N-Glycans are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and are intimately involved in most life phenomena. 34120284 5 21 theme adult 594:598 arg1 medaka 607:612 adult female medaka 594:612 adult female medaka 594:612 In this study, we investigated how nanomaterials affect N-glycans in the gut of adult female medaka. 34120284 11 22 theme new 1403:1405 arg1 evidence 1407:1414 new evidence 1403:1414 new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology 1403:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 1 23 theme industries 154:163 arg1 range 145:149 a broad range 137:149 a broad range of industries 137:163 Nanomaterials are in general use in a broad range of industries. 34120284 3 24 theme eukaryotic 353:362 arg1 organisms 364:372 eukaryotic organisms 353:372 eukaryotic organisms 353:372 N-Glycans are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and are intimately involved in most life phenomena. 34120284 9 25 theme amounts 1263:1269 arg1 generation 1236:1245 generation 1236:1245 generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans 1236:1287 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 5 26 theme female 600:605 arg1 medaka 607:612 adult female medaka 594:612 adult female medaka 594:612 In this study, we investigated how nanomaterials affect N-glycans in the gut of adult female medaka. 34120284 1 27 from use 130:132 arg1 range 145:149 a broad range 137:149 a broad range of industries 137:163 Nanomaterials are in general use in a broad range of industries. 34120284 6 28 theme little 663:668 arg1 effect 670:675 little effect 663:675 little effect 663:675 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 0 29 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 analysis 11:18 Structural analysis 0:18 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut 0:45 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 5 30 theme medaka 607:612 arg1 gut 587:589 the gut 583:589 the gut of adult female medaka 583:612 In this study, we investigated how nanomaterials affect N-glycans in the gut of adult female medaka. 34120284 7 31 theme type 904:907 arg1 N-glycans 874:882 N-glycans 874:882 N-glycans of the high-mannose type 874:907 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 8 32 theme free 1028:1031 arg1 N-glycans 1033:1041 free N-glycans 1028:1041 free N-glycans 1028:1041 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 3 33 theme most 405:408 arg1 phenomena 415:423 most life phenomena 405:423 most life phenomena 405:423 N-Glycans are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and are intimately involved in most life phenomena. 34120284 0 34 theme N-glycans 23:31 arg1 analysis 11:18 Structural analysis 0:18 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut 0:45 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 9 35 theme misfolded 1198:1206 arg1 glycoproteins 1208:1220 misfolded glycoproteins 1198:1220 misfolded glycoproteins 1198:1220 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 9 36 theme TiO2NPs 1157:1163 arg1 exposure 1165:1172 TiO2NPs exposure 1157:1172 TiO2NPs exposure 1157:1172 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 9 37 theme glycoproteins 1208:1220 arg1 levels 1188:1193 the levels 1184:1193 the levels of misfolded glycoproteins 1184:1220 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 6 38 theme nanoparticles 636:648 arg1 exposure 650:657 silver nanoparticles exposure 629:657 silver nanoparticles exposure 629:657 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 0 39 theme medaka 36:41 arg1 gut 43:45 medaka gut 36:45 medaka gut 36:45 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 8 40 theme protein 1066:1072 arg1 control 1082:1088 protein quality control 1066:1088 protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol 1066:1129 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 6 41 theme silver 629:634 arg1 exposure 650:657 silver nanoparticles exposure 629:657 silver nanoparticles exposure 629:657 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 7 42 from N-glycans 944:952 arg1 end 1009:1011 the reducing end 996:1011 the reducing end 996:1011 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 2 43 theme intense 205:211 arg1 use 213:215 their intense use 199:215 their intense use 199:215 However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. 34120284 6 44 with comparison 807:816 arg1 control 823:829 control 823:829 control 823:829 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 8 45 theme N-glycans 1033:1041 arg1 levels 1018:1023 The levels 1014:1023 The levels of free N-glycans 1014:1041 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 8 45 theme N-glycans 1033:1041 arg1 related 1055:1061 related 1055:1061 related 1055:1061 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 8 46 theme endoplasmic 1097:1107 arg1 reticulum 1109:1117 the endoplasmic reticulum 1093:1117 the endoplasmic reticulum 1093:1117 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 7 47 theme reducing 1000:1007 arg1 end 1009:1011 the reducing end 996:1011 the reducing end 996:1011 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 9 48 theme N-glycans 1279:1287 arg1 N-glycans 1279:1287 free N-glycans 1274:1287 free N-glycans 1274:1287 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 9 48 theme N-glycans 1279:1287 arg1 amounts 1263:1269 considerable amounts 1250:1269 considerable amounts of free N-glycans 1250:1287 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 8 49 theme quality 1074:1080 arg1 control 1082:1088 protein quality control 1066:1088 protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol 1066:1129 The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. 34120284 11 50 from aspect 1465:1470 arg1 gut 1452:1454 medaka gut 1445:1454 medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology 1445:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 10 51 theme TiO2NPs 1321:1327 arg1 exposure 1329:1336 TiO2NPs exposure 1321:1336 TiO2NPs exposure 1321:1336 Our findings also suggest that TiO2NPs exposure suppresses cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming. 34120284 2 52 theme aquatic 298:304 arg1 organisms 306:314 many aquatic organisms 293:314 many aquatic organisms 293:314 However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. 34120284 11 53 theme glycobiology 1489:1500 arg1 aspect 1465:1470 the aspect 1461:1470 the aspect of environmental glycobiology 1461:1500 This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology. 34120284 5 54 from N-glycans 570:578 arg1 gut 587:589 the gut 583:589 the gut of adult female medaka 583:612 In this study, we investigated how nanomaterials affect N-glycans in the gut of adult female medaka. 34120284 6 55 theme dioxide 712:718 arg1 exposure 744:751 titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure 703:751 titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure 703:751 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 1 56 theme general 122:128 arg1 use 130:132 general use 122:132 general use 122:132 Nanomaterials are in general use in a broad range of industries. 34120284 7 57 theme high-mannose 891:902 arg1 type 904:907 the high-mannose type 887:907 the high-mannose type 887:907 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 7 58 with N-glycans 944:952 arg1 residue 985:991 one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue 959:991 one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue 959:991 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 9 59 theme considerable 1250:1261 arg1 N-glycans 1279:1287 free N-glycans 1274:1287 free N-glycans 1274:1287 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 9 59 theme considerable 1250:1261 arg1 amounts 1263:1269 considerable amounts 1250:1269 considerable amounts of free N-glycans 1250:1287 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 2 60 theme heavy 226:230 arg1 damage 232:237 heavy damage 226:237 heavy damage 226:237 However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. 34120284 6 61 theme titanium 703:710 arg1 dioxide 712:718 titanium dioxide 703:718 titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure 703:751 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 6 61 theme titanium 703:710 arg1 TiO2NPs 735:741 TiO2NPs 735:741 TiO2NPs 735:741 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 7 62 theme N-glycans 874:882 arg1 levels 864:869 high levels 859:869 high levels 859:869 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 2 63 theme many 293:296 arg1 organisms 306:314 many aquatic organisms 293:314 many aquatic organisms 293:314 However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. 34120284 0 64 theme silver 58:63 arg1 nanoparticles 86:98 silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles 58:98 silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles 58:98 Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 34120284 6 65 theme N-glycans 794:802 arg1 levels 776:781 the relative levels 763:781 the relative levels of several N-glycans 763:802 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 7 66 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 963:983 arg1 residue 985:991 one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue 959:991 one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue 959:991 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 9 67 gly glycoproteins 1208:1220 arg1 glycoproteins 1208:1220 misfolded glycoproteins 1198:1220 misfolded glycoproteins 1198:1220 Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. 34120284 6 68 contain had 659:661 arg1 exposure 650:657 silver nanoparticles exposure 629:657 silver nanoparticles exposure 629:657 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 6 68 contain had 659:661 arg2 effect 670:675 little effect 663:675 little effect 663:675 We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. 34120284 4 69 theme aquatic 470:476 arg1 organisms 478:486 aquatic organisms 470:486 aquatic organisms exposed to nanomaterials 470:511 However, little is known about N-glycans in aquatic organisms exposed to nanomaterials. 34120284 10 70 theme α-mannosidase 1359:1371 arg1 trimming 1373:1380 cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming 1349:1380 cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming 1349:1380 Our findings also suggest that TiO2NPs exposure suppresses cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming. 34120284 7 71 theme levels 864:869 arg1 N-glycans 944:952 free N-glycans 939:952 free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end 939:1011 Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. 34120284 2 72 dep are 181:183 arg1 concerns 185:192 concerns 185:192 are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms 181:314 However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. 35178035 0 0 theme Glycan 88:93 arg1 Moieties 95:102 Glycan Moieties 88:102 Glycan Moieties 88:102 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 1 1 theme key 136:138 arg1 factor 150:155 a key virulence factor 134:155 a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 134:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 1 theme key 136:138 arg1 A 122:122 Yersinia adhesin A 105:122 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) 105:129 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 4 2 from Y. 666:667 arg1 YadA 656:659 YadA 656:659 YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 656:695 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 1 3 theme virulence 140:148 arg1 factor 150:155 a key virulence factor 134:155 a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 134:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 3 theme virulence 140:148 arg1 A 122:122 Yersinia adhesin A 105:122 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) 105:129 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 6 4 theme autotransporter 954:968 arg1 adhesins 970:977 bacterial autotransporter adhesins 944:977 bacterial autotransporter adhesins 944:977 So far, little is known about specific interactions between bacterial autotransporter adhesins and glycans. 35178035 7 5 theme diagnostic 1074:1083 arg1 applications 1085:1096 diagnostic applications 1074:1096 diagnostic applications 1074:1096 This could potentially lead to new antimicrobial treatment strategies, as well as diagnostic applications. 35178035 3 6 theme enterocolitica 510:523 arg1 O:9 534:536 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 501:536 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 501:536 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 3 7 dep YadA 493:496 arg1 only 542:545 only 542:545 only 542:545 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 6 8 theme bacterial 944:952 arg1 adhesins 970:977 bacterial autotransporter adhesins 944:977 bacterial autotransporter adhesins 944:977 So far, little is known about specific interactions between bacterial autotransporter adhesins and glycans. 35178035 3 9 theme serotype 525:532 arg1 O:9 534:536 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 501:536 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 501:536 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 4 10 dep Y. 666:667 arg1 O:9 693:695 serotype O:9 684:695 Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 666:695 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 4 10 dep Y. 666:667 arg1 enterocolitica 669:682 Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 666:695 Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 666:695 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 2 11 theme adhesins 272:279 arg1 adhesin 252:258 a trimeric autotransporter adhesin 225:258 a trimeric autotransporter adhesin 225:258 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 11 theme adhesins 272:279 arg1 class 263:267 a class 261:267 a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 261:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 4 12 link N-linked 776:783 arg1 glycans 785:791 its N-linked glycans 772:791 its N-linked glycans 772:791 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 1 13 theme Yersinia 160:167 arg1 enterocolitica 169:182 Yersinia enterocolitica 160:182 Yersinia enterocolitica 160:182 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 2 14 theme matrix 391:396 arg1 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 14 theme matrix 391:396 arg1 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 14 theme matrix 391:396 arg1 proteins 398:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins 368:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 368:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 14 theme matrix 391:396 arg1 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 3 15 theme Yersinia 501:508 arg1 enterocolitica 510:523 Yersinia enterocolitica 501:523 Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 501:536 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 2 16 theme extracellular 377:389 arg1 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 16 theme extracellular 377:389 arg1 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 16 theme extracellular 377:389 arg1 proteins 398:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins 368:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 368:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 16 theme extracellular 377:389 arg1 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 0 17 theme Trimeric 4:11 arg1 YadA 37:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA 0:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 0:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 2 18 theme host 372:375 arg1 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 18 theme host 372:375 arg1 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 18 theme host 372:375 arg1 proteins 398:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins 368:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 368:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 18 theme host 372:375 arg1 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 1 19 theme enterocolitica 169:182 arg1 factor 150:155 a key virulence factor 134:155 a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 134:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 19 theme enterocolitica 169:182 arg1 A 122:122 Yersinia adhesin A 105:122 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) 105:129 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 0 20 theme Adhesin 29:35 arg1 YadA 37:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA 0:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 0:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 6 21 theme specific 914:921 arg1 interactions 923:934 specific interactions 914:934 specific interactions between bacterial autotransporter adhesins and glycans 914:989 So far, little is known about specific interactions between bacterial autotransporter adhesins and glycans. 35178035 7 22 theme treatment 1041:1049 arg1 strategies 1051:1060 new antimicrobial treatment strategies 1023:1060 new antimicrobial treatment strategies 1023:1060 This could potentially lead to new antimicrobial treatment strategies, as well as diagnostic applications. 35178035 1 23 theme Yersinia 105:112 arg1 YadA 125:128 YadA 125:128 YadA 125:128 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 23 theme Yersinia 105:112 arg1 A 122:122 Yersinia adhesin A 105:122 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) 105:129 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 23 theme Yersinia 105:112 arg1 factor 150:155 a key virulence factor 134:155 a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 134:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 3 24 theme surface 576:582 arg1 molecules 584:592 proteinaceous surface molecules 562:592 proteinaceous surface molecules 562:592 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 0 25 theme Autotransporter 13:27 arg1 YadA 37:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA 0:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 0:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 3 26 theme glycan 626:631 arg1 moieties 633:640 glycan moieties 626:640 glycan moieties 626:640 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 1 27 theme adhesin 114:120 arg1 YadA 125:128 YadA 125:128 YadA 125:128 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 27 theme adhesin 114:120 arg1 A 122:122 Yersinia adhesin A 105:122 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) 105:129 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 27 theme adhesin 114:120 arg1 factor 150:155 a key virulence factor 134:155 a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 134:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 28 theme Yersinia 188:195 arg1 pseudotuberculosis 197:214 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 188:214 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 188:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 3 29 theme first 477:481 arg1 time 483:486 the first time 473:486 the first time 473:486 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 4 30 theme serotype 684:691 arg1 O:9 693:695 serotype O:9 684:695 Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 666:695 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 7 31 theme new 1023:1025 arg1 strategies 1051:1060 new antimicrobial treatment strategies 1023:1060 new antimicrobial treatment strategies 1023:1060 This could potentially lead to new antimicrobial treatment strategies, as well as diagnostic applications. 35178035 2 32 theme trimeric 227:234 arg1 adhesin 252:258 a trimeric autotransporter adhesin 225:258 a trimeric autotransporter adhesin 225:258 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 32 theme trimeric 227:234 arg1 class 263:267 a class 261:267 a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 261:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 32 theme trimeric 227:234 arg1 YadA 217:220 YadA 217:220 YadA 217:220 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 1 33 theme pseudotuberculosis 197:214 arg1 factor 150:155 a key virulence factor 134:155 a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 134:214 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 1 33 theme pseudotuberculosis 197:214 arg1 A 122:122 Yersinia adhesin A 105:122 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) 105:129 Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. 35178035 5 34 theme other 828:832 arg1 moieties 841:848 other glycan moieties 828:848 other glycan moieties 828:848 We also show that YadA can target other glycan moieties as found in heparin, for example. 35178035 7 35 theme antimicrobial 1027:1039 arg1 strategies 1051:1060 new antimicrobial treatment strategies 1023:1060 new antimicrobial treatment strategies 1023:1060 This could potentially lead to new antimicrobial treatment strategies, as well as diagnostic applications. 35178035 4 36 theme vitronectin 724:734 arg1 protein 736:742 the vitronectin protein itself 720:749 the vitronectin protein itself 720:749 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 0 37 theme enterocolitica 54:67 arg1 O:9 78:80 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 45:80 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 45:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 0 38 theme Yersinia 45:52 arg1 O:9 78:80 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 45:80 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 45:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 3 39 theme proteinaceous 562:574 arg1 molecules 584:592 proteinaceous surface molecules 562:592 proteinaceous surface molecules 562:592 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 2 40 theme Gram-negative 317:329 arg1 pathogens 331:339 many Gram-negative pathogens 312:339 many Gram-negative pathogens 312:339 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 4 41 theme N-linked 776:783 arg1 glycans 785:791 its N-linked glycans 772:791 its N-linked glycans 772:791 We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. 35178035 2 42 theme many 312:315 arg1 pathogens 331:339 many Gram-negative pathogens 312:339 many Gram-negative pathogens 312:339 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 3 43 theme O:9 534:536 arg1 YadA 493:496 YadA 493:496 YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 493:536 Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. 35178035 0 44 theme O:9 78:80 arg1 YadA 37:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA 0:40 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 0:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 2 45 with to/interact 351:361 arg1 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 fibronectin 442:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 45 with to/interact 351:361 arg1 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 vitronectin 425:435 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 45 with to/interact 351:361 arg1 proteins 398:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins 368:405 the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 368:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 45 with to/interact 351:361 arg1 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 collagen 415:422 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 5 46 theme glycan 834:839 arg1 moieties 841:848 other glycan moieties 828:848 other glycan moieties 828:848 We also show that YadA can target other glycan moieties as found in heparin, for example. 35178035 0 47 theme Serotype 69:76 arg1 O:9 78:80 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 45:80 Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 45:80 The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. 35178035 2 48 theme autotransporter 236:250 arg1 adhesin 252:258 a trimeric autotransporter adhesin 225:258 a trimeric autotransporter adhesin 225:258 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 48 theme autotransporter 236:250 arg1 class 263:267 a class 261:267 a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin 261:452 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 35178035 2 48 theme autotransporter 236:250 arg1 YadA 217:220 YadA 217:220 YadA 217:220 YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. 34386963 1 0 theme consuming 136:144 arg1 Lipidation 47:56 Lipidation 47:56 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 47:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 0 theme consuming 136:144 arg1 process 146:152 a time consuming process 129:152 a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 129:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 1 from Lipidation 261:270 arg1 technology 308:317 Amino acid (CLipPA) technology 288:317 Amino acid (CLipPA) technology 288:317 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 2 1 from Lipidation 261:270 arg1 Peptide 277:283 a Peptide 275:283 a Peptide 275:283 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 2 theme side 224:227 arg1 chains 229:234 the side chains 220:234 the side chains of amino acids 220:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 3 theme Cysteine 252:259 arg1 Lipidation 261:270 Cysteine Lipidation 252:270 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology 252:317 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 3 4 from precursor 618:626 arg1 lipopeptides 569:580 lipopeptides 569:580 lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 569:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 3 4 from precursor 618:626 arg1 analogs 558:564 analogs 558:564 analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 558:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 1 5 theme polypeptides 61:72 arg1 process 146:152 a time consuming process 129:152 a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 129:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 5 theme polypeptides 61:72 arg1 Lipidation 47:56 Lipidation 47:56 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 47:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 6 theme due 154:156 arg1 Lipidation 47:56 Lipidation 47:56 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 47:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 6 theme due 154:156 arg1 process 146:152 a time consuming process 129:152 a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 129:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 7 theme fatty 81:85 arg1 acid 87:90 a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 79:120 a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 79:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 8 theme direct 331:336 arg1 lipidation 338:347 the direct lipidation 327:347 the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 327:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 9 theme amino 239:243 arg1 acids 245:249 amino acids 239:249 amino acids 239:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 3 10 theme tens 550:553 arg1 preparation 535:545 rapid preparation 529:545 rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 529:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 2 11 theme thiol 391:395 arg1 group 397:401 a free thiol group 384:401 a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 384:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 12 theme acids 245:249 arg1 chains 229:234 the side chains 220:234 the side chains of amino acids 220:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 3 13 theme analogs 558:564 arg1 tens 550:553 tens 550:553 tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 550:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 3 14 theme rapid 529:533 arg1 preparation 535:545 rapid preparation 529:545 rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 529:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 3 15 from analogs 558:564 arg1 precursor 618:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 0 16 theme Lipopeptides 13:24 arg1 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis of Lipopeptides by CLipPA Chemistry 0:44 Synthesis of Lipopeptides by CLipPA Chemistry. 34386963 1 17 theme other 178:182 arg1 groups 202:207 other reactive function groups 178:207 other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 178:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 18 theme peptides 364:371 arg1 lipidation 338:347 the direct lipidation 327:347 the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 327:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 0 19 theme CLipPA 29:34 arg1 Chemistry 36:44 CLipPA Chemistry 29:44 CLipPA Chemistry 29:44 Synthesis of Lipopeptides by CLipPA Chemistry. 34386963 3 20 theme polypeptide 606:616 arg1 precursor 618:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 3 21 theme lipopeptides 569:580 arg1 analogs 558:564 analogs 558:564 analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 558:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 1 22 theme reactive 184:191 arg1 groups 202:207 other reactive function groups 178:207 other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 178:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 23 theme S-lipidated 413:423 arg1 lipopeptides 425:436 S-lipidated lipopeptides 413:436 S-lipidated lipopeptides 413:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 24 theme N-linked 100:107 arg1 lipopeptides 109:120 N-linked lipopeptides 100:120 N-linked lipopeptides 100:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 25 with polypeptides 61:72 arg1 acid 87:90 a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 79:120 a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides 79:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 26 attach present 209:215 arg1 chains 229:234 the side chains 220:234 the side chains of amino acids 220:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 1 26 attach present 209:215 arg2 groups 202:207 other reactive function groups 178:207 other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 178:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 27 theme acid 294:297 arg1 technology 308:317 Amino acid (CLipPA) technology 288:317 Amino acid (CLipPA) technology 288:317 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 28 link N-linked 100:107 arg1 lipopeptides 109:120 N-linked lipopeptides 100:120 N-linked lipopeptides 100:120 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 3 29 theme single 589:594 arg1 precursor 618:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 2 30 theme Amino 288:292 arg1 acid 294:297 Amino acid 288:297 Amino acid (CLipPA) technology 288:317 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 2 30 theme Amino 288:292 arg1 CLipPA 300:305 CLipPA 300:305 CLipPA 300:305 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 31 theme function 193:200 arg1 groups 202:207 other reactive function groups 178:207 other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 178:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 32 contain containing 373:382 arg1 peptides 364:371 unprotected peptides 352:371 unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 352:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 2 32 contain containing 373:382 arg2 group 397:401 a free thiol group 384:401 a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 384:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 3 33 theme thiolated 596:604 arg1 precursor 618:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 a single thiolated polypeptide precursor 587:626 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 3 34 theme generalized 441:451 arg1 procedure 453:461 A generalized procedure 439:461 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides 439:497 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 34386963 2 35 theme unprotected 352:362 arg1 peptides 364:371 unprotected peptides 352:371 unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 352:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 1 36 theme present 209:215 arg1 groups 202:207 other reactive function groups 178:207 other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids 178:249 Lipidation of polypeptides with a fatty acid to form N-linked lipopeptides can be a time consuming process due to the need to mask other reactive function groups present on the side chains of amino acids. 34386963 2 37 theme free 386:389 arg1 group 397:401 a free thiol group 384:401 a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides 384:436 Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) technology enables the direct lipidation of unprotected peptides containing a free thiol group to afford S-lipidated lipopeptides. 34386963 3 38 theme S-lipopeptides 484:497 arg1 synthesis 471:479 the synthesis 467:479 the synthesis of S-lipopeptides 467:497 A generalized procedure for the synthesis of S-lipopeptides is described which facilities rapid preparation of tens of analogs of lipopeptides from a single thiolated polypeptide precursor. 33015443 7 0 from area 1047:1050 arg1 COFs 1081:1084 COFs 1081:1084 COFs 1081:1084 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 2 1 theme surface 339:345 arg1 area 347:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 9 2 theme functional 1304:1313 arg1 groups 1315:1320 the functional groups 1300:1320 the functional groups of all COFs 1300:1332 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 9 2 theme functional 1304:1313 arg1 COFs 1329:1332 all COFs 1325:1332 all COFs 1325:1332 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 7 3 theme large 1033:1037 arg1 area 1047:1050 the large surface area 1029:1050 the large surface area 1029:1050 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 8 4 theme I2 1121:1122 arg1 molecular 1124:1132 conventional I2 molecular 1108:1132 conventional I2 molecular 1108:1132 They not only absorb conventional I2 molecular but also ionic state (I3 - and I+) iodine species. 33015443 2 5 theme specific 330:337 arg1 area 347:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 9 6 theme adsorption 1381:1390 arg1 abilities 1392:1400 the potent adsorption abilities 1370:1400 the potent adsorption abilities of COFs 1370:1408 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 6 7 theme strong 889:894 arg1 resistance 896:905 a strong resistance 887:905 a strong resistance to acid, base, and water 887:930 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 4 8 theme iodine 727:732 arg1 species 734:740 radioactive iodine species 715:740 radioactive iodine species 715:740 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 9 9 theme COFs 1405:1408 arg1 abilities 1392:1400 the potent adsorption abilities 1370:1400 the potent adsorption abilities of COFs 1370:1408 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 3 10 theme weak 488:491 arg1 capability 501:510 the weak binding capability 484:510 the weak binding capability toward iodine 484:524 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 7 11 from % 1008:1008 arg1 mass 1013:1016 mass 1013:1016 mass 1013:1016 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 4 12 theme COFs 678:681 arg1 series 650:655 a series 648:655 a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species 648:740 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 2 13 theme large 324:328 arg1 area 347:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 6 14 contain have 857:860 arg2 resistance 896:905 a strong resistance 887:905 a strong resistance to acid, base, and water 887:930 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 6 14 contain have 857:860 arg2 area 878:881 a large surface area 862:881 a large surface area 862:881 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 6 14 contain have 857:860 arg1 COFs 852:855 The resulting COFs 838:855 The resulting COFs 838:855 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 2 15 theme COF 270:272 arg1 materials 275:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 9 16 theme COFs 1329:1332 arg1 groups 1315:1320 the functional groups 1300:1320 the functional groups of all COFs 1300:1332 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 9 16 theme COFs 1329:1332 arg1 COFs 1329:1332 all COFs 1325:1332 all COFs 1325:1332 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 9 16 theme COFs 1329:1332 arg1 species 1288:1294 different iodine species 1271:1294 different iodine species 1271:1294 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 7 17 dep 2.6 996:998 arg1 to 993:994 to 993:994 to 993:994 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 8 18 theme conventional 1108:1119 arg1 molecular 1124:1132 conventional I2 molecular 1108:1132 conventional I2 molecular 1108:1132 They not only absorb conventional I2 molecular but also ionic state (I3 - and I+) iodine species. 33015443 1 19 theme Volatile 80:87 arg1 iodine 157:162 iodine 157:162 iodine 157:162 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 33015443 1 19 theme Volatile 80:87 arg1 radionuclides 89:101 Volatile radionuclides 80:101 Volatile radionuclides 80:101 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 33015443 2 20 theme great 373:377 arg1 opportunities 379:391 great opportunities 373:391 great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption 373:437 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 5 21 theme condensation 795:806 arg1 reaction 808:815 the aldol condensation reaction 785:815 the aldol condensation reaction 785:815 Large-scale synthesis can be conducted by the aldol condensation reaction at room temperature. 33015443 6 22 theme surface 870:876 arg1 area 878:881 a large surface area 862:881 a large surface area 862:881 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 7 23 dep g/g 1000:1002 arg1 % 1008:1008 260% 1005:1008 260% in mass 1005:1016 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 2 24 theme pore 303:306 arg1 structure 308:316 a controlled pore structure 290:316 a controlled pore structure 290:316 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 4 25 with COFs 678:681 arg1 efficiency 693:702 high efficiency 688:702 high efficiency 688:702 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 8 26 theme state 1149:1153 arg1 species 1176:1182 state (I3 - and I+) iodine species 1149:1182 state (I3 - and I+) iodine species 1149:1182 They not only absorb conventional I2 molecular but also ionic state (I3 - and I+) iodine species. 33015443 2 27 theme adsorption 428:437 arg1 field 400:404 the field 396:404 the field of radioactive iodine adsorption 396:437 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 2 28 theme controlled 292:301 arg1 structure 308:316 a controlled pore structure 290:316 a controlled pore structure 290:316 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 1 29 theme public 179:184 arg1 safety 186:191 public safety 179:191 public safety 179:191 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 33015443 2 30 theme iodine 421:426 arg1 adsorption 428:437 radioactive iodine adsorption 409:437 radioactive iodine adsorption 409:437 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 4 31 theme radioactive 715:725 arg1 species 734:740 radioactive iodine species 715:740 radioactive iodine species 715:740 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 4 32 link C-N-linked 667:676 arg1 COFs 678:681 stable C-N-linked COFs 660:681 stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency 660:702 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 4 33 theme facile 626:631 arg1 way 633:635 a facile way 624:635 a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species 624:740 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 2 34 theme radioactive 409:419 arg1 iodine 421:426 radioactive iodine 409:426 radioactive iodine adsorption 409:437 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 6 35 theme large 864:868 arg1 area 878:881 a large surface area 862:881 a large surface area 862:881 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 3 36 theme binding 493:499 arg1 capability 501:510 the weak binding capability 484:510 the weak binding capability toward iodine 484:524 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 3 37 theme harsh 453:457 arg1 conditions 469:478 the harsh synthetic conditions 449:478 the harsh synthetic conditions 449:478 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 0 38 theme Iodine 41:46 arg1 Capture 48:54 Iodine Capture 41:54 Iodine Capture 41:54 Easily Constructed Imine-Bonded COFs for Iodine Capture at Ambient Temperature. 33015443 4 39 theme high 688:691 arg1 efficiency 693:702 high efficiency 688:702 high efficiency 688:702 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 9 40 theme Theoretical 1185:1195 arg1 calculations 1197:1208 Theoretical calculations 1185:1208 Theoretical calculations 1185:1208 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 2 41 contain have 285:288 arg2 structure 308:316 a controlled pore structure 290:316 a controlled pore structure 290:316 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 2 41 contain have 285:288 arg1 materials 275:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 2 41 contain have 285:288 arg2 area 347:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 a large specific surface area 322:350 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 7 42 from groups 1071:1076 arg1 COFs 1081:1084 COFs 1081:1084 COFs 1081:1084 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 7 43 theme functional 1060:1069 arg1 groups 1071:1076 the functional groups 1056:1076 the functional groups in COFs 1056:1084 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 7 44 theme iodine 971:976 arg1 g/g 1000:1002 up to 2.6 g/g 990:1002 up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass) 990:1017 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 7 44 theme iodine 971:976 arg1 adsorption 978:987 high iodine adsorption 966:987 high iodine adsorption 966:987 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 8 45 theme iodine 1169:1174 arg1 species 1176:1182 state (I3 - and I+) iodine species 1149:1182 state (I3 - and I+) iodine species 1149:1182 They not only absorb conventional I2 molecular but also ionic state (I3 - and I+) iodine species. 33015443 7 46 theme surface 1039:1045 arg1 area 1047:1050 the large surface area 1029:1050 the large surface area 1029:1050 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 5 47 theme room 820:823 arg1 temperature 825:835 room temperature 820:835 room temperature 820:835 Large-scale synthesis can be conducted by the aldol condensation reaction at room temperature. 33015443 8 48 dep state 1149:1153 arg1 I3 1156:1157 I3 1156:1157 I3 1156:1157 They not only absorb conventional I2 molecular but also ionic state (I3 - and I+) iodine species. 33015443 8 48 dep state 1149:1153 arg1 I+ 1165:1166 I+ 1165:1166 I+ 1165:1166 They not only absorb conventional I2 molecular but also ionic state (I3 - and I+) iodine species. 33015443 1 49 theme nuclear 124:130 arg1 process 140:146 the nuclear fission process 120:146 the nuclear fission process 120:146 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 33015443 5 50 theme aldol 789:793 arg1 reaction 808:815 the aldol condensation reaction 785:815 the aldol condensation reaction 785:815 Large-scale synthesis can be conducted by the aldol condensation reaction at room temperature. 33015443 6 51 theme resulting 842:850 arg1 COFs 852:855 The resulting COFs 838:855 The resulting COFs 838:855 The resulting COFs have a large surface area and a strong resistance to acid, base, and water. 33015443 3 52 theme iodine 584:589 arg1 adsorption 591:600 iodine adsorption 584:600 iodine adsorption 584:600 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 2 53 from opportunities 379:391 arg1 field 400:404 the field 396:404 the field of radioactive iodine adsorption 396:437 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 1 54 theme fission 132:138 arg1 process 140:146 the nuclear fission process 120:146 the nuclear fission process 120:146 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 33015443 9 55 theme different 1271:1279 arg1 species 1288:1294 different iodine species 1271:1294 different iodine species 1271:1294 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 2 56 theme framework 259:267 arg1 materials 275:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 7 57 theme high 966:969 arg1 g/g 1000:1002 up to 2.6 g/g 990:1002 up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass) 990:1017 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 7 57 theme high 966:969 arg1 adsorption 978:987 high iodine adsorption 966:987 high iodine adsorption 966:987 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 3 58 theme synthetic 459:467 arg1 conditions 469:478 the harsh synthetic conditions 449:478 the harsh synthetic conditions 449:478 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 3 59 from applications 560:571 arg1 adsorption 591:600 iodine adsorption 584:600 iodine adsorption 584:600 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 9 60 theme iodine 1281:1286 arg1 species 1288:1294 different iodine species 1271:1294 different iodine species 1271:1294 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 2 61 theme organic 251:257 arg1 materials 275:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 4 62 theme stable 660:665 arg1 COFs 678:681 stable C-N-linked COFs 660:681 stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency 660:702 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 5 63 theme Large-scale 743:753 arg1 synthesis 755:763 Large-scale synthesis 743:763 Large-scale synthesis 743:763 Large-scale synthesis can be conducted by the aldol condensation reaction at room temperature. 33015443 9 64 theme potent 1374:1379 arg1 abilities 1392:1400 the potent adsorption abilities 1370:1400 the potent adsorption abilities of COFs 1370:1408 Theoretical calculations are further performed to understand the relationship between different iodine species and the functional groups of all COFs, offering the mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 33015443 2 65 theme Covalent 242:249 arg1 materials 275:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials 242:283 Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have a controlled pore structure and a large specific surface area and thus demonstrate great opportunities in the field of radioactive iodine adsorption. 33015443 7 66 theme COFs 956:959 arg1 types 947:951 all types 943:951 all types of COFs 943:959 Moreover, all types of COFs show high iodine adsorption, up to 2.6 g/g (260% in mass), owing to the large surface area and the functional groups in COFs. 33015443 4 67 theme C-N-linked 667:676 arg1 COFs 678:681 stable C-N-linked COFs 660:681 stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency 660:702 Here, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare a series of stable C-N-linked COFs with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33015443 1 68 theme environmental 217:229 arg1 pollution 231:239 environmental pollution 217:239 environmental pollution 217:239 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 33015443 0 69 theme Ambient 59:65 arg1 Temperature 67:77 Ambient Temperature 59:77 Ambient Temperature 59:77 Easily Constructed Imine-Bonded COFs for Iodine Capture at Ambient Temperature. 33015443 0 70 theme Imine-Bonded 19:30 arg1 COFs 32:35 Imine-Bonded COFs 19:35 Imine-Bonded COFs for Iodine Capture 19:54 Easily Constructed Imine-Bonded COFs for Iodine Capture at Ambient Temperature. 33015443 3 71 theme COFs 576:579 arg1 applications 560:571 the applications 556:571 the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption 556:600 However, the harsh synthetic conditions and the weak binding capability toward iodine have significantly restricted the applications of COFs in iodine adsorption. 33015443 1 72 theme pollution 231:239 arg1 threat 207:212 the threat 203:212 the threat of environmental pollution 203:239 Volatile radionuclides generated during the nuclear fission process, such as iodine, pose risks to public safety and cause the threat of environmental pollution. 32306311 1 0 link N-linked 217:224 arg1 glycoproteins 226:238 N-linked glycoproteins 217:238 N-linked glycoproteins 217:238 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 1 from transport 184:192 arg1 pathway 263:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 3 2 theme lectins 527:533 arg1 CRDs 501:504 the CRDs 497:504 the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins 497:533 Here we describe the procedures involved in bacterial overproduction and purification of the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins. 32306311 2 3 theme recognition 311:321 arg1 CRD 331:333 CRD 331:333 CRD 331:333 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 2 3 theme recognition 311:321 arg1 domain 323:328 the carbohydrate recognition domain 294:328 the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) 294:334 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 2 4 theme carbohydrate 298:309 arg1 CRD 331:333 CRD 331:333 CRD 331:333 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 2 4 theme carbohydrate 298:309 arg1 domain 323:328 the carbohydrate recognition domain 294:328 the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) 294:334 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 3 5 theme animal 513:518 arg1 lectins 527:533 the animal L-type lectins 509:533 the animal L-type lectins 509:533 Here we describe the procedures involved in bacterial overproduction and purification of the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins. 32306311 1 6 theme Animal 80:85 arg1 ERGIC-53 131:138 ERGIC-53 131:138 ERGIC-53 131:138 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 6 theme Animal 80:85 arg1 VIP36 144:148 VIP36 144:148 VIP36 144:148 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 6 theme Animal 80:85 arg1 lectins 112:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins 80:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins 80:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 7 theme intracellular 170:182 arg1 transport 184:192 intracellular transport 170:192 intracellular transport 170:192 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 8 theme leguminous-type 87:101 arg1 ERGIC-53 131:138 ERGIC-53 131:138 ERGIC-53 131:138 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 8 theme leguminous-type 87:101 arg1 VIP36 144:148 VIP36 144:148 VIP36 144:148 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 8 theme leguminous-type 87:101 arg1 lectins 112:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins 80:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins 80:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 9 gly glycoproteins 226:238 arg1 glycoproteins 226:238 N-linked glycoproteins 217:238 N-linked glycoproteins 217:238 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 2 10 contain possess 286:292 arg2 CRD 331:333 CRD 331:333 CRD 331:333 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 2 10 contain possess 286:292 arg2 domain 323:328 the carbohydrate recognition domain 294:328 the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) 294:334 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 2 10 contain possess 286:292 arg1 lectins 278:284 These lectins 272:284 These lectins 272:284 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 1 11 theme L-type 104:109 arg1 ERGIC-53 131:138 ERGIC-53 131:138 ERGIC-53 131:138 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 11 theme L-type 104:109 arg1 VIP36 144:148 VIP36 144:148 VIP36 144:148 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 11 theme L-type 104:109 arg1 lectins 112:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins 80:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins 80:118 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 12 theme quality 198:204 arg1 control 206:212 quality control 198:212 quality control 198:212 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 3 13 theme CRDs 501:504 arg1 overproduction 462:475 bacterial overproduction 452:475 bacterial overproduction 452:475 Here we describe the procedures involved in bacterial overproduction and purification of the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins. 32306311 3 13 theme CRDs 501:504 arg1 purification 481:492 purification 481:492 purification 481:492 Here we describe the procedures involved in bacterial overproduction and purification of the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins. 32306311 0 14 theme Animal 43:48 arg1 Lectins 71:77 Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins 43:77 Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins 43:77 Recombinant Expression and Purification of Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins. 32306311 3 15 theme bacterial 452:460 arg1 overproduction 462:475 bacterial overproduction 452:475 bacterial overproduction 452:475 Here we describe the procedures involved in bacterial overproduction and purification of the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins. 32306311 1 16 theme N-linked 217:224 arg1 glycoproteins 226:238 N-linked glycoproteins 217:238 N-linked glycoproteins 217:238 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 17 theme glycoproteins 226:238 arg1 transport 184:192 intracellular transport 170:192 intracellular transport 170:192 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 1 17 theme glycoproteins 226:238 arg1 control 206:212 quality control 198:212 quality control 198:212 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 0 18 theme L-Type 64:69 arg1 Lectins 71:77 Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins 43:77 Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins 43:77 Recombinant Expression and Purification of Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins. 32306311 2 19 theme high-mannose-type 354:370 arg1 glycans 372:378 high-mannose-type glycans 354:378 high-mannose-type glycans 354:378 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 0 20 theme Intracellular 50:62 arg1 Lectins 71:77 Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins 43:77 Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins 43:77 Recombinant Expression and Purification of Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins. 32306311 1 21 from control 206:212 arg1 pathway 263:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 3 22 theme L-type 520:525 arg1 lectins 527:533 the animal L-type lectins 509:533 the animal L-type lectins 509:533 Here we describe the procedures involved in bacterial overproduction and purification of the CRDs of the animal L-type lectins. 32306311 2 23 theme Ca2+-dependent 385:398 arg1 manner 400:405 a Ca2+-dependent manner 383:405 a Ca2+-dependent manner 383:405 These lectins possess the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which recognizes high-mannose-type glycans in a Ca2+-dependent manner. 32306311 1 24 theme early 247:251 arg1 pathway 263:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 32306311 0 25 theme Lectins 71:77 arg1 Purification 27:38 Purification 27:38 Purification 27:38 Recombinant Expression and Purification of Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins. 32306311 0 25 theme Lectins 71:77 arg1 Expression 12:21 Expression 12:21 Expression 12:21 Recombinant Expression and Purification of Animal Intracellular L-Type Lectins. 32306311 1 26 theme secretory 253:261 arg1 pathway 263:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 the early secretory pathway 243:269 Animal leguminous-type (L-type) lectins, including ERGIC-53 and VIP36 are responsible for intracellular transport and quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. 34520755 0 0 theme ovary 83:87 arg1 cells 89:93 Chinese hamster ovary cells 67:93 Chinese hamster ovary cells 67:93 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 7 1 gly N-glycosylation 1375:1389 arg1 rHuPH20 1431:1437 the rHuPH20 1427:1437 the rHuPH20 1427:1437 These results demonstrated that N-glycosylation is important for the bioactivity of the rHuPH20. 34520755 6 2 theme PNGase 1333:1338 arg1 F 1340:1340 PNGase F 1333:1340 PNGase F 1333:1340 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 2 3 theme ultra-performance 355:371 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 2 3 theme ultra-performance 355:371 arg1 spectrometry 407:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 355:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) 355:431 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 0 4 theme hamster 75:81 arg1 cells 89:93 Chinese hamster ovary cells 67:93 Chinese hamster ovary cells 67:93 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 4 5 theme rHuPH20 861:867 arg1 sites 848:852 the six N-glycosylation sites 824:852 the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 824:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 4 5 theme rHuPH20 861:867 arg1 rHuPH20 861:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 5 6 theme in 1061:1062 arg1 bioactivity 1069:1079 the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity 1044:1079 the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity 1044:1079 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 5 7 dep in 1061:1062 arg1 vivo 1064:1067 vivo 1064:1067 vivo 1064:1067 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 6 8 theme injected 1236:1243 arg1 therapeutics 1259:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 3 9 from 66 kDa 527:532 arg1 weight 515:520 the molecular weight 501:520 the molecular weight from 66 kDa 501:532 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 2 10 theme ovary 300:304 arg1 cells 312:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 5 11 dep in 1048:1049 arg1 vitro 1051:1055 vitro 1051:1055 vitro 1051:1055 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 3 12 theme deduced 563:569 arg1 weight 581:586 its deduced molecular weight 559:586 its deduced molecular weight 559:586 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 12 theme deduced 563:569 arg1 52 kDa 551:556 52 kDa 551:556 52 kDa 551:556 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 2 13 theme hamster 292:298 arg1 cells 312:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 3 14 attach linked 693:698 arg2 sites 683:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 14 attach linked 693:698 arg2 most 632:635 most 632:635 most 632:635 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 14 attach linked 693:698 arg1 oligosaccharides 703:718 oligosaccharides 703:718 oligosaccharides 703:718 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 14 attach linked 693:698 arg2 all 645:647 all 645:647 all 645:647 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 2 15 theme Chinese 284:290 arg1 cells 312:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 1 16 theme physiologic 178:188 arg1 conditions 190:199 physiologic conditions 178:199 physiologic conditions 178:199 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 5 17 theme PNGase 1116:1121 arg1 F 1123:1123 PNGase F 1116:1123 PNGase F treatment 1116:1133 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 3 18 link N-linked 449:456 arg1 glycans 458:464 the N-linked glycans 445:464 the N-linked glycans 445:464 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 4 19 theme PNGase 776:781 arg1 F 783:783 PNGase F 776:783 PNGase F 776:783 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 5 20 theme F 1123:1123 arg1 treatment 1125:1133 PNGase F treatment 1116:1133 PNGase F treatment 1116:1133 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 1 21 gly N-glycosylation 220:234 arg2 sites 236:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 1 21 gly N-glycosylation 220:234 arg2 six 206:208 six 206:208 six 206:208 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 5 22 theme in 1048:1049 arg1 bioactivity 1069:1079 the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity 1044:1079 the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity 1044:1079 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 2 23 theme mass 402:405 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 2 23 theme mass 402:405 arg1 spectrometry 407:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 355:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) 355:431 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 3 24 with rHuPH20 471:477 arg1 F 491:491 PNGase F 484:491 PNGase F 484:491 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 6 25 theme protein 1251:1257 arg1 therapeutics 1259:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 2 26 theme CHO 307:309 arg1 cells 312:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 284:316 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 5 27 theme injected 1025:1032 arg1 drugs 1034:1038 locally subcutaneous injected drugs 1004:1038 locally subcutaneous injected drugs 1004:1038 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 3 28 theme PNGase 484:489 arg1 F 491:491 PNGase F 484:491 PNGase F 484:491 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 0 29 theme enzymatic 20:28 arg1 activity 30:37 enzymatic activity 20:37 enzymatic activity 20:37 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 4 30 theme peptide 920:926 arg1 levels 928:933 peptide levels 920:933 peptide levels 920:933 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 1 31 contain has 202:204 arg2 sites 236:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 1 31 contain has 202:204 arg1 hyaluronidase 125:137 a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase 105:137 a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions 105:199 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 1 31 contain has 202:204 arg1 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 1 32 theme potential 210:218 arg1 sites 236:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 6 33 theme therapeutics 1259:1270 arg1 bioavailability 1196:1210 the absolute bioavailability 1183:1210 the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1183:1270 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 0 34 gly N-Glycosylation 0:14 arg1 rHuPH20 46:52 the rHuPH20 42:52 the rHuPH20 42:52 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 3 35 theme N-linked 449:456 arg1 glycans 458:464 the N-linked glycans 445:464 the N-linked glycans 445:464 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 1 36 theme N-glycosylation 220:234 arg1 sites 236:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 six potential N-glycosylation sites 206:240 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 3 37 theme glycans 458:464 arg1 Removal 434:440 Removal 434:440 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F 434:491 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 5 38 theme drugs 1034:1038 arg1 dispersion 990:999 the dispersion 986:999 the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs 986:1038 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 3 39 from rHuPH20 471:477 arg1 Removal 434:440 Removal 434:440 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F 434:491 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 4 40 attach released 747:754 arg2 glycans 739:745 the N-linked glycans 726:745 the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F 726:783 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 4 40 attach released 747:754 arg1 rHuPH20 765:771 the rHuPH20 761:771 the rHuPH20 761:771 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 3 41 theme sequence 597:604 arg1 analysis 606:613 sequence analysis 597:613 sequence analysis 597:613 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 42 theme molecular 505:513 arg1 weight 515:520 the molecular weight 501:520 the molecular weight from 66 kDa 501:532 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 0 43 theme rHuPH20 46:52 arg1 N-Glycosylation 0:14 N-Glycosylation 0:14 N-Glycosylation 0:14 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 0 43 theme rHuPH20 46:52 arg1 activity 30:37 enzymatic activity 20:37 enzymatic activity 20:37 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 3 44 theme N-glycosylation 667:681 arg1 sites 683:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 4 45 theme N-glycosylation 832:846 arg1 sites 848:852 the six N-glycosylation sites 824:852 the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 824:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 4 45 theme N-glycosylation 832:846 arg1 rHuPH20 861:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 1 46 theme neutral 107:113 arg1 hyaluronidase 125:137 a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase 105:137 a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions 105:199 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 1 46 theme neutral 107:113 arg1 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 4 47 theme N-linked 730:737 arg1 glycans 739:745 the N-linked glycans 726:745 the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F 726:783 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 6 48 theme large 1245:1249 arg1 therapeutics 1259:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 1 49 theme pH-active 115:123 arg1 hyaluronidase 125:137 a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase 105:137 a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions 105:199 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 1 49 theme pH-active 115:123 arg1 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20 96:102 rHuPH20, a neutral pH-active hyaluronidase that degrades glycosaminoglycans under physiologic conditions, has six potential N-glycosylation sites. 34520755 3 50 theme molecular 571:579 arg1 weight 581:586 its deduced molecular weight 559:586 its deduced molecular weight 559:586 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 50 theme molecular 571:579 arg1 52 kDa 551:556 52 kDa 551:556 52 kDa 551:556 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 3 51 dep not 641:643 arg1 if 638:639 if 638:639 if 638:639 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 4 52 link N-linked 730:737 arg1 glycans 739:745 the N-linked glycans 726:745 the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F 726:783 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 7 53 theme rHuPH20 1431:1437 arg1 bioactivity 1412:1422 the bioactivity 1408:1422 the bioactivity of the rHuPH20 1408:1437 These results demonstrated that N-glycosylation is important for the bioactivity of the rHuPH20. 34520755 3 54 gly N-glycosylation 667:681 arg2 sites 683:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 0 55 theme Chinese 67:73 arg1 cells 89:93 Chinese hamster ovary cells 67:93 Chinese hamster ovary cells 67:93 N-Glycosylation and enzymatic activity of the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34520755 3 56 theme potential 657:665 arg1 sites 683:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 the potential N-glycosylation sites 653:687 Removal of the N-linked glycans from rHuPH20 with PNGase F shifted the molecular weight from 66 kDa to approximately 52 kDa, its deduced molecular weight based on sequence analysis, suggesting that most, if not all, of the potential N-glycosylation sites are linked to oligosaccharides. 34520755 6 57 theme subcutaneous 1223:1234 arg1 therapeutics 1259:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1215:1270 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 4 58 gly N-glycosylation 832:846 arg2 six 828:830 six 828:830 six 828:830 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 4 58 gly N-glycosylation 832:846 arg1 rHuPH20 861:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 4 58 gly N-glycosylation 832:846 arg2 sites 848:852 the six N-glycosylation sites 824:852 the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 824:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 4 58 gly N-glycosylation 832:846 arg2 rHuPH20 861:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 the rHuPH20 857:867 Then the N-linked glycans released from the rHuPH20 by PNGase F were characterized by UPLC-FLR-MS, and the six N-glycosylation sites of the rHuPH20 were identified and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS at peptide levels. 34520755 2 59 theme chromatography-tandem 380:400 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 2 59 theme chromatography-tandem 380:400 arg1 spectrometry 407:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 355:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) 355:431 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 6 60 theme absolute 1187:1194 arg1 bioavailability 1196:1210 the absolute bioavailability 1183:1210 the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics 1183:1270 In particular, rHuPH20 significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally subcutaneous injected large protein therapeutics, while the bioavailability decreased after being digested by PNGase F. 34520755 5 61 theme subcutaneous 1012:1023 arg1 drugs 1034:1038 locally subcutaneous injected drugs 1004:1038 locally subcutaneous injected drugs 1004:1038 Subsequently, we found that the rHuPH20 increased the dispersion of locally subcutaneous injected drugs and the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity were decreased significantly after PNGase F treatment. 34520755 2 62 theme liquid 373:378 arg1 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 UPLC-MS/MS 421:430 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 34520755 2 62 theme liquid 373:378 arg1 spectrometry 407:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 355:418 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) 355:431 In this report, the rHuPH20 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was analyzed and characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). 33232205 2 0 theme vaccine 635:641 arg1 products 643:650 vaccine products 635:650 vaccine products 635:650 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 1 from characterization 427:442 arg1 virions 513:519 virions 513:519 virions 513:519 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 10 2 theme S-based 1987:1993 arg1 vaccines 2011:2018 S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1987:2018 S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1987:2018 The study on S modifications would facilitate design of S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. 33232205 7 3 theme antibody 1536:1543 arg1 response 1545:1552 antibody response 1536:1552 antibody response against the S2 subunit 1536:1575 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 6 4 theme proteins 1293:1300 arg1 antigenicity 1271:1282 the antigenicity 1267:1282 the antigenicity of these proteins 1267:1300 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 1 5 theme cell-based 275:284 arg1 virion 293:298 an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion 254:298 virion 293:298 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 3 6 theme rabbit 740:745 arg1 antisera 747:754 rabbit antisera 740:754 rabbit antisera against virions 740:770 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 5 7 theme cleavage 1215:1222 arg1 indicative 1201:1210 indicative 1201:1210 indicative 1201:1210 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 3 8 theme structural 781:790 arg1 proteins 792:799 five structural proteins 776:799 five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum 776:834 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 1 9 theme pandemic 205:212 arg1 face 188:191 the face 184:191 the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 184:251 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 5 10 theme M 1094:1094 arg1 protein 1097:1103 The membrane (M) protein 1080:1103 The membrane (M) protein 1080:1103 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 5 11 gly glycosylated 1128:1139 arg1 protein 1097:1103 The membrane (M) protein 1080:1103 The membrane (M) protein 1080:1103 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 0 12 theme inactivated 150:160 arg1 candidate 170:178 an inactivated vaccine candidate 147:178 an inactivated vaccine candidate 147:178 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 9 13 theme bacterially-expressed 1888:1908 arg1 fragments 1912:1920 bacterially-expressed S fragments 1888:1920 bacterially-expressed S fragments 1888:1920 This study revealed that the native S glycoprotein stimulated neutralizing antibodies, while bacterially-expressed S fragments did not. 33232205 0 14 theme candidate 170:178 arg1 characterization 26:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization 0:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins 0:68 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 0 14 theme candidate 170:178 arg1 modifications 99:111 their post-translational modifications 74:111 their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 74:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 2 15 theme quality 592:598 arg1 control 600:606 quality control 592:606 quality control 592:606 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 6 16 theme modified 1333:1340 arg1 forms 1342:1346 their post-translationally modified forms 1306:1346 their post-translationally modified forms 1306:1346 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 5 17 theme membrane 1084:1091 arg1 protein 1097:1103 The membrane (M) protein 1080:1103 The membrane (M) protein 1080:1103 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 5 18 theme dimerization 1228:1239 arg1 indicative 1201:1210 indicative 1201:1210 indicative 1201:1210 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 9 19 theme S 1910:1910 arg1 fragments 1912:1920 bacterially-expressed S fragments 1888:1920 bacterially-expressed S fragments 1888:1920 This study revealed that the native S glycoprotein stimulated neutralizing antibodies, while bacterially-expressed S fragments did not. 33232205 2 20 dep immunogenicity 673:686 arg1 the 669:671 the 669:671 the 669:671 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 9 21 theme native 1824:1829 arg1 glycoprotein 1833:1844 the native S glycoprotein 1820:1844 the native S glycoprotein 1820:1844 This study revealed that the native S glycoprotein stimulated neutralizing antibodies, while bacterially-expressed S fragments did not. 33232205 0 22 theme post-translational 80:97 arg1 modifications 99:111 their post-translational modifications 74:111 their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 74:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 5 23 theme protein 1156:1162 arg1 3a 1164:1165 the accessory protein 3a 1142:1165 the accessory protein 3a 1142:1165 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 2 24 theme vaccine 546:552 arg1 candidate 554:562 the vaccine candidate 542:562 the vaccine candidate 542:562 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 25 theme Biochemical 399:409 arg1 characterization 427:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization 399:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, 399:563 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 0 26 theme SARS-CoV-2 125:134 arg1 virions 136:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 0 27 theme Biochemical 0:10 arg1 characterization 26:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization 0:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins 0:68 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 2 28 theme proteins 458:465 arg1 characterization 427:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization 399:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, 399:563 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 8 29 dep did 1768:1770 arg1 than 1763:1766 than 1763:1766 than 1763:1766 Moreover, vaccination stimulated stronger antibody response against S multimers than did the natural infection. 33232205 0 30 theme antigenic 16:24 arg1 characterization 26:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization 0:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins 0:68 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 5 31 theme indicative 1201:1210 arg1 forms 1194:1198 three different forms 1178:1198 three different forms 1178:1198 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 7 32 theme antibody 1593:1600 arg1 response 1602:1609 strong antibody response 1586:1609 strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits 1586:1641 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 2 33 theme immunogenic 415:425 arg1 characterization 427:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization 399:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, 399:563 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 7 34 with immunization 1479:1490 arg1 vaccine 1513:1519 the inactivated vaccine 1497:1519 the inactivated vaccine 1497:1519 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 3 35 theme S1 992:993 arg1 subunits 1002:1009 S1 and S2 subunits 992:1009 S1 and S2 subunits 992:1009 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 4 36 theme S1/S2 1034:1038 arg1 subunits 1040:1047 The full-length S and S1/S2 subunits 1012:1047 subunits 1040:1047 The full-length S and S1/S2 subunits could form homodimers/trimers. 33232205 0 37 theme structural 50:59 arg1 proteins 61:68 the structural proteins 46:68 the structural proteins 46:68 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 0 38 from characterization 26:41 arg1 virions 136:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 1 39 theme emerged 234:240 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 242:251 the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 224:251 the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 224:251 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 8 40 theme antibody 1725:1732 arg1 response 1734:1741 stronger antibody response 1716:1741 stronger antibody response 1716:1741 Moreover, vaccination stimulated stronger antibody response against S multimers than did the natural infection. 33232205 2 41 theme modifications 496:508 arg1 characterization 427:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization 399:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, 399:563 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 3 42 theme S2 999:1000 arg1 subunits 1002:1009 S1 and S2 subunits 992:1009 S1 and S2 subunits 992:1009 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 10 43 theme anti-SARS-CoV-2 1995:2009 arg1 vaccines 2011:2018 S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1987:2018 S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1987:2018 The study on S modifications would facilitate design of S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. 33232205 1 44 theme inactivated 257:267 arg1 virion 293:298 an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion 254:298 virion 293:298 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 2 45 dep control 600:606 arg1 development 620:630 development 620:630 development 620:630 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 45 dep control 600:606 arg1 the 588:590 the 588:590 the 588:590 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 1 46 theme Vero 270:273 arg1 virion 293:298 an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion 254:298 virion 293:298 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 6 47 theme animal 1451:1456 arg1 sera 1458:1461 both convalescent and immunized animal sera 1419:1461 sera 1458:1461 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 7 48 theme inactivated 1501:1511 arg1 vaccine 1513:1519 the inactivated vaccine 1497:1519 the inactivated vaccine 1497:1519 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 3 49 theme antisera 747:754 arg1 panel 731:735 a panel 729:735 a panel of rabbit antisera against virions 729:770 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 3 49 theme antisera 747:754 arg1 proteins 792:799 five structural proteins 776:799 five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum 776:834 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 6 50 theme antigenicity 1271:1282 arg1 analysis 1255:1262 analysis 1255:1262 analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins 1255:1300 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 6 50 theme antigenicity 1271:1282 arg1 forms 1342:1346 their post-translationally modified forms 1306:1346 their post-translationally modified forms 1306:1346 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 8 51 theme natural 1776:1782 arg1 infection 1784:1792 the natural infection 1772:1792 the natural infection 1772:1792 Moreover, vaccination stimulated stronger antibody response against S multimers than did the natural infection. 33232205 2 52 theme products 643:650 arg1 process 612:618 process 612:618 process 612:618 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 52 theme products 643:650 arg1 control 600:606 quality control 592:606 quality control 592:606 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 3 53 gly glycoprotein 851:862 arg1 glycoprotein 851:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 0 54 theme vaccine 162:168 arg1 candidate 170:178 an inactivated vaccine candidate 147:178 an inactivated vaccine candidate 147:178 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 7 55 theme convalescent 1663:1674 arg1 serum 1676:1680 the convalescent serum 1659:1680 the convalescent serum 1659:1680 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 3 56 theme convalescent 817:828 arg1 serum 830:834 a convalescent serum 815:834 a convalescent serum 815:834 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 1 57 dep virion 293:298 arg1 candidate 308:316 vaccine candidate 300:316 an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate 254:316 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 3 58 theme spike 841:845 arg1 glycoprotein 851:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 6 59 theme immunized 1441:1449 arg1 sera 1458:1461 both convalescent and immunized animal sera 1419:1461 sera 1458:1461 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 9 60 gly glycoprotein 1833:1844 arg1 glycoprotein 1833:1844 the native S glycoprotein 1820:1844 the native S glycoprotein 1820:1844 This study revealed that the native S glycoprotein stimulated neutralizing antibodies, while bacterially-expressed S fragments did not. 33232205 7 61 theme S2 1631:1632 arg1 subunits 1634:1641 both S1 and S2 subunits 1619:1641 subunits 1634:1641 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 2 62 from proteins 458:465 arg1 virions 513:519 virions 513:519 virions 513:519 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 5 63 theme accessory 1146:1154 arg1 3a 1164:1165 the accessory protein 3a 1142:1165 the accessory protein 3a 1142:1165 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 7 64 theme S1 1624:1625 arg1 subunits 1634:1641 both S1 and S2 subunits 1619:1641 subunits 1634:1641 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 9 65 theme S 1831:1831 arg1 glycoprotein 1833:1844 the native S glycoprotein 1820:1844 the native S glycoprotein 1820:1844 This study revealed that the native S glycoprotein stimulated neutralizing antibodies, while bacterially-expressed S fragments did not. 33232205 0 66 from modifications 99:111 arg1 virions 136:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 0 67 theme purified 116:123 arg1 virions 136:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 116:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 1 68 theme phase 354:358 arg1 trials 373:378 phase III clinical trials 354:378 phase III clinical trials within six months 354:396 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 2 69 theme candidate 554:562 arg1 end-products 526:537 the end-products 522:537 the end-products of the vaccine candidate 522:562 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 69 theme candidate 554:562 arg1 proteins 458:465 structural proteins 447:465 structural proteins 447:465 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 70 from modifications 496:508 arg1 virions 513:519 virions 513:519 virions 513:519 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 3 71 gly glycosylated 889:900 arg1 glycoprotein 851:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 3 72 theme S 848:848 arg1 glycoprotein 851:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 the spike (S) glycoprotein 837:862 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 6 73 theme antibody 1398:1405 arg1 response 1407:1414 the strongest antibody response 1384:1414 the strongest antibody response 1384:1414 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 1 74 theme clinical 364:371 arg1 trials 373:378 phase III clinical trials 354:378 phase III clinical trials within six months 354:396 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 2 75 from virions 513:519 arg1 characterization 427:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization 399:442 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, 399:563 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 9 76 theme neutralizing 1857:1868 arg1 antibodies 1870:1879 neutralizing antibodies 1857:1879 neutralizing antibodies 1857:1879 This study revealed that the native S glycoprotein stimulated neutralizing antibodies, while bacterially-expressed S fragments did not. 33232205 3 77 dep glycosylated 889:900 arg1 N-linked 880:887 N-linked 880:887 N-linked 880:887 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 2 78 theme SARS-CoV-2 708:717 arg1 pathogenesis 692:703 pathogenesis 692:703 pathogenesis 692:703 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 78 theme SARS-CoV-2 708:717 arg1 immunogenicity 673:686 immunogenicity 673:686 immunogenicity 673:686 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 1 79 theme whole 287:291 arg1 virion 293:298 an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion 254:298 virion 293:298 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 3 80 theme Furin-like 966:975 arg1 proteases 977:985 Furin-like proteases 966:985 Furin-like proteases 966:985 By using a panel of rabbit antisera against virions and five structural proteins together with a convalescent serum, the spike (S) glycoprotein was shown to be N-linked glycosylated, PNGase F-sensitive, endoglycosidase H-resistant and cleaved by Furin-like proteases into S1 and S2 subunits. 33232205 2 81 theme structural 447:456 arg1 end-products 526:537 the end-products 522:537 the end-products of the vaccine candidate 522:562 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 2 81 theme structural 447:456 arg1 proteins 458:465 structural proteins 447:465 structural proteins 447:465 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 10 82 theme S 1944:1944 arg1 modifications 1946:1958 S modifications 1944:1958 S modifications 1944:1958 The study on S modifications would facilitate design of S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. 33232205 1 83 theme vaccine 300:306 arg1 candidate 308:316 vaccine candidate 300:316 an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate 254:316 In the face of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, an inactivated, Vero cell-based, whole virion vaccine candidate has been developed and entered into phase III clinical trials within six months. 33232205 4 84 theme full-length 1016:1026 arg1 S 1028:1028 The full-length S and S1/S2 subunits 1012:1047 S 1028:1028 The full-length S and S1/S2 subunits could form homodimers/trimers. 33232205 5 85 dep glycosylated 1128:1139 arg1 N-linked 1119:1126 N-linked 1119:1126 N-linked 1119:1126 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 6 86 theme strongest 1388:1396 arg1 response 1407:1414 the strongest antibody response 1384:1414 the strongest antibody response 1384:1414 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 0 87 theme proteins 61:68 arg1 characterization 26:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization 0:41 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins 0:68 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 0 87 theme proteins 61:68 arg1 modifications 99:111 their post-translational modifications 74:111 their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions 74:142 Biochemical and antigenic characterization of the structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in purified SARS-CoV-2 virions of an inactivated vaccine candidate. 33232205 7 88 theme strong 1586:1591 arg1 response 1602:1609 strong antibody response 1586:1609 strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits 1586:1641 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 2 89 theme post-translational 477:494 arg1 modifications 496:508 their post-translational modifications 471:508 their post-translational modifications 471:508 Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of structural proteins and their post-translational modifications in virions, the end-products of the vaccine candidate, would be essential for the quality control and process development of vaccine products and for studying the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 33232205 8 90 theme stronger 1716:1723 arg1 response 1734:1741 stronger antibody response 1716:1741 stronger antibody response 1716:1741 Moreover, vaccination stimulated stronger antibody response against S multimers than did the natural infection. 33232205 5 91 theme different 1184:1192 arg1 forms 1194:1198 three different forms 1178:1198 three different forms 1178:1198 The membrane (M) protein was partially N-linked glycosylated; the accessory protein 3a existed in three different forms, indicative of cleavage and dimerization. 33232205 7 92 located detected 1647:1654 arg2 response 1602:1609 strong antibody response 1586:1609 strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits 1586:1641 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 7 92 located detected 1647:1654 arg1 serum 1676:1680 the convalescent serum 1659:1680 the convalescent serum 1659:1680 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 6 93 theme S 1366:1366 arg1 protein 1368:1374 S protein 1366:1374 S protein 1366:1374 Furthermore, analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins and their post-translationally modified forms demonstrated that S protein induced the strongest antibody response in both convalescent and immunized animal sera. 33232205 10 94 from study 1935:1939 arg1 modifications 1946:1958 S modifications 1944:1958 S modifications 1944:1958 The study on S modifications would facilitate design of S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. 33232205 7 95 theme S2 1566:1567 arg1 subunit 1569:1575 the S2 subunit 1562:1575 the S2 subunit 1562:1575 Interestingly, immunization with the inactivated vaccine did not elicit antibody response against the S2 subunit, whereas strong antibody response against both S1 and S2 subunits was detected in the convalescent serum. 33232205 10 96 theme vaccines 2011:2018 arg1 design 1977:1982 design 1977:1982 design of S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1977:2018 The study on S modifications would facilitate design of S-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. 33232205 8 97 theme S 1751:1751 arg1 multimers 1753:1761 S multimers 1751:1761 S multimers 1751:1761 Moreover, vaccination stimulated stronger antibody response against S multimers than did the natural infection. 34946573 1 0 theme critical 148:155 arg1 virus 131:135 Respiratory syncytial virus 109:135 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 109:141 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 1 0 theme critical 148:155 arg1 cause 157:161 a critical cause 146:161 a critical cause of infant mortality 146:181 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 3 1 theme effective 334:342 arg1 inhibitors 348:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 3 1 theme effective 334:342 arg1 conjugates 319:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 4 2 theme potent 369:374 arg1 compounds 376:384 The most potent compounds 360:384 The most potent compounds 360:384 The most potent compounds are active against both RSV serotypes, A and B. 34946573 4 2 theme potent 369:374 arg1 active 390:395 active 390:395 active 390:395 The most potent compounds are active against both RSV serotypes, A and B. 34946573 6 3 theme modelling 569:577 arg1 data 579:582 molecular modelling data 559:582 molecular modelling data 559:582 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 0 4 theme Replication 96:106 arg1 Coumarins 35:43 Coumarins 35:43 Coumarins 35:43 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 0 4 theme Replication 96:106 arg1 Inhibitors 48:57 Inhibitors 48:57 Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication 48:106 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 1 5 theme infant 166:171 arg1 mortality 173:181 infant mortality 166:181 infant mortality 166:181 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 6 6 theme molecular 559:567 arg1 data 579:582 molecular modelling data 559:582 molecular modelling data 559:582 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 5 7 theme time-of-addition 466:481 arg1 experiment 483:492 the time-of-addition experiment 462:492 the time-of-addition experiment 462:492 According to the results of the time-of-addition experiment, the conjugates act at the early stages of virus cycle. 34946573 1 8 theme mortality 173:181 arg1 virus 131:135 Respiratory syncytial virus 109:135 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 109:141 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 1 8 theme mortality 173:181 arg1 cause 157:161 a critical cause 146:161 a critical cause of infant mortality 146:181 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 5 9 theme virus 537:541 arg1 cycle 543:547 virus cycle 537:547 virus cycle 537:547 According to the results of the time-of-addition experiment, the conjugates act at the early stages of virus cycle. 34946573 6 10 theme possible 622:629 arg1 protein 591:597 RSV F protein 585:597 RSV F protein 585:597 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 6 10 theme possible 622:629 arg1 target 631:636 a possible target 620:636 a possible target 620:636 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 5 11 theme cycle 543:547 arg1 stages 527:532 the early stages 517:532 the early stages of virus cycle 517:547 According to the results of the time-of-addition experiment, the conjugates act at the early stages of virus cycle. 34946573 3 12 link O-linked 289:296 arg1 inhibitors 348:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 3 12 link O-linked 289:296 arg1 conjugates 319:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 1 13 theme syncytial 121:129 arg1 RSV 138:140 RSV 138:140 RSV 138:140 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 1 13 theme syncytial 121:129 arg1 virus 131:135 Respiratory syncytial virus 109:135 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 109:141 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 1 13 theme syncytial 121:129 arg1 cause 157:161 a critical cause 146:161 a critical cause of infant mortality 146:181 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 2 14 theme adequate 219:226 arg1 drugs 228:232 adequate drugs 219:232 adequate drugs 219:232 However, there are no vaccines and adequate drugs for its treatment. 34946573 0 15 theme Syncytial 74:82 arg1 RSV 91:93 RSV 91:93 RSV 91:93 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 0 15 theme Syncytial 74:82 arg1 Virus 84:88 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 62:88 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication 62:106 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 3 16 theme first 272:276 arg1 time 278:281 the first time 268:281 the first time 268:281 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 0 17 theme Virus 84:88 arg1 Replication 96:106 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication 62:106 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication 62:106 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 0 18 theme Respiratory 62:72 arg1 RSV 91:93 RSV 91:93 RSV 91:93 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 0 18 theme Respiratory 62:72 arg1 Virus 84:88 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 62:88 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication 62:106 Monoterpene-Containing Substituted Coumarins as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. 34946573 5 19 theme early 521:525 arg1 stages 527:532 the early stages 517:532 the early stages of virus cycle 517:547 According to the results of the time-of-addition experiment, the conjugates act at the early stages of virus cycle. 34946573 1 20 theme Respiratory 109:119 arg1 RSV 138:140 RSV 138:140 RSV 138:140 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 1 20 theme Respiratory 109:119 arg1 virus 131:135 Respiratory syncytial virus 109:135 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 109:141 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 1 20 theme Respiratory 109:119 arg1 cause 157:161 a critical cause 146:161 a critical cause of infant mortality 146:181 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical cause of infant mortality. 34946573 5 21 theme experiment 483:492 arg1 results 451:457 the results 447:457 the results of the time-of-addition experiment 447:492 According to the results of the time-of-addition experiment, the conjugates act at the early stages of virus cycle. 34946573 3 22 theme O-linked 289:296 arg1 inhibitors 348:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 3 22 theme O-linked 289:296 arg1 conjugates 319:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 4 23 theme RSV 410:412 arg1 A 425:425 A 425:425 A 425:425 The most potent compounds are active against both RSV serotypes, A and B. 34946573 4 23 theme RSV 410:412 arg1 serotypes 414:422 both RSV serotypes 405:422 both RSV serotypes 405:422 The most potent compounds are active against both RSV serotypes, A and B. 34946573 4 23 theme RSV 410:412 arg1 B 431:431 B 431:431 B 431:431 The most potent compounds are active against both RSV serotypes, A and B. 34946573 6 24 theme F 589:589 arg1 protein 591:597 RSV F protein 585:597 RSV F protein 585:597 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 6 24 theme F 589:589 arg1 target 631:636 a possible target 620:636 a possible target 620:636 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 3 25 theme coumarin-monoterpene 298:317 arg1 inhibitors 348:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 3 25 theme coumarin-monoterpene 298:317 arg1 conjugates 319:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 6 26 theme RSV 585:587 arg1 protein 591:597 RSV F protein 585:597 RSV F protein 585:597 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 6 26 theme RSV 585:587 arg1 target 631:636 a possible target 620:636 a possible target 620:636 Based on molecular modelling data, RSV F protein may be considered as a possible target. 34946573 3 27 theme RSV 344:346 arg1 inhibitors 348:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 effective RSV inhibitors 334:357 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34946573 3 27 theme RSV 344:346 arg1 conjugates 319:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates 289:328 We showed, for the first time, that O-linked coumarin-monoterpene conjugates are effective RSV inhibitors. 34725712 4 0 theme TPR 647:649 arg1 OGT 661:663 OGT 661:663 OGT 661:663 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 4 0 theme TPR 647:649 arg1 domain 651:656 the TPR domain 643:656 the TPR domain of OGT 643:663 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 8 1 theme substrates 1394:1403 arg1 glycosylation 1377:1389 the glycosylation 1373:1389 the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT 1373:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 3 2 theme iterative 450:458 arg1 truncations 460:470 iterative truncations 450:470 iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT 450:495 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 3 3 theme truncations 460:470 arg1 effects 439:445 the effects 435:445 the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate 435:508 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 8 4 gly glycosylation 1377:1389 arg1 substrates 1394:1403 substrates 1394:1403 substrates 1394:1403 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 3 5 with selection 524:532 arg1 proteome 595:602 the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome 570:602 the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome 570:602 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 3 5 with selection 524:532 arg1 GFP-JunB 557:564 the model protein GFP-JunB 539:564 the model protein GFP-JunB 539:564 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 7 6 from shift 1201:1205 arg1 sequence 1243:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 6 7 theme greatest 912:919 arg1 changes 921:927 the greatest changes 908:927 the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes 908:991 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 4 8 theme subcellular 715:725 arg1 localization 727:738 subcellular localization 715:738 subcellular localization of OGT in cells 715:754 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 4 9 from localization 727:738 arg1 cells 750:754 cells 750:754 cells 750:754 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 3 10 theme OGT 493:495 arg1 OGT 493:495 OGT 493:495 OGT 493:495 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 3 10 theme OGT 493:495 arg1 domain 483:488 the TPR domain 475:488 the TPR domain of OGT 475:495 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 4 11 theme OGT 661:663 arg1 OGT 661:663 OGT 661:663 OGT 661:663 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 4 11 theme OGT 661:663 arg1 domain 651:656 the TPR domain 643:656 the TPR domain of OGT 643:663 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 4 12 theme glycosyltransferase 675:693 arg1 activity 695:702 glycosyltransferase activity 675:702 glycosyltransferase activity 675:702 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 6 13 theme canonical 1029:1037 arg1 OGT 1057:1059 the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1025:1059 the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1025:1059 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 0 14 gly glycosite 57:65 arg2 glycosite 57:65 glycosite 57:65 glycosite 57:65 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 8 15 dep domain 1328:1333 arg1 the 1320:1322 the 1320:1322 the 1320:1322 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 1 16 theme O-linked 142:149 arg1 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 1 16 theme O-linked 142:149 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 151:169 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 142:169 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates 142:215 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 6 17 theme mRNA 969:972 arg1 processes 983:991 mRNA splicing processes 969:991 mRNA splicing processes 969:991 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 8 18 theme isoforms 1498:1505 arg1 engineering 1459:1469 protein engineering 1451:1469 protein engineering of OGT 1451:1476 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 18 theme isoforms 1498:1505 arg1 diseases 1512:1519 diseases 1512:1519 diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT 1512:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 18 theme isoforms 1498:1505 arg1 biology 1483:1489 the biology 1479:1489 the biology of OGT isoforms 1479:1505 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 1 19 link O-linked 142:149 arg1 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc 172:179 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 1 19 link O-linked 142:149 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 151:169 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 142:169 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates 142:215 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 8 20 theme OGT 1494:1496 arg1 isoforms 1498:1505 OGT isoforms 1494:1505 OGT isoforms 1494:1505 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 21 theme TPR 1541:1543 arg1 domain 1545:1550 the TPR domain 1537:1550 the TPR domain of OGT 1537:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 21 theme TPR 1541:1543 arg1 OGT 1555:1557 OGT 1555:1557 OGT 1555:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 7 22 theme O-GlcNAc 1224:1231 arg1 sequence 1243:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 4 23 theme Iterative 619:627 arg1 truncation 629:638 Iterative truncation 619:638 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT 619:663 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 6 24 theme splicing 974:981 arg1 processes 983:991 mRNA splicing processes 969:991 mRNA splicing processes 969:991 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 7 25 theme glycosite 1106:1114 arg1 analysis 1116:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis 1095:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis 1095:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 8 26 theme future 1433:1438 arg1 efforts 1440:1446 future efforts 1433:1446 future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT 1433:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 3 27 from effects 439:445 arg1 substrate 500:508 substrate 500:508 substrate 500:508 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 2 28 theme repeat 298:303 arg1 domain 311:316 the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 276:316 the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 276:316 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 3 29 from selection 524:532 arg1 cells 612:616 U2OS cells 607:616 U2OS cells 607:616 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 2 30 theme truncations 337:347 arg1 unresolved 407:416 unresolved 407:416 unresolved 407:416 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 2 30 theme truncations 337:347 arg1 impact 327:332 the impact 323:332 the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection 323:402 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 0 31 theme TPR 18:20 arg1 OGT 32:34 OGT 32:34 OGT 32:34 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 0 31 theme TPR 18:20 arg1 domain 22:27 the TPR domain 14:27 the TPR domain of OGT 14:34 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 3 32 theme protein 549:555 arg1 GFP-JunB 557:564 the model protein GFP-JunB 539:564 the model protein GFP-JunB 539:564 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 2 33 from impact 327:332 arg1 substrate 370:378 substrate 370:378 substrate 370:378 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 2 33 from impact 327:332 arg1 selection 394:402 glycosite selection 384:402 glycosite selection 384:402 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 2 34 theme tetratricopeptide 280:296 arg1 domain 311:316 the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 276:316 the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 276:316 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 8 35 theme OGT 1353:1355 arg1 isoforms 1357:1364 OGT isoforms 1353:1364 OGT isoforms 1353:1364 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 1 36 theme O-GlcNAc 78:85 arg1 enzyme 121:126 an essential enzyme 108:126 an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates 108:215 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 1 36 theme O-GlcNAc 78:85 arg1 OGT 100:102 OGT 100:102 OGT 100:102 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 1 36 theme O-GlcNAc 78:85 arg1 transferase 87:97 O-GlcNAc transferase 78:97 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 78:103 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 8 37 theme OGT 1474:1476 arg1 engineering 1459:1469 protein engineering 1451:1469 protein engineering of OGT 1451:1476 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 37 theme OGT 1474:1476 arg1 diseases 1512:1519 diseases 1512:1519 diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT 1512:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 37 theme OGT 1474:1476 arg1 biology 1483:1489 the biology 1479:1489 the biology of OGT isoforms 1479:1505 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 3 38 theme TPR 479:481 arg1 OGT 493:495 OGT 493:495 OGT 493:495 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 3 38 theme TPR 479:481 arg1 domain 483:488 the TPR domain 475:488 the TPR domain of OGT 475:495 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 6 39 contain had 1061:1063 arg2 scope 1088:1092 the broadest substrate scope 1065:1092 the broadest substrate scope 1065:1092 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 6 39 contain had 1061:1063 arg1 TPRs 1017:1020 the first four TPRs 1002:1020 the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1002:1059 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 0 40 dep substrate 43:51 arg1 selection 67:75 selection 67:75 selection 67:75 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 6 41 theme OGT 1057:1059 arg1 TPRs 1017:1020 the first four TPRs 1002:1020 the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1002:1059 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 7 42 theme Subsequent 1095:1104 arg1 analysis 1116:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis 1095:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis 1095:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 5 43 theme single 866:871 arg1 GFP-JunB 889:896 GFP-JunB 889:896 GFP-JunB 889:896 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 5 43 theme single 866:871 arg1 protein 880:886 a single target protein 864:886 a single target protein 864:886 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 6 44 from changes 921:927 arg1 proteins 944:951 proteins 944:951 proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes 944:991 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 6 44 from changes 921:927 arg1 O-GlcNAc 932:939 O-GlcNAc 932:939 O-GlcNAc 932:939 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 6 45 theme broadest 1069:1076 arg1 scope 1088:1092 the broadest substrate scope 1065:1092 the broadest substrate scope 1065:1092 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 7 46 gly glycosite 1106:1114 arg2 glycosite 1106:1114 Subsequent glycosite analysis 1095:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis 1095:1123 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 6 47 theme first 1006:1010 arg1 TPRs 1017:1020 the first four TPRs 1002:1020 the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1002:1059 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 5 48 theme OGT 807:809 arg1 isoforms 815:822 four OGT TPR isoforms 802:822 four OGT TPR isoforms 802:822 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 2 49 theme TPR 356:358 arg1 domain 360:365 the TPR domain 352:365 the TPR domain 352:365 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 0 50 theme domain 22:27 arg1 Truncation 0:9 Truncation 0:9 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT 0:34 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 3 51 theme surrounding 574:584 arg1 proteome 595:602 the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome 570:602 the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome 570:602 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 3 52 theme model 543:547 arg1 GFP-JunB 557:564 the model protein GFP-JunB 539:564 the model protein GFP-JunB 539:564 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 5 53 theme TPR 811:813 arg1 isoforms 815:822 four OGT TPR isoforms 802:822 four OGT TPR isoforms 802:822 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 7 54 theme last 1157:1160 arg1 TPRs 1167:1170 the last four TPRs 1153:1170 the last four TPRs 1153:1170 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 8 55 from efforts 1440:1446 arg1 engineering 1459:1469 protein engineering 1451:1469 protein engineering of OGT 1451:1476 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 55 from efforts 1440:1446 arg1 diseases 1512:1519 diseases 1512:1519 diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT 1512:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 55 from efforts 1440:1446 arg1 biology 1483:1489 the biology 1479:1489 the biology of OGT isoforms 1479:1505 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 3 56 theme O-GlcNAc 586:593 arg1 proteome 595:602 the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome 570:602 the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome 570:602 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 8 57 theme TPR 1324:1326 arg1 isoforms 1357:1364 OGT isoforms 1353:1364 OGT isoforms 1353:1364 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 57 theme TPR 1324:1326 arg1 domain 1328:1333 TPR domain 1324:1333 TPR domain 1324:1333 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 3 58 gly glycosite 514:522 arg2 glycosite 514:522 glycosite 514:522 glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells 514:616 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 0 59 theme OGT 32:34 arg1 OGT 32:34 OGT 32:34 OGT 32:34 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 0 59 theme OGT 32:34 arg1 domain 22:27 the TPR domain 14:27 the TPR domain of OGT 14:34 Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. 34725712 5 60 gly glycosites 779:788 arg2 glycosites 779:788 The glycoproteome and glycosites 757:788 glycosites 779:788 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 7 61 theme consensus 1233:1241 arg1 sequence 1243:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 4 62 theme domain 651:656 arg1 truncation 629:638 Iterative truncation 619:638 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT 619:663 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 8 63 theme OGT 1555:1557 arg1 domain 1545:1550 the TPR domain 1537:1550 the TPR domain of OGT 1537:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 63 theme OGT 1555:1557 arg1 OGT 1555:1557 OGT 1555:1557 OGT 1555:1557 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 5 64 theme target 873:878 arg1 GFP-JunB 889:896 GFP-JunB 889:896 GFP-JunB 889:896 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 5 64 theme target 873:878 arg1 protein 880:886 a single target protein 864:886 a single target protein 864:886 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 1 65 theme protein 198:204 arg1 substrates 206:215 protein substrates 198:215 protein substrates 198:215 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 4 66 theme OGT 743:745 arg1 localization 727:738 subcellular localization 715:738 subcellular localization of OGT in cells 715:754 Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. 34725712 3 67 theme U2OS 607:610 arg1 cells 612:616 U2OS cells 607:616 U2OS cells 607:616 Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. 34725712 2 68 theme TPR 306:308 arg1 domain 311:316 the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 276:316 the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 276:316 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 6 69 theme substrate 1078:1086 arg1 scope 1088:1092 the broadest substrate scope 1065:1092 the broadest substrate scope 1065:1092 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 1 70 theme substrates 206:215 arg1 thousands 185:193 thousands 185:193 thousands of protein substrates 185:215 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 8 71 theme isoforms 1357:1364 arg1 isoforms 1357:1364 OGT isoforms 1353:1364 OGT isoforms 1353:1364 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 71 theme isoforms 1357:1364 arg1 domain 1328:1333 TPR domain 1324:1333 TPR domain 1324:1333 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 8 71 theme isoforms 1357:1364 arg1 expression 1339:1348 expression 1339:1348 expression 1339:1348 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 6 72 theme nucleocytoplasmic 1039:1055 arg1 OGT 1057:1059 the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1025:1059 the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT 1025:1059 We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. 34725712 2 73 gly glycosite 384:392 arg2 glycosite 384:392 glycosite selection 384:402 glycosite selection 384:402 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 1 74 theme essential 111:119 arg1 enzyme 121:126 an essential enzyme 108:126 an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates 108:215 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 1 74 theme essential 111:119 arg1 transferase 87:97 O-GlcNAc transferase 78:97 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 78:103 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. 34725712 8 75 theme protein 1451:1457 arg1 engineering 1459:1469 protein engineering 1451:1469 protein engineering of OGT 1451:1476 This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT. 34725712 2 76 theme glycosite 384:392 arg1 selection 394:402 glycosite selection 384:402 glycosite selection 384:402 OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. 34725712 7 77 theme resulting 1214:1222 arg1 sequence 1243:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1210:1250 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 34725712 5 78 theme whole 845:849 arg1 proteome 851:858 the whole proteome 841:858 the whole proteome 841:858 The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. 34725712 7 79 theme greatest 1192:1199 arg1 shift 1201:1205 the greatest shift 1188:1205 the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence 1188:1250 Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. 33995901 0 0 theme dependent 109:117 arg1 transportation 119:132 hydrogen-bond dependent transportation 95:132 hydrogen-bond dependent transportation 95:132 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 4 1 theme casein 820:825 arg1 kinase 827:832 casein kinase II 820:835 casein kinase II by OGT 820:842 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 11 2 theme methods 1814:1820 arg1 combinations 1822:1833 multiple computational methods combinations 1791:1833 multiple computational methods combinations 1791:1833 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 1 3 theme β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 193:216 arg1 transferase 229:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 184:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 184:245 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 3 theme β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 193:216 arg1 enzyme 263:268 an essential enzyme 250:268 an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation 250:358 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 3 theme β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 193:216 arg1 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 10 4 theme whole 1582:1586 arg1 process 1588:1594 The whole process 1578:1594 The whole process 1578:1594 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 10 4 theme whole 1582:1586 arg1 exothermic 1606:1615 strong exothermic 1599:1615 strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1599:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 1 5 theme cellular 278:285 arg1 reactions 311:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 0 6 theme hydrogen-bond 95:107 arg1 transportation 119:132 hydrogen-bond dependent transportation 95:132 hydrogen-bond dependent transportation 95:132 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 5 7 theme peptide 970:976 arg1 stabilization 978:990 the peptide stabilization 966:990 the peptide stabilization 966:990 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 10 8 theme peptide 1768:1774 arg1 subsections 1753:1763 different subsections 1743:1763 different subsections of peptide 1743:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 1 9 theme physiological 287:299 arg1 reactions 311:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 11 10 theme computational 1800:1812 arg1 methods 1814:1820 computational methods 1800:1820 multiple computational methods combinations 1791:1833 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 1 11 theme catalytic 301:309 arg1 reactions 311:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 5 12 theme σ-π 1015:1017 arg1 interaction 1019:1029 σ-π interaction 1015:1029 σ-π interaction 1015:1029 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 13 theme der 1042:1044 arg1 Waals 1046:1050 der Waals 1042:1050 der Waals 1042:1050 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 10 14 theme bond 1671:1674 arg1 interactions 1676:1687 hydrogen bond interactions 1662:1687 hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1662:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 2 15 theme diabetic 420:427 arg1 complications 429:441 diabetic complications 420:441 diabetic complications 420:441 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is related to insulin resistance, diabetic complications, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. 33995901 11 16 theme similar 1881:1887 arg1 bio-systems 1889:1899 similar bio-systems 1881:1899 similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate 1881:1932 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 9 17 theme " 1568:1568 arg1 shapes 1570:1575 the "spread" and "V" shapes 1549:1575 the "spread" and "V" shapes 1549:1575 The transportation process is accompanied with conformation changes between the "spread" and "V" shapes. 33995901 0 18 theme peptide 142:148 arg1 fragment 150:157 CKII peptide fragment 137:157 CKII peptide fragment 137:157 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 7 19 theme delivery 1160:1167 arg1 mechanism 1175:1183 The delivery mode, mechanism 1156:1183 mechanism 1175:1183 The delivery mode, mechanism together with thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations for the most favorable channel are determined. 33995901 5 20 theme dominant 949:956 arg1 role 958:961 a dominant role 947:961 a dominant role 947:961 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 1 21 theme O-GlcNAc 219:226 arg1 transferase 229:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 184:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 184:245 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 21 theme O-GlcNAc 219:226 arg1 enzyme 263:268 an essential enzyme 250:268 an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation 250:358 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 21 theme O-GlcNAc 219:226 arg1 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 0 22 theme CKII 137:140 arg1 fragment 150:157 CKII peptide fragment 137:157 CKII peptide fragment 137:157 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 11 23 theme multiple 1791:1798 arg1 combinations 1822:1833 multiple computational methods combinations 1791:1833 multiple computational methods combinations 1791:1833 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 7 24 theme mode 1169:1172 arg1 mechanism 1175:1183 The delivery mode, mechanism 1156:1183 mechanism 1175:1183 The delivery mode, mechanism together with thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations for the most favorable channel are determined. 33995901 7 25 theme favorable 1256:1264 arg1 channel 1266:1272 the most favorable channel 1247:1272 the most favorable channel 1247:1272 The delivery mode, mechanism together with thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations for the most favorable channel are determined. 33995901 2 26 theme neurodegenerative 455:471 arg1 diseases 473:480 neurodegenerative diseases 455:480 neurodegenerative diseases 455:480 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is related to insulin resistance, diabetic complications, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. 33995901 11 27 theme flexible 1915:1922 arg1 substrate 1924:1932 long and flexible substrate 1906:1932 long and flexible substrate 1906:1932 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 4 28 theme atomic 849:854 arg1 level 856:860 atomic level 849:860 atomic level 849:860 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 4 29 theme peptide 788:794 arg1 fragment 796:803 peptide fragment 788:803 peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level 788:860 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 5 30 theme Lys634 903:908 arg1 residues 867:874 The residues 863:874 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 863:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 30 theme Lys634 903:908 arg1 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 30 theme Lys634 903:908 arg1 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 30 theme Lys634 903:908 arg1 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 30 theme Lys634 903:908 arg1 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 10 31 theme hydrogen 1662:1669 arg1 interactions 1676:1687 hydrogen bond interactions 1662:1687 hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1662:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 0 32 theme specific 56:63 arg1 recognition 79:89 specific sub-sectional recognition 56:89 specific sub-sectional recognition 56:89 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 0 33 theme computational 24:36 arg1 methods 38:44 multiple computational methods 15:44 multiple computational methods 15:44 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 4 34 theme dynamics 666:673 arg1 simulations 680:690 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 646:690 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques 646:723 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 4 35 used utilized 729:736 arg2 simulations 680:690 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 646:690 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques 646:723 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 2 36 theme Aberrant 361:368 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 370:384 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation 361:384 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation 361:384 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is related to insulin resistance, diabetic complications, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. 33995901 11 37 with bio-systems 1889:1899 arg1 substrate 1924:1932 long and flexible substrate 1906:1932 long and flexible substrate 1906:1932 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 5 38 theme Pro897 915:920 arg1 residues 867:874 The residues 863:874 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 863:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 38 theme Pro897 915:920 arg1 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 38 theme Pro897 915:920 arg1 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 38 theme Pro897 915:920 arg1 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 38 theme Pro897 915:920 arg1 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 0 39 theme multiple 15:22 arg1 methods 38:44 multiple computational methods 15:44 multiple computational methods 15:44 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 1 40 theme protein 336:342 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 344:358 protein O-GlcNAcylation 336:358 protein O-GlcNAcylation 336:358 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 0 41 theme fragment 150:157 arg1 recognition 79:89 specific sub-sectional recognition 56:89 specific sub-sectional recognition 56:89 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 0 41 theme fragment 150:157 arg1 transportation 119:132 hydrogen-bond dependent transportation 95:132 hydrogen-bond dependent transportation 95:132 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 10 42 theme strong 1599:1604 arg1 process 1588:1594 The whole process 1578:1594 The whole process 1578:1594 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 10 42 theme strong 1599:1604 arg1 exothermic 1606:1615 strong exothermic 1599:1615 strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1599:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 3 43 theme enzymatic 557:565 arg1 process 577:583 enzymatic catalytic process 557:583 enzymatic catalytic process 557:583 Understanding the peptide delivery in OGT is significant in comprehending enzymatic catalytic process, target-protein recognition and pathogenic mechanism. 33995901 7 44 theme dynamic 1217:1223 arg1 characterizations 1225:1241 thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations 1199:1241 thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations 1199:1241 The delivery mode, mechanism together with thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations for the most favorable channel are determined. 33995901 3 45 theme target-protein 586:599 arg1 recognition 601:611 target-protein recognition 586:611 target-protein recognition 586:611 Understanding the peptide delivery in OGT is significant in comprehending enzymatic catalytic process, target-protein recognition and pathogenic mechanism. 33995901 7 46 theme thermodynamic 1199:1211 arg1 characterizations 1225:1241 thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations 1199:1241 thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations 1199:1241 The delivery mode, mechanism together with thermodynamic and dynamic characterizations for the most favorable channel are determined. 33995901 0 47 theme methods 38:44 arg1 Combination 0:10 Combination 0:10 Combination of multiple computational methods 0:44 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 11 48 theme long 1906:1909 arg1 substrate 1924:1932 long and flexible substrate 1906:1932 long and flexible substrate 1906:1932 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 1 49 link O-linked 184:191 arg1 transferase 229:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 184:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 184:245 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 49 link O-linked 184:191 arg1 enzyme 263:268 an essential enzyme 250:268 an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation 250:358 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 49 link O-linked 184:191 arg1 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 5 50 theme hydrogen 996:1003 arg1 bonds 1005:1009 hydrogen bonds 996:1009 hydrogen bonds 996:1009 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 9 51 theme transportation 1477:1490 arg1 process 1492:1498 The transportation process 1473:1498 The transportation process 1473:1498 The transportation process is accompanied with conformation changes between the "spread" and "V" shapes. 33995901 4 52 theme recognizing 751:761 arg1 mechanism 775:783 the recognizing and binding mechanism 747:783 the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level 747:860 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 0 53 theme sub-sectional 65:77 arg1 recognition 79:89 specific sub-sectional recognition 56:89 specific sub-sectional recognition 56:89 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 9 54 theme conformation 1520:1531 arg1 changes 1533:1539 conformation changes 1520:1539 conformation changes between the "spread" and "V" shapes 1520:1575 The transportation process is accompanied with conformation changes between the "spread" and "V" shapes. 33995901 5 55 theme Thr633 895:900 arg1 residues 867:874 The residues 863:874 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 863:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 55 theme Thr633 895:900 arg1 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 55 theme Thr633 895:900 arg1 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 55 theme Thr633 895:900 arg1 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 55 theme Thr633 895:900 arg1 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 0 56 from recognition 79:89 arg1 transferase 171:181 O-GlcNAc transferase 162:181 O-GlcNAc transferase 162:181 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 5 57 theme driving 1099:1105 arg1 force 1107:1111 the main driving force 1090:1111 the main driving force 1090:1111 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 0 58 theme O-GlcNAc 162:169 arg1 transferase 171:181 O-GlcNAc transferase 162:181 O-GlcNAc transferase 162:181 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 4 59 theme molecular 656:664 arg1 MD 676:677 MD 676:677 MD 676:677 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 4 59 theme molecular 656:664 arg1 dynamics 666:673 molecular dynamics 656:673 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques 646:723 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 10 60 theme subsections 1753:1763 arg1 interactions 1676:1687 hydrogen bond interactions 1662:1687 hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1662:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 10 60 theme subsections 1753:1763 arg1 performance 1728:1738 the performance 1724:1738 hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1662:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 2 61 theme insulin 400:406 arg1 resistance 408:417 insulin resistance 400:417 insulin resistance 400:417 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is related to insulin resistance, diabetic complications, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. 33995901 4 62 theme extensive 646:654 arg1 simulations 680:690 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations 646:690 extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques 646:723 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 5 63 theme non-polar 1056:1064 arg1 effects 1074:1080 non-polar solvent effects 1056:1080 non-polar solvent effects 1056:1080 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 64 theme main 1094:1097 arg1 force 1107:1111 the main driving force 1090:1111 the main driving force 1090:1111 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 3 65 theme catalytic 567:575 arg1 process 577:583 enzymatic catalytic process 557:583 enzymatic catalytic process 557:583 Understanding the peptide delivery in OGT is significant in comprehending enzymatic catalytic process, target-protein recognition and pathogenic mechanism. 33995901 1 66 theme essential 253:261 arg1 transferase 229:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 184:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 184:245 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 66 theme essential 253:261 arg1 enzyme 263:268 an essential enzyme 250:268 an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation 250:358 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 67 from enzyme 263:268 arg1 reactions 311:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 5 68 theme solvent 1066:1072 arg1 effects 1074:1080 non-polar solvent effects 1056:1080 non-polar solvent effects 1056:1080 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 3 69 from delivery 509:516 arg1 OGT 521:523 OGT 521:523 OGT 521:523 Understanding the peptide delivery in OGT is significant in comprehending enzymatic catalytic process, target-protein recognition and pathogenic mechanism. 33995901 4 70 theme fragment 796:803 arg1 mechanism 775:783 the recognizing and binding mechanism 747:783 the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level 747:860 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 11 71 theme bio-systems 1889:1899 arg1 calculation 1866:1876 calculation 1866:1876 calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate 1866:1932 Besides that, multiple computational methods combinations may contribute meaningfully to calculation of similar bio-systems with long and flexible substrate. 33995901 10 72 theme different 1743:1751 arg1 subsections 1753:1763 different subsections 1743:1763 different subsections of peptide 1743:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 9 73 theme " 1560:1560 arg1 shapes 1570:1575 the "spread" and "V" shapes 1549:1575 the "spread" and "V" shapes 1549:1575 The transportation process is accompanied with conformation changes between the "spread" and "V" shapes. 33995901 0 74 from transportation 119:132 arg1 transferase 171:181 O-GlcNAc transferase 162:181 O-GlcNAc transferase 162:181 Combination of multiple computational methods revealing specific sub-sectional recognition and hydrogen-bond dependent transportation of CKII peptide fragment in O-GlcNAc transferase. 33995901 10 75 theme performance 1728:1738 arg1 variation 1649:1657 the variation 1645:1657 the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1645:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 3 76 theme pathogenic 617:626 arg1 mechanism 628:636 pathogenic mechanism 617:636 pathogenic mechanism 617:636 Understanding the peptide delivery in OGT is significant in comprehending enzymatic catalytic process, target-protein recognition and pathogenic mechanism. 33995901 4 77 theme binding 767:773 arg1 mechanism 775:783 the recognizing and binding mechanism 747:783 the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level 747:860 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 4 78 theme various 706:712 arg1 techniques 714:723 various techniques 706:723 various techniques 706:723 Herein extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with various techniques are utilized to study the recognizing and binding mechanism of peptide fragment extracted from casein kinase II by OGT from atomic level. 33995901 3 79 theme peptide 501:507 arg1 delivery 509:516 the peptide delivery 497:516 the peptide delivery in OGT 497:523 Understanding the peptide delivery in OGT is significant in comprehending enzymatic catalytic process, target-protein recognition and pathogenic mechanism. 33995901 5 80 theme His558 887:892 arg1 residues 867:874 The residues 863:874 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 863:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 80 theme His558 887:892 arg1 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 Pro897 915:920 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 80 theme His558 887:892 arg1 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 Thr633 895:900 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 80 theme His558 887:892 arg1 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 His558 887:892 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 5 80 theme His558 887:892 arg1 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 Lys634 903:908 The residues of His496, His558, Thr633, Lys634, and Pro897 are demonstrated to play a dominant role in the peptide stabilization via hydrogen bonds and σ-π interaction, whose van der Waals and non-polar solvent effects provide the main driving force. 33995901 1 81 theme O-linked 184:191 arg1 transferase 229:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 184:239 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 184:245 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 81 theme O-linked 184:191 arg1 enzyme 263:268 an essential enzyme 250:268 an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation 250:358 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 1 81 theme O-linked 184:191 arg1 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 OGT 242:244 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33995901 10 82 theme interactions 1676:1687 arg1 variation 1649:1657 the variation 1645:1657 the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide 1645:1774 The whole process is strong exothermic that is highly dependent on the variation of hydrogen bond interactions between peptide and OGT as well as the performance of different subsections of peptide. 33995901 1 83 theme many 273:276 arg1 reactions 311:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 many cellular physiological catalytic reactions 273:319 O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme in many cellular physiological catalytic reactions that regulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33154460 1 0 theme serum 153:157 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 0 theme serum 153:157 arg1 protein 159:165 a multifunctional serum protein 135:165 a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans 135:235 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 2 1 theme threonine420 339:350 arg1 residue 361:367 the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 335:367 the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 335:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 2 theme trisaccharide 263:275 arg1 acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 285:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 251:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 251:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 2 theme trisaccharide 263:275 arg1 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 6 3 theme functional 1096:1105 arg1 analysis 1107:1114 functional analysis 1096:1114 functional analysis 1096:1114 We believe this protocol is suitable for large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing. 33154460 6 4 theme clinical 1120:1127 arg1 testing 1129:1135 clinical testing 1120:1135 clinical testing 1120:1135 We believe this protocol is suitable for large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing. 33154460 5 5 theme serum-free 923:932 arg1 culture 945:951 a serum-free suspension culture 921:951 a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells 921:970 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 2 6 theme O-linked 254:261 arg1 acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 285:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 251:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 251:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 6 theme O-linked 254:261 arg1 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 4 7 used used 792:795 arg2 procedures 771:780 different procedures 761:780 different procedures 761:780 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 2 8 theme galactose 479:487 arg1 removal 452:458 selective removal 442:458 selective removal of sialic acid and galactose 442:487 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 4 9 theme promising 576:584 arg1 candidate 586:594 a promising candidate 574:594 a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers 574:650 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 4 10 theme research 737:744 arg1 groups 746:751 research groups 737:751 research groups 737:751 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 4 11 theme antiangiogenic 618:631 arg1 therapy 633:639 antiangiogenic therapy 618:639 antiangiogenic therapy 618:639 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 1 12 theme Human 80:84 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 12 theme Human 80:84 arg1 protein 123:129 Gc protein 120:129 Gc protein 120:129 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 12 theme Human 80:84 arg1 protein 159:165 a multifunctional serum protein 135:165 a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans 135:235 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 2 13 theme acid 470:473 arg1 removal 452:458 selective removal 442:458 selective removal of sialic acid and galactose 442:487 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 1 14 theme group-specific 86:99 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 14 theme group-specific 86:99 arg1 protein 123:129 Gc protein 120:129 Gc protein 120:129 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 14 theme group-specific 86:99 arg1 protein 159:165 a multifunctional serum protein 135:165 a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans 135:235 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 0 15 theme Simple 0:5 arg1 method 7:12 Simple method 0:12 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 0:78 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 33154460 2 16 contain contains 242:249 arg2 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 16 contain contains 242:249 arg2 acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 285:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 251:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 251:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 16 contain contains 242:249 arg1 Gc1 238:240 Gc1 238:240 Gc1 238:240 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 1 17 theme component 101:109 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 17 theme component 101:109 arg1 protein 123:129 Gc protein 120:129 Gc protein 120:129 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 17 theme component 101:109 arg1 protein 159:165 a multifunctional serum protein 135:165 a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans 135:235 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 18 theme common 183:188 arg1 variants 198:205 three common allelic variants 177:205 three common allelic variants 177:205 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 18 theme common 183:188 arg1 Gc2 223:225 Gc2 223:225 Gc2 223:225 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 18 theme common 183:188 arg1 Gc1S 214:217 Gc1S 214:217 Gc1S 214:217 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 18 theme common 183:188 arg1 Gc1F 208:211 Gc1F 208:211 Gc1F 208:211 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 2 19 theme activating 413:422 arg1 factor 424:429 a potent macrophage activating factor 393:429 a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) 393:437 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 19 theme activating 413:422 arg1 GcMAF 432:436 GcMAF 432:436 GcMAF 432:436 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 5 20 dep simple 834:839 arg1 practical 842:850 practical 842:850 practical 842:850 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 1 21 theme allelic 190:196 arg1 variants 198:205 three common allelic variants 177:205 three common allelic variants 177:205 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 21 theme allelic 190:196 arg1 Gc2 223:225 Gc2 223:225 Gc2 223:225 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 21 theme allelic 190:196 arg1 Gc1S 214:217 Gc1S 214:217 Gc1S 214:217 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 21 theme allelic 190:196 arg1 Gc1F 208:211 Gc1F 208:211 Gc1F 208:211 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 2 22 theme macrophage 402:411 arg1 factor 424:429 a potent macrophage activating factor 393:429 a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) 393:437 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 22 theme macrophage 402:411 arg1 GcMAF 432:436 GcMAF 432:436 GcMAF 432:436 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 5 23 theme suspension 934:943 arg1 culture 945:951 a serum-free suspension culture 921:951 a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells 921:970 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 2 24 theme [sialic 277:283 arg1 acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 285:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 251:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 251:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 24 theme [sialic 277:283 arg1 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 3 25 gly glycosylated 540:551 arg2 Gc2 529:531 Gc2 529:531 Gc2 529:531 In contrast, Gc2 is not glycosylated. 33154460 3 25 gly glycosylated 540:551 arg1 contrast 519:526 contrast 519:526 contrast 519:526 In contrast, Gc2 is not glycosylated. 33154460 3 25 gly glycosylated 540:551 arg1 Gc2 529:531 Gc2 529:531 Gc2 529:531 In contrast, Gc2 is not glycosylated. 33154460 2 26 theme selective 442:450 arg1 removal 452:458 selective removal 442:458 selective removal of sialic acid and galactose 442:487 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 27 link O-linked 254:261 arg1 acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 285:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 251:320 an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 251:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 27 link O-linked 254:261 arg1 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 GalNAc 323:328 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 6 28 theme GcMAF 1086:1090 arg1 production 1072:1081 large-scale production 1060:1081 large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing 1060:1135 We believe this protocol is suitable for large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing. 33154460 1 29 contain has 173:175 arg2 Gc1F 208:211 Gc1F 208:211 Gc1F 208:211 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 29 contain has 173:175 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 29 contain has 173:175 arg1 protein 159:165 a multifunctional serum protein 135:165 a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans 135:235 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 29 contain has 173:175 arg2 Gc1S 214:217 Gc1S 214:217 Gc1S 214:217 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 29 contain has 173:175 arg2 variants 198:205 three common allelic variants 177:205 three common allelic variants 177:205 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 29 contain has 173:175 arg2 Gc2 223:225 Gc2 223:225 Gc2 223:225 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 0 30 theme large-scale 18:28 arg1 production 30:39 large-scale production 18:39 large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF 18:77 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 33154460 0 31 theme activating 55:64 arg1 GcMAF 73:77 macrophage activating factor GcMAF 44:77 macrophage activating factor GcMAF 44:77 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 33154460 2 32 theme sialic 463:468 arg1 acid 470:473 sialic acid 463:473 sialic acid 463:473 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 6 33 theme large-scale 1060:1070 arg1 production 1072:1081 large-scale production 1060:1081 large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing 1060:1135 We believe this protocol is suitable for large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing. 33154460 1 34 theme Gc 120:121 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 34 theme Gc 120:121 arg1 protein 123:129 Gc protein 120:129 Gc protein 120:129 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 0 35 theme macrophage 44:53 arg1 GcMAF 73:77 macrophage activating factor GcMAF 44:77 macrophage activating factor GcMAF 44:77 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 33154460 4 36 theme great 670:674 arg1 interest 676:683 great interest 670:683 great interest 670:683 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 5 37 theme de-glycosylation 996:1011 arg1 step 1013:1016 a de-glycosylation step 994:1016 a de-glycosylation step 994:1016 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 4 38 theme cancers 644:650 arg1 immunotherapy 600:612 immunotherapy 600:612 immunotherapy 600:612 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 4 38 theme cancers 644:650 arg1 therapy 633:639 antiangiogenic therapy 618:639 antiangiogenic therapy 618:639 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 5 39 theme high-quality 870:881 arg1 GcMAF 883:887 high-quality GcMAF 870:887 high-quality GcMAF 870:887 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 5 40 theme ExpiCHO-S 956:964 arg1 cells 966:970 ExpiCHO-S cells 956:970 ExpiCHO-S cells 956:970 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 1 41 theme multifunctional 137:151 arg1 protein 111:117 Human group-specific component protein 80:117 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) 80:130 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 1 41 theme multifunctional 137:151 arg1 protein 159:165 a multifunctional serum protein 135:165 a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans 135:235 Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. 33154460 0 42 theme GcMAF 73:77 arg1 production 30:39 large-scale production 18:39 large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF 18:77 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 33154460 5 43 theme cells 966:970 arg1 culture 945:951 a serum-free suspension culture 921:951 a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells 921:970 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 2 44 theme potent 395:400 arg1 factor 424:429 a potent macrophage activating factor 393:429 a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) 393:437 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 44 theme potent 395:400 arg1 GcMAF 432:436 GcMAF 432:436 GcMAF 432:436 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 5 45 theme simple 834:839 arg1 method 852:857 a simple, practical method 832:857 a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step 832:1016 Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. 33154460 0 46 theme factor 66:71 arg1 GcMAF 73:77 macrophage activating factor GcMAF 44:77 macrophage activating factor GcMAF 44:77 Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. 33154460 4 47 theme different 761:769 arg1 procedures 771:780 different procedures 761:780 different procedures 761:780 GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. 33154460 2 48 theme Thr420 353:358 arg1 residue 361:367 the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 335:367 the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 335:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 33154460 2 49 from acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine 285:320 arg1 residue 361:367 the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 335:367 the threonine420 (Thr420) residue 335:367 Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. 34400147 7 0 theme proteins 1348:1355 arg1 knowledge 1315:1323 our knowledge 1311:1323 our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins 1311:1355 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 6 1 theme transmission 1017:1028 arg1 microscopy 1039:1048 conventional transmission electron microscopy 1004:1048 conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 1004:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 7 2 theme myocilin 1238:1245 arg1 states 1257:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 6 3 theme consistent 1124:1133 arg1 products 1115:1122 truncated products 1105:1122 truncated products consistent with dimers 1105:1145 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 6 4 theme conventional 1004:1015 arg1 microscopy 1039:1048 conventional transmission electron microscopy 1004:1048 conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 1004:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 7 5 theme misfolded 1247:1255 arg1 states 1257:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 2 6 from structure 321:329 arg1 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 4 7 theme disulfide-dependent 725:743 arg1 oligomerization 762:776 disulfide-dependent and -independent oligomerization 725:776 disulfide-dependent and -independent oligomerization 725:776 We systematically characterized disulfide-dependent and -independent oligomerization as well as confirmed glycosylation and susceptibility to proteolysis. 34400147 1 8 theme myocilin 234:241 arg1 misfolding 243:252 myocilin misfolding 234:252 myocilin misfolding 234:252 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 3 9 from characterization 639:654 arg1 detail 659:664 detail 659:664 detail 659:664 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 6 10 with consistent 1124:1133 arg1 dimers 1140:1145 dimers 1140:1145 dimers 1140:1145 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 6 11 theme truncated 1105:1113 arg1 products 1115:1122 truncated products 1105:1122 truncated products consistent with dimers 1105:1145 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 2 12 dep structure 321:329 arg1 the 317:319 the 317:319 the 317:319 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 5 13 with states 873:878 arg1 sites 899:903 glycosylation sites 885:903 glycosylation sites 885:903 We identified oligomeric states with glycosylation sites that are inaccessible to enzymatic removal. 34400147 2 14 from misfolding 335:344 arg1 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 3 15 theme full-length 548:558 arg1 myocilin 560:567 full-length myocilin 548:567 full-length myocilin 548:567 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 2 16 from changes 450:456 arg1 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 7 17 theme heterogeneity 1288:1300 arg1 layers 1268:1273 layers 1268:1273 layers of intrinsic heterogeneity 1268:1300 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 7 17 theme heterogeneity 1288:1300 arg1 states 1257:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 6 18 theme state 1169:1173 arg1 arrangement 1079:1089 an extended arrangement 1067:1089 an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer 1067:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 3 19 theme milligram-scale 518:532 arg1 quantities 534:543 milligram-scale quantities 518:543 milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin 518:567 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 7 20 theme function 1475:1482 arg1 understanding 1404:1416 a better molecular understanding 1385:1416 a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function 1385:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 6 21 theme 2D 980:981 arg1 averaging 989:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging 949:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 949:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 1 22 theme modular 78:84 arg1 protein 98:104 a modular multidomain protein 76:104 a modular multidomain protein 76:104 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 1 22 theme modular 78:84 arg1 Myocilin 66:73 Myocilin 66:73 Myocilin 66:73 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 2 23 theme contextual 439:448 arg1 changes 450:456 contextual changes 439:456 contextual changes in glaucoma 439:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 6 24 theme particle 971:978 arg1 averaging 989:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging 949:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 949:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 7 25 theme structure 1430:1438 arg1 understanding 1404:1416 a better molecular understanding 1385:1416 a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function 1385:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 1 26 theme multidomain 86:96 arg1 protein 98:104 a modular multidomain protein 76:104 a modular multidomain protein 76:104 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 1 26 theme multidomain 86:96 arg1 Myocilin 66:73 Myocilin 66:73 Myocilin 66:73 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 6 27 theme class 983:987 arg1 averaging 989:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging 949:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 949:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 7 28 theme enigmatic 1454:1462 arg1 function 1475:1482 its still enigmatic biological function 1444:1482 its still enigmatic biological function 1444:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 0 29 theme Molecular 0:8 arg1 architecture 10:21 Molecular architecture 0:21 Molecular architecture 0:21 Molecular architecture and modifications of full-length myocilin. 34400147 6 30 theme tetramers 1094:1102 arg1 arrangement 1079:1089 an extended arrangement 1067:1089 an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer 1067:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 6 31 theme microscopy 1039:1048 arg1 imaging 1050:1056 conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 1004:1056 conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 1004:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 3 32 theme mammalian 585:593 arg1 culture 600:606 suspension mammalian cell culture 574:606 suspension mammalian cell culture 574:606 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 2 33 theme domain 375:380 arg1 function 401:408 function 401:408 function 401:408 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 33 theme domain 375:380 arg1 misfolding 335:344 misfolding 335:344 misfolding 335:344 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 33 theme domain 375:380 arg1 structure 387:395 structure 387:395 structure 387:395 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 33 theme domain 375:380 arg1 structure 321:329 structure 321:329 structure 321:329 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 33 theme domain 375:380 arg1 changes 450:456 contextual changes 439:456 contextual changes in glaucoma 439:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 7 34 theme intrinsic 1278:1286 arg1 heterogeneity 1288:1300 intrinsic heterogeneity 1278:1300 intrinsic heterogeneity 1278:1300 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 5 35 theme glycosylation 885:897 arg1 sites 899:903 glycosylation sites 885:903 glycosylation sites 885:903 We identified oligomeric states with glycosylation sites that are inaccessible to enzymatic removal. 34400147 3 36 theme myocilin 560:567 arg1 quantities 534:543 milligram-scale quantities 518:543 milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin 518:567 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 2 37 theme full-length 413:423 arg1 myocilin 425:432 full-length myocilin 413:432 full-length myocilin 413:432 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 38 theme myocilin 425:432 arg1 function 401:408 function 401:408 function 401:408 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 38 theme myocilin 425:432 arg1 misfolding 335:344 misfolding 335:344 misfolding 335:344 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 38 theme myocilin 425:432 arg1 structure 387:395 structure 387:395 structure 387:395 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 38 theme myocilin 425:432 arg1 structure 321:329 structure 321:329 structure 321:329 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 38 theme myocilin 425:432 arg1 changes 450:456 contextual changes 439:456 contextual changes in glaucoma 439:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 2 39 from structure 387:395 arg1 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 6 40 theme single 964:969 arg1 averaging 989:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging 949:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 949:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 3 41 dep purified 509:516 arg1 Expi293F 609:616 Expi293F 609:616 Expi293F 609:616 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 1 42 theme human 135:139 arg1 body 141:144 the human body 131:144 the human body 131:144 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 0 43 theme full-length 44:54 arg1 myocilin 56:63 full-length myocilin 44:63 full-length myocilin 44:63 Molecular architecture and modifications of full-length myocilin. 34400147 6 44 theme extended 1070:1077 arg1 arrangement 1079:1089 an extended arrangement 1067:1089 an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer 1067:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 6 45 theme Low-resolution 949:962 arg1 averaging 989:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging 949:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 949:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 5 46 gly glycosylation 885:897 arg2 sites 899:903 glycosylation sites 885:903 glycosylation sites 885:903 We identified oligomeric states with glycosylation sites that are inaccessible to enzymatic removal. 34400147 7 47 theme biological 1464:1473 arg1 function 1475:1482 its still enigmatic biological function 1444:1482 its still enigmatic biological function 1444:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 6 48 theme higher-ordered 1154:1167 arg1 state 1169:1173 a higher-ordered state 1152:1173 a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer 1152:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 6 49 theme products 1115:1122 arg1 arrangement 1079:1089 an extended arrangement 1067:1089 an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer 1067:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 5 50 theme enzymatic 930:938 arg1 removal 940:946 enzymatic removal 930:946 enzymatic removal 930:946 We identified oligomeric states with glycosylation sites that are inaccessible to enzymatic removal. 34400147 1 51 theme trabecular 188:197 arg1 meshwork 199:206 the trabecular meshwork 184:206 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 5 52 theme oligomeric 862:871 arg1 states 873:878 oligomeric states 862:878 oligomeric states with glycosylation sites that are inaccessible to enzymatic removal 862:946 We identified oligomeric states with glycosylation sites that are inaccessible to enzymatic removal. 34400147 6 53 from imaging 1050:1056 arg1 averaging 989:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging 949:997 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 949:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 7 54 theme olfactomedin-family 1328:1346 arg1 proteins 1348:1355 olfactomedin-family proteins 1328:1355 olfactomedin-family proteins 1328:1355 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 3 55 theme cell 595:598 arg1 culture 600:606 suspension mammalian cell culture 574:606 suspension mammalian cell culture 574:606 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 0 56 theme myocilin 56:63 arg1 modifications 27:39 modifications 27:39 modifications of full-length myocilin 27:63 Molecular architecture and modifications of full-length myocilin. 34400147 0 56 theme myocilin 56:63 arg1 architecture 10:21 Molecular architecture 0:21 Molecular architecture 0:21 Molecular architecture and modifications of full-length myocilin. 34400147 1 57 from presence 172:179 arg1 matrix 222:227 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 4 58 theme -independent 749:760 arg1 oligomerization 762:776 disulfide-dependent and -independent oligomerization 725:776 disulfide-dependent and -independent oligomerization 725:776 We systematically characterized disulfide-dependent and -independent oligomerization as well as confirmed glycosylation and susceptibility to proteolysis. 34400147 3 59 theme suspension 574:583 arg1 culture 600:606 suspension mammalian cell culture 574:606 suspension mammalian cell culture 574:606 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 7 60 theme molecular 1394:1402 arg1 understanding 1404:1416 a better molecular understanding 1385:1416 a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function 1385:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 1 61 theme meshwork 199:206 arg1 matrix 222:227 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 7 62 dep reveals 1226:1232 arg1 lays 1361:1364 lays 1361:1364 lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function 1361:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 7 62 dep reveals 1226:1232 arg1 expands 1303:1309 expands 1303:1309 expands 1303:1309 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 6 63 with consistent 1175:1184 arg1 octamer 1191:1197 octamer 1191:1197 octamer 1191:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 3 64 theme molecular 629:637 arg1 characterization 639:654 molecular characterization 629:654 molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible 629:690 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 2 65 from function 401:408 arg1 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 glaucoma 461:468 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 7 66 theme better 1387:1392 arg1 understanding 1404:1416 a better molecular understanding 1385:1416 a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function 1385:1482 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 1 67 theme extracellular 208:220 arg1 matrix 222:227 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix 184:227 Myocilin, a modular multidomain protein, is expressed broadly in the human body but is best known for its presence in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix, and myocilin misfolding is associated with glaucoma. 34400147 3 68 theme accessible 681:690 arg1 characterization 639:654 molecular characterization 629:654 molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible 629:690 Here we expressed and purified milligram-scale quantities of full-length myocilin from suspension mammalian cell culture (Expi293F), enabling molecular characterization in detail not previously accessible. 34400147 2 69 dep structure 387:395 arg1 the 383:385 the 383:385 the 383:385 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 6 70 theme consistent 1175:1184 arg1 state 1169:1173 a higher-ordered state 1152:1173 a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer 1152:1197 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 2 71 theme olfactomedin 362:373 arg1 domain 375:380 the myocilin olfactomedin domain 349:380 the myocilin olfactomedin domain 349:380 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 6 72 theme electron 1030:1037 arg1 microscopy 1039:1048 conventional transmission electron microscopy 1004:1048 conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging 1004:1056 Low-resolution single particle 2D class averaging from conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms an extended arrangement of tetramers, truncated products consistent with dimers, and a higher-ordered state consistent with octamer. 34400147 7 73 theme myocilin 1421:1428 arg1 structure 1430:1438 myocilin structure 1421:1438 myocilin structure 1421:1438 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 34400147 2 74 theme myocilin 353:360 arg1 domain 375:380 the myocilin olfactomedin domain 349:380 the myocilin olfactomedin domain 349:380 Despite progress in comprehending the structure and misfolding of the myocilin olfactomedin domain, the structure and function of full-length myocilin, and contextual changes in glaucoma, remain unknown. 34400147 7 75 theme new 1234:1236 arg1 states 1257:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 new myocilin misfolded states 1234:1262 Taken together, our study reveals new myocilin misfolded states and layers of intrinsic heterogeneity, expands our knowledge of olfactomedin-family proteins and lays the foundation for a better molecular understanding of myocilin structure and its still enigmatic biological function. 32922663 7 0 theme MIBC 1289:1292 arg1 proteins 1294:1301 21 MIBC proteins 1286:1301 21 MIBC proteins 1286:1301 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 10 1 theme bladder 1786:1792 arg1 diagnosis 1804:1812 bladder carcinoma diagnosis 1786:1812 bladder carcinoma diagnosis 1786:1812 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 2 2 from Identification 332:345 arg1 risk 362:365 risk 362:365 risk 362:365 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 8 3 dep line 1428:1431 arg1 data 1450:1453 N-glycoproteomic data 1433:1453 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 8 3 dep line 1428:1431 arg1 concordance 1366:1376 concordance 1366:1376 concordance 1366:1376 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 1 4 theme multi-omics 269:279 arg1 analysis 281:288 comprehensive multi-omics analysis 255:288 comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease 255:329 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 2 5 from patients 350:357 arg1 risk 362:365 risk 362:365 risk 362:365 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 5 6 theme urine 853:857 arg1 samples 859:865 urine samples 853:865 urine samples from bladder cancer patients 853:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 0 7 theme Urinary 0:6 arg1 profiling 23:31 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling 0:31 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 0:101 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 4 8 from tumorigenesis 713:725 arg1 cancer 769:774 bladder cancer 761:774 bladder cancer 761:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 5 9 theme invasive 948:955 arg1 patients 977:984 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients 937:984 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n 937:987 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 7 10 from change 1327:1332 arg1 levels 1355:1360 protein abundance levels 1337:1360 protein abundance levels 1337:1360 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 10 11 theme initiation 1859:1868 arg1 mechanisms 1839:1848 novel mechanisms 1833:1848 novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression 1833:1884 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 1 12 theme bladder 193:199 arg1 BC 213:214 BC 213:214 BC 213:214 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 1 12 theme bladder 193:199 arg1 carcinomas 201:210 bladder carcinomas 193:210 bladder carcinomas (BC) 193:215 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 6 13 theme MIBC 1196:1199 arg1 patients 1201:1208 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1186:1208 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1186:1208 We identified 635 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 381 proteins and 543 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 326 proteins in NMIBC and MIBC patients respectively. 32922663 5 14 theme clinicopathological 909:927 arg1 stages 929:934 different clinicopathological stages 899:934 different clinicopathological stages 899:934 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 9 15 theme N-glycosylation 1557:1571 arg1 pattern 1573:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 1548:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer 1548:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 10 16 theme progression 1874:1884 arg1 mechanisms 1839:1848 novel mechanisms 1833:1848 novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression 1833:1884 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 7 17 from proteins 1294:1301 arg1 NMIBC 1276:1280 41 NMIBC 1273:1280 41 NMIBC 1273:1280 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 0 18 theme GINM1 163:167 arg1 pattern 136:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 111:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 111:167 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 4 19 theme disease 738:744 arg1 progression 746:756 disease progression 738:756 tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer 713:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 0 20 theme invasive 67:74 arg1 carcinoma 84:92 invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma 47:92 carcinoma 84:92 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 0 21 theme carcinoma 84:92 arg1 patients 94:101 non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 36:101 non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 36:101 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 9 22 theme GINM1 1600:1604 arg1 pattern 1573:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 1548:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer 1548:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 8 23 theme bladder 1408:1414 arg1 line 1428:1431 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 5 24 from patients 887:894 arg1 samples 859:865 urine samples 853:865 urine samples from bladder cancer patients 853:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 5 24 from patients 887:894 arg1 profile 842:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile 804:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients 804:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 10 25 theme novel 1833:1837 arg1 mechanisms 1839:1848 novel mechanisms 1833:1848 novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression 1833:1884 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 9 26 theme NMIBC 1614:1618 arg1 patients 1629:1636 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1614:1636 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1614:1636 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 3 27 theme disease 508:514 arg1 onset 516:520 the disease onset 504:520 the disease onset 504:520 Understanding the molecular alterations associated with the disease onset and progression could improve the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures. 32922663 8 28 theme cell 1423:1426 arg1 line 1428:1431 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 3 29 theme molecular 466:474 arg1 alterations 476:486 the molecular alterations 462:486 the molecular alterations associated with the disease onset and progression 462:536 Understanding the molecular alterations associated with the disease onset and progression could improve the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures. 32922663 5 30 theme global 804:809 arg1 profile 842:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile 804:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients 804:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 9 31 theme MIBC 1624:1627 arg1 patients 1629:1636 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1614:1636 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1614:1636 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 9 32 from progression 1676:1686 arg1 cancer 1699:1704 bladder cancer 1691:1704 bladder cancer 1691:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 0 33 theme bladder 76:82 arg1 carcinoma 84:92 invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma 47:92 carcinoma 84:92 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 8 34 theme N-glycoproteomic 1433:1448 arg1 data 1450:1453 N-glycoproteomic data 1433:1453 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 5 35 theme cancer 880:885 arg1 patients 887:894 bladder cancer patients 872:894 bladder cancer patients 872:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 6 36 gly N-glycopeptides 1083:1097 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1083:1097 635 N-glycopeptides 1079:1097 635 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 381 proteins and 543 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 326 proteins in NMIBC and MIBC patients 1079:1208 We identified 635 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 381 proteins and 543 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 326 proteins in NMIBC and MIBC patients respectively. 32922663 1 37 theme better 294:299 arg1 stratification 301:314 better stratification 294:314 better stratification of the disease 294:329 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 9 38 theme MGAM 1590:1593 arg1 pattern 1573:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 1548:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer 1548:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 5 39 theme non-muscle 937:946 arg1 patients 977:984 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients 937:984 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n 937:987 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 0 40 theme non-muscle 36:45 arg1 patients 94:101 non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 36:101 non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 36:101 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 8 41 theme dysregulated 1473:1484 arg1 glycosylation 1486:1498 dysregulated glycosylation 1473:1498 dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins 1473:1522 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 1 42 theme disease 323:329 arg1 stratification 301:314 better stratification 294:314 better stratification of the disease 294:329 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 9 43 theme disease 1668:1674 arg1 progression 1676:1686 disease progression 1668:1686 disease progression in bladder cancer 1668:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 7 44 theme protein 1337:1343 arg1 levels 1355:1360 protein abundance levels 1337:1360 protein abundance levels 1337:1360 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 10 45 theme novel 1767:1771 arg1 approach 1773:1780 a novel approach 1765:1780 a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis 1765:1812 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 4 46 theme aberrant 641:648 arg1 changes 650:656 the aberrant changes 637:656 the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer 637:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 10 47 theme glycosylation 1730:1742 arg1 events 1744:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events 1707:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events 1707:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 8 48 theme related 1507:1513 arg1 proteins 1515:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 1 49 theme major 227:231 arg1 challenge 233:241 a major challenge 225:241 a major challenge 225:241 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 0 50 theme muscle 60:65 arg1 carcinoma 84:92 invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma 47:92 carcinoma 84:92 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 4 51 from changes 650:656 arg1 pattern 677:683 N-glycosylation pattern 661:683 N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer 661:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 10 52 theme carcinoma 1794:1802 arg1 diagnosis 1804:1812 bladder carcinoma diagnosis 1786:1812 bladder carcinoma diagnosis 1786:1812 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 4 53 from progression 746:756 arg1 cancer 769:774 bladder cancer 761:774 bladder cancer 761:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 8 54 gly glycosylation 1486:1498 arg1 proteins 1515:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 2 55 from risk 362:365 arg1 Identification 332:345 Identification 332:345 Identification of patients on risk 332:365 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 3 56 theme therapy 586:592 arg1 procedures 594:603 the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures 552:603 the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures 552:603 Understanding the molecular alterations associated with the disease onset and progression could improve the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures. 32922663 1 57 theme comprehensive 255:267 arg1 analysis 281:288 comprehensive multi-omics analysis 255:288 comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease 255:329 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 3 58 theme diagnostic 571:580 arg1 procedures 594:603 the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures 552:603 the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures 552:603 Understanding the molecular alterations associated with the disease onset and progression could improve the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures. 32922663 1 59 theme Clinical 170:177 arg1 management 179:188 Clinical management 170:188 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) 170:215 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 0 60 theme CD44 147:150 arg1 pattern 136:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 111:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 111:167 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 10 61 theme tumor 1853:1857 arg1 initiation 1859:1868 tumor initiation 1853:1868 tumor initiation 1853:1868 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 1 62 theme carcinomas 201:210 arg1 management 179:188 Clinical management 170:188 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) 170:215 Clinical management of bladder carcinomas (BC) remains a major challenge and demands comprehensive multi-omics analysis for better stratification of the disease. 32922663 0 63 theme MGAM 153:156 arg1 pattern 136:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 111:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 111:167 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 5 64 theme muscle-invasive 961:975 arg1 patients 977:984 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients 937:984 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n 937:987 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 9 65 theme distinct 1548:1555 arg1 pattern 1573:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 1548:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer 1548:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 7 66 from glycosylation 1256:1268 arg1 NMIBC 1276:1280 41 NMIBC 1273:1280 41 NMIBC 1273:1280 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 4 67 theme proteins 688:695 arg1 pattern 677:683 N-glycosylation pattern 661:683 N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer 661:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 4 68 theme bladder 761:767 arg1 cancer 769:774 bladder cancer 761:774 bladder cancer 761:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 5 69 from profile 842:848 arg1 patients 887:894 bladder cancer patients 872:894 bladder cancer patients 872:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 9 70 theme CD44 1584:1587 arg1 pattern 1573:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 1548:1579 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer 1548:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 9 71 gly N-glycosylation 1557:1571 arg1 CD44 1584:1587 CD44 1584:1587 CD44 1584:1587 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 9 71 gly N-glycosylation 1557:1571 arg1 MGAM 1590:1593 MGAM 1590:1593 MGAM 1590:1593 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 9 71 gly N-glycosylation 1557:1571 arg1 GINM1 1600:1604 GINM1 1600:1604 GINM1 1600:1604 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 5 72 theme N-glycoproteomic 811:826 arg1 profile 842:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile 804:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients 804:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 5 73 theme different 899:907 arg1 stages 929:934 different clinicopathological stages 899:934 different clinicopathological stages 899:934 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 5 74 theme patients 977:984 arg1 [n 986:987 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n 937:987 non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n 937:987 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 0 75 theme patients 94:101 arg1 profiling 23:31 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling 0:31 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 0:101 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 5 76 theme proteomic 832:840 arg1 profile 842:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile 804:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients 804:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 0 77 theme distinct 111:118 arg1 pattern 136:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 111:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 111:167 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 5 78 from 5 991:991 arg1 cohort 1007:1012 each cohort 1002:1012 each cohort 1002:1012 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 5 79 theme healthy 1021:1027 arg1 subjects 1029:1036 healthy subjects 1021:1036 healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method 1021:1062 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 5 79 theme healthy 1021:1027 arg1 n 1039:1039 n = 5 1039:1043 n = 5 1039:1043 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 7 80 theme altered 1248:1254 arg1 glycosylation 1256:1268 altered glycosylation 1248:1268 altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC 1248:1280 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 6 81 gly N-glycopeptides 1137:1151 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1137:1151 543 N-glycopeptides 1133:1151 543 N-glycopeptides 1133:1151 We identified 635 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 381 proteins and 543 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 326 proteins in NMIBC and MIBC patients respectively. 32922663 7 82 gly glycosylation 1256:1268 arg1 NMIBC 1276:1280 41 NMIBC 1273:1280 41 NMIBC 1273:1280 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 4 83 gly N-glycosylation 661:675 arg1 proteins 688:695 proteins 688:695 proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer 688:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 8 84 theme cancer 1416:1421 arg1 line 1428:1431 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 2 85 theme prognosis 416:424 arg1 risk 426:429 prognosis risk 416:429 prognosis risk of the patients 416:445 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 5 86 theme bladder 872:878 arg1 patients 887:894 bladder cancer patients 872:894 bladder cancer patients 872:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 2 87 theme signatures 394:403 arg1 identification 376:389 identification 376:389 identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients 376:445 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 0 88 gly N-glycosylation 120:134 arg1 MGAM 153:156 MGAM 153:156 MGAM 153:156 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 0 88 gly N-glycosylation 120:134 arg1 GINM1 163:167 GINM1 163:167 GINM1 163:167 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 0 88 gly N-glycosylation 120:134 arg1 CD44 147:150 CD44 147:150 CD44 147:150 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 8 89 from glycosylation 1486:1498 arg1 proteins 1515:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 2 90 theme patients 438:445 arg1 risk 426:429 prognosis risk 416:429 prognosis risk of the patients 416:445 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 0 91 theme invasive 47:54 arg1 carcinoma 84:92 invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma 47:92 carcinoma 84:92 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 5 92 theme SPEG 1052:1055 arg1 method 1057:1062 SPEG method 1052:1062 SPEG method 1052:1062 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 7 93 theme abundance 1345:1353 arg1 levels 1355:1360 protein abundance levels 1337:1360 protein abundance levels 1337:1360 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 10 94 theme protein 1722:1728 arg1 events 1744:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events 1707:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events 1707:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 6 95 from proteins 1174:1181 arg1 patients 1201:1208 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1186:1208 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1186:1208 We identified 635 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 381 proteins and 543 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 326 proteins in NMIBC and MIBC patients respectively. 32922663 0 96 theme N-glycosylation 120:134 arg1 pattern 136:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern 111:142 distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 111:167 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 32922663 5 97 theme samples 859:865 arg1 profile 842:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile 804:848 global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients 804:894 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 6 98 theme NMIBC 1186:1190 arg1 patients 1201:1208 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1186:1208 NMIBC and MIBC patients 1186:1208 We identified 635 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 381 proteins and 543 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 326 proteins in NMIBC and MIBC patients respectively. 32922663 2 99 theme patients 350:357 arg1 Identification 332:345 Identification 332:345 Identification of patients on risk 332:365 Identification of patients on risk requires identification of signatures predicting prognosis risk of the patients. 32922663 5 100 theme = 1041:1041 arg1 subjects 1029:1036 healthy subjects 1021:1036 healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method 1021:1062 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 5 100 theme = 1041:1041 arg1 n 1039:1039 n = 5 1039:1043 n = 5 1039:1043 We integrated and compared global N-glycoproteomic and proteomic profile of urine samples from bladder cancer patients at different clinicopathological stages (non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive patients [n = 5 and 4 in each cohort]) with healthy subjects (n = 5) using SPEG method. 32922663 7 101 theme significant 1315:1325 arg1 change 1327:1332 any significant change 1311:1332 any significant change in protein abundance levels 1311:1360 Moreover, we identified altered glycosylation in 41 NMIBC and 21 MIBC proteins without any significant change in protein abundance levels. 32922663 3 102 theme used 566:569 arg1 procedures 594:603 the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures 552:603 the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures 552:603 Understanding the molecular alterations associated with the disease onset and progression could improve the routinely used diagnostic and therapy procedures. 32922663 8 103 theme published 1398:1406 arg1 line 1428:1431 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data 1383:1453 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 9 104 theme bladder 1691:1697 arg1 cancer 1699:1704 bladder cancer 1691:1704 bladder cancer 1691:1704 Further, we identified distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1 between NMIBC and MIBC patients, which may be associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 10 105 theme aberrant 1713:1720 arg1 events 1744:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events 1707:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events 1707:1749 These aberrant protein glycosylation events would provide a novel approach for bladder carcinoma diagnosis and further define novel mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. 32922663 4 106 theme N-glycosylation 661:675 arg1 pattern 677:683 N-glycosylation pattern 661:683 N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer 661:774 In this study, we investigated the aberrant changes in N-glycosylation pattern of proteins associated with tumorigenesis as well as disease progression in bladder cancer. 32922663 8 107 theme ECM 1503:1505 arg1 proteins 1515:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 ECM related proteins 1503:1522 In concordance with the previously published bladder cancer cell line N-glycoproteomic data, we also observed dysregulated glycosylation in ECM related proteins. 32922663 0 108 theme glycoproteomic 8:21 arg1 profiling 23:31 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling 0:31 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients 0:101 Urinary glycoproteomic profiling of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients reveals distinct N-glycosylation pattern of CD44, MGAM, and GINM1. 33950562 8 0 theme JunB 1131:1134 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1112:1126 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 1097:1126 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 6 1 theme associated 912:921 arg1 protocols 923:931 associated protocols 912:931 associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest 912:1046 We additionally include associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest. 33950562 8 2 theme chemoenzymatic 1327:1340 arg1 Protocol 1359:1366 chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol 1327:1366 chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol 1327:1366 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 1 3 theme proteins 263:270 arg1 thousands 232:240 thousands 232:240 thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 232:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 0 4 from Engineering 9:19 arg1 Protein 33:39 a Target Protein 24:39 a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA 24:88 O-GlcNAc Engineering on a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA. 33950562 1 5 theme essential 157:165 arg1 PTM 212:214 PTM 212:214 PTM 212:214 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 5 theme essential 157:165 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 5 theme essential 157:165 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 8 6 theme new 1380:1382 arg1 nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA 1384:1413 new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA 1380:1413 new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA 1380:1413 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 7 theme nanobody-OGT 1142:1153 arg1 Protocol 1161:1168 nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2 1142:1170 nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2 1142:1170 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 8 theme Support 1351:1357 arg1 Protocol 1359:1366 chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol 1327:1366 chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol 1327:1366 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 4 9 from role 674:677 arg1 scale 703:707 a global scale 694:707 a global scale 694:707 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 3 10 theme split 536:540 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 542:552 split O-GlcNAcase 536:552 split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 536:558 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 3 10 theme split 536:540 arg1 OGA 555:557 OGA 555:557 OGA 555:557 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 2 11 theme O-GlcNAc 299:306 arg1 role 291:294 the role 287:294 the role of O-GlcNAc on a target protein 287:326 Interrogating the role of O-GlcNAc on a target protein is crucial yet challenging to perform in cells. 33950562 4 12 gly glycosites 726:735 arg2 glycosites 726:735 individual glycosites 715:735 individual glycosites 715:735 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 4 13 theme global 696:701 arg1 scale 703:707 a global scale 694:707 a global scale 694:707 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 8 14 theme Target 1173:1178 arg1 deglycosylation 1188:1202 Target protein deglycosylation 1173:1202 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 5 15 theme O-GlcNAc 844:851 arg1 functionality 853:865 O-GlcNAc functionality 844:865 O-GlcNAc functionality 844:865 Herein, we describe a protocol for utilizing the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems to screen for O-GlcNAc functionality on a target protein. 33950562 8 16 theme Basic 1155:1159 arg1 Protocol 1161:1168 nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2 1142:1170 nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2 1142:1170 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 0 17 from Protein 33:39 arg1 Cells 44:48 Cells 44:48 Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA 44:88 O-GlcNAc Engineering on a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA. 33950562 3 18 from protein 469:475 arg1 cells 480:484 cells 480:484 cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 480:558 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 8 19 dep Protocol 1085:1092 arg1 Verification 1257:1268 Verification 1257:1268 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 19 dep Protocol 1085:1092 arg1 Cloning 1369:1375 Cloning 1369:1375 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 19 dep Protocol 1085:1092 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1112:1126 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 1097:1126 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 19 dep Protocol 1085:1092 arg1 deglycosylation 1188:1202 Target protein deglycosylation 1173:1202 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 1 20 theme dynamic 171:177 arg1 PTM 212:214 PTM 212:214 PTM 212:214 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 20 theme dynamic 171:177 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 20 theme dynamic 171:177 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 4 21 from glycosites 726:735 arg1 role 674:677 the role 670:677 the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites 670:735 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 4 22 theme individual 715:724 arg1 glycosites 726:735 individual glycosites 715:735 individual glycosites 715:735 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 1 23 theme post-translational 179:196 arg1 PTM 212:214 PTM 212:214 PTM 212:214 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 23 theme post-translational 179:196 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 23 theme post-translational 179:196 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 5 24 theme nanobody-OGT 787:798 arg1 systems 822:828 the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems 783:828 the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems 783:828 Herein, we describe a protocol for utilizing the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems to screen for O-GlcNAc functionality on a target protein. 33950562 6 25 theme procedures 975:984 arg1 detection 941:949 the detection 937:949 the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest 937:1046 We additionally include associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest. 33950562 8 26 theme Alternate 1237:1245 arg1 Protocol 1247:1254 nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol 1219:1254 nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol 1219:1254 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 4 27 theme O-GlcNAc 682:689 arg1 role 674:677 the role 670:677 the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites 670:735 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 8 28 theme protein 1180:1186 arg1 deglycosylation 1188:1202 Target protein deglycosylation 1173:1202 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 6 29 theme cloning 967:973 arg1 procedures 975:984 O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures 954:984 O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures 954:984 We additionally include associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest. 33950562 2 30 theme target 313:318 arg1 protein 320:326 a target protein 311:326 a target protein 311:326 Interrogating the role of O-GlcNAc on a target protein is crucial yet challenging to perform in cells. 33950562 6 31 theme interest 1039:1046 arg1 protein 1028:1034 the user's target protein 1010:1034 the user's target protein of interest 1010:1046 We additionally include associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest. 33950562 5 32 theme nanobody-splitOGA 804:820 arg1 systems 822:828 the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems 783:828 the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems 783:828 Herein, we describe a protocol for utilizing the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems to screen for O-GlcNAc functionality on a target protein. 33950562 1 33 theme O-linked 110:117 arg1 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 33 theme O-linked 110:117 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 33 theme O-linked 110:117 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 3 34 theme target 462:467 arg1 protein 469:475 a target protein 460:475 a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody 460:578 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 3 35 theme methods 407:413 arg1 pair 399:402 a pair 397:402 a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody 397:578 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 6 36 theme O-GlcNAc 954:961 arg1 procedures 975:984 O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures 954:984 O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures 954:984 We additionally include associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest. 33950562 8 37 theme Basic 1079:1083 arg1 Protocol 1085:1092 Basic Protocol 1 1079:1094 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 38 theme target 1419:1424 arg1 pairs 1434:1438 target protein pairs 1419:1438 target protein pairs 1419:1438 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 1 39 theme monosaccharide 95:108 arg1 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 39 theme monosaccharide 95:108 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 39 theme monosaccharide 95:108 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 8 40 theme O-GlcNAc 1277:1284 arg1 state 1286:1290 the O-GlcNAc state 1273:1290 the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein 1273:1317 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 0 41 theme Target 26:31 arg1 Protein 33:39 a Target Protein 24:39 a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA 24:88 O-GlcNAc Engineering on a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA. 33950562 7 42 dep LLC 1074:1076 arg1 Periodicals 1062:1072 Periodicals 1062:1072 Periodicals 1062:1072 © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. 33950562 3 43 from O-GlcNAc 448:455 arg1 protein 469:475 a target protein 460:475 a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody 460:578 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 6 44 theme target 1021:1026 arg1 protein 1028:1034 the user's target protein 1010:1034 the user's target protein of interest 1010:1046 We additionally include associated protocols for the detection of O-GlcNAc and cloning procedures to adapt the method for the user's target protein of interest. 33950562 5 45 theme target 872:877 arg1 protein 879:885 a target protein 870:885 a target protein 870:885 Herein, we describe a protocol for utilizing the nanobody-OGT and nanobody-splitOGA systems to screen for O-GlcNAc functionality on a target protein. 33950562 8 46 theme protein 1104:1110 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1112:1126 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 1097:1126 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 47 theme pairs 1434:1438 arg1 Cloning 1369:1375 Cloning 1369:1375 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 1 48 theme N-acetyl 119:126 arg1 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 48 theme N-acetyl 119:126 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 48 theme N-acetyl 119:126 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 8 49 theme Nup62 1207:1211 arg1 deglycosylation 1188:1202 Target protein deglycosylation 1173:1202 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 50 theme protein 1426:1432 arg1 pairs 1434:1438 target protein pairs 1419:1438 target protein pairs 1419:1438 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 3 51 theme engineered 495:504 arg1 OGT 528:530 OGT 528:530 OGT 528:530 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 3 51 theme engineered 495:504 arg1 transferase 515:525 an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase 492:525 an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 492:531 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 8 52 theme state 1286:1290 arg1 Verification 1257:1268 Verification 1257:1268 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 53 theme Target 1097:1102 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1112:1126 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 1097:1126 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 54 gly deglycosylation 1188:1202 arg1 Nup62 1207:1211 Nup62 1207:1211 Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol 1207:1254 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 55 theme tagged 1297:1302 arg1 protein 1311:1317 a tagged target protein 1295:1317 a tagged target protein 1295:1317 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 2 56 from role 291:294 arg1 protein 320:326 a target protein 311:326 a target protein 311:326 Interrogating the role of O-GlcNAc on a target protein is crucial yet challenging to perform in cells. 33950562 8 57 theme protein 1311:1317 arg1 state 1286:1290 the O-GlcNAc state 1273:1290 the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein 1273:1317 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 0 58 with Cells 44:48 arg1 Nanobody-splitOGA 72:88 Nanobody-splitOGA 72:88 Nanobody-splitOGA 72:88 O-GlcNAc Engineering on a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA. 33950562 0 58 with Cells 44:48 arg1 Nanobody-OGT 55:66 Nanobody-OGT 55:66 Nanobody-OGT 55:66 O-GlcNAc Engineering on a Target Protein in Cells with Nanobody-OGT and Nanobody-splitOGA. 33950562 8 59 theme labeling 1342:1349 arg1 Protocol 1359:1366 chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol 1327:1366 chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol 1327:1366 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 8 60 theme nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA 1384:1413 arg1 Cloning 1369:1375 Cloning 1369:1375 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 1079:1439 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 3 61 theme O-GlcNAc 506:513 arg1 OGT 528:530 OGT 528:530 OGT 528:530 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 3 61 theme O-GlcNAc 506:513 arg1 transferase 515:525 an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase 492:525 an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 492:531 We recently reported a pair of methods to selectively install or remove O-GlcNAc on a target protein in cells using an engineered O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or split O-GlcNAcase (OGA) fused to a nanobody. 33950562 8 62 theme nanobody-splitOGA 1219:1235 arg1 Protocol 1247:1254 nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol 1219:1254 nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol 1219:1254 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 4 63 theme protein 588:594 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 596:610 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 581:610 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 581:610 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 1 64 link O-linked 110:117 arg1 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 O-GlcNAc 141:148 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 64 link O-linked 110:117 arg1 glucosamine 128:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine 91:138 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 91:149 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 1 64 link O-linked 110:117 arg1 modification 198:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification 154:209 an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins 154:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33950562 4 65 theme Target 581:586 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 596:610 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 581:610 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation 581:610 Target protein O-GlcNAcylation and de-O-GlcNAcylation complements methods to interrogate the role of O-GlcNAc on a global scale or at individual glycosites. 33950562 8 66 theme target 1304:1309 arg1 protein 1311:1317 a tagged target protein 1295:1317 a tagged target protein 1295:1317 Basic Protocol 1: Target protein O-GlcNAcylation of JunB using nanobody-OGT Basic Protocol 2: Target protein deglycosylation of Nup62 using nanobody-splitOGA Alternate Protocol: Verification of the O-GlcNAc state of a tagged target protein through chemoenzymatic labeling Support Protocol: Cloning of new nanobody-OGT/nanobody-splitOGA and target protein pairs. 33950562 1 67 theme nucleocytoplasmic 245:261 arg1 proteins 263:270 nucleocytoplasmic proteins 245:270 nucleocytoplasmic proteins 245:270 The monosaccharide O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that decorates thousands of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. 33383321 5 0 theme enzyme 1180:1185 arg1 intermediate 1187:1198 covalent enzyme intermediate 1171:1198 covalent enzyme intermediate 1171:1198 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 4 1 theme % 997:997 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 3 2 attach derived 668:674 arg1 α-glucosidase 696:708 a thermostable α-glucosidase 681:708 a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A) 681:750 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 3 2 attach derived 668:674 arg2 O-α-glycoligase 652:666 an O-α-glycoligase 649:666 an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A) 649:750 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 2 3 theme glycosides 537:546 arg1 formation 515:523 the formation 511:523 the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides 511:566 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 4 4 theme transglycosylation 791:808 arg1 activity 810:817 efficient transglycosylation activity 781:817 efficient transglycosylation activity 781:817 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 8 5 theme synthesis 1644:1652 arg1 route 1654:1658 a general synthesis route 1634:1658 a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides 1634:1686 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 8 5 theme synthesis 1644:1652 arg1 transglycosylation 1576:1593 This pH promoted transglycosylation 1559:1593 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases 1559:1616 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 6 6 theme flavonoid 1350:1358 arg1 7-O-α-glucosides 1360:1375 flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides 1350:1375 flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides 1350:1375 More importantly, the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A was exclusively regioselective, resulting in the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides as the sole product. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 flavonol 905:912 flavonol 905:912 flavonol 905:912 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 flavanol 938:945 flavanol 938:945 flavanol 938:945 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 classes 962:968 isoflavone classes 951:968 isoflavone classes 951:968 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 flavonoids 875:884 tested flavonoids 868:884 tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90% 868:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 flavanone 915:923 flavanone 915:923 flavanone 915:923 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 flavanonol 926:935 flavanonol 926:935 flavanonol 926:935 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 7 theme tested 868:873 arg1 flavone 896:902 flavone 896:902 flavone 896:902 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 8 from flavone 896:902 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 3 9 from solfataricus 726:737 arg1 α-glucosidase 696:708 a thermostable α-glucosidase 681:708 a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A) 681:750 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 4 10 from classes 962:968 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 11 from flavanonol 926:935 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 7 12 theme Kinetic 1398:1404 arg1 analysis 1406:1413 Kinetic analysis 1398:1413 Kinetic analysis 1398:1413 Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. 33383321 4 13 theme broad 826:830 arg1 spectrum 842:849 a broad substrate spectrum 824:849 a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90% 824:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 2 14 theme catalysts 405:413 arg1 O-glycoligases 416:429 O-glycoligases 416:429 O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides 416:566 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 14 theme catalysts 405:413 arg1 class 396:400 a new class 390:400 a new class of catalysts 390:413 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 1 15 theme Retaining 86:94 arg1 mutants 108:114 Retaining glycosidase mutants 86:114 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue 86:162 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 8 16 dep promoted 1567:1574 arg1 pH 1564:1565 pH 1564:1565 pH 1564:1565 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 1 17 theme glycosidase 96:106 arg1 mutants 108:114 Retaining glycosidase mutants 86:114 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue 86:162 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 1 18 theme thio-linked 220:230 arg1 disaccharides 232:244 thio-linked disaccharides 220:244 thio-linked disaccharides 220:244 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 4 19 from flavanol 938:945 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 6 20 theme sole 1384:1387 arg1 product 1389:1395 the sole product 1380:1395 the sole product 1380:1395 More importantly, the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A was exclusively regioselective, resulting in the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides as the sole product. 33383321 7 21 theme dynamics 1429:1436 arg1 simulations 1438:1448 molecular dynamics simulations 1419:1448 molecular dynamics simulations 1419:1448 Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. 33383321 0 22 theme pH-promoted 0:10 arg1 O-α-glucosylation 12:28 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation 0:28 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids 0:42 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids using an engineered α-glucosidase mutant. 33383321 1 23 link thio-linked 220:230 arg1 disaccharides 232:244 thio-linked disaccharides 220:244 thio-linked disaccharides 220:244 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 2 24 link O-linked 528:535 arg1 glycosides 537:546 O-linked glycosides 528:546 O-linked glycosides 528:546 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 5 25 theme alkaline 1042:1049 arg1 conditions 1051:1060 alkaline conditions 1042:1060 alkaline conditions 1042:1060 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 2 26 theme sugar 446:450 arg1 moiety 452:457 sugar moiety 446:457 sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors 446:495 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 0 27 theme flavonoids 33:42 arg1 O-α-glucosylation 12:28 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation 0:28 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids 0:42 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids using an engineered α-glucosidase mutant. 33383321 5 28 theme groups 1117:1122 arg1 deprotonation 1091:1103 pH-promoted deprotonation 1079:1103 pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids 1079:1140 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 3 29 theme flavonoids 618:627 arg1 O-α-glucosylation 597:613 an efficient O-α-glucosylation 584:613 an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids 584:627 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 2 30 theme sugar 481:485 arg1 acceptors 487:495 sugar acceptors 481:495 sugar acceptors 481:495 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 31 theme acceptors 487:495 arg1 group 472:476 a hydroxy group 462:476 a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors 462:495 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 31 theme acceptors 487:495 arg1 acceptors 487:495 sugar acceptors 481:495 sugar acceptors 481:495 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 32 theme retaining 339:347 arg1 α-glycosidases 349:362 retaining α-glycosidases 339:362 retaining α-glycosidases 339:362 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 5 33 theme intermediate 1187:1198 arg1 turnover 1159:1166 turnover 1159:1166 turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate 1159:1198 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 1 34 theme general 128:134 arg1 residue 156:162 its general acid/base catalytic residue 124:162 its general acid/base catalytic residue 124:162 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 7 35 theme acceptor 1477:1484 arg1 specificity 1486:1496 the acceptor specificity 1473:1496 the acceptor specificity 1473:1496 Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. 33383321 2 36 theme O-linked 528:535 arg1 glycosides 537:546 O-linked glycosides 528:546 O-linked glycosides 528:546 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 6 37 theme flavonoids 1263:1272 arg1 regioselective 1304:1317 regioselective 1304:1317 regioselective 1304:1317 More importantly, the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A was exclusively regioselective, resulting in the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides as the sole product. 33383321 6 37 theme flavonoids 1263:1272 arg1 glucosylation 1246:1258 the glucosylation 1242:1258 the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A 1242:1286 More importantly, the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A was exclusively regioselective, resulting in the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides as the sole product. 33383321 8 38 theme general 1636:1642 arg1 route 1654:1658 a general synthesis route 1634:1658 a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides 1634:1686 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 8 38 theme general 1636:1642 arg1 transglycosylation 1576:1593 This pH promoted transglycosylation 1559:1593 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases 1559:1616 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 3 39 theme Sulfolobus 715:724 arg1 MalA-D416A 740:749 MalA-D416A 740:749 MalA-D416A 740:749 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 3 39 theme Sulfolobus 715:724 arg1 solfataricus 726:737 Sulfolobus solfataricus 715:737 Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A) 715:750 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 5 40 theme flavonoids 1131:1140 arg1 groups 1117:1122 hydroxyl groups 1108:1122 hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids 1108:1140 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 5 40 theme flavonoids 1131:1140 arg1 flavonoids 1131:1140 the flavonoids 1127:1140 the flavonoids 1127:1140 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 4 41 from flavonol 905:912 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 1 42 theme thiol 290:294 arg1 group 296:300 a nucleophilic thiol group 275:300 a nucleophilic thiol group 275:300 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 0 43 theme α-glucosidase 64:76 arg1 mutant 78:83 an engineered α-glucosidase mutant 50:83 an engineered α-glucosidase mutant 50:83 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids using an engineered α-glucosidase mutant. 33383321 5 44 theme pH-promoted 1079:1089 arg1 deprotonation 1091:1103 pH-promoted deprotonation 1079:1103 pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids 1079:1140 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 4 45 theme isoflavone 951:960 arg1 classes 962:968 isoflavone classes 951:968 isoflavone classes 951:968 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 1 46 theme acid/base 136:144 arg1 residue 156:162 its general acid/base catalytic residue 124:162 its general acid/base catalytic residue 124:162 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 0 47 theme engineered 53:62 arg1 mutant 78:83 an engineered α-glucosidase mutant 50:83 an engineered α-glucosidase mutant 50:83 pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids using an engineered α-glucosidase mutant. 33383321 1 48 theme catalytic 146:154 arg1 residue 156:162 its general acid/base catalytic residue 124:162 its general acid/base catalytic residue 124:162 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 7 49 theme O-α-glucosylation 1526:1542 arg1 specificity 1486:1496 the acceptor specificity 1473:1496 the acceptor specificity 1473:1496 Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. 33383321 7 49 theme O-α-glucosylation 1526:1542 arg1 regiospecificity 1506:1521 the regiospecificity 1502:1521 the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A 1502:1556 Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. 33383321 8 50 theme flavonoid 1663:1671 arg1 O-α-glycosides 1673:1686 flavonoid O-α-glycosides 1663:1686 flavonoid O-α-glycosides 1663:1686 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 6 51 theme 7-O-α-glucosides 1360:1375 arg1 synthesis 1337:1345 the synthesis 1333:1345 the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides 1333:1375 More importantly, the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A was exclusively regioselective, resulting in the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides as the sole product. 33383321 4 52 from flavanone 915:923 arg1 yields 973:978 yields 973:978 yields of higher than 90% 973:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 4 53 theme substrate 832:840 arg1 spectrum 842:849 a broad substrate spectrum 824:849 a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90% 824:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 8 54 theme promoted 1567:1574 arg1 route 1654:1658 a general synthesis route 1634:1658 a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides 1634:1686 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 8 54 theme promoted 1567:1574 arg1 transglycosylation 1576:1593 This pH promoted transglycosylation 1559:1593 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases 1559:1616 This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides. 33383321 1 55 theme nucleophilic 277:288 arg1 group 296:300 a nucleophilic thiol group 275:300 a nucleophilic thiol group 275:300 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 3 56 theme efficient 587:595 arg1 O-α-glucosylation 597:613 an efficient O-α-glucosylation 584:613 an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids 584:627 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 5 57 theme covalent 1171:1178 arg1 intermediate 1187:1198 covalent enzyme intermediate 1171:1198 covalent enzyme intermediate 1171:1198 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 5 58 theme hydroxyl 1108:1115 arg1 groups 1117:1122 hydroxyl groups 1108:1122 hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids 1108:1140 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 5 58 theme hydroxyl 1108:1115 arg1 flavonoids 1131:1140 the flavonoids 1127:1140 the flavonoids 1127:1140 The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. 33383321 2 59 theme new 392:394 arg1 O-glycoligases 416:429 O-glycoligases 416:429 O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides 416:566 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 59 theme new 392:394 arg1 class 396:400 a new class 390:400 a new class of catalysts 390:413 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 60 attach derived 326:332 arg1 α-glycosidases 349:362 retaining α-glycosidases 339:362 retaining α-glycosidases 339:362 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 60 attach derived 326:332 arg2 thioglycoligases 309:324 A few thioglycoligases 303:324 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases 303:362 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 61 theme hydroxy 464:470 arg1 group 472:476 a hydroxy group 462:476 a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors 462:495 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 61 theme hydroxy 464:470 arg1 acceptors 487:495 sugar acceptors 481:495 sugar acceptors 481:495 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 2 62 theme few 305:307 arg1 thioglycoligases 309:324 A few thioglycoligases 303:324 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases 303:362 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 1 63 theme sugar 252:256 arg1 acceptor 258:265 sugar acceptor 252:265 sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group 252:300 Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. 33383321 4 64 theme efficient 781:789 arg1 activity 810:817 efficient transglycosylation activity 781:817 efficient transglycosylation activity 781:817 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 33383321 2 65 theme oligosaccharides 551:566 arg1 formation 515:523 the formation 511:523 the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides 511:566 A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. 33383321 3 66 theme thermostable 683:694 arg1 α-glucosidase 696:708 a thermostable α-glucosidase 681:708 a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A) 681:750 In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). 33383321 7 67 theme molecular 1419:1427 arg1 simulations 1438:1448 molecular dynamics simulations 1419:1448 molecular dynamics simulations 1419:1448 Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. 33383321 4 68 theme flavonoids 875:884 arg1 kinds 859:863 all kinds 855:863 all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90% 855:997 The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. 32905539 6 0 theme CRC 837:839 arg1 progression 822:832 the progression 818:832 the progression of CRC 818:839 Thus, GFTP2 and p65 formed a positive feedback loop to promote the progression of CRC. 32905539 1 1 theme biosynthesis 136:147 arg1 HBP 158:160 HBP 158:160 HBP 158:160 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 1 theme biosynthesis 136:147 arg1 pathway 149:155 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 121:155 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 121:161 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 2 theme pathway 149:155 arg1 enzyme 111:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 2 theme pathway 149:155 arg1 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 2 theme pathway 149:155 arg1 amidotransferase 235:250 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 204:252 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) 204:260 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 9 3 theme CRC 1140:1142 arg1 tissues 1144:1150 CRC tissues 1140:1150 CRC tissues 1140:1150 Moreover, GFTP2 expression was positively linked with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues. 32905539 7 4 theme CRC 881:883 arg1 tissues 885:891 CRC tissues 881:891 CRC tissues 881:891 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 4 5 theme upstream 543:550 arg1 factor 566:571 an upstream transcription factor 540:571 an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 540:580 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 4 5 theme upstream 543:550 arg1 p65 527:529 p65 527:529 p65 527:529 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 0 6 theme colorectal 73:82 arg1 cancer 84:89 colorectal cancer 73:89 colorectal cancer 73:89 GFPT2 promotes metastasis and forms a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer. 32905539 3 7 theme cells 506:510 arg1 invasion 455:462 invasion 455:462 invasion 455:462 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 3 7 theme cells 506:510 arg1 migration 444:452 migration 444:452 migration 444:452 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 3 7 theme cells 506:510 arg1 proliferation 429:441 proliferation 429:441 proliferation 429:441 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 3 7 theme cells 506:510 arg1 metastasis 468:477 metastasis 468:477 metastasis 468:477 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 9 8 from transferase 1125:1135 arg1 tissues 1144:1150 CRC tissues 1140:1150 CRC tissues 1140:1150 Moreover, GFTP2 expression was positively linked with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues. 32905539 0 9 with loop 56:59 arg1 p65 66:68 p65 66:68 p65 66:68 GFPT2 promotes metastasis and forms a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer. 32905539 10 10 from mechanism 1177:1185 arg1 metastasis 1203:1212 CRC metastasis 1199:1212 CRC metastasis 1199:1212 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 10 11 theme GFPT2 1190:1194 arg1 mechanism 1177:1185 a new mechanism 1171:1185 a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis 1171:1212 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 5 12 theme activated 730:738 arg1 pathway 746:752 then activated NF-κB pathway 725:752 then activated NF-κB pathway 725:752 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 9 13 theme O-linked 1096:1103 arg1 transferase 1125:1135 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1096:1135 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues 1096:1150 Moreover, GFTP2 expression was positively linked with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues. 32905539 5 14 theme NF-κB 740:744 arg1 pathway 746:752 then activated NF-κB pathway 725:752 then activated NF-κB pathway 725:752 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 9 15 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1105:1123 arg1 transferase 1125:1135 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1096:1135 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues 1096:1150 Moreover, GFTP2 expression was positively linked with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues. 32905539 8 16 theme GFPT2 993:997 arg1 expression 979:988 High expression 974:988 High expression of GFPT2 974:997 High expression of GFPT2 predicted poor prognosis for CRC patients. 32905539 2 17 theme tumor 356:360 arg1 metastasis 362:371 tumor metastasis 356:371 tumor metastasis 356:371 However, whether GFTP2 is associated with tumor metastasis remains unclear. 32905539 5 18 theme pathway 746:752 arg1 translocation 700:712 the nuclear translocation 688:712 the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway 688:752 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 8 19 theme High 974:977 arg1 expression 979:988 High expression 974:988 High expression of GFPT2 974:997 High expression of GFPT2 predicted poor prognosis for CRC patients. 32905539 4 20 theme regulated 586:594 arg1 expression 600:609 expression 600:609 expression 600:609 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 6 21 theme feedback 793:800 arg1 loop 802:805 a positive feedback loop 782:805 a positive feedback loop to promote the progression of CRC 782:839 Thus, GFTP2 and p65 formed a positive feedback loop to promote the progression of CRC. 32905539 5 22 theme p65 717:719 arg1 translocation 700:712 the nuclear translocation 688:712 the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway 688:752 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 6 23 theme positive 784:791 arg1 loop 802:805 a positive feedback loop 782:805 a positive feedback loop to promote the progression of CRC 782:839 Thus, GFTP2 and p65 formed a positive feedback loop to promote the progression of CRC. 32905539 10 24 theme CRC 1199:1201 arg1 metastasis 1203:1212 CRC metastasis 1199:1212 CRC metastasis 1199:1212 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 1 25 theme human 277:281 arg1 breast 283:288 human breast and lung tumorigenesis 277:311 breast 283:288 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 5 26 theme p65 670:672 arg1 glycosylation 653:665 the glycosylation 649:665 the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway 649:752 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 1 27 theme Glutamine 204:212 arg1 enzyme 111:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 27 theme Glutamine 204:212 arg1 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 27 theme Glutamine 204:212 arg1 amidotransferase 235:250 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 204:252 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) 204:260 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 27 theme Glutamine 204:212 arg1 GFPT2 255:259 GFPT2 255:259 GFPT2 255:259 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 10 28 theme therapeutic 1240:1250 arg1 target 1252:1257 a new target therapeutic target 1227:1257 a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis 1227:1277 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 0 29 theme feedback 47:54 arg1 loop 56:59 a positive feedback loop 36:59 a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer 36:89 GFPT2 promotes metastasis and forms a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer. 32905539 9 30 link O-linked 1096:1103 arg1 transferase 1125:1135 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1096:1135 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues 1096:1150 Moreover, GFTP2 expression was positively linked with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues. 32905539 0 31 from loop 56:59 arg1 cancer 84:89 colorectal cancer 73:89 colorectal cancer 73:89 GFPT2 promotes metastasis and forms a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer. 32905539 10 32 theme target 1233:1238 arg1 target 1252:1257 a new target therapeutic target 1227:1257 a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis 1227:1277 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 5 33 gly glycosylation 653:665 arg1 turn 628:631 turn 628:631 turn 628:631 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 5 33 gly glycosylation 653:665 arg1 p65 670:672 p65 670:672 p65 670:672 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 0 34 theme positive 38:45 arg1 loop 56:59 a positive feedback loop 36:59 a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer 36:89 GFPT2 promotes metastasis and forms a positive feedback loop with p65 in colorectal cancer. 32905539 7 35 theme tumor 950:954 arg1 P=0.0184 963:970 P=0.0184 963:970 P=0.0184 963:970 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 7 35 theme tumor 950:954 arg1 stage 956:960 tumor stage 950:960 tumor stage (P=0.0184) 950:971 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 10 36 from GFPT2 1190:1194 arg1 metastasis 1203:1212 CRC metastasis 1199:1212 CRC metastasis 1199:1212 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 10 37 theme new 1229:1231 arg1 target 1252:1257 a new target therapeutic target 1227:1257 a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis 1227:1277 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 1 38 theme rate-limiting 97:109 arg1 enzyme 111:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 38 theme rate-limiting 97:109 arg1 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 38 theme rate-limiting 97:109 arg1 amidotransferase 235:250 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 204:252 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) 204:260 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 39 theme lung 294:297 arg1 tumorigenesis 299:311 human breast and lung tumorigenesis 277:311 tumorigenesis 299:311 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 10 40 from metastasis 1203:1212 arg1 mechanism 1177:1185 a new mechanism 1171:1185 a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis 1171:1212 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 7 41 theme liver 918:922 arg1 P<0.0001 936:943 P<0.0001 936:943 P<0.0001 936:943 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 7 41 theme liver 918:922 arg1 metastasis 924:933 liver metastasis 918:933 liver metastasis (P<0.0001) 918:944 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 8 42 theme poor 1009:1012 arg1 prognosis 1014:1022 poor prognosis 1009:1022 poor prognosis for CRC patients 1009:1039 High expression of GFPT2 predicted poor prognosis for CRC patients. 32905539 1 43 theme hexosamine 125:134 arg1 HBP 158:160 HBP 158:160 HBP 158:160 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 43 theme hexosamine 125:134 arg1 pathway 149:155 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 121:155 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 121:161 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 4 44 theme transcription 552:564 arg1 factor 566:571 an upstream transcription factor 540:571 an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 540:580 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 4 44 theme transcription 552:564 arg1 p65 527:529 p65 527:529 p65 527:529 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 8 45 theme CRC 1028:1030 arg1 patients 1032:1039 CRC patients 1028:1039 CRC patients 1028:1039 High expression of GFPT2 predicted poor prognosis for CRC patients. 32905539 3 46 theme colorectal 482:491 arg1 CRC 501:503 CRC 501:503 CRC 501:503 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 3 46 theme colorectal 482:491 arg1 cancer 493:498 colorectal cancer 482:498 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells 482:510 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 4 47 theme GFPT2 576:580 arg1 factor 566:571 an upstream transcription factor 540:571 an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 540:580 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 4 47 theme GFPT2 576:580 arg1 expression 600:609 expression 600:609 expression 600:609 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 4 47 theme GFPT2 576:580 arg1 p65 527:529 p65 527:529 p65 527:529 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 4 47 theme GFPT2 576:580 arg1 function 615:622 function 615:622 function 615:622 Mechanically, p65 acted as an upstream transcription factor of GFPT2 and regulated its expression and function. 32905539 5 48 theme nuclear 692:698 arg1 translocation 700:712 the nuclear translocation 688:712 the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway 688:752 In turn, GFPT2 enhanced the glycosylation of p65, which led to the nuclear translocation of p65 and then activated NF-κB pathway. 32905539 7 49 with related 905:911 arg1 P=0.0184 963:970 P=0.0184 963:970 P=0.0184 963:970 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 7 49 with related 905:911 arg1 P<0.0001 936:943 P<0.0001 936:943 P<0.0001 936:943 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 7 49 with related 905:911 arg1 metastasis 924:933 liver metastasis 918:933 liver metastasis (P<0.0001) 918:944 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 7 49 with related 905:911 arg1 stage 956:960 tumor stage 950:960 tumor stage (P=0.0184) 950:971 In addition, GFPT2 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and closely related with liver metastasis (P<0.0001) and tumor stage (P=0.0184). 32905539 9 50 theme GFTP2 1052:1056 arg1 expression 1058:1067 GFTP2 expression 1052:1067 GFTP2 expression 1052:1067 Moreover, GFTP2 expression was positively linked with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in CRC tissues. 32905539 3 51 theme cancer 493:498 arg1 cells 506:510 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells 482:510 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells 482:510 Here, we found that GFPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. 32905539 10 52 theme new 1173:1175 arg1 mechanism 1177:1185 a new mechanism 1171:1185 a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis 1171:1212 Our study reveals a new mechanism of GFPT2 in CRC metastasis and provides a new target therapeutic target to deter metastasis. 32905539 1 53 theme fructose-6-phosphate 214:233 arg1 enzyme 111:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 a rate-limiting enzyme 95:116 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 53 theme fructose-6-phosphate 214:233 arg1 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 responsible 173:183 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 53 theme fructose-6-phosphate 214:233 arg1 amidotransferase 235:250 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 204:252 Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) 204:260 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32905539 1 53 theme fructose-6-phosphate 214:233 arg1 GFPT2 255:259 GFPT2 255:259 GFPT2 255:259 As a rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which is responsible for glycosylation, Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFPT2) is involved in human breast and lung tumorigenesis. 32313906 2 0 theme exclusion 348:356 arg1 chromatography 358:371 size exclusion chromatography 343:371 size exclusion chromatography 343:371 In this study, a polysaccharide from A. roxburghii (ARPs-p) was purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. 32313906 4 1 theme branching 867:875 arg1 points 877:882 some branching points 862:882 some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units 862:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 0 2 theme polysaccharide 77:90 arg1 purification 4:15 purification 4:15 purification 4:15 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 0 2 theme polysaccharide 77:90 arg1 characterization 29:44 structural characterization 18:44 structural characterization 18:44 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 0 2 theme polysaccharide 77:90 arg1 activity 63:70 antidiabetic activity 50:70 antidiabetic activity 50:70 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 0 3 from purification 4:15 arg1 Anoectochilus 97:109 Anoectochilus 97:109 Anoectochilus 97:109 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 3 4 theme Smith 533:537 arg1 degradation 539:549 Smith degradation 533:549 Smith degradation 533:549 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 4 theme Smith 533:537 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 5 5 theme vital 1184:1188 arg1 role 1190:1193 a vital role 1182:1193 a vital role 1182:1193 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 3 6 theme numerous 471:478 arg1 degradation 539:549 Smith degradation 533:549 Smith degradation 533:549 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 6 theme numerous 471:478 arg1 spectroscopy 579:590 FTIR spectroscopy 574:590 FTIR spectroscopy 574:590 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 6 theme numerous 471:478 arg1 oxidation 522:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 6 theme numerous 471:478 arg1 analysis 564:571 methylation analysis 552:571 methylation analysis 552:571 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 6 theme numerous 471:478 arg1 spectroscopy 606:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 6 theme numerous 471:478 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 2 7 theme size 343:346 arg1 chromatography 358:371 size exclusion chromatography 343:371 size exclusion chromatography 343:371 In this study, a polysaccharide from A. roxburghii (ARPs-p) was purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. 32313906 4 8 theme trace 762:766 arg1 amounts 768:774 trace amounts 762:774 trace amounts of galacturonic acid 762:795 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 8 theme trace 762:766 arg1 acid 792:795 galacturonic acid 779:795 galacturonic acid 779:795 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 9 theme % 746:746 arg1 galactose 748:756 1.2% galactose 743:756 1.2% galactose 743:756 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 10 theme end 914:916 arg1 units 918:922 non-reducing end units 901:922 non-reducing end units 901:922 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 0 11 from activity 63:70 arg1 Anoectochilus 97:109 Anoectochilus 97:109 Anoectochilus 97:109 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 3 12 theme FTIR 574:577 arg1 spectroscopy 579:590 FTIR spectroscopy 574:590 FTIR spectroscopy 574:590 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 12 theme FTIR 574:577 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 13 theme periodic 508:515 arg1 oxidation 522:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 13 theme periodic 508:515 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 4 14 theme 6-O-linked 927:936 arg1 units 943:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 15 theme 97.75 727:731 arg1 % 732:732 % 732:732 % 732:732 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 16 theme 1.2 743:745 arg1 % 746:746 % 746:746 % 746:746 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 3 17 theme methylation 552:562 arg1 analysis 564:571 methylation analysis 552:571 methylation analysis 552:571 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 17 theme methylation 552:562 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 4 18 attach linked 891:896 arg1 units 943:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 18 attach linked 891:896 arg2 O-6 887:889 O-6 887:889 O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units 887:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 18 attach linked 891:896 arg1 units 918:922 non-reducing end units 901:922 non-reducing end units 901:922 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 3 19 theme first 456:460 arg1 time 462:465 the first time 452:465 the first time 452:465 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 4 20 dep -β-d-Glcp- 843:852 arg1 →3 840:841 →3 840:841 →3 840:841 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 5 21 theme antihyperlipidemic 1090:1107 arg1 activities 1109:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 5 22 theme antioxidant 1074:1084 arg1 activities 1109:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 4 23 theme molecular 684:692 arg1 weight 694:699 a molecular weight 682:699 a molecular weight of 97 kDa 682:709 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 0 24 from characterization 29:44 arg1 Anoectochilus 97:109 Anoectochilus 97:109 Anoectochilus 97:109 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 3 25 theme 1D/2D 596:600 arg1 spectroscopy 606:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 25 theme 1D/2D 596:600 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 4 26 theme % 732:732 arg1 glucose 734:740 97.75% glucose 727:740 97.75% glucose 727:740 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 3 27 theme NMR 602:604 arg1 spectroscopy 606:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 27 theme NMR 602:604 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 0 28 theme structural 18:27 arg1 characterization 29:44 structural characterization 18:44 structural characterization 18:44 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 5 29 theme ARPs-p 1168:1173 arg1 component 1155:1163 the main component 1146:1163 the main component of ARPs-p 1146:1173 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 5 29 theme ARPs-p 1168:1173 arg1 1,3-β-d-glucan 1130:1143 1,3-β-d-glucan 1130:1143 1,3-β-d-glucan 1130:1143 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 3 30 theme chromatographic 480:494 arg1 degradation 539:549 Smith degradation 533:549 Smith degradation 533:549 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 30 theme chromatographic 480:494 arg1 spectroscopy 579:590 FTIR spectroscopy 574:590 FTIR spectroscopy 574:590 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 30 theme chromatographic 480:494 arg1 oxidation 522:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 30 theme chromatographic 480:494 arg1 analysis 564:571 methylation analysis 552:571 methylation analysis 552:571 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 30 theme chromatographic 480:494 arg1 spectroscopy 606:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy 596:617 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 30 theme chromatographic 480:494 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 31 theme structural 378:387 arg1 characteristics 389:403 The structural characteristics 374:403 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p 374:413 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 1 32 theme Anoectochilus 123:135 arg1 roxburghii 137:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 1 32 theme Anoectochilus 123:135 arg1 herb 181:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 4 33 theme non-reducing 901:912 arg1 units 918:922 non-reducing end units 901:922 non-reducing end units 901:922 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 5 34 theme excellent 1045:1053 arg1 activities 1109:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 4 35 theme backbone 806:813 arg1 structure 815:823 its backbone structure 802:823 its backbone structure 802:823 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 36 with -β-d-Glcp- 843:852 arg1 points 877:882 some branching points 862:882 some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units 862:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 1 37 theme numerous 221:228 arg1 diseases 238:245 numerous chronic diseases 221:245 numerous chronic diseases 221:245 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 5 38 theme antihyperglycemic 1055:1071 arg1 activities 1109:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 5 39 theme -induced 983:990 arg1 experiments 1007:1017 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments 963:1017 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments 963:1017 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 1 40 theme chronic 230:236 arg1 diseases 238:245 numerous chronic diseases 221:245 numerous chronic diseases 221:245 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 3 41 theme ARPs-p 408:413 arg1 characteristics 389:403 The structural characteristics 374:403 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p 374:413 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 4 42 link 6-O-linked 927:936 arg1 units 943:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 43 from O-6 887:889 arg1 points 877:882 some branching points 862:882 some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units 862:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 5 44 theme diabetic 992:999 arg1 experiments 1007:1017 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments 963:1017 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments 963:1017 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 3 45 theme acid 517:520 arg1 oxidation 522:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 periodic acid oxidation 508:530 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 3 45 theme acid 517:520 arg1 techniques 496:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 numerous chromatographic techniques 471:505 The structural characteristics of ARPs-p were systematically investigated for the first time via numerous chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. 32313906 0 46 theme antidiabetic 50:61 arg1 activity 63:70 antidiabetic activity 50:70 antidiabetic activity 50:70 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 5 47 theme main 1150:1153 arg1 component 1155:1163 the main component 1146:1163 the main component of ARPs-p 1146:1173 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 5 47 theme main 1150:1153 arg1 1,3-β-d-glucan 1130:1143 1,3-β-d-glucan 1130:1143 1,3-β-d-glucan 1130:1143 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 5 48 theme mouse 1001:1005 arg1 experiments 1007:1017 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments 963:1017 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments 963:1017 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 4 49 theme acid 792:795 arg1 galactose 748:756 1.2% galactose 743:756 1.2% galactose 743:756 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 49 theme acid 792:795 arg1 amounts 768:774 trace amounts 762:774 trace amounts of galacturonic acid 762:795 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 49 theme acid 792:795 arg1 acid 792:795 galacturonic acid 779:795 galacturonic acid 779:795 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 49 theme acid 792:795 arg1 glucose 734:740 97.75% glucose 727:740 97.75% glucose 727:740 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 1 50 used used 203:206 arg2 roxburghii 137:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 1 50 used used 203:206 arg2 herb 181:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 4 51 theme kDa 707:709 arg1 weight 694:699 a molecular weight 682:699 a molecular weight of 97 kDa 682:709 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 2 52 theme anion 324:328 arg1 exchange 330:337 anion exchange 324:337 anion exchange 324:337 In this study, a polysaccharide from A. roxburghii (ARPs-p) was purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. 32313906 4 53 with heteropolysaccharide 656:675 arg1 weight 694:699 a molecular weight 682:699 a molecular weight of 97 kDa 682:709 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 4 54 theme galacturonic 779:790 arg1 acid 792:795 galacturonic acid 779:795 galacturonic acid 779:795 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 1 55 theme traditional 151:161 arg1 roxburghii 137:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 1 55 theme traditional 151:161 arg1 herb 181:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 0 56 from Anoectochilus 97:109 arg1 polysaccharide 77:90 a polysaccharide 75:90 a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii 75:120 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 0 56 from Anoectochilus 97:109 arg1 purification 4:15 purification 4:15 purification 4:15 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 0 56 from Anoectochilus 97:109 arg1 characterization 29:44 structural characterization 18:44 structural characterization 18:44 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 0 56 from Anoectochilus 97:109 arg1 activity 63:70 antidiabetic activity 50:70 antidiabetic activity 50:70 The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. 32313906 1 57 theme Chinese 163:169 arg1 roxburghii 137:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 1 57 theme Chinese 163:169 arg1 herb 181:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 2 58 from roxburghii 288:297 arg1 polysaccharide 265:278 a polysaccharide 263:278 a polysaccharide from A. roxburghii (ARPs-p) 263:306 In this study, a polysaccharide from A. roxburghii (ARPs-p) was purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. 32313906 4 59 theme Glcp 938:941 arg1 units 943:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 6-O-linked Glcp units 927:947 The results showed that ARPs-p is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 97 kDa; it consists of 97.75% glucose, 1.2% galactose and trace amounts of galacturonic acid, and its backbone structure is composed of →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with some branching points at O-6 linked to non-reducing end units or 6-O-linked Glcp units. 32313906 5 60 contain has 1041:1043 arg1 ARPs-p 1034:1039 ARPs-p 1034:1039 ARPs-p 1034:1039 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 5 60 contain has 1041:1043 arg2 activities 1109:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities 1045:1118 Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse experiments suggested that ARPs-p has excellent antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, in which 1,3-β-d-glucan, the main component of ARPs-p, plays a vital role. 32313906 1 61 theme medicinal 171:179 arg1 roxburghii 137:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii 123:146 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32313906 1 61 theme medicinal 171:179 arg1 herb 181:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 a traditional Chinese medicinal herb 149:184 Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases. 32880989 0 0 theme tubules 167:173 arg1 features 105:112 lateral morphological features 83:112 lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 83:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 11 1 theme experiment 1783:1792 arg1 steps 1770:1774 the steps 1766:1774 the steps of the experiment 1766:1792 Within-group analysis revealed significant differences between the steps of the experiment, with the exception of NaOCl. 32880989 1 2 theme root 253:256 arg1 model 264:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 9 3 theme more 1548:1551 arg1 biofilm 1553:1559 significantly more biofilm 1534:1559 significantly more biofilm 1534:1559 RESULTS US and high flow rate removed significantly more biofilm from the artificial lateral canal. 32880989 1 4 theme infected 438:445 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 2 5 theme canal 639:643 arg1 model 645:649 a simulated root canal model 622:649 a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features 622:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 9 6 dep RESULTS 1496:1502 arg1 US 1504:1505 US 1504:1505 US 1504:1505 RESULTS US and high flow rate removed significantly more biofilm from the artificial lateral canal. 32880989 1 7 from effect 284:289 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 7 from effect 284:289 arg1 efficacy 393:400 the efficacy 389:400 the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 389:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 7 from effect 284:289 arg1 capacity 472:479 the capacity 468:479 the capacity of bacteria to regrow 468:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 16 8 theme contact 2278:2284 arg1 small 2307:2311 small 2307:2311 small 2307:2311 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 16 8 theme contact 2278:2284 arg1 biofilm-irrigant 2286:2301 the surface contact biofilm-irrigant 2266:2301 the surface contact biofilm-irrigant 2266:2301 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 15 9 theme extra 2102:2106 arg1 rate 2129:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 2 10 theme simulated 624:632 arg1 model 645:649 a simulated root canal model 622:649 a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features 622:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 4 11 theme low 899:901 arg1 rate 908:911 a low flow rate 897:911 a low flow rate 897:911 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 5 12 dep activation 974:983 arg1 US 986:987 US 986:987 US 986:987 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 18 13 theme remaining 2451:2459 arg1 biofilms 2461:2468 post-treatment remaining biofilms 2436:2468 post-treatment remaining biofilms 2436:2468 RISA and NaOCl seemed to alter post-treatment remaining biofilms. 32880989 1 14 from model 264:268 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 14 from model 264:268 arg1 efficacy 393:400 the efficacy 389:400 the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 389:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 14 from model 264:268 arg1 capacity 472:479 the capacity 468:479 the capacity of bacteria to regrow 468:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 15 theme biofilm 364:370 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 2 16 theme viscoelastic 533:544 arg1 analysis 546:553 viscoelastic analysis 533:553 viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms 533:575 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 5 17 used used 1034:1037 arg2 activation 974:983 Ultrasonic activation 963:983 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) 963:1028 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 0 18 theme canals 132:137 arg1 features 105:112 lateral morphological features 83:112 lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 83:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 12 19 theme significant 1850:1860 arg1 differences 1862:1872 no significant differences 1847:1872 no significant differences regarding biofilm removal and viscoelasticity 1847:1918 For the dentine discs, no significant differences regarding biofilm removal and viscoelasticity were detected. 32880989 2 20 theme bacterial 581:589 arg1 viability 591:599 bacterial viability 581:599 bacterial viability 581:599 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 7 21 theme laser 1274:1278 arg1 microscopy 1280:1289 confocal scanning laser microscopy 1256:1289 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 2 22 theme dentinal 708:715 arg1 model 724:728 a dentinal tubule model 706:728 a dentinal tubule model 706:728 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 0 23 theme dentine 140:146 arg1 discs 148:152 dentine discs 140:152 dentine discs 140:152 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 15 24 theme biofilm 2154:2160 arg1 removal 2162:2168 greater biofilm removal 2146:2168 greater biofilm removal 2146:2168 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 2 25 theme biofilms 568:575 arg1 analysis 546:553 viscoelastic analysis 533:553 viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms 533:575 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 2 25 theme biofilms 568:575 arg1 viability 591:599 bacterial viability 581:599 bacterial viability 581:599 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 2 25 theme biofilms 568:575 arg1 removal 524:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal 504:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal 504:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 0 26 from features 105:112 arg1 removal 70:76 biofilm removal 62:76 biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 62:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 6 27 theme flow 1140:1143 arg1 rate 1145:1148 a high flow rate 1133:1148 a high flow rate 1133:1148 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate was performed for all groups. 32880989 6 28 from rate 1145:1148 arg1 irrigation 1107:1116 a final irrigation 1099:1116 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate 1090:1148 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate was performed for all groups. 32880989 5 29 theme solution 1012:1019 arg1 activation 974:983 Ultrasonic activation 963:983 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) 963:1028 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 7 30 theme confocal 1256:1263 arg1 microscopy 1280:1289 confocal scanning laser microscopy 1256:1289 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 2 31 with model 645:649 arg1 features 678:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 4 32 theme irrigants 952:960 arg1 action 938:943 the chemical action 925:943 the chemical action of the irrigants 925:960 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 14 33 theme irrigation 2054:2063 arg1 effect 2044:2049 The mechanical effect 2029:2049 The mechanical effect of irrigation 2029:2063 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 14 33 theme irrigation 2054:2063 arg1 important 2068:2076 important 2068:2076 important 2068:2076 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 16 34 theme US 2230:2231 arg1 effect 2220:2225 The mechanical effect 2205:2225 The mechanical effect of US 2205:2231 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 16 34 theme US 2230:2231 arg1 effective 2251:2259 effective 2251:2259 effective 2251:2259 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 1 35 theme dentine 330:336 arg1 discs 338:342 dentine discs 330:342 dentine discs 330:342 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 15 36 theme flow 2113:2116 arg1 rate 2129:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 7 37 theme scanning 1265:1272 arg1 microscopy 1280:1289 confocal scanning laser microscopy 1256:1289 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 2 38 theme lateral 656:662 arg1 features 678:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 0 39 theme lateral 83:89 arg1 features 105:112 lateral morphological features 83:112 lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 83:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 13 40 theme tubule 1951:1956 arg1 model 1958:1962 the dentinal tubule model 1938:1962 the dentinal tubule model 1938:1962 In the dentinal tubule model, NaOCl exhibited the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy. 32880989 2 41 theme METHODOLOGY 504:514 arg1 removal 524:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal 504:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal 504:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 18 42 theme post-treatment 2436:2449 arg1 biofilms 2461:2468 post-treatment remaining biofilms 2436:2468 post-treatment remaining biofilms 2436:2468 RISA and NaOCl seemed to alter post-treatment remaining biofilms. 32880989 1 43 from viscoelasticity 372:386 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 2 44 theme dentine 688:694 arg1 discs 696:700 dentine discs 688:700 dentine discs 688:700 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 9 45 theme artificial 1570:1579 arg1 canal 1589:1593 the artificial lateral canal 1566:1593 the artificial lateral canal 1566:1593 RESULTS US and high flow rate removed significantly more biofilm from the artificial lateral canal. 32880989 0 46 theme Chemical 0:7 arg1 influence 24:32 Chemical and mechanical influence 0:32 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 0:174 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 4 47 used used 889:892 arg2 Phase 811:815 Phase 1 811:817 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 811:882 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 0 48 theme mechanical 13:22 arg1 influence 24:32 Chemical and mechanical influence 0:32 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 0:174 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 1 49 theme chemical 275:282 arg1 effect 284:289 the chemical effect 271:289 the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs 271:342 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 7 50 theme load 1220:1223 arg1 testing 1237:1243 low load compression testing 1216:1243 low load compression testing (LLCT) 1216:1250 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 50 theme load 1220:1223 arg1 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 4 51 theme modified 822:829 arg1 RISA 846:849 RISA 846:849 RISA 846:849 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 4 51 theme modified 822:829 arg1 solution 836:843 a modified salt solution 820:843 a modified salt solution (RISA) 820:850 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 2 52 with model 724:728 arg1 features 678:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 1 53 from irrigants 409:417 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 54 theme bacteria 484:491 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 54 theme bacteria 484:491 arg1 efficacy 393:400 the efficacy 389:400 the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 389:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 54 theme bacteria 484:491 arg1 capacity 472:479 the capacity 468:479 the capacity of bacteria to regrow 468:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 10 55 theme biofilm 1600:1606 arg1 removal 1608:1614 biofilm removal 1600:1614 biofilm removal from the artificial isthmus 1600:1642 For biofilm removal from the artificial isthmus, no significant differences were found between the groups. 32880989 0 56 theme canal 42:46 arg1 irrigation 48:57 root canal irrigation 37:57 root canal irrigation 37:57 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 8 57 theme OCT 1394:1396 arg1 analysis 1407:1414 the OCT and LLCT analysis 1390:1414 analysis 1407:1414 One-way analysis of variance (anova) was performed for the OCT and LLCT analysis, whilst Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked tests for the dentinal tubule model. 32880989 1 58 from capacity 472:479 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 8 59 theme dentinal 1473:1480 arg1 model 1489:1493 the dentinal tubule model 1469:1493 the dentinal tubule model 1469:1493 One-way analysis of variance (anova) was performed for the OCT and LLCT analysis, whilst Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked tests for the dentinal tubule model. 32880989 13 60 theme dentinal 1942:1949 arg1 model 1958:1962 the dentinal tubule model 1938:1962 the dentinal tubule model 1938:1962 In the dentinal tubule model, NaOCl exhibited the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy. 32880989 5 61 theme Ultrasonic 963:972 arg1 activation 974:983 Ultrasonic activation 963:983 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) 963:1028 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 10 62 theme artificial 1625:1634 arg1 isthmus 1636:1642 the artificial isthmus 1621:1642 the artificial isthmus 1621:1642 For biofilm removal from the artificial isthmus, no significant differences were found between the groups. 32880989 7 63 theme Optical 1180:1186 arg1 tomography 1198:1207 Optical coherence tomography 1180:1207 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1180:1213 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 63 theme Optical 1180:1186 arg1 OCT 1210:1212 OCT 1210:1212 OCT 1210:1212 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 1 64 theme irrigants 294:302 arg1 effect 284:289 the chemical effect 271:289 the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs 271:342 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 64 theme irrigants 294:302 arg1 impact 354:359 their impact 348:359 their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow 348:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 64 theme irrigants 294:302 arg1 model 264:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 65 theme simulated 243:251 arg1 model 264:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 4 66 theme sodium 856:861 arg1 hypochlorite 863:874 sodium hypochlorite 856:874 sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 856:882 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 4 66 theme sodium 856:861 arg1 NaOCl 877:881 NaOCl 877:881 NaOCl 877:881 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 1 67 theme decontaminating 422:436 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 10 68 theme significant 1648:1658 arg1 differences 1660:1670 no significant differences 1645:1670 no significant differences 1645:1670 For biofilm removal from the artificial isthmus, no significant differences were found between the groups. 32880989 1 69 theme canal 258:262 arg1 model 264:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 a simulated root canal model 241:268 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 14 70 dep CONCLUSIONS 2017:2027 arg1 effect 2044:2049 The mechanical effect 2029:2049 The mechanical effect of irrigation 2029:2063 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 14 70 dep CONCLUSIONS 2017:2027 arg1 important 2068:2076 important 2068:2076 important 2068:2076 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 17 71 theme remaining 2351:2359 arg1 biofilm 2361:2367 the remaining biofilm 2347:2367 the remaining biofilm 2347:2367 After the irrigation procedures, the remaining biofilm could survive after a 5-day period. 32880989 1 72 theme dentinal 447:454 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 2 73 theme root 634:637 arg1 model 645:649 a simulated root canal model 622:649 a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features 622:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 6 74 theme final 1101:1105 arg1 irrigation 1107:1116 a final irrigation 1099:1116 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate 1090:1148 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate was performed for all groups. 32880989 6 75 dep Phase 1090:1094 arg1 irrigation 1107:1116 a final irrigation 1099:1116 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate 1090:1148 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate was performed for all groups. 32880989 16 76 theme surface 2270:2276 arg1 small 2307:2311 small 2307:2311 small 2307:2311 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 16 76 theme surface 2270:2276 arg1 biofilm-irrigant 2286:2301 the surface contact biofilm-irrigant 2266:2301 the surface contact biofilm-irrigant 2266:2301 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 4 77 dep Phase 811:815 arg1 hypochlorite 863:874 sodium hypochlorite 856:874 sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 856:882 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 4 77 dep Phase 811:815 arg1 NaOCl 877:881 NaOCl 877:881 NaOCl 877:881 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 4 77 dep Phase 811:815 arg1 RISA 846:849 RISA 846:849 RISA 846:849 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 4 77 dep Phase 811:815 arg1 solution 836:843 a modified salt solution 820:843 a modified salt solution (RISA) 820:850 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 5 78 theme irrigation 1078:1087 arg1 efficacy 1066:1073 the mechanical efficacy 1051:1073 the mechanical efficacy of irrigation 1051:1087 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 6 79 with irrigation 1107:1116 arg1 buffer 1123:1128 buffer 1123:1128 buffer 1123:1128 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate was performed for all groups. 32880989 9 80 theme lateral 1581:1587 arg1 canal 1589:1593 the artificial lateral canal 1566:1593 the artificial lateral canal 1566:1593 RESULTS US and high flow rate removed significantly more biofilm from the artificial lateral canal. 32880989 7 81 theme different 1317:1325 arg1 models 1327:1332 the different models 1313:1332 the different models 1313:1332 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 11 82 theme Within-group 1703:1714 arg1 analysis 1716:1723 Within-group analysis 1703:1723 Within-group analysis 1703:1723 Within-group analysis revealed significant differences between the steps of the experiment, with the exception of NaOCl. 32880989 0 83 theme root 127:130 arg1 canals 132:137 simulated root canals 117:137 simulated root canals 117:137 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 11 84 theme significant 1734:1744 arg1 differences 1746:1756 significant differences 1734:1756 significant differences between the steps of the experiment 1734:1792 Within-group analysis revealed significant differences between the steps of the experiment, with the exception of NaOCl. 32880989 12 85 theme biofilm 1884:1890 arg1 removal 1892:1898 biofilm removal 1884:1898 biofilm removal 1884:1898 For the dentine discs, no significant differences regarding biofilm removal and viscoelasticity were detected. 32880989 8 86 theme variance 1355:1362 arg1 analysis 1343:1350 One-way analysis 1335:1350 One-way analysis of variance (anova) 1335:1370 One-way analysis of variance (anova) was performed for the OCT and LLCT analysis, whilst Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked tests for the dentinal tubule model. 32880989 17 87 theme 5-day 2391:2395 arg1 period 2397:2402 a 5-day period 2389:2402 a 5-day period 2389:2402 After the irrigation procedures, the remaining biofilm could survive after a 5-day period. 32880989 7 88 used used 1305:1308 arg2 OCT 1210:1212 OCT 1210:1212 OCT 1210:1212 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 88 used used 1305:1308 arg2 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 88 used used 1305:1308 arg2 tomography 1198:1207 Optical coherence tomography 1180:1207 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1180:1213 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 88 used used 1305:1308 arg2 analysis 1291:1298 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 88 used used 1305:1308 arg2 testing 1237:1243 low load compression testing 1216:1243 low load compression testing (LLCT) 1216:1250 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 14 89 theme biofilm 2082:2088 arg1 removal 2090:2096 biofilm removal 2082:2096 biofilm removal 2082:2096 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 1 90 theme anti-biofilm 199:210 arg1 efficacy 212:219 the anti-biofilm efficacy 195:219 the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation 195:233 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 4 91 theme flow 903:906 arg1 rate 908:911 a low flow rate 897:911 a low flow rate 897:911 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 2 92 theme tubule 717:722 arg1 model 724:728 a dentinal tubule model 706:728 a dentinal tubule model 706:728 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 0 93 theme discs 148:152 arg1 features 105:112 lateral morphological features 83:112 lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 83:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 15 94 theme greater 2146:2152 arg1 removal 2162:2168 greater biofilm removal 2146:2168 greater biofilm removal 2146:2168 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 13 95 theme anti-biofilm 1994:2005 arg1 efficacy 2007:2014 the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy 1981:2014 the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy 1981:2014 In the dentinal tubule model, NaOCl exhibited the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy. 32880989 7 96 theme microscopy 1280:1289 arg1 analysis 1291:1298 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis 1256:1298 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 16 97 theme mechanical 2209:2218 arg1 effect 2220:2225 The mechanical effect 2205:2225 The mechanical effect of US 2205:2231 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 16 97 theme mechanical 2209:2218 arg1 effective 2251:2259 effective 2251:2259 effective 2251:2259 The mechanical effect of US seemed to be more effective when the surface contact biofilm-irrigant was small. 32880989 3 98 theme two-phase 780:788 arg1 protocol 801:808 a two-phase irrigation protocol 778:808 a two-phase irrigation protocol 778:808 Experiments were conducted using a two-phase irrigation protocol. 32880989 0 99 theme dentinal 158:165 arg1 tubules 167:173 dentinal tubules 158:173 dentinal tubules 158:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 5 100 theme inert 1006:1010 arg1 solution 1012:1019 a chemically inert solution 993:1019 a chemically inert solution (buffer) 993:1028 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 5 100 theme inert 1006:1010 arg1 buffer 1022:1027 buffer 1022:1027 buffer 1022:1027 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 10 101 from isthmus 1636:1642 arg1 removal 1608:1614 biofilm removal 1600:1614 biofilm removal from the artificial isthmus 1600:1642 For biofilm removal from the artificial isthmus, no significant differences were found between the groups. 32880989 2 102 theme remaining 558:566 arg1 biofilms 568:575 remaining biofilms 558:575 remaining biofilms 558:575 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 6 103 theme high 1135:1138 arg1 rate 1145:1148 a high flow rate 1133:1148 a high flow rate 1133:1148 Phase 2: a final irrigation with buffer at a high flow rate was performed for all groups. 32880989 7 104 theme coherence 1188:1196 arg1 tomography 1198:1207 Optical coherence tomography 1180:1207 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1180:1213 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 104 theme coherence 1188:1196 arg1 OCT 1210:1212 OCT 1210:1212 OCT 1210:1212 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 0 105 theme biofilm 62:68 arg1 removal 70:76 biofilm removal 62:76 biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 62:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 1 106 theme irrigants 409:417 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 106 theme irrigants 409:417 arg1 efficacy 393:400 the efficacy 389:400 the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 389:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 106 theme irrigants 409:417 arg1 capacity 472:479 the capacity 468:479 the capacity of bacteria to regrow 468:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 15 107 theme irrigation 2118:2127 arg1 rate 2129:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 0 108 from influence 24:32 arg1 removal 70:76 biofilm removal 62:76 biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 62:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 1 109 from efficacy 393:400 arg1 tubules 456:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 422:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 15 110 theme high 2108:2111 arg1 rate 2129:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate 2099:2132 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 0 111 theme simulated 117:125 arg1 canals 132:137 simulated root canals 117:137 simulated root canals 117:137 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 8 112 theme LLCT 1402:1405 arg1 analysis 1407:1414 the OCT and LLCT analysis 1390:1414 analysis 1407:1414 One-way analysis of variance (anova) was performed for the OCT and LLCT analysis, whilst Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked tests for the dentinal tubule model. 32880989 2 113 theme morphological 664:676 arg1 features 678:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 0 114 theme morphological 91:103 arg1 features 105:112 lateral morphological features 83:112 lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules 83:173 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 9 115 theme high 1511:1514 arg1 rate 1521:1524 high flow rate 1511:1524 high flow rate 1511:1524 RESULTS US and high flow rate removed significantly more biofilm from the artificial lateral canal. 32880989 12 116 theme dentine 1832:1838 arg1 discs 1840:1844 the dentine discs 1828:1844 the dentine discs 1828:1844 For the dentine discs, no significant differences regarding biofilm removal and viscoelasticity were detected. 32880989 2 117 theme Biofilm 516:522 arg1 removal 524:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal 504:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal 504:530 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 14 118 theme mechanical 2033:2042 arg1 effect 2044:2049 The mechanical effect 2029:2049 The mechanical effect of irrigation 2029:2063 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 14 118 theme mechanical 2033:2042 arg1 important 2068:2076 important 2068:2076 important 2068:2076 CONCLUSIONS The mechanical effect of irrigation is important for biofilm removal. 32880989 2 119 with discs 696:700 arg1 features 678:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 lateral morphological features 656:685 METHODOLOGY Biofilm removal, viscoelastic analysis of remaining biofilms and bacterial viability were evaluated using a simulated root canal model with lateral morphological features, dentine discs and a dentinal tubule model, respectively. 32880989 4 120 theme chemical 929:936 arg1 action 938:943 the chemical action 925:943 the chemical action of the irrigants 925:960 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 1 121 from impact 354:359 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 121 from impact 354:359 arg1 efficacy 393:400 the efficacy 389:400 the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 389:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 121 from impact 354:359 arg1 capacity 472:479 the capacity 468:479 the capacity of bacteria to regrow 468:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 5 122 theme mechanical 1055:1064 arg1 efficacy 1066:1073 the mechanical efficacy 1051:1073 the mechanical efficacy of irrigation 1051:1087 Ultrasonic activation (US) of a chemically inert solution (buffer) was used to evaluate the mechanical efficacy of irrigation. 32880989 7 123 theme compression 1225:1235 arg1 testing 1237:1243 low load compression testing 1216:1243 low load compression testing (LLCT) 1216:1250 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 123 theme compression 1225:1235 arg1 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 124 theme low 1216:1218 arg1 testing 1237:1243 low load compression testing 1216:1243 low load compression testing (LLCT) 1216:1250 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 7 124 theme low 1216:1218 arg1 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 LLCT 1246:1249 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), low load compression testing (LLCT) and confocal scanning laser microscopy analysis were used in the different models. 32880989 0 125 theme root 37:40 arg1 irrigation 48:57 root canal irrigation 37:57 root canal irrigation 37:57 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 15 126 theme artificial 2185:2194 arg1 isthmus 2196:2202 the artificial isthmus 2181:2202 the artificial isthmus 2181:2202 An extra high flow irrigation rate resulted in greater biofilm removal than US in the artificial isthmus. 32880989 17 127 theme irrigation 2324:2333 arg1 procedures 2335:2344 the irrigation procedures 2320:2344 the irrigation procedures 2320:2344 After the irrigation procedures, the remaining biofilm could survive after a 5-day period. 32880989 0 128 theme irrigation 48:57 arg1 influence 24:32 Chemical and mechanical influence 0:32 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 0:174 Chemical and mechanical influence of root canal irrigation on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals, dentine discs and dentinal tubules. 32880989 3 129 theme irrigation 790:799 arg1 protocol 801:808 a two-phase irrigation protocol 778:808 a two-phase irrigation protocol 778:808 Experiments were conducted using a two-phase irrigation protocol. 32880989 8 130 theme tubule 1482:1487 arg1 model 1489:1493 the dentinal tubule model 1469:1493 the dentinal tubule model 1469:1493 One-way analysis of variance (anova) was performed for the OCT and LLCT analysis, whilst Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked tests for the dentinal tubule model. 32880989 4 131 theme salt 831:834 arg1 RISA 846:849 RISA 846:849 RISA 846:849 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 4 131 theme salt 831:834 arg1 solution 836:843 a modified salt solution 820:843 a modified salt solution (RISA) 820:850 Phase 1: a modified salt solution (RISA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used at a low flow rate to evaluate the chemical action of the irrigants. 32880989 1 132 from tubules 456:462 arg1 viscoelasticity 372:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 biofilm viscoelasticity 364:386 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 132 from tubules 456:462 arg1 efficacy 393:400 the efficacy 389:400 the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules 389:462 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 1 132 from tubules 456:462 arg1 capacity 472:479 the capacity 468:479 the capacity of bacteria to regrow 468:501 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 13 133 theme greatest 1985:1992 arg1 efficacy 2007:2014 the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy 1981:2014 the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy 1981:2014 In the dentinal tubule model, NaOCl exhibited the greatest anti-biofilm efficacy. 32880989 1 134 theme irrigation 224:233 arg1 efficacy 212:219 the anti-biofilm efficacy 195:219 the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation 195:233 AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of irrigation using a simulated root canal model, the chemical effect of irrigants against biofilms grown on dentine discs and their impact on biofilm viscoelasticity, the efficacy of the irrigants in decontaminating infected dentinal tubules and the capacity of bacteria to regrow. 32880989 9 135 theme flow 1516:1519 arg1 rate 1521:1524 high flow rate 1511:1524 high flow rate 1511:1524 RESULTS US and high flow rate removed significantly more biofilm from the artificial lateral canal. 32880989 11 136 theme NaOCl 1817:1821 arg1 exception 1804:1812 the exception 1800:1812 the exception of NaOCl 1800:1821 Within-group analysis revealed significant differences between the steps of the experiment, with the exception of NaOCl. 32880989 8 137 theme One-way 1335:1341 arg1 analysis 1343:1350 One-way analysis 1335:1350 One-way analysis of variance (anova) 1335:1370 One-way analysis of variance (anova) was performed for the OCT and LLCT analysis, whilst Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked tests for the dentinal tubule model. 33364531 3 0 theme detecting 578:586 arg1 PRRs 588:591 mannose detecting PRRs 570:591 mannose detecting PRRs 570:591 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 4 1 theme fungi 775:779 arg1 species 753:759 four species 748:759 four species of yeast-like fungi 748:779 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 7 2 theme wall 1280:1283 arg1 β-glucan 1285:1292 the inner cell wall β-glucan 1265:1292 the inner cell wall β-glucan 1265:1292 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 5 3 theme fungal 802:807 arg1 species 809:815 the fungal species 798:815 the fungal species 798:815 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 9 4 theme immune 1482:1487 arg1 experiments 1499:1509 immune profiling experiments 1482:1509 immune profiling experiments of fungal species 1482:1527 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 4 5 theme yeast-like 764:773 arg1 fungi 775:779 yeast-like fungi 764:779 yeast-like fungi 764:779 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 2 6 theme major 299:303 arg1 role 318:321 a major and dominant role 297:321 a major and dominant role 297:321 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 0 7 from Differences 0:10 arg1 recognition 29:39 fungal immune recognition 15:39 fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages 15:68 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 2 8 theme wall 262:265 arg1 -glucan 274:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 9 9 theme mannan 1403:1408 arg1 " 1416:1416 mannan shield" 1403:1416 the fungal "mannan shield" 1391:1416 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 1 10 theme immune 234:239 arg1 mannans 191:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 1 10 theme immune 234:239 arg1 agonist 241:247 an immune agonist 231:247 an immune agonist 231:247 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 7 11 theme β-glucan 1285:1292 arg1 recognition 1250:1260 recognition 1250:1260 recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan 1250:1292 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 4 12 theme species-specific 632:647 arg1 differences 649:659 species-specific differences 632:659 species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 632:743 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 4 13 from differences 649:659 arg1 recognition 676:686 host immune recognition 664:686 host immune recognition 664:686 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 4 13 from differences 649:659 arg1 background 734:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 2 14 theme cell 257:260 arg1 -glucan 274:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 8 15 theme cytokine 1341:1348 arg1 inducer 1330:1336 a significant inducer 1316:1336 a significant inducer of cytokine for monocytes 1316:1362 However, N-mannan is a significant inducer of cytokine for monocytes. 33364531 8 15 theme cytokine 1341:1348 arg1 N-mannan 1304:1311 N-mannan 1304:1311 N-mannan 1304:1311 However, N-mannan is a significant inducer of cytokine for monocytes. 33364531 3 16 contain has 521:523 arg1 it 513:514 it 513:514 it 513:514 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 3 16 contain has 521:523 arg2 potential 529:537 the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs 525:591 the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs 525:591 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 2 17 theme Fungal 250:255 arg1 -glucan 274:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 6 18 theme β-glucan 1052:1059 arg1 exposure 1061:1068 increased β-glucan exposure 1042:1068 increased β-glucan exposure 1042:1068 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 33364531 3 19 contain has 429:431 arg1 it 426:427 it 426:427 it 426:427 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 3 19 contain has 429:431 arg2 potential 437:445 the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator 433:507 the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator 433:507 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 9 20 theme myeloid 1460:1466 arg1 cells 1468:1472 myeloid cells 1460:1472 myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species 1460:1527 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 9 20 theme myeloid 1460:1466 arg1 some 1441:1444 some 1441:1444 some 1441:1444 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 3 21 theme underlying 459:468 arg1 -glucan 477:483 the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan 455:483 the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan 455:483 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 4 22 theme immune 669:674 arg1 recognition 676:686 host immune recognition 664:686 host immune recognition 664:686 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 5 23 theme species 809:815 arg1 Irrespective 782:793 Irrespective 782:793 Irrespective 782:793 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 5 24 from mutants 877:883 arg1 monocytes 894:902 human monocytes 888:902 human monocytes 888:902 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 2 25 theme immune 326:331 arg1 activation 333:342 immune activation 326:342 immune activation 326:342 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 9 26 theme profiling 1489:1497 arg1 experiments 1499:1509 immune profiling experiments 1482:1509 immune profiling experiments of fungal species 1482:1527 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 6 27 theme human 1085:1089 arg1 macrophages 1091:1101 mouse or human macrophages 1076:1101 macrophages 1091:1101 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 33364531 2 28 theme 1,3 270:272 arg1 -glucan 274:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 1 29 theme fungal 174:179 arg1 mannans 191:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 1 29 theme fungal 174:179 arg1 agonist 241:247 an immune agonist 231:247 an immune agonist 231:247 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 0 30 theme immune 22:27 arg1 recognition 29:39 fungal immune recognition 15:39 fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages 15:68 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 7 31 theme cell 1275:1278 arg1 β-glucan 1285:1292 the inner cell wall β-glucan 1265:1292 the inner cell wall β-glucan 1265:1292 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 3 32 theme 1,3 473:475 arg1 -glucan 477:483 the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan 455:483 the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan 455:483 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 4 33 theme N-mannosylation-deficient 701:725 arg1 background 734:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 1 34 theme cell 181:184 arg1 mannans 191:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 1 34 theme cell 181:184 arg1 agonist 241:247 an immune agonist 231:247 an immune agonist 231:247 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 0 35 theme fungal 15:20 arg1 recognition 29:39 fungal immune recognition 15:39 fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages 15:68 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 4 36 theme host 664:667 arg1 recognition 676:686 host immune recognition 664:686 host immune recognition 664:686 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 5 37 theme wild 940:943 arg1 type 945:948 the wild type 936:948 the wild type 936:948 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 2 38 theme β- 267:268 arg1 -glucan 274:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan 250:280 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 1 39 theme wall 186:189 arg1 mannans 191:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 fungal cell wall mannans 174:197 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 1 39 theme wall 186:189 arg1 agonist 241:247 an immune agonist 231:247 an immune agonist 231:247 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 3 40 theme mannan 355:360 arg1 shield 410:415 shield 410:415 shield 410:415 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 3 40 theme mannan 355:360 arg1 layer 362:366 The outer mannan layer 345:366 The outer mannan layer 345:366 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 0 41 theme recognition 119:129 arg1 N-mannan 71:78 N-mannan 71:78 N-mannan 71:78 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 0 41 theme recognition 119:129 arg1 Differences 0:10 Differences 0:10 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages 0:68 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 0 41 theme recognition 119:129 arg1 shield 89:94 shield 89:94 shield 89:94 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 1 42 dep shield 221:226 arg1 an 211:212 an 211:212 an 211:212 We designed experiments to assess whether fungal cell wall mannans function as an immune shield or an immune agonist. 33364531 3 43 theme immune 492:497 arg1 activator 499:507 an immune activator 489:507 an immune activator 489:507 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 7 44 theme major 1164:1168 arg1 PAMP 1170:1173 a major PAMP 1162:1173 a major PAMP for macrophages 1162:1189 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 7 44 theme major 1164:1168 arg1 N-mannan 1146:1153 N-mannan 1146:1153 N-mannan 1146:1153 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 7 45 theme inner 1269:1273 arg1 β-glucan 1285:1292 the inner cell wall β-glucan 1265:1292 the inner cell wall β-glucan 1265:1292 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 0 46 theme immune 112:117 arg1 recognition 119:129 immune recognition 112:129 immune recognition 112:129 Differences in fungal immune recognition by monocytes and macrophages: N-mannan can be a shield or activator of immune recognition. 33364531 4 47 theme och1Δ 695:699 arg1 background 734:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 9 48 theme " 1416:1416 arg1 metaphor 1379:1386 the metaphor 1375:1386 the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" 1375:1416 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 3 49 theme PRRs 588:591 arg1 range 561:565 a wide range 554:565 a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs 554:591 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 4 50 dep examined 623:630 arg1 resolve 597:603 resolve 597:603 To resolve this conundrum 594:618 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 3 51 theme outer 349:353 arg1 shield 410:415 shield 410:415 shield 410:415 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 3 51 theme outer 349:353 arg1 layer 362:366 The outer mannan layer 345:366 The outer mannan layer 345:366 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 8 52 theme significant 1318:1328 arg1 inducer 1330:1336 a significant inducer 1316:1336 a significant inducer of cytokine for monocytes 1316:1362 However, N-mannan is a significant inducer of cytokine for monocytes. 33364531 8 52 theme significant 1318:1328 arg1 N-mannan 1304:1311 N-mannan 1304:1311 N-mannan 1304:1311 However, N-mannan is a significant inducer of cytokine for monocytes. 33364531 4 53 theme mutant 727:732 arg1 background 734:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background 691:743 To resolve this conundrum we examined species-specific differences in host immune recognition in the och1Δ N-mannosylation-deficient mutant background in four species of yeast-like fungi. 33364531 9 54 theme fungal 1395:1400 arg1 " 1416:1416 mannan shield" 1403:1416 the fungal "mannan shield" 1391:1416 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 9 55 theme species 1521:1527 arg1 experiments 1499:1509 immune profiling experiments 1482:1509 immune profiling experiments of fungal species 1482:1527 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 3 56 theme wide 556:559 arg1 range 561:565 a wide range 554:565 a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs 554:591 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 9 57 theme fungal 1514:1519 arg1 species 1521:1527 fungal species 1514:1527 fungal species 1514:1527 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 6 58 theme mouse 1076:1080 arg1 macrophages 1091:1101 mouse or human macrophages 1076:1101 macrophages 1091:1101 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 33364531 5 59 theme cytokine 822:829 arg1 response 831:838 the cytokine response 818:838 the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes 818:902 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 6 60 theme wild 1024:1027 arg1 type 1029:1032 wild type 1024:1032 wild type 1024:1032 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 33364531 3 61 theme β- 470:471 arg1 -glucan 477:483 the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan 455:483 the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan 455:483 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 6 62 theme TNFα 964:967 arg1 production 969:978 TNFα production 964:978 TNFα production induced by och1Δ 964:995 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 33364531 5 63 dep response 831:838 arg1 IL-6 850:853 IL-6 850:853 IL-6 850:853 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 5 63 dep response 831:838 arg1 TNFα 841:844 TNFα 841:844 TNFα 841:844 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 6 64 theme increased 1042:1050 arg1 exposure 1061:1068 increased β-glucan exposure 1042:1068 increased β-glucan exposure 1042:1068 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 33364531 9 65 theme shield 1410:1415 arg1 " 1416:1416 mannan shield" 1403:1416 the fungal "mannan shield" 1391:1416 Therefore the metaphor of the fungal "mannan shield" can only be applied to some, but not all, myeloid cells used in immune profiling experiments of fungal species. 33364531 3 66 theme mannose 570:576 arg1 PRRs 588:591 mannose detecting PRRs 570:591 mannose detecting PRRs 570:591 The outer mannan layer has been variously described as an immune shield, because it has the potential to mask the underlying β-(1,3)-glucan, or an immune activator, as it also has the potential to engage with a wide range of mannose detecting PRRs. 33364531 5 67 theme human 888:892 arg1 monocytes 894:902 human monocytes 888:902 human monocytes 888:902 Irrespective of the fungal species, the cytokine response (TNFα and IL-6) induced by the och1Δ mutants in human monocytes was reduced compared to that of the wild type. 33364531 2 68 theme dominant 309:316 arg1 role 318:321 a major and dominant role 297:321 a major and dominant role 297:321 Fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan normally plays a major and dominant role in immune activation. 33364531 7 69 from recognition 1250:1260 arg1 fungus 1238:1243 the fungus 1234:1243 the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan 1234:1292 These observations suggest that N-mannan is not a major PAMP for macrophages and that in these cells mannan does shield the fungus from recognition of the inner cell wall β-glucan. 33364531 6 70 used used 1108:1111 arg2 macrophages 1091:1101 mouse or human macrophages 1076:1101 macrophages 1091:1101 In contrast, TNFα production induced by och1Δ was increased, relative to wild type, due to increased β-glucan exposure, when mouse or human macrophages were used. 32005703 6 0 theme ERAD 1007:1010 arg1 machinery 1012:1020 ERAD machinery 1007:1020 ERAD machinery 1007:1020 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 4 1 theme ERAD 762:765 arg1 pathway 767:773 the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway 741:773 the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway 741:773 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 1 2 theme protease 182:189 arg1 RHBDL4 191:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 4 3 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 631:655 arg1 STT3A 717:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 4 3 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 631:655 arg1 subunits 671:678 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits 631:678 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A 631:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 4 3 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 631:655 arg1 substrates 726:735 substrates 726:735 substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway 726:773 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 0 4 theme ER-associated 92:104 arg1 degradation 106:116 ER-associated degradation 92:116 ER-associated degradation 92:116 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 cleaves oligosaccharyltransferase subunits to target them for ER-associated degradation. 32005703 3 5 with combination 531:541 arg1 proteomics 561:570 quantitative proteomics 548:570 quantitative proteomics 548:570 Here, we use a substrate trapping approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify physiological RHBDL4 substrates. 32005703 2 6 theme substrate 392:400 arg1 unknown 476:482 unknown 476:482 unknown 476:482 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 2 6 theme substrate 392:400 arg1 spectrum 402:409 the endogenous substrate spectrum 377:409 the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD 377:464 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 6 7 dep machinery 1012:1020 arg1 the 1003:1005 the 1003:1005 the 1003:1005 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 5 8 theme OST 814:816 arg1 subunits 818:825 OST subunits 814:825 OST subunits 814:825 RHBDL4-catalysed cleavage inactivates OST subunits by triggering dislocation into the cytoplasm and subsequent proteasomal degradation. 32005703 3 9 theme physiological 584:596 arg1 substrates 605:614 physiological RHBDL4 substrates 584:614 physiological RHBDL4 substrates 584:614 Here, we use a substrate trapping approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify physiological RHBDL4 substrates. 32005703 3 10 theme substrate 500:508 arg1 approach 519:526 a substrate trapping approach 498:526 a substrate trapping approach 498:526 Here, we use a substrate trapping approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify physiological RHBDL4 substrates. 32005703 4 11 theme RHBDL4-dependent 745:760 arg1 pathway 767:773 the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway 741:773 the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway 741:773 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 3 12 theme trapping 510:517 arg1 approach 519:526 a substrate trapping approach 498:526 a substrate trapping approach 498:526 Here, we use a substrate trapping approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify physiological RHBDL4 substrates. 32005703 1 13 theme metastable 208:217 arg1 fragments 227:235 metastable protein fragments 208:235 metastable protein fragments 208:235 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 0 14 theme protease 14:21 arg1 RHBDL4 23:28 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 0:28 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 0:28 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 cleaves oligosaccharyltransferase subunits to target them for ER-associated degradation. 32005703 3 15 theme quantitative 548:559 arg1 proteomics 561:570 quantitative proteomics 548:570 quantitative proteomics 548:570 Here, we use a substrate trapping approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify physiological RHBDL4 substrates. 32005703 6 16 dep abundance 940:948 arg1 the 936:938 the 936:938 the 936:938 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 6 17 theme novel 984:988 arg1 link 990:993 a novel link 982:993 a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning 982:1045 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 1 18 theme protein 219:225 arg1 fragments 227:235 metastable protein fragments 208:235 metastable protein fragments 208:235 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 0 19 theme Intramembrane 0:12 arg1 RHBDL4 23:28 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 0:28 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 0:28 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 cleaves oligosaccharyltransferase subunits to target them for ER-associated degradation. 32005703 1 20 theme clearance 313:321 arg1 mechanism 323:331 a clearance mechanism 311:331 a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins 311:365 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 1 21 theme endoplasmic 123:133 arg1 ER 146:147 ER 146:147 ER 146:147 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 1 21 theme endoplasmic 123:133 arg1 reticulum 135:143 The endoplasmic reticulum 119:143 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 4 22 theme complex 663:669 arg1 STT3A 717:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 4 22 theme complex 663:669 arg1 subunits 671:678 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits 631:678 oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A 631:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 4 22 theme complex 663:669 arg1 substrates 726:735 substrates 726:735 substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway 726:773 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 1 23 theme reticulum 135:143 arg1 RHBDL4 191:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 2 24 theme physiological 447:459 arg1 ERAD 461:464 physiological ERAD 447:464 physiological ERAD 447:464 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 1 25 theme aberrant 337:344 arg1 proteins 358:365 aberrant and surplus proteins 337:365 aberrant and surplus proteins 337:365 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 5 26 theme RHBDL4-catalysed 776:791 arg1 cleavage 793:800 RHBDL4-catalysed cleavage 776:800 RHBDL4-catalysed cleavage 776:800 RHBDL4-catalysed cleavage inactivates OST subunits by triggering dislocation into the cytoplasm and subsequent proteasomal degradation. 32005703 6 27 theme OST 966:968 arg1 abundance 940:948 abundance 940:948 abundance 940:948 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 6 27 theme OST 966:968 arg1 activity 954:961 activity 954:961 activity 954:961 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 4 28 theme active 702:707 arg1 STT3A 717:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 0 29 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 38:62 arg1 subunits 64:71 oligosaccharyltransferase subunits 38:71 oligosaccharyltransferase subunits 38:71 Intramembrane protease RHBDL4 cleaves oligosaccharyltransferase subunits to target them for ER-associated degradation. 32005703 2 30 theme RHBDL4 437:442 arg1 role 429:432 the role 425:432 the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD 425:464 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 5 31 theme subsequent 876:885 arg1 degradation 899:909 subsequent proteasomal degradation 876:909 subsequent proteasomal degradation 876:909 RHBDL4-catalysed cleavage inactivates OST subunits by triggering dislocation into the cytoplasm and subsequent proteasomal degradation. 32005703 1 32 theme surplus 350:356 arg1 proteins 358:365 aberrant and surplus proteins 337:365 aberrant and surplus proteins 337:365 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 1 33 dep generates 198:206 arg1 provides 302:309 provides 302:309 provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins 302:365 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 2 34 theme endogenous 381:390 arg1 unknown 476:482 unknown 476:482 unknown 476:482 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 2 34 theme endogenous 381:390 arg1 spectrum 402:409 the endogenous substrate spectrum 377:409 the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD 377:464 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 5 35 theme proteasomal 887:897 arg1 degradation 899:909 subsequent proteasomal degradation 876:909 subsequent proteasomal degradation 876:909 RHBDL4-catalysed cleavage inactivates OST subunits by triggering dislocation into the cytoplasm and subsequent proteasomal degradation. 32005703 6 36 theme glycosylation 1026:1038 arg1 tuning 1040:1045 glycosylation tuning 1026:1045 glycosylation tuning 1026:1045 RHBDL4 thereby controls the abundance and activity of OST, suggesting a novel link between the ERAD machinery and glycosylation tuning. 32005703 2 37 from role 429:432 arg1 ERAD 461:464 physiological ERAD 447:464 physiological ERAD 447:464 However, the endogenous substrate spectrum and with that the role of RHBDL4 in physiological ERAD is mainly unknown. 32005703 3 38 theme RHBDL4 598:603 arg1 substrates 605:614 physiological RHBDL4 substrates 584:614 physiological RHBDL4 substrates 584:614 Here, we use a substrate trapping approach in combination with quantitative proteomics to identify physiological RHBDL4 substrates. 32005703 1 39 theme ER-associated 259:271 arg1 ERAD 286:289 ERAD 286:289 ERAD 286:289 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 1 39 theme ER-associated 259:271 arg1 degradation 273:283 ER-associated degradation 259:283 the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery 255:300 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 1 40 theme -resident 149:157 arg1 RHBDL4 191:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 1 41 theme degradation 273:283 arg1 machinery 292:300 the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery 255:300 the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery 255:300 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 4 42 theme catalytic 692:700 arg1 STT3A 717:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 1 43 theme intramembrane 159:171 arg1 RHBDL4 191:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32005703 4 44 theme subunit 709:715 arg1 STT3A 717:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 the catalytic active subunit STT3A 688:721 This revealed oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex subunits such as the catalytic active subunit STT3A as substrates for the RHBDL4-dependent ERAD pathway. 32005703 1 45 theme rhomboid 173:180 arg1 RHBDL4 191:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 119:196 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident intramembrane rhomboid protease RHBDL4 generates metastable protein fragments and together with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery provides a clearance mechanism for aberrant and surplus proteins. 32511336 6 0 contain have 810:813 arg1 which 800:804 which 800:804 which 800:804 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 6 0 contain have 810:813 arg2 implications 815:826 implications 815:826 implications 815:826 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 6 1 theme glycan 781:786 arg1 processing 788:797 typical host glycan processing 768:797 typical host glycan processing 768:797 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 3 2 theme occluding 458:466 arg1 epitopes 488:495 occluding immunogenic protein epitopes 458:495 occluding immunogenic protein epitopes 458:495 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 4 3 theme spectrometric 531:543 arg1 approach 545:552 a site-specific mass spectrometric approach 510:552 a site-specific mass spectrometric approach 510:552 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 6 4 theme host 776:779 arg1 processing 788:797 typical host glycan processing 768:797 typical host glycan processing 768:797 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 2 5 theme spike 274:278 arg1 target 231:236 the principal target 217:236 the principal target of the humoral immune response 217:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 5 theme spike 274:278 arg1 glycoprotein 284:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 5 6 theme trimeric 701:708 arg1 spike 716:720 the trimeric viral spike 697:720 the trimeric viral spike 697:720 This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. 32511336 6 7 theme typical 768:774 arg1 processing 788:797 typical host glycan processing 768:797 typical host glycan processing 768:797 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 5 8 theme viral 710:714 arg1 spike 716:720 the trimeric viral spike 697:720 the trimeric viral spike 697:720 This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. 32511336 3 9 theme immune 439:444 arg1 evasion 446:452 immune evasion 439:452 immune evasion 439:452 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 1 10 theme global 162:167 arg1 health 175:180 global human health 162:180 global human health 162:180 The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. 32511336 3 11 theme N-linked 373:380 arg1 sequons 389:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 3 11 theme N-linked 373:380 arg1 gene 357:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 2 12 theme response 260:267 arg1 target 231:236 the principal target 217:236 the principal target of the humoral immune response 217:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 12 theme response 260:267 arg1 glycoprotein 284:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 1 13 theme human 169:173 arg1 health 175:180 global human health 162:180 global human health 162:180 The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. 32511336 3 14 theme S 355:355 arg1 sequons 389:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 3 14 theme S 355:355 arg1 gene 357:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 1 15 theme betacoronavirus 77:91 arg1 emergence 60:68 The emergence 56:68 The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, 56:125 The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. 32511336 6 16 theme vaccine 854:860 arg1 design 862:867 vaccine design 854:867 vaccine design 854:867 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 0 17 theme Site-specific 0:12 arg1 analysis 14:21 Site-specific analysis 0:21 Site-specific analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 glycan 0:46 Site-specific analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 glycan shield. 32511336 6 18 theme S 746:746 arg1 glycans 748:754 SARS-CoV-2 S glycans 735:754 SARS-CoV-2 S glycans 735:754 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 6 19 theme SARS-CoV-2 735:744 arg1 glycans 748:754 SARS-CoV-2 S glycans 735:754 SARS-CoV-2 S glycans 735:754 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 2 20 theme S 281:281 arg1 target 231:236 the principal target 217:236 the principal target of the humoral immune response 217:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 20 theme S 281:281 arg1 glycoprotein 284:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 3 21 theme SARS-CoV-2 344:353 arg1 sequons 389:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 3 21 theme SARS-CoV-2 344:353 arg1 gene 357:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 4 22 theme mass 526:529 arg1 approach 545:552 a site-specific mass spectrometric approach 510:552 a site-specific mass spectrometric approach 510:552 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 5 23 theme glycan-processing 665:681 arg1 states 683:688 the glycan-processing states 661:688 the glycan-processing states 661:688 This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. 32511336 6 24 theme viral 831:835 arg1 pathobiology 837:848 viral pathobiology 831:848 viral pathobiology 831:848 We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design. 32511336 0 25 theme glycan 41:46 arg1 analysis 14:21 Site-specific analysis 0:21 Site-specific analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 glycan 0:46 Site-specific analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 glycan shield. 32511336 4 26 theme site-specific 512:524 arg1 approach 545:552 a site-specific mass spectrometric approach 510:552 a site-specific mass spectrometric approach 510:552 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 5 27 theme states 683:688 arg1 mapping 650:656 mapping 650:656 mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike 650:720 This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. 32511336 4 28 theme SARS-CoV-2 604:613 arg1 immunogen 617:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 3 29 theme glycan 382:387 arg1 sequons 389:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 3 29 theme glycan 382:387 arg1 gene 357:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 0 30 theme SARS-CoV-2 30:39 arg1 glycan 41:46 the SARS-CoV-2 glycan 26:46 the SARS-CoV-2 glycan 26:46 Site-specific analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 glycan shield. 32511336 2 31 theme principal 221:229 arg1 target 231:236 the principal target 217:236 the principal target of the humoral immune response 217:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 31 theme principal 221:229 arg1 glycoprotein 284:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 4 32 theme recombinant 592:602 arg1 immunogen 617:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 3 33 link N-linked 373:380 arg1 sequons 389:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 22 N-linked glycan sequons 370:395 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 3 33 link N-linked 373:380 arg1 gene 357:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene 344:360 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 2 34 theme cell 312:315 arg1 entry 317:321 cell entry 312:321 cell entry 312:321 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 1 35 theme significant 140:150 arg1 threat 152:157 a significant threat 138:157 a significant threat to global human health 138:180 The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. 32511336 2 36 theme immune 253:258 arg1 response 260:267 the humoral immune response 241:267 the humoral immune response 241:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 37 theme humoral 245:251 arg1 response 260:267 the humoral immune response 241:267 the humoral immune response 241:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 3 38 theme protein 480:486 arg1 epitopes 488:495 occluding immunogenic protein epitopes 458:495 occluding immunogenic protein epitopes 458:495 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 4 39 from structures 576:585 arg1 immunogen 617:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 2 40 theme Vaccine 183:189 arg1 development 191:201 Vaccine development 183:201 Vaccine development 183:201 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 3 41 theme immunogenic 468:478 arg1 epitopes 488:495 occluding immunogenic protein epitopes 458:495 occluding immunogenic protein epitopes 458:495 SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. 32511336 4 42 theme S 615:615 arg1 immunogen 617:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 590:625 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32511336 2 43 gly glycoprotein 284:295 arg1 target 231:236 the principal target 217:236 the principal target of the humoral immune response 217:267 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 43 gly glycoprotein 284:295 arg1 glycoprotein 284:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 the spike (S) glycoprotein 270:295 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 2 44 theme membrane 327:334 arg1 fusion 336:341 membrane fusion 327:341 membrane fusion 327:341 Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. 32511336 4 45 theme glycan 569:574 arg1 structures 576:585 the glycan structures 565:585 the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen 565:625 Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. 32123732 1 0 theme proteins 199:206 arg1 functions 171:179 functions 171:179 functions 171:179 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 1 0 theme proteins 199:206 arg1 properties 185:194 properties 185:194 properties 185:194 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 4 1 theme putative 789:796 arg1 NGTs 798:801 41 putative NGTs 786:801 41 putative NGTs 786:801 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 6 2 theme major 1241:1245 arg1 limitation 1247:1256 a major limitation 1239:1256 a major limitation 1239:1256 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 2 3 theme glycoproteins 357:369 arg1 engineering 342:352 engineering 342:352 engineering 342:352 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 3 theme glycoproteins 357:369 arg1 understanding 324:336 understanding 324:336 understanding 324:336 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 4 dep methods 229:235 arg1 produce 240:246 produce 240:246 to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides 237:317 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 5 gly glycoproteins 357:369 arg1 glycoproteins 357:369 glycoproteins 357:369 glycoproteins 357:369 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 3 6 theme acceptor 624:631 arg1 specificities 633:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities 579:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs) 579:678 Here, we address this limitation by discovering and exploiting the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs). 32123732 6 7 gly glycoproteins 1282:1294 arg1 glycoproteins 1282:1294 defined glycoproteins 1274:1294 defined glycoproteins 1274:1294 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 4 8 theme acceptor 842:849 arg1 preferences 860:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences 831:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions 831:949 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 4 9 theme variants 884:891 arg1 preferences 860:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences 831:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions 831:949 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 2 10 dep understanding 324:336 arg1 the 320:322 the 320:322 the 320:322 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 4 11 theme monolayers 757:766 arg1 spectrometry 726:737 mass spectrometry 721:737 mass spectrometry 721:737 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 4 11 theme monolayers 757:766 arg1 synthesis 707:715 cell-free protein synthesis 689:715 cell-free protein synthesis 689:715 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 5 12 theme install 1023:1029 arg1 monosaccharides 1031:1045 sequentially install monosaccharides 1010:1045 sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein 1010:1085 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 2 13 from difficulty 411:420 arg1 each 472:475 each 472:475 each 472:475 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 13 from difficulty 411:420 arg1 positions 488:496 several positions 480:496 several positions within a protein 480:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 4 14 theme NGT 880:882 arg1 variants 884:891 four NGT variants 875:891 four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions 875:949 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 4 15 theme self-assembled 742:755 arg1 monolayers 757:766 self-assembled monolayers 742:766 self-assembled monolayers 742:766 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 1 16 theme Protein 85:91 arg1 modification 138:149 a common post-translational modification 110:149 a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins 110:206 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 1 16 theme Protein 85:91 arg1 glycosylation 93:105 Protein glycosylation 85:105 Protein glycosylation 85:105 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 5 17 from sites 1055:1059 arg1 monosaccharides 1031:1045 sequentially install monosaccharides 1010:1045 sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein 1010:1085 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 1 18 theme common 112:117 arg1 modification 138:149 a common post-translational modification 110:149 a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins 110:206 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 1 18 theme common 112:117 arg1 glycosylation 93:105 Protein glycosylation 85:105 Protein glycosylation 85:105 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 2 19 theme glycosylation 455:467 arg1 difficulty 411:420 the difficulty 407:420 the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein 407:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 0 20 theme Sequential 0:9 arg1 Glycosylation 11:23 Sequential Glycosylation 0:23 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases 0:82 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases. 32123732 2 21 gly glycosylation 455:467 arg1 positions 488:496 several positions 480:496 several positions within a protein 480:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 21 gly glycosylation 455:467 arg1 each 472:475 each 472:475 each 472:475 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 21 gly glycosylation 455:467 arg2 each 472:475 each 472:475 each 472:475 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 21 gly glycosylation 455:467 arg2 positions 488:496 several positions 480:496 several positions within a protein 480:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 1 22 theme post-translational 119:136 arg1 modification 138:149 a common post-translational modification 110:149 a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins 110:206 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 1 22 theme post-translational 119:136 arg1 glycosylation 93:105 Protein glycosylation 85:105 Protein glycosylation 85:105 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 2 23 theme controlling 443:453 arg1 glycosylation 455:467 site-specifically controlling glycosylation 425:467 site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein 425:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 0 24 theme Proteins 28:35 arg1 Glycosylation 11:23 Sequential Glycosylation 0:23 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases 0:82 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases. 32123732 4 25 theme unique 835:840 arg1 preferences 860:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences 831:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions 831:949 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 3 26 dep unique 583:588 arg1 orthogonal 605:614 orthogonal 605:614 orthogonal 605:614 Here, we address this limitation by discovering and exploiting the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs). 32123732 6 27 theme N-glycans 1219:1227 arg1 variety 1197:1203 a variety 1195:1203 a variety of functional N-glycans 1195:1227 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 6 27 theme N-glycans 1219:1227 arg1 N-glycans 1219:1227 functional N-glycans 1208:1227 functional N-glycans 1208:1227 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 4 28 theme mass 721:724 arg1 spectrometry 726:737 mass spectrometry 721:737 mass spectrometry 721:737 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 4 29 theme acceptor 904:911 arg1 peptides 913:920 1254 acceptor peptides 899:920 1254 acceptor peptides 899:920 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 2 30 from each 472:475 arg1 difficulty 411:420 the difficulty 407:420 the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein 407:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 2 30 from each 472:475 arg1 glycosylation 455:467 site-specifically controlling glycosylation 425:467 site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein 425:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 4 31 theme sequence 851:858 arg1 preferences 860:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences 831:870 the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions 831:949 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 6 32 theme therapeutic 1313:1323 arg1 applications 1325:1336 therapeutic applications 1313:1336 therapeutic applications 1313:1336 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 0 33 theme Substrate-Specific 42:59 arg1 N-Glycosyltransferases 61:82 Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases 42:82 Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases 42:82 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases. 32123732 4 34 used used 684:687 arg2 We 681:682 We 681:682 We 681:682 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 6 35 link N-linked 1151:1158 arg1 monosaccharides 1160:1174 N-linked monosaccharides 1151:1174 N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration 1151:1190 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 5 36 theme sequence 992:999 arg1 pairs 1001:1005 the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs 965:1005 the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs 965:1005 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 2 37 theme several 480:486 arg1 positions 488:496 several positions 480:496 several positions within a protein 480:513 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 5 38 theme NGT-acceptor 979:990 arg1 pairs 1001:1005 the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs 965:1005 the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs 965:1005 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 0 39 gly Glycosylation 11:23 arg1 Proteins 28:35 Proteins 28:35 Proteins 28:35 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases. 32123732 6 40 theme functional 1208:1217 arg1 N-glycans 1219:1227 functional N-glycans 1208:1227 functional N-glycans 1208:1227 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 2 41 theme chemoenzymatic 273:286 arg1 elaboration 288:298 chemoenzymatic elaboration 273:298 chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides 273:317 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 5 42 used used 960:963 arg2 We 952:953 We 952:953 We 952:953 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 5 43 theme target 1072:1077 arg1 protein 1079:1085 one target protein 1068:1085 one target protein 1068:1085 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 4 44 theme reaction 931:938 arg1 conditions 940:949 8306 reaction conditions 926:949 8306 reaction conditions 926:949 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 0 45 with Glycosylation 11:23 arg1 N-Glycosyltransferases 61:82 Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases 42:82 Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases 42:82 Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases. 32123732 3 46 theme N-glycosyltransferases 650:671 arg1 specificities 633:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities 579:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs) 579:678 Here, we address this limitation by discovering and exploiting the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs). 32123732 2 47 theme defined 248:254 arg1 glycoproteins 256:268 defined glycoproteins 248:268 defined glycoproteins 248:268 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 6 48 theme defined 1274:1280 arg1 glycoproteins 1282:1294 defined glycoproteins 1274:1294 defined glycoproteins 1274:1294 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 2 49 gly glycoproteins 256:268 arg1 glycoproteins 256:268 defined glycoproteins 248:268 defined glycoproteins 248:268 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 4 50 theme cell-free 689:697 arg1 synthesis 707:715 cell-free protein synthesis 689:715 cell-free protein synthesis 689:715 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 32123732 1 51 dep functions 171:179 arg1 the 167:169 the 167:169 the 167:169 Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. 32123732 6 52 theme monosaccharides 1160:1174 arg1 installation 1135:1146 the installation 1131:1146 the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans 1131:1227 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 2 53 from advances 217:224 arg1 methods 229:235 methods 229:235 methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides 229:317 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 3 54 theme unique 583:588 arg1 specificities 633:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities 579:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs) 579:678 Here, we address this limitation by discovering and exploiting the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs). 32123732 5 55 theme optimized 969:977 arg1 pairs 1001:1005 the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs 965:1005 the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs 965:1005 We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. 32123732 6 56 theme N-linked 1151:1158 arg1 monosaccharides 1160:1174 N-linked monosaccharides 1151:1174 N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration 1151:1190 This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications. 32123732 3 57 theme peptide 616:622 arg1 specificities 633:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities 579:645 the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs) 579:678 Here, we address this limitation by discovering and exploiting the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs). 32123732 2 58 theme monosaccharides 303:317 arg1 elaboration 288:298 chemoenzymatic elaboration 273:298 chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides 273:317 Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. 32123732 4 59 theme protein 699:705 arg1 synthesis 707:715 cell-free protein synthesis 689:715 cell-free protein synthesis 689:715 We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. 34835402 0 0 theme Glycosylated 71:82 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9 0:66 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 0 0 theme Glycosylated 71:82 arg1 Bacteriocin 84:94 a Glycosylated Bacteriocin 69:94 a Glycosylated Bacteriocin 69:94 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 5 1 theme extracellular 764:776 arg1 protease 778:785 an extracellular protease 761:785 an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 761:807 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 1 2 theme post-translational 150:167 arg1 modifications 169:181 post-translational modifications 150:181 post-translational modifications 150:181 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 7 3 with peptide 1001:1007 arg1 extension 1026:1034 N-terminal extension 1015:1034 N-terminal extension 1015:1034 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 5 4 from F4-9 804:807 arg1 protease 778:785 an extracellular protease 761:785 an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 761:807 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 7 5 theme Gram-negative 1108:1120 arg1 bacteria 1122:1129 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 1090:1129 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 1090:1129 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 2 6 theme faecalis 358:365 arg1 JH2-2 367:371 Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 345:371 Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 345:371 In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. 34835402 10 7 theme glycocins 1503:1511 arg1 specifications 1375:1388 specifications 1375:1388 specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9 1375:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 10 7 theme glycocins 1503:1511 arg1 mechanism 1490:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism 1471:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins 1471:1511 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 8 8 theme necessary 1187:1195 arg1 glycosylation 1170:1182 glycosylation 1170:1182 glycosylation 1170:1182 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 8 8 theme necessary 1187:1195 arg1 step 1197:1200 a necessary step 1185:1200 a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide 1185:1254 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 9 9 theme producer 1311:1318 arg1 cells 1320:1324 producer cells 1311:1324 producer cells 1311:1324 In addition, enfI was found to grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9. 34835402 5 10 theme N-terminal 655:664 arg1 extension 666:674 This N-terminal extension 650:674 This N-terminal extension 650:674 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 10 11 theme responsible 1414:1424 arg1 set 1410:1412 the minimal gene set 1393:1412 the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9 1393:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 9 12 located found 1279:1283 arg1 addition 1260:1267 addition 1260:1267 addition 1260:1267 In addition, enfI was found to grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9. 34835402 9 12 located found 1279:1283 arg2 enfI 1270:1273 enfI 1270:1273 enfI 1270:1273 In addition, enfI was found to grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9. 34835402 4 13 theme amino 583:587 arg1 acids 589:593 eight amino acids 577:593 eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence 577:629 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 5 14 theme strain 739:744 arg1 supernatant 724:734 the culture supernatant 712:734 the culture supernatant of strain F4-9 712:749 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 4 15 theme molecular 479:487 arg1 weight 489:494 The molecular weight 475:494 The molecular weight 475:494 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 4 15 theme molecular 479:487 arg1 greater 500:506 greater 500:506 greater 500:506 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 1 16 link β-O-linked 223:232 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 203:221 N-acetylglucosamine 203:221 N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46 203:251 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 10 17 theme set 1410:1412 arg1 specifications 1375:1388 specifications 1375:1388 specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9 1375:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 10 17 theme set 1410:1412 arg1 mechanism 1490:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism 1471:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins 1471:1511 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 7 18 theme long 996:999 arg1 peptide 1001:1007 the long peptide 992:1007 the long peptide 992:1007 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 8 19 theme prior 1202:1206 arg1 glycosylation 1170:1182 glycosylation 1170:1182 glycosylation 1170:1182 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 8 19 theme prior 1202:1206 arg1 step 1197:1200 a necessary step 1185:1200 a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide 1185:1254 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 7 20 theme N-terminal 1015:1024 arg1 extension 1026:1034 N-terminal extension 1015:1034 N-terminal extension 1015:1034 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 6 21 theme EnfT 912:915 arg1 domain 926:931 the EnfT protease domain 908:931 the EnfT protease domain 908:931 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34835402 4 22 theme leader 615:620 arg1 sequence 622:629 the N-terminal leader sequence 600:629 the N-terminal leader sequence 600:629 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 2 23 theme gene 286:289 arg1 cluster 291:297 the biosynthetic gene cluster 269:297 the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 269:315 In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. 34835402 9 24 theme enterocin 1334:1342 arg1 F4-9 1344:1347 enterocin F4-9 1334:1347 enterocin F4-9 1334:1347 In addition, enfI was found to grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9. 34835402 8 25 theme leader 1241:1246 arg1 peptide 1248:1254 the leader peptide 1237:1254 the leader peptide 1237:1254 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 1 26 contain having 143:148 arg2 modifications 169:181 post-translational modifications 150:181 post-translational modifications 150:181 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 1 26 contain having 143:148 arg1 family 136:141 the glycocin family 123:141 the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46 123:251 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 10 27 theme biosynthetic 1477:1488 arg1 mechanism 1490:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism 1471:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins 1471:1511 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 6 28 theme sequences 855:863 arg1 cleavage 865:872 leader sequences cleavage 848:872 leader sequences cleavage 848:872 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34835402 2 29 theme biosynthetic 273:284 arg1 cluster 291:297 the biosynthetic gene cluster 269:297 the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 269:315 In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. 34835402 5 30 with treatment 697:705 arg1 supernatant 724:734 the culture supernatant 712:734 the culture supernatant of strain F4-9 712:749 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 10 31 theme new 1473:1475 arg1 mechanism 1490:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism 1471:1498 a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins 1471:1511 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 10 32 theme enterocin 1444:1452 arg1 F4-9 1454:1457 enterocin F4-9 1444:1457 enterocin F4-9 1444:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 7 33 theme antimicrobial 1059:1071 arg1 activity 1073:1080 advanced antimicrobial activity 1050:1080 advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 1050:1129 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 4 34 theme E. 551:552 arg1 strain 543:548 the wild strain 534:548 the wild strain 534:548 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 4 34 theme E. 551:552 arg1 F4-9 563:566 E. faecalis F4-9 551:566 E. faecalis F4-9 551:566 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 5 35 dep E. 792:793 arg1 faecalis 795:802 faecalis 795:802 faecalis 795:802 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 9 36 theme grant 1288:1292 arg1 self-immunity 1294:1306 grant self-immunity 1288:1306 grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9 1288:1347 In addition, enfI was found to grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9. 34835402 0 37 theme Biosynthetic 24:35 arg1 Cluster 42:48 the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster 20:48 the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9 20:66 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 10 38 theme gene 1405:1408 arg1 set 1410:1412 the minimal gene set 1393:1412 the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9 1393:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 2 39 theme F4-9 312:315 arg1 cluster 291:297 the biosynthetic gene cluster 269:297 the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 269:315 In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. 34835402 3 40 theme genes 468:472 arg1 expression 445:454 expression 445:454 expression of the five genes 445:472 Production of glycocin by the JH2-2 expression strain was confirmed by expression of the five genes. 34835402 3 41 theme glycocin 388:395 arg1 Production 374:383 Production 374:383 Production of glycocin by the JH2-2 expression strain 374:426 Production of glycocin by the JH2-2 expression strain was confirmed by expression of the five genes. 34835402 6 42 theme extracellular 952:964 arg1 proteases 966:974 extracellular proteases 952:974 extracellular proteases 952:974 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34835402 7 43 theme Gram-positive 1090:1102 arg1 bacteria 1122:1129 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 1090:1129 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 1090:1129 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 2 44 theme enterocin 302:310 arg1 F4-9 312:315 enterocin F4-9 302:315 enterocin F4-9 302:315 In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. 34835402 4 45 from sequence 622:629 arg1 acids 589:593 eight amino acids 577:593 eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence 577:629 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 1 46 theme β-O-linked 223:232 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 203:221 N-acetylglucosamine 203:221 N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46 203:251 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 0 47 theme Cluster 42:48 arg1 Characterization 0:15 Characterization 0:15 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9 0:66 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 0 47 theme Cluster 42:48 arg1 Bacteriocin 84:94 a Glycosylated Bacteriocin 69:94 a Glycosylated Bacteriocin 69:94 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 5 48 theme culture 716:722 arg1 supernatant 724:734 the culture supernatant 712:734 the culture supernatant of strain F4-9 712:749 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 0 49 theme Gene 37:40 arg1 Cluster 42:48 the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster 20:48 the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9 20:66 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 5 50 theme E. 792:793 arg1 F4-9 804:807 E. faecalis F4-9 792:807 E. faecalis F4-9 792:807 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 5 51 theme N-terminal 821:830 arg1 sequence 832:839 the N-terminal sequence 817:839 the N-terminal sequence 817:839 This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. 34835402 3 52 theme JH2-2 404:408 arg1 strain 421:426 the JH2-2 expression strain 400:426 the JH2-2 expression strain 400:426 Production of glycocin by the JH2-2 expression strain was confirmed by expression of the five genes. 34835402 0 53 theme F4-9 63:66 arg1 Cluster 42:48 the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster 20:48 the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9 20:66 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 4 54 dep E. 551:552 arg1 faecalis 554:561 faecalis 554:561 faecalis 554:561 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 2 55 theme Enterococcus 345:356 arg1 JH2-2 367:371 Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 345:371 Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 345:371 In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. 34835402 3 56 theme expression 410:419 arg1 strain 421:426 the JH2-2 expression strain 400:426 the JH2-2 expression strain 400:426 Production of glycocin by the JH2-2 expression strain was confirmed by expression of the five genes. 34835402 7 57 theme advanced 1050:1057 arg1 activity 1073:1080 advanced antimicrobial activity 1050:1080 advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 1050:1129 Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34835402 6 58 theme leader 848:853 arg1 sequences 855:863 leader sequences 848:863 leader sequences cleavage 848:872 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34835402 4 59 theme wild 538:541 arg1 strain 543:548 the wild strain 534:548 the wild strain 534:548 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 4 59 theme wild 538:541 arg1 F4-9 563:566 E. faecalis F4-9 551:566 E. faecalis F4-9 551:566 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 10 60 theme F4-9 1454:1457 arg1 production 1430:1439 production 1430:1439 production of enterocin F4-9 1430:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 1 61 theme Enterocin 97:105 arg1 F4-9 107:110 Enterocin F4-9 97:110 Enterocin F4-9 97:110 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 10 62 theme minimal 1397:1403 arg1 set 1410:1412 the minimal gene set 1393:1412 the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9 1393:1457 This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins. 34835402 1 63 theme glycocin 127:134 arg1 family 136:141 the glycocin family 123:141 the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46 123:251 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 8 64 theme peptide 1248:1254 arg1 cleavage 1225:1232 cleavage 1225:1232 cleavage 1225:1232 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 8 64 theme peptide 1248:1254 arg1 secretion 1211:1219 secretion 1211:1219 secretion 1211:1219 Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. 34835402 6 65 dep steps 887:891 arg1 first 898:902 first 898:902 first 898:902 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34835402 6 65 dep steps 887:891 arg1 second 941:946 second 941:946 second 941:946 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34835402 1 66 theme N-acetylglucosamine 203:221 arg1 molecules 190:198 two molecules 186:198 two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46 186:251 Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. 34835402 4 67 theme N-terminal 604:613 arg1 sequence 622:629 the N-terminal leader sequence 600:629 the N-terminal leader sequence 600:629 The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. 34835402 0 68 theme Enterocin 53:61 arg1 F4-9 63:66 Enterocin F4-9 53:66 Enterocin F4-9 53:66 Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin. 34835402 6 69 theme protease 917:924 arg1 domain 926:931 the EnfT protease domain 908:931 the EnfT protease domain 908:931 Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. 34161081 3 0 theme O-GlcNAcylated 323:336 arg1 proteome 338:345 the O-GlcNAcylated proteome 319:345 the O-GlcNAcylated proteome 319:345 However, the O-GlcNAcylated proteome has not been extensively profiled during cell cycle progression. 34161081 6 1 theme cell 890:893 arg1 division 895:902 cell division 890:902 cell division 890:902 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 5 2 theme HeLa 560:563 arg1 cells 565:569 HeLa cells 560:569 HeLa cells 560:569 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 8 3 theme O-GlcNAc 1122:1129 arg1 roles 1113:1117 the functional roles 1098:1117 the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle 1098:1157 Our results provide a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle. 34161081 0 4 theme Cell 90:93 arg1 Cycle 95:99 the Cell Cycle 86:99 the Cell Cycle 86:99 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 4 5 theme chemoproteomic 532:545 arg1 strategy 547:554 an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy 520:554 an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy 520:554 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 6 6 theme important 829:837 arg1 regulators 839:848 important regulators 829:848 important regulators 829:848 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 4 7 theme O-GlcNAcylation 466:480 arg1 sites 482:486 protein O-GlcNAcylation sites 458:486 protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation 458:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 4 8 theme O-GlcNAc 523:530 arg1 strategy 547:554 an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy 520:554 an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy 520:554 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 8 9 from roles 1113:1117 arg1 cycle 1153:1157 the mammalian cell cycle 1134:1157 the mammalian cell cycle 1134:1157 Our results provide a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle. 34161081 5 10 theme early 715:719 arg1 mitosis 721:727 early mitosis 715:727 early mitosis 715:727 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 6 11 theme O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 arg1 events 800:805 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events 769:805 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events 769:805 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 2 12 theme cycle 292:296 arg1 regulators 298:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 8 13 theme mammalian 1138:1146 arg1 cycle 1153:1157 the mammalian cell cycle 1134:1157 the mammalian cell cycle 1134:1157 Our results provide a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle. 34161081 4 14 theme cell 491:494 arg1 proliferation 496:508 cell proliferation 491:508 cell proliferation 491:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 5 15 theme O-GlcNAcylation 617:631 arg1 sites 633:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites 583:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins 583:679 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 5 16 theme high-confidence 601:615 arg1 sites 633:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites 583:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins 583:679 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 2 17 theme cell 287:290 arg1 regulators 298:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 5 18 theme sites 633:637 arg1 total 574:578 a total 572:578 a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins 572:679 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 2 19 theme important 277:285 arg1 regulators 298:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 7 20 gly O-GlcNAcylation 959:973 arg1 manner 1032:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 Furthermore, we show that O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated in a cell cycle stage-dependent manner. 34161081 0 21 from Profiling 46:54 arg1 Cycle 95:99 the Cell Cycle 86:99 the Cell Cycle 86:99 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 4 22 from proliferation 496:508 arg1 profiling 445:453 a quantitative profiling 430:453 a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation 430:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 5 23 theme 902 583:585 arg1 sites 633:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites 583:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins 583:679 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 7 24 theme cell 1005:1008 arg1 manner 1032:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 Furthermore, we show that O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated in a cell cycle stage-dependent manner. 34161081 2 25 link O-linked 187:194 arg1 modification 229:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 0 26 theme Quantitative 0:11 arg1 Profiling 46:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling 0:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 0:100 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 8 27 theme valuable 1062:1069 arg1 resource 1071:1078 a valuable resource 1060:1078 a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle 1060:1157 Our results provide a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle. 34161081 1 28 theme Mammalian 102:110 arg1 process 136:142 a central process 126:142 a central process for tissue growth and maintenance 126:176 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 1 28 theme Mammalian 102:110 arg1 cycle 117:121 Mammalian cell cycle 102:121 Mammalian cell cycle 102:121 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 4 29 theme protein 458:464 arg1 sites 482:486 protein O-GlcNAcylation sites 458:486 protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation 458:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 3 30 theme cell 388:391 arg1 progression 399:409 cell cycle progression 388:409 cell cycle progression 388:409 However, the O-GlcNAcylated proteome has not been extensively profiled during cell cycle progression. 34161081 6 31 theme death 926:930 arg1 processes 877:885 the processes 873:885 the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death 873:930 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 5 32 theme 439 588:590 arg1 sites 633:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites 583:637 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins 583:679 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 1 33 theme cell 112:115 arg1 process 136:142 a central process 126:142 a central process for tissue growth and maintenance 126:176 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 1 33 theme cell 112:115 arg1 cycle 117:121 Mammalian cell cycle 102:121 Mammalian cell cycle 102:121 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 3 34 theme cycle 393:397 arg1 progression 399:409 cell cycle progression 388:409 cell cycle progression 388:409 However, the O-GlcNAcylated proteome has not been extensively profiled during cell cycle progression. 34161081 6 35 theme cell 921:924 arg1 death 926:930 cell death 921:930 cell death 921:930 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 4 36 from sites 482:486 arg1 proliferation 496:508 cell proliferation 491:508 cell proliferation 491:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 2 37 theme O-linked 187:194 arg1 modification 229:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 7 38 theme cycle 1010:1014 arg1 manner 1032:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 Furthermore, we show that O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated in a cell cycle stage-dependent manner. 34161081 2 39 theme Protein 179:185 arg1 modification 229:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 7 40 theme stage-dependent 1016:1030 arg1 manner 1032:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 a cell cycle stage-dependent manner 1003:1037 Furthermore, we show that O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated in a cell cycle stage-dependent manner. 34161081 6 41 theme regulators 839:848 arg1 variety 818:824 a variety 816:824 a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death 816:930 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 6 41 theme regulators 839:848 arg1 regulators 839:848 important regulators 829:848 important regulators 829:848 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 0 42 theme Chemoproteomic 31:44 arg1 Profiling 46:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling 0:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 0:100 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 0 43 theme O-GlcNAcylation 67:81 arg1 Profiling 46:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling 0:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 0:100 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 6 44 theme repair 909:914 arg1 processes 877:885 the processes 873:885 the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death 873:930 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 4 45 theme sites 482:486 arg1 profiling 445:453 a quantitative profiling 430:453 a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation 430:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 0 46 theme Protein 59:65 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 67:81 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 59:81 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 59:81 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 6 47 theme DNA 905:907 arg1 repair 909:914 DNA repair 905:914 DNA repair 905:914 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 4 48 from profiling 445:453 arg1 proliferation 496:508 cell proliferation 491:508 cell proliferation 491:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 4 49 theme quantitative 432:443 arg1 profiling 445:453 a quantitative profiling 430:453 a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation 430:508 Herein, we report a quantitative profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation sites in cell proliferation, by using an O-GlcNAc chemoproteomic strategy. 34161081 2 50 theme O-GlcNAc 219:226 arg1 modification 229:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 2 51 theme several 269:275 arg1 regulators 298:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 several important cell cycle regulators 269:307 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 1 52 theme central 128:134 arg1 process 136:142 a central process 126:142 a central process for tissue growth and maintenance 126:176 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 1 52 theme central 128:134 arg1 cycle 117:121 Mammalian cell cycle 102:121 Mammalian cell cycle 102:121 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 8 53 theme cell 1148:1151 arg1 cycle 1153:1157 the mammalian cell cycle 1134:1157 the mammalian cell cycle 1134:1157 Our results provide a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle. 34161081 6 54 theme identified 773:782 arg1 events 800:805 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events 769:805 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events 769:805 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 8 55 theme functional 1102:1111 arg1 roles 1113:1117 the functional roles 1098:1117 the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle 1098:1157 Our results provide a valuable resource for investigating the functional roles of O-GlcNAc in the mammalian cell cycle. 34161081 2 56 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 196:216 arg1 modification 229:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 179:240 Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has been found to occur on several important cell cycle regulators. 34161081 5 57 theme mitotic 734:740 arg1 exit 742:745 mitotic exit 734:745 mitotic exit 734:745 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34161081 6 58 theme division 895:902 arg1 processes 877:885 the processes 873:885 the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death 873:930 The identified O-GlcNAcylation events occur on a variety of important regulators, which are involved in the processes of cell division, DNA repair, and cell death. 34161081 0 59 theme Site-Specific 17:29 arg1 Profiling 46:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling 0:54 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 0:100 Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in the Cell Cycle. 34161081 1 60 theme tissue 148:153 arg1 growth 155:160 tissue growth 148:160 tissue growth 148:160 Mammalian cell cycle is a central process for tissue growth and maintenance. 34161081 5 61 dep interphase 703:712 arg1 stages 747:752 stages 747:752 stages 747:752 In HeLa cells, a total of 902, 439, and 872 high-confidence O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 414, 265, and 425 proteins are identified in the interphase, early mitosis, and mitotic exit stages, respectively. 34094461 6 0 theme click-flipped 1003:1015 arg1 I2S 1036:1038 our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S 999:1038 our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns 999:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 4 1 theme I2S 856:858 arg1 activity 844:851 the activity 840:851 the activity of I2S 840:858 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 1 2 theme click 146:150 arg1 modification 152:163 click modification 146:163 click modification of iduronyl azides 146:182 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 0 3 theme screening 74:82 arg1 performance 44:54 the performance 40:54 the performance of the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome 40:102 A click-flipped enzyme substrate boosts the performance of the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 4 theme superior 304:311 arg1 substrates 320:329 superior enzyme substrates 304:329 superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 304:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 5 theme lysosomal 393:401 arg1 iduronate-2-sulfatase 362:382 iduronate-2-sulfatase 362:382 iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S) 362:388 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 5 theme lysosomal 393:401 arg1 enzyme 403:408 a lysosomal enzyme 391:408 a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 391:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 5 6 theme long 874:877 arg1 times 888:892 the long reaction times 870:892 the long reaction times required for clinical assays 870:921 Thus, in the long reaction times required for clinical assays, the triazole substrate substantially outperforms the O-iduronate. 34094461 6 7 dep I2S 1036:1038 arg1 to 1027:1028 to 1027:1028 to 1027:1028 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 2 8 theme metabolic 497:505 arg1 disorders 507:515 metabolic disorders 497:515 metabolic disorders to enable early initiation of therapy 497:553 Synthetic substrates are essential in testing newborns for metabolic disorders to enable early initiation of therapy. 34094461 1 9 theme enzyme 313:318 arg1 substrates 320:329 superior enzyme substrates 304:329 superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 304:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 6 10 theme carbohydrates 1291:1303 arg1 function 1279:1286 the biomolecular function 1262:1286 the biomolecular function of carbohydrates 1262:1303 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 6 11 theme click-flip 1231:1240 arg1 strategy 1242:1249 the click-flip strategy 1227:1249 the click-flip strategy 1227:1249 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 4 12 dep both 687:690 arg1 O- 692:693 O- 692:693 O- 692:693 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 0 13 theme Hunter 88:93 arg1 syndrome 95:102 Hunter syndrome 88:102 Hunter syndrome 88:102 A click-flipped enzyme substrate boosts the performance of the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 14 theme substrates 320:329 arg1 design 294:299 the design 290:299 the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 290:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 15 theme related 410:416 arg1 iduronate-2-sulfatase 362:382 iduronate-2-sulfatase 362:382 iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S) 362:388 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 15 theme related 410:416 arg1 enzyme 403:408 a lysosomal enzyme 391:408 a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 391:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 4 16 link O-linked 814:821 arg1 product 823:829 only the O-linked product 805:829 only the O-linked product 805:829 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 6 17 theme biomolecular 1266:1277 arg1 function 1279:1286 the biomolecular function 1262:1286 the biomolecular function of carbohydrates 1262:1303 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 1 18 theme Hunter 421:426 arg1 syndrome 428:435 Hunter syndrome 421:435 Hunter syndrome 421:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 5 19 theme clinical 907:914 arg1 assays 916:921 clinical assays 907:921 clinical assays 907:921 Thus, in the long reaction times required for clinical assays, the triazole substrate substantially outperforms the O-iduronate. 34094461 1 20 theme iduronyl 168:175 arg1 azides 177:182 iduronyl azides 168:182 iduronyl azides 168:182 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 0 21 theme click-flipped 2:14 arg1 substrate 23:31 A click-flipped enzyme substrate 0:31 A click-flipped enzyme substrate 0:31 A click-flipped enzyme substrate boosts the performance of the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome. 34094461 4 22 dep substrates 715:724 arg1 both 687:690 both 687:690 both 687:690 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 4 22 dep substrates 715:724 arg1 triazole-linked 699:713 triazole-linked 699:713 triazole-linked 699:713 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 1 23 theme azides 177:182 arg1 modification 152:163 click modification 146:163 click modification of iduronyl azides 146:182 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 3 24 with performance 619:629 arg1 I2S 636:638 I2S 636:638 I2S 636:638 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole showed a remarkably better performance with I2S than commonly used O-iduronates. 34094461 6 25 theme blood 1049:1053 arg1 spots 1055:1059 dried blood spots 1043:1059 dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns 1043:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 2 26 theme early 527:531 arg1 initiation 533:542 early initiation 527:542 early initiation of therapy 527:553 Synthetic substrates are essential in testing newborns for metabolic disorders to enable early initiation of therapy. 34094461 5 27 theme triazole 928:935 arg1 substrate 937:945 the triazole substrate 924:945 the triazole substrate 924:945 Thus, in the long reaction times required for clinical assays, the triazole substrate substantially outperforms the O-iduronate. 34094461 0 28 theme enzyme 16:21 arg1 substrate 23:31 A click-flipped enzyme substrate 0:31 A click-flipped enzyme substrate 0:31 A click-flipped enzyme substrate boosts the performance of the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome. 34094461 6 29 theme affected 1074:1081 arg1 patients 1083:1090 affected patients 1074:1090 affected patients 1074:1090 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 2 30 theme Synthetic 438:446 arg1 substrates 448:457 Synthetic substrates 438:457 Synthetic substrates 438:457 Synthetic substrates are essential in testing newborns for metabolic disorders to enable early initiation of therapy. 34094461 3 31 theme iduronyl 574:581 arg1 triazole 583:590 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole 556:590 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole 556:590 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole showed a remarkably better performance with I2S than commonly used O-iduronates. 34094461 1 32 theme conformational 197:210 arg1 flip 212:215 a conformational flip 195:215 a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 195:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 33 theme new 273:275 arg1 strategy 277:284 a new strategy 271:284 a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 271:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 34 theme iduronate-2-sulfatase 362:382 arg1 diagnostic 339:348 diagnostic 339:348 diagnostic 339:348 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 6 35 theme strategy 1242:1249 arg1 potential 1214:1222 the potential 1210:1222 the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates 1210:1303 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 6 36 theme assay 1030:1034 arg1 I2S 1036:1038 our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S 999:1038 our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns 999:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 1 37 theme strategy 277:284 arg1 development 256:266 the development 252:266 the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 252:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 4 38 theme O-linked 814:821 arg1 product 823:829 only the O-linked product 805:829 only the O-linked product 805:829 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 5 39 theme reaction 879:886 arg1 times 888:892 the long reaction times 870:892 the long reaction times required for clinical assays 870:921 Thus, in the long reaction times required for clinical assays, the triazole substrate substantially outperforms the O-iduronate. 34094461 2 40 theme therapy 547:553 arg1 initiation 533:542 early initiation 527:542 early initiation of therapy 527:553 Synthetic substrates are essential in testing newborns for metabolic disorders to enable early initiation of therapy. 34094461 3 41 theme click-flipped 560:572 arg1 triazole 583:590 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole 556:590 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole 556:590 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole showed a remarkably better performance with I2S than commonly used O-iduronates. 34094461 6 42 from I2S 1036:1038 arg1 spots 1055:1059 dried blood spots 1043:1059 dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns 1043:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 4 43 theme different 776:784 arg1 conformations 786:798 their different conformations 770:798 their different conformations 770:798 We found that both O- and triazole-linked substrates are accepted by the enzyme, irrespective of their different conformations, but only the O-linked product inhibits the activity of I2S. 34094461 3 44 theme better 612:617 arg1 performance 619:629 a remarkably better performance 599:629 a remarkably better performance with I2S than commonly used O-iduronates 599:670 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole showed a remarkably better performance with I2S than commonly used O-iduronates. 34094461 1 45 theme unexpected 122:131 arg1 finding 133:139 the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 118:435 the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 118:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 6 46 theme substrate 1017:1025 arg1 I2S 1036:1038 our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S 999:1038 our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns 999:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 0 47 theme diagnostic 63:72 arg1 screening 74:82 the diagnostic screening 59:82 the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome 59:102 A click-flipped enzyme substrate boosts the performance of the diagnostic screening for Hunter syndrome. 34094461 3 48 theme used 654:657 arg1 O-iduronates 659:670 commonly used O-iduronates 645:670 commonly used O-iduronates 645:670 Our click-flipped iduronyl triazole showed a remarkably better performance with I2S than commonly used O-iduronates. 34094461 2 49 dep disorders 507:515 arg1 enable 520:525 enable 520:525 to enable early initiation of therapy 517:553 Synthetic substrates are essential in testing newborns for metabolic disorders to enable early initiation of therapy. 34094461 6 50 theme dried 1043:1047 arg1 spots 1055:1059 dried blood spots 1043:1059 dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns 1043:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 6 51 theme random 1096:1101 arg1 newborns 1103:1110 random newborns 1096:1110 random newborns 1096:1110 Applying our click-flipped substrate to assay I2S in dried blood spots sampled from affected patients and random newborns significantly increased the confidence in discriminating between these groups, clearly indicating the potential of the click-flip strategy to control the biomolecular function of carbohydrates. 34094461 1 52 theme pyranose 224:231 arg1 ring 233:236 the pyranose ring 220:236 the pyranose ring 220:236 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 34094461 1 53 theme ring 233:236 arg1 flip 212:215 a conformational flip 195:215 a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome 195:435 We report on the unexpected finding that click modification of iduronyl azides results in a conformational flip of the pyranose ring, which led to the development of a new strategy for the design of superior enzyme substrates for the diagnostic assaying of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), a lysosomal enzyme related to Hunter syndrome. 33545445 1 0 with interactions 234:245 arg1 proteins 267:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 0 with interactions 234:245 arg1 states 295:300 potential disease states 277:300 potential disease states 277:300 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 0 with interactions 234:245 arg1 level 313:317 level 313:317 level of differentiation 313:336 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 1 theme binding 259:265 arg1 proteins 267:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 0 2 theme direct 80:85 arg1 detection 87:95 direct detection 80:95 direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans 80:144 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 5 3 theme surface 1096:1102 arg1 glycans 1104:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 0 4 theme terminal 100:107 arg1 galactose 109:117 terminal galactose 100:117 terminal galactose 100:117 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 6 5 theme N-glycan 1258:1265 arg1 type 1250:1253 the type 1246:1253 the type of N-glycan and target protein 1246:1284 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 4 6 theme tag 769:771 arg1 glycans 782:788 tag specific glycans 769:788 tag specific glycans 769:788 Using sialyltransferases to tag specific glycans provides a rapid means of determining what types of glycans are present. 33545445 3 7 theme key 558:560 arg1 acid 534:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid 496:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) 496:551 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 7 theme key 558:560 arg1 player 562:567 a key player 556:567 a key player in these interactions 556:589 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 1 8 theme potential 277:285 arg1 states 295:300 potential disease states 277:300 potential disease states 277:300 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 2 9 from application 458:468 arg1 glycobiology 482:493 chemical glycobiology 473:493 chemical glycobiology 473:493 The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect or tag specific glycans on proteins provides a diagnostic tool with wide application in chemical glycobiology. 33545445 1 10 from Glycans 147:153 arg1 surfaces 176:183 cell surfaces 171:183 cell surfaces 171:183 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 10 from Glycans 147:153 arg1 proteins 158:165 proteins 158:165 proteins 158:165 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 4 11 theme rapid 801:805 arg1 means 807:811 a rapid means 799:811 a rapid means of determining what types of glycans are present 799:860 Using sialyltransferases to tag specific glycans provides a rapid means of determining what types of glycans are present. 33545445 0 12 link O-linked 129:136 arg1 glycans 138:144 O-linked glycans 129:144 O-linked glycans 129:144 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 0 13 theme galactose 109:117 arg1 detection 87:95 direct detection 80:95 direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans 80:144 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 3 14 theme therapeutic 719:729 arg1 proteins 731:738 therapeutic proteins 719:738 therapeutic proteins 719:738 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 5 15 theme several 1015:1021 arg1 sialyltransferases 1033:1050 several different sialyltransferases 1015:1050 several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans 1015:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 1 16 theme cell 171:174 arg1 surfaces 176:183 cell surfaces 171:183 cell surfaces 171:183 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 2 17 theme wide 453:456 arg1 application 458:468 wide application 453:468 wide application in chemical glycobiology 453:493 The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect or tag specific glycans on proteins provides a diagnostic tool with wide application in chemical glycobiology. 33545445 3 18 theme proteins 731:738 arg1 development 704:714 the development 700:714 the development of therapeutic proteins 700:738 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 5 19 from sialyltransferases 1033:1050 arg1 glycans 1104:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 19 from sialyltransferases 1033:1050 arg1 variety 1057:1063 a variety 1055:1063 a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans 1055:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 19 from sialyltransferases 1033:1050 arg1 substrates 1076:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 3 20 dep manipulation 599:610 arg1 the 595:597 the 595:597 the 595:597 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 1 21 theme disease 287:293 arg1 states 295:300 potential disease states 277:300 potential disease states 277:300 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 6 22 theme protein 1278:1284 arg1 type 1250:1253 the type 1246:1253 the type of N-glycan and target protein 1246:1284 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 0 23 theme labelled 22:29 arg1 acids 38:42 BODIPY labelled sialic acids 15:42 BODIPY labelled sialic acids 15:42 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 5 24 theme fluorophore 924:934 arg1 BODIPY 936:941 the fluorophore BODIPY 920:941 the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) 920:987 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 24 theme fluorophore 924:934 arg1 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 948:986 4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 944:986 4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 944:986 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 4 25 theme specific 773:780 arg1 glycans 782:788 tag specific glycans 769:788 tag specific glycans 769:788 Using sialyltransferases to tag specific glycans provides a rapid means of determining what types of glycans are present. 33545445 1 26 theme useful 189:194 arg1 biomarkers 196:205 useful biomarkers 189:205 useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation 189:336 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 26 theme useful 189:194 arg1 Glycans 147:153 Glycans 147:153 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces 147:183 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 0 27 theme BODIPY 15:20 arg1 acids 38:42 BODIPY labelled sialic acids 15:42 BODIPY labelled sialic acids 15:42 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 6 28 theme sialic 1223:1228 arg1 acids 1230:1234 the labelled sialic acids 1210:1234 the labelled sialic acids 1210:1234 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 0 29 from detection 87:95 arg1 N- 122:123 N- 122:123 N- 122:123 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 0 29 from detection 87:95 arg1 glycans 138:144 O-linked glycans 129:144 O-linked glycans 129:144 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 2 30 theme chemical 473:480 arg1 glycobiology 482:493 chemical glycobiology 473:493 chemical glycobiology 473:493 The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect or tag specific glycans on proteins provides a diagnostic tool with wide application in chemical glycobiology. 33545445 5 31 theme sialic 899:904 arg1 acid 906:909 sialic acid 899:909 sialic acid 899:909 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 0 32 theme acids 38:42 arg1 Development 0:10 Development 0:10 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 0:145 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 6 33 theme various 1174:1180 arg1 enzymes 1182:1188 various enzymes 1174:1188 various enzymes 1174:1188 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 3 34 theme important 658:666 arg1 manipulation 599:610 manipulation 599:610 manipulation 599:610 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 34 theme important 658:666 arg1 focus 677:681 an important research focus 655:681 an important research focus 655:681 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 34 theme important 658:666 arg1 control 616:622 control 616:622 control 616:622 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 6 35 theme target 1271:1276 arg1 protein 1278:1284 target protein 1271:1284 target protein 1271:1284 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 0 36 theme sialic 31:36 arg1 acids 38:42 BODIPY labelled sialic acids 15:42 BODIPY labelled sialic acids 15:42 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 0 37 theme O-linked 129:136 arg1 glycans 138:144 O-linked glycans 129:144 O-linked glycans 129:144 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 5 38 theme different 1023:1031 arg1 sialyltransferases 1033:1050 several different sialyltransferases 1015:1050 several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans 1015:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 2 39 from tag 388:390 arg1 proteins 412:419 proteins 412:419 proteins 412:419 The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect or tag specific glycans on proteins provides a diagnostic tool with wide application in chemical glycobiology. 33545445 0 40 theme sialyltransferase 47:63 arg1 substrates 65:74 sialyltransferase substrates 47:74 sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans 47:144 Development of BODIPY labelled sialic acids as sialyltransferase substrates for direct detection of terminal galactose on N- and O-linked glycans. 33545445 5 41 theme protein 1068:1074 arg1 substrates 1076:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 6 42 theme significant 1142:1152 arg1 differences 1154:1164 significant differences 1142:1164 significant differences between various enzymes 1142:1188 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 3 43 theme monosaccharide 500:513 arg1 player 562:567 a key player 556:567 a key player in these interactions 556:589 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 43 theme monosaccharide 500:513 arg1 acid 534:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid 496:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) 496:551 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 43 theme monosaccharide 500:513 arg1 acid 547:550 sialic acid 540:550 sialic acid 540:550 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 5 44 with use 1006:1008 arg1 sialyltransferases 1033:1050 several different sialyltransferases 1015:1050 several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans 1015:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 45 theme substrates 1076:1085 arg1 glycans 1104:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 45 theme substrates 1076:1085 arg1 variety 1057:1063 a variety 1055:1063 a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans 1055:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 45 theme substrates 1076:1085 arg1 substrates 1076:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 4 46 theme glycans 842:848 arg1 types 833:837 types 833:837 types of glycans 833:848 Using sialyltransferases to tag specific glycans provides a rapid means of determining what types of glycans are present. 33545445 3 47 theme N-acetylneuraminic 515:532 arg1 player 562:567 a key player 556:567 a key player in these interactions 556:589 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 47 theme N-acetylneuraminic 515:532 arg1 acid 534:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid 496:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) 496:551 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 47 theme N-acetylneuraminic 515:532 arg1 acid 547:550 sialic acid 540:550 sialic acid 540:550 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 48 from player 562:567 arg1 development 704:714 the development 700:714 the development of therapeutic proteins 700:738 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 48 from player 562:567 arg1 interactions 578:589 these interactions 572:589 these interactions 572:589 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 1 49 theme differentiation 322:336 arg1 proteins 267:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 49 theme differentiation 322:336 arg1 states 295:300 potential disease states 277:300 potential disease states 277:300 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 1 49 theme differentiation 322:336 arg1 level 313:317 level 313:317 level of differentiation 313:336 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 5 50 theme cell 1091:1094 arg1 glycans 1104:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 3 51 theme sialylation 627:637 arg1 levels 639:644 sialylation levels 627:644 sialylation levels 627:644 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 1 52 theme functional 223:232 arg1 interactions 234:245 functional interactions 223:245 functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation 223:336 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 33545445 6 53 theme labelled 1214:1221 arg1 acids 1230:1234 the labelled sialic acids 1210:1234 the labelled sialic acids 1210:1234 Our data show that there are significant differences between various enzymes ability to transfer the labelled sialic acids, and that the type of N-glycan and target protein strongly influences this activity. 33545445 3 54 theme research 668:675 arg1 manipulation 599:610 manipulation 599:610 manipulation 599:610 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 54 theme research 668:675 arg1 focus 677:681 an important research focus 655:681 an important research focus 655:681 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 54 theme research 668:675 arg1 control 616:622 control 616:622 control 616:622 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 55 theme levels 639:644 arg1 manipulation 599:610 manipulation 599:610 manipulation 599:610 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 55 theme levels 639:644 arg1 focus 677:681 an important research focus 655:681 an important research focus 655:681 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 55 theme levels 639:644 arg1 control 616:622 control 616:622 control 616:622 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 5 56 theme 4,4 944:946 arg1 BODIPY 936:941 the fluorophore BODIPY 920:941 the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) 920:987 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 56 theme 4,4 944:946 arg1 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 948:986 4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 944:986 4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 944:986 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 57 theme glycans 1104:1110 arg1 glycans 1104:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 cell surface glycans 1091:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 57 theme glycans 1104:1110 arg1 variety 1057:1063 a variety 1055:1063 a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans 1055:1110 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 57 theme glycans 1104:1110 arg1 substrates 1076:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 protein substrates 1068:1085 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 58 contain carrying 911:918 arg2 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 948:986 4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 944:986 4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 944:986 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 58 contain carrying 911:918 arg2 BODIPY 936:941 the fluorophore BODIPY 920:941 the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) 920:987 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 5 58 contain carrying 911:918 arg1 variants 887:894 two variants 883:894 two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) 883:987 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 3 59 theme sialic 540:545 arg1 acid 534:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid 496:537 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) 496:551 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 59 theme sialic 540:545 arg1 acid 547:550 sialic acid 540:550 sialic acid 540:550 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 2 60 theme specific 392:399 arg1 glycans 401:407 specific glycans 392:407 specific glycans 392:407 The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect or tag specific glycans on proteins provides a diagnostic tool with wide application in chemical glycobiology. 33545445 3 61 from focus 677:681 arg1 development 704:714 the development 700:714 the development of therapeutic proteins 700:738 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 3 61 from focus 677:681 arg1 interactions 578:589 these interactions 572:589 these interactions 572:589 The monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a key player in these interactions and the manipulation and control of sialylation levels has been an important research focus, particularly in the development of therapeutic proteins. 33545445 2 62 theme diagnostic 432:441 arg1 tool 443:446 a diagnostic tool 430:446 a diagnostic tool 430:446 The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect or tag specific glycans on proteins provides a diagnostic tool with wide application in chemical glycobiology. 33545445 5 63 theme acid 906:909 arg1 variants 887:894 two variants 883:894 two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) 883:987 We have synthesized two variants of sialic acid carrying the fluorophore BODIPY (4,4 -Difluoro-4-boro-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) and examined its use with several different sialyltransferases on a variety of protein substrates and cell surface glycans. 33545445 1 64 theme glycan 252:257 arg1 proteins 267:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 glycan binding proteins 252:274 Glycans on proteins and cell surfaces are useful biomarkers for determining functional interactions with glycan binding proteins, potential disease states, or indeed level of differentiation. 32801002 0 0 theme O-GlcNAc 91:98 arg1 OGT 113:115 OGT 113:115 OGT 113:115 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 0 0 theme O-GlcNAc 91:98 arg1 transferase 100:110 O-GlcNAc transferase 91:110 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 91:116 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 5 1 from perspectives 824:835 arg1 synthesis 855:863 synthesis 855:863 synthesis 855:863 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 5 1 from perspectives 824:835 arg1 design 844:849 design 844:849 design 844:849 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 2 2 theme metabolic 377:385 arg1 diseases 387:394 metabolic diseases 377:394 metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes 377:417 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT have been linked to metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes. 32801002 1 3 theme cellular 274:281 arg1 signaling 283:291 cellular signaling 274:291 cellular signaling 274:291 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 2 4 theme Aberrant 321:328 arg1 levels 330:335 Aberrant levels 321:335 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 321:355 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT have been linked to metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes. 32801002 4 5 theme binding 677:683 arg1 site 685:688 the OGT binding site 669:688 the OGT binding site 669:688 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site provided insight into the behavior by which these compounds interact with the enzyme. 32801002 1 6 dep enzyme 129:134 arg1 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 1 6 dep enzyme 129:134 arg1 transferase 167:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 136:177 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 119:183 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 3 7 located found 591:595 arg1 literature 604:613 the literature 600:613 the literature 600:613 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 3 7 located found 591:595 arg2 inhibitors 580:589 the most potent inhibitors 564:589 the most potent inhibitors found in the literature 564:613 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 3 8 theme compound 504:511 arg1 330 519:521 the compound LQMed 330 500:521 the compound LQMed 330 500:521 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 2 9 attach linked 367:372 arg1 diseases 387:394 metabolic diseases 377:394 metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes 377:417 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT have been linked to metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes. 32801002 2 9 attach linked 367:372 arg2 levels 330:335 Aberrant levels 321:335 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 321:355 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT have been linked to metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes. 32801002 5 10 theme specific 875:882 arg1 inhibitors 888:897 highly specific OGT inhibitors 868:897 highly specific OGT inhibitors 868:897 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 3 11 theme peptidomimetic 442:455 arg1 inhibitors 461:470 peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors 442:470 peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors 442:470 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 3 12 theme OGT 457:459 arg1 inhibitors 461:470 peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors 442:470 peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors 442:470 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 5 13 theme new 820:822 arg1 perspectives 824:835 new perspectives 820:835 new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors 820:897 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 3 14 theme better 540:545 arg1 IC50 547:550 better IC50 540:550 better IC50 540:550 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 5 15 theme OGT 884:886 arg1 inhibitors 888:897 highly specific OGT inhibitors 868:897 highly specific OGT inhibitors 868:897 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 0 16 theme Biological 0:9 arg1 evaluation 11:20 Biological evaluation 0:20 Biological evaluation 0:20 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 1 17 theme transcription 297:309 arg1 pathways 311:318 transcription pathways 297:318 transcription pathways 297:318 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 2 18 theme O-GlcNAc 340:347 arg1 levels 330:335 Aberrant levels 321:335 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 321:355 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT have been linked to metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes. 32801002 5 19 theme inhibitors 888:897 arg1 synthesis 855:863 synthesis 855:863 synthesis 855:863 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 5 19 theme inhibitors 888:897 arg1 design 844:849 design 844:849 design 844:849 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 0 20 theme molecular 26:34 arg1 modeling 36:43 molecular modeling 26:43 molecular modeling 26:43 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 4 21 theme inhibitors 653:662 arg1 modeling 626:633 Molecular modeling study 616:639 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site 616:688 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site provided insight into the behavior by which these compounds interact with the enzyme. 32801002 3 22 theme potent 573:578 arg1 inhibitors 580:589 the most potent inhibitors 564:589 the most potent inhibitors found in the literature 564:613 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 4 23 theme selected 644:651 arg1 inhibitors 653:662 selected inhibitors 644:662 selected inhibitors 644:662 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site provided insight into the behavior by which these compounds interact with the enzyme. 32801002 1 24 link O-linked 136:143 arg1 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 1 24 link O-linked 136:143 arg1 transferase 167:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 136:177 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 119:183 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 3 25 theme inhibitors 461:470 arg1 series 432:437 a new series 426:437 a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors 426:470 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 1 26 theme intracellular 218:230 arg1 proteins 232:239 intracellular proteins 218:239 intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways 218:318 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 3 27 theme new 428:430 arg1 series 432:437 a new series 426:437 a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors 426:470 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 1 28 theme proteins 232:239 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 199:213 the O-GlcNAcylation 195:213 the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways 195:318 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 0 29 theme compounds 63:71 arg1 evaluation 11:20 Biological evaluation 0:20 Biological evaluation 0:20 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 0 29 theme compounds 63:71 arg1 modeling 36:43 molecular modeling 26:43 molecular modeling 26:43 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 3 30 theme LQMed 513:517 arg1 330 519:521 the compound LQMed 330 500:521 the compound LQMed 330 500:521 Here, a new series of peptidomimetic OGT inhibitors was identified highlighting the compound LQMed 330, which presented better IC50 compared to the most potent inhibitors found in the literature. 32801002 0 31 theme peptidomimetic 48:61 arg1 compounds 63:71 peptidomimetic compounds 48:71 peptidomimetic compounds 48:71 Biological evaluation and molecular modeling of peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32801002 1 32 theme vital 123:127 arg1 enzyme 129:134 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 119:183 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 119:183 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 4 33 dep modeling 626:633 arg1 study 635:639 study 635:639 study 635:639 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site provided insight into the behavior by which these compounds interact with the enzyme. 32801002 1 34 dep proteins 232:239 arg1 coupling 241:248 coupling 241:248 coupling 241:248 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 2 35 theme OGT 353:355 arg1 levels 330:335 Aberrant levels 321:335 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 321:355 Aberrant levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT have been linked to metabolic diseases as cancer and diabetes. 32801002 4 36 theme Molecular 616:624 arg1 modeling 626:633 Molecular modeling study 616:639 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site 616:688 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site provided insight into the behavior by which these compounds interact with the enzyme. 32801002 5 37 dep design 844:849 arg1 the 840:842 the 840:842 the 840:842 The results obtained in this study provided new perspectives on the design and synthesis of highly specific OGT inhibitors. 32801002 1 38 theme O-linked 136:143 arg1 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 1 38 theme O-linked 136:143 arg1 transferase 167:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 136:177 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 119:183 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 4 39 theme OGT 673:675 arg1 site 685:688 the OGT binding site 669:688 the OGT binding site 669:688 Molecular modeling study of selected inhibitors into the OGT binding site provided insight into the behavior by which these compounds interact with the enzyme. 32801002 1 40 theme metabolic 254:262 arg1 status 264:269 the metabolic status 250:269 the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways 250:318 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 1 41 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 145:165 arg1 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 OGT 180:182 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32801002 1 41 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 145:165 arg1 transferase 167:177 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 136:177 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 119:183 The vital enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes the O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins coupling the metabolic status to cellular signaling and transcription pathways. 32280968 5 0 theme O-GlcNAc 837:844 arg1 inhibitor 885:893 a selective inhibitor 873:893 a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase 873:915 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 5 0 theme O-GlcNAc 837:844 arg1 transferase 846:856 O-GlcNAc transferase 837:856 O-GlcNAc transferase 837:856 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 4 1 theme ocular 738:743 arg1 epithelia 753:761 the ocular surface epithelia 734:761 the ocular surface epithelia 734:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 3 2 theme O-GlcNAc 563:570 arg1 transfer 551:558 the global transfer 540:558 the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins 540:609 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 1 3 theme cells 283:287 arg1 activity 260:267 the transcriptional activity 240:267 the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells 240:287 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 0 4 theme cells 88:92 arg1 differentiation 44:58 terminal differentiation 35:58 terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 35:92 The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 4 5 theme surface 745:751 arg1 epithelia 753:761 the ocular surface epithelia 734:761 the ocular surface epithelia 734:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 7 6 theme intracellular 1239:1251 arg1 pathway 1288:1294 a novel pathway 1280:1294 a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 1280:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 6 theme intracellular 1239:1251 arg1 O-glycosylation 1261:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 6 7 theme surface 1100:1106 arg1 expression 1108:1117 surface expression 1100:1117 surface expression of MUC16 1100:1126 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 1 8 theme nuclear 119:125 arg1 proteins 143:150 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 119:150 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 119:150 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 6 9 theme Thiamet 1049:1055 arg1 G 1057:1057 Thiamet G 1049:1057 Thiamet G 1049:1057 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 5 10 theme glycocalyx 996:1005 arg1 function 1015:1022 glycocalyx barrier function 996:1022 glycocalyx barrier function 996:1022 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 6 11 from increase 1083:1090 arg1 expression 1108:1117 surface expression 1100:1117 surface expression of MUC16 1100:1126 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 6 11 from increase 1083:1090 arg1 area 1155:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 6 12 theme paracellular 1175:1186 arg1 permeability 1188:1199 paracellular permeability 1175:1199 paracellular permeability 1175:1199 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 5 13 theme small 805:809 arg1 RNA 823:825 small interfering RNA 805:825 small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, 805:930 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 7 14 theme human 1354:1358 arg1 cells 1379:1383 human corneal epithelial cells 1354:1383 human corneal epithelial cells 1354:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 5 15 theme O-GlcNAc 898:905 arg1 hydrolase 907:915 O-GlcNAc hydrolase 898:915 O-GlcNAc hydrolase 898:915 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 3 16 theme human 483:487 arg1 differentiation 513:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 5 17 theme interfering 811:821 arg1 RNA 823:825 small interfering RNA 805:825 small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, 805:930 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 5 18 theme O-GlcNAc 962:969 arg1 necessary 975:983 necessary 975:983 necessary 975:983 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 5 18 theme O-GlcNAc 962:969 arg1 presence 950:957 the presence 946:957 the presence of O-GlcNAc 946:969 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 4 19 theme other 644:648 arg1 hand 650:653 the other hand 640:653 the other hand 640:653 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 3 20 theme cytosolic 592:600 arg1 proteins 602:609 both nuclear and cytosolic proteins 575:609 both nuclear and cytosolic proteins 575:609 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 6 21 theme cell 1150:1153 arg1 area 1155:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 2 22 theme barrier 438:444 arg1 function 446:453 barrier function 438:453 barrier function 438:453 Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. 32280968 0 23 theme O-GlcNAc 4:11 arg1 modification 13:24 The O-GlcNAc modification 0:24 The O-GlcNAc modification 0:24 The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 6 24 theme epithelial 1139:1148 arg1 area 1155:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 1 25 theme Dynamic 95:101 arg1 modification 103:114 Dynamic modification 95:114 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 95:197 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 7 26 theme cells 1379:1383 arg1 differentiation 1335:1349 the terminal differentiation 1322:1349 the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 1322:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 4 27 theme O-GlcNAc 710:717 arg1 transferase 719:729 O-GlcNAc transferase 710:729 O-GlcNAc transferase 710:729 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 5 28 theme barrier 1007:1013 arg1 function 1015:1022 glycocalyx barrier function 996:1022 glycocalyx barrier function 996:1022 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 1 29 theme important 208:216 arg1 role 218:221 an important role 205:221 an important role 205:221 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 4 30 from conditions 625:634 arg1 hand 650:653 the other hand 640:653 the other hand 640:653 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 4 31 theme Inflammatory 612:623 arg1 conditions 625:634 Inflammatory conditions 612:634 Inflammatory conditions 612:634 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 5 32 theme Thiamet 862:868 arg1 G 870:870 Thiamet G 862:870 Thiamet G 862:870 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 6 33 theme apical 1132:1137 arg1 area 1155:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 3 34 theme differentiation 513:527 arg1 induction 470:478 induction 470:478 induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 470:527 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 1 35 with modification 103:114 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 166:186 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 157:186 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 157:197 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 1 35 with modification 103:114 arg1 O-GlcNAc 189:196 O-GlcNAc 189:196 O-GlcNAc 189:196 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 5 36 theme Loss- 764:768 arg1 studies 791:797 Loss- and gain-of-function studies 764:797 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, 764:930 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 2 37 theme O-GlcNAc 315:322 arg1 modification 324:335 the O-GlcNAc modification 311:335 the O-GlcNAc modification 311:335 Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. 32280968 1 38 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 166:186 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 157:186 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 157:197 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 1 38 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 O-GlcNAc 189:196 O-GlcNAc 189:196 O-GlcNAc 189:196 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 2 39 theme surface 371:377 arg1 homeostasis 390:400 ocular surface epithelial homeostasis 364:400 ocular surface epithelial homeostasis 364:400 Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. 32280968 1 40 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 166:186 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 157:186 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 157:197 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 1 40 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 O-GlcNAc 189:196 O-GlcNAc 189:196 O-GlcNAc 189:196 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 5 41 theme hydrolase 907:915 arg1 transferase 846:856 O-GlcNAc transferase 837:856 O-GlcNAc transferase 837:856 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 5 41 theme hydrolase 907:915 arg1 inhibitor 885:893 a selective inhibitor 873:893 a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase 873:915 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 4 42 theme transferase 719:729 arg1 expression 696:705 the expression 692:705 the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia 692:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 3 43 theme epithelial 497:506 arg1 differentiation 513:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 0 44 theme terminal 35:42 arg1 differentiation 44:58 terminal differentiation 35:58 terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 35:92 The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 5 45 theme gain-of-function 774:789 arg1 studies 791:797 Loss- and gain-of-function studies 764:797 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, 764:930 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 5 46 theme selective 875:883 arg1 transferase 846:856 O-GlcNAc transferase 837:856 O-GlcNAc transferase 837:856 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 5 46 theme selective 875:883 arg1 inhibitor 885:893 a selective inhibitor 873:893 a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase 873:915 Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. 32280968 3 47 theme cell 508:511 arg1 differentiation 513:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 0 48 theme human 63:67 arg1 cells 88:92 human corneal epithelial cells 63:92 human corneal epithelial cells 63:92 The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 49 theme terminal 1326:1333 arg1 differentiation 1335:1349 the terminal differentiation 1322:1349 the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 1322:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 2 50 theme epithelial 379:388 arg1 homeostasis 390:400 ocular surface epithelial homeostasis 364:400 ocular surface epithelial homeostasis 364:400 Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. 32280968 7 51 theme novel 1282:1286 arg1 pathway 1288:1294 a novel pathway 1280:1294 a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 1280:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 51 theme novel 1282:1286 arg1 O-glycosylation 1261:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 52 theme responsible 1296:1306 arg1 pathway 1288:1294 a novel pathway 1280:1294 a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 1280:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 52 theme responsible 1296:1306 arg1 O-glycosylation 1261:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 1 53 theme cytoplasmic 131:141 arg1 proteins 143:150 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 119:150 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 119:150 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 7 54 theme corneal 1360:1366 arg1 cells 1379:1383 human corneal epithelial cells 1354:1383 human corneal epithelial cells 1354:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 1 55 theme proteins 143:150 arg1 modification 103:114 Dynamic modification 95:114 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 95:197 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 1 56 theme transcriptional 244:258 arg1 activity 260:267 the transcriptional activity 240:267 the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells 240:287 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32280968 6 57 theme MUC16 1122:1126 arg1 expression 1108:1117 surface expression 1100:1117 surface expression of MUC16 1100:1126 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 6 57 theme MUC16 1122:1126 arg1 area 1155:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 apical epithelial cell area 1132:1158 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 3 58 theme global 544:549 arg1 transfer 551:558 the global transfer 540:558 the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins 540:609 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 2 59 theme ocular 364:369 arg1 homeostasis 390:400 ocular surface epithelial homeostasis 364:400 ocular surface epithelial homeostasis 364:400 Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. 32280968 0 60 theme epithelial 77:86 arg1 cells 88:92 human corneal epithelial cells 63:92 human corneal epithelial cells 63:92 The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 2 61 theme mucin 415:419 arg1 biosynthesis 421:432 mucin biosynthesis 415:432 mucin biosynthesis 415:432 Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. 32280968 3 62 theme corneal 489:495 arg1 differentiation 513:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 human corneal epithelial cell differentiation 483:527 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 6 63 theme correlative 1071:1081 arg1 increase 1083:1090 a correlative increase 1069:1090 a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area 1069:1158 Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. 32280968 0 64 theme corneal 69:75 arg1 cells 88:92 human corneal epithelial cells 63:92 human corneal epithelial cells 63:92 The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 4 65 from reduction 679:687 arg1 expression 696:705 the expression 692:705 the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia 692:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 4 65 from reduction 679:687 arg1 epithelia 753:761 the ocular surface epithelia 734:761 the ocular surface epithelia 734:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 7 66 theme protein 1253:1259 arg1 pathway 1288:1294 a novel pathway 1280:1294 a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells 1280:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 66 theme protein 1253:1259 arg1 O-glycosylation 1261:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 intracellular protein O-glycosylation 1239:1275 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 7 67 theme epithelial 1368:1377 arg1 cells 1379:1383 human corneal epithelial cells 1354:1383 human corneal epithelial cells 1354:1383 Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. 32280968 3 68 theme nuclear 580:586 arg1 proteins 602:609 both nuclear and cytosolic proteins 575:609 both nuclear and cytosolic proteins 575:609 We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. 32280968 4 69 from epithelia 753:761 arg1 reduction 679:687 a reduction 677:687 a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia 677:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 4 69 from epithelia 753:761 arg1 expression 696:705 the expression 692:705 the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia 692:761 Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. 32280968 1 70 theme eukaryotic 272:281 arg1 cells 283:287 eukaryotic cells 272:287 eukaryotic cells 272:287 Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. 32271107 5 0 dep morphology 665:674 arg1 motility 706:713 intracellular motility 692:713 morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei 665:777 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 5 0 dep morphology 665:674 arg1 formation 723:731 plaque formation 716:731 plaque formation 716:731 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 5 0 dep morphology 665:674 arg1 competition 748:758 intergenus competition 737:758 intergenus competition 737:758 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 5 0 dep morphology 665:674 arg1 invasion 682:689 cell invasion 677:689 morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei 665:777 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 0 1 link O-linked 80:87 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 89:113 the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase 76:113 the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase 76:113 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 0 1 link O-linked 80:87 arg1 PglL 116:119 PglL 116:119 PglL 116:119 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 5 2 theme intergenus 737:746 arg1 competition 748:758 intergenus competition 737:758 intergenus competition 737:758 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 5 3 from competition 748:758 arg1 pseudomallei 766:777 B. pseudomallei 763:777 B. pseudomallei 763:777 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 3 4 theme & 353:353 arg1 methods 355:361 Materials & methods 343:361 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 343:549 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 5 dep mellonella 428:437 arg1 addition 407:414 addition 407:414 addition 407:414 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 6 from virulence 475:483 arg1 species 542:548 each Burkholderia species 524:548 each Burkholderia species 524:548 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 7 theme wild-type 503:511 arg1 strains 513:519 the mutant and wild-type strains 488:519 the mutant and wild-type strains 488:519 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 7 8 theme bacterial 939:947 arg1 fitness 949:955 bacterial fitness 939:955 bacterial fitness 939:955 Conclusion: Our data support a broad role for pglL in bacterial fitness and virulence, particularly in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 0 9 theme O-linked 80:87 arg1 oligosaccharyltransferase 89:113 the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase 76:113 the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase 76:113 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 0 9 theme O-linked 80:87 arg1 PglL 116:119 PglL 116:119 PglL 116:119 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 6 10 theme vaccine-challenge 855:871 arg1 experiment 873:882 a vaccine-challenge experiment 853:882 a vaccine-challenge experiment 853:882 This mutant was attenuated in the murine model, and extended survival in a vaccine-challenge experiment. 32271107 7 11 theme broad 916:920 arg1 role 922:925 a broad role 914:925 a broad role for pglL in bacterial fitness and virulence 914:969 Conclusion: Our data support a broad role for pglL in bacterial fitness and virulence, particularly in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 3 12 theme strains 513:519 arg1 virulence 475:483 virulence 475:483 virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species 475:548 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 13 theme mutant 492:497 arg1 strains 513:519 the mutant and wild-type strains 488:519 the mutant and wild-type strains 488:519 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 14 theme Materials 343:351 arg1 methods 355:361 Materials & methods 343:361 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 343:549 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 2 15 theme isogenic 243:250 arg1 mutants 252:258 isogenic mutants 243:258 isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei 243:287 by comparing isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei with the related species, Burkholderia thailandensis. 32271107 3 16 dep in 388:389 arg1 vitro 391:395 vitro 391:395 vitro 391:395 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 2 17 theme related 298:304 arg1 species 306:312 the related species 294:312 the related species 294:312 by comparing isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei with the related species, Burkholderia thailandensis. 32271107 3 18 theme assays 397:402 arg1 array 379:383 an array 376:383 an array of in vitro assays 376:402 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 6 19 theme murine 814:819 arg1 model 821:825 the murine model 810:825 the murine model 810:825 This mutant was attenuated in the murine model, and extended survival in a vaccine-challenge experiment. 32271107 1 20 theme O-OTase 177:183 arg1 contribution 157:168 the contribution 153:168 the contribution of the O-OTase, PglL, to virulence in two Burkholderia spp 153:227 Aim: We sought to characterize the contribution of the O-OTase, PglL, to virulence in two Burkholderia spp. 32271107 0 21 theme emerging 17:24 arg1 pathogen 26:33 the emerging pathogen 13:33 the emerging pathogen 13:33 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 0 21 theme emerging 17:24 arg1 pseudomallei 49:60 Burkholderia pseudomallei 36:60 Burkholderia pseudomallei 36:60 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 3 22 theme each 524:527 arg1 species 542:548 each Burkholderia species 524:548 each Burkholderia species 524:548 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 23 theme murine 443:448 arg1 models 458:463 murine in vivo models 443:463 murine in vivo models 443:463 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 24 theme in 388:389 arg1 assays 397:402 in vitro assays 388:402 in vitro assays 388:402 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 5 25 theme cell 677:680 arg1 invasion 682:689 cell invasion 677:689 morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei 665:777 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 4 26 theme twitching 606:614 arg1 motility 616:623 twitching motility 606:623 twitching motility 606:623 Results: We found that pglL contributes to biofilm and twitching motility in both species. 32271107 3 27 theme Galleria 419:426 arg1 mellonella 428:437 Galleria mellonella 419:437 Galleria mellonella 419:437 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 0 28 theme pathogen 26:33 arg1 Virulence 0:8 Virulence 0:8 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, 0:61 Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL. 32271107 3 29 used utilized 367:374 arg2 We 364:365 We 364:365 We 364:365 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 5 30 theme intracellular 692:704 arg1 motility 706:713 intracellular motility 692:713 morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei 665:777 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 3 31 dep in 450:451 arg1 vivo 453:456 vivo 453:456 vivo 453:456 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 2 32 theme Burkholderia 315:326 arg1 thailandensis 328:340 Burkholderia thailandensis 315:340 Burkholderia thailandensis 315:340 by comparing isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei with the related species, Burkholderia thailandensis. 32271107 2 33 from mutants 252:258 arg1 pseudomallei 276:287 Burkholderia pseudomallei 263:287 Burkholderia pseudomallei 263:287 by comparing isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei with the related species, Burkholderia thailandensis. 32271107 3 34 theme Burkholderia 529:540 arg1 species 542:548 each Burkholderia species 524:548 each Burkholderia species 524:548 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 35 theme in 450:451 arg1 models 458:463 murine in vivo models 443:463 murine in vivo models 443:463 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 3 36 dep methods 355:361 arg1 utilized 367:374 utilized 367:374 utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species 367:548 Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. 32271107 2 37 theme Burkholderia 263:274 arg1 pseudomallei 276:287 Burkholderia pseudomallei 263:287 Burkholderia pseudomallei 263:287 by comparing isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei with the related species, Burkholderia thailandensis. 32271107 5 38 theme plaque 716:721 arg1 formation 723:731 plaque formation 716:731 plaque formation 716:731 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 5 39 from formation 723:731 arg1 pseudomallei 766:777 B. pseudomallei 763:777 B. pseudomallei 763:777 PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 1 40 from contribution 157:168 arg1 spp 225:227 two Burkholderia spp 208:227 two Burkholderia spp 208:227 Aim: We sought to characterize the contribution of the O-OTase, PglL, to virulence in two Burkholderia spp. 32271107 7 41 from role 922:925 arg1 fitness 949:955 bacterial fitness 939:955 bacterial fitness 939:955 Conclusion: Our data support a broad role for pglL in bacterial fitness and virulence, particularly in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 7 41 from role 922:925 arg1 virulence 961:969 virulence 961:969 virulence 961:969 Conclusion: Our data support a broad role for pglL in bacterial fitness and virulence, particularly in B. pseudomallei. 32271107 1 42 theme Burkholderia 212:223 arg1 spp 225:227 two Burkholderia spp 208:227 two Burkholderia spp 208:227 Aim: We sought to characterize the contribution of the O-OTase, PglL, to virulence in two Burkholderia spp. 32046000 4 0 theme protein 847:853 arg1 region 827:832 the central, collagen repeat region 798:832 region 827:832 These peptide sequences were selected from the central, collagen repeat region of the BclA3 protein. 32046000 7 1 theme Immunosorbent 1202:1214 arg1 Assay 1216:1220 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay 1188:1220 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA 1188:1226 Immune responses to each of the conjugates were examined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA. 32046000 2 2 from coli 546:549 arg1 protein 521:527 the maltose binding protein 501:527 the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli 501:549 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 2 2 from coli 546:549 arg1 MalE 495:498 MalE 495:498 MalE 495:498 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 5 3 theme activity 890:897 arg1 optimization 866:877 optimization 866:877 optimization of SgtA GT activity 866:897 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 11 4 theme acute 1913:1917 arg1 disease 1932:1938 acute or recurrent disease 1913:1938 acute or recurrent disease 1913:1938 Although specific antibodies were raised to both antigens, immunization did not provide any protection against acute or recurrent disease. 32046000 3 5 theme β-O-linked 688:697 arg1 GlcNAc 699:704 β-O-linked GlcNAc 688:704 β-O-linked GlcNAc 688:704 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 10 6 theme toxin 1759:1763 arg1 presence 1739:1746 the presence 1735:1746 the presence of cholera toxin 1735:1763 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 9 7 theme anti-spore 1419:1428 arg1 serum 1448:1452 anti-spore polyclonal immune serum 1419:1452 anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1419:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 3 8 theme In 552:553 arg1 assays 561:566 In vitro assays 552:566 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides 552:624 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 9 9 theme immune 1441:1446 arg1 serum 1448:1452 anti-spore polyclonal immune serum 1419:1452 anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1419:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 2 10 from role 354:357 arg1 glycosylation 406:418 BclA3 glycosylation 400:418 BclA3 glycosylation 400:418 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 6 11 theme conjugates 1060:1069 arg1 versions 1042:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions 1010:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates 1010:1069 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 6 11 theme conjugates 1060:1069 arg1 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 1 12 theme Clostridium 203:213 arg1 spores 225:230 Clostridium difficile spores 203:230 Clostridium difficile spores 203:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 2 13 theme binding 513:519 arg1 protein 521:527 the maltose binding protein 501:527 the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli 501:549 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 2 13 theme binding 513:519 arg1 MalE 495:498 MalE 495:498 MalE 495:498 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 7 14 theme Immune 1128:1133 arg1 responses 1135:1143 Immune responses 1128:1143 Immune responses to each of the conjugates 1128:1169 Immune responses to each of the conjugates were examined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA. 32046000 1 15 theme spores 225:230 arg1 layer 194:198 the exosporangial layer 176:198 the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores 176:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 10 16 theme spores 1620:1625 arg1 persistence 1605:1615 persistence 1605:1615 persistence of spores within the gut 1605:1640 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 3 17 theme peptide 746:752 arg1 residues 719:726 threonine residues 709:726 threonine residues of each synthetic peptide 709:752 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 3 17 theme peptide 746:752 arg1 peptide 746:752 each synthetic peptide 731:752 each synthetic peptide 731:752 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 8 18 with assay 1323:1327 arg1 serum 1334:1338 serum 1334:1338 serum raised against formalin-killed spores 1334:1376 Additionally, the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide were used as antigens in an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores. 32046000 3 19 theme BclA3 601:605 arg1 peptides 617:624 BclA3 synthetic peptides 601:624 BclA3 synthetic peptides 601:624 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 10 20 theme KLH-glycopeptide 1690:1705 arg1 conjugate 1722:1730 either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate 1679:1730 conjugate 1722:1730 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 7 21 theme Linked 1195:1200 arg1 Assay 1216:1220 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay 1188:1220 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA 1188:1226 Immune responses to each of the conjugates were examined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA. 32046000 8 22 used used 1294:1297 arg2 BclA3 1247:1251 the BclA3 1243:1251 the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide 1243:1287 Additionally, the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide were used as antigens in an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores. 32046000 8 22 used used 1294:1297 arg2 antigens 1302:1309 antigens 1302:1309 antigens 1302:1309 Additionally, the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide were used as antigens in an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores. 32046000 9 23 theme spore-associated 1508:1523 arg1 moiety 1484:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 9 23 theme spore-associated 1508:1523 arg1 antigen 1533:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 2 24 theme SgtA 478:481 arg1 GT 483:484 SgtA GT 478:484 SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli 478:549 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 0 25 theme BclA3 81:85 arg1 Vaccine 110:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 3 26 dep In 552:553 arg1 vitro 555:559 vitro 555:559 vitro 555:559 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 5 27 gly glycopeptide 924:935 arg2 mg 941:942 10 mg 938:942 10 mg 938:942 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 5 27 gly glycopeptide 924:935 arg2 glycopeptide 924:935 sufficient glycopeptide 913:935 sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) 913:943 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 0 28 theme Conjugate 100:108 arg1 Vaccine 110:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 4 29 theme peptide 761:767 arg1 sequences 769:777 These peptide sequences 755:777 These peptide sequences 755:777 These peptide sequences were selected from the central, collagen repeat region of the BclA3 protein. 32046000 2 30 theme SgtA 388:391 arg1 glycosyltransferase 367:385 SgtA glycosyltransferase 362:385 SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) 362:395 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 2 30 theme SgtA 388:391 arg1 GT 393:394 SgtA GT 388:394 SgtA GT 388:394 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 9 31 theme surface 1525:1531 arg1 moiety 1484:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 9 31 theme surface 1525:1531 arg1 antigen 1533:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 0 32 theme Spore-Specific 66:79 arg1 Vaccine 110:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 2 33 theme glycosyltransferase 367:385 arg1 role 354:357 the role 350:357 the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation 350:418 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 0 34 theme In 0:1 arg1 Production 9:18 Production 9:18 Production 9:18 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 6 35 theme unglycosylated 1027:1040 arg1 versions 1042:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions 1010:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates 1010:1069 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 6 35 theme unglycosylated 1027:1040 arg1 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 2 36 theme BclA3 400:404 arg1 glycosylation 406:418 BclA3 glycosylation 400:418 BclA3 glycosylation 400:418 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 6 37 theme Glycosylated 1010:1021 arg1 versions 1042:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions 1010:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates 1010:1069 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 6 37 theme Glycosylated 1010:1021 arg1 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 4 38 theme central 802:808 arg1 region 827:832 the central, collagen repeat region 798:832 region 827:832 These peptide sequences were selected from the central, collagen repeat region of the BclA3 protein. 32046000 1 39 theme spore 299:303 arg1 glycoprotein 275:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 39 theme spore 299:303 arg1 antigen 324:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 5 40 theme limpet 982:987 arg1 KLH 969:971 KLH 969:971 KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein 969:1007 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 5 40 theme limpet 982:987 arg1 hemocyanin 989:998 keyhole limpet hemocyanin 974:998 keyhole limpet hemocyanin 974:998 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 0 41 theme Difficile 56:64 arg1 Vaccine 110:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 1 42 theme associated 313:322 arg1 glycoprotein 275:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 42 theme associated 313:322 arg1 antigen 324:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 6 43 gly unglycosylated 1027:1040 arg1 versions 1042:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions 1010:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates 1010:1069 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 6 43 gly unglycosylated 1027:1040 arg1 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 9 44 gly glycopeptide 1388:1399 arg2 glycopeptide 1388:1399 Only the glycopeptide 1379:1399 Only the glycopeptide 1379:1399 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 10 45 theme KLH-peptide 1710:1720 arg1 conjugate 1722:1730 either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate 1679:1730 conjugate 1722:1730 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 10 46 theme cholera 1751:1757 arg1 toxin 1759:1763 cholera toxin 1751:1763 cholera toxin 1751:1763 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 0 47 dep In 0:1 arg1 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 vitro 3:7 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 4 48 theme BclA3 841:845 arg1 protein 847:853 the BclA3 protein 837:853 the BclA3 protein 837:853 These peptide sequences were selected from the central, collagen repeat region of the BclA3 protein. 32046000 7 49 theme Assay 1216:1220 arg1 ELISA 1222:1226 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA 1188:1226 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA 1188:1226 Immune responses to each of the conjugates were examined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA. 32046000 5 50 theme SgtA 882:885 arg1 activity 890:897 SgtA GT activity 882:897 SgtA GT activity 882:897 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 3 51 link β-O-linked 688:697 arg1 GlcNAc 699:704 β-O-linked GlcNAc 688:704 β-O-linked GlcNAc 688:704 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 3 52 theme threonine 709:717 arg1 residues 719:726 threonine residues 709:726 threonine residues of each synthetic peptide 709:752 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 3 52 theme threonine 709:717 arg1 peptide 746:752 each synthetic peptide 731:752 each synthetic peptide 731:752 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 9 53 theme polyclonal 1430:1439 arg1 serum 1448:1452 anti-spore polyclonal immune serum 1419:1452 anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1419:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 4 54 theme repeat 820:825 arg1 region 827:832 the central, collagen repeat region 798:832 region 827:832 These peptide sequences were selected from the central, collagen repeat region of the BclA3 protein. 32046000 3 55 theme GlcNAc 699:704 arg1 addition 676:683 the addition 672:683 the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide 672:752 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 1 56 theme exosporangial 180:192 arg1 layer 194:198 the exosporangial layer 176:198 the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores 176:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 3 57 theme synthetic 736:744 arg1 peptide 746:752 each synthetic peptide 731:752 each synthetic peptide 731:752 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 10 58 theme R20291 1787:1792 arg1 spores 1794:1799 R20291 spores 1787:1799 R20291 spores 1787:1799 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 5 59 theme GT 887:888 arg1 activity 890:897 SgtA GT activity 882:897 SgtA GT activity 882:897 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 11 60 theme specific 1811:1818 arg1 antibodies 1820:1829 specific antibodies 1811:1829 specific antibodies 1811:1829 Although specific antibodies were raised to both antigens, immunization did not provide any protection against acute or recurrent disease. 32046000 1 61 gly glycoprotein 139:150 arg1 Abstract 119:126 Abstract 119:126 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 119:331 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 61 gly glycoprotein 139:150 arg1 glycoprotein 139:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 61 gly glycoprotein 139:150 arg1 component 163:171 a major component 155:171 a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores 155:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 10 62 gly KLH-glycopeptide 1690:1705 arg2 KLH-glycopeptide 1690:1705 KLH-glycopeptide 1690:1705 KLH-glycopeptide 1690:1705 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 1 63 theme layer 194:198 arg1 Abstract 119:126 Abstract 119:126 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 119:331 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 63 theme layer 194:198 arg1 glycoprotein 139:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 63 theme layer 194:198 arg1 component 163:171 a major component 155:171 a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores 155:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 64 theme difficile 215:223 arg1 spores 225:230 Clostridium difficile spores 203:230 Clostridium difficile spores 203:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 2 65 theme maltose 505:511 arg1 protein 521:527 the maltose binding protein 501:527 the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli 501:549 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 2 65 theme maltose 505:511 arg1 MalE 495:498 MalE 495:498 MalE 495:498 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 1 66 gly glycoprotein 275:286 arg1 glycoprotein 275:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 66 gly glycoprotein 275:286 arg1 antigen 324:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 9 67 theme glycan 1477:1482 arg1 moiety 1484:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 9 67 theme glycan 1477:1482 arg1 antigen 1533:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 6 68 used used 1081:1084 arg2 versions 1042:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions 1010:1049 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates 1010:1069 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 6 68 used used 1081:1084 arg2 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 antigens 1089:1096 Glycosylated and unglycosylated versions of these conjugates were then used as antigens to immunize rabbits and mice. 32046000 1 69 theme BclA3 133:137 arg1 Abstract 119:126 Abstract 119:126 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 119:331 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 69 theme BclA3 133:137 arg1 glycoprotein 139:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 69 theme BclA3 133:137 arg1 component 163:171 a major component 155:171 a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores 155:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 7 70 theme Enzyme 1188:1193 arg1 Assay 1216:1220 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay 1188:1220 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA 1188:1226 Immune responses to each of the conjugates were examined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA. 32046000 3 71 theme recombinant 578:588 arg1 enzyme 590:595 the recombinant enzyme 574:595 the recombinant enzyme 574:595 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 9 72 theme predominant 1496:1506 arg1 moiety 1484:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 the glycan moiety 1473:1489 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 9 72 theme predominant 1496:1506 arg1 antigen 1533:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 a predominant spore-associated surface antigen 1494:1539 Only the glycopeptide was recognized by anti-spore polyclonal immune serum demonstrating that the glycan moiety is a predominant spore-associated surface antigen. 32046000 0 73 theme Glycopeptide 87:98 arg1 Vaccine 110:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 1 74 theme major 157:161 arg1 Abstract 119:126 Abstract 119:126 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 119:331 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 74 theme major 157:161 arg1 glycoprotein 139:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 The BclA3 glycoprotein 129:150 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 74 theme major 157:161 arg1 component 163:171 a major component 155:171 a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores 155:230 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 0 75 theme Vaccine 110:116 arg1 Production 9:18 Production 9:18 Production 9:18 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 0 75 theme Vaccine 110:116 arg1 Immunogenicity 24:37 Immunogenicity 24:37 Immunogenicity 24:37 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 8 76 gly glycopeptide 1276:1287 arg2 glycopeptide 1276:1287 glycopeptide 1276:1287 glycopeptide 1276:1287 Additionally, the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide were used as antigens in an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores. 32046000 8 77 theme ELISA 1317:1321 arg1 assay 1323:1327 an ELISA assay 1314:1327 an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores 1314:1376 Additionally, the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide were used as antigens in an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores. 32046000 5 78 theme sufficient 913:922 arg1 glycopeptide 924:935 sufficient glycopeptide 913:935 sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) 913:943 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 5 78 theme sufficient 913:922 arg1 mg 941:942 10 mg 938:942 10 mg 938:942 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 2 79 theme SgtA 362:365 arg1 glycosyltransferase 367:385 SgtA glycosyltransferase 362:385 SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) 362:395 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 2 79 theme SgtA 362:365 arg1 GT 393:394 SgtA GT 388:394 SgtA GT 388:394 Here, we confirm the role of SgtA glycosyltransferase (SgtA GT) in BclA3 glycosylation and recapitulate this process by expressing and purifying SgtA GT fused to MalE, the maltose binding protein from Escherichia coli. 32046000 4 80 dep region 827:832 arg1 collagen 811:818 the central, collagen repeat region 798:832 collagen 811:818 These peptide sequences were selected from the central, collagen repeat region of the BclA3 protein. 32046000 10 81 dep conjugate 1722:1730 arg1 either 1679:1684 either 1679:1684 either 1679:1684 To determine whether antibodies to these peptides could modify persistence of spores within the gut, animals immunized intranasally with either the KLH-glycopeptide or KLH-peptide conjugate in the presence of cholera toxin, were challenged with R20291 spores. 32046000 1 82 theme major 293:297 arg1 glycoprotein 275:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 82 theme major 293:297 arg1 antigen 324:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 5 83 theme keyhole 974:980 arg1 KLH 969:971 KLH 969:971 KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein 969:1007 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 5 83 theme keyhole 974:980 arg1 hemocyanin 989:998 keyhole limpet hemocyanin 974:998 keyhole limpet hemocyanin 974:998 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32046000 11 84 theme recurrent 1922:1930 arg1 disease 1932:1938 acute or recurrent disease 1913:1938 acute or recurrent disease 1913:1938 Although specific antibodies were raised to both antigens, immunization did not provide any protection against acute or recurrent disease. 32046000 3 85 theme synthetic 607:615 arg1 peptides 617:624 BclA3 synthetic peptides 601:624 BclA3 synthetic peptides 601:624 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 8 86 theme formalin-killed 1355:1369 arg1 spores 1371:1376 formalin-killed spores 1355:1376 formalin-killed spores 1355:1376 Additionally, the BclA3 conjugated peptide and glycopeptide were used as antigens in an ELISA assay with serum raised against formalin-killed spores. 32046000 0 87 theme Clostridium 44:54 arg1 Difficile 56:64 Clostridium Difficile 44:64 a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine 42:116 In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine. 32046000 1 88 theme surface 305:311 arg1 glycoprotein 275:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 this glycoprotein 270:286 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 1 88 theme surface 305:311 arg1 antigen 324:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 a major spore surface associated antigen 291:330 Abstract: The BclA3 glycoprotein is a major component of the exosporangial layer of Clostridium difficile spores and in this study we demonstrate that this glycoprotein is a major spore surface associated antigen. 32046000 3 89 theme SgtA 644:647 arg1 GT 649:650 SgtA GT 644:650 SgtA GT 644:650 In vitro assays using the recombinant enzyme and BclA3 synthetic peptides demonstrated that SgtA GT was responsible for the addition of β-O-linked GlcNAc to threonine residues of each synthetic peptide. 32046000 5 90 theme KLH 969:971 arg1 protein 1001:1007 KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein 969:1007 KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein 969:1007 Following optimization of SgtA GT activity, we generated sufficient glycopeptide (10 mg) to allow conjugation to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) protein. 32844720 4 0 from stroke 581:586 arg1 recovery 567:574 The recovery 563:574 The recovery from stroke 563:586 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 5 1 theme proteins 1378:1385 arg1 8 1367:1367 8 1367:1367 8 1367:1367 The first 8 of these proteins were also significantly altered at 24 hours. 32844720 5 1 theme proteins 1378:1385 arg1 proteins 1378:1385 these proteins 1372:1385 these proteins 1372:1385 The first 8 of these proteins were also significantly altered at 24 hours. 32844720 1 2 theme lipoprotein 158:168 arg1 HDL-C 138:142 HDL-C 138:142 HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) 138:181 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 1 2 theme lipoprotein 158:168 arg1 cholesterol 170:180 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 145:180 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 145:180 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 8 3 theme plasminogen 1975:1985 arg1 treatment 1998:2006 tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment 1958:2006 tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment 1958:2006 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 8 3 theme plasminogen 1975:1985 arg1 activator 1987:1995 tissue-type plasminogen activator 1963:1995 tissue-type plasminogen activator 1963:1995 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 3 4 theme HDL 350:352 arg1 composition 362:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 4 theme HDL 350:352 arg1 capacity 407:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 7 5 theme apolipoprotein 1704:1717 arg1 APOM 1698:1701 APOM 1698:1701 APOM (apolipoprotein M) 1698:1720 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 5 theme apolipoprotein 1704:1717 arg1 M 1719:1719 apolipoprotein M 1704:1719 apolipoprotein M 1704:1719 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 4 6 theme Scale 655:659 arg1 months 606:611 3 months 604:611 3 months 604:611 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 4 6 theme Scale 655:659 arg1 Institutes 627:636 the National Institutes 614:636 the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 614:659 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 4 6 theme Scale 655:659 arg1 scores 687:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 6 7 theme efflux 1485:1490 arg1 capacity 1492:1499 cholesterol efflux capacity 1473:1499 cholesterol efflux capacity 1473:1499 Consistent with inflammatory remodeling, cholesterol efflux capacity was reduced by 32% (P<0.001) at both time points. 32844720 7 8 from APMAP 1664:1668 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 9 from PCYOX1 1723:1728 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 10 theme adjusted 1576:1583 arg1 model 1596:1600 adjusted regression model 1576:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model 1551:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 11 theme Baseline 1551:1558 arg1 severity 1567:1574 Baseline stroke severity 1551:1574 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model 1551:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 12 dep R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 arg1 P<0.05 1835:1840 adjusted P<0.05 1826:1840 adjusted P<0.05 1826:1840 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 3 13 theme cholesterol 388:398 arg1 composition 362:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 13 theme cholesterol 388:398 arg1 capacity 407:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 7 14 theme recovery 1795:1802 arg1 scores 1804:1809 stroke recovery scores 1788:1809 stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05) 1788:1841 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 14 theme recovery 1795:1802 arg1 R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 15 theme stroke 1788:1793 arg1 scores 1804:1809 stroke recovery scores 1788:1809 stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05) 1788:1841 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 15 theme stroke 1788:1793 arg1 R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 R2=0.38-0.73 1812:1823 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 16 from APOL1 1657:1661 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 4 17 theme scale 681:685 arg1 scores 687:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 10 18 theme HDL 2116:2118 arg1 proteins 2120:2127 HDL proteins 2116:2127 HDL proteins 2116:2127 Monitoring HDL proteins may provide clinical biomarkers that inform on stroke recuperation. 32844720 7 19 theme adjusted 1826:1833 arg1 P<0.05 1835:1840 adjusted P<0.05 1826:1840 adjusted P<0.05 1826:1840 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 20 theme stroke 1560:1565 arg1 severity 1567:1574 Baseline stroke severity 1551:1574 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model 1551:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 4 21 theme National 618:625 arg1 Institutes 627:636 the National Institutes 614:636 the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 614:659 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 7 22 from APOC4 1671:1675 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 0 23 contain Carries 25:31 arg2 Markers 33:39 Markers 33:39 Markers That Track With Recovery From Stroke 33:76 High-Density Lipoprotein Carries Markers That Track With Recovery From Stroke. 32844720 0 23 contain Carries 25:31 arg1 Lipoprotein 13:23 High-Density Lipoprotein 0:23 High-Density Lipoprotein 0:23 High-Density Lipoprotein Carries Markers That Track With Recovery From Stroke. 32844720 1 24 theme RATIONALE 79:87 arg1 studies 108:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies 79:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies 79:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 3 25 theme time 462:465 arg1 points 467:472 2 time points 460:472 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) 460:519 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 1 26 theme Prospective 89:99 arg1 studies 108:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies 79:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies 79:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 10 27 theme clinical 2141:2148 arg1 biomarkers 2150:2159 clinical biomarkers 2141:2159 clinical biomarkers that inform on stroke recuperation 2141:2194 Monitoring HDL proteins may provide clinical biomarkers that inform on stroke recuperation. 32844720 1 28 theme stroke 187:192 arg1 prediction 199:208 stroke risk prediction 187:208 stroke risk prediction 187:208 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 0 29 theme High-Density 0:11 arg1 Lipoprotein 13:23 High-Density Lipoprotein 0:23 High-Density Lipoprotein 0:23 High-Density Lipoprotein Carries Markers That Track With Recovery From Stroke. 32844720 7 30 theme apolipoprotein 1678:1691 arg1 C4 1693:1694 apolipoprotein C4 1678:1694 apolipoprotein C4 1678:1694 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 30 theme apolipoprotein 1678:1691 arg1 APOC4 1671:1675 APOC4 1671:1675 APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4) 1671:1695 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 1 31 theme cohort 101:106 arg1 studies 108:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies 79:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies 79:114 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 1 32 theme risk 194:197 arg1 prediction 199:208 stroke risk prediction 187:208 stroke risk prediction 187:208 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 3 33 theme efflux 400:405 arg1 composition 362:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 33 theme efflux 400:405 arg1 capacity 407:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 7 34 theme prenylcysteine 1731:1744 arg1 PCYOX1 1723:1728 PCYOX1 1723:1728 PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1) 1723:1755 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 34 theme prenylcysteine 1731:1744 arg1 oxidase 1746:1752 prenylcysteine oxidase 1 1731:1754 prenylcysteine oxidase 1 1731:1754 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 8 35 theme recovery 1921:1928 arg1 scores 1930:1935 recovery scores 1921:1935 recovery scores 1921:1935 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 3 36 theme control 531:537 arg1 subjects 539:546 35 control subjects 528:546 35 control subjects 528:546 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 9 37 theme stroke 2073:2078 arg1 phase 2064:2068 early acute phase 2052:2068 early acute phase of stroke 2052:2078 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke associate with recovery. 32844720 9 38 theme CONCLUSIONS 2009:2019 arg1 Changes 2021:2027 CONCLUSIONS Changes 2009:2027 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke 2009:2078 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke associate with recovery. 32844720 3 39 theme acute 435:439 arg1 stroke 450:455 acute ischemic stroke 435:455 acute ischemic stroke 435:455 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 40 from function 378:385 arg1 patients 420:427 patients 420:427 patients after acute ischemic stroke 420:455 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 2 41 theme long-term 258:266 arg1 recovery 279:286 long-term functional recovery 258:286 long-term functional recovery 258:286 OBJECTIVE Investigate the relationship between long-term functional recovery and HDL proteome and function. 32844720 3 42 theme ischemic 441:448 arg1 stroke 450:455 acute ischemic stroke 435:455 acute ischemic stroke 435:455 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 10 43 theme stroke 2176:2181 arg1 recuperation 2183:2194 stroke recuperation 2176:2194 stroke recuperation 2176:2194 Monitoring HDL proteins may provide clinical biomarkers that inform on stroke recuperation. 32844720 0 44 from Stroke 71:76 arg1 Recovery 57:64 Recovery 57:64 Recovery From Stroke 57:76 High-Density Lipoprotein Carries Markers That Track With Recovery From Stroke. 32844720 6 45 with Consistent 1432:1441 arg1 remodeling 1461:1470 inflammatory remodeling 1448:1470 inflammatory remodeling 1448:1470 Consistent with inflammatory remodeling, cholesterol efflux capacity was reduced by 32% (P<0.001) at both time points. 32844720 3 46 from points 467:472 arg1 Changes 339:345 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes 319:345 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects 319:546 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 PON1 1758:1761 PON1 1758:1761 PON1 1758:1761 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 APOM 1698:1701 APOM 1698:1701 APOM (apolipoprotein M) 1698:1720 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 APOF 1651:1654 APOF 1651:1654 APOF 1651:1654 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 APOL1 1657:1661 APOL1 1657:1661 APOL1 1657:1661 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 oxidase 1746:1752 prenylcysteine oxidase 1 1731:1754 prenylcysteine oxidase 1 1731:1754 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 C4 1693:1694 apolipoprotein C4 1678:1694 apolipoprotein C4 1678:1694 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 APOE 1768:1771 APOE 1768:1771 APOE 1768:1771 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 M 1719:1719 apolipoprotein M 1704:1719 apolipoprotein M 1704:1719 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 APMAP 1664:1668 APMAP 1664:1668 APMAP 1664:1668 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 PCYOX1 1723:1728 PCYOX1 1723:1728 PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1) 1723:1755 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 47 from poststroke 1637:1646 arg1 APOC4 1671:1675 APOC4 1671:1675 APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4) 1671:1695 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 48 from APOM 1698:1701 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 3 49 theme RESULTS 331:337 arg1 Changes 339:345 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes 319:345 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects 319:546 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 6 50 theme cholesterol 1473:1483 arg1 capacity 1492:1499 cholesterol efflux capacity 1473:1499 cholesterol efflux capacity 1473:1499 Consistent with inflammatory remodeling, cholesterol efflux capacity was reduced by 32% (P<0.001) at both time points. 32844720 4 51 theme Rankin 674:679 arg1 scores 687:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 9 52 theme early 2052:2056 arg1 phase 2064:2068 early acute phase 2052:2068 early acute phase of stroke 2052:2078 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke associate with recovery. 32844720 6 53 theme time 1538:1541 arg1 points 1543:1548 both time points 1533:1548 both time points 1533:1548 Consistent with inflammatory remodeling, cholesterol efflux capacity was reduced by 32% (P<0.001) at both time points. 32844720 7 54 from APOE 1768:1771 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 9 55 theme HDL 2032:2034 arg1 proteins 2036:2043 HDL proteins 2032:2043 HDL proteins 2032:2043 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke associate with recovery. 32844720 4 56 theme modified 665:672 arg1 scores 687:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 modified Rankin scale scores 665:692 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 8 57 theme tPA 1958:1960 arg1 treatment 1998:2006 tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment 1958:2006 tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment 1958:2006 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 8 57 theme tPA 1958:1960 arg1 activator 1987:1995 tissue-type plasminogen activator 1963:1995 tissue-type plasminogen activator 1963:1995 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 3 58 dep hours 478:482 arg1 hours 501:505 96 hours 498:505 96 hours 498:505 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 59 theme METHODS 319:325 arg1 Changes 339:345 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes 319:345 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects 319:546 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 60 dep points 467:472 arg1 patients 488:495 35 patients 485:495 35 patients 485:495 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 60 dep points 467:472 arg1 patients 511:518 20 patients 508:518 20 patients 508:518 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 60 dep points 467:472 arg1 hours 478:482 24 hours 475:482 24 hours 475:482 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 2 61 theme HDL 292:294 arg1 proteome 296:303 HDL proteome 292:303 HDL proteome 292:303 OBJECTIVE Investigate the relationship between long-term functional recovery and HDL proteome and function. 32844720 4 62 theme Health 641:646 arg1 Scale 655:659 Health Stroke Scale 641:659 Health Stroke Scale 641:659 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 7 63 theme regression 1585:1594 arg1 model 1596:1600 adjusted regression model 1576:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model 1551:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 64 from PON1 1758:1761 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 6 65 theme inflammatory 1448:1459 arg1 remodeling 1461:1470 inflammatory remodeling 1448:1470 inflammatory remodeling 1448:1470 Consistent with inflammatory remodeling, cholesterol efflux capacity was reduced by 32% (P<0.001) at both time points. 32844720 9 66 from Changes 2021:2027 arg1 proteins 2036:2043 HDL proteins 2032:2043 HDL proteins 2032:2043 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke associate with recovery. 32844720 1 67 theme HDL-C 138:142 arg1 value 129:133 the value 125:133 the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction 125:208 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 7 68 dep severity 1567:1574 arg1 model 1596:1600 adjusted regression model 1576:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model 1551:1600 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 7 69 from APOF 1651:1654 arg1 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 poststroke 1637:1646 Baseline stroke severity adjusted regression model showed that changes within 96-hour poststroke in APOF, APOL1, APMAP, APOC4 (apolipoprotein C4), APOM (apolipoprotein M), PCYOX1 (prenylcysteine oxidase 1), PON1, and APOE correlate with stroke recovery scores (R2=0.38-0.73, adjusted P<0.05). 32844720 3 70 theme protein 354:360 arg1 composition 362:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 70 theme protein 354:360 arg1 capacity 407:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 71 from composition 362:372 arg1 patients 420:427 patients 420:427 patients after acute ischemic stroke 420:455 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 8 72 theme tissue-type 1963:1973 arg1 treatment 1998:2006 tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment 1958:2006 tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment 1958:2006 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 8 72 theme tissue-type 1963:1973 arg1 activator 1987:1995 tissue-type plasminogen activator 1963:1995 tissue-type plasminogen activator 1963:1995 APOF (R2=0.73) and APOL1 (R2=0.60) continued to significantly correlate with recovery scores after accounting for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment. 32844720 9 73 theme acute 2058:2062 arg1 phase 2064:2068 early acute phase 2052:2068 early acute phase of stroke 2052:2078 CONCLUSIONS Changes in HDL proteins during early acute phase of stroke associate with recovery. 32844720 4 74 theme Stroke 648:653 arg1 Scale 655:659 Health Stroke Scale 641:659 Health Stroke Scale 641:659 The recovery from stroke was assessed by 3 months, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale scores. 32844720 2 75 theme functional 268:277 arg1 recovery 279:286 long-term functional recovery 258:286 long-term functional recovery 258:286 OBJECTIVE Investigate the relationship between long-term functional recovery and HDL proteome and function. 32844720 0 76 with Track 46:50 arg1 Recovery 57:64 Recovery 57:64 Recovery From Stroke 57:76 High-Density Lipoprotein Carries Markers That Track With Recovery From Stroke. 32844720 1 77 theme high-density 145:156 arg1 HDL-C 138:142 HDL-C 138:142 HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) 138:181 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 1 77 theme high-density 145:156 arg1 cholesterol 170:180 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 145:180 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 145:180 RATIONALE Prospective cohort studies question the value of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for stroke risk prediction. 32844720 3 78 from Changes 339:345 arg1 function 378:385 function 378:385 function 378:385 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 78 from Changes 339:345 arg1 composition 362:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 HDL protein composition 350:372 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 78 from Changes 339:345 arg1 subjects 539:546 35 control subjects 528:546 35 control subjects 528:546 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32844720 3 78 from Changes 339:345 arg1 capacity 407:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 cholesterol efflux capacity 388:414 METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in HDL protein composition and function (cholesterol efflux capacity) in patients after acute ischemic stroke at 2 time points (24 hours, 35 patients; 96 hours, 20 patients) and in 35 control subjects were measured. 32579360 16 0 theme SQ 2500:2501 arg1 route 2503:2507 the SQ route 2496:2507 the SQ route 2496:2507 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 7 1 theme current 1154:1160 arg1 study 1162:1166 the current study 1150:1166 the current study 1150:1166 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 14 2 theme IP 2249:2250 arg1 injection 2252:2260 IP injection 2249:2260 IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses 2249:2292 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 3 3 theme function-related 495:510 arg1 effects 520:526 Fc-effector function-related adverse effects 483:526 Fc-effector function-related adverse effects 483:526 However, TfRMAbs have Fc-effector function-related adverse effects including reticulocyte suppression. 32579360 22 4 theme plasma 3243:3248 arg1 concentrations 3250:3263 The low plasma concentrations 3235:3263 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose 3235:3317 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 20 5 theme N-linked 2989:2996 arg1 glycosylation 2998:3010 Fc N-linked glycosylation 2986:3010 Fc N-linked glycosylation 2986:3010 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 1 6 theme low 257:259 arg1 permeability 261:272 low permeability 257:272 low permeability across the blood-brain barrier 257:303 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 14 7 theme mg/kg 2282:2286 arg1 doses 2288:2292 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses 2266:2292 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses 2266:2292 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 23 8 theme reduction 3394:3402 arg1 function 3431:3438 a function 3429:3438 a function of AUC 3429:3445 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 23 8 theme reduction 3394:3402 arg1 rescue 3371:3376 The beneficial rescue 3356:3376 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation 3356:3424 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 7 9 theme fusion 1134:1139 arg1 protein 1141:1147 this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein 1112:1147 this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein 1112:1147 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 13 10 theme Dose 1934:1937 arg1 escalation 1939:1948 Dose escalation 1934:1948 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg 1934:1967 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 3 11 theme reticulocyte 538:549 arg1 suppression 551:561 reticulocyte suppression 538:561 reticulocyte suppression 538:561 However, TfRMAbs have Fc-effector function-related adverse effects including reticulocyte suppression. 32579360 16 12 from dose 2551:2554 arg1 route 2530:2534 the IP route 2523:2534 the IP route at the highest dose administered 2523:2567 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 18 13 theme TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 2787:2802 arg1 dose 2779:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose 2764:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 2764:2802 No reticulocyte suppression was observed at the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO. 32579360 4 14 theme Fc 695:696 arg1 site 721:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 20 15 theme glycosylation 2998:3010 arg1 elimination 2971:2981 elimination 2971:2981 elimination 2971:2981 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 19 16 theme concentration-time 2900:2917 arg1 curve 2919:2923 the plasma concentration-time curve 2889:2923 the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes 2889:2959 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 19 16 theme concentration-time 2900:2917 arg1 AUC 2926:2928 AUC 2926:2928 AUC 2926:2928 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 1 17 theme growth 190:195 arg1 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin (EPO) 152:171 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 17 theme growth 190:195 arg1 factor 197:202 a hematopoietic growth factor 174:202 a hematopoietic growth factor 174:202 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 4 18 theme antibody 749:756 arg1 chain 764:768 the antibody heavy chain 745:768 the antibody heavy chain 745:768 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 11 19 theme protein-treated 1769:1783 arg1 mice 1785:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice were compared. 32579360 10 20 theme complete 1697:1704 arg1 count 1712:1716 a complete blood count 1695:1716 a complete blood count 1695:1716 Mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and terminal blood was used for a complete blood count. 32579360 15 21 theme IP 2408:2409 arg1 route 2411:2415 the IP route 2404:2415 the IP route 2404:2415 The plasma Cmax following the SQ route was therefore 19- to 190-fold lower than that following the IP route. 32579360 8 22 theme Adult 1334:1338 arg1 mice 1354:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice 1334:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice 1334:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 8 23 dep dose 1387:1390 arg1 = 1417:1417 = 1417:1417 = 1417:1417 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 6 24 theme TfRMAb 982:987 arg1 clearance 951:959 This increased clearance 936:959 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb 936:987 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 8 25 theme male 1349:1352 arg1 mice 1354:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice 1334:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice 1334:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 20 26 from therapeutic 3132:3142 arg1 exposure 3100:3107 the plasma exposure 3089:3107 the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg) 3089:3177 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 4 27 gly glycosylation 707:719 arg2 site 721:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 12 28 from differences 1823:1833 arg1 pharmacokinetics 1849:1864 the plasma pharmacokinetics 1838:1864 the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1838:1884 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 1 29 contain has 253:255 arg2 permeability 261:272 low permeability 257:272 low permeability across the blood-brain barrier 257:303 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 29 contain has 253:255 arg1 therapy 220:226 a promising therapy 208:226 a promising therapy 208:226 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 29 contain has 253:255 arg1 EPO 168:170 EPO 168:170 EPO 168:170 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 29 contain has 253:255 arg1 factor 197:202 a hematopoietic growth factor 174:202 a hematopoietic growth factor 174:202 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 29 contain has 253:255 arg1 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin (EPO) 152:171 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 6 30 theme protein 1053:1059 arg1 dose 1027:1030 the injection dose 1013:1030 the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein 1013:1059 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 4 31 theme glycosylation 707:719 arg1 site 721:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 11 32 theme Brain 1719:1723 arg1 concentrations 1725:1738 Brain concentrations 1719:1738 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1719:1788 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice were compared. 32579360 5 33 theme mutant 775:780 arg1 protein 789:795 The mutant fusion protein 771:795 The mutant fusion protein 771:795 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 5 34 theme plasma 855:860 arg1 concentrations 862:875 dramatically reduced plasma concentrations 834:875 dramatically reduced plasma concentrations 834:875 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 5 35 theme fusion 920:925 arg1 protein 927:933 nonmutant fusion protein 910:933 the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein 891:933 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 6 36 theme mutant 1039:1044 arg1 protein 1053:1059 the mutant fusion protein 1035:1059 the mutant fusion protein 1035:1059 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 8 37 theme single 1380:1385 arg1 dose 1387:1390 a single dose 1378:1390 a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1378:1451 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 11 38 theme mutant 1755:1760 arg1 mice 1785:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice were compared. 32579360 16 39 with consistent 2434:2443 arg1 clearance 2476:2484 a 31-fold higher apparent clearance 2450:2484 a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered 2450:2567 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 14 40 theme plasma 2082:2087 arg1 Cmax 2089:2092 The plasma Cmax 2078:2092 The plasma Cmax 2078:2092 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 14 40 theme plasma 2082:2087 arg1 ± 2103:2103 15.0 ± 2.0 2098:2107 15.0 ± 2.0 2098:2107 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 11 41 theme WT- 1747:1749 arg1 mice 1785:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice were compared. 32579360 0 42 theme Transferrin 83:93 arg1 Protein 135:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein 81:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice 81:149 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 12 43 theme administration 1918:1931 arg1 SQ 1905:1906 SQ 1905:1906 SQ 1905:1906 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 12 43 theme administration 1918:1931 arg1 IP 1898:1899 IP 1898:1899 IP 1898:1899 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 15 44 theme SQ 2339:2340 arg1 route 2342:2346 the SQ route 2335:2346 the SQ route 2335:2346 The plasma Cmax following the SQ route was therefore 19- to 190-fold lower than that following the IP route. 32579360 6 45 theme injection 1017:1025 arg1 dose 1027:1030 the injection dose 1013:1030 the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein 1013:1059 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 17 46 theme mg/kg 2624:2628 arg1 dose 2630:2633 a 3 mg/kg dose 2620:2633 a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein 2620:2662 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 0 47 from Impact 46:51 arg1 Consideration 63:75 Dosing Consideration 56:75 Dosing Consideration 56:75 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 16 48 theme IP 2527:2528 arg1 route 2530:2534 the IP route 2523:2534 the IP route at the highest dose administered 2523:2567 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 2 49 theme monoclonal 380:389 arg1 receptor 322:329 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 2 49 theme monoclonal 380:389 arg1 antibody 391:398 a chimeric monoclonal antibody 369:398 a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route 369:458 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 0 50 theme Antibody-Erythropoietin 104:126 arg1 Protein 135:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein 81:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice 81:149 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 22 51 theme brain 3342:3346 arg1 uptake 3348:3353 negligible brain uptake 3331:3353 negligible brain uptake 3331:3353 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 9 52 theme plasma 1538:1543 arg1 concentrations 1545:1558 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations 1521:1558 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations 1521:1558 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 32579360 18 53 theme SQ 2776:2777 arg1 dose 2779:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose 2764:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 2764:2802 No reticulocyte suppression was observed at the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO. 32579360 4 54 theme heavy 758:762 arg1 chain 764:768 the antibody heavy chain 745:768 the antibody heavy chain 745:768 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 19 55 from area 2878:2881 arg1 dose 2869:2872 dose 2869:2872 dose 2869:2872 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 8 56 dep subcutaneous 1472:1483 arg1 SQ 1486:1487 SQ 1486:1487 SQ 1486:1487 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 22 57 theme protein 3286:3292 arg1 concentrations 3250:3263 The low plasma concentrations 3235:3263 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose 3235:3317 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 15 58 theme plasma 2313:2318 arg1 lower 2378:2382 lower 2378:2382 lower 2378:2382 The plasma Cmax following the SQ route was therefore 19- to 190-fold lower than that following the IP route. 32579360 15 58 theme plasma 2313:2318 arg1 Cmax 2320:2323 The plasma Cmax 2309:2323 The plasma Cmax following the SQ route 2309:2346 The plasma Cmax following the SQ route was therefore 19- to 190-fold lower than that following the IP route. 32579360 14 59 theme SQ 2166:2167 arg1 injection 2169:2177 SQ injection 2166:2177 SQ injection 2166:2177 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 17 60 theme WT-treated 2703:2712 arg1 mice 2714:2717 the nonmutant WT-treated mice 2689:2717 the nonmutant WT-treated mice 2689:2717 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 0 61 theme N-Linked 15:22 arg1 Glycosylation 24:36 Fc N-Linked Glycosylation 12:36 Fc N-Linked Glycosylation 12:36 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 13 62 from mg/kg 1963:1967 arg1 escalation 1939:1948 Dose escalation 1934:1948 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg 1934:1967 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 0 63 theme Dosing 56:61 arg1 Consideration 63:75 Dosing Consideration 56:75 Dosing Consideration 56:75 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 23 64 theme mutant 3489:3494 arg1 doses 3470:3474 high doses 3465:3474 high doses of the N292G mutant 3465:3494 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 23 65 theme N292G 3411:3415 arg1 mutation 3417:3424 the N292G mutation 3407:3424 the N292G mutation 3407:3424 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 5 66 theme enhanced 804:811 arg1 clearance 820:828 enhanced plasma clearance 804:828 enhanced plasma clearance 804:828 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 12 67 theme TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1869:1884 arg1 pharmacokinetics 1849:1864 the plasma pharmacokinetics 1838:1864 the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1838:1884 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 9 68 theme enzyme-linked 1585:1597 arg1 assay 1613:1617 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1582:1617 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1582:1617 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 32579360 20 69 theme function 3041:3048 arg1 effects 3055:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 2 70 theme transvascular 440:452 arg1 route 454:458 the transvascular route 436:458 the transvascular route 436:458 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 7 71 theme different 1285:1293 arg1 routes 1295:1300 different routes 1285:1300 different routes of administration in the mouse 1285:1331 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 5 72 dep wild-type 895:903 arg1 protein 927:933 nonmutant fusion protein 910:933 the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein 891:933 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 5 72 dep wild-type 895:903 arg1 WT 906:907 WT 906:907 WT 906:907 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 21 73 theme SQ 3221:3222 arg1 injection 3224:3232 SQ injection 3221:3232 SQ injection 3221:3232 This effect is more pronounced following SQ injection. 32579360 12 74 theme stark 1817:1821 arg1 differences 1823:1833 stark differences 1817:1833 stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration 1817:1931 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 14 75 theme ± 2226:2226 arg1 ng/mL 2233:2237 7059 ng/mL 2228:2237 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses 2219:2292 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 10 76 dep h 1644:1644 arg1 injection 1652:1660 injection 1652:1660 injection 1652:1660 Mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and terminal blood was used for a complete blood count. 32579360 13 77 theme SQ 2017:2018 arg1 route 2020:2024 the SQ route 2013:2024 the SQ route 2013:2024 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 17 78 theme mutant 2642:2647 arg1 protein 2656:2662 the mutant fusion protein 2638:2662 the mutant fusion protein 2638:2662 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 22 79 theme fusion 3279:3284 arg1 protein 3286:3292 the mutant fusion protein 3268:3292 the mutant fusion protein 3268:3292 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 20 80 from doses 3160:3164 arg1 exposure 3100:3107 the plasma exposure 3089:3107 the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg) 3089:3177 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 10 81 used used 1686:1689 arg2 blood 1676:1680 terminal blood 1667:1680 terminal blood 1667:1680 Mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and terminal blood was used for a complete blood count. 32579360 16 82 theme higher 2460:2465 arg1 clearance 2476:2484 a 31-fold higher apparent clearance 2450:2484 a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered 2450:2567 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 4 83 theme effectorless 607:618 arg1 protein 638:644 an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein 604:644 an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein 604:644 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 13 84 theme plasma 1983:1988 arg1 Cmax 1990:1993 the plasma Cmax 1979:1993 the plasma Cmax 1979:1993 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 3 85 theme adverse 512:518 arg1 effects 520:526 Fc-effector function-related adverse effects 483:526 Fc-effector function-related adverse effects 483:526 However, TfRMAbs have Fc-effector function-related adverse effects including reticulocyte suppression. 32579360 17 86 from concentrations 2580:2593 arg1 mice 2602:2605 the mice 2598:2605 the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein 2598:2662 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 20 87 theme TfRMAb 3025:3030 arg1 effects 3055:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 4 88 theme fusion 631:636 arg1 protein 638:644 an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein 604:644 an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein 604:644 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 7 89 dep therapeutic 1092:1102 arg1 uses 1104:1107 uses 1104:1107 uses 1104:1107 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 7 90 theme different 1259:1267 arg1 doses 1269:1273 different doses 1259:1273 different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse 1259:1331 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 10 91 theme blood 1706:1710 arg1 count 1712:1716 a complete blood count 1695:1716 a complete blood count 1695:1716 Mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and terminal blood was used for a complete blood count. 32579360 18 92 theme mg/kg 2770:2774 arg1 dose 2779:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose 2764:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 2764:2802 No reticulocyte suppression was observed at the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO. 32579360 6 93 theme increased 941:949 arg1 clearance 951:959 This increased clearance 936:959 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb 936:987 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 20 94 theme Fc 2986:2987 arg1 glycosylation 2998:3010 Fc N-linked glycosylation 2986:3010 Fc N-linked glycosylation 2986:3010 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 7 95 from routes 1295:1300 arg1 mouse 1327:1331 the mouse 1323:1331 the mouse 1323:1331 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 23 96 theme AUC 3443:3445 arg1 function 3431:3438 a function 3429:3438 a function of AUC 3429:3445 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 23 96 theme AUC 3443:3445 arg1 rescue 3371:3376 The beneficial rescue 3356:3376 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation 3356:3424 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 7 97 theme protein 1141:1147 arg1 therapeutic 1092:1102 therapeutic 1092:1102 therapeutic 1092:1102 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 19 98 theme plasma 2893:2898 arg1 curve 2919:2923 the plasma concentration-time curve 2889:2923 the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes 2889:2959 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 19 98 theme plasma 2893:2898 arg1 AUC 2926:2928 AUC 2926:2928 AUC 2926:2928 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 22 99 theme low 3239:3241 arg1 concentrations 3250:3263 The low plasma concentrations 3235:3263 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose 3235:3317 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 20 100 theme plasma 3093:3098 arg1 exposure 3100:3107 the plasma exposure 3089:3107 the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg) 3089:3177 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 7 101 theme IgG-neurotrophin 1117:1132 arg1 protein 1141:1147 this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein 1112:1147 this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein 1112:1147 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 6 102 gly aglycosylated 968:980 arg1 TfRMAb 982:987 the aglycosylated TfRMAb 964:987 the aglycosylated TfRMAb 964:987 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 19 103 from increase 2857:2864 arg1 dose 2869:2872 dose 2869:2872 dose 2869:2872 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 15 104 dep 19- 2362:2364 arg1 to 2366:2367 to 2366:2367 to 2366:2367 The plasma Cmax following the SQ route was therefore 19- to 190-fold lower than that following the IP route. 32579360 18 105 theme reticulocyte 2723:2734 arg1 suppression 2736:2746 No reticulocyte suppression 2720:2746 No reticulocyte suppression 2720:2746 No reticulocyte suppression was observed at the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO. 32579360 2 106 theme transferrin 310:320 arg1 receptor 322:329 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 2 106 theme transferrin 310:320 arg1 antibody 391:398 a chimeric monoclonal antibody 369:398 a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route 369:458 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 23 107 theme N292G 3483:3487 arg1 mutant 3489:3494 the N292G mutant 3479:3494 the N292G mutant 3479:3494 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 1 108 theme hematopoietic 176:188 arg1 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin (EPO) 152:171 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 108 theme hematopoietic 176:188 arg1 factor 197:202 a hematopoietic growth factor 174:202 a hematopoietic growth factor 174:202 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 20 109 theme profound 3070:3077 arg1 effect 3079:3084 a profound effect 3068:3084 a profound effect 3068:3084 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 12 110 dep IP 1898:1899 arg1 the 1894:1896 the 1894:1896 the 1894:1896 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 12 110 dep IP 1898:1899 arg1 routes 1908:1913 routes 1908:1913 routes 1908:1913 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 17 111 theme protein 2656:2662 arg1 dose 2630:2633 a 3 mg/kg dose 2620:2633 a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein 2620:2662 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 4 112 link N-linked 698:705 arg1 site 721:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 23 113 theme beneficial 3360:3369 arg1 function 3431:3438 a function 3429:3438 a function of AUC 3429:3445 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 23 113 theme beneficial 3360:3369 arg1 rescue 3371:3376 The beneficial rescue 3356:3376 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation 3356:3424 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 8 114 theme TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1436:1451 arg1 dose 1387:1390 a single dose 1378:1390 a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1378:1451 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 16 115 theme highest 2543:2549 arg1 dose 2551:2554 the highest dose 2539:2554 the highest dose administered 2539:2567 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 23 116 theme reticulocyte 3381:3392 arg1 reduction 3394:3402 reticulocyte reduction 3381:3402 reticulocyte reduction 3381:3402 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 7 117 theme TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1239:1254 arg1 profile 1210:1216 the pharmacokinetic profile 1190:1216 the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1190:1254 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 22 118 theme mg/kg 3308:3312 arg1 dose 3314:3317 a 3 mg/kg dose 3304:3317 a 3 mg/kg dose 3304:3317 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 9 119 link enzyme-linked 1585:1597 arg1 assay 1613:1617 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1582:1617 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1582:1617 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 32579360 6 120 theme aglycosylated 968:980 arg1 TfRMAb 982:987 the aglycosylated TfRMAb 964:987 the aglycosylated TfRMAb 964:987 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 11 121 from concentrations 1725:1738 arg1 mice 1785:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice were compared. 32579360 8 122 theme C57BL/6J 1340:1347 arg1 mice 1354:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice 1334:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice 1334:1357 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 13 123 theme IP 2068:2069 arg1 route 2071:2075 the IP route 2064:2075 the IP route 2064:2075 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 8 124 dep = 1417:1417 arg1 mg/kg 1408:1412 3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg 1393:1412 3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg 1393:1412 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 8 125 theme subcutaneous 1472:1483 arg1 route 1514:1518 either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route 1461:1518 route 1514:1518 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 18 126 located observed 2752:2759 arg1 dose 2779:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose 2764:2782 the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 2764:2802 No reticulocyte suppression was observed at the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO. 32579360 18 126 located observed 2752:2759 arg2 suppression 2736:2746 No reticulocyte suppression 2720:2746 No reticulocyte suppression 2720:2746 No reticulocyte suppression was observed at the 3 mg/kg SQ dose of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO. 32579360 8 127 dep route 1514:1518 arg1 either 1461:1466 either 1461:1466 either 1461:1466 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 5 128 theme nonmutant 910:918 arg1 protein 927:933 nonmutant fusion protein 910:933 the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein 891:933 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 13 129 dep 20 1960:1961 arg1 to 1957:1958 to 1957:1958 to 1957:1958 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 6 130 theme fusion 1046:1051 arg1 protein 1053:1059 the mutant fusion protein 1035:1059 the mutant fusion protein 1035:1059 This increased clearance of the aglycosylated TfRMAb is expected to increase the injection dose of the mutant fusion protein. 32579360 0 131 from Glycosylation 24:36 arg1 Consideration 63:75 Dosing Consideration 56:75 Dosing Consideration 56:75 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 4 132 theme N-linked 698:705 arg1 site 721:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 the Fc N-linked glycosylation site 691:724 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 20 133 contain has 3064:3066 arg1 elimination 2971:2981 elimination 2971:2981 elimination 2971:2981 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 20 133 contain has 3064:3066 arg2 effect 3079:3084 a profound effect 3068:3084 a profound effect 3068:3084 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 5 134 theme fusion 782:787 arg1 protein 789:795 The mutant fusion protein 771:795 The mutant fusion protein 771:795 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 13 135 theme 35-fold 2043:2049 arg1 increase 2051:2058 a 35-fold increase 2041:2058 a 35-fold increase for the IP route 2041:2075 Dose escalation from 3 to 20 mg/kg increased the plasma Cmax only 3.5-fold for the SQ route, compared with a 35-fold increase for the IP route. 32579360 11 136 theme fusion 1762:1767 arg1 mice 1785:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice 1743:1788 Brain concentrations in the WT- and mutant fusion protein-treated mice were compared. 32579360 0 137 theme Receptor 95:102 arg1 Protein 135:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein 81:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice 81:149 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 20 138 theme TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 3112:3127 arg1 exposure 3100:3107 the plasma exposure 3089:3107 the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg) 3089:3177 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 20 139 link N-linked 2989:2996 arg1 glycosylation 2998:3010 Fc N-linked glycosylation 2986:3010 Fc N-linked glycosylation 2986:3010 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 0 140 theme Fusion 128:133 arg1 Protein 135:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein 81:141 a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice 81:149 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 9 141 theme TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1521:1536 arg1 concentrations 1545:1558 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations 1521:1558 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations 1521:1558 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 32579360 3 142 contain have 478:481 arg1 TfRMAbs 470:476 TfRMAbs 470:476 TfRMAbs 470:476 However, TfRMAbs have Fc-effector function-related adverse effects including reticulocyte suppression. 32579360 3 142 contain have 478:481 arg2 effects 520:526 Fc-effector function-related adverse effects 483:526 Fc-effector function-related adverse effects 483:526 However, TfRMAbs have Fc-effector function-related adverse effects including reticulocyte suppression. 32579360 19 143 dep IP 2944:2945 arg1 the 2940:2942 the 2940:2942 the 2940:2942 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 19 143 dep IP 2944:2945 arg1 routes 2954:2959 routes 2954:2959 routes 2954:2959 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 2 144 theme chimeric 371:378 arg1 receptor 322:329 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 2 144 theme chimeric 371:378 arg1 antibody 391:398 a chimeric monoclonal antibody 369:398 a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route 369:458 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 0 145 theme Fc 12:13 arg1 Glycosylation 24:36 Fc N-Linked Glycosylation 12:36 Fc N-Linked Glycosylation 12:36 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 22 146 theme negligible 3331:3340 arg1 uptake 3348:3353 negligible brain uptake 3331:3353 negligible brain uptake 3331:3353 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 8 147 theme intraperitoneal 1493:1507 arg1 route 1514:1518 either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route 1461:1518 route 1514:1518 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 32579360 2 148 dep receptor 322:329 arg1 TfRMAb-EPO 354:363 TfRMAb-EPO 354:363 TfRMAb-EPO 354:363 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 2 148 dep receptor 322:329 arg1 antibody 331:338 antibody 331:338 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) 306:364 The transferrin receptor antibody fused to EPO (TfRMAb-EPO) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that ferries EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. 32579360 17 149 theme nonmutant 2693:2701 arg1 mice 2714:2717 the nonmutant WT-treated mice 2689:2717 the nonmutant WT-treated mice 2689:2717 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 5 150 theme reduced 847:853 arg1 concentrations 862:875 dramatically reduced plasma concentrations 834:875 dramatically reduced plasma concentrations 834:875 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 20 151 theme high 3155:3158 arg1 doses 3160:3164 high doses 3155:3164 therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg) 3132:3177 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 20 151 theme high 3155:3158 arg1 mg/kg 3172:3176 3-20 mg/kg 3167:3176 3-20 mg/kg 3167:3176 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 4 152 theme chain 764:768 arg1 position 729:736 position 292 729:740 position 292 of the antibody heavy chain 729:768 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 10 153 theme terminal 1667:1674 arg1 blood 1676:1680 terminal blood 1667:1680 terminal blood 1667:1680 Mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and terminal blood was used for a complete blood count. 32579360 1 154 theme blood-brain 285:295 arg1 barrier 297:303 the blood-brain barrier 281:303 the blood-brain barrier 281:303 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 17 155 theme brain 2574:2578 arg1 lower 2669:2673 lower 2669:2673 lower 2669:2673 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 17 155 theme brain 2574:2578 arg1 concentrations 2580:2593 The brain concentrations 2570:2593 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein 2570:2662 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 7 156 theme effectorless 1226:1237 arg1 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1239:1254 this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1221:1254 this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1221:1254 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 5 157 theme plasma 813:818 arg1 clearance 820:828 enhanced plasma clearance 804:828 enhanced plasma clearance 804:828 The mutant fusion protein showed enhanced plasma clearance and dramatically reduced plasma concentrations compared with the wild-type (WT) nonmutant fusion protein. 32579360 23 158 theme high 3465:3468 arg1 doses 3470:3474 high doses 3465:3474 high doses of the N292G mutant 3465:3494 The beneficial rescue of reticulocyte reduction by the N292G mutation is a function of AUC and is negated at high doses of the N292G mutant. 32579360 9 159 theme immunosorbent 1599:1611 arg1 assay 1613:1617 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1582:1617 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1582:1617 TfRMAb-N292G-EPO plasma concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 32579360 20 160 theme effector 3032:3039 arg1 effects 3055:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 19 161 theme reticulocyte 2814:2825 arg1 suppression 2827:2837 reticulocyte suppression 2814:2837 reticulocyte suppression 2814:2837 However, reticulocyte suppression increased with an increase in dose and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both the IP and SQ routes. 32579360 12 162 theme plasma 1842:1847 arg1 pharmacokinetics 1849:1864 the plasma pharmacokinetics 1838:1864 the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1838:1884 We observed stark differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO between the IP and SQ routes of administration. 32579360 20 163 theme side 3050:3053 arg1 effects 3055:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 TfRMAb effector function side effects 3025:3061 Overall, elimination of Fc N-linked glycosylation, to mitigate TfRMAb effector function side effects, has a profound effect on the plasma exposure of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at therapeutic as well as high doses (3-20 mg/kg). 32579360 16 164 theme apparent 2467:2474 arg1 clearance 2476:2484 a 31-fold higher apparent clearance 2450:2484 a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered 2450:2567 This finding is consistent with a 31-fold higher apparent clearance following the SQ route compared with the IP route at the highest dose administered. 32579360 4 165 theme TfRMAb-EPO 620:629 arg1 protein 638:644 an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein 604:644 an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein 604:644 To overcome this, we recently developed an effectorless TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, designated TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, by eliminating the Fc N-linked glycosylation site at position 292 of the antibody heavy chain. 32579360 17 166 theme fusion 2649:2654 arg1 protein 2656:2662 the mutant fusion protein 2638:2662 the mutant fusion protein 2638:2662 The brain concentrations in the mice treated with a 3 mg/kg dose of the mutant fusion protein were lower than those in the nonmutant WT-treated mice. 32579360 22 167 theme mutant 3272:3277 arg1 protein 3286:3292 the mutant fusion protein 3268:3292 the mutant fusion protein 3268:3292 The low plasma concentrations of the mutant fusion protein following a 3 mg/kg dose resulted in negligible brain uptake. 32579360 1 168 theme promising 210:218 arg1 therapy 220:226 a promising therapy 208:226 a promising therapy 208:226 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 1 168 theme promising 210:218 arg1 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin 152:165 Erythropoietin (EPO) 152:171 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor and a promising therapy for Alzheimer's disease, has low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. 32579360 7 169 theme administration 1305:1318 arg1 routes 1295:1300 different routes 1285:1300 different routes of administration in the mouse 1285:1331 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 14 170 theme ± 2143:2143 arg1 ng/mL 2150:2154 27.9 ng/mL 2145:2154 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47 2145:2190 The plasma Cmax was 15.0 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 4.1, 21.3 ± 6.4, and 52.8 ± 27.9 ng/mL following SQ injection and 288 ± 47, 389 ± 154, 633 ± 194, and 10,066 ± 7059 ng/mL following IP injection for 3, 6, 9, and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. 32579360 0 171 from Protein 135:141 arg1 Mice 146:149 Mice 146:149 Mice 146:149 Eliminating Fc N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Impact on Dosing Consideration for a Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein in Mice. 32579360 7 172 theme pharmacokinetic 1194:1208 arg1 profile 1210:1216 the pharmacokinetic profile 1190:1216 the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO 1190:1254 To provide a basis for future therapeutic uses of this IgG-neurotrophin fusion protein, the current study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of this effectorless TfRMAb-N292G-EPO at different doses following different routes of administration in the mouse. 32579360 8 173 dep intraperitoneal 1493:1507 arg1 IP 1510:1511 IP 1510:1511 IP 1510:1511 Adult C57BL/6J male mice were injected with a single dose (3, 6, 9, or 20 mg/kg; n = 3-6 per dose) of TfRMAb-N292G-EPO through either the subcutaneous (SQ) or intraperitoneal (IP) route. 34644163 7 0 theme N-X-S/T 1079:1085 arg1 motif 1087:1091 the N-X-S/T motif 1075:1091 the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1075:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 12 1 theme several 1748:1754 arg1 species 1756:1762 several species 1748:1762 several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota 1748:1801 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 18 2 theme existence 2605:2613 arg1 understanding 2573:2585 our understanding 2569:2585 our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria 2569:2674 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 12 3 dep IMPORTANCE 1666:1675 arg1 system 1707:1712 The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1677:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1666:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 18 4 theme multiple 2619:2626 arg1 roles 2639:2643 multiple biological roles 2619:2643 multiple biological roles 2619:2643 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 5 5 gly glycosylated 766:777 arg1 periplasm 786:794 the periplasm 782:794 the periplasm 782:794 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 5 5 gly glycosylated 766:777 arg1 protein 742:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein 715:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein 715:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 5 5 gly glycosylated 766:777 arg2 protein 742:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein 715:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein 715:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 7 6 theme asparagine 1052:1061 arg1 residues 1063:1070 asparagine residues 1052:1070 asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1052:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 8 7 gly N-glycosylation 1164:1178 arg1 proteins 1251:1258 GFP-CTD recombinant proteins 1231:1258 GFP-CTD recombinant proteins 1231:1258 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 9 8 theme hutchinsonii 1426:1437 arg1 N-glycosylation 1404:1418 the N-glycosylation 1400:1418 the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii 1400:1437 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 14 9 theme N-glycosylation 2126:2140 arg1 system 2142:2147 an N-glycosylation system 2123:2147 an N-glycosylation system 2123:2147 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 2 10 theme type 332:335 arg1 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 10 theme type 332:335 arg1 system 350:355 a type IX secretion system 330:355 a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal 330:442 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 1 11 theme Gram-negative 194:206 arg1 hutchinsonii 176:187 Cytophaga hutchinsonii 166:187 Cytophaga hutchinsonii 166:187 Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. 34644163 1 11 theme Gram-negative 194:206 arg1 bacterium 208:216 a Gram-negative bacterium 192:216 a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes 192:254 Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. 34644163 8 12 theme CTD 1160:1162 arg1 N-glycosylation 1164:1178 CTD N-glycosylation 1160:1178 CTD N-glycosylation 1160:1178 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 16 13 gly N-glycosylation 2361:2375 arg2 signal 2409:2414 the CTD translocation signal 2387:2414 the CTD translocation signal of T9SS 2387:2422 Moreover, N-glycosylation occurs on the CTD translocation signal of T9SS. 34644163 15 14 from effects 2263:2269 arg1 degradation 2338:2348 cellulose degradation 2328:2348 cellulose degradation 2328:2348 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 15 14 from effects 2263:2269 arg1 resistance 2279:2288 cell resistance 2274:2288 cell resistance to some chemicals 2274:2306 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 15 14 from effects 2263:2269 arg1 motility 2314:2321 cell motility 2309:2321 cell motility 2309:2321 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 8 15 theme GFP-CTD 1231:1237 arg1 proteins 1251:1258 GFP-CTD recombinant proteins 1231:1258 GFP-CTD recombinant proteins 1231:1258 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 3 16 theme T9SS 522:525 arg1 substrates 527:536 T9SS substrates 522:536 T9SS substrates 522:536 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 17 17 theme CTD 2450:2452 arg1 glycosylation 2429:2441 The glycosylation 2425:2441 The glycosylation of the CTD 2425:2452 The glycosylation of the CTD appears to play an important role in affecting T9SS substrate transportation and localization. 34644163 11 18 gly N-glycosylated 1614:1627 arg1 CTD 1584:1586 the CTD 1580:1586 the CTD as the signal of T9SS 1580:1608 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 11 18 gly N-glycosylated 1614:1627 arg2 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 11 18 gly N-glycosylated 1614:1627 arg1 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 11 18 gly N-glycosylated 1614:1627 arg1 periplasm 1636:1644 the periplasm 1632:1644 the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii 1632:1663 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 11 18 gly N-glycosylated 1614:1627 arg2 CTD 1584:1586 the CTD 1580:1586 the CTD as the signal of T9SS 1580:1608 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 3 19 from CHU_2708 634:641 arg1 CTD 625:627 the CTD 621:627 the CTD from CHU_2708 621:641 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 0 20 theme Protein 130:136 arg1 Secretion 138:146 Protein Secretion 130:146 Protein Secretion 130:146 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 15 21 theme cellulose 2328:2336 arg1 degradation 2338:2348 cellulose degradation 2328:2348 cellulose degradation 2328:2348 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 8 22 from localization 1215:1226 arg1 hutchinsonii 1266:1277 C. hutchinsonii 1263:1277 C. hutchinsonii 1263:1277 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 8 23 from secretion 1201:1209 arg1 hutchinsonii 1266:1277 C. hutchinsonii 1263:1277 C. hutchinsonii 1263:1277 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 13 24 theme unique 1902:1907 arg1 mechanism 1944:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 15 25 theme cell 2309:2312 arg1 motility 2314:2321 cell motility 2309:2321 cell motility 2309:2321 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 3 26 theme green 584:588 arg1 GFP 611:613 GFP 611:613 GFP 611:613 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 3 26 theme green 584:588 arg1 protein 602:608 the green fluorescent protein 580:608 the green fluorescent protein (GFP) 580:614 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 13 27 theme contact 1914:1920 arg1 mechanism 1944:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 3 28 from secretion 492:500 arg1 hutchinsonii 544:555 C. hutchinsonii 541:555 C. hutchinsonii 541:555 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 0 29 theme Type 71:74 arg1 System 89:94 the Type IX Secretion System 67:94 the Type IX Secretion System 67:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 1 30 theme Cytophaga 166:174 arg1 hutchinsonii 176:187 Cytophaga hutchinsonii 166:187 Cytophaga hutchinsonii 166:187 Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. 34644163 1 30 theme Cytophaga 166:174 arg1 bacterium 208:216 a Gram-negative bacterium 192:216 a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes 192:254 Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. 34644163 12 31 theme bacterial 1681:1689 arg1 system 1707:1712 The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1677:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1666:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 6 32 theme peptide-N-glycosidase 919:939 arg1 F 941:941 peptide-N-glycosidase F 919:941 peptide-N-glycosidase F 919:941 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 0 33 from N-Glycosylation 0:14 arg1 Cytophaga 99:107 Cytophaga 99:107 Cytophaga 99:107 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 13 34 theme cell 1964:1967 arg1 proteins 1977:1984 many cell surface proteins 1959:1984 many cell surface proteins 1959:1984 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 13 34 theme cell 1964:1967 arg1 cellulases 1997:2006 cellulases 1997:2006 cellulases 1997:2006 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 3 35 from localization 506:517 arg1 hutchinsonii 544:555 C. hutchinsonii 541:555 C. hutchinsonii 541:555 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 0 36 theme Secretion 79:87 arg1 System 89:94 the Type IX Secretion System 67:94 the Type IX Secretion System 67:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 9 37 theme Glycosyltransferase-encoding 1280:1307 arg1 gene 1337:1340 a homologous gene 1324:1340 a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA 1324:1369 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 9 37 theme Glycosyltransferase-encoding 1280:1307 arg1 gene 1309:1312 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842 1280:1321 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842 1280:1321 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 17 38 gly glycosylation 2429:2441 arg1 CTD 2450:2452 the CTD 2446:2452 the CTD 2446:2452 The glycosylation of the CTD appears to play an important role in affecting T9SS substrate transportation and localization. 34644163 10 39 theme cell 1470:1473 arg1 motility 1475:1482 cell motility 1470:1482 cell motility 1470:1482 Deletion of chu_3842 affected cell motility, cellulose degradation, and cell resistance to some chemicals. 34644163 18 40 theme roles 2639:2643 arg1 understanding 2573:2585 our understanding 2569:2585 our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria 2569:2674 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 0 41 theme C-Terminal 35:44 arg1 Domain 46:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain 19:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System 19:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 11 42 from periplasm 1636:1644 arg1 CTD 1584:1586 the CTD 1580:1586 the CTD as the signal of T9SS 1580:1608 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 11 42 from periplasm 1636:1644 arg1 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 N-glycosylated 1614:1627 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 10 43 theme chu_3842 1452:1459 arg1 Deletion 1440:1447 Deletion 1440:1447 Deletion of chu_3842 1440:1459 Deletion of chu_3842 affected cell motility, cellulose degradation, and cell resistance to some chemicals. 34644163 11 44 theme hutchinsonii 1652:1663 arg1 periplasm 1636:1644 the periplasm 1632:1644 the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii 1632:1663 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 2 45 theme C-terminal 387:396 arg1 domain 398:403 the C-terminal domain 383:403 the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein 383:430 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 45 theme C-terminal 387:396 arg1 CTD 406:408 CTD 406:408 CTD 406:408 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 45 theme C-terminal 387:396 arg1 signal 437:442 a signal 435:442 a signal 435:442 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 45 theme C-terminal 387:396 arg1 protein 424:430 the cargo protein 414:430 the cargo protein 414:430 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 46 theme protein 424:430 arg1 domain 398:403 the C-terminal domain 383:403 the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein 383:430 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 46 theme protein 424:430 arg1 CTD 406:408 CTD 406:408 CTD 406:408 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 46 theme protein 424:430 arg1 signal 437:442 a signal 435:442 a signal 435:442 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 46 theme protein 424:430 arg1 protein 424:430 the cargo protein 414:430 the cargo protein 414:430 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 7 47 from mutagenesis 1037:1047 arg1 motif 1087:1091 the N-X-S/T motif 1075:1091 the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1075:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 4 48 theme GFP 686:688 arg1 secretion 673:681 the secretion 669:681 the secretion of GFP by C. hutchinsonii T9SS 669:712 The CTD is necessary for the secretion of GFP by C. hutchinsonii T9SS. 34644163 15 49 theme hutchinsonii 2233:2244 arg1 proteins 2246:2253 C. hutchinsonii proteins 2230:2253 C. hutchinsonii proteins 2230:2253 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 18 50 theme N-glycosylation 2648:2662 arg1 roles 2639:2643 multiple biological roles 2619:2643 multiple biological roles 2619:2643 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 18 50 theme N-glycosylation 2648:2662 arg1 existence 2605:2613 widespread existence 2594:2613 widespread existence 2594:2613 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 0 51 theme Protein 27:33 arg1 Domain 46:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain 19:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System 19:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 2 52 contain possesses 320:328 arg1 It 257:258 It 257:258 It 257:258 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 52 contain possesses 320:328 arg2 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 52 contain possesses 320:328 arg2 system 350:355 a type IX secretion system 330:355 a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal 330:442 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 18 53 dep existence 2605:2613 arg1 the 2590:2592 the 2590:2592 the 2590:2592 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 6 54 theme N-linked 964:971 arg1 oligosaccharides 973:988 N-linked oligosaccharides 964:988 N-linked oligosaccharides 964:988 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 9 55 theme Campylobacter 1345:1357 arg1 jejuni 1359:1364 Campylobacter jejuni 1345:1364 Campylobacter jejuni 1345:1364 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 5 56 theme fusion 735:740 arg1 protein 742:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein 715:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein 715:748 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 12 57 theme glycans 1829:1835 arg1 role 1812:1815 the role 1808:1815 the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria 1808:1847 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 18 58 from roles 2639:2643 arg1 bacteria 2667:2674 bacteria 2667:2674 bacteria 2667:2674 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 12 59 theme N-linked 1820:1827 arg1 glycans 1829:1835 N-linked glycans 1820:1835 N-linked glycans 1820:1835 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 14 60 contain has 2119:2121 arg2 system 2142:2147 an N-glycosylation system 2123:2147 an N-glycosylation system 2123:2147 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 14 60 contain has 2119:2121 arg1 hutchinsonii 2067:2078 C. hutchinsonii 2064:2078 C. hutchinsonii 2064:2078 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 14 60 contain has 2119:2121 arg1 member 2083:2088 a member 2081:2088 a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes 2081:2116 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 13 61 theme cellulose 1922:1930 arg1 mechanism 1944:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 1 62 theme phylum 235:240 arg1 Bacteroidetes 242:254 the phylum Bacteroidetes 231:254 the phylum Bacteroidetes 231:254 Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. 34644163 12 63 theme Campylobacterota 1786:1801 arg1 species 1756:1762 several species 1748:1762 several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota 1748:1801 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 7 64 gly N-glycosylation 1123:1137 arg2 CTD 1155:1157 the CTD 1151:1157 the CTD 1151:1157 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 11 65 theme T9SS 1605:1608 arg1 signal 1595:1600 the signal 1591:1600 the signal of T9SS 1591:1608 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 3 66 theme CTD 481:483 arg1 functions 464:472 the functions 460:472 the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii 460:555 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 16 67 theme T9SS 2419:2422 arg1 signal 2409:2414 the CTD translocation signal 2387:2414 the CTD translocation signal of T9SS 2387:2422 Moreover, N-glycosylation occurs on the CTD translocation signal of T9SS. 34644163 18 68 from bacteria 2667:2674 arg1 understanding 2573:2585 our understanding 2569:2585 our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria 2569:2674 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 17 69 theme important 2473:2481 arg1 role 2483:2486 an important role 2470:2486 an important role 2470:2486 The glycosylation of the CTD appears to play an important role in affecting T9SS substrate transportation and localization. 34644163 15 70 theme C. 2230:2231 arg1 proteins 2246:2253 C. hutchinsonii proteins 2230:2253 C. hutchinsonii proteins 2230:2253 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 16 71 theme translocation 2395:2407 arg1 signal 2409:2414 the CTD translocation signal 2387:2414 the CTD translocation signal of T9SS 2387:2422 Moreover, N-glycosylation occurs on the CTD translocation signal of T9SS. 34644163 15 72 theme cell 2274:2277 arg1 resistance 2279:2288 cell resistance 2274:2288 cell resistance to some chemicals 2274:2306 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 12 73 located found 1734:1738 arg1 species 1756:1762 several species 1748:1762 several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota 1748:1801 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 12 73 located found 1734:1738 arg2 IMPORTANCE 1666:1675 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1666:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1666:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 7 74 theme residues 1063:1070 arg1 mutagenesis 1037:1047 site-directed mutagenesis 1023:1047 site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1023:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 13 75 theme many 1959:1962 arg1 proteins 1977:1984 many cell surface proteins 1959:1984 many cell surface proteins 1959:1984 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 13 75 theme many 1959:1962 arg1 cellulases 1997:2006 cellulases 1997:2006 cellulases 1997:2006 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 3 76 theme substrates 527:536 arg1 localization 506:517 localization 506:517 localization 506:517 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 3 76 theme substrates 527:536 arg1 secretion 492:500 secretion 492:500 secretion 492:500 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 12 77 theme Proteobacteria 1767:1780 arg1 species 1756:1762 several species 1748:1762 several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota 1748:1801 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 18 78 theme widespread 2594:2603 arg1 existence 2605:2613 widespread existence 2594:2613 widespread existence 2594:2613 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 6 79 link N-linked 964:971 arg1 oligosaccharides 973:988 N-linked oligosaccharides 964:988 N-linked oligosaccharides 964:988 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 13 80 theme surface 1969:1975 arg1 proteins 1977:1984 many cell surface proteins 1959:1984 many cell surface proteins 1959:1984 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 13 80 theme surface 1969:1975 arg1 cellulases 1997:2006 cellulases 1997:2006 cellulases 1997:2006 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 2 81 theme unknown 298:304 arg1 mechanism 306:314 an unknown mechanism 295:314 an unknown mechanism 295:314 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 0 82 theme Domain 46:51 arg1 N-Glycosylation 0:14 N-Glycosylation 0:14 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii 0:120 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 7 83 theme site-directed 1023:1035 arg1 mutagenesis 1037:1047 site-directed mutagenesis 1023:1047 site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1023:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 13 84 theme degradation 1932:1942 arg1 mechanism 1944:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 2 85 theme IX 337:338 arg1 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 85 theme IX 337:338 arg1 system 350:355 a type IX secretion system 330:355 a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal 330:442 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 3 86 from functions 464:472 arg1 localization 506:517 localization 506:517 localization 506:517 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 3 86 from functions 464:472 arg1 secretion 492:500 secretion 492:500 secretion 492:500 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 6 87 theme glycosylated 881:892 arg1 sensitive 906:914 sensitive 906:914 sensitive 906:914 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 6 87 theme glycosylated 881:892 arg1 protein 894:900 The glycosylated protein 877:900 The glycosylated protein 877:900 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 15 88 theme Glycosyltransferase 2150:2168 arg1 CHU_3842 2170:2177 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 2150:2177 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 2150:2177 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 8 89 theme recombinant 1239:1249 arg1 proteins 1251:1258 GFP-CTD recombinant proteins 1231:1258 GFP-CTD recombinant proteins 1231:1258 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 14 90 theme phylum 2097:2102 arg1 Bacteroidetes 2104:2116 the phylum Bacteroidetes 2093:2116 the phylum Bacteroidetes 2093:2116 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 18 91 from understanding 2573:2585 arg1 bacteria 2667:2674 bacteria 2667:2674 bacteria 2667:2674 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 15 92 gly N-glycosylation 2211:2225 arg1 proteins 2246:2253 C. hutchinsonii proteins 2230:2253 C. hutchinsonii proteins 2230:2253 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 6 93 gly glycosylated 881:892 arg1 sensitive 906:914 sensitive 906:914 sensitive 906:914 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 6 93 gly glycosylated 881:892 arg1 protein 894:900 The glycosylated protein 877:900 The glycosylated protein 877:900 The glycosylated protein was sensitive to peptide-N-glycosidase F, which can hydrolyze N-linked oligosaccharides. 34644163 17 94 theme substrate 2506:2514 arg1 transportation 2516:2529 T9SS substrate transportation 2501:2529 T9SS substrate transportation 2501:2529 The glycosylation of the CTD appears to play an important role in affecting T9SS substrate transportation and localization. 34644163 12 95 theme N-glycosylation 1691:1705 arg1 system 1707:1712 The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1677:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system 1666:1712 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 13 96 theme cell 1909:1912 arg1 mechanism 1944:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 18 97 from existence 2605:2613 arg1 bacteria 2667:2674 bacteria 2667:2674 bacteria 2667:2674 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 2 98 theme crystalline 268:278 arg1 cellulose 280:288 crystalline cellulose 268:288 crystalline cellulose 268:288 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 5 99 theme molecular 804:812 arg1 mass 814:817 a molecular mass 802:817 a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence 802:874 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 9 100 dep gene 1337:1340 arg1 pglA 1366:1369 pglA 1366:1369 a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA 1324:1369 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 0 101 theme IX 76:77 arg1 System 89:94 the Type IX Secretion System 67:94 the Type IX Secretion System 67:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 17 102 theme T9SS 2501:2504 arg1 transportation 2516:2529 T9SS substrate transportation 2501:2529 T9SS substrate transportation 2501:2529 The glycosylation of the CTD appears to play an important role in affecting T9SS substrate transportation and localization. 34644163 0 103 dep Cytophaga 99:107 arg1 hutchinsonii 109:120 Cytophaga hutchinsonii 99:120 Cytophaga hutchinsonii 99:120 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 13 104 contain has 1896:1898 arg1 hutchinsonii 1883:1894 C. hutchinsonii 1880:1894 C. hutchinsonii 1880:1894 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 13 104 contain has 1896:1898 arg2 mechanism 1944:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism 1900:1952 C. hutchinsonii has a unique cell contact cellulose degradation mechanism, and many cell surface proteins, including cellulases, are secreted by the T9SS. 34644163 14 105 theme C. 2064:2065 arg1 hutchinsonii 2067:2078 C. hutchinsonii 2064:2078 C. hutchinsonii 2064:2078 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 14 105 theme C. 2064:2065 arg1 member 2083:2088 a member 2081:2088 a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes 2081:2116 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 18 106 theme biological 2628:2637 arg1 roles 2639:2643 multiple biological roles 2619:2643 multiple biological roles 2619:2643 This study enriched our understanding of the widespread existence and multiple biological roles of N-glycosylation in bacteria. 34644163 12 107 link N-linked 1820:1827 arg1 glycans 1829:1835 N-linked glycans 1820:1835 N-linked glycans 1820:1835 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 5 108 dep 5 kDa 825:829 arg1 higher 831:836 higher 831:836 higher 831:836 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 0 109 theme Cargo 21:25 arg1 Domain 46:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain 19:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System 19:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 9 110 theme homologous 1326:1335 arg1 gene 1337:1340 a homologous gene 1324:1340 a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA 1324:1369 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 9 110 theme homologous 1326:1335 arg1 gene 1309:1312 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842 1280:1321 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842 1280:1321 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 8 111 dep secretion 1201:1209 arg1 the 1197:1199 the 1197:1199 the 1197:1199 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 2 112 theme cargo 418:422 arg1 protein 424:430 the cargo protein 414:430 the cargo protein 414:430 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 10 113 theme cellulose 1485:1493 arg1 degradation 1495:1505 cellulose degradation 1485:1505 cellulose degradation 1485:1505 Deletion of chu_3842 affected cell motility, cellulose degradation, and cell resistance to some chemicals. 34644163 5 114 dep mass 814:817 arg1 5 kDa 825:829 5 kDa 825:829 5 kDa 825:829 The GFP-CTDCHU_2708 fusion protein was found to be glycosylated in the periplasm, with a molecular mass about 5 kDa higher than that predicted from its sequence. 34644163 7 115 theme CTDCHU_2708 1096:1106 arg1 motif 1087:1091 the N-X-S/T motif 1075:1091 the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1075:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 15 116 theme proteins 2246:2253 arg1 N-glycosylation 2211:2225 the N-glycosylation 2207:2225 the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins 2207:2253 Glycosyltransferase CHU_3842 was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii proteins and had effects on cell resistance to some chemicals, cell motility, and cellulose degradation. 34644163 8 117 theme proteins 1251:1258 arg1 localization 1215:1226 localization 1215:1226 localization 1215:1226 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 8 117 theme proteins 1251:1258 arg1 secretion 1201:1209 secretion 1201:1209 secretion 1201:1209 CTD N-glycosylation is important for the secretion and localization of GFP-CTD recombinant proteins in C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 0 118 gly N-Glycosylation 0:14 arg1 Domain 46:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain 19:51 a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System 19:94 N-Glycosylation of a Cargo Protein C-Terminal Domain Recognized by the Type IX Secretion System in Cytophaga hutchinsonii Affects Protein Secretion and Localization. 34644163 11 119 from N-glycosylated 1614:1627 arg1 periplasm 1636:1644 the periplasm 1632:1644 the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii 1632:1663 Our study provided evidence that the CTD as the signal of T9SS was N-glycosylated in the periplasm of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 7 120 from residues 1063:1070 arg1 motif 1087:1091 the N-X-S/T motif 1075:1091 the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1075:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 14 121 theme Bacteroidetes 2104:2116 arg1 hutchinsonii 2067:2078 C. hutchinsonii 2064:2078 C. hutchinsonii 2064:2078 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 14 121 theme Bacteroidetes 2104:2116 arg1 member 2083:2088 a member 2081:2088 a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes 2081:2116 In this study, we found that C. hutchinsonii, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, has an N-glycosylation system. 34644163 3 122 theme fluorescent 590:600 arg1 GFP 611:613 GFP 611:613 GFP 611:613 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 3 122 theme fluorescent 590:600 arg1 protein 602:608 the green fluorescent protein 580:608 the green fluorescent protein (GFP) 580:614 In this study, the functions of the CTD in the secretion and localization of T9SS substrates in C. hutchinsonii were studied by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the CTD from CHU_2708. 34644163 7 123 from motif 1087:1091 arg1 mutagenesis 1037:1047 site-directed mutagenesis 1023:1047 site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 1023:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 9 124 theme jejuni 1359:1364 arg1 gene 1337:1340 a homologous gene 1324:1340 a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA 1324:1369 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 9 124 theme jejuni 1359:1364 arg1 gene 1309:1312 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842 1280:1321 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842 1280:1321 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 34644163 7 125 theme mutants 1003:1009 arg1 Analyses 991:998 Analyses 991:998 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 991:1106 Analyses of mutants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues in the N-X-S/T motif of CTDCHU_2708 suggested that N-glycosylation occurred on the CTD. 34644163 10 126 theme cell 1512:1515 arg1 resistance 1517:1526 cell resistance 1512:1526 cell resistance to some chemicals 1512:1544 Deletion of chu_3842 affected cell motility, cellulose degradation, and cell resistance to some chemicals. 34644163 12 127 from role 1812:1815 arg1 bacteria 1840:1847 bacteria 1840:1847 bacteria 1840:1847 IMPORTANCE The bacterial N-glycosylation system has previously been found only in several species of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota, and the role of N-linked glycans in bacteria is still not fully understood. 34644163 16 128 theme CTD 2391:2393 arg1 signal 2409:2414 the CTD translocation signal 2387:2414 the CTD translocation signal of T9SS 2387:2422 Moreover, N-glycosylation occurs on the CTD translocation signal of T9SS. 34644163 2 129 theme secretion 340:348 arg1 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 T9SS 358:361 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 2 129 theme secretion 340:348 arg1 system 350:355 a type IX secretion system 330:355 a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal 330:442 It digests crystalline cellulose with an unknown mechanism and possesses a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that can recognize the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the cargo protein as a signal. 34644163 9 130 gly N-glycosylation 1404:1418 arg1 hutchinsonii 1426:1437 C. hutchinsonii 1423:1437 C. hutchinsonii 1423:1437 Glycosyltransferase-encoding gene chu_3842, a homologous gene of Campylobacter jejuni pglA, was found to participate in the N-glycosylation of C. hutchinsonii. 31996435 8 0 theme aggregates 1433:1442 arg1 formation 1420:1428 the formation 1416:1428 the formation of aggregates 1416:1442 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 1 theme viral 1656:1660 arg1 fevers 1674:1679 viral hemorrhagic fevers 1656:1679 viral hemorrhagic fevers 1656:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 3 2 theme endemicity 459:468 arg1 regions 448:454 regions 448:454 regions of endemicity 448:468 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 5 3 dep GPC 916:918 arg1 aggregates 920:929 aggregates 920:929 aggregates 920:929 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 4 4 theme complex 760:766 arg1 G1 737:738 the subunit G1 725:738 the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can 725:773 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 5 theme the 1519:1521 arg1 history 1508:1514 the passage history 1496:1514 the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers 1496:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 2 6 theme million 290:296 arg1 individuals 298:308 5 million individuals 288:308 5 million individuals 288:308 There are currently around 5 million individuals at risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina. 31996435 4 7 theme GPC 582:584 arg1 gene 587:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene 564:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene 564:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 7 theme GPC 582:584 arg1 responsible 605:615 responsible 605:615 responsible 605:615 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 0 8 theme prior 125:129 arg1 Aggregates 114:123 Aggregates 114:123 Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome 114:160 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 3 9 theme annual 516:521 arg1 cases 557:561 annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 516:561 annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 516:561 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 1 10 theme lethal 208:213 arg1 disease 215:221 a potentially lethal disease 194:221 a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV) 194:258 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 1 10 theme lethal 208:213 arg1 fever 185:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 163:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 163:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 7 11 from stress 1290:1295 arg1 ER 1304:1305 the ER 1300:1305 the ER 1300:1305 Cells infected with the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain do not produce aggregates that are observed in Can infection, and the stress on the ER remains minimal. 31996435 11 12 theme live 2342:2345 arg1 candidates 2366:2375 live attenuated vaccine candidates 2342:2375 live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2342:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 4 13 from JUNV 831:834 arg1 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 13 from JUNV 831:834 arg1 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 7 14 theme Rom 1208:1210 arg1 strain 1213:1218 the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain 1186:1218 the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain 1186:1218 Cells infected with the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain do not produce aggregates that are observed in Can infection, and the stress on the ER remains minimal. 31996435 4 15 from G1 737:738 arg1 absence 679:685 the absence 675:685 the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, 675:835 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 16 theme wild-type 810:818 arg1 JUNV 831:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 10 17 from use 2017:2019 arg1 regions 2024:2030 regions 2024:2030 regions of endemicity within Argentina 2024:2061 While the vaccine strain is approved for use in regions of endemicity within Argentina, the mechanisms of Can attenuation have not been elucidated. 31996435 8 18 theme Department 1747:1756 arg1 Plan 1730:1733 the Implementation Plan 1711:1733 the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1711:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 7 19 dep Can 1267:1269 arg1 infection 1271:1279 infection 1271:1279 infection 1271:1279 Cells infected with the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain do not produce aggregates that are observed in Can infection, and the stress on the ER remains minimal. 31996435 11 20 theme vaccine 2358:2364 arg1 candidates 2366:2375 live attenuated vaccine candidates 2342:2375 live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2342:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 10 21 theme vaccine 1986:1992 arg1 approved 2004:2011 approved 2004:2011 approved 2004:2011 While the vaccine strain is approved for use in regions of endemicity within Argentina, the mechanisms of Can attenuation have not been elucidated. 31996435 10 21 theme vaccine 1986:1992 arg1 strain 1994:1999 the vaccine strain 1982:1999 the vaccine strain 1982:1999 While the vaccine strain is approved for use in regions of endemicity within Argentina, the mechanisms of Can attenuation have not been elucidated. 31996435 0 22 theme Strain 60:65 arg1 Glycoprotein 4:15 The Glycoprotein 0:15 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 0:65 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 5 23 theme disulfide 990:998 arg1 bonds 1000:1004 incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds 968:1004 incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds 968:1004 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 4 24 from motif 716:720 arg1 G1 737:738 the subunit G1 725:738 the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can 725:773 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 25 theme other 1445:1449 arg1 mutations 1451:1459 other mutations 1445:1459 other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers 1445:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 11 26 theme mechanisms 2234:2243 arg1 understanding 2213:2225 our understanding 2209:2225 our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis 2209:2280 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 0 27 theme Endoplasmic 75:85 arg1 Reticulum 87:95 Endoplasmic Reticulum 75:95 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress 75:102 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 1 28 theme Argentine 163:171 arg1 disease 215:221 a potentially lethal disease 194:221 a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV) 194:258 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 1 28 theme Argentine 163:171 arg1 fever 185:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 163:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 163:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 11 29 theme attenuation 2184:2194 arg1 determinants 2168:2179 the viral genetic determinants 2150:2179 the viral genetic determinants of attenuation 2150:2194 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 8 30 dep also 1534:1537 arg1 strain 1527:1532 strain 1527:1532 strain 1527:1532 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 9 31 attach derived 1863:1869 arg2 The 1847:1849 The 1847:1849 The 1847:1849 The Can strain, derived from the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be both safe and protective against AHF. 31996435 9 31 attach derived 1863:1869 arg1 strain 1894:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain 1876:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV 1876:1907 The Can strain, derived from the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be both safe and protective against AHF. 31996435 8 32 theme Public 1787:1792 arg1 Enterprise 1835:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 33 theme vaccines 1620:1627 arg1 development 1605:1615 The development 1601:1615 The development of vaccines and therapeutics 1601:1644 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 34 gly glycosylation 1359:1371 arg2 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 34 gly glycosylation 1359:1371 arg2 motif 1373:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif 1346:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) 1346:1385 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 4 35 theme N-linked 693:700 arg1 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 35 theme N-linked 693:700 arg1 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 36 theme Emergency 1801:1809 arg1 Enterprise 1835:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 5 37 theme incorrect 968:976 arg1 bonds 1000:1004 incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds 968:1004 incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds 968:1004 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 0 38 theme Junin 40:44 arg1 Strain 60:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 8 39 theme therapeutics 1633:1644 arg1 development 1605:1615 The development 1601:1615 The development of vaccines and therapeutics 1601:1644 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 3 40 dep vaccine 394:400 arg1 # 416:416 strain Candid #1 402:417 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 3 41 theme Candid 409:414 arg1 # 416:416 strain Candid #1 402:417 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 8 42 theme Countermeasures 1819:1833 arg1 Enterprise 1835:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 43 theme top 1691:1693 arg1 priority 1695:1702 a top priority 1689:1702 a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1689:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 4 44 attach present 795:801 arg1 JUNV 831:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 44 attach present 795:801 arg2 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 44 attach present 795:801 arg2 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 45 theme N-linked 1350:1357 arg1 motif 1373:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif 1346:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) 1346:1385 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 45 theme N-linked 1350:1357 arg1 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 46 theme motif 1373:1377 arg1 mutation 1334:1341 the mutation 1330:1341 the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) 1330:1385 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 46 theme motif 1373:1377 arg1 responsible 1400:1410 responsible 1400:1410 responsible 1400:1410 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 0 47 theme Live-Attenuated 24:38 arg1 Strain 60:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 3 48 dep # 416:416 arg1 Can 420:422 Can 420:422 Can 420:422 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 2 49 from Argentina 363:371 arg1 regions 338:344 regions 338:344 regions of endemicity in Argentina 338:371 There are currently around 5 million individuals at risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina. 31996435 3 50 theme live 378:381 arg1 vaccine 394:400 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 3 50 theme live 378:381 arg1 approved 428:435 approved 428:435 approved 428:435 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 9 51 theme XJ 1891:1892 arg1 strain 1894:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain 1876:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV 1876:1907 The Can strain, derived from the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be both safe and protective against AHF. 31996435 2 52 theme infection 321:329 arg1 risk 313:316 risk 313:316 risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina 313:371 There are currently around 5 million individuals at risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina. 31996435 0 53 theme Virus 46:50 arg1 Strain 60:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 5 54 theme impaired 1024:1031 arg1 processing 1037:1046 impaired GPC processing 1024:1046 impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2 1024:1061 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 4 55 theme motif 716:720 arg1 absence 679:685 the absence 675:685 the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, 675:835 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 9 56 dep The 1847:1849 arg1 Can 1851:1853 Can 1851:1853 Can 1851:1853 The Can strain, derived from the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be both safe and protective against AHF. 31996435 0 57 from Degradation 134:144 arg1 Lysosome 153:160 the Lysosome 149:160 the Lysosome 149:160 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 2 58 theme endemicity 349:358 arg1 regions 338:344 regions 338:344 regions of endemicity in Argentina 338:371 There are currently around 5 million individuals at risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina. 31996435 11 59 theme better 2126:2131 arg1 understanding 2133:2145 A better understanding 2124:2145 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation 2124:2194 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 11 60 theme viral 2387:2391 arg1 fevers 2405:2410 other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2381:2410 other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2381:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 5 61 from GPC 916:918 arg1 ER 938:939 the ER 934:939 the ER of infected cells 934:957 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 8 62 theme hemorrhagic 1662:1672 arg1 fevers 1674:1679 viral hemorrhagic fevers 1656:1679 viral hemorrhagic fevers 1656:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 6 63 theme G2 1104:1105 arg1 subunits 1107:1114 its G1 and G2 subunits 1093:1114 its G1 and G2 subunits 1093:1114 The GPC fails to cleave into its G1 and G2 subunits and is targeted for degradation within lysosomes. 31996435 8 64 theme passage 1500:1506 arg1 history 1508:1514 the passage history 1496:1514 the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers 1496:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 1 65 theme hemorrhagic 173:183 arg1 disease 215:221 a potentially lethal disease 194:221 a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV) 194:258 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 1 65 theme hemorrhagic 173:183 arg1 fever 185:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 163:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 163:189 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 4 66 theme glycoprotein 747:758 arg1 complex 760:766 the glycoprotein complex 743:766 the glycoprotein complex of Can 743:773 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 2 67 from regions 338:344 arg1 Argentina 363:371 Argentina 363:371 Argentina 363:371 There are currently around 5 million individuals at risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina. 31996435 8 68 link N-linked 1350:1357 arg1 motif 1373:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif 1346:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) 1346:1385 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 68 link N-linked 1350:1357 arg1 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 69 theme Human 1772:1776 arg1 Services 1778:1785 Human Services 1772:1785 Human Services 1772:1785 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 6 70 theme G1 1097:1098 arg1 subunits 1107:1114 its G1 and G2 subunits 1093:1114 its G1 and G2 subunits 1093:1114 The GPC fails to cleave into its G1 and G2 subunits and is targeted for degradation within lysosomes. 31996435 3 71 from use 441:443 arg1 regions 448:454 regions 448:454 regions of endemicity 448:468 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 3 72 theme Argentine 523:531 arg1 AHF 552:554 AHF 552:554 AHF 552:554 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 3 72 theme Argentine 523:531 arg1 fever 545:549 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 523:549 annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 516:561 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 8 73 dep Health 1761:1766 arg1 Enterprise 1835:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 2 74 from endemicity 349:358 arg1 Argentina 363:371 Argentina 363:371 Argentina 363:371 There are currently around 5 million individuals at risk of infection within regions of endemicity in Argentina. 31996435 4 75 located present 795:801 arg1 JUNV 831:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 75 located present 795:801 arg2 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 75 located present 795:801 arg2 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 76 theme Implementation 1715:1728 arg1 Plan 1730:1733 the Implementation Plan 1711:1733 the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1711:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 4 77 gly glycoprotein 747:758 arg1 glycoprotein 747:758 the glycoprotein complex 743:766 the glycoprotein complex of Can 743:773 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 3 78 theme hemorrhagic 533:543 arg1 AHF 552:554 AHF 552:554 AHF 552:554 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 3 78 theme hemorrhagic 533:543 arg1 fever 545:549 Argentine hemorrhagic fever 523:549 annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 516:561 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 4 79 theme pathogenic 820:829 arg1 JUNV 831:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 11 80 theme rational 2323:2330 arg1 design 2332:2337 the rational design 2319:2337 the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2319:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 5 81 theme cells 953:957 arg1 ER 938:939 the ER 934:939 the ER of infected cells 934:957 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 3 82 theme fever 545:549 arg1 cases 557:561 annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 516:561 annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 516:561 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 11 83 theme candidates 2366:2375 arg1 design 2332:2337 the rational design 2319:2337 the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2319:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 11 84 theme genetic 2160:2166 arg1 determinants 2168:2179 the viral genetic determinants 2150:2179 the viral genetic determinants of attenuation 2150:2194 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 11 85 theme attenuated 2347:2356 arg1 candidates 2366:2375 live attenuated vaccine candidates 2342:2375 live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2342:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 4 86 from present 795:801 arg1 JUNV 831:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 the wild-type pathogenic JUNV 806:834 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 3 87 theme cases 557:561 arg1 number 506:511 the number 502:511 the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases 502:561 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 8 88 theme GPC 1572:1574 arg1 aggregation 1553:1563 aggregation 1553:1563 aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers 1553:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 4 89 theme endoplasmic 865:875 arg1 reticulum 877:885 the endoplasmic reticulum 861:885 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 861:890 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 89 theme endoplasmic 865:875 arg1 ER 888:889 ER 888:889 ER 888:889 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 7 90 theme wild-type 1190:1198 arg1 strain 1213:1218 the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain 1186:1218 the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain 1186:1218 Cells infected with the wild-type Romero (Rom) strain do not produce aggregates that are observed in Can infection, and the stress on the ER remains minimal. 31996435 0 91 theme Reticulum 87:95 arg1 Stress 97:102 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress 75:102 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress 75:102 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 11 92 theme disease 2261:2267 arg1 pathogenesis 2269:2280 disease pathogenesis 2261:2280 disease pathogenesis 2261:2280 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 11 93 theme viral 2154:2158 arg1 determinants 2168:2179 the viral genetic determinants 2150:2179 the viral genetic determinants of attenuation 2150:2194 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 4 94 theme the 636:638 arg1 attenuation 621:631 attenuation 621:631 attenuation of the Can strain 621:649 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 95 theme Health 1794:1799 arg1 Enterprise 1835:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 4 96 theme GPC 844:846 arg1 retention 848:856 GPC retention 844:856 GPC retention 844:856 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 97 dep the 636:638 arg1 Can 640:642 Can 640:642 Can 640:642 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 8 98 theme Medical 1811:1817 arg1 Enterprise 1835:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise 1787:1844 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 4 99 gly glycoprotein 568:579 arg1 glycoprotein 568:579 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene 564:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene 564:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 11 100 theme critical 2294:2301 arg1 information 2303:2313 critical information 2294:2313 critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2294:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 8 101 dep the 1519:1521 arg1 contribute 1539:1548 contribute 1539:1548 Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers 1523:1679 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 5 102 theme cross-chain 978:988 arg1 bonds 1000:1004 incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds 968:1004 incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds 968:1004 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 8 103 theme glycosylation 1359:1371 arg1 motif 1373:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif 1346:1377 the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) 1346:1385 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 8 103 theme glycosylation 1359:1371 arg1 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 T168A 1380:1384 While the mutation of the N-linked glycosylation motif (T168A) is primarily responsible for the formation of aggregates, other mutations within G1 that occurred earlier in the passage history of the Can strain also contribute to aggregation of the GPC within the ER.IMPORTANCE The development of vaccines and therapeutics to combat viral hemorrhagic fevers remains a top priority within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. 31996435 11 104 theme determinants 2168:2179 arg1 understanding 2133:2145 A better understanding 2124:2145 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation 2124:2194 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 4 105 from absence 679:685 arg1 G1 737:738 the subunit G1 725:738 the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can 725:773 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 106 gly glycosylation 702:714 arg2 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 106 gly glycosylation 702:714 arg2 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 3 107 theme strain 402:407 arg1 # 416:416 strain Candid #1 402:417 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 9 108 theme pathogenic 1880:1889 arg1 strain 1894:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain 1876:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV 1876:1907 The Can strain, derived from the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be both safe and protective against AHF. 31996435 4 109 theme subunit 729:735 arg1 G1 737:738 the subunit G1 725:738 the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can 725:773 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 0 110 theme Vaccine 52:58 arg1 Strain 60:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain 20:65 The Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Junin Virus Vaccine Strain Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Forms Aggregates prior to Degradation in the Lysosome. 31996435 4 111 link N-linked 693:700 arg1 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 111 link N-linked 693:700 arg1 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 3 112 theme attenuated 383:392 arg1 vaccine 394:400 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) 374:423 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 3 112 theme attenuated 383:392 arg1 approved 428:435 approved 428:435 approved 428:435 The live attenuated vaccine strain Candid #1 (Can) is approved for use in regions of endemicity and has substantially decreased the number of annual Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) cases. 31996435 5 113 theme infected 944:951 arg1 cells 953:957 infected cells 944:957 infected cells 944:957 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 5 114 theme GPC 1033:1035 arg1 processing 1037:1046 impaired GPC processing 1024:1046 impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2 1024:1061 Here, we show that Can GPC aggregates in the ER of infected cells, forming incorrect cross-chain disulfide bonds, which results in impaired GPC processing into G1 and G2. 31996435 10 115 theme endemicity 2035:2044 arg1 regions 2024:2030 regions 2024:2030 regions of endemicity within Argentina 2024:2061 While the vaccine strain is approved for use in regions of endemicity within Argentina, the mechanisms of Can attenuation have not been elucidated. 31996435 11 116 theme hemorrhagic 2393:2403 arg1 fevers 2405:2410 other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2381:2410 other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2381:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 9 117 theme JUNV 1904:1907 arg1 strain 1894:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain 1876:1899 the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV 1876:1907 The Can strain, derived from the pathogenic XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be both safe and protective against AHF. 31996435 4 118 theme glycosylation 702:714 arg1 present 795:801 present 795:801 present 795:801 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 118 theme glycosylation 702:714 arg1 motif 716:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 an N-linked glycosylation motif 690:720 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 11 119 theme other 2381:2385 arg1 fevers 2405:2410 other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2381:2410 other viral hemorrhagic fevers 2381:2410 A better understanding of the viral genetic determinants of attenuation will improve our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis and provide critical information for the rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 31996435 4 120 theme glycoprotein 568:579 arg1 gene 587:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene 564:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene 564:590 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 4 120 theme glycoprotein 568:579 arg1 responsible 605:615 responsible 605:615 responsible 605:615 The glycoprotein (GPC) gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of the Can strain, and we have shown that the absence of an N-linked glycosylation motif in the subunit G1 of the glycoprotein complex of Can, which is otherwise present in the wild-type pathogenic JUNV, causes GPC retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 31996435 1 121 theme Junin 241:245 arg1 JUNV 254:257 JUNV 254:257 JUNV 254:257 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 31996435 1 121 theme Junin 241:245 arg1 virus 247:251 Junin virus 241:251 Junin virus (JUNV) 241:258 Argentine hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal disease that is caused by Junin virus (JUNV). 32482891 7 0 theme mechanical 1220:1229 arg1 properties 1231:1240 extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1199:1240 extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1199:1240 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 6 1 gly glycosylation 1015:1027 arg1 Asn-1030 1044:1051 Asn-1030 1044:1051 Asn-1030 1044:1051 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 6 1 gly glycosylation 1015:1027 arg1 Asn-471 1032:1038 Asn-471 1032:1038 Asn-471 1032:1038 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 10 2 theme reticulum 1830:1838 arg1 reporter 1847:1854 an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1804:1854 an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1804:1854 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 6 3 theme site-directed 969:981 arg1 mutagenesis 983:993 site-directed mutagenesis 969:993 site-directed mutagenesis 969:993 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 7 4 theme extracellular 1199:1211 arg1 properties 1231:1240 extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1199:1240 extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1199:1240 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 3 5 theme variant 584:590 arg1 identification 560:573 the identification 556:573 the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs 556:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 7 6 theme ACLP 1191:1194 arg1 contribution 1166:1177 the contribution 1162:1177 the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1162:1240 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 9 7 from insertion 1589:1597 arg1 domain 1621:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 2 8 theme collagen-binding 350:365 arg1 domain 377:382 a collagen-binding discoidin domain 348:382 a collagen-binding discoidin domain 348:382 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 1 9 theme extracellular 225:237 arg1 protein 246:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein 206:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis 206:307 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 9 theme extracellular 225:237 arg1 protein 188:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein 159:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) 159:201 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 6 10 theme Asn-1030 1044:1051 arg1 glycosylation 1015:1027 glycosylation 1015:1027 glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 1015:1051 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 9 11 from mutation 1576:1583 arg1 domain 1621:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 3 12 theme Ehlers-Danlos 595:607 arg1 syndrome 609:616 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 595:616 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 595:616 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 6 13 theme Asn-471 1032:1038 arg1 glycosylation 1015:1027 glycosylation 1015:1027 glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 1015:1051 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 5 14 theme N-linked 863:870 arg1 glycosylation 872:884 N-linked glycosylation 863:884 N-linked glycosylation 863:884 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 9 15 theme 40-amino 1562:1569 arg1 mutation 1576:1583 a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation 1540:1583 a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation 1540:1583 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 3 16 theme tissue 637:642 arg1 disruptions 644:654 connective tissue disruptions 626:654 connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs 626:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 4 17 theme modifications 776:788 arg1 mechanisms 713:722 the mechanisms 709:722 the mechanisms of ACLP secretion 709:740 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 4 17 theme modifications 776:788 arg1 role 749:752 the role 745:752 the role of post-translational modifications in these processes 745:807 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 1 18 theme carboxypeptidase-like 166:186 arg1 protein 246:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein 206:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis 206:307 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 18 theme carboxypeptidase-like 166:186 arg1 ACLP 197:200 ACLP 197:200 ACLP 197:200 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 18 theme carboxypeptidase-like 166:186 arg1 protein 188:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein 159:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) 159:201 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 4 19 theme secretion 732:740 arg1 mechanisms 713:722 the mechanisms 709:722 the mechanisms of ACLP secretion 709:740 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 4 19 theme secretion 732:740 arg1 role 749:752 the role 745:752 the role of post-translational modifications in these processes 745:807 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 11 20 theme N-linked 1898:1905 arg1 glycosylation 1907:1919 N-linked glycosylation 1898:1919 N-linked glycosylation of ACLP 1898:1927 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 9 21 theme discoidin 1611:1619 arg1 domain 1621:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 6 22 theme ACLP 1070:1073 arg1 secretion 1075:1083 ACLP secretion 1070:1083 ACLP secretion 1070:1083 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 11 23 gly glycosylation 1907:1919 arg1 ACLP 1924:1927 ACLP 1924:1927 ACLP 1924:1927 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 0 24 theme variant 111:117 arg1 Mechanisms 0:9 Mechanisms 0:9 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 0:59 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 0 24 theme variant 111:117 arg1 identification 65:78 identification 65:78 identification of an intracellularly retained variant 65:117 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 2 25 theme thrombospondin 324:337 arg1 repeats 339:345 thrombospondin repeats 324:345 thrombospondin repeats 324:345 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 7 26 theme tensile 1391:1397 arg1 strength 1399:1406 tensile strength 1391:1406 tensile strength of the fibers 1391:1420 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 7 27 theme ACLP 1298:1301 arg1 fibers 1313:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 7 28 theme fibers 1415:1420 arg1 modulus 1352:1358 the modulus 1348:1358 the modulus (or stiffness) 1348:1373 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 7 28 theme fibers 1415:1420 arg1 stiffness 1364:1372 stiffness 1364:1372 stiffness 1364:1372 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 7 28 theme fibers 1415:1420 arg1 toughness 1376:1384 toughness 1376:1384 toughness 1376:1384 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 7 28 theme fibers 1415:1420 arg1 strength 1399:1406 tensile strength 1391:1406 tensile strength of the fibers 1391:1420 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 8 29 theme null 1449:1452 arg1 alleles 1454:1460 null alleles 1449:1460 null alleles 1449:1460 Some AEBP1 mutations were null alleles, whereas others resulted in expressed proteins. 32482891 7 30 theme wet-spun 1280:1287 arg1 fibers 1313:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 0 31 theme aortic 14:19 arg1 secretion 51:59 aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 14:59 aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 14:59 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 6 32 theme ACLP 1134:1137 arg1 fragment 1139:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 3 33 theme ACLP-encoding 473:485 arg1 protein 504:510 AE-binding protein 1 493:512 AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) 493:520 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 3 33 theme ACLP-encoding 473:485 arg1 gene 487:490 the ACLP-encoding gene 469:490 the ACLP-encoding gene 469:490 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 10 34 theme reticulum 1771:1779 arg1 stress 1781:1786 endoplasmic reticulum stress 1759:1786 endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1759:1854 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 0 35 theme protein 43:49 arg1 secretion 51:59 aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 14:59 aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 14:59 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 5 36 theme secreted 832:839 arg1 form 841:844 the secreted form 828:844 the secreted form of ACLP 828:852 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 6 37 theme N-terminal 1111:1120 arg1 fragment 1139:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 10 38 theme endoplasmic 1818:1828 arg1 reticulum 1830:1838 XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum 1807:1838 an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1804:1854 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 11 39 theme disease 2001:2007 arg1 pathologies 2009:2019 ACLP-dependent disease pathologies 1986:2019 ACLP-dependent disease pathologies 1986:2019 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 1 40 theme important 263:271 arg1 roles 273:277 important roles 263:277 important roles 263:277 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 4 41 from role 749:752 arg1 processes 799:807 these processes 793:807 these processes 793:807 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 7 42 theme matrix 1213:1218 arg1 properties 1231:1240 extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1199:1240 extracellular matrix mechanical properties 1199:1240 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 2 43 theme inactive 405:412 arg1 domain 438:443 a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain 389:443 a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain 389:443 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 3 44 theme new 580:582 arg1 variant 584:590 a new variant 578:590 a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs 578:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 3 45 theme syndrome 609:616 arg1 variant 584:590 a new variant 578:590 a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs 578:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 7 46 theme secreted 1182:1189 arg1 ACLP 1191:1194 secreted ACLP 1182:1194 secreted ACLP 1182:1194 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 4 47 from mechanisms 713:722 arg1 processes 799:807 these processes 793:807 these processes 793:807 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 5 48 theme glycosylation 909:921 arg1 inhibition 895:904 inhibition 895:904 inhibition of glycosylation 895:921 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 2 49 theme discoidin 367:375 arg1 domain 377:382 a collagen-binding discoidin domain 348:382 a collagen-binding discoidin domain 348:382 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 1 50 theme collagen-binding 208:223 arg1 protein 246:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein 206:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis 206:307 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 50 theme collagen-binding 208:223 arg1 protein 188:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein 159:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) 159:201 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 51 theme matrix 239:244 arg1 protein 246:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein 206:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis 206:307 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 51 theme matrix 239:244 arg1 protein 188:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein 159:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) 159:201 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 11 52 theme ACLP 1924:1927 arg1 glycosylation 1907:1919 N-linked glycosylation 1898:1919 N-linked glycosylation of ACLP 1898:1927 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 9 53 theme discovered 1551:1560 arg1 mutation 1576:1583 a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation 1540:1583 a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation 1540:1583 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 5 54 contain contains 854:861 arg1 form 841:844 the secreted form 828:844 the secreted form of ACLP 828:852 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 5 54 contain contains 854:861 arg2 glycosylation 872:884 N-linked glycosylation 863:884 N-linked glycosylation 863:884 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 10 55 theme protein 1703:1709 arg1 variant 1711:1717 this protein variant 1698:1717 this protein variant 1698:1717 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 3 56 theme connective 626:635 arg1 disruptions 644:654 connective tissue disruptions 626:654 connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs 626:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 9 57 theme acid 1571:1574 arg1 mutation 1576:1583 a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation 1540:1583 a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation 1540:1583 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 5 58 link N-linked 863:870 arg1 glycosylation 872:884 N-linked glycosylation 863:884 N-linked glycosylation 863:884 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 1 59 theme Aortic 159:164 arg1 protein 246:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein 206:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis 206:307 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 59 theme Aortic 159:164 arg1 ACLP 197:200 ACLP 197:200 ACLP 197:200 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 59 theme Aortic 159:164 arg1 protein 188:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein 159:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) 159:201 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 6 60 theme specific 1102:1109 arg1 fragment 1139:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 4 61 theme post-translational 757:774 arg1 modifications 776:788 post-translational modifications 757:788 post-translational modifications 757:788 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 3 62 theme multiple 659:666 arg1 organs 668:673 multiple organs 659:673 multiple organs 659:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 5 63 theme intracellular 938:950 arg1 retention 952:960 its intracellular retention 934:960 its intracellular retention 934:960 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 4 64 theme ACLP 727:730 arg1 secretion 732:740 ACLP secretion 727:740 ACLP secretion 727:740 Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. 32482891 0 65 theme retained 102:109 arg1 variant 111:117 an intracellularly retained variant 83:117 an intracellularly retained variant 83:117 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 11 66 theme pathologies 2009:2019 arg1 understanding 1969:1981 our understanding 1965:1981 our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies 1965:2019 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 9 67 theme ACLP 1606:1609 arg1 domain 1621:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 the ACLP discoidin domain 1602:1626 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 11 68 theme glycosylation 1907:1919 arg1 importance 1884:1893 the importance 1880:1893 the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion 1880:1945 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 7 69 theme composite 1303:1311 arg1 fibers 1313:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 11 70 link N-linked 1898:1905 arg1 glycosylation 1907:1919 N-linked glycosylation 1898:1919 N-linked glycosylation of ACLP 1898:1927 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 0 71 theme Ehlers-Danlos 135:147 arg1 syndrome 149:156 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 135:156 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 135:156 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 9 72 theme collagen 1638:1645 arg1 binding 1647:1653 collagen binding 1638:1653 collagen binding 1638:1653 We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. 32482891 8 73 theme AEBP1 1428:1432 arg1 mutations 1434:1442 Some AEBP1 mutations 1423:1442 Some AEBP1 mutations 1423:1442 Some AEBP1 mutations were null alleles, whereas others resulted in expressed proteins. 32482891 7 74 theme collagen 1289:1296 arg1 fibers 1313:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers 1280:1318 To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. 32482891 5 75 theme ACLP 849:852 arg1 form 841:844 the secreted form 828:844 the secreted form of ACLP 828:852 We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. 32482891 3 76 from mutations 456:464 arg1 protein 504:510 AE-binding protein 1 493:512 AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) 493:520 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 3 76 from mutations 456:464 arg1 gene 487:490 the ACLP-encoding gene 469:490 the ACLP-encoding gene 469:490 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 3 77 theme AE-binding 493:502 arg1 protein 504:510 AE-binding protein 1 493:512 AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) 493:520 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 3 77 theme AE-binding 493:502 arg1 AEBP1 515:519 AEBP1 515:519 AEBP1 515:519 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 3 77 theme AE-binding 493:502 arg1 gene 487:490 the ACLP-encoding gene 469:490 the ACLP-encoding gene 469:490 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 0 78 theme carboxypeptidase-like 21:41 arg1 secretion 51:59 aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 14:59 aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 14:59 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 2 79 contain contains 315:322 arg2 domain 438:443 a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain 389:443 a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain 389:443 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 2 79 contain contains 315:322 arg2 domain 377:382 a collagen-binding discoidin domain 348:382 a collagen-binding discoidin domain 348:382 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 2 79 contain contains 315:322 arg1 ACLP 310:313 ACLP 310:313 ACLP 310:313 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 2 79 contain contains 315:322 arg2 repeats 339:345 thrombospondin repeats 324:345 thrombospondin repeats 324:345 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 3 80 from disruptions 644:654 arg1 organs 668:673 multiple organs 659:673 multiple organs 659:673 Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. 32482891 0 81 theme secretion 51:59 arg1 Mechanisms 0:9 Mechanisms 0:9 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion 0:59 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 0 81 theme secretion 51:59 arg1 identification 65:78 identification 65:78 identification of an intracellularly retained variant 65:117 Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 32482891 6 82 theme proteolytic 1122:1132 arg1 fragment 1139:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment 1100:1146 Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. 32482891 10 83 theme endoplasmic 1759:1769 arg1 reticulum 1771:1779 endoplasmic reticulum 1759:1779 endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1759:1854 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 1 84 contain has 259:261 arg1 protein 246:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein 206:252 a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis 206:307 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 84 contain has 259:261 arg1 protein 188:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein 159:194 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) 159:201 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 1 84 contain has 259:261 arg2 roles 273:277 important roles 263:277 important roles 263:277 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 32482891 10 85 theme XBP1-based 1807:1816 arg1 reticulum 1830:1838 XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum 1807:1838 an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1804:1854 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 11 86 theme ACLP-dependent 1986:1999 arg1 pathologies 2009:2019 ACLP-dependent disease pathologies 1986:2019 ACLP-dependent disease pathologies 1986:2019 Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies. 32482891 8 87 theme expressed 1490:1498 arg1 proteins 1500:1507 expressed proteins 1490:1507 expressed proteins 1490:1507 Some AEBP1 mutations were null alleles, whereas others resulted in expressed proteins. 32482891 10 88 theme stress 1840:1845 arg1 reporter 1847:1854 an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1804:1854 an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter 1804:1854 Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. 32482891 2 89 theme metallocarboxypeptidase 414:436 arg1 domain 438:443 a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain 389:443 a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain 389:443 ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. 32482891 1 90 theme wound 282:286 arg1 healing 288:294 wound healing 282:294 wound healing 282:294 Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. 34921187 11 0 theme mineral 1639:1645 arg1 organization 1625:1636 crystal organization 1617:1636 crystal organization (mineral plasticity) 1617:1657 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 0 theme mineral 1639:1645 arg1 plasticity 1647:1656 mineral plasticity 1639:1656 mineral plasticity 1639:1656 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 3 1 theme eastern 520:526 arg1 systems 537:543 eastern boundary systems 520:543 eastern boundary systems 520:543 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 6 2 theme organic 924:930 arg1 matter 932:937 Total organic matter 918:937 Total organic matter in the shell mineral 918:958 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 3 3 theme boundary 528:535 arg1 systems 537:543 eastern boundary systems 520:543 eastern boundary systems 520:543 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 10 4 theme biomechanical 1376:1388 arg1 properties 1390:1399 Other biomechanical properties 1370:1399 Other biomechanical properties 1370:1399 Other biomechanical properties were not affected by pH/temperature treatments. 34921187 11 5 theme biomechanical 1677:1689 arg1 performance 1691:1701 shell biomechanical performance 1671:1701 shell biomechanical performance 1671:1701 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 7 6 theme low 1124:1126 arg1 conditions 1131:1140 low pH conditions 1124:1140 low pH conditions 1124:1140 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 8 7 theme Reduced 1194:1200 arg1 pH 1202:1203 Reduced pH 1194:1203 Reduced pH 1194:1203 Reduced pH negatively impacts shell density and increases the disorder in the orientation of calcite crystals. 34921187 11 8 theme biopolymer 1580:1589 arg1 compounds 1569:1577 organic compounds 1561:1577 organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity) 1561:1601 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 8 theme biopolymer 1580:1589 arg1 plasticity 1591:1600 biopolymer plasticity 1580:1600 biopolymer plasticity 1580:1600 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 12 9 theme compensatory 2022:2033 arg1 mechanism 2035:2043 this compensatory mechanism 2017:2043 this compensatory mechanism 2017:2043 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 7 10 theme increased 1092:1100 arg1 content 1110:1116 increased protein content 1092:1116 increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content 1092:1191 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 5 11 theme purpuratus 891:900 arg1 shells 910:915 Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 880:915 Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 880:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 8 12 theme shell 1224:1228 arg1 density 1230:1236 shell density 1224:1236 shell density 1224:1236 Reduced pH negatively impacts shell density and increases the disorder in the orientation of calcite crystals. 34921187 11 13 theme shell 1671:1675 arg1 performance 1691:1701 shell biomechanical performance 1671:1701 shell biomechanical performance 1671:1701 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 8 14 theme calcite 1287:1293 arg1 crystals 1295:1302 calcite crystals 1287:1302 calcite crystals 1287:1302 Reduced pH negatively impacts shell density and increases the disorder in the orientation of calcite crystals. 34921187 5 15 theme biomineral 837:846 arg1 properties 866:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties 833:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 833:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 12 16 theme long-term 1989:1997 arg1 sustainability 1999:2012 the long-term sustainability 1985:2012 the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism 1985:2043 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 6 17 theme reduced 976:982 arg1 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 6 17 theme reduced 976:982 arg1 conditions 1007:1016 reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions 976:1016 reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0) 976:1027 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 2 18 theme shells 401:406 arg1 functionality 376:388 functionality 376:388 functionality 376:388 However, how these stressors affect structure and functionality of mollusk shells has received less attention. 34921187 2 18 theme shells 401:406 arg1 structure 362:370 structure 362:370 structure 362:370 However, how these stressors affect structure and functionality of mollusk shells has received less attention. 34921187 7 19 theme outer 1065:1069 arg1 surface 1077:1083 the outer shell surface 1061:1083 the outer shell surface 1061:1083 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 3 20 theme biomechanical 612:624 arg1 performance 626:636 both physiological and biomechanical performance 589:636 both physiological and biomechanical performance 589:636 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 5 21 theme biomechanical 852:864 arg1 properties 866:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties 833:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 833:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 4 22 theme global 725:730 arg1 warming 732:738 ongoing global warming 717:738 ongoing global warming 717:738 These events are projected to become more intense, and extensive in time with ongoing global warming. 34921187 3 23 theme physiological 594:606 arg1 performance 626:636 both physiological and biomechanical performance 589:636 both physiological and biomechanical performance 589:636 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 12 24 from influence 1874:1882 arg1 pH 1911:1912 pH 1911:1912 pH 1911:1912 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 12 24 from influence 1874:1882 arg1 temperature 1918:1928 temperature 1918:1928 temperature 1918:1928 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 11 25 theme organic 1561:1567 arg1 compounds 1569:1577 organic compounds 1561:1577 organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity) 1561:1601 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 25 theme organic 1561:1567 arg1 plasticity 1591:1600 biopolymer plasticity 1580:1600 biopolymer plasticity 1580:1600 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 7 26 theme periostracum 1034:1045 arg1 layer 1047:1051 The periostracum layer 1030:1051 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface 1030:1083 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 11 27 theme shell 1759:1763 arg1 hardness 1765:1772 shell hardness 1759:1772 shell hardness 1759:1772 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 5 28 from effects 800:806 arg1 properties 866:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties 833:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 833:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 1 29 from variations 181:190 arg1 pH 195:196 pH 195:196 pH 195:196 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 1 29 from variations 181:190 arg1 temperature 202:212 temperature 202:212 temperature 202:212 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 5 30 theme shells 910:915 arg1 properties 866:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties 833:875 the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 833:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 11 31 from impacts 1748:1754 arg1 hardness 1765:1772 shell hardness 1759:1772 shell hardness 1759:1772 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 0 32 theme juvenile 83:90 arg1 scallops 92:99 juvenile scallops 83:99 juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions 83:148 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 1 33 theme environmental 167:179 arg1 variations 181:190 environmental variations 167:190 environmental variations in pH and temperature 167:212 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 6 34 theme control 999:1005 arg1 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 6 34 theme control 999:1005 arg1 conditions 1007:1016 reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions 976:1016 reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0) 976:1027 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 0 35 from Plasticity 0:9 arg1 composition 22:32 organic composition 14:32 organic composition 14:32 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 0 36 theme altered 112:118 arg1 temperature 120:130 altered temperature 112:130 altered temperature 112:130 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 11 37 theme low 1493:1495 arg1 temperature 1497:1507 low temperature 1493:1507 low temperature 1493:1507 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 3 38 theme low 483:485 arg1 waters 490:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 0 39 theme organic 14:20 arg1 composition 22:32 organic composition 14:32 organic composition 14:32 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 1 40 theme physiological 301:313 arg1 processes 315:323 physiological processes 301:323 physiological processes 301:323 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 3 41 theme Episodic 437:444 arg1 events 446:451 Episodic events 437:451 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters 437:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 11 42 theme units 1483:1487 arg1 temperature 1497:1507 low temperature 1493:1507 low temperature 1493:1507 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 42 theme units 1483:1487 arg1 reduction 1463:1471 a reduction 1461:1471 a reduction of 0.3 pH units 1461:1487 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 3 43 theme cold 474:477 arg1 waters 490:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 5 44 theme interactive 788:798 arg1 effects 800:806 the independent and interactive effects 768:806 the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 768:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 3 45 theme waters 490:495 arg1 upwelling 456:464 upwelling 456:464 upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters 456:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 12 46 theme natural 1887:1893 arg1 fluctuations 1895:1906 natural fluctuations 1887:1906 natural fluctuations in pH and temperature 1887:1928 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 6 47 from matter 932:937 arg1 mineral 952:958 mineral 952:958 mineral 952:958 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 2 48 theme mollusk 393:399 arg1 shells 401:406 mollusk shells 393:406 mollusk shells 393:406 However, how these stressors affect structure and functionality of mollusk shells has received less attention. 34921187 1 49 theme ectotherms 244:253 arg1 calcifiers 255:264 benthic ectotherms calcifiers 236:264 benthic ectotherms calcifiers 236:264 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 7 50 theme pH 1128:1129 arg1 conditions 1131:1140 low pH conditions 1124:1140 low pH conditions 1124:1140 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 11 51 theme crystal 1617:1623 arg1 organization 1625:1636 crystal organization 1617:1636 crystal organization (mineral plasticity) 1617:1657 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 51 theme crystal 1617:1623 arg1 plasticity 1647:1656 mineral plasticity 1639:1656 mineral plasticity 1639:1656 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 4 52 from time 707:710 arg1 extensive 694:702 extensive 694:702 extensive 694:702 These events are projected to become more intense, and extensive in time with ongoing global warming. 34921187 10 53 theme pH/temperature 1422:1435 arg1 treatments 1437:1446 pH/temperature treatments 1422:1446 pH/temperature treatments 1422:1446 Other biomechanical properties were not affected by pH/temperature treatments. 34921187 4 54 from extensive 694:702 arg1 time 707:710 time 707:710 time with ongoing global warming 707:738 These events are projected to become more intense, and extensive in time with ongoing global warming. 34921187 6 55 theme Total 918:922 arg1 matter 932:937 Total organic matter 918:937 Total organic matter in the shell mineral 918:958 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 4 56 with time 707:710 arg1 warming 732:738 ongoing global warming 717:738 ongoing global warming 717:738 These events are projected to become more intense, and extensive in time with ongoing global warming. 34921187 7 57 theme protein 1102:1108 arg1 content 1110:1116 increased protein content 1092:1116 increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content 1092:1191 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 5 58 theme independent 772:782 arg1 effects 800:806 the independent and interactive effects 768:806 the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 768:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 5 59 theme Argopecten 880:889 arg1 shells 910:915 Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 880:915 Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 880:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 12 60 from temperature 1918:1928 arg1 influence 1874:1882 the influence 1870:1882 the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature 1870:1928 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 12 61 theme Biopolymer 1775:1784 arg1 plasticity 1786:1795 Biopolymer plasticity 1775:1795 Biopolymer plasticity 1775:1795 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 0 62 theme pH 136:137 arg1 conditions 139:148 pH conditions 136:148 pH conditions 136:148 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 12 63 theme mechanism 2035:2043 arg1 sustainability 1999:2012 the long-term sustainability 1985:2012 the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism 1985:2043 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 6 64 theme pH 984:985 arg1 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 pH ~ 8.0 1019:1026 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 6 64 theme pH 984:985 arg1 conditions 1007:1016 reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions 976:1016 reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0) 976:1027 Total organic matter in the shell mineral increased under reduced pH (~ 7.7) and control conditions (pH ~ 8.0). 34921187 1 65 theme proven 218:223 arg1 impacts 225:231 proven impacts 218:231 proven impacts 218:231 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 12 66 from fluctuations 1895:1906 arg1 pH 1911:1912 pH 1911:1912 pH 1911:1912 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 12 66 from fluctuations 1895:1906 arg1 temperature 1918:1928 temperature 1918:1928 temperature 1918:1928 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 8 67 theme crystals 1295:1302 arg1 orientation 1272:1282 the orientation 1268:1282 the orientation of calcite crystals 1268:1302 Reduced pH negatively impacts shell density and increases the disorder in the orientation of calcite crystals. 34921187 7 68 theme shell 1071:1075 arg1 surface 1077:1083 the outer shell surface 1061:1083 the outer shell surface 1061:1083 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 4 69 theme ongoing 717:723 arg1 warming 732:738 ongoing global warming 717:738 ongoing global warming 717:738 These events are projected to become more intense, and extensive in time with ongoing global warming. 34921187 7 70 theme polysaccharides 1169:1183 arg1 content 1185:1191 polysaccharides content 1169:1191 polysaccharides content 1169:1191 The periostracum layer coating the outer shell surface showed increased protein content under low pH conditions but decreasing sulfate and polysaccharides content. 34921187 8 71 from disorder 1256:1263 arg1 orientation 1272:1282 the orientation 1268:1282 the orientation of calcite crystals 1268:1302 Reduced pH negatively impacts shell density and increases the disorder in the orientation of calcite crystals. 34921187 5 72 theme scallop 902:908 arg1 shells 910:915 Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 880:915 Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 880:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 11 73 theme purpuratus 1529:1538 arg1 response 1514:1521 the response 1510:1521 the response of A. purpuratus 1510:1538 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 73 theme purpuratus 1529:1538 arg1 tradeoff 1546:1553 a tradeoff 1544:1553 a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity) 1544:1601 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 0 74 theme scallops 92:99 arg1 shells 73:78 shells 73:78 shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions 73:148 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 9 75 theme elevated 1308:1315 arg1 temperatures 1317:1328 elevated temperatures 1308:1328 elevated temperatures (18 °C) 1308:1336 At elevated temperatures (18 °C), shell microhardness increased. 34921187 9 75 theme elevated 1308:1315 arg1 18 °C 1331:1335 18 °C 1331:1335 18 °C 1331:1335 At elevated temperatures (18 °C), shell microhardness increased. 34921187 12 76 theme energetic 1931:1939 arg1 constraints 1941:1951 energetic constraints 1931:1951 energetic constraints 1931:1951 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 3 77 theme deep 469:472 arg1 waters 490:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 5 78 theme temperature 811:821 arg1 effects 800:806 the independent and interactive effects 768:806 the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 768:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 9 79 theme shell 1339:1343 arg1 microhardness 1345:1357 shell microhardness 1339:1357 shell microhardness 1339:1357 At elevated temperatures (18 °C), shell microhardness increased. 34921187 3 80 theme upwelling 456:464 arg1 events 446:451 Episodic events 437:451 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters 437:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 5 81 theme pH 827:828 arg1 effects 800:806 the independent and interactive effects 768:806 the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells 768:915 In this study, we evaluate the independent and interactive effects of temperature and pH on the biomineral and biomechanical properties of Argopecten purpuratus scallop shells. 34921187 11 82 theme increased 1710:1718 arg1 temperature 1720:1730 increased temperature 1710:1730 increased temperature 1710:1730 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 11 83 theme pH 1480:1481 arg1 units 1483:1487 0.3 pH units 1476:1487 0.3 pH units 1476:1487 Thus, under a reduction of 0.3 pH units and low temperature, the response of A. purpuratus was a tradeoff among organic compounds (biopolymer plasticity), density, and crystal organization (mineral plasticity) to maintain shell biomechanical performance, while increased temperature ameliorated the impacts on shell hardness. 34921187 3 84 theme pH 487:488 arg1 waters 490:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 deep cold and low pH waters 469:495 Episodic events of upwelling of deep cold and low pH waters are well documented in eastern boundary systems and may be stressful to mollusks, impairing both physiological and biomechanical performance. 34921187 0 85 theme biomechanical 44:56 arg1 performance 58:68 biomechanical performance 44:68 biomechanical performance 44:68 Plasticity in organic composition maintains biomechanical performance in shells of juvenile scallops exposed to altered temperature and pH conditions. 34921187 10 86 theme Other 1370:1374 arg1 properties 1390:1399 Other biomechanical properties 1370:1399 Other biomechanical properties 1370:1399 Other biomechanical properties were not affected by pH/temperature treatments. 34921187 12 87 from pH 1911:1912 arg1 influence 1874:1882 the influence 1870:1882 the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature 1870:1928 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 12 88 theme fluctuations 1895:1906 arg1 influence 1874:1882 the influence 1870:1882 the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature 1870:1928 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 34921187 1 89 contain has 214:216 arg2 impacts 225:231 proven impacts 218:231 proven impacts 218:231 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 1 89 contain has 214:216 arg1 exposure 155:162 The exposure 151:162 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature 151:212 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 1 90 theme benthic 236:242 arg1 calcifiers 255:264 benthic ectotherms calcifiers 236:264 benthic ectotherms calcifiers 236:264 The exposure to environmental variations in pH and temperature has proven impacts on benthic ectotherms calcifiers, as evidenced by tradeoffs between physiological processes. 34921187 12 91 theme ecophysiological 1817:1832 arg1 performance 1834:1844 ecophysiological performance 1817:1844 ecophysiological performance 1817:1844 Biopolymer plasticity was associated with ecophysiological performance, indicating that, under the influence of natural fluctuations in pH and temperature, energetic constraints might be critical in modulating the long-term sustainability of this compensatory mechanism. 33477817 5 0 theme structural 730:739 arg1 features 741:748 The structural features 726:748 The structural features of both fractions 726:766 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 2 1 from algae 385:389 arg1 properties 330:339 the antibacterial properties 312:339 the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae 312:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 2 1 from algae 385:389 arg1 fractions 348:356 two fractions 344:356 two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae 344:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 1 2 theme cell 145:148 arg1 walls 150:154 cell walls 145:154 cell walls of brown algae 145:169 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 3 theme various 230:236 arg1 applications 238:249 various applications 230:249 various applications in medicine 230:261 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 2 4 theme Sea 449:451 arg1 littoral 425:432 the littoral 421:432 the littoral of the Barents Sea 421:451 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 0 5 from Properties 14:23 arg1 Algae 53:57 the Brown Algae 43:57 the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea 43:97 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 2 6 theme antibacterial 316:328 arg1 properties 330:339 the antibacterial properties 312:339 the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae 312:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 0 7 theme Barents 87:93 arg1 Sea 95:97 the Barents Sea 83:97 the Barents Sea 83:97 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 7 8 from Changes 1208:1214 arg1 composition 1232:1242 the chemical composition 1219:1242 the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride 1219:1316 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 3 9 theme crude 506:510 arg1 fraction 512:519 The crude fraction 502:519 The crude fraction of fucoidan 502:531 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 3 10 theme fucoidan 524:531 arg1 fraction 512:519 The crude fraction 502:519 The crude fraction of fucoidan 502:531 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 3 11 with extraction 560:569 arg1 sonication 596:605 sonication 596:605 sonication 596:605 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 3 11 with extraction 560:569 arg1 ethanol 584:590 aqueous ethanol 576:590 aqueous ethanol 576:590 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 0 12 from Algae 53:57 arg1 Fucoidans 28:36 Fucoidans 28:36 Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea 28:97 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 0 12 from Algae 53:57 arg1 Properties 14:23 Antibacterial Properties 0:23 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 0:98 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 7 13 theme diminished 1384:1393 arg1 activity 1409:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 5 14 theme force 958:962 arg1 microscopy 964:973 atomic force microscopy 951:973 atomic force microscopy 951:973 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 3 15 attach isolated 537:544 arg2 fraction 512:519 The crude fraction 502:519 The crude fraction of fucoidan 502:531 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 3 15 attach isolated 537:544 arg1 algae 551:555 algae 551:555 algae 551:555 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 7 16 theme sulfates 1354:1361 arg1 content 1343:1349 the content 1339:1349 the content of sulfates and uronic acids 1339:1378 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 7 16 theme sulfates 1354:1361 arg1 activity 1409:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 1 17 located found 136:140 arg2 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 17 located found 136:140 arg2 polysaccharides 120:134 sulfated polysaccharides 111:134 sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae 111:169 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 17 located found 136:140 arg1 walls 150:154 cell walls 145:154 cell walls of brown algae 145:169 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 7 18 theme fraction 1273:1280 arg1 treatment 1250:1258 treatment 1250:1258 treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride 1250:1316 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 6 19 theme above 1016:1020 arg1 microorganisms 1022:1035 the above microorganisms 1012:1035 the above microorganisms 1012:1035 Fucoidan inhibited growth in all of the above microorganisms, showing a bacteriostatic effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range between 4 and 6 mg/mL, with E. coli being the most sensitive to both fractions. 33477817 5 20 theme acridine 915:922 arg1 orange 924:929 acridine orange 915:929 acridine orange staining assay 915:944 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 5 21 theme several 837:843 arg1 bacteria 877:884 several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 837:884 several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 837:884 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 0 22 theme Sea 95:97 arg1 Algae 53:57 the Brown Algae 43:57 the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea 43:97 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 4 23 with treatment 657:665 arg1 solution 696:703 a solution 694:703 a solution of calcium chloride 694:723 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 33477817 2 24 from properties 330:339 arg1 algae 385:389 the brown algae 375:389 the brown algae 375:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 7 25 theme acids 1374:1378 arg1 content 1343:1349 the content 1339:1349 the content of sulfates and uronic acids 1339:1378 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 7 25 theme acids 1374:1378 arg1 activity 1409:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 6 26 theme inhibitory 1083:1092 arg1 MIC 1110:1112 MIC 1110:1112 MIC 1110:1112 Fucoidan inhibited growth in all of the above microorganisms, showing a bacteriostatic effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range between 4 and 6 mg/mL, with E. coli being the most sensitive to both fractions. 33477817 6 26 theme inhibitory 1083:1092 arg1 concentrations 1094:1107 minimum inhibitory concentrations 1075:1107 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 1075:1113 Fucoidan inhibited growth in all of the above microorganisms, showing a bacteriostatic effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range between 4 and 6 mg/mL, with E. coli being the most sensitive to both fractions. 33477817 2 27 theme fucoidan 361:368 arg1 fractions 348:356 two fractions 344:356 two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae 344:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 5 28 theme staining 931:938 arg1 assay 940:944 acridine orange staining assay 915:944 acridine orange staining assay 915:944 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 1 29 theme algae 165:169 arg1 walls 150:154 cell walls 145:154 cell walls of brown algae 145:169 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 0 30 theme Antibacterial 0:12 arg1 Properties 14:23 Antibacterial Properties 0:23 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 0:98 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 7 31 with treatment 1250:1258 arg1 solution 1289:1296 a solution 1287:1296 a solution of calcium chloride 1287:1316 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 5 32 theme Gram-positive 845:857 arg1 bacteria 877:884 several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 837:884 several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 837:884 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 2 33 theme fractions 348:356 arg1 properties 330:339 the antibacterial properties 312:339 the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae 312:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 0 34 theme Fucoidans 28:36 arg1 Properties 14:23 Antibacterial Properties 0:23 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 0:98 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 4 35 theme chloride 716:723 arg1 solution 696:703 a solution 694:703 a solution of calcium chloride 694:723 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 33477817 7 36 from decrease 1327:1334 arg1 content 1343:1349 the content 1339:1349 the content of sulfates and uronic acids 1339:1378 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 7 36 from decrease 1327:1334 arg1 activity 1409:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 7 37 theme crude 1267:1271 arg1 fraction 1273:1280 the crude fraction 1263:1280 the crude fraction 1263:1280 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 1 38 theme food 271:274 arg1 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 38 theme food 271:274 arg1 industry 276:283 the food industry 267:283 the food industry 267:283 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 7 39 theme uronic 1367:1372 arg1 acids 1374:1378 uronic acids 1367:1378 uronic acids 1367:1378 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 2 40 dep compare 304:310 arg1 sampled 457:463 sampled 457:463 sampled at different stages of purification 457:499 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 2 40 dep compare 304:310 arg1 gathered 409:416 gathered 409:416 gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea 409:451 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 5 41 theme antibacterial 807:819 arg1 effects 821:827 their antibacterial effects 801:827 their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 801:884 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 2 42 theme Barents 441:447 arg1 Sea 449:451 the Barents Sea 437:451 the Barents Sea 437:451 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 4 43 theme purified 612:619 arg1 fraction 621:628 The purified fraction 608:628 The purified fraction 608:628 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 33477817 0 44 dep Algae 53:57 arg1 L. 77:78 L. 77:78 L. 77:78 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 5 45 theme Gram-negative 863:875 arg1 bacteria 877:884 several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 837:884 several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 837:884 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 2 46 theme brown 379:383 arg1 algae 385:389 the brown algae 375:389 the brown algae 375:389 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 6 47 theme minimum 1075:1081 arg1 MIC 1110:1112 MIC 1110:1112 MIC 1110:1112 Fucoidan inhibited growth in all of the above microorganisms, showing a bacteriostatic effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range between 4 and 6 mg/mL, with E. coli being the most sensitive to both fractions. 33477817 6 47 theme minimum 1075:1081 arg1 concentrations 1094:1107 minimum inhibitory concentrations 1075:1107 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 1075:1113 Fucoidan inhibited growth in all of the above microorganisms, showing a bacteriostatic effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range between 4 and 6 mg/mL, with E. coli being the most sensitive to both fractions. 33477817 1 48 from applications 238:249 arg1 medicine 254:261 medicine 254:261 medicine 254:261 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 2 49 theme different 468:476 arg1 stages 478:483 different stages 468:483 different stages of purification 468:499 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 5 50 theme fractions 758:766 arg1 features 741:748 The structural features 726:748 The structural features of both fractions 726:766 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 2 51 theme purification 488:499 arg1 stages 478:483 different stages 468:483 different stages of purification 468:499 In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. 33477817 7 52 theme antibacterial 1395:1407 arg1 activity 1409:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 diminished antibacterial activity 1384:1416 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 4 53 theme fraction 680:687 arg1 treatment 657:665 additional treatment 646:665 additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride 646:723 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 33477817 0 54 theme Brown 47:51 arg1 Algae 53:57 the Brown Algae 43:57 the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea 43:97 Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea. 33477817 6 55 theme bacteriostatic 1048:1061 arg1 effect 1063:1068 a bacteriostatic effect 1046:1068 a bacteriostatic effect 1046:1068 Fucoidan inhibited growth in all of the above microorganisms, showing a bacteriostatic effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range between 4 and 6 mg/mL, with E. coli being the most sensitive to both fractions. 33477817 4 56 theme crude 674:678 arg1 fraction 680:687 the crude fraction 670:687 the crude fraction 670:687 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 33477817 7 57 theme chloride 1309:1316 arg1 solution 1289:1296 a solution 1287:1296 a solution of calcium chloride 1287:1316 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 1 58 theme sulfated 111:118 arg1 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 58 theme sulfated 111:118 arg1 polysaccharides 120:134 sulfated polysaccharides 111:134 sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae 111:169 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 59 theme promising 192:200 arg1 component 216:224 a promising antimicrobial component 190:224 a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine 190:261 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 59 theme promising 192:200 arg1 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 5 60 theme atomic 951:956 arg1 microscopy 964:973 atomic force microscopy 951:973 atomic force microscopy 951:973 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 4 61 theme calcium 708:714 arg1 chloride 716:723 calcium chloride 708:723 calcium chloride 708:723 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 33477817 5 62 theme orange 924:929 arg1 assay 940:944 acridine orange staining assay 915:944 acridine orange staining assay 915:944 The structural features of both fractions were characterized in detail and their antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were compared by photometry, acridine orange staining assay, and atomic force microscopy. 33477817 1 63 theme antimicrobial 202:214 arg1 component 216:224 a promising antimicrobial component 190:224 a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine 190:261 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 1 63 theme antimicrobial 202:214 arg1 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans 100:108 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 7 64 theme calcium 1301:1307 arg1 chloride 1309:1316 calcium chloride 1301:1316 calcium chloride 1301:1316 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 1 65 theme brown 159:163 arg1 algae 165:169 brown algae 159:169 brown algae 159:169 Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. 33477817 3 66 theme aqueous 576:582 arg1 ethanol 584:590 aqueous ethanol 576:590 aqueous ethanol 576:590 The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication. 33477817 7 67 theme chemical 1223:1230 arg1 composition 1232:1242 the chemical composition 1219:1242 the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride 1219:1316 Changes in the chemical composition after treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride led to a decrease in the content of sulfates and uronic acids and diminished antibacterial activity. 33477817 4 68 theme additional 646:655 arg1 treatment 657:665 additional treatment 646:665 additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride 646:723 The purified fraction was obtained by additional treatment of the crude fraction with a solution of calcium chloride. 32176605 12 0 theme strain 1703:1708 arg1 3729kT 1710:1715 strain 3729kT 1703:1715 strain 3729kT 1703:1715 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 11 1 theme Xanthomonadaceae 1507:1522 arg1 sequences 1490:1498 120 conservative protein sequences 1465:1498 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences 1465:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 2 2 theme Peninsula 239:247 arg1 spring 216:221 a thermal spring 206:221 a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia 206:270 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 12 3 theme Pairwise 1675:1682 arg1 values 1688:1693 Pairwise ANI values 1675:1693 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species 1675:1744 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 2 4 theme thermophilic 111:122 arg1 bacterium 162:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium 98:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium 98:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 4 theme thermophilic 111:122 arg1 3729kT 180:185 strain 3729kT 173:185 strain 3729kT 173:185 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 13 5 theme fontis 1831:1836 arg1 sp 1838:1839 Arenimonas fontis sp 1820:1839 Arenimonas fontis sp 1820:1839 Accordingly, Arenimonas fontis sp. 32176605 8 6 theme strain 989:994 arg1 3729kT 996:1001 strain 3729kT 989:1001 strain 3729kT 989:1001 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 6 7 theme major 650:654 arg1 lipids 662:667 The major polar lipids 646:667 The major polar lipids 646:667 The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and three unidentified polar lipids. 32176605 6 7 theme major 650:654 arg1 phosphatidylglycerol 674:693 phosphatidylglycerol 674:693 phosphatidylglycerol 674:693 The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and three unidentified polar lipids. 32176605 2 8 dep thermophilic 111:122 arg1 Gram-negative 148:160 Gram-negative 148:160 Gram-negative 148:160 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 8 dep thermophilic 111:122 arg1 aerobic 139:145 aerobic 139:145 aerobic 139:145 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 8 dep thermophilic 111:122 arg1 neutrophilic 125:136 neutrophilic 125:136 neutrophilic 125:136 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 9 theme Arctic 250:255 arg1 Peninsula 239:247 the Chukotka Peninsula 226:247 the Chukotka Peninsula 226:247 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 9 theme Arctic 250:255 arg1 region 257:262 Arctic region 250:262 Arctic region 250:262 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 6 10 theme polar 776:780 arg1 lipids 782:787 three unidentified polar lipids 757:787 three unidentified polar lipids 757:787 The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and three unidentified polar lipids. 32176605 8 11 theme luteus 1035:1040 arg1 growth 1013:1018 growth 1013:1018 growth of Micrococcus luteus 1013:1040 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 8 12 theme Gram-positive 1108:1120 arg1 bacteria 1122:1129 Gram-positive bacteria 1108:1129 Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases) 1108:1234 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 8 13 theme single 1134:1139 arg1 bacteriocin 1150:1160 a single putative bacteriocin 1132:1160 a single putative bacteriocin 1132:1160 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 13 14 theme Arenimonas 1820:1829 arg1 sp 1838:1839 Arenimonas fontis sp 1820:1839 Arenimonas fontis sp 1820:1839 Accordingly, Arenimonas fontis sp. 32176605 11 15 theme 3729kT 1639:1644 arg1 position 1620:1627 a species-level position 1604:1627 a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas 1604:1672 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 10 16 theme gene 1281:1284 arg1 analysis 1314:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 3 17 theme proteinaceous 321:333 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 17 theme proteinaceous 321:333 arg1 keratins 370:377 highly rigid keratins 357:377 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 17 theme proteinaceous 321:333 arg1 substrates 335:344 proteinaceous substrates 321:344 proteinaceous substrates 321:344 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 10 18 theme 16S 1272:1274 arg1 analysis 1314:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 8 19 theme several 1166:1172 arg1 lysozymes 1183:1191 several secreted lysozymes 1166:1191 several secreted lysozymes 1166:1191 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 14 20 with nov. 1842:1845 arg1 105847T 1894:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 14 20 with nov. 1842:1845 arg1 3729kT 1869:1874 the type strain 3729kT 1853:1874 the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T) 1853:1901 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 1 21 theme hot 63:65 arg1 Russia 90:95 Russia 90:95 Russia 90:95 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 21 theme hot 63:65 arg1 spring 67:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 21 theme hot 63:65 arg1 region 82:87 Arctic region 75:87 Arctic region 75:87 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 10 22 theme phylogenetic 1301:1312 arg1 analysis 1314:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 8 23 theme peptidoglycan 1197:1209 arg1 transglycosylases 1217:1233 peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases 1197:1233 peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases 1197:1233 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 3 24 theme various 390:396 arg1 gum 445:447 gum guar 445:452 gum guar 445:452 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 24 theme various 390:396 arg1 gum 466:468 xanthan gum 458:468 xanthan gum 458:468 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 24 theme various 390:396 arg1 glucomannan 415:425 glucomannan 415:425 glucomannan 415:425 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 24 theme various 390:396 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 24 theme various 390:396 arg1 gum 440:442 locust bean gum 428:442 locust bean gum 428:442 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 0 25 theme Arenimonas 0:9 arg1 sp 18:19 Arenimonas fontis sp 0:19 Arenimonas fontis sp. 0:20 Arenimonas fontis sp. 32176605 12 26 theme novel 1792:1796 arg1 species 1798:1804 a novel species 1790:1804 a novel species 1790:1804 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 3 27 theme bean 435:438 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 27 theme bean 435:438 arg1 gum 440:442 locust bean gum 428:442 locust bean gum 428:442 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 14 28 theme strain 1862:1867 arg1 105847T 1894:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 14 28 theme strain 1862:1867 arg1 3729kT 1869:1874 the type strain 3729kT 1853:1874 the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T) 1853:1901 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 4 29 theme 3729kT 504:509 arg1  0 525:526  0 525:526  0 525:526 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 29 theme 3729kT 504:509 arg1 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 29 theme 3729kT 504:509 arg1 acids 488:492 The major fatty acids 472:492 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT 472:509 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 3 30 dep polysaccharides 398:412 arg1 gum 466:468 xanthan gum 458:468 xanthan gum 458:468 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 30 dep polysaccharides 398:412 arg1 glucomannan 415:425 glucomannan 415:425 glucomannan 415:425 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 30 dep polysaccharides 398:412 arg1 gum 445:447 gum guar 445:452 gum guar 445:452 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 30 dep polysaccharides 398:412 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 30 dep polysaccharides 398:412 arg1 gum 440:442 locust bean gum 428:442 locust bean gum 428:442 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 12 31 theme other 1721:1725 arg1 species 1738:1744 other Arenimonas species 1721:1744 other Arenimonas species 1721:1744 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 11 32 theme conservative 1469:1480 arg1 sequences 1490:1498 120 conservative protein sequences 1465:1498 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences 1465:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 3 33 theme guar 449:452 arg1 gum 445:447 gum guar 445:452 gum guar 445:452 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 33 theme guar 449:452 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 4 34 theme fatty 482:486 arg1  0 525:526  0 525:526  0 525:526 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 34 theme fatty 482:486 arg1 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 34 theme fatty 482:486 arg1 acids 488:492 The major fatty acids 472:492 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT 472:509 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 10 35 theme species/genus-level 1360:1378 arg1 branch 1380:1385 a distinct species/genus-level branch 1349:1385 a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria) 1349:1437 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 11 36 theme strain 1632:1637 arg1 3729kT 1639:1644 strain 3729kT 1632:1644 strain 3729kT 1632:1644 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 8 37 dep bacteria 1122:1129 arg1 lysozymes 1183:1191 several secreted lysozymes 1166:1191 several secreted lysozymes 1166:1191 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 8 37 dep bacteria 1122:1129 arg1 bacteriocin 1150:1160 a single putative bacteriocin 1132:1160 a single putative bacteriocin 1132:1160 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 10 38 theme family 1398:1403 arg1 Xanthomonadaceae 1405:1420 the family Xanthomonadaceae 1394:1420 the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria) 1394:1437 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 10 38 theme family 1398:1403 arg1 Proteobacteria 1423:1436 Proteobacteria 1423:1436 Proteobacteria 1423:1436 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 11 39 theme published 1537:1545 arg1 names 1547:1551 validly published names 1529:1551 validly published names 1529:1551 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 11 40 theme sequences 1490:1498 arg1 analysis 1453:1460 Phylogenetic analysis 1440:1460 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences 1440:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 3 41 theme xanthan 458:464 arg1 gum 466:468 xanthan gum 458:468 xanthan gum 458:468 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 41 theme xanthan 458:464 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 9 42 theme 69.8 mol 1261:1268 arg1 G+C content 1245:1255 The DNA G+C content 1237:1255 The DNA G+C content 1237:1255 The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. 32176605 9 42 theme 69.8 mol 1261:1268 arg1 % 1269:1269 69.8 mol% 1261:1269 69.8 mol% 1261:1269 The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. 32176605 12 43 theme ANI 1684:1686 arg1 values 1688:1693 Pairwise ANI values 1675:1693 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species 1675:1744 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 11 44 theme available 1566:1574 arg1 sequences 1584:1592 publicly available genomic sequences 1557:1592 publicly available genomic sequences 1557:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 2 45 theme Chukotka 230:237 arg1 Peninsula 239:247 the Chukotka Peninsula 226:247 the Chukotka Peninsula 226:247 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 45 theme Chukotka 230:237 arg1 region 257:262 Arctic region 250:262 Arctic region 250:262 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 45 theme Chukotka 230:237 arg1 Russia 265:270 Russia 265:270 Russia 265:270 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 8 46 theme same 978:981 arg1 time 983:986 the same time 974:986 the same time 974:986 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 6 47 theme polar 656:660 arg1 lipids 662:667 The major polar lipids 646:667 The major polar lipids 646:667 The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and three unidentified polar lipids. 32176605 6 47 theme polar 656:660 arg1 phosphatidylglycerol 674:693 phosphatidylglycerol 674:693 phosphatidylglycerol 674:693 The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and three unidentified polar lipids. 32176605 8 48 contain possessed 1057:1065 arg1 genome 1050:1055 its genome 1046:1055 its genome 1046:1055 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 8 48 contain possessed 1057:1065 arg2 genes 1067:1071 genes 1067:1071 genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases) 1067:1234 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 7 49 theme polymyxin 900:908 arg1 B 910:910 polymyxin B 900:910 polymyxin B 900:910 Strain 3729kT was inhibited by chloramphenicol, neomycin, novobiocin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin and polymyxin B, but resistant to rifampicin, vancomycin and streptomycin. 32176605 11 50 theme Phylogenetic 1440:1451 arg1 analysis 1453:1460 Phylogenetic analysis 1440:1460 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences 1440:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 1 51 attach isolated 40:47 arg2 bacterium 30:38 a bacterium 28:38 a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia 28:95 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 51 attach isolated 40:47 arg2 nov. 22:25 nov. 22:25 nov. 22:25 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 51 attach isolated 40:47 arg1 Russia 90:95 Russia 90:95 Russia 90:95 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 51 attach isolated 40:47 arg1 spring 67:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 51 attach isolated 40:47 arg1 region 82:87 Arctic region 75:87 Arctic region 75:87 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1 % 570:570 9.9% 567:570 9.9% 567:570 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1  0 546:547  0 546:547  0 546:547 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1 % 593:593 7.4% 590:593 7.4% 590:593 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1  0 563:564  0 563:564  0 563:564 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1 iso-C16  577:584 iso-C16  577:584 iso-C16  577:584 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1  0 586:587  0 586:587  0 586:587 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 52 dep  0 525:526 arg1 % 554:554 12.0% 550:554 12.0% 550:554 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 6 53 theme unidentified 763:774 arg1 lipids 782:787 three unidentified polar lipids 757:787 three unidentified polar lipids 757:787 The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and three unidentified polar lipids. 32176605 8 54 theme antimicrobial 1077:1089 arg1 activity 1091:1098 antimicrobial activity 1077:1098 antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases) 1077:1234 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 4 55 dep iso-C15  516:523 arg1  0 525:526  0 525:526  0 525:526 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 55 dep iso-C15  516:523 arg1 % 533:533 60.9% 529:533 60.9% 529:533 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 55 dep iso-C15  516:523 arg1 C16  558:561 C16  558:561 C16  558:561 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 55 dep iso-C15  516:523 arg1 acids 488:492 The major fatty acids 472:492 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT 472:509 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 55 dep iso-C15  516:523 arg1 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 2 56 theme strain 173:178 arg1 bacterium 162:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium 98:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium 98:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 56 theme strain 173:178 arg1 3729kT 180:185 strain 3729kT 173:185 strain 3729kT 173:185 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 11 57 theme genus 1657:1661 arg1 Arenimonas 1663:1672 the genus Arenimonas 1653:1672 the genus Arenimonas 1653:1672 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 2 58 theme thermal 208:214 arg1 spring 216:221 a thermal spring 206:221 a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia 206:270 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 59 attach isolated 192:199 arg2 3729kT 180:185 strain 3729kT 173:185 strain 3729kT 173:185 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 59 attach isolated 192:199 arg1 spring 216:221 a thermal spring 206:221 a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia 206:270 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 2 59 attach isolated 192:199 arg2 bacterium 162:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium 98:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium 98:170 A moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 3729kT, was isolated from a thermal spring of the Chukotka Peninsula, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 10 60 theme rRNA 1276:1279 arg1 analysis 1314:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 8 61 theme putative 1141:1148 arg1 bacteriocin 1150:1160 a single putative bacteriocin 1132:1160 a single putative bacteriocin 1132:1160 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 7 62 theme Strain 790:795 arg1 3729kT 797:802 Strain 3729kT 790:802 Strain 3729kT 790:802 Strain 3729kT was inhibited by chloramphenicol, neomycin, novobiocin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin and polymyxin B, but resistant to rifampicin, vancomycin and streptomycin. 32176605 1 63 theme Chukotka 54:61 arg1 Russia 90:95 Russia 90:95 Russia 90:95 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 63 theme Chukotka 54:61 arg1 spring 67:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 63 theme Chukotka 54:61 arg1 region 82:87 Arctic region 75:87 Arctic region 75:87 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 8 64 theme secreted 1174:1181 arg1 lysozymes 1183:1191 several secreted lysozymes 1166:1191 several secreted lysozymes 1166:1191 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 0 65 theme fontis 11:16 arg1 sp 18:19 Arenimonas fontis sp 0:19 Arenimonas fontis sp. 0:20 Arenimonas fontis sp. 32176605 12 66 theme species 1798:1804 arg1 proposal 1778:1785 the proposal 1774:1785 the proposal of a novel species 1774:1804 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 14 67 theme =VMK 1877:1880 arg1 105847T 1894:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 14 67 theme =VMK 1877:1880 arg1 3729kT 1869:1874 the type strain 3729kT 1853:1874 the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T) 1853:1901 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 3 68 theme rigid 364:368 arg1 keratins 370:377 highly rigid keratins 357:377 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 4 69 theme strain 497:502 arg1 3729kT 504:509 strain 3729kT 497:509 strain 3729kT 497:509 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 10 70 theme sequence-based 1286:1299 arg1 analysis 1314:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis 1272:1321 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 1 71 theme Arctic 75:80 arg1 spring 67:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 Chukotka hot spring 54:72 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 1 71 theme Arctic 75:80 arg1 region 82:87 Arctic region 75:87 Arctic region 75:87 nov., a bacterium isolated from Chukotka hot spring, Arctic region, Russia. 32176605 8 72 theme lytic 1211:1215 arg1 transglycosylases 1217:1233 peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases 1197:1233 peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases 1197:1233 At the same time, strain 3729kT inhibited growth of Micrococcus luteus and its genome possessed genes for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (a single putative bacteriocin and several secreted lysozymes and peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases). 32176605 5 73 theme Isoprenoid 597:606 arg1 quinones 608:615 Isoprenoid quinones 597:615 Isoprenoid quinones 597:615 Isoprenoid quinones were Q-8 (95%) and Q-9 (5%). 32176605 14 74 theme type 1857:1860 arg1 105847T 1894:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 14 74 theme type 1857:1860 arg1 3729kT 1869:1874 the type strain 3729kT 1853:1874 the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T) 1853:1901 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 4 75 theme major 476:480 arg1  0 525:526  0 525:526  0 525:526 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 75 theme major 476:480 arg1 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 iso-C15  516:523 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 4 75 theme major 476:480 arg1 acids 488:492 The major fatty acids 472:492 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT 472:509 The major fatty acids of strain 3729kT were iso-C15 : 0 (60.9%), iso-C17 : 0 (12.0%), C16 : 0 (9.9%) and iso-C16 : 0 (7.4%). 32176605 10 76 theme strain 1330:1335 arg1 3729kT 1337:1342 strain 3729kT 1330:1342 strain 3729kT 1330:1342 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 11 77 theme genomic 1576:1582 arg1 sequences 1584:1592 publicly available genomic sequences 1557:1592 publicly available genomic sequences 1557:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 3 78 theme locust 428:433 arg1 polysaccharides 398:412 various polysaccharides 390:412 highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum) 357:469 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 3 78 theme locust 428:433 arg1 gum 440:442 locust bean gum 428:442 locust bean gum 428:442 It grew chemoorganoheterotrophically, utilizing proteinaceous substrates, including highly rigid keratins as well as various polysaccharides (glucomannan, locust bean gum, gum guar and xanthan gum). 32176605 14 79 theme В-3232Т=DSM 1882:1892 arg1 105847T 1894:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 =VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T 1877:1900 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 14 79 theme В-3232Т=DSM 1882:1892 arg1 3729kT 1869:1874 the type strain 3729kT 1853:1874 the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T) 1853:1901 nov., with the type strain 3729kT (=VMK В-3232Т=DSM 105847T), was proposed. 32176605 12 80 theme Arenimonas 1727:1736 arg1 species 1738:1744 other Arenimonas species 1721:1744 other Arenimonas species 1721:1744 Pairwise ANI values between strain 3729kT and other Arenimonas species were of 75-80 %, supporting the proposal of a novel species. 32176605 10 81 theme distinct 1351:1358 arg1 branch 1380:1385 a distinct species/genus-level branch 1349:1385 a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria) 1349:1437 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain 3729kT into a distinct species/genus-level branch within the family Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria). 32176605 11 82 theme species-level 1606:1618 arg1 position 1620:1627 a species-level position 1604:1627 a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas 1604:1672 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 11 83 theme protein 1482:1488 arg1 sequences 1490:1498 120 conservative protein sequences 1465:1498 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences 1465:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 11 84 with Xanthomonadaceae 1507:1522 arg1 sequences 1584:1592 publicly available genomic sequences 1557:1592 publicly available genomic sequences 1557:1592 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 11 84 with Xanthomonadaceae 1507:1522 arg1 names 1547:1551 validly published names 1529:1551 validly published names 1529:1551 Phylogenetic analysis of 120 conservative protein sequences of all Xanthomonadaceae with validly published names and publicly available genomic sequences supported a species-level position of strain 3729kT within the genus Arenimonas. 32176605 9 85 theme DNA 1241:1243 arg1 G+C content 1245:1255 The DNA G+C content 1237:1255 The DNA G+C content 1237:1255 The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. 32176605 9 85 theme DNA 1241:1243 arg1 % 1269:1269 69.8 mol% 1261:1269 69.8 mol% 1261:1269 The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. 34562759 6 0 theme spectrometry 1366:1377 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 1 1 theme diurnal 229:235 arg1 DTR 256:258 DTR 256:258 DTR 256:258 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 1 1 theme diurnal 229:235 arg1 range 249:253 diurnal temperature range 229:253 diurnal temperature range (DTR) 229:259 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 3 2 theme inhibitory 496:505 arg1 effect 507:512 an obvious inhibitory effect 485:512 an obvious inhibitory effect 485:512 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 6 3 theme obvious 1447:1453 arg1 effect 1455:1460 no obvious effect 1444:1460 no obvious effect 1444:1460 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 5 4 theme continual 1124:1132 arg1 increase 1134:1141 the continual increase 1120:1141 the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system 1120:1184 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 7 5 theme bioleaching 1710:1720 arg1 process 1722:1728 the bioleaching process 1706:1728 the bioleaching process 1706:1728 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 6 theme EPS 1044:1046 arg1 secretion 1031:1039 the secretion 1027:1039 the secretion of EPS 1027:1046 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 1 7 theme factors 153:159 arg1 one 137:139 one 137:139 one 137:139 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 1 7 theme factors 153:159 arg1 factors 153:159 the main factors 144:159 the main factors affecting bioleaching 144:181 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 2 8 from effects 317:323 arg1 bioleaching 393:403 the bioleaching 389:403 the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores 389:425 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 3 9 theme bioleaching 521:531 arg1 efficiency 533:542 the bioleaching efficiency 517:542 the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community 517:580 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 7 10 theme bioleaching 1552:1562 arg1 applications 1564:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 11 contain had 956:958 arg2 effect 974:979 a significant effect 960:979 a significant effect 960:979 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 11 contain had 956:958 arg1 DTR 824:826 DTR 824:826 DTR 824:826 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 6 12 theme residue 1416:1422 arg1 XRD 1274:1276 XRD 1274:1276 XRD 1274:1276 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 6 12 theme residue 1416:1422 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 6 12 theme residue 1416:1422 arg1 diffraction 1261:1271 X-ray diffraction 1255:1271 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 1255:1277 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 6 12 theme residue 1416:1422 arg1 Fourier 1280:1286 Fourier 1280:1286 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) 1280:1312 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 7 13 theme sulfide 1540:1546 arg1 applications 1564:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 14 theme EPS 866:868 arg1 matrix 870:875 the EPS matrix 862:875 the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances) 862:949 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 15 dep matrix 870:875 arg1 polysaccharides 906:920 polysaccharides 906:920 polysaccharides 906:920 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 15 dep matrix 870:875 arg1 substances 939:948 protein-like substances 926:948 protein-like substances 926:948 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 15 dep matrix 870:875 arg1 substances 894:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 3 16 theme artificial 551:560 arg1 community 572:580 the artificial microbial community 547:580 the artificial microbial community 547:580 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 6 17 theme ore 1510:1512 arg1 characteristics 1483:1497 the mineralogical characteristics 1465:1497 the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore 1465:1512 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 5 18 from effects 1216:1222 arg1 dissolution 1242:1252 mineral dissolution 1234:1252 mineral dissolution 1234:1252 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 1 19 from effects 218:224 arg1 process 280:286 the bioleaching process 264:286 the bioleaching process 264:286 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 7 20 theme control 1666:1672 arg1 measures 1674:1681 temperature control measures 1654:1681 temperature control measures 1654:1681 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 21 theme process 1102:1108 arg1 stages 1076:1081 the early and middle stages 1055:1081 the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process 1055:1108 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 6 22 theme mineralogical 1469:1481 arg1 characteristics 1483:1497 the mineralogical characteristics 1465:1497 the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore 1465:1512 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 5 23 theme adverse 1208:1214 arg1 effects 1216:1222 the adverse effects 1204:1222 the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution 1204:1252 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 3 24 theme late 738:741 arg1 18-24 days 750:759 18-24 days 750:759 18-24 days 750:759 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 24 theme late 738:741 arg1 stage 743:747 the late stage 734:747 the late stage (18-24 days) 734:760 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 0 25 theme sulfide 54:60 arg1 bioleaching 39:49 bioleaching 39:49 bioleaching of sulfide 39:60 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 6 26 theme Scanning 1318:1325 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 7 27 theme start-up 1636:1643 arg1 process 1645:1651 the artificial microbial community start-up process 1601:1651 the artificial microbial community start-up process 1601:1651 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 6 28 contain had 1440:1442 arg2 effect 1455:1460 no obvious effect 1444:1460 no obvious effect 1444:1460 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 6 28 contain had 1440:1442 arg1 DTR 1436:1438 DTR 1436:1438 DTR 1436:1438 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 7 29 theme microbial 1616:1624 arg1 community 1626:1634 the artificial microbial community 1601:1634 the artificial microbial community start-up process 1601:1651 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 0 30 from Effect 0:5 arg1 bioleaching 39:49 bioleaching 39:49 bioleaching of sulfide 39:60 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 0 31 theme artificial 72:81 arg1 consortium 93:102 an artificial microbial consortium 69:102 an artificial microbial consortium 69:102 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 4 32 theme acid-like 884:892 arg1 polysaccharides 906:920 polysaccharides 906:920 polysaccharides 906:920 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 32 theme acid-like 884:892 arg1 substances 939:948 protein-like substances 926:948 protein-like substances 926:948 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 32 theme acid-like 884:892 arg1 substances 894:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 1 33 theme range 249:253 arg1 effects 218:224 the effects 214:224 the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process 214:286 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 6 34 theme microscopy- 1336:1346 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 7 35 from effects 1752:1758 arg1 dissolution 1778:1788 mineral dissolution 1770:1788 mineral dissolution 1770:1788 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 36 theme significant 962:972 arg1 effect 974:979 a significant effect 960:979 a significant effect 960:979 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 2 37 theme DTR 382:384 arg1 effects 317:323 the effects 313:323 the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores 313:425 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 0 38 theme diurnal 10:16 arg1 range 30:34 diurnal temperature range 10:34 diurnal temperature range 10:34 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 0 39 theme range 30:34 arg1 Effect 0:5 Effect 0:5 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide 0:60 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 2 40 theme ores 422:425 arg1 bioleaching 393:403 the bioleaching 389:403 the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores 389:425 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 2 41 theme sulfide 414:420 arg1 ores 422:425 metal sulfide ores 408:425 metal sulfide ores 408:425 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 3 42 contain had 481:483 arg2 effect 507:512 an obvious inhibitory effect 485:512 an obvious inhibitory effect 485:512 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 42 contain had 481:483 arg1 DTR 477:479 DTR 477:479 DTR 477:479 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 4 43 theme polymeric 777:785 arg1 EPS 798:800 EPS 798:800 EPS 798:800 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 43 theme polymeric 777:785 arg1 substance 787:795 Extracellular polymeric substance 763:795 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis 763:810 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 3 44 theme community 572:580 arg1 efficiency 533:542 the bioleaching efficiency 517:542 the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community 517:580 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 45 theme early 635:639 arg1 stages 652:657 the early and middle stages 631:657 the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure 631:681 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 45 theme early 635:639 arg1 0-18 days 660:668 0-18 days 660:668 0-18 days 660:668 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 7 46 theme adverse 1744:1750 arg1 effects 1752:1758 the adverse effects 1740:1758 the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution 1740:1788 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 6 47 theme electron 1327:1334 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 2 48 theme bioleaching 338:348 arg1 temperatures 350:361 different bioleaching temperatures 328:361 different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) 328:376 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 5 49 theme EPS 1146:1148 arg1 secretion 1150:1158 EPS secretion 1146:1158 EPS secretion 1146:1158 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 50 theme generative 988:997 arg1 behavior 999:1006 the generative behavior 984:1006 the generative behavior of EPS 984:1013 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 3 51 theme middle 645:650 arg1 stages 652:657 the early and middle stages 631:657 the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure 631:681 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 51 theme middle 645:650 arg1 0-18 days 660:668 0-18 days 660:668 0-18 days 660:668 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 52 theme obvious 488:494 arg1 effect 507:512 an obvious inhibitory effect 485:512 an obvious inhibitory effect 485:512 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 6 53 theme dispersive 1355:1364 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 1 54 theme temperature 237:247 arg1 DTR 256:258 DTR 256:258 DTR 256:258 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 1 54 theme temperature 237:247 arg1 range 249:253 diurnal temperature range 229:253 diurnal temperature range (DTR) 229:259 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 3 55 theme exposure 674:681 arg1 stages 652:657 the early and middle stages 631:657 the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure 631:681 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 3 55 theme exposure 674:681 arg1 0-18 days 660:668 0-18 days 660:668 0-18 days 660:668 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 1 56 theme main 148:151 arg1 factors 153:159 the main factors 144:159 the main factors affecting bioleaching 144:181 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 57 theme substance 787:795 arg1 analysis 803:810 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis 763:810 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis 763:810 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 58 theme early 1059:1063 arg1 stages 1076:1081 the early and middle stages 1055:1081 the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process 1055:1108 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 7 59 theme ore 1548:1550 arg1 applications 1564:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 6 60 theme X-ray 1255:1259 arg1 XRD 1274:1276 XRD 1274:1276 XRD 1274:1276 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 6 60 theme X-ray 1255:1259 arg1 diffraction 1261:1271 X-ray diffraction 1255:1271 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 1255:1277 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 7 61 theme industrial 1529:1538 arg1 applications 1564:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications 1529:1575 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 6 62 theme bioleached 1405:1414 arg1 residue 1416:1422 the bioleached residue 1401:1422 the bioleached residue 1401:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 1 63 theme few 188:190 arg1 studies 192:198 few studies 188:198 few studies 188:198 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 64 theme bioleaching 1090:1100 arg1 process 1102:1108 the bioleaching process 1086:1108 the bioleaching process 1086:1108 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 6 65 theme sulfide 1502:1508 arg1 ore 1510:1512 sulfide ore 1502:1512 sulfide ore 1502:1512 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 5 66 from increase 1134:1141 arg1 system 1179:1184 the bioleaching system 1163:1184 the bioleaching system 1163:1184 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 5 66 from increase 1134:1141 arg1 secretion 1150:1158 EPS secretion 1146:1158 EPS secretion 1146:1158 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 67 theme middle 1069:1074 arg1 stages 1076:1081 the early and middle stages 1055:1081 the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process 1055:1108 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 3 68 theme microbial 562:570 arg1 community 572:580 the artificial microbial community 547:580 the artificial microbial community 547:580 The results showed that DTR had an obvious inhibitory effect on the bioleaching efficiency of the artificial microbial community, although this effect was mainly concentrated in the early and middle stages (0-18 days) of exposure, gradually decreasing until almost disappearing in the late stage (18-24 days). 34562759 7 69 theme temperature 1654:1664 arg1 measures 1674:1681 temperature control measures 1654:1681 temperature control measures 1654:1681 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 2 70 theme microbial 430:438 arg1 communities 440:450 microbial communities 430:450 microbial communities 430:450 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 5 71 theme bioleaching 1167:1177 arg1 system 1179:1184 the bioleaching system 1163:1184 the bioleaching system 1163:1184 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 0 72 theme microbial 83:91 arg1 consortium 93:102 an artificial microbial consortium 69:102 an artificial microbial consortium 69:102 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 7 73 theme community 1626:1634 arg1 process 1645:1651 the artificial microbial community start-up process 1601:1651 the artificial microbial community start-up process 1601:1651 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 74 theme matrix 870:875 arg1 composition 847:857 the composition 843:857 the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances) 843:949 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 5 75 theme mineral 1234:1240 arg1 dissolution 1242:1252 mineral dissolution 1234:1252 mineral dissolution 1234:1252 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 6 76 dep Fourier 1280:1286 arg1 transform 1288:1296 transform 1288:1296 transform infrared (FTIR) 1288:1312 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 7 77 theme artificial 1605:1614 arg1 community 1626:1634 the artificial microbial community 1601:1634 the artificial microbial community start-up process 1601:1651 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 78 theme humic 878:882 arg1 polysaccharides 906:920 polysaccharides 906:920 polysaccharides 906:920 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 78 theme humic 878:882 arg1 substances 939:948 protein-like substances 926:948 protein-like substances 926:948 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 78 theme humic 878:882 arg1 substances 894:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 6 79 theme energy 1348:1353 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 6 80 dep infrared 1298:1305 arg1 FTIR 1308:1311 FTIR 1308:1311 FTIR 1308:1311 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 34562759 2 81 theme temperatures 350:361 arg1 effects 317:323 the effects 313:323 the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores 313:425 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 0 82 theme temperature 18:28 arg1 range 30:34 diurnal temperature range 10:34 diurnal temperature range 10:34 Effect of diurnal temperature range on bioleaching of sulfide ore by an artificial microbial consortium. 34562759 5 83 theme DTR 1227:1229 arg1 effects 1216:1222 the adverse effects 1204:1222 the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution 1204:1252 However, the continual increase in EPS secretion in the bioleaching system gradually reduced the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 4 84 theme protein-like 926:937 arg1 substances 939:948 protein-like substances 926:948 protein-like substances 926:948 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 84 theme protein-like 926:937 arg1 substances 894:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 humic acid-like substances 878:903 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 1 85 theme bioleaching 268:278 arg1 process 280:286 the bioleaching process 264:286 the bioleaching process 264:286 Temperature is considered to be one of the main factors affecting bioleaching, but few studies have assessed the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the bioleaching process. 34562759 7 86 theme mineral 1770:1776 arg1 dissolution 1778:1788 mineral dissolution 1770:1788 mineral dissolution 1770:1788 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 2 87 theme metal 408:412 arg1 ores 422:425 metal sulfide ores 408:425 metal sulfide ores 408:425 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 4 88 theme Extracellular 763:775 arg1 EPS 798:800 EPS 798:800 EPS 798:800 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 4 88 theme Extracellular 763:775 arg1 substance 787:795 Extracellular polymeric substance 763:795 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis 763:810 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 7 89 theme DTR 1763:1765 arg1 effects 1752:1758 the adverse effects 1740:1758 the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution 1740:1788 Therefore, in industrial sulfide ore bioleaching applications, in order to accelerate the artificial microbial community start-up process, temperature control measures should be increased in the bioleaching process to reduce the adverse effects of DTR on mineral dissolution. 34562759 2 90 dep temperatures 350:361 arg1 30 364:365 30 364:365 30 364:365 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 2 90 dep temperatures 350:361 arg1 40 °C 371:375 40 °C 371:375 40 °C 371:375 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 4 91 theme EPS 1011:1013 arg1 behavior 999:1006 the generative behavior 984:1006 the generative behavior of EPS 984:1013 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis showed that DTR did not change the composition of the EPS matrix (humic acid-like substances, polysaccharides and protein-like substances), but had a significant effect on the generative behavior of EPS, inhibiting the secretion of EPS during the early and middle stages of the bioleaching process. 34562759 2 92 theme different 328:336 arg1 temperatures 350:361 different bioleaching temperatures 328:361 different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) 328:376 This study investigates the effects of different bioleaching temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and DTR on the bioleaching of metal sulfide ores by microbial communities. 34562759 6 93 theme SEM-EDS 1380:1386 arg1 analysis 1389:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis 1318:1396 Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue 1318:1422 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis of the bioleached residue showed that DTR had no obvious effect on the mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ore. 32387599 8 0 theme BO 1163:1164 arg1 growth 1148:1153 the growth 1144:1153 the growth of both BO and BC 1144:1171 Interestingly, SY01-23 boosted the growth of both BO and BC. 32387599 6 1 from arabinose 891:899 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 10 2 with co-culture 1274:1283 arg1 BO 1296:1297 BO 1296:1297 BO 1296:1297 Intriguingly, the growth of co-culture of BT with BO or BC was better than monoculture. 32387599 10 2 with co-culture 1274:1283 arg1 BC 1302:1303 BC 1302:1303 BC 1302:1303 Intriguingly, the growth of co-culture of BT with BO or BC was better than monoculture. 32387599 1 3 theme antitumor 234:242 arg1 effects 285:291 antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects 234:291 antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects 234:291 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 6 4 theme molar 906:910 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 5 5 from glucose 701:707 arg1 ratio 753:757 a molar ratio 745:757 a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 745:793 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 8 6 theme BC 1170:1171 arg1 growth 1148:1153 the growth 1144:1153 the growth of both BO and BC 1144:1171 Interestingly, SY01-23 boosted the growth of both BO and BC. 32387599 6 7 theme glucuronic 824:833 arg1 rhamnose 814:821 rhamnose 814:821 rhamnose 814:821 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 7 theme glucuronic 824:833 arg1 acid 835:838 glucuronic acid 824:838 glucuronic acid 824:838 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 13 8 theme Bacteroides 1579:1589 arg1 colonization 1563:1574 colonization 1563:1574 colonization of Bacteroides 1563:1589 The above results suggested that SY01-23 might modify human gut microbiota by driving colonization of Bacteroides in the gut to improve wellness. 32387599 2 9 from bioactivity 307:317 arg1 microbiota 332:341 human gut microbiota 322:341 human gut microbiota 322:341 However, the bioactivity on human gut microbiota is unclear so far. 32387599 1 10 theme immunostimulatory 245:261 arg1 effects 285:291 antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects 234:291 antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects 234:291 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 6 11 from xylose 880:885 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 12 12 dep found 1406:1410 arg1 generated 1422:1430 generated 1422:1430 found BO and BC generated acetate and propionate by utilizing SY01-23 1406:1474 Besides, we found BO and BC generated acetate and propionate by utilizing SY01-23. 32387599 10 13 theme BT 1288:1289 arg1 co-culture 1274:1283 co-culture 1274:1283 co-culture of BT with BO or BC 1274:1303 Intriguingly, the growth of co-culture of BT with BO or BC was better than monoculture. 32387599 3 14 theme molecular 471:479 arg1 57 kDa 488:493 molecular weight 57 kDa 471:493 molecular weight 57 kDa 471:493 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg1 SY01-23 796:802 SY01-23 796:802 SY01-23 796:802 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 acid 835:838 glucuronic acid 824:838 glucuronic acid 824:838 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 glucose 860:866 glucose 860:866 glucose 860:866 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 arabinose 891:899 arabinose 891:899 arabinose 891:899 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 galactose 869:877 galactose 869:877 galactose 869:877 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 xylose 880:885 xylose 880:885 xylose 880:885 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 rhamnose 814:821 rhamnose 814:821 rhamnose 814:821 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 15 contain contained 804:812 arg2 acid 854:857 galacturonic acid 841:857 galacturonic acid 841:857 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 3 16 attach isolated 438:445 arg2 polysaccharides 385:399 three homogenous polysaccharides 368:399 three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 368:431 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 3 16 attach isolated 438:445 arg1 leaf 461:464 mulberry leaf 452:464 mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa 452:513 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 13 17 theme above 1481:1485 arg1 results 1487:1493 The above results 1477:1493 The above results 1477:1493 The above results suggested that SY01-23 might modify human gut microbiota by driving colonization of Bacteroides in the gut to improve wellness. 32387599 1 18 theme mulberry 168:175 arg1 Morus 183:187 Morus 183:187 Morus 183:187 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 1 18 theme mulberry 168:175 arg1 leaf 177:180 mulberry leaf 168:180 mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide 168:211 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 0 19 theme human 93:97 arg1 gut 99:101 human gut 93:101 human gut 93:101 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 5 20 from galactose 710:718 arg1 ratio 753:757 a molar ratio 745:757 a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 745:793 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 7 21 theme Bioactivity 961:971 arg1 test 973:976 Bioactivity test 961:976 Bioactivity test 961:976 Bioactivity test showed SY01-21 promoted the growth of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (BC) while SY01-22 benefited the growth of Bacteroides ovatus (BO). 32387599 6 22 from glucose 860:866 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 10 23 theme co-culture 1274:1283 arg1 better 1309:1314 better 1309:1314 better 1309:1314 Intriguingly, the growth of co-culture of BT with BO or BC was better than monoculture. 32387599 10 23 theme co-culture 1274:1283 arg1 growth 1264:1269 the growth 1260:1269 the growth of co-culture of BT with BO or BC 1260:1303 Intriguingly, the growth of co-culture of BT with BO or BC was better than monoculture. 32387599 1 24 theme leaf 177:180 arg1 polysaccharide 198:211 mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide 168:211 mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide 168:211 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 0 25 theme homogenous 4:13 arg1 SY01-23 30:36 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 0:36 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. 0:72 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 6 26 from acid 835:838 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 3 27 theme homogenous 374:383 arg1 polysaccharides 385:399 three homogenous polysaccharides 368:399 three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 368:431 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 1 28 theme anti-inflammatory 267:283 arg1 effects 285:291 antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects 234:291 antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects 234:291 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 4 29 theme monosaccharide 534:547 arg1 composition 549:559 The monosaccharide composition 530:559 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 530:570 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 7 30 theme ovatus 1100:1105 arg1 growth 1078:1083 the growth 1074:1083 the growth of Bacteroides ovatus (BO) 1074:1110 Bioactivity test showed SY01-21 promoted the growth of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (BC) while SY01-22 benefited the growth of Bacteroides ovatus (BO). 32387599 7 31 theme cellulosilyticus 1028:1043 arg1 growth 1006:1011 the growth 1002:1011 the growth of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (BC) 1002:1048 Bioactivity test showed SY01-21 promoted the growth of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (BC) while SY01-22 benefited the growth of Bacteroides ovatus (BO). 32387599 3 32 theme mulberry 452:459 arg1 leaf 461:464 mulberry leaf 452:464 mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa 452:513 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 0 33 theme polysaccharide 15:28 arg1 SY01-23 30:36 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 0:36 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. 0:72 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 4 34 theme SY01-21 564:570 arg1 composition 549:559 The monosaccharide composition 530:559 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 530:570 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 5 35 from arabinose 732:740 arg1 ratio 753:757 a molar ratio 745:757 a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 745:793 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 0 36 dep Morus 60:64 arg1 L. 71:72 Morus alba L. 60:72 Morus alba L. 60:72 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 4 37 theme molar 621:625 arg1 ratio 627:631 a molar ratio 619:631 a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88 619:651 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 5 38 theme 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 762:793 arg1 ratio 753:757 a molar ratio 745:757 a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 745:793 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 13 39 theme gut 1537:1539 arg1 microbiota 1541:1550 human gut microbiota 1531:1550 human gut microbiota 1531:1550 The above results suggested that SY01-23 might modify human gut microbiota by driving colonization of Bacteroides in the gut to improve wellness. 32387599 4 40 theme 7.60:43.52:48.88 636:651 arg1 ratio 627:631 a molar ratio 619:631 a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88 619:651 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 3 41 with leaf 461:464 arg1 25 kDa 496:501 25 kDa 496:501 25 kDa 496:501 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 3 41 with leaf 461:464 arg1 57 kDa 488:493 molecular weight 57 kDa 471:493 molecular weight 57 kDa 471:493 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 3 41 with leaf 461:464 arg1 7.2 kDa 507:513 7.2 kDa 507:513 7.2 kDa 507:513 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 5 42 from xylose 721:726 arg1 ratio 753:757 a molar ratio 745:757 a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 745:793 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 1 43 dep Morus 183:187 arg1 L. 194:195 Morus alba L. 183:195 Morus alba L. 183:195 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 1 44 theme polysaccharide 198:211 arg1 Function 156:163 Function 156:163 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide 156:211 Function of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) polysaccharide has been reported on antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. 32387599 5 45 theme molar 747:751 arg1 ratio 753:757 a molar ratio 745:757 a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34 745:793 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 4 46 contain contained 572:580 arg1 ratio 627:631 a molar ratio 619:631 a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88 619:651 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 4 46 contain contained 572:580 arg1 composition 549:559 The monosaccharide composition 530:559 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 530:570 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 4 46 contain contained 572:580 arg2 rhamnose 582:589 rhamnose 582:589 rhamnose 582:589 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 4 46 contain contained 572:580 arg2 composition 549:559 The monosaccharide composition 530:559 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 530:570 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 4 46 contain contained 572:580 arg2 galactose 592:600 galactose 592:600 galactose 592:600 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 4 46 contain contained 572:580 arg2 arabinose 606:614 arabinose 606:614 arabinose 606:614 The monosaccharide composition of SY01-21 contained rhamnose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.60:43.52:48.88. 32387599 3 47 theme weight 481:486 arg1 57 kDa 488:493 molecular weight 57 kDa 471:493 molecular weight 57 kDa 471:493 Here, three homogenous polysaccharides named SY01-21, SY01-22, SY01-23 were isolated from mulberry leaf with molecular weight 57 kDa, 25 kDa and 7.2 kDa, respectively. 32387599 6 48 from acid 854:857 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 5 49 theme galacturonic 682:693 arg1 acid 695:698 galacturonic acid 682:698 galacturonic acid 682:698 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 49 theme galacturonic 682:693 arg1 rhamnose 672:679 rhamnose 672:679 rhamnose 672:679 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 7 50 dep showed 978:983 arg1 promoted 993:1000 promoted 993:1000 showed SY01-21 promoted the growth of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (BC) while SY01-22 benefited the growth of Bacteroides ovatus (BO) 978:1110 Bioactivity test showed SY01-21 promoted the growth of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (BC) while SY01-22 benefited the growth of Bacteroides ovatus (BO). 32387599 6 51 theme 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 921:958 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 13 52 theme human 1531:1535 arg1 microbiota 1541:1550 human gut microbiota 1531:1550 human gut microbiota 1531:1550 The above results suggested that SY01-23 might modify human gut microbiota by driving colonization of Bacteroides in the gut to improve wellness. 32387599 9 53 theme Bacteroides 1183:1193 arg1 thetaiotamicron 1195:1209 Bacteroides thetaiotamicron 1183:1209 Bacteroides thetaiotamicron (BT) 1183:1214 However, Bacteroides thetaiotamicron (BT) only grew on 5 mg/mL SY01-21. 32387599 9 53 theme Bacteroides 1183:1193 arg1 BT 1212:1213 BT 1212:1213 BT 1212:1213 However, Bacteroides thetaiotamicron (BT) only grew on 5 mg/mL SY01-21. 32387599 2 54 theme gut 328:330 arg1 microbiota 332:341 human gut microbiota 322:341 human gut microbiota 322:341 However, the bioactivity on human gut microbiota is unclear so far. 32387599 6 55 theme galacturonic 841:852 arg1 acid 854:857 galacturonic acid 841:857 galacturonic acid 841:857 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 6 55 theme galacturonic 841:852 arg1 rhamnose 814:821 rhamnose 814:821 rhamnose 814:821 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 32387599 2 56 theme human 322:326 arg1 microbiota 332:341 human gut microbiota 322:341 human gut microbiota 322:341 However, the bioactivity on human gut microbiota is unclear so far. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg2 acid 695:698 galacturonic acid 682:698 galacturonic acid 682:698 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg2 rhamnose 672:679 rhamnose 672:679 rhamnose 672:679 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg2 xylose 721:726 xylose 721:726 xylose 721:726 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg2 glucose 701:707 glucose 701:707 glucose 701:707 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg2 arabinose 732:740 arabinose 732:740 arabinose 732:740 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg2 galactose 710:718 galactose 710:718 galactose 710:718 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 5 57 contain contained 662:670 arg1 SY01-22 654:660 SY01-22 654:660 SY01-22 654:660 SY01-22 contained rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 14.61:9.06:1.35:34.65:2.99:37.34. 32387599 0 58 contain has 74:76 arg1 SY01-23 30:36 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 0:36 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. 0:72 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 0 58 contain has 74:76 arg2 bioactivity 78:88 bioactivity 78:88 bioactivity 78:88 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 0 59 theme Morus 60:64 arg1 leaf 52:55 leaf 52:55 leaf of Morus alba L. 52:72 The homogenous polysaccharide SY01-23 purified from leaf of Morus alba L. has bioactivity on human gut Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus. 32387599 6 60 from galactose 869:877 arg1 ratio 912:916 a molar ratio 904:916 a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13 904:958 SY01-23 contained rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 23.00:4.12:24.60:5.74:17.28:1.12:24.13. 33806920 4 0 theme de 710:711 arg1 synthesis 718:726 de novo synthesis 710:726 de novo synthesis of the protein 710:741 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 1 1 theme cells 159:163 arg1 exposure 129:136 The exposure 125:136 The exposure of human endothelial cells to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) 125:198 The exposure of human endothelial cells to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 33806920 6 2 gly hypoglycosylated 915:930 arg1 COX-2 932:936 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 911:936 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 induced by SIN-1 911:953 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 induced by SIN-1 showed a reduced capacity to generate prostaglandins and the activity was only partially recovered after immunoprecipitation. 33806920 7 3 theme degradation 1141:1151 arg1 rate 1133:1136 a more rapid rate 1120:1136 a more rapid rate of degradation 1120:1151 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 7 4 located detected 1254:1261 arg2 accumulation 1234:1245 an accumulation 1231:1245 an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane 1231:1285 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 7 4 located detected 1254:1261 arg1 membrane 1278:1285 the nuclear membrane 1266:1285 the nuclear membrane 1266:1285 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 4 5 gly hypoglycosylated 670:685 arg1 COX-2 687:691 hypoglycosylated COX-2 670:691 hypoglycosylated COX-2 670:691 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 4 6 dep de 710:711 arg1 novo 713:716 novo 713:716 novo 713:716 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 4 7 theme labeling 590:597 arg1 experiments 599:609 Metabolic labeling experiments 580:609 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide 580:636 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 2 8 theme prolonged 312:320 arg1 incubation 322:331 a prolonged incubation 310:331 a prolonged incubation (>8 h) 310:338 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 2 8 theme prolonged 312:320 arg1 h 337:337 >8 h 334:337 >8 h 334:337 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 8 9 theme peroxynitrite 1355:1367 arg1 effect 1345:1350 the effect 1341:1350 the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity 1341:1400 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 2 10 theme several 340:346 arg1 proteoforms 348:358 several proteoforms 340:358 several proteoforms 340:358 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 4 11 theme Metabolic 580:588 arg1 experiments 599:609 Metabolic labeling experiments 580:609 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide 580:636 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 7 12 from IL-1α 1182:1186 arg1 localization 1213:1224 the localization 1209:1224 the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane 1209:1285 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 4 13 theme native 782:787 arg1 protein 789:795 the native protein 778:795 the native protein 778:795 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 5 14 theme responsible 865:875 arg1 hexokinase 842:851 the hexokinase 838:851 the hexokinase 838:851 Moreover, SIN-1 reduced the activity of the hexokinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis. 33806920 5 14 theme responsible 865:875 arg1 enzyme 858:863 the enzyme 854:863 the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis 854:908 Moreover, SIN-1 reduced the activity of the hexokinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis. 33806920 8 15 theme important 1305:1313 arg1 implication 1315:1325 important implication 1305:1325 important implication 1305:1325 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 0 16 theme Cyclooxygenase-2 0:15 arg1 Glycosylation 17:29 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation 0:29 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation 0:29 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation Is Affected by Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells: Impact on Enzyme Activity and Degradation. 33806920 2 17 theme Western 379:385 arg1 blot 387:390 Western blot 379:390 Western blot 379:390 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 8 18 from effect 1345:1350 arg1 activity 1393:1400 activity 1393:1400 activity 1393:1400 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 8 18 from effect 1345:1350 arg1 expression 1378:1387 COX-2 expression 1372:1387 COX-2 expression 1372:1387 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 3 19 theme other 553:557 arg1 oxide-donors 566:577 other nitric oxide-donors 553:577 other nitric oxide-donors 553:577 This effect was specific for SIN-1 that generates peroxynitrite and it was not detected with other nitric oxide-donors. 33806920 4 20 theme COX-2 687:691 arg1 dependent 697:705 dependent 697:705 dependent 697:705 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 4 20 theme COX-2 687:691 arg1 formation 657:665 the formation 653:665 the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 653:691 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 2 21 theme glycosylation 430:442 arg1 states 420:425 different states 410:425 different states of glycosylation of the protein 410:457 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 1 22 theme time-dependent 266:279 arg1 manner 281:286 time-dependent manner 266:286 time-dependent manner 266:286 The exposure of human endothelial cells to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 33806920 3 23 theme nitric 559:564 arg1 oxide-donors 566:577 other nitric oxide-donors 553:577 other nitric oxide-donors 553:577 This effect was specific for SIN-1 that generates peroxynitrite and it was not detected with other nitric oxide-donors. 33806920 4 24 theme hypoglycosylated 670:685 arg1 COX-2 687:691 hypoglycosylated COX-2 670:691 hypoglycosylated COX-2 670:691 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 6 25 theme reduced 964:970 arg1 capacity 972:979 a reduced capacity to generate prostaglandins 962:1006 a reduced capacity to generate prostaglandins 962:1006 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 induced by SIN-1 showed a reduced capacity to generate prostaglandins and the activity was only partially recovered after immunoprecipitation. 33806920 2 26 theme different 410:418 arg1 states 420:425 different states 410:425 different states of glycosylation of the protein 410:457 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 4 27 theme protein 735:741 arg1 synthesis 718:726 de novo synthesis 710:726 de novo synthesis of the protein 710:741 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 7 28 theme hypoglycosylated 1090:1105 arg1 COX-2 1107:1111 hypoglycosylated COX-2 1090:1111 hypoglycosylated COX-2 1090:1111 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 7 29 from alteration 1195:1204 arg1 localization 1213:1224 the localization 1209:1224 the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane 1209:1285 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 8 30 dep identify 1424:1431 arg1 direct 1459:1464 direct 1459:1464 direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity 1459:1521 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 7 31 gly hypoglycosylated 1090:1105 arg1 COX-2 1107:1111 hypoglycosylated COX-2 1090:1111 hypoglycosylated COX-2 1090:1111 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 0 32 from Impact 82:87 arg1 Activity 99:106 Enzyme Activity 92:106 Enzyme Activity 92:106 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation Is Affected by Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells: Impact on Enzyme Activity and Degradation. 33806920 0 32 from Impact 82:87 arg1 Degradation 112:122 Degradation 112:122 Degradation 112:122 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation Is Affected by Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells: Impact on Enzyme Activity and Degradation. 33806920 5 33 theme hexokinase 842:851 arg1 activity 826:833 the activity 822:833 the activity of the hexokinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis 822:908 Moreover, SIN-1 reduced the activity of the hexokinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis. 33806920 8 34 theme COX-2 1478:1482 arg1 degradation 1484:1494 COX-2 degradation 1478:1494 COX-2 degradation 1478:1494 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 0 35 gly Glycosylation 17:29 arg1 Cells 75:79 Endothelial Cells 63:79 Endothelial Cells 63:79 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation Is Affected by Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells: Impact on Enzyme Activity and Degradation. 33806920 0 36 theme Endothelial 63:73 arg1 Cells 75:79 Endothelial Cells 63:79 Endothelial Cells 63:79 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation Is Affected by Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells: Impact on Enzyme Activity and Degradation. 33806920 5 37 theme glycolysis 899:908 arg1 step 891:894 the first step 881:894 the first step of glycolysis 881:908 Moreover, SIN-1 reduced the activity of the hexokinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis. 33806920 7 38 with localization 1213:1224 arg1 accumulation 1234:1245 an accumulation 1231:1245 an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane 1231:1285 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 7 39 theme rapid 1127:1131 arg1 rate 1133:1136 a more rapid rate 1120:1136 a more rapid rate of degradation 1120:1151 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 7 40 theme nuclear 1270:1276 arg1 membrane 1278:1285 the nuclear membrane 1266:1285 the nuclear membrane 1266:1285 Finally, hypoglycosylated COX-2 showed a more rapid rate of degradation compared to COX-2 induced by IL-1α and an alteration in the localization with an accumulation mainly detected in the nuclear membrane. 33806920 8 41 contain have 1300:1303 arg2 implication 1315:1325 important implication 1305:1325 important implication 1305:1325 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 8 41 contain have 1300:1303 arg1 results 1292:1298 Our results 1288:1298 Our results 1288:1298 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 8 42 theme new 1433:1435 arg1 tools 1453:1457 new pharmacological tools 1433:1457 new pharmacological tools 1433:1457 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 2 43 gly glycosylation 430:442 arg1 protein 451:457 the protein 447:457 the protein 447:457 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 1 44 theme cyclooxygenase-2 226:241 arg1 expression 212:221 the expression 208:221 the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 208:249 The exposure of human endothelial cells to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 33806920 8 45 theme COX-2 1372:1376 arg1 expression 1378:1387 COX-2 expression 1372:1387 COX-2 expression 1372:1387 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 4 46 theme protein 789:795 arg1 deglycosylation 759:773 the deglycosylation 755:773 the deglycosylation of the native protein 755:795 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 5 47 theme first 885:889 arg1 step 891:894 the first step 881:894 the first step of glycolysis 881:908 Moreover, SIN-1 reduced the activity of the hexokinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis. 33806920 4 48 gly deglycosylation 759:773 arg1 protein 789:795 the native protein 778:795 the native protein 778:795 Metabolic labeling experiments using 35S or cycloheximide suggested that the formation of hypoglycosylated COX-2 was dependent on de novo synthesis of the protein rather than the deglycosylation of the native protein. 33806920 1 49 theme human 141:145 arg1 cells 159:163 human endothelial cells 141:163 human endothelial cells 141:163 The exposure of human endothelial cells to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 33806920 2 50 theme protein 451:457 arg1 glycosylation 430:442 glycosylation 430:442 glycosylation of the protein 430:457 Interestingly, after a prolonged incubation (>8 h) several proteoforms were visualized by Western blot, corresponding to different states of glycosylation of the protein. 33806920 6 51 theme hypoglycosylated 915:930 arg1 COX-2 932:936 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 911:936 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 induced by SIN-1 911:953 The hypoglycosylated COX-2 induced by SIN-1 showed a reduced capacity to generate prostaglandins and the activity was only partially recovered after immunoprecipitation. 33806920 8 52 theme pharmacological 1437:1451 arg1 tools 1453:1457 new pharmacological tools 1433:1457 new pharmacological tools 1433:1457 Our results have important implication to understand the effect of peroxynitrite on COX-2 expression and activity, and they may help to identify new pharmacological tools direct to increase COX-2 degradation or to inhibit its activity. 33806920 1 53 theme endothelial 147:157 arg1 cells 159:163 human endothelial cells 141:163 human endothelial cells 141:163 The exposure of human endothelial cells to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 33806920 0 54 theme Enzyme 92:97 arg1 Activity 99:106 Enzyme Activity 92:106 Enzyme Activity 92:106 Cyclooxygenase-2 Glycosylation Is Affected by Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells: Impact on Enzyme Activity and Degradation. 32222585 7 0 theme highest 1186:1192 arg1 impact 1194:1199 the highest impact 1182:1199 the highest impact 1182:1199 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans had the highest impact on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 7 1 with interaction 1208:1218 arg1 IgG1 1225:1228 IgG1 1225:1228 IgG1 1225:1228 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans had the highest impact on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 4 2 theme many 650:653 arg1 studies 655:661 many studies 650:661 many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles 650:805 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 8 3 dep impact 1375:1380 arg1 2-fold 1383:1388 2-fold 1383:1388 2-fold 1383:1388 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 9 4 theme 1.5-fold 1522:1529 arg1 increase 1540:1547 a 1.5-fold affinity increase 1520:1547 a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans 1520:1591 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 8 5 theme IgG1 1409:1412 arg1 glycoforms 1414:1423 the IgG1 glycoforms 1405:1423 the IgG1 glycoforms 1405:1423 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 8 6 theme N45 1343:1345 arg1 glycan 1347:1352 the N45 glycan 1339:1352 the N45 glycan 1339:1352 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 10 7 theme FcγRs/IgG1 1698:1707 arg1 binding 1709:1715 FcγRs/IgG1 binding 1698:1715 FcγRs/IgG1 binding 1698:1715 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 8 8 dep affinity 1292:1299 arg1 15-fold 1302:1308 15-fold 1302:1308 15-fold 1302:1308 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 3 9 theme FcγRIIIa 510:517 arg1 Asn-162 499:505 the Asn-162 495:505 the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa 495:517 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 4 10 theme FcγRIIIa 702:709 arg1 N-glycans 711:719 FcγRIIIa N-glycans 702:719 FcγRIIIa N-glycans 702:719 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 10 11 theme N-glycosylation 1677:1691 arg1 influence 1664:1672 the complex and strong influence 1641:1672 the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding 1641:1715 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 10 12 theme FcγRs 1774:1778 arg1 N-glycosylation 1780:1794 FcγRs N-glycosylation 1774:1794 FcγRs N-glycosylation 1774:1794 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 6 13 theme various 1074:1080 arg1 glycoforms 1094:1103 various trastuzumab glycoforms 1074:1103 various trastuzumab glycoforms 1074:1103 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 7 14 theme FcγRIIIa 1159:1166 arg1 N-glycans 1168:1176 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans 1155:1176 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans 1155:1176 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans had the highest impact on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 8 15 theme negative 1366:1373 arg1 impact 1375:1380 a negative impact 1364:1380 a negative impact (2-fold) 1364:1389 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 6 16 gly glycoforms 1094:1103 arg1 trastuzumab 1082:1092 various trastuzumab glycoforms 1074:1103 various trastuzumab glycoforms 1074:1103 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 9 17 from impact 1479:1484 arg1 interaction 1493:1503 the interaction 1489:1503 the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans 1489:1591 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 0 18 gly glycoforms 78:87 arg1 IgG1 73:76 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 5 19 from impact 976:981 arg1 interaction 1009:1019 the interaction 1005:1019 the interaction with IgG1 1005:1029 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 2 20 theme critical 363:370 arg1 attribute 380:388 a critical quality attribute 361:388 a critical quality attribute 361:388 The IgG1-Fc N-glycans impact the interaction with FcγRs and are considered a critical quality attribute. 32222585 8 21 theme afucosylated 1315:1326 arg1 IgG1 1328:1331 afucosylated IgG1 1315:1331 afucosylated IgG1 1315:1331 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 5 22 dep FcγRs 895:899 arg1 FcγRIIIaV158/F158 927:943 FcγRIIIaV158/F158 927:943 FcγRIIIaV158/F158 927:943 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 5 22 dep FcγRs 895:899 arg1 FcγRIIaH131/b 909:921 FcγRIIaH131/b 909:921 FcγRIIaH131/b 909:921 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 5 22 dep FcγRs 895:899 arg1 FcγRI 902:906 FcγRI 902:906 FcγRI 902:906 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 3 23 gly afucosylated 580:591 arg1 IgG1 593:596 afucosylated IgG1 580:596 afucosylated IgG1 580:596 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 4 24 theme last 603:606 arg1 years 612:616 The last few years 599:616 The last few years 599:616 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 6 25 theme plasmon 1130:1136 arg1 resonance 1138:1146 surface plasmon resonance 1122:1146 an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay 1110:1152 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 5 26 with interaction 1009:1019 arg1 IgG1 1026:1029 IgG1 1026:1029 IgG1 1026:1029 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 10 27 theme invaluable 1616:1625 arg1 insights 1627:1634 invaluable insights 1616:1634 invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding 1616:1715 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 1 28 theme immune 242:247 arg1 cells 249:253 immune cells 242:253 immune cells 242:253 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 6 29 theme surface 1122:1128 arg1 resonance 1138:1146 surface plasmon resonance 1122:1146 an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay 1110:1152 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 5 30 theme site-directed 838:850 arg1 mutagenesis 852:862 site-directed mutagenesis 838:862 site-directed mutagenesis 838:862 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 0 31 theme receptors 21:29 arg1 Glycosylation 0:12 Glycosylation 0:12 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors 0:29 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 1 32 theme cells 249:253 arg1 surface 231:237 the surface 227:237 the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions 227:283 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 9 33 contain had 1472:1474 arg2 impact 1479:1484 an impact 1476:1484 an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans 1476:1591 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 9 33 contain had 1472:1474 arg1 FcγRIIIa 1450:1457 the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile 1446:1470 only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile 1441:1470 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 4 34 from influence 689:697 arg1 interaction 728:738 the interaction 724:738 the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles 724:805 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 1 35 theme therapeutic 98:108 arg1 antibodies 121:130 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 98:130 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 98:130 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 10 36 theme natural 1805:1811 arg1 forms 1813:1817 their natural forms 1799:1817 their natural forms 1799:1817 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 10 37 theme strong 1657:1662 arg1 influence 1664:1672 the complex and strong influence 1641:1672 the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding 1641:1715 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 0 38 theme Fcγ 17:19 arg1 receptors 21:29 Fcγ receptors 17:29 Fcγ receptors 17:29 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 8 39 gly afucosylated 1315:1326 arg1 IgG1 1328:1331 afucosylated IgG1 1315:1331 afucosylated IgG1 1315:1331 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 9 40 theme glycoprofile 1459:1470 arg1 FcγRIIIa 1450:1457 the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile 1446:1470 only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile 1441:1470 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 1 41 theme monoclonal 110:119 arg1 antibodies 121:130 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 98:130 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 98:130 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 3 42 theme additional 442:451 arg1 complexity 453:462 an additional complexity 439:462 an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1 439:596 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 8 43 theme N162 1254:1257 arg1 glycan 1259:1264 the N162 glycan 1250:1264 the N162 glycan 1250:1264 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 10 44 theme N-glycosylation 1780:1794 arg1 impact 1764:1769 the impact 1760:1769 the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms 1760:1817 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 10 45 theme complex 1645:1651 arg1 influence 1664:1672 the complex and strong influence 1641:1672 the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding 1641:1715 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 0 46 gly Glycosylation 0:12 arg1 receptors 21:29 Fcγ receptors 17:29 Fcγ receptors 17:29 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 8 47 gly glycoforms 1414:1423 arg1 IgG1 1409:1412 the IgG1 glycoforms 1405:1423 the IgG1 glycoforms 1405:1423 More specifically, the N162 glycan positively influenced the affinity (15-fold) for afucosylated IgG1 while the N45 glycan presented a negative impact (2-fold) regardless of the IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 4 48 theme few 608:610 arg1 years 612:616 The last few years 599:616 The last few years 599:616 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 3 49 theme Pioneer 391:397 arg1 studies 399:405 Pioneer studies 391:405 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans 391:423 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 1 50 theme effector 266:273 arg1 functions 275:283 effector functions 266:283 effector functions 266:283 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 7 51 contain had 1178:1180 arg2 impact 1194:1199 the highest impact 1182:1199 the highest impact 1182:1199 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans had the highest impact on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 7 51 contain had 1178:1180 arg1 N-glycans 1168:1176 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans 1155:1176 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans 1155:1176 The FcγRIIIa N-glycans had the highest impact on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 3 52 theme strong 560:565 arg1 affinity 567:574 the strong affinity 556:574 the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1 556:596 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 1 53 theme Fcγ 202:204 arg1 FcγRs 217:221 FcγRs 217:221 FcγRs 217:221 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 1 53 theme Fcγ 202:204 arg1 receptors 206:214 the Fcγ receptors 198:214 the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) 198:222 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 9 54 with interaction 1493:1503 arg1 IgG1 1510:1513 IgG1 1510:1513 IgG1 1510:1513 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 9 54 with interaction 1493:1503 arg1 increase 1540:1547 a 1.5-fold affinity increase 1520:1547 a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans 1520:1591 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 3 55 theme FcγR 410:413 arg1 N-glycans 415:423 FcγR N-glycans 410:423 FcγR N-glycans 410:423 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 5 56 theme N-glycans 992:1000 arg1 impact 976:981 the impact 972:981 the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 972:1029 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 4 57 gly glycosylation 764:776 arg2 sites 778:782 their glycosylation sites 758:782 their glycosylation sites 758:782 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 4 58 with interaction 728:738 arg1 IgG1 745:748 IgG1 745:748 IgG1 745:748 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 6 59 theme enhanced 1113:1120 arg1 assay 1148:1152 an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay 1110:1152 an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay 1110:1152 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 3 60 attach linked 485:490 arg3 Asn-162 499:505 the Asn-162 495:505 the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa 495:517 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 3 60 attach linked 485:490 arg2 N-glycan 476:483 the N-glycan 472:483 the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa 472:517 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 4 61 theme studies 655:661 arg1 emergence 637:645 the emergence 633:645 the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles 633:805 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 2 62 with interaction 319:329 arg1 FcγRs 336:340 FcγRs 336:340 FcγRs 336:340 The IgG1-Fc N-glycans impact the interaction with FcγRs and are considered a critical quality attribute. 32222585 3 63 theme afucosylated 580:591 arg1 IgG1 593:596 afucosylated IgG1 580:596 afucosylated IgG1 580:596 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 5 64 theme FcγRs 986:990 arg1 N-glycans 992:1000 FcγRs N-glycans 986:1000 FcγRs N-glycans 986:1000 In this context, we performed site-directed mutagenesis along with glycoengineering on FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIaH131/b and FcγRIIIaV158/F158) in an effort to elucidate the impact of FcγRs N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1. 32222585 4 65 theme complex 681:687 arg1 influence 689:697 the complex influence 677:697 the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles 677:805 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 4 66 theme N-glycans 711:719 arg1 influence 689:697 the complex influence 677:697 the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles 677:805 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 6 67 theme resonance 1138:1146 arg1 assay 1148:1152 an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay 1110:1152 an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay 1110:1152 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 10 68 from impact 1764:1769 arg1 forms 1813:1817 their natural forms 1799:1817 their natural forms 1799:1817 These results provide invaluable insights into the complex and strong influence of N-glycosylation upon FcγRs/IgG1 binding and are instrumental to further understand the impact of FcγRs N-glycosylation in their natural forms. 32222585 3 69 from studies 399:405 arg1 N-glycans 415:423 FcγR N-glycans 410:423 FcγR N-glycans 410:423 Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked on the Asn-162 of FcγRIIIa was shown to be directly involved in the strong affinity for afucosylated IgG1. 32222585 2 70 theme IgG1-Fc 290:296 arg1 N-glycans 298:306 The IgG1-Fc N-glycans 286:306 The IgG1-Fc N-glycans 286:306 The IgG1-Fc N-glycans impact the interaction with FcγRs and are considered a critical quality attribute. 32222585 6 71 theme trastuzumab 1082:1092 arg1 glycoforms 1094:1103 various trastuzumab glycoforms 1074:1103 various trastuzumab glycoforms 1074:1103 Furthermore, we assessed their binding to various trastuzumab glycoforms with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance assay. 32222585 0 72 theme IgG1 73:76 arg1 glycoforms 78:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 2 73 theme quality 372:378 arg1 attribute 380:388 a critical quality attribute 361:388 a critical quality attribute 361:388 The IgG1-Fc N-glycans impact the interaction with FcγRs and are considered a critical quality attribute. 32222585 4 74 theme glycosylation 764:776 arg1 sites 778:782 their glycosylation sites 758:782 their glycosylation sites 758:782 The last few years have thus seen the emergence of many studies investigating the complex influence of FcγRIIIa N-glycans on the interaction with IgG1 through their glycosylation sites or their glycoprofiles. 32222585 0 75 with interaction 48:58 arg1 glycoforms 78:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 1 76 theme immunoglobulin 146:159 arg1 G1 161:162 immunoglobulin G1 146:162 the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family 142:176 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 1 76 theme immunoglobulin 146:159 arg1 IgG1 165:168 IgG1 165:168 IgG1 165:168 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 0 77 theme various 65:71 arg1 glycoforms 78:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 various IgG1 glycoforms 65:87 Glycosylation of Fcγ receptors influences their interaction with various IgG1 glycoforms. 32222585 9 78 theme affinity 1531:1538 arg1 increase 1540:1547 a 1.5-fold affinity increase 1520:1547 a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans 1520:1591 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32222585 1 79 theme G1 161:162 arg1 family 171:176 the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family 142:176 the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family 142:176 Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. 32222585 9 80 theme high-mannose 1572:1583 arg1 glycans 1585:1591 high-mannose glycans 1572:1591 high-mannose glycans 1572:1591 Interestingly, only the FcγRIIIa glycoprofile had an impact on the interaction with IgG1 with a 1.5-fold affinity increase when FcγRIIIa displays high-mannose glycans. 32697003 8 0 theme antibody 1162:1169 arg1 binding 1171:1177 anti-α-fucose antibody binding 1148:1177 anti-α-fucose antibody binding 1148:1177 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 11 1 theme anti-fucose 1375:1385 arg1 antibody 1387:1394 Human anti-fucose antibody 1369:1394 Human anti-fucose antibody 1369:1394 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 6 2 theme isolated 823:830 arg1 antibody 850:857 the isolated human anti-fucose antibody 819:857 the isolated human anti-fucose antibody 819:857 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 2 3 theme reduced 338:344 arg1 levels 346:351 reduced levels 338:351 reduced levels of human antibody binding 338:377 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 4 4 theme human 582:586 arg1 glycoproteins 602:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 4 5 theme confocal 641:648 arg1 microscopy 650:659 confocal microscopy 641:659 confocal microscopy 641:659 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 6 6 theme pig 890:892 arg1 PBMCs 894:898 KO pig PBMCs 887:898 KO pig PBMCs 887:898 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 6 7 dep affinity 790:797 arg1 The 786:788 The 786:788 The 786:788 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 1 8 theme unique 203:208 arg1 epitopes 223:230 unique carbohydrate epitopes 203:230 unique carbohydrate epitopes 203:230 Progress has been made in overcoming antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. 32697003 9 9 theme human 1193:1197 arg1 IgA 1211:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA 1180:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA 1180:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 9 9 theme human 1193:1197 arg1 cytotoxic 1269:1277 cytotoxic 1269:1277 cytotoxic 1269:1277 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 4 10 theme dot 619:621 arg1 analysis 628:635 dot blot analysis 619:635 dot blot analysis 619:635 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 5 11 theme affinity 701:708 arg1 chromatography 710:723 affinity chromatography 701:723 affinity chromatography 701:723 Human anti-fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography was tested for specificity to L-fucose by custom macroarray. 32697003 8 12 contain contain 1088:1094 arg2 α-fucose 1105:1112 abundant α-fucose 1096:1112 abundant α-fucose 1096:1112 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 8 12 contain contain 1088:1094 arg1 tubules 1080:1086 tubules 1080:1086 tubules 1080:1086 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 8 12 contain contain 1088:1094 arg1 glomeruli 1066:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli 1055:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli 1055:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 9 13 theme KO 1248:1249 arg1 PBMC 1255:1258 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC 1237:1258 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC 1237:1258 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 2 14 theme galactose 251:259 arg1 gene 278:281 gene modified 278:290 gene modified: GGTA1 278:297 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 14 theme galactose 251:259 arg1 galactose 267:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose 251:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) 251:298 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 5 15 theme anti-fucose 668:678 arg1 antibody 680:687 Human anti-fucose antibody 662:687 Human anti-fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography 662:723 Human anti-fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography was tested for specificity to L-fucose by custom macroarray. 32697003 2 16 theme deficient 238:246 arg1 Pigs 233:236 Pigs 233:236 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) 233:331 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 12 17 theme pigs 1586:1589 arg1 organs 1555:1560 the organs 1551:1560 the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1551:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 1 18 theme porcine 149:155 arg1 xenografts 157:166 porcine xenografts 149:166 porcine xenografts 149:166 Progress has been made in overcoming antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. 32697003 1 19 theme pig 180:182 arg1 genes 184:188 pig genes 180:188 pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes 180:230 Progress has been made in overcoming antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. 32697003 4 20 dep compared 550:557 arg1 validate 495:502 validate 495:502 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously 492:545 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 10 21 theme human 1308:1312 arg1 cross 1318:1322 the isolated human IgG cross 1295:1322 the isolated human IgG cross 1295:1322 Interestingly, the isolated human IgG cross reacted with the methyl pentose, L-rhamnose. 32697003 12 22 theme human 1533:1537 arg1 antibody 1539:1546 cytotoxic human antibody 1523:1546 cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1523:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 11 23 theme peripheral 1441:1450 arg1 monocytes 1458:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 8 24 theme Pig 1055:1057 arg1 glomeruli 1066:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli 1055:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli 1055:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 11 25 theme KO 1434:1435 arg1 monocytes 1458:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 2 26 theme binding 371:377 arg1 levels 346:351 reduced levels 338:351 reduced levels of human antibody binding 338:377 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 0 27 theme Human 0:4 arg1 antibodies 20:29 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies 0:29 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies 0:29 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs. 32697003 7 28 theme Dot 934:936 arg1 blot 938:941 Dot blot 934:941 Dot blot 934:941 Dot blot and confocal analysis support out previous findings that α-fucose is more highly expressed in pigs than humans. 32697003 10 29 theme IgG 1314:1316 arg1 cross 1318:1322 the isolated human IgG cross 1295:1322 the isolated human IgG cross 1295:1322 Interestingly, the isolated human IgG cross reacted with the methyl pentose, L-rhamnose. 32697003 3 30 theme high 448:451 arg1 levels 453:458 high levels 448:458 high levels 448:458 Previously we identified α-fucose as a glycan that was expressed in high levels on cells of GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs. 32697003 6 31 theme KO 887:888 arg1 PBMCs 894:898 KO pig PBMCs 887:898 KO pig PBMCs 887:898 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 10 32 theme isolated 1299:1306 arg1 cross 1318:1322 the isolated human IgG cross 1295:1322 the isolated human IgG cross 1295:1322 Interestingly, the isolated human IgG cross reacted with the methyl pentose, L-rhamnose. 32697003 8 33 theme abundant 1096:1103 arg1 α-fucose 1105:1112 abundant α-fucose 1096:1112 abundant α-fucose 1096:1112 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 6 34 dep human 866:870 arg1 PBMCs 894:898 KO pig PBMCs 887:898 KO pig PBMCs 887:898 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 0 35 theme GGTA1/CMAH 55:64 arg1 pigs 75:78 GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs 55:78 GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs 55:78 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs. 32697003 4 36 theme α-fucose 508:515 arg1 phenotype 517:525 the α-fucose phenotype 504:525 the α-fucose phenotype observed previously 504:545 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 6 37 theme anti-fucose 838:848 arg1 antibody 850:857 the isolated human anti-fucose antibody 819:857 the isolated human anti-fucose antibody 819:857 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 2 38 theme human 356:360 arg1 binding 371:377 human antibody binding 356:377 human antibody binding 356:377 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 4 39 theme serum 596:600 arg1 glycoproteins 602:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 11 40 theme Human 1369:1373 arg1 antibody 1387:1394 Human anti-fucose antibody 1369:1394 Human anti-fucose antibody 1369:1394 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 9 41 theme Isolated 1184:1191 arg1 IgA 1211:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA 1180:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA 1180:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 9 41 theme Isolated 1184:1191 arg1 cytotoxic 1269:1277 cytotoxic 1269:1277 cytotoxic 1269:1277 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 3 42 theme KO 483:484 arg1 pigs 486:489 GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs 472:489 GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs 472:489 Previously we identified α-fucose as a glycan that was expressed in high levels on cells of GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs. 32697003 8 43 theme anti-α-fucose 1148:1160 arg1 binding 1171:1177 anti-α-fucose antibody binding 1148:1177 anti-α-fucose antibody binding 1148:1177 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 6 44 theme flow 918:921 arg1 cytometry 923:931 flow cytometry 918:931 flow cytometry 918:931 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 4 45 theme lectin 559:564 arg1 affinity 566:573 lectin affinity 559:573 lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins 559:614 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 9 46 theme anti-fucose 1199:1209 arg1 IgA 1211:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA 1180:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA 1180:1213 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 9 46 theme anti-fucose 1199:1209 arg1 cytotoxic 1269:1277 cytotoxic 1269:1277 cytotoxic 1269:1277 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 2 47 theme modified 317:324 arg1 gene 312:315 gene modified 312:324 gene modified: CMAH 312:330 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 47 theme modified 317:324 arg1 neu5Gc 304:309 neu5Gc 304:309 neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) 304:331 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 48 dep gene 278:281 arg1 GGTA1 293:297 GGTA1 293:297 gene modified: GGTA1 278:297 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 1 49 theme carbohydrate 210:221 arg1 epitopes 223:230 unique carbohydrate epitopes 203:230 unique carbohydrate epitopes 203:230 Progress has been made in overcoming antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. 32697003 9 50 theme GGTA1/CMAH 1237:1246 arg1 PBMC 1255:1258 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC 1237:1258 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC 1237:1258 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 2 51 theme α-1,3 261:265 arg1 gene 278:281 gene modified 278:290 gene modified: GGTA1 278:297 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 51 theme α-1,3 261:265 arg1 galactose 267:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose 251:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) 251:298 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 12 52 theme modified 1577:1584 arg1 pigs 1586:1589 genetically modified pigs 1565:1589 genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1565:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 4 53 theme blot 623:626 arg1 analysis 628:635 dot blot analysis 619:635 dot blot analysis 619:635 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 5 54 theme Human 662:666 arg1 antibody 680:687 Human anti-fucose antibody 662:687 Human anti-fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography 662:723 Human anti-fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography was tested for specificity to L-fucose by custom macroarray. 32697003 9 55 theme pig 1251:1253 arg1 PBMC 1255:1258 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC 1237:1258 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC 1237:1258 The Isolated human anti-fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. 32697003 1 56 theme antibody-mediated 118:134 arg1 rejection 136:144 antibody-mediated rejection 118:144 antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts 118:166 Progress has been made in overcoming antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. 32697003 12 57 theme important 1591:1599 arg1 pigs 1586:1589 genetically modified pigs 1565:1589 genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1565:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 2 58 theme modified 283:290 arg1 gene 278:281 gene modified 278:290 gene modified: GGTA1 278:297 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 58 theme modified 283:290 arg1 galactose 267:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose 251:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) 251:298 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 59 dep gene 312:315 arg1 CMAH 327:330 CMAH 327:330 gene modified: CMAH 312:330 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 1 60 theme xenografts 157:166 arg1 rejection 136:144 antibody-mediated rejection 118:144 antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts 118:166 Progress has been made in overcoming antibody-mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. 32697003 5 61 theme custom 767:772 arg1 macroarray 774:783 custom macroarray 767:783 custom macroarray 767:783 Human anti-fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography was tested for specificity to L-fucose by custom macroarray. 32697003 2 62 from neu5Gc 304:309 arg1 deficient 238:246 deficient 238:246 deficient 238:246 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 12 63 theme cytotoxic 1523:1531 arg1 antibody 1539:1546 cytotoxic human antibody 1523:1546 cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1523:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 2 64 contain have 333:336 arg2 levels 346:351 reduced levels 338:351 reduced levels of human antibody binding 338:377 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 64 contain have 333:336 arg1 Pigs 233:236 Pigs 233:236 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) 233:331 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 7 65 theme previous 977:984 arg1 findings 986:993 previous findings that α-fucose is more highly expressed in pigs than humans 977:1052 previous findings that α-fucose is more highly expressed in pigs than humans 977:1052 Dot blot and confocal analysis support out previous findings that α-fucose is more highly expressed in pigs than humans. 32697003 11 66 theme pig 1437:1439 arg1 monocytes 1458:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 8 67 theme kidney 1059:1064 arg1 glomeruli 1066:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli 1055:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli 1055:1074 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 4 68 gly glycoproteins 602:614 arg1 glycoproteins 602:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 2 69 from deficient 238:246 arg1 gene 312:315 gene modified 312:324 gene modified: CMAH 312:330 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 69 from deficient 238:246 arg1 gene 278:281 gene modified 278:290 gene modified: GGTA1 278:297 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 69 from deficient 238:246 arg1 neu5Gc 304:309 neu5Gc 304:309 neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) 304:331 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 69 from deficient 238:246 arg1 galactose 267:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose 251:275 galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) 251:298 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 11 70 theme GGTA1/CMAH 1423:1432 arg1 monocytes 1458:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 0 71 theme anti-α-fucose 6:18 arg1 antibodies 20:29 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies 0:29 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies 0:29 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs. 32697003 7 72 theme confocal 947:954 arg1 analysis 956:963 confocal analysis 947:963 confocal analysis 947:963 Dot blot and confocal analysis support out previous findings that α-fucose is more highly expressed in pigs than humans. 32697003 12 73 from antibody 1539:1546 arg1 organs 1555:1560 the organs 1551:1560 the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1551:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 2 74 theme antibody 362:369 arg1 binding 371:377 human antibody binding 356:377 human antibody binding 356:377 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 2 75 from galactose 267:275 arg1 deficient 238:246 deficient 238:246 deficient 238:246 Pigs deficient in galactose α-1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. 32697003 11 76 theme blood 1452:1456 arg1 monocytes 1458:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes 1423:1466 Human anti-fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. 32697003 10 77 theme methyl 1341:1346 arg1 L-rhamnose 1357:1366 L-rhamnose 1357:1366 L-rhamnose 1357:1366 Interestingly, the isolated human IgG cross reacted with the methyl pentose, L-rhamnose. 32697003 10 77 theme methyl 1341:1346 arg1 pentose 1348:1354 the methyl pentose 1337:1354 the methyl pentose 1337:1354 Interestingly, the isolated human IgG cross reacted with the methyl pentose, L-rhamnose. 32697003 0 78 theme knockout 66:73 arg1 pigs 75:78 GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs 55:78 GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs 55:78 Human anti-α-fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs. 32697003 12 79 theme abundant 1503:1510 arg1 α-fucose 1488:1495 α-fucose 1488:1495 α-fucose 1488:1495 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 12 79 theme abundant 1503:1510 arg1 target 1512:1517 an abundant target 1500:1517 an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation 1500:1622 We have shown that α-fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation. 32697003 3 80 theme pigs 486:489 arg1 cells 463:467 cells 463:467 cells of GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs 463:489 Previously we identified α-fucose as a glycan that was expressed in high levels on cells of GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs. 32697003 3 81 theme GGTA1/CMAH 472:481 arg1 pigs 486:489 GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs 472:489 GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs 472:489 Previously we identified α-fucose as a glycan that was expressed in high levels on cells of GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs. 32697003 8 82 theme focal 1132:1136 arg1 sites 1138:1142 focal sites 1132:1142 focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding 1132:1177 Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α-fucose and may represent focal sites for anti-α-fucose antibody binding. 32697003 6 83 theme antibody 850:857 arg1 affinity 790:797 affinity 790:797 affinity 790:797 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 6 83 theme antibody 850:857 arg1 cytotoxicity 803:814 cytotoxicity 803:814 cytotoxicity 803:814 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 32697003 4 84 theme pig 592:594 arg1 glycoproteins 602:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 human and pig serum glycoproteins 582:614 To validate the α-fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. 32697003 6 85 theme human 832:836 arg1 antibody 850:857 the isolated human anti-fucose antibody 819:857 the isolated human anti-fucose antibody 819:857 The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti-fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. 35423582 7 0 theme iodine 1038:1043 arg1 molecules 1045:1053 iodine molecules 1038:1053 iodine molecules 1038:1053 Theoretical calculations were also performed to analyze the relationship between iodine molecules and COFs, offering mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 35423582 0 1 theme organic 50:56 arg1 framework 58:66 covalent organic framework 41:66 covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution 41:127 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 1 2 theme Volatile 130:137 arg1 iodine 163:168 iodine 163:168 iodine 163:168 Volatile nuclear wastes, such as iodine, have received worldwide attention because it poses risks to public safety and pollutes the environment. 35423582 1 2 theme Volatile 130:137 arg1 wastes 147:152 Volatile nuclear wastes 130:152 Volatile nuclear wastes 130:152 Volatile nuclear wastes, such as iodine, have received worldwide attention because it poses risks to public safety and pollutes the environment. 35423582 6 3 theme room 890:893 arg1 temperature 895:905 room temperature 890:905 room temperature 890:905 Moreover, all COFs are suitable for large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications. 35423582 2 4 theme iodine 312:317 arg1 capture 289:295 The efficient capture 275:295 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine 275:317 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 3 5 theme radioactive 497:507 arg1 iodine 509:514 radioactive iodine 497:514 radioactive iodine species 497:522 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 7 6 theme COFs 1131:1134 arg1 abilities 1118:1126 the potent adsorption abilities 1096:1126 the potent adsorption abilities of COFs 1096:1134 Theoretical calculations were also performed to analyze the relationship between iodine molecules and COFs, offering mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 35423582 3 7 with materials 455:463 arg1 efficiency 475:484 high efficiency 470:484 high efficiency 470:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 3 8 theme covalent 422:429 arg1 materials 455:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials 415:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency 415:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 7 9 theme adsorption 1107:1116 arg1 abilities 1118:1126 the potent adsorption abilities 1096:1126 the potent adsorption abilities of COFs 1096:1134 Theoretical calculations were also performed to analyze the relationship between iodine molecules and COFs, offering mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 35423582 3 10 theme organic 431:437 arg1 materials 455:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials 415:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency 415:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 4 11 theme iodine 741:746 arg1 removal 730:736 the removal 726:736 the removal of iodine 726:746 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 4 12 theme iodine 569:574 arg1 adsorption 576:585 high iodine adsorption 564:585 high iodine adsorption 564:585 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 6 13 contain have 914:917 arg2 potential 919:927 potential 919:927 potential for practical applications 919:954 Moreover, all COFs are suitable for large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications. 35423582 6 13 contain have 914:917 arg1 temperature 895:905 room temperature 890:905 room temperature 890:905 Moreover, all COFs are suitable for large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications. 35423582 1 14 theme nuclear 139:145 arg1 iodine 163:168 iodine 163:168 iodine 163:168 Volatile nuclear wastes, such as iodine, have received worldwide attention because it poses risks to public safety and pollutes the environment. 35423582 1 14 theme nuclear 139:145 arg1 wastes 147:152 Volatile nuclear wastes 130:152 Volatile nuclear wastes 130:152 Volatile nuclear wastes, such as iodine, have received worldwide attention because it poses risks to public safety and pollutes the environment. 35423582 0 15 theme efficient 76:84 arg1 adsorption 86:95 the efficient adsorption 72:95 the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution 72:127 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 3 16 theme high 470:473 arg1 efficiency 475:484 high efficiency 470:484 high efficiency 470:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 6 17 from temperature 895:905 arg1 synthesis 877:885 large-scale synthesis 865:885 large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications 865:954 Moreover, all COFs are suitable for large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications. 35423582 6 18 theme large-scale 865:875 arg1 synthesis 877:885 large-scale synthesis 865:885 large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications 865:954 Moreover, all COFs are suitable for large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications. 35423582 3 19 theme iodine 509:514 arg1 species 516:522 radioactive iodine species 497:522 radioactive iodine species 497:522 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 4 20 theme 5.82 608:611 arg1 g 613:613 g 613:613 g 613:613 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 0 21 theme C[double 0:7 arg1 bond 9:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 0 21 theme C[double 0:7 arg1 N 32:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 1 22 theme public 231:236 arg1 safety 238:243 public safety 231:243 public safety 231:243 Volatile nuclear wastes, such as iodine, have received worldwide attention because it poses risks to public safety and pollutes the environment. 35423582 4 23 theme mg 637:638 arg1 g-1 640:642 99.9 mg g-1 632:642 99.9 mg g-1 632:642 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 0 24 theme length 15:20 arg1 bond 9:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 0 24 theme length 15:20 arg1 N 32:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 0 25 theme iodine 100:105 arg1 adsorption 86:95 the efficient adsorption 72:95 the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution 72:127 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 2 26 theme power 378:382 arg1 utilization 355:365 the safe utilization 346:365 the safe utilization of nuclear power 346:382 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 3 27 theme COF 450:452 arg1 materials 455:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials 415:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency 415:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 2 28 theme nuclear 370:376 arg1 power 378:382 nuclear power 370:382 nuclear power 370:382 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 0 29 theme m-dash 25:30 arg1 bond 9:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 0 29 theme m-dash 25:30 arg1 N 32:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 5 30 theme recycling 806:814 arg1 performance 816:826 the excellent recycling performance 792:826 the excellent recycling performance 792:826 Furthermore, all COFs are renewable due to the excellent recycling performance. 35423582 7 31 theme Theoretical 957:967 arg1 calculations 969:980 Theoretical calculations 957:980 Theoretical calculations 957:980 Theoretical calculations were also performed to analyze the relationship between iodine molecules and COFs, offering mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 35423582 7 32 theme potent 1100:1105 arg1 abilities 1118:1126 the potent adsorption abilities 1096:1126 the potent adsorption abilities of COFs 1096:1134 Theoretical calculations were also performed to analyze the relationship between iodine molecules and COFs, offering mechanisms underlying the potent adsorption abilities of COFs. 35423582 6 33 theme practical 933:941 arg1 applications 943:954 practical applications 933:954 practical applications 933:954 Moreover, all COFs are suitable for large-scale synthesis at room temperature, which have potential for practical applications. 35423582 0 34 theme as 22:23 arg1 bond 9:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond 0:12 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 0 34 theme as 22:23 arg1 N 32:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 length as m-dash]N 15:32 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 4 35 theme adsorbent 712:720 arg1 potential 702:710 an effective potential 689:710 an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine 689:746 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 4 35 theme adsorbent 712:720 arg1 COFs 677:680 all COFs 673:680 all COFs 673:680 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 2 36 theme radioactive 300:310 arg1 iodine 312:317 radioactive iodine 300:317 radioactive iodine 300:317 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 2 37 theme safe 350:353 arg1 utilization 355:365 the safe utilization 346:365 the safe utilization of nuclear power 346:382 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 0 38 from adsorption 86:95 arg1 solution 120:127 solution 120:127 solution 120:127 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 0 38 from adsorption 86:95 arg1 vapor 110:114 vapor 110:114 vapor 110:114 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 3 39 theme framework 439:447 arg1 materials 455:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials 415:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency 415:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 4 40 theme 99.9 632:635 arg1 mg 637:638 mg 637:638 mg 637:638 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 3 41 theme stable 415:420 arg1 materials 455:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials 415:463 stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency 415:484 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 35423582 4 42 dep g 613:613 arg1 to 605:606 to 605:606 to 605:606 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 5 43 theme excellent 796:804 arg1 performance 816:826 the excellent recycling performance 792:826 the excellent recycling performance 792:826 Furthermore, all COFs are renewable due to the excellent recycling performance. 35423582 2 44 theme efficient 279:287 arg1 capture 289:295 The efficient capture 275:295 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine 275:317 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 1 45 theme worldwide 185:193 arg1 attention 195:203 worldwide attention 185:203 worldwide attention 185:203 Volatile nuclear wastes, such as iodine, have received worldwide attention because it poses risks to public safety and pollutes the environment. 35423582 0 46 theme covalent 41:48 arg1 framework 58:66 covalent organic framework 41:66 covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution 41:127 C[double bond, length as m-dash]N linked covalent organic framework for the efficient adsorption of iodine in vapor and solution. 35423582 2 47 theme vital 325:329 arg1 importance 331:340 vital importance 325:340 vital importance 325:340 The efficient capture of radioactive iodine is of vital importance for the safe utilization of nuclear power. 35423582 4 48 theme high 564:567 arg1 adsorption 576:585 high iodine adsorption 564:585 high iodine adsorption 564:585 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 4 49 theme effective 692:700 arg1 potential 702:710 an effective potential 689:710 an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine 689:746 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 4 49 theme effective 692:700 arg1 COFs 677:680 all COFs 673:680 all COFs 673:680 Results indicated that all COFs showed high iodine adsorption, which reached up to 5.82 g g-1 in vapor and 99.9 mg g-1 in solution, suggesting that all COFs can be an effective potential adsorbent for the removal of iodine. 35423582 3 50 theme materials 455:463 arg1 series 405:410 a series 403:410 a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species 403:522 Herein, we report a series of stable covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high efficiency to capture radioactive iodine species. 33451024 6 0 theme H5N1-PVs 979:986 arg1 strains 1018:1024 H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains 979:1024 H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation 979:1066 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 7 1 theme coated 1155:1160 arg1 ELISA 1162:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA 1118:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA 1118:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 2 2 theme A 349:349 arg1 AIVs 358:361 AIVs 358:361 AIVs 358:361 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 2 2 theme A 349:349 arg1 virus 351:355 H5N1 influenza A virus 334:355 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 4 3 gly N-glycosylation 711:725 arg2 sites 727:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 5 4 theme proteins 902:909 arg1 abundance 885:893 an abundance 882:893 an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions 882:924 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 2 5 theme influenza 339:347 arg1 AIVs 358:361 AIVs 358:361 AIVs 358:361 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 2 5 theme influenza 339:347 arg1 virus 351:355 H5N1 influenza A virus 334:355 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 3 6 from sites 537:541 arg1 proteins 549:556 HA proteins 546:556 HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 546:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 8 7 theme Infectivity 1301:1311 arg1 assay 1325:1329 Infectivity and capture assay 1301:1329 assay 1325:1329 Infectivity and capture assay demonstrated that N27Q and N39Q mutations significantly ameliorated DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection. 33451024 0 8 from Identification 0:13 arg1 Protein 78:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 0 8 from Identification 0:13 arg1 Infection 155:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 5 9 theme HA5 898:900 arg1 proteins 902:909 HA5 proteins 898:909 HA5 proteins 898:909 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 4 10 theme NetNGlyc 585:592 arg1 program 594:600 NetNGlyc program 585:600 NetNGlyc program 585:600 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 0 11 theme Functional 96:105 arg1 Impact 107:112 Their Functional Impact 90:112 Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 90:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 7 12 from mutation 1216:1223 arg1 N39Q 1238:1241 N39Q 1238:1241 N39Q 1238:1241 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 7 12 from mutation 1216:1223 arg1 N181Q 1248:1252 N181Q 1248:1252 N181Q 1248:1252 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 7 12 from mutation 1216:1223 arg1 N27Q 1232:1235 N27Q 1232:1235 N27Q 1232:1235 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 4 13 theme HA2 758:760 arg1 domain 762:767 HA2 domain 758:767 HA2 domain 758:767 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 3 14 gly N-glycosylation 521:535 arg2 sites 537:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites 489:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 489:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 5 15 theme immuno-electron 930:944 arg1 observation 957:967 immuno-electron microscope observation 930:967 immuno-electron microscope observation 930:967 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 4 16 theme N-glycosylation 711:725 arg1 sites 727:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 7 17 theme DC-SIGN 1136:1142 arg1 ELISA 1162:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA 1118:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA 1118:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 5 18 theme A/Vietnam/1203/04 809:825 arg1 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 5 18 theme A/Vietnam/1203/04 809:825 arg1 envelope 832:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope 784:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) 784:850 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 3 19 theme interacting 509:519 arg1 sites 537:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites 489:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 489:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 9 20 theme combined 1445:1452 arg1 N27Q&N39Q 1465:1473 N27Q&N39Q 1465:1473 N27Q&N39Q 1465:1473 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 9 20 theme combined 1445:1452 arg1 mutations 1454:1462 combined mutations 1445:1462 combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) 1445:1474 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 0 21 from Sites 51:55 arg1 Protein 78:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 9 22 theme -RG 1534:1536 arg1 infection 1538:1546 -RG infection 1534:1546 -RG infection 1534:1546 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 3 23 theme N-glycosylation 521:535 arg1 sites 537:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites 489:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 489:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 7 24 theme recombinant 1124:1134 arg1 DC-SIGN 1136:1142 Human recombinant DC-SIGN 1118:1142 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA 1118:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 7 24 theme recombinant 1124:1134 arg1 rDC-SIGN 1145:1152 rDC-SIGN 1145:1152 rDC-SIGN 1145:1152 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 1 25 theme C-type 177:182 arg1 lectin 184:189 a C-type lectin 175:189 a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) 175:231 DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. 33451024 1 25 theme C-type 177:182 arg1 DC-SIGN 166:172 DC-SIGN 166:172 DC-SIGN 166:172 DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. 33451024 2 26 theme N-glycosylation 423:437 arg1 sites 439:443 N-glycosylation sites 423:443 N-glycosylation sites 423:443 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 4 27 from program 594:600 arg1 Results 572:578 Results 572:578 Results from NetNGlyc program 572:600 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 7 28 theme Human 1118:1122 arg1 DC-SIGN 1136:1142 Human recombinant DC-SIGN 1118:1142 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA 1118:1166 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 7 28 theme Human 1118:1122 arg1 rDC-SIGN 1145:1152 rDC-SIGN 1145:1152 rDC-SIGN 1145:1152 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 5 29 theme microscope 946:955 arg1 observation 957:967 immuno-electron microscope observation 930:967 immuno-electron microscope observation 930:967 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 6 30 theme mutagenesis 1099:1109 arg1 assay 1111:1115 site-directed mutagenesis assay 1085:1115 site-directed mutagenesis assay 1085:1115 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 5 31 theme H5N1 827:830 arg1 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 5 31 theme H5N1 827:830 arg1 envelope 832:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope 784:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) 784:850 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 6 32 theme reverse-genetics 991:1006 arg1 strains 1018:1024 H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains 979:1024 H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation 979:1066 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 4 33 dep seven 687:691 arg1 sites 727:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 10 34 theme H5N1 1686:1689 arg1 infection 1691:1699 H5N1 infection 1686:1699 H5N1 infection 1686:1699 This study concludes that N27 and N39 are two essential N-glycosylation contributing to DC-SIGN mediating H5N1 infection. 33451024 3 35 theme H5N1-AIVs 561:569 arg1 proteins 549:556 HA proteins 546:556 HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 546:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 6 36 theme site-directed 1085:1097 arg1 mutagenesis 1099:1109 site-directed mutagenesis 1085:1109 site-directed mutagenesis assay 1085:1115 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 0 37 theme N-Linked 28:35 arg1 Sites 51:55 Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites 18:55 Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein 18:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 1 38 theme several 263:269 arg1 infections 277:286 several viral infections 263:286 several viral infections 263:286 DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. 33451024 0 39 theme Avian 134:138 arg1 Infection 155:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 3 40 theme HA 546:547 arg1 proteins 549:556 HA proteins 546:556 HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 546:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 2 41 theme important 388:396 arg1 interaction 406:416 the important DC-SIGN interaction 384:416 the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites 384:443 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 0 42 theme Important 18:26 arg1 Sites 51:55 Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites 18:55 Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein 18:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 1 43 theme viral 271:275 arg1 infections 277:286 several viral infections 263:286 several viral infections 263:286 DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. 33451024 0 44 theme Mediated 125:132 arg1 Infection 155:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 8 45 theme capture 1317:1323 arg1 assay 1325:1329 Infectivity and capture assay 1301:1329 assay 1325:1329 Infectivity and capture assay demonstrated that N27Q and N39Q mutations significantly ameliorated DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection. 33451024 4 46 theme hemagglutinin 618:630 arg1 sequences 632:640 the H5 hemagglutinin sequences 611:640 the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates 611:652 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 0 47 theme Sites 51:55 arg1 Impact 107:112 Their Functional Impact 90:112 Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 90:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 0 47 theme Sites 51:55 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein 0:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 4 48 theme conserved 701:709 arg1 sites 727:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 conserved N-glycosylation sites 701:731 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 0 49 theme H5N1 150:153 arg1 Infection 155:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 4 50 theme isolates 645:652 arg1 sequences 632:640 the H5 hemagglutinin sequences 611:640 the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates 611:652 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 8 51 theme mediated 1407:1414 arg1 infection 1421:1429 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection 1399:1429 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection 1399:1429 Infectivity and capture assay demonstrated that N27Q and N39Q mutations significantly ameliorated DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection. 33451024 1 52 theme dendritic 211:219 arg1 DCs 228:230 DCs 228:230 DCs 228:230 DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. 33451024 1 52 theme dendritic 211:219 arg1 cells 221:225 dendritic cells 211:225 dendritic cells (DCs) 211:231 DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. 33451024 0 53 theme Glycosylation 37:49 arg1 Sites 51:55 Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites 18:55 Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein 18:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 4 54 located detected 738:745 arg1 HA1 750:752 HA1 750:752 HA1 750:752 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 4 54 located detected 738:745 arg1 domain 762:767 HA2 domain 758:767 HA2 domain 758:767 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 4 54 located detected 738:745 arg2 two 697:699 two 697:699 two 697:699 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 4 54 located detected 738:745 arg2 seven 687:691 seven 687:691 seven 687:691 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 0 55 theme Influenza 140:148 arg1 Infection 155:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 0 56 from Protein 78:84 arg1 Impact 107:112 Their Functional Impact 90:112 Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 90:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 0 56 from Protein 78:84 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein 0:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 2 57 with interaction 406:416 arg1 sites 439:443 N-glycosylation sites 423:443 N-glycosylation sites 423:443 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 5 58 theme lentivirus 786:795 arg1 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 5 58 theme lentivirus 786:795 arg1 envelope 832:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope 784:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) 784:850 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 9 59 theme p 1569:1569 arg1 < 1571:1571 p < 0.01 1569:1576 p < 0.01 1569:1576 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 6 60 contain carrying 1026:1033 arg2 mutation 1059:1066 a serial N-glycosylated mutation 1035:1066 a serial N-glycosylated mutation 1035:1066 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 6 60 contain carrying 1026:1033 arg1 strains 1018:1024 H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains 979:1024 H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation 979:1066 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 9 61 from interaction 1500:1510 arg1 trans 1562:1566 trans 1562:1566 trans 1562:1566 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 9 61 from interaction 1500:1510 arg1 infection 1538:1546 -RG infection 1534:1546 -RG infection 1534:1546 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 9 61 from interaction 1500:1510 arg1 H5N1-PVs 1522:1529 H5N1-PVs 1522:1529 H5N1-PVs 1522:1529 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 9 61 from interaction 1500:1510 arg1 cis 1551:1553 cis 1551:1553 cis 1551:1553 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 2 62 theme H5N1 334:337 arg1 AIVs 358:361 AIVs 358:361 AIVs 358:361 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 2 62 theme H5N1 334:337 arg1 virus 351:355 H5N1 influenza A virus 334:355 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 5 63 theme pseudotyped 797:807 arg1 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 H5N1-PVs 842:849 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 5 63 theme pseudotyped 797:807 arg1 envelope 832:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope 784:839 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) 784:850 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 7 64 dep N27Q 1232:1235 arg1 the 1228:1230 the 1228:1230 the 1228:1230 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 8 65 theme H5N1 1416:1419 arg1 infection 1421:1429 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection 1399:1429 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection 1399:1429 Infectivity and capture assay demonstrated that N27Q and N39Q mutations significantly ameliorated DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection. 33451024 2 66 theme mediated 325:332 arg1 infection 364:372 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 9 67 dep waned 1490:1494 arg1 < 1571:1571 p < 0.01 1569:1576 p < 0.01 1569:1576 Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). 33451024 8 68 dep N27Q 1349:1352 arg1 mutations 1363:1371 mutations 1363:1371 mutations 1363:1371 Infectivity and capture assay demonstrated that N27Q and N39Q mutations significantly ameliorated DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection. 33451024 6 69 theme N-glycosylated 1044:1057 arg1 mutation 1059:1066 a serial N-glycosylated mutation 1035:1066 a serial N-glycosylated mutation 1035:1066 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 0 70 from Impact 107:112 arg1 Protein 78:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 0 70 from Impact 107:112 arg1 Infection 155:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection 117:163 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 2 71 gly N-glycosylation 423:437 arg2 sites 439:443 N-glycosylation sites 423:443 N-glycosylation sites 423:443 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 3 72 theme DC-SIGN 501:507 arg1 sites 537:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites 489:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 489:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 6 73 theme serial 1037:1042 arg1 mutation 1059:1066 a serial N-glycosylated mutation 1035:1066 a serial N-glycosylated mutation 1035:1066 Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. 33451024 5 74 from abundance 885:893 arg1 virions 918:924 the virions 914:924 the virions 914:924 A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. 33451024 3 75 theme optimal 493:499 arg1 sites 537:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites 489:541 the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs 489:569 This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. 33451024 10 76 theme essential 1626:1634 arg1 N27 1606:1608 N27 1606:1608 N27 1606:1608 This study concludes that N27 and N39 are two essential N-glycosylation contributing to DC-SIGN mediating H5N1 infection. 33451024 10 76 theme essential 1626:1634 arg1 N-glycosylation 1636:1650 two essential N-glycosylation 1622:1650 two essential N-glycosylation contributing to DC-SIGN mediating H5N1 infection 1622:1699 This study concludes that N27 and N39 are two essential N-glycosylation contributing to DC-SIGN mediating H5N1 infection. 33451024 10 76 theme essential 1626:1634 arg1 N39 1614:1616 N39 1614:1616 N39 1614:1616 This study concludes that N27 and N39 are two essential N-glycosylation contributing to DC-SIGN mediating H5N1 infection. 33451024 4 77 theme H5 615:616 arg1 sequences 632:640 the H5 hemagglutinin sequences 611:640 the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates 611:652 Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004-2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. 33451024 0 78 theme Hemagglutinin 64:76 arg1 Protein 78:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 the Hemagglutinin Protein 60:84 Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. 33451024 2 79 theme DC-SIGN 398:404 arg1 interaction 406:416 the important DC-SIGN interaction 384:416 the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites 384:443 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 2 80 theme virus 351:355 arg1 infection 364:372 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection 317:372 We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. 33451024 7 81 theme p 1290:1290 arg1 binding 1281:1287 this binding 1276:1287 this binding (p < 0.05) 1276:1298 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33451024 7 81 theme p 1290:1290 arg1 < 1292:1292 p < 0.05 1290:1297 p < 0.05 1290:1297 Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). 33023909 7 0 theme O-GlcNAcase 1273:1283 arg1 G 1303:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 1 1 theme essential 239:247 arg1 mechanism 249:257 an essential mechanism 236:257 an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling 236:287 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 1 theme essential 239:247 arg1 entry 222:226 store-operated Ca2+ entry 202:226 store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) 202:233 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 7 2 theme SOCE 1524:1527 arg1 activity 1529:1536 SOCE activity 1524:1536 SOCE activity 1524:1536 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 8 3 from decrease 1585:1592 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1597:1611 O-GlcNAcylation 1597:1611 O-GlcNAcylation 1597:1611 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 7 4 theme siOGT 1458:1462 arg1 transfection 1464:1475 siOGT transfection 1458:1475 siOGT transfection 1458:1475 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 8 5 from decrease 1829:1836 arg1 phosphorylation 1848:1862 Ser621 phosphorylation 1841:1862 Ser621 phosphorylation 1841:1862 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 3 6 theme STIM1 533:537 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 533:553 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 533:553 We found that both increase and decrease in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation impaired SOCE activity. 33023909 5 7 theme O-GlcNAcylation 853:867 arg1 STIM1 878:882 STIM1 878:882 STIM1 878:882 Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. 33023909 5 7 theme O-GlcNAcylation 853:867 arg1 sites 869:873 the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites 840:873 the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 840:882 Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. 33023909 4 8 theme CRISPR/Cas9 681:691 arg1 system 693:698 the CRISPR/Cas9 system 677:698 the CRISPR/Cas9 system 677:698 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 7 9 theme SOCE 1099:1102 arg1 activity 1104:1111 The SOCE activity 1095:1111 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1095:1162 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 9 theme SOCE 1099:1102 arg1 lower 1168:1172 lower 1168:1172 lower 1168:1172 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 10 theme OGT 1432:1434 arg1 ST045849 1446:1453 the OGT inhibitor ST045849 1428:1453 the OGT inhibitor ST045849 1428:1453 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 1 11 theme store-operated 202:215 arg1 mechanism 249:257 an essential mechanism 236:257 an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling 236:287 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 11 theme store-operated 202:215 arg1 SOCE 229:232 SOCE 229:232 SOCE 229:232 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 11 theme store-operated 202:215 arg1 entry 222:226 store-operated Ca2+ entry 202:226 store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) 202:233 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 8 12 theme activity 1812:1819 arg1 impairment 1793:1802 impairment 1793:1802 impairment of SOCE activity 1793:1819 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 1 13 theme Stromal 139:145 arg1 molecule 159:166 Stromal interaction molecule 1 139:168 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) 139:176 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 13 theme Stromal 139:145 arg1 STIM1 171:175 STIM1 171:175 STIM1 171:175 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 7 14 from Treatment 1254:1262 arg1 phosphorylation 1228:1242 reduced phosphorylation 1220:1242 reduced phosphorylation 1220:1242 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 14 from Treatment 1254:1262 arg1 cells 1203:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells 1187:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity 1187:1536 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 8 15 theme Ser621 1841:1846 arg1 phosphorylation 1848:1862 Ser621 phosphorylation 1841:1862 Ser621 phosphorylation 1841:1862 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 0 16 theme calcium 74:80 arg1 entry 86:90 store-operated calcium ion entry 59:90 store-operated calcium ion entry 59:90 Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 17 from Decrease 1539:1546 arg1 activity 1556:1563 SOCE activity 1551:1563 SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation 1551:1611 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 4 18 theme STIM1 716:720 arg1 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK 726:740 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK 726:740 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK 726:740 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 4 18 theme STIM1 716:720 arg1 WT 722:723 STIM1 WT 716:723 STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK) 716:741 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 8 19 theme SOCE 1551:1554 arg1 activity 1556:1563 SOCE activity 1551:1563 SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation 1551:1611 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 20 from Thr626 1727:1732 arg1 increase 1738:1745 increase 1738:1745 increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 1738:1783 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 20 from Thr626 1727:1732 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1708:1722 O-GlcNAcylation 1708:1722 O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 1708:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 20 from Thr626 1727:1732 arg1 decrease 1696:1703 decrease 1696:1703 decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 1696:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 7 21 with treatment 1413:1421 arg1 ST045849 1446:1453 the OGT inhibitor ST045849 1428:1453 the OGT inhibitor ST045849 1428:1453 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 21 with treatment 1413:1421 arg1 transfection 1464:1475 siOGT transfection 1458:1475 siOGT transfection 1458:1475 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 2 22 from O-GlcNAcylation 455:469 arg1 effect 424:429 the effect 420:429 the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity 420:486 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 4 23 theme T626A 775:779 arg1 cells 802:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 7 24 theme reduced 1220:1226 arg1 phosphorylation 1228:1242 reduced phosphorylation 1220:1242 reduced phosphorylation 1220:1242 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 8 25 dep Ser621 1660:1665 arg1 suggest 1678:1684 suggest 1678:1684 suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation 1678:1862 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 2 26 theme STIM1 449:453 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 455:469 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 449:469 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 449:469 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 4 27 theme S621A 744:748 arg1 cells 802:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 2 28 theme cellular 389:396 arg1 function 398:405 various cellular function 381:405 various cellular function 381:405 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 1 29 theme cellular 262:269 arg1 signaling 279:287 cellular calcium signaling 262:287 cellular calcium signaling 262:287 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 2 30 theme fluctuation 434:444 arg1 effect 424:429 the effect 420:429 the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity 420:486 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 8 31 from increase 1738:1745 arg1 STIM1 1779:1783 STIM1 1779:1783 STIM1 1779:1783 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 31 from increase 1738:1745 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1708:1722 O-GlcNAcylation 1708:1722 O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 1708:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 31 from increase 1738:1745 arg1 Ser621 1769:1774 Ser621 1769:1774 Ser621 1769:1774 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 31 from increase 1738:1745 arg1 Thr626 1727:1732 Thr626 1727:1732 Thr626 1727:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 31 from increase 1738:1745 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1750:1764 O-GlcNAcylation 1750:1764 O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 1750:1774 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 7 32 theme STIM1-KO-WT-HEK 1187:1201 arg1 cells 1203:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells 1187:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity 1187:1536 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 8 33 from increase 1572:1579 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1597:1611 O-GlcNAcylation 1597:1611 O-GlcNAcylation 1597:1611 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 9 34 theme promising 1913:1921 arg1 option 1933:1938 a promising treatment option 1911:1938 a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases 1911:1999 Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. 33023909 8 35 from Ser621 1769:1774 arg1 increase 1738:1745 increase 1738:1745 increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 1738:1783 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 35 from Ser621 1769:1774 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1750:1764 O-GlcNAcylation 1750:1764 O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 1750:1774 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 35 from Ser621 1769:1774 arg1 decrease 1696:1703 decrease 1696:1703 decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 1696:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 1 36 theme cellular 308:315 arg1 balance 325:331 cellular calcium balance 308:331 cellular calcium balance 308:331 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 8 37 theme reduced 1633:1639 arg1 phosphorylation 1641:1655 reduced phosphorylation 1633:1655 reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation 1633:1862 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 7 38 theme O-GlcNAc 1308:1315 arg1 OGT 1330:1332 OGT 1330:1332 OGT 1330:1332 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 38 theme O-GlcNAc 1308:1315 arg1 transferase 1317:1327 O-GlcNAc transferase 1308:1327 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 1308:1333 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 2 39 from effect 424:429 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 455:469 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 449:469 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 449:469 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 2 39 from effect 424:429 arg1 activity 479:486 SOCE activity 474:486 SOCE activity 474:486 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 7 40 theme STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK 1139:1156 arg1 cells 1158:1162 STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1116:1162 STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1116:1162 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 2 41 theme pivotal 364:370 arg1 roles 372:376 pivotal roles 364:376 pivotal roles 364:376 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 7 42 theme inhibitor 1285:1293 arg1 G 1303:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 43 theme STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK 1116:1133 arg1 cells 1158:1162 STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1116:1162 STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1116:1162 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 3 44 from increase 508:515 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 533:553 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 533:553 We found that both increase and decrease in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation impaired SOCE activity. 33023909 9 45 theme neurodegenerative 1974:1990 arg1 diseases 1992:1999 neurodegenerative diseases 1974:1999 neurodegenerative diseases 1974:1999 Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. 33023909 4 46 theme molecular 596:604 arg1 basis 606:610 the molecular basis 592:610 the molecular basis 592:610 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 3 47 from decrease 521:528 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 539:553 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 533:553 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 533:553 We found that both increase and decrease in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation impaired SOCE activity. 33023909 5 48 theme possible 844:851 arg1 STIM1 878:882 STIM1 878:882 STIM1 878:882 Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. 33023909 5 48 theme possible 844:851 arg1 sites 869:873 the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites 840:873 the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 840:882 Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. 33023909 7 49 with transferase 1317:1327 arg1 G 1303:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 1 50 theme pivotal 186:192 arg1 role 194:197 a pivotal role 184:197 a pivotal role 184:197 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 7 51 from transferase 1317:1327 arg1 phosphorylation 1228:1242 reduced phosphorylation 1220:1242 reduced phosphorylation 1220:1242 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 51 from transferase 1317:1327 arg1 cells 1203:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells 1187:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity 1187:1536 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 1 52 from mechanism 249:257 arg1 signaling 279:287 cellular calcium signaling 262:287 cellular calcium signaling 262:287 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 6 53 from state 1069:1073 arg1 O-GlcNAcylated 1040:1053 O-GlcNAcylated 1040:1053 O-GlcNAcylated 1040:1053 Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Ser621 and Thr626 were O-GlcNAcylated and that Thr626 was O-GlcNAcylated in the steady state but Ser621 was not. 33023909 3 54 theme SOCE 564:567 arg1 activity 569:576 SOCE activity 564:576 SOCE activity 564:576 We found that both increase and decrease in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation impaired SOCE activity. 33023909 7 55 theme inhibitor 1436:1444 arg1 ST045849 1446:1453 the OGT inhibitor ST045849 1428:1453 the OGT inhibitor ST045849 1428:1453 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 4 56 theme HEK293 643:648 arg1 cells 665:669 STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells 628:669 STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells 628:669 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 8 57 from Ser621 1660:1665 arg1 phosphorylation 1641:1655 reduced phosphorylation 1633:1655 reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation 1633:1862 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 1 58 theme Ca2+ 217:220 arg1 mechanism 249:257 an essential mechanism 236:257 an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling 236:287 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 58 theme Ca2+ 217:220 arg1 SOCE 229:232 SOCE 229:232 SOCE 229:232 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 58 theme Ca2+ 217:220 arg1 entry 222:226 store-operated Ca2+ entry 202:226 store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) 202:233 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 4 59 theme STIM1-KO-HEK 651:662 arg1 cells 665:669 STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells 628:669 STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells 628:669 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 8 60 from decrease 1696:1703 arg1 STIM1 1779:1783 STIM1 1779:1783 STIM1 1779:1783 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 60 from decrease 1696:1703 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1708:1722 O-GlcNAcylation 1708:1722 O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 1708:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 60 from decrease 1696:1703 arg1 Ser621 1769:1774 Ser621 1769:1774 Ser621 1769:1774 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 60 from decrease 1696:1703 arg1 Thr626 1727:1732 Thr626 1727:1732 Thr626 1727:1732 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 60 from decrease 1696:1703 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1750:1764 O-GlcNAcylation 1750:1764 O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 1750:1774 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 8 61 theme SOCE 1807:1810 arg1 activity 1812:1819 SOCE activity 1807:1819 SOCE activity 1807:1819 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 0 62 from Fluctuation 0:10 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 O-GlcNAcylation 15:29 Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 6 63 theme Co-immunoprecipitation 936:957 arg1 analysis 959:966 Co-immunoprecipitation analysis 936:966 Co-immunoprecipitation analysis 936:966 Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Ser621 and Thr626 were O-GlcNAcylated and that Thr626 was O-GlcNAcylated in the steady state but Ser621 was not. 33023909 4 64 theme WT 722:723 arg1 cells 802:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 1 65 theme interaction 147:157 arg1 molecule 159:166 Stromal interaction molecule 1 139:168 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) 139:176 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 1 65 theme interaction 147:157 arg1 STIM1 171:175 STIM1 171:175 STIM1 171:175 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 7 66 with Treatment 1254:1262 arg1 G 1303:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 0 67 theme ion 82:84 arg1 entry 86:90 store-operated calcium ion entry 59:90 store-operated calcium ion entry 59:90 Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 5 68 theme STIM1 878:882 arg1 STIM1 878:882 STIM1 878:882 STIM1 878:882 Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. 33023909 5 68 theme STIM1 878:882 arg1 sites 869:873 the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites 840:873 the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 840:882 Using these cells, we examined the possible O-GlcNAcylation sites of STIM1 to determine whether the sites were O-GlcNAcylated. 33023909 2 69 from fluctuation 434:444 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 455:469 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 449:469 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 449:469 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 7 70 theme SOCE 1390:1393 arg1 activity 1395:1402 SOCE activity 1390:1402 SOCE activity 1390:1402 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 71 theme Ser621 1247:1252 arg1 Treatment 1254:1262 Ser621 Treatment 1247:1262 Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1247:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 4 72 theme transfected 704:714 arg1 cells 802:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells 704:806 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 33023909 7 73 theme phosphorylation 1228:1242 arg1 cells 1203:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells 1187:1207 STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity 1187:1536 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 6 74 from O-GlcNAcylated 1040:1053 arg1 state 1069:1073 the steady state 1058:1073 the steady state 1058:1073 Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Ser621 and Thr626 were O-GlcNAcylated and that Thr626 was O-GlcNAcylated in the steady state but Ser621 was not. 33023909 0 75 theme phosphorylation 122:136 arg1 down-regulation 96:110 down-regulation 96:110 down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation 96:136 Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 7 76 from cells 1203:1207 arg1 Treatment 1254:1262 Ser621 Treatment 1247:1262 Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1247:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 76 from cells 1203:1207 arg1 OGT 1330:1332 OGT 1330:1332 OGT 1330:1332 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 76 from cells 1203:1207 arg1 transferase 1317:1327 O-GlcNAc transferase 1308:1327 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 1308:1333 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 8 77 theme due 1565:1567 arg1 activity 1556:1563 SOCE activity 1551:1563 SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation 1551:1611 Decrease in SOCE activity due to increase and decrease in O-GlcNAcylation was attributable to reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 These data suggest that both decrease in O-GlcNAcylation at Thr626 and increase in O-GlcNAcylation at Ser621 in STIM1 lead to impairment of SOCE activity through decrease in Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 9 78 theme STIM1 1875:1879 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1881:1895 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 1875:1895 STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation 1875:1895 Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. 33023909 2 79 theme various 381:387 arg1 function 398:405 various cellular function 381:405 various cellular function 381:405 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 1 80 theme calcium 271:277 arg1 signaling 279:287 cellular calcium signaling 262:287 cellular calcium signaling 262:287 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 7 81 from activity 1104:1111 arg1 cells 1158:1162 STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1116:1162 STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells 1116:1162 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 7 82 dep Treatment 1254:1262 arg1 transfection 1335:1346 transfection 1335:1346 transfection 1335:1346 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 6 83 theme steady 1062:1067 arg1 state 1069:1073 the steady state 1058:1073 the steady state 1058:1073 Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Ser621 and Thr626 were O-GlcNAcylated and that Thr626 was O-GlcNAcylated in the steady state but Ser621 was not. 33023909 2 84 theme SOCE 474:477 arg1 activity 479:486 SOCE activity 474:486 SOCE activity 474:486 Because O-GlcNAcylation plays pivotal roles in various cellular function, we examined the effect of fluctuation in STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation on SOCE activity. 33023909 0 85 theme Ser621 115:120 arg1 phosphorylation 122:136 Ser621 phosphorylation 115:136 Ser621 phosphorylation 115:136 Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 0 86 theme store-operated 59:72 arg1 entry 86:90 store-operated calcium ion entry 59:90 store-operated calcium ion entry 59:90 Fluctuation in O-GlcNAcylation inactivates STIM1 to reduce store-operated calcium ion entry via down-regulation of Ser621 phosphorylation. 33023909 9 87 theme treatment 1923:1931 arg1 option 1933:1938 a promising treatment option 1911:1938 a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases 1911:1999 Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. 33023909 1 88 theme calcium 317:323 arg1 balance 325:331 cellular calcium balance 308:331 cellular calcium balance 308:331 Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays a pivotal role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an essential mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium balance. 33023909 7 89 theme Thiamet 1295:1301 arg1 G 1303:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G 1269:1303 The SOCE activity in STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK and STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK cells was lower than that in STIM1-KO-WT-HEK cells because of reduced phosphorylation at Ser621 Treatment with the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) transfection, which increases O-GlcNAcylation, reduced SOCE activity, whereas treatment with the OGT inhibitor ST045849 or siOGT transfection, which decreases O-GlcNAcylation, also reduced SOCE activity. 33023909 9 90 theme related 1948:1954 arg1 diseases 1992:1999 neurodegenerative diseases 1974:1999 neurodegenerative diseases 1974:1999 Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. 33023909 9 90 theme related 1948:1954 arg1 diseases 1956:1963 the related diseases 1944:1963 the related diseases 1944:1963 Targeting STIM1 O-GlcNAcylation could provide a promising treatment option for the related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. 33023909 4 91 theme STIM1-knockout 628:641 arg1 cells 665:669 STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells 628:669 STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells 628:669 To determine the molecular basis, we established STIM1-knockout HEK293 (STIM1-KO-HEK) cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and transfected STIM1 WT (STIM1-KO-WT-HEK), S621A (STIM1-KO-S621A-HEK), or T626A (STIM1-KO-T626A-HEK) cells. 32221039 9 0 theme B 1767:1767 arg1 clones 1774:1779 anti-NET B cell clones 1758:1779 anti-NET B cell clones 1758:1779 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 9 1 theme clones 1774:1779 arg1 minority 1746:1753 a minority 1744:1753 a minority of anti-NET B cell clones 1744:1779 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 3 2 theme anti-NET 677:684 arg1 RA-rmAbs 686:693 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs 668:693 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells 668:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 1 3 attach derived 281:287 arg2 -rmAbs 274:279 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs 208:279 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 3 attach derived 281:287 arg1 cells 302:306 CD19+ B cells 294:306 CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 294:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 2 4 theme B 585:585 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 4 5 theme VH 1058:1059 arg1 counterpart 1071:1081 the VH and VL GL counterpart 1054:1081 the VH and VL GL counterpart 1054:1081 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. 32221039 3 6 theme synovial 708:715 arg1 cells 728:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 2 7 theme variable 516:523 arg1 chains 532:537 the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 489:537 chains 532:537 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 5 8 from dependent 1188:1196 arg1 region 1217:1222 the IgVH region 1208:1222 the IgVH region 1208:1222 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 5 8 from dependent 1188:1196 arg1 clone 1104:1108 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2 1087:1138 clone 1104:1108 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 5 8 from dependent 1188:1196 arg1 RA056/11.23.2 1126:1138 RA056/11.23.2 1126:1138 RA056/11.23.2 1126:1138 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 4 9 theme selected 1019:1026 arg1 RA-rmAbs 1028:1035 selected RA-rmAbs 1019:1035 selected RA-rmAbs 1019:1035 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. 32221039 6 10 theme N-glycosylation 1389:1403 arg1 sites 1405:1409 ex novo N-glycosylation sites 1381:1409 ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions 1381:1433 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 2 11 gly glycosylation 556:568 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 7 12 theme 90 1523:1524 arg1 % 1525:1525 % 1525:1525 % 1525:1525 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 0 13 from Immunoreactivity 71:86 arg1 Arthritis 148:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 5 14 from region 1217:1222 arg1 dependent 1188:1196 dependent 1188:1196 dependent 1188:1196 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 5 15 from clone 1104:1108 arg1 dependent 1188:1196 dependent 1188:1196 dependent 1188:1196 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 8 16 theme B 1624:1624 arg1 cells 1626:1630 RA synovial B cells 1612:1630 RA synovial B cells 1612:1630 Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. 32221039 2 17 theme citrullinated 644:656 arg1 histones 658:665 citrullinated histones 644:665 citrullinated histones 644:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 0 18 theme B 167:167 arg1 Clones 174:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 7 19 theme N-mutant 1490:1497 arg1 counterpart 1499:1509 the N-mutant counterpart 1486:1509 the N-mutant counterpart 1486:1509 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 4 20 theme VL 1065:1066 arg1 counterpart 1071:1081 the VH and VL GL counterpart 1054:1081 the VH and VL GL counterpart 1054:1081 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. 32221039 0 21 theme N-Glycosylation 45:59 arg1 Immunoreactivity 71:86 Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity 41:86 Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity 41:86 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 1 22 theme synovial 324:331 arg1 tissues 333:339 RA human synovial tissues 315:339 RA human synovial tissues 315:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 7 23 theme Fab-linked 1447:1456 arg1 glycans 1458:1464 Fab-linked glycans 1447:1464 Fab-linked glycans 1447:1464 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 0 24 from H 0:0 arg1 Arthritis 148:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 2 25 theme reactive 599:606 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 0 26 theme Neutrophil 95:104 arg1 Antigens 125:132 Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens 95:132 Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens 95:132 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 9 27 gly Fab-N-linked-glycosylation 1682:1707 arg2 sites 1722:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 2 28 theme variable 496:503 arg1 VH 508:509 the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 489:537 VH 508:509 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 2 29 theme cell 587:590 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 5 30 theme B 1235:1235 arg1 clone 1249:1253 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 0 31 theme Trap 120:123 arg1 Antigens 125:132 Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens 95:132 Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens 95:132 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 2 32 theme maturation 439:448 arg1 importance 416:425 the importance 412:425 the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 412:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 2 33 from hypermutation 462:474 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 2 34 theme NET-derived 620:630 arg1 Ags 632:634 NET-derived Ags 620:634 NET-derived Ags 620:634 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 8 35 from SHM 1575:1577 arg1 regions 1601:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions 1582:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells 1582:1630 Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. 32221039 5 36 theme hybrid 1242:1247 arg1 clone 1249:1253 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 7 37 from reduction 1527:1535 arg1 immunoreactivity 1540:1555 immunoreactivity 1540:1555 immunoreactivity to cit-H2B 1540:1566 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 5 38 theme IgVH 1212:1215 arg1 region 1217:1222 the IgVH region 1208:1222 the IgVH region 1208:1222 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 0 39 theme L 6:6 arg1 Maturation 23:32 L Chain Affinity Maturation 6:32 L Chain Affinity Maturation 6:32 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 5 40 theme B 1090:1090 arg1 clone 1104:1108 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2 1087:1138 clone 1104:1108 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 7 41 from Removal 1436:1442 arg1 RA056/11.23.2 1469:1481 RA056/11.23.2 1469:1481 RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart 1469:1509 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 6 42 from sites 1405:1409 arg1 regions 1427:1433 VH and/or VL regions 1414:1433 VH and/or VL regions 1414:1433 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 3 43 theme VH/VL 834:838 arg1 clones 826:831 hybrid clones 819:831 hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL) 819:863 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 43 theme VH/VL 834:838 arg1 region 840:845 VH/VL region 834:845 VH/VL region reverted into GL 834:862 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 9 44 theme introduction 1709:1720 arg1 sites 1722:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 0 45 theme Affinity 14:21 arg1 Maturation 23:32 L Chain Affinity Maturation 6:32 L Chain Affinity Maturation 6:32 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 2 46 theme somatic 454:460 arg1 SHM 477:479 SHM 477:479 SHM 477:479 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 2 46 theme somatic 454:460 arg1 hypermutation 462:474 somatic hypermutation 454:474 somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 454:537 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 1 47 theme RA 315:316 arg1 tissues 333:339 RA human synovial tissues 315:339 RA human synovial tissues 315:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 4 48 theme Anti-NET/cit-H2B 982:997 arg1 immunoreactivity 999:1014 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity 982:1014 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs 982:1035 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. 32221039 5 49 theme VH 1304:1305 arg1 maturation 1285:1294 affinity maturation 1276:1294 affinity maturation of both VH and VL 1276:1312 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 1 50 theme NET 244:246 arg1 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 50 theme NET 244:246 arg1 arthritis 260:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis 208:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 3 51 attach derived 695:701 arg2 RA-rmAbs 686:693 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs 668:693 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells 668:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 51 attach derived 695:701 arg1 cells 728:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 5 52 theme NET 1141:1143 arg1 immunoreactivity 1160:1175 NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity 1141:1175 NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity 1141:1175 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 0 53 dep H 0:0 arg1 Clones 174:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 3 54 theme N-glycosylation 870:884 arg1 mutants 886:892 N-glycosylation mutants 870:892 N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) 870:898 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 54 theme N-glycosylation 870:884 arg1 N→Q 895:897 N→Q 895:897 N→Q 895:897 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 9 55 theme anti-NET 1758:1765 arg1 clones 1774:1779 anti-NET B cell clones 1758:1779 anti-NET B cell clones 1758:1779 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 5 56 theme affinity 1276:1283 arg1 maturation 1285:1294 affinity maturation 1276:1294 affinity maturation of both VH and VL 1276:1312 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 5 57 theme hybrid 1097:1102 arg1 clone 1104:1108 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2 1087:1138 clone 1104:1108 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 2 58 theme Fab-N-linked 543:554 arg1 glycosylation 556:568 Fab-N-linked glycosylation 543:568 Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 543:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 9 59 theme cell 1769:1772 arg1 clones 1774:1779 anti-NET B cell clones 1758:1779 anti-NET B cell clones 1758:1779 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 8 60 theme IgVH 1586:1589 arg1 regions 1601:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions 1582:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells 1582:1630 Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. 32221039 6 61 theme VL 1424:1425 arg1 regions 1427:1433 VH and/or VL regions 1414:1433 VH and/or VL regions 1414:1433 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 2 62 theme synovial 576:583 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 3 63 theme citrullinated 931:943 arg1 cit-H2B 955:961 cit-H2B 955:961 cit-H2B 955:961 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 63 theme citrullinated 931:943 arg1 histones 945:952 citrullinated histones 931:952 citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) 931:962 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 64 theme Selected 668:675 arg1 RA-rmAbs 686:693 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs 668:693 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells 668:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 5 65 theme VL 1311:1312 arg1 maturation 1285:1294 affinity maturation 1276:1294 affinity maturation of both VH and VL 1276:1312 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 6 66 theme VH 1414:1415 arg1 regions 1427:1433 VH and/or VL regions 1414:1433 VH and/or VL regions 1414:1433 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 7 67 theme % 1525:1525 arg1 reduction 1527:1535 90% reduction 1523:1535 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B 1523:1566 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 4 68 theme RA-rmAbs 1028:1035 arg1 immunoreactivity 999:1014 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity 982:1014 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs 982:1035 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. 32221039 3 69 theme RA 717:718 arg1 cells 728:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 0 70 theme Rheumatoid 137:146 arg1 Arthritis 148:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 5 71 theme efficient 1318:1326 arg1 binding 1328:1334 efficient binding 1318:1334 efficient binding to cit-H2B 1318:1345 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 8 72 theme VL 1598:1599 arg1 regions 1601:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions 1582:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells 1582:1630 Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. 32221039 1 73 theme anti-neutrophil 208:222 arg1 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 73 theme anti-neutrophil 208:222 arg1 arthritis 260:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis 208:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 9 74 theme NET-Ag 1808:1813 arg1 binding 1815:1821 NET-Ag binding 1808:1821 NET-Ag binding 1808:1821 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 0 75 theme Synovial 158:165 arg1 Clones 174:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 1 76 theme trap 238:241 arg1 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 76 theme trap 238:241 arg1 arthritis 260:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis 208:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 0 77 theme Cell 169:172 arg1 Clones 174:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 Synovial B Cell Clones 158:179 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 6 78 gly N-glycosylation 1389:1403 arg2 sites 1405:1409 ex novo N-glycosylation sites 1381:1409 ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions 1381:1433 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 7 79 attach Removal 1436:1442 arg2 glycans 1458:1464 Fab-linked glycans 1447:1464 Fab-linked glycans 1447:1464 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 7 79 attach Removal 1436:1442 arg3 RA056/11.23.2 1469:1481 RA056/11.23.2 1469:1481 RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart 1469:1509 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 8 80 theme synovial 1615:1622 arg1 cells 1626:1630 RA synovial B cells 1612:1630 RA synovial B cells 1612:1630 Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. 32221039 2 81 theme VL 528:529 arg1 chains 532:537 the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 489:537 chains 532:537 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 3 82 theme B 726:726 arg1 cells 728:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 synovial RA CD19+ B cells 708:732 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 5 83 from RA056/11.23.2 1126:1138 arg1 dependent 1188:1196 dependent 1188:1196 dependent 1188:1196 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 3 84 dep germline 776:783 arg1 GL 786:787 GL 786:787 GL; VH and VL reverted into GL 786:815 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 8 85 theme cells 1626:1630 arg1 regions 1601:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions 1582:1607 the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells 1582:1630 Thus, SHM in the IgVH and/or VL regions of RA synovial B cells is necessary for the immunoreactivity to NET-Ags. 32221039 2 86 theme L 525:525 arg1 chains 532:537 the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 489:537 chains 532:537 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 4 87 theme GL 1068:1069 arg1 counterpart 1071:1081 the VH and VL GL counterpart 1054:1081 the VH and VL GL counterpart 1054:1081 Anti-NET/cit-H2B immunoreactivity of selected RA-rmAbs was abrogated in the VH and VL GL counterpart. 32221039 0 88 theme Influence 61:69 arg1 Immunoreactivity 71:86 Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity 41:86 Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity 41:86 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 3 89 dep GL 786:787 arg1 VL 797:798 VL 797:798 VL 797:798 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 89 dep GL 786:787 arg1 VH 790:791 VH 790:791 VH 790:791 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 7 90 theme glycans 1458:1464 arg1 Removal 1436:1442 Removal 1436:1442 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart 1436:1509 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 5 91 theme cit-H2B 1152:1158 arg1 immunoreactivity 1160:1175 NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity 1141:1175 NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity 1141:1175 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 0 92 theme Extracellular 106:118 arg1 Antigens 125:132 Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens 95:132 Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens 95:132 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 2 93 theme H 505:505 arg1 VH 508:509 the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 489:537 VH 508:509 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 5 94 theme RA 1232:1233 arg1 clone 1249:1253 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 1 95 theme extracellular 224:236 arg1 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 95 theme extracellular 224:236 arg1 arthritis 260:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis 208:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 2 96 theme Ig 493:494 arg1 VH 508:509 the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains 489:537 VH 508:509 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 0 97 from Maturation 23:32 arg1 Arthritis 148:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 Rheumatoid Arthritis 137:156 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 5 98 theme cell 1237:1240 arg1 clone 1249:1253 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 1232:1265 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 3 99 theme hybrid 819:824 arg1 clones 826:831 hybrid clones 819:831 hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL) 819:863 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 3 99 theme hybrid 819:824 arg1 region 840:845 VH/VL region 834:845 VH/VL region reverted into GL 834:862 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 2 100 theme affinity 430:437 arg1 maturation 439:448 affinity maturation 430:448 affinity maturation 430:448 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 0 101 theme Chain 8:12 arg1 Maturation 23:32 L Chain Affinity Maturation 6:32 L Chain Affinity Maturation 6:32 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 5 102 theme RA 1087:1088 arg1 clone 1104:1108 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2 1087:1138 clone 1104:1108 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 7 103 link Fab-linked 1447:1456 arg1 glycans 1458:1464 Fab-linked glycans 1447:1464 Fab-linked glycans 1447:1464 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 9 104 theme Fab-N-linked-glycosylation 1682:1707 arg1 sites 1722:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 2 105 from glycosylation 556:568 arg1 clones 592:597 RA synovial B cell clones 573:597 RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 573:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 5 106 theme cell 1092:1095 arg1 clone 1104:1108 RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2 1087:1138 clone 1104:1108 In RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.88 and RA056/11.23.2, NET and/or cit-H2B immunoreactivity was solely dependent on SHM in the IgVH region whereas RA B cell hybrid clone RA015/11.91 required affinity maturation of both VH and VL for efficient binding to cit-H2B. 32221039 1 107 theme B 300:300 arg1 cells 302:306 CD19+ B cells 294:306 CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 294:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 108 theme rheumatoid 249:258 arg1 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 RA 271:272 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 1 108 theme rheumatoid 249:258 arg1 arthritis 260:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis 208:268 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 0 109 theme Fab 41:43 arg1 Immunoreactivity 71:86 Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity 41:86 Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity 41:86 H and L Chain Affinity Maturation and/or Fab N-Glycosylation Influence Immunoreactivity toward Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial B Cell Clones. 32221039 2 110 link NET-derived 620:630 arg1 Ags 632:634 NET-derived Ags 620:634 NET-derived Ags 620:634 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 6 111 theme ex 1381:1382 arg1 sites 1405:1409 ex novo N-glycosylation sites 1381:1409 ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions 1381:1433 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 1 112 theme human 318:322 arg1 tissues 333:339 RA human synovial tissues 315:339 RA human synovial tissues 315:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 32221039 7 113 from RA056/11.23.2 1469:1481 arg1 counterpart 1499:1509 the N-mutant counterpart 1486:1509 the N-mutant counterpart 1486:1509 Removal of Fab-linked glycans in RA056/11.23.2 in the N-mutant counterpart resulted in 90% reduction in immunoreactivity to cit-H2B. 32221039 6 114 dep ex 1381:1382 arg1 novo 1384:1387 novo 1384:1387 novo 1384:1387 In 7/80 RA-rmAb, SHM resulted in ex novo N-glycosylation sites in VH and/or VL regions. 32221039 9 115 located observed 1732:1739 arg1 minority 1746:1753 a minority 1744:1753 a minority of anti-NET B cell clones 1744:1779 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 9 115 located observed 1732:1739 arg2 sites 1722:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites 1682:1726 Fab-N-linked-glycosylation introduction sites are observed in a minority of anti-NET B cell clones but can strongly influence NET-Ag binding. 32221039 2 116 link Fab-N-linked 543:554 arg1 glycosylation 556:568 Fab-N-linked glycosylation 543:568 Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones 543:665 In this study, we aimed to characterize the importance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and variable L (VL) chains and Fab-N-linked glycosylation in RA synovial B cell clones reactive to NETs and NET-derived Ags such as citrullinated histones. 32221039 3 117 dep anti-NETs 917:925 arg1 immunoreactivity 964:979 immunoreactivity 964:979 immunoreactivity 964:979 Selected anti-NET RA-rmAbs derived from synovial RA CD19+ B cells were subjected to overlap-PCR to generate germline (GL; VH and VL reverted into GL), hybrid clones (VH/VL region reverted into GL), and N-glycosylation mutants (N→Q) and analyzed for anti-NETs and citrullinated histones (cit-H2B) immunoreactivity. 32221039 1 118 theme arthritis 260:268 arg1 -rmAbs 274:279 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs 208:279 anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues 208:339 We previously showed that anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-rmAbs derived from CD19+ B cells within RA human synovial tissues frequently react against NETs. 33826348 0 0 theme Azo 88:90 arg1 Bond 92:95 Azo Bond 88:95 Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 88:125 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 2 1 from photoisomerization 447:464 arg1 MCPABs 482:487 MCPABs 482:487 MCPABs 482:487 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 5 2 from bonds 941:945 arg1 MCPABs 950:955 MCPABs 950:955 MCPABs 950:955 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 5 3 theme significant 1049:1059 arg1 change 1067:1072 significant color change 1049:1072 significant color change from red to green 1049:1090 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 2 4 from bonds 473:477 arg1 MCPABs 482:487 MCPABs 482:487 MCPABs 482:487 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 4 5 theme cross-polarization 880:897 arg1 nonquaternary 899:911 cross-polarization nonquaternary 880:911 cross-polarization nonquaternary 880:911 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 5 theme cross-polarization 880:897 arg1 CPMAS 777:781 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary 777:911 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 777:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 5 6 theme azonium 1032:1038 arg1 ion 1040:1042 azonium ion 1032:1042 azonium ion 1032:1042 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 3 7 theme new 546:548 arg1 series 550:555 a new series 544:555 a new series of N-linked MCPABs 544:574 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 0 8 theme Bond 92:95 arg1 Photoisomerization 66:83 Photoisomerization 66:83 Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 66:125 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 2 9 from MCPABs 482:487 arg1 photoisomerization 447:464 photoisomerization 447:464 photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications 447:516 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 1 10 from photoisomerization 339:356 arg1 MCPABs 374:379 MCPABs 374:379 MCPABs 374:379 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 4 11 theme 13C 783:785 arg1 NMR 787:789 13C NMR 783:789 13C NMR with long and short contact times 783:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 11 theme 13C 783:785 arg1 CPMAS 777:781 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary 777:911 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 777:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 3 12 from polymerization 619:632 arg1 amines 669:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 4 13 dep CPMAS 777:781 arg1 NMR 787:789 13C NMR 783:789 13C NMR with long and short contact times 783:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 13 dep CPMAS 777:781 arg1 CPPI 869:872 CPPI 869:872 CPPI 869:872 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 13 dep CPMAS 777:781 arg1 CPMAS 777:781 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary 777:911 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 777:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 13 dep CPMAS 777:781 arg1 polarization-inversion 845:866 cross-polarization polarization-inversion 826:866 cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI) 826:873 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 13 dep CPMAS 777:781 arg1 nonquaternary 899:911 cross-polarization nonquaternary 880:911 cross-polarization nonquaternary 880:911 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 14 theme long 796:799 arg1 times 819:823 long and short contact times 796:823 long and short contact times 796:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 0 15 theme Main-Chain 100:109 arg1 Polyazobenzenes 111:125 Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 100:125 Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 100:125 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 1 16 from chemistry 325:333 arg1 MCPABs 374:379 MCPABs 374:379 MCPABs 374:379 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 0 17 theme Reversible 0:9 arg1 Transformation 11:24 Reversible Transformation 0:24 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 0:126 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 1 18 theme main-chain 195:204 arg1 polyazobenzenes 206:220 main-chain polyazobenzenes 195:220 main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) 195:241 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 1 18 theme main-chain 195:204 arg1 MCPABs 235:240 abbreviated MCPABs 223:240 abbreviated MCPABs 223:240 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 2 19 theme bonds 473:477 arg1 photoisomerization 447:464 photoisomerization 447:464 photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications 447:516 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 1 20 from difficulty 301:310 arg1 photoisomerization 339:356 photoisomerization 339:356 photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs 339:379 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 1 20 from difficulty 301:310 arg1 chemistry 325:333 synthetic chemistry 315:333 synthetic chemistry 315:333 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 3 21 theme MCPABs 569:574 arg1 series 550:555 a new series 544:555 a new series of N-linked MCPABs 544:574 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 4 22 with polarization-inversion 845:866 arg1 times 819:823 long and short contact times 796:823 long and short contact times 796:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 2 23 theme azo 469:471 arg1 bonds 473:477 azo bonds 469:477 azo bonds in MCPABs 469:487 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 6 24 dep red 1140:1142 arg1 to 1137:1138 to 1137:1138 to 1137:1138 And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing. 33826348 5 25 theme azo 937:939 arg1 bonds 941:945 The azo bonds 933:945 The azo bonds in MCPABs 933:955 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 5 25 theme azo 937:939 arg1 promising 974:982 promising 974:982 promising 974:982 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 4 26 theme cross-polarization 826:843 arg1 CPPI 869:872 CPPI 869:872 CPPI 869:872 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 26 theme cross-polarization 826:843 arg1 CPMAS 777:781 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary 777:911 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 777:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 26 theme cross-polarization 826:843 arg1 polarization-inversion 845:866 cross-polarization polarization-inversion 826:866 cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI) 826:873 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 1 27 theme abbreviated 223:233 arg1 polyazobenzenes 206:220 main-chain polyazobenzenes 195:220 main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) 195:241 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 1 27 theme abbreviated 223:233 arg1 MCPABs 235:240 abbreviated MCPABs 223:240 abbreviated MCPABs 223:240 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 1 28 theme synthetic 315:323 arg1 chemistry 325:333 synthetic chemistry 315:333 synthetic chemistry 315:333 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 5 29 theme acid 988:991 arg1 sensing 999:1005 acid vapor sensing 988:1005 acid vapor sensing 988:1005 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 3 30 theme N-linked 560:567 arg1 MCPABs 569:574 N-linked MCPABs 560:574 N-linked MCPABs 560:574 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 2 31 theme other 436:440 arg1 mechanisms 425:434 new mechanisms 421:434 new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications 421:516 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 0 32 theme Azonium 42:48 arg1 Bond 50:53 Azonium Bond 42:53 Azonium Bond 42:53 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 6 33 theme vapor 1195:1199 arg1 sensing 1201:1207 base vapor sensing 1190:1207 base vapor sensing 1190:1207 And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing. 33826348 3 34 theme reductive 600:608 arg1 polymerization 619:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization 580:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 580:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 4 35 dep suppressed 913:922 arg1 CPNQS 925:929 CPNQS 925:929 CPNQS 925:929 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 35 dep suppressed 913:922 arg1 CPMAS 777:781 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary 777:911 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 777:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 0 36 from Photoisomerization 66:83 arg1 Polyazobenzenes 111:125 Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 100:125 Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 100:125 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 3 37 theme coupling 610:617 arg1 polymerization 619:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization 580:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 580:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 2 38 theme new 421:423 arg1 mechanisms 425:434 new mechanisms 421:434 new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications 421:516 Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. 33826348 0 39 theme Other 55:59 arg1 Azo 34:36 Azo 34:36 Azo 34:36 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 3 40 theme 4-nitrophenyl 655:667 arg1 amines 669:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 3 41 theme fast 580:583 arg1 polymerization 619:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization 580:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 580:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 6 42 theme MCPABs 1112:1117 arg1 azonium 1101:1107 the azonium 1097:1107 the azonium of MCPABs 1097:1117 And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing. 33826348 4 43 theme comprehensive 727:739 arg1 NMR 753:755 comprehensive solid-state NMR 727:755 comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 727:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 6 44 theme base 1160:1163 arg1 vapor 1165:1169 base vapor 1160:1169 base vapor 1160:1169 And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing. 33826348 5 45 dep green 1086:1090 arg1 to 1083:1084 to 1083:1084 to 1083:1084 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 0 46 from Polyazobenzenes 111:125 arg1 Photoisomerization 66:83 Photoisomerization 66:83 Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 66:125 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 3 47 theme NaBH4-mediated 585:598 arg1 polymerization 619:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization 580:632 fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 580:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 6 48 theme base 1190:1193 arg1 sensing 1201:1207 base vapor sensing 1190:1207 base vapor sensing 1190:1207 And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing. 33826348 1 49 theme azo 361:363 arg1 bonds 365:369 azo bonds 361:369 azo bonds 361:369 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 4 50 theme short 805:809 arg1 times 819:823 long and short contact times 796:823 long and short contact times 796:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 3 51 theme N-substituted 637:649 arg1 amines 669:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 1 52 theme side-chain 137:146 arg1 polyazobenzenes 148:162 side-chain polyazobenzenes 137:162 side-chain polyazobenzenes 137:162 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 5 53 theme vapor 993:997 arg1 sensing 999:1005 acid vapor sensing 988:1005 acid vapor sensing 988:1005 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 5 54 theme color 1061:1065 arg1 change 1067:1072 significant color change 1049:1072 significant color change from red to green 1049:1090 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33826348 3 55 theme bis 651:653 arg1 amines 669:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines 637:674 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 4 56 theme solid-state 741:751 arg1 NMR 753:755 comprehensive solid-state NMR 727:755 comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 727:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 57 with nonquaternary 899:911 arg1 times 819:823 long and short contact times 796:823 long and short contact times 796:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 58 theme NMR 753:755 arg1 experiments 757:767 comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments 727:767 comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 727:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 58 theme NMR 753:755 arg1 CPMAS 777:781 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary 777:911 CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS) 777:930 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 0 59 from Bond 92:95 arg1 Polyazobenzenes 111:125 Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 100:125 Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes 100:125 Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. 33826348 4 60 with NMR 787:789 arg1 times 819:823 long and short contact times 796:823 long and short contact times 796:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 3 61 link N-linked 560:567 arg1 MCPABs 569:574 N-linked MCPABs 560:574 N-linked MCPABs 560:574 In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. 33826348 1 62 theme bonds 365:369 arg1 photoisomerization 339:356 photoisomerization 339:356 photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs 339:379 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 1 62 theme bonds 365:369 arg1 chemistry 325:333 synthetic chemistry 315:333 synthetic chemistry 315:333 Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. 33826348 4 63 theme contact 811:817 arg1 times 819:823 long and short contact times 796:823 long and short contact times 796:823 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 4 64 theme MCPABs 694:699 arg1 structure 681:689 The structure 677:689 The structure of MCPABs 677:699 The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). 33826348 5 65 from green 1086:1090 arg1 change 1067:1072 significant color change 1049:1072 significant color change from red to green 1049:1090 The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. 33301684 2 0 gly glycosylation 263:275 arg1 protein 293:299 this protein 288:299 this protein 288:299 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 4 1 theme ESI-MS 698:703 arg1 analysis 705:712 direct ESI-MS analysis 691:712 direct ESI-MS analysis 691:712 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 1 2 theme abundant 137:144 arg1 Uromodulin 65:74 Uromodulin 65:74 Uromodulin 65:74 Uromodulin, also known as the Tamm-Horsfall protein or THP, is the most abundant protein excreted in human urine. 33301684 1 2 theme abundant 137:144 arg1 protein 146:152 the most abundant protein 128:152 the most abundant protein excreted in human urine 128:176 Uromodulin, also known as the Tamm-Horsfall protein or THP, is the most abundant protein excreted in human urine. 33301684 6 3 theme uromodulin 1012:1021 arg1 samples 1023:1029 uromodulin samples 1012:1029 uromodulin samples derived from different biological states 1012:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 7 4 theme pregnancy 1138:1146 arg1 status 1148:1153 pregnancy status 1138:1153 pregnancy status 1138:1153 As a proof of concept, glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status were shown to be differentiable. 33301684 5 5 theme samples 891:897 arg1 content 876:882 the salt content 867:882 the salt content of the samples 867:897 The method omits any glycan labeling steps but includes steps to reduce the salt content of the samples, thereby minimizing ion suppression. 33301684 4 6 theme direct 691:696 arg1 analysis 705:712 direct ESI-MS analysis 691:712 direct ESI-MS analysis 691:712 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 3 7 theme glycomics 557:565 arg1 assays 567:572 clinical glycomics assays 548:572 clinical glycomics assays 548:572 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 8 theme clinical 548:555 arg1 assays 567:572 clinical glycomics assays 548:572 clinical glycomics assays 548:572 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 9 theme labeling 503:510 arg1 steps 512:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 10 theme glycoprotein 476:487 arg1 isolation 489:497 glycoprotein isolation 476:497 glycoprotein isolation 476:497 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 5 11 theme salt 871:874 arg1 content 876:882 the salt content 867:882 the salt content of the samples 867:897 The method omits any glycan labeling steps but includes steps to reduce the salt content of the samples, thereby minimizing ion suppression. 33301684 4 12 theme sample 657:662 arg1 workflow 676:683 a radically simplified sample preparation workflow 634:683 a radically simplified sample preparation workflow 634:683 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 6 13 theme glycosylation 983:995 arg1 differences 997:1007 subtle glycosylation differences 976:1007 subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states 976:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 6 14 dep different 1044:1052 arg1 biological 1054:1063 biological 1054:1063 biological 1054:1063 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 0 15 theme Uromodulin 39:48 arg1 Glycosylation 50:62 Uromodulin Glycosylation 39:62 Uromodulin Glycosylation 39:62 Clinically Viable Assay for Monitoring Uromodulin Glycosylation. 33301684 3 16 theme uromodulin 416:425 arg1 glycosylation 427:439 uromodulin glycosylation 416:439 uromodulin glycosylation 416:439 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 0 17 theme Viable 11:16 arg1 Assay 18:22 Clinically Viable Assay 0:22 Clinically Viable Assay for Monitoring Uromodulin Glycosylation. 0:63 Clinically Viable Assay for Monitoring Uromodulin Glycosylation. 33301684 1 18 theme human 166:170 arg1 urine 172:176 human urine 166:176 human urine 166:176 Uromodulin, also known as the Tamm-Horsfall protein or THP, is the most abundant protein excreted in human urine. 33301684 5 19 theme glycan 816:821 arg1 steps 832:836 any glycan labeling steps 812:836 any glycan labeling steps 812:836 The method omits any glycan labeling steps but includes steps to reduce the salt content of the samples, thereby minimizing ion suppression. 33301684 6 20 theme subtle 976:981 arg1 differences 997:1007 subtle glycosylation differences 976:1007 subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states 976:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 2 21 theme kidney 342:347 arg1 health 349:354 kidney health 342:354 kidney health 342:354 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 5 22 theme labeling 823:830 arg1 steps 832:836 any glycan labeling steps 812:836 any glycan labeling steps 812:836 The method omits any glycan labeling steps but includes steps to reduce the salt content of the samples, thereby minimizing ion suppression. 33301684 3 23 gly glycoprotein 476:487 arg1 glycoprotein 476:487 glycoprotein isolation 476:497 glycoprotein isolation 476:497 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 24 theme time-consuming 449:462 arg1 steps 512:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 7 25 theme concept 1087:1093 arg1 proof 1078:1082 a proof 1076:1082 a proof of concept 1076:1093 As a proof of concept, glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status were shown to be differentiable. 33301684 7 25 theme concept 1087:1093 arg1 glycosylation 1096:1108 glycosylation 1096:1108 glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status 1096:1153 As a proof of concept, glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status were shown to be differentiable. 33301684 2 26 theme glycosylation 263:275 arg1 profile 277:283 the glycosylation profile 259:283 the glycosylation profile of this protein 259:299 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 3 27 theme analysis 379:386 arg1 approaches 388:397 The typical glycomics analysis approaches 357:397 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation 357:439 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 7 28 from samples 1115:1121 arg1 proof 1078:1082 a proof 1076:1082 a proof of concept 1076:1093 As a proof of concept, glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status were shown to be differentiable. 33301684 7 28 from samples 1115:1121 arg1 glycosylation 1096:1108 glycosylation 1096:1108 glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status 1096:1153 As a proof of concept, glycosylation from samples that differ by pregnancy status were shown to be differentiable. 33301684 4 29 theme preparation 664:674 arg1 workflow 676:683 a radically simplified sample preparation workflow 634:683 a radically simplified sample preparation workflow 634:683 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 6 30 attach derived 1031:1037 arg2 samples 1023:1029 uromodulin samples 1012:1029 uromodulin samples derived from different biological states 1012:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 6 30 attach derived 1031:1037 arg1 states 1065:1070 different biological states 1044:1070 different biological states 1044:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 4 31 theme glycans 755:761 arg1 quantification 728:741 the quantification 724:741 the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin 724:792 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 3 32 theme typical 361:367 arg1 approaches 388:397 The typical glycomics analysis approaches 357:397 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation 357:439 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 33 theme isolation 489:497 arg1 steps 512:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 34 theme glycomics 369:377 arg1 approaches 388:397 The typical glycomics analysis approaches 357:397 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation 357:439 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 3 35 theme sample 581:586 arg1 throughput 588:597 sample throughput 581:597 sample throughput 581:597 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 2 36 from changes 248:254 arg1 profile 277:283 the glycosylation profile 259:283 the glycosylation profile of this protein 259:299 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 3 37 theme tedious 468:474 arg1 steps 512:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps 449:516 The typical glycomics analysis approaches used to quantify uromodulin glycosylation involve time-consuming and tedious glycoprotein isolation and labeling steps, which limit their utility in clinical glycomics assays, where sample throughput is important. 33301684 1 38 theme Tamm-Horsfall 95:107 arg1 protein 109:115 the Tamm-Horsfall protein 91:115 the Tamm-Horsfall protein 91:115 Uromodulin, also known as the Tamm-Horsfall protein or THP, is the most abundant protein excreted in human urine. 33301684 6 39 theme different 1044:1052 arg1 states 1065:1070 different biological states 1044:1070 different biological states 1044:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 33301684 4 40 theme N-linked 746:753 arg1 glycans 755:761 N-linked glycans 746:761 N-linked glycans 746:761 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 2 41 theme protein 293:299 arg1 profile 277:283 the glycosylation profile 259:283 the glycosylation profile of this protein 259:299 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 5 42 theme ion 919:921 arg1 suppression 923:933 ion suppression 919:933 ion suppression 919:933 The method omits any glycan labeling steps but includes steps to reduce the salt content of the samples, thereby minimizing ion suppression. 33301684 2 43 theme diseases 227:234 arg1 progression 205:215 the progression 201:215 the progression of kidney diseases 201:234 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 2 44 theme potential 318:326 arg1 biomarker 328:336 a potential biomarker 316:336 a potential biomarker for kidney health 316:354 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 2 44 theme potential 318:326 arg1 changes 248:254 changes 248:254 changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein 248:299 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 4 45 theme simplified 646:655 arg1 workflow 676:683 a radically simplified sample preparation workflow 634:683 a radically simplified sample preparation workflow 634:683 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 2 46 theme kidney 220:225 arg1 diseases 227:234 kidney diseases 220:234 kidney diseases 220:234 It is associated with the progression of kidney diseases; therefore, changes in the glycosylation profile of this protein could serve as a potential biomarker for kidney health. 33301684 4 47 link N-linked 746:753 arg1 glycans 755:761 N-linked glycans 746:761 N-linked glycans 746:761 Herein, we introduce a radically simplified sample preparation workflow, with direct ESI-MS analysis, enabling the quantification of N-linked glycans that originate from uromodulin. 33301684 6 48 theme samples 1023:1029 arg1 differences 997:1007 subtle glycosylation differences 976:1007 subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states 976:1070 The method is effective for quantifying subtle glycosylation differences of uromodulin samples derived from different biological states. 32609386 0 0 theme naïve 88:92 arg1 patients 109:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 3 1 theme 179-181 335:341 arg1 site 351:354 V2 179-181 binding site 332:354 V2 179-181 binding site 332:354 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 5 2 theme LPS 683:685 arg1 levels 704:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels 683:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels 683:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels were quantified. 32609386 0 3 theme antiretroviral 73:86 arg1 patients 109:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 8 4 theme sCD14 963:967 arg1 levels 946:951 levels 946:951 levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics 946:1047 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 8 5 theme sequence 1024:1031 arg1 characteristics 1033:1047 other sequence characteristics 1018:1047 other sequence characteristics 1018:1047 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 9 6 theme multivariable 1053:1065 arg1 analysis 1067:1074 multivariable analysis 1053:1074 multivariable analysis 1053:1074 By multivariable analysis, only acute infection was significantly associated with higher sCD14 levels. 32609386 8 7 theme other 1018:1022 arg1 characteristics 1033:1047 other sequence characteristics 1018:1047 other sequence characteristics 1018:1047 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 0 8 theme infected 100:107 arg1 patients 109:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 0 9 from Influence 0:8 arg1 translocation 56:68 bacterial translocation 46:68 bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 46:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 5 10 theme sCD14 691:695 arg1 levels 704:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels 683:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels 683:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels were quantified. 32609386 7 11 with % 813:813 arg1 infection 826:834 acute infection 820:834 acute infection 820:834 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32609386 10 12 theme activation 1275:1284 arg1 extent 1234:1239 extent 1234:1239 extent 1234:1239 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 10 12 theme activation 1275:1284 arg1 composition 1218:1228 V2 tripeptide composition 1204:1228 V2 tripeptide composition 1204:1228 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 10 13 theme tripeptide 1207:1216 arg1 composition 1218:1228 V2 tripeptide composition 1204:1228 V2 tripeptide composition 1204:1228 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 0 14 theme HIV-1 94:98 arg1 patients 109:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 5 15 theme plasma 697:702 arg1 levels 704:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels 683:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels 683:709 LPS and sCD14 plasma levels were quantified. 32609386 7 16 located detected 879:886 arg2 B. 861:862 B. 861:862 B. 861:862 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32609386 7 16 located detected 879:886 arg1 % 893:893 41% 891:893 41% 891:893 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32609386 10 17 theme V2 1204:1205 arg1 composition 1218:1228 V2 tripeptide composition 1204:1228 V2 tripeptide composition 1204:1228 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 3 18 theme activation 507:516 arg1 lipopolysaccharide 389:406 lipopolysaccharide 389:406 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 389:412 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 3 18 theme activation 507:516 arg1 markers 465:471 markers 465:471 markers of microbial translocation/immune activation 465:516 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 9 19 theme only 1077:1080 arg1 infection 1088:1096 only acute infection 1077:1096 only acute infection 1077:1096 By multivariable analysis, only acute infection was significantly associated with higher sCD14 levels. 32609386 1 20 theme lymphocyte 161:170 arg1 homing 172:177 lymphocyte homing 161:177 lymphocyte homing 161:177 HIV-1 V2 domain binds α4β7, which assists lymphocyte homing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. 32609386 3 21 theme plasma 372:377 arg1 levels 379:384 plasma levels 372:384 plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation 372:516 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 3 22 theme cluster 426:432 arg1 differentiation 437:451 soluble cluster of differentiation 14 418:454 soluble cluster of differentiation 14 418:454 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 10 23 located observed 1187:1194 arg1 conclusion 1156:1165 conclusion 1156:1165 conclusion 1156:1165 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 10 23 located observed 1187:1194 arg2 association 1171:1181 no association 1168:1181 no association 1168:1181 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 9 24 theme acute 1082:1086 arg1 infection 1088:1096 only acute infection 1077:1096 only acute infection 1077:1096 By multivariable analysis, only acute infection was significantly associated with higher sCD14 levels. 32609386 3 25 theme binding 343:349 arg1 site 351:354 V2 179-181 binding site 332:354 V2 179-181 binding site 332:354 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 8 26 theme different 982:990 arg1 mimotopes 992:1000 different mimotopes 982:1000 different mimotopes 982:1000 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 6 27 theme Clinical/immuno-virologic 728:752 arg1 data 754:757 Clinical/immuno-virologic data 728:757 Clinical/immuno-virologic data 728:757 Clinical/immuno-virologic data were retrieved. 32609386 3 28 theme differentiation 437:451 arg1 levels 379:384 plasma levels 372:384 plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation 372:516 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 4 29 from patients 565:572 arg1 sequences 529:537 HIV gp120 sequences 519:537 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients 519:572 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 1 30 theme gut-associated 182:195 arg1 tissue 206:211 gut-associated lymphoid tissue 182:211 gut-associated lymphoid tissue 182:211 HIV-1 V2 domain binds α4β7, which assists lymphocyte homing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. 32609386 0 31 theme V2 19:20 arg1 variability 31:41 HIV-1 V2 sequence variability 13:41 HIV-1 V2 sequence variability 13:41 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 7 32 with % 839:839 arg1 infection 826:834 acute infection 820:834 acute infection 820:834 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32609386 1 33 theme lymphoid 197:204 arg1 tissue 206:211 gut-associated lymphoid tissue 182:211 gut-associated lymphoid tissue 182:211 HIV-1 V2 domain binds α4β7, which assists lymphocyte homing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. 32609386 0 34 theme HIV-1 13:17 arg1 variability 31:41 HIV-1 V2 sequence variability 13:41 HIV-1 V2 sequence variability 13:41 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 4 35 theme tripeptide 595:604 arg1 composition 606:616 V2 tripeptide composition 592:616 V2 tripeptide composition 592:616 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 4 36 theme potential 643:651 arg1 sites 676:680 potential N-linked-glycosylation sites 643:680 potential N-linked-glycosylation sites 643:680 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 0 37 theme variability 31:41 arg1 Influence 0:8 Influence 0:8 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 0:117 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 4 38 theme V2 592:593 arg1 composition 606:616 V2 tripeptide composition 592:616 V2 tripeptide composition 592:616 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 0 39 theme sequence 22:29 arg1 variability 31:41 HIV-1 V2 sequence variability 13:41 HIV-1 V2 sequence variability 13:41 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 4 40 theme naïve 559:563 arg1 patients 565:572 antiretroviral naïve patients 544:572 antiretroviral naïve patients 544:572 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 3 41 theme of 434:435 arg1 differentiation 437:451 soluble cluster of differentiation 14 418:454 soluble cluster of differentiation 14 418:454 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 3 42 theme lipopolysaccharide 389:406 arg1 levels 379:384 plasma levels 372:384 plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation 372:516 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 9 43 theme higher 1132:1137 arg1 levels 1145:1150 higher sCD14 levels 1132:1150 higher sCD14 levels 1132:1150 By multivariable analysis, only acute infection was significantly associated with higher sCD14 levels. 32609386 0 44 theme bacterial 46:54 arg1 translocation 56:68 bacterial translocation 46:68 bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 46:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 4 45 theme antiretroviral 544:557 arg1 patients 565:572 antiretroviral naïve patients 544:572 antiretroviral naïve patients 544:572 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 4 46 theme HIV 519:521 arg1 sequences 529:537 HIV gp120 sequences 519:537 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients 519:572 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 0 47 from translocation 56:68 arg1 patients 109:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients 73:116 Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. 32609386 2 48 theme bacterial 228:236 arg1 translocation 238:250 bacterial translocation 228:250 bacterial translocation 228:250 This triggers bacterial translocation, thus contributing to immune activation. 32609386 9 49 theme sCD14 1139:1143 arg1 levels 1145:1150 higher sCD14 levels 1132:1150 higher sCD14 levels 1132:1150 By multivariable analysis, only acute infection was significantly associated with higher sCD14 levels. 32609386 1 50 theme HIV-1 119:123 arg1 domain 128:133 HIV-1 V2 domain 119:133 HIV-1 V2 domain 119:133 HIV-1 V2 domain binds α4β7, which assists lymphocyte homing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. 32609386 3 51 theme soluble 418:424 arg1 differentiation 437:451 soluble cluster of differentiation 14 418:454 soluble cluster of differentiation 14 418:454 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 3 52 theme V2 332:333 arg1 site 351:354 V2 179-181 binding site 332:354 V2 179-181 binding site 332:354 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 4 53 gly N-linked-glycosylation 653:674 arg2 sites 676:680 potential N-linked-glycosylation sites 643:680 potential N-linked-glycosylation sites 643:680 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 1 54 theme V2 125:126 arg1 domain 128:133 HIV-1 V2 domain 119:133 HIV-1 V2 domain 119:133 HIV-1 V2 domain binds α4β7, which assists lymphocyte homing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. 32609386 10 55 theme translocation/immune 1254:1273 arg1 activation 1275:1284 bacterial translocation/immune activation 1244:1284 bacterial translocation/immune activation 1244:1284 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 2 56 theme immune 274:279 arg1 activation 281:290 immune activation 274:290 immune activation 274:290 This triggers bacterial translocation, thus contributing to immune activation. 32609386 3 57 theme microbial 476:484 arg1 activation 507:516 microbial translocation/immune activation 476:516 microbial translocation/immune activation 476:516 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 8 58 theme LPS 956:958 arg1 levels 946:951 levels 946:951 levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics 946:1047 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 3 59 theme translocation/immune 486:505 arg1 activation 507:516 microbial translocation/immune activation 476:516 microbial translocation/immune activation 476:516 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 8 60 dep levels 946:951 arg1 according 969:977 according 969:977 according to different mimotopes 969:1000 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 8 60 dep levels 946:951 arg1 according 1005:1013 according 1005:1013 according to other sequence characteristics 1005:1047 No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. 32609386 4 61 theme net 627:629 arg1 charge 631:636 net charge 627:636 net charge 627:636 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 3 62 theme site 351:354 arg1 variability 317:327 variability 317:327 variability of V2 179-181 binding site 317:354 We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 4 63 theme N-linked-glycosylation 653:674 arg1 sites 676:680 potential N-linked-glycosylation sites 643:680 potential N-linked-glycosylation sites 643:680 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 10 64 theme bacterial 1244:1252 arg1 activation 1275:1284 bacterial translocation/immune activation 1244:1284 bacterial translocation/immune activation 1244:1284 In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation. 32609386 7 65 with LDI 899:901 arg1 infection 826:834 acute infection 820:834 acute infection 820:834 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32609386 4 66 theme gp120 523:527 arg1 sequences 529:537 HIV gp120 sequences 519:537 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients 519:572 HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. 32609386 7 67 dep subtype 853:859 arg1 detected 879:886 detected 879:886 was detected in 41% 875:893 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32609386 7 68 theme acute 820:824 arg1 infection 826:834 acute infection 820:834 acute infection 820:834 Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. 32044558 2 0 theme microcapsules 514:526 arg1 spectra 499:505 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra 478:505 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials 478:556 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 7 1 theme spectra 1299:1305 arg1 simulations 1276:1286 iterative simulations 1266:1286 iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1266:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 4 2 theme astonishing 931:941 arg1 degree 943:948 an astonishing degree 928:948 an astonishing degree 928:948 It reveals that the N- and O-rich resin "imitates" the spectrum of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, or Ambergum to an astonishing degree. 32044558 3 3 theme dipolar 677:683 arg1 dephasing 685:693 recoupled dipolar dephasing 667:693 recoupled dipolar dephasing 667:693 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 5 4 from COO 1019:1021 arg1 guanazole 998:1006 guanazole 998:1006 guanazole 998:1006 15N NMR can distinguish melamine from urea and guanazole, NC=O from COO, and primary from secondary amines. 32044558 5 4 from COO 1019:1021 arg1 urea 989:992 urea 989:992 urea 989:992 15N NMR can distinguish melamine from urea and guanazole, NC=O from COO, and primary from secondary amines. 32044558 5 4 from COO 1019:1021 arg1 NC=O 1009:1012 NC=O 1009:1012 NC=O from COO 1009:1021 15N NMR can distinguish melamine from urea and guanazole, NC=O from COO, and primary from secondary amines. 32044558 7 5 theme 13C 1291:1293 arg1 NMR 1295:1297 13C NMR 1291:1297 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1291:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 12 6 theme time 1996:1999 arg1 scale 2001:2005 the 35-ms time scale 1986:2005 the 35-ms time scale 1986:2005 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 2 7 theme materials 548:556 arg1 spectra 499:505 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra 478:505 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials 478:556 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 3 8 theme CH 699:700 arg1 editing 630:636 Spectral editing 621:636 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER 621:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 1 9 theme 13C 415:417 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 9 theme 13C 415:417 arg1 } 422:422 13C{14N} 415:422 13C{14N} 415:422 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 10 theme crosslinked 187:197 arg1 resin 213:217 a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin 185:217 a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes 185:257 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 2 11 theme Quantitative 478:489 arg1 NMR 495:497 Quantitative 13C NMR 478:497 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials 478:556 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 11 12 theme distinct 1808:1815 arg1 lines 1823:1827 distinct sharp lines 1808:1827 distinct sharp lines 1808:1827 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 11 13 theme dipolar 1895:1901 arg1 couplings 1903:1911 their strong dipolar couplings 1882:1911 their strong dipolar couplings 1882:1911 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 1 14 theme resin 213:217 arg1 structure 172:180 The molecular structure 158:180 The molecular structure 158:180 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 9 15 from loss 1555:1558 arg1 amines 1608:1613 primary amines 1600:1613 primary amines 1600:1613 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 4 16 theme O-rich 830:835 arg1 imitates 844:851 O-rich resin "imitates 830:851 O-rich resin "imitates 830:851 It reveals that the N- and O-rich resin "imitates" the spectrum of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, or Ambergum to an astonishing degree. 32044558 7 17 theme reliable 1243:1250 arg1 reference 1252:1260 a reliable reference 1241:1260 a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1241:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 10 18 dep such 1678:1681 arg1 as 1683:1684 as 1683:1684 as 1683:1684 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 6 19 theme quantitative 1084:1095 arg1 analysis 1097:1104 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis 1059:1104 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis 1059:1104 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis enables prediction of the elemental composition of the resin, to be compared with combustion analysis for validation. 32044558 9 20 theme primary 1600:1606 arg1 amines 1608:1613 primary amines 1600:1613 primary amines 1600:1613 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 3 21 theme dipolar 705:711 arg1 DEPT 713:716 dipolar DEPT 705:716 dipolar DEPT 705:716 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 10 22 theme unexpected 1657:1666 arg1 findings 1668:1675 unexpected findings 1657:1675 unexpected findings 1657:1675 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 13 23 theme components 2163:2172 arg1 mixing 2153:2158 the mixing 2149:2158 the mixing of components on the 5-nm scale 2149:2190 Through 1H spin diffusion, the mixing of components on the 5-nm scale was documented. 32044558 2 24 theme NMR 495:497 arg1 spectra 499:505 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra 478:505 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials 478:556 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 6 25 theme comprehensive 1066:1078 arg1 analysis 1097:1104 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis 1059:1104 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis 1059:1104 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis enables prediction of the elemental composition of the resin, to be compared with combustion analysis for validation. 32044558 12 26 theme 1H 1956:1957 arg1 relaxation 1972:1981 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation 1951:1981 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 1951:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 1 27 theme { 397:397 arg1 } 400:400 13C{1H} 394:400 13C{1H} 394:400 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 27 theme { 397:397 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 7 28 from simulations 1276:1286 arg1 models 1323:1328 structural models 1312:1328 structural models 1312:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 8 29 theme quantitative 1351:1362 arg1 areas 1373:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas 1351:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components 1351:1402 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 1 30 theme multiple 315:322 arg1 components 334:343 multiple polymeric components 315:343 multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion 315:365 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 3 31 theme peak 786:789 arg1 assignment 791:800 peak assignment 786:800 peak assignment 786:800 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 4 32 theme polysaccharides 870:884 arg1 spectrum 858:865 the spectrum 854:865 the spectrum of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, or Ambergum to an astonishing degree 854:948 It reveals that the N- and O-rich resin "imitates" the spectrum of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, or Ambergum to an astonishing degree. 32044558 8 33 theme peak 1368:1371 arg1 areas 1373:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas 1351:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components 1351:1402 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 3 34 theme } 740:740 arg1 SPIDER 742:747 13C{14N} SPIDER 733:747 13C{14N} SPIDER 733:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 1 35 theme molecular 162:170 arg1 structure 172:180 The molecular structure 158:180 The molecular structure 158:180 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 2 36 theme fractions 586:594 arg1 determination 565:577 determination 565:577 determination of the fractions of different components 565:618 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 3 37 theme { 736:736 arg1 } 740:740 13C{14N} 733:740 13C{14N} SPIDER 733:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 0 38 theme spectral 97:104 arg1 editing 106:112 spectral editing 97:112 spectral editing 97:112 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 1 39 theme aqueous 348:354 arg1 dispersion 356:365 aqueous dispersion 348:365 aqueous dispersion 348:365 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 8 40 theme components 1393:1402 arg1 areas 1373:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas 1351:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components 1351:1402 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 1 41 from components 334:343 arg1 dispersion 356:365 aqueous dispersion 348:365 aqueous dispersion 348:365 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 0 42 theme Multinuclear 0:11 arg1 NMR 25:27 Multinuclear solid-state NMR 0:27 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 0:156 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 12 43 from relaxation 1972:1981 arg1 scale 2001:2005 the 35-ms time scale 1986:2005 the 35-ms time scale 1986:2005 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 12 43 from relaxation 1972:1981 arg1 relaxation 2063:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 2 44 theme different 599:607 arg1 components 609:618 different components 599:618 different components 599:618 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 13 45 theme 1H 2130:2131 arg1 diffusion 2138:2146 1H spin diffusion 2130:2146 1H spin diffusion 2130:2146 Through 1H spin diffusion, the mixing of components on the 5-nm scale was documented. 32044558 5 46 theme secondary 1041:1049 arg1 amines 1051:1056 secondary amines 1041:1056 secondary amines 1041:1056 15N NMR can distinguish melamine from urea and guanazole, NC=O from COO, and primary from secondary amines. 32044558 8 47 theme interest 1431:1438 arg1 fractions 1418:1426 the weight fractions 1407:1426 the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice 1407:1461 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 9 48 theme urea 1563:1566 arg1 loss 1555:1558 loss 1555:1558 loss of urea and aldehyde 1555:1579 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 9 48 theme urea 1563:1566 arg1 increase 1588:1595 an increase 1585:1595 an increase in primary amines 1585:1613 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 0 49 theme complex 32:38 arg1 microcapsules 64:76 complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules 32:76 complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules 32:76 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 8 50 theme industrial 1443:1452 arg1 practice 1454:1461 industrial practice 1443:1461 industrial practice 1443:1461 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 0 51 theme polymeric 54:62 arg1 microcapsules 64:76 complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules 32:76 complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules 32:76 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 3 52 theme Spectral 621:628 arg1 editing 630:636 Spectral editing 621:636 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER 621:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 12 53 theme non-exponential 2030:2044 arg1 relaxation 2063:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 0 54 dep NMR 25:27 arg1 fractions 86:94 Weight fractions 79:94 Weight fractions 79:94 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 0 54 dep NMR 25:27 arg1 editing 106:112 spectral editing 97:112 spectral editing 97:112 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 0 54 dep NMR 25:27 arg1 mixing 125:130 component mixing 115:130 component mixing 115:130 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 0 54 dep NMR 25:27 arg1 radicals 148:155 persistent radicals 137:155 persistent radicals 137:155 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 12 55 theme spin-lattice 2050:2061 arg1 relaxation 2063:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 1 56 theme solid-state 433:443 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 56 theme solid-state 433:443 arg1 NMR 445:447 15N solid-state NMR 429:447 15N solid-state NMR 429:447 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 3 57 theme carbons 656:662 arg1 editing 630:636 Spectral editing 621:636 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER 621:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 6 58 theme resin 1161:1165 arg1 composition 1142:1152 the elemental composition 1128:1152 the elemental composition of the resin 1128:1165 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis enables prediction of the elemental composition of the resin, to be compared with combustion analysis for validation. 32044558 9 59 theme 13C 1529:1531 arg1 NMR 1533:1535 13C NMR 1529:1535 13C NMR 1529:1535 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 1 60 with resin 304:308 arg1 components 334:343 multiple polymeric components 315:343 multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion 315:365 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 10 61 theme persistent 1741:1750 arg1 radicals 1752:1759 persistent radicals 1741:1759 persistent radicals 1741:1759 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 13 62 from mixing 2153:2158 arg1 scale 2186:2190 the 5-nm scale 2177:2190 the 5-nm scale 2177:2190 Through 1H spin diffusion, the mixing of components on the 5-nm scale was documented. 32044558 6 63 theme composition 1142:1152 arg1 prediction 1114:1123 prediction 1114:1123 prediction of the elemental composition of the resin 1114:1165 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis enables prediction of the elemental composition of the resin, to be compared with combustion analysis for validation. 32044558 6 64 theme elemental 1132:1140 arg1 composition 1142:1152 the elemental composition 1128:1152 the elemental composition of the resin 1128:1165 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis enables prediction of the elemental composition of the resin, to be compared with combustion analysis for validation. 32044558 11 65 theme liquid-like 1856:1866 arg1 components 1868:1877 liquid-like components 1856:1877 liquid-like components 1856:1877 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 7 66 theme structural 1312:1321 arg1 models 1323:1328 structural models 1312:1328 structural models 1312:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 7 67 theme NMR 1295:1297 arg1 spectra 1299:1305 13C NMR spectra 1291:1305 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1291:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 12 68 theme 35-ms 1990:1994 arg1 scale 2001:2005 the 35-ms time scale 1986:2005 the 35-ms time scale 1986:2005 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 3 69 theme recoupled 667:675 arg1 dephasing 685:693 recoupled dipolar dephasing 667:693 recoupled dipolar dephasing 667:693 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 7 70 from models 1323:1328 arg1 simulations 1276:1286 iterative simulations 1266:1286 iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1266:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 7 70 from models 1323:1328 arg1 spectra 1299:1305 13C NMR spectra 1291:1305 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1291:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 2 71 theme precursor 538:546 arg1 materials 548:556 three precursor materials 532:556 three precursor materials 532:556 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 1 72 theme { 418:418 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 72 theme { 418:418 arg1 } 422:422 13C{14N} 415:422 13C{14N} 415:422 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 11 73 theme strong 1888:1893 arg1 couplings 1903:1911 their strong dipolar couplings 1882:1911 their strong dipolar couplings 1882:1911 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 1 74 theme nitrogen-rich 199:211 arg1 resin 213:217 a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin 185:217 a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes 185:257 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 9 75 theme aldehyde 1572:1579 arg1 loss 1555:1558 loss 1555:1558 loss of urea and aldehyde 1555:1579 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 9 75 theme aldehyde 1572:1579 arg1 increase 1588:1595 an increase 1585:1595 an increase in primary amines 1585:1613 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 7 76 theme iterative 1266:1274 arg1 simulations 1276:1286 iterative simulations 1266:1286 iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models 1266:1328 It also provides a reliable reference for iterative simulations of 13C NMR spectra from structural models. 32044558 12 77 theme spin-lattice 1959:1970 arg1 relaxation 1972:1981 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation 1951:1981 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 1951:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 0 78 theme persistent 137:146 arg1 radicals 148:155 persistent radicals 137:155 persistent radicals 137:155 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 5 79 theme 15N 951:953 arg1 NMR 955:957 15N NMR 951:957 15N NMR 951:957 15N NMR can distinguish melamine from urea and guanazole, NC=O from COO, and primary from secondary amines. 32044558 11 80 theme sharp 1817:1821 arg1 lines 1823:1827 distinct sharp lines 1808:1827 distinct sharp lines 1808:1827 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 11 81 theme fast 1927:1930 arg1 dephasing 1940:1948 fast dipolar dephasing 1927:1948 fast dipolar dephasing 1927:1948 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 1 82 theme 13C 394:396 arg1 } 400:400 13C{1H} 394:400 13C{1H} 394:400 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 82 theme 13C 394:396 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 2 83 theme 13C 491:493 arg1 NMR 495:497 Quantitative 13C NMR 478:497 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials 478:556 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 8 84 theme NMR 1364:1366 arg1 areas 1373:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas 1351:1377 quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components 1351:1402 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 12 85 theme Fast 1951:1954 arg1 relaxation 1972:1981 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation 1951:1981 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 1951:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 3 86 theme 13C 733:735 arg1 } 740:740 13C{14N} 733:740 13C{14N} SPIDER 733:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 0 87 theme Weight 79:84 arg1 fractions 86:94 Weight fractions 79:94 Weight fractions 79:94 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 1 88 theme 1H 398:399 arg1 } 400:400 13C{1H} 394:400 13C{1H} 394:400 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 88 theme 1H 398:399 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 10 89 theme imbedded 1686:1693 arg1 crystallites 1695:1706 imbedded crystallites 1686:1706 imbedded crystallites in one of the resins 1686:1727 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 13 90 theme 5-nm 2181:2184 arg1 scale 2186:2190 the 5-nm scale 2177:2190 the 5-nm scale 2177:2190 Through 1H spin diffusion, the mixing of components on the 5-nm scale was documented. 32044558 9 91 from increase 1588:1595 arg1 amines 1608:1613 primary amines 1600:1613 primary amines 1600:1613 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 3 92 theme C-N 726:728 arg1 editing 630:636 Spectral editing 621:636 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER 621:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 1 93 theme polymeric 324:332 arg1 components 334:343 multiple polymeric components 315:343 multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion 315:365 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 11 94 theme dipolar 1932:1938 arg1 dephasing 1940:1948 fast dipolar dephasing 1927:1948 fast dipolar dephasing 1927:1948 The crystallites produce distinct sharp lines and are distinguished from liquid-like components by their strong dipolar couplings, resulting in fast dipolar dephasing. 32044558 8 95 theme structural 1382:1391 arg1 components 1393:1402 structural components 1382:1402 structural components 1382:1402 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 3 96 dep peak 758:761 arg1 overlap 763:769 overlap 763:769 overlap 763:769 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 4 97 theme resin 837:841 arg1 imitates 844:851 O-rich resin "imitates 830:851 O-rich resin "imitates 830:851 It reveals that the N- and O-rich resin "imitates" the spectrum of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, or Ambergum to an astonishing degree. 32044558 8 98 from fractions 1418:1426 arg1 practice 1454:1461 industrial practice 1443:1461 industrial practice 1443:1461 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 1 99 theme isotopic 457:464 arg1 enrichment 466:475 isotopic enrichment 457:475 isotopic enrichment 457:475 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 3 100 theme 14N 737:739 arg1 } 740:740 13C{14N} 733:740 13C{14N} SPIDER 733:747 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 0 101 theme component 115:123 arg1 mixing 125:130 component mixing 115:130 component mixing 115:130 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 8 102 theme weight 1411:1416 arg1 fractions 1418:1426 the weight fractions 1407:1426 the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice 1407:1461 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 1 103 link crosslinked 187:197 arg1 resin 213:217 a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin 185:217 a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes 185:257 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 4 104 dep N- 823:824 arg1 the 819:821 the 819:821 the 819:821 It reveals that the N- and O-rich resin "imitates" the spectrum of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, or Ambergum to an astonishing degree. 32044558 0 105 theme solid-state 13:23 arg1 NMR 25:27 Multinuclear solid-state NMR 0:27 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 0:156 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 6 106 theme combustion 1188:1197 arg1 analysis 1199:1206 combustion analysis 1188:1206 combustion analysis for validation 1188:1221 Such a comprehensive and quantitative analysis enables prediction of the elemental composition of the resin, to be compared with combustion analysis for validation. 32044558 2 107 theme components 609:618 arg1 fractions 586:594 the fractions 582:594 the fractions of different components 582:618 Quantitative 13C NMR spectra of the microcapsules and three precursor materials enable determination of the fractions of different components. 32044558 8 108 from areas 1373:1377 arg1 conversion 1335:1344 The conversion 1331:1344 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice 1331:1461 The conversion from quantitative NMR peak areas of structural components to the weight fractions of interest in industrial practice is derived and demonstrated. 32044558 1 109 theme microcapsules 267:279 arg1 structure 172:180 The molecular structure 158:180 The molecular structure 158:180 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 10 110 theme resins 1722:1727 arg1 one 1711:1713 one 1711:1713 one 1711:1713 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 10 110 theme resins 1722:1727 arg1 resins 1722:1727 the resins 1718:1727 the resins 1718:1727 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 0 111 theme nitrogen-rich 40:52 arg1 microcapsules 64:76 complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules 32:76 complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules 32:76 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 13 112 theme spin 2133:2136 arg1 diffusion 2138:2146 1H spin diffusion 2130:2146 1H spin diffusion 2130:2146 Through 1H spin diffusion, the mixing of components on the 5-nm scale was documented. 32044558 10 113 from crystallites 1695:1706 arg1 one 1711:1713 one 1711:1713 one 1711:1713 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 10 113 from crystallites 1695:1706 arg1 resins 1722:1727 the resins 1718:1727 the resins 1718:1727 NMR also made unexpected findings, such as imbedded crystallites in one of the resins, as well as persistent radicals in the microcapsules. 32044558 1 114 theme 14N 419:421 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 114 theme 14N 419:421 arg1 } 422:422 13C{14N} 415:422 13C{14N} 415:422 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 0 115 theme microcapsules 64:76 arg1 NMR 25:27 Multinuclear solid-state NMR 0:27 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 0:156 Multinuclear solid-state NMR of complex nitrogen-rich polymeric microcapsules: Weight fractions, spectral editing, component mixing, and persistent radicals. 32044558 1 116 theme reactive 295:302 arg1 resin 304:308 the reactive resin 291:308 the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion 291:365 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 12 117 theme persistent 2083:2092 arg1 radicals 2094:2101 persistent radicals 2083:2101 persistent radicals 2083:2101 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 32044558 9 118 theme microcapsule 1497:1508 arg1 formation 1510:1518 microcapsule formation 1497:1518 microcapsule formation 1497:1518 Upon microcapsule formation, 15N and 13C NMR consistently show loss of urea and aldehyde and an increase in primary amines while melamine is retained. 32044558 1 119 theme 15N 429:431 arg1 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 13C 389:391 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 1 119 theme 15N 429:431 arg1 NMR 445:447 15N solid-state NMR 429:447 15N solid-state NMR 429:447 The molecular structure of a crosslinked nitrogen-rich resin made from melamine, urea, and aldehydes, and of microcapsules made from the reactive resin with multiple polymeric components in aqueous dispersion, has been analyzed by 13C, 13C{1H}, 1H-13C, 1H, 13C{14N}, and 15N solid-state NMR without isotopic enrichment. 32044558 3 120 theme non-protonated 641:654 arg1 carbons 656:662 non-protonated carbons 641:662 non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing 641:693 Spectral editing of non-protonated carbons by recoupled dipolar dephasing, of CH by dipolar DEPT, and of C-N by 13C{14N} SPIDER resolves peak overlap and helps with peak assignment. 32044558 12 121 theme 13C 2046:2048 arg1 relaxation 2063:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation 2011:2072 Fast 1H spin-lattice relaxation on the 35-ms time scale and characteristically non-exponential 13C spin-lattice relaxation indicate persistent radicals, confirmed by EPR. 33602390 0 0 theme cryptorchidism 108:121 arg1 mice 123:126 experimental cryptorchidism mice 95:126 experimental cryptorchidism mice 95:126 Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice. 33602390 5 1 theme differential 792:803 arg1 metabolites 805:815 1386 and 179 differential metabolites 779:815 1386 and 179 differential metabolites 779:815 In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. 33602390 8 2 theme cryptorchid 1102:1112 arg1 group 1114:1118 the cryptorchid group 1098:1118 the cryptorchid group 1098:1118 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 11 3 theme future 1734:1739 arg1 application 1750:1760 the future clinical application 1730:1760 the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction 1730:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 11 4 theme dysfunction 1805:1815 arg1 treatment 1776:1784 the treatment 1772:1784 the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction 1772:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 0 5 theme experimental 95:106 arg1 mice 123:126 experimental cryptorchidism mice 95:126 experimental cryptorchidism mice 95:126 Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice. 33602390 10 6 theme cryptorchid 1567:1577 arg1 group 1579:1583 the cryptorchid group 1563:1583 the cryptorchid group 1563:1583 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 7 7 theme metabolic 1025:1033 arg1 pathways 1035:1042 197 metabolic pathways 1021:1042 197 metabolic pathways 1021:1042 Pathway analysis showed changes in 197 metabolic pathways. 33602390 4 8 theme cryptorchid 723:733 arg1 groups 763:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 6 9 theme potential 894:902 arg1 biomarkers 904:913 Seven and six potential biomarkers 880:913 Seven and six potential biomarkers 880:913 Seven and six potential biomarkers were screened for spermatogenesis arrest and restoration respectively. 33602390 10 10 theme status 1553:1558 arg1 restoration 1528:1538 the restoration 1524:1538 the restoration of metabolic status 1524:1558 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 10 11 theme metabolic 1543:1551 arg1 status 1553:1558 metabolic status 1543:1558 metabolic status 1543:1558 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 9 12 theme total 1265:1269 arg1 glycosylation 1321:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 11 13 theme clinical 1741:1748 arg1 application 1750:1760 the future clinical application 1730:1760 the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction 1730:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 11 14 theme spermatogenesis 1789:1803 arg1 dysfunction 1805:1815 spermatogenesis dysfunction 1789:1815 spermatogenesis dysfunction 1789:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 8 15 theme biosynthesis 1060:1071 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1045:1079 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1045:1079 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 2 16 theme Kunming 338:344 arg1 mice 346:349 Kunming mice 338:349 Kunming mice 338:349 Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. 33602390 11 17 theme RSV 1765:1767 arg1 application 1750:1760 the future clinical application 1730:1760 the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction 1730:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 7 18 from changes 1010:1016 arg1 pathways 1035:1042 197 metabolic pathways 1021:1042 197 metabolic pathways 1021:1042 Pathway analysis showed changes in 197 metabolic pathways. 33602390 4 19 theme cryptorchid 751:761 arg1 groups 763:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 8 20 theme hexosamine 1049:1058 arg1 pathway 1073:1079 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1045:1079 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 1045:1079 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 1 21 theme trans-resveratrol 200:216 arg1 treatment 224:232 trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment 200:232 trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics 200:290 This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. 33602390 9 22 theme cryptorchid 1425:1435 arg1 group 1437:1441 the cryptorchid group 1421:1441 the cryptorchid group 1421:1441 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 5 23 located detected 822:829 arg2 metabolites 805:815 1386 and 179 differential metabolites 779:815 1386 and 179 differential metabolites 779:815 In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. 33602390 5 23 located detected 822:829 arg1 all 774:776 all 774:776 all 774:776 In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. 33602390 5 23 located detected 822:829 arg1 modes 860:864 the positive and negative modes 834:864 the positive and negative modes 834:864 In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. 33602390 4 24 theme Liquid 576:581 arg1 spectrometry 610:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 5 25 theme positive 838:845 arg1 modes 860:864 the positive and negative modes 834:864 the positive and negative modes 834:864 In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. 33602390 4 26 from metabolome 647:656 arg1 mice 673:676 mice 673:676 mice 673:676 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 4 26 from metabolome 647:656 arg1 groups 763:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 10 27 theme RSV 1595:1597 arg1 treatment 1599:1607 RSV treatment 1595:1607 RSV treatment 1595:1607 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 9 28 theme O-linked 1290:1297 arg1 glycosylation 1321:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 6 29 theme spermatogenesis 933:947 arg1 arrest 949:954 spermatogenesis arrest 933:954 spermatogenesis arrest 933:954 Seven and six potential biomarkers were screened for spermatogenesis arrest and restoration respectively. 33602390 0 30 theme Metabolomics 0:11 arg1 analysis 13:20 Metabolomics analysis 0:20 Metabolomics analysis 0:20 Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice. 33602390 4 31 theme mass 605:608 arg1 spectrometry 610:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 7 32 theme Pathway 986:992 arg1 analysis 994:1001 Pathway analysis 986:1001 Pathway analysis 986:1001 Pathway analysis showed changes in 197 metabolic pathways. 33602390 3 33 theme spermatogenesis 458:472 arg1 arrest 474:479 spermatogenesis arrest 458:479 spermatogenesis arrest 458:479 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest were seen in mice with cryptorchidism, and RSV treatment for 35 days restored spermatogenesis. 33602390 0 34 theme metabolic 30:38 arg1 changes 40:46 metabolic changes 30:46 metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice 30:126 Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice. 33602390 4 35 theme chromatography-tandem 583:603 arg1 spectrometry 610:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 1 36 with mice 237:240 arg1 cryptorchidism 247:260 cryptorchidism 247:260 cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics 247:290 This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. 33602390 9 37 theme testicular 1271:1280 arg1 glycosylation 1321:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 9 38 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 1299:1319 arg1 glycosylation 1321:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 9 39 theme spermatogenesis 1350:1364 arg1 arrest 1366:1371 spermatogenesis arrest 1350:1371 spermatogenesis arrest 1350:1371 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 10 40 theme RSV 1667:1669 arg1 treatment 1671:1679 RSV treatment 1667:1679 RSV treatment 1667:1679 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 8 41 from decrease 1150:1157 arg1 product 1170:1176 the end product 1162:1176 the end product 1162:1176 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 8 41 from decrease 1150:1157 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 1220:1229 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 3 42 theme Typical 432:438 arg1 manifestations 440:453 Typical manifestations 432:453 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest 432:479 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest were seen in mice with cryptorchidism, and RSV treatment for 35 days restored spermatogenesis. 33602390 2 43 theme 20µg 381:384 arg1 g-1 386:388 g-1 386:388 g-1 386:388 Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. 33602390 3 44 with mice 494:497 arg1 cryptorchidism 504:517 cryptorchidism 504:517 cryptorchidism 504:517 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest were seen in mice with cryptorchidism, and RSV treatment for 35 days restored spermatogenesis. 33602390 11 45 from application 1750:1760 arg1 treatment 1776:1784 the treatment 1772:1784 the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction 1772:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 4 46 dep control 685:691 arg1 non-cryptorchid 694:708 non-cryptorchid 694:708 non-cryptorchid 694:708 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 4 47 from mice 673:676 arg1 testes 661:666 testes 661:666 testes from mice 661:676 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 4 47 from mice 673:676 arg1 metabolome 647:656 the metabolome 643:656 the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 643:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 4 48 theme control 685:691 arg1 groups 763:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 3 49 theme arrest 474:479 arg1 manifestations 440:453 Typical manifestations 432:453 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest 432:479 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest were seen in mice with cryptorchidism, and RSV treatment for 35 days restored spermatogenesis. 33602390 9 50 from UDP-GlcNAc 1407:1416 arg1 group 1437:1441 the cryptorchid group 1421:1441 the cryptorchid group 1421:1441 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 4 51 theme RSV-treated 739:749 arg1 groups 763:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 681:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 5 52 theme negative 851:858 arg1 modes 860:864 the positive and negative modes 834:864 the positive and negative modes 834:864 In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. 33602390 10 53 theme untargeted 1450:1459 arg1 metabolomics 1461:1472 untargeted metabolomics 1450:1472 untargeted metabolomics 1450:1472 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 0 54 theme trans-resveratrol 64:80 arg1 treatment 82:90 trans-resveratrol treatment 64:90 trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice 64:126 Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice. 33602390 0 55 from treatment 82:90 arg1 mice 123:126 experimental cryptorchidism mice 95:126 experimental cryptorchidism mice 95:126 Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice. 33602390 8 56 theme uridine 1179:1185 arg1 product 1170:1176 the end product 1162:1176 the end product 1162:1176 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 8 56 theme uridine 1179:1185 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 1220:1229 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 2 57 theme g-1 386:388 arg1 RSV 403:405 RSV 403:405 RSV 403:405 Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. 33602390 2 57 theme g-1 386:388 arg1 s.c. 397:400 s.c. 397:400 s.c. 397:400 Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. 33602390 2 57 theme g-1 386:388 arg1 day-1 390:394 20µg g-1 day-1 381:394 20µg g-1 day-1 381:394 Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. 33602390 9 58 from decrease 1395:1402 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 1407:1416 UDP-GlcNAc 1407:1416 UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group 1407:1441 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 2 59 theme consecutive 414:424 arg1 days 426:429 35 consecutive days 411:429 35 consecutive days 411:429 Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. 33602390 8 60 theme end 1166:1168 arg1 product 1170:1176 the end product 1162:1176 the end product 1162:1176 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 8 60 theme end 1166:1168 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 1220:1229 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 1 61 from treatment 224:232 arg1 mice 237:240 mice 237:240 mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics 237:290 This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. 33602390 3 62 theme RSV 524:526 arg1 treatment 528:536 RSV treatment 524:536 RSV treatment for 35 days 524:548 Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest were seen in mice with cryptorchidism, and RSV treatment for 35 days restored spermatogenesis. 33602390 4 63 used used 627:630 arg2 spectrometry 610:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 576:621 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 9 64 theme protein 1282:1288 arg1 glycosylation 1321:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 11 65 theme meaningful 1704:1713 arg1 foundation 1715:1724 a meaningful foundation 1702:1724 a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction 1702:1815 This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction. 33602390 10 66 theme biochemical 1487:1497 arg1 pathways 1499:1506 the biochemical pathways 1483:1506 the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status 1483:1558 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 1 67 theme global 157:162 arg1 changes 176:182 global metabolomic changes 157:182 global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics 157:290 This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. 33602390 8 68 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1199:1217 arg1 product 1170:1176 the end product 1162:1176 the end product 1162:1176 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 8 68 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1199:1217 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 1220:1229 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 4 69 dep non-cryptorchid 694:708 arg1 untreated 711:719 untreated 711:719 untreated 711:719 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 33602390 1 70 theme metabolomic 164:174 arg1 changes 176:182 global metabolomic changes 157:182 global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics 157:290 This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. 33602390 1 71 theme untargeted 268:277 arg1 metabolomics 279:290 untargeted metabolomics 268:290 untargeted metabolomics 268:290 This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. 33602390 8 72 theme diphosphate 1187:1197 arg1 product 1170:1176 the end product 1162:1176 the end product 1162:1176 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 8 72 theme diphosphate 1187:1197 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 1220:1229 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 1179:1230 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). 33602390 9 73 link O-linked 1290:1297 arg1 glycosylation 1321:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation 1265:1333 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 9 74 theme Immunoblot 1233:1242 arg1 analysis 1244:1251 Immunoblot analysis 1233:1251 Immunoblot analysis 1233:1251 Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. 33602390 10 75 used used 1635:1638 arg2 findings 1617:1624 the findings 1613:1624 the findings 1613:1624 Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. 33602390 4 76 theme testes 661:666 arg1 metabolome 647:656 the metabolome 643:656 the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups 643:768 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. 32722493 6 0 theme cell 964:967 arg1 lysates 969:975 the cell lysates 960:975 the cell lysates 960:975 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates shows that this is not always the case and that, even in the cell lines where hydrolysis does not occur, OGT activity is inhibited. 32722493 1 1 theme essential 177:185 arg1 modification 206:217 an essential post-translational modification 174:217 an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability 174:357 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 1 1 theme essential 177:185 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 3 2 theme research 546:553 arg1 field 555:559 this research field 541:559 this research field 541:559 To support this research field, a series of cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors were recently reported. 32722493 4 3 theme cell 793:796 arg1 lines 798:802 different human cell lines 777:802 different human cell lines 777:802 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 4 4 used used 736:739 arg2 we 733:734 we 733:734 we 733:734 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 3 5 theme cell-permeable 574:587 arg1 inhibitors 608:617 cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors 574:617 cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors 574:617 To support this research field, a series of cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors were recently reported. 32722493 1 6 theme cellular 309:316 arg1 stress 318:323 cellular stress 309:323 cellular stress 309:323 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 4 7 from inhibition 763:772 arg1 lines 798:802 different human cell lines 777:802 different human cell lines 777:802 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 4 8 theme human 787:791 arg1 lines 798:802 different human cell lines 777:802 different human cell lines 777:802 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 4 9 theme OGT 691:693 arg1 OSMI-4 721:726 OSMI-4 721:726 OSMI-4 721:726 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 4 9 theme OGT 691:693 arg1 inhibitor 695:703 the most potent OGT inhibitor 675:703 the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library 675:718 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 0 10 theme Intracellular 0:12 arg1 Hydrolysis 14:23 Intracellular Hydrolysis 0:23 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 0:93 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors Differs among Cells and Is Not Required for Its Inhibition. 32722493 4 11 theme potent 684:689 arg1 OSMI-4 721:726 OSMI-4 721:726 OSMI-4 721:726 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 4 11 theme potent 684:689 arg1 inhibitor 695:703 the most potent OGT inhibitor 675:703 the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library 675:718 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 3 12 theme OGT 604:606 arg1 inhibitors 608:617 cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors 574:617 cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors 574:617 To support this research field, a series of cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors were recently reported. 32722493 6 13 theme cell 1038:1041 arg1 lines 1043:1047 the cell lines 1034:1047 the cell lines where hydrolysis does not occur 1034:1079 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates shows that this is not always the case and that, even in the cell lines where hydrolysis does not occur, OGT activity is inhibited. 32722493 2 14 theme biological 483:492 arg1 role 494:497 role 494:497 role 494:497 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood. 32722493 2 15 theme O-GlcNAc 360:367 arg1 enzyme 394:399 the enzyme 390:399 the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood 390:527 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood. 32722493 2 15 theme O-GlcNAc 360:367 arg1 OGT 382:384 OGT 382:384 OGT 382:384 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood. 32722493 2 15 theme O-GlcNAc 360:367 arg1 transferase 369:379 O-GlcNAc transferase 360:379 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 360:385 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood. 32722493 0 16 theme Small-Molecule 28:41 arg1 Inhibitors 84:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors Differs among Cells and Is Not Required for Its Inhibition. 32722493 6 17 theme lysates 969:975 arg1 analysis 948:955 Our LC-HRMS analysis 936:955 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates 936:975 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates shows that this is not always the case and that, even in the cell lines where hydrolysis does not occur, OGT activity is inhibited. 32722493 4 18 theme OGT 759:761 arg1 inhibition 763:772 OGT inhibition 759:772 OGT inhibition in different human cell lines 759:802 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 1 19 theme nuclear 234:240 arg1 proteins 258:265 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 234:265 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 234:265 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 3 20 theme inhibitors 608:617 arg1 series 564:569 a series 562:569 a series of cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors 562:617 To support this research field, a series of cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors were recently reported. 32722493 1 21 theme altered 329:335 arg1 availability 346:357 altered nutrient availability 329:357 altered nutrient availability 329:357 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 1 22 theme post-translational 187:204 arg1 modification 206:217 an essential post-translational modification 174:217 an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability 174:357 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 1 22 theme post-translational 187:204 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 O-GlcNAcylation 155:169 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 0 23 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 52:70 arg1 Inhibitors 84:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors Differs among Cells and Is Not Required for Its Inhibition. 32722493 1 24 theme nutrient 337:344 arg1 availability 346:357 altered nutrient availability 329:357 altered nutrient availability 329:357 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 1 25 theme cytoplasmic 246:256 arg1 proteins 258:265 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 234:265 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins 234:265 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 2 26 dep potential 447:455 arg1 therapeutic 457:467 therapeutic 457:467 therapeutic 457:467 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood. 32722493 2 27 theme potential 447:455 arg1 target 469:474 a potential therapeutic target 445:474 a potential therapeutic target 445:474 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and represents a potential therapeutic target, whose biological role is still not fully understood. 32722493 0 28 theme O-Linked 43:50 arg1 Inhibitors 84:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors Differs among Cells and Is Not Required for Its Inhibition. 32722493 0 29 theme Inhibitors 84:93 arg1 Hydrolysis 14:23 Intracellular Hydrolysis 0:23 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 0:93 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors Differs among Cells and Is Not Required for Its Inhibition. 32722493 0 30 theme Transferase 72:82 arg1 Inhibitors 84:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors 28:93 Intracellular Hydrolysis of Small-Molecule O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Inhibitors Differs among Cells and Is Not Required for Its Inhibition. 32722493 6 31 theme LC-HRMS 940:946 arg1 analysis 948:955 Our LC-HRMS analysis 936:955 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates 936:975 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates shows that this is not always the case and that, even in the cell lines where hydrolysis does not occur, OGT activity is inhibited. 32722493 1 32 from function 285:292 arg1 response 297:304 response 297:304 response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability 297:357 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 5 33 theme active 917:922 arg1 metabolite 924:933 its active metabolite 913:933 its active metabolite 913:933 The compound features an ethyl ester moiety that is supposed to be cleaved by carboxylesterases to generate its active metabolite. 32722493 6 34 theme OGT 1082:1084 arg1 activity 1086:1093 OGT activity 1082:1093 OGT activity 1082:1093 Our LC-HRMS analysis of the cell lysates shows that this is not always the case and that, even in the cell lines where hydrolysis does not occur, OGT activity is inhibited. 32722493 4 35 theme different 777:785 arg1 lines 798:802 different human cell lines 777:802 different human cell lines 777:802 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 1 36 dep proteins 258:265 arg1 regulating 268:277 regulating 268:277 regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability 268:357 O-GlcNAcylation is an essential post-translational modification that occurs on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, regulating their function in response to cellular stress and altered nutrient availability. 32722493 3 37 dep cell-permeable 574:587 arg1 low-nanomolar 590:602 low-nanomolar 590:602 low-nanomolar 590:602 To support this research field, a series of cell-permeable, low-nanomolar OGT inhibitors were recently reported. 32722493 5 38 theme ester 836:840 arg1 moiety 842:847 an ethyl ester moiety 827:847 an ethyl ester moiety that is supposed to be cleaved by carboxylesterases to generate its active metabolite 827:933 The compound features an ethyl ester moiety that is supposed to be cleaved by carboxylesterases to generate its active metabolite. 32722493 4 39 theme library 712:718 arg1 OSMI-4 721:726 OSMI-4 721:726 OSMI-4 721:726 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 4 39 theme library 712:718 arg1 inhibitor 695:703 the most potent OGT inhibitor 675:703 the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library 675:718 In this study, we resynthesized the most potent OGT inhibitor of the library, OSMI-4, and we used it to investigate OGT inhibition in different human cell lines. 32722493 5 40 theme ethyl 830:834 arg1 moiety 842:847 an ethyl ester moiety 827:847 an ethyl ester moiety that is supposed to be cleaved by carboxylesterases to generate its active metabolite 827:933 The compound features an ethyl ester moiety that is supposed to be cleaved by carboxylesterases to generate its active metabolite. 32668379 0 0 theme biological 97:106 arg1 drugs 68:72 potential antineoplastic drugs 43:72 potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation 43:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 0 theme biological 97:106 arg1 evaluation 108:117 biological evaluation 97:117 biological evaluation 97:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 3 1 from effects 430:436 arg1 solubility 474:483 water solubility 468:483 water solubility 468:483 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 1 from effects 430:436 arg1 cytotoxicity 441:452 cytotoxicity 441:452 cytotoxicity 441:452 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 1 from effects 430:436 arg1 stability 489:497 stability 489:497 stability 489:497 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 1 from effects 430:436 arg1 selectivity 455:465 selectivity 455:465 selectivity 455:465 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 4 2 theme antitumor 679:687 arg1 activity 689:696 a superior antitumor activity 668:696 a superior antitumor activity 668:696 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 4 3 theme bleomycin 566:574 arg1 disaccharide 582:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide 564:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety 564:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 5 4 from detectable 758:767 arg1 toxicity 785:792 animal acute toxicity 772:792 animal acute toxicity 772:792 No toxicity was detectable in animal acute toxicity intravenously (160 mg/kg). 32668379 4 5 theme superior 670:677 arg1 activity 689:696 a superior antitumor activity 668:696 a superior antitumor activity 668:696 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 3 6 theme Oligosaccharide 350:364 arg1 types 366:370 Oligosaccharide types 350:370 Oligosaccharide types 350:370 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 0 7 dep drugs 68:72 arg1 drugs 68:72 potential antineoplastic drugs 43:72 potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation 43:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 7 dep drugs 68:72 arg1 synthesis 83:91 synthesis 83:91 synthesis 83:91 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 7 dep drugs 68:72 arg1 evaluation 108:117 biological evaluation 97:117 biological evaluation 97:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 7 dep drugs 68:72 arg1 Design 75:80 Design 75:80 Design 75:80 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 3 8 theme glycoconjugates 528:542 arg1 solubility 474:483 water solubility 468:483 water solubility 468:483 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 8 theme glycoconjugates 528:542 arg1 cytotoxicity 441:452 cytotoxicity 441:452 cytotoxicity 441:452 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 8 theme glycoconjugates 528:542 arg1 stability 489:497 stability 489:497 stability 489:497 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 8 theme glycoconjugates 528:542 arg1 selectivity 455:465 selectivity 455:465 selectivity 455:465 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 4 9 theme ester 641:645 arg1 moiety 647:652 the introduced ester moiety 626:652 the introduced ester moiety 626:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 4 10 theme BLM 577:579 arg1 disaccharide 582:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide 564:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety 564:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 2 11 located observed 328:335 arg2 inhibition 313:322 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 2 11 located observed 328:335 arg1 100.0 μM 340:347 100.0 μM 340:347 100.0 μM 340:347 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 2 12 theme topoisomerase 288:300 arg1 inhibition 313:322 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 6 13 theme daunting 937:944 arg1 problems 946:953 the daunting problems 933:953 the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons 933:985 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 2 14 theme direct 281:286 arg1 topoisomerase 288:300 direct topoisomerase I 281:302 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 2 14 theme direct 281:286 arg1 Topo 305:308 Topo I 305:310 Topo I 305:310 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 3 15 theme obvious 422:428 arg1 effects 430:436 obvious effects 422:436 obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates 422:542 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 5 16 theme acute 779:783 arg1 toxicity 785:792 animal acute toxicity 772:792 animal acute toxicity 772:792 No toxicity was detectable in animal acute toxicity intravenously (160 mg/kg). 32668379 5 17 from toxicity 785:792 arg1 detectable 758:767 detectable 758:767 detectable 758:767 No toxicity was detectable in animal acute toxicity intravenously (160 mg/kg). 32668379 2 18 theme weak 276:279 arg1 inhibition 313:322 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition 271:322 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 4 19 theme introduced 630:639 arg1 moiety 647:652 the introduced ester moiety 626:652 the introduced ester moiety 626:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 6 20 theme tumor 871:875 arg1 targeting 877:885 tumor targeting 871:885 tumor targeting 871:885 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 5 21 dep detectable 758:767 arg1 160 mg/kg 809:817 160 mg/kg 809:817 160 mg/kg 809:817 No toxicity was detectable in animal acute toxicity intravenously (160 mg/kg). 32668379 6 22 theme S 894:894 arg1 -OH 896:898 20 (S)-OH 890:898 20 (S)-OH of CPT 890:905 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 6 23 with oligosaccharides 849:864 arg1 targeting 877:885 tumor targeting 871:885 tumor targeting 871:885 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 0 24 theme potential 43:51 arg1 drugs 68:72 potential antineoplastic drugs 43:72 potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation 43:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 24 theme potential 43:51 arg1 synthesis 83:91 synthesis 83:91 synthesis 83:91 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 24 theme potential 43:51 arg1 evaluation 108:117 biological evaluation 97:117 biological evaluation 97:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 24 theme potential 43:51 arg1 Design 75:80 Design 75:80 Design 75:80 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 2 25 theme potent 219:224 arg1 cytotoxicities 235:248 more potent in vitro cytotoxicities 214:248 more potent in vitro cytotoxicities 214:248 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 3 26 theme synthesized 512:522 arg1 glycoconjugates 528:542 the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates 502:542 the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates 502:542 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 1 27 theme novel 127:131 arg1 glycoconjugates 168:182 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates 120:182 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates 120:182 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates were synthesized. 32668379 4 28 from glycol 616:621 arg1 moiety 647:652 the introduced ester moiety 626:652 the introduced ester moiety 626:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 4 29 theme diethylene 605:614 arg1 glycol 616:621 diethylene glycol 605:621 diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety 605:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 6 30 theme oligosaccharides 849:864 arg1 attachment 835:844 attachment 835:844 attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT 835:905 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 0 31 theme antineoplastic 53:66 arg1 drugs 68:72 potential antineoplastic drugs 43:72 potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation 43:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 31 theme antineoplastic 53:66 arg1 synthesis 83:91 synthesis 83:91 synthesis 83:91 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 31 theme antineoplastic 53:66 arg1 evaluation 108:117 biological evaluation 97:117 biological evaluation 97:117 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 0 31 theme antineoplastic 53:66 arg1 Design 75:80 Design 75:80 Design 75:80 Oligosaccharide-camptothecin conjugates as potential antineoplastic drugs: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. 32668379 3 32 theme acetyl 400:405 arg1 linker 389:394 a PEG linker 383:394 a PEG linker 383:394 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 32 theme acetyl 400:405 arg1 groups 407:412 acetyl groups 400:412 acetyl groups 400:412 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 33 theme PEG 385:387 arg1 linker 389:394 a PEG linker 383:394 a PEG linker 383:394 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 2 34 theme in vitro 226:233 arg1 cytotoxicities 235:248 more potent in vitro cytotoxicities 214:248 more potent in vitro cytotoxicities 214:248 They showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicities over irinotecan, but very weak direct topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition was observed at 100.0 μM. 32668379 4 35 with Construct 545:553 arg1 disaccharide 582:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide 564:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety 564:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 3 36 theme linker 389:394 arg1 linker 389:394 a PEG linker 383:394 a PEG linker 383:394 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 36 theme linker 389:394 arg1 groups 407:412 acetyl groups 400:412 acetyl groups 400:412 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 36 theme linker 389:394 arg1 length 373:378 length 373:378 length of a PEG linker 373:394 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 36 theme linker 389:394 arg1 types 366:370 Oligosaccharide types 350:370 Oligosaccharide types 350:370 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 6 37 theme CPT 903:905 arg1 -OH 896:898 20 (S)-OH 890:898 20 (S)-OH of CPT 890:905 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 1 38 theme camptothecin 149:160 arg1 glycoconjugates 168:182 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates 120:182 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates 120:182 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates were synthesized. 32668379 4 39 attach linked 595:600 arg2 disaccharide 582:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide 564:593 a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety 564:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 4 39 attach linked 595:600 arg1 glycol 616:621 diethylene glycol 605:621 diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety 605:652 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 6 40 attach attachment 835:844 arg2 oligosaccharides 849:864 oligosaccharides 849:864 oligosaccharides with tumor targeting 849:885 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 6 40 attach attachment 835:844 arg1 -OH 896:898 20 (S)-OH 890:898 20 (S)-OH of CPT 890:905 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 4 41 theme distinct 704:711 arg1 selectivity 713:723 a distinct selectivity 702:723 a distinct selectivity compared to CPT 702:739 Construct 40, with a bleomycin (BLM) disaccharide linked to diethylene glycol in the introduced ester moiety, demonstrated a superior antitumor activity and a distinct selectivity compared to CPT. 32668379 3 42 theme CPT 524:526 arg1 glycoconjugates 528:542 the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates 502:542 the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates 502:542 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 3 43 theme water 468:472 arg1 solubility 474:483 water solubility 468:483 water solubility 468:483 Oligosaccharide types, length of a PEG linker and acetyl groups exerted obvious effects on cytotoxicity, selectivity, water solubility and stability of the newly synthesized CPT glycoconjugates. 32668379 6 44 theme I 977:977 arg1 poisons 979:985 current Topo I poisons 964:985 current Topo I poisons 964:985 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 6 45 theme Topo 972:975 arg1 poisons 979:985 current Topo I poisons 964:985 current Topo I poisons 964:985 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32668379 5 46 theme animal 772:777 arg1 toxicity 785:792 animal acute toxicity 772:792 animal acute toxicity 772:792 No toxicity was detectable in animal acute toxicity intravenously (160 mg/kg). 32668379 1 47 dep novel 127:131 arg1 -O-linked 139:147 -O-linked 139:147 -O-linked 139:147 Thirty novel 20 (S)-O-linked camptothecin (CPT) glycoconjugates were synthesized. 32668379 6 48 theme current 964:970 arg1 poisons 979:985 current Topo I poisons 964:985 current Topo I poisons 964:985 Collectively, attachment of oligosaccharides with tumor targeting to 20 (S)-OH of CPT could offer a solution to the daunting problems posed by current Topo I poisons. 32369743 3 0 theme Super 506:510 arg1 Sxc 501:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc 468:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs) 468:521 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 0 theme Super 506:510 arg1 combs 516:520 Super sex combs 506:520 Super sex combs 506:520 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 5 1 theme sxc 663:665 arg1 mutants 667:673 sxc mutants 663:673 sxc mutants 663:673 In contrast, in sxc mutants, the Dpp signal is transduced by both Tkv and Sax, and elevated Dpp signaling results in embryonic lethality. 32369743 6 2 theme Sax 829:831 arg1 and observe 833:843 Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe 810:843 Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe 810:843 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 7 3 theme signaling 1044:1052 arg1 branch 1030:1035 the nutrient-sensitive branch 1007:1035 the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling 1007:1052 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 3 4 theme Dpp 367:369 arg1 receptor 389:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 4 theme Dpp 367:369 arg1 receptor 327:334 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax  301:339 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) 301:350 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 6 5 theme O-glycosylates 814:827 arg1 and observe 833:843 Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe 810:843 Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe 810:843 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 6 6 theme sugar 915:919 arg1 restriction 892:902 maternal restriction 883:902 maternal restriction of dietary sugar 883:919 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 6 7 theme Sxc 810:812 arg1 and observe 833:843 Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe 810:843 Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe 810:843 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 1 8 theme pathway 177:183 arg1 agonists 185:192 both pathway agonists 172:192 both pathway agonists and antagonists 172:208 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 0 9 theme Proper 52:57 arg1 Development 80:90 Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development 52:90 Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development 52:90 O-GlcNAcylation Dampens Dpp/BMP Signaling to Ensure Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development. 32369743 7 10 theme BMP 1040:1042 arg1 signaling 1044:1052 BMP signaling 1040:1052 BMP signaling 1040:1052 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 1 11 theme BMP 93:95 arg1 activity 136:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity 93:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity 93:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 6 12 theme maternal 883:890 arg1 restriction 892:902 maternal restriction 883:902 maternal restriction of dietary sugar 883:919 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 7 13 theme nutrient-sensitive 1011:1028 arg1 branch 1030:1035 the nutrient-sensitive branch 1007:1035 the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling 1007:1052 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 4 14 theme sole 625:628 arg1 conduit 630:636 the sole conduit 621:636 the sole conduit for Dpp 621:644 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 4 14 theme sole 625:628 arg1 receptor 592:599 the BMP type I receptor 577:599 the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) 577:616 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 6 15 theme dietary 907:913 arg1 sugar 915:919 dietary sugar 907:919 dietary sugar 907:919 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 1 16 theme bone 98:101 arg1 BMP 93:95 BMP 93:95 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity 93:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 1 16 theme bone 98:101 arg1 protein 117:123 bone morphogenetic protein 98:123 bone morphogenetic protein 98:123 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 5 17 theme elevated 730:737 arg1 signaling 743:751 elevated Dpp signaling 730:751 elevated Dpp signaling 730:751 In contrast, in sxc mutants, the Dpp signal is transduced by both Tkv and Sax, and elevated Dpp signaling results in embryonic lethality. 32369743 4 18 dep receptor 592:599 arg1 Thickveins 606:615 Thickveins 606:615 Thickveins 606:615 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 1 19 theme morphogenetic 103:115 arg1 BMP 93:95 BMP 93:95 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity 93:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 1 19 theme morphogenetic 103:115 arg1 protein 117:123 bone morphogenetic protein 98:123 bone morphogenetic protein 98:123 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 7 20 attach link 937:940 arg1 environment 965:975 nutritive environment 955:975 nutritive environment 955:975 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 7 20 attach link 937:940 arg2 findings 928:935 These findings 922:935 These findings 922:935 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 3 21 theme Decapentaplegic 372:386 arg1 receptor 389:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 21 theme Decapentaplegic 372:386 arg1 receptor 327:334 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax  301:339 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) 301:350 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 22 theme Drosophila 305:314 arg1 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 22 theme Drosophila 305:314 arg1 receptor 389:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 22 theme Drosophila 305:314 arg1 receptor 327:334 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax  301:339 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) 301:350 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 4 23 theme Sax 546:548 arg1 activity 550:557 Sax activity 546:557 Sax activity 546:557 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 7 24 theme Sax 990:992 arg1 signaling 994:1002 Sax signaling 990:1002 Sax signaling 990:1002 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 2 25 theme BMP 255:257 arg1 antagonist 269:278 a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist 229:278 a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist 229:278 Here, we identify a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist. 32369743 0 26 theme Dpp/BMP 24:30 arg1 Signaling 32:40 Dpp/BMP Signaling 24:40 Dpp/BMP Signaling 24:40 O-GlcNAcylation Dampens Dpp/BMP Signaling to Ensure Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development. 32369743 2 27 theme unrecognized 242:253 arg1 antagonist 269:278 a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist 229:278 a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist 229:278 Here, we identify a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist. 32369743 5 28 theme embryonic 764:772 arg1 lethality 774:782 embryonic lethality 764:782 embryonic lethality 764:782 In contrast, in sxc mutants, the Dpp signal is transduced by both Tkv and Sax, and elevated Dpp signaling results in embryonic lethality. 32369743 0 29 theme Drosophila 59:68 arg1 Development 80:90 Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development 52:90 Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development 52:90 O-GlcNAcylation Dampens Dpp/BMP Signaling to Ensure Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development. 32369743 3 30 theme I 325:325 arg1 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 30 theme I 325:325 arg1 receptor 389:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 30 theme I 325:325 arg1 receptor 327:334 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax  301:339 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) 301:350 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 7 31 theme nutritive 955:963 arg1 environment 965:975 nutritive environment 955:975 nutritive environment 955:975 These findings link fertility to nutritive environment and point to Sax signaling as the nutrient-sensitive branch of BMP signaling. 32369743 3 32 theme glycosyltransferase 481:499 arg1 Sxc 501:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc 468:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs) 468:521 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 32 theme glycosyltransferase 481:499 arg1 combs 516:520 Super sex combs 506:520 Super sex combs 506:520 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 33 theme Drosophila 401:410 arg1 embryos 412:418 Drosophila embryos 401:418 Drosophila embryos 401:418 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 4 34 theme wild-type 527:535 arg1 embryos 537:543 wild-type embryos 527:543 wild-type embryos 527:543 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 3 35 link O-linked 472:479 arg1 Sxc 501:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc 468:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs) 468:521 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 35 link O-linked 472:479 arg1 combs 516:520 Super sex combs 506:520 Super sex combs 506:520 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 6 36 dep restriction 892:902 arg1 response 871:878 response 871:878 response 871:878 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 1 37 dep agonists 185:192 arg1 and antagonists 194:208 and antagonists 194:208 both pathway agonists and antagonists 172:208 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 1 38 theme signaling 126:134 arg1 activity 136:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity 93:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity 93:143 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling activity is precisely controlled by both pathway agonists and antagonists. 32369743 3 39 theme BMP 316:318 arg1 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 39 theme BMP 316:318 arg1 receptor 389:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 39 theme BMP 316:318 arg1 receptor 327:334 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax  301:339 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) 301:350 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 4 40 theme BMP 581:583 arg1 receptor 592:599 the BMP type I receptor 577:599 the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) 577:616 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 4 40 theme BMP 581:583 arg1 conduit 630:636 the sole conduit 621:636 the sole conduit for Dpp 621:644 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 3 41 theme type 320:323 arg1 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 Saxophone 341:349 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 41 theme type 320:323 arg1 receptor 389:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor 365:396 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 41 theme type 320:323 arg1 receptor 327:334 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax  301:339 the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) 301:350 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 5 42 theme Dpp 739:741 arg1 signaling 743:751 elevated Dpp signaling 730:751 elevated Dpp signaling 730:751 In contrast, in sxc mutants, the Dpp signal is transduced by both Tkv and Sax, and elevated Dpp signaling results in embryonic lethality. 32369743 3 43 theme O-linked 472:479 arg1 Sxc 501:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc 468:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs) 468:521 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 43 theme O-linked 472:479 arg1 combs 516:520 Super sex combs 506:520 Super sex combs 506:520 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 5 44 theme Dpp 680:682 arg1 signal 684:689 the Dpp signal 676:689 the Dpp signal is transduced by both Tkv and Sax 676:723 In contrast, in sxc mutants, the Dpp signal is transduced by both Tkv and Sax, and elevated Dpp signaling results in embryonic lethality. 32369743 3 45 theme sex 512:514 arg1 Sxc 501:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc 468:503 the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs) 468:521 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 3 45 theme sex 512:514 arg1 combs 516:520 Super sex combs 506:520 Super sex combs 506:520 We demonstrate that the Drosophila BMP type I receptor Sax (Saxophone) functions as a Dpp (Decapentaplegic) receptor in Drosophila embryos, but that its activity is normally inhibited by the O-linked glycosyltransferase Sxc (Super sex combs). 32369743 4 46 theme I 590:590 arg1 receptor 592:599 the BMP type I receptor 577:599 the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) 577:616 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 4 46 theme I 590:590 arg1 conduit 630:636 the sole conduit 621:636 the sole conduit for Dpp 621:644 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 0 47 theme Embryonic 70:78 arg1 Development 80:90 Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development 52:90 Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development 52:90 O-GlcNAcylation Dampens Dpp/BMP Signaling to Ensure Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development. 32369743 6 48 theme Dpp 854:856 arg1 signaling 858:866 Dpp signaling 854:866 Dpp signaling 854:866 We also demonstrate that Sxc O-glycosylates Sax and observe elevated Dpp signaling in response to maternal restriction of dietary sugar. 32369743 2 49 theme signaling 259:267 arg1 antagonist 269:278 a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist 229:278 a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist 229:278 Here, we identify a previously unrecognized BMP signaling antagonist. 32369743 4 50 theme type 585:588 arg1 receptor 592:599 the BMP type I receptor 577:599 the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) 577:616 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 32369743 4 50 theme type 585:588 arg1 conduit 630:636 the sole conduit 621:636 the sole conduit for Dpp 621:644 In wild-type embryos, Sax activity is inhibited, and the BMP type I receptor Tkv (Thickveins) is the sole conduit for Dpp. 34332012 7 0 theme nanoparticles 1264:1276 arg1 risk 1250:1253 the risk 1246:1253 the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems 1246:1298 These findings provide a pathway to understand the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications and offer insights into the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems. 34332012 6 1 theme ATP-citrate 932:942 arg1 ACLY 951:954 ACLY 951:954 ACLY 951:954 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 1 theme ATP-citrate 932:942 arg1 lyase 944:948 ATP-citrate lyase 932:948 ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) 932:955 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 5 2 from investigation 719:731 arg1 effects 759:765 the neurotoxicological effects 736:765 the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles 736:782 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 5 3 theme significant 796:806 arg1 decrease 808:815 a significant decrease 794:815 a significant decrease in cell viability 794:833 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 4 4 theme open-field 512:521 arg1 test 523:526 an open-field test 509:526 an open-field test 509:526 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 7 5 theme rare-earth 1173:1182 arg1 nanoparticles 1184:1196 rare-earth nanoparticles 1173:1196 rare-earth nanoparticles 1173:1196 These findings provide a pathway to understand the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications and offer insights into the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems. 34332012 6 6 theme lyase 944:948 arg1 changes 921:927 the changes 917:927 the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) 917:1043 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 3 7 theme rare-earth 368:377 arg1 nanoparticles 379:391 rare-earth nanoparticles 368:391 rare-earth nanoparticles 368:391 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 6 8 theme glycosyltransferase 1017:1035 arg1 enzyme 1037:1042 a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme 1008:1042 a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme 1008:1042 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 8 theme glycosyltransferase 1017:1035 arg1 OGT 1003:1005 OGT 1003:1005 OGT 1003:1005 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 5 9 theme neurotoxicological 740:757 arg1 effects 759:765 the neurotoxicological effects 736:765 the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles 736:782 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 5 10 theme histopathological 701:717 arg1 investigation 719:731 The histopathological investigation 697:731 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles 697:782 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 4 11 theme long-term 568:576 arg1 exposure 578:585 long-term exposure 568:585 long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles 568:613 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 0 12 from behavior 57:64 arg1 mice 92:95 mice 92:95 mice 92:95 Rare-earth nanoparticles induce depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment in mice. 34332012 2 13 theme nanoparticles 262:274 arg1 effects 240:246 the effects 236:246 the effects of rare-earth nanoparticles on a central nervous system 236:302 However, the effects of rare-earth nanoparticles on a central nervous system remain unclear. 34332012 1 14 theme in 171:172 arg1 imaging 187:193 in vivo optical imaging 171:193 in vivo optical imaging 171:193 Rare-earth nanoparticles have been widely studied for disease diagnosis, in vivo optical imaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. 34332012 6 15 theme unique 1010:1015 arg1 enzyme 1037:1042 a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme 1008:1042 a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme 1008:1042 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 15 theme unique 1010:1015 arg1 OGT 1003:1005 OGT 1003:1005 OGT 1003:1005 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 7 16 theme medial 1202:1207 arg1 applications 1209:1220 medial applications 1202:1220 medial applications 1202:1220 These findings provide a pathway to understand the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications and offer insights into the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems. 34332012 6 17 from disorders 1087:1095 arg1 mice 1100:1103 mice 1100:1103 mice 1100:1103 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 2 18 theme rare-earth 251:260 arg1 nanoparticles 262:274 rare-earth nanoparticles 251:274 rare-earth nanoparticles 251:274 However, the effects of rare-earth nanoparticles on a central nervous system remain unclear. 34332012 6 19 theme O-linked 961:968 arg1 transferase 990:1000 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 961:1000 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) 961:1043 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 5 20 theme nanoparticles 770:782 arg1 effects 759:765 the neurotoxicological effects 736:765 the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles 736:782 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 3 21 from exposure 356:363 arg1 mice 396:399 mice 396:399 mice 396:399 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 1 22 theme optical 179:185 arg1 imaging 187:193 in vivo optical imaging 171:193 in vivo optical imaging 171:193 Rare-earth nanoparticles have been widely studied for disease diagnosis, in vivo optical imaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. 34332012 0 23 theme Rare-earth 0:9 arg1 nanoparticles 11:23 Rare-earth nanoparticles 0:23 Rare-earth nanoparticles 0:23 Rare-earth nanoparticles induce depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment in mice. 34332012 3 24 theme behavioral 411:420 arg1 alterations 422:432 behavioral alterations 411:432 behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior 411:500 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 3 24 theme behavioral 411:420 arg1 deficits 454:461 cognitive deficits 444:461 cognitive deficits 444:461 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 3 24 theme behavioral 411:420 arg1 behavior 493:500 depression-like behavior 477:500 depression-like behavior 477:500 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 3 24 theme behavioral 411:420 arg1 anxiety 464:470 anxiety 464:470 anxiety 464:470 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 3 25 theme continuous 345:354 arg1 exposure 356:363 the continuous exposure 341:363 the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice 341:399 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 4 26 theme water 541:545 arg1 maze 547:550 a morris water maze 532:550 a morris water maze 532:550 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 2 27 theme nervous 289:295 arg1 system 297:302 a central nervous system 279:302 a central nervous system 279:302 However, the effects of rare-earth nanoparticles on a central nervous system remain unclear. 34332012 5 28 theme nanoparticle 853:864 arg1 exposure 866:873 seven days' nanoparticle exposure 841:873 seven days' nanoparticle exposure 841:873 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 4 29 theme rare-earth 590:599 arg1 nanoparticles 601:613 rare-earth nanoparticles 590:613 rare-earth nanoparticles 590:613 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 2 30 theme central 281:287 arg1 system 297:302 a central nervous system 279:302 a central nervous system 279:302 However, the effects of rare-earth nanoparticles on a central nervous system remain unclear. 34332012 0 31 theme anxiety-like 44:55 arg1 behavior 57:64 anxiety-like behavior 44:64 anxiety-like behavior 44:64 Rare-earth nanoparticles induce depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment in mice. 34332012 0 32 from impairment 78:87 arg1 mice 92:95 mice 92:95 mice 92:95 Rare-earth nanoparticles induce depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment in mice. 34332012 2 33 from effects 240:246 arg1 system 297:302 a central nervous system 279:302 a central nervous system 279:302 However, the effects of rare-earth nanoparticles on a central nervous system remain unclear. 34332012 3 34 theme cognitive 444:452 arg1 deficits 454:461 cognitive deficits 444:461 cognitive deficits 444:461 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 4 35 theme anxiety-like 651:662 arg1 behavior 664:671 anxiety-like behavior 651:671 anxiety-like behavior 651:671 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 6 36 theme transferase 990:1000 arg1 changes 921:927 the changes 917:927 the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) 917:1043 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 37 dep transferase 990:1000 arg1 enzyme 1037:1042 a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme 1008:1042 a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme 1008:1042 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 37 dep transferase 990:1000 arg1 OGT 1003:1005 OGT 1003:1005 OGT 1003:1005 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 4 38 theme significant 627:637 arg1 depression 639:648 significant depression 627:648 significant depression 627:648 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 5 39 theme cell 820:823 arg1 viability 825:833 cell viability 820:833 cell viability 820:833 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 6 40 theme N-acetylglucosamine 970:988 arg1 transferase 990:1000 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 961:1000 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) 961:1043 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 41 theme neurobehavioral 1071:1085 arg1 disorders 1087:1095 neurobehavioral disorders 1071:1095 neurobehavioral disorders in mice 1071:1103 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 42 theme blotting 884:891 arg1 analysis 893:900 Western blotting analysis 876:900 Western blotting analysis 876:900 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 1 43 dep in 171:172 arg1 vivo 174:177 vivo 174:177 vivo 174:177 Rare-earth nanoparticles have been widely studied for disease diagnosis, in vivo optical imaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. 34332012 3 44 theme depression-like 477:491 arg1 behavior 493:500 depression-like behavior 477:500 depression-like behavior 477:500 Here, we report that the continuous exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles in mice can cause behavioral alterations including cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression-like behavior. 34332012 7 45 from risk 1250:1253 arg1 systems 1292:1298 biological systems 1281:1298 biological systems 1281:1298 These findings provide a pathway to understand the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications and offer insights into the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems. 34332012 4 46 theme morris 534:539 arg1 maze 547:550 a morris water maze 532:550 a morris water maze 532:550 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 7 47 theme biological 1281:1290 arg1 systems 1292:1298 biological systems 1281:1298 biological systems 1281:1298 These findings provide a pathway to understand the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications and offer insights into the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems. 34332012 6 48 theme Western 876:882 arg1 analysis 893:900 Western blotting analysis 876:900 Western blotting analysis 876:900 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 6 49 link O-linked 961:968 arg1 transferase 990:1000 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 961:1000 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) 961:1043 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 1 50 theme Rare-earth 98:107 arg1 nanoparticles 109:121 Rare-earth nanoparticles 98:121 Rare-earth nanoparticles 98:121 Rare-earth nanoparticles have been widely studied for disease diagnosis, in vivo optical imaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. 34332012 1 51 theme drug 212:215 arg1 delivery 217:224 drug delivery 212:224 drug delivery 212:224 Rare-earth nanoparticles have been widely studied for disease diagnosis, in vivo optical imaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. 34332012 0 52 theme memory 71:76 arg1 impairment 78:87 memory impairment 71:87 memory impairment 71:87 Rare-earth nanoparticles induce depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment in mice. 34332012 5 53 from decrease 808:815 arg1 viability 825:833 cell viability 820:833 cell viability 820:833 The histopathological investigation on the neurotoxicological effects of nanoparticles indicated a significant decrease in cell viability after seven days' nanoparticle exposure. 34332012 4 54 theme memory 678:683 arg1 impairment 685:694 memory impairment 678:694 memory impairment 678:694 Using an open-field test and a morris water maze, we showed that long-term exposure to rare-earth nanoparticles may lead to significant depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment. 34332012 6 55 theme important 1052:1060 arg1 roles 1062:1066 important roles 1052:1066 important roles 1052:1066 Western blotting analysis suggested that the changes of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT, a unique glycosyltransferase enzyme) played important roles in neurobehavioral disorders in mice. 34332012 7 56 theme nanoparticles 1184:1196 arg1 cytotoxicity 1157:1168 the cytotoxicity 1153:1168 the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications 1153:1220 These findings provide a pathway to understand the cytotoxicity of rare-earth nanoparticles for medial applications and offer insights into the risk of these nanoparticles in biological systems. 34332012 0 57 from depression 32:41 arg1 mice 92:95 mice 92:95 mice 92:95 Rare-earth nanoparticles induce depression, anxiety-like behavior, and memory impairment in mice. 34332012 1 58 theme disease 152:158 arg1 diagnosis 160:168 disease diagnosis 152:168 disease diagnosis 152:168 Rare-earth nanoparticles have been widely studied for disease diagnosis, in vivo optical imaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. 33857420 0 0 theme sensor 107:112 arg1 STING 114:118 the cGAMP sensor STING 97:118 the cGAMP sensor STING 97:118 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 2 1 theme Golgi 505:509 arg1 apparatus 511:519 the Golgi apparatus 501:519 the Golgi apparatus 501:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 3 2 dep charged 597:603 arg1 polar 606:610 polar 606:610 polar 606:610 Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. 33857420 0 3 theme cGAMP 101:105 arg1 STING 114:118 the cGAMP sensor STING 97:118 the cGAMP sensor STING 97:118 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 2 4 from glycosaminoglycans 471:488 arg1 apparatus 511:519 the Golgi apparatus 501:519 the Golgi apparatus 501:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 1 5 theme -AMP 175:178 arg1 STING 195:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 7 6 theme GAG 1023:1025 arg1 sulfation 1027:1035 GAG sulfation 1023:1035 GAG sulfation in mice 1023:1043 Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. 33857420 6 7 theme O-linked 865:872 arg1 sulfation 874:882 O-linked sulfation 865:882 O-linked sulfation 865:882 The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. 33857420 1 8 theme Golgi 266:270 arg1 apparatus 272:280 the Golgi apparatus 262:280 the Golgi apparatus 262:280 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 0 9 theme STING 114:118 arg1 polymerization 64:77 polymerization 64:77 polymerization 64:77 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 0 9 theme STING 114:118 arg1 activation 83:92 activation 83:92 activation 83:92 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 7 10 theme Slc35b2 1004:1010 arg1 expression 990:999 the expression 986:999 the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice 986:1043 Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. 33857420 3 11 theme luminal 577:583 arg1 residues 612:619 positively charged, polar residues 586:619 positively charged, polar residues 586:619 Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. 33857420 3 12 theme STING 548:552 arg1 polymerization 554:567 STING polymerization 548:567 STING polymerization 548:567 Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. 33857420 4 13 theme specific 693:700 arg1 residues 702:709 specific residues 693:709 specific residues 693:709 These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. 33857420 6 14 theme chain 848:852 arg1 length 854:859 chain length 848:859 chain length 848:859 The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. 33857420 2 15 theme sulfated 462:469 arg1 sGAGs 491:495 sGAGs 491:495 sGAGs 491:495 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 2 15 theme sulfated 462:469 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 471:488 sulfated glycosaminoglycans 462:488 sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus 462:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 1 16 theme cGAMP 181:185 arg1 STING 195:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 0 17 theme apparatus-synthesized 6:26 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 37:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans 0:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans 0:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 5 18 theme kinase 831:836 arg1 TBK1 838:841 the kinase TBK1 827:841 the kinase TBK1 827:841 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. 33857420 8 19 theme Golgi 1112:1116 arg1 apparatus 1118:1126 the Golgi apparatus 1108:1126 the Golgi apparatus 1108:1126 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 2 20 theme CRISPR-Cas9 333:343 arg1 screen 345:350 a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen 319:350 a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells 319:407 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 8 21 theme STING 1313:1317 arg1 activation 1319:1328 STING activation 1313:1328 STING activation 1313:1328 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 0 22 theme Golgi 0:4 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 37:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans 0:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans 0:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 8 23 from sGAGs 1099:1103 arg1 apparatus 1118:1126 the Golgi apparatus 1108:1126 the Golgi apparatus 1108:1126 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 2 24 from activation 389:398 arg1 cells 403:407 cells 403:407 cells 403:407 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 2 25 theme genome-wide 321:331 arg1 screen 345:350 a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen 319:350 a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells 319:407 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 1 26 theme sensor 188:193 arg1 STING 195:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 8 27 theme reticulum 1261:1269 arg1 translocation 1295:1307 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 1 28 theme subsequent 286:295 arg1 polymerization 297:310 subsequent polymerization 286:310 subsequent polymerization 286:310 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 6 29 dep length 854:859 arg1 The 844:846 The 844:846 The 844:846 The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. 33857420 1 30 theme STING 195:199 arg1 Activation 121:130 Activation 121:130 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 121:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 0 31 theme sulfated 28:35 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 37:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans 0:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans 0:54 Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. 33857420 2 32 theme critical 370:377 arg1 factors 362:368 factors 362:368 factors critical for STING activation in cells 362:407 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 2 33 theme critical 433:440 arg1 proteins 424:431 proteins 424:431 proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus 424:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 5 34 theme TBK1 838:841 arg1 polymerization 794:807 STING polymerization 788:807 STING polymerization 788:807 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. 33857420 5 34 theme TBK1 838:841 arg1 activation 813:822 activation 813:822 activation of the kinase TBK1 813:841 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. 33857420 5 35 theme synthesized 762:772 arg1 sGAGs 774:778 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs 739:778 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs 739:778 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. 33857420 4 36 theme residues 702:709 arg1 mutation 681:688 selective mutation 671:688 selective mutation of specific residues 671:709 These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. 33857420 7 37 from sulfation 1027:1035 arg1 mice 1040:1043 mice 1040:1043 mice 1040:1043 Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. 33857420 7 38 theme vaccinia 1067:1074 arg1 infection 1082:1090 vaccinia virus infection 1067:1090 vaccinia virus infection 1067:1090 Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. 33857420 4 39 theme selective 671:679 arg1 mutation 681:688 selective mutation 671:688 selective mutation of specific residues 671:709 These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. 33857420 8 40 theme -to-Golgi 1275:1283 arg1 translocation 1295:1307 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 2 41 from apparatus 511:519 arg1 biosynthesis 446:457 biosynthesis 446:457 biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus 446:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 2 42 from biosynthesis 446:457 arg1 apparatus 511:519 the Golgi apparatus 501:519 the Golgi apparatus 501:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 7 43 theme virus 1076:1080 arg1 infection 1082:1090 vaccinia virus infection 1067:1090 vaccinia virus infection 1067:1090 Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. 33857420 1 44 from reticulum 249:257 arg1 polymerization 297:310 subsequent polymerization 286:310 subsequent polymerization 286:310 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 1 44 from reticulum 249:257 arg1 translocation 214:226 its translocation 210:226 its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus 210:280 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 1 45 theme GMP 171:173 arg1 STING 195:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 6 46 link O-linked 865:872 arg1 sulfation 874:882 O-linked sulfation 865:882 O-linked sulfation 865:882 The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. 33857420 1 47 theme cyclic 139:144 arg1 monophosphate 156:168 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate 135:168 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 7 48 dep Slc35b2 1004:1010 arg1 inhibit 1015:1021 inhibit 1015:1021 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice 1012:1043 Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. 33857420 3 49 theme charged 597:603 arg1 residues 612:619 positively charged, polar residues 586:619 positively charged, polar residues 586:619 Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. 33857420 8 50 theme STING 1166:1170 arg1 polymerization 1172:1185 STING polymerization 1166:1185 STING polymerization 1166:1185 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 8 51 theme mechanistic 1200:1210 arg1 understanding 1212:1224 a mechanistic understanding 1198:1224 a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation 1198:1328 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 4 52 theme STING 721:725 arg1 activation 727:736 STING activation 721:736 STING activation 721:736 These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. 33857420 1 53 theme guanosine 146:154 arg1 monophosphate 156:168 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate 135:168 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 5 54 theme Purified 739:746 arg1 sGAGs 774:778 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs 739:778 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs 739:778 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. 33857420 6 55 theme sGAGs 887:891 arg1 length 854:859 chain length 848:859 chain length 848:859 The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. 33857420 6 55 theme sGAGs 887:891 arg1 sulfation 874:882 O-linked sulfation 865:882 O-linked sulfation 865:882 The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. 33857420 8 56 theme requirement 1233:1243 arg1 understanding 1212:1224 a mechanistic understanding 1198:1224 a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation 1198:1328 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 1 57 theme monophosphate 156:168 arg1 STING 195:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING 135:199 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 3 58 theme sGAGs 533:537 arg1 Binding 522:528 Binding 522:528 Binding of sGAGs 522:537 Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. 33857420 8 59 theme apparatus 1285:1293 arg1 translocation 1295:1307 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 1 60 theme endoplasmic 237:247 arg1 reticulum 249:257 the endoplasmic reticulum 233:257 the endoplasmic reticulum 233:257 Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. 33857420 8 61 theme endoplasmic 1249:1259 arg1 ER 1272:1273 ER 1272:1273 ER 1272:1273 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 8 61 theme endoplasmic 1249:1259 arg1 reticulum 1261:1269 endoplasmic reticulum 1249:1269 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation 1249:1307 Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation. 33857420 2 62 theme glycosaminoglycans 471:488 arg1 biosynthesis 446:457 biosynthesis 446:457 biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus 446:519 Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. 33857420 5 63 theme STING 788:792 arg1 polymerization 794:807 STING polymerization 788:807 STING polymerization 788:807 Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. 33333092 6 0 theme N-terminal 1150:1159 arg1 region 1161:1166 OGA's N-terminal region 1144:1166 OGA's N-terminal region 1144:1166 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 4 1 theme protein 827:833 arg1 substrate 835:843 OGA protein substrate 823:843 OGA protein substrate 823:843 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 3 2 theme human 493:497 arg1 enzyme 499:504 the only human enzyme 484:504 the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification 484:541 Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. 33333092 3 2 theme human 493:497 arg1 modified 575:582 modified 575:582 modified 575:582 Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. 33333092 3 2 theme human 493:497 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 544:554 O-GlcNAcase 544:554 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 544:560 Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. 33333092 1 3 theme sole 224:227 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 3 theme sole 224:227 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 5 4 theme TPR 882:884 arg1 domain 887:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 4 5 theme OGA 823:825 arg1 substrate 835:843 OGA protein substrate 823:843 OGA protein substrate 823:843 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 5 6 theme tetratricopeptide 856:872 arg1 domain 887:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 1 7 theme essential 141:149 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 7 theme essential 141:149 arg1 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 7 theme essential 141:149 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 5 8 theme OGT 946:948 arg1 mutants 954:960 30 OGT TPR mutants 943:960 30 OGT TPR mutants 943:960 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 7 9 theme OGT 1414:1416 arg1 TPR 1418:1420 each OGT TPR 1409:1420 each OGT TPR 1409:1420 This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 6 10 theme acetyltransferase 1186:1202 arg1 domain 1204:1209 pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain 1171:1209 pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain 1171:1209 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 4 11 theme altered 725:731 arg1 binding 766:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 1 12 theme responsible 236:246 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 12 theme responsible 236:246 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 5 13 theme aspartate 1009:1017 arg1 residues 1019:1026 " asparagine or aspartate residues 993:1026 residues 1019:1026 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 5 14 theme OGT-OGA 914:920 arg1 binding 922:928 OGT-OGA binding 914:928 OGT-OGA binding 914:928 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 6 15 theme histone 1178:1184 arg1 acetyltransferase 1186:1202 pseudo histone acetyltransferase 1171:1202 pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain 1171:1209 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 4 16 theme OGT 659:661 arg1 mutants 663:669 OGT mutants 659:669 OGT mutants 659:669 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 6 17 theme pseudo 1171:1176 arg1 acetyltransferase 1186:1202 pseudo histone acetyltransferase 1171:1202 pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain 1171:1209 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 1 18 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 166:186 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 18 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 166:186 arg1 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 18 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 166:186 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 19 theme human 151:155 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 19 theme human 151:155 arg1 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 19 theme human 151:155 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 6 20 theme stalk 1328:1332 arg1 domains 1334:1340 its catalytic and/or stalk domains 1307:1340 its catalytic and/or stalk domains 1307:1340 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 4 21 theme OGT-sugar 733:741 arg1 binding 766:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 1 22 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 22 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 22 theme O-linked 157:164 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 2 23 theme OGT 439:441 arg1 recognition 424:434 the substrate recognition 410:434 the substrate recognition of OGT 410:441 This unique modification plays crucial roles in human health and disease, but the substrate recognition of OGT remains poorly understood. 33333092 2 24 theme human 380:384 arg1 health 386:391 human health 380:391 human health 380:391 This unique modification plays crucial roles in human health and disease, but the substrate recognition of OGT remains poorly understood. 33333092 1 25 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 25 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 25 link O-linked 157:164 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 7 26 theme new 1474:1476 arg1 strategies 1478:1487 new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation 1474:1549 new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation 1474:1549 This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 0 27 theme substrate 24:32 arg1 recognition 34:44 the protein substrate recognition 12:44 the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 12:99 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 5 28 theme key 902:904 arg1 role 906:909 a key role 900:909 a key role 900:909 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 1 29 theme O-GlcNAc 189:196 arg1 enzyme 229:234 the sole enzyme 220:234 the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 220:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 29 theme O-GlcNAc 189:196 arg1 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 OGT 212:214 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 1 29 theme O-GlcNAc 189:196 arg1 transferase 199:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 137:209 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 137:215 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 2 30 theme substrate 414:422 arg1 recognition 424:434 the substrate recognition 410:434 the substrate recognition of OGT 410:441 This unique modification plays crucial roles in human health and disease, but the substrate recognition of OGT remains poorly understood. 33333092 6 31 theme truncated 1105:1113 arg1 construct 1119:1127 a truncated OGA construct 1103:1127 a truncated OGA construct 1103:1127 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 5 32 theme repeat 874:879 arg1 domain 887:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 1 33 theme intracellular 275:287 arg1 proteins 289:296 intracellular proteins 275:296 intracellular proteins 275:296 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 0 34 theme electrophilic 116:128 arg1 probe 130:134 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe 107:134 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe 107:134 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 5 35 theme " 993:993 arg1 asparagine 995:1004 " asparagine or aspartate residues 993:1026 asparagine 995:1004 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 5 36 theme TPR 950:952 arg1 mutants 954:960 30 OGT TPR mutants 943:960 30 OGT TPR mutants 943:960 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 6 37 theme OGA 1115:1117 arg1 construct 1119:1127 a truncated OGA construct 1103:1127 a truncated OGA construct 1103:1127 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 4 38 theme electrophilic 613:625 arg1 GEP1A 634:638 GEP1A 634:638 GEP1A 634:638 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 4 38 theme electrophilic 613:625 arg1 probe 627:631 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe 604:631 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) 604:639 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 1 39 theme proteins 289:296 arg1 thousands 262:270 thousands 262:270 thousands of intracellular proteins 262:296 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 0 40 theme GlcNAc 109:114 arg1 probe 130:134 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe 107:134 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe 107:134 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 4 41 theme GlcNAc 606:611 arg1 GEP1A 634:638 GEP1A 634:638 GEP1A 634:638 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 4 41 theme GlcNAc 606:611 arg1 probe 627:631 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe 604:631 a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) 604:639 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 0 42 theme transferase 58:68 arg1 recognition 34:44 the protein substrate recognition 12:44 the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 12:99 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 5 43 theme OGA 1070:1072 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1074:1088 OGA O-GlcNAcylation 1070:1088 OGA O-GlcNAcylation 1070:1088 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 4 44 theme binding 796:802 arg1 mode 804:807 the binding mode 792:807 the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate 792:843 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 4 45 theme OGT 812:814 arg1 mode 804:807 the binding mode 792:807 the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate 792:843 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 2 46 theme unique 337:342 arg1 modification 344:355 This unique modification 332:355 This unique modification 332:355 This unique modification plays crucial roles in human health and disease, but the substrate recognition of OGT remains poorly understood. 33333092 0 47 theme O-GlcNAc 49:56 arg1 OGT 71:73 OGT 71:73 OGT 71:73 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 0 47 theme O-GlcNAc 49:56 arg1 transferase 58:68 O-GlcNAc transferase 49:68 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 49:99 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 3 48 theme only 488:491 arg1 enzyme 499:504 the only human enzyme 484:504 the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification 484:541 Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. 33333092 3 48 theme only 488:491 arg1 modified 575:582 modified 575:582 modified 575:582 Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. 33333092 3 48 theme only 488:491 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 544:554 O-GlcNAcase 544:554 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 544:560 Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. 33333092 1 49 theme monosaccharide 307:320 arg1 O-GlcNAc 322:329 the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 303:329 the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc 303:329 The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. 33333092 4 50 theme substrate 756:764 arg1 binding 766:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 4 51 theme fluorescence 676:687 arg1 assay 689:693 a fluorescence assay 674:693 a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate 674:843 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 7 52 theme substrate-specific 1516:1533 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1535:1549 substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation 1516:1549 substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation 1516:1549 This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 4 53 theme -protein 747:754 arg1 binding 766:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding 725:772 Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. 33333092 7 54 theme strategies 1478:1487 arg1 development 1459:1469 the development 1455:1469 the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation 1455:1549 This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 5 55 theme OGT 852:854 arg1 domain 887:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain 852:892 Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 7 56 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1535:1549 arg1 role 1508:1511 the role 1504:1511 the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation 1504:1549 This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 6 57 dep region 1161:1166 arg1 required 1218:1225 required 1218:1225 required for its O-GlcNAcylation 1218:1249 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 7 58 theme first 1368:1372 arg1 effort 1374:1379 the first effort 1364:1379 the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR 1364:1420 This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation. 33333092 6 59 theme catalytic 1311:1319 arg1 domains 1334:1340 its catalytic and/or stalk domains 1307:1340 its catalytic and/or stalk domains 1307:1340 By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. 33333092 0 60 theme protein 16:22 arg1 recognition 34:44 the protein substrate recognition 12:44 the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 12:99 Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. 33333092 2 61 theme crucial 363:369 arg1 roles 371:375 crucial roles 363:375 crucial roles 363:375 This unique modification plays crucial roles in human health and disease, but the substrate recognition of OGT remains poorly understood. 32991074 6 0 theme bisubstrate 951:961 arg1 inhibitors 972:981 bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 951:981 bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 951:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 1 1 from O-GlcNAc 188:195 arg1 multitude 236:244 a multitude 234:244 a multitude of target proteins 234:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 2 theme proteins 256:263 arg1 multitude 236:244 a multitude 234:244 a multitude of target proteins 234:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 5 3 theme bisubstrate 718:728 arg1 conjugates 759:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates 711:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity 711:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 1 4 from regulator 164:172 arg1 multitude 236:244 a multitude 234:244 a multitude of target proteins 234:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 2 5 theme transcription 370:382 arg1 factors 384:390 transcription factors 370:390 transcription factors 370:390 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 1 6 link O-linked 92:99 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 6 link O-linked 92:99 arg1 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 6 link O-linked 92:99 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 4 7 theme OGT 636:638 arg1 role 628:631 the role 624:631 the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions 624:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 7 8 theme OGT 1151:1153 arg1 inhibition 1155:1164 OGT inhibition 1151:1164 OGT inhibition 1151:1164 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 4 9 from functions 690:698 arg1 range 661:665 a wide range 654:665 a wide range of effects on cellular functions 654:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 6 10 theme rational 932:939 arg1 design 941:946 the rational design 928:946 the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 928:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 6 11 theme compounds 841:849 arg1 evaluation 823:832 In vitro evaluation 814:832 In vitro evaluation of the compounds 814:849 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 7 12 from effect 1096:1101 arg1 inhibition 1155:1164 OGT inhibition 1151:1164 OGT inhibition 1151:1164 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 5 13 theme OGT 773:775 arg1 inhibitors 777:786 OGT inhibitors 773:786 OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity 773:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 6 14 from importance 864:873 arg1 design 941:946 the rational design 928:946 the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 928:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 1 15 theme O-linked 92:99 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 15 theme O-linked 92:99 arg1 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 15 theme O-linked 92:99 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 4 16 theme cellular 681:688 arg1 functions 690:698 cellular functions 681:698 cellular functions 681:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 1 17 theme installing 177:186 arg1 O-GlcNAc 188:195 installing O-GlcNAc 177:195 installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 177:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 7 18 theme truncation 1117:1126 arg1 effect 1096:1101 the effect 1092:1101 the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition 1092:1164 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 1 19 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 101:121 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 19 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 101:121 arg1 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 19 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 101:121 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 4 20 from effects 670:676 arg1 functions 690:698 cellular functions 681:698 cellular functions 681:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 1 21 theme O-GlcNAc 188:195 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 21 theme O-GlcNAc 188:195 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 0 22 theme Ether-Linked 12:23 arg1 Conjugates 41:50 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates 0:50 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 0:86 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 32991074 6 23 theme substrate 915:923 arg1 importance 864:873 the importance 860:873 the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 860:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 7 24 theme dynamics 994:1001 arg1 simulations 1003:1013 Molecular dynamics simulations 984:1013 Molecular dynamics simulations 984:1013 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 3 25 theme Aberrant 445:452 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 454:468 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation 445:468 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins 445:480 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 0 26 theme Bisubstrate 0:10 arg1 Conjugates 41:50 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates 0:50 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 0:86 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 32991074 7 27 theme acceptor 1131:1138 arg1 peptide 1140:1146 acceptor peptide 1131:1146 acceptor peptide 1131:1146 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 2 28 theme classes 328:334 arg1 proteins 297:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins 266:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases 266:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 28 theme classes 328:334 arg1 substrates 433:442 OGT substrates 429:442 OGT substrates 429:442 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 4 29 from range 661:665 arg1 functions 690:698 cellular functions 681:698 cellular functions 681:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 4 30 theme OGT 581:583 arg1 inhibitors 585:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 4 30 theme OGT 581:583 arg1 tools 609:613 valuable tools 600:613 valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions 600:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 5 31 theme linear 711:716 arg1 bisubstrate 718:728 linear bisubstrate 711:728 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity 711:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 6 32 theme In 814:815 arg1 evaluation 823:832 In vitro evaluation 814:832 In vitro evaluation of the compounds 814:849 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 2 33 theme functional 317:326 arg1 factors 361:367 translational factors 347:367 translational factors 347:367 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 33 theme functional 317:326 arg1 factors 384:390 transcription factors 370:390 transcription factors 370:390 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 33 theme functional 317:326 arg1 proteins 403:410 signaling proteins 393:410 signaling proteins 393:410 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 33 theme functional 317:326 arg1 kinases 417:423 kinases 417:423 kinases 417:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 33 theme functional 317:326 arg1 classes 328:334 varying functional classes 309:334 varying functional classes 309:334 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 1 34 theme O-GlcNAc 124:131 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 34 theme O-GlcNAc 124:131 arg1 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 OGT 147:149 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 34 theme O-GlcNAc 124:131 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 4 35 theme valuable 600:607 arg1 inhibitors 585:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 4 35 theme valuable 600:607 arg1 tools 609:613 valuable tools 600:613 valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions 600:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 2 36 theme cytosolic 287:295 arg1 proteins 297:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins 266:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases 266:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 36 theme cytosolic 287:295 arg1 substrates 433:442 OGT substrates 429:442 OGT substrates 429:442 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 6 37 theme acceptor 906:913 arg1 substrate 915:923 acceptor substrate 906:923 acceptor substrate 906:923 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 2 38 theme varying 309:315 arg1 factors 361:367 translational factors 347:367 translational factors 347:367 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 38 theme varying 309:315 arg1 factors 384:390 transcription factors 370:390 transcription factors 370:390 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 38 theme varying 309:315 arg1 proteins 403:410 signaling proteins 393:410 signaling proteins 393:410 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 38 theme varying 309:315 arg1 kinases 417:423 kinases 417:423 kinases 417:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 38 theme varying 309:315 arg1 classes 328:334 varying functional classes 309:334 varying functional classes 309:334 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 5 39 link ether-linked 730:741 arg1 conjugates 759:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates 711:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity 711:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 0 40 theme O-GlcNAc 55:62 arg1 Inhibitors 76:85 O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors 55:85 O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors 55:85 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 32991074 6 41 dep In 814:815 arg1 vitro 817:821 vitro 817:821 vitro 817:821 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 5 42 theme ether-linked 730:741 arg1 conjugates 759:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates 711:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity 711:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 2 43 theme OGT 429:431 arg1 proteins 297:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins 266:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases 266:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 43 theme OGT 429:431 arg1 substrates 433:442 OGT substrates 429:442 OGT substrates 429:442 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 4 44 theme effects 670:676 arg1 range 661:665 a wide range 654:665 a wide range of effects on cellular functions 654:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 4 45 theme Selective 560:568 arg1 inhibitors 585:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 4 45 theme Selective 560:568 arg1 tools 609:613 valuable tools 600:613 valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions 600:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 5 46 theme uridine-peptide 743:757 arg1 conjugates 759:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates 711:768 linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity 711:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 6 47 theme linker 895:900 arg1 importance 864:873 the importance 860:873 the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 860:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 1 48 dep serine 202:207 arg1 residues 222:229 residues 222:229 residues 222:229 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 4 49 theme wide 656:659 arg1 range 661:665 a wide range 654:665 a wide range of effects on cellular functions 654:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 7 50 theme inhibitors 1064:1073 arg1 class 1055:1059 this novel class 1044:1059 this novel class of inhibitors 1044:1073 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 7 51 theme amino 1106:1110 arg1 truncation 1117:1126 amino acid truncation 1106:1126 amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide 1106:1146 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 0 52 theme Transferase 64:74 arg1 Inhibitors 76:85 O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors 55:85 O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors 55:85 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 32991074 4 53 theme potent 574:579 arg1 inhibitors 585:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors 560:594 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 4 53 theme potent 574:579 arg1 tools 609:613 valuable tools 600:613 valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions 600:698 Selective and potent OGT inhibitors are valuable tools to study the role of OGT in modulating a wide range of effects on cellular functions. 32991074 7 54 theme acid 1112:1115 arg1 truncation 1117:1126 amino acid truncation 1106:1126 amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide 1106:1146 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 6 55 theme substrate 884:892 arg1 importance 864:873 the importance 860:873 the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 860:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 7 56 theme Molecular 984:992 arg1 simulations 1003:1013 Molecular dynamics simulations 984:1013 Molecular dynamics simulations 984:1013 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 7 57 theme novel 1049:1053 arg1 class 1055:1059 this novel class 1044:1059 this novel class of inhibitors 1044:1073 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 6 58 theme inhibitors 972:981 arg1 design 941:946 the rational design 928:946 the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 928:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 6 59 theme donor 878:882 arg1 substrate 884:892 donor substrate 878:892 donor substrate 878:892 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 2 60 theme nuclear 275:281 arg1 proteins 297:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins 266:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases 266:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 60 theme nuclear 275:281 arg1 substrates 433:442 OGT substrates 429:442 OGT substrates 429:442 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 3 61 from signaling 499:507 arg1 diseases 522:529 metabolic diseases 512:529 metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer 512:557 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 3 61 from signaling 499:507 arg1 diabetes 539:546 diabetes 539:546 diabetes 539:546 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 3 61 from signaling 499:507 arg1 cancer 552:557 cancer 552:557 cancer 552:557 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 2 62 theme translational 347:359 arg1 factors 361:367 translational factors 347:367 translational factors 347:367 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 1 63 from multitude 236:244 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 63 from multitude 236:244 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 2 64 theme Numerous 266:273 arg1 proteins 297:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins 266:304 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases 266:423 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 2 64 theme Numerous 266:273 arg1 substrates 433:442 OGT substrates 429:442 OGT substrates 429:442 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 5 65 with inhibitors 777:786 arg1 affinity 804:811 micromolar affinity 793:811 micromolar affinity 793:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 3 66 theme metabolic 512:520 arg1 diseases 522:529 metabolic diseases 512:529 metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer 512:557 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 3 66 theme metabolic 512:520 arg1 diabetes 539:546 diabetes 539:546 diabetes 539:546 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 3 66 theme metabolic 512:520 arg1 cancer 552:557 cancer 552:557 cancer 552:557 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 7 67 theme class 1055:1059 arg1 binding 1033:1039 the binding 1029:1039 the binding of this novel class of inhibitors 1029:1073 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 3 68 gly O-GlcNAcylation 454:468 arg1 signaling 499:507 signaling 499:507 signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer 499:557 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 2 69 theme signaling 393:401 arg1 proteins 403:410 signaling proteins 393:410 signaling proteins 393:410 Numerous nuclear and cytosolic proteins of varying functional classes, including translational factors, transcription factors, signaling proteins, and kinases are OGT substrates. 32991074 3 70 theme proteins 473:480 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 454:468 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation 445:468 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins 445:480 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is implicated in signaling in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. 32991074 5 71 theme micromolar 793:802 arg1 affinity 804:811 micromolar affinity 793:811 micromolar affinity 793:811 We report linear bisubstrate ether-linked uridine-peptide conjugates as OGT inhibitors with micromolar affinity. 32991074 6 72 theme analogue 963:970 arg1 inhibitors 972:981 bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 951:981 bisubstrate analogue inhibitors 951:981 In vitro evaluation of the compounds revealed the importance of donor substrate, linker and acceptor substrate in the rational design of bisubstrate analogue inhibitors. 32991074 0 73 theme Uridine-Peptide 25:39 arg1 Conjugates 41:50 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates 0:50 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 0:86 Bisubstrate Ether-Linked Uridine-Peptide Conjugates as O-GlcNAc Transferase Inhibitors. 32991074 7 74 theme peptide 1140:1146 arg1 truncation 1117:1126 amino acid truncation 1106:1126 amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide 1106:1146 Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the binding of this novel class of inhibitors and rationalized the effect of amino acid truncation of acceptor peptide on OGT inhibition. 32991074 1 75 theme master 157:162 arg1 regulator 164:172 a master regulator 155:172 a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins 155:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 75 theme master 157:162 arg1 transferase 134:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 88:144 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 88:150 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 32991074 1 76 theme target 249:254 arg1 proteins 256:263 target proteins 249:263 target proteins 249:263 The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a master regulator of installing O-GlcNAc onto serine or threonine residues on a multitude of target proteins. 34968415 2 0 theme Lambda 321:326 arg1 variant 328:334 the Lambda variant 317:334 the Lambda variant 317:334 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 5 1 from spread 1069:1074 arg1 America 1107:1113 America 1107:1113 America 1107:1113 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 4 2 theme N-linked 700:707 arg1 site 723:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 3 3 theme 7-amino 460:466 arg1 mutation 441:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 3 theme 7-amino 460:466 arg1 deletion 473:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion 451:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 451:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 4 from antibodies 581:590 arg1 evasion 555:561 evasion 555:561 evasion from neutralizing antibodies 555:590 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 5 theme N-terminal 489:498 arg1 protein 527:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 5 theme N-terminal 489:498 arg1 domain 500:505 the N-terminal domain 485:505 the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 485:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 5 6 theme isolates 924:931 arg1 frequency 907:915 the increasing frequency 892:915 the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 892:971 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 4 7 theme additional 733:742 arg1 dispensable 763:773 dispensable 763:773 dispensable 763:773 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 4 7 theme additional 733:742 arg1 glycan 753:758 the additional N-linked glycan 729:758 the additional N-linked glycan 729:758 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 3 8 theme unique 453:458 arg1 mutation 441:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 8 theme unique 453:458 arg1 deletion 473:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion 451:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 451:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 9 from deletion 473:480 arg1 protein 527:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 9 from deletion 473:480 arg1 domain 500:505 the N-terminal domain 485:505 the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 485:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 1 10 theme American 150:157 arg1 countries 159:167 some South American countries 139:167 some South American countries 139:167 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 1 11 theme SARS-CoV-2 83:92 arg1 Lambda 94:99 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda 83:99 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda 83:99 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 1 11 theme SARS-CoV-2 83:92 arg1 variant 104:110 a variant 102:110 a variant of interest 102:122 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 0 12 theme SARS-CoV-2 4:13 arg1 variant 22:28 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant 0:28 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant 0:28 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits enhanced infectivity and immune resistance. 34968415 3 13 theme Lambda 514:519 arg1 protein 527:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 2 14 dep T76I 394:397 arg1 mutations 409:417 mutations 409:417 mutations 409:417 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 2 14 dep T76I 394:397 arg1 the 390:392 the 390:392 the 390:392 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 3 15 theme spike 521:525 arg1 protein 527:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 4 16 theme N-linked 744:751 arg1 dispensable 763:773 dispensable 763:773 dispensable 763:773 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 4 16 theme N-linked 744:751 arg1 glycan 753:758 the additional N-linked glycan 729:758 the additional N-linked glycan 729:758 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 4 17 theme glycosylation 709:721 arg1 site 723:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 2 18 theme due 383:385 arg1 variants 374:381 other variants 368:381 other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations 368:417 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 0 19 theme Lambda 15:20 arg1 variant 22:28 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant 0:28 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant 0:28 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits enhanced infectivity and immune resistance. 34968415 5 20 theme RSYLTPGD246-253N 947:962 arg1 mutation 964:971 the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 943:971 the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 943:971 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 4 21 link N-linked 744:751 arg1 dispensable 763:773 dispensable 763:773 dispensable 763:773 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 4 21 link N-linked 744:751 arg1 glycan 753:758 the additional N-linked glycan 729:758 the additional N-linked glycan 729:758 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 0 22 theme enhanced 39:46 arg1 infectivity 48:58 enhanced infectivity 39:58 enhanced infectivity 39:58 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits enhanced infectivity and immune resistance. 34968415 5 23 from America 1107:1113 arg1 spread 1069:1074 the substantial spread 1053:1074 the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America 1053:1113 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 1 24 theme virological 183:193 arg1 features 195:202 its virological features 179:202 its virological features 179:202 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 2 25 theme other 368:372 arg1 variants 374:381 other variants 368:381 other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations 368:417 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 5 26 theme Lambda 842:847 arg1 variant 849:855 the Lambda variant 838:855 the Lambda variant 838:855 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 5 27 theme Lambda 1083:1088 arg1 variant 1090:1096 the Lambda variant 1079:1096 the Lambda variant in South America 1079:1113 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 1 28 theme evolutionary 208:219 arg1 traits 221:226 evolutionary traits 208:226 evolutionary traits 208:226 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 4 29 gly glycosylation 709:721 arg2 site 723:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 5 30 theme variant 1090:1096 arg1 spread 1069:1074 the substantial spread 1053:1074 the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America 1053:1113 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 3 31 theme protein 527:533 arg1 protein 527:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 the Lambda spike protein 510:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 31 theme protein 527:533 arg1 domain 500:505 the N-terminal domain 485:505 the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 485:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 5 32 theme increasing 896:905 arg1 frequency 907:915 the increasing frequency 892:915 the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 892:971 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 1 33 theme interest 115:122 arg1 Lambda 94:99 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda 83:99 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda 83:99 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 1 33 theme interest 115:122 arg1 variant 104:110 a variant 102:110 a variant of interest 102:122 SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unclear. 34968415 4 34 link N-linked 700:707 arg1 site 723:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 3 35 theme infection 646:654 arg1 enhancement 631:641 antibody-mediated enhancement 613:641 antibody-mediated enhancement of infection 613:654 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 2 36 theme spike 300:304 arg1 protein 306:312 the spike protein 296:312 the spike protein of the Lambda variant 296:334 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 2 36 theme spike 300:304 arg1 infectious 344:353 infectious 344:353 infectious 344:353 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 3 37 theme antibody-mediated 613:629 arg1 enhancement 631:641 antibody-mediated enhancement 613:641 antibody-mediated enhancement of infection 613:654 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 38 theme neutralizing 568:579 arg1 antibodies 581:590 neutralizing antibodies 568:590 neutralizing antibodies 568:590 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 4 39 theme nascent 692:698 arg1 site 723:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 a nascent N-linked glycosylation site 690:726 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 5 40 theme substantial 1057:1067 arg1 spread 1069:1074 the substantial spread 1053:1074 the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America 1053:1113 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 3 41 theme RSYLTPGD246-253N 424:439 arg1 responsible 539:549 responsible 539:549 responsible 539:549 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 41 theme RSYLTPGD246-253N 424:439 arg1 mutation 441:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 41 theme RSYLTPGD246-253N 424:439 arg1 deletion 473:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion 451:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 451:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 4 42 theme virological 783:793 arg1 property 795:802 the virological property 779:802 the virological property conferred by this mutation 779:829 Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. 34968415 3 43 theme acid 468:471 arg1 mutation 441:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 420:448 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 3 43 theme acid 468:471 arg1 deletion 473:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion 451:480 a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein 451:533 The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. 34968415 0 44 theme immune 64:69 arg1 resistance 71:80 immune resistance 64:80 immune resistance 64:80 The SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits enhanced infectivity and immune resistance. 34968415 5 45 theme RSYLTPGD246-253N 1000:1015 arg1 mutation 1017:1024 the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 996:1024 the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation 996:1024 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 34968415 2 46 theme variant 328:334 arg1 protein 306:312 the spike protein 296:312 the spike protein of the Lambda variant 296:334 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 2 46 theme variant 328:334 arg1 infectious 344:353 infectious 344:353 infectious 344:353 In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. 34968415 5 47 from variant 1090:1096 arg1 America 1107:1113 America 1107:1113 America 1107:1113 Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America. 31980903 0 0 theme thiamet 82:88 arg1 O-Glycosylation 93:107 thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 82:107 thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 82:107 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 2 1 theme O-GlcNAc 477:484 arg1 inhibition 498:507 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition 477:507 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition 477:507 The production of rituximab doubled with OGA inhibition and decreased with O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition. 31980903 3 2 theme chain 715:719 arg1 serine 671:676 serine 7, 12, and 14 671:690 serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain 671:719 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 1 3 theme rituximab 336:344 arg1 production 322:331 the production 318:331 the production of rituximab 318:344 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 3 4 theme O-GlcNAc-specific 510:526 arg1 antibody 528:535 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody 510:535 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody 510:535 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 3 5 theme rituximab 699:707 arg1 chain 715:719 the rituximab light chain 695:719 the rituximab light chain 695:719 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 3 6 with antibody 528:535 arg1 azidO-GlcNAc 566:577 azidO-GlcNAc 566:577 azidO-GlcNAc 566:577 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 5 7 theme thiamet 1055:1061 arg1 treatment 1065:1073 thiamet G treatment 1055:1073 thiamet G treatment 1055:1073 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 0 8 theme G. 90:91 arg1 O-Glycosylation 93:107 thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 82:107 thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 82:107 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 4 9 theme mRNA 893:896 arg1 level 898:902 mRNA level 893:902 mRNA level 893:902 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 4 10 theme chain 769:773 arg1 mutation 747:754 S12A mutation 742:754 S12A mutation of the light chain 742:773 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 3 11 theme metabolic 541:549 arg1 labelling 551:559 metabolic labelling 541:559 metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc 541:577 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 1 12 theme thiamet 362:368 arg1 inhibitor 376:384 an inhibitor 373:384 an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase 373:399 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 1 12 theme thiamet 362:368 arg1 G 370:370 thiamet G 362:370 thiamet G 362:370 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 4 13 theme rituximab 785:793 arg1 stability 795:803 rituximab stability 785:803 rituximab stability 785:803 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 4 14 theme significant 870:880 arg1 changes 882:888 any significant changes 866:888 any significant changes of mRNA level 866:902 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 3 15 theme increased 593:601 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 603:617 the increased O-GlcNAcylation 589:617 the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated 589:739 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 6 16 theme G 1095:1095 arg1 treatment 1097:1105 thiamet G treatment 1087:1105 thiamet G treatment 1087:1105 Therefore, thiamet G treatment improves the production of rituximab without significantly altering its function. 31980903 1 17 theme O-linked 254:261 arg1 protein 306:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 1 17 theme O-linked 254:261 arg1 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 6 18 theme thiamet 1087:1093 arg1 treatment 1097:1105 thiamet G treatment 1087:1105 thiamet G treatment 1087:1105 Therefore, thiamet G treatment improves the production of rituximab without significantly altering its function. 31980903 2 19 theme rituximab 420:428 arg1 production 406:415 The production 402:415 The production of rituximab 402:428 The production of rituximab doubled with OGA inhibition and decreased with O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition. 31980903 1 20 theme N-acetyl-glucosaminylated 263:287 arg1 protein 306:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 1 20 theme N-acetyl-glucosaminylated 263:287 arg1 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 5 21 theme G 1063:1063 arg1 treatment 1065:1073 thiamet G treatment 1055:1073 thiamet G treatment 1055:1073 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 4 22 theme light 763:767 arg1 chain 769:773 the light chain 759:773 the light chain 759:773 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 0 23 theme light 19:23 arg1 chain 25:29 light chain 19:29 light chain 19:29 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 0 24 theme recombinant 119:129 arg1 proteins 131:138 recombinant proteins 119:138 recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells 119:160 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 5 25 theme thermal 922:928 arg1 stability 930:938 thermal stability 922:938 thermal stability 922:938 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 1 26 theme O-GlcNAcylated 290:303 arg1 protein 306:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 1 26 theme O-GlcNAcylated 290:303 arg1 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 3 27 theme G. 632:633 arg1 analysis 648:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 3 28 with labelling 551:559 arg1 azidO-GlcNAc 566:577 azidO-GlcNAc 566:577 azidO-GlcNAc 566:577 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 0 29 theme chain 25:29 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 0:107 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 0 30 theme rituximab 50:58 arg1 production 60:69 rituximab production 50:69 rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 50:107 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 4 31 theme thiamet 848:854 arg1 G 856:856 thiamet G 848:856 thiamet G 848:856 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 5 32 theme stability 930:938 arg1 assays 940:945 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays 905:945 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays 905:945 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 2 33 theme OGA 443:445 arg1 inhibition 447:456 OGA inhibition 443:456 OGA inhibition 443:456 The production of rituximab doubled with OGA inhibition and decreased with O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition. 31980903 0 34 theme CHO 152:154 arg1 cells 156:160 CHO cells 152:160 CHO cells 152:160 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 1 35 theme O-GlcNAcase 389:399 arg1 inhibitor 376:384 an inhibitor 373:384 an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase 373:399 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 1 35 theme O-GlcNAcase 389:399 arg1 G 370:370 thiamet G 362:370 thiamet G 362:370 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 3 36 theme thiamet 624:630 arg1 analysis 648:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 4 37 theme level 898:902 arg1 changes 882:888 any significant changes 866:888 any significant changes of mRNA level 866:902 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 5 38 theme rituximab 1033:1041 arg1 properties 1019:1028 the biological and physical properties 991:1028 the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment 991:1073 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 5 39 theme physical 1010:1017 arg1 properties 1019:1028 the biological and physical properties 991:1028 the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment 991:1073 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 3 40 theme Protein 635:641 arg1 analysis 648:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 4 41 theme S12A 742:745 arg1 mutation 747:754 S12A mutation 742:754 S12A mutation of the light chain 742:773 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 5 42 from differences 976:986 arg1 properties 1019:1028 the biological and physical properties 991:1028 the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment 991:1073 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 5 43 theme biological 995:1004 arg1 properties 1019:1028 the biological and physical properties 991:1028 the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment 991:1073 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 31980903 3 44 theme mass 643:646 arg1 analysis 648:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 thiamet G. Protein mass analysis 624:655 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 6 45 theme rituximab 1134:1142 arg1 production 1120:1129 the production 1116:1129 the production of rituximab 1116:1142 Therefore, thiamet G treatment improves the production of rituximab without significantly altering its function. 31980903 4 46 with production 832:841 arg1 G 856:856 thiamet G 848:856 thiamet G 848:856 S12A mutation of the light chain decreased rituximab stability and failed to increase the production with thiamet G without any significant changes of mRNA level. 31980903 2 47 theme transferase 486:496 arg1 inhibition 498:507 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition 477:507 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition 477:507 The production of rituximab doubled with OGA inhibition and decreased with O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition. 31980903 3 48 theme light 709:713 arg1 chain 715:719 the rituximab light chain 695:719 the rituximab light chain 695:719 O-GlcNAc-specific antibody and metabolic labelling with azidO-GlcNAc confirmed the increased O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet G. Protein mass analysis revealed that serine 7, 12, and 14 of the rituximab light chain were O-GlcNAcylated. 31980903 0 49 dep O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 arg1 mediates 41:48 mediates 41:48 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation 41:107 O-GlcNAcylation of light chain serine 12 mediates rituximab production doubled by thiamet G. O-Glycosylation occurs in recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells, but this phenomenon has not been studied extensively. 31980903 1 50 link O-linked 254:261 arg1 protein 306:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein 251:312 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 1 50 link O-linked 254:261 arg1 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 rituximab 238:246 Here, we report that rituximab is an O-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylated (O-GlcNAcylated) protein and the production of rituximab is increased by thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. 31980903 5 51 theme Cytotoxicity 905:916 arg1 assays 940:945 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays 905:945 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays 905:945 Cytotoxicity and thermal stability assays confirmed that there were no differences in the biological and physical properties of rituximab produced by thiamet G treatment. 33550377 0 0 theme follicles† 81:90 arg1 cells 58:62 granulosa cells 48:62 granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles† 48:90 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 0 1 from manipulation 13:24 arg1 cells 58:62 granulosa cells 48:62 granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles† 48:90 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 6 2 theme estrous 703:709 arg1 period 711:716 the mid-to-late estrous period 687:716 the mid-to-late estrous period 687:716 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period were used. 33550377 1 3 theme bovine 151:156 arg1 GCs 175:177 GCs 175:177 GCs 175:177 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 1 3 theme bovine 151:156 arg1 cells 168:172 bovine granulosa cells 151:172 bovine granulosa cells (GCs) 151:178 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 10 4 theme GC 1229:1230 arg1 proliferation 1232:1244 GC proliferation 1229:1244 GC proliferation 1229:1244 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 0 5 theme antral 74:79 arg1 follicles† 81:90 bovine antral follicles† 67:90 bovine antral follicles† 67:90 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 15 6 theme bovine 1888:1893 arg1 function 1898:1905 bovine GC function 1888:1905 bovine GC function 1888:1905 Thus, the HBP via O-GlcNAcylation constitutes a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth. 33550377 2 7 theme O-GlcNAc 334:341 arg1 sugars 343:348 O-GlcNAc sugars 334:348 O-GlcNAc sugars 334:348 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 5 8 from O-GlcNAcylation 563:577 arg1 proliferation 608:620 GC proliferation 605:620 GC proliferation 605:620 Here, O-GlcNAcylation in GCs and its effects on GC proliferation were determined. 33550377 5 8 from O-GlcNAcylation 563:577 arg1 GCs 582:584 GCs 582:584 GCs 582:584 Here, O-GlcNAcylation in GCs and its effects on GC proliferation were determined. 33550377 15 9 theme plausible 1841:1849 arg1 pathway 1868:1874 a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway 1839:1874 a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth 1839:1927 Thus, the HBP via O-GlcNAcylation constitutes a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth. 33550377 0 10 from Evidence 0:7 arg1 cells 58:62 granulosa cells 48:62 granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles† 48:90 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 8 11 theme O-GlcNAc 918:925 arg1 transferase 927:937 O-GlcNAc transferase 918:937 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 918:943 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 8 11 theme O-GlcNAc 918:925 arg1 OGT 940:942 OGT 940:942 OGT 940:942 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 6 12 from slaughterhouse 661:674 arg1 ovaries 646:652 Bovine ovaries 639:652 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period 639:716 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period were used. 33550377 14 13 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1751:1765 arg1 Disruption 1737:1746 Disruption 1737:1746 Disruption of O-GlcNAcylation 1737:1765 Disruption of O-GlcNAcylation impairs GC proliferation. 33550377 9 14 from fluid 1030:1034 arg1 detectable 1001:1010 detectable 1001:1010 detectable 1001:1010 Less glucose and more lactate was detectable in the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles. 33550377 6 15 theme mid-to-late 691:701 arg1 period 711:716 the mid-to-late estrous period 687:716 the mid-to-late estrous period 687:716 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period were used. 33550377 7 16 theme antral 808:813 arg1 follicles 815:823 small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles 774:823 small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles 774:823 Follicular fluid and GCs were aspirated from small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles. 33550377 3 17 theme many 486:489 arg1 processes 500:508 many cellular processes 486:508 many cellular processes 486:508 O-GlcNAcylation through the HBP is considered a nutrient sensing mechanism that regulates many cellular processes. 33550377 10 18 theme follicle 1261:1268 arg1 size 1270:1273 follicle size 1261:1273 follicle size 1261:1273 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 8 19 theme large 950:954 arg1 follicles 956:964 large follicles 950:964 large follicles 950:964 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 2 20 dep serine 353:358 arg1 residues 374:381 residues 374:381 residues 374:381 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 9 21 theme small 1039:1043 arg1 follicles 1058:1066 small versus large follicles 1039:1066 small versus large follicles 1039:1066 Less glucose and more lactate was detectable in the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles. 33550377 13 22 theme glucose 1696:1702 arg1 alterations 1681:1691 alterations 1681:1691 alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid 1681:1734 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 15 23 theme nutrient-sensing 1851:1866 arg1 pathway 1868:1874 a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway 1839:1874 a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth 1839:1927 Thus, the HBP via O-GlcNAcylation constitutes a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth. 33550377 5 24 theme GC 605:606 arg1 proliferation 608:620 GC proliferation 605:620 GC proliferation 605:620 Here, O-GlcNAcylation in GCs and its effects on GC proliferation were determined. 33550377 2 25 theme metabolism 259:268 arg1 product 240:246 a product 238:246 a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins 238:393 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 25 theme metabolism 259:268 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminylation 190:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation 181:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation 181:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 15 26 theme GC 1895:1896 arg1 function 1898:1905 bovine GC function 1888:1905 bovine GC function 1888:1905 Thus, the HBP via O-GlcNAcylation constitutes a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth. 33550377 10 27 theme GCs 1080:1082 arg1 Culture 1069:1075 Culture 1069:1075 Culture of GCs 1069:1082 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 8 28 theme isolated 834:841 arg1 GCs 843:845 Freshly isolated GCs 826:845 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles 826:864 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 6 29 theme staged 677:682 arg1 slaughterhouse 661:674 a slaughterhouse 659:674 a slaughterhouse 659:674 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period were used. 33550377 13 30 theme lactate 1708:1714 arg1 alterations 1681:1691 alterations 1681:1691 alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid 1681:1734 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 12 31 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1434:1448 arg1 Augmentation 1418:1429 Augmentation 1418:1429 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), 1418:1499 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 2 32 theme biosynthesis 300:311 arg1 HBP 322:324 HBP 322:324 HBP 322:324 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 32 theme biosynthesis 300:311 arg1 pathway 313:319 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 285:319 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins 285:393 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 8 33 theme follicles 856:864 arg1 GCs 843:845 Freshly isolated GCs 826:845 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles 826:864 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 13 34 theme follicular 1719:1728 arg1 fluid 1730:1734 follicular fluid 1719:1734 follicular fluid 1719:1734 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 9 35 from detectable 1001:1010 arg1 fluid 1030:1034 the follicular fluid 1015:1034 the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles 1015:1066 Less glucose and more lactate was detectable in the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles. 33550377 12 36 theme follicle 1550:1557 arg1 size 1559:1562 follicle size 1550:1562 follicle size 1550:1562 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 12 37 contain had 1501:1503 arg2 effect 1508:1513 no effect 1505:1513 no effect 1505:1513 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 12 37 contain had 1501:1503 arg1 Augmentation 1418:1429 Augmentation 1418:1429 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), 1418:1499 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 2 38 theme hexosamine 289:298 arg1 HBP 322:324 HBP 322:324 HBP 322:324 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 38 theme hexosamine 289:298 arg1 pathway 313:319 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 285:319 the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins 285:393 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 8 39 theme small 850:854 arg1 follicles 856:864 small follicles 850:864 small follicles 850:864 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 2 40 link O-linked 181:188 arg1 product 240:246 a product 238:246 a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins 238:393 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 40 link O-linked 181:188 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 217:231 O-GlcNAcylation 217:231 O-GlcNAcylation 217:231 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 40 link O-linked 181:188 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminylation 190:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation 181:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation 181:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 4 41 from importance 538:547 arg1 GCs 552:554 GCs 552:554 GCs 552:554 Yet little is known of its importance in GCs. 33550377 7 42 theme small 774:778 arg1 follicles 815:823 small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles 774:823 small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles 774:823 Follicular fluid and GCs were aspirated from small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles. 33550377 12 43 theme O-GlcNAcase 1458:1468 arg1 Thiamet-G 1481:1489 Thiamet-G 1481:1489 Thiamet-G (2.5 μM) 1481:1498 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 12 43 theme O-GlcNAcase 1458:1468 arg1 inhibitor 1470:1478 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor 1454:1478 the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor 1454:1478 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 1 44 theme granulosa 158:166 arg1 GCs 175:177 GCs 175:177 GCs 175:177 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 1 44 theme granulosa 158:166 arg1 cells 168:172 bovine granulosa cells 151:172 bovine granulosa cells (GCs) 151:178 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 8 45 theme greater 876:882 arg1 expression 884:893 greater expression 876:893 greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation 876:912 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 9 46 theme follicles 1058:1066 arg1 fluid 1030:1034 the follicular fluid 1015:1034 the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles 1015:1066 Less glucose and more lactate was detectable in the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles. 33550377 11 47 theme small 1401:1405 arg1 follicles 1407:1415 small follicles 1401:1415 small follicles 1401:1415 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), also prevented proliferation, but only in GCs of small follicles. 33550377 3 48 theme cellular 491:498 arg1 processes 500:508 many cellular processes 486:508 many cellular processes 486:508 O-GlcNAcylation through the HBP is considered a nutrient sensing mechanism that regulates many cellular processes. 33550377 13 49 theme bovine 1593:1598 arg1 follicles 1607:1615 bovine antral follicles 1593:1615 bovine antral follicles 1593:1615 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 9 50 theme follicular 1019:1028 arg1 fluid 1030:1034 the follicular fluid 1015:1034 the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles 1015:1066 Less glucose and more lactate was detectable in the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles. 33550377 7 51 theme large 793:797 arg1 follicles 815:823 small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles 774:823 small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles 774:823 Follicular fluid and GCs were aspirated from small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles. 33550377 0 52 theme O-GlcNAcylation 29:43 arg1 manipulation 13:24 manipulation 13:24 manipulation 13:24 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 0 52 theme O-GlcNAcylation 29:43 arg1 Evidence 0:7 Evidence 0:7 Evidence 0:7 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 12 53 theme GC 1518:1519 arg1 proliferation 1521:1533 GC proliferation 1518:1533 GC proliferation 1518:1533 Augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation via the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, Thiamet-G (2.5 μM), had no effect on GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 13 54 theme antral 1600:1605 arg1 follicles 1607:1615 bovine antral follicles 1593:1615 bovine antral follicles 1593:1615 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 9 55 theme large 1052:1056 arg1 follicles 1058:1066 small versus large follicles 1039:1066 small versus large follicles 1039:1066 Less glucose and more lactate was detectable in the follicular fluid of small versus large follicles. 33550377 3 56 theme nutrient 444:451 arg1 mechanism 461:469 a nutrient sensing mechanism 442:469 a nutrient sensing mechanism that regulates many cellular processes 442:508 O-GlcNAcylation through the HBP is considered a nutrient sensing mechanism that regulates many cellular processes. 33550377 11 57 theme OGT 1321:1323 arg1 inhibitor 1325:1333 the OGT inhibitor 1317:1333 the OGT inhibitor 1317:1333 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), also prevented proliferation, but only in GCs of small follicles. 33550377 11 57 theme OGT 1321:1323 arg1 OSMI-1 1336:1341 OSMI-1 1336:1341 OSMI-1 (50 μM) 1336:1349 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), also prevented proliferation, but only in GCs of small follicles. 33550377 10 58 theme HBP 1116:1118 arg1 inhibition 1098:1107 inhibition 1098:1107 inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), 1098:1198 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 14 59 theme GC 1775:1776 arg1 proliferation 1778:1790 GC proliferation 1775:1790 GC proliferation 1775:1790 Disruption of O-GlcNAcylation impairs GC proliferation. 33550377 1 60 theme preferred 106:114 arg1 substrate 123:131 a preferred energy substrate 104:131 a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs) 104:178 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 1 60 theme preferred 106:114 arg1 Glucose 93:99 Glucose 93:99 Glucose 93:99 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 0 61 theme granulosa 48:56 arg1 cells 58:62 granulosa cells 48:62 granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles† 48:90 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 11 62 theme Direct 1276:1281 arg1 inhibition 1283:1292 Direct inhibition 1276:1292 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), 1276:1350 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), also prevented proliferation, but only in GCs of small follicles. 33550377 13 63 theme follicles 1607:1615 arg1 GCs 1586:1588 GCs 1586:1588 GCs of bovine antral follicles 1586:1615 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 1 64 theme energy 116:121 arg1 substrate 123:131 a preferred energy substrate 104:131 a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs) 104:178 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 1 64 theme energy 116:121 arg1 Glucose 93:99 Glucose 93:99 Glucose 93:99 Glucose is a preferred energy substrate for metabolism by bovine granulosa cells (GCs). 33550377 13 65 from alterations 1681:1691 arg1 fluid 1730:1734 follicular fluid 1719:1734 follicular fluid 1719:1734 The results indicate GCs of bovine antral follicles undergo O-GlcNAcylation, and O-GlcNAcylation is associated with alterations of glucose and lactate in follicular fluid. 33550377 15 66 theme follicular 1911:1920 arg1 growth 1922:1927 follicular growth 1911:1927 follicular growth 1911:1927 Thus, the HBP via O-GlcNAcylation constitutes a plausible nutrient-sensing pathway influencing bovine GC function and follicular growth. 33550377 2 67 theme glucose 251:257 arg1 metabolism 259:268 glucose metabolism 251:268 glucose metabolism 251:268 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 8 68 theme O-GlcNAcylation 898:912 arg1 transferase 927:937 O-GlcNAc transferase 918:937 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 918:943 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 8 68 theme O-GlcNAcylation 898:912 arg1 expression 884:893 greater expression 876:893 greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation 876:912 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 8 68 theme O-GlcNAcylation 898:912 arg1 OGT 940:942 OGT 940:942 OGT 940:942 Freshly isolated GCs of small follicles exhibited greater expression of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) than large follicles. 33550377 2 69 dep pathway 313:319 arg1 shunts 327:332 shunts 327:332 shunts 327:332 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 6 70 theme Bovine 639:644 arg1 ovaries 646:652 Bovine ovaries 639:652 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period 639:716 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period were used. 33550377 10 71 theme aminotransferase 1159:1174 arg1 DON 1187:1189 DON 1187:1189 DON (50 μM) 1187:1197 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 10 71 theme aminotransferase 1159:1174 arg1 inhibitor 1176:1184 the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor 1124:1184 the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor 1124:1184 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 2 72 theme O-linked 181:188 arg1 product 240:246 a product 238:246 a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins 238:393 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 72 theme O-linked 181:188 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 217:231 O-GlcNAcylation 217:231 O-GlcNAcylation 217:231 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 72 theme O-linked 181:188 arg1 N-acetylglucosaminylation 190:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation 181:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation 181:214 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 6 73 used used 723:726 arg2 ovaries 646:652 Bovine ovaries 639:652 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period 639:716 Bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse, staged to the mid-to-late estrous period were used. 33550377 10 74 theme fructose-6-phosphate 1138:1157 arg1 DON 1187:1189 DON 1187:1189 DON (50 μM) 1187:1197 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 10 74 theme fructose-6-phosphate 1138:1157 arg1 inhibitor 1176:1184 the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor 1124:1184 the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor 1124:1184 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 0 75 theme bovine 67:72 arg1 follicles† 81:90 bovine antral follicles† 67:90 bovine antral follicles† 67:90 Evidence and manipulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cells of bovine antral follicles†. 33550377 2 76 theme proteins 386:393 arg1 threonine 364:372 threonine 364:372 threonine 364:372 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 2 76 theme proteins 386:393 arg1 serine 353:358 serine 353:358 serine 353:358 O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation), is a product of glucose metabolism that occurs as the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) shunts O-GlcNAc sugars to serine and threonine residues of proteins. 33550377 3 77 theme sensing 453:459 arg1 mechanism 461:469 a nutrient sensing mechanism 442:469 a nutrient sensing mechanism that regulates many cellular processes 442:508 O-GlcNAcylation through the HBP is considered a nutrient sensing mechanism that regulates many cellular processes. 33550377 7 78 dep large 793:797 arg1 >10 mm 800:805 >10 mm 800:805 >10 mm 800:805 Follicular fluid and GCs were aspirated from small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles. 33550377 11 79 theme follicles 1407:1415 arg1 GCs 1394:1396 GCs 1394:1396 GCs of small follicles 1394:1415 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), also prevented proliferation, but only in GCs of small follicles. 33550377 10 80 theme glutamine 1128:1136 arg1 DON 1187:1189 DON 1187:1189 DON (50 μM) 1187:1197 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 10 80 theme glutamine 1128:1136 arg1 inhibitor 1176:1184 the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor 1124:1184 the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor 1124:1184 Culture of GCs revealed that inhibition of the HBP via the glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor, DON (50 μM), impaired O-GlcNAcylation and GC proliferation, regardless of follicle size. 33550377 7 81 dep small 774:778 arg1 3-5 mm 781:786 3-5 mm 781:786 3-5 mm 781:786 Follicular fluid and GCs were aspirated from small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles. 33550377 11 82 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1297:1311 arg1 inhibition 1283:1292 Direct inhibition 1276:1292 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), 1276:1350 Direct inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1 (50 μM), also prevented proliferation, but only in GCs of small follicles. 33550377 5 83 from effects 594:600 arg1 proliferation 608:620 GC proliferation 605:620 GC proliferation 605:620 Here, O-GlcNAcylation in GCs and its effects on GC proliferation were determined. 33550377 5 83 from effects 594:600 arg1 GCs 582:584 GCs 582:584 GCs 582:584 Here, O-GlcNAcylation in GCs and its effects on GC proliferation were determined. 33550377 7 84 theme Follicular 729:738 arg1 fluid 740:744 Follicular fluid 729:744 Follicular fluid 729:744 Follicular fluid and GCs were aspirated from small (3-5 mm) and large (>10 mm) antral follicles. 34950141 8 0 theme immune 1576:1581 arg1 activities 1583:1592 multiple immune activities 1567:1592 multiple immune activities 1567:1592 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 4 1 theme Streptococcus 659:671 arg1 agalactiae 673:682 Streptococcus agalactiae 659:682 Streptococcus agalactiae 659:682 Furthermore, we found that 9 HMC spots about 75 or 77 kDa were regulated by Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection at 6, 12, and 24 h. 34950141 2 2 theme expression 368:377 arg1 profiles 379:386 hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles 351:386 hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei 351:412 To better understand the mechanism of functional diversity, proteomics approach was applied to characterize hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 6 3 theme HMC 1014:1016 arg1 isomers 1018:1024 HMC isomers 1014:1024 HMC isomers 1014:1024 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 7 4 theme agglutinative 1080:1092 arg1 activities 1094:1103 the agglutinative activities 1076:1103 the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions 1076:1124 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 6 5 from differences 973:983 arg1 level 1002:1006 glycosylation level 988:1006 glycosylation level 988:1006 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 6 6 theme lectin-blotting 929:943 arg1 analysis 945:952 lectin-blotting analysis 929:952 lectin-blotting analysis 929:952 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 8 7 theme diverse 1476:1482 arg1 pathogens 1484:1492 diverse pathogens 1476:1492 diverse pathogens 1476:1492 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 1 8 with molecule 151:158 arg1 activities 231:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 1 8 with molecule 151:158 arg1 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 7 9 gly deglycosylated 1172:1185 arg1 HMC 1164:1166 HMC 1164:1166 HMC 1164:1166 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 2 10 theme proteomics 303:312 arg1 approach 314:321 proteomics approach 303:321 proteomics approach 303:321 To better understand the mechanism of functional diversity, proteomics approach was applied to characterize hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 5 11 theme agglutinative 875:887 arg1 activities 907:916 different agglutinative and antibacterial activities 865:916 different agglutinative and antibacterial activities 865:916 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 12 theme antibacterial 893:905 arg1 activities 907:916 different agglutinative and antibacterial activities 865:916 different agglutinative and antibacterial activities 865:916 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 7 13 theme O-linked 1224:1231 arg1 chains 1239:1244 O-linked sugar chains 1224:1244 O-linked sugar chains of HMC 1224:1251 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 4 14 theme parahaemolyticus 695:710 arg1 infection 712:720 Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection 659:720 Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection 659:720 Furthermore, we found that 9 HMC spots about 75 or 77 kDa were regulated by Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection at 6, 12, and 24 h. 34950141 4 15 theme Vibrio 688:693 arg1 parahaemolyticus 695:710 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 688:710 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 688:710 Furthermore, we found that 9 HMC spots about 75 or 77 kDa were regulated by Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection at 6, 12, and 24 h. 34950141 6 16 theme HMC 1047:1049 arg1 fractions 1051:1059 bacteria-binding HMC fractions 1030:1059 bacteria-binding HMC fractions 1030:1059 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 2 17 theme diversity 292:300 arg1 mechanism 268:276 the mechanism 264:276 the mechanism of functional diversity 264:300 To better understand the mechanism of functional diversity, proteomics approach was applied to characterize hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 7 18 theme immune 1290:1295 arg1 recognition 1297:1307 the innate immune recognition 1279:1307 the innate immune recognition 1279:1307 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 1 19 theme antiviral 180:188 arg1 activities 231:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 1 19 theme antiviral 180:188 arg1 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 7 20 theme HMC 1112:1114 arg1 fractions 1116:1124 the HMC fractions 1108:1124 the HMC fractions 1108:1124 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 8 21 contain had 1376:1378 arg1 HMC 1372:1374 L. vannamei HMC 1360:1374 L. vannamei HMC 1360:1374 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 8 21 contain had 1376:1378 arg2 diversity 1390:1398 molecular diversity 1380:1398 molecular diversity in protein level 1380:1415 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 2 22 theme functional 281:290 arg1 diversity 292:300 functional diversity 281:300 functional diversity 281:300 To better understand the mechanism of functional diversity, proteomics approach was applied to characterize hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 3 23 theme G-100 461:465 arg1 columns 494:500 Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns 452:500 Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns 452:500 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 8 24 theme glycan 1503:1508 arg1 modification 1510:1521 glycan modification 1503:1521 glycan modification 1503:1521 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 8 25 theme multiple 1567:1574 arg1 activities 1583:1592 multiple immune activities 1567:1592 multiple immune activities 1567:1592 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 7 26 theme HMC 1249:1251 arg1 chains 1239:1244 O-linked sugar chains 1224:1244 O-linked sugar chains of HMC 1224:1251 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 1 27 theme antibacterial 191:203 arg1 activities 231:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 1 27 theme antibacterial 191:203 arg1 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 0 28 theme Protein 0:6 arg1 Diversity 8:16 Protein Diversity 0:16 Protein Diversity 0:16 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 8 29 theme first 1344:1348 arg1 time 1350:1353 the first time 1340:1353 the first time 1340:1353 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 0 30 theme Immune 22:27 arg1 Specificity 29:39 Immune Specificity 22:39 Immune Specificity 22:39 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 fractions 788:796 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions 755:796 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions 755:796 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 HMC-Sa 850:855 HMC-Sa 850:855 HMC-Sa 850:855 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 viz. 799:802 viz. 799:802 viz. 799:802 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 HMC-Va 822:827 HMC-Va 822:827 HMC-Va 822:827 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 HMC-Vf 830:835 HMC-Vf 830:835 HMC-Vf 830:835 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 HMC-Mix 805:811 HMC-Mix 805:811 HMC-Mix 805:811 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 HMC-Vp 814:819 HMC-Vp 814:819 HMC-Vp 814:819 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 31 theme different 757:765 arg1 HMC-Ec 838:843 HMC-Ec 838:843 HMC-Ec 838:843 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 32 theme different 865:873 arg1 activities 907:916 different agglutinative and antibacterial activities 865:916 different agglutinative and antibacterial activities 865:916 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 1 33 theme hemolytic 206:214 arg1 activities 231:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 1 33 theme hemolytic 206:214 arg1 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 fractions 788:796 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions 755:796 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions 755:796 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 HMC-Sa 850:855 HMC-Sa 850:855 HMC-Sa 850:855 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 viz. 799:802 viz. 799:802 viz. 799:802 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 HMC-Va 822:827 HMC-Va 822:827 HMC-Va 822:827 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 HMC-Vf 830:835 HMC-Vf 830:835 HMC-Vf 830:835 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 HMC-Mix 805:811 HMC-Mix 805:811 HMC-Mix 805:811 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 HMC-Vp 814:819 HMC-Vp 814:819 HMC-Vp 814:819 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 34 theme HMC 784:786 arg1 HMC-Ec 838:843 HMC-Ec 838:843 HMC-Ec 838:843 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 3 35 theme protein 528:534 arg1 HMC 561:563 HMC 561:563 HMC 561:563 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 3 35 theme protein 528:534 arg1 spots 536:540 34 protein spots 525:540 34 protein spots 525:540 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 1 36 theme important 106:114 arg1 defense 143:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense 103:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 103:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 7 37 theme innate 1283:1288 arg1 recognition 1297:1307 the innate immune recognition 1279:1307 the innate immune recognition 1279:1307 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 7 38 theme fractions 1116:1124 arg1 activities 1094:1103 the agglutinative activities 1076:1103 the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions 1076:1124 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 3 39 theme shrimp 507:512 arg1 serum 514:518 shrimp serum 507:518 shrimp serum 507:518 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 0 40 from vannamei 79:86 arg1 Diversity 8:16 Protein Diversity 0:16 Protein Diversity 0:16 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 0 40 from vannamei 79:86 arg1 Specificity 29:39 Immune Specificity 22:39 Immune Specificity 22:39 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 8 41 from diversity 1390:1398 arg1 level 1411:1415 protein level 1403:1415 protein level 1403:1415 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 3 42 theme Sephadex 452:459 arg1 G-100 461:465 Sephadex G-100 452:465 Sephadex G-100 452:465 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 fractions 788:796 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions 755:796 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions 755:796 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 HMC-Sa 850:855 HMC-Sa 850:855 HMC-Sa 850:855 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 viz. 799:802 viz. 799:802 viz. 799:802 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 HMC-Va 822:827 HMC-Va 822:827 HMC-Va 822:827 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 HMC-Vf 830:835 HMC-Vf 830:835 HMC-Vf 830:835 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 HMC-Mix 805:811 HMC-Mix 805:811 HMC-Mix 805:811 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 HMC-Vp 814:819 HMC-Vp 814:819 HMC-Vp 814:819 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 5 43 theme pathogen-binding 767:782 arg1 HMC-Ec 838:843 HMC-Ec 838:843 HMC-Ec 838:843 In addition, 6 different pathogen-binding HMC fractions, viz., HMC-Mix, HMC-Vp, HMC-Va, HMC-Vf, HMC-Ec, and HMC-Sa, showed different agglutinative and antibacterial activities. 34950141 2 44 from vannamei 405:412 arg1 profiles 379:386 hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles 351:386 hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei 351:412 To better understand the mechanism of functional diversity, proteomics approach was applied to characterize hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 1 45 theme antitumor 221:229 arg1 activities 231:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 180:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 1 45 theme antitumor 221:229 arg1 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 phenoloxidase 165:177 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 6 46 theme glycosylation 988:1000 arg1 level 1002:1006 glycosylation level 988:1006 glycosylation level 988:1006 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 8 47 dep had 1376:1378 arg1 associated 1435:1444 associated 1435:1444 associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens 1435:1492 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 3 48 theme 2-DE 572:575 arg1 gels 577:580 the 2-DE gels 568:580 the 2-DE gels 568:580 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 1 49 theme non-specific 116:127 arg1 defense 143:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense 103:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 103:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 0 50 theme Hemocyanin 44:53 arg1 Diversity 8:16 Protein Diversity 0:16 Protein Diversity 0:16 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 0 50 theme Hemocyanin 44:53 arg1 Specificity 29:39 Immune Specificity 22:39 Immune Specificity 22:39 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 8 51 theme molecular 1380:1388 arg1 diversity 1390:1398 molecular diversity 1380:1398 molecular diversity in protein level 1380:1415 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 7 52 link O-linked 1224:1231 arg1 chains 1239:1244 O-linked sugar chains 1224:1244 O-linked sugar chains of HMC 1224:1251 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 1 53 theme innate 129:134 arg1 defense 143:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense 103:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 103:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 8 54 theme protein 1403:1409 arg1 level 1411:1415 protein level 1403:1415 protein level 1403:1415 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 8 55 theme vannamei 1363:1370 arg1 HMC 1372:1374 L. vannamei HMC 1360:1374 L. vannamei HMC 1360:1374 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 1 56 theme immune 136:141 arg1 defense 143:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense 103:149 an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 103:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 8 57 theme L. 1360:1361 arg1 HMC 1372:1374 L. vannamei HMC 1360:1374 L. vannamei HMC 1360:1374 Our findings demonstrated for the first time that L. vannamei HMC had molecular diversity in protein level, which is closely associated with its ability to recognize diverse pathogens, whereas glycan modification probably contributed to HMC's diversity and multiple immune activities. 34950141 1 58 theme defense 143:149 arg1 molecule 151:158 an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule 103:158 an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities 103:240 Hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. 34950141 2 59 theme hemocyanin 351:360 arg1 profiles 379:386 hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles 351:386 hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei 351:412 To better understand the mechanism of functional diversity, proteomics approach was applied to characterize hemocyanin (HMC) expression profiles from Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 0 60 theme Litopenaeus 67:77 arg1 vannamei 79:86 Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 60:86 Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 60:86 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 3 61 theme DEAE-cellulose 471:484 arg1 columns 494:500 Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns 452:500 Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns 452:500 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 4 62 theme HMC 612:614 arg1 spots 616:620 9 HMC spots 610:620 9 HMC spots about 75 or 77 kDa 610:639 Furthermore, we found that 9 HMC spots about 75 or 77 kDa were regulated by Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection at 6, 12, and 24 h. 34950141 7 63 theme sugar 1233:1237 arg1 chains 1239:1244 O-linked sugar chains 1224:1244 O-linked sugar chains of HMC 1224:1251 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 6 64 theme bacteria-binding 1030:1045 arg1 fractions 1051:1059 bacteria-binding HMC fractions 1030:1059 bacteria-binding HMC fractions 1030:1059 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 6 65 theme significant 961:971 arg1 differences 973:983 significant differences 961:983 significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions 961:1059 Moreover, lectin-blotting analysis showed significant differences in glycosylation level among HMC isomers and bacteria-binding HMC fractions. 34950141 0 66 theme Shrimp 60:65 arg1 vannamei 79:86 Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 60:86 Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 60:86 Protein Diversity and Immune Specificity of Hemocyanin From Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. 34950141 7 67 theme important 1260:1268 arg1 roles 1270:1274 important roles 1260:1274 important roles 1260:1274 Particularly, the agglutinative activities of the HMC fractions were almost completely abolished when HMC was deglycosylated by O-glycosidase, which suggest that O-linked sugar chains of HMC played important roles in the innate immune recognition. 34950141 3 68 theme 34 525:526 arg1 HMC 561:563 HMC 561:563 HMC 561:563 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 3 68 theme 34 525:526 arg1 spots 536:540 34 protein spots 525:540 34 protein spots 525:540 At first, hemocyanin was purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) columns from shrimp serum, and 34 protein spots were identified as HMC on the 2-DE gels. 34950141 4 69 theme agalactiae 673:682 arg1 infection 712:720 Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection 659:720 Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection 659:720 Furthermore, we found that 9 HMC spots about 75 or 77 kDa were regulated by Streptococcus agalactiae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection at 6, 12, and 24 h. 34821067 0 0 theme myeloid 78:84 arg1 leukemia 86:93 acute myeloid leukemia 72:93 acute myeloid leukemia 72:93 Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. 34821067 2 1 theme specific 310:317 arg1 therapy 328:334 an effective and specific targeted therapy 293:334 an effective and specific targeted therapy 293:334 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 0 2 theme acute 72:76 arg1 leukemia 86:93 acute myeloid leukemia 72:93 acute myeloid leukemia 72:93 Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. 34821067 3 3 dep AIMS 337:340 arg1 urgent 359:364 urgent 359:364 urgent 359:364 AIMS Therefore, it is urgent to explore new AML markers to enable early diagnosis and find drug targets for individualized treatment. 34821067 6 4 theme cell 758:761 arg1 proliferation 763:775 AML cell proliferation 754:775 AML cell proliferation 754:775 Inhibition of OGT can inhibit AML cell proliferation and promote AML cell apoptosis. 34821067 3 5 theme individualized 445:458 arg1 treatment 460:468 individualized treatment 445:468 individualized treatment 445:468 AIMS Therefore, it is urgent to explore new AML markers to enable early diagnosis and find drug targets for individualized treatment. 34821067 5 6 theme poor 689:692 arg1 survival 702:709 poor overall survival 689:709 poor overall survival (OS) in AML 689:721 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 5 6 theme poor 689:692 arg1 OS 712:713 OS 712:713 OS 712:713 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 6 7 theme AML 754:756 arg1 proliferation 763:775 AML cell proliferation 754:775 AML cell proliferation 754:775 Inhibition of OGT can inhibit AML cell proliferation and promote AML cell apoptosis. 34821067 0 8 theme leukemia 86:93 arg1 pathogenesis 56:67 the pathogenesis 52:67 the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia 52:93 Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. 34821067 5 9 theme high 632:635 arg1 level 637:641 The high level 628:641 The high level of OGT expression 628:659 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 5 9 theme high 632:635 arg1 related 678:684 related 678:684 related 678:684 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 2 10 theme effective 296:304 arg1 therapy 328:334 an effective and specific targeted therapy 293:334 an effective and specific targeted therapy 293:334 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 7 11 theme AML 898:900 arg1 pathogenesis 882:893 the pathogenesis 878:893 the pathogenesis of AML 878:900 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 1 12 theme common 148:153 arg1 leukemia 161:168 the most common acute leukemia 139:168 the most common acute leukemia in adults 139:178 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 12 theme common 148:153 arg1 leukemia 121:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia 96:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 96:134 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 6 13 theme OGT 738:740 arg1 Inhibition 724:733 Inhibition 724:733 Inhibition of OGT 724:740 Inhibition of OGT can inhibit AML cell proliferation and promote AML cell apoptosis. 34821067 3 14 theme drug 428:431 arg1 targets 433:439 drug targets 428:439 drug targets for individualized treatment 428:468 AIMS Therefore, it is urgent to explore new AML markers to enable early diagnosis and find drug targets for individualized treatment. 34821067 1 15 theme acute 155:159 arg1 leukemia 161:168 the most common acute leukemia 139:168 the most common acute leukemia in adults 139:178 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 15 theme acute 155:159 arg1 leukemia 121:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia 96:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 96:134 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 2 16 theme heterogeneous 263:275 arg1 disease 277:283 a highly heterogeneous disease 254:283 a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy 254:334 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 2 16 theme heterogeneous 263:275 arg1 AML 247:249 AML 247:249 AML 247:249 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 3 17 theme new 377:379 arg1 markers 385:391 new AML markers 377:391 new AML markers to enable early diagnosis 377:417 AIMS Therefore, it is urgent to explore new AML markers to enable early diagnosis and find drug targets for individualized treatment. 34821067 0 18 theme transferase 25:35 arg1 Upregulation 0:11 Upregulation 0:11 Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase 0:35 Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. 34821067 1 19 theme BACKGROUND 96:105 arg1 leukemia 161:168 the most common acute leukemia 139:168 the most common acute leukemia in adults 139:178 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 19 theme BACKGROUND 96:105 arg1 AML 131:133 AML 131:133 AML 131:133 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 19 theme BACKGROUND 96:105 arg1 leukemia 121:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia 96:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 96:134 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 3 20 theme early 403:407 arg1 diagnosis 409:417 early diagnosis 403:417 early diagnosis 403:417 AIMS Therefore, it is urgent to explore new AML markers to enable early diagnosis and find drug targets for individualized treatment. 34821067 0 21 theme O-GlcNAc 16:23 arg1 transferase 25:35 O-GlcNAc transferase 16:35 O-GlcNAc transferase 16:35 Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. 34821067 5 22 from survival 702:709 arg1 AML 719:721 AML 719:721 AML 719:721 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 1 23 theme Acute 107:111 arg1 leukemia 161:168 the most common acute leukemia 139:168 the most common acute leukemia in adults 139:178 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 23 theme Acute 107:111 arg1 AML 131:133 AML 131:133 AML 131:133 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 23 theme Acute 107:111 arg1 leukemia 121:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia 96:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 96:134 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 4 24 theme O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine 507:534 arg1 OGT 549:551 OGT 549:551 OGT 549:551 RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is significantly upregulated in AML tissues compared with normal tissues. 34821067 4 24 theme O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine 507:534 arg1 transferase 536:546 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 507:546 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) 507:552 RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is significantly upregulated in AML tissues compared with normal tissues. 34821067 4 25 theme normal 612:617 arg1 tissues 619:625 normal tissues 612:625 normal tissues 612:625 RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is significantly upregulated in AML tissues compared with normal tissues. 34821067 3 26 theme AML 381:383 arg1 markers 385:391 new AML markers 377:391 new AML markers to enable early diagnosis 377:417 AIMS Therefore, it is urgent to explore new AML markers to enable early diagnosis and find drug targets for individualized treatment. 34821067 2 27 theme survival 201:208 arg1 rate 210:213 a low survival rate 195:213 a low survival rate 195:213 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 7 28 theme molecular 944:952 arg1 target 959:964 molecular drug target 944:964 molecular drug target 944:964 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 2 29 contain have 190:193 arg2 rate 210:213 a low survival rate 195:213 a low survival rate 195:213 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 2 29 contain have 190:193 arg1 Patients 181:188 Patients 181:188 Patients 181:188 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 2 29 contain have 190:193 arg2 rate 237:240 a high recurrence rate 219:240 a high recurrence rate 219:240 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 7 30 theme precision 970:978 arg1 therapy 980:986 precision therapy 970:986 precision therapy for AML 970:994 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 6 31 theme cell 793:796 arg1 apoptosis 798:806 AML cell apoptosis 789:806 AML cell apoptosis 789:806 Inhibition of OGT can inhibit AML cell proliferation and promote AML cell apoptosis. 34821067 2 32 theme low 197:199 arg1 rate 210:213 a low survival rate 195:213 a low survival rate 195:213 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 7 33 theme drug 954:957 arg1 target 959:964 molecular drug target 944:964 molecular drug target 944:964 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 1 34 theme myeloid 113:119 arg1 leukemia 161:168 the most common acute leukemia 139:168 the most common acute leukemia in adults 139:178 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 34 theme myeloid 113:119 arg1 AML 131:133 AML 131:133 AML 131:133 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 1 34 theme myeloid 113:119 arg1 leukemia 121:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia 96:128 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 96:134 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 6 35 theme AML 789:791 arg1 apoptosis 798:806 AML cell apoptosis 789:806 AML cell apoptosis 789:806 Inhibition of OGT can inhibit AML cell proliferation and promote AML cell apoptosis. 34821067 5 36 theme OGT 646:648 arg1 expression 650:659 OGT expression 646:659 OGT expression 646:659 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 2 37 theme recurrence 226:235 arg1 rate 237:240 a high recurrence rate 219:240 a high recurrence rate 219:240 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 7 38 dep CONCLUSION 809:818 arg1 suggest 834:840 suggest 834:840 suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML 834:994 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 7 39 theme important 860:868 arg1 role 870:873 an important role 857:873 an important role 857:873 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 5 40 theme expression 650:659 arg1 level 637:641 The high level 628:641 The high level of OGT expression 628:659 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 5 40 theme expression 650:659 arg1 related 678:684 related 678:684 related 678:684 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 2 41 theme high 221:224 arg1 rate 237:240 a high recurrence rate 219:240 a high recurrence rate 219:240 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 1 42 from leukemia 161:168 arg1 adults 173:178 adults 173:178 adults 173:178 BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. 34821067 7 43 theme potential 920:928 arg1 biomarker 930:938 a potential biomarker 918:938 a potential biomarker 918:938 CONCLUSION These results suggest that OGT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AML, and may become a potential biomarker and molecular drug target for precision therapy for AML. 34821067 4 44 theme AML 586:588 arg1 tissues 590:596 AML tissues 586:596 AML tissues 586:596 RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is significantly upregulated in AML tissues compared with normal tissues. 34821067 2 45 theme targeted 319:326 arg1 therapy 328:334 an effective and specific targeted therapy 293:334 an effective and specific targeted therapy 293:334 Patients have a low survival rate and a high recurrence rate, and AML is a highly heterogeneous disease without an effective and specific targeted therapy. 34821067 5 46 theme overall 694:700 arg1 survival 702:709 poor overall survival 689:709 poor overall survival (OS) in AML 689:721 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34821067 5 46 theme overall 694:700 arg1 OS 712:713 OS 712:713 OS 712:713 The high level of OGT expression is significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) in AML. 34773221 4 0 theme cerebral 986:993 arg1 cortex 995:1000 juvenile mouse cerebral cortex 971:1000 juvenile mouse cerebral cortex 971:1000 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 3 1 theme RTT 674:676 arg1 patients 678:685 RTT patients 674:685 RTT patients 674:685 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 1 2 from humans 160:165 arg1 Mutations 89:97 Mutations 89:97 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans 89:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 2 3 theme putative 336:343 arg1 mutations 360:368 several putative RTT-associated mutations 328:368 several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2 328:377 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 0 4 theme Neurodevelopmental 59:76 arg1 Disorders 78:86 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 59:86 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 59:86 Loss of O-GlcNAcylation on MeCP2 at Threonine 203 Leads to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 34773221 3 5 theme etiologic 656:664 arg1 site 666:669 an etiologic site 653:669 an etiologic site in RTT patients 653:685 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 3 5 theme etiologic 656:664 arg1 threonine 631:639 threonine 203 631:643 threonine 203 (T203) 631:650 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 4 6 theme neuronal 850:857 arg1 migration 859:867 neuronal migration 850:867 neuronal migration 850:867 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 1 7 theme gene 152:155 arg1 Mutations 89:97 Mutations 89:97 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans 89:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 5 8 theme transcription 1133:1145 arg1 induction 1115:1123 the neuronal activity-induced induction 1085:1123 the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription 1085:1145 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 0 9 from Loss 0:3 arg1 MeCP2 27:31 MeCP2 27:31 MeCP2 at Threonine 203 27:48 Loss of O-GlcNAcylation on MeCP2 at Threonine 203 Leads to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 34773221 4 10 theme dendritic 870:878 arg1 morphogenesis 886:898 dendritic spine morphogenesis 870:898 dendritic spine morphogenesis 870:898 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 1 11 from gene 152:155 arg1 humans 160:165 humans 160:165 humans 160:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 2 12 from screens 287:293 arg1 trials 307:312 clinical trials 298:312 clinical trials 298:312 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 4 13 theme transmission 936:947 arg1 dysfunction 912:922 dysfunction 912:922 dysfunction of synaptic transmission 912:947 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 4 14 from T203 747:750 arg1 Disruption 688:697 Disruption 688:697 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 688:750 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 6 15 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1201:1215 arg1 role 1182:1185 the critical role 1169:1185 the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission 1169:1263 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 1 16 theme X-linked 225:232 arg1 disorder 259:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 16 theme X-linked 225:232 arg1 syndrome 206:213 Rett syndrome 201:213 Rett syndrome (RTT) 201:219 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 2 17 theme more 501:504 arg1 evidence 506:513 more evidence 501:513 more evidence 501:513 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 0 18 from Threonine 36:44 arg1 MeCP2 27:31 MeCP2 27:31 MeCP2 at Threonine 203 27:48 Loss of O-GlcNAcylation on MeCP2 at Threonine 203 Leads to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 34773221 6 19 theme T203 1196:1199 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1201:1215 MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation 1190:1215 MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation 1190:1215 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 2 20 from sites 465:469 arg1 regulation 428:437 the functional regulation 413:437 the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites 413:469 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 6 21 theme critical 1173:1180 arg1 role 1182:1185 the critical role 1169:1185 the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission 1169:1263 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 6 22 theme MeCP2 1190:1194 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1201:1215 MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation 1190:1215 MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation 1190:1215 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 2 23 theme MeCP2 442:446 arg1 regulation 428:437 the functional regulation 413:437 the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites 413:469 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 4 24 theme mouse 980:984 arg1 cortex 995:1000 juvenile mouse cerebral cortex 971:1000 juvenile mouse cerebral cortex 971:1000 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 4 25 theme O-GlcNAcylation 706:720 arg1 Disruption 688:697 Disruption 688:697 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 688:750 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 5 26 theme neuronal 1089:1096 arg1 induction 1115:1123 the neuronal activity-induced induction 1085:1123 the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription 1085:1145 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 1 27 theme progressive 234:244 arg1 disorder 259:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 27 theme progressive 234:244 arg1 syndrome 206:213 Rett syndrome 201:213 Rett syndrome (RTT) 201:219 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 6 28 theme neurotrophic 1295:1306 arg1 factor 1308:1313 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1281:1313 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1281:1313 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 2 29 from mutations 360:368 arg1 MECP2 373:377 MECP2 373:377 MECP2 373:377 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 3 30 mod modified 574:581 arg3 O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine 586:615 O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine 586:615 O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 586:626 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 3 30 mod modified 574:581 arg3 O-GlcNAc 618:625 O-GlcNAc 618:625 O-GlcNAc 618:625 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 3 30 mod modified 574:581 arg1 MeCP2 552:556 MeCP2 552:556 MeCP2 552:556 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 1 31 theme neurological 246:257 arg1 disorder 259:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 31 theme neurological 246:257 arg1 syndrome 206:213 Rett syndrome 201:213 Rett syndrome (RTT) 201:219 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 4 32 dep developing 956:965 arg1 the 952:954 the 952:954 the 952:954 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 5 33 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1042:1056 arg1 disruption 1028:1037 genetic disruption 1020:1037 genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 1020:1073 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 2 34 theme genome-wide 275:285 arg1 screens 287:293 genome-wide screens 275:293 genome-wide screens in clinical trials 275:312 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 6 35 theme brain-derived 1281:1293 arg1 factor 1308:1313 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1281:1313 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1281:1313 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 0 36 theme O-GlcNAcylation 8:22 arg1 Loss 0:3 Loss 0:3 Loss of O-GlcNAcylation on MeCP2 at Threonine 203 0:48 Loss of O-GlcNAcylation on MeCP2 at Threonine 203 Leads to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 34773221 6 37 link brain-derived 1281:1293 arg1 factor 1308:1313 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1281:1313 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1281:1313 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 2 38 theme several 328:334 arg1 mutations 360:368 several putative RTT-associated mutations 328:368 several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2 328:377 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 1 39 theme most 187:190 arg1 cases 192:196 most cases 187:196 most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 187:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 4 40 theme synaptic 927:934 arg1 transmission 936:947 synaptic transmission 927:947 synaptic transmission 927:947 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 5 41 theme genetic 1020:1026 arg1 disruption 1028:1037 genetic disruption 1020:1037 genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 1020:1073 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 5 42 from T203 1061:1064 arg1 disruption 1028:1037 genetic disruption 1020:1037 genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 1020:1073 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 5 42 from T203 1061:1064 arg1 MeCP2 1069:1073 MeCP2 1069:1073 MeCP2 1069:1073 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 2 43 theme etiologic 455:463 arg1 sites 465:469 the etiologic sites 451:469 the etiologic sites 451:469 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 3 44 from site 666:669 arg1 patients 678:685 RTT patients 674:685 RTT patients 674:685 In this study, we demonstrated that MeCP2 was dynamically modified by O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at threonine 203 (T203), an etiologic site in RTT patients. 34773221 2 45 from level 486:490 arg1 relevance 393:401 their causal relevance 380:401 their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level 380:490 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 2 46 theme causal 386:391 arg1 relevance 393:401 their causal relevance 380:401 their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level 380:490 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 5 47 theme activity-induced 1098:1113 arg1 induction 1115:1123 the neuronal activity-induced induction 1085:1123 the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription 1085:1145 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 4 48 theme hippocampal 815:825 arg1 neurons 827:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 5 49 theme Bdnf 1128:1131 arg1 transcription 1133:1145 Bdnf transcription 1128:1145 Bdnf transcription 1128:1145 Mechanistically, genetic disruption of O-GlcNAcylation at T203 on MeCP2 decreased the neuronal activity-induced induction of Bdnf transcription. 34773221 1 50 theme X-linked 106:113 arg1 gene 152:155 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene 102:155 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans 102:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 4 51 theme spine 880:884 arg1 morphogenesis 886:898 dendritic spine morphogenesis 870:898 dendritic spine morphogenesis 870:898 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 4 52 theme cultured 806:813 arg1 neurons 827:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 1 53 theme methyl-CpG-binding 115:132 arg1 protein 134:140 methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 115:142 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans 102:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 53 theme methyl-CpG-binding 115:132 arg1 MECP2 145:149 MECP2 145:149 MECP2 145:149 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 6 54 theme neural 1220:1225 arg1 development 1227:1237 neural development 1220:1237 neural development 1220:1237 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 1 55 link X-linked 106:113 arg1 gene 152:155 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene 102:155 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans 102:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 6 56 theme synaptic 1243:1250 arg1 transmission 1252:1263 synaptic transmission 1243:1263 synaptic transmission 1243:1263 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 1 57 link X-linked 225:232 arg1 disorder 259:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 57 link X-linked 225:232 arg1 syndrome 206:213 Rett syndrome 201:213 Rett syndrome (RTT) 201:219 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 58 theme protein 134:140 arg1 gene 152:155 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene 102:155 the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans 102:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 4 59 theme MeCP2 725:729 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 706:720 the O-GlcNAcylation 702:720 the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 702:729 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 1 60 theme Rett 201:204 arg1 disorder 259:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 222:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 60 theme Rett 201:204 arg1 RTT 216:218 RTT 216:218 RTT 216:218 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 1 60 theme Rett 201:204 arg1 syndrome 206:213 Rett syndrome 201:213 Rett syndrome (RTT) 201:219 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 4 61 from maturation 792:801 arg1 neurons 827:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 4 62 theme dendrite 761:768 arg1 development 770:780 dendrite development 761:780 dendrite development 761:780 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 2 63 theme clinical 298:305 arg1 trials 307:312 clinical trials 298:312 clinical trials 298:312 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 1 64 theme syndrome 206:213 arg1 cases 192:196 most cases 187:196 most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder 187:266 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 4 65 theme juvenile 971:978 arg1 cortex 995:1000 juvenile mouse cerebral cortex 971:1000 juvenile mouse cerebral cortex 971:1000 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 4 66 theme spine 786:790 arg1 maturation 792:801 spine maturation 786:801 spine maturation 786:801 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 6 67 from role 1182:1185 arg1 development 1227:1237 neural development 1220:1237 neural development 1220:1237 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 6 67 from role 1182:1185 arg1 transmission 1252:1263 synaptic transmission 1243:1263 synaptic transmission 1243:1263 Our study highlights the critical role of MeCP2 T203 O-GlcNAcylation in neural development and synaptic transmission potentially via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 34773221 1 68 from Mutations 89:97 arg1 humans 160:165 humans 160:165 humans 160:165 Mutations of the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene in humans are responsible for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. 34773221 2 69 theme protein 478:484 arg1 level 486:490 the protein level 474:490 the protein level 474:490 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 2 70 theme functional 417:426 arg1 regulation 428:437 the functional regulation 413:437 the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites 413:469 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34773221 4 71 from development 770:780 arg1 neurons 827:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 cultured hippocampal neurons 806:833 Disruption of the O-GlcNAcylation of MeCP2 specifically at T203 impaired dendrite development and spine maturation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and disrupted neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphogenesis, and caused dysfunction of synaptic transmission in the developing and juvenile mouse cerebral cortex. 34773221 2 72 theme RTT-associated 345:358 arg1 mutations 360:368 several putative RTT-associated mutations 328:368 several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2 328:377 While genome-wide screens in clinical trials have revealed several putative RTT-associated mutations in MECP2, their causal relevance regarding the functional regulation of MeCP2 at the etiologic sites at the protein level requires more evidence. 34363524 4 0 theme putative 438:445 arg1 germins 447:453 80 putative germins 435:453 80 putative germins 435:453 In this study, 80 putative germins and GLPs have been identified in barley by using known 17 germins and GLP sequences. 34363524 10 1 theme crop 1484:1487 arg1 improvement 1489:1499 crop improvement 1484:1499 crop improvement 1484:1499 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 1 2 from families 155:162 arg1 species 181:187 several plant species 167:187 several plant species 167:187 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 1 2 from families 155:162 arg1 barley 200:205 barley 200:205 barley 200:205 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 4 3 theme germins 513:519 arg1 sequences 529:537 known 17 germins and GLP sequences 504:537 known 17 germins and GLP sequences 504:537 In this study, 80 putative germins and GLPs have been identified in barley by using known 17 germins and GLP sequences. 34363524 6 4 theme amino 789:793 arg1 acids 795:799 185 and 335 amino acids 777:799 185 and 335 amino acids 777:799 The protein sizes varied between 185 and 335 amino acids, with an average length of 225 aa. 34363524 9 5 theme beta-glucuronidase 1163:1180 arg1 activity 1182:1189 beta-glucuronidase activity 1163:1189 beta-glucuronidase activity 1163:1189 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 8 6 theme germin 878:883 arg1 motifs 885:890 germin motifs 1 and 3 878:898 motifs 885:890 While germin motifs 1 and 3 were detected in all germins and GLPs, some motifs were found to be related to signalization. 34363524 9 7 theme protein-protein 1009:1023 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 protein-protein interaction analysis 1009:1044 protein-protein interaction analysis 1009:1044 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 8 dep domain 1295:1300 arg1 domains 1358:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 4 9 theme GLP 525:527 arg1 sequences 529:537 known 17 germins and GLP sequences 504:537 known 17 germins and GLP sequences 504:537 In this study, 80 putative germins and GLPs have been identified in barley by using known 17 germins and GLP sequences. 34363524 2 10 theme diverse 283:289 arg1 processes 291:299 diverse processes 283:299 diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses 283:350 To date, functional analysis has revealed germins and GLPs are involved in diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses. 34363524 2 10 theme diverse 283:289 arg1 development 319:329 embryonic development 309:329 embryonic development 309:329 To date, functional analysis has revealed germins and GLPs are involved in diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses. 34363524 2 10 theme diverse 283:289 arg1 responses 342:350 stress responses 335:350 stress responses 335:350 To date, functional analysis has revealed germins and GLPs are involved in diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses. 34363524 9 11 theme interaction 1025:1035 arg1 analysis 1037:1044 protein-protein interaction analysis 1009:1044 protein-protein interaction analysis 1009:1044 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 12 link N-linked 1200:1207 arg1 glycosylation 1209:1221 protein N-linked glycosylation 1192:1221 protein N-linked glycosylation 1192:1221 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 10 13 theme diverse 1426:1432 arg1 functions 1434:1442 diverse functions 1426:1442 diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement 1426:1499 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 9 14 theme finger 1351:1356 arg1 domains 1358:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 5 15 theme germins 552:558 arg1 Analysis 540:547 Analysis 540:547 Analysis of germins and GLPs 540:567 Analysis of germins and GLPs showed all germins and GLPs are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively. 34363524 1 16 theme multigene 145:153 arg1 families 155:162 multigene families 145:162 multigene families in several plant species, including barley 145:205 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 0 17 theme germins 43:49 arg1 roles 27:31 Potential stress tolerance roles 0:31 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 0:59 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 9 18 theme N-linked 1200:1207 arg1 glycosylation 1209:1221 protein N-linked glycosylation 1192:1221 protein N-linked glycosylation 1192:1221 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 10 19 theme important 1459:1467 arg1 candidates 1469:1478 important candidates 1459:1478 important candidates for crop improvement 1459:1499 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 3 20 theme germins 402:408 arg1 aim 357:359 The aim 353:359 The aim of this study 353:373 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 3 20 theme germins 402:408 arg1 analysis 383:390 the analysis 379:390 the analysis of barley germins and GLPs 379:417 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 0 21 theme stress 10:15 arg1 roles 27:31 Potential stress tolerance roles 0:31 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 0:59 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 5 22 theme GLPs 564:567 arg1 Analysis 540:547 Analysis 540:547 Analysis of germins and GLPs 540:567 Analysis of germins and GLPs showed all germins and GLPs are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively. 34363524 1 23 theme germin-like 73:83 arg1 proteins 85:92 germin-like proteins 73:92 germin-like proteins (GLPs) 73:99 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 1 23 theme germin-like 73:83 arg1 GLPs 95:98 GLPs 95:98 GLPs 95:98 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 9 24 contain containing 1266:1275 arg2 RING 1306:1309 RING 1306:1309 RING (really interesting new gene) 1306:1339 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 24 contain containing 1266:1275 arg2 domain 1295:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 24 contain containing 1266:1275 arg1 golgin 1106:1111 RAB6-interacting golgin 1089:1111 RAB6-interacting golgin 1089:1111 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 24 contain containing 1266:1275 arg2 gene 1335:1338 really interesting new gene 1312:1338 really interesting new gene 1312:1338 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 25 theme interesting 1319:1329 arg1 gene 1335:1338 really interesting new gene 1312:1338 really interesting new gene 1312:1338 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 25 theme interesting 1319:1329 arg1 RING 1306:1309 RING 1306:1309 RING (really interesting new gene) 1306:1339 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 0 26 theme Potential 0:8 arg1 roles 27:31 Potential stress tolerance roles 0:31 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 0:59 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 6 27 theme aa 832:833 arg1 length 818:823 an average length 807:823 an average length of 225 aa 807:833 The protein sizes varied between 185 and 335 amino acids, with an average length of 225 aa. 34363524 9 28 theme transporter 1141:1151 arg1 activity 1153:1160 oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity 1114:1160 oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity 1114:1160 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 1 29 theme several 167:173 arg1 species 181:187 several plant species 167:187 several plant species 167:187 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 1 29 theme several 167:173 arg1 barley 200:205 barley 200:205 barley 200:205 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 9 30 theme multi-pass 1224:1233 arg1 protein 1244:1250 multi-pass membrane protein 1224:1250 multi-pass membrane protein 1224:1250 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 1 31 theme plant 175:179 arg1 species 181:187 several plant species 167:187 several plant species 167:187 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 1 31 theme plant 175:179 arg1 barley 200:205 barley 200:205 barley 200:205 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 0 32 theme tolerance 17:25 arg1 roles 27:31 Potential stress tolerance roles 0:31 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 0:59 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 4 33 theme known 504:508 arg1 sequences 529:537 known 17 germins and GLP sequences 504:537 known 17 germins and GLP sequences 504:537 In this study, 80 putative germins and GLPs have been identified in barley by using known 17 germins and GLP sequences. 34363524 6 34 theme protein 748:754 arg1 sizes 756:760 The protein sizes 744:760 The protein sizes 744:760 The protein sizes varied between 185 and 335 amino acids, with an average length of 225 aa. 34363524 0 35 theme barley 36:41 arg1 germins 43:49 barley germins 36:49 barley germins 36:49 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 9 36 theme protein 1192:1198 arg1 glycosylation 1209:1221 protein N-linked glycosylation 1192:1221 protein N-linked glycosylation 1192:1221 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 37 theme -type 1340:1344 arg1 domains 1358:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 38 theme new 1331:1333 arg1 gene 1335:1338 really interesting new gene 1312:1338 really interesting new gene 1312:1338 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 38 theme new 1331:1333 arg1 RING 1306:1309 RING 1306:1309 RING (really interesting new gene) 1306:1339 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 8 39 located detected 905:912 arg1 GLPs 933:936 GLPs 933:936 GLPs 933:936 While germin motifs 1 and 3 were detected in all germins and GLPs, some motifs were found to be related to signalization. 34363524 8 39 located detected 905:912 arg1 germins 921:927 germins 921:927 germins 921:927 While germin motifs 1 and 3 were detected in all germins and GLPs, some motifs were found to be related to signalization. 34363524 8 39 located detected 905:912 arg2 motifs 885:890 germin motifs 1 and 3 878:898 motifs 885:890 While germin motifs 1 and 3 were detected in all germins and GLPs, some motifs were found to be related to signalization. 34363524 8 39 located detected 905:912 arg2 3 898:898 3 898:898 3 898:898 While germin motifs 1 and 3 were detected in all germins and GLPs, some motifs were found to be related to signalization. 34363524 3 40 theme barley 395:400 arg1 germins 402:408 barley germins 395:408 barley germins 395:408 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 6 41 theme average 810:816 arg1 length 818:823 an average length 807:823 an average length of 225 aa 807:833 The protein sizes varied between 185 and 335 amino acids, with an average length of 225 aa. 34363524 9 42 theme RAB6-interacting 1089:1104 arg1 golgin 1106:1111 RAB6-interacting golgin 1089:1111 RAB6-interacting golgin 1089:1111 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 3 43 theme GLPs 414:417 arg1 aim 357:359 The aim 353:359 The aim of this study 353:373 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 3 43 theme GLPs 414:417 arg1 analysis 383:390 the analysis 379:390 the analysis of barley germins and GLPs 379:417 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 8 44 dep germins 921:927 arg1 all 917:919 all 917:919 all 917:919 While germin motifs 1 and 3 were detected in all germins and GLPs, some motifs were found to be related to signalization. 34363524 10 45 theme barley 1393:1398 arg1 germins 1400:1406 barley germins 1393:1406 barley germins 1393:1406 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 2 46 theme embryonic 309:317 arg1 development 319:329 embryonic development 309:329 embryonic development 309:329 To date, functional analysis has revealed germins and GLPs are involved in diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses. 34363524 3 47 theme study 369:373 arg1 aim 357:359 The aim 353:359 The aim of this study 353:373 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 3 47 theme study 369:373 arg1 analysis 383:390 the analysis 379:390 the analysis of barley germins and GLPs 379:417 The aim of this study was the analysis of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 5 48 from proteins 712:719 arg1 each 724:727 each 724:727 each 724:727 Analysis of germins and GLPs showed all germins and GLPs are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively. 34363524 9 49 theme oligopeptide 1114:1125 arg1 activity 1153:1160 oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity 1114:1160 oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity 1114:1160 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 50 theme membrane 1235:1242 arg1 protein 1244:1250 multi-pass membrane protein 1224:1250 multi-pass membrane protein 1224:1250 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 51 theme zinc 1277:1280 arg1 domain 1295:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 52 theme transmembrane 1127:1139 arg1 activity 1153:1160 oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity 1114:1160 oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity 1114:1160 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 7 53 theme conserved 843:851 arg1 motifs 853:858 Twelve conserved motifs 836:858 Twelve conserved motifs 836:858 Twelve conserved motifs were found. 34363524 1 54 theme germination 110:120 arg1 markers 122:128 germination markers 110:128 germination markers 110:128 Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) known as germination markers are encoded by multigene families in several plant species, including barley. 34363524 9 55 theme finger 1282:1287 arg1 domain 1295:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 56 theme zinc 1346:1349 arg1 domains 1358:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 -type zinc finger domains 1340:1364 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 5 57 with chromosomes 626:636 arg1 proteins 712:719 16, 18 and 12 proteins 698:719 16, 18 and 12 proteins 698:719 Analysis of germins and GLPs showed all germins and GLPs are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively. 34363524 2 58 theme functional 217:226 arg1 analysis 228:235 functional analysis 217:235 functional analysis 217:235 To date, functional analysis has revealed germins and GLPs are involved in diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses. 34363524 10 59 contain have 1421:1424 arg1 GLPs 1412:1415 GLPs 1412:1415 GLPs 1412:1415 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 10 59 contain have 1421:1424 arg1 germins 1400:1406 barley germins 1393:1406 barley germins 1393:1406 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 10 59 contain have 1421:1424 arg2 functions 1434:1442 diverse functions 1426:1442 diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement 1426:1499 Our findings suggest that barley germins and GLPs may have diverse functions that make them important candidates for crop improvement. 34363524 0 60 theme GLPs 55:58 arg1 roles 27:31 Potential stress tolerance roles 0:31 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 0:59 Potential stress tolerance roles of barley germins and GLPs. 34363524 5 61 dep germins 580:586 arg1 distributed 601:611 distributed 601:611 are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively 597:741 Analysis of germins and GLPs showed all germins and GLPs are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively. 34363524 5 61 dep germins 580:586 arg1 all 576:578 all 576:578 all 576:578 Analysis of germins and GLPs showed all germins and GLPs are distributed on all seven chromosomes that most of them spread through chromosome 3, 4 and 7 with 16, 18 and 12 proteins on each, respectively. 34363524 2 62 theme stress 335:340 arg1 responses 342:350 stress responses 335:350 stress responses 335:350 To date, functional analysis has revealed germins and GLPs are involved in diverse processes such as embryonic development and stress responses. 34363524 9 63 dep GLPs 1064:1067 arg1 associated 1073:1082 associated 1073:1082 are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains 1069:1364 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34363524 9 64 theme Znf 1290:1292 arg1 domain 1295:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 zinc finger (Znf) domain 1277:1300 Interestingly, protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated some GLPs are associated with RAB6-interacting golgin, oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity, beta-glucuronidase activity, protein N-linked glycosylation, multi-pass membrane protein, and proteins containing zinc finger (Znf) domain and RING (really interesting new gene)-type zinc finger domains. 34873473 0 0 theme glioblastoma 98:109 arg1 cells 111:115 glioblastoma cells 98:115 glioblastoma cells 98:115 Fucosyltransferase 8 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase activation and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. 34873473 2 1 gly fucosylation 298:309 arg1 glycosylation 323:335 N-linked glycosylation 314:335 N-linked glycosylation 314:335 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 7 2 theme kinase 1473:1478 arg1 activity 1480:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 1 3 theme malignant 177:185 arg1 characteristics 187:201 malignant characteristics 177:201 malignant characteristics 177:201 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. 34873473 7 4 theme tyrosine 1464:1471 arg1 activity 1480:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 3 5 theme tumor 671:675 arg1 grade 677:681 advanced tumor grade 662:681 advanced tumor grade 662:681 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 4 6 theme FUT8 845:848 arg1 overexpression 827:840 overexpression 827:840 overexpression of FUT8 827:848 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. 34873473 1 7 theme characteristics 187:201 arg1 Alteration 118:127 Alteration 118:127 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation 118:158 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. 34873473 1 7 theme characteristics 187:201 arg1 hallmark 165:172 a hallmark 163:172 a hallmark of malignant characteristics 163:201 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. 34873473 5 8 theme EGFR 1112:1115 arg1 transactivation 1093:1107 the transactivation 1089:1107 the transactivation of EGFR 1089:1115 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 6 9 theme therapy 1261:1267 arg1 efficacy 1227:1234 the efficacy 1223:1234 the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy 1223:1267 Importantly, altering FUT8 expression or using the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose sensitized the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. 34873473 6 10 theme FUT8 1140:1143 arg1 expression 1145:1154 FUT8 expression 1140:1154 FUT8 expression 1140:1154 Importantly, altering FUT8 expression or using the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose sensitized the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. 34873473 2 11 theme core 293:296 arg1 fucosylation 298:309 the core fucosylation 289:309 the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation 289:335 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 4 12 theme Silencing 728:736 arg1 expression 743:752 Silencing FUT8 expression 728:752 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells 728:768 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. 34873473 5 13 attach attached 1003:1010 arg2 status 987:992 fucosylation status 974:992 fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR 974:1115 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 5 13 attach attached 1003:1010 arg1 EGFR 1023:1026 EGFR 1023:1026 EGFR 1023:1026 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 5 13 attach attached 1003:1010 arg1 MET 1015:1017 MET 1015:1017 MET 1015:1017 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 3 14 theme decreased 700:708 arg1 survival 718:725 decreased overall survival 700:725 decreased overall survival 700:725 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 6 15 theme inhibitor 1182:1190 arg1 2F-peracetyl-fucose 1192:1210 the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose 1165:1210 the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose 1165:1210 Importantly, altering FUT8 expression or using the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose sensitized the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. 34873473 5 16 theme status 987:992 arg1 alteration 960:969 the alteration 956:969 the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR 956:1115 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 2 17 theme receptor 506:513 arg1 activities 436:445 the activities 432:445 the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 432:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 18 theme important 344:352 arg1 fucosyltransferase 236:253 fucosyltransferase 8 236:255 fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) 236:262 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 18 theme important 344:352 arg1 regulator 354:362 an important regulator 341:362 an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 341:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 4 19 from expression 743:752 arg1 cells 764:768 glioma cells 757:768 glioma cells 757:768 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. 34873473 3 20 with correlations 644:655 arg1 survival 718:725 decreased overall survival 700:725 decreased overall survival 700:725 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 3 20 with correlations 644:655 arg1 recurrence 684:693 recurrence 684:693 recurrence 684:693 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 3 20 with correlations 644:655 arg1 grade 677:681 advanced tumor grade 662:681 advanced tumor grade 662:681 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 2 21 theme factor 499:504 arg1 receptor 506:513 epidermal growth factor receptor 482:513 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 482:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 21 theme factor 499:504 arg1 EGFR 516:519 EGFR 516:519 EGFR 516:519 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 4 22 theme glioma 757:762 arg1 cells 764:768 glioma cells 757:768 glioma cells 757:768 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. 34873473 7 23 theme receptor 1455:1462 arg1 activity 1480:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 6 24 theme temozolomide 1242:1253 arg1 therapy 1261:1267 temozolomide (TMZ) therapy 1242:1267 temozolomide (TMZ) therapy 1242:1267 Importantly, altering FUT8 expression or using the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose sensitized the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. 34873473 2 25 from regulator 354:362 arg1 glioma 402:407 human glioma 396:407 human glioma 396:407 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 26 theme glycosylation 323:335 arg1 fucosylation 298:309 the core fucosylation 289:309 the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation 289:335 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 3 27 theme overall 710:716 arg1 survival 718:725 decreased overall survival 700:725 decreased overall survival 700:725 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 2 28 theme human 396:400 arg1 glioma 402:407 human glioma 396:407 human glioma 396:407 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 29 from characteristics 377:391 arg1 glioma 402:407 human glioma 396:407 human glioma 396:407 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 30 theme N-linked 314:321 arg1 glycosylation 323:335 N-linked glycosylation 314:335 N-linked glycosylation 314:335 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 7 31 theme FUT8 1313:1316 arg1 dysregulation 1318:1330 FUT8 dysregulation 1313:1330 FUT8 dysregulation 1313:1330 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 0 32 theme receptor 31:38 arg1 activation 56:65 receptor tyrosine kinase activation 31:65 receptor tyrosine kinase activation 31:65 Fucosyltransferase 8 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase activation and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. 34873473 5 33 theme Mechanistic 894:904 arg1 investigations 906:919 Mechanistic investigations 894:919 Mechanistic investigations 894:919 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 3 34 theme protein 532:538 arg1 levels 551:556 mRNA and protein expression levels 523:556 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 523:564 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 3 35 theme expression 540:549 arg1 levels 551:556 mRNA and protein expression levels 523:556 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 523:564 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 0 36 theme kinase 49:54 arg1 activation 56:65 receptor tyrosine kinase activation 31:65 receptor tyrosine kinase activation 31:65 Fucosyltransferase 8 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase activation and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. 34873473 5 37 theme HGF 1058:1060 arg1 stimulation 1062:1072 HGF stimulation 1058:1072 HGF stimulation 1058:1072 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 7 38 theme cells 1381:1385 arg1 behaviors 1361:1369 the malignant behaviors 1347:1369 the malignant behaviors of glioma cells 1347:1385 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 7 39 theme fucosylation 1439:1450 arg1 significance 1423:1434 the significance 1419:1434 the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance 1419:1506 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 0 40 theme tyrosine 40:47 arg1 activation 56:65 receptor tyrosine kinase activation 31:65 receptor tyrosine kinase activation 31:65 Fucosyltransferase 8 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase activation and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. 34873473 2 41 theme receptor 463:470 arg1 activities 436:445 the activities 432:445 the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 432:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 7 42 theme malignant 1351:1359 arg1 behaviors 1361:1369 the malignant behaviors 1347:1369 the malignant behaviors of glioma cells 1347:1385 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 2 43 theme epidermal 482:490 arg1 receptor 506:513 epidermal growth factor receptor 482:513 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 482:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 43 theme epidermal 482:490 arg1 EGFR 516:519 EGFR 516:519 EGFR 516:519 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 3 44 theme FUT8 561:564 arg1 levels 551:556 mRNA and protein expression levels 523:556 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 523:564 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 1 45 theme extracellular 132:144 arg1 glycosylation 146:158 extracellular glycosylation 132:158 extracellular glycosylation 132:158 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. 34873473 2 46 theme HGF 459:461 arg1 receptor 463:470 the HGF receptor 455:470 the HGF receptor (MET) 455:476 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 46 theme HGF 459:461 arg1 MET 473:475 MET 473:475 MET 473:475 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 7 47 theme glioma 1374:1379 arg1 cells 1381:1385 glioma cells 1374:1385 glioma cells 1374:1385 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 1 48 theme glycosylation 146:158 arg1 Alteration 118:127 Alteration 118:127 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation 118:158 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. 34873473 1 48 theme glycosylation 146:158 arg1 hallmark 165:172 a hallmark 163:172 a hallmark of malignant characteristics 163:201 Alteration of extracellular glycosylation is a hallmark of malignant characteristics. 34873473 2 49 link N-linked 314:321 arg1 glycosylation 323:335 N-linked glycosylation 314:335 N-linked glycosylation 314:335 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 3 50 theme advanced 662:669 arg1 grade 677:681 advanced tumor grade 662:681 advanced tumor grade 662:681 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 4 51 theme cell 781:784 arg1 growth 786:791 cell growth 781:791 cell growth 781:791 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. 34873473 2 52 from glioma 402:407 arg1 fucosyltransferase 236:253 fucosyltransferase 8 236:255 fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) 236:262 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 52 from glioma 402:407 arg1 regulator 354:362 an important regulator 341:362 an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 341:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 4 53 theme FUT8 738:741 arg1 expression 743:752 Silencing FUT8 expression 728:752 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells 728:768 Silencing FUT8 expression in glioma cells suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of FUT8 was sufficient to enhance these phenotypes. 34873473 7 54 theme novel 1399:1403 arg1 insights 1405:1412 novel insights 1399:1412 novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance 1399:1506 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 5 55 theme fucosylation 974:985 arg1 status 987:992 fucosylation status 974:992 fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR 974:1115 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 3 56 theme positive 635:642 arg1 correlations 644:655 positive correlations 635:655 positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival 635:725 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 3 57 theme mRNA 523:526 arg1 levels 551:556 mRNA and protein expression levels 523:556 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 523:564 mRNA and protein expression levels of FUT8 were frequently upregulated in gliomas, and these events were showed positive correlations with advanced tumor grade, recurrence, and decreased overall survival. 34873473 5 58 theme MET 1038:1040 arg1 responses 1042:1050 MET responses 1038:1050 MET responses 1038:1050 Mechanistic investigations revealed that FUT8 was involved in the alteration of fucosylation status that was attached to MET and EGFR, changing MET responses after HGF stimulation, as well as in the transactivation of EGFR. 34873473 2 59 theme growth 492:497 arg1 receptor 506:513 epidermal growth factor receptor 482:513 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 482:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 59 theme growth 492:497 arg1 EGFR 516:519 EGFR 516:519 EGFR 516:519 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 6 60 theme fucosylation 1169:1180 arg1 2F-peracetyl-fucose 1192:1210 the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose 1165:1210 the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose 1165:1210 Importantly, altering FUT8 expression or using the fucosylation inhibitor 2F-peracetyl-fucose sensitized the efficacy of of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. 34873473 7 61 from significance 1423:1434 arg1 activity 1480:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 receptor tyrosine kinase activity 1455:1487 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 7 61 from significance 1423:1434 arg1 resistance 1497:1506 TMZ resistance 1493:1506 TMZ resistance 1493:1506 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 2 62 theme characteristics 377:391 arg1 fucosyltransferase 236:253 fucosyltransferase 8 236:255 fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) 236:262 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 2 62 theme characteristics 377:391 arg1 regulator 354:362 an important regulator 341:362 an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 341:520 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 34873473 0 63 theme temozolomide 71:82 arg1 resistance 84:93 temozolomide resistance 71:93 temozolomide resistance 71:93 Fucosyltransferase 8 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase activation and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. 34873473 7 64 theme TMZ 1493:1495 arg1 resistance 1497:1506 TMZ resistance 1493:1506 TMZ resistance 1493:1506 Collectively, these results suggested that FUT8 dysregulation contributed to the malignant behaviors of glioma cells and provide novel insights into the significance of fucosylation in receptor tyrosine kinase activity and TMZ resistance. 34873473 2 65 theme malignant 367:375 arg1 characteristics 377:391 malignant characteristics 367:391 malignant characteristics in human glioma 367:407 In this study, we revealed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), an enzyme that mediates the core fucosylation of N-linked glycosylation, is an important regulator of malignant characteristics in human glioma that acts by modifying the activities of both the HGF receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 33755116 6 0 theme force 878:882 arg1 field 884:888 a fully atomistic force field 860:888 a fully atomistic force field 860:888 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 1 theme vaccines 1032:1039 arg1 development 1007:1017 the development 1003:1017 the development of drugs and vaccines 1003:1039 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 5 2 theme applied 709:715 arg1 example 717:723 a direct applied example 700:723 a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein 700:756 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 5 2 theme applied 709:715 arg1 Env 693:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 4 3 theme reductive 551:559 arg1 model 561:565 a reductive model 549:565 a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation 549:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33755116 5 4 theme glycosylated 737:748 arg1 protein 750:756 a highly glycosylated protein 728:756 a highly glycosylated protein 728:756 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 3 5 theme current 476:482 arg1 approaches 497:506 current experimental approaches 476:506 current experimental approaches 476:506 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 6 6 theme glycosylation 940:952 arg1 variants 954:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 0 7 theme HIV-1 73:77 arg1 glycoprotein 83:94 HIV-1 Env glycoprotein 73:94 the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics 69:103 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 1 8 from nature 141:146 arg1 ubiquitous 127:136 ubiquitous 127:136 ubiquitous 127:136 N-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. 33755116 3 9 theme chemical 330:337 arg1 variability 339:349 their chemical variability 324:349 their chemical variability 324:349 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 2 10 theme evasive 248:254 arg1 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation of pathogenic proteins 192:227 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 2 10 theme evasive 248:254 arg1 mechanism 256:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 0 11 theme glycoprotein 83:94 arg1 dynamics 96:103 the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics 69:103 the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics 69:103 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 1 12 from ubiquitous 127:136 arg1 nature 141:146 nature 141:146 nature 141:146 N-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. 33755116 2 13 theme immune 241:246 arg1 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation of pathogenic proteins 192:227 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 2 13 theme immune 241:246 arg1 mechanism 256:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 3 14 theme glycans 412:418 arg1 understanding 395:407 an accurate molecular understanding 373:407 an accurate molecular understanding of glycans 373:418 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 0 15 theme Env 79:81 arg1 glycoprotein 83:94 HIV-1 Env glycoprotein 73:94 the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics 69:103 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 3 16 theme accurate 376:383 arg1 understanding 395:407 an accurate molecular understanding 373:407 an accurate molecular understanding of glycans 373:418 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 2 17 theme common 234:239 arg1 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation of pathogenic proteins 192:227 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 2 17 theme common 234:239 arg1 mechanism 256:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 5 18 theme direct 702:707 arg1 example 717:723 a direct applied example 700:723 a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein 700:756 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 5 18 theme direct 702:707 arg1 Env 693:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 3 19 theme complex 355:361 arg1 dynamics 363:370 complex dynamics 355:370 complex dynamics 355:370 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 6 20 theme good 840:843 arg1 agreement 845:853 very good agreement 835:853 very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field 835:888 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 21 theme drugs 1022:1026 arg1 development 1007:1017 the development 1003:1017 the development of drugs and vaccines 1003:1039 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 1 22 theme key 157:159 arg1 roles 161:165 key roles 157:165 key roles 157:165 N-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. 33755116 6 23 theme atomistic 868:876 arg1 field 884:888 a fully atomistic force field 860:888 a fully atomistic force field 860:888 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 24 theme large 924:928 arg1 amount 930:935 large amount 924:935 large amount of glycosylation variants 924:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 24 theme large 924:928 arg1 variants 954:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 24 theme large 924:928 arg1 property 978:985 a fundamental property 964:985 a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines 964:1039 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 25 theme variants 954:961 arg1 amount 930:935 large amount 924:935 large amount of glycosylation variants 924:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 25 theme variants 954:961 arg1 variants 954:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 25 theme variants 954:961 arg1 property 978:985 a fundamental property 964:985 a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines 964:1039 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 4 26 theme computational 635:647 arg1 study 649:653 the computational study 631:653 the computational study of N-glycosylation 631:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33755116 6 27 with agreement 845:853 arg1 field 884:888 a fully atomistic force field 860:888 a fully atomistic force field 860:888 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 4 28 theme coarse-grained 600:613 arg1 field 621:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field 576:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation 576:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33755116 0 29 theme Martini 15:21 arg1 parameters 27:36 Martini 2.2 parameters 15:36 Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans 15:50 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 0 30 theme dynamics 96:103 arg1 study 60:64 a case study 53:64 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 0:104 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 0 31 gly glycoprotein 83:94 arg1 glycoprotein 83:94 HIV-1 Env glycoprotein 73:94 the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics 69:103 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 4 32 theme N-glycosylation 658:672 arg1 study 649:653 the computational study 631:653 the computational study of N-glycosylation 631:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33755116 2 33 gly glycosylation 192:204 arg1 proteins 220:227 pathogenic proteins 209:227 pathogenic proteins 209:227 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 3 34 theme resolution 462:471 arg1 lack 444:447 the lack 440:447 the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches 440:506 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 5 35 theme HIV-1 687:691 arg1 example 717:723 a direct applied example 700:723 a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein 700:756 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 5 35 theme HIV-1 687:691 arg1 Env 693:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 0 36 theme parameters 27:36 arg1 Development 0:10 Development 0:10 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 0:104 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 3 37 theme molecular 385:393 arg1 understanding 395:407 an accurate molecular understanding 373:407 an accurate molecular understanding of glycans 373:418 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 4 38 theme force 615:619 arg1 field 621:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field 576:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation 576:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33755116 1 39 link N-linked 106:113 arg1 glycans 115:121 N-linked glycans 106:121 N-linked glycans 106:121 N-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. 33755116 6 40 theme many 815:818 arg1 observables 820:830 many observables 815:830 many observables 815:830 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 3 41 theme effective 452:460 arg1 resolution 462:471 effective resolution 452:471 effective resolution of current experimental approaches 452:506 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 5 42 used used 678:681 arg2 We 675:676 We 675:676 We 675:676 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 2 43 theme vaccines 307:314 arg1 development 281:291 the development 277:291 the development of successful vaccines 277:314 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 0 44 dep Development 0:10 arg1 study 60:64 a case study 53:64 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 0:104 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 5 45 theme protein 750:756 arg1 example 717:723 a direct applied example 700:723 a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein 700:756 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 5 45 theme protein 750:756 arg1 Env 693:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 the HIV-1 Env 683:695 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 6 46 theme fundamental 966:976 arg1 amount 930:935 large amount 924:935 large amount of glycosylation variants 924:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 46 theme fundamental 966:976 arg1 variants 954:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 glycosylation variants 940:961 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 6 46 theme fundamental 966:976 arg1 property 978:985 a fundamental property 964:985 a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines 964:1039 Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines. 33755116 1 47 theme N-linked 106:113 arg1 glycans 115:121 N-linked glycans 106:121 N-linked glycans 106:121 N-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. 33755116 5 48 gly glycosylated 737:748 arg1 protein 750:756 a highly glycosylated protein 728:756 a highly glycosylated protein 728:756 We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. 33755116 2 49 theme successful 296:305 arg1 vaccines 307:314 successful vaccines 296:314 successful vaccines 296:314 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 0 50 theme case 55:58 arg1 study 60:64 a case study 53:64 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 0:104 Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics. 33755116 2 51 theme proteins 220:227 arg1 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation 192:204 glycosylation of pathogenic proteins 192:227 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 2 51 theme proteins 220:227 arg1 mechanism 256:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 a common immune evasive mechanism 232:264 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 3 52 theme experimental 484:495 arg1 approaches 497:506 current experimental approaches 476:506 current experimental approaches 476:506 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 4 53 theme Martini 588:594 arg1 field 621:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field 576:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation 576:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33755116 2 54 theme pathogenic 209:218 arg1 proteins 220:227 pathogenic proteins 209:227 pathogenic proteins 209:227 For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. 33755116 3 55 theme approaches 497:506 arg1 resolution 462:471 effective resolution 452:471 effective resolution of current experimental approaches 452:506 Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. 33755116 4 56 theme popular 580:586 arg1 field 621:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field 576:625 the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation 576:672 Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. 33201770 0 0 theme process 72:78 arg1 monitoring 80:89 process monitoring 72:89 process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation 72:126 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 3 1 theme overall 732:738 arg1 content 753:759 overall high mannose content 732:759 overall high mannose content in cell culture 732:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 6 2 theme cell 1266:1269 arg1 culture 1271:1277 cell culture 1266:1277 cell culture 1266:1277 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 5 3 theme control 1222:1228 arg1 laboratory 1230:1239 a quality control laboratory 1212:1239 a quality control laboratory 1212:1239 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 4 4 theme mannose-5 976:984 arg1 quantitation 960:971 relative quantitation 951:971 relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively 951:1034 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 33201770 6 5 theme earlier 1325:1331 arg1 assessment 1333:1342 an earlier assessment 1322:1342 an earlier assessment of product quality 1322:1361 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 1 6 theme key 280:282 arg1 role 284:287 a key role 278:287 a key role 278:287 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 5 7 theme cell 1112:1115 arg1 harvest 1125:1131 cell culture harvest 1112:1131 cell culture harvest 1112:1131 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 4 8 dep IgG1 924:927 arg1 an 921:922 an 921:922 an 921:922 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 33201770 3 9 theme reduced 569:575 arg1 method 589:594 A platform reduced intact mass method 558:594 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies 558:627 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 9 theme reduced 569:575 arg1 method 666:671 a quantitative method 651:671 a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 651:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 5 10 theme routine 1183:1189 arg1 testing 1201:1207 routine GMP batch testing 1183:1207 routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory 1183:1239 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 4 11 theme IgG4 933:936 arg1 mAb 938:940 IgG4 mAb 933:940 IgG4 mAb 933:940 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 33201770 5 12 theme several 1066:1072 arg1 stages 1074:1079 several stages 1066:1079 several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product 1066:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 5 13 from harvest 1125:1131 arg1 process 1099:1105 the production process 1084:1105 the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product 1084:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 5 13 from harvest 1125:1131 arg1 stages 1074:1079 several stages 1066:1079 several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product 1066:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 3 14 theme intact 577:582 arg1 method 589:594 A platform reduced intact mass method 558:594 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies 558:627 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 14 theme intact 577:582 arg1 method 666:671 a quantitative method 651:671 a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 651:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 5 15 theme GMP 1191:1193 arg1 testing 1201:1207 routine GMP batch testing 1183:1207 routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory 1183:1239 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 0 16 theme antibody 105:112 arg1 glycosylation 114:126 monoclonal antibody glycosylation 94:126 monoclonal antibody glycosylation 94:126 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 6 17 theme glycosylation 1370:1382 arg1 profile 1384:1390 the glycosylation profile 1366:1390 the glycosylation profile 1366:1390 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 6 18 theme downstream 1417:1426 arg1 purification 1428:1439 downstream purification 1417:1439 downstream purification 1417:1439 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 6 19 theme quality 1355:1361 arg1 assessment 1333:1342 an earlier assessment 1322:1342 an earlier assessment of product quality 1322:1361 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 0 20 theme monoclonal 94:103 arg1 antibody 105:112 monoclonal antibody 94:112 monoclonal antibody glycosylation 94:126 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 3 21 theme high 740:743 arg1 content 753:759 overall high mannose content 732:759 overall high mannose content in cell culture 732:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 4 22 theme range 993:997 arg1 % 1007:1007 the range 0.8-11.0% 989:1007 the range 0.8-11.0% 989:1007 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 33201770 3 23 theme platform 560:567 arg1 method 589:594 A platform reduced intact mass method 558:594 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies 558:627 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 23 theme platform 560:567 arg1 method 666:671 a quantitative method 651:671 a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 651:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 1 24 theme primary 186:192 arg1 source 194:199 a primary source 184:199 a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies 184:266 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 1 24 theme primary 186:192 arg1 glycosylation 167:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 3 25 theme mannose 745:751 arg1 content 753:759 overall high mannose content 732:759 overall high mannose content in cell culture 732:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 5 26 theme drug 1136:1139 arg1 product 1156:1162 drug substance/drug product 1136:1162 drug substance/drug product 1136:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 5 27 theme substance/drug 1141:1154 arg1 product 1156:1162 drug substance/drug product 1136:1162 drug substance/drug product 1136:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 2 28 theme antibodies 409:418 arg1 profile 375:381 The glycosylation profile 357:381 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies 357:418 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 2 29 theme inputs 462:467 arg1 array 440:444 an array 437:444 an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution 437:555 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 3 30 theme mass 584:587 arg1 method 589:594 A platform reduced intact mass method 558:594 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies 558:627 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 30 theme mass 584:587 arg1 method 666:671 a quantitative method 651:671 a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 651:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 2 31 theme cell 449:452 arg1 inputs 462:467 cell culture inputs 449:467 cell culture inputs 449:467 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 2 32 theme culture 454:460 arg1 inputs 462:467 cell culture inputs 449:467 cell culture inputs 449:467 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 3 33 theme cell 764:767 arg1 culture 769:775 cell culture 764:775 cell culture 764:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 0 34 theme glycosylation 114:126 arg1 monitoring 80:89 process monitoring 72:89 process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation 72:126 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 5 35 theme process 1099:1105 arg1 stages 1074:1079 several stages 1066:1079 several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product 1066:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 0 36 theme platform 32:39 arg1 validation 16:25 validation 16:25 validation 16:25 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 0 36 theme platform 32:39 arg1 Development 0:10 Development 0:10 Development 0:10 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 1 37 theme drug 304:307 arg1 properties 309:318 drug properties 304:318 drug properties associated with biological function 304:354 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 5 38 theme batch 1195:1199 arg1 testing 1201:1207 routine GMP batch testing 1183:1207 routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory 1183:1239 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 1 39 theme properties 309:318 arg1 myriad 294:299 a myriad 292:299 a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function 292:354 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 0 40 theme routine 135:141 arg1 manufacturing 143:155 routine manufacturing 135:155 routine manufacturing 135:155 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 3 41 from content 753:759 arg1 culture 769:775 cell culture 764:775 cell culture 764:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 1 42 theme recombinant 234:244 arg1 antibodies 257:266 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 234:266 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 234:266 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 0 43 theme intact 49:54 arg1 method 61:66 intact mass method 49:66 intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation 49:126 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 5 44 theme culture 1117:1123 arg1 harvest 1125:1131 cell culture harvest 1112:1131 cell culture harvest 1112:1131 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 3 45 theme monoclonal 607:616 arg1 antibodies 618:627 monoclonal antibodies 607:627 monoclonal antibodies 607:627 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 2 46 theme glycosylation 361:373 arg1 profile 375:381 The glycosylation profile 357:381 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies 357:418 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 1 47 link N-linked 158:165 arg1 source 194:199 a primary source 184:199 a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies 184:266 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 1 47 link N-linked 158:165 arg1 glycosylation 167:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 3 48 theme control 782:788 arg1 strategy 790:797 a control strategy 780:797 a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 780:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 48 theme control 782:788 arg1 level 707:711 the relative mannose-5 level 684:711 the relative mannose-5 level 684:711 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 2 49 gly glycosylation 361:373 arg1 antibodies 409:418 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 386:418 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 386:418 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 4 50 theme relative 951:958 arg1 quantitation 960:971 relative quantitation 951:971 relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively 951:1034 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 33201770 1 51 theme biological 336:345 arg1 function 347:354 biological function 336:354 biological function 336:354 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 6 52 theme product 1295:1301 arg1 release 1303:1309 product release 1295:1309 product release 1295:1309 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 2 53 theme desired 529:535 arg1 distribution 544:555 the desired glycan distribution 525:555 the desired glycan distribution 525:555 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 1 54 theme monoclonal 246:255 arg1 antibodies 257:266 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 234:266 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 234:266 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 5 55 from testing 1201:1207 arg1 laboratory 1230:1239 a quality control laboratory 1212:1239 a quality control laboratory 1212:1239 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 3 56 theme relative 688:695 arg1 strategy 790:797 a control strategy 780:797 a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 780:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 56 theme relative 688:695 arg1 level 707:711 the relative mannose-5 level 684:711 the relative mannose-5 level 684:711 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 56 theme relative 688:695 arg1 surrogate 718:726 a surrogate 716:726 a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture 716:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 57 theme quantitative 653:664 arg1 method 589:594 A platform reduced intact mass method 558:594 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies 558:627 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 57 theme quantitative 653:664 arg1 method 666:671 a quantitative method 651:671 a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 651:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 2 58 theme recombinant 386:396 arg1 antibodies 409:418 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 386:418 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 386:418 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 3 59 theme process 829:835 arg1 consistency 837:847 process consistency 829:847 process consistency 829:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 2 60 theme glycan 537:542 arg1 distribution 544:555 the desired glycan distribution 525:555 the desired glycan distribution 525:555 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 3 61 theme mannose-5 697:705 arg1 strategy 790:797 a control strategy 780:797 a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency 780:847 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 61 theme mannose-5 697:705 arg1 level 707:711 the relative mannose-5 level 684:711 the relative mannose-5 level 684:711 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 3 61 theme mannose-5 697:705 arg1 surrogate 718:726 a surrogate 716:726 a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture 716:775 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 6 62 theme product 1347:1353 arg1 quality 1355:1361 product quality 1347:1361 product quality 1347:1361 Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification. 33201770 1 63 theme heterogeneity 204:216 arg1 source 194:199 a primary source 184:199 a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies 184:266 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 1 63 theme heterogeneity 204:216 arg1 glycosylation 167:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 2 64 theme monoclonal 398:407 arg1 antibodies 409:418 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 386:418 recombinant monoclonal antibodies 386:418 The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. 33201770 3 65 theme product 809:815 arg1 quality 817:823 product quality 809:823 product quality 809:823 A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. 33201770 0 66 theme mass 56:59 arg1 method 61:66 intact mass method 49:66 intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation 49:126 Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. 33201770 5 67 theme production 1088:1097 arg1 process 1099:1105 the production process 1084:1105 the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product 1084:1162 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 5 68 from stages 1074:1079 arg1 harvest 1125:1131 cell culture harvest 1112:1131 cell culture harvest 1112:1131 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 1 69 theme N-linked 158:165 arg1 source 194:199 a primary source 184:199 a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies 184:266 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 1 69 theme N-linked 158:165 arg1 glycosylation 167:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation 158:179 N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. 33201770 5 70 theme quality 1214:1220 arg1 laboratory 1230:1239 a quality control laboratory 1212:1239 a quality control laboratory 1212:1239 The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. 33201770 4 71 from quantitation 960:971 arg1 % 1007:1007 the range 0.8-11.0% 989:1007 the range 0.8-11.0% 989:1007 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 33201770 4 71 from quantitation 960:971 arg1 % 1020:1020 1.0-6.2% 1013:1020 1.0-6.2% 1013:1020 The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. 34604725 8 0 theme small 1009:1013 arg1 changes 1015:1021 relatively small changes 998:1021 relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition 998:1072 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 6 1 theme total 807:811 arg1 Fxr-totKO 819:827 Fxr-totKO 819:827 Fxr-totKO 819:827 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 6 1 theme total 807:811 arg1 body 813:816 total body 807:816 total body (Fxr-totKO) 807:828 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 6 2 dep METHODS 664:670 arg1 crossed 700:706 crossed 700:706 were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO) 695:828 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 6 3 theme Fxr 742:744 arg1 ablation 746:753 Fxr ablation 742:753 Fxr ablation 742:753 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 4 4 theme acids 510:514 arg1 communication 474:486 liver-to-gut communication 461:486 liver-to-gut communication 461:486 However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. 34604725 4 4 theme acids 510:514 arg1 roles 496:500 the roles 492:500 the roles of bile acids and Fxr 492:522 However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. 34604725 8 5 theme bile 1034:1037 arg1 concentration 1044:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 16 6 theme bile 2257:2260 arg1 homoeostasis 2267:2278 bile acid homoeostasis 2257:2278 bile acid homoeostasis 2257:2278 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 7 7 theme ex vivo 951:957 arg1 imaging 959:965 ex vivo imaging 951:965 ex vivo imaging 951:965 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 6 8 theme cre-expressing 713:726 arg1 mice 728:731 cre-expressing mice 713:731 cre-expressing mice 713:731 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 16 9 theme homoeostasis 2267:2278 arg1 regulator 2244:2252 the master regulator 2233:2252 the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis 2233:2278 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 16 9 theme homoeostasis 2267:2278 arg1 Fxr 2228:2230 Fxr 2228:2230 Fxr 2228:2230 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 9 10 theme antimicrobial 1286:1298 arg1 genes 1300:1304 antimicrobial genes 1286:1304 antimicrobial genes 1286:1304 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 13 11 theme gene 1794:1797 arg1 expression 1799:1808 colonic gene expression 1786:1808 colonic gene expression 1786:1808 We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. 34604725 7 12 theme mucus 925:929 arg1 function 939:946 mucus barrier function 925:946 mucus barrier function 925:946 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 8 13 theme more 1075:1078 arg1 genes 1080:1084 more genes 1075:1084 more genes 1075:1084 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 0 14 from barrier 60:66 arg1 mice 71:74 mice 71:74 mice 71:74 Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. 34604725 8 15 theme mice 1143:1146 arg1 colons 1123:1128 the colons 1119:1128 the colons of Fxr-livKO mice 1119:1146 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 1 16 theme intense 178:184 arg1 research 186:193 intense research 178:193 intense research 178:193 BACKGROUND & AIMS The interorgan crosstalk between the liver and the intestine has been the focus of intense research. 34604725 16 17 theme barrier 2392:2398 arg1 capacity 2370:2377 the protective capacity 2355:2377 the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 2355:2398 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 9 18 theme inflammasome-related 1328:1347 arg1 genes 1349:1353 inflammasome-related genes 1328:1353 inflammasome-related genes 1328:1353 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 12 19 from forefront 1676:1684 arg1 battle 1693:1698 the battle 1689:1698 the battle against metabolic diseases 1689:1725 CONCLUSIONS Targeting of FXR is at the forefront in the battle against metabolic diseases. 34604725 13 20 theme Fxr 1753:1755 arg1 ablation 1741:1748 ablation 1741:1748 ablation of Fxr in the liver 1741:1768 We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. 34604725 11 21 theme colitis 1593:1599 arg1 symptoms 1601:1608 colitis symptoms 1593:1608 colitis symptoms 1593:1608 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. 34604725 5 22 theme Fxr-mediated 588:599 arg1 communication 614:626 Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication 588:626 Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication 588:626 Herein, we aim to get a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication, particularly in colon functioning. 34604725 9 23 theme genes 1349:1353 arg1 expression 1272:1281 increased expression 1262:1281 increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1262:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 9 24 theme receptors 1317:1325 arg1 expression 1272:1281 increased expression 1262:1281 increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1262:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 0 25 theme colonic 46:52 arg1 barrier 60:66 an increased colonic mucus barrier 33:66 an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice 33:74 Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. 34604725 7 26 theme gene 854:857 arg1 expression 859:868 colonic gene expression 846:868 colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing) 846:885 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 26 theme gene 854:857 arg1 sequencing 875:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 16 27 from players 2175:2181 arg1 communication 2204:2216 this liver-to-gut communication 2186:2216 this liver-to-gut communication 2186:2216 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 11 28 theme Fxr-livKO 1621:1629 arg1 mice 1631:1634 Fxr-livKO mice 1621:1634 Fxr-livKO mice 1621:1634 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. 34604725 9 29 theme Mucin-type 1383:1392 arg1 biosynthesis 1403:1414 the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' 1378:1415 the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1378:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 14 30 theme inflammatory 1942:1953 arg1 disease 1961:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 16 31 theme colonic 2306:2312 arg1 expression 2319:2328 colonic gene expression 2306:2328 colonic gene expression 2306:2328 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 9 32 theme biosynthesis 1403:1414 arg1 pathway 1417:1423 the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1378:1423 the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1378:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 2 33 from crosstalk 208:216 arg1 Key 196:198 Key 196:198 Key 196:198 Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. 34604725 2 33 from crosstalk 208:216 arg1 acids 227:231 bile acids 222:231 bile acids 222:231 Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. 34604725 11 34 theme inner 1549:1553 arg1 layer 1569:1573 the inner sterile mucus layer 1545:1573 the inner sterile mucus layer 1545:1573 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. 34604725 4 35 theme liver-to-gut 461:472 arg1 communication 474:486 liver-to-gut communication 461:486 liver-to-gut communication 461:486 However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. 34604725 14 36 theme intestinal 1914:1923 arg1 disease 1961:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 14 36 theme intestinal 1914:1923 arg1 diseases 1925:1932 battle intestinal diseases 1907:1932 battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease 1907:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 3 37 theme X 397:397 arg1 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 3 37 theme X 397:397 arg1 receptor 399:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor 363:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) 363:412 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 0 38 theme liver 12:16 arg1 Fxr 18:20 liver Fxr 12:20 liver Fxr 12:20 Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. 34604725 3 39 theme acid-activated 372:385 arg1 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 3 39 theme acid-activated 372:385 arg1 receptor 399:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor 363:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) 363:412 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 10 40 theme barrier 1519:1525 arg1 capacity 1497:1504 the protective capacity 1482:1504 the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 1482:1525 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 10 41 contain have 1441:1444 arg1 mice 1436:1439 Fxr-livKO mice 1426:1439 Fxr-livKO mice 1426:1439 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 10 41 contain have 1441:1444 arg2 profile 1459:1465 a microbiome profile 1446:1465 a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 1446:1525 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 14 42 theme utmost 1886:1891 arg1 importance 1893:1902 utmost importance 1886:1902 utmost importance 1886:1902 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 6 43 theme floxed/floxed 676:688 arg1 mice 690:693 Fxr floxed/floxed mice 672:693 Fxr floxed/floxed mice 672:693 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 8 44 dep Fxr-intKO 1165:1173 arg1 mice 1189:1192 mice 1189:1192 mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively) 1189:1228 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 16 45 theme key 2171:2173 arg1 acids 2161:2165 Bile acids 2156:2165 Bile acids 2156:2165 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 16 45 theme key 2171:2173 arg1 players 2175:2181 key players 2171:2181 key players in this liver-to-gut communication 2171:2216 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 1 46 theme research 186:193 arg1 focus 169:173 the focus 165:173 the focus of intense research 165:193 BACKGROUND & AIMS The interorgan crosstalk between the liver and the intestine has been the focus of intense research. 34604725 1 46 theme research 186:193 arg1 intestine 146:154 the intestine 142:154 the intestine 142:154 BACKGROUND & AIMS The interorgan crosstalk between the liver and the intestine has been the focus of intense research. 34604725 16 47 theme gene 2314:2317 arg1 expression 2319:2328 colonic gene expression 2306:2328 colonic gene expression 2306:2328 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 12 48 theme CONCLUSIONS 1637:1647 arg1 Targeting 1649:1657 CONCLUSIONS Targeting 1637:1657 CONCLUSIONS Targeting of FXR 1637:1664 CONCLUSIONS Targeting of FXR is at the forefront in the battle against metabolic diseases. 34604725 11 49 theme mucus 1563:1567 arg1 layer 1569:1573 the inner sterile mucus layer 1545:1573 the inner sterile mucus layer 1545:1573 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. 34604725 7 50 theme 16S 904:906 arg1 microbiome 892:901 the microbiome 888:901 the microbiome (16S sequencing) 888:918 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 50 theme 16S 904:906 arg1 sequencing 908:917 16S sequencing 904:917 16S sequencing 904:917 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 13 51 theme colonic 1828:1834 arg1 barrier 1842:1848 the colonic mucus barrier 1824:1848 the colonic mucus barrier 1824:1848 We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. 34604725 16 52 theme master 2237:2242 arg1 regulator 2244:2252 the master regulator 2233:2252 the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis 2233:2278 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 16 52 theme master 2237:2242 arg1 Fxr 2228:2230 Fxr 2228:2230 Fxr 2228:2230 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 10 53 theme Fxr-livKO 1426:1434 arg1 mice 1436:1439 Fxr-livKO mice 1426:1439 Fxr-livKO mice 1426:1439 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 9 54 theme Fxr-livKO 1245:1253 arg1 colons 1235:1240 The colons 1231:1240 The colons of Fxr-livKO 1231:1253 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 16 55 theme acid 2262:2265 arg1 homoeostasis 2267:2278 bile acid homoeostasis 2257:2278 bile acid homoeostasis 2257:2278 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 4 56 theme bile 505:508 arg1 acids 510:514 bile acids 505:514 bile acids 505:514 However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. 34604725 16 57 theme Bile 2156:2159 arg1 acids 2161:2165 Bile acids 2156:2165 Bile acids 2156:2165 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 16 57 theme Bile 2156:2159 arg1 players 2175:2181 key players 2171:2181 key players in this liver-to-gut communication 2171:2216 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 9 58 theme increased 1262:1270 arg1 expression 1272:1281 increased expression 1262:1281 increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1262:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 8 59 theme biliary 1026:1032 arg1 concentration 1044:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 15 60 dep SUMMARY 2044:2050 arg1 shows 2063:2067 shows 2063:2067 shows that the communication of the liver to the intestine is crucial for intestinal health 2063:2153 LAY SUMMARY This study shows that the communication of the liver to the intestine is crucial for intestinal health. 34604725 10 61 theme microbiome 1448:1457 arg1 profile 1459:1465 a microbiome profile 1446:1465 a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 1446:1525 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 7 62 theme barrier 931:937 arg1 function 939:946 mucus barrier function 925:946 mucus barrier function 925:946 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 8 63 theme acid 1039:1042 arg1 concentration 1044:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 5 64 theme liver-to-gut 601:612 arg1 communication 614:626 Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication 588:626 Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication 588:626 Herein, we aim to get a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication, particularly in colon functioning. 34604725 13 65 theme colonic 1786:1792 arg1 expression 1799:1808 colonic gene expression 1786:1808 colonic gene expression 1786:1808 We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. 34604725 9 66 theme genes 1300:1304 arg1 expression 1272:1281 increased expression 1262:1281 increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1262:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 16 67 theme mucus 2386:2390 arg1 barrier 2392:2398 the mucus barrier 2382:2398 the mucus barrier 2382:2398 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 14 68 dep barrier 1872:1878 arg1 is 1880:1881 is 1880:1881 is 1880:1881 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 9 69 theme Toll-like 1307:1315 arg1 receptors 1317:1325 Toll-like receptors 1307:1325 Toll-like receptors 1307:1325 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 8 70 theme Fxr-livKO 1133:1141 arg1 mice 1143:1146 Fxr-livKO mice 1133:1146 Fxr-livKO mice 1133:1146 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 10 71 theme favourable 1467:1476 arg1 profile 1459:1465 a microbiome profile 1446:1465 a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 1446:1525 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 5 72 theme better 564:569 arg1 understanding 571:583 a better understanding 562:583 a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication 562:626 Herein, we aim to get a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication, particularly in colon functioning. 34604725 2 73 dep secreted 244:251 arg1 reach 338:342 reach 338:342 reach back to the liver 338:360 Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. 34604725 2 74 theme bile 222:225 arg1 Key 196:198 Key 196:198 Key 196:198 Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. 34604725 2 74 theme bile 222:225 arg1 acids 227:231 bile acids 222:231 bile acids 222:231 Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. 34604725 1 75 theme interorgan 99:108 arg1 crosstalk 110:118 The interorgan crosstalk 95:118 The interorgan crosstalk between the liver 95:136 BACKGROUND & AIMS The interorgan crosstalk between the liver and the intestine has been the focus of intense research. 34604725 0 76 theme mucus 54:58 arg1 barrier 60:66 an increased colonic mucus barrier 33:66 an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice 33:74 Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. 34604725 7 77 theme RNA 871:873 arg1 expression 859:868 colonic gene expression 846:868 colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing) 846:885 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 77 theme RNA 871:873 arg1 sequencing 875:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 9 78 theme genes 1359:1363 arg1 expression 1272:1281 increased expression 1262:1281 increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1262:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 7 79 from effects 835:841 arg1 microbiome 892:901 the microbiome 888:901 the microbiome (16S sequencing) 888:918 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 79 from effects 835:841 arg1 sequencing 908:917 16S sequencing 904:917 16S sequencing 904:917 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 79 from effects 835:841 arg1 expression 859:868 colonic gene expression 846:868 colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing) 846:885 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 79 from effects 835:841 arg1 sequencing 875:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 79 from effects 835:841 arg1 function 939:946 mucus barrier function 925:946 mucus barrier function 925:946 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 14 80 from FXR 2022:2024 arg1 liver 2033:2037 the liver 2029:2037 the liver 2029:2037 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 5 81 theme communication 614:626 arg1 understanding 571:583 a better understanding 562:583 a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication 562:626 Herein, we aim to get a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication, particularly in colon functioning. 34604725 14 82 theme bowel 1955:1959 arg1 disease 1961:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 7 83 theme colonic 846:852 arg1 expression 859:868 colonic gene expression 846:868 colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing) 846:885 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 7 83 theme colonic 846:852 arg1 sequencing 875:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 RNA sequencing 871:884 The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. 34604725 14 84 theme mucus 1866:1870 arg1 barrier 1872:1878 the mucus barrier is 1862:1881 the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease 1862:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 16 85 theme protective 2359:2368 arg1 capacity 2370:2377 the protective capacity 2355:2377 the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 2355:2398 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 13 86 from ablation 1741:1748 arg1 liver 1764:1768 the liver 1760:1768 the liver 1760:1768 We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. 34604725 9 87 theme O-glycan 1394:1401 arg1 biosynthesis 1403:1414 the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' 1378:1415 the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway 1378:1423 The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the 'Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis' pathway. 34604725 3 88 theme bile 367:370 arg1 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 3 88 theme bile 367:370 arg1 receptor 399:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor 363:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) 363:412 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 2 89 from Key 196:198 arg1 crosstalk 208:216 this crosstalk 203:216 this crosstalk 203:216 Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. 34604725 8 90 dep RESULTS 982:988 arg1 expressed 1106:1114 expressed 1106:1114 were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively) 1086:1228 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 10 91 theme protective 1486:1495 arg1 capacity 1497:1504 the protective capacity 1482:1504 the protective capacity of the mucus barrier 1482:1525 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 0 92 theme Fxr 18:20 arg1 Ablation 0:7 Ablation 0:7 Ablation of liver Fxr 0:20 Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. 34604725 12 93 theme metabolic 1708:1716 arg1 diseases 1718:1725 metabolic diseases 1708:1725 metabolic diseases 1708:1725 CONCLUSIONS Targeting of FXR is at the forefront in the battle against metabolic diseases. 34604725 1 94 theme BACKGROUND 77:86 arg1 & 88:88 BACKGROUND & 77:88 BACKGROUND & 77:88 BACKGROUND & AIMS The interorgan crosstalk between the liver and the intestine has been the focus of intense research. 34604725 10 95 theme mucus 1513:1517 arg1 barrier 1519:1525 the mucus barrier 1509:1525 the mucus barrier 1509:1525 Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. 34604725 14 96 theme battle 1907:1912 arg1 disease 1961:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 inflammatory bowel disease 1942:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 14 96 theme battle 1907:1912 arg1 diseases 1925:1932 battle intestinal diseases 1907:1932 battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease 1907:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 8 97 dep mice 1189:1192 arg1 731 1201:1203 731 1201:1203 731 1201:1203 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 8 97 dep mice 1189:1192 arg1 1824 1210:1213 1824 1210:1213 1824 1210:1213 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 8 97 dep mice 1189:1192 arg1 3272 1195:1198 3272 1195:1198 3272 1195:1198 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 14 98 theme importance 1893:1902 arg1 barrier 1872:1878 the mucus barrier is 1862:1881 the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease 1862:1967 Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. 34604725 16 99 theme liver-to-gut 2191:2202 arg1 communication 2204:2216 this liver-to-gut communication 2186:2216 this liver-to-gut communication 2186:2216 Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. 34604725 3 100 theme farnesoid 387:395 arg1 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 Fxr 409:411 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 3 100 theme farnesoid 387:395 arg1 receptor 399:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor 363:406 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) 363:412 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 34604725 0 101 theme increased 36:44 arg1 barrier 60:66 an increased colonic mucus barrier 33:66 an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice 33:74 Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. 34604725 12 102 theme FXR 1662:1664 arg1 Targeting 1649:1657 CONCLUSIONS Targeting 1637:1657 CONCLUSIONS Targeting of FXR 1637:1664 CONCLUSIONS Targeting of FXR is at the forefront in the battle against metabolic diseases. 34604725 11 103 theme layer 1569:1573 arg1 thickness 1532:1540 The thickness 1528:1540 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer 1528:1573 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. 34604725 6 104 theme Fxr 672:674 arg1 mice 690:693 Fxr floxed/floxed mice 672:693 Fxr floxed/floxed mice 672:693 METHODS Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). 34604725 15 105 theme liver 2099:2103 arg1 communication 2078:2090 the communication 2074:2090 the communication of the liver to the intestine 2074:2120 LAY SUMMARY This study shows that the communication of the liver to the intestine is crucial for intestinal health. 34604725 15 105 theme liver 2099:2103 arg1 crucial 2125:2131 crucial 2125:2131 crucial 2125:2131 LAY SUMMARY This study shows that the communication of the liver to the intestine is crucial for intestinal health. 34604725 4 106 theme Fxr 520:522 arg1 communication 474:486 liver-to-gut communication 461:486 liver-to-gut communication 461:486 However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. 34604725 4 106 theme Fxr 520:522 arg1 roles 496:500 the roles 492:500 the roles of bile acids and Fxr 492:522 However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. 34604725 11 107 theme sterile 1555:1561 arg1 layer 1569:1573 the inner sterile mucus layer 1545:1573 the inner sterile mucus layer 1545:1573 The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. 34604725 15 108 theme intestinal 2137:2146 arg1 health 2148:2153 intestinal health 2137:2153 intestinal health 2137:2153 LAY SUMMARY This study shows that the communication of the liver to the intestine is crucial for intestinal health. 34604725 8 109 from changes 1015:1021 arg1 composition 1062:1072 composition 1062:1072 composition 1062:1072 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 8 109 from changes 1015:1021 arg1 concentration 1044:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 biliary bile acid concentration 1026:1056 RESULTS Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). 34604725 13 110 theme mucus 1836:1840 arg1 barrier 1842:1848 the colonic mucus barrier 1824:1848 the colonic mucus barrier 1824:1848 We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. 34604725 3 111 theme gut-to-liver 433:444 arg1 axis 446:449 the gut-to-liver axis 429:449 the gut-to-liver axis 429:449 The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. 33073165 0 0 theme biology 85:91 arg1 approaches 93:102 Chemical biology approaches 76:102 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 0:141 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 7 1 theme posttranslational 1511:1527 arg1 modification 1529:1540 Hyl posttranslational modification 1507:1540 Hyl posttranslational modification 1507:1540 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 3 2 theme Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc 614:627 arg1 synthesis 601:609 the synthesis 597:609 the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] 597:676 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 7 3 theme glycosylated 1419:1430 arg1 sequences 1441:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 7 4 theme receptor 1482:1489 arg1 interactions 1491:1502 receptor interactions 1482:1502 receptor interactions 1482:1502 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 0 5 theme Chemical 76:83 arg1 approaches 93:102 Chemical biology approaches 76:102 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 0:141 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 6 6 theme Hyl 1110:1112 arg1 glycosylation 1114:1126 Hyl glycosylation 1110:1126 Hyl glycosylation 1110:1126 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 7 7 with interactions 1401:1412 arg1 sequences 1441:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 7 8 theme cell 1396:1399 arg1 interactions 1401:1412 tumor cell interactions 1390:1412 tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences 1390:1449 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 4 9 theme triple-helical 794:807 arg1 THPs 819:822 THPs 819:822 THPs 819:822 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 4 9 theme triple-helical 794:807 arg1 peptides 809:816 collagen-model triple-helical peptides 779:816 types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites 768:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 6 10 theme α3β1 1174:1177 arg1 site 1217:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site 1170:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) 1170:1228 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 6 10 theme α3β1 1174:1177 arg1 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 1 11 theme peptides 258:265 arg1 synthesis 245:253 the synthesis 241:253 the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides 241:327 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 6 12 theme metal 1188:1192 arg1 site 1217:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site 1170:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) 1170:1228 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 6 12 theme metal 1188:1192 arg1 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 2 13 gly glycosylated 420:431 arg1 Hyl 450:452 Hyl 450:452 Hyl 450:452 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 2 13 gly glycosylated 420:431 arg1 5-hydroxylysine 433:447 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 420:447 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl) 420:453 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 4 14 used used 738:741 arg2 derivatives 721:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives 699:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives 699:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 4 15 theme collagen-model 779:792 arg1 THPs 819:822 THPs 819:822 THPs 819:822 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 4 15 theme collagen-model 779:792 arg1 peptides 809:816 collagen-model triple-helical peptides 779:816 types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites 768:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 7 16 used utilized 1372:1379 arg2 strategy 1306:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy 1285:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy 1285:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 3 17 theme Fmoc-Hyl 497:504 arg1 synthesis 484:492 the synthesis 480:492 the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) 480:569 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 7 18 theme collagen 1432:1439 arg1 sequences 1441:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 7 19 theme biology 1347:1353 arg1 approaches 1355:1364 chemical biology approaches 1338:1364 chemical biology approaches 1338:1364 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 3 20 dep Fmoc-Hyl 497:504 arg1 Boc 531:533 Boc 531:533 Boc 531:533 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 3 20 dep Fmoc-Hyl 497:504 arg1 O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl 536:560 O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl 536:560 O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) 536:568 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 3 20 dep Fmoc-Hyl 497:504 arg1 ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl 506:528 ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl 506:528 ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) 506:534 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 4 21 theme binding 870:876 arg1 sites 878:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 6 22 theme adhesion 1208:1215 arg1 site 1217:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site 1170:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) 1170:1228 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 6 22 theme adhesion 1208:1215 arg1 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 5 23 from impact 1007:1012 arg1 binding 1031:1037 α2β1 integrin binding 1017:1037 α2β1 integrin binding 1017:1037 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 1 24 theme 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl 163:188 arg1 group 197:201 the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group 159:201 the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group 159:201 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 7 25 theme Hyl 1507:1509 arg1 modification 1529:1540 Hyl posttranslational modification 1507:1540 Hyl posttranslational modification 1507:1540 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 5 26 gly Glycosylation 885:897 arg1 Hyl 902:904 Hyl 902:904 Hyl 902:904 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 6 27 theme ion-dependent 1194:1206 arg1 site 1217:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site 1170:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) 1170:1228 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 6 27 theme ion-dependent 1194:1206 arg1 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 6 28 theme binding 1087:1093 arg1 modeling 1066:1073 Molecular modeling 1056:1073 Molecular modeling of integrin binding 1056:1093 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 1 29 theme acid-sensitive 278:291 arg1 groups 293:298 acid-sensitive groups 278:298 acid-sensitive groups 278:298 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 3 30 theme efficient 575:583 arg1 methods 585:591 efficient methods 575:591 efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] 575:676 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 1 31 theme Fmoc 191:194 arg1 group 197:201 the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group 159:201 the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group 159:201 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 0 32 theme binding 23:29 arg1 Modulation 0:9 Modulation 0:9 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 0:141 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 6 33 theme binding 1247:1253 arg1 site 1255:1258 the receptor binding site 1234:1258 the receptor binding site within type IV collagen 1234:1282 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 5 34 theme integrin 975:982 arg1 binding 946:952 the binding 942:952 the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen 942:994 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 6 35 theme type 1267:1270 arg1 collagen 1275:1282 type IV collagen 1267:1282 type IV collagen 1267:1282 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 7 36 theme chemical 1338:1345 arg1 approaches 1355:1364 chemical biology approaches 1338:1364 chemical biology approaches 1338:1364 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 0 37 theme receptor 14:21 arg1 binding 23:29 receptor binding 14:29 receptor binding to collagen 14:41 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 5 38 theme α3β1 970:973 arg1 integrin 975:982 the α3β1 integrin 966:982 the α3β1 integrin 966:982 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 4 39 theme types 768:772 arg1 series 758:763 a series 756:763 a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites 756:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 1 40 theme group 197:201 arg1 creation 147:154 The creation 143:154 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory 143:227 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 4 41 dep types 768:772 arg1 THPs 819:822 THPs 819:822 THPs 819:822 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 4 41 dep types 768:772 arg1 I-IV 774:777 I-IV 774:777 types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites 768:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 4 41 dep types 768:772 arg1 peptides 809:816 collagen-model triple-helical peptides 779:816 types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites 768:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 3 42 theme convenient 458:467 arg1 method 469:474 A convenient method 456:474 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) 456:569 A convenient method for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl(ε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)) and efficient methods for the synthesis of Fmoc-Hyl[ε-Boc,O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)] have been developed. 33073165 5 43 theme integrin 1022:1029 arg1 binding 1031:1037 α2β1 integrin binding 1017:1037 α2β1 integrin binding 1017:1037 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 6 44 theme integrin 1078:1085 arg1 binding 1087:1093 integrin binding 1078:1093 integrin binding 1078:1093 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 2 45 theme glycosylated 420:431 arg1 Hyl 450:452 Hyl 450:452 Hyl 450:452 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 2 45 theme glycosylated 420:431 arg1 5-hydroxylysine 433:447 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 420:447 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl) 420:453 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 7 46 gly glycosylated 1419:1430 arg1 sequences 1441:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 glycosylated collagen sequences 1419:1449 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 0 47 theme Fmoc 131:134 arg1 group 136:140 Carpino's Fmoc group 121:140 Carpino's Fmoc group 121:140 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 4 48 theme known 843:847 arg1 sites 878:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 0 49 theme glycosylated 46:57 arg1 5-hydroxylysine 59:73 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 46:73 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 46:73 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 1 50 theme O-linked 309:316 arg1 glycosides 318:327 O-linked glycosides 309:327 O-linked glycosides 309:327 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 4 51 theme receptor 861:868 arg1 sites 878:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 2 52 theme collagen 353:360 arg1 biochemistry 362:373 fully investigative collagen biochemistry 333:373 fully investigative collagen biochemistry 333:373 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 2 53 contain possess 412:418 arg1 peptides 398:405 peptides 398:405 peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl) 398:453 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 2 53 contain possess 412:418 arg2 Hyl 450:452 Hyl 450:452 Hyl 450:452 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 2 53 contain possess 412:418 arg2 5-hydroxylysine 433:447 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 420:447 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl) 420:453 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 4 54 theme proposed 852:859 arg1 sites 878:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 known or proposed receptor binding sites 843:882 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 2 55 theme investigative 339:351 arg1 biochemistry 362:373 fully investigative collagen biochemistry 333:373 fully investigative collagen biochemistry 333:373 To fully investigative collagen biochemistry, one needs to assemble peptides that possess glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). 33073165 0 56 gly glycosylated 46:57 arg1 5-hydroxylysine 59:73 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 46:73 glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine 46:73 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 6 57 theme receptor 1238:1245 arg1 site 1255:1258 the receptor binding site 1234:1258 the receptor binding site within type IV collagen 1234:1282 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 1 58 contain containing 267:276 arg1 glycosides 318:327 O-linked glycosides 309:327 O-linked glycosides 309:327 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 1 58 contain containing 267:276 arg1 peptides 258:265 peptides 258:265 peptides 258:265 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 1 58 contain containing 267:276 arg2 groups 293:298 acid-sensitive groups 278:298 acid-sensitive groups 278:298 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 1 59 link O-linked 309:316 arg1 glycosides 318:327 O-linked glycosides 309:327 O-linked glycosides 309:327 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 5 60 theme CD44 957:960 arg1 binding 946:952 the binding 942:952 the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen 942:994 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 6 61 theme integrin 1179:1186 arg1 site 1217:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site 1170:1220 the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) 1170:1228 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 6 61 theme integrin 1179:1186 arg1 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 MIDAS 1223:1227 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 33073165 1 62 theme Carpino 210:216 arg1 laboratory 218:227 the Carpino laboratory 206:227 the Carpino laboratory 206:227 The creation of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group by the Carpino laboratory facilitated the synthesis of peptides containing acid-sensitive groups, such as O-linked glycosides. 33073165 7 63 theme tumor 1390:1394 arg1 interactions 1401:1412 tumor cell interactions 1390:1412 tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences 1390:1449 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 7 64 theme solid-phase 1294:1304 arg1 strategy 1306:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy 1285:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy 1285:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 7 65 theme Fmoc 1289:1292 arg1 strategy 1306:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy 1285:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy 1285:1313 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 7 66 theme interactions 1491:1502 arg1 modulation 1468:1477 the modulation 1464:1477 the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification 1464:1540 The Fmoc solid-phase strategy ultimately allowed for chemical biology approaches to be utilized to study tumor cell interactions with glycosylated collagen sequences and document the modulation of receptor interactions by Hyl posttranslational modification. 33073165 5 67 theme α2β1 1017:1020 arg1 binding 1031:1037 α2β1 integrin binding 1017:1037 α2β1 integrin binding 1017:1037 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 4 68 theme Fmoc-Hyl 712:719 arg1 derivatives 721:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives 699:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives 699:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 5 69 theme Hyl 902:904 arg1 Glycosylation 885:897 Glycosylation 885:897 Glycosylation of Hyl 885:904 Glycosylation of Hyl was found to strongly down-regulate the binding of CD44 and the α3β1 integrin to collagen, while the impact on α2β1 integrin binding was more modest. 33073165 0 70 dep Modulation 0:9 arg1 approaches 93:102 Chemical biology approaches 76:102 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 0:141 Modulation of receptor binding to collagen by glycosylated 5-hydroxylysine: Chemical biology approaches made feasible by Carpino's Fmoc group. 33073165 4 71 theme Glycosylated 699:710 arg1 derivatives 721:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives 699:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives 699:731 Glycosylated Fmoc-Hyl derivatives were used to construct a series of types I-IV collagen-model triple-helical peptides (THPs) that incorporated known or proposed receptor binding sites. 33073165 6 72 theme Molecular 1056:1064 arg1 modeling 1066:1073 Molecular modeling 1056:1073 Molecular modeling of integrin binding 1056:1093 Molecular modeling of integrin binding indicated that Hyl glycosylation directly impacted the association between the α3β1 integrin metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) and the receptor binding site within type IV collagen. 32906104 4 0 theme additional 748:757 arg1 group 777:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group 728:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 728:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 3 1 theme molecular 532:540 arg1 mechanism 542:550 the underlying molecular mechanism 517:550 the underlying molecular mechanism 517:550 Recently, a compelling link is emerging between the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) and protein aggregation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. 32906104 6 2 theme O-GlcNAc-induced 1080:1095 arg1 inhibition 1097:1106 the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition 1076:1106 the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition 1076:1106 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 5 3 theme α-Syn 944:948 arg1 aggregation/disaggregation 950:975 α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation 944:975 α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 944:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 2 4 theme oligomerization-mediated 370:393 arg1 toxicity 395:402 its oligomerization-mediated toxicity 366:402 its oligomerization-mediated toxicity 366:402 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 0 5 theme steric 117:122 arg1 effect 124:129 a steric effect 115:129 a steric effect 115:129 O-GlcNAcylation inhibits the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein by declining intermolecular hydrogen bonds through a steric effect. 32906104 5 6 from aggregation/disaggregation 950:975 arg1 absence/presence 984:999 the absence/presence 980:999 the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 980:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 6 7 theme therapeutic 1288:1298 arg1 strategies 1300:1309 O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies 1273:1309 O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies 1273:1309 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 5 8 theme O-GlcNAc-modified 1004:1020 arg1 α-Syn 1022:1026 O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 1004:1026 O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 1004:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 6 9 theme O-GlcNAc-based 1273:1286 arg1 strategies 1300:1309 O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies 1273:1309 O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies 1273:1309 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 5 10 from mechanism 931:939 arg1 absence/presence 984:999 the absence/presence 980:999 the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 980:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 4 11 theme bonds 818:822 arg1 formation 796:804 the formation 792:804 the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 792:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 12 theme glycosyl 768:775 arg1 group 777:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group 728:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 728:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 5 13 theme theoretical 881:891 arg1 model 893:897 a theoretical model 879:897 a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 879:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 2 14 theme post-translational 291:308 arg1 modifications 310:322 many post-translational modifications 286:322 many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn 286:337 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 2 14 theme post-translational 291:308 arg1 PTM 325:327 PTM 325:327 PTM 325:327 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 6 15 from development 1258:1268 arg1 diseases 1332:1339 neurodegenerative diseases 1314:1339 neurodegenerative diseases 1314:1339 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 4 16 theme α-Syn 707:711 arg1 aggregates 713:722 α-Syn aggregates 707:722 α-Syn aggregates 707:722 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 5 17 theme aggregation/disaggregation 950:975 arg1 mechanism 931:939 the physical mechanism 918:939 the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 918:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 5 18 from absence/presence 984:999 arg1 mechanism 931:939 the physical mechanism 918:939 the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 918:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 2 19 theme many 286:289 arg1 modifications 310:322 many post-translational modifications 286:322 many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn 286:337 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 2 19 theme many 286:289 arg1 PTM 325:327 PTM 325:327 PTM 325:327 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 3 20 theme compelling 417:426 arg1 link 428:431 a compelling link 415:431 a compelling link 415:431 Recently, a compelling link is emerging between the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) and protein aggregation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. 32906104 4 21 theme dynamics 601:608 arg1 simulations 610:620 the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations 578:620 the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations 578:620 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 6 22 theme molecular 1053:1061 arg1 mechanism 1063:1071 the molecular mechanism 1049:1071 the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases 1049:1339 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 2 23 theme α-Syn 333:337 arg1 modifications 310:322 many post-translational modifications 286:322 many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn 286:337 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 2 23 theme α-Syn 333:337 arg1 PTM 325:327 PTM 325:327 PTM 325:327 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 3 24 theme PTM 457:459 arg1 O-GlcNAc 478:485 O-GlcNAc 478:485 O-GlcNAc 478:485 Recently, a compelling link is emerging between the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) and protein aggregation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. 32906104 3 24 theme PTM 457:459 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 461:475 the PTM O-GlcNAcylation 453:475 the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) 453:486 Recently, a compelling link is emerging between the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) and protein aggregation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. 32906104 4 25 theme molecular 591:599 arg1 dynamics 601:608 the all-atom molecular dynamics 578:608 the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations 578:620 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 26 dep group 777:781 arg1 disrupts 783:790 disrupts 783:790 disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 783:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 27 theme aggregates 713:722 arg1 oligomerization 688:702 oligomerization 688:702 oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates 688:722 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 28 theme all-atom 582:589 arg1 dynamics 601:608 the all-atom molecular dynamics 578:608 the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations 578:620 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 29 theme hydrogen 809:816 arg1 H-bonds 825:831 H-bonds 825:831 H-bonds 825:831 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 29 theme hydrogen 809:816 arg1 bonds 818:822 hydrogen bonds 809:822 hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) 809:832 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 3 30 theme protein 492:498 arg1 aggregation 500:510 protein aggregation 492:510 protein aggregation 492:510 Recently, a compelling link is emerging between the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) and protein aggregation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. 32906104 5 31 theme α-Syn 1022:1026 arg1 absence/presence 984:999 the absence/presence 980:999 the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 980:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 4 32 theme effect-the 737:746 arg1 group 777:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group 728:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 728:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 4 33 theme steric 730:735 arg1 group 777:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group 728:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 728:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 0 34 theme alpha-synuclein 48:62 arg1 oligomerization 29:43 the oligomerization 25:43 the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein 25:62 O-GlcNAcylation inhibits the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein by declining intermolecular hydrogen bonds through a steric effect. 32906104 3 35 theme underlying 521:530 arg1 mechanism 542:550 the underlying molecular mechanism 517:550 the underlying molecular mechanism 517:550 Recently, a compelling link is emerging between the PTM O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) and protein aggregation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. 32906104 4 36 theme oligomerization 688:702 arg1 process 677:683 the process 673:683 the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates 673:722 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 2 37 theme biophysical 243:253 arg1 studies 255:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies 219:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies 219:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 5 38 theme physical 922:929 arg1 mechanism 931:939 the physical mechanism 918:939 the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn 918:1026 Besides, we proposed a theoretical model to further capture the physical mechanism of α-Syn aggregation/disaggregation in the absence/presence of O-GlcNAc-modified α-Syn. 32906104 1 39 theme disease 210:216 arg1 feature 187:193 a feature 185:193 a feature of Parkinson's disease 185:216 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 1 39 theme disease 210:216 arg1 aggregation 147:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation 132:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) 132:180 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 2 40 theme biochemical 227:237 arg1 studies 255:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies 219:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies 219:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 1 41 theme Toxic 132:136 arg1 aggregation 147:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation 132:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) 132:180 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 1 41 theme Toxic 132:136 arg1 feature 187:193 a feature 185:193 a feature of Parkinson's disease 185:216 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 2 42 theme Several 219:225 arg1 studies 255:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies 219:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies 219:261 Several biochemical and biophysical studies have demonstrated that many post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-Syn could distinctly alleviate its oligomerization-mediated toxicity. 32906104 1 43 theme abnormal 138:145 arg1 aggregation 147:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation 132:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) 132:180 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 1 43 theme abnormal 138:145 arg1 feature 187:193 a feature 185:193 a feature of Parkinson's disease 185:216 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 6 44 theme strategies 1300:1309 arg1 development 1258:1268 the development 1254:1268 the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases 1254:1339 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 4 45 theme α-Syn 842:846 arg1 monomers 848:855 α-Syn monomers 842:855 α-Syn monomers 842:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 6 46 theme α-Syn 1111:1115 arg1 oligomerization 1117:1131 α-Syn oligomerization 1111:1131 α-Syn oligomerization 1111:1131 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 6 47 theme proteins 1214:1221 arg1 oligomerization 1189:1203 the oligomerization 1185:1203 the oligomerization of other proteins 1185:1221 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 6 48 theme oligomerization 1117:1131 arg1 inhibition 1097:1106 the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition 1076:1106 the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition 1076:1106 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 4 49 link O-linked 759:766 arg1 group 777:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group 728:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 728:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 6 50 theme neurodegenerative 1314:1330 arg1 diseases 1332:1339 neurodegenerative diseases 1314:1339 neurodegenerative diseases 1314:1339 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 6 51 theme other 1208:1212 arg1 proteins 1214:1221 other proteins 1208:1221 other proteins 1208:1221 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 4 52 theme O-GlcNAc 637:644 arg1 modifications 646:658 O-GlcNAc modifications 637:658 O-GlcNAc modifications 637:658 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32906104 0 53 theme hydrogen 92:99 arg1 bonds 101:105 intermolecular hydrogen bonds 77:105 intermolecular hydrogen bonds 77:105 O-GlcNAcylation inhibits the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein by declining intermolecular hydrogen bonds through a steric effect. 32906104 1 54 theme α-synuclein 162:172 arg1 aggregation 147:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation 132:157 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) 132:180 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 1 54 theme α-synuclein 162:172 arg1 feature 187:193 a feature 185:193 a feature of Parkinson's disease 185:216 Toxic abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a feature of Parkinson's disease. 32906104 0 55 theme intermolecular 77:90 arg1 bonds 101:105 intermolecular hydrogen bonds 77:105 intermolecular hydrogen bonds 77:105 O-GlcNAcylation inhibits the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein by declining intermolecular hydrogen bonds through a steric effect. 32906104 6 56 theme inhibition 1097:1106 arg1 mechanism 1063:1071 the molecular mechanism 1049:1071 the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases 1049:1339 Our findings unveil the molecular mechanism of the O-GlcNAc-induced inhibition of α-Syn oligomerization, which may help to understand how O-GlcNAc prevents the oligomerization of other proteins and provides the guideline for the development of O-GlcNAc-based therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. 32906104 4 57 theme O-linked 759:766 arg1 group 777:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group 728:781 a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers 728:855 Based on the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we found that O-GlcNAc modifications can suppress the process of oligomerization of α-Syn aggregates via a steric effect-the additional O-linked glycosyl group disrupts the formation of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between α-Syn monomers. 32402202 9 0 theme O-linked 1740:1747 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1770:1777 O-GlcNAc 1770:1777 O-GlcNAc 1770:1777 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 9 0 theme O-linked 1740:1747 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 1749:1767 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 1740:1767 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 1740:1778 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 3 1 theme ambiguous 730:738 arg1 results 740:746 ambiguous results 730:746 ambiguous results 730:746 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 2 theme Reliable 565:572 arg1 assignment 574:583 Reliable assignment 565:583 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 565:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 2 theme Reliable 565:572 arg1 challenge 691:699 a challenge 689:699 a challenge in 2D-WB 689:708 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 1 3 from identification 138:151 arg1 applications 184:195 research applications 175:195 research applications 175:195 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 4 4 theme straightforward 919:933 arg1 strategy 975:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 3 5 from challenge 691:699 arg1 2D-WB 704:708 2D-WB 704:708 2D-WB 704:708 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 6 from assignment 574:583 arg1 detection 616:624 antibody-based detection 601:624 antibody-based detection 601:624 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 4 7 theme imaging 880:886 arg1 workflow 888:895 an imaging workflow 877:895 an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 877:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 3 8 theme protein 639:645 arg1 pattern 652:658 the total protein spot pattern 629:658 the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 629:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 1 9 theme different 202:210 arg1 species 220:226 different protein species 202:226 different protein species 202:226 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 8 10 with combination 1475:1485 arg1 staining 1501:1508 multiple staining and detection methods 1492:1530 staining 1501:1508 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 8 10 with combination 1475:1485 arg1 methods 1524:1530 multiple staining and detection methods 1492:1530 methods 1524:1530 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 6 11 theme bound 1297:1301 arg1 antibody 1303:1310 bound antibody 1297:1310 bound antibody 1297:1310 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 4 12 theme image 959:963 arg1 strategy 975:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 8 13 theme spike-in 1544:1551 arg1 proteins 1565:1572 spike-in recombinant proteins 1544:1572 spike-in recombinant proteins 1544:1572 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 4 14 theme reliable 772:779 arg1 strategy 781:788 a reliable strategy 770:788 a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern 770:868 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 9 15 theme phosphorylation 1668:1682 arg1 patterns 1684:1691 phosphorylation patterns 1668:1691 phosphorylation patterns 1668:1691 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 9 16 theme reliable 1599:1606 arg1 attribution 1608:1618 reliable attribution 1599:1618 reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 1599:1778 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 0 17 theme Two-Dimensional 60:74 arg1 Blotting 84:91 Two-Dimensional Western Blotting 60:91 Two-Dimensional Western Blotting 60:91 Improved Alignment and Quantification of Protein Signals in Two-Dimensional Western Blotting. 32402202 3 18 theme gel 676:678 arg1 image 680:684 the original gel image 663:684 the original gel image 663:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 2 19 theme same 541:544 arg1 antibody 555:562 the same specific antibody 537:562 the same specific antibody 537:562 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 4 20 from 2D-WB 830:834 arg1 assignment 794:803 assignment 794:803 assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern 794:868 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 4 20 from 2D-WB 830:834 arg1 signals 817:823 antibody signals 808:823 antibody signals from 2D-WB 808:834 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 1 21 theme research 175:182 arg1 applications 184:195 research applications 175:195 research applications 175:195 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 4 22 theme signals 817:823 arg1 assignment 794:803 assignment 794:803 assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern 794:868 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 3 23 from detection 616:624 arg1 signals 588:594 signals 588:594 signals from antibody-based detection 588:624 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 23 from detection 616:624 arg1 assignment 574:583 Reliable assignment 565:583 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 565:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 23 from detection 616:624 arg1 challenge 691:699 a challenge 689:699 a challenge in 2D-WB 689:708 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 1 24 theme Western 405:411 arg1 blotting 413:420 Western blotting 405:420 Western blotting (2D-WB) 405:428 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 1 24 theme Western 405:411 arg1 2D-WB 423:427 2D-WB 423:427 2D-WB 423:427 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 5 25 theme protein 1032:1038 arg1 spots 1040:1044 protein spots 1032:1044 protein spots 1032:1044 The strategy employs vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours in a stepwise manner. 32402202 8 26 theme test 1429:1432 arg1 settings 1434:1441 experimental test settings 1416:1441 experimental test settings 1416:1441 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 2 27 theme additional 435:444 arg1 separation 446:455 The additional separation 431:455 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing 431:479 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 9 28 theme shock 1652:1656 arg1 proteins 1658:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 6 29 theme visualization 1135:1147 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 29 theme visualization 1135:1147 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 29 theme visualization 1135:1147 arg1 techniques 1149:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 0 30 theme Improved 0:7 arg1 Alignment 9:17 Alignment 9:17 Alignment 9:17 Improved Alignment and Quantification of Protein Signals in Two-Dimensional Western Blotting. 32402202 6 31 theme various 1119:1125 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 31 theme various 1119:1125 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 31 theme various 1119:1125 arg1 techniques 1149:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 7 32 theme benefits 1383:1390 arg1 description 1341:1351 a detailed description 1330:1351 a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow 1330:1406 Here, we provide a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow. 32402202 7 33 theme potential 1356:1364 arg1 applications 1366:1377 potential applications 1356:1377 potential applications 1356:1377 Here, we provide a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow. 32402202 7 34 theme applications 1366:1377 arg1 description 1341:1351 a detailed description 1330:1351 a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow 1330:1406 Here, we provide a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow. 32402202 2 35 theme protein 516:522 arg1 species 524:530 different protein species 506:530 different protein species 506:530 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 8 36 theme multiple 1492:1499 arg1 staining 1501:1508 multiple staining and detection methods 1492:1530 staining 1501:1508 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 1 37 theme two-dimensional 346:360 arg1 electrophoresis 366:380 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 346:380 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 346:380 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 5 38 theme contours 1056:1063 arg1 alignment 1019:1027 vector-based alignment 1006:1027 vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours 1006:1063 The strategy employs vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours in a stepwise manner. 32402202 7 39 theme detailed 1332:1339 arg1 description 1341:1351 a detailed description 1330:1351 a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow 1330:1406 Here, we provide a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow. 32402202 4 40 theme protein 849:855 arg1 pattern 862:868 the total protein spot pattern 839:868 the total protein spot pattern 839:868 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 1 41 theme post-translational 269:286 arg1 modifications 288:300 post-translational modifications 269:300 post-translational modifications 269:300 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 3 42 theme antibody-based 601:614 arg1 detection 616:624 antibody-based detection 601:624 antibody-based detection 601:624 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 43 theme signals 588:594 arg1 assignment 574:583 Reliable assignment 565:583 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 565:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 43 theme signals 588:594 arg1 challenge 691:699 a challenge 689:699 a challenge in 2D-WB 689:708 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 3 44 theme total 633:637 arg1 pattern 652:658 the total protein spot pattern 629:658 the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 629:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 6 45 theme membranes 1224:1232 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 45 theme membranes 1224:1232 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 1 46 theme protein 212:218 arg1 species 220:226 different protein species 202:226 different protein species 202:226 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 4 47 theme alignment 965:973 arg1 strategy 975:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 1 48 used used 121:124 arg2 blotting 102:109 Western blotting 94:109 Western blotting 94:109 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 6 49 theme antibody 1303:1310 arg1 detection 1284:1292 chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection 1251:1292 detection 1284:1292 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 1 50 theme gel 362:364 arg1 electrophoresis 366:380 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 346:380 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 346:380 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 3 51 theme spot 647:650 arg1 pattern 652:658 the total protein spot pattern 629:658 the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 629:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 8 52 theme recombinant 1553:1563 arg1 proteins 1565:1572 spike-in recombinant proteins 1544:1572 spike-in recombinant proteins 1544:1572 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 3 53 theme image 680:684 arg1 pattern 652:658 the total protein spot pattern 629:658 the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image 629:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 2 54 with detection 493:501 arg1 antibody 555:562 the same specific antibody 537:562 the same specific antibody 537:562 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 1 55 theme protein 130:136 arg1 identification 138:151 protein identification 130:151 protein identification 130:151 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 4 56 theme reproducible 946:957 arg1 strategy 975:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 6 57 theme fluorescent 1272:1282 arg1 detection 1284:1292 chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection 1251:1292 detection 1284:1292 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 0 58 theme Western 76:82 arg1 Blotting 84:91 Two-Dimensional Western Blotting 60:91 Two-Dimensional Western Blotting 60:91 Improved Alignment and Quantification of Protein Signals in Two-Dimensional Western Blotting. 32402202 3 59 theme original 667:674 arg1 image 680:684 the original gel image 663:684 the original gel image 663:684 Reliable assignment of signals from antibody-based detection to the total protein spot pattern of the original gel image is a challenge in 2D-WB, often resulting in ambiguous results. 32402202 4 60 with combination 900:910 arg1 strategy 975:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 917:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 2 61 theme specific 546:553 arg1 antibody 555:562 the same specific antibody 537:562 the same specific antibody 537:562 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 6 62 theme chemiluminescent 1251:1266 arg1 detection 1284:1292 chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection 1251:1292 detection 1284:1292 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 9 63 theme signals 1623:1629 arg1 attribution 1608:1618 reliable attribution 1599:1618 reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 1599:1778 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 9 64 theme proteins 1717:1724 arg1 analysis 1705:1712 global analysis 1698:1712 global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 1698:1778 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 9 64 theme proteins 1717:1724 arg1 proteins 1658:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 9 64 theme proteins 1717:1724 arg1 patterns 1684:1691 phosphorylation patterns 1668:1691 phosphorylation patterns 1668:1691 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 6 65 theme gels 1215:1218 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 65 theme gels 1215:1218 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 9 66 theme similar 1639:1645 arg1 proteins 1658:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 4 67 theme antibody 808:815 arg1 signals 817:823 antibody signals 808:823 antibody signals from 2D-WB 808:834 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 8 68 with settings 1434:1441 arg1 stressors 1462:1470 gold-standard stressors 1448:1470 gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods 1448:1530 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 4 69 from workflow 888:895 arg1 combination 900:910 combination 900:910 combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy 900:982 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 1 70 from quantification 157:170 arg1 applications 184:195 research applications 175:195 research applications 175:195 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 5 71 theme spots 1040:1044 arg1 alignment 1019:1027 vector-based alignment 1006:1027 vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours 1006:1063 The strategy employs vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours in a stepwise manner. 32402202 7 72 theme workflow 1399:1406 arg1 benefits 1383:1390 benefits 1383:1390 benefits 1383:1390 Here, we provide a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow. 32402202 7 72 theme workflow 1399:1406 arg1 applications 1366:1377 potential applications 1356:1377 potential applications 1356:1377 Here, we provide a detailed description of potential applications and benefits of our workflow. 32402202 8 73 theme experimental 1416:1427 arg1 settings 1434:1441 experimental test settings 1416:1441 experimental test settings 1416:1441 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 4 74 from assignment 794:803 arg1 2D-WB 830:834 2D-WB 830:834 2D-WB 830:834 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 1 75 theme Western 94:100 arg1 blotting 102:109 Western blotting 94:109 Western blotting 94:109 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 6 76 theme protein 1127:1133 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 76 theme protein 1127:1133 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 76 theme protein 1127:1133 arg1 techniques 1149:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 5 77 theme vector-based 1006:1017 arg1 alignment 1019:1027 vector-based alignment 1006:1027 vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours 1006:1063 The strategy employs vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours in a stepwise manner. 32402202 6 78 theme proteins 1186:1193 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 78 theme proteins 1186:1193 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 9 79 theme heat 1647:1650 arg1 proteins 1658:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 very similar heat shock proteins 1634:1665 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 8 80 theme gold-standard 1448:1460 arg1 stressors 1462:1470 gold-standard stressors 1448:1470 gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods 1448:1530 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 0 81 theme Protein 41:47 arg1 Quantification 23:36 Quantification 23:36 Quantification 23:36 Improved Alignment and Quantification of Protein Signals in Two-Dimensional Western Blotting. 32402202 0 81 theme Protein 41:47 arg1 Alignment 9:17 Alignment 9:17 Alignment 9:17 Improved Alignment and Quantification of Protein Signals in Two-Dimensional Western Blotting. 32402202 5 82 theme stepwise 1070:1077 arg1 manner 1079:1084 a stepwise manner 1068:1084 a stepwise manner 1068:1084 The strategy employs vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours in a stepwise manner. 32402202 9 83 link O-linked 1740:1747 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1770:1777 O-GlcNAc 1770:1777 O-GlcNAc 1770:1777 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 9 83 link O-linked 1740:1747 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 1749:1767 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 1740:1767 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 1740:1778 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 2 84 theme species 524:530 arg1 detection 493:501 the detection 489:501 the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody 489:562 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 4 85 theme spot 857:860 arg1 pattern 862:868 the total protein spot pattern 839:868 the total protein spot pattern 839:868 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 9 86 theme global 1698:1703 arg1 analysis 1705:1712 global analysis 1698:1712 global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 1698:1778 Our results demonstrate reliable attribution of signals to very similar heat shock proteins, phosphorylation patterns, and global analysis of proteins modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). 32402202 2 87 theme different 506:514 arg1 species 524:530 different protein species 506:530 different protein species 506:530 The additional separation by isoelectric focusing enables the detection of different protein species with the same specific antibody. 32402202 8 88 theme detection 1514:1522 arg1 methods 1524:1530 multiple staining and detection methods 1492:1530 methods 1524:1530 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 5 89 theme image 1050:1054 arg1 contours 1056:1063 image contours 1050:1063 image contours 1050:1063 The strategy employs vector-based alignment of protein spots and image contours in a stepwise manner. 32402202 1 90 theme alternative 244:254 arg1 splicing 256:263 alternative splicing 244:263 alternative splicing 244:263 Western blotting is widely used for protein identification and quantification in research applications, but different protein species, resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, can often only be detected individually by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunodetection by Western blotting (2D-WB). 32402202 6 91 with compatible 1103:1112 arg1 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling 1171:1181 prelabeling of proteins 1171:1193 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 91 with compatible 1103:1112 arg1 detection 1284:1292 chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection 1251:1292 detection 1284:1292 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 91 with compatible 1103:1112 arg1 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining 1199:1210 poststaining of gels and membranes 1199:1232 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 6 91 with compatible 1103:1112 arg1 techniques 1149:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 various protein visualization techniques 1119:1158 Our workflow is compatible with various protein visualization techniques, including prelabeling of proteins and poststaining of gels and membranes, as well as with chemiluminescent and fluorescent detection of bound antibody. 32402202 4 92 theme total 843:847 arg1 pattern 862:868 the total protein spot pattern 839:868 the total protein spot pattern 839:868 We therefore propose a reliable strategy for assignment of antibody signals from 2D-WB to the total protein spot pattern, using an imaging workflow in combination with a straightforward and easily reproducible image alignment strategy. 32402202 8 93 with proteins 1565:1572 arg1 stressors 1462:1470 gold-standard stressors 1448:1470 gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods 1448:1530 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32402202 8 94 from stressors 1462:1470 arg1 combination 1475:1485 combination 1475:1485 combination with multiple staining and detection methods 1475:1530 We use experimental test settings with gold-standard stressors in combination with multiple staining and detection methods, as well as spike-in recombinant proteins. 32201074 0 0 theme factor-like 83:93 arg1 domains 95:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 3 1 theme signal 323:328 arg1 cascade 330:336 a signal cascade 321:336 a signal cascade 321:336 Ligands initiate a signal cascade by binding to Notch receptors expressed on the neighboring cell. 32201074 1 2 from essential 179:187 arg1 development 199:209 animal development 192:209 animal development 192:209 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 1 2 from essential 179:187 arg1 homeostasis 222:232 tissue homeostasis 215:232 tissue homeostasis 215:232 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 10 3 theme EGF 1278:1280 arg1 domains 1282:1288 EGF domains 1278:1288 EGF domains 1278:1288 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 0 4 theme growth 76:81 arg1 domains 95:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 4 5 theme Notch 403:407 arg1 receptors 409:417 Notch receptors 403:417 Notch receptors 403:417 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 8 6 theme consecutive 1027:1037 arg1 repeats 1043:1049 consecutive EGF repeats 1027:1049 consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1 1027:1059 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 9 7 theme same 1161:1164 arg1 manner 1166:1171 the same manner 1157:1171 the same manner 1157:1171 Through in vitro experiments, we showed that O-GlcNAc mediates the stability of EGF domains in the same manner as O-fucose and O-glucose. 32201074 10 8 theme EGF 1218:1220 arg1 domains 1222:1228 EGF domains 1218:1228 EGF domains 1218:1228 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 0 9 theme domains 95:101 arg1 stability 46:54 the stability 42:54 the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking 42:124 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 4 10 theme EGF 493:495 arg1 repeats 497:503 EGF repeats 493:503 EGF repeats 493:503 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 4 10 theme EGF 493:495 arg1 repeats 484:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats 449:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats) 449:504 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 7 11 from particular 777:786 arg1 essential 810:818 essential 810:818 essential 810:818 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 2 12 theme human 290:294 arg1 health 296:301 human health 290:301 human health 290:301 Regulation of Notch signaling is a crucial process for human health. 32201074 6 13 theme ligand 710:715 arg1 binding 717:723 ligand binding 710:723 ligand binding 710:723 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 10 14 theme shared 1242:1247 arg1 function 1249:1256 a shared function 1240:1256 a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking 1240:1311 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 0 15 theme trafficking 114:124 arg1 stability 46:54 the stability 42:54 the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking 42:124 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 7 16 theme ligand-mediated 841:855 arg1 signaling 863:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 5 17 theme Most 507:510 arg1 repeats 516:522 Most EGF repeats 507:522 Most EGF repeats 507:522 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 0 18 theme Notch1 107:112 arg1 trafficking 114:124 Notch1 trafficking 107:124 Notch1 trafficking 107:124 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 10 19 from function 1249:1256 arg1 stability 1265:1273 the stability 1261:1273 the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking 1261:1311 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 8 20 theme EGF 1039:1041 arg1 repeats 1043:1049 consecutive EGF repeats 1027:1049 consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1 1027:1059 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 7 21 theme DLL 836:838 arg1 signaling 863:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 10 22 from O-GlcNAc 1206:1213 arg1 domains 1222:1228 EGF domains 1218:1228 EGF domains 1218:1228 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 5 23 theme EGF 512:514 arg1 repeats 516:522 Most EGF repeats 507:522 Most EGF repeats 507:522 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 8 24 attach removed 1014:1020 arg2 O-glucose 1000:1008 O-glucose 1000:1008 O-glucose 1000:1008 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 8 24 attach removed 1014:1020 arg1 repeats 1043:1049 consecutive EGF repeats 1027:1049 consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1 1027:1059 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 8 24 attach removed 1014:1020 arg2 O-fucose 987:994 O-fucose 987:994 O-fucose 987:994 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 3 25 theme neighboring 385:395 arg1 cell 397:400 the neighboring cell 381:400 the neighboring cell 381:400 Ligands initiate a signal cascade by binding to Notch receptors expressed on the neighboring cell. 32201074 7 26 theme O-GlcNAc 789:796 arg1 glycans 798:804 O-GlcNAc glycans 789:804 O-GlcNAc glycans 789:804 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 8 27 theme Notch1 1054:1059 arg1 repeats 1043:1049 consecutive EGF repeats 1027:1049 consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1 1027:1059 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 5 28 theme O-linked 579:586 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 588:606 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 579:606 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 579:617 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 28 theme O-linked 579:586 arg1 O-GlcNAc 609:616 O-GlcNAc 609:616 O-GlcNAc 609:616 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 9 29 theme in vitro 1070:1077 arg1 experiments 1079:1089 in vitro experiments 1070:1089 in vitro experiments 1070:1089 Through in vitro experiments, we showed that O-GlcNAc mediates the stability of EGF domains in the same manner as O-fucose and O-glucose. 32201074 6 30 theme O-glycans 697:705 arg1 roles 682:686 the distinct roles 669:686 the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors 669:771 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 10 31 theme Notch1 1294:1299 arg1 trafficking 1301:1311 Notch1 trafficking 1294:1311 Notch1 trafficking 1294:1311 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 7 32 theme Delta-like 824:833 arg1 signaling 863:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 1 33 theme animal 192:197 arg1 development 199:209 animal development 192:209 animal development 192:209 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 0 34 theme O-GlcNAc 30:37 arg1 Contribution 0:11 Contribution 0:11 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 0:125 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 6 35 theme receptors 763:771 arg1 processing 726:735 processing 726:735 processing 726:735 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 6 35 theme receptors 763:771 arg1 trafficking 742:752 trafficking 742:752 trafficking 742:752 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 6 35 theme receptors 763:771 arg1 binding 717:723 ligand binding 710:723 ligand binding 710:723 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 7 36 from essential 810:818 arg1 particular 777:786 particular 777:786 particular 777:786 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 0 37 theme extracellular 16:28 arg1 O-GlcNAc 30:37 extracellular O-GlcNAc 16:37 extracellular O-GlcNAc 16:37 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 8 38 theme Notch1 922:927 arg1 trafficking 929:939 Notch1 trafficking 922:939 Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces 922:960 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 4 39 theme growth 465:470 arg1 repeats 497:503 EGF repeats 493:503 EGF repeats 493:503 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 4 39 theme growth 465:470 arg1 repeats 484:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats 449:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats) 449:504 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 6 40 from roles 682:686 arg1 processing 726:735 processing 726:735 processing 726:735 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 6 40 from roles 682:686 arg1 trafficking 742:752 trafficking 742:752 trafficking 742:752 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 6 40 from roles 682:686 arg1 binding 717:723 ligand binding 710:723 ligand binding 710:723 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 6 41 theme distinct 673:680 arg1 roles 682:686 the distinct roles 669:686 the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors 669:771 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 10 42 theme domains 1282:1288 arg1 stability 1265:1273 the stability 1261:1273 the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking 1261:1311 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 7 43 theme Notch 857:861 arg1 signaling 863:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling 824:871 In particular, O-GlcNAc glycans are essential for Delta-like (DLL) ligand-mediated Notch signaling. 32201074 4 44 theme epidermal 455:463 arg1 repeats 497:503 EGF repeats 493:503 EGF repeats 493:503 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 4 44 theme epidermal 455:463 arg1 repeats 484:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats 449:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats) 449:504 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 2 45 theme Notch 249:253 arg1 signaling 255:263 Notch signaling 249:263 Notch signaling 249:263 Regulation of Notch signaling is a crucial process for human health. 32201074 10 46 theme trafficking 1301:1311 arg1 stability 1265:1273 the stability 1261:1273 the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking 1261:1311 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 1 47 theme tissue 215:220 arg1 homeostasis 222:232 tissue homeostasis 215:232 tissue homeostasis 215:232 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 6 48 theme Notch 757:761 arg1 receptors 763:771 Notch receptors 757:771 Notch receptors 757:771 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 3 49 theme Notch 352:356 arg1 receptors 358:366 Notch receptors 352:366 Notch receptors expressed on the neighboring cell 352:400 Ligands initiate a signal cascade by binding to Notch receptors expressed on the neighboring cell. 32201074 4 50 theme factor-like 472:482 arg1 repeats 497:503 EGF repeats 493:503 EGF repeats 493:503 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 4 50 theme factor-like 472:482 arg1 repeats 484:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats 449:490 their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats) 449:504 Notch receptors interact with ligands through their epidermal growth factor-like repeats (EGF repeats). 32201074 1 51 from homeostasis 222:232 arg1 essential 179:187 essential 179:187 essential 179:187 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 1 52 from development 199:209 arg1 essential 179:187 essential 179:187 essential 179:187 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 2 53 theme crucial 270:276 arg1 process 278:284 a crucial process 268:284 a crucial process for human health 268:301 Regulation of Notch signaling is a crucial process for human health. 32201074 2 53 theme crucial 270:276 arg1 Regulation 235:244 Regulation 235:244 Regulation of Notch signaling 235:263 Regulation of Notch signaling is a crucial process for human health. 32201074 1 54 theme Notch 131:135 arg1 pathway 147:153 The Notch signaling pathway 127:153 The Notch signaling pathway 127:153 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 8 55 theme cell 948:951 arg1 surfaces 953:960 the cell surfaces 944:960 the cell surfaces 944:960 In this study, we showed that O-GlcNAc promotes Notch1 trafficking to the cell surfaces under the condition that O-fucose and O-glucose are removed from consecutive EGF repeats of Notch1. 32201074 10 56 contain possesses 1230:1238 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1206:1213 O-GlcNAc 1206:1213 O-GlcNAc on EGF domains 1206:1228 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 10 56 contain possesses 1230:1238 arg2 function 1249:1256 a shared function 1240:1256 a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking 1240:1311 Thus, O-GlcNAc on EGF domains possesses a shared function in the stability of EGF domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 9 57 theme domains 1146:1152 arg1 stability 1129:1137 the stability 1125:1137 the stability of EGF domains 1125:1152 Through in vitro experiments, we showed that O-GlcNAc mediates the stability of EGF domains in the same manner as O-fucose and O-glucose. 32201074 1 58 theme signaling 137:145 arg1 pathway 147:153 The Notch signaling pathway 127:153 The Notch signaling pathway 127:153 The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and essential in animal development and tissue homeostasis. 32201074 6 59 theme recent 647:652 arg1 study 654:658 A recent study 645:658 A recent study 645:658 A recent study revealed the distinct roles of these O-glycans in ligand binding, processing, and trafficking of Notch receptors. 32201074 5 60 with O-glycosylation 540:554 arg1 O-glucose 634:642 O-glucose 634:642 O-glucose 634:642 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 60 with O-glycosylation 540:554 arg1 residues 561:568 residues 561:568 residues 561:568 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 60 with O-glycosylation 540:554 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 588:606 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 579:606 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 579:617 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 60 with O-glycosylation 540:554 arg1 O-fucose 620:627 O-fucose 620:627 O-fucose 620:627 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 0 61 theme epidermal 66:74 arg1 domains 95:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 9 62 theme EGF 1142:1144 arg1 domains 1146:1152 EGF domains 1142:1152 EGF domains 1142:1152 Through in vitro experiments, we showed that O-GlcNAc mediates the stability of EGF domains in the same manner as O-fucose and O-glucose. 32201074 0 63 theme folded 59:64 arg1 domains 95:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 folded epidermal growth factor-like domains 59:101 Contribution of extracellular O-GlcNAc to the stability of folded epidermal growth factor-like domains and Notch1 trafficking. 32201074 2 64 theme signaling 255:263 arg1 process 278:284 a crucial process 268:284 a crucial process for human health 268:301 Regulation of Notch signaling is a crucial process for human health. 32201074 2 64 theme signaling 255:263 arg1 Regulation 235:244 Regulation 235:244 Regulation of Notch signaling 235:263 Regulation of Notch signaling is a crucial process for human health. 32201074 5 65 mod modified 528:535 arg3 O-glycosylation 540:554 O-glycosylation 540:554 O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose 540:642 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 65 mod modified 528:535 arg1 repeats 516:522 Most EGF repeats 507:522 Most EGF repeats 507:522 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 66 link O-linked 579:586 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 588:606 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 579:606 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 579:617 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 32201074 5 66 link O-linked 579:586 arg1 O-GlcNAc 609:616 O-GlcNAc 609:616 O-GlcNAc 609:616 Most EGF repeats are modified by O-glycosylation with residues, such as O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), O-fucose, and O-glucose. 34646249 0 0 theme Influenza 82:90 arg1 Viruses 92:98 Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses 63:98 Viruses 92:98 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 5 1 contain carrying 664:671 arg1 viruses 656:662 rescued H1N2 viruses 643:662 rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA 643:690 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 5 1 contain carrying 664:671 arg2 NA 689:690 NA 689:690 NA 689:690 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 5 1 contain carrying 664:671 arg2 NA 678:679 NA 678:679 NA 678:679 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 7 2 link N-linked 927:934 arg1 glycosylation 936:948 the N-linked glycosylation 923:948 the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs 923:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 1 3 theme influenza 226:234 arg1 virus 236:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus 206:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) 206:247 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 3 theme influenza 226:234 arg1 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 0 4 theme H3N2 77:80 arg1 Viruses 92:98 Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses 63:98 Viruses 92:98 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 6 5 theme amino 705:709 arg1 position 716:723 amino acid position 199 705:727 amino acid position 199 705:727 Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. 34646249 3 6 theme neuraminidase 440:452 arg1 ability 470:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 1 7 theme virus 236:240 arg1 NAs 161:163 NAs 161:163 NAs 161:163 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 7 theme virus 236:240 arg1 Neuraminidases 145:158 Neuraminidases 145:158 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) 145:247 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 6 8 theme H3N2 776:779 arg1 HSIV 781:784 H3N2 HSIV 776:784 H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8 776:807 Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. 34646249 0 9 theme Viruses 92:98 arg1 Neuraminidases 45:58 Neuraminidases 45:58 Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses 45:98 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 2 10 from reports 308:314 arg1 epitopes 319:326 epitopes 319:326 epitopes shared by these two NAs 319:350 However, there are few reports on epitopes shared by these two NAs. 34646249 3 11 with NA 420:421 arg1 ability 470:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 3 12 theme NI 466:467 arg1 ability 470:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 3 13 theme monoclonal 378:387 arg1 mAb 399:401 mAb 399:401 mAb 399:401 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 3 13 theme monoclonal 378:387 arg1 antibody 389:396 monoclonal antibody 378:396 a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 376:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 5 14 theme rescued 643:649 arg1 viruses 656:662 rescued H1N2 viruses 643:662 rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA 643:690 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 7 15 theme glycosylation 936:948 arg1 influence 910:918 the influence 906:918 the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs 906:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 1 16 theme H9N2 169:172 arg1 AIV 197:199 AIV 197:199 AIV 197:199 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 16 theme H9N2 169:172 arg1 virus 190:194 H9N2 avian influenza virus 169:194 H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) 169:200 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 0 17 theme Cross-Reactive 2:15 arg1 Antibody 28:35 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody 0:35 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses 0:98 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 7 18 from position 964:971 arg1 influence 910:918 the influence 906:918 the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs 906:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 7 18 from position 964:971 arg1 NAs 980:982 NAs 980:982 NAs 980:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 7 18 from position 964:971 arg1 glycosylation 936:948 the N-linked glycosylation 923:948 the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs 923:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 1 19 theme avian 174:178 arg1 AIV 197:199 AIV 197:199 AIV 197:199 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 19 theme avian 174:178 arg1 virus 190:194 H9N2 avian influenza virus 169:194 H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) 169:200 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 7 20 theme amino 953:957 arg1 position 964:971 amino acid position 200 953:975 amino acid position 200 in NAs 953:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 7 21 theme acid 959:962 arg1 position 964:971 amino acid position 200 953:975 amino acid position 200 in NAs 953:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 1 22 theme influenza 180:188 arg1 AIV 197:199 AIV 197:199 AIV 197:199 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 22 theme influenza 180:188 arg1 virus 190:194 H9N2 avian influenza virus 169:194 H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) 169:200 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 0 23 theme Challenging 125:135 arg1 Models 137:142 Mice Challenging Models 120:142 Mice Challenging Models 120:142 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 1 24 theme virus 190:194 arg1 NAs 161:163 NAs 161:163 NAs 161:163 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 24 theme virus 190:194 arg1 Neuraminidases 145:158 Neuraminidases 145:158 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) 145:247 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 0 25 theme Monoclonal 17:26 arg1 Antibody 28:35 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody 0:35 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses 0:98 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 1 26 theme similar 255:261 arg1 structures 273:282 similar antigenic structures 255:282 similar antigenic structures 255:282 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 0 27 theme Mice 120:123 arg1 Models 137:142 Mice Challenging Models 120:142 Mice Challenging Models 120:142 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 3 28 theme AIV 431:433 arg1 NA 420:421 the NA 416:421 the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 416:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 7 29 gly glycosylation 936:948 arg1 position 964:971 amino acid position 200 953:975 amino acid position 200 in NAs 953:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 7 29 gly glycosylation 936:948 arg2 position 964:971 amino acid position 200 953:975 amino acid position 200 in NAs 953:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 6 30 from position 716:723 arg1 Mutation 693:700 Mutation 693:700 Mutation at amino acid position 199 693:727 Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. 34646249 1 31 theme antigenic 263:271 arg1 structures 273:282 similar antigenic structures 255:282 similar antigenic structures 255:282 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 3 32 theme antibody 389:396 arg1 1G8 404:406 a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 376:406 a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 376:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 4 33 theme H3N2 550:553 arg1 HSIV 555:558 H3N2 HSIV 550:558 H3N2 HSIV 550:558 In this study, 1G8 was shown to cross-react with and inhibit the NA of H3N2 HSIV. 34646249 7 34 theme broad 870:874 arg1 antibodies 887:896 broad protective antibodies 870:896 broad protective antibodies 870:896 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 8 35 theme protective 1127:1136 arg1 antibodies 1138:1147 protective antibodies 1127:1147 protective antibodies 1127:1147 Residues as residue 199, which are not shielded by glycosylation modification, would form ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies. 34646249 8 36 theme ideal 1075:1079 arg1 epitopes 1081:1088 ideal epitopes 1075:1088 ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies 1075:1147 Residues as residue 199, which are not shielded by glycosylation modification, would form ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies. 34646249 7 37 theme N-linked 927:934 arg1 glycosylation 936:948 the N-linked glycosylation 923:948 the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs 923:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 5 38 theme passive 566:572 arg1 experiment 583:592 a passive transfer experiment 564:592 a passive transfer experiment 564:592 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 7 39 theme protective 876:885 arg1 antibodies 887:896 broad protective antibodies 870:896 broad protective antibodies 870:896 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 3 40 theme H9N2 426:429 arg1 AIV 431:433 H9N2 AIV 426:433 H9N2 AIV 426:433 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 6 41 theme mAb 801:803 arg1 1G8 805:807 mAb 1G8 801:807 mAb 1G8 801:807 Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. 34646249 5 42 theme transfer 574:581 arg1 experiment 583:592 a passive transfer experiment 564:592 a passive transfer experiment 564:592 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 2 43 theme few 304:306 arg1 reports 308:314 few reports 304:314 few reports on epitopes shared by these two NAs 304:350 However, there are few reports on epitopes shared by these two NAs. 34646249 0 44 from Protection 106:115 arg1 Models 137:142 Mice Challenging Models 120:142 Mice Challenging Models 120:142 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 8 45 theme universal 1105:1113 arg1 vaccine 1115:1121 universal vaccine 1105:1121 universal vaccine 1105:1121 Residues as residue 199, which are not shielded by glycosylation modification, would form ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies. 34646249 8 46 theme glycosylation 1036:1048 arg1 modification 1050:1061 glycosylation modification 1036:1061 glycosylation modification 1036:1061 Residues as residue 199, which are not shielded by glycosylation modification, would form ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies. 34646249 6 47 from 1G8 805:807 arg1 escape 789:794 escape 789:794 escape from mAb 1G8 789:807 Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. 34646249 1 48 theme H3N2 206:209 arg1 virus 236:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus 206:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) 206:247 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 48 theme H3N2 206:209 arg1 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 5 49 theme H1N2 651:654 arg1 viruses 656:662 rescued H1N2 viruses 643:662 rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA 643:690 In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. 34646249 6 50 theme acid 711:714 arg1 position 716:723 amino acid position 199 705:727 amino acid position 199 705:727 Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. 34646249 3 51 theme inhibition 454:463 arg1 ability 470:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability 440:476 We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. 34646249 4 52 theme HSIV 555:558 arg1 NA 544:545 the NA 540:545 the NA of H3N2 HSIV 540:558 In this study, 1G8 was shown to cross-react with and inhibit the NA of H3N2 HSIV. 34646249 1 53 theme human 211:215 arg1 virus 236:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus 206:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) 206:247 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 53 theme human 211:215 arg1 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 0 54 theme H9N2 68:71 arg1 Neuraminidases 45:58 Neuraminidases 45:58 Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses 45:98 A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. 34646249 7 55 from influence 910:918 arg1 position 964:971 amino acid position 200 953:975 amino acid position 200 in NAs 953:982 Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. 34646249 1 56 theme seasonal 217:224 arg1 virus 236:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus 206:240 H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) 206:247 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 34646249 1 56 theme seasonal 217:224 arg1 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 HSIV 243:246 Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. 33607086 10 0 theme extra 1460:1464 arg1 interaction 1479:1489 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1456:1489 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1456:1489 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 33607086 4 1 contain has 628:630 arg1 interaction 586:596 the ACE2 interaction 577:596 the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 577:626 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 4 1 contain has 628:630 arg2 affinity 641:648 a higher affinity 632:648 a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 632:768 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 2 2 theme viral 322:326 arg1 protein 346:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 10 3 theme greater 1508:1514 arg1 force 1516:1520 a greater force 1506:1520 a greater force 1506:1520 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 33607086 7 4 theme loading 1083:1089 arg1 rates 1091:1095 the loading rates 1079:1095 the loading rates 1079:1095 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 7 5 theme loading 1249:1255 arg1 rates 1257:1261 similar loading rates 1241:1261 similar loading rates 1241:1261 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 11 6 theme spectroscopy 1613:1624 arg1 study 1626:1630 experimental force spectroscopy study 1594:1630 experimental force spectroscopy study 1594:1630 The observation is confirmed by our experimental force spectroscopy study. 33607086 0 7 theme Biomechanical 0:12 arg1 characterization 14:29 Biomechanical characterization 0:29 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 0:97 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 8 8 from glycan 1333:1338 arg1 Asn90 1343:1347 Asn90 1343:1347 Asn90 of ACE2 1343:1355 SMD results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 33607086 12 9 theme binding 1689:1695 arg1 strength 1697:1704 its mechanical binding strength 1674:1704 its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1674:1724 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 10 10 theme interaction 1536:1546 arg1 lifetime 1548:1555 prolonged interaction lifetime 1526:1555 prolonged interaction lifetime 1526:1555 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 33607086 2 11 theme receptor-binding 289:304 arg1 RBD 314:316 RBD 314:316 RBD 314:316 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 11 theme receptor-binding 289:304 arg1 domain 306:311 the receptor-binding domain 285:311 the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein 285:352 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 5 12 theme binding 818:824 arg1 difference 835:844 such binding affinity difference 813:844 such binding affinity difference 813:844 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 33607086 6 13 theme molecular 934:942 arg1 dynamics 944:951 steered molecular dynamics 926:951 steered molecular dynamics 926:951 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 0 14 theme SARS-CoV-2 34:43 arg1 RBD 51:53 SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD 34:53 SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD 34:53 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 9 15 theme RBD-ACE2 1410:1417 arg1 complex 1419:1425 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1395:1425 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1395:1425 This interaction is mostly absent in the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 33607086 6 16 theme force 903:907 arg1 spectroscopy 909:920 single-molecule force spectroscopy 887:920 single-molecule force spectroscopy 887:920 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 6 16 theme force 903:907 arg1 SMD 954:956 SMD 954:956 SMD 954:956 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 13 17 dep strategies 1937:1946 arg1 block 1951:1955 block 1951:1955 to block SARS-CoV-2 entry 1948:1972 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 and could help develop new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 33607086 6 18 theme combined 878:885 arg1 approaches 970:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 7 19 from pN 1172:1173 arg1 RBD 1138:1140 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1127:1140 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1127:1140 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 7 19 from pN 1172:1173 arg1 range 1151:1155 ACE2 range 1146:1155 ACE2 range 1146:1155 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 12 20 theme mechanical 1678:1687 arg1 strength 1697:1704 its mechanical binding strength 1674:1704 its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1674:1724 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 0 21 theme ACE2 65:68 arg1 interaction 86:96 human ACE2 protein-protein interaction 59:96 human ACE2 protein-protein interaction 59:96 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 12 22 theme N-linked 1648:1655 arg1 glycans 1657:1663 N-linked glycans 1648:1663 N-linked glycans 1648:1663 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 8 23 link N-linked 1324:1331 arg1 glycan 1333:1338 the N-linked glycan 1320:1338 the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2 1320:1355 SMD results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 33607086 2 24 theme human 441:445 arg1 types 452:456 many human cell types 436:456 many human cell types 436:456 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 8 25 theme SMD 1264:1266 arg1 results 1268:1274 SMD results 1264:1274 SMD results 1264:1274 SMD results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 33607086 0 26 theme interaction 86:96 arg1 characterization 14:29 Biomechanical characterization 0:29 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 0:97 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 13 27 theme ACE2 1863:1866 arg1 binding 1868:1874 ACE2 binding 1863:1874 ACE2 binding 1863:1874 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 and could help develop new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 33607086 11 28 theme force 1607:1611 arg1 spectroscopy 1613:1624 experimental force spectroscopy 1594:1624 experimental force spectroscopy study 1594:1630 The observation is confirmed by our experimental force spectroscopy study. 33607086 8 29 theme SARS-CoV-2 1290:1299 arg1 RBD 1301:1303 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1290:1303 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1290:1303 SMD results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 33607086 12 30 theme similar 1741:1747 arg1 level 1749:1753 a similar level 1739:1753 a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1739:1792 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 13 31 from difference 1849:1858 arg1 binding 1868:1874 ACE2 binding 1863:1874 ACE2 binding 1863:1874 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 and could help develop new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 33607086 2 32 theme ACE2 408:411 arg1 receptor 414:421 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 371:421 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types 371:456 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 7 33 theme ACE2 1146:1149 arg1 range 1151:1155 ACE2 range 1146:1155 ACE2 range 1146:1155 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 1 34 theme current 103:109 arg1 pandemic 120:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic has led to a devastating impact across the world. 33607086 7 35 dep 105 1168:1170 arg1 to 1165:1166 to 1165:1166 to 1165:1166 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 4 36 theme S 699:699 arg1 protein 701:707 the structurally identical S protein 672:707 the structurally identical S protein 672:707 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 2 37 theme angiotensin-converting 375:396 arg1 receptor 414:421 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 371:421 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types 371:456 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 7 38 theme similar 1241:1247 arg1 rates 1257:1261 similar loading rates 1241:1261 similar loading rates 1241:1261 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 2 39 theme Severe 179:184 arg1 coronavirus 213:223 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 179:225 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) 179:267 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 39 theme Severe 179:184 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 4 40 theme SARS 756:759 arg1 outbreak 761:768 the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 742:768 the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 742:768 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 0 41 theme spike 45:49 arg1 RBD 51:53 SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD 34:53 SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD 34:53 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 12 42 theme RBD-ACE2 1773:1780 arg1 interaction 1782:1792 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1758:1792 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1758:1792 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 6 43 theme specific 997:1004 arg1 interactions 1006:1017 the specific interactions 993:1017 the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 993:1063 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 12 44 theme interaction 1782:1792 arg1 level 1749:1753 a similar level 1739:1753 a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1739:1792 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 5 45 dep mechanism 796:804 arg1 behind 806:811 behind 806:811 behind such binding affinity difference 806:844 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 33607086 7 46 theme unbinding 1102:1110 arg1 forces 1112:1117 the unbinding forces 1098:1117 the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN 1098:1173 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 8 47 theme ACE2 1352:1355 arg1 Asn90 1343:1347 Asn90 1343:1347 Asn90 of ACE2 1343:1355 SMD results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 33607086 8 48 theme N-linked 1324:1331 arg1 glycan 1333:1338 the N-linked glycan 1320:1338 the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2 1320:1355 SMD results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RBD interacts with the N-linked glycan on Asn90 of ACE2. 33607086 13 49 dep mechanism 1828:1836 arg1 behind 1838:1843 behind 1838:1843 behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 1838:1908 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 and could help develop new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 33607086 2 50 theme respiratory 192:202 arg1 coronavirus 213:223 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 179:225 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) 179:267 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 50 theme respiratory 192:202 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 13 51 theme SARS-CoV-2 1957:1966 arg1 entry 1968:1972 SARS-CoV-2 entry 1957:1972 SARS-CoV-2 entry 1957:1972 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 and could help develop new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 33607086 3 52 theme RBD-ACE2 463:470 arg1 step 497:500 a crucial step 487:500 a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 487:545 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 3 52 theme RBD-ACE2 463:470 arg1 interaction 472:482 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 459:482 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 459:482 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 2 53 dep coronavirus 213:223 arg1 causing 251:257 causing 251:257 causing COVID-19 251:266 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 10 54 theme RBD-N-glycan 1466:1477 arg1 interaction 1479:1489 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1456:1489 the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction 1456:1489 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 33607086 4 55 with binding 659:665 arg1 protein 701:707 the structurally identical S protein 672:707 the structurally identical S protein 672:707 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 2 56 theme surface 328:334 arg1 protein 346:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 13 57 theme new 1933:1935 arg1 strategies 1937:1946 new strategies 1933:1946 new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry 1933:1972 Together, the study uncovers the mechanism behind the difference in ACE2 binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 and could help develop new strategies to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. 33607086 3 58 theme crucial 489:495 arg1 step 497:500 a crucial step 487:500 a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 487:545 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 3 58 theme crucial 489:495 arg1 interaction 472:482 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 459:482 The RBD-ACE2 interaction 459:482 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 5 59 theme such 813:816 arg1 difference 835:844 such binding affinity difference 813:844 such binding affinity difference 813:844 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 33607086 6 60 theme dynamics 944:951 arg1 approaches 970:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 9 61 from complex 1419:1425 arg1 absent 1385:1390 absent 1385:1390 absent 1385:1390 This interaction is mostly absent in the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 33607086 4 62 theme SARS-CoV-2 S 607:618 arg1 protein 620:626 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 603:626 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 603:626 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 10 63 theme prolonged 1526:1534 arg1 lifetime 1548:1555 prolonged interaction lifetime 1526:1555 prolonged interaction lifetime 1526:1555 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 33607086 12 64 theme SARS-CoV-2 1711:1720 arg1 RBD 1722:1724 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1711:1724 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1711:1724 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 3 65 theme host 517:520 arg1 entry 527:531 the host cell entry 513:531 the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 513:545 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 6 66 theme steered 926:932 arg1 dynamics 944:951 steered molecular dynamics 926:951 steered molecular dynamics 926:951 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 1 67 theme devastating 142:152 arg1 impact 154:159 a devastating impact 140:159 a devastating impact across the world 140:176 The current COVID-19 pandemic has led to a devastating impact across the world. 33607086 9 68 theme SARS-CoV-1 1399:1408 arg1 complex 1419:1425 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1395:1425 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1395:1425 This interaction is mostly absent in the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 33607086 6 69 theme spectroscopy 909:920 arg1 approaches 970:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 4 70 theme ACE2 581:584 arg1 interaction 586:596 the ACE2 interaction 577:596 the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 577:626 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 3 71 theme cell 522:525 arg1 entry 527:531 the host cell entry 513:531 the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 513:545 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 6 72 theme single-molecule 887:901 arg1 spectroscopy 909:920 single-molecule force spectroscopy 887:920 single-molecule force spectroscopy 887:920 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 6 72 theme single-molecule 887:901 arg1 SMD 954:956 SMD 954:956 SMD 954:956 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 12 73 link N-linked 1648:1655 arg1 glycans 1657:1663 N-linked glycans 1648:1663 N-linked glycans 1648:1663 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 2 74 from protein 346:352 arg1 RBD 314:316 RBD 314:316 RBD 314:316 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 74 from protein 346:352 arg1 domain 306:311 the receptor-binding domain 285:311 the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein 285:352 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 0 75 theme protein-protein 70:84 arg1 interaction 86:96 human ACE2 protein-protein interaction 59:96 human ACE2 protein-protein interaction 59:96 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 5 76 theme affinity 826:833 arg1 difference 835:844 such binding affinity difference 813:844 such binding affinity difference 813:844 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 33607086 2 77 theme cell 447:450 arg1 types 452:456 many human cell types 436:456 many human cell types 436:456 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 12 78 with strength 1697:1704 arg1 RBD 1722:1724 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1711:1724 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1711:1724 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 6 79 theme simulation 959:968 arg1 approaches 970:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches 878:979 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 2 80 theme many 436:439 arg1 types 452:456 many human cell types 436:456 many human cell types 436:456 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 4 81 theme higher 634:639 arg1 affinity 641:648 a higher affinity 632:648 a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 632:768 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 4 82 theme SARS-CoV-1 712:721 arg1 binding 659:665 its binding 655:665 its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 655:768 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 6 83 theme SARS-CoV-1 1041:1050 arg1 RBD 1052:1054 SARS-CoV-1 RBD 1041:1054 SARS-CoV-1 RBD 1041:1054 This study utilizes combined single-molecule force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation approaches to quantify the specific interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2. 33607086 2 84 theme S 343:343 arg1 protein 346:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 7 85 theme SARS-CoV-2 1127:1136 arg1 RBD 1138:1140 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1127:1140 SARS-CoV-2 RBD 1127:1140 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 1 86 theme COVID-19 111:118 arg1 pandemic 120:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic 99:127 The current COVID-19 pandemic has led to a devastating impact across the world. 33607086 2 87 theme enzyme 398:403 arg1 receptor 414:421 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 371:421 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types 371:456 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 88 theme acute 186:190 arg1 coronavirus 213:223 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 179:225 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) 179:267 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 88 theme acute 186:190 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 4 89 theme identical 689:697 arg1 protein 701:707 the structurally identical S protein 672:707 the structurally identical S protein 672:707 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 0 90 theme RBD 51:53 arg1 characterization 14:29 Biomechanical characterization 0:29 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 0:97 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 4 91 theme 2002-2004 746:754 arg1 outbreak 761:768 the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 742:768 the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak 742:768 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 0 92 theme human 59:63 arg1 interaction 86:96 human ACE2 protein-protein interaction 59:96 human ACE2 protein-protein interaction 59:96 Biomechanical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and human ACE2 protein-protein interaction. 33607086 12 93 theme SARS-CoV-1 1762:1771 arg1 interaction 1782:1792 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1758:1792 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction 1758:1792 After removing N-linked glycans on ACE2, its mechanical binding strength with SARS-CoV-2 RBD decreases to a similar level of the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 interaction. 33607086 7 94 theme SARS-CoV-1 1211:1220 arg1 RBD 1222:1224 SARS-CoV-1 RBD 1211:1224 SARS-CoV-1 RBD 1211:1224 Depending on the loading rates, the unbinding forces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 range from 70 to 105 pN and are 30-40% higher than those of SARS-CoV-1 RBD and ACE2 under similar loading rates. 33607086 4 95 with interaction 586:596 arg1 protein 620:626 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 603:626 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 603:626 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 3 96 theme SARS-CoV-2 536:545 arg1 entry 527:531 the host cell entry 513:531 the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 513:545 The RBD-ACE2 interaction is a crucial step to mediate the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. 33607086 4 97 theme Recent 548:553 arg1 studies 555:561 Recent studies 548:561 Recent studies 548:561 Recent studies indicate that the ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a higher affinity than its binding with the structurally identical S protein of SARS-CoV-1, the virus causing the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. 33607086 10 98 theme SMD 1439:1441 arg1 simulations 1443:1453 the SMD simulations 1435:1453 the SMD simulations 1435:1453 During the SMD simulations, the extra RBD-N-glycan interaction contributes to a greater force and prolonged interaction lifetime. 33607086 2 99 theme syndrome 204:211 arg1 coronavirus 213:223 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 179:225 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) 179:267 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 2 99 theme syndrome 204:211 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 SARS-CoV-2 228:237 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33607086 5 100 theme biophysical 784:794 arg1 unclear 849:855 unclear 849:855 unclear 849:855 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 33607086 5 100 theme biophysical 784:794 arg1 mechanism 796:804 the biophysical mechanism 780:804 the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference 780:844 However, the biophysical mechanism behind such binding affinity difference is unclear. 33607086 9 101 from absent 1385:1390 arg1 complex 1419:1425 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1395:1425 the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex 1395:1425 This interaction is mostly absent in the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. 33607086 11 102 theme experimental 1594:1605 arg1 spectroscopy 1613:1624 experimental force spectroscopy 1594:1624 experimental force spectroscopy study 1594:1630 The observation is confirmed by our experimental force spectroscopy study. 33607086 2 103 theme spike 336:340 arg1 protein 346:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 viral surface spike (S) protein 322:352 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (the virus causing COVID-19) is known to use the receptor-binding domain (RBD) at viral surface spike (S) protein to interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on many human cell types. 33578036 3 0 theme ectodomain 705:714 arg1 protein 688:694 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 protein 688:694 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 0 theme ectodomain 705:714 arg1 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 0 theme ectodomain 705:714 arg1 ectodomain 705:714 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 ectodomain 705:714 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 0 theme ectodomain 705:714 arg1 domain 655:660 the S receptor-binding domain 632:660 the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively 632:728 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 4 1 theme residues 874:881 arg1 glycosylation 846:858 glycosylation 846:858 glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry 846:932 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 1 2 theme immediate 181:189 arg1 need 191:194 the immediate need 177:194 the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 177:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 1 3 theme life 287:290 arg1 cycle 292:296 the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 272:296 the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 272:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 0 4 theme SARS-CoV-2 S 101:112 arg1 glycosylation 84:96 N-linked glycosylation 75:96 N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S 75:112 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 3 5 theme protein 688:694 arg1 protein 688:694 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 protein 688:694 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 5 theme protein 688:694 arg1 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 5 theme protein 688:694 arg1 ectodomain 705:714 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 ectodomain 705:714 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 5 theme protein 688:694 arg1 domain 655:660 the S receptor-binding domain 632:660 the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively 632:728 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 4 6 theme asparagine 863:872 arg1 residues 874:881 asparagine residues 863:881 asparagine residues 863:881 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 2 7 theme spike 408:412 arg1 protein 418:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 7 theme spike 408:412 arg1 enzyme 478:483 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 455:485 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 455:492 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 1 8 theme cycle 292:296 arg1 stages 262:267 different stages 252:267 different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 252:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 6 9 theme key 1111:1113 arg1 residues 1115:1122 key residues 1111:1122 key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction 1111:1204 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 4 10 theme viral 786:790 arg1 role 837:840 a role 835:840 a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry 835:932 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 4 10 theme viral 786:790 arg1 determinants 792:803 critical host and viral determinants 768:803 determinants 792:803 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 0 11 gly glycosylation 84:96 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 S 101:112 SARS-CoV-2 S 101:112 SARS-CoV-2 S 101:112 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 0 12 theme viral 118:122 arg1 entry 124:128 viral entry 118:128 viral entry 118:128 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 2 13 dep spike 408:412 arg1 S 415:415 S 415:415 S 415:415 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 14 theme bioluminescence-based 314:334 arg1 bioreporter 336:346 a bioluminescence-based bioreporter 312:346 a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 312:492 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 15 theme viral 402:406 arg1 protein 418:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 15 theme viral 402:406 arg1 enzyme 478:483 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 455:485 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 455:492 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 3 16 theme bioreporter 499:509 arg1 assay 511:515 The bioreporter assay 495:515 The bioreporter assay 495:515 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 5 17 theme glycosylation 982:994 arg1 importance 959:968 the importance 955:968 the importance of N-linked glycosylation to the RBD's antigenicity and immunogenicity 955:1039 We also demonstrate the importance of N-linked glycosylation to the RBD's antigenicity and immunogenicity. 33578036 2 18 theme host 434:437 arg1 receptor 445:452 its host entry receptor 430:452 its host entry receptor 430:452 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 5 19 link N-linked 973:980 arg1 glycosylation 982:994 N-linked glycosylation 973:994 N-linked glycosylation 973:994 We also demonstrate the importance of N-linked glycosylation to the RBD's antigenicity and immunogenicity. 33578036 0 20 link N-linked 75:82 arg1 glycosylation 84:96 N-linked glycosylation 75:96 N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S 75:112 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 6 21 theme bioreporter 1088:1098 arg1 versatility 1069:1079 the versatility 1065:1079 the versatility of our bioreporter 1065:1098 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 0 22 theme complementation-based 15:35 arg1 bioreporter 37:47 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter 0:47 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter 0:47 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 7 23 theme RBD 1243:1245 arg1 glycosylation 1247:1259 RBD glycosylation 1243:1259 RBD glycosylation 1243:1259 Our findings point toward targeting RBD glycosylation for therapeutic and vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2. 33578036 3 24 theme large 598:602 arg1 subunits 588:595 two subunits 584:595 two subunits 584:595 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 24 theme large 598:602 arg1 BiT 604:606 large BiT 598:606 large BiT 598:606 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 0 25 theme Nanoluciferase 0:13 arg1 bioreporter 37:47 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter 0:47 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter 0:47 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 4 26 theme critical 768:775 arg1 host 777:780 critical host and viral determinants 768:803 host 777:780 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 6 27 theme screening 1157:1165 arg1 inhibitors 1167:1176 screening inhibitors 1157:1176 viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction 1134:1204 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 1 28 theme antiviral 219:227 arg1 therapeutics 229:240 antiviral therapeutics 219:240 antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 219:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 4 29 theme viral 922:926 arg1 entry 928:932 successful viral entry 911:932 successful viral entry 911:932 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 3 30 theme nanoluciferase 531:544 arg1 reporter 562:569 a nanoluciferase complementation reporter 529:569 a nanoluciferase complementation reporter 529:569 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 1 31 theme therapeutics 229:240 arg1 development 204:214 the development 200:214 the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 200:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 2 32 theme SARS-CoV-2 391:400 arg1 protein 418:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 32 theme SARS-CoV-2 391:400 arg1 enzyme 478:483 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 455:485 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 455:492 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 7 33 theme vaccine 1281:1287 arg1 strategies 1289:1298 therapeutic and vaccine strategies 1265:1298 strategies 1289:1298 Our findings point toward targeting RBD glycosylation for therapeutic and vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2. 33578036 4 34 gly glycosylation 846:858 arg1 residues 874:881 asparagine residues 863:881 asparagine residues 863:881 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 3 35 theme receptor-binding 638:653 arg1 protein 688:694 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 protein 688:694 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 35 theme receptor-binding 638:653 arg1 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 35 theme receptor-binding 638:653 arg1 ectodomain 705:714 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 ectodomain 705:714 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 35 theme receptor-binding 638:653 arg1 domain 655:660 the S receptor-binding domain 632:660 the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively 632:728 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 4 36 theme interaction 812:822 arg1 role 837:840 a role 835:840 a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry 835:932 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 4 36 theme interaction 812:822 arg1 host 777:780 critical host and viral determinants 768:803 host 777:780 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 4 36 theme interaction 812:822 arg1 determinants 792:803 critical host and viral determinants 768:803 determinants 792:803 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 2 37 theme entry 439:443 arg1 receptor 445:452 its host entry receptor 430:452 its host entry receptor 430:452 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 0 38 theme N-linked 75:82 arg1 glycosylation 84:96 N-linked glycosylation 75:96 N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S 75:112 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 5 39 theme N-linked 973:980 arg1 glycosylation 982:994 N-linked glycosylation 973:994 N-linked glycosylation 973:994 We also demonstrate the importance of N-linked glycosylation to the RBD's antigenicity and immunogenicity. 33578036 1 40 theme ongoing 135:141 arg1 pandemic 152:159 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic 131:159 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic 131:159 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 6 41 theme interaction 1194:1204 arg1 inhibitors 1167:1176 screening inhibitors 1157:1176 viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction 1134:1204 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 6 41 theme interaction 1194:1204 arg1 entry 1140:1144 viral entry 1134:1144 viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction 1134:1204 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 3 42 theme small 612:616 arg1 BiT 618:620 small BiT 612:620 small BiT 612:620 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 42 theme small 612:616 arg1 subunits 588:595 two subunits 584:595 two subunits 584:595 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 1 43 theme COVID-19 143:150 arg1 pandemic 152:159 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic 131:159 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic 131:159 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 4 44 theme successful 911:920 arg1 entry 928:932 successful viral entry 911:932 successful viral entry 911:932 Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. 33578036 3 45 theme SARS-CoV-2 S 675:686 arg1 protein 688:694 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 protein 688:694 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 46 theme S 636:636 arg1 protein 688:694 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 protein 688:694 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 46 theme S 636:636 arg1 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 RBD 663:665 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 46 theme S 636:636 arg1 ectodomain 705:714 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 ectodomain 705:714 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 3 46 theme S 636:636 arg1 domain 655:660 the S receptor-binding domain 632:660 the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively 632:728 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 6 47 theme viral 1134:1138 arg1 entry 1140:1144 viral entry 1134:1144 viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction 1134:1204 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 1 48 theme different 252:260 arg1 stages 262:267 different stages 252:267 different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 252:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 33578036 2 49 theme angiotensin-converting 455:476 arg1 enzyme 478:483 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 455:485 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 455:492 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 49 theme angiotensin-converting 455:476 arg1 ACE2 488:491 ACE2 488:491 ACE2 488:491 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 2 49 theme angiotensin-converting 455:476 arg1 protein 418:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein 391:424 We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). 33578036 3 50 theme complementation 546:560 arg1 reporter 562:569 a nanoluciferase complementation reporter 529:569 a nanoluciferase complementation reporter 529:569 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 6 51 theme ACE2-RBD 1185:1192 arg1 interaction 1194:1204 the ACE2-RBD interaction 1181:1204 the ACE2-RBD interaction 1181:1204 Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. 33578036 0 52 theme glycosylation 84:96 arg1 importance 61:70 the importance 57:70 the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry 57:128 Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. 33578036 3 53 theme ACE2 700:703 arg1 ectodomain 705:714 the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain 671:714 ectodomain 705:714 The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. 33578036 7 54 theme therapeutic 1265:1275 arg1 strategies 1289:1298 therapeutic and vaccine strategies 1265:1298 strategies 1289:1298 Our findings point toward targeting RBD glycosylation for therapeutic and vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2. 33578036 1 55 theme SARS-CoV-2 276:285 arg1 cycle 292:296 the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 272:296 the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle 272:296 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. 34679747 5 0 theme Ultrasound-assisted 640:658 arg1 UAE 672:674 UAE 672:674 UAE 672:674 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 0 theme Ultrasound-assisted 640:658 arg1 extraction 660:669 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 640:669 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) 640:675 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 0 theme Ultrasound-assisted 640:658 arg1 technique 709:717 an alternative technique 694:717 an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds 694:748 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 9 1 theme ASG 1553:1555 arg1 % 1566:1566 75.87% ± 0.10 1561:1573 75.87% ± 0.10 1561:1573 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 1 theme ASG 1553:1555 arg1 yield 1544:1548 the yield 1540:1548 the yield of ASG 1540:1555 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 6 2 theme UAE 850:852 arg1 extraction 854:863 the UAE extraction 846:863 the UAE extraction of ASG 846:870 In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). 34679747 12 3 theme spectrum 1790:1797 arg1 fingerprint 1799:1809 Raman spectrum fingerprint 1784:1809 Raman spectrum fingerprint 1784:1809 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 7 4 theme ultrasound 1044:1053 arg1 operation 1055:1063 ultrasound operation 1044:1063 ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) 1044:1113 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 10 5 theme predicted 1615:1623 arg1 yield 1581:1585 This yield 1576:1585 This yield 1576:1585 This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. 34679747 10 5 theme predicted 1615:1623 arg1 yield 1625:1629 the predicted yield 1611:1629 the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment 1611:1677 This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. 34679747 8 6 theme phytochemicals 1187:1200 arg1 characterization 1167:1182 characterization 1167:1182 characterization 1167:1182 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 8 6 theme phytochemicals 1187:1200 arg1 screening 1153:1161 screening 1153:1161 screening 1153:1161 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 7 7 theme factors 1033:1039 arg1 effect 1001:1006 the effect 997:1006 the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield 997:1137 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 8 8 theme 60 1205:1206 arg1 % 1207:1207 % 1207:1207 % 1207:1207 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 7 9 theme different 1011:1019 arg1 factors 1033:1039 different independent factors 1011:1039 different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) 1011:1113 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 10 10 theme % 1639:1639 arg1 yield 1581:1585 This yield 1576:1585 This yield 1576:1585 This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. 34679747 10 10 theme % 1639:1639 arg1 yield 1625:1629 the predicted yield 1611:1629 the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment 1611:1677 This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. 34679747 1 11 theme Seyal 206:210 arg1 fiber 280:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 1 11 theme Seyal 206:210 arg1 ASG 217:219 ASG 217:219 ASG 217:219 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 1 11 theme Seyal 206:210 arg1 gum 212:214 Acacia Seyal gum 199:214 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG) 199:220 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 7 12 used used 981:984 arg2 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 12 used used 981:984 arg2 design 962:967 A face-centered central composite design 928:967 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 928:975 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 0 13 from Gum 88:90 arg1 Optimization 0:11 Optimization 0:11 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum 0:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 0 13 from Gum 88:90 arg1 Extraction 36:45 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 16:45 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum 16:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 4 14 theme requirements 626:637 arg1 terms 580:584 terms 580:584 terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements 580:637 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 15 theme alternative 697:707 arg1 technique 709:717 an alternative technique 694:717 an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds 694:748 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 15 theme alternative 697:707 arg1 extraction 660:669 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 640:669 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) 640:675 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 7 16 theme solvent 1100:1106 arg1 ratio 1108:1112 solvent ratio 1100:1112 solvent ratio 1100:1112 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 6 17 theme surface 901:907 arg1 RSM 922:924 RSM 922:924 RSM 922:924 In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). 34679747 6 17 theme surface 901:907 arg1 methodology 909:919 response surface methodology 892:919 response surface methodology (RSM) 892:925 In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). 34679747 12 18 theme FTIR 1911:1914 arg1 spectrum 1916:1923 FTIR spectrum 1911:1923 FTIR spectrum 1911:1923 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 8 19 from characterization 1167:1182 arg1 extract 1221:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 7 20 theme central 944:950 arg1 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 20 theme central 944:950 arg1 design 962:967 A face-centered central composite design 928:967 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 928:975 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 13 21 theme antioxidant 2132:2142 arg1 compounds 2144:2152 antioxidant compounds 2132:2152 antioxidant compounds 2132:2152 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 13 22 theme lycopene 2123:2130 arg1 presence 2069:2076 the presence 2065:2076 the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds 2065:2152 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 0 23 theme Acacia 75:80 arg1 Gum 88:90 Acacia Seyal Gum 75:90 Acacia Seyal Gum 75:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 9 24 theme extraction 1448:1457 arg1 min 1467:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 24 theme extraction 1448:1457 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 13 25 theme carotenoid 2107:2116 arg1 presence 2069:2076 the presence 2065:2076 the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds 2065:2152 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 0 26 from Optimization 0:11 arg1 Gum 88:90 Acacia Seyal Gum 75:90 Acacia Seyal Gum 75:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 0 27 theme Response 98:105 arg1 Methodology 115:125 Response Surface Methodology 98:125 Response Surface Methodology 98:125 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 2 28 contain have 312:315 arg2 antiulcer 381:389 antiulcer 381:389 antiulcer 381:389 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 28 contain have 312:315 arg1 ASG 287:289 ASG 287:289 ASG 287:289 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 28 contain have 312:315 arg2 anticancer 355:364 anticancer 355:364 anticancer 355:364 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 28 contain have 312:315 arg2 activities 333:342 many biological activities 317:342 many biological activities 317:342 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 28 contain have 312:315 arg2 antidiabetic 367:378 antidiabetic 367:378 antidiabetic 367:378 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 28 contain have 312:315 arg2 activity 413:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 15 29 theme chemical 2350:2357 arg1 compounds 2359:2367 several chemical compounds 2342:2367 several chemical compounds reported in this study 2342:2390 The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study. 34679747 5 30 theme bioactive 730:738 arg1 compounds 740:748 extract bioactive compounds 722:748 extract bioactive compounds 722:748 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 9 31 theme temperature 1483:1493 arg1 °C 1498:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 31 theme temperature 1483:1493 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 11 32 theme low 1748:1750 arg1 value 1764:1768 the low probability value 1744:1768 the low probability value (p < 0.0001) 1744:1781 The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). 34679747 11 32 theme low 1748:1750 arg1 < 1773:1773 p < 0.0001 1771:1780 p < 0.0001 1771:1780 The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). 34679747 2 33 theme immunomodulatory 396:411 arg1 activity 413:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 3 34 theme bioactive 437:445 arg1 compounds 447:455 bioactive compounds 437:455 bioactive compounds 437:455 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. 34679747 0 35 theme Ultrasound-Assisted 16:34 arg1 Extraction 36:45 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 16:45 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum 16:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 12 36 theme amines 2013:2018 arg1 value 1974:1978 value 1974:1978 value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1974:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 11 37 theme p 1771:1771 arg1 value 1764:1768 the low probability value 1744:1768 the low probability value (p < 0.0001) 1744:1781 The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). 34679747 11 37 theme p 1771:1771 arg1 < 1773:1773 p < 0.0001 1771:1780 p < 0.0001 1771:1780 The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). 34679747 1 38 theme soluble 272:278 arg1 fiber 280:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 1 38 theme soluble 272:278 arg1 gum 212:214 Acacia Seyal gum 199:214 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG) 199:220 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 8 39 theme chromatography 1325:1338 arg1 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 8 39 theme chromatography 1325:1338 arg1 spectroscopy 1360:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy 1321:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis 1321:1391 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 14 40 theme ASG 2267:2269 arg1 extracts 2271:2278 ASG extracts 2267:2278 ASG extracts 2267:2278 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 0 41 theme Compounds 60:68 arg1 Extraction 36:45 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 16:45 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum 16:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 13 42 theme GC-TOFMS 2033:2040 arg1 spectroscopic 2042:2054 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic 2033:2054 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic 2033:2054 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 8 43 theme mass 1355:1358 arg1 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 8 43 theme mass 1355:1358 arg1 spectroscopy 1360:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy 1321:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis 1321:1391 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 13 44 theme d-galactopyranose 2088:2104 arg1 presence 2069:2076 the presence 2065:2076 the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds 2065:2152 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 4 45 theme extraction 589:598 arg1 time 600:603 extraction time 589:603 extraction time 589:603 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 3 46 theme conventional 494:505 arg1 methods 518:524 conventional extraction methods 494:524 conventional extraction methods 494:524 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. 34679747 12 47 dep groups 1961:1966 arg1 peaks 1968:1972 peaks 1968:1972 peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1968:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 7 48 theme sonication 1066:1075 arg1 time 1077:1080 sonication time 1066:1080 sonication time 1066:1080 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 2 49 theme many 317:320 arg1 activity 413:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 49 theme many 317:320 arg1 anticancer 355:364 anticancer 355:364 anticancer 355:364 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 49 theme many 317:320 arg1 antiulcer 381:389 antiulcer 381:389 antiulcer 381:389 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 49 theme many 317:320 arg1 antidiabetic 367:378 antidiabetic 367:378 antidiabetic 367:378 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 49 theme many 317:320 arg1 activities 333:342 many biological activities 317:342 many biological activities 317:342 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 6 50 theme ASG 868:870 arg1 extraction 854:863 the UAE extraction 846:863 the UAE extraction of ASG 846:870 In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). 34679747 7 51 from effect 1001:1006 arg1 yield 1133:1137 ASG extraction yield 1118:1137 ASG extraction yield 1118:1137 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 14 52 theme UAE 2203:2205 arg1 technique 2207:2215 the UAE technique 2199:2215 the UAE technique 2199:2215 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 14 52 theme UAE 2203:2205 arg1 method 2233:2238 an efficient method 2220:2238 an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts 2220:2278 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 7 53 theme operation 1055:1063 arg1 factors 1033:1039 different independent factors 1011:1039 different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) 1011:1113 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 14 54 theme efficient 2223:2231 arg1 technique 2207:2215 the UAE technique 2199:2215 the UAE technique 2199:2215 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 14 54 theme efficient 2223:2231 arg1 method 2233:2238 an efficient method 2220:2238 an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts 2220:2278 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 1 55 theme gum 237:239 arg1 Arabic 241:246 gum Arabic 237:246 gum Arabic 237:246 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 8 56 from screening 1153:1161 arg1 extract 1221:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 12 57 theme groups 1961:1966 arg1 presence 1938:1945 the presence 1934:1945 the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1934:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 7 58 dep operation 1055:1063 arg1 ratio 1108:1112 solvent ratio 1100:1112 solvent ratio 1100:1112 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 58 dep operation 1055:1063 arg1 temperature 1083:1093 temperature 1083:1093 temperature 1083:1093 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 58 dep operation 1055:1063 arg1 time 1077:1080 sonication time 1066:1080 sonication time 1066:1080 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 59 theme independent 1021:1031 arg1 factors 1033:1039 different independent factors 1011:1039 different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) 1011:1113 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 3 60 from ASG 462:464 arg1 Extraction 423:432 Extraction 423:432 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG 423:464 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. 34679747 4 61 contain have 553:556 arg1 techniques 542:551 these techniques 536:551 these techniques 536:551 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 4 61 contain have 553:556 arg2 limitation 566:575 certain limitation 558:575 certain limitation 558:575 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 0 62 theme Chemical 137:144 arg1 Identification 154:167 Their Chemical Content Identification 131:167 Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS 131:196 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 1 63 theme Acacia 199:204 arg1 fiber 280:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 1 63 theme Acacia 199:204 arg1 ASG 217:219 ASG 217:219 ASG 217:219 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 1 63 theme Acacia 199:204 arg1 gum 212:214 Acacia Seyal gum 199:214 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG) 199:220 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 5 64 theme solvent 809:815 arg1 requirements 817:828 less energy and solvent requirements 793:828 requirements 817:828 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 4 65 theme solvent 618:624 arg1 requirements 626:637 solvent requirements 618:637 solvent requirements 618:637 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 66 used used 686:689 arg2 UAE 672:674 UAE 672:674 UAE 672:674 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 66 used used 686:689 arg2 extraction 660:669 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 640:669 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) 640:675 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 5 66 used used 686:689 arg2 technique 709:717 an alternative technique 694:717 an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds 694:748 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 6 67 theme response 892:899 arg1 RSM 922:924 RSM 922:924 RSM 922:924 In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). 34679747 6 67 theme response 892:899 arg1 methodology 909:919 response surface methodology 892:919 response surface methodology (RSM) 892:925 In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). 34679747 8 68 theme ASG 1217:1219 arg1 extract 1221:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 9 69 theme optimal 1428:1434 arg1 °C 1498:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 69 theme optimal 1428:1434 arg1 min 1467:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 69 theme optimal 1428:1434 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 69 theme optimal 1428:1434 arg1 ratio 1519:1523 solid-liquid ratio 1506:1523 solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL 1506:1536 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 0 70 theme Seyal 82:86 arg1 Gum 88:90 Acacia Seyal Gum 75:90 Acacia Seyal Gum 75:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 7 71 theme composite 952:960 arg1 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 71 theme composite 952:960 arg1 design 962:967 A face-centered central composite design 928:967 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 928:975 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 13 72 theme strong 2081:2086 arg1 d-galactopyranose 2088:2104 strong d-galactopyranose 2081:2104 strong d-galactopyranose 2081:2104 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 15 73 theme selected 2285:2292 arg1 adequate 2303:2310 adequate 2303:2310 adequate 2303:2310 The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study. 34679747 15 73 theme selected 2285:2292 arg1 model 2294:2298 The selected model 2281:2298 The selected model 2281:2298 The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study. 34679747 5 74 theme less 753:756 arg1 time 758:761 less time 753:761 less time 753:761 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 7 75 theme face-centered 930:942 arg1 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 FCCCD 970:974 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 7 75 theme face-centered 930:942 arg1 design 962:967 A face-centered central composite design 928:967 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) 928:975 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 9 76 theme time 1459:1462 arg1 min 1467:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 76 theme time 1459:1462 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 8 77 theme Raman 1251:1255 arg1 microscopy 1257:1266 Raman microscopy 1251:1266 Raman microscopy 1251:1266 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 0 78 theme Surface 107:113 arg1 Methodology 115:125 Response Surface Methodology 98:125 Response Surface Methodology 98:125 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 12 79 theme alkanes 1983:1989 arg1 value 1974:1978 value 1974:1978 value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1974:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 12 80 theme functional 1950:1959 arg1 groups 1961:1966 functional groups 1950:1966 functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1950:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 9 81 dep conditions 1436:1445 arg1 °C 1498:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 81 dep conditions 1436:1445 arg1 min 1467:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 81 dep conditions 1436:1445 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 81 dep conditions 1436:1445 arg1 ratio 1519:1523 solid-liquid ratio 1506:1523 solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL 1506:1536 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 7 82 theme ASG 1118:1120 arg1 yield 1133:1137 ASG extraction yield 1118:1137 ASG extraction yield 1118:1137 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 8 83 dep transform 1277:1285 arg1 infrared 1287:1294 infrared 1287:1294 transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 1277:1314 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 9 84 theme extraction 1472:1481 arg1 °C 1498:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 84 theme extraction 1472:1481 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 12 85 theme Raman 1784:1788 arg1 fingerprint 1799:1809 Raman spectrum fingerprint 1784:1809 Raman spectrum fingerprint 1784:1809 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 15 86 theme several 2342:2348 arg1 compounds 2359:2367 several chemical compounds 2342:2367 several chemical compounds reported in this study 2342:2390 The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study. 34679747 12 87 theme phenol 2025:2030 arg1 value 1974:1978 value 1974:1978 value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1974:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 11 88 theme probability 1752:1762 arg1 value 1764:1768 the low probability value 1744:1768 the low probability value (p < 0.0001) 1744:1781 The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). 34679747 11 88 theme probability 1752:1762 arg1 < 1773:1773 p < 0.0001 1771:1780 p < 0.0001 1771:1780 The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). 34679747 0 89 theme Extraction 36:45 arg1 Optimization 0:11 Optimization 0:11 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum 0:90 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 15 90 theme compounds 2359:2367 arg1 extraction 2328:2337 the extraction 2324:2337 the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study 2324:2390 The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study. 34679747 4 91 theme certain 558:564 arg1 limitation 566:575 certain limitation 558:575 certain limitation 558:575 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 13 92 dep d-galactopyranose 2088:2104 arg1 compounds 2144:2152 antioxidant compounds 2132:2152 antioxidant compounds 2132:2152 GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. 34679747 3 93 theme compounds 447:455 arg1 Extraction 423:432 Extraction 423:432 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG 423:464 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. 34679747 0 94 theme Bioactive 50:58 arg1 Compounds 60:68 Bioactive Compounds 50:68 Bioactive Compounds 50:68 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 1 95 theme antioxidant-rich 255:270 arg1 fiber 280:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber 252:284 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 1 95 theme antioxidant-rich 255:270 arg1 gum 212:214 Acacia Seyal gum 199:214 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG) 199:220 Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. 34679747 8 96 theme ethanol 1209:1215 arg1 extract 1221:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 9 97 theme solid-liquid 1506:1517 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 97 theme solid-liquid 1506:1517 arg1 ratio 1519:1523 solid-liquid ratio 1506:1523 solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL 1506:1536 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 12 98 theme aliphatic 2003:2011 arg1 amines 2013:2018 aliphatic amines 2003:2018 aliphatic amines 2003:2018 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 14 99 theme extracts 2271:2278 arg1 yield 2258:2262 a high yield 2251:2262 a high yield of ASG extracts 2251:2278 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 7 100 theme extraction 1122:1131 arg1 yield 1133:1137 ASG extraction yield 1118:1137 ASG extraction yield 1118:1137 A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. 34679747 5 101 theme low 767:769 arg1 temperature 771:781 low temperature 767:781 low temperature 767:781 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. 34679747 0 102 theme Content 146:152 arg1 Identification 154:167 Their Chemical Content Identification 131:167 Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS 131:196 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. 34679747 8 103 theme gas 1321:1323 arg1 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 8 103 theme gas 1321:1323 arg1 spectroscopy 1360:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy 1321:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis 1321:1391 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 12 104 theme aldehydes 1992:2000 arg1 value 1974:1978 value 1974:1978 value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol 1974:2030 Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. 34679747 9 105 theme g/mL 1533:1536 arg1 °C 1498:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 extraction temperature 40 °C 1472:1499 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 105 theme g/mL 1533:1536 arg1 min 1467:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 extraction time 45 min 1448:1469 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 105 theme g/mL 1533:1536 arg1 conditions 1436:1445 optimal conditions 1428:1445 optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL) 1428:1537 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 9 105 theme g/mL 1533:1536 arg1 ratio 1519:1523 solid-liquid ratio 1506:1523 solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL 1506:1536 The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. 34679747 10 106 theme experiment 1668:1677 arg1 design 1658:1663 the design 1654:1663 the design of experiment 1654:1677 This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. 34679747 8 107 dep Fourier 1269:1275 arg1 transform 1277:1285 transform 1277:1285 transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 1277:1314 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 4 108 theme time 600:603 arg1 terms 580:584 terms 580:584 terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements 580:637 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 8 109 theme time-of-flight 1340:1353 arg1 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 GC-TOFMS 1374:1381 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 8 109 theme time-of-flight 1340:1353 arg1 spectroscopy 1360:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy 1321:1371 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis 1321:1391 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 14 110 theme high 2253:2256 arg1 yield 2258:2262 a high yield 2251:2262 a high yield of ASG extracts 2251:2278 In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. 34679747 3 111 theme extraction 507:516 arg1 methods 518:524 conventional extraction methods 494:524 conventional extraction methods 494:524 Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. 34679747 8 112 theme % 1207:1207 arg1 extract 1221:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 60% ethanol ASG extract 1205:1227 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 4 113 theme energy 606:611 arg1 terms 580:584 terms 580:584 terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements 580:637 However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. 34679747 8 114 theme spectroscopy 1360:1371 arg1 analysis 1384:1391 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis 1321:1391 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis 1321:1391 In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. 34679747 2 115 theme biological 322:331 arg1 activity 413:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 immunomodulatory activity 396:420 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 115 theme biological 322:331 arg1 anticancer 355:364 anticancer 355:364 anticancer 355:364 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 115 theme biological 322:331 arg1 antiulcer 381:389 antiulcer 381:389 antiulcer 381:389 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 115 theme biological 322:331 arg1 antidiabetic 367:378 antidiabetic 367:378 antidiabetic 367:378 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 34679747 2 115 theme biological 322:331 arg1 activities 333:342 many biological activities 317:342 many biological activities 317:342 ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. 33436086 7 0 theme virus 1401:1405 arg1 spread 1407:1412 virus spread 1401:1412 virus spread 1401:1412 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 4 1 from site 744:747 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 N-linked glycosylation 718:739 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 718:751 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 6 2 theme host 1176:1179 arg1 cells 1181:1185 host cells 1176:1185 host cells 1176:1185 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 4 3 theme particles 792:800 arg1 assembly 769:776 the assembly 765:776 the assembly of virus-like particles 765:800 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 7 4 theme viral 1337:1341 arg1 infection 1343:1351 the viral infection 1333:1351 the viral infection 1333:1351 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 7 5 theme pathogenicity 1367:1379 arg1 milder 1381:1386 viral pathogenicity milder 1361:1386 viral pathogenicity milder 1361:1386 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 0 6 link N-linked 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 0:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 6 7 gly HA-glycosylated 1203:1217 arg1 viruses 1219:1225 the HA-glycosylated viruses 1199:1225 the HA-glycosylated viruses 1199:1225 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 1 8 theme H5N6 360:363 arg1 subtype 365:371 the H5N6 subtype 356:371 the H5N6 subtype 356:371 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 1 8 theme H5N6 360:363 arg1 prevalent 385:393 prevalent 385:393 prevalent 385:393 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 0 9 theme immune 155:160 arg1 responses 162:170 host immune responses 150:170 host immune responses 150:170 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 7 10 gly glycosylation 1247:1259 arg2 site 1269:1272 this site 1264:1272 this site 1264:1272 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 7 10 gly glycosylation 1247:1259 arg1 site 1269:1272 this site 1264:1272 this site 1264:1272 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 4 11 theme A549 836:839 arg1 MDCK 842:845 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 MDCK 842:845 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 7 12 theme immune 1293:1298 arg1 response 1300:1307 the host immune response 1284:1307 the host immune response 1284:1307 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 3 13 theme other 651:655 arg1 effects 657:663 other effects 651:663 other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses 651:695 Our present study aims to explore other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses. 33436086 5 14 theme inflammatory 964:975 arg1 factors 977:983 inflammatory factors 964:983 inflammatory factors 964:983 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 2 15 from lack 423:426 arg1 position 448:455 position 158 448:459 position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 448:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 3 16 theme H5N6 684:687 arg1 viruses 689:695 H5N6 viruses 684:695 H5N6 viruses 684:695 Our present study aims to explore other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses. 33436086 1 17 from branch 232:237 arg1 China 343:347 southern and eastern China 322:347 China 343:347 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 3 18 theme site 673:676 arg1 effects 657:663 other effects 651:663 other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses 651:695 Our present study aims to explore other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses. 33436086 0 19 theme biological 124:133 arg1 properties 135:144 viral biological properties 118:144 viral biological properties 118:144 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 4 20 from replication 821:831 arg1 cells 887:891 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 cells 887:891 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 4 20 from replication 821:831 arg1 MDCK 842:845 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 MDCK 842:845 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 8 21 from site 1475:1478 arg1 glycosylation 1458:1470 glycosylation 1458:1470 glycosylation at site 158 of HA 1458:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 8 21 from site 1475:1478 arg1 importance 1444:1453 the importance 1440:1453 the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses 1440:1530 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 2 22 from position 448:455 arg1 glycosylation 431:443 glycosylation 431:443 glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 431:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 22 from position 448:455 arg1 determinant 535:545 a key determinant 529:545 a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 529:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 22 from position 448:455 arg1 lack 423:426 lack 423:426 lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation 423:524 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 23 theme subtypes 607:614 arg1 property 576:583 the dual receptor binding property 550:583 the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 550:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 24 theme protein 45:51 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 0:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 1 25 dep subtype 263:269 arg1 HPAIV 312:316 HPAIV 312:316 HPAIV 312:316 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 1 25 dep subtype 263:269 arg1 virus 305:309 avian influenza virus 289:309 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 2 26 theme glycoprotein 487:498 arg1 position 448:455 position 158 448:459 position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 448:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 27 theme H5N6 56:59 arg1 virus 95:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 2 28 theme T160A 511:515 arg1 mutation 517:524 the T160A mutation 507:524 the T160A mutation 507:524 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 29 theme binding 568:574 arg1 property 576:583 the dual receptor binding property 550:583 the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 550:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 30 theme pathogenic 68:77 arg1 virus 95:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 4 31 theme embryonic 860:868 arg1 cells 887:891 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 cells 887:891 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 2 32 theme dual 554:557 arg1 property 576:583 the dual receptor binding property 550:583 the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 550:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 33 theme influenza 85:93 arg1 virus 95:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 5 34 gly HA-glycosylated 912:926 arg1 virus 933:937 the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus 908:937 the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus 908:937 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 0 35 theme N-linked 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 0:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 1 36 theme Asian 246:250 arg1 subtype 263:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype 242:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 7 37 from site 1269:1272 arg1 glycosylation 1247:1259 glycosylation 1247:1259 glycosylation at this site 1247:1272 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 8 38 theme glycosylation 1458:1470 arg1 importance 1444:1453 the importance 1440:1453 the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses 1440:1530 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 1 39 theme H5 260:261 arg1 subtype 263:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype 242:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 4 40 theme N-linked 718:725 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 N-linked glycosylation 718:739 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 718:751 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 8 41 from importance 1444:1453 arg1 site 1475:1478 site 158 1475:1482 site 158 of HA 1475:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 8 41 from importance 1444:1453 arg1 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 0 42 gly glycosylation 9:21 arg1 protein 45:51 the HA protein 38:51 the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 38:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 0 42 gly glycosylation 9:21 arg1 site 26:29 site 158 26:33 site 158 26:33 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 0 42 gly glycosylation 9:21 arg2 site 26:29 site 158 26:33 site 158 26:33 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 0 42 gly glycosylation 9:21 arg1 host 150:153 host immune responses 150:170 host immune responses 150:170 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 4 43 theme fibroblast 870:879 arg1 cells 887:891 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 cells 887:891 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 1 44 theme avian 289:293 arg1 HPAIV 312:316 HPAIV 312:316 HPAIV 312:316 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 1 44 theme avian 289:293 arg1 virus 305:309 avian influenza virus 289:309 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 5 45 from site 1072:1075 arg1 glycosylation 1055:1067 glycosylation 1055:1067 glycosylation at site 158 1055:1079 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 5 46 theme HA-glycosylated 912:926 arg1 virus 933:937 the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus 908:937 the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus 908:937 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 3 47 theme present 621:627 arg1 study 629:633 Our present study 617:633 Our present study 617:633 Our present study aims to explore other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses. 33436086 1 48 theme epidemic 223:230 arg1 branch 232:237 the dominant epidemic branch 210:237 the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China 210:347 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 8 49 theme viruses 1524:1530 arg1 pathogenicity 1498:1510 the pathogenicity 1494:1510 the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses 1494:1530 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 7 50 theme viral 1361:1365 arg1 milder 1381:1386 viral pathogenicity milder 1361:1386 viral pathogenicity milder 1361:1386 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 4 51 theme virus-like 781:790 arg1 particles 792:800 virus-like particles 781:800 virus-like particles 781:800 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 2 52 theme key 531:533 arg1 determinant 535:545 a key determinant 529:545 a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 529:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 52 theme key 531:533 arg1 lack 423:426 lack 423:426 lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation 423:524 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 53 theme viral 118:122 arg1 properties 135:144 viral biological properties 118:144 viral biological properties 118:144 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 5 54 theme factors 977:983 arg1 levels 954:959 higher levels 947:959 higher levels of inflammatory factors 947:983 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 2 55 theme hemagglutinin 468:480 arg1 glycoprotein 487:498 the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 464:498 the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 464:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 7 56 theme host 1288:1291 arg1 response 1300:1307 the host immune response 1284:1307 the host immune response 1284:1307 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 6 57 theme HA-glycosylated 1203:1217 arg1 viruses 1219:1225 the HA-glycosylated viruses 1199:1225 the HA-glycosylated viruses 1199:1225 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 7 58 dep antagonize 1322:1331 arg1 favoring 1392:1399 favoring 1392:1399 favoring virus spread 1392:1412 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 7 58 dep antagonize 1322:1331 arg1 making 1354:1359 making 1354:1359 making viral pathogenicity milder 1354:1386 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 6 59 from site 1129:1132 arg1 glycosylation 1112:1124 glycosylation 1112:1124 glycosylation at site 158 1112:1136 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 0 60 theme host 150:153 arg1 responses 162:170 host immune responses 150:170 host immune responses 150:170 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 5 61 theme higher 947:952 arg1 levels 954:959 higher levels 947:959 higher levels of inflammatory factors 947:983 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 2 62 gly glycoprotein 487:498 arg1 glycoprotein 487:498 the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 464:498 the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 464:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 4 63 theme virus 815:819 arg1 replication 821:831 virus replication 815:831 virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 815:891 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 5 64 gly glycosylation 1055:1067 arg1 site 1072:1075 site 158 1072:1079 site 158 1072:1079 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 5 64 gly glycosylation 1055:1067 arg2 site 1072:1075 site 158 1072:1079 site 158 1072:1079 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 2 65 theme glycosylation 431:443 arg1 determinant 535:545 a key determinant 529:545 a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 529:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 65 theme glycosylation 431:443 arg1 lack 423:426 lack 423:426 lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation 423:524 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 66 from site 26:29 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 0:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 6 67 theme H5N6 1091:1094 arg1 viruses 1096:1102 H5N6 viruses 1091:1102 H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 1091:1136 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 4 68 theme CEF 882:884 arg1 cells 887:891 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 cells 887:891 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 2 69 theme property 576:583 arg1 determinant 535:545 a key determinant 529:545 a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 529:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 69 theme property 576:583 arg1 lack 423:426 lack 423:426 lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation 423:524 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 70 theme avian 79:83 arg1 virus 95:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 56:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 8 71 gly glycosylation 1458:1470 arg1 site 1475:1478 site 158 1475:1482 site 158 of HA 1475:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 8 71 gly glycosylation 1458:1470 arg1 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 8 71 gly glycosylation 1458:1470 arg2 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 8 71 gly glycosylation 1458:1470 arg2 site 1475:1478 site 158 1475:1482 site 158 of HA 1475:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 2 72 theme receptor 559:566 arg1 property 576:583 the dual receptor binding property 550:583 the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 550:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 0 73 theme virus 95:99 arg1 protein 45:51 the HA protein 38:51 the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 38:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 1 74 theme southern 322:329 arg1 China 343:347 southern and eastern China 322:347 China 343:347 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 7 75 theme H5N6 1228:1231 arg1 virus 1233:1237 H5N6 virus 1228:1237 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site 1228:1272 H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. 33436086 4 76 theme chicken 852:858 arg1 cells 887:891 A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 836:891 cells 887:891 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 2 77 theme H5NX 602:605 arg1 subtypes 607:614 clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 588:614 clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 588:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 5 78 from pathogenicity 1010:1022 arg1 mice 1027:1030 mice 1027:1030 mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158 1027:1079 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 1 79 theme eastern 335:341 arg1 China 343:347 southern and eastern China 322:347 China 343:347 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 2 80 gly glycosylation 431:443 arg2 position 448:455 position 158 448:459 position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 448:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 2 80 gly glycosylation 431:443 arg1 position 448:455 position 158 448:459 position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein 448:498 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 5 81 theme stronger 1001:1008 arg1 pathogenicity 1010:1022 stronger pathogenicity 1001:1022 stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158 1001:1079 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 4 82 link N-linked 718:725 arg1 glycosylation 727:739 N-linked glycosylation 718:739 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 718:751 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 2 83 theme clade 588:592 arg1 subtypes 607:614 clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 588:614 clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes 588:614 We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. 33436086 4 84 gly glycosylation 727:739 arg2 site 744:747 site 158 744:751 site 158 744:751 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 4 84 gly glycosylation 727:739 arg1 site 744:747 site 158 744:751 site 158 744:751 Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. 33436086 1 85 theme lineage 252:258 arg1 subtype 263:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype 242:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 1 86 theme subtype 263:269 arg1 branch 232:237 the dominant epidemic branch 210:237 the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China 210:347 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 8 87 theme HA 1487:1488 arg1 site 1475:1478 site 158 1475:1482 site 158 of HA 1475:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 8 87 theme HA 1487:1488 arg1 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 HA 1487:1488 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 0 88 theme HA 42:43 arg1 protein 45:51 the HA protein 38:51 the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 38:99 N-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the HA protein of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses. 33436086 1 89 theme pathogenic 278:287 arg1 subtype 263:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype 242:269 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 5 90 theme H5N6 928:931 arg1 virus 933:937 the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus 908:937 the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus 908:937 Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. 33436086 1 91 theme influenza 295:303 arg1 HPAIV 312:316 HPAIV 312:316 HPAIV 312:316 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 1 91 theme influenza 295:303 arg1 virus 305:309 avian influenza virus 289:309 the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 242:317 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 33436086 8 92 theme H5N6 1519:1522 arg1 viruses 1524:1530 the H5N6 viruses 1515:1530 the H5N6 viruses 1515:1530 These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses. 33436086 6 93 gly glycosylation 1112:1124 arg1 site 1129:1132 site 158 1129:1136 site 158 1129:1136 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 6 93 gly glycosylation 1112:1124 arg2 site 1129:1132 site 158 1129:1136 site 158 1129:1136 However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. 33436086 1 94 theme dominant 214:221 arg1 branch 232:237 the dominant epidemic branch 210:237 the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China 210:347 Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. 34290711 8 0 theme IL-6 1602:1605 arg1 expression/secretion 1607:1626 IL-6 expression/secretion 1602:1626 IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs 1602:1635 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 2 1 gly fucosylation 312:323 arg1 glycans 350:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 2 2 link -linked 342:348 arg1 glycans 350:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 2 3 theme glycans 350:356 arg1 fucosylation 312:323 fucosylation 312:323 fucosylation 312:323 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 2 3 theme glycans 350:356 arg1 sialylation 296:306 terminal sialylation 287:306 terminal sialylation 287:306 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 1 4 theme disease 253:259 arg1 exacerbations 261:273 acute disease exacerbations 247:273 acute disease exacerbations 247:273 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 3 5 gly sialylation 647:657 arg1 proteins 671:678 cellular proteins 662:678 cellular proteins 662:678 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 2 6 gly sialylation 296:306 arg1 glycans 350:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 6 7 theme ST6GAL1 1238:1244 arg1 secretion 1246:1254 decreased ST6GAL1 secretion 1228:1254 decreased ST6GAL1 secretion 1228:1254 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 2 8 theme terminal 287:294 arg1 sialylation 296:306 terminal sialylation 287:306 terminal sialylation 287:306 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 7 9 theme acute 1441:1445 arg1 exacerbations 1447:1459 prospective acute exacerbations 1429:1459 prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) 1429:1476 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 3 10 theme COPD 725:728 arg1 phenotype 730:738 COPD phenotype 725:738 COPD phenotype(s) 725:741 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 3 10 theme COPD 725:728 arg1 s 740:740 s 740:740 s 740:740 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 7 11 theme COPD 1368:1371 arg1 cohort 1381:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 6 12 gly sialylation 1270:1280 arg1 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 1 13 theme cigarette 203:211 arg1 smoking 213:219 cigarette smoking 203:219 cigarette smoking 203:219 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 7 14 theme levels 1350:1355 arg1 Analysis 1323:1330 Analysis 1323:1330 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort 1323:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 6 15 theme increased 1287:1295 arg1 production 1302:1311 increased IL-6 production 1287:1311 increased IL-6 production in HBECs 1287:1320 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 4 16 theme amyloid 888:894 arg1 protein 906:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein 878:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 878:930 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 0 17 from Secretion 59:67 arg1 Disease 102:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 7 18 theme plasma 1335:1340 arg1 levels 1350:1355 plasma ST6GAL1 levels 1335:1355 plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort 1335:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 8 19 from expression/secretion 1607:1626 arg1 HBECs 1631:1635 HBECs 1631:1635 HBECs 1631:1635 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 5 20 theme ST6GAL1 1016:1022 arg1 expression 1024:1033 ST6GAL1 expression 1016:1033 ST6GAL1 expression 1016:1033 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 3 21 theme beta-galactoside 568:583 arg1 alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1 585:613 ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1 564:613 ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1 564:613 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 3 21 theme beta-galactoside 568:583 arg1 ST6GAL1 555:561 ST6GAL1 555:561 ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1) 555:614 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 1 22 theme pulmonary 131:139 arg1 disease 141:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 111:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 111:154 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 22 theme pulmonary 131:139 arg1 disease 170:176 a systemic disease 159:176 a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations 159:273 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 22 theme pulmonary 131:139 arg1 COPD 150:153 COPD 150:153 COPD 150:153 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 6 23 theme α2-6 1265:1268 arg1 sialylation 1270:1280 reduced α2-6 sialylation 1257:1280 reduced α2-6 sialylation 1257:1280 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 3 24 theme terminal 633:640 arg1 sialylation 647:657 terminal α2-6 sialylation 633:657 terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins 633:678 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 6 25 theme smoke 1169:1173 arg1 medium/extract 1175:1188 cigarette smoke medium/extract 1159:1188 cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) 1159:1194 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 6 25 theme smoke 1169:1173 arg1 CSE 1191:1193 CSE 1191:1193 CSE 1191:1193 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 5 26 theme human 1092:1096 arg1 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 5 26 theme human 1092:1096 arg1 cells 1119:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells 1092:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) 1092:1131 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 7 27 from cohort 1381:1386 arg1 Analysis 1323:1330 Analysis 1323:1330 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort 1323:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 0 28 theme Chronic 72:78 arg1 Disease 102:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 5 29 theme epithelial 1108:1117 arg1 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 5 29 theme epithelial 1108:1117 arg1 cells 1119:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells 1092:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) 1092:1131 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 4 30 theme circulating 938:948 arg1 form 950:953 a circulating form 936:953 a circulating form that retains activity 936:975 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 0 31 theme Pulmonary 92:100 arg1 Disease 102:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 0 32 from Expression 44:53 arg1 Disease 102:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 7 33 from Analysis 1323:1330 arg1 cohort 1381:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 8 34 from outcomes 1674:1681 arg1 COPD 1686:1689 COPD 1686:1689 COPD 1686:1689 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 2 35 link N-linked 457:464 arg1 glycans 466:472 N-linked glycans 457:472 N-linked glycans 457:472 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 1 36 theme Chronic 111:117 arg1 disease 141:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 111:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 111:154 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 36 theme Chronic 111:117 arg1 disease 170:176 a systemic disease 159:176 a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations 159:273 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 36 theme Chronic 111:117 arg1 COPD 150:153 COPD 150:153 COPD 150:153 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 7 37 from levels 1350:1355 arg1 cohort 1381:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 2 38 theme glycans 466:472 arg1 regulation 443:452 the regulation 439:452 the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD 439:480 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 3 39 theme cellular 662:669 arg1 proteins 671:678 cellular proteins 662:678 cellular proteins 662:678 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 4 40 theme Golgi 811:815 arg1 ST6GAL1 800:806 ST6GAL1 800:806 ST6GAL1 800:806 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 4 40 theme Golgi 811:815 arg1 protein 826:832 a Golgi resident protein 809:832 a Golgi resident protein 809:832 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 4 41 dep BACE1 871:875 arg1 protein 906:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein 878:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 878:930 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 6 42 from sialylation 1270:1280 arg1 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 2 43 theme -linked 342:348 arg1 glycans 350:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 asparagine (N)-linked glycans 328:356 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 1 44 theme airway 222:227 arg1 inflammation 229:240 airway inflammation 222:240 airway inflammation 222:240 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 8 45 theme ST6GAL1 1564:1570 arg1 sialylation 1581:1591 reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation 1556:1591 reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation 1556:1591 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 7 46 theme COPD 1464:1467 arg1 exacerbations 1447:1459 prospective acute exacerbations 1429:1459 prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) 1429:1476 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 0 47 dep ST6GAL1 0:6 arg1 Sialylation 17:27 Sialylation 17:27 Sialylation 17:27 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 8 48 theme α2-6 1576:1579 arg1 sialylation 1581:1591 reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation 1556:1591 reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation 1556:1591 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 6 49 theme reduced 1257:1263 arg1 sialylation 1270:1280 reduced α2-6 sialylation 1257:1280 reduced α2-6 sialylation 1257:1280 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 1 50 theme acute 247:251 arg1 exacerbations 261:273 acute disease exacerbations 247:273 acute disease exacerbations 247:273 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 8 51 theme clinical 1665:1672 arg1 outcomes 1674:1681 poor clinical outcomes 1660:1681 poor clinical outcomes in COPD 1660:1689 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 7 52 theme prospective 1429:1439 arg1 exacerbations 1447:1459 prospective acute exacerbations 1429:1459 prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) 1429:1476 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 7 53 theme inverse 1404:1410 arg1 association 1412:1422 an inverse association 1401:1422 an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) 1401:1476 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 6 54 theme decreased 1228:1236 arg1 secretion 1246:1254 decreased ST6GAL1 secretion 1228:1254 decreased ST6GAL1 secretion 1228:1254 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 3 55 theme Recent 513:518 arg1 studies 520:526 Recent studies 513:526 Recent studies 513:526 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 1 56 theme systemic 161:168 arg1 disease 141:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 111:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 111:154 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 56 theme systemic 161:168 arg1 disease 170:176 a systemic disease 159:176 a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations 159:273 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 3 57 theme ST6GAL1 555:561 arg1 modulation 541:550 modulation 541:550 modulation 541:550 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 7 58 theme patient 1373:1379 arg1 cohort 1381:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 7 59 theme small 1362:1366 arg1 cohort 1381:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 a small COPD patient cohort 1360:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 6 60 theme IL-6 1297:1300 arg1 production 1302:1311 increased IL-6 production 1287:1311 increased IL-6 production in HBECs 1287:1320 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 5 61 theme IL 1058:1059 arg1 expression 1064:1073 interleukin (IL)-6 expression 1045:1073 interleukin (IL)-6 expression 1045:1073 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 3 62 theme ST6 564:566 arg1 alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1 585:613 ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1 564:613 ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1 564:613 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 3 62 theme ST6 564:566 arg1 ST6GAL1 555:561 ST6GAL1 555:561 ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1) 555:614 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 1 63 theme obstructive 119:129 arg1 disease 141:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 111:147 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 111:154 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 63 theme obstructive 119:129 arg1 disease 170:176 a systemic disease 159:176 a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations 159:273 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 1 63 theme obstructive 119:129 arg1 COPD 150:153 COPD 150:153 COPD 150:153 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic disease strongly associated with cigarette smoking, airway inflammation, and acute disease exacerbations. 34290711 4 64 theme beta-site 878:886 arg1 protein 906:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein 878:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 878:930 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 7 65 theme ST6GAL1 1342:1348 arg1 levels 1350:1355 plasma ST6GAL1 levels 1335:1355 plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort 1335:1386 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 5 66 theme expression 1024:1033 arg1 loss 1008:1011 loss 1008:1011 loss of ST6GAL1 expression 1008:1033 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 2 67 from Changes 276:282 arg1 fucosylation 312:323 fucosylation 312:323 fucosylation 312:323 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 2 67 from Changes 276:282 arg1 sialylation 296:306 terminal sialylation 287:306 terminal sialylation 287:306 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 4 68 theme precursor 896:904 arg1 protein 906:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein 878:912 beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 878:930 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 5 69 theme interleukin 1045:1055 arg1 IL 1058:1059 interleukin (IL)-6 1045:1062 interleukin (IL)-6 expression 1045:1073 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 6 70 theme cigarette 1159:1167 arg1 smoke 1169:1173 cigarette smoke 1159:1173 cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) 1159:1194 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 6 71 from secretion 1246:1254 arg1 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 0 72 theme Obstructive 80:90 arg1 Disease 102:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 72:108 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 5 73 theme bronchial 1098:1106 arg1 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 5 73 theme bronchial 1098:1106 arg1 cells 1119:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells 1092:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) 1092:1131 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 5 74 from secretion 1079:1087 arg1 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 5 74 from secretion 1079:1087 arg1 cells 1119:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells 1092:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) 1092:1131 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 2 75 from regulation 443:452 arg1 COPD 477:480 COPD 477:480 COPD 477:480 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 5 76 from expression 1064:1073 arg1 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 HBECs 1126:1130 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 5 76 from expression 1064:1073 arg1 cells 1119:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells 1092:1123 human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) 1092:1131 In this study, we showed that loss of ST6GAL1 expression increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). 34290711 6 77 theme BACE1 1199:1203 arg1 inhibition 1205:1214 BACE1 inhibition 1199:1214 BACE1 inhibition 1199:1214 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 0 78 theme IL-6 39:42 arg1 Expression 44:53 IL-6 Expression 39:53 IL-6 Expression 39:53 ST6GAL1 and α2-6 Sialylation Regulates IL-6 Expression and Secretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 34290711 6 79 from production 1302:1311 arg1 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 HBECs 1316:1320 Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke medium/extract (CSE) or BACE1 inhibition resulted in decreased ST6GAL1 secretion, reduced α2-6 sialylation, and increased IL-6 production in HBECs. 34290711 2 80 theme N-linked 457:464 arg1 glycans 466:472 N-linked glycans 457:472 N-linked glycans 457:472 Changes in terminal sialylation and fucosylation of asparagine (N)-linked glycans have been documented in COPD, but the role that glycosyltransferases may play in the regulation of N-linked glycans in COPD has not been fully elucidated. 34290711 3 81 theme α2-6 642:645 arg1 sialylation 647:657 terminal α2-6 sialylation 633:657 terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins 633:678 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 8 82 theme reduced 1556:1562 arg1 sialylation 1581:1591 reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation 1556:1591 reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation 1556:1591 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34290711 4 83 theme resident 817:824 arg1 ST6GAL1 800:806 ST6GAL1 800:806 ST6GAL1 800:806 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 4 83 theme resident 817:824 arg1 protein 826:832 a Golgi resident protein 809:832 a Golgi resident protein 809:832 Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that ST6GAL1, a Golgi resident protein, can be proteolytically processed by BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1) to a circulating form that retains activity. 34290711 7 84 with association 1412:1422 arg1 exacerbations 1447:1459 prospective acute exacerbations 1429:1459 prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) 1429:1476 Analysis of plasma ST6GAL1 levels in a small COPD patient cohort demonstrated an inverse association with prospective acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), while IL-6 was positively associated. 34290711 3 85 theme proteins 671:678 arg1 sialylation 647:657 terminal α2-6 sialylation 633:657 terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins 633:678 Recent studies suggest that modulation of ST6GAL1 (ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase-1), which catalyzes terminal α2-6 sialylation of cellular proteins, may regulate inflammation and contribute to COPD phenotype(s). 34290711 8 86 theme poor 1660:1663 arg1 outcomes 1674:1681 poor clinical outcomes 1660:1681 poor clinical outcomes in COPD 1660:1689 Altogether, these results suggest that reduced ST6GAL1 and α2-6 sialylation augments IL-6 expression/secretion in HBECs and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. 34895221 10 0 from modulation 1974:1983 arg1 function 1928:1935 a novel function 1920:1935 a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress 1920:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 2 1 theme pentakisphosphate 635:651 arg1 kinases 653:659 diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases 617:659 diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases 617:659 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 1 theme pentakisphosphate 635:651 arg1 PP-IP5Kinase 603:614 PP-IP5Kinase 603:614 PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases) 603:660 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 3 2 theme phosphate 779:787 arg1 signals 798:804 phosphate response signals 779:804 phosphate response signals 779:804 Plant PP-IP5Ks are capable of synthesizing InsP8 and were previously shown to control defense against pathogens and phosphate response signals. 34895221 9 3 theme enhanced 1764:1771 arg1 accumulation 1773:1784 enhanced accumulation 1764:1784 enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1764:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 2 4 from number 369:374 arg1 presence 333:340 the presence 329:340 the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 329:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 11 5 theme VIH 2104:2106 arg1 enzymes 2108:2114 plant VIH enzymes 2098:2114 plant VIH enzymes 2098:2114 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 11 6 theme VIH-derived 2216:2226 arg1 products 2228:2235 plant VIH-derived products 2210:2235 plant VIH-derived products 2210:2235 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 6 7 theme VIH-kinase 1190:1199 arg1 domains 1201:1207 the functional VIH-kinase domains 1175:1207 the functional VIH-kinase domains 1175:1207 We demonstrate that wheat VIH proteins can utilize InsP7 as the substrate to produce InsP8, a process that requires the functional VIH-kinase domains. 34895221 2 8 theme phosphate 345:353 arg1 presence 333:340 the presence 329:340 the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 329:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 9 theme kinase 591:596 arg1 trisphosphate 573:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 558:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase 558:596 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 10 10 theme water-deficit 2052:2064 arg1 stress 2066:2071 water-deficit stress 2052:2071 water-deficit stress 2052:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 9 11 from accumulation 1773:1784 arg1 plants 1870:1875 the transgenic plants 1855:1875 the transgenic plants 1855:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 0 12 from tolerance 90:98 arg1 Arabidopsis 103:113 Arabidopsis 103:113 Arabidopsis 103:113 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 11 13 theme drought-resistant 2249:2265 arg1 plants 2267:2272 drought-resistant plants 2249:2272 drought-resistant plants 2249:2272 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 11 14 attach linked 2123:2128 arg1 tolerance 2141:2149 drought tolerance 2133:2149 drought tolerance 2133:2149 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 11 14 attach linked 2123:2128 arg2 enzymes 2108:2114 plant VIH enzymes 2098:2114 plant VIH enzymes 2098:2114 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 1 15 theme regulatory 240:249 arg1 responses 251:259 different signalling and regulatory responses 215:259 responses 251:259 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 10 16 dep CONCLUSIONS 1878:1888 arg1 identifies 1909:1918 identifies 1909:1918 identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress 1909:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 11 17 theme research 2190:2197 arg1 possibility 2168:2178 the possibility 2164:2178 the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants 2164:2272 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 7 18 theme drought-mimic 1389:1401 arg1 experiments 1403:1413 drought-mimic experiments 1389:1413 drought-mimic experiments 1389:1413 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 2 19 theme PP-InsPs 291:298 arg1 species 300:306 Distinct PP-InsPs species 282:306 Distinct PP-InsPs species 282:306 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 9 20 theme TaVIH2-3B-expressing 1569:1588 arg1 lines 1601:1605 TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines 1569:1605 TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis 1569:1620 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 8 21 theme mutants 1541:1547 arg1 sensitivity 1519:1529 the sensitivity 1515:1529 the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants 1515:1547 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought stress and rescues the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants. 34895221 3 22 theme Plant 663:667 arg1 PP-IP5Ks 669:676 Plant PP-IP5Ks 663:676 Plant PP-IP5Ks 663:676 Plant PP-IP5Ks are capable of synthesizing InsP8 and were previously shown to control defense against pathogens and phosphate response signals. 34895221 9 23 theme lines 1601:1605 arg1 analysis 1557:1564 RNAseq analysis 1550:1564 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis 1550:1620 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 24 theme transgenic 1859:1868 arg1 plants 1870:1875 the transgenic plants 1855:1875 the transgenic plants 1855:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 10 25 theme tolerance 2039:2047 arg1 function 1928:1935 a novel function 1920:1935 a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress 1920:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 9 26 theme Arabidopsis 1610:1620 arg1 lines 1601:1605 TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines 1569:1605 TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis 1569:1620 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 2 27 theme inositol 558:565 arg1 trisphosphate 573:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 558:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase 558:596 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 4 28 theme potential 822:830 arg1 roles 832:836 other potential roles 816:836 other potential roles 816:836 However, other potential roles of plant PP-IP5Ks, especially towards abiotic stress, remain poorly understood. 34895221 1 29 theme Inositol 127:134 arg1 PP-InsPs 152:159 PP-InsPs 152:159 PP-InsPs 152:159 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 29 theme Inositol 127:134 arg1 pyrophosphates 136:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates 116:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) 116:160 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 29 theme Inositol 127:134 arg1 derivatives 178:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 9 30 theme genome-wide 1628:1638 arg1 reprogramming 1640:1652 genome-wide reprogramming 1628:1652 genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1628:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 11 31 link VIH-derived 2216:2226 arg1 products 2228:2235 plant VIH-derived products 2210:2235 plant VIH-derived products 2210:2235 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 5 32 theme homologs 1030:1037 arg1 functions 967:975 the physiological functions 949:975 the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 949:1056 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 7 33 theme abiotic 1365:1371 arg1 stresses 1373:1380 abiotic stresses 1365:1380 abiotic stresses 1365:1380 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 8 34 theme Ectopic 1416:1422 arg1 overexpression 1424:1437 Ectopic overexpression 1416:1437 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis 1416:1465 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought stress and rescues the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants. 34895221 0 35 theme Wheat 0:4 arg1 TaVIH2-3B 36:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 10 36 from function 1928:1935 arg1 modulation 1974:1983 modulation 1974:1983 modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes 1974:2032 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 2 37 theme kinases 463:469 arg1 classes 433:439 two distinct classes 420:439 two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis 420:501 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 38 theme inositol 444:451 arg1 kinases 463:469 inositol phosphate kinases 444:469 inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis 444:501 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 0 39 theme pyrophosphate 15:27 arg1 TaVIH2-3B 36:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 5 40 theme hexaploid 1006:1014 arg1 Triticum 984:991 Triticum 984:991 Triticum 984:991 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 40 theme hexaploid 1006:1014 arg1 wheat 1016:1020 hexaploid wheat 1006:1020 hexaploid wheat 1006:1020 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 10 41 theme implicating 1954:1964 arg1 function 1928:1935 a novel function 1920:1935 a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress 1920:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 4 42 theme abiotic 876:882 arg1 stress 884:889 abiotic stress 876:889 abiotic stress 876:889 However, other potential roles of plant PP-IP5Ks, especially towards abiotic stress, remain poorly understood. 34895221 9 43 dep polysaccharides 1789:1803 arg1 cellulose 1823:1831 cellulose 1823:1831 cellulose 1823:1831 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 43 dep polysaccharides 1789:1803 arg1 arabinoxylan 1838:1849 arabinoxylan 1838:1849 arabinoxylan 1838:1849 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 43 dep polysaccharides 1789:1803 arg1 arabinogalactan 1806:1820 arabinogalactan 1806:1820 arabinogalactan 1806:1820 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 43 dep polysaccharides 1789:1803 arg1 polysaccharides 1789:1803 polysaccharides 1789:1803 polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) 1789:1850 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 6 44 theme wheat 1079:1083 arg1 proteins 1089:1096 wheat VIH proteins 1079:1096 wheat VIH proteins 1079:1096 We demonstrate that wheat VIH proteins can utilize InsP7 as the substrate to produce InsP8, a process that requires the functional VIH-kinase domains. 34895221 10 45 theme proteins 1944:1951 arg1 function 1928:1935 a novel function 1920:1935 a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress 1920:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 0 46 theme cell-wall 56:64 arg1 composition 66:76 cell-wall composition 56:76 cell-wall composition 56:76 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 7 47 theme developing 1315:1324 arg1 grains 1326:1331 developing grains 1315:1331 developing grains 1315:1331 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 10 48 theme novel 1922:1926 arg1 function 1928:1935 a novel function 1920:1935 a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress 1920:2071 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 4 49 theme PP-IP5Ks 847:854 arg1 roles 832:836 other potential roles 816:836 other potential roles 816:836 However, other potential roles of plant PP-IP5Ks, especially towards abiotic stress, remain poorly understood. 34895221 2 50 theme variable 360:367 arg1 number 369:374 a variable number 358:374 a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 358:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 1 51 theme high-energy 166:176 arg1 pyrophosphates 136:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates 116:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) 116:160 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 51 theme high-energy 166:176 arg1 derivatives 178:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 2 52 theme ring 401:404 arg1 backbone 406:413 the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 379:413 the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 379:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 1 53 theme eukaryotic 264:273 arg1 cells 275:279 eukaryotic cells 264:279 eukaryotic cells 264:279 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 7 54 theme wheat 1290:1294 arg1 grains 1326:1331 developing grains 1315:1331 developing grains 1315:1331 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 7 54 theme wheat 1290:1294 arg1 tissues 1296:1302 different wheat tissues 1280:1302 different wheat tissues 1280:1302 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 10 55 theme cell-wall 2006:2014 arg1 genes 2028:2032 cell-wall homeostasis genes 2006:2032 cell-wall homeostasis genes 2006:2032 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 2 56 theme 6-carbon 383:390 arg1 backbone 406:413 the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 379:413 the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 379:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 8 57 from overexpression 1424:1437 arg1 Arabidopsis 1455:1465 Arabidopsis 1455:1465 Arabidopsis 1455:1465 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought stress and rescues the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants. 34895221 11 58 theme plant 2210:2214 arg1 products 2228:2235 plant VIH-derived products 2210:2235 plant VIH-derived products 2210:2235 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 10 59 theme expression 1992:2001 arg1 modulation 1974:1983 modulation 1974:1983 modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes 1974:2032 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 2 60 theme diphosphoinositol 617:633 arg1 kinases 653:659 diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases 617:659 diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases 617:659 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 60 theme diphosphoinositol 617:633 arg1 PP-IP5Kinase 603:614 PP-IP5Kinase 603:614 PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases) 603:660 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 3 61 theme response 789:796 arg1 signals 798:804 phosphate response signals 779:804 phosphate response signals 779:804 Plant PP-IP5Ks are capable of synthesizing InsP8 and were previously shown to control defense against pathogens and phosphate response signals. 34895221 11 62 theme plant 2098:2102 arg1 enzymes 2108:2114 plant VIH enzymes 2098:2114 plant VIH enzymes 2098:2114 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 1 63 theme inositol 193:200 arg1 pyrophosphates 136:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates 116:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) 116:160 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 63 theme inositol 193:200 arg1 derivatives 178:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 9 64 theme accumulation 1773:1784 arg1 observation 1749:1759 the observation 1745:1759 the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1745:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 10 65 theme genes 2028:2032 arg1 expression 1992:2001 the expression 1988:2001 the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes 1988:2032 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 9 66 theme polysaccharides 1789:1803 arg1 accumulation 1773:1784 enhanced accumulation 1764:1784 enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1764:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 6 67 theme functional 1179:1188 arg1 domains 1201:1207 the functional VIH-kinase domains 1175:1207 the functional VIH-kinase domains 1175:1207 We demonstrate that wheat VIH proteins can utilize InsP7 as the substrate to produce InsP8, a process that requires the functional VIH-kinase domains. 34895221 1 68 theme different 215:223 arg1 signalling 225:234 different signalling and regulatory responses 215:259 signalling 225:234 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 11 69 theme drought 2133:2139 arg1 tolerance 2141:2149 drought tolerance 2133:2149 drought tolerance 2133:2149 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 2 70 attach presence 333:340 arg1 number 369:374 a variable number 358:374 a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 358:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 70 attach presence 333:340 arg2 phosphate 345:353 phosphate 345:353 phosphate 345:353 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 71 theme 5/6 587:589 arg1 kinase 591:596 kinase 591:596 kinase 591:596 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 9 72 with reprogramming 1640:1652 arg1 effects 1670:1676 remarkable effects 1659:1676 remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1659:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 73 from observation 1749:1759 arg1 plants 1870:1875 the transgenic plants 1855:1875 the transgenic plants 1855:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 2 74 theme 1,3,4 567:571 arg1 trisphosphate 573:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 558:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase 558:596 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 9 75 theme RNAseq 1550:1555 arg1 analysis 1557:1564 RNAseq analysis 1550:1564 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis 1550:1620 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 11 76 theme future 2183:2188 arg1 research 2190:2197 future research 2183:2197 future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants 2183:2272 This work suggests that plant VIH enzymes may be linked to drought tolerance and opens up the possibility of future research into using plant VIH-derived products to generate drought-resistant plants. 34895221 8 77 theme Atvih2 1534:1539 arg1 mutants 1541:1547 Atvih2 mutants 1534:1547 Atvih2 mutants 1534:1547 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought stress and rescues the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants. 34895221 10 78 theme VIH 1940:1942 arg1 proteins 1944:1951 VIH proteins 1940:1951 VIH proteins 1940:1951 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 5 79 theme Triticum 984:991 arg1 TaVIH2 1051:1056 TaVIH2 1051:1056 TaVIH2 1051:1056 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 79 theme Triticum 984:991 arg1 TaVIH1 1040:1045 TaVIH1 1040:1045 TaVIH1 1040:1045 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 79 theme Triticum 984:991 arg1 homologs 1030:1037 two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs 980:1037 two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs 980:1037 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 80 dep Triticum 984:991 arg1 L 1002:1002 L 1002:1002 two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs 980:1037 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 80 dep Triticum 984:991 arg1 aestivum 993:1000 Triticum aestivum L. 984:1003 two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs 980:1037 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 0 81 theme drought 82:88 arg1 tolerance 90:98 drought tolerance 82:98 drought tolerance 82:98 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 2 82 theme Distinct 282:289 arg1 species 300:306 Distinct PP-InsPs species 282:306 Distinct PP-InsPs species 282:306 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 9 83 theme transgenic 1590:1599 arg1 lines 1601:1605 TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines 1569:1605 TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis 1569:1620 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 84 from effects 1670:1676 arg1 genes 1681:1685 genes 1681:1685 genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1681:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 5 85 theme physiological 953:965 arg1 functions 967:975 the physiological functions 949:975 the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 949:1056 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 0 86 from composition 66:76 arg1 Arabidopsis 103:113 Arabidopsis 103:113 Arabidopsis 103:113 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 4 87 theme other 816:820 arg1 roles 832:836 other potential roles 816:836 other potential roles 816:836 However, other potential roles of plant PP-IP5Ks, especially towards abiotic stress, remain poorly understood. 34895221 7 88 theme transcriptional 1217:1231 arg1 level 1233:1237 the transcriptional level 1213:1237 the transcriptional level 1213:1237 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 5 89 theme PPIP5K 1023:1028 arg1 TaVIH2 1051:1056 TaVIH2 1051:1056 TaVIH2 1051:1056 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 89 theme PPIP5K 1023:1028 arg1 TaVIH1 1040:1045 TaVIH1 1040:1045 TaVIH1 1040:1045 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 5 89 theme PPIP5K 1023:1028 arg1 homologs 1030:1037 two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs 980:1037 two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs 980:1037 RESULTS Here, we characterized the physiological functions of two Triticum aestivum L. (hexaploid wheat) PPIP5K homologs, TaVIH1 and TaVIH2. 34895221 0 90 theme inositol 6:13 arg1 TaVIH2-3B 36:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 9 91 theme remarkable 1659:1668 arg1 effects 1670:1676 remarkable effects 1659:1676 remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1659:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 7 92 theme selective 1343:1351 arg1 response 1353:1360 selective response 1343:1360 selective response to abiotic stresses 1343:1380 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 2 93 theme responsible 471:481 arg1 kinases 463:469 inositol phosphate kinases 444:469 inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis 444:501 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 2 94 theme backbone 406:413 arg1 number 369:374 a variable number 358:374 a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 358:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 0 95 theme kinase 29:34 arg1 TaVIH2-3B 36:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B 0:44 Wheat inositol pyrophosphate kinase TaVIH2-3B modulates cell-wall composition and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. 34895221 2 96 dep ITPKinase 547:555 arg1 trisphosphate 573:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 558:585 inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase 558:596 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 1 97 theme BACKGROUND 116:125 arg1 PP-InsPs 152:159 PP-InsPs 152:159 PP-InsPs 152:159 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 97 theme BACKGROUND 116:125 arg1 pyrophosphates 136:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates 116:149 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) 116:160 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 97 theme BACKGROUND 116:125 arg1 derivatives 178:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 high-energy derivatives 166:188 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 2 98 theme phosphate 453:461 arg1 kinases 463:469 inositol phosphate kinases 444:469 inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis 444:501 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 6 99 theme VIH 1085:1087 arg1 proteins 1089:1096 wheat VIH proteins 1079:1096 wheat VIH proteins 1079:1096 We demonstrate that wheat VIH proteins can utilize InsP7 as the substrate to produce InsP8, a process that requires the functional VIH-kinase domains. 34895221 8 100 theme TaVIH2-3B 1442:1450 arg1 overexpression 1424:1437 Ectopic overexpression 1416:1437 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis 1416:1465 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought stress and rescues the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants. 34895221 2 101 theme distinct 424:431 arg1 classes 433:439 two distinct classes 420:439 two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis 420:501 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 9 102 theme cell-wall 1699:1707 arg1 biosynthesis 1709:1720 cell-wall biosynthesis 1699:1720 cell-wall biosynthesis 1699:1720 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 9 103 from plants 1870:1875 arg1 observation 1749:1759 the observation 1745:1759 the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants 1745:1875 RNAseq analysis of TaVIH2-3B-expressing transgenic lines of Arabidopsis shows genome-wide reprogramming with remarkable effects on genes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, which is supported by the observation of enhanced accumulation of polysaccharides (arabinogalactan, cellulose, and arabinoxylan) in the transgenic plants. 34895221 4 104 theme plant 841:845 arg1 PP-IP5Ks 847:854 plant PP-IP5Ks 841:854 plant PP-IP5Ks 841:854 However, other potential roles of plant PP-IP5Ks, especially towards abiotic stress, remain poorly understood. 34895221 7 105 theme different 1280:1288 arg1 grains 1326:1331 developing grains 1315:1331 developing grains 1315:1331 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 7 105 theme different 1280:1288 arg1 tissues 1296:1302 different wheat tissues 1280:1302 different wheat tissues 1280:1302 At the transcriptional level, both TaVIH1 and TaVIH2 are expressed in different wheat tissues, including developing grains, but show selective response to abiotic stresses during drought-mimic experiments. 34895221 10 106 theme homeostasis 2016:2026 arg1 genes 2028:2032 cell-wall homeostasis genes 2006:2032 cell-wall homeostasis genes 2006:2032 CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work identifies a novel function of VIH proteins, implicating them in modulation of the expression of cell-wall homeostasis genes, and tolerance to water-deficit stress. 34895221 8 107 theme drought 1488:1494 arg1 stress 1496:1501 drought stress 1488:1501 drought stress 1488:1501 Ectopic overexpression of TaVIH2-3B in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought stress and rescues the sensitivity of Atvih2 mutants. 34895221 2 108 theme inositol 392:399 arg1 backbone 406:413 the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 379:413 the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone 379:413 Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the presence of phosphate at a variable number of the 6-carbon inositol ring backbone, and two distinct classes of inositol phosphate kinases responsible for their synthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, namely ITPKinase (inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate 5/6 kinase) and PP-IP5Kinase (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases). 34895221 1 109 theme cells 275:279 arg1 signalling 225:234 different signalling and regulatory responses 215:259 signalling 225:234 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34895221 1 109 theme cells 275:279 arg1 responses 251:259 different signalling and regulatory responses 215:259 responses 251:259 BACKGROUND Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. 34198097 7 0 theme body 938:941 arg1 BW 951:952 BW 951:952 BW 951:952 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 7 0 theme body 938:941 arg1 weight 943:948 body weight 938:948 body weight (BW) 938:953 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 13 1 theme corn 1763:1766 arg1 background 1776:1785 the corn genetic background 1759:1785 the corn genetic background 1759:1785 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 7 2 from d 1025:1025 arg1 varieties 1012:1020 other varieties 1006:1020 other varieties at d 21 1006:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 10 3 dep vitreousness 1340:1351 arg1 r = 0.60 1354:1361 r = 0.60 1354:1361 r = 0.60 1354:1361 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 4 4 from g/kg 577:580 arg1 diets 632:636 the finisher diets 619:636 the finisher diets 619:636 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 4 4 from g/kg 577:580 arg1 diets 597:601 the starter diets 585:601 the starter diets 585:601 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 2 5 with treatments 370:379 arg1 birds 416:420 10 birds 413:420 10 birds per pen 413:428 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 2 5 with treatments 370:379 arg1 pens 390:393 12 pens 387:393 12 pens per treatment 387:407 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 14 6 dep content 1873:1879 arg1 The 1869:1871 The 1869:1871 The 1869:1871 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 0 7 theme Growth 0:5 arg1 performance 7:17 Growth performance 0:17 Growth performance 0:17 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 12 8 theme corn 1626:1629 arg1 concentration 1639:1651 corn protein concentration 1626:1651 corn protein concentration 1626:1651 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 10 9 dep correlated 1324:1333 arg1 r = -0.62 1466:1474 r = -0.62 1466:1474 r = -0.62 1466:1474 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 8 10 dep diet 1128:1131 arg1 < 1136:1136 P < 0.05 1134:1141 P < 0.05 1134:1141 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 8 11 theme lowest 1035:1040 arg1 DM 1054:1055 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility 1031:1089 DM 1054:1055 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 10 12 theme protein 1287:1293 arg1 concentration 1295:1307 corn protein concentration 1282:1307 corn protein concentration 1282:1307 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 8 13 theme tract 1048:1052 arg1 DM 1054:1055 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility 1031:1089 DM 1054:1055 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 11 14 theme Soluble 1488:1494 arg1 content 1522:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content 1488:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content 1488:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 1 15 theme genetic 208:214 arg1 background 216:225 corn genetic background 203:225 corn genetic background 203:225 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 13 16 theme chickens 1859:1866 arg1 performance 1836:1846 the nutrient digestibility and growth performance 1798:1846 performance 1836:1846 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 13 16 theme chickens 1859:1866 arg1 digestibility 1811:1823 the nutrient digestibility and growth performance 1798:1846 digestibility 1811:1823 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 10 17 dep r = -0.62 1466:1474 arg1 < 1479:1479 P < 0.05 1477:1484 P < 0.05 1477:1484 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 1 18 from influence 235:243 arg1 value 260:264 the feeding value 248:264 the feeding value for broiler chickens 248:285 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 3 19 dep Variety 469:475 arg1 to 479:480 to 479:480 to 479:480 Eight corn samples (Variety 1 to Variety 8) were selected based on their nutrient composition. 34198097 3 19 dep Variety 469:475 arg1 Variety 482:488 Variety 8 482:490 Variety 1 to Variety 8 469:490 Eight corn samples (Variety 1 to Variety 8) were selected based on their nutrient composition. 34198097 12 20 theme weight 1719:1724 arg1 r = -0.62 1732:1740 r = -0.62 1732:1740 r = -0.62 1732:1740 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 12 20 theme weight 1719:1724 arg1 gain 1726:1729 weight gain 1719:1729 weight gain (r = -0.62) 1719:1741 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 14 21 theme main 1954:1957 arg1 factors 1959:1965 two of the main factors 1943:1965 two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn 1943:2028 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 1 22 theme study 120:124 arg1 aim 101:103 The aim 97:103 The aim of the present study 97:124 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 8 23 theme apparent 1068:1075 arg1 digestibility 1077:1089 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility 1031:1089 digestibility 1077:1089 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 12 24 theme 21-d 1695:1698 arg1 BW 1700:1701 21-d BW 1695:1701 21-d BW (r = -0.71) 1695:1713 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 12 24 theme 21-d 1695:1698 arg1 r = -0.71 1704:1712 r = -0.71 1704:1712 r = -0.71 1704:1712 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 14 25 theme of 1947:1948 arg1 factors 1959:1965 two of the main factors 1943:1965 two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn 1943:2028 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 13 26 theme genetic 1768:1774 arg1 background 1776:1785 the corn genetic background 1759:1785 the corn genetic background 1759:1785 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 1 27 from variability 149:159 arg1 digestibility 173:185 nutrient digestibility 164:185 nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens 164:285 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 6 28 theme dry 849:851 arg1 matter 853:858 dry matter 849:858 dry matter (DM) 849:863 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 6 28 theme dry 849:851 arg1 samples 783:789 excreta samples 775:789 excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy 775:827 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 6 28 theme dry 849:851 arg1 DM 861:862 DM 861:862 DM 861:862 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 0 29 theme different 73:81 arg1 hybrids 88:94 different corn hybrids 73:94 different corn hybrids 73:94 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 14 30 dep solubility 1981:1990 arg1 the 1977:1979 the 1977:1979 the 1977:1979 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 8 31 theme 8 1126:1126 arg1 diet 1128:1131 diet 1128:1131 diet 1128:1131 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 14 32 theme polysaccharides 1910:1924 arg1 nature 1885:1890 nature 1885:1890 nature 1885:1890 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 14 32 theme polysaccharides 1910:1924 arg1 content 1873:1879 content 1873:1879 content 1873:1879 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 4 33 theme finisher 623:630 arg1 diets 632:636 the finisher diets 619:636 the finisher diets 619:636 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 11 34 theme solubility 1573:1582 arg1 r = -0.88 1591:1599 r = -0.88 1591:1599 r = -0.88 1591:1599 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 11 34 theme solubility 1573:1582 arg1 index 1584:1588 the protein solubility index 1561:1588 the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05) 1561:1610 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 5 35 theme ad 687:688 arg1 libitum 690:696 ad libitum 687:696 ad libitum 687:696 Diets were offered ad libitum in pellet form. 34198097 13 36 theme broiler 1851:1857 arg1 chickens 1859:1866 broiler chickens 1851:1866 broiler chickens 1851:1866 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 10 37 dep r = 0.67 1407:1414 arg1 < 1419:1419 P < 0.05 1417:1424 P < 0.05 1417:1424 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 7 38 theme feed 959:962 arg1 intake 964:969 feed intake 959:969 feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21 959:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 3 39 dep samples 460:466 arg1 Variety 469:475 Variety 1 469:477 Variety 1 to Variety 8 469:490 Eight corn samples (Variety 1 to Variety 8) were selected based on their nutrient composition. 34198097 0 40 theme tract 29:33 arg1 digestibility 35:47 total tract digestibility 23:47 total tract digestibility 23:47 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 14 41 theme present 2135:2141 arg1 study 2143:2147 the present study 2131:2147 the present study 2131:2147 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 2 42 theme chicks 326:331 arg1 total 290:294 A total 288:294 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) 288:342 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 6 43 theme Performance 714:724 arg1 parameters 726:735 Performance parameters 714:735 Performance parameters 714:735 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 11 44 dep r = -0.88 1591:1599 arg1 < 1604:1604 P < 0.05 1602:1609 P < 0.05 1602:1609 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 11 45 theme polysaccharide 1507:1520 arg1 content 1522:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content 1488:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content 1488:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 4 46 from g/kg 611:614 arg1 diets 632:636 the finisher diets 619:636 the finisher diets 619:636 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 4 46 from g/kg 611:614 arg1 diets 597:601 the starter diets 585:601 the starter diets 585:601 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 6 47 dep d 756:756 arg1 digestibility 877:889 whole-tract digestibility 865:889 whole-tract digestibility 865:889 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 10 48 theme Multivariate 1246:1257 arg1 analysis 1259:1266 Multivariate analysis 1246:1266 Multivariate analysis 1246:1266 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 3 49 theme corn 455:458 arg1 samples 460:466 Eight corn samples 449:466 Eight corn samples (Variety 1 to Variety 8) 449:491 Eight corn samples (Variety 1 to Variety 8) were selected based on their nutrient composition. 34198097 4 50 used used 643:646 arg2 corn 567:570 corn 567:570 corn 567:570 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 4 50 used used 643:646 arg2 amount 552:557 A fixed amount 544:557 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) 544:637 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 13 51 theme nutrient 1802:1809 arg1 digestibility 1811:1823 the nutrient digestibility and growth performance 1798:1846 digestibility 1811:1823 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 12 52 theme P 1680:1680 arg1 < 1682:1682 P < 0.05 1680:1687 P < 0.05 1680:1687 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 6 53 theme excreta 775:781 arg1 matter 838:843 organic matter 830:843 organic matter 830:843 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 6 53 theme excreta 775:781 arg1 matter 853:858 dry matter 849:858 dry matter (DM) 849:863 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 6 53 theme excreta 775:781 arg1 samples 783:789 excreta samples 775:789 excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy 775:827 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 4 54 dep corn 567:570 arg1 g/kg 611:614 662 g/kg 607:614 662 g/kg in the finisher diets 607:636 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 4 54 dep corn 567:570 arg1 g/kg 577:580 577 g/kg 573:580 577 g/kg in the starter diets 573:601 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 10 55 theme P 1417:1417 arg1 < 1419:1419 P < 0.05 1417:1424 P < 0.05 1417:1424 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 10 56 theme corn 1282:1285 arg1 concentration 1295:1307 corn protein concentration 1282:1307 corn protein concentration 1282:1307 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 14 57 theme nutrients 2012:2020 arg1 solubility 1981:1990 solubility 1981:1990 solubility 1981:1990 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 14 57 theme nutrients 2012:2020 arg1 availability 1996:2007 availability 1996:2007 availability 1996:2007 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 1 58 theme feeding 252:258 arg1 value 260:264 the feeding value 248:264 the feeding value for broiler chickens 248:285 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 14 59 from availability 1996:2007 arg1 corn 2025:2028 corn 2025:2028 corn 2025:2028 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 7 60 theme P 925:925 arg1 decrease 915:922 a decrease 913:922 a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21 913:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 7 60 theme P 925:925 arg1 < 927:927 P < 0.05 925:932 P < 0.05 925:932 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 1 61 theme nutrient 164:171 arg1 digestibility 173:185 nutrient digestibility 164:185 nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens 164:285 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 14 62 theme negative 2063:2070 arg1 effects 2072:2078 the negative effects 2059:2078 the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens 2059:2117 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 4 63 theme corn 567:570 arg1 amount 552:557 A fixed amount 544:557 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) 544:637 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 4 63 theme corn 567:570 arg1 corn 567:570 corn 567:570 corn 567:570 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 9 64 theme Energy 1178:1183 arg1 digestibility 1185:1197 Energy digestibility 1178:1197 Energy digestibility 1178:1197 Energy digestibility was higher in varieties 2, 4 and 7 (P < 0.05). 34198097 5 65 theme pellet 701:706 arg1 form 708:711 pellet form 701:711 pellet form 701:711 Diets were offered ad libitum in pellet form. 34198097 12 66 theme protein 1631:1637 arg1 concentration 1639:1651 corn protein concentration 1626:1651 corn protein concentration 1626:1651 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 14 67 from solubility 1981:1990 arg1 corn 2025:2028 corn 2025:2028 corn 2025:2028 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 4 68 theme fixed 546:550 arg1 amount 552:557 A fixed amount 544:557 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) 544:637 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 4 68 theme fixed 546:550 arg1 corn 567:570 corn 567:570 corn 567:570 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 1 69 theme corn 203:206 arg1 background 216:225 corn genetic background 203:225 corn genetic background 203:225 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 8 70 theme whole 1042:1046 arg1 DM 1054:1055 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility 1031:1089 DM 1054:1055 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 11 71 theme non-starch 1496:1505 arg1 content 1522:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content 1488:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content 1488:1528 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 10 72 theme P 1477:1477 arg1 < 1479:1479 P < 0.05 1477:1484 P < 0.05 1477:1484 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 1 73 from background 216:225 arg1 value 260:264 the feeding value 248:264 the feeding value for broiler chickens 248:285 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 1 74 theme present 112:118 arg1 study 120:124 the present study 108:124 the present study 108:124 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 8 75 theme energy 1061:1066 arg1 digestibility 1077:1089 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility 1031:1089 digestibility 1077:1089 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 2 76 theme male 313:316 arg1 Ross 334:337 Ross 308 334:341 Ross 308 334:341 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 2 76 theme male 313:316 arg1 chicks 326:331 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks 299:331 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) 299:342 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 7 77 theme other 1006:1010 arg1 varieties 1012:1020 other varieties 1006:1020 other varieties at d 21 1006:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 3 78 theme nutrient 522:529 arg1 composition 531:541 their nutrient composition 516:541 their nutrient composition 516:541 Eight corn samples (Variety 1 to Variety 8) were selected based on their nutrient composition. 34198097 2 79 theme 42-day 435:440 arg1 study 442:446 a 42-day study 433:446 a 42-day study 433:446 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 7 80 from weight 943:948 arg1 birds 974:978 birds 974:978 birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21 974:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 0 81 theme corn 83:86 arg1 hybrids 88:94 different corn hybrids 73:94 different corn hybrids 73:94 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 9 82 theme P 1235:1235 arg1 < 1237:1237 P < 0.05 1235:1242 P < 0.05 1235:1242 Energy digestibility was higher in varieties 2, 4 and 7 (P < 0.05). 34198097 0 83 from performance 7:17 arg1 chickens 60:67 broiler chickens 52:67 broiler chickens 52:67 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 4 84 theme starter 589:595 arg1 diets 597:601 the starter diets 585:601 the starter diets 585:601 A fixed amount of each corn (577 g/kg in the starter diets and 662 g/kg in the finisher diets) was used to formulate feeds. 34198097 6 85 theme organic 830:836 arg1 matter 838:843 organic matter 830:843 organic matter 830:843 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 6 85 theme organic 830:836 arg1 samples 783:789 excreta samples 775:789 excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy 775:827 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 10 86 theme xylose 1393:1398 arg1 r = 0.67 1407:1414 r = 0.67 1407:1414 r = 0.67 1407:1414 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 10 86 theme xylose 1393:1398 arg1 ratio 1400:1404 the arabinose:xylose ratio 1379:1404 the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) 1379:1425 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 0 87 from digestibility 35:47 arg1 chickens 60:67 broiler chickens 52:67 broiler chickens 52:67 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 14 88 theme non-starch 1899:1908 arg1 polysaccharides 1910:1924 the non-starch polysaccharides 1895:1924 the non-starch polysaccharides 1895:1924 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 7 89 from decrease 915:922 arg1 BW 951:952 BW 951:952 BW 951:952 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 7 89 from decrease 915:922 arg1 weight 943:948 body weight 938:948 body weight (BW) 938:953 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 7 89 from decrease 915:922 arg1 intake 964:969 feed intake 959:969 feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21 959:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 14 90 from effects 2072:2078 arg1 performance 2087:2097 the performance 2083:2097 the performance of broiler chickens 2083:2117 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 8 91 theme diet 1128:1131 arg1 variety 1118:1124 the variety 1114:1124 the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05) 1114:1142 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 0 92 theme total 23:27 arg1 digestibility 35:47 total tract digestibility 23:47 total tract digestibility 23:47 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 1 93 theme broiler 270:276 arg1 chickens 278:285 broiler chickens 270:285 broiler chickens 270:285 The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in nutrient digestibility associated with corn genetic background and its influence on the feeding value for broiler chickens. 34198097 12 94 dep correlated 1668:1677 arg1 < 1682:1682 P < 0.05 1680:1687 P < 0.05 1680:1687 In addition, corn protein concentration was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 21-d BW (r = -0.71) and weight gain (r = -0.62). 34198097 8 95 theme P 1134:1134 arg1 < 1136:1136 P < 0.05 1134:1141 P < 0.05 1134:1141 The lowest whole tract DM and energy apparent digestibility were also observed for the variety 8 diet (P < 0.05), together with varieties 3 and 5. 34198097 10 96 theme arabinose 1383:1391 arg1 r = 0.67 1407:1414 r = 0.67 1407:1414 r = 0.67 1407:1414 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 10 96 theme arabinose 1383:1391 arg1 ratio 1400:1404 the arabinose:xylose ratio 1379:1404 the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) 1379:1425 Multivariate analysis revealed that corn protein concentration was positively correlated with vitreousness (r = 0.60, P = 0.054) and the arabinose:xylose ratio (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). 34198097 6 97 theme whole-tract 865:875 arg1 digestibility 877:889 whole-tract digestibility 865:889 whole-tract digestibility 865:889 Performance parameters were determined at d 21 and d 42, and excreta samples collected at d 21 to determine energy, organic matter and dry matter (DM) whole-tract digestibility. 34198097 11 98 theme P 1602:1602 arg1 < 1604:1604 P < 0.05 1602:1609 P < 0.05 1602:1609 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 0 99 theme broiler 52:58 arg1 chickens 60:67 broiler chickens 52:67 broiler chickens 52:67 Growth performance and total tract digestibility in broiler chickens fed different corn hybrids. 34198097 13 100 theme growth 1829:1834 arg1 performance 1836:1846 the nutrient digestibility and growth performance 1798:1846 performance 1836:1846 In conclusion, the corn genetic background influenced the nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens. 34198097 7 101 from intake 964:969 arg1 birds 974:978 birds 974:978 birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21 974:1028 The results revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed intake in birds fed variety 8 compared to other varieties at d 21. 34198097 14 102 theme broiler 2102:2108 arg1 chickens 2110:2117 broiler chickens 2102:2117 broiler chickens 2102:2117 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 2 103 theme broiler 318:324 arg1 Ross 334:337 Ross 308 334:341 Ross 308 334:341 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 2 103 theme broiler 318:324 arg1 chicks 326:331 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks 299:331 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) 299:342 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 2 104 theme 1-day-old 303:311 arg1 Ross 334:337 Ross 308 334:341 Ross 308 334:341 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 2 104 theme 1-day-old 303:311 arg1 chicks 326:331 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks 299:331 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) 299:342 A total of 960 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in eight treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen in a 42-day study. 34198097 14 105 theme chickens 2110:2117 arg1 performance 2087:2097 the performance 2083:2097 the performance of broiler chickens 2083:2117 The content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides were found to be two of the main factors affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients in corn, and could be the reason for the negative effects on the performance of broiler chickens as shown in the present study. 34198097 9 106 dep higher 1203:1208 arg1 < 1237:1237 P < 0.05 1235:1242 P < 0.05 1235:1242 Energy digestibility was higher in varieties 2, 4 and 7 (P < 0.05). 34198097 11 107 theme protein 1565:1571 arg1 r = -0.88 1591:1599 r = -0.88 1591:1599 r = -0.88 1591:1599 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 34198097 11 107 theme protein 1565:1571 arg1 index 1584:1588 the protein solubility index 1561:1588 the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05) 1561:1610 Soluble non-starch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with the protein solubility index (r = -0.88, P < 0.05). 33248770 5 0 dep Se 951:952 arg1 bioaccumulation 966:980 bioaccumulation 966:980 bioaccumulation 966:980 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 10 1 theme microbiome 1716:1725 arg1 heterogeneity 1727:1739 gut microbiome heterogeneity 1712:1739 gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration 1712:1800 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 11 2 theme natural 1951:1957 arg1 populations 1959:1969 natural populations 1951:1969 natural populations 1951:1969 Our results therefore suggest that in addition to well-studied elements, bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements also adversely affect health of natural populations. 33248770 11 3 theme well-studied 1853:1864 arg1 elements 1866:1873 well-studied elements 1853:1873 well-studied elements 1853:1873 Our results therefore suggest that in addition to well-studied elements, bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements also adversely affect health of natural populations. 33248770 7 4 theme algae 1310:1314 arg1 polysaccharides 1291:1305 sulphated polysaccharides 1281:1305 sulphated polysaccharides of algae 1281:1314 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 3 5 used used 538:541 arg2 We 535:536 We 535:536 We 535:536 We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. 33248770 10 6 theme breeding 1754:1761 arg1 site 1763:1766 breeding site 1754:1766 breeding site 1754:1766 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 6 7 theme microbiome 1108:1117 arg1 aspects 1089:1095 different aspects 1079:1095 different aspects of the gut microbiome 1079:1117 Furthermore, bioaccumulation of the elements As, Cu, Se, Pb and Zn influenced different aspects of the gut microbiome. 33248770 2 8 theme negative 283:290 arg1 impact 292:297 the negative impact 279:297 the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg 279:366 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 1 9 theme wetland 175:181 arg1 ecosystems 183:192 wetland ecosystems 175:192 wetland ecosystems 175:192 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 7 10 theme polysaccharides 1291:1305 arg1 breakdown 1268:1276 the breakdown 1264:1276 the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae 1264:1314 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 7 11 attach linked 1254:1259 arg2 composition 1175:1185 the microbiome composition 1160:1185 the microbiome composition 1160:1185 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 7 11 attach linked 1254:1259 arg1 breakdown 1268:1276 the breakdown 1264:1276 the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae 1264:1314 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 9 12 gly heterogeneity 1563:1575 arg1 community 1594:1602 the microbial community 1580:1602 the microbial community 1580:1602 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 4 13 theme known 835:839 arg1 microbiome 897:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 13 theme known 835:839 arg1 condition 865:873 body condition 860:873 body condition 860:873 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 13 theme known 835:839 arg1 proxies 841:847 two known proxies 831:847 two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome 831:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 5 14 theme Hg 955:956 arg1 effect 941:946 an adverse effect 930:946 an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition 930:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 2 15 theme exposure 316:323 arg1 impact 292:297 the negative impact 279:297 the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg 279:366 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 5 16 from evidence 918:925 arg1 condition 990:998 body condition 985:998 body condition 985:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 1 17 theme river 201:205 arg1 estuaries 207:215 river estuaries 201:215 river estuaries 201:215 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 1 17 theme river 201:205 arg1 endpoints 233:241 geochemical endpoints 221:241 geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution 221:267 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 6 18 theme different 1079:1087 arg1 aspects 1089:1095 different aspects 1079:1095 different aspects of the gut microbiome 1079:1117 Furthermore, bioaccumulation of the elements As, Cu, Se, Pb and Zn influenced different aspects of the gut microbiome. 33248770 4 19 theme bioaccumulation 716:730 arg1 signatures 702:711 signatures 702:711 signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) 702:809 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 5 20 theme effect 941:946 arg1 evidence 918:925 evidence 918:925 evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition 918:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 9 21 from decrease 1490:1497 arg1 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%) 1563:1624 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 21 from decrease 1490:1497 arg1 indication 1630:1639 an indication 1627:1639 an indication of impaired gut homeostasis 1627:1667 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 21 from decrease 1490:1497 arg1 % 1623:1623 adjusted-R2 = 10.5% 1605:1623 adjusted-R2 = 10.5% 1605:1623 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 21 from decrease 1490:1497 arg1 diversity 1512:1520 microbial diversity 1502:1520 microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) 1502:1542 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 21 from decrease 1490:1497 arg1 % 1541:1541 adjusted-R2 = 10.4% 1523:1541 adjusted-R2 = 10.4% 1523:1541 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 5 22 theme Se 951:952 arg1 effect 941:946 an adverse effect 930:946 an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition 930:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 3 23 theme greater 543:549 arg1 flamingos 551:559 greater flamingos 543:559 greater flamingos 543:559 We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. 33248770 3 23 theme greater 543:549 arg1 system 572:577 a study system 564:577 a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution 564:635 We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. 33248770 1 24 theme elements 137:144 arg1 concentrations 113:126 Elevated concentrations 104:126 Elevated concentrations of trace elements 104:144 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 9 25 theme microbial 1584:1592 arg1 community 1594:1602 the microbial community 1580:1602 the microbial community 1580:1602 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 2 26 theme trace 491:495 arg1 elements 497:504 common trace elements 484:504 common trace elements 484:504 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 11 27 theme populations 1959:1969 arg1 health 1941:1946 health 1941:1946 health of natural populations 1941:1969 Our results therefore suggest that in addition to well-studied elements, bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements also adversely affect health of natural populations. 33248770 9 28 from increase 1551:1558 arg1 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%) 1563:1624 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 28 from increase 1551:1558 arg1 indication 1630:1639 an indication 1627:1639 an indication of impaired gut homeostasis 1627:1667 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 28 from increase 1551:1558 arg1 % 1623:1623 adjusted-R2 = 10.5% 1605:1623 adjusted-R2 = 10.5% 1605:1623 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 28 from increase 1551:1558 arg1 diversity 1512:1520 microbial diversity 1502:1520 microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) 1502:1542 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 28 from increase 1551:1558 arg1 % 1541:1541 adjusted-R2 = 10.4% 1523:1541 adjusted-R2 = 10.4% 1523:1541 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 4 29 dep proxies 841:847 arg1 microbiome 897:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 29 dep proxies 841:847 arg1 condition 865:873 body condition 860:873 body condition 860:873 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 29 dep proxies 841:847 arg1 proxies 841:847 two known proxies 831:847 two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome 831:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 2 30 theme natural 514:520 arg1 populations 522:532 natural populations 514:532 natural populations 514:532 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 8 31 theme body 1375:1378 arg1 condition 1380:1388 chick body condition 1369:1388 chick body condition 1369:1388 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 5 32 theme body 985:988 arg1 condition 990:998 body condition 985:998 body condition 985:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 2 33 theme effects 455:461 arg1 understanding 434:446 a comprehensive understanding 418:446 a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations 418:532 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 5 34 from condition 990:998 arg1 evidence 918:925 evidence 918:925 evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition 918:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 7 35 theme microbiome 1164:1173 arg1 composition 1175:1185 the microbiome composition 1160:1185 the microbiome composition 1160:1185 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 9 36 theme impaired 1644:1651 arg1 homeostasis 1657:1667 impaired gut homeostasis 1644:1667 impaired gut homeostasis 1644:1667 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 2 37 theme comprehensive 420:432 arg1 understanding 434:446 a comprehensive understanding 418:446 a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations 418:532 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 0 38 theme trace 19:23 arg1 elements 25:32 trace elements 19:32 trace elements 19:32 Bioaccumulation of trace elements affects chick body condition and gut microbiome in greater flamingos. 33248770 1 39 theme Elevated 104:111 arg1 concentrations 113:126 Elevated concentrations 104:126 Elevated concentrations of trace elements 104:144 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 9 40 theme homeostasis 1657:1667 arg1 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%) 1563:1624 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 40 theme homeostasis 1657:1667 arg1 indication 1630:1639 an indication 1627:1639 an indication of impaired gut homeostasis 1627:1667 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 4 41 theme sediment 668:675 arg1 exposure 677:684 environmental sediment exposure 654:684 environmental sediment exposure 654:684 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 0 42 theme body 48:51 arg1 condition 53:61 chick body condition 42:61 chick body condition 42:61 Bioaccumulation of trace elements affects chick body condition and gut microbiome in greater flamingos. 33248770 9 43 theme Pb 1453:1454 arg1 bioaccumulation 1456:1470 Pb bioaccumulation 1453:1470 Pb bioaccumulation 1453:1470 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 7 44 from shift 1151:1155 arg1 composition 1175:1185 the microbiome composition 1160:1185 the microbiome composition 1160:1185 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 8 45 theme diet 1436:1439 arg1 effect 1413:1418 an adverse effect 1402:1418 an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se 1402:1450 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 2 46 contain have 506:509 arg1 these 468:472 these 468:472 these 468:472 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 2 46 contain have 506:509 arg2 effects 455:461 the effects 451:461 the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations 451:532 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 2 46 contain have 506:509 arg1 other 478:482 other 478:482 other 478:482 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 1 47 theme geochemical 221:231 arg1 estuaries 207:215 river estuaries 201:215 river estuaries 201:215 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 1 47 theme geochemical 221:231 arg1 endpoints 233:241 geochemical endpoints 221:241 geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution 221:267 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 4 48 theme bacterial 887:895 arg1 microbiome 897:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 48 theme bacterial 887:895 arg1 proxies 841:847 two known proxies 831:847 two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome 831:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 10 49 theme gut 1712:1714 arg1 heterogeneity 1727:1739 gut microbiome heterogeneity 1712:1739 gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration 1712:1800 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 2 50 theme environmental 302:314 arg1 exposure 316:323 environmental exposure 302:323 environmental exposure 302:323 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 3 51 theme study 566:570 arg1 flamingos 551:559 greater flamingos 543:559 greater flamingos 543:559 We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. 33248770 3 51 theme study 566:570 arg1 system 572:577 a study system 564:577 a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution 564:635 We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. 33248770 9 52 theme microbial 1502:1510 arg1 diversity 1512:1520 microbial diversity 1502:1520 microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) 1502:1542 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 52 theme microbial 1502:1510 arg1 % 1541:1541 adjusted-R2 = 10.4% 1523:1541 adjusted-R2 = 10.4% 1523:1541 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 8 53 from rich 1441:1444 arg1 Se 1449:1450 Se 1449:1450 Se 1449:1450 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 7 54 theme sulphated 1281:1289 arg1 polysaccharides 1291:1305 sulphated polysaccharides 1281:1305 sulphated polysaccharides of algae 1281:1314 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 4 55 theme environmental 654:666 arg1 exposure 677:684 environmental sediment exposure 654:684 environmental sediment exposure 654:684 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 56 theme gut 883:885 arg1 microbiome 897:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 56 theme gut 883:885 arg1 proxies 841:847 two known proxies 831:847 two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome 831:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 6 57 theme gut 1104:1106 arg1 microbiome 1108:1117 the gut microbiome 1100:1117 the gut microbiome 1100:1117 Furthermore, bioaccumulation of the elements As, Cu, Se, Pb and Zn influenced different aspects of the gut microbiome. 33248770 2 58 theme toxic 335:339 arg1 Hg 365:366 Hg 365:366 Hg 365:366 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 2 58 theme toxic 335:339 arg1 elements 341:348 highly toxic elements 328:348 highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg 328:366 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 2 58 theme toxic 335:339 arg1 Pb 358:359 Pb 358:359 Pb 358:359 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 6 59 theme elements 1037:1044 arg1 bioaccumulation 1014:1028 bioaccumulation 1014:1028 bioaccumulation of the elements As, Cu, Se, Pb and Zn 1014:1066 Furthermore, bioaccumulation of the elements As, Cu, Se, Pb and Zn influenced different aspects of the gut microbiome. 33248770 5 60 theme adverse 933:939 arg1 effect 941:946 an adverse effect 930:946 an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition 930:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 10 61 theme bioaccumulation 1772:1786 arg1 concentration 1788:1800 bioaccumulation concentration 1772:1800 bioaccumulation concentration 1772:1800 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 8 62 from Se 1449:1450 arg1 rich 1441:1444 rich 1441:1444 rich 1441:1444 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 11 63 theme studied 1902:1908 arg1 elements 1910:1917 poorly studied elements 1895:1917 poorly studied elements 1895:1917 Our results therefore suggest that in addition to well-studied elements, bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements also adversely affect health of natural populations. 33248770 7 64 theme plebeius 1235:1242 arg1 enrichment 1209:1218 an enrichment 1206:1218 an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius 1206:1242 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 5 65 theme Pb 963:964 arg1 effect 941:946 an adverse effect 930:946 an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition 930:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Cu 780:781 Cu 780:781 Cu 780:781 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Pb 792:793 Pb 792:793 Pb 792:793 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Se 796:797 Se 796:797 Se 796:797 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Cd 772:773 Cd 772:773 Cd 772:773 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Ni 788:789 Ni 788:789 Ni 788:789 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Sn 800:801 Sn 800:801 Sn 800:801 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 elements 758:765 ten trace elements 748:765 ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) 748:809 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Cr 776:777 Cr 776:777 Cr 776:777 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 66 dep elements 758:765 arg1 Zn 807:808 Zn 807:808 Zn 807:808 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 11 67 theme elements 1910:1917 arg1 bioaccumulation 1876:1890 bioaccumulation 1876:1890 bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements 1876:1917 Our results therefore suggest that in addition to well-studied elements, bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements also adversely affect health of natural populations. 33248770 8 68 theme Bacteroides 1317:1327 arg1 plebeius 1329:1336 Bacteroides plebeius 1317:1336 Bacteroides plebeius 1317:1336 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 1 69 theme trace 131:135 arg1 elements 137:144 trace elements 131:144 trace elements 131:144 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 0 70 theme gut 67:69 arg1 microbiome 71:80 gut microbiome 67:80 gut microbiome 67:80 Bioaccumulation of trace elements affects chick body condition and gut microbiome in greater flamingos. 33248770 4 71 dep Cd 772:773 arg1 As 768:769 As 768:769 As 768:769 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 9 72 theme community 1594:1602 arg1 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity 1563:1575 heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%) 1563:1624 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 72 theme community 1594:1602 arg1 indication 1630:1639 an indication 1627:1639 an indication of impaired gut homeostasis 1627:1667 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 9 72 theme community 1594:1602 arg1 % 1623:1623 adjusted-R2 = 10.5% 1605:1623 adjusted-R2 = 10.5% 1605:1623 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 0 73 theme greater 85:91 arg1 flamingos 93:101 greater flamingos 85:101 greater flamingos 85:101 Bioaccumulation of trace elements affects chick body condition and gut microbiome in greater flamingos. 33248770 5 74 from effect 941:946 arg1 condition 990:998 body condition 985:998 body condition 985:998 We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. 33248770 2 75 dep these 468:472 arg1 elements 497:504 common trace elements 484:504 common trace elements 484:504 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 1 76 theme major 158:162 arg1 concern 164:170 a major concern 156:170 a major concern to wetland ecosystems 156:192 Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. 33248770 2 77 theme common 484:489 arg1 elements 497:504 common trace elements 484:504 common trace elements 484:504 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 8 78 theme chick 1369:1373 arg1 condition 1380:1388 chick body condition 1369:1388 chick body condition 1369:1388 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 4 79 theme health 852:857 arg1 microbiome 897:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 the gut bacterial microbiome 879:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 79 theme health 852:857 arg1 condition 865:873 body condition 860:873 body condition 860:873 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 79 theme health 852:857 arg1 proxies 841:847 two known proxies 831:847 two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome 831:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 80 theme body 860:863 arg1 condition 865:873 body condition 860:873 body condition 860:873 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 80 theme body 860:863 arg1 proxies 841:847 two known proxies 831:847 two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome 831:906 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 8 81 theme adverse 1405:1411 arg1 effect 1413:1418 an adverse effect 1402:1418 an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se 1402:1450 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 2 82 theme substantial 381:391 arg1 attention 393:401 substantial attention 381:401 substantial attention 381:401 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 0 83 theme elements 25:32 arg1 Bioaccumulation 0:14 Bioaccumulation 0:14 Bioaccumulation of trace elements 0:32 Bioaccumulation of trace elements affects chick body condition and gut microbiome in greater flamingos. 33248770 9 84 theme gut 1653:1655 arg1 homeostasis 1657:1667 impaired gut homeostasis 1644:1667 impaired gut homeostasis 1644:1667 Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R2 = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R2 = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Cu 780:781 Cu 780:781 Cu 780:781 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Pb 792:793 Pb 792:793 Pb 792:793 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Se 796:797 Se 796:797 Se 796:797 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Cd 772:773 Cd 772:773 Cd 772:773 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Ni 788:789 Ni 788:789 Ni 788:789 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Sn 800:801 Sn 800:801 Sn 800:801 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 elements 758:765 ten trace elements 748:765 ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) 748:809 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Cr 776:777 Cr 776:777 Cr 776:777 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 4 85 theme trace 752:756 arg1 Zn 807:808 Zn 807:808 Zn 807:808 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 0 86 theme chick 42:46 arg1 condition 53:61 chick body condition 42:61 chick body condition 42:61 Bioaccumulation of trace elements affects chick body condition and gut microbiome in greater flamingos. 33248770 8 87 theme microalgae 1425:1434 arg1 diet 1436:1439 a microalgae diet 1423:1439 a microalgae diet rich in Se 1423:1450 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 3 88 theme pollution 627:635 arg1 gradient 615:622 a gradient 613:622 a gradient of pollution 613:635 We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. 33248770 7 89 theme Se 1139:1140 arg1 Bioaccumulation 1120:1134 Bioaccumulation 1120:1134 Bioaccumulation of Se 1120:1140 Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. 33248770 8 90 theme rich 1441:1444 arg1 diet 1436:1439 a microalgae diet 1423:1439 a microalgae diet rich in Se 1423:1450 Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. 33248770 4 91 from feathers 735:742 arg1 signatures 702:711 signatures 702:711 signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) 702:809 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 10 92 theme nuanced 1693:1699 arg1 effects 1701:1707 more nuanced effects 1688:1707 more nuanced effects 1688:1707 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 2 93 theme elements 341:348 arg1 impact 292:297 the negative impact 279:297 the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg 279:366 Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. 33248770 4 94 from bioaccumulation 716:730 arg1 feathers 735:742 feathers 735:742 feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) 735:809 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 33248770 10 95 contain had 1684:1686 arg1 Zn 1681:1682 Zn 1681:1682 Zn 1681:1682 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 10 95 contain had 1684:1686 arg1 Cu 1674:1675 Cu 1674:1675 Cu 1674:1675 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 10 95 contain had 1684:1686 arg2 effects 1701:1707 more nuanced effects 1688:1707 more nuanced effects 1688:1707 As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. 33248770 4 96 from signatures 702:711 arg1 feathers 735:742 feathers 735:742 feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) 735:809 Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. 34715104 7 0 theme components 1252:1261 arg1 zone 1201:1204 the fingerprint zone 1185:1204 the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1185:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 12 1 theme soil 2352:2355 arg1 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2309:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 12 1 theme soil 2352:2355 arg1 purification 2295:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 11 2 theme biophysical 1931:1941 arg1 analysis 1943:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis 1896:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1896:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 3 3 theme Zn 644:645 arg1 concentrations 615:628 elevated concentrations 606:628 elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III) 606:666 Production of EPS increased significantly upon exposure to elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III). 34715104 11 4 theme Mucilaginibacter 1978:1993 arg1 strain 1968:1973 any strain 1964:1973 any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1964:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 12 5 theme beneficial 2361:2370 arg1 interactions 2386:2397 beneficial plant microbe interactions 2361:2397 beneficial plant microbe interactions 2361:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 7 6 theme fingerprint 1189:1199 arg1 zone 1201:1204 the fingerprint zone 1185:1204 the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1185:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 11 7 theme biochemical 1915:1925 arg1 analysis 1943:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis 1896:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1896:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 7 8 theme glutathione 1209:1219 arg1 zone 1201:1204 the fingerprint zone 1185:1204 the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1185:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 4 9 theme As 758:759 arg1 bio-adsorption 740:753 extremely high bio-adsorption 725:753 extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II) 725:803 In addition, the EPS produced by M. rubeus P2 displayed extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II). 34715104 10 10 theme complete 1696:1703 arg1 genome 1705:1710 the complete genome 1692:1710 the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 1692:1726 Furthermore, the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 helped us to identify 350 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, some of which are predicted to be involved in EPS production and modification. 34715104 8 11 theme EPS 1401:1403 arg1 EPS 1401:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 8 11 theme EPS 1401:1403 arg1 % 1371:1371 31.22% 1366:1371 31.22% 1366:1371 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 8 11 theme EPS 1401:1403 arg1 % 1381:1381 5.74% 1377:1381 5.74% 1377:1381 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 12 12 theme contaminated 2339:2350 arg1 soil 2352:2355 heavy metal contaminated soil 2327:2355 heavy metal contaminated soil 2327:2355 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 11 13 with strain 1968:1973 arg1 properties 2027:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 12 14 theme water 2289:2293 arg1 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2309:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 12 14 theme water 2289:2293 arg1 purification 2295:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 6 15 theme contaminated 1100:1111 arg1 environments 1113:1124 heavy metal contaminated environments 1088:1124 heavy metal contaminated environments 1088:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 1 16 theme Mucilaginibacter 177:192 arg1 Strains 156:162 Strains 156:162 Strains 156:162 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 2 17 theme high 505:508 arg1 resistance 510:519 extremely high resistance 495:519 extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals 495:544 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 10 18 theme rubeus 1718:1723 arg1 P2 1725:1726 M. rubeus P2 1715:1726 M. rubeus P2 1715:1726 Furthermore, the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 helped us to identify 350 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, some of which are predicted to be involved in EPS production and modification. 34715104 6 19 theme heavy 1088:1092 arg1 environments 1113:1124 heavy metal contaminated environments 1088:1124 heavy metal contaminated environments 1088:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 5 20 theme Cu 880:881 arg1 1 mM 872:875 1 mM 872:875 1 mM of Cu(II) 872:885 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 11 21 theme metal 2013:2017 arg1 properties 2027:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 7 22 from CO 1166:1167 arg1 zone 1201:1204 the fingerprint zone 1185:1204 the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1185:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 23 theme Cu 1331:1332 arg1 binding 1338:1344 Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding 1320:1344 Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding 1320:1344 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 2 24 theme heavy 533:537 arg1 metals 539:544 multiple heavy metals 524:544 multiple heavy metals 524:544 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 7 25 theme functional 1131:1140 arg1 components 1285:1294 the main components 1276:1294 the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal 1276:1356 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 25 theme functional 1131:1140 arg1 CO 1166:1167 CO 1166:1167 CO 1166:1167 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 25 theme functional 1131:1140 arg1 groups 1142:1147 The functional groups 1127:1147 The functional groups 1127:1147 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 25 theme functional 1131:1140 arg1 -SH 1161:1163 -SH 1161:1163 -SH 1161:1163 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 25 theme functional 1131:1140 arg1 N-H/C-N 1174:1180 N-H/C-N 1174:1180 N-H/C-N 1174:1180 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 11 26 theme unique 2000:2005 arg1 properties 2027:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 6 27 theme bacteria 1058:1065 arg1 use 1027:1029 a future use 1018:1029 a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments 1018:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 4 28 theme Zn 798:799 arg1 bio-adsorption 740:753 extremely high bio-adsorption 725:753 extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II) 725:803 In addition, the EPS produced by M. rubeus P2 displayed extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II). 34715104 10 29 theme carbohydrate 1772:1783 arg1 metabolism 1785:1794 carbohydrate metabolism 1772:1794 carbohydrate metabolism 1772:1794 Furthermore, the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 helped us to identify 350 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, some of which are predicted to be involved in EPS production and modification. 34715104 1 30 theme vigorous 300:307 arg1 production 309:318 the vigorous production 296:318 the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 296:362 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 1 31 theme high 265:268 arg1 plasticity 277:286 high genome plasticity 265:286 high genome plasticity 265:286 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 0 32 theme efficient 72:80 arg1 bio-adsorption 94:107 efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption 72:107 efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption 72:107 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 12 33 theme polluted 2157:2164 arg1 environments 2166:2177 heavy metal polluted environments 2145:2177 heavy metal polluted environments 2145:2177 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 9 34 from P2 1675:1676 arg1 concentrations 1640:1653 increasing concentrations 1629:1653 increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2 1629:1676 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 1 35 theme polymeric 337:345 arg1 substances 347:356 extracellular polymeric substances 323:356 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 323:362 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 1 35 theme polymeric 337:345 arg1 EPS 359:361 EPS 359:361 EPS 359:361 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 12 36 theme metal 2333:2337 arg1 soil 2352:2355 heavy metal contaminated soil 2327:2355 heavy metal contaminated soil 2327:2355 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 9 37 theme Zn 1658:1659 arg1 concentrations 1640:1653 increasing concentrations 1629:1653 increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2 1629:1676 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 0 38 theme Extrapolymeric 0:13 arg1 EPS 27:29 EPS 27:29 EPS 27:29 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 0 38 theme Extrapolymeric 0:13 arg1 substances 15:24 Extrapolymeric substances 0:24 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 0:60 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 2 39 dep EPS 416:418 arg1 generated 420:428 generated 420:428 generated by M. rubeus P2 420:444 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 2 39 dep EPS 416:418 arg1 isolated 447:454 isolated 447:454 isolated from a gold-copper mine 447:478 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 2 39 dep EPS 416:418 arg1 exhibiting 484:493 exhibiting 484:493 exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals 484:544 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 12 40 theme heavy 2145:2149 arg1 environments 2166:2177 heavy metal polluted environments 2145:2177 heavy metal polluted environments 2145:2177 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 5 41 theme metal 955:959 arg1 -exposure 967:975 metal (loid)-exposure 955:975 metal (loid)-exposure 955:975 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 7 42 from -SH 1161:1163 arg1 zone 1201:1204 the fingerprint zone 1185:1204 the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1185:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 12 43 theme microbe 2378:2384 arg1 interactions 2386:2397 beneficial plant microbe interactions 2361:2397 beneficial plant microbe interactions 2361:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 3 44 theme Cu 633:634 arg1 concentrations 615:628 elevated concentrations 606:628 elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III) 606:666 Production of EPS increased significantly upon exposure to elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III). 34715104 12 45 theme plant 2372:2376 arg1 interactions 2386:2397 beneficial plant microbe interactions 2361:2397 beneficial plant microbe interactions 2361:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 2 46 theme M. 433:434 arg1 P2 443:444 M. rubeus P2 433:444 M. rubeus P2 433:444 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 0 47 theme Mucilaginibacter 35:50 arg1 P2 59:60 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 35:60 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 35:60 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 3 48 theme elevated 606:613 arg1 concentrations 615:628 elevated concentrations 606:628 elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III) 606:666 Production of EPS increased significantly upon exposure to elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III). 34715104 12 49 theme M. 2123:2124 arg1 P2 2133:2134 M. rubeus P2 2123:2134 M. rubeus P2 2123:2134 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 9 50 from Zn 1658:1659 arg1 P2 1675:1676 strain P2 1668:1676 strain P2 1668:1676 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 4 51 theme M. 702:703 arg1 P2 712:713 M. rubeus P2 702:713 M. rubeus P2 702:713 In addition, the EPS produced by M. rubeus P2 displayed extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II). 34715104 11 52 from analysis 1943:1950 arg1 strain 1968:1973 any strain 1964:1973 any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1964:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 1 53 theme phylum 212:217 arg1 Bacteroidetes 219:231 the phylum Bacteroidetes 208:231 the phylum Bacteroidetes 208:231 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 7 54 theme polysaccharides-like 1231:1250 arg1 components 1252:1261 polysaccharides-like components 1231:1261 polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1231:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 9 55 from concentrations 1640:1653 arg1 P2 1675:1676 strain P2 1668:1676 strain P2 1668:1676 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 6 56 theme EPS-overproducing 1040:1056 arg1 bacteria 1058:1065 these EPS-overproducing bacteria 1034:1065 these EPS-overproducing bacteria 1034:1065 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 5 57 theme loid 962:965 arg1 -exposure 967:975 metal (loid)-exposure 955:975 metal (loid)-exposure 955:975 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 10 58 theme EPS 1843:1845 arg1 production 1847:1856 EPS production 1843:1856 EPS production 1843:1856 Furthermore, the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 helped us to identify 350 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, some of which are predicted to be involved in EPS production and modification. 34715104 11 59 theme detailed 1906:1913 arg1 analysis 1943:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis 1896:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1896:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 13 60 theme future 2469:2474 arg1 studies 2476:2482 future studies 2469:2482 future studies 2469:2482 The toolbox provided in this paper will provide a valuable basis for future studies. 34715104 10 61 theme M. 1715:1716 arg1 P2 1725:1726 M. rubeus P2 1715:1726 M. rubeus P2 1715:1726 Furthermore, the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 helped us to identify 350 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, some of which are predicted to be involved in EPS production and modification. 34715104 12 62 theme better 2072:2077 arg1 understanding 2079:2091 a better understanding 2070:2091 a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2070:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 3 63 theme Au 660:661 arg1 concentrations 615:628 elevated concentrations 606:628 elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III) 606:666 Production of EPS increased significantly upon exposure to elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III). 34715104 6 64 theme future 1020:1025 arg1 use 1027:1029 a future use 1018:1029 a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments 1018:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 8 65 theme Cu 1386:1387 arg1 EPS 1401:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 4 66 theme high 735:738 arg1 bio-adsorption 740:753 extremely high bio-adsorption 725:753 extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II) 725:803 In addition, the EPS produced by M. rubeus P2 displayed extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II). 34715104 5 67 dep Mucilaginibacter 834:849 arg1 rubeus 851:856 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) 834:885 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) 834:885 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 5 67 dep Mucilaginibacter 834:849 arg1 P2 858:859 P2 858:859 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) 834:885 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 12 68 theme heavy 2327:2331 arg1 soil 2352:2355 heavy metal contaminated soil 2327:2355 heavy metal contaminated soil 2327:2355 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 6 69 theme environments 1113:1124 arg1 bioremediation 1070:1083 bioremediation 1070:1083 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments 1070:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 8 70 theme -treated 1392:1399 arg1 EPS 1401:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 1 71 theme genus 171:175 arg1 Mucilaginibacter 177:192 the genus Mucilaginibacter 167:192 the genus Mucilaginibacter 167:192 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 12 72 theme waste 2283:2287 arg1 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2309:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 12 72 theme waste 2283:2287 arg1 purification 2295:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 9 73 theme C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C 1552:1567 arg1 groups 1570:1575 (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups 1551:1575 (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS 1551:1582 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 6 74 theme metal 1094:1098 arg1 environments 1113:1124 heavy metal contaminated environments 1088:1124 heavy metal contaminated environments 1088:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 3 75 theme EPS 561:563 arg1 Production 547:556 Production 547:556 Production of EPS 547:563 Production of EPS increased significantly upon exposure to elevated concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II), but not Au(III). 34715104 5 76 from production 820:829 arg1 Mucilaginibacter 834:849 Mucilaginibacter 834:849 Mucilaginibacter 834:849 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 11 77 theme heavy 2007:2011 arg1 properties 2027:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 13 78 theme valuable 2450:2457 arg1 basis 2459:2463 a valuable basis 2448:2463 a valuable basis for future studies 2448:2482 The toolbox provided in this paper will provide a valuable basis for future studies. 34715104 5 79 theme EPS 913:915 arg1 production 917:926 EPS production 913:926 EPS production 913:926 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 12 80 theme biotechnological 2234:2249 arg1 applications 2251:2262 biotechnological applications 2234:2262 biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2234:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 12 80 theme biotechnological 2234:2249 arg1 purification 2295:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 2 81 theme multiple 524:531 arg1 metals 539:544 multiple heavy metals 524:544 multiple heavy metals 524:544 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 12 82 theme industrial 2272:2281 arg1 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2309:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 12 82 theme industrial 2272:2281 arg1 purification 2295:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 7 83 from N-H/C-N 1174:1180 arg1 zone 1201:1204 the fingerprint zone 1185:1204 the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1185:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 84 theme Zn 1320:1321 arg1 binding 1338:1344 Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding 1320:1344 Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding 1320:1344 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 11 85 theme binding 2019:2025 arg1 properties 2027:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 unique heavy metal binding properties 2000:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 0 86 theme metal 82:86 arg1 bio-adsorption 94:107 efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption 72:107 efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption 72:107 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 0 87 from substances 15:24 arg1 P2 59:60 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 35:60 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 35:60 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 11 88 theme EPS 1955:1957 arg1 analysis 1943:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis 1896:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1896:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 0 89 theme loid 88:91 arg1 bio-adsorption 94:107 efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption 72:107 efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption 72:107 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 1 90 theme extracellular 323:335 arg1 substances 347:356 extracellular polymeric substances 323:356 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 323:362 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 1 90 theme extracellular 323:335 arg1 EPS 359:361 EPS 359:361 EPS 359:361 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 7 91 theme EPS 1299:1301 arg1 groups 1142:1147 The functional groups 1127:1147 The functional groups 1127:1147 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 91 theme EPS 1299:1301 arg1 components 1285:1294 the main components 1276:1294 the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal 1276:1356 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 9 92 theme increasing 1629:1638 arg1 concentrations 1640:1653 increasing concentrations 1629:1653 increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2 1629:1676 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 10 93 theme P2 1725:1726 arg1 genome 1705:1710 the complete genome 1692:1710 the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 1692:1726 Furthermore, the complete genome of M. rubeus P2 helped us to identify 350 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, some of which are predicted to be involved in EPS production and modification. 34715104 1 94 theme substances 347:356 arg1 production 309:318 the vigorous production 296:318 the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 296:362 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 2 95 theme gold-copper 463:473 arg1 mine 475:478 a gold-copper mine 461:478 a gold-copper mine 461:478 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 2 96 theme EPS 416:418 arg1 properties 402:411 properties 402:411 properties 402:411 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 2 96 theme EPS 416:418 arg1 composition 386:396 composition 386:396 composition 386:396 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 12 97 theme metal 2151:2155 arg1 environments 2166:2177 heavy metal polluted environments 2145:2177 heavy metal polluted environments 2145:2177 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 1 98 theme genome 270:275 arg1 plasticity 277:286 high genome plasticity 265:286 high genome plasticity 265:286 Strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, have been noted for exhibiting high genome plasticity and for the vigorous production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). 34715104 5 99 theme EPS 816:818 arg1 production 820:829 EPS production 816:829 EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) 816:885 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 9 100 from groups 1570:1575 arg1 EPS 1580:1582 EPS 1580:1582 EPS 1580:1582 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 2 101 theme rubeus 436:441 arg1 P2 443:444 M. rubeus P2 433:444 M. rubeus P2 433:444 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 9 102 theme strain 1668:1673 arg1 P2 1675:1676 strain P2 1668:1676 strain P2 1668:1676 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 4 103 theme rubeus 705:710 arg1 P2 712:713 M. rubeus P2 702:713 M. rubeus P2 702:713 In addition, the EPS produced by M. rubeus P2 displayed extremely high bio-adsorption of As(III), Cu(II) and Au(III), but not of Zn(II). 34715104 0 104 theme rubeus 52:57 arg1 P2 59:60 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 35:60 Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 35:60 Extrapolymeric substances (EPS) in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 displayed efficient metal(loid) bio-adsorption and production was induced by copper and zinc. 34715104 9 105 located observed 1589:1596 arg2 groups 1570:1575 (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups 1551:1575 (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS 1551:1582 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 9 105 located observed 1589:1596 arg1 contrast 1541:1548 contrast 1541:1548 contrast 1541:1548 In contrast, (C-OH/C-O-C/P-O-C) groups in EPS were observed to be positively correlated to increasing concentrations of Zn(II) in strain P2. 34715104 7 106 theme main 1280:1283 arg1 groups 1142:1147 The functional groups 1127:1147 The functional groups 1127:1147 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 106 theme main 1280:1283 arg1 components 1285:1294 the main components 1276:1294 the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal 1276:1356 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 12 107 theme interactions 2386:2397 arg1 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation 2309:2322 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions 2309:2397 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 12 107 theme interactions 2386:2397 arg1 purification 2295:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 industrial waste water purification 2272:2306 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34715104 2 108 dep composition 386:396 arg1 the 382:384 the 382:384 the 382:384 Here we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS generated by M. rubeus P2, isolated from a gold-copper mine and exhibiting extremely high resistance to multiple heavy metals. 34715104 11 109 from strain 1968:1973 arg1 EPS 1955:1957 EPS 1955:1957 EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1955:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 11 109 from strain 1968:1973 arg1 analysis 1943:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis 1896:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1896:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 8 110 theme Around 1359:1364 arg1 EPS 1401:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Cu(II)-treated EPS 1386:1403 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 8 110 theme Around 1359:1364 arg1 % 1371:1371 31.22% 1366:1371 31.22% 1366:1371 Around 31.22% and 5.74% of Cu(II)-treated EPS was shown to exist as (CO) structures and these structures were converted into C-OH and O-C-O upon exposure to Cu(II), respectively. 34715104 5 111 theme same 935:938 arg1 strain 940:945 the same strain 931:945 the same strain 931:945 Moreover, EPS production in Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 exposed to 1 mM of Cu(II) was 8.5 times higher than EPS production in the same strain without metal (loid)-exposure. 34715104 11 112 theme first 1900:1904 arg1 analysis 1943:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis 1896:1950 the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties 1896:2036 This work describes the first detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of EPS from any strain of Mucilaginibacter with unique heavy metal binding properties. 34715104 6 113 from use 1027:1029 arg1 bioremediation 1070:1083 bioremediation 1070:1083 bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments 1070:1124 These findings constitute the basis for a future use of these EPS-overproducing bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. 34715104 7 114 theme EPS 1266:1268 arg1 GSH 1222:1224 GSH 1222:1224 GSH 1222:1224 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 114 theme EPS 1266:1268 arg1 glutathione 1209:1219 glutathione 1209:1219 glutathione (GSH) 1209:1225 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 7 114 theme EPS 1266:1268 arg1 components 1252:1261 polysaccharides-like components 1231:1261 polysaccharides-like components of EPS 1231:1268 The functional groups, especially -SH, CO, and N-H/C-N in the fingerprint zone of glutathione (GSH) and polysaccharides-like components of EPS, were the main components of EPS involved in both Zn(II) and Cu(II) binding and removal. 34715104 12 115 theme rubeus 2126:2131 arg1 P2 2133:2134 M. rubeus P2 2123:2134 M. rubeus P2 2123:2134 The results will be useful for a better understanding of how microorganisms such as M. rubeus P2 adapt to heavy metal polluted environments and how this knowledge can potentially be harnessed in biotechnological applications such as industrial waste water purification, bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and beneficial plant microbe interactions. 34096062 2 0 theme GES-1 555:559 arg1 cells 561:565 GES-1 cells 555:565 GES-1 cells 555:565 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 6 1 theme indicators 1159:1168 arg1 levels 1132:1137 the levels 1128:1137 the levels of different immune indicators 1128:1168 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. 34096062 1 2 theme increasing 140:149 arg1 demand 151:156 an increasing demand 137:156 an increasing demand for health products 137:176 Nowadays, consumers have an increasing demand for health products. 34096062 7 3 theme specific 1249:1256 arg1 immunity 1258:1265 nonspecific and specific immunity 1233:1265 nonspecific and specific immunity 1233:1265 The results indicated that the oral liquid obviously enhanced nonspecific and specific immunity. 34096062 6 4 theme immune 1152:1157 arg1 indicators 1159:1168 different immune indicators 1142:1168 different immune indicators 1142:1168 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. 34096062 6 5 theme BALB/c 1103:1108 arg1 mice 1110:1113 BALB/c mice 1103:1113 BALB/c mice 1103:1113 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. 34096062 2 6 theme proliferation 530:542 arg1 ability 544:550 the proliferation ability 526:550 the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells 526:565 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 6 7 theme different 1142:1150 arg1 indicators 1159:1168 different immune indicators 1142:1168 different immune indicators 1142:1168 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. 34096062 0 8 theme gastric 96:102 arg1 mucosa 104:109 gastric mucosa 96:109 gastric mucosa 96:109 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 3 9 theme stability 657:665 arg1 test 667:670 a stability test 655:670 a stability test 655:670 In this oral liquid, the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener was selected using a stability test and sensory quality evaluation. 34096062 10 10 theme gastric 1630:1636 arg1 mucosa 1638:1643 gastric mucosa 1630:1643 gastric mucosa 1630:1643 This study provided an effective oral liquid that could enhance immunity and protect gastric mucosa. 34096062 4 11 contain had 787:789 arg1 liquid 780:785 liquid 780:785 liquid 780:785 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 4 11 contain had 787:789 arg2 stability 807:815 a good stability 800:815 not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability 791:876 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 4 11 contain had 787:789 arg2 score 846:850 the highest sensory score 826:850 not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability 791:876 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 2 12 dep developed 213:221 arg1 barbarum 318:325 barbarum 318:325 barbarum 318:325 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 2 12 dep developed 213:221 arg1 Puerariae 332:340 Puerariae 332:340 Puerariae 332:340 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 2 12 dep developed 213:221 arg1 Lycium 311:316 Lycium 311:316 Lycium 311:316 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 2 13 theme single 446:451 arg1 extract 453:459 every single extract 440:459 every single extract 440:459 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 1 14 contain have 132:135 arg1 Nowadays 112:119 Nowadays 112:119 Nowadays 112:119 Nowadays, consumers have an increasing demand for health products. 34096062 1 14 contain have 132:135 arg2 demand 151:156 an increasing demand 137:156 an increasing demand for health products 137:176 Nowadays, consumers have an increasing demand for health products. 34096062 1 14 contain have 132:135 arg1 consumers 122:130 consumers 122:130 consumers 122:130 Nowadays, consumers have an increasing demand for health products. 34096062 2 15 theme compound 231:238 arg1 extract 240:246 a compound extract 229:246 a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts 229:282 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 8 16 theme related 1417:1423 arg1 mechanisms 1425:1434 the related mechanisms 1413:1434 the related mechanisms 1413:1434 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 9 17 theme gastric 1530:1536 arg1 ulcer 1538:1542 gastric ulcer 1530:1542 gastric ulcer 1530:1542 The oral administration of the oral liquid for days significantly prevented the formation of gastric ulcer. 34096062 8 18 from effect 1350:1355 arg1 mucosa 1391:1396 the gastric mucosa 1379:1396 the gastric mucosa 1379:1396 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 9 19 theme oral 1441:1444 arg1 administration 1446:1459 The oral administration 1437:1459 The oral administration of the oral liquid for days 1437:1487 The oral administration of the oral liquid for days significantly prevented the formation of gastric ulcer. 34096062 1 20 theme health 162:167 arg1 products 169:176 health products 162:176 health products 162:176 Nowadays, consumers have an increasing demand for health products. 34096062 4 21 theme good 802:805 arg1 stability 807:815 a good stability 800:815 not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability 791:876 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 3 22 theme sensory 676:682 arg1 evaluation 692:701 sensory quality evaluation 676:701 sensory quality evaluation 676:701 In this oral liquid, the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener was selected using a stability test and sensory quality evaluation. 34096062 2 23 theme cells 561:565 arg1 capacity 489:496 the phagocytic capacity 474:496 the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages 474:520 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 2 23 theme cells 561:565 arg1 ability 544:550 the proliferation ability 526:550 the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells 526:565 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 4 24 dep % 713:713 arg1 gum 729:731 xanthan gum 721:731 xanthan gum 721:731 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 4 24 dep % 713:713 arg1 mogroside 749:757 mogroside 749:757 mogroside 749:757 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 3 25 theme quality 684:690 arg1 evaluation 692:701 sensory quality evaluation 676:701 sensory quality evaluation 676:701 In this oral liquid, the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener was selected using a stability test and sensory quality evaluation. 34096062 8 26 theme protective 1339:1348 arg1 effect 1350:1355 the protective effect 1335:1355 the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa 1335:1396 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 2 27 theme herbal 268:273 arg1 extracts 275:282 three herbal extracts 262:282 three herbal extracts 262:282 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 5 28 contain had 941:943 arg2 ingredients 964:974 various functional ingredients 945:974 various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth 945:1034 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 5 28 contain had 941:943 arg1 liquid 934:939 liquid 934:939 liquid 934:939 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 5 28 contain had 941:943 arg2 polysaccharides 986:1000 polysaccharides 986:1000 polysaccharides 986:1000 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 0 29 from effect 73:78 arg1 immunity 83:90 immunity 83:90 immunity 83:90 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 0 29 from effect 73:78 arg1 mucosa 104:109 gastric mucosa 96:109 gastric mucosa 96:109 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 2 30 theme compound 369:376 arg1 superior 428:435 superior 428:435 superior 428:435 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 2 30 theme compound 369:376 arg1 extract 378:384 the compound extract 365:384 the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) 365:422 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 0 31 theme liquid 31:36 arg1 Development 0:10 Development 0:10 Development of a compound oral liquid 0:36 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 8 32 with model 1274:1278 arg1 ulcer 1309:1313 ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1285:1313 ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1285:1313 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 2 33 theme phagocytic 478:487 arg1 capacity 489:496 the phagocytic capacity 474:496 the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages 474:520 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 5 34 theme various 945:951 arg1 polysaccharides 986:1000 polysaccharides 986:1000 polysaccharides 986:1000 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 5 34 theme various 945:951 arg1 ingredients 964:974 various functional ingredients 945:974 various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth 945:1034 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 5 35 theme chemical 883:890 arg1 analysis 904:911 The chemical composition analysis 879:911 The chemical composition analysis 879:911 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 2 36 theme extracts 414:421 arg1 combination 389:399 a combination 387:399 a combination of all three extracts 387:421 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 4 37 theme overall 856:862 arg1 acceptability 864:876 overall acceptability 856:876 overall acceptability 856:876 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 5 38 theme functional 953:962 arg1 polysaccharides 986:1000 polysaccharides 986:1000 polysaccharides 986:1000 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 5 38 theme functional 953:962 arg1 ingredients 964:974 various functional ingredients 945:974 various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth 945:1034 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 4 39 theme xanthan 721:727 arg1 gum 729:731 xanthan gum 721:731 xanthan gum 721:731 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 0 40 theme herbal 49:54 arg1 extracts 56:63 herbal extracts 49:63 herbal extracts 49:63 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 9 41 theme liquid 1473:1478 arg1 administration 1446:1459 The oral administration 1437:1459 The oral administration of the oral liquid for days 1437:1487 The oral administration of the oral liquid for days significantly prevented the formation of gastric ulcer. 34096062 0 42 from extracts 56:63 arg1 immunity 83:90 immunity 83:90 immunity 83:90 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 0 42 from extracts 56:63 arg1 mucosa 104:109 gastric mucosa 96:109 gastric mucosa 96:109 Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa. 34096062 2 43 dep extract 378:384 arg1 combination 389:399 a combination 387:399 a combination of all three extracts 387:421 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 8 44 theme gastric 1383:1389 arg1 mucosa 1391:1396 the gastric mucosa 1379:1396 the gastric mucosa 1379:1396 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 8 45 theme gastric 1301:1307 arg1 ulcer 1309:1313 ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1285:1313 ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1285:1313 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 8 46 theme ethanol-induced 1285:1299 arg1 ulcer 1309:1313 ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1285:1313 ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1285:1313 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 9 47 theme ulcer 1538:1542 arg1 formation 1517:1525 the formation 1513:1525 the formation of gastric ulcer 1513:1542 The oral administration of the oral liquid for days significantly prevented the formation of gastric ulcer. 34096062 2 48 theme macrophages 510:520 arg1 capacity 489:496 the phagocytic capacity 474:496 the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages 474:520 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 2 48 theme macrophages 510:520 arg1 ability 544:550 the proliferation ability 526:550 the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells 526:565 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 3 49 theme stabilizer 607:616 arg1 dosage 593:598 the dosage 589:598 the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener 589:634 In this oral liquid, the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener was selected using a stability test and sensory quality evaluation. 34096062 5 50 theme composition 892:902 arg1 analysis 904:911 The chemical composition analysis 879:911 The chemical composition analysis 879:911 The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. 34096062 8 51 theme rat 1270:1272 arg1 model 1274:1278 A rat model 1268:1278 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1268:1313 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 2 52 theme RAW264.7 501:508 arg1 macrophages 510:520 RAW264.7 macrophages 501:520 RAW264.7 macrophages 501:520 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 8 53 theme liquid 1369:1374 arg1 effect 1350:1355 the protective effect 1335:1355 the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa 1335:1396 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 2 54 dep Puerariae 332:340 arg1 Radix 350:354 Puerariae lobatae Radix 332:354 Puerariae lobatae Radix 332:354 In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. 34096062 4 55 theme sensory 838:844 arg1 score 846:850 the highest sensory score 826:850 not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability 791:876 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 6 56 theme liquid 1079:1084 arg1 efficacy 1058:1065 The immune-enhancing efficacy 1037:1065 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid 1037:1084 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. 34096062 6 57 theme immune-enhancing 1041:1056 arg1 efficacy 1058:1065 The immune-enhancing efficacy 1037:1065 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid 1037:1084 The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. 34096062 8 58 used used 1319:1322 arg2 model 1274:1278 A rat model 1268:1278 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer 1268:1313 A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. 34096062 4 59 theme highest 830:836 arg1 score 846:850 the highest sensory score 826:850 not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability 791:876 When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. 34096062 3 60 theme sweetener 626:634 arg1 dosage 593:598 the dosage 589:598 the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener 589:634 In this oral liquid, the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener was selected using a stability test and sensory quality evaluation. 34096062 7 61 theme nonspecific 1233:1243 arg1 immunity 1258:1265 nonspecific and specific immunity 1233:1265 nonspecific and specific immunity 1233:1265 The results indicated that the oral liquid obviously enhanced nonspecific and specific immunity. 31452158 0 0 theme Toxoplasma 102:111 arg1 gondii 113:118 Toxoplasma gondii 102:118 Toxoplasma gondii 102:118 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 2 1 link N-linked 368:375 arg1 glycans 377:383 O- and N-linked glycans 361:383 glycans 377:383 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 4 2 from oocysts 573:579 arg1 Isolation 507:515 Isolation 507:515 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts 507:579 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 4 3 theme antigen 544:550 arg1 amounts 526:532 large amounts 520:532 large amounts of native antigen 520:550 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 4 3 theme antigen 544:550 arg1 antigen 544:550 native antigen 537:550 native antigen 537:550 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 6 4 theme parasite-host 891:903 arg1 interactions 910:921 parasite-host cell interactions 891:921 parasite-host cell interactions 891:921 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 1 5 theme medical 188:194 arg1 priority 211:218 a medical and veterinary priority 186:218 a medical and veterinary priority 186:218 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 1 5 theme medical 188:194 arg1 Development 121:131 Development 121:131 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis 121:181 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 4 6 theme parvum 622:627 arg1 antigens 629:636 C. parvum antigens 619:636 C. parvum antigens 619:636 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 3 7 theme significant 402:412 arg1 challenge 414:422 a significant challenge 400:422 a significant challenge to understanding the functions of these antigens and the immune responses to them 400:504 This presents a significant challenge to understanding the functions of these antigens and the immune responses to them. 31452158 4 8 theme Cryptosporidium 557:571 arg1 oocysts 573:579 Cryptosporidium oocysts 557:579 Cryptosporidium oocysts 557:579 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 5 9 theme Cryptosporidium 703:717 arg1 antigens 732:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens 679:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii 679:760 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 4 10 theme amounts 526:532 arg1 Isolation 507:515 Isolation 507:515 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts 507:579 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 5 11 theme glycoprotein 719:730 arg1 antigens 732:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens 679:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii 679:760 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 6 12 theme recombinant 780:790 arg1 proteins 792:799 These functional recombinant proteins 763:799 These functional recombinant proteins 763:799 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 6 13 used used 808:811 arg2 proteins 792:799 These functional recombinant proteins 763:799 These functional recombinant proteins 763:799 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 4 14 theme large 520:524 arg1 amounts 526:532 large amounts 520:532 large amounts of native antigen 520:550 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 4 14 theme large 520:524 arg1 antigen 544:550 native antigen 537:550 native antigen 537:550 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 6 15 theme immune 870:875 arg1 responses 877:885 Cryptosporidium immune responses 854:885 Cryptosporidium immune responses 854:885 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 6 16 theme functional 769:778 arg1 proteins 792:799 These functional recombinant proteins 763:799 These functional recombinant proteins 763:799 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 4 17 theme native 537:542 arg1 antigen 544:550 native antigen 537:550 native antigen 537:550 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 3 18 theme antigens 464:471 arg1 responses 488:496 the immune responses 477:496 the immune responses to them 477:504 This presents a significant challenge to understanding the functions of these antigens and the immune responses to them. 31452158 3 18 theme antigens 464:471 arg1 functions 445:453 the functions 441:453 the functions of these antigens 441:471 This presents a significant challenge to understanding the functions of these antigens and the immune responses to them. 31452158 2 19 mod modified 347:354 arg1 candidates 268:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates 230:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens 230:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 19 mod modified 347:354 arg1 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 19 mod modified 347:354 arg3 glycans 377:383 O- and N-linked glycans 361:383 glycans 377:383 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 19 mod modified 347:354 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 20 theme complex 306:312 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 1 21 theme veterinary 200:209 arg1 priority 211:218 a medical and veterinary priority 186:218 a medical and veterinary priority 186:218 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 1 21 theme veterinary 200:209 arg1 Development 121:131 Development 121:131 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis 121:181 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 5 22 gly glycoprotein 719:730 arg1 glycoprotein 719:730 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens 679:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii 679:760 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 5 23 theme recombinant 679:689 arg1 antigens 732:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens 679:739 recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii 679:760 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 6 24 theme glycotopes 840:849 arg1 role 832:835 the role 828:835 the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions 828:921 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 2 25 theme O- 361:362 arg1 glycans 377:383 O- and N-linked glycans 361:383 glycans 377:383 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 6 26 theme Cryptosporidium 854:868 arg1 responses 877:885 Cryptosporidium immune responses 854:885 Cryptosporidium immune responses 854:885 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 3 27 theme immune 481:486 arg1 responses 488:496 the immune responses 477:496 the immune responses to them 477:504 This presents a significant challenge to understanding the functions of these antigens and the immune responses to them. 31452158 4 28 theme C. 619:620 arg1 antigens 629:636 C. parvum antigens 619:636 C. parvum antigens 619:636 Isolation of large amounts of native antigen from Cryptosporidium oocysts is expensive and is only feasible for C. parvum antigens. 31452158 0 29 theme Cryptosporidium 42:56 arg1 Glycoproteins 58:70 Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins 31:70 Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins 31:70 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 0 30 theme Functional 31:40 arg1 Glycoproteins 58:70 Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins 31:70 Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins 31:70 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 5 31 dep recombinant 679:689 arg1 functional 692:701 functional 692:701 functional 692:701 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 0 32 from Expression 88:97 arg1 gondii 113:118 Toxoplasma gondii 102:118 Toxoplasma gondii 102:118 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 2 33 theme vaccine 260:266 arg1 candidates 268:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates 230:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens 230:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 33 theme vaccine 260:266 arg1 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 33 theme vaccine 260:266 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 0 34 theme Glycoproteins 58:70 arg1 Purification 15:26 Purification 15:26 Purification 15:26 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 0 34 theme Glycoproteins 58:70 arg1 Production 0:9 Production 0:9 Production 0:9 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 2 35 theme putative 235:242 arg1 candidates 268:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates 230:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens 230:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 35 theme putative 235:242 arg1 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 35 theme putative 235:242 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 36 theme Cryptosporidium 244:258 arg1 candidates 268:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates 230:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens 230:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 36 theme Cryptosporidium 244:258 arg1 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 36 theme Cryptosporidium 244:258 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 1 37 theme effective 139:147 arg1 vaccine 149:155 an effective vaccine 136:155 an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis 136:181 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 5 38 theme Toxoplasma 744:753 arg1 gondii 755:760 Toxoplasma gondii 744:760 Toxoplasma gondii 744:760 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 2 39 theme many 230:233 arg1 candidates 268:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates 230:277 many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens 230:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 39 theme many 230:233 arg1 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 surface 287:293 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 39 theme many 230:233 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 2 40 theme apical 299:304 arg1 antigens 314:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 apical complex antigens 299:321 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 1 41 theme vaccine 149:155 arg1 priority 211:218 a medical and veterinary priority 186:218 a medical and veterinary priority 186:218 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 1 41 theme vaccine 149:155 arg1 Development 121:131 Development 121:131 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis 121:181 Development of an effective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a medical and veterinary priority. 31452158 2 42 theme N-linked 368:375 arg1 glycans 377:383 O- and N-linked glycans 361:383 glycans 377:383 However, many putative Cryptosporidium vaccine candidates such as surface and apical complex antigens are posttranslationally modified with O- and N-linked glycans. 31452158 6 43 from role 832:835 arg1 responses 877:885 Cryptosporidium immune responses 854:885 Cryptosporidium immune responses 854:885 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 6 43 from role 832:835 arg1 interactions 910:921 parasite-host cell interactions 891:921 parasite-host cell interactions 891:921 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 6 44 theme cell 905:908 arg1 interactions 910:921 parasite-host cell interactions 891:921 parasite-host cell interactions 891:921 These functional recombinant proteins can be used to investigate the role of glycotopes in Cryptosporidium immune responses and parasite-host cell interactions. 31452158 5 45 from antigens 732:739 arg1 gondii 755:760 Toxoplasma gondii 744:760 Toxoplasma gondii 744:760 Here, we describe a method of producing recombinant, functional Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens in Toxoplasma gondii. 31452158 0 46 theme Heterologous 75:86 arg1 Expression 88:97 Heterologous Expression 75:97 Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii 75:118 Production and Purification of Functional Cryptosporidium Glycoproteins by Heterologous Expression in Toxoplasma gondii. 34051448 3 0 theme stem 385:388 arg1 iPSC 396:399 iPSC 396:399 iPSC 396:399 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 0 theme stem 385:388 arg1 cell 390:393 pluripotent stem cell 373:393 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line 362:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 1 1 theme NGLY1 213:217 arg1 gene 219:222 the NGLY1 gene 209:222 the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1) 209:280 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 0 2 theme compound 77:84 arg1 p.L318P 122:128 p.L318P 122:128 p.L318P 122:128 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 2 theme compound 77:84 arg1 p.R390P 110:116 p.R390P 110:116 p.R390P 110:116 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 2 theme compound 77:84 arg1 mutations 99:107 compound heterozygote mutations 77:107 compound heterozygote mutations 77:107 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 3 theme heterozygous 491:502 arg1 p.R390P 515:521 p.R390P 515:521 p.R390P 515:521 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 3 theme heterozygous 491:502 arg1 mutations 504:512 compound heterozygous mutations 482:512 compound heterozygous mutations 482:512 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 3 theme heterozygous 491:502 arg1 p.L318P 527:533 p.L318P 527:533 p.L318P 527:533 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 4 4 theme NGLY1 709:713 arg1 patients 715:722 NGLY1 patients 709:722 NGLY1 patients 709:722 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 4 5 theme disease 670:676 arg1 model 678:682 a cell-based disease model 657:682 a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients 657:722 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 4 6 theme cell-based 659:668 arg1 model 678:682 a cell-based disease model 657:682 a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients 657:722 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 2 7 theme N- 337:338 arg1 glycoproteins 347:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 2 8 theme glycoproteins 347:359 arg1 deglycosylation 318:332 cytosolic deglycosylation 308:332 cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins 308:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 0 9 theme heterozygote 86:97 arg1 p.L318P 122:128 p.L318P 122:128 p.L318P 122:128 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 9 theme heterozygote 86:97 arg1 p.R390P 110:116 p.R390P 110:116 p.R390P 110:116 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 9 theme heterozygote 86:97 arg1 mutations 99:107 compound heterozygote mutations 77:107 compound heterozygote mutations 77:107 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 2 10 gly glycoproteins 347:359 arg1 glycoproteins 347:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 3 11 theme compound 482:489 arg1 p.R390P 515:521 p.R390P 515:521 p.R390P 515:521 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 11 theme compound 482:489 arg1 mutations 504:512 compound heterozygous mutations 482:512 compound heterozygous mutations 482:512 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 11 theme compound 482:489 arg1 p.L318P 527:533 p.L318P 527:533 p.L318P 527:533 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 2 12 theme linked 340:345 arg1 glycoproteins 347:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 4 13 theme drug 688:691 arg1 development 693:703 drug development 688:703 drug development 688:703 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 1 14 theme NGLY1 150:154 arg1 deficiency 156:165 NGLY1 deficiency 150:165 NGLY1 deficiency 150:165 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 1 14 theme NGLY1 150:154 arg1 disorder 177:184 a rare disorder 170:184 a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1) 170:280 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 3 15 theme cell 390:393 arg1 line 402:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line 362:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line 362:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 16 theme stem 23:26 arg1 line 33:36 pluripotent stem cell line 11:36 pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene 11:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 16 theme stem 23:26 arg1 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 17 theme pluripotent 11:21 arg1 line 33:36 pluripotent stem cell line 11:36 pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene 11:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 17 theme pluripotent 11:21 arg1 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 2 18 gly deglycosylation 318:332 arg1 glycoproteins 347:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 0 19 from patient 60:66 arg1 line 33:36 pluripotent stem cell line 11:36 pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene 11:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 19 from patient 60:66 arg1 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 4 20 theme disease 575:581 arg1 model 583:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model 554:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model 554:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 3 21 theme induced 365:371 arg1 line 402:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line 362:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line 362:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 4 22 theme disease 618:624 arg1 pathophysiology 626:640 disease pathophysiology 618:640 disease pathophysiology 618:640 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 3 23 theme NGLY1 542:546 arg1 gene 548:551 the NGLY1 gene 538:551 the NGLY1 gene 538:551 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 1 24 theme rare 172:175 arg1 deficiency 156:165 NGLY1 deficiency 150:165 NGLY1 deficiency 150:165 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 1 24 theme rare 172:175 arg1 disorder 177:184 a rare disorder 170:184 a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1) 170:280 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 0 25 theme cell 28:31 arg1 line 33:36 pluripotent stem cell line 11:36 pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene 11:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 25 theme cell 28:31 arg1 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 NCATS-CL9075 39:50 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 1 26 theme conserved 251:259 arg1 N-glycanase1 261:272 the highly conserved N-glycanase1 240:272 the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1) 240:280 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 1 26 theme conserved 251:259 arg1 NGLY1 275:279 NGLY1 275:279 NGLY1 275:279 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 3 27 theme pluripotent 373:383 arg1 iPSC 396:399 iPSC 396:399 iPSC 396:399 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 27 theme pluripotent 373:383 arg1 cell 390:393 pluripotent stem cell 373:393 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line 362:405 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 28 contain carrying 473:480 arg2 p.L318P 527:533 p.L318P 527:533 p.L318P 527:533 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 28 contain carrying 473:480 arg2 p.R390P 515:521 p.R390P 515:521 p.R390P 515:521 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 28 contain carrying 473:480 arg2 mutations 504:512 compound heterozygous mutations 482:512 compound heterozygous mutations 482:512 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 28 contain carrying 473:480 arg1 patient 465:471 a 2-year-old patient 452:471 a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene 452:551 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 1 29 from mutations 196:204 arg1 gene 219:222 the NGLY1 gene 209:222 the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1) 209:280 NGLY1 deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene which codes for the highly conserved N-glycanase1 (NGLY1). 34051448 2 30 link linked 340:345 arg1 glycoproteins 347:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 N- linked glycoproteins 337:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 3 31 theme dermal 430:435 arg1 fibroblasts 437:447 the dermal fibroblasts 426:447 the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene 426:551 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 32 from mutations 99:107 arg1 gene 144:147 the NGLY1 gene 134:147 the NGLY1 gene 134:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 33 contain carrying 68:75 arg2 mutations 99:107 compound heterozygote mutations 77:107 compound heterozygote mutations 77:107 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 33 contain carrying 68:75 arg1 patient 60:66 a patient 58:66 a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene 58:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 33 contain carrying 68:75 arg2 p.L318P 122:128 p.L318P 122:128 p.L318P 122:128 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 33 contain carrying 68:75 arg2 p.R390P 110:116 p.R390P 110:116 p.R390P 110:116 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 0 34 theme NGLY1 138:142 arg1 gene 144:147 the NGLY1 gene 134:147 the NGLY1 gene 134:147 An induced pluripotent stem cell line (NCATS-CL9075) from a patient carrying compound heterozygote mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P, in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 35 theme patient 465:471 arg1 fibroblasts 437:447 the dermal fibroblasts 426:447 the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene 426:551 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 3 36 theme 2-year-old 454:463 arg1 patient 465:471 a 2-year-old patient 452:471 a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene 452:551 An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 2-year-old patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations, p.R390P and p.L318P in the NGLY1 gene. 34051448 4 37 theme iPSC 570:573 arg1 model 583:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model 554:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model 554:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 4 38 dep resource 600:607 arg1 develop 649:655 develop 649:655 to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients 646:722 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 4 38 dep resource 600:607 arg1 study 612:616 study 612:616 to study disease pathophysiology 609:640 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 34051448 2 39 theme cytosolic 308:316 arg1 deglycosylation 318:332 cytosolic deglycosylation 308:332 cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins 308:359 This enzyme functions in cytosolic deglycosylation of N- linked glycoproteins. 34051448 4 40 theme cell-based 559:568 arg1 model 583:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model 554:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model 554:587 This cell-based iPSC disease model provides a resource to study disease pathophysiology and to develop a cell-based disease model for drug development for NGLY1 patients. 32511405 4 0 theme mild 653:656 arg1 conditions 658:667 mild conditions 653:667 mild conditions 653:667 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 3 1 theme full-length 455:465 arg1 protein 469:475 the full-length S protein 451:475 the full-length S protein 451:475 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 7 2 theme therapeutics 1329:1340 arg1 development 1301:1311 development 1301:1311 development of vaccines and therapeutics 1301:1340 These findings advance our understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 enters a host cell and may guide development of vaccines and therapeutics. 32511405 6 3 theme external 1188:1195 arg1 conditions 1197:1206 harsh external conditions 1182:1206 harsh external conditions 1182:1206 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 5 4 theme ectodomain 926:935 arg1 trimer 937:942 a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 911:942 a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 911:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 5 5 theme S 924:924 arg1 trimer 937:942 a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 911:942 a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 911:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 1 6 dep urgent 154:159 arg1 needs 161:165 needs 161:165 needs 161:165 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 7 7 theme host 1277:1280 arg1 cell 1282:1285 a host cell 1275:1285 a host cell 1275:1285 These findings advance our understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 enters a host cell and may guide development of vaccines and therapeutics. 32511405 5 8 theme trimer 937:942 arg1 structures 897:906 recently published structures 878:906 recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 878:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 1 9 theme ongoing 64:70 arg1 pandemic 133:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 5 10 theme adjacent 817:824 arg1 segment 809:815 a segment 807:815 a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 807:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 2 11 theme cell 314:317 arg1 membranes 319:327 target cell membranes 307:327 target cell membranes 307:327 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 4 12 theme cells 694:698 arg1 transition 612:621 The spontaneous structural transition 585:621 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions 585:667 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 4 12 theme cells 694:698 arg1 independent 672:682 independent 672:682 independent 672:682 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 1 13 theme SARS-CoV-2 72:81 arg1 pandemic 133:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 2 14 theme viral 353:357 arg1 infection 359:367 viral infection 353:367 viral infection 353:367 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 6 15 theme postfusion 949:958 arg1 conformation 960:971 The postfusion conformation 945:971 The postfusion conformation 945:971 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 5 16 theme different 863:871 arg1 peptide 840:846 the fusion peptide 829:846 the fusion peptide 829:846 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 2 17 theme virus 247:251 arg1 protein 232:238 The spike (S) protein 218:238 The spike (S) protein of the virus 218:251 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 1 18 theme intervention 171:182 arg1 strategies 184:193 intervention strategies 171:193 intervention strategies 171:193 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 0 19 theme conformational 9:22 arg1 states 24:29 Distinct conformational states 0:29 Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 0:43 Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 32511405 6 20 theme long 1047:1050 arg1 axis 1052:1055 its long axis 1043:1055 its long axis 1043:1055 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 5 21 from structures 897:906 arg1 different 863:871 different 863:871 different 863:871 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 1 22 theme severe 84:89 arg1 coronavirus 118:128 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 84:130 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 0 23 theme Distinct 0:7 arg1 states 24:29 Distinct conformational states 0:29 Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 0:43 Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 32511405 1 24 theme acute 91:95 arg1 coronavirus 118:128 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 84:130 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 2 25 theme key 341:343 arg1 step 345:348 the first key step 331:348 the first key step of viral infection 331:367 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 5 26 theme receptor-binding 766:781 arg1 domains 783:789 three receptor-binding domains 760:789 three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 760:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 6 27 theme harsh 1182:1186 arg1 conditions 1197:1206 harsh external conditions 1182:1206 harsh external conditions 1182:1206 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 1 28 theme respiratory 97:107 arg1 coronavirus 118:128 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 84:130 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 6 29 from involvement 1103:1113 arg1 mechanism 1120:1128 a mechanism 1118:1128 a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions 1118:1206 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 2 30 dep spike 222:226 arg1 S 229:229 S 229:229 S 229:229 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 4 31 theme target 687:692 arg1 cells 694:698 target cells 687:698 target cells 687:698 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 1 32 theme syndrome 109:116 arg1 coronavirus 118:128 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 84:130 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 2 33 theme first 335:339 arg1 step 345:348 the first key step 331:348 the first key step of viral infection 331:367 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 3 34 dep report 378:383 arg1 both 409:412 both 409:412 both 409:412 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 5 35 theme fusion 833:838 arg1 peptide 840:846 the fusion peptide 829:846 the fusion peptide 829:846 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 4 36 theme spontaneous 589:599 arg1 transition 612:621 The spontaneous structural transition 585:621 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions 585:667 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 4 36 theme spontaneous 589:599 arg1 independent 672:682 independent 672:682 independent 672:682 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 0 37 theme SARS-CoV-2 34:43 arg1 states 24:29 Distinct conformational states 0:29 Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 0:43 Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. 32511405 5 38 theme packed 738:743 arg1 structure 745:753 a tightly packed structure 728:753 a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 728:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 2 39 theme infection 359:367 arg1 step 345:348 the first key step 331:348 the first key step of viral infection 331:367 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 3 40 theme cryo-EM 389:395 arg1 structures 397:406 two cryo-EM structures 385:406 two cryo-EM structures 385:406 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 2 41 theme spike 222:226 arg1 protein 232:238 The spike (S) protein 218:238 The spike (S) protein of the virus 218:251 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 6 42 link N-linked 1020:1027 arg1 glycans 1029:1035 N-linked glycans 1020:1035 N-linked glycans 1020:1035 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 1 43 theme coronavirus 118:128 arg1 pandemic 133:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic 60:140 The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis. 32511405 3 44 theme postfusion 527:536 arg1 conformations 556:568 the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations 491:568 conformations 556:568 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 3 44 theme postfusion 527:536 arg1 resolution 544:553 3.3Å resolution 539:553 3.3Å resolution 539:553 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 2 45 theme target 307:312 arg1 membranes 319:327 target cell membranes 307:327 target cell membranes 307:327 The spike (S) protein of the virus forms a trimer and catalyzes fusion between viral and target cell membranes - the first key step of viral infection. 32511405 7 46 theme vaccines 1316:1323 arg1 development 1301:1311 development 1301:1311 development of vaccines and therapeutics 1301:1340 These findings advance our understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 enters a host cell and may guide development of vaccines and therapeutics. 32511405 4 47 theme postfusion 630:639 arg1 state 641:645 the postfusion state 626:645 the postfusion state 626:645 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 5 48 theme published 887:895 arg1 structures 897:906 recently published structures 878:906 recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 878:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 5 49 theme stabilized 913:922 arg1 trimer 937:942 a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 911:942 a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 911:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 5 50 with structure 745:753 arg1 domains 783:789 three receptor-binding domains 760:789 three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer 760:942 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 3 51 theme single 429:434 arg1 preparation 436:446 a single preparation 427:446 a single preparation of the full-length S protein 427:475 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 6 52 theme possible 1094:1101 arg1 involvement 1103:1113 possible involvement 1094:1113 possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions 1094:1206 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 5 53 theme prefusion 705:713 arg1 trimer 715:720 The prefusion trimer 701:720 The prefusion trimer 701:720 The prefusion trimer forms a tightly packed structure with three receptor-binding domains clamped down by a segment adjacent to the fusion peptide, significantly different from recently published structures of a stabilized S ectodomain trimer. 32511405 6 54 theme immune 1161:1166 arg1 responses 1168:1176 host immune responses 1156:1176 host immune responses 1156:1176 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 6 55 theme N-linked 1020:1027 arg1 glycans 1029:1035 N-linked glycans 1020:1035 N-linked glycans 1020:1035 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 3 56 theme S 467:467 arg1 protein 469:475 the full-length S protein 451:475 the full-length S protein 451:475 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 4 57 theme structural 601:610 arg1 transition 612:621 The spontaneous structural transition 585:621 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions 585:667 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 4 57 theme structural 601:610 arg1 independent 672:682 independent 672:682 independent 672:682 The spontaneous structural transition to the postfusion state under mild conditions is independent of target cells. 32511405 6 58 theme tower-like 984:993 arg1 trimer 995:1000 a rigid tower-like trimer 976:1000 a rigid tower-like trimer 976:1000 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 6 59 theme even 1069:1072 arg1 spacing 1074:1080 almost even spacing 1062:1080 almost even spacing 1062:1080 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 6 60 theme host 1156:1159 arg1 responses 1168:1176 host immune responses 1156:1176 host immune responses 1156:1176 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32511405 3 61 theme protein 469:475 arg1 preparation 436:446 a single preparation 427:446 a single preparation of the full-length S protein 427:475 Here we report two cryo-EM structures, both derived from a single preparation of the full-length S protein, representing the prefusion (3.1Å resolution) and postfusion (3.3Å resolution) conformations, respectively. 32511405 6 62 theme rigid 978:982 arg1 trimer 995:1000 a rigid tower-like trimer 976:1000 a rigid tower-like trimer 976:1000 The postfusion conformation is a rigid tower-like trimer, but decorated by N-linked glycans along its long axis with almost even spacing, suggesting possible involvement in a mechanism protecting the virus from host immune responses and harsh external conditions. 32028541 1 0 theme charged 158:164 arg1 acid 286:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 234:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]) 234:320 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 0 theme charged 158:164 arg1 labels 178:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 0 theme charged 158:164 arg1 acid 218:221 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 186:221 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) 186:228 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 7 1 theme effective 892:900 arg1 technique 922:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique 883:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH 883:937 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 1 2 theme pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic 261:284 arg1 [CBH 315:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 2 theme pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic 261:284 arg1 acid 286:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 234:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]) 234:320 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 2 theme pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic 261:284 arg1 labels 178:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 7 3 theme N-linked 973:980 arg1 analysis 989:996 N-linked glycan analysis 973:996 N-linked glycan analysis 973:996 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 1 4 theme fluorescent 166:176 arg1 acid 286:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 234:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]) 234:320 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 4 theme fluorescent 166:176 arg1 labels 178:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 4 theme fluorescent 166:176 arg1 acid 218:221 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 186:221 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) 186:228 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 4 5 theme % 587:587 arg1 reduction 565:573 reduction 565:573 reduction 565:573 This is due to reduction of almost 90% of the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol, which cannot be further labeled via reductive amination. 32028541 6 6 theme labeling 816:823 arg1 yield 825:829 The significantly higher labeling yield 791:829 The significantly higher labeling yield 791:829 The significantly higher labeling yield was also confirmed by CE/LIF measurements. 32028541 4 7 theme analyte 596:602 arg1 % 587:587 almost 90% 578:587 almost 90% of the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol 578:640 This is due to reduction of almost 90% of the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol, which cannot be further labeled via reductive amination. 32028541 4 7 theme analyte 596:602 arg1 analyte 596:602 the analyte 592:602 the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol 592:640 This is due to reduction of almost 90% of the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol, which cannot be further labeled via reductive amination. 32028541 5 8 theme ∼90 735:737 arg1 % 738:738 % 738:738 % 738:738 However, the CBH labeling provides ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements. 32028541 6 9 theme higher 809:814 arg1 yield 825:829 The significantly higher labeling yield 791:829 The significantly higher labeling yield 791:829 The significantly higher labeling yield was also confirmed by CE/LIF measurements. 32028541 1 10 theme Cascade 292:298 arg1 [CBH 315:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 10 theme Cascade 292:298 arg1 acid 286:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 234:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]) 234:320 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 5 11 theme % 738:738 arg1 yield 749:753 ∼90% reaction yield 735:753 ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements 735:788 However, the CBH labeling provides ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements. 32028541 5 12 theme reaction 740:747 arg1 yield 749:753 ∼90% reaction yield 735:753 ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements 735:788 However, the CBH labeling provides ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements. 32028541 5 13 theme LC/UV-MS 768:775 arg1 measurements 777:788 the LC/UV-MS measurements 764:788 the LC/UV-MS measurements 764:788 However, the CBH labeling provides ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements. 32028541 3 14 theme reaction 486:493 arg1 % 547:547 only ∼10% 539:547 only ∼10% 539:547 The reaction yield of APTS labeling was determined to be only ∼10%. 32028541 3 14 theme reaction 486:493 arg1 yield 495:499 The reaction yield 482:499 The reaction yield of APTS labeling 482:516 The reaction yield of APTS labeling was determined to be only ∼10%. 32028541 1 15 theme 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic 186:216 arg1 APTS 224:227 APTS 224:227 APTS 224:227 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 15 theme 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic 186:216 arg1 labels 178:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 two negatively charged fluorescent labels 143:183 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 15 theme 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic 186:216 arg1 acid 218:221 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 186:221 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) 186:228 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 16 theme Blue 300:303 arg1 [CBH 315:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 16 theme Blue 300:303 arg1 acid 286:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 234:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]) 234:320 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 7 17 theme CBH 935:937 arg1 technique 922:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique 883:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH 883:937 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 0 18 theme labeling 30:37 arg1 Comparison 0:9 Comparison 0:9 Comparison of oligosaccharide labeling 0:37 Comparison of oligosaccharide labeling employing reductive amination and hydrazone formation chemistries. 32028541 1 19 theme hydrazide 305:313 arg1 [CBH 315:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH 292:318 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 1 19 theme hydrazide 305:313 arg1 acid 286:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid 234:289 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]) 234:320 In this work, we compare labeling by two negatively charged fluorescent labels, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and 8-(2-hydrazino-2-oxoethoxy)pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (Cascade Blue hydrazide [CBH]). 32028541 3 20 theme APTS 504:507 arg1 labeling 509:516 APTS labeling 504:516 APTS labeling 504:516 The reaction yield of APTS labeling was determined to be only ∼10%. 32028541 0 21 theme oligosaccharide 14:28 arg1 labeling 30:37 oligosaccharide labeling 14:37 oligosaccharide labeling 14:37 Comparison of oligosaccharide labeling employing reductive amination and hydrazone formation chemistries. 32028541 3 22 theme labeling 509:516 arg1 % 547:547 only ∼10% 539:547 only ∼10% 539:547 The reaction yield of APTS labeling was determined to be only ∼10%. 32028541 3 22 theme labeling 509:516 arg1 yield 495:499 The reaction yield 482:499 The reaction yield of APTS labeling 482:516 The reaction yield of APTS labeling was determined to be only ∼10%. 32028541 0 23 theme reductive 49:57 arg1 amination 59:67 reductive amination 49:67 reductive amination 49:67 Comparison of oligosaccharide labeling employing reductive amination and hydrazone formation chemistries. 32028541 5 24 theme CBH 713:715 arg1 labeling 717:724 the CBH labeling 709:724 the CBH labeling 709:724 However, the CBH labeling provides ∼90% reaction yield based on the LC/UV-MS measurements. 32028541 2 25 theme CE/LIF 451:456 arg1 analysis 458:465 CE/LIF analysis 451:465 CE/LIF analysis 451:465 Effectiveness of the labeling chemistries were investigated by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and maltoheptaose followed by LC/UV-MS and CE/LIF analysis, respectively. 32028541 0 26 dep amination 59:67 arg1 chemistries 93:103 formation chemistries 83:103 formation chemistries 83:103 Comparison of oligosaccharide labeling employing reductive amination and hydrazone formation chemistries. 32028541 6 27 theme CE/LIF 853:858 arg1 measurements 860:871 CE/LIF measurements 853:871 CE/LIF measurements 853:871 The significantly higher labeling yield was also confirmed by CE/LIF measurements. 32028541 2 28 theme chemistries 353:363 arg1 Effectiveness 323:335 Effectiveness 323:335 Effectiveness of the labeling chemistries 323:363 Effectiveness of the labeling chemistries were investigated by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and maltoheptaose followed by LC/UV-MS and CE/LIF analysis, respectively. 32028541 7 29 theme glycan 982:987 arg1 analysis 989:996 N-linked glycan analysis 973:996 N-linked glycan analysis 973:996 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 2 30 theme labeling 344:351 arg1 chemistries 353:363 the labeling chemistries 340:363 the labeling chemistries 340:363 Effectiveness of the labeling chemistries were investigated by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and maltoheptaose followed by LC/UV-MS and CE/LIF analysis, respectively. 32028541 4 31 theme sodium 607:612 arg1 cyanoborohydride 614:629 sodium cyanoborohydride 607:629 sodium cyanoborohydride 607:629 This is due to reduction of almost 90% of the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol, which cannot be further labeled via reductive amination. 32028541 7 32 theme hydrazone 902:910 arg1 technique 922:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique 883:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH 883:937 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 0 33 theme formation 83:91 arg1 chemistries 93:103 formation chemistries 83:103 formation chemistries 83:103 Comparison of oligosaccharide labeling employing reductive amination and hydrazone formation chemistries. 32028541 7 34 theme formation 912:920 arg1 technique 922:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique 883:930 the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH 883:937 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 7 35 link N-linked 973:980 arg1 analysis 989:996 N-linked glycan analysis 973:996 N-linked glycan analysis 973:996 Finally, the more effective hydrazone formation technique of CBH was characterized and applied for N-linked glycan analysis by CE/LIF. 32028541 4 36 theme reductive 679:687 arg1 amination 689:697 reductive amination 679:697 reductive amination 679:697 This is due to reduction of almost 90% of the analyte by sodium cyanoborohydride to alcohol, which cannot be further labeled via reductive amination. 34778038 0 0 theme Breast 125:130 arg1 Cancer 132:137 Breast Cancer 125:137 Breast Cancer 125:137 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 Induces Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. 34778038 8 1 theme cells 1098:1102 arg1 proliferation 1054:1066 proliferation 1054:1066 proliferation 1054:1066 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 8 1 theme cells 1098:1102 arg1 invasion 1072:1079 invasion 1072:1079 invasion 1072:1079 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 5 2 theme several 731:737 arg1 RPN2 768:771 RPN2 768:771 RPN2 768:771 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 2 theme several 731:737 arg1 STT3B 780:784 STT3A STT3B 774:784 STT3A STT3B 774:784 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 2 theme several 731:737 arg1 DDOST 791:795 DDOST 791:795 DDOST 791:795 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 2 theme several 731:737 arg1 subunits 743:750 several OST subunits 731:750 several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST 731:795 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 2 theme several 731:737 arg1 RPN1 762:765 RPN1 762:765 RPN1 762:765 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 6 3 theme expression 852:861 arg1 level 863:867 The protein expression level 840:867 The protein expression level of RPN1 840:875 The protein expression level of RPN1 was also upregulated in breast cancer. 34778038 6 4 theme protein 844:850 arg1 level 863:867 The protein expression level 840:867 The protein expression level of RPN1 840:875 The protein expression level of RPN1 was also upregulated in breast cancer. 34778038 3 5 theme expression 533:542 arg1 levels 544:549 the expression levels 529:549 the expression levels of OST subunits 529:565 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 9 6 theme therapeutic 1309:1319 arg1 RPN1 1269:1272 RPN1 1269:1272 RPN1 1269:1272 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 9 6 theme therapeutic 1309:1319 arg1 target 1321:1326 a potential biomarker and therapeutic target 1283:1326 a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer 1283:1344 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 1 7 theme Oligosaccharyltransferase 179:203 arg1 complex 211:217 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex 179:217 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex 179:217 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 8 8 theme reticulum 1165:1173 arg1 stress 1175:1180 endoplasmic reticulum stress 1153:1180 endoplasmic reticulum stress 1153:1180 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 7 9 theme RPN1 937:940 arg1 expression 923:932 Higher expression 916:932 Higher expression of RPN1 916:940 Higher expression of RPN1 was correlated with worse clinical features and poorer prognosis. 34778038 4 10 from function 627:634 arg1 cancer 654:659 breast cancer 647:659 breast cancer 647:659 Then, we focused on the function of RPN1 in breast cancer and its potential mechanisms. 34778038 2 11 theme detail 387:392 arg1 role 394:397 the detail role 383:397 the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer 383:422 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 8 12 theme cancer 1091:1096 arg1 cells 1098:1102 breast cancer cells 1084:1102 breast cancer cells 1084:1102 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 1 13 link N-linked 243:250 arg1 glycosylation 252:264 the N-linked glycosylation 239:264 the N-linked glycosylation 239:264 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 3 14 theme OST 554:556 arg1 subunits 558:565 OST subunits 554:565 OST subunits 554:565 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 4 15 theme RPN1 639:642 arg1 function 627:634 the function 623:634 the function of RPN1 in breast cancer 623:659 Then, we focused on the function of RPN1 in breast cancer and its potential mechanisms. 34778038 4 15 theme RPN1 639:642 arg1 mechanisms 679:688 its potential mechanisms 665:688 its potential mechanisms 665:688 Then, we focused on the function of RPN1 in breast cancer and its potential mechanisms. 34778038 8 16 theme cell 1125:1128 arg1 apoptosis 1130:1138 cell apoptosis 1125:1138 cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress 1125:1180 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 3 17 theme subunits 558:565 arg1 prognosis 575:583 the prognosis 571:583 the prognosis of breast cancer 571:600 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 3 17 theme subunits 558:565 arg1 levels 544:549 the expression levels 529:549 the expression levels of OST subunits 529:565 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 5 18 theme breast 817:822 arg1 samples 831:837 breast cancer samples 817:837 breast cancer samples 817:837 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 0 19 theme Subunit 39:45 arg1 Ribophorin 47:56 Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 13:58 Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 13:58 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 Induces Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. 34778038 2 20 theme abnormal 304:311 arg1 glycosylation 313:325 the abnormal glycosylation 300:325 the abnormal glycosylation 300:325 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 2 20 theme abnormal 304:311 arg1 related 338:344 related 338:344 related 338:344 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 2 21 theme breast 410:415 arg1 cancer 417:422 breast cancer 410:422 breast cancer 410:422 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 0 22 theme Oligosaccharyltransferase 13:37 arg1 Ribophorin 47:56 Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 13:58 Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 13:58 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 Induces Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. 34778038 6 23 theme breast 901:906 arg1 cancer 908:913 breast cancer 901:913 breast cancer 901:913 The protein expression level of RPN1 was also upregulated in breast cancer. 34778038 9 24 from function 1220:1227 arg1 cancer 1247:1252 breast cancer 1240:1252 breast cancer 1240:1252 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 4 25 theme breast 647:652 arg1 cancer 654:659 breast cancer 647:659 breast cancer 647:659 Then, we focused on the function of RPN1 in breast cancer and its potential mechanisms. 34778038 5 26 theme OST 739:741 arg1 RPN2 768:771 RPN2 768:771 RPN2 768:771 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 26 theme OST 739:741 arg1 STT3B 780:784 STT3A STT3B 774:784 STT3A STT3B 774:784 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 26 theme OST 739:741 arg1 DDOST 791:795 DDOST 791:795 DDOST 791:795 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 26 theme OST 739:741 arg1 subunits 743:750 several OST subunits 731:750 several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST 731:795 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 5 26 theme OST 739:741 arg1 RPN1 762:765 RPN1 762:765 RPN1 762:765 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 9 27 theme biomarker 1295:1303 arg1 RPN1 1269:1272 RPN1 1269:1272 RPN1 1269:1272 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 9 27 theme biomarker 1295:1303 arg1 target 1321:1326 a potential biomarker and therapeutic target 1283:1326 a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer 1283:1344 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 9 28 dep biomarker 1295:1303 arg1 potential 1285:1293 potential 1285:1293 potential 1285:1293 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 9 29 theme breast 1240:1245 arg1 cancer 1247:1252 breast cancer 1240:1252 breast cancer 1240:1252 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 2 30 theme RPN1 402:405 arg1 role 394:397 the detail role 383:397 the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer 383:422 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 0 31 theme Ribophorin 47:56 arg1 Knockdown 0:8 Knockdown 0:8 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 0:58 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 Induces Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. 34778038 5 32 theme subunits 743:750 arg1 expression 717:726 the expression 713:726 the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST 713:795 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 8 33 dep proliferation 1054:1066 arg1 the 1050:1052 the 1050:1052 the 1050:1052 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 0 34 theme Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent 68:105 arg1 Apoptosis 112:120 Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis 68:120 Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis 68:120 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 Induces Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. 34778038 5 35 theme cancer 824:829 arg1 samples 831:837 breast cancer samples 817:837 breast cancer samples 817:837 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 8 36 theme endoplasmic 1153:1163 arg1 reticulum 1165:1173 endoplasmic reticulum 1153:1173 endoplasmic reticulum stress 1153:1180 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 7 37 theme worse 962:966 arg1 features 977:984 worse clinical features 962:984 worse clinical features 962:984 Higher expression of RPN1 was correlated with worse clinical features and poorer prognosis. 34778038 4 38 theme potential 669:677 arg1 mechanisms 679:688 its potential mechanisms 665:688 its potential mechanisms 665:688 Then, we focused on the function of RPN1 in breast cancer and its potential mechanisms. 34778038 8 39 theme RPN1 1034:1037 arg1 knockdown 1021:1029 knockdown 1021:1029 knockdown of RPN1 1021:1037 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 7 40 theme poorer 990:995 arg1 prognosis 997:1005 poorer prognosis 990:1005 poorer prognosis 990:1005 Higher expression of RPN1 was correlated with worse clinical features and poorer prognosis. 34778038 9 41 theme oncogenic 1210:1218 arg1 function 1220:1227 the oncogenic function 1206:1227 the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer 1206:1252 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 2 42 from role 394:397 arg1 cancer 417:422 breast cancer 410:422 breast cancer 410:422 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 3 43 theme public 472:477 arg1 databases 479:487 the public databases 468:487 the public databases 468:487 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 6 44 theme RPN1 872:875 arg1 level 863:867 The protein expression level 840:867 The protein expression level of RPN1 840:875 The protein expression level of RPN1 was also upregulated in breast cancer. 34778038 7 45 theme clinical 968:975 arg1 features 977:984 worse clinical features 962:984 worse clinical features 962:984 Higher expression of RPN1 was correlated with worse clinical features and poorer prognosis. 34778038 4 46 from mechanisms 679:688 arg1 cancer 654:659 breast cancer 647:659 breast cancer 647:659 Then, we focused on the function of RPN1 in breast cancer and its potential mechanisms. 34778038 9 47 theme breast 1332:1337 arg1 cancer 1339:1344 breast cancer 1332:1344 breast cancer 1332:1344 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 5 48 theme STT3A 774:778 arg1 STT3B 780:784 STT3A STT3B 774:784 STT3A STT3B 774:784 Our study showed that the expression of several OST subunits including RPN1, RPN2, STT3A STT3B, and DDOST were upregulated in breast cancer samples. 34778038 1 49 theme major 165:169 arg1 Ribophorin 140:149 Ribophorin 1 140:151 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) 140:158 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 1 49 theme major 165:169 arg1 vital 229:233 vital 229:233 vital 229:233 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 1 49 theme major 165:169 arg1 part 171:174 a major part 163:174 a major part 163:174 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 8 50 theme breast 1084:1089 arg1 cells 1098:1102 breast cancer cells 1084:1102 breast cancer cells 1084:1102 Furthermore, knockdown of RPN1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and induced cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. 34778038 9 51 theme RPN1 1232:1235 arg1 function 1220:1227 the oncogenic function 1206:1227 the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer 1206:1252 Our results identified the oncogenic function of RPN1 in breast cancer, implying that RPN1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. 34778038 3 52 theme breast 588:593 arg1 cancer 595:600 breast cancer 588:600 breast cancer 588:600 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 1 53 theme complex 211:217 arg1 Ribophorin 140:149 Ribophorin 1 140:151 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) 140:158 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 1 53 theme complex 211:217 arg1 vital 229:233 vital 229:233 vital 229:233 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 1 53 theme complex 211:217 arg1 part 171:174 a major part 163:174 a major part 163:174 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 34778038 2 54 theme cancer 375:380 arg1 development 353:363 the development 349:363 the development of breast cancer 349:380 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 0 55 theme Cell 107:110 arg1 Apoptosis 112:120 Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis 68:120 Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis 68:120 Knockdown of Oligosaccharyltransferase Subunit Ribophorin 1 Induces Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Dependent Cell Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. 34778038 3 56 theme cancer 595:600 arg1 prognosis 575:583 the prognosis 571:583 the prognosis of breast cancer 571:600 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 3 56 theme cancer 595:600 arg1 levels 544:549 the expression levels 529:549 the expression levels of OST subunits 529:565 In this study, we explored the public databases to investigate the relationship between the expression levels of OST subunits and the prognosis of breast cancer. 34778038 7 57 theme Higher 916:921 arg1 expression 923:932 Higher expression 916:932 Higher expression of RPN1 916:940 Higher expression of RPN1 was correlated with worse clinical features and poorer prognosis. 34778038 2 58 theme breast 368:373 arg1 cancer 375:380 breast cancer 368:380 breast cancer 368:380 Though it has been verified that the abnormal glycosylation is closely related to the development of breast cancer, the detail role of RPN1 in breast cancer remains unknown. 34778038 1 59 theme N-linked 243:250 arg1 glycosylation 252:264 the N-linked glycosylation 239:264 the N-linked glycosylation 239:264 Ribophorin 1 (RPN1) is a major part of Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is vital for the N-linked glycosylation. 33476498 7 0 theme various 1350:1356 arg1 concentrations 1358:1371 various concentrations 1350:1371 various concentrations 1350:1371 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 17 1 theme yeast 2630:2634 arg1 biomass 2636:2642 enriched yeast biomass 2621:2642 enriched yeast biomass 2621:2642 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 17 2 theme enriched 2621:2628 arg1 biomass 2636:2642 enriched yeast biomass 2621:2642 enriched yeast biomass 2621:2642 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 14 3 theme selenium 2247:2254 arg1 enrichment 2256:2265 selenium enrichment 2247:2265 selenium enrichment 2247:2265 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 7 4 theme growth 1285:1290 arg1 media 1292:1296 malt growth media 1280:1296 malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations 1280:1371 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 17 5 theme selenium 2612:2619 arg1 g 2652:2652 1.0 g 2648:2652 1.0 g 2648:2652 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 17 5 theme selenium 2612:2619 arg1 g 2607:2607 about 2.7 g 2597:2607 about 2.7 g of selenium 2597:2619 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 19 6 used used 2886:2889 arg2 samples 2866:2872 yeast biomass samples 2852:2872 yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life 2852:3036 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 16 7 theme chromium 2475:2482 arg1 % 2524:2524 8340 μg% 2517:2524 8340 μg% 2517:2524 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 16 7 theme chromium 2475:2482 arg1 concentration 2484:2496 The chromium concentration 2471:2496 The chromium concentration in its biomass 2471:2511 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 19 8 theme biomass 2858:2864 arg1 samples 2866:2872 yeast biomass samples 2852:2872 yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life 2852:3036 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 11 9 theme Y-581 1856:1860 arg1 strain 1862:1867 the Y-581 strain 1852:1867 the Y-581 strain 1852:1867 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 5 10 theme Industrial 825:834 arg1 strains 836:842 Industrial strains 825:842 Industrial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 825:886 Industrial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were used: RCAM 01137, Y-3439 and Y-581. 33476498 7 11 theme chromium 1309:1316 arg1 chloride 1318:1325 chromium chloride 1309:1325 chromium chloride 1309:1325 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 9 12 theme trace 1553:1557 arg1 elements 1559:1566 trace elements 1553:1566 trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium 1553:1606 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 1 13 theme mineral 160:166 arg1 substances 168:177 mineral substances 160:177 mineral substances 160:177 It is known, that Saccharomycetes can accumulate mineral substances with targeted enrichment of the growth medium. 33476498 9 14 from elements 1559:1566 arg1 biomass 1577:1583 yeast biomass 1571:1583 yeast biomass enriched with chromium 1571:1606 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 12 15 theme S. 1941:1942 arg1 01137 1960:1964 the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1931:1964 the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1931:1964 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 19 16 theme maintaining 2968:2978 arg1 health 2986:2991 the maintaining human health 2964:2991 the maintaining human health 2964:2991 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 2 17 theme affiliation 264:274 arg1 influence 239:247 the influence 235:247 the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content 235:507 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 18 theme cerevisiae 2765:2774 arg1 cells 2776:2780 S. cerevisiae cells 2762:2780 S. cerevisiae cells 2762:2780 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 13 19 theme high 2085:2088 arg1 synthesis 2090:2098 high synthesis 2085:2098 high synthesis of ergosterol 2085:2112 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 16 20 theme 8340 2517:2520 arg1 % 2524:2524 8340 μg% 2517:2524 8340 μg% 2517:2524 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 16 20 theme 8340 2517:2520 arg1 concentration 2484:2496 The chromium concentration 2471:2496 The chromium concentration in its biomass 2471:2511 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 12 21 theme RCAM 1955:1958 arg1 01137 1960:1964 the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1931:1964 the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1931:1964 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 14 22 theme 800 2374:2376 arg1 μg/dm3 2378:2383 800 μg/dm3 2374:2383 800 μg/dm3 2374:2383 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 11 23 theme highest 1811:1817 arg1 level 1819:1823 the highest level 1807:1823 the highest level of maltase activity 1807:1843 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 7 24 contain containing 1298:1307 arg2 dioxide 1339:1345 selenium dioxide 1330:1345 selenium dioxide 1330:1345 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 7 24 contain containing 1298:1307 arg2 chloride 1318:1325 chromium chloride 1309:1325 chromium chloride 1309:1325 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 7 24 contain containing 1298:1307 arg1 media 1292:1296 malt growth media 1280:1296 malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations 1280:1371 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 17 25 theme daily 2691:2695 arg1 requirement 2697:2707 the daily requirement 2687:2707 the daily requirement for these trace elements 2687:2732 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 14 26 dep S. 2185:2186 arg1 cerevisiae 2188:2197 cerevisiae 2188:2197 cerevisiae 2188:2197 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 2 27 dep culture 283:289 arg1 the 279:281 the 279:281 the 279:281 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 28 theme life 3033:3036 arg1 duration 3021:3028 duration 3021:3028 duration 3021:3028 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 19 28 theme life 3033:3036 arg1 quality 3009:3015 quality 3009:3015 quality 3009:3015 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 9 29 with method 1642:1647 arg1 plasma 1674:1679 inductively coupled plasma 1654:1679 inductively coupled plasma 1654:1679 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 17 30 theme enriched 2663:2670 arg1 chromium 2654:2661 chromium enriched one 2654:2674 chromium enriched one 2654:2674 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 6 31 theme °C 1084:1085 arg1 temperature 1066:1076 a temperature 1064:1076 a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1064:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 15 32 theme chromium 2452:2459 arg1 sorption 2461:2468 chromium sorption 2452:2468 chromium sorption 2452:2468 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain showed the highest capability to chromium sorption. 33476498 11 33 theme activity 1836:1843 arg1 level 1819:1823 the highest level 1807:1823 the highest level of maltase activity 1807:1843 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 9 34 theme spectrometric 1628:1640 arg1 method 1642:1647 mass spectrometric method 1623:1647 mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma 1623:1679 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 13 35 dep S. 2047:2048 arg1 cerevisiae 2050:2059 cerevisiae 2050:2059 cerevisiae 2050:2059 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 12 36 theme biomass 1902:1908 arg1 biomass 1902:1908 biomass 1902:1908 biomass 1902:1908 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 12 36 theme biomass 1902:1908 arg1 amount 1892:1897 the amount 1888:1897 the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 1888:1975 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 12 36 theme biomass 1902:1908 arg1 cm3 1999:2001 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3 1981:2001 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3 1981:2001 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 3 37 theme element 782:788 arg1 composition 790:800 their trace element composition 770:800 their trace element composition 770:800 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 0 38 theme food 56:59 arg1 ingredients 61:71 food ingredients 56:71 food ingredients 56:71 [Promising races of baker's yeast for the production of food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium]. 33476498 13 39 theme capability 2071:2080 arg1 higher 2158:2163 higher 2158:2163 higher 2158:2163 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 13 39 theme capability 2071:2080 arg1 level 2132:2136 the level 2128:2136 the level 2128:2136 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 2 40 theme components 490:499 arg1 content 501:507 theirs intracellular components content 469:507 theirs intracellular components content 469:507 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 41 theme theirs 469:474 arg1 content 501:507 theirs intracellular components content 469:507 theirs intracellular components content 469:507 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 8 42 theme protein 1384:1390 arg1 content 1392:1398 The total protein content 1374:1398 The total protein content 1374:1398 The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, polysaccharides and ergosterol - by spectrofluorometric method, selenium - by fluorimetric method. 33476498 2 43 theme growth 358:363 arg1 media 365:369 growth media 358:369 growth media 358:369 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 44 dep quality 3009:3015 arg1 the 3005:3007 the 3005:3007 the 3005:3007 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 13 45 contain had 2067:2069 arg2 % 2124:2124 1.08±0.04% 2115:2124 1.08±0.04% 2115:2124 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 13 45 contain had 2067:2069 arg2 capability 2071:2080 capability 2071:2080 capability 2071:2080 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 13 45 contain had 2067:2069 arg1 Y-581 2061:2065 the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 2037:2065 the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 2037:2065 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 6 46 theme matter 979:984 arg1 content 986:992 a dry matter content 973:992 a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 973:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 2 47 theme elements 408:415 arg1 incorporation 417:429 essential trace elements incorporation 392:429 essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass 392:446 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 5 48 dep yeast 855:859 arg1 cerevisiae 876:885 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 862:885 baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 847:886 Industrial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were used: RCAM 01137, Y-3439 and Y-581. 33476498 6 49 from temperature 1066:1076 arg1 salts 1030:1034 mineral salts 1022:1034 mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1022:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 6 49 from temperature 1066:1076 arg1 conditions 1050:1059 stationary conditions 1039:1059 stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1039:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 11 50 theme yeast 1766:1770 arg1 strains 1772:1778 the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 1762:1800 the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 1762:1800 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 0 51 theme [Promising 0:9 arg1 races 11:15 [Promising races 0:15 [Promising races of baker's yeast for the production of food ingredients 0:71 [Promising races of baker's yeast for the production of food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium]. 33476498 2 52 theme essential 392:400 arg1 elements 408:415 essential trace elements 392:415 essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass 392:446 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 6 53 from salts 1030:1034 arg1 conditions 1050:1059 stationary conditions 1039:1059 stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1039:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 6 53 from salts 1030:1034 arg1 temperature 1066:1076 a temperature 1064:1076 a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1064:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 13 54 theme yeast 2041:2045 arg1 Y-581 2061:2065 the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 2037:2065 the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 2037:2065 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 8 55 theme Kjeldahl 1422:1429 arg1 method 1431:1436 the Kjeldahl method 1418:1436 the Kjeldahl method 1418:1436 The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, polysaccharides and ergosterol - by spectrofluorometric method, selenium - by fluorimetric method. 33476498 11 56 dep strains 1772:1778 arg1 Y-3439 1795:1800 Y-3439 1795:1800 Y-3439 1795:1800 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 11 56 dep strains 1772:1778 arg1 01137 1785:1789 RCAM 01137 1780:1789 RCAM 01137 1780:1789 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 2 57 theme factors 313:319 arg1 composition 343:353 the composition 339:353 the composition of growth media 339:369 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 57 theme factors 313:319 arg1 affiliation 264:274 the genetic affiliation 252:274 the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains 252:336 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 15 58 dep S. 2386:2387 arg1 cerevisiae 2389:2398 cerevisiae 2389:2398 cerevisiae 2389:2398 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain showed the highest capability to chromium sorption. 33476498 11 59 theme growth 1730:1735 arg1 rate 1737:1740 the highest specific growth rate 1709:1740 the highest specific growth rate 1709:1740 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 13 60 theme other 2170:2174 arg1 strains 2176:2182 other strains 2170:2182 other strains 2170:2182 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 3 61 theme cerevisiae 631:640 arg1 races 602:606 promising races 592:606 promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 592:640 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 14 62 theme RCAM 2199:2202 arg1 yeast 2210:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast 2185:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast 2185:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 11 63 theme highest 1713:1719 arg1 rate 1737:1740 the highest specific growth rate 1709:1740 the highest specific growth rate 1709:1740 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 8 64 theme fluorimetric 1517:1528 arg1 method 1530:1535 fluorimetric method 1517:1535 fluorimetric method 1517:1535 The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, polysaccharides and ergosterol - by spectrofluorometric method, selenium - by fluorimetric method. 33476498 3 65 theme yeast 611:615 arg1 cerevisiae 631:640 yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 611:640 yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 611:640 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 14 66 theme S. 2185:2186 arg1 yeast 2210:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast 2185:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast 2185:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 17 67 theme g 2607:2607 arg1 usage 2588:2592 The usage 2584:2592 The usage 2584:2592 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 1 68 theme growth 211:216 arg1 medium 218:223 the growth medium 207:223 the growth medium 207:223 It is known, that Saccharomycetes can accumulate mineral substances with targeted enrichment of the growth medium. 33476498 6 69 theme % 999:999 arg1 content 986:992 a dry matter content 973:992 a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 973:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 8 70 theme spectrofluorometric 1475:1493 arg1 selenium 1503:1510 selenium 1503:1510 selenium 1503:1510 The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, polysaccharides and ergosterol - by spectrofluorometric method, selenium - by fluorimetric method. 33476498 8 70 theme spectrofluorometric 1475:1493 arg1 method 1495:1500 spectrofluorometric method 1475:1500 spectrofluorometric method 1475:1500 The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, polysaccharides and ergosterol - by spectrofluorometric method, selenium - by fluorimetric method. 33476498 3 71 theme biotechnological 653:668 arg1 method 670:675 a biotechnological method 651:675 a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis 651:757 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 15 72 theme highest 2430:2436 arg1 capability 2438:2447 the highest capability 2426:2447 the highest capability to chromium sorption 2426:2468 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain showed the highest capability to chromium sorption. 33476498 6 73 with % 999:999 arg1 addition 1010:1017 the addition 1006:1017 the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1006:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 2 74 theme yeast 324:328 arg1 strains 330:336 yeast strains 324:336 yeast strains 324:336 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 7 75 theme selenium 1330:1337 arg1 dioxide 1339:1345 selenium dioxide 1330:1345 selenium dioxide 1330:1345 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 2 76 theme genetic 256:262 arg1 composition 343:353 the composition 339:353 the composition of growth media 339:369 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 76 theme genetic 256:262 arg1 affiliation 264:274 the genetic affiliation 252:274 the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains 252:336 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 77 theme growth 2785:2790 arg1 media 2792:2796 growth media 2785:2796 growth media containing trace elements 2785:2822 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 3 78 theme food 691:694 arg1 ingredients 696:706 food ingredients 691:706 food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis 691:757 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 15 79 theme Y-581 2400:2404 arg1 strain 2412:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain 2386:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain 2386:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain showed the highest capability to chromium sorption. 33476498 14 80 theme greatest 2227:2234 arg1 ability 2236:2242 the greatest ability 2223:2242 the greatest ability 2223:2242 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 7 81 theme malt 1280:1283 arg1 media 1292:1296 malt growth media 1280:1296 malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations 1280:1371 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 12 82 theme 01137 1960:1964 arg1 cultivation 1916:1926 cultivation 1916:1926 cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1916:1964 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 12 82 theme 01137 1960:1964 arg1 Y-3439 1970:1975 Y-3439 1970:1975 Y-3439 1970:1975 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 6 83 theme yeast 1113:1117 arg1 biomass 1119:1125 the yeast biomass 1109:1125 the yeast biomass 1109:1125 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 2 84 theme culture 283:289 arg1 composition 343:353 the composition 339:353 the composition of growth media 339:369 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 84 theme culture 283:289 arg1 affiliation 264:274 the genetic affiliation 252:274 the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains 252:336 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 15 85 theme S. 2386:2387 arg1 strain 2412:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain 2386:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain 2386:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain showed the highest capability to chromium sorption. 33476498 19 86 contain containing 2798:2807 arg2 elements 2815:2822 trace elements 2809:2822 trace elements 2809:2822 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 19 86 contain containing 2798:2807 arg1 media 2792:2796 growth media 2785:2796 growth media containing trace elements 2785:2822 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 9 87 theme elements 1559:1566 arg1 content 1542:1548 The content 1538:1548 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium 1538:1606 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 6 88 theme stationary 1039:1048 arg1 conditions 1050:1059 stationary conditions 1039:1059 stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1039:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 19 89 theme yeast 2852:2856 arg1 samples 2866:2872 yeast biomass samples 2852:2872 yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life 2852:3036 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 13 90 theme ergosterol 2103:2112 arg1 synthesis 2090:2098 high synthesis 2085:2098 high synthesis of ergosterol 2085:2112 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 9 91 from content 1542:1548 arg1 biomass 1577:1583 yeast biomass 1571:1583 yeast biomass enriched with chromium 1571:1606 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 9 92 theme yeast 1571:1575 arg1 biomass 1577:1583 yeast biomass 1571:1583 yeast biomass enriched with chromium 1571:1606 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 6 93 theme salts 1030:1034 arg1 addition 1010:1017 the addition 1006:1017 the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1006:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 12 94 theme yeast 1935:1939 arg1 01137 1960:1964 the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1931:1964 the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 1931:1964 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 19 95 theme human 2980:2984 arg1 health 2986:2991 the maintaining human health 2964:2991 the maintaining human health 2964:2991 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 1 96 theme targeted 184:191 arg1 enrichment 193:202 targeted enrichment 184:202 targeted enrichment of the growth medium 184:223 It is known, that Saccharomycetes can accumulate mineral substances with targeted enrichment of the growth medium. 33476498 2 97 theme content 501:507 arg1 change 459:464 the change 455:464 the change of theirs intracellular components content 455:507 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 16 98 contain containing 2561:2570 arg1 medium 2554:2559 a medium 2552:2559 a medium containing 750 μg/dm3 2552:2581 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 16 98 contain containing 2561:2570 arg2 μg/dm3 2576:2581 750 μg/dm3 2572:2581 750 μg/dm3 2572:2581 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 3 99 theme work 573:576 arg1 aims 560:563 the aims 556:563 the aims of this work 556:576 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 13 100 theme synthesis 2090:2098 arg1 capability 2071:2080 capability 2071:2080 capability 2071:2080 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 13 100 theme synthesis 2090:2098 arg1 % 2124:2124 1.08±0.04% 2115:2124 1.08±0.04% 2115:2124 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 2 101 from influence 239:247 arg1 change 459:464 the change 455:464 the change of theirs intracellular components content 455:507 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 101 from influence 239:247 arg1 efficiency 378:387 the efficiency 374:387 the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass 374:446 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 102 theme cells 2776:2780 arg1 Cultivation 2747:2757 Cultivation 2747:2757 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements 2747:2822 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 11 103 theme maltase 1828:1834 arg1 activity 1836:1843 maltase activity 1828:1843 maltase activity 1828:1843 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 6 104 theme malt 949:952 arg1 pH 960:961 pH 4.6 960:965 pH 4.6 960:965 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 6 104 theme malt 949:952 arg1 wort 954:957 malt wort 949:957 malt wort (pH 4.6) 949:966 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 9 105 theme mass 1623:1626 arg1 method 1642:1647 mass spectrometric method 1623:1647 mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma 1623:1679 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 14 106 contain containing 2363:2372 arg1 medium 2356:2361 a medium 2354:2361 a medium containing 800 μg/dm3 2354:2383 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 14 106 contain containing 2363:2372 arg2 μg/dm3 2378:2383 800 μg/dm3 2374:2383 800 μg/dm3 2374:2383 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 19 107 theme food 2901:2904 arg1 ingredients 2906:2916 food ingredients 2901:2916 food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life 2901:3036 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 0 108 theme ingredients 61:71 arg1 production 42:51 the production 38:51 the production of food ingredients 38:71 [Promising races of baker's yeast for the production of food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium]. 33476498 16 109 from concentration 2484:2496 arg1 biomass 2505:2511 its biomass 2501:2511 its biomass 2501:2511 The chromium concentration in its biomass was 8340 μg% in case of cultivating on a medium containing 750 μg/dm3. 33476498 9 110 from biomass 1577:1583 arg1 content 1542:1548 The content 1538:1548 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium 1538:1606 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 8 111 theme total 1378:1382 arg1 content 1392:1398 The total protein content 1374:1398 The total protein content 1374:1398 The total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, polysaccharides and ergosterol - by spectrofluorometric method, selenium - by fluorimetric method. 33476498 14 112 theme 2740 2326:2329 arg1 % 2333:2333 2740 μg% 2326:2333 2740 μg% 2326:2333 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 2 113 theme intracellular 476:488 arg1 content 501:507 theirs intracellular components content 469:507 theirs intracellular components content 469:507 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 114 theme food 2931:2934 arg1 products 2936:2943 food products 2931:2943 food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life 2931:3036 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 3 115 theme trace 776:780 arg1 composition 790:800 their trace element composition 770:800 their trace element composition 770:800 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 15 116 theme yeast 2406:2410 arg1 strain 2412:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain 2386:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain 2386:2417 S. cerevisiae Y-581 yeast strain showed the highest capability to chromium sorption. 33476498 7 117 theme trace 1194:1198 arg1 elements 1200:1207 trace elements 1194:1207 trace elements 1194:1207 A method for enriching yeast with trace elements has been selected, which consists in the process of culturing cells on malt growth media containing chromium chloride or selenium dioxide in various concentrations. 33476498 9 118 theme coupled 1666:1672 arg1 plasma 1674:1679 inductively coupled plasma 1654:1679 inductively coupled plasma 1654:1679 The content of trace elements in yeast biomass enriched with chromium was studied by mass spectrometric method with inductively coupled plasma. 33476498 17 119 theme trace 2719:2723 arg1 elements 2725:2732 these trace elements 2713:2732 these trace elements 2713:2732 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 6 120 theme dry 975:977 arg1 content 986:992 a dry matter content 973:992 a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 973:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 2 121 theme trace 402:406 arg1 elements 408:415 essential trace elements 392:415 essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass 392:446 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 5 122 used used 893:896 arg2 strains 836:842 Industrial strains 825:842 Industrial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 825:886 Industrial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were used: RCAM 01137, Y-3439 and Y-581. 33476498 17 123 dep g 2607:2607 arg1 chromium 2654:2661 chromium enriched one 2654:2674 chromium enriched one 2654:2674 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 17 123 dep g 2607:2607 arg1 biomass 2636:2642 enriched yeast biomass 2621:2642 enriched yeast biomass 2621:2642 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 3 124 theme promising 592:600 arg1 races 602:606 promising races 592:606 promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 592:640 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 6 125 from conditions 1050:1059 arg1 addition 1010:1017 the addition 1006:1017 the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1006:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 17 126 theme g 2652:2652 arg1 usage 2588:2592 The usage 2584:2592 The usage 2584:2592 The usage of about 2.7 g of selenium enriched yeast biomass, or 1.0 g chromium enriched one, satisfies the daily requirement for these trace elements. 33476498 13 127 theme S. 2047:2048 arg1 Y-581 2061:2065 the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 2037:2065 the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 2037:2065 It was noted, that the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-581 had capability of high synthesis of ergosterol (1.08±0.04%), the level of which was 2 fold higher than other strains. 33476498 11 128 theme RCAM 1780:1783 arg1 01137 1785:1789 RCAM 01137 1780:1789 RCAM 01137 1780:1789 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 6 129 from addition 1010:1017 arg1 conditions 1050:1059 stationary conditions 1039:1059 stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1039:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 2 130 theme media 365:369 arg1 composition 343:353 the composition 339:353 the composition of growth media 339:369 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 130 theme media 365:369 arg1 affiliation 264:274 the genetic affiliation 252:274 the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains 252:336 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 12 131 dep S. 1941:1942 arg1 cerevisiae 1944:1953 cerevisiae 1944:1953 cerevisiae 1944:1953 It was found that the amount of biomass after cultivation of the yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 and Y-3439 was 6.00 и 5.42 g/100 cm3, respectively. 33476498 6 132 theme mineral 1022:1028 arg1 salts 1030:1034 mineral salts 1022:1034 mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation 1022:1157 Yeast were grown on malt wort (pH 4.6) with a dry matter content of 12% with the addition of mineral salts in stationary conditions at a temperature of 30 °C for 18 h, after which the yeast biomass was separated by centrifugation. 33476498 2 133 theme incorporation 417:429 arg1 efficiency 378:387 the efficiency 374:387 the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass 374:446 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 14 134 from content 2272:2278 arg1 biomass 2283:2289 biomass 2283:2289 biomass 2283:2289 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 3 135 theme Saccharomyces 617:629 arg1 cerevisiae 631:640 yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 611:640 yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 611:640 In this regard, the aims of this work was to select promising races of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, develop a biotechnological method for obtaining food ingredients enriched with selenium and chromium on their basis, and study their trace element composition. 33476498 14 136 theme 01137 2204:2208 arg1 yeast 2210:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast 2185:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast 2185:2214 S. cerevisiae RCAM 01137 yeast showed the greatest ability to selenium enrichment, its content in biomass increased 137 fold and amounted to 2740 μg% when cultivated on a medium containing 800 μg/dm3. 33476498 2 137 theme technological 299:311 arg1 factors 313:319 the technological factors 295:319 the technological factors 295:319 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 19 138 theme trace 2809:2813 arg1 elements 2815:2822 trace elements 2809:2822 trace elements 2809:2822 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 11 139 theme specific 1721:1728 arg1 rate 1737:1740 the highest specific growth rate 1709:1740 the highest specific growth rate 1709:1740 It was shown that the highest specific growth rate was demonstrated by the yeast strains RCAM 01137 and Y-3439, and the highest level of maltase activity was in the Y-581 strain. 33476498 19 140 from Cultivation 2747:2757 arg1 media 2792:2796 growth media 2785:2796 growth media containing trace elements 2785:2822 Cultivation of S. cerevisiae cells on growth media containing trace elements makes it possible to obtain yeast biomass samples that can be used to obtain food ingredients for creating food products that contribute to the maintaining human health and improve the quality and duration of life. 33476498 2 141 theme strains 330:336 arg1 factors 313:319 the technological factors 295:319 the technological factors 295:319 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 2 141 theme strains 330:336 arg1 culture 283:289 culture 283:289 culture 283:289 However, the influence of the genetic affiliation of the culture and the technological factors of yeast strains, the composition of growth media on the efficiency of essential trace elements incorporation into the biomass and on the change of theirs intracellular components content have hardly been investigated. 33476498 1 142 theme medium 218:223 arg1 enrichment 193:202 targeted enrichment 184:202 targeted enrichment of the growth medium 184:223 It is known, that Saccharomycetes can accumulate mineral substances with targeted enrichment of the growth medium. 34575721 0 0 theme subspecies 100:109 arg1 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction 0:9 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 0 0 theme subspecies 100:109 arg1 Characterisation 23:38 Structural Characterisation 12:38 Structural Characterisation 12:38 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 0 0 theme subspecies 100:109 arg1 Properties 62:71 Immunomodulatory Properties 45:71 Immunomodulatory Properties 45:71 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 0 1 theme Food 190:193 arg1 Polysaccharide 146:159 Mucilage Polysaccharide 137:159 Mucilage Polysaccharide 137:159 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 0 1 theme Food 190:193 arg1 Potential 166:174 a Potential 164:174 a Potential of Functional Food 164:193 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 6 2 theme nitric 988:993 arg1 oxide 995:999 nitric oxide 988:999 nitric oxide 988:999 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 0 3 theme Amanitahemibapha 83:98 arg1 subspecies 100:109 Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies 76:109 Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies 76:109 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 1 4 dep subspecies 280:289 arg1 javanica 291:298 javanica 291:298 Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 262:315 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 0 5 theme Functional 179:188 arg1 Food 190:193 Functional Food 179:193 Functional Food 179:193 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 8 6 dep javanica 1367:1374 arg1 Corner 1377:1382 Corner 1377:1382 Corner 1377:1382 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 6 dep javanica 1367:1374 arg1 Bas 1388:1390 Bas 1388:1390 Bas 1388:1390 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 7 theme functional 1456:1465 arg1 ingredient 1467:1476 a functional ingredient 1454:1476 a functional ingredient in food products 1454:1493 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 7 theme functional 1456:1465 arg1 they 1434:1437 they 1434:1437 they 1434:1437 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 1 8 dep javanica 291:298 arg1 Bas 312:314 Bas 312:314 Bas 312:314 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 8 dep javanica 291:298 arg1 Corner 301:306 Corner 301:306 Corner 301:306 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 8 9 used used 1446:1449 arg2 ingredient 1467:1476 a functional ingredient 1454:1476 a functional ingredient in food products 1454:1493 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 9 used used 1446:1449 arg2 they 1434:1437 they 1434:1437 they 1434:1437 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 1 10 theme Amanita 262:268 arg1 subspecies 280:289 Amanita hemibapha subspecies 262:289 Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 262:315 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 11 theme hemibapha 270:278 arg1 subspecies 280:289 Amanita hemibapha subspecies 262:289 Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 262:315 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 12 theme anion-exchange 353:366 arg1 chromatography 368:381 anion-exchange chromatography 353:381 anion-exchange chromatography 353:381 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 4 13 theme crude 765:769 arg1 extract 771:777 the crude extract 761:777 the crude extract 761:777 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 7 14 theme extract 1199:1205 arg1 fraction 1207:1214 the most immunestimulating extract fraction 1172:1214 the most immunestimulating extract fraction 1172:1214 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 7 15 theme fraction 1207:1214 arg1 MPF2 1217:1220 MPF2 1217:1220 MPF2 1217:1220 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 7 15 theme fraction 1207:1214 arg1 analysis 1160:1167 Structural analysis 1149:1167 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction 1149:1214 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 0 16 theme Immunomodulatory 45:60 arg1 Properties 62:71 Immunomodulatory Properties 45:71 Immunomodulatory Properties 45:71 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 6 17 theme surface 1135:1141 arg1 TLR4 1143:1146 cell surface TLR4 1130:1146 cell surface TLR4 1130:1146 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 0 18 dep javanica 111:118 arg1 Bas 132:134 Bas 132:134 Bas 132:134 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 0 18 dep javanica 111:118 arg1 Corner 121:126 Corner 121:126 Corner 121:126 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 1 19 from subspecies 280:289 arg1 MP 253:254 MP 253:254 MP 253:254 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 19 from subspecies 280:289 arg1 polysaccharides 236:250 extract mucilage polysaccharides 219:250 extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 219:315 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 6 20 theme B 1062:1062 arg1 activation 1027:1036 the activation 1023:1036 the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4 1023:1146 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 4 21 theme range 804:808 arg1 g/mol 828:832 the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol 800:832 the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol 800:832 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 6 22 theme RAW264.7 962:969 arg1 cells 971:975 the RAW264.7 cells 958:975 the RAW264.7 cells 958:975 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 2 23 theme crude 428:432 arg1 extract 434:440 The crude extract 424:440 The crude extract 424:440 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 4 24 theme extract 771:777 arg1 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 4 24 theme extract 771:777 arg1 weight 746:751 The average molecular weight 724:751 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions 724:791 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 5 25 theme crude 854:858 arg1 extract 860:866 the crude extract 850:866 the crude extract 850:866 Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. 34575721 7 26 theme main 1241:1244 arg1 backbone 1246:1253 the main backbone 1237:1253 the main backbone 1237:1253 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 2 27 theme sulphates 553:561 arg1 sulphates 553:561 sulphates 553:561 sulphates (1.40-9.30%) 553:574 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 27 theme sulphates 553:561 arg1 % 573:573 1.40-9.30% 564:573 1.40-9.30% 564:573 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 27 theme sulphates 553:561 arg1 proteins 526:533 proteins 526:533 proteins (5.40-7.20%) 526:546 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 27 theme sulphates 553:561 arg1 % 545:545 5.40-7.20% 536:545 5.40-7.20% 536:545 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 27 theme sulphates 553:561 arg1 amounts 515:521 minor amounts 509:521 minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%) 509:574 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 6 28 theme mitogen-activated 1077:1093 arg1 MAPK 1111:1114 MAPK 1111:1114 MAPK 1111:1114 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 6 28 theme mitogen-activated 1077:1093 arg1 kinase 1103:1108 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1077:1108 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 1077:1124 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 2 29 theme proteins 526:533 arg1 sulphates 553:561 sulphates 553:561 sulphates (1.40-9.30%) 553:574 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 29 theme proteins 526:533 arg1 % 573:573 1.40-9.30% 564:573 1.40-9.30% 564:573 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 29 theme proteins 526:533 arg1 proteins 526:533 proteins 526:533 proteins (5.40-7.20%) 526:546 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 29 theme proteins 526:533 arg1 % 545:545 5.40-7.20% 536:545 5.40-7.20% 536:545 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 29 theme proteins 526:533 arg1 amounts 515:521 minor amounts 509:521 minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%) 509:574 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 4 30 theme fractions 783:791 arg1 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 4 30 theme fractions 783:791 arg1 weight 746:751 The average molecular weight 724:751 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions 724:791 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 7 31 theme immunestimulating 1181:1197 arg1 fraction 1207:1214 the most immunestimulating extract fraction 1172:1214 the most immunestimulating extract fraction 1172:1214 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 0 32 theme Structural 12:21 arg1 Characterisation 23:38 Structural Characterisation 12:38 Structural Characterisation 12:38 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 7 33 theme 1→6 1273:1275 arg1 -glucopyranoside 1277:1292 α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside 1268:1292 α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside 1268:1292 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 6 34 theme factor-kappa 1049:1060 arg1 NF-κB 1065:1069 NF-κB 1065:1069 NF-κB 1065:1069 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 6 34 theme factor-kappa 1049:1060 arg1 B 1062:1062 nuclear factor-kappa B 1041:1062 nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) 1041:1070 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 3 35 theme monosaccharide 598:611 arg1 composition 613:623 the monosaccharide composition 594:623 the monosaccharide composition 594:623 Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. 34575721 6 36 theme pathways 1117:1124 arg1 activation 1027:1036 the activation 1023:1036 the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4 1023:1146 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 2 37 theme minor 509:513 arg1 sulphates 553:561 sulphates 553:561 sulphates (1.40-9.30%) 553:574 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 37 theme minor 509:513 arg1 % 573:573 1.40-9.30% 564:573 1.40-9.30% 564:573 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 37 theme minor 509:513 arg1 proteins 526:533 proteins 526:533 proteins (5.40-7.20%) 526:546 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 37 theme minor 509:513 arg1 % 545:545 5.40-7.20% 536:545 5.40-7.20% 536:545 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 2 37 theme minor 509:513 arg1 amounts 515:521 minor amounts 509:521 minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%) 509:574 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 5 38 theme RAW264.7 917:924 arg1 cells 926:930 RAW264.7 cells 917:930 RAW264.7 cells 917:930 Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. 34575721 1 39 theme extract 219:225 arg1 MP 253:254 MP 253:254 MP 253:254 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 39 theme extract 219:225 arg1 polysaccharides 236:250 extract mucilage polysaccharides 219:250 extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 219:315 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 0 40 theme Mucilage 137:144 arg1 Polysaccharide 146:159 Mucilage Polysaccharide 137:159 Mucilage Polysaccharide 137:159 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 0 40 theme Mucilage 137:144 arg1 Potential 166:174 a Potential 164:174 a Potential of Functional Food 164:193 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 2 41 dep consisted 464:472 arg1 % 501:501 83.5-93.2% 492:501 83.5-93.2% 492:501 The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). 34575721 8 42 from ingredient 1467:1476 arg1 products 1486:1493 food products 1481:1493 food products 1481:1493 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 6 43 theme kinase 1103:1108 arg1 pathways 1117:1124 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 1077:1124 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 1077:1124 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 4 44 theme average 728:734 arg1 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 4 44 theme average 728:734 arg1 weight 746:751 The average molecular weight 724:751 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions 724:791 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 6 45 theme cell 1130:1133 arg1 TLR4 1143:1146 cell surface TLR4 1130:1146 cell surface TLR4 1130:1146 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 6 46 theme nuclear 1041:1047 arg1 NF-κB 1065:1069 NF-κB 1065:1069 NF-κB 1065:1069 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 6 46 theme nuclear 1041:1047 arg1 B 1062:1062 nuclear factor-kappa B 1041:1062 nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) 1041:1070 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 1 47 theme mucilage 227:234 arg1 MP 253:254 MP 253:254 MP 253:254 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 47 theme mucilage 227:234 arg1 polysaccharides 236:250 extract mucilage polysaccharides 219:250 extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 219:315 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 4 48 theme × 822:822 arg1 g/mol 828:832 the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol 800:832 the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol 800:832 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 3 49 theme composition 613:623 arg1 Determination 577:589 Determination 577:589 Determination of the monosaccharide composition 577:623 Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. 34575721 6 50 theme protein 1095:1101 arg1 MAPK 1111:1114 MAPK 1111:1114 MAPK 1111:1114 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 6 50 theme protein 1095:1101 arg1 kinase 1103:1108 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1077:1108 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways 1077:1124 However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. 34575721 7 51 theme Structural 1149:1158 arg1 MPF2 1217:1220 MPF2 1217:1220 MPF2 1217:1220 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 7 51 theme Structural 1149:1158 arg1 analysis 1160:1167 Structural analysis 1149:1167 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction 1149:1214 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 34575721 0 52 theme Edible 76:81 arg1 subspecies 100:109 Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies 76:109 Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies 76:109 Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. 34575721 5 53 theme toxic 901:905 arg1 effect 907:912 any toxic effect 897:912 any toxic effect 897:912 Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. 34575721 8 54 attach derived 1330:1336 arg2 potent 1397:1402 potent 1397:1402 potent 1397:1402 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 54 attach derived 1330:1336 arg1 javanica 1367:1374 A. hemibapha subspecies javanica 1343:1374 A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 1343:1391 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 54 attach derived 1330:1336 arg2 MPs 1326:1328 the MPs 1322:1328 the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) 1322:1391 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 8 55 theme food 1481:1484 arg1 products 1486:1493 food products 1481:1493 food products 1481:1493 These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. 34575721 3 56 theme major 655:659 arg1 unit 661:664 the major unit 651:664 the major unit 651:664 Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. 34575721 3 56 theme major 655:659 arg1 glucose 639:645 glucose 639:645 glucose 639:645 Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. 34575721 4 57 theme molecular 736:744 arg1 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 MW 754:755 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 4 57 theme molecular 736:744 arg1 weight 746:751 The average molecular weight 724:751 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions 724:791 The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. 34575721 1 58 dep fractions 397:405 arg1 fractions 397:405 two fractions 393:405 two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2) 393:421 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 58 dep fractions 397:405 arg1 MPF2 417:420 MPF2 417:420 MPF2 417:420 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 1 58 dep fractions 397:405 arg1 MPF1 408:411 MPF1 408:411 MPF1 408:411 This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). 34575721 7 59 theme α-D- 1268:1271 arg1 -glucopyranoside 1277:1292 α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside 1268:1292 α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside 1268:1292 Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. 32730198 7 0 theme characterized 1061:1073 arg1 cohabitans 1085:1094 the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans 1048:1094 the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%) 1048:1100 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 7 0 theme characterized 1061:1073 arg1 % 1099:1099 99% 1097:1099 99% 1097:1099 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 6 1 theme abundance 785:793 arg1 order 765:769 order 765:769 order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 765:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 3 2 with µm 463:464 arg1 wavelength 473:482 a wavelength 471:482 a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm 471:497 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T were Gram-negative, helical, non-spore-forming and were 0.25-0.55×5.0-75.0 µm with a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm. 32730198 6 3 theme fatty 750:754 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 3 theme fatty 750:754 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 4 4 theme g 596:596 arg1 NaCl 617:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 4 4 theme g 596:596 arg1 NaCl 602:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl 587:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl) 587:621 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 11 5 theme SURF-ANA1T 1588:1597 arg1 gene 1551:1554 the 16S rRNA gene 1538:1554 the 16S rRNA gene 1538:1554 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 11 5 theme SURF-ANA1T 1588:1597 arg1 sequences 1568:1576 genomic sequences 1560:1576 genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T 1560:1597 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 8 6 theme genus 1278:1282 arg1 Rectinema 1284:1292 the genus Rectinema 1274:1292 the genus Rectinema 1274:1292 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 7 7 theme Rectinema 1075:1083 arg1 cohabitans 1085:1094 the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans 1048:1094 the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%) 1048:1100 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 7 7 theme Rectinema 1075:1083 arg1 % 1099:1099 99% 1097:1099 99% 1097:1099 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 2 8 theme novel 108:112 arg1 bacterium 136:144 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium 106:144 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) 106:164 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 8 theme novel 108:112 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 154:163 strain SURF-ANA1T 147:163 strain SURF-ANA1T 147:163 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 7 9 theme rRNA 970:973 arg1 sequence 980:987 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 962:987 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T 962:1008 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 10 10 theme terrestrial 1470:1480 arg1 m 1467:1467 >100 m 1462:1467 >100 m 1462:1467 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 10 10 theme terrestrial 1470:1480 arg1 subsurface 1482:1491 the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1452:1491 the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1452:1491 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 6 11 theme iso-C15:0 843:851 arg1 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 11 theme iso-C15:0 843:851 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 11 theme iso-C15:0 843:851 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 12 from acids 756:760 arg1 order 765:769 order 765:769 order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 765:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 8 13 theme novel 1253:1257 arg1 species 1259:1265 a novel species 1251:1265 a novel species 1251:1265 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 8 14 theme Rectinema 1314:1322 arg1 sp 1337:1338 the name Rectinema subterraneum sp 1305:1338 the name Rectinema subterraneum sp 1305:1338 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 3 15 theme µm 496:497 arg1 wavelength 473:482 a wavelength 471:482 a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm 471:497 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T were Gram-negative, helical, non-spore-forming and were 0.25-0.55×5.0-75.0 µm with a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm. 32730198 2 16 dep Sanford 293:299 arg1 Facility 322:329 Underground Research Facility 301:329 now Sanford Underground Research Facility 289:329 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 17 theme strain 147:152 arg1 bacterium 136:144 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium 106:144 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) 106:164 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 17 theme strain 147:152 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 154:163 strain SURF-ANA1T 147:163 strain SURF-ANA1T 147:163 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 6 18 theme C16:0 836:840 arg1 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 18 theme C16:0 836:840 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 18 theme C16:0 836:840 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 11 19 theme GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ 1498:1514 arg1 KU359248 1603:1610 KU359248 1603:1610 KU359248 1603:1610 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 11 19 theme GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ 1498:1514 arg1 numbers 1526:1532 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers 1494:1532 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T 1494:1597 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 12 20 theme =ATCC 1704:1708 arg1 TSD-67=JCM 1710:1719 =ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656 1704:1725 =ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656 1704:1725 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 12 20 theme =ATCC 1704:1708 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 1692:1701 SURF-ANA1T 1692:1701 SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656) 1692:1726 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 4 21 theme l-1 613:615 arg1 NaCl 617:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 4 21 theme l-1 613:615 arg1 NaCl 602:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl 587:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl) 587:621 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 10 22 theme deep 1456:1459 arg1 m 1467:1467 >100 m 1462:1467 >100 m 1462:1467 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 10 22 theme deep 1456:1459 arg1 subsurface 1482:1491 the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1452:1491 the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1452:1491 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 3 23 theme SURF-ANA1T 377:386 arg1 Cells 361:365 Cells 361:365 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T 361:386 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T were Gram-negative, helical, non-spore-forming and were 0.25-0.55×5.0-75.0 µm with a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm. 32730198 12 24 dep Rectinema 1666:1674 arg1 subterraneum 1676:1687 Rectinema subterraneum 1666:1687 Rectinema subterraneum 1666:1687 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 11 25 theme strain 1581:1586 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 1588:1597 strain SURF-ANA1T 1581:1597 strain SURF-ANA1T 1581:1597 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 7 26 theme closest 1022:1028 arg1 relationship 1030:1041 a closest relationship 1020:1041 a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%) 1020:1100 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 2 27 from depth 224:228 arg1 fluids 212:217 deep continental subsurface fluids 184:217 deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA) 184:358 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 6 28 theme methylene-nonadecanoic 902:923 arg1 acid 925:928 C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid 896:928 C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid 896:928 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 0 29 theme subterraneum 10:21 arg1 sp 23:24 Rectinema subterraneum sp 0:24 Rectinema subterraneum sp. 0:25 Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 6 30 theme total 814:818 arg1 % 809:809 >5% 807:809 >5% of total 807:818 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 30 theme total 814:818 arg1 total 814:818 total 814:818 total 814:818 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 10 31 theme isolate 1408:1414 arg1 this 1377:1380 this 1377:1380 this 1377:1380 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 10 31 theme isolate 1408:1414 arg1 report 1395:1400 the first report 1385:1400 the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1385:1491 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 6 32 theme 10-methyl 826:834 arg1 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 32 theme 10-methyl 826:834 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 32 theme 10-methyl 826:834 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 1 33 theme deep 77:80 arg1 subsurface 94:103 the deep terrestrial subsurface 73:103 the deep terrestrial subsurface 73:103 nov, a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 6 34 theme C20:0 896:900 arg1 acid 925:928 C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid 896:928 C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid 896:928 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 0 35 theme Rectinema 0:8 arg1 sp 23:24 Rectinema subterraneum sp 0:24 Rectinema subterraneum sp. 0:25 Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 1 36 attach isolated 59:66 arg2 spirochaete 47:57 a chemotrophic spirochaete 32:57 a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface 32:103 nov, a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 1 36 attach isolated 59:66 arg1 subsurface 94:103 the deep terrestrial subsurface 73:103 the deep terrestrial subsurface 73:103 nov, a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 7 37 theme Phylogenetic 931:942 arg1 analysis 944:951 Phylogenetic analysis 931:951 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T 931:1008 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 1 38 theme terrestrial 82:92 arg1 subsurface 94:103 the deep terrestrial subsurface 73:103 the deep terrestrial subsurface 73:103 nov, a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 6 39 theme decreasing 774:783 arg1 abundance 785:793 decreasing abundance 774:793 decreasing abundance 774:793 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 3 40 theme strain 370:375 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 377:386 strain SURF-ANA1T 370:386 strain SURF-ANA1T 370:386 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T were Gram-negative, helical, non-spore-forming and were 0.25-0.55×5.0-75.0 µm with a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm. 32730198 7 41 theme SURF-ANA1T 999:1008 arg1 sequence 980:987 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 962:987 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T 962:1008 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 11 42 theme GCF 1616:1618 arg1 009768935.1 1620:1630 GCF 009768935.1 1616:1630 GCF 009768935.1 1616:1630 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 7 43 theme 16S 966:968 arg1 rRNA 970:973 the 16S rRNA 962:973 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T 962:1008 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 8 44 theme high 1111:1114 arg1 identity 1125:1132 high sequence identity 1111:1132 high sequence identity 1111:1132 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 4 45 theme g 611:611 arg1 NaCl 617:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 4 45 theme g 611:611 arg1 NaCl 602:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl 587:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl) 587:621 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 12 46 theme Rectinema 1666:1674 arg1 strain 1656:1661 The type strain 1647:1661 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum 1647:1687 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 12 46 theme Rectinema 1666:1674 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 1692:1701 SURF-ANA1T 1692:1701 SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656) 1692:1726 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 6 47 theme cellular 741:748 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 47 theme cellular 741:748 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 8 48 theme strain 1206:1211 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 1213:1222 strain SURF-ANA1T 1206:1222 strain SURF-ANA1T 1206:1222 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 2 49 attach isolated 170:177 arg2 SURF-ANA1T 154:163 strain SURF-ANA1T 147:163 strain SURF-ANA1T 147:163 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 49 attach isolated 170:177 arg2 bacterium 136:144 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium 106:144 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) 106:164 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 49 attach isolated 170:177 arg1 fluids 212:217 deep continental subsurface fluids 184:217 deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA) 184:358 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 4 50 theme l-1 598:600 arg1 NaCl 617:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 10 g l-1 NaCl 608:620 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 4 50 theme l-1 598:600 arg1 NaCl 602:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl 587:605 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl) 587:621 Strain SURF-ANA1T grew at 15-50 °C (optimally at 40 °C), at pH 4.8-9.0 (pH 7.2) and in 1.0-40.0 g l-1 NaCl (10 g l-1 NaCl). 32730198 6 51 theme major 735:739 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 51 theme major 735:739 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 7 52 with relationship 1030:1041 arg1 cohabitans 1085:1094 the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans 1048:1094 the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%) 1048:1100 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 7 52 with relationship 1030:1041 arg1 % 1099:1099 99% 1097:1099 99% 1097:1099 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 5 53 theme electron 714:721 arg1 donors 723:728 electron donors 714:728 electron donors 714:728 The strain grew chemoheterotrophically with hydrogen or mono-, di- and polysaccharides as electron donors. 32730198 7 54 theme strain 992:997 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 999:1008 strain SURF-ANA1T 992:1008 strain SURF-ANA1T 992:1008 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 2 55 dep novel 108:112 arg1 anaerobic 126:134 anaerobic 126:134 anaerobic 126:134 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 10 56 theme first 1389:1393 arg1 this 1377:1380 this 1377:1380 this 1377:1380 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 10 56 theme first 1389:1393 arg1 report 1395:1400 the first report 1385:1400 the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1385:1491 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 11 57 theme genomic 1560:1566 arg1 sequences 1568:1576 genomic sequences 1560:1576 genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T 1560:1597 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 8 58 theme sequence 1116:1123 arg1 identity 1125:1132 high sequence identity 1111:1132 high sequence identity 1111:1132 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 7 59 theme gene 975:978 arg1 sequence 980:987 the 16S rRNA gene sequence 962:987 the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T 962:1008 Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SURF-ANA1T indicated a closest relationship with the recently characterized Rectinema cohabitans (99%). 32730198 8 60 theme fatty 1186:1190 arg1 profile 1197:1203 fatty acid profile 1186:1203 fatty acid profile 1186:1203 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 8 61 theme subterraneum 1324:1335 arg1 sp 1337:1338 the name Rectinema subterraneum sp 1305:1338 the name Rectinema subterraneum sp 1305:1338 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 2 62 theme Research 313:320 arg1 Facility 322:329 Underground Research Facility 301:329 now Sanford Underground Research Facility 289:329 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 63 theme subsurface 201:210 arg1 fluids 212:217 deep continental subsurface fluids 184:217 deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA) 184:358 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 11 64 theme 16S 1542:1544 arg1 rRNA 1546:1549 the 16S rRNA 1538:1549 the 16S rRNA gene 1538:1554 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 2 65 theme Underground 301:311 arg1 Facility 322:329 Underground Research Facility 301:329 now Sanford Underground Research Facility 289:329 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 11 66 theme accession 1516:1524 arg1 KU359248 1603:1610 KU359248 1603:1610 KU359248 1603:1610 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 11 66 theme accession 1516:1524 arg1 numbers 1526:1532 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers 1494:1532 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T 1494:1597 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 2 67 theme continental 189:199 arg1 fluids 212:217 deep continental subsurface fluids 184:217 deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA) 184:358 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 3 68 dep Gram-negative 393:405 arg1 non-spore-forming 417:433 non-spore-forming 417:433 non-spore-forming 417:433 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T were Gram-negative, helical, non-spore-forming and were 0.25-0.55×5.0-75.0 µm with a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm. 32730198 3 68 dep Gram-negative 393:405 arg1 helical 408:414 helical 408:414 helical 408:414 Cells of strain SURF-ANA1T were Gram-negative, helical, non-spore-forming and were 0.25-0.55×5.0-75.0 µm with a wavelength of 0.5-0.62 µm. 32730198 1 69 dep spirochaete 47:57 arg1 nov 27:29 nov 27:29 nov 27:29 nov, a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 2 70 from surface 246:252 arg1 Mine 283:286 Mine 283:286 Mine 283:286 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 6 71 theme dimethyl 870:877 arg1 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 71 theme dimethyl 870:877 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 71 theme dimethyl 870:877 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 8 72 theme acid 1192:1195 arg1 profile 1197:1203 fatty acid profile 1186:1203 fatty acid profile 1186:1203 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 2 73 theme deep 184:187 arg1 fluids 212:217 deep continental subsurface fluids 184:217 deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA) 184:358 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 74 theme m 238:238 arg1 depth 224:228 a depth 222:228 a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA) 222:358 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 12 75 theme type 1651:1654 arg1 strain 1656:1661 The type strain 1647:1661 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum 1647:1687 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 12 75 theme type 1651:1654 arg1 SURF-ANA1T 1692:1701 SURF-ANA1T 1692:1701 SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656) 1692:1726 The type strain of Rectinema subterraneum is SURF-ANA1T (=ATCC TSD-67=JCM 32656). 32730198 2 76 dep Mine 283:286 arg1 Dakota 347:352 Dakota 347:352 Dakota 347:352 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 76 dep Mine 283:286 arg1 Sanford 293:299 Sanford 293:299 Sanford 293:299 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 2 76 dep Mine 283:286 arg1 USA 355:357 USA 355:357 USA 355:357 A novel, obligately anaerobic bacterium (strain SURF-ANA1T) was isolated from deep continental subsurface fluids at a depth of 1500 m below surface in the former Homestake Gold Mine (now Sanford Underground Research Facility, in Lead, South Dakota, USA). 32730198 6 77 theme C18:0 864:868 arg1 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 77 theme C18:0 864:868 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 77 theme C18:0 864:868 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 8 78 theme name 1309:1312 arg1 sp 1337:1338 the name Rectinema subterraneum sp 1305:1338 the name Rectinema subterraneum sp 1305:1338 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 11 79 theme rRNA 1546:1549 arg1 gene 1551:1554 the 16S rRNA gene 1538:1554 the 16S rRNA gene 1538:1554 The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and genomic sequences of strain SURF-ANA1T are KU359248 and GCF 009768935.1, respectively. 32730198 10 80 theme phylum 1427:1432 arg1 Spirochaetes 1434:1445 the phylum Spirochaetes 1423:1445 the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1423:1491 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 1 81 theme chemotrophic 34:45 arg1 spirochaete 47:57 a chemotrophic spirochaete 32:57 a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface 32:103 nov, a chemotrophic spirochaete isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 10 82 from subsurface 1482:1491 arg1 Spirochaetes 1434:1445 the phylum Spirochaetes 1423:1445 the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface 1423:1491 To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate within the phylum Spirochaetes from the deep (>100 m) terrestrial subsurface. 32730198 8 83 theme distinct 1150:1157 arg1 physiology 1159:1168 its distinct physiology 1146:1168 its distinct physiology 1146:1168 Despite high sequence identity, because of its distinct physiology, morphology and fatty acid profile, strain SURF-ANA1T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Rectinema, for which the name Rectinema subterraneum sp. 32730198 6 84 theme C18:2 854:858 arg1 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 DMA 887:889 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 84 theme C18:2 854:858 arg1 acetal 879:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal 826:884 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) 826:890 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 32730198 6 84 theme C18:2 854:858 arg1 acids 756:760 The major cellular fatty acids 731:760 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) 731:819 The major cellular fatty acids in order of decreasing abundance (comprising >5% of total) were 10-methyl C16:0, iso-C15:0, C18:2 and C18:0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and C20:0 methylene-nonadecanoic acid. 34543338 15 0 theme Enterococcus 2135:2146 arg1 casseliflavus 2148:2160 Enterococcus casseliflavus 2135:2160 Enterococcus casseliflavus species 2135:2168 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 5 1 from effects 673:679 arg1 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 5 1 from effects 673:679 arg1 digestibility 757:769 apparent total tract digestibility 736:769 apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) 736:776 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 5 1 from effects 673:679 arg1 performance 723:733 performance 723:733 performance 723:733 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 5 1 from effects 673:679 arg1 microbiome 788:797 cecal microbiome 782:797 cecal microbiome 782:797 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 14 2 theme U/kg 1922:1925 arg1 dosage 1927:1932 45,000 U/kg dosage 1915:1932 45,000 U/kg dosage 1915:1932 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 15 3 theme Bacilli 2025:2031 arg1 bacteria 2015:2022 beneficial bacteria 2004:2022 beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) 2004:2169 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 3 theme Bacilli 2025:2031 arg1 class 2033:2037 Bacilli class 2025:2037 Bacilli class 2025:2037 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 2 4 theme monogastric 256:266 arg1 feed 268:271 monogastric feed 256:271 monogastric feed 256:271 Therefore, exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric feed to degrade these NSP. 34543338 15 5 theme Nocardiopsis 2114:2125 arg1 genera 2127:2132 Nocardiopsis genera 2114:2132 Nocardiopsis genera 2114:2132 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 11 6 from heights 1555:1561 arg1 units 1537:1541 Haugh units 1531:1541 Haugh units 1531:1541 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 10 7 dep addition 1382:1389 arg1 response 1357:1364 response 1357:1364 response 1357:1364 Egg quality parameters were significantly improved in the experiment in response to the xylanase addition. 34543338 2 8 theme exogenous 210:218 arg1 carbohydrases 220:232 exogenous carbohydrases 210:232 exogenous carbohydrases 210:232 Therefore, exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric feed to degrade these NSP. 34543338 5 9 theme laying 802:807 arg1 hens 809:812 laying hens 802:812 laying hens 802:812 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 6 10 theme hens 878:881 arg1 total 853:857 A total 851:857 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens 851:881 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 11 11 from increase 1519:1526 arg1 units 1537:1541 Haugh units 1531:1541 Haugh units 1531:1541 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 14 12 theme rRNA 1870:1873 arg1 analysis 1880:1887 16S rRNA gene analysis 1866:1887 16S rRNA gene analysis 1866:1887 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 5 13 from performance 723:733 arg1 hens 809:812 laying hens 802:812 laying hens 802:812 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 6 14 theme HiSex 865:869 arg1 hens 878:881 96 HiSex laying hens 862:881 96 HiSex laying hens 862:881 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 17 15 theme hen 2447:2449 arg1 population 2461:2470 the laying hen bacterial population 2436:2470 the laying hen bacterial population 2436:2470 Furthermore, microbiome data suggest that xylanase modulates the laying hen bacterial population beneficially, thus potentially exerting a prebiotic effect. 34543338 6 16 dep used 888:891 arg1 diets 915:919 3 diets 913:919 3 diets 913:919 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 6 16 dep used 888:891 arg1 hens 944:947 2 hens 942:947 2 hens 942:947 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 6 16 dep used 888:891 arg1 16 925:926 16 925:926 16 925:926 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 11 17 theme Haugh 1531:1535 arg1 units 1537:1541 Haugh units 1531:1541 Haugh units 1531:1541 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 9 18 theme feed 1225:1228 arg1 efficiency 1230:1239 improved feed efficiency 1216:1239 improved feed efficiency 1216:1239 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 15 19 theme U/kg 2205:2208 arg1 xylanase 2210:2217 45,000 U/kg xylanase 2198:2217 45,000 U/kg xylanase 2198:2217 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 5 20 theme present 836:842 arg1 study 844:848 the present study 832:848 the present study 832:848 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 16 21 theme 45,000 2298:2303 arg1 U/kg 2305:2308 xylanase 45,000 U/kg 2289:2308 xylanase 45,000 U/kg 2289:2308 In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. 34543338 3 22 dep hen 352:354 arg1 performance 356:366 performance 356:366 performance 356:366 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34543338 13 23 theme U/kg 1817:1820 arg1 group 1822:1826 90,000 U/kg group 1810:1826 90,000 U/kg group 1810:1826 Furthermore, gross energy and the ATTD of crude fat were improved significantly for birds fed 90,000 U/kg group compared to the control. 34543338 1 24 from present 146:152 arg1 cereals 165:171 viscous cereals 157:171 viscous cereals used in feed for poultry 157:196 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 5 25 theme dietary 684:690 arg1 supplementation 692:706 dietary supplementation 684:706 dietary supplementation of xylanase 684:718 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 15 26 theme casseliflavus 2148:2160 arg1 species 2162:2168 Enterococcus casseliflavus species 2135:2168 Enterococcus casseliflavus species 2135:2168 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 12 27 theme U/kg 1685:1688 arg1 P<0.05 1707:1712 P<0.05 1707:1712 P<0.05 1707:1712 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 12 27 theme U/kg 1685:1688 arg1 group 1700:1704 the 45,000 U/kg treatment group 1674:1704 the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05) 1674:1713 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 16 28 theme laying 2333:2338 arg1 performance 2344:2354 laying hen performance 2333:2354 laying hen performance 2333:2354 In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. 34543338 6 29 dep 16 925:926 arg1 replicates 928:937 replicates 928:937 replicates 928:937 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 5 30 theme apparent 736:743 arg1 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 5 30 theme apparent 736:743 arg1 digestibility 757:769 apparent total tract digestibility 736:769 apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) 736:776 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 0 31 theme laying 61:66 arg1 hens 68:71 laying hens 61:71 laying hens 61:71 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 34543338 0 32 theme Xylanase 0:7 arg1 impact 9:14 Xylanase impact 0:14 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 0:72 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 34543338 9 33 theme lowest 1141:1146 arg1 dosage 1148:1153 The lowest dosage 1137:1153 The lowest dosage 1137:1153 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 9 33 theme lowest 1141:1146 arg1 U/kg 1163:1166 45,000 U/kg 1156:1166 45,000 U/kg 1156:1166 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 15 34 theme laying 2234:2239 arg1 hens 2241:2244 laying hens 2234:2244 laying hens 2234:2244 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 35 theme significant 1980:1990 arg1 increase 1992:1999 A significant increase 1978:1999 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) 1978:2169 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 12 36 theme matter 1620:1625 arg1 ATTD 1604:1607 the ATTD 1600:1607 the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein 1600:1643 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 10 37 theme quality 1289:1295 arg1 parameters 1297:1306 Egg quality parameters 1285:1306 Egg quality parameters 1285:1306 Egg quality parameters were significantly improved in the experiment in response to the xylanase addition. 34543338 7 38 theme U/kg 1046:1049 arg1 concentrations 986:999 concentrations 986:999 concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT) 986:1068 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 14 39 theme cecal 1960:1964 arg1 microbiome 1966:1975 the cecal microbiome 1956:1975 the cecal microbiome 1956:1975 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 3 40 theme microbial 427:435 arg1 composition 437:447 microbial composition 427:447 microbial composition 427:447 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34543338 5 41 theme total 745:749 arg1 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 5 41 theme total 745:749 arg1 digestibility 757:769 apparent total tract digestibility 736:769 apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) 736:776 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 12 42 theme crude 1631:1635 arg1 protein 1637:1643 crude protein 1631:1643 crude protein 1631:1643 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 6 43 theme hens 944:947 arg1 hens 944:947 2 hens 942:947 2 hens 942:947 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 6 43 theme hens 944:947 arg1 16 925:926 16 925:926 16 925:926 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 13 44 theme crude 1758:1762 arg1 fat 1764:1766 crude fat 1758:1766 crude fat 1758:1766 Furthermore, gross energy and the ATTD of crude fat were improved significantly for birds fed 90,000 U/kg group compared to the control. 34543338 7 45 theme g/t 1018:1020 arg1 HT 1031:1032 15 g/t XygestTM HT 1015:1032 15 g/t XygestTM HT 1015:1032 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 7 45 theme g/t 1018:1020 arg1 45,000 1007:1012 45,000 1007:1012 45,000 1007:1012 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 3 46 theme intestinal 460:469 arg1 tract 471:475 the intestinal tract 456:475 the intestinal tract 456:475 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34543338 9 47 theme average 1193:1199 arg1 weight 1205:1210 average egg weight 1193:1210 average egg weight 1193:1210 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 4 48 theme chicken 584:590 arg1 population 606:615 the chicken gut microbial population 580:615 the chicken gut microbial population 580:615 In this context, a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase is required. 34543338 7 49 theme 45,000 1007:1012 arg1 concentrations 986:999 concentrations 986:999 concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT) 986:1068 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 11 50 theme last 1416:1419 arg1 days 1424:1427 the last 28 days 1412:1427 the last 28 days of the trial 1412:1440 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 9 51 theme improved 1216:1223 arg1 efficiency 1230:1239 improved feed efficiency 1216:1239 improved feed efficiency 1216:1239 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 14 52 theme 16S 1866:1868 arg1 analysis 1880:1887 16S rRNA gene analysis 1866:1887 16S rRNA gene analysis 1866:1887 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 7 53 theme 0 1004:1004 arg1 concentrations 986:999 concentrations 986:999 concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT) 986:1068 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 10 54 theme xylanase 1373:1380 arg1 addition 1382:1389 the xylanase addition 1369:1389 the xylanase addition 1369:1389 Egg quality parameters were significantly improved in the experiment in response to the xylanase addition. 34543338 13 55 theme gross 1729:1733 arg1 energy 1735:1740 gross energy 1729:1740 gross energy 1729:1740 Furthermore, gross energy and the ATTD of crude fat were improved significantly for birds fed 90,000 U/kg group compared to the control. 34543338 1 56 theme viscous 157:163 arg1 cereals 165:171 viscous cereals 157:171 viscous cereals used in feed for poultry 157:196 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 0 57 theme microbiome 38:47 arg1 approach 49:56 A microbiome approach 36:56 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 0:72 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 34543338 15 58 from increase 1992:1999 arg1 bacteria 2015:2022 beneficial bacteria 2004:2022 beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) 2004:2169 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 58 from increase 1992:1999 arg1 class 2033:2037 Bacilli class 2025:2037 Bacilli class 2025:2037 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 14 59 theme 45,000 1915:1920 arg1 dosage 1927:1932 45,000 U/kg dosage 1915:1932 45,000 U/kg dosage 1915:1932 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 1 60 attach present 146:152 arg2 compounds 91:99 Anti-nutritional compounds 74:99 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 74:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 60 attach present 146:152 arg1 cereals 165:171 viscous cereals 157:171 viscous cereals used in feed for poultry 157:196 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 60 attach present 146:152 arg2 polysaccharides 120:134 non-starch polysaccharides 109:134 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 109:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 9 61 theme control 1257:1263 arg1 P<0.05 1276:1281 P<0.05 1276:1281 P<0.05 1276:1281 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 9 61 theme control 1257:1263 arg1 treatment 1265:1273 the control treatment 1253:1273 the control treatment (P<0.05) 1253:1282 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 17 62 theme prebiotic 2514:2522 arg1 effect 2524:2529 a prebiotic effect 2512:2529 a prebiotic effect 2512:2529 Furthermore, microbiome data suggest that xylanase modulates the laying hen bacterial population beneficially, thus potentially exerting a prebiotic effect. 34543338 5 63 theme cecal 782:786 arg1 microbiome 788:797 cecal microbiome 782:797 cecal microbiome 782:797 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 4 64 theme microbial 596:604 arg1 population 606:615 the chicken gut microbial population 580:615 the chicken gut microbial population 580:615 In this context, a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase is required. 34543338 4 65 dep whether 564:570 arg1 modulated 624:632 modulated 624:632 can be modulated by xylanase 617:644 In this context, a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase is required. 34543338 14 66 theme gene 1875:1878 arg1 analysis 1880:1887 16S rRNA gene analysis 1866:1887 16S rRNA gene analysis 1866:1887 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 6 67 used used 888:891 arg2 total 853:857 A total 851:857 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens 851:881 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 1 68 theme non-starch 109:118 arg1 NSP 137:139 NSP 137:139 NSP 137:139 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 68 theme non-starch 109:118 arg1 polysaccharides 120:134 non-starch polysaccharides 109:134 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 109:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 6 69 theme laying 871:876 arg1 hens 878:881 96 HiSex laying hens 862:881 96 HiSex laying hens 862:881 A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). 34543338 17 70 theme laying 2440:2445 arg1 hen 2447:2449 the laying hen 2436:2449 the laying hen bacterial population 2436:2470 Furthermore, microbiome data suggest that xylanase modulates the laying hen bacterial population beneficially, thus potentially exerting a prebiotic effect. 34543338 5 71 from microbiome 788:797 arg1 hens 809:812 laying hens 802:812 laying hens 802:812 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 16 72 theme xylanase 2289:2296 arg1 U/kg 2305:2308 xylanase 45,000 U/kg 2289:2308 xylanase 45,000 U/kg 2289:2308 In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. 34543338 17 73 theme bacterial 2451:2459 arg1 population 2461:2470 the laying hen bacterial population 2436:2470 the laying hen bacterial population 2436:2470 Furthermore, microbiome data suggest that xylanase modulates the laying hen bacterial population beneficially, thus potentially exerting a prebiotic effect. 34543338 5 74 theme xylanase 711:718 arg1 supplementation 692:706 dietary supplementation 684:706 dietary supplementation of xylanase 684:718 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 16 75 theme U/kg 2305:2308 arg1 supplementation 2270:2284 dietary supplementation 2262:2284 dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg 2262:2308 In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. 34543338 17 76 theme microbiome 2388:2397 arg1 data 2399:2402 microbiome data 2388:2402 microbiome data 2388:2402 Furthermore, microbiome data suggest that xylanase modulates the laying hen bacterial population beneficially, thus potentially exerting a prebiotic effect. 34543338 8 77 theme sunflower 1121:1129 arg1 meal 1131:1134 sunflower meal 1121:1134 sunflower meal 1121:1134 The diets were based on wheat (~55%), soybean and sunflower meal. 34543338 7 78 theme Xygest 1059:1064 arg1 HT 1066:1067 30 g/t Xygest HT 1052:1067 30 g/t Xygest HT 1052:1067 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 7 78 theme Xygest 1059:1064 arg1 U/kg 1046:1049 90,000 U/kg 1039:1049 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT) 1039:1068 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 5 79 from digestibility 757:769 arg1 hens 809:812 laying hens 802:812 laying hens 802:812 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 1 80 from cereals 165:171 arg1 present 146:152 present 146:152 present 146:152 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 14 81 from dosage 1927:1932 arg1 xylanase 1903:1910 xylanase 1903:1910 xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage 1903:1932 Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. 34543338 7 82 theme g/t 1055:1057 arg1 HT 1066:1067 30 g/t Xygest HT 1052:1067 30 g/t Xygest HT 1052:1067 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 7 82 theme g/t 1055:1057 arg1 U/kg 1046:1049 90,000 U/kg 1039:1049 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT) 1039:1068 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 12 83 theme treatment 1690:1698 arg1 P<0.05 1707:1712 P<0.05 1707:1712 P<0.05 1707:1712 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 12 83 theme treatment 1690:1698 arg1 group 1700:1704 the 45,000 U/kg treatment group 1674:1704 the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05) 1674:1713 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 16 84 theme hen 2340:2342 arg1 performance 2344:2354 laying hen performance 2333:2354 laying hen performance 2333:2354 In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. 34543338 3 85 theme laying 345:350 arg1 hen 352:354 laying hen performance and digestibility 345:384 hen 352:354 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34543338 0 86 from approach 49:56 arg1 hens 68:71 laying hens 61:71 laying hens 61:71 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 34543338 11 87 theme albumin 1547:1553 arg1 P<0.05 1564:1569 P<0.05 1564:1569 P<0.05 1564:1569 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 11 87 theme albumin 1547:1553 arg1 heights 1555:1561 albumin heights 1547:1561 albumin heights (P<0.05) 1547:1570 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 5 88 theme supplementation 692:706 arg1 effects 673:679 the effects 669:679 the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens 669:812 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 1 89 located present 146:152 arg2 compounds 91:99 Anti-nutritional compounds 74:99 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 74:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 89 located present 146:152 arg1 cereals 165:171 viscous cereals 157:171 viscous cereals used in feed for poultry 157:196 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 89 located present 146:152 arg2 polysaccharides 120:134 non-starch polysaccharides 109:134 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 109:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 90 theme Anti-nutritional 74:89 arg1 compounds 91:99 Anti-nutritional compounds 74:99 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 74:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 1 90 theme Anti-nutritional 74:89 arg1 polysaccharides 120:134 non-starch polysaccharides 109:134 non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) 109:140 Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. 34543338 16 91 theme dietary 2262:2268 arg1 supplementation 2270:2284 dietary supplementation 2262:2284 dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg 2262:2308 In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. 34543338 3 92 theme significant 406:416 arg1 shift 418:422 a significant shift 404:422 a significant shift in microbial composition 404:447 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34543338 15 93 theme beneficial 2004:2013 arg1 bacteria 2015:2022 beneficial bacteria 2004:2022 beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) 2004:2169 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 93 theme beneficial 2004:2013 arg1 class 2033:2037 Bacilli class 2025:2037 Bacilli class 2025:2037 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 94 theme hens 2241:2244 arg1 diet 2226:2229 the diet 2222:2229 the diet of laying hens 2222:2244 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 4 95 theme better 540:545 arg1 understanding 547:559 a better understanding 538:559 a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase 538:644 In this context, a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase is required. 34543338 7 96 theme XygestTM 1022:1029 arg1 HT 1031:1032 15 g/t XygestTM HT 1015:1032 15 g/t XygestTM HT 1015:1032 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 7 96 theme XygestTM 1022:1029 arg1 45,000 1007:1012 45,000 1007:1012 45,000 1007:1012 Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). 34543338 12 97 theme protein 1637:1643 arg1 ATTD 1604:1607 the ATTD 1600:1607 the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein 1600:1643 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 15 98 dep Enterococcaceae 2040:2054 arg1 Merdibacter 2084:2094 Merdibacter 2084:2094 Merdibacter 2084:2094 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 98 dep Enterococcaceae 2040:2054 arg1 orders 2076:2081 orders 2076:2081 Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter 2040:2094 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 10 99 theme Egg 1285:1287 arg1 parameters 1297:1306 Egg quality parameters 1285:1306 Egg quality parameters 1285:1306 Egg quality parameters were significantly improved in the experiment in response to the xylanase addition. 34543338 5 100 theme tract 751:755 arg1 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 ATTD 772:775 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 5 100 theme tract 751:755 arg1 digestibility 757:769 apparent total tract digestibility 736:769 apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) 736:776 To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. 34543338 13 101 theme fat 1764:1766 arg1 energy 1735:1740 gross energy 1729:1740 gross energy 1729:1740 Furthermore, gross energy and the ATTD of crude fat were improved significantly for birds fed 90,000 U/kg group compared to the control. 34543338 13 101 theme fat 1764:1766 arg1 ATTD 1750:1753 the ATTD 1746:1753 the ATTD of crude fat 1746:1766 Furthermore, gross energy and the ATTD of crude fat were improved significantly for birds fed 90,000 U/kg group compared to the control. 34543338 12 102 theme organic 1612:1618 arg1 matter 1620:1625 organic matter 1612:1625 organic matter 1612:1625 Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). 34543338 11 103 theme U/kg 1490:1493 arg1 treatments 1495:1504 the 90,000 U/kg treatments 1479:1504 the 90,000 U/kg treatments 1479:1504 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 9 104 theme egg 1201:1203 arg1 weight 1205:1210 average egg weight 1193:1210 average egg weight 1193:1210 The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). 34543338 15 105 dep class 2033:2037 arg1 Lactobacillales 2060:2074 Lactobacillales 2060:2074 Lactobacillales 2060:2074 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 105 dep class 2033:2037 arg1 Enterococcaceae 2040:2054 Enterococcaceae 2040:2054 Enterococcaceae 2040:2054 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 105 dep class 2033:2037 arg1 species 2162:2168 Enterococcus casseliflavus species 2135:2168 Enterococcus casseliflavus species 2135:2168 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 105 dep class 2033:2037 arg1 Enterococcus 2097:2108 Enterococcus 2097:2108 Enterococcus 2097:2108 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 15 105 dep class 2033:2037 arg1 genera 2127:2132 Nocardiopsis genera 2114:2132 Nocardiopsis genera 2114:2132 A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. 34543338 0 106 dep impact 9:14 arg1 approach 49:56 A microbiome approach 36:56 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 0:72 Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. 34543338 4 107 theme gut 592:594 arg1 population 606:615 the chicken gut microbial population 580:615 the chicken gut microbial population 580:615 In this context, a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase is required. 34543338 11 108 theme trial 1436:1440 arg1 days 1424:1427 the last 28 days 1412:1427 the last 28 days of the trial 1412:1440 For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). 34543338 3 109 from shift 418:422 arg1 composition 437:447 microbial composition 427:447 microbial composition 427:447 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34543338 3 110 theme prebiotic 503:511 arg1 effect 513:518 a prebiotic effect 501:518 a prebiotic effect 501:518 Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. 34182288 1 0 from time 416:419 arg1 fractions 521:529 different fractions 511:529 different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 511:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 2 1 theme sludge 745:750 arg1 dewaterability 752:765 sludge dewaterability 745:765 sludge dewaterability 745:765 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 3 2 dep EPS 1046:1048 arg1 p < 0.05 1061:1068 p < 0.05 1061:1068 p < 0.05 1061:1068 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 2 3 theme related 734:740 arg1 parameters 723:732 parameters 723:732 parameters related to sludge dewaterability 723:765 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 8 4 theme acids 1678:1682 arg1 importance 1658:1667 the importance 1654:1667 the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids 1654:1719 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 3 5 theme normalized 899:908 arg1 SRF 910:912 the normalized SRF 895:912 the normalized SRF 895:912 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 5 theme normalized 899:908 arg1 CST 844:846 the normalized CST 829:846 the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05) 829:892 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 5 6 theme amino 1369:1373 arg1 acids 1375:1379 these amino acids 1363:1379 these amino acids 1363:1379 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 8 7 theme sludge 1687:1692 arg1 dewatering 1694:1703 sludge dewatering 1687:1703 sludge dewatering 1687:1703 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 5 8 with predominant 1320:1330 arg1 presence 1351:1358 the presence 1347:1358 the presence of these amino acids 1347:1379 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 7 9 theme hydrophilic 1565:1575 arg1 interaction 1577:1587 high repulsive hydrophilic interaction 1550:1587 high repulsive hydrophilic interaction 1550:1587 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 1 10 theme zeta 576:579 arg1 potential 581:589 zeta potential 576:589 zeta potential 576:589 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 3 11 theme soluble 1038:1044 arg1 EPS 1046:1048 soluble EPS 1038:1048 soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05) 1038:1069 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 7 12 theme high 1550:1553 arg1 interaction 1577:1587 high repulsive hydrophilic interaction 1550:1587 high repulsive hydrophilic interaction 1550:1587 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 13 theme identified 684:693 arg1 threonine 661:669 threonine 661:669 threonine 661:669 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 13 theme identified 684:693 arg1 glycine 640:646 glycine 640:646 glycine 640:646 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 13 theme identified 684:693 arg1 acids 701:705 the key identified amino acids 676:705 the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability 676:765 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 13 theme identified 684:693 arg1 serine 649:654 serine 649:654 serine 649:654 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 5 14 attach predominant 1320:1330 arg1 sludge 1335:1340 sludge 1335:1340 sludge 1335:1340 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 14 attach predominant 1320:1330 arg2 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 14 attach predominant 1320:1330 arg2 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 14 attach predominant 1320:1330 arg2 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 14 attach predominant 1320:1330 arg2 groups 1276:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups 1249:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH 1249:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 3 15 theme loosely-bound 1098:1110 arg1 EPS 1112:1114 loosely-bound EPS 1098:1114 loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05) 1098:1135 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 1 16 theme particle 596:603 arg1 sizes 605:609 particle sizes 596:609 particle sizes 596:609 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 0 17 theme amino 131:135 arg1 acids 137:141 amino acids 131:141 amino acids 131:141 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 6 18 theme Lewis 1386:1390 arg1 interaction 1402:1412 The Lewis acid-base interaction 1382:1412 The Lewis acid-base interaction 1382:1412 The Lewis acid-base interaction predominated in determining the net attraction among sludge flocs. 34182288 1 19 theme different 216:224 arg1 methods 226:232 different methods 216:232 different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) 216:286 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 3 20 from PN 936:937 arg1 EPS 1112:1114 loosely-bound EPS 1098:1114 loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05) 1098:1135 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 20 from PN 936:937 arg1 EPS 990:992 soluble EPS 982:992 soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05) 982:1013 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 20 from PN 936:937 arg1 EPS 1046:1048 soluble EPS 1038:1048 soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05) 1038:1069 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 20 from PN 936:937 arg1 EPS 950:952 soluble EPS 942:952 soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05) 942:973 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 6 21 theme sludge 1467:1472 arg1 flocs 1474:1478 sludge flocs 1467:1478 sludge flocs 1467:1478 The Lewis acid-base interaction predominated in determining the net attraction among sludge flocs. 34182288 3 22 with correlations 811:822 arg1 SRF 910:912 the normalized SRF 895:912 the normalized SRF 895:912 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 22 with correlations 811:822 arg1 CST 844:846 the normalized CST 829:846 the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05) 829:892 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 7 23 theme threonine 1528:1536 arg1 presence 1495:1502 the presence 1491:1502 the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine 1491:1536 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 1 24 theme capillary 398:406 arg1 CST 422:424 CST 422:424 CST 422:424 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 1 24 theme capillary 398:406 arg1 time 416:419 capillary suction time 398:419 capillary suction time (CST) 398:425 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 3 25 dep CST 844:846 arg1 p < 0.05 884:891 p < 0.05 884:891 p < 0.05 884:891 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 25 dep CST 844:846 arg1 R 873:873 regression coefficient (R) = 0.72 849:881 regression coefficient (R) = 0.72 849:881 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 1 26 dep time 416:419 arg1 e.g. 392:395 e.g. 392:395 e.g. 392:395 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 5 27 from predominant 1320:1330 arg1 sludge 1335:1340 sludge 1335:1340 sludge 1335:1340 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 8 28 from importance 1658:1667 arg1 dewatering 1694:1703 sludge dewatering 1687:1703 sludge dewatering 1687:1703 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 8 28 from importance 1658:1667 arg1 acids 1715:1719 amino acids 1709:1719 amino acids 1709:1719 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 1 29 theme polymeric 548:556 arg1 EPS 570:572 EPS 570:572 EPS 570:572 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 1 29 theme polymeric 548:556 arg1 substances 558:567 extracellular polymeric substances 534:567 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 534:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 0 30 theme substances 66:75 arg1 composition 27:37 composition 27:37 composition of extracellular polymeric substances 27:75 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 3 31 from PN 1092:1093 arg1 EPS 1112:1114 loosely-bound EPS 1098:1114 loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05) 1098:1135 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 31 from PN 1092:1093 arg1 EPS 990:992 soluble EPS 982:992 soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05) 982:1013 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 31 from PN 1092:1093 arg1 EPS 1046:1048 soluble EPS 1038:1048 soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05) 1038:1069 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 31 from PN 1092:1093 arg1 EPS 950:952 soluble EPS 942:952 soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05) 942:973 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 0 32 from impacts 16:22 arg1 dewaterability 87:100 sludge dewaterability 80:100 sludge dewaterability 80:100 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 4 33 theme sludge 1209:1214 arg1 dewaterability 1216:1229 sludge dewaterability 1209:1229 sludge dewaterability 1209:1229 After adding extra glycine, serine, and threonine into sludge samples, sludge dewaterability was deteriorated. 34182288 0 34 theme sludge 80:85 arg1 dewaterability 87:100 sludge dewaterability 80:100 sludge dewaterability 80:100 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 3 35 theme soluble 942:948 arg1 EPS 950:952 soluble EPS 942:952 soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05) 942:973 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 36 from PS 976:977 arg1 EPS 1112:1114 loosely-bound EPS 1098:1114 loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05) 1098:1135 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 36 from PS 976:977 arg1 EPS 990:992 soluble EPS 982:992 soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05) 982:1013 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 36 from PS 976:977 arg1 EPS 1046:1048 soluble EPS 1038:1048 soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05) 1038:1069 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 36 from PS 976:977 arg1 EPS 950:952 soluble EPS 942:952 soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05) 942:973 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 5 37 theme functional 1265:1274 arg1 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 37 theme functional 1265:1274 arg1 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 37 theme functional 1265:1274 arg1 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 37 theme functional 1265:1274 arg1 groups 1276:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups 1249:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH 1249:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 3 38 dep showed 795:800 arg1 R = 0.74 915:922 R = 0.74 915:922 R = 0.74 915:922 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 39 theme regression 849:858 arg1 p < 0.05 884:891 p < 0.05 884:891 p < 0.05 884:891 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 39 theme regression 849:858 arg1 R 873:873 regression coefficient (R) = 0.72 849:881 regression coefficient (R) = 0.72 849:881 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 1 40 theme different 511:519 arg1 fractions 521:529 different fractions 511:529 different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 511:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 0 41 theme composition 27:37 arg1 impacts 16:22 the impacts 12:22 the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability 12:100 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 3 42 from PN 1032:1033 arg1 EPS 1112:1114 loosely-bound EPS 1098:1114 loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05) 1098:1135 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 42 from PN 1032:1033 arg1 EPS 990:992 soluble EPS 982:992 soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05) 982:1013 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 42 from PN 1032:1033 arg1 EPS 1046:1048 soluble EPS 1038:1048 soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05) 1038:1069 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 42 from PN 1032:1033 arg1 EPS 950:952 soluble EPS 942:952 soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05) 942:973 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 0 43 theme extracellular 42:54 arg1 substances 66:75 extracellular polymeric substances 42:75 extracellular polymeric substances 42:75 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 7 44 theme serine 1516:1521 arg1 presence 1495:1502 the presence 1491:1502 the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine 1491:1536 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 3 45 theme soluble 982:988 arg1 EPS 990:992 soluble EPS 982:992 soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05) 982:1013 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 5 46 theme acids 1375:1379 arg1 presence 1351:1358 the presence 1347:1358 the presence of these amino acids 1347:1379 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 1 47 from sizes 605:609 arg1 fractions 521:529 different fractions 511:529 different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 511:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 0 48 dep Deciphering 0:10 arg1 role 123:126 An often overlooked role 103:126 An often overlooked role of amino acids 103:141 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 7 49 theme sludge 1609:1614 arg1 dewaterability 1616:1629 sludge dewaterability 1609:1629 sludge dewaterability 1609:1629 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 8 50 theme amino 1672:1676 arg1 acids 1678:1682 amino acids 1672:1682 amino acids 1672:1682 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 4 51 theme extra 1151:1155 arg1 glycine 1157:1163 extra glycine 1151:1163 extra glycine 1151:1163 After adding extra glycine, serine, and threonine into sludge samples, sludge dewaterability was deteriorated. 34182288 1 52 from potential 581:589 arg1 fractions 521:529 different fractions 511:529 different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 511:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 5 53 theme hydrophilic 1253:1263 arg1 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 53 theme hydrophilic 1253:1263 arg1 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 53 theme hydrophilic 1253:1263 arg1 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 53 theme hydrophilic 1253:1263 arg1 groups 1276:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups 1249:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH 1249:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 3 54 theme tryptophan-like 1016:1030 arg1 PN 1032:1033 tryptophan-like PN 1016:1033 tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05) 1016:1069 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 7 55 theme repulsive 1555:1563 arg1 interaction 1577:1587 high repulsive hydrophilic interaction 1550:1587 high repulsive hydrophilic interaction 1550:1587 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 8 56 dep emphasized 1643:1652 arg1 incorporated 1730:1741 incorporated 1730:1741 emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability 1643:1790 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 8 57 theme amino 1709:1713 arg1 acids 1715:1719 amino acids 1709:1719 amino acids 1709:1719 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 1 58 theme specific 428:435 arg1 resistance 437:446 specific resistance 428:446 specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 428:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 2 59 theme amino 695:699 arg1 threonine 661:669 threonine 661:669 threonine 661:669 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 59 theme amino 695:699 arg1 glycine 640:646 glycine 640:646 glycine 640:646 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 59 theme amino 695:699 arg1 acids 701:705 the key identified amino acids 676:705 the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability 676:765 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 59 theme amino 695:699 arg1 serine 649:654 serine 649:654 serine 649:654 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 3 60 theme tryptophan-like 1076:1090 arg1 PN 1092:1093 tryptophan-like PN 1076:1093 tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05) 1076:1135 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 2 61 theme key 680:682 arg1 threonine 661:669 threonine 661:669 threonine 661:669 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 61 theme key 680:682 arg1 glycine 640:646 glycine 640:646 glycine 640:646 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 61 theme key 680:682 arg1 acids 701:705 the key identified amino acids 676:705 the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability 676:765 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 2 61 theme key 680:682 arg1 serine 649:654 serine 649:654 serine 649:654 The results indicated that glycine, serine, and threonine were the key identified amino acids correlated with parameters related to sludge dewaterability. 34182288 4 62 theme sludge 1193:1198 arg1 samples 1200:1206 sludge samples 1193:1206 sludge samples 1193:1206 After adding extra glycine, serine, and threonine into sludge samples, sludge dewaterability was deteriorated. 34182288 0 63 theme acids 137:141 arg1 role 123:126 An often overlooked role 103:126 An often overlooked role of amino acids 103:141 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 1 64 theme sludge 369:374 arg1 dewaterability 376:389 sludge dewaterability 369:389 sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes) 369:610 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 8 65 theme sludge 1770:1775 arg1 dewaterability 1777:1790 sludge dewaterability 1770:1790 sludge dewaterability 1770:1790 This study emphasized the importance of amino acids in sludge dewatering and amino acids might be incorporated into parameters reflecting sludge dewaterability. 34182288 1 66 dep ultrasonic 241:250 arg1 e.g. 235:238 e.g. 235:238 e.g. 235:238 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 3 67 dep EPS 1112:1114 arg1 p < 0.05 1127:1134 p < 0.05 1127:1134 p < 0.05 1127:1134 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 67 dep EPS 1112:1114 arg1 R = 0.58 1117:1124 R = 0.58 1117:1124 R = 0.58 1117:1124 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 1 68 theme extracellular 534:546 arg1 EPS 570:572 EPS 570:572 EPS 570:572 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 1 68 theme extracellular 534:546 arg1 substances 558:567 extracellular polymeric substances 534:567 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 534:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 1 69 theme suction 408:414 arg1 CST 422:424 CST 422:424 CST 422:424 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 1 69 theme suction 408:414 arg1 time 416:419 capillary suction time 398:419 capillary suction time (CST) 398:425 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 1 70 theme substances 558:567 arg1 fractions 521:529 different fractions 511:529 different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 511:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 3 71 theme positive 802:809 arg1 correlations 811:822 positive correlations 802:822 positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF 802:912 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 5 72 theme C-OH 1293:1296 arg1 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 72 theme C-OH 1293:1296 arg1 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 72 theme C-OH 1293:1296 arg1 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 72 theme C-OH 1293:1296 arg1 groups 1276:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups 1249:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH 1249:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 1 73 theme amino 331:335 arg1 acids 337:341 amino acids 331:341 amino acids 331:341 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 6 74 theme net 1446:1448 arg1 attraction 1450:1459 the net attraction 1442:1459 the net attraction among sludge flocs 1442:1478 The Lewis acid-base interaction predominated in determining the net attraction among sludge flocs. 34182288 7 75 theme glycine 1507:1513 arg1 presence 1495:1502 the presence 1491:1502 the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine 1491:1536 Moreover, the presence of glycine, serine, and threonine resulted in high repulsive hydrophilic interaction, which deteriorated sludge dewaterability. 34182288 1 76 dep order 291:295 arg1 establish 300:308 establish 300:308 to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes) 297:610 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 0 77 theme overlooked 112:121 arg1 role 123:126 An often overlooked role 103:126 An often overlooked role of amino acids 103:141 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 3 78 theme normalized 833:842 arg1 SRF 910:912 the normalized SRF 895:912 the normalized SRF 895:912 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 78 theme normalized 833:842 arg1 CST 844:846 the normalized CST 829:846 the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05) 829:892 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 5 79 from sludge 1335:1340 arg1 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 79 from sludge 1335:1340 arg1 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 79 from sludge 1335:1340 arg1 groups 1276:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups 1249:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH 1249:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 79 from sludge 1335:1340 arg1 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 3 80 dep EPS 990:992 arg1 p < 0.05 1005:1012 p < 0.05 1005:1012 p < 0.05 1005:1012 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 1 81 theme related 358:364 arg1 acids 337:341 amino acids 331:341 amino acids 331:341 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 5 82 theme CO 1286:1287 arg1 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 predominant 1320:1330 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 82 theme CO 1286:1287 arg1 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 C-OH 1293:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 82 theme CO 1286:1287 arg1 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 CO 1286:1287 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 5 82 theme CO 1286:1287 arg1 groups 1276:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups 1249:1281 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH 1249:1296 The hydrophilic functional groups of CO and C-OH were found to be more predominant in sludge with the presence of these amino acids. 34182288 6 83 theme acid-base 1392:1400 arg1 interaction 1402:1412 The Lewis acid-base interaction 1382:1412 The Lewis acid-base interaction 1382:1412 The Lewis acid-base interaction predominated in determining the net attraction among sludge flocs. 34182288 3 84 theme coefficient 860:870 arg1 p < 0.05 884:891 p < 0.05 884:891 p < 0.05 884:891 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 84 theme coefficient 860:870 arg1 R 873:873 regression coefficient (R) = 0.72 849:881 regression coefficient (R) = 0.72 849:881 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 3 85 dep EPS 950:952 arg1 p < 0.05 965:972 p < 0.05 965:972 p < 0.05 965:972 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34182288 0 86 theme polymeric 56:64 arg1 substances 66:75 extracellular polymeric substances 42:75 extracellular polymeric substances 42:75 Deciphering the impacts of composition of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge dewaterability: An often overlooked role of amino acids. 34182288 1 87 from resistance 437:446 arg1 fractions 521:529 different fractions 511:529 different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 511:573 An investigation was conducted for waste activated sludge pretreated by different methods (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, ozone, and acid/alkaline) in order to establish correlations between amino acids and parameters related to sludge dewaterability (e.g., capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), zeta potential, and particle sizes). 34182288 3 88 dep R = 0.74 915:922 arg1 p < 0.05 925:932 p < 0.05 925:932 p < 0.05 925:932 To be exemplified, glycine showed positive correlations with the normalized CST (regression coefficient (R) = 0.72, p < 0.05), the normalized SRF (R = 0.74, p < 0.05), PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.89, p < 0.05), PS in soluble EPS (R = 0.56, p < 0.05), tryptophan-like PN in soluble EPS (R = 0.60, p < 0.05), and tryptophan-like PN in loosely-bound EPS (R = 0.58, p < 0.05). 34227365 9 0 from enriched 1963:1970 arg1 system 1998:2003 a trifluoroacetic acid system 1975:2003 a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column 1975:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 21 1 theme down-regulated 3512:3525 arg1 N-glycoproteins 3527:3541 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins 3494:3541 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins 3494:3541 In females, we found 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins and 31 significantly up-regulated N-glycoproteins with respect to males. 34227365 9 2 with system 1998:2003 arg1 particles 2023:2031 5-μm filling particles 2010:2031 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column 2010:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 11 3 theme healthy 2238:2244 arg1 person 2246:2251 the same healthy person 2229:2251 the same healthy person 2229:2251 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 16 4 theme N-glycopeptides 3005:3019 arg1 range 2959:2963 the fluctuation range 2943:2963 the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2943:3019 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 9 5 theme filling 2015:2021 arg1 particles 2023:2031 5-μm filling particles 2010:2031 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column 2010:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 8 6 theme particle 1706:1713 arg1 size 1715:1718 particle size 1706:1718 particle size 1706:1718 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 23 7 gly N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 3839:3869 arg2 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 3839:3869 the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 3835:3869 the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females 3835:3920 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 19 8 gly N-glycoproteins 3266:3280 arg1 N-glycoproteins 3266:3280 the N-glycoproteins 3262:3280 the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance 3262:3327 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance was performed. 34227365 3 9 theme biopsy 514:519 arg1 sampling 528:535 liquid biopsy, urine sampling 507:535 sampling 528:535 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 1 10 theme apoptosis 285:293 arg1 regulation 220:229 the regulation 216:229 the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis 216:293 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 22 11 gly N-glycopeptides 3641:3655 arg2 N-glycopeptides 3641:3655 N-glycopeptides 3641:3655 N-glycopeptides 3641:3655 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups suggested a clear gender difference. 34227365 25 12 gly N-glycoproteins 4057:4071 arg1 N-glycoproteins 4057:4071 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins 4032:4071 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins 4032:4071 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins were mostly associated with platelet degranulation, extracellular region, and ossification. 34227365 9 13 from system 1998:2003 arg1 enriched 1963:1970 enriched 1963:1970 enriched 1963:1970 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 4 14 theme point 677:681 arg1 strategies 692:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 This facilitates the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies. 34227365 18 15 theme healthy 3223:3229 arg1 people 3231:3236 healthy people 3223:3236 healthy people 3223:3236 Subsequently, gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins were also explored in healthy people. 34227365 8 16 theme chromatography-mass 1251:1269 arg1 spectrometry 1271:1282 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1244:1282 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 1244:1290 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 16 theme chromatography-mass 1251:1269 arg1 technique 1309:1317 an analytical technique 1295:1317 an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems 1295:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 16 theme chromatography-mass 1251:1269 arg1 LC-MS 1285:1289 LC-MS 1285:1289 LC-MS 1285:1289 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 6 17 theme individual 897:906 arg1 differences 908:918 individual differences 897:918 individual differences 897:918 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 11 18 theme consecutive 2262:2272 arg1 days 2274:2277 five consecutive days 2257:2277 five consecutive days 2257:2277 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 21 19 gly N-glycoproteins 3527:3541 arg1 N-glycoproteins 3527:3541 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins 3494:3541 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins 3494:3541 In females, we found 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins and 31 significantly up-regulated N-glycoproteins with respect to males. 34227365 9 20 theme HILIC 2040:2044 arg1 column 2046:2051 the HILIC column 2036:2051 the HILIC column 2036:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 4 21 theme strategies 692:701 arg1 design 626:631 the design 622:631 the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 622:701 This facilitates the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies. 34227365 6 22 gly N-glycoproteins 995:1009 arg1 N-glycoproteins 995:1009 urinary N-glycoproteins 987:1009 urinary N-glycoproteins 987:1009 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 11 23 theme N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 2164:2192 arg1 levels 2194:2199 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels 2164:2199 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels 2164:2199 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 22 24 theme expression 3620:3629 arg1 levels 3631:3636 The expression levels 3616:3636 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups 3616:3678 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups suggested a clear gender difference. 34227365 6 25 theme large 1014:1018 arg1 populations 1028:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 11 26 theme urine 2204:2208 arg1 samples 2210:2216 urine samples 2204:2216 urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days 2204:2277 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 27 27 theme urinary 4342:4348 arg1 differences 4366:4376 urinary N-glycoproteome differences 4342:4376 urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals 4342:4401 Overall, sex may be an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals and should be considered in clinical applications. 34227365 25 28 theme expressed 4047:4055 arg1 N-glycoproteins 4057:4071 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins 4032:4071 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins 4032:4071 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins were mostly associated with platelet degranulation, extracellular region, and ossification. 34227365 6 29 from research 885:892 arg1 ranges 977:982 physiological abundance ranges 953:982 physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 953:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 29 from research 885:892 arg1 fluctuations 935:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 29 from research 885:892 arg1 differences 908:918 individual differences 897:918 individual differences 897:918 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 13 30 theme quantitative 2643:2654 arg1 analyses 2656:2663 qualitative and quantitative analyses 2627:2663 qualitative and quantitative analyses 2627:2663 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 2 31 theme protein 316:322 arg1 glycosylation 324:336 protein glycosylation 316:336 protein glycosylation 316:336 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 15 32 theme N-glycoproteins 2764:2778 arg1 total 2750:2754 A total 2748:2754 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides 2748:2803 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 6 33 theme N-glycoproteins 995:1009 arg1 differences 908:918 individual differences 897:918 individual differences 897:918 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 33 theme N-glycoproteins 995:1009 arg1 fluctuations 935:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 33 theme N-glycoproteins 995:1009 arg1 ranges 977:982 physiological abundance ranges 953:982 physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 953:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 11 34 theme levels 2194:2199 arg1 consistency 2149:2159 The consistency 2145:2159 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days 2145:2277 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 16 35 theme label-free 2886:2895 arg1 strategy 2910:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy 2884:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy 2884:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 10 36 theme N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2095:2125 arg1 levels 2085:2090 the levels 2081:2090 the levels of N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides in urine samples 2081:2142 On this basis, we analyzed the levels of N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides in urine samples. 34227365 7 37 theme normal 1121:1126 arg1 fluctuations 1142:1153 normal physiological fluctuations 1121:1153 normal physiological fluctuations 1121:1153 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 8 38 theme enrichment 1849:1858 arg1 selectivity 1789:1799 selectivity 1789:1799 selectivity 1789:1799 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 38 theme enrichment 1849:1858 arg1 stability 1806:1814 stability 1806:1814 stability 1806:1814 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 38 theme enrichment 1849:1858 arg1 number 1781:1786 the identification number 1762:1786 the identification number 1762:1786 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 1 39 theme adhesion 239:246 arg1 regulation 220:229 the regulation 216:229 the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis 216:293 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 26 40 theme glycan 4202:4207 arg1 biosynthesis 4209:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 40 theme glycan 4202:4207 arg1 pathways 4188:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 8 41 theme proteomes 1364:1372 arg1 profiling 1351:1359 the large-scale profiling 1335:1359 the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems 1335:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 3 42 theme analysis 595:602 arg1 complexity 571:580 the complexity 567:580 the complexity of proteomic analysis 567:602 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 8 43 theme different 1866:1874 arg1 conditions 1889:1898 different experimental conditions 1866:1898 different experimental conditions 1866:1898 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 22 44 theme clear 3692:3696 arg1 difference 3705:3714 a clear gender difference 3690:3714 a clear gender difference 3690:3714 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups suggested a clear gender difference. 34227365 6 45 theme abundance 967:975 arg1 ranges 977:982 physiological abundance ranges 953:982 physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 953:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 8 46 theme hydrophilic 1530:1540 arg1 HILIC 1570:1574 HILIC 1570:1574 HILIC 1570:1574 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 46 theme hydrophilic 1530:1540 arg1 chromatography 1554:1567 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 1530:1567 hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 1530:1575 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 7 47 theme great 1200:1204 arg1 challenge 1206:1214 a great challenge 1198:1214 a great challenge in disease marker research 1198:1241 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 8 48 theme biological 1377:1386 arg1 systems 1388:1394 biological systems 1377:1394 biological systems 1377:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 13 49 theme qualitative 2627:2637 arg1 analyses 2656:2663 qualitative and quantitative analyses 2627:2663 qualitative and quantitative analyses 2627:2663 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 28 50 theme urinary 4540:4546 arg1 glycoproteome 4548:4560 the urinary glycoproteome 4536:4560 the urinary glycoproteome 4536:4560 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 26 51 theme cofactors 4252:4260 arg1 biosynthesis 4209:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 51 theme cofactors 4252:4260 arg1 metabolism 4286:4295 lipid metabolism 4280:4295 lipid metabolism 4280:4295 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 51 theme cofactors 4252:4260 arg1 metabolism 4238:4247 metabolism 4238:4247 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 4238:4273 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 51 theme cofactors 4252:4260 arg1 metabolism 4226:4235 metabolism 4226:4235 metabolism 4226:4235 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 51 theme cofactors 4252:4260 arg1 pathways 4188:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 8 52 from profiling 1351:1359 arg1 systems 1388:1394 biological systems 1377:1394 biological systems 1377:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 1 53 theme eukaryotic 171:180 arg1 cells 182:186 eukaryotic cells 171:186 eukaryotic cells 171:186 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 25 54 theme platelet 4101:4108 arg1 degranulation 4110:4122 platelet degranulation 4101:4122 platelet degranulation 4101:4122 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins were mostly associated with platelet degranulation, extracellular region, and ossification. 34227365 8 55 gly N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 1819:1847 arg2 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 1819:1847 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment 1819:1858 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment 1819:1858 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 9 56 from particles 2023:2031 arg1 column 2046:2051 the HILIC column 2036:2051 the HILIC column 2036:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 11 57 theme same 2233:2236 arg1 person 2246:2251 the same healthy person 2229:2251 the same healthy person 2229:2251 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 10 58 theme urine 2130:2134 arg1 samples 2136:2142 urine samples 2130:2142 urine samples 2130:2142 On this basis, we analyzed the levels of N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides in urine samples. 34227365 15 59 theme volunteers 2872:2881 arg1 samples 2846:2852 the mid-morning urine samples 2824:2852 the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers 2824:2881 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 27 60 theme normal 4384:4389 arg1 individuals 4391:4401 normal individuals 4384:4401 normal individuals 4384:4401 Overall, sex may be an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals and should be considered in clinical applications. 34227365 13 61 gly N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2560:2590 arg2 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2560:2590 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2560:2590 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2560:2590 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 1 62 gly N-Glycosylation 94:108 arg1 proteins 113:120 proteins 113:120 proteins 113:120 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 8 63 dep detection 1463:1471 arg1 investigated 1749:1760 investigated 1749:1760 investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions 1749:1898 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 63 dep detection 1463:1471 arg1 established 1497:1507 established 1497:1507 established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition 1497:1742 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 15 64 gly N-glycoproteins 2764:2778 arg1 N-glycoproteins 2764:2778 1016 N-glycoproteins 2759:2778 1016 N-glycoproteins 2759:2778 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 12 65 theme same 2384:2387 arg1 person 2397:2402 the same healthy person 2380:2402 the same healthy person 2380:2402 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 1 66 theme important 126:134 arg1 N-Glycosylation 94:108 N-Glycosylation 94:108 N-Glycosylation of proteins 94:120 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 1 66 theme important 126:134 arg1 modification 155:166 an important post-translational modification 123:166 an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells 123:186 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 5 67 theme abundance 750:758 arg1 range 725:729 the dynamic range 713:729 the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance 713:758 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 5 67 theme abundance 750:758 arg1 large 774:778 large 774:778 large 774:778 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 24 68 theme pathway 3933:3939 arg1 analysis 3941:3948 Metabolic pathway analysis 3923:3948 Metabolic pathway analysis 3923:3948 Metabolic pathway analysis was also carried out based on the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). 34227365 10 69 gly N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2095:2125 arg2 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2095:2125 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2095:2125 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 2095:2125 On this basis, we analyzed the levels of N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides in urine samples. 34227365 20 70 theme multivariate 3353:3364 arg1 analysis 3378:3385 multivariate statistical analysis 3353:3385 multivariate statistical analysis 3353:3385 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 17 71 theme urinary 3039:3045 arg1 N-glycopeptides 3047:3061 urinary N-glycopeptides 3039:3061 urinary N-glycopeptides 3039:3061 The abundance of urinary N-glycopeptides spanned across approximately five orders of magnitude. 34227365 12 72 theme person 2397:2402 arg1 N-glycoproteome 2361:2375 the urinary N-glycoproteome 2349:2375 the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person 2349:2402 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 12 72 theme person 2397:2402 arg1 stable 2419:2424 stable 2419:2424 stable 2419:2424 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 15 73 theme urine 2840:2844 arg1 samples 2846:2852 the mid-morning urine samples 2824:2852 the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers 2824:2881 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 0 74 theme human 46:50 arg1 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 60:90 human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 46:90 human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 46:90 [Large-scale enrichment and identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides]. 34227365 23 75 theme gene 3790:3793 arg1 ontology 3795:3802 gene ontology 3790:3802 gene ontology (GO) analysis 3790:3816 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 26 76 theme vitamins 4266:4273 arg1 biosynthesis 4209:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 76 theme vitamins 4266:4273 arg1 metabolism 4286:4295 lipid metabolism 4280:4295 lipid metabolism 4280:4295 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 76 theme vitamins 4266:4273 arg1 metabolism 4238:4247 metabolism 4238:4247 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins 4238:4273 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 76 theme vitamins 4266:4273 arg1 metabolism 4226:4235 metabolism 4226:4235 metabolism 4226:4235 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 76 theme vitamins 4266:4273 arg1 pathways 4188:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 12 77 theme urinary 2353:2359 arg1 N-glycoproteome 2361:2375 the urinary N-glycoproteome 2349:2375 the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person 2349:2402 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 12 77 theme urinary 2353:2359 arg1 stable 2419:2424 stable 2419:2424 stable 2419:2424 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 0 78 theme [Large-scale 0:11 arg1 enrichment 13:22 [Large-scale enrichment 0:22 [Large-scale enrichment 0:22 [Large-scale enrichment and identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides]. 34227365 23 79 theme proteins 3780:3787 arg1 functions 3761:3769 functions 3761:3769 functions 3761:3769 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 23 79 theme proteins 3780:3787 arg1 processes 3747:3755 the biological processes 3732:3755 the biological processes 3732:3755 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 14 80 theme proteins 2716:2723 arg1 Screening 2666:2674 Screening 2666:2674 Screening 2666:2674 Screening and functional analysis of differential proteins were then carried out. 34227365 14 80 theme proteins 2716:2723 arg1 analysis 2691:2698 functional analysis 2680:2698 functional analysis 2680:2698 Screening and functional analysis of differential proteins were then carried out. 34227365 16 81 theme abundant 2988:2995 arg1 N-glycopeptides 3005:3019 the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2968:3019 the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2968:3019 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 19 82 theme Functional 3239:3248 arg1 analysis 3250:3257 Functional analysis 3239:3257 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance 3239:3327 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance was performed. 34227365 17 83 gly N-glycopeptides 3047:3061 arg2 N-glycopeptides 3047:3061 urinary N-glycopeptides 3039:3061 urinary N-glycopeptides 3039:3061 The abundance of urinary N-glycopeptides spanned across approximately five orders of magnitude. 34227365 13 84 from volunteers 2531:2540 arg1 samples 2469:2475 urinary samples 2461:2475 urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers 2461:2540 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 7 85 theme marker 1227:1232 arg1 research 1234:1241 disease marker research 1219:1241 disease marker research 1219:1241 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 8 86 gly N-glycopeptides 1419:1433 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1419:1433 N-glycopeptides 1419:1433 N-glycopeptides 1419:1433 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 20 87 theme fold 3435:3438 arg1 FC 3448:3449 FC 3448:3449 FC 3448:3449 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 20 87 theme fold 3435:3438 arg1 p<0.05 3427:3432 p<0.05 3427:3432 p<0.05 3427:3432 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 20 87 theme fold 3435:3438 arg1 change 3440:3445 fold change 3435:3445 fold change (FC)> 4 3435:3453 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 3 88 dep sampling 528:535 arg1 urine 522:526 liquid biopsy, urine sampling 507:535 urine 522:526 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 8 89 theme elution 1621:1627 arg1 processes 1629:1637 elution processes 1621:1637 elution processes 1621:1637 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 28 90 theme clinical 4583:4590 arg1 biomarkers 4592:4601 clinical biomarkers 4583:4601 clinical biomarkers 4583:4601 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 13 91 theme urinary 2461:2467 arg1 samples 2469:2475 urinary samples 2461:2475 urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers 2461:2540 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 6 92 theme specialized 873:883 arg1 research 885:892 specialized research 873:892 specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 873:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 13 93 theme healthy 2516:2522 arg1 volunteers 2531:2540 20 healthy female volunteers 2513:2540 20 healthy female volunteers 2513:2540 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 3 94 contain has 537:539 arg1 type 499:502 A non-invasive type 484:502 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling 484:535 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 3 94 contain has 537:539 arg2 advantage 545:553 the advantage 541:553 the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis 541:602 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 6 95 from ranges 977:982 arg1 populations 1028:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 95 from ranges 977:982 arg1 lack 865:868 a lack 863:868 a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 863:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 20 96 dep proteins 3417:3424 arg1 p<0.05 3427:3432 p<0.05 3427:3432 p<0.05 3427:3432 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 20 96 dep proteins 3417:3424 arg1 change 3440:3445 fold change 3435:3445 fold change (FC)> 4 3435:3453 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 5 97 theme physiological 817:829 arg1 conditions 831:840 physiological conditions 817:840 physiological conditions 817:840 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 15 98 gly N-glycopeptides 2789:2803 arg2 N-glycopeptides 2789:2803 2192 N-glycopeptides 2784:2803 2192 N-glycopeptides 2784:2803 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 23 99 theme biological 3736:3745 arg1 processes 3747:3755 the biological processes 3732:3755 the biological processes 3732:3755 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 14 100 theme differential 2703:2714 arg1 proteins 2716:2723 differential proteins 2703:2723 differential proteins 2703:2723 Screening and functional analysis of differential proteins were then carried out. 34227365 8 101 theme enrichment 1646:1655 arg1 method 1657:1662 the enrichment method 1642:1662 the enrichment method 1642:1662 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 19 102 theme gender 3297:3302 arg1 differences 3304:3314 gender differences 3297:3314 gender differences in abundance 3297:3327 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance was performed. 34227365 3 103 theme non-invasive 486:497 arg1 type 499:502 A non-invasive type 484:502 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling 484:535 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 8 104 theme size 1715:1718 arg1 optimization 1690:1701 the optimization 1686:1701 the optimization of particle size and solvent composition 1686:1742 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 13 105 theme male 2493:2496 arg1 volunteers 2498:2507 20 healthy male volunteers 2482:2507 20 healthy male volunteers 2482:2507 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 9 106 theme trifluoroacetic 1977:1991 arg1 system 1998:2003 a trifluoroacetic acid system 1975:2003 a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column 1975:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 2 107 theme diseases 393:400 arg1 occurrence 365:374 the occurrence 361:374 the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases 361:481 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 4 108 theme multi-time 666:675 arg1 strategies 692:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 This facilitates the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies. 34227365 18 109 theme urinary 3184:3190 arg1 proteins 3192:3199 urinary proteins 3184:3199 urinary proteins 3184:3199 Subsequently, gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins were also explored in healthy people. 34227365 6 110 theme physiological 953:965 arg1 ranges 977:982 physiological abundance ranges 953:982 physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 953:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 0 111 gly N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 60:90 arg2 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 60:90 human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 46:90 human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 46:90 [Large-scale enrichment and identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides]. 34227365 18 112 from differences 3139:3149 arg1 levels 3174:3179 the N-glycosylation levels 3154:3179 the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins 3154:3199 Subsequently, gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins were also explored in healthy people. 34227365 2 113 theme many 379:382 arg1 diseases 393:400 many critical diseases 379:400 many critical diseases 379:400 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 19 114 theme N-glycoproteins 3266:3280 arg1 analysis 3250:3257 Functional analysis 3239:3257 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance 3239:3327 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance was performed. 34227365 1 115 theme transduction 267:278 arg1 regulation 220:229 the regulation 216:229 the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis 216:293 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 21 116 gly N-glycoproteins 3577:3591 arg1 N-glycoproteins 3577:3591 N-glycoproteins 3577:3591 N-glycoproteins 3577:3591 In females, we found 175 significantly down-regulated N-glycoproteins and 31 significantly up-regulated N-glycoproteins with respect to males. 34227365 9 117 theme 5-μm 2010:2013 arg1 particles 2023:2031 5-μm filling particles 2010:2031 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column 2010:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 6 118 from differences 908:918 arg1 populations 1028:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 118 from differences 908:918 arg1 lack 865:868 a lack 863:868 a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 863:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 119 theme physiological 921:933 arg1 fluctuations 935:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 16 120 theme urinary 2997:3003 arg1 N-glycopeptides 3005:3019 the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2968:3019 the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2968:3019 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 22 121 theme N-glycopeptides 3641:3655 arg1 levels 3631:3636 The expression levels 3616:3636 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups 3616:3678 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups suggested a clear gender difference. 34227365 2 122 theme Abnormal 296:303 arg1 changes 305:311 Abnormal changes 296:311 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation 296:336 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 8 123 theme identification 1766:1779 arg1 number 1781:1786 the identification number 1762:1786 the identification number 1762:1786 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 1 124 theme essential 198:206 arg1 role 208:211 an essential role 195:211 an essential role 195:211 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 0 125 theme urinary 52:58 arg1 N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 60:90 human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 46:90 human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 46:90 [Large-scale enrichment and identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides]. 34227365 19 126 from differences 3304:3314 arg1 abundance 3319:3327 abundance 3319:3327 abundance 3319:3327 Functional analysis of the N-glycoproteins that exhibited gender differences in abundance was performed. 34227365 8 127 theme analytical 1298:1307 arg1 spectrometry 1271:1282 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1244:1282 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 1244:1290 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 127 theme analytical 1298:1307 arg1 technique 1309:1317 an analytical technique 1295:1317 an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems 1295:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 18 128 theme proteins 3192:3199 arg1 levels 3174:3179 the N-glycosylation levels 3154:3179 the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins 3154:3199 Subsequently, gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins were also explored in healthy people. 34227365 8 129 theme Liquid 1244:1249 arg1 spectrometry 1271:1282 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 1244:1282 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 1244:1290 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 129 theme Liquid 1244:1249 arg1 technique 1309:1317 an analytical technique 1295:1317 an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems 1295:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 129 theme Liquid 1244:1249 arg1 LC-MS 1285:1289 LC-MS 1285:1289 LC-MS 1285:1289 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 6 130 theme healthy 1020:1026 arg1 populations 1028:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 26 131 theme relevant 4179:4186 arg1 biosynthesis 4209:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 131 theme relevant 4179:4186 arg1 pathways 4188:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 4 132 theme sampling 683:690 arg1 strategies 692:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 This facilitates the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies. 34227365 5 133 theme dynamic 717:723 arg1 range 725:729 the dynamic range 713:729 the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance 713:758 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 5 133 theme dynamic 717:723 arg1 large 774:778 large 774:778 large 774:778 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 20 134 theme expressed 3407:3415 arg1 proteins 3417:3424 206 differentially expressed proteins 3388:3424 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) 3388:3454 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 27 135 theme clinical 4431:4438 arg1 applications 4440:4451 clinical applications 4431:4451 clinical applications 4431:4451 Overall, sex may be an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals and should be considered in clinical applications. 34227365 15 136 theme N-glycopeptides 2789:2803 arg1 total 2750:2754 A total 2748:2754 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides 2748:2803 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 26 137 theme top 4169:4171 arg1 biosynthesis 4209:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 glycan biosynthesis 4202:4220 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 26 137 theme top 4169:4171 arg1 pathways 4188:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways 4165:4195 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 4 138 theme large-scale 636:646 arg1 strategies 692:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 This facilitates the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies. 34227365 18 139 theme gender 3132:3137 arg1 differences 3139:3149 gender differences 3132:3149 gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins 3132:3199 Subsequently, gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins were also explored in healthy people. 34227365 5 140 theme urinary 734:740 arg1 abundance 750:758 urinary protein abundance 734:758 urinary protein abundance 734:758 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 1 141 theme cell 234:237 arg1 adhesion 239:246 cell adhesion 234:246 cell adhesion 234:246 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 6 142 theme urinary 987:993 arg1 N-glycoproteins 995:1009 urinary N-glycoproteins 987:1009 urinary N-glycoproteins 987:1009 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 4 143 theme continuous 652:661 arg1 strategies 692:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies 636:701 This facilitates the design of large-scale and continuous or multi-time point sampling strategies. 34227365 6 144 from lack 865:868 arg1 ranges 977:982 physiological abundance ranges 953:982 physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 953:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 144 from lack 865:868 arg1 fluctuations 935:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 physiological fluctuations 921:946 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 144 from lack 865:868 arg1 differences 908:918 individual differences 897:918 individual differences 897:918 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 28 145 dep function 4509:4516 arg1 the 4505:4507 the 4505:4507 the 4505:4507 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 7 146 theme individual 1094:1103 arg1 differences 1105:1115 individual differences 1094:1115 individual differences 1094:1115 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 3 147 theme proteomic 585:593 arg1 analysis 595:602 proteomic analysis 585:602 proteomic analysis 585:602 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 8 148 theme N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 1819:1847 arg1 enrichment 1849:1858 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment 1819:1858 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment 1819:1858 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 1 149 theme post-translational 136:153 arg1 N-Glycosylation 94:108 N-Glycosylation 94:108 N-Glycosylation of proteins 94:120 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 1 149 theme post-translational 136:153 arg1 modification 155:166 an important post-translational modification 123:166 an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells 123:186 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 7 150 theme physiological 1128:1140 arg1 fluctuations 1142:1153 normal physiological fluctuations 1121:1153 normal physiological fluctuations 1121:1153 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 8 151 theme interaction 1542:1552 arg1 HILIC 1570:1574 HILIC 1570:1574 HILIC 1570:1574 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 151 theme interaction 1542:1552 arg1 chromatography 1554:1567 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 1530:1567 hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) 1530:1575 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 16 152 theme fluctuation 2947:2957 arg1 range 2959:2963 the fluctuation range 2943:2963 the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2943:3019 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 18 153 theme N-glycosylation 3158:3172 arg1 levels 3174:3179 the N-glycosylation levels 3154:3179 the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins 3154:3199 Subsequently, gender differences in the N-glycosylation levels of urinary proteins were also explored in healthy people. 34227365 17 154 theme magnitude 3107:3115 arg1 orders 3097:3102 approximately five orders 3078:3102 approximately five orders of magnitude 3078:3115 The abundance of urinary N-glycopeptides spanned across approximately five orders of magnitude. 34227365 15 155 theme healthy 2864:2870 arg1 volunteers 2872:2881 the 40 healthy volunteers 2857:2881 the 40 healthy volunteers 2857:2881 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 8 156 theme experimental 1876:1887 arg1 conditions 1889:1898 different experimental conditions 1866:1898 different experimental conditions 1866:1898 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 2 157 from changes 305:311 arg1 glycosylation 324:336 protein glycosylation 316:336 protein glycosylation 316:336 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 12 158 theme short 2433:2437 arg1 period 2439:2444 a short period 2431:2444 a short period of time 2431:2452 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 25 159 theme extracellular 4125:4137 arg1 region 4139:4144 extracellular region 4125:4144 extracellular region 4125:4144 Differentially expressed N-glycoproteins were mostly associated with platelet degranulation, extracellular region, and ossification. 34227365 24 160 theme Metabolic 3923:3931 arg1 analysis 3941:3948 Metabolic pathway analysis 3923:3948 Metabolic pathway analysis 3923:3948 Metabolic pathway analysis was also carried out based on the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). 34227365 7 161 from challenge 1206:1214 arg1 research 1234:1241 disease marker research 1219:1241 disease marker research 1219:1241 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 5 162 theme protein 742:748 arg1 abundance 750:758 urinary protein abundance 734:758 urinary protein abundance 734:758 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 23 163 theme ontology 3795:3802 arg1 analysis 3809:3816 gene ontology (GO) analysis 3790:3816 gene ontology (GO) analysis 3790:3816 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 20 164 theme statistical 3366:3376 arg1 analysis 3378:3385 multivariate statistical analysis 3353:3385 multivariate statistical analysis 3353:3385 Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 206 differentially expressed proteins (p<0.05, fold change (FC)> 4) were identified. 34227365 13 165 from volunteers 2498:2507 arg1 samples 2469:2475 urinary samples 2461:2475 urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers 2461:2540 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 15 166 theme mid-morning 2828:2838 arg1 samples 2846:2852 the mid-morning urine samples 2824:2852 the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers 2824:2881 A total of 1016 N-glycoproteins and 2192 N-glycopeptides were identified in the mid-morning urine samples of the 40 healthy volunteers. 34227365 10 167 from levels 2085:2090 arg1 samples 2136:2142 urine samples 2130:2142 urine samples 2130:2142 On this basis, we analyzed the levels of N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides in urine samples. 34227365 9 168 gly N-glycoproteins 1915:1929 arg1 N-glycoproteins 1915:1929 N-glycoproteins 1915:1929 N-glycoproteins 1915:1929 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 17 169 theme N-glycopeptides 3047:3061 arg1 abundance 3026:3034 The abundance 3022:3034 The abundance of urinary N-glycopeptides 3022:3061 The abundance of urinary N-glycopeptides spanned across approximately five orders of magnitude. 34227365 8 170 theme N-glycopeptides 1419:1433 arg1 prerequisite 1440:1451 a prerequisite 1438:1451 a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions 1438:1898 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 170 theme N-glycopeptides 1419:1433 arg1 enrichment 1405:1414 the enrichment 1401:1414 the enrichment of N-glycopeptides 1401:1433 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 28 171 theme relevant 4474:4481 arg1 information 4483:4493 relevant information 4474:4493 relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers 4474:4601 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 9 172 gly N-glycopeptides 1935:1949 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1935:1949 N-glycopeptides 1935:1949 N-glycopeptides 1935:1949 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 1 173 theme proteins 113:120 arg1 N-Glycosylation 94:108 N-Glycosylation 94:108 N-Glycosylation of proteins 94:120 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 1 173 theme proteins 113:120 arg1 modification 155:166 an important post-translational modification 123:166 an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells 123:186 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 12 174 theme time 2449:2452 arg1 period 2439:2444 a short period 2431:2444 a short period of time 2431:2452 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 16 175 theme quantitation 2897:2908 arg1 strategy 2910:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy 2884:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy 2884:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 27 176 theme important 4321:4329 arg1 sex 4307:4309 sex 4307:4309 sex 4307:4309 Overall, sex may be an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals and should be considered in clinical applications. 34227365 27 176 theme important 4321:4329 arg1 factor 4331:4336 an important factor 4318:4336 an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals 4318:4401 Overall, sex may be an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals and should be considered in clinical applications. 34227365 28 177 theme glycoproteome 4548:4560 arg1 mechanisms 4522:4531 mechanisms 4522:4531 mechanisms 4522:4531 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 28 177 theme glycoproteome 4548:4560 arg1 function 4509:4516 function 4509:4516 function 4509:4516 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 28 177 theme glycoproteome 4548:4560 arg1 screening 4570:4578 the screening 4566:4578 the screening of clinical biomarkers 4566:4601 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 7 178 theme disease 1219:1225 arg1 research 1234:1241 disease marker research 1219:1241 disease marker research 1219:1241 Therefore, it is difficult to accurately distinguish individual differences and normal physiological fluctuations from changes caused by disease; this poses a great challenge in disease marker research. 34227365 1 179 from modification 155:166 arg1 cells 182:186 eukaryotic cells 171:186 eukaryotic cells 171:186 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 27 180 theme N-glycoproteome 4350:4364 arg1 differences 4366:4376 urinary N-glycoproteome differences 4342:4376 urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals 4342:4401 Overall, sex may be an important factor for urinary N-glycoproteome differences among normal individuals and should be considered in clinical applications. 34227365 11 181 theme correlation 2299:2309 arg1 analysis 2311:2318 correlation analysis 2299:2318 correlation analysis 2299:2318 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 5 182 theme individual 790:799 arg1 differences 801:811 individual differences 790:811 individual differences 790:811 However, the dynamic range of urinary protein abundance is relatively large, owing to individual differences and physiological conditions. 34227365 6 183 theme research 885:892 arg1 lack 865:868 a lack 863:868 a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 863:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 8 184 theme solvent 1724:1730 arg1 composition 1732:1742 solvent composition 1724:1742 solvent composition 1724:1742 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 26 185 theme lipid 4280:4284 arg1 metabolism 4286:4295 lipid metabolism 4280:4295 lipid metabolism 4280:4295 The top three relevant pathways were glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and lipid metabolism. 34227365 0 186 theme N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 60:90 arg1 identification 28:41 identification 28:41 identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 28:90 [Large-scale enrichment and identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides]. 34227365 0 186 theme N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides 60:90 arg1 enrichment 13:22 [Large-scale enrichment 0:22 [Large-scale enrichment 0:22 [Large-scale enrichment and identification of human urinary N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides]. 34227365 16 187 gly N-glycopeptides 3005:3019 arg2 N-glycopeptides 3005:3019 the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2968:3019 the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides 2968:3019 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 13 188 theme female 2524:2529 arg1 volunteers 2531:2540 20 healthy female volunteers 2513:2540 20 healthy female volunteers 2513:2540 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 2 189 theme inflammatory 461:472 arg1 diseases 474:481 inflammatory diseases 461:481 inflammatory diseases 461:481 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 8 190 theme method 1657:1662 arg1 activation 1595:1604 the activation 1591:1604 the activation 1591:1604 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 190 theme method 1657:1662 arg1 processes 1629:1637 elution processes 1621:1637 elution processes 1621:1637 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 190 theme method 1657:1662 arg1 cleaning 1607:1614 cleaning 1607:1614 cleaning 1607:1614 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 8 191 theme MS.In 1476:1480 arg1 study 1487:1491 MS.In this study 1476:1491 MS.In this study 1476:1491 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 3 192 theme liquid 507:512 arg1 sampling 528:535 liquid biopsy, urine sampling 507:535 sampling 528:535 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 28 193 theme biomarkers 4592:4601 arg1 mechanisms 4522:4531 mechanisms 4522:4531 mechanisms 4522:4531 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 28 193 theme biomarkers 4592:4601 arg1 function 4509:4516 function 4509:4516 function 4509:4516 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 28 193 theme biomarkers 4592:4601 arg1 screening 4570:4578 the screening 4566:4578 the screening of clinical biomarkers 4566:4601 This study provides relevant information regarding the function and mechanisms of the urinary glycoproteome and the screening of clinical biomarkers. 34227365 14 194 theme functional 2680:2689 arg1 analysis 2691:2698 functional analysis 2680:2698 functional analysis 2680:2698 Screening and functional analysis of differential proteins were then carried out. 34227365 13 195 theme healthy 2485:2491 arg1 volunteers 2498:2507 20 healthy male volunteers 2482:2507 20 healthy male volunteers 2482:2507 Next, urinary samples from 20 healthy male volunteers and 20 healthy female volunteers were enriched for N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides, which were profiled by MS through qualitative and quantitative analyses. 34227365 23 196 dep ontology 3795:3802 arg1 GO 3805:3806 GO 3805:3806 GO 3805:3806 To investigate the biological processes and functions of these proteins, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides differentially expressed between males and females. 34227365 11 197 from consistency 2149:2159 arg1 samples 2210:2216 urine samples 2204:2216 urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days 2204:2277 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 11 198 gly N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 2164:2192 arg2 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 2164:2192 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 2164:2192 N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide 2164:2192 The consistency of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide levels in urine samples taken from the same healthy person for five consecutive days was investigated by correlation analysis. 34227365 12 199 theme healthy 2389:2395 arg1 person 2397:2402 the same healthy person 2380:2402 the same healthy person 2380:2402 This analysis revealed that the urinary N-glycoproteome of the same healthy person was relatively stable over a short period of time. 34227365 22 200 theme gender 3698:3703 arg1 difference 3705:3714 a clear gender difference 3690:3714 a clear gender difference 3690:3714 The expression levels of N-glycopeptides between the two groups suggested a clear gender difference. 34227365 16 201 used used 2923:2926 arg2 strategy 2910:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy 2884:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy 2884:2917 A label-free quantitation strategy was used to investigate the fluctuation range of the physiologically abundant urinary N-glycopeptides. 34227365 2 202 theme critical 384:391 arg1 diseases 393:400 many critical diseases 379:400 many critical diseases 379:400 Abnormal changes in protein glycosylation are closely related to the occurrence of many critical diseases, including diabetes, tumors, and neurological, kidney, and inflammatory diseases. 34227365 8 203 theme composition 1732:1742 arg1 optimization 1690:1701 the optimization 1686:1701 the optimization of particle size and solvent composition 1686:1742 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 1 204 theme migration 249:257 arg1 regulation 220:229 the regulation 216:229 the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis 216:293 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 34227365 8 205 theme large-scale 1339:1349 arg1 profiling 1351:1359 the large-scale profiling 1335:1359 the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems 1335:1394 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical technique widely used for the large-scale profiling of proteomes in biological systems, and the enrichment of N-glycopeptides is a prerequisite for their detection by MS.In this study, we established an approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by optimizing the activation, cleaning, and elution processes of the enrichment method, for instance through the optimization of particle size and solvent composition, and investigated the identification number, selectivity, and stability of N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide enrichment under different experimental conditions. 34227365 9 206 theme acid 1993:1996 arg1 system 1998:2003 a trifluoroacetic acid system 1975:2003 a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column 1975:2051 We found that N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were highly enriched in a trifluoroacetic acid system with 5-μm filling particles in the HILIC column. 34227365 6 207 from fluctuations 935:946 arg1 populations 1028:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 large healthy populations 1014:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 6 207 from fluctuations 935:946 arg1 lack 865:868 a lack 863:868 a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations 863:1038 Currently, there is a lack of specialized research on individual differences, physiological fluctuations, and physiological abundance ranges of urinary N-glycoproteins in large healthy populations. 34227365 3 208 theme sampling 528:535 arg1 type 499:502 A non-invasive type 484:502 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling 484:535 A non-invasive type of liquid biopsy, urine sampling has the advantage of reducing the complexity of proteomic analysis. 34227365 1 209 theme signal 260:265 arg1 transduction 267:278 signal transduction 260:278 signal transduction 260:278 N-Glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells, plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, signal transduction, and apoptosis. 33284103 3 0 theme carboxylation 456:468 arg1 PTMs 501:504 two other PTMs 491:504 two other PTMs regulating this hormone 491:528 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 0 theme carboxylation 456:468 arg1 serine 423:428 a single serine 414:428 a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis 414:488 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 0 theme carboxylation 456:468 arg1 S8 431:432 S8 431:432 S8 431:432 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 7 1 theme OCN 937:939 arg1 regulation 941:950 OCN regulation 937:950 OCN regulation 937:950 These findings reveal an important species difference in OCN regulation, which may explain why serum concentrations of OCN are higher in mouse than in human. 33284103 7 2 theme OCN 999:1001 arg1 concentrations 981:994 serum concentrations 975:994 serum concentrations of OCN 975:1001 These findings reveal an important species difference in OCN regulation, which may explain why serum concentrations of OCN are higher in mouse than in human. 33284103 2 3 theme post-translational 260:277 arg1 modifications 279:291 post-translational modifications 260:291 post-translational modifications (PTMs) which control its activity 260:325 Like many peptide hormones, OCN is subjected to post-translational modifications (PTMs) which control its activity. 33284103 2 3 theme post-translational 260:277 arg1 PTMs 294:297 PTMs 294:297 PTMs 294:297 Like many peptide hormones, OCN is subjected to post-translational modifications (PTMs) which control its activity. 33284103 3 4 theme mouse 387:391 arg1 OCN 393:395 mouse OCN 387:395 mouse OCN 387:395 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 5 theme other 495:499 arg1 PTMs 501:504 two other PTMs 491:504 two other PTMs regulating this hormone 491:528 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 5 theme other 495:499 arg1 serine 423:428 a single serine 414:428 a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis 414:488 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 1 6 theme osteoblast-derived 143:160 arg1 hormone 162:168 an osteoblast-derived hormone 140:168 an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions 140:209 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 1 6 theme osteoblast-derived 143:160 arg1 Osteocalcin 119:129 Osteocalcin 119:129 Osteocalcin (OCN) 119:135 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 3 7 theme novel 366:370 arg1 PTM 372:374 a novel PTM 364:374 a novel PTM present on mouse OCN 364:395 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 7 theme novel 366:370 arg1 O-glycosylation 345:359 O-glycosylation 345:359 O-glycosylation 345:359 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 6 8 theme wildtype 865:872 arg1 hOCN 874:877 wildtype hOCN 865:877 wildtype hOCN 865:877 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 5 9 gly O-glycosylated 738:751 arg1 tyrosine 709:716 a tyrosine 707:716 a tyrosine (Y12) 707:722 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 5 9 gly O-glycosylated 738:751 arg1 O-glycosylated 738:751 O-glycosylated 738:751 O-glycosylated 738:751 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 5 9 gly O-glycosylated 738:751 arg1 residue 676:682 the residue 672:682 the residue corresponding to S8 672:702 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 5 9 gly O-glycosylated 738:751 arg1 Y12 719:721 Y12 719:721 Y12 719:721 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 0 10 link bone-derived 21:32 arg1 osteocalcin 42:52 the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 17:52 the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 17:52 The half-life of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is regulated through O-glycosylation in mice, but not in humans. 33284103 1 11 link osteoblast-derived 143:160 arg1 hormone 162:168 an osteoblast-derived hormone 140:168 an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions 140:209 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 1 11 link osteoblast-derived 143:160 arg1 Osteocalcin 119:129 Osteocalcin 119:129 Osteocalcin (OCN) 119:135 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 1 12 theme pleiotropic 175:185 arg1 functions 201:209 pleiotropic physiological functions 175:209 pleiotropic physiological functions 175:209 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 5 13 theme human 654:658 arg1 hOCN 665:668 hOCN 665:668 hOCN 665:668 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 5 13 theme human 654:658 arg1 OCN 660:662 human OCN 654:662 human OCN (hOCN) 654:669 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 6 14 theme Y12S 763:766 arg1 sufficient 780:789 sufficient 780:789 sufficient 780:789 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 6 14 theme Y12S 763:766 arg1 mutation 768:775 the Y12S mutation 759:775 the Y12S mutation 759:775 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 6 14 theme Y12S 763:766 arg1 increase 820:827 increase 820:827 to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN 817:877 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 6 14 theme Y12S 763:766 arg1 O-glycosylate 794:806 O-glycosylate 794:806 O-glycosylate 794:806 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 1 15 theme physiological 187:199 arg1 functions 201:209 pleiotropic physiological functions 175:209 pleiotropic physiological functions 175:209 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 0 16 theme hormone 34:40 arg1 osteocalcin 42:52 the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 17:52 the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 17:52 The half-life of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is regulated through O-glycosylation in mice, but not in humans. 33284103 3 17 theme single 416:421 arg1 PTMs 501:504 two other PTMs 491:504 two other PTMs regulating this hormone 491:528 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 17 theme single 416:421 arg1 serine 423:428 a single serine 414:428 a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis 414:488 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 17 theme single 416:421 arg1 S8 431:432 S8 431:432 S8 431:432 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 0 18 theme bone-derived 21:32 arg1 osteocalcin 42:52 the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 17:52 the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 17:52 The half-life of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is regulated through O-glycosylation in mice, but not in humans. 33284103 2 19 theme peptide 222:228 arg1 hormones 230:237 many peptide hormones 217:237 many peptide hormones 217:237 Like many peptide hormones, OCN is subjected to post-translational modifications (PTMs) which control its activity. 33284103 7 20 theme important 905:913 arg1 difference 923:932 an important species difference 902:932 an important species difference 902:932 These findings reveal an important species difference in OCN regulation, which may explain why serum concentrations of OCN are higher in mouse than in human. 33284103 3 21 theme present 376:382 arg1 PTM 372:374 a novel PTM 364:374 a novel PTM present on mouse OCN 364:395 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 21 theme present 376:382 arg1 O-glycosylation 345:359 O-glycosylation 345:359 O-glycosylation 345:359 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 1 22 with hormone 162:168 arg1 functions 201:209 pleiotropic physiological functions 175:209 pleiotropic physiological functions 175:209 Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone with pleiotropic physiological functions. 33284103 3 23 attach present 376:382 arg2 O-glycosylation 345:359 O-glycosylation 345:359 O-glycosylation 345:359 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 23 attach present 376:382 arg2 PTM 372:374 a novel PTM 364:374 a novel PTM present on mouse OCN 364:395 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 23 attach present 376:382 arg1 OCN 393:395 mouse OCN 387:395 mouse OCN 387:395 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 2 24 theme many 217:220 arg1 hormones 230:237 many peptide hormones 217:237 many peptide hormones 217:237 Like many peptide hormones, OCN is subjected to post-translational modifications (PTMs) which control its activity. 33284103 7 25 theme species 915:921 arg1 difference 923:932 an important species difference 902:932 an important species difference 902:932 These findings reveal an important species difference in OCN regulation, which may explain why serum concentrations of OCN are higher in mouse than in human. 33284103 0 26 theme osteocalcin 42:52 arg1 half-life 4:12 The half-life 0:12 The half-life of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin 0:52 The half-life of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is regulated through O-glycosylation in mice, but not in humans. 33284103 4 27 theme OCN 575:577 arg1 half-life 579:587 OCN half-life 575:587 OCN half-life 575:587 We also show that O-glycosylation increases OCN half-life in plasma ex vivo and in the circulation in vivo. 33284103 6 28 from half-life 833:841 arg1 plasma 846:851 plasma 846:851 plasma 846:851 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 7 29 theme serum 975:979 arg1 concentrations 981:994 serum concentrations 975:994 serum concentrations of OCN 975:1001 These findings reveal an important species difference in OCN regulation, which may explain why serum concentrations of OCN are higher in mouse than in human. 33284103 3 30 theme endoproteolysis 474:488 arg1 PTMs 501:504 two other PTMs 491:504 two other PTMs regulating this hormone 491:528 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 30 theme endoproteolysis 474:488 arg1 serine 423:428 a single serine 414:428 a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis 414:488 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 3 30 theme endoproteolysis 474:488 arg1 S8 431:432 S8 431:432 S8 431:432 Here, we uncover O-glycosylation as a novel PTM present on mouse OCN and occurring on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regulating this hormone. 33284103 5 31 from tyrosine 709:716 arg1 hOCN 665:668 hOCN 665:668 hOCN 665:668 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 5 31 from tyrosine 709:716 arg1 OCN 660:662 human OCN 654:662 human OCN (hOCN) 654:669 Remarkably, in human OCN (hOCN), the residue corresponding to S8 is a tyrosine (Y12), which is not O-glycosylated. 33284103 7 32 from difference 923:932 arg1 regulation 941:950 OCN regulation 937:950 OCN regulation 937:950 These findings reveal an important species difference in OCN regulation, which may explain why serum concentrations of OCN are higher in mouse than in human. 33284103 6 33 dep sufficient 780:789 arg1 sufficient 780:789 sufficient 780:789 sufficient 780:789 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 6 33 dep sufficient 780:789 arg1 increase 820:827 increase 820:827 to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN 817:877 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 6 33 dep sufficient 780:789 arg1 mutation 768:775 the Y12S mutation 759:775 the Y12S mutation 759:775 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 33284103 6 33 dep sufficient 780:789 arg1 O-glycosylate 794:806 O-glycosylate 794:806 O-glycosylate 794:806 Yet, the Y12S mutation is sufficient to O-glycosylate hOCN and to increase its half-life in plasma compared to wildtype hOCN. 32737203 9 0 theme harmful 1663:1669 arg1 changes 1671:1677 the potentially harmful changes 1647:1677 the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model 1647:1769 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 1 1 theme Strong 99:104 arg1 evidence 106:113 Strong evidence 99:113 Strong evidence 99:113 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 9 2 theme protein 1686:1692 arg1 composition 1694:1704 the protein composition 1682:1704 the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model 1682:1769 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 7 3 theme heparan 1209:1215 arg1 sulfate 1217:1223 heparan sulfate 1209:1223 short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides 1203:1240 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 3 4 dep -containing 572:582 arg1 A-1 560:562 apolipoprotein A-1 545:562 apolipoprotein A-1 545:562 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 4 5 theme ApoE 835:838 arg1 difference 787:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 4 5 theme ApoE 835:838 arg1 concentrations 808:821 higher concentrations 801:821 higher concentrations 801:821 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 3 6 theme donor 731:735 arg1 plasma 737:742 donor plasma 731:742 donor plasma of the same individuals 731:766 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 8 7 dep peptide 1386:1392 arg1 5A 1383:1384 an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide 1364:1392 5A 1383:1384 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 10 8 theme HDL 1819:1821 arg1 interactions 1823:1834 HDL interactions 1819:1834 HDL interactions with BrM 1819:1843 Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans. 32737203 9 9 theme proteomic 1586:1594 arg1 profile 1596:1602 the proteomic profile 1582:1602 the proteomic profile of circulating HDL 1582:1621 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 3 10 theme same 751:754 arg1 individuals 756:766 the same individuals 747:766 the same individuals 747:766 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 8 11 theme primary 1491:1497 arg1 cells 1511:1515 primary porcine RPE cells 1491:1515 primary porcine RPE cells 1491:1515 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 6 12 theme lipoprotein/protein 1127:1145 arg1 profile 1147:1153 the lipoprotein/protein profile 1123:1153 the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits 1123:1185 We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. 32737203 3 13 theme -containing 572:582 arg1 lipoproteins 584:595 apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins 545:595 apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes 545:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 1 14 theme lipid 142:146 arg1 metabolism 148:157 dysregulated lipid metabolism 129:157 dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) 129:221 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 8 15 theme RPE 1507:1509 arg1 cells 1511:1515 primary porcine RPE cells 1491:1515 primary porcine RPE cells 1491:1515 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 10 16 theme new 1858:1860 arg1 strategy 1862:1869 a new strategy 1856:1869 a new strategy to slow AMD progression 1856:1893 Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans. 32737203 9 17 theme mouse 1538:1542 arg1 model 1544:1548 a mouse model 1536:1548 a mouse model of AMD 1536:1555 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 0 18 theme age-related 65:75 arg1 degeneration 85:96 age-related macular degeneration 65:96 age-related macular degeneration 65:96 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 3 19 attach isolated 597:604 arg1 BrM 611:613 BrM 611:613 BrM of elderly human donor eyes 611:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 3 19 attach isolated 597:604 arg2 lipoproteins 584:595 apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins 545:595 apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes 545:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 9 20 dep high-fat 1725:1732 arg1 high-cholesterol 1735:1750 high-cholesterol 1735:1750 high-cholesterol 1735:1750 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 2 21 dep matrix 480:485 arg1 BrM 506:508 BrM 506:508 BrM 506:508 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 2 21 dep matrix 480:485 arg1 membrane 496:503 Bruch's membrane 488:503 Bruch's membrane (BrM) 488:509 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 1 22 theme retinal 188:194 arg1 RPE 218:220 RPE 218:220 RPE 218:220 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 22 theme retinal 188:194 arg1 epithelium 206:215 the retinal pigmented epithelium 184:215 the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) 184:221 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 3 23 theme elderly 618:624 arg1 eyes 638:641 elderly human donor eyes 618:641 elderly human donor eyes 618:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 8 24 theme mimetic 1374:1380 arg1 Second 1356:1361 Second 1356:1361 Second 1356:1361 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 8 24 theme mimetic 1374:1380 arg1 peptide 1386:1392 an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide 1364:1392 peptide 1386:1392 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 9 25 theme 5A 1563:1564 arg1 peptide 1566:1572 this 5A peptide 1558:1572 this 5A peptide 1558:1572 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 2 26 theme adjacent 512:519 arg1 matrix 480:485 the extracellular matrix 462:485 the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 462:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 4 27 theme striking 778:785 arg1 difference 787:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 4 27 theme striking 778:785 arg1 concentrations 808:821 higher concentrations 801:821 higher concentrations 801:821 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 5 28 theme downstream 984:993 arg1 effects 995:1001 downstream effects 984:1001 downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death 984:1042 We hypothesize that this interaction promotes lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans, initiating downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death. 32737203 6 29 theme therapeutic 1091:1101 arg1 strategies 1103:1112 two potential therapeutic strategies 1077:1112 two potential therapeutic strategies 1077:1112 We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. 32737203 2 30 theme extracellular 466:478 arg1 matrix 480:485 the extracellular matrix 462:485 the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 462:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 0 31 theme High-density 0:11 arg1 target 54:59 a potential therapeutic target 30:59 a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration 30:96 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 0 31 theme High-density 0:11 arg1 lipoproteins 13:24 High-density lipoproteins 0:24 High-density lipoproteins 0:24 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 4 32 theme ApoB 826:829 arg1 difference 787:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 4 32 theme ApoB 826:829 arg1 concentrations 808:821 higher concentrations 801:821 higher concentrations 801:821 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 5 33 theme RPE 1022:1024 arg1 dysfunction/death 1026:1042 RPE dysfunction/death 1022:1042 RPE dysfunction/death 1022:1042 We hypothesize that this interaction promotes lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans, initiating downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death. 32737203 5 34 theme BrM 949:951 arg1 glycosaminoglycans 953:970 BrM glycosaminoglycans 949:970 BrM glycosaminoglycans 949:970 We hypothesize that this interaction promotes lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans, initiating downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death. 32737203 10 35 theme AMD 1879:1881 arg1 progression 1883:1893 slow AMD progression 1874:1893 slow AMD progression 1874:1893 Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans. 32737203 2 36 theme extracellular 420:432 arg1 deposits 434:441 lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits 396:441 lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 396:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 0 37 theme potential 32:40 arg1 target 54:59 a potential therapeutic target 30:59 a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration 30:96 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 0 37 theme potential 32:40 arg1 lipoproteins 13:24 High-density lipoproteins 0:24 High-density lipoproteins 0:24 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 1 38 theme irreversible 314:325 arg1 blindness 327:335 irreversible blindness 314:335 irreversible blindness 314:335 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 9 39 theme HDL 1619:1621 arg1 profile 1596:1602 the proteomic profile 1582:1602 the proteomic profile of circulating HDL 1582:1621 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 7 40 theme donor 1338:1342 arg1 tissue 1348:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 3 41 theme donor 632:636 arg1 eyes 638:641 elderly human donor eyes 618:641 elderly human donor eyes 618:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 0 42 dep potential 32:40 arg1 therapeutic 42:52 therapeutic 42:52 therapeutic 42:52 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 3 43 theme human 626:630 arg1 eyes 638:641 elderly human donor eyes 618:641 elderly human donor eyes 618:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 3 44 attach isolated 717:724 arg2 HDL 712:714 HDL 712:714 HDL 712:714 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 3 44 attach isolated 717:724 arg1 plasma 737:742 donor plasma 731:742 donor plasma of the same individuals 731:766 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 3 44 attach isolated 717:724 arg2 lipoprotein 699:709 high-density lipoprotein 686:709 high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals 686:766 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 7 45 theme RPE 1319:1321 arg1 cells 1323:1327 RPE cells 1319:1327 RPE cells 1319:1327 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 8 46 theme apolipoproteins 1461:1475 arg1 concentration 1444:1456 concentration 1444:1456 concentration 1444:1456 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 8 46 theme apolipoproteins 1461:1475 arg1 composition 1428:1438 composition 1428:1438 composition 1428:1438 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 1 47 theme epithelium 206:215 arg1 dysfunction 169:179 dysfunction 169:179 dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) 169:221 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 48 theme macular 265:271 arg1 cause 305:309 the leading cause 293:309 the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly 293:350 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 48 theme macular 265:271 arg1 AMD 287:289 AMD 287:289 AMD 287:289 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 48 theme macular 265:271 arg1 degeneration 273:284 age-related macular degeneration 253:284 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 253:290 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 3 49 theme high-density 686:697 arg1 HDL 712:714 HDL 712:714 HDL 712:714 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 3 49 theme high-density 686:697 arg1 lipoprotein 699:709 high-density lipoprotein 686:709 high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals 686:766 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 2 50 theme AMD 367:369 arg1 overproduction 378:391 the overproduction 374:391 the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 374:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 2 50 theme AMD 367:369 arg1 hallmark 355:362 A hallmark 353:362 A hallmark of AMD 353:369 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 3 51 theme distinct 672:679 arg1 proteome 662:669 a unique proteome 653:669 a unique proteome 653:669 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 7 52 theme cells 1323:1327 arg1 tissue 1348:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 7 52 theme cells 1323:1327 arg1 matrix 1309:1314 the extracellular matrix 1291:1314 the extracellular matrix of RPE cells 1291:1327 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 1 53 from cause 305:309 arg1 elderly 344:350 elderly 344:350 elderly 344:350 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 54 theme pigmented 196:204 arg1 RPE 218:220 RPE 218:220 RPE 218:220 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 54 theme pigmented 196:204 arg1 epithelium 206:215 the retinal pigmented epithelium 184:215 the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) 184:221 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 3 55 from lipoprotein 699:709 arg1 distinct 672:679 distinct 672:679 distinct 672:679 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 10 56 with interactions 1823:1834 arg1 BrM 1841:1843 BrM 1841:1843 BrM 1841:1843 Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans. 32737203 3 57 theme apolipoprotein 545:558 arg1 A-1 560:562 apolipoprotein A-1 545:562 apolipoprotein A-1 545:562 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 9 58 theme high-fat 1725:1732 arg1 diet 1752:1755 the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet 1721:1755 the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet 1721:1755 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 6 59 theme deposits 1178:1185 arg1 profile 1147:1153 the lipoprotein/protein profile 1123:1153 the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits 1123:1185 We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. 32737203 8 60 theme porcine 1499:1505 arg1 cells 1511:1515 primary porcine RPE cells 1491:1515 primary porcine RPE cells 1491:1515 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 3 61 theme individuals 756:766 arg1 plasma 737:742 donor plasma 731:742 donor plasma of the same individuals 731:766 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 1 62 theme dysregulated 129:140 arg1 metabolism 148:157 dysregulated lipid metabolism 129:157 dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) 129:221 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 0 63 theme macular 77:83 arg1 degeneration 85:96 age-related macular degeneration 65:96 age-related macular degeneration 65:96 High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. 32737203 8 64 dep composition 1428:1438 arg1 the 1424:1426 the 1424:1426 the 1424:1426 Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. 32737203 9 65 theme AMD 1553:1555 arg1 model 1544:1548 a mouse model 1536:1548 a mouse model of AMD 1536:1555 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 7 66 theme sulfate 1217:1223 arg1 oligosaccharides 1225:1240 short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides 1203:1240 short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides 1203:1240 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 2 67 theme lipid- 396:401 arg1 deposits 434:441 lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits 396:441 lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 396:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 7 68 theme short 1203:1207 arg1 oligosaccharides 1225:1240 short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides 1203:1240 short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides 1203:1240 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 5 69 theme lipoprotein 921:931 arg1 deposition 933:942 lipoprotein deposition 921:942 lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans 921:970 We hypothesize that this interaction promotes lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans, initiating downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death. 32737203 6 70 theme potential 1081:1089 arg1 strategies 1103:1112 two potential therapeutic strategies 1077:1112 two potential therapeutic strategies 1077:1112 We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. 32737203 1 71 theme leading 297:303 arg1 cause 305:309 the leading cause 293:309 the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly 293:350 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 71 theme leading 297:303 arg1 degeneration 273:284 age-related macular degeneration 253:284 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 253:290 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 7 72 used used 1198:1201 arg2 we 1195:1196 we 1195:1196 we 1195:1196 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 7 73 theme BrM 1344:1346 arg1 tissue 1348:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 3 74 theme eyes 638:641 arg1 BrM 611:613 BrM 611:613 BrM of elderly human donor eyes 611:641 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 2 75 theme deposits 434:441 arg1 overproduction 378:391 the overproduction 374:391 the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 374:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 2 75 theme deposits 434:441 arg1 hallmark 355:362 A hallmark 353:362 A hallmark of AMD 353:369 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 9 76 theme circulating 1607:1617 arg1 HDL 1619:1621 circulating HDL 1607:1621 circulating HDL 1607:1621 Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. 32737203 7 77 theme aged 1333:1336 arg1 tissue 1348:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 aged donor BrM tissue 1333:1353 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 10 78 theme slow 1874:1877 arg1 progression 1883:1893 slow AMD progression 1874:1893 slow AMD progression 1874:1893 Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans. 32737203 2 79 theme protein-rich 407:418 arg1 deposits 434:441 lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits 396:441 lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE 396:530 A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. 32737203 1 80 theme blindness 327:335 arg1 cause 305:309 the leading cause 293:309 the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly 293:350 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 80 theme blindness 327:335 arg1 degeneration 273:284 age-related macular degeneration 253:284 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 253:290 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 6 81 theme extracellular 1164:1176 arg1 deposits 1178:1185 these extracellular deposits 1158:1185 these extracellular deposits 1158:1185 We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. 32737203 3 82 theme unique 655:660 arg1 proteome 662:669 a unique proteome 653:669 a unique proteome 653:669 We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. 32737203 4 83 theme higher 801:806 arg1 difference 787:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference 769:796 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 4 83 theme higher 801:806 arg1 concentrations 808:821 higher concentrations 801:821 higher concentrations 801:821 The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. 32737203 1 84 theme age-related 253:263 arg1 cause 305:309 the leading cause 293:309 the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly 293:350 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 84 theme age-related 253:263 arg1 AMD 287:289 AMD 287:289 AMD 287:289 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 1 84 theme age-related 253:263 arg1 degeneration 273:284 age-related macular degeneration 253:284 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 253:290 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 32737203 7 85 theme extracellular 1295:1307 arg1 matrix 1309:1314 the extracellular matrix 1291:1314 the extracellular matrix of RPE cells 1291:1327 First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. 32737203 1 86 theme degeneration 273:284 arg1 pathogenesis 237:248 the pathogenesis 233:248 the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly 233:350 Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. 33144327 8 0 theme greater 1538:1544 arg1 inactivation 1546:1557 greater inactivation 1538:1557 greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response 1538:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 10 1 theme BAD 1830:1832 arg1 phosphorylation 1811:1825 reduced phosphorylation 1803:1825 reduced phosphorylation of BAD 1803:1832 Both mutations showed pro-apoptotic sensitization by reduced phosphorylation of BAD. 33144327 4 2 gly glycosylated 614:625 arg1 subunit 629:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 3 3 theme mutation 483:490 arg1 properties 492:501 mutation properties 483:501 mutation properties 483:501 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 7 4 from biosynthesis 1178:1189 arg1 ER 1198:1199 the ER 1194:1199 the ER 1194:1199 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 11 5 theme α3 1944:1945 arg1 expression 1947:1956 α3 expression 1944:1956 α3 expression 1944:1956 Encouragingly, however, 4-phenylbutyrate, a pharmacological corrector, reduced L924P ER retention, increased α3 expression, and restored morphology. 33144327 8 6 theme protein 1608:1614 arg1 response 1616:1623 the unfolded protein response 1595:1623 the unfolded protein response 1595:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 3 7 theme cell 398:401 arg1 lines 403:407 Isogenic cell lines 389:407 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 389:453 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 4 8 theme glycosylated 614:625 arg1 subunit 629:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 4 9 theme endoplasmic 531:541 arg1 ER 554:555 ER 554:555 ER 554:555 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 4 9 theme endoplasmic 531:541 arg1 reticulum 543:551 the endoplasmic reticulum 527:551 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 527:556 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 8 10 from inactivation 1546:1557 arg1 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 10 from inactivation 1546:1557 arg1 distributions 1491:1503 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 distributions 1491:1503 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 4 11 from complexes 599:607 arg1 ER 644:645 the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking 640:697 the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking 640:697 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 5 12 theme β1 841:842 arg1 subunit 844:850 endogenous β1 subunit 830:850 endogenous β1 subunit 830:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 13 with mutations 765:773 arg1 cytopathology 885:897 cytopathology 885:897 cytopathology 885:897 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 13 with mutations 765:773 arg1 trafficking 862:872 impaired trafficking 853:872 impaired trafficking of α3 853:878 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 13 with mutations 765:773 arg1 differences 799:809 differences 799:809 differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 799:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 13 with mutations 765:773 arg1 phenotypes 787:796 severe phenotypes 780:796 severe phenotypes 780:796 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 4 14 theme α 589:589 arg1 complexes 599:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes 563:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking 563:697 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 8 15 dep distributions 1491:1503 arg1 K-ATPase 1474:1481 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 K-ATPase 1474:1481 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 16 theme protein 1368:1374 arg1 retention 1376:1384 more nascent protein retention 1355:1384 more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N 1355:1401 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 5 17 theme severe 780:785 arg1 phenotypes 787:796 severe phenotypes 780:796 severe phenotypes 780:796 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 18 theme ER 814:815 arg1 retention 817:825 ER retention 814:825 ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 814:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 3 19 with lines 403:407 arg1 α3 452:453 inducible exogenous α3 432:453 inducible exogenous α3 432:453 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 3 19 with lines 403:407 arg1 α1 425:426 endogenous α1 414:426 endogenous α1 414:426 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 5 20 theme α3 877:878 arg1 cytopathology 885:897 cytopathology 885:897 cytopathology 885:897 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 20 theme α3 877:878 arg1 trafficking 862:872 impaired trafficking 853:872 impaired trafficking of α3 853:878 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 20 theme α3 877:878 arg1 differences 799:809 differences 799:809 differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 799:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 20 theme α3 877:878 arg1 phenotypes 787:796 severe phenotypes 780:796 severe phenotypes 780:796 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 0 21 from differences 106:116 arg1 K-ATPase 124:131 K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations 124:148 K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations 124:148 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 0 21 from differences 106:116 arg1 Na 121:122 Na 121:122 Na 121:122 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 5 22 dep they 916:919 arg1 biosynthesis 936:947 biosynthesis 936:947 biosynthesis 936:947 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 23 from differences 799:809 arg1 retention 817:825 ER retention 814:825 ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 814:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 11 24 theme ER 1920:1921 arg1 retention 1923:1931 L924P ER retention 1914:1931 L924P ER retention 1914:1931 Encouragingly, however, 4-phenylbutyrate, a pharmacological corrector, reduced L924P ER retention, increased α3 expression, and restored morphology. 33144327 7 25 theme protein 1277:1283 arg1 capacity 1293:1300 protein folding capacity 1277:1300 protein folding capacity 1277:1300 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 5 26 dep suggesting 900:909 arg1 they 916:919 they 916:919 they 916:919 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 0 27 theme unfolded 52:59 arg1 response 69:76 the unfolded protein response 48:76 the unfolded protein response 48:76 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 0 28 dep K-ATPase 124:131 arg1 mutations 140:148 ATP1A3 mutations 133:148 K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations 124:148 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 9 29 theme subcellular 1658:1668 arg1 distribution 1670:1681 subcellular distribution 1658:1681 subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect 1658:1747 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 8 30 theme ER-associated 1409:1421 arg1 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 30 theme ER-associated 1409:1421 arg1 degradation 1423:1433 more ER-associated degradation 1404:1433 more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD) 1404:1446 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 9 31 theme negative 1733:1740 arg1 effect 1742:1747 a dominant negative effect 1722:1747 a dominant negative effect 1722:1747 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 6 32 dep phenotypes 1005:1014 arg1 L924P 1097:1101 L924P 1097:1101 L924P 1097:1101 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 32 dep phenotypes 1005:1014 arg1 D923N 1017:1021 D923N 1017:1021 D923N 1017:1021 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 32 dep phenotypes 1005:1014 arg1 phenotypes 1005:1014 different phenotypes 995:1014 different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P 995:1101 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 9 33 theme α1 1697:1698 arg1 subunit 1700:1706 endogenous α1 subunit 1686:1706 endogenous α1 subunit 1686:1706 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 2 34 theme activity 353:360 arg1 reduction 340:348 reduction 340:348 reduction of activity 340:360 A mechanistic basis for differences is lacking, but reduction of activity alone cannot explain them. 33144327 8 35 theme larger 1449:1454 arg1 differences 1456:1466 larger differences 1449:1466 larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions 1449:1531 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 3 36 theme inducible 432:440 arg1 α3 452:453 inducible exogenous α3 432:453 inducible exogenous α3 432:453 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 0 37 theme altered 12:18 arg1 distributions 29:41 altered membrane distributions 12:41 altered membrane distributions 12:41 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 9 38 theme dominant 1724:1731 arg1 effect 1742:1747 a dominant negative effect 1722:1747 a dominant negative effect 1722:1747 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 6 39 from years 1086:1090 arg1 age 1043:1045 a median age 1034:1045 a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years 1034:1090 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 5 40 theme protein 743:749 arg1 misfolding 751:760 protein misfolding 743:760 protein misfolding 743:760 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 41 theme endogenous 830:839 arg1 subunit 844:850 endogenous β1 subunit 830:850 endogenous β1 subunit 830:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 6 42 theme different 995:1003 arg1 L924P 1097:1101 L924P 1097:1101 L924P 1097:1101 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 42 theme different 995:1003 arg1 D923N 1017:1021 D923N 1017:1021 D923N 1017:1021 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 42 theme different 995:1003 arg1 phenotypes 1005:1014 different phenotypes 995:1014 different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P 995:1101 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 7 43 theme unfolded 1215:1222 arg1 program 1255:1261 a multiarmed program 1242:1261 a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis 1242:1339 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 7 43 theme unfolded 1215:1222 arg1 response 1232:1239 the unfolded protein response 1211:1239 the unfolded protein response 1211:1239 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 8 44 theme subunit 1483:1489 arg1 distributions 1491:1503 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 distributions 1491:1503 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 10 45 theme reduced 1803:1809 arg1 phosphorylation 1811:1825 reduced phosphorylation 1803:1825 reduced phosphorylation of BAD 1803:1832 Both mutations showed pro-apoptotic sensitization by reduced phosphorylation of BAD. 33144327 8 46 theme eIF2α 1562:1566 arg1 differences 1456:1466 larger differences 1449:1466 larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions 1449:1531 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 46 theme eIF2α 1562:1566 arg1 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 46 theme eIF2α 1562:1566 arg1 inactivation 1546:1557 greater inactivation 1538:1557 greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response 1538:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 46 theme eIF2α 1562:1566 arg1 retention 1376:1384 more nascent protein retention 1355:1384 more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N 1355:1401 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 46 theme eIF2α 1562:1566 arg1 degradation 1423:1433 more ER-associated degradation 1404:1433 more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD) 1404:1446 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 47 theme nascent 1360:1366 arg1 retention 1376:1384 more nascent protein retention 1355:1384 more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N 1355:1401 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 48 from retention 1376:1384 arg1 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 48 from retention 1376:1384 arg1 distributions 1491:1503 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 distributions 1491:1503 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 49 theme defensive 1577:1585 arg1 step 1587:1590 a major defensive step 1569:1590 a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response 1569:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 49 theme defensive 1577:1585 arg1 eIF2α 1562:1566 eIF2α 1562:1566 eIF2α 1562:1566 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 1 50 theme neurological 218:229 arg1 phenotypes 231:240 neurological phenotypes 218:240 neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity 218:285 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 6 51 theme median 1036:1041 arg1 age 1043:1045 a median age 1034:1045 a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years 1034:1090 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 8 52 from differences 1456:1466 arg1 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 52 from differences 1456:1466 arg1 distributions 1491:1503 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 distributions 1491:1503 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 5 53 theme impaired 853:860 arg1 trafficking 862:872 impaired trafficking 853:872 impaired trafficking of α3 853:878 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 8 54 theme unfolded 1599:1606 arg1 response 1616:1623 the unfolded protein response 1595:1623 the unfolded protein response 1595:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 2 55 theme mechanistic 290:300 arg1 basis 302:306 A mechanistic basis 288:306 A mechanistic basis for differences 288:322 A mechanistic basis for differences is lacking, but reduction of activity alone cannot explain them. 33144327 8 56 theme response 1616:1623 arg1 step 1587:1590 a major defensive step 1569:1590 a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response 1569:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 56 theme response 1616:1623 arg1 eIF2α 1562:1566 eIF2α 1562:1566 eIF2α 1562:1566 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 7 57 dep that 1310:1313 arg1 fails 1315:1319 fails 1315:1319 fails 1315:1319 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 8 58 theme α3 1438:1439 arg1 differences 1456:1466 larger differences 1449:1466 larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions 1449:1531 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 58 theme α3 1438:1439 arg1 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 58 theme α3 1438:1439 arg1 inactivation 1546:1557 greater inactivation 1538:1557 greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response 1538:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 58 theme α3 1438:1439 arg1 retention 1376:1384 more nascent protein retention 1355:1384 more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N 1355:1401 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 58 theme α3 1438:1439 arg1 degradation 1423:1433 more ER-associated degradation 1404:1433 more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD) 1404:1446 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 6 59 theme infantile 1116:1124 arg1 epilepsy 1126:1133 severe infantile epilepsy 1109:1133 severe infantile epilepsy 1109:1133 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 4 60 theme β 627:627 arg1 subunit 629:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 1 61 theme α3 185:186 arg1 isoform 188:194 the α3 isoform 181:194 the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase 181:209 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 1 61 theme α3 185:186 arg1 ATP1A3 173:178 ATP1A3 173:178 ATP1A3 173:178 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 4 62 theme catalytic 579:587 arg1 complexes 599:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes 563:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking 563:697 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 0 63 theme ATP1A3 133:138 arg1 mutations 140:148 ATP1A3 mutations 133:148 K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations 124:148 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 11 64 theme pharmacological 1879:1893 arg1 corrector 1895:1903 a pharmacological corrector 1877:1903 a pharmacological corrector 1877:1903 Encouragingly, however, 4-phenylbutyrate, a pharmacological corrector, reduced L924P ER retention, increased α3 expression, and restored morphology. 33144327 11 64 theme pharmacological 1879:1893 arg1 4-phenylbutyrate 1859:1874 4-phenylbutyrate 1859:1874 4-phenylbutyrate 1859:1874 Encouragingly, however, 4-phenylbutyrate, a pharmacological corrector, reduced L924P ER retention, increased α3 expression, and restored morphology. 33144327 4 65 theme subunit 591:597 arg1 complexes 599:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes 563:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking 563:697 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 6 66 theme profound 1139:1146 arg1 impairment 1148:1157 profound impairment 1139:1157 profound impairment 1139:1157 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 11 67 theme L924P 1914:1918 arg1 retention 1923:1931 L924P ER retention 1914:1931 L924P ER retention 1914:1931 Encouragingly, however, 4-phenylbutyrate, a pharmacological corrector, reduced L924P ER retention, increased α3 expression, and restored morphology. 33144327 5 68 from trafficking 862:872 arg1 retention 817:825 ER retention 814:825 ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 814:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 8 69 theme more 1404:1407 arg1 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 ERAD 1442:1445 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 69 theme more 1404:1407 arg1 degradation 1423:1433 more ER-associated degradation 1404:1433 more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD) 1404:1446 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 0 70 theme protein 61:67 arg1 response 69:76 the unfolded protein response 48:76 the unfolded protein response 48:76 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 8 71 from degradation 1423:1433 arg1 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 ER 1389:1390 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 71 from degradation 1423:1433 arg1 distributions 1491:1503 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 distributions 1491:1503 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 5 72 theme subunit 844:850 arg1 retention 817:825 ER retention 814:825 ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 814:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 7 73 theme folding 1285:1291 arg1 capacity 1293:1300 protein folding capacity 1277:1300 protein folding capacity 1277:1300 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 5 74 theme classic 723:729 arg1 evidence 731:738 classic evidence 723:738 classic evidence of protein misfolding 723:760 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 1 75 theme Missense 151:158 arg1 mutations 160:168 Missense mutations 151:168 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, 151:210 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 6 76 contain has 1030:1032 arg1 L924P 1097:1101 L924P 1097:1101 L924P 1097:1101 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 76 contain has 1030:1032 arg1 D923N 1017:1021 D923N 1017:1021 D923N 1017:1021 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 76 contain has 1030:1032 arg1 phenotypes 1005:1014 different phenotypes 995:1014 different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P 995:1101 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 6 76 contain has 1030:1032 arg2 age 1043:1045 a median age 1034:1045 a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years 1034:1090 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 0 77 theme pathogenicity 92:104 arg1 differences 106:116 pathogenicity differences 92:116 pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations 92:148 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 1 78 from mutations 160:168 arg1 isoform 188:194 the α3 isoform 181:194 the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase 181:209 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 1 78 from mutations 160:168 arg1 ATP1A3 173:178 ATP1A3 173:178 ATP1A3 173:178 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 9 79 theme endogenous 1686:1695 arg1 subunit 1700:1706 endogenous α1 subunit 1686:1706 endogenous α1 subunit 1686:1706 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 5 80 from phenotypes 787:796 arg1 retention 817:825 ER retention 814:825 ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 814:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 5 81 from cytopathology 885:897 arg1 retention 817:825 ER retention 814:825 ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit 814:850 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 9 82 theme subunit 1700:1706 arg1 distribution 1670:1681 subcellular distribution 1658:1681 subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect 1658:1747 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 3 83 theme endogenous 414:423 arg1 α1 425:426 endogenous α1 414:426 endogenous α1 414:426 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 7 84 theme multiarmed 1244:1253 arg1 program 1255:1261 a multiarmed program 1242:1261 a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis 1242:1339 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 7 84 theme multiarmed 1244:1253 arg1 response 1232:1239 the unfolded protein response 1211:1239 the unfolded protein response 1211:1239 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 9 85 theme analogous 1709:1717 arg1 subunit 1700:1706 endogenous α1 subunit 1686:1706 endogenous α1 subunit 1686:1706 In L924P there was also altered subcellular distribution of endogenous α1 subunit, analogous to a dominant negative effect. 33144327 4 86 theme post-Golgi 676:685 arg1 trafficking 687:697 post-Golgi trafficking 676:697 post-Golgi trafficking 676:697 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 0 87 theme membrane 20:27 arg1 distributions 29:41 altered membrane distributions 12:41 altered membrane distributions 12:41 Misfolding, altered membrane distributions, and the unfolded protein response contribute to pathogenicity differences in Na,K-ATPase ATP1A3 mutations. 33144327 8 88 theme Na 1471:1472 arg1 distributions 1491:1503 Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions 1471:1503 distributions 1491:1503 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 10 89 theme pro-apoptotic 1772:1784 arg1 sensitization 1786:1798 pro-apoptotic sensitization 1772:1798 pro-apoptotic sensitization 1772:1798 Both mutations showed pro-apoptotic sensitization by reduced phosphorylation of BAD. 33144327 3 90 theme exogenous 442:450 arg1 α3 452:453 inducible exogenous α3 432:453 inducible exogenous α3 432:453 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 6 91 theme severe 1109:1114 arg1 epilepsy 1126:1133 severe infantile epilepsy 1109:1133 severe infantile epilepsy 1109:1133 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 7 92 theme protein 1224:1230 arg1 program 1255:1261 a multiarmed program 1242:1261 a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis 1242:1339 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 7 92 theme protein 1224:1230 arg1 response 1232:1239 the unfolded protein response 1211:1239 the unfolded protein response 1211:1239 Misfolding during biosynthesis in the ER activates the unfolded protein response, a multiarmed program that enhances protein folding capacity, and if that fails, triggers apoptosis. 33144327 3 93 theme Isogenic 389:396 arg1 lines 403:407 Isogenic cell lines 389:407 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 389:453 Isogenic cell lines with endogenous α1 and inducible exogenous α3 were constructed to compare mutation properties. 33144327 5 94 theme misfolding 751:760 arg1 evidence 731:738 classic evidence 723:738 classic evidence of protein misfolding 723:760 We previously observed classic evidence of protein misfolding in mutations with severe phenotypes: differences in ER retention of endogenous β1 subunit, impaired trafficking of α3, and cytopathology, suggesting that they misfold during biosynthesis. 33144327 6 95 theme dystonia 1072:1079 arg1 onset 1050:1054 onset 1050:1054 onset of hypotonia or dystonia 1050:1079 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 4 96 with complexes 599:607 arg1 subunit 629:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 glycosylated β subunit 614:635 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 33144327 6 97 theme hypotonia 1059:1067 arg1 onset 1050:1054 onset 1050:1054 onset of hypotonia or dystonia 1050:1079 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 8 98 theme subcellular 1511:1521 arg1 fractions 1523:1531 subcellular fractions 1511:1531 subcellular fractions 1511:1531 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 99 theme major 1571:1575 arg1 step 1587:1590 a major defensive step 1569:1590 a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response 1569:1623 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 8 99 theme major 1571:1575 arg1 eIF2α 1562:1566 eIF2α 1562:1566 eIF2α 1562:1566 L924P showed more nascent protein retention in ER than D923N; more ER-associated degradation of α3 (ERAD); larger differences in Na,K-ATPase subunit distributions among subcellular fractions; and greater inactivation of eIF2α, a major defensive step of the unfolded protein response. 33144327 1 100 theme Na 199:200 arg1 isoform 188:194 the α3 isoform 181:194 the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase 181:209 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 1 100 theme Na 199:200 arg1 ATP1A3 173:178 ATP1A3 173:178 ATP1A3 173:178 Missense mutations in ATP1A3, the α3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, cause neurological phenotypes that differ greatly in symptoms and severity. 33144327 6 101 theme onset 1050:1054 arg1 age 1043:1045 a median age 1034:1045 a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years 1034:1090 Here we tested two mutations associated with different phenotypes: D923N, which has a median age of onset of hypotonia or dystonia at 3 years, and L924P, with severe infantile epilepsy and profound impairment. 33144327 4 102 theme glycan-free 567:577 arg1 complexes 599:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes 563:607 the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking 563:697 Na,K-ATPase is made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the glycan-free catalytic α subunit complexes with glycosylated β subunit in the ER to proceed through Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. 32423823 6 0 theme immortalized 864:875 arg1 hepatocytes 877:887 immortalized hepatocytes 864:887 immortalized hepatocytes 864:887 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 32423823 11 1 theme Hepatocyte 1381:1390 arg1 factor 1400:1405 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α 1381:1408 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α 1381:1408 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 4 2 theme liver 668:672 arg1 diseases 674:681 chronic liver diseases 660:681 chronic liver diseases 660:681 In the human liver, the expression and activity of Fut8 are frequently elevated during progression of chronic liver diseases. 32423823 12 3 theme LDLR 1588:1591 arg1 degradation 1573:1583 degradation 1573:1583 degradation of LDLR 1573:1591 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 10 4 theme Fut8-KO 1366:1372 arg1 cells 1374:1378 Fut8-KO cells 1366:1378 Fut8-KO cells 1366:1378 Intracellular cholesterol levels were significantly lower and LDL cholesterol uptake was suppressed in Fut8-KO cells. 32423823 4 5 theme chronic 660:666 arg1 diseases 674:681 chronic liver diseases 660:681 chronic liver diseases 660:681 In the human liver, the expression and activity of Fut8 are frequently elevated during progression of chronic liver diseases. 32423823 0 6 theme PCSK9 105:109 arg1 production 111:120 PCSK9 production 105:120 PCSK9 production 105:120 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 6 7 theme fucose 854:859 arg1 loss 841:844 loss 841:844 loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes 841:887 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 32423823 11 8 theme hepatocytes 1443:1453 arg1 nuclei 1425:1430 nuclei 1425:1430 nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression 1425:1504 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 3 9 theme α-1,6-fucosylated 508:524 arg1 oligosaccharides 526:541 α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides 508:541 α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose) 508:555 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 3 9 theme α-1,6-fucosylated 508:524 arg1 fucose 549:554 core fucose 544:554 core fucose 544:554 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 3 10 theme core 544:547 arg1 oligosaccharides 526:541 α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides 508:541 α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose) 508:555 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 3 10 theme core 544:547 arg1 fucose 549:554 core fucose 544:554 core fucose 544:554 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 4 11 theme human 565:569 arg1 liver 571:575 the human liver 561:575 the human liver 561:575 In the human liver, the expression and activity of Fut8 are frequently elevated during progression of chronic liver diseases. 32423823 11 12 theme nuclear 1392:1398 arg1 factor 1400:1405 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α 1381:1408 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α 1381:1408 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 6 13 theme core 849:852 arg1 fucose 854:859 core fucose 849:859 core fucose 849:859 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 32423823 12 14 theme novel 1637:1641 arg1 uptake 1618:1623 cholesterol uptake 1606:1623 cholesterol uptake 1606:1623 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 12 14 theme novel 1637:1641 arg1 mechanism 1643:1651 a novel mechanism 1635:1651 a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia 1635:1773 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 8 15 theme Fut8 1122:1125 arg1 effects 1111:1117 the effects 1107:1117 the effects of Fut8 on hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1107:1158 Using these cells, we investigated the effects of Fut8 on hepatocyte cholesterol influx. 32423823 7 16 theme hepatocyte 1050:1059 arg1 line 1066:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 12 17 theme familial 1745:1752 arg1 hypercholesterolemia 1754:1773 familial hypercholesterolemia 1745:1773 familial hypercholesterolemia 1745:1773 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 8 18 theme cholesterol 1141:1151 arg1 influx 1153:1158 hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1130:1158 hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1130:1158 Using these cells, we investigated the effects of Fut8 on hepatocyte cholesterol influx. 32423823 11 19 theme Fut8-KO 1435:1441 arg1 hepatocytes 1443:1453 Fut8-KO hepatocytes 1435:1453 Fut8-KO hepatocytes 1435:1453 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 9 20 from increases 1232:1240 arg1 expression 1251:1260 PCSK9 expression 1245:1260 PCSK9 expression 1245:1260 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 5 21 theme well-known 743:752 arg1 regulator 763:771 a well-known negative regulator 741:771 a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 741:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 21 theme well-known 743:752 arg1 type 723:726 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 684:728 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 684:736 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 8 22 theme hepatocyte 1130:1139 arg1 influx 1153:1158 hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1130:1158 hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1130:1158 Using these cells, we investigated the effects of Fut8 on hepatocyte cholesterol influx. 32423823 7 23 theme knockdown 1034:1042 arg1 line 1066:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 7 24 attach derived 992:998 arg2 hepatocytes 980:990 the immortalized hepatocytes 963:990 the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice 963:1022 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 7 24 attach derived 992:998 arg1 mice 1019:1022 Fut8 knockout mice 1005:1022 Fut8 knockout mice 1005:1022 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 1 25 theme post-transcriptional 174:193 arg1 regulation 195:204 post-transcriptional regulation 174:204 post-transcriptional regulation of proteins 174:216 Fucosylation is a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation. 32423823 5 26 theme low-density 780:790 arg1 LDLR 814:817 LDLR 814:817 LDLR 814:817 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 26 theme low-density 780:790 arg1 receptor 804:811 the low-density lipoprotein receptor 776:811 the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 776:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 6 27 from loss 841:844 arg1 hepatocytes 877:887 immortalized hepatocytes 864:887 immortalized hepatocytes 864:887 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 32423823 7 28 theme AML12 1044:1048 arg1 line 1066:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 9 29 theme cell 1166:1169 arg1 lines 1171:1175 Both cell lines 1161:1175 Both cell lines 1161:1175 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 10 30 theme cholesterol 1277:1287 arg1 levels 1289:1294 Intracellular cholesterol levels 1263:1294 Intracellular cholesterol levels 1263:1294 Intracellular cholesterol levels were significantly lower and LDL cholesterol uptake was suppressed in Fut8-KO cells. 32423823 1 31 theme regulation 195:204 arg1 glycosylation 149:161 glycosylation 149:161 glycosylation 149:161 Fucosylation is a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation. 32423823 1 31 theme regulation 195:204 arg1 form 166:169 a form 164:169 a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins 164:216 Fucosylation is a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation. 32423823 0 32 theme fucosylation 13:24 arg1 Loss 0:3 Loss 0:3 Loss of core fucosylation 0:24 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 6 33 theme dramatic 926:933 arg1 induction 935:943 a dramatic induction 924:943 a dramatic induction of PCSK9 924:952 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 32423823 12 34 theme novel 1720:1724 arg1 Fut8 1704:1707 Fut8 1704:1707 Fut8 1704:1707 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 12 34 theme novel 1720:1724 arg1 gene 1736:1739 a novel causative gene 1718:1739 a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia 1718:1773 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 10 35 theme Intracellular 1263:1275 arg1 levels 1289:1294 Intracellular cholesterol levels 1263:1294 Intracellular cholesterol levels 1263:1294 Intracellular cholesterol levels were significantly lower and LDL cholesterol uptake was suppressed in Fut8-KO cells. 32423823 0 36 theme core 8:11 arg1 fucosylation 13:24 core fucosylation 8:24 core fucosylation 8:24 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 12 37 theme cholesterol 1606:1616 arg1 uptake 1618:1623 cholesterol uptake 1606:1623 cholesterol uptake 1606:1623 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 12 37 theme cholesterol 1606:1616 arg1 mechanism 1643:1651 a novel mechanism 1635:1651 a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia 1635:1773 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 7 38 theme Fut8 1029:1032 arg1 line 1066:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 9 39 theme protein 1194:1200 arg1 levels 1202:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 2 40 theme residue 295:301 arg1 attachment 272:281 the attachment 268:281 the attachment 268:281 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 1 41 theme proteins 209:216 arg1 regulation 195:204 post-transcriptional regulation 174:204 post-transcriptional regulation of proteins 174:216 Fucosylation is a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation. 32423823 0 42 theme low-density 34:44 arg1 lipoprotein 46:56 low-density lipoprotein 34:56 low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes 34:91 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 5 43 theme Proprotein 684:693 arg1 regulator 763:771 a well-known negative regulator 741:771 a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 741:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 43 theme Proprotein 684:693 arg1 type 723:726 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 684:728 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 684:736 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 43 theme Proprotein 684:693 arg1 PCSK9 731:735 PCSK9 731:735 PCSK9 731:735 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 9 44 theme reduced 1181:1187 arg1 levels 1202:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 11 45 from increases 1471:1479 arg1 expression 1495:1504 PCSK9 mRNA expression 1484:1504 PCSK9 mRNA expression 1484:1504 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 12 46 theme cholesterol 1668:1678 arg1 influx 1680:1685 cholesterol influx 1668:1685 cholesterol influx 1668:1685 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 4 47 theme Fut8 609:612 arg1 activity 597:604 activity 597:604 activity 597:604 In the human liver, the expression and activity of Fut8 are frequently elevated during progression of chronic liver diseases. 32423823 4 47 theme Fut8 609:612 arg1 expression 582:591 expression 582:591 expression 582:591 In the human liver, the expression and activity of Fut8 are frequently elevated during progression of chronic liver diseases. 32423823 5 48 theme negative 754:761 arg1 regulator 763:771 a well-known negative regulator 741:771 a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 741:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 48 theme negative 754:761 arg1 type 723:726 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 684:728 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 684:736 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 49 theme convertase 695:704 arg1 regulator 763:771 a well-known negative regulator 741:771 a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 741:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 49 theme convertase 695:704 arg1 type 723:726 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 684:728 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 684:736 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 49 theme convertase 695:704 arg1 PCSK9 731:735 PCSK9 731:735 PCSK9 731:735 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 9 50 theme LDLR 1189:1192 arg1 levels 1202:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 5 51 theme lipoprotein 792:802 arg1 LDLR 814:817 LDLR 814:817 LDLR 814:817 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 51 theme lipoprotein 792:802 arg1 receptor 804:811 the low-density lipoprotein receptor 776:811 the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 776:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 7 52 theme immortalized 967:978 arg1 hepatocytes 980:990 the immortalized hepatocytes 963:990 the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice 963:1022 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 2 53 theme enzymes 379:385 arg1 family 369:374 a family 367:374 a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs) 367:419 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 0 54 theme receptor 58:65 arg1 expression 67:76 low-density lipoprotein receptor expression 34:76 low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes 34:91 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 5 55 theme subtilisin/kexin 706:721 arg1 regulator 763:771 a well-known negative regulator 741:771 a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 741:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 55 theme subtilisin/kexin 706:721 arg1 type 723:726 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 684:728 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 684:736 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 55 theme subtilisin/kexin 706:721 arg1 PCSK9 731:735 PCSK9 731:735 PCSK9 731:735 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 7 56 theme Fut8 1005:1008 arg1 mice 1019:1022 Fut8 knockout mice 1005:1022 Fut8 knockout mice 1005:1022 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 0 57 from expression 67:76 arg1 hepatocytes 81:91 hepatocytes 81:91 hepatocytes 81:91 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 0 58 theme lipoprotein 46:56 arg1 expression 67:76 low-density lipoprotein receptor expression 34:76 low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes 34:91 Loss of core fucosylation reduces low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in hepatocytes by inducing PCSK9 production. 32423823 2 59 attach attachment 272:281 arg1 O-glycans 317:325 O-glycans 317:325 O-glycans 317:325 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 2 59 attach attachment 272:281 arg1 glycolipids 332:342 glycolipids 332:342 glycolipids 332:342 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 2 59 attach attachment 272:281 arg1 N-glycans 306:314 N-glycans 306:314 N-glycans 306:314 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 2 59 attach attachment 272:281 arg2 residue 295:301 a fucose residue 286:301 a fucose residue 286:301 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 7 60 theme knockout 1010:1017 arg1 mice 1019:1022 Fut8 knockout mice 1005:1022 Fut8 knockout mice 1005:1022 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 7 61 theme cell 1061:1064 arg1 line 1066:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line 1027:1069 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 4 62 theme diseases 674:681 arg1 progression 645:655 progression 645:655 progression of chronic liver diseases 645:681 In the human liver, the expression and activity of Fut8 are frequently elevated during progression of chronic liver diseases. 32423823 7 63 used used 958:961 arg2 We 955:956 We 955:956 We 955:956 We used the immortalized hepatocytes derived from Fut8 knockout mice or a Fut8 knockdown AML12 hepatocyte cell line. 32423823 9 64 theme PCSK9 1245:1249 arg1 expression 1251:1260 PCSK9 expression 1245:1260 PCSK9 expression 1245:1260 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 8 65 from effects 1111:1117 arg1 influx 1153:1158 hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1130:1158 hepatocyte cholesterol influx 1130:1158 Using these cells, we investigated the effects of Fut8 on hepatocyte cholesterol influx. 32423823 2 66 theme fucose 288:293 arg1 residue 295:301 a fucose residue 286:301 a fucose residue 286:301 It involves the attachment of a fucose residue to N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids, which is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called fucosyltransferases (Futs). 32423823 12 67 theme fucosylation 1551:1562 arg1 loss 1538:1541 loss 1538:1541 loss of core fucosylation 1538:1562 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 1 68 theme glycosylation 149:161 arg1 Fucosylation 123:134 Fucosylation 123:134 Fucosylation 123:134 Fucosylation is a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation. 32423823 1 68 theme glycosylation 149:161 arg1 type 141:144 a type 139:144 a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation 139:253 Fucosylation is a type of glycosylation, a form of post-transcriptional regulation of proteins, involved in cancer and inflammation. 32423823 12 69 theme causative 1726:1734 arg1 Fut8 1704:1707 Fut8 1704:1707 Fut8 1704:1707 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 12 69 theme causative 1726:1734 arg1 gene 1736:1739 a novel causative gene 1718:1739 a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia 1718:1773 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 3 70 theme many 432:435 arg1 Futs 437:440 the many Futs 428:440 the many Futs 428:440 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 11 71 theme PCSK9 1484:1488 arg1 expression 1495:1504 PCSK9 mRNA expression 1484:1504 PCSK9 mRNA expression 1484:1504 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 10 72 theme cholesterol 1329:1339 arg1 uptake 1341:1346 LDL cholesterol uptake 1325:1346 LDL cholesterol uptake 1325:1346 Intracellular cholesterol levels were significantly lower and LDL cholesterol uptake was suppressed in Fut8-KO cells. 32423823 3 73 theme only 482:485 arg1 α-1,6-fucosyltransferase 443:466 α-1,6-fucosyltransferase 443:466 α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) 443:473 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 3 73 theme only 482:485 arg1 enzyme 487:492 the only enzyme 478:492 the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose) 478:555 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 9 74 contain had 1177:1179 arg2 levels 1202:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 reduced LDLR protein levels 1181:1207 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 9 74 contain had 1177:1179 arg1 lines 1171:1175 Both cell lines 1161:1175 Both cell lines 1161:1175 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 12 75 theme core 1546:1549 arg1 fucosylation 1551:1562 core fucosylation 1546:1562 core fucosylation 1546:1562 Our findings demonstrated that loss of core fucosylation promoted degradation of LDLR and impaired cholesterol uptake, which is a novel mechanism that regulates cholesterol influx, suggesting that Fut8 might be a novel causative gene for familial hypercholesterolemia. 32423823 6 76 theme PCSK9 948:952 arg1 induction 935:943 a dramatic induction 924:943 a dramatic induction of PCSK9 924:952 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 32423823 9 77 theme marked 1225:1230 arg1 increases 1232:1240 marked increases 1225:1240 marked increases in PCSK9 expression 1225:1260 Both cell lines had reduced LDLR protein levels, resulting from marked increases in PCSK9 expression. 32423823 5 78 theme receptor 804:811 arg1 regulator 763:771 a well-known negative regulator 741:771 a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) 741:818 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 5 78 theme receptor 804:811 arg1 type 723:726 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 684:728 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 684:736 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a well-known negative regulator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). 32423823 10 79 theme LDL 1325:1327 arg1 uptake 1341:1346 LDL cholesterol uptake 1325:1346 LDL cholesterol uptake 1325:1346 Intracellular cholesterol levels were significantly lower and LDL cholesterol uptake was suppressed in Fut8-KO cells. 32423823 3 80 gly α-1,6-fucosylated 508:524 arg1 oligosaccharides 526:541 α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides 508:541 α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose) 508:555 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 3 80 gly α-1,6-fucosylated 508:524 arg1 fucose 549:554 core fucose 544:554 core fucose 544:554 Among the many Futs, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the only enzyme that produces α-1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides (core fucose). 32423823 11 81 theme mRNA 1490:1493 arg1 expression 1495:1504 PCSK9 mRNA expression 1484:1504 PCSK9 mRNA expression 1484:1504 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α accumulated in nuclei of Fut8-KO hepatocytes, which mediated increases in PCSK9 mRNA expression. 32423823 6 82 theme LDLR 896:899 arg1 downregulation 901:914 LDLR downregulation 896:914 LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9 896:952 Here, we found that loss of core fucose in immortalized hepatocytes led to LDLR downregulation through a dramatic induction of PCSK9. 34418796 6 0 theme NS3 957:959 arg1 inhibition 975:984 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 957:984 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 957:984 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 7 1 theme moderate 1138:1145 arg1 stress 1150:1155 moderate ER stress 1138:1155 moderate ER stress 1138:1155 Conversely, lower concentrations of thapsigargin enhanced IBAV propagation, suggesting that moderate ER stress could benefit IBAV. 34418796 3 2 theme IBAV 461:464 arg1 infection 466:474 IBAV infection 461:474 IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin 461:509 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 6 3 theme induction 1000:1008 arg1 degree 947:952 a considerable degree 932:952 a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction 932:1008 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 7 4 theme ER 1147:1148 arg1 stress 1150:1155 moderate ER stress 1138:1155 moderate ER stress 1138:1155 Conversely, lower concentrations of thapsigargin enhanced IBAV propagation, suggesting that moderate ER stress could benefit IBAV. 34418796 5 5 theme ER 893:894 arg1 stress 896:901 ER stress 893:901 ER stress 893:901 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 6 6 theme stress 993:998 arg1 induction 1000:1008 ER stress induction 990:1008 ER stress induction 990:1008 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 2 7 theme glycosylation 261:273 arg1 tunicamycin 223:233 tunicamycin 223:233 tunicamycin 223:233 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 2 7 theme glycosylation 261:273 arg1 inhibitor 239:247 an inhibitor 236:247 an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation 236:273 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 4 8 theme glycosylation 558:570 arg1 inhibition 572:581 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 554:581 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 554:581 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 0 9 theme virus 80:84 arg1 propagation 86:96 virus propagation 80:96 virus propagation 80:96 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 2 10 theme N-linked 252:259 arg1 glycosylation 261:273 N-linked glycosylation 252:273 N-linked glycosylation 252:273 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 4 11 theme NS3 554:556 arg1 inhibition 572:581 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 554:581 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 554:581 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 4 12 dep induced 532:538 arg1 both 527:530 both 527:530 both 527:530 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 6 13 theme IBAV 1028:1031 arg1 propagation 1033:1043 IBAV propagation 1028:1043 IBAV propagation 1028:1043 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 5 14 theme limited 789:795 arg1 differences 797:807 limited differences 789:807 limited differences in IBAV propagation 789:827 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 5 15 from differences 797:807 arg1 propagation 817:827 IBAV propagation 812:827 IBAV propagation 812:827 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 0 16 theme virus 37:41 arg1 protein 47:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 3 17 theme reticulum 376:384 arg1 stress 391:396 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 364:396 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 364:396 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 3 18 theme endoplasmic 364:374 arg1 ER 387:388 ER 387:388 ER 387:388 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 3 18 theme endoplasmic 364:374 arg1 reticulum 376:384 endoplasmic reticulum 364:384 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 364:396 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 5 19 theme NS3 864:866 arg1 glycosylation 868:880 NS3 glycosylation 864:880 NS3 glycosylation 864:880 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 0 20 theme Partial 0:6 arg1 glycosylation 8:20 Partial glycosylation 0:20 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 0:53 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 6 21 theme inhibition 975:984 arg1 degree 947:952 a considerable degree 932:952 a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction 932:1008 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 4 22 theme thapsigargin 690:701 arg1 concentrations 656:669 high concentrations 651:669 high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin 651:701 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 3 23 gly glycosylation 444:456 arg1 IBAV 461:464 IBAV infection 461:474 IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin 461:509 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 4 24 theme previous 634:641 arg1 report 643:648 our previous report 630:648 our previous report 630:648 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 5 25 theme IBAV 812:815 arg1 propagation 817:827 IBAV propagation 812:827 IBAV propagation 812:827 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 4 26 theme IBAV 714:717 arg1 propagation 719:729 IBAV propagation 714:729 IBAV propagation 714:729 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 3 27 theme ER 426:427 arg1 stress 429:434 ER stress 426:434 ER stress 426:434 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 2 28 theme NS3 287:289 arg1 glycosylation 291:303 NS3 glycosylation 287:303 NS3 glycosylation 287:303 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 4 29 theme ER 540:541 arg1 stress 543:548 ER stress 540:548 ER stress 540:548 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 7 30 theme thapsigargin 1082:1093 arg1 concentrations 1064:1077 lower concentrations 1058:1077 lower concentrations of thapsigargin 1058:1093 Conversely, lower concentrations of thapsigargin enhanced IBAV propagation, suggesting that moderate ER stress could benefit IBAV. 34418796 1 31 theme Ibaraki 99:105 arg1 IBAV 114:117 IBAV 114:117 IBAV 114:117 Ibaraki virus (IBAV) causes Ibaraki disease. 34418796 1 31 theme Ibaraki 99:105 arg1 virus 107:111 Ibaraki virus 99:111 Ibaraki virus (IBAV) 99:118 Ibaraki virus (IBAV) causes Ibaraki disease. 34418796 3 32 theme stress 429:434 arg1 effects 415:421 the effects 411:421 the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin 411:509 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 2 33 gly glycosylated 201:212 arg1 protein 183:189 IBAV NS3 protein 174:189 IBAV NS3 protein 174:189 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 2 34 link N-linked 252:259 arg1 glycosylation 261:273 N-linked glycosylation 252:273 N-linked glycosylation 252:273 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 7 35 theme lower 1058:1062 arg1 concentrations 1064:1077 lower concentrations 1058:1077 lower concentrations of thapsigargin 1058:1093 Conversely, lower concentrations of thapsigargin enhanced IBAV propagation, suggesting that moderate ER stress could benefit IBAV. 34418796 0 36 theme Ibaraki 29:35 arg1 protein 47:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 5 37 theme reagents 771:778 arg1 concentrations 747:760 lower concentrations 741:760 lower concentrations of these reagents 741:778 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 0 38 gly glycosylation 8:20 arg1 protein 47:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 3 39 from effects 415:421 arg1 infection 466:474 IBAV infection 461:474 IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin 461:509 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 0 40 theme protein 47:53 arg1 glycosylation 8:20 Partial glycosylation 0:20 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 0:53 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 6 41 theme considerable 934:945 arg1 degree 947:952 a considerable degree 932:952 a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction 932:1008 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 6 42 theme glycosylation 961:973 arg1 inhibition 975:984 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 957:984 NS3 glycosylation inhibition 957:984 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 3 43 theme glycosylation 444:456 arg1 effects 415:421 the effects 411:421 the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin 411:509 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 0 44 theme NS3 43:45 arg1 protein 47:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein 25:53 Partial glycosylation of the Ibaraki virus NS3 protein is sufficient to support virus propagation. 34418796 4 45 theme tunicamycin 674:684 arg1 concentrations 656:669 high concentrations 651:669 high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin 651:701 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 2 46 theme NS3 179:181 arg1 protein 183:189 IBAV NS3 protein 174:189 IBAV NS3 protein 174:189 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 2 47 theme viral 309:313 arg1 propagation 315:325 viral propagation 309:325 viral propagation 309:325 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 6 48 theme ER 990:991 arg1 induction 1000:1008 ER stress induction 990:1008 ER stress induction 990:1008 These findings suggest that a considerable degree of NS3 glycosylation inhibition and ER stress induction does not suppress IBAV propagation. 34418796 2 49 theme IBAV 174:177 arg1 protein 183:189 IBAV NS3 protein 174:189 IBAV NS3 protein 174:189 We have previously shown that IBAV NS3 protein is highly glycosylated and that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, suppressed NS3 glycosylation and viral propagation. 34418796 3 50 theme NS3 440:442 arg1 glycosylation 444:456 NS3 glycosylation 440:456 NS3 glycosylation 440:456 Since tunicamycin is known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we explored the effects of ER stress and NS3 glycosylation on IBAV infection using tunicamycin and thapsigargin. 34418796 7 51 theme IBAV 1104:1107 arg1 propagation 1109:1119 IBAV propagation 1104:1119 IBAV propagation 1104:1119 Conversely, lower concentrations of thapsigargin enhanced IBAV propagation, suggesting that moderate ER stress could benefit IBAV. 34418796 4 52 theme high 651:654 arg1 concentrations 656:669 high concentrations 651:669 high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin 651:701 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 4 53 theme concentration-dependent 588:610 arg1 manner 612:617 a concentration-dependent manner 586:617 a concentration-dependent manner 586:617 These reagents both induced ER stress and NS3 glycosylation inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, and as in our previous report, high concentrations of tunicamycin and thapsigargin suppressed IBAV propagation. 34418796 5 54 theme lower 741:745 arg1 concentrations 747:760 lower concentrations 741:760 lower concentrations of these reagents 741:778 However, lower concentrations of these reagents produced limited differences in IBAV propagation, despite their ability to suppress NS3 glycosylation and induce ER stress. 34418796 1 55 theme Ibaraki 127:133 arg1 disease 135:141 Ibaraki disease 127:141 Ibaraki disease 127:141 Ibaraki virus (IBAV) causes Ibaraki disease. 33710212 3 0 theme desired 372:378 arg1 functions 380:388 desired functions 372:388 desired functions 372:388 Engineering protein-based biomaterials genetically enables desired functions and characteristics. 33710212 7 1 theme TasA 985:988 arg1 fibrils 990:996 Glycosylated TasA fibrils 972:996 Glycosylated TasA fibrils 972:996 Glycosylated TasA fibrils indicate enhanced adsorption on the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation. 33710212 5 2 theme biofilm 631:637 arg1 TasA 647:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA 600:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 600:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 1 3 theme functionalities 162:176 arg1 range 153:157 a wide range 146:157 a wide range of functionalities 146:176 Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities. 33710212 2 4 from biomaterials 202:213 arg1 nature 218:223 nature 218:223 nature 218:223 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 6 5 theme jejuni 930:935 arg1 pathway 963:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 8 6 theme protein-based 1176:1188 arg1 biomaterials 1190:1201 protein-based biomaterials 1176:1201 protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion 1176:1233 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 5 7 gly glycosylation 583:595 arg1 TasA 647:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA 600:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 600:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 6 8 theme C. 927:928 arg1 pathway 963:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 7 9 theme enhanced 1007:1014 arg1 adsorption 1016:1025 enhanced adsorption 1007:1025 enhanced adsorption 1007:1025 Glycosylated TasA fibrils indicate enhanced adsorption on the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation. 33710212 5 10 theme TasA 647:650 arg1 glycosylation 583:595 de novo glycosylation 575:595 de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 575:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 10 theme TasA 647:650 arg1 method 753:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method 721:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils 721:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 11 theme de 575:576 arg1 glycosylation 583:595 de novo glycosylation 575:595 de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 575:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 11 theme de 575:576 arg1 method 753:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method 721:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils 721:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 4 12 theme blocks 561:566 arg1 inventory 539:547 the inventory 535:547 the inventory of building blocks 535:566 Additionally, utilization of glycosylation for biomaterial engineering can expand possibilities by including saccharides to the inventory of building blocks. 33710212 6 13 theme jejuni 810:815 arg1 motif 831:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 5 14 theme novel 723:727 arg1 glycosylation 583:595 de novo glycosylation 575:595 de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 575:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 14 theme novel 723:727 arg1 method 753:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method 721:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils 721:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 4 15 theme glycosylation 440:452 arg1 utilization 425:435 utilization 425:435 utilization of glycosylation for biomaterial engineering 425:480 Additionally, utilization of glycosylation for biomaterial engineering can expand possibilities by including saccharides to the inventory of building blocks. 33710212 2 16 theme adhesive 294:301 arg1 proteins 303:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 6 17 theme C. 807:808 arg1 jejuni 810:815 C. jejuni 807:815 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 5 18 theme biomaterial 729:739 arg1 glycosylation 583:595 de novo glycosylation 575:595 de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 575:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 18 theme biomaterial 729:739 arg1 method 753:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method 721:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils 721:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 19 theme jejuni 674:679 arg1 circuit 695:701 a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 658:701 a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 658:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 7 20 theme Glycosylated 972:983 arg1 fibrils 990:996 Glycosylated TasA fibrils 972:996 Glycosylated TasA fibrils 972:996 Glycosylated TasA fibrils indicate enhanced adsorption on the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation. 33710212 7 21 theme fibril 1069:1074 arg1 formation 1076:1084 fibril formation 1069:1084 fibril formation 1069:1084 Glycosylated TasA fibrils indicate enhanced adsorption on the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation. 33710212 5 22 theme engineering 741:751 arg1 glycosylation 583:595 de novo glycosylation 575:595 de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 575:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 5 22 theme engineering 741:751 arg1 method 753:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method 721:758 a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils 721:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 4 23 theme biomaterial 458:468 arg1 engineering 470:480 biomaterial engineering 458:480 biomaterial engineering 458:480 Additionally, utilization of glycosylation for biomaterial engineering can expand possibilities by including saccharides to the inventory of building blocks. 33710212 8 24 link N-linked 1113:1120 arg1 glycosylation 1122:1134 N-linked glycosylation 1113:1134 N-linked glycosylation 1113:1134 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 8 24 link N-linked 1113:1120 arg1 tool 1155:1158 a promising tool 1143:1158 a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion 1143:1233 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 5 25 theme glycosylation 681:693 arg1 circuit 695:701 a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 658:701 a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 658:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 8 26 theme promising 1145:1153 arg1 glycosylation 1122:1134 N-linked glycosylation 1113:1134 N-linked glycosylation 1113:1134 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 8 26 theme promising 1145:1153 arg1 tool 1155:1158 a promising tool 1143:1158 a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion 1143:1233 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 1 27 theme crucial 102:108 arg1 modification 129:140 a crucial post-translational modification 100:140 a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities 100:176 Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities. 33710212 1 27 theme crucial 102:108 arg1 Glycosylation 83:95 Glycosylation 83:95 Glycosylation 83:95 Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities. 33710212 8 28 theme N-linked 1113:1120 arg1 glycosylation 1122:1134 N-linked glycosylation 1113:1134 N-linked glycosylation 1113:1134 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 8 28 theme N-linked 1113:1120 arg1 tool 1155:1158 a promising tool 1143:1158 a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion 1143:1233 Our findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation can be a promising tool for engineering protein-based biomaterials specifically regarding adhesion. 33710212 0 29 theme biofilms 15:22 arg1 Engineering 0:10 Engineering 0:10 Engineering of biofilms with a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications. 0:81 Engineering of biofilms with a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications. 33710212 6 30 theme tasA 868:871 arg1 gene 873:876 tasA gene 868:876 tasA gene 868:876 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 1 31 theme post-translational 110:127 arg1 modification 129:140 a crucial post-translational modification 100:140 a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities 100:176 Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities. 33710212 1 31 theme post-translational 110:127 arg1 Glycosylation 83:95 Glycosylation 83:95 Glycosylation 83:95 Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities. 33710212 5 32 dep Bacillus 600:607 arg1 subtilis 609:616 subtilis 609:616 subtilis 609:616 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 0 33 theme glycosylation 31:43 arg1 circuit 45:51 a glycosylation circuit 29:51 a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications 29:80 Engineering of biofilms with a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications. 33710212 4 34 theme building 552:559 arg1 blocks 561:566 building blocks 552:566 building blocks 552:566 Additionally, utilization of glycosylation for biomaterial engineering can expand possibilities by including saccharides to the inventory of building blocks. 33710212 5 35 theme protein 639:645 arg1 TasA 647:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA 600:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 600:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 2 36 gly glycosylated 241:252 arg1 silk 278:281 spider silk 271:281 spider silk 271:281 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 2 36 gly glycosylated 241:252 arg1 proteins 254:261 heavily glycosylated proteins 233:261 heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins 233:310 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 2 36 gly glycosylated 241:252 arg1 proteins 303:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 2 37 theme Adhesive 179:186 arg1 biomaterials 202:213 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials 179:213 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature 179:223 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 5 38 theme fibrils 796:802 arg1 adhesiveness 775:786 adhesiveness 775:786 adhesiveness of TasA fibrils 775:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 6 39 theme glycosylation 949:961 arg1 pathway 963:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 7 40 theme formation 1076:1084 arg1 disruption 1055:1064 disruption 1055:1064 disruption of fibril formation 1055:1084 Glycosylated TasA fibrils indicate enhanced adsorption on the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation. 33710212 5 41 theme TasA 791:794 arg1 fibrils 796:802 TasA fibrils 791:802 TasA fibrils 791:802 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 2 42 theme glycosylated 241:252 arg1 silk 278:281 spider silk 271:281 spider silk 271:281 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 2 42 theme glycosylated 241:252 arg1 proteins 254:261 heavily glycosylated proteins 233:261 heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins 233:310 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 2 42 theme glycosylated 241:252 arg1 proteins 303:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 5 43 dep de 575:576 arg1 novo 578:581 novo 578:581 novo 578:581 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 2 44 theme protein-based 188:200 arg1 biomaterials 202:213 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials 179:213 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature 179:223 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 3 45 theme protein-based 325:337 arg1 biomaterials 339:350 protein-based biomaterials 325:350 protein-based biomaterials 325:350 Engineering protein-based biomaterials genetically enables desired functions and characteristics. 33710212 5 46 theme Campylobacter 660:672 arg1 circuit 695:701 a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 658:701 a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 658:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 2 47 theme mussel 287:292 arg1 proteins 303:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 mussel adhesive proteins 287:310 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 0 48 with Engineering 0:10 arg1 circuit 45:51 a glycosylation circuit 29:51 a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications 29:80 Engineering of biofilms with a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications. 33710212 6 49 gly glycosylation 817:829 arg2 motif 831:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 6 50 theme protein 941:947 arg1 pathway 963:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 5 51 theme Bacillus 600:607 arg1 TasA 647:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA 600:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 600:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 1 52 theme wide 148:151 arg1 range 153:157 a wide range 146:157 a wide range of functionalities 146:176 Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification for a wide range of functionalities. 33710212 6 53 contain containing 912:921 arg1 coli 907:910 Escherichia coli 895:910 Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 895:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 6 53 contain containing 912:921 arg2 pathway 963:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 6 54 theme pgl 937:939 arg1 pathway 963:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway 923:969 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33710212 7 55 theme gold 1034:1037 arg1 surface 1039:1045 the gold surface 1030:1045 the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation 1030:1084 Glycosylated TasA fibrils indicate enhanced adsorption on the gold surface without disruption of fibril formation. 33710212 0 56 theme biomaterial 57:67 arg1 applications 69:80 biomaterial applications 57:80 biomaterial applications 57:80 Engineering of biofilms with a glycosylation circuit for biomaterial applications. 33710212 2 57 theme spider 271:276 arg1 silk 278:281 spider silk 271:281 spider silk 271:281 Adhesive protein-based biomaterials in nature rely on heavily glycosylated proteins such as spider silk and mussel adhesive proteins. 33710212 5 58 theme amyloid-like 618:629 arg1 TasA 647:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA 600:650 Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit 600:701 Here, de novo glycosylation of Bacillus subtilis amyloid-like biofilm protein TasA using a Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation circuit is proposed to be a novel biomaterial engineering method for increasing adhesiveness of TasA fibrils. 33710212 6 59 theme glycosylation 817:829 arg1 motif 831:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif 805:835 A C. jejuni glycosylation motif is genetically incorporated to tasA gene and expressed in Escherichia coli containing the C. jejuni pgl protein glycosylation pathway. 33536395 0 0 theme cerevisiae 72:81 arg1 homologue 45:53 an ERD1 homologue 37:53 an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 37:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 0 theme cerevisiae 72:81 arg1 gene 24:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 8 1 theme N-glycan 1116:1123 arg1 elongation 1125:1134 N-glycan elongation 1116:1134 N-glycan elongation 1116:1134 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 1 2 link N-linked 293:300 arg1 oligosaccharides 302:317 N-linked oligosaccharides 293:317 N-linked oligosaccharides 293:317 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 9 3 theme receptor 1240:1247 arg1 destabilization 1249:1263 ADEL receptor destabilization 1235:1263 ADEL receptor destabilization 1235:1263 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 6 4 theme multiple 700:707 arg1 regions 727:733 multiple membrane-spanning regions 700:733 multiple membrane-spanning regions 700:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 7 5 theme sequence 760:767 arg1 similarity 769:778 sequence similarity 760:778 sequence similarity 760:778 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 6 6 theme analysis 571:578 arg1 gene 591:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 6 theme analysis 571:578 arg1 result 545:550 a result 543:550 a result of complementation analysis 543:578 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 7 7 theme endoplasmic 894:904 arg1 ER 917:918 ER 917:918 ER 917:918 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 7 7 theme endoplasmic 894:904 arg1 reticulum 906:914 endoplasmic reticulum 894:914 luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins 886:928 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 10 8 theme Golgi 1370:1374 arg1 membrane 1376:1383 the Golgi membrane 1366:1383 the Golgi membrane 1366:1383 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 6 9 theme complementation 555:569 arg1 analysis 571:578 complementation analysis 555:578 complementation analysis 555:578 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 1 10 theme protein 268:274 arg1 glycosylation 276:288 protein glycosylation 268:288 protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides 268:317 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 11 11 from retention 1477:1485 arg1 cells 1523:1527 S. pombe cells 1514:1527 S. pombe cells 1514:1527 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 33536395 6 12 theme acids 680:684 arg1 polypeptide 655:665 a polypeptide 653:665 a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 653:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 12 theme acids 680:684 arg1 frame 634:638 a single open reading frame 612:638 a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 612:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 7 13 theme reticulum 906:914 arg1 proteins 921:928 luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins 886:928 luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins 886:928 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 5 14 theme pombe 449:453 arg1 sensitive 483:491 sensitive 483:491 sensitive 483:491 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 5 14 theme pombe 449:453 arg1 mutant 460:465 the S. pombe gmn2 mutant 442:465 the S. pombe gmn2 mutant 442:465 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 11 15 theme Gmn2 1418:1421 arg1 protein 1423:1429 the Gmn2 protein 1414:1429 the Gmn2 protein 1414:1429 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 33536395 8 16 theme secreted 988:995 arg1 glycoprotein 997:1008 the secreted glycoprotein 984:1008 the secreted glycoprotein 984:1008 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 11 17 theme pombe 1517:1521 arg1 cells 1523:1527 S. pombe cells 1514:1527 S. pombe cells 1514:1527 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 33536395 5 18 theme gmn2 455:458 arg1 sensitive 483:491 sensitive 483:491 sensitive 483:491 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 5 18 theme gmn2 455:458 arg1 mutant 460:465 the S. pombe gmn2 mutant 442:465 the S. pombe gmn2 mutant 442:465 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 0 19 theme protein 96:102 arg1 glycosylation 104:116 protein glycosylation 96:116 protein glycosylation 96:116 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 7 20 theme luminal 886:892 arg1 proteins 921:928 luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins 886:928 luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins 886:928 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 6 21 theme reading 626:632 arg1 polypeptide 655:665 a polypeptide 653:665 a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 653:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 21 theme reading 626:632 arg1 gene 591:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 21 theme reading 626:632 arg1 frame 634:638 a single open reading frame 612:638 a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 612:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 1 22 theme gmn2 179:182 arg1 mutant 184:189 The gmn2 mutant 175:189 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 175:218 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 0 23 theme fission 4:10 arg1 homologue 45:53 an ERD1 homologue 37:53 an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 37:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 23 theme fission 4:10 arg1 gene 24:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 10 24 theme Fluorescent 1266:1276 arg1 microscopy 1278:1287 Fluorescent microscopy 1266:1287 Fluorescent microscopy 1266:1287 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 6 25 theme membrane-spanning 709:725 arg1 regions 727:733 multiple membrane-spanning regions 700:733 multiple membrane-spanning regions 700:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 26 theme open 621:624 arg1 polypeptide 655:665 a polypeptide 653:665 a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 653:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 26 theme open 621:624 arg1 gene 591:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 26 theme open 621:624 arg1 frame 634:638 a single open reading frame 612:638 a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 612:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 7 27 dep lactis 799:804 arg1 proteins 840:847 Erd1 proteins 835:847 Erd1 proteins 835:847 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 1 28 from defects 257:263 arg1 glycosylation 276:288 protein glycosylation 268:288 protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides 268:317 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 7 29 theme Gmn2 740:743 arg1 protein 745:751 The Gmn2 protein 736:751 The Gmn2 protein 736:751 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 1 30 gly glycosylation 276:288 arg1 oligosaccharides 302:317 N-linked oligosaccharides 293:317 N-linked oligosaccharides 293:317 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 6 31 theme single 614:619 arg1 polypeptide 655:665 a polypeptide 653:665 a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 653:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 31 theme single 614:619 arg1 gene 591:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 31 theme single 614:619 arg1 frame 634:638 a single open reading frame 612:638 a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 612:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 8 32 theme gene 964:967 arg1 disruption 940:949 disruption 940:949 disruption of the gmn2+ gene 940:967 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 0 33 theme gmn2+ 18:22 arg1 homologue 45:53 an ERD1 homologue 37:53 an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 37:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 33 theme gmn2+ 18:22 arg1 gene 24:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 1 34 theme N-linked 293:300 arg1 oligosaccharides 302:317 N-linked oligosaccharides 293:317 N-linked oligosaccharides 293:317 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 8 35 theme significant 1019:1029 arg1 defect 1045:1050 a significant glycosylation defect 1017:1050 a significant glycosylation defect 1017:1050 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 8 36 theme gmn2+ 958:962 arg1 gene 964:967 the gmn2+ gene 954:967 the gmn2+ gene 954:967 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 11 37 theme protein 1447:1453 arg1 glycosylation 1455:1467 protein glycosylation 1447:1467 protein glycosylation 1447:1467 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 33536395 0 38 theme yeast 12:16 arg1 homologue 45:53 an ERD1 homologue 37:53 an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 37:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 38 theme yeast 12:16 arg1 gene 24:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 1 39 theme oligosaccharides 302:317 arg1 glycosylation 276:288 protein glycosylation 268:288 protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides 268:317 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 10 40 theme functional 1307:1316 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 0 41 gly glycosylation 104:116 arg1 proteins 165:172 luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 135:172 luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 135:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 1 42 theme pombe 214:218 arg1 mutant 184:189 The gmn2 mutant 175:189 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 175:218 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 0 43 theme luminal 135:141 arg1 reticulum 155:163 luminal endoplasmic reticulum 135:163 luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 135:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 8 44 gly glycoprotein 997:1008 arg1 glycoprotein 997:1008 the secreted glycoprotein 984:1008 the secreted glycoprotein 984:1008 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 5 45 theme S. 446:447 arg1 sensitive 483:491 sensitive 483:491 sensitive 483:491 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 5 45 theme S. 446:447 arg1 mutant 460:465 the S. pombe gmn2 mutant 442:465 the S. pombe gmn2 mutant 442:465 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 8 46 theme glycosylation 1031:1043 arg1 defect 1045:1050 a significant glycosylation defect 1017:1050 a significant glycosylation defect 1017:1050 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 10 47 theme fusion 1328:1333 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 0 48 theme ERD1 40:43 arg1 homologue 45:53 an ERD1 homologue 37:53 an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 37:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 48 theme ERD1 40:43 arg1 gene 24:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene 0:27 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 49 theme reticulum 155:163 arg1 proteins 165:172 luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 135:172 luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 135:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 1 50 dep shown 240:244 arg1 Ballou 335:340 Ballou 335:340 Ballou 335:340 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 1 50 dep shown 240:244 arg1 L. 328:329 L. 328:329 L. 328:329 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 1 50 dep shown 240:244 arg1 Proc 348:351 Proc 348:351 Proc 348:351 The gmn2 mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has previously been shown to exhibit defects in protein glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides (Ballou, L. and Ballou, CE., Proc. 33536395 5 51 theme hygromycin 496:505 arg1 antibiotic 528:537 antibiotic 528:537 antibiotic 528:537 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 5 51 theme hygromycin 496:505 arg1 B 507:507 hygromycin B 496:507 hygromycin B 496:507 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 0 52 theme endoplasmic 143:153 arg1 reticulum 155:163 luminal endoplasmic reticulum 135:163 luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins 135:172 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 9 53 theme cell 1209:1212 arg1 surface 1214:1220 the cell surface 1205:1220 the cell surface 1205:1220 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 6 54 theme amino 674:678 arg1 acids 680:684 373 amino acids 670:684 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 670:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 4 55 dep USA 371:373 arg1 1995 391:394 1995 391:394 1995 391:394 USA, 92, 2790-2794 (1995)). 33536395 9 56 theme BiP 1184:1186 arg1 amount 1174:1179 a significant amount 1160:1179 a significant amount of BiP 1160:1186 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 9 56 theme BiP 1184:1186 arg1 BiP 1184:1186 BiP 1184:1186 BiP 1184:1186 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 10 57 theme Gmn2-EGFP 1318:1326 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 9 58 theme significant 1162:1172 arg1 amount 1174:1179 a significant amount 1160:1179 a significant amount of BiP 1160:1186 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 9 58 theme significant 1162:1172 arg1 BiP 1184:1186 BiP 1184:1186 BiP 1184:1186 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 11 59 theme S. 1514:1515 arg1 cells 1523:1527 S. pombe cells 1514:1527 S. pombe cells 1514:1527 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 33536395 6 60 theme 373 670:672 arg1 acids 680:684 373 amino acids 670:684 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 670:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 10 61 located localized 1353:1361 arg1 membrane 1376:1383 the Golgi membrane 1366:1383 the Golgi membrane 1366:1383 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 10 61 located localized 1353:1361 arg2 protein 1335:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein 1303:1341 Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the functional Gmn2-EGFP fusion protein is mainly localized in the Golgi membrane. 33536395 0 62 theme proteins 165:172 arg1 retention 122:130 retention 122:130 retention 122:130 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 0 62 theme proteins 165:172 arg1 glycosylation 104:116 protein glycosylation 96:116 protein glycosylation 96:116 The fission yeast gmn2+ gene encodes an ERD1 homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for protein glycosylation and retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. 33536395 5 63 theme most 404:407 arg1 mutants 433:439 most glycosylation-defective mutants 404:439 most glycosylation-defective mutants 404:439 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 8 64 theme responsible 1100:1110 arg1 glycosyltransferase 1080:1098 the glycosyltransferase 1076:1098 the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation 1076:1134 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 7 65 theme Erd1 835:838 arg1 proteins 840:847 Erd1 proteins 835:847 Erd1 proteins 835:847 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 11 66 theme ER-resident 1490:1500 arg1 proteins 1502:1509 ER-resident proteins 1490:1509 ER-resident proteins 1490:1509 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 33536395 5 67 theme glycosylation-defective 409:431 arg1 mutants 433:439 most glycosylation-defective mutants 404:439 most glycosylation-defective mutants 404:439 Like most glycosylation-defective mutants, the S. pombe gmn2 mutant was found to be sensitive to hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 33536395 8 68 theme glycosyltransferase 1080:1098 arg1 destabilization 1057:1071 destabilization 1057:1071 destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation 1057:1134 Although disruption of the gmn2+ gene is not lethal, the secreted glycoprotein showed a significant glycosylation defect with destabilization of the glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan elongation. 33536395 9 69 theme ADEL 1235:1238 arg1 destabilization 1249:1263 ADEL receptor destabilization 1235:1263 ADEL receptor destabilization 1235:1263 It was also shown that a significant amount of BiP was missorted to the cell surface according to ADEL receptor destabilization. 33536395 6 70 theme gmn2+ 585:589 arg1 gene 591:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 the gmn2+ gene 581:594 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 70 theme gmn2+ 585:589 arg1 frame 634:638 a single open reading frame 612:638 a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions 612:733 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 6 70 theme gmn2+ 585:589 arg1 result 545:550 a result 543:550 a result of complementation analysis 543:578 As a result of complementation analysis, the gmn2+ gene was found to be a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 373 amino acids consisting of multiple membrane-spanning regions. 33536395 7 71 theme proteins 921:928 arg1 retention 873:881 retention 873:881 retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins 873:928 The Gmn2 protein shares sequence similarity with Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erd1 proteins, which are required for retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. 33536395 11 72 theme proteins 1502:1509 arg1 retention 1477:1485 retention 1477:1485 retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells 1477:1527 These results indicate that the Gmn2 protein is required for protein glycosylation and for retention of ER-resident proteins in S. pombe cells. 32337418 2 0 theme model 329:333 arg1 organisms 335:343 the most widely used model organisms 308:343 the most widely used model organisms in immunological research 308:369 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 2 0 theme model 329:333 arg1 mice 299:302 mice 299:302 mice 299:302 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 4 1 theme peptide 891:897 arg1 intensity 899:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 4 1 theme peptide 891:897 arg1 abundance 862:870 subclass protein abundance 845:870 the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance 841:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 8 2 from quantitation 1580:1591 arg1 models 1652:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 6 3 theme IgG 1187:1189 arg1 N-glycoforms 1194:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 3 4 theme protein 694:700 arg1 abundance 702:710 the protein abundance 690:710 the protein abundance 690:710 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 1 5 theme G 187:187 arg1 domain 162:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain 129:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 129:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 5 theme G 187:187 arg1 G 187:187 immunoglobulin G 172:187 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 172:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 4 6 theme protein 854:860 arg1 intensity 899:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 4 6 theme protein 854:860 arg1 abundance 862:870 subclass protein abundance 845:870 the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance 841:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 6 7 theme healthy 1249:1255 arg1 mice 1265:1268 healthy control mice 1249:1268 healthy control mice 1249:1268 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 2 8 theme effector 549:556 arg1 function 558:565 the IgG subclass effector function 532:565 the IgG subclass effector function 532:565 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 7 9 theme Fc 1425:1426 arg1 glycosylation 1428:1440 subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation 1403:1440 subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation 1403:1440 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 8 10 gly N-glycoforms 1621:1632 arg1 IgG 1614:1616 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1596:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1596:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 8 10 gly N-glycoforms 1621:1632 arg1 Fc 1618:1619 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1596:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1596:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 8 10 gly N-glycoforms 1621:1632 arg2 models 1652:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 3 11 theme subclass-specific 717:733 arg1 level 735:739 a subclass-specific level 715:739 a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 715:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 2 12 theme IgG 536:538 arg1 subclass 540:547 the IgG subclass 532:547 the IgG subclass effector function 532:565 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 7 13 theme subclass-specific 1403:1419 arg1 glycosylation 1428:1440 subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation 1403:1440 subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation 1403:1440 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 6 14 gly N-glycoforms 1194:1205 arg1 IgG 1187:1189 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 6 14 gly N-glycoforms 1194:1205 arg1 Fc 1191:1192 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 5 15 theme mixed 1089:1093 arg1 sample 1107:1112 a mixed mouse serum sample 1087:1112 a mixed mouse serum sample 1087:1112 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 3 16 theme mouse 753:757 arg1 strains 759:765 various mouse strains 745:765 various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 745:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 5 17 theme method 1048:1053 arg1 linearity 1008:1016 good linearity 1003:1016 good linearity 1003:1016 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 5 17 theme method 1048:1053 arg1 repeatability 1027:1039 high repeatability 1022:1039 high repeatability 1022:1039 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 1 18 theme fragment 133:140 arg1 domain 162:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain 129:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 129:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 18 theme fragment 133:140 arg1 G 187:187 immunoglobulin G 172:187 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 172:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 4 19 theme protein 979:985 arg1 abundance 987:995 the subclass protein abundance 966:995 the subclass protein abundance 966:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 6 20 theme systemic 1215:1222 arg1 sclerosis 1224:1232 systemic sclerosis 1215:1232 systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice 1215:1243 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 6 20 theme systemic 1215:1222 arg1 SSc 1235:1237 SSc 1235:1237 SSc 1235:1237 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 3 21 theme reaction 782:789 arg1 monitoring 791:800 multiple reaction monitoring 773:800 multiple reaction monitoring 773:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 2 22 theme pathological 479:490 arg1 statuses 492:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 0 23 theme Reaction 82:89 arg1 Monitoring 91:100 Multiple Reaction Monitoring 73:100 Multiple Reaction Monitoring 73:100 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 4 24 theme subclass-specific 873:889 arg1 intensity 899:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 4 24 theme subclass-specific 873:889 arg1 abundance 862:870 subclass protein abundance 845:870 the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance 841:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 7 25 theme close 1382:1386 arg1 association 1388:1398 the close association 1378:1398 the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc 1378:1449 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 5 26 theme serum 1101:1105 arg1 sample 1107:1112 a mixed mouse serum sample 1087:1112 a mixed mouse serum sample 1087:1112 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 1 27 gly glycosylation 112:124 arg1 domain 162:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain 129:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 129:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 27 gly glycosylation 112:124 arg1 G 187:187 immunoglobulin G 172:187 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 172:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 2 28 theme IgG 436:438 arg1 subclass 440:447 each murine IgG subclass 424:447 each murine IgG subclass 424:447 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 0 29 theme Relative 0:7 arg1 Quantitation 9:20 Relative Quantitation 0:20 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 0:55 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 1 30 theme N-Linked 103:110 arg1 glycosylation 112:124 N-Linked glycosylation 103:124 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 103:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 7 31 theme own 1327:1329 arg1 glycosylation 1354:1366 its own characteristic-altered glycosylation 1323:1366 its own characteristic-altered glycosylation 1323:1366 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 2 32 theme physiological 462:474 arg1 statuses 492:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 8 33 theme subclass-specific 1596:1612 arg1 N-glycoforms 1621:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1596:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1596:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 6 34 from differences 1154:1164 arg1 N-glycoforms 1194:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 0 35 theme Murine 43:48 arg1 Fc 54:55 Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 25:55 Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 25:55 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 7 36 theme IgG 1306:1308 arg1 subclass 1310:1317 each IgG subclass 1301:1317 each IgG subclass 1301:1317 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 8 37 theme Fc 1618:1619 arg1 N-glycoforms 1621:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1596:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1596:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 2 38 theme used 324:327 arg1 organisms 335:343 the most widely used model organisms 308:343 the most widely used model organisms in immunological research 308:369 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 2 38 theme used 324:327 arg1 mice 299:302 mice 299:302 mice 299:302 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 0 39 theme Fc 54:55 arg1 Quantitation 9:20 Relative Quantitation 0:20 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 0:55 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 3 40 gly glycoforms 665:674 arg1 IgG 658:660 murine IgG Fc glycoforms 651:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 651:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 3 40 gly glycoforms 665:674 arg1 Fc 662:663 murine IgG Fc glycoforms 651:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 651:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 3 41 theme Fc 662:663 arg1 glycoforms 665:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms 651:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 651:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 1 42 theme significant 211:221 arg1 subclass-specific 277:293 subclass-specific 277:293 subclass-specific 277:293 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 42 theme significant 211:221 arg1 modulator 223:231 a significant modulator 209:231 a significant modulator 209:231 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 5 43 theme good 1003:1006 arg1 linearity 1008:1016 good linearity 1003:1016 good linearity 1003:1016 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 8 44 theme mouse 1646:1650 arg1 models 1652:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 3 45 theme murine 651:656 arg1 glycoforms 665:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms 651:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 651:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 2 46 theme immunological 348:360 arg1 research 362:369 immunological research 348:369 immunological research 348:369 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 1 47 theme functions 245:253 arg1 subclass-specific 277:293 subclass-specific 277:293 subclass-specific 277:293 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 47 theme functions 245:253 arg1 modulator 223:231 a significant modulator 209:231 a significant modulator 209:231 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 8 48 from N-glycoforms 1621:1632 arg1 models 1652:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 2 49 theme Fc 582:583 arg1 glycosylation 585:597 Fc glycosylation 582:597 Fc glycosylation 582:597 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 6 50 theme Fc 1191:1192 arg1 N-glycoforms 1194:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 8 51 with method 1487:1492 arg1 practicality 1521:1532 practicality 1521:1532 practicality 1521:1532 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 8 51 with method 1487:1492 arg1 reliability 1505:1515 great reliability 1499:1515 great reliability 1499:1515 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 1 52 theme immunoglobulin 172:185 arg1 IgG 190:192 IgG 190:192 IgG 190:192 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 52 theme immunoglobulin 172:185 arg1 G 187:187 immunoglobulin G 172:187 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 172:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 2 53 from organisms 335:343 arg1 research 362:369 immunological research 348:369 immunological research 348:369 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 6 54 theme subclass-specific 1169:1185 arg1 N-glycoforms 1194:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1169:1205 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 6 55 theme control 1257:1263 arg1 mice 1265:1268 healthy control mice 1249:1268 healthy control mice 1249:1268 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 4 56 theme subclass 845:852 arg1 intensity 899:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 subclass-specific peptide intensity 873:907 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 4 56 theme subclass 845:852 arg1 abundance 862:870 subclass protein abundance 845:870 the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance 841:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 8 57 contain has 1539:1541 arg1 method 1487:1492 a method 1485:1492 a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1485:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 8 57 contain has 1539:1541 arg2 potential 1553:1561 promising potential 1543:1561 promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1543:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 3 58 theme various 745:751 arg1 strains 759:765 various mouse strains 745:765 various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 745:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 4 59 theme IgG 918:920 arg1 subclass 922:929 each IgG subclass 913:929 each IgG subclass 913:929 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 7 60 theme glycosylation 1428:1440 arg1 association 1388:1398 the close association 1378:1398 the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc 1378:1449 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 8 61 from models 1652:1657 arg1 quantitation 1580:1591 the relative quantitation 1567:1591 the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1567:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 7 62 theme IgG 1421:1423 arg1 glycosylation 1428:1440 subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation 1403:1440 subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation 1403:1440 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 3 63 theme multiple 773:780 arg1 monitoring 791:800 multiple reaction monitoring 773:800 multiple reaction monitoring 773:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 5 64 theme mouse 1095:1099 arg1 sample 1107:1112 a mixed mouse serum sample 1087:1112 a mixed mouse serum sample 1087:1112 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 8 65 theme great 1499:1503 arg1 reliability 1505:1515 great reliability 1499:1515 great reliability 1499:1515 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 1 66 theme crystallizable 142:155 arg1 domain 162:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain 129:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 129:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 66 theme crystallizable 142:155 arg1 G 187:187 immunoglobulin G 172:187 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 172:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 6 67 theme sclerosis 1224:1232 arg1 mice 1240:1243 systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice 1215:1243 systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice 1215:1243 The method was applied to quantify the differences in subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms between systemic sclerosis (SSc) mice and healthy control mice. 32337418 0 68 theme Multiple 73:80 arg1 Monitoring 91:100 Multiple Reaction Monitoring 73:100 Multiple Reaction Monitoring 73:100 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 1 69 theme Fc 158:159 arg1 domain 162:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain 129:167 the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 129:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 1 69 theme Fc 158:159 arg1 G 187:187 immunoglobulin G 172:187 immunoglobulin G (IgG) 172:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 4 70 theme subclass 970:977 arg1 abundance 987:995 the subclass protein abundance 966:995 the subclass protein abundance 966:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 1 71 theme domain 162:167 arg1 glycosylation 112:124 N-Linked glycosylation 103:124 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) 103:193 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 32337418 2 72 theme subclass 540:547 arg1 function 558:565 the IgG subclass effector function 532:565 the IgG subclass effector function 532:565 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 8 73 theme promising 1543:1551 arg1 potential 1553:1561 promising potential 1543:1561 promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1543:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 7 74 with association 1388:1398 arg1 SSc 1447:1449 SSc 1447:1449 SSc 1447:1449 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 4 75 from abundance 862:870 arg1 subclass 922:929 each IgG subclass 913:929 each IgG subclass 913:929 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 7 76 theme characteristic-altered 1331:1352 arg1 glycosylation 1354:1366 its own characteristic-altered glycosylation 1323:1366 its own characteristic-altered glycosylation 1323:1366 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 8 77 theme relative 1571:1578 arg1 quantitation 1580:1591 the relative quantitation 1567:1591 the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1567:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 2 78 theme murine 429:434 arg1 subclass 440:447 each murine IgG subclass 424:447 each murine IgG subclass 424:447 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 0 79 theme Subclass-Specific 25:41 arg1 Fc 54:55 Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 25:55 Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 25:55 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 8 80 theme IgG 1614:1616 arg1 N-glycoforms 1621:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms 1596:1632 subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1596:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 2 81 theme Fc 401:402 arg1 glycosylation 404:416 Fc glycosylation 401:416 Fc glycosylation 401:416 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 0 82 theme IgG 50:52 arg1 Fc 54:55 Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 25:55 Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc 25:55 Relative Quantitation of Subclass-Specific Murine IgG Fc N-Glycoforms by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. 32337418 5 83 theme high 1022:1025 arg1 repeatability 1027:1039 high repeatability 1022:1039 high repeatability 1022:1039 Both good linearity and high repeatability of the method were validated by investigating a mixed mouse serum sample. 32337418 2 84 theme different 452:460 arg1 statuses 492:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 8 85 theme N-glycoforms 1621:1632 arg1 quantitation 1580:1591 the relative quantitation 1567:1591 the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models 1567:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 4 86 theme glycoform 807:815 arg1 level 817:821 The glycoform level 803:821 The glycoform level 803:821 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 8 87 theme multiple 1637:1644 arg1 models 1652:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 multiple mouse models 1637:1657 This report demonstrates a method with great reliability and practicality that has promising potential for the relative quantitation of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycoforms in multiple mouse models. 32337418 3 88 theme IgG 658:660 arg1 glycoforms 665:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms 651:674 murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring 651:800 In this study, we established a method to quantify murine IgG Fc glycoforms normalized to the protein abundance at a subclass-specific level for various mouse strains using multiple reaction monitoring. 32337418 7 89 contain had 1319:1321 arg1 subclass 1310:1317 each IgG subclass 1301:1317 each IgG subclass 1301:1317 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 7 89 contain had 1319:1321 arg2 glycosylation 1354:1366 its own characteristic-altered glycosylation 1323:1366 its own characteristic-altered glycosylation 1323:1366 The results demonstrated that each IgG subclass had its own characteristic-altered glycosylation, implying the close association of subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation with SSc in mice. 32337418 4 90 from abundance 987:995 arg1 contribution 948:959 the contribution 944:959 the contribution from the subclass protein abundance 944:995 The glycoform level was normalized to the subclass protein abundance (subclass-specific peptide intensity) in each IgG subclass to eliminate the contribution from the subclass protein abundance. 32337418 2 91 from variation 388:396 arg1 statuses 492:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 different physiological or pathological statuses 452:499 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 2 91 from variation 388:396 arg1 glycosylation 404:416 Fc glycosylation 401:416 Fc glycosylation 401:416 As mice are the most widely used model organisms in immunological research, determining the variation in Fc glycosylation among each murine IgG subclass in different physiological or pathological statuses is beneficial for studying how the IgG subclass effector function is affected by Fc glycosylation. 32337418 1 92 theme antibody 236:243 arg1 functions 245:253 antibody functions 236:253 antibody functions 236:253 N-Linked glycosylation of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is considered a significant modulator of antibody functions, which is known to be subclass-specific. 31917258 10 0 from mice 1819:1822 arg1 DCs 1793:1795 DCs 1793:1795 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1793:1822 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 14 1 theme IL27+ 2436:2440 arg1 DCs 2442:2444 fewer IL27+ DCs 2430:2444 fewer IL27+ DCs 2430:2444 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 2 2 from fiber 407:411 arg1 microbes 385:392 intestinal microbes 374:392 intestinal microbes from dietary fiber 374:411 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 8 3 theme E-cadherin 1594:1603 arg1 expression 1580:1589 reduced expression 1572:1589 reduced expression of E-cadherin 1572:1603 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 10 4 theme activation 1848:1857 arg1 state 1839:1843 an altered state 1828:1843 an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27 1828:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 14 5 theme ApcMin/+ 2344:2351 arg1 mice 2353:2356 ApcMin/+ mice 2344:2356 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist 2344:2393 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 2 6 theme fatty 333:337 arg1 acids 339:343 Short-chain fatty acids 321:343 Short-chain fatty acids 321:343 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 2 6 theme fatty 333:337 arg1 metabolites 349:359 metabolites 349:359 metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber 349:411 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 5 7 theme gene 1119:1122 arg1 sequencing 1124:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 9 8 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- 1624:1639 arg1 mice 1641:1644 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1624:1644 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1624:1644 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 10 9 theme higher 1881:1886 arg1 production 1888:1897 higher production 1881:1897 higher production of IL27 1881:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 0 10 theme Response 166:173 arg1 Maintenance 124:134 Maintenance 124:134 Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice 124:207 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 3 11 theme fatty 517:521 arg1 acids 523:527 short-chain fatty acids 505:527 short-chain fatty acids 505:527 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 16 12 theme T 2763:2763 arg1 cells 2765:2769 CD8+ T cells 2758:2769 CD8+ T cells 2758:2769 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 12 13 theme DCs 2061:2063 arg1 Frequencies 2018:2028 Frequencies 2018:2028 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs 2018:2063 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 4 14 with studies 652:658 arg1 mice 697:700 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 680:700 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 680:700 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 14 with studies 652:658 arg1 mice 826:829 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 798:829 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 798:829 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 14 with studies 652:658 arg1 mice 703:706 mice 703:706 mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice) 703:795 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 14 with studies 652:658 arg1 mice 791:794 Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 771:794 Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 771:794 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 14 with studies 652:658 arg1 Ffar2fl/fl 836:845 Ffar2fl/fl 836:845 Ffar2fl/fl 836:845 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 14 with studies 652:658 arg1 mice 674:677 ApcMin/+ mice 665:677 ApcMin/+ mice 665:677 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 0 15 theme Colorectal 183:192 arg1 Tumors 194:199 Colorectal Tumors 183:199 Colorectal Tumors in Mice 183:207 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 14 16 theme fewer 2405:2409 arg1 tumors 2417:2422 fewer colon tumors 2405:2422 fewer colon tumors 2405:2422 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 9 17 theme higher 1652:1657 arg1 number 1659:1664 a higher number 1650:1664 a higher number of bacteria 1650:1676 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 11 18 theme tumors 1980:1985 arg1 numbers 1963:1969 the numbers 1959:1969 the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis 1959:2015 Administration of an antibody against IL27 reduced the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis. 31917258 15 19 theme expression 2536:2545 arg1 patterns 2547:2554 gene expression patterns 2531:2554 gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production 2531:2600 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist no longer had gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production. 31917258 12 20 theme T 2043:2043 arg1 cells 2045:2049 CD39+CD8+ T cells 2033:2049 CD39+CD8+ T cells 2033:2049 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 13 21 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl 2264:2281 arg1 mice 2283:2286 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice 2264:2286 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice 2264:2286 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 6 22 theme Intestinal 1237:1246 arg1 permeability 1248:1259 Intestinal permeability 1237:1259 Intestinal permeability 1237:1259 Intestinal permeability was measured after gavage with fluorescently labeled dextran. 31917258 9 23 from mice 1641:1644 arg1 tumors 1612:1617 Colon tumors 1606:1617 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1606:1644 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 16 24 theme tumor 2712:2716 arg1 load 2728:2731 tumor bacterial load 2712:2731 tumor bacterial load 2712:2731 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 4 25 with mice 703:706 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 16 26 from tumorigenesis 2644:2656 arg1 mice 2661:2664 mice 2661:2664 mice 2661:2664 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 8 27 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- 1400:1415 arg1 mice 1417:1420 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1400:1420 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1400:1420 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 12 28 theme control 2161:2167 arg1 mice 2169:2172 control mice 2161:2172 control mice 2161:2172 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 0 29 theme Mucosal 139:145 arg1 Barrier 147:153 Mucosal Barrier 139:153 Mucosal Barrier 139:153 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 11 30 theme antibody 1929:1936 arg1 Administration 1908:1921 Administration 1908:1921 Administration of an antibody against IL27 1908:1949 Administration of an antibody against IL27 reduced the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis. 31917258 6 31 with gavage 1280:1285 arg1 dextran 1314:1320 fluorescently labeled dextran 1292:1320 fluorescently labeled dextran 1292:1320 Intestinal permeability was measured after gavage with fluorescently labeled dextran. 31917258 17 32 theme FFAR2 2851:2855 arg1 agonist 2857:2863 an FFAR2 agonist 2848:2863 an FFAR2 agonist 2848:2863 Antibodies against IL27 and an FFAR2 agonist reduce tumorigenesis in mice and might be developed for the treatment of CRC. 31917258 0 33 theme Dendritic 44:52 arg1 Cells 54:58 Dendritic Cells 44:58 Dendritic Cells 44:58 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 3 34 theme microbiome 579:588 arg1 composition 549:559 the composition 545:559 the composition of the intestinal microbiome 545:588 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 4 35 from cells 758:762 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 36 with mice 826:829 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 8 37 theme more 1446:1449 arg1 tumors 1469:1474 significantly more spontaneous colon tumors 1432:1474 significantly more spontaneous colon tumors 1432:1474 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 4 38 theme ApcMin/+ 665:672 arg1 mice 674:677 ApcMin/+ mice 665:677 ApcMin/+ mice 665:677 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 5 39 theme node 1172:1175 arg1 tissues 1177:1183 lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues 1136:1183 lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues 1136:1183 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 6 40 theme labeled 1306:1312 arg1 dextran 1314:1320 fluorescently labeled dextran 1292:1320 fluorescently labeled dextran 1292:1320 Intestinal permeability was measured after gavage with fluorescently labeled dextran. 31917258 4 41 theme sodium 893:898 arg1 sulfate 900:906 dextran sodium sulfate 885:906 dextran sodium sulfate 885:906 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 8 42 theme colon 1463:1467 arg1 tumors 1469:1474 significantly more spontaneous colon tumors 1432:1474 significantly more spontaneous colon tumors 1432:1474 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 9 43 theme CD39+CD8+ 1743:1751 arg1 cells 1755:1759 CD39+CD8+ T cells 1743:1759 CD39+CD8+ T cells 1743:1759 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 12 44 with mice 2129:2132 arg1 colitis 2139:2145 colitis 2139:2145 colitis 2139:2145 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 0 45 theme Interleukin 89:99 arg1 Expression 75:84 Their Expression 69:84 Their Expression of Interleukin 27 69:102 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 16 46 theme colon 2638:2642 arg1 tumorigenesis 2644:2656 colon tumorigenesis 2638:2656 colon tumorigenesis in mice 2638:2664 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 9 47 theme cells 1755:1759 arg1 mice 1704:1707 ApcMin/+ mice 1695:1707 ApcMin/+ mice 1695:1707 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 9 47 theme cells 1755:1759 arg1 frequencies 1728:1738 higher frequencies 1721:1738 higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells 1721:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 9 48 theme exhausted 1765:1773 arg1 cells 1786:1790 exhausted or dying T cells 1765:1790 exhausted or dying T cells 1765:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 4 49 theme conditional 713:723 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 5 50 theme flow 1221:1224 arg1 cytometry 1226:1234 flow cytometry 1221:1234 flow cytometry 1221:1234 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 3 51 theme free 454:457 arg1 receptor 492:499 a receptor 490:499 a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome 490:588 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 3 51 theme free 454:457 arg1 receptor 470:477 free fatty acid receptor 2 454:479 free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) 454:487 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 3 51 theme free 454:457 arg1 FFAR2 482:486 FFAR2 482:486 FFAR2 482:486 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 0 52 theme Free 14:17 arg1 Receptor 30:37 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 14:39 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 14:39 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 5 53 theme 16S 1101:1103 arg1 sequencing 1124:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 4 54 dep mice 674:677 arg1 mice 847:850 mice 847:850 mice 847:850 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 9 55 theme dying 1778:1782 arg1 cells 1786:1790 exhausted or dying T cells 1765:1790 exhausted or dying T cells 1765:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 8 56 theme gut 1513:1515 arg1 permeability 1517:1528 increased gut permeability 1503:1528 increased gut permeability 1503:1528 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 10 57 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- 1802:1817 arg1 mice 1819:1822 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1802:1822 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1802:1822 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 12 58 theme Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre 2109:2127 arg1 mice 2129:2132 Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 2109:2132 Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis 2109:2145 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 2 59 theme dietary 399:405 arg1 fiber 407:411 dietary fiber 399:411 dietary fiber 399:411 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 0 60 theme Acid 25:28 arg1 Receptor 30:37 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 14:39 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 14:39 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 8 61 dep RESULTS 1392:1398 arg1 had 1499:1501 had 1499:1501 had increased gut permeability before tumor development 1499:1553 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 8 61 dep RESULTS 1392:1398 arg1 developed 1422:1430 developed 1422:1430 developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice 1422:1493 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 9 62 from frequencies 1728:1738 arg1 tumors 1683:1688 tumors 1683:1688 tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells 1683:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 13 63 theme DCs 2339:2341 arg1 numbers 2322:2328 even higher numbers 2310:2328 even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs 2310:2341 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 16 64 theme gut 2678:2680 arg1 integrity 2690:2698 gut barrier integrity 2678:2698 gut barrier integrity 2678:2698 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 4 65 theme FFAR2 945:949 arg1 agonist 951:957 a FFAR2 agonist 943:957 a FFAR2 agonist 943:957 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 5 66 theme quantitative 1057:1068 arg1 reaction 1087:1094 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1057:1094 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1057:1094 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 14 67 theme colon 2411:2415 arg1 tumors 2417:2422 fewer colon tumors 2405:2422 fewer colon tumors 2405:2422 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 2 68 theme Short-chain 321:331 arg1 acids 339:343 Short-chain fatty acids 321:343 Short-chain fatty acids 321:343 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 2 68 theme Short-chain 321:331 arg1 metabolites 349:359 metabolites 349:359 metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber 349:411 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 5 69 theme chain 1081:1085 arg1 reaction 1087:1094 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1057:1094 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1057:1094 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 11 70 from numbers 1963:1969 arg1 mice 1999:2002 ApcMin/+ mice 1990:2002 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis 1990:2015 Administration of an antibody against IL27 reduced the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis. 31917258 10 71 theme altered 1831:1837 arg1 state 1839:1843 an altered state 1828:1843 an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27 1828:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 12 72 theme colon 2083:2087 arg1 propria 2096:2102 colon lamina propria 2083:2102 colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis 2083:2145 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 3 73 theme acid 465:468 arg1 receptor 492:499 a receptor 490:499 a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome 490:588 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 3 73 theme acid 465:468 arg1 receptor 470:477 free fatty acid receptor 2 454:479 free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) 454:487 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 3 73 theme acid 465:468 arg1 FFAR2 482:486 FFAR2 482:486 FFAR2 482:486 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 12 74 from mice 2129:2132 arg1 propria 2096:2102 colon lamina propria 2083:2102 colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis 2083:2145 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 5 75 theme lamina 1136:1141 arg1 propria 1143:1149 lamina propria 1136:1149 lamina propria 1136:1149 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 4 76 dep METHODS 631:637 arg1 performed 642:650 performed 642:650 performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice 642:850 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 12 77 theme IL27+ 2055:2059 arg1 DCs 2061:2063 IL27+ DCs 2055:2063 IL27+ DCs 2055:2063 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 9 78 theme cells 1786:1790 arg1 mice 1704:1707 ApcMin/+ mice 1695:1707 ApcMin/+ mice 1695:1707 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 9 78 theme cells 1786:1790 arg1 frequencies 1728:1738 higher frequencies 1721:1738 higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells 1721:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 5 79 theme polymerase 1070:1079 arg1 reaction 1087:1094 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1057:1094 quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1057:1094 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 9 80 theme Colon 1606:1610 arg1 tumors 1612:1617 Colon tumors 1606:1617 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1606:1644 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 10 81 contain had 1824:1826 arg2 state 1839:1843 an altered state 1828:1843 an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27 1828:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 10 81 contain had 1824:1826 arg1 DCs 1793:1795 DCs 1793:1795 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1793:1822 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 8 82 theme reduced 1572:1578 arg1 expression 1580:1589 reduced expression 1572:1589 reduced expression of E-cadherin 1572:1603 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 0 83 theme Immune 159:164 arg1 Response 166:173 Immune Response 159:173 Immune Response 159:173 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 1 84 theme Intestinal 228:237 arg1 microbes 239:246 Intestinal microbes 228:246 Intestinal microbes 228:246 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microbes and their metabolites affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). 31917258 14 85 theme fewer 2430:2434 arg1 DCs 2442:2444 fewer IL27+ DCs 2430:2444 fewer IL27+ DCs 2430:2444 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 16 86 theme FFAR2 2623:2627 arg1 Loss 2615:2618 CONCLUSIONS Loss 2603:2618 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 2603:2627 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 4 87 with mice 674:677 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 3 88 theme short-chain 505:515 arg1 acids 523:527 short-chain fatty acids 505:527 short-chain fatty acids 505:527 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 7 89 theme Cancer 1371:1376 arg1 Atlas 1385:1389 The Cancer Genome Atlas 1367:1389 The Cancer Genome Atlas 1367:1389 We collected data on colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. 31917258 1 90 theme BACKGROUND 210:219 arg1 & 221:221 BACKGROUND & 210:221 BACKGROUND & 210:221 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microbes and their metabolites affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). 31917258 17 91 theme CRC 2938:2940 arg1 treatment 2925:2933 the treatment 2921:2933 the treatment of CRC 2921:2940 Antibodies against IL27 and an FFAR2 agonist reduce tumorigenesis in mice and might be developed for the treatment of CRC. 31917258 7 92 theme Genome 1378:1383 arg1 Atlas 1385:1389 The Cancer Genome Atlas 1367:1389 The Cancer Genome Atlas 1367:1389 We collected data on colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. 31917258 16 93 theme CD8+ 2758:2761 arg1 cells 2765:2769 CD8+ T cells 2758:2769 CD8+ T cells 2758:2769 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 1 94 theme cancer 307:312 arg1 development 281:291 the development 277:291 the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) 277:318 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microbes and their metabolites affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). 31917258 10 95 theme death 1870:1874 arg1 state 1839:1843 an altered state 1828:1843 an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27 1828:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 11 96 theme colon 1974:1978 arg1 tumors 1980:1985 colon tumors 1974:1985 colon tumors 1974:1985 Administration of an antibody against IL27 reduced the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis. 31917258 7 97 from Atlas 1385:1389 arg1 tumors 1355:1360 colorectal tumors 1344:1360 colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas 1344:1389 We collected data on colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. 31917258 5 98 theme RNA 1115:1117 arg1 sequencing 1124:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 4 99 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre 798:824 arg1 mice 826:829 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 798:829 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 798:829 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 7 100 theme colorectal 1344:1353 arg1 tumors 1355:1360 colorectal tumors 1344:1360 colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas 1344:1389 We collected data on colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. 31917258 10 101 theme IL27 1902:1905 arg1 production 1888:1897 higher production 1881:1897 higher production of IL27 1881:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 10 101 theme IL27 1902:1905 arg1 activation 1848:1857 activation 1848:1857 activation 1848:1857 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 10 101 theme IL27 1902:1905 arg1 death 1870:1874 increased death 1860:1874 increased death 1860:1874 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 16 102 theme cells 2765:2769 arg1 exhaustion 2744:2753 exhaustion 2744:2753 exhaustion of CD8+ T cells 2744:2769 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 9 103 theme bacteria 1669:1676 arg1 number 1659:1664 a higher number 1650:1664 a higher number of bacteria 1650:1676 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 12 104 theme CD39+CD8+ 2033:2041 arg1 cells 2045:2049 CD39+CD8+ T cells 2033:2049 CD39+CD8+ T cells 2033:2049 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 10 105 theme production 1888:1897 arg1 state 1839:1843 an altered state 1828:1843 an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27 1828:1905 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 15 106 theme gene 2531:2534 arg1 patterns 2547:2554 gene expression patterns 2531:2554 gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production 2531:2600 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist no longer had gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production. 31917258 16 107 theme barrier 2682:2688 arg1 integrity 2690:2698 gut barrier integrity 2678:2698 gut barrier integrity 2678:2698 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 11 108 theme ApcMin/+ 1990:1997 arg1 mice 1999:2002 ApcMin/+ mice 1990:2002 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis 1990:2015 Administration of an antibody against IL27 reduced the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis. 31917258 12 109 theme cells 2045:2049 arg1 Frequencies 2018:2028 Frequencies 2018:2028 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs 2018:2063 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 5 110 theme Colon 1005:1009 arg1 tissues 1021:1027 Colon and tumor tissues 1005:1027 Colon and tumor tissues 1005:1027 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 17 111 from tumorigenesis 2872:2884 arg1 mice 2889:2892 mice 2889:2892 mice 2889:2892 Antibodies against IL27 and an FFAR2 agonist reduce tumorigenesis in mice and might be developed for the treatment of CRC. 31917258 9 112 theme ApcMin/+ 1695:1702 arg1 mice 1704:1707 ApcMin/+ mice 1695:1707 ApcMin/+ mice 1695:1707 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 0 113 theme Barrier 147:153 arg1 Maintenance 124:134 Maintenance 124:134 Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice 124:207 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 13 114 theme more 2247:2250 arg1 tumors 2252:2257 even more tumors 2242:2257 even more tumors 2242:2257 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 7 115 from data 1336:1339 arg1 tumors 1355:1360 colorectal tumors 1344:1360 colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas 1344:1389 We collected data on colorectal tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. 31917258 9 116 from mice 1704:1707 arg1 tumors 1683:1688 tumors 1683:1688 tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells 1683:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 16 117 theme bacterial 2718:2726 arg1 load 2728:2731 tumor bacterial load 2712:2731 tumor bacterial load 2712:2731 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 4 118 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- 680:695 arg1 mice 697:700 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 680:700 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 680:700 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 5 119 theme RNA 1202:1204 arg1 sequencing 1206:1215 RNA sequencing 1202:1215 RNA sequencing 1202:1215 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 3 120 theme intestinal 568:577 arg1 microbiome 579:588 the intestinal microbiome 564:588 the intestinal microbiome 564:588 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 8 121 theme spontaneous 1451:1461 arg1 tumors 1469:1474 significantly more spontaneous colon tumors 1432:1474 significantly more spontaneous colon tumors 1432:1474 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 8 122 contain had 1499:1501 arg1 mice 1417:1420 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1400:1420 ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1400:1420 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 8 122 contain had 1499:1501 arg2 permeability 1517:1528 increased gut permeability 1503:1528 increased gut permeability 1503:1528 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 5 123 theme lymph 1166:1170 arg1 node 1172:1175 mesenteric lymph node 1155:1175 mesenteric lymph node 1155:1175 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 13 124 theme ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre 2199:2225 arg1 mice 2227:2230 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 2199:2230 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 2199:2230 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 9 125 theme higher 1721:1726 arg1 frequencies 1728:1738 higher frequencies 1721:1738 higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells 1721:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 13 126 theme higher 2315:2320 arg1 numbers 2322:2328 even higher numbers 2310:2328 even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs 2310:2341 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 4 127 from Ffar2 739:743 arg1 DCs 765:767 DCs 765:767 DCs 765:767 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 127 from Ffar2 739:743 arg1 cells 758:762 dendritic cells 748:762 dendritic cells (DCs) 748:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 128 theme dextran 885:891 arg1 sulfate 900:906 dextran sodium sulfate 885:906 dextran sodium sulfate 885:906 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 8 129 theme ApcMin/+ 1481:1488 arg1 mice 1490:1493 ApcMin/+ mice 1481:1493 ApcMin/+ mice 1481:1493 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 15 130 theme IL27 2586:2589 arg1 production 2591:2600 IL27 production 2586:2600 IL27 production 2586:2600 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist no longer had gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production. 31917258 5 131 theme tumor 1015:1019 arg1 tissues 1021:1027 Colon and tumor tissues 1005:1027 Colon and tumor tissues 1005:1027 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 4 132 from disruption 725:734 arg1 DCs 765:767 DCs 765:767 DCs 765:767 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 132 from disruption 725:734 arg1 cells 758:762 dendritic cells 748:762 dendritic cells (DCs) 748:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 9 133 theme T 1753:1753 arg1 cells 1755:1759 CD39+CD8+ T cells 1743:1759 CD39+CD8+ T cells 1743:1759 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 14 134 with mice 2353:2356 arg1 colitis 2363:2369 colitis 2363:2369 colitis 2363:2369 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 4 135 theme Ffar2 739:743 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 2 136 theme intestinal 374:383 arg1 microbes 385:392 intestinal microbes 374:392 intestinal microbes from dietary fiber 374:411 Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites generated by intestinal microbes from dietary fiber. 31917258 8 137 theme increased 1503:1511 arg1 permeability 1517:1528 increased gut permeability 1503:1528 increased gut permeability 1503:1528 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 0 138 theme Fatty 19:23 arg1 Receptor 30:37 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 14:39 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 14:39 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 13 139 contain had 2306:2308 arg1 tumors 2299:2304 their tumors 2293:2304 their tumors 2293:2304 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 13 139 contain had 2306:2308 arg2 numbers 2322:2328 even higher numbers 2310:2328 even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs 2310:2341 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 15 140 contain had 2527:2529 arg1 DCs 2480:2482 DCs 2480:2482 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist 2480:2515 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist no longer had gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production. 31917258 15 140 contain had 2527:2529 arg2 patterns 2547:2554 gene expression patterns 2531:2554 gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production 2531:2600 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist no longer had gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production. 31917258 3 141 theme fatty 459:463 arg1 receptor 492:499 a receptor 490:499 a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome 490:588 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 3 141 theme fatty 459:463 arg1 receptor 470:477 free fatty acid receptor 2 454:479 free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) 454:487 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 3 141 theme fatty 459:463 arg1 FFAR2 482:486 FFAR2 482:486 FFAR2 482:486 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 0 142 theme Receptor 30:37 arg1 Expression 0:9 Expression 0:9 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells 0:58 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 5 143 theme ribosomal 1105:1113 arg1 sequencing 1124:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing 1101:1133 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 13 144 theme IL27+ 2333:2337 arg1 DCs 2339:2341 IL27+ DCs 2333:2341 IL27+ DCs 2333:2341 ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice developed even more tumors than ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/fl mice, and their tumors had even higher numbers of IL27+ DCs. 31917258 11 145 with mice 1999:2002 arg1 colitis 2009:2015 colitis 2009:2015 colitis 2009:2015 Administration of an antibody against IL27 reduced the numbers of colon tumors in ApcMin/+ mice with colitis. 31917258 9 146 theme T 1784:1784 arg1 cells 1786:1790 exhausted or dying T cells 1765:1790 exhausted or dying T cells 1765:1790 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 8 147 theme tumor 1537:1541 arg1 development 1543:1553 tumor development 1537:1553 tumor development 1537:1553 RESULTS ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice developed significantly more spontaneous colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice and had increased gut permeability before tumor development, associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin. 31917258 9 148 contain had 1646:1648 arg2 number 1659:1664 a higher number 1650:1664 a higher number of bacteria 1650:1676 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 9 148 contain had 1646:1648 arg1 tumors 1612:1617 Colon tumors 1606:1617 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice 1606:1644 Colon tumors from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had a higher number of bacteria than tumors from ApcMin/+ mice, as well as higher frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and exhausted or dying T cells. 31917258 1 149 theme colorectal 296:305 arg1 CRC 315:317 CRC 315:317 CRC 315:317 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microbes and their metabolites affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). 31917258 1 149 theme colorectal 296:305 arg1 cancer 307:312 colorectal cancer 296:312 colorectal cancer (CRC) 296:318 BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microbes and their metabolites affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). 31917258 0 150 from Tumors 194:199 arg1 Mice 204:207 Mice 204:207 Mice 204:207 Expression of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 by Dendritic Cells Prevents Their Expression of Interleukin 27 and Is Required for Maintenance of Mucosal Barrier and Immune Response Against Colorectal Tumors in Mice. 31917258 10 151 theme increased 1860:1868 arg1 death 1870:1874 increased death 1860:1874 increased death 1860:1874 DCs from ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice had an altered state of activation, increased death, and higher production of IL27. 31917258 4 152 theme Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre 771:789 arg1 mice 703:706 mice 703:706 mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice) 703:795 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 152 theme Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre 771:789 arg1 mice 791:794 Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 771:794 Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice 771:794 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 14 153 theme FFAR2 2381:2385 arg1 agonist 2387:2393 the FFAR2 agonist 2377:2393 the FFAR2 agonist 2377:2393 ApcMin/+ mice with colitis given the FFAR2 agonist developed fewer colon tumors, with fewer IL27+ DCs, than mice not given the agonist. 31917258 12 154 dep increased 2070:2078 arg1 compared 2147:2154 compared 2147:2154 compared with control mice or mice without colitis 2147:2196 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 16 155 theme CONCLUSIONS 2603:2613 arg1 Loss 2615:2618 CONCLUSIONS Loss 2603:2618 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 2603:2627 CONCLUSIONS Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing gut barrier integrity, increasing tumor bacterial load, promoting exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, and overactivating DCs, leading to their death. 31917258 3 156 theme CRC 626:628 arg1 pathogenesis 610:621 the pathogenesis 606:621 the pathogenesis of CRC 606:628 We investigated the mechanisms by which free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that can affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, contributes to the pathogenesis of CRC. 31917258 4 157 theme dendritic 748:756 arg1 DCs 765:767 DCs 765:767 DCs 765:767 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 4 157 theme dendritic 748:756 arg1 cells 758:762 dendritic cells 748:762 dendritic cells (DCs) 748:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 15 158 theme FFAR2 2503:2507 arg1 agonist 2509:2515 the FFAR2 agonist 2499:2515 the FFAR2 agonist 2499:2515 DCs incubated with the FFAR2 agonist no longer had gene expression patterns associated with activation or IL27 production. 31917258 5 159 theme propria 1143:1149 arg1 tissues 1177:1183 lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues 1136:1183 lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues 1136:1183 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 31917258 4 160 with mice 697:700 arg1 disruption 725:734 conditional disruption 713:734 conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) 713:768 METHODS We performed studies with ApcMin/+ mice, ApcMin/+Ffar2-/- mice, mice with conditional disruption of Ffar2 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice), ApcMin/+Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice, and Ffar2fl/fl mice (controls); some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis, with or without a FFAR2 agonist or an antibody against interleukin 27 (IL27). 31917258 12 161 theme lamina 2089:2094 arg1 propria 2096:2102 colon lamina propria 2083:2102 colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis 2083:2145 Frequencies of CD39+CD8+ T cells and IL27+ DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2fl/flCD11c-Cre mice with colitis compared with control mice or mice without colitis. 31917258 5 162 theme mesenteric 1155:1164 arg1 node 1172:1175 mesenteric lymph node 1155:1175 mesenteric lymph node 1155:1175 Colon and tumor tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were analyzed by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. 34069342 10 0 theme plant 1984:1988 arg1 matrices 1990:1997 different plant matrices 1974:1997 different plant matrices conserved with different procedures 1974:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 8 1 theme essential 1512:1520 arg1 oil 1522:1524 the essential oil 1508:1524 the essential oil 1508:1524 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 3 2 dep levels 222:227 arg1 micromorphological 234:251 (i) micromorphological 230:251 three levels: (i) micromorphological 216:251 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 6 3 theme monoterpenes 1062:1073 arg1 predominance 1046:1057 a predominance 1044:1057 a predominance of monoterpenes 1044:1073 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 9 4 theme camphora 1805:1812 arg1 parts 1793:1797 different plant parts 1777:1797 different plant parts of C. camphora 1777:1812 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 6 5 dep 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 arg1 followed 1181:1188 followed 1181:1188 followed by α-terpineol and sabinene 1181:1216 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 6 5 dep 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 arg1 components 1128:1137 the main components 1119:1137 the main components retrieved in all samples 1119:1162 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 6 5 dep 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 arg1 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 10 6 theme different 2014:2022 arg1 procedures 2024:2033 different procedures 2014:2033 different procedures 2014:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 3 7 theme young 452:456 arg1 stems 458:462 young stems 452:462 young stems 452:462 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 6 8 theme main 1123:1126 arg1 followed 1181:1188 followed 1181:1188 followed by α-terpineol and sabinene 1181:1216 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 6 8 theme main 1123:1126 arg1 components 1128:1137 the main components 1119:1137 the main components retrieved in all samples 1119:1162 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 6 8 theme main 1123:1126 arg1 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 1,8-cineole 1169:1179 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 6 9 theme phytochemical 1008:1020 arg1 investigations 1022:1035 The phytochemical investigations 1004:1035 The phytochemical investigations 1004:1035 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 9 10 theme secretory 1841:1849 arg1 cells 1851:1855 secretory cells 1841:1855 secretory cells 1841:1855 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 3 11 dep procedures 521:530 arg1 fresh 533:537 fresh 533:537 fresh 533:537 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 4 12 theme cells 793:797 arg1 presence 771:778 the presence 767:778 the presence of secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall 767:835 The micromorphological investigation proved the presence of secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall in the young stems and leaves. 34069342 11 13 theme oils 2246:2249 arg1 activity 2220:2227 the potential activity 2206:2227 the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans 2206:2324 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 9 14 theme micromorphological 1715:1732 arg1 approach 1752:1759 a micromorphological and phytochemical approach 1713:1759 a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study 1713:1772 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 5 15 theme different 889:897 arg1 types 899:903 two different types 885:903 two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production 885:1001 They resulted in two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production. 34069342 9 16 theme essential 1878:1886 arg1 oils 1888:1891 essential oils 1878:1891 essential oils 1878:1891 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 10 17 theme first 1915:1919 arg1 time 1921:1924 the first time 1911:1924 the first time 1911:1924 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 3 18 theme antibacterial 677:689 arg1 activity 691:698 the potential antibacterial activity 663:698 the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils 663:720 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 6 19 theme sesquiterpene 1080:1092 arg1 derivatives 1094:1104 sesquiterpene derivatives 1080:1104 sesquiterpene derivatives 1080:1104 The phytochemical investigations showed a predominance of monoterpenes over sesquiterpene derivatives; among them, the main components retrieved in all samples were 1,8-cineole followed by α-terpineol and sabinene. 34069342 5 20 theme exclusive 974:982 arg1 production 992:1001 an exclusive terpene production 971:1001 an exclusive terpene production 971:1001 They resulted in two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production. 34069342 4 21 theme young 844:848 arg1 stems 850:854 the young stems 840:854 the young stems 840:854 The micromorphological investigation proved the presence of secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall in the young stems and leaves. 34069342 11 22 theme essential 2236:2244 arg1 oils 2246:2249 the essential oils 2232:2249 the essential oils 2232:2249 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 3 23 theme essential 707:715 arg1 oils 717:720 the essential oils 703:720 the essential oils 703:720 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 5 24 theme oil 956:958 arg1 cells 960:964 oil cells 956:964 oil cells 956:964 They resulted in two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production. 34069342 4 25 theme multi-layered 818:830 arg1 wall 832:835 a multi-layered wall 816:835 a multi-layered wall 816:835 The micromorphological investigation proved the presence of secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall in the young stems and leaves. 34069342 11 26 theme dangerous 2294:2302 arg1 microorganisms 2267:2280 various microorganisms 2259:2280 various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans 2259:2324 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 3 27 theme compounds 368:376 arg1 characterization 335:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization 304:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds 304:376 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 27 theme compounds 368:376 arg1 analysis 263:270 the analysis 259:270 the analysis of the secretory structures 259:298 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 5 28 dep types 899:903 arg1 cells 915:919 mucilage cells 906:919 two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production 885:1001 They resulted in two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production. 34069342 0 29 theme Sub-Tissue 0:9 arg1 Localization 11:22 Sub-Tissue Localization 0:22 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) 0:68 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 3 30 theme structures 289:298 arg1 characterization 335:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization 304:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds 304:376 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 30 theme structures 289:298 arg1 analysis 263:270 the analysis 259:270 the analysis of the secretory structures 259:298 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 31 dep micromorphological 234:251 arg1 i 231:231 i 231:231 i 231:231 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 1 32 theme Northern 91:98 arg1 Italy 100:104 Northern Italy 91:104 Northern Italy 91:104 Growing in Northern Italy. 34069342 9 33 theme phytochemical 1738:1750 arg1 approach 1752:1759 a micromorphological and phytochemical approach 1713:1759 a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study 1713:1772 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 11 34 theme antibacterial 2174:2186 arg1 studies 2188:2194 the preliminary antibacterial studies 2158:2194 the preliminary antibacterial studies 2158:2194 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 7 35 theme secondary 1410:1418 arg1 constituents 1420:1431 some peculiar secondary constituents 1396:1431 some peculiar secondary constituents 1396:1431 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 3 36 theme in-depth 312:319 arg1 characterization 335:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization 304:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds 304:376 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 37 dep analysis 263:270 arg1 phytochemical 384:396 (ii) phytochemical 379:396 the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical 259:396 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 9 38 theme study 1768:1772 arg1 approach 1752:1759 a micromorphological and phytochemical approach 1713:1759 a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study 1713:1772 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 9 39 theme different 1777:1785 arg1 parts 1793:1797 different plant parts 1777:1797 different plant parts of C. camphora 1777:1812 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 3 40 dep studied 205:211 arg1 Lauraceae 193:201 Lauraceae 193:201 Lauraceae 193:201 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 41 theme essential 432:440 arg1 fruits 465:470 fruits 465:470 fruits 465:470 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 41 theme essential 432:440 arg1 oils 442:445 the essential oils 428:445 the essential oils from young stems 428:462 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 42 dep phytochemical 384:396 arg1 ii 380:381 ii 380:381 ii 380:381 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 11 43 theme various 2259:2265 arg1 microorganisms 2267:2280 various microorganisms 2259:2280 various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans 2259:2324 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 8 44 theme activity 1496:1503 arg1 evaluation 1464:1473 the evaluation 1460:1473 the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil 1460:1524 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 45 theme various 1562:1568 arg1 microorganisms 1570:1583 various microorganisms 1562:1583 various microorganisms 1562:1583 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 7 46 theme plant 1360:1364 arg1 part 1366:1369 each plant part 1355:1369 each plant part 1355:1369 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 10 47 theme different 1974:1982 arg1 matrices 1990:1997 different plant matrices 1974:1997 different plant matrices conserved with different procedures 1974:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 11 48 theme preliminary 2162:2172 arg1 studies 2188:2194 the preliminary antibacterial studies 2158:2194 the preliminary antibacterial studies 2158:2194 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 8 49 theme oil 1522:1524 arg1 activity 1496:1503 the antibacterial activity 1478:1503 the antibacterial activity of the essential oil 1478:1524 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 50 theme Listeria 1589:1596 arg1 activity 1545:1552 a promising activity 1533:1552 a promising activity against various microorganisms 1533:1583 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 50 theme Listeria 1589:1596 arg1 aeruginosa 1674:1683 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1662:1683 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1662:1683 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 50 theme Listeria 1589:1596 arg1 monocytogenes 1598:1610 Listeria monocytogenes 1589:1610 Listeria monocytogenes 1589:1610 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 50 theme Listeria 1589:1596 arg1 aureus 1628:1633 Staphylococcus aureus 1613:1633 Staphylococcus aureus 1613:1633 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 50 theme Listeria 1589:1596 arg1 faecalis 1649:1656 Enterococcus faecalis 1636:1656 Enterococcus faecalis 1636:1656 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 2 51 theme present 114:120 arg1 paper 122:126 the present paper 110:126 the present paper 110:126 In the present paper, we focused our attention on Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 7 52 from analyses 1343:1350 arg1 part 1366:1369 each plant part 1355:1369 each plant part 1355:1369 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 3 53 from characterization 408:423 arg1 stems 458:462 young stems 452:462 young stems 452:462 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 9 54 theme cells 1851:1855 arg1 occurrence 1827:1836 the occurrence 1823:1836 the occurrence of secretory cells 1823:1855 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 3 55 theme different 604:612 arg1 years 614:618 two different years 600:618 two different years; (iii) bioactive 600:635 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 4 56 theme secretory 783:791 arg1 cells 793:797 secretory cells 783:797 secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall 783:835 The micromorphological investigation proved the presence of secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall in the young stems and leaves. 34069342 7 57 theme specific 1281:1288 arg1 components 1290:1299 specific components 1281:1299 specific components 1281:1299 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 3 58 theme bioactive 627:635 arg1 years 614:618 two different years 600:618 two different years; (iii) bioactive 600:635 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 7 59 dep 1,8-cineole 1308:1318 arg1 i.e. 1302:1305 i.e. 1302:1305 i.e. 1302:1305 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 4 60 theme micromorphological 727:744 arg1 investigation 746:758 The micromorphological investigation 723:758 The micromorphological investigation 723:758 The micromorphological investigation proved the presence of secretory cells characterized by a multi-layered wall in the young stems and leaves. 34069342 10 61 attach derived 1961:1967 arg1 matrices 1990:1997 different plant matrices 1974:1997 different plant matrices conserved with different procedures 1974:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 10 61 attach derived 1961:1967 arg2 oils 1956:1959 essential oils 1946:1959 essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures 1946:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 7 62 theme components 1290:1299 arg1 amounts 1270:1276 the amounts 1266:1276 the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol 1266:1334 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 7 62 theme components 1290:1299 arg1 components 1290:1299 specific components 1281:1299 specific components 1281:1299 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 9 63 theme oils 1888:1891 arg1 production 1864:1873 the production 1860:1873 the production of essential oils 1860:1891 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 11 64 theme potential 2210:2218 arg1 activity 2220:2227 the potential activity 2206:2227 the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans 2206:2324 Moreover, the preliminary antibacterial studies evidenced the potential activity of the essential oils against various microorganisms potentially dangerous for plants and humans. 34069342 5 65 theme mucilage 906:913 arg1 cells 915:919 mucilage cells 906:919 two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production 885:1001 They resulted in two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production. 34069342 3 66 theme conservation 508:519 arg1 procedures 521:530 different conservation procedures 498:530 different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) 498:581 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 67 theme activity 691:698 arg1 study 654:658 a study 652:658 a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils 652:720 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 10 68 theme conservation 2084:2095 arg1 technique 2097:2105 the conservation technique 2080:2105 the conservation technique 2080:2105 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 2 69 dep camphora 168:175 arg1 Presl 185:189 Presl 185:189 Presl 185:189 In the present paper, we focused our attention on Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 5 70 theme terpene 984:990 arg1 production 992:1001 an exclusive terpene production 971:1001 an exclusive terpene production 971:1001 They resulted in two different types: mucilage cells producing muco-polysaccharides and oil cells with an exclusive terpene production. 34069342 0 71 from Localization 11:22 arg1 L. 66:67 L. 66:67 L. 66:67 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 0 71 from Localization 11:22 arg1 camphora 56:63 camphora 56:63 camphora 56:63 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 3 72 from stems 458:462 arg1 characterization 408:423 the characterization 404:423 the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits 404:470 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 72 from stems 458:462 arg1 fruits 465:470 fruits 465:470 fruits 465:470 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 72 from stems 458:462 arg1 oils 442:445 the essential oils 428:445 the essential oils from young stems 428:462 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 73 theme potential 667:675 arg1 activity 691:698 the potential antibacterial activity 663:698 the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils 663:720 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 74 theme oils 717:720 arg1 activity 691:698 the potential antibacterial activity 663:698 the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils 663:720 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 3 75 theme secretory 279:287 arg1 structures 289:298 the secretory structures 275:298 the secretory structures 275:298 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 10 76 theme main 2115:2118 arg1 components 2120:2129 the main components 2111:2129 the main components of the profiles 2111:2145 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 10 77 theme essential 1946:1954 arg1 oils 1956:1959 essential oils 1946:1959 essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures 1946:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 7 78 theme Conservation 1219:1230 arg1 procedures 1232:1241 Conservation procedures 1219:1241 Conservation procedures 1219:1241 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 0 79 dep Presl 73:77 arg1 Localization 11:22 Sub-Tissue Localization 0:22 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) 0:68 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 3 80 theme novel 306:310 arg1 characterization 335:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization 304:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds 304:376 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 10 81 theme profiles 2138:2145 arg1 relation 2063:2070 a relation 2061:2070 a relation between the conservation technique 2061:2105 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 10 81 theme profiles 2138:2145 arg1 components 2120:2129 the main components 2111:2129 the main components of the profiles 2111:2145 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 3 82 theme secreted 359:366 arg1 compounds 368:376 the secreted compounds 355:376 the secreted compounds 355:376 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 0 83 theme Phytochemicals 27:40 arg1 Localization 11:22 Sub-Tissue Localization 0:22 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) 0:68 Sub-Tissue Localization of Phytochemicals in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 34069342 7 84 theme constituents 1420:1431 arg1 presence 1384:1391 the presence 1380:1391 the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them 1380:1448 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 3 85 theme histochemical 321:333 arg1 characterization 335:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization 304:350 a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds 304:376 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 8 86 theme promising 1535:1543 arg1 activity 1545:1552 a promising activity 1533:1552 a promising activity against various microorganisms 1533:1583 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 86 theme promising 1535:1543 arg1 aeruginosa 1674:1683 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1662:1683 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1662:1683 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 86 theme promising 1535:1543 arg1 monocytogenes 1598:1610 Listeria monocytogenes 1589:1610 Listeria monocytogenes 1589:1610 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 86 theme promising 1535:1543 arg1 aureus 1628:1633 Staphylococcus aureus 1613:1633 Staphylococcus aureus 1613:1633 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 8 86 theme promising 1535:1543 arg1 faecalis 1649:1656 Enterococcus faecalis 1636:1656 Enterococcus faecalis 1636:1656 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 7 87 theme peculiar 1401:1408 arg1 constituents 1420:1431 some peculiar secondary constituents 1396:1431 some peculiar secondary constituents 1396:1431 Conservation procedures seem to only influence the amounts of specific components, i.e., 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol, while analyses on each plant part revealed the presence of some peculiar secondary constituents for each of them. 34069342 3 88 theme different 498:506 arg1 procedures 521:530 different conservation procedures 498:530 different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) 498:581 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 34069342 10 89 theme oils 1956:1959 arg1 composition 1931:1941 the composition 1927:1941 the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures 1927:2033 We compared, for the first time, the composition of essential oils derived from different plant matrices conserved with different procedures, allowing us to highlight a relation between the conservation technique and the main components of the profiles. 34069342 8 90 theme antibacterial 1482:1494 arg1 activity 1496:1503 the antibacterial activity 1478:1503 the antibacterial activity of the essential oil 1478:1524 Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil showed a promising activity against various microorganisms, as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34069342 9 91 theme plant 1787:1791 arg1 parts 1793:1797 different plant parts 1777:1797 different plant parts of C. camphora 1777:1812 In conclusion, we combined a micromorphological and phytochemical approach of the study on different plant parts of C. camphora, linking the occurrence of secretory cells to the production of essential oils. 34069342 3 92 theme oils 442:445 arg1 characterization 408:423 the characterization 404:423 the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits 404:470 (Lauraceae), studied at three levels: (i) micromorphological, with the analysis of the secretory structures and a novel in-depth histochemical characterization of the secreted compounds; (ii) phytochemical, with the characterization of the essential oils from young stems, fruits, and leaves, subjected to different conservation procedures (fresh, dried, stored at -20 °C, stored at -80 °C) and collected in two different years; (iii) bioactive, consisting of a study of the potential antibacterial activity of the essential oils. 33597033 6 0 theme bacteria 1002:1009 arg1 families 972:979 42 families 969:979 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae 969:1222 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 9 1 theme notable 1782:1788 arg1 abundance 1790:1798 a notable abundance 1780:1798 a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose 1780:1934 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 11 2 theme molecular 2261:2269 arg1 mechanisms 2271:2280 the microbial and molecular mechanisms 2243:2280 the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ 2243:2379 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 4 3 theme proteomics 627:636 arg1 profiling 656:664 meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling 609:664 meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling 609:664 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH9 1326:1328 GH9 1326:1328 GH9 1326:1328 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH13 1343:1346 GH13 1343:1346 GH13 1343:1346 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 enzymes 1303:1309 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 1249:1355 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass 1249:1408 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH3 1311:1313 GH3 1311:1313 GH3 1311:1313 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH43 1352:1355 GH43 1352:1355 GH43 1352:1355 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH5 1316:1318 GH5 1316:1318 GH5 1316:1318 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH10 1331:1334 GH10 1331:1334 GH10 1331:1334 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH11 1337:1340 GH11 1337:1340 GH11 1337:1340 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 4 theme hydrolase 1281:1289 arg1 GH6 1321:1323 GH6 1321:1323 GH6 1321:1323 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 1 5 theme native 266:271 arg1 flora 273:277 highly productive native flora 248:277 highly productive native flora 248:277 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 4 6 theme 16S 642:644 arg1 rRNA 646:649 16S rRNA 642:649 16S rRNA 642:649 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 10 7 theme marsh 2105:2109 arg1 environment 2111:2121 the salt marsh environment 2096:2121 the salt marsh environment 2096:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 7 8 theme lignocellulose-active 1249:1269 arg1 GH 1292:1293 GH 1292:1293 GH 1292:1293 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 8 theme lignocellulose-active 1249:1269 arg1 hydrolase 1281:1289 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase 1249:1289 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass 1249:1408 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 9 9 theme esterases 1812:1820 arg1 abundance 1790:1798 a notable abundance 1780:1798 a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose 1780:1934 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 11 10 theme salt 2488:2491 arg1 sediments 2499:2507 salt marsh sediments 2488:2507 salt marsh sediments 2488:2507 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 2 11 theme Accumulated 280:290 arg1 carbon 292:297 Accumulated carbon 280:297 Accumulated carbon 280:297 Accumulated carbon predominantly exists as lignocellulose which is metabolised by communities of functionally diverse microbes. 33597033 8 12 from fungi 1493:1497 arg1 contributors 1515:1526 major contributors 1509:1526 major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1509:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 8 12 from fungi 1493:1497 arg1 contribution 1475:1486 a lignocellulolytic contribution 1455:1486 a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1455:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 5 13 theme salt 945:948 arg1 marsh 950:954 the salt marsh 941:954 the salt marsh 941:954 RESULTS Our studies revealed a community dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the salt marsh. 33597033 11 14 theme polyphenolics 2471:2483 arg1 enrichment 2457:2466 the enrichment 2453:2466 the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments 2453:2507 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 4 15 theme surface 723:729 arg1 sediments 737:745 the surface level sediments 719:745 the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh 719:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 1 16 theme burial 204:209 arg1 rates 211:215 high burial rates 199:215 high burial rates of organic matter 199:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 6 17 theme carbohydrate-active 1049:1067 arg1 enzymes 1069:1075 carbohydrate-active enzymes 1049:1075 carbohydrate-active enzymes 1049:1075 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 9 18 theme carbohydrate 1831:1842 arg1 family 1853:1858 carbohydrate esterase family 1 1831:1860 carbohydrate esterase family 1 1831:1860 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 4 19 theme lignocellulose 675:688 arg1 decomposition 690:702 lignocellulose decomposition 675:702 lignocellulose decomposition 675:702 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 5 20 theme lignocellulose 911:924 arg1 degradation 926:936 lignocellulose degradation 911:936 lignocellulose degradation 911:936 RESULTS Our studies revealed a community dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the salt marsh. 33597033 8 21 theme lignocellulose 1543:1556 arg1 deconstruction 1558:1571 terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1531:1571 terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1531:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 1 22 theme matter 228:233 arg1 rates 211:215 high burial rates 199:215 high burial rates of organic matter 199:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 5 23 dep RESULTS 787:793 arg1 revealed 807:814 revealed 807:814 revealed a community dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the salt marsh 807:954 RESULTS Our studies revealed a community dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the salt marsh. 33597033 4 24 theme established 760:770 arg1 marsh 780:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 11 25 theme microbial 2247:2255 arg1 mechanisms 2271:2280 the microbial and molecular mechanisms 2243:2280 the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ 2243:2379 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 4 26 theme salt 775:778 arg1 marsh 780:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 9 27 theme terrestrial 1719:1729 arg1 environment 1731:1741 the terrestrial environment 1715:1741 the terrestrial environment 1715:1741 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 10 28 theme diverse 1982:1988 arg1 cohort 1990:1995 a diverse cohort 1980:1995 a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment 1980:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 1 29 theme natural 143:149 arg1 marshes 125:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 1 29 theme natural 143:149 arg1 repositories 151:162 major natural repositories 137:162 major natural repositories 137:162 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 11 30 theme potential 2411:2419 arg1 mechanisms 2431:2440 the potential enzymatic mechanisms 2407:2440 the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments 2407:2507 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 11 31 theme carbon 2296:2301 arg1 sequestration 2303:2315 carbon sequestration 2296:2315 carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments 2296:2371 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH9 1326:1328 GH9 1326:1328 GH9 1326:1328 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH13 1343:1346 GH13 1343:1346 GH13 1343:1346 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 enzymes 1303:1309 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 1249:1355 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass 1249:1408 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH3 1311:1313 GH3 1311:1313 GH3 1311:1313 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH43 1352:1355 GH43 1352:1355 GH43 1352:1355 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH5 1316:1318 GH5 1316:1318 GH5 1316:1318 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH10 1331:1334 GH10 1331:1334 GH10 1331:1334 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH11 1337:1340 GH11 1337:1340 GH11 1337:1340 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 32 dep enzymes 1303:1309 arg1 GH6 1321:1323 GH6 1321:1323 GH6 1321:1323 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 0 33 theme UK 94:95 arg1 marsh 102:106 a UK salt marsh 92:106 a UK salt marsh 92:106 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. 33597033 1 34 theme organic 179:185 arg1 carbon 187:192 sequestered organic carbon 167:192 sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter 167:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 9 35 theme lytic 1626:1630 arg1 monooxygenases 1647:1660 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 1626:1660 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 1626:1660 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 3 36 theme enzymatic 469:477 arg1 mechanisms 479:488 the enzymatic mechanisms 465:488 the enzymatic mechanisms employed 465:497 However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. 33597033 0 37 theme Mechanistic 0:10 arg1 strategies 12:21 Mechanistic strategies 0:21 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities 0:46 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. 33597033 11 38 theme marsh 2349:2353 arg1 sediments 2363:2371 salt marsh surface sediments 2344:2371 salt marsh surface sediments 2344:2371 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 1 39 theme Salt 120:123 arg1 marshes 125:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 1 39 theme Salt 120:123 arg1 repositories 151:162 major natural repositories 137:162 major natural repositories 137:162 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 10 40 theme undefined 2011:2019 arg1 bacteria 2021:2028 previously undefined bacteria 2000:2028 previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment 2000:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH9 1326:1328 GH9 1326:1328 GH9 1326:1328 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH13 1343:1346 GH13 1343:1346 GH13 1343:1346 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 enzymes 1303:1309 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 1249:1355 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass 1249:1408 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH3 1311:1313 GH3 1311:1313 GH3 1311:1313 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH43 1352:1355 GH43 1352:1355 GH43 1352:1355 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH5 1316:1318 GH5 1316:1318 GH5 1316:1318 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH10 1331:1334 GH10 1331:1334 GH10 1331:1334 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH11 1337:1340 GH11 1337:1340 GH11 1337:1340 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 41 theme family 1296:1301 arg1 GH6 1321:1323 GH6 1321:1323 GH6 1321:1323 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 0 42 theme communities 36:46 arg1 strategies 12:21 Mechanistic strategies 0:21 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities 0:46 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. 33597033 7 43 theme Spartina 1393:1400 arg1 biomass 1402:1408 Spartina biomass 1393:1408 Spartina biomass 1393:1408 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 11 44 from enrichment 2457:2466 arg1 sediments 2499:2507 salt marsh sediments 2488:2507 salt marsh sediments 2488:2507 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 0 45 theme lignocellulose 59:72 arg1 deconstruction 74:87 lignocellulose deconstruction 59:87 lignocellulose deconstruction 59:87 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. 33597033 9 46 from polysaccharides 1902:1916 arg1 lignin 1890:1895 decoupling lignin 1879:1895 decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose 1879:1934 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 10 47 theme lignocellulose 2041:2054 arg1 degradation 2056:2066 lignocellulose degradation 2041:2066 lignocellulose degradation 2041:2066 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 9 48 from lignin 1890:1895 arg1 lignocellulose 1921:1934 lignocellulose 1921:1934 lignocellulose 1921:1934 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 4 49 theme rRNA 646:649 arg1 profiling 656:664 meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling 609:664 meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling 609:664 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 8 50 theme terrestrial 1531:1541 arg1 deconstruction 1558:1571 terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1531:1571 terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1531:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 10 51 theme surface 2075:2081 arg1 sediments 2083:2091 the surface sediments 2071:2091 the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment 2071:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 7 52 theme glycoside 1271:1279 arg1 GH 1292:1293 GH 1292:1293 GH 1292:1293 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 7 52 theme glycoside 1271:1279 arg1 hydrolase 1281:1289 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase 1249:1289 lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass 1249:1408 These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. 33597033 2 53 theme diverse 390:396 arg1 microbes 398:405 functionally diverse microbes 377:405 functionally diverse microbes 377:405 Accumulated carbon predominantly exists as lignocellulose which is metabolised by communities of functionally diverse microbes. 33597033 1 54 theme productive 255:264 arg1 flora 273:277 highly productive native flora 248:277 highly productive native flora 248:277 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 6 55 theme lignocellulolytic 984:1000 arg1 bacteria 1002:1009 lignocellulolytic bacteria 984:1009 lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae 984:1222 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 4 56 theme meta-exo-proteome 609:625 arg1 proteomics 627:636 meta-exo-proteome proteomics 609:636 meta-exo-proteome proteomics 609:636 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 9 57 theme putative 1803:1810 arg1 esterases 1812:1820 putative esterases 1803:1820 putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose 1803:1934 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 10 58 theme salt 2100:2103 arg1 environment 2111:2121 the salt marsh environment 2096:2121 the salt marsh environment 2096:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 3 59 theme stock 573:577 arg1 composition 531:541 composition 531:541 composition 531:541 However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. 33597033 3 59 theme stock 573:577 arg1 accumulation 517:528 accumulation 517:528 accumulation 517:528 However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. 33597033 3 59 theme stock 573:577 arg1 permanence 547:556 permanence 547:556 permanence 547:556 However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. 33597033 1 60 theme carbon 187:192 arg1 marshes 125:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 1 60 theme carbon 187:192 arg1 repositories 151:162 major natural repositories 137:162 major natural repositories 137:162 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 11 61 theme salt 2344:2347 arg1 sediments 2363:2371 salt marsh surface sediments 2344:2371 salt marsh surface sediments 2344:2371 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 1 62 theme high 199:202 arg1 rates 211:215 high burial rates 199:215 high burial rates of organic matter 199:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 6 63 theme enzymes 1069:1075 arg1 Flavobacteriaceae 1116:1132 Flavobacteriaceae 1116:1132 Flavobacteriaceae 1116:1132 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 6 63 theme enzymes 1069:1075 arg1 secretors 1036:1044 the most active secretors 1020:1044 the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes 1020:1075 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 9 64 dep present 1748:1754 arg1 abundant 1764:1771 abundant 1764:1771 abundant 1764:1771 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 11 65 from lignocellulose 2322:2335 arg1 sequestration 2303:2315 carbon sequestration 2296:2315 carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments 2296:2371 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 9 66 theme esterase 1844:1851 arg1 family 1853:1858 carbohydrate esterase family 1 1831:1860 carbohydrate esterase family 1 1831:1860 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 11 67 theme marsh 2493:2497 arg1 sediments 2499:2507 salt marsh sediments 2488:2507 salt marsh sediments 2488:2507 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 10 68 dep CONCLUSIONS 1950:1960 arg1 describe 2127:2134 describe 2127:2134 describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process 2127:2198 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 10 68 dep CONCLUSIONS 1950:1960 arg1 identify 1971:1978 identify 1971:1978 identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment 1971:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 10 69 theme environment 2111:2121 arg1 sediments 2083:2091 the surface sediments 2071:2091 the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment 2071:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 9 70 theme Oxidative 1574:1582 arg1 monooxygenases 1647:1660 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 1626:1660 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 1626:1660 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 9 70 theme Oxidative 1574:1582 arg1 peroxidases 1610:1620 peroxidases 1610:1620 peroxidases 1610:1620 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 9 70 theme Oxidative 1574:1582 arg1 enzymes 1584:1590 Oxidative enzymes 1574:1590 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment 1574:1741 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 9 70 theme Oxidative 1574:1582 arg1 laccases 1600:1607 laccases 1600:1607 laccases 1600:1607 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 1 71 theme organic 220:226 arg1 matter 228:233 organic matter 220:233 organic matter 220:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 6 72 theme active 1029:1034 arg1 Flavobacteriaceae 1116:1132 Flavobacteriaceae 1116:1132 Flavobacteriaceae 1116:1132 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 6 72 theme active 1029:1034 arg1 secretors 1036:1044 the most active secretors 1020:1044 the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes 1020:1075 We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. 33597033 11 73 theme mechanisms 2271:2280 arg1 understanding 2226:2238 the understanding 2222:2238 the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ 2222:2379 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 4 74 theme natural 752:758 arg1 marsh 780:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 10 75 theme enzymatic 2140:2148 arg1 mechanisms 2150:2159 the enzymatic mechanisms 2136:2159 the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process 2136:2198 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 1 76 theme major 137:141 arg1 marshes 125:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 1 76 theme major 137:141 arg1 repositories 151:162 major natural repositories 137:162 major natural repositories 137:162 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 9 77 theme decoupling 1879:1888 arg1 lignin 1890:1895 decoupling lignin 1879:1895 decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose 1879:1934 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 4 78 theme UK 772:773 arg1 marsh 780:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 a natural established UK salt marsh 750:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 9 79 theme polysaccharide 1632:1645 arg1 monooxygenases 1647:1660 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 1626:1660 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 1626:1660 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 11 80 theme enzymatic 2421:2429 arg1 mechanisms 2431:2440 the potential enzymatic mechanisms 2407:2440 the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments 2407:2507 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 10 81 dep mechanisms 2150:2159 arg1 employ 2166:2171 employ 2166:2171 employ to facilitate this process 2166:2198 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 4 82 theme level 731:735 arg1 sediments 737:745 the surface level sediments 719:745 the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh 719:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 0 83 theme salt 97:100 arg1 marsh 102:106 a UK salt marsh 92:106 a UK salt marsh 92:106 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. 33597033 1 84 theme sequestered 167:177 arg1 carbon 187:192 sequestered organic carbon 167:192 sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter 167:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 9 85 from degradation 1700:1710 arg1 environment 1731:1741 the terrestrial environment 1715:1741 the terrestrial environment 1715:1741 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 3 86 dep accumulation 517:528 arg1 the 513:515 the 513:515 the 513:515 However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. 33597033 9 87 theme lignocellulose 1685:1698 arg1 degradation 1700:1710 lignocellulose degradation 1685:1710 lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment 1685:1741 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 4 88 theme marsh 780:784 arg1 sediments 737:745 the surface level sediments 719:745 the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh 719:784 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 0 89 theme microbial 26:34 arg1 communities 36:46 microbial communities 26:46 microbial communities 26:46 Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. 33597033 1 90 theme BACKGROUND 109:118 arg1 marshes 125:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes 109:131 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 1 90 theme BACKGROUND 109:118 arg1 repositories 151:162 major natural repositories 137:162 major natural repositories 137:162 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 11 91 theme surface 2355:2361 arg1 sediments 2363:2371 salt marsh surface sediments 2344:2371 salt marsh surface sediments 2344:2371 Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. 33597033 10 92 theme bacteria 2021:2028 arg1 cohort 1990:1995 a diverse cohort 1980:1995 a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment 1980:2121 CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. 33597033 8 93 theme lignocellulolytic 1457:1473 arg1 contributors 1515:1526 major contributors 1509:1526 major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1509:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 8 93 theme lignocellulolytic 1457:1473 arg1 contribution 1475:1486 a lignocellulolytic contribution 1455:1486 a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1455:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 9 94 dep esterases 1812:1820 arg1 such 1823:1826 such 1823:1826 such 1823:1826 Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. 33597033 1 95 with carbon 187:192 arg1 rates 211:215 high burial rates 199:215 high burial rates of organic matter 199:233 BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. 33597033 4 96 theme gene 651:654 arg1 profiling 656:664 meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling 609:664 meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling 609:664 We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. 33597033 8 97 theme major 1509:1513 arg1 contributors 1515:1526 major contributors 1509:1526 major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1509:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 8 97 theme major 1509:1513 arg1 contribution 1475:1486 a lignocellulolytic contribution 1455:1486 a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction 1455:1571 While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. 33597033 2 98 theme microbes 398:405 arg1 communities 362:372 communities 362:372 communities of functionally diverse microbes 362:405 Accumulated carbon predominantly exists as lignocellulose which is metabolised by communities of functionally diverse microbes. 33597033 3 99 theme carbon 566:571 arg1 stock 573:577 this carbon stock 561:577 this carbon stock 561:577 However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. 33597033 12 100 dep Abstract 2516:2523 arg1 Video 2510:2514 Video 2510:2514 Video 2510:2514 Video Abstract. 34436303 7 0 theme skin 1144:1147 arg1 inflammation 1149:1160 skin inflammation 1144:1160 skin inflammation 1144:1160 Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve the barrier function. 34436303 4 1 used used 580:583 arg2 ingredients 563:573 Marine ingredients 556:573 Marine ingredients 556:573 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 2 2 theme sensitive 297:305 arg1 segment 312:318 the sensitive skin segment 293:318 the sensitive skin segment 293:318 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 8 3 theme skin 1278:1281 arg1 products 1292:1299 sensitive skin cosmetic products 1268:1299 sensitive skin cosmetic products 1268:1299 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 3 4 theme multinational 447:459 arg1 brands 461:466 multinational brands 447:466 multinational brands 447:466 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 9 5 theme methods 1469:1475 arg1 use 1451:1453 the use 1447:1453 the use of extraction methods that are more profitable 1447:1500 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 9 6 theme great 1516:1520 arg1 opportunity 1522:1532 a great opportunity 1514:1532 a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry 1514:1558 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 2 7 from industry 268:275 arg1 relevant 251:258 relevant 251:258 relevant 251:258 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 2 7 from industry 268:275 arg1 category 230:237 The facial care category 214:237 The facial care category 214:237 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 9 8 theme cosmetic 1542:1549 arg1 industry 1551:1558 the cosmetic industry 1538:1558 the cosmetic industry 1538:1558 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 3 9 from brands 461:466 arg1 skin 437:440 sensitive skin 427:440 sensitive skin from multinational brands 427:466 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 1 10 theme Marine 56:61 arg1 ingredients 63:73 Marine ingredients 56:73 Marine ingredients 56:73 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 1 10 theme Marine 56:61 arg1 source 81:86 a source 79:86 a source 79:86 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 1 10 theme Marine 56:61 arg1 reason 150:155 the reason 146:155 the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry 146:211 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 4 11 theme sensitive 621:629 arg1 skin 631:634 sensitive skin 621:634 sensitive skin 621:634 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 1 12 theme chemical 95:102 arg1 entities 104:111 new chemical entities 91:111 new chemical entities with biological action 91:134 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 8 13 theme Marine-derived 1196:1209 arg1 preparations 1211:1222 Marine-derived preparations 1196:1222 Marine-derived preparations 1196:1222 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 6 14 theme clinical 997:1004 arg1 evidence 1006:1013 clinical evidence 997:1013 clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin 997:1053 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 9 15 theme sensitive 1427:1435 arg1 skin 1437:1440 sensitive skin 1427:1440 sensitive skin 1427:1440 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 8 16 theme cosmetic 1283:1290 arg1 products 1292:1299 sensitive skin cosmetic products 1268:1299 sensitive skin cosmetic products 1268:1299 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 4 17 theme brown 704:708 arg1 nodosum 695:701 Ascophyllum nodosum 683:701 Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae) 683:720 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 4 17 theme brown 704:708 arg1 macroalgae 710:719 brown macroalgae 704:719 brown macroalgae 704:719 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 2 18 theme prominent 331:339 arg1 position 341:348 a prominent position 329:348 a prominent position 329:348 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 7 19 theme sensitive 1106:1114 arg1 skin 1116:1119 sensitive skin 1106:1119 sensitive skin 1106:1119 Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve the barrier function. 34436303 5 20 theme chemical 847:854 arg1 polysaccharides 811:825 polysaccharides 811:825 polysaccharides 811:825 Carotenoids, polysaccharides, and lipids are the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations. 34436303 5 20 theme chemical 847:854 arg1 lipids 832:837 lipids 832:837 lipids 832:837 Carotenoids, polysaccharides, and lipids are the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations. 34436303 5 20 theme chemical 847:854 arg1 Carotenoids 798:808 Carotenoids 798:808 Carotenoids 798:808 Carotenoids, polysaccharides, and lipids are the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations. 34436303 5 20 theme chemical 847:854 arg1 classes 856:862 the chemical classes 843:862 the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations 843:896 Carotenoids, polysaccharides, and lipids are the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations. 34436303 6 21 dep Ascophyllum 927:937 arg1 nodosum 939:945 nodosum 939:945 nodosum 939:945 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 4 22 theme cosmetic 599:606 arg1 products 608:615 the cosmetic products 595:615 the cosmetic products 595:615 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 0 23 theme Marine 0:5 arg1 Ingredients 7:17 Marine Ingredients 0:17 Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin 0:36 Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin: Market Overview. 34436303 1 24 with entities 104:111 arg1 action 129:134 biological action 118:134 biological action 118:134 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 3 25 theme scientific 506:515 arg1 evidence 517:524 the scientific evidence 502:524 the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy 502:553 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 3 26 from evidence 517:524 arg1 cosmetics 413:421 88 facial cosmetics 403:421 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands 403:466 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 3 26 from evidence 517:524 arg1 composition 486:496 their composition 480:496 their composition 480:496 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 9 27 theme placebo-controlled 1374:1391 arg1 volunteers 1411:1420 volunteers 1411:1420 volunteers with sensitive skin 1411:1440 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 9 27 theme placebo-controlled 1374:1391 arg1 studies 1393:1399 placebo-controlled studies 1374:1399 placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin 1374:1440 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 0 28 theme Sensitive 23:31 arg1 Skin 33:36 Sensitive Skin 23:36 Sensitive Skin 23:36 Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin: Market Overview. 34436303 9 29 theme in-depth 1308:1315 arg1 study 1317:1321 Their in-depth study 1302:1321 Their in-depth study 1302:1321 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 4 30 theme red 744:746 arg1 armata 736:741 Asparagopsis armata 723:741 Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae) 723:758 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 4 30 theme red 744:746 arg1 macroalgae 748:757 red macroalgae 744:757 red macroalgae 744:757 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 1 31 theme new 91:93 arg1 entities 104:111 new chemical entities 91:111 new chemical entities with biological action 91:134 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 3 32 theme facial 406:411 arg1 cosmetics 413:421 88 facial cosmetics 403:421 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands 403:466 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 8 33 theme active 1245:1250 arg1 ingredients 1252:1262 promising active ingredients 1235:1262 promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products 1235:1299 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 6 34 theme armata 972:977 arg1 extracts 979:986 Asparagopsis armata extracts 959:986 Asparagopsis armata extracts 959:986 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 6 34 theme armata 972:977 arg1 ingredients 903:913 Two ingredients 899:913 Two ingredients 899:913 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 0 35 dep Overview 46:53 arg1 Ingredients 7:17 Marine Ingredients 0:17 Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin 0:36 Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin: Market Overview. 34436303 3 36 theme ingredients 388:398 arg1 evidence 517:524 the scientific evidence 502:524 the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy 502:553 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 3 36 theme ingredients 388:398 arg1 use 374:376 the use 370:376 the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition 370:496 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 8 37 theme promising 1235:1243 arg1 ingredients 1252:1262 promising active ingredients 1235:1262 promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products 1235:1299 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 9 38 with volunteers 1411:1420 arg1 skin 1437:1440 sensitive skin 1427:1440 sensitive skin 1427:1440 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 6 39 theme Asparagopsis 959:970 arg1 extracts 979:986 Asparagopsis armata extracts 959:986 Asparagopsis armata extracts 959:986 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 6 39 theme Asparagopsis 959:970 arg1 ingredients 903:913 Two ingredients 899:913 Two ingredients 899:913 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 7 40 theme marine 1065:1070 arg1 ingredients 1072:1082 marine ingredients 1065:1082 marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin 1065:1119 Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve the barrier function. 34436303 3 41 theme sensitive 427:435 arg1 skin 437:440 sensitive skin 427:440 sensitive skin from multinational brands 427:466 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 0 42 theme Market 39:44 arg1 Overview 46:53 Market Overview 39:53 Market Overview 39:53 Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin: Market Overview. 34436303 7 43 theme barrier 1178:1184 arg1 function 1186:1193 the barrier function 1174:1193 the barrier function 1174:1193 Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve the barrier function. 34436303 1 44 theme entities 104:111 arg1 ingredients 63:73 Marine ingredients 56:73 Marine ingredients 56:73 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 1 44 theme entities 104:111 arg1 source 81:86 a source 79:86 a source 79:86 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 1 44 theme entities 104:111 arg1 reason 150:155 the reason 146:155 the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry 146:211 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 9 45 theme extracted 1340:1348 arg1 metabolites 1350:1360 the extracted metabolites 1336:1360 the extracted metabolites 1336:1360 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 4 46 theme products 608:615 arg1 products 608:615 the cosmetic products 595:615 the cosmetic products 595:615 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 4 46 theme products 608:615 arg1 % 590:590 27% 588:590 27% of the cosmetic products 588:615 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34436303 8 47 theme sensitive 1268:1276 arg1 products 1292:1299 sensitive skin cosmetic products 1268:1299 sensitive skin cosmetic products 1268:1299 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 2 48 theme care 225:228 arg1 relevant 251:258 relevant 251:258 relevant 251:258 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 2 48 theme care 225:228 arg1 category 230:237 The facial care category 214:237 The facial care category 214:237 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 1 49 theme biological 118:127 arg1 action 129:134 biological action 118:134 biological action 118:134 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 2 50 from relevant 251:258 arg1 industry 268:275 this industry 263:275 this industry 263:275 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 1 51 theme cosmetic 195:202 arg1 industry 204:211 the cosmetic industry 191:211 the cosmetic industry 191:211 Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. 34436303 9 52 theme extraction 1458:1467 arg1 methods 1469:1475 extraction methods 1458:1475 extraction methods that are more profitable 1458:1500 Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry. 34436303 8 53 link Marine-derived 1196:1209 arg1 preparations 1211:1222 Marine-derived preparations 1196:1222 Marine-derived preparations 1196:1222 Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. 34436303 2 54 theme facial 218:223 arg1 relevant 251:258 relevant 251:258 relevant 251:258 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 2 54 theme facial 218:223 arg1 category 230:237 The facial care category 214:237 The facial care category 214:237 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 3 55 from use 374:376 arg1 cosmetics 413:421 88 facial cosmetics 403:421 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands 403:466 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 3 55 from use 374:376 arg1 composition 486:496 their composition 480:496 their composition 480:496 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 6 56 theme sensitive 1040:1048 arg1 skin 1050:1053 sensitive skin 1040:1053 sensitive skin 1040:1053 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 3 57 theme marine 381:386 arg1 ingredients 388:398 marine ingredients 381:398 marine ingredients 381:398 This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. 34436303 6 58 theme Ascophyllum 927:937 arg1 ingredients 903:913 Two ingredients 899:913 Two ingredients 899:913 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 6 58 theme Ascophyllum 927:937 arg1 extract 947:953 the Ascophyllum nodosum extract 923:953 the Ascophyllum nodosum extract 923:953 Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. 34436303 2 59 theme skin 307:310 arg1 segment 312:318 the sensitive skin segment 293:318 the sensitive skin segment 293:318 The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. 34436303 4 60 theme Marine 556:561 arg1 ingredients 563:573 Marine ingredients 556:573 Marine ingredients 556:573 Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). 34319792 2 0 theme POC 527:529 arg1 remineralization 531:546 POC remineralization 527:546 POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm 527:585 However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. 34319792 8 1 theme twilight 1741:1748 arg1 zone 1750:1753 the twilight zone 1737:1753 the twilight zone 1737:1753 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 3 2 theme POC 648:650 arg1 samples 652:658 POC samples 648:658 POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 648:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 13 3 theme metabolic 2244:2252 arg1 activities 2254:2263 metabolic activities 2244:2263 metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach 2244:2407 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 6 4 theme niche 1227:1231 arg1 specialization 1233:1246 niche specialization 1227:1246 niche specialization 1227:1246 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 1 5 from area 262:265 arg1 ocean 327:331 the ocean 323:331 the ocean 323:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 9 6 theme twilight 1779:1786 arg1 zone 1788:1791 The ocean's twilight zone 1767:1791 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone 1756:1791 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 6 7 theme enzymes 1211:1217 arg1 identification 1141:1154 identification 1141:1154 identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes 1141:1217 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 10 8 theme global 2007:2012 arg1 climate 2014:2020 the global climate 2003:2020 the global climate 2003:2020 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 1 9 theme twilight 174:181 arg1 zone 183:186 The twilight zone 170:186 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) 170:247 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 9 theme twilight 174:181 arg1 area 262:265 the major area 252:265 the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 252:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 10 10 from ocean 1983:1987 arg1 size 1942:1945 the size 1938:1945 the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean 1938:1987 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 10 11 from size 1942:1945 arg1 ocean 1983:1987 the ocean 1979:1987 the ocean 1979:1987 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 3 12 theme sites 714:718 arg1 zone 688:691 the twilight zone 675:691 the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 675:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 1 13 theme remineralization 406:421 arg1 % 387:387 more than 70% 375:387 more than 70% of the estimated remineralization 375:421 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 13 theme remineralization 406:421 arg1 remineralization 406:421 the estimated remineralization 392:421 the estimated remineralization 392:421 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 9 14 theme critical 1798:1805 arg1 IMPORTANCE 1756:1765 IMPORTANCE 1756:1765 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone 1756:1791 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 9 14 theme critical 1798:1805 arg1 zone 1807:1810 a critical zone 1796:1810 a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized 1796:1895 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 6 15 theme species-specific 1167:1182 arg1 transporters 1184:1195 diverse species-specific transporters 1159:1195 diverse species-specific transporters 1159:1195 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 8 16 from remineralization 1717:1732 arg1 zone 1750:1753 the twilight zone 1737:1753 the twilight zone 1737:1753 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 0 17 from Remineralization 75:90 arg1 Zone 146:149 the Ocean's Twilight Zone 125:149 the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics 125:167 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 7 18 theme predominant 1463:1473 arg1 Alteromonadales 1440:1454 Alteromonadales 1440:1454 Alteromonadales 1440:1454 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 7 18 theme predominant 1463:1473 arg1 group 1475:1479 the predominant group 1459:1479 the predominant group under low temperature 1459:1501 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 3 19 theme Pacific 737:743 arg1 Ocean 745:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 13 20 theme microbial 2218:2226 arg1 communities 2228:2238 microbial communities 2218:2238 microbial communities 2218:2238 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 4 21 theme primary 883:889 arg1 remineralizers 895:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 4 21 theme primary 883:889 arg1 bacteria 805:812 The particle-attached bacteria 783:812 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales 783:872 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 8 22 theme key 1541:1543 arg1 bacteria 1545:1552 the key bacteria 1537:1552 the key bacteria 1537:1552 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 17 23 theme species 2752:2758 arg1 substitution 2760:2771 species substitution 2752:2771 species substitution 2752:2771 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 12 24 theme metabolic 2161:2169 arg1 activity 2171:2178 metabolic activity 2161:2178 metabolic activity 2161:2178 However, knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity is still lacking. 34319792 5 25 theme POC 1051:1053 arg1 components 994:1003 proteinaceous components 980:1003 proteinaceous components 980:1003 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 5 25 theme POC 1051:1053 arg1 constituents 1035:1046 the main constituents 1026:1046 the main constituents of POC 1026:1053 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 15 26 theme organic 2608:2614 arg1 carbon 2616:2621 dissolved organic carbon 2598:2621 dissolved organic carbon 2598:2621 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 5 27 theme Hydrolytic 911:920 arg1 hydrolases 955:964 hydrolases 955:964 hydrolases 955:964 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 5 27 theme Hydrolytic 911:920 arg1 enzymes 922:928 Hydrolytic enzymes 911:928 Hydrolytic enzymes 911:928 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 5 27 theme Hydrolytic 911:920 arg1 proteases 941:949 proteases 941:949 proteases 941:949 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 17 28 theme twilight 2852:2859 arg1 zone 2861:2864 the twilight zone 2848:2864 the twilight zone 2848:2864 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 3 29 theme metaproteomic 759:771 arg1 approach 773:780 a metaproteomic approach 757:780 a metaproteomic approach 757:780 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 10 30 theme twilight 1913:1920 arg1 zone 1922:1925 the twilight zone 1909:1925 the twilight zone 1909:1925 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 12 31 theme microbial 2127:2135 arg1 structure 2147:2155 microbial community structure 2127:2155 microbial community structure 2127:2155 However, knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity is still lacking. 34319792 1 32 theme organic 282:288 arg1 POC 298:300 POC 298:300 POC 298:300 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 32 theme organic 282:288 arg1 carbon 290:295 organic carbon 282:295 particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 270:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 33 from remineralization 303:318 arg1 ocean 327:331 the ocean 323:331 the ocean 323:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 15 34 theme solubilized 2579:2589 arg1 POC 2591:2593 solubilized POC 2579:2593 solubilized POC 2579:2593 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 13 35 theme Northwest 2354:2362 arg1 Ocean 2372:2376 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2350:2376 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2350:2376 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 9 36 theme particulate 1847:1857 arg1 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 9 36 theme particulate 1847:1857 arg1 carbon 1867:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon 1835:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) 1835:1878 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 13 37 from zone 2308:2311 arg1 Ocean 2372:2376 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2350:2376 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2350:2376 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 12 38 theme structure 2147:2155 arg1 knowledge 2114:2122 knowledge 2114:2122 knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity 2114:2178 However, knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity is still lacking. 34319792 9 39 theme carbon 1867:1872 arg1 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 9 39 theme carbon 1867:1872 arg1 % 1830:1830 more than 70% 1818:1830 more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) 1818:1878 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 9 39 theme carbon 1867:1872 arg1 carbon 1867:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon 1835:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) 1835:1878 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 0 40 theme Particulate 95:105 arg1 Carbon 115:120 Particulate Organic Carbon 95:120 Particulate Organic Carbon 95:120 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 4 41 from Rhodobacterales 836:850 arg1 remineralizers 895:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 4 41 from Rhodobacterales 836:850 arg1 bacteria 805:812 The particle-attached bacteria 783:812 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales 783:872 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 17 42 from remineralization 2821:2836 arg1 zone 2861:2864 the twilight zone 2848:2864 the twilight zone 2848:2864 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 0 43 theme Carbon 115:120 arg1 Remineralization 75:90 the Remineralization 71:90 the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics 71:167 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 4 44 from Alteromonadales 819:833 arg1 remineralizers 895:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 4 44 from Alteromonadales 819:833 arg1 bacteria 805:812 The particle-attached bacteria 783:812 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales 783:872 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 5 45 theme proteinaceous 980:992 arg1 components 994:1003 proteinaceous components 980:1003 proteinaceous components 980:1003 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 5 45 theme proteinaceous 980:992 arg1 constituents 1035:1046 the main constituents 1026:1046 the main constituents of POC 1026:1053 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 8 46 theme species 1642:1648 arg1 substitution 1650:1661 species substitution 1642:1661 species substitution among bacterial groups 1642:1684 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 3 47 from sites 714:718 arg1 Ocean 745:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 1 48 theme m 246:246 arg1 depth 231:235 the depth 227:235 the depth of 1,000 m 227:246 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 7 49 theme metabolic 1389:1397 arg1 processes 1399:1407 metabolic processes 1389:1407 metabolic processes 1389:1407 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 2 50 from remineralization 531:546 arg1 realm 581:585 this chronically understudied realm 551:585 this chronically understudied realm 551:585 However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. 34319792 0 51 theme Microbial 17:25 arg1 Players 27:33 Key Microbial Players 13:33 Key Microbial Players 13:33 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 13 52 theme environments 2334:2345 arg1 zone 2308:2311 the twilight zone 2295:2311 the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2295:2376 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 1 53 theme major 256:260 arg1 zone 183:186 The twilight zone 170:186 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) 170:247 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 53 theme major 256:260 arg1 area 262:265 the major area 252:265 the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 252:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 5 54 theme main 1030:1033 arg1 components 994:1003 proteinaceous components 980:1003 proteinaceous components 980:1003 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 5 54 theme main 1030:1033 arg1 constituents 1035:1046 the main constituents 1026:1046 the main constituents of POC 1026:1053 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 7 55 theme active 1361:1366 arg1 groups 1378:1383 the active bacterial groups 1357:1383 the active bacterial groups 1357:1383 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 10 56 theme storage 1968:1974 arg1 size 1942:1945 the size 1938:1945 the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean 1938:1987 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 13 57 theme POC 2268:2270 arg1 samples 2272:2278 POC samples 2268:2278 POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach 2268:2407 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 16 58 theme community 2676:2684 arg1 composition 2686:2696 the community composition 2672:2696 the community composition 2672:2696 Temperature played a crucial role in regulating the community composition and metabolism. 34319792 7 59 theme environmental 1328:1340 arg1 factor 1342:1347 the main environmental factor 1319:1347 the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes 1319:1407 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 7 59 theme environmental 1328:1340 arg1 Temperature 1303:1313 Temperature 1303:1313 Temperature 1303:1313 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 8 60 theme efficient 1703:1711 arg1 remineralization 1717:1732 efficient POC remineralization 1703:1732 efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone 1703:1753 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 3 61 theme community 625:633 arg1 proteomes 635:643 the microbial community proteomes 611:643 the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 611:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 1 62 theme zone 219:222 arg1 zone 183:186 The twilight zone 170:186 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) 170:247 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 62 theme zone 219:222 arg1 area 262:265 the major area 252:265 the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 252:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 4 63 from Enterobacterales 857:872 arg1 remineralizers 895:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 4 63 from Enterobacterales 857:872 arg1 bacteria 805:812 The particle-attached bacteria 783:812 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales 783:872 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 3 64 theme samples 652:658 arg1 proteomes 635:643 the microbial community proteomes 611:643 the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 611:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 2 65 dep community 469:477 arg1 the 455:457 the 455:457 the 455:457 However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. 34319792 14 66 theme POC 2498:2500 arg1 remineralizers 2480:2493 the major remineralizers 2470:2493 the major remineralizers of POC 2470:2500 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 14 66 theme POC 2498:2500 arg1 Rhodobacterales 2427:2441 Rhodobacterales 2427:2441 Rhodobacterales 2427:2441 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 14 66 theme POC 2498:2500 arg1 Enterobacterales 2448:2463 Enterobacterales 2448:2463 Enterobacterales 2448:2463 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 14 66 theme POC 2498:2500 arg1 Alteromonadales 2410:2424 Alteromonadales 2410:2424 Alteromonadales 2410:2424 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 11 67 theme POC 2085:2087 arg1 remineralization 2065:2080 remineralization 2065:2080 remineralization of POC 2065:2087 Prokaryotes are major players that govern remineralization of POC in this region. 34319792 10 68 from storage 1968:1974 arg1 ocean 1983:1987 the ocean 1979:1987 the ocean 1979:1987 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 6 69 theme metabolic 1201:1209 arg1 enzymes 1211:1217 metabolic enzymes 1201:1217 metabolic enzymes 1201:1217 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 3 70 theme twilight 679:686 arg1 zone 688:691 the twilight zone 675:691 the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 675:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 1 71 theme estimated 396:404 arg1 remineralization 406:421 the estimated remineralization 392:421 the estimated remineralization 392:421 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 2 72 theme understudied 568:579 arg1 realm 581:585 this chronically understudied realm 551:585 this chronically understudied realm 551:585 However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. 34319792 6 73 theme transporters 1184:1195 arg1 identification 1141:1154 identification 1141:1154 identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes 1141:1217 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 3 74 from zone 688:691 arg1 Ocean 745:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 14 75 theme major 2474:2478 arg1 remineralizers 2480:2493 the major remineralizers 2470:2493 the major remineralizers of POC 2470:2500 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 14 75 theme major 2474:2478 arg1 Rhodobacterales 2427:2441 Rhodobacterales 2427:2441 Rhodobacterales 2427:2441 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 14 75 theme major 2474:2478 arg1 Enterobacterales 2448:2463 Enterobacterales 2448:2463 Enterobacterales 2448:2463 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 14 75 theme major 2474:2478 arg1 Alteromonadales 2410:2424 Alteromonadales 2410:2424 Alteromonadales 2410:2424 Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. 34319792 2 76 theme metabolic 483:491 arg1 activity 493:500 metabolic activity 483:500 metabolic activity 483:500 However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. 34319792 1 77 dep zone 219:222 arg1 the 194:196 the 194:196 the 194:196 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 77 dep zone 219:222 arg1 base 198:201 base 198:201 base 198:201 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 7 78 theme low 1487:1489 arg1 temperature 1491:1501 low temperature 1487:1501 low temperature 1487:1501 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 3 79 theme contrasting 702:712 arg1 sites 714:718 three contrasting sites 696:718 three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 696:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 0 80 theme Twilight 137:144 arg1 Zone 146:149 the Ocean's Twilight Zone 125:149 the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics 125:167 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 11 81 theme major 2039:2043 arg1 Prokaryotes 2023:2033 Prokaryotes 2023:2033 Prokaryotes 2023:2033 Prokaryotes are major players that govern remineralization of POC in this region. 34319792 11 81 theme major 2039:2043 arg1 players 2045:2051 major players 2039:2051 major players that govern remineralization of POC in this region 2039:2102 Prokaryotes are major players that govern remineralization of POC in this region. 34319792 17 82 theme POC 2841:2843 arg1 remineralization 2821:2836 the efficient remineralization 2807:2836 the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone 2807:2864 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 6 83 theme bacterial 1285:1293 arg1 groups 1295:1300 these bacterial groups 1279:1300 these bacterial groups 1279:1300 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 2 84 theme microbial 459:467 arg1 community 469:477 microbial community 459:477 microbial community 459:477 However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. 34319792 1 85 theme heterotrophic 338:350 arg1 microbes 352:359 heterotrophic microbes 338:359 heterotrophic microbes 338:359 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 17 86 theme efficient 2811:2819 arg1 remineralization 2821:2836 the efficient remineralization 2807:2836 the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone 2807:2864 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 8 87 theme metabolic 1558:1566 arg1 processes 1568:1576 metabolic processes 1558:1576 metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization 1558:1609 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 3 88 theme Northwest 727:735 arg1 Ocean 745:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 723:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 13 89 theme metaproteomic 2386:2398 arg1 approach 2400:2407 a metaproteomic approach 2384:2407 a metaproteomic approach 2384:2407 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 4 90 theme POC 891:893 arg1 remineralizers 895:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 4 90 theme POC 891:893 arg1 bacteria 805:812 The particle-attached bacteria 783:812 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales 783:872 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 6 91 theme nutrient 1252:1259 arg1 acquisition 1261:1271 nutrient acquisition 1252:1271 nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups 1252:1300 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 17 92 theme bacterial 2779:2787 arg1 groups 2789:2794 bacterial groups 2779:2794 bacterial groups 2779:2794 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 12 93 theme activity 2171:2178 arg1 knowledge 2114:2122 knowledge 2114:2122 knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity 2114:2178 However, knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity is still lacking. 34319792 15 94 theme dissolved 2598:2606 arg1 carbon 2616:2621 dissolved organic carbon 2598:2621 dissolved organic carbon 2598:2621 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 9 95 theme sinking 1839:1845 arg1 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 9 95 theme sinking 1839:1845 arg1 carbon 1867:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon 1835:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) 1835:1878 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 8 96 theme POC 1590:1592 arg1 remineralization 1594:1609 POC remineralization 1590:1609 POC remineralization 1590:1609 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 1 97 theme carbon 290:295 arg1 remineralization 303:318 particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization 270:318 particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 270:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 13 98 theme Pacific 2364:2370 arg1 Ocean 2372:2376 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2350:2376 the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2350:2376 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 15 99 theme hydrolytic 2542:2551 arg1 enzymes 2553:2559 diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes 2517:2559 diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC 2517:2572 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 9 100 theme organic 1859:1865 arg1 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 POC 1875:1877 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 9 100 theme organic 1859:1865 arg1 carbon 1867:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon 1835:1872 the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) 1835:1878 IMPORTANCE The ocean's twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. 34319792 3 101 theme microbial 615:623 arg1 proteomes 635:643 the microbial community proteomes 611:643 the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 611:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 12 102 theme community 2137:2145 arg1 structure 2147:2155 microbial community structure 2127:2155 microbial community structure 2127:2155 However, knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity is still lacking. 34319792 0 103 theme Organic 107:113 arg1 Carbon 115:120 Particulate Organic Carbon 95:120 Particulate Organic Carbon 95:120 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 15 104 theme split 2564:2568 arg1 POC 2570:2572 split POC 2564:2572 split POC 2564:2572 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 6 105 theme diverse 1159:1165 arg1 transporters 1184:1195 diverse species-specific transporters 1159:1195 diverse species-specific transporters 1159:1195 Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. 34319792 8 106 theme niche 1616:1620 arg1 complementarity 1622:1636 niche complementarity 1616:1636 niche complementarity 1616:1636 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 3 107 from Ocean 745:749 arg1 zone 688:691 the twilight zone 675:691 the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 675:749 Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 1 108 from ocean 327:331 arg1 zone 183:186 The twilight zone 170:186 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) 170:247 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 108 from ocean 327:331 arg1 area 262:265 the major area 252:265 the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 252:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 109 theme remineralization 303:318 arg1 zone 183:186 The twilight zone 170:186 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) 170:247 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 1 109 theme remineralization 303:318 arg1 area 262:265 the major area 252:265 the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 252:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 13 110 theme samples 2272:2278 arg1 activities 2254:2263 metabolic activities 2244:2263 metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach 2244:2407 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 13 110 theme samples 2272:2278 arg1 communities 2228:2238 microbial communities 2218:2238 microbial communities 2218:2238 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 0 111 theme Key 13:15 arg1 Players 27:33 Key Microbial Players 13:33 Key Microbial Players 13:33 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 15 112 theme species-specific 2525:2540 arg1 enzymes 2553:2559 diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes 2517:2559 diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC 2517:2572 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 5 113 theme bacterial 1110:1118 arg1 groups 1120:1125 these bacterial groups 1104:1125 these bacterial groups 1104:1125 Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. 34319792 10 114 theme biological 1950:1959 arg1 storage 1968:1974 biological carbon storage 1950:1974 biological carbon storage in the ocean 1950:1987 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 17 115 theme niche 2727:2731 arg1 complementarity 2733:2747 niche complementarity 2727:2747 niche complementarity 2727:2747 Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone. 34319792 13 116 theme contrasting 2322:2332 arg1 environments 2334:2345 three contrasting environments 2316:2345 three contrasting environments 2316:2345 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 7 117 theme bacterial 1368:1376 arg1 groups 1378:1383 the active bacterial groups 1357:1383 the active bacterial groups 1357:1383 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 8 118 theme bacterial 1669:1677 arg1 groups 1679:1684 bacterial groups 1669:1684 bacterial groups 1669:1684 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 0 119 theme Metabolic 39:47 arg1 Processes 49:57 Metabolic Processes 39:57 Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics 39:167 Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean's Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics. 34319792 13 120 theme twilight 2299:2306 arg1 zone 2308:2311 the twilight zone 2295:2311 the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean 2295:2376 This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. 34319792 16 121 theme crucial 2645:2651 arg1 role 2653:2656 a crucial role 2643:2656 a crucial role 2643:2656 Temperature played a crucial role in regulating the community composition and metabolism. 34319792 15 122 theme diverse 2517:2523 arg1 enzymes 2553:2559 diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes 2517:2559 diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC 2517:2572 They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. 34319792 4 123 theme particle-attached 787:803 arg1 remineralizers 895:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 the primary POC remineralizers 879:908 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 4 123 theme particle-attached 787:803 arg1 bacteria 805:812 The particle-attached bacteria 783:812 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales 783:872 The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. 34319792 1 124 theme particulate 270:280 arg1 remineralization 303:318 particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization 270:318 particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean 270:331 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34319792 7 125 theme main 1323:1326 arg1 factor 1342:1347 the main environmental factor 1319:1347 the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes 1319:1407 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 7 125 theme main 1323:1326 arg1 Temperature 1303:1313 Temperature 1303:1313 Temperature 1303:1313 Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. 34319792 8 126 theme POC 1713:1715 arg1 remineralization 1717:1732 efficient POC remineralization 1703:1732 efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone 1703:1753 This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. 34319792 10 127 theme carbon 1961:1966 arg1 storage 1968:1974 biological carbon storage 1950:1974 biological carbon storage in the ocean 1950:1987 Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. 34319792 1 128 theme euphotic 210:217 arg1 zone 219:222 the euphotic zone 206:222 the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m 206:246 The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. 34342946 5 0 theme droplets 928:935 arg1 coagulation 900:910 coagulation 900:910 coagulation of the milk fat droplets 900:935 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 2 1 theme region 361:366 arg1 structure 330:338 the crystal structure 318:338 the crystal structure of its extracellular region 318:366 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 5 2 theme receptor 809:816 arg1 activity 818:825 receptor activity 809:825 receptor activity 809:825 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 1 3 theme Bovine 180:185 arg1 BTN1A1 201:206 BTN1A1 201:206 BTN1A1 201:206 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 3 theme Bovine 180:185 arg1 glycoprotein 245:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein 212:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules 212:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 3 theme Bovine 180:185 arg1 butyrophilin 187:198 Bovine butyrophilin 180:198 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) 180:207 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 6 4 theme N-terminal 1083:1092 arg1 subdomain 1114:1122 the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain 1079:1122 the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain 1079:1122 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 0 5 theme myelin 100:105 arg1 glycoprotein 123:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 7 6 theme autoimmune 1401:1410 arg1 diseases 1412:1419 neurological autoimmune diseases 1388:1419 neurological autoimmune diseases 1388:1419 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 2 7 theme extracellular 347:359 arg1 region 361:366 its extracellular region 343:366 its extracellular region 343:366 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 7 8 theme strains 1471:1477 arg1 breeding 1452:1459 the breeding 1448:1459 the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity 1448:1556 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 3 9 theme central 606:612 arg1 bridge 624:629 a central disulfide bridge 604:629 a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 604:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 0 10 theme human 94:98 arg1 glycoprotein 123:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 4 11 theme fifth 674:678 arg1 residue 684:690 The fifth Cys residue 670:690 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 670:706 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 is unpaired and prone to forming disulfide crosslinks. 34342946 7 12 theme structural 1276:1285 arg1 support 1287:1293 structural support 1276:1293 structural support 1276:1293 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 3 13 theme immunoglobulin 549:562 arg1 fold 564:567 immunoglobulin fold 549:567 immunoglobulin fold 549:567 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 6 14 theme surprising 1130:1139 arg1 similarity 1141:1150 surprising similarity 1130:1150 surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths 1130:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 1 15 gly glycoprotein 245:256 arg1 glycoprotein 245:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein 212:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules 212:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 15 gly glycoprotein 245:256 arg1 butyrophilin 187:198 Bovine butyrophilin 180:198 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) 180:207 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 3 16 gly glycosylation 655:667 arg1 β-sandwich 588:597 a β-sandwich 586:597 a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 586:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 7 17 theme milk 1365:1368 arg1 prevalence 1374:1383 prevalence 1374:1383 prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases 1374:1419 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 7 17 theme milk 1365:1368 arg1 consumption 1346:1356 the consumption 1342:1356 the consumption of cow milk 1342:1368 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 0 18 theme oligodendrocyte 107:121 arg1 glycoprotein 123:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 5 19 theme activity 818:825 arg1 lack 776:779 The apparent lack 763:779 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity 763:825 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 7 20 theme cattle 1464:1469 arg1 strains 1471:1477 cattle strains 1464:1477 cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity 1464:1556 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 6 21 theme butyrophilin 1101:1112 arg1 subdomain 1114:1122 the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain 1079:1122 the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain 1079:1122 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 0 22 theme extracellular 4:16 arg1 region 18:23 The extracellular region 0:23 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin 0:51 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 7 23 theme modified 1492:1499 arg1 butyrophilin 1501:1512 modified butyrophilin 1492:1512 modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity 1492:1556 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 3 24 with subdomains 533:542 arg1 fold 564:567 immunoglobulin fold 549:567 immunoglobulin fold 549:567 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 5 25 theme ligand-binding 786:799 arg1 site 801:804 a ligand-binding site 784:804 a ligand-binding site 784:804 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 3 26 theme disulfide 614:622 arg1 bridge 624:629 a central disulfide bridge 604:629 a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 604:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 4 27 from position 695:702 arg1 residue 684:690 The fifth Cys residue 670:690 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 670:706 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 is unpaired and prone to forming disulfide crosslinks. 34342946 2 28 theme anomalous 392:400 arg1 dispersion 402:411 multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion 372:411 multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein 372:489 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 2 29 theme produced 474:481 arg1 protein 483:489 the bacterially produced protein 458:489 the bacterially produced protein 458:489 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 1 30 theme milk 284:287 arg1 globules 293:300 milk fat globules 284:300 milk fat globules 284:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 6 31 theme bovine 1094:1099 arg1 subdomain 1114:1122 the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain 1079:1122 the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain 1079:1122 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 5 32 theme apparent 767:774 arg1 lack 776:779 The apparent lack 763:779 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity 763:825 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 2 33 theme wavelength 381:390 arg1 dispersion 402:411 multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion 372:411 multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein 372:489 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 5 34 theme hydrophilic 864:874 arg1 protein 881:887 hydrophilic coat protein 864:887 hydrophilic coat protein 864:887 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 1 35 theme fat 289:291 arg1 globules 293:300 milk fat globules 284:300 milk fat globules 284:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 6 36 theme butyrophilin 1005:1016 arg1 family 1018:1023 the human butyrophilin family 995:1023 the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors 995:1076 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 7 37 theme cow 1361:1363 arg1 milk 1365:1368 cow milk 1361:1368 cow milk 1361:1368 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 6 38 theme myelin 1238:1243 arg1 sheaths 1245:1251 myelin sheaths 1238:1251 myelin sheaths 1238:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 3 39 theme butyrophilin 496:507 arg1 ectodomain 509:518 The butyrophilin ectodomain 492:518 The butyrophilin ectodomain 492:518 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 5 40 theme coat 876:879 arg1 protein 881:887 hydrophilic coat protein 864:887 hydrophilic coat protein 864:887 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 1 41 theme globules 293:300 arg1 surface 273:279 the surface 269:279 the surface of milk fat globules 269:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 0 42 gly glycoprotein 123:134 arg1 glycoprotein 123:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 94:134 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 6 43 theme structural 958:967 arg1 resemblance 969:979 less structural resemblance 953:979 less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors 953:1076 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 2 44 theme selenomethionine 436:451 arg1 incorporation 419:431 incorporation 419:431 incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein 419:489 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 0 45 theme milk 35:38 arg1 butyrophilin 40:51 bovine milk butyrophilin 28:51 bovine milk butyrophilin 28:51 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 6 46 theme human 999:1003 arg1 family 1018:1023 the human butyrophilin family 995:1023 the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors 995:1076 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 0 47 theme BTN 158:160 arg1 receptors 169:177 immunological BTN family receptors 144:177 immunological BTN family receptors 144:177 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 6 48 theme myelin 1165:1170 arg1 glycoprotein 1188:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 6 48 theme myelin 1165:1170 arg1 protein 1204:1210 a protein 1202:1210 a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths 1202:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 5 49 theme fat 924:926 arg1 droplets 928:935 the milk fat droplets 915:935 the milk fat droplets 915:935 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 1 50 theme abundant 215:222 arg1 glycoprotein 245:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein 212:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules 212:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 50 theme abundant 215:222 arg1 butyrophilin 187:198 Bovine butyrophilin 180:198 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) 180:207 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 0 51 theme bovine 28:33 arg1 butyrophilin 40:51 bovine milk butyrophilin 28:51 bovine milk butyrophilin 28:51 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 0 52 theme immunological 144:156 arg1 receptors 169:177 immunological BTN family receptors 144:177 immunological BTN family receptors 144:177 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 6 53 gly glycoprotein 1188:1199 arg1 glycoprotein 1188:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 6 53 gly glycoprotein 1188:1199 arg1 protein 1204:1210 a protein 1202:1210 a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths 1202:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 1 54 theme type 224:227 arg1 glycoprotein 245:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein 212:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules 212:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 54 theme type 224:227 arg1 butyrophilin 187:198 Bovine butyrophilin 180:198 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) 180:207 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 3 55 with β-sandwich 588:597 arg1 glycosylation 655:667 one N-linked glycosylation 642:667 a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 604:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 3 55 with β-sandwich 588:597 arg1 bridge 624:629 a central disulfide bridge 604:629 a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 604:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 5 56 theme milk 919:922 arg1 droplets 928:935 the milk fat droplets 915:935 the milk fat droplets 915:935 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 5 57 theme site 801:804 arg1 lack 776:779 The apparent lack 763:779 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity 763:825 The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. 34342946 7 58 theme diseases 1412:1419 arg1 prevalence 1374:1383 prevalence 1374:1383 prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases 1374:1419 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 7 58 theme diseases 1412:1419 arg1 consumption 1346:1356 the consumption 1342:1356 the consumption of cow milk 1342:1368 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 6 59 theme oligodendrocyte 1172:1186 arg1 glycoprotein 1188:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 6 59 theme oligodendrocyte 1172:1186 arg1 protein 1204:1210 a protein 1202:1210 a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths 1202:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 0 60 theme butyrophilin 40:51 arg1 region 18:23 The extracellular region 0:23 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin 0:51 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 0 61 theme family 162:167 arg1 receptors 169:177 immunological BTN family receptors 144:177 immunological BTN family receptors 144:177 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 4 62 theme disulfide 741:749 arg1 crosslinks 751:760 disulfide crosslinks 741:760 disulfide crosslinks 741:760 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 is unpaired and prone to forming disulfide crosslinks. 34342946 7 63 theme immunological 1527:1539 arg1 cross-reactivity 1541:1556 less immunological cross-reactivity 1522:1556 less immunological cross-reactivity 1522:1556 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 7 64 theme neurological 1388:1399 arg1 diseases 1412:1419 neurological autoimmune diseases 1388:1419 neurological autoimmune diseases 1388:1419 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 6 65 theme human 1159:1163 arg1 glycoprotein 1188:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1155:1199 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 6 65 theme human 1159:1163 arg1 protein 1204:1210 a protein 1202:1210 a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths 1202:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 1 66 theme I 229:229 arg1 glycoprotein 245:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein 212:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules 212:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 66 theme I 229:229 arg1 butyrophilin 187:198 Bovine butyrophilin 180:198 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) 180:207 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 6 67 theme sheaths 1245:1251 arg1 surface 1227:1233 the surface 1223:1233 the surface of myelin sheaths 1223:1251 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 7 68 theme correlation 1322:1332 arg1 hypotheses 1306:1315 earlier hypotheses 1298:1315 earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases 1298:1419 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 2 69 theme crystal 322:328 arg1 structure 330:338 the crystal structure 318:338 the crystal structure of its extracellular region 318:366 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 6 70 theme family 1018:1023 arg1 members 984:990 members 984:990 members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors 984:1076 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 1 71 theme transmembrane 231:243 arg1 glycoprotein 245:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein 212:256 an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules 212:300 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 1 71 theme transmembrane 231:243 arg1 butyrophilin 187:198 Bovine butyrophilin 180:198 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) 180:207 Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. 34342946 0 72 theme structural 69:78 arg1 similarity 80:89 closer structural similarity 62:89 closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 62:134 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 6 73 theme immune 1061:1066 arg1 role 1053:1056 a role 1051:1056 a role 1051:1056 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 6 73 theme immune 1061:1066 arg1 receptors 1068:1076 immune receptors 1061:1076 immune receptors 1061:1076 While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. 34342946 3 74 theme N-linked 646:653 arg1 glycosylation 655:667 one N-linked glycosylation 642:667 a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 604:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34342946 4 75 theme Cys 680:682 arg1 residue 684:690 The fifth Cys residue 670:690 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 670:706 The fifth Cys residue at position 193 is unpaired and prone to forming disulfide crosslinks. 34342946 2 76 theme multiple 372:379 arg1 dispersion 402:411 multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion 372:411 multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein 372:489 We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. 34342946 0 77 theme closer 62:67 arg1 similarity 80:89 closer structural similarity 62:89 closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 62:134 The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. 34342946 7 78 theme earlier 1298:1304 arg1 hypotheses 1306:1315 earlier hypotheses 1298:1315 earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases 1298:1419 Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity. 34342946 3 79 link N-linked 646:653 arg1 glycosylation 655:667 one N-linked glycosylation 642:667 a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation 604:667 The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. 34890867 12 0 theme organisms 2293:2301 arg1 transcriptomics 2268:2282 transcriptomics 2268:2282 transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose 2268:2318 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 11 1 from control 2041:2047 arg1 cyanobactera 2079:2090 cyanobactera 2079:2090 cyanobactera 2079:2090 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 14 2 theme mechanism 2687:2695 arg1 activation 2652:2661 the activation 2648:2661 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 2648:2761 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 2 3 theme biomass 393:399 arg1 production 401:410 the biomass production 389:410 the biomass production 389:410 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 13 4 theme wastewater 2398:2407 arg1 impact 2388:2393 the impact 2384:2393 the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2384:2581 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 5 from impact 2388:2393 arg1 assimilation 2452:2463 CO2 assimilation 2448:2463 CO2 assimilation 2448:2463 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 5 from impact 2388:2393 arg1 uptake 2475:2480 nutrient uptake 2466:2480 nutrient uptake 2466:2480 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 5 from impact 2388:2393 arg1 modulations 2508:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 5 from impact 2388:2393 arg1 growth 2440:2445 growth 2440:2445 growth 2440:2445 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 14 6 theme carbon 2666:2671 arg1 CCM 2698:2700 CCM 2698:2700 CCM 2698:2700 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 14 6 theme carbon 2666:2671 arg1 mechanism 2687:2695 carbon concentration mechanism 2666:2695 carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) 2666:2701 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 2 7 theme alkalinity 326:335 arg1 impact 304:309 the impact 300:309 the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation 300:372 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 13 8 theme alkaline 2413:2420 arg1 wastewater 2422:2431 alkaline wastewater 2413:2431 alkaline wastewater 2413:2431 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 14 9 theme shikimate 2745:2753 arg1 pathway 2755:2761 shikimate pathway 2745:2761 shikimate pathway 2745:2761 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 2 10 theme wastewater 314:323 arg1 impact 304:309 the impact 300:309 the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation 300:372 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 1 11 theme wastewater 221:230 arg1 cultivation 232:242 alkaline wastewater cultivation 212:242 alkaline wastewater cultivation 212:242 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 2 12 theme wastewater 351:360 arg1 cultivation 362:372 alkaline wastewater cultivation 342:372 alkaline wastewater cultivation 342:372 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 4 13 from increase 737:744 arg1 biosynthesis 785:796 the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis 749:796 biosynthesis 785:796 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 4 13 from increase 737:744 arg1 acid 767:770 the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis 749:796 acid 767:770 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 11 14 theme responsible 2007:2017 arg1 Alkalinity 1971:1980 Alkalinity 1971:1980 Alkalinity 1971:1980 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 11 14 theme responsible 2007:2017 arg1 SIGNIFICANCE 1957:1968 SIGNIFICANCE 1957:1968 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 1957:2137 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 11 14 theme responsible 2007:2017 arg1 factor 1999:2004 an imperative factor 1985:2004 an imperative factor 1985:2004 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 3 15 theme pigment 623:629 arg1 production 631:640 pigment production 623:640 pigment production 623:640 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 1 16 theme metabolic 257:265 arg1 responses 267:275 molecular metabolic responses 247:275 molecular metabolic responses 247:275 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 12 17 theme mechanism 2208:2216 arg1 understanding 2150:2162 understanding 2150:2162 understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2150:2216 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 13 18 theme alkaliphilic 2527:2538 arg1 BERC10 2576:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 11 19 theme biochemical 2053:2063 arg1 regulation 2065:2074 biochemical regulation 2053:2074 biochemical regulation in cyanobactera 2053:2090 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 2 20 theme present 285:291 arg1 study 293:297 the present study 281:297 the present study 281:297 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 9 21 theme wastewater 1680:1689 arg1 cultivation 1691:1701 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1671:1701 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1671:1701 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 8 22 theme Alkaline 1477:1484 arg1 cultivation 1497:1507 Alkaline wastewater cultivation 1477:1507 Alkaline wastewater cultivation 1477:1507 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 13 23 theme untargeted 2336:2345 arg1 metabolomics 2347:2358 untargeted metabolomics 2336:2358 untargeted metabolomics 2336:2358 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 3 24 theme wastewater 657:666 arg1 cultivation 668:678 alkaline wastewater cultivation 648:678 alkaline wastewater cultivation 648:678 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 1 25 theme suitable 169:176 arg1 candidates 178:187 suitable candidates 169:187 suitable candidates 169:187 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 1 25 theme suitable 169:176 arg1 cyanobacteria 151:163 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria 138:163 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria 138:163 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 16 26 theme strain 2954:2959 arg1 improvement 2961:2971 strain improvement 2954:2971 strain improvement 2954:2971 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 4 27 theme enhanced 827:834 arg1 differentiation 841:855 overall enhanced cell differentiation 819:855 overall enhanced cell differentiation 819:855 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 14 28 theme alkaline 2606:2613 arg1 cultivation 2626:2636 alkaline wastewater cultivation 2606:2636 alkaline wastewater cultivation 2606:2636 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 9 29 theme CO2 1716:1718 arg1 fixation 1720:1727 improved CO2 fixation 1707:1727 improved CO2 fixation 1707:1727 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 13 30 theme cyanobacterium 2540:2553 arg1 BERC10 2576:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 4 31 theme phytoene 776:783 arg1 biosynthesis 785:796 the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis 749:796 biosynthesis 785:796 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 13 32 theme metabolic 2498:2506 arg1 modulations 2508:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 0 33 theme stress-responsive 97:113 arg1 modulations 125:135 novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 91:135 novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 91:135 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 1 34 from effect 202:207 arg1 responses 267:275 molecular metabolic responses 247:275 molecular metabolic responses 247:275 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 5 35 theme CO2 1045:1047 arg1 fixation 1033:1040 the efficient fixation 1019:1040 the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols 1019:1130 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 8 36 theme concentration 1544:1556 arg1 mechanism 1558:1566 carbon concentration mechanism 1537:1566 carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) 1537:1572 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 8 36 theme concentration 1544:1556 arg1 CCM 1569:1571 CCM 1569:1571 CCM 1569:1571 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 12 37 theme wastewater 2176:2185 arg1 mechanism 2208:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 13 38 theme Plectonema 2555:2564 arg1 BERC10 2576:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 15 39 theme alkaline 2796:2803 arg1 wastewater 2805:2814 alkaline wastewater 2796:2814 alkaline wastewater 2796:2814 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 9 40 theme valuable 1766:1773 arg1 18:0 1815:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 9 40 theme valuable 1766:1773 arg1 sterols 1825:1831 sterols 1825:1831 sterols 1825:1831 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 9 40 theme valuable 1766:1773 arg1 phytoene 1797:1804 phytoene 1797:1804 phytoene 1797:1804 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 9 40 theme valuable 1766:1773 arg1 bioproducts 1775:1785 producing valuable bioproducts 1756:1785 producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols 1756:1831 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 6 41 theme protein 1219:1225 arg1 biosynthesis 1227:1238 protein biosynthesis 1219:1238 protein biosynthesis 1219:1238 Interestingly, except L-histidine and L-phenylalanine, all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis were downregulated in response to wastewater and alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 0 42 theme Untargeted 0:9 arg1 metabolomics 11:22 Untargeted metabolomics 0:22 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema 0:68 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 13 43 theme nutrient 2466:2473 arg1 uptake 2475:2480 nutrient uptake 2466:2480 nutrient uptake 2466:2480 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 6 44 theme related 1208:1214 arg1 metabolites 1196:1206 all the metabolites 1188:1206 all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis 1188:1238 Interestingly, except L-histidine and L-phenylalanine, all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis were downregulated in response to wastewater and alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 8 45 theme glycolysis 1575:1584 arg1 activation 1523:1532 the activation 1519:1532 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 1519:1632 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 9 46 theme Lyso 1807:1810 arg1 18:0 1815:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 10 47 theme metabolic 1886:1894 arg1 engineering 1896:1906 metabolic engineering 1886:1906 metabolic engineering 1886:1906 These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. 34890867 13 48 theme associated 2487:2496 arg1 modulations 2508:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 8 49 theme fatty-acid 1587:1596 arg1 biosynthesis 1598:1609 fatty-acid biosynthesis 1587:1609 fatty-acid biosynthesis 1587:1609 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 2 50 theme responsive 457:466 arg1 mechanism 478:486 the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism 442:486 the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics 442:507 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 0 51 theme alkaliphilic 31:42 arg1 Plectonema 59:68 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema 27:68 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema 27:68 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 9 52 theme PC 1812:1813 arg1 18:0 1815:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 14 53 theme fatty-acid 2716:2725 arg1 biosynthesis 2727:2738 fatty-acid biosynthesis 2716:2738 fatty-acid biosynthesis 2716:2738 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 3 54 theme higher 552:557 arg1 biomass 559:565 a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass 532:565 a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production 532:576 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 0 55 theme Plectonema 59:68 arg1 metabolomics 11:22 Untargeted metabolomics 0:22 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema 0:68 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 7 56 theme osmo-protectants 1459:1474 arg1 biosynthesis 1406:1417 the biosynthesis 1402:1417 the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants 1402:1474 The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. 34890867 8 57 theme shikimate 1616:1624 arg1 pathway 1626:1632 shikimate pathway 1616:1632 shikimate pathway 1616:1632 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 14 58 theme glycolysis 2704:2713 arg1 activation 2652:2661 the activation 2648:2661 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 2648:2761 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 13 59 theme wastewater 2422:2431 arg1 impact 2388:2393 the impact 2384:2393 the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2384:2581 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 2 60 theme biochemical 413:423 arg1 composition 425:435 biochemical composition 413:435 biochemical composition 413:435 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 5 61 theme 3-phosphoglycerate 990:1007 arg1 levels 902:907 lower levels 896:907 lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) 896:943 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 5 61 theme 3-phosphoglycerate 990:1007 arg1 levels 957:962 higher levels 950:962 higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate 950:1007 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 7 62 theme non-toxic 1431:1439 arg1 antioxidants 1441:1452 non-toxic antioxidants 1431:1452 non-toxic antioxidants 1431:1452 The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. 34890867 10 63 theme metabolite 1934:1943 arg1 production 1945:1954 biomass and metabolite production 1922:1954 biomass and metabolite production 1922:1954 These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. 34890867 12 64 theme model 2287:2291 arg1 organisms 2293:2301 model organisms 2287:2301 model organisms 2287:2301 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 7 65 theme sterols 1422:1428 arg1 biosynthesis 1406:1417 the biosynthesis 1402:1417 the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants 1402:1474 The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. 34890867 14 66 theme concentration 2673:2685 arg1 CCM 2698:2700 CCM 2698:2700 CCM 2698:2700 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 14 66 theme concentration 2673:2685 arg1 mechanism 2687:2695 carbon concentration mechanism 2666:2695 carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) 2666:2701 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 15 67 theme cyanobacterium 2848:2861 arg1 cultivation 2863:2873 cyanobacterium cultivation 2848:2873 cyanobacterium cultivation 2848:2873 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 16 68 theme stress-responsive 2891:2907 arg1 targets 2942:2948 future genetic targets 2927:2948 future genetic targets for strain improvement 2927:2971 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 16 68 theme stress-responsive 2891:2907 arg1 pathways 2909:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 14 69 theme pathway 2755:2761 arg1 activation 2652:2661 the activation 2648:2661 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 2648:2761 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 11 70 from regulation 2065:2074 arg1 cyanobactera 2079:2090 cyanobactera 2079:2090 cyanobactera 2079:2090 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 10 71 theme biomass 1922:1928 arg1 production 1945:1954 biomass and metabolite production 1922:1954 biomass and metabolite production 1922:1954 These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. 34890867 1 72 theme alkaline 212:219 arg1 cultivation 232:242 alkaline wastewater cultivation 212:242 alkaline wastewater cultivation 212:242 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 5 73 theme lower 896:900 arg1 levels 902:907 lower levels 896:907 lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) 896:943 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 2 74 theme cultivation 362:372 arg1 impact 304:309 the impact 300:309 the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation 300:372 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 1 75 theme cultivation 232:242 arg1 effect 202:207 the effect 198:207 the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses 198:275 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 4 76 theme indole-acetic 753:765 arg1 acid 767:770 the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis 749:796 acid 767:770 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 11 77 theme contamination 2027:2039 arg1 control 2041:2047 the contamination control 2023:2047 the contamination control 2023:2047 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 2 78 theme alkaline 342:349 arg1 cultivation 362:372 alkaline wastewater cultivation 342:372 alkaline wastewater cultivation 342:372 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 15 79 theme low-cost 2829:2836 arg1 feasibility 2781:2791 the feasibility 2777:2791 the feasibility of alkaline wastewater 2777:2814 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 15 79 theme low-cost 2829:2836 arg1 media 2838:2842 promising low-cost media 2819:2842 promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation 2819:2873 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 1 80 theme molecular 247:255 arg1 responses 267:275 molecular metabolic responses 247:275 molecular metabolic responses 247:275 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 16 81 theme genetic 2934:2940 arg1 targets 2942:2948 future genetic targets 2927:2948 future genetic targets for strain improvement 2927:2971 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 16 81 theme genetic 2934:2940 arg1 pathways 2909:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 6 82 theme wastewater 1298:1307 arg1 cultivation 1309:1319 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1289:1319 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1289:1319 Interestingly, except L-histidine and L-phenylalanine, all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis were downregulated in response to wastewater and alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 4 83 theme 1.2-fold 714:721 arg1 increase 737:744 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase 714:744 increase 737:744 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 9 84 theme alkaline 1671:1678 arg1 cultivation 1691:1701 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1671:1701 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1671:1701 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 12 85 theme molecular 2198:2206 arg1 mechanism 2208:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 4 86 theme 5.54-fold 727:735 arg1 increase 737:744 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase 714:744 increase 737:744 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 3 87 theme alkaline 648:655 arg1 cultivation 668:678 alkaline wastewater cultivation 648:678 alkaline wastewater cultivation 648:678 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 9 88 theme cultivation 1691:1701 arg1 importance 1657:1666 the importance 1653:1666 the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols 1653:1831 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 14 89 theme wastewater 2615:2624 arg1 cultivation 2626:2636 alkaline wastewater cultivation 2606:2636 alkaline wastewater cultivation 2606:2636 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 9 90 theme improved 1707:1714 arg1 fixation 1720:1727 improved CO2 fixation 1707:1727 improved CO2 fixation 1707:1727 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 8 91 theme wastewater 1486:1495 arg1 cultivation 1497:1507 Alkaline wastewater cultivation 1477:1507 Alkaline wastewater cultivation 1477:1507 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 0 92 theme novel 91:95 arg1 modulations 125:135 novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 91:135 novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 91:135 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 5 93 theme higher 950:955 arg1 levels 957:962 higher levels 950:962 higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate 950:1007 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 5 94 theme efficient 1023:1031 arg1 fixation 1033:1040 the efficient fixation 1019:1040 the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols 1019:1130 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 0 95 theme metabolic 115:123 arg1 modulations 125:135 novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 91:135 novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 91:135 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 12 96 theme alkaline 2167:2174 arg1 mechanism 2208:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 9 97 theme wastewater 1730:1739 arg1 treatment 1741:1749 wastewater treatment 1730:1749 wastewater treatment 1730:1749 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 16 98 theme identified 2880:2889 arg1 targets 2942:2948 future genetic targets 2927:2948 future genetic targets for strain improvement 2927:2971 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 16 98 theme identified 2880:2889 arg1 pathways 2909:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 7 99 theme nutrient 1373:1380 arg1 stress 1382:1387 nutrient stress 1373:1387 nutrient stress 1373:1387 The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. 34890867 12 100 theme responsive 2187:2196 arg1 mechanism 2208:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism 2167:2216 Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. 34890867 13 101 theme terebrans 2566:2574 arg1 BERC10 2576:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10 2523:2581 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 8 102 theme carbon 1537:1542 arg1 mechanism 1558:1566 carbon concentration mechanism 1537:1566 carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) 1537:1572 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 8 102 theme carbon 1537:1542 arg1 CCM 1569:1571 CCM 1569:1571 CCM 1569:1571 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 3 103 theme 1.44-fold 542:550 arg1 biomass 559:565 a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass 532:565 a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production 532:576 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 13 104 theme BERC10 2576:2581 arg1 modulations 2508:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 associated metabolic modulations 2487:2518 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 104 theme BERC10 2576:2581 arg1 uptake 2475:2480 nutrient uptake 2466:2480 nutrient uptake 2466:2480 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 104 theme BERC10 2576:2581 arg1 assimilation 2452:2463 CO2 assimilation 2448:2463 CO2 assimilation 2448:2463 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 13 104 theme BERC10 2576:2581 arg1 growth 2440:2445 growth 2440:2445 growth 2440:2445 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 9 105 theme producing 1756:1764 arg1 18:0 1815:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 Lyso PC 18:0 1807:1818 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 9 105 theme producing 1756:1764 arg1 sterols 1825:1831 sterols 1825:1831 sterols 1825:1831 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 9 105 theme producing 1756:1764 arg1 phytoene 1797:1804 phytoene 1797:1804 phytoene 1797:1804 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 9 105 theme producing 1756:1764 arg1 bioproducts 1775:1785 producing valuable bioproducts 1756:1785 producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols 1756:1831 The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. 34890867 11 106 theme imperative 1988:1997 arg1 Alkalinity 1971:1980 Alkalinity 1971:1980 Alkalinity 1971:1980 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 11 106 theme imperative 1988:1997 arg1 SIGNIFICANCE 1957:1968 SIGNIFICANCE 1957:1968 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 1957:2137 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 11 106 theme imperative 1988:1997 arg1 factor 1999:2004 an imperative factor 1985:2004 an imperative factor 1985:2004 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 8 107 theme mechanism 1558:1566 arg1 activation 1523:1532 the activation 1519:1532 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 1519:1632 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 16 108 theme future 2927:2932 arg1 targets 2942:2948 future genetic targets 2927:2948 future genetic targets for strain improvement 2927:2971 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 16 108 theme future 2927:2932 arg1 pathways 2909:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways 2876:2916 The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. 34890867 15 109 theme wastewater 2805:2814 arg1 feasibility 2781:2791 the feasibility 2777:2791 the feasibility of alkaline wastewater 2777:2814 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 15 109 theme wastewater 2805:2814 arg1 media 2838:2842 promising low-cost media 2819:2842 promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation 2819:2873 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 5 110 theme storage 1067:1073 arg1 compounds 1075:1083 biomass, and storage compounds 1054:1083 compounds 1075:1083 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 11 111 theme wastewater 2115:2124 arg1 cultivation 2126:2136 the wastewater cultivation 2111:2136 the wastewater cultivation 2111:2136 SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. 34890867 4 112 theme cell 836:839 arg1 differentiation 841:855 overall enhanced cell differentiation 819:855 overall enhanced cell differentiation 819:855 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 10 113 theme metabolic 1840:1848 arg1 pathways 1850:1857 These metabolic pathways 1834:1857 These metabolic pathways 1834:1857 These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. 34890867 15 114 theme promising 2819:2827 arg1 feasibility 2781:2791 the feasibility 2777:2791 the feasibility of alkaline wastewater 2777:2814 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 15 114 theme promising 2819:2827 arg1 media 2838:2842 promising low-cost media 2819:2842 promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation 2819:2873 It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. 34890867 1 115 theme Alkaliphilic 138:149 arg1 candidates 178:187 suitable candidates 169:187 suitable candidates 169:187 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 1 115 theme Alkaliphilic 138:149 arg1 cyanobacteria 151:163 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria 138:163 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria 138:163 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. 34890867 2 116 theme molecular 468:476 arg1 mechanism 478:486 the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism 442:486 the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics 442:507 In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. 34890867 0 117 theme cyanobacterium 44:57 arg1 Plectonema 59:68 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema 27:68 the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema 27:68 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 0 118 dep terebrans 70:78 arg1 elucidated 80:89 elucidated 80:89 terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations 70:135 Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. 34890867 14 119 theme biosynthesis 2727:2738 arg1 activation 2652:2661 the activation 2648:2661 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 2648:2761 Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 10 120 theme future 1868:1873 arg1 targets 1875:1881 future targets 1868:1881 future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production 1868:1954 These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. 34890867 5 121 theme Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate 912:936 arg1 levels 902:907 lower levels 896:907 lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) 896:943 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 5 121 theme Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate 912:936 arg1 levels 957:962 higher levels 950:962 higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate 950:1007 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 13 122 theme CO2 2448:2450 arg1 assimilation 2452:2463 CO2 assimilation 2448:2463 CO2 assimilation 2448:2463 In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. 34890867 6 123 theme alkaline 1289:1296 arg1 cultivation 1309:1319 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1289:1319 alkaline wastewater cultivation 1289:1319 Interestingly, except L-histidine and L-phenylalanine, all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis were downregulated in response to wastewater and alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 8 124 theme biosynthesis 1598:1609 arg1 activation 1523:1532 the activation 1519:1532 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 1519:1632 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 3 125 theme biomass 559:565 arg1 production 567:576 a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production 532:576 a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production 532:576 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 7 126 theme antioxidants 1441:1452 arg1 biosynthesis 1406:1417 the biosynthesis 1402:1417 the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants 1402:1474 The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. 34890867 4 127 theme metabolomics 685:696 arg1 analysis 698:705 The metabolomics analysis 681:705 The metabolomics analysis 681:705 The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. 34890867 3 128 dep biomass 559:565 arg1 to 539:540 to 539:540 to 539:540 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34890867 10 129 theme engineering 1896:1906 arg1 targets 1875:1881 future targets 1868:1881 future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production 1868:1954 These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. 34890867 5 130 theme 2-phosphoglycerate 967:984 arg1 levels 902:907 lower levels 896:907 lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) 896:943 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 5 130 theme 2-phosphoglycerate 967:984 arg1 levels 957:962 higher levels 950:962 higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate 950:1007 Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. 34890867 8 131 theme pathway 1626:1632 arg1 activation 1523:1532 the activation 1519:1532 the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway 1519:1632 Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. 34890867 3 132 theme improved 589:596 arg1 lipid 598:602 improved lipid 589:602 improved lipid 589:602 The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. 34374017 7 0 theme N. 1956:1957 arg1 biomass 1976:1982 N. oculata defatted biomass 1956:1982 N. oculata defatted biomass 1956:1982 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 8 1 theme mixotrophic 2214:2224 arg1 SBAE 2209:2212 SBAE mixotrophic 2209:2224 SBAE mixotrophic 2209:2224 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 3 2 theme defatted 924:931 arg1 biomass 933:939 defatted biomass 924:939 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 924:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 6 3 theme cultivated 1745:1754 arg1 mixotrophically 1756:1770 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically 1728:1770 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically 1728:1770 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 4 theme mg/g 1541:1544 arg1 DW 1546:1547 177.73 mg/g DW 1534:1547 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1534:1582 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 5 theme bagasse 283:289 arg1 waste 266:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 5 theme bagasse 283:289 arg1 SBAE 308:311 SBAE 308:311 SBAE 308:311 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 5 theme bagasse 283:289 arg1 extract 299:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 273:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) 273:312 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 6 used used 318:321 arg2 extract 299:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 273:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) 273:312 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 6 used used 318:321 arg2 waste 266:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 3 7 theme bagasse 981:987 arg1 extract 997:1003 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 971:1003 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 971:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 7 theme bagasse 981:987 arg1 SBAE 1006:1009 SBAE 1006:1009 SBAE 1006:1009 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 6 8 theme defatted 1728:1735 arg1 mixotrophically 1756:1770 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically 1728:1770 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically 1728:1770 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 9 theme 135.30 1275:1280 arg1 mg/g 1282:1285 mg/g 1282:1285 mg/g 1282:1285 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 10 theme hydrolysis 1350:1359 arg1 combination 1330:1340 The combination 1326:1340 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) 1326:1414 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 11 theme microalgal 199:208 arg1 production 221:230 microalgal bioethanol production 199:230 microalgal bioethanol production 199:230 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 6 12 theme defatted 1807:1814 arg1 treatment 1824:1832 the defatted control treatment 1803:1832 the defatted control treatment 1803:1832 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 13 theme % 1364:1364 arg1 H2SO4 1372:1376 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1361:1376 acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1345:1376 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 9 14 theme g/g 2290:2292 arg1 sugar 2294:2298 0.26±0.11 g/g sugar 2280:2298 0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed 2280:2307 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 1 15 theme production 221:230 arg1 feasibility 151:161 the economic feasibility 138:161 the economic feasibility 138:161 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 15 theme production 221:230 arg1 sustainability 181:194 environmental sustainability 167:194 environmental sustainability 167:194 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 7 16 theme principal 1908:1916 arg1 sugar 1933:1937 the principal polysaccharide sugar 1904:1937 the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass 1904:1982 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 7 16 theme principal 1908:1916 arg1 % 1950:1950 60.7-62.49% 1940:1950 60.7-62.49% 1940:1950 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 7 16 theme principal 1908:1916 arg1 glucose 1892:1898 glucose 1892:1898 glucose 1892:1898 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 8 17 theme g/g 2133:2135 arg1 sugar 2137:2141 0.062 g/g sugar 2127:2141 0.062 g/g sugar consumed 2127:2150 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 6 18 from 232.39±1.77 1712:1722 arg1 DW 1796:1797 150.75 mg/g DW 1784:1797 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1784:1832 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 6 18 from 232.39±1.77 1712:1722 arg1 SBAE 1775:1778 SBAE 1775:1778 SBAE 1775:1778 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 6 19 theme sugars 1625:1630 arg1 levels 1606:1611 the highest levels 1594:1611 the highest levels of reducing sugars 1594:1630 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 6 20 theme mg/g 1791:1794 arg1 DW 1796:1797 150.75 mg/g DW 1784:1797 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1784:1832 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 21 theme control 1307:1313 arg1 treatment 1315:1323 the defatted control treatment 1294:1323 the defatted control treatment 1294:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 22 theme potential 405:413 arg1 sources 415:421 potential sources 405:421 potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034) 405:608 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 22 theme potential 405:413 arg1 microalga 363:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga 339:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) 339:400 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 5 23 theme defatted 1557:1564 arg1 treatment 1574:1582 the defatted control treatment 1553:1582 the defatted control treatment 1553:1582 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 3 24 theme mg/g 851:854 arg1 DW 856:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 6 25 theme highest 1598:1604 arg1 levels 1606:1611 the highest levels 1594:1611 the highest levels of reducing sugars 1594:1630 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 26 theme sugars 1146:1151 arg1 levels 1127:1132 the highest levels 1115:1132 the highest levels of reducing sugars 1115:1151 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 2 27 theme biomass 708:714 arg1 hydrolysate 680:690 hydrolysate 680:690 hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources 680:784 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 1 28 theme economic 142:149 arg1 feasibility 151:161 the economic feasibility 138:161 the economic feasibility 138:161 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 3 29 theme yield 838:842 arg1 DW 856:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 1 30 theme oculata 355:361 arg1 sources 415:421 potential sources 405:421 potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034) 405:608 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 30 theme oculata 355:361 arg1 LB 393:394 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 30 theme oculata 355:361 arg1 microalga 363:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga 339:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) 339:400 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 9 31 theme defatted 2346:2353 arg1 biomass 2355:2361 defatted biomass 2346:2361 defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) 2346:2402 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 5 32 dep % 1364:1364 arg1 v/v 1367:1369 v/v 1367:1369 v/v 1367:1369 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 33 theme highest 1119:1125 arg1 levels 1127:1132 the highest levels 1115:1132 the highest levels of reducing sugars 1115:1151 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 3 34 theme highest 817:823 arg1 DW 856:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 9 35 theme acid 2420:2423 arg1 hydrolysis 2440:2449 acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2420:2449 acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2420:2449 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 3 36 theme mg/g 1029:1032 arg1 DW 1034:1035 207.41 mg/g DW 1022:1035 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 1022:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 5 37 dep hydrolysis 1350:1359 arg1 H2SO4 1372:1376 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1361:1376 acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1345:1376 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 6 38 dep % 1659:1659 arg1 v/v 1662:1664 v/v 1662:1664 v/v 1662:1664 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 6 39 theme % 1659:1659 arg1 H2SO4 1667:1671 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1656:1671 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1656:1832 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 40 theme % 1179:1179 arg1 mg/g 1205:1208 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g 1176:1208 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1176:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 41 theme UTEX 380:383 arg1 LB 393:394 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 41 theme UTEX 380:383 arg1 microalga 363:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga 339:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) 339:400 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 7 42 theme polysaccharides 1864:1878 arg1 composition 1845:1855 The sugar composition 1835:1855 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides 1835:1878 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 3 43 theme biomass 1050:1056 arg1 autotrophically 1069:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically 1041:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 1041:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 43 theme biomass 1050:1056 arg1 treatment 1094:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 0 44 from biomass 36:42 arg1 production 11:20 Bioethanol production 0:20 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae 0:80 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions. 34374017 0 45 theme Bioethanol 0:9 arg1 production 11:20 Bioethanol production 0:20 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae 0:80 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions. 34374017 5 46 theme mg/g 1460:1463 arg1 DW 1465:1466 268.53 mg/g DW 1453:1466 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1453:1582 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 3 47 theme control 1086:1092 arg1 autotrophically 1069:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically 1041:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 1041:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 47 theme control 1086:1092 arg1 treatment 1094:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 8 48 theme 0.069 2179:2183 arg1 sugar 2189:2193 0.069 g/g sugar 2179:2193 0.069 g/g sugar consumed 2179:2202 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 8 49 theme hydrolysates 2005:2016 arg1 Fermentation 1985:1996 Fermentation 1985:1996 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 1985:2093 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 9 50 theme enzyme 2433:2438 arg1 hydrolysis 2440:2449 acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2420:2449 acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2420:2449 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 0 51 dep Nannochloropsis 47:61 arg1 microalgae 71:80 Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae 47:80 Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae 47:80 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions. 34374017 5 52 theme carbohydrate 1430:1441 arg1 yields 1443:1448 the carbohydrate yields 1426:1448 the carbohydrate yields 1426:1448 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 8 53 dep g/L 2174:2176 arg1 sugar 2189:2193 0.069 g/g sugar 2179:2193 0.069 g/g sugar consumed 2179:2202 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 0 54 theme Nannochloropsis 47:61 arg1 biomass 36:42 defatted biomass 27:42 defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae 27:80 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions. 34374017 9 55 from biomass 2355:2361 arg1 samples 2333:2339 samples 2333:2339 samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2333:2449 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 4 56 theme H2SO4 1187:1191 arg1 mg/g 1205:1208 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g 1176:1208 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1176:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 57 dep nontoxic 235:242 arg1 copious 245:251 copious 245:251 copious 245:251 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 5 58 theme acid 1345:1348 arg1 hydrolysis 1350:1359 acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1345:1376 acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 1345:1376 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 8 59 theme acid 2054:2057 arg1 samples 2087:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 7 60 theme biomass 1976:1982 arg1 sugar 1933:1937 the principal polysaccharide sugar 1904:1937 the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass 1904:1982 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 7 60 theme biomass 1976:1982 arg1 % 1950:1950 60.7-62.49% 1940:1950 60.7-62.49% 1940:1950 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 7 60 theme biomass 1976:1982 arg1 glucose 1892:1898 glucose 1892:1898 glucose 1892:1898 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 8 61 theme defatted 2070:2077 arg1 samples 2087:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 5 62 theme 177.73 1534:1539 arg1 mg/g 1541:1544 mg/g 1541:1544 mg/g 1541:1544 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 63 theme mg/g 1282:1285 arg1 DW 1287:1288 135.30 mg/g DW 1275:1288 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1275:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 9 64 theme ethanol 2248:2254 arg1 yield 2256:2260 the maximum ethanol yield 2236:2260 the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) 2236:2308 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 1 65 theme sugarcane 273:281 arg1 waste 266:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 65 theme sugarcane 273:281 arg1 SBAE 308:311 SBAE 308:311 SBAE 308:311 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 65 theme sugarcane 273:281 arg1 extract 299:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 273:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) 273:312 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 7 66 theme oculata 1959:1965 arg1 biomass 1976:1982 N. oculata defatted biomass 1956:1982 N. oculata defatted biomass 1956:1982 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 3 67 theme sugarcane 971:979 arg1 extract 997:1003 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 971:1003 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 971:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 67 theme sugarcane 971:979 arg1 SBAE 1006:1009 SBAE 1006:1009 SBAE 1006:1009 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 6 68 theme biomass 1737:1743 arg1 mixotrophically 1756:1770 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically 1728:1770 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically 1728:1770 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 69 dep % 1179:1179 arg1 v/v 1182:1184 v/v 1182:1184 v/v 1182:1184 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 70 theme aqueous 291:297 arg1 waste 266:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 70 theme aqueous 291:297 arg1 SBAE 308:311 SBAE 308:311 SBAE 308:311 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 70 theme aqueous 291:297 arg1 extract 299:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 273:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) 273:312 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 2 71 theme primary 615:621 arg1 target 623:628 The primary target 611:628 The primary target of this research 611:645 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 8 72 theme ethanol 2100:2106 arg1 yield 2108:2112 ethanol yield 2100:2112 ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control 2100:2163 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 2 73 theme carbon 771:776 arg1 sources 778:784 carbon sources 771:784 carbon sources 771:784 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 9 74 theme g/L 2275:2277 arg1 yield 2256:2260 the maximum ethanol yield 2236:2260 the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) 2236:2308 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 6 75 theme control 1816:1822 arg1 treatment 1824:1832 the defatted control treatment 1803:1832 the defatted control treatment 1803:1832 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 76 theme control 1566:1572 arg1 treatment 1574:1582 the defatted control treatment 1553:1582 the defatted control treatment 1553:1582 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 77 theme 2.0 1361:1363 arg1 % 1364:1364 % 1364:1364 % 1364:1364 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 9 78 theme 0.26±0.11 2280:2288 arg1 sugar 2294:2298 0.26±0.11 g/g sugar 2280:2298 0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed 2280:2307 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 1 79 theme bioethanol 210:219 arg1 production 221:230 microalgal bioethanol production 199:230 microalgal bioethanol production 199:230 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 2 80 theme research 638:645 arg1 target 623:628 The primary target 611:628 The primary target of this research 611:645 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 3 81 theme aqueous 989:995 arg1 extract 997:1003 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 971:1003 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 971:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 81 theme aqueous 989:995 arg1 SBAE 1006:1009 SBAE 1006:1009 SBAE 1006:1009 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 8 82 theme g/L 2122:2124 arg1 yield 2108:2112 ethanol yield 2100:2112 ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control 2100:2163 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 8 82 theme g/L 2122:2124 arg1 g/L 2174:2176 1.17 g/L 2169:2176 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic 2169:2224 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 7 83 theme polysaccharide 1918:1931 arg1 sugar 1933:1937 the principal polysaccharide sugar 1904:1937 the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass 1904:1982 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 7 83 theme polysaccharide 1918:1931 arg1 % 1950:1950 60.7-62.49% 1940:1950 60.7-62.49% 1940:1950 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 7 83 theme polysaccharide 1918:1931 arg1 glucose 1892:1898 glucose 1892:1898 glucose 1892:1898 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 1 84 theme nontoxic 235:242 arg1 waste 266:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 84 theme nontoxic 235:242 arg1 extract 299:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 273:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) 273:312 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 6 85 theme reducing 1616:1623 arg1 sugars 1625:1630 reducing sugars 1616:1630 reducing sugars 1616:1630 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 86 theme reducing 1137:1144 arg1 sugars 1146:1151 reducing sugars 1137:1151 reducing sugars 1137:1151 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 6 87 theme 150.75 1784:1789 arg1 mg/g 1791:1794 mg/g 1791:1794 mg/g 1791:1794 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 3 88 theme acid 791:794 arg1 AH 808:809 AH 808:809 AH 808:809 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 88 theme acid 791:794 arg1 hydrolysis 796:805 acid hydrolysis 791:805 acid hydrolysis (AH) 791:810 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 1 89 theme enzymatic 526:534 arg1 treatment 536:544 enzymatic treatment 526:544 enzymatic treatment 526:544 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 8 90 theme pretreated 2059:2068 arg1 samples 2087:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 1 91 theme traditional 442:452 arg1 nutrition 454:462 traditional nutrition 442:462 traditional nutrition 442:462 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 9 92 theme coupled 2425:2431 arg1 hydrolysis 2440:2449 acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2420:2449 acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis 2420:2449 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 3 93 theme 252.84 844:849 arg1 DW 856:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 2 94 from hydrolysate 680:690 arg1 ethanol 667:673 the ethanol 663:673 the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources 663:784 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 0 95 theme mixotrophic 94:104 arg1 conditions 106:115 mixotrophic conditions 94:115 mixotrophic conditions 94:115 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions. 34374017 3 96 theme 207.41 1022:1027 arg1 mg/g 1029:1032 mg/g 1029:1032 mg/g 1029:1032 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 1 97 theme environmental 167:179 arg1 sustainability 181:194 environmental sustainability 167:194 environmental sustainability 167:194 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 3 98 theme carbohydrate 825:836 arg1 DW 856:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW 813:857 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 1 99 theme NNO-1 374:378 arg1 LB 393:394 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 99 theme NNO-1 374:378 arg1 microalga 363:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga 339:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) 339:400 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 6 100 theme 3.0 1656:1658 arg1 % 1659:1659 % 1659:1659 % 1659:1659 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 101 theme Culture 385:391 arg1 LB 393:394 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 101 theme Culture 385:391 arg1 microalga 363:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga 339:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) 339:400 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 3 102 theme defatted 1041:1048 arg1 autotrophically 1069:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically 1041:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 1041:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 102 theme defatted 1041:1048 arg1 treatment 1094:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 5 103 theme enzymatic 1390:1398 arg1 treatment 1400:1408 enzymatic treatment 1390:1408 enzymatic treatment (AEH) 1390:1414 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 103 theme enzymatic 1390:1398 arg1 AEH 1411:1413 AEH 1411:1413 AEH 1411:1413 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 2 104 theme defatted 699:706 arg1 biomass 708:714 the defatted biomass 695:714 the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources 695:784 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 1 105 dep improve 130:136 arg1 to 127:128 to 127:128 to 127:128 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 3 106 theme % 885:885 arg1 H2SO4 893:897 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 882:897 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 882:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 4 107 theme 4.0 1176:1178 arg1 % 1179:1179 % 1179:1179 % 1179:1179 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 7 108 theme sugar 1839:1843 arg1 composition 1845:1855 The sugar composition 1835:1855 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides 1835:1878 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 8 109 dep g/L 2122:2124 arg1 sugar 2137:2141 0.062 g/g sugar 2127:2141 0.062 g/g sugar consumed 2127:2150 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 0 110 theme defatted 27:34 arg1 biomass 36:42 defatted biomass 27:42 defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae 27:80 Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions. 34374017 3 111 from °C 906:907 arg1 H2SO4 893:897 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 882:897 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 882:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 4 112 theme defatted 1217:1224 arg1 biomass 1226:1232 defatted biomass 1217:1232 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1217:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 3 113 theme cultivated 1058:1067 arg1 autotrophically 1069:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically 1041:1083 defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment) 1041:1103 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 3 113 theme cultivated 1058:1067 arg1 treatment 1094:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 control treatment 1086:1102 For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW has been obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) regarding 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment). 34374017 6 114 theme enzyme 1685:1690 arg1 treatment 1692:1700 enzyme treatment 1685:1700 enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1685:1832 However, the highest levels of reducing sugars have been obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment that gave 232.39±1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 5 115 theme defatted 1472:1479 arg1 biomass 1481:1487 defatted biomass 1472:1487 defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1472:1582 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 1 116 theme acid 507:510 arg1 digestion 512:520 acid digestion 507:520 acid digestion 507:520 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 8 117 theme g/g 2185:2187 arg1 sugar 2189:2193 0.069 g/g sugar 2179:2193 0.069 g/g sugar consumed 2179:2202 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 9 118 dep g/L 2275:2277 arg1 sugar 2294:2298 0.26±0.11 g/g sugar 2280:2298 0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed 2280:2307 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 9 119 theme mixotrophic 2391:2401 arg1 biomass 2355:2361 defatted biomass 2346:2361 defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) 2346:2402 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 1 120 theme Nannochloropsis 339:353 arg1 sources 415:421 potential sources 405:421 potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034) 405:608 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 120 theme Nannochloropsis 339:353 arg1 LB 393:394 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164 374:399 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 120 theme Nannochloropsis 339:353 arg1 microalga 363:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga 339:371 Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) 339:400 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 121 from costs 478:482 arg1 cultivation 487:497 cultivation 487:497 cultivation 487:497 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 5 122 theme 268.53 1453:1458 arg1 mg/g 1460:1463 mg/g 1460:1463 mg/g 1460:1463 The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE regarding 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 4 123 theme DW 1210:1211 arg1 mg/g 1205:1208 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g 1176:1208 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment 1176:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 34374017 2 124 theme oculata 722:728 arg1 biomass 708:714 the defatted biomass 695:714 the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources 695:784 The primary target of this research was to find out the ethanol from hydrolysate of the defatted biomass of N. oculata grown mixotrophically on SBAE and CO2 as carbon sources. 34374017 1 125 theme agricultural 253:264 arg1 waste 266:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste 233:270 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 1 125 theme agricultural 253:264 arg1 extract 299:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract 273:305 sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) 273:312 In order to improve the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of microalgal bioethanol production, a nontoxic, copious agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE) was used for cultivating Nannochloropsis oculata microalga (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) as potential sources of substitutes for traditional nutrition to reduce the costs in cultivation through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). 34374017 7 126 theme defatted 1967:1974 arg1 biomass 1976:1982 N. oculata defatted biomass 1956:1982 N. oculata defatted biomass 1956:1982 The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. 34374017 8 127 theme biomass 2079:2085 arg1 samples 2087:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples 2050:2093 Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/L (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/L (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. 34374017 9 128 theme maximum 2240:2246 arg1 yield 2256:2260 the maximum ethanol yield 2236:2260 the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) 2236:2308 Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17±0.47 g/L (0.26±0.11 g/g sugar consumed) has been obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis. 34374017 4 129 theme defatted 1298:1305 arg1 treatment 1315:1323 the defatted control treatment 1294:1323 the defatted control treatment 1294:1323 Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars has been obtained with 4.0% (v/v) H2SO4 157.47±1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. 32501784 12 0 theme =CGMCC 1805:1810 arg1 LN3S3T 1797:1802 strain LN3S3T 1790:1802 strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) 1790:1832 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 12 0 theme =CGMCC 1805:1810 arg1 72458T 1826:1831 =CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T 1805:1831 =CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T 1805:1831 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 10 1 theme strain 1668:1673 arg1 LN3S3T 1675:1680 strain LN3S3T 1668:1680 strain LN3S3T 1668:1680 Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. 32501784 9 2 theme LN3S3T 1469:1474 arg1 identity 1361:1368 The average nucleotide identity 1338:1368 The average nucleotide identity (ANI) 1338:1374 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 2 theme LN3S3T 1469:1474 arg1 values 1452:1457 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values 1415:1457 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T 1415:1531 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 2 theme LN3S3T 1469:1474 arg1 identity 1396:1403 average amino acid identity 1377:1403 average amino acid identity (AAI) 1377:1409 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 2 theme LN3S3T 1469:1474 arg1 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 2 theme LN3S3T 1469:1474 arg1 % 1552:1552 82.5 and 81.5 % 1538:1552 % 1552:1552 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 2 theme LN3S3T 1469:1474 arg1 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 3 theme E. 1479:1480 arg1 JL3085T 1488:1494 E. rosea JL3085T 1479:1494 E. rosea JL3085T 1479:1494 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 5 4 theme <96.50  764:770 arg1 % 771:771 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % 749:771 % 771:771 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 3 5 theme Gram-negative 261:273 arg1 strain 322:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain 259:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain 259:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 4 6 theme % 547:547 arg1  NaCl 548:552 0-12.5 % NaCl 540:552 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %) 540:569 Strain LN3S3T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). 32501784 4 6 theme % 547:547 arg1 optimum 555:561 optimum 555:561 optimum 555:561 Strain LN3S3T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). 32501784 8 7 theme long 1285:1288 arg1 chromosome 1290:1299 a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome 1261:1299 a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1261:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 4 8 dep optimum 514:520 arg1 pH 523:524 pH 8.0 523:528 pH 8.0 523:528 Strain LN3S3T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). 32501784 11 9 theme Echinicola 1738:1747 arg1 sp 1754:1755 Echinicola soli sp 1738:1755 Echinicola soli sp. 1738:1756 Echinicola soli sp. 32501784 5 10 theme 97.0 749:752 arg1 % 771:771 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % 749:771 % 771:771 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 9 11 theme MEBiC08714T 1521:1531 arg1 identity 1361:1368 The average nucleotide identity 1338:1368 The average nucleotide identity (ANI) 1338:1374 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 11 theme MEBiC08714T 1521:1531 arg1 values 1452:1457 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values 1415:1457 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T 1415:1531 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 11 theme MEBiC08714T 1521:1531 arg1 identity 1396:1403 average amino acid identity 1377:1403 average amino acid identity (AAI) 1377:1409 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 11 theme MEBiC08714T 1521:1531 arg1 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 11 theme MEBiC08714T 1521:1531 arg1 % 1552:1552 82.5 and 81.5 % 1538:1552 % 1552:1552 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 11 theme MEBiC08714T 1521:1531 arg1 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 12 12 theme type 1841:1844 arg1 strain 1846:1851 the type strain 1837:1851 the type strain 1837:1851 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 12 12 theme type 1841:1844 arg1 nov. 1758:1761 nov. 1758:1761 nov. 1758:1761 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 5 13 theme sequence 790:797 arg1 similarities 799:810 rRNA gene sequence similarities 780:810 rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains 780:891 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 9 14 theme 82.5 1538:1541 arg1 identity 1361:1368 The average nucleotide identity 1338:1368 The average nucleotide identity (ANI) 1338:1374 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 14 theme 82.5 1538:1541 arg1 % 1552:1552 82.5 and 81.5 % 1538:1552 % 1552:1552 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 8 15 theme DNA 1308:1310 arg1 content 1316:1322 a DNA G+C content 1306:1322 a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1306:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 5 16 theme phylogenetic 574:585 arg1 tree 587:590 A phylogenetic tree 572:590 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences 572:627 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 2 17 theme hypersaline 233:243 arg1 environments 245:256 hypersaline environments 233:256 hypersaline environments 233:256 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 9 18 theme 81.5  1547:1551 arg1 identity 1361:1368 The average nucleotide identity 1338:1368 The average nucleotide identity (ANI) 1338:1374 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 18 theme 81.5  1547:1551 arg1 % 1552:1552 82.5 and 81.5 % 1538:1552 % 1552:1552 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 6 19 theme polar 1103:1107 arg1 lipids 1109:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 19 theme polar 1103:1107 arg1 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 19 theme polar 1103:1107 arg1 aminolipids 1076:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 19 theme polar 1103:1107 arg1 phospholipids 983:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 19 theme polar 1103:1107 arg1 lipid 1049:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 19 theme polar 1103:1107 arg1 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 7 20 theme fatty 1136:1140 arg1 acids 1142:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids 1117:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids 1117:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 9 21 theme nucleotide 1350:1359 arg1 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 21 theme nucleotide 1350:1359 arg1 identity 1361:1368 The average nucleotide identity 1338:1368 The average nucleotide identity (ANI) 1338:1374 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 21 theme nucleotide 1350:1359 arg1 % 1552:1552 82.5 and 81.5 % 1538:1552 % 1552:1552 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 8 22 theme 44.0 mol 1327:1334 arg1 % 1335:1335 44.0 mol% 1327:1335 44.0 mol% 1327:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 7 23 theme major 1121:1125 arg1 acids 1142:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids 1117:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids 1117:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 4 24 dep optimum 485:491 arg1 30 °C 494:498 30 °C 494:498 30 °C 494:498 Strain LN3S3T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). 32501784 5 25 theme rRNA 780:783 arg1 similarities 799:810 rRNA gene sequence similarities 780:810 rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains 780:891 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 5 26 theme rRNA 609:612 arg1 sequences 619:627 the 16S rRNA gene sequences 601:627 the 16S rRNA gene sequences 601:627 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 1 27 theme saline 49:54 arg1 soil 56:59 alkaline saline soil 40:59 alkaline saline soil 40:59 nov., isolated from alkaline saline soil. 32501784 9 28 theme average 1377:1383 arg1 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 28 theme average 1377:1383 arg1 identity 1396:1403 average amino acid identity 1377:1403 average amino acid identity (AAI) 1377:1409 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 3 29 theme bacterial 312:320 arg1 strain 322:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain 259:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain 259:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 30 theme Tumd 399:402 arg1 Banner 410:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 30 theme Tumd 399:402 arg1 Mongolia 424:431 Inner Mongolia 418:431 Inner Mongolia 418:431 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 30 theme Tumd 399:402 arg1 China 446:450 northern PR China 434:450 northern PR China 434:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 0 31 theme Echinicola 0:9 arg1 sp 16:17 Echinicola soli sp 0:17 Echinicola soli sp. 0:18 Echinicola soli sp. 32501784 9 32 theme acid 1391:1394 arg1 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 32 theme acid 1391:1394 arg1 identity 1396:1403 average amino acid identity 1377:1403 average amino acid identity (AAI) 1377:1409 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 2 33 theme high 142:145 arg1 capacity 165:172 their high enzyme production capacity 136:172 their high enzyme production capacity 136:172 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 2 34 from environments 245:256 arg1 ubiquitous 219:228 ubiquitous 219:228 ubiquitous 219:228 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 10 35 theme physiological 1616:1628 arg1 analyses 1658:1665 physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses 1616:1665 physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses 1616:1665 Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. 32501784 3 36 theme Inner 418:422 arg1 Banner 410:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 36 theme Inner 418:422 arg1 Mongolia 424:431 Inner Mongolia 418:431 Inner Mongolia 418:431 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 6 37 theme major 907:911 arg1 quinone 925:931 the major respiratory quinone 903:931 the major respiratory quinone 903:931 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 37 theme major 907:911 arg1 MK-7 894:897 MK-7 894:897 MK-7 894:897 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 3 38 theme saline 376:381 arg1 soil 383:386 alkaline saline soil 367:386 alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China 367:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 9 39 theme digital 1415:1421 arg1 hybridization 1431:1443 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1415:1443 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T 1415:1531 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 39 theme digital 1415:1421 arg1 dDDH 1446:1449 dDDH 1446:1449 dDDH 1446:1449 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 10 40 theme phylogenetic 1645:1656 arg1 analyses 1658:1665 physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses 1616:1665 physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses 1616:1665 Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. 32501784 3 41 theme PR 443:444 arg1 Banner 410:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 41 theme PR 443:444 arg1 China 446:450 northern PR China 434:450 northern PR China 434:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 5 42 theme other 874:878 arg1 strains 885:891 all other type strains 870:891 all other type strains 870:891 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 2 43 theme production 154:163 arg1 capacity 165:172 their high enzyme production capacity 136:172 their high enzyme production capacity 136:172 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 8 44 theme 5 550 304 bp 1272:1283 arg1 chromosome 1290:1299 a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome 1261:1299 a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1261:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 12 45 theme strain 1790:1795 arg1 LN3S3T 1797:1802 strain LN3S3T 1790:1802 strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) 1790:1832 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 12 45 theme strain 1790:1795 arg1 72458T 1826:1831 =CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T 1805:1831 =CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T 1805:1831 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 4 46 dep optimum 555:561 arg1 % 568:568 2.0 % 564:568 2.0 % 564:568 Strain LN3S3T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). 32501784 3 47 dep Gram-negative 261:273 arg1 forming 286:292 forming 286:292 forming 286:292 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 47 dep Gram-negative 261:273 arg1 aerobic 304:310 aerobic 304:310 aerobic 304:310 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 47 dep Gram-negative 261:273 arg1 gliding 295:301 gliding 295:301 gliding 295:301 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 6 48 theme unidentified 970:981 arg1 lipids 1109:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 48 theme unidentified 970:981 arg1 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 48 theme unidentified 970:981 arg1 aminolipids 1076:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 48 theme unidentified 970:981 arg1 phospholipids 983:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 48 theme unidentified 970:981 arg1 lipid 1049:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 48 theme unidentified 970:981 arg1 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 9 49 theme strain 1462:1467 arg1 LN3S3T 1469:1474 strain LN3S3T 1462:1474 strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T 1462:1494 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 6 50 theme unidentified 1063:1074 arg1 lipids 1109:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 50 theme unidentified 1063:1074 arg1 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 50 theme unidentified 1063:1074 arg1 aminolipids 1076:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 50 theme unidentified 1063:1074 arg1 phospholipids 983:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 50 theme unidentified 1063:1074 arg1 lipid 1049:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 50 theme unidentified 1063:1074 arg1 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 9 51 theme rosea 1482:1486 arg1 JL3085T 1488:1494 E. rosea JL3085T 1479:1494 E. rosea JL3085T 1479:1494 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 6 52 theme unidentified 1036:1047 arg1 lipids 1109:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 52 theme unidentified 1036:1047 arg1 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 52 theme unidentified 1036:1047 arg1 aminolipids 1076:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 52 theme unidentified 1036:1047 arg1 phospholipids 983:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 52 theme unidentified 1036:1047 arg1 lipid 1049:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 52 theme unidentified 1036:1047 arg1 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 4 53 theme 0-12.5  540:546 arg1 % 547:547 % 547:547 % 547:547 Strain LN3S3T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). 32501784 10 54 theme phylogenetic 1714:1725 arg1 relatives 1727:1735 its phylogenetic relatives 1710:1735 its phylogenetic relatives 1710:1735 Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. 32501784 2 55 theme Echinicola 73:82 arg1 Strains 62:68 Strains 62:68 Strains 62:68 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 2 56 theme polysaccharides 198:212 arg1 decomposition 181:193 decomposition 181:193 decomposition of polysaccharides 181:212 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 5 57 theme gene 785:788 arg1 similarities 799:810 rRNA gene sequence similarities 780:810 rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains 780:891 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 8 58 theme G+C 1312:1314 arg1 content 1316:1322 a DNA G+C content 1306:1322 a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1306:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 7 59 dep  0 1179:1180 arg1 C16  1204:1207 C16  1204:1207 C16  1204:1207 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 3 60 attach isolated 353:360 arg1 soil 383:386 alkaline saline soil 367:386 alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China 367:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 60 attach isolated 353:360 arg2 strain 322:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain 259:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain 259:327 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 7 61 dep  0 1162:1163 arg1  0 1179:1180  0 1179:1180  0 1179:1180 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 7 61 dep  0 1162:1163 arg1 feature 1193:1199 summed feature 3 1186:1201 summed feature 3 1186:1201 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 8 62 with chromosome 1290:1299 arg1 content 1316:1322 a DNA G+C content 1306:1322 a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1306:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 7 63 theme cellular 1127:1134 arg1 acids 1142:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids 1117:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids 1117:1146 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 11 64 theme soli 1749:1752 arg1 sp 1754:1755 Echinicola soli sp 1738:1755 Echinicola soli sp. 1738:1756 Echinicola soli sp. 32501784 9 65 theme average 1342:1348 arg1 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 ANI 1371:1373 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 65 theme average 1342:1348 arg1 identity 1361:1368 The average nucleotide identity 1338:1368 The average nucleotide identity (ANI) 1338:1374 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 65 theme average 1342:1348 arg1 % 1552:1552 82.5 and 81.5 % 1538:1552 % 1552:1552 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 8 66 theme % 1335:1335 arg1 content 1316:1322 a DNA G+C content 1306:1322 a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1306:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32501784 6 67 theme major 1097:1101 arg1 lipids 1109:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 the major polar lipids 1093:1114 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 67 theme major 1097:1101 arg1 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 aminophospholipid 1014:1030 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 67 theme major 1097:1101 arg1 aminolipids 1076:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 two unidentified aminolipids 1059:1086 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 67 theme major 1097:1101 arg1 phospholipids 983:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 two unidentified phospholipids 966:995 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 67 theme major 1097:1101 arg1 lipid 1049:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 an unidentified lipid 1033:1053 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 67 theme major 1097:1101 arg1 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 phosphatidylethanolamine 940:963 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 12 68 theme 1.17081T=KCTC 1812:1824 arg1 LN3S3T 1797:1802 strain LN3S3T 1790:1802 strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) 1790:1832 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 12 68 theme 1.17081T=KCTC 1812:1824 arg1 72458T 1826:1831 =CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T 1805:1831 =CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T 1805:1831 nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain. 32501784 5 69 theme strain 641:646 arg1 LN3S3T 648:653 strain LN3S3T 641:653 strain LN3S3T 641:653 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 9 70 theme 87.5 1555:1558 arg1 % 1569:1569 87.5 and 86.0 % 1555:1569 % 1569:1569 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 5 71 theme 16S 605:607 arg1 sequences 619:627 the 16S rRNA gene sequences 601:627 the 16S rRNA gene sequences 601:627 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 9 72 theme hybridization 1431:1443 arg1 values 1452:1457 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values 1415:1457 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T 1415:1531 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 1 73 theme alkaline 40:47 arg1 soil 56:59 alkaline saline soil 40:59 alkaline saline soil 40:59 nov., isolated from alkaline saline soil. 32501784 9 74 theme 86.0  1564:1568 arg1 % 1569:1569 87.5 and 86.0 % 1555:1569 % 1569:1569 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 5 75 theme gene 614:617 arg1 sequences 619:627 the 16S rRNA gene sequences 601:627 the 16S rRNA gene sequences 601:627 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 0 76 theme soli 11:14 arg1 sp 16:17 Echinicola soli sp 0:17 Echinicola soli sp. 0:18 Echinicola soli sp. 32501784 9 77 theme amino 1385:1389 arg1 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 AAI 1406:1408 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 77 theme amino 1385:1389 arg1 identity 1396:1403 average amino acid identity 1377:1403 average amino acid identity (AAI) 1377:1409 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 3 78 theme alkaline 367:374 arg1 soil 383:386 alkaline saline soil 367:386 alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China 367:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 10 79 theme genotypic 1631:1639 arg1 analyses 1658:1665 physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses 1616:1665 physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses 1616:1665 Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. 32501784 3 80 theme Right 404:408 arg1 Banner 410:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 80 theme Right 404:408 arg1 Mongolia 424:431 Inner Mongolia 418:431 Inner Mongolia 418:431 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 80 theme Right 404:408 arg1 China 446:450 northern PR China 434:450 northern PR China 434:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 7 81 dep iso-C15  1153:1160 arg1  0 1162:1163  0 1162:1163  0 1162:1163 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 2 82 from ubiquitous 219:228 arg1 environments 245:256 hypersaline environments 233:256 hypersaline environments 233:256 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 7 83 theme summed 1186:1191 arg1 feature 1193:1199 summed feature 3 1186:1201 summed feature 3 1186:1201 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 2 84 theme enzyme 147:152 arg1 capacity 165:172 their high enzyme production capacity 136:172 their high enzyme production capacity 136:172 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 3 85 theme northern 434:441 arg1 Banner 410:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 Tumd Right Banner 399:415 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 3 85 theme northern 434:441 arg1 China 446:450 northern PR China 434:450 northern PR China 434:450 A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. 32501784 6 86 theme respiratory 913:923 arg1 quinone 925:931 the major respiratory quinone 903:931 the major respiratory quinone 903:931 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 6 86 theme respiratory 913:923 arg1 MK-7 894:897 MK-7 894:897 MK-7 894:897 MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. 32501784 7 87 dep C16  1204:1207 arg1 C16  1223:1226 C16  1223:1226 C16  1223:1226 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 7 87 dep C16  1204:1207 arg1 ω6c 1231:1233 ω6c 1231:1233 ω6c 1231:1233 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 7 87 dep C16  1204:1207 arg1 ω7c 1212:1214 ω7c 1212:1214 ω7c 1212:1214 Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). 32501784 9 88 theme DNA-DNA 1423:1429 arg1 hybridization 1431:1443 digital DNA-DNA hybridization 1415:1443 digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T 1415:1531 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 9 88 theme DNA-DNA 1423:1429 arg1 dDDH 1446:1449 dDDH 1446:1449 dDDH 1446:1449 The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. 32501784 5 89 theme type 880:883 arg1 strains 885:891 all other type strains 870:891 all other type strains 870:891 A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. 32501784 2 90 theme vital 101:105 arg1 roles 107:111 vital roles 101:111 vital roles 101:111 Strains of Echinicola, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. 32501784 8 91 theme circular 1263:1270 arg1 chromosome 1290:1299 a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome 1261:1299 a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol% 1261:1335 The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. 32265995 6 0 theme blot 916:919 arg1 analysis 921:928 Western blot analysis 908:928 Western blot analysis 908:928 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 6 1 theme cell 1080:1083 arg1 invasion 1085:1092 cervical cancer cell invasion 1064:1092 cervical cancer cell invasion 1064:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 3 2 from effective 495:503 arg1 treatment 512:520 the treatment 508:520 the treatment of cervical cancer 508:539 Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 12 3 theme target 1997:2002 arg1 compounds 2004:2012 macromolecular target compounds 1982:2012 macromolecular target compounds 1982:2012 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 9 4 theme cell 1647:1650 arg1 cytoskeleton 1652:1663 the cell cytoskeleton 1643:1663 the cell cytoskeleton 1643:1663 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 10 5 theme cancer 1745:1750 arg1 cells 1752:1756 cervical cancer cells 1736:1756 cervical cancer cells 1736:1756 DCP1A and TMSB4X, the two proteins regulating autophagy, increased in cervical cancer cells when treated with AS-IV. 32265995 6 6 theme invasion 892:899 arg1 assay 901:905 invasion assay 892:905 invasion assay 892:905 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 4 7 theme several 654:660 arg1 pathways 677:684 several cell signaling pathways 654:684 several cell signaling pathways 654:684 Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a compound belonging to Astragalus polysaccharides, shows anticancer activity through several cell signaling pathways. 32265995 3 8 theme cervical 525:532 arg1 cancer 534:539 cervical cancer 525:539 cervical cancer 525:539 Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 4 9 theme signaling 667:675 arg1 pathways 677:684 several cell signaling pathways 654:684 several cell signaling pathways 654:684 Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a compound belonging to Astragalus polysaccharides, shows anticancer activity through several cell signaling pathways. 32265995 6 10 theme reaction 965:972 arg1 analysis 991:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis 956:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion 956:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 12 11 theme compounds 2087:2095 arg1 screening 2063:2071 the screening 2059:2071 the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer 2059:2136 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 5 12 theme detailed 700:707 arg1 mechanism 719:727 the detailed molecular mechanism 696:727 the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV 696:770 However, the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV remains unknown. 32265995 7 13 from autophagy 1186:1194 arg1 them 1199:1202 them 1199:1202 them 1199:1202 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 32265995 6 14 theme iTRAQ 935:939 arg1 combination 941:951 iTRAQ combination 935:951 iTRAQ combination 935:951 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 1 15 from women 208:212 arg1 countries 228:236 developing countries 217:236 developing countries 217:236 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 1 16 theme BACKGROUND 132:141 arg1 cancer 152:157 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer 132:157 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer 132:157 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 12 17 from strategy 2047:2054 arg1 screening 2063:2071 the screening 2059:2071 the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer 2059:2136 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 9 18 theme expressed 1472:1480 arg1 proteins 1482:1489 These differentially expressed proteins 1451:1489 These differentially expressed proteins 1451:1489 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 8 19 theme cells 1444:1448 arg1 downregulation 1420:1433 the downregulation 1416:1433 the downregulation of these cells 1416:1448 We also identified 32 proteins that were differentially expressed in the SiHa cells when treated with AS-IV, with 16 of them involved in the upregulation and 16 in the downregulation of these cells. 32265995 7 20 theme tumor 1214:1218 arg1 curve 1227:1231 the tumor growth curve 1210:1231 the tumor growth curve 1210:1231 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 32265995 1 21 from cause 186:190 arg1 women 208:212 women 208:212 women in developing countries 208:236 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 12 22 theme iTRAQ 1911:1915 arg1 combination 1917:1927 iTRAQ combination 1911:1927 iTRAQ combination by PRM 1911:1934 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 1 23 theme leading 178:184 arg1 cause 186:190 the second leading cause 167:190 the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries 167:236 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 0 24 theme cervical 101:108 arg1 invasion 122:129 cervical cancer cell invasion 101:129 cervical cancer cell invasion 101:129 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 2 25 theme advanced 392:399 arg1 patients 417:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 0 26 theme cell 117:120 arg1 invasion 122:129 cervical cancer cell invasion 101:129 cervical cancer cell invasion 101:129 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 11 27 theme cancer 1891:1896 arg1 cells 1898:1902 cervical cancer cells 1882:1902 cervical cancer cells 1882:1902 CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells. 32265995 0 28 theme Quantitative 0:11 arg1 analysis 24:31 Quantitative proteomics analysis 0:31 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins 0:68 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 7 29 theme cell 1160:1163 arg1 invasion 1165:1172 cervical cancer cell invasion 1144:1172 cervical cancer cell invasion 1144:1172 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 32265995 10 30 theme cervical 1736:1743 arg1 cells 1752:1756 cervical cancer cells 1736:1756 cervical cancer cells 1736:1756 DCP1A and TMSB4X, the two proteins regulating autophagy, increased in cervical cancer cells when treated with AS-IV. 32265995 6 31 theme cell 873:876 arg1 migration 878:886 transwell cell migration 863:886 transwell cell migration 863:886 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 9 32 theme cell 1575:1578 arg1 development 1580:1590 cell development 1575:1590 cell development 1575:1590 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 6 33 theme AS-IV 1036:1040 arg1 mechanism 1023:1031 the molecular mechanism 1009:1031 the molecular mechanism of AS-IV 1009:1040 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 3 34 theme Traditional 445:455 arg1 medicine 465:472 Traditional Chinese medicine 445:472 Traditional Chinese medicine 445:472 Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 2 35 theme cancer 410:415 arg1 patients 417:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 7 36 theme cervical 1144:1151 arg1 invasion 1165:1172 cervical cancer cell invasion 1144:1172 cervical cancer cell invasion 1144:1172 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 32265995 2 37 from rate 384:387 arg1 patients 417:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 5 38 theme AS-IV 766:770 arg1 activity 754:761 the anticancer activity 739:761 the anticancer activity of AS-IV 739:770 However, the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV remains unknown. 32265995 0 39 theme proteins 61:68 arg1 analysis 24:31 Quantitative proteomics analysis 0:31 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins 0:68 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 6 40 theme xenograft 843:851 arg1 analysis 853:860 tumor xenograft analysis 837:860 tumor xenograft analysis 837:860 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 11 41 theme cervical 1832:1839 arg1 invasion 1848:1855 cervical cancer invasion 1832:1855 cervical cancer invasion 1832:1855 CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells. 32265995 3 42 theme Chinese 457:463 arg1 medicine 465:472 Traditional Chinese medicine 445:472 Traditional Chinese medicine 445:472 Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 6 43 theme invasion 1085:1092 arg1 suppression 1049:1059 the suppression 1045:1059 the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion 1045:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 4 44 theme Astragalus 592:601 arg1 polysaccharides 603:617 Astragalus polysaccharides 592:617 Astragalus polysaccharides 592:617 Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a compound belonging to Astragalus polysaccharides, shows anticancer activity through several cell signaling pathways. 32265995 6 45 theme Western 908:914 arg1 analysis 921:928 Western blot analysis 908:928 Western blot analysis 908:928 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 6 46 theme cancer 1073:1078 arg1 invasion 1085:1092 cervical cancer cell invasion 1064:1092 cervical cancer cell invasion 1064:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 3 47 theme cancer 534:539 arg1 treatment 512:520 the treatment 508:520 the treatment of cervical cancer 508:539 Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 12 48 theme macromolecular 1982:1995 arg1 compounds 2004:2012 macromolecular target compounds 1982:2012 macromolecular target compounds 1982:2012 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 9 49 theme cytoskeleton 1652:1663 arg1 composition 1628:1638 the composition 1624:1638 the composition of the cell cytoskeleton 1624:1663 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 6 50 dep MATERIAL 789:796 arg1 performed 827:835 performed 827:835 performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion 827:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 3 51 from treatment 512:520 arg1 effective 495:503 effective 495:503 effective 495:503 Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 2 52 theme vaccine 286:292 arg1 therapy 294:300 vaccine therapy 286:300 vaccine therapy 286:300 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 12 53 theme cervical 2122:2129 arg1 cancer 2131:2136 cervical cancer 2122:2136 cervical cancer 2122:2136 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 7 54 dep RESULTS 1095:1101 arg1 showed 1115:1120 showed 1115:1120 showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly 1115:1249 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 32265995 8 55 from 16 1366:1367 arg1 downregulation 1420:1433 the downregulation 1416:1433 the downregulation of these cells 1416:1448 We also identified 32 proteins that were differentially expressed in the SiHa cells when treated with AS-IV, with 16 of them involved in the upregulation and 16 in the downregulation of these cells. 32265995 1 56 theme mortality 195:203 arg1 cause 186:190 the second leading cause 167:190 the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries 167:236 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 6 57 theme monitoring 974:983 arg1 analysis 991:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis 956:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion 956:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 4 58 theme cell 662:665 arg1 pathways 677:684 several cell signaling pathways 654:684 several cell signaling pathways 654:684 Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a compound belonging to Astragalus polysaccharides, shows anticancer activity through several cell signaling pathways. 32265995 6 59 theme parallel 956:963 arg1 analysis 991:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis 956:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion 956:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 12 60 theme anticancer 2076:2085 arg1 compounds 2087:2095 anticancer compounds 2076:2095 anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer 2076:2136 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 5 61 theme molecular 709:717 arg1 mechanism 719:727 the detailed molecular mechanism 696:727 the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV 696:770 However, the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV remains unknown. 32265995 1 62 theme developing 217:226 arg1 countries 228:236 developing countries 217:236 developing countries 217:236 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 4 63 theme anticancer 626:635 arg1 activity 637:644 anticancer activity 626:644 anticancer activity 626:644 Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a compound belonging to Astragalus polysaccharides, shows anticancer activity through several cell signaling pathways. 32265995 1 64 theme Cervical 143:150 arg1 cancer 152:157 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer 132:157 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer 132:157 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 6 65 theme molecular 1013:1021 arg1 mechanism 1023:1031 the molecular mechanism 1009:1031 the molecular mechanism of AS-IV 1009:1040 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 11 66 dep CONCLUSIONS 1783:1793 arg1 conclude 1798:1805 conclude 1798:1805 conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells 1798:1902 CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells. 32265995 1 67 theme second 171:176 arg1 cause 186:190 the second leading cause 167:190 the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries 167:236 BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. 32265995 12 68 theme novel 2041:2045 arg1 strategy 2047:2054 a novel strategy 2039:2054 a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer 2039:2136 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 12 68 theme novel 2041:2045 arg1 it 2015:2016 it 2015:2016 it 2015:2016 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 0 69 theme cancer 110:115 arg1 invasion 122:129 cervical cancer cell invasion 101:129 cervical cancer cell invasion 101:129 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 9 70 theme actin-myosin 1517:1528 arg1 complexes 1530:1538 actin-myosin complexes 1517:1538 actin-myosin complexes 1517:1538 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 6 71 theme PRM 986:988 arg1 analysis 991:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis 956:998 parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion 956:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 8 72 theme SiHa 1325:1328 arg1 cells 1330:1334 the SiHa cells 1321:1334 the SiHa cells 1321:1334 We also identified 32 proteins that were differentially expressed in the SiHa cells when treated with AS-IV, with 16 of them involved in the upregulation and 16 in the downregulation of these cells. 32265995 5 73 theme anticancer 743:752 arg1 activity 754:761 the anticancer activity 739:761 the anticancer activity of AS-IV 739:770 However, the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV remains unknown. 32265995 6 74 theme cervical 1064:1071 arg1 invasion 1085:1092 cervical cancer cell invasion 1064:1092 cervical cancer cell invasion 1064:1092 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 0 75 theme proteomics 13:22 arg1 analysis 24:31 Quantitative proteomics analysis 0:31 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins 0:68 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 9 76 theme cell 1552:1555 arg1 proliferation 1557:1569 cell proliferation 1552:1569 cell proliferation 1552:1569 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 2 77 theme survival 375:382 arg1 low 440:442 low 440:442 low 440:442 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 2 77 theme survival 375:382 arg1 rate 384:387 the survival rate 371:387 the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients 371:424 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 7 78 theme cancer 1153:1158 arg1 invasion 1165:1172 cervical cancer cell invasion 1144:1172 cervical cancer cell invasion 1144:1172 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 32265995 0 79 theme expressed 51:59 arg1 proteins 61:68 differentially expressed proteins 36:68 differentially expressed proteins 36:68 Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 6 80 theme transwell 863:871 arg1 migration 878:886 transwell cell migration 863:886 transwell cell migration 863:886 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 2 81 theme cervical 401:408 arg1 patients 417:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 advanced cervical cancer patients 392:424 While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. 32265995 9 82 theme steroid 1595:1601 arg1 binding 1603:1609 steroid binding 1595:1609 steroid binding 1595:1609 These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin-myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. 32265995 8 83 theme them 1372:1375 arg1 them 1372:1375 them 1372:1375 them 1372:1375 We also identified 32 proteins that were differentially expressed in the SiHa cells when treated with AS-IV, with 16 of them involved in the upregulation and 16 in the downregulation of these cells. 32265995 8 83 theme them 1372:1375 arg1 16 1366:1367 16 1366:1367 16 1366:1367 We also identified 32 proteins that were differentially expressed in the SiHa cells when treated with AS-IV, with 16 of them involved in the upregulation and 16 in the downregulation of these cells. 32265995 6 84 theme tumor 837:841 arg1 analysis 853:860 tumor xenograft analysis 837:860 tumor xenograft analysis 837:860 MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. 32265995 12 85 theme cancer 2131:2136 arg1 treatment 2109:2117 the treatment 2105:2117 the treatment of cervical cancer 2105:2136 Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer. 32265995 11 86 theme cancer 1841:1846 arg1 invasion 1848:1855 cervical cancer invasion 1832:1855 cervical cancer invasion 1832:1855 CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells. 32265995 11 87 theme cervical 1882:1889 arg1 cells 1898:1902 cervical cancer cells 1882:1902 cervical cancer cells 1882:1902 CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells. 32265995 7 88 theme growth 1220:1225 arg1 curve 1227:1231 the tumor growth curve 1210:1231 the tumor growth curve 1210:1231 RESULTS Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. 31982765 12 0 theme LF-SOM 2500:2505 arg1 degradation 2507:2517 LF-SOM degradation 2500:2517 LF-SOM degradation 2500:2517 Under future climate change, microbial activity will increase as temperature increases, which will promote LF-SOM degradation only if precipitation also increases. 31982765 5 1 theme aromatic-derived 1273:1288 arg1 compounds 1290:1298 aromatic-derived compounds 1273:1298 aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics) 1273:1338 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 1 theme aromatic-derived 1273:1288 arg1 aromatics 1311:1319 aromatics 1311:1319 aromatics 1311:1319 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 1 theme aromatic-derived 1273:1288 arg1 polyaromatics 1325:1337 polyaromatics 1325:1337 polyaromatics 1325:1337 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 10 2 link plant-derived 2175:2187 arg1 compounds 2189:2197 plant-derived compounds 2175:2197 plant-derived compounds 2175:2197 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 5 3 link Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 lignin 1069:1074 lignin 1069:1074 lignin 1069:1074 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 3 link Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 compounds 1038:1046 Plant-derived compounds 1024:1046 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) 1024:1132 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 3 link Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 polysaccharides 1105:1119 polysaccharides 1105:1119 polysaccharides 1105:1119 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 3 link Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 compounds 1094:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 3 link Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 phenols 1125:1131 phenols 1125:1131 phenols 1125:1131 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 4 link aromatic-derived 1273:1288 arg1 compounds 1290:1298 aromatic-derived compounds 1273:1298 aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics) 1273:1338 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 4 link aromatic-derived 1273:1288 arg1 aromatics 1311:1319 aromatics 1311:1319 aromatics 1311:1319 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 4 link aromatic-derived 1273:1288 arg1 polyaromatics 1325:1337 polyaromatics 1325:1337 polyaromatics 1325:1337 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 2 5 dep warming 310:316 arg1 +2 °C 319:323 +2 °C 319:323 +2 °C 319:323 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 3 6 theme input 812:816 arg1 contributions 784:796 the contributions 780:796 the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation 780:867 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 6 7 theme alpine 1409:1414 arg1 grassland 1416:1424 the alpine grassland 1405:1424 the alpine grassland 1405:1424 In contrast, warming alone intensified the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM. 31982765 11 8 link aromatic-derived 2344:2359 arg1 compounds 2361:2369 aromatic-derived compounds 2344:2369 aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance) 2344:2390 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 11 8 link aromatic-derived 2344:2359 arg1 abundance 2381:2389 relative abundance 2372:2389 relative abundance 2372:2389 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 1 9 theme soil 235:238 arg1 sequestration 247:259 soil carbon sequestration 235:259 soil carbon sequestration 235:259 Global warming accompanied by precipitation changes impacts soil carbon sequestration. 31982765 4 10 theme precipitation 982:994 arg1 effect 962:967 the positive effect 949:967 the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity 949:1021 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 12 11 theme temperature 2458:2468 arg1 increases 2470:2478 temperature increases 2458:2478 temperature increases 2458:2478 Under future climate change, microbial activity will increase as temperature increases, which will promote LF-SOM degradation only if precipitation also increases. 31982765 10 12 theme soil 2088:2091 arg1 Actinobacteria 2036:2049 Actinobacteria 2036:2049 Actinobacteria (approximately 20%) 2036:2069 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 10 12 theme soil 2088:2091 arg1 Acidobacteria 1998:2010 Acidobacteria 1998:2010 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) 1998:2030 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 10 12 theme soil 2088:2091 arg1 communities 2103:2113 the dominant soil bacterial communities 2075:2113 the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland 2075:2137 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 2 13 theme three-year 264:273 arg1 experiment 294:303 A three-year field manipulation experiment 262:303 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) 262:422 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 3 14 theme SOM 595:597 arg1 fingerprints 608:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints 579:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints 579:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 11 15 theme same 2207:2210 arg1 time 2212:2215 the same time 2203:2215 the same time 2203:2215 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 7 16 theme microorganisms 1682:1695 arg1 growth 1672:1677 the growth 1668:1677 the growth of microorganisms 1668:1695 Warming plus increased precipitation not only alleviated the water loss caused by warming but also increased soil temperature, which was more favorable for the growth of microorganisms. 31982765 4 17 theme positive 953:960 arg1 effect 962:967 the positive effect 949:967 the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity 949:1021 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 3 18 theme degradation 832:842 arg1 contributions 784:796 the contributions 780:796 the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation 780:867 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 2 19 theme manipulation 281:292 arg1 experiment 294:303 A three-year field manipulation experiment 262:303 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) 262:422 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 12 20 theme climate 2406:2412 arg1 change 2414:2419 future climate change 2399:2419 future climate change 2399:2419 Under future climate change, microbial activity will increase as temperature increases, which will promote LF-SOM degradation only if precipitation also increases. 31982765 8 21 link microbial-derived 1736:1752 arg1 compounds 1754:1762 microbial-derived compounds 1736:1762 microbial-derived compounds 1736:1762 This was reflected in the increase in microbial-derived compounds in LF-SOM with increasing soil temperature, which contributed to LF-SOM degradation. 31982765 9 22 from compounds 1891:1899 arg1 soil 1904:1907 soil 1904:1907 soil 1904:1907 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 4 23 theme vegetation 999:1008 arg1 productivity 1010:1021 vegetation productivity 999:1021 vegetation productivity 999:1021 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 3 24 theme LF-SOM 847:852 arg1 transformation 854:867 LF-SOM transformation 847:867 LF-SOM transformation 847:867 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 5 25 theme increasing 1157:1166 arg1 moisture 1173:1180 increasing soil moisture 1157:1180 increasing soil moisture 1157:1180 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 2 26 theme future 521:526 arg1 change 536:541 future climate change 521:541 future climate change 521:541 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 0 27 theme matter 115:120 arg1 turnover 74:81 turnover 74:81 turnover 74:81 Warming and increased precipitation indirectly affect the composition and turnover of labile-fraction soil organic matter by directly affecting vegetation and microorganisms. 31982765 0 27 theme matter 115:120 arg1 composition 58:68 composition 58:68 composition 58:68 Warming and increased precipitation indirectly affect the composition and turnover of labile-fraction soil organic matter by directly affecting vegetation and microorganisms. 31982765 9 28 theme significant 1920:1930 arg1 response 1932:1939 no significant response 1917:1939 no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments 1917:1995 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 11 29 theme microbial-derived 2281:2297 arg1 compounds 2299:2307 microbial-derived compounds 2281:2307 microbial-derived compounds 2281:2307 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 11 30 theme relative 2372:2379 arg1 compounds 2361:2369 aromatic-derived compounds 2344:2369 aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance) 2344:2390 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 11 30 theme relative 2372:2379 arg1 abundance 2381:2389 relative abundance 2372:2389 relative abundance 2372:2389 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 0 31 dep composition 58:68 arg1 the 54:56 the 54:56 the 54:56 Warming and increased precipitation indirectly affect the composition and turnover of labile-fraction soil organic matter by directly affecting vegetation and microorganisms. 31982765 2 32 theme alpine 444:449 arg1 grassland 451:459 an alpine grassland 441:459 an alpine grassland 441:459 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 0 33 theme increased 12:20 arg1 precipitation 22:34 increased precipitation 12:34 increased precipitation 12:34 Warming and increased precipitation indirectly affect the composition and turnover of labile-fraction soil organic matter by directly affecting vegetation and microorganisms. 31982765 7 34 theme soil 1621:1624 arg1 temperature 1626:1636 soil temperature 1621:1636 soil temperature 1621:1636 Warming plus increased precipitation not only alleviated the water loss caused by warming but also increased soil temperature, which was more favorable for the growth of microorganisms. 31982765 2 35 theme organic 497:503 arg1 SOM 513:515 SOM 513:515 SOM 513:515 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 2 35 theme organic 497:503 arg1 matter 505:510 soil organic matter 492:510 soil organic matter (SOM) 492:516 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 6 36 from effect 1384:1389 arg1 grassland 1416:1424 the alpine grassland 1405:1424 the alpine grassland 1405:1424 In contrast, warming alone intensified the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM. 31982765 5 37 theme alkyl 1088:1092 arg1 compounds 1094:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 38 theme alkyl 1228:1232 arg1 compounds 1234:1242 short-chain alkyl compounds 1216:1242 short-chain alkyl compounds 1216:1242 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 3 39 theme pyrolysis-gas 643:655 arg1 Py-GC-MS/MS 698:708 Py-GC-MS/MS 698:708 Py-GC-MS/MS 698:708 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 3 39 theme pyrolysis-gas 643:655 arg1 spectrometry 684:695 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry 643:695 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS) 643:709 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 4 40 theme Increased 870:878 arg1 precipitation 880:892 Increased precipitation 870:892 Increased precipitation 870:892 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 11 41 theme significant 2229:2239 arg1 correlations 2241:2252 significant correlations 2229:2252 significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance) 2229:2390 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 11 42 theme aromatic-derived 2344:2359 arg1 compounds 2361:2369 aromatic-derived compounds 2344:2369 aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance) 2344:2390 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 11 42 theme aromatic-derived 2344:2359 arg1 abundance 2381:2389 relative abundance 2372:2389 relative abundance 2372:2389 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 10 43 theme plant-derived 2175:2187 arg1 compounds 2189:2197 plant-derived compounds 2175:2197 plant-derived compounds 2175:2197 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 9 44 theme increased 1962:1970 arg1 treatments 1986:1995 increased precipitation treatments 1962:1995 increased precipitation treatments 1962:1995 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 8 45 theme microbial-derived 1736:1752 arg1 compounds 1754:1762 microbial-derived compounds 1736:1762 microbial-derived compounds 1736:1762 This was reflected in the increase in microbial-derived compounds in LF-SOM with increasing soil temperature, which contributed to LF-SOM degradation. 31982765 7 46 theme water 1573:1577 arg1 loss 1579:1582 the water loss 1569:1582 the water loss caused by warming 1569:1600 Warming plus increased precipitation not only alleviated the water loss caused by warming but also increased soil temperature, which was more favorable for the growth of microorganisms. 31982765 3 47 theme microbial 822:830 arg1 degradation 832:842 microbial degradation 822:842 microbial degradation 822:842 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 3 48 theme organic 716:722 arg1 compounds 724:732 organic compounds 716:732 organic compounds in LF-SOM 716:742 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 3 48 theme organic 716:722 arg1 indicators 757:766 indicators 757:766 indicators 757:766 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 2 49 theme ambient 331:337 arg1 temperature 339:349 ambient temperature 331:349 ambient temperature 331:349 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 5 50 from compounds 1038:1046 arg1 LF-SOM 1051:1056 LF-SOM 1051:1056 LF-SOM 1051:1056 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 3 51 used used 749:752 arg2 indicators 757:766 indicators 757:766 indicators 757:766 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 3 51 used used 749:752 arg2 compounds 724:732 organic compounds 716:732 organic compounds in LF-SOM 716:742 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 8 52 theme soil 1790:1793 arg1 temperature 1795:1805 soil temperature 1790:1805 soil temperature 1790:1805 This was reflected in the increase in microbial-derived compounds in LF-SOM with increasing soil temperature, which contributed to LF-SOM degradation. 31982765 7 53 theme increased 1525:1533 arg1 precipitation 1535:1547 increased precipitation 1525:1547 increased precipitation 1525:1547 Warming plus increased precipitation not only alleviated the water loss caused by warming but also increased soil temperature, which was more favorable for the growth of microorganisms. 31982765 2 54 theme increased 356:364 arg1 precipitation 366:378 increased precipitation 356:378 increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) 356:422 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 1 55 theme precipitation 205:217 arg1 changes 219:225 precipitation changes 205:225 precipitation changes 205:225 Global warming accompanied by precipitation changes impacts soil carbon sequestration. 31982765 4 56 theme LF-SOM 903:908 arg1 accumulation 910:921 LF-SOM accumulation 903:921 LF-SOM accumulation 903:921 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 6 57 contain had 1433:1435 arg2 effects 1446:1452 negative effects 1437:1452 negative effects 1437:1452 In contrast, warming alone intensified the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM. 31982765 6 57 contain had 1433:1435 arg1 grassland 1416:1424 the alpine grassland 1405:1424 the alpine grassland 1405:1424 In contrast, warming alone intensified the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM. 31982765 2 58 theme Qinghai-Tibet 550:562 arg1 QTP 573:575 QTP 573:575 QTP 573:575 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 2 58 theme Qinghai-Tibet 550:562 arg1 Plateau 564:570 the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 546:570 the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) 546:576 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 9 59 link Aromatic-derived 1849:1864 arg1 compounds 1866:1874 Aromatic-derived compounds 1849:1874 Aromatic-derived compounds 1849:1874 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 2 60 theme field 275:279 arg1 experiment 294:303 A three-year field manipulation experiment 262:303 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) 262:422 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 8 61 theme LF-SOM 1829:1834 arg1 degradation 1836:1846 LF-SOM degradation 1829:1846 LF-SOM degradation 1829:1846 This was reflected in the increase in microbial-derived compounds in LF-SOM with increasing soil temperature, which contributed to LF-SOM degradation. 31982765 1 62 theme carbon 240:245 arg1 sequestration 247:259 soil carbon sequestration 235:259 soil carbon sequestration 235:259 Global warming accompanied by precipitation changes impacts soil carbon sequestration. 31982765 2 63 with experiment 294:303 arg1 precipitation 366:378 increased precipitation 356:378 increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) 356:422 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 2 63 with experiment 294:303 arg1 warming 310:316 warming 310:316 warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) 310:350 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 4 64 theme increased 972:980 arg1 precipitation 982:994 increased precipitation 972:994 increased precipitation 972:994 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 3 65 from compounds 724:732 arg1 LF-SOM 737:742 LF-SOM 737:742 LF-SOM 737:742 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 6 66 theme negative 1437:1444 arg1 effects 1446:1452 negative effects 1437:1452 negative effects 1437:1452 In contrast, warming alone intensified the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM. 31982765 6 67 theme drought 1394:1400 arg1 effect 1384:1389 the effect 1380:1389 the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM 1380:1509 In contrast, warming alone intensified the effect of drought on the alpine grassland, which had negative effects on both vegetation and microorganisms and reduced LF-SOM. 31982765 4 68 from effect 962:967 arg1 productivity 1010:1021 vegetation productivity 999:1021 vegetation productivity 999:1021 Increased precipitation promoted LF-SOM accumulation, which were mainly due to the positive effect of increased precipitation on vegetation productivity. 31982765 3 69 theme Labile-fraction 579:593 arg1 fingerprints 608:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints 579:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints 579:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 11 70 link microbial-derived 2281:2297 arg1 compounds 2299:2307 microbial-derived compounds 2281:2307 microbial-derived compounds 2281:2307 At the same time, there were significant correlations between Proteobacteria and microbial-derived compounds, as well as between Firmicutes and aromatic-derived compounds (relative abundance). 31982765 9 71 theme Aromatic-derived 1849:1864 arg1 compounds 1866:1874 Aromatic-derived compounds 1849:1874 Aromatic-derived compounds 1849:1874 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 10 72 theme bacterial 2093:2101 arg1 Actinobacteria 2036:2049 Actinobacteria 2036:2049 Actinobacteria (approximately 20%) 2036:2069 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 10 72 theme bacterial 2093:2101 arg1 Acidobacteria 1998:2010 Acidobacteria 1998:2010 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) 1998:2030 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 10 72 theme bacterial 2093:2101 arg1 communities 2103:2113 the dominant soil bacterial communities 2075:2113 the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland 2075:2137 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 1 73 theme Global 175:180 arg1 warming 182:188 Global warming 175:188 Global warming accompanied by precipitation changes 175:225 Global warming accompanied by precipitation changes impacts soil carbon sequestration. 31982765 2 74 theme matter 505:510 arg1 response 480:487 the response 476:487 the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change 476:541 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 12 75 theme microbial 2422:2430 arg1 activity 2432:2439 microbial activity 2422:2439 microbial activity 2422:2439 Under future climate change, microbial activity will increase as temperature increases, which will promote LF-SOM degradation only if precipitation also increases. 31982765 0 76 theme organic 107:113 arg1 matter 115:120 labile-fraction soil organic matter 86:120 labile-fraction soil organic matter 86:120 Warming and increased precipitation indirectly affect the composition and turnover of labile-fraction soil organic matter by directly affecting vegetation and microorganisms. 31982765 5 77 theme short-chain 1216:1226 arg1 compounds 1234:1242 short-chain alkyl compounds 1216:1242 short-chain alkyl compounds 1216:1242 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 78 theme Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 lignin 1069:1074 lignin 1069:1074 lignin 1069:1074 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 78 theme Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 compounds 1038:1046 Plant-derived compounds 1024:1046 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) 1024:1132 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 78 theme Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 polysaccharides 1105:1119 polysaccharides 1105:1119 polysaccharides 1105:1119 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 78 theme Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 compounds 1094:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 5 78 theme Plant-derived 1024:1036 arg1 phenols 1125:1131 phenols 1125:1131 phenols 1125:1131 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 2 79 theme climate 528:534 arg1 change 536:541 future climate change 521:541 future climate change 521:541 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 10 80 theme alpine 2122:2127 arg1 grassland 2129:2137 the alpine grassland 2118:2137 the alpine grassland 2118:2137 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 5 81 theme soil 1168:1171 arg1 moisture 1173:1180 increasing soil moisture 1157:1180 increasing soil moisture 1157:1180 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 12 82 theme future 2399:2404 arg1 change 2414:2419 future climate change 2399:2419 future climate change 2399:2419 Under future climate change, microbial activity will increase as temperature increases, which will promote LF-SOM degradation only if precipitation also increases. 31982765 8 83 from increase 1724:1731 arg1 LF-SOM 1767:1772 LF-SOM 1767:1772 LF-SOM 1767:1772 This was reflected in the increase in microbial-derived compounds in LF-SOM with increasing soil temperature, which contributed to LF-SOM degradation. 31982765 8 83 from increase 1724:1731 arg1 compounds 1754:1762 microbial-derived compounds 1736:1762 microbial-derived compounds 1736:1762 This was reflected in the increase in microbial-derived compounds in LF-SOM with increasing soil temperature, which contributed to LF-SOM degradation. 31982765 2 84 dep precipitation 366:378 arg1 % 384:384 +15% 381:384 +15% 381:384 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 2 84 dep precipitation 366:378 arg1 % 393:393 +30% 390:393 +30% 390:393 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 2 85 theme ambient 401:407 arg1 precipitation 409:421 ambient precipitation 401:421 ambient precipitation 401:421 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 9 86 theme refractory 1880:1889 arg1 compounds 1891:1899 refractory compounds 1880:1899 refractory compounds in soil 1880:1907 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 10 87 from communities 2103:2113 arg1 grassland 2129:2137 the alpine grassland 2118:2137 the alpine grassland 2118:2137 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 3 88 theme chromatography/tandem-mass 657:682 arg1 Py-GC-MS/MS 698:708 Py-GC-MS/MS 698:708 Py-GC-MS/MS 698:708 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 3 88 theme chromatography/tandem-mass 657:682 arg1 spectrometry 684:695 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry 643:695 pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS) 643:709 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 5 89 theme long-chain 1077:1086 arg1 compounds 1094:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 long-chain alkyl compounds 1077:1102 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 2 90 theme soil 492:495 arg1 SOM 513:515 SOM 513:515 SOM 513:515 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 2 90 theme soil 492:495 arg1 matter 505:510 soil organic matter 492:510 soil organic matter (SOM) 492:516 A three-year field manipulation experiment with warming (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (+15% and +30% above ambient precipitation) was conducted in an alpine grassland to investigate the response of soil organic matter (SOM) to future climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). 31982765 3 91 theme vegetation 801:810 arg1 input 812:816 vegetation input 801:816 vegetation input 801:816 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 5 92 theme N 1245:1245 arg1 compounds 1247:1255 N compounds 1245:1255 N compounds 1245:1255 Plant-derived compounds in LF-SOM (including lignin, long-chain alkyl compounds, polysaccharides and phenols) were more sensitive to increasing soil moisture than microbial-derived (including short-chain alkyl compounds, N compounds and chitin) and aromatic-derived compounds (including aromatics and polyaromatics). 31982765 3 93 theme LF-SOM 600:605 arg1 fingerprints 608:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints 579:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints 579:619 Labile-fraction SOM (LF-SOM) fingerprints were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS/MS), and organic compounds in LF-SOM were used as indicators to quantify the contributions of vegetation input and microbial degradation to LF-SOM transformation. 31982765 9 94 theme precipitation 1972:1984 arg1 treatments 1986:1995 increased precipitation treatments 1962:1995 increased precipitation treatments 1962:1995 Aromatic-derived compounds, as refractory compounds in soil, showed no significant response to either warming or increased precipitation treatments. 31982765 10 95 theme dominant 2079:2086 arg1 Actinobacteria 2036:2049 Actinobacteria 2036:2049 Actinobacteria (approximately 20%) 2036:2069 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 10 95 theme dominant 2079:2086 arg1 Acidobacteria 1998:2010 Acidobacteria 1998:2010 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) 1998:2030 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 31982765 10 95 theme dominant 2079:2086 arg1 communities 2103:2113 the dominant soil bacterial communities 2075:2113 the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland 2075:2137 Acidobacteria (approximately 25%) and Actinobacteria (approximately 20%), as the dominant soil bacterial communities in the alpine grassland, were significantly correlated with plant-derived compounds. 34445596 4 0 dep -mediated 801:809 arg1 activator 744:752 receptor activator 735:752 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB 735:777 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 6 1 dep cells 1341:1345 arg1 NFATc1 1351:1356 NFATc1 1351:1356 NFATc1 1351:1356 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 6 1 dep cells 1341:1345 arg1 c1 1347:1348 c1 1347:1348 nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) 1311:1357 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 9 2 theme therapeutic 1682:1692 arg1 approach 1694:1701 a valuable therapeutic approach 1671:1701 a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases 1671:1740 Targeting O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation may be a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases. 34445596 7 3 with effect 1456:1461 arg1 therapy 1480:1486 bone target therapy 1468:1486 bone target therapy 1468:1486 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 3 4 theme various 586:592 arg1 fields 594:599 various fields 586:599 various fields 586:599 Given the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification, it has been studied in various fields; however, the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation remains to be explored. 34445596 8 5 from effect 1574:1579 arg1 osteoclastogenesis 1584:1601 osteoclastogenesis 1584:1601 osteoclastogenesis 1584:1601 Lastly, knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) mimicked OSMI-1's effect on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 5 6 theme global 1050:1055 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1057:1071 the global O-GlcNAcylation 1046:1071 the global O-GlcNAcylation 1046:1071 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 8 7 theme knocking 1519:1526 arg1 Ogt 1533:1535 knocking down Ogt 1519:1535 knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) 1519:1554 Lastly, knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) mimicked OSMI-1's effect on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 6 8 theme NF-κB 1297:1301 arg1 p65 1303:1305 NF-κB p65 1297:1305 NF-κB p65 1297:1305 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 4 9 theme nuclear 757:763 arg1 factor-kappaB 765:777 nuclear factor-kappaB 757:777 nuclear factor-kappaB 757:777 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 6 10 theme nuclear 1311:1317 arg1 cells 1341:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1311:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) 1311:1357 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 6 11 theme small-molecule 1174:1187 arg1 OSMI-1 1199:1204 the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 1170:1204 the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 1170:1204 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 4 12 theme nutrient 871:878 arg1 HBP 892:894 HBP 892:894 HBP 892:894 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 4 12 theme nutrient 871:878 arg1 metabolism 880:889 major nutrient metabolism 865:889 major nutrient metabolism 865:889 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 1 13 theme nutrient-responsive 213:231 arg1 modification 252:263 a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification 211:263 a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) 211:269 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 13 theme nutrient-responsive 213:231 arg1 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation 115:148 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation 115:148 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 115:206 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 13 theme nutrient-responsive 213:231 arg1 PTM 266:268 PTM 266:268 PTM 266:268 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 2 14 theme transcription 326:338 arg1 TFs 349:351 TFs 349:351 TFs 349:351 Various transcription factors (TFs) are O-GlcNAcylated, affecting their activities and significantly contributing to cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation. 34445596 2 14 theme transcription 326:338 arg1 factors 340:346 Various transcription factors 318:346 Various transcription factors (TFs) 318:352 Various transcription factors (TFs) are O-GlcNAcylated, affecting their activities and significantly contributing to cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation. 34445596 6 15 theme inhibitor 1189:1197 arg1 OSMI-1 1199:1204 the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 1170:1204 the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 1170:1204 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 1 16 theme post-translational 233:250 arg1 modification 252:263 a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification 211:263 a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) 211:269 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 16 theme post-translational 233:250 arg1 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation 115:148 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation 115:148 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 115:206 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 16 theme post-translational 233:250 arg1 PTM 266:268 PTM 266:268 PTM 266:268 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 0 17 theme Biosynthetic 11:22 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 40:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation 0:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation 0:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation Is Critical for RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation. 34445596 9 18 theme valuable 1673:1680 arg1 approach 1694:1701 a valuable therapeutic approach 1671:1701 a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases 1671:1740 Targeting O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation may be a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases. 34445596 7 19 from effect 1456:1461 arg1 osteoclastogenesis 1491:1508 osteoclastogenesis 1491:1508 osteoclastogenesis 1491:1508 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 9 20 theme osteoclast-activated 1707:1726 arg1 diseases 1733:1740 osteoclast-activated bone diseases 1707:1740 osteoclast-activated bone diseases 1707:1740 Targeting O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation may be a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases. 34445596 0 21 theme Hexosamine 0:9 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 40:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation 0:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation 0:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation Is Critical for RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation. 34445596 7 22 contain had 1438:1440 arg2 effect 1456:1461 a synergistic effect 1442:1461 a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis 1442:1508 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 7 22 contain had 1438:1440 arg1 OSMI-1 1431:1436 OSMI-1 1431:1436 OSMI-1 1431:1436 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 3 23 theme osteoclast 646:655 arg1 differentiation 657:671 osteoclast differentiation 646:671 osteoclast differentiation 646:671 Given the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification, it has been studied in various fields; however, the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation remains to be explored. 34445596 4 24 theme factor-kappaB 765:777 arg1 activator 744:752 receptor activator 735:752 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB 735:777 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 6 25 theme of 1326:1327 arg1 cells 1341:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1311:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) 1311:1357 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 7 26 theme target 1473:1478 arg1 therapy 1480:1486 bone target therapy 1468:1486 bone target therapy 1468:1486 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 3 27 theme modification 549:560 arg1 functions 527:535 the pleiotropic functions 511:535 the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification 511:560 Given the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification, it has been studied in various fields; however, the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation remains to be explored. 34445596 0 28 theme Pathway-Derived 24:38 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 40:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation 0:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation 0:54 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation Is Critical for RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation. 34445596 3 29 theme O-GlcNAcylation 623:637 arg1 role 615:618 the role 611:618 the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation 611:671 Given the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification, it has been studied in various fields; however, the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation remains to be explored. 34445596 9 30 theme osteoclast 1637:1646 arg1 differentiation 1648:1662 osteoclast differentiation 1637:1662 osteoclast differentiation 1637:1662 Targeting O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation may be a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases. 34445596 6 31 theme osteoclast 1214:1223 arg1 differentiation 1225:1239 osteoclast differentiation 1214:1239 osteoclast differentiation 1214:1239 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 6 32 theme cells 1341:1345 arg1 translocation 1280:1292 the translocation 1276:1292 the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus 1276:1374 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 5 33 theme related 963:969 arg1 Ogt 1017:1019 Ogt 1017:1019 Ogt 1017:1019 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 5 33 theme related 963:969 arg1 Nagk 1000:1003 Nagk 1000:1003 Nagk 1000:1003 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 5 33 theme related 963:969 arg1 genes 957:961 the critical genes 944:961 the critical genes related to HBP activation 944:987 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 5 33 theme related 963:969 arg1 Gfpt1 1006:1010 Gfpt1 1006:1010 Gfpt1 1006:1010 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 2 34 theme cellular 479:486 arg1 differentiation 488:502 cellular differentiation 479:502 cellular differentiation 479:502 Various transcription factors (TFs) are O-GlcNAcylated, affecting their activities and significantly contributing to cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation. 34445596 3 35 theme pleiotropic 515:525 arg1 functions 527:535 the pleiotropic functions 511:535 the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification 511:560 Given the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification, it has been studied in various fields; however, the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation remains to be explored. 34445596 8 36 with Ogt 1533:1535 arg1 shOgt 1549:1553 shOgt 1549:1553 shOgt 1549:1553 Lastly, knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) mimicked OSMI-1's effect on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 8 36 with Ogt 1533:1535 arg1 shRNA 1542:1546 shRNA 1542:1546 shRNA (shOgt) 1542:1554 Lastly, knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) mimicked OSMI-1's effect on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 6 37 theme T 1339:1339 arg1 cells 1341:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1311:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) 1311:1357 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 7 38 theme bone 1468:1471 arg1 therapy 1480:1486 bone target therapy 1468:1486 bone target therapy 1468:1486 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 3 39 theme O-GlcNAc 540:547 arg1 modification 549:560 O-GlcNAc modification 540:560 O-GlcNAc modification 540:560 Given the pleiotropic functions of O-GlcNAc modification, it has been studied in various fields; however, the role of O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation remains to be explored. 34445596 0 40 theme RANKL-Mediated 72:85 arg1 Differentiation 98:112 RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation 72:112 RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation 72:112 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation Is Critical for RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation. 34445596 6 41 theme activated 1329:1337 arg1 cells 1341:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1311:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) 1311:1357 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 6 42 theme PTM 1397:1399 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1401:1415 their PTM O-GlcNAcylation 1391:1415 their PTM O-GlcNAcylation 1391:1415 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 5 43 theme osteoclast 1108:1117 arg1 differentiation 1119:1133 osteoclast differentiation 1108:1133 osteoclast differentiation 1108:1133 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 1 44 theme O-GlcNAc 181:188 arg1 transferase 190:200 O-GlcNAc transferase 181:200 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 181:206 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 44 theme O-GlcNAc 181:188 arg1 OGT 203:205 OGT 203:205 OGT 203:205 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 8 45 theme down 1528:1531 arg1 Ogt 1533:1535 knocking down Ogt 1519:1535 knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) 1519:1554 Lastly, knocking down Ogt with shRNA (shOgt) mimicked OSMI-1's effect on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 6 46 theme factor 1319:1324 arg1 cells 1341:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1311:1345 nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) 1311:1357 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 2 47 theme Various 318:324 arg1 TFs 349:351 TFs 349:351 TFs 349:351 Various transcription factors (TFs) are O-GlcNAcylated, affecting their activities and significantly contributing to cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation. 34445596 2 47 theme Various 318:324 arg1 factors 340:346 Various transcription factors 318:346 Various transcription factors (TFs) 318:352 Various transcription factors (TFs) are O-GlcNAcylated, affecting their activities and significantly contributing to cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation. 34445596 9 48 theme bone 1728:1731 arg1 diseases 1733:1740 osteoclast-activated bone diseases 1707:1740 osteoclast-activated bone diseases 1707:1740 Targeting O-GlcNAcylation during osteoclast differentiation may be a valuable therapeutic approach for osteoclast-activated bone diseases. 34445596 4 49 theme osteoclast 811:820 arg1 differentiation 822:836 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation 735:836 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation 735:836 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 1 50 theme hexosamine 279:288 arg1 pathway 303:309 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 275:309 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) 275:315 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 50 theme hexosamine 279:288 arg1 HBP 312:314 HBP 312:314 HBP 312:314 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 4 51 theme major 865:869 arg1 HBP 892:894 HBP 892:894 HBP 892:894 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 4 51 theme major 865:869 arg1 metabolism 880:889 major nutrient metabolism 865:889 major nutrient metabolism 865:889 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 4 52 theme metabolism 880:889 arg1 critical 900:907 critical 900:907 critical 900:907 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 4 52 theme metabolism 880:889 arg1 nexus 856:860 the nexus 852:860 the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP 852:894 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 4 53 theme -mediated 801:809 arg1 differentiation 822:836 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation 735:836 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation 735:836 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 1 54 theme biosynthetic 290:301 arg1 pathway 303:309 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 275:309 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) 275:315 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 1 54 theme biosynthetic 290:301 arg1 HBP 312:314 HBP 312:314 HBP 312:314 O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) performed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification (PTM) via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). 34445596 4 55 theme receptor 735:742 arg1 activator 744:752 receptor activator 735:752 receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB 735:777 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 6 56 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1140:1154 arg1 inhibition 1156:1165 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition 1136:1165 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 1136:1204 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 2 57 theme cellular 435:442 arg1 processes 444:452 cellular processes 435:452 cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation 435:502 Various transcription factors (TFs) are O-GlcNAcylated, affecting their activities and significantly contributing to cellular processes ranging from survival to cellular differentiation. 34445596 5 58 theme critical 948:955 arg1 Ogt 1017:1019 Ogt 1017:1019 Ogt 1017:1019 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 5 58 theme critical 948:955 arg1 Nagk 1000:1003 Nagk 1000:1003 Nagk 1000:1003 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 5 58 theme critical 948:955 arg1 genes 957:961 the critical genes 944:961 the critical genes related to HBP activation 944:987 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 5 58 theme critical 948:955 arg1 Gfpt1 1006:1010 Gfpt1 1006:1010 Gfpt1 1006:1010 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 4 59 theme transcriptome 705:717 arg1 analysis 719:726 Kinetic transcriptome analysis 697:726 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation 697:836 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34445596 0 60 theme Osteoclast 87:96 arg1 Differentiation 98:112 RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation 72:112 RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation 72:112 Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway-Derived O-GlcNAcylation Is Critical for RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation. 34445596 7 61 theme synergistic 1444:1454 arg1 effect 1456:1461 a synergistic effect 1442:1461 a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis 1442:1508 Furthermore, OSMI-1 had a synergistic effect with bone target therapy on osteoclastogenesis. 34445596 6 62 theme p65 1303:1305 arg1 translocation 1280:1292 the translocation 1276:1292 the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus 1276:1374 The O-GlcNAcylation inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the translocation of NF-κB p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) into the nucleus by controlling their PTM O-GlcNAcylation. 34445596 5 63 theme HBP 974:976 arg1 activation 978:987 HBP activation 974:987 HBP activation 974:987 We observed that the critical genes related to HBP activation, including Nagk, Gfpt1, and Ogt, were upregulated, while the global O-GlcNAcylation was increased concomitantly during osteoclast differentiation. 34445596 4 64 theme Kinetic 697:703 arg1 analysis 719:726 Kinetic transcriptome analysis 697:726 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation 697:836 Kinetic transcriptome analysis during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation revealed that the nexus of major nutrient metabolism, HBP was critical for this process. 34391905 0 0 theme glutamic 100:107 arg1 residue 114:120 a conserved glutamic acid residue 88:120 a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition 88:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 0 0 theme glutamic 100:107 arg1 hallmark 132:139 a hallmark 130:139 a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition 130:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 3 1 theme sugar 761:765 arg1 moiety 767:772 an acceptor sugar moiety 749:772 an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 749:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 5 2 theme acceptor-substrate 1516:1533 arg1 sugar-moiety 1496:1507 the sugar-moiety 1492:1507 the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate 1492:1533 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 7 3 from position 1884:1891 arg1 absent 1854:1859 absent 1854:1859 absent 1854:1859 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 3 from position 1884:1891 arg1 UGTs 1904:1907 primary UGTs 1896:1907 primary UGTs 1896:1907 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 3 from position 1884:1891 arg1 hallmark 1819:1826 a hallmark 1817:1826 a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs 1817:1907 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 3 from position 1884:1891 arg1 residue 1806:1812 the glutamic-acid residue 1788:1812 the glutamic-acid residue 1788:1812 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 6 4 theme GT 1704:1705 arg1 specificity 1707:1717 sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity 1677:1717 sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity 1677:1717 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 1 5 theme major 254:258 arg1 role 260:263 a major role 252:263 a major role 252:263 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 0 6 theme conserved 90:98 arg1 residue 114:120 a conserved glutamic acid residue 88:120 a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition 88:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 0 6 theme conserved 90:98 arg1 hallmark 132:139 a hallmark 130:139 a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition 130:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 7 7 from family 1753:1758 arg1 plants 1763:1768 plants 1763:1768 plants 1763:1768 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 5 8 theme sugar-moiety 1496:1507 arg1 recognition 1477:1487 the recognition 1473:1487 the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate 1473:1533 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 9 dep glutamate 1261:1269 arg1 E268 1280:1283 E268 1280:1283 E268 1280:1283 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 9 dep glutamate 1261:1269 arg1 E290 1272:1275 E290 1272:1275 E290 1272:1275 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 10 theme structural 1221:1230 arg1 models 1232:1237 these structural models 1215:1237 these structural models 1215:1237 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 4 11 dep 2-O-β-d-glucoside 1149:1165 arg1 + 1136:1136 + 1136:1136 + 1136:1136 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 4 12 theme 2-O-β-d-glucoside 1149:1165 arg1 glucosylation 1118:1130 glucosylation 1118:1130 glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside 1118:1165 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 5 13 theme docking 1243:1249 arg1 studies 1251:1257 docking studies 1243:1257 docking studies 1243:1257 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 0 14 theme acid 109:112 arg1 residue 114:120 a conserved glutamic acid residue 88:120 a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition 88:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 0 14 theme acid 109:112 arg1 hallmark 132:139 a hallmark 130:139 a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition 130:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 5 15 from E290 1272:1275 arg1 UGT94D1 1301:1307 UGT94D1 1301:1307 UGT94D1 1301:1307 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 15 from E290 1272:1275 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 1288:1296 Cs1,6RhaT 1288:1296 Cs1,6RhaT 1288:1296 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 6 16 theme tryptophan 1602:1611 arg1 residues 1613:1620 the glutamate and tryptophan residues 1584:1620 residues 1613:1620 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 3 17 from donor 740:744 arg1 transfer 701:708 the transfer 697:708 the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 697:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 5 18 dep tryptophan 1330:1339 arg1 W28 1342:1344 W28 1342:1344 W28 1342:1344 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 18 dep tryptophan 1330:1339 arg1 W15 1349:1351 W15 1349:1351 W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1 1349:1375 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 4 19 theme catalytic 902:910 arg1 activity 912:919 SBGT catalytic activity 897:919 SBGT catalytic activity 897:919 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 2 20 theme dependent 450:458 arg1 UGTs 482:485 UGTs 482:485 UGTs 482:485 Plant metabolite glycosylation is catalyzed almost exclusively by glycosyltransferases, mainly by Uridine-diphosphate dependent Glycosyltransferases (UGTs). 34391905 2 20 theme dependent 450:458 arg1 Glycosyltransferases 460:479 Uridine-diphosphate dependent Glycosyltransferases 430:479 Uridine-diphosphate dependent Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) 430:486 Plant metabolite glycosylation is catalyzed almost exclusively by glycosyltransferases, mainly by Uridine-diphosphate dependent Glycosyltransferases (UGTs). 34391905 7 21 theme family 1753:1758 arg1 analysis 1733:1740 Phylogenetic analysis 1720:1740 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants 1720:1768 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 5 22 from W28 1342:1344 arg1 UGT94D1 1369:1375 UGT94D1 1369:1375 UGT94D1 1369:1375 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 22 from W28 1342:1344 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 1356:1364 Cs1,6RhaT 1356:1364 Cs1,6RhaT 1356:1364 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 3 23 link O-linked 661:668 arg1 SBGTs 676:680 SBGTs 676:680 SBGTs 676:680 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 3 23 link O-linked 661:668 arg1 UGTs 670:673 sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs 634:673 sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 634:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 6 24 theme glutamate 1588:1596 arg1 residues 1613:1620 the glutamate and tryptophan residues 1584:1620 residues 1613:1620 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 4 25 theme flavonoid-3-glucosides 1037:1058 arg1 UGT94D1 1093:1099 a UGT94D1 1091:1099 a UGT94D1 1091:1099 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 4 25 theme flavonoid-3-glucosides 1037:1058 arg1 rhamnosylation 1019:1032 rhamnosylation 1019:1032 rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides 1019:1085 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 3 26 gly glycosylated 790:801 arg1 substrate 814:822 a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 777:822 a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 777:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 7 27 from analysis 1733:1740 arg1 plants 1763:1768 plants 1763:1768 plants 1763:1768 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 3 28 theme substrate 814:822 arg1 moiety 767:772 an acceptor sugar moiety 749:772 an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 749:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 0 29 theme Structural 0:9 arg1 modeling 11:18 Structural modeling 0:18 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 0:78 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 1 30 theme chemical/biological 272:290 arg1 diversity 292:300 the chemical/biological diversity 268:300 the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds 268:329 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 7 31 theme glutamic-acid 1792:1804 arg1 absent 1854:1859 absent 1854:1859 absent 1854:1859 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 31 theme glutamic-acid 1792:1804 arg1 residue 1806:1812 the glutamic-acid residue 1788:1812 the glutamic-acid residue 1788:1812 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 31 theme glutamic-acid 1792:1804 arg1 hallmark 1819:1826 a hallmark 1817:1826 a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs 1817:1907 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 6 32 theme sugar-sugar/branch-forming 1677:1702 arg1 specificity 1707:1717 sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity 1677:1717 sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity 1677:1717 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 3 33 theme sugar-sugar/branch-forming 634:659 arg1 SBGTs 676:680 SBGTs 676:680 SBGTs 676:680 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 3 33 theme sugar-sugar/branch-forming 634:659 arg1 UGTs 670:673 sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs 634:673 sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 634:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 4 34 theme sugar 1192:1196 arg1 moiety 1198:1203 the primary sugar moiety 1180:1203 the primary sugar moiety 1180:1203 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 7 35 theme Phylogenetic 1720:1731 arg1 analysis 1733:1740 Phylogenetic analysis 1720:1740 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants 1720:1768 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 36 theme corresponding 1870:1882 arg1 position 1884:1891 the corresponding position 1866:1891 the corresponding position in primary UGTs 1866:1907 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 3 37 theme structure-function 604:621 arg1 aspects 623:629 structure-function aspects 604:629 structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 604:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 4 38 theme primary 1184:1190 arg1 moiety 1198:1203 the primary sugar moiety 1180:1203 the primary sugar moiety 1180:1203 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 1 39 theme common 201:206 arg1 modifications 208:220 the common modifications 197:220 the common modifications of plant metabolites 197:241 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 5 40 from W15 1349:1351 arg1 UGT94D1 1369:1375 UGT94D1 1369:1375 UGT94D1 1369:1375 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 40 from W15 1349:1351 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 1356:1364 Cs1,6RhaT 1356:1364 Cs1,6RhaT 1356:1364 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 3 41 theme glycosylated 790:801 arg1 substrate 814:822 a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 777:822 a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 777:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 4 42 theme rhamnosyl-transferase 970:990 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 992:1000 a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT 968:1000 two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety 955:1203 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 4 43 dep enzymes 959:965 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 992:1000 a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT 968:1000 two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety 955:1203 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 3 44 theme primary 539:545 arg1 glycosyltransferases 547:566 primary glycosyltransferases 539:566 primary glycosyltransferases 539:566 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 6 45 theme substitution 1559:1570 arg1 mutants 1572:1578 substitution mutants 1559:1578 substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT 1559:1633 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 1 46 theme modifications 208:220 arg1 modifications 208:220 the common modifications 197:220 the common modifications of plant metabolites 197:241 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 1 46 theme modifications 208:220 arg1 one 190:192 one 190:192 one 190:192 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 0 47 theme UDP-dependent 33:45 arg1 glycosyltransferases 59:78 two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 23:78 two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 23:78 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 3 48 theme metabolite 803:812 arg1 substrate 814:822 a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 777:822 a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 777:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 0 49 theme sugar 145:149 arg1 recognition 160:170 sugar acceptor recognition 145:170 sugar acceptor recognition 145:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 3 50 theme sugar 715:719 arg1 transfer 701:708 the transfer 697:708 the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 697:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 4 51 theme structural 876:885 arg1 basis 887:891 the structural basis 872:891 the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity 872:919 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 4 52 theme moiety 1198:1203 arg1 C6 1174:1175 the C6 1170:1175 the C6 of the primary sugar moiety 1170:1203 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 3 53 theme Several 489:495 arg1 structures 503:512 Several X-ray structures 489:512 Several X-ray structures 489:512 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 0 54 theme plant 27:31 arg1 glycosyltransferases 59:78 two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 23:78 two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 23:78 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 1 55 theme wide 307:310 arg1 range 312:316 a wide range 305:316 a wide range of compounds 305:329 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 5 56 from E268 1280:1283 arg1 UGT94D1 1301:1307 UGT94D1 1301:1307 UGT94D1 1301:1307 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 56 from E268 1280:1283 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 1288:1296 Cs1,6RhaT 1288:1296 Cs1,6RhaT 1288:1296 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 5 57 theme sugar 1420:1424 arg1 acceptor 1426:1433 the sugar acceptor 1416:1433 the sugar acceptor 1416:1433 Based on these structural models and docking studies a glutamate (E290 or E268 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) and a tryptophan (W28 or W15 in Cs1,6RhaT or UGT94D1, respectively) appear to interact with the sugar acceptor and are suggested to be important for the recognition of the sugar-moiety of the acceptor-substrate. 34391905 1 58 theme plant 225:229 arg1 metabolites 231:241 plant metabolites 225:241 plant metabolites 225:241 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 0 59 theme glycosyltransferases 59:78 arg1 modeling 11:18 Structural modeling 0:18 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 0:78 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 1 60 theme range 312:316 arg1 diversity 292:300 the chemical/biological diversity 268:300 the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds 268:329 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 4 61 theme enzymes 959:965 arg1 3d-structures 938:950 the 3d-structures 934:950 the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety 934:1203 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 3 62 theme O-linked 661:668 arg1 SBGTs 676:680 SBGTs 676:680 SBGTs 676:680 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 3 62 theme O-linked 661:668 arg1 UGTs 670:673 sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs 634:673 sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 634:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 0 63 theme sugar-sugar 47:57 arg1 glycosyltransferases 59:78 two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 23:78 two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases 23:78 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 4 64 theme SBGT 897:900 arg1 activity 912:919 SBGT catalytic activity 897:919 SBGT catalytic activity 897:919 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 0 65 theme acceptor 151:158 arg1 recognition 160:170 sugar acceptor recognition 145:170 sugar acceptor recognition 145:170 Structural modeling of two plant UDP-dependent sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases reveals a conserved glutamic acid residue that is a hallmark for sugar acceptor recognition. 34391905 3 66 theme UDP-sugar 730:738 arg1 donor 740:744 the UDP-sugar donor 726:744 the UDP-sugar donor 726:744 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 3 67 theme UGTs 670:673 arg1 aspects 623:629 structure-function aspects 604:629 structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 604:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 2 68 theme metabolite 338:347 arg1 glycosylation 349:361 Plant metabolite glycosylation 332:361 Plant metabolite glycosylation 332:361 Plant metabolite glycosylation is catalyzed almost exclusively by glycosyltransferases, mainly by Uridine-diphosphate dependent Glycosyltransferases (UGTs). 34391905 7 69 theme SBGTs 1831:1835 arg1 absent 1854:1859 absent 1854:1859 absent 1854:1859 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 69 theme SBGTs 1831:1835 arg1 residue 1806:1812 the glutamic-acid residue 1788:1812 the glutamic-acid residue 1788:1812 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 7 69 theme SBGTs 1831:1835 arg1 hallmark 1819:1826 a hallmark 1817:1826 a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs 1817:1907 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 1 70 theme compounds 321:329 arg1 range 312:316 a wide range 305:316 a wide range of compounds 305:329 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 7 71 from plants 1763:1768 arg1 analysis 1733:1740 Phylogenetic analysis 1720:1740 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants 1720:1768 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 4 72 theme novel 852:856 arg1 insights 858:865 novel insights 852:865 novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity 852:919 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 2 73 theme Plant 332:336 arg1 glycosylation 349:361 Plant metabolite glycosylation 332:361 Plant metabolite glycosylation 332:361 Plant metabolite glycosylation is catalyzed almost exclusively by glycosyltransferases, mainly by Uridine-diphosphate dependent Glycosyltransferases (UGTs). 34391905 6 74 theme Functional 1536:1545 arg1 analysis 1547:1554 Functional analysis 1536:1554 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT 1536:1633 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 1 75 theme metabolites 231:241 arg1 modifications 208:220 the common modifications 197:220 the common modifications of plant metabolites 197:241 Glycosylation is one of the common modifications of plant metabolites, playing a major role in the chemical/biological diversity of a wide range of compounds. 34391905 7 76 theme UGT 1749:1751 arg1 family 1753:1758 the UGT family 1745:1758 the UGT family in plants 1745:1768 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 6 77 theme mutants 1572:1578 arg1 analysis 1547:1554 Functional analysis 1536:1554 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT 1536:1633 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 4 78 theme flavonoid-7-glucosides 1064:1085 arg1 UGT94D1 1093:1099 a UGT94D1 1091:1099 a UGT94D1 1091:1099 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 4 78 theme flavonoid-7-glucosides 1064:1085 arg1 rhamnosylation 1019:1032 rhamnosylation 1019:1032 rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides 1019:1085 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34391905 3 79 theme X-ray 497:501 arg1 structures 503:512 Several X-ray structures 489:512 Several X-ray structures 489:512 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 3 80 theme acceptor 752:759 arg1 moiety 767:772 an acceptor sugar moiety 749:772 an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate 749:822 Several X-ray structures have been determined for primary glycosyltransferases, however, little is known regarding structure-function aspects of sugar-sugar/branch-forming O-linked UGTs (SBGTs) that catalyze the transfer of a sugar from the UDP-sugar donor to an acceptor sugar moiety of a previously glycosylated metabolite substrate. 34391905 7 81 theme primary 1896:1902 arg1 UGTs 1904:1907 primary UGTs 1896:1907 primary UGTs 1896:1907 Phylogenetic analysis of the UGT family in plants demonstrates that the glutamic-acid residue is a hallmark of SBGTs that is entirely absent from the corresponding position in primary UGTs. 34391905 6 82 from residues 1613:1620 arg1 Cs1,6RhaT 1625:1633 Cs1,6RhaT 1625:1633 Cs1,6RhaT 1625:1633 Functional analysis of substitution mutants for the glutamate and tryptophan residues in Cs1,6RhaT further support their role in determining sugar-sugar/branch-forming GT specificity. 34391905 4 83 theme -Sesaminol 1138:1147 arg1 2-O-β-d-glucoside 1149:1165 (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside 1135:1165 (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside 1135:1165 In this study we developed novel insights into the structural basis for SBGT catalytic activity by modelling the 3d-structures of two enzymes; a rhamnosyl-transferase Cs1,6RhaT - that catalyzes rhamnosylation of flavonoid-3-glucosides and flavonoid-7-glucosides and a UGT94D1 - that catalyzes glucosylation of (+)-Sesaminol 2-O-β-d-glucoside at the C6 of the primary sugar moiety. 34042420 0 0 theme Repulsion-Hydrophilic 113:133 arg1 Chromatography 147:160 Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography 99:160 Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography 99:160 Counterion Optimization Dramatically Improves Selectivity for Phosphopeptides and Glycopeptides in Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. 34042420 11 1 from column 1453:1458 arg1 fractions 1428:1436 The fractions 1424:1436 The fractions from the ERLIC column 1424:1458 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 11 1 from column 1453:1458 arg1 desalted 1465:1472 desalted 1465:1472 desalted 1465:1472 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 10 2 with proteins 1383:1390 arg1 modifications 1409:1421 "crosstalk" modifications 1397:1421 "crosstalk" modifications 1397:1421 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 5 3 theme Mg+2 644:647 arg1 ion 649:651 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion 626:651 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion 626:651 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 2 4 dep as 355:356 arg1 in 358:359 in 358:359 in 358:359 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 7 5 theme cortex 986:991 arg1 digest 970:975 a tryptic digest 960:975 a tryptic digest of mouse cortex 960:991 These conditions were applied to a tryptic digest of mouse cortex. 34042420 0 6 theme Electrostatic 99:111 arg1 Chromatography 147:160 Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography 99:160 Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography 99:160 Counterion Optimization Dramatically Improves Selectivity for Phosphopeptides and Glycopeptides in Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. 34042420 12 7 theme peptides 1583:1590 arg1 % 1574:1574 Between 47-100% 1560:1574 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group 1560:1673 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 12 7 theme peptides 1583:1590 arg1 peptides 1583:1590 the peptides 1579:1590 the peptides 1579:1590 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 13 8 theme such 1817:1820 arg1 peptides 1822:1829 such peptides 1817:1829 such peptides 1817:1829 This finding implies that the abundance of such peptides may have been significantly underestimated in some past studies. 34042420 11 9 theme mass 1532:1535 arg1 spectrometry 1537:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 1483:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 4 10 theme magnesium 598:606 arg1 salt 571:574 The best salt additive 562:583 The best salt additive examined 562:592 The best salt additive examined was magnesium trifluoroacetate. 34042420 4 10 theme magnesium 598:606 arg1 trifluoroacetate 608:623 magnesium trifluoroacetate 598:623 magnesium trifluoroacetate 598:623 The best salt additive examined was magnesium trifluoroacetate. 34042420 1 11 from retention 232:240 arg1 chromatography 290:303 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 266:303 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 266:303 A well-hydrated counterion can selectively and dramatically increase retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 34042420 10 12 theme PTMs 1355:1358 arg1 number 1335:1340 a number 1333:1340 a number of different PTMs 1333:1358 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 12 13 theme mannose-6 1649:1657 arg1 group 1669:1673 a mannose-6 phosphate group 1647:1673 a mannose-6 phosphate group 1647:1673 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 0 14 theme Interaction 135:145 arg1 Chromatography 147:160 Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography 99:160 Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography 99:160 Counterion Optimization Dramatically Improves Selectivity for Phosphopeptides and Glycopeptides in Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. 34042420 4 15 theme best 566:569 arg1 salt 571:574 The best salt additive 562:583 The best salt additive examined 562:592 The best salt additive examined was magnesium trifluoroacetate. 34042420 4 15 theme best 566:569 arg1 trifluoroacetate 608:623 magnesium trifluoroacetate 598:623 magnesium trifluoroacetate 598:623 The best salt additive examined was magnesium trifluoroacetate. 34042420 5 16 theme hydrated 765:772 arg1 counterion 791:800 the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion 754:800 the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues 754:851 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 5 17 theme negative 721:728 arg1 charge 730:735 negative charge 721:735 negative charge 721:735 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 10 18 theme " 1407:1407 arg1 modifications 1409:1421 "crosstalk" modifications 1397:1421 "crosstalk" modifications 1397:1421 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 12 19 theme graphitic 1756:1764 arg1 carbon 1766:1771 porous graphitic carbon 1749:1771 porous graphitic carbon 1749:1771 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 11 20 theme spectrometry 1537:1548 arg1 analysis 1550:1557 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 6 21 from enhancement 872:882 arg1 selectivity 887:897 selectivity 887:897 selectivity ranging from 6- to 66-fold 887:924 The result was an enhancement in selectivity ranging from 6- to 66-fold. 34042420 7 22 theme tryptic 962:968 arg1 digest 970:975 a tryptic digest 960:975 a tryptic digest of mouse cortex 960:991 These conditions were applied to a tryptic digest of mouse cortex. 34042420 3 23 theme post-translational 521:538 arg1 PTMs 555:558 PTMs 555:558 PTMs 555:558 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 3 23 theme post-translational 521:538 arg1 modifications 540:552 certain post-translational modifications 513:552 certain post-translational modifications (PTMs) 513:559 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 11 24 theme chromatography-tandem 1510:1530 arg1 spectrometry 1537:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 1483:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 4 25 theme additive 576:583 arg1 salt 571:574 The best salt additive 562:583 The best salt additive examined 562:592 The best salt additive examined was magnesium trifluoroacetate. 34042420 4 25 theme additive 576:583 arg1 trifluoroacetate 608:623 magnesium trifluoroacetate 598:623 magnesium trifluoroacetate 598:623 The best salt additive examined was magnesium trifluoroacetate. 34042420 5 26 theme low 740:742 arg1 pH 744:745 low pH 740:745 low pH 740:745 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 5 27 theme peptides 675:682 arg1 retention 662:670 retention 662:670 retention of peptides 662:682 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 3 28 with peptides 499:506 arg1 PTMs 555:558 PTMs 555:558 PTMs 555:558 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 3 28 with peptides 499:506 arg1 modifications 540:552 certain post-translational modifications 513:552 certain post-translational modifications (PTMs) 513:559 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 10 29 theme proteins 1383:1390 arg1 study 1374:1378 study 1374:1378 study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications 1374:1421 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 11 30 theme liquid 1503:1508 arg1 spectrometry 1537:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 1483:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 8 31 with peptides 1042:1049 arg1 N- 1092:1093 N- 1092:1093 N- 1092:1093 Gradient elution produced fractions enriched in peptides with phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, and N- and O-linked glycans. 34042420 8 31 with peptides 1042:1049 arg1 phosphate 1056:1064 phosphate 1056:1064 phosphate 1056:1064 Gradient elution produced fractions enriched in peptides with phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, and N- and O-linked glycans. 34042420 8 31 with peptides 1042:1049 arg1 mannose-6-phosphate 1067:1085 mannose-6-phosphate 1067:1085 mannose-6-phosphate 1067:1085 Gradient elution produced fractions enriched in peptides with phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, and N- and O-linked glycans. 34042420 8 32 theme O-linked 1099:1106 arg1 glycans 1108:1114 O-linked glycans 1099:1114 O-linked glycans 1099:1114 Gradient elution produced fractions enriched in peptides with phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, and N- and O-linked glycans. 34042420 2 33 theme interaction 397:407 arg1 ERLIC 425:429 ERLIC 425:429 ERLIC 425:429 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 2 33 theme interaction 397:407 arg1 chromatography 409:422 electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography 361:422 electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) 361:430 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 12 34 theme carbon 1766:1771 arg1 cartridge 1736:1744 a cartridge 1734:1744 a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon 1734:1771 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 1 35 theme charged 247:253 arg1 analyte 255:261 a charged analyte 245:261 a charged analyte 245:261 A well-hydrated counterion can selectively and dramatically increase retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 34042420 0 36 theme Counterion 0:9 arg1 Optimization 11:22 Counterion Optimization 0:22 Counterion Optimization 0:22 Counterion Optimization Dramatically Improves Selectivity for Phosphopeptides and Glycopeptides in Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. 34042420 5 37 theme functional 689:698 arg1 groups 700:705 functional groups 689:705 functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues 689:851 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 2 38 theme repulsion-hydrophilic 375:395 arg1 ERLIC 425:429 ERLIC 425:429 ERLIC 425:429 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 2 38 theme repulsion-hydrophilic 375:395 arg1 chromatography 409:422 electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography 361:422 electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) 361:430 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 8 39 theme Gradient 994:1001 arg1 elution 1003:1009 Gradient elution 994:1009 Gradient elution 994:1009 Gradient elution produced fractions enriched in peptides with phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, and N- and O-linked glycans. 34042420 3 40 theme certain 513:519 arg1 PTMs 555:558 PTMs 555:558 PTMs 555:558 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 3 40 theme certain 513:519 arg1 modifications 540:552 certain post-translational modifications 513:552 certain post-translational modifications (PTMs) 513:559 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 10 41 contain contain 1325:1331 arg2 number 1335:1340 a number 1333:1340 a number of different PTMs 1333:1358 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 10 41 contain contain 1325:1331 arg1 peptides 1296:1303 peptides 1296:1303 peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications 1296:1421 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 2 42 theme electrostatic 361:373 arg1 ERLIC 425:429 ERLIC 425:429 ERLIC 425:429 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 2 42 theme electrostatic 361:373 arg1 chromatography 409:422 electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography 361:422 electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) 361:430 The effect is enhanced if the column is charged, as in electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). 34042420 12 43 with % 1574:1574 arg1 group 1669:1673 a mannose-6 phosphate group 1647:1673 a mannose-6 phosphate group 1647:1673 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 12 43 with % 1574:1574 arg1 phosphate 1611:1619 more than one phosphate or sialyl residue 1597:1637 phosphate 1611:1619 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 9 44 theme alternative 1217:1227 arg1 methods 1229:1235 the best alternative methods 1208:1235 the best alternative methods 1208:1235 The numbers of such peptides identified either equaled or exceeded the numbers afforded by the best alternative methods. 34042420 9 45 theme best 1212:1215 arg1 methods 1229:1235 the best alternative methods 1208:1235 the best alternative methods 1208:1235 The numbers of such peptides identified either equaled or exceeded the numbers afforded by the best alternative methods. 34042420 1 46 theme hydrophilic 266:276 arg1 chromatography 290:303 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 266:303 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 266:303 A well-hydrated counterion can selectively and dramatically increase retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 34042420 13 47 theme peptides 1822:1829 arg1 abundance 1804:1812 the abundance 1800:1812 the abundance of such peptides 1800:1829 This finding implies that the abundance of such peptides may have been significantly underestimated in some past studies. 34042420 12 48 theme porous 1749:1754 arg1 carbon 1766:1771 porous graphitic carbon 1749:1771 porous graphitic carbon 1749:1771 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 5 49 theme due 827:829 arg1 retention 817:825 the retention 813:825 the retention due to the basic residues 813:851 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 1 50 theme analyte 255:261 arg1 retention 232:240 retention 232:240 retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography 232:303 A well-hydrated counterion can selectively and dramatically increase retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 34042420 1 51 theme interaction 278:288 arg1 chromatography 290:303 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 266:303 hydrophilic interaction chromatography 266:303 A well-hydrated counterion can selectively and dramatically increase retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 34042420 3 52 theme peptides 499:506 arg1 isolation 486:494 the isolation 482:494 the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs) 482:559 This combination was exploited in proteomics for the isolation of peptides with certain post-translational modifications (PTMs). 34042420 11 53 theme ERLIC 1447:1451 arg1 column 1453:1458 the ERLIC column 1443:1458 the ERLIC column 1443:1458 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 10 54 theme productive 1255:1264 arg1 method 1243:1248 This method 1238:1248 This method 1238:1248 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 10 54 theme productive 1255:1264 arg1 way 1281:1283 a productive and convenient way 1253:1283 a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications 1253:1421 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 5 55 theme trifluoroacetate 774:789 arg1 counterion 791:800 the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion 754:800 the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues 754:851 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 12 56 theme sialyl 1624:1629 arg1 residue 1631:1637 more than one phosphate or sialyl residue 1597:1637 residue 1631:1637 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 1 57 theme well-hydrated 165:177 arg1 counterion 179:188 A well-hydrated counterion 163:188 A well-hydrated counterion 163:188 A well-hydrated counterion can selectively and dramatically increase retention of a charged analyte in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. 34042420 8 58 link O-linked 1099:1106 arg1 glycans 1108:1114 O-linked glycans 1099:1114 O-linked glycans 1099:1114 Gradient elution produced fractions enriched in peptides with phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate, and N- and O-linked glycans. 34042420 12 59 theme C-18 1698:1701 arg1 cartridge 1703:1711 a C-18 cartridge 1696:1711 a C-18 cartridge 1696:1711 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 10 60 theme different 1345:1353 arg1 PTMs 1355:1358 different PTMs 1345:1358 different PTMs 1345:1358 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 9 61 theme such 1132:1135 arg1 peptides 1137:1144 such peptides 1132:1144 such peptides identified 1132:1155 The numbers of such peptides identified either equaled or exceeded the numbers afforded by the best alternative methods. 34042420 12 62 theme phosphate 1659:1667 arg1 group 1669:1673 a mannose-6 phosphate group 1647:1673 a mannose-6 phosphate group 1647:1673 Between 47-100% of the peptides with more than one phosphate or sialyl residue or with a mannose-6 phosphate group were not retained by a C-18 cartridge but were retained by a cartridge of porous graphitic carbon. 34042420 11 63 theme C-18-reversed 1483:1495 arg1 spectrometry 1537:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 1483:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 9 64 theme peptides 1137:1144 arg1 numbers 1121:1127 The numbers 1117:1127 The numbers of such peptides identified 1117:1155 The numbers of such peptides identified either equaled or exceeded the numbers afforded by the best alternative methods. 34042420 13 65 theme past 1882:1885 arg1 studies 1887:1893 some past studies 1877:1893 some past studies 1877:1893 This finding implies that the abundance of such peptides may have been significantly underestimated in some past studies. 34042420 11 66 theme phase 1497:1501 arg1 spectrometry 1537:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 1483:1548 C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis 1483:1557 The fractions from the ERLIC column were desalted prior to C-18-reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 34042420 10 67 theme convenient 1270:1279 arg1 method 1243:1248 This method 1238:1248 This method 1238:1248 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 10 67 theme convenient 1270:1279 arg1 way 1281:1283 a productive and convenient way 1253:1283 a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications 1253:1421 This method is a productive and convenient way to isolate peptides simultaneously that contain a number of different PTMs, facilitating study of proteins with "crosstalk" modifications. 34042420 5 68 theme well-hydrated 630:642 arg1 ion 649:651 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion 626:651 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion 626:651 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 34042420 7 69 theme mouse 980:984 arg1 cortex 986:991 mouse cortex 980:991 mouse cortex 980:991 These conditions were applied to a tryptic digest of mouse cortex. 34042420 5 70 theme basic 838:842 arg1 residues 844:851 the basic residues 834:851 the basic residues 834:851 The well-hydrated Mg+2 ion promoted retention of peptides with functional groups that retained negative charge at low pH, while the poorly hydrated trifluoroacetate counterion tuned down the retention due to the basic residues. 33556573 5 0 theme thioether 789:797 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa-3 833:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 4 1 theme hepatoma 728:735 arg1 cells 737:741 human hepatoma cells 722:741 human hepatoma cells 722:741 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 4 2 theme human 634:638 arg1 line 661:664 human prostate cancer cell line 634:664 human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B 634:670 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 0 3 theme peptidomimetics 68:82 arg1 synthesis 8:16 synthesis 8:16 synthesis 8:16 Design, synthesis, and anti-tumor activities of novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics. 33556573 0 3 theme peptidomimetics 68:82 arg1 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design 0:5 Design, synthesis, and anti-tumor activities of novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics. 33556573 0 3 theme peptidomimetics 68:82 arg1 activities 34:43 anti-tumor activities 23:43 anti-tumor activities 23:43 Design, synthesis, and anti-tumor activities of novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics. 33556573 2 4 theme poor 372:375 arg1 protease 377:384 its poor protease 368:384 its poor protease 368:384 However, the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa remains unclear, and, more importantly, its therapeutic application is limited owing to its poor protease and reduction stability. 33556573 3 5 link O-linked 481:488 arg1 glyclopeptides 511:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 4 6 theme cancer 649:654 arg1 line 661:664 human prostate cancer cell line 634:664 human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B 634:670 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 4 7 theme human 673:677 arg1 line 690:693 human NSCLC cell line 673:693 human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma) 673:715 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 5 8 theme increased 954:962 arg1 activity 975:982 increased anti-tumor activity 954:982 increased anti-tumor activity 954:982 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 4 9 theme prostate 640:647 arg1 line 661:664 human prostate cancer cell line 634:664 human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B 634:670 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 4 10 theme human 722:726 arg1 cells 737:741 human hepatoma cells 722:741 human hepatoma cells 722:741 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 1 11 theme skin-derived 115:126 arg1 peptide 128:134 an amphibian skin-derived peptide 102:134 an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria 102:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 1 11 theme skin-derived 115:126 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 5 12 theme stable 894:899 arg1 structure 911:919 more stable secondary structure 889:919 more stable secondary structure 889:919 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 3 13 theme N-acetyl-glucosamine 490:509 arg1 glyclopeptides 511:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 5 14 theme promising 1035:1043 arg1 compound 1053:1060 a promising leading compound 1033:1060 it a promising leading compound for drug development 1030:1081 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 5 15 theme protease 930:937 arg1 stability 939:947 greater protease stability 922:947 greater protease stability 922:947 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 1 16 theme gram-positive 192:204 arg1 bacteria 220:227 gram-positive and -negative bacteria 192:227 gram-positive and -negative bacteria 192:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 5 17 theme anti-tumor 964:973 arg1 activity 975:982 increased anti-tumor activity 954:982 increased anti-tumor activity 954:982 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 5 18 theme substituted 806:816 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa-3 833:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 5 19 theme leading 1045:1051 arg1 compound 1053:1060 a promising leading compound 1033:1060 it a promising leading compound for drug development 1030:1081 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 3 20 theme derivatives 458:468 arg1 series 428:433 a series 426:433 a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, 426:553 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 5 21 theme improved 859:866 arg1 stability 878:886 improved reduction stability 859:886 improved reduction stability 859:886 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 5 22 theme bridge 799:804 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa-3 833:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 5 23 theme original 1002:1009 arg1 peptide 1011:1017 the original peptide 998:1017 the original peptide 998:1017 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 1 24 theme -negative 210:218 arg1 bacteria 220:227 gram-positive and -negative bacteria 192:227 gram-positive and -negative bacteria 192:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 5 25 theme reduction 868:876 arg1 stability 878:886 improved reduction stability 859:886 improved reduction stability 859:886 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 3 26 theme novel 438:442 arg1 glyclopeptides 511:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 3 26 theme novel 438:442 arg1 derivatives 458:468 novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives 438:468 novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives 438:468 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 3 26 theme novel 438:442 arg1 mimetics 545:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 4 27 theme line 743:746 arg1 HuH-7 748:752 line HuH-7 743:752 line HuH-7 743:752 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 2 28 theme therapeutic 324:334 arg1 application 336:346 its therapeutic application 320:346 its therapeutic application 320:346 However, the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa remains unclear, and, more importantly, its therapeutic application is limited owing to its poor protease and reduction stability. 33556573 4 29 dep line 690:693 arg1 adenocarcinoma 701:714 adenocarcinoma 701:714 adenocarcinoma 701:714 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 4 29 dep line 690:693 arg1 A549 695:698 A549 695:698 human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma) 673:715 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 3 30 theme O-linked 481:488 arg1 glyclopeptides 511:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 1 31 theme amphibian 105:113 arg1 peptide 128:134 an amphibian skin-derived peptide 102:134 an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria 102:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 1 31 theme amphibian 105:113 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 1 32 theme promising 150:158 arg1 activity 175:182 promising anti-microbial activity 150:182 promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria 150:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 0 33 theme anti-tumor 23:32 arg1 activities 34:43 anti-tumor activities 23:43 anti-tumor activities 23:43 Design, synthesis, and anti-tumor activities of novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics. 33556573 4 34 theme anti-tumor 606:615 arg1 activity 617:624 their anti-tumor activity 600:624 their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 600:752 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 2 35 theme Brevinin-1BYa 266:278 arg1 activity 254:261 the anti-tumor activity 239:261 the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa 239:278 However, the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa remains unclear, and, more importantly, its therapeutic application is limited owing to its poor protease and reduction stability. 33556573 5 36 theme secondary 901:909 arg1 structure 911:919 more stable secondary structure 889:919 more stable secondary structure 889:919 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 3 37 theme Brevinin-1BYa 444:456 arg1 glyclopeptides 511:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides 481:524 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 3 37 theme Brevinin-1BYa 444:456 arg1 derivatives 458:468 novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives 438:468 novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives 438:468 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 3 37 theme Brevinin-1BYa 444:456 arg1 mimetics 545:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 5 38 theme peptidomimetic 818:831 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa-3 833:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 785:847 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 4 39 theme cell 685:688 arg1 line 690:693 human NSCLC cell line 673:693 human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma) 673:715 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 3 40 theme disulfide 530:538 arg1 mimetics 545:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 2 41 theme anti-tumor 243:252 arg1 activity 254:261 the anti-tumor activity 239:261 the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa 239:278 However, the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa remains unclear, and, more importantly, its therapeutic application is limited owing to its poor protease and reduction stability. 33556573 3 42 theme bond 540:543 arg1 mimetics 545:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 disulfide bond mimetics 530:552 In this study, a series of novel Brevinin-1BYa derivatives, including O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine glyclopeptides and disulfide bond mimetics, were designed and synthesized. 33556573 1 43 link skin-derived 115:126 arg1 peptide 128:134 an amphibian skin-derived peptide 102:134 an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria 102:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 1 43 link skin-derived 115:126 arg1 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa 85:97 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33556573 5 44 theme malignant 1122:1130 arg1 tumors 1132:1137 malignant tumors 1122:1137 malignant tumors 1122:1137 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 5 45 dep it 1030:1031 arg1 compound 1053:1060 a promising leading compound 1033:1060 it a promising leading compound for drug development 1030:1081 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 4 46 dep line 661:664 arg1 HuH-7 748:752 line HuH-7 743:752 line HuH-7 743:752 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 4 46 dep line 661:664 arg1 C4-2B 666:670 C4-2B 666:670 human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B 634:670 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 4 47 theme cell 656:659 arg1 line 661:664 human prostate cancer cell line 634:664 human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B 634:670 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 0 48 theme Brevinin-1BYa 54:66 arg1 peptidomimetics 68:82 novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics 48:82 novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics 48:82 Design, synthesis, and anti-tumor activities of novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics. 33556573 5 49 theme drug 1066:1069 arg1 development 1071:1081 drug development 1066:1081 drug development 1066:1081 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 4 50 theme NSCLC 679:683 arg1 line 690:693 human NSCLC cell line 673:693 human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma) 673:715 Additionally, their anti-tumor activity against human prostate cancer cell line C4-2B, human NSCLC cell line A549 (adenocarcinoma), and human hepatoma cells line HuH-7 was investigated. 33556573 2 51 theme reduction 390:398 arg1 stability 400:408 reduction stability 390:408 reduction stability 390:408 However, the anti-tumor activity of Brevinin-1BYa remains unclear, and, more importantly, its therapeutic application is limited owing to its poor protease and reduction stability. 33556573 5 52 theme greater 922:928 arg1 stability 939:947 greater protease stability 922:947 greater protease stability 922:947 Among these, the thioether bridge substituted peptidomimetic Brevinin-1BYa-3 displayed improved reduction stability, more stable secondary structure, greater protease stability, and increased anti-tumor activity compared with the original peptide, rendering it a promising leading compound for drug development, particularly for applications against malignant tumors. 33556573 0 53 theme novel 48:52 arg1 peptidomimetics 68:82 novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics 48:82 novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics 48:82 Design, synthesis, and anti-tumor activities of novel Brevinin-1BYa peptidomimetics. 33556573 1 54 theme anti-microbial 160:173 arg1 activity 175:182 promising anti-microbial activity 150:182 promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria 150:227 Brevinin-1BYa is an amphibian skin-derived peptide that exhibits promising anti-microbial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. 33036308 5 0 theme mouse 774:778 arg1 breaching 791:799 mouse blastocyst breaching 774:799 mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium 774:829 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 4 1 theme trophoblast 700:710 arg1 cells 712:716 human trophoblast cells 694:716 human trophoblast cells 694:716 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 4 2 used used 591:594 arg2 we 588:589 we 588:589 we 588:589 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 4 3 theme thiamet 610:616 arg1 g 618:618 OGA inhibitor thiamet g 596:618 OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) 596:624 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 4 3 theme thiamet 610:616 arg1 TMG 621:623 TMG 621:623 TMG 621:623 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 5 4 theme blastocyst 780:789 arg1 breaching 791:799 mouse blastocyst breaching 774:799 mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium 774:829 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 1 5 link TE-derived 227:236 arg1 trophoblast 238:248 TE-derived trophoblast 227:248 TE-derived trophoblast 227:248 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 6 6 theme factors 875:881 arg1 expression 844:853 expression 844:853 expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3 844:903 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 4 7 theme inhibitor 600:608 arg1 g 618:618 OGA inhibitor thiamet g 596:618 OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) 596:624 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 4 7 theme inhibitor 600:608 arg1 TMG 621:623 TMG 621:623 TMG 621:623 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 5 8 theme embryo 734:739 arg1 model 754:758 an in vitro embryo implantation model 722:758 an in vitro embryo implantation model 722:758 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 7 9 theme human 1142:1146 arg1 implantation 1154:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 10 theme transcription 1009:1021 arg1 factors 1023:1029 transcription factors 1009:1029 transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1 1009:1044 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 10 theme transcription 1009:1021 arg1 GCM1 1041:1044 GCM1 1041:1044 GCM1 1041:1044 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 10 theme transcription 1009:1021 arg1 OVOL1 1031:1035 OVOL1 1031:1035 OVOL1 1031:1035 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 1 11 theme Embryo 78:83 arg1 implantation 85:96 Embryo implantation 78:96 Embryo implantation 78:96 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 5 12 theme implantation 741:752 arg1 model 754:758 an in vitro embryo implantation model 722:758 an in vitro embryo implantation model 722:758 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 4 13 theme raised 636:641 arg1 levels 643:648 raised levels 636:648 raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation 636:667 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 7 14 theme TE 1148:1149 arg1 implantation 1154:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 9 15 theme assisted 1413:1420 arg1 reproduction 1422:1433 assisted reproduction 1413:1433 assisted reproduction 1413:1433 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 2 16 link O-linked 285:292 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 2 16 link O-linked 285:292 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 294:314 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 285:314 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 285:332 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 8 17 theme capable 1217:1223 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1178:1192 O-GlcNAcylation 1178:1192 O-GlcNAcylation 1178:1192 Therefore O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation. 33036308 8 17 theme capable 1217:1223 arg1 pathway 1209:1215 a conserved pathway 1197:1215 a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation 1197:1262 Therefore O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation. 33036308 7 18 theme differentiation 1121:1135 arg1 model 1092:1096 a cell line model 1080:1096 a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation 1080:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 3 19 from implantation 549:560 arg1 role 525:528 a role 523:528 a role for this system at implantation 523:560 O-GlcNAcylation is essential for blastocyst formation, but whether there is a role for this system at implantation remains unexplored. 33036308 2 20 theme stress 428:433 arg1 adaptation 435:444 stress adaptation 428:444 stress adaptation 428:444 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 7 21 from model 1092:1096 arg1 implantation 1154:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 9 22 theme adverse 1452:1458 arg1 outcomes 1469:1476 adverse neonatal outcomes 1452:1476 adverse neonatal outcomes 1452:1476 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 9 23 theme adult 1493:1497 arg1 risks 1506:1510 associated adult health risks 1482:1510 associated adult health risks 1482:1510 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 5 24 theme epithelium 820:829 arg1 breaching 791:799 mouse blastocyst breaching 774:799 mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium 774:829 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 10 25 theme Further 1513:1519 arg1 investigation 1521:1533 Further investigation 1513:1533 Further investigation of how O-GlcNAcylation regulates trophoblast populations arising at implantation 1513:1614 Further investigation of how O-GlcNAcylation regulates trophoblast populations arising at implantation is required to understand how peri-implantation stress affects reproductive outcomes. 33036308 1 26 theme blastocyst 110:119 arg1 attachment 140:149 blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment 110:149 blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium 110:179 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 9 27 theme health 1499:1504 arg1 risks 1506:1510 associated adult health risks 1482:1510 associated adult health risks 1482:1510 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 0 28 theme Protein 0:6 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 8:22 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 0:22 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 0:22 Protein O-GlcNAcylation Promotes Trophoblast Differentiation at Implantation. 33036308 7 29 theme syncytiotrophoblast 1101:1119 arg1 differentiation 1121:1135 syncytiotrophoblast differentiation 1101:1135 syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation 1101:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 1 30 theme trophectoderm 121:133 arg1 attachment 140:149 blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment 110:149 blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium 110:179 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 7 31 dep factors 1023:1029 arg1 factors 1023:1029 transcription factors 1009:1029 transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1 1009:1044 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 31 dep factors 1023:1029 arg1 GCM1 1041:1044 GCM1 1041:1044 GCM1 1041:1044 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 31 dep factors 1023:1029 arg1 OVOL1 1031:1035 OVOL1 1031:1035 OVOL1 1031:1035 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 2 32 theme cellular 405:412 arg1 metabolism 414:423 cellular metabolism 405:423 cellular metabolism 405:423 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 0 33 theme Trophoblast 33:43 arg1 Differentiation 45:59 Trophoblast Differentiation 33:59 Trophoblast Differentiation 33:59 Protein O-GlcNAcylation Promotes Trophoblast Differentiation at Implantation. 33036308 9 34 theme maternal 1378:1385 arg1 pathophysiology 1387:1401 maternal pathophysiology 1378:1401 maternal pathophysiology 1378:1401 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 7 35 theme line 1087:1090 arg1 model 1092:1096 a cell line model 1080:1096 a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation 1080:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 9 36 theme associated 1482:1491 arg1 risks 1506:1510 associated adult health risks 1482:1510 associated adult health risks 1482:1510 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 2 37 theme O-GlcNAc 349:356 arg1 transferase 358:368 O-GlcNAc transferase 349:368 O-GlcNAc transferase 349:368 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 4 38 theme OGA 596:598 arg1 g 618:618 OGA inhibitor thiamet g 596:618 OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) 596:624 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 4 38 theme OGA 596:598 arg1 TMG 621:623 TMG 621:623 TMG 621:623 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 9 39 theme physical 1301:1308 arg1 stress 1334:1339 physical, chemical and nutritive stress 1301:1339 physical, chemical and nutritive stress 1301:1339 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 1 40 theme barrier 216:222 arg1 breaching 198:206 the breaching 194:206 the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast 194:248 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 10 41 theme peri-implantation 1646:1662 arg1 stress 1664:1669 peri-implantation stress 1646:1669 peri-implantation stress 1646:1669 Further investigation of how O-GlcNAcylation regulates trophoblast populations arising at implantation is required to understand how peri-implantation stress affects reproductive outcomes. 33036308 5 42 theme in 725:726 arg1 model 754:758 an in vitro embryo implantation model 722:758 an in vitro embryo implantation model 722:758 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 10 43 theme reproductive 1679:1690 arg1 outcomes 1692:1699 reproductive outcomes 1679:1699 reproductive outcomes 1679:1699 Further investigation of how O-GlcNAcylation regulates trophoblast populations arising at implantation is required to understand how peri-implantation stress affects reproductive outcomes. 33036308 2 44 theme protein 259:265 arg1 modification 267:278 Dynamic protein modification 251:278 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 251:332 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 4 45 theme O-GlcNAcylation 653:667 arg1 levels 643:648 raised levels 636:648 raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation 636:667 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 4 46 theme mouse 672:676 arg1 blastocysts 678:688 mouse blastocysts 672:688 mouse blastocysts 672:688 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 7 47 theme at 1151:1152 arg1 implantation 1154:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 48 theme cell 1082:1085 arg1 model 1092:1096 a cell line model 1080:1096 a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation 1080:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 2 49 theme Dynamic 251:257 arg1 modification 267:278 Dynamic protein modification 251:278 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 251:332 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 7 50 theme cell 1051:1054 arg1 ERVFRD1 1068:1074 cell fusion gene ERVFRD1 1051:1074 cell fusion gene ERVFRD1 1051:1074 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 1 51 theme TE-derived 227:236 arg1 trophoblast 238:248 TE-derived trophoblast 227:248 TE-derived trophoblast 227:248 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 2 52 with modification 267:278 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 2 52 with modification 267:278 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 294:314 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 285:314 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 285:332 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 3 53 theme blastocyst 480:489 arg1 formation 491:499 blastocyst formation 480:499 blastocyst formation 480:499 O-GlcNAcylation is essential for blastocyst formation, but whether there is a role for this system at implantation remains unexplored. 33036308 7 54 theme fusion 1056:1061 arg1 ERVFRD1 1068:1074 cell fusion gene ERVFRD1 1051:1074 cell fusion gene ERVFRD1 1051:1074 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 1 55 dep begins 98:103 arg1 followed 182:189 followed 182:189 followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast 182:248 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 5 56 theme endometrial 808:818 arg1 epithelium 820:829 the endometrial epithelium 804:829 the endometrial epithelium 804:829 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 10 57 theme trophoblast 1568:1578 arg1 populations 1580:1590 trophoblast populations 1568:1590 trophoblast populations arising at implantation 1568:1614 Further investigation of how O-GlcNAcylation regulates trophoblast populations arising at implantation is required to understand how peri-implantation stress affects reproductive outcomes. 33036308 6 58 theme transcription 861:873 arg1 factors 875:881 TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3 858:903 TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3 858:903 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 9 59 theme chemical 1311:1318 arg1 stress 1334:1339 physical, chemical and nutritive stress 1301:1339 physical, chemical and nutritive stress 1301:1339 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 6 60 dep factors 875:881 arg1 Cdx2 883:886 Cdx2 883:886 Cdx2 883:886 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 6 60 dep factors 875:881 arg1 Gata3 899:903 Gata3 899:903 Gata3 899:903 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 6 60 dep factors 875:881 arg1 Gata2 889:893 Gata2 889:893 Gata2 889:893 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 7 61 from implantation 1154:1165 arg1 differentiation 1121:1135 syncytiotrophoblast differentiation 1101:1135 syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation 1101:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 61 from implantation 1154:1165 arg1 TE 1148:1149 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 61 from implantation 1154:1165 arg1 at 1151:1152 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 human TE at implantation 1142:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 61 from implantation 1154:1165 arg1 model 1092:1096 a cell line model 1080:1096 a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation 1080:1165 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 7 62 theme gene 1063:1066 arg1 ERVFRD1 1068:1074 cell fusion gene ERVFRD1 1051:1074 cell fusion gene ERVFRD1 1051:1074 TMG upregulated transcription factors OVOL1 and GCM1, and cell fusion gene ERVFRD1, in a cell line model of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from human TE at implantation. 33036308 6 63 theme TE 858:859 arg1 factors 875:881 TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3 858:903 TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3 858:903 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 9 64 theme pathophysiology 1387:1401 arg1 consequence 1363:1373 a consequence 1361:1373 a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction 1361:1433 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 8 65 theme conserved 1199:1207 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1178:1192 O-GlcNAcylation 1178:1192 O-GlcNAcylation 1178:1192 Therefore O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation. 33036308 8 65 theme conserved 1199:1207 arg1 pathway 1209:1215 a conserved pathway 1197:1215 a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation 1197:1262 Therefore O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation. 33036308 9 66 theme neonatal 1460:1467 arg1 outcomes 1469:1476 adverse neonatal outcomes 1452:1476 adverse neonatal outcomes 1452:1476 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 2 67 theme O-linked 285:292 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 O-GlcNAcylation 317:331 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 2 67 theme O-linked 285:292 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 294:314 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 285:314 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 285:332 Dynamic protein modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and couples cellular metabolism to stress adaptation. 33036308 5 68 dep in 725:726 arg1 vitro 728:732 vitro 728:732 vitro 728:732 In an in vitro embryo implantation model, TMG promoted mouse blastocyst breaching of the endometrial epithelium. 33036308 9 69 theme nutritive 1324:1332 arg1 stress 1334:1339 physical, chemical and nutritive stress 1301:1339 physical, chemical and nutritive stress 1301:1339 TE and trophoblast are sensitive to physical, chemical and nutritive stress, which can occur as a consequence of maternal pathophysiology or during assisted reproduction, and may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes and associated adult health risks. 33036308 1 70 theme endometrial 158:168 arg1 epithelium 170:179 the endometrial epithelium 154:179 the endometrial epithelium 154:179 Embryo implantation begins with blastocyst trophectoderm (TE) attachment to the endometrial epithelium, followed by the breaching of this barrier by TE-derived trophoblast. 33036308 6 71 theme TE 949:950 arg1 differentiation 952:966 TE differentiation 949:966 TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast 949:990 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33036308 8 72 theme trophoblast 1236:1246 arg1 differentiation 1248:1262 trophoblast differentiation 1236:1262 trophoblast differentiation 1236:1262 Therefore O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved pathway capable of driving trophoblast differentiation. 33036308 4 73 theme human 694:698 arg1 cells 712:716 human trophoblast cells 694:716 human trophoblast cells 694:716 Here, we used OGA inhibitor thiamet g (TMG) to induce raised levels of O-GlcNAcylation in mouse blastocysts and human trophoblast cells. 33036308 6 74 theme invasive 971:978 arg1 trophoblast 980:990 invasive trophoblast 971:990 invasive trophoblast 971:990 TMG reduced expression of TE transcription factors Cdx2, Gata2 and Gata3, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation stimulated TE differentiation to invasive trophoblast. 33969142 10 0 attach present 1905:1911 arg2 tools 1951:1955 promising tools 1941:1955 promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 1941:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 10 0 attach present 1905:1911 arg1 genes 1922:1926 these genes 1916:1926 these genes 1916:1926 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 10 0 attach present 1905:1911 arg2 anomalies 1895:1903 The anomalies 1891:1903 The anomalies present in these genes 1891:1926 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 10 1 theme early-stage 2032:2042 arg1 cancer 2052:2057 early-stage gastric cancer 2032:2057 early-stage gastric cancer 2032:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 2 2 theme transcriptome-wide 375:392 arg1 profiling 394:402 transcriptome-wide profiling 375:402 transcriptome-wide profiling 375:402 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 1 3 theme therapeutic 273:283 arg1 targets 285:291 therapeutic targets 273:291 therapeutic targets 273:291 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 33969142 9 4 dep CONCLUSION 1709:1718 arg1 illustrates 1764:1774 illustrates 1764:1774 illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis 1764:1888 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 2 5 theme Next-generation 294:308 arg1 sequencing 314:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing 294:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing 294:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 2 5 theme Next-generation 294:308 arg1 tool 339:342 a powerful tool 328:342 a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes 328:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 9 6 theme RNA-sequencing 1789:1802 arg1 power 1780:1784 the power 1776:1784 the power of RNA-sequencing 1776:1802 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 7 7 theme signalling 1199:1208 arg1 pathways 1210:1217 dysregulated signalling pathways 1186:1217 dysregulated signalling pathways 1186:1217 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 7 theme signalling 1199:1208 arg1 those 1230:1234 those 1230:1234 those 1230:1234 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 1 8 theme common 191:196 arg1 worldwide 206:214 the most common cancers worldwide 182:214 the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets 182:291 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 33969142 6 9 theme genes 1051:1055 arg1 Analysis 1010:1017 RESULTS Analysis 1002:1017 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes 1002:1055 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 0 10 theme Patient 123:129 arg1 Samples 138:144 Patient Tissue Samples 123:144 Patient Tissue Samples 123:144 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 3 11 theme early 610:614 arg1 diagnosis 616:624 the early diagnosis 606:624 the early diagnosis of disease 606:635 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 7 12 theme drug 1272:1275 arg1 metabolism 1277:1286 drug metabolism 1272:1286 drug metabolism 1272:1286 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 5 13 theme main 926:929 arg1 function 931:938 the main function 922:938 the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples 922:999 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 9 14 theme tumorigenic 1836:1846 arg1 pathways 1848:1855 ‎and tumorigenic pathways 1831:1855 ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis 1831:1888 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 7 15 theme Pathway 1135:1141 arg1 analysis 1154:1161 Pathway enrichment analysis 1135:1161 Pathway enrichment analysis 1135:1161 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 4 16 dep METHODS 678:684 arg1 study 694:698 this study 689:698 this study 689:698 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 5 17 theme tissue 986:991 arg1 samples 993:999 tissue samples 986:999 tissue samples 986:999 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 6 18 theme RESULTS 1002:1008 arg1 Analysis 1010:1017 RESULTS Analysis 1002:1017 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes 1002:1055 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 8 19 theme antisense 1579:1587 arg1 P4HB 1589:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 4 20 theme tissue 791:796 arg1 samples 798:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples 767:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer 767:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 5 21 dep genes 956:960 arg1 the 943:945 the 943:945 the 943:945 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 9 22 theme human 1869:1873 arg1 carcinogenesis 1875:1888 human carcinogenesis 1869:1888 human carcinogenesis 1869:1888 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 4 23 theme RNA 749:751 arg1 sequencing 753:762 RNA sequencing 749:762 RNA sequencing 749:762 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 toxicology 1316:1325 molecular toxicology 1306:1325 molecular toxicology 1306:1325 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 immunotoxicity 1362:1375 immunotoxicity 1362:1375 immunotoxicity 1362:1375 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 metabolism 1277:1286 drug metabolism 1272:1286 drug metabolism 1272:1286 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 metabolism 1378:1387 metabolism 1378:1387 metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 1378:1421 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 transporters 1292:1303 transporters 1292:1303 transporters 1292:1303 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 glycosylation 1337:1349 O-linked glycosylation 1328:1349 O-linked glycosylation of mucins 1328:1359 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 glycosylation 1428:1440 glycosylation 1428:1440 glycosylation 1428:1440 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 24 theme mucins 1354:1359 arg1 secretion 1261:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 10 25 theme promising 1941:1949 arg1 tools 1951:1955 promising tools 1941:1955 promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 1941:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 10 25 theme promising 1941:1949 arg1 anomalies 1895:1903 The anomalies 1891:1903 The anomalies present in these genes 1891:1926 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 1 26 theme Gastric 158:164 arg1 cancer 166:171 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 147:171 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 147:171 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 33969142 10 27 from present 1905:1911 arg1 genes 1922:1926 these genes 1916:1926 these genes 1916:1926 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 6 28 theme downregulated 1088:1100 arg1 genes 1102:1106 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes 1066:1106 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes 1066:1106 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 5 29 theme present 975:981 arg1 genes 956:960 specific genes 947:960 specific genes 947:960 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 8 30 theme long 1614:1617 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 30 theme long 1614:1617 arg1 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 4 31 theme gastric 837:843 arg1 cancer 845:850 early-stage gastric cancer 825:850 early-stage gastric cancer 825:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 0 32 theme Long 99:102 arg1 RNAs 115:118 Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs 93:118 Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs 93:118 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 8 33 theme non-protein 1630:1640 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 33 theme non-protein 1630:1640 arg1 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 7 34 theme molecular 1306:1314 arg1 toxicology 1316:1325 molecular toxicology 1306:1325 molecular toxicology 1306:1325 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 0 35 theme Adenocarcinoma 38:51 arg1 Sequencing 4:13 RNA Sequencing 0:13 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma 0:51 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 5 36 from samples 993:999 arg1 present 975:981 present 975:981 present 975:981 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 2 37 theme expressed 429:437 arg1 transcripts 439:449 differentially expressed transcripts 414:449 differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes 414:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 0 38 theme RNA 0:2 arg1 Sequencing 4:13 RNA Sequencing 0:13 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma 0:51 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 7 39 gly glycosylation 1337:1349 arg1 xenobiotics 1392:1402 xenobiotics 1392:1402 xenobiotics 1392:1402 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 39 gly glycosylation 1337:1349 arg1 mucins 1354:1359 mucins 1354:1359 mucins 1354:1359 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 3 40 theme new 580:582 arg1 targets 594:600 new molecular targets 580:600 new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease 580:635 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 1 41 theme BACKGROUND 147:156 arg1 cancer 166:171 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 147:171 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 147:171 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 33969142 10 42 theme accurate 1980:1987 arg1 biomarkers 2000:2009 accurate diagnostic biomarkers 1980:2009 accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 1980:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 2 43 theme normal 463:468 arg1 processes 498:506 normal biological and pathological processes 463:506 normal biological and pathological processes 463:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 0 44 theme Gastric 30:36 arg1 Adenocarcinoma 38:51 Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma 18:51 Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma 18:51 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 5 45 theme ontology 858:865 arg1 analysis 890:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 6 46 theme cancer 1119:1124 arg1 tissues 1126:1132 gastric cancer tissues 1111:1132 gastric cancer tissues 1111:1132 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 8 47 theme uncharacterized 1674:1688 arg1 LOC25845 1690:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 1674:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1674:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 47 theme uncharacterized 1674:1688 arg1 PP7080 1700:1705 PP7080 1700:1705 PP7080 1700:1705 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 0 48 theme Activated 70:78 arg1 Pathways 80:87 Multiple Activated Pathways 61:87 Multiple Activated Pathways 61:87 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 8 49 theme GATA6 1538:1542 arg1 RNA 1554:1556 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 7 50 theme acid 1256:1259 arg1 secretion 1261:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 51 theme cytochrome 1407:1416 arg1 P450 1418:1421 cytochrome P450 1407:1421 cytochrome P450 1407:1421 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 3 52 theme technique 536:544 arg1 function 519:526 the function 515:526 the function of this technique 515:544 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 3 53 theme molecular 584:592 arg1 targets 594:600 new molecular targets 580:600 new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease 580:635 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 toxicology 1316:1325 molecular toxicology 1306:1325 molecular toxicology 1306:1325 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 immunotoxicity 1362:1375 immunotoxicity 1362:1375 immunotoxicity 1362:1375 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 metabolism 1277:1286 drug metabolism 1272:1286 drug metabolism 1272:1286 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 metabolism 1378:1387 metabolism 1378:1387 metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 1378:1421 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 transporters 1292:1303 transporters 1292:1303 transporters 1292:1303 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 glycosylation 1337:1349 O-linked glycosylation 1328:1349 O-linked glycosylation of mucins 1328:1359 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 glycosylation 1428:1440 glycosylation 1428:1440 glycosylation 1428:1440 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 54 theme xenobiotics 1392:1402 arg1 secretion 1261:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 antisense 1561:1569 antisense 1561:1569 antisense to LYZ 1561:1576 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 LOC25845 1690:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 1674:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1674:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 ACER2 1607:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 RNA 1554:1556 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 P4HB 1589:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 55 theme cancer 1512:1517 arg1 tissues 1519:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 1 56 theme diagnostic 247:256 arg1 biomarkers 258:267 effective diagnostic biomarkers 237:267 effective diagnostic biomarkers 237:267 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 33969142 0 57 theme Multiple 61:68 arg1 Pathways 80:87 Multiple Activated Pathways 61:87 Multiple Activated Pathways 61:87 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 7 58 theme O-linked 1328:1335 arg1 glycosylation 1337:1349 O-linked glycosylation 1328:1349 O-linked glycosylation of mucins 1328:1359 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 antisense 1561:1569 antisense 1561:1569 antisense to LYZ 1561:1576 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 LOC25845 1690:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 1674:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1674:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 ACER2 1607:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 RNA 1554:1556 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 P4HB 1589:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 59 from present 1493:1499 arg1 tissues 1519:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 2 60 theme RNA 310:312 arg1 sequencing 314:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing 294:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing 294:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 2 60 theme RNA 310:312 arg1 tool 339:342 a powerful tool 328:342 a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes 328:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 5 61 theme pathway 871:877 arg1 analysis 890:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 5 62 attach present 975:981 arg2 genes 956:960 specific genes 947:960 specific genes 947:960 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 5 62 attach present 975:981 arg1 samples 993:999 tissue samples 986:999 tissue samples 986:999 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 4 63 theme whole-transcriptome 701:719 arg1 analysis 721:728 whole-transcriptome analysis 701:728 whole-transcriptome analysis 701:728 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 7 64 theme dysregulated 1186:1197 arg1 pathways 1210:1217 dysregulated signalling pathways 1186:1217 dysregulated signalling pathways 1186:1217 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 64 theme dysregulated 1186:1197 arg1 those 1230:1234 those 1230:1234 those 1230:1234 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 65 link O-linked 1328:1335 arg1 glycosylation 1337:1349 O-linked glycosylation 1328:1349 O-linked glycosylation of mucins 1328:1359 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 8 66 from tissues 1519:1525 arg1 present 1493:1499 present 1493:1499 present 1493:1499 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 0 67 theme Tissue 131:136 arg1 Samples 138:144 Patient Tissue Samples 123:144 Patient Tissue Samples 123:144 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 2 68 theme powerful 330:337 arg1 sequencing 314:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing 294:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing 294:323 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 2 68 theme powerful 330:337 arg1 tool 339:342 a powerful tool 328:342 a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes 328:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 1 69 theme cancers 198:204 arg1 worldwide 206:214 the most common cancers worldwide 182:214 the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets 182:291 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide that currently lacks effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 33969142 6 70 theme expressed 1041:1049 arg1 genes 1051:1055 the differentially expressed genes 1022:1055 the differentially expressed genes 1022:1055 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 9 71 theme novel 1819:1823 arg1 genes 1825:1829 novel genes 1819:1829 novel genes 1819:1829 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 7 72 theme enrichment 1143:1152 arg1 analysis 1154:1161 Pathway enrichment analysis 1135:1161 Pathway enrichment analysis 1135:1161 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 5 73 theme specific 947:954 arg1 genes 956:960 specific genes 947:960 specific genes 947:960 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 9 74 theme ‎and 1831:1834 arg1 pathways 1848:1855 ‎and tumorigenic pathways 1831:1855 ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis 1831:1888 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 antisense 1561:1569 antisense 1561:1569 antisense to LYZ 1561:1576 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 LOC25845 1690:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 1674:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1674:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 ACER2 1607:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg2 RNAs 1488:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs 1457:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1457:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 RNA 1554:1556 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 P4HB 1589:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 75 attach present 1493:1499 arg1 tissues 1519:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 3 76 theme disease 629:635 arg1 diagnosis 616:624 the early diagnosis 606:624 the early diagnosis of disease 606:635 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 4 77 theme tumoral 767:773 arg1 samples 798:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples 767:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer 767:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 10 78 theme present 1905:1911 arg1 tools 1951:1955 promising tools 1941:1955 promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 1941:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 10 78 theme present 1905:1911 arg1 anomalies 1895:1903 The anomalies 1891:1903 The anomalies present in these genes 1891:1926 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 6 79 theme gastric 1111:1117 arg1 tissues 1126:1132 gastric cancer tissues 1111:1132 gastric cancer tissues 1111:1132 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 8 80 theme overlapping 1595:1605 arg1 ACER2 1607:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 81 theme downregulated 1463:1475 arg1 RNAs 1488:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs 1457:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1457:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 4 82 theme non-tumoral 779:789 arg1 samples 798:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples 767:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer 767:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 3 83 theme gastric 654:660 arg1 adenocarcinoma 662:675 gastric adenocarcinoma 654:675 gastric adenocarcinoma 654:675 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 5 84 theme genes 956:960 arg1 function 931:938 the main function 922:938 the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples 922:999 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 0 85 theme Novel 93:97 arg1 RNAs 115:118 Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs 93:118 Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs 93:118 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 7 86 gly glycosylation 1428:1440 arg1 xenobiotics 1392:1402 xenobiotics 1392:1402 xenobiotics 1392:1402 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 7 86 gly glycosylation 1428:1440 arg1 mucins 1354:1359 mucins 1354:1359 mucins 1354:1359 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 5 87 theme pathways 966:973 arg1 function 931:938 the main function 922:938 the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples 922:999 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 8 88 theme intergenic 1619:1628 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 88 theme intergenic 1619:1628 arg1 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 0 89 theme Non-Coding 104:113 arg1 RNAs 115:118 Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs 93:118 Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs 93:118 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 5 90 from present 975:981 arg1 samples 993:999 tissue samples 986:999 tissue samples 986:999 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 6 91 theme upregulated 1068:1078 arg1 genes 1102:1106 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes 1066:1106 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes 1066:1106 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 8 92 theme coding 1642:1647 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 92 theme coding 1642:1647 arg1 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 LINC02688 1659:1667 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 4 93 theme early-stage 825:835 arg1 cancer 845:850 early-stage gastric cancer 825:850 early-stage gastric cancer 825:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 8 94 theme novel 1457:1461 arg1 RNAs 1488:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs 1457:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1457:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 10 95 from genes 1922:1926 arg1 present 1905:1911 present 1905:1911 present 1905:1911 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 3 96 contain has 550:552 arg1 it 547:548 it 547:548 it 547:548 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 3 96 contain has 550:552 arg2 potential 558:566 the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease 554:635 the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease 554:635 Given the function of this technique, it has the potential to identify new molecular targets for the early diagnosis of disease, particularly in gastric adenocarcinoma. 33969142 8 97 theme non-coding 1477:1486 arg1 RNAs 1488:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs 1457:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1457:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 5 98 theme enrichment 879:888 arg1 analysis 890:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 10 99 theme gastric 2044:2050 arg1 cancer 2052:2057 early-stage gastric cancer 2032:2057 early-stage gastric cancer 2032:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 4 100 from patients 811:818 arg1 samples 798:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples 767:804 tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer 767:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 6 101 dep downregulated 1088:1100 arg1 234 1084:1086 234 1084:1086 234 1084:1086 RESULTS Analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed 5 upregulated and 234 downregulated genes in gastric cancer tissues. 33969142 10 102 theme biomarkers 2000:2009 arg1 development 1965:1975 the development 1961:1975 the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 1961:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 8 103 theme present 1493:1499 arg1 RNAs 1488:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs 1457:1491 novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1457:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 0 104 theme Early-Stage 18:28 arg1 Adenocarcinoma 38:51 Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma 18:51 Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma 18:51 RNA Sequencing of Early-Stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Reveals Multiple Activated Pathways and Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patient Tissue Samples. 33969142 2 105 theme pathological 485:496 arg1 processes 498:506 normal biological and pathological processes 463:506 normal biological and pathological processes 463:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 10 106 theme diagnostic 1989:1998 arg1 biomarkers 2000:2009 accurate diagnostic biomarkers 1980:2009 accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 1980:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 antisense 1561:1569 antisense 1561:1569 antisense to LYZ 1561:1576 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 RNA 1649:1651 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 1614:1656 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) 1614:1668 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 LOC25845 1690:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 1674:1697 uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080) 1674:1706 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 ACER2 1607:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 overlapping ACER2 1595:1611 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 RNA 1554:1556 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 P4HB 1589:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 antisense P4HB 1579:1592 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 8 107 theme gastric 1504:1510 arg1 tissues 1519:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 gastric cancer tissues 1504:1525 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 2 108 theme biological 470:479 arg1 processes 498:506 normal biological and pathological processes 463:506 normal biological and pathological processes 463:506 Next-generation RNA sequencing is a powerful tool that allows rapid and accurate transcriptome-wide profiling to detect differentially expressed transcripts involved in normal biological and pathological processes. 33969142 5 109 theme Gene 853:856 arg1 ontology 858:865 Gene ontology 853:865 Gene ontology 853:865 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 7 110 theme gastric 1248:1254 arg1 secretion 1261:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 gastric acid secretion 1248:1269 Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly dysregulated signalling pathways, including those involved in gastric acid secretion, drug metabolism and transporters, molecular toxicology, O-linked glycosylation of mucins, immunotoxicity, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and glycosylation. 33969142 5 111 used used 904:907 arg2 analysis 890:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis 853:897 Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were used to determine the main function of the specific genes and pathways present in tissue samples. 33969142 9 112 located found 1744:1748 arg2 data 1739:1742 The transcriptomic data 1720:1742 The transcriptomic data found in this study 1720:1762 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 9 112 located found 1744:1748 arg1 study 1758:1762 this study 1753:1762 this study 1753:1762 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 9 113 theme transcriptomic 1724:1737 arg1 data 1739:1742 The transcriptomic data 1720:1742 The transcriptomic data found in this study 1720:1762 CONCLUSION The transcriptomic data found in this study illustrates the power of RNA-sequencing in discovering novel genes ‎and tumorigenic pathways involved in human carcinogenesis. 33969142 8 114 theme antisense 1544:1552 arg1 RNA 1554:1556 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 GATA6 antisense RNA 1 1538:1558 We also found novel downregulated non-coding RNAs present in gastric cancer tissues, including GATA6 antisense RNA 1, antisense to LYZ, antisense P4HB, overlapping ACER2, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and uncharacterized LOC25845 (PP7080). 33969142 10 115 theme cancer 2052:2057 arg1 detection 2019:2027 the detection 2015:2027 the detection of early-stage gastric cancer 2015:2057 The anomalies present in these genes may serve as promising tools for the development of accurate diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of early-stage gastric cancer. 33969142 4 116 with patients 811:818 arg1 cancer 845:850 early-stage gastric cancer 825:850 early-stage gastric cancer 825:850 METHODS In this study, whole-transcriptome analysis was performed with RNA sequencing on tumoral and non-tumoral tissue samples from patients with early-stage gastric cancer. 32628333 5 0 theme Caenorhabditis 802:815 arg1 elegans 817:823 Caenorhabditis elegans 802:823 Caenorhabditis elegans 802:823 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 2 1 from overexpression 451:464 arg1 mammals 488:494 mammals 488:494 mammals 488:494 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 2 1 from overexpression 451:464 arg1 models 512:517 invertebrate models 499:517 invertebrate models 499:517 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 7 2 theme transcriptional 1126:1140 arg1 ELT-2 1072:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 2 theme transcriptional 1126:1140 arg1 factor 1142:1147 a transcriptional factor 1124:1147 a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression 1124:1172 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 3 theme " 1016:1016 arg1 algorithm 1018:1026 the "MATCH" algorithm 1006:1026 the "MATCH" algorithm 1006:1026 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 11 4 theme GATA 1581:1584 arg1 factors 1586:1592 GATA factors 1581:1592 GATA factors 1581:1592 These results imply that GATA factors are able to activate OGT expression, which could be beneficial for longevity and the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases. 32628333 1 5 theme cytoplasmic 264:274 arg1 targets 276:282 nuclear and cytoplasmic targets 252:282 nuclear and cytoplasmic targets 252:282 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 2 6 theme invertebrate 499:510 arg1 models 512:517 invertebrate models 499:517 invertebrate models 499:517 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 10 7 theme elt-2 1498:1502 arg1 interference 1508:1519 elt-2 RNA interference 1498:1519 elt-2 RNA interference 1498:1519 The reduction in lifespan caused by elt-2 RNA interference is abrogated by the loss of ogt-1. 32628333 8 8 theme immunoprecipitation-quantitative 1185:1216 arg1 reaction 1235:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 9 9 theme elt-2 1362:1366 arg1 Knockdown 1349:1357 Knockdown 1349:1357 Knockdown of elt-2 1349:1366 Knockdown of elt-2 decreases the global O-GlcNAc modification level and reduces the lifespan of wild-type worms. 32628333 10 10 theme RNA 1504:1506 arg1 interference 1508:1519 elt-2 RNA interference 1498:1519 elt-2 RNA interference 1498:1519 The reduction in lifespan caused by elt-2 RNA interference is abrogated by the loss of ogt-1. 32628333 8 11 theme Chromatin 1175:1183 arg1 reaction 1235:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 6 12 theme OGT-1 929:933 arg1 expression 935:944 worm OGT-1 expression 924:944 worm OGT-1 expression 924:944 Here, we observe that worm OGT-1 expression gradually reduces during aging. 32628333 4 13 theme OGT 723:725 arg1 expression 727:736 OGT expression 723:736 OGT expression 723:736 However, how OGT expression is modulated in the aging process remains poorly understood. 32628333 8 14 theme chain 1229:1233 arg1 reaction 1235:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 6 15 theme worm 924:927 arg1 expression 935:944 worm OGT-1 expression 924:944 worm OGT-1 expression 924:944 Here, we observe that worm OGT-1 expression gradually reduces during aging. 32628333 2 16 theme pathway 442:448 arg1 product 389:395 the final product 379:395 the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 379:448 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 2 16 theme pathway 442:448 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 365:374 UDP-GlcNAc 365:374 UDP-GlcNAc 365:374 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 2 17 theme nutrient-sensing 404:419 arg1 pathway 442:448 the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 400:448 the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 400:448 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 2 18 theme nutrient-response 539:555 arg1 signals 557:563 cellular nutrient-response signals 530:563 cellular nutrient-response signals 530:563 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 9 19 theme global 1382:1387 arg1 level 1411:1415 the global O-GlcNAc modification level 1378:1415 the global O-GlcNAc modification level 1378:1415 Knockdown of elt-2 decreases the global O-GlcNAc modification level and reduces the lifespan of wild-type worms. 32628333 7 20 theme human 1094:1098 arg1 GATA4 1100:1104 human GATA4 1094:1104 human GATA4 1094:1104 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 8 21 theme reaction 1235:1242 arg1 assays 1279:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays 1175:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays 1175:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 5 22 theme OGT 850:852 arg1 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 5 22 theme OGT 850:852 arg1 OGT-1 863:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 9 23 theme O-GlcNAc 1389:1396 arg1 level 1411:1415 the global O-GlcNAc modification level 1378:1415 the global O-GlcNAc modification level 1378:1415 Knockdown of elt-2 decreases the global O-GlcNAc modification level and reduces the lifespan of wild-type worms. 32628333 7 24 theme GATA4 1100:1104 arg1 ELT-2 1072:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 24 theme GATA4 1100:1104 arg1 homolog 1083:1089 the homolog 1079:1089 the homolog of human GATA4 1079:1104 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 9 25 theme modification 1398:1409 arg1 level 1411:1415 the global O-GlcNAc modification level 1378:1415 the global O-GlcNAc modification level 1378:1415 Knockdown of elt-2 decreases the global O-GlcNAc modification level and reduces the lifespan of wild-type worms. 32628333 1 26 theme O-GlcNAc 98:105 arg1 transferase 107:117 O-GlcNAc transferase 98:117 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 98:123 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 1 26 theme O-GlcNAc 98:105 arg1 enzyme 132:137 the enzyme 128:137 the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets 128:282 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 1 26 theme O-GlcNAc 98:105 arg1 OGT 120:122 OGT 120:122 OGT 120:122 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 5 27 theme ortholog 854:861 arg1 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 5 27 theme ortholog 854:861 arg1 OGT-1 863:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 7 28 theme luciferase 1032:1041 arg1 assays 1052:1057 luciferase reporter assays 1032:1057 luciferase reporter assays 1032:1057 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 10 29 from reduction 1466:1474 arg1 lifespan 1479:1486 lifespan 1479:1486 lifespan 1479:1486 The reduction in lifespan caused by elt-2 RNA interference is abrogated by the loss of ogt-1. 32628333 1 30 theme single 191:196 arg1 molecule 229:236 a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule 189:236 a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) 189:247 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 1 30 theme single 191:196 arg1 O-GlcNAc 239:246 O-GlcNAc 239:246 O-GlcNAc 239:246 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 0 31 theme transferase 24:34 arg1 expression 42:51 O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression 15:51 O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression 15:51 ELT-2 promotes O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression to modulate Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. 32628333 8 32 theme polymerase 1218:1227 arg1 reaction 1235:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction 1175:1242 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 8 33 theme mobility 1264:1271 arg1 assays 1279:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays 1175:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays 1175:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 1 34 theme O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine 198:227 arg1 molecule 229:236 a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule 189:236 a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) 189:247 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 1 34 theme O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine 198:227 arg1 O-GlcNAc 239:246 O-GlcNAc 239:246 O-GlcNAc 239:246 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 0 35 theme O-GlcNAc 15:22 arg1 transferase 24:34 O-GlcNAc transferase 15:34 O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression 15:51 ELT-2 promotes O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression to modulate Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. 32628333 1 36 theme uridine 297:303 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 338:347 UDP-GlcNAc 338:347 UDP-GlcNAc 338:347 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 1 36 theme uridine 297:303 arg1 diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine 305:335 uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine 297:335 uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 297:348 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 1 36 theme uridine 297:303 arg1 donor 355:359 a donor 353:359 a donor 353:359 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 2 37 theme chronic 597:603 arg1 diseases 605:612 chronic diseases 597:612 chronic diseases of aging 597:621 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 0 38 dep Caenorhabditis 65:78 arg1 elegans 80:86 elegans 80:86 elegans 80:86 ELT-2 promotes O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression to modulate Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. 32628333 7 39 dep algorithm 1018:1026 arg1 MATCH 1011:1015 MATCH 1011:1015 MATCH 1011:1015 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 1 40 theme molecule 229:236 arg1 addition 177:184 addition 177:184 addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets 177:282 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 10 41 theme ogt-1 1549:1553 arg1 loss 1541:1544 the loss 1537:1544 the loss of ogt-1 1537:1553 The reduction in lifespan caused by elt-2 RNA interference is abrogated by the loss of ogt-1. 32628333 5 42 theme lifespan 884:891 arg1 control 893:899 lifespan control 884:899 lifespan control 884:899 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 3 43 theme OGT 644:646 arg1 levels 659:664 OGT expression levels 644:664 OGT expression levels 644:664 Evidence shows that OGT expression levels decrease in tissues of older mice and rats. 32628333 2 44 theme signaling 432:440 arg1 pathway 442:448 the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 400:448 the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 400:448 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 0 45 theme OGT-1 36:40 arg1 expression 42:51 O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression 15:51 O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression 15:51 ELT-2 promotes O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression to modulate Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. 32628333 8 46 theme shift 1273:1277 arg1 assays 1279:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays 1175:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays 1175:1284 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 3 47 theme expression 648:657 arg1 levels 659:664 OGT expression levels 644:664 OGT expression levels 644:664 Evidence shows that OGT expression levels decrease in tissues of older mice and rats. 32628333 2 48 theme hexosamine 421:430 arg1 pathway 442:448 the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 400:448 the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 400:448 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 5 49 theme exclusive 830:838 arg1 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 5 49 theme exclusive 830:838 arg1 OGT-1 863:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 5 50 theme mammalian 840:848 arg1 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 5 50 theme mammalian 840:848 arg1 OGT-1 863:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 3 51 theme older 689:693 arg1 tissues 678:684 tissues 678:684 tissues of older mice and rats 678:707 Evidence shows that OGT expression levels decrease in tissues of older mice and rats. 32628333 7 52 theme GATA 1060:1063 arg1 ELT-2 1072:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 52 theme GATA 1060:1063 arg1 homolog 1083:1089 the homolog 1079:1089 the homolog of human GATA4 1079:1104 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 52 theme GATA 1060:1063 arg1 factor 1142:1147 a transcriptional factor 1124:1147 a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression 1124:1172 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 2 53 theme ogt 481:483 arg1 overexpression 451:464 overexpression 451:464 overexpression 451:464 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 5 54 from crucial 872:878 arg1 elegans 817:823 Caenorhabditis elegans 802:823 Caenorhabditis elegans 802:823 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 11 55 theme aging-related 1720:1732 arg1 diseases 1734:1741 aging-related diseases 1720:1741 aging-related diseases 1720:1741 These results imply that GATA factors are able to activate OGT expression, which could be beneficial for longevity and the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases. 32628333 8 56 dep show 1286:1289 arg1 binds 1306:1310 binds 1306:1310 directly binds to 1297:1313 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 8 56 dep show 1286:1289 arg1 activates 1319:1327 activates 1319:1327 activates the ogt-1 promoter 1319:1346 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 9 57 theme wild-type 1445:1453 arg1 worms 1455:1459 wild-type worms 1445:1459 wild-type worms 1445:1459 Knockdown of elt-2 decreases the global O-GlcNAc modification level and reduces the lifespan of wild-type worms. 32628333 2 58 theme aging 617:621 arg1 diseases 605:612 chronic diseases 597:612 chronic diseases of aging 597:621 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 5 59 from elegans 817:823 arg1 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 crucial 872:878 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 5 59 from elegans 817:823 arg1 OGT-1 863:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 826:867 In Caenorhabditis elegans, the exclusive mammalian OGT ortholog OGT-1 is crucial for lifespan control. 32628333 7 60 theme OGT-1 1157:1161 arg1 expression 1163:1172 OGT-1 expression 1157:1172 OGT-1 expression 1157:1172 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 61 theme reporter 1043:1050 arg1 assays 1052:1057 luciferase reporter assays 1032:1057 luciferase reporter assays 1032:1057 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 4 62 theme aging 758:762 arg1 process 764:770 the aging process 754:770 the aging process 754:770 However, how OGT expression is modulated in the aging process remains poorly understood. 32628333 11 63 theme OGT 1615:1617 arg1 expression 1619:1628 OGT expression 1615:1628 OGT expression 1615:1628 These results imply that GATA factors are able to activate OGT expression, which could be beneficial for longevity and the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases. 32628333 9 64 theme worms 1455:1459 arg1 lifespan 1433:1440 the lifespan 1429:1440 the lifespan of wild-type worms 1429:1459 Knockdown of elt-2 decreases the global O-GlcNAc modification level and reduces the lifespan of wild-type worms. 32628333 7 65 theme factor 1065:1070 arg1 ELT-2 1072:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 GATA factor ELT-2 1060:1076 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 65 theme factor 1065:1070 arg1 homolog 1083:1089 the homolog 1079:1089 the homolog of human GATA4 1079:1104 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 7 65 theme factor 1065:1070 arg1 factor 1142:1147 a transcriptional factor 1124:1147 a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression 1124:1172 By combining prediction via the "MATCH" algorithm and luciferase reporter assays, GATA factor ELT-2, the homolog of human GATA4, is identified as a transcriptional factor driving OGT-1 expression. 32628333 3 66 theme rats 704:707 arg1 tissues 678:684 tissues 678:684 tissues of older mice and rats 678:707 Evidence shows that OGT expression levels decrease in tissues of older mice and rats. 32628333 11 67 theme treatment 1706:1714 arg1 longevity 1661:1669 longevity 1661:1669 longevity 1661:1669 These results imply that GATA factors are able to activate OGT expression, which could be beneficial for longevity and the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases. 32628333 11 67 theme treatment 1706:1714 arg1 development 1679:1689 the development 1675:1689 the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases 1675:1741 These results imply that GATA factors are able to activate OGT expression, which could be beneficial for longevity and the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases. 32628333 3 68 dep older 689:693 arg1 mice 695:698 mice 695:698 mice 695:698 Evidence shows that OGT expression levels decrease in tissues of older mice and rats. 32628333 2 69 theme cellular 530:537 arg1 signals 557:563 cellular nutrient-response signals 530:563 cellular nutrient-response signals 530:563 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 8 70 theme ogt-1 1333:1337 arg1 promoter 1339:1346 the ogt-1 promoter 1329:1346 the ogt-1 promoter 1329:1346 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 2 71 theme final 383:387 arg1 product 389:395 the final product 379:395 the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway 379:448 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 2 71 theme final 383:387 arg1 UDP-GlcNAc 365:374 UDP-GlcNAc 365:374 UDP-GlcNAc 365:374 As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the nutrient-sensing hexosamine signaling pathway, overexpression or knockout of ogt in mammals or invertebrate models influences cellular nutrient-response signals and increases susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. 32628333 1 72 theme nuclear 252:258 arg1 targets 276:282 nuclear and cytoplasmic targets 252:282 nuclear and cytoplasmic targets 252:282 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32628333 0 73 theme Caenorhabditis 65:78 arg1 lifespan 88:95 Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan 65:95 Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan 65:95 ELT-2 promotes O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 expression to modulate Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. 32628333 11 74 theme therapeutic 1694:1704 arg1 treatment 1706:1714 therapeutic treatment 1694:1714 therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases 1694:1741 These results imply that GATA factors are able to activate OGT expression, which could be beneficial for longevity and the development of therapeutic treatment for aging-related diseases. 32628333 8 75 theme electrophoretic 1248:1262 arg1 mobility 1264:1271 electrophoretic mobility 1248:1271 electrophoretic mobility 1248:1271 Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show ELT-2 directly binds to and activates the ogt-1 promoter. 32628333 1 76 theme protein 150:156 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 158:172 protein O-GlcNAcylation 150:172 protein O-GlcNAcylation 150:172 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme catalyzing protein O-GlcNAcylation by addition of a single O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine molecule (O-GlcNAc) to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets, and it uses uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as a donor. 32157440 0 0 theme liver 75:79 arg1 tissue 81:86 the liver tissue 71:86 the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) 71:162 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 2 1 theme resistance 555:564 arg1 model 506:510 a biological model 493:510 a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 493:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 2 2 theme liver 391:395 arg1 tissue 397:402 the liver tissue 387:402 the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 387:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 1 3 theme galectin 279:286 arg1 profiles 299:306 galectin expression profiles 279:306 galectin expression profiles 279:306 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 2 4 theme stress 548:553 arg1 resistance 555:564 physiological stress resistance 534:564 physiological stress resistance 534:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 0 5 from association 4:14 arg1 tissue 81:86 the liver tissue 71:86 the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) 71:162 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 1 6 gly glycosylation 184:196 arg1 proteins 201:208 proteins 201:208 proteins 201:208 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 6 7 theme differential 1426:1437 arg1 changes 1439:1445 marginal differential changes 1417:1445 marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes 1417:1481 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 6 7 theme differential 1426:1437 arg1 biomarkers 1507:1516 biomarkers 1507:1516 biomarkers of hibernation 1507:1531 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 1 8 theme Post-translational 165:182 arg1 glycosylation 184:196 Post-translational glycosylation 165:196 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles 165:306 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 4 9 from differences 896:906 arg1 expression 915:924 the expression 911:924 the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9 911:1080 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 1 10 theme expression 288:297 arg1 profiles 299:306 galectin expression profiles 279:306 galectin expression profiles 279:306 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 4 11 theme such 1022:1025 arg1 galectins 1027:1035 such galectins 1022:1035 such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9 1022:1080 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 5 12 theme hibernating 1184:1194 arg1 squirrels 1203:1211 hibernating ground squirrels 1184:1211 hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals 1184:1238 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 1 13 link O-linked 215:222 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 224:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 215:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 215:262 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 13 link O-linked 215:222 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 14 theme profiles 299:306 arg1 changes 268:274 changes 268:274 changes of galectin expression profiles 268:306 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 14 theme profiles 299:306 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 224:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 215:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 215:262 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 14 theme profiles 299:306 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 3 15 dep whether 841:847 arg1 hibernating 849:859 hibernating 849:859 hibernating 849:859 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 15 dep whether 841:847 arg1 aroused 864:870 aroused 864:870 aroused 864:870 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 1 16 from responses 346:354 arg1 essential 312:320 essential 312:320 essential 312:320 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 6 17 theme acid 1331:1334 arg1 elongase 1336:1343 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1319:1345 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1319:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 3 18 theme tissue 571:576 arg1 levels 578:583 The tissue levels 567:583 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay 567:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 18 theme tissue 571:576 arg1 lower 710:714 lower 710:714 lower 710:714 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 0 19 theme thirteen-lined 103:116 arg1 Ictidomys 136:144 Ictidomys 136:144 Ictidomys 136:144 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 0 19 theme thirteen-lined 103:116 arg1 squirrels 125:133 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels 91:133 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) 91:162 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 6 20 theme genes 1477:1481 arg1 expression 1454:1463 the expression 1450:1463 the expression of galectin genes 1450:1481 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 6 21 theme fatty 1325:1329 arg1 elongase 1336:1343 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1319:1345 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1319:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 2 22 from regulation 373:382 arg1 tissue 397:402 the liver tissue 387:402 the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 387:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 3 23 theme proteins 603:610 arg1 levels 578:583 The tissue levels 567:583 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay 567:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 23 theme proteins 603:610 arg1 lower 710:714 lower 710:714 lower 710:714 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 2 24 theme thirteen-lined 419:432 arg1 Ictidomys 452:460 Ictidomys 452:460 Ictidomys 452:460 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 2 24 theme thirteen-lined 419:432 arg1 squirrels 441:449 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels 407:449 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 407:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 2 25 theme squirrels 441:449 arg1 tissue 397:402 the liver tissue 387:402 the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 387:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 0 26 theme hibernating 91:101 arg1 Ictidomys 136:144 Ictidomys 136:144 Ictidomys 136:144 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 0 26 theme hibernating 91:101 arg1 squirrels 125:133 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels 91:133 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) 91:162 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 3 27 theme summer 793:798 arg1 squirrels 800:808 the non-hibernating summer squirrels 773:808 the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter 773:838 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 6 28 theme ELOVL 1319:1323 arg1 elongase 1336:1343 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1319:1345 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1319:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 7 29 theme liver 1665:1669 arg1 proteins 1671:1678 liver proteins 1665:1678 liver proteins 1665:1678 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 32157440 2 30 theme ground 434:439 arg1 Ictidomys 452:460 Ictidomys 452:460 Ictidomys 452:460 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 2 30 theme ground 434:439 arg1 squirrels 441:449 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels 407:449 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 407:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 6 31 theme hibernation 1521:1531 arg1 changes 1439:1445 marginal differential changes 1417:1445 marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes 1417:1481 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 6 31 theme hibernation 1521:1531 arg1 biomarkers 1507:1516 biomarkers 1507:1516 biomarkers of hibernation 1507:1531 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 6 32 from changes 1439:1445 arg1 expression 1454:1463 the expression 1450:1463 the expression of galectin genes 1450:1481 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 1 33 from essential 312:320 arg1 responses 346:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 7 34 from hibernation 1574:1584 arg1 Ictidomys 1589:1597 Ictidomys 1589:1597 Ictidomys 1589:1597 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 32157440 3 35 theme galectin-3 638:647 arg1 proteins 649:656 galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins 623:656 O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay 588:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 1 36 theme proteins 201:208 arg1 glycosylation 184:196 Post-translational glycosylation 165:196 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles 165:306 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 2 37 theme biological 495:504 arg1 model 506:510 a biological model 493:510 a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 493:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 5 38 theme summer 1225:1230 arg1 animals 1232:1238 summer animals 1225:1238 summer animals 1225:1238 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 6 39 theme ELOVL6 1303:1308 arg1 expression 1262:1271 the expression 1258:1271 the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1258:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 3 40 theme proteins 649:656 arg1 levels 578:583 The tissue levels 567:583 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay 567:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 40 theme proteins 649:656 arg1 lower 710:714 lower 710:714 lower 710:714 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 7 41 dep Ictidomys 1589:1597 arg1 tridecemlineatus 1599:1614 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 1589:1614 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 1589:1614 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 32157440 2 42 theme hibernating 407:417 arg1 Ictidomys 452:460 Ictidomys 452:460 Ictidomys 452:460 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 2 42 theme hibernating 407:417 arg1 squirrels 441:449 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels 407:449 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 407:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 0 43 theme increasing 24:33 arg1 levels 35:40 increasing levels 24:40 increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins 24:66 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 0 44 theme squirrels 125:133 arg1 tissue 81:86 the liver tissue 71:86 the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) 71:162 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 6 45 theme marginal 1417:1424 arg1 changes 1439:1445 marginal differential changes 1417:1445 marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes 1417:1481 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 6 45 theme marginal 1417:1424 arg1 biomarkers 1507:1516 biomarkers 1507:1516 biomarkers of hibernation 1507:1531 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 3 46 theme galectin-1 623:632 arg1 proteins 649:656 galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins 623:656 O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay 588:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 47 theme immunodot 670:678 arg1 assay 685:689 immunodot blot assay 670:689 immunodot blot assay 670:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 1 48 theme O-linked 215:222 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 224:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 215:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 215:262 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 48 theme O-linked 215:222 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 4 49 theme genes 929:933 arg1 expression 915:924 the expression 911:924 the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9 911:1080 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 1 50 theme many 325:328 arg1 responses 346:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 0 51 theme ground 118:123 arg1 Ictidomys 136:144 Ictidomys 136:144 Ictidomys 136:144 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 0 51 theme ground 118:123 arg1 squirrels 125:133 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels 91:133 hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) 91:162 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 4 52 dep cycle 973:977 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 1005:1015 O-GlcNAcase 1005:1015 O-GlcNAcase 1005:1015 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 4 52 dep cycle 973:977 arg1 transferase 989:999 O-GlcNAc transferase 980:999 O-GlcNAc transferase 980:999 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 7 53 theme protein 1760:1766 arg1 level 1768:1772 the protein level 1756:1772 the protein level 1756:1772 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 32157440 2 54 theme physiological 534:546 arg1 resistance 555:564 physiological stress resistance 534:564 physiological stress resistance 534:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 1 55 theme cellular 330:337 arg1 responses 346:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 2 56 dep Ictidomys 452:460 arg1 tridecemlineatus 462:477 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 452:477 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 452:477 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 6 57 theme biomarker 1293:1301 arg1 ELOVL6 1303:1308 a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 1276:1308 a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1276:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 1 58 theme stress 339:344 arg1 responses 346:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 many cellular stress responses 325:354 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 7 59 theme proteins 1671:1678 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1646:1660 O-GlcNAcylation 1646:1660 O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins 1646:1678 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 32157440 5 60 theme liver 1125:1129 arg1 tissue 1131:1136 the liver tissue 1121:1136 the liver tissue 1121:1136 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 3 61 theme blot 680:683 arg1 assay 685:689 immunodot blot assay 670:689 immunodot blot assay 670:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 62 dep lower 710:714 arg1 whether 841:847 whether 841:847 whether 841:847 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 2 63 theme hypometabolism 515:528 arg1 model 506:510 a biological model 493:510 a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance 493:564 We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. 32157440 5 64 theme ground 1196:1201 arg1 squirrels 1203:1211 hibernating ground squirrels 1184:1211 hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals 1184:1238 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 6 65 theme non-hibernating 1374:1388 arg1 animals 1390:1396 non-hibernating animals 1374:1396 non-hibernating animals 1374:1396 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 6 66 theme proven 1278:1283 arg1 ELOVL6 1303:1308 a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 1276:1308 a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1276:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 4 67 theme O-GlcNAc 980:987 arg1 transferase 989:999 O-GlcNAc transferase 980:999 O-GlcNAc transferase 980:999 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 0 68 theme O-GlcNAc 45:52 arg1 levels 35:40 increasing levels 24:40 increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins 24:66 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 5 69 theme relative 1213:1220 arg1 squirrels 1203:1211 hibernating ground squirrels 1184:1211 hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals 1184:1238 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 4 70 theme O-GlcNAc 964:971 arg1 cycle 973:977 O-GlcNAc cycle 964:977 O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) 964:1016 However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. 32157440 7 71 theme further 1737:1743 arg1 studies 1745:1751 further studies 1737:1751 further studies 1737:1751 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 32157440 1 72 with glycosylation 184:196 arg1 changes 268:274 changes 268:274 changes of galectin expression profiles 268:306 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 72 with glycosylation 184:196 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 224:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 215:244 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 215:262 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 1 72 with glycosylation 184:196 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 O-GlcNAcylation 247:261 Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. 32157440 6 73 theme genetic 1285:1291 arg1 ELOVL6 1303:1308 a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 1276:1308 a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 1276:1345 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 5 74 theme LGALS8 1106:1111 arg1 gene 1113:1116 LGALS8 gene 1106:1116 LGALS8 gene 1106:1116 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 6 75 theme galectin 1468:1475 arg1 genes 1477:1481 galectin genes 1468:1481 galectin genes 1468:1481 Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. 32157440 5 76 theme gene 1113:1116 arg1 expression 1092:1101 Only the expression 1083:1101 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue 1083:1136 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 0 77 dep Ictidomys 136:144 arg1 tridecemlineatus 146:161 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 136:161 Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 136:161 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 0 78 theme galectins 58:66 arg1 levels 35:40 increasing levels 24:40 increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins 24:66 The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). 32157440 5 79 from expression 1092:1101 arg1 tissue 1131:1136 the liver tissue 1121:1136 the liver tissue 1121:1136 Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. 32157440 3 80 theme non-hibernating 777:791 arg1 squirrels 800:808 the non-hibernating summer squirrels 773:808 the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter 773:838 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 3 81 theme O-GlcNAcylated 588:601 arg1 proteins 603:610 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 588:610 O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay 588:689 The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. 32157440 7 82 theme galectins 1718:1726 arg1 contribution 1702:1713 the contribution 1698:1713 the contribution of galectins 1698:1726 Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level. 34887587 1 0 theme open 154:157 arg1 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 0 theme open 154:157 arg1 frames 167:172 upstream open reading frames 145:172 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) 145:180 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 7 1 theme nutrient-rich 1109:1121 arg1 condition 1123:1131 the nutrient-rich condition 1105:1131 the nutrient-rich condition 1105:1131 Eliminating the modification site from eIF3a via CRISPR genome editing induces ATF4 reinitiation even under the nutrient-rich condition. 34887587 1 2 theme reading 159:165 arg1 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 2 theme reading 159:165 arg1 frames 167:172 upstream open reading frames 145:172 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) 145:180 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 6 3 theme eIF3 884:887 arg1 retention 889:897 eIF3 retention 884:897 eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome 884:924 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 3 4 theme early 504:508 arg1 ribosome 521:528 the early elongating ribosome 500:528 the early elongating ribosome 500:528 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 2 5 theme downstream 320:329 arg1 codons 337:342 downstream start codons 320:342 downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation 320:377 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34887587 3 6 theme initiation 462:471 arg1 factor 473:478 eukaryotic initiation factor 3 451:480 eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) 451:487 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 3 6 theme initiation 462:471 arg1 eIF3 483:486 eIF3 483:486 eIF3 483:486 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 8 7 theme ribosome 1183:1190 arg1 recycling 1192:1200 ribosome recycling 1183:1200 ribosome recycling 1183:1200 Our findings illustrate a mechanism in balancing ribosome recycling and reinitiation, thereby linking the nutrient stress response and translational reprogramming. 34887587 5 8 theme dynamic 744:750 arg1 modification 792:803 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 744:803 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation 744:838 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 8 9 theme translational 1269:1281 arg1 reprogramming 1283:1295 translational reprogramming 1269:1295 translational reprogramming 1269:1295 Our findings illustrate a mechanism in balancing ribosome recycling and reinitiation, thereby linking the nutrient stress response and translational reprogramming. 34887587 6 10 theme Stress-induced 841:854 arg1 de-O-GlcNAcylation 856:873 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation 841:873 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation 841:873 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 1 11 theme eukaryotic 91:100 arg1 cells 102:106 eukaryotic cells 91:106 eukaryotic cells 91:106 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 8 12 theme stress 1249:1254 arg1 response 1256:1263 the nutrient stress response 1236:1263 the nutrient stress response 1236:1263 Our findings illustrate a mechanism in balancing ribosome recycling and reinitiation, thereby linking the nutrient stress response and translational reprogramming. 34887587 0 13 theme eIF3a 8:12 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation controls translation reinitiation during nutrient stress. 34887587 1 14 contain possess 137:143 arg1 mRNAs 130:134 mRNAs 130:134 mRNAs 130:134 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 14 contain possess 137:143 arg2 frames 167:172 upstream open reading frames 145:172 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) 145:180 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 14 contain possess 137:143 arg1 RNAs 124:127 many messenger RNAs 109:127 many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) 109:135 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 14 contain possess 137:143 arg2 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 7 15 theme ATF4 1076:1079 arg1 reinitiation 1081:1092 ATF4 reinitiation 1076:1092 ATF4 reinitiation 1076:1092 Eliminating the modification site from eIF3a via CRISPR genome editing induces ATF4 reinitiation even under the nutrient-rich condition. 34887587 2 16 theme stop 286:289 arg1 codon 291:295 stop codon 286:295 stop codon 286:295 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34887587 5 17 theme nutrient 820:827 arg1 starvation 829:838 nutrient starvation 820:838 nutrient starvation 820:838 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 0 18 theme Dynamic 0:6 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation controls translation reinitiation during nutrient stress. 34887587 4 19 theme eIF3-80S 660:667 arg1 subject 684:690 subject 684:690 subject 684:690 Very little is known about how eIF3 is carried along with the 80S during elongation and whether the eIF3-80S association is subject to regulation. 34887587 4 19 theme eIF3-80S 660:667 arg1 association 669:679 the eIF3-80S association 656:679 the eIF3-80S association 656:679 Very little is known about how eIF3 is carried along with the 80S during elongation and whether the eIF3-80S association is subject to regulation. 34887587 2 20 from codons 337:342 arg1 process 349:355 a process 347:355 a process known as reinitiation 347:377 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34887587 2 21 dep codon 291:295 arg1 the 282:284 the 282:284 the 282:284 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34887587 5 22 theme N-acetylglucosamine 761:779 arg1 modification 792:803 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 744:803 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation 744:838 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 5 23 theme O-linked 752:759 arg1 O-GlcNAc 782:789 O-GlcNAc 782:789 O-GlcNAc 782:789 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 5 23 theme O-linked 752:759 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 761:779 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 752:779 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation 744:838 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 1 24 theme many 109:112 arg1 mRNAs 130:134 mRNAs 130:134 mRNAs 130:134 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 24 theme many 109:112 arg1 RNAs 124:127 many messenger RNAs 109:127 many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) 109:135 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 6 25 theme transcription 953:965 arg1 factor 967:972 transcription factor 4 953:974 activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation 942:994 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 6 25 theme transcription 953:965 arg1 ATF4 977:980 ATF4 977:980 ATF4 977:980 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 1 26 dep region 213:218 arg1 addition 185:192 addition 185:192 addition 185:192 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 27 theme messenger 114:122 arg1 mRNAs 130:134 mRNAs 130:134 mRNAs 130:134 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 27 theme messenger 114:122 arg1 RNAs 124:127 many messenger RNAs 109:127 many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) 109:135 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 6 28 theme activating 942:951 arg1 reinitiation 983:994 activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation 942:994 activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation 942:994 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 7 29 theme CRISPR 1046:1051 arg1 editing 1060:1066 CRISPR genome editing 1046:1066 CRISPR genome editing 1046:1066 Eliminating the modification site from eIF3a via CRISPR genome editing induces ATF4 reinitiation even under the nutrient-rich condition. 34887587 3 30 theme initiation 421:430 arg1 factor 473:478 eukaryotic initiation factor 3 451:480 eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) 451:487 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 3 30 theme initiation 421:430 arg1 factors 432:438 some initiation factors 416:438 some initiation factors 416:438 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 0 31 theme translation 39:49 arg1 reinitiation 51:62 translation reinitiation 39:62 translation reinitiation 39:62 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation controls translation reinitiation during nutrient stress. 34887587 3 32 theme Accumulating 380:391 arg1 evidence 393:400 Accumulating evidence 380:400 Accumulating evidence 380:400 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 5 33 from modification 792:803 arg1 response 808:815 response 808:815 response to nutrient starvation 808:838 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 0 34 theme nutrient 71:78 arg1 stress 80:85 nutrient stress 71:85 nutrient stress 71:85 Dynamic eIF3a O-GlcNAcylation controls translation reinitiation during nutrient stress. 34887587 6 35 theme factor 967:972 arg1 reinitiation 983:994 activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation 942:994 activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation 942:994 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 7 36 theme modification 1013:1024 arg1 site 1026:1029 the modification site 1009:1029 the modification site from eIF3a 1009:1040 Eliminating the modification site from eIF3a via CRISPR genome editing induces ATF4 reinitiation even under the nutrient-rich condition. 34887587 7 37 theme genome 1053:1058 arg1 editing 1060:1066 CRISPR genome editing 1046:1066 CRISPR genome editing 1046:1066 Eliminating the modification site from eIF3a via CRISPR genome editing induces ATF4 reinitiation even under the nutrient-rich condition. 34887587 3 38 theme eIF3-80S 542:549 arg1 complex 551:557 an eIF3-80S complex 539:557 an eIF3-80S complex 539:557 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 2 39 theme resume 300:305 arg1 scanning 307:314 resume scanning 300:314 resume scanning 300:314 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34887587 6 40 theme elongating 906:915 arg1 ribosome 917:924 the elongating ribosome 902:924 the elongating ribosome 902:924 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 3 41 theme eukaryotic 451:460 arg1 factor 473:478 eukaryotic initiation factor 3 451:480 eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) 451:487 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 3 41 theme eukaryotic 451:460 arg1 eIF3 483:486 eIF3 483:486 eIF3 483:486 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 3 42 theme elongating 510:519 arg1 ribosome 521:528 the early elongating ribosome 500:528 the early elongating ribosome 500:528 Accumulating evidence suggests that some initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), linger on the early elongating ribosome, forming an eIF3-80S complex. 34887587 1 43 theme main 201:204 arg1 region 213:218 the main coding region 197:218 the main coding region 197:218 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 44 theme upstream 145:152 arg1 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 uORFs 175:179 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 44 theme upstream 145:152 arg1 frames 167:172 upstream open reading frames 145:172 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) 145:180 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 1 45 theme coding 206:211 arg1 region 213:218 the main coding region 197:218 the main coding region 197:218 In eukaryotic cells, many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) possess upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in addition to the main coding region. 34887587 6 46 from retention 889:897 arg1 ribosome 917:924 the elongating ribosome 902:924 the elongating ribosome 902:924 Stress-induced de-O-GlcNAcylation promotes eIF3 retention on the elongating ribosome and facilitates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) reinitiation. 34887587 2 47 theme uORF 227:230 arg1 translation 232:242 uORF translation 227:242 uORF translation 227:242 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34887587 7 48 from eIF3a 1036:1040 arg1 site 1026:1029 the modification site 1009:1029 the modification site from eIF3a 1009:1040 Eliminating the modification site from eIF3a via CRISPR genome editing induces ATF4 reinitiation even under the nutrient-rich condition. 34887587 8 49 theme nutrient 1240:1247 arg1 response 1256:1263 the nutrient stress response 1236:1263 the nutrient stress response 1236:1263 Our findings illustrate a mechanism in balancing ribosome recycling and reinitiation, thereby linking the nutrient stress response and translational reprogramming. 34887587 5 50 link O-linked 752:759 arg1 O-GlcNAc 782:789 O-GlcNAc 782:789 O-GlcNAc 782:789 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 5 50 link O-linked 752:759 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 761:779 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 752:779 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation 744:838 Here, we report that eIF3a undergoes dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in response to nutrient starvation. 34887587 2 51 theme start 331:335 arg1 codons 337:342 downstream start codons 320:342 downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation 320:377 After uORF translation, the ribosome could either recycle at the stop codon or resume scanning for downstream start codons in a process known as reinitiation. 34667181 2 0 theme placental 528:536 arg1 response 538:545 the placental response 524:545 the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu 524:578 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 0 1 from O-GlcNAcylation 16:30 arg1 mothers 50:56 mothers 50:56 mothers with diabetes 50:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 0 1 from O-GlcNAcylation 16:30 arg1 placentas 35:43 placentas 35:43 placentas from mothers with diabetes 35:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 7 2 theme mechanisms 1497:1506 arg1 investigation 1470:1482 further investigation 1462:1482 further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing 1462:1543 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 3 3 from change 730:735 arg1 n = 11 833:838 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 753:838 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 753:838 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 3 3 from change 730:735 arg1 abundance 740:748 abundance 740:748 abundance 740:748 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 5 4 theme protein 1070:1076 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1078:1092 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation 1058:1092 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) 1058:1119 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 7 5 theme nutrient 1528:1535 arg1 sensing 1537:1543 placental nutrient sensing 1518:1543 placental nutrient sensing 1518:1543 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 0 6 theme aberrant 79:86 arg1 endocytosis 88:98 aberrant endocytosis 79:98 aberrant endocytosis 79:98 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 4 7 theme clathrin-mediated 890:906 arg1 endocytosis 908:918 clathrin-mediated endocytosis 890:918 clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) 890:924 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 7 theme clathrin-mediated 890:906 arg1 CME 921:923 CME 921:923 CME 921:923 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 2 8 link O-linked 476:483 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 485:503 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 476:503 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 476:512 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 2 8 link O-linked 476:483 arg1 GlcNAc 506:511 GlcNAc 506:511 GlcNAc 506:511 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 1 9 theme increased 173:181 arg1 risk 183:186 an increased risk 170:186 an increased risk 170:186 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 6 10 theme Differential 1219:1230 arg1 GlcNAcylation 1232:1244 Differential GlcNAcylation 1219:1244 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins 1219:1260 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 0 11 theme placental 103:111 arg1 cells 125:129 placental trophoblast cells 103:129 placental trophoblast cells 103:129 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 5 12 theme human 1161:1165 arg1 p = 0.02 1184:1191 p = 0.02 1184:1191 p = 0.02 1184:1191 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 5 12 theme human 1161:1165 arg1 cells 1177:1181 human placental cells 1161:1181 human placental cells (p = 0.02) 1161:1192 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 3 13 theme spectrometry 586:597 arg1 analysis 599:606 Mass spectrometry analysis 581:606 Mass spectrometry analysis 581:606 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 2 14 theme metabolic 563:571 arg1 milieu 573:578 the maternal metabolic milieu 550:578 the maternal metabolic milieu 550:578 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 6 15 from alterations 1374:1384 arg1 growth 1395:1400 fetal growth 1389:1400 fetal growth 1389:1400 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 6 16 theme cargo 1291:1295 arg1 transfer 1279:1286 altered transfer 1271:1286 altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth 1271:1400 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 7 17 theme further 1462:1468 arg1 investigation 1470:1482 further investigation 1462:1482 further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing 1462:1543 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 1 18 theme placental 272:280 arg1 function 282:289 placental function 272:289 placental function 272:289 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 2 19 theme maternal 554:561 arg1 milieu 573:578 the maternal metabolic milieu 550:578 the maternal metabolic milieu 550:578 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 0 20 from mothers 50:56 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 16:30 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation 0:30 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes 0:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 0 20 from mothers 50:56 arg1 placentas 35:43 placentas 35:43 placentas from mothers with diabetes 35:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 2 21 theme protein 416:422 arg1 function 424:431 protein function 416:431 protein function 416:431 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 0 22 theme trophoblast 113:123 arg1 cells 125:129 placental trophoblast cells 103:129 placental trophoblast cells 103:129 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 1 23 contain have 165:168 arg2 risk 183:186 an increased risk 170:186 an increased risk 170:186 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 1 23 contain have 165:168 arg1 Women 132:136 Women 132:136 Women with pre-existing diabetes 132:163 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 5 24 theme endocytosis 1146:1156 arg1 rate 1135:1138 the rate 1131:1138 the rate of TF endocytosis 1131:1156 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 3 25 theme Mass 581:584 arg1 analysis 599:606 Mass spectrometry analysis 581:606 Mass spectrometry analysis 581:606 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 0 26 theme protein 8:14 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 16:30 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation 0:30 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes 0:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 6 27 theme altered 1271:1277 arg1 transfer 1279:1286 altered transfer 1271:1286 altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth 1271:1400 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 6 28 theme women 1313:1317 arg1 placentas 1300:1308 placentas 1300:1308 placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth 1300:1400 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 6 29 theme pre-gestational 1324:1338 arg1 diabetes 1340:1347 pre-gestational diabetes 1324:1347 pre-gestational diabetes 1324:1347 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 1 30 theme poor 191:194 arg1 growth 243:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 1 30 theme poor 191:194 arg1 outcomes 206:213 poor pregnancy outcomes 191:213 poor pregnancy outcomes 191:213 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 0 31 theme Altered 0:6 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 16:30 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation 0:30 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes 0:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 1 32 with Women 132:136 arg1 diabetes 156:163 pre-existing diabetes 143:163 pre-existing diabetes 143:163 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 3 33 theme placental 626:634 arg1 O-GlcNAcome 636:646 the placental O-GlcNAcome 622:646 the placental O-GlcNAcome 622:646 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 1 34 theme pregnancy 196:204 arg1 growth 243:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 1 34 theme pregnancy 196:204 arg1 outcomes 206:213 poor pregnancy outcomes 191:213 poor pregnancy outcomes 191:213 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 2 35 theme O-linked 476:483 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 485:503 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 476:503 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 476:512 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 2 35 theme O-linked 476:483 arg1 GlcNAc 506:511 GlcNAc 506:511 GlcNAc 506:511 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 3 36 dep diabetes 706:713 arg1 T2D 715:717 T2D 715:717 T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11) 715:839 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 7 37 theme placental 1413:1421 arg1 O-GlcNAcome 1423:1433 The human placental O-GlcNAcome 1403:1433 The human placental O-GlcNAcome 1403:1433 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 6 38 with women 1313:1317 arg1 diabetes 1340:1347 pre-gestational diabetes 1324:1347 pre-gestational diabetes 1324:1347 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 1 39 theme outcomes 206:213 arg1 risk 183:186 an increased risk 170:186 an increased risk 170:186 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 3 40 dep T2D 715:717 arg1 change 730:735 ≥ twofold change 720:735 ≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 720:838 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 3 41 theme 162 753:755 arg1 n = 11 833:838 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 753:838 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 753:838 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 6 42 theme proteins 1253:1260 arg1 GlcNAcylation 1232:1244 Differential GlcNAcylation 1219:1244 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins 1219:1260 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 5 43 theme placental 1167:1175 arg1 p = 0.02 1184:1191 p = 0.02 1184:1191 p = 0.02 1184:1191 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 5 43 theme placental 1167:1175 arg1 cells 1177:1181 human placental cells 1161:1181 human placental cells (p = 0.02) 1161:1192 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 6 44 theme CME 1249:1251 arg1 proteins 1253:1260 CME proteins 1249:1260 CME proteins 1249:1260 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 1 45 theme disordered 226:235 arg1 growth 243:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 6 46 theme fetal 1389:1393 arg1 growth 1395:1400 fetal growth 1389:1400 fetal growth 1389:1400 Differential GlcNAcylation of CME proteins suggests altered transfer of cargo by placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes, which may contribute to alterations in fetal growth. 34667181 7 47 theme molecular 1487:1495 arg1 mechanisms 1497:1506 molecular mechanisms 1487:1506 molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing 1487:1543 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 3 48 theme n = 6 681:685 arg1 diabetes 706:713 type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11) 673:839 diabetes 706:713 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 4 49 theme pathway 852:858 arg1 analysis 860:867 Ingenuity pathway analysis 842:867 Ingenuity pathway analysis 842:867 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 2 50 with modification 458:469 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 485:503 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 476:503 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 476:512 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 2 50 with modification 458:469 arg1 GlcNAc 506:511 GlcNAc 506:511 GlcNAc 506:511 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 7 51 theme placental 1518:1526 arg1 sensing 1537:1543 placental nutrient sensing 1518:1543 placental nutrient sensing 1518:1543 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 3 52 theme GlcNAcylated 765:776 arg1 proteins 778:785 165 GlcNAcylated proteins 761:785 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls 761:831 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 5 53 theme TF 1143:1144 arg1 endocytosis 1146:1156 TF endocytosis 1143:1156 TF endocytosis 1143:1156 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 5 54 theme Stimulating 1058:1068 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1078:1092 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation 1058:1092 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) 1058:1119 Stimulating protein O-GlcNAcylation using glucosamine (2.5 mM) increased the rate of TF endocytosis by human placental cells (p = 0.02) and explants (p = 0.04). 34667181 4 55 theme Ingenuity 842:850 arg1 analysis 860:867 Ingenuity pathway analysis 842:867 Ingenuity pathway analysis 842:867 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 2 56 theme biosynthetic 348:359 arg1 pathway 361:367 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 333:367 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 333:367 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 3 57 theme proteins 778:785 arg1 n = 11 833:838 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 753:838 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 753:838 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 3 58 theme n = 6 699:703 arg1 diabetes 706:713 type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11) 673:839 diabetes 706:713 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 3 59 theme type 673:676 arg1 diabetes 706:713 type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11) 673:839 diabetes 706:713 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 7 60 theme human 1407:1411 arg1 O-GlcNAcome 1423:1433 The human placental O-GlcNAcome 1403:1433 The human placental O-GlcNAcome 1403:1433 The human placental O-GlcNAcome provides a resource to aid further investigation of molecular mechanisms governing placental nutrient sensing. 34667181 2 61 theme hexosamine 337:346 arg1 pathway 361:367 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 333:367 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 333:367 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 1 62 theme fetal 237:241 arg1 growth 243:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 disordered fetal growth 226:248 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 4 63 theme CME-associated 930:943 arg1 clathrin 955:962 clathrin 955:962 clathrin 955:962 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 63 theme CME-associated 930:943 arg1 Transferrin 965:975 Transferrin 965:975 Transferrin (TF) 965:980 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 63 theme CME-associated 930:943 arg1 receptor 986:993 TF receptor 983:993 TF receptor 983:993 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 63 theme CME-associated 930:943 arg1 proteins 945:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 63 theme CME-associated 930:943 arg1 targets 1049:1055 O-GlcNAcylation targets 1033:1055 O-GlcNAcylation targets 1033:1055 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 63 theme CME-associated 930:943 arg1 Rabs 1008:1011 multiple Rabs 999:1011 multiple Rabs 999:1011 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 3 64 theme type 691:694 arg1 diabetes 706:713 type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11) 673:839 diabetes 706:713 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 1 65 theme pre-existing 143:154 arg1 diabetes 156:163 pre-existing diabetes 143:163 pre-existing diabetes 143:163 Women with pre-existing diabetes have an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including disordered fetal growth, caused by changes to placental function. 34667181 3 66 with women 662:666 arg1 diabetes 706:713 type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11) 673:839 diabetes 706:713 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 0 67 with mothers 50:56 arg1 diabetes 63:70 diabetes 63:70 diabetes 63:70 Altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in placentas from mothers with diabetes causes aberrant endocytosis in placental trophoblast cells. 34667181 2 68 theme cellular 385:392 arg1 nutrients 394:402 cellular nutrients 385:402 cellular nutrients 385:402 Here we investigate the possibility that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which utilises cellular nutrients to regulate protein function via post-translationally modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediates the placental response to the maternal metabolic milieu. 34667181 4 69 theme TF 983:984 arg1 receptor 986:993 TF receptor 983:993 TF receptor 983:993 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 69 theme TF 983:984 arg1 proteins 945:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 70 theme multiple 999:1006 arg1 Rabs 1008:1011 multiple Rabs 999:1011 multiple Rabs 999:1011 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 70 theme multiple 999:1006 arg1 proteins 945:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 3 71 theme BMI-matched 812:822 arg1 controls 824:831 BMI-matched controls 812:831 BMI-matched controls 812:831 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34667181 4 72 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1033:1047 arg1 proteins 945:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 CME-associated proteins 930:952 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 4 72 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1033:1047 arg1 targets 1049:1055 O-GlcNAcylation targets 1033:1055 O-GlcNAcylation targets 1033:1055 Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated changes to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and CME-associated proteins, clathrin, Transferrin (TF), TF receptor and multiple Rabs, were identified as O-GlcNAcylation targets. 34667181 3 73 theme ≥ twofold 720:728 arg1 change 730:735 ≥ twofold change 720:735 ≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11 720:838 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the placental O-GlcNAcome is altered in women with type 1 (n = 6) or type 2 (n = 6) diabetes T2D (≥ twofold change in abundance in 162 and 165 GlcNAcylated proteins respectively compared to BMI-matched controls n = 11). 34452648 0 0 theme progression 66:76 arg1 regulation 37:46 the regulation 33:46 the regulation of gastric cancer progression 33:76 A novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of gastric cancer progression. 34452648 0 1 from mechanism 8:16 arg1 regulation 37:46 the regulation 33:46 the regulation of gastric cancer progression 33:76 A novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of gastric cancer progression. 34452648 1 2 theme aggressive 122:131 arg1 disease 144:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease 113:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world 113:167 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 1 2 theme aggressive 122:131 arg1 cancer 98:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 79:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) 79:108 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 9 3 theme pathway 1215:1221 arg1 activation 1188:1197 the activation 1184:1197 the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway 1184:1221 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 0 4 theme cancer 59:64 arg1 progression 66:76 gastric cancer progression 51:76 gastric cancer progression 51:76 A novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of gastric cancer progression. 34452648 13 5 theme novel 1638:1642 arg1 mechanism 1644:1652 a novel mechanism 1636:1652 a novel mechanism for C1GALT1 1636:1664 CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover a novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of GC progression. 34452648 6 6 theme advanced 749:756 arg1 stage 762:766 advanced TNM stage 749:766 advanced TNM stage 749:766 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 5 7 theme protein 652:658 arg1 levels 660:665 both the mRNA and protein levels 634:665 levels 660:665 RESULTS Using public databases and our patient samples, we confirmed that C1GALT1 expression was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues. 34452648 6 8 theme overall 819:825 arg1 survival 827:834 poor overall survival 814:834 poor overall survival 814:834 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 5 9 theme public 536:541 arg1 databases 543:551 public databases 536:551 public databases 536:551 RESULTS Using public databases and our patient samples, we confirmed that C1GALT1 expression was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues. 34452648 14 10 dep diagnosis 1757:1765 arg1 the 1753:1755 the 1753:1755 the 1753:1755 Thus, C1GALT1 may serve as a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. 34452648 10 11 theme C1GALT1-mediated 1299:1314 arg1 growth 1322:1327 C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth 1299:1327 C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth 1299:1327 Functional experiments indicated that integrin α5 inhibition could reverse C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. 34452648 6 12 theme poor 814:817 arg1 survival 827:834 poor overall survival 814:834 poor overall survival 814:834 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 5 13 theme C1GALT1 596:602 arg1 expression 604:613 C1GALT1 expression 596:613 C1GALT1 expression 596:613 RESULTS Using public databases and our patient samples, we confirmed that C1GALT1 expression was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues. 34452648 9 14 from glycosylation 1134:1146 arg1 α5 1160:1161 integrin α5 1151:1161 integrin α5 1151:1161 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 8 15 theme lectin 980:985 arg1 assay 997:1001 lectin pull-down assay 980:1001 lectin pull-down assay 980:1001 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 10 16 theme tumor 1316:1320 arg1 growth 1322:1327 C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth 1299:1327 C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth 1299:1327 Functional experiments indicated that integrin α5 inhibition could reverse C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. 34452648 1 17 theme lethal 137:142 arg1 disease 144:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease 113:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world 113:167 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 1 17 theme lethal 137:142 arg1 cancer 98:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 79:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) 79:108 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 5 18 theme GC 670:671 arg1 tissues 673:679 GC tissues 670:679 GC tissues 670:679 RESULTS Using public databases and our patient samples, we confirmed that C1GALT1 expression was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues. 34452648 5 19 theme patient 561:567 arg1 samples 569:575 our patient samples 557:575 our patient samples 557:575 RESULTS Using public databases and our patient samples, we confirmed that C1GALT1 expression was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues. 34452648 7 20 theme loss-of-function 852:867 arg1 approaches 869:878 gain- and loss-of-function approaches 842:878 gain- and loss-of-function approaches 842:878 With gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrated that C1GALT1 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. 34452648 9 21 gly glycosylation 1134:1146 arg1 α5 1160:1161 integrin α5 1151:1161 integrin α5 1151:1161 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 0 22 theme novel 2:6 arg1 mechanism 8:16 A novel mechanism 0:16 A novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of gastric cancer progression 0:76 A novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of gastric cancer progression. 34452648 8 23 theme new 1058:1060 arg1 α5 1035:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 8 23 theme new 1058:1060 arg1 target 1073:1078 a new downstream target 1056:1078 a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC 1056:1095 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 6 24 theme protein 713:719 arg1 expression 691:700 Elevated expression 682:700 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein 682:719 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 2 25 theme responsible 257:267 arg1 enzyme 250:255 the primary enzyme 238:255 the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation 238:295 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 2 25 theme responsible 257:267 arg1 1 225:225 1 225:225 1 225:225 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 2 26 theme gastric 323:329 arg1 carcinogenesis 331:344 gastric carcinogenesis 323:344 gastric carcinogenesis 323:344 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 13 27 theme GC 1687:1688 arg1 progression 1690:1700 GC progression 1687:1700 GC progression 1687:1700 CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover a novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of GC progression. 34452648 12 28 theme C1GALT1 1548:1554 arg1 expression 1556:1565 C1GALT1 expression 1548:1565 C1GALT1 expression 1548:1565 Further investigation proved that miR-152 negatively regulated C1GALT1 expression by directly binding to its 3' -UTR. 34452648 8 29 theme pull-down 987:995 arg1 assay 997:1001 lectin pull-down assay 980:1001 lectin pull-down assay 980:1001 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 6 30 theme C1GALT1 705:711 arg1 protein 713:719 C1GALT1 protein 705:719 C1GALT1 protein 705:719 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 1 31 theme BACKGROUND 79:88 arg1 disease 144:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease 113:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world 113:167 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 1 31 theme BACKGROUND 79:88 arg1 GC 106:107 GC 106:107 GC 106:107 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 1 31 theme BACKGROUND 79:88 arg1 cancer 98:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 79:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) 79:108 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 8 32 theme downstream 1062:1071 arg1 α5 1035:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 8 32 theme downstream 1062:1071 arg1 target 1073:1078 a new downstream target 1056:1078 a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC 1056:1095 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 13 33 theme progression 1690:1700 arg1 regulation 1673:1682 the regulation 1669:1682 the regulation of GC progression 1669:1700 CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover a novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of GC progression. 34452648 7 34 theme gain- 842:846 arg1 approaches 869:878 gain- and loss-of-function approaches 842:878 gain- and loss-of-function approaches 842:878 With gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrated that C1GALT1 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. 34452648 8 35 theme mass 1007:1010 arg1 spectrometry 1012:1023 mass spectrometry 1007:1023 mass spectrometry 1007:1023 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 9 36 theme O-linked 1125:1132 arg1 glycosylation 1134:1146 O-linked glycosylation 1125:1146 O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 1125:1161 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 2 37 theme primary 242:248 arg1 enzyme 250:255 the primary enzyme 238:255 the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation 238:295 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 2 37 theme primary 242:248 arg1 1 225:225 1 225:225 1 225:225 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 10 38 theme Functional 1224:1233 arg1 experiments 1235:1245 Functional experiments 1224:1245 Functional experiments 1224:1245 Functional experiments indicated that integrin α5 inhibition could reverse C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. 34452648 4 39 from upregulation 481:492 arg1 GC 497:498 GC 497:498 GC 497:498 Also, the mechanism leading to its upregulation in GC is currently unknown. 34452648 11 40 theme promoter 1439:1446 arg1 region 1448:1453 the C1GALT1 promoter region 1427:1453 the C1GALT1 promoter region 1427:1453 Moreover, transcription factor SP1 was found to bind to the C1GALT1 promoter region and activated its expression. 34452648 6 41 theme tumor 792:796 arg1 recurrence 798:807 tumor recurrence 792:807 tumor recurrence 792:807 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 11 42 theme transcription 1381:1393 arg1 SP1 1402:1404 transcription factor SP1 1381:1404 transcription factor SP1 1381:1404 Moreover, transcription factor SP1 was found to bind to the C1GALT1 promoter region and activated its expression. 34452648 11 43 theme factor 1395:1400 arg1 SP1 1402:1404 transcription factor SP1 1381:1404 transcription factor SP1 1381:1404 Moreover, transcription factor SP1 was found to bind to the C1GALT1 promoter region and activated its expression. 34452648 14 44 theme promising 1732:1740 arg1 C1GALT1 1709:1715 C1GALT1 1709:1715 C1GALT1 1709:1715 Thus, C1GALT1 may serve as a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. 34452648 14 44 theme promising 1732:1740 arg1 target 1742:1747 a promising target 1730:1747 a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC 1730:1785 Thus, C1GALT1 may serve as a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. 34452648 5 45 theme mRNA 643:646 arg1 levels 660:665 both the mRNA and protein levels 634:665 levels 660:665 RESULTS Using public databases and our patient samples, we confirmed that C1GALT1 expression was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues. 34452648 2 46 theme β 196:196 arg1 expression 175:184 High expression 170:184 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, 170:296 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 10 47 theme integrin 1262:1269 arg1 inhibition 1274:1283 integrin α5 inhibition 1262:1283 integrin α5 inhibition 1262:1283 Functional experiments indicated that integrin α5 inhibition could reverse C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. 34452648 9 48 theme integrin 1151:1158 arg1 α5 1160:1161 integrin α5 1151:1161 integrin α5 1151:1161 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 3 49 from C1GALT1 395:401 arg1 GC 406:407 GC 406:407 GC 406:407 However, proteins that can be O-glycosylated by C1GALT1 in GC have not been completely elucidated. 34452648 8 50 theme C1GALT1 1083:1089 arg1 α5 1035:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 8 50 theme C1GALT1 1083:1089 arg1 target 1073:1078 a new downstream target 1056:1078 a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC 1056:1095 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 13 51 dep CONCLUSIONS 1603:1613 arg1 uncover 1628:1634 uncover 1628:1634 uncover a novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of GC progression 1628:1700 CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover a novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of GC progression. 34452648 6 52 theme node 775:778 arg1 metastasis 780:789 lymph node metastasis 769:789 lymph node metastasis 769:789 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 2 53 theme core 189:192 arg1 β 196:196 core 1 β 1 189:198 core 1 β 1 189:198 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 2 53 theme core 189:192 arg1 1 225:225 1 225:225 1 225:225 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 6 54 theme Elevated 682:689 arg1 expression 691:700 Elevated expression 682:700 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein 682:719 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 14 55 theme GC 1784:1785 arg1 treatment 1771:1779 treatment 1771:1779 treatment 1771:1779 Thus, C1GALT1 may serve as a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. 34452648 14 55 theme GC 1784:1785 arg1 diagnosis 1757:1765 diagnosis 1757:1765 diagnosis 1757:1765 Thus, C1GALT1 may serve as a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. 34452648 9 56 theme PI3K/AKT 1206:1213 arg1 pathway 1215:1221 the PI3K/AKT pathway 1202:1221 the PI3K/AKT pathway 1202:1221 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 8 57 theme integrin 1026:1033 arg1 α5 1035:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 integrin α5 1026:1036 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 8 57 theme integrin 1026:1033 arg1 target 1073:1078 a new downstream target 1056:1078 a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC 1056:1095 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 6 58 theme lymph 769:773 arg1 metastasis 780:789 lymph node metastasis 769:789 lymph node metastasis 769:789 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 2 59 theme High 170:173 arg1 expression 175:184 High expression 170:184 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, 170:296 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 2 60 theme protein 273:279 arg1 O-glycosylation 281:295 protein O-glycosylation 273:295 protein O-glycosylation 273:295 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 1 61 theme Gastric 90:96 arg1 disease 144:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease 113:150 a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world 113:167 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 1 61 theme Gastric 90:96 arg1 GC 106:107 GC 106:107 GC 106:107 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 1 61 theme Gastric 90:96 arg1 cancer 98:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer 79:103 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) 79:108 BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive and lethal disease around the world. 34452648 3 62 gly O-glycosylated 377:390 arg1 proteins 356:363 proteins 356:363 proteins that can be O-glycosylated by C1GALT1 in GC 356:407 However, proteins that can be O-glycosylated by C1GALT1 in GC have not been completely elucidated. 34452648 7 63 theme GC 919:920 arg1 proliferation 927:939 GC cell proliferation 919:939 GC cell proliferation 919:939 With gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrated that C1GALT1 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. 34452648 10 64 theme α5 1271:1272 arg1 inhibition 1274:1283 integrin α5 inhibition 1262:1283 integrin α5 inhibition 1262:1283 Functional experiments indicated that integrin α5 inhibition could reverse C1GALT1-mediated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. 34452648 9 65 link O-linked 1125:1132 arg1 glycosylation 1134:1146 O-linked glycosylation 1125:1146 O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 1125:1161 C1GALT1 was able to modify O-linked glycosylation on integrin α5 and thereby modulate the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. 34452648 0 66 theme gastric 51:57 arg1 progression 66:76 gastric cancer progression 51:76 gastric cancer progression 51:76 A novel mechanism for C1GALT1 in the regulation of gastric cancer progression. 34452648 6 67 theme TNM 758:760 arg1 stage 762:766 advanced TNM stage 749:766 advanced TNM stage 749:766 Elevated expression of C1GALT1 protein was closely associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor overall survival. 34452648 7 68 theme cell 922:925 arg1 proliferation 927:939 GC cell proliferation 919:939 GC cell proliferation 919:939 With gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrated that C1GALT1 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. 34452648 8 69 from target 1073:1078 arg1 GC 1094:1095 GC 1094:1095 GC 1094:1095 By employing lectin pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, integrin α5 was identified as a new downstream target of C1GALT1 in GC. 34452648 2 70 theme critical 306:313 arg1 role 315:318 a critical role 304:318 a critical role 304:318 High expression of core 1 β 1, 3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), the primary enzyme responsible for protein O-glycosylation, plays a critical role in gastric carcinogenesis. 34452648 11 71 theme C1GALT1 1431:1437 arg1 region 1448:1453 the C1GALT1 promoter region 1427:1453 the C1GALT1 promoter region 1427:1453 Moreover, transcription factor SP1 was found to bind to the C1GALT1 promoter region and activated its expression. 34452648 12 72 theme Further 1485:1491 arg1 investigation 1493:1505 Further investigation 1485:1505 Further investigation 1485:1505 Further investigation proved that miR-152 negatively regulated C1GALT1 expression by directly binding to its 3' -UTR. 34413782 6 0 theme key 878:880 arg1 examples 882:889 key examples 878:889 key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 878:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 4 1 theme Abs 726:728 arg1 Abs 726:728 Abs 726:728 Abs 726:728 B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. 34413782 4 1 theme Abs 726:728 arg1 repertoire 712:721 a diverse repertoire 702:721 a diverse repertoire of Abs 702:728 B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. 34413782 10 2 theme disease 1916:1922 arg1 evolution 1924:1932 disease evolution 1916:1932 disease evolution 1916:1932 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 11 3 theme different 2138:2146 arg1 groups 2156:2161 different patient groups 2138:2161 different patient groups 2138:2161 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 10 4 theme mechanisms 1902:1911 arg1 role 1857:1860 a crucial role 1847:1860 a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution 1847:1932 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 6 5 from portions 1058:1065 arg1 present 1035:1041 present 1035:1041 present 1035:1041 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 9 6 theme candidates 1657:1666 arg1 one 1638:1640 one 1638:1640 one 1638:1640 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 9 6 theme candidates 1657:1666 arg1 candidates 1657:1666 the vaccine candidates 1645:1666 the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial 1645:1701 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 0 7 theme Advanced 79:86 arg1 Strategies 107:116 Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies 79:116 Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies 79:116 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 10 8 theme unique 1948:1953 arg1 determinants 1970:1981 unique immunogenicity determinants 1948:1981 unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection 1948:2005 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 7 9 theme few 1102:1104 arg1 years 1106:1110 the last few years 1093:1110 the last few years 1093:1110 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 11 10 theme mechanisms 2046:2055 arg1 involvement 2012:2022 The involvement 2008:2022 The involvement of post translational mechanisms 2008:2055 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 5 11 theme somatic 854:860 arg1 mutations 862:870 somatic mutations 854:870 somatic mutations 854:870 Their structural variation is defined in terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations. 34413782 10 12 theme critical 1750:1757 arg1 interpretation 1759:1772 a critical interpretation 1748:1772 a critical interpretation of published literature 1748:1796 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 11 13 theme post 2027:2030 arg1 mechanisms 2046:2055 post translational mechanisms 2027:2055 post translational mechanisms 2027:2055 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 1 14 theme effective 232:240 arg1 ways 251:254 effective and safe ways 232:254 effective and safe ways 232:254 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 12 15 theme humoral 2337:2343 arg1 mechanisms 2361:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 10 16 theme SARS-CoV-2 1986:1995 arg1 infection 1997:2005 SARS-CoV-2 infection 1986:2005 SARS-CoV-2 infection 1986:2005 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 1 17 theme safe 246:249 arg1 ways 251:254 effective and safe ways 232:254 effective and safe ways 232:254 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 6 18 theme diversification 924:938 arg1 mechanisms 940:949 frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms 894:949 frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 894:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 11 19 theme varied 2090:2095 arg1 response 2104:2111 the widely varied immune response 2079:2111 the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2079:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 12 20 theme response 2352:2359 arg1 mechanisms 2361:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 3 21 theme many 580:583 arg1 platforms 607:615 many novel and specialized platforms 580:615 many novel and specialized platforms 580:615 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 6 22 theme neglected 905:913 arg1 mechanisms 940:949 frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms 894:949 frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 894:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 4 23 theme repertoire 712:721 arg1 generation 688:697 the generation 684:697 the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs 684:728 B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. 34413782 8 24 theme much 1332:1335 arg1 attention 1337:1345 much attention 1332:1345 much attention 1332:1345 Nonetheless, such more unusual mechanisms have not received much attention in the context of SARS-CoV-2. 34413782 7 25 theme immunomodulatory 1246:1261 arg1 effects 1263:1269 their potent immunomodulatory effects 1233:1269 their potent immunomodulatory effects 1233:1269 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 10 26 theme literature 1787:1796 arg1 interpretation 1759:1772 a critical interpretation 1748:1772 a critical interpretation of published literature 1748:1796 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 1 27 theme ongoing 168:174 arg1 pandemic 185:192 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic 164:192 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic 164:192 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 9 28 theme general 1717:1723 arg1 implications 1725:1736 (4) more general implications 1708:1736 (4) more general implications 1708:1736 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 0 29 theme SARS-CoV-2 88:97 arg1 Strategies 107:116 Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies 79:116 Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies 79:116 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 9 30 from focus 1397:1401 arg1 latter 1410:1415 latter 1410:1415 latter 1410:1415 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 11 31 theme several 2245:2251 arg1 types 2264:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 8 32 theme SARS-CoV-2 1365:1374 arg1 context 1354:1360 the context 1350:1360 the context of SARS-CoV-2 1350:1374 Nonetheless, such more unusual mechanisms have not received much attention in the context of SARS-CoV-2. 34413782 7 33 theme potent 1239:1244 arg1 effects 1263:1269 their potent immunomodulatory effects 1233:1269 their potent immunomodulatory effects 1233:1269 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 6 34 located present 1035:1041 arg2 examples 882:889 key examples 878:889 key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 878:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 6 34 located present 1035:1041 arg1 portions 1058:1065 significant portions 1046:1065 significant portions of the population 1046:1083 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 2 35 theme immune 401:406 arg1 system 408:413 the immune system 397:413 the immune system 397:413 This likely involves all components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive. 34413782 5 36 theme composition 792:802 arg1 terms 772:776 terms 772:776 terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations 772:870 Their structural variation is defined in terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations. 34413782 9 37 theme Covid-19 1559:1566 arg1 evolution 1576:1584 Covid-19 disease evolution 1559:1584 Covid-19 disease evolution 1559:1584 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 11 38 theme observed 2191:2198 arg1 incompatibility 2200:2214 their observed incompatibility 2185:2214 their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2185:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 6 39 theme population 1074:1083 arg1 portions 1058:1065 significant portions 1046:1065 significant portions of the population 1046:1083 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 2 40 theme adaptive 432:439 arg1 components 383:392 all components 379:392 all components 379:392 This likely involves all components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive. 34413782 0 41 theme Antibody 18:25 arg1 Diversification 27:41 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification 0:41 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution 0:63 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 2 42 theme innate 421:426 arg1 components 383:392 all components 379:392 all components 379:392 This likely involves all components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive. 34413782 7 43 theme humoral 1161:1167 arg1 mechanisms 1185:1194 humoral immune response mechanisms 1161:1194 humoral immune response mechanisms 1161:1194 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 6 44 theme significant 1046:1056 arg1 portions 1058:1065 significant portions 1046:1065 significant portions of the population 1046:1083 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 3 45 theme options 506:512 arg1 development 468:478 the rapid development 458:478 the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options 458:512 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 5 46 theme amino 781:785 arg1 composition 792:802 amino acid composition 781:802 amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations 781:870 Their structural variation is defined in terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations. 34413782 9 47 theme specific 1388:1395 arg1 focus 1397:1401 specific focus 1388:1401 specific focus on the latter 1388:1415 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 11 48 theme patient 2148:2154 arg1 groups 2156:2161 different patient groups 2138:2161 different patient groups 2138:2161 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 3 49 theme prophylactic 483:494 arg1 options 506:512 prophylactic treatment options 483:512 prophylactic treatment options 483:512 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 12 50 theme non-genetic 2397:2407 arg1 strategies 2423:2432 non-genetic viral evasion strategies 2397:2432 non-genetic viral evasion strategies 2397:2432 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 1 51 dep finding 224:230 arg1 combat 259:264 combat 259:264 to combat the virus 256:274 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 1 51 dep finding 224:230 arg1 understand 294:303 understand 294:303 to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection 281:355 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 12 52 theme evasion 2415:2421 arg1 strategies 2423:2432 non-genetic viral evasion strategies 2397:2432 non-genetic viral evasion strategies 2397:2432 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 10 53 theme non-genetic 1865:1875 arg1 mechanisms 1902:1911 non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms 1865:1911 non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms 1865:1911 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 11 54 theme translational 2032:2044 arg1 mechanisms 2046:2055 post translational mechanisms 2027:2055 post translational mechanisms 2027:2055 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 11 55 located observed 2113:2120 arg1 terms 2176:2180 terms 2176:2180 terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2176:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 11 55 located observed 2113:2120 arg2 response 2104:2111 the widely varied immune response 2079:2111 the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2079:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 7 56 theme response 1176:1183 arg1 mechanisms 1185:1194 humoral immune response mechanisms 1161:1194 humoral immune response mechanisms 1161:1194 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 9 57 theme vaccine 1649:1655 arg1 candidates 1657:1666 the vaccine candidates 1645:1666 the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial 1645:1701 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 11 58 theme cell 2259:2262 arg1 types 2264:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 10 59 theme diversification 1886:1900 arg1 mechanisms 1902:1911 non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms 1865:1911 non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms 1865:1911 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 7 60 theme last 1097:1100 arg1 years 1106:1110 the last few years 1093:1110 the last few years 1093:1110 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 6 61 attach present 1035:1041 arg2 examples 882:889 key examples 878:889 key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 878:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 6 61 attach present 1035:1041 arg1 portions 1058:1065 significant portions 1046:1065 significant portions of the population 1046:1083 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 10 62 from role 1857:1860 arg1 evolution 1924:1932 disease evolution 1916:1932 disease evolution 1916:1932 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 4 63 theme B-cell 658:663 arg1 immunity 665:672 B-cell immunity 658:672 B-cell immunity 658:672 B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. 34413782 0 64 theme Prophylactic 140:151 arg1 Treatment 153:161 Prophylactic Treatment 140:161 Prophylactic Treatment 140:161 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 6 65 link O-linked 1008:1015 arg1 glycosylation 1017:1029 O-linked glycosylation 1008:1029 O-linked glycosylation 1008:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 6 66 theme post-translational 961:978 arg1 modifications 980:992 post-translational modifications 961:992 post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 961:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 6 66 theme post-translational 961:978 arg1 N- 1002:1003 N- 1002:1003 N- 1002:1003 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 6 66 theme post-translational 961:978 arg1 glycosylation 1017:1029 O-linked glycosylation 1008:1029 O-linked glycosylation 1008:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 12 67 theme immune 2345:2350 arg1 mechanisms 2361:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 8 68 theme such 1285:1288 arg1 mechanisms 1303:1312 such more unusual mechanisms 1285:1312 such more unusual mechanisms 1285:1312 Nonetheless, such more unusual mechanisms have not received much attention in the context of SARS-CoV-2. 34413782 3 69 theme novel 585:589 arg1 platforms 607:615 many novel and specialized platforms 580:615 many novel and specialized platforms 580:615 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 6 70 theme mechanisms 940:949 arg1 examples 882:889 key examples 878:889 key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 878:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 12 71 theme mechanisms 2361:2370 arg1 challenges 2309:2318 challenges 2309:2318 challenges 2309:2318 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 12 71 theme mechanisms 2361:2370 arg1 potentials 2294:2303 potentials 2294:2303 potentials 2294:2303 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 8 72 theme unusual 1295:1301 arg1 mechanisms 1303:1312 such more unusual mechanisms 1285:1312 such more unusual mechanisms 1285:1312 Nonetheless, such more unusual mechanisms have not received much attention in the context of SARS-CoV-2. 34413782 6 73 theme antibody 915:922 arg1 mechanisms 940:949 frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms 894:949 frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation 894:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 11 74 theme immune 2097:2102 arg1 response 2104:2111 the widely varied immune response 2079:2111 the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2079:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 9 75 dep presents 1429:1436 arg1 1 1440:1440 1 1440:1440 1 1440:1440 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 10 76 theme immunogenicity 1955:1968 arg1 determinants 1970:1981 unique immunogenicity determinants 1948:1981 unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection 1948:2005 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 12 77 theme refined 2329:2335 arg1 mechanisms 2361:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 these refined humoral immune response mechanisms 2323:2370 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 11 78 with incompatibility 2200:2214 arg1 infection 2232:2240 SARS-CoV-2 infection 2221:2240 SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2221:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 4 79 theme diverse 704:710 arg1 Abs 726:728 Abs 726:728 Abs 726:728 B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. 34413782 4 79 theme diverse 704:710 arg1 repertoire 712:721 a diverse repertoire 702:721 a diverse repertoire of Abs 702:728 B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. 34413782 5 80 theme structural 737:746 arg1 variation 748:756 Their structural variation 731:756 Their structural variation 731:756 Their structural variation is defined in terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations. 34413782 3 81 theme specialized 595:605 arg1 platforms 607:615 many novel and specialized platforms 580:615 many novel and specialized platforms 580:615 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 11 82 theme SARS-CoV-2 2221:2230 arg1 infection 2232:2240 SARS-CoV-2 infection 2221:2240 SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2221:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 0 83 from Diversification 27:41 arg1 Evolution 55:63 Covid-19 Evolution 46:63 Covid-19 Evolution 46:63 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 10 84 theme infection 1997:2005 arg1 determinants 1970:1981 unique immunogenicity determinants 1948:1981 unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection 1948:2005 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 0 85 theme Evasion 99:105 arg1 Strategies 107:116 Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies 79:116 Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies 79:116 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 1 86 theme Covid-19 176:183 arg1 pandemic 185:192 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic 164:192 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic 164:192 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 9 87 from involvement 1544:1554 arg1 evolution 1576:1584 Covid-19 disease evolution 1559:1584 Covid-19 disease evolution 1559:1584 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 6 88 theme O-linked 1008:1015 arg1 glycosylation 1017:1029 O-linked glycosylation 1008:1029 O-linked glycosylation 1008:1029 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 11 89 theme incompatibility 2200:2214 arg1 terms 2176:2180 terms 2176:2180 terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types 2176:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 7 90 theme specific 1209:1216 arg1 cases 1218:1222 some specific cases 1204:1222 some specific cases 1204:1222 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 11 91 theme human 2253:2257 arg1 types 2264:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 6 92 from present 1035:1041 arg1 portions 1058:1065 significant portions 1046:1065 significant portions of the population 1046:1083 Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. 34413782 3 93 theme treatment 496:504 arg1 options 506:512 prophylactic treatment options 483:512 prophylactic treatment options 483:512 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 9 94 theme possible 1535:1542 arg1 involvement 1544:1554 their possible involvement 1529:1554 their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution 1529:1584 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 2 95 theme system 408:413 arg1 components 383:392 all components 379:392 all components 379:392 This likely involves all components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive. 34413782 5 96 theme acid 787:790 arg1 composition 792:802 amino acid composition 781:802 amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations 781:870 Their structural variation is defined in terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations. 34413782 9 97 dep evidence 1516:1523 arg1 2 1513:1513 2 1513:1513 2 1513:1513 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 7 98 theme immune 1169:1174 arg1 mechanisms 1185:1194 humoral immune response mechanisms 1161:1194 humoral immune response mechanisms 1161:1194 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 9 99 theme disease 1568:1574 arg1 evolution 1576:1584 Covid-19 disease evolution 1559:1584 Covid-19 disease evolution 1559:1584 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 10 100 theme published 1777:1785 arg1 literature 1787:1796 published literature 1777:1796 published literature 1777:1796 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 11 101 from infection 2232:2240 arg1 types 2264:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 several human cell types 2245:2268 The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. 34413782 0 102 theme Covid-19 46:53 arg1 Evolution 55:63 Covid-19 Evolution 46:63 Covid-19 Evolution 46:63 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34413782 1 103 theme immune 309:314 arg1 response 316:323 the immune response 305:323 the immune response elicited upon natural infection 305:355 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 3 104 theme rapid 462:466 arg1 development 468:478 the rapid development 458:478 the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options 458:512 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 7 105 theme gene 1136:1139 arg1 sequence 1141:1148 gene sequence 1136:1148 gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms 1136:1194 During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. 34413782 10 106 theme crucial 1849:1855 arg1 role 1857:1860 a crucial role 1847:1860 a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution 1847:1932 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 1 107 theme natural 339:345 arg1 infection 347:355 natural infection 339:355 natural infection 339:355 The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. 34413782 12 108 theme viral 2409:2413 arg1 strategies 2423:2432 non-genetic viral evasion strategies 2397:2432 non-genetic viral evasion strategies 2397:2432 The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies. 34413782 3 109 theme intense 528:534 arg1 focus 536:540 an intense focus 525:540 an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs) 525:573 The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. 34413782 9 110 theme vaccine 1608:1614 arg1 design 1616:1621 vaccine design 1608:1621 vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial 1608:1701 Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. 34413782 10 111 theme antibody 1877:1884 arg1 mechanisms 1902:1911 non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms 1865:1911 non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms 1865:1911 Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 34413782 0 112 theme Recognized 7:16 arg1 Diversification 27:41 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification 0:41 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution 0:63 Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. 34155345 4 0 theme papillary 522:530 arg1 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 0 theme papillary 522:530 arg1 cancer 540:545 papillary thyroid cancer 522:545 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) 522:551 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 6 1 theme malignant 737:745 arg1 phenotypes 747:756 the malignant phenotypes 733:756 the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells 733:769 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 1 2 theme past 157:160 arg1 decades 162:168 the past decades worldwide 153:178 the past decades worldwide 153:178 The incidence of thyroid cancer is growing rapidly during the past decades worldwide. 34155345 8 3 theme YAP 1148:1150 arg1 regulator 1135:1143 an upstream regulator 1123:1143 an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1123:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 4 4 from essential 558:566 arg1 metastasis 588:597 metastasis 588:597 metastasis 588:597 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 4 from essential 558:566 arg1 growth 577:582 tumor growth 571:582 tumor growth 571:582 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 5 theme upregulated 405:415 arg1 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 5 theme upregulated 405:415 arg1 expression 464:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 8 6 from regulator 1135:1143 arg1 tumors 1159:1164 PTC tumors 1155:1164 PTC tumors 1155:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 8 7 dep confirmed 1045:1053 arg1 worked 1059:1064 worked 1059:1064 confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1045:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 7 8 theme OGT/YAP 981:987 arg1 activity 989:996 OGT/YAP activity 981:996 OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies 981:1022 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 7 9 dep showed 845:850 arg1 made 910:913 made 910:913 made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies 910:1022 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 7 9 dep showed 845:850 arg1 played 885:890 played 885:890 played in PTC tumors 885:904 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 4 10 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 426:444 arg1 OGT 459:461 OGT 459:461 OGT 459:461 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 10 theme N-Acetylglucosamine 426:444 arg1 Transferase 446:456 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase 417:456 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 2 11 theme poor 291:294 arg1 prognosis 296:304 poor prognosis 291:304 poor prognosis 291:304 Although most thyroid tumors are curable, some patients diagnosed with distant metastases are associated with poor prognosis. 34155345 7 12 theme OGT 873:875 arg1 role 865:868 the critical role 852:868 the critical role of OGT and YAP 852:883 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 4 13 theme O-GlcNAc 496:503 arg1 modification 506:517 O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification 479:517 O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification 479:517 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 14 theme O-Linked 417:424 arg1 OGT 459:461 OGT 459:461 OGT 459:461 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 14 theme O-Linked 417:424 arg1 Transferase 446:456 O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase 417:456 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 7 15 theme YAP 881:883 arg1 role 865:868 the critical role 852:868 the critical role of OGT and YAP 852:883 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 4 16 from metastasis 588:597 arg1 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 16 from metastasis 588:597 arg1 expression 464:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 17 from modification 506:517 arg1 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 17 from modification 506:517 arg1 cancer 540:545 papillary thyroid cancer 522:545 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) 522:551 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 18 from growth 577:582 arg1 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 18 from growth 577:582 arg1 expression 464:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 0 19 theme regulated 4:12 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation promotes papillary thyroid cancer malignancy via activating YAP. 34155345 5 20 theme effector 651:658 arg1 protein 660:666 the effector protein 647:666 the effector protein modified by OGT 647:682 Mass spectrometry analysis showed that YAP was the effector protein modified by OGT. 34155345 5 20 theme effector 651:658 arg1 YAP 639:641 YAP 639:641 YAP 639:641 Mass spectrometry analysis showed that YAP was the effector protein modified by OGT. 34155345 6 21 theme Ser109 701:706 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 708:722 YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation 697:722 YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation 697:722 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 7 22 from activity 989:996 arg1 therapies 1014:1022 PTC targeted therapies 1001:1022 PTC targeted therapies 1001:1022 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 0 23 theme OGT 0:2 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation promotes papillary thyroid cancer malignancy via activating YAP. 34155345 4 24 theme tumor 571:575 arg1 growth 577:582 tumor growth 571:582 tumor growth 571:582 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 8 25 with collaboration 1069:1081 arg1 kinases 1112:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases 1088:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1088:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 5 26 theme Mass 600:603 arg1 analysis 618:625 Mass spectrometry analysis 600:625 Mass spectrometry analysis 600:625 Mass spectrometry analysis showed that YAP was the effector protein modified by OGT. 34155345 1 27 dep decades 162:168 arg1 worldwide 170:178 worldwide 170:178 the past decades worldwide 153:178 The incidence of thyroid cancer is growing rapidly during the past decades worldwide. 34155345 6 28 theme YAP 697:699 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 708:722 YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation 697:722 YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation 697:722 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 8 29 theme Hippo 1098:1102 arg1 kinases 1112:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases 1088:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1088:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 8 30 theme classical 1088:1096 arg1 kinases 1112:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases 1088:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1088:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 5 31 theme spectrometry 605:616 arg1 analysis 618:625 Mass spectrometry analysis 600:625 Mass spectrometry analysis 600:625 Mass spectrometry analysis showed that YAP was the effector protein modified by OGT. 34155345 2 32 theme most 190:193 arg1 tumors 203:208 most thyroid tumors 190:208 most thyroid tumors 190:208 Although most thyroid tumors are curable, some patients diagnosed with distant metastases are associated with poor prognosis. 34155345 1 33 theme thyroid 112:118 arg1 cancer 120:125 thyroid cancer 112:125 thyroid cancer 112:125 The incidence of thyroid cancer is growing rapidly during the past decades worldwide. 34155345 7 34 theme clinical 946:953 arg1 potential 955:963 the clinical potential 942:963 the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies 942:1022 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 7 35 theme critical 856:863 arg1 role 865:868 the critical role 852:868 the critical role of OGT and YAP 852:883 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 0 36 theme thyroid 49:55 arg1 malignancy 64:73 papillary thyroid cancer malignancy 39:73 papillary thyroid cancer malignancy 39:73 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation promotes papillary thyroid cancer malignancy via activating YAP. 34155345 8 37 theme pathway 1104:1110 arg1 kinases 1112:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases 1088:1118 classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1088:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 0 38 theme papillary 39:47 arg1 malignancy 64:73 papillary thyroid cancer malignancy 39:73 papillary thyroid cancer malignancy 39:73 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation promotes papillary thyroid cancer malignancy via activating YAP. 34155345 4 39 from expression 464:473 arg1 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 39 from expression 464:473 arg1 cancer 540:545 papillary thyroid cancer 522:545 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) 522:551 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 6 40 theme YAP 783:785 arg1 dephosphorylation 794:810 YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation 783:810 YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation 783:810 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 3 41 theme molecular 311:319 arg1 unknown 373:379 unknown 373:379 unknown 373:379 The molecular mechanisms underlying these cases are still largely unknown. 34155345 3 41 theme molecular 311:319 arg1 mechanisms 321:330 The molecular mechanisms 307:330 The molecular mechanisms underlying these cases 307:353 The molecular mechanisms underlying these cases are still largely unknown. 34155345 4 42 theme O-GlcNAcylation 479:493 arg1 modification 506:517 O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification 479:517 O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification 479:517 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 1 43 theme cancer 120:125 arg1 incidence 99:107 The incidence 95:107 The incidence of thyroid cancer 95:125 The incidence of thyroid cancer is growing rapidly during the past decades worldwide. 34155345 0 44 theme cancer 57:62 arg1 malignancy 64:73 papillary thyroid cancer malignancy 39:73 papillary thyroid cancer malignancy 39:73 OGT regulated O-GlcNAcylation promotes papillary thyroid cancer malignancy via activating YAP. 34155345 7 45 theme PTC 1001:1003 arg1 therapies 1014:1022 PTC targeted therapies 1001:1022 PTC targeted therapies 1001:1022 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 6 46 theme Ser127 787:792 arg1 dephosphorylation 794:810 YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation 783:810 YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation 783:810 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 8 47 theme upstream 1126:1133 arg1 regulator 1135:1143 an upstream regulator 1123:1143 an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors 1123:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34155345 4 48 theme Transferase 446:456 arg1 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 essential 558:566 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 48 theme Transferase 446:456 arg1 expression 464:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression 401:473 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 7 49 theme targeted 1005:1012 arg1 therapies 1014:1022 PTC targeted therapies 1001:1022 PTC targeted therapies 1001:1022 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 6 50 theme PTC 761:763 arg1 cells 765:769 PTC cells 761:769 PTC cells 761:769 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 2 51 theme thyroid 195:201 arg1 tumors 203:208 most thyroid tumors 190:208 most thyroid tumors 190:208 Although most thyroid tumors are curable, some patients diagnosed with distant metastases are associated with poor prognosis. 34155345 2 52 theme distant 252:258 arg1 metastases 260:269 distant metastases 252:269 distant metastases 252:269 Although most thyroid tumors are curable, some patients diagnosed with distant metastases are associated with poor prognosis. 34155345 6 53 from phenotypes 747:756 arg1 cells 765:769 PTC cells 761:769 PTC cells 761:769 In details, YAP Ser109 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the malignant phenotypes in PTC cells by inducing YAP Ser127 dephosphorylation and activation. 34155345 4 54 theme thyroid 532:538 arg1 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 PTC 548:550 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 4 54 theme thyroid 532:538 arg1 cancer 540:545 papillary thyroid cancer 522:545 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) 522:551 Here we found that the upregulated O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (OGT) expression and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were essential in tumor growth and metastasis. 34155345 7 55 theme PTC 895:897 arg1 tumors 899:904 PTC tumors 895:904 PTC tumors 895:904 Our work clearly showed the critical role of OGT and YAP played in PTC tumors and made it possible for us to seek the clinical potential of manipulating OGT/YAP activity in PTC targeted therapies. 34155345 8 56 theme PTC 1155:1157 arg1 tumors 1159:1164 PTC tumors 1155:1164 PTC tumors 1155:1164 These findings also confirmed OGT worked in collaboration with classical Hippo pathway kinases as an upstream regulator of YAP in PTC tumors. 34105348 2 0 theme uncharged 355:363 arg1 property 365:372 uncharged property 355:372 uncharged property 355:372 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 1 1 theme vital 272:276 arg1 role 278:281 a vital role 270:281 a vital role 270:281 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 3 2 theme several 727:733 arg1 lectins 735:741 several lectins 727:741 several lectins 727:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 0 3 theme O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 arg1 Quantification 16:29 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification 0:29 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 0:129 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 7 4 theme affinity 1108:1115 arg1 column 1117:1122 the CpOGAD298N affinity column 1093:1122 the CpOGAD298N affinity column 1093:1122 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 5 from tissue 1291:1296 arg1 peptides 1250:1257 33 highly confident peptides 1230:1257 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue 1230:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 5 from tissue 1291:1296 arg1 peptides 1177:1184 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides 1139:1184 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line 1139:1224 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 5 from tissue 1291:1296 arg1 proteins 1265:1272 33 proteins 1262:1272 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue 1262:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 9 6 theme O-GlcNAc 1877:1884 arg1 protein 1886:1892 certain O-GlcNAc protein 1869:1892 certain O-GlcNAc protein 1869:1892 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 5 7 theme titration 854:862 arg1 calorimetry 864:874 isothermal titration calorimetry 843:874 isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) 843:880 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 5 7 theme titration 854:862 arg1 ITC 877:879 ITC 877:879 ITC 877:879 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 7 8 theme germ 1370:1373 arg1 WGA 1387:1389 WGA 1387:1389 WGA 1387:1389 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 8 theme germ 1370:1373 arg1 agglutinin 1375:1384 wheat germ agglutinin 1364:1384 wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) 1364:1390 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 9 theme novel 1316:1320 arg1 them 1307:1310 them 1307:1310 them 1307:1310 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 9 theme novel 1316:1320 arg1 most 1299:1302 most 1299:1302 most 1299:1302 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 9 theme novel 1316:1320 arg1 proteins 1331:1338 novel O-GlcNAc proteins 1316:1338 novel O-GlcNAc proteins 1316:1338 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 6 10 used used 969:972 arg2 CpOGAD298N 949:958 CpOGAD298N 949:958 CpOGAD298N 949:958 CpOGAD298N could be used in far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging to demonstrate the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins. 34105348 3 11 theme glycan 619:624 arg1 data 632:635 glycan array data 619:635 glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins 619:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 1 12 theme threonine 237:245 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 12 theme threonine 237:245 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 8 13 theme enrichment 1424:1433 arg1 tool 1435:1438 a facile enrichment tool 1415:1438 a facile enrichment tool 1415:1438 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 7 14 theme liver 1285:1289 arg1 tissue 1291:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 5 15 theme binding 925:931 arg1 characteristic 933:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 1 16 from proteins 250:257 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 16 from proteins 250:257 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 2 17 theme quantification 513:526 arg1 lack 452:455 the lack 448:455 the lack of high specificity and avidity tools 448:493 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 17 theme quantification 513:526 arg1 bottleneck 557:566 the bottleneck 553:566 the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions 553:598 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 17 theme quantification 513:526 arg1 methods 528:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 7 18 theme confident 1240:1248 arg1 peptides 1250:1257 33 highly confident peptides 1230:1257 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue 1230:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 1 19 theme O-linked 153:160 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 19 theme O-linked 153:160 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 6 20 theme confocal 1019:1026 arg1 imaging 1028:1034 confocal imaging 1019:1034 confocal imaging 1019:1034 CpOGAD298N could be used in far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging to demonstrate the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins. 34105348 8 21 theme CpOGAD298N 1458:1467 arg1 combination 1443:1453 a combination 1441:1453 a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) 1441:1507 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 8 22 used used 1525:1528 arg2 combination 1443:1453 a combination 1441:1453 a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) 1441:1507 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 5 23 theme GlcNAc 909:914 arg1 characteristic 933:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 9 24 theme flow 1710:1713 arg1 analysis 1725:1732 flow cytometry analysis 1710:1732 flow cytometry analysis 1710:1732 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 7 25 from peptides 1177:1184 arg1 proteins 1265:1272 33 proteins 1262:1272 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue 1262:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 25 from peptides 1177:1184 arg1 tissue 1291:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 0 26 theme perfringen 98:107 arg1 OGAD298N 109:116 Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N 86:116 Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N 86:116 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 6 27 theme cytometry 995:1003 arg1 analysis 1005:1012 flow cytometry analysis 990:1012 flow cytometry analysis 990:1012 CpOGAD298N could be used in far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging to demonstrate the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins. 34105348 8 28 theme ligation 1488:1495 arg1 assay 1497:1501 the proximity ligation assay 1474:1501 the proximity ligation assay (PLA) 1474:1507 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 8 28 theme ligation 1488:1495 arg1 PLA 1504:1506 PLA 1504:1506 PLA 1504:1506 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 7 29 dep confident 1149:1157 arg1 modified 1168:1175 modified 1168:1175 modified 1168:1175 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 30 theme MCF-7 1210:1214 arg1 line 1221:1224 the MCF-7 cell line 1206:1224 the MCF-7 cell line 1206:1224 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 5 31 theme array 824:828 arg1 analysis 830:837 Glycan array analysis 817:837 Glycan array analysis 817:837 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 1 32 theme many 286:289 arg1 processes 309:317 many critical cellular processes 286:317 many critical cellular processes 286:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 6 33 theme proteins 1077:1084 arg1 existence 1055:1063 the existence 1051:1063 the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins 1051:1084 CpOGAD298N could be used in far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging to demonstrate the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins. 34105348 1 34 theme cellular 300:307 arg1 processes 309:317 many critical cellular processes 286:317 many critical cellular processes 286:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 2 35 theme avidity 481:487 arg1 lack 452:455 the lack 448:455 the lack of high specificity and avidity tools 448:493 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 35 theme avidity 481:487 arg1 bottleneck 557:566 the bottleneck 553:566 the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions 553:598 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 35 theme avidity 481:487 arg1 methods 528:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 3 36 theme perfringen 666:675 arg1 OGA 677:679 Clostridium perfringen OGA 654:679 Clostridium perfringen OGA 654:679 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 0 37 theme Protein 42:48 arg1 Quantification 16:29 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification 0:29 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 0:129 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 2 38 theme specificity 465:475 arg1 lack 452:455 the lack 448:455 the lack of high specificity and avidity tools 448:493 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 38 theme specificity 465:475 arg1 bottleneck 557:566 the bottleneck 553:566 the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions 553:598 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 38 theme specificity 465:475 arg1 methods 528:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 0 39 theme Ligation 67:74 arg1 Assay 76:80 Proximity Ligation Assay 57:80 Proximity Ligation Assay 57:80 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 0 39 theme Ligation 67:74 arg1 CpOGAD298N 118:127 CpOGAD298N 118:127 CpOGAD298N 118:127 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 9 40 theme proteins 1790:1797 arg1 enrichment 1761:1770 enrichment 1761:1770 enrichment 1761:1770 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 9 40 theme proteins 1790:1797 arg1 detection 1686:1694 detection 1686:1694 detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) 1686:1755 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 2 41 theme molecular 337:345 arg1 weight 347:352 its low molecular weight 329:352 its low molecular weight 329:352 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 7 42 theme mouse 1279:1283 arg1 tissue 1291:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 9 43 theme peptides 1803:1810 arg1 enrichment 1761:1770 enrichment 1761:1770 enrichment 1761:1770 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 9 43 theme peptides 1803:1810 arg1 detection 1686:1694 detection 1686:1694 detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) 1686:1755 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 8 44 theme histone 1560:1566 arg1 H2B 1568:1570 O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B 1542:1570 O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B 1542:1570 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 8 45 theme MCF-7 1606:1610 arg1 lysate 1617:1622 MCF-7 cell lysate 1606:1622 MCF-7 cell lysate 1606:1622 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 0 46 theme Proximity 57:65 arg1 Assay 76:80 Proximity Ligation Assay 57:80 Proximity Ligation Assay 57:80 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 0 46 theme Proximity 57:65 arg1 CpOGAD298N 118:127 CpOGAD298N 118:127 CpOGAD298N 118:127 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 7 47 from peptides 1250:1257 arg1 proteins 1265:1272 33 proteins 1262:1272 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue 1262:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 47 from peptides 1250:1257 arg1 tissue 1291:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 mouse liver tissue 1279:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 9 48 theme CpOGAD298N-PLA 1821:1834 arg1 useful 1846:1851 useful 1846:1851 useful 1846:1851 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 9 48 theme CpOGAD298N-PLA 1821:1834 arg1 method 1836:1841 the CpOGAD298N-PLA method 1817:1841 the CpOGAD298N-PLA method 1817:1841 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 3 49 theme O-GlcNAc 695:702 arg1 antibody 704:711 O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6 695:720 O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6 695:720 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 3 50 theme lectins 735:741 arg1 data 632:635 glycan array data 619:635 glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins 619:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 1 51 theme O-GlcNAc 186:193 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 51 theme O-GlcNAc 186:193 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 9 52 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1775:1788 arg1 proteins 1790:1797 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1775:1797 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1775:1797 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 7 53 theme CpOGAD298N 1097:1106 arg1 column 1117:1122 the CpOGAD298N affinity column 1093:1122 the CpOGAD298N affinity column 1093:1122 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 1 54 theme -monosaccharide 195:209 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 54 theme -monosaccharide 195:209 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 6 55 theme flow 990:993 arg1 analysis 1005:1012 flow cytometry analysis 990:1012 flow cytometry analysis 990:1012 CpOGAD298N could be used in far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging to demonstrate the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins. 34105348 9 56 theme certain 1869:1875 arg1 protein 1886:1892 certain O-GlcNAc protein 1869:1892 certain O-GlcNAc protein 1869:1892 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 5 57 theme isothermal 843:852 arg1 calorimetry 864:874 isothermal titration calorimetry 843:874 isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) 843:880 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 5 57 theme isothermal 843:852 arg1 ITC 877:879 ITC 877:879 ITC 877:879 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 8 58 theme facile 1417:1422 arg1 tool 1435:1438 a facile enrichment tool 1415:1438 a facile enrichment tool 1415:1438 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 9 59 dep detection 1686:1694 arg1 imaging 1748:1754 confocal imaging 1739:1754 confocal imaging 1739:1754 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 9 59 dep detection 1686:1694 arg1 far-western 1697:1707 far-western 1697:1707 far-western 1697:1707 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 9 59 dep detection 1686:1694 arg1 analysis 1725:1732 flow cytometry analysis 1710:1732 flow cytometry analysis 1710:1732 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 1 60 from threonine 237:245 arg1 proteins 250:257 proteins 250:257 proteins 250:257 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 5 61 theme specific 916:923 arg1 characteristic 933:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 9 62 theme specific 1668:1675 arg1 CpOGAD298N 1652:1661 CpOGAD298N 1652:1661 CpOGAD298N 1652:1661 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 9 62 theme specific 1668:1675 arg1 tool 1677:1680 a specific tool 1666:1680 a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides 1666:1810 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 7 63 theme wheat 1364:1368 arg1 WGA 1387:1389 WGA 1387:1389 WGA 1387:1389 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 63 theme wheat 1364:1368 arg1 agglutinin 1375:1384 wheat germ agglutinin 1364:1384 wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) 1364:1390 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 1 64 from serine 227:232 arg1 proteins 250:257 proteins 250:257 proteins 250:257 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 2 65 theme O-GlcNAc 581:588 arg1 functions 590:598 O-GlcNAc functions 581:598 O-GlcNAc functions 581:598 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 3 66 theme array 626:630 arg1 data 632:635 glycan array data 619:635 glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins 619:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 1 67 from modification 211:222 arg1 proteins 250:257 proteins 250:257 proteins 250:257 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 2 68 theme sophisticated 499:511 arg1 lack 452:455 the lack 448:455 the lack of high specificity and avidity tools 448:493 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 68 theme sophisticated 499:511 arg1 bottleneck 557:566 the bottleneck 553:566 the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions 553:598 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 2 68 theme sophisticated 499:511 arg1 methods 528:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 sophisticated quantification methods 499:534 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 5 69 contain has 903:905 arg1 CpOGAD298N 892:901 CpOGAD298N 892:901 CpOGAD298N 892:901 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 5 69 contain has 903:905 arg2 characteristic 933:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic 907:946 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 0 70 theme Clostridium 86:96 arg1 OGAD298N 109:116 Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N 86:116 Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N 86:116 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 2 71 dep specificity 465:475 arg1 tools 489:493 tools 489:493 tools 489:493 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 1 72 theme β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 162:183 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 72 theme β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 162:183 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 8 73 theme proximity 1478:1486 arg1 assay 1497:1501 the proximity ligation assay 1474:1501 the proximity ligation assay (PLA) 1474:1507 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 8 73 theme proximity 1478:1486 arg1 PLA 1504:1506 PLA 1504:1506 PLA 1504:1506 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 7 74 theme cell 1216:1219 arg1 line 1221:1224 the MCF-7 cell line 1206:1224 the MCF-7 cell line 1206:1224 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 9 75 theme cytometry 1715:1723 arg1 analysis 1725:1732 flow cytometry analysis 1710:1732 flow cytometry analysis 1710:1732 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 1 76 theme serine 227:232 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 76 theme serine 227:232 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 7 77 theme O-GlcNAc 1322:1329 arg1 them 1307:1310 them 1307:1310 them 1307:1310 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 77 theme O-GlcNAc 1322:1329 arg1 most 1299:1302 most 1299:1302 most 1299:1302 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 77 theme O-GlcNAc 1322:1329 arg1 proteins 1331:1338 novel O-GlcNAc proteins 1316:1338 novel O-GlcNAc proteins 1316:1338 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 78 from proteins 1194:1201 arg1 line 1221:1224 the MCF-7 cell line 1206:1224 the MCF-7 cell line 1206:1224 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 78 from proteins 1194:1201 arg1 peptides 1250:1257 33 highly confident peptides 1230:1257 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue 1230:1296 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 7 78 from proteins 1194:1201 arg1 peptides 1177:1184 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides 1139:1184 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line 1139:1224 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 8 79 from femtomoles 1592:1601 arg1 lysate 1617:1622 MCF-7 cell lysate 1606:1622 MCF-7 cell lysate 1606:1622 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 5 80 theme Glycan 817:822 arg1 analysis 830:837 Glycan array analysis 817:837 Glycan array analysis 817:837 Glycan array analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show that CpOGAD298N has a GlcNAc specific binding characteristic. 34105348 9 81 theme confocal 1739:1746 arg1 imaging 1748:1754 confocal imaging 1739:1754 confocal imaging 1739:1754 These results suggest that CpOGAD298N is a specific tool for detection (far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging) and enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides, and the CpOGAD298N-PLA method is useful for quantifying certain O-GlcNAc protein. 34105348 0 82 theme Certain 34:40 arg1 Protein 42:48 Certain Protein 34:48 Certain Protein 34:48 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 1 83 theme critical 291:298 arg1 processes 309:317 many critical cellular processes 286:317 many critical cellular processes 286:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 0 84 dep Assay 76:80 arg1 the 53:55 the 53:55 the 53:55 O-GlcNAcylation Quantification of Certain Protein by the Proximity Ligation Assay and Clostridium perfringen OGAD298N(CpOGAD298N). 34105348 6 85 theme O-GlcNAc 1068:1075 arg1 proteins 1077:1084 O-GlcNAc proteins 1068:1084 O-GlcNAc proteins 1068:1084 CpOGAD298N could be used in far-western, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging to demonstrate the existence of O-GlcNAc proteins. 34105348 3 86 theme Clostridium 654:664 arg1 OGA 677:679 Clostridium perfringen OGA 654:679 Clostridium perfringen OGA 654:679 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 1 87 link O-linked 153:160 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation 131:145 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 87 link O-linked 153:160 arg1 modification 211:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 3 88 theme mutant 644:649 arg1 data 632:635 glycan array data 619:635 glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins 619:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 7 89 theme confident 1149:1157 arg1 peptides 1177:1184 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides 1139:1184 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line 1139:1224 Using the CpOGAD298N affinity column, we identified 84 highly confident O-GlcNAc modified peptides from 82 proteins in the MCF-7 cell line and 33 highly confident peptides in 33 proteins from mouse liver tissue; most of them are novel O-GlcNAc proteins and could not bind with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). 34105348 1 90 mod modification 211:222 arg3 O-GlcNAc 186:193 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 90 mod modification 211:222 arg1 serine 227:232 serine 227:232 serine 227:232 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 90 mod modification 211:222 arg3 β-N-acetyl-glucosamine 162:183 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification 150:222 an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes 150:317 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 1 90 mod modification 211:222 arg1 threonine 237:245 threonine 237:245 threonine 237:245 O-GlcNAcylation is an O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-monosaccharide modification of serine or threonine in proteins that plays a vital role in many critical cellular processes. 34105348 2 91 theme high 460:463 arg1 specificity 465:475 high specificity 460:475 high specificity 460:475 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 8 92 theme modified 1551:1558 arg1 H2B 1568:1570 O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B 1542:1570 O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B 1542:1570 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 3 93 theme OGA 677:679 arg1 antibody 704:711 O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6 695:720 O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6 695:720 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 3 93 theme OGA 677:679 arg1 mutant 644:649 the mutant 640:649 the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N) 640:692 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 3 93 theme OGA 677:679 arg1 CpOGAD298N 682:691 CpOGAD298N 682:691 CpOGAD298N 682:691 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 3 93 theme OGA 677:679 arg1 lectins 735:741 several lectins 727:741 several lectins 727:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 2 94 theme low 333:335 arg1 weight 347:352 its low molecular weight 329:352 its low molecular weight 329:352 Owing to its low molecular weight, uncharged property, and difficulty in distinguishing from β-N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), the lack of high specificity and avidity tools and sophisticated quantification methods have always been the bottleneck in analyzing O-GlcNAc functions. 34105348 8 95 theme cell 1612:1615 arg1 lysate 1617:1622 MCF-7 cell lysate 1606:1622 MCF-7 cell lysate 1606:1622 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 3 96 theme antibody 704:711 arg1 data 632:635 glycan array data 619:635 glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins 619:741 Here, we compared glycan array data of the mutant of Clostridium perfringen OGA (CpOGAD298N), O-GlcNAc antibody CTD110.6, and several lectins. 34105348 8 97 with combination 1443:1453 arg1 assay 1497:1501 the proximity ligation assay 1474:1501 the proximity ligation assay (PLA) 1474:1507 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34105348 8 97 with combination 1443:1453 arg1 PLA 1504:1506 PLA 1504:1506 PLA 1504:1506 Besides being used as a facile enrichment tool, a combination of CpOGAD298N with the proximity ligation assay (PLA) is successfully used to quantify O-GlcNAc modified histone H2B, which is as low as femtomoles in MCF-7 cell lysate. 34041222 6 0 from extraction 821:830 arg1 setup 850:854 a flow-through setup 835:854 a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 835:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 1 theme work-up 2080:2086 arg1 procedure 2088:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 5 2 theme extraction 733:742 arg1 efficiency 744:753 improved extraction efficiency 724:753 improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 724:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 6 3 theme walnut 899:904 arg1 content 928:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 3 theme walnut 899:904 arg1 shells 906:911 40 g walnut shells 894:911 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 894:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 4 theme 75 wt 1698:1702 arg1 yield 1705:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield 1687:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1687:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 5 theme lignin 2059:2064 arg1 procedure 2088:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 2 6 theme condensed 324:332 arg1 lignin 334:339 complex condensed lignin 316:339 complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability 316:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 6 7 theme organosolv 954:963 arg1 conditions 976:985 mild organosolv extraction conditions 949:985 mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 949:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 8 theme high 1218:1221 arg1 retention 1223:1231 a high retention 1216:1231 a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1216:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 7 9 theme isolated 1333:1340 arg1 lignin 1342:1347 the isolated lignin 1329:1347 the isolated lignin 1329:1347 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 10 10 theme content 1917:1923 arg1 content 1917:1923 the carbohydrate content 1900:1923 the carbohydrate content 1900:1923 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 10 10 theme content 1917:1923 arg1 % 1895:1895 98% 1893:1895 98% of the carbohydrate content 1893:1923 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 6 11 theme motifs 1283:1288 arg1 content 1261:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content 1236:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1236:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 12 theme % 873:873 arg1 delignification 875:889 93-96% delignification 868:889 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 868:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 3 13 with lignin 428:433 arg1 structure 466:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure 440:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications 440:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 10 14 theme purification 1953:1964 arg1 improvement 1995:2005 a significant improvement 1981:2005 a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 1981:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 10 14 theme purification 1953:1964 arg1 step 1966:1969 the inline purification step 1942:1969 the inline purification step 1942:1969 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 2 15 theme high-value 353:362 arg1 applicability 364:376 high-value applicability 353:376 high-value applicability 353:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 9 16 from lignin 1718:1723 arg1 fractions 1739:1747 3 separate fractions 1728:1747 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1728:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 17 theme n-butanol/water 1020:1034 arg1 mixture 1036:1042 a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture 1014:1042 a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture 1014:1042 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 18 theme separate 1730:1737 arg1 fractions 1739:1747 3 separate fractions 1728:1747 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1728:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 7 19 theme recovered 1404:1412 arg1 lignin 1414:1419 the recovered lignin 1400:1419 the recovered lignin 1400:1419 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 11 20 theme inline 2139:2144 arg1 extraction 2146:2155 inline extraction 2139:2155 inline extraction 2139:2155 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 8 21 theme purification 1492:1503 arg1 procedure 1505:1513 purification procedure 1492:1513 purification procedure 1492:1513 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 5 22 theme C-O 763:765 arg1 lignin 774:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 6 23 with powder 1204:1209 arg1 retention 1223:1231 a high retention 1216:1231 a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1216:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 24 theme % 1755:1755 arg1 impurities 1770:1779 3% carbohydrate impurities 1754:1779 3% carbohydrate impurities 1754:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 7 25 theme carbohydrate 1370:1381 arg1 contamination 1383:1395 the main carbohydrate contamination 1361:1395 the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin 1361:1419 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 7 25 theme carbohydrate 1370:1381 arg1 butyl-xyloside 1425:1438 butyl-xyloside 1425:1438 butyl-xyloside 1425:1438 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 5 26 theme lignin 774:779 arg1 efficiency 744:753 improved extraction efficiency 724:753 improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 724:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 2 27 theme methodologies 291:303 arg1 use 256:258 the use 252:258 the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability 252:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 3 28 theme lignin 384:389 arg1 conditions 405:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions 379:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions 379:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 6 29 theme β-aryl 1240:1245 arg1 content 1261:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content 1236:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1236:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 30 theme significant 1983:1993 arg1 improvement 1995:2005 a significant improvement 1981:2005 a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 1981:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 10 30 theme significant 1983:1993 arg1 step 1966:1969 the inline purification step 1942:1969 the inline purification step 1942:1969 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 0 31 theme High 72:75 arg1 Lignin 94:99 High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin 72:99 High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin 72:99 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 2 32 theme severity 268:275 arg1 methodologies 291:303 high severity fractionation methodologies 263:303 high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability 263:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 6 33 theme 2.5 h. 1074:1079 arg1 % 1086:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% 1074:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1074:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 33 theme 2.5 h. 1074:1079 arg1 lignin 1095:1100 the lignin 1091:1100 the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1091:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 11 34 theme butanosolv 2195:2204 arg1 lignin 2206:2211 high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin 2184:2211 high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields 2184:2231 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 4 35 theme extraction 555:564 arg1 methodologies 566:578 such extraction methodologies 550:578 such extraction methodologies 550:578 Nevertheless, such extraction methodologies typically suffer from inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies and yield. 34041222 10 36 theme carbohydrate 2018:2029 arg1 removal 2031:2037 the 88% carbohydrate removal 2010:2037 the 88% carbohydrate removal 2010:2037 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 0 37 theme Butanosolv 83:92 arg1 Lignin 94:99 High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin 72:99 High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin 72:99 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 5 38 theme flow 673:676 arg1 extractions 678:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 5 38 theme flow 673:676 arg1 method 706:711 a promising method 694:711 a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 694:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 9 39 from fractions 1739:1747 arg1 content 1803:1809 a very high β-O-4 content 1785:1809 a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1785:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 39 from fractions 1739:1747 arg1 yield 1705:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield 1687:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1687:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 40 theme high 1792:1795 arg1 content 1803:1809 a very high β-O-4 content 1785:1809 a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1785:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 41 dep lignin 1095:1100 arg1 corrected 1103:1111 corrected 1103:1111 corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities 1103:1183 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 42 theme 88 2014:2015 arg1 % 2016:2016 % 2016:2016 % 2016:2016 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 3 43 theme increased 485:493 arg1 potential 495:503 increased potential 485:503 increased potential for higher value applications 485:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 11 44 theme high 2184:2187 arg1 lignin 2206:2211 high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin 2184:2211 high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields 2184:2231 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 8 45 theme soda 1581:1584 arg1 step 1596:1599 a caustic soda treatment step 1571:1599 a caustic soda treatment step 1571:1599 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 1 46 theme Innovative 102:111 arg1 fractionation 121:133 Innovative biomass fractionation 102:133 Innovative biomass fractionation 102:133 Innovative biomass fractionation is of major importance for economically competitive biorefineries. 34041222 7 47 theme lignin 1342:1347 arg1 examination 1314:1324 Close examination 1308:1324 Close examination of the isolated lignin 1308:1347 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 9 48 theme motifs 1825:1830 arg1 content 1803:1809 a very high β-O-4 content 1785:1809 a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1785:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 48 theme motifs 1825:1830 arg1 yield 1705:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield 1687:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1687:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 8 49 theme step 1596:1599 arg1 implementation 1553:1566 the implementation 1549:1566 the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation 1549:1620 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 3 50 theme value 516:520 arg1 applications 522:533 higher value applications 509:533 higher value applications 509:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 0 51 theme Semi-Continuous 17:31 arg1 Extraction 33:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction 0:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction 0:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 7 52 theme butoxylate 1450:1459 arg1 carbohydrates 1461:1473 other butoxylate carbohydrates 1444:1473 other butoxylate carbohydrates 1444:1473 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 9 53 from content 1803:1809 arg1 fractions 1739:1747 3 separate fractions 1728:1747 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1728:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 3 54 theme bonded 459:464 arg1 structure 466:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure 440:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications 440:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 8 55 theme phase 1605:1609 arg1 separation 1611:1620 phase separation 1605:1620 phase separation 1605:1620 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 7 56 theme Close 1308:1312 arg1 examination 1314:1324 Close examination 1308:1324 Close examination of the isolated lignin 1308:1347 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 11 57 theme β-O-4 2189:2193 arg1 lignin 2206:2211 high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin 2184:2211 high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields 2184:2231 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 3 58 theme regular 447:453 arg1 structure 466:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure 440:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications 440:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 11 59 theme excellent 2216:2224 arg1 yields 2226:2231 excellent yields 2216:2231 excellent yields 2216:2231 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 6 60 theme flow-through 837:848 arg1 setup 850:854 a flow-through setup 835:854 a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 835:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 5 61 link linked 767:772 arg1 lignin 774:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 6 62 theme % 919:919 arg1 content 928:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 62 theme % 919:919 arg1 shells 906:911 40 g walnut shells 894:911 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 894:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 63 with conditions 976:985 arg1 flowrate 1002:1009 a 2 g/min flowrate 992:1009 a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 992:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 64 theme traditional 2047:2057 arg1 procedure 2088:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 4 65 theme lignin 613:618 arg1 efficiencies 631:642 inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies 602:642 inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies 602:642 Nevertheless, such extraction methodologies typically suffer from inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies and yield. 34041222 11 66 from lignin 2206:2211 arg1 yields 2226:2231 excellent yields 2216:2231 excellent yields 2216:2231 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 10 67 theme mass 1870:1873 arg1 flows 1875:1879 all the mass flows 1862:1879 all the mass flows 1862:1879 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 6 68 theme organosolv 810:819 arg1 powder 1204:1209 a powder 1202:1209 a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1202:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 68 theme organosolv 810:819 arg1 extraction 821:830 optimized organosolv extraction 800:830 optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 800:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 69 theme 2 g/min 994:1000 arg1 flowrate 1002:1009 a 2 g/min flowrate 992:1009 a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 992:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 5 70 theme improved 724:731 arg1 efficiency 744:753 improved extraction efficiency 724:753 improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 724:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 9 71 theme combined 1689:1696 arg1 yield 1705:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield 1687:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1687:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 72 theme moisture 1140:1147 arg1 content 1149:1155 moisture content 1140:1155 moisture content 1140:1155 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 73 theme precipitation 2066:2078 arg1 procedure 2088:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 2043:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 6 74 theme C9 1298:1299 arg1 units 1301:1305 100 C9 units 1294:1305 100 C9 units 1294:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 75 theme 40 g 894:897 arg1 content 928:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 75 theme 40 g 894:897 arg1 shells 906:911 40 g walnut shells 894:911 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 894:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 76 theme extraction 965:974 arg1 conditions 976:985 mild organosolv extraction conditions 949:985 mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 949:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 77 theme % 1703:1703 arg1 yield 1705:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield 1687:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1687:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 5 78 theme promising 696:704 arg1 extractions 678:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 5 78 theme promising 696:704 arg1 method 706:711 a promising method 694:711 a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 694:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 2 79 theme complex 316:322 arg1 lignin 334:339 complex condensed lignin 316:339 complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability 316:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 6 80 theme mild 949:952 arg1 conditions 976:985 mild organosolv extraction conditions 949:985 mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 949:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 11 81 theme convenient 2117:2126 arg1 method 2128:2133 a convenient method 2115:2133 a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields 2115:2231 Overall we show a convenient method for inline extraction and purification to obtain high β-O-4 butanosolv lignin in excellent yields. 34041222 8 82 theme integrated 1640:1649 arg1 CINC 1668:1671 CINC 1668:1671 CINC 1668:1671 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 8 82 theme integrated 1640:1649 arg1 mixer/separator 1651:1665 a continuous integrated mixer/separator 1627:1665 a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC) 1627:1672 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 10 83 theme carbohydrate 1904:1915 arg1 content 1917:1923 the carbohydrate content 1900:1923 the carbohydrate content 1900:1923 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 6 84 theme linking 1275:1281 arg1 motifs 1283:1288 63 linking motifs 1272:1288 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1272:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 85 theme 93-96 868:872 arg1 % 873:873 % 873:873 % 873:873 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 86 theme 0.18 M 1049:1054 arg1 H2SO4 1056:1060 0.18 M H2SO4 1049:1060 0.18 M H2SO4 1049:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 87 theme lignin 1718:1723 arg1 content 1803:1809 a very high β-O-4 content 1785:1809 a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1785:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 87 theme lignin 1718:1723 arg1 yield 1705:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield 1687:1709 a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1687:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 88 with flowrate 1002:1009 arg1 H2SO4 1056:1060 0.18 M H2SO4 1049:1060 0.18 M H2SO4 1049:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 89 theme inline 1946:1951 arg1 improvement 1995:2005 a significant improvement 1981:2005 a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure 1981:2096 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 10 89 theme inline 1946:1951 arg1 step 1966:1969 the inline purification step 1942:1969 the inline purification step 1942:1969 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 7 90 theme other 1444:1448 arg1 carbohydrates 1461:1473 other butoxylate carbohydrates 1444:1473 other butoxylate carbohydrates 1444:1473 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 6 91 theme mixture 1036:1042 arg1 flowrate 1002:1009 a 2 g/min flowrate 992:1009 a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 992:1060 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 2 92 theme high 263:266 arg1 methodologies 291:303 high severity fractionation methodologies 263:303 high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability 263:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 6 93 theme 9:1 1016:1018 arg1 mixture 1036:1042 a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture 1014:1042 a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture 1014:1042 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 94 theme content 1261:1267 arg1 retention 1223:1231 a high retention 1216:1231 a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1216:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 8 95 theme continuous 1629:1638 arg1 CINC 1668:1671 CINC 1668:1671 CINC 1668:1671 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 8 95 theme continuous 1629:1638 arg1 mixer/separator 1651:1665 a continuous integrated mixer/separator 1627:1665 a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC) 1627:1672 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 5 96 theme such 758:761 arg1 lignin 774:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 9 97 theme 3 1754:1754 arg1 % 1755:1755 % 1755:1755 % 1755:1755 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 3 98 contain has 481:483 arg2 potential 495:503 increased potential 485:503 increased potential for higher value applications 485:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 3 98 contain has 481:483 arg1 structure 466:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure 440:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications 440:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 6 99 theme β-O-4 1254:1258 arg1 content 1261:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content 1236:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1236:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 5 100 theme linked 767:772 arg1 lignin 774:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 such C-O linked lignin 758:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 1 101 theme major 141:145 arg1 importance 147:156 major importance 141:156 major importance for economically competitive biorefineries 141:199 Innovative biomass fractionation is of major importance for economically competitive biorefineries. 34041222 9 102 theme carbohydrate 1757:1768 arg1 impurities 1770:1779 3% carbohydrate impurities 1754:1779 3% carbohydrate impurities 1754:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 103 theme ether 1247:1251 arg1 content 1261:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content 1236:1267 the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1236:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 0 104 theme β-O-4 77:81 arg1 Lignin 94:99 High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin 72:99 High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin 72:99 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 2 105 theme fractionation 277:289 arg1 methodologies 291:303 high severity fractionation methodologies 263:303 high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability 263:376 Lignin is currently severely underutilized due to the use of high severity fractionation methodologies that yield complex condensed lignin that limits high-value applicability. 34041222 6 106 theme 85 wt 1081:1085 arg1 % 1086:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% 1074:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1074:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 106 theme 85 wt 1081:1085 arg1 lignin 1095:1100 the lignin 1091:1100 the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1091:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 3 107 theme fractionation 391:403 arg1 conditions 405:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions 379:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions 379:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 7 108 theme main 1365:1368 arg1 contamination 1383:1395 the main carbohydrate contamination 1361:1395 the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin 1361:1419 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 7 108 theme main 1365:1368 arg1 butyl-xyloside 1425:1438 butyl-xyloside 1425:1438 butyl-xyloside 1425:1438 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 0 109 theme Lignin 94:99 arg1 Extraction 33:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction 0:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction 0:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 0 109 theme Lignin 94:99 arg1 Purification 56:67 In-Line Purification 48:67 In-Line Purification 48:67 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 9 110 from yield 1705:1709 arg1 fractions 1739:1747 3 separate fractions 1728:1747 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities 1728:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 1 111 theme competitive 175:185 arg1 biorefineries 187:199 economically competitive biorefineries 162:199 economically competitive biorefineries 162:199 Innovative biomass fractionation is of major importance for economically competitive biorefineries. 34041222 3 112 theme Mild 379:382 arg1 conditions 405:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions 379:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions 379:414 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 10 113 theme % 2016:2016 arg1 removal 2031:2037 the 88% carbohydrate removal 2010:2037 the 88% carbohydrate removal 2010:2037 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 9 114 theme β-O-4 1797:1801 arg1 content 1803:1809 a very high β-O-4 content 1785:1809 a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1785:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 8 115 theme caustic 1573:1579 arg1 step 1596:1599 a caustic soda treatment step 1571:1599 a caustic soda treatment step 1571:1599 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 4 116 theme such 550:553 arg1 methodologies 566:578 such extraction methodologies 550:578 such extraction methodologies 550:578 Nevertheless, such extraction methodologies typically suffer from inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies and yield. 34041222 0 117 theme Efficient 7:15 arg1 Extraction 33:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction 0:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction 0:42 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 5 118 theme Semi 656:659 arg1 extractions 678:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 5 118 theme Semi 656:659 arg1 method 706:711 a promising method 694:711 a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 694:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 7 119 from contamination 1383:1395 arg1 lignin 1414:1419 the recovered lignin 1400:1419 the recovered lignin 1400:1419 Close examination of the isolated lignin showed that the main carbohydrate contamination in the recovered lignin was butyl-xyloside and other butoxylate carbohydrates. 34041222 6 120 theme alcohol 1117:1123 arg1 incorporation 1125:1137 alcohol incorporation 1117:1137 alcohol incorporation 1117:1137 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 121 theme linking 1817:1823 arg1 motifs 1825:1830 67 linking motifs 1814:1830 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1814:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 122 from 120°C 1065:1069 arg1 % 1086:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% 1074:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1074:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 122 from 120°C 1065:1069 arg1 lignin 1095:1100 the lignin 1091:1100 the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1091:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 5 123 theme -continuous 661:671 arg1 extractions 678:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions 655:688 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 5 123 theme -continuous 661:671 arg1 method 706:711 a promising method 694:711 a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin 694:779 (Semi)-continuous flow extractions are a promising method to achieve improved extraction efficiency of such C-O linked lignin. 34041222 1 124 theme biomass 113:119 arg1 fractionation 121:133 Innovative biomass fractionation 102:133 Innovative biomass fractionation 102:133 Innovative biomass fractionation is of major importance for economically competitive biorefineries. 34041222 8 125 theme separation 1611:1620 arg1 implementation 1553:1566 the implementation 1549:1566 the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation 1549:1620 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 9 126 with fractions 1739:1747 arg1 impurities 1770:1779 3% carbohydrate impurities 1754:1779 3% carbohydrate impurities 1754:1779 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 0 127 theme In-Line 48:54 arg1 Purification 56:67 In-Line Purification 48:67 In-Line Purification 48:67 Highly Efficient Semi-Continuous Extraction and In-Line Purification of High β-O-4 Butanosolv Lignin. 34041222 6 128 theme lignin 1095:1100 arg1 % 1086:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% 1074:1086 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1074:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 128 theme lignin 1095:1100 arg1 lignin 1095:1100 the lignin 1091:1100 the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 1091:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 9 129 theme C9 1840:1841 arg1 units 1843:1847 100 C9 units 1836:1847 100 C9 units 1836:1847 This led to a combined 75 wt% yield of the lignin in 3 separate fractions with 3% carbohydrate impurities and a very high β-O-4 content of 67 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 4 130 theme inadequate 602:611 arg1 efficiencies 631:642 inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies 602:642 inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies 602:642 Nevertheless, such extraction methodologies typically suffer from inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies and yield. 34041222 3 131 theme higher 509:514 arg1 applications 522:533 higher value applications 509:533 higher value applications 509:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 6 132 theme lignin 921:926 arg1 content 928:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 132 theme lignin 921:926 arg1 shells 906:911 40 g walnut shells 894:911 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 894:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 8 133 theme treatment 1586:1594 arg1 step 1596:1599 a caustic soda treatment step 1571:1599 a caustic soda treatment step 1571:1599 The work-up and purification procedure were investigated and improved by the implementation of a caustic soda treatment step and phase separation with a continuous integrated mixer/separator (CINC). 34041222 3 134 theme C-O 455:457 arg1 structure 466:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure 440:474 a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications 440:533 Mild lignin fractionation conditions can lead to lignin with a more regular C-O bonded structure that has increased potential for higher value applications. 34041222 4 135 theme extraction 620:629 arg1 efficiencies 631:642 inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies 602:642 inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies 602:642 Nevertheless, such extraction methodologies typically suffer from inadequate lignin extraction efficiencies and yield. 34041222 6 136 theme 40 wt 914:918 arg1 content 928:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 40 wt% lignin content 914:934 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 136 theme 40 wt 914:918 arg1 shells 906:911 40 g walnut shells 894:911 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 894:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 10 137 theme flows 1875:1879 arg1 Analysis 1850:1857 Analysis 1850:1857 Analysis of all the mass flows 1850:1879 Analysis of all the mass flows showed that 98% of the carbohydrate content was removed with the inline purification step, which is a significant improvement to the 88% carbohydrate removal for the traditional lignin precipitation work-up procedure. 34041222 6 138 theme shells 906:911 arg1 delignification 875:889 93-96% delignification 868:889 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) 868:935 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 139 theme carbohydrate 1161:1172 arg1 impurities 1174:1183 carbohydrate impurities 1161:1183 carbohydrate impurities 1161:1183 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 140 theme optimized 800:808 arg1 powder 1204:1209 a powder 1202:1209 a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units 1202:1305 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 34041222 6 140 theme optimized 800:808 arg1 extraction 821:830 optimized organosolv extraction 800:830 optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) 800:1184 Here we show that optimized organosolv extraction in a flow-through setup resulted in 93-96% delignification of 40 g walnut shells (40 wt% lignin content) by applying mild organosolv extraction conditions with a 2 g/min flowrate of a 9:1 n-butanol/water mixture with 0.18 M H2SO4 at 120°C in 2.5 h. 85 wt% of the lignin (corrected for alcohol incorporation, moisture content and carbohydrate impurities) was isolated as a powder with a high retention of the β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content of 63 linking motifs per 100 C9 units. 32006867 3 0 theme weight 686:691 arg1 materials 693:701 high molecular weight materials 671:701 high molecular weight materials released from the cells 671:725 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 1 1 theme glycosylphosphatidylinositol 207:234 arg1 anchor 236:241 the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 203:241 the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 203:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 4 2 theme wide 914:917 arg1 screening 919:927 the wide screening 910:927 the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains 910:1019 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 4 3 theme gene-deficient 998:1011 arg1 strains 1013:1019 more than 5000 gene-deficient strains 983:1019 more than 5000 gene-deficient strains 983:1019 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 1 4 theme anchor 236:241 arg1 synthesis 190:198 the synthesis 186:198 the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 186:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 3 5 theme strong 632:637 arg1 ability 654:660 a strong emulsification ability 630:660 a strong emulsification ability 630:660 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 4 6 theme strong 816:821 arg1 emulsification 823:836 a strong emulsification 814:836 a strong emulsification ability 814:844 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 0 7 theme food 70:73 arg1 emulsifier 75:84 a food emulsifier 68:84 a food emulsifier 68:84 Cell surface changes that advance the application of using yeast as a food emulsifier. 32006867 0 7 theme food 70:73 arg1 yeast 59:63 yeast 59:63 yeast 59:63 Cell surface changes that advance the application of using yeast as a food emulsifier. 32006867 3 8 theme high 671:674 arg1 weight 686:691 high molecular weight 671:691 high molecular weight materials released from the cells 671:725 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 3 9 contain had 626:628 arg2 ability 654:660 a strong emulsification ability 630:660 a strong emulsification ability 630:660 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 3 9 contain had 626:628 arg1 och1Δ 564:568 och1Δ 564:568 och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans 564:619 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 3 10 from defect 577:582 arg1 formation 591:599 the formation 587:599 the formation of N-linked glycans 587:619 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 1 11 theme previous 89:96 arg1 study 98:102 A previous study 87:102 A previous study 87:102 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 12 theme wall 157:160 arg1 mutant 162:167 a cell wall mutant 150:167 a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 150:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 12 theme wall 157:160 arg1 mcd4Δ 143:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 2 13 theme anp1Δ 369:373 arg1 suspensions 344:354 cell suspensions 339:354 cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) 339:420 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 4 14 theme emulsifying 956:966 arg1 activity 968:975 an emulsifying activity 953:975 an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains 953:1019 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 3 15 theme cell 488:491 arg1 wall 493:496 cell wall mutation and emulsion formation 488:528 wall 493:496 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 5 16 theme valuable 1044:1051 arg1 information 1053:1063 valuable information 1044:1063 valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier 1044:1113 These results provide valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier. 32006867 1 17 theme cell 152:155 arg1 mutant 162:167 a cell wall mutant 150:167 a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 150:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 17 theme cell 152:155 arg1 mcd4Δ 143:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 2 18 theme mannan 414:419 arg1 reduction 401:409 an extreme reduction 390:409 an extreme reduction of mannan 390:419 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 3 19 attach released 703:710 arg1 cells 721:725 the cells 717:725 the cells 717:725 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 3 19 attach released 703:710 arg2 materials 693:701 high molecular weight materials 671:701 high molecular weight materials released from the cells 671:725 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 2 20 theme mcd4Δ 359:363 arg1 suspensions 344:354 cell suspensions 339:354 cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) 339:420 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 0 21 theme Cell 0:3 arg1 surface 5:11 Cell surface 0:11 Cell surface 0:11 Cell surface changes that advance the application of using yeast as a food emulsifier. 32006867 1 22 theme strong 250:255 arg1 ability 279:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 23 dep Saccharomyces 118:130 arg1 cerevisiae 132:141 cerevisiae 132:141 cerevisiae 132:141 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 4 24 dep strains 781:787 arg1 scp160Δ 800:806 scp160Δ 800:806 scp160Δ 800:806 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 4 24 dep strains 781:787 arg1 asc1Δ 790:794 asc1Δ 790:794 asc1Δ 790:794 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 4 24 dep strains 781:787 arg1 strains 781:787 two strains 777:787 two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content 777:887 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 2 25 theme extreme 393:399 arg1 reduction 401:409 an extreme reduction 390:409 an extreme reduction of mannan 390:419 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 1 26 theme macrophage 257:266 arg1 ability 279:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 4 27 theme large 856:860 arg1 decrease 862:869 a large decrease 854:869 a large decrease in mannan content 854:887 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 3 28 theme emulsion 511:518 arg1 formation 520:528 emulsion formation 511:528 emulsion formation 511:528 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 4 29 theme strains 932:938 arg1 screening 919:927 the wide screening 910:927 the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains 910:1019 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 1 30 theme activation 268:277 arg1 ability 279:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 4 31 theme mannan 874:879 arg1 content 881:887 mannan content 874:887 mannan content 874:887 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 5 32 theme yeast-derived 1090:1102 arg1 emulsifier 1104:1113 a yeast-derived emulsifier 1088:1113 a yeast-derived emulsifier 1088:1113 These results provide valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier. 32006867 4 33 from decrease 862:869 arg1 content 881:887 mannan content 874:887 mannan content 874:887 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 1 34 from defect 176:181 arg1 synthesis 190:198 the synthesis 186:198 the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 186:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 5 35 theme emulsifier 1104:1113 arg1 development 1073:1083 the development 1069:1083 the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier 1069:1113 These results provide valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier. 32006867 2 36 theme emulsion 314:321 arg1 formation 323:331 remarkable emulsion formation 303:331 remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil 303:440 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 1 37 with mutant 162:167 arg1 defect 176:181 a defect 174:181 a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 174:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 5 38 link yeast-derived 1090:1102 arg1 emulsifier 1104:1113 a yeast-derived emulsifier 1088:1113 a yeast-derived emulsifier 1088:1113 These results provide valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier. 32006867 2 39 theme remarkable 303:312 arg1 formation 323:331 remarkable emulsion formation 303:331 remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil 303:440 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 3 40 link N-linked 604:611 arg1 glycans 613:619 N-linked glycans 604:619 N-linked glycans 604:619 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 4 41 theme emulsification 823:836 arg1 ability 838:844 a strong emulsification ability 814:844 a strong emulsification ability 814:844 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 3 42 theme molecular 676:684 arg1 weight 686:691 high molecular weight 671:691 high molecular weight materials released from the cells 671:725 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 1 43 contain has 244:246 arg1 mutant 162:167 a cell wall mutant 150:167 a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 150:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 43 contain has 244:246 arg1 mcd4Δ 143:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 43 contain has 244:246 arg2 ability 279:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 a strong macrophage activation ability 248:285 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 3 44 dep wall 493:496 arg1 mutation 498:505 mutation 498:505 mutation 498:505 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 4 45 with strains 781:787 arg1 ability 838:844 a strong emulsification ability 814:844 a strong emulsification ability 814:844 Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. 32006867 3 46 theme N-linked 604:611 arg1 glycans 613:619 N-linked glycans 604:619 N-linked glycans 604:619 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 2 47 located found 446:450 arg1 study 296:300 this study 291:300 this study 291:300 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 2 47 located found 446:450 arg2 formation 323:331 remarkable emulsion formation 303:331 remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil 303:440 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 3 48 with och1Δ 564:568 arg1 defect 577:582 a defect 575:582 a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans 575:619 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 3 49 theme glycans 613:619 arg1 formation 591:599 the formation 587:599 the formation of N-linked glycans 587:619 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 1 50 theme Saccharomyces 118:130 arg1 mutant 162:167 a cell wall mutant 150:167 a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 150:241 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 1 50 theme Saccharomyces 118:130 arg1 mcd4Δ 143:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ 118:147 A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. 32006867 3 51 theme emulsification 639:652 arg1 ability 654:660 a strong emulsification ability 630:660 a strong emulsification ability 630:660 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 32006867 2 52 theme cell 339:342 arg1 suspensions 344:354 cell suspensions 339:354 cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) 339:420 In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. 32006867 3 53 theme emulsion 744:751 arg1 formation 753:761 emulsion formation 744:761 emulsion formation 744:761 Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. 34050865 5 0 from functions 861:869 arg1 assembly 894:901 the assembly 890:901 the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 890:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 3 1 link N-linked 620:627 arg1 glycoproteins 629:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 1 2 theme cell 217:220 arg1 surface 222:228 the cell surface 213:228 the cell surface 213:228 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 3 3 theme lectin-like 467:477 arg1 class 533:537 an important class 520:537 an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins 520:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 3 theme lectin-like 467:477 arg1 chaperones 479:488 The lectin-like chaperones 463:488 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin 463:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 3 theme lectin-like 467:477 arg1 calnexin 507:514 calnexin 507:514 calnexin 507:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 3 theme lectin-like 467:477 arg1 calreticulin 490:501 calreticulin 490:501 calreticulin 490:501 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 4 4 from action 679:684 arg1 folding 745:751 folding 745:751 folding 745:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 4 4 from action 679:684 arg1 recognition 729:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 3 5 gly glycoproteins 629:641 arg1 glycoproteins 629:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 0 6 from Roles 0:4 arg1 Signaling 60:68 Calcium Signaling 52:68 Calcium Signaling 52:68 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 0 6 from Roles 0:4 arg1 Folding 33:39 Protein Folding 25:39 Protein Folding 25:39 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 0 6 from Roles 0:4 arg1 Transformation 79:92 Cell Transformation 74:92 Cell Transformation 74:92 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 0 6 from Roles 0:4 arg1 Immunity 42:49 Immunity 42:49 Immunity 42:49 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 5 7 theme molecules 953:961 arg1 assembly 894:901 the assembly 890:901 the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 890:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 8 8 from transformation 1374:1387 arg1 functions 1329:1337 the functions 1325:1337 the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity 1325:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 0 9 theme Cell 74:77 arg1 Transformation 79:92 Cell Transformation 74:92 Cell Transformation 74:92 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 2 10 contain contains 314:321 arg2 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 323:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 2 10 contain contains 314:321 arg1 ER 311:312 The ER 307:312 The ER 307:312 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 8 11 theme mutant 1346:1351 arg1 calreticulin 1353:1364 the mutant calreticulin 1342:1364 the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity 1342:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 4 12 from mechanism 666:674 arg1 folding 745:751 folding 745:751 folding 745:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 4 12 from mechanism 666:674 arg1 recognition 729:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 6 13 theme cell 1119:1122 arg1 surface 1124:1130 the cell surface 1115:1130 the cell surface 1115:1130 Calreticulin is also detectable on the cell surface under some conditions, where it induces the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. 34050865 4 14 theme protein 721:727 arg1 recognition 729:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 8 15 from immunity 1393:1400 arg1 functions 1329:1337 the functions 1325:1337 the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity 1325:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 4 16 theme unique 771:776 arg1 functions 778:786 unique functions 771:786 unique functions 771:786 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 5 17 theme ER-related 850:859 arg1 functions 861:869 The ER-related functions 846:869 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 846:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 5 17 theme ER-related 850:859 arg1 well-studied 967:978 well-studied 967:978 well-studied 967:978 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 8 18 from functions 1329:1337 arg1 immunity 1393:1400 immunity 1393:1400 immunity 1393:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 8 18 from functions 1329:1337 arg1 transformation 1374:1387 cell transformation 1369:1387 cell transformation 1369:1387 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 4 19 theme immune 829:834 arg1 response 836:843 the immune response 825:843 the immune response 825:843 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 4 20 from folding 745:751 arg1 mechanism 666:674 the conserved mechanism 652:674 the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding 652:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 2 21 theme chaperones 349:358 arg1 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 323:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 2 22 theme set 408:410 arg1 requirements 382:393 the folding requirements 370:393 the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 370:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 5 23 theme MHC 940:942 arg1 molecules 953:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 2 24 theme molecular 339:347 arg1 chaperones 349:358 molecular chaperones 339:358 molecular chaperones 339:358 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 2 25 theme diverse 400:406 arg1 proteins 415:422 proteins 415:422 proteins that traffic through this compartment 415:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 2 25 theme diverse 400:406 arg1 set 408:410 a diverse set 398:410 a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 398:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 1 26 theme extracellular 235:247 arg1 space 249:253 the extracellular space 231:253 the extracellular space 231:253 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 4 27 from recognition 729:739 arg1 mechanism 666:674 the conserved mechanism 652:674 the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding 652:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 3 28 theme structurally-related 542:561 arg1 chaperones 563:572 structurally-related chaperones 542:572 structurally-related chaperones 542:572 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 1 29 theme proper 160:165 arg1 folding 167:173 folding 167:173 folding 167:173 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 4 30 theme calcium 800:806 arg1 signaling 808:816 cellular calcium signaling 791:816 cellular calcium signaling 791:816 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 5 31 theme substrate 1024:1032 arg1 modes 1015:1019 the modes 1011:1019 the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin 1011:1077 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 3 32 theme important 523:531 arg1 class 533:537 an important class 520:537 an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins 520:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 32 theme important 523:531 arg1 chaperones 479:488 The lectin-like chaperones 463:488 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin 463:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 8 33 theme many 1416:1419 arg1 insights 1421:1428 many insights 1416:1428 many insights 1416:1428 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 3 34 dep folding 591:597 arg1 the 587:589 the 587:589 the 587:589 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 0 35 theme Calreticulin 9:20 arg1 Roles 0:4 Roles 0:4 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation 0:92 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 8 36 theme cell 1369:1372 arg1 transformation 1374:1387 cell transformation 1369:1387 cell transformation 1369:1387 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 3 37 theme glycoproteins 629:641 arg1 assembly 603:610 assembly 603:610 assembly 603:610 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 37 theme glycoproteins 629:641 arg1 folding 591:597 folding 591:597 folding 591:597 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 7 38 theme cell 1255:1258 arg1 transformation 1260:1273 cell transformation 1255:1273 cell transformation 1255:1273 Furthermore, mutations of calreticulin induce cell transformation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). 34050865 6 39 theme cells 1202:1206 arg1 phagocytosis 1176:1187 the phagocytosis 1172:1187 the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells 1172:1206 Calreticulin is also detectable on the cell surface under some conditions, where it induces the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. 34050865 2 40 theme folding 374:380 arg1 requirements 382:393 the folding requirements 370:393 the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 370:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 1 41 theme subcellular 259:269 arg1 lysosomes 296:304 the lysosomes 292:304 the lysosomes 292:304 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 1 41 theme subcellular 259:269 arg1 compartments 271:282 subcellular compartments 259:282 subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes 259:304 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 8 42 theme calreticulin 1457:1468 arg1 biology 1446:1452 the normal biology 1435:1452 the normal biology of calreticulin 1435:1468 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 8 43 theme functions 1329:1337 arg1 Studies 1314:1320 Studies 1314:1320 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity 1314:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 4 44 theme conserved 656:664 arg1 mechanism 666:674 the conserved mechanism 652:674 the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding 652:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 0 45 theme Protein 25:31 arg1 Folding 33:39 Protein Folding 25:39 Protein Folding 25:39 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 4 46 contain has 767:769 arg1 calreticulin 754:765 calreticulin 754:765 calreticulin 754:765 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 4 46 contain has 767:769 arg2 functions 778:786 unique functions 771:786 unique functions 771:786 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 3 47 theme many 615:618 arg1 glycoproteins 629:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 2 48 theme proteins 415:422 arg1 proteins 415:422 proteins 415:422 proteins that traffic through this compartment 415:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 2 48 theme proteins 415:422 arg1 set 408:410 a diverse set 398:410 a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 398:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 34050865 8 49 theme calreticulin 1353:1364 arg1 functions 1329:1337 the functions 1325:1337 the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity 1325:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 3 50 theme N-linked 620:627 arg1 glycoproteins 629:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 many N-linked glycoproteins 615:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 51 theme chaperones 563:572 arg1 class 533:537 an important class 520:537 an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins 520:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 51 theme chaperones 563:572 arg1 chaperones 479:488 The lectin-like chaperones 463:488 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin 463:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 1 52 theme endoplasmic 99:109 arg1 ER 122:123 ER 122:123 ER 122:123 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 1 52 theme endoplasmic 99:109 arg1 reticulum 111:119 The endoplasmic reticulum 95:119 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 95:124 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 1 52 theme endoplasmic 99:109 arg1 organelle 132:140 an organelle 129:140 an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes 129:304 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 5 53 theme class 945:949 arg1 molecules 953:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 3 54 theme relevant 574:581 arg1 class 533:537 an important class 520:537 an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins 520:641 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 54 theme relevant 574:581 arg1 chaperones 479:488 The lectin-like chaperones 463:488 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin 463:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 5 55 theme histocompatibility 912:929 arg1 molecules 953:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 6 56 theme apoptotic 1192:1200 arg1 cells 1202:1206 apoptotic cells 1192:1206 apoptotic cells 1192:1206 Calreticulin is also detectable on the cell surface under some conditions, where it induces the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. 34050865 4 57 theme chaperones 699:708 arg1 action 679:684 action 679:684 action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding 679:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 5 58 theme co-chaperone 1038:1049 arg1 recognition 1051:1061 co-chaperone recognition 1038:1061 co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin 1038:1077 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 8 59 theme normal 1439:1444 arg1 biology 1446:1452 the normal biology 1435:1452 the normal biology of calreticulin 1435:1468 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 4 60 theme nascent 713:719 arg1 recognition 729:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 nascent protein recognition 713:739 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 3 61 dep chaperones 479:488 arg1 chaperones 479:488 The lectin-like chaperones 463:488 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin 463:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 61 dep chaperones 479:488 arg1 calnexin 507:514 calnexin 507:514 calnexin 507:514 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 3 61 dep chaperones 479:488 arg1 calreticulin 490:501 calreticulin 490:501 calreticulin 490:501 The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. 34050865 1 62 theme proteins 191:198 arg1 assembly 179:186 assembly 179:186 assembly 179:186 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 1 62 theme proteins 191:198 arg1 folding 167:173 folding 167:173 folding 167:173 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 5 63 theme recognition 1051:1061 arg1 modes 1015:1019 the modes 1011:1019 the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin 1011:1077 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 5 64 theme many 992:995 arg1 insights 997:1004 many insights 992:1004 many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin 992:1077 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 5 65 theme major 906:910 arg1 molecules 953:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 8 66 from calreticulin 1353:1364 arg1 immunity 1393:1400 immunity 1393:1400 immunity 1393:1400 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 8 66 from calreticulin 1353:1364 arg1 transformation 1374:1387 cell transformation 1369:1387 cell transformation 1369:1387 Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed. 34050865 5 67 theme complex 931:937 arg1 molecules 953:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 906:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 0 68 theme Calcium 52:58 arg1 Signaling 60:68 Calcium Signaling 52:68 Calcium Signaling 52:68 Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. 34050865 1 69 dep folding 167:173 arg1 the 156:158 the 156:158 the 156:158 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. 34050865 4 70 theme action 679:684 arg1 mechanism 666:674 the conserved mechanism 652:674 the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding 652:751 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 5 71 theme calreticulin 874:885 arg1 functions 861:869 The ER-related functions 846:869 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 846:961 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 5 71 theme calreticulin 874:885 arg1 well-studied 967:978 well-studied 967:978 well-studied 967:978 The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. 34050865 7 72 theme calreticulin 1235:1246 arg1 mutations 1222:1230 mutations 1222:1230 mutations of calreticulin 1222:1246 Furthermore, mutations of calreticulin induce cell transformation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). 34050865 4 73 theme cellular 791:798 arg1 signaling 808:816 cellular calcium signaling 791:816 cellular calcium signaling 791:816 Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. 34050865 7 74 theme myeloproliferative 1278:1295 arg1 neoplasms 1297:1305 myeloproliferative neoplasms 1278:1305 myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) 1278:1311 Furthermore, mutations of calreticulin induce cell transformation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). 34050865 7 74 theme myeloproliferative 1278:1295 arg1 MPN 1308:1310 MPN 1308:1310 MPN 1308:1310 Furthermore, mutations of calreticulin induce cell transformation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). 34050865 2 75 theme wide 325:328 arg1 range 330:334 a wide range 323:334 a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment 323:460 The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. 33559614 6 0 link N-linked 1029:1036 arg1 glycans 1038:1044 N-linked glycans 1029:1044 N-linked glycans 1029:1044 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 7 1 theme of the 1084:1089 arg1 domains 1095:1101 the junction of the two domains 1071:1101 the junction of the two domains within the concavity 1071:1122 Gallic acid is bound at the junction of the two domains within the concavity by forming two hydrogen-bonding networks with neighbouring residues. 33559614 4 2 theme fungal 683:688 arg1 strains 690:696 various fungal strains 675:696 various fungal strains 675:696 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 6 3 theme bowl-shaped 958:968 arg1 shape 984:988 a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape 956:988 a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape 956:988 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 6 4 theme α/β-hydrolase-fold 876:893 arg1 domain 895:900 a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain 866:900 a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans 866:1044 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 6 5 theme typical 868:874 arg1 domain 895:900 a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain 866:900 a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans 866:1044 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 3 6 theme molecular 485:493 arg1 level 495:499 the molecular level 481:499 the molecular level 481:499 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 2 7 from intermediate 283:294 arg1 industries 331:340 the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 299:340 the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 299:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 7 8 theme neighbouring 1170:1181 arg1 residues 1183:1190 neighbouring residues 1170:1190 neighbouring residues 1170:1190 Gallic acid is bound at the junction of the two domains within the concavity by forming two hydrogen-bonding networks with neighbouring residues. 33559614 10 9 theme hydrophobic 1627:1637 arg1 contact 1639:1645 a hydrophobic contact 1625:1645 a hydrophobic contact with Ile442 1625:1657 Gallic acid is bound in a sandwich-like mode by forming a hydrophobic contact with Ile442. 33559614 9 10 from involvement 1472:1482 arg1 domain 1516:1521 the cap domain 1508:1521 the cap domain 1508:1521 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 11 11 theme yeast 1732:1736 arg1 tannases 1738:1745 fungal and yeast tannases 1721:1745 fungal and yeast tannases 1721:1745 All of these residues are found to be highly conserved among fungal and yeast tannases. 33559614 4 12 theme desired 718:724 arg1 properties 736:745 the desired enzymatic properties 714:745 the desired enzymatic properties 714:745 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 4 13 theme knowledge 576:584 arg1 lack 568:571 this lack 563:571 this lack of knowledge 563:584 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 4 14 attach isolated 661:668 arg2 tannases 642:649 many tannases 637:649 many tannases 637:649 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 4 14 attach isolated 661:668 arg1 strains 690:696 various fungal strains 675:696 various fungal strains 675:696 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 7 15 theme junction 1075:1082 arg1 domains 1095:1101 the junction of the two domains 1071:1101 the junction of the two domains within the concavity 1071:1122 Gallic acid is bound at the junction of the two domains within the concavity by forming two hydrogen-bonding networks with neighbouring residues. 33559614 3 16 from level 495:499 arg1 enzymes 470:476 these enzymes 464:476 these enzymes 464:476 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 3 16 from level 495:499 arg1 catalytic 518:526 catalytic 518:526 catalytic 518:526 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 3 16 from level 495:499 arg1 sites 550:554 substrate-binding sites 532:554 substrate-binding sites 532:554 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 0 17 theme Crystal 0:6 arg1 structure 8:16 Crystal structure 0:16 Crystal structure of fungal 0:26 Crystal structure of fungal tannase from Aspergillus niger. 33559614 9 18 theme compound 1453:1460 arg1 groups 1439:1444 the three hydroxyl groups 1420:1444 the three hydroxyl groups of the compound 1420:1460 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 18 theme compound 1453:1460 arg1 compound 1453:1460 the compound 1449:1460 the compound 1449:1460 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 4 19 theme various 675:681 arg1 strains 690:696 various fungal strains 675:696 various fungal strains 675:696 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 10 20 theme Gallic 1569:1574 arg1 acid 1576:1579 Gallic acid 1569:1579 Gallic acid 1569:1579 Gallic acid is bound in a sandwich-like mode by forming a hydrophobic contact with Ile442. 33559614 2 21 from hydrolysis 182:191 arg1 gallotannins 224:235 gallotannins 224:235 gallotannins 224:235 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 1 22 theme serine 73:78 arg1 Tannases 60:67 Tannases 60:67 Tannases 60:67 Tannases are serine esterases that were first discovered in fungi more than one and half centuries ago. 33559614 1 22 theme serine 73:78 arg1 esterases 80:88 serine esterases 73:88 serine esterases that were first discovered in fungi more than one and half centuries ago 73:161 Tannases are serine esterases that were first discovered in fungi more than one and half centuries ago. 33559614 2 23 from bonds 215:219 arg1 gallotannins 224:235 gallotannins 224:235 gallotannins 224:235 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 4 24 theme many 637:640 arg1 tannases 642:649 many tannases 637:649 many tannases 637:649 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 8 25 from domain 1298:1303 arg1 residues 1265:1272 residues 1265:1272 residues 1265:1272 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 8 25 from domain 1298:1303 arg1 those 1316:1320 those 1316:1320 those 1316:1320 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 3 26 theme industrial 398:407 arg1 applications 409:420 wide industrial applications 393:420 wide industrial applications 393:420 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 3 27 theme fungal 366:371 arg1 tannases 373:380 fungal tannases 366:380 fungal tannases 366:380 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 2 28 theme important 273:281 arg1 acid 255:258 gallic acid 248:258 gallic acid 248:258 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 2 28 theme important 273:281 arg1 intermediate 283:294 an important intermediate 270:294 an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 270:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 2 29 from gallotannins 224:235 arg1 hydrolysis 182:191 the hydrolysis 178:191 the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 178:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 6 30 theme N-linked 1029:1036 arg1 glycans 1038:1044 N-linked glycans 1029:1044 N-linked glycans 1029:1044 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 0 31 theme fungal 21:26 arg1 structure 8:16 Crystal structure 0:16 Crystal structure of fungal 0:26 Crystal structure of fungal tannase from Aspergillus niger. 33559614 3 32 theme substrate-binding 532:548 arg1 sites 550:554 substrate-binding sites 532:554 substrate-binding sites 532:554 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 3 33 theme scarce 441:446 arg1 knowledge 448:456 scarce knowledge 441:456 scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites 441:554 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 5 34 theme tannase 794:800 arg1 structure 772:780 the first crystal structure 754:780 the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, 754:830 Here, the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, is reported. 33559614 7 35 theme Gallic 1047:1052 arg1 acid 1054:1057 Gallic acid 1047:1057 Gallic acid 1047:1057 Gallic acid is bound at the junction of the two domains within the concavity by forming two hydrogen-bonding networks with neighbouring residues. 33559614 2 36 theme pharmaceutical 316:329 arg1 industries 331:340 the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 299:340 the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 299:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 5 37 theme fungal 787:792 arg1 that 803:806 that 803:806 that 803:806 Here, the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, is reported. 33559614 5 37 theme fungal 787:792 arg1 tannase 794:800 a fungal tannase 785:800 a fungal tannase 785:800 Here, the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, is reported. 33559614 6 38 theme cap 924:926 arg1 domain 928:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 7 39 theme hydrogen-bonding 1139:1154 arg1 networks 1156:1163 two hydrogen-bonding networks 1135:1163 two hydrogen-bonding networks 1135:1163 Gallic acid is bound at the junction of the two domains within the concavity by forming two hydrogen-bonding networks with neighbouring residues. 33559614 2 40 theme bonds 215:219 arg1 hydrolysis 182:191 the hydrolysis 178:191 the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 178:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 8 41 theme carboxyl 1218:1225 arg1 group 1227:1231 the carboxyl group 1214:1231 the carboxyl group of the gallic acid 1214:1250 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 8 41 theme carboxyl 1218:1225 arg1 acid 1247:1250 the gallic acid 1236:1250 the gallic acid 1236:1250 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 8 42 theme acid 1247:1250 arg1 group 1227:1231 the carboxyl group 1214:1231 the carboxyl group of the gallic acid 1214:1250 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 8 42 theme acid 1247:1250 arg1 acid 1247:1250 the gallic acid 1236:1250 the gallic acid 1236:1250 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 3 43 theme wide 393:396 arg1 applications 409:420 wide industrial applications 393:420 wide industrial applications 393:420 Since their discovery, fungal tannases have found wide industrial applications, although there is scarce knowledge about these enzymes at the molecular level, including their catalytic and substrate-binding sites. 33559614 6 44 theme inserted 915:922 arg1 domain 928:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 5 45 theme first 758:762 arg1 structure 772:780 the first crystal structure 754:780 the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, 754:830 Here, the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, is reported. 33559614 2 46 theme ester 209:213 arg1 bonds 215:219 the gallolyl ester bonds 196:219 the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins 196:235 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 5 47 theme Aspergillus 813:823 arg1 niger 825:829 Aspergillus niger 813:829 Aspergillus niger 813:829 Here, the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, is reported. 33559614 5 48 theme crystal 764:770 arg1 structure 772:780 the first crystal structure 754:780 the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, 754:830 Here, the first crystal structure of a fungal tannase, that from Aspergillus niger, is reported. 33559614 6 49 theme large 909:913 arg1 domain 928:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 6 50 theme surface 997:1003 arg1 concavity 1005:1013 a surface concavity 995:1013 a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans 995:1044 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 2 51 theme gallolyl 200:207 arg1 bonds 215:219 the gallolyl ester bonds 196:219 the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins 196:235 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 8 52 theme catalytic 1331:1339 arg1 triad 1341:1345 the catalytic triad 1327:1345 the catalytic triad 1327:1345 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 0 53 theme Aspergillus 41:51 arg1 niger 53:57 Aspergillus niger 41:57 Aspergillus niger 41:57 Crystal structure of fungal tannase from Aspergillus niger. 33559614 11 54 theme fungal 1721:1726 arg1 tannases 1738:1745 fungal and yeast tannases 1721:1745 fungal and yeast tannases 1721:1745 All of these residues are found to be highly conserved among fungal and yeast tannases. 33559614 10 55 with contact 1639:1645 arg1 Ile442 1652:1657 Ile442 1652:1657 Ile442 1652:1657 Gallic acid is bound in a sandwich-like mode by forming a hydrophobic contact with Ile442. 33559614 2 56 theme chemical 303:310 arg1 industries 331:340 the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 299:340 the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 299:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 9 57 from domain 1516:1521 arg1 Gln239 1542:1547 Gln239 1542:1547 Gln239 1542:1547 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 57 from domain 1516:1521 arg1 involvement 1472:1482 the involvement 1468:1482 the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441 1468:1566 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 57 from domain 1516:1521 arg1 His242 1550:1555 His242 1550:1555 His242 1550:1555 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 57 from domain 1516:1521 arg1 residues 1487:1494 residues 1487:1494 residues 1487:1494 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 57 from domain 1516:1521 arg1 Ser441 1561:1566 Ser441 1561:1566 Ser441 1561:1566 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 57 from domain 1516:1521 arg1 Gln238 1534:1539 Gln238 1534:1539 Gln238 1534:1539 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 6 58 with domain 895:900 arg1 domain 928:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 a large inserted cap domain 907:933 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 4 59 theme enzymatic 726:734 arg1 properties 736:745 the desired enzymatic properties 714:745 the desired enzymatic properties 714:745 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 4 60 theme engineering 594:604 arg1 efforts 606:612 engineering efforts 594:612 engineering efforts 594:612 While this lack of knowledge hinders engineering efforts to modify the enzymes, many tannases have been isolated from various fungal strains in a search for the desired enzymatic properties. 33559614 2 61 theme gallic 248:253 arg1 acid 255:258 gallic acid 248:258 gallic acid 248:258 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 2 61 theme gallic 248:253 arg1 intermediate 283:294 an important intermediate 270:294 an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries 270:340 They catalyze the hydrolysis of the gallolyl ester bonds in gallotannins to release gallic acid, which is an important intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 33559614 1 62 theme more 126:129 arg1 centuries 149:157 more than one and half centuries 126:157 more than one and half centuries 126:157 Tannases are serine esterases that were first discovered in fungi more than one and half centuries ago. 33559614 9 63 theme hydroxyl 1430:1437 arg1 groups 1439:1444 the three hydroxyl groups 1420:1444 the three hydroxyl groups of the compound 1420:1460 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 63 theme hydroxyl 1430:1437 arg1 compound 1453:1460 the compound 1449:1460 the compound 1449:1460 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 6 64 contain possesses 856:864 arg1 enzyme 849:854 The enzyme 845:854 The enzyme 845:854 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 6 64 contain possesses 856:864 arg2 domain 895:900 a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain 866:900 a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans 866:1044 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 33559614 8 65 theme gallic 1240:1245 arg1 acid 1247:1250 the gallic acid 1236:1250 the gallic acid 1236:1250 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 10 66 theme sandwich-like 1595:1607 arg1 mode 1609:1612 a sandwich-like mode 1593:1612 a sandwich-like mode 1593:1612 Gallic acid is bound in a sandwich-like mode by forming a hydrophobic contact with Ile442. 33559614 8 67 theme hydrolase-fold 1283:1296 arg1 domain 1298:1303 the hydrolase-fold domain 1279:1303 the hydrolase-fold domain 1279:1303 One is formed around the carboxyl group of the gallic acid and involves residues from the hydrolase-fold domain, including those from the catalytic triad, which consists of Ser206, His485 and Asp439. 33559614 9 68 theme cap 1512:1514 arg1 domain 1516:1521 the cap domain 1508:1521 the cap domain 1508:1521 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 9 69 theme residues 1487:1494 arg1 involvement 1472:1482 the involvement 1468:1482 the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441 1468:1566 The other is formed around the three hydroxyl groups of the compound, with the involvement of residues mainly from the cap domain, including Gln238, Gln239, His242 and Ser441. 33559614 6 70 theme hemispherical 970:982 arg1 shape 984:988 a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape 956:988 a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape 956:988 The enzyme possesses a typical α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a large inserted cap domain, which together form a bowl-shaped hemispherical shape with a surface concavity surrounded by N-linked glycans. 32289257 0 0 theme CDG 62:64 arg1 disorders 66:74 CDG disorders 62:74 CDG disorders 62:74 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 32289257 0 1 from role 6:9 arg1 diagnostics 47:57 the diagnostics 43:57 the diagnostics of CDG disorders 43:74 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 32289257 4 2 with patients 623:630 arg1 CDG 637:639 CDG 637:639 CDG 637:639 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 2 with patients 623:630 arg1 suspicion 662:670 suspicion 662:670 suspicion of CDG 662:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 3 3 theme project 468:474 arg1 aim 456:458 The aim 452:458 The aim of this project 452:474 The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of dolichol as a biomarker of CDG. 32289257 8 4 theme tissue 1197:1202 arg1 samples 1204:1210 both urine and tissue samples 1182:1210 samples 1204:1210 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 4 5 with patients 648:655 arg1 CDG 637:639 CDG 637:639 CDG 637:639 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 5 with patients 648:655 arg1 suspicion 662:670 suspicion 662:670 suspicion of CDG 662:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 2 6 theme defects 330:336 arg1 consequences 314:325 consequences 314:325 consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism 314:376 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 2 6 theme defects 330:336 arg1 types 238:242 some types 233:242 some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 233:289 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 4 7 with patients 750:757 arg1 mutation 764:771 mutation 764:771 mutation in the NUS1 gene 764:788 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 5 8 theme tandem 896:901 arg1 spectrometry 908:919 tandem mass spectrometry 896:919 tandem mass spectrometry 896:919 Molecular species profiles of dolichol were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 32289257 4 9 from patients 623:630 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 9 from patients 623:630 arg1 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 9 from patients 623:630 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 9 from patients 623:630 arg1 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 9 10 theme diagnostic 1300:1309 arg1 option 1311:1316 a novel diagnostic option 1292:1316 a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation 1292:1377 Our results show a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation. 32289257 0 11 theme disorders 66:74 arg1 diagnostics 47:57 the diagnostics 43:57 the diagnostics of CDG disorders 43:74 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 32289257 4 12 from mutation 764:771 arg1 gene 785:788 the NUS1 gene 776:788 the NUS1 gene 776:788 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 3 13 theme dolichol 509:516 arg1 biomarker 523:531 a biomarker 521:531 a biomarker of CDG 521:538 The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of dolichol as a biomarker of CDG. 32289257 3 13 theme dolichol 509:516 arg1 potential 496:504 the potential 492:504 the potential of dolichol 492:516 The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of dolichol as a biomarker of CDG. 32289257 2 14 theme glycosylation 271:283 arg1 disorders 258:266 congenital disorders 247:266 congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 247:289 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 9 15 theme congenital 1341:1350 arg1 disorders 1352:1360 rare congenital disorders 1336:1360 rare congenital disorders of glycosylation 1336:1377 Our results show a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation. 32289257 4 16 theme Biological 541:550 arg1 material 552:559 Biological material 541:559 Biological material for this study 541:574 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 9 17 with patients 1322:1329 arg1 disorders 1352:1360 rare congenital disorders 1336:1360 rare congenital disorders of glycosylation 1336:1377 Our results show a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation. 32289257 2 18 from consequences 314:325 arg1 metabolism 367:376 metabolism 367:376 metabolism 367:376 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 2 18 from consequences 314:325 arg1 biosynthesis 350:361 dolichol biosynthesis 341:361 dolichol biosynthesis 341:361 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 4 19 theme cortex 703:708 arg1 samples 680:686 samples 680:686 samples of the frontal cortex 680:708 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 20 from patients 648:655 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 20 from patients 648:655 arg1 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 20 from patients 648:655 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 20 from patients 648:655 arg1 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 6 21 theme dolichol 991:998 arg1 ratio 982:986 the ratio 978:986 the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age 978:1038 In the control group, a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age was found in urine. 32289257 7 22 theme reference 1077:1085 arg1 range 1087:1091 a reference range 1075:1091 a reference range for Dol18/Dol19 from urine samples 1075:1126 We established a reference range for Dol18/Dol19 from urine samples. 32289257 4 23 from patients 750:757 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 23 from patients 750:757 arg1 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 23 from patients 750:757 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 23 from patients 750:757 arg1 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 8 24 from patients 1217:1224 arg1 samples 1204:1210 both urine and tissue samples 1182:1210 samples 1204:1210 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 2 25 theme disorders 258:266 arg1 consequences 314:325 consequences 314:325 consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism 314:376 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 2 25 theme disorders 258:266 arg1 types 238:242 some types 233:242 some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 233:289 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 4 26 from controls 611:618 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 26 from controls 611:618 arg1 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 26 from controls 611:618 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 26 from controls 611:618 arg1 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 1 27 theme N-linked 152:159 arg1 glycosylation 169:181 N-linked protein glycosylation 152:181 N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum 152:220 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 0 28 theme new 2:4 arg1 role 6:9 A new role 0:9 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 0:75 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 32289257 1 29 contain carries 112:118 arg1 lipid 100:104 a membrane lipid 89:104 a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum 89:220 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 1 29 contain carries 112:118 arg2 glycans 140:146 glycans 140:146 glycans 140:146 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 1 29 contain carries 112:118 arg2 monosaccharides 120:134 monosaccharides 120:134 monosaccharides 120:134 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 1 29 contain carries 112:118 arg1 Dolichol 77:84 Dolichol 77:84 Dolichol 77:84 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 2 30 from defects 330:336 arg1 metabolism 367:376 metabolism 367:376 metabolism 367:376 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 2 30 from defects 330:336 arg1 biosynthesis 350:361 dolichol biosynthesis 341:361 dolichol biosynthesis 341:361 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 4 31 theme CDG 675:677 arg1 suspicion 662:670 suspicion 662:670 suspicion of CDG 662:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 1 32 theme protein 161:167 arg1 glycosylation 169:181 N-linked protein glycosylation 152:181 N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum 152:220 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 1 33 link N-linked 152:159 arg1 glycosylation 169:181 N-linked protein glycosylation 152:181 N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum 152:220 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 2 34 from biosynthesis 350:361 arg1 consequences 314:325 consequences 314:325 consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism 314:376 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 2 34 from biosynthesis 350:361 arg1 types 238:242 some types 233:242 some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 233:289 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 5 35 theme Molecular 804:812 arg1 profiles 822:829 Molecular species profiles 804:829 Molecular species profiles of dolichol 804:841 Molecular species profiles of dolichol were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 32289257 9 36 theme glycosylation 1365:1377 arg1 disorders 1352:1360 rare congenital disorders 1336:1360 rare congenital disorders of glycosylation 1336:1377 Our results show a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation. 32289257 8 37 theme urine 1187:1191 arg1 samples 1204:1210 both urine and tissue samples 1182:1210 samples 1204:1210 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 2 38 theme CDG 398:400 arg1 types 389:393 these types 383:393 these types of CDG 383:400 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 5 39 theme liquid 860:865 arg1 chromatography 867:880 liquid chromatography 860:880 liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry 860:919 Molecular species profiles of dolichol were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 32289257 4 40 with controls 794:801 arg1 mutation 764:771 mutation 764:771 mutation in the NUS1 gene 764:788 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 8 41 theme Dol18/Dol19 1142:1152 arg1 ratio 1133:1137 The ratio 1129:1137 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 1129:1152 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 8 41 theme Dol18/Dol19 1142:1152 arg1 higher 1172:1177 higher 1172:1177 higher 1172:1177 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 0 42 theme isoform 24:30 arg1 profile 32:38 dolichol isoform profile 15:38 dolichol isoform profile 15:38 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 32289257 4 43 theme heart 729:733 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 43 theme heart 729:733 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 9 44 theme rare 1336:1339 arg1 disorders 1352:1360 rare congenital disorders 1336:1360 rare congenital disorders of glycosylation 1336:1377 Our results show a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation. 32289257 6 45 theme significant 946:956 arg1 correlation 958:968 a significant correlation 944:968 a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age 944:1038 In the control group, a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age was found in urine. 32289257 0 46 theme dolichol 15:22 arg1 profile 32:38 dolichol isoform profile 15:38 dolichol isoform profile 15:38 A new role for dolichol isoform profile in the diagnostics of CDG disorders. 32289257 9 47 theme novel 1294:1298 arg1 option 1311:1316 a novel diagnostic option 1292:1316 a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation 1292:1377 Our results show a novel diagnostic option for patients with rare congenital disorders of glycosylation. 32289257 4 48 with controls 611:618 arg1 CDG 637:639 CDG 637:639 CDG 637:639 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 48 with controls 611:618 arg1 suspicion 662:670 suspicion 662:670 suspicion of CDG 662:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 49 dep samples 595:601 arg1 samples 680:686 samples 680:686 samples of the frontal cortex 680:708 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 2 50 from metabolism 367:376 arg1 consequences 314:325 consequences 314:325 consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism 314:376 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 2 50 from metabolism 367:376 arg1 types 238:242 some types 233:242 some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 233:289 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 1 51 theme endoplasmic 200:210 arg1 reticulum 212:220 the endoplasmic reticulum 196:220 the endoplasmic reticulum 196:220 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 2 52 theme screening 433:441 arg1 methods 443:449 standard screening methods 424:449 standard screening methods 424:449 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 3 53 theme CDG 536:538 arg1 biomarker 523:531 a biomarker 521:531 a biomarker of CDG 521:538 The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of dolichol as a biomarker of CDG. 32289257 3 53 theme CDG 536:538 arg1 potential 496:504 the potential 492:504 the potential of dolichol 492:516 The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of dolichol as a biomarker of CDG. 32289257 5 54 theme species 814:820 arg1 profiles 822:829 Molecular species profiles 804:829 Molecular species profiles of dolichol 804:841 Molecular species profiles of dolichol were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 32289257 2 55 theme standard 424:431 arg1 methods 443:449 standard screening methods 424:449 standard screening methods 424:449 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 8 56 with patients 1217:1224 arg1 mutation 1231:1238 mutation 1231:1238 mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls 1231:1272 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 1 57 theme membrane 91:98 arg1 lipid 100:104 a membrane lipid 89:104 a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum 89:220 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 1 57 theme membrane 91:98 arg1 Dolichol 77:84 Dolichol 77:84 Dolichol 77:84 Dolichol is a membrane lipid which carries monosaccharides and glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. 32289257 5 58 theme mass 903:906 arg1 spectrometry 908:919 tandem mass spectrometry 896:919 tandem mass spectrometry 896:919 Molecular species profiles of dolichol were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 32289257 2 59 theme congenital 247:256 arg1 disorders 258:266 congenital disorders 247:266 congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) 247:289 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 32289257 6 60 located found 1044:1048 arg1 group 937:941 the control group 925:941 the control group 925:941 In the control group, a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age was found in urine. 32289257 6 60 located found 1044:1048 arg1 urine 1053:1057 urine 1053:1057 urine 1053:1057 In the control group, a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age was found in urine. 32289257 6 60 located found 1044:1048 arg2 correlation 958:968 a significant correlation 944:968 a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age 944:1038 In the control group, a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age was found in urine. 32289257 4 61 theme frontal 695:701 arg1 cortex 703:708 the frontal cortex 691:708 the frontal cortex 691:708 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 62 from controls 794:801 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 62 from controls 794:801 arg1 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 62 from controls 794:801 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 62 from controls 794:801 arg1 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 5 63 theme dolichol 834:841 arg1 profiles 822:829 Molecular species profiles 804:829 Molecular species profiles of dolichol 804:841 Molecular species profiles of dolichol were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 32289257 4 64 theme NUS1 780:783 arg1 gene 785:788 the NUS1 gene 776:788 the NUS1 gene 776:788 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 7 65 theme urine 1114:1118 arg1 samples 1120:1126 urine samples 1114:1126 urine samples 1114:1126 We established a reference range for Dol18/Dol19 from urine samples. 32289257 7 66 from samples 1120:1126 arg1 Dol18/Dol19 1097:1107 Dol18/Dol19 1097:1107 Dol18/Dol19 from urine samples 1097:1126 We established a reference range for Dol18/Dol19 from urine samples. 32289257 4 67 theme urine 589:593 arg1 samples 595:601 urine samples 589:601 urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG 589:677 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 67 theme urine 589:593 arg1 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 muscle 718:723 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 67 theme urine 589:593 arg1 tissues 735:741 heart tissues 729:741 heart tissues 729:741 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 4 67 theme urine 589:593 arg1 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 liver 711:715 Biological material for this study consisted of urine samples from 75 controls, 6 patients with CDG and 43 patients with suspicion of CDG; samples of the frontal cortex, liver, muscle and heart tissues from 2 patients with mutation in the NUS1 gene and controls. 32289257 6 68 theme control 929:935 arg1 group 937:941 the control group 925:941 the control group 925:941 In the control group, a significant correlation between the ratio of dolichol 18 to dolichol 19 (Dol18/Dol19) and age was found in urine. 32289257 8 69 from mutation 1231:1238 arg1 comparison 1251:1260 comparison 1251:1260 comparison to controls 1251:1272 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 8 69 from mutation 1231:1238 arg1 NUS1 1243:1246 NUS1 1243:1246 NUS1 1243:1246 The ratio of Dol18/Dol19 was significantly higher in both urine and tissue samples from patients with mutation in NUS1 in comparison to controls. 32289257 2 70 theme dolichol 341:348 arg1 biosynthesis 350:361 dolichol biosynthesis 341:361 dolichol biosynthesis 341:361 Recently, some types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been described as consequences of defects in dolichol biosynthesis and metabolism, yet these types of CDG are not detectable by standard screening methods. 34560573 4 0 theme N-linked 534:541 arg1 glycosylation 543:555 differential N-linked glycosylation 521:555 differential N-linked glycosylation 521:555 We show these proteins can experience differential N-linked glycosylation. 34560573 5 1 theme conserved 616:624 arg1 residues 635:642 the six conserved cysteine residues 608:642 the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF 608:676 Despite these differences, both proteins maintain the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF. 34560573 7 2 theme cultured 800:807 arg1 cells 809:813 cultured cells 800:813 cultured cells 800:813 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 4 3 theme differential 521:532 arg1 glycosylation 543:555 differential N-linked glycosylation 521:555 differential N-linked glycosylation 521:555 We show these proteins can experience differential N-linked glycosylation. 34560573 8 4 theme similar 1047:1053 arg1 manner 1055:1060 a similar manner 1045:1060 a similar manner 1045:1060 In summary, we demonstrate that ECGF can act as a mitogen in a similar manner as VGF. 34560573 5 5 theme cysteine 626:633 arg1 residues 635:642 the six conserved cysteine residues 608:642 the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF 608:676 Despite these differences, both proteins maintain the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF. 34560573 7 6 theme doubling 887:894 arg1 time 896:899 doubling time 887:899 doubling time 887:899 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 0 7 theme mitogenic 95:103 arg1 function 105:112 mitogenic function 95:112 mitogenic function 95:112 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus activates EGFR/ErbB1 and demonstrates mitogenic function in vitro. 34560573 7 8 dep in 916:917 arg1 vitro 919:923 vitro 919:923 vitro 919:923 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 2 9 theme growth 353:358 arg1 factor 360:365 ectromelia growth factor 342:365 ectromelia growth factor (ECGF) 342:372 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 2 9 theme growth 353:358 arg1 ECGF 368:371 ECGF 368:371 ECGF 368:371 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 2 10 with protein 291:297 arg1 homology 304:311 homology 304:311 homology to EGF 304:318 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 1 11 theme epidermal 177:185 arg1 EGF 202:204 EGF 202:204 EGF 202:204 Many poxviruses produce proteins that are related to epidermal growth factor (EGF). 34560573 1 11 theme epidermal 177:185 arg1 factor 194:199 epidermal growth factor 177:199 epidermal growth factor (EGF) 177:205 Many poxviruses produce proteins that are related to epidermal growth factor (EGF). 34560573 0 12 theme epidermal 4:12 arg1 factor 21:26 epidermal growth factor 4:26 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus 0:55 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus activates EGFR/ErbB1 and demonstrates mitogenic function in vitro. 34560573 1 13 theme growth 187:192 arg1 EGF 202:204 EGF 202:204 EGF 202:204 Many poxviruses produce proteins that are related to epidermal growth factor (EGF). 34560573 1 13 theme growth 187:192 arg1 factor 194:199 epidermal growth factor 177:199 epidermal growth factor (EGF) 177:205 Many poxviruses produce proteins that are related to epidermal growth factor (EGF). 34560573 2 14 theme ectromelia 342:351 arg1 factor 360:365 ectromelia growth factor 342:365 ectromelia growth factor (ECGF) 342:372 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 2 14 theme ectromelia 342:351 arg1 ECGF 368:371 ECGF 368:371 ECGF 368:371 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 0 15 theme factor 21:26 arg1 ortholog 28:35 The epidermal growth factor ortholog 0:35 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus 0:55 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus activates EGFR/ErbB1 and demonstrates mitogenic function in vitro. 34560573 0 16 theme growth 14:19 arg1 factor 21:26 epidermal growth factor 4:26 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus 0:55 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus activates EGFR/ErbB1 and demonstrates mitogenic function in vitro. 34560573 5 17 theme EGF 674:676 arg1 function 662:669 the function 658:669 the function of EGF 658:676 Despite these differences, both proteins maintain the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF. 34560573 7 18 theme untreated 967:975 arg1 cells 977:981 untreated cells 967:981 untreated cells 967:981 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 3 19 theme vaccinia 405:412 arg1 VGF 429:431 VGF 429:431 VGF 429:431 ECGF is truncated relative to vaccinia growth factor (VGF) because the former lacks a transmembrane domain. 34560573 3 19 theme vaccinia 405:412 arg1 factor 421:426 vaccinia growth factor 405:426 vaccinia growth factor (VGF) 405:432 ECGF is truncated relative to vaccinia growth factor (VGF) because the former lacks a transmembrane domain. 34560573 7 20 theme wound 925:929 arg1 healing 931:937 in vitro wound healing 916:937 in vitro wound healing 916:937 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 3 21 theme growth 414:419 arg1 VGF 429:431 VGF 429:431 VGF 429:431 ECGF is truncated relative to vaccinia growth factor (VGF) because the former lacks a transmembrane domain. 34560573 3 21 theme growth 414:419 arg1 factor 421:426 vaccinia growth factor 405:426 vaccinia growth factor (VGF) 405:432 ECGF is truncated relative to vaccinia growth factor (VGF) because the former lacks a transmembrane domain. 34560573 0 22 theme virus 51:55 arg1 ortholog 28:35 The epidermal growth factor ortholog 0:35 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus 0:55 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus activates EGFR/ErbB1 and demonstrates mitogenic function in vitro. 34560573 5 23 theme important 644:652 arg1 residues 635:642 the six conserved cysteine residues 608:642 the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF 608:676 Despite these differences, both proteins maintain the six conserved cysteine residues important for the function of EGF. 34560573 2 24 theme genome 214:219 arg1 sequencing 221:230 Prior genome sequencing 208:230 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus 208:250 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 0 25 theme ectromelia 40:49 arg1 virus 51:55 ectromelia virus 40:55 ectromelia virus 40:55 The epidermal growth factor ortholog of ectromelia virus activates EGFR/ErbB1 and demonstrates mitogenic function in vitro. 34560573 2 26 theme Prior 208:212 arg1 sequencing 221:230 Prior genome sequencing 208:230 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus 208:250 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 7 27 theme in 916:917 arg1 healing 931:937 in vitro wound healing 916:937 in vitro wound healing 916:937 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 1 28 theme Many 124:127 arg1 poxviruses 129:138 Many poxviruses 124:138 Many poxviruses 124:138 Many poxviruses produce proteins that are related to epidermal growth factor (EGF). 34560573 7 29 theme EGF 834:836 arg1 receptor 838:845 the EGF receptor 830:845 the EGF receptor 830:845 We added ECGF to cultured cells and found that the EGF receptor becomes activated, S-phase was induced, doubling time decreased, and in vitro wound healing occurred faster compared to untreated cells. 34560573 4 30 link N-linked 534:541 arg1 glycosylation 543:555 differential N-linked glycosylation 521:555 differential N-linked glycosylation 521:555 We show these proteins can experience differential N-linked glycosylation. 34560573 2 31 theme virus 246:250 arg1 sequencing 221:230 Prior genome sequencing 208:230 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus 208:250 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 6 32 theme growth 768:773 arg1 factor 775:780 a growth factor 766:780 a growth factor 766:780 Since ECGF has not been characterized, our objective was to determine if it can act as a growth factor. 34560573 6 32 theme growth 768:773 arg1 it 752:753 it 752:753 it 752:753 Since ECGF has not been characterized, our objective was to determine if it can act as a growth factor. 34560573 2 33 theme ectromelia 235:244 arg1 virus 246:250 ectromelia virus 235:250 ectromelia virus 235:250 Prior genome sequencing of ectromelia virus revealed a gene predicted to produce a protein with homology to EGF, which we refer to as ectromelia growth factor (ECGF). 34560573 3 34 theme transmembrane 461:473 arg1 domain 475:480 a transmembrane domain 459:480 a transmembrane domain 459:480 ECGF is truncated relative to vaccinia growth factor (VGF) because the former lacks a transmembrane domain. 34260942 0 0 theme P-body 91:96 arg1 homeostasis 98:108 P-body homeostasis 91:108 P-body homeostasis 91:108 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. 34260942 2 1 theme ESC 495:497 arg1 pluripotency 499:510 ESC pluripotency 495:510 ESC pluripotency 495:510 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 6 2 from S111 1081:1084 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1062:1076 O-GlcNAcylation 1062:1076 O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 1062:1093 Our findings establish O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 as a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis. 34260942 6 2 from S111 1081:1084 arg1 switch 1100:1105 a switch 1098:1105 a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis 1098:1171 Our findings establish O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 as a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis. 34260942 2 3 theme cytoplasmic 366:376 arg1 proteins 390:397 cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 366:397 cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 366:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 5 4 theme pluripotent 1020:1030 arg1 state 1032:1036 the pluripotent state 1016:1036 the pluripotent state 1016:1036 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 1 5 theme proper 253:258 arg1 development 271:281 proper organismal development 253:281 proper organismal development 253:281 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 6 6 theme P-body 1154:1159 arg1 homeostasis 1161:1171 P-body homeostasis 1154:1171 P-body homeostasis 1154:1171 Our findings establish O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 as a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis. 34260942 2 7 dep mark 352:355 arg1 found 357:361 found 357:361 mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 352:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 1 8 theme organismal 260:269 arg1 development 271:281 proper organismal development 253:281 proper organismal development 253:281 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 3 9 theme proteasome 578:587 arg1 protein 617:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 6 10 theme ESC 1122:1124 arg1 pluripotency 1126:1137 ESC pluripotency 1122:1137 ESC pluripotency 1122:1137 Our findings establish O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 as a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis. 34260942 6 11 theme Psme3 1089:1093 arg1 S111 1081:1084 S111 1081:1084 S111 of Psme3 1081:1093 Our findings establish O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 as a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis. 34260942 4 12 theme 111 717:719 arg1 modification 694:705 O-GlcNAc modification 685:705 O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 685:735 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 2 13 theme O-linked 284:291 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 293:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 284:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 284:324 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 2 13 theme O-linked 284:291 arg1 glycosylation 338:350 the sole glycosylation 329:350 the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 329:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 2 13 theme O-linked 284:291 arg1 O-GlcNAc 316:323 O-GlcNAc 316:323 O-GlcNAc 316:323 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 4 14 theme processing 790:799 arg1 body 801:804 processing body 790:804 processing body (P-body) assembly 790:822 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 4 14 theme processing 790:799 arg1 P-body 807:812 P-body 807:812 P-body 807:812 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 2 15 from function 483:490 arg1 pluripotency 499:510 ESC pluripotency 495:510 ESC pluripotency 495:510 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 4 16 theme Ddx6 761:764 arg1 degradation 746:756 degradation 746:756 degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly 746:822 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 2 17 dep glycosylation 338:350 arg1 mark 352:355 mark 352:355 mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 352:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 0 18 theme Site-specific 0:12 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 0:37 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. 34260942 2 19 link O-linked 284:291 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 293:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 284:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 284:324 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 2 19 link O-linked 284:291 arg1 glycosylation 338:350 the sole glycosylation 329:350 the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 329:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 2 19 link O-linked 284:291 arg1 O-GlcNAc 316:323 O-GlcNAc 316:323 O-GlcNAc 316:323 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 3 20 theme network 659:665 arg1 node 630:633 a node 628:633 a node of the ESC pluripotency network 628:665 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 3 20 theme network 659:665 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 559:573 O-GlcNAcylation 559:573 O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 559:623 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 3 21 theme activator 589:597 arg1 protein 617:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 1 22 theme complex 182:188 arg1 network 190:196 a complex network 180:196 a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development 180:281 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 2 23 theme cellular 450:457 arg1 processes 459:467 fundamental cellular processes 438:467 fundamental cellular processes 438:467 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 1 24 theme Mouse 111:115 arg1 ESC 138:140 ESC 138:140 ESC 138:140 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 1 24 theme Mouse 111:115 arg1 cell 132:135 Mouse embryonic stem cell 111:135 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency 111:154 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 5 25 theme spontaneous 987:997 arg1 exit 999:1002 spontaneous exit 987:1002 spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state 987:1036 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 2 26 theme fundamental 438:448 arg1 processes 459:467 fundamental cellular processes 438:467 fundamental cellular processes 438:467 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 5 27 theme S111 906:909 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 911:925 Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation 900:925 Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation 900:925 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 1 28 theme embryonic 117:125 arg1 ESC 138:140 ESC 138:140 ESC 138:140 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 1 28 theme embryonic 117:125 arg1 cell 132:135 Mouse embryonic stem cell 111:135 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency 111:154 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 4 29 theme O-GlcNAc 685:692 arg1 modification 694:705 O-GlcNAc modification 685:705 O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 685:735 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 0 30 theme mouse 49:53 arg1 pluripotency 65:76 mouse stem cell pluripotency 49:76 mouse stem cell pluripotency 49:76 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. 34260942 4 31 theme serine 710:715 arg1 111 717:719 serine 111 710:719 serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 710:735 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 4 31 theme serine 710:715 arg1 S111 722:725 S111 722:725 S111 722:725 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 3 32 theme ESC 642:644 arg1 network 659:665 the ESC pluripotency network 638:665 the ESC pluripotency network 638:665 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 4 33 theme body 801:804 arg1 assembly 815:822 processing body (P-body) assembly 790:822 processing body (P-body) assembly 790:822 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 0 34 theme Psme3 33:37 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation 0:28 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 0:37 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. 34260942 1 35 theme extrinsic 210:218 arg1 factors 234:240 extrinsic and intrinsic factors 210:240 extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development 210:281 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 0 36 theme cell 60:63 arg1 pluripotency 65:76 mouse stem cell pluripotency 49:76 mouse stem cell pluripotency 49:76 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. 34260942 4 37 theme pluripotent 861:871 arg1 state 873:877 ESC pluripotent state 857:877 ESC pluripotent state 857:877 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 3 38 theme subunit 599:605 arg1 protein 617:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 1 39 theme stem 127:130 arg1 ESC 138:140 ESC 138:140 ESC 138:140 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 1 39 theme stem 127:130 arg1 cell 132:135 Mouse embryonic stem cell 111:135 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency 111:154 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 0 40 theme stem 55:58 arg1 pluripotency 65:76 mouse stem cell pluripotency 49:76 mouse stem cell pluripotency 49:76 Site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of Psme3 maintains mouse stem cell pluripotency by impairing P-body homeostasis. 34260942 4 41 theme ESC 857:859 arg1 state 873:877 ESC pluripotent state 857:877 ESC pluripotent state 857:877 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 5 42 theme ESC 1007:1009 arg1 exit 999:1002 spontaneous exit 987:1002 spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state 987:1036 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 1 43 theme cell 132:135 arg1 pluripotency 143:154 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency 111:154 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency 111:154 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 4 44 mod modification 694:705 arg1 111 717:719 serine 111 710:719 serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 710:735 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 4 44 mod modification 694:705 arg3 O-GlcNAc 685:692 O-GlcNAc modification 685:705 O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 685:735 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 4 44 mod modification 694:705 arg1 S111 722:725 S111 722:725 S111 722:725 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 6 45 theme homeostasis 1161:1171 arg1 control 1143:1149 control 1143:1149 control of P-body homeostasis 1143:1171 Our findings establish O-GlcNAcylation at S111 of Psme3 as a switch that regulates ESC pluripotency via control of P-body homeostasis. 34260942 5 46 theme Psme3 900:904 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 911:925 Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation 900:925 Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation 900:925 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 3 47 theme Psme3 610:614 arg1 protein 617:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 578:623 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 5 48 theme O-GlcNAcylation 911:925 arg1 loss 892:895 loss 892:895 loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation 892:925 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 4 49 theme state 873:877 arg1 maintenance 842:852 the maintenance 838:852 the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state 838:877 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 3 50 theme pluripotency 646:657 arg1 network 659:665 the ESC pluripotency network 638:665 the ESC pluripotency network 638:665 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 4 51 theme Psme3 731:735 arg1 111 717:719 serine 111 710:719 serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 710:735 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 4 51 theme Psme3 731:735 arg1 S111 722:725 S111 722:725 S111 722:725 Mechanistically, O-GlcNAc modification of serine 111 (S111) of Psme3 promotes degradation of Ddx6, which is essential for processing body (P-body) assembly, resulting in the maintenance of ESC pluripotent state. 34260942 2 52 theme sole 333:336 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 293:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 284:313 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 284:324 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 2 52 theme sole 333:336 arg1 glycosylation 338:350 the sole glycosylation 329:350 the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 329:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 1 53 theme intrinsic 224:232 arg1 factors 234:240 extrinsic and intrinsic factors 210:240 extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development 210:281 Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is tightly regulated by a complex network composed of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that allow proper organismal development. 34260942 2 54 theme pivotal 411:417 arg1 role 419:422 a pivotal role 409:422 a pivotal role 409:422 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 2 55 theme nuclear 382:388 arg1 proteins 390:397 cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 366:397 cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins 366:397 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is the sole glycosylation mark found on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and plays a pivotal role in regulating fundamental cellular processes; however, its function in ESC pluripotency is still largely unexplored. 34260942 5 56 from state 1032:1036 arg1 exit 999:1002 spontaneous exit 987:1002 spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state 987:1036 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 34260942 3 57 theme protein 617:623 arg1 node 630:633 a node 628:633 a node of the ESC pluripotency network 628:665 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 3 57 theme protein 617:623 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 559:573 O-GlcNAcylation 559:573 O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein 559:623 Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation of proteasome activator subunit 3 (Psme3) protein as a node of the ESC pluripotency network. 34260942 5 58 theme P-body 957:962 arg1 levels 964:969 P-body levels 957:969 P-body levels 957:969 Conversely, loss of Psme3 S111 O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes Ddx6 and increases P-body levels, culminating in spontaneous exit of ESC from the pluripotent state. 33317052 8 0 theme skeletal 1102:1109 arg1 muscle 1111:1116 skeletal muscle 1102:1116 skeletal muscle 1102:1116 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 6 1 dep DCN 625:627 arg1 mice 640:643 ngDCN mice 634:643 ngDCN mice 634:643 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 1 dep DCN 625:627 arg1 GAG 629:631 GAG 629:631 DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) 625:644 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 7 2 theme reduced 832:838 arg1 binding 867:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 0 3 theme Collagen 82:89 arg1 Assembly 91:98 Collagen Assembly 82:98 Collagen Assembly 82:98 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin Depends on MMP14 Activity and Regulates Collagen Assembly. 33317052 4 4 theme cells 489:493 arg1 DCN 431:433 non-glycanated DCN 416:433 non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) 416:441 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 4 4 theme cells 489:493 arg1 marker 463:468 a marker 461:468 a marker of adipose stromal cells 461:493 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 1 5 theme normal 162:167 arg1 function 169:176 normal function 162:176 normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle 162:214 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 4 6 theme stromal 481:487 arg1 cells 489:493 adipose stromal cells 473:493 adipose stromal cells 473:493 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 3 7 mod modified 309:316 arg1 amino-terminus 284:297 The amino-terminus 280:297 The amino-terminus of DCN 280:304 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 3 7 mod modified 309:316 arg3 glycosaminoglycan 335:351 an O-linked glycosaminoglycan 323:351 an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 323:357 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 3 7 mod modified 309:316 arg3 GAG 354:356 GAG 354:356 GAG 354:356 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 7 8 theme aberrant 937:944 arg1 processing 958:967 aberrant procollagen processing 937:967 aberrant procollagen processing 937:967 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 7 9 theme COL6 913:916 arg1 chains 918:923 truncated COL6 chains 903:923 truncated COL6 chains 903:923 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 8 10 from aging 1184:1188 arg1 mechanism 1137:1145 a new mechanism 1131:1145 a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging 1131:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 7 11 theme chains 918:923 arg1 binding 867:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 7 11 theme chains 918:923 arg1 production 889:898 increased production 879:898 increased production of truncated COL6 chains 879:923 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 1 12 dep collagens 122:130 arg1 collagens 122:130 collagens COL1 and COL6 122:144 collagens COL1 and COL6 122:144 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 1 12 dep collagens 122:130 arg1 COL6 141:144 COL6 141:144 COL6 141:144 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 1 12 dep collagens 122:130 arg1 COL1 132:135 COL1 132:135 COL1 132:135 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 6 13 theme matrix 659:664 arg1 adipocytes 685:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 13 theme matrix 659:664 arg1 rigidity 666:673 matrix rigidity 659:673 matrix rigidity 659:673 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 8 14 from dysfunction 1157:1167 arg1 aging 1184:1188 aging 1184:1188 aging 1184:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 8 14 from dysfunction 1157:1167 arg1 obesity 1172:1178 obesity 1172:1178 obesity 1172:1178 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 8 15 theme new 1133:1135 arg1 mechanism 1137:1145 a new mechanism 1131:1145 a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging 1131:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 6 16 theme muscle 731:736 arg1 adipocytes 685:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 16 theme muscle 731:736 arg1 hypotrophy 738:747 skeletal muscle hypotrophy 722:747 skeletal muscle hypotrophy 722:747 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 8 17 theme matrix 1150:1155 arg1 dysfunction 1157:1167 matrix dysfunction 1150:1167 matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging 1150:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 8 18 from obesity 1172:1178 arg1 mechanism 1137:1145 a new mechanism 1131:1145 a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging 1131:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 8 19 theme DCN 1036:1038 arg1 GAG 1029:1031 the GAG 1025:1031 the GAG of DCN 1025:1038 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 6 20 theme skeletal 722:729 arg1 adipocytes 685:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 20 theme skeletal 722:729 arg1 hypotrophy 738:747 skeletal muscle hypotrophy 722:747 skeletal muscle hypotrophy 722:747 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 1 21 theme adipose 181:187 arg1 tissue 189:194 adipose tissue 181:194 adipose tissue 181:194 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 0 22 theme Glycosaminoglycan 0:16 arg1 Modification 18:29 Glycosaminoglycan Modification 0:29 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin 0:40 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin Depends on MMP14 Activity and Regulates Collagen Assembly. 33317052 7 23 theme increased 879:887 arg1 production 889:898 increased production 879:898 increased production of truncated COL6 chains 879:923 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 1 24 theme Proper 101:106 arg1 processing 108:117 Proper processing 101:117 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 101:144 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 1 25 theme tissue 189:194 arg1 function 169:176 normal function 162:176 normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle 162:214 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 0 26 theme Decorin 34:40 arg1 Modification 18:29 Glycosaminoglycan Modification 0:29 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin 0:40 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin Depends on MMP14 Activity and Regulates Collagen Assembly. 33317052 3 27 link O-linked 326:333 arg1 GAG 354:356 GAG 354:356 GAG 354:356 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 3 27 link O-linked 326:333 arg1 glycosaminoglycan 335:351 an O-linked glycosaminoglycan 323:351 an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 323:357 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 8 28 theme dysfunction 1157:1167 arg1 mechanism 1137:1145 a new mechanism 1131:1145 a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging 1131:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 7 29 theme extracellular 973:985 arg1 localization 987:998 extracellular localization 973:998 extracellular localization 973:998 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 6 30 theme ngDCN 634:638 arg1 mice 640:643 ngDCN mice 634:643 ngDCN mice 634:643 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 30 theme ngDCN 634:638 arg1 GAG 629:631 GAG 629:631 DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) 625:644 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 1 31 theme skeletal 200:207 arg1 muscle 209:214 skeletal muscle 200:214 skeletal muscle 200:214 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 7 32 theme DCN 803:805 arg1 deglycanation 807:819 DCN deglycanation 803:819 DCN deglycanation 803:819 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 8 33 theme collagen 1062:1069 arg1 assembly 1071:1078 collagen assembly 1062:1078 collagen assembly 1062:1078 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 1 34 theme muscle 209:214 arg1 function 169:176 normal function 162:176 normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle 162:214 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 1 35 theme collagens 122:130 arg1 processing 108:117 Proper processing 101:117 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 101:144 Proper processing of collagens COL1 and COL6 is required for normal function of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. 33317052 0 36 theme MMP14 53:57 arg1 Activity 59:66 MMP14 Activity 53:66 MMP14 Activity 53:66 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin Depends on MMP14 Activity and Regulates Collagen Assembly. 33317052 8 37 from mechanism 1137:1145 arg1 aging 1184:1188 aging 1184:1188 aging 1184:1188 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 8 37 from mechanism 1137:1145 arg1 obesity 1172:1178 obesity 1172:1178 obesity 1172:1178 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33317052 2 38 theme Proteoglycan 217:228 arg1 DCN 239:241 DCN 239:241 DCN 239:241 Proteoglycan decorin (DCN) regulates collagen fiber formation. 33317052 2 38 theme Proteoglycan 217:228 arg1 decorin 230:236 Proteoglycan decorin 217:236 Proteoglycan decorin (DCN) 217:242 Proteoglycan decorin (DCN) regulates collagen fiber formation. 33317052 0 39 mod Modification 18:29 arg3 Glycosaminoglycan 0:16 Glycosaminoglycan Modification 0:29 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin 0:40 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin Depends on MMP14 Activity and Regulates Collagen Assembly. 33317052 0 39 mod Modification 18:29 arg1 Decorin 34:40 Decorin 34:40 Decorin 34:40 Glycosaminoglycan Modification of Decorin Depends on MMP14 Activity and Regulates Collagen Assembly. 33317052 2 40 theme fiber 263:267 arg1 formation 269:277 collagen fiber formation 254:277 collagen fiber formation 254:277 Proteoglycan decorin (DCN) regulates collagen fiber formation. 33317052 6 41 theme fragile 697:703 arg1 adipocytes 685:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 41 theme fragile 697:703 arg1 skin 705:708 fragile skin 697:708 fragile skin 697:708 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 3 42 theme DCN 302:304 arg1 amino-terminus 284:297 The amino-terminus 280:297 The amino-terminus of DCN 280:304 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 2 43 theme collagen 254:261 arg1 formation 269:277 collagen fiber formation 254:277 collagen fiber formation 254:277 Proteoglycan decorin (DCN) regulates collagen fiber formation. 33317052 7 44 theme procollagen 946:956 arg1 processing 958:967 aberrant procollagen processing 937:967 aberrant procollagen processing 937:967 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 7 45 theme truncated 903:911 arg1 chains 918:923 truncated COL6 chains 903:923 truncated COL6 chains 903:923 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 7 46 theme intracellular 840:852 arg1 binding 867:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 3 47 theme O-linked 326:333 arg1 GAG 354:356 GAG 354:356 GAG 354:356 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 3 47 theme O-linked 326:333 arg1 glycosaminoglycan 335:351 an O-linked glycosaminoglycan 323:351 an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 323:357 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 4 48 theme non-glycanated 416:429 arg1 ngDCN 436:440 ngDCN 436:440 ngDCN 436:440 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 4 48 theme non-glycanated 416:429 arg1 DCN 431:433 non-glycanated DCN 416:433 non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) 416:441 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 4 48 theme non-glycanated 416:429 arg1 marker 463:468 a marker 461:468 a marker of adipose stromal cells 461:493 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 7 49 theme DCN-collagen 854:865 arg1 binding 867:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding 832:873 Our results indicate that DCN deglycanation results in reduced intracellular DCN-collagen binding and increased production of truncated COL6 chains, leading to aberrant procollagen processing and extracellular localization. 33317052 3 50 theme glycosaminoglycan 335:351 arg1 function 364:371 the function 360:371 the function 360:371 The amino-terminus of DCN is modified with an O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the function of which has remained unclear. 33317052 4 51 theme adipose 473:479 arg1 cells 489:493 adipose stromal cells 473:493 adipose stromal cells 473:493 Previously, non-glycanated DCN (ngDCN) was identified as a marker of adipose stromal cells. 33317052 6 52 theme enlarged 676:683 arg1 dysfunction 764:774 dysfunction 764:774 dysfunction 764:774 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 52 theme enlarged 676:683 arg1 rigidity 666:673 matrix rigidity 659:673 matrix rigidity 659:673 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 52 theme enlarged 676:683 arg1 skin 705:708 fragile skin 697:708 fragile skin 697:708 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 52 theme enlarged 676:683 arg1 hypotrophy 738:747 skeletal muscle hypotrophy 722:747 skeletal muscle hypotrophy 722:747 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 52 theme enlarged 676:683 arg1 fibrosis 750:757 fibrosis 750:757 fibrosis 750:757 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 6 52 theme enlarged 676:683 arg1 adipocytes 685:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 enlarged adipocytes 676:694 We demonstrate that mice ubiquitously lacking DCN GAG (ngDCN mice) have reduced matrix rigidity, enlarged adipocytes, fragile skin, as well as skeletal muscle hypotrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. 33317052 8 53 theme adipose 1083:1089 arg1 tissue 1091:1096 adipose tissue 1083:1096 adipose tissue 1083:1096 This study reveals that the GAG of DCN functions to regulate collagen assembly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and uncovers a new mechanism of matrix dysfunction in obesity and aging. 33219380 3 0 theme α-ketoglutarate 502:516 arg1 concentration 518:530 cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration 493:530 cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration 493:530 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 6 1 theme IDH2 932:935 arg1 content 937:943 the IDH2 content 928:943 the IDH2 content 928:943 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 8 2 theme AMPKα1 1463:1468 arg1 effect 1453:1458 the regulatory effect 1438:1458 the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 1438:1476 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 5 3 contain containing 900:909 arg2 16 911:912 16 911:912 16 911:912 Our data suggested that brown adipogenesis was compromised due to IDH2 deficiency in vitro, which was accompanied by down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16. 33219380 5 3 contain containing 900:909 arg1 PR-domain 890:898 PR-domain 890:898 PR-domain containing 16 890:912 Our data suggested that brown adipogenesis was compromised due to IDH2 deficiency in vitro, which was accompanied by down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16. 33219380 2 4 theme responsible 321:331 arg1 dehydrogenase 272:284 isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 261:286 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) 257:293 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 2 4 theme responsible 321:331 arg1 enzyme 314:319 a mitochondrial enzyme 298:319 a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes 298:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 6 5 theme histone 1081:1087 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1098:1112 histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation 1081:1112 histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation 1081:1112 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 10 6 theme H2B 1783:1785 arg1 modification 1803:1814 H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification 1783:1814 H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification 1783:1814 Taken together, our data demonstrated that IDH2 is necessary for brown adipogenesis and that AMPKα1 deficiency attenuates Idh2 expression, which might be by suppressing H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification. 33219380 10 7 theme AMPKα1 1707:1712 arg1 deficiency 1714:1723 AMPKα1 deficiency 1707:1723 AMPKα1 deficiency 1707:1723 Taken together, our data demonstrated that IDH2 is necessary for brown adipogenesis and that AMPKα1 deficiency attenuates Idh2 expression, which might be by suppressing H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification. 33219380 6 8 theme monoubiquitination 1118:1135 arg1 contents 1069:1076 lower contents 1063:1076 lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination 1063:1135 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 7 9 theme 2B 1202:1203 arg1 contents 1212:1219 both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents 1151:1219 both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter 1151:1240 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 8 10 theme transferase 1324:1334 arg1 Meanwhile 1276:1284 Meanwhile 1276:1284 Meanwhile 1276:1284 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 8 10 theme transferase 1324:1334 arg1 expression 1342:1351 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 2 11 theme isocitrate 261:270 arg1 enzyme 314:319 a mitochondrial enzyme 298:319 a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes 298:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 2 11 theme isocitrate 261:270 arg1 dehydrogenase 272:284 isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 261:286 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) 257:293 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 2 11 theme isocitrate 261:270 arg1 IDH2 289:292 IDH2 289:292 IDH2 289:292 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 6 12 theme H2B 1093:1095 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1098:1112 histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation 1081:1112 histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation 1081:1112 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 8 13 from effect 1453:1458 arg1 Idh2 1473:1476 Idh2 1473:1476 Idh2 1473:1476 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 6 14 dep knockout 1018:1025 arg1 KO 1028:1029 KO 1028:1029 KO 1028:1029 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 7 15 theme GlcNAcylated-H2B 1156:1171 arg1 contents 1212:1219 both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents 1151:1219 both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter 1151:1240 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 3 16 theme adipocyte 545:553 arg1 differentiation 555:569 brown adipocyte differentiation 539:569 brown adipocyte differentiation 539:569 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 1 17 theme adipose 189:195 arg1 BAT 205:207 BAT 205:207 BAT 205:207 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 1 17 theme adipose 189:195 arg1 tissue 197:202 brown adipose tissue 183:202 brown adipose tissue (BAT) 183:208 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 6 18 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1098:1112 arg1 contents 1069:1076 lower contents 1063:1076 lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination 1063:1135 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 9 19 located observed 1542:1549 arg2 activity 1503:1510 reduced AMPKα1 activity 1488:1510 reduced AMPKα1 activity 1488:1510 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 9 19 located observed 1542:1549 arg1 BAT 1554:1556 BAT 1554:1556 BAT of obese mice 1554:1570 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 9 19 located observed 1542:1549 arg2 abundance 1527:1535 lower IDH2 abundance 1516:1535 lower IDH2 abundance 1516:1535 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 5 20 from deficiency 825:834 arg1 vitro 839:843 vitro 839:843 vitro 839:843 Our data suggested that brown adipogenesis was compromised due to IDH2 deficiency in vitro, which was accompanied by down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16. 33219380 7 21 theme ubiquityl-histone 1184:1200 arg1 K120 1206:1209 K120 1206:1209 K120 1206:1209 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 7 21 theme ubiquityl-histone 1184:1200 arg1 2B 1202:1203 ubiquityl-histone 2B 1184:1203 ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) 1184:1210 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 1 22 theme AMP-activated 91:103 arg1 kinase 113:118 AMP-activated protein kinase 91:118 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 91:125 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 1 22 theme AMP-activated 91:103 arg1 AMPK 121:124 AMPK 121:124 AMPK 121:124 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 1 23 theme brown 183:187 arg1 BAT 205:207 BAT 205:207 BAT 205:207 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 1 23 theme brown 183:187 arg1 tissue 197:202 brown adipose tissue 183:202 brown adipose tissue (BAT) 183:208 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 9 24 theme reduced 1488:1494 arg1 activity 1503:1510 reduced AMPKα1 activity 1488:1510 reduced AMPKα1 activity 1488:1510 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 6 25 theme vascular 974:981 arg1 cells 983:987 brown stromal vascular cells 960:987 brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination 960:1135 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 6 25 theme vascular 974:981 arg1 BSVs 990:993 BSVs 990:993 BSVs 990:993 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 7 26 theme KO 1267:1268 arg1 BSVs 1270:1273 AMPKα1 KO BSVs 1260:1273 AMPKα1 KO BSVs 1260:1273 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 10 27 theme Idh2 1736:1739 arg1 expression 1741:1750 Idh2 expression 1736:1750 Idh2 expression 1736:1750 Taken together, our data demonstrated that IDH2 is necessary for brown adipogenesis and that AMPKα1 deficiency attenuates Idh2 expression, which might be by suppressing H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification. 33219380 1 28 theme protein 105:111 arg1 kinase 113:118 AMP-activated protein kinase 91:118 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 91:125 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 1 28 theme protein 105:111 arg1 AMPK 121:124 AMPK 121:124 AMPK 121:124 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 8 29 link O-linked 1295:1302 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 8 29 link O-linked 1295:1302 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1295:1334 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 2 30 theme α-ketoglutarate 355:369 arg1 production 341:350 the production 337:350 the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes 337:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 7 31 from contents 1212:1219 arg1 promoter 1233:1240 the Idh2 promoter 1224:1240 the Idh2 promoter 1224:1240 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 3 32 theme AMPKα1 590:595 arg1 effect 580:585 the effect 576:585 the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression 576:614 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 1 33 theme tissue 197:202 arg1 development 152:162 development 152:162 development 152:162 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 1 33 theme tissue 197:202 arg1 maintenance 168:178 maintenance 168:178 maintenance 168:178 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 2 34 theme metabolic 423:431 arg1 processes 433:441 multiple metabolic processes 414:441 multiple metabolic processes 414:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 6 35 theme lower 1063:1067 arg1 contents 1069:1076 lower contents 1063:1076 lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination 1063:1135 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 9 36 theme mice 1567:1570 arg1 BAT 1554:1556 BAT 1554:1556 BAT of obese mice 1554:1570 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 8 37 theme O-linked 1295:1302 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 8 37 theme O-linked 1295:1302 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1295:1334 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 2 38 theme multiple 414:421 arg1 processes 433:441 multiple metabolic processes 414:441 multiple metabolic processes 414:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 9 39 theme lower 1516:1520 arg1 abundance 1527:1535 lower IDH2 abundance 1516:1535 lower IDH2 abundance 1516:1535 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 1 40 dep development 152:162 arg1 the 148:150 the 148:150 the 148:150 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is indispensable for the development and maintenance of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and its activity is inhibited due to obesity. 33219380 9 41 theme AMPKα1 1496:1501 arg1 activity 1503:1510 reduced AMPKα1 activity 1488:1510 reduced AMPKα1 activity 1488:1510 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 4 42 theme present 642:648 arg1 study 650:654 the present study 638:654 the present study 638:654 In the present study, mouse C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with Idh2-CRISPR/Cas9, and induced to brown adipogenesis. 33219380 0 43 theme H2B 44:46 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 48:62 H2B O-GlcNAcylation 44:62 H2B O-GlcNAcylation 44:62 AMPKα1 regulates Idh2 transcription through H2B O-GlcNAcylation during brown adipogenesis. 33219380 3 44 theme cellular 493:500 arg1 concentration 518:530 cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration 493:530 cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration 493:530 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 4 45 theme mouse 657:661 arg1 cells 673:677 mouse C3H10T1/2 cells 657:677 mouse C3H10T1/2 cells 657:677 In the present study, mouse C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with Idh2-CRISPR/Cas9, and induced to brown adipogenesis. 33219380 8 46 theme Idh2 1384:1387 arg1 expression 1389:1398 Idh2 expression 1384:1398 Idh2 expression 1384:1398 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 2 47 theme intermediate 378:389 arg1 metabolite 391:400 a key intermediate metabolite 372:400 a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes 372:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 2 47 theme intermediate 378:389 arg1 α-ketoglutarate 355:369 α-ketoglutarate 355:369 α-ketoglutarate 355:369 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 6 48 theme stromal 966:972 arg1 cells 983:987 brown stromal vascular cells 960:987 brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination 960:1135 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 6 48 theme stromal 966:972 arg1 BSVs 990:993 BSVs 990:993 BSVs 990:993 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 5 49 theme PR-domain 890:898 arg1 down-regulation 871:885 down-regulation 871:885 down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16 871:912 Our data suggested that brown adipogenesis was compromised due to IDH2 deficiency in vitro, which was accompanied by down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16. 33219380 2 50 theme key 374:376 arg1 metabolite 391:400 a key intermediate metabolite 372:400 a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes 372:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 2 50 theme key 374:376 arg1 α-ketoglutarate 355:369 α-ketoglutarate 355:369 α-ketoglutarate 355:369 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 6 51 theme brown 960:964 arg1 cells 983:987 brown stromal vascular cells 960:987 brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination 960:1135 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 6 51 theme brown 960:964 arg1 BSVs 990:993 BSVs 990:993 BSVs 990:993 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 5 52 theme brown 778:782 arg1 adipogenesis 784:795 brown adipogenesis 778:795 brown adipogenesis 778:795 Our data suggested that brown adipogenesis was compromised due to IDH2 deficiency in vitro, which was accompanied by down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16. 33219380 9 53 theme obese 1561:1565 arg1 mice 1567:1570 obese mice 1561:1570 obese mice 1561:1570 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 10 54 theme brown 1679:1683 arg1 adipogenesis 1685:1696 brown adipogenesis 1679:1696 brown adipogenesis 1679:1696 Taken together, our data demonstrated that IDH2 is necessary for brown adipogenesis and that AMPKα1 deficiency attenuates Idh2 expression, which might be by suppressing H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification. 33219380 5 55 theme IDH2 820:823 arg1 deficiency 825:834 IDH2 deficiency 820:834 IDH2 deficiency 820:834 Our data suggested that brown adipogenesis was compromised due to IDH2 deficiency in vitro, which was accompanied by down-regulation of PR-domain containing 16. 33219380 10 56 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1787:1801 arg1 modification 1803:1814 H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification 1783:1814 H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification 1783:1814 Taken together, our data demonstrated that IDH2 is necessary for brown adipogenesis and that AMPKα1 deficiency attenuates Idh2 expression, which might be by suppressing H2B O-GlcNAcylation modification. 33219380 3 57 theme Idh2 600:603 arg1 expression 605:614 Idh2 expression 600:614 Idh2 expression 600:614 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 2 58 theme mitochondrial 300:312 arg1 dehydrogenase 272:284 isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 261:286 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) 257:293 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 2 58 theme mitochondrial 300:312 arg1 enzyme 314:319 a mitochondrial enzyme 298:319 a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes 298:441 The isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the production of α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate metabolite integrating multiple metabolic processes. 33219380 9 59 theme control 1600:1606 arg1 mice 1608:1611 control mice 1600:1611 control mice 1600:1611 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 8 60 theme regulatory 1442:1451 arg1 effect 1453:1458 the regulatory effect 1438:1458 the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 1438:1476 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 8 61 theme OGT 1407:1409 arg1 mutation 1419:1426 OGT (T444A) mutation 1407:1426 OGT (T444A) mutation 1407:1426 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 3 62 theme AMPKα1 469:474 arg1 ablation 476:483 AMPKα1 ablation 469:483 AMPKα1 ablation 469:483 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 3 63 from effect 580:585 arg1 expression 605:614 Idh2 expression 600:614 Idh2 expression 600:614 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 9 64 theme IDH2 1522:1525 arg1 abundance 1527:1535 lower IDH2 abundance 1516:1535 lower IDH2 abundance 1516:1535 In vivo, reduced AMPKα1 activity and lower IDH2 abundance were observed in BAT of obese mice when compared with those in control mice. 33219380 7 65 theme AMPKα1 1260:1265 arg1 BSVs 1270:1273 AMPKα1 KO BSVs 1260:1273 AMPKα1 KO BSVs 1260:1273 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 8 66 theme ectopic 1287:1293 arg1 Meanwhile 1276:1284 Meanwhile 1276:1284 Meanwhile 1276:1284 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 8 66 theme ectopic 1287:1293 arg1 expression 1342:1351 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 4 67 theme brown 734:738 arg1 adipogenesis 740:751 brown adipogenesis 734:751 brown adipogenesis 734:751 In the present study, mouse C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with Idh2-CRISPR/Cas9, and induced to brown adipogenesis. 33219380 8 68 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1304:1322 arg1 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 OGT 1337:1339 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 8 68 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1304:1322 arg1 transferase 1324:1334 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1295:1334 ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression 1287:1351 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 6 69 theme 2B 1089:1090 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1098:1112 histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation 1081:1112 histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation 1081:1112 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 33219380 8 70 theme T444A 1412:1416 arg1 mutation 1419:1426 OGT (T444A) mutation 1407:1426 OGT (T444A) mutation 1407:1426 Meanwhile, ectopic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression was positively correlated with Idh2 expression, while OGT (T444A) mutation abolished the regulatory effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2. 33219380 7 71 theme Idh2 1228:1231 arg1 promoter 1233:1240 the Idh2 promoter 1224:1240 the Idh2 promoter 1224:1240 Furthermore, both GlcNAcylated-H2B (S112) and ubiquityl-histone 2B (K120) contents in the Idh2 promoter were decreased in AMPKα1 KO BSVs. 33219380 4 72 theme C3H10T1/2 663:671 arg1 cells 673:677 mouse C3H10T1/2 cells 657:677 mouse C3H10T1/2 cells 657:677 In the present study, mouse C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with Idh2-CRISPR/Cas9, and induced to brown adipogenesis. 33219380 0 73 theme brown 71:75 arg1 adipogenesis 77:88 brown adipogenesis 71:88 brown adipogenesis 71:88 AMPKα1 regulates Idh2 transcription through H2B O-GlcNAcylation during brown adipogenesis. 33219380 0 74 theme Idh2 17:20 arg1 transcription 22:34 Idh2 transcription 17:34 Idh2 transcription 17:34 AMPKα1 regulates Idh2 transcription through H2B O-GlcNAcylation during brown adipogenesis. 33219380 3 75 theme brown 539:543 arg1 differentiation 555:569 brown adipocyte differentiation 539:569 brown adipocyte differentiation 539:569 We previously found that AMPKα1 ablation reduced cellular α-ketoglutarate concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation, but the effect of AMPKα1 on Idh2 expression remains undefined. 33219380 6 76 theme knockout 1018:1025 arg1 BAT 1032:1034 AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT 1011:1034 AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT 1011:1034 Importantly, the IDH2 content was reduced in brown stromal vascular cells (BSVs) separated from AMPKα1 knockout (KO) BAT, which was associated with lower contents of histone 2B (H2B) O-GlcNAcylation and monoubiquitination. 34069226 8 0 theme FcγRIV-/- 1213:1221 arg1 mice 1223:1226 FcγRIV-/- mice 1213:1226 FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose 1213:1288 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 10 1 gly afucosylated 1416:1427 arg1 antibodies 1440:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 5 2 theme hIgG1-TA99 647:656 arg1 antibodies 658:667 humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies 637:667 humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies with and without core-fucose 637:696 We generated humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies with and without core-fucose. 34069226 10 3 theme afucosylated 1416:1427 arg1 antibodies 1440:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 8 4 located observed 1182:1189 arg1 agreement 1129:1137 agreement 1129:1137 agreement with this 1129:1147 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 8 4 located observed 1182:1189 arg2 differences 1165:1175 no significant differences 1150:1175 no significant differences 1150:1175 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 8 4 located observed 1182:1189 arg1 outgrowth 1200:1208 tumor outgrowth 1194:1208 tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose 1194:1288 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 7 5 gly Afucosylated 928:939 arg1 IgG1 947:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 928:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 928:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 4 6 from treatment 597:605 arg1 models 616:621 mouse models 610:621 mouse models 610:621 However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. 34069226 7 7 theme human 1028:1032 arg1 FcγRIIIa 1034:1041 human FcγRIIIa 1028:1041 human FcγRIIIa 1028:1041 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 1 8 theme natural 155:161 arg1 modifications 183:195 natural and non-immunogenic modifications 155:195 natural and non-immunogenic modifications 155:195 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. 34069226 7 9 theme human 941:945 arg1 IgG1 947:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 928:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 928:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 2 10 link N-linked 242:249 arg1 oligosaccharide 251:265 an N-linked oligosaccharide 239:265 an N-linked oligosaccharide 239:265 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 10 11 theme mouse 1487:1491 arg1 models 1493:1498 mouse models 1487:1498 mouse models 1487:1498 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 7 12 theme FcγRIIIa 1034:1041 arg1 FcγRIV 996:1001 the murine FcγRIV 985:1001 the murine FcγRIV 985:1001 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 7 12 theme FcγRIIIa 1034:1041 arg1 orthologue 1014:1023 the mouse orthologue 1004:1023 the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa 1004:1041 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 4 13 theme effective 587:595 arg1 treatment 597:605 more effective treatment 582:605 more effective treatment in mouse models 582:621 However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. 34069226 0 14 from Therapy 51:57 arg1 Mice 62:65 Mice 62:65 Mice 62:65 Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. 34069226 6 15 theme afucosylated 852:863 arg1 hIgG1-TA99 865:874 afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 852:874 afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99 852:925 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 8 16 theme human 1241:1245 arg1 hIgG1-TA99 1247:1256 human hIgG1-TA99 1241:1256 human hIgG1-TA99 1241:1256 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 7 17 theme stronger 959:966 arg1 interaction 968:978 stronger interaction 959:978 stronger interaction 959:978 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 3 18 theme enhanced 403:410 arg1 cytotoxicity 436:447 enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 403:447 enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 403:447 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 3 19 theme dependent 421:429 arg1 cytotoxicity 436:447 enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 403:447 enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 403:447 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 3 20 theme enhanced 349:356 arg1 binding 358:364 enhanced binding 349:364 enhanced binding 349:364 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 8 21 theme core 1278:1281 arg1 fucose 1283:1288 the core fucose 1274:1288 the core fucose 1274:1288 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 1 22 theme Promising 68:76 arg1 strategies 78:87 Promising strategies 68:87 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions 68:125 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. 34069226 1 23 theme non-immunogenic 167:181 arg1 modifications 183:195 natural and non-immunogenic modifications 155:195 natural and non-immunogenic modifications 155:195 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. 34069226 3 24 theme FcγR 376:379 arg1 IIIa/b 382:387 human (FcγR) IIIa/b 369:387 human (FcγR) IIIa/b 369:387 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 10 25 theme afucosylated 1524:1535 arg1 antibodies 1537:1546 afucosylated antibodies 1524:1546 afucosylated antibodies 1524:1546 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 7 26 theme mouse 1008:1012 arg1 FcγRIV 996:1001 the murine FcγRIV 985:1001 the murine FcγRIV 985:1001 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 7 26 theme mouse 1008:1012 arg1 orthologue 1014:1023 the mouse orthologue 1004:1023 the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa 1004:1041 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 1 27 theme modifications 183:195 arg1 introduction 139:150 the introduction 135:150 the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications 135:195 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. 34069226 0 28 theme Afucosylated 0:11 arg1 IgG 13:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. 34069226 5 29 theme humanized 637:645 arg1 antibodies 658:667 humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies 637:667 humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies with and without core-fucose 637:696 We generated humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies with and without core-fucose. 34069226 6 30 theme C57Bl/6 699:705 arg1 mice 707:710 C57Bl/6 mice 699:710 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma 699:779 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 3 31 theme human 369:373 arg1 IIIa/b 382:387 human (FcγR) IIIa/b 369:387 human (FcγR) IIIa/b 369:387 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 3 32 theme Human 284:288 arg1 antibodies 294:303 Human IgG antibodies 284:303 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan 284:342 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 6 33 theme metastasis 810:819 arg1 outgrowth 821:829 significantly less metastasis outgrowth 791:829 significantly less metastasis outgrowth 791:829 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 8 34 with agreement 1129:1137 arg1 this 1144:1147 this 1144:1147 this 1144:1147 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 10 35 theme IgG1 1435:1438 arg1 antibodies 1440:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 4 36 theme IgG 563:565 arg1 modifications 540:552 glycan-enhancing modifications 523:552 glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG 523:565 However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. 34069226 3 37 theme IgG 290:292 arg1 antibodies 294:303 Human IgG antibodies 284:303 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan 284:342 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 1 38 theme IgG 104:106 arg1 functions 117:125 IgG effector functions 104:125 IgG effector functions 104:125 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. 34069226 0 39 theme Enhanced 36:43 arg1 Therapy 51:57 Enhanced Tumor Therapy 36:57 Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice 36:65 Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. 34069226 4 40 theme human 557:561 arg1 IgG 563:565 human IgG 557:565 human IgG 557:565 However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. 34069226 8 41 theme significant 1153:1163 arg1 differences 1165:1175 no significant differences 1150:1175 no significant differences 1150:1175 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 0 42 gly Afucosylated 0:11 arg1 IgG 13:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG 0:15 Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. 34069226 10 43 gly afucosylated 1524:1535 arg1 antibodies 1537:1546 afucosylated antibodies 1524:1546 afucosylated antibodies 1524:1546 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 9 44 gly afucosylated 1336:1347 arg1 IgG 1361:1363 afucosylated therapeutic IgG 1336:1363 afucosylated therapeutic IgG 1336:1363 These results confirm the potential of using afucosylated therapeutic IgG to increase their efficacy. 34069226 8 45 from outgrowth 1200:1208 arg1 mice 1223:1226 FcγRIV-/- mice 1213:1226 FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose 1213:1288 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 6 46 theme less 805:808 arg1 outgrowth 821:829 significantly less metastasis outgrowth 791:829 significantly less metastasis outgrowth 791:829 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 6 47 with treatment 837:845 arg1 hIgG1-TA99 865:874 afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 852:874 afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99 852:925 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 6 48 theme wildtype 906:913 arg1 hhIgG1-TA99 915:925 wildtype hhIgG1-TA99 906:925 wildtype hhIgG1-TA99 906:925 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 2 49 theme antibodies 219:228 arg1 domain 205:210 The Fc domain 198:210 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies 198:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 49 theme antibodies 219:228 arg1 antibodies 219:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 3 50 contain have 344:347 arg2 binding 358:364 enhanced binding 349:364 enhanced binding 349:364 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 3 50 contain have 344:347 arg1 antibodies 294:303 Human IgG antibodies 284:303 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan 284:342 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 1 51 theme effector 108:115 arg1 functions 117:125 IgG effector functions 104:125 IgG effector functions 104:125 Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. 34069226 0 52 theme Tumor 45:49 arg1 Therapy 51:57 Enhanced Tumor Therapy 36:57 Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice 36:65 Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. 34069226 4 53 theme glycan-enhancing 523:538 arg1 modifications 540:552 glycan-enhancing modifications 523:552 glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG 523:565 However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. 34069226 3 54 theme core 317:320 arg1 fucose 322:327 the core fucose 313:327 the core fucose in this glycan 313:342 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 3 55 from fucose 322:327 arg1 glycan 337:342 this glycan 332:342 this glycan 332:342 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 2 56 theme IgG 215:217 arg1 antibodies 219:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 7 57 theme glycan 1065:1070 arg1 change 1072:1077 this glycan change 1060:1077 this glycan change 1060:1077 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 6 58 gly afucosylated 852:863 arg1 hIgG1-TA99 865:874 afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 852:874 afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99 852:925 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 7 59 theme murine 989:994 arg1 FcγRIV 996:1001 the murine FcγRIV 985:1001 the murine FcγRIV 985:1001 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 7 59 theme murine 989:994 arg1 orthologue 1014:1023 the mouse orthologue 1004:1023 the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa 1004:1041 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 2 60 theme Fc 202:203 arg1 domain 205:210 The Fc domain 198:210 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies 198:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 60 theme Fc 202:203 arg1 antibodies 219:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 7 61 theme Afucosylated 928:939 arg1 IgG1 947:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 928:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 928:950 Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. 34069226 6 62 theme mouse 766:770 arg1 melanoma 772:779 B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma 754:779 B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma 754:779 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 9 63 theme afucosylated 1336:1347 arg1 IgG 1361:1363 afucosylated therapeutic IgG 1336:1363 afucosylated therapeutic IgG 1336:1363 These results confirm the potential of using afucosylated therapeutic IgG to increase their efficacy. 34069226 6 64 theme B16F10-gp75 754:764 arg1 melanoma 772:779 B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma 754:779 B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma 754:779 C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. 34069226 3 65 theme cell 431:434 arg1 cytotoxicity 436:447 enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 403:447 enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 403:447 Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. 34069226 2 66 contain contains 230:237 arg2 oligosaccharide 251:265 an N-linked oligosaccharide 239:265 an N-linked oligosaccharide 239:265 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 66 contain contains 230:237 arg2 domain 205:210 The Fc domain 198:210 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies 198:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 66 contain contains 230:237 arg1 antibodies 219:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 66 contain contains 230:237 arg1 domain 205:210 The Fc domain 198:210 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies 198:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 66 contain contains 230:237 arg2 antibodies 219:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 IgG antibodies 215:228 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 2 66 contain contains 230:237 arg1 position 270:277 position 297 270:281 position 297 270:281 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 8 67 theme tumor 1194:1198 arg1 outgrowth 1200:1208 tumor outgrowth 1194:1208 tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose 1194:1288 In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. 34069226 9 68 theme therapeutic 1349:1359 arg1 IgG 1361:1363 afucosylated therapeutic IgG 1336:1363 afucosylated therapeutic IgG 1336:1363 These results confirm the potential of using afucosylated therapeutic IgG to increase their efficacy. 34069226 2 69 theme N-linked 242:249 arg1 oligosaccharide 251:265 an N-linked oligosaccharide 239:265 an N-linked oligosaccharide 239:265 The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. 34069226 10 70 theme human 1429:1433 arg1 antibodies 1440:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies 1416:1449 Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies. 34069226 4 71 theme mouse 610:614 arg1 models 616:621 mouse models 610:621 mouse models 610:621 However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. 32264694 10 0 theme goose 1037:1041 arg1 protein 1048:1054 the goose TSHR protein 1033:1054 the goose TSHR protein 1033:1054 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 0 theme goose 1037:1041 arg1 related 1068:1074 related 1068:1074 related 1068:1074 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 8 1 theme putative 810:817 arg1 domains 833:839 seven putative transmembrane domains 804:839 seven putative transmembrane domains 804:839 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 10 2 theme avian 1094:1098 arg1 chickens 1129:1136 chickens 1129:1136 chickens 1129:1136 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 2 theme avian 1094:1098 arg1 species 1100:1106 other avian species 1088:1106 other avian species 1088:1106 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 2 theme avian 1094:1098 arg1 duck 1120:1123 duck 1120:1123 duck 1120:1123 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 13 3 located detected 1346:1353 arg1 population 1375:1384 the Landes goose population 1358:1384 the Landes goose population 1358:1384 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 13 3 located detected 1346:1353 arg2 genotypes 1331:1339 GG and GA genotypes 1321:1339 GG and GA genotypes 1321:1339 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 8 4 contain contained 794:802 arg1 sequences 784:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 4 contain contained 794:802 arg2 domains 833:839 seven putative transmembrane domains 804:839 seven putative transmembrane domains 804:839 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 13 5 theme goose 1369:1373 arg1 population 1375:1384 the Landes goose population 1358:1384 the Landes goose population 1358:1384 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 8 6 theme TSHR-3 850:855 arg1 protein 857:863 the TSHR-3 protein 846:863 the TSHR-3 protein 846:863 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 6 7 theme goose 510:514 arg1 TSHR-3 572:577 TSHR-3 572:577 TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) 572:623 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 6 7 theme goose 510:514 arg1 TSHR 516:519 goose TSHR 510:519 goose TSHR 510:519 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 6 7 theme goose 510:514 arg1 TSHR-4 629:634 TSHR-4 629:634 TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript) 629:707 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 6 7 theme goose 510:514 arg1 TSHR-2 522:527 TSHR-2 522:527 TSHR-2 522:527 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 3 8 from characterisation 308:323 arg1 goose 336:340 goose 336:340 goose 336:340 However, the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose is unknown. 32264694 15 9 attach derived 1485:1491 arg1 study 1503:1507 this study 1498:1507 this study 1498:1507 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 15 9 attach derived 1485:1491 arg2 information 1473:1483 All the information 1465:1483 All the information derived from this study 1465:1507 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 2 10 contain has 176:178 arg1 receptor 161:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor 138:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals 138:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 10 contain has 176:178 arg1 receptor 119:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor 87:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) 87:133 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 10 contain has 176:178 arg2 role 190:193 a pivotal role 180:193 a pivotal role 180:193 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 12 11 theme nucleotide 1178:1187 arg1 SNPs 1204:1207 SNPs 1204:1207 SNPs 1204:1207 One microsatellite and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. 32264694 12 11 theme nucleotide 1178:1187 arg1 polymorphisms 1189:1201 three single nucleotide polymorphisms 1165:1201 three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 1165:1208 One microsatellite and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. 32264694 6 12 theme novel 485:489 arg1 variants 498:505 another three novel splice variants 471:505 another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript) 471:707 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 2 13 theme photoperiod 223:233 arg1 control 235:241 photoperiod control 223:241 photoperiod control 223:241 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 6 14 theme TSHR-1 552:557 arg1 transcript 559:568 TSHR-1 transcript 552:568 TSHR-1 transcript 552:568 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 5 15 theme amino 436:440 arg1 acids 442:446 763 amino acids 432:446 763 amino acids 432:446 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 6 16 from exon 542:545 arg1 transcript 559:568 TSHR-1 transcript 552:568 TSHR-1 transcript 552:568 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 15 17 theme further 1524:1530 arg1 studies 1532:1538 further studies 1524:1538 further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene 1524:1578 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 0 18 theme gene 51:54 arg1 cloning 10:16 Molecular cloning 0:16 Molecular cloning 0:16 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 0 18 theme gene 51:54 arg1 analysis 30:37 variant analysis 22:37 variant analysis 22:37 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 2 19 theme metabolic 198:206 arg1 regulation 208:217 metabolic regulation 198:217 metabolic regulation 198:217 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 5 20 theme goose 361:365 arg1 protein 421:427 a protein 419:427 a protein of 763 amino acids 419:446 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 20 theme goose 361:365 arg1 TSHR-1 378:383 TSHR-1 378:383 TSHR-1 378:383 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 20 theme goose 361:365 arg1 cDNA 372:375 The goose TSHR cDNA 357:375 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) 357:384 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 20 theme goose 361:365 arg1 bp 394:395 2334 bp 389:395 2334 bp in length 389:405 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 2 21 gly glycoprotein 140:151 arg1 glycoprotein 140:151 a glycoprotein hormone receptor 138:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals 138:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 0 22 theme goose 59:63 arg1 cygnoides 72:80 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 3 23 theme TSHR 328:331 arg1 unknown 345:351 unknown 345:351 unknown 345:351 However, the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose is unknown. 32264694 3 23 theme TSHR 328:331 arg1 characterisation 308:323 the molecular characterisation 294:323 the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose 294:340 However, the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose is unknown. 32264694 0 24 theme Anser 66:70 arg1 cygnoides 72:80 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 8 25 theme potential 876:884 arg1 site 909:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site 872:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) 872:920 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 25 theme potential 876:884 arg1 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 13 26 theme Zhedong-White 1289:1301 arg1 population 1309:1318 the Zhedong-White goose population 1285:1318 the Zhedong-White goose population 1285:1318 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 8 27 theme glycosylation 895:907 arg1 site 909:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site 872:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) 872:920 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 27 theme glycosylation 895:907 arg1 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 28 theme Bioinformatics 713:726 arg1 analysis 728:735 Bioinformatics analysis 713:735 Bioinformatics analysis 713:735 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 6 29 from exon 654:657 arg1 transcript 697:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 0 30 from analysis 30:37 arg1 cygnoides 72:80 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 15 31 theme TSHR 1570:1573 arg1 gene 1575:1578 the goose TSHR gene 1560:1578 the goose TSHR gene 1560:1578 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 0 32 theme Molecular 0:8 arg1 cloning 10:16 Molecular cloning 0:16 Molecular cloning 0:16 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 5 33 from bp 394:395 arg1 length 400:405 length 400:405 length 400:405 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 2 34 from regulation 208:217 arg1 mammals 276:282 mammals 276:282 mammals 276:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 34 from regulation 208:217 arg1 birds 266:270 birds 266:270 birds 266:270 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 6 35 theme TSHR-1 690:695 arg1 transcript 697:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 8 36 theme deduced 760:766 arg1 sequences 784:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 6 37 from bp 648:649 arg1 transcript 697:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 13 38 theme AA 1251:1252 arg1 genotypes 1261:1269 AA and GA genotypes 1251:1269 genotypes 1261:1269 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 8 39 theme other 938:942 arg1 proteins 958:965 the other three deduced proteins 934:965 the other three deduced proteins 934:965 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 40 theme amino 773:777 arg1 sequences 784:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 13 41 theme GA 1258:1259 arg1 genotypes 1261:1269 AA and GA genotypes 1251:1269 genotypes 1261:1269 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 8 42 theme deduced 950:956 arg1 proteins 958:965 the other three deduced proteins 934:965 the other three deduced proteins 934:965 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 6 43 theme exon 676:679 arg1 bp 648:649 12 bp 645:649 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript 645:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 2 44 theme hormone 153:159 arg1 receptor 161:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor 138:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals 138:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 44 theme hormone 153:159 arg1 receptor 119:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor 87:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) 87:133 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 10 45 theme other 1088:1092 arg1 chickens 1129:1136 chickens 1129:1136 chickens 1129:1136 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 45 theme other 1088:1092 arg1 species 1100:1106 other avian species 1088:1106 other avian species 1088:1106 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 45 theme other 1088:1092 arg1 duck 1120:1123 duck 1120:1123 duck 1120:1123 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 46 theme acid 1006:1009 arg1 sequences 1011:1019 amino acid sequences 1000:1019 amino acid sequences 1000:1019 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 47 theme TSHR 1043:1046 arg1 protein 1048:1054 the goose TSHR protein 1033:1054 the goose TSHR protein 1033:1054 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 10 47 theme TSHR 1043:1046 arg1 related 1068:1074 related 1068:1074 related 1068:1074 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 8 48 theme transmembrane 819:831 arg1 domains 833:839 seven putative transmembrane domains 804:839 seven putative transmembrane domains 804:839 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 13 49 located detected 1416:1423 arg2 genotype 1398:1405 the AA genotype 1391:1405 the AA genotype 1391:1405 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 13 49 located detected 1416:1423 arg1 populations 1449:1459 the other four goose populations 1428:1459 the other four goose populations 1428:1459 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 6 50 theme exon 654:657 arg1 bp 648:649 12 bp 645:649 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript 645:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 13 51 theme AA 1395:1396 arg1 genotype 1398:1405 the AA genotype 1391:1405 the AA genotype 1391:1405 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 6 52 from exon 592:595 arg1 transcript 613:622 the TSHR-1 transcript 602:622 the TSHR-1 transcript 602:622 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 2 53 theme hormone 111:117 arg1 receptor 161:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor 138:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals 138:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 53 theme hormone 111:117 arg1 receptor 119:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor 87:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) 87:133 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 53 theme hormone 111:117 arg1 TSHR 129:132 TSHR 129:132 TSHR 129:132 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 13 54 theme Landes 1362:1367 arg1 population 1375:1384 the Landes goose population 1358:1384 the Landes goose population 1358:1384 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 6 55 theme TSHR 516:519 arg1 variants 498:505 another three novel splice variants 471:505 another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript) 471:707 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 15 56 from studies 1532:1538 arg1 functions 1547:1555 the functions 1543:1555 the functions of the goose TSHR gene 1543:1578 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 6 57 from exon 676:679 arg1 transcript 697:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 the TSHR-1 transcript 686:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 6 58 theme splice 491:496 arg1 variants 498:505 another three novel splice variants 471:505 another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript) 471:707 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 2 59 theme pivotal 182:188 arg1 role 190:193 a pivotal role 180:193 a pivotal role 180:193 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 12 60 theme single 1171:1176 arg1 SNPs 1204:1207 SNPs 1204:1207 SNPs 1204:1207 One microsatellite and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. 32264694 12 60 theme single 1171:1176 arg1 polymorphisms 1189:1201 three single nucleotide polymorphisms 1165:1201 three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 1165:1208 One microsatellite and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. 32264694 13 61 theme GG 1321:1322 arg1 genotypes 1331:1339 GG and GA genotypes 1321:1339 GG and GA genotypes 1321:1339 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 2 62 from control 235:241 arg1 mammals 276:282 mammals 276:282 mammals 276:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 62 from control 235:241 arg1 birds 266:270 birds 266:270 birds 266:270 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 13 63 theme GA 1328:1329 arg1 genotypes 1331:1339 GG and GA genotypes 1321:1339 GG and GA genotypes 1321:1339 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 5 64 theme acids 442:446 arg1 protein 421:427 a protein 419:427 a protein of 763 amino acids 419:446 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 64 theme acids 442:446 arg1 cDNA 372:375 The goose TSHR cDNA 357:375 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) 357:384 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 3 65 theme molecular 298:306 arg1 unknown 345:351 unknown 345:351 unknown 345:351 However, the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose is unknown. 32264694 3 65 theme molecular 298:306 arg1 characterisation 308:323 the molecular characterisation 294:323 the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose 294:340 However, the molecular characterisation of TSHR in goose is unknown. 32264694 6 66 from transcript 697:706 arg1 bp 648:649 12 bp 645:649 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript 645:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 8 67 gly glycosylation 895:907 arg2 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 67 gly glycosylation 895:907 arg2 site 909:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site 872:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) 872:920 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 67 gly glycosylation 895:907 arg2 one 872:874 one 872:874 one 872:874 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 0 68 from cloning 10:16 arg1 cygnoides 72:80 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 goose (Anser cygnoides) 59:81 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 8 69 theme N-linked 886:893 arg1 site 909:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site 872:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) 872:920 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 69 theme N-linked 886:893 arg1 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 15 70 theme gene 1575:1578 arg1 functions 1547:1555 the functions 1543:1555 the functions of the goose TSHR gene 1543:1578 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 13 71 located found 1276:1280 arg2 genotypes 1261:1269 AA and GA genotypes 1251:1269 genotypes 1261:1269 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 13 71 located found 1276:1280 arg1 population 1309:1318 the Zhedong-White goose population 1285:1318 the Zhedong-White goose population 1285:1318 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 15 72 theme goose 1564:1568 arg1 gene 1575:1578 the goose TSHR gene 1560:1578 the goose TSHR gene 1560:1578 All the information derived from this study can facilitate further studies on the functions of the goose TSHR gene. 32264694 13 73 theme goose 1303:1307 arg1 population 1309:1318 the Zhedong-White goose population 1285:1318 the Zhedong-White goose population 1285:1318 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 0 74 theme variant 22:28 arg1 analysis 30:37 variant analysis 22:37 variant analysis 22:37 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 6 75 theme TSHR-1 606:611 arg1 transcript 613:622 the TSHR-1 transcript 602:622 the TSHR-1 transcript 602:622 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 13 76 theme other 1432:1436 arg1 populations 1449:1459 the other four goose populations 1428:1459 the other four goose populations 1428:1459 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 2 77 theme glycoprotein 140:151 arg1 receptor 161:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor 138:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals 138:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 77 theme glycoprotein 140:151 arg1 receptor 119:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor 87:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) 87:133 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 13 78 theme goose 1443:1447 arg1 populations 1449:1459 the other four goose populations 1428:1459 the other four goose populations 1428:1459 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 0 79 theme TSHR 46:49 arg1 gene 51:54 the TSHR gene 42:54 the TSHR gene 42:54 Molecular cloning and variant analysis of the TSHR gene in goose (Anser cygnoides). 32264694 8 80 link N-linked 886:893 arg1 site 909:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site 872:912 one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) 872:920 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 8 80 link N-linked 886:893 arg1 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 N-E-S 915:919 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 10 81 theme phylogenetic 973:984 arg1 tree 986:989 A phylogenetic tree 971:989 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences 971:1019 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 32264694 8 82 theme TSHR 768:771 arg1 sequences 784:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 6 83 theme entire 669:674 arg1 exon 676:679 the entire exon 9 665:681 the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript 665:706 This trial identified another three novel splice variants of goose TSHR, TSHR-2 (lacking the exon 3 in TSHR-1 transcript), TSHR-3 (lacking the exon 6 in the TSHR-1 transcript) and TSHR-4 (lacking 12 bp of exon 8 and the entire exon 9 in the TSHR-1 transcript). 32264694 8 84 theme acid 779:782 arg1 sequences 784:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences 752:792 Bioinformatics analysis indicated that all the deduced TSHR amino acid sequences contained seven putative transmembrane domains, and the TSHR-3 protein lacked one potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-E-S) compared to the other three deduced proteins. 32264694 2 85 theme thyroid-stimulating 91:109 arg1 receptor 161:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor 138:168 a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals 138:282 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 85 theme thyroid-stimulating 91:109 arg1 receptor 119:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor 87:126 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) 87:133 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 2 85 theme thyroid-stimulating 91:109 arg1 TSHR 129:132 TSHR 129:132 TSHR 129:132 The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor which has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control during reproduction in birds and mammals. 32264694 13 86 theme c1109A/G 1235:1242 arg1 locus 1244:1248 the c1109A/G locus 1231:1248 the c1109A/G locus 1231:1248 For the c1109A/G locus, AA and GA genotypes were found in the Zhedong-White goose population, GG and GA genotypes were detected in the Landes goose population, but the AA genotype was only detected in the other four goose populations. 32264694 5 87 theme TSHR 367:370 arg1 protein 421:427 a protein 419:427 a protein of 763 amino acids 419:446 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 87 theme TSHR 367:370 arg1 TSHR-1 378:383 TSHR-1 378:383 TSHR-1 378:383 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 87 theme TSHR 367:370 arg1 cDNA 372:375 The goose TSHR cDNA 357:375 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) 357:384 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 5 87 theme TSHR 367:370 arg1 bp 394:395 2334 bp 389:395 2334 bp in length 389:405 The goose TSHR cDNA (TSHR-1) is 2334 bp in length and encodes a protein of 763 amino acids. 32264694 10 88 theme amino 1000:1004 arg1 sequences 1011:1019 amino acid sequences 1000:1019 amino acid sequences 1000:1019 A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences showed that the goose TSHR protein was closely related to those of other avian species, especially duck and chickens. 34652341 8 0 theme protective 1095:1104 arg1 role 1106:1109 the protective role 1091:1109 the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions 1091:1166 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 6 1 theme XBP1 846:849 arg1 branch 855:860 the XBP1 UPR branch 842:860 the XBP1 UPR branch 842:860 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 5 2 theme branch 666:671 arg1 effects 642:648 effects 642:648 effects of the XBP1 UPR branch 642:671 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 5 2 theme branch 666:671 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 692:706 its downstream O-GlcNAcylation 677:706 its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome 677:720 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 6 3 theme post-CA 869:875 arg1 brain 877:881 the post-CA brain 865:881 the post-CA brain 865:881 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 7 4 theme CA 1050:1051 arg1 outcome 1053:1059 better CA outcome 1043:1059 better CA outcome 1043:1059 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 2 5 theme CA 304:305 arg1 outcome 307:313 CA outcome 304:313 CA outcome 304:313 However, the role of the UPR in CA outcome remains largely unknown. 34652341 2 6 from role 285:288 arg1 outcome 307:313 CA outcome 304:313 CA outcome 304:313 However, the role of the UPR in CA outcome remains largely unknown. 34652341 5 7 theme downstream 681:690 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 692:706 its downstream O-GlcNAcylation 677:706 its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome 677:720 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 7 8 theme worse 956:960 arg1 outcome 965:971 worse CA outcome 956:971 worse CA outcome 956:971 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 1 9 theme various 236:242 arg1 brain 265:269 the brain 261:269 the brain 261:269 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 1 9 theme various 236:242 arg1 organs 244:249 various organs 236:249 various organs including the brain 236:269 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 10 10 theme aged 1522:1525 arg1 mice 1527:1530 glucosamine-treated aged mice 1502:1530 glucosamine-treated aged mice 1502:1530 We found that glucosamine-treated aged mice performed significantly better in behavioral tests. 34652341 7 11 theme neuron-specific 917:931 arg1 mice 947:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 8 12 theme XBP1s 1118:1122 arg1 pathway 1134:1140 the XBP1s signaling pathway 1114:1140 the XBP1s signaling pathway 1114:1140 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 6 13 theme branch 855:860 arg1 activation 828:837 activation 828:837 activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain 828:881 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 6 14 theme genetic 778:784 arg1 tools 786:790 mouse genetic tools 772:790 mouse genetic tools 772:790 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 6 15 dep loss-of-function 734:749 arg1 tools 786:790 mouse genetic tools 772:790 mouse genetic tools 772:790 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 0 16 theme Young 118:122 arg1 Mice 133:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 6 17 theme UPR 851:853 arg1 branch 855:860 the XBP1 UPR branch 842:860 the XBP1 UPR branch 842:860 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 6 18 theme mouse 772:776 arg1 tools 786:790 mouse genetic tools 772:790 mouse genetic tools 772:790 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 7 19 from expression 1006:1015 arg1 brain 1033:1037 the brain 1029:1037 the brain 1029:1037 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 6 20 from activation 828:837 arg1 brain 877:881 the post-CA brain 865:881 the post-CA brain 865:881 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 4 21 theme transcriptional 423:437 arg1 factor 439:444 a transcriptional factor 421:444 a transcriptional factor 421:444 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 4 21 theme transcriptional 423:437 arg1 XBP1s 414:418 XBP1s 414:418 XBP1s 414:418 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 7 22 theme better 1043:1048 arg1 outcome 1053:1059 better CA outcome 1043:1059 better CA outcome 1043:1059 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 10 23 theme glucosamine-treated 1502:1520 arg1 mice 1527:1530 glucosamine-treated aged mice 1502:1530 glucosamine-treated aged mice 1502:1530 We found that glucosamine-treated aged mice performed significantly better in behavioral tests. 34652341 3 24 theme UPR 344:346 arg1 branch 348:353 One UPR branch 340:353 One UPR branch 340:353 One UPR branch involves spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s). 34652341 4 25 theme glucose 504:510 arg1 metabolism 512:521 glucose metabolism 504:521 glucose metabolism 504:521 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 5 26 theme current 614:620 arg1 study 622:626 The current study 610:626 The current study 610:626 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 11 27 theme promising 1649:1657 arg1 pathway 1636:1642 the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway 1617:1642 the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway 1617:1642 Together, our data indicate that the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway is a promising target for CA therapy. 34652341 11 27 theme promising 1649:1657 arg1 target 1659:1664 a promising target 1647:1664 a promising target for CA therapy 1647:1679 Together, our data indicate that the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway is a promising target for CA therapy. 34652341 9 28 theme aged 1400:1403 arg1 brain 1405:1409 the aged brain 1396:1409 the aged brain 1396:1409 Finally, after confirming that glucosamine can boost O-GlcNAcylation in the aged brain, we subjected aged mice to 8 min CA, and then treated them with glucosamine. 34652341 0 29 theme XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation 18:38 arg1 Pathway 40:46 the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway 14:46 the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway 14:46 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 5 30 theme UPR 662:664 arg1 branch 666:671 the XBP1 UPR branch 653:671 the XBP1 UPR branch 653:671 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 7 31 theme Xbp1 933:936 arg1 mice 947:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 7 32 theme knockout 938:945 arg1 mice 947:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 0 33 theme Aged 128:131 arg1 Mice 133:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 11 34 theme XBP1s/O-GlcNAc 1621:1634 arg1 pathway 1636:1642 the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway 1617:1642 the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway 1617:1642 Together, our data indicate that the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway is a promising target for CA therapy. 34652341 11 34 theme XBP1s/O-GlcNAc 1621:1634 arg1 target 1659:1664 a promising target 1647:1664 a promising target for CA therapy 1647:1679 Together, our data indicate that the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway is a promising target for CA therapy. 34652341 8 35 theme functional 1271:1280 arg1 deficits 1282:1289 functional deficits 1271:1289 functional deficits 1271:1289 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 7 36 contain had 1039:1041 arg1 mice 980:983 mice 980:983 mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain 980:1037 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 7 36 contain had 1039:1041 arg2 outcome 1053:1059 better CA outcome 1043:1059 better CA outcome 1043:1059 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 1 37 theme unfolded 188:195 arg1 UPR 215:217 UPR 215:217 UPR 215:217 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 1 37 theme unfolded 188:195 arg1 response 205:212 the unfolded protein response 184:212 the unfolded protein response (UPR) 184:218 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 3 38 theme spliced 364:370 arg1 XBP1s 397:401 XBP1s 397:401 XBP1s 397:401 One UPR branch involves spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s). 34652341 3 38 theme spliced 364:370 arg1 protein-1 386:394 spliced X-box-binding protein-1 364:394 spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s) 364:402 One UPR branch involves spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s). 34652341 0 39 from Arrest 90:95 arg1 Mice 133:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 10 40 theme behavioral 1566:1575 arg1 tests 1577:1581 behavioral tests 1566:1581 behavioral tests 1566:1581 We found that glucosamine-treated aged mice performed significantly better in behavioral tests. 34652341 1 41 theme protein 197:203 arg1 UPR 215:217 UPR 215:217 UPR 215:217 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 1 41 theme protein 197:203 arg1 response 205:212 the unfolded protein response 184:212 the unfolded protein response (UPR) 184:218 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 0 42 theme Pathway 40:46 arg1 Activation 0:9 Activation 0:9 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway 0:46 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 4 43 theme specific 476:483 arg1 enzymes 485:491 specific enzymes 476:491 specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism 476:521 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 3 44 theme X-box-binding 372:384 arg1 XBP1s 397:401 XBP1s 397:401 XBP1s 397:401 One UPR branch involves spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s). 34652341 3 44 theme X-box-binding 372:384 arg1 protein-1 386:394 spliced X-box-binding protein-1 364:394 spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s) 364:402 One UPR branch involves spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1s). 34652341 8 45 theme ischemic 1148:1155 arg1 conditions 1157:1166 ischemic conditions 1148:1166 ischemic conditions 1148:1166 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 5 46 theme CA 711:712 arg1 outcome 714:720 CA outcome 711:720 CA outcome 711:720 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 7 47 contain had 952:954 arg2 outcome 965:971 worse CA outcome 956:971 worse CA outcome 956:971 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 7 47 contain had 952:954 arg1 mice 947:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice 917:950 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 5 48 from O-GlcNAcylation 692:706 arg1 outcome 714:720 CA outcome 711:720 CA outcome 711:720 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 9 49 theme aged 1425:1428 arg1 mice 1430:1433 aged mice 1425:1433 aged mice 1425:1433 Finally, after confirming that glucosamine can boost O-GlcNAcylation in the aged brain, we subjected aged mice to 8 min CA, and then treated them with glucosamine. 34652341 0 50 theme Functional 57:66 arg1 Outcome 68:74 Functional Outcome 57:74 Functional Outcome 57:74 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 4 51 theme related 493:499 arg1 enzymes 485:491 specific enzymes 476:491 specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism 476:521 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 7 52 theme Xbp1s 1020:1024 arg1 expression 1006:1015 neuron-specific expression 990:1015 neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain 990:1037 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 4 53 link O-linked 547:554 arg1 modification 578:589 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 547:589 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 547:607 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 4 53 link O-linked 547:554 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 2 54 theme UPR 297:299 arg1 role 285:288 the role 281:288 the role of the UPR in CA outcome 281:313 However, the role of the UPR in CA outcome remains largely unknown. 34652341 4 55 theme enzymes 485:491 arg1 expression 462:471 expression 462:471 expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism 462:521 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 7 56 theme neuron-specific 990:1004 arg1 expression 1006:1015 neuron-specific expression 990:1015 neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain 990:1037 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 6 57 theme first 808:812 arg1 evidence 814:821 the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective 804:900 the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective 804:900 Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse genetic tools, we provide the first evidence that activation of the XBP1 UPR branch in the post-CA brain is neuroprotective. 34652341 7 58 with mice 980:983 arg1 expression 1006:1015 neuron-specific expression 990:1015 neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain 990:1037 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 5 59 theme XBP1 657:660 arg1 branch 666:671 the XBP1 UPR branch 653:671 the XBP1 UPR branch 653:671 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 8 60 theme signaling 1124:1132 arg1 pathway 1134:1140 the XBP1s signaling pathway 1114:1140 the XBP1s signaling pathway 1114:1140 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 7 61 theme CA 962:963 arg1 outcome 965:971 worse CA outcome 956:971 worse CA outcome 956:971 Specifically, neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice had worse CA outcome, while mice with neuron-specific expression of Xbp1s in the brain had better CA outcome. 34652341 9 62 theme 8 1438:1438 arg1 min 1440:1442 min 1440:1442 min 1440:1442 Finally, after confirming that glucosamine can boost O-GlcNAcylation in the aged brain, we subjected aged mice to 8 min CA, and then treated them with glucosamine. 34652341 4 63 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 556:576 arg1 modification 578:589 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 547:589 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 547:607 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 4 63 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 556:576 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 0 64 theme Cardiac 82:88 arg1 Arrest 90:95 Cardiac Arrest 82:95 Cardiac Arrest 82:95 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 0 65 from Resuscitation 101:113 arg1 Mice 133:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Young and Aged Mice 118:136 Activation of the XBP1s/O-GlcNAcylation Pathway Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Young and Aged Mice. 34652341 8 66 theme young 1227:1231 arg1 mice 1233:1236 young mice 1227:1236 young mice 1227:1236 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 9 67 theme min 1440:1442 arg1 CA 1444:1445 8 min CA 1438:1445 8 min CA 1438:1445 Finally, after confirming that glucosamine can boost O-GlcNAcylation in the aged brain, we subjected aged mice to 8 min CA, and then treated them with glucosamine. 34652341 1 68 theme cardiac 145:151 arg1 arrest 153:158 cardiac arrest 145:158 cardiac arrest (CA) 145:163 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 1 68 theme cardiac 145:151 arg1 CA 161:162 CA 161:162 CA 161:162 After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in various organs including the brain. 34652341 5 69 from effects 642:648 arg1 outcome 714:720 CA outcome 711:720 CA outcome 711:720 The current study is focused on effects of the XBP1 UPR branch and its downstream O-GlcNAcylation on CA outcome. 34652341 4 70 theme O-linked 547:554 arg1 modification 578:589 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 547:589 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 547:607 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 4 70 theme O-linked 547:554 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 O-GlcNAcylation 592:606 Notably, XBP1s, a transcriptional factor, can upregulate expression of specific enzymes related to glucose metabolism, and subsequently boost O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation). 34652341 8 71 theme pathway 1134:1140 arg1 role 1106:1109 the protective role 1091:1109 the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions 1091:1166 Since it has been shown that the protective role of the XBP1s signaling pathway under ischemic conditions is mediated by increasing O-GlcNAcylation, we then treated young mice with glucosamine, and found that functional deficits were mitigated on day 3 post CA. 34652341 11 72 theme CA 1670:1671 arg1 therapy 1673:1679 CA therapy 1670:1679 CA therapy 1670:1679 Together, our data indicate that the XBP1s/O-GlcNAc pathway is a promising target for CA therapy. 33442735 1 0 link O-linked 84:91 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 93:113 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 84:113 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 84:124 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 0 link O-linked 84:91 arg1 modification 150:161 a post-translational modification 129:161 a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins 129:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 0 link O-linked 84:91 arg1 O-GlcNAc 116:123 O-GlcNAc 116:123 O-GlcNAc 116:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 10 1 theme past 1593:1596 arg1 35 years 1598:1605 the past 35 years 1589:1605 the past 35 years 1589:1605 To our knowledge, O-GlcNAcAtlas is a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years. 33442735 5 2 theme information 684:694 arg1 accumulation 663:674 the rapid accumulation 653:674 the rapid accumulation of such information 653:694 However, until now, there are few databases dedicated to accommodate the rapid accumulation of such information. 33442735 6 3 theme O-GlcNAc 771:778 arg1 sites 780:784 all experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 741:784 all experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 741:784 Thus, O-GlcNAcAtlas is created to integrate all experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 7 4 from species 1022:1028 arg1 proteins 1004:1011 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins 981:1011 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019 981:1061 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 7 4 from species 1022:1028 arg1 number 971:976 a total number 963:976 a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019 963:1061 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 9 5 theme sequence 1340:1347 arg1 identity 1349:1356 the sequence identity 1336:1356 the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides 1336:1392 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 0 6 theme proteins 74:81 arg1 database 17:24 A database 15:24 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 0:82 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 8 7 theme mapping 1204:1210 arg1 methods 1212:1218 site mapping methods 1199:1218 site mapping methods 1199:1218 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 10 8 theme comprehensive 1483:1495 arg1 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1457:1469 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1457:1469 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1457:1469 To our knowledge, O-GlcNAcAtlas is a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years. 33442735 10 8 theme comprehensive 1483:1495 arg1 database 1520:1527 a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database 1474:1527 a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years 1474:1605 To our knowledge, O-GlcNAcAtlas is a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years. 33442735 8 9 theme site 1199:1202 arg1 methods 1212:1218 site mapping methods 1199:1218 site mapping methods 1199:1218 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 4 10 theme sites 558:562 arg1 thousands 510:518 thousands 510:518 thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites 510:562 With the tremendous improvement of techniques, thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites have been reported. 33442735 8 11 theme comprehensive 1082:1094 arg1 information 1096:1106 comprehensive information 1082:1106 comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) 1082:1245 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 2 12 theme important 318:326 arg1 modification 274:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 2 12 theme important 318:326 arg1 roles 328:332 important roles 318:332 important roles 318:332 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 2 13 theme all 344:346 arg1 processes 360:368 almost all biochemical processes 337:368 almost all biochemical processes examined 337:377 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 4 14 theme proteins 523:530 arg1 thousands 510:518 thousands 510:518 thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites 510:562 With the tremendous improvement of techniques, thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites have been reported. 33442735 1 15 from modification 150:161 arg1 residues 211:218 the serine/threonine residues 190:218 the serine/threonine residues of proteins 190:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 15 from modification 150:161 arg1 proteins 223:230 proteins 223:230 proteins 223:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 6 16 theme identified 760:769 arg1 sites 780:784 all experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 741:784 all experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 741:784 Thus, O-GlcNAcAtlas is created to integrate all experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 1 17 theme post-translational 131:148 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 93:113 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 84:113 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 84:124 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 17 theme post-translational 131:148 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 170:184 O-GlcNAcylation 170:184 O-GlcNAcylation 170:184 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 17 theme post-translational 131:148 arg1 modification 150:161 a post-translational modification 129:161 a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins 129:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 3 18 theme Aberrant 380:387 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 389:403 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation 380:403 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation 380:403 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation underlies the etiologies of a number of chronic diseases. 33442735 7 19 dep Dec 1054:1056 arg1 to 1048:1049 to 1048:1049 to 1048:1049 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 5 20 theme rapid 657:661 arg1 accumulation 663:674 the rapid accumulation 653:674 the rapid accumulation of such information 653:694 However, until now, there are few databases dedicated to accommodate the rapid accumulation of such information. 33442735 11 21 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1732:1746 arg1 studies 1686:1692 O-GlcNAc studies 1677:1692 O-GlcNAc studies 1677:1692 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 11 21 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1732:1746 arg1 analyses 1712:1719 computational analyses 1698:1719 computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation 1698:1746 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 11 22 theme computational 1698:1710 arg1 analyses 1712:1719 computational analyses 1698:1719 computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation 1698:1746 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 3 23 theme chronic 445:451 arg1 diseases 453:460 chronic diseases 445:460 chronic diseases 445:460 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation underlies the etiologies of a number of chronic diseases. 33442735 10 24 theme curated 1512:1518 arg1 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1457:1469 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1457:1469 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1457:1469 To our knowledge, O-GlcNAcAtlas is a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years. 33442735 10 24 theme curated 1512:1518 arg1 database 1520:1527 a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database 1474:1527 a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years 1474:1605 To our knowledge, O-GlcNAcAtlas is a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years. 33442735 7 25 theme modified 995:1002 arg1 proteins 1004:1011 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins 981:1011 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019 981:1061 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 2 26 theme protein 288:294 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 296:310 protein O-GlcNAcylation 288:310 protein O-GlcNAcylation 288:310 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 8 27 theme literature 1224:1233 arg1 references 1235:1244 literature references 1224:1244 literature references 1224:1244 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 8 28 theme modification 1179:1190 arg1 sites 1192:1196 modification sites 1179:1196 modification sites 1179:1196 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 7 29 theme proteins 1004:1011 arg1 number 971:976 a total number 963:976 a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019 963:1061 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 1 30 theme O-linked 84:91 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 93:113 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 84:113 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 84:124 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 30 theme O-linked 84:91 arg1 modification 150:161 a post-translational modification 129:161 a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins 129:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 30 theme O-linked 84:91 arg1 O-GlcNAc 116:123 O-GlcNAc 116:123 O-GlcNAc 116:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 7 31 theme identified 917:926 arg1 sites 928:932 ambiguously identified sites 905:932 ambiguously identified sites 905:932 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 3 32 theme number 435:440 arg1 etiologies 419:428 the etiologies 415:428 the etiologies of a number of chronic diseases 415:460 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation underlies the etiologies of a number of chronic diseases. 33442735 9 33 theme reported 1367:1374 arg1 peptides 1385:1392 these reported O-GlcNAc peptides 1361:1392 these reported O-GlcNAc peptides 1361:1392 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 5 34 theme such 679:682 arg1 information 684:694 such information 679:694 such information 679:694 However, until now, there are few databases dedicated to accommodate the rapid accumulation of such information. 33442735 5 35 theme few 614:616 arg1 databases 618:626 few databases 614:626 few databases dedicated to accommodate the rapid accumulation of such information 614:694 However, until now, there are few databases dedicated to accommodate the rapid accumulation of such information. 33442735 4 36 dep along 532:536 arg1 with 538:541 with 538:541 with 538:541 With the tremendous improvement of techniques, thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites have been reported. 33442735 8 37 theme sample 1128:1133 arg1 type 1135:1138 sample type 1128:1138 sample type 1128:1138 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 7 38 from number 971:976 arg1 species 1022:1028 all species 1018:1028 all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019 1018:1061 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 1 39 theme serine/threonine 194:209 arg1 residues 211:218 the serine/threonine residues 190:218 the serine/threonine residues of proteins 190:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 39 theme serine/threonine 194:209 arg1 proteins 223:230 proteins 223:230 proteins 223:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 9 40 theme peptides 1385:1392 arg1 identity 1349:1356 the sequence identity 1336:1356 the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides 1336:1392 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 10 41 theme O-GlcNAc 1547:1554 arg1 sites 1556:1560 all O-GlcNAc sites 1543:1560 all O-GlcNAc sites 1543:1560 To our knowledge, O-GlcNAcAtlas is a highly comprehensive and rigorously curated database encapsulating all O-GlcNAc sites and proteins identified in the past 35 years. 33442735 4 42 theme techniques 498:507 arg1 improvement 483:493 the tremendous improvement 468:493 the tremendous improvement of techniques 468:507 With the tremendous improvement of techniques, thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites have been reported. 33442735 9 43 theme different 1317:1325 arg1 sources 1327:1333 different sources 1317:1333 different sources 1317:1333 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 3 44 theme diseases 453:460 arg1 number 435:440 a number 433:440 a number of chronic diseases 433:460 Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation underlies the etiologies of a number of chronic diseases. 33442735 2 45 theme unique 238:243 arg1 modification 274:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 2 45 theme unique 238:243 arg1 roles 328:332 important roles 318:332 important roles 318:332 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 7 46 theme identified 884:893 arg1 sites 895:899 unambiguously identified sites 870:899 unambiguously identified sites 870:899 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 9 47 theme UniProtKB 1412:1420 arg1 entries 1430:1436 the UniProtKB protein entries 1408:1436 the UniProtKB protein entries 1408:1436 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 1 48 theme proteins 223:230 arg1 residues 211:218 the serine/threonine residues 190:218 the serine/threonine residues of proteins 190:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 1 48 theme proteins 223:230 arg1 proteins 223:230 proteins 223:230 proteins 223:230 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 0 49 theme O-GlcNAc 55:62 arg1 sites 64:68 experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 29:68 experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 29:68 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 12 50 theme interface 1779:1787 arg1 version 1760:1766 The public version 1749:1766 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas 1749:1808 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas can be found at http://oglcnac.org/. 33442735 9 51 theme O-GlcNAc 1376:1383 arg1 peptides 1385:1392 these reported O-GlcNAc peptides 1361:1392 these reported O-GlcNAc peptides 1361:1392 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 1 52 dep O-GlcNAcylation 170:184 arg1 i.e. 164:167 i.e. 164:167 i.e. 164:167 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) on the serine/threonine residues of proteins. 33442735 11 53 theme useful 1647:1652 arg1 resource 1654:1661 a useful resource 1645:1661 a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation 1645:1746 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 11 53 theme useful 1647:1652 arg1 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1623:1635 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1623:1635 O-GlcNAcAtlas 1623:1635 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 0 54 theme identified 44:53 arg1 sites 64:68 experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 29:68 experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites 29:68 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 7 55 dep datasets 830:837 arg1 Dataset-II 854:863 Dataset-II 854:863 Dataset-II 854:863 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 7 55 dep datasets 830:837 arg1 Dataset-I 840:848 Dataset-I 840:848 Dataset-I 840:848 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 7 55 dep datasets 830:837 arg1 datasets 830:837 two datasets 826:837 two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively) 826:947 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 8 56 theme gene 1141:1144 arg1 symbol 1146:1151 gene symbol 1141:1151 gene symbol 1141:1151 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 11 57 theme protein 1724:1730 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1732:1746 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1724:1746 protein O-GlcNAcylation 1724:1746 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 12 58 theme web 1775:1777 arg1 interface 1779:1787 the web interface 1771:1787 the web interface 1771:1787 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas can be found at http://oglcnac.org/. 33442735 0 59 dep O-GlcNAcAtlas 0:12 arg1 database 17:24 A database 15:24 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 0:82 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 8 60 theme modified 1154:1161 arg1 peptides 1163:1170 modified peptides 1154:1170 modified peptides 1154:1170 For each protein, comprehensive information (including species, sample type, gene symbol, modified peptides and/or modification sites, site mapping methods and literature references) is provided. 33442735 9 61 theme protein 1422:1428 arg1 entries 1430:1436 the UniProtKB protein entries 1408:1436 the UniProtKB protein entries 1408:1436 To solve the heterogeneity among the data collected from different sources, the sequence identity of these reported O-GlcNAc peptides are mapped to the UniProtKB protein entries. 33442735 2 62 theme biochemical 348:358 arg1 processes 360:368 almost all biochemical processes 337:368 almost all biochemical processes examined 337:377 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 4 63 theme tremendous 472:481 arg1 improvement 483:493 the tremendous improvement 468:493 the tremendous improvement of techniques 468:507 With the tremendous improvement of techniques, thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites have been reported. 33442735 2 64 theme monosaccharide 259:272 arg1 modification 274:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 2 64 theme monosaccharide 259:272 arg1 roles 328:332 important roles 318:332 important roles 318:332 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 11 65 theme O-GlcNAc 1677:1684 arg1 studies 1686:1692 O-GlcNAc studies 1677:1692 O-GlcNAc studies 1677:1692 We expect that O-GlcNAcAtlas will be a useful resource to facilitate O-GlcNAc studies and computational analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation. 33442735 7 66 theme total 965:969 arg1 number 971:976 a total number 963:976 a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019 963:1061 O-GlcNAcAtlas consists of two datasets (Dataset-I and Dataset-II, for unambiguously identified sites and ambiguously identified sites, respectively), representing a total number of 4571 O-GlcNAc modified proteins from all species studied from 1984 to 31 Dec 2019. 33442735 0 67 theme sites 64:68 arg1 database 17:24 A database 15:24 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 0:82 O-GlcNAcAtlas: A database of experimentally identified O-GlcNAc sites and proteins. 33442735 4 68 theme O-GlcNAc 549:556 arg1 sites 558:562 their O-GlcNAc sites 543:562 proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites 523:562 With the tremendous improvement of techniques, thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAc sites have been reported. 33442735 2 69 theme intracellular 245:257 arg1 modification 274:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification 236:285 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 2 69 theme intracellular 245:257 arg1 roles 328:332 important roles 318:332 important roles 318:332 As a unique intracellular monosaccharide modification, protein O-GlcNAcylation plays important roles in almost all biochemical processes examined. 33442735 12 70 located found 1817:1821 arg1 http 1826:1829 http://oglcnac.org/ 1826:1844 http://oglcnac.org/ 1826:1844 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas can be found at http://oglcnac.org/. 33442735 12 70 located found 1817:1821 arg2 version 1760:1766 The public version 1749:1766 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas 1749:1808 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas can be found at http://oglcnac.org/. 33442735 12 71 theme public 1753:1758 arg1 version 1760:1766 The public version 1749:1766 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas 1749:1808 The public version of the web interface to the O-GlcNAcAtlas can be found at http://oglcnac.org/. 33234472 11 0 theme increased 1370:1378 arg1 energy 1397:1402 the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity 1366:1427 energy 1397:1402 This conduct promoted the dispersion of nonmetal in the slurry due to the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity. 33234472 9 1 theme immersion 1181:1189 arg1 action 1162:1167 the action 1158:1167 the action of alkaline immersion 1158:1189 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 4 2 theme alkaline 500:507 arg1 immersion 509:517 alkaline immersion 500:517 alkaline immersion 500:517 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 5 3 theme nonmetal 609:616 arg1 mixture 588:594 the mixture 584:594 the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal 584:640 Further, the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal was discovered by EPMA. 33234472 11 4 theme nonmetal 1380:1387 arg1 energy 1397:1402 the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity 1366:1427 energy 1397:1402 This conduct promoted the dispersion of nonmetal in the slurry due to the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity. 33234472 9 5 theme benzene 1128:1134 arg1 ring 1136:1139 the benzene ring 1124:1139 the benzene ring 1124:1139 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 4 6 theme 64.34 557:561 arg1 % 562:562 % 562:562 % 562:562 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 9 7 theme alkaline 1172:1179 arg1 immersion 1181:1189 alkaline immersion 1172:1189 alkaline immersion 1172:1189 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 10 8 theme free 1285:1288 arg1 bond 1290:1293 the free bond 1281:1293 the free bond 1281:1293 This made the free OH adsorb to the free bond. 33234472 9 9 theme resin 1067:1071 arg1 structure 1083:1091 the resin molecular structure 1063:1091 the resin molecular structure 1063:1091 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 7 10 theme good 796:799 arg1 effect 811:816 a good flotation effect 794:816 a good flotation effect 794:816 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 4 11 theme 72.35 567:571 arg1 % 562:562 % 562:562 % 562:562 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 0 12 theme alkaline 85:92 arg1 immersion 94:102 alkaline immersion 85:102 alkaline immersion 85:102 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 4 13 theme printed 460:466 arg1 boards 476:481 the printed circuit boards 456:481 the printed circuit boards 456:481 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 9 14 theme molecular 1073:1081 arg1 structure 1083:1091 the resin molecular structure 1063:1091 the resin molecular structure 1063:1091 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 3 15 theme SEM-EDS 328:334 arg1 analysis 336:343 the SEM-EDS analysis 324:343 the SEM-EDS analysis of the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal 324:397 Firstly, the SEM-EDS analysis of the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal were completely liberated in the -0.25 mm fraction. 33234472 9 16 dep ring 1243:1246 arg1 generated 1218:1226 generated 1218:1226 was generated on the benzene ring 1214:1246 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 8 17 theme peak 957:960 arg1 intensity 937:945 the intensity 933:945 the intensity of the OH peak 933:960 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 8 18 theme XPS 897:899 arg1 analysis 901:908 the XPS analysis 893:908 the XPS analysis of nonmetal 893:920 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 8 18 theme XPS 897:899 arg1 Meanwhile 882:890 Meanwhile 882:890 Meanwhile 882:890 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 2 19 theme alkaline 259:266 arg1 immersion 268:276 alkaline immersion 259:276 alkaline immersion 259:276 In this study, waste printed circuit boards were treated by alkaline immersion to enhance the flotation efficiency. 33234472 12 20 theme flotation 1483:1491 arg1 efficiency 1493:1502 the flotation efficiency 1479:1502 the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards 1479:1534 Thus, this study provides a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards. 33234472 8 21 theme OH 954:955 arg1 peak 957:960 the OH peak 950:960 the OH peak 950:960 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 8 22 theme nonmetal 913:920 arg1 analysis 901:908 the XPS analysis 893:908 the XPS analysis of nonmetal 893:920 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 8 22 theme nonmetal 913:920 arg1 Meanwhile 882:890 Meanwhile 882:890 Meanwhile 882:890 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 12 23 theme waste 1507:1511 arg1 boards 1529:1534 waste printed circuit boards 1507:1534 waste printed circuit boards 1507:1534 Thus, this study provides a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards. 33234472 0 24 theme flotation 9:17 arg1 efficiency 19:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency 0:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards 0:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 4 25 theme circuit 468:474 arg1 boards 476:481 the printed circuit boards 456:481 the printed circuit boards 456:481 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 9 26 theme free 1204:1207 arg1 bond 1209:1212 a free bond 1202:1212 a free bond was generated on the benzene ring 1202:1246 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 7 27 theme pH 784:785 arg1 value 787:791 pH value 784:791 pH value 784:791 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 0 28 theme Enhanced 0:7 arg1 efficiency 19:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency 0:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards 0:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 4 29 theme metal 536:540 arg1 recovery 524:531 the recovery 520:531 the recovery of metal 520:540 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 4 30 mod modified 488:495 arg3 immersion 509:517 alkaline immersion 500:517 alkaline immersion 500:517 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 4 30 mod modified 488:495 arg1 boards 476:481 the printed circuit boards 456:481 the printed circuit boards 456:481 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 6 31 theme flotation 710:718 arg1 process 720:726 the flotation process 706:726 the flotation process 706:726 This was the cause of metal loss during the flotation process. 33234472 2 32 theme flotation 293:301 arg1 efficiency 303:312 the flotation efficiency 289:312 the flotation efficiency 289:312 In this study, waste printed circuit boards were treated by alkaline immersion to enhance the flotation efficiency. 33234472 7 33 theme immersion 765:773 arg1 time 775:778 the alkaline immersion time 752:778 the alkaline immersion time 752:778 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 1 34 theme research 183:190 arg1 focus 192:196 a research focus 181:196 a research focus 181:196 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation has become a research focus. 33234472 3 35 theme crushed 352:358 arg1 products 360:367 the crushed products 348:367 the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal 348:397 Firstly, the SEM-EDS analysis of the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal were completely liberated in the -0.25 mm fraction. 33234472 7 36 theme alkaline 841:848 arg1 time 860:863 40 min alkaline immersion time 834:863 40 min alkaline immersion time 834:863 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 7 37 theme immersion 850:858 arg1 time 860:863 40 min alkaline immersion time 834:863 40 min alkaline immersion time 834:863 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 11 38 theme nonmetal 1336:1343 arg1 dispersion 1322:1331 the dispersion 1318:1331 the dispersion of nonmetal 1318:1343 This conduct promoted the dispersion of nonmetal in the slurry due to the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity. 33234472 3 39 theme products 360:367 arg1 analysis 336:343 the SEM-EDS analysis 324:343 the SEM-EDS analysis of the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal 324:397 Firstly, the SEM-EDS analysis of the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal were completely liberated in the -0.25 mm fraction. 33234472 12 40 theme new 1458:1460 arg1 route 1462:1466 a new route 1456:1466 a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards 1456:1534 Thus, this study provides a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards. 33234472 1 41 theme Efficient 105:113 arg1 recycling 115:123 Efficient recycling 105:123 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation 105:168 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation has become a research focus. 33234472 2 42 theme printed 220:226 arg1 boards 236:241 waste printed circuit boards 214:241 waste printed circuit boards 214:241 In this study, waste printed circuit boards were treated by alkaline immersion to enhance the flotation efficiency. 33234472 7 43 theme alkaline 756:763 arg1 time 775:778 the alkaline immersion time 752:778 the alkaline immersion time 752:778 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 3 44 theme -0.25 mm 432:439 arg1 fraction 441:448 the -0.25 mm fraction 428:448 the -0.25 mm fraction 428:448 Firstly, the SEM-EDS analysis of the crushed products shown that metal and nonmetal were completely liberated in the -0.25 mm fraction. 33234472 0 45 theme metal 33:37 arg1 efficiency 19:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency 0:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards 0:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 0 46 from boards 66:71 arg1 efficiency 19:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency 0:28 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards 0:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 2 47 theme waste 214:218 arg1 boards 236:241 waste printed circuit boards 214:241 waste printed circuit boards 214:241 In this study, waste printed circuit boards were treated by alkaline immersion to enhance the flotation efficiency. 33234472 0 48 theme printed 50:56 arg1 boards 66:71 waste printed circuit boards 44:71 waste printed circuit boards 44:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 8 49 theme peak 1019:1022 arg1 intensity 1000:1008 the intensity 996:1008 the intensity of the O peak 996:1022 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 6 50 theme loss 694:697 arg1 This 666:669 This 666:669 This 666:669 This was the cause of metal loss during the flotation process. 33234472 6 50 theme loss 694:697 arg1 cause 679:683 the cause 675:683 the cause of metal loss 675:697 This was the cause of metal loss during the flotation process. 33234472 0 51 theme waste 44:48 arg1 boards 66:71 waste printed circuit boards 44:71 waste printed circuit boards 44:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 9 52 theme benzene 1235:1241 arg1 ring 1243:1246 the benzene ring 1231:1246 the benzene ring 1231:1246 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 12 53 theme printed 1513:1519 arg1 boards 1529:1534 waste printed circuit boards 1507:1534 waste printed circuit boards 1507:1534 Thus, this study provides a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards. 33234472 6 54 theme metal 688:692 arg1 loss 694:697 metal loss 688:697 metal loss 688:697 This was the cause of metal loss during the flotation process. 33234472 4 55 dep % 562:562 arg1 to 564:565 to 564:565 to 564:565 When the printed circuit boards were modified by alkaline immersion, the recovery of metal increased from 64.34% to 72.35%. 33234472 10 56 dep OH 1268:1269 arg1 adsorb 1271:1276 adsorb 1271:1276 adsorb to the free bond 1271:1293 This made the free OH adsorb to the free bond. 33234472 10 57 theme free 1263:1266 arg1 OH 1268:1269 the free OH 1259:1269 the free OH adsorb to the free bond 1259:1293 This made the free OH adsorb to the free bond. 33234472 5 58 theme nonmetal 633:640 arg1 edge 625:628 the edge 621:628 the edge of nonmetal 621:640 Further, the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal was discovered by EPMA. 33234472 11 59 theme metal 1408:1412 arg1 hydrophilicity 1414:1427 the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity 1366:1427 hydrophilicity 1414:1427 This conduct promoted the dispersion of nonmetal in the slurry due to the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity. 33234472 11 60 theme surface 1389:1395 arg1 energy 1397:1402 the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity 1366:1427 energy 1397:1402 This conduct promoted the dispersion of nonmetal in the slurry due to the increased nonmetal surface energy and metal hydrophilicity. 33234472 1 61 theme waste 128:132 arg1 boards 150:155 waste printed circuit boards 128:155 waste printed circuit boards 128:155 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation has become a research focus. 33234472 7 62 theme 40 min 834:839 arg1 time 860:863 40 min alkaline immersion time 834:863 40 min alkaline immersion time 834:863 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 12 63 theme circuit 1521:1527 arg1 boards 1529:1534 waste printed circuit boards 1507:1534 waste printed circuit boards 1507:1534 Thus, this study provides a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards. 33234472 8 64 theme O 1017:1017 arg1 peak 1019:1022 the O peak 1013:1022 the O peak 1013:1022 Meanwhile, the XPS analysis of nonmetal found that the intensity of the OH peak was significantly enhanced, while the intensity of the O peak was evidently decreased. 33234472 1 65 theme printed 134:140 arg1 boards 150:155 waste printed circuit boards 128:155 waste printed circuit boards 128:155 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation has become a research focus. 33234472 9 66 theme structure 1083:1091 arg1 change 1053:1058 The change 1049:1058 The change of the resin molecular structure 1049:1091 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 12 67 theme boards 1529:1534 arg1 efficiency 1493:1502 the flotation efficiency 1479:1502 the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards 1479:1534 Thus, this study provides a new route to improve the flotation efficiency of waste printed circuit boards. 33234472 7 68 theme flotation 801:809 arg1 effect 811:816 a good flotation effect 794:816 a good flotation effect 794:816 Secondly, by adjusting the alkaline immersion time and pH value, a good flotation effect was achieved at 40 min alkaline immersion time and the pH = 11. 33234472 1 69 theme circuit 142:148 arg1 boards 150:155 waste printed circuit boards 128:155 waste printed circuit boards 128:155 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation has become a research focus. 33234472 9 70 attach linked 1114:1119 arg2 O 1112:1112 the O 1108:1112 the O linked to the benzene ring 1108:1139 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 9 70 attach linked 1114:1119 arg1 ring 1136:1139 the benzene ring 1124:1139 the benzene ring 1124:1139 The change of the resin molecular structure indicated that the O linked to the benzene ring was broken under the action of alkaline immersion, resulting a free bond was generated on the benzene ring. 33234472 5 71 from edge 625:628 arg1 mixture 588:594 the mixture 584:594 the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal 584:640 Further, the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal was discovered by EPMA. 33234472 0 72 theme circuit 58:64 arg1 boards 66:71 waste printed circuit boards 44:71 waste printed circuit boards 44:71 Enhanced flotation efficiency of metal from waste printed circuit boards modified by alkaline immersion. 33234472 2 73 theme circuit 228:234 arg1 boards 236:241 waste printed circuit boards 214:241 waste printed circuit boards 214:241 In this study, waste printed circuit boards were treated by alkaline immersion to enhance the flotation efficiency. 33234472 1 74 theme boards 150:155 arg1 recycling 115:123 Efficient recycling 105:123 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation 105:168 Efficient recycling of waste printed circuit boards by flotation has become a research focus. 33234472 5 75 theme metal 599:603 arg1 mixture 588:594 the mixture 584:594 the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal 584:640 Further, the mixture of metal and nonmetal at the edge of nonmetal was discovered by EPMA. 32099050 0 0 theme shared 102:107 arg1 epitopes 118:125 shared glycanic epitopes 102:125 shared glycanic epitopes 102:125 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes. 32099050 6 1 theme electroblotted 1045:1058 arg1 allergens 1060:1068 the electroblotted allergens 1041:1068 the electroblotted allergens 1041:1068 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 1 2 theme rubber 270:275 arg1 latex 277:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 5 3 theme rabbit 854:859 arg1 antibodies 876:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies 839:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens 839:930 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 4 4 theme phospholipase 807:819 arg1 A2 821:822 phospholipase A2 807:822 phospholipase A2 807:822 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 4 theme phospholipase 807:819 arg1 m 802:802 the allergen Api m 1 785:804 the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV 785:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 6 5 theme allergens 1060:1068 arg1 Treatment 1028:1036 Treatment 1028:1036 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate 1028:1094 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 6 6 theme sodium 1075:1080 arg1 metaperiodate 1082:1094 sodium metaperiodate 1075:1094 sodium metaperiodate 1075:1094 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 7 7 theme sequences 1297:1305 arg1 analyses 1259:1266 analyses 1259:1266 analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences 1259:1305 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 1 8 from pollens 311:317 arg1 latex 277:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 4 9 theme allergen 789:796 arg1 A2 821:822 phospholipase A2 807:822 phospholipase A2 807:822 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 9 theme allergen 789:796 arg1 m 802:802 the allergen Api m 1 785:804 the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV 785:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 10 theme Cr-PI/Per 744:752 arg1 a 754:754 cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 725:756 the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 699:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 11 theme americana 715:723 arg1 HDM 676:678 HDM 676:678 HDM 676:678 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 11 theme americana 715:723 arg1 homologues 685:694 two homologues 681:694 two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 681:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 11 theme americana 715:723 arg1 isoforms 773:780 two isoforms 769:780 two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV 769:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 0 12 theme glycanic 109:116 arg1 epitopes 118:125 shared glycanic epitopes 102:125 shared glycanic epitopes 102:125 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes. 32099050 5 13 theme invertebrate 909:920 arg1 allergens 922:930 the three invertebrate allergens 899:930 the three invertebrate allergens 899:930 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 4 14 from a 754:754 arg1 ACR 761:763 ACR 761:763 ACR 761:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 15 theme allergen 735:742 arg1 a 754:754 cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 725:756 the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 699:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 5 16 theme IgG 872:874 arg1 antibodies 876:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies 839:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens 839:930 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 5 17 theme Cross-reactive 839:852 arg1 antibodies 876:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies 839:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens 839:930 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 4 18 theme m 802:802 arg1 HDM 676:678 HDM 676:678 HDM 676:678 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 18 theme m 802:802 arg1 homologues 685:694 two homologues 681:694 two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 681:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 18 theme m 802:802 arg1 isoforms 773:780 two isoforms 769:780 two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV 769:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 8 19 dep schistosome 1425:1435 arg1 the 1421:1423 the 1421:1423 the 1421:1423 A potential role for the CCDs shared by the schistosome and invertebrates in inducing an allergy-protective effect, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis, is discussed. 32099050 6 20 theme rabbit 1142:1147 arg1 antibodies 1160:1169 the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies 1138:1169 the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies 1138:1169 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 3 21 theme house 436:440 arg1 australasiae 527:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 21 theme house 436:440 arg1 dust 442:445 the house dust mite 432:450 the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae 432:481 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 21 theme house 436:440 arg1 HDM 453:455 HDM 453:455 HDM 453:455 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 1 22 theme Schistosoma 191:201 arg1 SmSEA 225:229 SmSEA 225:229 SmSEA 225:229 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 1 22 theme Schistosoma 191:201 arg1 antigens 215:222 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens 191:222 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) 191:230 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 4 23 dep americana 715:723 arg1 a 754:754 cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 725:756 the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 699:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 24 from m 802:802 arg1 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 25 theme Api 798:800 arg1 A2 821:822 phospholipase A2 807:822 phospholipase A2 807:822 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 25 theme Api 798:800 arg1 m 802:802 the allergen Api m 1 785:804 the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV 785:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 8 26 dep role 1393:1396 arg1 proposed 1500:1507 proposed 1500:1507 proposed by the hygiene hypothesis 1500:1533 A potential role for the CCDs shared by the schistosome and invertebrates in inducing an allergy-protective effect, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis, is discussed. 32099050 1 27 theme mansoni 203:209 arg1 SmSEA 225:229 SmSEA 225:229 SmSEA 225:229 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 1 27 theme mansoni 203:209 arg1 antigens 215:222 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens 191:222 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) 191:230 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 3 28 theme IgG 402:404 arg1 antibodies 406:415 mansoni IgG antibodies 394:415 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 394:594 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 29 from antibodies 406:415 arg1 extracts 420:427 extracts 420:427 extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 420:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 29 from antibodies 406:415 arg1 venom 551:555 the venom 547:555 the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV) 547:593 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 5 30 theme mansoni 948:954 arg1 antigens 960:967 S. mansoni egg antigens 945:967 S. mansoni egg antigens 945:967 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 4 31 theme Periplaneta 703:713 arg1 americana 715:723 the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 699:763 the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 699:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 1 32 theme egg 211:213 arg1 SmSEA 225:229 SmSEA 225:229 SmSEA 225:229 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 1 32 theme egg 211:213 arg1 antigens 215:222 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens 191:222 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) 191:230 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 0 33 theme Antigenic 0:8 arg1 cross-reactivity 10:25 Antigenic cross-reactivity 0:25 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates 0:82 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes. 32099050 8 34 theme hygiene 1516:1522 arg1 hypothesis 1524:1533 the hygiene hypothesis 1512:1533 the hygiene hypothesis 1512:1533 A potential role for the CCDs shared by the schistosome and invertebrates in inducing an allergy-protective effect, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis, is discussed. 32099050 1 35 from grass 296:300 arg1 latex 277:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 8 36 theme allergy-protective 1470:1487 arg1 effect 1489:1494 an allergy-protective effect 1467:1494 an allergy-protective effect 1467:1494 A potential role for the CCDs shared by the schistosome and invertebrates in inducing an allergy-protective effect, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis, is discussed. 32099050 3 37 theme honey 564:568 arg1 bee 570:572 the honey bee 560:572 the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV) 560:593 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 8 38 theme potential 1383:1391 arg1 role 1393:1396 A potential role 1381:1396 A potential role 1381:1396 A potential role for the CCDs shared by the schistosome and invertebrates in inducing an allergy-protective effect, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis, is discussed. 32099050 3 39 theme dust 442:445 arg1 extracts 420:427 extracts 420:427 extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 420:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 0 40 theme Schistosoma 35:45 arg1 mansoni 47:53 Schistosoma mansoni 35:53 Schistosoma mansoni 35:53 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes. 32099050 3 41 dep Dermatophagoides 458:473 arg1 farinae 475:481 Dermatophagoides farinae 458:481 the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae 432:481 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 42 dep bee 570:572 arg1 mellifera 579:587 Apis mellifera 574:587 the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV) 560:593 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 42 dep bee 570:572 arg1 HBV 590:592 HBV 590:592 HBV 590:592 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 4 43 theme cockroach 725:733 arg1 a 754:754 cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 725:756 the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 699:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 3 44 theme mansoni 394:400 arg1 antibodies 406:415 mansoni IgG antibodies 394:415 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 394:594 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 1 45 from peanuts 284:290 arg1 latex 277:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 6 46 theme antibodies 1160:1169 arg1 cross-reactivity 1118:1133 the cross-reactivity 1114:1133 the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies 1114:1169 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 1 47 theme Previous 128:135 arg1 studies 137:143 Previous studies 128:143 Previous studies 128:143 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 4 48 theme mass 603:606 arg1 spectrometry 608:619 Tandem mass spectrometry 596:619 Tandem mass spectrometry 596:619 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 1 49 theme tree 306:309 arg1 pollens 311:317 tree pollens 306:317 tree pollens 306:317 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 6 50 theme cross-reactive 1197:1210 arg1 CCDs 1239:1242 CCDs 1239:1242 CCDs 1239:1242 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 6 50 theme cross-reactive 1197:1210 arg1 determinants 1225:1236 cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants 1197:1236 cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) 1197:1243 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 6 51 theme carbohydrate 1212:1223 arg1 CCDs 1239:1242 CCDs 1239:1242 CCDs 1239:1242 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 6 51 theme carbohydrate 1212:1223 arg1 determinants 1225:1236 cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants 1197:1236 cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) 1197:1243 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 7 52 theme acid 1292:1295 arg1 sequences 1297:1305 the allergens' amino acid sequences 1271:1305 the allergens' amino acid sequences 1271:1305 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 3 53 theme mite 447:450 arg1 australasiae 527:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 53 theme mite 447:450 arg1 dust 442:445 the house dust mite 432:450 the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae 432:481 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 53 theme mite 447:450 arg1 HDM 453:455 HDM 453:455 HDM 453:455 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 7 54 theme O-linked 1357:1364 arg1 glycosylation 1366:1378 O-linked glycosylation 1357:1378 O-linked glycosylation 1357:1378 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 3 55 dep dust 442:445 arg1 Dermatophagoides 458:473 Dermatophagoides 458:473 Dermatophagoides 458:473 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 4 56 dep A2 821:822 arg1 PLA2 825:828 PLA2 825:828 PLA2 825:828 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 57 theme Der 664:666 arg1 f 668:668 Der f 15 664:671 Der f 15 664:671 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 6 58 with Treatment 1028:1036 arg1 metaperiodate 1082:1094 sodium metaperiodate 1075:1094 sodium metaperiodate 1075:1094 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 3 59 theme bee 570:572 arg1 venom 551:555 the venom 547:555 the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV) 547:593 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 60 theme Australian 488:497 arg1 ACR 510:512 ACR 510:512 ACR 510:512 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 60 theme Australian 488:497 arg1 cockroach 499:507 Australian cockroach 488:507 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 0 61 theme allergenic 59:68 arg1 invertebrates 70:82 allergenic invertebrates 59:82 allergenic invertebrates 59:82 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes. 32099050 6 62 theme anti-SmSEA 1149:1158 arg1 antibodies 1160:1169 the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies 1138:1169 the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies 1138:1169 Treatment of the electroblotted allergens with sodium metaperiodate abrogated most of the cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-SmSEA antibodies, suggesting it was due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). 32099050 3 63 theme Apis 574:577 arg1 mellifera 579:587 Apis mellifera 574:587 the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV) 560:593 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 63 theme Apis 574:577 arg1 HBV 590:592 HBV 590:592 HBV 590:592 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 64 theme cockroach 499:507 arg1 australasiae 527:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 64 theme cockroach 499:507 arg1 dust 442:445 the house dust mite 432:450 the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae 432:481 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 4 65 from HBV 834:836 arg1 HDM 676:678 HDM 676:678 HDM 676:678 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 65 from HBV 834:836 arg1 homologues 685:694 two homologues 681:694 two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR 681:763 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 65 from HBV 834:836 arg1 isoforms 773:780 two isoforms 769:780 two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV 769:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 66 from isoforms 773:780 arg1 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 2 67 theme antigenic 337:345 arg1 molecules 347:355 antigenic molecules 337:355 antigenic molecules that cross-react with rabbit anti-S 337:391 Here we describe antigenic molecules that cross-react with rabbit anti-S. 32099050 4 68 from homologues 685:694 arg1 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 1 69 from allergens 249:257 arg1 latex 277:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 7 70 contain had 1327:1329 arg2 potential 1331:1339 potential 1331:1339 potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation 1331:1378 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 7 70 contain had 1327:1329 arg1 they 1322:1325 they 1322:1325 they 1322:1325 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 5 71 theme S. 945:946 arg1 antigens 960:967 S. mansoni egg antigens 945:967 S. mansoni egg antigens 945:967 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 3 72 theme Periplaneta 515:525 arg1 australasiae 527:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae 484:538 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 3 72 theme Periplaneta 515:525 arg1 dust 442:445 the house dust mite 432:450 the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae 432:481 mansoni IgG antibodies in extracts of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae, the Australian cockroach (ACR) Periplaneta australasiae and in the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera (HBV). 32099050 7 73 theme amino 1286:1290 arg1 sequences 1297:1305 the allergens' amino acid sequences 1271:1305 the allergens' amino acid sequences 1271:1305 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 5 74 theme anti-SmSEA 861:870 arg1 antibodies 876:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies 839:885 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens 839:930 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 7 75 link O-linked 1357:1364 arg1 glycosylation 1366:1378 O-linked glycosylation 1357:1378 O-linked glycosylation 1357:1378 Furthermore, analyses of the allergens' amino acid sequences indicated that they had potential for both N- and O-linked glycosylation. 32099050 5 76 theme worm 1013:1016 arg1 antigens 1018:1025 schistosome cercarial and worm antigens 987:1025 antigens 1018:1025 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 0 77 dep cross-reactivity 10:25 arg1 epitopes 118:125 shared glycanic epitopes 102:125 shared glycanic epitopes 102:125 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes. 32099050 1 78 theme rabbit 161:166 arg1 antibodies 172:181 rabbit IgG antibodies 161:181 rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) 161:230 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 4 79 theme cross-reactive 636:649 arg1 allergens 651:659 the cross-reactive allergens 632:659 the cross-reactive allergens 632:659 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 4 80 theme Tandem 596:601 arg1 spectrometry 608:619 Tandem mass spectrometry 596:619 Tandem mass spectrometry 596:619 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 5 81 theme egg 956:958 arg1 antigens 960:967 S. mansoni egg antigens 945:967 S. mansoni egg antigens 945:967 Cross-reactive rabbit anti-SmSEA IgG antibodies eluted from the three invertebrate allergens reacted with S. mansoni egg antigens and variably with schistosome cercarial and worm antigens. 32099050 1 82 theme IgG 168:170 arg1 antibodies 172:181 rabbit IgG antibodies 161:181 rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) 161:230 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32099050 4 83 from HDM 676:678 arg1 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 HBV 834:836 Tandem mass spectrometry identified the cross-reactive allergens as Der f 15 in HDM, two homologues of the Periplaneta americana cockroach allergen Cr-PI/Per a 3 in ACR and two isoforms of the allergen Api m 1 (phospholipase A2: PLA2) in HBV. 32099050 1 84 theme natural 262:268 arg1 latex 277:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 natural rubber latex 262:281 Previous studies have shown that rabbit IgG antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (SmSEA) cross-react with allergens in natural rubber latex, peanuts and grass and tree pollens. 32134364 10 0 theme 2-thienylmethyl 1723:1737 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 0 theme 2-thienylmethyl 1723:1737 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 8 1 from leak 1402:1405 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1410:1423 cardiomyocytes 1410:1423 cardiomyocytes 1410:1423 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 14 2 theme Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced 2346:2364 arg1 generation 2370:2379 Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation 2346:2379 Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation 2346:2379 Only NOX2 inhibition or KO prevented Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation. 32134364 5 3 theme Grx-roGFP2 951:960 arg1 sensors 968:974 genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 930:974 genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 930:974 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 10 4 theme ROS 1769:1771 arg1 induction 1773:1781 ROS induction 1769:1781 ROS induction 1769:1781 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 9 5 theme pathway 1469:1475 arg1 involvement 1438:1448 the involvement 1434:1448 the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway 1434:1475 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 1 6 theme multisystem 188:198 arg1 disease 200:206 multisystem disease 188:206 multisystem disease 188:206 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 1 6 theme multisystem 188:198 arg1 complex 179:185 a complex 177:185 a complex 177:185 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 3 7 link O-linked 425:432 arg1 attachment 434:443 O-linked attachment 425:443 (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia 421:507 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 13 8 dep inhibitors 2270:2279 arg1 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 8 dep inhibitors 2270:2279 arg1 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 8 dep inhibitors 2270:2279 arg1 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 8 dep inhibitors 2270:2279 arg1 inhibitors 2270:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors 2244:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2244:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 3 9 theme CaMKII 571:576 arg1 oxidation 558:566 a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation 517:566 (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality 513:619 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 9 theme CaMKII 571:576 arg1 attachment 434:443 O-linked attachment 425:443 (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia 421:507 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 9 10 theme GlcNAcylation 1491:1503 arg1 removal 1505:1511 GlcNAcylation removal 1491:1511 GlcNAcylation removal 1491:1511 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 13 11 theme ROS 2100:2102 arg1 source 2104:2109 the ROS source 2096:2109 the ROS source(s) 2096:2112 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 11 theme ROS 2100:2102 arg1 s 2111:2111 s 2111:2111 s 2111:2111 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 2 12 theme diabetes 325:332 arg1 mellitus 334:341 diabetes mellitus 325:341 diabetes mellitus 325:341 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation may occur in diabetes mellitus and be arrhythmogenic. 32134364 5 13 theme ventricular 849:859 arg1 myocytes 861:868 adult ventricular myocytes 843:868 adult ventricular myocytes 843:868 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 5 14 dep METHODS 759:765 arg1 tested 782:787 tested 782:787 tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 782:974 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 3 15 attach attachment 434:443 arg2 CaMKII 571:576 CaMKII 571:576 CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality 571:619 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 15 attach attachment 434:443 arg2 N-acetylglucosamine 448:466 N-acetylglucosamine 448:466 N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 448:477 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 15 attach attachment 434:443 arg2 O-GlcNAc 469:476 O-GlcNAc 469:476 O-GlcNAc 469:476 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 15 attach attachment 434:443 arg3 S280 482:485 S280 482:485 S280 leading to arrhythmia 482:507 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 11 16 theme GlcNAcylation 1887:1899 arg1 site 1901:1904 the functional GlcNAcylation site 1872:1904 the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ 1872:1915 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 4 17 theme extracellular 653:665 arg1 Hi-Glu 676:681 Hi-Glu 676:681 Hi-Glu 676:681 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 4 17 theme extracellular 653:665 arg1 glucose 667:673 high extracellular glucose 648:673 high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) 648:682 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 10 18 theme -α-[[ 1637:1641 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 18 theme -α-[[ 1637:1641 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 2 19 theme CaMKII 256:261 arg1 activation 301:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation may occur in diabetes mellitus and be arrhythmogenic. 32134364 16 20 theme novel 2525:2529 arg1 induction 2535:2543 This novel ROS induction 2520:2543 This novel ROS induction 2520:2543 This novel ROS induction may exacerbate pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia. 32134364 8 21 theme CaMKII 1306:1311 arg1 activation 1313:1322 CaMKII activation 1306:1322 CaMKII activation 1306:1322 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 10 22 theme αR 1634:1635 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 22 theme αR 1634:1635 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 11 23 theme ROS 1978:1980 arg1 generation 1982:1991 myocyte ROS generation 1970:1991 myocyte ROS generation 1970:1991 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 5 24 theme targeted 942:949 arg1 sensors 968:974 genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 930:974 genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 930:974 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 6 25 theme ROS 1032:1034 arg1 generation-an 1036:1048 ROS generation-an 1032:1048 ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1032:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 3 26 theme Diabetic 366:373 arg1 hyperglycemia 375:387 Diabetic hyperglycemia 366:387 Diabetic hyperglycemia 366:387 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 0 27 from Activation 104:113 arg1 Myocytes 136:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 4 28 theme ventricular 693:703 arg1 generation 717:726 ventricular myocyte ROS generation 693:726 ventricular myocyte ROS generation 693:726 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 7 29 theme Ca2+ 1265:1268 arg1 release 1270:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release 1227:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) 1227:1297 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 2 30 theme Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent 264:288 arg1 kinase 290:295 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II 264:298 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation may occur in diabetes mellitus and be arrhythmogenic. 32134364 3 31 dep oxidation 558:566 arg1 2 514:514 2 514:514 2 514:514 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 4 32 theme ROS 713:715 arg1 generation 717:726 ventricular myocyte ROS generation 693:726 ventricular myocyte ROS generation 693:726 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 7 33 theme sarcoplasmic 1242:1253 arg1 release 1270:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release 1227:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) 1227:1297 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 15 34 theme myocyte 2439:2445 arg1 production 2451:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 9 35 theme Hi-Glu-induced 1553:1566 arg1 production 1572:1581 the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production 1549:1581 the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production 1549:1581 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 5 36 from production 829:838 arg1 myocytes 861:868 adult ventricular myocytes 843:868 adult ventricular myocytes 843:868 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 15 37 theme acute 2425:2429 arg1 production 2451:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 1 38 theme Diabetes 156:163 arg1 mellitus 165:172 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus 146:172 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus 146:172 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 1 38 theme Diabetes 156:163 arg1 complex 179:185 a complex 177:185 a complex 177:185 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 8 39 theme reticulum 1387:1395 arg1 leak 1402:1405 sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak 1374:1405 sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak 1374:1405 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 0 40 theme Mouse 118:122 arg1 Myocytes 136:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 6 41 theme CaMKII 1095:1100 arg1 KN-93 1112:1116 CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 1095:1116 CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 1095:1116 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 3 42 dep attachment 434:443 arg1 1 422:422 1 422:422 1 422:422 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 43 theme N-acetylglucosamine 448:466 arg1 oxidation 558:566 a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation 517:566 (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality 513:619 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 43 theme N-acetylglucosamine 448:466 arg1 attachment 434:443 O-linked attachment 425:443 (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia 421:507 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 5 44 theme ROS 825:827 arg1 production 829:838 ROS production 825:838 ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes 825:868 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 5 45 theme redox 962:966 arg1 sensors 968:974 genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 930:974 genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors 930:974 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 8 46 theme Hi-Glu-induced 1340:1353 arg1 generation 1359:1368 Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation 1340:1368 Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation 1340:1368 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 13 47 theme Gp91ds-tat 2170:2179 arg1 NOX 2147:2149 NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 2147:2167 NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide) 2147:2188 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 47 theme Gp91ds-tat 2170:2179 arg1 peptide 2181:2187 Gp91ds-tat peptide 2170:2187 Gp91ds-tat peptide 2170:2187 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 9 48 dep inhibited 1481:1489 arg1 mimicked 1540:1547 mimicked 1540:1547 mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production 1540:1581 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 0 49 theme Reactive 42:49 arg1 Species 58:64 Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species 32:64 Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species 32:64 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 0 50 theme O-linked 70:77 arg1 GlcNAcylation 79:91 O-linked GlcNAcylation 70:91 O-linked GlcNAcylation 70:91 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 3 51 from S280 482:485 arg1 oxidation 558:566 a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation 517:566 (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality 513:619 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 51 from S280 482:485 arg1 attachment 434:443 O-linked attachment 425:443 (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia 421:507 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 6 52 theme cardiac-specific 1143:1158 arg1 mice 1182:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 11 53 theme CRSPR-based 1836:1846 arg1 mouse 1857:1861 a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse 1834:1861 a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A) 1834:1935 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 15 54 theme CaMKIIδ 2503:2509 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2484:2498 O-GlcNAcylation 2484:2498 O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280 2484:2517 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 13 55 theme different 2123:2131 arg1 inhibitors 2133:2142 different inhibitors 2123:2142 different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2123:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 56 theme synthase 2252:2259 arg1 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 56 theme synthase 2252:2259 arg1 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 56 theme synthase 2252:2259 arg1 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 56 theme synthase 2252:2259 arg1 inhibitors 2270:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors 2244:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2244:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 6 57 theme global 1133:1138 arg1 mice 1182:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 3 58 theme reactive 519:526 arg1 ROS 544:546 ROS 544:546 ROS 544:546 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 58 theme reactive 519:526 arg1 species 535:541 reactive oxygen species 519:541 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 519:547 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 8 59 from generation 1359:1368 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1410:1423 cardiomyocytes 1410:1423 cardiomyocytes 1410:1423 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 13 60 theme pathway 2262:2268 arg1 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 60 theme pathway 2262:2268 arg1 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 60 theme pathway 2262:2268 arg1 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 60 theme pathway 2262:2268 arg1 inhibitors 2270:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors 2244:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2244:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 7 61 theme Ca2+ 1286:1289 arg1 events 1278:1283 events 1278:1283 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) 1227:1297 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 7 61 theme Ca2+ 1286:1289 arg1 sparks 1291:1296 Ca2+ sparks 1286:1296 Ca2+ sparks 1286:1296 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 7 62 theme Hi-Glu-induced 1227:1240 arg1 release 1270:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release 1227:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) 1227:1297 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 14 63 theme ROS 2366:2368 arg1 generation 2370:2379 Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation 2346:2379 Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation 2346:2379 Only NOX2 inhibition or KO prevented Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation. 32134364 10 64 theme GlcNAcylation 1610:1622 arg1 inhibition 1596:1605 inhibition 1596:1605 inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) 1596:1757 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 9 65 theme O-GlcNAc-CaMKII 1453:1467 arg1 pathway 1469:1475 O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway 1453:1475 O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway 1453:1475 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 14 66 theme Only 2309:2312 arg1 inhibition 2319:2328 Only NOX2 inhibition 2309:2328 Only NOX2 inhibition 2309:2328 Only NOX2 inhibition or KO prevented Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation. 32134364 8 67 theme ROS 1355:1357 arg1 generation 1359:1368 Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation 1340:1368 Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation 1340:1368 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 16 68 theme pathological 2560:2571 arg1 consequences 2573:2584 pathological consequences 2560:2584 pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia 2560:2610 This novel ROS induction may exacerbate pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia. 32134364 10 69 dep OSMI-1 1625:1630 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 69 dep OSMI-1 1625:1630 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 13 70 theme NOS 2244:2246 arg1 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 70 theme NOS 2244:2246 arg1 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 70 theme NOS 2244:2246 arg1 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 70 theme NOS 2244:2246 arg1 inhibitors 2270:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors 2244:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2244:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 6 71 theme knockout 1172:1179 arg1 mice 1182:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 3 72 theme -mediated 548:556 arg1 oxidation 558:566 a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation 517:566 (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality 513:619 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 5 73 theme adult 843:847 arg1 myocytes 861:868 adult ventricular myocytes 843:868 adult ventricular myocytes 843:868 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 6 74 theme KO 1168:1169 arg1 mice 1182:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 10 75 dep Hi-Glu 1805:1810 arg1 response 1786:1793 response 1786:1793 response 1786:1793 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 9 76 theme Thiamet 1516:1522 arg1 ThmG 1527:1530 ThmG 1527:1530 ThmG 1527:1530 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 9 76 theme Thiamet 1516:1522 arg1 G 1524:1524 Thiamet G 1516:1524 Thiamet G (ThmG) 1516:1531 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 16 77 theme ROS 2531:2533 arg1 induction 2535:2543 This novel ROS induction 2520:2543 This novel ROS induction 2520:2543 This novel ROS induction may exacerbate pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia. 32134364 0 78 from GlcNAcylation 79:91 arg1 Myocytes 136:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 4 79 theme high 648:651 arg1 Hi-Glu 676:681 Hi-Glu 676:681 Hi-Glu 676:681 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 4 79 theme high 648:651 arg1 glucose 667:673 high extracellular glucose 648:673 high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) 648:682 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 2 80 theme Chronic 248:254 arg1 activation 301:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation may occur in diabetes mellitus and be arrhythmogenic. 32134364 12 81 theme dependent 2057:2065 arg1 production 2072:2081 the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production 2026:2081 the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production 2026:2081 So CaMKIIδ-S280 is required for the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production. 32134364 13 82 theme NO 2249:2250 arg1 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 L-NIO 2290:2294 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 82 theme NO 2249:2250 arg1 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 L-NPA 2301:2305 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 82 theme NO 2249:2250 arg1 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 L-NAME 2282:2287 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 82 theme NO 2249:2250 arg1 inhibitors 2270:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors 2244:2279 NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2244:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 11 83 theme myocyte 1970:1976 arg1 generation 1982:1991 myocyte ROS generation 1970:1991 myocyte ROS generation 1970:1991 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 1 84 theme RATIONALE 146:154 arg1 mellitus 165:172 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus 146:172 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus 146:172 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 1 84 theme RATIONALE 146:154 arg1 complex 179:185 a complex 177:185 a complex 177:185 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 6 85 theme generation-an 1036:1048 arg1 rate 1024:1027 the rate 1020:1027 the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1020:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 0 86 link O-linked 70:77 arg1 GlcNAcylation 79:91 O-linked GlcNAcylation 70:91 O-linked GlcNAcylation 70:91 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 11 87 from site 1901:1904 arg1 CaMKIIδ 1909:1915 CaMKIIδ 1909:1915 CaMKIIδ 1909:1915 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 12 88 theme ROS 2068:2070 arg1 production 2072:2081 the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production 2026:2081 the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production 2026:2081 So CaMKIIδ-S280 is required for the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production. 32134364 7 89 theme reticulum 1255:1263 arg1 release 1270:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release 1227:1276 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) 1227:1297 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 2 90 theme kinase 290:295 arg1 activation 301:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation 248:310 Chronic CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activation may occur in diabetes mellitus and be arrhythmogenic. 32134364 13 91 theme ROS 2223:2225 arg1 inhibitors 2133:2142 different inhibitors 2123:2142 different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2123:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 12 92 theme Hi-Glu-induced 2030:2043 arg1 production 2072:2081 the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production 2026:2081 the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production 2026:2081 So CaMKIIδ-S280 is required for the Hi-Glu-induced (and GlcNAc dependent) ROS production. 32134364 15 93 dep CONCLUSIONS 2382:2392 arg1 induces 2417:2423 induces 2417:2423 induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280 2417:2517 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 0 94 theme CaMKII 97:102 arg1 Activation 104:113 CaMKII Activation 97:113 CaMKII Activation 97:113 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 16 95 theme diabetic 2589:2596 arg1 hyperglycemia 2598:2610 diabetic hyperglycemia 2589:2610 diabetic hyperglycemia 2589:2610 This novel ROS induction may exacerbate pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia. 32134364 5 96 theme 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 885:913 arg1 diacetate 915:923 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate 885:923 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate 885:923 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 5 96 theme 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 885:913 arg1 2 882:882 2 882:882 2 882:882 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 4 97 theme myocyte 705:711 arg1 generation 717:726 ventricular myocyte ROS generation 693:726 ventricular myocyte ROS generation 693:726 OBJECTIVE To test whether high extracellular glucose (Hi-Glu) promotes ventricular myocyte ROS generation and the role played by CaMKII. 32134364 15 98 theme ROS 2447:2449 arg1 production 2451:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 9 99 theme ROS 1568:1570 arg1 production 1572:1581 the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production 1549:1581 the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production 1549:1581 To test the involvement of O-GlcNAc-CaMKII pathway, we inhibited GlcNAcylation removal by Thiamet G (ThmG), which mimicked the Hi-Glu-induced ROS production. 32134364 13 100 theme NOX4 2191:2194 arg1 inhibitors 2133:2142 different inhibitors 2123:2142 different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2123:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 11 101 theme knock-in 1848:1855 arg1 mouse 1857:1861 a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse 1834:1861 a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A) 1834:1935 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 0 102 theme Ventricular 124:134 arg1 Myocytes 136:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Mouse Ventricular Myocytes 118:143 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 1 103 theme large 219:223 arg1 worldwide 237:245 large populations worldwide 219:245 large populations worldwide 219:245 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 6 104 theme inhibitor 1102:1110 arg1 KN-93 1112:1116 CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 1095:1116 CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 1095:1116 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 6 105 dep generation-an 1036:1048 arg1 effect 1050:1055 effect 1050:1055 ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1032:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 8 106 theme sarcoplasmic 1374:1385 arg1 reticulum 1387:1395 sarcoplasmic reticulum 1374:1395 sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak 1374:1405 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 10 107 theme sulfonyl 1674:1681 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 107 theme sulfonyl 1674:1681 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 7 108 theme CaMKII 1188:1193 arg1 KO 1195:1196 CaMKII KO or inhibition 1188:1210 KO 1195:1196 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 7 109 dep release 1270:1276 arg1 events 1278:1283 events 1278:1283 Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) 1227:1297 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 7 109 dep release 1270:1276 arg1 sparks 1291:1296 Ca2+ sparks 1286:1296 Ca2+ sparks 1286:1296 CaMKII KO or inhibition also prevented Hi-Glu-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). 32134364 11 110 theme functional 1876:1885 arg1 site 1901:1904 the functional GlcNAcylation site 1872:1904 the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ 1872:1915 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 15 111 theme cardiac 2431:2437 arg1 production 2451:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 acute cardiac myocyte ROS production 2425:2460 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 8 112 theme Ca2+ 1397:1400 arg1 leak 1402:1405 sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak 1374:1405 sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak 1374:1405 Thus, CaMKII activation is required for Hi-Glu-induced ROS generation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in cardiomyocytes. 32134364 0 113 theme Cytosolic 32:40 arg1 Species 58:64 Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species 32:64 Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species 32:64 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 13 114 used used 2118:2121 arg2 we 2115:2116 we 2115:2116 we 2115:2116 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 15 115 theme Diabetic 2394:2401 arg1 hyperglycemia 2403:2415 Diabetic hyperglycemia 2394:2415 Diabetic hyperglycemia 2394:2415 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 10 116 theme -N- 1689:1691 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 116 theme -N- 1689:1691 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 0 117 theme Oxygen 51:56 arg1 Species 58:64 Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species 32:64 Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species 32:64 Hyperglycemia Acutely Increases Cytosolic Reactive Oxygen Species via O-linked GlcNAcylation and CaMKII Activation in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes. 32134364 1 118 theme populations 225:235 arg1 worldwide 237:245 large populations worldwide 219:245 large populations worldwide 219:245 RATIONALE Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multisystem disease, affecting large populations worldwide. 32134364 13 119 theme inhibitors 2270:2279 arg1 inhibitors 2133:2142 different inhibitors 2123:2142 different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2123:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 120 theme mitochondrial 2209:2221 arg1 MitoTempo 2228:2236 MitoTempo 2228:2236 MitoTempo 2228:2236 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 120 theme mitochondrial 2209:2221 arg1 ROS 2223:2225 mitochondrial ROS 2209:2225 mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo) 2209:2237 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 15 121 from S280 2514:2517 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2484:2498 O-GlcNAcylation 2484:2498 O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280 2484:2517 CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia induces acute cardiac myocyte ROS production by NOX2 that requires O-GlcNAcylation of CaMKIIδ at S280. 32134364 14 122 theme NOX2 2314:2317 arg1 inhibition 2319:2328 Only NOX2 inhibition 2309:2328 Only NOX2 inhibition 2309:2328 Only NOX2 inhibition or KO prevented Hi-Glu/ThmG-induced ROS generation. 32134364 10 123 theme amino 1683:1687 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 123 theme amino 1683:1687 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 5 124 theme extracellular 793:805 arg1 Hi-Glu 807:812 extracellular Hi-Glu 793:812 extracellular Hi-Glu 793:812 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 13 125 theme NADPH 2152:2156 arg1 oxidase 2158:2164 NADPH oxidase 2152:2164 NADPH oxidase 2152:2164 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 13 125 theme NADPH 2152:2156 arg1 NOX 2147:2149 NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 2147:2167 NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide) 2147:2188 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 32134364 6 126 theme CaMKIIδ 1160:1166 arg1 mice 1182:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice 1126:1185 Hi-Glu (30 mmol/L) significantly increased the rate of ROS generation-an effect prevented in myocytes pretreated with CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or from either global or cardiac-specific CaMKIIδ KO (knockout) mice. 32134364 3 127 theme O-linked 425:432 arg1 attachment 434:443 O-linked attachment 425:443 (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia 421:507 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 5 128 dep DCF 877:879 arg1 diacetate 915:923 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate 885:923 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate 885:923 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 5 128 dep DCF 877:879 arg1 2 882:882 2 882:882 2 882:882 METHODS AND RESULTS We tested how extracellular Hi-Glu influences ROS production in adult ventricular myocytes, using DCF (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and genetically targeted Grx-roGFP2 redox sensors. 32134364 10 129 theme -2-methoxy-N- 1709:1721 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 129 theme -2-methoxy-N- 1709:1721 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 11 130 dep ablated 1921:1927 arg1 S280A 1930:1934 S280A 1930:1934 S280A 1930:1934 Moreover, in a CRSPR-based knock-in mouse in which the functional GlcNAcylation site on CaMKIIδ was ablated (S280A), neither Hi-Glu nor ThmG induced myocyte ROS generation. 32134364 3 131 theme postinfarction 596:609 arg1 mortality 611:619 postinfarction mortality 596:619 postinfarction mortality 596:619 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 10 132 theme 2-furanylmethyl 1693:1707 arg1 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl 1643:1672 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 10 132 theme 2-furanylmethyl 1693:1707 arg1 -benzeneacetamide 1739:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 (αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide 1633:1755 Conversely, inhibition of GlcNAcylation (OSMI-1 [(αR)-α-[[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzeneacetamide]) prevented ROS induction in response to either Hi-Glu or ThmG. 32134364 16 133 theme hyperglycemia 2598:2610 arg1 consequences 2573:2584 pathological consequences 2560:2584 pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia 2560:2610 This novel ROS induction may exacerbate pathological consequences of diabetic hyperglycemia. 32134364 3 134 theme oxygen 528:533 arg1 ROS 544:546 ROS 544:546 ROS 544:546 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 3 134 theme oxygen 528:533 arg1 species 535:541 reactive oxygen species 519:541 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 519:547 Diabetic hyperglycemia was shown to activate CaMKII by (1) O-linked attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S280 leading to arrhythmia and (2) a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation of CaMKII that can increase postinfarction mortality. 32134364 13 135 theme NOX 2147:2149 arg1 inhibitors 2133:2142 different inhibitors 2123:2142 different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA) 2123:2306 To identify the ROS source(s), we used different inhibitors of NOX (NADPH oxidase) 2 (Gp91ds-tat peptide), NOX4 (GKT137831), mitochondrial ROS (MitoTempo), and NOS (NO synthase) pathway inhibitors (L-NAME, L-NIO, and L-NPA). 34812738 4 0 theme longevity 796:804 arg1 individuals 806:816 longevity individuals 796:816 longevity individuals 796:816 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 2 1 theme gene 317:320 arg1 variants 322:329 ABO gene variants 313:329 ABO gene variants 313:329 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 3 2 theme younger 507:513 arg1 controls 515:522 7026 younger controls 502:522 7026 younger controls 502:522 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 10 3 theme normal 2061:2066 arg1 phenotypes 2084:2093 normal lipid metabolic phenotypes 2061:2093 normal lipid metabolic phenotypes 2061:2093 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 8 4 theme normal 1631:1636 arg1 level 1638:1642 BMI normal level 1627:1642 BMI normal level 1627:1642 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 1 5 theme related 166:172 arg1 Genes 160:164 Genes 160:164 Genes related to human longevity 160:191 Genes related to human longevity have not been studied so far, and need to be investigated thoroughly. 34812738 3 6 theme Chinese 533:539 arg1 CLHLS 580:584 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 1 7 theme human 177:181 arg1 longevity 183:191 human longevity 177:191 human longevity 177:191 Genes related to human longevity have not been studied so far, and need to be investigated thoroughly. 34812738 4 8 theme ABO 593:595 arg1 variants 602:609 Four ABO gene variants 588:609 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) 588:697 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 8 9 theme = 1652:1652 arg1 prange 1645:1650 prange 1645:1650 prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026 1645:1671 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 10 10 theme metabolic 2074:2082 arg1 phenotypes 2084:2093 normal lipid metabolic phenotypes 2061:2093 normal lipid metabolic phenotypes 2061:2093 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 7 11 theme p 1235:1235 arg1 x 1245:1245 p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255 1235:1263 x 1245:1245 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 11 theme p 1235:1235 arg1 CGAC/XGXX 1224:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX 1214:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1214:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 8 12 dep = 1577:1577 arg1 10-5-0.036 1587:1596 10-5-0.036 1587:1596 10-5-0.036 1587:1596 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 12 dep = 1577:1577 arg1 2.200 1579:1583 2.200 1579:1583 2.200 1579:1583 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 3 13 theme Survey 572:577 arg1 CLHLS 580:584 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 3 14 theme Healthy 554:560 arg1 CLHLS 580:584 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 7 15 contain had 1266:1268 arg2 connection 1284:1293 a substantial connection 1270:1293 a substantial connection with longevity 1270:1308 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 15 contain had 1266:1268 arg1 carriers 1082:1089 The carriers 1078:1089 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1078:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 10 16 theme longevity 2102:2110 arg1 population 2112:2121 the longevity population 2098:2121 the longevity population 2098:2121 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 4 17 theme rs643434 671:678 arg1 A 680:680 rs643434 A 671:680 rs643434 A 671:680 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 5 18 theme OR 869:870 arg1 range 872:876 OR range 869:876 OR range 869:876 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value and OR range were 0.013-0.020 and 1.126-1.151, respectively. 34812738 6 19 theme disequilibrium 962:975 arg1 analysis 982:989 linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis 954:989 linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis 954:989 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 8 20 dep prange 1645:1650 arg1 1.530-1.997 1684:1694 1.530-1.997 1684:1694 1.530-1.997 1684:1694 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 10 21 theme ABO 1958:1960 arg1 variants 1962:1969 the identified longevity-associated ABO variants 1922:1969 the identified longevity-associated ABO variants 1922:1969 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 4 22 theme rs8176719 646:654 arg1 C 656:656 rs8176719 C 646:656 rs8176719 C 646:656 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 0 23 theme ABO 60:62 arg1 gene 64:67 ABO gene 60:67 ABO gene 60:67 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 10 24 theme identified 1926:1935 arg1 variants 1962:1969 the identified longevity-associated ABO variants 1922:1969 the identified longevity-associated ABO variants 1922:1969 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 5 25 theme Bonferroni 837:846 arg1 0.013-0.020 883:893 0.013-0.020 883:893 0.013-0.020 883:893 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value and OR range were 0.013-0.020 and 1.126-1.151, respectively. 34812738 5 25 theme Bonferroni 837:846 arg1 p-value 857:863 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value 833:863 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value 833:863 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value and OR range were 0.013-0.020 and 1.126-1.151, respectively. 34812738 10 26 theme health 1982:1987 arg1 profile 1995:2001 better health lipid profile 1975:2001 better health lipid profile 1975:2001 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 8 27 contain had 1516:1518 arg2 association 1531:1541 a positive association 1520:1541 a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level 1520:1642 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 27 contain had 1516:1518 arg1 individuals 1457:1467 the longevity individuals 1443:1467 the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX 1443:1514 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 3 28 from CLHLS 580:584 arg1 subjects 489:496 5803 longevity subjects 474:496 5803 longevity subjects 474:496 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 3 28 from CLHLS 580:584 arg1 controls 515:522 7026 younger controls 502:522 7026 younger controls 502:522 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 2 29 theme longevity 350:358 arg1 phenotype 360:368 longevity phenotype 350:368 longevity phenotype 350:368 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 9 30 from vWF/ADAMTS13 1730:1741 arg1 other 1860:1864 other 1860:1864 other 1860:1864 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 8 31 with association 1531:1541 arg1 HDL-c 1548:1552 HDL-c 1548:1552 HDL-c 1548:1552 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 31 with association 1531:1541 arg1 TG 1566:1567 TG 1566:1567 TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709) 1566:1620 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 31 with association 1531:1541 arg1 prange 1570:1575 prange 1570:1575 prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036 1570:1596 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 31 with association 1531:1541 arg1 LDL-c 1555:1559 LDL-c 1555:1559 LDL-c 1555:1559 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 31 with association 1531:1541 arg1 level 1638:1642 BMI normal level 1627:1642 BMI normal level 1627:1642 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 31 with association 1531:1541 arg1 TC 1562:1563 TC 1562:1563 TC 1562:1563 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 32 dep had 1516:1518 arg1 prange 1645:1650 prange 1645:1650 prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026 1645:1671 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 4 33 theme rs505922 687:694 arg1 C 696:696 rs505922 C 687:696 rs505922 C 687:696 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 7 34 theme analysis 1353:1360 arg1 results 1328:1334 the results 1324:1334 the results of genetic model analysis 1324:1360 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 6 35 theme analysis 982:989 arg1 results 943:949 the results 939:949 the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis 939:989 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 8 36 theme genotype 1377:1384 arg1 analysis 1410:1417 the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis 1373:1417 the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis 1373:1417 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 9 37 theme lipid 1810:1814 arg1 levels 1816:1821 co-regulated lipid levels 1797:1821 co-regulated lipid levels 1797:1821 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 4 38 theme GWAS 743:746 arg1 analysis 753:760 the CLHLS GWAS data analysis 733:760 the CLHLS GWAS data analysis 733:760 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 0 39 theme novel 34:38 arg1 variants 48:55 novel genetic variants 34:55 novel genetic variants of ABO gene 34:67 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 7 40 theme genetic 1339:1345 arg1 analysis 1353:1360 genetic model analysis 1339:1360 genetic model analysis 1339:1360 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 8 41 theme metabolic 1390:1398 arg1 phenotype 1400:1408 metabolic phenotype 1390:1408 metabolic phenotype 1390:1408 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 2 42 theme ABO 313:315 arg1 variants 322:329 ABO gene variants 313:329 ABO gene variants 313:329 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 0 43 theme variants 48:55 arg1 replication 19:29 replication 19:29 replication 19:29 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 0 43 theme variants 48:55 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 7 44 dep = 1195:1195 arg1 x 1163:1163 prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14 1148:1184 x 1163:1163 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 44 dep = 1195:1195 arg1 10-14 1180:1184 10-14 1180:1184 10-14 1180:1184 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 45 theme = 1155:1155 arg1 x 1163:1163 prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14 1148:1184 x 1163:1163 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 8 46 dep prange 1570:1575 arg1 1.546-1.709 1609:1619 1.546-1.709 1609:1619 1.546-1.709 1609:1619 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 3 47 theme genotype-phenotype 426:443 arg1 study 445:449 A genotype-phenotype study 424:449 A genotype-phenotype study 424:449 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 2 48 theme lipid 332:336 arg1 levels 338:343 lipid levels 332:343 lipid levels 332:343 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 7 49 with connection 1284:1293 arg1 longevity 1300:1308 longevity 1300:1308 longevity 1300:1308 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 9 50 from markers 1764:1770 arg1 other 1860:1864 other 1860:1864 other 1860:1864 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 6 51 from block 1025:1029 arg1 gene 1042:1045 the ABO gene 1034:1045 the ABO gene 1034:1045 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 2 52 from relationship 294:305 arg1 individuals 373:383 individuals 373:383 individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes 373:421 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 8 53 theme BMI 1627:1629 arg1 level 1638:1642 BMI normal level 1627:1642 BMI normal level 1627:1642 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 7 54 theme substantial 1272:1282 arg1 connection 1284:1293 a substantial connection 1270:1293 a substantial connection with longevity 1270:1308 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 8 55 theme longevity 1447:1455 arg1 individuals 1457:1467 the longevity individuals 1443:1467 the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX 1443:1514 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 9 56 from effects 1844:1850 arg1 other 1860:1864 other 1860:1864 other 1860:1864 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 8 57 theme rs505922 1504:1511 arg1 CX 1513:1514 rs505922 CX 1504:1514 rs505922 CX 1504:1514 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 2 58 theme adverse 406:412 arg1 outcomes 414:421 adverse outcomes 406:421 adverse outcomes 406:421 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 8 59 with individuals 1457:1467 arg1 GG 1483:1484 GG 1483:1484 GG 1483:1484 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 59 with individuals 1457:1467 arg1 AX 1496:1497 AX 1496:1497 AX 1496:1497 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 59 with individuals 1457:1467 arg1 CX 1513:1514 rs505922 CX 1504:1514 rs505922 CX 1504:1514 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 4 60 theme healthy 627:633 arg1 longevity 635:643 healthy longevity 627:643 healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) 627:697 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 2 61 dep individuals 373:383 arg1 old 393:395 old 393:395 old 393:395 This study aims to explore the relationship among ABO gene variants, lipid levels, and longevity phenotype in individuals (≥90yrs old) without adverse outcomes. 34812738 8 62 theme positive 1522:1529 arg1 association 1531:1541 a positive association 1520:1541 a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level 1520:1642 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 6 63 dep = 1062:1062 arg1 D' 1048:1049 D' 1048:1049 D' 1048:1049 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 3 64 theme Longevity 562:570 arg1 CLHLS 580:584 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 10 65 theme lipid 2068:2072 arg1 phenotypes 2084:2093 normal lipid metabolic phenotypes 2061:2093 normal lipid metabolic phenotypes 2061:2093 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 7 66 theme = 1237:1237 arg1 x 1245:1245 p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255 1235:1263 x 1245:1245 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 66 theme = 1237:1237 arg1 CGAC/XGXX 1224:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX 1214:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1214:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 4 67 theme gene 597:600 arg1 variants 602:609 Four ABO gene variants 588:609 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) 588:697 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 0 68 theme lipid 141:145 arg1 homeostasis 147:157 lipid homeostasis 141:157 lipid homeostasis 141:157 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 3 69 theme Longitudinal 541:552 arg1 CLHLS 580:584 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 529:585 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 34812738 5 70 theme adjusted 848:855 arg1 0.013-0.020 883:893 0.013-0.020 883:893 0.013-0.020 883:893 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value and OR range were 0.013-0.020 and 1.126-1.151, respectively. 34812738 5 70 theme adjusted 848:855 arg1 p-value 857:863 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value 833:863 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value 833:863 The Bonferroni adjusted p-value and OR range were 0.013-0.020 and 1.126-1.151, respectively. 34812738 4 71 theme rs687621 659:666 arg1 G 668:668 rs687621 G 659:668 rs687621 G 659:668 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 8 72 dep genotype 1377:1384 arg1 the 1373:1375 the 1373:1375 the 1373:1375 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 10 73 theme better 1975:1980 arg1 profile 1995:2001 better health lipid profile 1975:2001 better health lipid profile 1975:2001 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 7 74 theme haplotype 1214:1222 arg1 genotypes 1096:1104 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 1096:1142 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1096:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 74 theme haplotype 1214:1222 arg1 2.255 1259:1263 2.255 1259:1263 2.255 1259:1263 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 74 theme haplotype 1214:1222 arg1 x 1245:1245 p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255 1235:1263 x 1245:1245 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 74 theme haplotype 1214:1222 arg1 CGAC/XGXX 1224:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX 1214:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1214:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 0 75 theme gene 64:67 arg1 variants 48:55 novel genetic variants 34:55 novel genetic variants of ABO gene 34:67 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 6 76 theme linkage 954:960 arg1 LD 978:979 LD 978:979 LD 978:979 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 6 76 theme linkage 954:960 arg1 disequilibrium 962:975 linkage disequilibrium 954:975 linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis 954:989 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 10 77 theme longevity-associated 1937:1956 arg1 variants 1962:1969 the identified longevity-associated ABO variants 1922:1969 the identified longevity-associated ABO variants 1922:1969 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 7 78 theme rs687621 1106:1113 arg1 GG 1115:1116 rs687621 GG 1106:1116 rs687621 GG 1106:1116 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 78 theme rs687621 1106:1113 arg1 genotypes 1096:1104 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 1096:1142 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1096:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 10 79 theme lipid 1989:1993 arg1 profile 1995:2001 better health lipid profile 1975:2001 better health lipid profile 1975:2001 In conclusion, the association between the identified longevity-associated ABO variants and better health lipid profile was elucidated, thus the findings can help in maintaining normal lipid metabolic phenotypes in the longevity population. 34812738 8 80 theme = 1577:1577 arg1 TG 1566:1567 TG 1566:1567 TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709) 1566:1620 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 80 theme = 1577:1577 arg1 prange 1570:1575 prange 1570:1575 prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036 1570:1596 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 7 81 dep CX 1144:1145 arg1 = 1195:1195 = 1195:1195 = 1195:1195 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 9 82 theme inflammatory 1751:1762 arg1 sE-selectin/ICAM1 1773:1789 sE-selectin/ICAM1 1773:1789 sE-selectin/ICAM1 1773:1789 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 9 82 theme inflammatory 1751:1762 arg1 markers 1764:1770 the inflammatory markers 1747:1770 the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) 1747:1790 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 0 83 theme diseases 96:103 arg1 incidence 83:91 the incidence 79:91 the incidence of diseases 79:103 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 6 84 theme above 996:1000 arg1 variants 1007:1014 the above four variants 992:1014 the above four variants 992:1014 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 9 85 theme co-regulated 1797:1808 arg1 levels 1816:1821 co-regulated lipid levels 1797:1821 co-regulated lipid levels 1797:1821 Finally, two pathways involving vWF/ADAMTS13 and the inflammatory markers (sE-selectin/ICAM1) that co-regulated lipid levels by glycosylation and effects on each other were speculated. 34812738 0 86 theme genetic 40:46 arg1 variants 48:55 novel genetic variants 34:55 novel genetic variants of ABO gene 34:67 Identification and replication of novel genetic variants of ABO gene to reduce the incidence of diseases and promote longevity by modulating lipid homeostasis. 34812738 7 87 theme 2.728 1157:1161 arg1 x 1163:1163 prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14 1148:1184 x 1163:1163 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 8 88 theme phenotype 1400:1408 arg1 analysis 1410:1417 the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis 1373:1417 the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis 1373:1417 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 4 89 theme CLHLS 737:741 arg1 analysis 753:760 the CLHLS GWAS data analysis 733:760 the CLHLS GWAS data analysis 733:760 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 7 90 theme model 1347:1351 arg1 analysis 1353:1360 genetic model analysis 1339:1360 genetic model analysis 1339:1360 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 91 theme prange 1148:1153 arg1 x 1163:1163 prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14 1148:1184 x 1163:1163 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 8 92 dep = 1652:1652 arg1 10-4-0.026 1662:1671 10-4-0.026 1662:1671 10-4-0.026 1662:1671 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 8 92 dep = 1652:1652 arg1 2.690 1654:1658 2.690 1654:1658 2.690 1654:1658 Following the genotype and metabolic phenotype analysis, it has been shown that the longevity individuals with rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, and rs505922 CX had a positive association with HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG (prange = 2.200 x 10-5-0.036, ORrange = 1.546-1.709), and BMI normal level (prange = 2.690 x 10-4-0.026, ORrange = 1.530-1.997). 34812738 4 93 theme data 748:751 arg1 analysis 753:760 the CLHLS GWAS data analysis 733:760 the CLHLS GWAS data analysis 733:760 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 4 94 dep longevity 635:643 arg1 C 656:656 rs8176719 C 646:656 rs8176719 C 646:656 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 4 94 dep longevity 635:643 arg1 G 668:668 rs687621 G 659:668 rs687621 G 659:668 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 4 94 dep longevity 635:643 arg1 A 680:680 rs643434 A 671:680 rs643434 A 671:680 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 4 94 dep longevity 635:643 arg1 C 696:696 rs505922 C 687:696 rs505922 C 687:696 Four ABO gene variants associated with healthy longevity (rs8176719 C, rs687621 G, rs643434 A, and rs505922 C) were identified and replicated in the CLHLS GWAS data analysis and found significantly higher in longevity individuals than controls. 34812738 7 95 with carriers 1082:1089 arg1 GG 1115:1116 rs687621 GG 1106:1116 rs687621 GG 1106:1116 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 95 with carriers 1082:1089 arg1 genotypes 1096:1104 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 1096:1142 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1096:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 95 with carriers 1082:1089 arg1 rs505922 1135:1142 rs505922 1135:1142 rs505922 1135:1142 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 95 with carriers 1082:1089 arg1 CGAC/XGXX 1224:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX 1214:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1214:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 95 with carriers 1082:1089 arg1 CX 1144:1145 CX 1144:1145 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) 1144:1208 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 6 96 theme ABO 1038:1040 arg1 gene 1042:1045 the ABO gene 1034:1045 the ABO gene 1034:1045 According to the results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, the above four variants formed a block on the ABO gene (D'=1, r2range = 0.585-0.995). 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 AX 1128:1129 AX 1128:1129 AX 1128:1129 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 genotypes 1096:1104 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 1096:1142 genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1096:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 CGAC/XGXX 1224:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX 1214:1232 haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) 1214:1264 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 rs505922 1135:1142 rs505922 1135:1142 rs505922 1135:1142 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 GG 1115:1116 rs687621 GG 1106:1116 rs687621 GG 1106:1116 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 2.255 1259:1263 2.255 1259:1263 2.255 1259:1263 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 CX 1144:1145 CX 1144:1145 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) 1144:1208 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 7 97 dep genotypes 1096:1104 arg1 x 1245:1245 p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255 1235:1263 x 1245:1245 The carriers with genotypes rs687621 GG, rs643434 AX, or rs505922 CX (prange = 2.728 x 10-107-5.940 x 10-14; ORrange = 1.004-4.354) and haplotype CGAC/XGXX (p = 2.557 x 10-27; OR = 2.255) had a substantial connection with longevity, according to the results of genetic model analysis. 34812738 3 98 theme longevity 479:487 arg1 subjects 489:496 5803 longevity subjects 474:496 5803 longevity subjects 474:496 A genotype-phenotype study was performed based on 5803 longevity subjects and 7026 younger controls from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). 32851535 0 0 link N-linked 123:130 arg1 glycopeptides 132:144 N-linked glycopeptides 123:144 N-linked glycopeptides 123:144 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 3 1 theme mass 913:916 arg1 method 941:946 flight mass spectrometry detection method 906:946 flight mass spectrometry detection method 906:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 5 2 gly glycopeptides 1464:1476 arg2 glycopeptides 1464:1476 glycopeptides 1464:1476 glycopeptides from actual biological sample 1464:1506 The pGP/AuG was successfully used for enriching and identifying glycopeptides from actual biological sample. 32851535 5 2 gly glycopeptides 1464:1476 arg1 sample 1501:1506 actual biological sample 1483:1506 actual biological sample 1483:1506 The pGP/AuG was successfully used for enriching and identifying glycopeptides from actual biological sample. 32851535 4 3 theme hydrophilic 1336:1346 arg1 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 3 theme hydrophilic 1336:1346 arg1 beads 1348:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads 1308:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1308:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 2 4 theme excellent 403:411 arg1 hydrophilicity 413:426 excellent hydrophilicity 403:426 excellent hydrophilicity 403:426 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 4 5 theme human 1122:1126 arg1 serum 1128:1132 1 μL human serum 1117:1132 1 μL human serum 1117:1132 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 6 theme analysis 1155:1162 arg1 procedures 1164:1173 three independent analysis procedures 1137:1173 three independent analysis procedures 1137:1173 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 0 7 theme glycopeptides 132:144 arg1 enrichment 109:118 the selective enrichment 95:118 the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 95:144 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 3 8 theme amino 590:594 arg1 groups 596:601 free amino groups 585:601 free amino groups 585:601 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 9 theme 1 μL 1117:1120 arg1 serum 1128:1132 1 μL human serum 1117:1132 1 μL human serum 1117:1132 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 0 10 theme N-linked 123:130 arg1 glycopeptides 132:144 N-linked glycopeptides 123:144 N-linked glycopeptides 123:144 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 4 11 theme N-glycosylated 1073:1086 arg1 proteins 1088:1095 128 N-glycosylated proteins 1069:1095 128 N-glycosylated proteins 1069:1095 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 12 theme great 1191:1195 arg1 potential 1197:1205 the great potential 1187:1205 the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1187:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 2 13 theme honeycomb-like 374:387 arg1 channels 389:396 honeycomb-like channels 374:396 honeycomb-like channels 374:396 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 3 14 theme glutathione 559:569 arg1 molecules 571:579 both glutathione molecules 554:579 both glutathione molecules 554:579 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 15 theme practical 966:974 arg1 applicability 976:988 the practical applicability 962:988 the practical applicability of pGP/AuG 962:999 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 16 theme % 841:841 arg1 repeatability 821:833 repeatability 821:833 repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 821:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 16 theme % 841:841 arg1 RSD 843:845 < 6.0% RSD 836:845 < 6.0% RSD 836:845 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 17 theme binding 756:762 arg1 capacity 764:771 binding capacity 756:771 binding capacity (333.3 mg/g) 756:784 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 17 theme binding 756:762 arg1 333.3 mg/g 774:783 333.3 mg/g 774:783 333.3 mg/g 774:783 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 18 with beads 1348:1352 arg1 microstructure 1384:1397 honeycomb-like microstructure 1369:1397 honeycomb-like microstructure 1369:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 19 theme spectrometry detection 918:939 arg1 method 941:946 flight mass spectrometry detection method 906:946 flight mass spectrometry detection method 906:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 5 20 from sample 1501:1506 arg1 glycopeptides 1464:1476 glycopeptides 1464:1476 glycopeptides from actual biological sample 1464:1506 The pGP/AuG was successfully used for enriching and identifying glycopeptides from actual biological sample. 32851535 0 21 theme nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized 5:43 arg1 graphene 52:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene 0:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene 0:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 3 22 theme capacity 764:771 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 23 theme preparation 1292:1302 arg1 presentation 1276:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation 1226:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1226:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 24 theme method 941:946 arg1 time 898:901 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time 854:901 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method 854:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 25 theme binding 484:490 arg1 structure 464:472 the porous structure 453:472 the porous structure 453:472 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 25 theme binding 484:490 arg1 sites 492:496 abundant binding sites 475:496 abundant binding sites 475:496 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 0 26 theme Gold 0:3 arg1 graphene 52:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene 0:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene 0:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 3 27 theme recovery 787:794 arg1 yield 796:800 recovery yield 787:800 recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%) 787:814 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 27 theme recovery 787:794 arg1 % 813:813 91.3 ± 2.1% 803:813 91.3 ± 2.1% 803:813 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 28 theme graphene 1315:1322 arg1 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 28 theme graphene 1315:1322 arg1 beads 1348:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads 1308:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1308:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 0 29 gly glycopeptides 132:144 arg2 glycopeptides 132:144 N-linked glycopeptides 123:144 N-linked glycopeptides 123:144 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 3 30 theme yield 796:800 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 31 theme porous 1308:1313 arg1 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 31 theme porous 1308:1313 arg1 beads 1348:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads 1308:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1308:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 2 32 theme pore 358:361 arg1 structure 363:371 open pore structure 353:371 open pore structure 353:371 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 3 33 theme N-linked 658:665 arg1 glycopeptides 667:679 N-linked glycopeptides 658:679 N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 658:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 34 gly glycopeptides 667:679 arg2 glycopeptides 667:679 N-linked glycopeptides 658:679 N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 658:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 0 35 theme porous 45:50 arg1 graphene 52:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene 0:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene 0:59 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 1 36 dep molecules 305:313 arg1 denoted 316:322 denoted 316:322 denoted as pGP/AuG 316:333 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 2 37 theme open 353:356 arg1 structure 363:371 open pore structure 353:371 open pore structure 353:371 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 4 38 theme glycoproteome 1226:1238 arg1 abstract 1257:1264 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract 1226:1264 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1226:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 1 39 theme gold 260:263 arg1 nanoparticles 265:277 gold nanoparticles 260:277 gold nanoparticles 260:277 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 0 40 theme hydrophilic 73:83 arg1 beads 85:89 hydrophilic beads 73:89 hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 73:144 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 2 41 contain has 349:351 arg1 pGP/AuG 341:347 The pGP/AuG 337:347 The pGP/AuG 337:347 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 2 41 contain has 349:351 arg2 hydrophilicity 413:426 excellent hydrophilicity 403:426 excellent hydrophilicity 403:426 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 2 41 contain has 349:351 arg2 structure 363:371 open pore structure 353:371 open pore structure 353:371 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 2 41 contain has 349:351 arg2 channels 389:396 honeycomb-like channels 374:396 honeycomb-like channels 374:396 The pGP/AuG has open pore structure, honeycomb-like channels, and excellent hydrophilicity. 32851535 5 42 used used 1429:1432 arg2 pGP/AuG 1404:1410 The pGP/AuG 1400:1410 The pGP/AuG 1400:1410 The pGP/AuG was successfully used for enriching and identifying glycopeptides from actual biological sample. 32851535 3 43 theme multivalent 503:513 arg1 interactions 515:526 multivalent interactions 503:526 multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups 503:601 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 44 gly glycopeptides 536:548 arg2 glycopeptides 536:548 glycopeptides 536:548 glycopeptides 536:548 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 45 theme selective 634:642 arg1 enrichment 644:653 the selective enrichment 630:653 the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 630:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 46 theme abundant 475:482 arg1 structure 464:472 the porous structure 453:472 the porous structure 453:472 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 46 theme abundant 475:482 arg1 sites 492:496 abundant binding sites 475:496 abundant binding sites 475:496 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 47 theme N-glycosylated 1028:1041 arg1 peptides 1043:1050 209 N-glycosylated peptides 1024:1050 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins 1024:1095 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 48 theme detection 699:707 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 49 theme glycopeptides 667:679 arg1 enrichment 644:653 the selective enrichment 630:653 the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 630:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 50 theme Schematic 1266:1274 arg1 presentation 1276:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation 1226:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1226:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 51 with glycopeptides 667:679 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 52 link N-linked 658:665 arg1 glycopeptides 667:679 N-linked glycopeptides 658:679 N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 658:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 53 theme pGP/AuG 993:999 arg1 applicability 976:988 the practical applicability 962:988 the practical applicability of pGP/AuG 962:999 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 5 54 theme biological 1490:1499 arg1 sample 1501:1506 actual biological sample 1483:1506 actual biological sample 1483:1506 The pGP/AuG was successfully used for enriching and identifying glycopeptides from actual biological sample. 32851535 4 55 theme abstract 1257:1264 arg1 presentation 1276:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation 1226:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1226:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 1 56 theme three-dimensional 149:165 arg1 bead 217:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead 147:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) 147:226 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 1 56 theme three-dimensional 149:165 arg1 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 3 57 theme structure 464:472 arg1 interactions 515:526 multivalent interactions 503:526 multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups 503:601 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 57 theme structure 464:472 arg1 advantages 439:448 advantages 439:448 advantages of the porous structure 439:472 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 57 theme structure 464:472 arg1 structure 464:472 the porous structure 453:472 the porous structure 453:472 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 57 theme structure 464:472 arg1 sites 492:496 abundant binding sites 475:496 abundant binding sites 475:496 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 58 theme enrichment 724:733 arg1 1:500 748:752 1:500 748:752 1:500 748:752 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 58 theme enrichment 724:733 arg1 selectivity 735:745 high enrichment selectivity 719:745 high enrichment selectivity (1:500) 719:753 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 59 theme free 585:588 arg1 groups 596:601 free amino groups 585:601 free amino groups 585:601 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 1 60 theme structured 167:176 arg1 bead 217:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead 147:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) 147:226 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 1 60 theme structured 167:176 arg1 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 3 61 theme laser 870:874 arg1 desorption/ionization 876:896 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization 854:896 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method 854:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 62 from application 1211:1221 arg1 presentation 1276:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation 1226:1287 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1226:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 63 theme selectivity 735:745 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 64 gly N-glycosylated 1028:1041 arg1 peptides 1043:1050 209 N-glycosylated peptides 1024:1050 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins 1024:1095 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 65 gly N-glycosylated 1073:1086 arg1 proteins 1088:1095 128 N-glycosylated proteins 1069:1095 128 N-glycosylated proteins 1069:1095 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 1 66 theme porous 178:183 arg1 bead 217:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead 147:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) 147:226 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 1 66 theme porous 178:183 arg1 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 3 67 theme desorption/ionization 876:896 arg1 time 898:901 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time 854:901 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method 854:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 1 68 theme modifying 283:291 arg1 molecules 305:313 modifying glutathione molecules 283:313 modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG) 283:334 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 4 69 theme honeycomb-like 1369:1382 arg1 microstructure 1384:1397 honeycomb-like microstructure 1369:1397 honeycomb-like microstructure 1369:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 1 70 theme graphene 185:192 arg1 bead 217:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead 147:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) 147:226 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 1 70 theme graphene 185:192 arg1 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 4 71 theme independent 1143:1153 arg1 procedures 1164:1173 three independent analysis procedures 1137:1173 three independent analysis procedures 1137:1173 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 1 72 theme glutathione 293:303 arg1 molecules 305:313 modifying glutathione molecules 283:313 modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG) 283:334 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 0 73 theme selective 99:107 arg1 enrichment 109:118 the selective enrichment 95:118 the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides 95:144 Gold nanoparticle-glutathione-functionalized porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads for the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides. 32851535 3 74 theme high 719:722 arg1 1:500 748:752 1:500 748:752 1:500 748:752 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 74 theme high 719:722 arg1 selectivity 735:745 high enrichment selectivity 719:745 high enrichment selectivity (1:500) 719:753 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 5 75 theme actual 1483:1488 arg1 sample 1501:1506 actual biological sample 1483:1506 actual biological sample 1483:1506 The pGP/AuG was successfully used for enriching and identifying glycopeptides from actual biological sample. 32851535 1 76 theme oxide-polyethylenimine 194:215 arg1 bead 217:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead 147:220 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) 147:226 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 1 76 theme oxide-polyethylenimine 194:215 arg1 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 pGP 223:225 A three-dimensional structured porous graphene oxide-polyethylenimine bead (pGP) is synthesized for immobilizing gold nanoparticles and modifying glutathione molecules (denoted as pGP/AuG). 32851535 3 77 theme matrix-assisted 854:868 arg1 desorption/ionization 876:896 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization 854:896 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method 854:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 78 theme oxide-based 1324:1334 arg1 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 pGP/AuG 1355:1361 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 4 78 theme oxide-based 1324:1334 arg1 beads 1348:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads 1308:1352 porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1308:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 79 theme porous 457:462 arg1 structure 464:472 the porous structure 453:472 the porous structure 453:472 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 80 theme low 686:688 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 4 81 theme fields.Graphical 1240:1255 arg1 abstract 1257:1264 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract 1226:1264 glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure 1226:1397 Furthermore, the practical applicability of pGP/AuG is evaluated, in which 209 N-glycosylated peptides corresponding to 128 N-glycosylated proteins are identified from 1 μL human serum in three independent analysis procedures, suggesting the great potential for application in glycoproteome fields.Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of preparation for porous graphene oxide-based hydrophilic beads (pGP/AuG) with honeycomb-like microstructure. 32851535 3 82 theme repeatability 821:833 arg1 limit 690:694 low limit 686:694 low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) 686:846 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 32851535 3 83 theme flight 906:911 arg1 method 941:946 flight mass spectrometry detection method 906:946 flight mass spectrometry detection method 906:946 By taking advantages of the porous structure, abundant binding sites, and multivalent interactions between glycopeptides and both glutathione molecules and free amino groups, the pGP/AuG is adopted to the selective enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides with low limit of detection (2 fmol), high enrichment selectivity (1:500), binding capacity (333.3 mg/g), recovery yield (91.3 ± 2.1%), and repeatability (< 6.0% RSD) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry detection method. 33370382 4 0 theme virus 665:669 arg1 neutralization 671:684 virus neutralization 665:684 virus neutralization 665:684 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 8 1 from impact 1309:1314 arg1 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 8 1 from impact 1309:1314 arg1 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 1 2 theme signal 230:235 arg1 peptide 237:243 an ER-targeting signal peptide 214:243 an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) 214:248 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 2 theme signal 230:235 arg1 SP 246:247 SP 246:247 SP 246:247 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 0 3 theme V1V2 79:82 arg1 exposure 67:74 exposure 67:74 exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes 67:101 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. 33370382 2 4 link N-linked 303:310 arg1 glycans 312:318 ~90 N-linked glycans 299:318 ~90 N-linked glycans 299:318 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 7 5 theme SP 1052:1053 arg1 swaps 1055:1059 SP swaps 1052:1059 SP swaps 1052:1059 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 5 6 from N88 925:927 arg1 region 891:896 the V1V2 region 882:896 the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 882:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 6 from N88 925:927 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 6 7 theme Virus 949:953 arg1 neutralization 955:968 Virus neutralization 949:968 Virus neutralization 949:968 Virus neutralization was also affected, especially by antibodies against V1V2, V3, and gp41. 33370382 0 8 theme epitopes 94:101 arg1 exposure 67:74 exposure 67:74 exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes 67:101 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. 33370382 8 9 from content 1293:1299 arg1 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 8 9 from content 1293:1299 arg1 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 4 10 gly glycosylation 626:638 arg1 Env 657:659 virus-derived Env 643:659 virus-derived Env 643:659 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 4 10 gly glycosylation 626:638 arg1 neutralization 671:684 virus neutralization 665:684 virus neutralization 665:684 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 3 11 from effects 493:499 arg1 properties 537:546 Env properties 533:546 Env properties 533:546 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 3 11 from effects 493:499 arg1 functions 552:560 functions 552:560 functions 552:560 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 3 12 theme mutations 520:528 arg1 effects 493:499 the effects 489:499 the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions 489:560 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 4 13 link virus-derived 643:655 arg1 Env 657:659 virus-derived Env 643:659 virus-derived Env 643:659 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 0 14 theme other 88:92 arg1 epitopes 94:101 other epitopes 88:101 other epitopes 88:101 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. 33370382 5 15 link N-linked 816:823 arg1 glycosites 825:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 15 link N-linked 816:823 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 8 16 dep configuration 1323:1335 arg1 the 1319:1321 the 1319:1321 the 1319:1321 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 5 17 theme V1V2 886:889 arg1 region 891:896 the V1V2 region 882:896 the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 882:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 18 theme N-linked 816:823 arg1 glycosites 825:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 18 theme N-linked 816:823 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 3 19 theme point 511:515 arg1 mutations 520:528 single point SP mutations 504:528 single point SP mutations 504:528 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 5 20 theme N156 857:860 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 1 21 theme gp120-gp41 140:149 arg1 heterodimers 151:162 gp120-gp41 heterodimers 140:162 gp120-gp41 heterodimers 140:162 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 5 22 theme site-specific 715:727 arg1 glycans 729:735 site-specific glycans 715:735 site-specific glycans 715:735 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 8 23 theme glycan 1286:1291 arg1 content 1293:1299 the Env glycan content 1278:1299 the Env glycan content 1278:1299 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 3 24 theme SP 517:518 arg1 mutations 520:528 single point SP mutations 504:528 single point SP mutations 504:528 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 5 25 from base 943:946 arg1 apex 916:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 25 from base 943:946 arg1 N88 925:927 N88 925:927 N88 925:927 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 1 26 theme heterodimers 151:162 arg1 envelope 110:117 HIV-1 envelope 104:117 HIV-1 envelope (Env) 104:123 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 26 theme heterodimers 151:162 arg1 trimer 130:135 a trimer 128:135 a trimer 128:135 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 2 27 theme virus 420:424 arg1 sensitivity 426:436 virus sensitivity 420:436 virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies 420:463 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 5 28 theme SP 751:752 arg1 swapping 754:761 SP swapping 751:761 SP swapping 751:761 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 7 29 theme gp41 1189:1192 arg1 epitopes 1194:1201 gp41 epitopes 1189:1201 gp41 epitopes 1189:1201 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 5 30 theme Env 905:907 arg1 apex 916:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 7 31 theme Env 1117:1119 arg1 recognition 1074:1084 the recognition 1070:1084 the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes 1070:1201 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 2 32 theme oligomannose-type 349:365 arg1 glycans 367:373 complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans 332:373 glycans 367:373 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 0 33 theme Signal 0:5 arg1 peptide 7:13 Signal peptide 0:13 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope 0:31 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. 33370382 7 34 theme soluble 1089:1095 arg1 Env 1117:1119 soluble and cell-associated Env 1089:1119 soluble and cell-associated Env 1089:1119 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 5 35 gly glycosites 825:834 arg2 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 35 gly glycosites 825:834 arg2 glycosites 825:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 36 theme trimer 909:914 arg1 apex 916:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 8 37 theme Env 1373:1375 arg1 epitopes 1377:1384 other Env epitopes 1367:1384 other Env epitopes 1367:1384 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 0 38 theme HIV-1 18:22 arg1 envelope 24:31 HIV-1 envelope 18:31 HIV-1 envelope 18:31 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. 33370382 5 39 from glycans 871:877 arg1 apex 916:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 the Env trimer apex 901:919 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 39 from glycans 871:877 arg1 region 891:896 the V1V2 region 882:896 the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 882:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 39 from glycans 871:877 arg1 N88 925:927 N88 925:927 N88 925:927 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 3 40 theme Env 533:535 arg1 properties 537:546 Env properties 533:546 Env properties 533:546 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 2 41 theme important 390:398 arg1 role 400:403 an important role 387:403 an important role 387:403 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 7 42 theme cell-associated 1101:1115 arg1 Env 1117:1119 soluble and cell-associated Env 1089:1119 soluble and cell-associated Env 1089:1119 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 8 43 theme epitopes 1377:1384 arg1 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 8 43 theme epitopes 1377:1384 arg1 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 1 44 theme HIV-1 104:108 arg1 Env 120:122 Env 120:122 Env 120:122 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 44 theme HIV-1 104:108 arg1 envelope 110:117 HIV-1 envelope 104:117 HIV-1 envelope (Env) 104:123 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 44 theme HIV-1 104:108 arg1 trimer 130:135 a trimer 128:135 a trimer 128:135 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 4 45 theme Env 657:659 arg1 glycosylation 626:638 glycosylation 626:638 glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization 626:684 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 7 46 theme distinct 1145:1152 arg1 configurations 1159:1172 distinct V1V2 configurations 1145:1172 distinct V1V2 configurations 1145:1172 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 4 47 theme neutralization 671:684 arg1 glycosylation 626:638 glycosylation 626:638 glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization 626:684 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 4 48 theme SP 610:611 arg1 diversity 613:621 the SP diversity 606:621 the SP diversity 606:621 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 8 49 theme diversity 1257:1265 arg1 contribution 1229:1240 the contribution 1225:1240 the contribution of SP sequence diversity 1225:1265 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 4 50 from impact 596:601 arg1 glycosylation 626:638 glycosylation 626:638 glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization 626:684 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 1 51 theme precursor 184:192 arg1 gp160 194:198 a precursor gp160 182:198 a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus 182:270 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 0 52 theme envelope 24:31 arg1 peptide 7:13 Signal peptide 0:13 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope 0:31 Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. 33370382 5 53 theme conserved 847:855 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 2 54 theme neutralizing 441:452 arg1 antibodies 454:463 neutralizing antibodies 441:463 neutralizing antibodies 441:463 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 8 55 theme sequence 1248:1255 arg1 diversity 1257:1265 SP sequence diversity 1245:1265 SP sequence diversity 1245:1265 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 5 56 theme Env 771:773 arg1 content 782:788 Env glycan content 771:788 Env glycan content 771:788 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 57 theme N160 866:869 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 1 58 contain contains 205:212 arg2 gp160 194:198 a precursor gp160 182:198 a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus 182:270 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 58 contain contains 205:212 arg2 SP 246:247 SP 246:247 SP 246:247 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 58 contain contains 205:212 arg2 peptide 237:243 an ER-targeting signal peptide 214:243 an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) 214:248 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 58 contain contains 205:212 arg1 amino-terminus 257:270 its amino-terminus 253:270 its amino-terminus 253:270 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 58 contain contains 205:212 arg1 gp160 194:198 a precursor gp160 182:198 a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus 182:270 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 2 59 theme N-linked 303:310 arg1 glycans 312:318 ~90 N-linked glycans 299:318 ~90 N-linked glycans 299:318 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 5 60 theme glycan 775:780 arg1 content 782:788 Env glycan content 771:788 Env glycan content 771:788 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 7 61 theme V3 1175:1176 arg1 crown 1178:1182 V3 crown 1175:1182 V3 crown 1175:1182 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 7 62 theme V1V2 1154:1157 arg1 configurations 1159:1172 distinct V1V2 configurations 1145:1172 distinct V1V2 configurations 1145:1172 Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. 33370382 2 63 theme ~90 299:301 arg1 glycans 312:318 ~90 N-linked glycans 299:318 ~90 N-linked glycans 299:318 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 5 64 from apex 916:919 arg1 region 891:896 the V1V2 region 882:896 the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 882:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 64 from apex 916:919 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 8 65 theme V1V2 1358:1361 arg1 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 accessibility 1341:1353 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 8 65 theme V1V2 1358:1361 arg1 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 configuration 1323:1335 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 8 66 theme SP 1245:1246 arg1 diversity 1257:1265 SP sequence diversity 1245:1265 SP sequence diversity 1245:1265 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 5 67 theme trimer 936:941 arg1 base 943:946 the trimer base 932:946 the trimer base 932:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 8 68 theme Env 1282:1284 arg1 content 1293:1299 the Env glycan content 1278:1299 the Env glycan content 1278:1299 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 4 69 theme virus-derived 643:655 arg1 Env 657:659 virus-derived Env 643:659 virus-derived Env 643:659 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 5 70 theme glycans 729:735 arg1 Analyses 703:710 Analyses 703:710 Analyses of site-specific glycans 703:735 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 8 71 theme other 1367:1371 arg1 epitopes 1377:1384 other Env epitopes 1367:1384 other Env epitopes 1367:1384 These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. 33370382 5 72 theme multiple 807:814 arg1 glycosites 825:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 multiple N-linked glycosites 807:834 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 5 72 theme multiple 807:814 arg1 glycans 871:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans 847:877 conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base 847:946 Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. 33370382 2 73 theme complex-type 332:343 arg1 glycans 367:373 complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans 332:373 glycans 367:373 Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. 33370382 4 74 theme diversity 613:621 arg1 impact 596:601 the impact 592:601 the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization 592:684 Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. 33370382 3 75 theme single 504:509 arg1 mutations 520:528 single point SP mutations 504:528 single point SP mutations 504:528 We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. 33370382 1 76 theme ER-targeting 217:228 arg1 peptide 237:243 an ER-targeting signal peptide 214:243 an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) 214:248 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33370382 1 76 theme ER-targeting 217:228 arg1 SP 246:247 SP 246:247 SP 246:247 HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. 33933451 8 0 theme sorting 1346:1352 arg1 RER1 1366:1369 RER1 1366:1369 RER1 1366:1369 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 8 0 theme sorting 1346:1352 arg1 receptor 1354:1361 sorting receptor 1 1346:1363 endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) 1324:1370 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 6 1 theme WT 893:894 arg1 PMP22 896:900 WT PMP22 893:900 WT PMP22 893:900 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 7 2 theme unstable 1132:1139 arg1 forms 1148:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms 1099:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1099:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 7 3 theme quality 1250:1256 arg1 control 1258:1264 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1228:1264 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1228:1264 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 4 4 dep wildtype 565:572 arg1 WT 575:576 WT 575:576 WT 575:576 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 7 5 from differences 1064:1074 arg1 interactome 1083:1093 the interactome 1079:1093 the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1079:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 8 6 theme endoplasmic 1324:1334 arg1 reticulum 1336:1344 endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) 1324:1370 endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) 1324:1370 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 7 7 theme mutant 1141:1146 arg1 forms 1148:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms 1099:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1099:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 2 8 theme further 336:342 arg1 study 344:348 further study 336:348 further study 336:348 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 6 9 dep N-glycosylated 905:918 arg1 whereas 950:956 whereas 950:956 whereas 950:956 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 8 10 theme WT 1510:1511 arg1 trafficking 1495:1505 the trafficking 1491:1505 the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) 1491:1553 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 3 11 gly N-glycosylation 385:399 arg1 PMP22 413:417 PMP22 trafficking 413:429 PMP22 trafficking 413:429 Here we characterized the role of N-glycosylation in limiting PMP22 trafficking. 33933451 8 12 theme WT 1586:1587 arg1 trafficking 1571:1581 the trafficking 1567:1581 the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P 1567:1609 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 6 13 theme subunits 870:877 arg1 Depletion 815:823 Depletion 815:823 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits 815:877 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 4 14 theme PMP22 579:583 arg1 efficiency 551:560 trafficking efficiency 539:560 trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 539:583 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 5 15 theme cellular 716:723 arg1 levels 725:730 Total cellular levels 710:730 Total cellular levels 710:730 Total cellular levels were also much higher for the WT/N41Q mutant, although not for the L16P/N41Q form. 33933451 4 16 theme N41Q 477:480 arg1 mutation 482:489 an N41Q mutation 474:489 an N41Q mutation 474:489 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 8 17 gly glycoprotein 1436:1447 arg1 glycoprotein 1436:1447 glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 1436:1469 UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) 1424:1477 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 5 18 theme Total 710:714 arg1 levels 725:730 Total cellular levels 710:730 Total cellular levels 710:730 Total cellular levels were also much higher for the WT/N41Q mutant, although not for the L16P/N41Q form. 33933451 6 19 theme OST-B 864:868 arg1 subunits 870:877 oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits 828:877 oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits 828:877 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 6 20 gly N-glycosylated 905:918 arg1 PMP22 896:900 WT PMP22 893:900 WT PMP22 893:900 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 8 21 theme CRISPR 1267:1272 arg1 studies 1283:1289 CRISPR knockout studies 1267:1289 CRISPR knockout studies 1267:1289 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 4 22 theme disease 639:645 arg1 mutant 647:652 the severely unstable L16P disease mutant 612:652 the severely unstable L16P disease mutant 612:652 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 0 23 theme tetraspan 48:56 arg1 PMP22 75:79 the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 44:79 the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 44:79 Glycosylation limits forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22. 33933451 7 24 theme glycosylation-deficient 1103:1125 arg1 forms 1148:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms 1099:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1099:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 1 25 theme Peripheral 82:91 arg1 protein 100:106 Peripheral myelin protein 22 82:109 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) 82:117 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 1 25 theme Peripheral 82:91 arg1 PMP22 112:116 PMP22 112:116 PMP22 112:116 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 4 26 theme L16P 634:637 arg1 mutant 647:652 the severely unstable L16P disease mutant 612:652 the severely unstable L16P disease mutant 612:652 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 9 27 theme quality 1747:1753 arg1 control 1755:1761 its quality control 1743:1761 its quality control 1743:1761 This work shows that N-glycosylation is a limiting factor to forward trafficking PMP22 and sheds light on the proteins involved in its quality control. 33933451 6 28 theme OST-A 854:858 arg1 subunits 870:877 oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits 828:877 oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits 828:877 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 4 29 from increase 599:606 arg1 efficiency 551:560 trafficking efficiency 539:560 trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 539:583 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 4 29 from increase 599:606 arg1 cells 664:668 HEK293 cells 657:668 HEK293 cells 657:668 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 1 30 theme myelin 93:98 arg1 protein 100:106 Peripheral myelin protein 22 82:109 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) 82:117 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 1 30 theme myelin 93:98 arg1 PMP22 112:116 PMP22 112:116 PMP22 112:116 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 8 31 theme L16P 1517:1520 arg1 trafficking 1495:1505 the trafficking 1491:1505 the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) 1491:1553 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 3 32 theme PMP22 413:417 arg1 trafficking 419:429 PMP22 trafficking 413:429 PMP22 trafficking 413:429 Here we characterized the role of N-glycosylation in limiting PMP22 trafficking. 33933451 7 33 theme WT 1099:1100 arg1 forms 1148:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms 1099:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1099:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 8 34 theme knockout 1274:1281 arg1 studies 1283:1289 CRISPR knockout studies 1267:1289 CRISPR knockout studies 1267:1289 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 5 35 theme L16P/N41Q 799:807 arg1 form 809:812 the L16P/N41Q form 795:812 the L16P/N41Q form 795:812 Total cellular levels were also much higher for the WT/N41Q mutant, although not for the L16P/N41Q form. 33933451 4 36 theme trafficking 539:549 arg1 efficiency 551:560 trafficking efficiency 539:560 trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 539:583 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 2 37 theme mutants 272:278 arg1 many 260:263 many 260:263 many 260:263 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 2 37 theme mutants 272:278 arg1 mutants 272:278 the mutants 268:278 the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 268:322 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 0 38 theme forward 21:27 arg1 trafficking 29:39 forward trafficking 21:39 forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 21:79 Glycosylation limits forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22. 33933451 4 39 theme wildtype 565:572 arg1 PMP22 579:583 wildtype (WT) PMP22 565:583 wildtype (WT) PMP22 565:583 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 9 40 theme limiting 1654:1661 arg1 factor 1663:1668 a limiting factor 1652:1668 a limiting factor 1652:1668 This work shows that N-glycosylation is a limiting factor to forward trafficking PMP22 and sheds light on the proteins involved in its quality control. 33933451 9 40 theme limiting 1654:1661 arg1 N-glycosylation 1633:1647 N-glycosylation 1633:1647 N-glycosylation 1633:1647 This work shows that N-glycosylation is a limiting factor to forward trafficking PMP22 and sheds light on the proteins involved in its quality control. 33933451 6 41 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 828:852 arg1 OST-A 854:858 oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A 828:858 oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A 828:858 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 7 42 theme control 1258:1264 arg1 stages 1218:1223 earlier stages 1210:1223 earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1210:1264 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 1 43 theme expressed 177:185 arg1 trafficking 195:205 newly expressed protein trafficking 171:205 newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface 171:225 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 7 44 theme PMP22 1157:1161 arg1 forms 1148:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms 1099:1152 WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1099:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 8 45 dep UDP-glucose 1424:1434 arg1 glucosyltransferase 1449:1467 glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 1436:1469 UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) 1424:1477 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 8 45 dep UDP-glucose 1424:1434 arg1 UGGT1 1472:1476 UGGT1 1472:1476 UGGT1 1472:1476 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 4 46 theme unstable 625:632 arg1 mutant 647:652 the severely unstable L16P disease mutant 612:652 the severely unstable L16P disease mutant 612:652 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 8 47 theme N41Q 1593:1596 arg1 trafficking 1571:1581 the trafficking 1567:1581 the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P 1567:1609 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 1 48 theme protein 187:193 arg1 trafficking 195:205 newly expressed protein trafficking 171:205 newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface 171:225 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 4 49 from increase 527:534 arg1 efficiency 551:560 trafficking efficiency 539:560 trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 539:583 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 4 49 from increase 527:534 arg1 cells 664:668 HEK293 cells 657:668 HEK293 cells 657:668 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 4 50 theme 3-fold 520:525 arg1 increase 527:534 an almost 3-fold increase 510:534 an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 510:583 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 7 51 from similarities 1047:1058 arg1 interactome 1083:1093 the interactome 1079:1093 the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 1079:1161 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 6 52 gly glycosylated 984:995 arg1 L16P 958:961 L16P 958:961 L16P 958:961 Depletion of oligosaccharyltransferase OST-A and OST-B subunits revealed that WT PMP22 is N-glycosylated posttranslationally by OST-B, whereas L16P is cotranslationally glycosylated by OST-A. 33933451 1 53 theme trafficking 195:205 arg1 % 166:166 only 20% 159:166 only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface 159:225 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 1 53 theme trafficking 195:205 arg1 trafficking 195:205 newly expressed protein trafficking 171:205 newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface 171:225 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 0 54 theme membrane 58:65 arg1 PMP22 75:79 the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 44:79 the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 44:79 Glycosylation limits forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22. 33933451 5 55 theme WT/N41Q 762:768 arg1 mutant 770:775 the WT/N41Q mutant 758:775 the WT/N41Q mutant 758:775 Total cellular levels were also much higher for the WT/N41Q mutant, although not for the L16P/N41Q form. 33933451 7 56 theme reticulum 1240:1248 arg1 control 1258:1264 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1228:1264 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1228:1264 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 8 57 theme forms 1413:1417 arg1 trafficking 1388:1398 the trafficking 1384:1398 the trafficking of all three forms 1384:1417 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 7 58 theme proteomic 1020:1028 arg1 screens 1030:1036 Quantitative proteomic screens 1007:1036 Quantitative proteomic screens 1007:1036 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 3 59 theme N-glycosylation 385:399 arg1 role 377:380 the role 373:380 the role of N-glycosylation in limiting PMP22 trafficking 373:429 Here we characterized the role of N-glycosylation in limiting PMP22 trafficking. 33933451 7 60 theme endoplasmic 1228:1238 arg1 reticulum 1240:1248 endoplasmic reticulum 1228:1248 endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1228:1264 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 7 61 theme earlier 1210:1216 arg1 stages 1218:1223 earlier stages 1210:1223 earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control 1210:1264 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 4 62 theme similar 676:682 arg1 results 684:690 similar results 676:690 similar results in Schwann cells 676:707 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 8 63 theme L16P 1606:1609 arg1 trafficking 1571:1581 the trafficking 1567:1581 the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P 1567:1609 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 9 64 theme trafficking 1681:1691 arg1 PMP22 1693:1697 trafficking PMP22 1681:1697 trafficking PMP22 1681:1697 This work shows that N-glycosylation is a limiting factor to forward trafficking PMP22 and sheds light on the proteins involved in its quality control. 33933451 8 65 from retention 1311:1319 arg1 reticulum 1336:1344 endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) 1324:1370 endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) 1324:1370 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 4 66 theme Schwann 695:701 arg1 cells 703:707 Schwann cells 695:707 Schwann cells 695:707 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 2 67 from exacerbated 245:255 arg1 many 260:263 many 260:263 many 260:263 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 2 67 from exacerbated 245:255 arg1 mutants 272:278 the mutants 268:278 the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 268:322 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 7 68 theme Quantitative 1007:1018 arg1 screens 1030:1036 Quantitative proteomic screens 1007:1036 Quantitative proteomic screens 1007:1036 Quantitative proteomic screens revealed similarities and differences in the interactome for WT, glycosylation-deficient, and unstable mutant forms of PMP22 and also suggested that L16P is sequestered at earlier stages of endoplasmic reticulum quality control. 33933451 2 69 theme Charcot-Marie-Tooth 296:314 arg1 disease 316:322 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 296:322 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 296:322 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 4 70 from results 684:690 arg1 cells 703:707 Schwann cells 695:707 Schwann cells 695:707 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 0 71 theme PMP22 75:79 arg1 trafficking 29:39 forward trafficking 21:39 forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 21:79 Glycosylation limits forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22. 33933451 8 72 theme glycoprotein 1436:1447 arg1 glucosyltransferase 1449:1467 glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 1436:1469 UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) 1424:1477 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 8 72 theme glycoprotein 1436:1447 arg1 UGGT1 1472:1476 UGGT1 1472:1476 UGGT1 1472:1476 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 2 73 from many 260:263 arg1 exacerbated 245:255 exacerbated 245:255 exacerbated 245:255 This behavior is exacerbated in many of the mutants associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motivating further study. 33933451 1 74 theme cell 214:217 arg1 surface 219:225 the cell surface 210:225 the cell surface 210:225 Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and trafficks inefficiently, with only 20% of newly expressed protein trafficking to the cell surface. 33933451 0 75 theme protein 67:73 arg1 PMP22 75:79 the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 44:79 the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22 44:79 Glycosylation limits forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22. 33933451 8 76 dep reticulum 1336:1344 arg1 RER1 1366:1369 RER1 1366:1369 RER1 1366:1369 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 8 76 dep reticulum 1336:1344 arg1 receptor 1354:1361 sorting receptor 1 1346:1363 endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) 1324:1370 CRISPR knockout studies revealed a role for retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1 (RER1) in limiting the trafficking of all three forms, for UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) in limiting the trafficking of WT and L16P but not N41Q, and calnexin (CNX) in limiting the trafficking of WT and N41Q but not L16P. 33933451 4 77 theme HEK293 657:662 arg1 cells 664:668 HEK293 cells 657:668 HEK293 cells 657:668 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 33933451 4 78 theme 10-fold 591:597 arg1 increase 599:606 a 10-fold increase 589:606 a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells 589:668 We first eliminated N-glycosylation using an N41Q mutation, which resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase for the severely unstable L16P disease mutant in HEK293 cells, with similar results in Schwann cells. 35822049 1 0 theme biological 383:392 arg1 processes 394:402 diverse biological processes 375:402 diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 375:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 4 1 theme protein 888:894 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 896:910 protein O-GlcNAcylation 888:910 protein O-GlcNAcylation 888:910 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 8 2 theme HDAC 1527:1530 arg1 proteins 1483:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 2 theme HDAC 1527:1530 arg1 signaling 1532:1540 HDAC signaling 1527:1540 HDAC signaling 1527:1540 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 1 3 theme O-linked 171:178 arg1 process 299:305 a post-translational modification process 265:305 a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 265:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 3 theme O-linked 171:178 arg1 conjugation 180:190 O-linked conjugation 171:190 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues 171:260 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 11 4 theme human 1925:1929 arg1 brains 1934:1939 human AD brains 1925:1939 human AD brains 1925:1939 Among those identified to be increased by TG, 15 are also identified to be increased in human AD brains compared to control, including those involved in cytoskeleton, autophagy, chromatin organization and mitochondrial dysfunction. 35822049 1 5 theme post-translational 267:284 arg1 process 299:305 a post-translational modification process 265:305 a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 265:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 5 theme post-translational 267:284 arg1 conjugation 180:190 O-linked conjugation 171:190 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues 171:260 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 0 6 theme Cortex---the 66:77 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 79:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation 56:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases 56:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 3 7 theme tau 734:736 arg1 phosphorylation 738:752 tau phosphorylation 734:752 tau phosphorylation 734:752 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 8 8 theme proteins 1483:1490 arg1 enrichment 1445:1454 TG-dependent enrichment 1432:1454 TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins 1432:1570 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 9 theme clock 1557:1561 arg1 proteins 1563:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 9 theme clock 1557:1561 arg1 proteins 1483:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 10 theme TG-dependent 1432:1443 arg1 enrichment 1445:1454 TG-dependent enrichment 1432:1454 TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins 1432:1570 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 1 11 theme modification 286:297 arg1 process 299:305 a post-translational modification process 265:305 a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 265:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 11 theme modification 286:297 arg1 conjugation 180:190 O-linked conjugation 171:190 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues 171:260 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 0 12 theme Synaptic 98:105 arg1 Proteins 123:130 Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins 98:130 Proteins 123:130 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 5 13 theme mass 1118:1121 arg1 analysis 1136:1143 mass spectrometry analysis 1118:1143 mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides 1118:1184 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 5 14 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1162:1175 arg1 peptides 1177:1184 O-GlcNAcylated peptides 1162:1184 O-GlcNAcylated peptides 1162:1184 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 10 15 theme human 1820:1824 arg1 brains 1829:1834 human AD brains 1820:1834 human AD brains 1820:1834 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 10 16 theme proteome 1771:1778 arg1 studies 1780:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies 1748:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains 1748:1834 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 9 17 theme DNAJC6/AUXI 1619:1629 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1600:1614 the O-GlcNAcylation 1596:1614 the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM 1596:1641 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 11 18 theme chromatin 2015:2023 arg1 organization 2025:2036 chromatin organization 2015:2036 chromatin organization 2015:2036 Among those identified to be increased by TG, 15 are also identified to be increased in human AD brains compared to control, including those involved in cytoskeleton, autophagy, chromatin organization and mitochondrial dysfunction. 35822049 0 19 theme Trafficking 111:121 arg1 Proteins 123:130 Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins 98:130 Proteins 123:130 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 9 20 theme risk 1662:1665 arg1 factors 1667:1673 risk factors 1662:1673 risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively 1662:1703 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 9 20 theme risk 1662:1665 arg1 proteins 1644:1651 proteins 1644:1651 proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively 1644:1703 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 11 21 theme AD 1931:1932 arg1 brains 1934:1939 human AD brains 1925:1939 human AD brains 1925:1939 Among those identified to be increased by TG, 15 are also identified to be increased in human AD brains compared to control, including those involved in cytoskeleton, autophagy, chromatin organization and mitochondrial dysfunction. 35822049 4 22 theme rat 938:940 arg1 brain 942:946 the aging rat brain 928:946 the aging rat brain 928:946 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 4 23 theme disease 967:973 arg1 brains 980:985 Parkinson's disease (PD) brains 955:985 Parkinson's disease (PD) brains 955:985 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 1 24 theme ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine 195:216 arg1 process 299:305 a post-translational modification process 265:305 a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 265:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 24 theme ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine 195:216 arg1 conjugation 180:190 O-linked conjugation 171:190 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues 171:260 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 25 theme neurodegenerative 425:441 arg1 diseases 443:450 neurodegenerative diseases 425:450 neurodegenerative diseases 425:450 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 0 26 from Regulation 21:30 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 79:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation 56:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases 56:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 10 27 theme O-GlcNAc 1762:1769 arg1 studies 1780:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies 1748:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains 1748:1834 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 4 28 gly O-GlcNAcylation 896:910 arg1 brain 942:946 the aging rat brain 928:946 the aging rat brain 928:946 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 4 28 gly O-GlcNAcylation 896:910 arg1 brains 980:985 Parkinson's disease (PD) brains 955:985 Parkinson's disease (PD) brains 955:985 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 8 29 theme Notch/Wnt 1506:1514 arg1 signaling 1516:1524 Notch/Wnt signaling 1506:1524 Notch/Wnt signaling 1506:1524 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 29 theme Notch/Wnt 1506:1514 arg1 proteins 1483:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 6 30 theme 278 1249:1251 arg1 proteins 1253:1260 278 proteins 1249:1260 278 proteins that are O-GlcNAcylated 1249:1284 This approach identified 506 unique peptides corresponding to 278 proteins that are O-GlcNAcylated. 35822049 10 31 theme prior 1756:1760 arg1 studies 1780:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies 1748:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains 1748:1834 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 10 32 theme cerebral 1800:1807 arg1 tissue 1809:1814 mouse cerebral tissue 1794:1814 mouse cerebral tissue 1794:1814 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 1 33 theme nutrient 319:326 arg1 availability 328:339 nutrient availability 319:339 nutrient availability 319:339 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 34 link O-linked 171:178 arg1 process 299:305 a post-translational modification process 265:305 a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 265:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 1 34 link O-linked 171:178 arg1 conjugation 180:190 O-linked conjugation 171:190 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues 171:260 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 7 35 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1357:1371 arg1 levels 1373:1378 O-GlcNAcylation levels 1357:1378 O-GlcNAcylation levels in response to TG 1357:1396 Of the 506 unique peptides, 85 peptides are elevated by > 1.5 fold in O-GlcNAcylation levels in response to TG. 35822049 9 36 theme Significant 1573:1583 arg1 proteins 1644:1651 proteins 1644:1651 proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively 1644:1703 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 9 36 theme Significant 1573:1583 arg1 changes 1585:1591 Significant changes 1573:1591 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM 1573:1641 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 5 37 theme O-GlcNAc 1011:1018 arg1 proteome 1020:1027 the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome 998:1027 the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG 998:1047 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 0 38 theme Dynamic 13:19 arg1 Regulation 21:30 the Dynamic Regulation 9:30 the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases 9:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 5 39 theme peptides 1177:1184 arg1 detection 1149:1157 detection 1149:1157 detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides 1149:1184 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 0 40 theme Proteins 123:130 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 79:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation 56:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases 56:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 7 41 from levels 1373:1378 arg1 response 1383:1390 response 1383:1390 response to TG 1383:1396 Of the 506 unique peptides, 85 peptides are elevated by > 1.5 fold in O-GlcNAcylation levels in response to TG. 35822049 0 42 theme O-GlcNAc 35:42 arg1 Proteome 44:51 O-GlcNAc Proteome 35:51 O-GlcNAc Proteome 35:51 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 8 43 theme circadian 1547:1555 arg1 proteins 1563:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 43 theme circadian 1547:1555 arg1 proteins 1483:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 0 44 theme Neurodegenerative 143:159 arg1 Diseases 161:168 Neurodegenerative Diseases 143:168 Neurodegenerative Diseases 143:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 5 45 theme young 1062:1066 arg1 mice 1074:1077 young adult mice 1062:1077 young adult mice with either saline or TG 1062:1102 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 4 46 theme TG 843:844 arg1 exposure 846:853 acute TG exposure 837:853 acute TG exposure 837:853 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 12 47 theme neurodegenerative 2110:2126 arg1 diseases 2128:2135 neurodegenerative diseases 2110:2135 neurodegenerative diseases 2110:2135 These studies provide insights regarding neurodegenerative diseases therapeutic targets. 35822049 1 48 theme cellular 345:352 arg1 stress 354:359 cellular stress 345:359 cellular stress 345:359 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 5 49 theme adult 1068:1072 arg1 mice 1074:1077 young adult mice 1062:1077 young adult mice with either saline or TG 1062:1102 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 3 50 theme protein 665:671 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 673:687 protein O-GlcNAcylation 665:687 protein O-GlcNAcylation 665:687 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 7 51 theme unique 1298:1303 arg1 peptides 1305:1312 the 506 unique peptides 1290:1312 the 506 unique peptides 1290:1312 Of the 506 unique peptides, 85 peptides are elevated by > 1.5 fold in O-GlcNAcylation levels in response to TG. 35822049 5 52 theme spectrometry 1123:1134 arg1 analysis 1136:1143 mass spectrometry analysis 1118:1143 mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides 1118:1184 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 11 53 theme mitochondrial 2042:2054 arg1 dysfunction 2056:2066 mitochondrial dysfunction 2042:2066 mitochondrial dysfunction 2042:2066 Among those identified to be increased by TG, 15 are also identified to be increased in human AD brains compared to control, including those involved in cytoskeleton, autophagy, chromatin organization and mitochondrial dysfunction. 35822049 1 54 theme potential 464:472 arg1 targets 474:480 potential targets 464:480 potential targets for therapeutics development 464:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 3 55 theme Pharmacological 637:651 arg1 increase 653:660 Pharmacological increase 637:660 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) 637:705 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 3 55 theme Pharmacological 637:651 arg1 therapy 791:797 a therapy 789:797 a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) 789:825 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 4 56 theme aging 932:936 arg1 brain 942:946 the aging rat brain 928:946 the aging rat brain 928:946 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 0 57 theme Proteome 44:51 arg1 Regulation 21:30 the Dynamic Regulation 9:30 the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases 9:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 0 58 theme Related 132:138 arg1 Proteins 123:130 Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins 98:130 Proteins 123:130 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 8 59 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1459:1472 arg1 trafficking 1493:1503 trafficking 1493:1503 trafficking 1493:1503 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 59 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1459:1472 arg1 signaling 1532:1540 HDAC signaling 1527:1540 HDAC signaling 1527:1540 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 59 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1459:1472 arg1 proteins 1563:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 59 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1459:1472 arg1 signaling 1516:1524 Notch/Wnt signaling 1506:1524 Notch/Wnt signaling 1506:1524 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 59 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1459:1472 arg1 proteins 1483:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 6 60 theme unique 1216:1221 arg1 peptides 1223:1230 506 unique peptides 1212:1230 506 unique peptides corresponding to 278 proteins that are O-GlcNAcylated 1212:1284 This approach identified 506 unique peptides corresponding to 278 proteins that are O-GlcNAcylated. 35822049 8 61 theme pathway 1405:1411 arg1 analyses 1413:1420 pathway analyses 1405:1420 pathway analyses 1405:1420 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 9 62 theme PICALM 1636:1641 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1600:1614 the O-GlcNAcylation 1596:1614 the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM 1596:1641 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 2 63 theme O-GlcNAc 618:625 arg1 proteome 627:634 the O-GlcNAc proteome 614:634 the O-GlcNAc proteome 614:634 However, very little is known of the networks involved in the brain that are responsive to changes in the O-GlcNAc proteome. 35822049 3 64 theme Thiamet 692:698 arg1 TG 703:704 TG 703:704 TG 703:704 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 3 64 theme Thiamet 692:698 arg1 G 700:700 Thiamet G 692:700 Thiamet G (TG) 692:705 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 1 65 dep serine 232:237 arg1 residues 253:260 residues 253:260 residues 253:260 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 4 66 theme acute 837:841 arg1 exposure 846:853 acute TG exposure 837:853 acute TG exposure 837:853 However, acute TG exposure impairs learning and memory, and protein O-GlcNAcylation is increased in the aging rat brain and in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. 35822049 9 67 from changes 1585:1591 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1600:1614 the O-GlcNAcylation 1596:1614 the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM 1596:1641 Significant changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of DNAJC6/AUXI, and PICALM, proteins that are risk factors for PD and/or AD respectively, were detected. 35822049 11 68 dep increased 1912:1920 arg1 compared 1941:1948 compared 1941:1948 compared 1941:1948 Among those identified to be increased by TG, 15 are also identified to be increased in human AD brains compared to control, including those involved in cytoskeleton, autophagy, chromatin organization and mitochondrial dysfunction. 35822049 1 69 theme therapeutics 486:497 arg1 development 499:509 therapeutics development 486:509 therapeutics development 486:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 12 70 theme therapeutic 2137:2147 arg1 targets 2149:2155 therapeutic targets 2137:2155 therapeutic targets 2137:2155 These studies provide insights regarding neurodegenerative diseases therapeutic targets. 35822049 5 71 with mice 1074:1077 arg1 saline 1091:1096 saline 1091:1096 saline 1091:1096 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 5 71 with mice 1074:1077 arg1 TG 1101:1102 TG 1101:1102 TG 1101:1102 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 10 72 theme key 1752:1754 arg1 studies 1780:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies 1748:1786 two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains 1748:1834 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 0 73 theme Mouse 60:64 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 79:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation 56:93 the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases 56:168 Defining the Dynamic Regulation of O-GlcNAc Proteome in the Mouse Cortex---the O-GlcNAcylation of Synaptic and Trafficking Proteins Related to Neurodegenerative Diseases. 35822049 8 74 theme synaptic 1474:1481 arg1 trafficking 1493:1503 trafficking 1493:1503 trafficking 1493:1503 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 74 theme synaptic 1474:1481 arg1 signaling 1532:1540 HDAC signaling 1527:1540 HDAC signaling 1527:1540 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 74 theme synaptic 1474:1481 arg1 proteins 1563:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 circadian clock proteins 1547:1570 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 74 theme synaptic 1474:1481 arg1 signaling 1516:1524 Notch/Wnt signaling 1506:1524 Notch/Wnt signaling 1506:1524 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 8 74 theme synaptic 1474:1481 arg1 proteins 1483:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins 1459:1490 Using pathway analyses, we found TG-dependent enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated synaptic proteins, trafficking, Notch/Wnt signaling, HDAC signaling, and circadian clock proteins. 35822049 3 75 theme O-GlcNAcylation 673:687 arg1 increase 653:660 Pharmacological increase 637:660 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) 637:705 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 3 75 theme O-GlcNAcylation 673:687 arg1 therapy 791:797 a therapy 789:797 a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) 789:825 Pharmacological increase of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (TG) has been shown to decrease tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity, and proposed as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 35822049 1 76 theme diverse 375:381 arg1 processes 394:402 diverse biological processes 375:402 diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development 375:509 O-linked conjugation of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues is a post-translational modification process that senses nutrient availability and cellular stress and regulates diverse biological processes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and provide potential targets for therapeutics development. 35822049 5 77 theme cortical 1002:1009 arg1 proteome 1020:1027 the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome 998:1027 the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG 998:1047 To define the cortical O-GlcNAc proteome that responds to TG, we injected young adult mice with either saline or TG and performed mass spectrometry analysis for detection of O-GlcNAcylated peptides. 35822049 10 78 theme mouse 1794:1798 arg1 tissue 1809:1814 mouse cerebral tissue 1794:1814 mouse cerebral tissue 1794:1814 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 10 79 theme AD 1826:1827 arg1 brains 1829:1834 human AD brains 1820:1834 human AD brains 1820:1834 We compared our study with two key prior O-GlcNAc proteome studies using mouse cerebral tissue and human AD brains. 35822049 12 80 dep diseases 2128:2135 arg1 targets 2149:2155 therapeutic targets 2137:2155 therapeutic targets 2137:2155 These studies provide insights regarding neurodegenerative diseases therapeutic targets. 35822049 2 81 from changes 603:609 arg1 proteome 627:634 the O-GlcNAc proteome 614:634 the O-GlcNAc proteome 614:634 However, very little is known of the networks involved in the brain that are responsive to changes in the O-GlcNAc proteome. 33335573 0 0 theme proteins 68:75 arg1 position 23:30 position 562 23:34 position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 23:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 3 1 from effects 382:388 arg1 position 430:437 position 562 430:441 position 562 430:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 4 2 theme neutralization 825:838 arg1 assay 840:844 in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 806:844 in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 806:844 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 1 3 theme E 152:152 arg1 HEV 161:163 HEV 161:163 HEV 161:163 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 1 3 theme E 152:152 arg1 virus 154:158 hepatitis E virus 142:158 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 4 4 theme glycoprotein 578:589 arg1 E1 591:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 556:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) 556:614 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 4 theme glycoprotein 578:589 arg1 acids 601:605 amino acids 439-617 595:613 amino acids 439-617 595:613 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 0 5 theme capsid 61:66 arg1 proteins 68:75 the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 39:75 the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 39:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 4 6 theme PCR-based 815:823 arg1 assay 840:844 in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 806:844 in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 806:844 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 1 7 theme virus 154:158 arg1 pORF2 181:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 2 8 from attachment 282:291 arg1 located 262:268 located 262:268 located 262:268 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 4 9 theme pORF2 572:576 arg1 E1 591:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 556:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) 556:614 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 9 theme pORF2 572:576 arg1 acids 601:605 amino acids 439-617 595:613 amino acids 439-617 595:613 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 0 10 theme differential 85:96 arg1 effects 98:104 differential effects 85:104 differential effects on viral neutralizing activity 85:135 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 3 11 dep homodimerization 450:465 arg1 the 446:448 the 446:448 the 446:448 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 7 12 with immunoreactive 1134:1147 arg1 antibody 1180:1187 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1154:1187 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1154:1187 All proteins were immunoreactive with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody but were not recognized by the antibody after denaturation into monomers. 33335573 3 13 theme present 333:339 arg1 study 341:345 The present study 329:345 The present study 329:345 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 2 14 from regions 320:326 arg1 located 262:268 located 262:268 located 262:268 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 3 15 theme HEV 545:547 arg1 pORF2 549:553 HEV pORF2 545:553 HEV pORF2 545:553 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 7 16 theme monoclonal 1169:1178 arg1 antibody 1180:1187 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1154:1187 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1154:1187 All proteins were immunoreactive with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody but were not recognized by the antibody after denaturation into monomers. 33335573 4 17 dep in 806:807 arg1 vitro 809:813 vitro 809:813 vitro 809:813 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 1 18 gly glycosylation 222:234 arg2 three 197:201 three 197:201 three 197:201 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 1 18 gly glycosylation 222:234 arg2 sites 236:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 3 19 theme neutralization 516:529 arg1 activities 531:540 neutralization activities 516:540 neutralization activities 516:540 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 6 20 theme wild-type 1042:1050 arg1 protein 1052:1058 the wild-type protein 1038:1058 the wild-type protein 1038:1058 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 3 21 theme substitutions 413:425 arg1 effects 382:388 the effects 378:388 the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 378:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 6 22 gly non-glycosylated 1098:1113 arg1 mutants 1069:1075 the mutants 1065:1075 the mutants 1065:1075 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 6 22 gly non-glycosylated 1098:1113 arg1 non-glycosylated 1098:1113 non-glycosylated 1098:1113 non-glycosylated 1098:1113 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 4 23 theme amino 595:599 arg1 E1 591:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 556:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) 556:614 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 23 theme amino 595:599 arg1 acids 601:605 amino acids 439-617 595:613 amino acids 439-617 595:613 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 6 24 theme protein 1052:1058 arg1 status 1028:1033 the glycosylated status 1011:1033 the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein 1011:1058 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 4 25 gly glycoprotein 578:589 arg1 glycoprotein 578:589 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 556:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) 556:614 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 26 dep pastoris 692:699 arg1 pastoris 705:712 P. pastoris 702:712 P. pastoris 702:712 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 3 27 theme amino 402:406 arg1 substitutions 413:425 specific amino acid substitutions 393:425 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 393:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 0 28 theme Different 0:8 arg1 mutations 10:18 Different mutations 0:18 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 0:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 5 29 theme P. 949:950 arg1 pastoris 952:959 P. pastoris 949:959 P. pastoris 949:959 All proteins were indicated to be secreted by P. pastoris and formed homodimers. 33335573 4 30 theme in 806:807 arg1 assay 840:844 in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 806:844 in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 806:844 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 2 31 theme cell 277:280 arg1 attachment 282:291 the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions 273:326 attachment 282:291 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 1 32 theme capsid 166:171 arg1 pORF2 181:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 0 33 theme neutralizing 115:126 arg1 activity 128:135 viral neutralizing activity 109:135 viral neutralizing activity 109:135 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 1 34 link N-linked 213:220 arg1 sites 236:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 3 35 theme pORF2 549:553 arg1 glycosylation 468:480 glycosylation 468:480 glycosylation 468:480 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 3 35 theme pORF2 549:553 arg1 homodimerization 450:465 homodimerization 450:465 homodimerization 450:465 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 3 35 theme pORF2 549:553 arg1 immunogenicity 497:510 immunogenicity 497:510 immunogenicity 497:510 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 3 35 theme pORF2 549:553 arg1 activities 531:540 neutralization activities 516:540 neutralization activities 516:540 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 3 35 theme pORF2 549:553 arg1 antigenicity 483:494 antigenicity 483:494 antigenicity 483:494 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 9 36 theme neutralizing 1604:1615 arg1 epitope 1617:1623 the HEV neutralizing epitope 1596:1623 the HEV neutralizing epitope 1596:1623 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 1 37 theme protein 173:179 arg1 pORF2 181:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 3 38 gly glycosylation 468:480 arg1 pORF2 549:553 HEV pORF2 545:553 HEV pORF2 545:553 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 4 39 theme HEV 568:570 arg1 E1 591:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 556:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) 556:614 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 39 theme HEV 568:570 arg1 acids 601:605 amino acids 439-617 595:613 amino acids 439-617 595:613 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 0 40 theme viral 109:113 arg1 activity 128:135 viral neutralizing activity 109:135 viral neutralizing activity 109:135 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 9 41 theme HEV 1600:1602 arg1 epitope 1617:1623 the HEV neutralizing epitope 1596:1623 the HEV neutralizing epitope 1596:1623 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 9 42 from position 1544:1551 arg1 substitutions 1527:1539 specific amino acid substitutions 1507:1539 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 1507:1555 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 4 43 theme Recombinant 556:566 arg1 E1 591:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 556:592 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) 556:614 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 43 theme Recombinant 556:566 arg1 acids 601:605 amino acids 439-617 595:613 amino acids 439-617 595:613 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 9 44 theme amino 1516:1520 arg1 substitutions 1527:1539 specific amino acid substitutions 1507:1539 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 1507:1555 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 7 45 theme neutralizing 1156:1167 arg1 antibody 1180:1187 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1154:1187 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1154:1187 All proteins were immunoreactive with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody but were not recognized by the antibody after denaturation into monomers. 33335573 4 46 dep variants 633:640 arg1 variants 633:640 three mutant variants 620:640 three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) 620:665 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 46 dep variants 633:640 arg1 N562K 660:664 N562K 660:664 N562K 660:664 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 46 dep variants 633:640 arg1 N562C 650:654 N562C 650:654 N562C 650:654 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 3 47 theme acid 408:411 arg1 substitutions 413:425 specific amino acid substitutions 393:425 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 393:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 6 48 theme glycosylated 1015:1026 arg1 status 1028:1033 the glycosylated status 1011:1033 the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein 1011:1058 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 3 49 theme specific 393:400 arg1 substitutions 413:425 specific amino acid substitutions 393:425 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 393:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 6 50 gly glycosylated 1015:1026 arg1 status 1028:1033 the glycosylated status 1011:1033 the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein 1011:1058 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 8 51 theme efficient 1339:1347 arg1 neutralization 1349:1362 efficient neutralization 1339:1362 efficient neutralization against N562L 1339:1376 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies indicated efficient neutralization against N562L, whereas antibodies against N562C and N562K were revealed to be non-neutralizing. 33335573 6 52 theme Tunicamycin 984:994 arg1 assay 996:1000 Tunicamycin assay 984:1000 Tunicamycin assay 984:1000 Tunicamycin assay revealed the glycosylated status of the wild-type protein, but the mutants were indicated to be non-glycosylated. 33335573 3 53 from position 430:437 arg1 substitutions 413:425 specific amino acid substitutions 393:425 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 393:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 3 53 from position 430:437 arg1 effects 382:388 the effects 378:388 the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 378:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 4 54 theme mutant 626:631 arg1 variants 633:640 three mutant variants 620:640 three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) 620:665 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 54 theme mutant 626:631 arg1 N562K 660:664 N562K 660:664 N562K 660:664 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 54 theme mutant 626:631 arg1 N562C 650:654 N562C 650:654 N562C 650:654 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 0 55 theme hepatitis 43:51 arg1 virus 55:59 hepatitis E virus 43:59 the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 39:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 2 56 located located 262:268 arg2 N562 253:256 N562 253:256 N562 253:256 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 2 56 located located 262:268 arg2 site 247:250 One site 243:250 One site 243:250 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 2 56 located located 262:268 arg1 regions 320:326 the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions 273:326 regions 320:326 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 2 56 located located 262:268 arg1 attachment 282:291 the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions 273:326 attachment 282:291 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 4 57 theme sandwich 787:794 arg1 ELISA 796:800 double-antibody sandwich ELISA 771:800 double-antibody sandwich ELISA 771:800 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 8 58 theme PCR-based 1275:1283 arg1 assay 1300:1304 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 1263:1304 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies 1263:1327 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies indicated efficient neutralization against N562L, whereas antibodies against N562C and N562K were revealed to be non-neutralizing. 33335573 3 59 theme effects 382:388 arg1 analyses 366:373 detailed analyses 357:373 detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 357:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 9 60 theme acid 1522:1525 arg1 substitutions 1527:1539 specific amino acid substitutions 1507:1539 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 1507:1555 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 9 61 theme crucial 1563:1569 arg1 roles 1571:1575 crucial roles 1563:1575 crucial roles 1563:1575 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 4 62 theme double-antibody 771:785 arg1 ELISA 796:800 double-antibody sandwich ELISA 771:800 double-antibody sandwich ELISA 771:800 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 9 63 theme specific 1507:1514 arg1 substitutions 1527:1539 specific amino acid substitutions 1507:1539 specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 1507:1555 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 2 64 theme antigenic 310:318 arg1 regions 320:326 the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions 273:326 regions 320:326 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 8 65 theme in 1266:1267 arg1 assay 1300:1304 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 1263:1304 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies 1263:1327 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies indicated efficient neutralization against N562L, whereas antibodies against N562C and N562K were revealed to be non-neutralizing. 33335573 0 66 from effects 98:104 arg1 activity 128:135 viral neutralizing activity 109:135 viral neutralizing activity 109:135 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 9 67 theme epitope 1617:1623 arg1 activity 1584:1591 the activity 1580:1591 the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope 1580:1623 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 2 68 theme neutralizing 297:308 arg1 regions 320:326 the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions 273:326 regions 320:326 One site, N562, is located at the cell attachment and neutralizing antigenic regions. 33335573 1 69 theme potential 203:211 arg1 sites 236:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 4 70 theme Western 729:735 arg1 analysis 742:749 Western blot analysis 729:749 Western blot analysis 729:749 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 4 71 theme blot 737:740 arg1 analysis 742:749 Western blot analysis 729:749 Western blot analysis 729:749 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 8 72 dep in 1266:1267 arg1 vitro 1269:1273 vitro 1269:1273 vitro 1269:1273 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies indicated efficient neutralization against N562L, whereas antibodies against N562C and N562K were revealed to be non-neutralizing. 33335573 8 73 theme neutralization 1285:1298 arg1 assay 1300:1304 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay 1263:1304 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies 1263:1327 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies indicated efficient neutralization against N562L, whereas antibodies against N562C and N562K were revealed to be non-neutralizing. 33335573 4 74 theme different 881:889 arg1 constructs 891:900 the different constructs 877:900 the different constructs 877:900 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 1 75 theme N-linked 213:220 arg1 sites 236:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 0 76 theme virus 55:59 arg1 proteins 68:75 the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 39:75 the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 39:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 4 77 theme tunicamycin 752:762 arg1 assay 764:768 tunicamycin assay 752:768 tunicamycin assay 752:768 Recombinant HEV pORF2 glycoprotein E1 (amino acids 439-617) and three mutant variants (N562L, N562C and N562K) were expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis, tunicamycin assay, double-antibody sandwich ELISA and in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay were performed to characterize the different constructs. 33335573 9 78 theme present 1478:1484 arg1 study 1486:1490 the present study 1474:1490 the present study 1474:1490 Collectively, the present study indicated that specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 serve crucial roles in the activity of the HEV neutralizing epitope. 33335573 8 79 theme mouse 1312:1316 arg1 antibodies 1318:1327 mouse antibodies 1312:1327 mouse antibodies 1312:1327 An in vitro PCR-based neutralization assay using mouse antibodies indicated efficient neutralization against N562L, whereas antibodies against N562C and N562K were revealed to be non-neutralizing. 33335573 1 80 theme glycosylation 222:234 arg1 sites 236:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 three potential N-linked glycosylation sites 197:240 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 0 81 theme E 53:53 arg1 virus 55:59 hepatitis E virus 43:59 the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 39:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 0 82 from position 23:30 arg1 mutations 10:18 Different mutations 0:18 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins 0:75 Different mutations at position 562 of the hepatitis E virus capsid proteins exhibit differential effects on viral neutralizing activity. 33335573 3 83 theme detailed 357:364 arg1 analyses 366:373 detailed analyses 357:373 detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 357:441 The present study performed detailed analyses of the effects of specific amino acid substitutions at position 562 in the homodimerization, glycosylation, antigenicity, immunogenicity and neutralization activities of HEV pORF2. 33335573 1 84 theme hepatitis 142:150 arg1 HEV 161:163 HEV 161:163 HEV 161:163 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33335573 1 84 theme hepatitis 142:150 arg1 virus 154:158 hepatitis E virus 142:158 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 138:185 The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein pORF2 comprises three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. 33282554 4 0 theme GEPIA 614:618 arg1 databases 646:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 10 1 theme human 1482:1486 arg1 hepatocytes 1495:1505 human normal hepatocytes 1482:1505 human normal hepatocytes 1482:1505 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 2 2 theme glycosylphosphatidylinositol 381:408 arg1 anchors 410:416 glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors 381:416 glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors 381:416 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 4 3 theme cBioPortal 621:630 arg1 databases 646:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 2 4 theme phosphate 172:180 arg1 mannosyltransferase 220:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 4 theme phosphate 172:180 arg1 DPMS 200:203 DPMS 200:203 DPMS 200:203 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 4 theme phosphate 172:180 arg1 synthase 190:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase 163:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS) 163:204 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 5 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 C-mannosylation 361:375 C-mannosylation 361:375 C-mannosylation 361:375 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 5 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 anchors 410:416 glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors 381:416 glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors 381:416 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 5 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 modification 284:295 post-translational modification 265:295 post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins 265:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 5 theme proteins 300:307 arg1 O-mannosylation 344:358 O-mannosylation 344:358 O-mannosylation 344:358 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 4 6 dep METHODS 489:495 arg1 explored 507:514 explored 507:514 explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 507:654 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 8 7 theme higher 1075:1080 arg1 expressions 1087:1097 higher mRNA expressions 1075:1097 higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 1075:1109 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 8 8 located found 1116:1120 arg1 addition 1065:1072 addition 1065:1072 addition 1065:1072 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 8 8 located found 1116:1120 arg2 expressions 1087:1097 higher mRNA expressions 1075:1097 higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 1075:1109 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 5 9 theme mRNA 661:664 arg1 expressions 666:676 The mRNA expressions 657:676 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 657:688 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 also were detected by quantitative real-time PCR experiments in vitro. 33282554 10 10 theme hepatoma 1511:1518 arg1 cells 1520:1524 hepatoma cells 1511:1524 hepatoma cells 1511:1524 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 9 11 theme carcinoma 1402:1410 arg1 patients 1412:1419 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1387:1419 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1387:1419 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 6 12 with patients 855:862 arg1 carcinoma 884:892 hepatocellular carcinoma 869:892 hepatocellular carcinoma 869:892 RESULTS The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 8 13 theme DPM1/2/3 1102:1109 arg1 expressions 1087:1097 higher mRNA expressions 1075:1097 higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 1075:1109 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 10 14 dep cells 1651:1655 arg1 SMMC-7721 1657:1665 SMMC-7721 1657:1665 SMMC-7721 1657:1665 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 14 dep cells 1651:1655 arg1 cells 1651:1655 hepatoma cells 1642:1655 hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2 1642:1675 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 14 dep cells 1651:1655 arg1 HepG2 1671:1675 HepG2 1671:1675 HepG2 1671:1675 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 9 15 theme liver 1294:1298 arg1 cancer 1300:1305 liver cancer 1294:1305 liver cancer 1294:1305 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 2 16 link N-linked 320:327 arg1 glycoproteins 329:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 5 17 theme quantitative 712:723 arg1 experiments 739:749 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 712:749 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 712:749 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 also were detected by quantitative real-time PCR experiments in vitro. 33282554 9 18 theme genetic 1312:1318 arg1 alteration 1320:1329 genetic alteration 1312:1329 genetic alteration in DPMS 1312:1337 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 5 19 theme PCR 735:737 arg1 experiments 739:749 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 712:749 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 712:749 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 also were detected by quantitative real-time PCR experiments in vitro. 33282554 1 20 theme tumor 144:148 arg1 progression 150:160 tumor progression 144:160 tumor progression 144:160 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins contributes to tumor progression. 33282554 2 21 theme central 249:255 arg1 role 257:260 a central role 247:260 a central role 247:260 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 8 22 from survival 1169:1176 arg1 patients 1194:1201 liver cancer patients 1181:1201 liver cancer patients 1181:1201 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 11 23 theme prognostic 1761:1770 arg1 DPM1 1735:1738 DPM1 1735:1738 DPM1 1735:1738 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 11 23 theme prognostic 1761:1770 arg1 biomarker 1772:1780 a potential prognostic biomarker 1749:1780 a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1749:1831 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 9 24 theme overall 1367:1373 arg1 survival 1375:1382 shorter overall survival 1359:1382 shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1359:1419 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 7 25 theme carcinoma 1042:1050 arg1 patients 1052:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 1 26 gly glycosylation 103:115 arg1 proteins 120:127 proteins 120:127 proteins 120:127 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins contributes to tumor progression. 33282554 1 26 gly glycosylation 103:115 arg1 tumor 144:148 tumor progression 144:160 tumor progression 144:160 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins contributes to tumor progression. 33282554 9 27 with patients 1280:1287 arg1 cancer 1300:1305 liver cancer 1294:1305 liver cancer 1294:1305 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 8 28 theme shorter 1153:1159 arg1 survival 1169:1176 shorter overall survival 1153:1176 shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients 1153:1201 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 7 29 theme tumor 1011:1015 arg1 grades 1017:1022 pathological tumor grades 998:1022 pathological tumor grades 998:1022 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 1 30 theme Altered 95:101 arg1 glycosylation 103:115 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation 84:115 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins 84:127 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins contributes to tumor progression. 33282554 4 31 theme Protein 599:605 arg1 Atlas 607:611 Human Protein Atlas 593:611 Human Protein Atlas 593:611 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 11 32 theme hepatocellular 1799:1812 arg1 patients 1824:1831 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1799:1831 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1799:1831 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 0 33 theme potential 21:29 arg1 marker 48:53 a potential prognostic tumor marker 19:53 a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma 19:81 DPM1 expression as a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 8 34 theme liver 1181:1185 arg1 patients 1194:1201 liver cancer patients 1181:1201 liver cancer patients 1181:1201 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 4 35 theme hepatocellular 554:567 arg1 carcinoma 569:577 hepatocellular carcinoma 554:577 hepatocellular carcinoma 554:577 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 2 36 gly C-mannosylation 361:375 arg1 proteins 300:307 proteins 300:307 proteins 300:307 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 36 gly C-mannosylation 361:375 arg1 glycoproteins 329:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 37 theme mannose 182:188 arg1 mannosyltransferase 220:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 37 theme mannose 182:188 arg1 DPMS 200:203 DPMS 200:203 DPMS 200:203 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 37 theme mannose 182:188 arg1 synthase 190:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase 163:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS) 163:204 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 9 38 theme genetic 1221:1227 arg1 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate 1204:1243 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 0 39 theme tumor 42:46 arg1 marker 48:53 a potential prognostic tumor marker 19:53 a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma 19:81 DPM1 expression as a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 2 40 gly O-mannosylation 344:358 arg1 proteins 300:307 proteins 300:307 proteins 300:307 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 40 gly O-mannosylation 344:358 arg1 glycoproteins 329:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 6 41 theme proteinic 793:801 arg1 expressions 803:813 The transcriptional and proteinic expressions 769:813 The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 769:825 RESULTS The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 7 42 theme pathological 998:1009 arg1 grades 1017:1022 pathological tumor grades 998:1022 pathological tumor grades 998:1022 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 9 43 theme high 1216:1219 arg1 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate 1204:1243 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 10 44 theme hepatoma 1642:1649 arg1 SMMC-7721 1657:1665 SMMC-7721 1657:1665 SMMC-7721 1657:1665 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 44 theme hepatoma 1642:1649 arg1 cells 1651:1655 hepatoma cells 1642:1655 hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2 1642:1675 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 44 theme hepatoma 1642:1649 arg1 HepG2 1671:1675 HepG2 1671:1675 HepG2 1671:1675 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 45 theme quantitative 1440:1451 arg1 experiments 1467:1477 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 1440:1477 quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells 1440:1524 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 9 46 theme DPMS 1248:1251 arg1 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate 1204:1243 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 5 47 theme DPM1/2/3 681:688 arg1 expressions 666:676 The mRNA expressions 657:676 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 657:688 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 also were detected by quantitative real-time PCR experiments in vitro. 33282554 7 48 theme clinical 971:978 arg1 stages 987:992 clinical cancer stages 971:992 clinical cancer stages 971:992 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 9 49 from alteration 1320:1329 arg1 DPMS 1334:1337 DPMS 1334:1337 DPMS 1334:1337 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 6 50 theme hepatocellular 869:882 arg1 carcinoma 884:892 hepatocellular carcinoma 869:892 hepatocellular carcinoma 869:892 RESULTS The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 8 51 theme mRNA 1082:1085 arg1 expressions 1087:1097 higher mRNA expressions 1075:1097 higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 1075:1109 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 2 52 theme Dolichol 163:170 arg1 mannosyltransferase 220:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 52 theme Dolichol 163:170 arg1 DPMS 200:203 DPMS 200:203 DPMS 200:203 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 52 theme Dolichol 163:170 arg1 synthase 190:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase 163:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS) 163:204 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 10 53 theme PCR 1463:1465 arg1 experiments 1467:1477 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 1440:1477 quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells 1440:1524 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 11 54 theme potential 1751:1759 arg1 DPM1 1735:1738 DPM1 1735:1738 DPM1 1735:1738 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 11 54 theme potential 1751:1759 arg1 biomarker 1772:1780 a potential prognostic biomarker 1749:1780 a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1749:1831 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 4 55 from roles 520:524 arg1 prognosis 541:549 the prognosis 537:549 the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 537:577 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 10 56 dep quantitative 1440:1451 arg1 real-time 1453:1461 real-time 1453:1461 real-time 1453:1461 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 57 theme normal 1488:1493 arg1 hepatocytes 1495:1505 human normal hepatocytes 1482:1505 human normal hepatocytes 1482:1505 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 2 58 theme N-linked 320:327 arg1 glycoproteins 329:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 7 59 theme DPMS 915:918 arg1 Over-expressions 895:910 Over-expressions 895:910 Over-expressions of DPMS 895:918 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 9 60 from survival 1375:1382 arg1 patients 1412:1419 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1387:1419 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1387:1419 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 1 61 theme proteins 120:127 arg1 glycosylation 103:115 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation 84:115 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins 84:127 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins contributes to tumor progression. 33282554 7 62 from grades 1017:1022 arg1 patients 1052:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 5 63 theme real-time 725:733 arg1 experiments 739:749 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 712:749 quantitative real-time PCR experiments 712:749 The mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 also were detected by quantitative real-time PCR experiments in vitro. 33282554 2 64 theme post-translational 265:282 arg1 modification 284:295 post-translational modification 265:295 post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins 265:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 0 65 theme hepatocellular 58:71 arg1 carcinoma 73:81 hepatocellular carcinoma 58:81 hepatocellular carcinoma 58:81 DPM1 expression as a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 2 66 dep modification 284:295 arg1 synthesis 418:426 synthesis 418:426 synthesis 418:426 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 3 67 from function 455:462 arg1 cancer 481:486 liver cancer 475:486 liver cancer 475:486 Little is known about the function of DPMS in liver cancer. 33282554 9 68 located observed 1268:1275 arg2 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate 1204:1243 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 9 68 located observed 1268:1275 arg1 patients 1280:1287 patients 1280:1287 patients with liver cancer 1280:1305 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 9 69 theme shorter 1359:1365 arg1 survival 1375:1382 shorter overall survival 1359:1382 shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1359:1419 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 0 70 from marker 48:53 arg1 carcinoma 73:81 hepatocellular carcinoma 58:81 hepatocellular carcinoma 58:81 DPM1 expression as a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 4 71 theme DPMS 529:532 arg1 roles 520:524 the roles 516:524 the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 516:577 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 10 72 theme DPM1/2/3 1555:1562 arg1 expressions 1540:1550 the expressions 1536:1550 the expressions of DPM1/2/3 1536:1562 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 9 73 theme hepatocellular 1387:1400 arg1 carcinoma 1402:1410 hepatocellular carcinoma 1387:1410 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1387:1419 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 8 74 theme overall 1161:1167 arg1 survival 1169:1176 shorter overall survival 1153:1176 shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients 1153:1201 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 7 75 theme hepatocellular 1027:1040 arg1 patients 1052:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 1 76 theme BACKGROUND 84:93 arg1 glycosylation 103:115 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation 84:115 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins 84:127 BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation of proteins contributes to tumor progression. 33282554 4 77 theme Human 593:597 arg1 Atlas 607:611 Human Protein Atlas 593:611 Human Protein Atlas 593:611 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 11 78 theme patients 1824:1831 arg1 survivals 1786:1794 survivals 1786:1794 survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1786:1831 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 7 79 from stages 987:992 arg1 patients 1052:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1027:1059 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 3 80 theme liver 475:479 arg1 cancer 481:486 liver cancer 475:486 liver cancer 475:486 Little is known about the function of DPMS in liver cancer. 33282554 6 81 theme transcriptional 773:787 arg1 expressions 803:813 The transcriptional and proteinic expressions 769:813 The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 769:825 RESULTS The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 4 82 theme Atlas 607:611 arg1 databases 646:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 9 83 theme Futhermore 1204:1213 arg1 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate 1204:1243 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 0 84 theme prognostic 31:40 arg1 marker 48:53 a potential prognostic tumor marker 19:53 a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma 19:81 DPM1 expression as a potential prognostic tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 8 85 theme cancer 1187:1192 arg1 patients 1194:1201 liver cancer patients 1181:1201 liver cancer patients 1181:1201 In addition, higher mRNA expressions of DPM1/2/3 were found to be significantly related to shorter overall survival in liver cancer patients. 33282554 2 86 gly glycoproteins 329:341 arg1 glycoproteins 329:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 N-linked glycoproteins 320:341 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 3 87 theme DPMS 467:470 arg1 function 455:462 the function 451:462 the function of DPMS in liver cancer 451:486 Little is known about the function of DPMS in liver cancer. 33282554 4 88 theme carcinoma 569:577 arg1 prognosis 541:549 the prognosis 537:549 the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 537:577 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 6 89 theme DPM1/2/3 818:825 arg1 expressions 803:813 The transcriptional and proteinic expressions 769:813 The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 769:825 RESULTS The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 10 90 from experiments 1467:1477 arg1 hepatocytes 1495:1505 human normal hepatocytes 1482:1505 human normal hepatocytes 1482:1505 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 10 90 from experiments 1467:1477 arg1 cells 1520:1524 hepatoma cells 1511:1524 hepatoma cells 1511:1524 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 4 91 theme UALCAN 585:590 arg1 databases 646:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 10 92 theme DPM1 1606:1609 arg1 expression 1592:1601 the expression 1588:1601 the expression of DPM1 1588:1609 We also performed quantitative real-time PCR experiments in human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells to verify the expressions of DPM1/2/3 and results showed that the expression of DPM1 was significantly increased in hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 and HepG2. 33282554 2 93 theme essential 210:218 arg1 mannosyltransferase 220:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 an essential mannosyltransferase 207:238 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 2 93 theme essential 210:218 arg1 synthase 190:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase 163:197 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS) 163:204 Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), an essential mannosyltransferase, plays a central role in post-translational modification of proteins, including N-linked glycoproteins, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis. 33282554 9 94 theme alteration 1229:1238 arg1 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate 1204:1243 rate 1240:1243 Futhermore, high genetic alteration rate of DPMS (41%) was also observed in patients with liver cancer, and genetic alteration in DPMS was associated with shorter overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 6 95 dep RESULTS 761:767 arg1 over-expressed 837:850 over-expressed 837:850 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma 827:892 RESULTS The transcriptional and proteinic expressions of DPM1/2/3 were both over-expressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 33282554 4 96 theme Metascape 636:644 arg1 databases 646:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases 585:654 METHODS The study explored the roles of DPMS in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, cBioPortal and Metascape databases. 33282554 11 97 theme carcinoma 1814:1822 arg1 patients 1824:1831 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1799:1831 hepatocellular carcinoma patients 1799:1831 CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that DPM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for survivals of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 33282554 7 98 theme cancer 980:985 arg1 stages 987:992 clinical cancer stages 971:992 clinical cancer stages 971:992 Over-expressions of DPMS were discovered to be dramatically associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 31869211 4 0 theme plasma 714:719 arg1 samples 721:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 1 1 theme sulfur-gold-cysteine 178:197 arg1 structure 210:218 a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure 176:218 a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure 176:218 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 2 2 with framework 342:350 arg1 cobalt 357:362 cobalt 357:362 cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) 357:385 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 0 3 theme Selective 90:98 arg1 Enrichment 100:109 the Highly Selective Enrichment 79:109 the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides 79:135 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 5 4 dep effectiveness 879:891 arg1 the 875:877 the 875:877 the 875:877 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 3 5 theme cobalt 523:528 arg1 sulfide 530:536 the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 502:536 the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 502:536 After sulfidation, the S-Au-Cys architecture was created on the surface of the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide to obtain a material denoted ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 6 theme glycopeptides 600:612 arg1 Enrichment 586:595 Enrichment 586:595 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples 586:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 0 7 theme N-Linked 114:121 arg1 Glycopeptides 123:135 N-Linked Glycopeptides 114:135 N-Linked Glycopeptides 114:135 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 2 8 theme zeolitic 321:328 arg1 framework 342:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework 298:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) 298:385 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 8 theme zeolitic 321:328 arg1 template 417:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 4 9 theme liquid 774:779 arg1 chromatography 781:794 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 750:794 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys 750:828 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 6 10 from exploitation 1169:1180 arg1 preparation 1192:1202 sample preparation 1185:1202 sample preparation 1185:1202 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 1 11 gly N-glycopeptide 271:284 arg2 N-glycopeptide 271:284 efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment 261:295 efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment 261:295 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 3 12 theme hollow 516:521 arg1 sulfide 530:536 the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 502:536 the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 502:536 After sulfidation, the S-Au-Cys architecture was created on the surface of the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide to obtain a material denoted ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 13 theme trypsin 619:625 arg1 digests 627:633 trypsin digests 619:633 trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples 619:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 14 theme human 708:712 arg1 samples 721:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 5 15 theme HILIC 994:998 arg1 product 1000:1006 a commercial HILIC product 981:1006 a commercial HILIC product 981:1006 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 1 16 theme S-Au-Cys 200:207 arg1 structure 210:218 a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure 176:218 a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure 176:218 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 0 17 theme Glycopeptides 123:135 arg1 Enrichment 100:109 the Highly Selective Enrichment 79:109 the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides 79:135 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 1 18 with sulfides 162:169 arg1 structure 210:218 a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure 176:218 a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure 176:218 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 4 19 gly glycopeptides 600:612 arg2 glycopeptides 600:612 glycopeptides 600:612 glycopeptides 600:612 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 6 20 theme low-dimensional 1089:1103 arg1 morphology 1105:1114 a low-dimensional morphology 1087:1114 a low-dimensional morphology 1087:1114 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 5 21 theme sample 933:938 arg1 preconcentration 940:955 sample preconcentration 933:955 sample preconcentration 933:955 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 0 22 theme Acid-Functionalized 6:24 arg1 Sulfide 56:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 1 23 from sulfides 162:169 arg1 surface 227:233 the surface 223:233 the surface 223:233 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 4 24 theme interaction 762:772 arg1 chromatography 781:794 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 750:794 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys 750:828 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 2 25 dep two-dimensional 300:314 arg1 2D 317:318 2D 317:318 2D 317:318 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 0 26 theme Amino 0:4 arg1 Sulfide 56:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 4 27 theme hydrophilic 750:760 arg1 chromatography 781:794 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 750:794 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys 750:828 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 28 theme IgG 685:687 arg1 digests 627:633 trypsin digests 619:633 trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples 619:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 0 29 theme Hollow 42:47 arg1 Sulfide 56:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 4 30 theme chromatography 781:794 arg1 processes 796:804 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes 750:804 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys 750:828 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 31 attach isolated 689:696 arg2 IgG 685:687 IgG 685:687 IgG isolated from real human plasma samples 685:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 31 attach isolated 689:696 arg1 samples 721:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 0 32 theme Two-Dimensional 26:40 arg1 Sulfide 56:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 6 33 theme efficient 1031:1039 arg1 way 1041:1043 an efficient way 1028:1043 an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology 1028:1114 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 2 34 theme imidazolate 330:340 arg1 framework 342:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework 298:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) 298:385 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 34 theme imidazolate 330:340 arg1 template 417:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 4 35 theme real 703:706 arg1 samples 721:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 real human plasma samples 703:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 3 36 theme leaf-like 506:514 arg1 sulfide 530:536 the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 502:536 the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 502:536 After sulfidation, the S-Au-Cys architecture was created on the surface of the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide to obtain a material denoted ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 37 theme samples 670:676 arg1 digests 627:633 trypsin digests 619:633 trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples 619:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 0 38 theme Cobalt 49:54 arg1 Sulfide 56:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide 0:62 Amino Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanoleaves for the Highly Selective Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. 31869211 5 39 theme good 835:838 arg1 sensitivity 840:850 The good sensitivity 831:850 The good sensitivity 831:850 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 6 40 theme metal 1067:1071 arg1 sulfides 1073:1080 transition metal sulfides 1056:1080 transition metal sulfides 1056:1080 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 5 41 theme commercial 983:992 arg1 product 1000:1006 a commercial HILIC product 981:1006 a commercial HILIC product 981:1006 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 4 42 theme standard 661:668 arg1 samples 670:676 immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples 638:676 immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples 638:676 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 43 from digests 627:633 arg1 Enrichment 586:595 Enrichment 586:595 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples 586:727 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 3 44 theme S-Au-Cys 450:457 arg1 architecture 459:470 the S-Au-Cys architecture 446:470 the S-Au-Cys architecture 446:470 After sulfidation, the S-Au-Cys architecture was created on the surface of the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide to obtain a material denoted ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 6 45 theme sample 1185:1190 arg1 preparation 1192:1202 sample preparation 1185:1202 sample preparation 1185:1202 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 1 46 theme Leaf-like 138:146 arg1 sulfides 162:169 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides 138:169 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface 138:233 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 2 47 theme self-sacrificed 401:415 arg1 framework 342:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework 298:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) 298:385 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 47 theme self-sacrificed 401:415 arg1 template 417:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 1 48 theme hollow 148:153 arg1 sulfides 162:169 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides 138:169 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface 138:233 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 2 49 theme two-dimensional 300:314 arg1 framework 342:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework 298:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) 298:385 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 49 theme two-dimensional 300:314 arg1 template 417:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 1 50 theme cobalt 155:160 arg1 sulfides 162:169 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides 138:169 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface 138:233 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 4 51 theme immunoglobulin 638:651 arg1 IgG 656:658 IgG 656:658 IgG 656:658 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 4 51 theme immunoglobulin 638:651 arg1 G 653:653 immunoglobulin G 638:653 immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples 638:676 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 2 52 used used 391:394 arg2 framework 342:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework 298:350 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) 298:385 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 52 used used 391:394 arg2 template 417:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 a self-sacrificed template 399:424 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 53 dep cobalt 357:362 arg1 L 375:375 L 375:375 L for leaf 375:384 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 2 53 dep cobalt 357:362 arg1 ZIF-L-Co 365:372 ZIF-L-Co 365:372 ZIF-L-Co 365:372 A two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework with cobalt (ZIF-L-Co, L for leaf) was used as a self-sacrificed template. 31869211 5 54 theme ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys 911:927 arg1 robustness 897:906 robustness 897:906 robustness 897:906 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 5 54 theme ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys 911:927 arg1 effectiveness 879:891 effectiveness 879:891 effectiveness 879:891 The good sensitivity and selectivity ensure the effectiveness and robustness of ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys for sample preconcentration, which is comparable to a commercial HILIC product. 31869211 6 55 theme novel 1131:1135 arg1 concept 1137:1143 a novel concept 1129:1143 a novel concept 1129:1143 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 3 56 theme sulfide 530:536 arg1 surface 491:497 the surface 487:497 the surface of the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide 487:536 After sulfidation, the S-Au-Cys architecture was created on the surface of the leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfide to obtain a material denoted ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 6 57 theme material 1149:1156 arg1 design 1158:1163 material design 1149:1163 material design 1149:1163 This work provides an efficient way to produce transition metal sulfides with a low-dimensional morphology and provides a novel concept for material design for exploitation in sample preparation, especially in glycoproteomics. 31869211 1 58 theme efficient 261:269 arg1 enrichment 286:295 efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment 261:295 efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment 261:295 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 31869211 4 59 theme G 653:653 arg1 samples 670:676 immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples 638:676 immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples 638:676 Enrichment of glycopeptides from trypsin digests of immunoglobulin G (IgG) standard samples and of IgG isolated from real human plasma samples was accomplished via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography processes using ZIF-L-Co-S-Au-Cys. 31869211 1 60 theme N-glycopeptide 271:284 arg1 enrichment 286:295 efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment 261:295 efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment 261:295 Leaf-like hollow cobalt sulfides with a sulfur-gold-cysteine (S-Au-Cys) structure on the surface have been synthesized for efficient N-glycopeptide enrichment. 33800148 7 0 theme butyrate 1258:1265 arg1 synthesis 1267:1275 butyrate synthesis 1258:1275 butyrate synthesis 1258:1275 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 3 1 theme high 615:618 arg1 sequencing 631:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 6 2 theme butyrate 1099:1106 arg1 contents 1087:1094 the fecal contents 1077:1094 the fecal contents of butyrate 1077:1106 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 6 3 from differences 1062:1072 arg1 contents 1087:1094 the fecal contents 1077:1094 the fecal contents of butyrate 1077:1106 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 4 theme genes 1248:1252 arg1 copies 1225:1230 more copies 1220:1230 more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) 1220:1358 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 5 theme fecal 1750:1754 arg1 contents 1765:1772 fecal butyrate contents 1750:1772 fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs 1750:1787 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 6 theme p 1963:1963 arg1 < 1965:1965 p < 0.05 1963:1970 p < 0.05 1963:1970 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 6 theme p 1963:1963 arg1 ET1 1950:1952 ET1 1950:1952 ET1 1950:1952 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 1 7 theme fatty 259:263 arg1 SCFAs 272:276 SCFAs 272:276 SCFAs 272:276 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 1 7 theme fatty 259:263 arg1 acids 265:269 short-chain fatty acids 247:269 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 247:277 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 10 8 theme functional 2098:2107 arg1 implications 2109:2120 the functional implications 2094:2120 the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism 2094:2188 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 10 9 theme Jinhua 2057:2062 arg1 pigs 2064:2067 Jinhua pigs 2057:2067 Jinhua pigs 2057:2067 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 5 10 theme genus 765:769 arg1 level 771:775 the genus level 761:775 the genus level 761:775 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 8 11 dep = 1585:1585 arg1 0.4905 1587:1592 0.4905 1587:1592 0.4905 1587:1592 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 9 12 theme Jinhua 1777:1782 arg1 pigs 1784:1787 Jinhua pigs 1777:1787 Jinhua pigs 1777:1787 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 8 13 theme butyrate 1543:1550 arg1 content 1552:1558 the butyrate content 1539:1558 the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) 1539:1571 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 3 14 from days 454:457 arg1 samples 420:426 the fecal samples 410:426 the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age 410:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 14 from days 454:457 arg1 pigs 442:445 105 Jinhua pigs 431:445 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age 431:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 1 15 theme Gut 88:90 arg1 microbiota 92:101 Gut microbiota 88:101 Gut microbiota 88:101 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 6 16 theme highest 1142:1148 arg1 level 1150:1154 the highest level 1138:1154 the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05) 1138:1203 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 5 17 theme sensu 931:935 arg1 stricto 937:943 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 919:945 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) 919:954 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 5 17 theme sensu 931:935 arg1 % 953:953 17.49% 948:953 17.49% 948:953 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 1 18 dep diets 230:234 arg1 produce 239:245 produce 239:245 to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 236:277 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 6 19 theme Significant 1050:1060 arg1 differences 1062:1072 Significant differences 1050:1072 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate 1050:1106 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 8 20 theme = 1563:1563 arg1 R 1561:1561 R 1561:1561 R = 0.7464 1561:1570 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 9 21 from richness 1914:1921 arg1 ET3 1926:1928 ET3 1926:1928 ET3 1926:1928 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 1 22 theme indigestible 194:205 arg1 polysaccharides 207:221 processing indigestible polysaccharides 183:221 processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 183:277 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 4 23 theme α-diversity 647:657 arg1 number 676:681 the OTU number 668:681 the OTU number 668:681 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 23 theme α-diversity 647:657 arg1 index 695:699 Shannon index 687:699 Shannon index 687:699 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 23 theme α-diversity 647:657 arg1 indices 659:665 The α-diversity indices 643:665 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) 643:700 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 23 theme α-diversity 647:657 arg1 different 721:729 different 721:729 different 721:729 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 3 24 dep enterotypes 492:502 arg1 ET3 524:526 ET3 524:526 ET3 524:526 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 24 dep enterotypes 492:502 arg1 ET1 510:512 ET1 510:512 ET1 510:512 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 24 dep enterotypes 492:502 arg1 ETs 505:507 ETs 505:507 ETs 505:507 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 24 dep enterotypes 492:502 arg1 enterotypes 492:502 three enterotypes 486:502 three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 486:640 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 24 dep enterotypes 492:502 arg1 ET2 515:517 ET2 515:517 ET2 515:517 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 7 25 theme other 1435:1439 arg1 groups 1445:1450 other two groups 1435:1450 other two groups (p < 0.05) 1435:1461 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 25 theme other 1435:1439 arg1 < 1455:1455 p < 0.05 1453:1460 p < 0.05 1453:1460 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 26 theme acetate 1330:1336 arg1 transferase 1342:1352 acetate CoA transferase 1330:1352 acetate CoA transferase 1330:1352 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 8 27 dep content 1552:1558 arg1 R 1561:1561 R 1561:1561 R = 0.7464 1561:1570 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 0 28 theme Butyrate 59:66 arg1 Production 68:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production 48:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs 48:85 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 5 29 theme ET1 782:784 arg1 group 786:790 the ET1 group 778:790 the ET1 group 778:790 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 1 30 theme nutrient 140:147 arg1 digestion 149:157 nutrient digestion 140:157 nutrient digestion for pigs 140:166 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 7 31 theme group 1414:1418 arg1 samples 1395:1401 the fecal samples 1385:1401 the fecal samples of the ET3 group 1385:1418 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 0 32 from Identification 0:13 arg1 Production 68:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production 48:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs 48:85 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 10 33 theme phenotypic 2143:2152 arg1 performance 2154:2164 the pig's phenotypic performance 2133:2164 the pig's phenotypic performance 2133:2164 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 5 34 theme sensu 855:859 arg1 % 877:877 11.78% 872:877 11.78% 872:877 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 5 34 theme sensu 855:859 arg1 stricto 861:867 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 843:869 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%) 843:878 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 7 35 theme coenzyme 1312:1319 arg1 A 1321:1321 butyryl coenzyme A 1304:1321 butyryl coenzyme A (CoA) 1304:1327 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 35 theme coenzyme 1312:1319 arg1 genes 1248:1252 the terminal genes 1235:1252 the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis 1235:1275 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 35 theme coenzyme 1312:1319 arg1 CoA 1324:1326 CoA 1324:1326 CoA 1324:1326 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 3 36 theme pigs 442:445 arg1 samples 420:426 the fecal samples 410:426 the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age 410:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 37 theme fecal 414:418 arg1 samples 420:426 the fecal samples 410:426 the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age 410:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 4 38 theme OTU 672:674 arg1 number 676:681 the OTU number 668:681 the OTU number 668:681 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 38 theme OTU 672:674 arg1 indices 659:665 The α-diversity indices 643:665 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) 643:700 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 5 39 theme ET3 994:996 arg1 group 998:1002 the ET3 group 990:1002 the ET3 group 990:1002 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 4 40 dep indices 659:665 arg1 number 676:681 the OTU number 668:681 the OTU number 668:681 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 40 dep indices 659:665 arg1 index 695:699 Shannon index 687:699 Shannon index 687:699 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 40 dep indices 659:665 arg1 indices 659:665 The α-diversity indices 643:665 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) 643:700 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 3 41 theme Jinhua 435:440 arg1 pigs 442:445 105 Jinhua pigs 431:445 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age 431:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 0 42 theme Enterotype 18:27 arg1 Effects 37:43 Its Effects 33:43 Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs 33:85 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 0 42 theme Enterotype 18:27 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification of Enterotype 0:27 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 3 43 theme present 395:401 arg1 study 403:407 the present study 391:407 the present study 391:407 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 44 theme composition 585:595 arg1 subpopulations 538:551 subpopulations 538:551 subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition 538:595 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 44 theme composition 585:595 arg1 enterotypes 492:502 three enterotypes 486:502 three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 486:640 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 45 theme bacterial 565:573 arg1 composition 585:595 distinct bacterial community composition 556:595 distinct bacterial community composition 556:595 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 2 46 theme community 317:325 arg1 structure 327:335 microbiota community structure 306:335 microbiota community structure 306:335 However, the link between microbiota community structure and phenotypic performances are poorly understood. 33800148 7 47 theme butyrate 1278:1285 arg1 Buk 1295:1297 Buk 1295:1297 Buk 1295:1297 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 47 theme butyrate 1278:1285 arg1 kinase 1287:1292 butyrate kinase 1278:1292 butyrate kinase (Buk) 1278:1298 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 47 theme butyrate 1278:1285 arg1 genes 1248:1252 the terminal genes 1235:1252 the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis 1235:1275 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 3 48 theme rRNA 610:613 arg1 sequencing 631:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 6 49 theme p 1195:1195 arg1 < 1197:1197 p < 0.05 1195:1202 p < 0.05 1195:1202 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 6 49 theme p 1195:1195 arg1 ET3 1168:1170 ET3 1168:1170 ET3 1168:1170 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 50 with genera 1738:1743 arg1 contents 1765:1772 fecal butyrate contents 1750:1772 fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs 1750:1787 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 51 theme butyrate-producing 1719:1736 arg1 genera 1738:1743 the most relevant butyrate-producing genera 1701:1743 the most relevant butyrate-producing genera 1701:1743 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 51 theme butyrate-producing 1719:1736 arg1 Faecalibacterium 1680:1695 Faecalibacterium 1680:1695 Faecalibacterium 1680:1695 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 3 52 from samples 420:426 arg1 days 454:457 105 days 450:457 105 days of age 450:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 3 53 theme age 462:464 arg1 days 454:457 105 days 450:457 105 days of age 450:464 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 7 54 theme terminal 1239:1246 arg1 A 1321:1321 butyryl coenzyme A 1304:1321 butyryl coenzyme A (CoA) 1304:1327 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 54 theme terminal 1239:1246 arg1 genes 1248:1252 the terminal genes 1235:1252 the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis 1235:1275 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 54 theme terminal 1239:1246 arg1 kinase 1287:1292 butyrate kinase 1278:1292 butyrate kinase (Buk) 1278:1298 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 3 55 theme throughput 620:629 arg1 sequencing 631:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 1 56 theme short-chain 247:257 arg1 SCFAs 272:276 SCFAs 272:276 SCFAs 272:276 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 1 56 theme short-chain 247:257 arg1 acids 265:269 short-chain fatty acids 247:269 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 247:277 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 6 57 located detected 1156:1163 arg1 ET3 1168:1170 ET3 1168:1170 ET3 1168:1170 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 6 57 located detected 1156:1163 arg2 level 1150:1154 the highest level 1138:1154 the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05) 1138:1203 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 6 57 located detected 1156:1163 arg1 < 1197:1197 p < 0.05 1195:1202 p < 0.05 1195:1202 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 6 57 located detected 1156:1163 arg1 lowest 1180:1185 lowest 1180:1185 lowest 1180:1185 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 58 theme butyrate 1756:1763 arg1 contents 1765:1772 fecal butyrate contents 1750:1772 fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs 1750:1787 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 6 59 theme fecal 1081:1085 arg1 contents 1087:1094 the fecal contents 1077:1094 the fecal contents of butyrate 1077:1106 Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 60 theme more 1220:1223 arg1 copies 1225:1230 more copies 1220:1230 more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) 1220:1358 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 61 theme p 1453:1453 arg1 groups 1445:1450 other two groups 1435:1450 other two groups (p < 0.05) 1435:1461 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 61 theme p 1453:1453 arg1 < 1455:1455 p < 0.05 1453:1460 p < 0.05 1453:1460 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 10 62 theme enterotypes 2031:2041 arg1 overview 2015:2022 a first overview 2007:2022 a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs 2007:2067 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 7 63 located detected 1365:1372 arg2 copies 1225:1230 more copies 1220:1230 more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) 1220:1358 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 63 located detected 1365:1372 arg1 samples 1395:1401 the fecal samples 1385:1401 the fecal samples of the ET3 group 1385:1418 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 1 64 theme processing 183:192 arg1 polysaccharides 207:221 processing indigestible polysaccharides 183:221 processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 183:277 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 0 65 from Production 68:77 arg1 Pigs 82:85 Pigs 82:85 Pigs 82:85 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 7 66 theme CoA 1338:1340 arg1 transferase 1342:1352 acetate CoA transferase 1330:1352 acetate CoA transferase 1330:1352 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 1 67 from polysaccharides 207:221 arg1 diets 230:234 the diets 226:234 the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 226:277 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 8 68 theme = 1585:1585 arg1 R 1583:1583 R 1583:1583 R = 0.4905 1583:1592 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 5 69 theme Clostridium 919:929 arg1 stricto 937:943 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 919:945 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) 919:954 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 5 69 theme Clostridium 919:929 arg1 % 953:953 17.49% 948:953 17.49% 948:953 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 1 70 theme crucial 124:130 arg1 role 132:135 a crucial role 122:135 a crucial role 122:135 Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 33800148 10 71 theme ETs 2125:2127 arg1 implications 2109:2120 the functional implications 2094:2120 the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism 2094:2188 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 8 72 theme correlation 1598:1608 arg1 analysis 1610:1617 correlation analysis 1598:1617 correlation analysis 1598:1617 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 5 73 theme Clostridium 843:853 arg1 % 877:877 11.78% 872:877 11.78% 872:877 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 5 73 theme Clostridium 843:853 arg1 stricto 861:867 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 843:869 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%) 843:878 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 7 74 theme butyryl 1304:1310 arg1 A 1321:1321 butyryl coenzyme A 1304:1321 butyryl coenzyme A (CoA) 1304:1327 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 74 theme butyryl 1304:1310 arg1 genes 1248:1252 the terminal genes 1235:1252 the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis 1235:1275 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 7 74 theme butyryl 1304:1310 arg1 CoA 1324:1326 CoA 1324:1326 CoA 1324:1326 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 4 75 theme Shannon 687:693 arg1 index 695:699 Shannon index 687:699 Shannon index 687:699 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 75 theme Shannon 687:693 arg1 indices 659:665 The α-diversity indices 643:665 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) 643:700 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 7 76 theme ET3 1410:1412 arg1 group 1414:1418 the ET3 group 1406:1418 the ET3 group 1406:1418 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 0 77 from Effects 37:43 arg1 Production 68:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production 48:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs 48:85 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 9 78 from contents 1765:1772 arg1 pigs 1784:1787 Jinhua pigs 1777:1787 Jinhua pigs 1777:1787 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 8 79 dep Buk 1578:1580 arg1 R 1583:1583 R 1583:1583 R = 0.4905 1583:1592 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 8 79 dep Buk 1578:1580 arg1 analysis 1610:1617 correlation analysis 1598:1617 correlation analysis 1598:1617 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 9 80 theme taxonomic 1646:1654 arg1 analysis 1656:1663 the taxonomic analysis 1642:1663 the taxonomic analysis 1642:1663 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 10 81 theme nutrient 2170:2177 arg1 metabolism 2179:2188 nutrient metabolism 2170:2188 nutrient metabolism 2170:2188 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 7 82 theme fecal 1389:1393 arg1 samples 1395:1401 the fecal samples 1385:1401 the fecal samples of the ET3 group 1385:1418 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 3 83 theme community 575:583 arg1 composition 585:595 distinct bacterial community composition 556:595 distinct bacterial community composition 556:595 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 9 84 theme higher 1907:1912 arg1 richness 1914:1921 significantly higher richness 1893:1921 significantly higher richness in ET3 1893:1928 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 85 dep Blautia 1846:1852 arg1 Butyricimonas 1831:1843 Butyricimonas 1831:1843 Butyricimonas 1831:1843 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 8 86 dep = 1563:1563 arg1 0.7464 1565:1570 0.7464 1565:1570 0.7464 1565:1570 In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. 33800148 3 87 theme distinct 556:563 arg1 composition 585:595 distinct bacterial community composition 556:595 distinct bacterial community composition 556:595 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 0 88 theme Intestinal 48:57 arg1 Production 68:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production 48:77 Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs 48:85 Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. 33800148 7 89 dep copies 1225:1230 arg1 transferase 1342:1352 acetate CoA transferase 1330:1352 acetate CoA transferase 1330:1352 Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). 33800148 5 90 theme ET2 885:887 arg1 group 889:893 the ET2 group 881:893 the ET2 group 881:893 At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). 33800148 10 91 theme first 2009:2013 arg1 overview 2015:2022 a first overview 2007:2022 a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs 2007:2067 Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig's phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism. 33800148 3 92 theme 16S 606:608 arg1 sequencing 631:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing 606:640 In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. 33800148 4 93 theme p 746:746 arg1 ETs 741:743 the ETs 737:743 the ETs (p < 0.001) 737:755 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 4 93 theme p 746:746 arg1 < 748:748 p < 0.001 746:754 p < 0.001 746:754 The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). 33800148 2 94 theme microbiota 306:315 arg1 structure 327:335 microbiota community structure 306:335 microbiota community structure 306:335 However, the link between microbiota community structure and phenotypic performances are poorly understood. 33800148 9 95 theme relevant 1710:1717 arg1 genera 1738:1743 the most relevant butyrate-producing genera 1701:1743 the most relevant butyrate-producing genera 1701:1743 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 9 95 theme relevant 1710:1717 arg1 Faecalibacterium 1680:1695 Faecalibacterium 1680:1695 Faecalibacterium 1680:1695 In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). 33800148 2 96 theme phenotypic 341:350 arg1 performances 352:363 phenotypic performances 341:363 phenotypic performances 341:363 However, the link between microbiota community structure and phenotypic performances are poorly understood. 32560349 0 0 theme Hungateiclostridium 96:114 arg1 thermocellum 116:127 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 96:127 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 96:127 Importance of Defluviitalea raffinosedens for Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation in Co-Culture with Hungateiclostridium thermocellum. 32560349 8 1 theme D. 1248:1249 arg1 prevalence 1234:1243 the prevalence 1230:1243 the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion 1230:1286 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 7 2 theme D. 1099:1100 arg1 role 1091:1094 the role 1087:1094 the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet 1087:1137 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 2 3 theme biogas 411:416 arg1 microbiomes 418:428 thermophilic biogas microbiomes 398:428 thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism 398:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 6 4 theme thermocellum 1027:1038 arg1 properties 1010:1019 The metabolic properties 996:1019 The metabolic properties of H. thermocellum 996:1038 The metabolic properties of H. thermocellum have been studied well in the past. 32560349 1 5 theme biomass 276:282 arg1 conversion 256:265 the conversion 252:265 the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas 252:305 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 2 6 theme thermophilic 398:409 arg1 microbiomes 418:428 thermophilic biogas microbiomes 398:428 thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism 398:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 8 7 from prevalence 1234:1243 arg1 digestion 1278:1286 anaerobic digestion 1268:1286 anaerobic digestion 1268:1286 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 9 8 from reactor 1452:1458 arg1 abundant 1415:1422 abundant 1415:1422 abundant 1415:1422 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 2 9 theme Hungateiclostridium 320:338 arg1 player 388:393 cellulolytic key player 371:393 cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism 371:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 2 9 theme Hungateiclostridium 320:338 arg1 thermocellum 340:351 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 320:351 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 320:351 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 1 10 theme methane-rich 287:298 arg1 biogas 300:305 methane-rich biogas 287:305 methane-rich biogas 287:305 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 4 11 theme cellulose 724:732 arg1 breakdown 734:742 cellulose breakdown 724:742 cellulose breakdown 724:742 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 0 12 with Co-Culture 80:89 arg1 thermocellum 116:127 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 96:127 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 96:127 Importance of Defluviitalea raffinosedens for Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation in Co-Culture with Hungateiclostridium thermocellum. 32560349 3 13 theme bacterium 612:620 arg1 raffinosedens 636:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens 594:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 594:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 8 14 theme taxonomic 1289:1297 arg1 composition 1299:1309 taxonomic composition 1289:1309 taxonomic composition 1289:1309 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 6 15 theme H. 1024:1025 arg1 thermocellum 1027:1038 H. thermocellum 1024:1038 H. thermocellum 1024:1038 The metabolic properties of H. thermocellum have been studied well in the past. 32560349 8 16 dep D. 1248:1249 arg1 raffinosedens 1251:1263 D. raffinosedens 1248:1263 D. raffinosedens 1248:1263 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 2 17 from player 388:393 arg1 microbiomes 418:428 thermophilic biogas microbiomes 398:428 thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism 398:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 2 18 theme great 437:441 arg1 frequency 443:451 a great frequency 435:451 a great frequency as an accompanying organism 435:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 8 19 theme microbiomes 1360:1370 arg1 composition 1299:1309 taxonomic composition 1289:1309 taxonomic composition 1289:1309 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 8 19 theme microbiomes 1360:1370 arg1 activity 1331:1338 transcriptional activity 1315:1338 transcriptional activity 1315:1338 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 5 20 theme volatile 906:913 arg1 metabolites 915:925 volatile metabolites 906:925 volatile metabolites 906:925 Substrate degradation and the production of volatile metabolites was considerably enhanced when both organisms acted synergistically. 32560349 8 21 theme biogas 1353:1358 arg1 microbiomes 1360:1370 different biogas microbiomes 1343:1370 different biogas microbiomes 1343:1370 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 5 22 theme metabolites 915:925 arg1 degradation 872:882 Substrate degradation 862:882 Substrate degradation 862:882 Substrate degradation and the production of volatile metabolites was considerably enhanced when both organisms acted synergistically. 32560349 5 22 theme metabolites 915:925 arg1 production 892:901 the production 888:901 the production of volatile metabolites 888:925 Substrate degradation and the production of volatile metabolites was considerably enhanced when both organisms acted synergistically. 32560349 9 23 theme process 1490:1496 arg1 conditions 1498:1507 highly efficient process conditions 1473:1507 highly efficient process conditions 1473:1507 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 1 24 theme sustainable 213:223 arg1 energy 225:230 sustainable energy 213:230 sustainable energy 213:230 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 7 25 theme first 1193:1197 arg1 time 1199:1202 the first time 1189:1202 the first time 1189:1202 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 1 26 theme energy 225:230 arg1 production 199:208 the production 195:208 the production of sustainable energy 195:230 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 8 27 theme anaerobic 1268:1276 arg1 digestion 1278:1286 anaerobic digestion 1268:1286 anaerobic digestion 1268:1286 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 1 28 theme Bacterial 130:138 arg1 step 186:189 an important step 173:189 an important step for the production of sustainable energy 173:230 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 1 28 theme Bacterial 130:138 arg1 hydrolysis 140:149 Bacterial hydrolysis 130:149 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides 130:168 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 7 29 dep D. 1099:1100 arg1 raffinosedens 1102:1114 D. raffinosedens 1099:1114 D. raffinosedens 1099:1114 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 0 30 theme Defluviitalea 14:26 arg1 Importance 0:9 Importance 0:9 Importance of Defluviitalea 0:26 Importance of Defluviitalea raffinosedens for Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation in Co-Culture with Hungateiclostridium thermocellum. 32560349 9 31 theme efficient 1480:1488 arg1 conditions 1498:1507 highly efficient process conditions 1473:1507 highly efficient process conditions 1473:1507 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 6 32 theme metabolic 1000:1008 arg1 properties 1010:1019 The metabolic properties 996:1019 The metabolic properties of H. thermocellum 996:1038 The metabolic properties of H. thermocellum have been studied well in the past. 32560349 4 33 theme secreted 844:851 arg1 enzymes 853:859 secreted enzymes 844:859 secreted enzymes 844:859 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 3 34 from fermenter 681:689 arg1 raffinosedens 636:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens 594:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 594:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 3 34 from fermenter 681:689 arg1 co-culture 560:569 a recently isolated co-culture 540:569 a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum 540:588 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 3 35 theme H. 574:575 arg1 raffinosedens 636:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens 594:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 594:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 3 35 theme H. 574:575 arg1 co-culture 560:569 a recently isolated co-culture 540:569 a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum 540:588 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 0 36 theme Hydrolytic 46:55 arg1 Degradation 65:75 Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation 46:75 Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation 46:75 Importance of Defluviitalea raffinosedens for Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation in Co-Culture with Hungateiclostridium thermocellum. 32560349 3 37 theme isolated 551:558 arg1 co-culture 560:569 a recently isolated co-culture 540:569 a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum 540:588 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 3 38 theme study 498:502 arg1 aim 486:488 The aim 482:488 The aim of this study 482:502 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 2 39 theme accompanying 459:470 arg1 organism 472:479 an accompanying organism 456:479 an accompanying organism 456:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 8 40 theme transcriptional 1315:1329 arg1 activity 1331:1338 transcriptional activity 1315:1338 transcriptional activity 1315:1338 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 4 41 theme metabolites 811:821 arg1 production 797:806 production 797:806 production of metabolites 797:821 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 41 theme metabolites 811:821 arg1 measurement 760:770 the measurement 756:770 the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis 756:794 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 41 theme metabolites 811:821 arg1 activity 832:839 the activity 828:839 the activity of secreted enzymes 828:859 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 42 theme enzymes 853:859 arg1 production 797:806 production 797:806 production of metabolites 797:821 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 42 theme enzymes 853:859 arg1 measurement 760:770 the measurement 756:770 the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis 756:794 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 42 theme enzymes 853:859 arg1 activity 832:839 the activity 828:839 the activity of secreted enzymes 828:859 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 8 43 theme different 1343:1351 arg1 microbiomes 1360:1370 different biogas microbiomes 1343:1370 different biogas microbiomes 1343:1370 Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. 32560349 4 44 theme cellulose 775:783 arg1 hydrolysis 785:794 cellulose hydrolysis 775:794 cellulose hydrolysis 775:794 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 3 45 theme laboratory-scale 657:672 arg1 fermenter 681:689 a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 655:689 a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 655:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 0 46 theme Biomass 57:63 arg1 Degradation 65:75 Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation 46:75 Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation 46:75 Importance of Defluviitalea raffinosedens for Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation in Co-Culture with Hungateiclostridium thermocellum. 32560349 7 47 theme D. 1154:1155 arg1 genome 1144:1149 the genome 1140:1149 the genome of D. raffinosedens 1140:1169 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 3 48 theme biogas 674:679 arg1 fermenter 681:689 a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 655:689 a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 655:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 1 49 theme polysaccharides 154:168 arg1 step 186:189 an important step 173:189 an important step for the production of sustainable energy 173:230 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 1 49 theme polysaccharides 154:168 arg1 hydrolysis 140:149 Bacterial hydrolysis 130:149 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides 130:168 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 7 50 theme bacterial 1124:1132 arg1 duet 1134:1137 this bacterial duet 1119:1137 this bacterial duet 1119:1137 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 2 51 theme key 384:386 arg1 player 388:393 cellulolytic key player 371:393 cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism 371:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 2 51 theme key 384:386 arg1 thermocellum 340:351 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 320:351 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 320:351 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 3 52 theme Defluviitalea 622:634 arg1 raffinosedens 636:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens 594:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 594:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 9 53 from abundant 1415:1422 arg1 reactor 1452:1458 reactor 1452:1458 reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions 1452:1507 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 3 54 theme saccharolytic 598:610 arg1 raffinosedens 636:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens 594:648 the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter 594:689 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 2 55 theme cellulolytic 371:382 arg1 player 388:393 cellulolytic key player 371:393 cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism 371:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 2 55 theme cellulolytic 371:382 arg1 thermocellum 340:351 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 320:351 Hungateiclostridium thermocellum 320:351 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 7 56 dep D. 1154:1155 arg1 raffinosedens 1157:1169 D. raffinosedens 1154:1169 D. raffinosedens 1154:1169 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 2 57 with microbiomes 418:428 arg1 frequency 443:451 a great frequency 435:451 a great frequency as an accompanying organism 435:479 Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. 32560349 1 58 theme important 176:184 arg1 step 186:189 an important step 173:189 an important step for the production of sustainable energy 173:230 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 1 58 theme important 176:184 arg1 hydrolysis 140:149 Bacterial hydrolysis 130:149 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides 130:168 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32560349 9 59 theme raw 1579:1581 arg1 substrate 1583:1591 the raw substrate 1575:1591 the raw substrate 1575:1591 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 7 60 from role 1091:1094 arg1 duet 1134:1137 this bacterial duet 1119:1137 this bacterial duet 1119:1137 To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. 32560349 5 61 theme Substrate 862:870 arg1 degradation 872:882 Substrate degradation 862:882 Substrate degradation 862:882 Substrate degradation and the production of volatile metabolites was considerably enhanced when both organisms acted synergistically. 32560349 9 62 theme substrate 1583:1591 arg1 hydrolysis 1561:1570 the hydrolysis 1557:1570 the hydrolysis of the raw substrate 1557:1591 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 3 63 dep H. 574:575 arg1 thermocellum 577:588 H. thermocellum 574:588 H. thermocellum 574:588 The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. 32560349 4 64 theme hydrolysis 785:794 arg1 production 797:806 production 797:806 production of metabolites 797:821 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 64 theme hydrolysis 785:794 arg1 measurement 760:770 the measurement 756:770 the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis 756:794 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 4 64 theme hydrolysis 785:794 arg1 activity 832:839 the activity 828:839 the activity of secreted enzymes 828:859 The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. 32560349 9 65 theme organism 1544:1551 arg1 importance 1525:1534 the importance 1521:1534 the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate 1521:1591 Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate. 32560349 1 66 theme plant 270:274 arg1 biomass 276:282 plant biomass 270:282 plant biomass 270:282 Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. 32066847 0 0 theme long-term 78:86 arg1 use 110:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 4 1 theme Thirty-six 628:637 arg1 patients 639:646 Thirty-six patients 628:646 Thirty-six patients 628:646 Thirty-six patients received a daily dose of a multispecies synbiotic for three months and were clinically observed without intervention for another three months. 32066847 10 2 theme PPI 1475:1477 arg1 use 1479:1481 long-term PPI use 1465:1481 long-term PPI use 1465:1481 In conclusion, microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use can be substantially reduced by synbiotic intervention. 32066847 9 3 theme Gastrointestinal 1349:1364 arg1 quality 1366:1372 Gastrointestinal quality 1349:1372 Gastrointestinal quality of life 1349:1380 Gastrointestinal quality of life showed significant improvements. 32066847 0 4 from effects 4:10 arg1 effects 67:73 microbiome-related side effects 43:73 microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use 43:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 5 5 dep reach 892:896 arg1 -18.8 ng/mg 924:934 -18.8 ng/mg 924:934 -18.8 ng/mg 924:934 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 3 6 from inflammation 478:489 arg1 patients 591:598 patients 591:598 patients with long-term PPI therapy 591:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 5 7 theme 95 937:938 arg1 % 939:939 % 939:939 % 939:939 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 0 8 theme pump 95:98 arg1 use 110:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 11 9 theme intervention 1608:1619 arg1 duration 1592:1599 duration 1592:1599 duration 1592:1599 Further studies are warranted to optimize dosage and duration of the intervention. 32066847 11 9 theme intervention 1608:1619 arg1 dosage 1581:1586 dosage 1581:1586 dosage 1581:1586 Further studies are warranted to optimize dosage and duration of the intervention. 32066847 6 10 dep reduced 1014:1020 arg1 -46.3 ng/mg 1023:1033 -46.3 ng/mg 1023:1033 -46.3 ng/mg 1023:1033 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 4 11 theme synbiotic 688:696 arg1 dose 665:668 a daily dose 657:668 a daily dose of a multispecies synbiotic 657:696 Thirty-six patients received a daily dose of a multispecies synbiotic for three months and were clinically observed without intervention for another three months. 32066847 1 12 theme intestinal 211:220 arg1 microbiome 222:231 the intestinal microbiome 207:231 the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users 207:288 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 0 13 theme proton 88:93 arg1 use 110:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 5 14 dep -18.8 ng/mg 924:934 arg1 CI 940:941 95%CI 937:941 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9 937:954 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 5 14 dep -18.8 ng/mg 924:934 arg1 p = 0.2 957:963 p = 0.2 957:963 p = 0.2 957:963 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 0 15 theme use 110:112 arg1 effects 67:73 microbiome-related side effects 43:73 microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use 43:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 4 16 theme daily 659:663 arg1 dose 665:668 a daily dose 657:668 a daily dose of a multispecies synbiotic 657:696 Thirty-six patients received a daily dose of a multispecies synbiotic for three months and were clinically observed without intervention for another three months. 32066847 10 17 theme microbiome-related 1430:1447 arg1 effects 1454:1460 microbiome-related side effects 1430:1460 microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use 1430:1481 In conclusion, microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use can be substantially reduced by synbiotic intervention. 32066847 6 18 theme Elevated 967:974 arg1 levels 984:989 Elevated zonulin levels 967:989 Elevated zonulin levels 967:989 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 9 19 theme life 1377:1380 arg1 quality 1366:1372 Gastrointestinal quality 1349:1372 Gastrointestinal quality of life 1349:1380 Gastrointestinal quality of life showed significant improvements. 32066847 3 20 from parameters 557:566 arg1 patients 591:598 patients 591:598 patients with long-term PPI therapy 591:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 1 21 theme proton 146:151 arg1 inhibitors 158:167 proton pump inhibitors 146:167 proton pump inhibitors (PPI) 146:173 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 1 21 theme proton 146:151 arg1 PPI 170:172 PPI 170:172 PPI 170:172 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 0 22 theme inhibitor 100:108 arg1 use 110:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 long-term proton pump inhibitor use 78:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 7 23 theme Stomatobaculum 1086:1099 arg1 abundance 1073:1081 The abundance 1069:1081 The abundance of Stomatobaculum in the microbiome 1069:1117 The abundance of Stomatobaculum in the microbiome was reduced and Bacillus increased during the intervention. 32066847 3 24 theme intestinal 467:476 arg1 inflammation 478:489 intestinal inflammation 467:489 intestinal inflammation 467:489 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 1 25 theme pump 153:156 arg1 inhibitors 158:167 proton pump inhibitors 146:167 proton pump inhibitors (PPI) 146:173 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 1 25 theme pump 153:156 arg1 PPI 170:172 PPI 170:172 PPI 170:172 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 4 26 theme multispecies 675:686 arg1 synbiotic 688:696 a multispecies synbiotic 673:696 a multispecies synbiotic 673:696 Thirty-six patients received a daily dose of a multispecies synbiotic for three months and were clinically observed without intervention for another three months. 32066847 3 27 from quality 572:578 arg1 patients 591:598 patients 591:598 patients with long-term PPI therapy 591:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 1 28 theme inhibitors 158:167 arg1 effects 135:141 Side effects 130:141 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) 130:173 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 2 29 theme effects 373:379 arg1 reduction 351:359 the reduction 347:359 the reduction of PPI side effects 347:379 Therefore, the microbiome might also be a key player in the reduction of PPI side effects. 32066847 3 30 with intervention 421:432 arg1 synbiotic 454:462 a multispecies synbiotic 439:462 a multispecies synbiotic 439:462 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 8 31 theme aspartate 1277:1285 arg1 transaminase 1287:1298 aspartate transaminase 1277:1298 aspartate transaminase 1277:1298 Furthermore, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and thrombocyte count were significantly increased and aspartate transaminase was significantly decreased during intervention. 32066847 2 32 theme side 368:371 arg1 effects 373:379 PPI side effects 364:379 PPI side effects 364:379 Therefore, the microbiome might also be a key player in the reduction of PPI side effects. 32066847 8 33 theme alkaline 1201:1208 arg1 phosphatase 1210:1220 alkaline phosphatase 1201:1220 alkaline phosphatase 1201:1220 Furthermore, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and thrombocyte count were significantly increased and aspartate transaminase was significantly decreased during intervention. 32066847 10 34 theme long-term 1465:1473 arg1 use 1479:1481 long-term PPI use 1465:1481 long-term PPI use 1465:1481 In conclusion, microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use can be substantially reduced by synbiotic intervention. 32066847 3 35 theme gut 492:494 arg1 function 504:511 gut barrier function 492:511 gut barrier function 492:511 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 36 from composition 525:535 arg1 patients 591:598 patients 591:598 patients with long-term PPI therapy 591:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 6 37 theme zonulin 976:982 arg1 levels 984:989 Elevated zonulin levels 967:989 Elevated zonulin levels 967:989 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 2 38 theme PPI 364:366 arg1 effects 373:379 PPI side effects 364:379 PPI side effects 364:379 Therefore, the microbiome might also be a key player in the reduction of PPI side effects. 32066847 7 39 from abundance 1073:1081 arg1 microbiome 1108:1117 the microbiome 1104:1117 the microbiome 1104:1117 The abundance of Stomatobaculum in the microbiome was reduced and Bacillus increased during the intervention. 32066847 3 40 theme barrier 496:502 arg1 function 504:511 gut barrier function 492:511 gut barrier function 492:511 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 5 41 theme normal 834:839 arg1 levels 854:859 normal calprotectin levels 834:859 normal calprotectin levels 834:859 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 3 42 theme multispecies 441:452 arg1 synbiotic 454:462 a multispecies synbiotic 439:462 a multispecies synbiotic 439:462 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 0 43 theme synbiotic 30:38 arg1 effects 4:10 The effects 0:10 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use 0:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 5 44 theme overall 866:872 arg1 reduction 874:882 the overall reduction 862:882 the overall reduction 862:882 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 3 45 with patients 591:598 arg1 therapy 619:625 long-term PPI therapy 605:625 long-term PPI therapy 605:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 0 46 theme multispecies 17:28 arg1 synbiotic 30:38 a multispecies synbiotic 15:38 a multispecies synbiotic 15:38 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 0 47 theme pilot 117:121 arg1 study 123:127 A pilot study 115:127 A pilot study 115:127 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 1 48 attach linked 182:187 arg2 effects 135:141 Side effects 130:141 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) 130:173 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 1 48 attach linked 182:187 arg1 changes 196:202 the changes 192:202 the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users 192:288 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 8 49 theme thrombocyte 1226:1236 arg1 count 1238:1242 thrombocyte count 1226:1242 thrombocyte count 1226:1242 Furthermore, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and thrombocyte count were significantly increased and aspartate transaminase was significantly decreased during intervention. 32066847 5 50 dep CI 940:941 arg1 12.9 951:954 12.9 951:954 12.9 951:954 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 5 50 dep CI 940:941 arg1 -50.5 944:948 -50.5 944:948 -50.5 944:948 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 0 51 theme microbiome-related 43:60 arg1 effects 67:73 microbiome-related side effects 43:73 microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use 43:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 5 52 theme patients 817:824 arg1 patients 817:824 patients 817:824 patients 817:824 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 5 52 theme patients 817:824 arg1 % 812:812 17% 810:812 17% of patients 810:824 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 3 53 theme life 583:586 arg1 inflammation 478:489 intestinal inflammation 467:489 intestinal inflammation 467:489 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 53 theme life 583:586 arg1 parameters 557:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 53 theme life 583:586 arg1 function 504:511 gut barrier function 492:511 gut barrier function 492:511 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 53 theme life 583:586 arg1 composition 525:535 microbiome composition 514:535 microbiome composition 514:535 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 53 theme life 583:586 arg1 quality 572:578 quality 572:578 quality of life 572:586 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 54 theme microbiome 514:523 arg1 composition 525:535 microbiome composition 514:535 microbiome composition 514:535 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 55 theme three-month 409:419 arg1 intervention 421:432 a three-month intervention 407:432 a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic 407:462 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 10 56 theme side 1449:1452 arg1 effects 1454:1460 microbiome-related side effects 1430:1460 microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use 1430:1481 In conclusion, microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use can be substantially reduced by synbiotic intervention. 32066847 1 57 from changes 196:202 arg1 microbiome 222:231 the intestinal microbiome 207:231 the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users 207:288 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 3 58 theme PPI 615:617 arg1 therapy 619:625 long-term PPI therapy 605:625 long-term PPI therapy 605:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 6 59 dep -46.3 ng/mg 1023:1033 arg1 CI 1039:1040 95%CI 1036:1040 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001 1036:1065 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 2 60 from player 337:342 arg1 reduction 351:359 the reduction 347:359 the reduction of PPI side effects 347:379 Therefore, the microbiome might also be a key player in the reduction of PPI side effects. 32066847 3 61 theme intervention 421:432 arg1 effects 396:402 the effects 392:402 the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy 392:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 1 62 theme long-term 274:282 arg1 users 284:288 long-term users 274:288 long-term users 274:288 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32066847 10 63 theme use 1479:1481 arg1 effects 1454:1460 microbiome-related side effects 1430:1460 microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use 1430:1481 In conclusion, microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use can be substantially reduced by synbiotic intervention. 32066847 11 64 theme Further 1539:1545 arg1 studies 1547:1553 Further studies 1539:1553 Further studies 1539:1553 Further studies are warranted to optimize dosage and duration of the intervention. 32066847 5 65 theme % 939:939 arg1 CI 940:941 95%CI 937:941 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9 937:954 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 3 66 theme routine 538:544 arg1 parameters 557:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 6 67 theme % 1038:1038 arg1 CI 1039:1040 95%CI 1036:1040 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001 1036:1065 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 5 68 theme statistical 898:908 arg1 significance 910:921 statistical significance 898:921 statistical significance 898:921 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 9 69 theme significant 1389:1399 arg1 improvements 1401:1412 significant improvements 1389:1412 significant improvements 1389:1412 Gastrointestinal quality of life showed significant improvements. 32066847 3 70 from effects 396:402 arg1 inflammation 478:489 intestinal inflammation 467:489 intestinal inflammation 467:489 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 70 from effects 396:402 arg1 parameters 557:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 70 from effects 396:402 arg1 function 504:511 gut barrier function 492:511 gut barrier function 492:511 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 70 from effects 396:402 arg1 composition 525:535 microbiome composition 514:535 microbiome composition 514:535 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 70 from effects 396:402 arg1 quality 572:578 quality 572:578 quality of life 572:586 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 5 71 theme calprotectin 841:852 arg1 levels 854:859 normal calprotectin levels 834:859 normal calprotectin levels 834:859 After intervention 17% of patients reached normal calprotectin levels; the overall reduction did not reach statistical significance (-18.8 ng/mg; 95%CI: -50.5; 12.9, p = 0.2). 32066847 3 72 from function 504:511 arg1 patients 591:598 patients 591:598 patients with long-term PPI therapy 591:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 6 73 dep CI 1039:1040 arg1 -21.2 1050:1054 -21.2 1050:1054 -21.2 1050:1054 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 6 73 dep CI 1039:1040 arg1 -71.4 1043:1047 -71.4 1043:1047 -71.4 1043:1047 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 6 73 dep CI 1039:1040 arg1 p < 0.001 1057:1065 p < 0.001 1057:1065 p < 0.001 1057:1065 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 10 74 theme synbiotic 1515:1523 arg1 intervention 1525:1536 synbiotic intervention 1515:1536 synbiotic intervention 1515:1536 In conclusion, microbiome-related side effects of long-term PPI use can be substantially reduced by synbiotic intervention. 32066847 3 75 theme long-term 605:613 arg1 therapy 619:625 long-term PPI therapy 605:625 long-term PPI therapy 605:625 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 3 76 theme laboratory 546:555 arg1 parameters 557:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 routine laboratory parameters 538:566 We tested the effects of a three-month intervention with a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal inflammation, gut barrier function, microbiome composition, routine laboratory parameters and quality of life in patients with long-term PPI therapy. 32066847 0 77 dep study 123:127 arg1 effects 4:10 The effects 0:10 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use 0:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 2 78 theme key 333:335 arg1 microbiome 306:315 the microbiome 302:315 the microbiome 302:315 Therefore, the microbiome might also be a key player in the reduction of PPI side effects. 32066847 2 78 theme key 333:335 arg1 player 337:342 a key player 331:342 a key player 331:342 Therefore, the microbiome might also be a key player in the reduction of PPI side effects. 32066847 0 79 theme side 62:65 arg1 effects 67:73 microbiome-related side effects 43:73 microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use 43:112 The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. 32066847 6 80 theme 95 1036:1037 arg1 % 1038:1038 % 1038:1038 % 1038:1038 Elevated zonulin levels could be significantly reduced (-46.3 ng/mg; 95%CI: -71.4; -21.2; p < 0.001). 32066847 1 81 theme Side 130:133 arg1 effects 135:141 Side effects 130:141 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) 130:173 Side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can be linked to the changes in the intestinal microbiome that occur during therapy, especially in long-term users. 32665399 5 0 theme neutrophil 656:665 arg1 granules 679:686 neutrophil subcellular granules 656:686 neutrophil subcellular granules 656:686 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 5 1 theme density 717:723 arg1 centrifugation 734:747 Percoll density gradient centrifugation 709:747 Percoll density gradient centrifugation 709:747 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 1 2 theme human 178:182 arg1 neutrophils 184:194 human neutrophils 178:194 human neutrophils 178:194 Protein glycosylation is essential to trafficking and immune functions of human neutrophils. 32665399 9 3 theme neutrophil 1841:1850 arg1 granulopoiesis 1852:1865 neutrophil granulopoiesis 1841:1865 neutrophil granulopoiesis 1841:1865 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 2 4 from granulopoiesis 204:217 arg1 marrow 231:236 the bone marrow 222:236 the bone marrow 222:236 During granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, distinct neutrophil granules are successively formed. 32665399 4 5 theme time 513:516 arg1 granules 500:507 these granules 494:507 these granules 494:507 Therefore, these granules are time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis. 32665399 4 5 theme time 513:516 arg1 capsules 518:525 time capsules 513:525 time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis 513:645 Therefore, these granules are time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis. 32665399 5 6 theme subcellular 667:677 arg1 granules 679:686 neutrophil subcellular granules 656:686 neutrophil subcellular granules 656:686 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 6 7 theme paucimannosidic 841:855 arg1 N-glycans 857:865 abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans 832:865 abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans 832:865 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 1 8 theme neutrophils 184:194 arg1 trafficking 142:152 trafficking 142:152 trafficking 142:152 Protein glycosylation is essential to trafficking and immune functions of human neutrophils. 32665399 1 8 theme neutrophils 184:194 arg1 functions 165:173 immune functions 158:173 immune functions 158:173 Protein glycosylation is essential to trafficking and immune functions of human neutrophils. 32665399 7 9 theme sialyl-Lewis 1202:1213 arg1 X 1215:1215 sialyl-Lewis X 1202:1215 sialyl-Lewis X 1202:1215 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 9 10 theme neutrophil 1904:1913 arg1 biology 1915:1921 neutrophil biology 1904:1921 neutrophil biology 1904:1921 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 7 11 theme X 1196:1196 arg1 expression 1176:1185 the expression 1172:1185 the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface 1172:1269 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 6 12 theme abundant 832:839 arg1 N-glycans 857:865 abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans 832:865 abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans 832:865 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 9 13 theme novel 1679:1683 arg1 features 1716:1723 novel granule-specific glycosylation features 1679:1723 novel granule-specific glycosylation features 1679:1723 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 14 theme biology 1915:1921 arg1 understanding 1887:1899 a more detailed understanding 1871:1899 a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function 1871:1934 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 14 theme biology 1915:1921 arg1 understanding 1769:1781 a better understanding 1760:1781 a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis 1760:1865 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 15 theme neutrophil 1613:1622 arg1 map 1640:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 15 theme neutrophil 1613:1622 arg1 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 8 16 theme gelatinase 1439:1448 arg1 granules 1450:1457 gelatinase granules 1439:1457 gelatinase granules 1439:1457 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 7 17 theme intracellular 1224:1236 arg1 granules 1238:1245 the intracellular granules 1220:1245 the intracellular granules 1220:1245 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 8 18 theme azurophil 1387:1395 arg1 granules 1397:1404 azurophil granules 1387:1404 azurophil granules 1387:1404 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 5 19 theme present 771:777 arg1 N- 754:755 N- 754:755 N- 754:755 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 3 20 theme Distinct 293:300 arg1 receptors 302:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 7 21 theme cell 1258:1261 arg1 surface 1263:1269 the cell surface 1254:1269 the cell surface 1254:1269 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 6 22 theme azurophil 909:917 arg1 granules 919:926 the early-formed azurophil granules 892:926 the early-formed azurophil granules 892:926 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 9 23 theme protein 1812:1818 arg1 glycosylation 1820:1832 protein glycosylation 1812:1832 protein glycosylation 1812:1832 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 1 24 theme Protein 104:110 arg1 glycosylation 112:124 Protein glycosylation 104:124 Protein glycosylation 104:124 Protein glycosylation is essential to trafficking and immune functions of human neutrophils. 32665399 0 25 theme Glycan 0:5 arg1 analysis 7:14 Glycan analysis 0:14 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules 0:43 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules implicates a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery. 32665399 4 26 theme maturation 557:566 arg1 times 548:552 different times 538:552 different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis 538:645 Therefore, these granules are time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis. 32665399 6 27 theme gelatinase 967:976 arg1 granules 978:985 the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules 937:985 granules 978:985 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 9 28 theme detailed 1878:1885 arg1 understanding 1887:1899 a more detailed understanding 1871:1899 a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function 1871:1934 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 7 29 theme X 1215:1215 arg1 expression 1176:1185 the expression 1172:1185 the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface 1172:1269 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 0 30 theme human 19:23 arg1 granules 36:43 human neutrophil granules 19:43 human neutrophil granules 19:43 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules implicates a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery. 32665399 6 31 theme complex 1020:1026 arg1 N- 1028:1029 complex N- 1020:1029 complex N- 1020:1029 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 3 32 theme effector 316:323 arg1 proteins 325:332 effector proteins 316:332 effector proteins 316:332 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 6 33 with repeats 1091:1097 arg1 epitopes 1110:1117 Lewis epitopes 1104:1117 Lewis epitopes 1104:1117 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 7 34 theme Lewis 1190:1194 arg1 X 1196:1196 Lewis X 1190:1196 Lewis X 1190:1196 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 3 35 theme granule 396:402 arg1 type 388:391 each type 383:391 each type of granule 383:402 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 36 theme proteins 325:332 arg1 many 335:338 many 335:338 many 335:338 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 36 theme proteins 325:332 arg1 receptors 302:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 36 theme proteins 325:332 arg1 proteins 325:332 effector proteins 316:332 effector proteins 316:332 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 6 37 theme early-formed 896:907 arg1 granules 919:926 the early-formed azurophil granules 892:926 the early-formed azurophil granules 892:926 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 8 38 theme temporal 1471:1478 arg1 changes 1480:1486 temporal changes 1471:1486 temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis 1471:1579 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 8 39 theme specific 1409:1416 arg1 granules 1418:1425 specific granules 1409:1425 specific granules 1409:1425 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 0 40 theme granules 36:43 arg1 analysis 7:14 Glycan analysis 0:14 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules 0:43 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules implicates a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery. 32665399 9 41 theme kind 1662:1665 arg1 map 1640:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 41 theme kind 1662:1665 arg1 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 3 42 theme receptors 302:310 arg1 many 335:338 many 335:338 many 335:338 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 42 theme receptors 302:310 arg1 receptors 302:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 42 theme receptors 302:310 arg1 proteins 325:332 effector proteins 316:332 effector proteins 316:332 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 5 43 from present 771:777 arg1 compartment 787:797 each compartment 782:797 each compartment 782:797 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 9 44 theme granule-specific 1685:1700 arg1 features 1716:1723 novel granule-specific glycosylation features 1679:1723 novel granule-specific glycosylation features 1679:1723 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 0 45 theme neutrophil 25:34 arg1 granules 36:43 human neutrophil granules 19:43 human neutrophil granules 19:43 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules implicates a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery. 32665399 6 46 theme secretory 991:999 arg1 vesicles 1001:1008 secretory vesicles 991:1008 secretory vesicles 991:1008 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 3 47 theme expression 431:440 arg1 time 423:426 their time 417:426 their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing 417:479 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 9 48 theme better 1762:1767 arg1 understanding 1769:1781 a better understanding 1760:1781 a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis 1760:1865 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 6 49 contain contained 1010:1018 arg2 N- 1028:1029 complex N- 1020:1029 complex N- 1020:1029 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 6 49 contain contained 1010:1018 arg1 specific 954:961 specific 954:961 specific 954:961 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 6 49 contain contained 1010:1018 arg1 granules 978:985 the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules 937:985 granules 978:985 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 6 49 contain contained 1010:1018 arg2 O-glycans 1035:1043 O-glycans 1035:1043 O-glycans 1035:1043 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 6 49 contain contained 1010:1018 arg1 vesicles 1001:1008 secretory vesicles 991:1008 secretory vesicles 991:1008 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 9 50 theme crucial 1734:1740 arg1 step 1748:1751 a crucial first step 1732:1751 a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function 1732:1934 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 6 51 theme Lewis 1104:1108 arg1 epitopes 1110:1117 Lewis epitopes 1104:1117 Lewis epitopes 1104:1117 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 9 52 theme mechanisms 1790:1799 arg1 understanding 1887:1899 a more detailed understanding 1871:1899 a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function 1871:1934 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 52 theme mechanisms 1790:1799 arg1 understanding 1769:1781 a better understanding 1760:1781 a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis 1760:1865 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 8 53 theme Many 1286:1289 arg1 glycans 1291:1297 Many glycans 1286:1297 Many glycans identified 1286:1308 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 6 54 theme O-glycans 879:887 arg1 lack 871:874 lack 871:874 lack of O-glycans 871:887 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 6 54 theme O-glycans 879:887 arg1 N-glycans 857:865 abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans 832:865 abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans 832:865 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 2 55 theme neutrophil 248:257 arg1 granules 259:266 distinct neutrophil granules 239:266 distinct neutrophil granules 239:266 During granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, distinct neutrophil granules are successively formed. 32665399 5 56 theme Percoll 709:715 arg1 centrifugation 734:747 Percoll density gradient centrifugation 709:747 Percoll density gradient centrifugation 709:747 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 7 57 theme histochemical 1139:1151 arg1 analysis 1153:1160 histochemical analysis 1139:1160 histochemical analysis 1139:1160 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 5 58 theme gradient 725:732 arg1 centrifugation 734:747 Percoll density gradient centrifugation 709:747 Percoll density gradient centrifugation 709:747 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 5 59 from compartment 787:797 arg1 present 771:777 present 771:777 present 771:777 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 2 60 theme distinct 239:246 arg1 granules 259:266 distinct neutrophil granules 239:266 distinct neutrophil granules 239:266 During granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, distinct neutrophil granules are successively formed. 32665399 9 61 theme function 1927:1934 arg1 understanding 1887:1899 a more detailed understanding 1871:1899 a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function 1871:1934 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 61 theme function 1927:1934 arg1 understanding 1769:1781 a better understanding 1760:1781 a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis 1760:1865 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 4 62 theme different 538:546 arg1 times 548:552 different times 538:552 different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis 538:645 Therefore, these granules are time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis. 32665399 3 63 gly glycosylated 353:364 arg1 many 335:338 many 335:338 many 335:338 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 63 gly glycosylated 353:364 arg1 receptors 302:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors 293:310 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 3 63 gly glycosylated 353:364 arg1 proteins 325:332 effector proteins 316:332 effector proteins 316:332 Distinct receptors and effector proteins, many of which are glycosylated, are targeted to each type of granule according to their time of expression, a process called "targeting by timing." 32665399 9 64 theme glycosylation 1702:1714 arg1 features 1716:1723 novel granule-specific glycosylation features 1679:1723 novel granule-specific glycosylation features 1679:1723 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 65 theme comprehensive 1599:1611 arg1 map 1640:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 65 theme comprehensive 1599:1611 arg1 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 4 66 theme glycosylation 603:615 arg1 process 617:623 the glycosylation process 599:623 the glycosylation process 599:623 Therefore, these granules are time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis. 32665399 4 67 used used 580:583 arg2 times 548:552 different times 538:552 different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis 538:645 Therefore, these granules are time capsules reflecting different times of maturation that can be used to understand the glycosylation process during granulopoiesis. 32665399 2 68 theme bone 226:229 arg1 marrow 231:236 the bone marrow 222:236 the bone marrow 222:236 During granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, distinct neutrophil granules are successively formed. 32665399 8 69 theme indicative 1519:1528 arg1 changes 1480:1486 temporal changes 1471:1486 temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis 1471:1579 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 7 70 from expression 1176:1185 arg1 surface 1263:1269 the cell surface 1254:1269 the cell surface 1254:1269 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 7 70 from expression 1176:1185 arg1 granules 1238:1245 the intracellular granules 1220:1245 the intracellular granules 1220:1245 Immunoblotting and histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis X in the intracellular granules and on the cell surface, respectively. 32665399 1 71 theme immune 158:163 arg1 functions 165:173 immune functions 158:173 immune functions 158:173 Protein glycosylation is essential to trafficking and immune functions of human neutrophils. 32665399 0 72 theme glycosylation 79:91 arg1 machinery 93:101 a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery 56:101 a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery 56:101 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules implicates a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery. 32665399 8 73 theme glycosylation 1534:1546 arg1 indicative 1519:1528 indicative 1519:1528 indicative 1519:1528 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 9 74 theme granule 1624:1630 arg1 map 1640:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 74 theme granule 1624:1630 arg1 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 8 75 theme glycosylation 1495:1507 arg1 machinery 1509:1517 the glycosylation machinery 1491:1517 the glycosylation machinery 1491:1517 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 6 76 theme N-acetyllactosamine 1071:1089 arg1 repeats 1091:1097 remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1050:1097 remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes 1050:1117 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 32665399 0 77 theme maturation-dependent 58:77 arg1 machinery 93:101 a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery 56:101 a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery 56:101 Glycan analysis of human neutrophil granules implicates a maturation-dependent glycosylation machinery. 32665399 9 78 theme first 1742:1746 arg1 step 1748:1751 a crucial first step 1732:1751 a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function 1732:1934 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 5 79 attach present 771:777 arg2 N- 754:755 N- 754:755 N- 754:755 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 5 79 attach present 771:777 arg1 compartment 787:797 each compartment 782:797 each compartment 782:797 Herein, neutrophil subcellular granules were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and N- and O-glycans present in each compartment were analyzed by LC-MS. 32665399 9 80 theme glycome 1632:1638 arg1 map 1640:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map 1594:1642 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 9 80 theme glycome 1632:1638 arg1 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 first 1649:1653 In summary, this comprehensive neutrophil granule glycome map, the first of its kind, highlights novel granule-specific glycosylation features and is a crucial first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating protein glycosylation during neutrophil granulopoiesis and a more detailed understanding of neutrophil biology and function. 32665399 8 81 from changes 1480:1486 arg1 machinery 1509:1517 the glycosylation machinery 1491:1517 the glycosylation machinery 1491:1517 Many glycans identified are unique to neutrophils, and their complexity increased progressively from azurophil granules to specific granules and then to gelatinase granules, suggesting temporal changes in the glycosylation machinery indicative of "glycosylation by timing" during granulopoiesis. 32665399 6 82 theme elongated 1061:1069 arg1 repeats 1091:1097 remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats 1050:1097 remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes 1050:1117 We found abundant paucimannosidic N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in the early-formed azurophil granules, whereas the later-formed specific and gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles contained complex N- and O-glycans with remarkably elongated N-acetyllactosamine repeats with Lewis epitopes. 33647468 8 0 from bloodstream 1198:1208 arg1 present 1183:1189 present 1183:1189 present 1183:1189 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 1 1 theme enzymatic 138:146 arg1 removal 148:154 enzymatic removal 138:154 enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification 138:194 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 7 2 theme hydrophobic 1053:1063 arg1 pocket 1065:1070 the hydrophobic pocket 1049:1070 the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum 1049:1083 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 9 3 theme such 1391:1394 arg1 increase 1396:1403 no such increase 1388:1403 no such increase 1388:1403 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 6 4 theme inactive 913:920 arg1 mutant 922:927 an inactive mutant 910:927 an inactive mutant 910:927 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 12 5 theme wide 1875:1878 arg1 range 1880:1884 a wide range 1873:1884 a wide range of physiological conditions 1873:1912 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 2 6 theme Wnt 328:330 arg1 signalling 332:341 Wnt signalling 328:341 Wnt signalling 328:341 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 9 7 from ghrelin 1354:1360 arg1 circulation 1369:1379 the circulation 1365:1379 the circulation 1365:1379 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 11 8 theme acylation 1750:1758 arg1 state 1760:1764 the acylation state 1746:1764 the acylation state of ghrelin 1746:1775 Our study therefore adds Notum to the list of enzymes, including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases, that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin. 33647468 5 9 theme liver-specific 660:673 arg1 mice 691:694 liver-specific Notum knock-out mice 660:694 liver-specific Notum knock-out mice 660:694 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 5 10 theme endogenous 601:610 arg1 Notum 612:616 endogenous Notum 601:616 endogenous Notum 601:616 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 8 11 attach present 1183:1189 arg1 bloodstream 1198:1208 the bloodstream 1194:1208 the bloodstream 1194:1208 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 8 11 attach present 1183:1189 arg2 Notum 1147:1151 Notum 1147:1151 Notum 1147:1151 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 4 12 used used 418:421 arg2 We 415:416 We 415:416 We 415:416 METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. 33647468 12 13 theme conditions 1903:1912 arg1 range 1880:1884 a wide range 1873:1884 a wide range of physiological conditions 1873:1912 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 5 14 theme Notum 675:679 arg1 mice 691:694 liver-specific Notum knock-out mice 660:694 liver-specific Notum knock-out mice 660:694 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 6 15 theme purified 877:884 arg1 Notum 893:897 purified active Notum 877:897 purified active Notum 877:897 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 2 16 theme signalling 332:341 arg1 inhibitor 315:323 a feedback inhibitor 304:323 a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling 304:341 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 5 17 theme Notum 748:752 arg1 role 740:743 the physiological role 722:743 the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation 722:799 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 4 18 theme ghrelin 450:456 arg1 deacylation 458:468 ghrelin deacylation 450:468 ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level 450:560 METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. 33647468 9 19 from increase 1333:1340 arg1 ghrelin 1354:1360 acylated ghrelin 1345:1360 acylated ghrelin in the circulation 1345:1379 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 6 20 theme Mass 810:813 arg1 spectrometry 815:826 RESULTS Mass spectrometry 802:826 RESULTS Mass spectrometry 802:826 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 12 21 theme enzymes 1807:1813 arg1 contribution 1782:1793 The contribution 1778:1793 The contribution of multiple enzymes 1778:1813 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 5 22 used used 589:592 arg2 technology 574:583 CRISPR/Cas technology 563:583 CRISPR/Cas technology 563:583 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 10 23 theme ghrelin 1519:1525 arg1 deacylase 1527:1535 a ghrelin deacylase 1517:1535 a ghrelin deacylase 1517:1535 CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions. 33647468 10 23 theme ghrelin 1519:1525 arg1 Notum 1500:1504 Notum 1500:1504 Notum 1500:1504 CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions. 33647468 10 24 theme high-fat 1590:1597 arg1 conditions 1604:1613 high-fat diet conditions 1590:1613 high-fat diet conditions 1590:1613 CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions. 33647468 6 25 theme RESULTS 802:808 arg1 spectrometry 815:826 RESULTS Mass spectrometry 802:826 RESULTS Mass spectrometry 802:826 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 7 26 theme Notum-ghrelin 976:988 arg1 complex 990:996 the Notum-ghrelin complex 972:996 the Notum-ghrelin complex 972:996 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 9 27 theme small 1311:1315 arg1 increase 1333:1340 a small but significant increase 1309:1340 a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation 1309:1379 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 7 28 theme crystal 951:957 arg1 structure 959:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure 930:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex 930:996 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 8 29 theme HA-tagged 1117:1125 arg1 Notum 1127:1131 HA-tagged Notum 1117:1131 HA-tagged Notum 1117:1131 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 1 30 theme post-translational 164:181 arg1 modification 183:194 this post-translational modification 159:194 this post-translational modification 159:194 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 6 31 from ghrelin 866:872 arg1 removal 841:847 the removal 837:847 the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin 837:872 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 5 32 from localisation 633:644 arg1 mice 649:652 mice 649:652 mice 649:652 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 12 33 theme important 1852:1860 arg1 hormone 1862:1868 this important hormone 1847:1868 this important hormone 1847:1868 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 12 34 theme hormone 1862:1868 arg1 activity 1835:1842 the activity 1831:1842 the activity of this important hormone 1831:1868 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 1 35 theme modification 183:194 arg1 removal 148:154 enzymatic removal 138:154 enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification 138:194 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 4 36 theme atomic 549:554 arg1 level 556:560 the atomic level 545:560 the atomic level 545:560 METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. 33647468 7 37 theme Notum 1079:1083 arg1 pocket 1065:1070 the hydrophobic pocket 1049:1070 the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum 1049:1083 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 7 38 theme 2.2 Å 934:938 arg1 structure 959:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure 930:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex 930:996 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 1 39 theme O-linked 92:99 arg1 lipidation 101:110 O-linked lipidation 92:110 O-linked lipidation 92:110 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 9 40 theme same 1442:1445 arg1 diet 1447:1450 the same diet 1438:1450 the same diet 1438:1450 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 10 41 dep CONCLUSIONS 1453:1463 arg1 demonstrate 1483:1493 demonstrate 1483:1493 demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions 1483:1613 CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions. 33647468 12 42 theme multiple 1798:1805 arg1 enzymes 1807:1813 multiple enzymes 1798:1813 multiple enzymes 1798:1813 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 6 43 theme active 886:891 arg1 Notum 893:897 purified active Notum 877:897 purified active Notum 877:897 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 2 44 theme ability 286:292 arg1 basis 273:277 the basis 269:277 the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling 269:341 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 2 44 theme ability 286:292 arg1 activity 248:255 the Wnt-deacylase activity 230:255 the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum 230:264 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 1 45 theme ligand 205:210 arg1 activity 212:219 ligand activity 205:219 ligand activity 205:219 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 5 46 theme ghrelin 781:787 arg1 deacylation 789:799 ghrelin deacylation 781:799 ghrelin deacylation 781:799 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 4 47 theme mass 423:426 arg1 spectrometry 428:439 mass spectrometry 423:439 mass spectrometry 423:439 METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. 33647468 2 48 theme Wnt-deacylase 234:246 arg1 basis 273:277 the basis 269:277 the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling 269:341 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 2 48 theme Wnt-deacylase 234:246 arg1 activity 248:255 the Wnt-deacylase activity 230:255 the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum 230:264 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 10 49 theme diet 1599:1602 arg1 conditions 1604:1613 high-fat diet conditions 1590:1613 high-fat diet conditions 1590:1613 CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions. 33647468 5 50 theme deacylation 789:799 arg1 level 772:776 the level 768:776 the level of ghrelin deacylation 768:799 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 9 51 theme acylated 1345:1352 arg1 ghrelin 1354:1360 acylated ghrelin 1345:1360 acylated ghrelin in the circulation 1345:1379 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 5 52 theme physiological 726:738 arg1 role 740:743 the physiological role 722:743 the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation 722:799 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 9 53 theme Liver-specific 1234:1247 arg1 inactivation 1249:1260 Liver-specific inactivation 1234:1260 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet 1234:1300 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 1 54 dep OBJECTIVES 39:48 arg1 OBJECTIVES 39:48 OBJECTIVES 39:48 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 39:220 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 1 54 dep OBJECTIVES 39:48 arg1 proteins 59:66 The only proteins 50:66 The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation 50:110 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 1 54 dep OBJECTIVES 39:48 arg1 ghrelin 125:131 ghrelin 125:131 ghrelin 125:131 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 1 54 dep OBJECTIVES 39:48 arg1 Wnts 116:119 Wnts 116:119 Wnts 116:119 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 1 54 dep OBJECTIVES 39:48 arg1 inhibits 196:203 inhibits 196:203 inhibits ligand activity 196:219 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 8 55 theme low 1223:1225 arg1 level 1227:1231 a low level 1221:1231 a low level 1221:1231 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 4 56 theme enzyme-substrate 512:527 arg1 interactions 529:540 enzyme-substrate interactions 512:540 enzyme-substrate interactions 512:540 METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. 33647468 5 57 theme knock-out 681:689 arg1 mice 691:694 liver-specific Notum knock-out mice 660:694 liver-specific Notum knock-out mice 660:694 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 9 58 theme significant 1321:1331 arg1 increase 1333:1340 a small but significant increase 1309:1340 a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation 1309:1379 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 8 59 theme knock-in 1090:1097 arg1 allele 1099:1104 The knock-in allele 1086:1104 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum 1086:1131 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 8 60 from present 1183:1189 arg1 bloodstream 1198:1208 the bloodstream 1194:1208 the bloodstream 1194:1208 The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. 33647468 7 61 theme resolution 940:949 arg1 structure 959:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure 930:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex 930:996 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 7 62 theme octanoyl 1014:1021 arg1 lipid 1023:1027 the octanoyl lipid 1010:1027 the octanoyl lipid 1010:1027 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 12 63 theme physiological 1889:1901 arg1 conditions 1903:1912 physiological conditions 1889:1912 physiological conditions 1889:1912 The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions. 33647468 6 64 theme octanoyl 852:859 arg1 removal 841:847 the removal 837:847 the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin 837:872 RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. 33647468 5 65 theme CRISPR/Cas 563:572 arg1 technology 574:583 CRISPR/Cas technology 563:583 CRISPR/Cas technology 563:583 CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. 33647468 2 66 theme feedback 306:313 arg1 inhibitor 315:323 a feedback inhibitor 304:323 a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling 304:341 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 9 67 theme wild-type 1417:1425 arg1 animals 1427:1433 wild-type animals 1417:1433 wild-type animals 1417:1433 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 11 68 theme enzymes 1662:1668 arg1 list 1654:1657 the list 1650:1657 the list of enzymes, including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases, that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin 1650:1775 Our study therefore adds Notum to the list of enzymes, including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases, that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin. 33647468 2 69 theme Notum 260:264 arg1 basis 273:277 the basis 269:277 the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling 269:341 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 2 69 theme Notum 260:264 arg1 activity 248:255 the Wnt-deacylase activity 230:255 the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum 230:264 Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. 33647468 11 70 theme ghrelin 1769:1775 arg1 state 1760:1764 the acylation state 1746:1764 the acylation state of ghrelin 1746:1775 Our study therefore adds Notum to the list of enzymes, including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases, that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin. 33647468 1 71 link O-linked 92:99 arg1 lipidation 101:110 O-linked lipidation 92:110 O-linked lipidation 92:110 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 11 72 theme other 1707:1711 arg1 carboxylesterases 1713:1729 other carboxylesterases 1707:1729 other carboxylesterases 1707:1729 Our study therefore adds Notum to the list of enzymes, including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases, that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin. 33647468 0 73 dep deacylates 6:15 arg1 octanoylated 17:28 octanoylated 17:28 deacylates octanoylated ghrelin 6:36 Notum deacylates octanoylated ghrelin. 33647468 9 74 theme Notum 1265:1269 arg1 inactivation 1249:1260 Liver-specific inactivation 1234:1260 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet 1234:1300 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 4 75 dep METHODS 407:413 arg1 used 418:421 used 418:421 used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level 418:560 METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. 33647468 9 76 theme high-fat 1288:1295 arg1 diet 1297:1300 a high-fat diet 1286:1300 a high-fat diet 1286:1300 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33647468 1 77 theme only 54:57 arg1 OBJECTIVES 39:48 OBJECTIVES 39:48 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 39:220 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 1 77 theme only 54:57 arg1 proteins 59:66 The only proteins 50:66 The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation 50:110 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 1 77 theme only 54:57 arg1 Wnts 116:119 Wnts 116:119 Wnts 116:119 OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. 33647468 7 78 theme complex 990:996 arg1 structure 959:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure 930:967 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex 930:996 The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. 33647468 9 79 from inactivation 1249:1260 arg1 animals 1274:1280 animals 1274:1280 animals fed a high-fat diet 1274:1300 Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. 33178692 6 0 theme chronic 947:953 arg1 effects 955:961 chronic effects 947:961 chronic effects on β cell growth 947:978 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 5 1 theme β 698:698 arg1 cell 700:703 the β cell 694:703 the β cell 694:703 We chose TrkB as an example because of its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell. 33178692 8 2 theme epinephrine-mediated 1229:1248 arg1 inhibition 1250:1259 epinephrine-mediated inhibition 1229:1259 epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent 1229:1299 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 5 3 theme relative 599:606 arg1 sensitivity 608:618 its relative sensitivity 595:618 its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell 595:703 We chose TrkB as an example because of its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell. 33178692 10 4 theme kinase 1653:1658 arg1 signaling 1660:1668 (1) TrkB kinase signaling 1644:1668 (1) TrkB kinase signaling 1644:1668 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 5 5 theme regulatory 675:684 arg1 role 686:689 its potential regulatory role 661:689 its potential regulatory role in the β cell 661:703 We chose TrkB as an example because of its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell. 33178692 8 6 theme activation 1269:1278 arg1 inhibition 1250:1259 epinephrine-mediated inhibition 1229:1259 epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent 1229:1299 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 6 7 theme downstream 914:923 arg1 signaling 925:933 subsequent downstream signaling 903:933 subsequent downstream signaling 903:933 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 9 8 theme potassium 1431:1439 arg1 channels 1441:1448 potassium channels 1431:1448 potassium channels 1431:1448 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 6 9 from characterization 710:725 arg1 cells 796:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 11 10 theme further 1904:1910 arg1 study 1912:1916 further study 1904:1916 further study 1904:1916 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 9 11 theme TrkB 1569:1572 arg1 signaling 1574:1582 TrkB signaling 1569:1582 TrkB signaling in our experiments 1569:1601 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 10 12 theme β 1680:1680 arg1 cells 1682:1686 β cells 1680:1686 β cells 1680:1686 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 7 13 theme pathway 1136:1142 arg1 activation 1144:1153 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 8 14 theme high-dose 1364:1372 arg1 epinephrine 1374:1384 high-dose epinephrine 1364:1384 high-dose epinephrine 1364:1384 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 7 15 theme protein 1121:1127 arg1 kinase 1129:1134 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase 1092:1134 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 6 16 theme cell 968:971 arg1 growth 973:978 β cell growth 966:978 β cell growth 966:978 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 3 17 theme adrenergic 322:331 arg1 epinephrine 341:351 the adrenergic agonist epinephrine 318:351 the adrenergic agonist epinephrine 318:351 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 7 18 theme downstream 1092:1101 arg1 kinase 1129:1134 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase 1092:1134 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 2 19 theme α2-adrenergic 231:243 arg1 receptor 245:252 the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor 215:252 the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor 215:252 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 4 20 theme micromolar 449:458 arg1 concentrations 460:473 micromolar concentrations 449:473 micromolar concentrations of epinephrine 449:488 We found that pretreating β cells with micromolar concentrations of epinephrine differentially inhibited activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 33178692 10 21 dep signaling 1660:1668 arg1 1 1645:1645 1 1645:1645 1 1645:1645 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 1 22 theme islet 140:144 arg1 function 146:153 pancreatic islet function 129:153 pancreatic islet function 129:153 Adrenergic signaling is a well-known input into pancreatic islet function. 33178692 3 23 theme micromolar 356:365 arg1 doses 367:371 micromolar doses 356:371 micromolar doses 356:371 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 11 24 theme β 1837:1837 arg1 cells 1839:1843 β cells 1837:1843 β cells 1837:1843 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 0 25 theme Kinase 63:68 arg1 Signaling 70:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 3 26 theme epinephrine 341:351 arg1 use 311:313 The use 307:313 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses 307:371 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 7 27 from level 1208:1212 arg1 phenomenon 1181:1190 an inhibitory phenomenon 1167:1190 an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level 1167:1212 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 11 28 theme growth 1874:1879 arg1 signaling 1881:1889 pro-survival or growth signaling 1858:1889 pro-survival or growth signaling 1858:1889 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 9 29 theme Published 1387:1395 arg1 data 1397:1400 Published data 1387:1400 Published data 1387:1400 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 10 30 dep use 1696:1698 arg1 2 1693:1693 2 1693:1693 2 1693:1693 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 3 31 theme supraphysiological 382:399 arg1 effects 401:407 supraphysiological effects 382:407 supraphysiological effects 382:407 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 11 32 theme pro-survival 1858:1869 arg1 signaling 1881:1889 pro-survival or growth signaling 1858:1889 pro-survival or growth signaling 1858:1889 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 4 33 theme receptor 529:536 arg1 kinases 547:553 receptor tyrosine kinases 529:553 receptor tyrosine kinases 529:553 We found that pretreating β cells with micromolar concentrations of epinephrine differentially inhibited activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 33178692 1 34 theme Adrenergic 81:90 arg1 input 118:122 a well-known input 105:122 a well-known input into pancreatic islet function 105:153 Adrenergic signaling is a well-known input into pancreatic islet function. 33178692 1 34 theme Adrenergic 81:90 arg1 signaling 92:100 Adrenergic signaling 81:100 Adrenergic signaling 81:100 Adrenergic signaling is a well-known input into pancreatic islet function. 33178692 4 35 theme kinases 547:553 arg1 activation 515:524 activation 515:524 activation of receptor tyrosine kinases 515:553 We found that pretreating β cells with micromolar concentrations of epinephrine differentially inhibited activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 33178692 6 36 theme neurotrophic 744:755 arg1 factor 757:762 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 730:762 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 730:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 6 36 theme neurotrophic 744:755 arg1 BDNF 765:768 BDNF 765:768 BDNF 765:768 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 0 37 theme α2-Adrenergic 0:12 arg1 Disruption 14:23 α2-Adrenergic Disruption 0:23 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 0:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 5 38 from role 686:689 arg1 cell 700:703 the β cell 694:703 the β cell 694:703 We chose TrkB as an example because of its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell. 33178692 10 39 theme careful 1756:1762 arg1 consideration 1764:1776 careful consideration 1756:1776 careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects 1756:1811 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 6 40 theme subsequent 903:912 arg1 signaling 925:933 subsequent downstream signaling 903:933 subsequent downstream signaling 903:933 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 1 41 theme well-known 107:116 arg1 input 118:122 a well-known input 105:122 a well-known input into pancreatic islet function 105:153 Adrenergic signaling is a well-known input into pancreatic islet function. 33178692 1 41 theme well-known 107:116 arg1 signaling 92:100 Adrenergic signaling 81:100 Adrenergic signaling 81:100 Adrenergic signaling is a well-known input into pancreatic islet function. 33178692 2 42 theme islet 192:196 arg1 cell 200:203 the insulin-secreting islet β cell 170:203 the insulin-secreting islet β cell 170:203 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 2 43 link Gi/o-linked 219:229 arg1 receptor 245:252 the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor 215:252 the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor 215:252 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 0 44 theme Cell 30:33 arg1 Signaling 70:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 9 45 theme signaling 1479:1487 arg1 inhibition 1417:1426 inhibition 1417:1426 inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling 1417:1487 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 3 46 contain have 377:380 arg2 effects 401:407 supraphysiological effects 382:407 supraphysiological effects 382:407 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 3 46 contain have 377:380 arg1 use 311:313 The use 307:313 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses 307:371 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 10 47 theme effects 1805:1811 arg1 consideration 1764:1776 careful consideration 1756:1776 careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects 1756:1811 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 0 48 theme Receptor 45:52 arg1 Signaling 70:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 6 49 theme canonical 864:872 arg1 autophosphorylation 879:897 canonical TrkB autophosphorylation 864:897 canonical TrkB autophosphorylation 864:897 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 9 50 from signaling 1574:1582 arg1 experiments 1591:1601 our experiments 1587:1601 our experiments 1587:1601 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 6 51 theme MIN6 789:792 arg1 cells 796:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 9 52 theme negative 1506:1513 arg1 effects 1515:1521 the negative effects 1502:1521 the negative effects of epinephrine 1502:1536 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 6 53 from cells 796:800 arg1 characterization 710:725 Our characterization 706:725 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 706:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 10 54 theme TrkB 1648:1651 arg1 signaling 1660:1668 (1) TrkB kinase signaling 1644:1668 (1) TrkB kinase signaling 1644:1668 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 11 55 theme BDNF-TrkB 1814:1822 arg1 signaling 1824:1832 BDNF-TrkB signaling 1814:1832 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells 1814:1843 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 6 56 theme signaling 776:784 arg1 characterization 710:725 Our characterization 706:725 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 706:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 0 57 theme Tyrosine 54:61 arg1 Signaling 70:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 6 58 from effects 955:961 arg1 growth 973:978 β cell growth 966:978 β cell growth 966:978 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 11 59 from signaling 1824:1832 arg1 cells 1839:1843 β cells 1837:1843 β cells 1837:1843 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 10 60 from use 1696:1698 arg1 studies 1718:1724 studies 1718:1724 studies of insulin secretion 1718:1745 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 4 61 theme β 436:436 arg1 cells 438:442 β cells 436:442 β cells 436:442 We found that pretreating β cells with micromolar concentrations of epinephrine differentially inhibited activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 33178692 6 62 from signaling 776:784 arg1 cells 796:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 6 63 from signaling 925:933 arg1 growth 973:978 β cell growth 966:978 β cell growth 966:978 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 7 64 theme inhibitory 1170:1179 arg1 phenomenon 1181:1190 an inhibitory phenomenon 1167:1190 an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level 1167:1212 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 5 65 theme potential 665:673 arg1 role 686:689 its potential regulatory role 661:689 its potential regulatory role in the β cell 661:703 We chose TrkB as an example because of its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell. 33178692 10 66 theme secretion 1737:1745 arg1 studies 1718:1724 studies 1718:1724 studies of insulin secretion 1718:1745 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 6 67 from autophosphorylation 879:897 arg1 growth 973:978 β cell growth 966:978 β cell growth 966:978 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 8 68 theme TrkB 1264:1267 arg1 activation 1269:1278 TrkB activation 1264:1278 TrkB activation 1264:1278 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 7 69 theme kinase 1129:1134 arg1 activation 1144:1153 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 8 70 theme off-target 1343:1352 arg1 effect 1354:1359 an off-target effect 1340:1359 an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine 1340:1384 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 7 71 theme mitogen-activated 1103:1119 arg1 kinase 1129:1134 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase 1092:1134 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation 1092:1153 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 7 72 theme BDNF-induced 1050:1061 arg1 autophosphorylation 1068:1086 BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation 1050:1086 BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation 1050:1086 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 8 73 theme pertussis 1307:1315 arg1 toxin 1317:1321 pertussis toxin 1307:1321 pertussis toxin 1307:1321 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 6 74 theme β 966:966 arg1 growth 973:978 β cell growth 966:978 β cell growth 966:978 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 3 75 theme agonist 333:339 arg1 epinephrine 341:351 the adrenergic agonist epinephrine 318:351 the adrenergic agonist epinephrine 318:351 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 8 76 theme epinephrine 1374:1384 arg1 effect 1354:1359 an off-target effect 1340:1359 an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine 1340:1384 We determined epinephrine-mediated inhibition of TrkB activation to be Gi/o-dependent using pertussis toxin, arguing against an off-target effect of high-dose epinephrine. 33178692 7 77 theme TrkB 1063:1066 arg1 autophosphorylation 1068:1086 BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation 1050:1086 BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation 1050:1086 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 2 78 theme insulin 288:294 arg1 secretion 296:304 insulin secretion 288:304 insulin secretion 288:304 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 7 79 theme epinephrine 1030:1040 arg1 concentrations 1012:1025 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations 981:1025 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine 981:1040 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 1 80 theme pancreatic 129:138 arg1 function 146:153 pancreatic islet function 129:153 pancreatic islet function 129:153 Adrenergic signaling is a well-known input into pancreatic islet function. 33178692 4 81 theme epinephrine 478:488 arg1 concentrations 460:473 micromolar concentrations 449:473 micromolar concentrations of epinephrine 449:488 We found that pretreating β cells with micromolar concentrations of epinephrine differentially inhibited activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 33178692 0 82 theme Signaling 70:78 arg1 Disruption 14:23 α2-Adrenergic Disruption 0:23 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 0:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 3 83 from doses 367:371 arg1 use 311:313 The use 307:313 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses 307:371 The use of the adrenergic agonist epinephrine at micromolar doses may have supraphysiological effects. 33178692 7 84 theme nanomolar 1001:1009 arg1 concentrations 1012:1025 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations 981:1025 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine 981:1040 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 4 85 theme tyrosine 538:545 arg1 kinases 547:553 receptor tyrosine kinases 529:553 receptor tyrosine kinases 529:553 We found that pretreating β cells with micromolar concentrations of epinephrine differentially inhibited activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. 33178692 11 86 theme or 1871:1872 arg1 signaling 1881:1889 pro-survival or growth signaling 1858:1889 pro-survival or growth signaling 1858:1889 BDNF-TrkB signaling in β cells may underlie pro-survival or growth signaling and warrants further study. 33178692 7 87 theme Micromolar 981:990 arg1 concentrations 1012:1025 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations 981:1025 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine 981:1040 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 6 88 theme factor 757:762 arg1 signaling 776:784 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling 730:784 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 730:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 6 89 link brain-derived 730:742 arg1 factor 757:762 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 730:762 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 730:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 6 89 link brain-derived 730:742 arg1 BDNF 765:768 BDNF 765:768 BDNF 765:768 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 6 90 theme brain-derived 730:742 arg1 factor 757:762 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 730:762 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 730:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 6 90 theme brain-derived 730:742 arg1 BDNF 765:768 BDNF 765:768 BDNF 765:768 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 10 91 theme epinephrine 1703:1713 arg1 use 1696:1698 (2) use 1692:1698 (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion 1692:1745 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 0 92 theme β 28:28 arg1 Signaling 70:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 9 93 theme channels 1441:1448 arg1 inhibition 1417:1426 inhibition 1417:1426 inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling 1417:1487 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 5 94 theme epinephrine 638:648 arg1 effects 627:633 the effects 623:633 the effects of epinephrine 623:648 We chose TrkB as an example because of its relative sensitivity to the effects of epinephrine and due to its potential regulatory role in the β cell. 33178692 2 95 theme β 198:198 arg1 cell 200:203 the insulin-secreting islet β cell 170:203 the insulin-secreting islet β cell 170:203 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 0 96 theme BDNF-TrkB 35:43 arg1 Signaling 70:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling 28:78 α2-Adrenergic Disruption of β Cell BDNF-TrkB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. 33178692 9 97 theme phosphoinositide-3-kinase 1453:1477 arg1 signaling 1479:1487 phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling 1453:1487 phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling 1453:1487 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33178692 2 98 theme insulin-secreting 174:190 arg1 cell 200:203 the insulin-secreting islet β cell 170:203 the insulin-secreting islet β cell 170:203 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 10 99 theme insulin 1729:1735 arg1 secretion 1737:1745 insulin secretion 1729:1745 insulin secretion 1729:1745 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 7 100 theme receptor 1199:1206 arg1 level 1208:1212 the receptor level 1195:1212 the receptor level 1195:1212 Micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations of epinephrine blocked BDNF-induced TrkB autophosphorylation and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, suggesting an inhibitory phenomenon at the receptor level. 33178692 6 101 theme TrkB 874:877 arg1 autophosphorylation 879:897 canonical TrkB autophosphorylation 864:897 canonical TrkB autophosphorylation 864:897 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 2 102 theme Gi/o-linked 219:229 arg1 receptor 245:252 the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor 215:252 the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor 215:252 Specifically, the insulin-secreting islet β cell expresses the Gi/o-linked α2-adrenergic receptor, which upon activation suppresses insulin secretion. 33178692 6 103 theme β 794:794 arg1 cells 796:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 MIN6 β cells 789:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 10 104 theme concentration-dependent 1781:1803 arg1 effects 1805:1811 concentration-dependent effects 1781:1811 concentration-dependent effects 1781:1811 Taken together, these results show that (1) TrkB kinase signaling occurs in β cells and (2) use of epinephrine in studies of insulin secretion requires careful consideration of concentration-dependent effects. 33178692 6 105 theme -TrkB 770:774 arg1 signaling 776:784 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling 730:784 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells 730:800 Our characterization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in MIN6 β cells showed that TrkB is activated by BDNF as expected, leading to canonical TrkB autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling, as well as chronic effects on β cell growth. 33178692 9 106 theme epinephrine 1526:1536 arg1 effects 1515:1521 the negative effects 1502:1521 the negative effects of epinephrine 1502:1536 Published data suggested that inhibition of potassium channels or phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling may abrogate the negative effects of epinephrine; however, these did not rescue TrkB signaling in our experiments. 33167279 3 0 theme clinic 634:639 arg1 testing 641:647 clinic testing 634:647 clinic testing 634:647 Nevertheless, the existing OGT detection methods are either need labeling or the sensitity can not meet the needs of clinic testing. 33167279 2 1 theme O-GlcNAc 340:347 arg1 transferase 349:359 Then O-GlcNAc transferase 335:359 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 335:365 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 2 1 theme O-GlcNAc 340:347 arg1 OGT 362:364 OGT 362:364 OGT 362:364 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 1 2 theme detection 252:260 arg1 method 262:267 accurate detection method 243:267 accurate detection method 243:267 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 7 3 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 If the peptide is O-GlcNAcylated by OGT, the cleaving reaction would be limited due to the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation. 33167279 7 3 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 arg1 site 1310:1313 the adjacent site 1297:1313 the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation 1297:1332 If the peptide is O-GlcNAcylated by OGT, the cleaving reaction would be limited due to the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation. 33167279 6 4 theme residue 1080:1086 arg1 part 1088:1091 then the His-tag residue part 1063:1091 then the His-tag residue part 1063:1091 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 12 5 theme related 2139:2145 arg1 diseases 2147:2154 O-GlcNAc related diseases 2130:2154 O-GlcNAc related diseases 2130:2154 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 12 6 theme label-free 1981:1990 arg1 helpful 2054:2060 helpful 2054:2060 helpful 2054:2060 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 12 6 theme label-free 1981:1990 arg1 platform 1996:2003 the label-free SPR platform 1977:2003 the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples 1977:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 10 7 theme detection 1733:1741 arg1 limit 1743:1747 a detection limit 1731:1747 a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M 1731:1765 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 5 8 theme recognition 816:826 arg1 sites 828:832 three recognition sites 810:832 three recognition sites 810:832 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 11 9 theme OGT 1909:1911 arg1 detection 1913:1921 OGT detection 1909:1921 OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery 1909:1962 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 11 10 with samples 1932:1938 arg1 recovery 1955:1962 satisfied recovery 1945:1962 satisfied recovery 1945:1962 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 3 11 theme existing 535:542 arg1 methods 558:564 the existing OGT detection methods 531:564 the existing OGT detection methods 531:564 Nevertheless, the existing OGT detection methods are either need labeling or the sensitity can not meet the needs of clinic testing. 33167279 6 12 theme proteinase 1049:1058 arg1 K 1060:1060 proteinase K 1049:1060 proteinase K 1049:1060 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 5 13 theme report 971:976 arg1 probe 978:982 the signal report probe 960:982 the signal report probe 960:982 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 13 theme report 971:976 arg1 histidine 933:941 six histidine 929:941 six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+ 929:1000 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 14 theme designed 784:791 arg1 peptide 793:799 The designed peptide 780:799 The designed peptide 780:799 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 9 15 theme configuration 1514:1526 arg1 change 1492:1497 the change 1488:1497 the change of the peptide configuration 1488:1526 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 9 15 theme configuration 1514:1526 arg1 probe 1547:1551 a signal report probe 1531:1551 a signal report probe for OGT detection 1531:1569 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 6 16 theme film 1122:1125 arg1 surface 1108:1114 the surface 1104:1114 the surface of Au film 1104:1125 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 3 17 dep the 621:623 arg1 needs 625:629 needs 625:629 needs 625:629 Nevertheless, the existing OGT detection methods are either need labeling or the sensitity can not meet the needs of clinic testing. 33167279 11 18 theme sensing 1868:1874 arg1 system 1876:1881 the sensing system 1864:1881 the sensing system 1864:1881 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 12 19 theme early 2102:2106 arg1 diagnosis 2117:2125 early clinical diagnosis 2102:2125 early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases 2102:2154 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 6 20 theme small 1176:1180 arg1 signal 1186:1191 a small SPR signal 1174:1191 a small SPR signal 1174:1191 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 6 20 theme small 1176:1180 arg1 record 1202:1207 record 1202:1207 record 1202:1207 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 3 21 theme detection 548:556 arg1 methods 558:564 the existing OGT detection methods 531:564 the existing OGT detection methods 531:564 Nevertheless, the existing OGT detection methods are either need labeling or the sensitity can not meet the needs of clinic testing. 33167279 9 22 theme report 1540:1545 arg1 change 1492:1497 the change 1488:1497 the change of the peptide configuration 1488:1526 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 9 22 theme report 1540:1545 arg1 probe 1547:1551 a signal report probe 1531:1551 a signal report probe for OGT detection 1531:1569 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 5 23 theme K 872:872 arg1 one 835:837 one 835:837 one 835:837 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 23 theme K 872:872 arg1 site 855:858 the cleavage site 842:858 the cleavage site of protease K 842:872 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 23 theme K 872:872 arg1 K 872:872 protease K 863:872 protease K 863:872 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 24 theme protease 863:870 arg1 K 872:872 protease K 863:872 protease K 863:872 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 10 25 theme enzyme 1794:1799 arg1 reactions 1801:1809 two enzyme reactions 1790:1809 two enzyme reactions 1790:1809 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 1 26 theme clinical 315:322 arg1 diagnosis 324:332 clinical diagnosis 315:332 clinical diagnosis 315:332 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 5 27 theme cleavage 846:853 arg1 one 835:837 one 835:837 one 835:837 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 27 theme cleavage 846:853 arg1 site 855:858 the cleavage site 842:858 the cleavage site of protease K 842:872 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 27 theme cleavage 846:853 arg1 K 872:872 protease K 863:872 protease K 863:872 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 12 28 theme accurate 2009:2016 arg1 detection 2018:2026 accurate detection 2009:2026 accurate detection of OGT in real samples 2009:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 10 29 theme high 1823:1826 arg1 selectivity 1828:1838 the high selectivity 1819:1838 the high selectivity of the method 1819:1852 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 1 30 theme O-linked 131:138 arg1 O-GlcNAc 161:168 O-GlcNAc 161:168 O-GlcNAc 161:168 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 1 30 theme O-linked 131:138 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 140:158 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 131:158 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations 122:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 2 31 theme promising 472:480 arg1 target 486:491 a promising new target 470:491 a promising new target for diseases diagnosis 470:514 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 12 32 theme OGT 2031:2033 arg1 detection 2018:2026 accurate detection 2009:2026 accurate detection of OGT in real samples 2009:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 0 33 theme O-GlcNAc 90:97 arg1 detection 111:119 O-GlcNAc transferase detection 90:119 O-GlcNAc transferase detection 90:119 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 2 34 dep closed 406:411 arg1 considered 453:462 considered 453:462 be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis 450:514 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 2 34 dep closed 406:411 arg1 related 413:419 related 413:419 related 413:419 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 11 35 theme satisfied 1945:1953 arg1 recovery 1955:1962 satisfied recovery 1945:1962 satisfied recovery 1945:1962 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 12 36 theme real 2038:2041 arg1 samples 2043:2049 real samples 2038:2049 real samples 2038:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 4 37 theme SPR 685:687 arg1 biosensor 689:697 a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor 658:697 a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor 658:697 Herein, a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor was developed for accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide. 33167279 10 38 dep 5.00 × 10-8 M 1712:1724 arg1 to 1709:1710 to 1709:1710 to 1709:1710 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 0 39 theme SPR 13:15 arg1 biosensor 17:25 A lable-free SPR biosensor 0:25 A lable-free SPR biosensor 0:25 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 11 40 used used 1900:1903 arg2 system 1876:1881 the sensing system 1864:1881 the sensing system 1864:1881 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 4 41 theme multi-functional 754:769 arg1 peptide 771:777 a multi-functional peptide 752:777 a multi-functional peptide 752:777 Herein, a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor was developed for accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide. 33167279 8 42 theme SPR 1393:1395 arg1 signal 1397:1402 a bigger SPR signal 1384:1402 a bigger SPR signal 1384:1402 Then more His-tag can be left on the Au film and a bigger SPR signal could be record, this signal is associated with the concentration of OGT. 33167279 8 42 theme SPR 1393:1395 arg1 record 1413:1418 record 1413:1418 record 1413:1418 Then more His-tag can be left on the Au film and a bigger SPR signal could be record, this signal is associated with the concentration of OGT. 33167279 9 43 theme sensitive 1639:1647 arg1 method 1627:1632 the method 1623:1632 the method more sensitive 1623:1647 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 4 44 theme OGT 739:741 arg1 detection 726:734 accurate detection 717:734 accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide 717:777 Herein, a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor was developed for accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide. 33167279 12 45 from summary 1968:1974 arg1 helpful 2054:2060 helpful 2054:2060 helpful 2054:2060 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 12 45 from summary 1968:1974 arg1 platform 1996:2003 the label-free SPR platform 1977:2003 the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples 1977:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 10 46 theme method 1847:1852 arg1 selectivity 1828:1838 the high selectivity 1819:1838 the high selectivity of the method 1819:1852 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 12 47 theme diseases 2147:2154 arg1 diagnosis 2117:2125 early clinical diagnosis 2102:2125 early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases 2102:2154 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 10 48 theme linear 1668:1673 arg1 range 1675:1679 The determination linear range 1650:1679 The determination linear range of OGT 1650:1686 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 8 49 theme OGT 1473:1475 arg1 concentration 1456:1468 the concentration 1452:1468 the concentration of OGT 1452:1475 Then more His-tag can be left on the Au film and a bigger SPR signal could be record, this signal is associated with the concentration of OGT. 33167279 12 50 from helpful 2054:2060 arg1 summary 1968:1974 summary 1968:1974 summary 1968:1974 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 1 51 from biomarker 302:310 arg1 diagnosis 324:332 clinical diagnosis 315:332 clinical diagnosis 315:332 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 1 52 theme accurate 243:250 arg1 method 262:267 accurate detection method 243:267 accurate detection method 243:267 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 1 53 theme method 262:267 arg1 lack 235:238 the lack 231:238 the lack of accurate detection method 231:267 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 7 54 theme cleaving 1255:1262 arg1 reaction 1264:1271 the cleaving reaction 1251:1271 the cleaving reaction 1251:1271 If the peptide is O-GlcNAcylated by OGT, the cleaving reaction would be limited due to the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation. 33167279 7 55 theme adjacent 1301:1308 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 O-GlcNAcylation 1318:1332 If the peptide is O-GlcNAcylated by OGT, the cleaving reaction would be limited due to the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation. 33167279 7 55 theme adjacent 1301:1308 arg1 site 1310:1313 the adjacent site 1297:1313 the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation 1297:1332 If the peptide is O-GlcNAcylated by OGT, the cleaving reaction would be limited due to the adjacent site of O-GlcNAcylation. 33167279 6 56 theme His-tag 1072:1078 arg1 part 1088:1091 then the His-tag residue part 1063:1091 then the His-tag residue part 1063:1091 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 12 57 theme O-GlcNAc 2130:2137 arg1 diseases 2147:2154 O-GlcNAc related diseases 2130:2154 O-GlcNAc related diseases 2130:2154 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 0 58 with sequence 48:55 arg1 sites 80:84 three recognition sites 62:84 three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection 62:119 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 12 59 from detection 2018:2026 arg1 samples 2043:2049 real samples 2038:2049 real samples 2038:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 11 60 theme blood 1926:1930 arg1 samples 1932:1938 blood samples 1926:1938 blood samples with satisfied recovery 1926:1962 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 11 61 from detection 1913:1921 arg1 samples 1932:1938 blood samples 1926:1938 blood samples with satisfied recovery 1926:1962 Finally, the sensing system was successfully used for OGT detection in blood samples with satisfied recovery. 33167279 9 62 theme peptide 1506:1512 arg1 configuration 1514:1526 the peptide configuration 1502:1526 the peptide configuration 1502:1526 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 5 63 used used 952:955 arg2 histidine 933:941 six histidine 929:941 six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+ 929:1000 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 63 used used 952:955 arg2 probe 978:982 the signal report probe 960:982 the signal report probe 960:982 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 12 64 theme clinical 2108:2115 arg1 diagnosis 2117:2125 early clinical diagnosis 2102:2125 early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases 2102:2154 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 6 65 theme Au 1119:1120 arg1 film 1122:1125 Au film 1119:1125 Au film 1119:1125 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 6 66 theme SPR 1182:1184 arg1 signal 1186:1191 a small SPR signal 1174:1191 a small SPR signal 1174:1191 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 6 66 theme SPR 1182:1184 arg1 record 1202:1207 record 1202:1207 record 1202:1207 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 10 67 theme 1.19 × 10-13 M 1752:1765 arg1 limit 1743:1747 a detection limit 1731:1747 a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M 1731:1765 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 3 68 theme OGT 544:546 arg1 methods 558:564 the existing OGT detection methods 531:564 the existing OGT detection methods 531:564 Nevertheless, the existing OGT detection methods are either need labeling or the sensitity can not meet the needs of clinic testing. 33167279 9 69 theme signal 1533:1538 arg1 change 1492:1497 the change 1488:1497 the change of the peptide configuration 1488:1526 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 9 69 theme signal 1533:1538 arg1 probe 1547:1551 a signal report probe 1531:1551 a signal report probe for OGT detection 1531:1569 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 1 70 theme Abnormal 122:129 arg1 concentrations 171:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations 122:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations 122:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 4 71 theme label-free 660:669 arg1 biosensor 689:697 a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor 658:697 a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor 658:697 Herein, a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor was developed for accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide. 33167279 10 72 theme reactions 1801:1809 arg1 separation 1776:1785 the separation 1772:1785 the separation of two enzyme reactions 1772:1809 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 5 73 theme signal 964:969 arg1 probe 978:982 the signal report probe 960:982 the signal report probe 960:982 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 73 theme signal 964:969 arg1 histidine 933:941 six histidine 929:941 six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+ 929:1000 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 1 74 theme N-acetylglucosamine 140:158 arg1 concentrations 171:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations 122:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations 122:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 9 75 theme OGT 1557:1559 arg1 detection 1561:1569 OGT detection 1557:1569 OGT detection 1557:1569 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 0 76 theme recognition 68:78 arg1 sites 80:84 three recognition sites 62:84 three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection 62:119 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 5 77 theme O-GlcNAcylated 886:899 arg1 site 901:904 the O-GlcNAcylated site 882:904 the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT 882:911 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 77 theme O-GlcNAcylated 886:899 arg1 one 875:877 one 875:877 one 875:877 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 2 78 theme new 482:484 arg1 target 486:491 a promising new target 470:491 a promising new target for diseases diagnosis 470:514 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 0 79 theme transferase 99:109 arg1 detection 111:119 O-GlcNAc transferase detection 90:119 O-GlcNAc transferase detection 90:119 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 1 80 theme many 212:215 arg1 diseases 217:224 many diseases 212:224 many diseases 212:224 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 8 81 theme Au 1372:1373 arg1 film 1375:1378 the Au film 1368:1378 the Au film 1368:1378 Then more His-tag can be left on the Au film and a bigger SPR signal could be record, this signal is associated with the concentration of OGT. 33167279 5 82 contain contains 801:808 arg1 peptide 793:799 The designed peptide 780:799 The designed peptide 780:799 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 5 82 contain contains 801:808 arg2 sites 828:832 three recognition sites 810:832 three recognition sites 810:832 The designed peptide contains three recognition sites, one is the cleavage site of protease K, one is the O-GlcNAcylated site by OGT, and another is six histidine which be used as the signal report probe to recognize Ni2+. 33167279 4 83 theme accurate 717:724 arg1 detection 726:734 accurate detection 717:734 accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide 717:777 Herein, a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor was developed for accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide. 33167279 0 84 theme lable-free 2:11 arg1 biosensor 17:25 A lable-free SPR biosensor 0:25 A lable-free SPR biosensor 0:25 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 2 85 theme diseases 497:504 arg1 diagnosis 506:514 diseases diagnosis 497:514 diseases diagnosis 497:514 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 4 86 theme sensitive 675:683 arg1 biosensor 689:697 a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor 658:697 a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor 658:697 Herein, a label-free and sensitive SPR biosensor was developed for accurate detection of OGT based on a multi-functional peptide. 33167279 8 87 theme bigger 1386:1391 arg1 signal 1397:1402 a bigger SPR signal 1384:1402 a bigger SPR signal 1384:1402 Then more His-tag can be left on the Au film and a bigger SPR signal could be record, this signal is associated with the concentration of OGT. 33167279 8 87 theme bigger 1386:1391 arg1 record 1413:1418 record 1413:1418 record 1413:1418 Then more His-tag can be left on the Au film and a bigger SPR signal could be record, this signal is associated with the concentration of OGT. 33167279 10 88 theme determination 1654:1666 arg1 range 1675:1679 The determination linear range 1650:1679 The determination linear range of OGT 1650:1686 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 12 89 theme SPR 1992:1994 arg1 helpful 2054:2060 helpful 2054:2060 helpful 2054:2060 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 12 89 theme SPR 1992:1994 arg1 platform 1996:2003 the label-free SPR platform 1977:2003 the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples 1977:2049 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33167279 2 90 theme O-GlcNAc 437:444 arg1 level 428:432 the level 424:432 the level of O-GlcNAc 424:444 Then O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has drawn researchers' attention as it closed related to the level of O-GlcNAc and be considered to be a promising new target for diseases diagnosis. 33167279 0 91 theme peptide 40:46 arg1 sequence 48:55 one peptide sequence 36:55 one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection 36:119 A lable-free SPR biosensor based on one peptide sequence with three recognition sites for O-GlcNAc transferase detection. 33167279 1 92 link O-linked 131:138 arg1 O-GlcNAc 161:168 O-GlcNAc 161:168 O-GlcNAc 161:168 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 1 92 link O-linked 131:138 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 140:158 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 131:158 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations 122:184 Abnormal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) concentrations have been associated with many diseases, but the lack of accurate detection method limited O-GlcNAc to be used as a biomarker in clinical diagnosis. 33167279 10 93 theme OGT 1684:1686 arg1 range 1675:1679 The determination linear range 1650:1679 The determination linear range of OGT 1650:1686 The determination linear range of OGT is from 2.00 × 10-13 to 5.00 × 10-8 M with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-13 M, and the separation of two enzyme reactions ensured the high selectivity of the method. 33167279 6 94 dep resulting 1128:1136 arg1 bind 1157:1160 bind 1157:1160 resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ 1128:1168 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 6 95 theme immobilized 1007:1017 arg1 peptide 1019:1025 The immobilized peptide 1003:1025 The immobilized peptide 1003:1025 The immobilized peptide would be cleavaged by proteinase K, then the His-tag residue part will leave the surface of Au film, resulting less His-tag could bind to Ni2+ and a small SPR signal would be record. 33167279 9 96 theme peptide 1599:1605 arg1 labeling 1587:1594 labeling 1587:1594 labeling of peptide 1587:1605 Utilizing the change of the peptide configuration as a signal report probe for OGT detection not only avoids labeling of peptide, but also makes the method more sensitive. 33167279 12 97 dep OGT 2073:2075 arg1 serve 2077:2081 serve 2077:2081 serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases 2077:2154 In summary, the label-free SPR platform for accurate detection of OGT in real samples is helpful to promote OGT serve as a biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of O-GlcNAc related diseases. 33647395 8 0 with DSPP 913:916 arg1 plasmid 944:950 recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid 923:950 recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid 923:950 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 8 1 theme important 1067:1075 arg1 characteristics 1077:1091 the important characteristics 1063:1091 the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes 1063:1114 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 8 1 theme important 1067:1075 arg1 proliferation 1021:1033 proliferation 1021:1033 proliferation 1021:1033 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 10 2 theme therapeutic 1387:1397 arg1 DSPP 1361:1364 targeting DSPP 1351:1364 targeting DSPP 1351:1364 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 10 2 theme therapeutic 1387:1397 arg1 strategy 1399:1406 a promising therapeutic strategy 1375:1406 a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation 1375:1473 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 10 3 theme glia 1455:1458 arg1 formation 1465:1473 glia scar formation 1455:1473 glia scar formation 1455:1473 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 10 4 theme promising 1377:1385 arg1 DSPP 1361:1364 targeting DSPP 1351:1364 targeting DSPP 1351:1364 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 10 4 theme promising 1377:1385 arg1 strategy 1399:1406 a promising therapeutic strategy 1375:1406 a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation 1375:1473 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 6 5 theme normal 771:776 arg1 ones 778:781 normal ones 771:781 normal ones 771:781 Our results showed that DSPP expression was increased in reactive astrocytes comparing to normal ones. 33647395 3 6 theme tumor 462:466 arg1 cells 468:472 tumor cells 462:472 tumor cells 462:472 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 4 7 theme DSPP 519:522 arg1 functions 506:514 the functions 502:514 the functions of DSPP in reactive astrocytes after CNS injury 502:562 However, the functions of DSPP in reactive astrocytes after CNS injury remain unknown. 33647395 8 8 theme astrocytes 1105:1114 arg1 characteristics 1077:1091 the important characteristics 1063:1091 the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes 1063:1114 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 8 8 theme astrocytes 1105:1114 arg1 proliferation 1021:1033 proliferation 1021:1033 proliferation 1021:1033 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 5 9 theme starvation-serum 595:610 arg1 model 624:628 starvation-serum stimulation model 595:628 starvation-serum stimulation model in astrocytes 595:642 In this study, starvation-serum stimulation model in astrocytes was conducted to explore this issue. 33647395 10 10 theme astrocytes 1323:1332 arg1 proliferation 1292:1304 proliferation 1292:1304 proliferation 1292:1304 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 10 10 theme astrocytes 1323:1332 arg1 migration 1310:1318 migration 1310:1318 migration 1310:1318 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 3 11 theme Small 311:315 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 11 theme Small 311:315 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 5 12 theme stimulation 612:622 arg1 model 624:628 starvation-serum stimulation model 595:628 starvation-serum stimulation model in astrocytes 595:642 In this study, starvation-serum stimulation model in astrocytes was conducted to explore this issue. 33647395 8 13 theme recombinant 923:933 arg1 plasmid 944:950 recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid 923:950 recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid 923:950 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 7 14 theme DSPP 812:815 arg1 Meanwhile 784:792 Meanwhile 784:792 Meanwhile 784:792 Meanwhile, up-regulation of DSPP was accompanied with PCNA and GFAP. 33647395 7 14 theme DSPP 812:815 arg1 up-regulation 795:807 up-regulation 795:807 up-regulation of DSPP 795:815 Meanwhile, up-regulation of DSPP was accompanied with PCNA and GFAP. 33647395 4 15 theme reactive 527:534 arg1 astrocytes 536:545 reactive astrocytes 527:545 reactive astrocytes after CNS injury 527:562 However, the functions of DSPP in reactive astrocytes after CNS injury remain unknown. 33647395 9 16 from activation 1177:1186 arg1 astrocytes 1211:1220 astrocytes 1211:1220 astrocytes 1211:1220 In addition, overexpression of DSPP obviously increased the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in astrocytes. 33647395 3 17 theme different 443:451 arg1 types 453:457 different types 443:457 different types 443:457 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 17 theme different 443:451 arg1 glioma 485:490 glioma 485:490 glioma 485:490 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 18 gly glycoproteins 350:362 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 18 gly glycoproteins 350:362 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 8 19 from role 868:871 arg1 astrocytes 884:893 astrocytes 884:893 astrocytes 884:893 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 3 20 theme SIBLING 302:308 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 20 theme SIBLING 302:308 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 10 21 theme key 1276:1278 arg1 role 1280:1283 a key role 1274:1283 a key role 1274:1283 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 6 22 theme reactive 738:745 arg1 astrocytes 747:756 reactive astrocytes 738:756 reactive astrocytes comparing to normal ones 738:781 Our results showed that DSPP expression was increased in reactive astrocytes comparing to normal ones. 33647395 2 23 theme nerve 231:235 arg1 regeneration 237:248 nerve regeneration 231:248 nerve regeneration 231:248 Activated astrocytes can form glial scar to block nerve regeneration. 33647395 1 24 theme spinal 155:160 arg1 SCI 175:177 SCI 175:177 SCI 175:177 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 1 24 theme spinal 155:160 arg1 injury 167:172 spinal cord injury 155:172 spinal cord injury (SCI) 155:178 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 3 25 theme N-linked 341:348 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 25 theme N-linked 341:348 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 8 26 theme GFP-DSPP 935:942 arg1 plasmid 944:950 recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid 923:950 recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid 923:950 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 1 27 theme cord 162:165 arg1 SCI 175:177 SCI 175:177 SCI 175:177 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 1 27 theme cord 162:165 arg1 injury 167:172 spinal cord injury 155:172 spinal cord injury (SCI) 155:178 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 4 28 from functions 506:514 arg1 astrocytes 536:545 reactive astrocytes 527:545 reactive astrocytes after CNS injury 527:562 However, the functions of DSPP in reactive astrocytes after CNS injury remain unknown. 33647395 10 29 theme targeting 1351:1359 arg1 DSPP 1361:1364 targeting DSPP 1351:1364 targeting DSPP 1351:1364 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 10 29 theme targeting 1351:1359 arg1 strategy 1399:1406 a promising therapeutic strategy 1375:1406 a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation 1375:1473 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 1 30 dep such 147:150 arg1 as 152:153 as 152:153 as 152:153 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 3 31 theme integrin-binding 317:332 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 31 theme integrin-binding 317:332 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 32 dep proliferation 412:424 arg1 the 408:410 the 408:410 the 408:410 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 33 theme ligand 334:339 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 33 theme ligand 334:339 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 34 theme Dentin 251:256 arg1 member 288:293 a member 286:293 a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 286:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 34 theme Dentin 251:256 arg1 DSPP 279:282 DSPP 279:282 DSPP 279:282 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 34 theme Dentin 251:256 arg1 sialophosphoprotein 258:276 Dentin sialophosphoprotein 251:276 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) 251:283 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 1 35 theme central 110:116 arg1 CNS 134:136 CNS 134:136 CNS 134:136 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 1 35 theme central 110:116 arg1 system 126:131 central nervous system 110:131 central nervous system (CNS) injury 110:144 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 8 36 theme DSPP 998:1001 arg1 overexpression 980:993 overexpression 980:993 overexpression of DSPP 980:1001 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 1 37 theme system 126:131 arg1 injury 139:144 central nervous system (CNS) injury 110:144 central nervous system (CNS) injury 110:144 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 0 38 theme DSPP 18:21 arg1 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression of DSPP 0:21 Overexpression of DSPP promotes the proliferation and migration of astrocytes. 33647395 9 39 theme Akt/mTOR 1191:1198 arg1 pathway 1200:1206 Akt/mTOR pathway 1191:1206 Akt/mTOR pathway 1191:1206 In addition, overexpression of DSPP obviously increased the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in astrocytes. 33647395 8 40 dep proliferation 1021:1033 arg1 the 1017:1019 the 1017:1019 the 1017:1019 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 9 41 theme pathway 1200:1206 arg1 activation 1177:1186 the activation 1173:1186 the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in astrocytes 1173:1220 In addition, overexpression of DSPP obviously increased the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in astrocytes. 33647395 0 42 dep proliferation 36:48 arg1 the 32:34 the 32:34 the 32:34 Overexpression of DSPP promotes the proliferation and migration of astrocytes. 33647395 6 43 theme DSPP 705:708 arg1 expression 710:719 DSPP expression 705:719 DSPP expression 705:719 Our results showed that DSPP expression was increased in reactive astrocytes comparing to normal ones. 33647395 1 44 theme nervous 118:124 arg1 CNS 134:136 CNS 134:136 CNS 134:136 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 1 44 theme nervous 118:124 arg1 system 126:131 central nervous system 110:131 central nervous system (CNS) injury 110:144 Astrocytes are activated after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). 33647395 3 45 theme family 365:370 arg1 member 288:293 a member 286:293 a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 286:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 45 theme family 365:370 arg1 sialophosphoprotein 258:276 Dentin sialophosphoprotein 251:276 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) 251:283 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 2 46 theme Activated 181:189 arg1 astrocytes 191:200 Activated astrocytes 181:200 Activated astrocytes 181:200 Activated astrocytes can form glial scar to block nerve regeneration. 33647395 8 47 theme DSPP 876:879 arg1 role 868:871 the role 864:871 the role of DSPP in astrocytes 864:893 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 3 48 theme types 453:457 arg1 migration 430:438 migration 430:438 migration 430:438 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 48 theme types 453:457 arg1 proliferation 412:424 proliferation 412:424 proliferation 412:424 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 10 49 theme scar 1460:1463 arg1 formation 1465:1473 glia scar formation 1455:1473 glia scar formation 1455:1473 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 9 50 theme DSPP 1148:1151 arg1 overexpression 1130:1143 overexpression 1130:1143 overexpression of DSPP 1130:1151 In addition, overexpression of DSPP obviously increased the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in astrocytes. 33647395 4 51 theme CNS 553:555 arg1 injury 557:562 CNS injury 553:562 CNS injury 553:562 However, the functions of DSPP in reactive astrocytes after CNS injury remain unknown. 33647395 8 52 theme cells 1056:1060 arg1 characteristics 1077:1091 the important characteristics 1063:1091 the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes 1063:1114 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 8 52 theme cells 1056:1060 arg1 migration 1039:1047 migration 1039:1047 migration 1039:1047 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 8 52 theme cells 1056:1060 arg1 proliferation 1021:1033 proliferation 1021:1033 proliferation 1021:1033 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33647395 10 53 theme CNS 1421:1423 arg1 injury 1425:1430 CNS injury 1421:1430 CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation 1421:1473 Taken together, we demonstrated that DSPP may play a key role in the proliferation and migration of astrocytes, suggesting that targeting DSPP might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CNS injury which characterized by glia scar formation. 33647395 0 54 theme astrocytes 67:76 arg1 proliferation 36:48 proliferation 36:48 proliferation 36:48 Overexpression of DSPP promotes the proliferation and migration of astrocytes. 33647395 0 54 theme astrocytes 67:76 arg1 migration 54:62 migration 54:62 migration 54:62 Overexpression of DSPP promotes the proliferation and migration of astrocytes. 33647395 3 55 link N-linked 341:348 arg1 family 365:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family 298:370 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 55 link N-linked 341:348 arg1 glycoproteins 350:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 311:362 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 56 theme cells 468:472 arg1 types 453:457 different types 443:457 different types 443:457 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 3 56 theme cells 468:472 arg1 glioma 485:490 glioma 485:490 glioma 485:490 Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family, has been reported to contribute to the proliferation and migration of different types of tumor cells, including glioma. 33647395 5 57 from model 624:628 arg1 astrocytes 633:642 astrocytes 633:642 astrocytes 633:642 In this study, starvation-serum stimulation model in astrocytes was conducted to explore this issue. 33647395 2 58 theme glial 211:215 arg1 scar 217:220 glial scar 211:220 glial scar 211:220 Activated astrocytes can form glial scar to block nerve regeneration. 33647395 8 59 theme reactive 1096:1103 arg1 astrocytes 1105:1114 reactive astrocytes 1096:1114 reactive astrocytes 1096:1114 To explore the role of DSPP in astrocytes, we overexpressed DSPP with recombinant GFP-DSPP plasmid and the results showed that overexpression of DSPP could promote the proliferation and migration of the cells, the important characteristics of reactive astrocytes. 33083799 6 0 theme healthy 920:926 arg1 subjects 936:943 healthy control subjects 920:943 healthy control subjects 920:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 7 1 theme high 991:994 arg1 IgG 996:998 abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies 980:1017 IgG 996:998 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 2 link -linked 1071:1077 arg1 glycans 1079:1085 N -linked glycans 1069:1085 N -linked glycans 1069:1085 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 3 theme group 1121:1125 arg1 H 1127:1127 blood group H 1115:1127 blood group H 1115:1127 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 9 4 theme important 1407:1415 arg1 implications 1417:1428 important implications 1407:1428 important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection 1407:1568 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 5 5 theme disease 723:729 arg1 severity 731:738 disease severity 723:738 disease severity 723:738 Furthermore, antibody responses to carbohydrates could be induced, affecting disease severity and clinical outcome. 33083799 9 6 dep developing 1478:1487 arg1 using 1434:1438 using 1434:1438 using convalescent serum to treat patients 1434:1475 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 7 7 theme blood 1115:1119 arg1 H 1127:1127 blood group H 1115:1127 blood group H 1115:1127 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 6 8 theme antigen 800:806 arg1 microarray 808:817 a carbohydrate antigen microarray 785:817 a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects 785:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 6 9 theme COVID-19 898:905 arg1 patients 907:914 COVID-19 patients 898:914 COVID-19 patients 898:914 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 5 10 theme antibody 659:666 arg1 responses 668:676 antibody responses 659:676 antibody responses to carbohydrates 659:693 Furthermore, antibody responses to carbohydrates could be induced, affecting disease severity and clinical outcome. 33083799 6 11 theme carbohydrate 787:798 arg1 microarray 808:817 a carbohydrate antigen microarray 785:817 a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects 785:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 8 12 theme prolonged 1309:1317 arg1 symptoms 1319:1326 the unusual and prolonged symptoms 1293:1326 the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients 1293:1356 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 9 13 theme SARS-CoV-2 1508:1517 arg1 vaccines 1519:1526 safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1489:1526 safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1489:1526 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 9 14 theme safe 1489:1492 arg1 vaccines 1519:1526 safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1489:1526 safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1489:1526 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 8 15 theme COVID-19 1340:1347 arg1 patients 1349:1356 COVID-19 patients 1340:1356 COVID-19 patients 1340:1356 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 5 16 theme clinical 744:751 arg1 outcome 753:759 clinical outcome 744:759 clinical outcome 744:759 Furthermore, antibody responses to carbohydrates could be induced, affecting disease severity and clinical outcome. 33083799 10 17 theme host 1700:1703 arg1 importance 1676:1685 the importance 1672:1685 the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens 1672:1735 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 7 18 theme Lewis 1141:1145 arg1 X 1147:1147 sialyl Lewis X 1134:1147 sialyl Lewis X 1134:1147 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 0 19 theme Abnormal 0:7 arg1 antibodies 9:18 Abnormal antibodies 0:18 Abnormal antibodies to self-carbohydrates in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 0:72 Abnormal antibodies to self-carbohydrates in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. 33083799 10 20 theme immune 1751:1756 arg1 responses 1758:1766 immune responses 1751:1766 immune responses to viruses 1751:1777 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 8 21 theme autoimmune 1214:1223 arg1 diseases 1225:1232 autoimmune diseases 1214:1232 autoimmune diseases 1214:1232 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 10 22 theme new 1604:1606 arg1 insight 1608:1614 new insight 1604:1614 new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 1604:1654 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 6 23 theme anti-glycan 872:882 arg1 antibodies 884:893 profile serum anti-glycan antibodies 858:893 profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects 858:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 7 24 theme COVID-19 949:956 arg1 patients 958:965 COVID-19 patients 949:965 COVID-19 patients 949:965 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 1 25 theme deadly 91:96 arg1 virus 98:102 a deadly virus 89:102 a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 89:174 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 1 25 theme deadly 91:96 arg1 SARS-CoV-2 75:84 SARS-CoV-2 75:84 SARS-CoV-2 75:84 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 8 26 theme neurological 1238:1249 arg1 disorders 1251:1259 neurological disorders 1238:1259 neurological disorders 1238:1259 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 3 27 theme immune 366:371 arg1 responses 373:381 immune responses 366:381 immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 366:395 Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are being investigated, but little is known about immune responses to carbohydrates. 33083799 7 28 theme LacNAc-containing 1088:1104 arg1 glycans 1106:1112 LacNAc-containing glycans 1088:1112 LacNAc-containing glycans 1088:1112 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 10 29 theme including 1690:1698 arg1 host 1700:1703 including host and viral carbohydrate antigens 1690:1735 host 1700:1703 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 2 30 theme immune 279:284 arg1 responses 286:294 aberrant immune responses 270:294 aberrant immune responses 270:294 Our immune system plays a critical role in preventing, clearing, and treating the virus, but aberrant immune responses can contribute to deleterious symptoms and mortality. 33083799 6 31 used used 780:783 arg2 we 777:778 we 777:778 we 777:778 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 3 32 theme Many 350:353 arg1 aspects 355:361 Many aspects 350:361 Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 350:395 Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are being investigated, but little is known about immune responses to carbohydrates. 33083799 7 33 theme -linked 1071:1077 arg1 glycans 1079:1085 N -linked glycans 1069:1085 N -linked glycans 1069:1085 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 9 34 contain has 1403:1405 arg2 implications 1417:1428 important implications 1407:1428 important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection 1407:1568 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 9 34 contain has 1403:1405 arg1 detection 1363:1371 The detection 1359:1371 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans 1359:1401 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 2 35 theme aberrant 270:277 arg1 responses 286:294 aberrant immune responses 270:294 aberrant immune responses 270:294 Our immune system plays a critical role in preventing, clearing, and treating the virus, but aberrant immune responses can contribute to deleterious symptoms and mortality. 33083799 7 36 theme numerous 1022:1029 arg1 self-glycans 1031:1042 numerous self-glycans 1022:1042 numerous self-glycans 1022:1042 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 36 theme numerous 1022:1029 arg1 H 1127:1127 blood group H 1115:1127 blood group H 1115:1127 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 36 theme numerous 1022:1029 arg1 gangliosides 1055:1066 gangliosides 1055:1066 gangliosides 1055:1066 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 36 theme numerous 1022:1029 arg1 glycans 1106:1112 LacNAc-containing glycans 1088:1112 LacNAc-containing glycans 1088:1112 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 36 theme numerous 1022:1029 arg1 X 1147:1147 sialyl Lewis X 1134:1147 sialyl Lewis X 1134:1147 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 7 36 theme numerous 1022:1029 arg1 glycans 1079:1085 N -linked glycans 1069:1085 N -linked glycans 1069:1085 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 4 37 theme pre-existing 538:549 arg1 antibodies 551:560 pre-existing antibodies 538:560 pre-existing antibodies to glycans 538:571 Since the surface of the virus is heavily glycosylated, pre-existing antibodies to glycans could potentially recognize the virus and influence disease progression. 33083799 9 38 theme effective 1498:1506 arg1 vaccines 1519:1526 safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1489:1526 safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 1489:1526 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 6 39 theme serum 866:870 arg1 antibodies 884:893 profile serum anti-glycan antibodies 858:893 profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects 858:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 10 40 theme carbohydrate 1715:1726 arg1 antigens 1728:1735 including host and viral carbohydrate antigens 1690:1735 antigens 1728:1735 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 8 41 theme unusual 1297:1303 arg1 symptoms 1319:1326 the unusual and prolonged symptoms 1293:1326 the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients 1293:1356 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 0 42 theme SARS-CoV-2 45:54 arg1 patients 65:72 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 45:72 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 45:72 Abnormal antibodies to self-carbohydrates in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. 33083799 6 43 theme profile 858:864 arg1 antibodies 884:893 profile serum anti-glycan antibodies 858:893 profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects 858:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 6 44 with microarray 808:817 arg1 components 844:853 over 800 individual components 824:853 over 800 individual components 824:853 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 4 45 theme disease 625:631 arg1 progression 633:643 disease progression 625:643 disease progression 625:643 Since the surface of the virus is heavily glycosylated, pre-existing antibodies to glycans could potentially recognize the virus and influence disease progression. 33083799 3 46 theme responses 373:381 arg1 aspects 355:361 Many aspects 350:361 Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 350:395 Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are being investigated, but little is known about immune responses to carbohydrates. 33083799 6 47 from antibodies 884:893 arg1 subjects 936:943 healthy control subjects 920:943 healthy control subjects 920:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 6 47 from antibodies 884:893 arg1 patients 907:914 COVID-19 patients 898:914 COVID-19 patients 898:914 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 10 48 theme viral 1709:1713 arg1 antigens 1728:1735 including host and viral carbohydrate antigens 1690:1735 antigens 1728:1735 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 4 49 gly glycosylated 524:535 arg1 surface 492:498 the surface 488:498 the surface of the virus 488:511 Since the surface of the virus is heavily glycosylated, pre-existing antibodies to glycans could potentially recognize the virus and influence disease progression. 33083799 2 50 theme deleterious 314:324 arg1 symptoms 326:333 deleterious symptoms 314:333 deleterious symptoms 314:333 Our immune system plays a critical role in preventing, clearing, and treating the virus, but aberrant immune responses can contribute to deleterious symptoms and mortality. 33083799 0 51 theme infected 56:63 arg1 patients 65:72 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 45:72 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 45:72 Abnormal antibodies to self-carbohydrates in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. 33083799 6 52 theme control 928:934 arg1 subjects 936:943 healthy control subjects 920:943 healthy control subjects 920:943 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 6 53 theme individual 833:842 arg1 components 844:853 over 800 individual components 824:853 over 800 individual components 824:853 In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. 33083799 2 54 theme critical 203:210 arg1 role 212:215 a critical role 201:215 a critical role 201:215 Our immune system plays a critical role in preventing, clearing, and treating the virus, but aberrant immune responses can contribute to deleterious symptoms and mortality. 33083799 7 55 theme IgM 1004:1006 arg1 antibodies 1008:1017 abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies 980:1017 antibodies 1008:1017 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 4 56 theme virus 507:511 arg1 surface 492:498 the surface 488:498 the surface of the virus 488:511 Since the surface of the virus is heavily glycosylated, pre-existing antibodies to glycans could potentially recognize the virus and influence disease progression. 33083799 10 57 theme immune 1625:1630 arg1 responses 1632:1640 the immune responses 1621:1640 the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 1621:1654 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 7 58 theme sialyl 1134:1139 arg1 X 1147:1147 sialyl Lewis X 1134:1147 sialyl Lewis X 1134:1147 In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. 33083799 1 59 theme global 124:129 arg1 disease 152:158 the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 120:163 the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 120:174 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 1 59 theme global 124:129 arg1 COVID-19 166:173 COVID-19 166:173 COVID-19 166:173 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 10 60 theme antigens 1728:1735 arg1 importance 1676:1685 the importance 1672:1685 the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens 1672:1735 In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses. 33083799 9 61 theme infection 1560:1568 arg1 risks 1551:1555 the risks 1547:1555 the risks of infection 1547:1568 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 9 62 theme antibodies 1376:1385 arg1 detection 1363:1371 The detection 1359:1371 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans 1359:1401 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 8 63 theme anti-glycan 1164:1174 arg1 antibodies 1176:1185 these anti-glycan antibodies 1158:1185 these anti-glycan antibodies 1158:1185 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 1 64 theme pandemic 131:138 arg1 disease 152:158 the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 120:163 the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 120:174 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 1 64 theme pandemic 131:138 arg1 COVID-19 166:173 COVID-19 166:173 COVID-19 166:173 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 3 65 theme immune 447:452 arg1 responses 454:462 immune responses 447:462 immune responses to carbohydrates 447:479 Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are being investigated, but little is known about immune responses to carbohydrates. 33083799 2 66 theme immune 181:186 arg1 system 188:193 Our immune system 177:193 Our immune system 177:193 Our immune system plays a critical role in preventing, clearing, and treating the virus, but aberrant immune responses can contribute to deleterious symptoms and mortality. 33083799 1 67 theme coronavirus 140:150 arg1 disease 152:158 the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 120:163 the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 120:174 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 1 67 theme coronavirus 140:150 arg1 COVID-19 166:173 COVID-19 166:173 COVID-19 166:173 SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 33083799 9 68 theme convalescent 1440:1451 arg1 serum 1453:1457 convalescent serum 1440:1457 convalescent serum 1440:1457 The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. 33083799 8 69 located observed 1328:1335 arg2 symptoms 1319:1326 the unusual and prolonged symptoms 1293:1326 the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients 1293:1356 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 8 69 located observed 1328:1335 arg1 patients 1349:1356 COVID-19 patients 1340:1356 COVID-19 patients 1340:1356 Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. 33083799 0 70 from self-carbohydrates 23:40 arg1 patients 65:72 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 45:72 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients 45:72 Abnormal antibodies to self-carbohydrates in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. 32098211 7 0 theme C. 969:970 arg1 cells 981:985 C. albicans cells 969:985 C. albicans cells 969:985 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 1 1 theme resistance 147:156 arg1 emergence 129:137 The emergence 125:137 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans 125:176 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 1 1 theme resistance 147:156 arg1 problematic 181:191 problematic 181:191 problematic 181:191 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 10 2 theme candidacidal 1467:1478 arg1 activities 1480:1489 candidacidal activities 1467:1489 candidacidal activities 1467:1489 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 7 3 theme peptide 950:956 arg1 binding 958:964 peptide binding 950:964 peptide binding to C. albicans cells 950:985 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 3 4 theme higher 358:363 arg1 activity 376:383 higher antifungal activity 358:383 higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species 358:465 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 8 5 theme phosphosugars 1027:1039 arg1 addition 1005:1012 the addition 1001:1012 the addition of exogenous phosphosugars 1001:1039 Furthermore, the addition of exogenous phosphosugars reduced the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting that negatively charged phosphosugars also contributed to the peptide binding to the cell wall polysaccharides. 32098211 3 6 theme antifungal 365:374 arg1 activity 376:383 higher antifungal activity 358:383 higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species 358:465 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 9 7 theme other 1269:1273 arg1 glycans 1275:1281 other glycans 1269:1281 other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells 1269:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 8 8 theme exogenous 1017:1025 arg1 phosphosugars 1027:1039 exogenous phosphosugars 1017:1039 exogenous phosphosugars 1017:1039 Furthermore, the addition of exogenous phosphosugars reduced the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting that negatively charged phosphosugars also contributed to the peptide binding to the cell wall polysaccharides. 32098211 9 9 attach present 1292:1298 arg1 cells 1333:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 9 9 attach present 1292:1298 arg2 glycans 1275:1281 other glycans 1269:1281 other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells 1269:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 8 10 theme wall 1179:1182 arg1 polysaccharides 1184:1198 the cell wall polysaccharides 1170:1198 the cell wall polysaccharides 1170:1198 Furthermore, the addition of exogenous phosphosugars reduced the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting that negatively charged phosphosugars also contributed to the peptide binding to the cell wall polysaccharides. 32098211 0 11 theme Candida 107:113 arg1 albicans 115:122 Candida albicans 107:122 Candida albicans 107:122 The interaction Between Carbohydrates and the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri is Involved in the Killing of Candida albicans. 32098211 2 12 theme high 267:270 arg1 demand 272:277 high demand 267:277 high demand 267:277 Therefore, developing new antifungal drugs is in high demand. 32098211 1 13 theme Candida 161:167 arg1 albicans 169:176 Candida albicans 161:176 Candida albicans 161:176 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 0 14 theme Antimicrobial 46:58 arg1 P-113Tri 68:75 the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri 42:75 the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri 42:75 The interaction Between Carbohydrates and the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri is Involved in the Killing of Candida albicans. 32098211 5 15 theme Microscopic 629:639 arg1 examination 641:651 Microscopic examination 629:651 Microscopic examination 629:651 Microscopic examination showed that P-113 rapidly gained access to C. albicans cells. 32098211 7 16 from phosphomannan 881:893 arg1 wall 927:930 the cell wall 918:930 the cell wall 918:930 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 7 17 theme competition 834:844 arg1 assays 846:851 competition assays 834:851 competition assays 834:851 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 3 18 theme planktonic 393:402 arg1 cells 404:408 planktonic cells 393:408 planktonic cells 393:408 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 9 19 theme present 1292:1298 arg1 glycans 1275:1281 other glycans 1269:1281 other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells 1269:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 7 20 theme assays 846:851 arg1 range 793:797 a range 791:797 a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays 791:851 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 8 21 theme cell 1174:1177 arg1 polysaccharides 1184:1198 the cell wall polysaccharides 1170:1198 the cell wall polysaccharides 1170:1198 Furthermore, the addition of exogenous phosphosugars reduced the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting that negatively charged phosphosugars also contributed to the peptide binding to the cell wall polysaccharides. 32098211 7 22 theme mutants 822:828 arg1 range 793:797 a range 791:797 a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays 791:851 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 3 23 theme clinical 430:437 arg1 isolates 439:446 clinical isolates 430:446 clinical isolates of Candida species 430:465 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 4 24 from difference 550:559 arg1 mechanisms 597:606 their mechanisms 591:606 their mechanisms against C. albicans 591:626 In this study, we further investigated the difference between these two peptides in their mechanisms against C. albicans. 32098211 9 25 theme other 1303:1307 arg1 cells 1333:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 8 26 theme peptide 1069:1075 arg1 efficacy 1053:1060 the efficacy 1049:1060 the efficacy of the peptide 1049:1075 Furthermore, the addition of exogenous phosphosugars reduced the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting that negatively charged phosphosugars also contributed to the peptide binding to the cell wall polysaccharides. 32098211 7 27 theme cell 922:925 arg1 wall 927:930 the cell wall 918:930 the cell wall 918:930 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 7 28 from mannan 908:913 arg1 wall 927:930 the cell wall 918:930 the cell wall 918:930 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 7 29 dep C. 969:970 arg1 albicans 972:979 albicans 972:979 albicans 972:979 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 9 30 theme microbial 1309:1317 arg1 cells 1333:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 0 31 theme albicans 115:122 arg1 Killing 96:102 the Killing 92:102 the Killing of Candida albicans 92:122 The interaction Between Carbohydrates and the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri is Involved in the Killing of Candida albicans. 32098211 9 32 theme glycan 1218:1223 arg1 array 1225:1229 a glycan array 1216:1229 a glycan array 1216:1229 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 7 33 theme cell 802:805 arg1 mutants 822:828 cell wall-defective mutants 802:828 cell wall-defective mutants 802:828 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 10 34 with interaction 1434:1444 arg1 albicans 1454:1461 C. albicans 1451:1461 C. albicans 1451:1461 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 10 34 with interaction 1434:1444 arg1 activities 1480:1489 candidacidal activities 1467:1489 candidacidal activities 1467:1489 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 10 35 from differences 1413:1423 arg1 interaction 1434:1444 their interaction 1428:1444 their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities 1428:1489 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 1 36 theme clinical 200:207 arg1 setting 209:215 the clinical setting 196:215 the clinical setting 196:215 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 7 37 theme wall-defective 807:820 arg1 mutants 822:828 cell wall-defective mutants 802:828 cell wall-defective mutants 802:828 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 3 38 theme Candida 451:457 arg1 species 459:465 Candida species 451:465 Candida species 451:465 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 10 39 contain have 1396:1399 arg1 P-113 1377:1381 P-113 1377:1381 P-113 1377:1381 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 10 39 contain have 1396:1399 arg1 P-113Tri 1387:1394 P-113Tri 1387:1394 P-113Tri 1387:1394 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 10 39 contain have 1396:1399 arg2 differences 1413:1423 fundamental differences 1401:1423 fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities 1401:1489 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 9 40 theme mammalian 1323:1331 arg1 cells 1333:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 other microbial and mammalian cells 1303:1337 Finally, using a glycan array, P-113Tri, but not P-113, can bind to other glycans commonly present on other microbial and mammalian cells. 32098211 6 41 theme cell 761:764 arg1 surface 766:772 the cell surface 757:772 the cell surface 757:772 However, most of the P-113Tri remained on the cell surface. 32098211 3 42 theme species 459:465 arg1 isolates 439:446 clinical isolates 430:446 clinical isolates of Candida species 430:465 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 3 42 theme species 459:465 arg1 cells 404:408 planktonic cells 393:408 planktonic cells 393:408 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 3 42 theme species 459:465 arg1 cells 419:423 biofilm cells 411:423 biofilm cells 411:423 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 0 43 theme Peptide 60:66 arg1 P-113Tri 68:75 the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri 42:75 the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri 42:75 The interaction Between Carbohydrates and the Antimicrobial Peptide P-113Tri is Involved in the Killing of Candida albicans. 32098211 5 44 dep C. 696:697 arg1 albicans 699:706 albicans 699:706 albicans 699:706 Microscopic examination showed that P-113 rapidly gained access to C. albicans cells. 32098211 1 45 from setting 209:215 arg1 problematic 181:191 problematic 181:191 problematic 181:191 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 1 45 from setting 209:215 arg1 emergence 129:137 The emergence 125:137 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans 125:176 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 3 46 theme peptide 492:498 arg1 P-113 500:504 its parental peptide P-113 479:504 its parental peptide P-113 479:504 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 3 47 theme biofilm 411:417 arg1 cells 419:423 biofilm cells 411:423 biofilm cells 411:423 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 10 48 theme fundamental 1401:1411 arg1 differences 1413:1423 fundamental differences 1401:1423 fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities 1401:1489 Together, these results suggest that P-113 and P-113Tri have fundamental differences in their interaction with C. albicans and candidacidal activities. 32098211 5 49 theme C. 696:697 arg1 cells 708:712 C. albicans cells 696:712 C. albicans cells 696:712 Microscopic examination showed that P-113 rapidly gained access to C. albicans cells. 32098211 7 50 link N-linked 899:906 arg1 mannan 908:913 N-linked mannan 899:913 N-linked mannan in the cell wall 899:930 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 8 51 theme charged 1105:1111 arg1 phosphosugars 1113:1125 negatively charged phosphosugars 1094:1125 negatively charged phosphosugars 1094:1125 Furthermore, the addition of exogenous phosphosugars reduced the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting that negatively charged phosphosugars also contributed to the peptide binding to the cell wall polysaccharides. 32098211 3 52 theme previous 284:291 arg1 work 293:296 Our previous work 280:296 Our previous work 280:296 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 3 53 theme parental 483:490 arg1 P-113 500:504 its parental peptide P-113 479:504 its parental peptide P-113 479:504 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 3 54 theme antimicrobial 317:329 arg1 P-113Tri 339:346 the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri 313:346 the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri 313:346 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 2 55 theme antifungal 244:253 arg1 drugs 255:259 new antifungal drugs 240:259 new antifungal drugs 240:259 Therefore, developing new antifungal drugs is in high demand. 32098211 1 56 from problematic 181:191 arg1 setting 209:215 the clinical setting 196:215 the clinical setting 196:215 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 7 57 theme N-linked 899:906 arg1 mannan 908:913 N-linked mannan 899:913 N-linked mannan in the cell wall 899:930 Moreover, using a range of cell wall-defective mutants and competition assays, the results indicated that phosphomannan and N-linked mannan in the cell wall are important for peptide binding to C. albicans cells. 32098211 3 58 theme peptide 331:337 arg1 P-113Tri 339:346 the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri 313:346 the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri 313:346 Our previous work indicated that the antimicrobial peptide P-113Tri exhibited higher antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of Candida species compared to its parental peptide P-113. 32098211 2 59 theme new 240:242 arg1 drugs 255:259 new antifungal drugs 240:259 new antifungal drugs 240:259 Therefore, developing new antifungal drugs is in high demand. 32098211 1 60 theme drug 142:145 arg1 resistance 147:156 drug resistance 142:156 drug resistance 142:156 The emergence of drug resistance to Candida albicans is problematic in the clinical setting. 32098211 4 61 theme C. 616:617 arg1 albicans 619:626 C. albicans 616:626 C. albicans 616:626 In this study, we further investigated the difference between these two peptides in their mechanisms against C. albicans. 33682335 0 0 theme hydrophilic 94:104 arg1 chromatography 125:138 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 94:138 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 94:138 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 0 1 from change 31:36 arg1 glycans 41:47 glycans 41:47 glycans 41:47 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 1 2 theme liquid 189:194 arg1 chromatography 196:209 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 165:209 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 165:209 An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. 33682335 7 3 with contact 1106:1112 arg1 phase 1130:1134 the bonded phase 1119:1134 the bonded phase 1119:1134 These showed that hydrogen bonding within the free glycan makes its topology more planar, which would increase contact with the bonded phase. 33682335 4 4 from factors 687:693 arg1 resolution 709:718 the higher resolution 698:718 the higher resolution of the released glycans 698:742 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 12 5 gly glycoproteins 1596:1608 arg1 glycoproteins 1596:1608 human glycoproteins 1590:1608 human glycoproteins 1590:1608 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 5 6 theme higher 749:754 arg1 selectivity 756:766 The higher selectivity 745:766 The higher selectivity for the released glycans 745:791 The higher selectivity for the released glycans was associated with more water molecules displaced per added mannose. 33682335 10 7 theme bonded 1357:1362 arg1 phase 1364:1368 a copolymer bonded phase 1345:1368 a copolymer bonded phase 1345:1368 This was tested by making a column with a copolymer bonded phase. 33682335 0 8 theme liquid 118:123 arg1 chromatography 125:138 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 94:138 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 94:138 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 1 9 gly glycoproteins 258:270 arg1 glycoproteins 258:270 glycoproteins 258:270 glycoproteins 258:270 An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. 33682335 2 10 theme ribonuclease 343:354 arg1 B 356:356 ribonuclease B 343:356 ribonuclease B 343:356 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 4 11 theme comparable 676:685 arg1 efficiency 661:670 efficiency 661:670 efficiency 661:670 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 4 11 theme comparable 676:685 arg1 factors 687:693 comparable factors 676:693 comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans 676:742 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 4 11 theme comparable 676:685 arg1 selectivity 645:655 selectivity 645:655 selectivity 645:655 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 0 12 theme interaction 106:116 arg1 chromatography 125:138 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 94:138 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 94:138 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 3 13 used used 495:498 arg2 findings 481:488 The findings 477:488 The findings 477:488 The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 0 14 gly glycoproteins 77:89 arg1 glycoproteins 77:89 glycoproteins 77:89 glycoproteins 77:89 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 6 15 dep investigate 866:876 arg1 why 878:880 why 878:880 why 878:880 To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. 33682335 2 16 theme released 374:381 arg1 glycans 383:389 its released glycans 370:389 its released glycans 370:389 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 12 17 theme hydrogen 1540:1547 arg1 bonding 1549:1555 internal hydrogen bonding 1531:1555 internal hydrogen bonding 1531:1555 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 3 18 theme liquid 540:545 arg1 column 562:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 2 19 theme glycoforms 329:338 arg1 Separations 310:320 Separations 310:320 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans 310:389 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 2 20 theme liquid 447:452 arg1 chromatography 454:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 410:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 410:474 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 2 21 gly glycoforms 329:338 arg1 B 356:356 ribonuclease B 343:356 ribonuclease B 343:356 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 6 22 gly glycoprotein 919:930 arg1 glycoprotein 919:930 the glycoprotein 915:930 the glycoprotein 915:930 To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. 33682335 2 23 theme chromatography 454:467 arg1 column 469:474 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 410:474 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 410:474 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 0 24 theme conformational 16:29 arg1 change 31:36 Protein-induced conformational change 0:36 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans 0:47 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 8 25 theme hydrogen 1171:1178 arg1 bonding 1180:1186 the hydrogen bonding 1167:1186 the hydrogen bonding 1167:1186 The protein sterically blocks the hydrogen bonding. 33682335 7 26 theme free 1041:1044 arg1 glycan 1046:1051 the free glycan 1037:1051 the free glycan 1037:1051 These showed that hydrogen bonding within the free glycan makes its topology more planar, which would increase contact with the bonded phase. 33682335 1 27 theme higher 219:224 arg1 resolution 226:235 a higher resolution 217:235 a higher resolution for glycans 217:247 An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. 33682335 0 28 theme Protein-induced 0:14 arg1 change 31:36 Protein-induced conformational change 0:36 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans 0:47 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 9 29 theme globular-shaped 1198:1212 arg1 glycan 1214:1219 The more globular-shaped glycan 1189:1219 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein 1189:1239 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein suggests that a thicker bonded phase might improve selectivity. 33682335 2 30 theme interaction 435:445 arg1 chromatography 454:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 410:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 410:474 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 10 31 with column 1333:1338 arg1 phase 1364:1368 a copolymer bonded phase 1345:1368 a copolymer bonded phase 1345:1368 This was tested by making a column with a copolymer bonded phase. 33682335 6 32 theme three-dimensional 883:899 arg1 structures 901:910 three-dimensional structures 883:910 three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein 883:930 To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. 33682335 12 33 theme structural 1502:1511 arg1 common 1560:1565 common 1560:1565 common 1560:1565 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 12 33 theme structural 1502:1511 arg1 motif 1513:1517 the structural motif 1498:1517 the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding 1498:1555 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 3 34 theme interaction 528:538 arg1 column 562:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 12 35 theme internal 1531:1538 arg1 bonding 1549:1555 internal hydrogen bonding 1531:1555 internal hydrogen bonding 1531:1555 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 6 36 theme chromatographic 967:981 arg1 conditions 983:992 chromatographic conditions 967:992 chromatographic conditions 967:992 To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. 33682335 2 37 theme B 356:356 arg1 glycoforms 329:338 the glycoforms 325:338 the glycoforms of ribonuclease B 325:356 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 1 38 theme hydrophilic 165:175 arg1 chromatography 196:209 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 165:209 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 165:209 An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. 33682335 12 39 link N-linked 1570:1577 arg1 glycans 1579:1585 N-linked glycans 1570:1585 N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins 1570:1608 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 4 40 theme released 727:734 arg1 glycans 736:742 the released glycans 723:742 the released glycans 723:742 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 7 41 theme hydrogen 1013:1020 arg1 bonding 1022:1028 hydrogen bonding 1013:1028 hydrogen bonding within the free glycan 1013:1051 These showed that hydrogen bonding within the free glycan makes its topology more planar, which would increase contact with the bonded phase. 33682335 3 42 theme new 512:514 arg1 column 562:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 5 43 theme water 818:822 arg1 molecules 824:832 more water molecules 813:832 more water molecules displaced per added mannose 813:860 The higher selectivity for the released glycans was associated with more water molecules displaced per added mannose. 33682335 9 44 theme glycoprotein 1228:1239 arg1 glycan 1214:1219 The more globular-shaped glycan 1189:1219 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein 1189:1239 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein suggests that a thicker bonded phase might improve selectivity. 33682335 3 45 theme hydrophilic 516:526 arg1 column 562:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 5 46 theme more 813:816 arg1 molecules 824:832 more water molecules 813:832 more water molecules displaced per added mannose 813:860 The higher selectivity for the released glycans was associated with more water molecules displaced per added mannose. 33682335 9 47 gly glycoprotein 1228:1239 arg1 glycoprotein 1228:1239 the glycoprotein 1224:1239 the glycoprotein 1224:1239 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein suggests that a thicker bonded phase might improve selectivity. 33682335 12 48 theme glycoprotein 1470:1481 arg1 analysis 1483:1490 glycoprotein analysis 1470:1490 glycoprotein analysis 1470:1490 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 7 49 theme bonded 1123:1128 arg1 phase 1130:1134 the bonded phase 1119:1134 the bonded phase 1119:1134 These showed that hydrogen bonding within the free glycan makes its topology more planar, which would increase contact with the bonded phase. 33682335 4 50 theme Deemter 619:625 arg1 plots 627:631 van Deemter plots 615:631 van Deemter plots 615:631 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 12 51 theme N-linked 1570:1577 arg1 glycans 1579:1585 N-linked glycans 1570:1585 N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins 1570:1608 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 12 52 theme glycoproteins 1596:1608 arg1 glycans 1579:1585 N-linked glycans 1570:1585 N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins 1570:1608 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 4 53 theme van 615:617 arg1 plots 627:631 van Deemter plots 615:631 van Deemter plots 615:631 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 12 54 theme human 1590:1594 arg1 glycoproteins 1596:1608 human glycoproteins 1590:1608 human glycoproteins 1590:1608 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 7 55 theme planar 1077:1082 arg1 topology 1063:1070 its topology 1059:1070 its topology 1059:1070 These showed that hydrogen bonding within the free glycan makes its topology more planar, which would increase contact with the bonded phase. 33682335 3 56 theme chromatography 547:560 arg1 column 562:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 510:567 The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 5 57 theme released 776:783 arg1 glycans 785:791 the released glycans 772:791 the released glycans 772:791 The higher selectivity for the released glycans was associated with more water molecules displaced per added mannose. 33682335 9 58 theme thicker 1257:1263 arg1 phase 1272:1276 a thicker bonded phase 1255:1276 a thicker bonded phase 1255:1276 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein suggests that a thicker bonded phase might improve selectivity. 33682335 1 59 theme interaction 177:187 arg1 chromatography 196:209 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 165:209 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 165:209 An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. 33682335 0 60 theme glycoproteins 77:89 arg1 resolution 63:72 the resolution 59:72 the resolution of glycoproteins 59:89 Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. 33682335 6 61 theme glycoprotein 919:930 arg1 structures 901:910 three-dimensional structures 883:910 three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein 883:930 To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. 33682335 6 61 theme glycoprotein 919:930 arg1 glycan 940:945 the glycan 936:945 the glycan 936:945 To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. 33682335 9 62 theme bonded 1265:1270 arg1 phase 1272:1276 a thicker bonded phase 1255:1276 a thicker bonded phase 1255:1276 The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein suggests that a thicker bonded phase might improve selectivity. 33682335 2 63 theme hydrophilic 423:433 arg1 chromatography 454:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 410:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 410:474 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 4 64 theme glycans 736:742 arg1 resolution 709:718 the higher resolution 698:718 the higher resolution of the released glycans 698:742 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 4 65 theme higher 702:707 arg1 resolution 709:718 the higher resolution 698:718 the higher resolution of the released glycans 698:742 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 5 66 theme added 848:852 arg1 mannose 854:860 added mannose 848:860 added mannose 848:860 The higher selectivity for the released glycans was associated with more water molecules displaced per added mannose. 33682335 4 67 theme commercial 578:587 arg1 column 589:594 the commercial column 574:594 the commercial column 574:594 For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. 33682335 12 68 gly glycoprotein 1470:1481 arg1 glycoprotein 1470:1481 glycoprotein analysis 1470:1490 glycoprotein analysis 1470:1490 The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins. 33682335 2 69 theme commercial 412:421 arg1 chromatography 454:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography 410:467 a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column 410:474 Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. 33682335 1 70 theme column 289:294 arg1 improvements 296:307 column improvements 289:307 column improvements 289:307 An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. 33673381 0 0 theme ENaC 80:83 arg1 Activation 66:75 the TNF-Induced Activation 50:75 the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells 50:97 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 4 1 theme channel 420:426 arg1 activation 401:410 TNF-induced activation 389:410 TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research 389:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 9 2 theme δ-ENaC 951:956 arg1 δ-ENaC 951:956 δ-ENaC 951:956 δ-ENaC 951:956 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 9 2 theme δ-ENaC 951:956 arg1 domain 941:946 carboxyl terminus domain 923:946 carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC 923:956 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 9 3 theme current 1021:1027 arg1 activation 992:1001 the TNF-induced activation 976:1001 the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 976:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 8 4 theme Na+ 869:871 arg1 current 873:879 whole-cell Na+ current 858:879 whole-cell Na+ current 858:879 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 7 5 used used 701:704 arg2 technique 687:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to analyze the TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 10 6 theme TNF-induced 1131:1141 arg1 activation 1143:1152 TNF-induced activation 1131:1152 TNF-induced activation of ENaC 1131:1160 Our data demonstrated that in A549 cells the δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 0 7 theme A549 88:91 arg1 Cells 93:97 A549 Cells 88:97 A549 Cells 88:97 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 4 8 theme A549 431:434 arg1 model 464:468 widely used model 452:468 widely used model for ENaC research 452:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 4 8 theme A549 431:434 arg1 cells 436:440 A549 cells 431:440 A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research 431:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 8 9 theme whole-cell 858:867 arg1 current 873:879 whole-cell Na+ current 858:879 whole-cell Na+ current 858:879 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 9 10 theme A549 1045:1048 arg1 cells 1050:1054 A549 cells 1045:1054 A549 cells 1045:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 5 11 theme A549 552:555 arg1 cells 557:561 A549 cells 552:561 A549 cells 552:561 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 8 12 theme wild 771:774 arg1 δ-ENaC 781:786 wild type δ-ENaC 771:786 wild type δ-ENaC 771:786 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 8 13 theme type 776:779 arg1 δ-ENaC 781:786 wild type δ-ENaC 771:786 wild type δ-ENaC 771:786 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 4 14 theme TNF-induced 389:399 arg1 activation 401:410 TNF-induced activation 389:410 TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research 389:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 9 15 dep glycosylation 899:911 arg1 sites 913:917 sites 913:917 sites 913:917 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 5 16 theme knock 522:526 arg1 KD 534:535 KD 534:535 KD 534:535 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 5 16 theme knock 522:526 arg1 down 528:531 knock down 522:531 knock down (KD) 522:536 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 2 17 theme used 220:223 arg1 model 225:229 widely used model 213:229 widely used model for ENaC research 213:247 A549 cells are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 2 17 theme used 220:223 arg1 cells 203:207 A549 cells 198:207 A549 cells 198:207 A549 cells are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 5 18 used used 492:495 arg2 We 489:490 We 489:490 We 489:490 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 3 19 theme TNF-induced 280:290 arg1 activation 292:301 TNF-induced activation 280:301 TNF-induced activation 280:301 The role of δ-ENaC subunit in TNF-induced activation has not been studied. 33673381 4 20 theme ENaC 415:418 arg1 channel 420:426 ENaC channel 415:426 ENaC channel 415:426 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 6 21 theme immunofluorescence 581:598 arg1 assays 600:605 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays 564:605 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays 564:605 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD. 33673381 9 22 from activation 992:1001 arg1 KD 1039:1040 δ-ENaC KD 1032:1040 δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 1032:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 0 23 theme Mediated 12:19 arg1 Down 27:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down 0:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC 0:40 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 4 24 from activation 401:410 arg1 model 464:468 widely used model 452:468 widely used model for ENaC research 452:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 4 24 from activation 401:410 arg1 cells 436:440 A549 cells 431:440 A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research 431:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 8 25 from Overexpression 753:766 arg1 KD 802:803 the δ-ENaC KD 791:803 the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 791:817 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 7 26 theme ENaC 747:750 arg1 activation 733:742 the TNF-induced activation 717:742 the TNF-induced activation of ENaC 717:750 Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to analyze the TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 0 27 theme CRISPR/Cas9 0:10 arg1 Down 27:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down 0:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC 0:40 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 9 28 theme TNF-induced 980:990 arg1 activation 992:1001 the TNF-induced activation 976:1001 the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 976:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 6 29 theme blot 572:575 arg1 assays 600:605 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays 564:605 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays 564:605 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD. 33673381 1 30 theme epithelial 153:162 arg1 channel 168:174 the epithelial Na+ channel 149:174 the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells 149:195 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 1 30 theme epithelial 153:162 arg1 ENaC 177:180 ENaC 177:180 ENaC 177:180 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 5 31 theme CRISPR/Cas 497:506 arg1 approach 510:517 CRISPR/Cas 9 approach 497:517 CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells 497:561 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 6 32 theme Western 564:570 arg1 blot 572:575 Western blot 564:575 Western blot 564:575 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD. 33673381 1 33 theme Na+ 164:166 arg1 channel 168:174 the epithelial Na+ channel 149:174 the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells 149:195 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 1 33 theme Na+ 164:166 arg1 ENaC 177:180 ENaC 177:180 ENaC 177:180 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 0 34 theme Knock 21:25 arg1 Down 27:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down 0:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC 0:40 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 10 35 theme A549 1087:1090 arg1 cells 1092:1096 A549 cells 1087:1096 A549 cells 1087:1096 Our data demonstrated that in A549 cells the δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 4 36 theme major 375:379 arg1 role 381:384 a major role 373:384 a major role 373:384 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 2 37 theme ENaC 235:238 arg1 research 240:247 ENaC research 235:247 ENaC research 235:247 A549 cells are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 9 38 theme Na+ 1017:1019 arg1 current 1021:1027 whole-cell Na+ current 1006:1027 whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 1006:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 7 39 theme TNF-induced 721:731 arg1 activation 733:742 the TNF-induced activation 717:742 the TNF-induced activation of ENaC 717:750 Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to analyze the TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 0 40 theme δ-ENaC 35:40 arg1 Down 27:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down 0:30 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC 0:40 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 4 41 theme ENaC 474:477 arg1 research 479:486 ENaC research 474:486 ENaC research 474:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 8 42 theme δ-ENaC 795:800 arg1 KD 802:803 the δ-ENaC KD 791:803 the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 791:817 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 9 43 theme N-linked 890:897 arg1 glycosylation 899:911 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC 882:956 glycosylation 899:911 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 7 44 theme patch 675:679 arg1 technique 687:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to analyze the TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 0 45 from Activation 66:75 arg1 Cells 93:97 A549 Cells 88:97 A549 Cells 88:97 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 9 46 from current 1021:1027 arg1 KD 1039:1040 δ-ENaC KD 1032:1040 δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 1032:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 6 47 theme KD 660:661 arg1 efficacy 633:640 efficacy 633:640 efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD 633:661 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD. 33673381 7 48 theme Whole-cell 664:673 arg1 technique 687:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to analyze the TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 5 49 dep down 528:531 arg1 δ-ENaC 542:547 the δ-ENaC 538:547 the δ-ENaC in A549 cells 538:561 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 7 50 theme clamp 681:685 arg1 technique 687:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique 664:695 Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to analyze the TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 0 51 theme TNF-Induced 54:64 arg1 Activation 66:75 the TNF-Induced Activation 50:75 the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells 50:97 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knock Down of δ-ENaC Blunted the TNF-Induced Activation of ENaC in A549 Cells. 33673381 6 52 theme protein 652:658 arg1 KD 660:661 δ-ENaC protein KD 645:661 δ-ENaC protein KD 645:661 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD. 33673381 1 53 theme Tumor 100:104 arg1 factor 115:120 Tumor necrosis factor 100:120 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 100:126 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 1 53 theme Tumor 100:104 arg1 TNF 123:125 TNF 123:125 TNF 123:125 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 4 54 theme used 459:462 arg1 model 464:468 widely used model 452:468 widely used model for ENaC research 452:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 4 54 theme used 459:462 arg1 cells 436:440 A549 cells 431:440 A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research 431:486 In this study we hypothesized that δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC channel in A549 cells which are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 3 55 from role 254:257 arg1 activation 292:301 TNF-induced activation 280:301 TNF-induced activation 280:301 The role of δ-ENaC subunit in TNF-induced activation has not been studied. 33673381 9 56 link N-linked 890:897 arg1 glycosylation 899:911 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC 882:956 glycosylation 899:911 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 6 57 theme δ-ENaC 645:650 arg1 KD 660:661 δ-ENaC protein KD 645:661 δ-ENaC protein KD 645:661 Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze efficacy of δ-ENaC protein KD. 33673381 1 58 theme necrosis 106:113 arg1 factor 115:120 Tumor necrosis factor 100:120 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 100:126 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 1 58 theme necrosis 106:113 arg1 TNF 123:125 TNF 123:125 TNF 123:125 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 5 59 from δ-ENaC 542:547 arg1 cells 557:561 A549 cells 552:561 A549 cells 552:561 We used CRISPR/Cas 9 approach to knock down (KD) the δ-ENaC in A549 cells. 33673381 10 60 theme ENaC 1157:1160 arg1 activation 1143:1152 TNF-induced activation 1131:1152 TNF-induced activation of ENaC 1131:1160 Our data demonstrated that in A549 cells the δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 1 61 from channel 168:174 arg1 cells 191:195 A549 cells 186:195 A549 cells 186:195 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 8 62 theme current 873:879 arg1 activation 844:853 the TNF-induced activation 828:853 the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current 828:879 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 9 63 theme carboxyl 923:930 arg1 δ-ENaC 951:956 δ-ENaC 951:956 δ-ENaC 951:956 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 9 63 theme carboxyl 923:930 arg1 domain 941:946 carboxyl terminus domain 923:946 carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC 923:956 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 9 64 theme δ-ENaC 1032:1037 arg1 KD 1039:1040 δ-ENaC KD 1032:1040 δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 1032:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 8 65 theme cells 813:817 arg1 KD 802:803 the δ-ENaC KD 791:803 the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 791:817 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 8 66 theme A549 808:811 arg1 cells 813:817 A549 cells 808:817 A549 cells 808:817 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 8 67 theme TNF-induced 832:842 arg1 activation 844:853 the TNF-induced activation 828:853 the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current 828:879 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 9 68 theme whole-cell 1006:1015 arg1 current 1021:1027 whole-cell Na+ current 1006:1027 whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 1006:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 9 69 theme terminus 932:939 arg1 δ-ENaC 951:956 δ-ENaC 951:956 δ-ENaC 951:956 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 9 69 theme terminus 932:939 arg1 domain 941:946 carboxyl terminus domain 923:946 carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC 923:956 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 8 70 theme δ-ENaC 781:786 arg1 Overexpression 753:766 Overexpression 753:766 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 753:817 Overexpression of wild type δ-ENaC in the δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells restored the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current. 33673381 3 71 theme δ-ENaC 262:267 arg1 subunit 269:275 δ-ENaC subunit 262:275 δ-ENaC subunit 262:275 The role of δ-ENaC subunit in TNF-induced activation has not been studied. 33673381 2 72 theme A549 198:201 arg1 model 225:229 widely used model 213:229 widely used model for ENaC research 213:247 A549 cells are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 2 72 theme A549 198:201 arg1 cells 203:207 A549 cells 198:207 A549 cells 198:207 A549 cells are widely used model for ENaC research. 33673381 9 73 theme cells 1050:1054 arg1 KD 1039:1040 δ-ENaC KD 1032:1040 δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 1032:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33673381 10 74 theme major 1117:1121 arg1 role 1123:1126 a major role 1115:1126 a major role 1115:1126 Our data demonstrated that in A549 cells the δ-ENaC plays a major role in TNF-induced activation of ENaC. 33673381 1 75 theme A549 186:189 arg1 cells 191:195 A549 cells 186:195 A549 cells 186:195 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to activate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in A549 cells. 33673381 3 76 theme subunit 269:275 arg1 role 254:257 The role 250:257 The role of δ-ENaC subunit in TNF-induced activation 250:301 The role of δ-ENaC subunit in TNF-induced activation has not been studied. 33673381 9 77 from KD 1039:1040 arg1 activation 992:1001 the TNF-induced activation 976:1001 the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells 976:1054 Neither N-linked glycosylation sites nor carboxyl terminus domain of δ-ENaC was necessary for the TNF-induced activation of whole-cell Na+ current in δ-ENaC KD of A549 cells. 33259552 9 0 theme time 1966:1969 arg1 points 1971:1976 later time points 1960:1976 later time points 1960:1976 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 8 1 theme clinical 1687:1694 arg1 tool 1696:1699 a useful clinical tool 1678:1699 a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy 1678:1755 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 7 2 theme glycans 1484:1490 arg1 one 1466:1468 one 1466:1468 one 1466:1468 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 7 2 theme glycans 1484:1490 arg1 glycans 1484:1490 these free glycans 1473:1490 these free glycans 1473:1490 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 10 3 theme biochemical 2147:2157 arg1 level 2159:2163 the biochemical level 2143:2163 the biochemical level 2143:2163 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 4 4 theme oligosaccharide 643:657 arg1 metabolites 659:669 soluble oligosaccharide metabolites 635:669 soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans 635:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 10 5 theme natural 2022:2028 arg1 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 10 5 theme natural 2022:2028 arg1 study 2038:2042 This large animal natural history study 2004:2042 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs 2004:2069 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 6 6 theme gangliosides 1320:1331 arg1 amounts 1309:1315 larger amounts 1302:1315 larger amounts of gangliosides 1302:1331 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 6 6 theme gangliosides 1320:1331 arg1 gangliosides 1320:1331 gangliosides 1320:1331 gangliosides 1320:1331 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 7 7 theme longitudinal 1512:1523 arg1 analysis 1525:1532 longitudinal analysis 1512:1532 longitudinal analysis 1512:1532 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 10 8 theme large 2009:2013 arg1 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 10 8 theme large 2009:2013 arg1 study 2038:2042 This large animal natural history study 2004:2042 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs 2004:2069 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 3 9 from mortality 516:524 arg1 children 529:536 children 529:536 children 529:536 These two diseases result in neurodegeneration and early mortality in children. 33259552 5 10 theme Tay-Sachs 849:857 arg1 disease 859:865 Tay-Sachs disease 849:865 Tay-Sachs disease 849:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 1 11 theme glycans 170:176 arg1 degradation 141:151 the degradation 137:151 the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 137:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 6 12 theme age-matched 1207:1217 arg1 controls 1230:1237 age-matched unaffected controls 1207:1237 age-matched unaffected controls 1207:1237 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 1 13 theme glycoconjugates 189:203 arg1 degradation 141:151 the degradation 137:151 the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 137:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 7 14 theme quantitative 1437:1448 arg1 assay 1456:1460 a quantitative LC/MS assay 1435:1460 a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans 1435:1490 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 11 15 dep development 2194:2204 arg1 the 2190:2192 the 2190:2192 the 2190:2192 This report may help in the development and testing of new therapies to treat these disorders. 33259552 5 16 theme biochemical 771:781 arg1 study 783:787 a longitudinal biochemical study 756:787 a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 756:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 17 from study 783:787 arg1 results 743:749 our results 739:749 our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 739:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 18 theme disease 859:865 arg1 model 840:844 an ovine model 831:844 an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 831:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 18 theme disease 859:865 arg1 model 801:805 a feline model 792:805 a feline model of Sandhoff disease 792:825 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 19 from accumulation 886:897 arg1 models 1082:1087 both animal models 1070:1087 both animal models 1070:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 19 from accumulation 886:897 arg1 samples 1057:1063 both tissue and fluid samples 1035:1063 samples 1057:1063 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 1 20 theme β-linked 216:223 arg1 hexosamines 225:235 β-linked hexosamines 216:235 β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 216:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 9 21 theme increasing 1793:1802 arg1 accumulation 1804:1815 age-dependent increasing accumulation 1779:1815 age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes 1779:1840 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 6 22 theme severe 1274:1279 arg1 disease 1281:1287 the more severe disease 1265:1287 the more severe disease 1265:1287 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 5 23 theme bis- 968:971 arg1 -phosphate 989:998 bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate 968:998 bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate 968:998 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 10 24 theme kind 2091:2094 arg1 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 10 24 theme kind 2091:2094 arg1 study 2038:2042 This large animal natural history study 2004:2042 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs 2004:2069 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 2 25 theme GM2 262:264 arg1 disorders 336:344 lysosomal storage disorders 318:344 lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites 318:456 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 25 theme GM2 262:264 arg1 Sandhoff 304:311 Sandhoff 304:311 Sandhoff 304:311 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 25 theme GM2 262:264 arg1 Tay-Sachs 290:298 Tay-Sachs 290:298 Tay-Sachs 290:298 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 25 theme GM2 262:264 arg1 gangliosidoses 266:279 GM2 gangliosidoses 262:279 GM2 gangliosidoses 262:279 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 5 26 theme monoacylglycero 973:987 arg1 -phosphate 989:998 bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate 968:998 bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate 968:998 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 7 27 theme glycan 1402:1407 arg1 metabolites 1409:1419 glycan metabolites 1402:1419 glycan metabolites 1402:1419 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 0 28 theme animal 54:59 arg1 models 61:66 large animal models 48:66 large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses 48:88 Natural history study of glycan accumulation in large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses. 33259552 5 29 theme biomarker 936:944 arg1 accumulation 886:897 the accumulation 882:897 the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models 882:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 9 30 theme analytes 1833:1840 arg1 number 1823:1828 a number 1821:1828 a number of analytes 1821:1840 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 5 31 theme disease 819:825 arg1 model 840:844 an ovine model 831:844 an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 831:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 31 theme disease 819:825 arg1 model 801:805 a feline model 792:805 a feline model of Sandhoff disease 792:825 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 1 32 theme gangliosides 156:167 arg1 degradation 141:151 the degradation 137:151 the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 137:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 8 33 theme significant 1560:1570 arg1 increases 1588:1596 significant disease-related increases 1560:1596 significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy 1560:1755 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 0 34 theme gangliosidoses 75:88 arg1 models 61:66 large animal models 48:66 large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses 48:88 Natural history study of glycan accumulation in large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses. 33259552 5 35 theme glycan 1013:1018 arg1 metabolites 1020:1030 soluble glycan metabolites 1005:1030 soluble glycan metabolites 1005:1030 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 9 36 theme Sandhoff 1857:1864 arg1 cats 1866:1869 Sandhoff cats 1857:1869 Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking 1857:2001 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 3 37 theme early 510:514 arg1 mortality 516:524 early mortality 510:524 early mortality 510:524 These two diseases result in neurodegeneration and early mortality in children. 33259552 5 38 theme feline 794:799 arg1 model 801:805 a feline model 792:805 a feline model of Sandhoff disease 792:825 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 11 39 theme therapies 2225:2233 arg1 development 2194:2204 development 2194:2204 development 2194:2204 This report may help in the development and testing of new therapies to treat these disorders. 33259552 11 39 theme therapies 2225:2233 arg1 testing 2210:2216 testing 2210:2216 testing 2210:2216 This report may help in the development and testing of new therapies to treat these disorders. 33259552 2 40 theme lysosomal 406:414 arg1 accumulation 416:427 subsequent lysosomal accumulation 395:427 subsequent lysosomal accumulation 395:427 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 0 41 theme Natural 0:6 arg1 history 8:14 Natural history 0:14 Natural history 0:14 Natural history study of glycan accumulation in large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses. 33259552 5 42 theme -phosphate 989:998 arg1 accumulation 886:897 the accumulation 882:897 the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models 882:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 6 43 theme Sandhoff 1101:1108 arg1 cats 1110:1113 Sandhoff cats 1101:1113 Sandhoff cats 1101:1113 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 2 44 theme substrate 436:444 arg1 metabolites 446:456 its substrate metabolites 432:456 its substrate metabolites 432:456 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 5 45 theme GM2/GA2 902:908 arg1 gangliosides 910:921 GM2/GA2 gangliosides 902:921 GM2/GA2 gangliosides 902:921 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 0 46 theme glycan 25:30 arg1 accumulation 32:43 glycan accumulation 25:43 glycan accumulation 25:43 Natural history study of glycan accumulation in large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses. 33259552 9 47 theme glycan 1914:1919 arg1 levels 1921:1926 glycan levels 1914:1926 glycan levels 1914:1926 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 8 48 theme other 1629:1633 arg1 matrices 1635:1642 other matrices 1629:1642 other matrices including urine 1629:1658 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 8 48 theme other 1629:1633 arg1 urine 1654:1658 urine 1654:1658 urine 1654:1658 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 3 49 from neurodegeneration 488:504 arg1 children 529:536 children 529:536 children 529:536 These two diseases result in neurodegeneration and early mortality in children. 33259552 5 50 theme model 840:844 arg1 study 783:787 a longitudinal biochemical study 756:787 a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 756:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 51 theme animal 1075:1080 arg1 models 1082:1087 both animal models 1070:1087 both animal models 1070:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 1 52 contain containing 205:214 arg1 glycoconjugates 189:203 other glycoconjugates 183:203 other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 183:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 1 52 contain containing 205:214 arg2 hexosamines 225:235 β-linked hexosamines 216:235 β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 216:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 2 53 theme storage 328:334 arg1 disorders 336:344 lysosomal storage disorders 318:344 lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites 318:456 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 53 theme storage 328:334 arg1 Sandhoff 304:311 Sandhoff 304:311 Sandhoff 304:311 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 53 theme storage 328:334 arg1 Tay-Sachs 290:298 Tay-Sachs 290:298 Tay-Sachs 290:298 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 53 theme storage 328:334 arg1 gangliosidoses 266:279 GM2 gangliosidoses 262:279 GM2 gangliosidoses 262:279 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 6 54 theme unaffected 1219:1228 arg1 controls 1230:1237 age-matched unaffected controls 1207:1237 age-matched unaffected controls 1207:1237 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 5 55 theme tissue 1040:1045 arg1 samples 1057:1063 both tissue and fluid samples 1035:1063 samples 1057:1063 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 4 56 theme metabolites 659:669 arg1 disease 624:630 Sandhoff disease 615:630 Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans 615:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 5 57 theme gangliosides 910:921 arg1 accumulation 886:897 the accumulation 882:897 the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models 882:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 0 58 theme large 48:52 arg1 models 61:66 large animal models 48:66 large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses 48:88 Natural history study of glycan accumulation in large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses. 33259552 5 59 theme fluid 1051:1055 arg1 samples 1057:1063 both tissue and fluid samples 1035:1063 samples 1057:1063 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 6 60 theme significant 1147:1157 arg1 gangliosides 1182:1193 GM2 and GA2 gangliosides 1170:1193 gangliosides 1182:1193 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 6 60 theme significant 1147:1157 arg1 amounts 1159:1165 significant amounts 1147:1165 significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides 1147:1193 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 9 61 theme later 1960:1964 arg1 points 1971:1976 later time points 1960:1976 later time points 1960:1976 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 5 62 theme Sandhoff 810:817 arg1 disease 819:825 Sandhoff disease 810:825 Sandhoff disease 810:825 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 6 63 theme Tay-Sachs 1345:1353 arg1 sheep 1355:1359 Tay-Sachs sheep 1345:1359 Tay-Sachs sheep 1345:1359 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 2 64 theme β-hexosaminidase 363:378 arg1 deficiency 380:389 β-hexosaminidase deficiency 363:389 β-hexosaminidase deficiency 363:389 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 8 65 theme therapeutic 1736:1746 arg1 efficacy 1748:1755 therapeutic efficacy 1736:1755 therapeutic efficacy 1736:1755 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 8 66 theme useful 1680:1685 arg1 tool 1696:1699 a useful clinical tool 1678:1699 a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy 1678:1755 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 4 67 theme soluble 635:641 arg1 metabolites 659:669 soluble oligosaccharide metabolites 635:669 soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans 635:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 10 68 theme animal 2015:2020 arg1 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 10 68 theme animal 2015:2020 arg1 study 2038:2042 This large animal natural history study 2004:2042 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs 2004:2069 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 5 69 from models 1082:1087 arg1 accumulation 886:897 the accumulation 882:897 the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models 882:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 69 from models 1082:1087 arg1 samples 1057:1063 both tissue and fluid samples 1035:1063 samples 1057:1063 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 8 70 from increases 1588:1596 arg1 matrices 1635:1642 other matrices 1629:1642 other matrices including urine 1629:1658 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 8 70 from increases 1588:1596 arg1 urine 1654:1658 urine 1654:1658 urine 1654:1658 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 8 70 from increases 1588:1596 arg1 brain 1616:1620 brain 1616:1620 brain 1616:1620 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 8 70 from increases 1588:1596 arg1 glycan 1606:1611 this glycan 1601:1611 this glycan 1601:1611 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 7 71 theme free 1479:1482 arg1 glycans 1484:1490 these free glycans 1473:1490 these free glycans 1473:1490 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 9 72 theme peaking 1995:2001 arg1 signs 1986:1990 signs 1986:1990 signs of peaking 1986:2001 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 6 73 theme larger 1302:1307 arg1 amounts 1309:1315 larger amounts 1302:1315 larger amounts of gangliosides 1302:1331 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 6 73 theme larger 1302:1307 arg1 gangliosides 1320:1331 gangliosides 1320:1331 gangliosides 1320:1331 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 1 74 theme other 183:187 arg1 glycoconjugates 189:203 other glycoconjugates 183:203 other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 183:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 6 75 theme gangliosides 1182:1193 arg1 gangliosides 1182:1193 GM2 and GA2 gangliosides 1170:1193 gangliosides 1182:1193 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 6 75 theme gangliosides 1182:1193 arg1 amounts 1159:1165 significant amounts 1147:1165 significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides 1147:1193 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 10 76 theme history 2030:2036 arg1 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 first 2078:2082 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 10 76 theme history 2030:2036 arg1 study 2038:2042 This large animal natural history study 2004:2042 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs 2004:2069 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33259552 5 77 theme longitudinal 758:769 arg1 study 783:787 a longitudinal biochemical study 756:787 a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 756:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 9 78 theme age-dependent 1779:1791 arg1 accumulation 1804:1815 age-dependent increasing accumulation 1779:1815 age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes 1779:1840 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 7 79 theme LC/MS 1450:1454 arg1 assay 1456:1460 a quantitative LC/MS assay 1435:1460 a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans 1435:1490 For monitoring glycan metabolites, we developed a quantitative LC/MS assay for one of these free glycans in order to perform longitudinal analysis. 33259552 4 80 theme O-linked 695:702 arg1 glycans 704:710 O-linked glycans 695:710 O-linked glycans 695:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 6 81 theme occipital 1370:1378 arg1 lobes 1380:1384 their occipital lobes 1364:1384 their occipital lobes 1364:1384 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 1 82 theme responsible 121:131 arg1 β-hexosaminidase 91:106 β-hexosaminidase 91:106 β-hexosaminidase 91:106 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 1 82 theme responsible 121:131 arg1 enzyme 114:119 an enzyme 111:119 an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 111:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 8 83 theme Sandhoff 1539:1546 arg1 cats 1548:1551 The Sandhoff cats 1535:1551 The Sandhoff cats 1535:1551 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 4 84 link O-linked 695:702 arg1 glycans 704:710 O-linked glycans 695:710 O-linked glycans 695:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 5 85 theme model 801:805 arg1 study 783:787 a longitudinal biochemical study 756:787 a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 756:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 86 theme secondary 926:934 arg1 biomarker 936:944 a secondary biomarker 924:944 a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis 924:965 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 4 87 theme significant 541:551 arg1 accumulation 599:610 the accumulation 595:610 the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans 595:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 4 87 theme significant 541:551 arg1 difference 553:562 A significant difference 539:562 A significant difference between these two disorders 539:590 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 6 88 theme Sandhoff 1244:1251 arg1 cats 1253:1256 the Sandhoff cats 1240:1256 the Sandhoff cats 1240:1256 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 0 89 theme GM2 71:73 arg1 gangliosidoses 75:88 GM2 gangliosidoses 71:88 GM2 gangliosidoses 71:88 Natural history study of glycan accumulation in large animal models of GM2 gangliosidoses. 33259552 8 90 theme disease-related 1572:1586 arg1 increases 1588:1596 significant disease-related increases 1560:1596 significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy 1560:1755 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 1 91 link β-linked 216:223 arg1 hexosamines 225:235 β-linked hexosamines 216:235 β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome 216:259 β-hexosaminidase is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of gangliosides, glycans, and other glycoconjugates containing β-linked hexosamines that enter the lysosome. 33259552 5 92 theme soluble 1005:1011 arg1 metabolites 1020:1030 soluble glycan metabolites 1005:1030 soluble glycan metabolites 1005:1030 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 5 93 theme metabolites 1020:1030 arg1 accumulation 886:897 the accumulation 882:897 the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models 882:1087 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 6 94 theme Tay-Sachs 1119:1127 arg1 sheep 1129:1133 Tay-Sachs sheep 1119:1133 Tay-Sachs sheep 1119:1133 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 2 95 theme subsequent 395:404 arg1 accumulation 416:427 subsequent lysosomal accumulation 395:427 subsequent lysosomal accumulation 395:427 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 4 96 from accumulation 599:610 arg1 disease 624:630 Sandhoff disease 615:630 Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans 615:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 11 97 theme new 2221:2223 arg1 therapies 2225:2233 new therapies 2221:2233 new therapies 2221:2233 This report may help in the development and testing of new therapies to treat these disorders. 33259552 4 98 theme Sandhoff 615:622 arg1 disease 624:630 Sandhoff disease 615:630 Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans 615:710 A significant difference between these two disorders is the accumulation in Sandhoff disease of soluble oligosaccharide metabolites that derive from N- and O-linked glycans. 33259552 2 99 theme metabolites 446:456 arg1 accumulation 416:427 subsequent lysosomal accumulation 395:427 subsequent lysosomal accumulation 395:427 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 99 theme metabolites 446:456 arg1 deficiency 380:389 β-hexosaminidase deficiency 363:389 β-hexosaminidase deficiency 363:389 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 5 100 theme ovine 834:838 arg1 model 840:844 an ovine model 831:844 an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease 831:865 In this paper we describe our results from a longitudinal biochemical study of a feline model of Sandhoff disease and an ovine model of Tay-Sachs disease to investigate the accumulation of GM2/GA2 gangliosides, a secondary biomarker for phospholipidosis, bis-(monoacylglycero)-phosphate, and soluble glycan metabolites in both tissue and fluid samples from both animal models. 33259552 6 101 theme GA2 1178:1180 arg1 gangliosides 1182:1193 GM2 and GA2 gangliosides 1170:1193 gangliosides 1182:1193 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 6 102 contain having 1258:1263 arg2 disease 1281:1287 the more severe disease 1265:1287 the more severe disease 1265:1287 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 6 102 contain having 1258:1263 arg1 cats 1253:1256 the Sandhoff cats 1240:1256 the Sandhoff cats 1240:1256 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 8 103 theme disease 1715:1721 arg1 severity 1723:1730 disease severity 1715:1730 disease severity 1715:1730 The Sandhoff cats showed significant disease-related increases in this glycan in brain and in other matrices including urine which may provide a useful clinical tool for measuring disease severity and therapeutic efficacy. 33259552 6 104 theme GM2 1170:1172 arg1 gangliosides 1182:1193 GM2 and GA2 gangliosides 1170:1193 gangliosides 1182:1193 While both Sandhoff cats and Tay-Sachs sheep accumulated significant amounts of GM2 and GA2 gangliosides compared to age-matched unaffected controls, the Sandhoff cats having the more severe disease, accumulated larger amounts of gangliosides compared to Tay-Sachs sheep in their occipital lobes. 33259552 9 105 theme incremental 1935:1945 arg1 increases 1947:1955 incremental increases 1935:1955 incremental increases 1935:1955 Finally, we observed age-dependent increasing accumulation for a number of analytes, especially in Sandhoff cats where glycosphingolipid, phospholipid, and glycan levels showed incremental increases at later time points without signs of peaking. 33259552 2 106 theme lysosomal 318:326 arg1 disorders 336:344 lysosomal storage disorders 318:344 lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites 318:456 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 106 theme lysosomal 318:326 arg1 Sandhoff 304:311 Sandhoff 304:311 Sandhoff 304:311 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 106 theme lysosomal 318:326 arg1 Tay-Sachs 290:298 Tay-Sachs 290:298 Tay-Sachs 290:298 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 2 106 theme lysosomal 318:326 arg1 gangliosidoses 266:279 GM2 gangliosidoses 262:279 GM2 gangliosidoses 262:279 GM2 gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff, are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by β-hexosaminidase deficiency and subsequent lysosomal accumulation of its substrate metabolites. 33259552 10 107 theme disease 2120:2126 arg1 progression 2128:2138 disease progression 2120:2138 disease progression 2120:2138 This large animal natural history study for Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs is the first of its kind, providing insight into disease progression at the biochemical level. 33197187 5 0 theme crystal 735:741 arg1 structure 743:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 3 1 theme AD 483:484 arg1 treatment 470:478 the treatment 466:478 the treatment of AD 466:484 Therefore, inhibition of OGA represents a potential approach for the treatment of AD by preserving the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein. 33197187 4 2 theme multifactorial 554:567 arg1 optimization 569:580 the multifactorial optimization 550:580 the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56 550:712 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 4 3 theme diazaspirononane 676:691 arg1 inhibitor 697:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 0 4 theme Disorders 102:110 arg1 Treatment 71:79 the Treatment 67:79 the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders 67:110 Diazaspirononane Nonsaccharide Inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. 33197187 5 5 used used 821:824 arg2 hydrolases 793:802 bacterial hydrolases 783:802 bacterial hydrolases 783:802 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 5 5 used used 821:824 arg2 homologues 840:849 structural homologues 829:849 structural homologues 829:849 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 0 6 theme Neurodegenerative 84:100 arg1 Disorders 102:110 Neurodegenerative Disorders 84:110 Neurodegenerative Disorders 84:110 Diazaspirononane Nonsaccharide Inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. 33197187 4 7 theme OGA 693:695 arg1 inhibitor 697:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 7 8 theme druglike 1177:1184 arg1 properties 1186:1195 druglike properties 1177:1195 druglike properties 1177:1195 These breakthroughs enabled structure-activity relationships to be understood and provided context and boundaries for the optimization of druglike properties. 33197187 6 9 theme first 860:864 arg1 time 866:869 the first time 856:869 the first time 856:869 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 7 10 theme structure-activity 1067:1084 arg1 relationships 1086:1098 structure-activity relationships 1067:1098 structure-activity relationships 1067:1098 These breakthroughs enabled structure-activity relationships to be understood and provided context and boundaries for the optimization of druglike properties. 33197187 3 11 theme O-GlcNAcylated 504:517 arg1 protein 523:529 the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein 500:529 the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein 500:529 Therefore, inhibition of OGA represents a potential approach for the treatment of AD by preserving the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein. 33197187 4 12 theme stable 644:649 arg1 inhibitor 697:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 5 13 theme human 719:723 arg1 structure 743:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 3 14 theme tau 519:521 arg1 protein 523:529 the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein 500:529 the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein 500:529 Therefore, inhibition of OGA represents a potential approach for the treatment of AD by preserving the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein. 33197187 3 15 theme OGA 426:428 arg1 inhibition 412:421 inhibition 412:421 inhibition of OGA 412:428 Therefore, inhibition of OGA represents a potential approach for the treatment of AD by preserving the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein. 33197187 0 16 theme Nonsaccharide 17:29 arg1 Inhibitors 31:40 Nonsaccharide Inhibitors 17:40 Nonsaccharide Inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 17:61 Diazaspirononane Nonsaccharide Inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. 33197187 2 17 link O-linked 336:343 arg1 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 2 17 link O-linked 336:343 arg1 N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 345:366 O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 336:366 O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins 336:398 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 6 18 theme bacterial 988:996 arg1 orthologues 998:1008 two different bacterial orthologues 974:1008 two different bacterial orthologues 974:1008 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 6 19 theme human 1028:1032 arg1 OGA 1034:1036 human OGA 1028:1036 human OGA 1028:1036 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 5 20 theme bacterial 783:791 arg1 homologues 840:849 structural homologues 829:849 structural homologues 829:849 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 5 20 theme bacterial 783:791 arg1 hydrolases 793:802 bacterial hydrolases 783:802 bacterial hydrolases 783:802 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 6 21 theme bacterial 929:937 arg1 OGA 939:941 bacterial OGA 929:941 bacterial OGA 929:941 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 3 22 theme potential 443:451 arg1 approach 453:460 a potential approach 441:460 a potential approach for the treatment of AD 441:484 Therefore, inhibition of OGA represents a potential approach for the treatment of AD by preserving the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein. 33197187 6 23 theme inhibitors 912:921 arg1 series 902:907 a nonsaccharide series 886:907 a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors 886:921 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 4 24 theme potent 622:627 arg1 inhibitor 697:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 1 25 dep speed 197:201 arg1 lower 187:191 lower 187:191 lower 187:191 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 1 25 dep speed 197:201 arg1 the 193:195 the 193:195 the 193:195 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 0 26 theme O-GlcNAcase 45:55 arg1 Inhibitors 31:40 Nonsaccharide Inhibitors 17:40 Nonsaccharide Inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 17:61 Diazaspirononane Nonsaccharide Inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. 33197187 1 27 theme aggregation 220:230 arg1 speed 197:201 speed 197:201 speed 197:201 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 1 27 theme aggregation 220:230 arg1 yield 207:211 yield 207:211 yield 207:211 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 6 28 theme orthologues 998:1008 arg1 suitability 959:969 the suitability 955:969 the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA 955:1036 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 6 29 theme nonsaccharide 888:900 arg1 series 902:907 a nonsaccharide series 886:907 a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors 886:921 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 7 30 theme properties 1186:1195 arg1 optimization 1161:1172 the optimization 1157:1172 the optimization of druglike properties 1157:1195 These breakthroughs enabled structure-activity relationships to be understood and provided context and boundaries for the optimization of druglike properties. 33197187 2 31 theme only 311:314 arg1 enzyme 316:321 the only enzyme 307:321 the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins 307:398 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 2 31 theme only 311:314 arg1 O-GlcNAcase 286:296 O-GlcNAcase 286:296 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) 286:302 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 6 32 theme different 978:986 arg1 orthologues 998:1008 two different bacterial orthologues 974:1008 two different bacterial orthologues 974:1008 For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. 33197187 1 33 theme post-translational 134:151 arg1 modification 153:164 a post-translational modification 132:164 a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) 132:283 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 1 33 theme post-translational 134:151 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 113:127 O-GlcNAcylation 113:127 O-GlcNAcylation 113:127 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 4 34 theme screening 601:609 arg1 hit 611:613 high-throughput screening hit 8 585:615 high-throughput screening hit 8 585:615 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 2 35 from proteins 391:398 arg1 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 2 35 from proteins 391:398 arg1 N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 345:366 O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 336:366 O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins 336:398 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 1 36 theme tau 169:171 arg1 modification 153:164 a post-translational modification 132:164 a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) 132:283 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 1 36 theme tau 169:171 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 113:127 O-GlcNAcylation 113:127 O-GlcNAcylation 113:127 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 4 37 theme high-throughput 585:599 arg1 hit 611:613 high-throughput screening hit 8 585:615 high-throughput screening hit 8 585:615 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 5 38 theme OGA 725:727 arg1 structure 743:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 2 39 theme target 384:389 arg1 proteins 391:398 target proteins 384:398 target proteins 384:398 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 4 40 theme bioavailable 663:674 arg1 inhibitor 697:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor 620:705 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 33197187 5 41 theme structural 829:838 arg1 homologues 840:849 structural homologues 829:849 structural homologues 829:849 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 5 41 theme structural 829:838 arg1 hydrolases 793:802 bacterial hydrolases 783:802 bacterial hydrolases 783:802 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 1 42 theme pathological 235:246 arg1 hallmark 248:255 a pathological hallmark 233:255 a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) 233:283 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 1 42 theme pathological 235:246 arg1 aggregation 220:230 its aggregation 216:230 its aggregation 216:230 O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 33197187 5 43 theme X-ray 729:733 arg1 structure 743:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure 715:751 The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. 33197187 2 44 theme O-linked 336:343 arg1 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAc 369:376 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 2 44 theme O-linked 336:343 arg1 N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 345:366 O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 336:366 O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins 336:398 O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. 33197187 4 45 theme hit 611:613 arg1 optimization 569:580 the multifactorial optimization 550:580 the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56 550:712 Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. 32289337 7 0 theme knowledge 1261:1269 arg1 potential 1243:1251 the potential 1239:1251 the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future 1239:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 2 1 theme splice 351:356 arg1 variants 358:365 the individual GPCR splice variants 331:365 the individual GPCR splice variants 331:365 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 32289337 1 2 theme protein-coupled 155:169 arg1 GPCR 181:184 GPCR 181:184 GPCR 181:184 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 1 2 theme protein-coupled 155:169 arg1 receptor 171:178 G protein-coupled receptor 153:178 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes 153:191 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 0 3 theme specific 80:87 arg1 variant 15:21 A novel splice variant 0:21 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 0:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 0 3 theme specific 80:87 arg1 receptor 102:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor 78:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK 78:121 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 4 4 theme neuropeptide 764:775 arg1 CAPA-PK 777:783 neuropeptide CAPA-PK 764:783 neuropeptide CAPA-PK 764:783 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 3 5 theme dominant-negative 557:573 arg1 variant 472:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant 431:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 431:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 5 theme dominant-negative 557:573 arg1 protein 575:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 1 6 theme distinct 257:264 arg1 isoforms 275:282 structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms 227:282 structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms 227:282 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 6 7 theme sites 1209:1213 arg1 lack 1171:1174 lack 1171:1174 lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites 1171:1213 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 7 8 theme pharmacological 1286:1300 arg1 studies 1320:1326 molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies 1275:1326 molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future 1275:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 1 9 theme receptor 266:273 arg1 isoforms 275:282 structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms 227:282 structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms 227:282 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 3 10 theme receptor 499:506 arg1 protein 575:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 10 theme receptor 499:506 arg1 variant 472:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant 431:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 431:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 10 theme receptor 499:506 arg1 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 7 11 from studies 1320:1326 arg1 variants 1343:1350 GPCR splice variants 1331:1350 GPCR splice variants in the future 1331:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 4 12 theme functional 682:691 arg1 assays 693:698 functional assays 682:698 functional assays 682:698 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 1 13 theme receptor 171:178 arg1 genes 187:191 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes 153:191 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes 153:191 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 0 14 theme Gαi/o-linked 89:100 arg1 variant 15:21 A novel splice variant 0:21 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 0:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 0 14 theme Gαi/o-linked 89:100 arg1 receptor 102:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor 78:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK 78:121 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 5 15 theme Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ 1006:1018 arg1 cascade 1030:1036 Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade 1006:1036 Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade 1006:1036 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 6 16 theme variant 1125:1131 arg1 impaired 1155:1162 impaired 1155:1162 impaired 1155:1162 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 6 16 theme variant 1125:1131 arg1 internalization 1095:1109 the ligand-dependent internalization 1074:1109 the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 1074:1136 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 3 17 theme occurring 443:451 arg1 protein 575:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 17 theme occurring 443:451 arg1 variant 472:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant 431:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 431:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 17 theme occurring 443:451 arg1 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 0 18 theme novel 2:6 arg1 variant 15:21 A novel splice variant 0:21 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 0:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 0 18 theme novel 2:6 arg1 receptor 102:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor 78:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK 78:121 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 5 19 theme CAPA-PVK 945:952 arg1 receptor 954:961 the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 919:961 the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 919:961 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 7 20 theme GPCR 1331:1334 arg1 variants 1343:1350 GPCR splice variants 1331:1350 GPCR splice variants in the future 1331:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 2 21 theme physiological 381:393 arg1 processes 395:403 physiological processes 381:403 physiological processes 381:403 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 32289337 1 22 theme isoforms 275:282 arg1 number 217:222 the number 213:222 the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms 213:282 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 6 23 theme phosphorylation 1193:1207 arg1 sites 1209:1213 GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites 1179:1213 GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites 1179:1213 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 5 24 theme canonical 935:943 arg1 receptor 954:961 the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 919:961 the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 919:961 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 2 25 theme functional 298:307 arg1 role 309:312 the functional role 294:312 the functional role 294:312 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 32289337 6 26 theme ligand-dependent 1078:1093 arg1 impaired 1155:1162 impaired 1155:1162 impaired 1155:1162 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 6 26 theme ligand-dependent 1078:1093 arg1 internalization 1095:1109 the ligand-dependent internalization 1074:1109 the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 1074:1136 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 0 27 theme splice 8:13 arg1 variant 15:21 A novel splice variant 0:21 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 0:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 0 27 theme splice 8:13 arg1 receptor 102:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor 78:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK 78:121 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 3 28 theme receptor 658:665 arg1 function 623:630 function 623:630 function 623:630 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 28 theme receptor 658:665 arg1 expression 608:617 cell surface expression 595:617 cell surface expression 595:617 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 2 29 theme GPCR 346:349 arg1 variants 358:365 the individual GPCR splice variants 331:365 the individual GPCR splice variants 331:365 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 32289337 0 30 theme Gαq-coupled 26:36 arg1 receptor 54:61 Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 26:63 Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 26:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 5 31 theme Further 839:845 arg1 characterization 847:862 Further characterization 839:862 Further characterization 839:862 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 3 32 theme surface 600:606 arg1 expression 608:617 cell surface expression 595:617 cell surface expression 595:617 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 5 33 from receptor 954:961 arg1 distinct 905:912 distinct 905:912 distinct 905:912 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 3 34 theme alternative 453:463 arg1 protein 575:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 34 theme alternative 453:463 arg1 variant 472:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant 431:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 431:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 34 theme alternative 453:463 arg1 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 6 35 theme splice 1118:1123 arg1 variant 1125:1131 the splice variant Δ341 1114:1136 the splice variant Δ341 1114:1136 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 3 36 theme canonical 639:647 arg1 receptor 658:665 the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 635:665 the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 635:665 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 4 37 theme Δ341 807:810 arg1 signals 812:818 Δ341 signals 807:818 Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway 807:836 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 3 38 theme splice 465:470 arg1 protein 575:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 a dominant-negative protein 555:581 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 38 theme splice 465:470 arg1 variant 472:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant 431:478 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 431:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 3 38 theme splice 465:470 arg1 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341 509:527 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 0 39 theme CAPA-PVK 45:52 arg1 receptor 54:61 Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 26:63 Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 26:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 3 40 theme CAPA-PVK 649:656 arg1 receptor 658:665 the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 635:665 the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 635:665 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 4 41 theme ERK1/2 823:828 arg1 pathway 830:836 ERK1/2 pathway 823:836 ERK1/2 pathway 823:836 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 2 42 theme individual 335:344 arg1 variants 358:365 the individual GPCR splice variants 331:365 the individual GPCR splice variants 331:365 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 32289337 0 43 theme Bombyx 38:43 arg1 receptor 54:61 Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 26:63 Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 26:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 3 44 theme cell 595:598 arg1 expression 608:617 cell surface expression 595:617 cell surface expression 595:617 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 7 45 theme splice 1336:1341 arg1 variants 1343:1350 GPCR splice variants 1331:1350 GPCR splice variants in the future 1331:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 7 46 from variants 1343:1350 arg1 future 1359:1364 future 1359:1364 future 1359:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 4 47 theme splice 717:722 arg1 receptor 751:758 a specific receptor 740:758 a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK 740:783 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 4 47 theme splice 717:722 arg1 variant 724:730 the splice variant Δ341 713:735 the splice variant Δ341 713:735 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 5 48 theme signaling 1020:1028 arg1 cascade 1030:1036 Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade 1006:1036 Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade 1006:1036 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 6 49 theme ELISA 1053:1057 arg1 data 1059:1062 our ELISA data 1049:1062 our ELISA data 1049:1062 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 3 50 theme Bombyx 483:488 arg1 receptor 499:506 Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 483:506 Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 483:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 6 51 theme GRKs-mediated 1179:1191 arg1 sites 1209:1213 GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites 1179:1213 GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites 1179:1213 Moreover, our ELISA data show that the ligand-dependent internalization of the splice variant Δ341 is significantly impaired due to lack of GRKs-mediated phosphorylation sites. 32289337 5 52 theme ERK1/2 975:980 arg1 phosphorylation 982:996 ERK1/2 phosphorylation 975:996 ERK1/2 phosphorylation 975:996 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 4 53 theme specific 742:749 arg1 receptor 751:758 a specific receptor 740:758 a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK 740:783 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 4 53 theme specific 742:749 arg1 variant 724:730 the splice variant Δ341 713:735 the splice variant Δ341 713:735 Herein, using functional assays, we identify the splice variant Δ341 as a specific receptor for neuropeptide CAPA-PK, and upon activation, Δ341 signals to ERK1/2 pathway. 32289337 1 54 theme Alternative 124:134 arg1 splicing 136:143 Alternative splicing 124:143 Alternative splicing 124:143 Alternative splicing enables G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes to greatly increase the number of structurally and functionally distinct receptor isoforms. 32289337 5 55 theme Gαq-coupled 923:933 arg1 receptor 954:961 the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 919:961 the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor 919:961 Further characterization demonstrates that Δ341 couples to Gαi/o, distinct from the Gαq-coupled canonical CAPA-PVK receptor, triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβγ-PI3K-PKCζ signaling cascade. 32289337 7 56 theme molecular 1275:1283 arg1 studies 1320:1326 molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies 1275:1326 molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future 1275:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 0 57 link Gαi/o-linked 89:100 arg1 variant 15:21 A novel splice variant 0:21 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 0:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 0 57 link Gαi/o-linked 89:100 arg1 receptor 102:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor 78:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK 78:121 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 7 58 theme physiological 1306:1318 arg1 studies 1320:1326 molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies 1275:1326 molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future 1275:1364 Our findings highlight the potential of this knowledge for molecular, pharmacological and physiological studies on GPCR splice variants in the future. 32289337 3 59 theme CAPA-PVK 490:497 arg1 receptor 499:506 Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 483:506 Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 483:506 A naturally occurring alternative splice variant of Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor, BomCAPA-PVK-R1-Δ341, has been shown to act as a dominant-negative protein to regulate cell surface expression and function of the canonical CAPA-PVK receptor. 32289337 0 60 theme receptor 54:61 arg1 variant 15:21 A novel splice variant 0:21 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 0:63 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 0 60 theme receptor 54:61 arg1 receptor 102:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor 78:109 a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK 78:121 A novel splice variant of Gαq-coupled Bombyx CAPA-PVK receptor 1 functions as a specific Gαi/o-linked receptor for CAPA-PK. 32289337 2 61 theme variants 358:365 arg1 relevance 318:326 relevance 318:326 relevance 318:326 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 32289337 2 61 theme variants 358:365 arg1 role 309:312 the functional role 294:312 the functional role 294:312 However, the functional role and relevance of the individual GPCR splice variants in regulating physiological processes are still to be assessed. 35091346 5 0 theme DNA 1078:1080 arg1 sequencing 1082:1091 DNA sequencing 1078:1091 DNA sequencing 1078:1091 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 8 1 theme HCD 1671:1673 arg1 fragmentation 1675:1687 HCD fragmentation 1671:1687 HCD fragmentation 1671:1687 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 4 2 theme panantibodies 894:906 arg1 lack 861:864 the lack 857:864 the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 857:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 1 3 theme versatile 168:176 arg1 PTM 210:212 PTM 210:212 PTM 210:212 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 3 theme versatile 168:176 arg1 modification 196:207 a versatile posttranslational modification 166:207 a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM) 166:213 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 3 theme versatile 168:176 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 132:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 123:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 123:163 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 8 4 theme EThcD 1718:1722 arg1 fragmentation 1724:1736 EThcD fragmentation 1718:1736 EThcD fragmentation 1718:1736 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 7 5 theme OCAP-DNA 1434:1441 arg1 complexes 1443:1451 the OCAP-DNA complexes 1430:1451 the OCAP-DNA complexes 1430:1451 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 4 6 theme O-GlcNAc-specific 876:892 arg1 panantibodies 894:906 highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 869:906 highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 869:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 1 7 theme posttranslational 178:194 arg1 PTM 210:212 PTM 210:212 PTM 210:212 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 7 theme posttranslational 178:194 arg1 modification 196:207 a versatile posttranslational modification 166:207 a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM) 166:213 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 7 theme posttranslational 178:194 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 132:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 123:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 123:163 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 0 8 theme proteins 113:120 arg1 method 11:16 A chemical method 0:16 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment 0:57 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 0 8 theme proteins 113:120 arg1 profiling 79:87 O-GlcNAcylation profiling 63:87 O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins 63:120 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 5 9 theme binding 1026:1032 arg1 DNA 1034:1036 their binding DNA 1020:1036 their binding DNA 1020:1036 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 8 10 from cofactors 1648:1656 arg1 peptides 1573:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides 1559:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) 1559:1663 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 6 11 theme chemical 1210:1217 arg1 derivatizations 1219:1233 highly efficient chemical derivatizations 1193:1233 highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1193:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 3 12 theme sites 573:577 arg1 mapping 544:550 genome-wide mapping 532:550 genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites 532:577 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 12 theme sites 573:577 arg1 profiling 468:476 global profiling 461:476 global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) 461:526 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 0 13 theme chromatin-associated 92:111 arg1 proteins 113:120 chromatin-associated proteins 92:120 chromatin-associated proteins 92:120 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 8 14 theme chromatin-associated 1601:1620 arg1 TFCs 1659:1662 TFCs 1659:1662 TFCs 1659:1662 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 14 theme chromatin-associated 1601:1620 arg1 factors 1636:1642 chromatin-associated transcription factors 1601:1642 chromatin-associated transcription factors 1601:1642 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 6 15 theme efficient 1200:1208 arg1 derivatizations 1219:1233 highly efficient chemical derivatizations 1193:1233 highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1193:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 6 16 theme azide-labeled 1238:1250 arg1 complexes 1261:1269 azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1238:1269 azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1238:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 3 17 theme DNA 561:563 arg1 sites 573:577 their DNA binding sites 555:577 their DNA binding sites 555:577 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 18 theme chromatin-associated 490:509 arg1 proteins 511:518 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins 481:518 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) 481:526 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 18 theme chromatin-associated 490:509 arg1 OCAPs 521:525 OCAPs 521:525 OCAPs 521:525 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 5 19 theme chemical 935:942 arg1 AFT-OCAP 963:970 AFT-OCAP 963:970 AFT-OCAP 963:970 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 5 19 theme chemical 935:942 arg1 method 955:960 a chemical enrichment method 933:960 a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing 933:1091 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 4 20 theme adopted 798:804 arg1 method 843:848 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method 787:848 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 787:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 7 21 theme specific 1385:1392 arg1 enrichment 1394:1403 specific enrichment 1385:1403 specific enrichment 1385:1403 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 6 22 theme trimethylpiperidine 1148:1166 arg1 reagent 1174:1180 an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent 1122:1180 an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1122:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 6 23 theme alkynyl-functionalized 1125:1146 arg1 reagent 1174:1180 an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent 1122:1180 an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1122:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 7 24 theme efficient 1409:1417 arg1 elution 1419:1425 efficient elution 1409:1425 efficient elution 1409:1425 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 0 25 theme chemical 2:9 arg1 method 11:16 A chemical method 0:16 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment 0:57 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 8 26 theme transcription 1622:1634 arg1 TFCs 1659:1662 TFCs 1659:1662 TFCs 1659:1662 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 26 theme transcription 1622:1634 arg1 factors 1636:1642 chromatin-associated transcription factors 1601:1642 chromatin-associated transcription factors 1601:1642 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 9 27 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1773:1787 arg1 distributions 1756:1768 the distributions 1752:1768 the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation 1752:1868 In addition, the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation were obtained. 35091346 4 28 theme proteome-wide 754:766 arg1 studies 773:779 genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies 742:779 genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 742:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 7 29 theme antibody 1345:1352 arg1 resin 1354:1358 the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin 1304:1358 the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin 1304:1358 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 2 30 theme CAPs 386:389 arg1 interactions 370:381 the dynamic interactions 358:381 the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin 358:404 O-GlcNAc turnover influences the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin and thereby regulates gene expression. 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg1 cofactors 311:319 their cofactors 305:319 their cofactors (TFCs) 305:326 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg1 proteins 254:261 many chromatin-associated proteins 228:261 many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs) 228:268 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg2 β-N-acetylglucosamine 132:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 123:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 123:163 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg2 O-GlcNAc 155:162 O-GlcNAc 155:162 O-GlcNAc 155:162 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg1 factors 293:299 transcription factors 279:299 transcription factors 279:299 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg2 modification 196:207 a versatile posttranslational modification 166:207 a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM) 166:213 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 31 located found 219:223 arg1 CAPs 264:267 CAPs 264:267 CAPs 264:267 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 8 32 theme O-GlcNAc 1564:1571 arg1 peptides 1573:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides 1559:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) 1559:1663 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 33 theme Deep 1496:1499 arg1 coverage 1501:1508 Deep coverage 1496:1508 Deep coverage of OCAPs 1496:1517 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 34 theme O-GlcNAc 1697:1704 arg1 sites 1706:1710 669 O-GlcNAc sites 1693:1710 669 O-GlcNAc sites 1693:1710 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 1 35 theme transcription 279:291 arg1 factors 293:299 transcription factors 279:299 transcription factors 279:299 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 6 36 theme complexes 1261:1269 arg1 derivatizations 1219:1233 highly efficient chemical derivatizations 1193:1233 highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1193:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 3 37 theme binding 565:571 arg1 sites 573:577 their DNA binding sites 555:577 their DNA binding sites 555:577 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 2 38 theme gene 428:431 arg1 expression 433:442 gene expression 428:442 gene expression 428:442 O-GlcNAc turnover influences the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin and thereby regulates gene expression. 35091346 8 39 theme O-GlcNAc 1592:1599 arg1 TFCs 1659:1662 TFCs 1659:1662 TFCs 1659:1662 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 39 theme O-GlcNAc 1592:1599 arg1 factors 1636:1642 chromatin-associated transcription factors 1601:1642 chromatin-associated transcription factors 1601:1642 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 40 theme HeLa 1537:1540 arg1 peptides 1573:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides 1559:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) 1559:1663 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 8 40 theme HeLa 1537:1540 arg1 cells 1542:1546 HeLa cells 1537:1546 HeLa cells 1537:1546 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 1 41 theme O-Linked 123:130 arg1 O-GlcNAc 155:162 O-GlcNAc 155:162 O-GlcNAc 155:162 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 41 theme O-Linked 123:130 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 132:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 123:152 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 123:163 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 41 theme O-Linked 123:130 arg1 modification 196:207 a versatile posttranslational modification 166:207 a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM) 166:213 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 8 42 from factors 1636:1642 arg1 peptides 1573:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides 1559:1580 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) 1559:1663 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 5 43 theme enrichment 944:953 arg1 AFT-OCAP 963:970 AFT-OCAP 963:970 AFT-OCAP 963:970 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 5 43 theme enrichment 944:953 arg1 method 955:960 a chemical enrichment method 933:960 a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing 933:1091 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 3 44 theme O-GlcNAcylation 667:681 arg1 functions 616:624 the functions 612:624 the functions of OCAPs 612:633 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 44 theme O-GlcNAcylation 667:681 arg1 machinery 654:662 the regulatory machinery 639:662 the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription 639:703 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 5 45 theme mass 1042:1045 arg1 spectrometry 1047:1058 mass spectrometry 1042:1058 mass spectrometry (MS) analysis 1042:1072 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 5 45 theme mass 1042:1045 arg1 MS 1061:1062 MS 1061:1062 MS 1061:1062 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 3 46 from functions 616:624 arg1 transcription 691:703 gene transcription 686:703 gene transcription 686:703 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 7 47 theme AFT 1364:1366 arg1 reagent 1368:1374 AFT reagent 1364:1374 AFT reagent 1364:1374 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 0 48 theme genome- 22:28 arg1 enrichment 48:57 genome- and proteome-wide enrichment 22:57 genome- and proteome-wide enrichment 22:57 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 3 49 theme regulatory 643:652 arg1 machinery 654:662 the regulatory machinery 639:662 the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription 639:703 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 5 50 theme spectrometry 1047:1058 arg1 analysis 1065:1072 mass spectrometry (MS) analysis 1042:1072 mass spectrometry (MS) analysis 1042:1072 Therefore, we developed a chemical enrichment method (AFT-OCAP) for simultaneously profiling OCAPs and mapping their binding DNA via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and DNA sequencing. 35091346 3 51 theme global 461:466 arg1 profiling 468:476 global profiling 461:476 global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) 461:526 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 9 52 theme dynamic 1815:1821 arg1 interactions 1823:1834 the dynamic interactions 1811:1834 the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation 1811:1868 In addition, the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation were obtained. 35091346 9 53 theme O-GlcNAc 1850:1857 arg1 regulation 1859:1868 O-GlcNAc regulation 1850:1868 O-GlcNAc regulation 1850:1868 In addition, the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation were obtained. 35091346 7 54 theme complexes 1443:1451 arg1 enrichment 1394:1403 specific enrichment 1385:1403 specific enrichment 1385:1403 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 7 54 theme complexes 1443:1451 arg1 elution 1419:1425 efficient elution 1409:1425 efficient elution 1409:1425 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 3 55 theme proteins 511:518 arg1 mapping 544:550 genome-wide mapping 532:550 genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites 532:577 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 55 theme proteins 511:518 arg1 profiling 468:476 global profiling 461:476 global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) 461:526 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 0 56 theme proteome-wide 34:46 arg1 enrichment 48:57 genome- and proteome-wide enrichment 22:57 genome- and proteome-wide enrichment 22:57 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 9 57 dep genome 1800:1805 arg1 the 1796:1798 the 1796:1798 the 1796:1798 In addition, the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation were obtained. 35091346 4 58 theme due 850:852 arg1 method 843:848 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method 787:848 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 787:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 2 59 theme O-GlcNAc 329:336 arg1 turnover 338:345 O-GlcNAc turnover 329:345 O-GlcNAc turnover 329:345 O-GlcNAc turnover influences the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin and thereby regulates gene expression. 35091346 4 60 theme genome- 742:748 arg1 studies 773:779 genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies 742:779 genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 742:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 7 61 theme immobilized 1308:1318 arg1 resin 1354:1358 the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin 1304:1358 the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin 1304:1358 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 6 62 theme OCAP-DNA 1252:1259 arg1 complexes 1261:1269 azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1238:1269 azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1238:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 4 63 theme immunoprecipitation 816:834 arg1 method 843:848 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method 787:848 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 787:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 7 64 theme MS 1462:1463 arg1 identification 1465:1478 MS identification 1462:1478 MS identification 1462:1478 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 3 65 theme O-GlcNAc 481:488 arg1 proteins 511:518 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins 481:518 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) 481:526 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 65 theme O-GlcNAc 481:488 arg1 OCAPs 521:525 OCAPs 521:525 OCAPs 521:525 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 1 66 theme many 228:231 arg1 proteins 254:261 many chromatin-associated proteins 228:261 many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs) 228:268 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 66 theme many 228:231 arg1 factors 293:299 transcription factors 279:299 transcription factors 279:299 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 66 theme many 228:231 arg1 CAPs 264:267 CAPs 264:267 CAPs 264:267 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 66 theme many 228:231 arg1 cofactors 311:319 their cofactors 305:319 their cofactors (TFCs) 305:326 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 9 67 theme OCAPs 1839:1843 arg1 interactions 1823:1834 the dynamic interactions 1811:1834 the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation 1811:1868 In addition, the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation were obtained. 35091346 9 67 theme OCAPs 1839:1843 arg1 genome 1800:1805 genome 1800:1805 genome 1800:1805 In addition, the distributions of O-GlcNAcylation across the genome and the dynamic interactions of OCAPs upon O-GlcNAc regulation were obtained. 35091346 2 68 with interactions 370:381 arg1 chromatin 396:404 chromatin 396:404 chromatin 396:404 O-GlcNAc turnover influences the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin and thereby regulates gene expression. 35091346 4 69 theme chromatin 806:814 arg1 ChIP 837:840 ChIP 837:840 ChIP 837:840 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 4 69 theme chromatin 806:814 arg1 immunoprecipitation 816:834 chromatin immunoprecipitation 806:834 the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 787:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 4 70 theme OCAP 768:771 arg1 studies 773:779 genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies 742:779 genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies 742:906 However, it is difficult to conduct genome- and proteome-wide OCAP studies using the widely adopted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method due to the lack of highly O-GlcNAc-specific panantibodies. 35091346 3 71 theme genome-wide 532:542 arg1 mapping 544:550 genome-wide mapping 532:550 genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites 532:577 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 1 72 theme chromatin-associated 233:252 arg1 proteins 254:261 many chromatin-associated proteins 228:261 many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs) 228:268 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 72 theme chromatin-associated 233:252 arg1 factors 293:299 transcription factors 279:299 transcription factors 279:299 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 72 theme chromatin-associated 233:252 arg1 CAPs 264:267 CAPs 264:267 CAPs 264:267 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 1 72 theme chromatin-associated 233:252 arg1 cofactors 311:319 their cofactors 305:319 their cofactors (TFCs) 305:326 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a versatile posttranslational modification (PTM), is found on many chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs), such as transcription factors and their cofactors (TFCs). 35091346 0 73 theme O-GlcNAcylation 63:77 arg1 profiling 79:87 O-GlcNAcylation profiling 63:87 O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins 63:120 A chemical method for genome- and proteome-wide enrichment and O-GlcNAcylation profiling of chromatin-associated proteins. 35091346 3 74 theme gene 686:689 arg1 transcription 691:703 gene transcription 686:703 gene transcription 686:703 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 8 75 theme OCAPs 1513:1517 arg1 coverage 1501:1508 Deep coverage 1496:1508 Deep coverage of OCAPs 1496:1517 Deep coverage of OCAPs was achieved from HeLa cells, including 1951 O-GlcNAc peptides from 1136 O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated transcription factors and cofactors (TFCs) using HCD fragmentation and 669 O-GlcNAc sites using EThcD fragmentation. 35091346 7 76 theme reversible 1276:1285 arg1 affinity 1287:1294 The reversible affinity 1272:1294 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent 1272:1374 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 6 77 theme AFT 1169:1171 arg1 reagent 1174:1180 an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent 1122:1180 an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes 1122:1269 In our method, we developed an alkynyl-functionalized trimethylpiperidine (AFT) reagent to perform highly efficient chemical derivatizations of azide-labeled OCAP-DNA complexes. 35091346 3 78 theme OCAPs 629:633 arg1 functions 616:624 the functions 612:624 the functions of OCAPs 612:633 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 3 78 theme OCAPs 629:633 arg1 machinery 654:662 the regulatory machinery 639:662 the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription 639:703 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 35091346 7 79 theme anti-trimethylpiperidine 1320:1343 arg1 resin 1354:1358 the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin 1304:1358 the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin 1304:1358 The reversible affinity between the immobilized anti-trimethylpiperidine antibody resin and AFT reagent leads to specific enrichment and efficient elution of the OCAP-DNA complexes for both MS identification and sequencing. 35091346 2 80 theme dynamic 362:368 arg1 interactions 370:381 the dynamic interactions 358:381 the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin 358:404 O-GlcNAc turnover influences the dynamic interactions of CAPs with chromatin and thereby regulates gene expression. 35091346 3 81 from machinery 654:662 arg1 transcription 691:703 gene transcription 686:703 gene transcription 686:703 Therefore, both global profiling of O-GlcNAc chromatin-associated proteins (OCAPs) and genome-wide mapping of their DNA binding sites are invaluable for understanding the functions of OCAPs and the regulatory machinery of O-GlcNAcylation on gene transcription. 34555499 7 0 theme C-6 1434:1436 arg1 branches 1438:1445 both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches 1406:1445 branches 1438:1445 CHST1 sulfated Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures. 34555499 1 1 gly glycoproteins 157:169 arg1 glycoproteins 157:169 ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins 137:169 ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins 137:169 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 2 2 theme defined 376:382 arg1 sulfotransferases 384:400 defined sulfotransferases 376:400 defined sulfotransferases regulated during OC development 376:432 We characterized O-glycans carrying sulfation on galactose residues and compared their expression with defined sulfotransferases regulated during OC development. 34555499 3 3 theme serous 596:601 arg1 OC 603:604 serous OC 596:604 serous OC 596:604 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 7 4 theme Gal 1390:1392 arg1 residues 1394:1401 Gal residues 1390:1401 Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures 1390:1466 CHST1 sulfated Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures. 34555499 9 5 theme expression 1842:1851 arg1 level 1853:1857 expression level 1842:1857 expression level 1842:1857 Neither Gal3ST4 nor CHST1 was differentially expressed in benign, borderline, or malignant tissue, and there was no correlation between expression level and differentiation stage. 34555499 3 6 with patient 541:547 arg1 cyst 570:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 3 6 with patient 541:547 arg1 OC 603:604 serous OC 596:604 serous OC 596:604 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 8 7 theme lowest 1645:1650 arg1 expression 1652:1661 the lowest expression 1641:1661 the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1641:1703 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 7 8 theme C-3 1415:1417 arg1 branches 1438:1445 both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches 1406:1445 branches 1438:1445 CHST1 sulfated Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures. 34555499 10 9 theme complex 1906:1912 arg1 pattern 1924:1930 a complex sulfation pattern 1904:1930 a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans 1904:1943 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 6 10 theme C-6 1268:1270 arg1 branch 1272:1277 the C-6 branch 1264:1277 the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1264:1324 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 6 11 theme preferred 1312:1320 arg1 Gal 1322:1324 Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1304:1324 Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1304:1324 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 5 12 theme glycoprotein 1043:1054 arg1 G2b 1102:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 12 theme glycoprotein 1043:1054 arg1 G2b 1086:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b 1028:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 3 13 theme serous 563:568 arg1 cyst 570:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 8 14 theme differentiated 1673:1686 arg1 tissue 1698:1703 poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1666:1703 poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1666:1703 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 1 15 theme cancer 196:201 arg1 development 203:213 cancer development 196:213 cancer development 196:213 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 0 16 from Tumors 77:82 arg1 Proteins 37:44 Mucin-type Proteins 26:44 Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 26:82 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 3 17 theme acidic 493:498 arg1 glycoproteins 500:512 acidic glycoproteins 493:512 acidic glycoproteins 493:512 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 10 18 theme O-glycans 1935:1943 arg1 pattern 1924:1930 a complex sulfation pattern 1904:1930 a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans 1904:1943 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 5 19 theme immunoglobulin 1071:1084 arg1 G2b 1102:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 19 theme immunoglobulin 1071:1084 arg1 G2b 1086:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b 1028:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 20 theme sulfotransferases 853:869 arg1 specificity 816:826 the specificity 812:826 the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)- 812:916 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 6 21 theme O-glycans 1203:1211 arg1 Characterization 1164:1179 Characterization 1164:1179 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans 1164:1211 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 1 22 from involvement 219:229 arg1 pathogenesis 241:252 cancer pathogenesis 234:252 cancer pathogenesis 234:252 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 10 23 theme transferase 2060:2070 arg1 expression 2034:2043 a decreased expression 2022:2043 a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase 2022:2070 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 6 24 theme PSGL-1/mIg 1188:1197 arg1 O-glycans 1203:1211 the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans 1184:1211 the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans 1184:1211 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 1 25 theme O-linked 102:109 arg1 glycans 111:117 sulfated O-linked glycans 93:117 sulfated O-linked glycans 93:117 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 1 26 theme ovarian 137:143 arg1 OC 153:154 OC 153:154 OC 153:154 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 1 26 theme ovarian 137:143 arg1 cancer 145:150 ovarian cancer 137:150 ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins 137:169 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 10 27 theme OC 1948:1949 arg1 glycoproteins 1951:1963 OC glycoproteins 1948:1963 OC glycoproteins 1948:1963 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 0 28 theme Ovarian 58:64 arg1 Tumors 77:82 Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 51:82 Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 51:82 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 5 29 theme fusion 1107:1112 arg1 protein 1114:1120 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 3 30 from patient 583:589 arg1 fluid 526:530 the cyst fluid 517:530 the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC 517:604 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 0 31 from Sulfation 0:8 arg1 Proteins 37:44 Mucin-type Proteins 26:44 Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 26:82 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 6 32 theme C-3 1333:1335 arg1 branch 1337:1342 the C-3 branch 1329:1342 the C-3 branch 1329:1342 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 5 33 theme -encoding 937:945 arg1 plasmids 958:965 CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids 923:965 CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids 923:965 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 4 34 theme GlcNAc 757:762 arg1 residues 764:771 GlcNAc residues 757:771 GlcNAc residues 757:771 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 1 35 theme sulfated 93:100 arg1 glycans 111:117 sulfated O-linked glycans 93:117 sulfated O-linked glycans 93:117 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 8 36 theme ovarian 1482:1488 arg1 array 1503:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 0 37 theme O-glycans 13:21 arg1 Sulfation 0:8 Sulfation 0:8 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 0:83 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 2 38 contain carrying 300:307 arg2 sulfation 309:317 sulfation 309:317 sulfation 309:317 We characterized O-glycans carrying sulfation on galactose residues and compared their expression with defined sulfotransferases regulated during OC development. 34555499 2 38 contain carrying 300:307 arg1 O-glycans 290:298 O-glycans 290:298 O-glycans carrying sulfation 290:317 We characterized O-glycans carrying sulfation on galactose residues and compared their expression with defined sulfotransferases regulated during OC development. 34555499 8 39 theme micro 1497:1501 arg1 array 1503:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 0 40 theme Mucin-type 26:35 arg1 Proteins 37:44 Mucin-type Proteins 26:44 Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 26:82 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 5 41 theme human 1130:1134 arg1 GCNT1 1156:1160 GCNT1 1156:1160 GCNT1 1156:1160 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 41 theme human 1130:1134 arg1 transferase 1143:1153 the human core 2 transferase 1126:1153 the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1) 1126:1161 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 3 42 with patient 583:589 arg1 cyst 570:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 3 42 with patient 583:589 arg1 OC 603:604 serous OC 596:604 serous OC 596:604 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 7 43 theme structures 1457:1466 arg1 branches 1438:1445 both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches 1406:1445 branches 1438:1445 CHST1 sulfated Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures. 34555499 3 44 theme sulfated 448:455 arg1 oligosaccharides 457:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 7 45 theme core 1450:1453 arg1 structures 1457:1466 core 2 structures 1450:1466 core 2 structures 1450:1466 CHST1 sulfated Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures. 34555499 9 46 theme malignant 1787:1795 arg1 tissue 1797:1802 benign, borderline, or malignant tissue 1764:1802 benign, borderline, or malignant tissue 1764:1802 Neither Gal3ST4 nor CHST1 was differentially expressed in benign, borderline, or malignant tissue, and there was no correlation between expression level and differentiation stage. 34555499 4 47 theme Gal 798:800 arg1 C-3 780:782 C-3 780:782 C-3 780:782 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 1 48 link O-linked 102:109 arg1 glycans 111:117 sulfated O-linked glycans 93:117 sulfated O-linked glycans 93:117 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 1 49 theme cancer 234:239 arg1 pathogenesis 241:252 cancer pathogenesis 234:252 cancer pathogenesis 234:252 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 3 50 theme benign 556:561 arg1 cyst 570:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 a benign serous cyst 554:573 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 10 51 theme decreased 2024:2032 arg1 expression 2034:2043 a decreased expression 2022:2043 a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase 2022:2070 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 4 52 attach linked 747:752 arg1 residues 764:771 GlcNAc residues 757:771 GlcNAc residues 757:771 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 4 52 attach linked 747:752 arg1 C-3 780:782 C-3 780:782 C-3 780:782 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 4 52 attach linked 747:752 arg2 sulfates 738:745 1 to 4 sulfates 731:745 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal 731:800 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 4 52 attach linked 747:752 arg1 C-6 791:793 C-6 791:793 C-6 791:793 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 6 53 from Gal 1257:1259 arg1 branch 1337:1342 the C-3 branch 1329:1342 the C-3 branch 1329:1342 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 6 53 from Gal 1257:1259 arg1 branch 1272:1277 the C-6 branch 1264:1277 the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1264:1324 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 10 54 theme Gal3ST2 2052:2058 arg1 transferase 2060:2070 the Gal3ST2 transferase 2048:2070 the Gal3ST2 transferase 2048:2070 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 3 55 from patient 541:547 arg1 fluid 526:530 the cyst fluid 517:530 the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC 517:604 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 9 56 theme differentiation 1863:1877 arg1 stage 1879:1883 differentiation stage 1863:1883 differentiation stage 1863:1883 Neither Gal3ST4 nor CHST1 was differentially expressed in benign, borderline, or malignant tissue, and there was no correlation between expression level and differentiation stage. 34555499 6 57 theme Gal 1322:1324 arg1 branch 1272:1277 the C-6 branch 1264:1277 the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1264:1324 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 2 58 theme galactose 322:330 arg1 residues 332:339 galactose residues 322:339 galactose residues 322:339 We characterized O-glycans carrying sulfation on galactose residues and compared their expression with defined sulfotransferases regulated during OC development. 34555499 3 59 attach released 479:486 arg1 glycoproteins 500:512 acidic glycoproteins 493:512 acidic glycoproteins 493:512 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 3 59 attach released 479:486 arg2 oligosaccharides 457:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 4 60 theme core 678:681 arg1 O-glycans 685:693 core 1 and core 2 O-glycans 667:693 O-glycans 685:693 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 4 60 theme core 678:681 arg1 Oligosaccharides 607:622 Oligosaccharides 607:622 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn 607:646 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 6 61 theme Gal3ST4 1304:1310 arg1 Gal 1322:1324 Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1304:1324 Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1304:1324 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 5 62 theme ligand-1/mouse 1056:1069 arg1 G2b 1102:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 62 theme ligand-1/mouse 1056:1069 arg1 G2b 1086:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b 1028:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 63 theme ovarian 845:851 arg1 sulfotransferases 853:869 the potential ovarian sulfotransferases 831:869 the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved 831:878 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 63 theme ovarian 845:851 arg1 Gal3ST2 881:887 Gal3ST2 881:887 Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)- 881:897 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 6 64 theme structures 1289:1298 arg1 branch 1272:1277 the C-6 branch 1264:1277 the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal 1264:1324 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 5 65 theme G2b 1086:1088 arg1 protein 1114:1120 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 8 66 theme malignant 1688:1696 arg1 tissue 1698:1703 poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1666:1703 poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1666:1703 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 6 67 theme G2b 1199:1201 arg1 O-glycans 1203:1211 the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans 1184:1211 the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans 1184:1211 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 10 68 theme sulfation 1914:1922 arg1 pattern 1924:1930 a complex sulfation pattern 1904:1930 a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans 1904:1943 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 6 69 theme core 1282:1285 arg1 structures 1289:1298 core 2 structures 1282:1298 core 2 structures 1282:1298 Characterization of the PSGL-1/mIg G2b O-glycans showed that Gal3ST2 preferentially sulfated Gal on the C-6 branch of core 2 structures and Gal3ST4 preferred Gal on the C-3 branch independently if core-1 or -2. 34555499 10 70 gly glycoproteins 1951:1963 arg1 glycoproteins 1951:1963 OC glycoproteins 1948:1963 OC glycoproteins 1948:1963 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 0 71 theme Epithelial 66:75 arg1 Tumors 77:82 Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 51:82 Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 51:82 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 5 72 theme P-selectin 1032:1041 arg1 G2b 1102:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 72 theme P-selectin 1032:1041 arg1 G2b 1086:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b 1028:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 1 73 from regulation 178:187 arg1 pathogenesis 241:252 cancer pathogenesis 234:252 cancer pathogenesis 234:252 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 1 74 theme cancer 145:150 arg1 glycoproteins 157:169 ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins 137:169 ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins 137:169 Despite sulfated O-linked glycans being abundant on ovarian cancer (OC) glycoproteins, their regulation during cancer development and involvement in cancer pathogenesis remain unexplored. 34555499 4 75 theme decamers 713:720 arg1 size 705:708 the size 701:708 the size of decamers 701:720 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 7 76 from residues 1394:1401 arg1 branches 1438:1445 both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches 1406:1445 branches 1438:1445 CHST1 sulfated Gal residues on both the C-3 (core 1/2) and C-6 branches of core 2 structures. 34555499 5 77 theme PSGL-1/mIg 1091:1100 arg1 G2b 1102:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 PSGL-1/mIg G2b 1091:1104 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 77 theme PSGL-1/mIg 1091:1100 arg1 G2b 1086:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b 1028:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 3 78 gly Desialylated 435:446 arg1 oligosaccharides 457:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 5 79 theme potential 835:843 arg1 sulfotransferases 853:869 the potential ovarian sulfotransferases 831:869 the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved 831:878 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 79 theme potential 835:843 arg1 Gal3ST2 881:887 Gal3ST2 881:887 Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)- 881:897 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 8 80 theme serous 1475:1480 arg1 array 1503:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 3 81 theme Desialylated 435:446 arg1 oligosaccharides 457:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides 435:472 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 8 82 theme tissue 1490:1495 arg1 array 1503:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 serous ovarian tissue micro array 1475:1507 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34555499 2 83 theme OC 419:420 arg1 development 422:432 OC development 419:432 OC development 419:432 We characterized O-glycans carrying sulfation on galactose residues and compared their expression with defined sulfotransferases regulated during OC development. 34555499 4 84 dep 4 736:736 arg1 to 733:734 to 733:734 to 733:734 Oligosaccharides characterized by LC-MSn were identified as core 1 and core 2 O-glycans up to the size of decamers and with 1 to 4 sulfates linked to GlcNAc residues and to C-3 and/or C-6 of Gal. 34555499 9 85 theme benign 1764:1769 arg1 tissue 1797:1802 benign, borderline, or malignant tissue 1764:1802 benign, borderline, or malignant tissue 1764:1802 Neither Gal3ST4 nor CHST1 was differentially expressed in benign, borderline, or malignant tissue, and there was no correlation between expression level and differentiation stage. 34555499 9 86 theme borderline 1772:1781 arg1 tissue 1797:1802 benign, borderline, or malignant tissue 1764:1802 benign, borderline, or malignant tissue 1764:1802 Neither Gal3ST4 nor CHST1 was differentially expressed in benign, borderline, or malignant tissue, and there was no correlation between expression level and differentiation stage. 34555499 3 87 theme cyst 521:524 arg1 fluid 526:530 the cyst fluid 517:530 the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC 517:604 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 0 88 theme Serous 51:56 arg1 Tumors 77:82 Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 51:82 Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors 51:82 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. 34555499 5 89 theme core 1136:1139 arg1 GCNT1 1156:1160 GCNT1 1156:1160 GCNT1 1156:1160 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 89 theme core 1136:1139 arg1 transferase 1143:1153 the human core 2 transferase 1126:1153 the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1) 1126:1161 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 90 theme CHO 1002:1004 arg1 cells 1006:1010 CHO cells 1002:1010 CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1) 1002:1161 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 91 theme expression 947:956 arg1 plasmids 958:965 CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids 923:965 CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids 923:965 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 5 92 gly glycoprotein 1043:1054 arg1 glycoprotein 1043:1054 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b 1028:1088 the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein 1028:1120 To study the specificity of the potential ovarian sulfotransferases involved, Gal3ST2 (Gal-3S)-, Gal3ST4 (Gal-3S)-, and CHST1 (Gal-6S)-encoding expression plasmids were transfected individually into CHO cells also expressing the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse immunoglobulin G2b (PSGL-1/mIg G2b) fusion protein and the human core 2 transferase (GCNT1). 34555499 3 93 gly glycoproteins 500:512 arg1 glycoproteins 500:512 acidic glycoproteins 493:512 acidic glycoproteins 493:512 Desialylated sulfated oligosaccharides were released from acidic glycoproteins in the cyst fluid from one patient with a benign serous cyst and one patient with serous OC. 34555499 10 94 theme cancer 1996:2001 arg1 aggressiveness 1974:1987 that aggressiveness 1969:1987 that aggressiveness of the cancer 1969:2001 The data displays a complex sulfation pattern of O-glycans on OC glycoproteins and that aggressiveness of the cancer is associated with a decreased expression of the Gal3ST2 transferase. 34555499 8 95 from expression 1652:1661 arg1 tissue 1698:1703 poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1666:1703 poorly differentiated malignant tissue 1666:1703 Using serous ovarian tissue micro array, Gal3ST2 was found to be decreased in tissue classified as malignant compared with tissues classified as benign or borderline, with the lowest expression in poorly differentiated malignant tissue. 34235338 2 0 theme fluoride 471:478 arg1 bridges 480:486 six fluoride bridges 467:486 six fluoride bridges 467:486 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 4 1 theme S 820:820 arg1 Fe 829:830 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe 805:830 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 805:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 1 theme S 820:820 arg1 5/2 824:826 S = 5/2 820:826 S = 5/2 820:826 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 5 2 theme room 894:897 arg1 temperature 899:909 room temperature 894:909 room temperature 894:909 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 1 3 theme salicylaldoximes 199:214 arg1 complexes 174:182 hexa-iron complexes 164:182 hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes 164:214 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 2 4 theme BF4 250:252 arg1 2·6H2O 254:259 Fe(BF4)2·6H2O 247:259 Fe(BF4)2·6H2O 247:259 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 3 5 theme straps 632:637 arg1 " 638:638 the amine "straps" 621:638 the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H) 621:652 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 6 6 theme symmetric 1173:1181 arg1 species 1209:1215 the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species 1169:1215 the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1169:1288 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 6 7 with consistent 1153:1162 arg1 species 1209:1215 the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species 1169:1215 the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1169:1288 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 6 8 theme [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3 1183:1206 arg1 species 1209:1215 the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species 1169:1215 the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1169:1288 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 2 9 theme hydrogen-bonded 508:522 arg1 proton 524:529 a hydrogen-bonded proton 506:529 a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups 506:553 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 4 10 theme antiferromagnetic 766:782 arg1 interactions 784:795 dominant antiferromagnetic interactions 757:795 dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 757:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 2 11 dep compounds 352:360 arg1 compounds 352:360 hexa-iron compounds 342:360 hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively) 342:386 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 11 dep compounds 352:360 arg1 linked 457:462 linked 457:462 linked by six fluoride bridges 457:486 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 11 dep compounds 352:360 arg1 C2 370:371 C2 370:371 C2 370:371 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 11 dep compounds 352:360 arg1 C1 363:364 C1 363:364 C1 363:364 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 11 dep compounds 352:360 arg1 stabilized 492:501 stabilized 492:501 stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups 492:553 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 4 12 theme = 822:822 arg1 Fe 829:830 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe 805:830 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 805:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 12 theme = 822:822 arg1 5/2 824:826 S = 5/2 820:826 S = 5/2 820:826 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 13 theme Mössbauer 704:712 arg1 data 714:717 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 data 714:717 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 2 14 with Complexation 231:242 arg1 ligand 271:276 each ligand 266:276 each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution 266:328 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 7 15 theme complexes 1341:1349 arg1 properties 1323:1332 the physical properties 1310:1332 the physical properties of the complexes 1310:1349 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 4 16 theme C1 722:723 arg1 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 16 theme C1 722:723 arg1 data 714:717 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 data 714:717 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 7 17 dep Mössbauer 1367:1375 arg1 the 1363:1365 the 1363:1365 the 1363:1365 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 7 18 dep differences 1295:1305 arg1 seen 1355:1358 seen 1355:1358 seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data 1355:1401 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 6 19 theme μ3-O···μ3-O 1267:1277 arg1 separation 1279:1288 the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1252:1288 the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1252:1288 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 3 20 theme H4 644:645 arg1 L2-2H 647:651 (H4 L2-2H) 643:652 (H4 L2-2H) 643:652 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 4 21 theme interactions 784:795 arg1 presence 745:752 the presence 741:752 the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 741:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 2 22 theme H4 289:290 arg1 L2 292:293 H4 L2 289:293 H4 L2 289:293 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 23 from ligand 271:276 arg1 solution 321:328 a methanolic-pyridine solution 299:328 a methanolic-pyridine solution 299:328 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 24 theme [Fe3-μ3-O 445:453 arg1 triangles 432:440 two near-parallel metal triangles 408:440 two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O 408:453 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 3 25 theme L2-2H 647:651 arg1 " 638:638 the amine "straps" 621:638 the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H) 621:652 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 4 26 theme high-spin 809:817 arg1 III 832:834 III 832:834 III 832:834 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 26 theme high-spin 809:817 arg1 Fe 829:830 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe 805:830 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 805:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 26 theme high-spin 809:817 arg1 5/2 824:826 S = 5/2 820:826 S = 5/2 820:826 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 27 theme magnetic 676:683 arg1 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 1 28 theme magnetic 120:127 arg1 characterization 144:159 magnetic and structural characterization 120:159 magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes 120:214 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 7 29 from differences 1295:1305 arg1 properties 1323:1332 the physical properties 1310:1332 the physical properties of the complexes 1310:1349 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 4 30 theme Variable-temperature 655:674 arg1 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 2 31 theme μ3-O 543:546 arg1 groups 548:553 the μ3-O groups 539:553 the μ3-O groups 539:553 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 4 32 theme dominant 757:764 arg1 interactions 784:795 dominant antiferromagnetic interactions 757:795 dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 757:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 2 33 theme methanolic-pyridine 301:319 arg1 solution 321:328 a methanolic-pyridine solution 299:328 a methanolic-pyridine solution 299:328 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 34 theme near-parallel 412:424 arg1 triangles 432:440 two near-parallel metal triangles 408:440 two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O 408:453 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 35 theme metal 426:430 arg1 triangles 432:440 two near-parallel metal triangles 408:440 two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O 408:453 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 6 36 theme sharp 1054:1058 arg1 doublet 1071:1077 a single sharp quadrupole doublet 1045:1077 a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 1045:1137 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 1 37 theme structural 133:142 arg1 characterization 144:159 magnetic and structural characterization 120:159 magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes 120:214 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 5 38 located observed 882:889 arg1 temperature 899:909 room temperature 894:909 room temperature 894:909 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 5 38 located observed 882:889 arg1 K 917:917 5 K 915:917 5 K 915:917 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 5 38 located observed 882:889 arg2 doublets 869:876 two quadrupole doublets 854:876 two quadrupole doublets 854:876 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 5 39 theme structural 936:945 arg1 data 947:950 structural data 936:950 structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred 936:1034 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 2 40 dep ligand 271:276 arg1 L1 282:283 H2 L1 279:283 H2 L1 279:283 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 40 dep ligand 271:276 arg1 L2 292:293 H4 L2 289:293 H4 L2 289:293 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 3 41 theme C2 586:587 arg1 triangle 574:581 each metal triangle 563:581 each metal triangle of C2 563:587 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 0 42 theme Proton-Bridged 71:84 arg1 Clusters 96:103 Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters 34:103 Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters 34:103 Synthesis and Characterization of Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters. 34235338 5 43 with consistent 920:929 arg1 data 947:950 structural data 936:950 structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred 936:1034 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 4 44 theme Fe 829:830 arg1 centers 837:843 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 805:843 the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers 805:843 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 7 45 theme conformational 1426:1439 arg1 flexibility 1441:1451 the conformational flexibility 1422:1451 the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands 1422:1526 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 3 46 theme metal 568:572 arg1 triangle 574:581 each metal triangle 563:581 each metal triangle of C2 563:587 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 5 47 theme [Fe3-μ3-OH 1002:1011 arg1 species 1014:1020 discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species 963:1020 species 1014:1020 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 6 48 theme quadrupole 1060:1069 arg1 doublet 1071:1077 a single sharp quadrupole doublet 1045:1077 a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 1045:1137 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 6 49 theme short 1261:1265 arg1 separation 1279:1288 the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1252:1288 the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation 1252:1288 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 3 50 theme amine 625:629 arg1 " 638:638 the amine "straps" 621:638 the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H) 621:652 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 2 51 theme 2·6H2O 254:259 arg1 Complexation 231:242 Complexation 231:242 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution 231:328 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 7 52 theme related 1512:1518 arg1 ligands 1520:1526 the closely related ligands 1500:1526 the closely related ligands 1500:1526 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 2 53 contain contain 400:406 arg2 C2 370:371 C2 370:371 C2 370:371 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 53 contain contain 400:406 arg2 C1 363:364 C1 363:364 C1 363:364 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 53 contain contain 400:406 arg2 triangles 432:440 two near-parallel metal triangles 408:440 two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O 408:453 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 53 contain contain 400:406 arg1 each 395:398 each 395:398 each 395:398 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 53 contain contain 400:406 arg2 compounds 352:360 hexa-iron compounds 342:360 hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively) 342:386 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 4 54 theme C2 729:730 arg1 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 susceptibility 685:698 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 4 54 theme C2 729:730 arg1 data 714:717 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data 655:717 data 714:717 Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer data of C1 and C2 indicate the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) centers. 34235338 7 55 theme physical 1314:1321 arg1 properties 1323:1332 the physical properties 1310:1332 the physical properties of the complexes 1310:1349 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 1 56 theme hexa-iron 164:172 arg1 complexes 174:182 hexa-iron complexes 164:182 hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes 164:214 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 6 57 theme single 1047:1052 arg1 doublet 1071:1077 a single sharp quadrupole doublet 1045:1077 a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 1045:1137 For C2, a single sharp quadrupole doublet with splitting intermediate between those determined for C1 was observed, consistent with the symmetric [Fe3-μ3-O···H···μ3-O-Fe3] species inferred crystallographically from the very short μ3-O···μ3-O separation. 34235338 1 58 theme complexes 174:182 arg1 characterization 144:159 magnetic and structural characterization 120:159 magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes 120:214 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 1 58 theme complexes 174:182 arg1 Syntheses 106:114 Syntheses 106:114 Syntheses 106:114 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 2 59 theme hexa-iron 342:350 arg1 compounds 352:360 hexa-iron compounds 342:360 hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively) 342:386 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 59 theme hexa-iron 342:350 arg1 C2 370:371 C2 370:371 C2 370:371 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 59 theme hexa-iron 342:350 arg1 C1 363:364 C1 363:364 C1 363:364 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 0 60 theme Clusters 96:103 arg1 Characterization 14:29 Characterization 14:29 Characterization 14:29 Synthesis and Characterization of Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters. 34235338 0 60 theme Clusters 96:103 arg1 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis 0:8 Synthesis and Characterization of Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters. 34235338 2 61 theme Fe 247:248 arg1 2·6H2O 254:259 Fe(BF4)2·6H2O 247:259 Fe(BF4)2·6H2O 247:259 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 2 62 theme H2 279:280 arg1 L1 282:283 H2 L1 279:283 H2 L1 279:283 Complexation of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O with each ligand (H2 L1 and H4 L2) in a methanolic-pyridine solution resulted in hexa-iron compounds (C1 and C2, respectively), which each contain two near-parallel metal triangles of [Fe3-μ3-O], linked by six fluoride bridges and stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded proton between the μ3-O groups. 34235338 5 63 theme quadrupole 858:867 arg1 doublets 869:876 two quadrupole doublets 854:876 two quadrupole doublets 854:876 For C1, two quadrupole doublets are observed at room temperature and 5 K, consistent with structural data from which discrete but disordered [Fe3-μ3-O] and [Fe3-μ3-OH] species were inferred. 34235338 0 64 theme Hexa-Iron 86:94 arg1 Clusters 96:103 Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters 34:103 Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters 34:103 Synthesis and Characterization of Symmetrically versus Unsymmetrically Proton-Bridged Hexa-Iron Clusters. 34235338 7 65 theme magnetic 1389:1396 arg1 data 1398:1401 magnetic data 1389:1401 magnetic data 1389:1401 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34235338 3 66 theme Fe 590:591 arg1 ions 598:601 Fe(III) ions 590:601 Fe(III) ions 590:601 Within each metal triangle of C2, Fe(III) ions are connected via the amine "straps" of (H4 L2-2H). 34235338 1 67 theme derivatized 187:197 arg1 salicylaldoximes 199:214 derivatized salicylaldoximes 187:214 derivatized salicylaldoximes 187:214 Syntheses and magnetic and structural characterization of hexa-iron complexes of derivatized salicylaldoximes are discussed. 34235338 7 68 theme linkages 1483:1490 arg1 nature 1469:1474 the nature 1465:1474 the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands 1465:1526 The differences in the physical properties of the complexes, as seen in the Mössbauer, X-ray, and magnetic data, are attributed to the conformational flexibility imparted by the nature of the linkages between the closely related ligands. 34071949 2 0 link O-linked 275:282 arg1 modification 354:365 a post-translational modification 333:365 a post-translational modification (PTM) 333:371 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 0 link O-linked 275:282 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 313:327 O-GlcNAcylation 313:327 O-GlcNAcylation 313:327 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 0 link O-linked 275:282 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 284:310 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 275:310 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 275:328 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 7 1 theme OGT 1346:1348 arg1 inhibition 1350:1359 OGT inhibition 1346:1359 OGT inhibition 1346:1359 This is consistent with our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition. 34071949 8 2 theme OGA 1393:1395 arg1 activity 1397:1404 OGA activity 1393:1404 OGA activity 1393:1404 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34071949 3 3 from status 561:566 arg1 detail 576:581 more detail 571:581 more detail 571:581 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 2 4 dep damage 424:429 arg1 DDR 441:443 DDR 441:443 DDR 441:443 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 4 dep damage 424:429 arg1 response 431:438 response 431:438 response (DDR) 431:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 6 5 theme additional 1130:1139 arg1 factors 1148:1154 additional repair factors 1130:1154 additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation 1130:1267 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 5 6 used used 785:788 arg2 techniques 769:778 Various techniques 761:778 Various techniques 761:778 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 7 7 with consistent 1278:1287 arg1 findings 1298:1305 our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition 1294:1359 our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition 1294:1359 This is consistent with our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition. 34071949 3 8 dep DDR 531:533 arg1 the 527:529 the 527:529 the 527:529 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 4 9 theme particle 608:615 arg1 irradiation 617:627 charged particle irradiation 600:627 charged particle irradiation 600:627 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 4 10 theme DSB 689:691 arg1 repair 693:698 DSB repair 689:698 DSB repair 689:698 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 2 11 theme chromatin 450:458 arg1 remodeling 460:469 chromatin remodeling 450:469 chromatin remodeling 450:469 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 3 12 from repair 540:545 arg1 detail 576:581 more detail 571:581 more detail 571:581 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 8 13 theme compaction 1425:1434 arg1 states 1436:1441 chromatin compaction states 1415:1441 chromatin compaction states 1415:1441 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34071949 6 14 theme Homologous 1167:1176 arg1 BRCA1 1207:1211 BRCA1 1207:1211 BRCA1 1207:1211 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 6 14 theme Homologous 1167:1176 arg1 HR 1193:1194 HR 1193:1194 HR 1193:1194 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 6 14 theme Homologous 1167:1176 arg1 CtIP 1198:1201 CtIP 1198:1201 CtIP 1198:1201 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 6 14 theme Homologous 1167:1176 arg1 Recombination 1178:1190 Homologous Recombination 1167:1190 Homologous Recombination (HR) 1167:1195 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 8 15 theme DNA-repair 1486:1495 arg1 regulation 1497:1506 DNA-repair regulation 1486:1506 DNA-repair regulation 1486:1506 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34071949 7 16 theme HR 1328:1329 arg1 function 1316:1323 the function 1312:1323 the function of HR 1312:1329 This is consistent with our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition. 34071949 5 17 theme O-GlcNAcase 1013:1023 arg1 inhibitors 1031:1040 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 983:1040 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 983:1040 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 4 18 from impact 679:684 arg1 repair 693:698 DSB repair 689:698 DSB repair 689:698 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 5 19 theme Fluorescence 846:857 arg1 Microscopy 868:877 Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy 846:877 Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) 846:884 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 19 theme Fluorescence 846:857 arg1 FLIM 880:883 FLIM 880:883 FLIM 880:883 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 1 20 theme cytotoxic 152:160 arg1 chemicals 162:170 cytotoxic chemicals 152:170 cytotoxic chemicals 152:170 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 6 21 theme related 1156:1162 arg1 factors 1148:1154 additional repair factors 1130:1154 additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation 1130:1267 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 3 22 theme O-GlcNAcylation 508:522 arg1 impact 498:503 the impact 494:503 the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail 494:581 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 0 23 theme Pathway 28:34 arg1 Choice 36:41 the Pathway Choice 24:41 the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 24:75 O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. 34071949 4 24 theme deposition 727:736 arg1 respect 703:709 respect 703:709 respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality 703:758 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 1 25 theme DNA 96:98 arg1 radiation 134:142 ionizing radiation 125:142 ionizing radiation (IR) 125:147 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 25 theme DNA 96:98 arg1 agents 109:114 DNA damaging agents 96:114 DNA damaging agents 96:114 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 25 theme DNA 96:98 arg1 chemicals 162:170 cytotoxic chemicals 152:170 cytotoxic chemicals 152:170 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 5 26 theme Various 761:767 arg1 techniques 769:778 Various techniques 761:778 Various techniques 761:778 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 27 theme Lifetime 859:866 arg1 Microscopy 868:877 Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy 846:877 Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) 846:884 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 27 theme Lifetime 859:866 arg1 FLIM 880:883 FLIM 880:883 FLIM 880:883 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 3 28 theme more 571:574 arg1 detail 576:581 more detail 571:581 more detail 571:581 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 1 29 theme damaging 100:107 arg1 radiation 134:142 ionizing radiation 125:142 ionizing radiation (IR) 125:147 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 29 theme damaging 100:107 arg1 agents 109:114 DNA damaging agents 96:114 DNA damaging agents 96:114 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 29 theme damaging 100:107 arg1 chemicals 162:170 cytotoxic chemicals 152:170 cytotoxic chemicals 152:170 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 3 30 from DDR 531:533 arg1 detail 576:581 more detail 571:581 more detail 571:581 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 1 31 theme ionizing 125:132 arg1 radiation 134:142 ionizing radiation 125:142 ionizing radiation (IR) 125:147 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 31 theme ionizing 125:132 arg1 IR 145:146 IR 145:146 IR 145:146 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 5 32 theme O-GlcNAc 983:990 arg1 OGT 1005:1007 OGT 1005:1007 OGT 1005:1007 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 32 theme O-GlcNAc 983:990 arg1 transferase 992:1002 O-GlcNAc transferase 983:1002 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 983:1008 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 4 33 theme radiation 742:750 arg1 quality 752:758 radiation quality 742:758 radiation quality 742:758 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 2 34 theme DNA 420:422 arg1 damage 424:429 the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling 416:469 damage 424:429 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 8 35 theme additional 1466:1475 arg1 level 1477:1481 a potential additional level 1454:1481 a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation 1454:1506 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34071949 5 36 theme transferase 992:1002 arg1 inhibitors 1031:1040 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 983:1040 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors 983:1040 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 6 37 theme repair 1141:1146 arg1 factors 1148:1154 additional repair factors 1130:1154 additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation 1130:1267 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 1 38 theme DNA 183:185 arg1 DSBs 209:212 DSBs 209:212 DSBs 209:212 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 38 theme DNA 183:185 arg1 breaks 201:206 DNA double-strand breaks 183:206 DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) 183:213 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 0 39 theme Double-Strand 50:62 arg1 Repair 70:75 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 46:75 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 46:75 O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. 34071949 1 40 theme genetic 256:262 arg1 integrity 264:272 genetic integrity 256:272 genetic integrity 256:272 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 5 41 theme chromatin 936:944 arg1 states 946:951 chromatin states 936:951 chromatin states 936:951 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 42 theme live 821:824 arg1 microscopy 831:840 live cell microscopy 821:840 live cell microscopy 821:840 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 0 43 theme DNA 46:48 arg1 Repair 70:75 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 46:75 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 46:75 O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. 34071949 6 44 theme MDC1 1080:1083 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1061:1075 O-GlcNAcylation 1061:1075 O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 1061:1083 We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. 34071949 4 45 theme quality 752:758 arg1 respect 703:709 respect 703:709 respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality 703:758 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 5 46 theme cell 826:829 arg1 microscopy 831:840 live cell microscopy 821:840 live cell microscopy 821:840 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 47 theme protein 911:917 arg1 accumulation 919:930 protein accumulation 911:930 protein accumulation 911:930 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 5 48 theme DSB 896:898 arg1 rejoining 900:908 DSB rejoining 896:908 DSB rejoining 896:908 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 4 49 theme spatial 714:720 arg1 deposition 727:736 spatial dose deposition 714:736 spatial dose deposition 714:736 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 4 50 theme O-GlcNAcylation 655:669 arg1 impact 679:684 its impact 675:684 its impact on DSB repair 675:698 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 4 50 theme O-GlcNAcylation 655:669 arg1 differences 640:650 differences 640:650 differences of O-GlcNAcylation 640:669 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 3 51 from impact 498:503 arg1 DDR 531:533 DDR 531:533 DDR 531:533 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 3 51 from impact 498:503 arg1 repair 540:545 DSB repair 536:545 DSB repair 536:545 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 3 51 from impact 498:503 arg1 status 561:566 chromatin status 551:566 chromatin status 551:566 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 1 52 theme double-strand 187:199 arg1 DSBs 209:212 DSBs 209:212 DSBs 209:212 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 1 52 theme double-strand 187:199 arg1 breaks 201:206 DNA double-strand breaks 183:206 DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) 183:213 Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. 34071949 3 53 theme chromatin 551:559 arg1 status 561:566 chromatin status 551:566 chromatin status 551:566 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 2 54 theme O-linked 275:282 arg1 modification 354:365 a post-translational modification 333:365 a post-translational modification (PTM) 333:371 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 54 theme O-linked 275:282 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 313:327 O-GlcNAcylation 313:327 O-GlcNAcylation 313:327 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 54 theme O-linked 275:282 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 284:310 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 275:310 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 275:328 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 4 55 from differences 640:650 arg1 repair 693:698 DSB repair 689:698 DSB repair 689:698 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 8 56 theme regulation 1497:1506 arg1 level 1477:1481 a potential additional level 1454:1481 a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation 1454:1506 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34071949 0 57 theme Repair 70:75 arg1 Choice 36:41 the Pathway Choice 24:41 the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 24:75 O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. 34071949 5 58 theme foci 809:812 arg1 assay 814:818 the γH2AX foci assay 799:818 the γH2AX foci assay 799:818 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 3 59 theme DSB 536:538 arg1 repair 540:545 DSB repair 536:545 DSB repair 536:545 Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. 34071949 8 60 theme chromatin 1415:1423 arg1 states 1436:1441 chromatin compaction states 1415:1441 chromatin compaction states 1415:1441 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34071949 2 61 theme post-translational 335:352 arg1 PTM 368:370 PTM 368:370 PTM 368:370 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 61 theme post-translational 335:352 arg1 modification 354:365 a post-translational modification 333:365 a post-translational modification (PTM) 333:371 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 2 61 theme post-translational 335:352 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 284:310 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 275:310 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 275:328 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. 34071949 0 62 theme Break 64:68 arg1 Repair 70:75 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 46:75 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair 46:75 O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. 34071949 5 63 theme γH2AX 803:807 arg1 assay 814:818 the γH2AX foci assay 799:818 the γH2AX foci assay 799:818 Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. 34071949 4 64 theme dose 722:725 arg1 deposition 727:736 spatial dose deposition 714:736 spatial dose deposition 714:736 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 4 65 theme charged 600:606 arg1 irradiation 617:627 charged particle irradiation 600:627 charged particle irradiation 600:627 We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. 34071949 8 66 theme potential 1456:1464 arg1 level 1477:1481 a potential additional level 1454:1481 a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation 1454:1506 Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation. 34031146 0 0 theme Polyketide 63:72 arg1 Assay 19:23 An Antigen Capture Assay 0:23 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone 0:56 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 0 0 theme Polyketide 63:72 arg1 Toxin 74:78 the Polyketide Toxin 59:78 the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans 59:104 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 4 1 theme side 674:677 arg1 chain 679:683 the hydrophobic lower side chain 652:683 the hydrophobic lower side chain only 652:688 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 4 2 from present 751:757 arg1 solution 762:769 solution 762:769 solution 762:769 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 2 3 theme side 345:348 arg1 chain 350:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 7 4 with ELISA 1337:1341 arg1 sensitivity 1350:1360 a sensitivity 1348:1360 a sensitivity in the low nanogram range 1348:1386 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 8 5 from lesions 1534:1540 arg1 samples 1508:1514 swab samples 1503:1514 swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions 1503:1540 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 2 6 theme acyl 340:343 arg1 chain 350:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 6 7 theme Ag 970:971 arg1 assay 981:985 an Ag capture assay 967:985 an Ag capture assay 967:985 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 2 8 link O-linked 315:322 arg1 chain 350:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 9 9 theme capture 1566:1572 arg1 tool 1595:1598 a tool 1593:1598 a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone 1593:1641 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 9 9 theme capture 1566:1572 arg1 ELISA 1574:1578 the described capture ELISA 1552:1578 the described capture ELISA 1552:1578 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 5 10 theme aggregates 946:955 arg1 core 934:937 the inner core 924:937 the inner core of the aggregates 924:955 This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. 34031146 3 11 theme pathogenesis 529:540 arg1 study 507:511 the study 503:511 the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis 503:540 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 6 12 theme capture 973:979 arg1 assay 981:985 an Ag capture assay 967:985 an Ag capture assay 967:985 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 5 13 theme inner 928:932 arg1 core 934:937 the inner core 924:937 the inner core of the aggregates 924:955 This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. 34031146 4 14 from solution 762:769 arg1 present 751:757 present 751:757 present 751:757 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 3 15 theme Buruli 516:521 arg1 pathogenesis 529:540 Buruli ulcer pathogenesis 516:540 Buruli ulcer pathogenesis 516:540 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 5 16 theme micellar 839:846 arg1 structures 848:857 micellar structures 839:857 micellar structures 839:857 This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. 34031146 0 17 theme ulcerans 97:104 arg1 Assay 19:23 An Antigen Capture Assay 0:23 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone 0:56 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 0 17 theme ulcerans 97:104 arg1 Toxin 74:78 the Polyketide Toxin 59:78 the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans 59:104 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 4 18 theme mouse 614:618 arg1 mAbs 620:623 mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 593:623 mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 593:623 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 2 19 theme upper 363:367 arg1 chain 383:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 2 20 theme side 378:381 arg1 chain 383:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 0 21 theme Mycobacterium 83:95 arg1 ulcerans 97:104 Mycobacterium ulcerans 83:104 Mycobacterium ulcerans 83:104 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 5 22 theme hydrophobic 888:898 arg1 region 900:905 the hydrophobic region 884:905 the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates 884:955 This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. 34031146 7 23 theme core/upper 1271:1280 arg1 mAb 1302:1304 a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb 1249:1304 mAb 1302:1304 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 6 24 used used 1126:1129 arg2 mAb 1113:1115 the same mAb 1104:1115 the same mAb 1104:1115 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 6 24 used used 1126:1129 arg2 capture 1139:1145 capture 1139:1145 capture 1139:1145 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 6 24 used used 1126:1129 arg2 reagent 1164:1170 detecting reagent 1154:1170 detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates 1154:1218 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 2 25 theme C-linked 369:376 arg1 chain 383:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 0 26 theme Antigen 3:9 arg1 Assay 19:23 An Antigen Capture Assay 0:23 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone 0:56 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 0 26 theme Antigen 3:9 arg1 Toxin 74:78 the Polyketide Toxin 59:78 the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans 59:104 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 6 27 theme matching 1069:1076 arg1 pairs 1078:1082 matching pairs 1069:1082 matching pairs of mAbs 1069:1090 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 4 28 theme solid 724:728 arg1 support 730:736 a solid support 722:736 a solid support 722:736 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 1 29 theme chronic 162:168 arg1 pathology 182:190 the chronic necrotizing pathology 158:190 the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 158:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 6 30 theme aggregates 1209:1218 arg1 detection 1180:1188 the detection 1176:1188 the detection of the mycolactone aggregates 1176:1218 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 7 31 theme core-specific 1251:1263 arg1 combination 1234:1244 the combination 1230:1244 the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb 1230:1304 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 1 32 theme necrotizing 170:180 arg1 pathology 182:190 the chronic necrotizing pathology 158:190 the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 158:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 8 33 theme swab 1503:1506 arg1 samples 1508:1514 swab samples 1503:1514 swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions 1503:1540 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 8 34 theme experiment 1412:1421 arg1 results 1393:1399 The results 1389:1399 The results of a pilot experiment 1389:1421 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 9 35 theme mycolactone 1631:1641 arg1 biology 1620:1626 the biology 1616:1626 the biology of mycolactone 1616:1641 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 2 36 theme lactone 289:295 arg1 ring 297:300 a 12-membered lactone ring 275:300 a 12-membered lactone ring 275:300 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 3 37 theme immunological 434:446 arg1 assay 459:463 an immunological Ag capture assay 431:463 an immunological Ag capture assay 431:463 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 0 38 theme Capture 11:17 arg1 Assay 19:23 An Antigen Capture Assay 0:23 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone 0:56 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 0 38 theme Capture 11:17 arg1 Toxin 74:78 the Polyketide Toxin 59:78 the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans 59:104 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 8 39 theme Buruli 1521:1526 arg1 lesions 1534:1540 Buruli ulcer lesions 1521:1540 Buruli ulcer lesions 1521:1540 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 8 40 theme pilot 1406:1410 arg1 experiment 1412:1421 a pilot experiment 1404:1421 a pilot experiment 1404:1421 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 2 41 theme 12-membered 277:287 arg1 ring 297:300 a 12-membered lactone ring 275:300 a 12-membered lactone ring 275:300 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 7 42 from sensitivity 1350:1360 arg1 range 1382:1386 the low nanogram range 1365:1386 the low nanogram range 1365:1386 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 3 43 theme Ag 448:449 arg1 assay 459:463 an immunological Ag capture assay 431:463 an immunological Ag capture assay 431:463 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 6 44 theme same 1108:1111 arg1 capture 1139:1145 capture 1139:1145 capture 1139:1145 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 6 44 theme same 1108:1111 arg1 reagent 1164:1170 detecting reagent 1154:1170 detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates 1154:1218 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 6 44 theme same 1108:1111 arg1 mAb 1113:1115 the same mAb 1104:1115 the same mAb 1104:1115 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 9 45 theme assay 1648:1652 arg1 system 1654:1659 the assay system 1644:1659 the assay system 1644:1659 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 6 46 theme nonoverlapping 1029:1042 arg1 epitopes 1044:1051 nonoverlapping epitopes 1029:1051 nonoverlapping epitopes 1029:1051 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 6 47 theme mycolactone 1197:1207 arg1 aggregates 1209:1218 the mycolactone aggregates 1193:1218 the mycolactone aggregates 1193:1218 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 5 48 theme aqueous 862:868 arg1 solution 870:877 aqueous solution 862:877 aqueous solution 862:877 This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. 34031146 1 49 theme Mycobacterium 195:207 arg1 ulcerans 209:216 Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 195:239 Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 195:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 3 50 theme M. 415:416 arg1 ulcerans 418:425 M. ulcerans 415:425 M. ulcerans 415:425 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 9 51 from research 1604:1611 arg1 biology 1620:1626 the biology 1616:1626 the biology of mycolactone 1616:1641 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 7 52 theme mAb 1302:1304 arg1 combination 1234:1244 the combination 1230:1244 the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb 1230:1304 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 4 53 theme mycolactone-specific 593:612 arg1 mAbs 620:623 mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 593:623 mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 593:623 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 1 54 theme ulcerans 209:216 arg1 pathology 182:190 the chronic necrotizing pathology 158:190 the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 158:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 8 55 theme ulcer 1528:1532 arg1 lesions 1534:1540 Buruli ulcer lesions 1521:1540 Buruli ulcer lesions 1521:1540 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 2 56 link C-linked 369:376 arg1 chain 383:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 an upper C-linked side chain 360:387 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 3 57 theme laboratory 550:559 arg1 diagnosis 561:569 laboratory diagnosis 550:569 laboratory diagnosis 550:569 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 2 58 theme polyunsaturated 324:338 arg1 chain 350:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 7 59 theme nanogram 1373:1380 arg1 range 1382:1386 the low nanogram range 1365:1386 the low nanogram range 1365:1386 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 7 60 theme chain-specific 1287:1300 arg1 mAb 1302:1304 a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb 1249:1304 mAb 1302:1304 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 3 61 theme important 484:492 arg1 tool 494:497 an important tool 481:497 an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis 481:569 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 2 62 theme O-linked 315:322 arg1 chain 350:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain 307:354 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 6 63 theme detecting 1154:1162 arg1 reagent 1164:1170 detecting reagent 1154:1170 detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates 1154:1218 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 6 63 theme detecting 1154:1162 arg1 mAb 1113:1115 the same mAb 1104:1115 the same mAb 1104:1115 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 7 64 theme sensitive 1327:1335 arg1 ELISA 1337:1341 the most sensitive ELISA 1318:1341 the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range 1318:1386 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 2 65 theme polyketide 246:255 arg1 toxin 257:261 The polyketide toxin 242:261 The polyketide toxin 242:261 The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. 34031146 9 66 theme described 1556:1564 arg1 tool 1595:1598 a tool 1593:1598 a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone 1593:1641 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 9 66 theme described 1556:1564 arg1 ELISA 1574:1578 the described capture ELISA 1552:1578 the described capture ELISA 1552:1578 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 34031146 3 67 theme capture 451:457 arg1 assay 459:463 an immunological Ag capture assay 431:463 an immunological Ag capture assay 431:463 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 3 68 theme ulcer 523:527 arg1 pathogenesis 529:540 Buruli ulcer pathogenesis 516:540 Buruli ulcer pathogenesis 516:540 Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. 34031146 7 69 theme low 1369:1371 arg1 range 1382:1386 the low nanogram range 1365:1386 the low nanogram range 1365:1386 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 1 70 dep ulcerans 209:216 arg1 disease 218:224 disease 218:224 Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 195:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 1 70 dep ulcerans 209:216 arg1 ulcer 234:238 Buruli ulcer 227:238 Buruli ulcer 227:238 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 6 71 theme mAbs 1087:1090 arg1 pairs 1078:1082 matching pairs 1069:1082 matching pairs of mAbs 1069:1090 Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. 34031146 7 72 theme side 1282:1285 arg1 mAb 1302:1304 a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb 1249:1304 mAb 1302:1304 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 4 73 theme mAbs 620:623 arg1 sets 585:588 sets 585:588 sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 585:623 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 4 73 theme mAbs 620:623 arg1 mAbs 620:623 mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 593:623 mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs 593:623 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 4 74 theme hydrophobic 656:666 arg1 chain 679:683 the hydrophobic lower side chain 652:683 the hydrophobic lower side chain only 652:688 When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. 34031146 7 75 theme a 1269:1269 arg1 mAb 1302:1304 a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb 1249:1304 mAb 1302:1304 However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain-specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. 34031146 1 76 theme Buruli 227:232 arg1 disease 218:224 disease 218:224 Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 195:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 1 76 theme Buruli 227:232 arg1 ulcer 234:238 Buruli ulcer 227:238 Buruli ulcer 227:238 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 0 77 theme Mycolactone 46:56 arg1 Detection 33:41 the Detection 29:41 the Detection of Mycolactone 29:56 An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. 34031146 8 78 theme assay 1458:1462 arg1 sufficient 1467:1476 sufficient 1467:1476 sufficient 1467:1476 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 8 78 theme assay 1458:1462 arg1 sensitivity 1439:1449 the sensitivity 1435:1449 the sensitivity of the assay 1435:1462 The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. 34031146 5 79 theme previous 798:805 arg1 findings 807:814 previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates 798:955 previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates 798:955 This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. 34031146 1 80 theme responsible 134:144 arg1 Mycolactone 107:117 Mycolactone 107:117 Mycolactone 107:117 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 1 80 theme responsible 134:144 arg1 cytotoxin 124:132 a cytotoxin 122:132 a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) 122:239 Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). 34031146 9 81 theme diagnostic 1698:1707 arg1 tool 1709:1712 a diagnostic tool 1696:1712 a diagnostic tool 1696:1712 Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool. 33069809 6 0 theme inhibition 1732:1741 arg1 benefits 1714:1721 the potential renal benefits 1694:1721 the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN 1694:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 6 1 theme present 1595:1601 arg1 study 1603:1607 The present study 1591:1607 The present study 1591:1607 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 1 2 theme receptor 288:295 arg1 function 305:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function 256:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 256:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 4 3 theme plasma 1276:1281 arg1 albumin 1300:1306 albumin 1300:1306 albumin 1300:1306 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 4 3 theme plasma 1276:1281 arg1 lipocalin 1345:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 4 3 theme plasma 1276:1281 arg1 proteins 1283:1290 the highly filtered plasma proteins 1256:1290 the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1256:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 4 dep METHOD 657:662 arg1 We 664:665 We 664:665 We 664:665 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 5 5 theme proximal 1443:1450 arg1 overload 1468:1475 proximal tubular protein overload 1443:1475 proximal tubular protein overload 1443:1475 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 1 6 theme megalin 297:303 arg1 function 305:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function 256:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 256:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 2 7 theme diabetic 604:611 arg1 kidney 613:618 the diabetic kidney 600:618 the diabetic kidney 600:618 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 6 8 dep CONCLUSIONS 1579:1589 arg1 provides 1609:1616 provides 1609:1616 provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN 1609:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 6 9 theme SGLT2 1726:1730 arg1 inhibition 1732:1741 SGLT2 inhibition 1726:1741 SGLT2 inhibition 1726:1741 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 3 10 dep inhibitor 799:807 arg1 ipragliflozin 809:821 ipragliflozin 809:821 ipragliflozin 809:821 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 4 11 with treatment 1078:1086 arg1 ipragliflozin 1093:1105 ipragliflozin 1093:1105 ipragliflozin 1093:1105 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 4 11 with treatment 1078:1086 arg1 insulin 1116:1122 insulin 1116:1122 insulin 1116:1122 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 1 12 from overload 357:364 arg1 nephropathy 390:400 progressive diabetic nephropathy 369:400 progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 369:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 5 13 theme tubulointerstitial 1550:1567 arg1 fibrosis 1569:1576 tubulointerstitial fibrosis 1550:1576 tubulointerstitial fibrosis 1550:1576 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 4 14 theme filtered 1267:1274 arg1 albumin 1300:1306 albumin 1300:1306 albumin 1300:1306 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 4 14 theme filtered 1267:1274 arg1 lipocalin 1345:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 4 14 theme filtered 1267:1274 arg1 proteins 1283:1290 the highly filtered plasma proteins 1256:1290 the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1256:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 15 with DN 782:783 arg1 inhibitor 799:807 an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin 790:832 inhibitor 799:807 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 15 with DN 782:783 arg1 insulin 826:832 insulin 826:832 insulin 826:832 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 0 16 theme O-GlcNacylation 122:136 arg1 suppression 99:109 suppression 99:109 suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy 99:172 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 0 17 from overload 61:68 arg1 tubule 88:93 renal proximal tubule 73:93 renal proximal tubule 73:93 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 6 18 theme SGLT2 1654:1658 arg1 inhibition 1660:1669 SGLT2 inhibition 1654:1669 SGLT2 inhibition 1654:1669 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 5 19 theme oxidative 1529:1537 arg1 stress 1539:1544 renal oxidative stress 1523:1544 renal oxidative stress 1523:1544 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 0 20 theme megalin 114:120 arg1 O-GlcNacylation 122:136 megalin O-GlcNacylation 114:136 megalin O-GlcNacylation 114:136 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 2 21 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 534:554 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 2 21 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 534:554 arg1 modification 556:567 its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 521:567 its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 521:585 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 3 22 from effects 993:999 arg1 phenotypes 1010:1019 renal phenotypes 1004:1019 renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers 1004:1063 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 22 from effects 993:999 arg1 histology 1031:1039 histology 1031:1039 histology 1031:1039 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 22 from effects 993:999 arg1 markers 1057:1063 biochemical markers 1045:1063 biochemical markers 1045:1063 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 4 23 theme proteins 1283:1290 arg1 reabsorption 1240:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption 1223:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1223:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 1 24 theme sodium-glucose 202:215 arg1 cotransporter 217:229 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 202:231 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition 202:250 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 1 24 theme sodium-glucose 202:215 arg1 SGLT2 234:238 SGLT2 234:238 SGLT2 234:238 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 0 25 theme cotransporter 15:27 arg1 inhibition 31:40 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition 0:40 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition 0:40 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 1 26 dep nephropathy 390:400 arg1 DN 403:404 DN 403:404 DN 403:404 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 3 27 theme renal 1004:1008 arg1 phenotypes 1010:1019 renal phenotypes 1004:1019 renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers 1004:1063 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 27 theme renal 1004:1008 arg1 histology 1031:1039 histology 1031:1039 histology 1031:1039 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 27 theme renal 1004:1008 arg1 markers 1057:1063 biochemical markers 1045:1063 biochemical markers 1045:1063 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 1 28 theme cotransporter 217:229 arg1 inhibition 241:250 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition 202:250 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition 202:250 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 0 29 theme Sodium-glucose 0:13 arg1 inhibition 31:40 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition 0:40 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition 0:40 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 4 30 theme megalin 1136:1142 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1144:1158 megalin O-GlcNAcylation 1136:1158 megalin O-GlcNAcylation 1136:1158 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 31 theme biochemical 1045:1055 arg1 markers 1057:1063 biochemical markers 1045:1063 biochemical markers 1045:1063 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 2 32 theme endocytic 482:490 arg1 function 492:499 megalin endocytic function 474:499 megalin endocytic function 474:499 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 1 33 theme renal 326:330 arg1 overload 357:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload 326:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 326:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 0 34 theme progressive 141:151 arg1 nephropathy 162:172 progressive diabetic nephropathy 141:172 progressive diabetic nephropathy 141:172 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 2 35 link O-linked 525:532 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 2 35 link O-linked 525:532 arg1 modification 556:567 its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 521:567 its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 521:585 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 4 36 theme tubular 1232:1238 arg1 reabsorption 1240:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption 1223:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1223:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 2 37 theme megalin 474:480 arg1 function 492:499 megalin endocytic function 474:499 megalin endocytic function 474:499 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 1 38 theme proximal 332:339 arg1 overload 357:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload 326:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 326:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 2 39 theme protein 625:631 arg1 overload 633:640 protein overload 625:640 protein overload 625:640 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 6 40 theme crosstalk 1626:1634 arg1 mechanism 1636:1644 a novel crosstalk mechanism 1618:1644 a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN 1618:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 1 41 dep AIMS 175:178 arg1 uncertain 410:418 uncertain 410:418 uncertain 410:418 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 1 41 dep AIMS 175:178 arg1 crosstalk 184:192 The crosstalk 180:192 The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 180:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 5 42 theme tubular 1452:1458 arg1 overload 1468:1475 proximal tubular protein overload 1443:1475 proximal tubular protein overload 1443:1475 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 5 43 theme morphological 1492:1504 arg1 abnormality 1506:1516 mitochondrial morphological abnormality 1478:1516 mitochondrial morphological abnormality 1478:1516 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 0 44 theme protein 53:59 arg1 overload 61:68 protein overload 53:68 protein overload in renal proximal tubule 53:93 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 1 45 theme tubular 341:347 arg1 overload 357:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload 326:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 326:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 4 46 dep RESULTS 1066:1072 arg1 suppressed 1125:1134 suppressed 1125:1134 suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation 1125:1158 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 4 46 dep RESULTS 1066:1072 arg1 accelerated 1164:1174 accelerated 1164:1174 accelerated its internalization 1164:1194 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 47 theme 8-week-old 675:684 arg1 non-obese 691:699 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice 675:754 non-obese 691:699 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 5 48 theme mitochondrial 1478:1490 arg1 abnormality 1506:1516 mitochondrial morphological abnormality 1478:1516 mitochondrial morphological abnormality 1478:1516 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 2 49 theme SGLT2 449:453 arg1 inhibition 455:464 SGLT2 inhibition 449:464 SGLT2 inhibition 449:464 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 2 50 theme O-linked 525:532 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 O-GlcNAcylation 570:584 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 2 50 theme O-linked 525:532 arg1 modification 556:567 its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification 521:567 its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 521:585 Here, we determined whether SGLT2 inhibition affects megalin endocytic function through suppressing its O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and protects the diabetic kidney from protein overload. 33069809 1 51 theme protein 349:355 arg1 overload 357:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload 326:364 renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 326:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 0 52 theme diabetic 153:160 arg1 nephropathy 162:172 progressive diabetic nephropathy 141:172 progressive diabetic nephropathy 141:172 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 5 53 theme overload 1468:1475 arg1 amelioration 1427:1438 amelioration 1427:1438 amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload 1427:1475 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 5 53 theme overload 1468:1475 arg1 stress 1539:1544 renal oxidative stress 1523:1544 renal oxidative stress 1523:1544 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 5 53 theme overload 1468:1475 arg1 fibrosis 1569:1576 tubulointerstitial fibrosis 1550:1576 tubulointerstitial fibrosis 1550:1576 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 5 53 theme overload 1468:1475 arg1 abnormality 1506:1516 mitochondrial morphological abnormality 1478:1516 mitochondrial morphological abnormality 1478:1516 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 3 54 theme male 686:689 arg1 non-obese 691:699 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice 675:754 non-obese 691:699 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 4 55 theme gelatinase-associated 1323:1343 arg1 lipocalin 1345:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 56 theme endocytic 868:876 arg1 reabsorption 913:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 56 theme endocytic 868:876 arg1 function 878:885 the endocytic function 864:885 the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption) 864:925 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 6 57 theme novel 1620:1624 arg1 mechanism 1636:1644 a novel crosstalk mechanism 1618:1644 a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN 1618:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 3 58 theme KK/Ta-Akita 738:748 arg1 mice 751:754 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice 675:754 mice 751:754 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 4 59 theme neutrophil 1312:1321 arg1 lipocalin 1345:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1312:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 60 theme SGLT2 793:797 arg1 inhibitor 799:807 an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin 790:832 inhibitor 799:807 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 5 61 theme renal 1523:1527 arg1 stress 1539:1544 renal oxidative stress 1523:1544 renal oxidative stress 1523:1544 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 6 62 theme renal 1708:1712 arg1 benefits 1714:1721 the potential renal benefits 1694:1721 the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN 1694:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 5 63 theme protein 1460:1466 arg1 overload 1468:1475 proximal tubular protein overload 1443:1475 proximal tubular protein overload 1443:1475 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 1 64 theme progressive 369:379 arg1 nephropathy 390:400 progressive diabetic nephropathy 369:400 progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 369:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 3 65 theme hypoinsulinemic 705:719 arg1 mice 751:754 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice 675:754 mice 751:754 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 4 66 from reduction 1210:1218 arg1 reabsorption 1240:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption 1223:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1223:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 3 67 theme megalin 968:974 arg1 reabsorption 913:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 67 theme megalin 968:974 arg1 function 878:885 the endocytic function 864:885 the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption) 864:925 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 67 theme megalin 968:974 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 949:963 O-GlcNAcylation 949:963 O-GlcNAcylation 949:963 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 67 theme megalin 968:974 arg1 expression 934:943 renal expression 928:943 renal expression 928:943 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 68 theme protein 905:911 arg1 reabsorption 913:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 68 theme protein 905:911 arg1 function 878:885 the endocytic function 864:885 the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption) 864:925 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 6 69 from benefits 1714:1721 arg1 DN 1746:1747 DN 1746:1747 DN 1746:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 3 70 theme KK/Ta-Ins2Akita 721:735 arg1 mice 751:754 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice 675:754 mice 751:754 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 71 theme renal 928:932 arg1 expression 934:943 renal expression 928:943 renal expression 928:943 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 4 72 theme proximal 1223:1230 arg1 reabsorption 1240:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption 1223:1251 proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 1223:1353 RESULTS The treatment with ipragliflozin, but not insulin, suppressed megalin O-GlcNAcylation and accelerated its internalization, resulting in reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption of the highly filtered plasma proteins such as albumin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. 33069809 0 73 theme proximal 79:86 arg1 tubule 88:93 renal proximal tubule 73:93 renal proximal tubule 73:93 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 0 74 from suppression 99:109 arg1 nephropathy 162:172 progressive diabetic nephropathy 141:172 progressive diabetic nephropathy 141:172 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 3 75 theme proximal 888:895 arg1 reabsorption 913:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 75 theme proximal 888:895 arg1 function 878:885 the endocytic function 864:885 the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption) 864:925 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 1 76 theme membrane-associated 258:276 arg1 function 305:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function 256:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 256:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 0 77 theme renal 73:77 arg1 tubule 88:93 renal proximal tubule 73:93 renal proximal tubule 73:93 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition attenuates protein overload in renal proximal tubule via suppression of megalin O-GlcNacylation in progressive diabetic nephropathy. 33069809 1 78 theme diabetic 381:388 arg1 nephropathy 390:400 progressive diabetic nephropathy 369:400 progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 369:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 33069809 3 79 theme tubular 897:903 arg1 reabsorption 913:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 proximal tubular protein reabsorption 888:924 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 3 79 theme tubular 897:903 arg1 function 878:885 the endocytic function 864:885 the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption) 864:925 MATERIALS AND METHOD We treated 8-week-old male non-obese and hypoinsulinemic KK/Ta-Ins2Akita (KK/Ta-Akita) mice which develop progressive DN with an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or insulin for 6 weeks, and investigated the endocytic function (proximal tubular protein reabsorption), renal expression and O-GlcNAcylation of megalin along with their effects on renal phenotypes including histology and biochemical markers. 33069809 5 80 theme ipragliflozin 1388:1400 arg1 treatment 1402:1410 the ipragliflozin treatment 1384:1410 the ipragliflozin treatment 1384:1410 These alterations following the ipragliflozin treatment contributed to amelioration of proximal tubular protein overload, mitochondrial morphological abnormality, and renal oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. 33069809 6 81 theme potential 1698:1706 arg1 benefits 1714:1721 the potential renal benefits 1694:1721 the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN 1694:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel crosstalk mechanism between SGLT2 inhibition and megalin underlying the potential renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in DN. 33069809 1 82 theme endocytic 278:286 arg1 function 305:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function 256:312 a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) 256:405 AIMS The crosstalk between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and a membrane-associated endocytic receptor megalin function involved in renal proximal tubular protein overload in progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is uncertain. 32193337 7 0 theme S-adenosylmethionine 1085:1104 arg1 ratio 1076:1080 the ratio 1072:1080 the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH) 1072:1144 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. 32193337 9 1 theme mechanistic 1350:1360 arg1 understanding 1362:1374 a mechanistic understanding 1348:1374 a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation 1348:1393 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 1 2 theme cells 158:162 arg1 pluripotency 214:225 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency 143:225 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency 143:225 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 6 3 theme H3 979:980 arg1 lysine 982:987 histone H3 lysine 4 971:989 histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) 971:999 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 6 3 theme H3 979:980 arg1 H3K4me3 992:998 H3K4me3 992:998 H3K4me3 992:998 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 0 4 theme cells 79:83 arg1 pluripotency 58:69 pluripotency 58:69 pluripotency of stem cells 58:83 O-GlcNAcylation regulates the methionine cycle to promote pluripotency of stem cells. 32193337 6 5 theme histone 971:977 arg1 lysine 982:987 histone H3 lysine 4 971:989 histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) 971:999 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 6 5 theme histone 971:977 arg1 H3K4me3 992:998 H3K4me3 992:998 H3K4me3 992:998 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 3 6 theme cells 498:502 arg1 differentiation 458:472 differentiation 458:472 differentiation 458:472 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 3 6 theme cells 498:502 arg1 maintenance 442:452 maintenance 442:452 maintenance 442:452 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 7 7 gly glycosylation 1040:1052 arg1 AHCY 1057:1060 AHCY 1057:1060 AHCY 1057:1060 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. 32193337 2 8 theme cycle 292:296 arg1 regulation 263:272 the regulation 259:272 the regulation of the methionine cycle 259:296 However, little is known about the regulation of the methionine cycle to sustain ESC pluripotency. 32193337 4 9 theme metabolism 566:575 arg1 levels 545:550 high levels 540:550 high levels of methionine metabolism 540:575 We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. 32193337 6 10 from O-GlcNAcylation 849:863 arg1 AHCY 885:888 AHCY 885:888 AHCY 885:888 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 6 11 theme trimethylation 953:966 arg1 maintenance 938:948 the maintenance 934:948 the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency 934:1028 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 6 12 theme threonine 868:876 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 849:863 O-GlcNAcylation 849:863 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY 849:888 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 4 13 theme germ 688:691 arg1 layers 693:698 the three germ layers 678:698 the three germ layers 678:698 We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. 32193337 3 14 theme embryonic 483:491 arg1 cells 498:502 mouse embryonic stem cells 477:502 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) 477:510 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 3 14 theme embryonic 483:491 arg1 mESCs 505:509 mESCs 505:509 mESCs 505:509 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 7 15 theme H3K4me3 1168:1174 arg1 level 1159:1163 the level 1155:1163 the level of H3K4me3 1155:1174 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. 32193337 9 16 theme O-glycosylation 1379:1393 arg1 understanding 1362:1374 a mechanistic understanding 1348:1374 a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation 1348:1393 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 9 16 theme O-glycosylation 1379:1393 arg1 AHCY 1339:1342 AHCY 1339:1342 AHCY 1339:1342 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 3 17 theme stem 493:496 arg1 cells 498:502 mouse embryonic stem cells 477:502 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) 477:510 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 3 17 theme stem 493:496 arg1 mESCs 505:509 mESCs 505:509 mESCs 505:509 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 4 18 theme methionine 597:606 arg1 metabolism 608:617 methionine metabolism 597:617 methionine metabolism 597:617 We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. 32193337 5 19 mod modified 729:736 arg3 sugar 777:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar 743:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation) 743:799 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 5 19 mod modified 729:736 arg3 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 5 19 mod modified 729:736 arg1 AHCY 701:704 AHCY 701:704 AHCY 701:704 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 1 20 theme Methionine 86:95 arg1 metabolism 97:106 Methionine metabolism 86:106 Methionine metabolism 86:106 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 3 21 theme important 380:388 arg1 adenosylhomocysteinase 346:367 adenosylhomocysteinase 346:367 adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY) 346:374 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 3 21 theme important 380:388 arg1 enzyme 390:395 an important enzyme 377:395 an important enzyme in the methionine cycle 377:419 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 7 22 theme AHCY 1057:1060 arg1 glycosylation 1040:1052 Blocking glycosylation 1031:1052 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY 1031:1060 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. 32193337 2 23 theme methionine 281:290 arg1 cycle 292:296 the methionine cycle 277:296 the methionine cycle 277:296 However, little is known about the regulation of the methionine cycle to sustain ESC pluripotency. 32193337 8 24 theme blocking 1227:1234 arg1 glycosylation 1236:1248 blocking glycosylation 1227:1248 blocking glycosylation of AHCY 1227:1256 In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. 32193337 1 25 theme induced 175:181 arg1 iPSCs 207:211 iPSCs 207:211 iPSCs 207:211 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 1 25 theme induced 175:181 arg1 cells 200:204 induced pluripotent stem cells 175:204 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) 175:212 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 0 26 theme methionine 30:39 arg1 cycle 41:45 the methionine cycle 26:45 the methionine cycle to promote pluripotency of stem cells 26:83 O-GlcNAcylation regulates the methionine cycle to promote pluripotency of stem cells. 32193337 7 27 theme Blocking 1031:1038 arg1 glycosylation 1040:1052 Blocking glycosylation 1031:1052 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY 1031:1060 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. 32193337 1 28 theme pluripotent 183:193 arg1 iPSCs 207:211 iPSCs 207:211 iPSCs 207:211 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 1 28 theme pluripotent 183:193 arg1 cells 200:204 induced pluripotent stem cells 175:204 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) 175:212 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 9 29 theme ESC 1409:1411 arg1 pluripotency 1413:1424 ESC pluripotency 1409:1424 ESC pluripotency 1409:1424 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 1 30 theme stem 195:198 arg1 iPSCs 207:211 iPSCs 207:211 iPSCs 207:211 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 1 30 theme stem 195:198 arg1 cells 200:204 induced pluripotent stem cells 175:204 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) 175:212 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 9 31 theme critical 1322:1329 arg1 role 1331:1334 a critical role 1320:1334 a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation 1320:1444 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 1 32 theme cells 200:204 arg1 pluripotency 214:225 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency 143:225 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency 143:225 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 5 33 link O-linked 746:753 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 5 33 link O-linked 746:753 arg1 sugar 777:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar 743:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation) 743:799 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 3 34 theme methionine 404:413 arg1 cycle 415:419 the methionine cycle 400:419 the methionine cycle 400:419 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 4 35 theme AHCY 636:639 arg1 depletion 623:631 depletion 623:631 depletion of AHCY 623:639 We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. 32193337 8 36 theme AHCY 1253:1256 arg1 glycosylation 1236:1248 blocking glycosylation 1227:1248 blocking glycosylation of AHCY 1227:1256 In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. 32193337 4 37 theme methionine 555:564 arg1 metabolism 566:575 methionine metabolism 555:575 methionine metabolism 555:575 We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. 32193337 8 38 theme cell 1274:1277 arg1 reprogramming 1279:1291 somatic cell reprogramming 1266:1291 somatic cell reprogramming 1266:1291 In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. 32193337 5 39 theme O-linked 746:753 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 5 39 theme O-linked 746:753 arg1 sugar 777:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar 743:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation) 743:799 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 8 40 theme somatic 1266:1272 arg1 reprogramming 1279:1291 somatic cell reprogramming 1266:1291 somatic cell reprogramming 1266:1291 In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. 32193337 5 41 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 755:775 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 O-GlcNAcylation 784:798 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 5 41 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 755:775 arg1 sugar 777:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar 743:781 an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation) 743:799 AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. 32193337 9 42 theme AHCY 1339:1342 arg1 role 1331:1334 a critical role 1320:1334 a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation 1320:1444 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 2 43 theme ESC 309:311 arg1 pluripotency 313:324 ESC pluripotency 309:324 ESC pluripotency 309:324 However, little is known about the regulation of the methionine cycle to sustain ESC pluripotency. 32193337 8 44 gly glycosylation 1236:1248 arg1 AHCY 1253:1256 AHCY 1253:1256 AHCY 1253:1256 In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. 32193337 3 45 dep maintenance 442:452 arg1 the 438:440 the 438:440 the 438:440 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 6 46 theme mESC 1012:1015 arg1 pluripotency 1017:1028 mESC pluripotency 1012:1028 mESC pluripotency 1012:1028 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 32193337 9 47 theme understanding 1362:1374 arg1 role 1331:1334 a critical role 1320:1334 a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation 1320:1444 Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation. 32193337 1 48 theme stem 153:156 arg1 ESCs 165:168 ESCs 165:168 ESCs 165:168 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 1 48 theme stem 153:156 arg1 cells 158:162 embryonic stem cells 143:162 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) 143:169 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 4 49 theme high 540:543 arg1 levels 545:550 high levels 540:550 high levels of methionine metabolism 540:575 We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. 32193337 0 50 theme stem 74:77 arg1 cells 79:83 stem cells 74:83 stem cells 74:83 O-GlcNAcylation regulates the methionine cycle to promote pluripotency of stem cells. 32193337 3 51 from enzyme 390:395 arg1 cycle 415:419 the methionine cycle 400:419 the methionine cycle 400:419 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 1 52 theme embryonic 143:151 arg1 ESCs 165:168 ESCs 165:168 ESCs 165:168 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 1 52 theme embryonic 143:151 arg1 cells 158:162 embryonic stem cells 143:162 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) 143:169 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 1 53 theme pluripotency 214:225 arg1 maintenance 128:138 the maintenance 124:138 the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency 124:225 Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. 32193337 7 54 theme S-adenosylhomocysteine 1113:1134 arg1 ratio 1076:1080 the ratio 1072:1080 the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH) 1072:1144 Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. 32193337 3 55 theme mouse 477:481 arg1 cells 498:502 mouse embryonic stem cells 477:502 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) 477:510 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 3 55 theme mouse 477:481 arg1 mESCs 505:509 mESCs 505:509 mESCs 505:509 Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 32193337 6 56 theme lysine 982:987 arg1 trimethylation 953:966 trimethylation 953:966 trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) 953:999 O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. 33608772 5 0 theme CRC 656:658 arg1 patients 660:667 CRC patients 656:667 CRC patients 656:667 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 6 1 theme gel 826:828 arg1 electrophoresis 830:844 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 810:844 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 810:844 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry were performed. 33608772 2 2 theme cancer 349:354 arg1 types 340:344 many types 335:344 many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC) 335:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 2 2 theme cancer 349:354 arg1 cancer 377:382 colorectal cancer 366:382 colorectal cancer (CRC) 366:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 11 3 theme specific 1765:1772 arg1 form 1787:1790 This specific glycosylated form 1760:1790 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 1760:1804 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 1 4 theme diseases 267:274 arg1 states 252:257 normal and pathobiological states 225:257 normal and pathobiological states of many diseases 225:274 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 6 5 theme mass 903:906 arg1 spectrometry 908:919 mass spectrometry 903:919 mass spectrometry 903:919 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry were performed. 33608772 11 6 gly glycosylated 1774:1785 arg1 serum-IgA1 1795:1804 serum-IgA1 1795:1804 serum-IgA1 1795:1804 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 11 6 gly glycosylated 1774:1785 arg1 form 1787:1790 This specific glycosylated form 1760:1790 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 1760:1804 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 9 7 theme trap 1215:1218 arg1 spectrometry 1225:1236 ion trap mass spectrometry 1211:1236 ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1211:1314 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 9 8 from located 1385:1391 arg1 region 1415:1420 the heavy constant region 1396:1420 the heavy constant region of IgA1 1396:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 5 9 theme wheat 707:711 arg1 agglutinin 718:727 wheat germ agglutinin 707:727 wheat germ agglutinin 707:727 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 9 10 theme collision-induced 1244:1260 arg1 dissociation 1262:1273 collision-induced dissociation 1244:1273 collision-induced dissociation 1244:1273 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 2 11 theme O-GlcNAc 300:307 arg1 modification 309:320 O-GlcNAc modification 300:320 O-GlcNAc modification 300:320 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 5 12 gly glycoproteins 639:651 arg1 glycoproteins 639:651 Serum glycoproteins 633:651 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls 633:688 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 10 13 theme RL2 1721:1723 arg1 antibody 1734:1741 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 1721:1741 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 1721:1741 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 4 14 with patients 614:621 arg1 CRC 628:630 CRC 628:630 CRC 628:630 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 9 15 theme molecular 1560:1568 arg1 mass 1570:1573 their identical molecular mass 1544:1573 their identical molecular mass 1544:1573 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 5 16 theme controls 681:688 arg1 glycoproteins 639:651 Serum glycoproteins 633:651 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls 633:688 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 9 17 theme dissociation 1297:1308 arg1 modes 1310:1314 collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1244:1314 collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1244:1314 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 7 18 theme immunoglobulin 1019:1032 arg1 IgA1 1038:1041 IgA1 1038:1041 IgA1 1038:1041 The results showed that RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody predominantly reacted against serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). 33608772 7 18 theme immunoglobulin 1019:1032 arg1 A1 1034:1035 serum immunoglobulin A1 1013:1035 serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) 1013:1042 The results showed that RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody predominantly reacted against serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). 33608772 1 19 theme N-acetylglucosamine 137:155 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 97:111 O-GlcNAcylation 97:111 O-GlcNAcylation 97:111 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 19 theme N-acetylglucosamine 137:155 arg1 attachment 123:132 a single attachment 114:132 a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues 114:197 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 11 20 theme aberrant 1834:1841 arg1 glycosylation 1843:1855 aberrant glycosylation 1834:1855 aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology 1834:1914 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 0 21 theme patients 64:71 arg1 serum-IgA1 50:59 serum-IgA1 50:59 serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer 50:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 9 22 theme O-linked 1329:1336 arg1 site 1370:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site 1325:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1 1325:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 0 23 theme colorectal 78:87 arg1 cancer 89:94 colorectal cancer 78:94 colorectal cancer 78:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 9 24 theme modification 1357:1368 arg1 site 1370:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site 1325:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1 1325:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 11 25 theme valuable 1872:1879 arg1 information 1881:1891 valuable information 1872:1891 valuable information to cancer glycobiology 1872:1914 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 4 26 from present 594:600 arg1 serum 605:609 serum 605:609 serum of patients with CRC 605:630 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 7 27 theme O-GlcNAc 965:972 arg1 antibody 974:981 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 961:981 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 961:981 The results showed that RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody predominantly reacted against serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). 33608772 5 28 theme binding 739:745 arg1 protein 747:753 a glycan binding protein 730:753 a glycan binding protein 730:753 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 9 29 theme located 1385:1391 arg1 site 1370:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site 1325:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1 1325:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 8 30 theme IgA 1071:1073 arg1 levels 1049:1054 The levels 1045:1054 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA 1045:1073 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 10 31 from reactivity 1702:1711 arg1 patients 1750:1757 CRC patients 1746:1757 CRC patients 1746:1757 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 0 32 theme Aberrant 0:7 arg1 reactivity 31:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity 0:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer 0:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 6 33 theme affinity 876:883 arg1 purification 885:896 affinity purification 876:896 affinity purification 876:896 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry were performed. 33608772 2 34 located found 326:330 arg1 types 340:344 many types 335:344 many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC) 335:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 2 34 located found 326:330 arg1 cancer 377:382 colorectal cancer 366:382 colorectal cancer (CRC) 366:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 2 34 located found 326:330 arg2 expression 286:295 Aberrant expression 277:295 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification 277:320 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 9 35 theme ion 1211:1213 arg1 spectrometry 1225:1236 ion trap mass spectrometry 1211:1236 ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1211:1314 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 0 36 theme O-GlcNAc 13:20 arg1 reactivity 31:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity 0:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer 0:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 9 37 theme constant 1406:1413 arg1 region 1415:1420 the heavy constant region 1396:1420 the heavy constant region of IgA1 1396:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 9 38 link O-linked 1329:1336 arg1 site 1370:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site 1325:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1 1325:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 1 39 dep serine 169:174 arg1 residues 190:197 residues 190:197 residues 190:197 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 5 40 theme sialic 797:802 arg1 acid 804:807 sialic acid 797:807 sialic acid 797:807 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 6 41 theme O-GlcNAc 851:858 arg1 immunoblotting 860:873 RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting 847:873 RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting 847:873 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry were performed. 33608772 2 42 theme many 335:338 arg1 types 340:344 many types 335:344 many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC) 335:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 2 42 theme many 335:338 arg1 cancer 377:382 colorectal cancer 366:382 colorectal cancer (CRC) 366:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 4 43 located present 594:600 arg2 proteins 581:588 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 563:588 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 563:588 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 4 43 located present 594:600 arg1 serum 605:609 serum 605:609 serum of patients with CRC 605:630 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 8 44 with patients 1142:1149 arg1 CRC 1156:1158 CRC 1156:1158 CRC 1156:1158 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 4 45 theme patients 614:621 arg1 serum 605:609 serum 605:609 serum of patients with CRC 605:630 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 5 46 theme patients 660:667 arg1 glycoproteins 639:651 Serum glycoproteins 633:651 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls 633:688 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 6 47 theme Two-dimensional 810:824 arg1 electrophoresis 830:844 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 810:844 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 810:844 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry were performed. 33608772 1 48 theme many 262:265 arg1 diseases 267:274 many diseases 262:274 many diseases 262:274 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 11 49 theme glycosylated 1774:1785 arg1 form 1787:1790 This specific glycosylated form 1760:1790 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 1760:1804 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 0 50 with patients 64:71 arg1 cancer 89:94 colorectal cancer 78:94 colorectal cancer 78:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 2 51 theme Aberrant 277:284 arg1 expression 286:295 Aberrant expression 277:295 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification 277:320 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 8 52 theme healthy 1181:1187 arg1 controls 1189:1196 healthy controls 1181:1196 healthy controls 1181:1196 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 10 53 theme increased 1692:1700 arg1 reactivity 1702:1711 an aberrantly increased reactivity 1678:1711 an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients 1678:1757 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 4 54 from serum 605:609 arg1 present 594:600 present 594:600 present 594:600 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 5 55 theme Serum 633:637 arg1 glycoproteins 639:651 Serum glycoproteins 633:651 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls 633:688 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 9 56 theme mass 1220:1223 arg1 spectrometry 1225:1236 ion trap mass spectrometry 1211:1236 ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1211:1314 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 2 57 theme modification 309:320 arg1 expression 286:295 Aberrant expression 277:295 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification 277:320 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 9 58 from Ser268 1378:1383 arg1 site 1370:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site 1325:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1 1325:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 10 59 theme O-GlcNAc 1725:1732 arg1 antibody 1734:1741 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 1721:1741 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 1721:1741 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 5 60 theme germ 713:716 arg1 agglutinin 718:727 wheat germ agglutinin 707:727 wheat germ agglutinin 707:727 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 9 61 theme dissociation 1262:1273 arg1 modes 1310:1314 collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1244:1314 collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes 1244:1314 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 9 62 theme identical 1550:1558 arg1 mass 1570:1573 their identical molecular mass 1544:1573 their identical molecular mass 1544:1573 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 5 63 theme healthy 673:679 arg1 controls 681:688 healthy controls 673:688 healthy controls 673:688 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 9 64 theme electron-transfer 1279:1295 arg1 dissociation 1297:1308 electron-transfer dissociation 1279:1308 electron-transfer dissociation 1279:1308 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 1 65 theme single 116:121 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 97:111 O-GlcNAcylation 97:111 O-GlcNAcylation 97:111 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 65 theme single 116:121 arg1 attachment 123:132 a single attachment 114:132 a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues 114:197 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 4 66 attach present 594:600 arg2 proteins 581:588 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 563:588 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 563:588 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 4 66 attach present 594:600 arg1 serum 605:609 serum 605:609 serum of patients with CRC 605:630 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 11 67 theme glycosylation 1843:1855 arg1 spectrum 1822:1829 the spectrum 1818:1829 the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology 1818:1914 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 9 68 theme N-acetylhexosamine 1338:1355 arg1 site 1370:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site 1325:1373 one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1 1325:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 7 69 theme serum 1013:1017 arg1 IgA1 1038:1041 IgA1 1038:1041 IgA1 1038:1041 The results showed that RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody predominantly reacted against serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). 33608772 7 69 theme serum 1013:1017 arg1 A1 1034:1035 serum immunoglobulin A1 1013:1035 serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) 1013:1042 The results showed that RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody predominantly reacted against serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). 33608772 8 70 from patients 1142:1149 arg1 different 1129:1137 different 1129:1137 different 1129:1137 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 11 71 theme cancer 1896:1901 arg1 glycobiology 1903:1914 cancer glycobiology 1896:1914 cancer glycobiology 1896:1914 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 8 72 theme RL2-reacted 1059:1069 arg1 IgA 1071:1073 RL2-reacted IgA 1059:1073 RL2-reacted IgA 1059:1073 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 8 73 from different 1129:1137 arg1 patients 1142:1149 patients 1142:1149 patients with CRC 1142:1158 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 5 74 theme glycan 732:737 arg1 protein 747:753 a glycan binding protein 730:753 a glycan binding protein 730:753 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 10 75 theme CRC 1746:1748 arg1 patients 1750:1757 CRC patients 1746:1757 CRC patients 1746:1757 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 0 76 theme RL2 9:11 arg1 reactivity 31:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity 0:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer 0:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 7 77 theme RL2 961:963 arg1 antibody 974:981 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 961:981 RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody 961:981 The results showed that RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody predominantly reacted against serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). 33608772 3 78 theme nuclear-cytoplasmic 426:444 arg1 proteins 446:453 nuclear-cytoplasmic proteins 426:453 nuclear-cytoplasmic proteins 426:453 This modification mainly occurs in nuclear-cytoplasmic proteins; however, it can exist in some extracellular and secretory proteins. 33608772 0 79 theme antibody 22:29 arg1 reactivity 31:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity 0:40 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer 0:94 Aberrant RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody reactivity against serum-IgA1 of patients with colorectal cancer. 33608772 9 80 theme heavy 1400:1404 arg1 region 1415:1420 the heavy constant region 1396:1420 the heavy constant region of IgA1 1396:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 8 81 theme total 1110:1114 arg1 IgA 1116:1118 total IgA 1110:1118 total IgA 1110:1118 The levels of RL2-reacted IgA were significantly increased while total IgA were not different in patients with CRC compared to those of healthy controls. 33608772 1 82 from attachment 123:132 arg1 threonine 180:188 threonine 180:188 threonine 180:188 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 82 from attachment 123:132 arg1 serine 169:174 serine 169:174 serine 169:174 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 4 83 theme O-GlcNAc-modified 563:579 arg1 proteins 581:588 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 563:588 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 563:588 In this study, we investigated whether O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are present in serum of patients with CRC. 33608772 11 84 theme serum-IgA1 1795:1804 arg1 form 1787:1790 This specific glycosylated form 1760:1790 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 1760:1804 This specific glycosylated form of serum-IgA1 will expand the spectrum of aberrant glycosylation which provides valuable information to cancer glycobiology. 33608772 5 85 theme terminal 777:784 arg1 GlcNAc 786:791 terminal GlcNAc 777:791 terminal GlcNAc 777:791 Serum glycoproteins of CRC patients and healthy controls were enriched by wheat germ agglutinin, a glycan binding protein specifically binds to terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid. 33608772 1 86 theme important 206:214 arg1 roles 216:220 important roles 206:220 important roles 206:220 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 10 87 contain had 1674:1676 arg2 reactivity 1702:1711 an aberrantly increased reactivity 1678:1711 an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients 1678:1757 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 10 87 contain had 1674:1676 arg1 serum-IgA 1664:1672 serum-IgA 1664:1672 serum-IgA 1664:1672 Although failed to demonstrate unequivocally it was O-GlcNAc, these data indicated that serum-IgA had an aberrantly increased reactivity against RL2 O-GlcNAc antibody in CRC patients. 33608772 9 88 theme IgA1 1425:1428 arg1 region 1415:1420 the heavy constant region 1396:1420 the heavy constant region of IgA1 1396:1428 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 9 89 from region 1415:1420 arg1 located 1385:1391 located 1385:1391 located 1385:1391 Analyses by ion trap mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation modes revealed one O-linked N-acetylhexosamine modification site at Ser268 located in the heavy constant region of IgA1; unfortunately, it cannot be discriminated whether it was N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine because of their identical molecular mass. 33608772 3 90 theme secretory 504:512 arg1 proteins 514:521 some extracellular and secretory proteins 481:521 some extracellular and secretory proteins 481:521 This modification mainly occurs in nuclear-cytoplasmic proteins; however, it can exist in some extracellular and secretory proteins. 33608772 3 91 theme extracellular 486:498 arg1 proteins 514:521 some extracellular and secretory proteins 481:521 some extracellular and secretory proteins 481:521 This modification mainly occurs in nuclear-cytoplasmic proteins; however, it can exist in some extracellular and secretory proteins. 33608772 6 92 theme RL2 847:849 arg1 immunoblotting 860:873 RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting 847:873 RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting 847:873 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, RL2 O-GlcNAc immunoblotting, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry were performed. 33608772 1 93 theme normal 225:230 arg1 states 252:257 normal and pathobiological states 225:257 normal and pathobiological states of many diseases 225:274 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 94 attach attachment 123:132 arg3 serine 169:174 serine 169:174 serine 169:174 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 94 attach attachment 123:132 arg3 threonine 180:188 threonine 180:188 threonine 180:188 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 94 attach attachment 123:132 arg2 N-acetylglucosamine 137:155 N-acetylglucosamine 137:155 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 137:164 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 1 94 attach attachment 123:132 arg2 GlcNAc 158:163 GlcNAc 158:163 GlcNAc 158:163 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 33608772 2 95 theme colorectal 366:375 arg1 CRC 385:387 CRC 385:387 CRC 385:387 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 2 95 theme colorectal 366:375 arg1 cancer 377:382 colorectal cancer 366:382 colorectal cancer (CRC) 366:388 Aberrant expression of O-GlcNAc modification was found in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). 33608772 1 96 theme pathobiological 236:250 arg1 states 252:257 normal and pathobiological states 225:257 normal and pathobiological states of many diseases 225:274 O-GlcNAcylation, a single attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues, plays important roles in normal and pathobiological states of many diseases. 32120884 0 0 theme Flavi-Like 95:104 arg1 Viruses 106:112 Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 77:112 Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 77:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 5 1 gly glycoproteins 938:950 arg1 glycoproteins 938:950 the glycoproteins 934:950 the glycoproteins 934:950 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 2 2 with peptide 589:595 arg1 architecture 648:659 a three-domain architecture 633:659 a three-domain architecture 633:659 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 2 with peptide 589:595 arg1 hydrophobicity 614:627 interfacial hydrophobicity 602:627 interfacial hydrophobicity 602:627 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 0 3 theme Jingmen 87:93 arg1 Viruses 106:112 Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 77:112 Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 77:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 1 4 from illnesses 336:344 arg1 humans 349:354 humans 349:354 humans 349:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 5 theme worldwide 266:274 arg1 distribution 276:287 a worldwide distribution 264:287 a worldwide distribution 264:287 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 2 6 theme short 559:563 arg1 alpha-helices 565:577 short alpha-helices 559:577 short alpha-helices 559:577 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 6 7 theme precursor 1237:1245 arg1 glycoprotein 1247:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein 1219:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence 1219:1320 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 4 8 theme O-linked 908:915 arg1 glycans 917:923 O-linked glycans 908:923 O-linked glycans 908:923 Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. 32120884 4 9 dep serines 840:846 arg1 the 836:838 the 836:838 the 836:838 Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. 32120884 6 10 theme flavi-virus 1170:1180 arg1 glycoproteins 1182:1194 Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins 1162:1194 Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins 1162:1194 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 6 11 with glycoprotein 1247:1258 arg1 domains 1288:1294 domains 1288:1294 domains acquired after divergence 1288:1320 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 6 11 with glycoprotein 1247:1258 arg1 domain 1278:1283 a mucin-like domain 1265:1283 a mucin-like domain 1265:1283 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 0 12 theme Viruses 106:112 arg1 Proteins 140:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins 118:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains 118:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 12 theme Viruses 106:112 arg1 Glycoproteins 60:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins 47:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 47:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 3 13 theme amino 767:771 arg1 feature 794:800 a feature 792:800 a feature of mucin-like domains 792:822 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 3 13 theme amino 767:771 arg1 terminus 773:780 the amino terminus 763:780 the amino terminus 763:780 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 2 14 gly glycoproteins 431:443 arg1 glycoproteins 431:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 15 used used 385:388 arg2 analyses 371:378 Computational analyses 357:378 Computational analyses 357:378 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 5 16 dep predicted 956:964 arg1 whereas 1049:1055 whereas 1049:1055 whereas 1049:1055 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 3 17 gly glycoproteins 687:699 arg1 glycoproteins 687:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 6 18 theme Jingmen 1162:1168 arg1 glycoproteins 1182:1194 Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins 1162:1194 Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins 1162:1194 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 5 19 theme located 1006:1012 arg1 domain 999:1004 an additional mucin-like domain 974:1004 an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor 974:1046 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 2 20 theme flavi-like 414:423 arg1 glycoproteins 431:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 0 21 theme Class 118:122 arg1 Proteins 140:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins 118:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains 118:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 21 theme Class 118:122 arg1 b-Penetrenes 150:161 b-Penetrenes 150:161 b-Penetrenes 150:161 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 21 theme Class 118:122 arg1 Glycoproteins 60:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins 47:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 47:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 2 22 theme class 473:477 arg1 ectodomain 518:527 an ectodomain 515:527 an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices 515:577 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 22 theme class 473:477 arg1 features 461:468 structural features 450:468 structural features 450:468 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 23 theme Jingmen 406:412 arg1 glycoproteins 431:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 0 24 theme Computational 11:23 arg1 Analyses 25:32 Proteomics Computational Analyses 0:32 Proteomics Computational Analyses 0:32 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 2 25 theme interfacial 602:612 arg1 hydrophobicity 614:627 interfacial hydrophobicity 602:627 interfacial hydrophobicity 602:627 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 1 26 theme Jingmen 189:195 arg1 viruses 197:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 26 theme Jingmen 189:195 arg1 viruses 246:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses 209:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans 209:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 0 27 theme Proteomics 0:9 arg1 Analyses 25:32 Proteomics Computational Analyses 0:32 Proteomics Computational Analyses 0:32 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 2 28 dep class 473:477 arg1 proteins 495:502 viral fusion proteins 482:502 class II viral fusion proteins 473:502 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 29 theme three-domain 635:646 arg1 architecture 648:659 a three-domain architecture 633:659 a three-domain architecture 633:659 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 0 30 theme Fusion 133:138 arg1 Proteins 140:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins 118:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains 118:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 30 theme Fusion 133:138 arg1 b-Penetrenes 150:161 b-Penetrenes 150:161 b-Penetrenes 150:161 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 30 theme Fusion 133:138 arg1 Glycoproteins 60:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins 47:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 47:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 2 31 theme structural 450:459 arg1 ectodomain 518:527 an ectodomain 515:527 an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices 515:577 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 31 theme structural 450:459 arg1 features 461:468 structural features 450:468 structural features 450:468 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 6 32 gly glycoproteins 1182:1194 arg1 glycoproteins 1182:1194 Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins 1162:1194 Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins 1162:1194 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 0 33 theme Viral 127:131 arg1 Proteins 140:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins 118:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains 118:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 33 theme Viral 127:131 arg1 b-Penetrenes 150:161 b-Penetrenes 150:161 b-Penetrenes 150:161 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 33 theme Viral 127:131 arg1 Glycoproteins 60:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins 47:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 47:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 6 34 theme common 1221:1226 arg1 glycoprotein 1247:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein 1219:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence 1219:1320 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 5 35 theme additional 977:986 arg1 domain 999:1004 an additional mucin-like domain 974:1004 an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor 974:1046 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 5 36 contain have 969:972 arg1 Some 926:929 Some 926:929 Some 926:929 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 5 36 contain have 969:972 arg1 glycoproteins 938:950 the glycoproteins 934:950 the glycoproteins 934:950 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 5 36 contain have 969:972 arg2 domain 999:1004 an additional mucin-like domain 974:1004 an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor 974:1046 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 6 37 theme flavivirus 1130:1139 arg1 protein 1150:1156 The flavivirus envelope protein 1126:1156 The flavivirus envelope protein 1126:1156 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 5 38 theme mucin-like 988:997 arg1 domain 999:1004 an additional mucin-like domain 974:1004 an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor 974:1046 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 1 39 contain have 259:262 arg2 distribution 276:287 a worldwide distribution 264:287 a worldwide distribution 264:287 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 39 contain have 259:262 arg1 viruses 246:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses 209:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans 209:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 39 contain have 259:262 arg1 viruses 197:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 40 theme described 215:223 arg1 viruses 197:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 40 theme described 215:223 arg1 viruses 246:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses 209:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans 209:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 5 41 contain have 1081:1084 arg1 others 1057:1062 others 1057:1062 others 1057:1062 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 5 41 contain have 1081:1084 arg2 stem 1088:1091 a stem 1086:1091 a stem consisting of two alpha-helices 1086:1123 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 3 42 theme mucin-like 805:814 arg1 domains 816:822 mucin-like domains 805:822 mucin-like domains 805:822 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 4 43 theme serines 840:846 arg1 Several 825:831 Several 825:831 Several 825:831 Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. 32120884 1 44 theme segmented 225:233 arg1 viruses 197:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 44 theme segmented 225:233 arg1 viruses 246:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses 209:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans 209:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 2 45 theme fusion 488:493 arg1 proteins 495:502 viral fusion proteins 482:502 class II viral fusion proteins 473:502 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 3 46 theme domains 816:822 arg1 feature 794:800 a feature 792:800 a feature of mucin-like domains 792:822 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 3 46 theme domains 816:822 arg1 terminus 773:780 the amino terminus 763:780 the amino terminus 763:780 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 2 47 theme Computational 357:369 arg1 analyses 371:378 Computational analyses 357:378 Computational analyses 357:378 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 0 48 theme Envelope 51:58 arg1 Proteins 140:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins 118:147 Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains 118:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 0 48 theme Envelope 51:58 arg1 Glycoproteins 60:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins 47:72 the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 47:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 1 49 theme febrile 328:334 arg1 illnesses 336:344 febrile illnesses 328:344 febrile illnesses in humans 328:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 2 50 theme fusion 582:587 arg1 ectodomain 518:527 an ectodomain 515:527 an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices 515:577 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 50 theme fusion 582:587 arg1 peptide 589:595 a fusion peptide 580:595 a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture 580:659 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 51 theme viral 482:486 arg1 proteins 495:502 viral fusion proteins 482:502 class II viral fusion proteins 473:502 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 4 52 theme threonines 852:861 arg1 Several 825:831 Several 825:831 Several 825:831 Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. 32120884 6 53 theme class 1228:1232 arg1 glycoprotein 1247:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein 1219:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence 1219:1320 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 0 54 theme Mucin-Like 169:178 arg1 Domains 180:186 Mucin-Like Domains 169:186 Mucin-Like Domains 169:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 3 55 theme flavi-like 670:679 arg1 glycoproteins 687:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 6 56 theme mucin-like 1267:1276 arg1 domain 1278:1283 a mucin-like domain 1265:1283 a mucin-like domain 1265:1283 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 0 57 with Proteins 140:147 arg1 Domains 180:186 Mucin-Like Domains 169:186 Mucin-Like Domains 169:186 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 1 58 theme flavi-like 235:244 arg1 viruses 197:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses 189:203 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 1 58 theme flavi-like 235:244 arg1 viruses 246:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses 209:252 newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans 209:354 Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. 32120884 2 59 contain have 445:448 arg1 glycoproteins 431:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 59 contain have 445:448 arg2 ectodomain 518:527 an ectodomain 515:527 an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices 515:577 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 2 59 contain have 445:448 arg2 features 461:468 structural features 450:468 structural features 450:468 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 3 60 theme virus 681:685 arg1 glycoproteins 687:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 6 61 theme envelope 1141:1148 arg1 protein 1150:1156 The flavivirus envelope protein 1126:1156 The flavivirus envelope protein 1126:1156 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 0 62 theme Segmented 77:85 arg1 Viruses 106:112 Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 77:112 Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses 77:112 Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. 32120884 2 63 theme virus 425:429 arg1 glycoproteins 431:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 406:443 Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. 32120884 5 64 theme transmembrane 1027:1039 arg1 anchor 1041:1046 the transmembrane anchor 1023:1046 the transmembrane anchor 1023:1046 Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. 32120884 3 65 contain have 701:704 arg1 glycoproteins 687:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 3 65 contain have 701:704 arg2 sequence 708:715 a sequence 706:715 a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains 706:822 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 4 66 theme glycans 917:923 arg1 addition 896:903 the addition 892:903 the addition of O-linked glycans 892:923 Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. 32120884 6 67 gly glycoprotein 1247:1258 arg1 glycoprotein 1247:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein 1219:1258 a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence 1219:1320 The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence. 32120884 3 68 theme Jingmen 662:668 arg1 glycoproteins 687:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins 662:699 Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. 32120884 4 69 link O-linked 908:915 arg1 glycans 917:923 O-linked glycans 908:923 O-linked glycans 908:923 Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. 34206270 1 0 from diseases 197:204 arg1 fish 209:212 fish 209:212 fish 209:212 Antimicrobials are widely applied in aquaculture for treatment of infectious diseases in fish. 34206270 2 1 theme case 405:408 arg1 properties 366:375 the antibacterial properties 348:375 the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case 348:408 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 1 theme case 405:408 arg1 oils 421:424 essential oils 411:424 essential oils (EOs) 411:430 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 2 from research 336:343 arg1 properties 366:375 the antibacterial properties 348:375 the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case 348:408 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 2 from research 336:343 arg1 oils 421:424 essential oils 411:424 essential oils (EOs) 411:430 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 4 3 theme Aerococcus 608:617 arg1 spp. 619:622 Aerococcus spp. 608:622 Aerococcus spp. 608:622 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 8 4 theme antimicrobial 1076:1088 arg1 activity 1090:1097 antimicrobial activity 1076:1097 antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents 1076:1162 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 1 5 from treatment 173:181 arg1 fish 209:212 fish 209:212 fish 209:212 Antimicrobials are widely applied in aquaculture for treatment of infectious diseases in fish. 34206270 8 6 theme tested 1056:1061 arg1 EOs 1063:1065 All tested EOs 1052:1065 All tested EOs 1052:1065 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 0 7 theme Fish 114:117 arg1 Microorganisms 85:98 Pathogenic Microorganisms 74:98 Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish 74:117 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 3 8 theme pathogenic 528:537 arg1 microorganisms 539:552 pathogenic microorganisms 528:552 pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish 528:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 3 9 theme freshwater 563:572 arg1 fish 574:577 freshwater fish 563:577 freshwater fish 563:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 13 10 theme cubeba 1381:1386 arg1 EOs 1341:1343 EOs 1341:1343 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba 1341:1386 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba showed strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp. 34206270 0 11 theme Freshwater 103:112 arg1 Fish 114:117 Freshwater Fish 103:117 Freshwater Fish 103:117 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 16 12 theme relevant 1548:1555 arg1 pathogens 1573:1581 the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1539:1581 the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1539:1581 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 3 13 theme oils 520:523 arg1 activity 494:501 the antimicrobial activity 476:501 the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish 476:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 spp. 654:657 Enterococcus spp. 641:657 Enterococcus spp. 641:657 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 Shewanella 696:705 Shewanella 696:705 Shewanella 696:705 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 spp. 672:675 Escherichia spp. 660:675 Escherichia spp. 660:675 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 isolates 596:603 Freshwater fish isolates 580:603 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp. 580:622 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 spp. 635:638 Aeromonas spp. 625:638 Aeromonas spp. 625:638 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 spp 743:745 Vagococcus spp 732:745 Vagococcus spp 732:745 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 spp. 690:693 Pseudomonas spp. 678:693 Pseudomonas spp. 678:693 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 14 theme spp. 619:622 arg1 spp. 722:725 Yersinia spp. 713:725 Yersinia spp. 713:725 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 8 15 theme freshwater 1118:1127 arg1 isolates 1134:1141 the tested freshwater fish isolates 1107:1141 the tested freshwater fish isolates 1107:1141 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 13 16 theme antibacterial 1402:1414 arg1 activity 1416:1423 strong antibacterial activity 1395:1423 strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp 1395:1444 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba showed strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp. 34206270 1 17 theme infectious 186:195 arg1 diseases 197:204 infectious diseases 186:204 infectious diseases in fish 186:212 Antimicrobials are widely applied in aquaculture for treatment of infectious diseases in fish. 34206270 8 18 theme tested 1111:1116 arg1 isolates 1134:1141 the tested freshwater fish isolates 1107:1141 the tested freshwater fish isolates 1107:1141 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 3 19 from activity 494:501 arg1 microorganisms 539:552 pathogenic microorganisms 528:552 pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish 528:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 4 20 dep Shewanella 696:705 arg1 spp. 707:710 Shewanella spp. 696:710 Shewanella spp. 696:710 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 1 21 theme diseases 197:204 arg1 treatment 173:181 treatment 173:181 treatment of infectious diseases in fish 173:212 Antimicrobials are widely applied in aquaculture for treatment of infectious diseases in fish. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 spp. 654:657 Enterococcus spp. 641:657 Enterococcus spp. 641:657 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 Shewanella 696:705 Shewanella 696:705 Shewanella 696:705 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 spp. 672:675 Escherichia spp. 660:675 Escherichia spp. 660:675 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 isolates 596:603 Freshwater fish isolates 580:603 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp. 580:622 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 spp. 635:638 Aeromonas spp. 625:638 Aeromonas spp. 625:638 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 spp 743:745 Vagococcus spp 732:745 Vagococcus spp 732:745 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 spp. 690:693 Pseudomonas spp. 678:693 Pseudomonas spp. 678:693 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 22 theme fish 591:594 arg1 spp. 722:725 Yersinia spp. 713:725 Yersinia spp. 713:725 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 2 23 theme antibacterial 352:364 arg1 properties 366:375 the antibacterial properties 348:375 the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case 348:408 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 23 theme antibacterial 352:364 arg1 oils 421:424 essential oils 411:424 essential oils (EOs) 411:430 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 0 24 theme Antimicrobial 0:12 arg1 Activity 14:21 Antimicrobial Activity 0:21 Antimicrobial Activity 0:21 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 spp. 654:657 Enterococcus spp. 641:657 Enterococcus spp. 641:657 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 Shewanella 696:705 Shewanella 696:705 Shewanella 696:705 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 spp. 672:675 Escherichia spp. 660:675 Escherichia spp. 660:675 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 isolates 596:603 Freshwater fish isolates 580:603 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp. 580:622 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 spp. 635:638 Aeromonas spp. 625:638 Aeromonas spp. 625:638 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 spp 743:745 Vagococcus spp 732:745 Vagococcus spp 732:745 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 spp. 690:693 Pseudomonas spp. 678:693 Pseudomonas spp. 678:693 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 4 25 theme Freshwater 580:589 arg1 spp. 722:725 Yersinia spp. 713:725 Yersinia spp. 713:725 Freshwater fish isolates of Aerococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella spp., Yersinia spp., and Vagococcus spp. 34206270 8 26 theme fish 1129:1132 arg1 isolates 1134:1141 the tested freshwater fish isolates 1107:1141 the tested freshwater fish isolates 1107:1141 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 9 27 theme Cinnamomum 1165:1174 arg1 camphora 1176:1183 Cinnamomum camphora 1165:1183 Cinnamomum camphora 1165:1183 Cinnamomum camphora exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas spp. 34206270 3 28 theme present 448:454 arg1 study 456:460 the present study 444:460 the present study 444:460 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 0 29 theme Chemical 27:34 arg1 Composition 36:46 Chemical Composition 27:46 Chemical Composition 27:46 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 5 30 theme available 840:848 arg1 oils 860:863 14 commercially available essential oils 824:863 14 commercially available essential oils 824:863 were tested for antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial activity against 14 commercially available essential oils. 34206270 8 31 theme different 1146:1154 arg1 extents 1156:1162 different extents 1146:1162 different extents 1146:1162 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 7 32 theme Aeromonas 981:989 arg1 Enterococcus 992:1003 all Aeromonas, Enterococcus, and Yersinia isolates 977:1026 Enterococcus 992:1003 isolates against cefepime and ciprofloxacin; while all Aeromonas, Enterococcus, and Yersinia isolates were fully susceptible. 34206270 7 33 theme Yersinia 1010:1017 arg1 isolates 1019:1026 all Aeromonas, Enterococcus, and Yersinia isolates 977:1026 isolates 1019:1026 isolates against cefepime and ciprofloxacin; while all Aeromonas, Enterococcus, and Yersinia isolates were fully susceptible. 34206270 12 34 theme MIC 1329:1331 arg1 method 1333:1338 the MIC method 1325:1338 the MIC method 1325:1338 with the MIC method. 34206270 9 35 theme strong 1195:1200 arg1 activity 1216:1223 strong antimicrobial activity 1195:1223 strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas spp 1195:1245 Cinnamomum camphora exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas spp. 34206270 3 36 theme antimicrobial 480:492 arg1 activity 494:501 the antimicrobial activity 476:501 the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish 476:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 5 37 theme antimicrobial 793:805 arg1 activity 807:814 antimicrobial activity 793:814 antimicrobial activity 793:814 were tested for antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial activity against 14 commercially available essential oils. 34206270 3 38 theme essential 510:518 arg1 oils 520:523 the essential oils 506:523 the essential oils 506:523 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 10 39 dep spp 1275:1277 arg1 μL/mL 1254:1258 3.12 μL/mL 1249:1258 3.12 μL/mL 1249:1258 (3.12 μL/mL), Enterococcus spp. 34206270 2 40 theme pathogens 262:270 arg1 resistance 243:252 The increased antimicrobial resistance 215:252 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment 215:310 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 3 41 located found 554:558 arg2 microorganisms 539:552 pathogenic microorganisms 528:552 pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish 528:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 3 41 located found 554:558 arg1 fish 574:577 freshwater fish 563:577 freshwater fish 563:577 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 3 42 theme study 456:460 arg1 aim 437:439 The aim 433:439 The aim of the present study 433:460 The aim of the present study was to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms found in freshwater fish. 34206270 13 43 theme Yersinia 1433:1440 arg1 spp 1442:1444 Yersinia spp 1433:1444 Yersinia spp 1433:1444 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba showed strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp. 34206270 16 44 from opportunities 1613:1625 arg1 aquaculture 1630:1640 aquaculture 1630:1640 aquaculture 1630:1640 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 16 45 theme fish 1568:1571 arg1 pathogens 1573:1581 the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1539:1581 the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1539:1581 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 2 46 theme fish 257:260 arg1 pathogens 262:270 fish pathogens 257:270 fish pathogens 257:270 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 9 47 theme antimicrobial 1202:1214 arg1 activity 1216:1223 strong antimicrobial activity 1195:1223 strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas spp 1195:1245 Cinnamomum camphora exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas spp. 34206270 5 48 theme essential 850:858 arg1 oils 860:863 14 commercially available essential oils 824:863 14 commercially available essential oils 824:863 were tested for antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial activity against 14 commercially available essential oils. 34206270 0 49 theme Oils 61:64 arg1 Activity 14:21 Antimicrobial Activity 0:21 Antimicrobial Activity 0:21 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 0 49 theme Oils 61:64 arg1 Composition 36:46 Chemical Composition 27:46 Chemical Composition 27:46 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 13 50 theme procumbens 1359:1368 arg1 EOs 1341:1343 EOs 1341:1343 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba 1341:1386 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba showed strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp. 34206270 2 51 theme products-in 388:398 arg1 case 405:408 natural products-in this case 380:408 natural products-in this case 380:408 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 0 52 theme Essential 51:59 arg1 Oils 61:64 Essential Oils 51:64 Essential Oils 51:64 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 2 53 theme antimicrobial 229:241 arg1 resistance 243:252 The increased antimicrobial resistance 215:252 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment 215:310 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 54 theme natural 380:386 arg1 case 405:408 natural products-in this case 380:408 natural products-in this case 380:408 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 16 55 theme application 1601:1611 arg1 opportunities 1613:1625 the application opportunities 1597:1625 the application opportunities in aquaculture 1597:1640 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 2 56 theme increased 219:227 arg1 resistance 243:252 The increased antimicrobial resistance 215:252 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment 215:310 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 9 57 theme Aeromonas 1233:1241 arg1 spp 1243:1245 Aeromonas spp 1233:1245 Aeromonas spp 1233:1245 Cinnamomum camphora exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas spp. 34206270 16 58 theme antimicrobial 1501:1513 arg1 activity 1515:1522 the antimicrobial activity 1497:1522 the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1497:1581 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 10 59 theme Enterococcus 1262:1273 arg1 spp 1275:1277 Enterococcus spp 1262:1277 Enterococcus spp 1262:1277 (3.12 μL/mL), Enterococcus spp. 34206270 6 60 theme Antimicrobial 866:878 arg1 resistance 880:889 Antimicrobial resistance 866:889 Antimicrobial resistance 866:889 Antimicrobial resistance was identified in Pseudomonas spp. 34206270 2 61 theme antimicrobial 288:300 arg1 treatment 302:310 conventional antimicrobial treatment 275:310 conventional antimicrobial treatment 275:310 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 16 62 theme EOs 1527:1529 arg1 activity 1515:1522 the antimicrobial activity 1497:1522 the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1497:1581 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 8 63 from extents 1156:1162 arg1 activity 1090:1097 antimicrobial activity 1076:1097 antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents 1076:1162 All tested EOs revealed antimicrobial activity against the tested freshwater fish isolates at different extents. 34206270 0 64 theme Pathogenic 74:83 arg1 Microorganisms 85:98 Pathogenic Microorganisms 74:98 Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish 74:117 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Microorganisms of Freshwater Fish. 34206270 2 65 theme conventional 275:286 arg1 treatment 302:310 conventional antimicrobial treatment 275:310 conventional antimicrobial treatment 275:310 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 1 66 from fish 209:212 arg1 treatment 173:181 treatment 173:181 treatment of infectious diseases in fish 173:212 Antimicrobials are widely applied in aquaculture for treatment of infectious diseases in fish. 34206270 2 67 theme essential 411:419 arg1 EOs 427:429 EOs 427:429 EOs 427:429 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 67 theme essential 411:419 arg1 oils 421:424 essential oils 411:424 essential oils (EOs) 411:430 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 2 67 theme essential 411:419 arg1 properties 366:375 the antibacterial properties 348:375 the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case 348:408 The increased antimicrobial resistance of fish pathogens to conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the need for research on the antibacterial properties of natural products-in this case, essential oils (EOs). 34206270 16 68 theme freshwater 1557:1566 arg1 pathogens 1573:1581 the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1539:1581 the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens 1539:1581 The study shows the antimicrobial activity of EOs against the most relevant freshwater fish pathogens and indicates the application opportunities in aquaculture. 34206270 5 69 theme antimicrobial 764:776 arg1 resistance 778:787 antimicrobial resistance 764:787 antimicrobial resistance 764:787 were tested for antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial activity against 14 commercially available essential oils. 34206270 13 70 theme strong 1395:1400 arg1 activity 1416:1423 strong antibacterial activity 1395:1423 strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp 1395:1444 EOs of Gaultheria procumbens and Litsea cubeba showed strong antibacterial activity against Yersinia spp. 34201710 0 0 theme High 59:62 arg1 Stress 76:81 High Temperature Stress 59:81 High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon 59:108 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 6 1 theme protease 1161:1168 arg1 activity 1170:1177 a lower protease activity 1153:1177 a lower protease activity 1153:1177 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 1 2 theme wall 214:217 arg1 structure 219:227 the cell wall structure 205:227 the cell wall structure 205:227 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 1 2 theme wall 214:217 arg1 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 7 3 theme high 1321:1324 arg1 temperature 1326:1336 high temperature 1321:1336 high temperature 1321:1336 These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature. 34201710 6 4 theme lower 1155:1159 arg1 activity 1170:1177 a lower protease activity 1153:1177 a lower protease activity 1153:1177 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 5 from absent 992:997 arg1 control 1006:1012 the control 1002:1012 the control 1002:1012 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 5 from absent 992:997 arg1 proteins 1021:1028 24 proteins 1018:1028 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall 1018:1226 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 1 6 theme complex 144:150 arg1 changes 152:158 complex changes 144:158 complex changes 144:158 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 6 7 from changes 1102:1108 arg1 proteome 1127:1134 the cell wall proteome 1113:1134 the cell wall proteome 1113:1134 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 0 8 from Changes 0:6 arg1 Proteome 25:32 the Cell Wall Proteome 11:32 the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves 11:42 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 0 8 from Changes 0:6 arg1 Response 47:54 Response 47:54 Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon 47:108 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 5 9 located observed 754:761 arg2 changes 741:747 The most significant changes 720:747 The most significant changes 720:747 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 5 9 located observed 754:761 arg1 proteins 770:777 the proteins 766:777 the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 766:874 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 3 10 theme non-redundant 484:496 arg1 proteins 498:505 1533 non-redundant proteins 479:505 1533 non-redundant proteins 479:505 Using a proteomic analysis, 1533 non-redundant proteins were identified from which 338 cell wall proteins were distinguished. 34201710 6 11 theme wall 1122:1125 arg1 proteome 1127:1134 the cell wall proteome 1113:1134 the cell wall proteome 1113:1134 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 0 12 theme Temperature 64:74 arg1 Stress 76:81 High Temperature Stress 59:81 High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon 59:108 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 7 13 theme wall 1292:1295 arg1 proteome 1297:1304 the cell wall proteome 1283:1304 the cell wall proteome 1283:1304 These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature. 34201710 6 14 theme wall 921:924 arg1 protein 926:932 one cell wall protein 912:932 one cell wall protein 912:932 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 0 15 theme Brachypodium 86:97 arg1 distachyon 99:108 Brachypodium distachyon 86:108 Brachypodium distachyon 86:108 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 7 16 theme new 1251:1253 arg1 insight 1255:1261 a new insight 1249:1261 a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature 1249:1336 These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature. 34201710 2 17 theme wall 336:339 arg1 proteome 341:348 the cell wall proteome 327:348 the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 327:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 5 18 theme wall 798:801 arg1 polysaccharides 803:817 the cell wall polysaccharides 789:817 the cell wall polysaccharides 789:817 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 5 18 theme wall 798:801 arg1 proteins 867:874 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 834:874 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 834:874 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 6 19 theme cell 1218:1221 arg1 wall 1223:1226 the cell wall 1214:1226 the cell wall 1214:1226 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 5 20 theme most 724:727 arg1 changes 741:747 The most significant changes 720:747 The most significant changes 720:747 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 2 21 from changes 316:322 arg1 proteome 341:348 the cell wall proteome 327:348 the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 327:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 6 22 from °C. 1085:1087 arg1 absent 1072:1077 absent 1072:1077 absent 1072:1077 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 23 theme wall 1223:1226 arg1 lignification 1180:1192 lignification 1180:1192 lignification 1180:1192 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 23 theme wall 1223:1226 arg1 expansion 1201:1209 an expansion 1198:1209 an expansion of the cell wall 1198:1226 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 23 theme wall 1223:1226 arg1 activity 1170:1177 a lower protease activity 1153:1177 a lower protease activity 1153:1177 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 24 theme cell 916:919 arg1 protein 926:932 one cell wall protein 912:932 one cell wall protein 912:932 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 1 25 theme plant 163:167 arg1 functionality 169:181 plant functionality 163:181 plant functionality 163:181 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 2 26 theme high 399:402 arg1 stress 424:429 high (40 °C) temperature stress 399:429 high (40 °C) temperature stress 399:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 1 27 theme cell 237:240 arg1 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 1 27 theme cell 237:240 arg1 composition 255:265 the cell wall protein composition 233:265 the cell wall protein composition 233:265 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 2 28 dep high 399:402 arg1 °C 408:409 40 °C 405:409 40 °C 405:409 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 6 29 located present 1040:1046 arg2 proteins 1021:1028 24 proteins 1018:1028 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall 1018:1226 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 29 located present 1040:1046 arg1 control 1055:1061 the control 1051:1061 the control 1051:1061 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 30 from control 1055:1061 arg1 present 1040:1046 present 1040:1046 present 1040:1046 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 2 31 theme cell 331:334 arg1 proteome 341:348 the cell wall proteome 327:348 the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 327:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 0 32 theme Cell 15:18 arg1 Proteome 25:32 the Cell Wall Proteome 11:32 the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves 11:42 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 1 33 theme wall 242:245 arg1 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 1 33 theme wall 242:245 arg1 composition 255:265 the cell wall protein composition 233:265 the cell wall protein composition 233:265 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 6 34 from °C 981:982 arg1 present 967:973 present 967:973 present 967:973 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 3 35 theme wall 543:546 arg1 proteins 548:555 338 cell wall proteins 534:555 338 cell wall proteins 534:555 Using a proteomic analysis, 1533 non-redundant proteins were identified from which 338 cell wall proteins were distinguished. 34201710 4 36 theme high 582:585 arg1 temperature 587:597 a high temperature 580:597 a high temperature 580:597 At a high temperature, we identified 46 differentially abundant proteins, and of these, 4 were over-accumulated and 42 were under-accumulated. 34201710 1 37 theme protein 247:253 arg1 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 1 37 theme protein 247:253 arg1 composition 255:265 the cell wall protein composition 233:265 the cell wall protein composition 233:265 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 2 38 theme quantitative 303:314 arg1 changes 316:322 the qualitative and quantitative changes 283:322 the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 283:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 2 39 theme temperature 412:422 arg1 stress 424:429 high (40 °C) temperature stress 399:429 high (40 °C) temperature stress 399:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 5 40 theme under-accumulated 849:865 arg1 polysaccharides 803:817 the cell wall polysaccharides 789:817 the cell wall polysaccharides 789:817 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 5 40 theme under-accumulated 849:865 arg1 proteins 867:874 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 834:874 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 834:874 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 6 41 dep °C. 1085:1087 arg1 suggest 1145:1151 suggest 1145:1151 suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall 1145:1226 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 2 42 dep distachyon 366:375 arg1 leaves 377:382 leaves 377:382 leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 377:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 2 43 theme distachyon 366:375 arg1 proteome 341:348 the cell wall proteome 327:348 the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 327:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 0 44 theme Wall 20:23 arg1 Proteome 25:32 the Cell Wall Proteome 11:32 the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves 11:42 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 6 45 theme qualitative 890:900 arg1 analysis 902:909 the qualitative analysis 886:909 the qualitative analysis 886:909 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 5 46 theme significant 729:739 arg1 changes 741:747 The most significant changes 720:747 The most significant changes 720:747 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 6 47 theme cell 1117:1120 arg1 proteome 1127:1134 the cell wall proteome 1113:1134 the cell wall proteome 1113:1134 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 2 48 theme Brachypodium 353:364 arg1 distachyon 366:375 Brachypodium distachyon 353:375 Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 353:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 0 49 theme Leaves 37:42 arg1 Proteome 25:32 the Cell Wall Proteome 11:32 the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves 11:42 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 4 50 theme these 658:662 arg1 over-accumulated 672:687 over-accumulated 672:687 over-accumulated 672:687 At a high temperature, we identified 46 differentially abundant proteins, and of these, 4 were over-accumulated and 42 were under-accumulated. 34201710 6 51 attach present 1040:1046 arg2 proteins 1021:1028 24 proteins 1018:1028 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall 1018:1226 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 51 attach present 1040:1046 arg1 control 1055:1061 the control 1051:1061 the control 1051:1061 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 3 52 theme cell 538:541 arg1 proteins 548:555 338 cell wall proteins 534:555 338 cell wall proteins 534:555 Using a proteomic analysis, 1533 non-redundant proteins were identified from which 338 cell wall proteins were distinguished. 34201710 2 53 theme qualitative 287:297 arg1 changes 316:322 the qualitative and quantitative changes 283:322 the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress 283:429 In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. 34201710 6 54 from present 1040:1046 arg1 control 1055:1061 the control 1051:1061 the control 1051:1061 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 1 55 theme High 111:114 arg1 stress 128:133 High temperature stress 111:133 High temperature stress 111:133 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 0 56 from Stress 76:81 arg1 distachyon 99:108 Brachypodium distachyon 86:108 Brachypodium distachyon 86:108 Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon. 34201710 7 57 theme cell 1287:1290 arg1 proteome 1297:1304 the cell wall proteome 1283:1304 the cell wall proteome 1283:1304 These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature. 34201710 1 58 theme temperature 116:126 arg1 stress 128:133 High temperature stress 111:133 High temperature stress 111:133 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 5 59 theme cell 793:796 arg1 polysaccharides 803:817 the cell wall polysaccharides 789:817 the cell wall polysaccharides 789:817 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 5 59 theme cell 793:796 arg1 proteins 867:874 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 834:874 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins 834:874 The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. 34201710 6 60 from control 1006:1012 arg1 absent 992:997 absent 992:997 absent 992:997 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 3 61 theme proteomic 459:467 arg1 analysis 469:476 a proteomic analysis 457:476 a proteomic analysis 457:476 Using a proteomic analysis, 1533 non-redundant proteins were identified from which 338 cell wall proteins were distinguished. 34201710 7 62 from changes 1272:1278 arg1 response 1309:1316 response 1309:1316 response to high temperature 1309:1336 These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature. 34201710 7 62 from changes 1272:1278 arg1 proteome 1297:1304 the cell wall proteome 1283:1304 the cell wall proteome 1283:1304 These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature. 34201710 6 63 from °C 1142:1143 arg1 changes 1102:1108 the changes 1098:1108 the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C 1098:1143 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 64 theme Overall 1089:1095 arg1 °C. 1085:1087 40 °C. Overall 1082:1095 40 °C. Overall 1082:1095 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 6 65 from proteins 1021:1028 arg1 absent 992:997 absent 992:997 absent 992:997 Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. 34201710 4 66 theme abundant 632:639 arg1 proteins 641:648 46 differentially abundant proteins 614:648 46 differentially abundant proteins 614:648 At a high temperature, we identified 46 differentially abundant proteins, and of these, 4 were over-accumulated and 42 were under-accumulated. 34201710 1 67 theme cell 209:212 arg1 structure 219:227 the cell wall structure 205:227 the cell wall structure 205:227 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34201710 1 67 theme cell 209:212 arg1 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 i.a. 199:202 High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. 34408013 0 0 theme Classical 78:86 arg1 Activation 99:108 Enhanced Classical Complement Activation 69:108 Enhanced Classical Complement Activation 69:108 Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. 34408013 4 1 theme globular 588:595 arg1 heads 597:601 the globular heads 584:601 the globular heads of the first complement component C1q 584:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 0 2 theme Enhanced 69:76 arg1 Activation 99:108 Enhanced Classical Complement Activation 69:108 Enhanced Classical Complement Activation 69:108 Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. 34408013 1 3 contain contains 121:128 arg1 region 185:190 its Fc region 178:190 its Fc region 178:190 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 1 3 contain contains 121:128 arg2 IgG 117:119 Human IgG 111:119 Human IgG 111:119 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 1 3 contain contains 121:128 arg1 IgG 117:119 Human IgG 111:119 Human IgG 111:119 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 1 3 contain contains 121:128 arg2 glycan 168:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 1 3 contain contains 121:128 arg1 position 195:202 position 297 195:206 position 297 195:206 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 5 4 from deposition 774:783 arg1 erythrocytes 842:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 5 4 from deposition 774:783 arg1 cells 864:868 Raji cells 859:868 Raji cells 859:868 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 6 5 theme IgG1-Fc 871:877 arg1 sialylation 879:889 IgG1-Fc sialylation 871:889 IgG1-Fc sialylation 871:889 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 8 6 theme simple 1363:1368 arg1 glycoengineering 1370:1385 relatively simple glycoengineering 1352:1385 relatively simple glycoengineering 1352:1385 These data suggest that the therapeutic potential of Abs can be amplified without introducing immunogenic mutations, by relatively simple glycoengineering. 34408013 1 7 theme Human 111:115 arg1 IgG 117:119 Human IgG 111:119 Human IgG 111:119 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 0 8 theme Complement 88:97 arg1 Activation 99:108 Enhanced Classical Complement Activation 69:108 Enhanced Classical Complement Activation 69:108 Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. 34408013 5 9 from cytotoxicity 820:831 arg1 erythrocytes 842:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 5 9 from cytotoxicity 820:831 arg1 cells 864:868 Raji cells 859:868 Raji cells 859:868 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 7 10 theme C1q 1131:1133 arg1 binding 1135:1141 C1q binding 1131:1141 C1q binding to IgG1 1131:1149 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 4 11 with interaction 567:577 arg1 heads 597:601 the globular heads 584:601 the globular heads of the first complement component C1q 584:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 3 12 theme target 342:347 arg1 recognition 349:359 target recognition 342:359 target recognition 342:359 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 7 13 theme intrinsic 1111:1119 arg1 effect 1121:1126 no intrinsic effect 1108:1126 no intrinsic effect 1108:1126 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 3 14 theme Fc 445:446 arg1 interaction 451:461 Fc:Fc interaction 445:461 Fc:Fc interaction 445:461 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 0 15 theme IgG1 52:55 arg1 Hexamerization 28:41 Hexamerization 28:41 Hexamerization of Human IgG1 28:55 Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. 34408013 5 16 theme C3 771:772 arg1 deposition 774:783 C3 deposition 771:783 C3 deposition 771:783 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 5 17 theme cellular 811:818 arg1 cytotoxicity 820:831 complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 790:831 complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 790:831 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 1 18 theme Fc 182:183 arg1 region 185:190 its Fc region 178:190 its Fc region 178:190 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 5 19 theme complement-dependent 790:809 arg1 cytotoxicity 820:831 complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 790:831 complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 790:831 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 6 20 theme C1q 920:922 arg1 binding 909:915 binding 909:915 binding of C1q 909:922 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 8 21 theme therapeutic 1260:1270 arg1 potential 1272:1280 the therapeutic potential 1256:1280 the therapeutic potential of Abs 1256:1287 These data suggest that the therapeutic potential of Abs can be amplified without introducing immunogenic mutations, by relatively simple glycoengineering. 34408013 0 22 theme Fc 0:1 arg1 Galactosylation 3:17 Fc Galactosylation 0:17 Fc Galactosylation 0:17 Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. 34408013 4 23 theme efficient 557:565 arg1 interaction 567:577 efficient interaction 557:577 efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q 557:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 2 24 theme cascade 311:317 arg1 induction 273:281 its induction 269:281 its induction of the classical complement cascade 269:317 This glycan is crucial for Fc-mediated functions, including its induction of the classical complement cascade. 34408013 5 25 from C1q 754:756 arg1 erythrocytes 842:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 5 25 from C1q 754:756 arg1 cells 864:868 Raji cells 859:868 Raji cells 859:868 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 3 26 theme IgG-Fab 373:379 arg1 regions 381:387 the IgG-Fab regions 369:387 the IgG-Fab regions 369:387 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 7 27 theme IgG1-Fc 1080:1086 arg1 galactosylation 1088:1102 IgG1-Fc galactosylation 1080:1102 IgG1-Fc galactosylation 1080:1102 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 2 28 theme complement 300:309 arg1 cascade 311:317 the classical complement cascade 286:317 the classical complement cascade 286:317 This glycan is crucial for Fc-mediated functions, including its induction of the classical complement cascade. 34408013 5 29 theme human 836:840 arg1 erythrocytes 842:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 7 30 theme hexamerization 1170:1183 arg1 potential 1185:1193 IgG1 hexamerization potential 1165:1193 IgG1 hexamerization potential 1165:1193 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 2 31 theme classical 290:298 arg1 cascade 311:317 the classical complement cascade 286:317 the classical complement cascade 286:317 This glycan is crucial for Fc-mediated functions, including its induction of the classical complement cascade. 34408013 4 32 theme C1q 637:639 arg1 heads 597:601 the globular heads 584:601 the globular heads of the first complement component C1q 584:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 0 33 theme Human 46:50 arg1 IgG1 52:55 Human IgG1 46:55 Human IgG1 46:55 Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. 34408013 6 34 theme complement 961:970 arg1 activation 972:981 downstream complement activation 950:981 downstream complement activation 950:981 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 4 35 theme complement 656:665 arg1 activation 667:676 subsequent complement activation 645:676 subsequent complement activation 645:676 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 6 36 contain had 929:931 arg2 effect 940:945 little effect 933:945 little effect 933:945 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 6 36 contain had 929:931 arg1 sialylation 879:889 IgG1-Fc sialylation 871:889 IgG1-Fc sialylation 871:889 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 3 37 theme Fc 448:449 arg1 interaction 451:461 Fc:Fc interaction 445:461 Fc:Fc interaction 445:461 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 6 38 theme downstream 950:959 arg1 activation 972:981 downstream complement activation 950:981 downstream complement activation 950:981 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 1 39 link N-linked 159:166 arg1 glycan 168:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 7 40 theme IgG1 1165:1168 arg1 potential 1185:1193 IgG1 hexamerization potential 1165:1193 IgG1 hexamerization potential 1165:1193 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 7 41 theme hexamerization 1034:1047 arg1 capacity 1049:1056 hexamerization capacity 1034:1056 hexamerization capacity of IgG1 1034:1064 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 4 42 theme subsequent 645:654 arg1 activation 667:676 subsequent complement activation 645:676 subsequent complement activation 645:676 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 3 43 theme neighboring 399:409 arg1 tails 418:422 neighboring IgG-Fc tails 399:422 neighboring IgG-Fc tails 399:422 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 4 44 with activation 667:676 arg1 heads 597:601 the globular heads 584:601 the globular heads of the first complement component C1q 584:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 3 45 theme hexamer 486:492 arg1 formation 494:502 hexamer formation 486:502 hexamer formation 486:502 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 3 46 theme IgG-Fc 411:416 arg1 tails 418:422 neighboring IgG-Fc tails 399:422 neighboring IgG-Fc tails 399:422 This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. 34408013 5 47 from C4 767:768 arg1 erythrocytes 842:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 human erythrocytes 836:853 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 5 47 from C4 767:768 arg1 cells 864:868 Raji cells 859:868 Raji cells 859:868 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 7 48 theme complement 1209:1218 arg1 activation 1220:1229 complement activation 1209:1229 complement activation 1209:1229 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 6 49 theme little 933:938 arg1 effect 940:945 little effect 933:945 little effect 933:945 IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. 34408013 7 50 contain has 1104:1106 arg2 effect 1121:1126 no intrinsic effect 1108:1126 no intrinsic effect 1108:1126 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 7 50 contain has 1104:1106 arg1 galactosylation 1088:1102 IgG1-Fc galactosylation 1080:1102 IgG1-Fc galactosylation 1080:1102 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 4 51 theme first 610:614 arg1 C1q 637:639 the first complement component C1q 606:639 the first complement component C1q 606:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 7 52 theme IgG1 1061:1064 arg1 capacity 1049:1056 hexamerization capacity 1034:1056 hexamerization capacity of IgG1 1034:1064 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 8 53 theme immunogenic 1326:1336 arg1 mutations 1338:1346 immunogenic mutations 1326:1346 immunogenic mutations 1326:1346 These data suggest that the therapeutic potential of Abs can be amplified without introducing immunogenic mutations, by relatively simple glycoengineering. 34408013 5 54 theme binding 758:764 arg1 C1q 754:756 C1q binding 754:764 C1q binding 754:764 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 5 55 theme Raji 859:862 arg1 cells 864:868 Raji cells 859:868 Raji cells 859:868 In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. 34408013 8 56 theme Abs 1285:1287 arg1 potential 1272:1280 the therapeutic potential 1256:1280 the therapeutic potential of Abs 1256:1287 These data suggest that the therapeutic potential of Abs can be amplified without introducing immunogenic mutations, by relatively simple glycoengineering. 34408013 1 57 theme conserved 149:157 arg1 glycan 168:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 4 58 theme component 627:635 arg1 C1q 637:639 the first complement component C1q 606:639 the first complement component C1q 606:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 34408013 2 59 theme Fc-mediated 236:246 arg1 functions 248:256 Fc-mediated functions 236:256 Fc-mediated functions 236:256 This glycan is crucial for Fc-mediated functions, including its induction of the classical complement cascade. 34408013 2 59 theme Fc-mediated 236:246 arg1 induction 273:281 its induction 269:281 its induction of the classical complement cascade 269:317 This glycan is crucial for Fc-mediated functions, including its induction of the classical complement cascade. 34408013 7 60 theme various 990:996 arg1 mutations 998:1006 various mutations 990:1006 various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1 990:1064 Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. 34408013 1 61 theme N-linked 159:166 arg1 glycan 168:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan 130:173 Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. 34408013 4 62 theme complement 616:625 arg1 C1q 637:639 the first complement component C1q 606:639 the first complement component C1q 606:639 This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. 32499112 9 0 theme predicted 1302:1310 arg1 sites 1321:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 9 0 theme predicted 1302:1310 arg1 targets 1361:1367 attractive therapeutic targets 1338:1367 attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD 1338:1398 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 5 1 theme ab-initio 686:694 arg1 modelling 696:704 ab-initio modelling 686:704 ab-initio modelling 686:704 Here by using ab-initio modelling, we predicted a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation. 32499112 5 2 theme 3D 726:727 arg1 structure 729:737 a tau 3D structure 720:737 a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation 720:825 Here by using ab-initio modelling, we predicted a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation. 32499112 12 3 theme catalytic 1749:1757 arg1 domain 1759:1764 conserved catalytic domain 1739:1764 conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 1739:1821 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 0 4 theme O-β-GlcNAc 60:69 arg1 modifications 91:103 O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications 60:103 O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease 60:126 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 9 5 theme Yin-Yang 1312:1319 arg1 sites 1321:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 9 5 theme Yin-Yang 1312:1319 arg1 targets 1361:1367 attractive therapeutic targets 1338:1367 attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD 1338:1398 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 7 6 theme possible 1135:1142 arg1 sites 1168:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 12 7 theme transgenic 1840:1849 arg1 C. elegans 1851:1860 transgenic C. elegans 1840:1860 transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau 1840:1881 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 12 7 theme transgenic 1840:1849 arg1 system 1907:1912 a suitable model system 1890:1912 a suitable model system to study these modifications 1890:1941 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 6 8 theme tau 901:903 arg1 phosphorylation 905:919 tau phosphorylation 901:919 tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites) 901:985 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 9 9 from development 1382:1392 arg1 AD 1397:1398 AD 1397:1398 AD 1397:1398 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 1 10 theme microtubule 245:255 arg1 assembly 257:264 microtubule assembly 245:264 microtubule assembly 245:264 Tau protein regulates, maintains and stabilizes microtubule assembly under normal physiological conditions. 32499112 10 11 theme higher 1513:1518 arg1 accessibility 1528:1540 higher surface accessibility 1513:1540 higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications 1513:1607 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 was highly accessible for phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation, and showed higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications. 32499112 10 12 theme 3D 1411:1412 arg1 structure 1414:1422 Predicted 3D structure 1401:1422 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 1401:1432 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 was highly accessible for phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation, and showed higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications. 32499112 8 13 from formation 1279:1287 arg1 AD 1292:1293 AD 1292:1293 AD 1292:1293 Among them seventeen residues were predicted as possible Yin-Yang sites and are proposed to mediate NFT formation in AD. 32499112 0 14 theme phosphorylation 75:89 arg1 modifications 91:103 O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications 60:103 O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease 60:126 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 9 15 theme therapeutic 1349:1359 arg1 sites 1321:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 9 15 theme therapeutic 1349:1359 arg1 targets 1361:1367 attractive therapeutic targets 1338:1367 attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD 1338:1398 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 10 16 theme Predicted 1401:1409 arg1 structure 1414:1422 Predicted 3D structure 1401:1422 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 1401:1432 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 was highly accessible for phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation, and showed higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications. 32499112 12 17 theme conserved 1739:1747 arg1 domain 1759:1764 conserved catalytic domain 1739:1764 conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 1739:1821 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 4 18 theme exact 629:633 arg1 mechanism 635:643 exact mechanism 629:643 exact mechanism involved in tau pathology 629:669 Unfortunately, absence of tau 3D structure makes difficult to understand exact mechanism involved in tau pathology. 32499112 6 19 link O-linked 828:835 arg1 O-β-GlcNAc 866:875 O-β-GlcNAc 866:875 O-β-GlcNAc 866:875 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 6 19 link O-linked 828:835 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 837:863 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 828:863 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) 828:876 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 6 20 theme Ser/Thr 943:949 arg1 residues 951:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues 924:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites) 924:985 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 12 21 theme model 1901:1905 arg1 C. elegans 1851:1860 transgenic C. elegans 1840:1860 transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau 1840:1881 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 12 21 theme model 1901:1905 arg1 system 1907:1912 a suitable model system 1890:1912 a suitable model system to study these modifications 1890:1941 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 7 22 theme O-glycosylation 1152:1166 arg1 sites 1168:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 6 23 theme proximal 934:941 arg1 residues 951:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues 924:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites) 924:985 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 5 24 theme NFTs 812:815 arg1 formation 817:825 NFTs formation 812:825 NFTs formation 812:825 Here by using ab-initio modelling, we predicted a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation. 32499112 6 25 theme O-linked 828:835 arg1 O-β-GlcNAc 866:875 O-β-GlcNAc 866:875 O-β-GlcNAc 866:875 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 6 25 theme O-linked 828:835 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 837:863 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 828:863 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) 828:876 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 6 26 from phosphorylation 905:919 arg1 residues 951:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues 924:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites) 924:985 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 9 27 theme attractive 1338:1347 arg1 sites 1321:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites 1296:1325 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 9 27 theme attractive 1338:1347 arg1 targets 1361:1367 attractive therapeutic targets 1338:1367 attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD 1338:1398 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 7 28 theme Yin-Yang 1093:1100 arg1 sites 1102:1106 Yin-Yang sites 1093:1106 Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1093:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 7 28 theme Yin-Yang 1093:1100 arg1 residues 1062:1069 the previously described three-serine residues 1024:1069 the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) 1024:1088 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 4 29 theme structure 589:597 arg1 absence 571:577 absence 571:577 absence of tau 3D structure 571:597 Unfortunately, absence of tau 3D structure makes difficult to understand exact mechanism involved in tau pathology. 32499112 7 30 dep residues 1062:1069 arg1 400 1085:1087 400 1085:1087 400 1085:1087 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 7 30 dep residues 1062:1069 arg1 238 1077:1079 238 1077:1079 238 1077:1079 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 8 31 theme NFT 1275:1277 arg1 formation 1279:1287 NFT formation 1275:1287 NFT formation in AD 1275:1293 Among them seventeen residues were predicted as possible Yin-Yang sites and are proposed to mediate NFT formation in AD. 32499112 1 32 theme normal 272:277 arg1 conditions 293:302 normal physiological conditions 272:302 normal physiological conditions 272:302 Tau protein regulates, maintains and stabilizes microtubule assembly under normal physiological conditions. 32499112 10 33 theme tau441 1427:1432 arg1 structure 1414:1422 Predicted 3D structure 1401:1422 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 1401:1432 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 was highly accessible for phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation, and showed higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications. 32499112 2 34 theme pathological 316:327 arg1 circumstances 329:341 certain pathological circumstances 308:341 certain pathological circumstances 308:341 In certain pathological circumstances, tau is post-translationally modified predominantly via phosphorylation and glycosylation. 32499112 0 35 theme tau 20:22 arg1 structure 27:35 human tau 3D structure 14:35 human tau 3D structure 14:35 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 4 36 theme 3D 586:587 arg1 structure 589:597 tau 3D structure 582:597 tau 3D structure 582:597 Unfortunately, absence of tau 3D structure makes difficult to understand exact mechanism involved in tau pathology. 32499112 2 37 theme certain 308:314 arg1 circumstances 329:341 certain pathological circumstances 308:341 certain pathological circumstances 308:341 In certain pathological circumstances, tau is post-translationally modified predominantly via phosphorylation and glycosylation. 32499112 7 38 dep only 1010:1013 arg1 not 1006:1008 not 1006:1008 not 1006:1008 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 0 39 theme human 14:18 arg1 structure 27:35 human tau 3D structure 14:35 human tau 3D structure 14:35 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 6 40 theme single 924:929 arg1 residues 951:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues 924:958 single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites) 924:985 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 3 41 theme aggregated 503:512 arg1 NFTs 539:542 NFTs 539:542 NFTs 539:542 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) resulted in aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. 32499112 3 41 theme aggregated 503:512 arg1 tangles 530:536 aggregated neurofibrillary tangles 503:536 aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation 503:553 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) resulted in aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. 32499112 0 42 theme structure 27:35 arg1 Prediction 0:9 Prediction 0:9 Prediction of human tau 3D structure 0:35 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 0 42 theme structure 27:35 arg1 interplay 42:50 interplay 42:50 interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease 42:126 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 10 43 theme surface 1520:1526 arg1 accessibility 1528:1540 higher surface accessibility 1513:1540 higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications 1513:1607 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 was highly accessible for phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation, and showed higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications. 32499112 5 44 with binding 766:772 arg1 microtubules 779:790 microtubules 779:790 microtubules 779:790 Here by using ab-initio modelling, we predicted a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation. 32499112 12 45 theme Homology 1711:1718 arg1 modelling 1720:1728 Homology modelling 1711:1728 Homology modelling 1711:1728 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 1 46 theme Tau 197:199 arg1 protein 201:207 Tau protein 197:207 Tau protein 197:207 Tau protein regulates, maintains and stabilizes microtubule assembly under normal physiological conditions. 32499112 0 47 theme 3D 24:25 arg1 structure 27:35 human tau 3D structure 14:35 human tau 3D structure 14:35 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 9 48 theme drug 1377:1380 arg1 development 1382:1392 the drug development 1373:1392 the drug development in AD 1373:1398 These predicted Yin-Yang sites may act as attractive therapeutic targets for the drug development in AD. 32499112 8 49 theme Yin-Yang 1232:1239 arg1 sites 1241:1245 possible Yin-Yang sites 1223:1245 possible Yin-Yang sites 1223:1245 Among them seventeen residues were predicted as possible Yin-Yang sites and are proposed to mediate NFT formation in AD. 32499112 8 49 theme Yin-Yang 1232:1239 arg1 residues 1196:1203 seventeen residues 1186:1203 seventeen residues 1186:1203 Among them seventeen residues were predicted as possible Yin-Yang sites and are proposed to mediate NFT formation in AD. 32499112 8 50 theme possible 1223:1230 arg1 sites 1241:1245 possible Yin-Yang sites 1223:1245 possible Yin-Yang sites 1223:1245 Among them seventeen residues were predicted as possible Yin-Yang sites and are proposed to mediate NFT formation in AD. 32499112 8 50 theme possible 1223:1230 arg1 residues 1196:1203 seventeen residues 1186:1203 seventeen residues 1186:1203 Among them seventeen residues were predicted as possible Yin-Yang sites and are proposed to mediate NFT formation in AD. 32499112 7 51 theme three-serine 1049:1060 arg1 sites 1102:1106 Yin-Yang sites 1093:1106 Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1093:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 7 51 theme three-serine 1049:1060 arg1 residues 1062:1069 the previously described three-serine residues 1024:1069 the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) 1024:1088 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 7 52 theme Ser/Thr 1144:1150 arg1 sites 1168:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 1 53 theme physiological 279:291 arg1 conditions 293:302 normal physiological conditions 272:302 normal physiological conditions 272:302 Tau protein regulates, maintains and stabilizes microtubule assembly under normal physiological conditions. 32499112 7 54 gly O-glycosylation 1152:1166 arg2 22 1127:1128 22 1127:1128 22 1127:1128 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 7 54 gly O-glycosylation 1152:1166 arg2 sites 1168:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1127:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 0 55 dep model 154:158 arg1 study 163:167 study 163:167 to study these interactions in vivo 160:194 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 3 56 theme tau 459:461 arg1 Hyper-phosphorylation 434:454 Hyper-phosphorylation 434:454 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) 434:489 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) resulted in aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. 32499112 4 57 theme tau 582:584 arg1 structure 589:597 tau 3D structure 582:597 tau 3D structure 582:597 Unfortunately, absence of tau 3D structure makes difficult to understand exact mechanism involved in tau pathology. 32499112 11 58 theme tau 1647:1649 arg1 phosphorylation 1651:1665 tau phosphorylation 1647:1665 tau phosphorylation 1647:1665 Kinases and phosphatases involved in tau phosphorylation are conserved in human and other organisms. 32499112 12 59 theme O-GlcNAc 1796:1803 arg1 OGT 1818:1820 OGT 1818:1820 OGT 1818:1820 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 12 59 theme O-GlcNAc 1796:1803 arg1 transferase 1805:1815 C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase 1785:1815 C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 1785:1821 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 5 60 theme tau 722:724 arg1 structure 729:737 a tau 3D structure 720:737 a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation 720:825 Here by using ab-initio modelling, we predicted a tau 3D structure that not only explains its binding with microtubules but also elucidates NFTs formation. 32499112 7 61 theme described 1039:1047 arg1 sites 1102:1106 Yin-Yang sites 1093:1106 Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites 1093:1172 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 7 61 theme described 1039:1047 arg1 residues 1062:1069 the previously described three-serine residues 1024:1069 the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) 1024:1088 In this study, we not only validate the previously described three-serine residues (208, 238 and 400) as Yin-Yang sites but also predicted 22 more possible Ser/Thr O-glycosylation sites. 32499112 3 62 theme neurofibrillary 514:528 arg1 NFTs 539:542 NFTs 539:542 NFTs 539:542 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) resulted in aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. 32499112 3 62 theme neurofibrillary 514:528 arg1 tangles 530:536 aggregated neurofibrillary tangles 503:536 aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation 503:553 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) resulted in aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. 32499112 12 63 theme C. elegans 1785:1794 arg1 OGT 1818:1820 OGT 1818:1820 OGT 1818:1820 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 12 63 theme C. elegans 1785:1794 arg1 transferase 1805:1815 C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase 1785:1815 C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 1785:1821 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 0 64 theme suitable 145:152 arg1 model 154:158 a suitable model 143:158 a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo 143:194 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 0 65 from modifications 91:103 arg1 disease 120:126 Alzheimer's disease 108:126 Alzheimer's disease 108:126 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 12 66 theme suitable 1892:1899 arg1 C. elegans 1851:1860 transgenic C. elegans 1840:1860 transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau 1840:1881 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 12 66 theme suitable 1892:1899 arg1 system 1907:1912 a suitable model system 1890:1912 a suitable model system to study these modifications 1890:1941 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 3 67 theme tangles 530:536 arg1 formation 545:553 aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation 503:553 aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation 503:553 Hyper-phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) resulted in aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. 32499112 12 68 theme human 1873:1877 arg1 tau 1879:1881 human tau 1873:1881 human tau 1873:1881 Homology modelling revealed conserved catalytic domain for both human and C. elegans O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), suggesting that transgenic C. elegans expressing human tau may be a suitable model system to study these modifications. 32499112 11 69 theme other 1694:1698 arg1 organisms 1700:1708 other organisms 1694:1708 other organisms 1694:1708 Kinases and phosphatases involved in tau phosphorylation are conserved in human and other organisms. 32499112 10 70 theme phosphorylation 1579:1593 arg1 modifications 1595:1607 phosphorylation modifications 1579:1607 phosphorylation modifications 1579:1607 Predicted 3D structure of tau441 was highly accessible for phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation, and showed higher surface accessibility for interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications. 32499112 6 71 dep residues 951:958 arg1 called 961:966 called 961:966 called as Yin-Yang sites 961:984 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 6 72 theme Yin-Yang 971:978 arg1 sites 980:984 Yin-Yang sites 971:984 Yin-Yang sites 971:984 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-β-GlcNAc) is thought to regulate tau phosphorylation on single or proximal Ser/Thr residues (called as Yin-Yang sites). 32499112 0 73 dep Prediction 0:9 arg1 C. elegans 129:138 C. elegans 129:138 C. elegans 129:138 Prediction of human tau 3D structure, and interplay between O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation modifications in Alzheimer's disease: C. elegans as a suitable model to study these interactions in vivo. 32499112 4 74 theme tau 657:659 arg1 pathology 661:669 tau pathology 657:669 tau pathology 657:669 Unfortunately, absence of tau 3D structure makes difficult to understand exact mechanism involved in tau pathology. 32361978 4 0 theme O-Glc-NAc 874:882 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 0 theme O-Glc-NAc 874:882 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 1 theme glucose 590:596 arg1 medium 598:603 normal or high glucose medium 575:603 normal or high glucose medium 575:603 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 3 2 theme dapagliflozin 516:528 arg1 RPTECs 491:496 RPTECs 491:496 RPTECs 491:496 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 3 2 theme dapagliflozin 516:528 arg1 impact 506:511 the impact 502:511 the impact of dapagliflozin 502:528 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 1 3 theme nephropathy 248:258 arg1 pathogenesis 223:234 the pathogenesis 219:234 the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy 219:258 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 4 4 theme -modified 884:892 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 4 theme -modified 884:892 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 5 theme cell 1018:1021 arg1 apoptosis 1023:1031 cell apoptosis 1018:1031 cell apoptosis 1018:1031 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 6 theme O-linked 841:848 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 6 theme O-linked 841:848 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 7 theme glucose 658:664 arg1 consumption 666:676 glucose consumption 658:676 glucose consumption 658:676 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 2 8 theme cotransporter 276:288 arg1 inhibitors 300:309 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors 261:309 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors 261:309 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may exert their renoprotective effect by preventing glucotoxicity. 32361978 1 9 theme tubular 170:176 arg1 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 1 9 theme tubular 170:176 arg1 cells 189:193 renal tubular epithelial cells 164:193 renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) 164:202 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 4 10 theme glucosamine 861:871 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 10 theme glucosamine 861:871 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 11 11 theme unifying 1772:1779 arg1 model 1781:1785 a unifying model 1770:1785 a unifying model for glucotoxicity in RPTECs 1770:1813 CONCLUSIONS Our results support a unifying model for glucotoxicity in RPTECs. 32361978 8 12 theme lipid 1435:1439 arg1 pathway 1451:1457 the lipid synthesis pathway 1431:1457 the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity 1431:1482 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 0 13 theme inhibitor 111:119 arg1 dapagliflozin 121:133 the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 101:133 the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 101:133 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 14 theme species 713:719 arg1 production 727:736 reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 697:736 reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 697:736 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 14 theme species 713:719 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 15 theme kinase 912:917 arg1 activity 927:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 15 theme kinase 912:917 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 16 from effect 91:96 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 0 17 theme proximal 49:56 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 1 18 theme BACKGROUND 136:145 arg1 Glucotoxicity 147:159 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity 136:159 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) 136:202 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 0 19 from model 11:15 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 20 theme reactive 697:704 arg1 species 713:719 reactive oxygen species 697:719 reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 697:736 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 20 theme reactive 697:704 arg1 ROS 722:724 ROS 722:724 ROS 722:724 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 21 theme epithelial 66:75 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 5 22 theme RESULTS 1102:1108 arg1 glucose 1115:1121 RESULTS High glucose 1102:1121 RESULTS High glucose 1102:1121 RESULTS High glucose increases SGLT2 expression and glucose consumption. 32361978 1 23 from Glucotoxicity 147:159 arg1 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 1 23 from Glucotoxicity 147:159 arg1 cells 189:193 renal tubular epithelial cells 164:193 renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) 164:202 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 8 24 theme advanced 1493:1500 arg1 AGEs 1526:1529 AGEs 1526:1529 AGEs 1526:1529 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 8 24 theme advanced 1493:1500 arg1 end-products 1512:1523 the advanced glycation end-products 1489:1523 the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation 1489:1540 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 4 25 theme dehydrogenase 766:778 arg1 activity 788:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 25 theme dehydrogenase 766:778 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 26 theme growth 950:955 arg1 TGF-β1 968:973 TGF-β1 968:973 TGF-β1 968:973 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 26 theme growth 950:955 arg1 factor-β1 957:965 growth factor-β1 950:965 growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) 950:974 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 8 27 theme end-products 1512:1523 arg1 formation 1532:1540 the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation 1489:1540 the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation 1489:1540 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 4 28 theme GAPDH 781:785 arg1 activity 788:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 28 theme GAPDH 781:785 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 29 from glucotoxicity 20:32 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 3 30 theme unifying 441:448 arg1 model 450:454 the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model 396:454 the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity 396:471 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 12 31 theme high 1894:1897 arg1 conditions 1907:1916 high glucose conditions 1894:1916 high glucose conditions 1894:1916 Dapagliflozin by decreasing the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs under high glucose conditions ameliorates glucotoxicity. 32361978 7 32 theme noxious 1305:1311 arg1 pathways 1313:1320 four noxious pathways 1300:1320 four noxious pathways 1300:1320 The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products are diverted into four noxious pathways. 32361978 4 33 theme glyceraldehyde 739:752 arg1 activity 788:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 33 theme glyceraldehyde 739:752 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 12 34 theme glucose 1857:1863 arg1 influx 1865:1870 the elevated glucose influx 1844:1870 the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs 1844:1886 Dapagliflozin by decreasing the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs under high glucose conditions ameliorates glucotoxicity. 32361978 3 35 theme endothelial 423:433 arg1 cells 435:439 capillary endothelial cells 413:439 capillary endothelial cells 413:439 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 36 theme normal 575:580 arg1 medium 598:603 normal or high glucose medium 575:603 normal or high glucose medium 575:603 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 37 theme methylglyoxal 813:825 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 37 theme methylglyoxal 813:825 arg1 content 832:838 methylglyoxal cell content 813:838 methylglyoxal cell content 813:838 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 38 theme glucotoxicity 20:32 arg1 model 11:15 A unifying model 0:15 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 0:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 0 38 theme glucotoxicity 20:32 arg1 effect 91:96 the effect 87:96 the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 87:133 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 0 39 theme human 37:41 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 5 40 theme SGLT2 1133:1137 arg1 expression 1139:1148 SGLT2 expression 1133:1148 SGLT2 expression 1133:1148 RESULTS High glucose increases SGLT2 expression and glucose consumption. 32361978 7 41 theme glycolytic 1262:1271 arg1 products 1273:1280 glycolytic products 1262:1280 GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products 1245:1280 The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products are diverted into four noxious pathways. 32361978 4 42 theme colorimetric 1039:1050 arg1 assays 1072:1077 colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays 1039:1077 colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays 1039:1077 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 43 theme human 550:554 arg1 RPTECs 556:561 primary human RPTECs 542:561 primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin 542:643 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 2 44 theme renoprotective 327:340 arg1 effect 342:347 their renoprotective effect 321:347 their renoprotective effect 321:347 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may exert their renoprotective effect by preventing glucotoxicity. 32361978 9 45 theme TGF-β1 1619:1624 arg1 overproduction 1601:1614 overproduction 1601:1614 overproduction of TGF-β1 and IL-8 1601:1633 Eventually, these paths lead to overproduction of TGF-β1 and IL-8, as well as to cell necrosis and apoptosis. 32361978 7 46 theme GAPDH 1245:1249 arg1 inhibition 1251:1260 GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products 1245:1280 GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products 1245:1280 The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products are diverted into four noxious pathways. 32361978 4 47 theme immunoenzymatic 1056:1070 arg1 assays 1072:1077 colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays 1039:1077 colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays 1039:1077 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 9 48 theme IL-8 1630:1633 arg1 overproduction 1601:1614 overproduction 1601:1614 overproduction of TGF-β1 and IL-8 1601:1633 Eventually, these paths lead to overproduction of TGF-β1 and IL-8, as well as to cell necrosis and apoptosis. 32361978 7 49 theme due 1238:1240 arg1 accumulation 1225:1236 The accumulation 1221:1236 The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products 1221:1280 The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products are diverted into four noxious pathways. 32361978 4 50 from METHODS 531:537 arg1 RPTECs 556:561 primary human RPTECs 542:561 primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin 542:643 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 1 51 theme diabetic 239:246 arg1 nephropathy 248:258 diabetic nephropathy 239:258 diabetic nephropathy 239:258 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 11 52 from glucotoxicity 1791:1803 arg1 RPTECs 1808:1813 RPTECs 1808:1813 RPTECs 1808:1813 CONCLUSIONS Our results support a unifying model for glucotoxicity in RPTECs. 32361978 4 53 theme high 585:588 arg1 medium 598:603 normal or high glucose medium 575:603 normal or high glucose medium 575:603 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 10 54 theme events 1730:1735 arg1 cascade 1719:1725 all the above cascade 1705:1725 all the above cascade of events 1705:1735 Dapagliflozin ameliorates all the above cascade of events. 32361978 1 55 theme renal 164:168 arg1 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 1 55 theme renal 164:168 arg1 cells 189:193 renal tubular epithelial cells 164:193 renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) 164:202 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 9 56 theme cell 1650:1653 arg1 necrosis 1655:1662 cell necrosis 1650:1662 cell necrosis 1650:1662 Eventually, these paths lead to overproduction of TGF-β1 and IL-8, as well as to cell necrosis and apoptosis. 32361978 1 57 theme epithelial 178:187 arg1 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 RPTECs 196:201 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 1 57 theme epithelial 178:187 arg1 cells 189:193 renal tubular epithelial cells 164:193 renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) 164:202 BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. 32361978 4 58 theme β-N-acetyl 850:859 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 58 theme β-N-acetyl 850:859 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 59 theme SGLT2 105:109 arg1 dapagliflozin 121:133 the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 101:133 the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 101:133 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 60 theme C 919:919 arg1 activity 927:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 60 theme C 919:919 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 61 from cells 77:81 arg1 model 11:15 A unifying model 0:15 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 0:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 0 61 from cells 77:81 arg1 effect 91:96 the effect 87:96 the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 87:133 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 62 theme western 1084:1090 arg1 blotting 1092:1099 western blotting 1084:1099 western blotting 1084:1099 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 0 63 theme dapagliflozin 121:133 arg1 model 11:15 A unifying model 0:15 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 0:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 0 63 theme dapagliflozin 121:133 arg1 effect 91:96 the effect 87:96 the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin 87:133 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 64 theme PKC 922:924 arg1 activity 927:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 64 theme PKC 922:924 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 65 link O-linked 841:848 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 65 link O-linked 841:848 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 11 66 dep CONCLUSIONS 1738:1748 arg1 support 1762:1768 support 1762:1768 support a unifying model for glucotoxicity in RPTECs 1762:1813 CONCLUSIONS Our results support a unifying model for glucotoxicity in RPTECs. 32361978 8 67 theme PKC 1471:1473 arg1 activity 1475:1482 PKC activity 1471:1482 PKC activity 1471:1482 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 4 68 theme oxygen 706:711 arg1 species 713:719 reactive oxygen species 697:719 reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 697:736 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 68 theme oxygen 706:711 arg1 ROS 722:724 ROS 722:724 ROS 722:724 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 2 69 theme Sodium-glucose 261:274 arg1 cotransporter 276:288 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 261:290 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors 261:309 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may exert their renoprotective effect by preventing glucotoxicity. 32361978 2 69 theme Sodium-glucose 261:274 arg1 SGLT2 293:297 SGLT2 293:297 SGLT2 293:297 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may exert their renoprotective effect by preventing glucotoxicity. 32361978 4 70 theme protein 904:910 arg1 activity 927:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 70 theme protein 904:910 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 8 71 theme polyol 1327:1332 arg1 pathway 1334:1340 The polyol pathway 1323:1340 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol 1323:1363 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 0 72 theme tubular 58:64 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 D-sorbitol 798:807 D-sorbitol 798:807 D-sorbitol 798:807 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 proteins 894:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins 841:901 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 activity 927:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 protein kinase C (PKC) activity 904:934 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 production 727:736 reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 697:736 reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 697:736 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 content 832:838 methylglyoxal cell content 813:838 methylglyoxal cell content 813:838 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 73 theme SCLT2 679:683 arg1 activity 788:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 8 74 theme glycation 1502:1510 arg1 AGEs 1526:1529 AGEs 1526:1529 AGEs 1526:1529 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 8 74 theme glycation 1502:1510 arg1 end-products 1512:1523 the advanced glycation end-products 1489:1523 the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation 1489:1540 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 8 75 theme synthesis 1441:1449 arg1 pathway 1451:1457 the lipid synthesis pathway 1431:1457 the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity 1431:1482 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 5 76 theme High 1110:1113 arg1 glucose 1115:1121 RESULTS High glucose 1102:1121 RESULTS High glucose 1102:1121 RESULTS High glucose increases SGLT2 expression and glucose consumption. 32361978 4 77 theme 3-phosphate 754:764 arg1 activity 788:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity 739:795 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 77 theme 3-phosphate 754:764 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 7 78 dep inhibition 1251:1260 arg1 products 1273:1280 glycolytic products 1262:1280 GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products 1245:1280 The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products are diverted into four noxious pathways. 32361978 3 79 theme glucotoxicity 459:471 arg1 model 450:454 the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model 396:454 the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity 396:471 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 0 80 theme unifying 2:9 arg1 model 11:15 A unifying model 0:15 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 0:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 12 81 theme glucose 1899:1905 arg1 conditions 1907:1916 high glucose conditions 1894:1916 high glucose conditions 1894:1916 Dapagliflozin by decreasing the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs under high glucose conditions ameliorates glucotoxicity. 32361978 3 82 theme confirmed 400:408 arg1 model 450:454 the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model 396:454 the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity 396:471 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 5 83 theme glucose 1154:1160 arg1 consumption 1162:1172 glucose consumption 1154:1172 glucose consumption 1154:1172 RESULTS High glucose increases SGLT2 expression and glucose consumption. 32361978 4 84 theme cell 999:1002 arg1 necrosis 1004:1011 cell necrosis 999:1011 cell necrosis 999:1011 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 85 theme primary 542:548 arg1 RPTECs 556:561 primary human RPTECs 542:561 primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin 542:643 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 8 86 theme hexosamine 1370:1379 arg1 pathway 1381:1387 the hexosamine pathway 1366:1387 the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 1366:1428 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 0 87 theme renal 43:47 arg1 cells 77:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells 37:81 A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. 32361978 3 88 theme capillary 413:421 arg1 cells 435:439 capillary endothelial cells 413:439 capillary endothelial cells 413:439 We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. 32361978 4 89 theme cell 827:830 arg1 expression 685:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 SCLT2 expression 679:694 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 4 89 theme cell 827:830 arg1 content 832:838 methylglyoxal cell content 813:838 methylglyoxal cell content 813:838 METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. 32361978 12 90 theme elevated 1848:1855 arg1 influx 1865:1870 the elevated glucose influx 1844:1870 the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs 1844:1886 Dapagliflozin by decreasing the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs under high glucose conditions ameliorates glucotoxicity. 32361978 8 91 theme O-GlcNAc-modified 1403:1419 arg1 proteins 1421:1428 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 1403:1428 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins 1403:1428 The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. 32361978 10 92 theme above 1713:1717 arg1 cascade 1719:1725 all the above cascade 1705:1725 all the above cascade of events 1705:1735 Dapagliflozin ameliorates all the above cascade of events. 31936366 6 0 theme cell 1379:1382 arg1 proliferation 1384:1396 pre-B cell proliferation 1373:1396 pre-B cell proliferation 1373:1396 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 5 1 from stage 1153:1157 arg1 marrow 1173:1178 mouse bone marrow 1162:1178 mouse bone marrow 1162:1178 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 1 2 theme proteins 181:188 arg1 hundreds 151:158 hundreds 151:158 hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth 151:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 3 3 theme overall 719:725 arg1 levels 736:741 the overall O-GlcNAc levels 715:741 the overall O-GlcNAc levels 715:741 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 5 4 theme bone 1168:1171 arg1 marrow 1173:1178 mouse bone marrow 1162:1178 mouse bone marrow 1162:1178 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 4 5 theme O-GlcNAcylation 955:969 arg1 inhibition 941:950 inhibition 941:950 inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells 941:984 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 2 6 from changes 447:453 arg1 levels 476:481 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 458:481 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 458:481 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 3 7 attach linked 789:794 arg2 levels 736:741 the overall O-GlcNAc levels 715:741 the overall O-GlcNAc levels 715:741 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 3 7 attach linked 789:794 arg1 rate 818:821 the glucose uptake rate 799:821 the glucose uptake rate 799:821 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 5 8 theme O-GlcNAc 1230:1237 arg1 inhibitor 1239:1247 an O-GlcNAc inhibitor 1227:1247 an O-GlcNAc inhibitor 1227:1247 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 1 9 theme B 345:345 arg1 development 352:362 B cell development 345:362 B cell development 345:362 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 4 10 theme cycle 1045:1049 arg1 arrest 1051:1056 cell cycle arrest 1040:1056 cell cycle arrest 1040:1056 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 3 11 theme glucose 803:809 arg1 rate 818:821 the glucose uptake rate 799:821 the glucose uptake rate 799:821 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 2 12 theme cells 526:530 arg1 growth 510:515 the growth 506:515 the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development 506:698 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 1 13 theme cell 347:350 arg1 development 352:362 B cell development 345:362 B cell development 345:362 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 2 14 theme clones 592:597 arg1 expansion 568:576 expansion 568:576 expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development 568:698 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 2 15 theme pro-B 656:660 arg1 stage 662:666 the pro-B stage 652:666 the pro-B stage 652:666 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 1 16 theme O-linked 70:77 arg1 modification 112:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 3 17 theme uptake 811:816 arg1 rate 818:821 the glucose uptake rate 799:821 the glucose uptake rate 799:821 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 2 18 theme pre-B 520:524 arg1 cells 526:530 pre-B cells 520:530 pre-B cells 520:530 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 1 19 theme development 352:362 arg1 regulation 331:340 the regulation 327:340 the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation 327:394 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 3 20 from levels 736:741 arg1 cells 772:776 these proliferative pre-B cells 746:776 these proliferative pre-B cells 746:776 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 1 21 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 79:99 arg1 modification 112:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 6 22 theme leukemia 1481:1488 arg1 treatment 1449:1457 the treatment 1445:1457 the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1445:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 1 23 link O-linked 70:77 arg1 modification 112:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 4 24 theme c-Myc 1009:1013 arg1 expression 1015:1024 c-Myc expression 1009:1024 c-Myc expression 1009:1024 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 3 25 theme pro-B 872:876 arg1 cells 878:882 pro-B cells 872:882 pro-B cells 872:882 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 6 26 theme regulatory 1349:1358 arg1 component 1360:1368 a new regulatory component 1343:1368 a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation 1343:1396 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 1 27 theme function 368:375 arg1 regulation 331:340 the regulation 327:340 the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation 327:394 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 2 28 theme heavy 636:640 arg1 chains 642:647 successfully rearranged heavy chains 612:647 successfully rearranged heavy chains 612:647 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 2 29 theme cell 683:686 arg1 development 688:698 early B cell development 675:698 early B cell development 675:698 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 1 30 theme O-GlcNAc 102:109 arg1 modification 112:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 70:123 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 3 31 theme O-GlcNAc 727:734 arg1 levels 736:741 the overall O-GlcNAc levels 715:741 the overall O-GlcNAc levels 715:741 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 1 32 theme wide 204:207 arg1 signaling 265:273 signaling 265:273 signaling 265:273 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 32 theme wide 204:207 arg1 variety 209:215 a wide variety 202:215 a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth 202:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 32 theme wide 204:207 arg1 processes 229:237 cellular processes 220:237 cellular processes 220:237 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 32 theme wide 204:207 arg1 growth 285:290 cell growth 280:290 cell growth 280:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 32 theme wide 204:207 arg1 expression 253:262 gene expression 248:262 gene expression 248:262 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 0 33 theme Increased 0:8 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 10:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 0:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc 0:33 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc Promotes Pre-B Cell Proliferation. 31936366 1 34 theme cell 280:283 arg1 growth 285:290 cell growth 280:290 cell growth 280:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 2 35 theme rearranged 625:634 arg1 chains 642:647 successfully rearranged heavy chains 612:647 successfully rearranged heavy chains 612:647 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 2 36 theme B 681:681 arg1 development 688:698 early B cell development 675:698 early B cell development 675:698 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 0 37 theme c-Myc 29:33 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 10:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 0:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc 0:33 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc Promotes Pre-B Cell Proliferation. 31936366 3 38 theme proliferative 752:764 arg1 cells 772:776 these proliferative pre-B cells 746:776 these proliferative pre-B cells 746:776 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 2 39 theme early 675:679 arg1 development 688:698 early B cell development 675:698 early B cell development 675:698 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 6 40 theme pre-B 1373:1377 arg1 proliferation 1384:1396 pre-B cell proliferation 1373:1396 pre-B cell proliferation 1373:1396 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 4 41 theme expression 1081:1090 arg1 blockade 1062:1069 blockade 1062:1069 blockade of cyclin expression 1062:1090 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 6 42 theme potential 1412:1420 arg1 target 1434:1439 a potential therapeutic target 1410:1439 a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1410:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 6 43 link cell-derived 1468:1479 arg1 leukemia 1481:1488 pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1462:1488 pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1462:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 1 44 theme cellular 220:227 arg1 signaling 265:273 signaling 265:273 signaling 265:273 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 44 theme cellular 220:227 arg1 expression 253:262 gene expression 248:262 gene expression 248:262 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 44 theme cellular 220:227 arg1 processes 229:237 cellular processes 220:237 cellular processes 220:237 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 44 theme cellular 220:227 arg1 growth 285:290 cell growth 280:290 cell growth 280:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 0 45 theme Pre-B 44:48 arg1 Proliferation 55:67 Pre-B Cell Proliferation 44:67 Pre-B Cell Proliferation 44:67 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc Promotes Pre-B Cell Proliferation. 31936366 5 46 theme mouse 1162:1166 arg1 marrow 1173:1178 mouse bone marrow 1162:1178 mouse bone marrow 1162:1178 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 6 47 theme c-Myc 1326:1330 arg1 expression 1312:1321 O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression 1286:1321 O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc 1286:1330 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 6 48 theme cell-derived 1468:1479 arg1 leukemia 1481:1488 pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1462:1488 pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1462:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 1 49 theme processes 229:237 arg1 signaling 265:273 signaling 265:273 signaling 265:273 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 49 theme processes 229:237 arg1 variety 209:215 a wide variety 202:215 a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth 202:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 49 theme processes 229:237 arg1 processes 229:237 cellular processes 220:237 cellular processes 220:237 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 49 theme processes 229:237 arg1 growth 285:290 cell growth 280:290 cell growth 280:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 1 49 theme processes 229:237 arg1 expression 253:262 gene expression 248:262 gene expression 248:262 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 2 50 theme O-GlcNAc 467:474 arg1 levels 476:481 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 458:481 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 458:481 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 5 51 theme cells 1126:1130 arg1 population 1110:1119 the population 1106:1119 the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow 1106:1178 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 4 52 theme pre-B 974:978 arg1 cells 980:984 pre-B cells 974:984 pre-B cells 974:984 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 6 53 theme therapeutic 1422:1432 arg1 target 1434:1439 a potential therapeutic target 1410:1439 a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1410:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 6 54 theme new 1345:1347 arg1 component 1360:1368 a new regulatory component 1343:1368 a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation 1343:1396 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 2 55 theme cellular 458:465 arg1 levels 476:481 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 458:481 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 458:481 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 2 56 theme functional 581:590 arg1 clones 592:597 functional clones 581:597 functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development 581:698 Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. 31936366 0 57 theme Cell 50:53 arg1 Proliferation 55:67 Pre-B Cell Proliferation 44:67 Pre-B Cell Proliferation 44:67 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc Promotes Pre-B Cell Proliferation. 31936366 3 58 theme pre-B 766:770 arg1 cells 772:776 these proliferative pre-B cells 746:776 these proliferative pre-B cells 746:776 In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. 31936366 6 59 theme O-GlcNAcylation-dependent 1286:1310 arg1 expression 1312:1321 O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression 1286:1321 O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc 1286:1330 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 5 60 theme pro-B 1142:1146 arg1 stage 1153:1157 the pro-B cell stage 1138:1157 the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow 1138:1178 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 1 61 theme hundreds 151:158 arg1 activity 139:146 the activity 135:146 the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth 135:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 4 62 theme cyclin 1074:1079 arg1 expression 1081:1090 cyclin expression 1074:1090 cyclin expression 1074:1090 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 5 63 theme inhibitor 1239:1247 arg1 administration 1209:1222 the administration 1205:1222 the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor 1205:1247 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 5 64 theme B 1124:1124 arg1 cells 1126:1130 B cells 1124:1130 B cells 1124:1130 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 6 65 theme pre-B 1462:1466 arg1 leukemia 1481:1488 pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1462:1488 pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1462:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 5 66 theme cell 1148:1151 arg1 stage 1153:1157 the pro-B cell stage 1138:1157 the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow 1138:1178 Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. 31936366 1 67 theme gene 248:251 arg1 expression 253:262 gene expression 248:262 gene expression 248:262 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 6 68 theme proliferation 1384:1396 arg1 component 1360:1368 a new regulatory component 1343:1368 a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation 1343:1396 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 6 68 theme proliferation 1384:1396 arg1 target 1434:1439 a potential therapeutic target 1410:1439 a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia 1410:1488 These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia. 31936366 1 69 theme nucleocytoplasmic 163:179 arg1 proteins 181:188 nucleocytoplasmic proteins 163:188 nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth 163:290 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. 31936366 4 70 theme cell 1040:1043 arg1 arrest 1051:1056 cell cycle arrest 1040:1056 cell cycle arrest 1040:1056 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 31936366 4 71 from inhibition 941:950 arg1 cells 980:984 pre-B cells 974:984 pre-B cells 974:984 Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. 34662729 10 0 from effects 1792:1798 arg1 transcription 1807:1819 the transcription 1803:1819 the transcription of peritrophin-like protein 1803:1847 Dietary chitin and chitosan also showed positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein. 34662729 9 1 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1526:1544 arg1 ogt 1559:1561 ogt 1559:1561 ogt 1559:1561 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 9 1 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1526:1544 arg1 transferase 1546:1556 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1513:1556 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) 1513:1562 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 9 1 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1526:1544 arg1 higher 1582:1587 higher 1582:1587 higher 1582:1587 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 4 2 theme disease 643:649 arg1 resistance 651:660 disease resistance 643:660 disease resistance 643:660 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 9 3 theme shrimp 1610:1615 arg1 haemocytes 1596:1605 the haemocytes 1592:1605 the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin 1592:1639 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 5 4 theme LYZ 1011:1013 arg1 activity 1016:1023 lysozyme (LYZ) activity 1001:1023 lysozyme (LYZ) activity 1001:1023 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 4 5 theme respiratory 813:823 arg1 burst 825:829 respiratory burst 813:829 respiratory burst (RB) 813:834 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 5 theme respiratory 813:823 arg1 RB 832:833 RB 832:833 RB 832:833 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 5 6 theme PO 984:985 arg1 activity 987:994 phenoloxidase (PO)activity 969:994 phenoloxidase (PO)activity 969:994 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 0 7 theme immune 75:80 arg1 response 82:89 immune response 75:89 immune response 75:89 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 8 8 theme shock 1395:1399 arg1 protein 1401:1407 heat shock protein 70 1390:1410 heat shock protein 70 1390:1410 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 5 9 theme total 940:944 arg1 THC 963:965 THC 963:965 THC 963:965 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 5 9 theme total 940:944 arg1 count 956:960 the total haemocyte count 936:960 the total haemocyte count (THC) 936:966 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 4 10 theme chitosan 716:723 arg1 diets 725:729 chitin and chitosan diets 705:729 chitin and chitosan diets 705:729 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 11 11 from D. 1908:1909 arg1 chitin 1883:1888 chitin 1883:1888 chitin 1883:1888 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 10 12 theme peritrophin-like 1824:1839 arg1 protein 1841:1847 peritrophin-like protein 1824:1847 peritrophin-like protein 1824:1847 Dietary chitin and chitosan also showed positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein. 34662729 6 13 theme significant 1046:1056 arg1 differences 1058:1068 No significant differences 1043:1068 No significant differences 1043:1068 No significant differences were observed for prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions among groups. 34662729 0 14 dep response 82:89 arg1 the 71:73 the 71:73 the 71:73 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 15 theme immune 251:256 arg1 response 258:265 the immune response 247:265 the immune response 247:265 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 11 16 theme circular 2141:2148 arg1 economy 2150:2156 the circular economy 2137:2156 the circular economy 2137:2156 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 4 17 from responses 800:808 arg1 SOD 859:861 SOD 859:861 SOD 859:861 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 17 from responses 800:808 arg1 PA 890:891 PA 890:891 PA 890:891 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 17 from responses 800:808 arg1 dismutase 848:856 superoxide dismutase 837:856 superoxide dismutase (SOD) 837:862 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 17 from responses 800:808 arg1 activity 880:887 phagocytic activity 869:887 phagocytic activity (PA) 869:892 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 17 from responses 800:808 arg1 burst 825:829 respiratory burst 813:829 respiratory burst (RB) 813:834 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 17 from responses 800:808 arg1 RB 832:833 RB 832:833 RB 832:833 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 18 theme immune 793:798 arg1 responses 800:808 the up-regulated immune responses 776:808 the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA) 776:892 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 19 dep survival 630:637 arg1 The 626:628 The 626:628 The 626:628 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 5 20 from differences 921:931 arg1 THC 963:965 THC 963:965 THC 963:965 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 5 20 from differences 921:931 arg1 activity 1016:1023 lysozyme (LYZ) activity 1001:1023 lysozyme (LYZ) activity 1001:1023 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 5 20 from differences 921:931 arg1 count 956:960 the total haemocyte count 936:960 the total haemocyte count (THC) 936:966 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 5 20 from differences 921:931 arg1 activity 987:994 phenoloxidase (PO)activity 969:994 phenoloxidase (PO)activity 969:994 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 0 21 from similis 31:37 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 0:151 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 4 22 theme up-regulated 780:791 arg1 responses 800:808 the up-regulated immune responses 776:808 the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA) 776:892 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 9 23 link O-linked 1517:1524 arg1 ogt 1559:1561 ogt 1559:1561 ogt 1559:1561 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 9 23 link O-linked 1517:1524 arg1 transferase 1546:1556 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1513:1556 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) 1513:1562 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 9 23 link O-linked 1517:1524 arg1 higher 1582:1587 higher 1582:1587 higher 1582:1587 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 1 24 theme derivative 184:193 arg1 similis 161:167 Daphnia similis 153:167 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan 153:202 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 24 theme derivative 184:193 arg1 chitosan 195:202 its derivative chitosan 180:202 its derivative chitosan 180:202 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 25 theme Daphnia 153:159 arg1 similis 161:167 Daphnia similis 153:167 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan 153:202 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 25 theme Daphnia 153:159 arg1 chitin 169:174 chitin 169:174 chitin 169:174 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 25 theme Daphnia 153:159 arg1 immunostimulants 221:236 immunostimulants 221:236 immunostimulants 221:236 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 25 theme Daphnia 153:159 arg1 chitosan 195:202 its derivative chitosan 180:202 its derivative chitosan 180:202 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 10 26 theme protein 1841:1847 arg1 transcription 1807:1819 the transcription 1803:1819 the transcription of peritrophin-like protein 1803:1847 Dietary chitin and chitosan also showed positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein. 34662729 11 27 contain have 2041:2044 arg2 potential 2052:2060 great potential 2046:2060 great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy 2046:2156 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 11 27 contain have 2041:2044 arg1 chitin 1883:1888 chitin 1883:1888 chitin 1883:1888 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 7 28 theme higher 1216:1221 arg1 levels 1223:1228 significantly higher levels 1202:1228 significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) 1202:1316 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 8 29 theme protein 1401:1407 arg1 expressions 1362:1372 The gene expressions 1353:1372 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 1353:1410 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 2 30 dep % 437:437 arg1 chitosan 492:499 chitosan 492:499 chitosan 492:499 Three experimental diets supplemented with 0% chitin or chitosan (control) and 0.4% chitin or 0.4% chitosan were fed to shrimp for 56 days. 34662729 2 30 dep % 437:437 arg1 chitin 439:444 chitin 439:444 chitin 439:444 Three experimental diets supplemented with 0% chitin or chitosan (control) and 0.4% chitin or 0.4% chitosan were fed to shrimp for 56 days. 34662729 2 30 dep % 437:437 arg1 chitin 477:482 chitin 477:482 chitin 477:482 Three experimental diets supplemented with 0% chitin or chitosan (control) and 0.4% chitin or 0.4% chitosan were fed to shrimp for 56 days. 34662729 11 31 theme infectious 2000:2009 arg1 diseases 2011:2018 infectious diseases 2000:2018 infectious diseases caused by Vibrio 2000:2035 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 5 32 theme phenoloxidase 969:981 arg1 activity 987:994 phenoloxidase (PO)activity 969:994 phenoloxidase (PO)activity 969:994 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 8 33 theme catalase 1377:1384 arg1 expressions 1362:1372 The gene expressions 1353:1372 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 1353:1410 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 5 34 theme significant 909:919 arg1 differences 921:931 no significant differences 906:931 no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups 906:1040 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 11 35 dep D. 1908:1909 arg1 similis 1911:1917 D. similis 1908:1917 D. similis 1908:1917 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 5 36 theme haemocyte 946:954 arg1 THC 963:965 THC 963:965 THC 963:965 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 5 36 theme haemocyte 946:954 arg1 count 956:960 the total haemocyte count 936:960 the total haemocyte count (THC) 936:966 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 4 37 theme chitin 705:710 arg1 diets 725:729 chitin and chitosan diets 705:729 chitin and chitosan diets 705:729 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 8 38 theme heat 1390:1393 arg1 protein 1401:1407 heat shock protein 70 1390:1410 heat shock protein 70 1390:1410 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 7 39 dep proteins 1247:1254 arg1 crustin 1271:1277 crustin 1271:1277 crustin 1271:1277 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 39 dep proteins 1247:1254 arg1 proteins 1247:1254 antimicrobial proteins 1233:1254 antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) 1233:1316 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 39 dep proteins 1247:1254 arg1 3a 1267:1268 penaeidin 3a 1257:1268 penaeidin 3a 1257:1268 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 39 dep proteins 1247:1254 arg1 factor 1308:1313 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2 1284:1315 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2 1284:1315 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 0 40 theme chitin 11:16 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 0:151 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 0 41 theme disease 95:101 arg1 resistance 103:112 disease resistance 95:112 disease resistance 95:112 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 10 42 theme Dietary 1743:1749 arg1 chitin 1751:1756 Dietary chitin 1743:1756 Dietary chitin 1743:1756 Dietary chitin and chitosan also showed positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein. 34662729 10 43 theme positive 1783:1790 arg1 effects 1792:1798 positive effects 1783:1798 positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein 1783:1847 Dietary chitin and chitosan also showed positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein. 34662729 8 44 theme shrimp 1447:1452 arg1 hepatopancreas 1429:1442 the hepatopancreas 1425:1442 the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet 1425:1510 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 0 45 theme white 117:121 arg1 shrimp 123:128 white shrimp 117:128 white shrimp 117:128 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 0 46 from chitosan 59:66 arg1 response 82:89 immune response 75:89 immune response 75:89 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 0 46 from chitosan 59:66 arg1 resistance 103:112 disease resistance 95:112 disease resistance 95:112 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 47 dep similis 161:167 arg1 similis 161:167 Daphnia similis 153:167 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan 153:202 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 47 dep similis 161:167 arg1 chitin 169:174 chitin 169:174 chitin 169:174 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 47 dep similis 161:167 arg1 chitosan 195:202 its derivative chitosan 180:202 its derivative chitosan 180:202 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 2 48 theme experimental 399:410 arg1 diets 412:416 Three experimental diets 393:416 Three experimental diets supplemented with 0% chitin or chitosan (control) and 0.4% chitin or 0.4% chitosan 393:499 Three experimental diets supplemented with 0% chitin or chitosan (control) and 0.4% chitin or 0.4% chitosan were fed to shrimp for 56 days. 34662729 11 49 theme feasible 2078:2085 arg1 immunostimulant 2087:2101 a feasible immunostimulant 2076:2101 a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy 2076:2156 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 3 50 theme shrimp 580:585 arg1 growth 587:592 shrimp growth 580:592 shrimp growth 580:592 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan accelerated shrimp growth compared to chitin and control. 34662729 11 51 theme great 2046:2050 arg1 potential 2052:2060 great potential 2046:2060 great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy 2046:2156 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 4 52 theme phagocytic 869:878 arg1 activity 880:887 phagocytic activity 869:887 phagocytic activity (PA) 869:892 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 52 theme phagocytic 869:878 arg1 PA 890:891 PA 890:891 PA 890:891 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 7 53 theme proteins 1247:1254 arg1 levels 1223:1228 significantly higher levels 1202:1228 significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) 1202:1316 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 0 54 from derivative 47:56 arg1 Effects 0:6 Effects 0:6 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 0:151 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 0 55 dep similis 31:37 arg1 vannamei 143:150 Litopenaeus vannamei 131:150 Litopenaeus vannamei 131:150 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 1 56 theme white 357:361 arg1 shrimp 363:368 white shrimp 357:368 white shrimp 357:368 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 9 57 theme shrimp 1722:1727 arg1 hepatopancreas 1704:1717 the hepatopancreas 1700:1717 the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan 1700:1740 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 0 58 theme shrimp 123:128 arg1 response 82:89 immune response 75:89 immune response 75:89 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 0 58 theme shrimp 123:128 arg1 resistance 103:112 disease resistance 95:112 disease resistance 95:112 Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 3 59 theme Dietary 533:539 arg1 inclusion 541:549 Dietary inclusion 533:549 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan 533:566 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan accelerated shrimp growth compared to chitin and control. 34662729 6 60 theme system-related 1105:1118 arg1 expressions 1125:1135 prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions 1088:1135 prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions 1088:1135 No significant differences were observed for prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions among groups. 34662729 1 61 theme infectious 304:313 arg1 disease 315:321 infectious disease 304:321 infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus 304:352 Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 34662729 8 62 theme gene 1357:1360 arg1 expressions 1362:1372 The gene expressions 1353:1372 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 1353:1410 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 4 63 theme pathogenic 738:747 arg1 injection 749:757 pathogenic injection 738:757 pathogenic injection 738:757 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 3 64 theme chitosan 559:566 arg1 inclusion 541:549 Dietary inclusion 533:549 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan 533:566 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan accelerated shrimp growth compared to chitin and control. 34662729 9 65 theme O-linked 1517:1524 arg1 ogt 1559:1561 ogt 1559:1561 ogt 1559:1561 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 9 65 theme O-linked 1517:1524 arg1 transferase 1546:1556 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase 1513:1556 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) 1513:1562 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 9 65 theme O-linked 1517:1524 arg1 higher 1582:1587 higher 1582:1587 higher 1582:1587 The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. 34662729 7 66 theme anti-lipopolysaccharide 1284:1306 arg1 proteins 1247:1254 antimicrobial proteins 1233:1254 antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) 1233:1316 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 66 theme anti-lipopolysaccharide 1284:1306 arg1 factor 1308:1313 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2 1284:1315 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2 1284:1315 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 4 67 theme superoxide 837:846 arg1 SOD 859:861 SOD 859:861 SOD 859:861 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 67 theme superoxide 837:846 arg1 dismutase 848:856 superoxide dismutase 837:856 superoxide dismutase (SOD) 837:862 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 6 68 theme gene 1120:1123 arg1 expressions 1125:1135 prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions 1088:1135 prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions 1088:1135 No significant differences were observed for prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions among groups. 34662729 7 69 theme penaeidin 1257:1265 arg1 proteins 1247:1254 antimicrobial proteins 1233:1254 antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) 1233:1316 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 69 theme penaeidin 1257:1265 arg1 3a 1267:1268 penaeidin 3a 1257:1268 penaeidin 3a 1257:1268 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 4 70 theme shrimp 665:670 arg1 survival 630:637 survival 630:637 survival 630:637 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 4 70 theme shrimp 665:670 arg1 resistance 651:660 disease resistance 643:660 disease resistance 643:660 The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). 34662729 11 71 theme shrimp 1963:1968 arg1 immunity 1951:1958 the immunity 1947:1958 the immunity of shrimp 1947:1968 These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy. 34662729 3 72 theme 0.4 554:556 arg1 % 557:557 % 557:557 % 557:557 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan accelerated shrimp growth compared to chitin and control. 34662729 7 73 theme antimicrobial 1233:1245 arg1 crustin 1271:1277 crustin 1271:1277 crustin 1271:1277 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 73 theme antimicrobial 1233:1245 arg1 proteins 1247:1254 antimicrobial proteins 1233:1254 antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) 1233:1316 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 73 theme antimicrobial 1233:1245 arg1 3a 1267:1268 penaeidin 3a 1257:1268 penaeidin 3a 1257:1268 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 7 73 theme antimicrobial 1233:1245 arg1 factor 1308:1313 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2 1284:1315 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2 1284:1315 However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. 34662729 8 74 theme control 1499:1505 arg1 diet 1507:1510 control diet 1499:1510 control diet 1499:1510 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34662729 5 75 theme lysozyme 1001:1008 arg1 activity 1016:1023 lysozyme (LYZ) activity 1001:1023 lysozyme (LYZ) activity 1001:1023 There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. 34662729 3 76 theme % 557:557 arg1 chitosan 559:566 0.4% chitosan 554:566 0.4% chitosan 554:566 Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan accelerated shrimp growth compared to chitin and control. 34662729 6 77 theme prophenoloxidase 1088:1103 arg1 expressions 1125:1135 prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions 1088:1135 prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions 1088:1135 No significant differences were observed for prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions among groups. 34662729 8 78 theme chitosan 1458:1465 arg1 diet 1467:1470 chitosan diet 1458:1470 chitosan diet compared to the chitin 1458:1493 The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. 34337900 4 0 theme key 618:620 arg1 enzymes 622:628 key enzymes 618:628 key enzymes 618:628 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 14 1 theme hypertrophic 1778:1789 arg1 growth 1791:1796 active hypertrophic growth 1771:1796 active hypertrophic growth 1771:1796 In summary, protein O-GlcNAc levels vary during POH with elevations occurring during active hypertrophic growth early after TAC. 34337900 6 2 theme C57/Bl6 994:1000 arg1 mice 1002:1005 C57/Bl6 mice 994:1005 C57/Bl6 mice 994:1005 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 6 3 from POH 987:989 arg1 mice 1002:1005 C57/Bl6 mice 994:1005 C57/Bl6 mice 994:1005 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 0 4 theme Temporal 0:7 arg1 regulation 9:18 Temporal regulation 0:18 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 0:91 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 34337900 1 5 theme pressure-overload 197:213 arg1 hypertrophy 215:225 pressure-overload hypertrophy 197:225 pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth 197:261 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 1 5 theme pressure-overload 197:213 arg1 POH 228:230 POH 228:230 POH 228:230 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 9 6 theme thiamet-g 1290:1298 arg1 4 weeks 1314:1320 thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks 1290:1320 thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks 1290:1320 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 4 7 theme active 679:684 arg1 growth 710:715 active myocardial hypertrophic growth 679:715 active myocardial hypertrophic growth 679:715 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 13 8 theme O-GlcNAc 1637:1644 arg1 levels 1646:1651 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1629:1651 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1629:1651 With established hypertrophy, TG increased protein O-GlcNAc levels but did not affect cardiac mass. 34337900 4 9 theme hypertrophic 697:708 arg1 growth 710:715 active myocardial hypertrophic growth 679:715 active myocardial hypertrophic growth 679:715 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 9 10 theme starting 1305:1312 arg1 4 weeks 1314:1320 thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks 1290:1320 thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks 1290:1320 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 3 11 theme greater 393:399 arg1 utilization 409:419 greater glucose utilization 393:419 greater glucose utilization during POH 393:430 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 7 12 theme 6-week 1084:1089 arg1 6wTAC 1096:1100 6wTAC 1096:1100 6wTAC 1096:1100 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 7 12 theme 6-week 1084:1089 arg1 TAC 1091:1093 6-week TAC 1084:1093 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy 1084:1129 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 16 13 theme hypertrophic 1961:1972 arg1 growth 1974:1979 hypertrophic growth 1961:1979 hypertrophic growth 1961:1979 Increasing O-GlcNAc levels during established hypertrophy did not restart hypertrophic growth. 34337900 7 14 theme early 1062:1066 arg1 hypertrophy 1068:1078 early hypertrophy 1062:1078 early hypertrophy 1062:1078 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 4 15 theme pressure 743:750 arg1 overload 752:759 early pressure overload 737:759 early pressure overload 737:759 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 5 16 theme ongoing 839:845 arg1 growth 860:865 ongoing hypertrophic growth 839:865 ongoing hypertrophic growth 839:865 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 14 17 theme protein 1698:1704 arg1 levels 1715:1720 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1698:1720 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1698:1720 In summary, protein O-GlcNAc levels vary during POH with elevations occurring during active hypertrophic growth early after TAC. 34337900 15 18 from changes 1857:1863 arg1 levels 1879:1884 key enzyme levels 1868:1884 key enzyme levels 1868:1884 O-GlcNAc levels appear to be regulated by changes in key enzyme levels. 34337900 9 19 dep thiamet-g 1290:1298 arg1 TG 1301:1302 TG 1301:1302 TG 1301:1302 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 16 20 theme O-GlcNAc 1898:1905 arg1 levels 1907:1912 O-GlcNAc levels 1898:1912 O-GlcNAc levels 1898:1912 Increasing O-GlcNAc levels during established hypertrophy did not restart hypertrophic growth. 34337900 12 21 theme rose 1571:1574 arg1 GFAT1 1551:1555 the isoform GFAT1 1539:1555 the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose 1539:1574 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 7 22 theme 1-week 1039:1044 arg1 TAC 1046:1048 1-week TAC 1039:1048 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy 1039:1078 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 7 22 theme 1-week 1039:1044 arg1 1wTAC 1051:1055 1wTAC 1051:1055 1wTAC 1051:1055 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 3 23 dep suggest 503:509 arg1 regulate 551:558 regulate 551:558 suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels 503:582 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 3 24 theme O-GlcNAc 462:469 arg1 levels 471:476 O-GlcNAc levels 462:476 O-GlcNAc levels 462:476 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 5 25 theme O-GlcNAcylation 814:828 arg1 downregulation 788:801 downregulation 788:801 downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation 788:828 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 1 26 theme Protein 93:99 arg1 modifications 119:131 Protein posttranslational modifications 93:131 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 93:183 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 1 26 theme Protein 93:99 arg1 PTMs 134:137 PTMs 134:137 PTMs 134:137 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 10 27 theme O-GlcNAc 1341:1348 arg1 levels 1350:1355 Protein O-GlcNAc levels 1333:1355 Protein O-GlcNAc levels 1333:1355 Protein O-GlcNAc levels were significantly elevated in 1wTAC versus Sham with a fall in 6wTAC. 34337900 6 28 used used 935:938 arg2 We 932:933 We 932:933 We 932:933 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 8 29 used used 1135:1138 arg2 We 1132:1133 We 1132:1133 We 1132:1133 We used western blots to determine O-GlcNAc regulation. 34337900 12 30 theme isoform 1543:1549 arg1 GFAT1 1551:1555 the isoform GFAT1 1539:1555 the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose 1539:1574 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 3 31 theme HBP 441:443 arg1 flux 445:448 HBP flux 441:448 HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels 441:476 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 0 32 theme cardiac 72:78 arg1 hypertrophy 80:90 pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy 54:90 pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy 54:90 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 34337900 4 33 with remodeling 721:730 arg1 overload 752:759 early pressure overload 737:759 early pressure overload 737:759 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 1 34 dep hypertrophy 215:225 arg1 affect 236:241 affect 236:241 to affect hypertrophic growth 233:261 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 0 35 theme O-GlcNAc 31:38 arg1 levels 40:45 protein O-GlcNAc levels 23:45 protein O-GlcNAc levels 23:45 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 34337900 5 36 theme prolonged 874:882 arg1 overload 893:900 prolonged pressure overload 874:900 prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy 874:929 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 15 37 theme key 1868:1870 arg1 levels 1879:1884 key enzyme levels 1868:1884 key enzyme levels 1868:1884 O-GlcNAc levels appear to be regulated by changes in key enzyme levels. 34337900 1 38 link O-linked 143:150 arg1 O-GlcNAc 175:182 O-GlcNAc 175:182 O-GlcNAc 175:182 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 1 38 link O-linked 143:150 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 152:172 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 143:172 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 143:183 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 4 39 with growth 710:715 arg1 overload 752:759 early pressure overload 737:759 early pressure overload 737:759 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 3 40 theme glucose 511:517 arg1 availability 519:530 glucose availability 511:530 glucose availability 511:530 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 12 41 theme HBP 1524:1526 arg1 enzyme 1528:1533 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 1506:1533 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 1506:1533 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 12 41 theme HBP 1524:1526 arg1 GFAT 1498:1501 GFAT 1498:1501 GFAT 1498:1501 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 2 42 theme hexosamine 268:277 arg1 HBP 301:303 HBP 301:303 HBP 301:303 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis to make the moiety for O-GlcNAcylation. 34337900 2 42 theme hexosamine 268:277 arg1 pathway 292:298 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 264:298 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 264:304 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis to make the moiety for O-GlcNAcylation. 34337900 7 43 theme Experimental 1008:1019 arg1 groups 1021:1026 Experimental groups 1008:1026 Experimental groups 1008:1026 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 1 44 theme hypertrophic 243:254 arg1 growth 256:261 hypertrophic growth 243:261 hypertrophic growth 243:261 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 3 45 theme O-GlcNAc 568:575 arg1 levels 577:582 cardiac O-GlcNAc levels 560:582 cardiac O-GlcNAc levels 560:582 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 4 46 theme protein 638:644 arg1 levels 655:660 protein O-GlcNAc levels 638:660 protein O-GlcNAc levels 638:660 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 9 47 theme increased 1212:1220 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1230:1244 increased protein O-GlcNAcylation 1212:1244 increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy 1212:1273 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 0 48 theme pressure-overload 54:70 arg1 hypertrophy 80:90 pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy 54:90 pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy 54:90 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 34337900 9 49 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1230:1244 arg1 effect 1202:1207 the effect 1198:1207 the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy 1198:1273 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 15 50 theme enzyme 1872:1877 arg1 levels 1879:1884 key enzyme levels 1868:1884 key enzyme levels 1868:1884 O-GlcNAc levels appear to be regulated by changes in key enzyme levels. 34337900 9 51 theme established 1251:1261 arg1 hypertrophy 1263:1273 established hypertrophy 1251:1273 established hypertrophy 1251:1273 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 14 52 theme active 1771:1776 arg1 growth 1791:1796 active hypertrophic growth 1771:1796 active hypertrophic growth 1771:1796 In summary, protein O-GlcNAc levels vary during POH with elevations occurring during active hypertrophic growth early after TAC. 34337900 5 53 with overload 893:900 arg1 hypertrophy 919:929 established hypertrophy 907:929 established hypertrophy 907:929 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 4 54 theme enzymes 622:628 arg1 induction 605:613 induction 605:613 induction of key enzymes 605:628 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 3 55 theme cardiac 560:566 arg1 levels 577:582 cardiac O-GlcNAc levels 560:582 cardiac O-GlcNAc levels 560:582 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 16 56 theme established 1921:1931 arg1 hypertrophy 1933:1943 established hypertrophy 1921:1943 established hypertrophy 1921:1943 Increasing O-GlcNAc levels during established hypertrophy did not restart hypertrophic growth. 34337900 12 57 from GFAT1 1551:1555 arg1 1wTAC 1579:1583 1wTAC 1579:1583 1wTAC 1579:1583 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 6 58 theme aortic 951:956 arg1 TAC 972:974 TAC 972:974 TAC 972:974 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 6 58 theme aortic 951:956 arg1 constriction 958:969 transverse aortic constriction 940:969 transverse aortic constriction (TAC) 940:975 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 13 59 theme protein 1629:1635 arg1 levels 1646:1651 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1629:1651 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1629:1651 With established hypertrophy, TG increased protein O-GlcNAc levels but did not affect cardiac mass. 34337900 7 60 theme established 1107:1117 arg1 hypertrophy 1119:1129 established hypertrophy 1107:1129 established hypertrophy 1107:1129 Experimental groups were sham, 1-week TAC (1wTAC) for early hypertrophy, or 6-week TAC (6wTAC) for established hypertrophy. 34337900 11 61 from proteins 1461:1468 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1447:1454 O-GlcNAc 1447:1454 O-GlcNAc from proteins 1447:1468 OGA, which removes O-GlcNAc from proteins, fell in 1wTAC versus sham. 34337900 10 62 dep a 1411:1411 arg1 fall 1413:1416 fall 1413:1416 fall in 6wTAC 1413:1425 Protein O-GlcNAc levels were significantly elevated in 1wTAC versus Sham with a fall in 6wTAC. 34337900 12 63 from enzyme 1528:1533 arg1 1wTAC 1579:1583 1wTAC 1579:1583 1wTAC 1579:1583 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 4 64 theme myocardial 686:695 arg1 growth 710:715 active myocardial hypertrophic growth 679:715 active myocardial hypertrophic growth 679:715 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 6 65 theme transverse 940:949 arg1 TAC 972:974 TAC 972:974 TAC 972:974 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 6 65 theme transverse 940:949 arg1 constriction 958:969 transverse aortic constriction 940:969 transverse aortic constriction (TAC) 940:975 We used transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to create POH in C57/Bl6 mice. 34337900 1 66 theme O-linked 143:150 arg1 O-GlcNAc 175:182 O-GlcNAc 175:182 O-GlcNAc 175:182 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 1 66 theme O-linked 143:150 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 152:172 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 143:172 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 143:183 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 14 67 theme O-GlcNAc 1706:1713 arg1 levels 1715:1720 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1698:1720 protein O-GlcNAc levels 1698:1720 In summary, protein O-GlcNAc levels vary during POH with elevations occurring during active hypertrophic growth early after TAC. 34337900 2 68 theme biosynthesis 279:290 arg1 HBP 301:303 HBP 301:303 HBP 301:303 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis to make the moiety for O-GlcNAcylation. 34337900 2 68 theme biosynthesis 279:290 arg1 pathway 292:298 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway 264:298 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) 264:304 The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) branches from glycolysis to make the moiety for O-GlcNAcylation. 34337900 4 69 theme early 737:741 arg1 overload 752:759 early pressure overload 737:759 early pressure overload 737:759 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 10 70 theme Protein 1333:1339 arg1 levels 1350:1355 Protein O-GlcNAc levels 1333:1355 Protein O-GlcNAc levels 1333:1355 Protein O-GlcNAc levels were significantly elevated in 1wTAC versus Sham with a fall in 6wTAC. 34337900 5 71 theme hypertrophic 847:858 arg1 growth 860:865 ongoing hypertrophic growth 839:865 ongoing hypertrophic growth 839:865 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 5 72 theme protein 806:812 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 814:828 protein O-GlcNAcylation 806:828 protein O-GlcNAcylation 806:828 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 1 73 theme posttranslational 101:117 arg1 modifications 119:131 Protein posttranslational modifications 93:131 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 93:183 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 1 73 theme posttranslational 101:117 arg1 PTMs 134:137 PTMs 134:137 PTMs 134:137 Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) rise during pressure-overload hypertrophy (POH) to affect hypertrophic growth. 34337900 0 74 theme protein 23:29 arg1 levels 40:45 protein O-GlcNAc levels 23:45 protein O-GlcNAc levels 23:45 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 34337900 5 75 theme established 907:917 arg1 hypertrophy 919:929 established hypertrophy 907:929 established hypertrophy 907:929 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 8 76 theme western 1140:1146 arg1 blots 1148:1152 western blots 1140:1152 western blots 1140:1152 We used western blots to determine O-GlcNAc regulation. 34337900 3 77 theme glucose 401:407 arg1 utilization 409:419 greater glucose utilization 393:419 greater glucose utilization during POH 393:430 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 15 78 theme O-GlcNAc 1815:1822 arg1 levels 1824:1829 O-GlcNAc levels 1815:1829 O-GlcNAc levels 1815:1829 O-GlcNAc levels appear to be regulated by changes in key enzyme levels. 34337900 3 79 theme recent 488:493 arg1 results 495:501 recent results 488:501 recent results 488:501 It is speculated that greater glucose utilization during POH augments HBP flux to increase O-GlcNAc levels; however, recent results suggest glucose availability does not primarily regulate cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. 34337900 0 80 theme levels 40:45 arg1 regulation 9:18 Temporal regulation 0:18 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 0:91 Temporal regulation of protein O-GlcNAc levels during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. 34337900 5 81 theme pressure 884:891 arg1 overload 893:900 prolonged pressure overload 874:900 prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy 874:929 We further speculate that downregulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation inhibits ongoing hypertrophic growth during prolonged pressure overload with established hypertrophy. 34337900 8 82 theme O-GlcNAc 1167:1174 arg1 regulation 1176:1185 O-GlcNAc regulation 1167:1185 O-GlcNAc regulation 1167:1185 We used western blots to determine O-GlcNAc regulation. 34337900 13 83 theme cardiac 1672:1678 arg1 mass 1680:1683 cardiac mass 1672:1683 cardiac mass 1672:1683 With established hypertrophy, TG increased protein O-GlcNAc levels but did not affect cardiac mass. 34337900 12 84 theme rate-limiting 1510:1522 arg1 enzyme 1528:1533 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 1506:1533 the rate-limiting HBP enzyme 1506:1533 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 12 84 theme rate-limiting 1510:1522 arg1 GFAT 1498:1501 GFAT 1498:1501 GFAT 1498:1501 GFAT is the rate-limiting HBP enzyme and the isoform GFAT1 substantially rose in 1wTAC. 34337900 13 85 theme established 1591:1601 arg1 hypertrophy 1603:1613 established hypertrophy 1591:1613 established hypertrophy 1591:1613 With established hypertrophy, TG increased protein O-GlcNAc levels but did not affect cardiac mass. 34337900 4 86 theme O-GlcNAc 646:653 arg1 levels 655:660 protein O-GlcNAc levels 638:660 protein O-GlcNAc levels 638:660 We hypothesize that induction of key enzymes augment protein O-GlcNAc levels primarily during active myocardial hypertrophic growth and remodeling with early pressure overload. 34337900 9 87 with O-GlcNAcylation 1230:1244 arg1 hypertrophy 1263:1273 established hypertrophy 1251:1273 established hypertrophy 1251:1273 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 34337900 9 88 theme protein 1222:1228 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1230:1244 increased protein O-GlcNAcylation 1212:1244 increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy 1212:1273 To assess the effect of increased protein O-GlcNAcylation with established hypertrophy, mice received thiamet-g (TG) starting 4 weeks after TAC. 35424514 0 0 theme anion 82:86 arg1 alteration 88:97 anion alteration 82:97 anion alteration 82:97 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 5 1 theme cancer 1014:1019 arg1 SKOV-3 1028:1033 SKOV-3 1028:1033 SKOV-3 1028:1033 In addition, the new compounds showed excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF). 35424514 5 1 theme cancer 1014:1019 arg1 cells 1021:1025 cancer cells 1014:1025 cancer cells (SKOV-3) 1014:1034 In addition, the new compounds showed excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF). 35424514 0 2 theme potential 35:43 arg1 Fine-tuning 0:10 Fine-tuning 0:10 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 0:98 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 4 3 theme preferable 929:938 arg1 efficacy 940:947 a preferable efficacy 927:947 a preferable efficacy 927:947 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 5 4 theme new 967:969 arg1 compounds 971:979 the new compounds 963:979 the new compounds 963:979 In addition, the new compounds showed excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF). 35424514 4 5 from decline 857:863 arg1 viability 880:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 3 6 with ILs 534:536 arg1 cations 552:558 the same cations 543:558 the same cations 543:558 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 4 7 theme tested 790:795 arg1 TILs 797:800 all tested TILs 786:800 all tested TILs 786:800 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 8 theme carcinoma 697:705 arg1 SKOV-3 719:724 SKOV-3 719:724 SKOV-3 719:724 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 8 theme carcinoma 697:705 arg1 lines 712:716 ovarian carcinoma cell lines 689:716 ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) 689:725 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 9 theme TILs 677:680 arg1 toxicity 661:668 The in vitro toxicity 648:668 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) 648:770 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 10 theme ovarian 689:695 arg1 SKOV-3 719:724 SKOV-3 719:724 SKOV-3 719:724 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 10 theme ovarian 689:695 arg1 lines 712:716 ovarian carcinoma cell lines 689:716 ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) 689:725 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 3 11 with binding 596:602 arg1 TN2f 641:644 TN2f 641:644 TN2f 641:644 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 3 11 with binding 596:602 arg1 anion 634:638 the strongest chaotropic anion 609:638 the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f) 609:645 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 2 12 theme bacterial 475:483 arg1 infections 485:494 bacterial infections 475:494 bacterial infections 475:494 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 4 13 theme normal 731:736 arg1 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 13 theme normal 731:736 arg1 cells 760:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells 731:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) 731:770 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 5 14 theme excellent 988:996 arg1 selectivity 998:1008 excellent selectivity 988:1008 excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF) 988:1059 In addition, the new compounds showed excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF). 35424514 4 15 contain having 920:925 arg1 TILs 908:911 Tf2N-linked TILs 896:911 Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy 896:947 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 15 contain having 920:925 arg1 4a-c 914:917 4a-c 914:917 4a-c 914:917 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 15 contain having 920:925 arg2 efficacy 940:947 a preferable efficacy 927:947 a preferable efficacy 927:947 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 16 theme cell 707:710 arg1 SKOV-3 719:724 SKOV-3 719:724 SKOV-3 719:724 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 16 theme cell 707:710 arg1 lines 712:716 ovarian carcinoma cell lines 689:716 ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) 689:725 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 1 17 theme physicochemical 293:307 arg1 characteristics 309:323 their physicochemical characteristics 287:323 their physicochemical characteristics 287:323 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 4 18 link Tf2N-linked 896:906 arg1 TILs 908:911 Tf2N-linked TILs 896:911 Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy 896:947 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 18 link Tf2N-linked 896:906 arg1 4a-c 914:917 4a-c 914:917 4a-c 914:917 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 19 theme cell 875:878 arg1 viability 880:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 20 theme time-dependent 842:855 arg1 decline 857:863 time-dependent decline 842:863 time-dependent decline 842:863 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 21 contain have 802:805 arg1 TILs 797:800 all tested TILs 786:800 all tested TILs 786:800 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 21 contain have 802:805 arg2 capacity 811:818 the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy 807:947 the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy 807:947 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 1 22 theme bis- 212:215 arg1 4a-c 261:264 4a-c 261:264 4a-c 261:264 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 1 22 theme bis- 212:215 arg1 anions 253:258 bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions 212:258 bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 212:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 3 23 theme chaotropic 623:632 arg1 TN2f 641:644 TN2f 641:644 TN2f 641:644 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 3 23 theme chaotropic 623:632 arg1 anion 634:638 the strongest chaotropic anion 609:638 the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f) 609:645 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 2 24 theme pharmacological 389:403 arg1 potential 405:413 The pharmacological potential 385:413 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs 385:429 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 2 24 theme pharmacological 389:403 arg1 agents 464:469 chemotherapeutic agents 447:469 chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) 447:522 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 4 25 theme skin 744:747 arg1 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 25 theme skin 744:747 arg1 cells 760:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells 731:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) 731:770 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 26 dep in 652:653 arg1 vitro 655:659 vitro 655:659 vitro 655:659 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 1 27 theme trifluoromethanesulfonimide 217:243 arg1 4a-c 261:264 4a-c 261:264 4a-c 261:264 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 1 27 theme trifluoromethanesulfonimide 217:243 arg1 anions 253:258 bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions 212:258 bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 212:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 6 28 theme cancer 1161:1166 arg1 [Tf2N 1070:1074 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] 1062:1075 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) 1062:1080 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 6 28 theme cancer 1161:1166 arg1 agent 1168:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 4 29 from dose- 832:836 arg1 viability 880:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 1 30 theme novel 102:106 arg1 series 108:113 A novel series 100:113 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 100:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 2 31 theme new 422:424 arg1 TILs 426:429 the new TILs 418:429 the new TILs 418:429 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 4 32 theme Tf2N-linked 896:906 arg1 TILs 908:911 Tf2N-linked TILs 896:911 Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy 896:947 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 32 theme Tf2N-linked 896:906 arg1 4a-c 914:917 4a-c 914:917 4a-c 914:917 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 6 33 theme anti-ovarian 1148:1159 arg1 [Tf2N 1070:1074 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] 1062:1075 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) 1062:1080 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 6 33 theme anti-ovarian 1148:1159 arg1 agent 1168:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 4 34 theme human 738:742 arg1 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 34 theme human 738:742 arg1 cells 760:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells 731:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) 731:770 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 2 35 theme TILs 426:429 arg1 potential 405:413 The pharmacological potential 385:413 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs 385:429 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 2 35 theme TILs 426:429 arg1 agents 464:469 chemotherapeutic agents 447:469 chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) 447:522 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 2 36 theme ovarian 500:506 arg1 SKOV-3 516:521 SKOV-3 516:521 SKOV-3 516:521 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 2 36 theme ovarian 500:506 arg1 cancer 508:513 ovarian cancer 500:513 ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) 500:522 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 0 37 theme pharmacological 19:33 arg1 potential 35:43 the pharmacological potential 15:43 the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids 15:77 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 0 38 theme thiazolium 54:63 arg1 liquids 71:77 novel thiazolium ionic liquids 48:77 novel thiazolium ionic liquids 48:77 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 1 39 theme Tf2N 247:250 arg1 4a-c 261:264 4a-c 261:264 4a-c 261:264 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 1 39 theme Tf2N 247:250 arg1 anions 253:258 bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions 212:258 bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 212:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 0 40 theme ionic 65:69 arg1 liquids 71:77 novel thiazolium ionic liquids 48:77 novel thiazolium ionic liquids 48:77 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 4 41 theme fibroblast 749:758 arg1 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 HSF 767:769 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 41 theme fibroblast 749:758 arg1 cells 760:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells 731:764 normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) 731:770 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 4 42 theme in 652:653 arg1 toxicity 661:668 The in vitro toxicity 648:668 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) 648:770 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 0 43 theme novel 48:52 arg1 liquids 71:77 novel thiazolium ionic liquids 48:77 novel thiazolium ionic liquids 48:77 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 1 44 theme various 349:355 arg1 techniques 373:382 various microanalytical techniques 349:382 various microanalytical techniques 349:382 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 4 45 theme SKOV-3 868:873 arg1 viability 880:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 SKOV-3 cell viability 868:888 The in vitro toxicity of the TILs toward ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3) and normal human skin fibroblast cells (HSF) revealed that all tested TILs have the capacity to induce a dose- and time-dependent decline in SKOV-3 cell viability, with Tf2N-linked TILs (4a-c) having a preferable efficacy. 35424514 5 46 theme healthy 1041:1047 arg1 HSF 1056:1058 HSF 1056:1058 HSF 1056:1058 In addition, the new compounds showed excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF). 35424514 5 46 theme healthy 1041:1047 arg1 cells 1049:1053 healthy cells 1041:1053 healthy cells (HSF) 1041:1059 In addition, the new compounds showed excellent selectivity for cancer cells (SKOV-3) over healthy cells (HSF). 35424514 1 47 theme microanalytical 357:371 arg1 techniques 373:382 various microanalytical techniques 349:382 various microanalytical techniques 349:382 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 3 48 theme same 547:550 arg1 cations 552:558 the same cations 543:558 the same cations 543:558 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 1 49 theme thiazolium 118:127 arg1 TILs 144:147 TILs 144:147 TILs 144:147 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 1 49 theme thiazolium 118:127 arg1 liquids 135:141 thiazolium ionic liquids 118:141 thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 118:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 6 50 theme promising 1138:1146 arg1 [Tf2N 1070:1074 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] 1062:1075 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) 1062:1080 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 6 50 theme promising 1138:1146 arg1 agent 1168:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 1 51 theme ionic 129:133 arg1 TILs 144:147 TILs 144:147 TILs 144:147 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 1 51 theme ionic 129:133 arg1 liquids 135:141 thiazolium ionic liquids 118:141 thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 118:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 0 52 theme liquids 71:77 arg1 potential 35:43 the pharmacological potential 15:43 the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids 15:77 Fine-tuning of the pharmacological potential of novel thiazolium ionic liquids by anion alteration. 35424514 3 53 theme strongest 613:621 arg1 TN2f 641:644 TN2f 641:644 TN2f 641:644 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 3 53 theme strongest 613:621 arg1 anion 634:638 the strongest chaotropic anion 609:638 the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f) 609:645 Notably, ILs with the same cations become more bactericidal upon their binding with the strongest chaotropic anion (TN2f). 35424514 6 54 theme [iPBzTh 1062:1068 arg1 one 1117:1119 one 1117:1119 one 1117:1119 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 6 54 theme [iPBzTh 1062:1068 arg1 [Tf2N 1070:1074 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] 1062:1075 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) 1062:1080 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 6 54 theme [iPBzTh 1062:1068 arg1 4b 1078:1079 4b 1078:1079 4b 1078:1079 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 6 54 theme [iPBzTh 1062:1068 arg1 agent 1168:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent 1136:1172 [iPBzTh][Tf2N] (4b) is the most cytotoxic and specific one and may act as a promising anti-ovarian cancer agent. 35424514 1 55 theme liquids 135:141 arg1 series 108:113 A novel series 100:113 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) 100:265 A novel series of thiazolium ionic liquids (TILs) bound to chloride (2a-c), tetrafluoroborate (BF4) (3a-c), and bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Tf2N) anions (4a-c) was synthesized and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated using various microanalytical techniques. 35424514 2 56 theme chemotherapeutic 447:462 arg1 potential 405:413 The pharmacological potential 385:413 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs 385:429 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 35424514 2 56 theme chemotherapeutic 447:462 arg1 agents 464:469 chemotherapeutic agents 447:469 chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) 447:522 The pharmacological potential of the new TILs was assessed as chemotherapeutic agents for bacterial infections and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3). 34896854 5 0 theme antiviral 756:764 arg1 activity 766:773 the antiviral activity 752:773 the antiviral activity of GRFT against PDCoV 752:795 Here, we first confirmed the antiviral activity of GRFT against PDCoV in vitro. 34896854 4 1 theme epidemic 695:702 arg1 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 1 theme epidemic 695:702 arg1 virus 713:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 687:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) 687:724 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 1 2 from diarrhea 175:182 arg1 piglets 187:193 piglets 187:193 piglets 187:193 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 9 3 theme outstanding 1124:1134 arg1 potency 1146:1152 The outstanding antiviral potency 1120:1152 The outstanding antiviral potency 1120:1152 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 4 4 theme diarrhea 704:711 arg1 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 4 theme diarrhea 704:711 arg1 virus 713:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 687:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) 687:724 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 5 theme syndrome 593:600 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 5 theme syndrome 593:600 arg1 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 5 theme syndrome 593:600 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 6 6 theme concentration 879:891 arg1 μg/mL 895:899 concentration 1 μg/mL 879:899 concentration 1 μg/mL 879:899 The infected cells (%) and virus titers were significantly decreased at concentration 1 μg/mL or above of GRFT. 34896854 8 7 theme GRFT 1027:1030 arg1 binding 1032:1038 GRFT binding 1027:1038 GRFT binding to PDCoV spike (S) protein on the surface 1027:1080 GRFT binding to PDCoV spike (S) protein on the surface wraps the virus and blocks its entry. 34896854 9 8 theme antiviral 1136:1144 arg1 potency 1146:1152 The outstanding antiviral potency 1120:1152 The outstanding antiviral potency 1120:1152 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 8 9 from binding 1032:1038 arg1 surface 1074:1080 the surface 1070:1080 the surface 1070:1080 GRFT binding to PDCoV spike (S) protein on the surface wraps the virus and blocks its entry. 34896854 9 10 theme PDCoV 1254:1258 arg1 infection 1260:1268 PDCoV infection 1254:1268 PDCoV infection 1254:1268 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 7 11 theme Time-course 919:929 arg1 experiments 931:941 Time-course experiments 919:941 Time-course experiments 919:941 Time-course experiments revealed that GRFT inhibits PDCoV infection at the adsorption and penetration step. 34896854 0 12 theme Porcine 0:6 arg1 infection 25:33 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection 0:33 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection 0:33 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection is inhibited by Griffithsin in cell culture. 34896854 3 13 theme high-mannose 476:487 arg1 oligosaccharides 489:504 N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides 467:504 N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides 467:504 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 9 14 theme infection 1260:1268 arg1 treatment 1241:1249 treatment 1241:1249 treatment 1241:1249 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 9 14 theme infection 1260:1268 arg1 prevention 1226:1235 prevention 1226:1235 prevention 1226:1235 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 2 15 theme antiviral 271:279 arg1 drugs 281:285 antiviral drugs 271:285 antiviral drugs 271:285 There are no effective vaccines and antiviral drugs to prevent and treat PDCoV infection currently. 34896854 1 16 theme severe 168:173 arg1 diarrhea 175:182 severe diarrhea 168:182 severe diarrhea in piglets 168:193 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 17 theme Porcine 80:86 arg1 coronavirus 144:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus 116:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses 116:232 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 17 theme Porcine 80:86 arg1 PDCoV 106:110 PDCoV 106:110 PDCoV 106:110 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 17 theme Porcine 80:86 arg1 deltacoronavirus 88:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus 80:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) 80:111 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 0 18 theme deltacoronavirus 8:23 arg1 infection 25:33 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection 0:33 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection 0:33 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection is inhibited by Griffithsin in cell culture. 34896854 8 19 theme spike 1049:1053 arg1 protein 1059:1065 PDCoV spike (S) protein 1043:1065 PDCoV spike (S) protein 1043:1065 GRFT binding to PDCoV spike (S) protein on the surface wraps the virus and blocks its entry. 34896854 2 20 theme PDCoV 308:312 arg1 infection 314:322 PDCoV infection 308:322 PDCoV infection 308:322 There are no effective vaccines and antiviral drugs to prevent and treat PDCoV infection currently. 34896854 3 21 theme potent 371:376 arg1 activity 388:395 potent antiviral activity 371:395 potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses 371:421 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 4 22 theme severe 568:573 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 22 theme severe 568:573 arg1 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 22 theme severe 568:573 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 8 23 theme PDCoV 1043:1047 arg1 protein 1059:1065 PDCoV spike (S) protein 1043:1065 PDCoV spike (S) protein 1043:1065 GRFT binding to PDCoV spike (S) protein on the surface wraps the virus and blocks its entry. 34896854 9 24 dep prevention 1226:1235 arg1 the 1222:1224 the 1222:1224 the 1222:1224 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 3 25 with lectin 359:364 arg1 activity 388:395 potent antiviral activity 371:395 potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses 371:421 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 8 26 theme S 1056:1056 arg1 protein 1059:1065 PDCoV spike (S) protein 1043:1065 PDCoV spike (S) protein 1043:1065 GRFT binding to PDCoV spike (S) protein on the surface wraps the virus and blocks its entry. 34896854 4 27 theme syndrome 650:657 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 27 theme syndrome 650:657 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 27 theme syndrome 650:657 arg1 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 28 theme respiratory 581:591 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 28 theme respiratory 581:591 arg1 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 28 theme respiratory 581:591 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 9 29 theme potential 1182:1190 arg1 value 1192:1196 the potential value 1178:1196 the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection 1178:1268 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 4 30 theme respiratory 638:648 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 30 theme respiratory 638:648 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 30 theme respiratory 638:648 arg1 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 31 theme acute 575:579 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 31 theme acute 575:579 arg1 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 SARS-CoV 615:622 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 31 theme acute 575:579 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 6 32 theme virus 834:838 arg1 titers 840:845 virus titers 834:845 virus titers 834:845 The infected cells (%) and virus titers were significantly decreased at concentration 1 μg/mL or above of GRFT. 34896854 3 33 theme enveloped 405:413 arg1 viruses 415:421 enveloped viruses 405:421 enveloped viruses 405:421 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 5 34 theme GRFT 778:781 arg1 activity 766:773 the antiviral activity 752:773 the antiviral activity of GRFT against PDCoV 752:795 Here, we first confirmed the antiviral activity of GRFT against PDCoV in vitro. 34896854 7 35 theme adsorption 994:1003 arg1 step 1021:1024 the adsorption and penetration step 990:1024 the adsorption and penetration step 990:1024 Time-course experiments revealed that GRFT inhibits PDCoV infection at the adsorption and penetration step. 34896854 1 36 theme serious 210:216 arg1 losses 227:232 serious economic losses 210:232 serious economic losses 210:232 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 3 37 theme antiviral 378:386 arg1 activity 388:395 potent antiviral activity 371:395 potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses 371:421 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 6 38 theme GRFT 913:916 arg1 μg/mL 895:899 concentration 1 μg/mL 879:899 concentration 1 μg/mL 879:899 The infected cells (%) and virus titers were significantly decreased at concentration 1 μg/mL or above of GRFT. 34896854 3 39 link N-linked 467:474 arg1 oligosaccharides 489:504 N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides 467:504 N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides 467:504 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 9 40 contain has 1174:1176 arg1 GRFT 1169:1172 GRFT 1169:1172 GRFT 1169:1172 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 9 40 contain has 1174:1176 arg2 value 1192:1196 the potential value 1178:1196 the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection 1178:1268 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 9 41 theme candidate 1203:1211 arg1 drug 1213:1216 a candidate drug 1201:1216 a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection 1201:1268 The outstanding antiviral potency indicates that GRFT has the potential value as a candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection. 34896854 4 42 theme antiviral 541:549 arg1 activity 551:558 antiviral activity 541:558 antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), 541:681 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 7 43 theme penetration 1009:1019 arg1 step 1021:1024 the adsorption and penetration step 990:1024 the adsorption and penetration step 990:1024 Time-course experiments revealed that GRFT inhibits PDCoV infection at the adsorption and penetration step. 34896854 1 44 theme emerging 119:126 arg1 coronavirus 144:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus 116:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses 116:232 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 44 theme emerging 119:126 arg1 deltacoronavirus 88:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus 80:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) 80:111 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 45 theme economic 218:225 arg1 losses 227:232 serious economic losses 210:232 serious economic losses 210:232 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 4 46 contain possess 533:539 arg2 activity 551:558 antiviral activity 541:558 antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), 541:681 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 46 contain possess 533:539 arg2 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 46 contain possess 533:539 arg2 virus 713:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 687:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) 687:724 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 46 contain possess 533:539 arg1 GRFT 507:510 GRFT 507:510 GRFT 507:510 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 2 47 theme effective 248:256 arg1 vaccines 258:265 no effective vaccines 245:265 no effective vaccines 245:265 There are no effective vaccines and antiviral drugs to prevent and treat PDCoV infection currently. 34896854 7 48 theme PDCoV 971:975 arg1 infection 977:985 PDCoV infection 971:985 PDCoV infection 971:985 Time-course experiments revealed that GRFT inhibits PDCoV infection at the adsorption and penetration step. 34896854 1 49 theme porcine 128:134 arg1 coronavirus 144:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus 116:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses 116:232 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 49 theme porcine 128:134 arg1 deltacoronavirus 88:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus 80:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) 80:111 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 3 50 theme N-linked 467:474 arg1 oligosaccharides 489:504 N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides 467:504 N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides 467:504 Griffithsin (GRFT) is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses because of its ability to specifically bind N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides. 34896854 6 51 theme infected 811:818 arg1 % 827:827 % 827:827 % 827:827 The infected cells (%) and virus titers were significantly decreased at concentration 1 μg/mL or above of GRFT. 34896854 6 51 theme infected 811:818 arg1 cells 820:824 The infected cells 807:824 The infected cells (%) 807:828 The infected cells (%) and virus titers were significantly decreased at concentration 1 μg/mL or above of GRFT. 34896854 1 52 theme enteric 136:142 arg1 coronavirus 144:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus 116:154 an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses 116:232 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 1 52 theme enteric 136:142 arg1 deltacoronavirus 88:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus 80:103 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) 80:111 Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. 34896854 4 53 theme East 633:636 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 53 theme East 633:636 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 53 theme East 633:636 arg1 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 0 54 theme cell 66:69 arg1 culture 71:77 cell culture 66:77 cell culture 66:77 Porcine deltacoronavirus infection is inhibited by Griffithsin in cell culture. 34896854 4 55 theme porcine 687:693 arg1 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 PEDV 720:723 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 55 theme porcine 687:693 arg1 virus 713:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 687:717 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) 687:724 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 56 theme Middle 626:631 arg1 coronavirus 659:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 626:669 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 626:680 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 56 theme Middle 626:631 arg1 coronavirus 602:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 568:612 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 568:623 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34896854 4 56 theme Middle 626:631 arg1 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 MERS-CoV 672:679 GRFT has been reported to possess antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). 34811775 6 0 dep structural 1188:1197 arg1 VP3 1207:1209 VP3 1207:1209 VP3 1207:1209 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 4 1 theme antigenic 777:785 arg1 epitopes 787:794 the antigenic epitopes 773:794 the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 773:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 2 dep strains 893:899 arg1 G12P[11 938:944 asymptomatic G12P[11 925:944 asymptomatic G12P[11 925:944 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 2 dep strains 893:899 arg1 G9P[11 912:917 G9P[11 912:917 G9P[11 912:917 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 2 dep strains 893:899 arg1 ROTAVAC® 902:909 ROTAVAC® 902:909 ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) 902:919 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 2 dep strains 893:899 arg1 strains 893:899 neonatal strains 884:899 neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] 884:945 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 8 3 theme 7-1a 1539:1542 arg1 epitope 1562:1568 the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1535:1568 the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1535:1568 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 1 4 from nosocomial 274:283 arg1 neonates 236:243 neonates 236:243 neonates 236:243 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 1 4 from nosocomial 274:283 arg1 origin 288:293 origin 288:293 origin 288:293 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 3 5 theme uncommon 455:462 arg1 genotype 467:474 uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] 455:484 uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India 455:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 8 6 theme 8-1 1548:1550 arg1 epitope 1562:1568 the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1535:1568 the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1535:1568 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 8 7 theme asymptomatic 1613:1624 arg1 strain 1635:1640 asymptomatic G12P[11] strain 1613:1640 asymptomatic G12P[11] strain 1613:1640 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 7 8 theme site 1365:1368 arg1 consequence 1405:1415 a consequence 1403:1415 a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238 1403:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 8 theme site 1365:1368 arg1 Presence 1319:1326 Presence 1319:1326 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site 1319:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 9 theme G12 1387:1389 arg1 strains 1391:1397 the G12 strains 1383:1397 the G12 strains 1383:1397 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 10 theme N-linked 1342:1349 arg1 site 1365:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 1 11 from neonates 236:243 arg1 nosocomial 274:283 nosocomial 274:283 nosocomial 274:283 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 4 12 from proteins 830:837 arg1 variations 759:768 the variations 755:768 the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 755:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 13 theme asymptomatic 925:936 arg1 G12P[11 938:944 asymptomatic G12P[11 925:944 asymptomatic G12P[11 925:944 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 13 theme asymptomatic 925:936 arg1 strains 893:899 neonatal strains 884:899 neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] 884:945 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 1 14 theme causative 174:182 arg1 agents 184:189 the major causative agents 164:189 the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis 164:214 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 1 14 theme causative 174:182 arg1 Rotaviruses 142:152 Rotaviruses 142:152 Rotaviruses (RVs) 142:158 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 7 15 from consequence 1405:1415 arg1 Asp→Asn 1434:1440 Asp→Asn 1434:1440 Asp→Asn 1434:1440 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 15 from consequence 1405:1415 arg1 position 1456:1463 amino acid position 238 1445:1467 amino acid position 238 1445:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 4 16 theme immunodominant 803:816 arg1 VP7 818:820 immunodominant VP7 803:820 immunodominant VP7 803:820 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 1 17 from agents 184:189 arg1 children 219:226 children 219:226 children 219:226 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 4 18 theme Full-genome 627:637 arg1 analyses 639:646 Full-genome analyses 627:646 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain 627:680 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 6 19 theme encoding 1230:1237 arg1 genes 1239:1243 nonstructural encoding genes 1216:1243 nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] 1216:1255 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 3 20 theme gastroenteritis 523:537 arg1 outbreak 505:512 an outbreak 502:512 an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India 502:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 6 21 theme significant 1130:1140 arg1 differences 1142:1152 No significant differences 1127:1152 No significant differences 1127:1152 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 3 22 theme neonatal 564:571 arg1 unit 588:591 neonatal intensive care unit 564:591 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) 564:598 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 22 theme neonatal 564:571 arg1 NICU 594:597 NICU 594:597 NICU 594:597 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 7 23 link N-linked 1342:1349 arg1 site 1365:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 0 24 theme nosocomial 67:76 arg1 outbreak 78:85 a nosocomial outbreak 65:85 a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India 65:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 5 25 theme -I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 1016:1042 arg1 constellation 1067:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. 34811775 4 26 theme acid 850:853 arg1 sequences 855:863 the amino acid sequences 840:863 the amino acid sequences 840:863 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 0 27 theme New 124:126 arg1 India 135:139 India 135:139 India 135:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 0 27 theme New 124:126 arg1 Delhi 128:132 New Delhi 124:132 New Delhi 124:132 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 6 28 theme symptomatic 1280:1290 arg1 neonates 1309:1316 symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1280:1316 symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1280:1316 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 1 29 dep nosocomial 274:283 arg1 asymptomatic 306:317 asymptomatic 306:317 asymptomatic 306:317 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 3 30 from ward 555:558 arg1 outbreak 505:512 an outbreak 502:512 an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India 502:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 2 31 theme infrequent 345:354 arg1 reports 356:362 infrequent reports 345:362 infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease 345:406 However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. 34811775 0 32 theme diarrhea 96:103 arg1 outbreak 78:85 a nosocomial outbreak 65:85 a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India 65:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 8 33 dep acids 1509:1513 arg1 substitution 1515:1526 substitution 1515:1526 only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1485:1568 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 9 34 theme outbreaks 1705:1713 arg1 monitoring 1688:1697 close monitoring 1682:1697 close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates 1682:1725 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 5 35 theme gene 1108:1111 arg1 reassortment 1113:1124 gene reassortment 1108:1124 gene reassortment 1108:1124 The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. 34811775 4 36 theme pathogenic 655:664 arg1 strain 675:680 the pathogenic G12P[11] strain 651:680 the pathogenic G12P[11] strain 651:680 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 0 37 theme Complete 0:7 arg1 analysis 17:24 Complete genomic analysis 0:24 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 0:140 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 2 38 theme clinical 391:398 arg1 disease 400:406 clinical disease 391:406 clinical disease 391:406 However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. 34811775 3 39 from gastroenteritis 523:537 arg1 ward 555:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 2 40 theme outbreaks 378:386 arg1 reports 356:362 infrequent reports 345:362 infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease 345:406 However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. 34811775 7 41 theme acid 1451:1454 arg1 position 1456:1463 amino acid position 238 1445:1467 amino acid position 238 1445:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 9 42 theme early 1731:1735 arg1 alarming 1737:1744 early alarming 1731:1744 early alarming of novel strain 1731:1760 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 0 43 theme uncommon 29:36 arg1 rotavirus 47:55 uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus 29:55 uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India 29:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 5 44 theme Wa-like 1050:1056 arg1 constellation 1067:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. 34811775 8 45 theme two 1490:1492 arg1 acids 1509:1513 two and four amino acids 1490:1513 acids 1509:1513 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 3 46 theme care 583:586 arg1 unit 588:591 neonatal intensive care unit 564:591 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) 564:598 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 46 theme care 583:586 arg1 NICU 594:597 NICU 594:597 NICU 594:597 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 1 47 from origin 288:293 arg1 nosocomial 274:283 nosocomial 274:283 nosocomial 274:283 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 4 48 theme G/P-type 962:969 arg1 strains 979:985 other G/P-type matched strains 956:985 other G/P-type matched strains 956:985 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 3 49 theme New 603:605 arg1 Delhi 607:611 New Delhi 603:611 New Delhi 603:611 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 49 theme New 603:605 arg1 India 620:624 India 620:624 India 620:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 8 50 theme antigenic 1552:1560 arg1 epitope 1562:1568 the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1535:1568 the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope 1535:1568 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 8 51 theme amino 1503:1507 arg1 acids 1509:1513 two and four amino acids 1490:1513 acids 1509:1513 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 4 52 theme genotype 709:716 arg1 constellation 718:730 the genotype constellation 705:730 the genotype constellation 705:730 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 3 53 theme RV 464:465 arg1 genotype 467:474 uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] 455:484 uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India 455:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 1 54 theme acute 194:198 arg1 gastroenteritis 200:214 acute gastroenteritis 194:214 acute gastroenteritis 194:214 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 5 55 theme reassortment 1113:1124 arg1 evidence 1096:1103 evidence 1096:1103 evidence of gene reassortment 1096:1124 The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. 34811775 7 56 from Asp→Asn 1434:1440 arg1 consequence 1405:1415 a consequence 1403:1415 a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238 1403:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 56 from Asp→Asn 1434:1440 arg1 change 1422:1427 a change 1420:1427 a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238 1420:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 56 from Asp→Asn 1434:1440 arg1 Presence 1319:1326 Presence 1319:1326 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site 1319:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 9 57 from monitoring 1688:1697 arg1 neonates 1718:1725 neonates 1718:1725 neonates 1718:1725 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 9 58 from neonates 1718:1725 arg1 monitoring 1688:1697 close monitoring 1682:1697 close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates 1682:1725 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 3 59 from unit 588:591 arg1 ward 555:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 6 60 theme structural 1188:1197 arg1 strains 1257:1263 structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains 1188:1263 structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1188:1316 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 7 61 from position 1456:1463 arg1 consequence 1405:1415 a consequence 1403:1415 a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238 1403:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 61 from position 1456:1463 arg1 change 1422:1427 a change 1420:1427 a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238 1420:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 61 from position 1456:1463 arg1 Presence 1319:1326 Presence 1319:1326 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site 1319:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 9 62 from outbreaks 1705:1713 arg1 neonates 1718:1725 neonates 1718:1725 neonates 1718:1725 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 6 63 theme asymptomatic 1296:1307 arg1 neonates 1309:1316 symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1280:1316 symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1280:1316 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 8 64 theme G12P[11 1626:1632 arg1 strain 1635:1640 asymptomatic G12P[11] strain 1613:1640 asymptomatic G12P[11] strain 1613:1640 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 7 65 theme glycosylation 1351:1363 arg1 site 1365:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 6 66 theme strains 1257:1263 arg1 sequences 1175:1183 the sequences 1171:1183 the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1171:1316 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 4 67 theme VP4 826:828 arg1 proteins 830:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 0 68 from outbreak 78:85 arg1 newborns 112:119 the newborns 108:119 the newborns in New Delhi, India 108:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 7 69 theme additional 1331:1340 arg1 site 1365:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 6 70 theme G12P[11 1248:1254 arg1 genes 1239:1243 nonstructural encoding genes 1216:1243 nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] 1216:1255 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 1 71 theme major 168:172 arg1 agents 184:189 the major causative agents 164:189 the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis 164:214 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 1 71 theme major 168:172 arg1 Rotaviruses 142:152 Rotaviruses 142:152 Rotaviruses (RVs) 142:158 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 9 72 theme strain 1755:1760 arg1 alarming 1737:1744 early alarming 1731:1744 early alarming of novel strain 1731:1760 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 9 73 theme close 1682:1686 arg1 monitoring 1688:1697 close monitoring 1682:1697 close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates 1682:1725 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 6 74 theme genes 1239:1243 arg1 strains 1257:1263 structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains 1188:1263 structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1188:1316 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 3 75 theme acute 517:521 arg1 gastroenteritis 523:537 acute gastroenteritis 517:537 acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward 517:558 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 6 76 theme nonstructural 1216:1228 arg1 genes 1239:1243 nonstructural encoding genes 1216:1243 nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] 1216:1255 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 4 77 theme VP7 818:820 arg1 proteins 830:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 3 78 from outbreak 505:512 arg1 ward 555:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 78 from outbreak 505:512 arg1 Delhi 607:611 New Delhi 603:611 New Delhi 603:611 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 78 from outbreak 505:512 arg1 India 620:624 India 620:624 India 620:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 79 theme neonatal 546:553 arg1 ward 555:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 the neonatal ward 542:558 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 9 80 theme monitoring 1688:1697 arg1 importance 1668:1677 the importance 1664:1677 the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain 1664:1760 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 4 81 from epitopes 787:794 arg1 proteins 830:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 82 theme neonatal 884:891 arg1 G12P[11 938:944 asymptomatic G12P[11 925:944 asymptomatic G12P[11 925:944 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 82 theme neonatal 884:891 arg1 ROTAVAC® 902:909 ROTAVAC® 902:909 ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) 902:919 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 82 theme neonatal 884:891 arg1 strains 893:899 neonatal strains 884:899 neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] 884:945 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 0 83 theme acute 90:94 arg1 diarrhea 96:103 acute diarrhea 90:103 acute diarrhea 90:103 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 5 84 theme human 1044:1048 arg1 constellation 1067:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. 34811775 4 85 theme amino 844:848 arg1 sequences 855:863 the amino acid sequences 840:863 the amino acid sequences 840:863 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 86 theme strain 675:680 arg1 analyses 639:646 Full-genome analyses 627:646 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain 627:680 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 87 from variations 759:768 arg1 proteins 830:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 799:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 4 87 from variations 759:768 arg1 epitopes 787:794 the antigenic epitopes 773:794 the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins 773:837 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 9 88 theme RV 1702:1703 arg1 outbreaks 1705:1713 RV outbreaks 1702:1713 RV outbreaks in neonates 1702:1725 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 0 89 theme genomic 9:15 arg1 analysis 17:24 Complete genomic analysis 0:24 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 0:140 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 2 90 theme disease 400:406 arg1 outbreaks 378:386 nosocomial outbreaks 367:386 nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease 367:406 However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. 34811775 3 91 theme unit 588:591 arg1 outbreak 505:512 an outbreak 502:512 an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India 502:624 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 4 92 theme G12P[11 666:672 arg1 strain 675:680 the pathogenic G12P[11] strain 651:680 the pathogenic G12P[11] strain 651:680 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 2 93 theme nosocomial 367:376 arg1 outbreaks 378:386 nosocomial outbreaks 367:386 nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease 367:406 However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. 34811775 0 94 theme G12P[11 38:44 arg1 rotavirus 47:55 uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus 29:55 uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India 29:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 1 95 theme RV 246:247 arg1 infections 249:258 RV infections 246:258 RV infections 246:258 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 6 96 located observed 1159:1166 arg1 sequences 1175:1183 the sequences 1171:1183 the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates 1171:1316 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 6 96 located observed 1159:1166 arg2 differences 1142:1152 No significant differences 1127:1152 No significant differences 1127:1152 No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. 34811775 3 97 theme intensive 573:581 arg1 unit 588:591 neonatal intensive care unit 564:591 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) 564:598 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 3 97 theme intensive 573:581 arg1 NICU 594:597 NICU 594:597 NICU 594:597 In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. 34811775 0 98 theme rotavirus 47:55 arg1 analysis 17:24 Complete genomic analysis 0:24 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 0:140 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 5 99 theme genotype 1058:1065 arg1 constellation 1067:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation 1007:1079 The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. 34811775 7 100 theme amino 1445:1449 arg1 position 1456:1463 amino acid position 238 1445:1467 amino acid position 238 1445:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 9 101 theme novel 1749:1753 arg1 strain 1755:1760 novel strain 1749:1760 novel strain 1749:1760 The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain. 34811775 8 102 theme four 1498:1501 arg1 acids 1509:1513 two and four amino acids 1490:1513 acids 1509:1513 Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. 34811775 4 103 theme other 956:960 arg1 strains 979:985 other G/P-type matched strains 956:985 other G/P-type matched strains 956:985 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 7 104 gly glycosylation 1351:1363 arg2 site 1365:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 additional N-linked glycosylation site 1331:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 105 theme change 1422:1427 arg1 consequence 1405:1415 a consequence 1403:1415 a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238 1403:1467 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 7 105 theme change 1422:1427 arg1 Presence 1319:1326 Presence 1319:1326 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site 1319:1368 Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. 34811775 2 106 from reports 356:362 arg1 population 416:425 this population 411:425 this population 411:425 However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. 34811775 4 107 theme matched 971:977 arg1 strains 979:985 other G/P-type matched strains 956:985 other G/P-type matched strains 956:985 Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. 34811775 0 108 from newborns 112:119 arg1 India 135:139 India 135:139 India 135:139 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 0 108 from newborns 112:119 arg1 Delhi 128:132 New Delhi 124:132 New Delhi 124:132 Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. 34811775 1 109 theme gastroenteritis 200:214 arg1 agents 184:189 the major causative agents 164:189 the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis 164:214 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34811775 1 109 theme gastroenteritis 200:214 arg1 Rotaviruses 142:152 Rotaviruses 142:152 Rotaviruses (RVs) 142:158 Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. 34500222 0 0 theme N-linked 97:104 arg1 glycopeptides 106:118 N-linked glycopeptides 97:118 N-linked glycopeptides 97:118 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 1 1 theme @ 293:293 arg1 GC 299:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 3 2 from rate 624:627 arg1 fmol 512:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 2 from rate 624:627 arg1 limit 488:492 a low limit 482:492 a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 482:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 3 theme S 439:439 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 5 4 theme Au 902:903 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 3 5 theme good 578:581 arg1 capacity 588:595 a good load capacity 576:595 a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) 576:609 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 5 theme good 578:581 arg1 μg•mg-1 602:608 250 μg•mg-1 598:608 250 μg•mg-1 598:608 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 1 6 theme S 294:294 arg1 GC 299:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 3 7 theme @ 440:440 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 1 8 theme @ 295:295 arg1 GC 299:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 4 9 theme biological 715:724 arg1 sample 726:731 complex biological sample 707:731 complex biological sample (human saliva) 707:746 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 4 9 theme biological 715:724 arg1 saliva 740:745 human saliva 734:745 human saliva 734:745 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 3 10 theme excellent 457:465 arg1 performance 467:477 excellent performance 457:477 excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 457:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 11 from performance 467:477 arg1 fmol 512:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 11 from performance 467:477 arg1 limit 488:492 a low limit 482:492 a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 482:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 0 12 theme glycopeptides 106:118 arg1 recognition 82:92 sensitive recognition 72:92 sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides 72:118 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 1 13 theme Au 296:297 arg1 GC 299:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 4 14 theme complex 707:713 arg1 sample 726:731 complex biological sample 707:731 complex biological sample (human saliva) 707:746 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 4 14 theme complex 707:713 arg1 saliva 740:745 human saliva 734:745 human saliva 734:745 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 5 15 theme combination 800:810 arg1 attack 812:817 combination attack 800:817 combination attack 800:817 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 1 16 theme simple 243:248 arg1 route 269:273 a simple and fast synthesis route 241:273 a simple and fast synthesis route 241:273 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 1 17 theme @ 298:298 arg1 GC 299:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 5 18 theme attack 812:817 arg1 advantages 786:795 The advantages 782:795 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance 782:891 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 4 19 gly glycopeptides 688:700 arg1 sample 726:731 complex biological sample 707:731 complex biological sample (human saliva) 707:746 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 4 19 gly glycopeptides 688:700 arg1 saliva 740:745 human saliva 734:745 human saliva 734:745 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 4 19 gly glycopeptides 688:700 arg2 glycopeptides 688:700 60 glycopeptides 685:700 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) 685:746 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 3 20 theme load 583:586 arg1 capacity 588:595 a good load capacity 576:595 a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) 576:609 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 20 theme load 583:586 arg1 μg•mg-1 602:608 250 μg•mg-1 598:608 250 μg•mg-1 598:608 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 21 dep exhibited 447:455 arg1 evaluated 651:659 evaluated 651:659 was also evaluated with IgG 642:668 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 22 from capacity 588:595 arg1 fmol 512:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 22 from capacity 588:595 arg1 limit 488:492 a low limit 482:492 a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 482:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 2 23 theme adsorption 388:397 arg1 sites 399:403 enhanced adsorption sites 379:403 enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides 379:421 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 0 24 gly glycopeptides 106:118 arg2 glycopeptides 106:118 N-linked glycopeptides 97:118 N-linked glycopeptides 97:118 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 5 25 theme @ 904:904 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 2 26 theme combination 307:317 arg1 attack 319:324 The combination attack 303:324 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers 303:365 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 2 27 theme enhanced 379:386 arg1 sites 399:403 enhanced adsorption sites 379:403 enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides 379:421 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 4 28 from sample 726:731 arg1 glycopeptides 688:700 60 glycopeptides 685:700 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) 685:746 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 5 29 theme superior 861:868 arg1 performance 881:891 superior enrichment performance 861:891 superior enrichment performance 861:891 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 1 30 theme fast 254:257 arg1 route 269:273 a simple and fast synthesis route 241:273 a simple and fast synthesis route 241:273 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 5 31 theme @ 901:901 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 5 32 theme fast 841:844 arg1 synthesis 846:854 low-cost, simple and fast synthesis 820:854 low-cost, simple and fast synthesis 820:854 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 1 33 theme synthesis 259:267 arg1 route 269:273 a simple and fast synthesis route 241:273 a simple and fast synthesis route 241:273 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 5 34 theme G 898:898 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 2 35 theme zwitterionic 345:356 arg1 polymers 358:365 two different zwitterionic polymers 331:365 two different zwitterionic polymers 331:365 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 0 36 theme amino 56:60 arg1 acids 62:66 structurally complementary amino acids 29:66 structurally complementary amino acids 29:66 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 3 37 theme @ 438:438 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 5 38 theme @ 899:899 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 2 39 gly glycopeptides 409:421 arg2 glycopeptides 409:421 glycopeptides 409:421 glycopeptides 409:421 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 2 40 theme different 335:343 arg1 polymers 358:365 two different zwitterionic polymers 331:365 two different zwitterionic polymers 331:365 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 0 41 theme complementary 42:54 arg1 acids 62:66 structurally complementary amino acids 29:66 structurally complementary amino acids 29:66 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 5 42 theme glycoproteomics 937:951 arg1 analysis 953:960 glycoproteomics analysis 937:960 glycoproteomics analysis 937:960 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 3 43 theme high 521:524 arg1 HRP 539:541 HRP 539:541 HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 539:572 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 43 theme high 521:524 arg1 selectivity 526:536 a high selectivity 519:536 a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500) 519:573 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 5 44 theme synthesis 846:854 arg1 advantages 786:795 The advantages 782:795 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance 782:891 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 0 45 link N-linked 97:104 arg1 glycopeptides 106:118 N-linked glycopeptides 97:118 N-linked glycopeptides 97:118 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 5 46 theme related 966:972 arg1 diseases 974:981 related diseases 966:981 related diseases 966:981 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 3 47 theme recovery 615:622 arg1 rate 624:627 recovery rate 615:627 recovery rate (93%) 615:633 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 47 theme recovery 615:622 arg1 % 632:632 93% 630:632 93% 630:632 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 5 48 theme GC 905:906 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 3 49 theme G 437:437 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 2 50 with attack 319:324 arg1 polymers 358:365 two different zwitterionic polymers 331:365 two different zwitterionic polymers 331:365 The combination attack with two different zwitterionic polymers resulted in enhanced adsorption sites for glycopeptides. 34500222 3 51 theme serum 551:555 arg1 albumin = 1:1500 557:572 bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 544:572 HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 539:572 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 52 theme detection 497:505 arg1 fmol 512:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 52 theme detection 497:505 arg1 limit 488:492 a low limit 482:492 a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 482:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 1 53 theme hydrophilic 131:141 arg1 composite 152:160 a hydrophilic graphene composite 129:160 a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) 129:222 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 3 54 theme low 484:486 arg1 fmol 512:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 54 theme low 484:486 arg1 limit 488:492 a low limit 482:492 a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 482:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 5 55 theme enrichment 870:879 arg1 performance 881:891 superior enrichment performance 861:891 superior enrichment performance 861:891 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 5 56 theme low-cost 820:827 arg1 synthesis 846:854 low-cost, simple and fast synthesis 820:854 low-cost, simple and fast synthesis 820:854 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 5 57 theme S 900:900 arg1 composite 908:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 G@S@Au@GC composite 898:916 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 1 58 theme graphene 143:150 arg1 composite 152:160 a hydrophilic graphene composite 129:160 a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) 129:222 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 4 59 theme human 734:738 arg1 sample 726:731 complex biological sample 707:731 complex biological sample (human saliva) 707:746 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 4 59 theme human 734:738 arg1 saliva 740:745 human saliva 734:745 human saliva 734:745 Subsequently, 60 glycopeptides from complex biological sample (human saliva) were identified by Nano-LC-MS/MS. 34500222 5 60 theme performance 881:891 arg1 advantages 786:795 The advantages 782:795 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance 782:891 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 3 61 theme obtained 428:435 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 62 theme bovine 544:549 arg1 albumin = 1:1500 557:572 bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 544:572 HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 539:572 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 5 63 theme simple 830:835 arg1 synthesis 846:854 low-cost, simple and fast synthesis 820:854 low-cost, simple and fast synthesis 820:854 The advantages of combination attack, low-cost, simple and fast synthesis, and superior enrichment performance make G@S@Au@GC composite a bright future on glycoproteomics analysis and related diseases. 34500222 3 64 theme Au 441:442 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 0 65 theme sensitive 72:80 arg1 recognition 82:92 sensitive recognition 72:92 sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides 72:118 Graphene functionalized with structurally complementary amino acids for sensitive recognition of N-linked glycopeptides. 34500222 1 66 theme G 292:292 arg1 GC 299:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 G@S@Au@GC 292:300 Herein, a hydrophilic graphene composite functionalized with glutathione (GSH) and L(+)-Cysteine (Cys) was prepared via a simple and fast synthesis route, which was named G@S@Au@GC. 34500222 3 67 dep HRP 539:541 arg1 albumin = 1:1500 557:572 bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 544:572 HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500 539:572 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 68 theme @ 443:443 arg1 GC 444:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC 424:445 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 69 from selectivity 526:536 arg1 fmol 512:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 0.2 fmol 508:515 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34500222 3 69 from selectivity 526:536 arg1 limit 488:492 a low limit 482:492 a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol) 482:516 The obtained G@S@Au@GC exhibited excellent performance on a low limit of detection (0.2 fmol), a high selectivity (HRP: bovine serum albumin = 1:1500), a good load capacity (250 μg•mg-1) and recovery rate (93%), which was also evaluated with IgG. 34023382 8 0 theme LLO 1134:1136 arg1 affinity 1138:1145 LLO affinity 1134:1145 LLO affinity 1134:1145 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 8 1 theme LLO 1219:1221 arg1 rates 1232:1236 LLO turnover rates 1219:1236 LLO turnover rates 1219:1236 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 6 2 theme different 913:921 arg1 substrates 968:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 8 3 contain had 1192:1194 arg1 stereochemistry 1176:1190 the lipid double-bond stereochemistry 1154:1190 the lipid double-bond stereochemistry 1154:1190 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 8 3 contain had 1192:1194 arg2 influence 1206:1214 a greater influence 1196:1214 a greater influence 1196:1214 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 4 4 theme different 629:637 arg1 specificities 639:651 their different specificities 623:651 their different specificities 623:651 However, their detailed biochemical mechanisms and the basis for their different specificities are not clear. 34023382 5 5 theme engineered 721:730 arg1 strains 732:738 genetically engineered strains 709:738 genetically engineered strains expressing only one isoform 709:766 The two OST complexes were purified from genetically engineered strains expressing only one isoform. 34023382 2 6 from yeast 360:364 arg1 complex 343:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex 307:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 307:389 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 2 7 theme hetero-octameric 322:337 arg1 complex 343:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex 307:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 307:389 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 9 8 theme similar 1265:1271 arg1 affinities 1273:1282 similar affinities 1265:1282 similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates 1265:1322 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 1 9 theme secretory 287:295 arg1 proteins 297:304 secretory proteins 287:304 secretory proteins 287:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 9 10 theme OST 1247:1249 arg1 complexes 1251:1259 The two OST complexes 1239:1259 The two OST complexes 1239:1259 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 7 11 theme peptide 1058:1064 arg1 affinity 1066:1073 peptide affinity 1058:1073 peptide affinity 1058:1073 We found that the peptide sequence close to the glycosylation sequon affected peptide affinity and turnover rate. 34023382 2 12 theme prototypic 311:320 arg1 complex 343:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex 307:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 307:389 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 7 13 theme peptide 998:1004 arg1 sequence 1006:1013 the peptide sequence 994:1013 the peptide sequence close to the glycosylation sequon 994:1047 We found that the peptide sequence close to the glycosylation sequon affected peptide affinity and turnover rate. 34023382 1 14 theme proteins 297:304 arg1 residues 275:282 asparagine residues 264:282 asparagine residues of secretory proteins 264:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 1 14 theme proteins 297:304 arg1 proteins 297:304 secretory proteins 287:304 secretory proteins 287:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 5 15 theme OST 676:678 arg1 complexes 680:688 The two OST complexes 668:688 The two OST complexes 668:688 The two OST complexes were purified from genetically engineered strains expressing only one isoform. 34023382 3 16 theme different 507:515 arg1 specificities 535:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 These two OST complexes have different protein substrate specificities in vivo. 34023382 6 17 theme kinetic 773:779 arg1 properties 781:790 The kinetic properties 769:790 The kinetic properties 769:790 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 8 18 theme greater 1198:1204 arg1 influence 1206:1214 a greater influence 1196:1214 a greater influence 1196:1214 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 8 19 theme double-bond 1164:1174 arg1 stereochemistry 1176:1190 the lipid double-bond stereochemistry 1154:1190 the lipid double-bond stereochemistry 1154:1190 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 0 20 theme Substrate 0:8 arg1 specificities 10:22 Substrate specificities 0:22 Substrate specificities 0:22 Substrate specificities and reaction kinetics of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms. 34023382 8 21 theme lipid 1158:1162 arg1 stereochemistry 1176:1190 the lipid double-bond stereochemistry 1154:1190 the lipid double-bond stereochemistry 1154:1190 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 6 22 theme glycosylation 869:881 arg1 assay 883:887 a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay 845:887 a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 845:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 2 23 dep yeast 360:364 arg1 cerevisiae 380:389 the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 356:389 the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 356:389 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 10 24 theme Ost6p 1447:1451 arg1 analysis 1421:1428 a functional analysis 1408:1428 a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits 1408:1460 These data provide the basis for a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits. 34023382 0 25 theme reaction 28:35 arg1 kinetics 37:44 reaction kinetics 28:44 reaction kinetics 28:44 Substrate specificities and reaction kinetics of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms. 34023382 8 26 theme moiety 1118:1123 arg1 length 1098:1103 The length 1094:1103 The length of the lipid moiety 1094:1123 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 6 27 theme in vitro 860:867 arg1 assay 883:887 a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay 845:887 a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 845:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 10 28 theme functional 1410:1419 arg1 analysis 1421:1428 a functional analysis 1408:1428 a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits 1408:1460 These data provide the basis for a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits. 34023382 2 29 theme noncatalytic 455:466 arg1 subunits 468:475 Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits 434:475 subunits 468:475 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 9 30 theme LLO 1309:1311 arg1 substrates 1313:1322 LLO substrates 1309:1322 LLO substrates 1309:1322 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 2 31 contain contain 419:425 arg2 subunits 468:475 Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits 434:475 subunits 468:475 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 2 31 contain contain 419:425 arg1 isoforms 405:412 two isoforms 401:412 two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits 401:475 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 2 31 contain contain 419:425 arg2 Ost6p 443:447 Ost6p 443:447 Ost6p 443:447 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 2 31 contain contain 419:425 arg2 Ost3p 434:438 Ost3p 434:438 Ost3p 434:438 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 2 32 theme OST 339:341 arg1 complex 343:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex 307:349 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 307:389 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 1 33 theme oligosaccharide 220:234 arg1 transfer 193:200 the transfer 189:200 the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins 189:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 1 34 link N-linked 157:164 arg1 glycosylation 174:186 N-linked protein glycosylation 157:186 N-linked protein glycosylation 157:186 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 10 35 dep Ost3p 1437:1441 arg1 subunits 1453:1460 subunits 1453:1460 subunits 1453:1460 These data provide the basis for a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits. 34023382 10 35 dep Ost3p 1437:1441 arg1 the 1433:1435 the 1433:1435 the 1433:1435 These data provide the basis for a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits. 34023382 3 36 theme OST 488:490 arg1 complexes 492:500 These two OST complexes 478:500 These two OST complexes 478:500 These two OST complexes have different protein substrate specificities in vivo. 34023382 4 37 theme biochemical 582:592 arg1 mechanisms 594:603 their detailed biochemical mechanisms 567:603 their detailed biochemical mechanisms 567:603 However, their detailed biochemical mechanisms and the basis for their different specificities are not clear. 34023382 8 38 theme lipid 1112:1116 arg1 moiety 1118:1123 the lipid moiety 1108:1123 the lipid moiety 1108:1123 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 6 39 theme quantitative 847:858 arg1 assay 883:887 a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay 845:887 a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 845:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 0 40 theme yeast 53:57 arg1 isoforms 85:92 the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms 49:92 the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms 49:92 Substrate specificities and reaction kinetics of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms. 34023382 4 41 theme detailed 573:580 arg1 mechanisms 594:603 their detailed biochemical mechanisms 567:603 their detailed biochemical mechanisms 567:603 However, their detailed biochemical mechanisms and the basis for their different specificities are not clear. 34023382 3 42 contain have 502:505 arg1 complexes 492:500 These two OST complexes 478:500 These two OST complexes 478:500 These two OST complexes have different protein substrate specificities in vivo. 34023382 3 42 contain have 502:505 arg2 specificities 535:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 These two OST complexes have different protein substrate specificities in vivo. 34023382 10 43 theme Ost3p 1437:1441 arg1 analysis 1421:1428 a functional analysis 1408:1428 a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits 1408:1460 These data provide the basis for a functional analysis of the Ost3p and Ost6p subunits. 34023382 6 44 with assay 883:887 arg1 peptides 900:907 short peptides 894:907 short peptides 894:907 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 6 44 with assay 883:887 arg1 substrates 968:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 9 45 theme turnover 1359:1366 arg1 rates 1368:1372 significantly different turnover rates 1335:1372 significantly different turnover rates 1335:1372 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 9 46 theme different 1349:1357 arg1 rates 1368:1372 significantly different turnover rates 1335:1372 significantly different turnover rates 1335:1372 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 1 47 theme central 141:147 arg1 step 149:152 the central step 137:152 the central step 137:152 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 7 48 theme glycosylation 1028:1040 arg1 sequon 1042:1047 the glycosylation sequon 1024:1047 the glycosylation sequon 1024:1047 We found that the peptide sequence close to the glycosylation sequon affected peptide affinity and turnover rate. 34023382 8 49 theme turnover 1223:1230 arg1 rates 1232:1236 LLO turnover rates 1219:1236 LLO turnover rates 1219:1236 The length of the lipid moiety affected LLO affinity, while the lipid double-bond stereochemistry had a greater influence on LLO turnover rates. 34023382 6 50 theme oligosaccharide 946:960 arg1 substrates 968:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 7 51 theme turnover 1079:1086 arg1 rate 1088:1091 turnover rate 1079:1091 turnover rate 1079:1091 We found that the peptide sequence close to the glycosylation sequon affected peptide affinity and turnover rate. 34023382 2 52 theme Saccharomyces 366:378 arg1 yeast 360:364 the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 356:389 the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 356:389 The prototypic hetero-octameric OST complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists as two isoforms that contain either Ost3p or Ost6p, both noncatalytic subunits. 34023382 1 53 theme lipid 245:249 arg1 carrier 251:257 its lipid carrier 241:257 its lipid carrier 241:257 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 1 54 from carrier 251:257 arg1 transfer 193:200 the transfer 189:200 the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins 189:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 6 55 theme lipid-linked 933:944 arg1 oligosaccharide 946:960 lipid-linked oligosaccharide 933:960 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 6 55 theme lipid-linked 933:944 arg1 LLO 963:965 LLO 963:965 LLO 963:965 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 9 56 contain had 1261:1263 arg1 complexes 1251:1259 The two OST complexes 1239:1259 The two OST complexes 1239:1259 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 9 56 contain had 1261:1263 arg2 affinities 1273:1282 similar affinities 1265:1282 similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates 1265:1322 The two OST complexes had similar affinities for both the peptide and LLO substrates but showed significantly different turnover rates. 34023382 6 57 link lipid-linked 933:944 arg1 oligosaccharide 946:960 lipid-linked oligosaccharide 933:960 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 6 57 link lipid-linked 933:944 arg1 LLO 963:965 LLO 963:965 LLO 963:965 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 3 58 theme substrate 525:533 arg1 specificities 535:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 These two OST complexes have different protein substrate specificities in vivo. 34023382 6 59 theme short 894:898 arg1 peptides 900:907 short peptides 894:907 short peptides 894:907 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 3 60 theme protein 517:523 arg1 specificities 535:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 different protein substrate specificities 507:547 These two OST complexes have different protein substrate specificities in vivo. 34023382 0 61 theme isoforms 85:92 arg1 specificities 10:22 Substrate specificities 0:22 Substrate specificities 0:22 Substrate specificities and reaction kinetics of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms. 34023382 0 61 theme isoforms 85:92 arg1 kinetics 37:44 reaction kinetics 28:44 reaction kinetics 28:44 Substrate specificities and reaction kinetics of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms. 34023382 6 62 theme synthetic 923:931 arg1 substrates 968:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates 913:977 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 1 63 theme preassembled 207:218 arg1 oligosaccharide 220:234 a preassembled oligosaccharide 205:234 a preassembled oligosaccharide 205:234 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 1 64 theme N-linked 157:164 arg1 glycosylation 174:186 N-linked protein glycosylation 157:186 N-linked protein glycosylation 157:186 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 7 65 gly glycosylation 1028:1040 arg2 sequon 1042:1047 the glycosylation sequon 1024:1047 the glycosylation sequon 1024:1047 We found that the peptide sequence close to the glycosylation sequon affected peptide affinity and turnover rate. 34023382 0 66 theme oligosaccharyltransferase 59:83 arg1 isoforms 85:92 the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms 49:92 the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms 49:92 Substrate specificities and reaction kinetics of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms. 34023382 6 67 theme substrate 796:804 arg1 specificities 806:818 substrate specificities 796:818 substrate specificities 796:818 The kinetic properties and substrate specificities were characterized using a quantitative in vitro glycosylation assay with short peptides and different synthetic lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) substrates. 34023382 1 68 theme protein 166:172 arg1 glycosylation 174:186 N-linked protein glycosylation 157:186 N-linked protein glycosylation 157:186 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 1 69 theme asparagine 264:273 arg1 residues 275:282 asparagine residues 264:282 asparagine residues of secretory proteins 264:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34023382 1 69 theme asparagine 264:273 arg1 proteins 297:304 secretory proteins 287:304 secretory proteins 287:304 Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the central step in N-linked protein glycosylation, the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from its lipid carrier onto asparagine residues of secretory proteins. 34925382 8 0 theme HLA-B 1318:1322 arg1 allele 1330:1335 the HLA-B*07:02 allele 1314:1335 the HLA-B*07:02 allele 1314:1335 From this list, we extract that O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides are preferentially presented by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. 34925382 9 1 theme proposed 1479:1486 arg1 sequence 1498:1505 the recently proposed consensus sequence 1466:1505 the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T) 1466:1543 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 1 2 theme unprecedented 175:187 arg1 insights 189:196 unprecedented insights 175:196 unprecedented insights into antigen presentation 175:222 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 8 3 from list 1224:1227 arg1 extract 1233:1239 extract 1233:1239 extract 1233:1239 From this list, we extract that O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides are preferentially presented by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. 34925382 9 4 with peptides 1356:1363 arg1 anchor 1388:1393 a Proline residue anchor 1370:1393 a Proline residue anchor 1370:1393 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 4 5 theme peptides 856:863 arg1 list 821:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list 790:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 790:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 4 5 theme peptides 856:863 arg1 dataset 725:731 a new dataset 719:731 a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 719:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 5 6 theme O-GlcNAcylated 890:903 arg1 peptides 909:916 O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 890:916 O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 890:916 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 5 7 theme HLA 905:907 arg1 peptides 909:916 O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 890:916 O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 890:916 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 0 8 theme HLA-B 107:111 arg1 * 112:112 HLA-B*07:02 107:117 HLA-B*07:02 107:117 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 5 9 attach derived 923:929 arg2 list 882:885 This cumulative list 866:885 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 866:916 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 5 9 attach derived 923:929 arg1 origin 957:962 normal and cancerous origin 936:962 normal and cancerous origin 936:962 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 9 10 theme favoured 1590:1597 arg1 * 1578:1578 HLA-B*07:02 1573:1583 HLA-B*07:02 1573:1583 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 10 theme favoured 1590:1597 arg1 allele 1607:1612 a favoured binding allele 1588:1612 a favoured binding allele 1588:1612 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 4 11 theme cell 759:762 arg1 line 784:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 6 12 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1029:1042 arg1 peptides 1048:1055 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1020:1055 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins 1020:1088 Remarkably, the overlap in detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins is strikingly high. 34925382 2 13 mod modified 530:537 arg1 % 477:477 less than 1% 466:477 less than 1% 466:477 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 13 mod modified 530:537 arg1 peptides 456:463 HLA Class I peptides 444:463 HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 444:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 13 mod modified 530:537 arg3 GlcNAc 580:585 GlcNAc 580:585 GlcNAc 580:585 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 13 mod modified 530:537 arg3 N-acetylglucosamine 559:577 a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 548:577 a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 548:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 10 14 theme antigens 1719:1726 arg1 prediction 1680:1689 the prediction 1676:1689 the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue 1676:1848 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 6 15 dep the 1005:1007 arg1 overlap 1009:1015 overlap 1009:1015 overlap 1009:1015 Remarkably, the overlap in detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins is strikingly high. 34925382 9 16 theme P 1528:1528 arg1 g 1538:1538 P(V/A/T/S)g 1528:1538 P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T) 1528:1543 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 16 theme P 1528:1528 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1511:1525 O-GlcNAcylation 1511:1525 O-GlcNAcylation 1511:1525 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 16 theme P 1528:1528 arg1 S/T 1540:1542 S/T 1540:1542 S/T 1540:1542 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 7 17 theme HLA 1137:1139 arg1 peptides 1141:1148 the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1118:1148 the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1118:1148 Most of the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides originate from nuclear proteins, notably transcription factors. 34925382 4 18 theme B 757:757 arg1 line 784:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 1 19 theme cancer 292:297 arg1 neoantigens 299:309 cancer neoantigens 292:309 cancer neoantigens 292:309 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 10 20 theme compiled 1647:1654 arg1 list 1656:1659 the compiled list 1643:1659 the compiled list 1643:1659 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 4 21 theme HLA 844:846 arg1 class 848:852 HLA class I 844:854 O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 829:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 6 22 theme HLA 1044:1046 arg1 peptides 1048:1055 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1020:1055 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins 1020:1088 Remarkably, the overlap in detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins is strikingly high. 34925382 4 23 theme cell 779:782 arg1 line 784:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 8 24 theme * 1323:1323 arg1 allele 1330:1335 the HLA-B*07:02 allele 1314:1335 the HLA-B*07:02 allele 1314:1335 From this list, we extract that O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides are preferentially presented by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. 34925382 4 25 theme O-GlcNAcylated 829:842 arg1 peptides 856:863 O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 829:863 O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 829:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 7 26 theme transcription 1191:1203 arg1 factors 1205:1211 transcription factors 1191:1211 transcription factors 1191:1211 Most of the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides originate from nuclear proteins, notably transcription factors. 34925382 7 26 theme transcription 1191:1203 arg1 proteins 1173:1180 nuclear proteins 1165:1180 nuclear proteins 1165:1180 Most of the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides originate from nuclear proteins, notably transcription factors. 34925382 4 27 theme lymphoblastoid 764:777 arg1 line 784:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 1 28 theme antigen 203:209 arg1 presentation 211:222 antigen presentation 203:222 antigen presentation 203:222 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 0 29 theme HLA 4:6 arg1 Ligandome 8:16 The HLA Ligandome 0:16 The HLA Ligandome 0:16 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 9 30 theme V/A/T/S 1530:1536 arg1 g 1538:1538 P(V/A/T/S)g 1528:1538 P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T) 1528:1543 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 30 theme V/A/T/S 1530:1536 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1511:1525 O-GlcNAcylation 1511:1525 O-GlcNAcylation 1511:1525 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 30 theme V/A/T/S 1530:1536 arg1 S/T 1540:1542 S/T 1540:1542 S/T 1540:1542 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 5 31 theme normal 936:941 arg1 origin 957:962 normal and cancerous origin 936:962 normal and cancerous origin 936:962 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 4 32 theme class 848:852 arg1 peptides 856:863 O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 829:863 O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 829:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 10 33 theme HLA 1715:1717 arg1 antigens 1719:1726 novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens 1694:1726 novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens 1694:1726 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 8 34 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1246:1259 arg1 peptides 1273:1280 O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides 1246:1280 O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides 1246:1280 From this list, we extract that O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides are preferentially presented by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. 34925382 5 35 theme cumulative 871:880 arg1 list 882:885 This cumulative list 866:885 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 866:916 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 4 36 theme JY 754:755 arg1 line 784:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 750:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 2 37 link O-linked 550:557 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 559:577 a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 548:577 a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 548:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 37 link O-linked 550:557 arg1 GlcNAc 580:585 GlcNAc 580:585 GlcNAc 580:585 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 3 38 contain have 639:642 arg2 functions 670:678 specific immunomodulatory functions 644:678 specific immunomodulatory functions 644:678 Just like neoantigens these modified antigens may have specific immunomodulatory functions. 34925382 3 38 contain have 639:642 arg1 antigens 626:633 these modified antigens 611:633 these modified antigens 611:633 Just like neoantigens these modified antigens may have specific immunomodulatory functions. 34925382 2 39 theme peptides 456:463 arg1 subset 434:439 the small subset 424:439 the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 424:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 1 40 theme peptide 315:321 arg1 antigens 323:330 peptide antigens 315:330 peptide antigens 315:330 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 3 41 theme specific 644:651 arg1 functions 670:678 specific immunomodulatory functions 644:678 specific immunomodulatory functions 644:678 Just like neoantigens these modified antigens may have specific immunomodulatory functions. 34925382 6 42 theme source 1074:1079 arg1 proteins 1081:1088 their source proteins 1068:1088 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins 1020:1088 Remarkably, the overlap in detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins is strikingly high. 34925382 2 43 theme Class 448:452 arg1 % 477:477 less than 1% 466:477 less than 1% 466:477 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 43 theme Class 448:452 arg1 peptides 456:463 HLA Class I peptides 444:463 HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 444:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 0 44 theme Limited 30:36 arg1 Repertoire 38:47 a Limited Repertoire 28:47 a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02 28:117 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 0 44 theme Limited 30:36 arg1 Antigens 67:74 O-GlcNAcylated Antigens 52:74 O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02 52:117 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 10 45 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1700:1713 arg1 antigens 1719:1726 novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens 1694:1726 novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens 1694:1726 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 3 46 theme immunomodulatory 653:668 arg1 functions 670:678 specific immunomodulatory functions 644:678 specific immunomodulatory functions 644:678 Just like neoantigens these modified antigens may have specific immunomodulatory functions. 34925382 4 47 theme comprehensive 807:819 arg1 list 821:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list 790:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 790:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 4 47 theme comprehensive 807:819 arg1 dataset 725:731 a new dataset 719:731 a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 719:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 9 48 theme binding 1425:1431 arg1 groove 1433:1438 a binding groove 1423:1438 a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele 1423:1612 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 2 49 theme HLA 444:446 arg1 Class 448:452 HLA Class I 444:454 HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 444:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 50 dep modified 530:537 arg1 PTM 540:542 PTM 540:542 PTM 540:542 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 10 51 theme HLA-B 1781:1785 arg1 * 1786:1786 HLA-B*07:02 1781:1791 HLA-B*07:02 1781:1791 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 4 52 theme albeit 800:805 arg1 list 821:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list 790:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 790:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 4 52 theme albeit 800:805 arg1 dataset 725:731 a new dataset 719:731 a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 719:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 6 53 theme detected 1020:1027 arg1 peptides 1048:1055 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1020:1055 detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins 1020:1088 Remarkably, the overlap in detected O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides as well as their source proteins is strikingly high. 34925382 1 54 theme post-translational 343:360 arg1 modifications 362:374 post-translational modifications 343:374 post-translational modifications 343:374 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 5 55 theme peptides 909:916 arg1 list 882:885 This cumulative list 866:885 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 866:916 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 7 56 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1122:1135 arg1 peptides 1141:1148 the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1118:1148 the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides 1118:1148 Most of the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides originate from nuclear proteins, notably transcription factors. 34925382 9 57 theme binding 1599:1605 arg1 * 1578:1578 HLA-B*07:02 1573:1583 HLA-B*07:02 1573:1583 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 57 theme binding 1599:1605 arg1 allele 1607:1612 a favoured binding allele 1588:1612 a favoured binding allele 1588:1612 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 1 58 theme Mass-spectrometry 120:136 arg1 immunopeptidomics 144:160 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics 120:160 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics 120:160 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 10 59 theme novel 1694:1698 arg1 antigens 1719:1726 novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens 1694:1726 novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens 1694:1726 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 5 60 theme tissue 976:981 arg1 specimen 983:990 tissue specimen 976:990 tissue specimen 976:990 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 3 61 theme modified 617:624 arg1 antigens 626:633 these modified antigens 611:633 these modified antigens 611:633 Just like neoantigens these modified antigens may have specific immunomodulatory functions. 34925382 1 62 theme based 138:142 arg1 immunopeptidomics 144:160 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics 120:160 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics 120:160 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 5 63 theme cancerous 947:955 arg1 origin 957:962 normal and cancerous origin 936:962 normal and cancerous origin 936:962 This cumulative list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides were derived from normal and cancerous origin, as well as tissue specimen. 34925382 1 64 theme enormous 246:253 arg1 ligandome 255:263 an enormous ligandome 243:263 an enormous ligandome of self-antigens 243:280 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34925382 2 65 theme O-linked 550:557 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 559:577 a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 548:577 a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 548:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 2 65 theme O-linked 550:557 arg1 GlcNAc 580:585 GlcNAc 580:585 GlcNAc 580:585 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 10 66 theme related 1796:1802 arg1 alleles 1804:1810 related alleles 1796:1810 related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue 1796:1848 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 9 67 theme HLA-B 1573:1577 arg1 * 1578:1578 HLA-B*07:02 1573:1583 HLA-B*07:02 1573:1583 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 9 67 theme HLA-B 1573:1577 arg1 allele 1607:1612 a favoured binding allele 1588:1612 a favoured binding allele 1588:1612 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 4 68 theme new 721:723 arg1 list 821:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list 790:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 790:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 4 68 theme new 721:723 arg1 dataset 725:731 a new dataset 719:731 a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 719:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 9 69 theme Proline 1372:1378 arg1 anchor 1388:1393 a Proline residue anchor 1370:1393 a Proline residue anchor 1370:1393 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 0 70 theme Antigens 67:74 arg1 Repertoire 38:47 a Limited Repertoire 28:47 a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02 28:117 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 0 70 theme Antigens 67:74 arg1 Antigens 67:74 O-GlcNAcylated Antigens 52:74 O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02 52:117 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 8 71 theme Class 1265:1269 arg1 peptides 1273:1280 O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides 1246:1280 O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides 1246:1280 From this list, we extract that O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides are preferentially presented by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. 34925382 4 72 theme concise 792:798 arg1 list 821:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list 790:824 a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides 790:863 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 4 72 theme concise 792:798 arg1 dataset 725:731 a new dataset 719:731 a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line 719:787 Here we compiled from literature, and a new dataset originating from the JY B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, a concise albeit comprehensive list of O-GlcNAcylated HLA class I peptides. 34925382 8 73 theme HLA 1261:1263 arg1 Class 1265:1269 HLA Class I 1261:1271 O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides 1246:1280 From this list, we extract that O-GlcNAcylated HLA Class I peptides are preferentially presented by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. 34925382 9 74 theme consensus 1488:1496 arg1 sequence 1498:1505 the recently proposed consensus sequence 1466:1505 the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T) 1466:1543 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 2 75 theme small 428:432 arg1 subset 434:439 the small subset 424:439 the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 424:586 Here we concentrate on the latter, focusing on the small subset of HLA Class I peptides (less than 1%) that has been observed to be post-translationally modified (PTM) by a O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). 34925382 9 76 theme residue 1380:1386 arg1 anchor 1388:1393 a Proline residue anchor 1370:1393 a Proline residue anchor 1370:1393 This allele loads peptides with a Proline residue anchor at position 2, and features a binding groove that can accommodate well the recently proposed consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation, P(V/A/T/S)g(S/T), essentially explaining why HLA-B*07:02 is a favoured binding allele. 34925382 0 77 theme O-GlcNAcylated 52:65 arg1 Antigens 67:74 O-GlcNAcylated Antigens 52:74 O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02 52:117 The HLA Ligandome Comprises a Limited Repertoire of O-GlcNAcylated Antigens Preferentially Associated With HLA-B*07:02. 34925382 10 78 theme anchoring 1832:1840 arg1 residue 1842:1848 anchoring residue 1832:1848 anchoring residue 1832:1848 The observations drawn from the compiled list, may assist in the prediction of novel O-GlcNAcylated HLA antigens, which will be best presented by patients harbouring HLA-B*07:02 or related alleles that use Proline as anchoring residue. 34925382 7 79 theme nuclear 1165:1171 arg1 factors 1205:1211 transcription factors 1191:1211 transcription factors 1191:1211 Most of the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides originate from nuclear proteins, notably transcription factors. 34925382 7 79 theme nuclear 1165:1171 arg1 proteins 1173:1180 nuclear proteins 1165:1180 nuclear proteins 1165:1180 Most of the O-GlcNAcylated HLA peptides originate from nuclear proteins, notably transcription factors. 34925382 1 80 theme self-antigens 268:280 arg1 ligandome 255:263 an enormous ligandome 243:263 an enormous ligandome of self-antigens 243:280 Mass-spectrometry based immunopeptidomics has provided unprecedented insights into antigen presentation, not only charting an enormous ligandome of self-antigens, but also cancer neoantigens and peptide antigens harbouring post-translational modifications. 34646892 6 0 theme cells 989:993 arg1 cells 1003:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 18 1 theme diabetic 2447:2454 arg1 healing 2462:2468 delayed diabetic wound healing 2439:2468 delayed diabetic wound healing 2439:2468 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc alleviated delayed diabetic wound healing. 34646892 4 2 theme full-thickness 610:623 arg1 model 643:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model 608:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats 608:664 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 11 3 theme Similar 1495:1501 arg1 phenomena 1503:1511 Similar phenomena 1495:1511 Similar phenomena 1495:1511 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 16 4 theme wound 2297:2301 arg1 margin 2303:2308 the diabetic wound margin 2284:2308 the diabetic wound margin 2284:2308 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 3 5 from dysfunction 526:536 arg1 wounds 550:555 diabetic wounds 541:555 diabetic wounds 541:555 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 6 6 theme immortalized 966:977 arg1 cells 1003:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 4 7 theme defect 630:635 arg1 model 643:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model 608:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats 608:664 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 13 8 theme HaCaT 1894:1898 arg1 cells 1900:1904 the HaCaT cells 1890:1904 the HaCaT cells 1890:1904 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 9 9 theme compounds 1283:1291 arg1 application 1268:1278 topical application 1260:1278 topical application of compounds that inhibited c-Myc or O-GlcNAc on diabetic wounds 1260:1343 Wound healing was observed after topical application of compounds that inhibited c-Myc or O-GlcNAc on diabetic wounds. 34646892 3 10 link O-linked 424:431 arg1 O-GlcNAc 454:461 O-GlcNAc 454:461 O-GlcNAc 454:461 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 3 10 link O-linked 424:431 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 433:451 its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 420:451 its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 420:494 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 1 11 theme main 197:200 arg1 complications 202:214 the main complications 193:214 the main complications of diabetes 193:226 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 13 12 theme c-Myc 1925:1929 arg1 inhibition 1911:1920 inhibition 1911:1920 inhibition of c-Myc 1911:1929 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 12 13 theme diabetic 1706:1713 arg1 rats 1715:1718 diabetic rats 1706:1718 diabetic rats 1706:1718 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 2 14 theme healing 314:320 arg1 ability 322:328 the poor healing ability 305:328 the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds 305:347 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 14 15 theme 30 mM 2004:2008 arg1 glucose 2010:2016 30 mM glucose 2004:2016 30 mM glucose 2004:2016 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 5 16 theme proliferating 762:774 arg1 antigen 789:795 proliferating cell nuclear antigen 762:795 proliferating cell nuclear antigen 762:795 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 7 17 theme c-Myc 1086:1090 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1067:1081 O-GlcNAcylation 1067:1081 O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc 1067:1090 O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc was confirmed using immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. 34646892 14 18 theme c-Myc 1993:1997 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1974:1988 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 1964:1988 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose 1964:2016 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 6 19 theme cells 1003:1007 arg1 proliferation 912:924 proliferation 912:924 proliferation 912:924 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 6 19 theme cells 1003:1007 arg1 differentiation 941:955 differentiation 941:955 differentiation 941:955 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 6 19 theme cells 1003:1007 arg1 migration 927:935 migration 927:935 migration 927:935 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 11 20 located observed 1518:1525 arg2 phenomena 1503:1511 Similar phenomena 1495:1511 Similar phenomena 1495:1511 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 11 20 located observed 1518:1525 arg1 cells 1536:1540 HaCaT cells 1530:1540 HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats 1530:1625 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 6 21 theme HaCaT 996:1000 arg1 cells 1003:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 1 22 theme delayed 166:172 arg1 healing 174:180 delayed healing 166:180 delayed healing 166:180 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 13 23 theme diabetic 1940:1947 arg1 healing 1955:1961 diabetic wound healing 1940:1961 diabetic wound healing 1940:1961 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 0 24 theme keratinocyte 91:102 arg1 dysfunction 104:114 keratinocyte dysfunction 91:114 keratinocyte dysfunction 91:114 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc accelerate diabetic wound healing by alleviating keratinocyte dysfunction. 34646892 16 25 theme keratinocytes 2267:2279 arg1 differentiation 2248:2262 differentiation 2248:2262 differentiation 2248:2262 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 16 25 theme keratinocytes 2267:2279 arg1 migration 2234:2242 migration 2234:2242 migration 2234:2242 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 11 26 theme rats 1622:1625 arg1 margin 1599:1604 the wound margin 1589:1604 the wound margin of the diabetic rats 1589:1625 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 5 27 theme nuclear 781:787 arg1 antigen 789:795 proliferating cell nuclear antigen 762:795 proliferating cell nuclear antigen 762:795 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 6 28 theme c-Myc 1046:1050 arg1 knockdown 1033:1041 knockdown 1033:1041 knockdown 1033:1041 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 6 28 theme c-Myc 1046:1050 arg1 overexpression 1015:1028 overexpression 1015:1028 overexpression 1015:1028 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 16 29 theme Increased 2158:2166 arg1 expression 2168:2177 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression 2146:2177 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc 2146:2186 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 12 30 theme 30 mM 1764:1768 arg1 glucose 1770:1776 30 mM glucose 1764:1776 30 mM glucose 1764:1776 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 13 31 theme Increased 1779:1787 arg1 expression 1789:1798 Increased expression 1779:1798 Increased expression of c-Myc 1779:1807 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 10 32 theme diabetic 1375:1382 arg1 margin 1390:1395 the diabetic wound margin 1371:1395 the diabetic wound margin 1371:1395 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 3 33 theme O-linked 424:431 arg1 O-GlcNAc 454:461 O-GlcNAc 454:461 O-GlcNAc 454:461 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 3 33 theme O-linked 424:431 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 433:451 its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 420:451 its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 420:494 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 0 34 theme Inhibiting 0:9 arg1 Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 11:31 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 0:31 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc 0:40 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc accelerate diabetic wound healing by alleviating keratinocyte dysfunction. 34646892 19 35 theme c-Myc 2491:2495 arg1 targets 2532:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets 2491:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds 2491:2558 These findings make c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds. 34646892 1 36 theme BACKGROUND 117:126 arg1 ulcers 142:147 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers 117:147 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing 117:180 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 16 37 theme c-Myc 2182:2186 arg1 expression 2168:2177 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression 2146:2177 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc 2146:2186 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 10 38 theme active 1419:1424 arg1 proliferation 1426:1438 proliferation 1426:1438 proliferation 1426:1438 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 6 39 theme migration 927:935 arg1 changes 901:907 The functional changes 886:907 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc 886:1050 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 1 40 theme foot 137:140 arg1 ulcers 142:147 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers 117:147 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing 117:180 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 12 41 theme HaCaT 1738:1742 arg1 cells 1744:1748 HaCaT cells 1738:1748 HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose 1738:1776 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 16 42 theme abnormal 2197:2204 arg1 proliferation 2206:2218 abnormal proliferation 2197:2218 abnormal proliferation 2197:2218 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 5 43 theme c-Myc 828:832 arg1 expressions 747:757 expressions 747:757 expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc 747:845 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 6 44 theme proliferation 912:924 arg1 changes 901:907 The functional changes 886:907 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc 886:1050 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 15 45 theme wound 2131:2135 arg1 healing 2137:2143 diabetic wound healing 2122:2143 diabetic wound healing 2122:2143 Inhibition of O-GlcNAc ameliorated keratinocyte dysfunction and promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 17 46 theme Increased 2311:2319 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2321:2335 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 2311:2335 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose 2311:2363 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 5 47 theme O-GlcNAc 838:845 arg1 expressions 747:757 expressions 747:757 expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc 747:845 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 8 48 theme protein 1185:1191 arg1 Stability 1162:1170 Stability 1162:1170 Stability of the c-Myc protein 1162:1191 Stability of the c-Myc protein was measured using cycloheximide. 34646892 18 49 theme O-GlcNAc 2419:2426 arg1 Inhibition 2396:2405 Inhibition 2396:2405 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc 2396:2426 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc alleviated delayed diabetic wound healing. 34646892 4 50 theme Clinical 566:573 arg1 samples 581:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples 558:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples 558:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 2 51 theme Epidermal 229:237 arg1 dysfunction 252:262 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction 229:262 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction 229:262 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 19 52 theme diabetic 2544:2551 arg1 wounds 2553:2558 diabetic wounds 2544:2558 diabetic wounds 2544:2558 These findings make c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds. 34646892 18 53 theme c-Myc 2410:2414 arg1 Inhibition 2396:2405 Inhibition 2396:2405 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc 2396:2426 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc alleviated delayed diabetic wound healing. 34646892 4 54 theme wound 637:641 arg1 model 643:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model 608:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats 608:664 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 10 55 theme poor 1473:1476 arg1 differentiation 1478:1492 poor differentiation 1473:1492 poor differentiation 1473:1492 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 3 56 theme diabetic 541:548 arg1 wounds 550:555 diabetic wounds 541:555 diabetic wounds 541:555 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 14 57 theme c-Myc 2033:2037 arg1 proteins 2039:2046 the c-Myc proteins 2029:2046 the c-Myc proteins 2029:2046 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 18 58 theme wound 2456:2460 arg1 healing 2462:2468 delayed diabetic wound healing 2439:2468 delayed diabetic wound healing 2439:2468 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc alleviated delayed diabetic wound healing. 34646892 9 59 theme topical 1260:1266 arg1 application 1268:1278 topical application 1260:1278 topical application of compounds that inhibited c-Myc or O-GlcNAc on diabetic wounds 1260:1343 Wound healing was observed after topical application of compounds that inhibited c-Myc or O-GlcNAc on diabetic wounds. 34646892 6 60 theme epidermal 979:987 arg1 cells 1003:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 18 61 theme delayed 2439:2445 arg1 healing 2462:2468 delayed diabetic wound healing 2439:2468 delayed diabetic wound healing 2439:2468 Inhibition of c-Myc or O-GlcNAc alleviated delayed diabetic wound healing. 34646892 11 62 theme HaCaT 1530:1534 arg1 cells 1536:1540 HaCaT cells 1530:1540 HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats 1530:1625 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 5 63 theme wounds 707:712 arg1 Re-epithelialization 683:702 Re-epithelialization 683:702 Re-epithelialization of wounds 683:712 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 2 64 theme poor 309:312 arg1 ability 322:328 the poor healing ability 305:328 the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds 305:347 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 17 65 with O-GlcNAcylation 2321:2335 arg1 glucose 2357:2363 30 mM glucose 2351:2363 30 mM glucose 2351:2363 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 6 66 theme human 960:964 arg1 cells 1003:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells 960:1007 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 4 67 theme skin 625:628 arg1 model 643:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model 608:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats 608:664 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 13 68 theme cells 1900:1904 arg1 differentiation 1871:1885 differentiation 1871:1885 differentiation 1871:1885 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 13 68 theme cells 1900:1904 arg1 migration 1857:1865 migration 1857:1865 migration 1857:1865 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 0 69 theme wound 62:66 arg1 healing 68:74 diabetic wound healing 53:74 diabetic wound healing 53:74 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc accelerate diabetic wound healing by alleviating keratinocyte dysfunction. 34646892 6 70 theme differentiation 941:955 arg1 changes 901:907 The functional changes 886:907 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc 886:1050 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 5 71 theme loricrin 818:825 arg1 expressions 747:757 expressions 747:757 expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc 747:845 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 2 72 theme diabetic 333:340 arg1 wounds 342:347 diabetic wounds 333:347 diabetic wounds 333:347 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 19 73 theme O-GlcNAc 2501:2508 arg1 targets 2532:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets 2491:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds 2491:2558 These findings make c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds. 34646892 1 74 theme complications 202:214 arg1 complications 202:214 the main complications 193:214 the main complications of diabetes 193:226 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 1 74 theme complications 202:214 arg1 one 186:188 one 186:188 one 186:188 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 12 75 theme rats 1715:1718 arg1 margin 1696:1701 the wound margin 1686:1701 the wound margin of diabetic rats 1686:1718 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 12 75 theme rats 1715:1718 arg1 patients 1721:1728 patients 1721:1728 patients 1721:1728 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 1 76 theme diabetes 219:226 arg1 complications 202:214 the main complications 193:214 the main complications of diabetes 193:226 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 4 77 theme rats 661:664 arg1 model 643:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model 608:647 a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats 608:664 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 7 78 theme proximity 1136:1144 arg1 assay 1155:1159 proximity ligation assay 1136:1159 proximity ligation assay 1136:1159 O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc was confirmed using immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. 34646892 9 79 theme diabetic 1329:1336 arg1 wounds 1338:1343 diabetic wounds 1329:1343 diabetic wounds 1329:1343 Wound healing was observed after topical application of compounds that inhibited c-Myc or O-GlcNAc on diabetic wounds. 34646892 12 80 theme wound 1690:1694 arg1 margin 1696:1701 the wound margin 1686:1701 the wound margin of diabetic rats 1686:1718 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 12 80 theme wound 1690:1694 arg1 patients 1721:1728 patients 1721:1728 patients 1721:1728 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 10 81 from margin 1390:1395 arg1 Keratinocytes 1354:1366 Keratinocytes 1354:1366 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin 1346:1395 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 5 82 theme H&E 730:732 arg1 staining 734:741 H&E staining 730:741 H&E staining 730:741 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 2 83 theme pivotal 289:295 arg1 role 297:300 a pivotal role 287:300 a pivotal role 287:300 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 14 84 theme Increased 1964:1972 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1974:1988 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 1964:1988 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose 1964:2016 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 11 85 theme wound 1593:1597 arg1 margin 1599:1604 the wound margin 1589:1604 the wound margin of the diabetic rats 1589:1625 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 5 86 theme transglutaminase 798:813 arg1 expressions 747:757 expressions 747:757 expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc 747:845 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 13 87 theme c-Myc 1803:1807 arg1 expression 1789:1798 Increased expression 1779:1798 Increased expression of c-Myc 1779:1807 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 11 88 theme diabetic 1613:1620 arg1 rats 1622:1625 the diabetic rats 1609:1625 the diabetic rats 1609:1625 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 5 89 theme cell 776:779 arg1 antigen 789:795 proliferating cell nuclear antigen 762:795 proliferating cell nuclear antigen 762:795 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 16 90 from margin 2303:2308 arg1 differentiation 2248:2262 differentiation 2248:2262 differentiation 2248:2262 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 16 90 from margin 2303:2308 arg1 migration 2234:2242 migration 2234:2242 migration 2234:2242 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 13 91 dep migration 1857:1865 arg1 the 1853:1855 the 1853:1855 the 1853:1855 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 10 92 dep RESULTS 1346:1352 arg1 Keratinocytes 1354:1366 Keratinocytes 1354:1366 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin 1346:1395 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 15 93 theme keratinocyte 2084:2095 arg1 dysfunction 2097:2107 keratinocyte dysfunction 2084:2107 keratinocyte dysfunction 2084:2107 Inhibition of O-GlcNAc ameliorated keratinocyte dysfunction and promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 11 94 theme 30 mM 1554:1558 arg1 glucose 1560:1566 30 mM glucose 1554:1566 30 mM glucose 1554:1566 Similar phenomena were observed in HaCaT cells cultured in 30 mM glucose and keratinocytes at the wound margin of the diabetic rats. 34646892 5 95 theme antigen 789:795 arg1 expressions 747:757 expressions 747:757 expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc 747:845 Re-epithelialization of wounds was observed by H&E staining and expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transglutaminase 1, loricrin, c-Myc and O-GlcNAc were measured by immunohistochemistry. 34646892 12 96 theme c-Myc 1646:1650 arg1 expression 1632:1641 The expression 1628:1641 The expression of c-Myc 1628:1650 The expression of c-Myc was increased in keratinocytes at the wound margin of diabetic rats, patients, and in HaCaT cells cultured with 30 mM glucose. 34646892 3 97 dep c-Myc 410:414 arg1 modification 496:507 modification 496:507 modification 496:507 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 17 98 theme c-Myc 2380:2384 arg1 proteins 2386:2393 the c-Myc proteins 2376:2393 the c-Myc proteins 2376:2393 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 10 99 theme wound 1384:1388 arg1 margin 1390:1395 the diabetic wound margin 1371:1395 the diabetic wound margin 1371:1395 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 19 100 theme potential 2510:2518 arg1 targets 2532:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets 2491:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds 2491:2558 These findings make c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds. 34646892 16 101 theme CONCLUSIONS 2146:2156 arg1 expression 2168:2177 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression 2146:2177 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc 2146:2186 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 16 102 theme diabetic 2288:2295 arg1 margin 2303:2308 the diabetic wound margin 2284:2308 the diabetic wound margin 2284:2308 CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of c-Myc promoted abnormal proliferation and inhibited migration and differentiation of keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin. 34646892 3 103 theme N-acetylglucosamine 433:451 arg1 glycosylation 464:476 its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 420:476 its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 420:494 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 3 103 theme N-acetylglucosamine 433:451 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 479:493 O-GlcNAcylation 479:493 O-GlcNAcylation 479:493 In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between c-Myc and its O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) modification and keratinocyte dysfunction in diabetic wounds. 34646892 0 104 theme c-Myc 36:40 arg1 Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 11:31 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 0:31 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc 0:40 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc accelerate diabetic wound healing by alleviating keratinocyte dysfunction. 34646892 1 105 theme Diabetic 128:135 arg1 ulcers 142:147 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers 117:147 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing 117:180 BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers characterized by delayed healing are one of the main complications of diabetes. 34646892 13 106 theme wound 1949:1953 arg1 healing 1955:1961 diabetic wound healing 1940:1961 diabetic wound healing 1940:1961 Increased expression of c-Myc promoted the proliferation while inhibiting the migration and differentiation of the HaCaT cells, and inhibition of c-Myc promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 0 107 theme diabetic 53:60 arg1 healing 68:74 diabetic wound healing 53:74 diabetic wound healing 53:74 Inhibiting Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc accelerate diabetic wound healing by alleviating keratinocyte dysfunction. 34646892 8 108 theme c-Myc 1179:1183 arg1 protein 1185:1191 the c-Myc protein 1175:1191 the c-Myc protein 1175:1191 Stability of the c-Myc protein was measured using cycloheximide. 34646892 4 109 theme METHODS 558:564 arg1 samples 581:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples 558:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples 558:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 10 110 theme slow 1454:1457 arg1 migration 1459:1467 slow migration 1454:1467 slow migration 1454:1467 RESULTS Keratinocytes at the diabetic wound margin were characterized by active proliferation and division, slow migration and poor differentiation. 34646892 7 111 theme ligation 1146:1153 arg1 assay 1155:1159 proximity ligation assay 1136:1159 proximity ligation assay 1136:1159 O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc was confirmed using immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. 34646892 4 112 theme wound 575:579 arg1 samples 581:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples 558:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples 558:587 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 2 113 theme keratinocyte 239:250 arg1 dysfunction 252:262 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction 229:262 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction 229:262 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 15 114 theme O-GlcNAc 2063:2070 arg1 Inhibition 2049:2058 Inhibition 2049:2058 Inhibition of O-GlcNAc 2049:2070 Inhibition of O-GlcNAc ameliorated keratinocyte dysfunction and promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 9 115 theme Wound 1227:1231 arg1 healing 1233:1239 Wound healing 1227:1239 Wound healing 1227:1239 Wound healing was observed after topical application of compounds that inhibited c-Myc or O-GlcNAc on diabetic wounds. 34646892 6 116 theme functional 890:899 arg1 changes 901:907 The functional changes 886:907 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc 886:1050 The functional changes of proliferation, migration and differentiation of human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaT) cells after overexpression or knockdown of c-Myc were observed. 34646892 15 117 theme diabetic 2122:2129 arg1 healing 2137:2143 diabetic wound healing 2122:2143 diabetic wound healing 2122:2143 Inhibition of O-GlcNAc ameliorated keratinocyte dysfunction and promoted diabetic wound healing. 34646892 17 118 theme c-Myc 2340:2344 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2321:2335 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 2311:2335 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose 2311:2363 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 2 119 theme wounds 342:347 arg1 ability 322:328 the poor healing ability 305:328 the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds 305:347 Epidermal keratinocyte dysfunction has been found to play a pivotal role in the poor healing ability of diabetic wounds. 34646892 19 120 theme therapeutic 2520:2530 arg1 targets 2532:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets 2491:2538 c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds 2491:2558 These findings make c-Myc and O-GlcNAc potential therapeutic targets for diabetic wounds. 34646892 4 121 theme diabetic 652:659 arg1 rats 661:664 diabetic rats 652:664 diabetic rats 652:664 METHODS Clinical wound samples were collected and a full-thickness skin defect wound model of diabetic rats was established. 34646892 17 122 theme 30 mM 2351:2355 arg1 glucose 2357:2363 30 mM glucose 2351:2363 30 mM glucose 2351:2363 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34646892 14 123 with O-GlcNAcylation 1974:1988 arg1 glucose 2010:2016 30 mM glucose 2004:2016 30 mM glucose 2004:2016 Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc with 30 mM glucose stabilized the c-Myc proteins. 34590401 8 0 theme unknown 1133:1139 arg1 mechanism 1141:1149 an unknown mechanism 1130:1149 an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation 1130:1168 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 5 1 theme novel 654:658 arg1 substrate 660:668 a novel substrate 652:668 a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation 652:688 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 5 1 theme novel 654:658 arg1 endonuclease 588:599 flap endonuclease 1 583:601 flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) 583:608 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 6 2 theme cell 748:751 arg1 cycle 753:757 the cell cycle 744:757 the cell cycle 744:757 FEN1 O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. 34590401 7 3 from accumulation 960:971 arg1 replication 947:957 DNA replication 943:957 DNA replication 943:957 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 0 4 theme Cell-Cycle 74:83 arg1 Progression 85:95 Cell-Cycle Progression 74:95 Cell-Cycle Progression 74:95 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 5 5 theme essential 614:622 arg1 enzyme 624:629 an essential enzyme 611:629 an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis 611:646 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 5 5 theme essential 614:622 arg1 endonuclease 588:599 flap endonuclease 1 583:601 flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) 583:608 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 5 6 from enzyme 624:629 arg1 synthesis 638:646 DNA synthesis 634:646 DNA synthesis 634:646 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 0 7 theme DNA 101:103 arg1 Damage 105:110 DNA Damage 101:110 DNA Damage Response 101:119 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 8 8 theme damage 1215:1220 arg1 response 1222:1229 DNA damage response 1211:1229 DNA damage response 1211:1229 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 9 from foci 893:896 arg1 interaction 815:825 its interaction 811:825 its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci 811:896 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 10 theme damage 980:985 arg1 sensitivity 1001:1011 enhanced sensitivity 992:1011 enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents 992:1032 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 10 theme damage 980:985 arg1 accumulation 960:971 accumulation 960:971 accumulation of DNA damage 960:985 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 10 theme damage 980:985 arg1 defects 932:938 defects 932:938 defects in DNA replication 932:957 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 10 theme damage 980:985 arg1 cycle 925:929 altered cell cycle 912:929 altered cell cycle 912:929 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 2 11 theme cell-cycle 315:324 arg1 progression 326:336 altered cell-cycle progression 307:336 altered cell-cycle progression 307:336 Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation leads to altered cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 3 12 theme underlying 376:385 arg1 mechanisms 387:396 the underlying mechanisms 372:396 the underlying mechanisms 372:396 However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. 34590401 4 13 theme O-GlcNAcylated 511:524 arg1 proteins 526:533 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 511:533 O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells 511:542 Here, we develop a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture and profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells. 34590401 5 14 theme DNA 634:636 arg1 synthesis 638:646 DNA synthesis 634:646 DNA synthesis 634:646 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 2 15 theme altered 307:313 arg1 progression 326:336 altered cell-cycle progression 307:336 altered cell-cycle progression 307:336 Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation leads to altered cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 16 theme replication 881:891 arg1 foci 893:896 the replication foci 877:896 the replication foci 877:896 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 1 17 theme ubiquitous 174:183 arg1 modification 204:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 172:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function 172:263 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 17 theme ubiquitous 174:183 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 122:167 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 17 theme ubiquitous 174:183 arg1 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 0 18 theme Damage 105:110 arg1 Response 112:119 DNA Damage Response 101:119 DNA Damage Response 101:119 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 8 19 theme DNA 1211:1213 arg1 damage 1215:1220 DNA damage 1211:1220 DNA damage response 1211:1229 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 20 with interaction 815:825 arg1 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 20 with interaction 815:825 arg1 Antigen 859:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen 832:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) 832:872 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 1 21 theme post-translational 185:202 arg1 modification 204:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 172:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function 172:263 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 21 theme post-translational 185:202 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 122:167 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 21 theme post-translational 185:202 arg1 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 0 22 theme Enzymatic 9:17 arg1 Labeling 19:26 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling 0:26 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling 0:26 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 4 23 from proteins 526:533 arg1 cells 538:542 cells 538:542 cells 538:542 Here, we develop a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture and profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells. 34590401 7 24 theme DNA 943:945 arg1 replication 947:957 DNA replication 943:957 DNA replication 943:957 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 0 25 from Role 47:50 arg1 Progression 85:95 Cell-Cycle Progression 74:95 Cell-Cycle Progression 74:95 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 0 25 from Role 47:50 arg1 Response 112:119 DNA Damage Response 101:119 DNA Damage Response 101:119 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 0 26 theme One-Step 0:7 arg1 Labeling 19:26 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling 0:26 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling 0:26 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 7 27 theme Proliferating 832:844 arg1 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 27 theme Proliferating 832:844 arg1 Antigen 859:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen 832:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) 832:872 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 2 28 theme damage 346:351 arg1 response 353:360 DNA damage response 342:360 DNA damage response 342:360 Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation leads to altered cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 29 theme Cell 846:849 arg1 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 29 theme Cell 846:849 arg1 Antigen 859:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen 832:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) 832:872 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 8 30 theme sensitive 1062:1070 arg1 method 1072:1077 a sensitive method 1060:1077 a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1060:1115 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 2 31 theme DNA 342:344 arg1 damage 346:351 DNA damage 342:351 DNA damage response 342:360 Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation leads to altered cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 1 32 theme proteins 220:227 arg1 modification 204:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 172:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function 172:263 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 32 theme proteins 220:227 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 122:167 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 32 theme proteins 220:227 arg1 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 8 33 theme cycle 1189:1193 arg1 progression 1195:1205 cell cycle progression 1184:1205 cell cycle progression 1184:1205 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 34 from cycle 925:929 arg1 replication 947:957 DNA replication 943:957 DNA replication 943:957 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 6 35 theme FEN1 691:694 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 696:710 FEN1 O-GlcNAcylation 691:710 FEN1 O-GlcNAcylation 691:710 FEN1 O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. 34590401 7 36 from sensitivity 1001:1011 arg1 replication 947:957 DNA replication 943:957 DNA replication 943:957 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 0 37 theme Critical 38:45 arg1 Role 47:50 a Critical Role 36:50 a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response 36:119 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 7 38 from defects 932:938 arg1 replication 947:957 DNA replication 943:957 DNA replication 943:957 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 5 39 theme flap 583:586 arg1 endonuclease 588:599 flap endonuclease 1 583:601 flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) 583:608 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 5 39 theme flap 583:586 arg1 FEN1 604:607 FEN1 604:607 FEN1 604:607 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 5 39 theme flap 583:586 arg1 substrate 660:668 a novel substrate 652:668 a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation 652:688 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 5 39 theme flap 583:586 arg1 enzyme 624:629 an essential enzyme 611:629 an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis 611:646 Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. 34590401 8 40 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1154:1168 arg1 mechanism 1141:1149 an unknown mechanism 1130:1149 an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation 1130:1168 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 8 41 theme O-GlcNAcylated 1093:1106 arg1 proteins 1108:1115 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1093:1115 O-GlcNAcylated proteins 1093:1115 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 42 theme DNA 1016:1018 arg1 agents 1027:1032 DNA damage agents 1016:1032 DNA damage agents 1016:1032 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 43 from 352 790:792 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 760:774 O-GlcNAcylation 760:774 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 760:800 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 4 44 theme one-step 457:464 arg1 strategy 476:483 a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy 438:483 a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture 438:495 Here, we develop a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture and profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells. 34590401 7 45 theme enhanced 992:999 arg1 sensitivity 1001:1011 enhanced sensitivity 992:1011 enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents 992:1032 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 1 46 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 122:167 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 46 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 modification 204:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 172:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function 172:263 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 46 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 152:166 O-GlcNAcylation 152:166 O-GlcNAcylation 152:166 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 46 theme O-linked 122:129 arg1 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 7 47 theme cell 920:923 arg1 cycle 925:929 altered cell cycle 912:929 altered cell cycle 912:929 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 48 theme FEN1 797:800 arg1 FEN1 797:800 FEN1 797:800 FEN1 797:800 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 48 theme FEN1 797:800 arg1 352 790:792 352 790:792 352 790:792 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 49 theme damage 1020:1025 arg1 agents 1027:1032 DNA damage agents 1016:1032 DNA damage agents 1016:1032 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 4 50 theme sensitive 447:455 arg1 strategy 476:483 a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy 438:483 a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture 438:495 Here, we develop a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture and profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells. 34590401 1 51 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 131:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 122:149 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) 122:167 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 51 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 modification 204:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification 172:215 a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function 172:263 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 51 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 152:166 O-GlcNAcylation 152:166 O-GlcNAcylation 152:166 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 1 51 link O-linked 122:129 arg1 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 essential 237:245 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 2 52 theme O-GlcNAcylation 282:296 arg1 Perturbation 266:277 Perturbation 266:277 Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation 266:296 Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation leads to altered cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34590401 7 53 theme Nuclear 851:857 arg1 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 PCNA 868:871 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 7 53 theme Nuclear 851:857 arg1 Antigen 859:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen 832:865 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) 832:872 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 1 54 theme cell 251:254 arg1 function 256:263 cell function 251:263 cell function 251:263 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. 34590401 4 55 theme enzymatic 466:474 arg1 strategy 476:483 a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy 438:483 a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture 438:495 Here, we develop a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture and profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells. 34590401 7 56 theme altered 912:918 arg1 cycle 925:929 altered cell cycle 912:929 altered cell cycle 912:929 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 0 57 theme O-GlcNAcylation 55:69 arg1 Role 47:50 a Critical Role 36:50 a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response 36:119 One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. 34590401 7 58 theme DNA 976:978 arg1 damage 980:985 DNA damage 976:985 DNA damage 976:985 O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. 34590401 8 59 theme cell 1184:1187 arg1 progression 1195:1205 cell cycle progression 1184:1205 cell cycle progression 1184:1205 Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. 34050207 8 0 theme O-GlcNAc 1102:1109 arg1 activity 1111:1118 eNOS O-GlcNAc activity 1097:1118 eNOS O-GlcNAc activity 1097:1118 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 7 1 theme hypertonic 993:1002 arg1 stress 1004:1009 hypertonic stress 993:1009 hypertonic stress 993:1009 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 9 2 theme increased 1350:1358 arg1 modifications 1369:1381 increased O-GlcNAc modifications 1350:1381 increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress 1350:1410 When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed. 34050207 9 3 theme expression 1335:1344 arg1 upregulation 1315:1326 the upregulation 1311:1326 the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress 1311:1410 When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed. 34050207 8 4 theme eNOS 1097:1100 arg1 activity 1111:1118 eNOS O-GlcNAc activity 1097:1118 eNOS O-GlcNAc activity 1097:1118 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 4 5 theme chemical 521:528 arg1 factors 530:536 physical and chemical factors 508:536 physical and chemical factors 508:536 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 1 6 theme endothelial 182:192 arg1 synthase 207:214 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 182:214 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 182:221 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 1 6 theme endothelial 182:192 arg1 eNOS 217:220 eNOS 217:220 eNOS 217:220 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 5 7 theme high 719:722 arg1 levels 724:729 high levels 719:729 high levels of alcohol 719:740 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 5 8 contain had 742:744 arg2 effect 749:754 no effect 746:754 no effect 746:754 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 5 8 contain had 742:744 arg1 hypoxia 707:713 hypoxia 707:713 hypoxia 707:713 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 5 8 contain had 742:744 arg1 levels 724:729 high levels 719:729 high levels of alcohol 719:740 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 7 9 theme Thr866 922:927 arg1 mutation 934:941 Thr866 site mutation 922:941 Thr866 site mutation 922:941 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 5 10 theme hypertonic 591:600 arg1 stress 602:607 hypertonic stress 591:607 hypertonic stress 591:607 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 2 11 theme eNOS 314:317 arg1 O-GlcNAc 319:326 eNOS O-GlcNAc 314:326 eNOS O-GlcNAc 314:326 Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. 34050207 8 12 from mechanism 1063:1071 arg1 function 1124:1131 function 1124:1131 function 1124:1131 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 8 12 from mechanism 1063:1071 arg1 activity 1111:1118 eNOS O-GlcNAc activity 1097:1118 eNOS O-GlcNAc activity 1097:1118 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 6 13 from decrease 829:836 arg1 levels 855:860 eNOS O-GlcNAc levels 841:860 eNOS O-GlcNAc levels 841:860 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 6 14 theme O-GlcNAc 846:853 arg1 levels 855:860 eNOS O-GlcNAc levels 841:860 eNOS O-GlcNAc levels 841:860 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 5 15 theme expression 663:672 arg1 levels 674:679 the expression levels 659:679 the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc 659:696 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 6 16 theme eNOS 785:788 arg1 O-GlcNAc 790:797 eNOS O-GlcNAc 785:797 eNOS O-GlcNAc 785:797 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 3 17 with concomitant 410:420 arg1 factors 455:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. 34050207 9 18 theme O-GlcNAc 1360:1367 arg1 modifications 1369:1381 increased O-GlcNAc modifications 1350:1381 increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress 1350:1410 When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed. 34050207 6 19 theme eNOS 841:844 arg1 levels 855:860 eNOS O-GlcNAc levels 841:860 eNOS O-GlcNAc levels 841:860 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 4 20 from effects 497:503 arg1 O-GlcNAc 546:553 eNOS O-GlcNAc 541:553 eNOS O-GlcNAc 541:553 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 4 20 from effects 497:503 arg1 site 570:573 its Thr866 site 559:573 its Thr866 site 559:573 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 2 21 theme low-glucose-mediated 279:298 arg1 regulation 300:309 low-glucose-mediated regulation 279:309 low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc 279:326 Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. 34050207 3 22 theme physical 433:440 arg1 factors 455:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. 34050207 1 23 theme nitric 194:199 arg1 synthase 207:214 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 182:214 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 182:221 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 1 23 theme nitric 194:199 arg1 eNOS 217:220 eNOS 217:220 eNOS 217:220 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 0 24 theme O-GlcNAc 50:57 arg1 modification 59:70 O-GlcNAc modification 50:70 O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866 50:81 Hypertonic stress modulates eNOS function through O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866. 34050207 7 25 theme protein 886:892 arg1 levels 894:899 eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels 872:899 eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels 872:899 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 3 26 theme Thr866 398:403 arg1 site 405:408 the Thr866 site 394:408 the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors 394:461 However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. 34050207 1 27 theme oxide 201:205 arg1 synthase 207:214 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 182:214 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 182:221 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 1 27 theme oxide 201:205 arg1 eNOS 217:220 eNOS 217:220 eNOS 217:220 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 8 28 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1208:1226 arg1 OGT 1250:1252 OGT 1250:1252 OGT 1250:1252 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 8 28 theme N-acetylglucosamine 1208:1226 arg1 transferase 1237:1247 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase 1199:1247 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 1199:1253 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 5 29 theme hydrogen 627:634 arg1 peroxide 636:643 hydrogen peroxide 627:643 hydrogen peroxide 627:643 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 6 30 theme expression 764:773 arg1 levels 775:780 the expression levels 760:780 the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc 760:797 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 1 31 theme synthase 207:214 arg1 activity 170:177 the activity 166:177 the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 166:221 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 0 32 theme Hypertonic 0:9 arg1 stress 11:16 Hypertonic stress 0:16 Hypertonic stress 0:16 Hypertonic stress modulates eNOS function through O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866. 34050207 7 33 theme eNOS 872:875 arg1 levels 894:899 eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels 872:899 eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels 872:899 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 6 34 theme low 813:815 arg1 pH 817:818 low pH 813:818 low pH 813:818 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 8 35 theme O-linked 1199:1206 arg1 GlcNAc 1229:1234 GlcNAc 1229:1234 GlcNAc 1229:1234 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 8 35 theme O-linked 1199:1206 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 1208:1226 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 1199:1226 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 1199:1253 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 0 36 theme eNOS 28:31 arg1 function 33:40 eNOS function 28:40 eNOS function 28:40 Hypertonic stress modulates eNOS function through O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866. 34050207 7 37 theme O-GlcNAc 877:884 arg1 levels 894:899 eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels 872:899 eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels 872:899 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 2 38 theme O-GlcNAc 319:326 arg1 regulation 300:309 low-glucose-mediated regulation 279:309 low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc 279:326 Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. 34050207 7 39 theme Thr866 1031:1036 arg1 site 1038:1041 the Thr866 site 1027:1041 the Thr866 site 1027:1041 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 1 40 theme posttranslational 121:137 arg1 modification 139:150 an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification 101:150 an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification 101:150 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 1 40 theme posttranslational 121:137 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 84:98 O-GlcNAcylation 84:98 O-GlcNAcylation 84:98 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 4 41 theme Thr866 563:568 arg1 site 570:573 its Thr866 site 559:573 its Thr866 site 559:573 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 8 42 link O-linked 1199:1206 arg1 GlcNAc 1229:1234 GlcNAc 1229:1234 GlcNAc 1229:1234 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 8 42 link O-linked 1199:1206 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 1208:1226 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 1199:1226 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 1199:1253 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 9 43 theme hypertonic 1394:1403 arg1 stress 1405:1410 hypertonic stress 1394:1410 hypertonic stress 1394:1410 When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed. 34050207 8 44 theme transferase 1237:1247 arg1 expression 1185:1194 the expression 1181:1194 the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK 1181:1281 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 3 45 theme other 427:431 arg1 factors 455:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. 34050207 0 46 from Thr-866 75:81 arg1 modification 59:70 O-GlcNAc modification 50:70 O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866 50:81 Hypertonic stress modulates eNOS function through O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866. 34050207 8 47 theme hypertonic 1148:1157 arg1 stress 1159:1164 hypertonic stress 1148:1164 hypertonic stress 1148:1164 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 5 48 theme alcohol 734:740 arg1 hypoxia 707:713 hypoxia 707:713 hypoxia 707:713 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 5 48 theme alcohol 734:740 arg1 levels 724:729 high levels 719:729 high levels of alcohol 719:740 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 4 49 theme factors 530:536 arg1 effects 497:503 the effects 493:503 the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site 493:573 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 3 50 theme chemical 446:453 arg1 factors 455:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 other physical and chemical factors 427:461 However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. 34050207 8 51 theme hypertonic 1076:1085 arg1 stress 1087:1092 hypertonic stress 1076:1092 hypertonic stress 1076:1092 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 3 52 theme concomitant 410:420 arg1 site 405:408 the Thr866 site 394:408 the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors 394:461 However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. 34050207 2 53 theme Previous 224:231 arg1 studies 233:239 Previous studies 224:239 Previous studies 224:239 Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. 34050207 9 54 theme modifications 1369:1381 arg1 upregulation 1315:1326 the upregulation 1311:1326 the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress 1311:1410 When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed. 34050207 7 55 theme hypertonic 954:963 arg1 conditions 965:974 hypertonic conditions 954:974 hypertonic conditions 954:974 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 4 56 theme eNOS 541:544 arg1 O-GlcNAc 546:553 eNOS O-GlcNAc 541:553 eNOS O-GlcNAc 541:553 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 5 57 theme eNOS 684:687 arg1 O-GlcNAc 689:696 eNOS O-GlcNAc 684:696 eNOS O-GlcNAc 684:696 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 6 58 theme O-GlcNAc 790:797 arg1 levels 775:780 the expression levels 760:780 the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc 760:797 on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. 34050207 1 59 theme energy-sensitive 104:119 arg1 modification 139:150 an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification 101:150 an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification 101:150 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 1 59 theme energy-sensitive 104:119 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 84:98 O-GlcNAcylation 84:98 O-GlcNAcylation 84:98 O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 34050207 5 60 theme O-GlcNAc 689:696 arg1 levels 674:679 the expression levels 659:679 the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc 659:696 In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. 34050207 2 61 theme key 266:268 arg1 Thr866 252:257 Thr866 252:257 Thr866 252:257 Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. 34050207 2 61 theme key 266:268 arg1 site 270:273 the key site 262:273 the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc 262:326 Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. 34050207 8 62 theme stress 1087:1092 arg1 mechanism 1063:1071 the mechanism 1059:1071 the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function 1059:1131 Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. 34050207 4 63 theme physical 508:515 arg1 factors 530:536 physical and chemical factors 508:536 physical and chemical factors 508:536 Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. 34050207 7 64 theme site 929:932 arg1 mutation 934:941 Thr866 site mutation 922:941 Thr866 site mutation 922:941 Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. 34050207 9 65 theme OGT 1331:1333 arg1 expression 1335:1344 OGT expression 1331:1344 OGT expression 1331:1344 When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed. 33624753 9 0 theme salt 1755:1758 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 4 1 theme semaphorin/plexin 617:633 arg1 pairs 635:639 semaphorin/plexin pairs 617:639 semaphorin/plexin pairs 617:639 Here, we surveyed genomics data from 22 choanoflagellate species and detected semaphorin/plexin pairs in 16 species. 33624753 5 2 theme several 704:710 arg1 features 719:726 several domain features 704:726 several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 704:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 8 3 from changes 1473:1479 arg1 segment 1486:1492 a segment 1484:1492 a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1484:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 2 4 from present 221:227 arg1 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 2 4 from present 221:227 arg1 class 252:256 a class 250:256 a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa 250:349 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 9 5 theme semaphorins 1581:1591 arg1 absence 1570:1576 The absence 1566:1576 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species 1566:1639 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 2 6 theme flagellates 287:297 arg1 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 2 6 theme flagellates 287:297 arg1 class 252:256 a class 250:256 a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa 250:349 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 10 7 theme multicellular 1917:1929 arg1 organisms 1931:1939 unicellular and multicellular organisms 1901:1939 unicellular and multicellular organisms 1901:1939 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 33624753 5 8 theme potential 935:943 arg1 site 945:948 a potential site 933:948 a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 933:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 8 theme potential 935:943 arg1 domain 918:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain 885:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 885:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 8 theme potential 935:943 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 8 9 theme conserved 1334:1342 arg1 architecture 1355:1366 a highly conserved structural architecture 1325:1366 a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 1325:1395 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 2 10 theme phylogenetic 314:325 arg1 group 334:338 the phylogenetic sister group 310:338 the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa 310:349 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 5 11 theme variable 887:894 arg1 site 945:948 a potential site 933:948 a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 933:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 11 theme variable 887:894 arg1 domain 918:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain 885:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 885:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 11 theme variable 887:894 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 12 theme N-terminal 777:786 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 12 theme N-terminal 777:786 arg1 domain 795:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain 774:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization 774:840 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 8 13 theme Three-dimensional 1281:1297 arg1 models 1309:1314 Three-dimensional molecular models 1281:1314 Three-dimensional molecular models 1281:1314 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 8 14 theme Ras-GAP 1550:1556 arg1 domain 1558:1563 the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1532:1563 the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1532:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 8 15 theme choanoflagellate 1371:1386 arg1 Plexin-1 1388:1395 choanoflagellate Plexin-1 1371:1395 choanoflagellate Plexin-1 1371:1395 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 2 16 theme unicellular 261:271 arg1 flagellates 287:297 unicellular heterotrophic flagellates 261:297 unicellular heterotrophic flagellates 261:297 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 5 17 theme SEA 984:986 arg1 domain 988:993 a SEA domain 982:993 a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 982:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 17 theme SEA 984:986 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 3 18 theme Several 352:358 arg1 members 360:366 Several members 352:366 Several members of choanoflagellates 352:387 Several members of choanoflagellates are capable of forming transient colonies, whereas others reside solitary inside exoskeletons; their molecular diversity is only beginning to emerge. 33624753 5 19 theme dimer 822:826 arg1 stabilization 828:840 dimer stabilization 822:840 dimer stabilization 822:840 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 9 20 theme choanoflagellate 1616:1631 arg1 species 1633:1639 several choanoflagellate species 1608:1639 several choanoflagellate species 1608:1639 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 0 21 from Diversity 14:22 arg1 Choanoflagellates 54:70 Choanoflagellates 54:70 Choanoflagellates 54:70 Evolution and Diversity of Semaphorins and Plexins in Choanoflagellates. 33624753 1 22 theme metazoan 176:183 arg1 cells 185:189 metazoan cells 176:189 metazoan cells 176:189 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 0 23 from Evolution 0:8 arg1 Choanoflagellates 54:70 Choanoflagellates 54:70 Choanoflagellates 54:70 Evolution and Diversity of Semaphorins and Plexins in Choanoflagellates. 33624753 1 24 theme surface 106:112 arg1 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 1 24 theme surface 106:112 arg1 proteins 130:137 cell surface ligand/receptor proteins 101:137 cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells 101:189 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 1 24 theme surface 106:112 arg1 plexins 89:95 plexins 89:95 plexins 89:95 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 2 25 from Choanoflagellata 232:247 arg1 present 221:227 present 221:227 present 221:227 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 8 26 theme predicted 1448:1456 arg1 changes 1473:1479 similar predicted conformational changes 1440:1479 similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1440:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 2 27 attach present 221:227 arg2 they 207:210 they 207:210 they 207:210 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 2 27 attach present 221:227 arg1 class 252:256 a class 250:256 a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa 250:349 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 2 27 attach present 221:227 arg1 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 3 28 theme transient 412:420 arg1 colonies 422:429 transient colonies 412:429 transient colonies 412:429 Several members of choanoflagellates are capable of forming transient colonies, whereas others reside solitary inside exoskeletons; their molecular diversity is only beginning to emerge. 33624753 3 29 theme solitary 454:461 arg1 exoskeletons 470:481 solitary inside exoskeletons 454:481 solitary inside exoskeletons 454:481 Several members of choanoflagellates are capable of forming transient colonies, whereas others reside solitary inside exoskeletons; their molecular diversity is only beginning to emerge. 33624753 4 30 from species 596:602 arg1 data 566:569 genomics data 557:569 genomics data from 22 choanoflagellate species 557:602 Here, we surveyed genomics data from 22 choanoflagellate species and detected semaphorin/plexin pairs in 16 species. 33624753 9 31 theme unicellular 1674:1684 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 9 31 theme unicellular 1674:1684 arg1 factors 1726:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors 1674:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment 1674:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 9 32 theme colonial 1693:1700 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 9 32 theme colonial 1693:1700 arg1 factors 1726:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors 1674:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment 1674:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 1 33 theme cytoskeletal 151:162 arg1 dynamics 164:171 cytoskeletal dynamics 151:171 cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells 151:189 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 0 34 theme Semaphorins 27:37 arg1 Diversity 14:22 Diversity 14:22 Diversity 14:22 Evolution and Diversity of Semaphorins and Plexins in Choanoflagellates. 33624753 0 34 theme Semaphorins 27:37 arg1 Evolution 0:8 Evolution 0:8 Evolution 0:8 Evolution and Diversity of Semaphorins and Plexins in Choanoflagellates. 33624753 9 35 from absence 1570:1576 arg1 species 1633:1639 several choanoflagellate species 1608:1639 several choanoflagellate species 1608:1639 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 6 36 theme domain 1087:1092 arg1 identical 1122:1130 identical 1122:1130 identical 1122:1130 In contrast, choanoflagellate plexins (Plexin-1) harbor a domain arrangement that is largely identical to metazoan plexins. 33624753 6 36 theme domain 1087:1092 arg1 arrangement 1094:1104 a domain arrangement 1085:1104 a domain arrangement that is largely identical to metazoan plexins 1085:1150 In contrast, choanoflagellate plexins (Plexin-1) harbor a domain arrangement that is largely identical to metazoan plexins. 33624753 7 37 theme short 1195:1199 arg1 motif 1212:1216 a short homologous motif 1193:1216 a short homologous motif 1193:1216 Both Sema-FN1 and Plexin-1 also contain a short homologous motif near the C-terminus, likely associated with a shared function. 33624753 2 38 located present 221:227 arg1 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Choanoflagellata 232:247 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 2 38 located present 221:227 arg1 class 252:256 a class 250:256 a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa 250:349 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 2 38 located present 221:227 arg2 they 207:210 they 207:210 they 207:210 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 5 39 contain contain 696:702 arg2 features 719:726 several domain features 704:726 several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 704:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 39 contain contain 696:702 arg1 Sema-FN1 686:693 Sema-FN1 686:693 Sema-FN1 686:693 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 39 contain contain 696:702 arg1 semaphorins 673:683 Choanoflagellate semaphorins 656:683 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) 656:694 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 10 40 theme semaphorin/plexin 1835:1851 arg1 proteins 1853:1860 semaphorin/plexin proteins 1835:1860 semaphorin/plexin proteins 1835:1860 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 33624753 9 41 theme water 1760:1764 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 5 42 theme domain 712:717 arg1 features 719:726 several domain features 704:726 several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 704:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 10 43 theme cytoskeletal 1876:1887 arg1 dynamics 1889:1896 cytoskeletal dynamics 1876:1896 cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms 1876:1939 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 33624753 5 44 theme fibronectin 855:865 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 8 45 theme molecular 1299:1307 arg1 models 1309:1314 Three-dimensional molecular models 1281:1314 Three-dimensional molecular models 1281:1314 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 0 46 theme Plexins 43:49 arg1 Diversity 14:22 Diversity 14:22 Diversity 14:22 Evolution and Diversity of Semaphorins and Plexins in Choanoflagellates. 33624753 0 46 theme Plexins 43:49 arg1 Evolution 0:8 Evolution 0:8 Evolution 0:8 Evolution and Diversity of Semaphorins and Plexins in Choanoflagellates. 33624753 2 47 theme sister 327:332 arg1 group 334:338 the phylogenetic sister group 310:338 the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa 310:349 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 8 48 theme intracellular 1536:1548 arg1 domain 1558:1563 the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1532:1563 the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1532:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 5 49 theme serine/threonine-rich 896:916 arg1 site 945:948 a potential site 933:948 a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 933:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 49 theme serine/threonine-rich 896:916 arg1 domain 918:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain 885:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 885:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 49 theme serine/threonine-rich 896:916 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 8 50 theme domain 1558:1563 arg1 activation 1518:1527 the activation 1514:1527 the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1514:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 8 51 theme structural 1344:1353 arg1 architecture 1355:1366 a highly conserved structural architecture 1325:1366 a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 1325:1395 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 5 52 theme distinct 728:735 arg1 features 719:726 several domain features 704:726 several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 704:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 1 53 theme ligand/receptor 114:128 arg1 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 1 53 theme ligand/receptor 114:128 arg1 proteins 130:137 cell surface ligand/receptor proteins 101:137 cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells 101:189 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 1 53 theme ligand/receptor 114:128 arg1 plexins 89:95 plexins 89:95 plexins 89:95 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 5 54 theme metazoan 742:749 arg1 domain 918:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain 885:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 885:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 54 theme metazoan 742:749 arg1 domain 988:993 a SEA domain 982:993 a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 982:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 54 theme metazoan 742:749 arg1 semaphorins 751:761 metazoan semaphorins 742:761 metazoan semaphorins 742:761 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 54 theme metazoan 742:749 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 54 theme metazoan 742:749 arg1 domain 795:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain 774:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization 774:840 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 54 theme metazoan 742:749 arg1 array 846:850 an array 843:850 an array of fibronectin type III domains 843:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 2 55 theme heterotrophic 273:285 arg1 flagellates 287:297 unicellular heterotrophic flagellates 261:297 unicellular heterotrophic flagellates 261:297 Interestingly, they are also present in Choanoflagellata, a class of unicellular heterotrophic flagellates that forms the phylogenetic sister group to Metazoa. 33624753 9 56 theme plexins 1597:1603 arg1 absence 1570:1576 The absence 1566:1576 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species 1566:1639 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 8 57 theme Plexin-1 1388:1395 arg1 architecture 1355:1366 a highly conserved structural architecture 1325:1366 a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 1325:1395 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 9 58 theme several 1608:1614 arg1 species 1633:1639 several choanoflagellate species 1608:1639 several choanoflagellate species 1608:1639 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 10 59 from dynamics 1889:1896 arg1 organisms 1931:1939 unicellular and multicellular organisms 1901:1939 unicellular and multicellular organisms 1901:1939 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 33624753 7 60 theme shared 1264:1269 arg1 function 1271:1278 a shared function 1262:1278 a shared function 1262:1278 Both Sema-FN1 and Plexin-1 also contain a short homologous motif near the C-terminus, likely associated with a shared function. 33624753 5 61 theme O-linked 954:961 arg1 glycosylation 963:975 O-linked glycosylation 954:975 O-linked glycosylation 954:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 8 62 theme metazoan 1412:1419 arg1 changes 1473:1479 similar predicted conformational changes 1440:1479 similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1440:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 8 62 theme metazoan 1412:1419 arg1 plexins 1421:1427 metazoan plexins 1412:1427 metazoan plexins 1412:1427 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 7 63 contain contain 1185:1191 arg1 Plexin-1 1171:1178 Plexin-1 1171:1178 Plexin-1 1171:1178 Both Sema-FN1 and Plexin-1 also contain a short homologous motif near the C-terminus, likely associated with a shared function. 33624753 7 63 contain contain 1185:1191 arg1 Sema-FN1 1158:1165 Sema-FN1 1158:1165 Sema-FN1 1158:1165 Both Sema-FN1 and Plexin-1 also contain a short homologous motif near the C-terminus, likely associated with a shared function. 33624753 7 63 contain contain 1185:1191 arg2 motif 1212:1216 a short homologous motif 1193:1216 a short homologous motif 1193:1216 Both Sema-FN1 and Plexin-1 also contain a short homologous motif near the C-terminus, likely associated with a shared function. 33624753 5 64 theme Reeler 788:793 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 64 theme Reeler 788:793 arg1 domain 795:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain 774:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization 774:840 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 10 65 theme unicellular 1901:1911 arg1 organisms 1931:1939 unicellular and multicellular organisms 1901:1939 unicellular and multicellular organisms 1901:1939 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 33624753 6 66 theme choanoflagellate 1042:1057 arg1 plexins 1059:1065 choanoflagellate plexins 1042:1065 choanoflagellate plexins (Plexin-1) 1042:1076 In contrast, choanoflagellate plexins (Plexin-1) harbor a domain arrangement that is largely identical to metazoan plexins. 33624753 6 66 theme choanoflagellate 1042:1057 arg1 Plexin-1 1068:1075 Plexin-1 1068:1075 Plexin-1 1068:1075 In contrast, choanoflagellate plexins (Plexin-1) harbor a domain arrangement that is largely identical to metazoan plexins. 33624753 1 67 from dynamics 164:171 arg1 cells 185:189 metazoan cells 176:189 metazoan cells 176:189 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 6 68 theme metazoan 1135:1142 arg1 plexins 1144:1150 metazoan plexins 1135:1150 metazoan plexins 1135:1150 In contrast, choanoflagellate plexins (Plexin-1) harbor a domain arrangement that is largely identical to metazoan plexins. 33624753 3 69 theme choanoflagellates 371:387 arg1 members 360:366 Several members 352:366 Several members of choanoflagellates 352:387 Several members of choanoflagellates are capable of forming transient colonies, whereas others reside solitary inside exoskeletons; their molecular diversity is only beginning to emerge. 33624753 8 70 theme similar 1440:1446 arg1 changes 1473:1479 similar predicted conformational changes 1440:1479 similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1440:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 5 71 theme type 867:870 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 4 72 theme choanoflagellate 579:594 arg1 species 596:602 22 choanoflagellate species 576:602 22 choanoflagellate species 576:602 Here, we surveyed genomics data from 22 choanoflagellate species and detected semaphorin/plexin pairs in 16 species. 33624753 8 73 theme conformational 1458:1471 arg1 changes 1473:1479 similar predicted conformational changes 1440:1479 similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain 1440:1563 Three-dimensional molecular models revealed a highly conserved structural architecture of choanoflagellate Plexin-1 as compared to metazoan plexins, including similar predicted conformational changes in a segment that is involved in the activation of the intracellular Ras-GAP domain. 33624753 3 74 theme inside 463:468 arg1 exoskeletons 470:481 solitary inside exoskeletons 454:481 solitary inside exoskeletons 454:481 Several members of choanoflagellates are capable of forming transient colonies, whereas others reside solitary inside exoskeletons; their molecular diversity is only beginning to emerge. 33624753 5 75 theme domains 876:882 arg1 site 945:948 a potential site 933:948 a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 933:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 75 theme domains 876:882 arg1 domain 918:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain 885:923 a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation 885:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 75 theme domains 876:882 arg1 domain 988:993 a SEA domain 982:993 a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis 982:1026 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 75 theme domains 876:882 arg1 domains 876:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 fibronectin type III domains 855:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 75 theme domains 876:882 arg1 domain 795:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain 774:800 an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization 774:840 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 75 theme domains 876:882 arg1 array 846:850 an array 843:850 an array of fibronectin type III domains 843:882 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 76 link O-linked 954:961 arg1 glycosylation 963:975 O-linked glycosylation 954:975 O-linked glycosylation 954:975 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 77 theme Choanoflagellate 656:671 arg1 Sema-FN1 686:693 Sema-FN1 686:693 Sema-FN1 686:693 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 5 77 theme Choanoflagellate 656:671 arg1 semaphorins 673:683 Choanoflagellate semaphorins 656:683 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) 656:694 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 1 78 theme cell 101:104 arg1 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins 73:83 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 1 78 theme cell 101:104 arg1 proteins 130:137 cell surface ligand/receptor proteins 101:137 cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells 101:189 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 1 78 theme cell 101:104 arg1 plexins 89:95 plexins 89:95 plexins 89:95 Semaphorins and plexins are cell surface ligand/receptor proteins that affect cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. 33624753 7 79 theme homologous 1201:1210 arg1 motif 1212:1216 a short homologous motif 1193:1216 a short homologous motif 1193:1216 Both Sema-FN1 and Plexin-1 also contain a short homologous motif near the C-terminus, likely associated with a shared function. 33624753 9 80 theme lifestyle 1702:1710 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 9 80 theme lifestyle 1702:1710 arg1 factors 1726:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors 1674:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment 1674:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 4 81 theme genomics 557:564 arg1 data 566:569 genomics data 557:569 genomics data from 22 choanoflagellate species 557:602 Here, we surveyed genomics data from 22 choanoflagellate species and detected semaphorin/plexin pairs in 16 species. 33624753 3 82 theme molecular 490:498 arg1 diversity 500:508 their molecular diversity 484:508 their molecular diversity 484:508 Several members of choanoflagellates are capable of forming transient colonies, whereas others reside solitary inside exoskeletons; their molecular diversity is only beginning to emerge. 33624753 9 83 theme ecological 1715:1724 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 9 83 theme ecological 1715:1724 arg1 factors 1726:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors 1674:1732 unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment 1674:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 10 84 theme conserved 1812:1820 arg1 mechanism 1822:1830 a conserved mechanism 1810:1830 a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins 1810:1860 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 33624753 5 85 from semaphorins 751:761 arg1 distinct 728:735 distinct 728:735 distinct 728:735 Choanoflagellate semaphorins (Sema-FN1) contain several domain features distinct from metazoan semaphorins, including an N-terminal Reeler domain that may facilitate dimer stabilization, an array of fibronectin type III domains, a variable serine/threonine-rich domain that is a potential site for O-linked glycosylation, and a SEA domain that can undergo autoproteolysis. 33624753 9 86 theme fresh 1742:1746 arg1 environment 1766:1776 fresh versus salt water environment 1742:1776 environment 1766:1776 The absence of semaphorins and plexins in several choanoflagellate species did not appear to correlate with unicellular versus colonial lifestyle or ecological factors such as fresh versus salt water environment. 33624753 10 87 theme proteins 1853:1860 arg1 mechanism 1822:1830 a conserved mechanism 1810:1830 a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins 1810:1860 Together, our findings support a conserved mechanism of semaphorin/plexin proteins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 34152647 5 0 theme misfolded 736:744 arg1 proteins 746:753 terminally misfolded proteins 725:753 terminally misfolded proteins 725:753 Demannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. 34152647 2 1 from compartment 227:237 arg1 cells 253:257 eukaryotic cells 242:257 eukaryotic cells 242:257 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 2 1 from compartment 227:237 arg1 reticulum 276:284 the endoplasmic reticulum 260:284 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 260:289 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 4 2 theme ER-to-lysosome-associated 625:649 arg1 ERLAD 664:668 ERLAD 664:668 ERLAD 664:668 Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD). 34152647 4 2 theme ER-to-lysosome-associated 625:649 arg1 degradation 651:661 ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation 625:661 ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) 625:669 Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD). 34152647 8 3 theme glucose 1131:1137 arg1 events 1178:1183 triggering events 1167:1183 triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells 1167:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 3 theme glucose 1131:1137 arg1 processing 1139:1148 mannose and glucose processing 1119:1148 mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans 1119:1161 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 7 4 theme FAM134B-driven 1059:1072 arg1 delivery 1084:1091 FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery 1059:1091 FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery 1059:1091 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 8 5 from proteins 1207:1214 arg1 ER 1223:1224 the ER 1219:1224 the ER 1219:1224 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 6 theme N-glycans 1153:1161 arg1 events 1178:1183 triggering events 1167:1183 triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells 1167:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 6 theme N-glycans 1153:1161 arg1 processing 1139:1148 mannose and glucose processing 1119:1148 mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans 1119:1161 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 7 7 theme misfolded 1036:1044 arg1 proteins 1046:1053 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 1021:1053 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 1021:1053 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 7 8 theme persistent 942:951 arg1 association 953:963 selected N-glycans and persistent association 919:963 selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) 919:983 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 3 9 from proteins 333:340 arg1 ER 349:350 the ER 345:350 the ER 345:350 Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD). 34152647 8 10 theme lysosomal 1252:1260 arg1 clearance 1270:1278 lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance 1252:1278 lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance 1252:1278 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 5 11 theme N-linked 691:698 arg1 oligosaccharides 700:715 N-linked oligosaccharides 691:715 N-linked oligosaccharides 691:715 Demannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. 34152647 1 12 theme Efficient 105:113 arg1 degradation 115:125 Efficient degradation 105:125 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis 105:162 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. 34152647 7 13 theme association 953:963 arg1 de-/re-glucosylation 895:914 de-/re-glucosylation 895:914 de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) 895:983 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 8 14 theme quality 1314:1320 arg1 control 1322:1328 protein quality control 1306:1328 protein quality control in eukaryotic cells 1306:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 3 15 theme proteasomal 388:398 arg1 degradation 400:410 proteasomal degradation 388:410 proteasomal degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD) 388:447 Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD). 34152647 4 16 theme biosynthetic 525:536 arg1 compartment 538:548 the biosynthetic compartment 521:548 the biosynthetic compartment 521:548 Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD). 34152647 5 17 theme oligosaccharides 700:715 arg1 Demannosylation 672:686 Demannosylation 672:686 Demannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides 672:715 Demannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. 34152647 7 18 theme N-glycans 928:936 arg1 association 953:963 selected N-glycans and persistent association 919:963 selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) 919:983 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 8 19 theme protein 1306:1312 arg1 control 1322:1328 protein quality control 1306:1328 protein quality control in eukaryotic cells 1306:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 20 theme ERLAD 1263:1267 arg1 clearance 1270:1278 lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance 1252:1278 lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance 1252:1278 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 7 21 theme ERAD-resistant 1021:1034 arg1 proteins 1046:1053 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 1021:1053 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 1021:1053 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 5 22 link N-linked 691:698 arg1 oligosaccharides 700:715 N-linked oligosaccharides 691:715 N-linked oligosaccharides 691:715 Demannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. 34152647 0 23 theme N-glycan 0:7 arg1 processing 9:18 N-glycan processing 0:18 N-glycan processing 0:18 N-glycan processing selects ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation. 34152647 4 24 theme ER-phagy 602:609 arg1 receptors 611:619 ER-phagy receptors 602:619 ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) 602:669 Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD). 34152647 7 25 with association 953:963 arg1 CNX 980:982 CNX 980:982 CNX 980:982 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 7 25 with association 953:963 arg1 Calnexin 970:977 Calnexin 970:977 Calnexin (CNX) 970:983 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 1 26 theme by-products 130:140 arg1 degradation 115:125 Efficient degradation 105:125 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis 105:162 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. 34152647 3 27 theme ER-associated 416:428 arg1 ERAD 443:446 ERAD 443:446 ERAD 443:446 Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD). 34152647 3 27 theme ER-associated 416:428 arg1 degradation 430:440 ER-associated degradation 416:440 ER-associated degradation (ERAD) 416:447 Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD). 34152647 3 28 theme Misfolded 323:331 arg1 proteins 333:340 Misfolded proteins 323:340 Misfolded proteins in the ER 323:350 Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER-associated degradation (ERAD). 34152647 6 29 theme misfolded 769:777 arg1 proteins 779:786 misfolded proteins 769:786 misfolded proteins 769:786 How misfolded proteins are eventually marked for ERLAD is not known. 34152647 7 30 theme mutant 860:865 arg1 Pro-collagen 867:878 ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen 852:878 ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen 852:878 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 8 31 theme triggering 1167:1176 arg1 events 1178:1183 triggering events 1167:1183 triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells 1167:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 31 theme triggering 1167:1176 arg1 processing 1139:1148 mannose and glucose processing 1119:1148 mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans 1119:1161 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 1 32 theme protein 145:151 arg1 biogenesis 153:162 protein biogenesis 145:162 protein biogenesis 145:162 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. 34152647 8 33 theme eukaryotic 1333:1342 arg1 cells 1344:1348 eukaryotic cells 1333:1348 eukaryotic cells 1333:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 4 34 theme receptors 611:619 arg1 control 591:597 control 591:597 control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) 591:669 Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD). 34152647 4 35 theme ER 488:489 arg1 subdomains 491:500 ER subdomains 488:500 ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) 488:669 Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER-phagy receptors for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD). 34152647 7 36 theme de-/re-glucosylation 895:914 arg1 cycles 885:890 cycles 885:890 cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) 885:983 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 0 37 theme misfolded 43:51 arg1 proteins 53:60 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 28:60 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 28:60 N-glycan processing selects ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation. 34152647 7 38 theme ATZ 852:854 arg1 Pro-collagen 867:878 ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen 852:878 ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen 852:878 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 2 39 theme biosynthetic 214:225 arg1 compartment 227:237 the major biosynthetic compartment 204:237 the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 204:290 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 0 40 theme ERAD-resistant 28:41 arg1 proteins 53:60 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 28:60 ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins 28:60 N-glycan processing selects ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation. 34152647 0 41 theme ER-to-lysosome-associated 66:90 arg1 degradation 92:102 ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation 66:102 ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation 66:102 N-glycan processing selects ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation. 34152647 2 42 theme major 208:212 arg1 compartment 227:237 the major biosynthetic compartment 204:237 the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 204:290 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 8 43 from control 1322:1328 arg1 cells 1344:1348 eukaryotic cells 1333:1348 eukaryotic cells 1333:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 1 44 theme biogenesis 153:162 arg1 by-products 130:140 by-products 130:140 by-products of protein biogenesis 130:162 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. 34152647 8 45 theme misfolded 1197:1205 arg1 proteins 1207:1214 misfolded proteins 1197:1214 misfolded proteins in the ER 1197:1224 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 46 theme mannose 1119:1125 arg1 events 1178:1183 triggering events 1167:1183 triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells 1167:1348 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 8 46 theme mannose 1119:1125 arg1 processing 1139:1148 mannose and glucose processing 1119:1148 mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans 1119:1161 In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N-glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells. 34152647 2 47 theme endoplasmic 264:274 arg1 cells 253:257 eukaryotic cells 242:257 eukaryotic cells 242:257 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 2 47 theme endoplasmic 264:274 arg1 ER 287:288 ER 287:288 ER 287:288 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 2 47 theme endoplasmic 264:274 arg1 reticulum 276:284 the endoplasmic reticulum 260:284 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 260:289 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 2 48 theme degradative 298:308 arg1 machineries 310:320 degradative machineries 298:320 degradative machineries 298:320 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 1 49 theme cellular 174:181 arg1 fitness 183:189 cellular fitness 174:189 cellular fitness 174:189 Efficient degradation of by-products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. 34152647 7 50 theme selected 919:926 arg1 association 953:963 selected N-glycans and persistent association 919:963 selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) 919:983 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 2 51 theme eukaryotic 242:251 arg1 cells 253:257 eukaryotic cells 242:257 eukaryotic cells 242:257 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 2 51 theme eukaryotic 242:251 arg1 reticulum 276:284 the endoplasmic reticulum 260:284 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 260:289 Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. 34152647 7 52 theme lysosomal 1074:1082 arg1 delivery 1084:1091 FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery 1059:1091 FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery 1059:1091 Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro-collagen that cycles of de-/re-glucosylation of selected N-glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B-driven lysosomal delivery. 34152647 5 53 gly Demannosylation 672:686 arg1 oligosaccharides 700:715 N-linked oligosaccharides 691:715 N-linked oligosaccharides 691:715 Demannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. 34021724 8 0 theme product 1563:1569 arg1 attributes 1579:1588 other product quality attributes 1557:1588 other product quality attributes 1557:1588 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 3 1 theme monoclonal 508:517 arg1 mAb 529:531 mAb 529:531 mAb 529:531 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 1 theme monoclonal 508:517 arg1 antibody 519:526 monoclonal antibody 508:526 a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 506:532 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 6 2 theme glutamine 1138:1146 arg1 concentration 1148:1160 glutamine concentration 1138:1160 glutamine concentration 1138:1160 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 3 theme amino 1223:1227 arg1 sugars 1229:1234 amino sugars 1223:1234 amino sugars 1223:1234 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 1 4 theme safety 295:300 arg1 comparability 274:286 the favorable comparability 260:286 the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product 260:346 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 10 5 from content 1857:1863 arg1 mAbs 1899:1902 their innovator mAbs 1883:1902 their innovator mAbs 1883:1902 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 5 from content 1857:1863 arg1 biosimilar 1868:1877 biosimilar 1868:1877 biosimilar 1868:1877 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 9 6 theme secondary 1608:1616 arg1 interaction 1618:1628 a secondary interaction 1606:1628 a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality 1606:1692 Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. 34021724 7 7 theme process 1260:1266 arg1 conditions 1268:1277 The process conditions 1256:1277 The process conditions evaluated 1256:1287 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 6 8 theme sugars 1212:1217 arg1 addition 1172:1179 monensin addition 1163:1179 monensin addition 1163:1179 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 8 theme sugars 1212:1217 arg1 osmolality 1089:1098 osmolality 1089:1098 osmolality 1089:1098 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 8 theme sugars 1212:1217 arg1 concentration 1148:1160 glutamine concentration 1138:1160 glutamine concentration 1138:1160 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 8 theme sugars 1212:1217 arg1 addition 1190:1197 the addition 1186:1197 the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium 1186:1253 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 8 theme sugars 1212:1217 arg1 addition 1128:1135 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 1 9 theme regulatory 199:208 arg1 approval 210:217 The regulatory approval 195:217 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product 195:241 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 1 9 theme regulatory 199:208 arg1 contingent 246:255 contingent 246:255 contingent 246:255 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 0 10 link N-linked 37:44 arg1 glycosylation 46:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 0 11 theme cell-mediated 131:143 arg1 cytotoxicity 145:156 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 112:156 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar 112:192 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 3 12 theme function 557:564 arg1 cytotoxicity 618:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 585:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 585:636 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 12 theme function 557:564 arg1 activities 566:575 effector function activities 548:575 effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity 548:674 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 12 theme function 557:564 arg1 cytotoxicity 663:674 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 642:674 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 642:674 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 1 13 theme biosimilar 224:233 arg1 product 235:241 a biosimilar product 222:241 a biosimilar product 222:241 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 7 14 theme process 1320:1326 arg1 performance 1328:1338 process performance 1320:1338 process performance 1320:1338 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 10 15 theme amino 1768:1772 arg1 osmolality 1799:1808 osmolality 1799:1808 osmolality 1799:1808 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 15 theme amino 1768:1772 arg1 variables 1823:1831 critical variables 1814:1831 critical variables 1814:1831 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 15 theme amino 1768:1772 arg1 concentrations 1780:1793 amino sugar concentrations 1768:1793 amino sugar concentrations 1768:1793 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 8 16 theme alternate 1392:1400 arg1 sugars 1402:1407 alternate sugars 1392:1407 alternate sugars 1392:1407 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 4 17 theme high-mannose 728:739 arg1 levels 746:751 the high-mannose (HM) levels 724:751 the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 724:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 3 18 theme antibody-dependent 585:602 arg1 ADCC 632:635 ADCC 632:635 ADCC 632:635 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 18 theme antibody-dependent 585:602 arg1 cytotoxicity 618:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 585:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 585:636 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 4 19 theme HM 742:743 arg1 levels 746:751 the high-mannose (HM) levels 724:751 the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 724:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 6 20 theme feed 1243:1246 arg1 medium 1248:1253 the feed medium 1239:1253 the feed medium 1239:1253 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 8 21 theme sugars 1419:1424 arg1 condition 1365:1373 One condition 1361:1373 One condition 1361:1373 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 8 21 theme sugars 1419:1424 arg1 addition 1380:1387 the addition 1376:1387 the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium 1376:1439 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 6 22 theme cell 971:974 arg1 process 984:990 Several cell culture process 963:990 Several cell culture process 963:990 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 9 23 theme process 1714:1720 arg1 scale-up 1722:1729 process scale-up 1714:1729 process scale-up 1714:1729 Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. 34021724 8 24 theme feed 1429:1432 arg1 medium 1434:1439 feed medium 1429:1439 feed medium 1429:1439 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 0 25 theme culture 73:79 arg1 process 81:87 cell culture process 68:87 cell culture process 68:87 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 5 26 theme ADCC 888:891 arg1 activity 893:900 impact ADCC activity 881:900 impact ADCC activity 881:900 Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. 34021724 0 27 from Modulation 0:9 arg1 glycosylation 46:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 4 28 theme mAb 769:771 arg1 levels 746:751 the high-mannose (HM) levels 724:751 the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 724:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 6 29 dep modulate 1017:1024 arg1 investigated 1065:1076 investigated 1065:1076 investigated 1065:1076 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 2 30 theme quality 396:402 arg1 attributes 404:413 the critical quality attributes 383:413 the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product 383:439 As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. 34021724 0 31 from levels 27:32 arg1 glycosylation 46:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 3 32 gly N-glycosylation 479:493 arg1 mAb 529:531 mAb 529:531 mAb 529:531 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 32 gly N-glycosylation 479:493 arg1 antibody 519:526 monoclonal antibody 508:526 a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 506:532 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 2 33 theme biosimilar 422:431 arg1 product 433:439 the biosimilar product 418:439 the biosimilar product 418:439 As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. 34021724 0 34 theme high 14:17 arg1 levels 27:32 high mannose levels 14:32 high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation 14:58 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 4 35 theme fed-batch 814:822 arg1 process 824:830 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 0 36 theme levels 27:32 arg1 Modulation 0:9 Modulation 0:9 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process 0:87 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 9 37 dep sugar 1638:1642 arg1 feeds 1673:1677 feeds 1673:1677 feeds 1673:1677 Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. 34021724 2 38 theme innovator 456:464 arg1 product 466:472 the innovator product 452:472 the innovator product 452:472 As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. 34021724 10 39 theme critical 1814:1821 arg1 osmolality 1799:1808 osmolality 1799:1808 osmolality 1799:1808 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 39 theme critical 1814:1821 arg1 variables 1823:1831 critical variables 1814:1831 critical variables 1814:1831 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 39 theme critical 1814:1821 arg1 concentrations 1780:1793 amino sugar concentrations 1768:1793 amino sugar concentrations 1768:1793 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 0 40 theme N-linked 37:44 arg1 glycosylation 46:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 N-linked glycosylation 37:58 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 1 41 theme innovator 330:338 arg1 product 340:346 the innovator product 326:346 the innovator product 326:346 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 8 42 theme minimal 1511:1517 arg1 disruptions 1519:1529 minimal disruptions 1511:1529 minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes 1511:1588 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 10 43 theme HM 1854:1855 arg1 content 1857:1863 HM content 1854:1863 HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs 1854:1902 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 4 44 theme Chinese 787:793 arg1 ovary 803:807 Chinese hamster ovary 787:807 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 4 45 theme ovary 803:807 arg1 process 824:830 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 3 46 theme antibody 519:526 arg1 profile 495:501 The N-glycosylation profile 475:501 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 475:532 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 7 47 theme HM 1309:1310 arg1 levels 1312:1317 HM levels 1309:1317 HM levels 1309:1317 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 6 48 theme N-glycosylation 1044:1058 arg1 content 1033:1039 the HM content 1026:1039 the HM content of N-glycosylation 1026:1058 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 8 49 theme other 1557:1561 arg1 attributes 1579:1588 other product quality attributes 1557:1588 other product quality attributes 1557:1588 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 6 50 theme sugars 1229:1234 arg1 addition 1172:1179 monensin addition 1163:1179 monensin addition 1163:1179 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 50 theme sugars 1229:1234 arg1 osmolality 1089:1098 osmolality 1089:1098 osmolality 1089:1098 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 50 theme sugars 1229:1234 arg1 concentration 1148:1160 glutamine concentration 1138:1160 glutamine concentration 1138:1160 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 50 theme sugars 1229:1234 arg1 addition 1190:1197 the addition 1186:1197 the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium 1186:1253 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 50 theme sugars 1229:1234 arg1 addition 1128:1135 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 8 51 theme quality 1571:1577 arg1 attributes 1579:1588 other product quality attributes 1557:1588 other product quality attributes 1557:1588 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 10 52 theme innovator 1889:1897 arg1 mAbs 1899:1902 their innovator mAbs 1883:1902 their innovator mAbs 1883:1902 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 6 53 theme alternate 1202:1210 arg1 sugars 1212:1217 alternate sugars 1202:1217 alternate sugars 1202:1217 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 5 54 theme mAb 861:863 arg1 level 848:852 the HM level 841:852 the HM level of the mAb 841:863 Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. 34021724 6 55 theme NH4 1120:1122 arg1 chloride 1110:1117 ammonium chloride 1101:1117 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 55 theme NH4 1120:1122 arg1 Cl 1124:1125 NH4 Cl 1120:1125 NH4 Cl 1120:1125 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 0 56 theme cytotoxicity 145:156 arg1 activity 158:165 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity 112:165 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar 112:192 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 3 57 theme effector 548:555 arg1 cytotoxicity 618:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 585:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 585:636 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 57 theme effector 548:555 arg1 activities 566:575 effector function activities 548:575 effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity 548:674 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 57 theme effector 548:555 arg1 cytotoxicity 663:674 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 642:674 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 642:674 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 9 58 theme amino 1648:1652 arg1 sugar 1654:1658 amino sugar 1648:1658 amino sugar 1648:1658 Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. 34021724 6 59 theme chloride 1110:1117 arg1 addition 1128:1135 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 3 60 theme cell-mediated 604:616 arg1 ADCC 632:635 ADCC 632:635 ADCC 632:635 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 3 60 theme cell-mediated 604:616 arg1 cytotoxicity 618:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 585:629 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 585:636 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 5 61 theme HM 845:846 arg1 level 848:852 the HM level 841:852 the HM level of the mAb 841:863 Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. 34021724 9 62 theme supplemented 1660:1671 arg1 sugar 1638:1642 sugar 1638:1642 sugar 1638:1642 Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. 34021724 8 63 theme sugars 1402:1407 arg1 condition 1365:1373 One condition 1361:1373 One condition 1361:1373 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 8 63 theme sugars 1402:1407 arg1 addition 1380:1387 the addition 1376:1387 the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium 1376:1439 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 0 64 theme antibody 174:181 arg1 biosimilar 183:192 an antibody biosimilar 171:192 an antibody biosimilar 171:192 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 8 65 theme amino 1413:1417 arg1 sugars 1419:1424 amino sugars 1413:1424 amino sugars 1413:1424 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 6 66 theme related 992:998 arg1 factors 1000:1006 Several cell culture process related factors 963:1006 Several cell culture process related factors 963:1006 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 67 theme monensin 1163:1170 arg1 addition 1172:1179 monensin addition 1163:1179 monensin addition 1163:1179 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 0 68 theme cell 68:71 arg1 process 81:87 cell culture process 68:87 cell culture process 68:87 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 6 69 theme culture 976:982 arg1 process 984:990 Several cell culture process 963:990 Several cell culture process 963:990 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 5 70 theme impact 881:886 arg1 activity 893:900 impact ADCC activity 881:900 impact ADCC activity 881:900 Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. 34021724 6 71 theme Several 963:969 arg1 process 984:990 Several cell culture process 963:990 Several cell culture process 963:990 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 7 72 theme product 1344:1350 arg1 quality 1352:1358 product quality 1344:1358 product quality 1344:1358 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 0 73 from glycosylation 46:58 arg1 Modulation 0:9 Modulation 0:9 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process 0:87 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 4 74 theme biosimilar 758:767 arg1 mAb 769:771 a biosimilar mAb 756:771 a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 756:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 0 75 theme antibody-dependent 112:129 arg1 cytotoxicity 145:156 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 112:156 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar 112:192 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 5 76 theme innovator 939:947 arg1 mAb 949:951 the innovator mAb's 935:953 the innovator mAb's levels 935:960 Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. 34021724 7 77 from impact 1299:1304 arg1 quality 1352:1358 product quality 1344:1358 product quality 1344:1358 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 7 77 from impact 1299:1304 arg1 levels 1312:1317 HM levels 1309:1317 HM levels 1309:1317 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 7 77 from impact 1299:1304 arg1 performance 1328:1338 process performance 1320:1338 process performance 1320:1338 The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. 34021724 8 78 theme preferred 1464:1472 arg1 condition 1365:1373 One condition 1361:1373 One condition 1361:1373 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 8 78 theme preferred 1464:1472 arg1 method 1474:1479 the preferred method 1460:1479 the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes 1460:1588 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 2 79 theme critical 387:394 arg1 attributes 404:413 the critical quality attributes 383:413 the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product 383:439 As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. 34021724 6 80 theme HM 1030:1031 arg1 content 1033:1039 the HM content 1026:1039 the HM content of N-glycosylation 1026:1058 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 0 81 theme mannose 19:25 arg1 levels 27:32 high mannose levels 14:32 high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation 14:58 Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. 34021724 1 82 theme efficacy 306:313 arg1 comparability 274:286 the favorable comparability 260:286 the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product 260:346 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 10 83 theme sugar 1774:1778 arg1 osmolality 1799:1808 osmolality 1799:1808 osmolality 1799:1808 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 83 theme sugar 1774:1778 arg1 variables 1823:1831 critical variables 1814:1831 critical variables 1814:1831 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 10 83 theme sugar 1774:1778 arg1 concentrations 1780:1793 amino sugar concentrations 1768:1793 amino sugar concentrations 1768:1793 These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs. 34021724 2 84 theme product 433:439 arg1 attributes 404:413 the critical quality attributes 383:413 the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product 383:439 As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. 34021724 8 85 theme HM 1496:1497 arg1 levels 1499:1504 HM levels 1496:1504 HM levels 1496:1504 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 1 86 theme product 235:241 arg1 approval 210:217 The regulatory approval 195:217 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product 195:241 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 1 86 theme product 235:241 arg1 contingent 246:255 contingent 246:255 contingent 246:255 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 34021724 3 87 theme complement-dependent 642:661 arg1 cytotoxicity 663:674 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 642:674 complement-dependent cytotoxicity 642:674 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 4 88 theme cell 809:812 arg1 process 824:830 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 6 89 theme ammonium 1101:1108 arg1 chloride 1110:1117 ammonium chloride 1101:1117 ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition 1101:1135 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 6 89 theme ammonium 1101:1108 arg1 Cl 1124:1125 NH4 Cl 1120:1125 NH4 Cl 1120:1125 Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. 34021724 8 90 theme process 1534:1540 arg1 performance 1542:1552 process performance 1534:1552 process performance 1534:1552 One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. 34021724 3 91 theme N-glycosylation 479:493 arg1 profile 495:501 The N-glycosylation profile 475:501 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 475:532 The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. 34021724 4 92 theme hamster 795:801 arg1 ovary 803:807 Chinese hamster ovary 787:807 a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process 785:830 In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. 34021724 1 93 theme favorable 264:272 arg1 comparability 274:286 the favorable comparability 260:286 the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product 260:346 The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. 33981677 7 0 theme magnetic 1372:1379 arg1 force 1381:1385 magnetic force 1372:1385 magnetic force 1372:1385 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 9 1 theme sample 1795:1800 arg1 time 1813:1816 the whole sample processing time 1785:1816 the whole sample processing time 1785:1816 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 10 2 theme N-glycosylation 1936:1950 arg1 profiling 1915:1923 large-scale profiling 1903:1923 large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples 1903:1967 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 7 3 theme aqueous 1243:1249 arg1 solution 1251:1258 an aqueous solution 1240:1258 an aqueous solution 1240:1258 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 3 4 theme protease 597:604 arg1 digestion 606:614 protease digestion 597:614 protease digestion 597:614 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 9 5 theme reaction 1657:1664 arg1 advantage 1621:1629 advantage 1621:1629 advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1621:1692 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 2 6 theme alterations 302:312 arg1 discovery 280:288 Increasing discovery 269:288 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases 269:362 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 5 7 theme PNGase 942:947 arg1 F 949:949 PNGase F 942:949 PNGase F 942:949 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 7 theme PNGase 942:947 arg1 enzymes 922:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes 866:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 7 8 theme protein/peptide 1298:1312 arg1 sample 1314:1319 a protein/peptide sample 1296:1319 a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion 1296:1343 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 10 9 theme N-glycoproteome 2128:2142 arg1 analysis 2116:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis 2091:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples 2091:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 10 10 from samples 2156:2162 arg1 analysis 2116:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis 2091:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples 2091:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 2 11 theme many 350:353 arg1 diseases 355:362 many diseases 350:362 many diseases 350:362 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 7 12 theme TMF-immobilized 1193:1207 arg1 enzyme 1209:1214 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1191:1214 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1191:1214 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 6 13 theme magnetic 1040:1047 arg1 enzymes 1070:1076 other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes 1034:1076 other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes 1034:1076 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 4 14 theme incubation 717:726 arg1 time 728:731 Prolonged incubation time 707:731 Prolonged incubation time 707:731 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 3 15 theme amidase 671:677 arg1 F 688:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 10 16 theme clinical 2147:2154 arg1 samples 2156:2162 clinical samples 2147:2162 clinical samples 2147:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 7 17 theme room 1173:1176 arg1 temperature 1178:1188 room temperature 1173:1188 room temperature 1173:1188 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 10 18 theme protein 1928:1934 arg1 N-glycosylation 1936:1950 protein N-glycosylation 1928:1950 protein N-glycosylation 1928:1950 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 5 19 theme proteome 987:994 arg1 digestion 996:1004 ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion 956:1004 ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion 956:1004 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 8 20 theme lower 1440:1444 arg1 LCST 1477:1480 LCST 1477:1480 LCST 1477:1480 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 8 20 theme lower 1440:1444 arg1 temperature 1464:1474 its lower critical solution temperature 1436:1474 its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) 1436:1481 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 4 21 theme method 841:846 arg1 efficiency 788:797 the limited digestion efficiency 766:797 the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method 766:846 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 1 22 theme important 150:158 arg1 modification 179:190 the most common and important post-translational modification 130:190 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 2 23 from glycans 326:332 arg1 discovery 280:288 Increasing discovery 269:288 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases 269:362 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 6 24 theme magnetic 1142:1149 arg1 behavior 1160:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 8 25 theme solution 1455:1462 arg1 LCST 1477:1480 LCST 1477:1480 LCST 1477:1480 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 8 25 theme solution 1455:1462 arg1 temperature 1464:1474 its lower critical solution temperature 1436:1474 its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) 1436:1481 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 0 26 theme Fluid-Immobilized 77:93 arg1 Enzymes 95:101 Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes 51:101 Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes 51:101 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method Using Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes. 33981677 3 27 theme PNGase 680:685 arg1 F 688:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 5 28 theme ultrafast 956:964 arg1 digestion 996:1004 ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion 956:1004 ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion 956:1004 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 6 29 theme unique 1113:1118 arg1 behavior 1160:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 4 30 theme limited 770:776 arg1 efficiency 788:797 the limited digestion efficiency 766:797 the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method 766:846 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 9 31 theme TMF-immobilized 1671:1685 arg1 enzyme 1687:1692 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1669:1692 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1669:1692 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 8 32 theme TMF-immobilized 1508:1522 arg1 enzyme 1524:1529 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1506:1529 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1506:1529 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 2 33 theme N-linked 317:324 arg1 glycans 326:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 6 34 theme TMF-immobilized 1079:1093 arg1 enzymes 1095:1101 TMF-immobilized enzymes 1079:1101 TMF-immobilized enzymes 1079:1101 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 2 35 theme large-scale 442:452 arg1 samples 463:469 large-scale clinical samples 442:469 large-scale clinical samples 442:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 7 36 theme efficient 1325:1333 arg1 digestion 1335:1343 efficient digestion 1325:1343 efficient digestion 1325:1343 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 9 37 theme protein 1700:1706 arg1 digestion 1708:1716 protein digestion 1700:1716 protein digestion 1700:1716 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 4 38 theme in-solution 819:829 arg1 method 841:846 the conventional in-solution digestion method 802:846 the conventional in-solution digestion method 802:846 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 2 39 theme Increasing 269:278 arg1 discovery 280:288 Increasing discovery 269:288 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases 269:362 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 2 40 from discovery 280:288 arg1 glycans 326:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 8 41 theme enzyme 1524:1529 arg1 thermoflocculation 1484:1501 thermoflocculation 1484:1501 thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1484:1529 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 0 42 theme N-Glycoproteome 13:27 arg1 Method 38:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method 0:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method 0:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method Using Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes. 33981677 3 43 dep digestion 606:614 arg1 deglycosylation 690:704 deglycosylation 690:704 deglycosylation 690:704 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 3 44 theme N-glycosylation 498:512 arg1 analysis 514:521 global N-glycosylation analysis 491:521 global N-glycosylation analysis 491:521 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 5 45 theme novel 866:870 arg1 TMF 905:907 TMF 905:907 TMF 905:907 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 45 theme novel 866:870 arg1 fluid 898:902 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid 866:902 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 2 46 from profiling 429:437 arg1 samples 463:469 large-scale clinical samples 442:469 large-scale clinical samples 442:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 10 47 theme successful 1980:1989 arg1 identification 1991:2004 the successful identification 1976:2004 the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides 1976:2029 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 5 48 theme magnetic 889:896 arg1 TMF 905:907 TMF 905:907 TMF 905:907 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 48 theme magnetic 889:896 arg1 fluid 898:902 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid 866:902 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 9 49 gly glycopeptide 1722:1733 arg2 glycopeptide 1722:1733 glycopeptide deglycosylation 1722:1749 glycopeptide deglycosylation 1722:1749 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 1 50 theme many 242:245 arg1 processes 258:266 many biological processes 242:266 many biological processes 242:266 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 3 51 dep analysis 514:521 arg1 the 475:477 the 475:477 the 475:477 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 3 51 dep analysis 514:521 arg1 workflow 479:486 workflow 479:486 workflow 479:486 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 7 52 theme excellent 1402:1410 arg1 dispersity 1418:1427 its excellent water dispersity 1398:1427 its excellent water dispersity 1398:1427 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 2 53 theme clinical 454:461 arg1 samples 463:469 large-scale clinical samples 442:469 large-scale clinical samples 442:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 2 54 theme efficient 403:411 arg1 profiling 429:437 rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling 393:437 rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples 393:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 0 55 theme Magnetic 68:75 arg1 Enzymes 95:101 Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes 51:101 Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes 51:101 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method Using Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes. 33981677 2 56 theme rapid 393:397 arg1 profiling 429:437 rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling 393:437 rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples 393:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 9 57 theme whole 1789:1793 arg1 time 1813:1816 the whole sample processing time 1785:1816 the whole sample processing time 1785:1816 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 10 58 theme enzyme 1893:1898 arg1 application 1860:1870 The application 1856:1870 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples 1856:1967 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 9 59 theme processing 1802:1811 arg1 time 1813:1816 the whole sample processing time 1785:1816 the whole sample processing time 1785:1816 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 10 60 theme fast 2091:2094 arg1 analysis 2116:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis 2091:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples 2091:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 0 61 theme Thermoresponsive 51:66 arg1 Enzymes 95:101 Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes 51:101 Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes 51:101 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method Using Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes. 33981677 10 62 theme strategy 2078:2085 arg1 potential 2060:2068 the potential 2056:2068 the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples 2056:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 3 63 theme peptide-N4- 620:630 arg1 F 688:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 10 64 gly N-glycopeptides 2015:2029 arg2 N-glycopeptides 2015:2029 2,197 N-glycopeptides 2009:2029 2,197 N-glycopeptides 2009:2029 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 10 65 from application 1860:1870 arg1 profiling 1915:1923 large-scale profiling 1903:1923 large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples 1903:1967 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 10 66 theme large-scale 1903:1913 arg1 profiling 1915:1923 large-scale profiling 1903:1923 large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples 1903:1967 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 5 67 theme -immobilized 909:920 arg1 trypsin 931:937 trypsin 931:937 trypsin 931:937 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 67 theme -immobilized 909:920 arg1 F 949:949 PNGase F 942:949 PNGase F 942:949 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 67 theme -immobilized 909:920 arg1 enzymes 922:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes 866:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 6 68 theme material-immobilized 1049:1068 arg1 enzymes 1070:1076 other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes 1034:1076 other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes 1034:1076 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 3 69 theme rate-limiting 556:568 arg1 step 570:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 3 69 theme rate-limiting 556:568 arg1 digestion 534:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 2 70 link N-linked 317:324 arg1 glycans 326:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 3 71 theme asparagine 660:669 arg1 F 688:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 6 72 theme other 1034:1038 arg1 enzymes 1070:1076 other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes 1034:1076 other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes 1034:1076 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 8 73 theme magnetic 1598:1605 arg1 force 1607:1611 magnetic force 1598:1611 magnetic force 1598:1611 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 4 74 theme Prolonged 707:715 arg1 time 728:731 Prolonged incubation time 707:731 Prolonged incubation time 707:731 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 3 75 theme N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl 632:657 arg1 F 688:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F 620:688 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 5 76 theme efficient 977:985 arg1 digestion 996:1004 ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion 956:1004 ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion 956:1004 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 4 77 theme digestion 778:786 arg1 efficiency 788:797 the limited digestion efficiency 766:797 the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method 766:846 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 2 78 theme abnormal 293:300 arg1 alterations 302:312 abnormal alterations 293:312 abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases 293:362 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 9 79 theme unique 1638:1643 arg1 reaction 1657:1664 the unique homogeneous reaction 1634:1664 the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1634:1692 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 2 80 from alterations 302:312 arg1 glycans 326:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 N-linked glycans 317:332 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 6 81 theme response 1151:1158 arg1 behavior 1160:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 2 82 theme greater 373:379 arg1 demands 381:387 greater demands 373:387 greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples 373:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 1 83 theme vital 216:220 arg1 role 222:225 a vital role 214:225 a vital role 214:225 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 1 84 theme post-translational 160:177 arg1 modification 179:190 the most common and important post-translational modification 130:190 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 1 85 theme common 139:144 arg1 modification 179:190 the most common and important post-translational modification 130:190 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 6 86 theme temperature-triggered 1120:1140 arg1 behavior 1160:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior 1111:1167 Unlike other magnetic material-immobilized enzymes, TMF-immobilized enzymes display a unique temperature-triggered magnetic response behavior. 33981677 8 87 theme critical 1446:1453 arg1 LCST 1477:1480 LCST 1477:1480 LCST 1477:1480 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 8 87 theme critical 1446:1453 arg1 temperature 1464:1474 its lower critical solution temperature 1436:1474 its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) 1436:1481 Above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thermoflocculation of a TMF-immobilized enzyme allows it to be easily recovered by increasing the temperature and magnetic force. 33981677 10 88 from analysis 2116:2123 arg1 samples 2156:2162 clinical samples 2147:2162 clinical samples 2147:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 1 89 theme methods 192:198 arg1 one 123:125 one 123:125 one 123:125 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 1 89 theme methods 192:198 arg1 methods 192:198 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 10 90 from N-glycoproteome 2128:2142 arg1 samples 2156:2162 clinical samples 2147:2162 clinical samples 2147:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 9 91 theme enzyme 1687:1692 arg1 reaction 1657:1664 the unique homogeneous reaction 1634:1664 the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1634:1692 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 10 92 from profiling 1915:1923 arg1 samples 1961:1967 urine samples 1955:1967 urine samples 1955:1967 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 9 93 theme homogeneous 1645:1655 arg1 reaction 1657:1664 the unique homogeneous reaction 1634:1664 the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1634:1692 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 3 94 theme global 491:496 arg1 analysis 514:521 global N-glycosylation analysis 491:521 global N-glycosylation analysis 491:521 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 5 95 theme fluid 898:902 arg1 trypsin 931:937 trypsin 931:937 trypsin 931:937 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 95 theme fluid 898:902 arg1 F 949:949 PNGase F 942:949 PNGase F 942:949 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 95 theme fluid 898:902 arg1 enzymes 922:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes 866:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 10 96 theme high-throughput 2100:2114 arg1 analysis 2116:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis 2091:2123 fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples 2091:2162 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 10 97 theme N-glycopeptides 2015:2029 arg1 identification 1991:2004 the successful identification 1976:2004 the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides 1976:2029 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 4 98 theme conventional 806:817 arg1 method 841:846 the conventional in-solution digestion method 802:846 the conventional in-solution digestion method 802:846 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 2 99 theme N-glycosylation 413:427 arg1 profiling 429:437 rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling 393:437 rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples 393:469 Increasing discovery of abnormal alterations in N-linked glycans associated with many diseases leads to greater demands for rapid and efficient N-glycosylation profiling in large-scale clinical samples. 33981677 0 100 theme Analysis 29:36 arg1 Method 38:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method 0:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method 0:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method Using Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes. 33981677 9 101 theme glycopeptide 1722:1733 arg1 deglycosylation 1735:1749 glycopeptide deglycosylation 1722:1749 glycopeptide deglycosylation 1722:1749 Taking advantage of the unique homogeneous reaction of a TMF-immobilized enzyme, both protein digestion and glycopeptide deglycosylation can be finished within 3 min, and the whole sample processing time can be reduced by more than 20 times. 33981677 10 102 theme urine 1955:1959 arg1 samples 1961:1967 urine samples 1955:1967 urine samples 1955:1967 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 4 103 theme digestion 831:839 arg1 method 841:846 the conventional in-solution digestion method 802:846 the conventional in-solution digestion method 802:846 Prolonged incubation time is generally required because of the limited digestion efficiency of the conventional in-solution digestion method. 33981677 10 104 theme TMF-immobilized 1877:1891 arg1 enzyme 1893:1898 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1875:1898 a TMF-immobilized enzyme 1875:1898 The application of a TMF-immobilized enzyme in large-scale profiling of protein N-glycosylation in urine samples led to the successful identification of 2,197 N-glycopeptides and further demonstrated the potential of this strategy for fast and high-throughput analysis of N-glycoproteome in clinical samples. 33981677 3 105 theme enzymatic 524:532 arg1 step 570:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 3 105 theme enzymatic 524:532 arg1 digestion 534:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 7 106 theme homogeneous 1272:1282 arg1 system 1284:1289 a homogeneous system 1270:1289 a homogeneous system 1270:1289 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 3 107 theme analysis 514:521 arg1 step 570:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 3 107 theme analysis 514:521 arg1 digestion 534:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 5 108 theme thermoresponsive 872:887 arg1 TMF 905:907 TMF 905:907 TMF 905:907 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 108 theme thermoresponsive 872:887 arg1 fluid 898:902 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid 866:902 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 7 109 theme water 1412:1416 arg1 dispersity 1418:1427 its excellent water dispersity 1398:1427 its excellent water dispersity 1398:1427 At room temperature, a TMF-immobilized enzyme completely dissolves in an aqueous solution and forms a homogeneous system with a protein/peptide sample for efficient digestion but cannot be separated by magnetic force because of its excellent water dispersity. 33981677 1 110 theme modification 179:190 arg1 methods 192:198 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 the most common and important post-translational modification methods 130:198 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 3 111 theme main 551:554 arg1 step 570:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 the main rate-limiting step 547:573 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 3 111 theme main 551:554 arg1 digestion 534:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 enzymatic digestion 524:542 In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, enzymatic digestion is the main rate-limiting step, and it includes both protease digestion and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase) F deglycosylation. 33981677 1 112 theme biological 247:256 arg1 processes 258:266 many biological processes 242:266 many biological processes 242:266 N-Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modification methods, and it plays a vital role in controlling many biological processes. 33981677 5 113 dep enzymes 922:928 arg1 trypsin 931:937 trypsin 931:937 trypsin 931:937 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 113 dep enzymes 922:928 arg1 F 949:949 PNGase F 942:949 PNGase F 942:949 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 5 113 dep enzymes 922:928 arg1 enzymes 922:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes 866:928 novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation 866:1024 Here, we propose novel thermoresponsive magnetic fluid (TMF)-immobilized enzymes (trypsin or PNGase F) for ultrafast and highly efficient proteome digestion and deglycosylation. 33981677 0 114 theme Ultrafast 3:11 arg1 Method 38:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method 0:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method 0:43 An Ultrafast N-Glycoproteome Analysis Method Using Thermoresponsive Magnetic Fluid-Immobilized Enzymes. 32157140 0 0 theme protein-coupled 89:103 arg1 Gpr176 114:119 the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 76:119 the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 76:119 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 11 1 theme human 1403:1407 arg1 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 1 theme human 1403:1407 arg1 rs761894953 1431:1441 rs761894953 1431:1441 rs761894953 1431:1441 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 6 2 theme conserved 780:788 arg1 residues 801:808 four conserved asparagine residues 775:808 four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176 775:843 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 1 3 theme drug 172:175 arg1 receptors 140:148 G-protein-coupled receptors 122:148 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 122:156 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 1 3 theme drug 172:175 arg1 targets 177:183 important drug targets 162:183 important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications 162:221 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 9 4 theme activity 1248:1255 arg1 attenuation 1217:1227 attenuation 1217:1227 attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells 1217:1268 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 5 theme cAMP-repressive 1515:1529 arg1 activity 1531:1538 cAMP-repressive activity 1515:1538 cAMP-repressive activity 1515:1538 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 1 6 with targets 177:183 arg1 applications 210:221 diverse therapeutic applications 190:221 diverse therapeutic applications 190:221 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 8 7 theme cAMP 1057:1060 arg1 synthesis 1062:1070 reduced cAMP synthesis 1049:1070 reduced cAMP synthesis 1049:1070 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 6 8 from residues 801:808 arg1 region 828:833 the N-terminal region 813:833 the N-terminal region of Gpr176 813:843 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 8 9 dep constitutive 992:1003 arg1 agonist-independent 1006:1024 agonist-independent 1006:1024 agonist-independent 1006:1024 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 0 10 theme Gpr176 114:119 arg1 glycosylation 59:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 50:119 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 11 11 theme GPR176 1409:1414 arg1 sites 1394:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites 1364:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1364:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 11 theme GPR176 1409:1414 arg1 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 8 12 theme reduced 1049:1055 arg1 synthesis 1062:1070 reduced cAMP synthesis 1049:1070 reduced cAMP synthesis 1049:1070 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 9 13 theme resultant 1156:1164 arg1 reduction 1166:1174 the resultant reduction 1152:1174 the resultant reduction in protein expression 1152:1196 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 0 14 theme receptor 105:112 arg1 Gpr176 114:119 the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 76:119 the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 76:119 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 5 15 theme endogenous 651:660 arg1 Gpr176 662:667 endogenous Gpr176 651:667 endogenous Gpr176 651:667 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. 32157140 2 16 theme protein 289:295 arg1 functions 297:305 protein functions 289:305 protein functions 289:305 However, there are still more than a hundred orphan GPCRs, whose protein functions and biochemical features remain unidentified. 32157140 11 17 from variations 1350:1359 arg1 sites 1394:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites 1364:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1364:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 17 from variations 1350:1359 arg1 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 7 18 theme Gpr176 940:945 arg1 expression 926:935 the protein expression 914:935 the protein expression of Gpr176 914:945 Deficient N-glycosylation due to mutation of these residues reduced the protein expression of Gpr176. 32157140 3 19 theme class-A 370:376 arg1 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 19 theme class-A 370:376 arg1 GPCR 385:388 a class-A orphan GPCR 368:388 a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response 368:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 20 theme clock 419:423 arg1 regulation 425:434 circadian clock regulation 409:434 circadian clock regulation 409:434 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 21 contain has 395:397 arg1 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 21 contain has 395:397 arg2 role 401:404 a role 399:404 a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus 399:456 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 21 contain has 395:397 arg1 GPCR 385:388 a class-A orphan GPCR 368:388 a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response 368:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 7 22 theme protein 918:924 arg1 expression 926:935 the protein expression 914:935 the protein expression of Gpr176 914:945 Deficient N-glycosylation due to mutation of these residues reduced the protein expression of Gpr176. 32157140 1 23 theme diverse 190:196 arg1 applications 210:221 diverse therapeutic applications 190:221 diverse therapeutic applications 190:221 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 3 24 from role 401:404 arg1 hypothalamus 445:456 mouse hypothalamus 439:456 mouse hypothalamus 439:456 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 24 from role 401:404 arg1 regulation 425:434 circadian clock regulation 409:434 circadian clock regulation 409:434 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 9 25 from cells 1264:1268 arg1 attenuation 1217:1227 attenuation 1217:1227 attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells 1217:1268 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 5 26 theme mouse 609:613 arg1 extracts 628:635 mouse hypothalamus extracts 609:635 mouse hypothalamus extracts 609:635 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. 32157140 3 27 theme circadian 409:417 arg1 regulation 425:434 circadian clock regulation 409:434 circadian clock regulation 409:434 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 1 28 theme therapeutic 198:208 arg1 applications 210:221 diverse therapeutic applications 190:221 diverse therapeutic applications 190:221 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 9 29 theme protein 1179:1185 arg1 expression 1187:1196 protein expression 1179:1196 protein expression 1179:1196 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 0 30 link N-linked 50:57 arg1 glycosylation 59:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 50:119 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 3 31 theme mouse 439:443 arg1 hypothalamus 445:456 mouse hypothalamus 439:456 mouse hypothalamus 439:456 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 5 32 theme hypothalamus 615:626 arg1 extracts 628:635 mouse hypothalamus extracts 609:635 mouse hypothalamus extracts 609:635 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. 32157140 11 33 theme missense 1341:1348 arg1 variations 1350:1359 missense variations 1341:1359 missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1341:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 5 34 theme extracts 628:635 arg1 treatment 596:604 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment 574:604 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts 574:635 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. 32157140 2 35 theme biochemical 311:321 arg1 features 323:330 biochemical features 311:330 biochemical features 311:330 However, there are still more than a hundred orphan GPCRs, whose protein functions and biochemical features remain unidentified. 32157140 8 36 theme function 965:972 arg1 level 974:978 the molecular function level 951:978 the molecular function level 951:978 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 5 37 gly N-glycosylation 679:693 arg1 Gpr176 662:667 endogenous Gpr176 651:667 endogenous Gpr176 651:667 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. 32157140 0 38 theme functional 19:28 arg1 characterisation 30:45 functional characterisation 19:45 functional characterisation 19:45 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 6 39 theme N-terminal 817:826 arg1 region 828:833 the N-terminal region 813:833 the N-terminal region of Gpr176 813:843 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 12 40 theme Gpr176/GPR176 1652:1664 arg1 expression 1627:1636 the efficient protein expression 1605:1636 the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176 1605:1664 We show that N-glycosylation is a prerequisite for the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176. 32157140 1 41 theme G-protein-coupled 122:138 arg1 GPCRs 151:155 GPCRs 151:155 GPCRs 151:155 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 1 41 theme G-protein-coupled 122:138 arg1 receptors 140:148 G-protein-coupled receptors 122:148 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 122:156 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 1 41 theme G-protein-coupled 122:138 arg1 targets 177:183 important drug targets 162:183 important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications 162:221 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 0 42 theme N-linked 50:57 arg1 glycosylation 59:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 50:119 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 8 43 theme constitutive 992:1003 arg1 activity 1026:1033 constitutive, agonist-independent activity 992:1033 constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis 992:1070 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 12 44 theme functional 1641:1650 arg1 Gpr176/GPR176 1652:1664 functional Gpr176/GPR176 1641:1664 functional Gpr176/GPR176 1641:1664 We show that N-glycosylation is a prerequisite for the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176. 32157140 10 45 gly N-glycosylated 1312:1325 arg1 GPR176 1302:1307 human GPR176 1296:1307 human GPR176 1296:1307 We also demonstrate that human GPR176 is N-glycosylated. 32157140 7 46 theme residues 897:904 arg1 mutation 879:886 mutation 879:886 mutation of these residues 879:904 Deficient N-glycosylation due to mutation of these residues reduced the protein expression of Gpr176. 32157140 9 47 theme deficient 1082:1090 arg1 N-glycosylation 1092:1106 deficient N-glycosylation 1082:1106 deficient N-glycosylation 1082:1106 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 7 48 theme Deficient 846:854 arg1 N-glycosylation 856:870 Deficient N-glycosylation 846:870 Deficient N-glycosylation due to mutation of these residues 846:904 Deficient N-glycosylation due to mutation of these residues reduced the protein expression of Gpr176. 32157140 9 49 from attenuation 1217:1227 arg1 cells 1264:1268 the cells 1260:1268 the cells 1260:1268 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 4 50 gly N-glycosylated 558:571 arg1 Gpr176 548:553 Gpr176 548:553 Gpr176 548:553 Here we show that Gpr176 is N-glycosylated. 32157140 11 51 theme protein 1492:1498 arg1 expression 1500:1509 protein expression 1492:1509 protein expression 1492:1509 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 3 52 theme orphan 378:383 arg1 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 353:358 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 3 52 theme orphan 378:383 arg1 GPCR 385:388 a class-A orphan GPCR 368:388 a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response 368:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 11 53 theme conserved 1368:1376 arg1 sites 1394:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites 1364:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1364:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 53 theme conserved 1368:1376 arg1 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 9 54 theme cAMP-repressive 1232:1246 arg1 activity 1248:1255 cAMP-repressive activity 1232:1255 cAMP-repressive activity in the cells 1232:1268 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 3 55 theme cancer 497:502 arg1 response 520:527 human breast cancer transcriptional response 484:527 human breast cancer transcriptional response 484:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 0 56 theme glycosylation 59:71 arg1 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification 0:13 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 0 56 theme glycosylation 59:71 arg1 characterisation 30:45 functional characterisation 19:45 functional characterisation 19:45 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 8 57 contain has 988:990 arg2 activity 1026:1033 constitutive, agonist-independent activity 992:1033 constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis 992:1070 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 8 57 contain has 988:990 arg1 Gpr176 981:986 Gpr176 981:986 Gpr176 981:986 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 11 58 theme N-glycosylation 1378:1392 arg1 sites 1394:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites 1364:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1364:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 58 theme N-glycosylation 1378:1392 arg1 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 12 59 theme protein 1619:1625 arg1 expression 1627:1636 the efficient protein expression 1605:1636 the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176 1605:1664 We show that N-glycosylation is a prerequisite for the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176. 32157140 5 60 theme Peptide-N-glycosidase 574:594 arg1 treatment 596:604 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment 574:604 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts 574:635 Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. 32157140 3 61 theme transcriptional 504:518 arg1 response 520:527 human breast cancer transcriptional response 484:527 human breast cancer transcriptional response 484:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 11 62 gly N-glycosylation 1378:1392 arg2 sites 1394:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites 1364:1398 the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1364:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 62 gly N-glycosylation 1378:1392 arg1 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 62 gly N-glycosylation 1378:1392 arg2 GPR176 1409:1414 human GPR176 1403:1414 human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) 1403:1442 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 11 62 gly N-glycosylation 1378:1392 arg1 rs761894953 1431:1441 rs761894953 1431:1441 rs761894953 1431:1441 Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 6 63 theme Gpr176 838:843 arg1 region 828:833 the N-terminal region 813:833 the N-terminal region of Gpr176 813:843 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 12 64 theme efficient 1609:1617 arg1 expression 1627:1636 the efficient protein expression 1605:1636 the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176 1605:1664 We show that N-glycosylation is a prerequisite for the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176. 32157140 9 65 from reduction 1166:1174 arg1 expression 1187:1196 protein expression 1179:1196 protein expression 1179:1196 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 3 66 theme human 484:488 arg1 cancer 497:502 human breast cancer 484:502 human breast cancer transcriptional response 484:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 6 67 theme expression 717:726 arg1 system 728:733 a heterologous expression system 702:733 a heterologous expression system 702:733 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 10 68 theme human 1296:1300 arg1 GPR176 1302:1307 human GPR176 1296:1307 human GPR176 1296:1307 We also demonstrate that human GPR176 is N-glycosylated. 32157140 6 69 gly N-glycosylation 749:763 arg2 residues 801:808 four conserved asparagine residues 775:808 four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176 775:843 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 2 70 theme orphan 269:274 arg1 GPCRs 276:280 a hundred orphan GPCRs 259:280 a hundred orphan GPCRs 259:280 However, there are still more than a hundred orphan GPCRs, whose protein functions and biochemical features remain unidentified. 32157140 3 71 theme breast 490:495 arg1 cancer 497:502 human breast cancer 484:502 human breast cancer transcriptional response 484:527 Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. 32157140 6 72 theme heterologous 704:715 arg1 system 728:733 a heterologous expression system 702:733 a heterologous expression system 702:733 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 8 73 theme molecular 955:963 arg1 level 974:978 the molecular function level 951:978 the molecular function level 951:978 At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. 32157140 0 74 gly glycosylation 59:71 arg1 Gpr176 114:119 the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 76:119 the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176 76:119 Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. 32157140 9 75 from activity 1248:1255 arg1 cells 1264:1268 the cells 1260:1268 the cells 1260:1268 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 9 76 theme intrinsic 1132:1140 arg1 activity 1142:1149 this intrinsic activity 1127:1149 this intrinsic activity 1127:1149 Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. 32157140 2 77 theme a 259:259 arg1 GPCRs 276:280 a hundred orphan GPCRs 259:280 a hundred orphan GPCRs 259:280 However, there are still more than a hundred orphan GPCRs, whose protein functions and biochemical features remain unidentified. 32157140 6 78 theme asparagine 790:799 arg1 residues 801:808 four conserved asparagine residues 775:808 four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176 775:843 Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. 32157140 1 79 theme important 162:170 arg1 receptors 140:148 G-protein-coupled receptors 122:148 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 122:156 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 32157140 1 79 theme important 162:170 arg1 targets 177:183 important drug targets 162:183 important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications 162:221 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. 31907319 0 0 from glycosylation 13:25 arg1 acid 38:41 nucleic acid 30:41 nucleic acid 30:41 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 2 1 contain contain 399:405 arg2 sequons 417:423 consensus sequons 407:423 consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation 407:450 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 2 1 contain contain 399:405 arg1 sequences 389:397 their amino acid sequences 372:397 their amino acid sequences 372:397 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 1 2 theme genetic 152:158 arg1 materials 160:168 the genetic materials 148:168 the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells 148:212 Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. 31907319 6 3 theme target 1233:1238 arg1 glycosylation 1204:1216 host glycosylation 1199:1216 host glycosylation of the vaccine target 1199:1238 Our study indicates that host glycosylation of the vaccine target can impede its antigenicity and immunogenicity. 31907319 3 4 from presence 487:494 arg1 proteins 519:526 the proteins 515:526 the proteins of microbial origin 515:546 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 2 5 theme signal/leader 280:292 arg1 sequence 294:301 a signal/leader sequence 278:301 a signal/leader sequence 278:301 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 5 6 theme immune 1044:1049 arg1 response 1051:1058 a strong humoral immune response 1027:1058 a strong humoral immune response 1027:1058 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 0 7 theme vaccine 77:83 arg1 design 85:90 vaccine design 77:90 vaccine design 77:90 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 6 8 theme vaccine 1225:1231 arg1 target 1233:1238 the vaccine target 1221:1238 the vaccine target 1221:1238 Our study indicates that host glycosylation of the vaccine target can impede its antigenicity and immunogenicity. 31907319 6 9 gly glycosylation 1204:1216 arg1 target 1233:1238 the vaccine target 1221:1238 the vaccine target 1221:1238 Our study indicates that host glycosylation of the vaccine target can impede its antigenicity and immunogenicity. 31907319 0 10 theme nonviral 96:103 arg1 pathogens 105:113 nonviral pathogens 96:113 nonviral pathogens 96:113 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 3 11 theme immunoregulatory 710:725 arg1 receptors 742:750 immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors 710:750 immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells 710:766 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 4 12 theme surface 836:842 arg1 protein 844:850 a bacterial surface protein 824:850 a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials 824:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 4 12 theme surface 836:842 arg1 Ag85A 769:773 Ag85A 769:773 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 769:819 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 1 13 theme host 203:206 arg1 cells 208:212 host cells 203:212 host cells 203:212 Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. 31907319 3 14 theme glycans 504:510 arg1 presence 487:494 The presence 483:494 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin 483:546 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 7 15 theme antigenic 1309:1317 arg1 targets 1327:1333 the antigenic protein targets 1305:1333 the antigenic protein targets 1305:1333 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines. 31907319 3 16 dep prevent 552:558 arg1 hindering 611:619 hindering 611:619 hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes 611:657 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 3 16 dep prevent 552:558 arg1 altering 670:677 altering 670:677 altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells 670:766 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 3 17 from receptors 742:750 arg1 cells 762:766 immune cells 755:766 immune cells 755:766 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 7 18 theme nucleic 1386:1392 arg1 vaccines 1399:1406 nucleic acid vaccines 1386:1406 nucleic acid vaccines 1386:1406 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines. 31907319 0 19 theme protein 5:11 arg1 glycosylation 13:25 Host protein glycosylation 0:25 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid 0:41 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 3 20 theme host 499:502 arg1 glycans 504:510 host glycans 499:510 host glycans 499:510 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 7 21 gly Glycosylation 1288:1300 arg1 targets 1327:1333 the antigenic protein targets 1305:1333 the antigenic protein targets 1305:1333 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines. 31907319 2 22 link N-linked 429:436 arg1 glycosylation 438:450 N-linked glycosylation 429:450 N-linked glycosylation 429:450 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 3 23 theme origin 541:546 arg1 proteins 519:526 the proteins 515:526 the proteins of microbial origin 515:546 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 1 24 theme antigenic 179:187 arg1 proteins 189:196 antigenic proteins 179:196 antigenic proteins 179:196 Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. 31907319 0 25 theme Host 0:3 arg1 glycosylation 13:25 Host protein glycosylation 0:25 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid 0:41 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 4 26 used used 869:872 arg2 Ag85A 769:773 Ag85A 769:773 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 769:819 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 4 26 used used 869:872 arg2 protein 844:850 a bacterial surface protein 824:850 a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials 824:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 6 27 theme host 1199:1202 arg1 glycosylation 1204:1216 host glycosylation 1199:1216 host glycosylation of the vaccine target 1199:1238 Our study indicates that host glycosylation of the vaccine target can impede its antigenicity and immunogenicity. 31907319 7 28 theme acid 1394:1397 arg1 vaccines 1399:1406 nucleic acid vaccines 1386:1406 nucleic acid vaccines 1386:1406 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines. 31907319 3 29 theme key 631:633 arg1 epitopes 635:642 key epitopes 631:642 key epitopes 631:642 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 2 30 theme consensus 407:415 arg1 sequons 417:423 consensus sequons 407:423 consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation 407:450 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 3 31 theme immune 755:760 arg1 cells 762:766 immune cells 755:766 immune cells 755:766 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 4 32 theme clinical 911:918 arg1 trials 920:925 multiple clinical trials 902:925 multiple clinical trials 902:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 3 33 theme glycan-binding 727:740 arg1 receptors 742:750 immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors 710:750 immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells 710:766 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 4 34 theme multiple 902:909 arg1 trials 920:925 multiple clinical trials 902:925 multiple clinical trials 902:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 3 35 theme microbial 531:539 arg1 origin 541:546 microbial origin 531:546 microbial origin 531:546 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 2 36 theme acid 384:387 arg1 sequences 389:397 their amino acid sequences 372:397 their amino acid sequences 372:397 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 0 37 from hurdle 67:72 arg1 design 85:90 vaccine design 77:90 vaccine design 77:90 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 3 38 theme strong 562:567 arg1 response 587:594 a strong protective immune response 560:594 a strong protective immune response 560:594 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 2 39 theme amino 378:382 arg1 sequences 389:397 their amino acid sequences 372:397 their amino acid sequences 372:397 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 0 40 theme nucleic 30:36 arg1 acid 38:41 nucleic acid 30:41 nucleic acid 30:41 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 5 41 theme Ag85A-specific 1091:1104 arg1 lymphocytes 1106:1116 Ag85A-specific lymphocytes 1091:1116 Ag85A-specific lymphocytes 1091:1116 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 5 42 theme humoral 1036:1042 arg1 response 1051:1058 a strong humoral immune response 1027:1058 a strong humoral immune response 1027:1058 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 3 43 theme protective 569:578 arg1 response 587:594 a strong protective immune response 560:594 a strong protective immune response 560:594 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 4 44 theme acid 885:888 arg1 vaccines 890:897 nucleic acid vaccines 877:897 nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials 877:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 4 45 from vaccines 890:897 arg1 trials 920:925 multiple clinical trials 902:925 multiple clinical trials 902:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 0 46 gly glycosylation 13:25 arg1 acid 38:41 nucleic acid 30:41 nucleic acid 30:41 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 2 47 theme N-linked 429:436 arg1 glycosylation 438:450 N-linked glycosylation 429:450 N-linked glycosylation 429:450 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 4 48 theme nucleic 877:883 arg1 vaccines 890:897 nucleic acid vaccines 877:897 nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials 877:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 4 49 theme bacterial 826:834 arg1 protein 844:850 a bacterial surface protein 824:850 a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials 824:925 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 4 49 theme bacterial 826:834 arg1 Ag85A 769:773 Ag85A 769:773 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 769:819 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 3 50 attach presence 487:494 arg2 glycans 504:510 host glycans 499:510 host glycans 499:510 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 3 50 attach presence 487:494 arg1 proteins 519:526 the proteins 515:526 the proteins of microbial origin 515:546 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 5 51 theme mammalian 974:982 arg1 cells 984:988 mammalian cells 974:988 mammalian cells 974:988 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 4 52 theme Mycobacterium 788:800 arg1 tuberculosis 802:813 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 788:813 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 788:819 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 4 52 theme Mycobacterium 788:800 arg1 Mtb 816:818 Mtb 816:818 Mtb 816:818 Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. 31907319 2 53 theme secretory 255:263 arg1 pathway 265:271 the secretory pathway 251:271 the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence 251:301 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 1 54 theme Nucleic 116:122 arg1 vaccines 129:136 Nucleic acid vaccines 116:136 Nucleic acid vaccines 116:136 Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. 31907319 5 55 gly glycosylated 997:1008 arg1 it 991:992 it 991:992 it 991:992 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 7 56 theme targets 1327:1333 arg1 Glycosylation 1288:1300 Glycosylation 1288:1300 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets 1288:1333 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines. 31907319 5 57 theme strong 1029:1034 arg1 response 1051:1058 a strong humoral immune response 1027:1058 a strong humoral immune response 1027:1058 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 1 58 theme acid 124:127 arg1 vaccines 129:136 Nucleic acid vaccines 116:136 Nucleic acid vaccines 116:136 Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. 31907319 2 59 with pathway 265:271 arg1 sequence 294:301 a signal/leader sequence 278:301 a signal/leader sequence 278:301 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 31907319 0 60 theme potential 57:65 arg1 hurdle 67:72 a potential hurdle 55:72 a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens 55:113 Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. 31907319 3 61 theme immune 580:585 arg1 response 587:594 a strong protective immune response 560:594 a strong protective immune response 560:594 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 5 62 theme as 1128:1129 arg1 Ag85A 1131:1135 highly as Ag85A 1121:1135 highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium 1121:1171 Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. 31907319 3 63 theme immune 679:684 arg1 responses 686:694 immune responses 679:694 immune responses 679:694 The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. 31907319 7 64 theme protein 1319:1325 arg1 targets 1327:1333 the antigenic protein targets 1305:1333 the antigenic protein targets 1305:1333 Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines. 31907319 2 65 theme glycosylation 339:351 arg1 machinery 353:361 the host's glycosylation machinery 328:361 the host's glycosylation machinery 328:361 If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host's glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. 33788254 8 0 theme cultivation 1115:1125 arg1 parameters 1127:1136 cultivation parameters 1115:1136 cultivation parameters 1115:1136 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 5 1 theme kinetic 551:557 arg1 models 559:564 the kinetic models 547:564 the kinetic models 547:564 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 1 2 theme quality 155:161 arg1 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 1 2 theme quality 155:161 arg1 attribute 163:171 a critical quality attribute 144:171 a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 144:215 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 7 3 theme modelling 890:898 arg1 approach 900:907 The modelling approach 886:907 The modelling approach 886:907 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 2 4 contain have 241:244 arg1 pattern 229:235 The glycan pattern 218:235 The glycan pattern 218:235 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 2 4 contain have 241:244 arg2 impact 254:259 a large impact 246:259 a large impact 246:259 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 0 5 theme glycosylation 71:83 arg1 prediction 48:57 the prediction 44:57 the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures 44:124 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 9 6 gly glycoprotein 1469:1480 arg1 glycoprotein 1469:1480 glycoprotein productions 1469:1492 glycoprotein productions 1469:1492 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 5 7 theme unknown 605:611 arg1 parameters 613:622 unknown parameters 605:622 unknown parameters 605:622 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 7 8 from cultures 972:979 arg1 perfusion 991:999 pseudo perfusion 984:999 pseudo perfusion 984:999 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 8 from cultures 972:979 arg1 cultures 1027:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 8 from cultures 972:979 arg1 perfusion 1002:1010 perfusion 1002:1010 perfusion 1002:1010 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 6 9 theme culture 856:862 arg1 inputs 878:883 inputs 878:883 inputs 878:883 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 6 9 theme culture 856:862 arg1 parameters 864:873 the culture parameters 852:873 the culture parameters 852:873 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 3 10 theme cultivation 350:360 arg1 parameters 362:371 cultivation parameters 350:371 cultivation parameters 350:371 The medium components and cultivation parameters are known to potentially influence the glycosylation profile. 33788254 4 11 theme bioprocess 526:535 arg1 control 502:508 control 502:508 control 502:508 Mathematical modelling provides a strategy for rational design and control of the upstream bioprocess. 33788254 4 11 theme bioprocess 526:535 arg1 design 491:496 design 491:496 design 491:496 Mathematical modelling provides a strategy for rational design and control of the upstream bioprocess. 33788254 6 12 link N-linked 721:728 arg1 glycosylation 730:742 N-linked glycosylation 721:742 N-linked glycosylation 721:742 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 5 13 theme parameters 613:622 arg1 number 595:600 a very large number 582:600 a very large number 582:600 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 8 14 theme decision 1339:1346 arg1 tree 1348:1351 decision tree 1339:1351 decision tree 1339:1351 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 6 15 theme glycosylation 730:742 arg1 network 710:716 the metabolic network 696:716 the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation 696:742 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 6 15 theme glycosylation 730:742 arg1 network 758:764 a Bayesian network 747:764 a Bayesian network (BN) 747:769 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 9 16 theme powerful 1408:1415 arg1 model 1393:1397 BN model 1390:1397 BN model 1390:1397 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 9 16 theme powerful 1408:1415 arg1 tool 1417:1420 a powerful tool 1406:1420 a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions 1406:1492 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 0 17 from prediction 48:57 arg1 cultures 117:124 fed-batch cell cultures 102:124 fed-batch cell cultures 102:124 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 0 17 from prediction 48:57 arg1 perfusion 88:96 perfusion 88:96 perfusion 88:96 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 7 18 theme hamster 953:959 arg1 cultures 972:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures 935:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 935:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 2 19 theme immunological 268:280 arg1 stability 313:321 stability 313:321 stability 313:321 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 2 19 theme immunological 268:280 arg1 functions 282:290 the immunological functions 264:290 the immunological functions 264:290 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 2 19 theme immunological 268:280 arg1 half-life 299:307 serum half-life 293:307 serum half-life 293:307 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 6 20 theme N-linked 721:728 arg1 glycosylation 730:742 N-linked glycosylation 721:742 N-linked glycosylation 721:742 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 8 21 theme Pearson 1284:1290 arg1 analysis 1304:1311 Pearson correlation analysis 1284:1311 Pearson correlation analysis 1284:1311 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 0 22 theme cell 112:115 arg1 cultures 117:124 fed-batch cell cultures 102:124 fed-batch cell cultures 102:124 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 8 23 theme dimension 1238:1246 arg1 reduction 1248:1256 a dimension reduction 1236:1256 a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree 1236:1351 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 7 24 theme ovary 961:965 arg1 cultures 972:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures 935:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 935:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 25 from perfusion 991:999 arg1 data 927:930 data 927:930 data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 927:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 25 from perfusion 991:999 arg1 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 0 26 theme fed-batch 102:110 arg1 cultures 117:124 fed-batch cell cultures 102:124 fed-batch cell cultures 102:124 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 7 27 theme different 935:943 arg1 cultures 972:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures 935:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 935:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 9 28 theme BN 1390:1391 arg1 model 1393:1397 BN model 1390:1397 BN model 1390:1397 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 9 28 theme BN 1390:1391 arg1 tool 1417:1420 a powerful tool 1406:1420 a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions 1406:1492 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 1 29 theme therapeutic 176:186 arg1 mAbs 211:214 mAbs 211:214 mAbs 211:214 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 1 29 theme therapeutic 176:186 arg1 antibodies 199:208 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 176:208 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 176:215 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 9 30 from tool 1417:1420 arg1 process 1434:1440 upstream process 1425:1440 upstream process 1425:1440 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 9 30 from tool 1417:1420 arg1 development 1453:1463 medium development 1446:1463 medium development 1446:1463 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 8 31 theme parameters 1127:1136 arg1 available 1141:1149 available 1141:1149 available 1141:1149 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 8 31 theme parameters 1127:1136 arg1 number 1105:1110 a large number 1097:1110 a large number of cultivation parameters 1097:1136 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 5 32 theme practical 643:651 arg1 applications 653:664 their practical applications 637:664 their practical applications 637:664 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 5 33 theme large 589:593 arg1 number 595:600 a very large number 582:600 a very large number 582:600 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 6 34 theme metabolic 700:708 arg1 network 710:716 the metabolic network 696:716 the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation 696:742 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 6 34 theme metabolic 700:708 arg1 network 758:764 a Bayesian network 747:764 a Bayesian network (BN) 747:769 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 1 35 theme monoclonal 188:197 arg1 mAbs 211:214 mAbs 211:214 mAbs 211:214 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 1 35 theme monoclonal 188:197 arg1 antibodies 199:208 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 176:208 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 176:215 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 0 36 theme Probabilistic 0:12 arg1 model 14:18 Probabilistic model 0:18 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 0:125 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 7 37 theme cultures 972:979 arg1 data 927:930 data 927:930 data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 927:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 37 theme cultures 972:979 arg1 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 1 38 theme antibodies 199:208 arg1 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 1 38 theme antibodies 199:208 arg1 attribute 163:171 a critical quality attribute 144:171 a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 144:215 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 0 39 theme Bayesian 23:30 arg1 network 32:38 Bayesian network 23:38 Bayesian network 23:38 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 7 40 theme good 1054:1057 arg1 capacities 1070:1079 very good predictive capacities 1049:1079 very good predictive capacities 1049:1079 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 2 41 theme serum 293:297 arg1 functions 282:290 the immunological functions 264:290 the immunological functions 264:290 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 2 41 theme serum 293:297 arg1 half-life 299:307 serum half-life 293:307 serum half-life 293:307 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 6 42 theme process 817:823 arg1 fluxes 789:794 the fluxes 785:794 the fluxes of the glycosylation process 785:823 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 7 43 from perfusion 1002:1010 arg1 data 927:930 data 927:930 data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 927:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 43 from perfusion 1002:1010 arg1 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 44 theme predictive 1059:1068 arg1 capacities 1070:1079 very good predictive capacities 1049:1079 very good predictive capacities 1049:1079 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 8 45 theme feature 1317:1323 arg1 importance 1325:1334 feature importance 1317:1334 feature importance 1317:1334 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 3 46 theme glycosylation 412:424 arg1 profile 426:432 the glycosylation profile 408:432 the glycosylation profile 408:432 The medium components and cultivation parameters are known to potentially influence the glycosylation profile. 33788254 8 47 theme inputs 1265:1270 arg1 reduction 1248:1256 a dimension reduction 1236:1256 a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree 1236:1351 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 8 48 dep components 1184:1193 arg1 analysis can 1195:1206 analysis can 1195:1206 principal components analysis can 1174:1206 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 4 49 theme rational 482:489 arg1 design 491:496 design 491:496 design 491:496 Mathematical modelling provides a strategy for rational design and control of the upstream bioprocess. 33788254 8 50 theme principal 1174:1182 arg1 components 1184:1193 principal components 1174:1193 principal components analysis can 1174:1206 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 9 51 theme glycoprotein 1469:1480 arg1 productions 1482:1492 glycoprotein productions 1469:1492 glycoprotein productions 1469:1492 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 9 52 theme present 1358:1364 arg1 study 1366:1370 The present study 1354:1370 The present study 1354:1370 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 2 53 theme glycan 222:227 arg1 pattern 229:235 The glycan pattern 218:235 The glycan pattern 218:235 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 7 54 theme fed 1017:1019 arg1 cultures 1027:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 55 from data 927:930 arg1 perfusion 991:999 pseudo perfusion 984:999 pseudo perfusion 984:999 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 55 from data 927:930 arg1 cultures 1027:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 55 from data 927:930 arg1 perfusion 1002:1010 perfusion 1002:1010 perfusion 1002:1010 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 56 theme pseudo 984:989 arg1 perfusion 991:999 pseudo perfusion 984:999 pseudo perfusion 984:999 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 4 57 theme Mathematical 435:446 arg1 modelling 448:456 Mathematical modelling 435:456 Mathematical modelling 435:456 Mathematical modelling provides a strategy for rational design and control of the upstream bioprocess. 33788254 5 58 contain contain 574:580 arg1 models 559:564 the kinetic models 547:564 the kinetic models 547:564 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 5 58 contain contain 574:580 arg2 number 595:600 a very large number 582:600 a very large number 582:600 However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. 33788254 7 59 theme batch 1021:1025 arg1 cultures 1027:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 fed batch cultures 1017:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 6 60 theme glycosylation 803:815 arg1 process 817:823 the glycosylation process 799:823 the glycosylation process 799:823 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 8 61 theme correlation 1292:1302 arg1 analysis 1304:1311 Pearson correlation analysis 1284:1311 Pearson correlation analysis 1284:1311 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 8 62 theme large 1099:1103 arg1 available 1141:1149 available 1141:1149 available 1141:1149 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 8 62 theme large 1099:1103 arg1 number 1105:1110 a large number 1097:1110 a large number of cultivation parameters 1097:1136 In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. 33788254 6 63 theme joint 828:832 arg1 probability 834:844 joint probability 828:844 joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs 828:883 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 2 64 theme large 248:252 arg1 impact 254:259 a large impact 246:259 a large impact 246:259 The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. 33788254 6 65 theme Bayesian 749:756 arg1 network 710:716 the metabolic network 696:716 the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation 696:742 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 6 65 theme Bayesian 749:756 arg1 BN 767:768 BN 767:768 BN 767:768 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 6 65 theme Bayesian 749:756 arg1 network 758:764 a Bayesian network 747:764 a Bayesian network (BN) 747:769 In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. 33788254 7 66 theme Chinese 945:951 arg1 cultures 972:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures 935:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 935:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 67 from cultures 1027:1034 arg1 data 927:930 data 927:930 data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 927:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 7 67 from cultures 1027:1034 arg1 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 all 1037:1039 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 0 68 theme antibody 62:69 arg1 glycosylation 71:83 antibody glycosylation 62:83 antibody glycosylation 62:83 Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. 33788254 9 69 theme medium 1446:1451 arg1 development 1453:1463 medium development 1446:1463 medium development 1446:1463 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 7 70 theme cell 967:970 arg1 cultures 972:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures 935:979 different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures 935:1034 The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. 33788254 9 71 theme upstream 1425:1432 arg1 process 1434:1440 upstream process 1425:1440 upstream process 1425:1440 The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions. 33788254 3 72 theme medium 328:333 arg1 components 335:344 The medium components 324:344 The medium components 324:344 The medium components and cultivation parameters are known to potentially influence the glycosylation profile. 33788254 4 73 theme upstream 517:524 arg1 bioprocess 526:535 the upstream bioprocess 513:535 the upstream bioprocess 513:535 Mathematical modelling provides a strategy for rational design and control of the upstream bioprocess. 33788254 1 74 theme critical 146:153 arg1 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation 127:139 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33788254 1 74 theme critical 146:153 arg1 attribute 163:171 a critical quality attribute 144:171 a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 144:215 Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 33510604 0 0 theme Valve 102:106 arg1 Malformations 108:120 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations 85:120 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 85:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 1 1 theme liver 365:369 arg1 failure 371:377 liver failure 365:377 liver failure 365:377 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. 33510604 5 2 theme GALE 866:869 arg1 function 871:878 GALE function 866:878 GALE function 866:878 GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. 33510604 4 3 theme predictive 781:790 arg1 tools 806:810 predictive computational tools 781:810 predictive computational tools 781:810 Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. 33510604 1 4 theme GALE 296:299 arg1 deficiency 302:311 UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency 268:311 UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency 268:311 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. 33510604 0 5 theme Atrioventricular 85:100 arg1 Malformations 108:120 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations 85:120 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 85:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 6 6 theme several 1048:1054 arg1 proteins 1065:1072 several putative proteins 1048:1072 several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis 1048:1146 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 0 7 with N-Glycosylation 178:192 arg1 Preservation 208:219 Relative Preservation 199:219 Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 199:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 7 8 theme protein 1300:1306 arg1 glycosylation 1308:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype. 33510604 2 9 with asymptomatic 430:441 arg1 outcomes 468:475 uncertain long-term outcomes 448:475 uncertain long-term outcomes 448:475 Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. 33510604 0 10 theme Leloir 228:233 arg1 Pathway 235:241 the Leloir Pathway 224:241 the Leloir Pathway 224:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 1 11 theme deficiency 302:311 arg1 form 260:263 The generalized form 244:263 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency 244:311 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. 33510604 6 12 theme database 1030:1037 arg1 Interrogation 984:996 Interrogation 984:996 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database 984:1037 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 7 13 theme N-linked 1291:1298 arg1 glycosylation 1308:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype. 33510604 0 14 theme Exceptional 126:136 arg1 Phenotype 147:155 An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype 123:155 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 85:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 6 15 theme consortium 1019:1028 arg1 database 1030:1037 the Gene Ontology consortium database 1001:1037 the Gene Ontology consortium database 1001:1037 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 7 16 link N-linked 1291:1298 arg1 glycosylation 1308:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype. 33510604 3 17 theme galactosemia 593:604 arg1 symptoms 573:580 symptoms 573:580 symptoms of classic galactosemia 573:604 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 6 18 theme Ontology 1010:1017 arg1 database 1030:1037 the Gene Ontology consortium database 1001:1037 the Gene Ontology consortium database 1001:1037 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 0 19 theme Pathway 235:241 arg1 Preservation 208:219 Relative Preservation 199:219 Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 199:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 0 20 dep Malformations 108:120 arg1 Phenotype 147:155 An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype 123:155 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 85:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 3 21 theme 2-year-old 490:499 arg1 child 501:505 a 2-year-old child 488:505 a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia 488:739 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 6 22 theme Gene 1005:1008 arg1 database 1030:1037 the Gene Ontology consortium database 1001:1037 the Gene Ontology consortium database 1001:1037 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 7 23 theme GALE 1259:1262 arg1 deficiency 1264:1273 GALE deficiency 1259:1273 GALE deficiency 1259:1273 We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype. 33510604 3 24 theme congenital 627:636 arg1 malformation 674:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 5 25 theme glycans 911:917 arg1 biosynthesis 895:906 the biosynthesis 891:906 the biosynthesis of glycans 891:917 GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. 33510604 3 26 theme combined 638:645 arg1 malformation 674:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 4 27 theme Variant 742:748 arg1 pathogenicity 750:762 Variant pathogenicity 742:762 Variant pathogenicity 742:762 Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. 33510604 0 28 theme UDP-Galactose 10:22 arg1 Deficiency 37:46 UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency 10:46 UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency 10:46 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 6 29 theme valve 1128:1132 arg1 morphogenesis 1134:1146 atrioventricular valve morphogenesis 1111:1146 atrioventricular valve morphogenesis 1111:1146 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 3 30 theme heterozygous 516:527 arg1 child 501:505 a 2-year-old child 488:505 a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia 488:739 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 4 31 theme GALE 826:829 arg1 activity 831:838 decreased GALE activity 816:838 decreased GALE activity 816:838 Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. 33510604 6 32 theme atrioventricular 1111:1126 arg1 morphogenesis 1134:1146 atrioventricular valve morphogenesis 1111:1146 atrioventricular valve morphogenesis 1111:1146 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 0 33 theme Clinical 138:145 arg1 Phenotype 147:155 An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype 123:155 Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 85:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 6 34 theme putative 1056:1063 arg1 proteins 1065:1072 several putative proteins 1048:1072 several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis 1048:1146 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 5 35 theme UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine 939:964 arg1 epimerization 922:934 epimerization 922:934 epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine 922:981 GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. 33510604 0 36 theme Deficiency 37:46 arg1 Case 2:5 A Case 0:5 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency 0:46 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 7 37 from alterations 1276:1286 arg1 glycosylation 1308:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 N-linked protein glycosylation 1291:1320 We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype. 33510604 7 38 theme substrate 1235:1243 arg1 supply 1245:1250 substrate supply 1235:1250 substrate supply 1235:1250 We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype. 33510604 3 39 theme tricuspid 658:666 arg1 malformation 674:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 2 40 theme long-term 458:466 arg1 outcomes 468:475 uncertain long-term outcomes 448:475 uncertain long-term outcomes 448:475 Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. 33510604 0 41 theme 4'-Epimerase 24:35 arg1 Deficiency 37:46 UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency 10:46 UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency 10:46 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 3 42 theme valve 668:672 arg1 malformation 674:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 5 43 theme -glucosamine 970:981 arg1 epimerization 922:934 epimerization 922:934 epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine 922:981 GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. 33510604 1 44 theme generalized 248:258 arg1 form 260:263 The generalized form 244:263 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency 244:311 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. 33510604 6 45 theme normal 1086:1091 arg1 hematopoiesis 1093:1105 normal hematopoiesis 1086:1105 normal hematopoiesis 1086:1105 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 33510604 3 46 theme mitral 647:652 arg1 malformation 674:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation 627:685 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 0 47 theme Altered 170:176 arg1 N-Glycosylation 178:192 Altered N-Glycosylation 170:192 Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 170:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 4 48 theme computational 792:804 arg1 tools 806:810 predictive computational tools 781:810 predictive computational tools 781:810 Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. 33510604 3 49 contain has 610:612 arg2 history 616:622 a history 614:622 a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis 614:706 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 3 49 contain has 610:612 arg1 child 501:505 a 2-year-old child 488:505 a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia 488:739 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 0 50 theme Relative 199:206 arg1 Preservation 208:219 Relative Preservation 199:219 Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway 199:241 A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. 33510604 2 51 with Individuals 380:390 arg1 forms 413:417 non-generalized forms 397:417 non-generalized forms 397:417 Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. 33510604 3 52 theme pyloric 691:697 arg1 stenosis 699:706 pyloric stenosis 691:706 pyloric stenosis 691:706 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 3 53 theme GALE 533:536 arg1 p.R51W/p.G237D 538:551 GALE p.R51W/p.G237D 533:551 GALE p.R51W/p.G237D 533:551 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 3 54 theme stenosis 699:706 arg1 history 616:622 a history 614:622 a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis 614:706 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 3 55 theme classic 585:591 arg1 galactosemia 593:604 classic galactosemia 585:604 classic galactosemia 585:604 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 4 56 theme decreased 816:824 arg1 activity 831:838 decreased GALE activity 816:838 decreased GALE activity 816:838 Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. 33510604 2 57 theme uncertain 448:456 arg1 outcomes 468:475 uncertain long-term outcomes 448:475 uncertain long-term outcomes 448:475 Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. 33510604 3 58 theme malformation 674:685 arg1 history 616:622 a history 614:622 a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis 614:706 We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. 33510604 1 59 theme UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase 268:293 arg1 deficiency 302:311 UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency 268:311 UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency 268:311 The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. 33510604 2 60 theme non-generalized 397:411 arg1 forms 413:417 non-generalized forms 397:417 non-generalized forms 397:417 Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. 33510604 6 61 theme adequate 1179:1186 arg1 functionality 1188:1200 adequate functionality 1179:1200 adequate functionality 1179:1200 Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. 32975831 0 0 theme Pichia 77:82 arg1 pastoris 84:91 Pichia pastoris 77:91 Pichia pastoris 77:91 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 10 1 theme expression 1452:1461 arg1 system 1463:1468 a methanol-based expression system 1435:1468 a methanol-based expression system 1435:1468 The results indicate that the O-glycosylation level is markedly higher when the protein is produced in a methanol-based expression system. 32975831 10 2 theme methanol-based 1437:1450 arg1 system 1463:1468 a methanol-based expression system 1435:1468 a methanol-based expression system 1435:1468 The results indicate that the O-glycosylation level is markedly higher when the protein is produced in a methanol-based expression system. 32975831 8 3 theme strain 1247:1252 arg1 efficiency 1219:1228 the efficiency 1215:1228 the efficiency of the producing strain 1215:1252 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 6 4 theme common 951:956 arg1 promoters 958:966 common promoters 951:966 common promoters 951:966 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 6 4 theme common 951:956 arg1 PAOX1 978:982 PAOX1 978:982 PAOX1 978:982 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 6 4 theme common 951:956 arg1 PGAP 969:972 PGAP 969:972 PGAP 969:972 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 9 5 theme glycosylation 1267:1279 arg1 intensity 1281:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity 1255:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity 1255:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity is observed in HSA produced with PAOX1 . 32975831 8 6 used used 1195:1198 arg2 rate 1187:1190 a slow growth rate 1173:1190 a slow growth rate 1173:1190 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 5 7 theme different 736:744 arg1 strains 758:764 different P. pastoris strains 736:764 different P. pastoris strains 736:764 Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. 32975831 3 8 theme biopharmaceuticals 509:526 arg1 case 489:492 the case 485:492 the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals 485:526 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 4 9 from profiles 665:672 arg1 pastoris 680:687 P. pastoris 677:687 P. pastoris 677:687 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 4 10 theme O-mannosylation 649:663 arg1 profiles 665:672 O-mannosylation profiles 649:672 O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris 649:687 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 5 11 theme P. 746:747 arg1 strains 758:764 different P. pastoris strains 736:764 different P. pastoris strains 736:764 Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. 32975831 10 12 theme O-glycosylation 1362:1376 arg1 level 1378:1382 the O-glycosylation level 1358:1382 the O-glycosylation level 1358:1382 The results indicate that the O-glycosylation level is markedly higher when the protein is produced in a methanol-based expression system. 32975831 10 12 theme O-glycosylation 1362:1376 arg1 higher 1396:1401 higher 1396:1401 higher 1396:1401 The results indicate that the O-glycosylation level is markedly higher when the protein is produced in a methanol-based expression system. 32975831 7 13 gly glycopeptides 1028:1040 arg2 glycopeptides 1028:1040 glycopeptides 1028:1040 glycopeptides 1028:1040 After purification and protein digestion, glycopeptides are analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. 32975831 2 14 theme patterns 373:380 arg1 knowledge 356:364 less knowledge 351:364 less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation 351:399 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 8 15 theme glycosylation 1135:1147 arg1 higher 1161:1166 higher 1161:1166 higher 1161:1166 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 8 15 theme glycosylation 1135:1147 arg1 degree 1125:1130 the degree 1121:1130 the degree of glycosylation 1121:1147 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 9 16 theme highest 1259:1265 arg1 intensity 1281:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity 1255:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity 1255:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity is observed in HSA produced with PAOX1 . 32975831 4 17 from influence 600:608 arg1 profiles 665:672 O-mannosylation profiles 649:672 O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris 649:687 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 8 18 located found 1110:1114 arg1 samples 1076:1082 the samples 1072:1082 the samples expressed with PGAP 1072:1102 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 8 18 located found 1110:1114 arg2 it 1104:1105 it 1104:1105 it 1104:1105 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 7 19 theme protein 1009:1015 arg1 digestion 1017:1025 protein digestion 1009:1025 protein digestion 1009:1025 After purification and protein digestion, glycopeptides are analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. 32975831 1 20 theme methylotrophic 156:169 arg1 pastoris 184:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 20 theme methylotrophic 156:169 arg1 host 218:221 an efficient host 205:221 an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins 205:265 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 21 theme heterologous 245:256 arg1 proteins 258:265 heterologous proteins 245:265 heterologous proteins 245:265 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 22 theme yeast 171:175 arg1 pastoris 184:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 22 theme yeast 171:175 arg1 host 218:221 an efficient host 205:221 an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins 205:265 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 23 theme proteins 258:265 arg1 production 231:240 the production 227:240 the production of heterologous proteins 227:265 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 5 24 theme different 698:706 arg1 proteins 714:721 Sixteen different model proteins 690:721 Sixteen different model proteins 690:721 Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. 32975831 2 25 theme protein 283:289 arg1 glycosylation 291:303 N-linked protein glycosylation 274:303 N-linked protein glycosylation 274:303 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 1 26 theme Pichia 177:182 arg1 pastoris 184:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 26 theme Pichia 177:182 arg1 host 218:221 an efficient host 205:221 an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins 205:265 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 6 27 theme batch 922:926 arg1 fermentations 928:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 5 28 theme model 708:712 arg1 proteins 714:721 Sixteen different model proteins 690:721 Sixteen different model proteins 690:721 Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. 32975831 2 29 theme N-linked 274:281 arg1 glycosylation 291:303 N-linked protein glycosylation 274:303 N-linked protein glycosylation 274:303 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 3 30 theme mannose 460:466 arg1 chains 468:473 short linear mannose chains 447:473 short linear mannose chains 447:473 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 0 31 theme O-Glycosylation 25:39 arg1 Length 15:20 Length 15:20 Length 15:20 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 0 31 theme O-Glycosylation 25:39 arg1 Degree 4:9 Degree 4:9 Degree 4:9 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 6 32 theme fed 918:920 arg1 fermentations 928:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 0 33 theme Protein 122:128 arg1 Nature 108:113 the Nature 104:113 the Nature of the Protein 104:128 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 0 33 theme Protein 122:128 arg1 Type 146:149 the Process Type 134:149 the Process Type 134:149 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 4 34 theme cultivation 623:633 arg1 strategies 635:644 different cultivation strategies 613:644 different cultivation strategies 613:644 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 4 35 theme strategies 635:644 arg1 influence 600:608 the influence 596:608 the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris 596:687 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 8 36 theme growth 1180:1185 arg1 rate 1187:1190 a slow growth rate 1173:1190 a slow growth rate 1173:1190 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 6 37 theme growth 911:916 arg1 fermentations 928:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 6 38 theme serum 849:853 arg1 HSA 864:866 HSA 864:866 HSA 864:866 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 6 38 theme serum 849:853 arg1 albumin 855:861 human serum albumin 843:861 human serum albumin (HSA) 843:867 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 2 39 theme O-glycosylation 385:399 arg1 patterns 373:380 the patterns 369:380 the patterns of O-glycosylation 369:399 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 0 40 theme Recombinant 44:54 arg1 Proteins 56:63 Recombinant Proteins 44:63 Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris 44:91 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 2 41 link N-linked 274:281 arg1 glycosylation 291:303 N-linked protein glycosylation 274:303 N-linked protein glycosylation 274:303 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 6 42 theme human 843:847 arg1 HSA 864:866 HSA 864:866 HSA 864:866 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 6 42 theme human 843:847 arg1 albumin 855:861 human serum albumin 843:861 human serum albumin (HSA) 843:867 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 5 43 theme O-glycosylation 790:804 arg1 profile 806:812 their O-glycosylation profile 784:812 their O-glycosylation profile 784:812 Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. 32975831 5 44 dep P. 746:747 arg1 pastoris 749:756 pastoris 749:756 pastoris 749:756 Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. 32975831 9 45 located observed 1294:1301 arg1 HSA 1306:1308 HSA 1306:1308 HSA produced with PAOX1 1306:1328 The highest glycosylation intensity is observed in HSA produced with PAOX1 . 32975831 9 45 located observed 1294:1301 arg2 intensity 1281:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity 1255:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity 1255:1289 The highest glycosylation intensity is observed in HSA produced with PAOX1 . 32975831 6 46 theme fast 897:900 arg1 fermentations 928:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 4 47 theme P. 677:678 arg1 pastoris 680:687 P. pastoris 677:687 P. pastoris 677:687 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 8 48 theme producing 1237:1245 arg1 strain 1247:1252 the producing strain 1233:1252 the producing strain 1233:1252 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 3 49 theme immune 543:548 arg1 response 550:557 an immune response 540:557 an immune response in humans 540:567 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 0 50 theme Process 138:144 arg1 Type 146:149 the Process Type 134:149 the Process Type 134:149 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 6 51 theme obtained 828:835 arg1 data 837:840 the obtained data 824:840 the obtained data 824:840 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32975831 3 52 theme recombinant 497:507 arg1 biopharmaceuticals 509:526 recombinant biopharmaceuticals 497:526 recombinant biopharmaceuticals 497:526 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 8 53 theme slow 1175:1178 arg1 rate 1187:1190 a slow growth rate 1173:1190 a slow growth rate 1173:1190 In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. 32975831 2 54 gly glycosylation 291:303 arg1 P. pastoris 330:340 P. pastoris 330:340 P. pastoris 330:340 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 3 55 theme short 447:451 arg1 chains 468:473 short linear mannose chains 447:473 short linear mannose chains 447:473 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 0 56 dep Degree 4:9 arg1 The 0:2 The 0:2 The 0:2 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 3 57 theme linear 453:458 arg1 chains 468:473 short linear mannose chains 447:473 short linear mannose chains 447:473 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 3 58 from response 550:557 arg1 humans 562:567 humans 562:567 humans 562:567 O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. 32975831 1 59 theme efficient 208:216 arg1 pastoris 184:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris 152:191 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 1 59 theme efficient 208:216 arg1 host 218:221 an efficient host 205:221 an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins 205:265 The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. 32975831 0 60 theme Proteins 56:63 arg1 Length 15:20 Length 15:20 Length 15:20 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 0 60 theme Proteins 56:63 arg1 Degree 4:9 Degree 4:9 Degree 4:9 The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. 32975831 4 61 theme different 613:621 arg1 strategies 635:644 different cultivation strategies 613:644 different cultivation strategies 613:644 This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. 32975831 2 62 theme less 351:354 arg1 knowledge 356:364 less knowledge 351:364 less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation 351:399 While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. 32975831 6 63 theme slow 906:909 arg1 fermentations 928:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations 897:940 Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . 32676596 8 0 theme viral 1700:1704 arg1 antigens 1706:1713 trimeric viral antigens 1691:1713 trimeric viral antigens 1691:1713 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 3 1 theme SpyTag 583:588 arg1 formation 566:574 the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation 534:574 the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag 534:588 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 7 2 theme murine 1407:1412 arg1 vaccination 1414:1424 murine vaccination 1407:1424 murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1407:1468 Notably, murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles elicited ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses, weight-per-weight relative to spike alone. 32676596 6 3 gly F-glycoprotein 1214:1227 arg1 F-glycoprotein 1214:1227 F-glycoprotein 1214:1227 F-glycoprotein 1214:1227 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 1 4 theme prominent 317:325 arg1 role 327:330 an increasingly prominent role 301:330 an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines 301:358 Antigens displayed on self-assembling nanoparticles can stimulate strong immune responses and have been playing an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines. 32676596 5 5 dep glycoprotein 975:986 arg1 trimer 988:993 trimer 988:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 7 6 theme higher 1488:1493 arg1 responses 1508:1516 ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses 1479:1516 ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses 1479:1516 Notably, murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles elicited ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses, weight-per-weight relative to spike alone. 32676596 8 7 theme plug-and-play 1628:1640 arg1 presentation 1642:1653 multivalent plug-and-play presentation 1616:1653 multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses 1616:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 3 8 theme trimeric 619:626 arg1 antigens 628:635 trimeric antigens 619:635 trimeric antigens 619:635 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 9 dep system 601:606 arg1 display 611:617 display 611:617 to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 608:783 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 8 10 theme spike-LuS 1732:1740 arg1 nanoparticles 1742:1754 SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1721:1754 SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses 1721:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 4 11 theme expression 851:860 arg1 system 862:867 a mammalian expression system 839:867 a mammalian expression system 839:867 LuS and ferritin coupled to SpyTag expressed well in a mammalian expression system when an N-linked glycan was added to the nanoparticle surface. 32676596 5 12 theme prefusion 1015:1023 arg1 conformation 1025:1036 the prefusion conformation 1011:1036 the prefusion conformation 1011:1036 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 0 13 theme Neutralizing 148:159 arg1 Responses 161:169 Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses 127:169 Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses 127:169 A Platform Incorporating Trimeric Antigens into Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles to Elicit Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses than Spike Alone. 32676596 8 14 theme SARS-CoV-2 1721:1730 arg1 nanoparticles 1742:1754 SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1721:1754 SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses 1721:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 3 15 dep alleviate 468:476 arg1 system 601:606 SpyCatcher system 590:606 SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 590:783 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 16 theme spontaneous 538:548 arg1 formation 566:574 the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation 534:574 the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag 534:588 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 1 17 theme self-assembling 211:225 arg1 nanoparticles 227:239 self-assembling nanoparticles 211:239 self-assembling nanoparticles 211:239 Antigens displayed on self-assembling nanoparticles can stimulate strong immune responses and have been playing an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines. 32676596 0 18 theme Higher 141:146 arg1 Responses 161:169 Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses 127:169 Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses 127:169 A Platform Incorporating Trimeric Antigens into Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles to Elicit Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses than Spike Alone. 32676596 6 19 with nanoparticles 1348:1360 arg1 antigenicity 1384:1395 antigenicity 1384:1395 antigenicity 1384:1395 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 6 19 with nanoparticles 1348:1360 arg1 yield 1374:1378 decent yield 1367:1378 decent yield 1367:1378 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 3 20 theme plug-and-play 505:517 arg1 platform 519:526 a plug-and-play platform 503:526 a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag 503:588 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 7 21 with vaccination 1414:1424 arg1 nanoparticles 1456:1468 the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1431:1468 the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1431:1468 Notably, murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles elicited ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses, weight-per-weight relative to spike alone. 32676596 8 22 theme potent 1778:1783 arg1 responses 1798:1806 particularly potent neutralizing responses 1765:1806 particularly potent neutralizing responses 1765:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 5 23 with display 1153:1159 arg1 antigenicity 1189:1200 prefusion antigenicity 1179:1200 prefusion antigenicity 1179:1200 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 6 24 gly spike-glycoprotein 1279:1296 arg1 spike-glycoprotein 1279:1296 spike-glycoprotein 1279:1296 spike-glycoprotein 1279:1296 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 1 25 theme structure-based 335:349 arg1 vaccines 351:358 structure-based vaccines 335:358 structure-based vaccines 335:358 Antigens displayed on self-assembling nanoparticles can stimulate strong immune responses and have been playing an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines. 32676596 5 26 theme F 1164:1164 arg1 trimers 1166:1172 F trimers 1164:1172 F trimers 1164:1172 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 8 27 with nanoparticles 1674:1686 arg1 nanoparticles 1742:1754 SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1721:1754 SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses 1721:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 5 28 theme F 972:972 arg1 glycoprotein 975:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein 932:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 0 29 theme Trimeric 25:32 arg1 Antigens 34:41 Trimeric Antigens 25:41 Trimeric Antigens 25:41 A Platform Incorporating Trimeric Antigens into Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles to Elicit Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses than Spike Alone. 32676596 1 30 from role 327:330 arg1 vaccines 351:358 structure-based vaccines 335:358 structure-based vaccines 335:358 Antigens displayed on self-assembling nanoparticles can stimulate strong immune responses and have been playing an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines. 32676596 2 31 from inefficiencies 429:442 arg1 production 453:462 their production 447:462 their production 447:462 However, the development of such immunogens is often complicated by inefficiencies in their production. 32676596 4 32 theme mammalian 841:849 arg1 system 862:867 a mammalian expression system 839:867 a mammalian expression system 839:867 LuS and ferritin coupled to SpyTag expressed well in a mammalian expression system when an N-linked glycan was added to the nanoparticle surface. 32676596 8 33 theme versatile 1566:1574 arg1 platform 1576:1583 The versatile platform 1562:1583 The versatile platform described here 1562:1598 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 1 34 theme strong 255:260 arg1 responses 269:277 strong immune responses 255:277 strong immune responses 255:277 Antigens displayed on self-assembling nanoparticles can stimulate strong immune responses and have been playing an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines. 32676596 5 35 theme trimers 1166:1172 arg1 display 1153:1159 multivalent display 1141:1159 multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity 1141:1200 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 3 36 theme self-assembling 640:654 arg1 synthase 722:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase 681:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) 681:735 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 36 theme self-assembling 640:654 arg1 nanoparticles 656:668 self-assembling nanoparticles 640:668 self-assembling nanoparticles 640:668 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 36 theme self-assembling 640:654 arg1 ferritin 776:783 the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 741:783 the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 741:783 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 6 37 from spike-glycoprotein 1279:1296 arg1 trimers 1229:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers 1214:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 1214:1320 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 1 38 theme immune 262:267 arg1 responses 269:277 strong immune responses 255:277 strong immune responses 255:277 Antigens displayed on self-assembling nanoparticles can stimulate strong immune responses and have been playing an increasingly prominent role in structure-based vaccines. 32676596 7 39 theme SARS-CoV-2 1435:1444 arg1 nanoparticles 1456:1468 the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1431:1468 the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1431:1468 Notably, murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles elicited ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses, weight-per-weight relative to spike alone. 32676596 8 40 theme neutralizing 1785:1796 arg1 responses 1798:1806 particularly potent neutralizing responses 1765:1806 particularly potent neutralizing responses 1765:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 8 41 theme multivalent 1616:1626 arg1 presentation 1642:1653 multivalent plug-and-play presentation 1616:1653 multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses 1616:1806 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 3 42 theme 60-subunit 685:694 arg1 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 42 theme 60-subunit 685:694 arg1 synthase 722:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase 681:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) 681:735 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 5 43 theme respiratory 936:946 arg1 glycoprotein 975:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein 932:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 5 44 theme virus 958:962 arg1 glycoprotein 975:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein 932:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 3 45 dep Helicobacter 756:767 arg1 pylori 769:774 pylori 769:774 pylori 769:774 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 5 46 theme prefusion 1179:1187 arg1 antigenicity 1189:1200 prefusion antigenicity 1179:1200 prefusion antigenicity 1179:1200 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 3 47 theme Aquifex 696:702 arg1 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 47 theme Aquifex 696:702 arg1 synthase 722:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase 681:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) 681:735 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 5 48 theme syncytial 948:956 arg1 glycoprotein 975:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein 932:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 4 49 link N-linked 877:884 arg1 glycan 886:891 an N-linked glycan 874:891 an N-linked glycan 874:891 LuS and ferritin coupled to SpyTag expressed well in a mammalian expression system when an N-linked glycan was added to the nanoparticle surface. 32676596 5 50 gly glycoprotein 975:986 arg1 glycoprotein 975:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein 932:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 6 51 theme F-glycoprotein 1214:1227 arg1 trimers 1229:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers 1214:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 1214:1320 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 0 52 theme Self-Assembling 48:62 arg1 Nanoparticles 64:76 Self-Assembling Nanoparticles 48:76 Self-Assembling Nanoparticles 48:76 A Platform Incorporating Trimeric Antigens into Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles to Elicit Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses than Spike Alone. 32676596 5 53 theme multivalent 1141:1151 arg1 display 1153:1159 multivalent display 1141:1159 multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity 1141:1200 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 4 54 theme nanoparticle 910:921 arg1 surface 923:929 the nanoparticle surface 906:929 the nanoparticle surface 906:929 LuS and ferritin coupled to SpyTag expressed well in a mammalian expression system when an N-linked glycan was added to the nanoparticle surface. 32676596 7 55 theme neutralizing 1495:1506 arg1 responses 1508:1516 ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses 1479:1516 ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses 1479:1516 Notably, murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles elicited ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses, weight-per-weight relative to spike alone. 32676596 6 56 dep human 1242:1246 arg1 3 1273:1273 3 1273:1273 3 1273:1273 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 6 56 dep human 1242:1246 arg1 trimers 1298:1304 trimers 1298:1304 trimers 1298:1304 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 8 57 theme self-assembling 1658:1672 arg1 nanoparticles 1674:1686 self-assembling nanoparticles 1658:1686 self-assembling nanoparticles 1658:1686 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 6 58 theme LuS 1344:1346 arg1 nanoparticles 1348:1360 LuS nanoparticles 1344:1360 LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity 1344:1395 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 6 59 theme decent 1367:1372 arg1 yield 1374:1378 decent yield 1367:1378 decent yield 1367:1378 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 2 60 theme immunogens 394:403 arg1 development 374:384 the development 370:384 the development of such immunogens 370:403 However, the development of such immunogens is often complicated by inefficiencies in their production. 32676596 6 61 from human 1242:1246 arg1 trimers 1229:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers 1214:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 1214:1320 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 32676596 3 62 theme 24-subunit 745:754 arg1 ferritin 776:783 the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 741:783 the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 741:783 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 4 63 theme N-linked 877:884 arg1 glycan 886:891 an N-linked glycan 874:891 an N-linked glycan 874:891 LuS and ferritin coupled to SpyTag expressed well in a mammalian expression system when an N-linked glycan was added to the nanoparticle surface. 32676596 2 64 theme such 389:392 arg1 immunogens 394:403 such immunogens 389:403 such immunogens 389:403 However, the development of such immunogens is often complicated by inefficiencies in their production. 32676596 3 65 theme isopeptide-bond 550:564 arg1 formation 566:574 the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation 534:574 the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag 534:588 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 0 66 theme SARS-CoV-2-Spike 86:101 arg1 Nanoparticles 103:115 SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles 86:115 SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles 86:115 A Platform Incorporating Trimeric Antigens into Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Spike Nanoparticles to Elicit Substantially Higher Neutralizing Responses than Spike Alone. 32676596 3 67 theme Helicobacter 756:767 arg1 ferritin 776:783 the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 741:783 the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 741:783 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 68 theme aeolicus 704:711 arg1 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 68 theme aeolicus 704:711 arg1 synthase 722:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase 681:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) 681:735 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 7 69 theme spike-LuS 1446:1454 arg1 nanoparticles 1456:1468 the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1431:1468 the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles 1431:1468 Notably, murine vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles elicited ~25-fold higher neutralizing responses, weight-per-weight relative to spike alone. 32676596 3 70 theme SpyCatcher 590:599 arg1 system 601:606 SpyCatcher system 590:606 SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin 590:783 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 5 71 theme fusion 964:969 arg1 glycoprotein 975:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein 932:986 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer 932:993 The respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) glycoprotein trimer - stabilized in the prefusion conformation and fused with SpyCatcher - could be efficiently conjugated to LuS-SpyTag or ferritin-SpyTag, enabling multivalent display of F trimers with prefusion antigenicity. 32676596 8 72 from presentation 1642:1653 arg1 nanoparticles 1674:1686 self-assembling nanoparticles 1658:1686 self-assembling nanoparticles 1658:1686 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 8 73 theme antigens 1706:1713 arg1 nanoparticles 1674:1686 self-assembling nanoparticles 1658:1686 self-assembling nanoparticles 1658:1686 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 3 74 theme lumazine 713:720 arg1 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 LuS 732:734 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 3 74 theme lumazine 713:720 arg1 synthase 722:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase 681:729 the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) 681:735 To alleviate this issue, we developed a plug-and-play platform using the spontaneous isopeptide-bond formation of the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system to display trimeric antigens on self-assembling nanoparticles, including the 60-subunit Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (LuS) and the 24-subunit Helicobacter pylori ferritin. 32676596 8 75 theme trimeric 1691:1698 arg1 antigens 1706:1713 trimeric viral antigens 1691:1713 trimeric viral antigens 1691:1713 The versatile platform described here thus allows for multivalent plug-and-play presentation on self-assembling nanoparticles of trimeric viral antigens, with SARS-CoV-2 spike-LuS nanoparticles inducing particularly potent neutralizing responses. 32676596 6 76 from SARS-CoV-2 1311:1320 arg1 trimers 1229:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers 1214:1235 F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 1214:1320 Similarly, F-glycoprotein trimers from human parainfluenza virus-type 3 and spike-glycoprotein trimers from SARS-CoV-2 could be displayed on LuS nanoparticles with decent yield and antigenicity. 34806177 5 0 from factor 1068:1073 arg1 model 1111:1115 the ACs model 1103:1115 the ACs model 1103:1115 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 4 1 theme ALDH1A3 875:881 arg1 expression 883:892 ALDH1A3 expression 875:892 ALDH1A3 expression 875:892 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 2 2 theme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 349:379 arg1 enzyme 404:409 the Golgi enzyme 394:409 the Golgi enzyme 394:409 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 2 2 theme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 349:379 arg1 GnT-V 384:388 GnT-V 384:388 GnT-V 384:388 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 2 2 theme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 349:379 arg1 V 381:381 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V 349:381 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) 349:389 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 1 3 theme AC 336:337 arg1 stemness 339:346 AC stemness 336:346 AC stemness 336:346 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 2 4 theme various 503:509 arg1 behaviors 516:524 various cell behaviors 503:524 various cell behaviors 503:524 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 0 5 theme epidermal 117:125 arg1 activation 136:145 the epidermal receptor activation 113:145 the epidermal receptor activation 113:145 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 3 6 theme ACs 690:692 arg1 proliferation 694:706 ACs proliferation 690:706 ACs proliferation 690:706 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 3 7 theme ACs 571:573 arg1 expression 557:566 the gene expression 548:566 the gene expression of ACs 548:573 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 4 8 theme signaling 981:989 arg1 transduction 991:1002 the downstream signaling transduction 966:1002 the downstream signaling transduction 966:1002 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 2 9 theme cell 511:514 arg1 behaviors 516:524 various cell behaviors 503:524 various cell behaviors 503:524 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 4 10 theme GnT-V 842:846 arg1 levels 832:837 high levels 827:837 high levels of GnT-V 827:846 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 0 11 theme receptor 127:134 arg1 activation 136:145 the epidermal receptor activation 113:145 the epidermal receptor activation 113:145 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 3 12 theme stemness 712:719 arg1 properties 721:730 stemness properties 712:730 stemness properties 712:730 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 2 13 theme N-linked 466:473 arg1 glycans 475:481 the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans 442:481 the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans 442:481 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 5 14 theme EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 1135:1150 arg1 pathway 1162:1168 the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway 1131:1168 the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway 1131:1168 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 1 15 theme proliferation 193:205 arg1 capability 207:216 the proliferation capability 189:216 the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) 189:258 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 3 16 from properties 721:730 arg1 ACs/GnT-V 735:743 ACs/GnT-V 735:743 ACs/GnT-V 735:743 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 2 17 link N-linked 466:473 arg1 glycans 475:481 the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans 442:481 the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans 442:481 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 0 18 theme V 50:50 arg1 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression 0:13 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V 0:50 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 1 19 theme passage 279:285 arg1 number 287:292 passage number 279:292 passage number 279:292 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 4 20 theme receptors 941:949 arg1 phosphorylation 909:923 phosphorylation 909:923 phosphorylation of cell surface receptors 909:949 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 5 21 theme significant 1056:1066 arg1 factor 1068:1073 a significant factor 1054:1073 a significant factor for cell immortalization 1054:1098 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 5 21 theme significant 1056:1066 arg1 GnT-V 1045:1049 GnT-V 1045:1049 GnT-V 1045:1049 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 0 22 theme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 18:48 arg1 V 50:50 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V 18:50 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V 18:50 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 4 23 theme surface 933:939 arg1 receptors 941:949 cell surface receptors 928:949 cell surface receptors 928:949 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 3 24 theme gene 552:555 arg1 expression 557:566 the gene expression 548:566 the gene expression of ACs 548:573 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 1 25 theme human 221:225 arg1 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 1 25 theme human 221:225 arg1 cells 248:252 human parotid gland acinar cells 221:252 human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) 221:258 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 0 26 theme human 61:65 arg1 gland 75:79 human parotid gland 61:79 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 1 27 theme parotid 227:233 arg1 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 1 27 theme parotid 227:233 arg1 cells 248:252 human parotid gland acinar cells 221:252 human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) 221:258 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 2 28 theme β1,6GlcNAc-branched 446:464 arg1 glycans 475:481 the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans 442:481 the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans 442:481 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 5 29 theme ACs 1107:1109 arg1 model 1111:1115 the ACs model 1103:1115 the ACs model 1103:1115 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 1 30 theme gland 235:239 arg1 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 1 30 theme gland 235:239 arg1 cells 248:252 human parotid gland acinar cells 221:252 human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) 221:258 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 0 31 theme gland 75:79 arg1 immortalization 93:107 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 1 32 dep maintain 180:187 arg1 study 301:305 study 301:305 to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness 298:346 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 1 32 dep maintain 180:187 arg1 extend 272:277 extend 272:277 to extend passage number 269:292 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 0 33 theme parotid 67:73 arg1 gland 75:79 human parotid gland 61:79 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 3 34 theme GnT-V 662:666 arg1 upregulation 646:657 upregulation 646:657 upregulation of GnT-V 646:666 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 4 35 theme high 827:830 arg1 levels 832:837 high levels 827:837 high levels of GnT-V 827:846 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 3 36 theme Mock 778:781 arg1 plasmid 783:789 Mock plasmid 778:789 Mock plasmid 778:789 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 4 37 theme cell 928:931 arg1 receptors 941:949 cell surface receptors 928:949 cell surface receptors 928:949 More importantly, we observed that high levels of GnT-V positively correlated with ALDH1A3 expression via increasing phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and activating the downstream signaling transduction. 34806177 5 38 theme current 1016:1022 arg1 study 1024:1028 the current study 1012:1028 the current study 1012:1028 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 3 39 theme plasmid 619:625 arg1 transfection 578:589 transfection 578:589 transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid 578:625 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 3 40 from proliferation 694:706 arg1 ACs/GnT-V 735:743 ACs/GnT-V 735:743 ACs/GnT-V 735:743 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 1 41 theme acinar 241:246 arg1 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 ACs 255:257 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 1 41 theme acinar 241:246 arg1 cells 248:252 human parotid gland acinar cells 221:252 human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) 221:258 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 5 42 theme cell 1079:1082 arg1 immortalization 1084:1098 cell immortalization 1079:1098 cell immortalization 1079:1098 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 1 43 theme cells 248:252 arg1 capability 207:216 the proliferation capability 189:216 the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) 189:258 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 34806177 0 44 theme cell 88:91 arg1 immortalization 93:107 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 2 45 theme Golgi 398:402 arg1 enzyme 404:409 the Golgi enzyme 394:409 the Golgi enzyme 394:409 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 2 45 theme Golgi 398:402 arg1 V 381:381 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V 349:381 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) 349:389 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is the Golgi enzyme, and it has been reported that the β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-linked glycans are associated with various cell behaviors. 34806177 0 46 theme acinar 81:86 arg1 immortalization 93:107 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization 61:107 Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V promotes human parotid gland acinar cell immortalization via the epidermal receptor activation. 34806177 5 47 theme signaling 1152:1160 arg1 pathway 1162:1168 the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway 1131:1168 the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway 1131:1168 Hence, the current study suggested that GnT-V is a significant factor for cell immortalization in the ACs model by activating the EGFR/ERK/ALDH1A3 signaling pathway. 34806177 3 48 theme GnT-V-overexpression 598:617 arg1 plasmid 619:625 the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid 594:625 the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid 594:625 Therefore, we modify the gene expression of ACs by transfection of the GnT-V-overexpression plasmid, and we found that upregulation of GnT-V extensively increased ACs proliferation and stemness properties in ACs/GnT-V compared to ACs transfected with Mock plasmid. 34806177 1 49 theme study 168:172 arg1 purpose 152:158 The purpose 148:158 The purpose of this study 148:172 The purpose of this study is to maintain the proliferation capability of human parotid gland acinar cells (ACs) in vitro to extend passage number and to study the mechanism that regulates AC stemness. 32252658 7 0 used used 993:996 arg2 We 990:991 We 990:991 We 990:991 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 11 1 theme genetic 1494:1500 arg1 counseling 1502:1511 genetic counseling 1494:1511 genetic counseling 1494:1511 In this paper we discuss some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis. 32252658 1 2 theme # 261:261 arg1 613118 262:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 2 theme # 261:261 arg1 deficiency 229:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 11 3 theme variant 1514:1520 arg1 interpretation 1522:1535 variant interpretation 1514:1535 variant interpretation 1514:1535 In this paper we discuss some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis. 32252658 3 4 from approach 590:597 arg1 gene 577:580 the SERPINC1 gene 564:580 the SERPINC1 gene 564:580 We describe a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene and our approach to variant interpretation. 32252658 11 5 theme counseling 1502:1511 arg1 aspects 1483:1489 some aspects 1478:1489 some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis 1478:1566 In this paper we discuss some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis. 32252658 9 6 theme appropriate 1287:1297 arg1 counseling 1307:1316 appropriate genetic counseling 1287:1316 appropriate genetic counseling 1287:1316 CONCLUSION The proband was provided with appropriate genetic counseling and referred to a hematologist. 32252658 8 7 theme SERPINC1 1111:1118 arg1 protein 1120:1126 mutated SERPINC1 protein 1103:1126 mutated SERPINC1 protein 1103:1126 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 1 8 theme antithrombin 191:202 arg1 deficiency 173:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency 152:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) 152:268 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 8 theme antithrombin 191:202 arg1 disorder 324:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder 273:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism 273:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 6 9 theme genetic 854:860 arg1 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 9 theme genetic 854:860 arg1 c.662G > C 870:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C 848:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene 848:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 9 theme genetic 854:860 arg1 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 2 10 theme family 399:404 arg1 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 2 10 theme family 399:404 arg1 gene 417:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene 388:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) 388:431 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 8 11 theme glycosylation 1203:1215 arg1 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 11 theme glycosylation 1203:1215 arg1 site 1228:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 1 12 theme hereditary 205:214 arg1 deficiency 244:253 AT deficiency 241:253 AT deficiency 241:253 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 12 theme hereditary 205:214 arg1 613118 262:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 12 theme hereditary 205:214 arg1 deficiency 229:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 9 13 dep CONCLUSION 1246:1255 arg1 referred 1322:1329 referred 1322:1329 referred to a hematologist 1322:1347 CONCLUSION The proband was provided with appropriate genetic counseling and referred to a hematologist. 32252658 9 13 dep CONCLUSION 1246:1255 arg1 provided 1273:1280 provided 1273:1280 provided with appropriate genetic counseling 1273:1316 CONCLUSION The proband was provided with appropriate genetic counseling and referred to a hematologist. 32252658 8 14 theme N-linked 1134:1141 arg1 site 1157:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 3 15 theme genetic 545:551 arg1 variant 553:559 a new genetic variant 539:559 a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene 539:580 We describe a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene and our approach to variant interpretation. 32252658 5 16 theme antithrombin 774:785 arg1 % 822:822 44-48% 817:822 44-48% (AT deficiency type I) 817:845 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 5 16 theme antithrombin 774:785 arg1 low 812:814 low 812:814 low 812:814 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 5 16 theme antithrombin 774:785 arg1 level 787:791 The antithrombin level 770:791 The antithrombin level in our patient 770:806 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 2 17 theme deficiency 515:524 arg1 types 493:497 Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types 445:497 Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency 445:524 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 4 18 theme female 666:671 arg1 proband 673:679 a 29 y.o. female proband 656:679 a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis 656:717 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 3 19 theme SERPINC1 568:575 arg1 gene 577:580 the SERPINC1 gene 564:580 the SERPINC1 gene 564:580 We describe a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene and our approach to variant interpretation. 32252658 5 20 theme deficiency 828:837 arg1 type 839:842 deficiency type I 828:844 deficiency type I 828:844 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 6 21 theme SERPINC1 898:905 arg1 gene 907:910 the SERPINC1 gene 894:910 the SERPINC1 gene 894:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 0 22 from report 82:87 arg1 counseling 140:149 genetic counseling 132:149 genetic counseling 132:149 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 0 23 theme hereditary 42:51 arg1 report 82:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 8 24 gly glycosylation 1143:1155 arg2 site 1157:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 5 25 from level 787:791 arg1 patient 800:806 our patient 796:806 our patient 796:806 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 2 26 theme type 459:462 arg1 I 464:464 type I 459:464 type I 459:464 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 0 27 from variant 12:18 arg1 gene 36:39 the SERPINC1 gene 23:39 the SERPINC1 gene 23:39 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 0 28 theme deficiency 66:75 arg1 report 82:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 1 29 theme high 338:341 arg1 risk 343:346 high risk 338:346 high risk of venous thromboembolism 338:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 30 theme Inherited 163:171 arg1 deficiency 173:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency 152:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) 152:268 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 30 theme Inherited 163:171 arg1 disorder 324:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder 273:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism 273:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 31 with disorder 324:331 arg1 risk 343:346 high risk 338:346 high risk of venous thromboembolism 338:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 6 32 located detected 916:923 arg2 c.662G > C 870:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C 848:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene 848:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 32 located detected 916:923 arg1 proband 928:934 proband 928:934 proband 928:934 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 32 located detected 916:923 arg1 father 949:954 affected father 940:954 affected father 940:954 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 32 located detected 916:923 arg2 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 32 located detected 916:923 arg2 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 4 33 theme venous 701:706 arg1 thrombosis 708:717 venous thrombosis 701:717 venous thrombosis 701:717 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 5 34 dep low 812:814 arg1 level 787:791 The antithrombin level 770:791 The antithrombin level in our patient 770:806 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 5 34 dep low 812:814 arg1 % 822:822 44-48% 817:822 44-48% (AT deficiency type I) 817:845 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 5 34 dep low 812:814 arg1 low 812:814 low 812:814 low 812:814 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 2 35 theme Qualitative 471:481 arg1 types 493:497 Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types 445:497 Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency 445:524 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 7 36 dep in 998:999 arg1 silico 1001:1006 silico 1001:1006 silico 1001:1006 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 2 37 theme serpin 392:397 arg1 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 2 37 theme serpin 392:397 arg1 gene 417:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene 388:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) 388:431 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 7 38 theme p.W221S 1049:1055 arg1 variant 1057:1063 p.W221S variant 1049:1063 p.W221S variant 1049:1063 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 1 39 theme thromboembolism 358:372 arg1 risk 343:346 high risk 338:346 high risk of venous thromboembolism 338:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 7 40 from impact 1039:1044 arg1 structure 1076:1084 protein structure 1068:1084 protein structure 1068:1084 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 7 40 from impact 1039:1044 arg1 function 1090:1097 function 1090:1097 function 1090:1097 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 8 41 theme at 1217:1218 arg1 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 41 theme at 1217:1218 arg1 site 1228:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 0 42 theme New 0:2 arg1 variant 12:18 New genetic variant 0:18 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 0:150 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 2 43 theme Quantitative 445:456 arg1 types 493:497 Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types 445:497 Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency 445:524 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 4 44 theme family 740:745 arg1 history 747:753 family history 740:753 family history of thrombosis 740:767 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 2 45 theme C 406:406 arg1 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 2 45 theme C 406:406 arg1 gene 417:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene 388:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) 388:431 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 8 46 gly glycosylation 1203:1215 arg2 site 1228:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 46 gly glycosylation 1203:1215 arg1 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 46 gly glycosylation 1203:1215 arg2 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 46 gly glycosylation 1203:1215 arg1 site 1228:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 11 47 theme thromboembolic 1541:1554 arg1 prophilaxis 1556:1566 thromboembolic prophilaxis 1541:1566 thromboembolic prophilaxis 1541:1566 In this paper we discuss some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis. 32252658 6 48 from sister 982:987 arg1 c.662G > C 870:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C 848:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene 848:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 48 from sister 982:987 arg1 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 8 49 link N-linked 1134:1141 arg1 site 1157:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 0 50 dep variant 12:18 arg1 considerations 114:127 considerations 114:127 considerations 114:127 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 0 50 dep variant 12:18 arg1 report 82:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 0 50 dep variant 12:18 arg1 thrombosis 99:108 familial thrombosis 90:108 familial thrombosis 90:108 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 3 51 theme variant 602:608 arg1 interpretation 610:623 variant interpretation 602:623 variant interpretation 602:623 We describe a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene and our approach to variant interpretation. 32252658 4 52 theme 18 733:734 arg1 history 747:753 family history 740:753 family history of thrombosis 740:767 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 4 52 theme 18 733:734 arg1 age 726:728 the age 722:728 the age of 18 722:734 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 7 53 theme protein 1068:1074 arg1 structure 1076:1084 protein structure 1068:1084 protein structure 1068:1084 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 1 54 theme OMIM 256:259 arg1 613118 262:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 54 theme OMIM 256:259 arg1 deficiency 229:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 55 dep rare 286:289 arg1 1:2000-3000 292:302 1:2000-3000 292:302 1:2000-3000 292:302 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 10 56 theme unknown 1422:1428 arg1 significance 1439:1450 unknown clinical significance 1422:1450 unknown clinical significance 1422:1450 Based on all the evidence we classify the p.W221S variant as variant of unknown clinical significance. 32252658 11 57 theme interpretation 1522:1535 arg1 aspects 1483:1489 some aspects 1478:1489 some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis 1478:1566 In this paper we discuss some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis. 32252658 4 58 theme thrombosis 758:767 arg1 history 747:753 family history 740:753 family history of thrombosis 740:767 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 4 58 theme thrombosis 758:767 arg1 age 726:728 the age 722:728 the age of 18 722:734 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 9 59 theme genetic 1299:1305 arg1 counseling 1307:1316 appropriate genetic counseling 1287:1316 appropriate genetic counseling 1287:1316 CONCLUSION The proband was provided with appropriate genetic counseling and referred to a hematologist. 32252658 6 60 theme variant 862:868 arg1 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 60 theme variant 862:868 arg1 c.662G > C 870:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C 848:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene 848:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 60 theme variant 862:868 arg1 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 8 61 theme mutated 1103:1109 arg1 protein 1120:1126 mutated SERPINC1 protein 1103:1126 mutated SERPINC1 protein 1103:1126 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 10 62 theme significance 1439:1450 arg1 variant 1411:1417 variant 1411:1417 variant of unknown clinical significance 1411:1450 Based on all the evidence we classify the p.W221S variant as variant of unknown clinical significance. 32252658 6 63 theme new 850:852 arg1 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 p.W221S 882:888 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 63 theme new 850:852 arg1 c.662G > C 870:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C 848:879 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene 848:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 6 63 theme new 850:852 arg1 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 absent 964:969 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 0 64 theme genetic 132:138 arg1 counseling 140:149 genetic counseling 132:149 genetic counseling 132:149 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 3 65 theme new 541:543 arg1 variant 553:559 a new genetic variant 539:559 a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene 539:580 We describe a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene and our approach to variant interpretation. 32252658 1 66 theme antithrombin 216:227 arg1 deficiency 244:253 AT deficiency 241:253 AT deficiency 241:253 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 66 theme antithrombin 216:227 arg1 613118 262:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 66 theme antithrombin 216:227 arg1 deficiency 229:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 8 67 theme new 1130:1132 arg1 site 1157:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 0 68 from thrombosis 99:108 arg1 counseling 140:149 genetic counseling 132:149 genetic counseling 132:149 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 8 69 theme glycosylation 1143:1155 arg1 site 1157:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 a new N-linked glycosylation site 1128:1160 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 4 70 with proband 673:679 arg1 episode 690:696 the episode 686:696 the episode of venous thrombosis 686:717 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 2 71 theme antithrombin 502:513 arg1 deficiency 515:524 antithrombin deficiency 502:524 antithrombin deficiency 502:524 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 4 72 theme y.o. 661:664 arg1 proband 673:679 a 29 y.o. female proband 656:679 a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis 656:717 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 0 73 theme Antithrombin 53:64 arg1 report 82:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 10 74 theme clinical 1430:1437 arg1 significance 1439:1450 unknown clinical significance 1422:1450 unknown clinical significance 1422:1450 Based on all the evidence we classify the p.W221S variant as variant of unknown clinical significance. 32252658 4 75 theme CASE 626:629 arg1 PRESENTATION 631:642 CASE PRESENTATION 626:642 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 626:768 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 0 76 theme case 77:80 arg1 report 82:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report 42:87 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 7 77 theme variant 1057:1063 arg1 impact 1039:1044 the possible impact 1026:1044 the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function 1026:1097 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 2 78 dep Quantitative 445:456 arg1 I 464:464 type I 459:464 type I 459:464 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 2 78 dep Quantitative 445:456 arg1 type 484:487 type II 484:490 type II 484:490 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 3 79 from variant 553:559 arg1 gene 577:580 the SERPINC1 gene 564:580 the SERPINC1 gene 564:580 We describe a new genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene and our approach to variant interpretation. 32252658 1 80 theme venous 351:356 arg1 thromboembolism 358:372 venous thromboembolism 351:372 venous thromboembolism 351:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 4 81 dep PRESENTATION 631:642 arg1 observed 647:654 observed 647:654 observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis 647:767 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 6 82 from c.662G > C 870:879 arg1 gene 907:910 the SERPINC1 gene 894:910 the SERPINC1 gene 894:910 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 4 83 theme thrombosis 708:717 arg1 episode 690:696 the episode 686:696 the episode of venous thrombosis 686:717 CASE PRESENTATION We observed a 29 y.o. female proband with the episode of venous thrombosis at the age of 18 and family history of thrombosis. 32252658 0 84 theme genetic 4:10 arg1 variant 12:18 New genetic variant 0:18 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 0:150 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 6 85 theme affected 940:947 arg1 father 949:954 affected father 940:954 affected father 940:954 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 1 86 dep Inherited 163:171 arg1 BACKGROUND 152:161 BACKGROUND 152:161 BACKGROUND 152:161 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 11 87 theme prophilaxis 1556:1566 arg1 aspects 1483:1489 some aspects 1478:1489 some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis 1478:1566 In this paper we discuss some aspects of genetic counseling, variant interpretation and thromboembolic prophilaxis. 32252658 8 88 theme 219-221 1220:1226 arg1 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 possible 1236:1243 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 88 theme 219-221 1220:1226 arg1 site 1228:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 2 89 theme member 408:413 arg1 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 2 89 theme member 408:413 arg1 gene 417:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene 388:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) 388:431 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 0 90 theme SERPINC1 27:34 arg1 gene 36:39 the SERPINC1 gene 23:39 the SERPINC1 gene 23:39 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 1 91 theme rare 286:289 arg1 disorder 324:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder 273:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism 273:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 91 theme rare 286:289 arg1 deficiency 173:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency 152:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) 152:268 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 92 dep antithrombin 191:202 arg1 deficiency 244:253 AT deficiency 241:253 AT deficiency 241:253 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 92 dep antithrombin 191:202 arg1 613118 262:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 OMIM #613118 256:267 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 92 dep antithrombin 191:202 arg1 deficiency 229:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 0 93 theme familial 90:97 arg1 thrombosis 99:108 familial thrombosis 90:108 familial thrombosis 90:108 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 7 94 theme in 998:999 arg1 tools 1008:1012 in silico tools 998:1012 in silico tools 998:1012 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 2 95 from Mutations 375:383 arg1 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 SERPINC1 423:430 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 2 95 from Mutations 375:383 arg1 gene 417:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene 388:420 the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) 388:431 Mutations in the serpin family C member 1 gene (SERPINC1) can lead to Quantitative (type I) and Qualitative (type II) types of antithrombin deficiency. 32252658 1 96 theme autosomal-dominant 305:322 arg1 disorder 324:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder 273:331 a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism 273:372 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 96 theme autosomal-dominant 305:322 arg1 deficiency 173:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency 152:182 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) 152:268 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 6 97 from absent 964:969 arg1 sister 982:987 healthy sister 974:987 healthy sister 974:987 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 5 98 from type 839:842 arg1 level 787:791 The antithrombin level 770:791 The antithrombin level in our patient 770:806 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 5 98 from type 839:842 arg1 % 822:822 44-48% 817:822 44-48% (AT deficiency type I) 817:845 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 5 98 from type 839:842 arg1 low 812:814 low 812:814 low 812:814 The antithrombin level in our patient was low, 44-48% (AT deficiency type I). 32252658 1 99 theme AT 241:242 arg1 deficiency 244:253 AT deficiency 241:253 AT deficiency 241:253 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 1 99 theme AT 241:242 arg1 deficiency 229:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 hereditary antithrombin deficiency 205:238 BACKGROUND Inherited deficiency of the antithrombin (hereditary antithrombin deficiency, AT deficiency, OMIM #613118) is a relatively rare (1:2000-3000) autosomal-dominant disorder with high risk of venous thromboembolism. 32252658 6 100 theme healthy 974:980 arg1 sister 982:987 healthy sister 974:987 healthy sister 974:987 A new genetic variant c.662G > C (p.W221S) in the SERPINC1 gene was detected in proband and affected father but was absent in healthy sister. 32252658 0 101 from considerations 114:127 arg1 counseling 140:149 genetic counseling 132:149 genetic counseling 132:149 New genetic variant in the SERPINC1 gene: hereditary Antithrombin deficiency case report, familial thrombosis and considerations on genetic counseling. 32252658 10 102 theme p.W221S 1392:1398 arg1 variant 1400:1406 the p.W221S variant 1388:1406 the p.W221S variant 1388:1406 Based on all the evidence we classify the p.W221S variant as variant of unknown clinical significance. 32252658 7 103 theme possible 1030:1037 arg1 impact 1039:1044 the possible impact 1026:1044 the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function 1026:1097 We used in silico tools to evaluate the possible impact of p.W221S variant on protein structure and function. 32252658 8 104 from site 1228:1231 arg1 at 1217:1218 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 104 from site 1228:1231 arg1 219-221 1220:1226 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32252658 8 104 from site 1228:1231 arg1 glycosylation 1203:1215 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 the glycosylation at 219-221 site 1199:1231 In mutated SERPINC1 protein a new N-linked glycosylation site is formed, however, it is unclear if the glycosylation at 219-221 site is possible. 32185163 1 0 gly fucosylated 190:200 arg1 glycans 202:208 antennary fucosylated glycans 180:208 antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 180:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 3 1 theme antenna 530:536 arg1 fucosylation 538:549 antenna fucosylation 530:549 antenna fucosylation 530:549 Most commonly, time-consuming chromatographic separations are performed to differentially quantify core and antenna fucosylation. 32185163 7 2 gly fucosylated 1038:1048 arg1 glycans 1050:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 11 3 theme fucosylation 1570:1581 arg1 pre-surgery 1583:1593 antennary fucosylation pre-surgery 1560:1593 antennary fucosylation pre-surgery 1560:1593 In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. 32185163 9 4 theme time-of-flight 1328:1341 arg1 spectrometry 1348:1359 time-of-flight mass spectrometry 1328:1359 time-of-flight mass spectrometry 1328:1359 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 8 5 theme Simultaneous 1075:1086 arg1 quantitation 1088:1099 Simultaneous quantitation 1075:1099 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation 1075:1154 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 6 6 link N-linked 796:803 arg1 glycans 805:811 N-linked glycans 796:811 N-linked glycans 796:811 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 5 7 theme laser 668:672 arg1 MALDI-MS 715:722 MALDI-MS 715:722 MALDI-MS 715:722 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 5 7 theme laser 668:672 arg1 spectrometry 701:712 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry 652:712 a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG 650:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 1 8 theme glycans 202:208 arg1 abundance 167:175 the abundance 163:175 the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 163:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 5 9 theme spectrometry 701:712 arg1 assay 725:729 a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay 650:729 a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG 650:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 6 10 theme PNGase 841:846 arg1 F 848:848 PNGase F 841:848 PNGase F 841:848 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 1 11 theme human 213:217 arg1 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 1 11 theme human 213:217 arg1 N-glycome 232:240 human total plasma N-glycome 213:240 human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 213:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 8 12 theme sialic 1116:1121 arg1 acids 1123:1127 α2,3-linked sialic acids 1104:1127 α2,3-linked sialic acids 1104:1127 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 5 13 theme antennary 764:772 arg1 fucosylation 774:785 antennary fucosylation 764:785 antennary fucosylation 764:785 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 1 14 theme plasma 225:230 arg1 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 1 14 theme plasma 225:230 arg1 N-glycome 232:240 human total plasma N-glycome 213:240 human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 213:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 1 15 from N-glycome 232:240 arg1 abundance 167:175 the abundance 163:175 the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 163:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 10 16 from marker 1453:1458 arg1 patients 1484:1491 14 colorectal cancer patients 1463:1491 14 colorectal cancer patients 1463:1491 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 12 17 theme cancer 1774:1779 arg1 diabetes 1742:1749 diabetes 1742:1749 diabetes 1742:1749 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 12 17 theme cancer 1774:1779 arg1 types 1765:1769 different types 1755:1769 different types of cancer 1755:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 7 18 gly fucosylated 970:980 arg1 glycans 982:988 The core fucosylated glycans 961:988 The core fucosylated glycans 961:988 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 10 19 used used 1376:1379 arg2 assay 1366:1370 The assay 1362:1370 The assay 1362:1370 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 12 20 contain has 1644:1646 arg1 assay 1638:1642 The assay 1634:1642 The assay 1634:1642 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 12 20 contain has 1644:1646 arg2 potential 1652:1660 the potential 1648:1660 the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer 1648:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 0 21 theme Relative 78:85 arg1 Quantitation 87:98 the Relative Quantitation 74:98 the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma 74:149 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 10 22 theme antennary 1407:1415 arg1 fucosylation 1417:1428 antennary fucosylation 1407:1428 antennary fucosylation 1407:1428 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 1 23 theme antennary 180:188 arg1 glycans 202:208 antennary fucosylated glycans 180:208 antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 180:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 0 24 theme Fucosylated 113:123 arg1 N-Glycans 125:133 Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans 103:133 Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans 103:133 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 8 25 theme fucosylation 1143:1154 arg1 quantitation 1088:1099 Simultaneous quantitation 1075:1099 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation 1075:1154 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 7 26 theme antennary 1028:1036 arg1 glycans 1050:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 12 27 theme various 1713:1719 arg1 diabetes 1742:1749 diabetes 1742:1749 diabetes 1742:1749 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 12 27 theme various 1713:1719 arg1 types 1765:1769 different types 1755:1769 different types of cancer 1755:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 12 27 theme various 1713:1719 arg1 conditions 1721:1730 various conditions 1713:1730 various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer 1713:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 10 28 theme relevant 1444:1451 arg1 marker 1453:1458 clinically relevant marker 1433:1458 clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients 1433:1491 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 1 29 from Changes 152:158 arg1 abundance 167:175 the abundance 163:175 the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 163:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 2 30 theme important 385:393 arg1 part 395:398 this important part 380:398 this important part of the human glycome 380:419 However, it is challenging to address this important part of the human glycome. 32185163 12 31 from signatures 1699:1708 arg1 diabetes 1742:1749 diabetes 1742:1749 diabetes 1742:1749 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 12 31 from signatures 1699:1708 arg1 types 1765:1769 different types 1755:1769 different types of cancer 1755:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 12 31 from signatures 1699:1708 arg1 conditions 1721:1730 various conditions 1713:1730 various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer 1713:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 4 32 theme larger 588:593 arg1 glycans 609:615 larger, more complex glycans 588:615 larger, more complex glycans 588:615 Obtaining sufficient resolution for larger, more complex glycans can be challenging. 32185163 10 33 theme colorectal 1466:1475 arg1 patients 1484:1491 14 colorectal cancer patients 1463:1491 14 colorectal cancer patients 1463:1491 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 0 34 theme Laser 18:22 arg1 Assay 64:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay 0:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 0:150 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 8 35 theme sialyl-Lewis 1184:1195 arg1 motif 1199:1203 the sialyl-Lewis x motif 1180:1203 the sialyl-Lewis x motif 1180:1203 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 6 36 theme acid 940:943 arg1 derivatization 945:958 a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization 911:958 a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization 911:958 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 2 37 theme human 407:411 arg1 glycome 413:419 the human glycome 403:419 the human glycome 403:419 However, it is challenging to address this important part of the human glycome. 32185163 3 38 theme chromatographic 452:466 arg1 separations 468:478 time-consuming chromatographic separations 437:478 time-consuming chromatographic separations 437:478 Most commonly, time-consuming chromatographic separations are performed to differentially quantify core and antenna fucosylation. 32185163 0 39 theme Spectrometry 51:62 arg1 Assay 64:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay 0:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 0:150 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 1 40 theme various 317:323 arg1 forms 325:329 various forms 317:329 various forms of cancer 317:339 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 8 41 theme motif 1199:1203 arg1 estimation 1166:1175 an estimation 1163:1175 an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif 1163:1203 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 6 42 theme linkage-informative 913:931 arg1 derivatization 945:958 a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization 911:958 a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization 911:958 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 12 43 theme fucosylation 1686:1697 arg1 signatures 1699:1708 antennary fucosylation signatures 1676:1708 antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer 1676:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 9 44 theme Fourier-transform 1265:1281 arg1 spectrometry 1312:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 9 45 theme cyclotron 1287:1295 arg1 spectrometry 1312:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 9 46 theme mass 1307:1310 arg1 spectrometry 1312:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 7 47 theme core 965:968 arg1 glycans 982:988 The core fucosylated glycans 961:988 The core fucosylated glycans 961:988 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 11 48 theme antennary 1560:1568 arg1 pre-surgery 1583:1593 antennary fucosylation pre-surgery 1560:1593 antennary fucosylation pre-surgery 1560:1593 In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. 32185163 1 49 theme several 275:281 arg1 diseases 283:290 several diseases 275:290 several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer 275:339 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 5 50 theme matrix-assisted 652:666 arg1 MALDI-MS 715:722 MALDI-MS 715:722 MALDI-MS 715:722 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 5 50 theme matrix-assisted 652:666 arg1 spectrometry 701:712 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry 652:712 a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG 650:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 9 51 theme mass 1343:1346 arg1 spectrometry 1348:1359 time-of-flight mass spectrometry 1328:1359 time-of-flight mass spectrometry 1328:1359 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 1 52 theme fucosylated 190:200 arg1 glycans 202:208 antennary fucosylated glycans 180:208 antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 180:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 8 53 theme α2,3-linked 1104:1114 arg1 acids 1123:1127 α2,3-linked sialic acids 1104:1127 α2,3-linked sialic acids 1104:1127 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 5 54 theme desorption/ionization-mass 674:699 arg1 MALDI-MS 715:722 MALDI-MS 715:722 MALDI-MS 715:722 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 5 54 theme desorption/ionization-mass 674:699 arg1 spectrometry 701:712 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry 652:712 a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG 650:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 8 55 theme acids 1123:1127 arg1 quantitation 1088:1099 Simultaneous quantitation 1075:1099 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation 1075:1154 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 1 56 theme total 219:223 arg1 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 1 56 theme total 219:223 arg1 N-glycome 232:240 human total plasma N-glycome 213:240 human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 213:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 11 57 theme previous 1515:1522 arg1 report 1524:1529 a previous report 1513:1529 a previous report 1513:1529 In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. 32185163 5 58 theme fucosylation 774:785 arg1 quantitation 748:759 the relative quantitation 735:759 the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG 735:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 0 59 from Quantitation 87:98 arg1 Plasma 144:149 Human Plasma 138:149 Human Plasma 138:149 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 6 60 attach released 817:824 arg2 glycans 805:811 N-linked glycans 796:811 N-linked glycans 796:811 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 6 60 attach released 817:824 arg1 plasma 831:836 plasma 831:836 plasma 831:836 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 5 61 theme relative 739:746 arg1 quantitation 748:759 the relative quantitation 735:759 the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG 735:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 12 62 theme different 1755:1763 arg1 types 1765:1769 different types 1755:1769 different types of cancer 1755:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 10 63 theme fucosylation 1417:1428 arg1 changes 1396:1402 changes 1396:1402 changes of antennary fucosylation 1396:1428 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 0 64 theme Antennary 103:111 arg1 N-Glycans 125:133 Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans 103:133 Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans 103:133 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 8 65 theme antennary 1133:1141 arg1 fucosylation 1143:1154 antennary fucosylation 1133:1154 antennary fucosylation 1133:1154 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 1 66 from glycans 202:208 arg1 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 1 66 from glycans 202:208 arg1 N-glycome 232:240 human total plasma N-glycome 213:240 human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 213:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 0 67 theme N-Glycans 125:133 arg1 Quantitation 87:98 the Relative Quantitation 74:98 the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma 74:149 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 0 68 theme Human 138:142 arg1 Plasma 144:149 Human Plasma 138:149 Human Plasma 138:149 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 1 69 from abundance 167:175 arg1 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 TPNG 243:246 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 1 69 from abundance 167:175 arg1 N-glycome 232:240 human total plasma N-glycome 213:240 human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) 213:247 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 11 70 theme pre-surgery 1583:1593 arg1 levels 1550:1555 elevated levels 1541:1555 elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection 1541:1631 In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. 32185163 3 71 theme time-consuming 437:450 arg1 separations 468:478 time-consuming chromatographic separations 437:478 time-consuming chromatographic separations 437:478 Most commonly, time-consuming chromatographic separations are performed to differentially quantify core and antenna fucosylation. 32185163 0 72 theme Matrix-Assisted 2:16 arg1 Assay 64:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay 0:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 0:150 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 4 73 dep larger 588:593 arg1 complex 601:607 complex 601:607 complex 601:607 Obtaining sufficient resolution for larger, more complex glycans can be challenging. 32185163 7 74 theme remaining 1018:1026 arg1 glycans 1050:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 10 75 theme cancer 1477:1482 arg1 patients 1484:1491 14 colorectal cancer patients 1463:1491 14 colorectal cancer patients 1463:1491 The assay was used to investigate changes of antennary fucosylation as clinically relevant marker in 14 colorectal cancer patients. 32185163 0 76 theme Desorption/Ionization-Mass 24:49 arg1 Assay 64:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay 0:68 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 0:150 A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Relative Quantitation of Antennary Fucosylated N-Glycans in Human Plasma. 32185163 8 77 theme x 1197:1197 arg1 motif 1199:1203 the sialyl-Lewis x motif 1180:1203 the sialyl-Lewis x motif 1180:1203 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 7 78 theme fucosylated 1038:1048 arg1 glycans 1050:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans 1014:1056 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 6 79 theme N-linked 796:803 arg1 glycans 805:811 N-linked glycans 796:811 N-linked glycans 796:811 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 11 80 theme tumor 1617:1621 arg1 resection 1623:1631 tumor resection 1617:1631 tumor resection 1617:1631 In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. 32185163 2 81 theme glycome 413:419 arg1 part 395:398 this important part 380:398 this important part of the human glycome 380:419 However, it is challenging to address this important part of the human glycome. 32185163 6 82 theme sialic 933:938 arg1 derivatization 945:958 a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization 911:958 a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization 911:958 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 4 83 theme sufficient 562:571 arg1 resolution 573:582 sufficient resolution 562:582 sufficient resolution 562:582 Obtaining sufficient resolution for larger, more complex glycans can be challenging. 32185163 8 84 link α2,3-linked 1104:1114 arg1 acids 1123:1127 α2,3-linked sialic acids 1104:1127 α2,3-linked sialic acids 1104:1127 Simultaneous quantitation of α2,3-linked sialic acids and antennary fucosylation allows an estimation of the sialyl-Lewis x motif. 32185163 12 85 theme antennary 1676:1684 arg1 signatures 1699:1708 antennary fucosylation signatures 1676:1708 antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer 1676:1779 The assay has the potential for revealing antennary fucosylation signatures in various conditions including diabetes and different types of cancer. 32185163 9 86 theme ultrahigh-resolution 1244:1263 arg1 spectrometry 1312:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 1 87 theme cancer 334:339 arg1 forms 325:329 various forms 317:329 various forms of cancer 317:339 Changes in the abundance of antennary fucosylated glycans in human total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) have been associated with several diseases ranging from diabetes to various forms of cancer. 32185163 9 88 theme ion 1283:1285 arg1 spectrometry 1312:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 32185163 7 89 theme fucosylated 970:980 arg1 glycans 982:988 The core fucosylated glycans 961:988 The core fucosylated glycans 961:988 The core fucosylated glycans are thus depleted while the remaining antennary fucosylated glycans are quantitated. 32185163 5 90 from quantitation 748:759 arg1 TPNG 790:793 TPNG 790:793 TPNG 790:793 We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) assay for the relative quantitation of antennary fucosylation in TPNG. 32185163 6 91 theme core 877:880 arg1 fucosidase 882:891 a core fucosidase 875:891 a core fucosidase 875:891 N-linked glycans are released from plasma by PNGase F and further treated with a core fucosidase before performing a linkage-informative sialic acid derivatization. 32185163 11 92 theme elevated 1541:1548 arg1 levels 1550:1555 elevated levels 1541:1555 elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection 1541:1631 In accordance with a previous report, we found elevated levels of antennary fucosylation pre-surgery which decreased after tumor resection. 32185163 9 93 theme resonance 1297:1305 arg1 spectrometry 1312:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 1244:1323 The approach is feasible using either ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 31588498 3 0 theme pump 547:550 arg1 function 524:531 the function 520:531 the function of the efflux pump 520:550 Here we demonstrate that N-glycosylation is necessary for the function of the efflux pump and may, in part, explain the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system. 31588498 2 1 theme general 302:308 arg1 pathway 341:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway 300:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 300:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 4 2 theme wildtype 680:687 arg1 strains 694:700 two common wildtype (WT) strains 669:700 two common wildtype (WT) strains 669:700 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 5 3 with allele 944:949 arg1 mutations 962:970 point mutations 956:970 point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites 956:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 5 4 theme cmeA 876:879 arg1 allele 881:886 the native cmeA allele 865:886 the native cmeA allele 865:886 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 6 5 theme cmeA 1134:1137 arg1 strain 1149:1154 the cmeA knock-out strain 1130:1154 the cmeA knock-out strain 1130:1154 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 4 6 theme cmeA 661:664 arg1 Mutants 650:656 Mutants 650:656 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains 650:700 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 2 7 link N-linked 310:317 arg1 pathway 341:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway 300:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 300:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 8 theme protein 319:325 arg1 pathway 341:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway 300:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 300:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 1 9 theme resistance 220:229 arg1 development 231:241 antimicrobial resistance development 206:241 antimicrobial resistance development 206:241 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 3 10 theme protein 621:627 arg1 modification 629:640 protein modification 621:640 this protein modification system 616:647 Here we demonstrate that N-glycosylation is necessary for the function of the efflux pump and may, in part, explain the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system. 31588498 5 11 theme mutants 852:858 arg1 Complementation 824:838 Complementation 824:838 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele 824:886 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 9 12 theme CmeABC 1765:1770 arg1 function 1772:1779 CmeABC function 1765:1779 CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability 1765:1827 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 8 13 gly non-glycosylated 1545:1560 arg1 models 1567:1572 non-glycosylated CmeA models 1545:1572 non-glycosylated CmeA models 1545:1572 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 7 14 theme ethidium 1381:1388 arg1 bromide 1390:1396 ethidium bromide 1381:1396 ethidium bromide accumulation 1381:1409 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 8 15 theme the 1524:1526 arg1 structures 1510:1519 the protein structures 1498:1519 the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models 1498:1572 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 7 16 theme CmeABC 1236:1241 arg1 Reconstitution 1208:1221 Reconstitution 1208:1221 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway 1208:1315 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 2 17 theme first 260:264 arg1 bacterium 266:274 the first bacterium 256:274 the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 256:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 17 theme first 260:264 arg1 It 244:245 It 244:245 It 244:245 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 1 18 theme gastrointestinal 144:159 arg1 pathogen 161:168 a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen 132:168 a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development 132:241 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 1 18 theme gastrointestinal 144:159 arg1 jejuni 122:127 Campylobacter jejuni 108:127 Campylobacter jejuni 108:127 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 0 19 theme optimal 66:72 arg1 function 74:81 optimal function 66:81 optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni 66:105 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 5 20 theme WT 901:902 arg1 phenotype 904:912 the WT phenotype 897:912 the WT phenotype 897:912 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 9 21 theme complex 1811:1817 arg1 stability 1819:1827 complex stability 1811:1827 complex stability 1811:1827 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 8 22 theme CmeA 1562:1565 arg1 models 1567:1572 non-glycosylated CmeA models 1545:1572 non-glycosylated CmeA models 1545:1572 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 4 23 theme bile 765:768 arg1 salts 770:774 bile salts 765:774 bile salts 765:774 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 5 24 theme point 956:960 arg1 mutations 962:970 point mutations 956:970 point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites 956:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 2 25 theme efflux 441:446 arg1 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 25 theme efflux 441:446 arg1 pump 448:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 6 26 theme CmeA 1055:1058 arg1 glycosylation 1060:1072 CmeA glycosylation 1055:1072 CmeA glycosylation 1055:1072 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 4 27 from Mutants 650:656 arg1 strains 694:700 two common wildtype (WT) strains 669:700 two common wildtype (WT) strains 669:700 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 2 28 theme Campylobacter 417:429 arg1 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 28 theme Campylobacter 417:429 arg1 pump 448:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 7 29 theme minimum 1334:1340 arg1 concentration 1353:1365 the EM minimum inhibitory concentration 1327:1365 the EM minimum inhibitory concentration 1327:1365 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 9 30 contain has 1738:1740 arg1 N-glycosylation 1722:1736 N-glycosylation 1722:1736 N-glycosylation 1722:1736 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 9 30 contain has 1738:1740 arg2 influence 1752:1760 a broader influence 1742:1760 a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability 1742:1827 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 5 31 theme allele 944:949 arg1 expression 923:932 expression 923:932 expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites 923:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 5 32 gly N-glycosylation 980:994 arg2 sites 996:1000 both N-glycosylation sites 975:1000 both N-glycosylation sites 975:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 0 33 theme multidrug 30:38 arg1 pump 47:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 8 34 theme in 1608:1609 arg1 studies 1617:1623 in vitro studies 1608:1623 in vitro studies 1608:1623 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 2 35 theme different 375:383 arg1 pump 448:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 35 theme different 375:383 arg1 proteins 385:392 > 80 different proteins 370:392 > 80 different proteins 370:392 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 0 36 theme pump 47:50 arg1 N-glycosylation 0:14 N-glycosylation 0:14 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 0:50 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 9 37 from role 1803:1806 arg1 stability 1819:1827 complex stability 1811:1827 complex stability 1811:1827 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 5 38 theme cmeA 1023:1026 arg1 mutants 1028:1034 the cmeA mutants 1019:1034 the cmeA mutants 1019:1034 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 7 39 theme jejuni 1286:1291 arg1 pathway 1309:1315 the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway 1279:1315 the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway 1279:1315 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 8 40 theme Molecular 1455:1463 arg1 simulations 1474:1484 Molecular dynamics simulations 1455:1484 Molecular dynamics simulations 1455:1484 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 5 41 theme N-glycosylation 980:994 arg1 sites 996:1000 both N-glycosylation sites 975:1000 both N-glycosylation sites 975:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 6 42 theme colonization 1099:1110 arg1 levels 1112:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels 1083:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain 1083:1154 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 4 43 theme isogenic 797:804 arg1 strains 815:821 the isogenic parental strains 793:821 the isogenic parental strains 793:821 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 6 44 theme reduced 1083:1089 arg1 levels 1112:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels 1083:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain 1083:1154 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 3 45 theme efflux 540:545 arg1 pump 547:550 the efflux pump 536:550 the efflux pump 536:550 Here we demonstrate that N-glycosylation is necessary for the function of the efflux pump and may, in part, explain the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system. 31588498 2 46 theme N-linked 310:317 arg1 pathway 341:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway 300:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 300:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 47 theme capable 349:355 arg1 pathway 341:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway 300:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 300:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 8 48 theme peptidoglycan 1667:1679 arg1 association 1681:1691 peptidoglycan association 1667:1691 peptidoglycan association 1667:1691 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 4 49 theme common 673:678 arg1 strains 694:700 two common wildtype (WT) strains 669:700 two common wildtype (WT) strains 669:700 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 7 50 theme C. 1226:1227 arg1 jejuni 1229:1234 C. jejuni 1226:1234 C. jejuni CmeABC 1226:1241 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 3 51 theme evolutionary 582:593 arg1 pressure 595:602 the evolutionary pressure 578:602 the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system 578:647 Here we demonstrate that N-glycosylation is necessary for the function of the efflux pump and may, in part, explain the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system. 31588498 5 52 theme native 869:874 arg1 allele 881:886 the native cmeA allele 865:886 the native cmeA allele 865:886 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 5 53 with Complementation 824:838 arg1 allele 881:886 the native cmeA allele 865:886 the native cmeA allele 865:886 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 2 54 theme glycosylation 327:339 arg1 pathway 341:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway 300:347 a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC 300:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 1 55 theme antimicrobial 206:218 arg1 development 231:241 antimicrobial resistance development 206:241 antimicrobial resistance development 206:241 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 6 56 theme knock-out 1139:1147 arg1 strain 1149:1154 the cmeA knock-out strain 1130:1154 the cmeA knock-out strain 1130:1154 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 9 57 theme broader 1744:1750 arg1 influence 1752:1760 a broader influence 1742:1760 a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability 1742:1827 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 0 58 from function 74:81 arg1 jejuni 100:105 Campylobacter jejuni 86:105 Campylobacter jejuni 86:105 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 6 59 theme similar 1119:1125 arg1 levels 1112:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels 1083:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain 1083:1154 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 8 60 from change 1633:1638 arg1 multimerization 1648:1662 CmeA multimerization 1643:1662 CmeA multimerization 1643:1662 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 8 60 from change 1633:1638 arg1 association 1681:1691 peptidoglycan association 1667:1691 peptidoglycan association 1667:1691 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 5 61 theme cmeA 847:850 arg1 mutants 852:858 the cmeA mutants 843:858 the cmeA mutants 843:858 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 8 62 theme protein 1502:1508 arg1 structures 1510:1519 the protein structures 1498:1519 the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models 1498:1572 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 8 63 dep in 1608:1609 arg1 vitro 1611:1615 vitro 1611:1615 vitro 1611:1615 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 1 64 theme Campylobacter 108:120 arg1 pathogen 161:168 a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen 132:168 a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development 132:241 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 1 64 theme Campylobacter 108:120 arg1 jejuni 122:127 Campylobacter jejuni 108:127 Campylobacter jejuni 108:127 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 7 65 theme bromide 1390:1396 arg1 accumulation 1398:1409 ethidium bromide accumulation 1381:1409 ethidium bromide accumulation 1381:1409 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 7 66 theme jejuni 1229:1234 arg1 CmeABC 1236:1241 C. jejuni CmeABC 1226:1241 C. jejuni CmeABC 1226:1241 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 8 67 dep one 1591:1593 arg1 another 1595:1601 another 1595:1601 another 1595:1601 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 3 68 theme modification 629:640 arg1 system 642:647 this protein modification system 616:647 this protein modification system 616:647 Here we demonstrate that N-glycosylation is necessary for the function of the efflux pump and may, in part, explain the evolutionary pressure to maintain this protein modification system. 31588498 1 69 theme prevalent 134:142 arg1 pathogen 161:168 a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen 132:168 a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development 132:241 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 1 69 theme prevalent 134:142 arg1 jejuni 122:127 Campylobacter jejuni 108:127 Campylobacter jejuni 108:127 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 8 70 theme non-glycosylated 1545:1560 arg1 models 1567:1572 non-glycosylated CmeA models 1545:1572 non-glycosylated CmeA models 1545:1572 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 9 71 from influence 1752:1760 arg1 function 1772:1779 CmeABC function 1765:1779 CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability 1765:1827 Therefore, we conclude that N-glycosylation has a broader influence on CmeABC function most likely playing a role in complex stability. 31588498 8 72 theme models 1567:1572 arg1 structures 1510:1519 the protein structures 1498:1519 the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models 1498:1572 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 0 73 theme Campylobacter 86:98 arg1 jejuni 100:105 Campylobacter jejuni 86:105 Campylobacter jejuni 86:105 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 6 74 theme glycosylation 1060:1072 arg1 loss 1047:1050 loss 1047:1050 loss of CmeA glycosylation 1047:1072 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 2 75 theme multidrug 431:439 arg1 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 75 theme multidrug 431:439 arg1 pump 448:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 7 76 theme EM 1331:1332 arg1 concentration 1353:1365 the EM minimum inhibitory concentration 1327:1365 the EM minimum inhibitory concentration 1327:1365 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 2 77 theme primary 409:415 arg1 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 CmeABC 454:459 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 2 77 theme primary 409:415 arg1 pump 448:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump 405:451 It was also the first bacterium demonstrated to possess a general N-linked protein glycosylation pathway capable of modifying > 80 different proteins, including the primary Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump, CmeABC. 31588498 0 78 theme CmeABC 23:28 arg1 pump 47:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 5 79 theme cmeA 939:942 arg1 allele 944:949 a cmeA allele 937:949 a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites 937:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 5 80 dep restores 888:895 arg1 whereas 915:921 whereas 915:921 whereas 915:921 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 31588498 0 81 theme efflux 40:45 arg1 pump 47:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 1 82 theme development 231:241 arg1 rates 197:201 rates 197:201 rates of antimicrobial resistance development 197:241 Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance development. 31588498 0 83 gly N-glycosylation 0:14 arg1 pump 47:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump 19:50 N-glycosylation of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump is needed for optimal function in Campylobacter jejuni. 31588498 7 84 theme N-glycosylation 1293:1307 arg1 pathway 1309:1315 the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway 1279:1315 the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway 1279:1315 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 7 85 theme inhibitory 1342:1351 arg1 concentration 1353:1365 the EM minimum inhibitory concentration 1327:1365 the EM minimum inhibitory concentration 1327:1365 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 4 86 theme parental 806:813 arg1 strains 815:821 the isogenic parental strains 793:821 the isogenic parental strains 793:821 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 7 87 theme C. 1283:1284 arg1 jejuni 1286:1291 C. jejuni 1283:1291 the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway 1279:1315 Reconstitution of C. jejuni CmeABC into Escherichia coli together with the C. jejuni N-glycosylation pathway increases the EM minimum inhibitory concentration and decreases ethidium bromide accumulation when compared to cells lacking the pathway. 31588498 4 88 dep wildtype 680:687 arg1 WT 690:691 WT 690:691 WT 690:691 Mutants of cmeA in two common wildtype (WT) strains are highly susceptible to erythromycin (EM), ciprofloxacin and bile salts when compared to the isogenic parental strains. 31588498 6 89 theme chicken 1091:1097 arg1 levels 1112:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels 1083:1117 reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain 1083:1154 Moreover, loss of CmeA glycosylation leads to reduced chicken colonization levels similar to the cmeA knock-out strain, while complementation fully restores colonization. 31588498 8 90 theme CmeA 1643:1646 arg1 multimerization 1648:1662 CmeA multimerization 1643:1662 CmeA multimerization 1643:1662 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 8 91 theme dynamics 1465:1472 arg1 simulations 1474:1484 Molecular dynamics simulations 1455:1484 Molecular dynamics simulations 1455:1484 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the protein structures of the glycosylated and non-glycosylated CmeA models do not vary from one another, and in vitro studies show no change in CmeA multimerization or peptidoglycan association. 31588498 5 92 from mutations 962:970 arg1 sites 996:1000 both N-glycosylation sites 975:1000 both N-glycosylation sites 975:1000 Complementation of the cmeA mutants with the native cmeA allele restores the WT phenotype, whereas expression of a cmeA allele with point mutations in both N-glycosylation sites is comparable to the cmeA mutants. 35058964 10 0 from got 1468:1470 arg1 database 1499:1506 the GEO database 1491:1506 the GEO database 1491:1506 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 2 1 from function 370:377 arg1 cancer 426:431 cervical cancer 417:431 cervical cancer 417:431 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 0 2 from Biomarker 56:64 arg1 Cancer 78:83 Cervical Cancer 69:83 Cervical Cancer 69:83 Comprehensive Analysis to Identify SPP1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer. 35058964 8 3 theme R 1064:1064 arg1 clusterProfiler 1074:1088 the R package clusterProfiler 1060:1088 the R package clusterProfiler 1060:1088 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler was used to explore potential function of SPP1. 35058964 12 4 theme SPP1 1605:1608 arg1 expression 1610:1619 High SPP1 expression 1600:1619 High SPP1 expression 1600:1619 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 5 theme overall 1648:1654 arg1 0.032 1675:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 5 theme overall 1648:1654 arg1 OS 1666:1667 OS 1666:1667 OS 1666:1667 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 5 theme overall 1648:1654 arg1 survival 1656:1663 poorer overall survival 1641:1663 poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032) 1641:1680 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 9 6 theme cervical 1322:1329 arg1 cancer 1331:1336 cervical cancer 1322:1336 cervical cancer 1322:1336 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 15 7 theme immune 2067:2072 arg1 infiltration 2079:2090 immune cell infiltration 2067:2090 immune cell infiltration 2067:2090 It was significantly associated with poor prognosis and immune cell infiltration. 35058964 3 8 theme SPP1 492:495 arg1 expression 497:506 SPP1 expression 492:506 SPP1 expression 492:506 Methods: We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between SPP1 expression and pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 35058964 2 9 dep proven 242:247 arg1 while 338:342 while 338:342 while 338:342 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 10 10 theme same 1476:1479 arg1 result 1481:1486 the same result 1472:1486 the same result 1472:1486 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 1 11 gly glycoprotein 189:200 arg1 glycoprotein 189:200 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 2 12 theme cancers 284:290 arg1 cancers 284:290 cancers 284:290 cancers 284:290 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 2 12 theme cancers 284:290 arg1 variety 273:279 a variety 271:279 a variety of cancers 271:290 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 1 13 theme integrin-binding 156:171 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 9 14 from GSVA 1196:1199 arg1 method 1170:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method 1138:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1138:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 7 15 theme SPP1-binding 978:989 arg1 network 999:1005 The SPP1-binding protein network 974:1005 The SPP1-binding protein network 974:1005 The SPP1-binding protein network was built by the STRING tool. 35058964 1 16 theme N-linked 180:187 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 15 17 theme cell 2074:2077 arg1 infiltration 2079:2090 immune cell infiltration 2067:2090 immune cell infiltration 2067:2090 It was significantly associated with poor prognosis and immune cell infiltration. 35058964 4 18 theme SPP1 589:592 arg1 expression 594:603 SPP1 expression 589:603 SPP1 expression of cervical cancer 589:622 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 10 19 theme GEO 1495:1497 arg1 database 1499:1506 the GEO database 1491:1506 the GEO database 1491:1506 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 9 20 theme single-sample 1142:1154 arg1 method 1170:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method 1138:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1138:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 3 21 theme TCGA 554:557 arg1 database 560:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 Methods: We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between SPP1 expression and pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 35058964 9 22 used used 1225:1228 arg2 method 1170:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method 1138:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1138:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 9 23 dep infiltration 1280:1291 arg1 level 1293:1297 level 1293:1297 level 1293:1297 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 3 24 theme Atlas 547:551 arg1 database 560:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 Methods: We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between SPP1 expression and pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 35058964 1 25 theme secreted 104:111 arg1 phosphoprotein 113:126 secreted phosphoprotein 1 104:128 secreted phosphoprotein 1 104:128 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 1 25 theme secreted 104:111 arg1 SPP1 98:101 SPP1 98:101 SPP1 98:101 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 14 26 theme cervical 1943:1950 arg1 tissues 1959:1965 cervical cancer tissues 1943:1965 cervical cancer tissues 1943:1965 Conclusion: SPP1 expression was higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical epithelial tissues. 35058964 13 27 theme high 1749:1752 arg1 expression 1759:1768 high SPP1 expression 1749:1768 high SPP1 expression 1749:1768 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 16 28 theme promising 2117:2125 arg1 biomarker 2138:2146 a promising prognostic biomarker 2115:2146 a promising prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer patients 2115:2175 Thus, SPP1 may become a promising prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer patients. 35058964 2 29 theme Previous 220:227 arg1 studies 229:235 Previous studies 220:235 Previous studies 220:235 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 2 29 theme Previous 220:227 arg1 factor 330:335 a prognostic factor 317:335 a prognostic factor 317:335 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 5 30 theme SPP1 803:806 arg1 factor 829:834 a differentiating factor 811:834 a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score 811:870 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 5 30 theme SPP1 803:806 arg1 feasibility 788:798 the feasibility 784:798 the feasibility of SPP1 784:806 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 4 31 theme Expression 636:645 arg1 database 661:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 13 32 theme infiltration 1713:1724 arg1 analysis 1726:1733 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis 1683:1733 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis 1683:1733 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 0 33 theme Cervical 69:76 arg1 Cancer 78:83 Cervical Cancer 69:83 Cervical Cancer 69:83 Comprehensive Analysis to Identify SPP1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer. 35058964 9 34 theme R 1186:1186 arg1 GSVA 1196:1199 the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1182:1218 GSVA 1196:1199 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 14 35 theme cancer 1952:1957 arg1 tissues 1959:1965 cervical cancer tissues 1943:1965 cervical cancer tissues 1943:1965 Conclusion: SPP1 expression was higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical epithelial tissues. 35058964 6 36 theme Cox 873:875 arg1 regression 877:886 Cox regression 873:886 Cox regression 873:886 Cox regression and logistic regression were performed to evaluate factors associated with prognosis. 35058964 13 37 theme Further 1683:1689 arg1 enrichment 1691:1700 Further enrichment 1683:1700 Further enrichment 1683:1700 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 9 38 theme TIMER 1205:1209 arg1 database 1211:1218 the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1182:1218 database 1211:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 16 39 theme cancer 2161:2166 arg1 patients 2168:2175 cervical cancer patients 2152:2175 cervical cancer patients 2152:2175 Thus, SPP1 may become a promising prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer patients. 35058964 2 40 theme SPP1 409:412 arg1 function 370:377 function 370:377 function 370:377 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 2 40 theme SPP1 409:412 arg1 mechanism 396:404 carcinogenic mechanism 383:404 carcinogenic mechanism 383:404 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 10 41 theme data 1359:1362 arg1 analysis 1364:1371 Pan-cancer data analysis 1348:1371 Pan-cancer data analysis 1348:1371 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 0 42 theme Comprehensive 0:12 arg1 Analysis 14:21 Comprehensive Analysis 0:21 Comprehensive Analysis 0:21 Comprehensive Analysis to Identify SPP1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer. 35058964 14 43 theme SPP1 1913:1916 arg1 expression 1918:1927 SPP1 expression 1913:1927 SPP1 expression 1913:1927 Conclusion: SPP1 expression was higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical epithelial tissues. 35058964 5 44 theme ROC 752:754 arg1 curve 757:761 characteristic (ROC) curve 736:761 characteristic (ROC) curve 736:761 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 10 45 theme SPP1 1385:1388 arg1 expression 1390:1399 SPP1 expression 1385:1399 SPP1 expression 1385:1399 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 11 46 theme diagnostic 1564:1573 arg1 0.877 1592:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 11 46 theme diagnostic 1564:1573 arg1 SPP1 1538:1541 SPP1 1538:1541 SPP1 1538:1541 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 11 46 theme diagnostic 1564:1573 arg1 biomarker 1575:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker 1552:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877) 1552:1597 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 9 47 from expression 1308:1317 arg1 cancer 1331:1336 cervical cancer 1322:1336 cervical cancer 1322:1336 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 2 48 theme cervical 417:424 arg1 cancer 426:431 cervical cancer 417:431 cervical cancer 417:431 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 10 49 theme cancer 1420:1425 arg1 types 1427:1431 most cancer types 1415:1431 most cancer types 1415:1431 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 10 49 theme cancer 1420:1425 arg1 cancer 1453:1458 cervical cancer 1444:1458 cervical cancer 1444:1458 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 13 50 theme cell 1860:1863 arg1 DC 1897:1898 DC 1897:1898 DC 1897:1898 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 50 theme cell 1860:1863 arg1 types 1865:1869 some immune cell types 1848:1869 some immune cell types 1848:1869 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 50 theme cell 1860:1863 arg1 macrophage 1882:1891 macrophage 1882:1891 macrophage 1882:1891 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 12 51 theme P 1671:1671 arg1 0.032 1675:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 51 theme P 1671:1671 arg1 survival 1656:1663 poorer overall survival 1641:1663 poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032) 1641:1680 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 11 52 theme = 1590:1590 arg1 0.877 1592:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 11 52 theme = 1590:1590 arg1 biomarker 1575:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker 1552:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877) 1552:1597 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 9 53 theme immune 1273:1278 arg1 infiltration 1280:1291 the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer 1269:1336 infiltration 1280:1291 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 9 54 from infiltration 1280:1291 arg1 cancer 1331:1336 cervical cancer 1322:1336 cervical cancer 1322:1336 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 12 55 theme poorer 1641:1646 arg1 0.032 1675:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 55 theme poorer 1641:1646 arg1 OS 1666:1667 OS 1666:1667 OS 1666:1667 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 55 theme poorer 1641:1646 arg1 survival 1656:1663 poorer overall survival 1641:1663 poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032) 1641:1680 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 15 56 theme poor 2048:2051 arg1 prognosis 2053:2061 poor prognosis 2048:2061 poor prognosis 2048:2061 It was significantly associated with poor prognosis and immune cell infiltration. 35058964 10 57 theme cervical 1444:1451 arg1 cancer 1453:1458 cervical cancer 1444:1458 cervical cancer 1444:1458 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 13 58 theme cells 1838:1842 arg1 level 1818:1822 the infiltration level 1801:1822 the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC 1801:1898 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 1 59 theme family 212:217 arg1 Background 86:95 Background 86:95 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 86:218 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 1 59 theme family 212:217 arg1 SPP1 98:101 SPP1 98:101 SPP1 98:101 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 1 59 theme family 212:217 arg1 member 136:141 a member 134:141 a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 134:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 7 60 theme STRING 1024:1029 arg1 tool 1031:1034 the STRING tool 1020:1034 the STRING tool 1020:1034 The SPP1-binding protein network was built by the STRING tool. 35058964 2 61 theme prognostic 319:328 arg1 studies 229:235 Previous studies 220:235 Previous studies 220:235 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 2 61 theme prognostic 319:328 arg1 factor 330:335 a prognostic factor 317:335 a prognostic factor 317:335 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 9 62 theme SPP1 1303:1306 arg1 expression 1308:1317 SPP1 expression 1303:1317 SPP1 expression in cervical cancer 1303:1336 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 13 63 theme infiltration 1805:1816 arg1 level 1818:1822 the infiltration level 1801:1822 the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC 1801:1898 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 5 64 used used 767:770 arg2 receiver 717:724 The receiver 713:724 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 713:761 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 16 65 theme cervical 2152:2159 arg1 patients 2168:2175 cervical cancer patients 2152:2175 cervical cancer patients 2152:2175 Thus, SPP1 may become a promising prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer patients. 35058964 4 66 theme cancer 617:622 arg1 expression 594:603 SPP1 expression 589:603 SPP1 expression of cervical cancer 589:622 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 8 67 theme package 1066:1072 arg1 clusterProfiler 1074:1088 the R package clusterProfiler 1060:1088 the R package clusterProfiler 1060:1088 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler was used to explore potential function of SPP1. 35058964 7 68 theme protein 991:997 arg1 network 999:1005 The SPP1-binding protein network 974:1005 The SPP1-binding protein network 974:1005 The SPP1-binding protein network was built by the STRING tool. 35058964 1 69 theme small 150:154 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 9 70 from database 1211:1218 arg1 method 1170:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method 1138:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1138:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 12 71 theme High 1600:1603 arg1 expression 1610:1619 High SPP1 expression 1600:1619 High SPP1 expression 1600:1619 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 4 72 theme cervical 608:615 arg1 cancer 617:622 cervical cancer 608:622 cervical cancer 608:622 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 1 73 theme ligand 173:178 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 3 74 theme Cancer 533:538 arg1 database 560:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 Methods: We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between SPP1 expression and pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 35058964 14 75 theme epithelial 1991:2000 arg1 tissues 2002:2008 normal cervical epithelial tissues 1975:2008 normal cervical epithelial tissues 1975:2008 Conclusion: SPP1 expression was higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical epithelial tissues. 35058964 1 76 theme glycoprotein 189:200 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 8 77 theme potential 1110:1118 arg1 function 1120:1127 potential function 1110:1127 potential function of SPP1 1110:1135 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler was used to explore potential function of SPP1. 35058964 8 78 used used 1094:1097 arg2 analysis 1048:1055 Enrichment analysis 1037:1055 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler 1037:1088 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler was used to explore potential function of SPP1. 35058964 14 79 theme normal 1975:1980 arg1 tissues 2002:2008 normal cervical epithelial tissues 1975:2008 normal cervical epithelial tissues 1975:2008 Conclusion: SPP1 expression was higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical epithelial tissues. 35058964 9 80 theme GSEA 1156:1159 arg1 method 1170:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method 1138:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1138:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 3 81 theme Genome 540:545 arg1 database 560:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database 529:567 Methods: We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between SPP1 expression and pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 35058964 5 82 theme differentiating 813:827 arg1 factor 829:834 a differentiating factor 811:834 a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score 811:870 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 5 82 theme differentiating 813:827 arg1 feasibility 788:798 the feasibility 784:798 the feasibility of SPP1 784:806 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 4 83 theme Omnibus 647:653 arg1 database 661:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 16 84 theme prognostic 2127:2136 arg1 biomarker 2138:2146 a promising prognostic biomarker 2115:2146 a promising prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer patients 2115:2175 Thus, SPP1 may become a promising prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer patients. 35058964 9 85 theme ssGSEA 1162:1167 arg1 method 1170:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method 1138:1175 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1138:1218 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 4 86 theme GEO 656:658 arg1 database 661:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 13 87 theme SPP1 1754:1757 arg1 expression 1759:1768 high SPP1 expression 1749:1768 high SPP1 expression 1749:1768 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 2 88 from mechanism 396:404 arg1 cancer 426:431 cervical cancer 417:431 cervical cancer 417:431 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 1 89 theme SIBLING 203:209 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 13 90 theme immune 1706:1711 arg1 infiltration 1713:1724 immune infiltration 1706:1724 immune infiltration 1706:1724 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 6 91 theme logistic 892:899 arg1 regression 901:910 logistic regression 892:910 logistic regression 892:910 Cox regression and logistic regression were performed to evaluate factors associated with prognosis. 35058964 4 92 theme Gene 631:634 arg1 database 661:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database 627:668 Next, we validated SPP1 expression of cervical cancer in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE7803, GSE63514, and GSE9750. 35058964 9 93 theme package 1188:1194 arg1 GSVA 1196:1199 the R package GSVA and TIMER database 1182:1218 GSVA 1196:1199 The single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) method from the R package GSVA and TIMER database were used to investigate the association between the immune infiltration level and SPP1 expression in cervical cancer. 35058964 1 94 link N-linked 180:187 arg1 family 212:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family 146:217 Background: SPP1, secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family. 35058964 13 95 theme enrichment 1691:1700 arg1 analysis 1726:1733 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis 1683:1733 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis 1683:1733 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 5 96 theme area 843:846 arg1 score 866:870 the area under curve (AUC) score 839:870 the area under curve (AUC) score 839:870 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 10 97 theme Pan-cancer 1348:1357 arg1 analysis 1364:1371 Pan-cancer data analysis 1348:1371 Pan-cancer data analysis 1348:1371 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 5 98 theme characteristic 736:749 arg1 curve 757:761 characteristic (ROC) curve 736:761 characteristic (ROC) curve 736:761 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the feasibility of SPP1 as a differentiating factor by the area under curve (AUC) score. 35058964 2 99 theme carcinogenic 383:394 arg1 mechanism 396:404 carcinogenic mechanism 383:404 carcinogenic mechanism 383:404 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 11 100 theme potential 1554:1562 arg1 0.877 1592:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 11 100 theme potential 1554:1562 arg1 SPP1 1538:1541 SPP1 1538:1541 SPP1 1538:1541 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 11 100 theme potential 1554:1562 arg1 biomarker 1575:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker 1552:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877) 1552:1597 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 14 101 theme cervical 1982:1989 arg1 tissues 2002:2008 normal cervical epithelial tissues 1975:2008 normal cervical epithelial tissues 1975:2008 Conclusion: SPP1 expression was higher in cervical cancer tissues than in normal cervical epithelial tissues. 35058964 13 102 theme immune 1853:1858 arg1 DC 1897:1898 DC 1897:1898 DC 1897:1898 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 102 theme immune 1853:1858 arg1 types 1865:1869 some immune cell types 1848:1869 some immune cell types 1848:1869 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 102 theme immune 1853:1858 arg1 macrophage 1882:1891 macrophage 1882:1891 macrophage 1882:1891 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 0 103 theme Prognostic 45:54 arg1 Biomarker 56:64 a Prognostic Biomarker 43:64 a Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer 43:83 Comprehensive Analysis to Identify SPP1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer. 35058964 0 103 theme Prognostic 45:54 arg1 SPP1 35:38 SPP1 35:38 SPP1 35:38 Comprehensive Analysis to Identify SPP1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer. 35058964 12 104 theme = 1673:1673 arg1 0.032 1675:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 P = 0.032 1671:1679 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 12 104 theme = 1673:1673 arg1 survival 1656:1663 poorer overall survival 1641:1663 poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032) 1641:1680 High SPP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P = 0.032). 35058964 10 105 theme most 1415:1418 arg1 types 1427:1431 most cancer types 1415:1431 most cancer types 1415:1431 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 10 105 theme most 1415:1418 arg1 cancer 1453:1458 cervical cancer 1444:1458 cervical cancer 1444:1458 Results: Pan-cancer data analysis showed that SPP1 expression was higher in most cancer types, including cervical cancer, and we got the same result in the GEO database. 35058964 11 106 theme AUC 1586:1588 arg1 0.877 1592:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 AUC = 0.877 1586:1596 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 11 106 theme AUC 1586:1588 arg1 biomarker 1575:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker 1552:1583 a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877) 1552:1597 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35058964 2 107 dep function 370:377 arg1 the 366:368 the 366:368 the 366:368 Previous studies have proven SPP1 overexpressed in a variety of cancers and can be identified as a prognostic factor, while no study has explored the function and carcinogenic mechanism of SPP1 in cervical cancer. 35058964 13 108 theme types 1865:1869 arg1 level 1818:1822 the infiltration level 1801:1822 the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC 1801:1898 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 109 theme neutrophil 1827:1836 arg1 DC 1897:1898 DC 1897:1898 DC 1897:1898 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 109 theme neutrophil 1827:1836 arg1 cells 1838:1842 neutrophil cells 1827:1842 neutrophil cells 1827:1842 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 13 109 theme neutrophil 1827:1836 arg1 macrophage 1882:1891 macrophage 1882:1891 macrophage 1882:1891 Further enrichment and immune infiltration analysis revealed that high SPP1 expression was correlated with regulating the infiltration level of neutrophil cells and some immune cell types, including macrophage and DC. 35058964 8 110 theme Enrichment 1037:1046 arg1 analysis 1048:1055 Enrichment analysis 1037:1055 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler 1037:1088 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler was used to explore potential function of SPP1. 35058964 8 111 theme SPP1 1132:1135 arg1 function 1120:1127 potential function 1110:1127 potential function of SPP1 1110:1135 Enrichment analysis by the R package clusterProfiler was used to explore potential function of SPP1. 35058964 11 112 theme ROC 1513:1515 arg1 curve 1517:1521 The ROC curve 1509:1521 The ROC curve 1509:1521 The ROC curve suggested that SPP1 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 0.877). 35006749 7 0 theme T-cell 1025:1030 arg1 killing 1032:1038 T-cell killing 1025:1038 T-cell killing 1025:1038 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 4 1 theme PD-L1 526:530 arg1 N-glycans 532:540 PD-L1 N-glycans 526:540 PD-L1 N-glycans 526:540 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 7 2 theme cancer 1006:1011 arg1 cells 1013:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 6 3 theme cell 932:935 arg1 surface 937:943 the tumor cell surface 922:943 the tumor cell surface 922:943 In vitro studies confirmed that NanoNiche can specifically bind with PD-L1 while also desialylate the tumor cell surface. 35006749 7 4 theme cells 1013:1017 arg1 proliferation 950:962 The proliferation 946:962 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing 946:1038 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 9 5 theme immune 1243:1248 arg1 therapy 1270:1276 immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1243:1276 immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1243:1276 Thus, the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate represents a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. 35006749 4 6 theme cell 612:615 arg1 surface 617:623 the tumor cell surface 602:623 the tumor cell surface 602:623 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 8 7 dep In 1095:1096 arg1 vivo 1098:1101 vivo 1098:1101 vivo 1098:1101 In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. 35006749 6 8 theme tumor 926:930 arg1 surface 937:943 the tumor cell surface 922:943 the tumor cell surface 922:943 In vitro studies confirmed that NanoNiche can specifically bind with PD-L1 while also desialylate the tumor cell surface. 35006749 8 9 theme In 1095:1096 arg1 experiments 1103:1113 In vivo experiments 1095:1113 In vivo experiments in solid tumors 1095:1129 In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. 35006749 7 10 theme human 993:997 arg1 cells 1013:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 3 11 theme T-cell 480:485 arg1 reactivation 487:498 T-cell reactivation 480:498 T-cell reactivation 480:498 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 6 12 theme In 824:825 arg1 studies 833:839 In vitro studies 824:839 In vitro studies 824:839 In vitro studies confirmed that NanoNiche can specifically bind with PD-L1 while also desialylate the tumor cell surface. 35006749 9 13 theme checkpoint 1250:1259 arg1 therapy 1270:1276 immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1243:1276 immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1243:1276 Thus, the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate represents a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. 35006749 4 14 theme tumor 606:610 arg1 surface 617:623 the tumor cell surface 602:623 the tumor cell surface 602:623 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 5 15 theme immune 798:803 arg1 infiltration 810:821 immune cell infiltration 798:821 immune cell infiltration 798:821 Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. 35006749 7 16 theme PD-L1-positive 967:980 arg1 cells 1013:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 1 17 theme promising 182:190 arg1 strategy 192:199 a promising strategy 180:199 a promising strategy for cancer treatment 180:220 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. 35006749 3 18 theme PD-L1-blocking 376:389 arg1 strategy 391:398 an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy 363:398 an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation 363:498 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 1 19 theme immune 142:147 arg1 checkpoint 149:158 the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint 127:158 the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint 127:158 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. 35006749 5 20 theme tumor 775:779 arg1 cells 781:785 tumor cells 775:785 tumor cells 775:785 Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. 35006749 0 21 theme Sialidase-Conjugated 0:19 arg1 " 31:31 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" 0:31 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 0:81 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 35006749 8 22 theme solid 1118:1122 arg1 tumors 1124:1129 solid tumors 1118:1129 solid tumors 1118:1129 In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. 35006749 1 23 theme T-cell 99:104 arg1 immunity 106:113 T-cell immunity 99:113 T-cell immunity 99:113 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. 35006749 3 24 theme NanoNiche 433:441 arg1 " 442:442 a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" 409:442 a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation 409:498 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 8 25 theme enhanced 1136:1143 arg1 efficacy 1157:1164 enhanced therapeutic efficacy 1136:1164 enhanced therapeutic efficacy 1136:1164 In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. 35006749 7 26 theme breast 999:1004 arg1 cells 1013:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 2 27 theme N-linked 304:311 arg1 glycosylation 313:325 the N-linked glycosylation 300:325 the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 300:334 However, the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies is usually suppressed due to the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1. 35006749 6 28 dep In 824:825 arg1 vitro 827:831 vitro 827:831 vitro 827:831 In vitro studies confirmed that NanoNiche can specifically bind with PD-L1 while also desialylate the tumor cell surface. 35006749 3 29 theme antitumor 459:467 arg1 effect 469:474 the antitumor effect 455:474 the antitumor effect 455:474 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 0 30 theme NanoNiche 22:30 arg1 " 31:31 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" 0:31 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 0:81 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 35006749 3 31 theme effective 366:374 arg1 strategy 391:398 an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy 363:398 an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation 363:498 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 0 32 theme Efficient 37:45 arg1 Therapy 74:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 35006749 4 33 theme glycosylated 580:591 arg1 PD-L1 593:597 glycosylated PD-L1 580:597 glycosylated PD-L1 580:597 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 5 34 theme NanoNiche 725:733 arg1 surface 714:720 the surface 710:720 the surface of NanoNiche 710:733 Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. 35006749 4 35 theme PD-L1 662:666 arg1 blockade 668:675 more efficient PD-L1 blockade 647:675 more efficient PD-L1 blockade 647:675 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 3 36 theme sialidase-conjugated 411:430 arg1 " 442:442 a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" 409:442 a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation 409:498 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 2 37 link N-linked 304:311 arg1 glycosylation 313:325 the N-linked glycosylation 300:325 the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 300:334 However, the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies is usually suppressed due to the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1. 35006749 5 38 theme cell 805:808 arg1 infiltration 810:821 immune cell infiltration 798:821 immune cell infiltration 798:821 Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. 35006749 9 39 theme NanoNiche-sialidase 1177:1195 arg1 conjugate 1197:1205 the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate 1173:1205 the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate 1173:1205 Thus, the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate represents a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. 35006749 4 40 theme efficient 652:660 arg1 blockade 668:675 more efficient PD-L1 blockade 647:675 more efficient PD-L1 blockade 647:675 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 0 41 theme Checkpoint 54:63 arg1 Therapy 74:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 35006749 3 42 dep " 442:442 arg1 improve 447:453 improve 447:453 to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation 444:498 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 7 43 theme NanoNiche 1074:1082 arg1 treatment 1084:1092 NanoNiche treatment 1074:1092 NanoNiche treatment 1074:1092 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 0 44 theme Immune 47:52 arg1 Therapy 74:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 35006749 7 45 theme MDA-MB-231 982:991 arg1 cells 1013:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 967:1017 The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. 35006749 4 46 gly glycosylated 580:591 arg1 PD-L1 593:597 glycosylated PD-L1 580:597 glycosylated PD-L1 580:597 Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. 35006749 8 47 from experiments 1103:1113 arg1 tumors 1124:1129 solid tumors 1118:1129 solid tumors 1118:1129 In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. 35006749 9 48 theme blockade 1261:1268 arg1 therapy 1270:1276 immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1243:1276 immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1243:1276 Thus, the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate represents a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. 35006749 1 49 theme PD-1/PD-L1 131:140 arg1 checkpoint 149:158 the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint 127:158 the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint 127:158 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. 35006749 1 50 theme immunity 106:113 arg1 Reactivation 83:94 Reactivation 83:94 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint 83:158 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. 35006749 5 51 dep strip 751:755 arg1 sialoglycans 757:768 sialoglycans 757:768 sialoglycans 757:768 Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. 35006749 9 52 theme promising 1220:1228 arg1 approach 1230:1237 a promising approach 1218:1237 a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy 1218:1276 Thus, the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate represents a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. 35006749 2 53 theme PD-L1 330:334 arg1 glycosylation 313:325 the N-linked glycosylation 300:325 the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 300:334 However, the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies is usually suppressed due to the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1. 35006749 2 54 gly glycosylation 313:325 arg1 PD-L1 330:334 PD-L1 330:334 PD-L1 330:334 However, the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies is usually suppressed due to the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1. 35006749 5 55 from cells 781:785 arg1 strip 751:755 strip 751:755 strip 751:755 Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. 35006749 1 56 theme cancer 205:210 arg1 treatment 212:220 cancer treatment 205:220 cancer treatment 205:220 Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. 35006749 0 57 theme Blockade 65:72 arg1 Therapy 74:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy 37:80 Sialidase-Conjugated "NanoNiche" for Efficient Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. 35006749 3 58 attach present 355:361 arg2 we 352:353 we 352:353 we 352:353 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 3 58 attach present 355:361 arg1 study 345:349 this study 340:349 this study 340:349 In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. 35006749 2 59 theme PD-L1 251:255 arg1 recognition 236:246 the recognition 232:246 the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies 232:269 However, the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies is usually suppressed due to the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1. 35006749 8 60 theme therapeutic 1145:1155 arg1 efficacy 1157:1164 enhanced therapeutic efficacy 1136:1164 enhanced therapeutic efficacy 1136:1164 In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. 34839024 0 0 theme immune 72:77 arg1 response 79:86 innate immune response 65:86 innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus 65:110 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 7 1 theme digestive 1082:1090 arg1 gland 1092:1096 the digestive gland 1078:1096 the digestive gland 1078:1096 CgToll-3 was moderately expressed in the digestive gland, and its expression level was significantly up-regulated after Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. 34839024 3 2 theme glycosylation 474:486 arg1 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 1 3 theme vital 237:241 arg1 role 243:246 a vital role 235:246 a vital role 235:246 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 0 4 theme innate 65:70 arg1 response 79:86 innate immune response 65:86 innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus 65:110 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 5 5 theme Docking 846:852 arg1 result 854:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result 828:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result 828:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result showed that CgToll-3 could interact with CgMyd88 via the TIR domain. 34839024 6 6 theme Subcellular 930:940 arg1 Co-localization 942:956 Subcellular Co-localization 930:956 Subcellular Co-localization 930:956 Subcellular Co-localization and BiFC Assay confirmed this interaction, and they could induce NF-κB activation. 34839024 5 7 theme Molecular 836:844 arg1 result 854:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result 828:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result 828:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result showed that CgToll-3 could interact with CgMyd88 via the TIR domain. 34839024 7 8 theme alginolyticus 1168:1180 arg1 challenge 1182:1190 Vibrio alginolyticus challenge 1161:1190 Vibrio alginolyticus challenge 1161:1190 CgToll-3 was moderately expressed in the digestive gland, and its expression level was significantly up-regulated after Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. 34839024 3 9 theme phylogenic 517:526 arg1 relationship 528:539 the closest phylogenic relationship 505:539 the closest phylogenic relationship 505:539 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 4 10 theme bacterial 720:728 arg1 molecules 730:738 other bacterial molecules 714:738 other bacterial molecules 714:738 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 5 11 theme TIR 918:920 arg1 domain 922:927 the TIR domain 914:927 the TIR domain 914:927 The Hex Molecular Docking result showed that CgToll-3 could interact with CgMyd88 via the TIR domain. 34839024 4 12 dep contained 745:753 arg1 Box 820:822 Box 3 820:824 Box 3 820:824 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 4 12 dep contained 745:753 arg1 Box 802:804 Box 1 802:806 Box 1 802:806 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 4 12 dep contained 745:753 arg1 Box 809:811 Box 2 809:813 Box 2 809:813 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 2 13 theme TLR 291:293 arg1 CgToll-3 295:302 a novel TLR CgToll-3 283:302 a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 283:384 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 0 14 from gigas 44:48 arg1 receptor 18:25 A novel toll-like receptor 0:25 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas 0:48 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 4 15 theme conserved 761:769 arg1 motifs 794:799 three conserved functionally important motifs 755:799 three conserved functionally important motifs 755:799 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 6 16 theme NF-κB 1023:1027 arg1 activation 1029:1038 NF-κB activation 1023:1038 NF-κB activation 1023:1038 Subcellular Co-localization and BiFC Assay confirmed this interaction, and they could induce NF-κB activation. 34839024 0 17 theme Vibrio 91:96 arg1 alginolyticus 98:110 Vibrio alginolyticus 91:110 Vibrio alginolyticus 91:110 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 6 18 theme BiFC 962:965 arg1 Assay 967:971 BiFC Assay 962:971 BiFC Assay 962:971 Subcellular Co-localization and BiFC Assay confirmed this interaction, and they could induce NF-κB activation. 34839024 3 19 gly glycosylation 474:486 arg2 sixteen 433:439 sixteen 433:439 sixteen 433:439 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 3 19 gly glycosylation 474:486 arg2 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 3 20 theme extracellular 451:463 arg1 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 2 21 theme TIR 343:345 arg1 1-resistance 365:376 Toll-interleukin 1-resistance 348:376 Toll-interleukin 1-resistance 348:376 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 2 21 theme TIR 343:345 arg1 domain 379:384 a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 341:384 a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 341:384 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 0 22 theme novel 2:6 arg1 receptor 18:25 A novel toll-like receptor 0:25 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas 0:48 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 2 23 theme novel 285:289 arg1 CgToll-3 295:302 a novel TLR CgToll-3 283:302 a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 283:384 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 1 24 theme recognition 170:180 arg1 molecules 182:190 recognition molecules 170:190 recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals 170:224 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 24 theme recognition 170:180 arg1 Based 113:117 Based 113:117 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) 113:164 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 4 25 theme other 714:718 arg1 molecules 730:738 other bacterial molecules 714:738 other bacterial molecules 714:738 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 4 26 theme other 653:657 arg1 LRRs 659:662 other LRRs 653:662 other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules 653:738 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 8 27 theme V. 1269:1270 arg1 alginolyticus 1272:1284 V. alginolyticus 1269:1284 V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1269:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 1 28 from Based 113:117 arg1 receptors 149:157 previous reports，toll-like receptors 122:157 previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) 122:164 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 28 from Based 113:117 arg1 TLRs 160:163 TLRs 160:163 TLRs 160:163 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 29 theme common 192:197 arg1 molecules 182:190 recognition molecules 170:190 recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals 170:224 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 29 theme common 192:197 arg1 Based 113:117 Based 113:117 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) 113:164 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 0 30 theme toll-like 8:16 arg1 receptor 18:25 A novel toll-like receptor 0:25 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas 0:48 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 8 31 theme mediated 1329:1336 arg1 pathway 1348:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 2 32 with CgToll-3 295:302 arg1 1-resistance 365:376 Toll-interleukin 1-resistance 348:376 Toll-interleukin 1-resistance 348:376 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 2 32 with CgToll-3 295:302 arg1 LRRs 331:334 LRRs 331:334 LRRs 331:334 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 2 32 with CgToll-3 295:302 arg1 repeats 322:328 leucine-rich repeats 309:328 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) 309:335 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 2 32 with CgToll-3 295:302 arg1 domain 379:384 a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 341:384 a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 341:384 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 3 33 theme molluscan 546:554 arg1 TLRs 556:559 molluscan TLRs 546:559 molluscan TLRs 546:559 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 4 34 theme mollusks 667:674 arg1 LRRs 659:662 other LRRs 653:662 other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules 653:738 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 0 35 theme Crassostrea 32:42 arg1 gigas 44:48 Crassostrea gigas 32:48 Crassostrea gigas 32:48 A novel toll-like receptor from Crassostrea gigas is involved in innate immune response to Vibrio alginolyticus. 34839024 3 36 with CgToll-3 419:426 arg1 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 3 37 theme closest 509:515 arg1 relationship 528:539 the closest phylogenic relationship 505:539 the closest phylogenic relationship 505:539 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 1 38 theme various 202:208 arg1 animals 218:224 various aquatic animals 202:224 various aquatic animals 202:224 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 7 39 theme expression 1107:1116 arg1 level 1118:1122 its expression level 1103:1122 its expression level 1103:1122 CgToll-3 was moderately expressed in the digestive gland, and its expression level was significantly up-regulated after Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. 34839024 8 40 theme immune 1250:1255 arg1 response 1257:1264 the innate immune response 1239:1264 the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1239:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 2 41 theme Toll-interleukin 348:363 arg1 1-resistance 365:376 Toll-interleukin 1-resistance 348:376 Toll-interleukin 1-resistance 348:376 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 2 41 theme Toll-interleukin 348:363 arg1 domain 379:384 a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 341:384 a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain 341:384 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 5 42 theme Hex 832:834 arg1 result 854:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result 828:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result 828:859 The Hex Molecular Docking result showed that CgToll-3 could interact with CgMyd88 via the TIR domain. 34839024 8 43 theme MyD88-dependent 1309:1323 arg1 pathway 1348:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 8 44 theme signaling 1338:1346 arg1 pathway 1348:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 2 45 theme leucine-rich 309:320 arg1 LRRs 331:334 LRRs 331:334 LRRs 331:334 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 2 45 theme leucine-rich 309:320 arg1 repeats 322:328 leucine-rich repeats 309:328 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) 309:335 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34839024 7 46 theme Vibrio 1161:1166 arg1 challenge 1182:1190 Vibrio alginolyticus challenge 1161:1190 Vibrio alginolyticus challenge 1161:1190 CgToll-3 was moderately expressed in the digestive gland, and its expression level was significantly up-regulated after Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. 34839024 1 47 from common 192:197 arg1 animals 218:224 various aquatic animals 202:224 various aquatic animals 202:224 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 3 48 theme N-linked 465:472 arg1 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 1 49 from animals 218:224 arg1 common 192:197 common 192:197 common 192:197 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 4 50 theme important 784:792 arg1 motifs 794:799 three conserved functionally important motifs 755:799 three conserved functionally important motifs 755:799 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 8 51 theme TLR 1325:1327 arg1 pathway 1348:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1307:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 4 52 theme domains 588:594 arg1 Alignment 562:570 Alignment 562:570 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains 562:594 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 3 53 link N-linked 465:472 arg1 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 8 54 theme C. 1290:1291 arg1 gigas 1293:1297 C. gigas 1290:1297 C. gigas 1290:1297 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 1 55 theme previous 122:129 arg1 receptors 149:157 previous reports，toll-like receptors 122:157 previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) 122:164 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 55 theme previous 122:129 arg1 TLRs 160:163 TLRs 160:163 TLRs 160:163 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 56 theme innate 251:256 arg1 immunity 258:265 innate immunity 251:265 innate immunity 251:265 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 4 57 theme TIR 584:586 arg1 domains 588:594 TIR domains 584:594 TIR domains 584:594 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 1 58 theme aquatic 210:216 arg1 animals 218:224 various aquatic animals 202:224 various aquatic animals 202:224 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 8 59 theme innate 1243:1248 arg1 response 1257:1264 the innate immune response 1239:1264 the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway 1239:1354 Taken together, CgToll-3 might be involved in the innate immune response to V. alginolyticus for C. gigas through a MyD88-dependent TLR mediated signaling pathway. 34839024 1 60 theme reports，toll-like 131:147 arg1 receptors 149:157 previous reports，toll-like receptors 122:157 previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) 122:164 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 1 60 theme reports，toll-like 131:147 arg1 TLRs 160:163 TLRs 160:163 TLRs 160:163 Based on previous reports，toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules common in various aquatic animals and play a vital role in innate immunity. 34839024 3 61 theme potential 441:449 arg1 sites 488:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites 433:492 CgToll-3 with sixteen potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites and shares the closest phylogenic relationship with molluscan TLRs. 34839024 4 62 theme LRRs 575:578 arg1 Alignment 562:570 Alignment 562:570 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains 562:594 Alignment of LRRs and TIR domains indicated that CgToll-3 was highly conserved compared to other LRRs of mollusks which could respond against Vibrio or other bacterial molecules, and contained three conserved functionally important motifs (Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3). 34839024 2 63 theme Crassostrea 400:410 arg1 gigas 412:416 Crassostrea gigas 400:416 Crassostrea gigas 400:416 In this study, a novel TLR CgToll-3 with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a TIR (Toll-interleukin 1-resistance) domain was cloned in Crassostrea gigas. 34433091 4 0 theme amyloid 470:476 arg1 fibrils 478:484 amyloid fibrils 470:484 amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 470:544 Cryo-electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets. 34433091 4 1 theme in-register 510:520 arg1 sheets 539:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 Cryo-electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets. 34433091 5 2 theme fibril 593:598 arg1 core 600:603 the ordered fibril core 581:603 the ordered fibril core 581:603 Each monomer provides one rung of the ordered fibril core, with N-linked glycans and glycolipid anchors projecting outward. 34433091 7 3 theme fibril 858:863 arg1 morphology 865:874 fibril morphology 858:874 fibril morphology 858:874 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 4 4 theme parallel 501:508 arg1 sheets 539:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 Cryo-electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets. 34433091 5 5 theme core 600:603 arg1 rung 573:576 one rung 569:576 one rung of the ordered fibril core 569:603 Each monomer provides one rung of the ordered fibril core, with N-linked glycans and glycolipid anchors projecting outward. 34433091 2 6 theme assemblies 279:288 arg1 structures 253:262 The structures 249:262 The structures of such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules 249:305 The structures of such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules have been poorly understood. 34433091 9 7 theme pathologic 1188:1197 arg1 amyloids 1199:1206 other pathologic amyloids 1182:1206 other pathologic amyloids 1182:1206 This structure also helps frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids. 34433091 8 8 theme membrane 1056:1063 arg1 pathogenesis 1065:1076 membrane pathogenesis 1056:1076 membrane pathogenesis 1056:1076 These findings provide structural insights into prion propagation, strains, species barriers, and membrane pathogenesis. 34433091 8 9 theme species 1034:1040 arg1 barriers 1042:1049 species barriers 1034:1049 species barriers 1034:1049 These findings provide structural insights into prion propagation, strains, species barriers, and membrane pathogenesis. 34433091 7 10 theme paired 935:940 arg1 protofilaments 942:955 paired protofilaments 935:955 paired protofilaments 935:955 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 2 11 theme lethal 272:277 arg1 assemblies 279:288 such lethal assemblies 267:288 such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules 267:305 The structures of such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules have been poorly understood. 34433091 6 12 from ends 753:756 arg1 monomers 734:741 incoming monomers 725:741 incoming monomers at fibril ends 725:756 Thus, single monomers form the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends, where prion growth occurs. 34433091 5 13 theme N-linked 611:618 arg1 glycans 620:626 N-linked glycans 611:626 N-linked glycans 611:626 Each monomer provides one rung of the ordered fibril core, with N-linked glycans and glycolipid anchors projecting outward. 34433091 8 14 theme structural 981:990 arg1 insights 992:999 structural insights 981:999 structural insights into prion propagation, strains, species barriers, and membrane pathogenesis 981:1076 These findings provide structural insights into prion propagation, strains, species barriers, and membrane pathogenesis. 34433091 2 15 theme such 267:270 arg1 assemblies 279:288 such lethal assemblies 267:288 such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules 267:305 The structures of such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules have been poorly understood. 34433091 6 16 theme templating 702:711 arg1 surface 713:719 the templating surface 698:719 the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends 698:756 Thus, single monomers form the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends, where prion growth occurs. 34433091 9 17 theme amyloids 1199:1206 arg1 transmissibility 1162:1177 the relative transmissibility 1149:1177 the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids 1149:1206 This structure also helps frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids. 34433091 3 18 theme brain-derived 385:397 arg1 strain 429:434 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 3 19 dep brain-derived 385:397 arg1 infectious 406:415 infectious 406:415 infectious 406:415 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 8 20 theme prion 1006:1010 arg1 propagation 1012:1022 prion propagation 1006:1022 prion propagation 1006:1022 These findings provide structural insights into prion propagation, strains, species barriers, and membrane pathogenesis. 34433091 3 21 theme 263K 424:427 arg1 strain 429:434 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 3 22 theme near-atomic 353:363 arg1 structure 370:378 a near-atomic core structure 351:378 a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 351:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 7 23 theme fibril 906:911 arg1 cross-section 913:925 an asymmetric fibril cross-section 892:925 an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments 892:955 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 7 23 theme fibril 906:911 arg1 263K 886:889 263K 886:889 263K 886:889 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 1 24 theme extensive 91:99 arg1 range 101:105 the extensive range 87:105 the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals 87:166 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 7 25 theme major 837:841 arg1 differences 843:853 major differences 837:853 major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments 837:955 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 5 26 link N-linked 611:618 arg1 glycans 620:626 N-linked glycans 611:626 N-linked glycans 611:626 Each monomer provides one rung of the ordered fibril core, with N-linked glycans and glycolipid anchors projecting outward. 34433091 0 27 theme High-resolution 0:14 arg1 structure 16:24 High-resolution structure 0:24 High-resolution structure 0:24 High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions. 34433091 5 28 theme glycolipid 632:641 arg1 anchors 643:649 glycolipid anchors 632:649 glycolipid anchors projecting outward 632:668 Each monomer provides one rung of the ordered fibril core, with N-linked glycans and glycolipid anchors projecting outward. 34433091 7 29 theme asymmetric 895:904 arg1 cross-section 913:925 an asymmetric fibril cross-section 892:925 an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments 892:955 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 7 29 theme asymmetric 895:904 arg1 263K 886:889 263K 886:889 263K 886:889 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 2 30 theme molecules 297:305 arg1 assemblies 279:288 such lethal assemblies 267:288 such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules 267:305 The structures of such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules have been poorly understood. 34433091 3 31 theme prion 417:421 arg1 strain 429:434 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 0 32 theme strain 30:35 arg1 comparison 37:46 strain comparison 30:46 strain comparison 30:46 High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions. 34433091 7 33 theme prion 808:812 arg1 aRML 822:825 aRML 822:825 aRML 822:825 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 7 33 theme prion 808:812 arg1 strain 814:819 another prion strain 800:819 another prion strain (aRML) 800:826 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 5 34 theme ordered 585:591 arg1 core 600:603 the ordered fibril core 581:603 the ordered fibril core 581:603 Each monomer provides one rung of the ordered fibril core, with N-linked glycans and glycolipid anchors projecting outward. 34433091 2 35 theme PrP 293:295 arg1 molecules 297:305 PrP molecules 293:305 PrP molecules 293:305 The structures of such lethal assemblies of PrP molecules have been poorly understood. 34433091 6 36 theme single 677:682 arg1 monomers 684:691 single monomers 677:691 single monomers 677:691 Thus, single monomers form the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends, where prion growth occurs. 34433091 3 37 theme core 365:368 arg1 structure 370:378 a near-atomic core structure 351:378 a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 351:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 1 38 theme self-propagating 110:125 arg1 aggregates 146:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates 110:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals 110:166 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 3 39 theme strain 429:434 arg1 structure 370:378 a near-atomic core structure 351:378 a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 351:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 4 40 theme β 537:537 arg1 sheets 539:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 Cryo-electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets. 34433091 4 41 theme Cryo-electron 438:450 arg1 microscopy 452:461 Cryo-electron microscopy 438:461 Cryo-electron microscopy 438:461 Cryo-electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets. 34433091 1 42 dep infectious 197:206 arg1 prions 169:174 prions 169:174 prions 169:174 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 1 42 dep infectious 197:206 arg1 doses 227:231 ∼109 lethal doses 215:231 ∼109 lethal doses per milligram 215:245 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 9 43 theme factors 1129:1135 arg1 considerations 1111:1124 frame considerations 1105:1124 frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids 1105:1206 This structure also helps frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids. 34433091 0 44 theme mammalian 62:70 arg1 prions 72:77 infectious mammalian prions 51:77 infectious mammalian prions 51:77 High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions. 34433091 4 45 theme intermolecular 522:535 arg1 sheets 539:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets 501:544 Cryo-electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils assembled with parallel in-register intermolecular β sheets. 34433091 1 46 dep doses 227:231 arg1 e.g. 209:212 e.g. 209:212 e.g. 209:212 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 1 47 theme pathologic 127:136 arg1 aggregates 146:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates 110:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals 110:166 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 0 48 theme infectious 51:60 arg1 prions 72:77 infectious mammalian prions 51:77 infectious mammalian prions 51:77 High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions. 34433091 9 49 theme relative 1153:1160 arg1 transmissibility 1162:1177 the relative transmissibility 1149:1177 the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids 1149:1206 This structure also helps frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids. 34433091 1 50 theme protein 138:144 arg1 aggregates 146:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates 110:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals 110:166 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 6 51 theme prion 765:769 arg1 growth 771:776 prion growth 765:776 prion growth 765:776 Thus, single monomers form the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends, where prion growth occurs. 34433091 3 52 link brain-derived 385:397 arg1 strain 429:434 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain) 383:435 Here we report a near-atomic core structure of a brain-derived, fully infectious prion (263K strain). 34433091 1 53 theme aggregates 146:155 arg1 range 101:105 the extensive range 87:105 the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals 87:166 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 9 54 theme other 1182:1186 arg1 amyloids 1199:1206 other pathologic amyloids 1182:1206 other pathologic amyloids 1182:1206 This structure also helps frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids. 34433091 1 55 theme lethal 220:225 arg1 prions 169:174 prions 169:174 prions 169:174 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 1 55 theme lethal 220:225 arg1 doses 227:231 ∼109 lethal doses 215:231 ∼109 lethal doses per milligram 215:245 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 6 56 theme fibril 746:751 arg1 ends 753:756 fibril ends 746:756 fibril ends 746:756 Thus, single monomers form the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends, where prion growth occurs. 34433091 9 57 theme frame 1105:1109 arg1 considerations 1111:1124 frame considerations 1105:1124 frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids 1105:1206 This structure also helps frame considerations of factors influencing the relative transmissibility of other pathologic amyloids. 34433091 7 58 from differences 843:853 arg1 morphology 865:874 fibril morphology 858:874 fibril morphology 858:874 Comparison to another prion strain (aRML) revealed major differences in fibril morphology but, like 263K, an asymmetric fibril cross-section without paired protofilaments. 34433091 1 59 theme mammals 160:166 arg1 aggregates 146:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates 110:155 self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals 110:166 Within the extensive range of self-propagating pathologic protein aggregates of mammals, prions are the most clearly infectious (e.g., ∼109 lethal doses per milligram). 34433091 0 60 theme prions 72:77 arg1 structure 16:24 High-resolution structure 0:24 High-resolution structure 0:24 High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions. 34433091 0 60 theme prions 72:77 arg1 comparison 37:46 strain comparison 30:46 strain comparison 30:46 High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions. 34433091 6 61 theme incoming 725:732 arg1 monomers 734:741 incoming monomers 725:741 incoming monomers at fibril ends 725:756 Thus, single monomers form the templating surface for incoming monomers at fibril ends, where prion growth occurs. 33788965 5 0 theme CALHM1/3 816:823 arg1 channel 825:831 the CALHM1/3 channel 812:831 the CALHM1/3 channel 812:831 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 11 1 theme channel 1516:1522 arg1 activity 1524:1531 the channel activity 1512:1531 the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3 1512:1572 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 8 2 theme exchange 1113:1120 arg1 assays 1122:1127 acyl-biotin exchange assays 1101:1127 acyl-biotin exchange assays 1101:1127 Meanwhile, metabolic labeling and acyl-biotin exchange assays combined with genetic modification demonstrated that CALHM3 was reversibly palmitoylated at three intracellular Cys residues. 33788965 7 3 theme CALHM1/3 1057:1064 arg1 expression 1043:1052 the functional expression 1028:1052 the functional expression of CALHM1/3 1028:1064 Thus, the acquisition of N-glycans on both subunits and their remodeling differentially contribute to the functional expression of CALHM1/3. 33788965 10 4 theme mutant 1389:1394 arg1 CALHM3 1396:1401 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 1360:1401 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 1360:1401 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 showed a normal degradation rate and interaction with CALHM1. 33788965 7 5 theme N-glycans 951:959 arg1 acquisition 936:946 the acquisition 932:946 the acquisition of N-glycans on both subunits and their remodeling 932:997 Thus, the acquisition of N-glycans on both subunits and their remodeling differentially contribute to the functional expression of CALHM1/3. 33788965 5 6 theme channel 825:831 arg1 biosynthesis 776:787 biosynthesis 776:787 biosynthesis 776:787 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 5 6 theme channel 825:831 arg1 kinetics 800:807 gating kinetics 793:807 gating kinetics 793:807 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 5 7 theme N-glycan 711:718 arg1 acquisition 720:730 N-glycan acquisition 711:730 N-glycan acquisition 711:730 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 7 8 theme functional 1032:1041 arg1 expression 1043:1052 the functional expression 1028:1052 the functional expression of CALHM1/3 1028:1064 Thus, the acquisition of N-glycans on both subunits and their remodeling differentially contribute to the functional expression of CALHM1/3. 33788965 2 9 theme cells 362:366 arg1 synapses 340:347 channel synapses 332:347 channel synapses of taste bud cells 332:366 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 11 10 theme same 1478:1481 arg1 mutation 1483:1490 the same mutation 1474:1490 the same mutation 1474:1490 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 9 11 theme protein 1277:1283 arg1 acyltransferases 1285:1300 the DHHC protein acyltransferases 1268:1300 the DHHC protein acyltransferases 1268:1300 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 4 12 theme second 624:629 arg1 loops 645:649 their second extracellular loops 618:649 their second extracellular loops 618:649 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 2 13 theme channel 332:338 arg1 synapses 340:347 channel synapses 332:347 channel synapses of taste bud cells 332:366 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 10 14 with rate 1431:1434 arg1 CALHM1 1457:1462 CALHM1 1457:1462 CALHM1 1457:1462 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 showed a normal degradation rate and interaction with CALHM1. 33788965 6 15 theme subsequent 858:867 arg1 remodeling 869:878 subsequent remodeling 858:878 subsequent remodeling of N-glycans 858:891 Furthermore, failure in subsequent remodeling of N-glycans decelerated the gating kinetics. 33788965 7 16 from acquisition 936:946 arg1 subunits 969:976 subunits 969:976 subunits 969:976 Thus, the acquisition of N-glycans on both subunits and their remodeling differentially contribute to the functional expression of CALHM1/3. 33788965 7 16 from acquisition 936:946 arg1 remodeling 988:997 their remodeling 982:997 their remodeling 982:997 Thus, the acquisition of N-glycans on both subunits and their remodeling differentially contribute to the functional expression of CALHM1/3. 33788965 12 17 theme functional 1852:1861 arg1 expression 1863:1872 its functional expression 1848:1872 its functional expression 1848:1872 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 5 18 theme gating 793:798 arg1 kinetics 800:807 gating kinetics 793:807 gating kinetics 793:807 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 4 19 theme site-directed 480:492 arg1 mutagenesis 494:504 site-directed mutagenesis 480:504 site-directed mutagenesis 480:504 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 8 20 theme genetic 1143:1149 arg1 modification 1151:1162 genetic modification 1143:1162 genetic modification 1143:1162 Meanwhile, metabolic labeling and acyl-biotin exchange assays combined with genetic modification demonstrated that CALHM3 was reversibly palmitoylated at three intracellular Cys residues. 33788965 5 21 theme Biochemical 652:662 arg1 studies 689:695 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies 652:695 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies 652:695 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 11 22 theme CALHM3 1591:1596 arg1 determinant 1627:1637 a critical determinant 1616:1637 a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking 1616:1703 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 11 22 theme CALHM3 1591:1596 arg1 palmitoylation 1598:1611 CALHM3 palmitoylation 1591:1611 CALHM3 palmitoylation 1591:1611 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 4 23 from residues 606:613 arg1 loops 645:649 their second extracellular loops 618:649 their second extracellular loops 618:649 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 4 23 from residues 606:613 arg1 N-glycosylated 577:590 N-glycosylated 577:590 N-glycosylated 577:590 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 4 24 theme pharmacological 510:524 arg1 treatments 526:535 pharmacological treatments 510:535 pharmacological treatments 510:535 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 5 25 theme electrophysiological 668:687 arg1 studies 689:695 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies 652:695 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies 652:695 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 8 26 theme metabolic 1078:1086 arg1 labeling 1088:1095 metabolic labeling 1078:1095 metabolic labeling 1078:1095 Meanwhile, metabolic labeling and acyl-biotin exchange assays combined with genetic modification demonstrated that CALHM3 was reversibly palmitoylated at three intracellular Cys residues. 33788965 2 27 theme taste 274:278 arg1 perception 280:289 taste perception 274:289 taste perception 274:289 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 10 28 theme degradation 1419:1429 arg1 rate 1431:1434 a normal degradation rate 1410:1434 a normal degradation rate 1410:1434 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 showed a normal degradation rate and interaction with CALHM1. 33788965 11 29 theme surface 1541:1547 arg1 localization 1549:1560 surface localization 1541:1560 the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3 1512:1572 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 12 30 theme subunits 1789:1796 arg1 S-palmitoylation 1760:1775 S-palmitoylation 1760:1775 S-palmitoylation 1760:1775 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 12 30 theme subunits 1789:1796 arg1 N-glycosylation 1740:1754 N-glycosylation 1740:1754 N-glycosylation 1740:1754 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 0 31 link N-linked 50:57 arg1 glycosylation 59:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 1 32 theme calcium 101:107 arg1 CALHM 132:136 CALHM 132:136 CALHM 132:136 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 1 32 theme calcium 101:107 arg1 modulator 121:129 calcium homeostasis modulator 101:129 calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members 101:152 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 10 33 theme normal 1412:1417 arg1 rate 1431:1434 a normal degradation rate 1410:1434 a normal degradation rate 1410:1434 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 showed a normal degradation rate and interaction with CALHM1. 33788965 0 34 theme Posttranslational 0:16 arg1 regulation 18:27 Posttranslational regulation 0:27 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 0:93 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 12 35 theme CALHM1/3 1780:1787 arg1 subunits 1789:1796 CALHM1/3 subunits 1780:1796 CALHM1/3 subunits 1780:1796 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 9 36 theme CALHM3 1329:1334 arg1 DHHC3 1313:1317 DHHC3 1313:1317 DHHC3 1313:1317 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 9 36 theme CALHM3 1329:1334 arg1 enzymes 1351:1357 CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes 1329:1357 CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes 1329:1357 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 9 36 theme CALHM3 1329:1334 arg1 15 1323:1324 15 1323:1324 15 1323:1324 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 1 37 theme homeostasis 109:119 arg1 CALHM 132:136 CALHM 132:136 CALHM 132:136 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 1 37 theme homeostasis 109:119 arg1 modulator 121:129 calcium homeostasis modulator 101:129 calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members 101:152 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 1 38 theme voltage-gated 184:196 arg1 channel 213:219 a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel 182:219 a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3 182:235 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 0 39 theme CALHM1/3 32:39 arg1 channel 41:47 CALHM1/3 channel 32:47 CALHM1/3 channel 32:47 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 2 40 theme essential 256:264 arg1 role 266:269 an essential role 253:269 an essential role 253:269 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 9 41 theme palmitoylating 1336:1349 arg1 DHHC3 1313:1317 DHHC3 1313:1317 DHHC3 1313:1317 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 9 41 theme palmitoylating 1336:1349 arg1 enzymes 1351:1357 CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes 1329:1357 CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes 1329:1357 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 9 41 theme palmitoylating 1336:1349 arg1 15 1323:1324 15 1323:1324 15 1323:1324 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 1 42 theme modulator 121:129 arg1 members 146:152 calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members 101:152 calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members 101:152 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 9 43 theme acyltransferases 1285:1300 arg1 Screening 1255:1263 Screening 1255:1263 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases 1255:1300 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 1 44 theme large-pore 198:207 arg1 channel 213:219 a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel 182:219 a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3 182:235 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 12 45 gly N-glycosylation 1740:1754 arg1 subunits 1789:1796 CALHM1/3 subunits 1780:1796 CALHM1/3 subunits 1780:1796 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 4 46 theme Asn 602:604 arg1 residues 606:613 single Asn residues 595:613 single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops 595:649 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 6 47 theme gating 909:914 arg1 kinetics 916:923 the gating kinetics 905:923 the gating kinetics 905:923 Furthermore, failure in subsequent remodeling of N-glycans decelerated the gating kinetics. 33788965 2 48 theme neurotransmitter 304:319 arg1 release 321:327 neurotransmitter release 304:327 neurotransmitter release 304:327 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 1 49 theme ion 209:211 arg1 channel 213:219 a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel 182:219 a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3 182:235 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 4 50 theme single 595:600 arg1 residues 606:613 single Asn residues 595:613 single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops 595:649 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 12 51 theme physiological 1955:1967 arg1 processes 1969:1977 associated physiological processes 1944:1977 associated physiological processes 1944:1977 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 12 52 theme differential 1818:1829 arg1 contributions 1831:1843 their differential contributions 1812:1843 their differential contributions to its functional expression 1812:1872 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 6 53 from failure 847:853 arg1 remodeling 869:878 subsequent remodeling 858:878 subsequent remodeling of N-glycans 858:891 Furthermore, failure in subsequent remodeling of N-glycans decelerated the gating kinetics. 33788965 0 54 theme channel 41:47 arg1 regulation 18:27 Posttranslational regulation 0:27 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 0:93 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 11 55 theme forward 1685:1691 arg1 trafficking 1693:1703 forward trafficking 1685:1703 forward trafficking 1685:1703 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 4 56 gly N-glycosylated 577:590 arg1 3 570:570 3 570:570 3 570:570 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 4 56 gly N-glycosylated 577:590 arg2 residues 606:613 single Asn residues 595:613 single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops 595:649 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 4 56 gly N-glycosylated 577:590 arg1 CALHM1 559:564 CALHM1 559:564 CALHM1 559:564 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 4 57 theme subunits 461:468 arg1 analyses 441:448 Biochemical analyses 429:448 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments 429:535 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 8 58 theme intracellular 1227:1239 arg1 residues 1245:1252 three intracellular Cys residues 1221:1252 three intracellular Cys residues 1221:1252 Meanwhile, metabolic labeling and acyl-biotin exchange assays combined with genetic modification demonstrated that CALHM3 was reversibly palmitoylated at three intracellular Cys residues. 33788965 2 59 theme bud 358:360 arg1 cells 362:366 taste bud cells 352:366 taste bud cells 352:366 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 0 60 theme N-linked 50:57 arg1 glycosylation 59:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 12 61 theme fine 1903:1906 arg1 control 1908:1914 the fine control 1899:1914 the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes 1899:1977 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 4 62 theme Biochemical 429:439 arg1 analyses 441:448 Biochemical analyses 429:448 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments 429:535 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 10 63 with interaction 1440:1450 arg1 CALHM1 1457:1462 CALHM1 1457:1462 CALHM1 1457:1462 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 showed a normal degradation rate and interaction with CALHM1. 33788965 2 64 theme taste 352:356 arg1 cells 362:366 taste bud cells 352:366 taste bud cells 352:366 CALHM1/3 plays an essential role in taste perception by mediating neurotransmitter release at channel synapses of taste bud cells. 33788965 10 65 theme palmitoylation-deficient 1364:1387 arg1 CALHM3 1396:1401 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 1360:1401 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 1360:1401 The palmitoylation-deficient mutant CALHM3 showed a normal degradation rate and interaction with CALHM1. 33788965 12 66 theme channel 1932:1938 arg1 control 1908:1914 the fine control 1899:1914 the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes 1899:1977 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 5 67 dep biosynthesis 776:787 arg1 the 772:774 the 772:774 the 772:774 Biochemical and electrophysiological studies revealed that N-glycan acquisition on CALHM1 and 3, respectively, controls the biosynthesis and gating kinetics of the CALHM1/3 channel. 33788965 12 68 theme CALHM1/3 1923:1930 arg1 channel 1932:1938 the CALHM1/3 channel 1919:1938 the CALHM1/3 channel 1919:1938 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 12 69 theme associated 1944:1953 arg1 processes 1969:1977 associated physiological processes 1944:1977 associated physiological processes 1944:1977 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 1 70 theme family 139:144 arg1 members 146:152 calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members 101:152 calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members 101:152 Among calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family members, CALHM1 and 3 together form a voltage-gated large-pore ion channel called CALHM1/3. 33788965 11 71 theme activity 1651:1658 arg1 determinant 1627:1637 a critical determinant 1616:1637 a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking 1616:1703 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 11 71 theme activity 1651:1658 arg1 palmitoylation 1598:1611 CALHM3 palmitoylation 1591:1611 CALHM3 palmitoylation 1591:1611 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 11 72 theme CALHM1/3 1565:1572 arg1 localization 1549:1560 surface localization 1541:1560 the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3 1512:1572 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 11 73 theme critical 1618:1625 arg1 determinant 1627:1637 a critical determinant 1616:1637 a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking 1616:1703 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 11 73 theme critical 1618:1625 arg1 palmitoylation 1598:1611 CALHM3 palmitoylation 1591:1611 CALHM3 palmitoylation 1591:1611 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33788965 4 74 theme extracellular 631:643 arg1 loops 645:649 their second extracellular loops 618:649 their second extracellular loops 618:649 Biochemical analyses of the two subunits following site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological treatments established that both CALHM1 and 3 were N-glycosylated at single Asn residues in their second extracellular loops. 33788965 6 75 theme N-glycans 883:891 arg1 remodeling 869:878 subsequent remodeling 858:878 subsequent remodeling of N-glycans 858:891 Furthermore, failure in subsequent remodeling of N-glycans decelerated the gating kinetics. 33788965 0 76 dep regulation 18:27 arg1 S-palmitoylation 77:92 S-palmitoylation 77:92 S-palmitoylation 77:92 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 0 76 dep regulation 18:27 arg1 glycosylation 59:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 N-linked glycosylation 50:71 Posttranslational regulation of CALHM1/3 channel: N-linked glycosylation and S-palmitoylation. 33788965 8 77 theme acyl-biotin 1101:1111 arg1 assays 1122:1127 acyl-biotin exchange assays 1101:1127 acyl-biotin exchange assays 1101:1127 Meanwhile, metabolic labeling and acyl-biotin exchange assays combined with genetic modification demonstrated that CALHM3 was reversibly palmitoylated at three intracellular Cys residues. 33788965 8 78 theme Cys 1241:1243 arg1 residues 1245:1252 three intracellular Cys residues 1221:1252 three intracellular Cys residues 1221:1252 Meanwhile, metabolic labeling and acyl-biotin exchange assays combined with genetic modification demonstrated that CALHM3 was reversibly palmitoylated at three intracellular Cys residues. 33788965 12 79 theme processes 1969:1977 arg1 control 1908:1914 the fine control 1899:1914 the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes 1899:1977 Overall, this study characterized N-glycosylation and S-palmitoylation of CALHM1/3 subunits and clarified their differential contributions to its functional expression, providing insights into the fine control of the CALHM1/3 channel and associated physiological processes. 33788965 9 80 theme DHHC 1272:1275 arg1 acyltransferases 1285:1300 the DHHC protein acyltransferases 1268:1300 the DHHC protein acyltransferases 1268:1300 Screening of the DHHC protein acyltransferases identified DHHC3 and 15 as CALHM3 palmitoylating enzymes. 33788965 11 81 theme CALHM1/3 1642:1649 arg1 activity 1651:1658 CALHM1/3 activity 1642:1658 CALHM1/3 activity 1642:1658 However, the same mutation markedly attenuated the channel activity but not surface localization of CALHM1/3, suggesting that CALHM3 palmitoylation is a critical determinant of CALHM1/3 activity but not its formation or forward trafficking. 33469950 5 0 theme c-type 613:618 arg1 LYZs 620:623 c-type LYZs 613:623 c-type LYZs 613:623 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 10 1 theme sperm-oocyte 1175:1186 arg1 interactions 1188:1199 sperm-oocyte interactions 1175:1199 sperm-oocyte interactions 1175:1199 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 5 2 theme LYZs 620:623 arg1 sequence 601:608 the consensus sequence 587:608 the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs 587:623 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 3 theme residues 563:570 arg1 residues 563:570 the 20 invariant residues 546:570 the 20 invariant residues 546:570 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 3 theme residues 563:570 arg1 one 539:541 one 539:541 one 539:541 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 3 4 gly glycoproteins 407:419 arg1 glycoproteins 407:419 glycoproteins 407:419 glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans 407:477 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 3 4 gly glycoproteins 407:419 arg1 forms 319:323 Three forms 313:323 Three forms of SVLLP 313:332 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 2 5 theme seminal 260:266 arg1 member 223:228 a novel member 215:228 a novel member of the c-type LYZ family 215:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 5 theme seminal 260:266 arg1 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 5 theme seminal 260:266 arg1 protein 296:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein 256:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP) 256:310 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 1 6 theme c-like 102:107 arg1 proteins 109:116 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins 87:116 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins 87:116 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins are primarily present in the testis and epididymis of male reproductive tissues. 33469950 3 7 theme SVLLP 328:332 arg1 glycoproteins 407:419 glycoproteins 407:419 glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans 407:477 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 3 7 theme SVLLP 328:332 arg1 forms 319:323 Three forms 313:323 Three forms of SVLLP 313:332 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 10 8 dep binds 1053:1057 arg1 inhibits 1132:1139 inhibits 1132:1139 inhibits the acrosome reaction 1132:1161 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 8 9 theme seminal 944:950 arg1 vesicles 952:959 the seminal vesicles 940:959 the seminal vesicles 940:959 Immunohistochemistry revealed that it occurs in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles. 33469950 5 10 theme changed 639:645 arg1 N53S 656:659 N53S 656:659 N53S 656:659 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 10 theme changed 639:645 arg1 one 665:667 one 665:667 one 665:667 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 10 theme changed 639:645 arg1 residue 647:653 the changed residue 635:653 the changed residue (N53S) 635:660 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 10 theme changed 639:645 arg1 residues 696:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 9 11 theme primary 986:992 arg1 regulator 994:1002 the primary regulator 982:1002 the primary regulator for its expression in the seminal vesicle 982:1044 Testosterone is not the primary regulator for its expression in the seminal vesicle. 33469950 9 11 theme primary 986:992 arg1 Testosterone 962:973 Testosterone 962:973 Testosterone 962:973 Testosterone is not the primary regulator for its expression in the seminal vesicle. 33469950 5 12 theme essential 676:684 arg1 residues 696:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 13 theme consensus 591:599 arg1 sequence 601:608 the consensus sequence 587:608 the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs 587:623 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 2 14 theme family 248:253 arg1 member 223:228 a novel member 215:228 a novel member of the c-type LYZ family 215:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 14 theme family 248:253 arg1 protein 296:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein 256:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP) 256:310 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 10 15 theme sperm 1238:1242 arg1 inhibitor 1257:1265 a sperm capacitation inhibitor 1236:1265 a sperm capacitation inhibitor 1236:1265 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 10 15 theme sperm 1238:1242 arg1 SVLLP 1227:1231 SVLLP 1227:1231 SVLLP 1227:1231 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 1 16 theme male 172:175 arg1 tissues 190:196 male reproductive tissues 172:196 male reproductive tissues 172:196 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins are primarily present in the testis and epididymis of male reproductive tissues. 33469950 0 17 theme mouse 2:6 arg1 protein 49:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein modulates sperm capacitation. 33469950 8 18 theme vesicles 952:959 arg1 fluid 908:912 luminal fluid 900:912 luminal fluid 900:912 Immunohistochemistry revealed that it occurs in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles. 33469950 8 18 theme vesicles 952:959 arg1 epithelium 926:935 mucosal epithelium 918:935 mucosal epithelium 918:935 Immunohistochemistry revealed that it occurs in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles. 33469950 1 19 theme reproductive 177:188 arg1 tissues 190:196 male reproductive tissues 172:196 male reproductive tissues 172:196 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins are primarily present in the testis and epididymis of male reproductive tissues. 33469950 3 20 theme mouse 353:357 arg1 secretions 375:384 mouse seminal vesicle secretions 353:384 mouse seminal vesicle secretions 353:384 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 10 21 theme serum 1090:1094 arg1 capacitation 1118:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 2 22 theme c-like 289:294 arg1 member 223:228 a novel member 215:228 a novel member of the c-type LYZ family 215:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 22 theme c-like 289:294 arg1 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 22 theme c-like 289:294 arg1 protein 296:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein 256:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP) 256:310 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 9 23 from expression 1012:1021 arg1 vesicle 1038:1044 the seminal vesicle 1026:1044 the seminal vesicle 1026:1044 Testosterone is not the primary regulator for its expression in the seminal vesicle. 33469950 1 24 theme tissues 190:196 arg1 testis 147:152 testis 147:152 testis 147:152 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins are primarily present in the testis and epididymis of male reproductive tissues. 33469950 1 24 theme tissues 190:196 arg1 epididymis 158:167 epididymis 158:167 epididymis 158:167 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins are primarily present in the testis and epididymis of male reproductive tissues. 33469950 0 25 theme vesicle-secreted 16:31 arg1 protein 49:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein modulates sperm capacitation. 33469950 10 26 theme capacitation 1244:1255 arg1 inhibitor 1257:1265 a sperm capacitation inhibitor 1236:1265 a sperm capacitation inhibitor 1236:1265 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 10 26 theme capacitation 1244:1255 arg1 SVLLP 1227:1231 SVLLP 1227:1231 SVLLP 1227:1231 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 5 27 theme invariant 553:561 arg1 residues 563:570 the 20 invariant residues 546:570 the 20 invariant residues 546:570 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 2 28 theme LYZ 285:287 arg1 member 223:228 a novel member 215:228 a novel member of the c-type LYZ family 215:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 28 theme LYZ 285:287 arg1 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 28 theme LYZ 285:287 arg1 protein 296:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein 256:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP) 256:310 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 3 29 theme protein 435:441 arg1 core 443:446 the same protein core 426:446 the same protein core 426:446 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 0 30 theme seminal 8:14 arg1 protein 49:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein modulates sperm capacitation. 33469950 6 31 theme activity 710:717 arg1 assays 719:724 LYZ activity assays 706:724 LYZ activity assays 706:724 LYZ activity assays demonstrated that the three glycoforms of SVLLP lacked enzyme activity. 33469950 2 32 theme vesicle-secreted 268:283 arg1 member 223:228 a novel member 215:228 a novel member of the c-type LYZ family 215:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 32 theme vesicle-secreted 268:283 arg1 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 SVLLP 305:309 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 32 theme vesicle-secreted 268:283 arg1 protein 296:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein 256:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP) 256:310 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 0 33 theme c-like 42:47 arg1 protein 49:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein modulates sperm capacitation. 33469950 9 34 theme seminal 1030:1036 arg1 vesicle 1038:1044 the seminal vesicle 1026:1044 the seminal vesicle 1026:1044 Testosterone is not the primary regulator for its expression in the seminal vesicle. 33469950 10 35 theme sperm 1112:1116 arg1 capacitation 1118:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 0 36 theme lysozyme 33:40 arg1 protein 49:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein 0:55 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein modulates sperm capacitation. 33469950 6 37 gly glycoforms 754:763 arg1 SVLLP 768:772 SVLLP 768:772 SVLLP 768:772 LYZ activity assays demonstrated that the three glycoforms of SVLLP lacked enzyme activity. 33469950 2 38 theme novel 217:221 arg1 member 223:228 a novel member 215:228 a novel member of the c-type LYZ family 215:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 38 theme novel 217:221 arg1 protein 296:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein 256:302 the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP) 256:310 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 6 39 theme LYZ 706:708 arg1 assays 719:724 LYZ activity assays 706:724 LYZ activity assays 706:724 LYZ activity assays demonstrated that the three glycoforms of SVLLP lacked enzyme activity. 33469950 3 40 theme same 430:433 arg1 core 443:446 the same protein core 426:446 the same protein core 426:446 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 3 41 theme seminal 359:365 arg1 secretions 375:384 mouse seminal vesicle secretions 353:384 mouse seminal vesicle secretions 353:384 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 5 42 theme residues 696:703 arg1 residues 696:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 42 theme residues 696:703 arg1 one 665:667 one 665:667 one 665:667 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 5 42 theme residues 696:703 arg1 residue 647:653 the changed residue 635:653 the changed residue (N53S) 635:660 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 3 43 with glycoproteins 407:419 arg1 glycans 471:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 3 43 with glycoproteins 407:419 arg1 core 443:446 the same protein core 426:446 the same protein core 426:446 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 3 44 theme N-linked 462:469 arg1 glycans 471:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 3 45 theme vesicle 367:373 arg1 secretions 375:384 mouse seminal vesicle secretions 353:384 mouse seminal vesicle secretions 353:384 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 4 46 theme LYZ 520:522 arg1 proteins 524:531 c-type LYZ proteins 513:531 c-type LYZ proteins 513:531 SVLLP is structurally similar to c-type LYZ proteins. 33469950 1 47 dep testis 147:152 arg1 the 143:145 the 143:145 the 143:145 Lysozyme (LYZ) c-like proteins are primarily present in the testis and epididymis of male reproductive tissues. 33469950 10 48 theme albumin-induced 1096:1110 arg1 capacitation 1118:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 4 49 theme c-type 513:518 arg1 proteins 524:531 c-type LYZ proteins 513:531 c-type LYZ proteins 513:531 SVLLP is structurally similar to c-type LYZ proteins. 33469950 3 50 link N-linked 462:469 arg1 glycans 471:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 6 51 theme enzyme 781:786 arg1 activity 788:795 enzyme activity 781:795 enzyme activity 781:795 LYZ activity assays demonstrated that the three glycoforms of SVLLP lacked enzyme activity. 33469950 2 52 theme LYZ 244:246 arg1 family 248:253 the c-type LYZ family 233:253 the c-type LYZ family 233:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 2 53 theme c-type 237:242 arg1 family 248:253 the c-type LYZ family 233:253 the c-type LYZ family 233:253 Here, we report a novel member of the c-type LYZ family, the seminal vesicle-secreted LYZ c-like protein (SVLLP). 33469950 3 54 theme different 452:460 arg1 glycans 471:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 different N-linked glycans 452:477 Three forms of SVLLP were purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretions and characterized as glycoproteins with the same protein core but different N-linked glycans. 33469950 8 55 dep fluid 908:912 arg1 the 896:898 the 896:898 the 896:898 Immunohistochemistry revealed that it occurs in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles. 33469950 10 56 theme acrosome 1145:1152 arg1 reaction 1154:1161 the acrosome reaction 1141:1161 the acrosome reaction 1141:1161 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 5 57 theme catalytic 686:694 arg1 residues 696:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 two essential catalytic residues 672:703 Only one of the 20 invariant residues was altered in the consensus sequence of c-type LYZs; however, the changed residue (N53S) is one of two essential catalytic residues. 33469950 6 58 theme SVLLP 768:772 arg1 glycoforms 754:763 the three glycoforms 744:763 the three glycoforms of SVLLP 744:772 LYZ activity assays demonstrated that the three glycoforms of SVLLP lacked enzyme activity. 33469950 8 59 theme luminal 900:906 arg1 fluid 908:912 luminal fluid 900:912 luminal fluid 900:912 Immunohistochemistry revealed that it occurs in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles. 33469950 10 60 theme bovine 1083:1088 arg1 capacitation 1118:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation 1083:1129 SVLLP binds to sperm and suppresses bovine serum albumin-induced sperm capacitation, inhibits the acrosome reaction, and blocks sperm-oocyte interactions in vitro, suggesting that SVLLP is a sperm capacitation inhibitor. 33469950 0 61 theme sperm 67:71 arg1 capacitation 73:84 sperm capacitation 67:84 sperm capacitation 67:84 A mouse seminal vesicle-secreted lysozyme c-like protein modulates sperm capacitation. 33469950 8 62 theme mucosal 918:924 arg1 epithelium 926:935 mucosal epithelium 918:935 mucosal epithelium 918:935 Immunohistochemistry revealed that it occurs in the luminal fluid and mucosal epithelium of the seminal vesicles. 33469950 7 63 theme seminal 830:836 arg1 vesicles 838:845 seminal vesicles 830:845 seminal vesicles 830:845 SVLLP is primarily expressed in seminal vesicles. 33415696 3 0 from availability 386:397 arg1 individuals 447:457 over 140,000 individuals 434:457 over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 434:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 11 1 theme THBS1 1618:1622 arg1 values 1671:1676 elevated pLI values 1658:1676 elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 1658:1716 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 11 1 theme THBS1 1618:1622 arg1 intolerance 1603:1613 The intolerance 1599:1613 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans 1599:1652 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 6 2 dep loss-intolerant 1052:1066 arg1 pLI = 1 1069:1075 pLI = 1 1069:1075 pLI = 1 1069:1075 Among the thrombospondins, only THBS1 was highly loss-intolerant (pLI = 1). 33415696 3 3 theme function 552:559 arg1 mutations 574:582 function and missense mutations 552:582 mutations 574:582 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 8 4 theme known 1146:1150 arg1 receptors 1169:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors 1138:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors 1138:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors were similarly loss-intolerant, although thrombospondin-1 is not the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors. 33415696 11 5 from functions 1736:1744 arg1 humans 1787:1792 humans 1787:1792 humans 1787:1792 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 11 6 theme function 1635:1642 arg1 loss 1627:1630 loss 1627:1630 loss of function in humans 1627:1652 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 2 7 theme mutations 270:278 arg1 loss 253:256 loss 253:256 loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases 253:328 Apart from missense and loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases, however, their functions in humans remain unclear. 33415696 2 7 theme mutations 270:278 arg1 missense 240:247 missense 240:247 missense 240:247 Apart from missense and loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases, however, their functions in humans remain unclear. 33415696 9 8 theme specific 1445:1452 arg1 binding 1463:1469 specific receptor binding 1445:1469 specific receptor binding 1445:1469 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 2 9 from functions 346:354 arg1 humans 359:364 humans 359:364 humans 359:364 Apart from missense and loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases, however, their functions in humans remain unclear. 33415696 8 10 theme exclusive 1248:1256 arg1 ligand 1258:1263 the exclusive ligand 1244:1263 the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors 1244:1291 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors were similarly loss-intolerant, although thrombospondin-1 is not the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors. 33415696 8 10 theme exclusive 1248:1256 arg1 thrombospondin-1 1220:1235 thrombospondin-1 1220:1235 thrombospondin-1 1220:1235 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors were similarly loss-intolerant, although thrombospondin-1 is not the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors. 33415696 5 11 with correlation 933:943 arg1 viability 950:958 viability 950:958 viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice 950:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 2 12 theme inherited 311:319 arg1 diseases 321:328 inherited diseases 311:328 inherited diseases 311:328 Apart from missense and loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases, however, their functions in humans remain unclear. 33415696 9 13 from frequencies 1298:1308 arg1 THBS1 1335:1339 THBS1 1335:1339 THBS1 1335:1339 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 9 13 from frequencies 1298:1308 arg1 gene 1349:1352 the gene 1345:1352 the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 1345:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 3 14 theme missense 565:572 arg1 mutations 574:582 function and missense mutations 552:582 mutations 574:582 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 1 15 theme Targeted 119:126 arg1 disruption 133:142 Targeted gene disruption 119:142 Targeted gene disruption in mice 119:150 Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 16 from genes 71:75 arg1 loss 28:31 loss 28:31 loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins 28:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 1 17 theme proteins 219:226 arg1 functions 192:200 the functions 188:200 the functions of matricellular proteins 188:226 Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 18 from mutations 58:66 arg1 genes 71:75 genes 71:75 genes that encode human matricellular proteins 71:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 18 from mutations 58:66 arg1 proteins 109:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 11 19 theme protein 1770:1776 arg1 genes 1778:1782 these matricellular protein genes 1750:1782 these matricellular protein genes 1750:1782 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 3 20 theme matricellular 593:605 arg1 genes 607:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 5 21 theme pLI 900:902 arg1 values 904:909 pLI values 900:909 pLI values in humans 900:919 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 4 22 from families 881:888 arg1 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 22 from families 881:888 arg1 members 691:697 members 691:697 members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein 691:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 0 23 theme mutations 58:66 arg1 loss 28:31 loss 28:31 loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins 28:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 3 24 from loss 544:547 arg1 genes 607:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 4 25 gly glycoproteins 793:805 arg1 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 25 gly glycoproteins 793:805 arg1 glycoproteins 793:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 754:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) 754:815 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 26 theme ligand 777:782 arg1 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 26 theme ligand 777:782 arg1 glycoproteins 793:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 754:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) 754:815 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 10 27 theme missense 1484:1491 arg1 mutations 1493:1501 missense mutations 1484:1501 missense mutations 1484:1501 Deficits in missense mutations were also observed for other thrombospondin genes and for SPARC, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, TNR, and DSPP. 33415696 11 28 from functions 1823:1831 arg1 reproduction 1836:1847 reproduction 1836:1847 reproduction 1836:1847 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 4 29 theme glycoproteins 793:805 arg1 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 29 theme glycoproteins 793:805 arg1 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 29 theme glycoproteins 793:805 arg1 members 691:697 members 691:697 members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein 691:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 0 30 theme matricellular 95:107 arg1 genes 71:75 genes 71:75 genes that encode human matricellular proteins 71:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 30 theme matricellular 95:107 arg1 proteins 109:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 9 31 theme missense 1313:1320 arg1 mutations 1322:1330 missense mutations 1313:1330 missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 1313:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 5 32 from values 904:909 arg1 humans 914:919 humans 914:919 humans 914:919 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 4 33 theme tenascin 744:751 arg1 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 33 theme tenascin 744:751 arg1 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 33 theme tenascin 744:751 arg1 members 691:697 members 691:697 members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein 691:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 3 34 theme data 424:427 arg1 availability 386:397 The availability 382:397 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 382:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 0 35 theme Differential 0:11 arg1 intolerance 13:23 Differential intolerance 0:23 Differential intolerance 0:23 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 9 36 from THBS1 1335:1339 arg1 frequencies 1298:1308 The frequencies 1294:1308 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 1294:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 4 37 theme small 754:758 arg1 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 37 theme small 754:758 arg1 glycoproteins 793:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 754:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) 754:815 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 3 38 theme exome 407:411 arg1 data 424:427 deep exome sequencing data 402:427 deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 402:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 7 39 from contrast 1082:1089 arg1 essential 1105:1113 essential 1105:1113 essential 1105:1113 In contrast, Thbs1 is not essential for viability in mice. 33415696 4 40 theme secreted 822:829 arg1 protein 831:837 secreted protein 822:837 secreted protein 822:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 11 41 from loss 1627:1630 arg1 humans 1647:1652 humans 1647:1652 humans 1647:1652 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 11 42 theme pLI 1667:1669 arg1 values 1671:1676 elevated pLI values 1658:1676 elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 1658:1716 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 0 43 from loss 28:31 arg1 genes 71:75 genes 71:75 genes that encode human matricellular proteins 71:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 43 from loss 28:31 arg1 proteins 109:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 4 44 link N-linked 784:791 arg1 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 44 link N-linked 784:791 arg1 glycoproteins 793:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 754:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) 754:815 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 10 45 theme other 1526:1530 arg1 genes 1547:1551 other thrombospondin genes 1526:1551 other thrombospondin genes 1526:1551 Deficits in missense mutations were also observed for other thrombospondin genes and for SPARC, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, TNR, and DSPP. 33415696 3 46 theme Aggregation 473:483 arg1 Database 485:492 the Genome Aggregation Database 462:492 the Genome Aggregation Database 462:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 9 47 theme receptor 1377:1384 arg1 CD47 1386:1389 its signaling receptor CD47 1363:1389 its signaling receptor CD47 1363:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 5 48 theme homozygous 981:990 arg1 mice 997:1000 the corresponding homozygous null mice 963:1000 the corresponding homozygous null mice 963:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 5 49 theme mice 997:1000 arg1 viability 950:958 viability 950:958 viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice 950:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 4 50 theme cysteine 859:866 arg1 families 881:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 9 51 theme residues 1422:1429 arg1 conservation 1401:1412 conservation 1401:1412 conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding 1401:1469 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 4 52 theme SPARC 869:873 arg1 families 881:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 1 53 theme valuable 165:172 arg1 insights 174:181 valuable insights 165:181 valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins 165:226 Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. 33415696 8 54 theme Several 1138:1144 arg1 receptors 1169:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors 1138:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors 1138:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors were similarly loss-intolerant, although thrombospondin-1 is not the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors. 33415696 9 55 from mutations 1322:1330 arg1 THBS1 1335:1339 THBS1 1335:1339 THBS1 1335:1339 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 9 55 from mutations 1322:1330 arg1 gene 1349:1352 the gene 1345:1352 the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 1345:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 3 56 theme mutations 574:582 arg1 loss 544:547 loss 544:547 loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes 544:611 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 9 57 theme receptor 1454:1461 arg1 binding 1463:1469 specific receptor binding 1445:1469 specific receptor binding 1445:1469 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 8 58 theme thrombospondin-1 1152:1167 arg1 receptors 1169:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors 1138:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors 1138:1177 Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors were similarly loss-intolerant, although thrombospondin-1 is not the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors. 33415696 11 59 theme matricellular 1756:1768 arg1 genes 1778:1782 these matricellular protein genes 1750:1782 these matricellular protein genes 1750:1782 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 5 60 contain had 921:923 arg2 correlation 933:943 limited correlation 925:943 limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice 925:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 5 60 contain had 921:923 arg1 values 904:909 pLI values 900:909 pLI values in humans 900:919 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 4 61 theme intolerance 650:660 arg1 probability 618:628 The probability 614:628 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) 614:666 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 1 62 theme matricellular 205:217 arg1 proteins 219:226 matricellular proteins 205:226 matricellular proteins 205:226 Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. 33415696 10 63 from Deficits 1472:1479 arg1 mutations 1493:1501 missense mutations 1484:1501 missense mutations 1484:1501 Deficits in missense mutations were also observed for other thrombospondin genes and for SPARC, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, TNR, and DSPP. 33415696 3 64 theme human 587:591 arg1 genes 607:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 4 65 theme gene 876:879 arg1 families 881:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 66 theme CYR61/CTGF/NOV 722:735 arg1 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 66 theme CYR61/CTGF/NOV 722:735 arg1 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 66 theme CYR61/CTGF/NOV 722:735 arg1 members 691:697 members 691:697 members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein 691:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 2 67 theme function 261:268 arg1 mutations 270:278 function mutations 261:278 function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases 261:328 Apart from missense and loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases, however, their functions in humans remain unclear. 33415696 1 68 theme gene 128:131 arg1 disruption 133:142 Targeted gene disruption 119:142 Targeted gene disruption in mice 119:150 Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. 33415696 3 69 from mutations 574:582 arg1 genes 607:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 human matricellular genes 587:611 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 7 70 from essential 1105:1113 arg1 contrast 1082:1089 contrast 1082:1089 contrast 1082:1089 In contrast, Thbs1 is not essential for viability in mice. 33415696 7 71 from viability 1119:1127 arg1 mice 1132:1135 mice 1132:1135 mice 1132:1135 In contrast, Thbs1 is not essential for viability in mice. 33415696 4 72 theme thrombospondin 706:719 arg1 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 72 theme thrombospondin 706:719 arg1 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 72 theme thrombospondin 706:719 arg1 members 691:697 members 691:697 members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein 691:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 11 73 theme important 1726:1734 arg1 functions 1736:1744 important functions 1726:1744 important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses 1726:1887 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 0 74 theme human 89:93 arg1 genes 71:75 genes 71:75 genes that encode human matricellular proteins 71:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 74 theme human 89:93 arg1 proteins 109:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 human matricellular proteins 89:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 9 75 from gene 1349:1352 arg1 frequencies 1298:1308 The frequencies 1294:1308 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 1294:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 4 76 theme integrin-binding 760:775 arg1 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 76 theme integrin-binding 760:775 arg1 glycoproteins 793:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 754:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) 754:815 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 77 from rich 851:854 arg1 families 881:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 cysteine (SPARC) gene families 859:888 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 78 theme N-linked 784:791 arg1 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 SIBLING 808:814 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 78 theme N-linked 784:791 arg1 glycoproteins 793:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins 754:805 small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) 754:815 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 9 79 theme mutations 1322:1330 arg1 frequencies 1298:1308 The frequencies 1294:1308 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 1294:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 1 80 from disruption 133:142 arg1 mice 147:150 mice 147:150 mice 147:150 Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. 33415696 0 81 dep intolerance 13:23 arg1 loss 28:31 loss 28:31 loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins 28:116 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 5 82 theme limited 925:931 arg1 correlation 933:943 limited correlation 925:943 limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice 925:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 3 83 from genes 607:611 arg1 loss 544:547 loss 544:547 loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes 544:611 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 3 84 theme Genome 466:471 arg1 Database 485:492 the Genome Aggregation Database 462:492 the Genome Aggregation Database 462:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 0 85 theme function 36:43 arg1 mutations 58:66 function and missense mutations 36:66 mutations 58:66 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 6 86 theme only 1030:1033 arg1 THBS1 1035:1039 only THBS1 1030:1039 only THBS1 1030:1039 Among the thrombospondins, only THBS1 was highly loss-intolerant (pLI = 1). 33415696 3 87 theme sequencing 413:422 arg1 data 424:427 deep exome sequencing data 402:427 deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 402:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 11 88 theme elevated 1658:1665 arg1 values 1671:1676 elevated pLI values 1658:1676 elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 1658:1716 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 3 89 from individuals 447:457 arg1 data 424:427 deep exome sequencing data 402:427 deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 402:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 3 89 from individuals 447:457 arg1 availability 386:397 The availability 382:397 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 382:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 3 89 from individuals 447:457 arg1 Database 485:492 the Genome Aggregation Database 462:492 the Genome Aggregation Database 462:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 11 90 theme environmental 1866:1878 arg1 stresses 1880:1887 environmental stresses 1866:1887 environmental stresses 1866:1887 The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses. 33415696 0 91 theme missense 49:56 arg1 mutations 58:66 function and missense mutations 36:66 mutations 58:66 Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. 33415696 3 92 theme deep 402:405 arg1 data 424:427 deep exome sequencing data 402:427 deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database 402:492 The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. 33415696 10 93 theme thrombospondin 1532:1545 arg1 genes 1547:1551 other thrombospondin genes 1526:1551 other thrombospondin genes 1526:1551 Deficits in missense mutations were also observed for other thrombospondin genes and for SPARC, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, TNR, and DSPP. 33415696 4 94 theme protein 831:837 arg1 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 rich 851:854 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 94 theme protein 831:837 arg1 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 acidic 840:845 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 94 theme protein 831:837 arg1 members 691:697 members 691:697 members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein 691:837 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 9 95 theme signaling 1367:1375 arg1 CD47 1386:1389 its signaling receptor CD47 1363:1389 its signaling receptor CD47 1363:1389 The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. 33415696 5 96 theme corresponding 967:979 arg1 mice 997:1000 the corresponding homozygous null mice 963:1000 the corresponding homozygous null mice 963:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 5 97 theme null 992:995 arg1 mice 997:1000 the corresponding homozygous null mice 963:1000 the corresponding homozygous null mice 963:1000 Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. 33415696 4 98 theme loss-of-function 633:648 arg1 pLI 663:665 pLI 663:665 pLI 663:665 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 33415696 4 98 theme loss-of-function 633:648 arg1 intolerance 650:660 loss-of-function intolerance 633:660 loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) 633:666 The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. 34537173 6 0 theme transcriptional 1261:1275 arg1 activation 1277:1286 transcriptional activation 1261:1286 transcriptional activation 1261:1286 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 4 1 theme stage 869:873 arg1 yield 855:859 conidial yield 846:859 the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage 807:873 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 3 2 theme fungal 566:571 arg1 growth 573:578 slower fungal growth 559:578 slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions 559:623 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34537173 1 3 theme filamentous 274:284 arg1 fungi 286:290 most filamentous fungi 269:290 most filamentous fungi 269:290 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 7 4 theme transcription 1423:1435 arg1 levels 1437:1442 the transcription levels 1419:1442 the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family) 1419:1494 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 4 5 theme conidial 846:853 arg1 yield 855:859 conidial yield 846:859 the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage 807:873 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 6 6 theme cell 1132:1135 arg1 integrity 1142:1150 cell wall integrity 1132:1150 cell wall integrity 1132:1150 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 2 7 theme present 310:316 arg1 study 318:322 The present study 306:322 The present study 306:322 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 1 8 theme N-linked 189:196 arg1 glycosylation 206:218 N-linked protein glycosylation 189:218 N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 189:246 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 7 9 theme N-mannosyltransferase 1382:1402 arg1 BbAlg9 1404:1409 the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 1378:1409 the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 1378:1409 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 6 10 theme cell 1323:1326 arg1 biosynthesis 1343:1354 cell wall component biosynthesis 1323:1354 cell wall component biosynthesis 1323:1354 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 6 11 theme chitin 1219:1224 arg1 content 1226:1232 decreased chitin content 1209:1232 decreased chitin content 1209:1232 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 6 12 theme related 1312:1318 arg1 genes 1306:1310 genes 1306:1310 genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis 1306:1354 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 1 13 theme Saccharomyces 223:235 arg1 cerevisiae 237:246 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 223:246 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 223:246 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 4 14 theme fifth 711:715 arg1 day 717:719 the fifth day 707:719 the fifth day 707:719 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 3 15 theme nutrition 602:610 arg1 compositions 612:623 various nutrition compositions 594:623 various nutrition compositions 594:623 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34537173 5 16 theme conidial 902:909 arg1 germination 911:921 conidial germination 902:921 conidial germination 902:921 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 6 17 theme glucan 1190:1195 arg1 content 1197:1203 increased mannoprotein and glucan content 1163:1203 content 1197:1203 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 2 18 theme entomopathogenic 502:517 arg1 fungus 519:524 the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 486:524 the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 486:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 0 19 theme fungal 74:79 arg1 development 81:91 fungal development 74:91 fungal development 74:91 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 6 20 theme component 1333:1341 arg1 biosynthesis 1343:1354 cell wall component biosynthesis 1323:1354 cell wall component biosynthesis 1323:1354 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 5 21 theme blastospores 968:979 arg1 tolerances 940:949 multiple stress tolerances 924:949 multiple stress tolerances 924:949 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 5 21 theme blastospores 968:979 arg1 yield 959:963 the yield 955:963 the yield of blastospores 955:979 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 5 21 theme blastospores 968:979 arg1 defects 891:897 defects 891:897 defects in conidial germination 891:921 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 2 22 theme biological 454:463 arg1 potential 473:481 biological control potential 454:481 biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 454:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 2 23 dep BbAlg9 338:343 arg1 ortholog 349:356 an ortholog 346:356 an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9 346:378 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 5 24 theme stress 933:938 arg1 tolerances 940:949 multiple stress tolerances 924:949 multiple stress tolerances 924:949 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 2 25 theme N-mannosyltransferase 429:449 arg1 roles 420:424 the roles 416:424 the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 416:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 0 26 theme gene 26:29 arg1 BbAlg9 31:36 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 0:36 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 0:36 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 7 27 dep genes 1469:1473 arg1 Pmt 1476:1478 Pmt 1476:1478 Pmt 1476:1478 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 7 27 dep genes 1469:1473 arg1 family 1488:1493 Ktr family 1484:1493 Ktr family 1484:1493 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 7 27 dep genes 1469:1473 arg1 genes 1469:1473 O-mannosyltransferase genes 1447:1473 O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family) 1447:1494 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 8 28 theme conidial 1564:1571 arg1 tolerance 1580:1588 conidial stress tolerance 1564:1588 conidial stress tolerance 1564:1588 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 0 29 theme cell 53:56 arg1 integrity 63:71 cell wall integrity 53:71 cell wall integrity 53:71 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 6 30 theme BbAlg9 1102:1107 arg1 deletion 1090:1097 The deletion 1086:1097 The deletion of BbAlg9 1086:1107 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 8 31 theme cell 1591:1594 arg1 integrity 1601:1609 cell wall integrity 1591:1609 cell wall integrity 1591:1609 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 2 32 theme Alg9 375:378 arg1 ortholog 349:356 an ortholog 346:356 an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9 346:378 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 2 33 from roles 420:424 arg1 potential 473:481 biological control potential 454:481 biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 454:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 4 34 from third 698:702 arg1 type 684:687 the wild type 675:687 the wild type from the third to the fifth day 675:719 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 7 35 theme Ktr 1484:1486 arg1 family 1488:1493 Ktr family 1484:1493 Ktr family 1484:1493 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 7 35 theme Ktr 1484:1486 arg1 genes 1469:1473 O-mannosyltransferase genes 1447:1473 O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family) 1447:1494 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 2 36 from BbAlg9 338:343 arg1 Beauveria 384:392 Beauveria 384:392 Beauveria 384:392 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 3 37 theme slower 559:564 arg1 growth 573:578 slower fungal growth 559:578 slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions 559:623 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34537173 5 38 from yield 959:963 arg1 germination 911:921 conidial germination 902:921 conidial germination 902:921 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 1 39 theme most 269:272 arg1 fungi 286:290 most filamentous fungi 269:290 most filamentous fungi 269:290 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 4 40 theme late 864:867 arg1 stage 869:873 late stage 864:873 late stage 864:873 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 7 41 theme O-mannosyltransferase 1447:1467 arg1 Pmt 1476:1478 Pmt 1476:1478 Pmt 1476:1478 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 7 41 theme O-mannosyltransferase 1447:1467 arg1 family 1488:1493 Ktr family 1484:1493 Ktr family 1484:1493 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 7 41 theme O-mannosyltransferase 1447:1467 arg1 genes 1469:1473 O-mannosyltransferase genes 1447:1473 O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family) 1447:1494 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 8 42 theme B. bassiana 1628:1638 arg1 development 1551:1561 the fungal development 1540:1561 the fungal development 1540:1561 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 8 42 theme B. bassiana 1628:1638 arg1 integrity 1601:1609 cell wall integrity 1591:1609 cell wall integrity 1591:1609 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 8 42 theme B. bassiana 1628:1638 arg1 tolerance 1580:1588 conidial stress tolerance 1564:1588 conidial stress tolerance 1564:1588 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 8 42 theme B. bassiana 1628:1638 arg1 virulence 1615:1623 virulence 1615:1623 virulence 1615:1623 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 1 43 gly glycosylation 206:218 arg1 cerevisiae 237:246 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 223:246 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 223:246 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 5 44 from size 995:998 arg1 hosts 1030:1034 hosts 1030:1034 hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods 1030:1083 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 1 45 theme vital 175:179 arg1 role 181:184 a vital role 173:184 a vital role 173:184 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 7 46 theme genes 1469:1473 arg1 levels 1437:1442 the transcription levels 1419:1442 the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family) 1419:1494 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 4 47 theme conidia 826:832 arg1 development 811:821 the development 807:821 the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage 807:873 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 6 48 theme wall 1137:1140 arg1 integrity 1142:1150 cell wall integrity 1132:1150 cell wall integrity 1132:1150 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 4 49 theme wild 679:682 arg1 type 684:687 the wild type 675:687 the wild type from the third to the fifth day 675:719 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 0 50 theme bassiana 128:135 arg1 integrity 63:71 cell wall integrity 53:71 cell wall integrity 53:71 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 0 50 theme bassiana 128:135 arg1 development 81:91 fungal development 74:91 fungal development 74:91 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 0 50 theme bassiana 128:135 arg1 pathogenicity 101:113 the pathogenicity 97:113 the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana 97:135 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 1 51 theme protein 198:204 arg1 glycosylation 206:218 N-linked protein glycosylation 189:218 N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 189:246 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 7 52 theme BbAlg9 1404:1409 arg1 deletion 1366:1373 deletion 1366:1373 deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 1366:1409 Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). 34537173 1 53 from function 257:264 arg1 fungi 286:290 most filamentous fungi 269:290 most filamentous fungi 269:290 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 5 54 from density 1004:1010 arg1 hosts 1030:1034 hosts 1030:1034 hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods 1030:1083 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 6 55 theme decreased 1209:1217 arg1 content 1226:1232 decreased chitin content 1209:1232 decreased chitin content 1209:1232 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 6 56 theme genes 1306:1310 arg1 suppression 1291:1301 suppression 1291:1301 suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis 1291:1354 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 6 56 theme genes 1306:1310 arg1 activation 1277:1286 transcriptional activation 1261:1286 transcriptional activation 1261:1286 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 3 57 theme various 594:600 arg1 compositions 612:623 various nutrition compositions 594:623 various nutrition compositions 594:623 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34537173 6 58 theme wall 1328:1331 arg1 biosynthesis 1343:1354 cell wall component biosynthesis 1323:1354 cell wall component biosynthesis 1323:1354 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 3 59 from growth 573:578 arg1 media 583:587 media 583:587 media with various nutrition compositions 583:623 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34537173 1 60 from glycosylation 206:218 arg1 cerevisiae 237:246 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 223:246 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 223:246 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 1 61 theme mannosyltransferase 142:160 arg1 Alg9 162:165 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 138:165 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 138:165 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 2 62 theme fungus 519:524 arg1 potential 473:481 biological control potential 454:481 biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 454:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 6 63 theme increased 1163:1171 arg1 mannoprotein 1173:1184 increased mannoprotein and glucan content 1163:1203 mannoprotein 1173:1184 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 8 64 theme wall 1596:1599 arg1 integrity 1601:1609 cell wall integrity 1591:1609 cell wall integrity 1591:1609 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 5 65 from virulence 1017:1025 arg1 hosts 1030:1034 hosts 1030:1034 hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods 1030:1083 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 2 66 theme filamentous 490:500 arg1 fungus 519:524 the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 486:524 the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 486:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 5 67 from defects 891:897 arg1 germination 911:921 conidial germination 902:921 conidial germination 902:921 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 1 68 link N-linked 189:196 arg1 glycosylation 206:218 N-linked protein glycosylation 189:218 N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 189:246 The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. 34537173 4 69 theme sixth 765:769 arg1 day 771:773 the sixth day 761:773 the sixth day 761:773 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 0 70 theme N-mannosyltransferase 4:24 arg1 BbAlg9 31:36 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 0:36 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 0:36 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 5 71 theme multiple 924:931 arg1 tolerances 940:949 multiple stress tolerances 924:949 multiple stress tolerances 924:949 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 8 72 theme fungal 1544:1549 arg1 development 1551:1561 the fungal development 1540:1561 the fungal development 1540:1561 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 6 73 from defects 1121:1127 arg1 integrity 1142:1150 cell wall integrity 1132:1150 cell wall integrity 1132:1150 The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. 34537173 3 74 with media 583:587 arg1 compositions 612:623 various nutrition compositions 594:623 various nutrition compositions 594:623 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34537173 4 75 theme significant 735:745 arg1 difference 747:756 no significant difference 732:756 no significant difference 732:756 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 8 76 theme stress 1573:1578 arg1 tolerance 1580:1588 conidial stress tolerance 1564:1588 conidial stress tolerance 1564:1588 These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana. 34537173 0 77 theme wall 58:61 arg1 integrity 63:71 cell wall integrity 53:71 cell wall integrity 53:71 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 2 78 theme control 465:471 arg1 potential 473:481 biological control potential 454:481 biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus 454:524 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 5 79 from tolerances 940:949 arg1 germination 911:921 conidial germination 902:921 conidial germination 902:921 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 5 80 dep immersion 1053:1061 arg1 the 1049:1051 the 1049:1051 the 1049:1051 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 5 80 dep immersion 1053:1061 arg1 methods 1077:1083 methods 1077:1083 methods 1077:1083 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 2 81 theme S. cerevisiae 361:373 arg1 Alg9 375:378 S. cerevisiae Alg9 361:378 S. cerevisiae Alg9 361:378 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 5 82 theme altered 987:993 arg1 size 995:998 altered size 987:998 altered size 987:998 ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. 34537173 0 83 theme Beauveria 118:126 arg1 bassiana 128:135 Beauveria bassiana 118:135 Beauveria bassiana 118:135 The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. 34537173 4 84 theme ΔBbAlg9 645:651 arg1 conidiation 630:640 The conidiation 626:640 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 626:651 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 4 84 theme ΔBbAlg9 645:651 arg1 less 657:660 less 657:660 less 657:660 The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. 34537173 2 85 dep Beauveria 384:392 arg1 bassiana 394:401 Beauveria bassiana 384:401 Beauveria bassiana 384:401 The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. 34537173 3 86 theme BbAlg9 545:550 arg1 disruption 531:540 The disruption 527:540 The disruption of BbAlg9 527:550 The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. 34327998 8 0 theme GADS 1252:1255 arg1 Comparisons 1237:1247 Comparisons 1237:1247 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, 1237:1342 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 1 1 theme specific 175:182 arg1 sites 184:188 specific sites 175:188 specific sites on proteins 175:200 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 4 2 theme facile 538:543 arg1 means 545:549 a facile means 536:549 a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence 536:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 7 3 theme glycopeptide 1214:1225 arg1 identity 1227:1234 glycopeptide identity 1214:1234 glycopeptide identity 1214:1234 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 4 4 theme specific 642:649 arg1 sequence 651:658 a specific sequence 640:658 a specific sequence 640:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 7 5 theme dissociation 1183:1194 arg1 determinations 1196:1209 electron-transfer dissociation determinations 1165:1209 electron-transfer dissociation determinations 1165:1209 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 1 6 from sites 184:188 arg1 proteins 193:200 proteins 193:200 proteins 193:200 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 1 6 from sites 184:188 arg1 located 164:170 located 164:170 located 164:170 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 3 7 theme electrospray 495:506 arg1 spectrum 512:519 the electrospray MS1 spectrum 491:519 the electrospray MS1 spectrum 491:519 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 2 8 theme peptide 288:294 arg1 sequence 296:303 a given peptide sequence 280:303 a given peptide sequence 280:303 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 3 9 theme MS1 508:510 arg1 spectrum 512:519 the electrospray MS1 spectrum 491:519 the electrospray MS1 spectrum 491:519 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 4 10 from " 635:635 arg1 sequence 651:658 a specific sequence 640:658 a specific sequence 640:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 4 11 dep comparison 682:691 arg1 the 678:680 the 678:680 the 678:680 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 5 12 theme searchable 860:869 arg1 libraries 871:879 searchable libraries 860:879 searchable libraries 860:879 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 5 13 gly glycopeptide 792:803 arg2 glycopeptide 792:803 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra 776:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) 776:841 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 3 14 from abundance 478:486 arg1 spectrum 512:519 the electrospray MS1 spectrum 491:519 the electrospray MS1 spectrum 491:519 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 2 15 theme given 282:286 arg1 sequence 296:303 a given peptide sequence 280:303 a given peptide sequence 280:303 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 6 16 theme software 1018:1025 arg1 version 968:974 an adapted version 957:974 an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 957:1025 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 6 17 theme used 990:993 arg1 software 1018:1025 the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 979:1025 the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 979:1025 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 7 18 theme electron-transfer 1165:1181 arg1 determinations 1196:1209 electron-transfer dissociation determinations 1165:1209 electron-transfer dissociation determinations 1165:1209 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 8 19 theme spike 1329:1333 arg1 proteins 1293:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 8 19 theme spike 1329:1333 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1314:1341 especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1303:1341 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 7 20 theme MS1 1052:1054 arg1 abundances 1056:1065 MS1 abundances 1052:1065 MS1 abundances 1052:1065 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 8 21 theme potential 1360:1368 arg1 reproducibility 1370:1384 the potential reproducibility 1356:1384 the potential reproducibility of GADS 1356:1392 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 4 22 theme protein 620:626 arg1 " 635:635 a single protein "sequon" 611:635 a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence 611:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 7 23 theme collision-induced 1129:1145 arg1 fragmentation 1147:1159 collision-induced fragmentation 1129:1159 collision-induced fragmentation 1129:1159 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 8 24 theme GADS 1389:1392 arg1 utility 1404:1410 their utility 1398:1410 their utility for comparing site-specific distributions 1398:1452 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 8 24 theme GADS 1389:1392 arg1 reproducibility 1370:1384 the potential reproducibility 1356:1384 the potential reproducibility of GADS 1356:1392 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 3 25 theme peak 399:402 arg1 that 407:410 that 407:410 that 407:410 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 3 25 theme peak 399:402 arg1 mass 368:371 The mass 364:371 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak 364:402 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 4 26 theme distributions 716:728 arg1 searching 697:705 searching 697:705 searching 697:705 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 4 26 theme distributions 716:728 arg1 comparison 682:691 comparison 682:691 comparison 682:691 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 4 27 theme sequon 629:634 arg1 " 635:635 a single protein "sequon" 611:635 a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence 611:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 0 28 theme Site-Specific 27:39 arg1 Distributions 58:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions 27:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins 27:87 Representing and Comparing Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins. 34327998 6 29 theme available 919:927 arg1 data 929:932 available data 919:932 available data 919:932 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 4 30 gly glycopeptides 584:596 arg2 glycopeptides 584:596 all identifiable glycopeptides 567:596 all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence 567:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 7 31 gly glycopeptide 1214:1225 arg2 glycopeptide 1214:1225 glycopeptide identity 1214:1234 glycopeptide identity 1214:1234 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 5 32 theme reference 782:790 arg1 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 5 32 theme reference 782:790 arg1 spectra 828:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra 776:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) 776:841 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 3 33 theme relative 469:476 arg1 abundance 478:486 its relative abundance 465:486 its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum 465:519 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 0 34 theme Abundance 48:56 arg1 Distributions 58:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions 27:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins 27:87 Representing and Comparing Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins. 34327998 2 35 gly glycopeptide 350:361 arg2 glycopeptide 350:361 a different glycopeptide 338:361 a different glycopeptide 338:361 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 5 36 theme abundance 805:813 arg1 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 5 36 theme abundance 805:813 arg1 spectra 828:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra 776:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) 776:841 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 8 37 theme N-glycosylated 1261:1274 arg1 sites 1276:1280 N-glycosylated sites 1261:1280 N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, 1261:1342 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 6 38 theme library-search 1003:1016 arg1 software 1018:1025 the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 979:1025 the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 979:1025 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 4 39 theme single 613:618 arg1 " 635:635 a single protein "sequon" 611:635 a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence 611:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 0 40 theme Glycan 41:46 arg1 Distributions 58:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions 27:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins 27:87 Representing and Comparing Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins. 34327998 6 41 theme libraries 896:904 arg1 set 884:886 A set 882:886 A set of such libraries created from available data 882:932 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 6 41 theme libraries 896:904 arg1 libraries 896:904 such libraries 891:904 such libraries created from available data 891:932 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 8 42 theme several 1285:1291 arg1 proteins 1293:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 8 42 theme several 1285:1291 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1314:1341 especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1303:1341 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 3 43 theme glycan 419:424 arg1 mass 426:429 the glycan mass 415:429 the glycan mass 415:429 The mass (in place of m/z) of each peak is that of the glycan mass, and its abundance corresponds to its relative abundance in the electrospray MS1 spectrum. 34327998 6 44 theme such 891:894 arg1 libraries 896:904 such libraries 891:904 such libraries created from available data 891:932 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 1 45 link N-linked 147:154 arg1 glycans 156:162 N-linked glycans 147:162 N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins 147:200 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 8 46 theme site-specific 1426:1438 arg1 distributions 1440:1452 site-specific distributions 1426:1452 site-specific distributions 1426:1452 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 5 47 theme glycopeptide 792:803 arg1 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 5 47 theme glycopeptide 792:803 arg1 spectra 828:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra 776:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) 776:841 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 2 48 theme different 340:348 arg1 glycopeptide 350:361 a different glycopeptide 338:361 a different glycopeptide 338:361 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 8 49 gly N-glycosylated 1261:1274 arg1 sites 1276:1280 N-glycosylated sites 1261:1280 N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, 1261:1342 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 7 50 contain contain 1039:1045 arg1 GADS 1034:1037 GADS 1034:1037 GADS 1034:1037 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 7 50 contain contain 1039:1045 arg2 identifications 1071:1085 identifications 1071:1085 identifications 1071:1085 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 7 50 contain contain 1039:1045 arg2 abundances 1056:1065 MS1 abundances 1052:1065 MS1 abundances 1052:1065 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 4 51 theme mass 752:755 arg1 spectra 757:763 mass spectra 752:763 mass spectra 752:763 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34327998 1 52 theme N-linked 147:154 arg1 glycans 156:162 N-linked glycans 147:162 N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins 147:200 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 2 53 theme spectrum 267:274 arg1 form 245:248 the form 241:248 the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence 241:303 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 1 54 theme glycans 156:162 arg1 distributions 130:142 distributions 130:142 distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins 130:200 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 7 55 theme identity 1227:1234 arg1 determinations 1196:1209 electron-transfer dissociation determinations 1165:1209 electron-transfer dissociation determinations 1165:1209 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 7 55 theme identity 1227:1234 arg1 fragmentation 1147:1159 collision-induced fragmentation 1129:1159 collision-induced fragmentation 1129:1159 Since GADS contain only MS1 abundances and identifications, they are equally suitable for expressing collision-induced fragmentation and electron-transfer dissociation determinations of glycopeptide identity. 34327998 5 56 theme distribution 815:826 arg1 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 GADS 837:840 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 5 56 theme distribution 815:826 arg1 spectra 828:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra 776:834 these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) 776:841 Likewise, these reference glycopeptide abundance distribution spectra (GADS) can be stored in searchable libraries. 34327998 2 57 theme mass 262:265 arg1 spectrum 267:274 a simple mass spectrum 253:274 a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence 253:303 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 6 58 theme NIST-MS 995:1001 arg1 software 1018:1025 the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 979:1025 the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 979:1025 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 1 59 theme located 164:170 arg1 glycans 156:162 N-linked glycans 147:162 N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins 147:200 A method for representing and comparing distributions of N-linked glycans located at specific sites on proteins is presented. 34327998 6 60 theme adapted 960:966 arg1 version 968:974 an adapted version 957:974 an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software 957:1025 A set of such libraries created from available data is provided along with an adapted version of the widely used NIST-MS library-search software. 34327998 0 61 theme Glycoproteins 75:87 arg1 Distributions 58:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions 27:70 Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins 27:87 Representing and Comparing Site-Specific Glycan Abundance Distributions of Glycoproteins. 34327998 2 62 theme simple 255:260 arg1 spectrum 267:274 a simple mass spectrum 253:274 a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence 253:303 The representation takes the form of a simple mass spectrum for a given peptide sequence, with each peak corresponding to a different glycopeptide. 34327998 8 63 from sites 1276:1280 arg1 proteins 1293:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 8 63 from sites 1276:1280 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1314:1341 especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1303:1341 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 8 64 theme SARS-CoV-2 1318:1327 arg1 proteins 1293:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 several proteins 1285:1300 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 8 64 theme SARS-CoV-2 1318:1327 arg1 protein 1335:1341 the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1314:1341 especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1303:1341 Comparisons of GADS for N-glycosylated sites on several proteins, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrate the potential reproducibility of GADS and their utility for comparing site-specific distributions. 34327998 4 65 theme identifiable 571:582 arg1 glycopeptides 584:596 all identifiable glycopeptides 567:596 all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence 567:658 This provides a facile means of representing all identifiable glycopeptides arising from a single protein "sequon" on a specific sequence, thereby enabling the comparison and searching of these distributions as routinely done for mass spectra. 34258141 9 0 with patient 1567:1573 arg1 GSD1a 1580:1584 GSD1a 1580:1584 GSD1a 1580:1584 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 10 1 theme empiric 1631:1637 arg1 evidence 1639:1646 empiric evidence 1631:1646 empiric evidence 1631:1646 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 5 2 theme sequence 686:693 arg1 variants 695:702 29 coding sequence variants 676:702 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene 676:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 10 3 theme molecular 1738:1746 arg1 phenotypes 1748:1757 molecular phenotypes 1738:1757 molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants 1738:1895 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 9 4 from levels 1426:1431 arg1 status 1470:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 8 5 theme glycosylation 1154:1166 arg1 status 1168:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 7 6 theme cell 966:969 arg1 line 971:974 a hepatocyte-derived cell line 945:974 a hepatocyte-derived cell line 945:974 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 9 7 theme wild-type 1253:1261 arg1 protein 1263:1269 wild-type protein 1253:1269 wild-type protein 1253:1269 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 7 8 link hepatocyte-derived 947:964 arg1 line 971:974 a hepatocyte-derived cell line 945:974 a hepatocyte-derived cell line 945:974 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 3 9 theme DNA 360:362 arg1 reports 375:381 clinical DNA diagnostic reports 351:381 clinical DNA diagnostic reports 351:381 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 10 10 theme small 1825:1829 arg1 molecule 1831:1838 small molecule or gene editing strategies 1825:1865 molecule 1831:1838 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 10 11 theme future 1781:1786 arg1 approaches 1810:1819 future therapeutic screening approaches 1781:1819 future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants 1781:1895 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 5 12 from variants 695:702 arg1 gene 716:719 the G6PC gene 707:719 the G6PC gene 707:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 3 13 theme diagnostic 364:373 arg1 reports 375:381 clinical DNA diagnostic reports 351:381 clinical DNA diagnostic reports 351:381 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 9 14 from pattern 1522:1528 arg1 status 1470:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 10 15 used used 1773:1776 arg2 phenotypes 1748:1757 molecular phenotypes 1738:1757 molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants 1738:1895 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 8 16 from effects 1118:1124 arg1 status 1168:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 8 16 from effects 1118:1124 arg1 levels 1137:1142 protein levels 1129:1142 protein levels 1129:1142 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 8 16 from effects 1118:1124 arg1 distribution 1189:1200 cellular distribution 1180:1200 cellular distribution 1180:1200 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 4 17 theme likelihood 474:483 arg1 prediction 448:457 prediction 448:457 prediction of a variant's likelihood of pathogenicity 448:500 Algorithms exist to aid prediction of a variant's likelihood of pathogenicity, but these predictions usually lack empiric evidence. 34258141 5 18 theme given 632:636 arg1 variant 638:644 a given variant 630:644 a given variant's role in disease 630:662 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 9 19 theme glycosylation 1456:1468 arg1 status 1470:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 1 20 theme genetic 176:182 arg1 variants 184:191 genetic variants 176:191 genetic variants 176:191 Due to advances in sequencing technologies, identification of genetic variants is rapid. 34258141 3 21 theme clinical 351:358 arg1 reports 375:381 clinical DNA diagnostic reports 351:381 clinical DNA diagnostic reports 351:381 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 1 22 theme variants 184:191 arg1 identification 158:171 identification 158:171 identification of genetic variants 158:191 Due to advances in sequencing technologies, identification of genetic variants is rapid. 34258141 0 23 theme molecular 12:20 arg1 phenotypes 22:31 molecular phenotypes 12:31 molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties 12:74 Classifying molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties and to guide therapeutic development. 34258141 4 24 theme pathogenicity 488:500 arg1 likelihood 474:483 a variant's likelihood 462:483 a variant's likelihood of pathogenicity 462:500 Algorithms exist to aid prediction of a variant's likelihood of pathogenicity, but these predictions usually lack empiric evidence. 34258141 9 25 theme consistent 1318:1327 arg1 levels 1426:1431 significantly reduced protein levels 1396:1431 significantly reduced protein levels 1396:1431 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 9 25 theme consistent 1318:1327 arg1 alteration 1434:1443 alteration 1434:1443 alteration in protein glycosylation status 1434:1475 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 9 25 theme consistent 1318:1327 arg1 features 1309:1316 features 1309:1316 features 1309:1316 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 9 25 theme consistent 1318:1327 arg1 pattern 1522:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 9 26 from alteration 1434:1443 arg1 status 1470:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 5 27 from role 648:651 arg1 disease 656:662 disease 656:662 disease 656:662 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 10 28 theme gene 1843:1846 arg1 strategies 1856:1865 small molecule or gene editing strategies 1825:1865 strategies 1856:1865 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 5 29 theme functional 597:606 arg1 evidence 608:615 functional evidence in vitro 597:624 functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease 597:662 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 10 30 theme screening 1800:1808 arg1 approaches 1810:1819 future therapeutic screening approaches 1781:1819 future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants 1781:1895 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 7 31 from effects 993:999 arg1 processing 1046:1055 biosynthetic processing 1033:1055 biosynthetic processing 1033:1055 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 7 31 from effects 993:999 arg1 distribution 1076:1087 intracellular distribution 1062:1087 intracellular distribution 1062:1087 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 7 31 from effects 993:999 arg1 levels 1025:1030 steady-state protein levels 1004:1030 steady-state protein levels 1004:1030 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 10 32 theme editing 1848:1854 arg1 strategies 1856:1865 small molecule or gene editing strategies 1825:1865 strategies 1856:1865 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 5 33 theme variants 695:702 arg1 panel 667:671 a panel 665:671 a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene 665:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 1 34 from advances 121:128 arg1 technologies 144:155 sequencing technologies 133:155 sequencing technologies 133:155 Due to advances in sequencing technologies, identification of genetic variants is rapid. 34258141 9 35 theme diffuse 1493:1499 arg1 pattern 1522:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 10 36 dep future 1781:1786 arg1 therapeutic 1788:1798 therapeutic 1788:1798 therapeutic 1788:1798 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 9 37 theme molecular 1356:1364 arg1 phenotypes 1366:1375 all molecular phenotypes 1352:1375 all molecular phenotypes assayed 1352:1383 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 7 38 theme biosynthetic 1033:1044 arg1 processing 1046:1055 biosynthetic processing 1033:1055 biosynthetic processing 1033:1055 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 7 39 theme hepatocyte-derived 947:964 arg1 line 971:974 a hepatocyte-derived cell line 945:974 a hepatocyte-derived cell line 945:974 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 9 40 theme protein 1501:1507 arg1 pattern 1522:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 0 41 theme variants 41:48 arg1 phenotypes 22:31 molecular phenotypes 12:31 molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties 12:74 Classifying molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties and to guide therapeutic development. 34258141 10 42 theme further 1711:1717 arg1 classification 1719:1732 further classification 1711:1732 further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants 1711:1895 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 8 43 theme variant 1110:1116 arg1 effects 1118:1124 variant effects 1110:1124 variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution 1110:1200 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 6 44 theme disease 859:865 arg1 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 44 theme disease 859:865 arg1 type 1a 867:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a 815:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) 815:881 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 2 45 theme most 243:246 arg1 variants 256:263 most genomic variants 243:263 most genomic variants 243:263 However, the functional consequences of most genomic variants remain unknown. 34258141 10 46 theme existing 1651:1658 arg1 databases 1660:1668 existing databases 1651:1668 existing databases 1651:1668 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 6 47 from reduction 782:790 arg1 function 799:806 its function 795:806 its function 795:806 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 0 48 theme G6PC 36:39 arg1 variants 41:48 G6PC variants 36:48 G6PC variants 36:48 Classifying molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties and to guide therapeutic development. 34258141 4 49 theme empiric 538:544 arg1 evidence 546:553 empiric evidence 538:553 empiric evidence 538:553 Algorithms exist to aid prediction of a variant's likelihood of pathogenicity, but these predictions usually lack empiric evidence. 34258141 5 50 theme G6PC 711:714 arg1 gene 716:719 the G6PC gene 707:719 the G6PC gene 707:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 5 51 from gene 716:719 arg1 panel 667:671 a panel 665:671 a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene 665:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 6 52 theme phosphatase 758:768 arg1 enzyme 770:775 glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme 748:775 glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme 748:775 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 52 theme phosphatase 758:768 arg1 G6PC 735:738 G6PC 735:738 G6PC 735:738 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 8 53 theme cellular 1180:1187 arg1 distribution 1189:1200 cellular distribution 1180:1200 cellular distribution 1180:1200 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 0 54 theme pathogenic 54:63 arg1 properties 65:74 pathogenic properties 54:74 pathogenic properties 54:74 Classifying molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties and to guide therapeutic development. 34258141 5 55 from panel 667:671 arg1 gene 716:719 the G6PC gene 707:719 the G6PC gene 707:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 3 56 theme significance 317:328 arg1 variants 295:302 variants 295:302 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports 295:381 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 6 57 theme glycogen 842:849 arg1 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 57 theme glycogen 842:849 arg1 type 1a 867:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a 815:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) 815:881 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 9 58 theme localization 1509:1520 arg1 pattern 1522:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern 1482:1528 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 6 59 theme glucose-6 748:756 arg1 enzyme 770:775 glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme 748:775 glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme 748:775 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 59 theme glucose-6 748:756 arg1 G6PC 735:738 G6PC 735:738 G6PC 735:738 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 7 60 theme intracellular 1062:1074 arg1 distribution 1076:1087 intracellular distribution 1062:1087 intracellular distribution 1062:1087 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 6 61 theme disease 834:840 arg1 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 61 theme disease 834:840 arg1 type 1a 867:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a 815:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) 815:881 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 2 62 theme functional 216:225 arg1 consequences 227:238 the functional consequences 212:238 the functional consequences of most genomic variants 212:263 However, the functional consequences of most genomic variants remain unknown. 34258141 8 63 link N-linked 1145:1152 arg1 status 1168:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 6 64 theme storage 851:857 arg1 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 64 theme storage 851:857 arg1 type 1a 867:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a 815:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) 815:881 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 7 65 theme fusion 926:931 arg1 proteins 933:940 fusion proteins 926:940 fusion proteins 926:940 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 7 65 theme fusion 926:931 arg1 Variants 884:891 Variants 884:891 Variants 884:891 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 5 66 theme coding 679:684 arg1 variants 695:702 29 coding sequence variants 676:702 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene 676:719 To examine the feasibility of generating functional evidence in vitro for a given variant's role in disease, a panel of 29 coding sequence variants in the G6PC gene was assessed. 34258141 6 67 theme metabolic 824:832 arg1 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 67 theme metabolic 824:832 arg1 type 1a 867:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a 815:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) 815:881 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 7 68 theme steady-state 1004:1015 arg1 levels 1025:1030 steady-state protein levels 1004:1030 steady-state protein levels 1004:1030 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 9 69 theme reduced 1410:1416 arg1 levels 1426:1431 significantly reduced protein levels 1396:1431 significantly reduced protein levels 1396:1431 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 3 70 theme uncertain 307:315 arg1 VUS 331:333 VUS 331:333 VUS 331:333 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 3 70 theme uncertain 307:315 arg1 significance 317:328 uncertain significance 307:328 uncertain significance (VUS) 307:334 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 6 71 theme rare 819:822 arg1 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 GSD1a 876:880 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 6 71 theme rare 819:822 arg1 type 1a 867:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a 815:873 the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) 815:881 G6PC encodes glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme, and reduction in its function causes the rare metabolic disease glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). 34258141 7 72 theme protein 1017:1023 arg1 levels 1025:1030 steady-state protein levels 1004:1030 steady-state protein levels 1004:1030 Variants were heterologously expressed as fusion proteins in a hepatocyte-derived cell line and examined for effects on steady-state protein levels, biosynthetic processing, and intracellular distribution. 34258141 1 73 theme sequencing 133:142 arg1 technologies 144:155 sequencing technologies 133:155 sequencing technologies 133:155 Due to advances in sequencing technologies, identification of genetic variants is rapid. 34258141 9 74 theme protein 1418:1424 arg1 levels 1426:1431 significantly reduced protein levels 1396:1431 significantly reduced protein levels 1396:1431 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 8 75 theme N-linked 1145:1152 arg1 status 1168:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 N-linked glycosylation status 1145:1173 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 10 76 theme specific 1879:1886 arg1 variants 1888:1895 specific variants 1879:1895 specific variants 1879:1895 Our results show that such a screen can add empiric evidence to existing databases to aid in diagnostics, and also provides further classification for molecular phenotypes that could be used in future therapeutic screening approaches for small molecule or gene editing strategies directed at specific variants. 34258141 2 77 theme variants 256:263 arg1 consequences 227:238 the functional consequences 212:238 the functional consequences of most genomic variants 212:263 However, the functional consequences of most genomic variants remain unknown. 34258141 9 78 with consistent 1318:1327 arg1 pathogenicity 1334:1346 pathogenicity 1334:1346 pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed 1334:1383 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 9 79 theme protein 1448:1454 arg1 status 1470:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 protein glycosylation status 1448:1475 Of the eight VUS tested, seven behaved similar to wild-type protein while one VUS, p.Cys109Tyr, exhibited features consistent with pathogenicity for all molecular phenotypes assayed, including significantly reduced protein levels, alteration in protein glycosylation status, and abnormally diffuse protein localization pattern, and has recently been reported in a patient with GSD1a. 34258141 2 80 theme genomic 248:254 arg1 variants 256:263 most genomic variants 243:263 most genomic variants 243:263 However, the functional consequences of most genomic variants remain unknown. 34258141 3 81 theme sufficient 388:397 arg1 data 399:402 sufficient data 388:402 sufficient data for interpretation 388:421 Consequently, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that appear in clinical DNA diagnostic reports lack sufficient data for interpretation. 34258141 8 82 theme protein 1129:1135 arg1 levels 1137:1142 protein levels 1129:1142 protein levels 1129:1142 The screen revealed variant effects on protein levels, N-linked glycosylation status, and cellular distribution. 34258141 0 83 theme therapeutic 89:99 arg1 development 101:111 therapeutic development 89:111 therapeutic development 89:111 Classifying molecular phenotypes of G6PC variants for pathogenic properties and to guide therapeutic development. 33118239 0 0 theme Total 111:115 arg1 synthesis 126:134 Total chemical synthesis 111:134 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 0:147 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 1 1 from steps 202:206 arg1 synthesis 228:236 protein chemical synthesis 211:236 protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy 211:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 8 2 theme binding 1203:1209 arg1 ability 1211:1217 the binding ability 1199:1217 the binding ability 1199:1217 The synthetic evasin-3 showed the binding ability specifically to CXCL chemokines. 33118239 5 3 theme protecting 839:848 arg1 group 850:854 a protecting group 837:854 a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 837:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 5 3 theme protecting 839:848 arg1 residue 863:869 Cys residue 859:869 Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 859:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 5 4 from group 850:854 arg1 N-terminus 878:887 the N-terminus 874:887 the N-terminus of the middle segment 874:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 3 5 gly glycoprotein 453:464 arg1 glycoprotein 453:464 glycoprotein synthesis 453:474 glycoprotein synthesis 453:474 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 2 6 with reaction 344:351 arg1 DPDS 384:387 DPDS 384:387 DPDS 384:387 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 2 6 with reaction 344:351 arg1 disulfide 373:381 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide 358:381 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) 358:388 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 5 7 theme C-terminal 795:804 arg1 segments 806:813 middle and C-terminal segments 784:813 middle and C-terminal segments 784:813 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 6 8 theme thiazolidine 951:962 arg1 reaction 977:984 this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 946:984 this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 946:984 In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. 33118239 7 9 theme good 1157:1160 arg1 yield 1162:1166 good yield 1157:1166 good yield 1157:1166 After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. 33118239 0 10 gly glycoprotein 87:98 arg1 glycoprotein 87:98 glycoprotein synthesis 87:108 glycoprotein synthesis 87:108 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 4 11 theme peptide 730:736 arg1 method 748:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 The sequence of evasin-3 was divided into three segments, and these segments were separately synthesized with the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method. 33118239 0 12 theme chemical 117:124 arg1 synthesis 126:134 Total chemical synthesis 111:134 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 0:147 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 5 13 from N-terminus 878:887 arg1 group 850:854 a protecting group 837:854 a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 837:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 5 13 from N-terminus 878:887 arg1 residue 863:869 Cys residue 859:869 Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 859:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 2 14 theme thiazolidine 318:329 arg1 reaction 344:351 a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 310:351 a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) 310:388 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 8 15 theme synthetic 1173:1181 arg1 evasin-3 1183:1190 The synthetic evasin-3 1169:1190 The synthetic evasin-3 1169:1190 The synthetic evasin-3 showed the binding ability specifically to CXCL chemokines. 33118239 0 16 theme evasin-3 139:146 arg1 synthesis 126:134 Total chemical synthesis 111:134 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 0:147 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 2 17 theme novel 312:316 arg1 reaction 344:351 a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 310:351 a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) 310:388 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 1 18 theme key 198:200 arg1 steps 202:206 the key steps 194:206 the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy 194:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 5 19 theme residue 863:869 arg1 group 850:854 a protecting group 837:854 a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 837:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 5 19 theme residue 863:869 arg1 residue 863:869 Cys residue 859:869 Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 859:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 3 20 theme glycoprotein 453:464 arg1 synthesis 466:474 glycoprotein synthesis 453:474 glycoprotein synthesis 453:474 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 9 21 theme DPDS 1293:1296 arg1 method 1298:1303 this DPDS method 1288:1303 this DPDS method 1288:1303 These results clearly indicate that this DPDS method is useful for glycoprotein synthesis. 33118239 8 22 theme CXCL 1235:1238 arg1 chemokines 1240:1249 CXCL chemokines 1235:1249 CXCL chemokines 1235:1249 The synthetic evasin-3 showed the binding ability specifically to CXCL chemokines. 33118239 1 23 theme steps 202:206 arg1 one 187:189 one 187:189 one 187:189 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 1 23 theme steps 202:206 arg1 steps 202:206 the key steps 194:206 the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy 194:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 6 24 theme ring-opening 964:975 arg1 reaction 977:984 this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 946:984 this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 946:984 In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. 33118239 6 25 theme glycan 1030:1035 arg1 moiety 1037:1042 the N-linked glycan moiety 1017:1042 the N-linked glycan moiety 1017:1042 In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. 33118239 2 26 theme 2,2'-dipyridyl 358:371 arg1 DPDS 384:387 DPDS 384:387 DPDS 384:387 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 2 26 theme 2,2'-dipyridyl 358:371 arg1 disulfide 373:381 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide 358:381 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) 358:388 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 1 27 theme protein 211:217 arg1 synthesis 228:236 protein chemical synthesis 211:236 protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy 211:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 0 28 theme disulfide-mediated 30:47 arg1 reaction 75:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 4 29 theme evasin-3 611:618 arg1 sequence 599:606 The sequence 595:606 The sequence of evasin-3 595:618 The sequence of evasin-3 was divided into three segments, and these segments were separately synthesized with the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method. 33118239 5 30 theme Cys 859:861 arg1 residue 863:869 Cys residue 859:869 Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment 859:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 1 31 theme chemical 219:226 arg1 synthesis 228:236 protein chemical synthesis 211:236 protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy 211:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 0 32 theme 2,2'-dipyridyl 15:28 arg1 reaction 75:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 7 33 theme refolding 1107:1115 arg1 reaction 1117:1124 the refolding reaction 1103:1124 the refolding reaction 1103:1124 After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. 33118239 5 34 theme middle 896:901 arg1 segment 903:909 the middle segment 892:909 the middle segment 892:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 0 35 theme ring-opening 62:73 arg1 reaction 75:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 5 36 theme middle 784:789 arg1 segments 806:813 middle and C-terminal segments 784:813 middle and C-terminal segments 784:813 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 5 37 theme segment 903:909 arg1 N-terminus 878:887 the N-terminus 874:887 the N-terminus of the middle segment 874:909 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 3 38 gly glycoprotein 518:529 arg1 evasin-3 492:499 evasin-3 492:499 evasin-3 492:499 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 3 38 gly glycoprotein 518:529 arg1 glycoprotein 518:529 a cysteine-rich glycoprotein 502:529 a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva 502:592 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 4 39 theme synthesis 738:746 arg1 method 748:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 The sequence of evasin-3 was divided into three segments, and these segments were separately synthesized with the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method. 33118239 4 40 theme ordinary 709:716 arg1 method 748:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 The sequence of evasin-3 was divided into three segments, and these segments were separately synthesized with the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method. 33118239 0 41 theme thiazolidine 49:60 arg1 reaction 75:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 15:82 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 3 42 with glycoprotein 518:529 arg1 ability 554:560 chemokine-binding ability 536:560 chemokine-binding ability 536:560 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 7 43 with ligation 1062:1069 arg1 reaction 1117:1124 the refolding reaction 1103:1124 the refolding reaction 1103:1124 After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. 33118239 7 43 with ligation 1062:1069 arg1 segment 1091:1097 the N-terminal segment 1076:1097 the N-terminal segment 1076:1097 After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. 33118239 1 44 theme sequential 242:251 arg1 strategy 278:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 3 45 theme reaction 441:448 arg1 applicability 419:431 the applicability 415:431 the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis 415:474 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 5 46 with Cys 928:930 arg1 DPDS 937:940 DPDS 937:940 DPDS 937:940 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 6 47 theme N-linked 1021:1028 arg1 moiety 1037:1042 the N-linked glycan moiety 1017:1042 the N-linked glycan moiety 1017:1042 In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. 33118239 0 48 theme reaction 75:82 arg1 Application 0:10 Application 0:10 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 0:147 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 6 49 link N-linked 1021:1028 arg1 moiety 1037:1042 the N-linked glycan moiety 1017:1042 the N-linked glycan moiety 1017:1042 In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. 33118239 7 50 theme second 1055:1060 arg1 ligation 1062:1069 the second ligation 1051:1069 the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction 1051:1124 After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. 33118239 1 51 theme Thiazolidine 149:160 arg1 reaction 175:182 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 149:182 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 149:182 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 6 52 theme DPDS 987:990 arg1 treatment 992:1000 DPDS treatment 987:1000 DPDS treatment 987:1000 In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. 33118239 7 53 theme N-terminal 1080:1089 arg1 segment 1091:1097 the N-terminal segment 1076:1097 the N-terminal segment 1076:1097 After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. 33118239 3 54 located found 573:577 arg2 glycoprotein 518:529 a cysteine-rich glycoprotein 502:529 a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva 502:592 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 3 54 located found 573:577 arg2 evasin-3 492:499 evasin-3 492:499 evasin-3 492:499 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 3 54 located found 573:577 arg1 saliva 587:592 tick saliva 582:592 tick saliva 582:592 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 1 55 theme ring-opening 162:173 arg1 reaction 175:182 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 149:182 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 149:182 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 1 56 theme native 253:258 arg1 strategy 278:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 5 57 theme first 766:770 arg1 ligation 772:779 the first ligation 762:779 the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments 762:813 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 33118239 9 58 theme glycoprotein 1319:1330 arg1 synthesis 1332:1340 glycoprotein synthesis 1319:1340 glycoprotein synthesis 1319:1340 These results clearly indicate that this DPDS method is useful for glycoprotein synthesis. 33118239 2 59 theme ring-opening 331:342 arg1 reaction 344:351 a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction 310:351 a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) 310:388 We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). 33118239 3 60 theme chemokine-binding 536:552 arg1 ability 554:560 chemokine-binding ability 536:560 chemokine-binding ability 536:560 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 1 61 theme chemical 260:267 arg1 strategy 278:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 9 62 gly glycoprotein 1319:1330 arg1 glycoprotein 1319:1330 glycoprotein synthesis 1319:1340 glycoprotein synthesis 1319:1340 These results clearly indicate that this DPDS method is useful for glycoprotein synthesis. 33118239 3 63 theme cysteine-rich 504:516 arg1 evasin-3 492:499 evasin-3 492:499 evasin-3 492:499 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 3 63 theme cysteine-rich 504:516 arg1 glycoprotein 518:529 a cysteine-rich glycoprotein 502:529 a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva 502:592 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 3 64 theme tick 582:585 arg1 saliva 587:592 tick saliva 582:592 tick saliva 582:592 In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. 33118239 4 65 theme solid-phase 718:728 arg1 method 748:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method 705:753 The sequence of evasin-3 was divided into three segments, and these segments were separately synthesized with the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method. 33118239 1 66 theme ligation 269:276 arg1 strategy 278:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 sequential native chemical ligation strategy 242:285 Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. 33118239 0 67 theme glycoprotein 87:98 arg1 synthesis 100:108 glycoprotein synthesis 87:108 glycoprotein synthesis 87:108 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 0 68 dep Application 0:10 arg1 synthesis 126:134 Total chemical synthesis 111:134 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 0:147 Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. 33118239 5 69 theme segments 806:813 arg1 ligation 772:779 the first ligation 762:779 the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments 762:813 After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. 32931036 0 0 theme transsynaptic 83:95 arg1 interaction 97:107 transsynaptic interaction 83:107 transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1 83:118 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 9 1 theme proper 1309:1314 arg1 localization 1316:1327 proper localization 1309:1327 proper localization 1309:1327 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 2 2 theme C-terminal 356:365 arg1 region 367:372 the C-terminal region 352:372 the C-terminal region of mGlu7 352:381 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 2 3 theme bidirectional 395:407 arg1 plasticity 418:427 the bidirectional synaptic plasticity 391:427 the bidirectional synaptic plasticity 391:427 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 4 4 gly N-glycosylation 681:695 arg1 mGlu7 700:704 mGlu7 function 700:713 mGlu7 function 700:713 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 4 5 theme crucial 607:613 arg1 roles 615:619 crucial roles 607:619 crucial roles 607:619 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 5 6 from residues 803:810 arg1 N-glycosylated 769:782 N-glycosylated 769:782 N-glycosylated 769:782 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 5 6 from residues 803:810 arg1 neurons 851:857 rat cultured neurons 838:857 rat cultured neurons 838:857 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 5 6 from residues 803:810 arg1 cells 828:832 heterologous cells 815:832 heterologous cells 815:832 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 10 7 theme surface 1467:1473 arg1 expression 1475:1484 surface expression 1467:1484 surface expression 1467:1484 These findings provide evidence that N-glycans act to modulate the surface expression, stability, and function of mGlu7. 32931036 5 8 gly N-glycosylated 769:782 arg1 mGlu7 760:764 mGlu7 760:764 mGlu7 760:764 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 5 8 gly N-glycosylated 769:782 arg2 residues 803:810 four asparagine residues 787:810 four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons 787:857 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 4 9 theme N-glycosylation 681:695 arg1 role 673:676 the role 669:676 the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function 669:713 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 4 10 theme protein 624:630 arg1 folding 632:638 protein folding 624:638 protein folding 624:638 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 9 11 theme stable 1333:1338 arg1 expression 1348:1357 stable surface expression 1333:1357 stable surface expression 1333:1357 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 0 12 with trafficking 67:77 arg1 Elfn1 114:118 Elfn1 114:118 Elfn1 114:118 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 8 13 theme transsynaptic 1185:1197 arg1 protein 1208:1214 a transsynaptic adhesion protein 1183:1214 a transsynaptic adhesion protein 1183:1214 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 8 13 theme transsynaptic 1185:1197 arg1 Elfn1 1176:1180 Elfn1 1176:1180 Elfn1 1176:1180 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 9 14 theme surface 1340:1346 arg1 expression 1348:1357 stable surface expression 1333:1357 stable surface expression 1333:1357 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 0 15 link N-linked 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor 0:43 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 7 16 from expression 1020:1029 arg1 surface 1043:1049 the cell surface 1034:1049 the cell surface 1034:1049 Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. 32931036 1 17 theme neurotransmitter 173:188 arg1 release 190:196 neurotransmitter release 173:196 neurotransmitter release 173:196 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 9 18 gly N-glycosylation 1230:1244 arg1 mGlu7 1249:1253 mGlu7 1249:1253 mGlu7 1249:1253 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 6 19 theme forward 913:919 arg1 transport 921:929 forward transport 913:929 forward transport 913:929 We demonstrate that N-glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. 32931036 5 20 theme asparagine 792:801 arg1 residues 803:810 four asparagine residues 787:810 four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons 787:857 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 2 21 theme trafficking 277:287 arg1 regulation 257:266 The regulation 253:266 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 253:381 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 8 22 theme mGlu7 1167:1171 arg1 mGlu7 1167:1171 mGlu7 1167:1171 mGlu7 1167:1171 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 8 22 theme mGlu7 1167:1171 arg1 domain 1157:1162 the binding domain 1145:1162 the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein 1145:1214 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 4 23 theme mGlu7 700:704 arg1 function 706:713 mGlu7 function 700:713 mGlu7 function 700:713 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 0 24 theme N-linked 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor 0:43 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 9 25 theme mGlu7 1362:1366 arg1 localization 1316:1327 proper localization 1309:1327 proper localization 1309:1327 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 9 25 theme mGlu7 1362:1366 arg1 expression 1348:1357 stable surface expression 1333:1357 stable surface expression 1333:1357 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 2 26 theme plasma 309:314 arg1 membrane 316:323 the plasma membrane 305:323 the plasma membrane 305:323 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 4 27 from role 673:676 arg1 function 706:713 mGlu7 function 700:713 mGlu7 function 700:713 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 2 28 theme mGlu7 377:381 arg1 region 367:372 the C-terminal region 352:372 the C-terminal region of mGlu7 352:381 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 3 29 theme domain 486:491 arg1 importance 454:463 the functional importance 439:463 the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 439:500 However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. 32931036 4 30 theme posttranslational 565:581 arg1 modification 583:594 an abundant posttranslational modification 553:594 an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking 553:662 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 4 30 theme posttranslational 565:581 arg1 N-glycosylation 534:548 N-glycosylation 534:548 N-glycosylation 534:548 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 7 31 theme degradation 1099:1109 arg1 pathway 1111:1117 the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway 1076:1117 the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway 1076:1117 Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. 32931036 0 32 with interaction 97:107 arg1 Elfn1 114:118 Elfn1 114:118 Elfn1 114:118 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 9 33 with interaction 1268:1278 arg1 Elfn1 1285:1289 Elfn1 1285:1289 Elfn1 1285:1289 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 1 34 theme presynaptic 205:215 arg1 zone 224:227 the presynaptic active zone 201:227 the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain 201:250 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 5 35 theme cultured 842:849 arg1 neurons 851:857 rat cultured neurons 838:857 rat cultured neurons 838:857 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 9 36 theme mGlu7 1249:1253 arg1 N-glycosylation 1230:1244 N-glycosylation 1230:1244 N-glycosylation of mGlu7 1230:1253 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 5 37 theme rat 838:840 arg1 neurons 851:857 rat cultured neurons 838:857 rat cultured neurons 838:857 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 1 38 theme active 217:222 arg1 zone 224:227 the presynaptic active zone 201:227 the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain 201:250 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 0 39 theme receptor 36:43 arg1 glycosylation 9:21 N-linked glycosylation 0:21 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor 0:43 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 9 40 theme presynaptic 1375:1385 arg1 zone 1394:1397 the presynaptic active zone 1371:1397 the presynaptic active zone 1371:1397 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 10 41 theme mGlu7 1514:1518 arg1 expression 1475:1484 surface expression 1467:1484 surface expression 1467:1484 These findings provide evidence that N-glycans act to modulate the surface expression, stability, and function of mGlu7. 32931036 10 41 theme mGlu7 1514:1518 arg1 stability 1487:1495 stability 1487:1495 stability 1487:1495 These findings provide evidence that N-glycans act to modulate the surface expression, stability, and function of mGlu7. 32931036 10 41 theme mGlu7 1514:1518 arg1 function 1502:1509 function 1502:1509 function 1502:1509 These findings provide evidence that N-glycans act to modulate the surface expression, stability, and function of mGlu7. 32931036 6 42 gly N-glycosylation 880:894 arg1 surface 935:941 surface expression 935:952 surface expression of mGlu7 935:961 We demonstrate that N-glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. 32931036 6 42 gly N-glycosylation 880:894 arg1 mGlu7 957:961 mGlu7 957:961 mGlu7 957:961 We demonstrate that N-glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. 32931036 0 43 theme mGlu7 30:34 arg1 receptor 36:43 the mGlu7 receptor 26:43 the mGlu7 receptor 26:43 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 9 44 theme active 1387:1392 arg1 zone 1394:1397 the presynaptic active zone 1371:1397 the presynaptic active zone 1371:1397 We find that N-glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. 32931036 7 45 theme autophagolysosomal 1080:1097 arg1 pathway 1111:1117 the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway 1076:1117 the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway 1076:1117 Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. 32931036 0 46 gly glycosylation 9:21 arg1 receptor 36:43 the mGlu7 receptor 26:43 the mGlu7 receptor 26:43 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 1 47 from zone 224:227 arg1 brain 246:250 the mammalian brain 232:250 the mammalian brain 232:250 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 2 48 theme synaptic 409:416 arg1 plasticity 418:427 the bidirectional synaptic plasticity 391:427 the bidirectional synaptic plasticity 391:427 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 3 49 theme functional 443:452 arg1 importance 454:463 the functional importance 439:463 the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 439:500 However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. 32931036 1 50 theme Metabotropic 121:132 arg1 receptor 144:151 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 121:153 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) 121:161 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 1 50 theme Metabotropic 121:132 arg1 mGlu7 156:160 mGlu7 156:160 mGlu7 156:160 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 5 51 theme heterologous 815:826 arg1 cells 828:832 heterologous cells 815:832 heterologous cells 815:832 In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N-glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. 32931036 4 52 theme abundant 556:563 arg1 modification 583:594 an abundant posttranslational modification 553:594 an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking 553:662 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 4 52 theme abundant 556:563 arg1 N-glycosylation 534:548 N-glycosylation 534:548 N-glycosylation 534:548 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 32931036 1 53 theme glutamate 134:142 arg1 receptor 144:151 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 121:153 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) 121:161 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 1 53 theme glutamate 134:142 arg1 mGlu7 156:160 mGlu7 156:160 mGlu7 156:160 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 7 54 theme Deglycosylated 964:977 arg1 mGlu7 979:983 Deglycosylated mGlu7 964:983 Deglycosylated mGlu7 964:983 Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. 32931036 8 55 theme binding 1149:1155 arg1 mGlu7 1167:1171 mGlu7 1167:1171 mGlu7 1167:1171 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 8 55 theme binding 1149:1155 arg1 domain 1157:1162 the binding domain 1145:1162 the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein 1145:1214 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 2 56 theme mGlu7 271:275 arg1 trafficking 277:287 mGlu7 trafficking 271:287 mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane 271:323 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 7 57 theme cell 1038:1041 arg1 surface 1043:1049 the cell surface 1034:1049 the cell surface 1034:1049 Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. 32931036 2 58 theme binding 328:334 arg1 proteins 336:343 binding proteins 328:343 binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 328:381 The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C-terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. 32931036 8 59 theme adhesion 1199:1206 arg1 protein 1208:1214 a transsynaptic adhesion protein 1183:1214 a transsynaptic adhesion protein 1183:1214 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 8 59 theme adhesion 1199:1206 arg1 Elfn1 1176:1180 Elfn1 1176:1180 Elfn1 1176:1180 In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. 32931036 3 60 theme mGlu7 496:500 arg1 mGlu7 496:500 mGlu7 496:500 mGlu7 496:500 However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. 32931036 3 60 theme mGlu7 496:500 arg1 domain 486:491 the extracellular domain 468:491 the extracellular domain of mGlu7 468:500 However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. 32931036 1 61 theme mammalian 236:244 arg1 brain 246:250 the mammalian brain 232:250 the mammalian brain 232:250 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. 32931036 3 62 theme extracellular 472:484 arg1 mGlu7 496:500 mGlu7 496:500 mGlu7 496:500 However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. 32931036 3 62 theme extracellular 472:484 arg1 domain 486:491 the extracellular domain 468:491 the extracellular domain of mGlu7 468:500 However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. 32931036 7 63 gly Deglycosylated 964:977 arg1 mGlu7 979:983 Deglycosylated mGlu7 964:983 Deglycosylated mGlu7 964:983 Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. 32931036 6 64 theme surface 935:941 arg1 expression 943:952 surface expression 935:952 surface expression of mGlu7 935:961 We demonstrate that N-glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. 32931036 0 65 theme forward 59:65 arg1 trafficking 67:77 the forward trafficking 55:77 the forward trafficking 55:77 N-linked glycosylation of the mGlu7 receptor regulates the forward trafficking and transsynaptic interaction with Elfn1. 32931036 6 66 theme mGlu7 957:961 arg1 transport 921:929 forward transport 913:929 forward transport 913:929 We demonstrate that N-glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. 32931036 6 66 theme mGlu7 957:961 arg1 expression 943:952 surface expression 935:952 surface expression of mGlu7 935:961 We demonstrate that N-glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. 32931036 4 67 theme forward 644:650 arg1 trafficking 652:662 forward trafficking 644:662 forward trafficking 644:662 N-glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N-glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. 33276951 0 0 theme CHO 73:75 arg1 cells 77:81 CHO cells 73:81 CHO cells 73:81 Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells reveals epitope masking by N-glycosylation. 33276951 5 1 theme pattern 560:566 arg1 analysis 568:575 The glycosylation pattern analysis 542:575 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein 542:591 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 4 2 theme tests 535:539 arg1 number 516:521 the number 512:521 the number of positive tests 512:539 Deglycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP significantly increased the number of positive tests. 33276951 5 3 theme N-linked 620:627 arg1 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 4 dep revealed 593:600 arg1 co-located 690:699 co-located 690:699 co-located 690:699 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 1 5 theme main 249:252 arg1 nucleocapsid 137:148 nucleocapsid 137:148 nucleocapsid 137:148 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 5 theme main 249:252 arg1 Spike 127:131 Spike 127:131 Spike 127:131 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 5 theme main 249:252 arg1 targets 266:272 the main immunogenic targets 245:272 the main immunogenic targets for antibodies 245:287 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 5 6 theme B 737:737 arg1 epitopes 744:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 4 7 theme positive 526:533 arg1 tests 535:539 positive tests 526:539 positive tests 526:539 Deglycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP significantly increased the number of positive tests. 33276951 5 8 theme glycosylation 629:641 arg1 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 1 9 theme immunogenic 254:264 arg1 nucleocapsid 137:148 nucleocapsid 137:148 nucleocapsid 137:148 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 9 theme immunogenic 254:264 arg1 Spike 127:131 Spike 127:131 Spike 127:131 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 9 theme immunogenic 254:264 arg1 targets 266:272 the main immunogenic targets 245:272 the main immunogenic targets for antibodies 245:287 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 5 10 theme cell 739:742 arg1 epitopes 744:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 1 11 dep Spike 127:131 arg1 proteins 150:157 proteins 150:157 proteins 150:157 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 5 12 theme epitopes 744:751 arg1 epitopes 744:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 12 theme epitopes 744:751 arg1 two 706:708 two 706:708 two 706:708 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 4 13 theme SARS-CoV-2-NP 474:486 arg1 Deglycosylation 455:469 Deglycosylation 455:469 Deglycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP 455:486 Deglycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP significantly increased the number of positive tests. 33276951 1 14 theme severe 162:167 arg1 coronavirus 196:206 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 162:208 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) 162:239 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 0 15 theme epitope 91:97 arg1 masking 99:105 epitope masking 91:105 epitope masking 91:105 Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells reveals epitope masking by N-glycosylation. 33276951 0 16 theme Dual 0:3 arg1 ELISA 5:9 Dual ELISA 0:9 Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells 0:81 Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells reveals epitope masking by N-glycosylation. 33276951 1 17 theme acute 169:173 arg1 coronavirus 196:206 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 162:208 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) 162:239 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 5 18 theme amino 657:661 arg1 positions 668:676 the amino acid positions 653:676 the amino acid positions 48 and 270 653:687 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 1 19 theme respiratory 175:185 arg1 coronavirus 196:206 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 162:208 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) 162:239 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 3 20 theme many 392:395 arg1 cases 397:401 many cases 392:401 many cases 392:401 In many cases, this can lead to false-negative serological tests. 33276951 5 21 theme acid 663:666 arg1 positions 668:676 the amino acid positions 653:676 the amino acid positions 48 and 270 653:687 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 1 22 theme syndrome 187:194 arg1 coronavirus 196:206 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 162:208 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) 162:239 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 0 23 theme SARS-CoV-2 17:26 arg1 protein 41:47 SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 17:47 SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells 17:81 Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells reveals epitope masking by N-glycosylation. 33276951 5 24 theme putative 611:618 arg1 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 1 25 theme coronavirus 196:206 arg1 nucleocapsid 137:148 nucleocapsid 137:148 nucleocapsid 137:148 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 25 theme coronavirus 196:206 arg1 Spike 127:131 Spike 127:131 Spike 127:131 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 25 theme coronavirus 196:206 arg1 targets 266:272 the main immunogenic targets 245:272 the main immunogenic targets for antibodies 245:287 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 5 26 theme main 717:720 arg1 epitopes 744:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 27 with co-located 690:699 arg1 epitopes 744:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 27 with co-located 690:699 arg1 two 706:708 two 706:708 two 706:708 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 3 28 theme false-negative 421:434 arg1 tests 448:452 false-negative serological tests 421:452 false-negative serological tests 421:452 In many cases, this can lead to false-negative serological tests. 33276951 0 29 theme nucleocapsid 28:39 arg1 protein 41:47 SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 17:47 SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells 17:81 Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells reveals epitope masking by N-glycosylation. 33276951 5 30 dep positions 668:676 arg1 48 678:679 48 678:679 48 678:679 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 30 dep positions 668:676 arg1 270 685:687 270 685:687 270 685:687 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 31 dep co-located 690:699 arg1 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 32 theme immunodominant 722:735 arg1 epitopes 744:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 the main immunodominant B cell epitopes 713:751 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 33 from positions 668:676 arg1 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 2 34 theme SARS-CoV-2-NP 338:350 arg1 glycosylation 321:333 the glycosylation 317:333 the glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP 317:350 We herein demonstrate that the glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP masks some of its antibody epitopes. 33276951 5 35 gly glycosylation 546:558 arg1 protein 585:591 this protein 580:591 this protein 580:591 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 2 36 gly glycosylation 321:333 arg1 SARS-CoV-2-NP 338:350 SARS-CoV-2-NP 338:350 SARS-CoV-2-NP 338:350 We herein demonstrate that the glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP masks some of its antibody epitopes. 33276951 5 37 theme protein 585:591 arg1 analysis 568:575 The glycosylation pattern analysis 542:575 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein 542:591 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 38 gly glycosylation 629:641 arg2 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 38 gly glycosylation 629:641 arg2 positions 668:676 the amino acid positions 653:676 the amino acid positions 48 and 270 653:687 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 4 39 gly Deglycosylation 455:469 arg1 SARS-CoV-2-NP 474:486 SARS-CoV-2-NP 474:486 SARS-CoV-2-NP 474:486 Deglycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP significantly increased the number of positive tests. 33276951 1 40 dep coronavirus 196:206 arg1 SARS-CoV-2-NP 226:238 SARS-CoV-2-NP 226:238 SARS-CoV-2-NP 226:238 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 1 40 dep coronavirus 196:206 arg1 SARS-CoV-2-SP 211:223 SARS-CoV-2-SP 211:223 SARS-CoV-2-SP 211:223 Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. 33276951 2 41 theme antibody 370:377 arg1 epitopes 379:386 its antibody epitopes 366:386 its antibody epitopes 366:386 We herein demonstrate that the glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP masks some of its antibody epitopes. 33276951 3 42 theme serological 436:446 arg1 tests 448:452 false-negative serological tests 421:452 false-negative serological tests 421:452 In many cases, this can lead to false-negative serological tests. 33276951 5 43 link N-linked 620:627 arg1 sites 643:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 the putative N-linked glycosylation sites 607:647 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 33276951 5 44 theme glycosylation 546:558 arg1 analysis 568:575 The glycosylation pattern analysis 542:575 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein 542:591 The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes. 32987930 2 0 theme strategies 456:465 arg1 development 427:437 the development 423:437 the development of novel vaccine strategies 423:465 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 5 1 located detected 869:876 arg2 replication 848:858 no viral replication 839:858 no viral replication 839:858 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 5 1 located detected 869:876 arg1 culture 886:892 cell culture 881:892 cell culture 881:892 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 8 2 link N-linked 1345:1352 arg1 site 1368:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 2 3 theme current 313:319 arg1 strategies 333:342 current vaccination strategies 313:342 current vaccination strategies 313:342 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 5 4 theme infectious 898:907 arg1 particles 909:917 infectious particles 898:917 infectious particles 898:917 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 6 5 theme infectious 954:963 arg1 particles 971:979 infectious virus particles 954:979 infectious virus particles 954:979 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 2 6 theme vaccine 448:454 arg1 strategies 456:465 novel vaccine strategies 442:465 novel vaccine strategies 442:465 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 5 7 from Mutation 752:759 arg1 E1 791:792 E1 791:792 E1 791:792 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 3 8 theme viral 487:491 arg1 proteins 502:509 viral envelope proteins 487:509 viral envelope proteins 487:509 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 8 9 gly glycosylation 1354:1366 arg2 site 1368:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 0 10 from Mutation 0:7 arg1 Proteins 72:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 4 11 gly N-glycosylation 628:642 arg2 motifs 654:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs 624:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 624:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 3 12 theme possible 552:559 arg1 target 561:566 a possible target 550:566 a possible target for its purposed attenuation 550:595 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 4 13 theme site-directed 725:737 arg1 mutagenesis 739:749 site-directed mutagenesis 725:749 site-directed mutagenesis 725:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 4 14 theme infectious 702:711 arg1 clone 713:717 a SAV3 infectious clone 695:717 a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 695:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 4 15 theme SAV3 697:700 arg1 clone 713:717 a SAV3 infectious clone 695:717 a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 695:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 9 16 theme attenuated 1480:1489 arg1 vaccines 1491:1498 live attenuated vaccines 1475:1498 live attenuated vaccines 1475:1498 The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone's properties in vivo. 32987930 7 17 theme SAV3-E2319Q 1160:1170 arg1 viruses 1200:1206 the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses 1156:1206 the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses 1156:1206 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 4 18 theme E1 668:669 arg1 glycoproteins 678:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins 664:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 664:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 4 19 theme glycoproteins 678:690 arg1 motifs 654:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs 624:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 624:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 5 20 theme complete 801:808 arg1 inactivation 810:821 a complete inactivation 799:821 a complete inactivation of the virus 799:834 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 2 21 theme viral 380:384 arg1 pathogenesis 386:397 the viral pathogenesis 376:397 the viral pathogenesis 376:397 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 6 22 theme N-glycosylation 1087:1101 arg1 lack 1079:1082 lack 1079:1082 lack of N-glycosylation in E1 1079:1107 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 7 23 theme lower 1261:1265 arg1 particles 1295:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 7 23 theme lower 1261:1265 arg1 amounts 1267:1273 lower amounts 1261:1273 lower amounts of infectious viral particles 1261:1303 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 5 24 theme glycosylation 768:780 arg1 motif 782:786 the glycosylation motif 764:786 the glycosylation motif 764:786 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 2 25 theme novel 442:446 arg1 strategies 456:465 novel vaccine strategies 442:465 novel vaccine strategies 442:465 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 7 26 theme cell 1244:1247 arg1 culture 1249:1255 cell culture 1244:1255 cell culture 1244:1255 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 7 27 theme particles 1295:1303 arg1 particles 1295:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 7 27 theme particles 1295:1303 arg1 culture 1249:1255 cell culture 1244:1255 cell culture 1244:1255 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 7 27 theme particles 1295:1303 arg1 amounts 1267:1273 lower amounts 1261:1273 lower amounts of infectious viral particles 1261:1303 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 8 28 from substitution 1325:1336 arg1 E2 1376:1377 E2 1376:1377 E2 1376:1377 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 8 28 from substitution 1325:1336 arg1 site 1368:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 2 29 theme increased 349:357 arg1 understanding 359:371 increased understanding 349:371 increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis 349:397 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 5 30 theme motif 782:786 arg1 Mutation 752:759 Mutation 752:759 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 752:792 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 0 31 theme Envelope 63:70 arg1 Proteins 72:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 7 32 theme infectious 1138:1147 arg1 clone 1149:1153 the non-mutated infectious clone 1122:1153 the non-mutated infectious clone 1122:1153 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 7 33 theme SAV3-E2319A 1176:1186 arg1 viruses 1200:1206 the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses 1156:1206 the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses 1156:1206 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 3 34 gly N-glycosylation 468:482 arg1 proteins 502:509 viral envelope proteins 487:509 viral envelope proteins 487:509 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 4 35 theme consensus 644:652 arg1 motifs 654:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs 624:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 624:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 4 36 gly glycoproteins 678:690 arg1 glycoproteins 678:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins 664:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 664:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 5 37 theme virus 830:834 arg1 inactivation 810:821 a complete inactivation 799:821 a complete inactivation of the virus 799:834 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 4 38 theme N-glycosylation 628:642 arg1 motifs 654:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs 624:659 the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 624:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 0 39 theme Sites 28:32 arg1 Mutation 0:7 Mutation 0:7 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 0:79 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 5 40 gly glycosylation 768:780 arg2 motif 782:786 the glycosylation motif 764:786 the glycosylation motif 764:786 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 3 41 theme viral 530:534 arg1 virulence 536:544 viral virulence 530:544 viral virulence 530:544 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 2 42 theme pathogenesis 386:397 arg1 understanding 359:371 increased understanding 349:371 increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis 349:397 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 0 43 theme N-glycosylation 12:26 arg1 Sites 28:32 N-glycosylation Sites 12:32 N-glycosylation Sites 12:32 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 0 44 theme Cell 104:107 arg1 Culture 109:115 Cell Culture 104:115 Cell Culture 104:115 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 2 45 with control 284:290 arg1 biosecurity 297:307 biosecurity 297:307 biosecurity 297:307 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 2 45 with control 284:290 arg1 strategies 333:342 current vaccination strategies 313:342 current vaccination strategies 313:342 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 2 46 theme diseases 253:260 arg1 spread 237:242 The spread 233:242 The spread of these diseases 233:260 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 2 46 theme diseases 253:260 arg1 difficult 271:279 difficult 271:279 difficult 271:279 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 6 47 from lack 1079:1082 arg1 E1 1106:1107 E1 1106:1107 E1 1106:1107 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 1 48 theme disease 169:175 arg1 cause 151:155 the cause 147:155 the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe 147:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 1 48 theme disease 169:175 arg1 alphavirus 127:136 Salmonid alphavirus 118:136 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) 118:142 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 0 49 theme Salmonid 37:44 arg1 Proteins 72:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 1 50 from fish 217:220 arg1 Europe 225:230 Europe 225:230 Europe 225:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 6 51 theme E2 1014:1015 arg1 mutants 1017:1023 the SAV3 E2 mutants 1005:1023 the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A) 1005:1040 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 6 51 theme E2 1014:1015 arg1 E2319A 1034:1039 E2319A 1034:1039 E2319A 1034:1039 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 7 52 theme cytopathic 1222:1231 arg1 effects 1233:1239 less cytopathic effects 1217:1239 less cytopathic effects 1217:1239 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 7 53 theme non-mutated 1126:1136 arg1 clone 1149:1153 the non-mutated infectious clone 1122:1153 the non-mutated infectious clone 1122:1153 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 1 54 theme sleeping 181:188 arg1 disease 190:196 sleeping disease 181:196 sleeping disease 181:196 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 5 55 theme viral 842:846 arg1 replication 848:858 no viral replication 839:858 no viral replication 839:858 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 0 56 gly N-glycosylation 12:26 arg2 Sites 28:32 N-glycosylation Sites 12:32 N-glycosylation Sites 12:32 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 4 57 theme E2 675:676 arg1 glycoproteins 678:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins 664:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 664:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 0 58 theme Alphavirus 46:55 arg1 Proteins 72:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 9 59 theme live 1475:1478 arg1 vaccines 1491:1498 live attenuated vaccines 1475:1498 live attenuated vaccines 1475:1498 The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone's properties in vivo. 32987930 7 60 theme less 1217:1220 arg1 effects 1233:1239 less cytopathic effects 1217:1239 less cytopathic effects 1217:1239 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 8 61 theme glycosylation 1354:1366 arg1 site 1368:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 7 62 theme infectious 1278:1287 arg1 particles 1295:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 8 63 theme cell 1398:1401 arg1 culture 1403:1409 cell culture 1398:1409 cell culture 1398:1409 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 7 64 theme viral 1289:1293 arg1 particles 1295:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 infectious viral particles 1278:1303 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 9 65 theme immunization 1445:1456 arg1 strategies 1458:1467 immunization strategies 1445:1467 immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines 1445:1498 The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone's properties in vivo. 32987930 5 66 theme cell 881:884 arg1 culture 886:892 cell culture 881:892 cell culture 881:892 Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. 32987930 4 67 theme clone 713:717 arg1 glycoproteins 678:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins 664:690 the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis 664:749 In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. 32987930 1 68 theme disease 190:196 arg1 cause 151:155 the cause 147:155 the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe 147:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 1 68 theme disease 190:196 arg1 alphavirus 127:136 Salmonid alphavirus 118:136 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) 118:142 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 6 69 theme SAV3 1009:1012 arg1 mutants 1017:1023 the SAV3 E2 mutants 1005:1023 the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A) 1005:1040 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 6 69 theme SAV3 1009:1012 arg1 E2319A 1034:1039 E2319A 1034:1039 E2319A 1034:1039 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 1 70 from cause 151:155 arg1 fish 217:220 farmed salmonid fish 201:220 farmed salmonid fish in Europe 201:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 1 71 theme Salmonid 118:125 arg1 cause 151:155 the cause 147:155 the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe 147:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 1 71 theme Salmonid 118:125 arg1 SAV 139:141 SAV 139:141 SAV 139:141 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 1 71 theme Salmonid 118:125 arg1 alphavirus 127:136 Salmonid alphavirus 118:136 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) 118:142 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 9 72 from testing 1504:1510 arg1 fish 1515:1518 fish 1515:1518 fish 1515:1518 The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone's properties in vivo. 32987930 7 73 theme recombinant 1188:1198 arg1 viruses 1200:1206 the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses 1156:1206 the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses 1156:1206 Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. 32987930 8 74 theme N-linked 1345:1352 arg1 site 1368:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 the N-linked glycosylation site 1341:1371 In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. 32987930 3 75 theme purposed 576:583 arg1 attenuation 585:595 its purposed attenuation 572:595 its purposed attenuation 572:595 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 1 76 theme pancreas 160:167 arg1 disease 169:175 pancreas disease 160:175 pancreas disease 160:175 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 3 77 theme envelope 493:500 arg1 proteins 502:509 viral envelope proteins 487:509 viral envelope proteins 487:509 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 3 78 theme proteins 502:509 arg1 N-glycosylation 468:482 N-glycosylation 468:482 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins 468:509 N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. 32987930 1 79 theme farmed 201:206 arg1 fish 217:220 farmed salmonid fish 201:220 farmed salmonid fish in Europe 201:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32987930 0 80 theme SAV 58:60 arg1 Proteins 72:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins 37:79 Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture. 32987930 6 81 theme virus 965:969 arg1 particles 971:979 infectious virus particles 954:979 infectious virus particles 954:979 In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. 32987930 2 82 theme vaccination 321:331 arg1 strategies 333:342 current vaccination strategies 313:342 current vaccination strategies 313:342 The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. 32987930 1 83 theme salmonid 208:215 arg1 fish 217:220 farmed salmonid fish 201:220 farmed salmonid fish in Europe 201:230 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. 32958677 2 0 link -linked 375:381 arg1 glycoproteins 383:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 3 1 theme ER 565:566 arg1 alpha-mannosidase 600:616 the first alpha-mannosidase 590:616 the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 590:674 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 3 1 theme ER 565:566 arg1 I/Man1b1 580:587 ER mannosidase I/Man1b1 565:587 ER mannosidase I/Man1b1 565:587 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 1 2 theme essential 295:303 arg1 functions 314:322 essential cellular functions 295:322 essential cellular functions 295:322 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 9 3 theme functional 1758:1767 arg1 dichotomy 1769:1777 the functional dichotomy 1754:1777 the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 1754:1787 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 4 4 dep forms 1038:1042 arg1 response 1005:1012 response 1005:1012 response 1005:1012 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 6 5 theme unconventional 1192:1205 arg1 system 1207:1212 the unconventional system 1188:1212 the unconventional system 1188:1212 In contrast, the unconventional system is under the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. 32958677 2 6 theme misfolded 351:359 arg1 glycoproteins 383:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 4 7 theme knockout 964:971 arg1 cells 981:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 6 8 theme tail 1288:1291 arg1 control 1227:1233 the control 1223:1233 the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1223:1291 In contrast, the unconventional system is under the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. 32958677 5 9 theme intact 1126:1131 arg1 site 1140:1143 an intact active site 1123:1143 an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain 1123:1172 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 9 10 theme proteostasis 1821:1832 arg1 network 1834:1840 the mammalian proteostasis network 1807:1840 the mammalian proteostasis network 1807:1840 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 8 11 theme proteasomal 1529:1539 arg1 degradation 1541:1551 the proteasomal degradation 1525:1551 the proteasomal degradation of NHK 1525:1558 We also established that both systems accelerate the proteasomal degradation of NHK in metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies. 32958677 6 12 theme N-terminal 1265:1274 arg1 tail 1288:1291 an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1238:1291 an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1238:1291 In contrast, the unconventional system is under the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. 32958677 5 13 theme catalytic 1097:1105 arg1 system 1107:1112 the conventional catalytic system 1080:1112 the conventional catalytic system 1080:1112 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 3 14 theme first 594:598 arg1 alpha-mannosidase 600:616 the first alpha-mannosidase 590:616 the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 590:674 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 3 14 theme first 594:598 arg1 I/Man1b1 580:587 ER mannosidase I/Man1b1 565:587 ER mannosidase I/Man1b1 565:587 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 1 15 theme polypeptides 150:161 arg1 failure 139:145 The failure 135:145 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis 135:221 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 4 16 theme mutated 1017:1023 arg1 forms 1038:1042 mutated or truncated forms 1017:1042 forms 1038:1042 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 4 17 gly N-glycosylated 860:873 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 5 18 theme luminal 1159:1165 arg1 domain 1167:1172 the Man1b1 luminal domain 1148:1172 the Man1b1 luminal domain 1148:1172 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 2 19 theme units 546:550 arg1 removal 505:511 the catalytic removal 491:511 the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units 491:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 8 20 theme pulse-chase 1573:1583 arg1 studies 1594:1600 metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies 1563:1600 metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies 1563:1600 We also established that both systems accelerate the proteasomal degradation of NHK in metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies. 32958677 6 21 from control 1227:1233 arg1 contrast 1178:1185 contrast 1178:1185 contrast 1178:1185 In contrast, the unconventional system is under the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. 32958677 0 22 theme quality 86:92 arg1 control 94:100 catalysis-independent quality control 64:100 catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin 64:132 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 1 23 theme maturation 189:198 arg1 biosynthesis 210:221 conformational maturation following biosynthesis 174:221 conformational maturation following biosynthesis 174:221 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 4 24 theme N-glycosylated 860:873 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 0 25 theme alpha1-antitrypsin 115:132 arg1 control 94:100 catalysis-independent quality control 64:100 catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin 64:132 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 2 26 theme catalytic 495:503 arg1 removal 505:511 the catalytic removal 491:511 the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units 491:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 2 27 theme endoplasmic 424:434 arg1 ERAD 470:473 ERAD 470:473 ERAD 470:473 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 2 27 theme endoplasmic 424:434 arg1 degradation 457:467 endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation 424:467 endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units 424:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 9 28 theme unrecognized 1664:1675 arg1 capacity 1688:1695 the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity 1649:1695 the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1649:1726 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 4 29 theme occurring 840:848 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 2 30 theme alpha-linked 525:536 arg1 units 546:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 2 31 gly glycoproteins 383:395 arg1 glycoproteins 383:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 0 32 theme human 24:28 arg1 Man1b1 42:47 human mannosidase Man1b1 24:47 human mannosidase Man1b1 24:47 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 4 33 theme Man1b1 1059:1064 arg1 forms 1038:1042 mutated or truncated forms 1017:1042 forms 1038:1042 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 2 34 theme -linked 375:381 arg1 glycoproteins 383:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins 351:395 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 0 35 theme Man1b1 42:47 arg1 tail 16:19 The cytoplasmic tail 0:19 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 0:47 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 4 36 theme Kong 929:932 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 2 37 from degradation 457:467 arg1 response 479:486 response 479:486 response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units 479:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 4 38 theme alpha1-antitrypsin 893:910 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 1 39 theme protein 254:260 arg1 aggregates 262:271 protein aggregates 254:271 protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions 254:322 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 3 40 theme mannosidase 568:578 arg1 alpha-mannosidase 600:616 the first alpha-mannosidase 590:616 the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 590:674 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 3 40 theme mannosidase 568:578 arg1 I/Man1b1 580:587 ER mannosidase I/Man1b1 565:587 ER mannosidase I/Man1b1 565:587 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 3 41 dep unconventional 711:724 arg1 catalysis-independent 727:747 catalysis-independent 727:747 catalysis-independent 727:747 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 4 42 theme truncated 1028:1036 arg1 forms 1038:1042 mutated or truncated forms 1017:1042 forms 1038:1042 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 2 43 theme secretory 332:340 arg1 pathway 342:348 the secretory pathway 328:348 the secretory pathway 328:348 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 1 44 theme cellular 305:312 arg1 functions 314:322 essential cellular functions 295:322 essential cellular functions 295:322 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 4 45 theme Z 945:945 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 1 46 theme following 200:208 arg1 biosynthesis 210:221 conformational maturation following biosynthesis 174:221 conformational maturation following biosynthesis 174:221 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 9 47 theme Man1b1 1782:1787 arg1 dichotomy 1769:1777 the functional dichotomy 1754:1777 the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 1754:1787 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 7 48 attach attached 1310:1317 arg2 N-glycans 1300:1308 N-glycans 1300:1308 N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT 1300:1334 Also, N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT are not required for accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature. 32958677 7 48 attach attached 1310:1317 arg1 AAT 1332:1334 misfolded AAT 1322:1334 misfolded AAT 1322:1334 Also, N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT are not required for accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature. 32958677 9 49 theme cytoplasmic 1711:1721 arg1 tail 1723:1726 the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1700:1726 the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1700:1726 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 3 50 theme conventional 637:648 arg1 process 668:674 this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 632:674 this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 632:674 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 4 51 theme Man1b1 957:962 arg1 cells 981:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 4 52 theme HEK293T 973:979 arg1 cells 981:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 7 53 theme catalysis-independent 1446:1466 arg1 nature 1468:1473 its catalysis-independent nature 1442:1473 its catalysis-independent nature 1442:1473 Also, N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT are not required for accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature. 32958677 5 54 theme active 1133:1138 arg1 site 1140:1143 an intact active site 1123:1143 an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain 1123:1172 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 3 55 theme N-glycan-mediated 650:666 arg1 process 668:674 this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 632:674 this conventional N-glycan-mediated process 632:674 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 8 56 theme NHK 1556:1558 arg1 degradation 1541:1551 the proteasomal degradation 1525:1551 the proteasomal degradation of NHK 1525:1558 We also established that both systems accelerate the proteasomal degradation of NHK in metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies. 32958677 6 57 theme extended 1256:1263 arg1 tail 1288:1291 an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1238:1291 an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1238:1291 In contrast, the unconventional system is under the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. 32958677 5 58 theme conventional 1084:1095 arg1 system 1107:1112 the conventional catalytic system 1080:1112 the conventional catalytic system 1080:1112 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 8 59 theme metabolic 1563:1571 arg1 studies 1594:1600 metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies 1563:1600 metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies 1563:1600 We also established that both systems accelerate the proteasomal degradation of NHK in metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies. 32958677 4 60 theme intracellular 803:815 arg1 fates 817:821 the intracellular fates 799:821 the intracellular fates 799:821 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 0 61 theme catalysis-independent 64:84 arg1 control 94:100 catalysis-independent quality control 64:100 catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin 64:132 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 8 62 theme labeling 1585:1592 arg1 studies 1594:1600 metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies 1563:1600 metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies 1563:1600 We also established that both systems accelerate the proteasomal degradation of NHK in metabolic pulse-chase labeling studies. 32958677 7 63 theme unconventional 1397:1410 arg1 system 1412:1417 the unconventional system 1393:1417 the unconventional system 1393:1417 Also, N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT are not required for accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature. 32958677 1 64 theme conformational 174:187 arg1 biosynthesis 210:221 conformational maturation following biosynthesis 174:221 conformational maturation following biosynthesis 174:221 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 2 65 theme mannose 538:544 arg1 units 546:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 4 66 theme functional 777:786 arg1 dichotomy 788:796 this functional dichotomy 772:796 this functional dichotomy 772:796 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 0 67 theme misfolded 105:113 arg1 alpha1-antitrypsin 115:132 misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin 105:132 misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin 105:132 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 9 68 from component 1794:1802 arg1 network 1834:1840 the mammalian proteostasis network 1807:1840 the mammalian proteostasis network 1807:1840 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 4 69 theme misfolded 850:858 arg1 variants 875:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants 826:882 two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ) 826:951 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 4 70 theme variants 875:882 arg1 fates 817:821 the intracellular fates 799:821 the intracellular fates 799:821 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 2 71 theme reticulum-associated 436:455 arg1 ERAD 470:473 ERAD 470:473 ERAD 470:473 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 2 71 theme reticulum-associated 436:455 arg1 degradation 457:467 endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation 424:467 endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units 424:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 0 72 theme cytoplasmic 4:14 arg1 tail 16:19 The cytoplasmic tail 0:19 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 0:47 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 5 73 theme Man1b1 1152:1157 arg1 domain 1167:1172 the Man1b1 luminal domain 1148:1172 the Man1b1 luminal domain 1148:1172 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 7 74 theme accelerated 1357:1367 arg1 degradation 1369:1379 accelerated degradation 1357:1379 accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature 1357:1473 Also, N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT are not required for accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature. 32958677 9 75 theme mammalian 1811:1819 arg1 network 1834:1840 the mammalian proteostasis network 1807:1840 the mammalian proteostasis network 1807:1840 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 2 76 link alpha-linked 525:536 arg1 units 546:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 5 77 from site 1140:1143 arg1 domain 1167:1172 the Man1b1 luminal domain 1148:1172 the Man1b1 luminal domain 1148:1172 As expected, the conventional catalytic system requires an intact active site in the Man1b1 luminal domain. 32958677 9 78 theme regulatory 1677:1686 arg1 capacity 1688:1695 the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity 1649:1695 the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1649:1726 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 3 79 theme unconventional 711:724 arg1 manner 749:754 an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner 708:754 an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner 708:754 Remarkably, ER mannosidase I/Man1b1, the first alpha-mannosidase implicated in this conventional N-glycan-mediated process, can also contribute to ERAD in an unconventional, catalysis-independent manner. 32958677 0 80 theme mannosidase 30:40 arg1 Man1b1 42:47 human mannosidase Man1b1 24:47 human mannosidase Man1b1 24:47 The cytoplasmic tail of human mannosidase Man1b1 contributes to catalysis-independent quality control of misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin. 32958677 2 81 theme terminal 516:523 arg1 units 546:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 terminal alpha-linked mannose units 516:550 In the secretory pathway, misfolded asparagine (N)-linked glycoproteins are selectively sorted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in response to the catalytic removal of terminal alpha-linked mannose units. 32958677 1 82 theme capable 273:279 arg1 aggregates 262:271 protein aggregates 254:271 protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions 254:322 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32958677 9 83 theme Man1b1 1704:1709 arg1 tail 1723:1726 the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1700:1726 the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1700:1726 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 7 84 theme misfolded 1322:1330 arg1 AAT 1332:1334 misfolded AAT 1322:1334 misfolded AAT 1322:1334 Also, N-glycans attached to misfolded AAT are not required for accelerated degradation mediated by the unconventional system, further demonstrating its catalysis-independent nature. 32958677 4 85 theme transfected 1047:1057 arg1 Man1b1 1059:1064 transfected Man1b1 1047:1064 transfected Man1b1 1047:1064 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 4 86 from fates 817:821 arg1 cells 981:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells 957:985 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 9 87 theme tail 1723:1726 arg1 capacity 1688:1695 the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity 1649:1695 the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail 1649:1726 Taken together, these results have identified the previously unrecognized regulatory capacity of the Man1b1 cytoplasmic tail and provided insight into the functional dichotomy of Man1b1 as a component in the mammalian proteostasis network. 32958677 6 88 theme cytoplasmic 1276:1286 arg1 tail 1288:1291 an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1238:1291 an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail 1238:1291 In contrast, the unconventional system is under the control of an evolutionarily extended N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. 32958677 4 89 theme human 887:891 arg1 AAT 913:915 AAT 913:915 AAT 913:915 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 4 89 theme human 887:891 arg1 alpha1-antitrypsin 893:910 human alpha1-antitrypsin 887:910 human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) 887:916 To interrogate this functional dichotomy, the intracellular fates of two naturally occurring misfolded N-glycosylated variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HEK293T cells were monitored in response to mutated or truncated forms of transfected Man1b1. 32958677 1 90 theme aggregates 262:271 arg1 formation 241:249 the formation 237:249 the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions 237:322 The failure of polypeptides to achieve conformational maturation following biosynthesis can result in the formation of protein aggregates capable of disrupting essential cellular functions. 32901097 6 0 from reticulum 951:959 arg1 translocation 916:928 the EGFR translocation 907:928 the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane 907:982 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 6 1 theme endoplasmic 939:949 arg1 reticulum 951:959 the endoplasmic reticulum 935:959 the endoplasmic reticulum 935:959 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 7 2 theme intra-nuclear 1173:1185 arg1 translocation 1187:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation 1149:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 1149:1208 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 6 3 theme hyperosmolarity 727:741 arg1 effect 743:748 hyperosmolarity effect 727:748 hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development 727:768 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 7 4 theme OSCC 1293:1296 arg1 progression 1304:1314 OSCC tumor progression 1293:1314 OSCC tumor progression 1293:1314 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 4 5 from impact 519:524 arg1 development 536:546 cancer development 529:546 cancer development 529:546 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 1 6 theme several 150:156 arg1 types 158:162 several types 150:162 several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 150:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 6 theme several 150:156 arg1 carcinoma 209:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma 190:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 190:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 7 7 theme responsible 1277:1287 arg1 activation 1231:1240 DPAGT1 activation 1224:1240 DPAGT1 activation 1224:1240 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 6 8 theme functional 831:840 arg1 role 842:845 an important functional role 818:845 an important functional role 818:845 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 2 9 theme important 266:274 arg1 target 286:291 an important molecular target 263:291 an important molecular target in cancer therapy 263:309 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 2 9 theme important 266:274 arg1 signaling 236:244 EGF/EGFR signaling 227:244 EGF/EGFR signaling 227:244 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 6 10 theme first 1066:1070 arg1 step 1082:1085 the first committed step 1062:1085 the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation 1062:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 6 11 theme DPAGT1 1019:1024 arg1 expression 1005:1014 the expression 1001:1014 the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation 1001:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 2 12 theme cancer 296:301 arg1 therapy 303:309 cancer therapy 296:309 cancer therapy 296:309 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 4 13 theme inflammation-derived 468:487 arg1 cytokines 489:497 the inflammation-derived cytokines 464:497 the inflammation-derived cytokines 464:497 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 7 14 theme hyperosmolarity-induced 1149:1171 arg1 translocation 1187:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation 1149:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 1149:1208 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 6 15 theme important 821:829 arg1 role 842:845 an important functional role 818:845 an important functional role 818:845 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 3 16 theme cancer 321:326 arg1 cells 328:332 cancer cells 321:332 cancer cells 321:332 However, cancer cells often become tolerant to EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies. 32901097 6 17 theme EGFR 911:914 arg1 translocation 916:928 the EGFR translocation 907:928 the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane 907:982 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 5 18 theme stress 619:624 arg1 role 603:606 the role 599:606 the role of osmotic stress in cancer development 599:646 In addition, hyperosmolarity is also induced, but the role of osmotic stress in cancer development has not been fully understood. 32901097 5 19 theme osmotic 611:617 arg1 stress 619:624 osmotic stress 611:624 osmotic stress 611:624 In addition, hyperosmolarity is also induced, but the role of osmotic stress in cancer development has not been fully understood. 32901097 6 20 theme N-linked 1090:1097 arg1 glycosylation 1107:1119 N-linked protein glycosylation 1090:1119 N-linked protein glycosylation 1090:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 6 21 theme glycosylation 1107:1119 arg1 step 1082:1085 the first committed step 1062:1085 the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation 1062:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 7 22 dep suggest 1136:1142 arg1 essential 1210:1218 essential 1210:1218 essential 1210:1218 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 7 23 theme EGFR 1246:1249 arg1 translocation 1263:1275 EGFR subcellular translocation 1246:1275 EGFR subcellular translocation 1246:1275 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 6 24 theme molecular 703:711 arg1 insights 713:720 molecular insights 703:720 molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development 703:768 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 6 25 theme protein 1099:1105 arg1 glycosylation 1107:1119 N-linked protein glycosylation 1090:1119 N-linked protein glycosylation 1090:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 3 26 theme EGF/EGFR 359:366 arg1 therapies 387:395 EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies 359:395 EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies 359:395 However, cancer cells often become tolerant to EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies. 32901097 7 27 theme tumor 1298:1302 arg1 progression 1304:1314 OSCC tumor progression 1293:1314 OSCC tumor progression 1293:1314 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 5 28 theme cancer 629:634 arg1 development 636:646 cancer development 629:646 cancer development 629:646 In addition, hyperosmolarity is also induced, but the role of osmotic stress in cancer development has not been fully understood. 32901097 1 29 theme Epidermal 87:95 arg1 EGFR 121:124 EGFR 121:124 EGFR 121:124 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 29 theme Epidermal 87:95 arg1 receptor 111:118 Epidermal growth factor receptor 87:118 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 87:125 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 30 theme cancer 167:172 arg1 cells 174:178 cancer cells 167:178 cancer cells 167:178 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 3 31 theme signaling-targeted 368:385 arg1 therapies 387:395 EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies 359:395 EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies 359:395 However, cancer cells often become tolerant to EGF/EGFR signaling-targeted therapies. 32901097 7 32 dep essential 1210:1218 arg1 translocation 1187:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation 1149:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 1149:1208 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 6 33 theme transcription 791:803 arg1 factor 805:810 NFAT5 transcription factor 785:810 NFAT5 transcription factor 785:810 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 1 34 theme growth 97:102 arg1 EGFR 121:124 EGFR 121:124 EGFR 121:124 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 34 theme growth 97:102 arg1 receptor 111:118 Epidermal growth factor receptor 87:118 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 87:125 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 35 theme cells 174:178 arg1 types 158:162 several types 150:162 several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 150:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 35 theme cells 174:178 arg1 carcinoma 209:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma 190:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 190:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 0 36 theme squamous 20:27 arg1 progression 44:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 NFAT5 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in a hyperosmotic environment. 32901097 6 37 theme NFAT5 785:789 arg1 factor 805:810 NFAT5 transcription factor 785:810 NFAT5 transcription factor 785:810 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 1 38 theme factor 104:109 arg1 EGFR 121:124 EGFR 121:124 EGFR 121:124 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 38 theme factor 104:109 arg1 receptor 111:118 Epidermal growth factor receptor 87:118 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 87:125 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 0 39 theme oral 15:18 arg1 progression 44:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 NFAT5 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in a hyperosmotic environment. 32901097 4 40 theme incites 439:445 arg1 inflammation 447:458 the tumor incites inflammation 429:458 the tumor incites inflammation 429:458 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 2 41 theme molecular 276:284 arg1 target 286:291 an important molecular target 263:291 an important molecular target in cancer therapy 263:309 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 2 41 theme molecular 276:284 arg1 signaling 236:244 EGF/EGFR signaling 227:244 EGF/EGFR signaling 227:244 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 5 42 from role 603:606 arg1 development 636:646 cancer development 629:646 cancer development 629:646 In addition, hyperosmolarity is also induced, but the role of osmotic stress in cancer development has not been fully understood. 32901097 1 43 theme oral 190:193 arg1 OSCC 220:223 OSCC 220:223 OSCC 220:223 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 43 theme oral 190:193 arg1 carcinoma 209:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma 190:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 190:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 0 44 theme carcinoma 34:42 arg1 progression 44:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 NFAT5 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in a hyperosmotic environment. 32901097 7 45 theme subcellular 1251:1261 arg1 translocation 1263:1275 EGFR subcellular translocation 1246:1275 EGFR subcellular translocation 1246:1275 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 4 46 theme tumor 433:437 arg1 inflammation 447:458 the tumor incites inflammation 429:458 the tumor incites inflammation 429:458 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 1 47 theme squamous 195:202 arg1 OSCC 220:223 OSCC 220:223 OSCC 220:223 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 47 theme squamous 195:202 arg1 carcinoma 209:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma 190:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 190:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 0 48 theme cell 29:32 arg1 progression 44:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 oral squamous cell carcinoma progression 15:54 NFAT5 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in a hyperosmotic environment. 32901097 6 49 theme cell 876:879 arg1 proliferation 881:893 the oral cancer cell proliferation 860:893 the oral cancer cell proliferation 860:893 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 7 50 theme DPAGT1 1224:1229 arg1 activation 1231:1240 DPAGT1 activation 1224:1240 DPAGT1 activation 1224:1240 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 6 51 theme committed 1072:1080 arg1 step 1082:1085 the first committed step 1062:1085 the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation 1062:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 1 52 theme cell 204:207 arg1 OSCC 220:223 OSCC 220:223 OSCC 220:223 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 1 52 theme cell 204:207 arg1 carcinoma 209:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma 190:217 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 190:224 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 32901097 4 53 theme cancer 529:534 arg1 development 536:546 cancer development 529:546 cancer development 529:546 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 6 54 theme cancer 869:874 arg1 proliferation 881:893 the oral cancer cell proliferation 860:893 the oral cancer cell proliferation 860:893 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 7 55 theme NFAT5 1204:1208 arg1 translocation 1187:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation 1149:1199 hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 1149:1208 These results suggest that hyperosmolarity-induced intra-nuclear translocation of NFAT5 essential for DPAGT1 activation and EGFR subcellular translocation responsible for OSCC tumor progression. 32901097 4 56 link inflammation-derived 468:487 arg1 cytokines 489:497 the inflammation-derived cytokines 464:497 the inflammation-derived cytokines 464:497 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 6 57 link N-linked 1090:1097 arg1 glycosylation 1107:1119 N-linked protein glycosylation 1090:1119 N-linked protein glycosylation 1090:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 6 58 theme oral 864:867 arg1 proliferation 881:893 the oral cancer cell proliferation 860:893 the oral cancer cell proliferation 860:893 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 4 59 theme tumor 405:409 arg1 microenvironment 411:426 the tumor microenvironment 401:426 the tumor microenvironment 401:426 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 6 60 theme OSCC 753:756 arg1 development 758:768 OSCC development 753:768 OSCC development 753:768 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 0 61 theme hyperosmotic 61:72 arg1 environment 74:84 a hyperosmotic environment 59:84 a hyperosmotic environment 59:84 NFAT5 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in a hyperosmotic environment. 32901097 2 62 theme EGF/EGFR 227:234 arg1 target 286:291 an important molecular target 263:291 an important molecular target in cancer therapy 263:309 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 2 62 theme EGF/EGFR 227:234 arg1 signaling 236:244 EGF/EGFR signaling 227:244 EGF/EGFR signaling 227:244 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 6 63 from effect 743:748 arg1 development 758:768 OSCC development 753:768 OSCC development 753:768 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 4 64 theme considerable 506:517 arg1 impact 519:524 a considerable impact 504:524 a considerable impact on cancer development 504:546 In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor incites inflammation and the inflammation-derived cytokines make a considerable impact on cancer development. 32901097 6 65 theme essential 1030:1038 arg1 enzyme 1040:1045 an essential enzyme 1027:1045 an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation 1027:1119 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 6 65 theme essential 1030:1038 arg1 DPAGT1 1019:1024 DPAGT1 1019:1024 DPAGT1 1019:1024 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32901097 2 66 from target 286:291 arg1 therapy 303:309 cancer therapy 296:309 cancer therapy 296:309 EGF/EGFR signaling is recognized as an important molecular target in cancer therapy. 32901097 6 67 theme plasma 968:973 arg1 membrane 975:982 the plasma membrane 964:982 the plasma membrane 964:982 This study demonstrates molecular insights into hyperosmolarity effect on OSCC development and shows that NFAT5 transcription factor plays an important functional role in enhancing the oral cancer cell proliferation by inducing the EGFR translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through increase the expression of DPAGT1, an essential enzyme for catalyzing the first committed step of N-linked protein glycosylation. 32443590 1 0 theme shock-like 366:375 arg1 syndrome 377:384 Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 346:384 Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 346:384 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 6 1 theme glycoprotein 1298:1309 arg1 B 1317:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 5 2 theme mutant 1232:1237 arg1 deficiency 1202:1211 the growth deficiency 1191:1211 the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant 1191:1237 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 3 3 theme insertion 718:726 arg1 region 728:733 a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region 685:733 a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains 685:829 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 5 4 theme swine 1242:1246 arg1 serum 1248:1252 swine serum 1242:1252 swine serum 1242:1252 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 4 5 theme complete 859:866 arg1 system 890:895 a complete N-glycans degradation system 857:895 a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region 857:932 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 1 6 theme virulent 189:196 arg1 strain 198:203 the epidemic virulent strain 176:203 the epidemic virulent strain 176:203 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 4 7 theme degradation 878:888 arg1 system 890:895 a complete N-glycans degradation system 857:895 a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region 857:932 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 4 8 from growth 1052:1057 arg1 serum 1074:1078 host serum 1069:1078 host serum 1069:1078 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 8 9 theme systemic 1953:1960 arg1 infection 1962:1970 systemic infection 1953:1970 systemic infection 1953:1970 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 8 10 theme optimal 1906:1912 arg1 colonization 1914:1925 optimal colonization 1906:1925 optimal colonization 1906:1925 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 0 11 theme Full 128:131 arg1 Virulence 133:141 Full Virulence 128:141 Full Virulence 128:141 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 1 12 theme syndrome 377:384 arg1 pneumonia 297:305 pneumonia 297:305 pneumonia 297:305 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 1 12 theme syndrome 377:384 arg1 storm 337:341 even cytokine storm 323:341 even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 323:384 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 1 12 theme syndrome 377:384 arg1 meningitis 308:317 meningitis 308:317 meningitis 308:317 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 8 13 theme EndoSS-related 1747:1760 arg1 system 1784:1789 EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system 1747:1789 EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system 1747:1789 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 1 14 theme suis 222:225 arg1 serotype 227:234 Streptococcus suis serotype 2 208:236 Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) 208:242 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 1 14 theme suis 222:225 arg1 SS2 239:241 SS2 239:241 SS2 239:241 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 2 15 theme precise 533:539 arg1 mechanism 541:549 the precise mechanism 529:549 the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream 529:618 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 6 16 link N-linked 1337:1344 arg1 glycoforms 1346:1355 high-mannose N-linked glycoforms 1324:1355 high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form 1324:1388 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 8 17 theme degradation 1772:1782 arg1 system 1784:1789 EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system 1747:1789 EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system 1747:1789 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 7 18 theme high-mannose 1619:1630 arg1 arms 1632:1635 the high-mannose arms 1615:1635 the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS 1615:1683 However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. 32443590 8 19 from availability 1838:1849 arg1 glycoforms 1874:1883 glycoforms 1874:1883 glycoforms 1874:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 3 20 theme proliferative 768:780 arg1 ability 782:788 significantly higher proliferative ability 747:788 significantly higher proliferative ability 747:788 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 6 21 theme high-mannose 1324:1335 arg1 glycoforms 1346:1355 high-mannose N-linked glycoforms 1324:1355 high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form 1324:1388 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 3 22 theme low-virulent 810:821 arg1 strains 823:829 low-virulent strains 810:829 low-virulent strains 810:829 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 6 23 theme B 1317:1317 arg1 part 1280:1283 a part 1278:1283 a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B 1278:1317 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 4 24 from serum 1074:1078 arg1 growth 1052:1057 optimal growth 1044:1057 optimal growth of SS2 in host serum 1044:1078 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 6 25 theme solo 1399:1402 arg1 activity 1404:1411 the solo activity 1395:1411 the solo activity of GH92 1395:1419 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 2 26 theme response 489:496 arg1 contribution 424:435 the contribution 420:435 the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection 420:526 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 0 27 theme Degradation 84:94 arg1 System 96:101 N-glycans Degradation System 74:101 N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection 74:158 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 1 28 theme cytokine 328:335 arg1 storm 337:341 even cytokine storm 323:341 even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 323:384 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 8 29 theme host 1818:1821 arg1 availability 1838:1849 host serum-specific availability 1818:1849 host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms 1818:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 1 30 with Infection 161:169 arg1 strain 198:203 the epidemic virulent strain 176:203 the epidemic virulent strain 176:203 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 2 31 theme systemic 509:516 arg1 infection 518:526 the SS2 systemic infection 501:526 the SS2 systemic infection 501:526 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 6 32 theme molecular 1368:1376 arg1 weight 1378:1383 a low molecular weight 1362:1383 a low molecular weight form 1362:1388 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 1 33 theme toxic 360:364 arg1 syndrome 377:384 Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 346:384 Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 346:384 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 8 34 theme carbon 1854:1859 arg1 sources 1861:1867 carbon sources 1854:1867 carbon sources from glycoforms 1854:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 0 35 theme Streptococcus 0:12 arg1 suis 14:17 Streptococcus suis 0:17 Streptococcus suis 0:17 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 5 36 theme growth 1195:1200 arg1 deficiency 1202:1211 the growth deficiency 1191:1211 the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant 1191:1237 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 2 37 theme bacterial 440:448 arg1 adhesion 450:457 bacterial adhesion 440:457 bacterial adhesion 440:457 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 4 38 theme only 1015:1018 arg1 DndoSS 1020:1025 only DndoSS 1015:1025 only DndoSS 1015:1025 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 8 39 from glycoforms 1874:1883 arg1 availability 1838:1849 host serum-specific availability 1818:1849 host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms 1818:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 8 39 from glycoforms 1874:1883 arg1 sources 1861:1867 carbon sources 1854:1867 carbon sources from glycoforms 1854:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 4 40 theme Further 832:838 arg1 study 840:844 Further study 832:844 Further study 832:844 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 3 41 dep kb 700:701 arg1 20 697:698 20 697:698 20 697:698 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 0 42 theme Host 52:55 arg1 Glycoproteins 57:69 Host Glycoproteins 52:69 Host Glycoproteins 52:69 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 7 43 theme complete 1507:1514 arg1 hydrolyzation 1516:1528 complete hydrolyzation 1507:1528 complete hydrolyzation 1507:1528 However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. 32443590 3 44 theme virulent 663:670 arg1 strains 672:678 the SS2 virulent strains 655:678 the SS2 virulent strains 655:678 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 4 45 theme SS2 1062:1064 arg1 growth 1052:1057 optimal growth 1044:1057 optimal growth of SS2 in host serum 1044:1078 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 6 46 theme RNase 1311:1315 arg1 B 1317:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 6 47 theme blank 1467:1471 arg1 control 1473:1479 the blank control 1463:1479 the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel 1463:1495 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 5 48 theme deletion 1223:1230 arg1 mutant 1232:1237 endoSS deletion mutant 1216:1237 endoSS deletion mutant 1216:1237 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 2 49 theme host 603:606 arg1 bloodstream 608:618 the host bloodstream 599:618 the host bloodstream 599:618 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 4 50 theme host 1069:1072 arg1 serum 1074:1078 host serum 1069:1078 host serum 1069:1078 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 6 51 theme model 1292:1296 arg1 B 1317:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 1 52 theme epidemic 180:187 arg1 strain 198:203 the epidemic virulent strain 176:203 the epidemic virulent strain 176:203 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 3 53 theme endoSS-related 703:716 arg1 region 728:733 a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region 685:733 a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains 685:829 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 7 54 theme N-glycans 1640:1648 arg1 arms 1632:1635 the high-mannose arms 1615:1635 the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS 1615:1683 However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. 32443590 4 55 theme N-glycans 868:876 arg1 system 890:895 a complete N-glycans degradation system 857:895 a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region 857:932 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 3 56 theme higher 761:766 arg1 ability 782:788 significantly higher proliferative ability 747:788 significantly higher proliferative ability 747:788 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 6 57 theme low 1364:1366 arg1 weight 1378:1383 a low molecular weight 1362:1383 a low molecular weight form 1362:1388 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 8 58 theme compelling 1721:1730 arg1 evidences 1732:1740 compelling evidences 1721:1740 compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection 1721:1970 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 1 59 theme Streptococcus 208:220 arg1 serotype 227:234 Streptococcus suis serotype 2 208:236 Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) 208:242 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 1 59 theme Streptococcus 208:220 arg1 SS2 239:241 SS2 239:241 SS2 239:241 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 5 60 gly glycoprotein 1134:1145 arg1 glycoprotein 1134:1145 hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein 1099:1145 hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein 1099:1145 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 1 61 theme serotype 227:234 arg1 Infection 161:169 Infection 161:169 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) 161:242 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 3 62 theme swine 793:797 arg1 serum 799:803 swine serum 793:803 swine serum 793:803 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 6 63 theme N-linked 1337:1344 arg1 glycoforms 1346:1355 high-mannose N-linked glycoforms 1324:1355 high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form 1324:1388 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 8 64 theme N-glycans 1762:1770 arg1 system 1784:1789 EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system 1747:1789 EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system 1747:1789 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 4 65 theme insertion 917:925 arg1 region 927:932 this insertion region 912:932 this insertion region 912:932 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 2 66 theme bacterial 562:570 arg1 survival 572:579 bacterial survival 562:579 bacterial survival 562:579 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 0 67 theme N-glycans 74:82 arg1 System 96:101 N-glycans Degradation System 74:101 N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection 74:158 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 6 68 gly glycoprotein 1298:1309 arg1 glycoprotein 1298:1309 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 the model glycoprotein RNase B 1288:1317 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 7 69 theme GH92 1581:1584 arg1 co-incubation 1553:1565 the co-incubation 1549:1565 the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92 1549:1584 However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. 32443590 4 70 theme bacterial 985:993 arg1 virulence 995:1003 bacterial virulence 985:1003 bacterial virulence 985:1003 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 1 71 theme even 323:326 arg1 storm 337:341 even cytokine storm 323:341 even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 323:384 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 4 72 from SS2 1062:1064 arg1 serum 1074:1078 host serum 1069:1078 host serum 1069:1078 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 7 73 theme EndoSS 1570:1575 arg1 co-incubation 1553:1565 the co-incubation 1549:1565 the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92 1549:1584 However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. 32443590 2 74 theme stress 482:487 arg1 response 489:496 stress response 482:496 stress response 482:496 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 0 75 theme Optimal 107:113 arg1 Survival 115:122 Optimal Survival 107:122 Optimal Survival 107:122 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 0 76 from Glycoproteins 57:69 arg1 Source 40:45 Carbohydrate Source 27:45 Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins 27:69 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 6 77 theme weight 1378:1383 arg1 form 1385:1388 a low molecular weight form 1362:1388 a low molecular weight form 1362:1388 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 1 78 theme Streptococcal 346:358 arg1 syndrome 377:384 Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 346:384 Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome 346:384 Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. 32443590 8 79 theme serum-specific 1823:1836 arg1 availability 1838:1849 host serum-specific availability 1818:1849 host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms 1818:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 2 80 theme SS2 505:507 arg1 infection 518:526 the SS2 systemic infection 501:526 the SS2 systemic infection 501:526 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 5 81 theme glycoprotein 1134:1145 arg1 supplement 1085:1094 The supplement 1081:1094 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS 1081:1164 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 5 82 theme hydrolyzed 1099:1108 arg1 glycoprotein 1134:1145 hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein 1099:1145 hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein 1099:1145 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 2 83 theme adhesion 450:457 arg1 contribution 424:435 the contribution 420:435 the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection 420:526 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 0 84 theme Carbohydrate 27:38 arg1 Source 40:45 Carbohydrate Source 27:45 Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins 27:69 Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. 32443590 8 85 theme sources 1861:1867 arg1 availability 1838:1849 host serum-specific availability 1818:1849 host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms 1818:1883 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 4 86 theme optimal 1044:1050 arg1 growth 1052:1057 optimal growth 1044:1057 optimal growth of SS2 in host serum 1044:1078 Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. 32443590 5 87 theme endoSS 1216:1221 arg1 mutant 1232:1237 endoSS deletion mutant 1216:1237 endoSS deletion mutant 1216:1237 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 8 88 theme full 1931:1934 arg1 virulence 1936:1944 full virulence 1931:1944 full virulence 1931:1944 In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection. 32443590 2 89 theme toxicity 469:476 arg1 contribution 424:435 the contribution 420:435 the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection 420:526 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 6 90 theme GH92 1416:1419 arg1 activity 1404:1411 the solo activity 1395:1411 the solo activity of GH92 1395:1419 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 5 91 theme high-mannose-containing 1110:1132 arg1 glycoprotein 1134:1145 hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein 1099:1145 hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein 1099:1145 The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. 32443590 2 92 theme biofilm 460:466 arg1 contribution 424:435 the contribution 420:435 the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection 420:526 Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. 32443590 3 93 dep region 728:733 arg1 kb 700:701 kb 700:701 kb 700:701 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 3 94 theme SS2 659:661 arg1 strains 672:678 the SS2 virulent strains 655:678 the SS2 virulent strains 655:678 Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. 32443590 6 95 theme SDS-PAGE 1484:1491 arg1 gel 1493:1495 SDS-PAGE gel 1484:1495 SDS-PAGE gel 1484:1495 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32443590 6 96 from control 1473:1479 arg1 gel 1493:1495 SDS-PAGE gel 1484:1495 SDS-PAGE gel 1484:1495 EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. 32996013 9 0 theme high 1800:1803 arg1 diets 1818:1822 high carbohydrate diets 1800:1822 high carbohydrate diets 1800:1822 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 9 1 theme possible 1689:1696 arg1 targets 1711:1717 possible intervention targets 1689:1717 possible intervention targets 1689:1717 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 7 2 theme atrial 1114:1119 arg1 ANP 1142:1144 ANP 1142:1144 ANP 1142:1144 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 2 theme atrial 1114:1119 arg1 peptide 1133:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide 1114:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 1114:1145 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 2 theme atrial 1114:1119 arg1 genes 1107:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 5 3 theme primary 733:739 arg1 cardiomyocytes 741:754 cultured primary cardiomyocytes 724:754 cultured primary cardiomyocytes 724:754 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 8 4 theme downstream 1477:1486 arg1 C-fos 1496:1500 C-fos 1496:1500 C-fos 1496:1500 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 4 theme downstream 1477:1486 arg1 targets 1488:1494 CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun 1472:1510 CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun 1472:1510 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 4 theme downstream 1477:1486 arg1 C-jun 1506:1510 C-jun 1506:1510 C-jun 1506:1510 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 3 5 theme proteins 349:356 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 3 5 theme proteins 349:356 arg1 glycosylation 332:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation 288:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues 288:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 9 6 theme intervention 1698:1709 arg1 targets 1711:1717 possible intervention targets 1689:1717 possible intervention targets 1689:1717 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 9 7 from O-GlcNAcylation 1565:1579 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1584:1597 cardiomyocytes 1584:1597 cardiomyocytes 1584:1597 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 8 8 theme phosphorylation 1403:1417 arg1 level 1419:1423 the phosphorylation level 1399:1423 the phosphorylation level of CREB 1399:1431 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 4 9 theme proteins 627:634 arg1 glycosylation 610:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 558:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes 558:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 9 10 theme increased 1555:1563 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1565:1579 the increased O-GlcNAcylation 1551:1579 the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes 1551:1597 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 6 11 theme HE 1047:1048 arg1 staining 1050:1057 HE staining 1047:1057 HE staining 1047:1057 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 5 12 theme cellular 848:855 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 857:871 cellular O-GlcNAcylation 848:871 cellular O-GlcNAcylation 848:871 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 13 theme cultured 724:731 arg1 cardiomyocytes 741:754 cultured primary cardiomyocytes 724:754 cultured primary cardiomyocytes 724:754 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 9 14 theme myocardial 1764:1773 arg1 hypertrophy 1775:1785 myocardial hypertrophy 1764:1785 myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets 1764:1822 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 7 15 theme natriuretic 1121:1131 arg1 ANP 1142:1144 ANP 1142:1144 ANP 1142:1144 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 15 theme natriuretic 1121:1131 arg1 peptide 1133:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide 1114:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 1114:1145 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 15 theme natriuretic 1121:1131 arg1 genes 1107:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 5 16 theme O-GlcNAcase 819:829 arg1 PUGNAc 793:798 PUGNAc 793:798 PUGNAc 793:798 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 16 theme O-GlcNAcase 819:829 arg1 inhibitors 805:814 two inhibitors 801:814 two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase 801:829 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 6 17 theme cardiomyocyte 960:972 arg1 morphology 974:983 cardiomyocyte morphology 960:983 cardiomyocyte morphology 960:983 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 1 18 theme common 86:91 arg1 precursor 93:101 a common precursor 84:101 a common precursor of many diseases 84:118 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 1 18 theme common 86:91 arg1 hypertrophy 69:79 Myocardial hypertrophy 58:79 Myocardial hypertrophy 58:79 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 8 19 from activity 1291:1298 arg1 detecting 1389:1397 detecting 1389:1397 detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR 1389:1521 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 19 from activity 1291:1298 arg1 cells 1368:1372 cultured primary cells 1351:1372 cultured primary cells 1351:1372 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 19 from activity 1291:1298 arg1 vivo 1381:1384 vivo 1381:1384 vivo 1381:1384 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 4 20 link O-linked 568:575 arg1 glycosylation 610:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 558:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes 558:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 8 21 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1259:1273 arg1 increase 1247:1254 the increase 1243:1254 the increase of O-GlcNAcylation 1243:1273 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 4 22 from glycosylation 610:622 arg1 cardiomyocytes 639:652 cardiomyocytes 639:652 cardiomyocytes 639:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 1 23 theme cardiac 171:177 arg1 contractility 179:191 cardiac contractility 171:191 cardiac contractility 171:191 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 8 24 theme primary 1360:1366 arg1 cells 1368:1372 cultured primary cells 1351:1372 cultured primary cells 1351:1372 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 4 25 theme protein 516:522 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 524:538 protein O-GlcNAcylation 516:538 protein O-GlcNAcylation 516:538 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 7 26 theme β-myosin 1151:1158 arg1 chain 1166:1170 β-myosin heavy chain 1151:1170 β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) 1151:1178 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 26 theme β-myosin 1151:1158 arg1 β-MHC 1173:1177 β-MHC 1173:1177 β-MHC 1173:1177 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 26 theme β-myosin 1151:1158 arg1 genes 1107:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 9 27 theme cardiac 1618:1624 arg1 hypertrophy 1626:1636 cardiac hypertrophy 1618:1636 cardiac hypertrophy 1618:1636 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 8 28 theme CREB 1472:1475 arg1 C-fos 1496:1500 C-fos 1496:1500 C-fos 1496:1500 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 28 theme CREB 1472:1475 arg1 targets 1488:1494 CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun 1472:1510 CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun 1472:1510 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 28 theme CREB 1472:1475 arg1 C-jun 1506:1510 C-jun 1506:1510 C-jun 1506:1510 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 29 theme response 1308:1315 arg1 protein 1333:1339 cAMP response element-binding protein 1303:1339 cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) 1303:1346 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 29 theme response 1308:1315 arg1 CREB 1342:1345 CREB 1342:1345 CREB 1342:1345 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 0 30 theme Increased 0:8 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 10:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 0:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 0:24 Increased O-GlcNAcylation induces myocardial hypertrophy. 32996013 7 31 theme heavy 1160:1164 arg1 chain 1166:1170 β-myosin heavy chain 1151:1170 β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) 1151:1178 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 31 theme heavy 1160:1164 arg1 β-MHC 1173:1177 β-MHC 1173:1177 β-MHC 1173:1177 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 31 theme heavy 1160:1164 arg1 genes 1107:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 1 32 theme many 106:109 arg1 diseases 111:118 many diseases 106:118 many diseases 106:118 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 5 33 with cardiomyocytes 741:754 arg1 PUGNAc 793:798 PUGNAc 793:798 PUGNAc 793:798 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 33 with cardiomyocytes 741:754 arg1 streptozotocin 769:782 streptozotocin 769:782 streptozotocin (STZ) 769:788 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 33 with cardiomyocytes 741:754 arg1 STZ 785:787 STZ 785:787 STZ 785:787 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 33 with cardiomyocytes 741:754 arg1 OGA 832:834 OGA 832:834 OGA 832:834 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 33 with cardiomyocytes 741:754 arg1 inhibitors 805:814 two inhibitors 801:814 two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase 801:829 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 0 34 theme myocardial 34:43 arg1 hypertrophy 45:55 myocardial hypertrophy 34:55 myocardial hypertrophy 34:55 Increased O-GlcNAcylation induces myocardial hypertrophy. 32996013 2 35 theme cardiac 250:256 arg1 hypertrophy 258:268 cardiac hypertrophy 250:268 cardiac hypertrophy 250:268 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 1 36 theme diseases 111:118 arg1 precursor 93:101 a common precursor 84:101 a common precursor of many diseases 84:118 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 1 36 theme diseases 111:118 arg1 hypertrophy 69:79 Myocardial hypertrophy 58:79 Myocardial hypertrophy 58:79 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 7 37 theme genes 1107:1111 arg1 levels 1069:1074 The mRNA levels 1060:1074 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), 1060:1179 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 8 38 theme Western 1436:1442 arg1 blot 1444:1447 Western blot 1436:1447 Western blot 1436:1447 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 3 39 theme dynamic 290:296 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 3 39 theme dynamic 290:296 arg1 glycosylation 332:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation 288:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues 288:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 6 40 dep mice 1015:1018 arg1 wall 1037:1040 left ventricular wall 1020:1040 mice left ventricular wall 1015:1040 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 8 41 theme CREB 1428:1431 arg1 level 1419:1423 the phosphorylation level 1399:1423 the phosphorylation level of CREB 1399:1431 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 42 dep targets 1488:1494 arg1 C-fos 1496:1500 C-fos 1496:1500 C-fos 1496:1500 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 42 dep targets 1488:1494 arg1 targets 1488:1494 CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun 1472:1510 CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun 1472:1510 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 42 dep targets 1488:1494 arg1 C-jun 1506:1510 C-jun 1506:1510 C-jun 1506:1510 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 43 theme element-binding 1317:1331 arg1 protein 1333:1339 cAMP response element-binding protein 1303:1339 cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) 1303:1346 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 43 theme element-binding 1317:1331 arg1 CREB 1342:1345 CREB 1342:1345 CREB 1342:1345 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 7 44 theme drug 1198:1201 arg1 groups 1213:1218 drug treatment groups 1198:1218 drug treatment groups 1198:1218 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 9 45 theme clinical 1742:1749 arg1 treatment 1751:1759 the clinical treatment 1738:1759 the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets 1738:1822 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 6 46 theme hypertrophy-like 922:937 arg1 changes 939:945 hypertrophy-like changes 922:945 hypertrophy-like changes 922:945 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 9 47 theme cultured 1646:1653 arg1 cells 1655:1659 cultured cells 1646:1659 cultured cells 1646:1659 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 8 48 theme cAMP 1303:1306 arg1 protein 1333:1339 cAMP response element-binding protein 1303:1339 cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) 1303:1346 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 48 theme cAMP 1303:1306 arg1 CREB 1342:1345 CREB 1342:1345 CREB 1342:1345 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 7 49 theme treatment 1203:1211 arg1 groups 1213:1218 drug treatment groups 1198:1218 drug treatment groups 1198:1218 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 4 50 theme O-linked 568:575 arg1 glycosylation 610:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 558:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes 558:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 9 51 theme hypertrophy 1775:1785 arg1 treatment 1751:1759 the clinical treatment 1738:1759 the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets 1738:1822 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 2 52 theme risk 233:236 arg1 diets 205:209 High-sugar diets 194:209 High-sugar diets 194:209 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 2 52 theme risk 233:236 arg1 factors 238:244 high risk factors 228:244 high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy 228:268 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 2 52 theme risk 233:236 arg1 diabetes 215:222 diabetes 215:222 diabetes 215:222 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 7 53 theme hypertrophy-related 1087:1105 arg1 chain 1166:1170 β-myosin heavy chain 1151:1170 β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) 1151:1178 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 53 theme hypertrophy-related 1087:1105 arg1 peptide 1133:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide 1114:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 1114:1145 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 53 theme hypertrophy-related 1087:1105 arg1 genes 1107:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 3 54 theme nutrient 421:428 arg1 sensor 430:435 a nutrient sensor 419:435 a nutrient sensor 419:435 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 3 54 theme nutrient 421:428 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 4 55 theme excessive 558:566 arg1 glycosylation 610:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 558:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes 558:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 3 56 theme post-translational 313:330 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 3 56 theme post-translational 313:330 arg1 glycosylation 332:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation 288:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues 288:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 4 57 theme O-GlcNAc 600:607 arg1 glycosylation 610:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 558:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes 558:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 2 58 theme high 228:231 arg1 diets 205:209 High-sugar diets 194:209 High-sugar diets 194:209 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 2 58 theme high 228:231 arg1 factors 238:244 high risk factors 228:244 high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy 228:268 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 2 58 theme high 228:231 arg1 diabetes 215:222 diabetes 215:222 diabetes 215:222 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 4 59 theme O-GlcNAcylation 524:538 arg1 enhancement 501:511 an enhancement 498:511 an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation 498:538 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 9 60 theme carbohydrate 1805:1816 arg1 diets 1818:1822 high carbohydrate diets 1800:1822 high carbohydrate diets 1800:1822 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 6 61 theme mice 1015:1018 arg1 thickness 1002:1010 the thickness 998:1010 the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining 998:1057 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 6 62 theme increased 888:896 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 898:912 increased O-GlcNAcylation 888:912 increased O-GlcNAcylation 888:912 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 4 63 gly glycosylation 610:622 arg1 cardiomyocytes 639:652 cardiomyocytes 639:652 cardiomyocytes 639:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 4 63 gly glycosylation 610:622 arg1 proteins 627:634 proteins 627:634 proteins 627:634 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 4 64 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 577:597 arg1 glycosylation 610:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation 558:622 excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes 558:652 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 6 65 theme ventricular 1025:1035 arg1 wall 1037:1040 left ventricular wall 1020:1040 mice left ventricular wall 1015:1040 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 7 66 theme cardiac 1079:1085 arg1 chain 1166:1170 β-myosin heavy chain 1151:1170 β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) 1151:1178 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 66 theme cardiac 1079:1085 arg1 peptide 1133:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide 1114:1139 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 1114:1145 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 7 66 theme cardiac 1079:1085 arg1 genes 1107:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 cardiac hypertrophy-related genes 1079:1111 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 6 67 with thickness 1002:1010 arg1 staining 1050:1057 HE staining 1047:1057 HE staining 1047:1057 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 3 68 theme ubiquitous 302:311 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation 271:285 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 3 68 theme ubiquitous 302:311 arg1 glycosylation 332:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation 288:344 a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues 288:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 8 69 theme targets 1488:1494 arg1 levels 1462:1467 the mRNA levels 1453:1467 the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR 1453:1521 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 69 theme targets 1488:1494 arg1 blot 1444:1447 Western blot 1436:1447 Western blot 1436:1447 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 8 70 theme mRNA 1457:1460 arg1 levels 1462:1467 the mRNA levels 1453:1467 the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR 1453:1521 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 7 71 theme mRNA 1064:1067 arg1 levels 1069:1074 The mRNA levels 1060:1074 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), 1060:1179 The mRNA levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), are increased in drug treatment groups. 32996013 8 72 theme cultured 1351:1358 arg1 cells 1368:1372 cultured primary cells 1351:1372 cultured primary cells 1351:1372 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 4 73 theme cardiac 661:667 arg1 hypertrophy 669:679 cardiac hypertrophy 661:679 cardiac hypertrophy 661:679 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia lead to an enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation; however, whether excessive O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation of proteins in cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. 32996013 3 74 gly glycosylation 332:344 arg1 proteins 349:356 proteins 349:356 proteins 349:356 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 3 74 gly glycosylation 332:344 arg1 residues 378:385 serine/threonine residues 361:385 serine/threonine residues 361:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 2 75 theme High-sugar 194:203 arg1 diets 205:209 High-sugar diets 194:209 High-sugar diets 194:209 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 2 75 theme High-sugar 194:203 arg1 factors 238:244 high risk factors 228:244 high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy 228:268 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 2 75 theme High-sugar 194:203 arg1 diabetes 215:222 diabetes 215:222 diabetes 215:222 High-sugar diets and diabetes are high risk factors for cardiac hypertrophy. 32996013 1 76 theme Myocardial 58:67 arg1 precursor 93:101 a common precursor 84:101 a common precursor of many diseases 84:118 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 1 76 theme Myocardial 58:67 arg1 hypertrophy 69:79 Myocardial hypertrophy 58:79 Myocardial hypertrophy 58:79 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 8 77 theme protein 1333:1339 arg1 activity 1291:1298 the activity 1287:1298 the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR 1287:1521 We further found that the increase of O-GlcNAcylation upregulated the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cultured primary cells and in vivo by detecting the phosphorylation level of CREB by Western blot and the mRNA levels of CREB downstream targets C-fos and C-jun by RT-qPCR. 32996013 9 78 dep both 1638:1641 arg1 cells 1655:1659 cultured cells 1646:1659 cultured cells 1646:1659 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 5 79 with mice 759:762 arg1 PUGNAc 793:798 PUGNAc 793:798 PUGNAc 793:798 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 79 with mice 759:762 arg1 streptozotocin 769:782 streptozotocin 769:782 streptozotocin (STZ) 769:788 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 79 with mice 759:762 arg1 STZ 785:787 STZ 785:787 STZ 785:787 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 79 with mice 759:762 arg1 OGA 832:834 OGA 832:834 OGA 832:834 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 5 79 with mice 759:762 arg1 inhibitors 805:814 two inhibitors 801:814 two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase 801:829 In this study, we treated cultured primary cardiomyocytes or mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or PUGNAc, two inhibitors of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to elevate cellular O-GlcNAcylation. 32996013 3 80 theme serine/threonine 361:376 arg1 residues 378:385 serine/threonine residues 361:385 serine/threonine residues 361:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32996013 9 81 dep hypertrophy 1626:1636 arg1 both 1638:1641 both 1638:1641 both 1638:1641 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 9 81 dep hypertrophy 1626:1636 arg1 vivo 1668:1671 vivo 1668:1671 vivo 1668:1671 These results suggest that the increased O-GlcNAcylation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac hypertrophy both in cultured cells and in vivo, which provides possible intervention targets and approaches for the clinical treatment of myocardial hypertrophy triggered by high carbohydrate diets. 32996013 1 82 theme myocardial 140:149 arg1 ischemia 151:158 myocardial ischemia 140:158 myocardial ischemia 140:158 Myocardial hypertrophy is a common precursor of many diseases, and it can lead to myocardial ischemia and weaken cardiac contractility. 32996013 6 83 theme left 1020:1023 arg1 wall 1037:1040 left ventricular wall 1020:1040 mice left ventricular wall 1015:1040 We found that increased O-GlcNAcylation induced hypertrophy-like changes by detecting cardiomyocyte morphology or measuring the thickness of mice left ventricular wall with HE staining. 32996013 3 84 from glycosylation 332:344 arg1 residues 378:385 serine/threonine residues 361:385 serine/threonine residues 361:385 O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational glycosylation of proteins on serine/threonine residues, has been usually considered as a nutrient sensor. 32892442 6 0 theme reticulum 999:1007 arg1 stress 1014:1019 O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 963:1019 O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 963:1019 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 1 1 theme various 172:178 arg1 modulation 201:210 modulation 201:210 modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins 201:273 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 1 1 theme various 172:178 arg1 functions 180:188 various functions 172:188 various functions 172:188 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 10 2 theme multiple 1703:1710 arg1 blockade 1777:1784 blockade 1777:1784 blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion 1777:1817 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 10 2 theme multiple 1703:1710 arg1 levels 1712:1717 multiple levels 1703:1717 multiple levels 1703:1717 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 10 2 theme multiple 1703:1710 arg1 ER-stress 1741:1749 triggering ER-stress 1730:1749 triggering ER-stress 1730:1749 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 10 2 theme multiple 1703:1710 arg1 inhibition 1761:1770 Akt/mTOR inhibition 1752:1770 Akt/mTOR inhibition 1752:1770 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 1 3 theme modified 257:264 arg1 proteins 266:273 the modified proteins 253:273 the modified proteins 253:273 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 7 4 from cells 1223:1227 arg1 levels 1160:1165 the levels 1156:1165 the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells 1156:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 4 from cells 1223:1227 arg1 numbers 1126:1132 the numbers 1122:1132 the numbers of autophagosomes 1122:1150 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 6 5 theme endoplasmic 987:997 arg1 ER 1010:1011 ER 1010:1011 ER 1010:1011 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 6 5 theme endoplasmic 987:997 arg1 reticulum 999:1007 endoplasmic reticulum 987:1007 O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 963:1019 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 10 6 theme decreased 1606:1614 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1616:1630 decreased O-GlcNAcylation 1606:1630 decreased O-GlcNAcylation 1606:1630 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 3 7 theme hepatitis 555:563 arg1 virus 567:571 hepatitis B virus 555:571 hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) 555:589 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 8 8 theme proteins 1443:1450 arg1 degradation 1412:1422 autophagic degradation 1401:1422 autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins 1401:1450 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 6 9 theme O-GlcNAcylation-induced 963:985 arg1 stress 1014:1019 O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 963:1019 O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 963:1019 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 6 10 theme blotting 919:926 arg1 analysis 928:935 Western blotting analysis 911:935 Western blotting analysis 911:935 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 10 11 theme autophagosome-lysosome 1789:1810 arg1 fusion 1812:1817 autophagosome-lysosome fusion 1789:1817 autophagosome-lysosome fusion 1789:1817 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 9 12 theme Akt 1577:1579 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1558:1572 the O-GlcNAcylation 1554:1572 the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR 1554:1588 Moreover, OSMI-1 further promoted HBV replication by inducing autophagosome formation via inhibiting the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR. 32892442 5 13 theme silencing 781:789 arg1 OGT 791:793 silencing OGT 781:793 silencing OGT 781:793 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 10 14 theme fusion 1812:1817 arg1 blockade 1777:1784 blockade 1777:1784 blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion 1777:1817 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 10 14 theme fusion 1812:1817 arg1 ER-stress 1741:1749 triggering ER-stress 1730:1749 triggering ER-stress 1730:1749 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 10 14 theme fusion 1812:1817 arg1 inhibition 1761:1770 Akt/mTOR inhibition 1752:1770 Akt/mTOR inhibition 1752:1770 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 5 15 with Inhibition 712:721 arg1 OGT 791:793 silencing OGT 781:793 silencing OGT 781:793 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 5 15 with Inhibition 712:721 arg1 inhibitor 761:769 a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 744:776 a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 744:776 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 7 16 from numbers 1126:1132 arg1 cells 1223:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 17 theme autophagic 1170:1179 arg1 markers 1181:1187 autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 1170:1209 autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells 1170:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 17 theme autophagic 1170:1179 arg1 SQSTM1/p62 1200:1209 SQSTM1/p62 1200:1209 SQSTM1/p62 1200:1209 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 17 theme autophagic 1170:1179 arg1 LC3-II 1189:1194 LC3-II 1189:1194 LC3-II 1189:1194 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 2 18 theme O-GlcNAc 306:313 arg1 OGT 329:331 OGT 329:331 OGT 329:331 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 18 theme O-GlcNAc 306:313 arg1 transferase 316:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 276:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 276:332 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 18 theme O-GlcNAc 306:313 arg1 enzyme 359:364 an essential cellular enzyme 337:364 an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety 337:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 19 theme O-GlcNAc 427:434 arg1 moiety 436:441 O-GlcNAc moiety 427:441 O-GlcNAc moiety 427:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 5 20 theme hepatoma 858:865 arg1 cells 867:871 hepatoma cells 858:871 hepatoma cells 858:871 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 5 21 theme HBsAg 838:842 arg1 production 844:853 HBsAg production 838:853 HBsAg production 838:853 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 10 22 theme HBV 1641:1643 arg1 replication 1645:1655 HBV replication 1641:1655 HBV replication 1641:1655 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 1 23 theme activity 240:247 arg1 modulation 201:210 modulation 201:210 modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins 201:273 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 3 24 theme decreased 476:484 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 486:500 the decreased O-GlcNAcylation 472:500 the decreased O-GlcNAcylation 472:500 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 8 25 theme Further 1280:1286 arg1 analysis 1288:1295 Further analysis 1280:1295 Further analysis 1280:1295 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 6 26 theme cellular 1025:1032 arg1 autophagy 1034:1042 cellular autophagy 1025:1042 cellular autophagy 1025:1042 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 10 27 theme Akt/mTOR 1752:1759 arg1 inhibition 1761:1770 Akt/mTOR inhibition 1752:1770 Akt/mTOR inhibition 1752:1770 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 10 28 theme triggering 1730:1739 arg1 ER-stress 1741:1749 triggering ER-stress 1730:1749 triggering ER-stress 1730:1749 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 4 29 dep addressed 619:627 arg1 regulates 662:670 regulates 662:670 regulates cellular autophagy and HBV replication 662:709 Therefore, we addressed the question how O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy and HBV replication. 32892442 7 30 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1263:1277 arg1 inhibition 1249:1258 inhibition 1249:1258 inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation 1249:1277 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 31 from levels 1160:1165 arg1 cells 1223:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 2 32 theme cellular 404:411 arg1 proteins 413:420 the cellular proteins 400:420 the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety 400:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 5 33 theme primary 877:883 arg1 PHHs 904:907 PHHs 904:907 PHHs 904:907 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 5 33 theme primary 877:883 arg1 hepatocytes 891:901 primary human hepatocytes 877:901 primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) 877:908 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 5 34 theme small 746:750 arg1 inhibitor 761:769 a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 744:776 a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 744:776 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 9 35 theme mTOR 1585:1588 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1558:1572 the O-GlcNAcylation 1554:1572 the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR 1554:1588 Moreover, OSMI-1 further promoted HBV replication by inducing autophagosome formation via inhibiting the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR. 32892442 3 36 theme cellular 512:519 arg1 process 534:540 a process 532:540 a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly 532:602 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 3 36 theme cellular 512:519 arg1 autophagy 521:529 cellular autophagy 512:529 cellular autophagy 512:529 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 0 37 theme HBV 26:28 arg1 replication 30:40 HBV replication 26:40 HBV replication 26:40 O-GlcNAcylation modulates HBV replication through regulating cellular autophagy at multiple levels. 32892442 6 38 theme autophagy 1034:1042 arg1 inhibition 949:958 that inhibition 944:958 that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy 944:1042 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 6 38 theme autophagy 1034:1042 arg1 processes 1049:1057 two processes 1045:1057 two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication 1045:1106 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 5 39 theme molecule 752:759 arg1 inhibitor 761:769 a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 744:776 a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 744:776 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 7 40 dep markers 1181:1187 arg1 markers 1181:1187 autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 1170:1209 autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells 1170:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 40 dep markers 1181:1187 arg1 SQSTM1/p62 1200:1209 SQSTM1/p62 1200:1209 SQSTM1/p62 1200:1209 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 40 dep markers 1181:1187 arg1 LC3-II 1189:1194 LC3-II 1189:1194 LC3-II 1189:1194 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 4 41 theme cellular 672:679 arg1 autophagy 681:689 cellular autophagy 672:689 cellular autophagy 672:689 Therefore, we addressed the question how O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy and HBV replication. 32892442 3 42 theme Early 444:448 arg1 studies 450:456 Early studies 444:456 Early studies 444:456 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 3 43 theme relevant 542:549 arg1 process 534:540 a process 532:540 a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly 532:602 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 3 43 theme relevant 542:549 arg1 autophagy 521:529 cellular autophagy 512:529 cellular autophagy 512:529 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 4 44 theme HBV 695:697 arg1 replication 699:709 HBV replication 695:709 HBV replication 695:709 Therefore, we addressed the question how O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy and HBV replication. 32892442 1 45 theme stability 225:233 arg1 modulation 201:210 modulation 201:210 modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins 201:273 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 8 46 theme autophagosome-lysosome 1349:1370 arg1 fusion 1372:1377 autophagosome-lysosome fusion 1349:1377 autophagosome-lysosome fusion 1349:1377 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 7 47 theme autophagosomes 1137:1150 arg1 levels 1160:1165 the levels 1156:1165 the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells 1156:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 47 theme autophagosomes 1137:1150 arg1 numbers 1126:1132 the numbers 1122:1132 the numbers of autophagosomes 1122:1150 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 6 48 theme Western 911:917 arg1 analysis 928:935 Western blotting analysis 911:935 Western blotting analysis 911:935 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 8 49 theme autophagic 1401:1410 arg1 degradation 1412:1422 autophagic degradation 1401:1422 autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins 1401:1450 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 7 50 theme hepatoma 1214:1221 arg1 cells 1223:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 6 51 theme stress 1014:1019 arg1 inhibition 949:958 that inhibition 944:958 that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy 944:1042 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 6 51 theme stress 1014:1019 arg1 processes 1049:1057 two processes 1045:1057 two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication 1045:1106 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 5 52 theme OGT 726:728 arg1 activity 730:737 OGT activity 726:737 OGT activity 726:737 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 8 53 theme HBV 1427:1429 arg1 virions 1431:1437 HBV virions 1427:1437 HBV virions 1427:1437 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 0 54 theme cellular 61:68 arg1 autophagy 70:78 cellular autophagy 61:78 cellular autophagy 61:78 O-GlcNAcylation modulates HBV replication through regulating cellular autophagy at multiple levels. 32892442 5 55 theme activity 730:737 arg1 Inhibition 712:721 Inhibition 712:721 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT 712:793 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 7 56 theme markers 1181:1187 arg1 levels 1160:1165 the levels 1156:1165 the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells 1156:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 7 56 theme markers 1181:1187 arg1 numbers 1126:1132 the numbers 1122:1132 the numbers of autophagosomes 1122:1150 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 1 57 theme posttranslational 129:145 arg1 modification 147:158 posttranslational modification 129:158 posttranslational modification 129:158 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 9 58 theme autophagosome 1515:1527 arg1 formation 1529:1537 autophagosome formation 1515:1537 autophagosome formation 1515:1537 Moreover, OSMI-1 further promoted HBV replication by inducing autophagosome formation via inhibiting the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR. 32892442 2 59 theme O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine 276:303 arg1 OGT 329:331 OGT 329:331 OGT 329:331 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 59 theme O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine 276:303 arg1 transferase 316:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 276:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 276:332 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 59 theme O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine 276:303 arg1 enzyme 359:364 an essential cellular enzyme 337:364 an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety 337:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 1 60 theme modification 147:158 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 100:114 O-GlcNAcylation 100:114 O-GlcNAcylation 100:114 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 1 60 theme modification 147:158 arg1 form 121:124 a form 119:124 a form of posttranslational modification 119:158 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 10 61 theme autophagosome 1676:1688 arg1 formation 1690:1698 autophagosome formation 1676:1698 autophagosome formation 1676:1698 In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. 32892442 7 62 from markers 1181:1187 arg1 cells 1223:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 hepatoma cells 1214:1227 Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. 32892442 8 63 theme virions 1431:1437 arg1 degradation 1412:1422 autophagic degradation 1401:1422 autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins 1401:1450 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 8 64 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1325:1339 arg1 inhibition 1311:1320 inhibition 1311:1320 inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation 1311:1339 Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. 32892442 2 65 theme essential 340:348 arg1 transferase 316:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 276:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 276:332 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 65 theme essential 340:348 arg1 enzyme 359:364 an essential cellular enzyme 337:364 an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety 337:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 0 66 theme multiple 83:90 arg1 levels 92:97 multiple levels 83:97 multiple levels 83:97 O-GlcNAcylation modulates HBV replication through regulating cellular autophagy at multiple levels. 32892442 2 67 theme cellular 350:357 arg1 transferase 316:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase 276:326 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) 276:332 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 2 67 theme cellular 350:357 arg1 enzyme 359:364 an essential cellular enzyme 337:364 an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety 337:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 1 68 theme location 215:222 arg1 modulation 201:210 modulation 201:210 modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins 201:273 O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. 32892442 3 69 theme B 565:565 arg1 virus 567:571 hepatitis B virus 555:571 hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) 555:589 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 9 70 theme HBV 1487:1489 arg1 replication 1491:1501 HBV replication 1487:1501 HBV replication 1487:1501 Moreover, OSMI-1 further promoted HBV replication by inducing autophagosome formation via inhibiting the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR. 32892442 6 71 theme HBV 1092:1094 arg1 replication 1096:1106 enhanced HBV replication 1083:1106 enhanced HBV replication 1083:1106 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 32892442 5 72 theme HBV 818:820 arg1 replication 822:832 HBV replication 818:832 HBV replication 818:832 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 2 73 with proteins 413:420 arg1 moiety 436:441 O-GlcNAc moiety 427:441 O-GlcNAc moiety 427:441 O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. 32892442 5 74 theme human 885:889 arg1 PHHs 904:907 PHHs 904:907 PHHs 904:907 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 5 74 theme human 885:889 arg1 hepatocytes 891:901 primary human hepatocytes 877:901 primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) 877:908 Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). 32892442 3 75 theme virus 567:571 arg1 HBV 586:588 HBV 586:588 HBV 586:588 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 3 75 theme virus 567:571 arg1 replication 573:583 hepatitis B virus replication 555:583 hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) 555:589 Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. 32892442 6 76 theme enhanced 1083:1090 arg1 replication 1096:1106 enhanced HBV replication 1083:1106 enhanced HBV replication 1083:1106 Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. 34950703 12 0 theme cation 1982:1987 arg1 TRPM2 1957:1961 TRPM2 1957:1961 TRPM2 1957:1961 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 12 0 theme cation 1982:1987 arg1 channel 1989:1995 a plasma membrane cation channel 1964:1995 a plasma membrane cation channel 1964:1995 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 7 1 theme stress 1270:1275 arg1 activation 1253:1262 the activation 1249:1262 the activation of ER stress 1249:1275 We found that NAD+ completely blocked the increase in O-GlcNAc induced by glucose deprivation and suppressed the activation of ER stress. 34950703 1 2 theme cellular 270:277 arg1 processes 279:287 numerous cellular processes 261:287 numerous cellular processes 261:287 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 6 3 theme model 949:953 arg1 system 955:960 a model system 947:960 a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line 947:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 6 3 theme model 949:953 arg1 deprivation 932:942 glucose deprivation 924:942 glucose deprivation 924:942 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 8 4 theme underlying 1390:1399 arg1 mechanism 1401:1409 a common underlying mechanism 1381:1409 a common underlying mechanism 1381:1409 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 9 5 theme receptor 1433:1440 arg1 agonist 1448:1454 a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist 1421:1454 a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+ 1421:1537 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 9 5 theme receptor 1433:1440 arg1 cADPR 1412:1416 cADPR 1412:1416 cADPR 1412:1416 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 1 6 theme O-linked 182:189 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 191:211 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 182:211 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 182:222 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 1 6 theme O-linked 182:189 arg1 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 6 7 theme glucose 924:930 arg1 system 955:960 a model system 947:960 a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line 947:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 6 7 theme glucose 924:930 arg1 deprivation 932:942 glucose deprivation 924:942 glucose deprivation 924:942 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 8 8 theme NAD+ 1282:1285 arg1 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 8 8 theme NAD+ 1282:1285 arg1 ADP-ribose 1305:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose 1278:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) 1278:1322 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 8 9 theme cyclic 1298:1303 arg1 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 8 9 theme cyclic 1298:1303 arg1 ADP-ribose 1305:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose 1278:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) 1278:1322 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 10 10 theme ER/SR 1577:1581 arg1 levels 1588:1593 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1577:1593 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1577:1593 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 3 11 theme O-GlcNAc 588:595 arg1 levels 597:602 O-GlcNAc levels 588:602 O-GlcNAc levels 588:602 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 13 12 theme novel 2101:2105 arg1 mechanism 2122:2130 a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism 2099:2130 a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress 2099:2204 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 6 13 theme ventricular 987:997 arg1 line 1004:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 8 14 contain had 1324:1326 arg1 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 8 14 contain had 1324:1326 arg1 ADP-ribose 1305:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose 1278:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) 1278:1322 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 8 14 contain had 1324:1326 arg2 effects 1336:1342 similar effects 1328:1342 similar effects 1328:1342 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 0 15 from NAD+ 61:64 arg1 Stress 142:147 ER Stress 139:147 ER Stress 139:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 0 15 from NAD+ 61:64 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 119:133 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 111:133 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 111:133 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 12 16 theme cellular 2019:2026 arg1 responses 2028:2036 the cellular responses 2015:2036 the cellular responses to glucose deprivation 2015:2059 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 10 17 theme similar 1599:1605 arg1 effects 1607:1613 similar effects 1599:1613 similar effects 1599:1613 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 3 18 theme other 618:622 arg1 factors 624:630 other factors 618:630 other factors 618:630 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 4 19 dep dependent 784:792 arg1 time 770:773 time 770:773 time 770:773 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 6 20 theme immortalized 968:979 arg1 line 1004:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 8 21 theme similar 1328:1334 arg1 effects 1336:1342 similar effects 1328:1342 similar effects 1328:1342 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 3 22 theme O-GlcNAc 662:669 arg1 levels 671:676 regulating O-GlcNAc levels 651:676 regulating O-GlcNAc levels 651:676 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 6 23 theme cellular 1061:1068 arg1 levels 1079:1084 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 1061:1084 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 1061:1084 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 0 24 from Increases 98:106 arg1 Stress 142:147 ER Stress 139:147 ER Stress 139:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 0 24 from Increases 98:106 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 119:133 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 111:133 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 111:133 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 3 25 theme nutrient 490:497 arg1 availability 499:510 nutrient availability 490:510 nutrient availability 490:510 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 7 26 theme ER 1267:1268 arg1 stress 1270:1275 ER stress 1267:1275 ER stress 1267:1275 We found that NAD+ completely blocked the increase in O-GlcNAc induced by glucose deprivation and suppressed the activation of ER stress. 34950703 6 27 theme NAD+ 1053:1056 arg1 influence 1026:1034 the influence 1022:1034 the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress 1022:1098 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 0 28 theme Glucose 70:76 arg1 Increases 98:106 Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases 70:106 Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress 70:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 1 29 theme proteins 170:177 arg1 modification 154:165 The modification 150:165 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 150:222 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 7 30 from increase 1182:1189 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1194:1201 O-GlcNAc 1194:1201 O-GlcNAc induced by glucose deprivation 1194:1232 We found that NAD+ completely blocked the increase in O-GlcNAc induced by glucose deprivation and suppressed the activation of ER stress. 34950703 13 31 from increase 2171:2178 arg1 O-GlcNAc 2183:2190 O-GlcNAc 2183:2190 O-GlcNAc 2183:2190 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 4 32 theme O-GlcNAc 806:813 arg1 levels 815:820 O-GlcNAc levels 806:820 O-GlcNAc levels 806:820 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 4 33 theme dependent 784:792 arg1 decrease 794:801 a time and dose dependent decrease 768:801 a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels 768:820 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 6 34 from influence 1026:1034 arg1 levels 1079:1084 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 1061:1084 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 1061:1084 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 6 34 from influence 1026:1034 arg1 stress 1093:1098 ER stress 1090:1098 ER stress 1090:1098 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 3 35 theme protein 463:469 arg1 levels 480:485 protein O-GlcNAc levels 463:485 protein O-GlcNAc levels 463:485 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 0 36 theme Protein 111:117 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 119:133 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 111:133 Protein O-GlcNAcylation 111:133 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 4 37 from decrease 794:801 arg1 levels 815:820 O-GlcNAc levels 806:820 O-GlcNAc levels 806:820 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 4 38 theme dose 779:782 arg1 decrease 794:801 a time and dose dependent decrease 768:801 a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels 768:820 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 11 39 theme common 1856:1861 arg1 mechanism 1863:1871 a potential common mechanism 1844:1871 a potential common mechanism 1844:1871 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 5 40 theme NAD+ 853:856 arg1 levels 880:885 NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels 853:885 NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels 853:885 Therefore, we postulated that NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels may be coordinately regulated. 34950703 13 41 theme ER 2196:2197 arg1 stress 2199:2204 ER stress 2196:2204 ER stress 2196:2204 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 10 42 theme stress 1657:1662 arg1 responses 1664:1672 O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses 1641:1672 O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation 1641:1695 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 5 43 theme cellular 862:869 arg1 levels 880:885 NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels 853:885 NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels 853:885 Therefore, we postulated that NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels may be coordinately regulated. 34950703 6 44 theme ER 1090:1091 arg1 stress 1093:1098 ER stress 1090:1098 ER stress 1090:1098 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 0 45 theme Novel 24:28 arg1 Link 48:51 a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link 22:51 a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress 22:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 9 46 dep agonist 1448:1454 arg1 and 1456:1458 and 1456:1458 and 1456:1458 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 11 47 theme glucose 1814:1820 arg1 deprivation 1822:1832 glucose deprivation 1814:1832 glucose deprivation 1814:1832 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 0 48 theme Link 48:51 arg1 Identification 4:17 The Identification 0:17 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 0:148 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 11 49 theme Ca2+ 1890:1893 arg1 levels 1895:1900 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1884:1900 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1884:1900 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 6 50 from system 955:960 arg1 line 1004:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 10 51 theme O-GlcNAc 1641:1648 arg1 responses 1664:1672 O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses 1641:1672 O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation 1641:1695 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 3 52 theme nutrient 536:543 arg1 states 555:560 nutrient deficient states 536:560 nutrient deficient states such as ischemia 536:577 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 3 52 theme nutrient 536:543 arg1 ischemia 570:577 ischemia 570:577 ischemia 570:577 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 6 53 theme glucose 1131:1137 arg1 absence 1120:1126 absence 1120:1126 absence 1120:1126 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 6 53 theme glucose 1131:1137 arg1 presence 1107:1114 presence 1107:1114 presence 1107:1114 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 2 54 theme mechanisms 381:390 arg1 understanding 360:372 our understanding 356:372 our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc levels 356:420 Despite the importance of O-GlcNAc in mediating cellular function our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc levels is limited. 34950703 1 55 theme numerous 261:268 arg1 processes 279:287 numerous cellular processes 261:287 numerous cellular processes 261:287 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 12 56 theme membrane 1973:1980 arg1 TRPM2 1957:1961 TRPM2 1957:1961 TRPM2 1957:1961 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 12 56 theme membrane 1973:1980 arg1 channel 1989:1995 a plasma membrane cation channel 1964:1995 a plasma membrane cation channel 1964:1995 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 1 57 theme processes 279:287 arg1 regulation 247:256 the regulation 243:256 the regulation of numerous cellular processes 243:287 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 11 58 from increase 1764:1771 arg1 response 1802:1809 response 1802:1809 response to glucose deprivation 1802:1832 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 11 58 from increase 1764:1771 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1776:1783 O-GlcNAc 1776:1783 O-GlcNAc 1776:1783 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 11 58 from increase 1764:1771 arg1 stress 1792:1797 ER stress 1789:1797 ER stress 1789:1797 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 2 59 theme cellular 338:345 arg1 function 347:354 cellular function 338:354 cellular function 338:354 Despite the importance of O-GlcNAc in mediating cellular function our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc levels is limited. 34950703 10 60 theme Ca2+ 1583:1586 arg1 levels 1588:1593 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1577:1593 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1577:1593 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 0 61 theme ER 139:140 arg1 Stress 142:147 ER Stress 139:147 ER Stress 139:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 10 62 contain had 1595:1597 arg2 effects 1607:1613 similar effects 1599:1613 similar effects 1599:1613 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 10 62 contain had 1595:1597 arg1 inhibition 1546:1555 SERCA inhibition 1540:1555 SERCA inhibition 1540:1555 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 5 63 theme O-GlcNAc 871:878 arg1 levels 880:885 NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels 853:885 NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels 853:885 Therefore, we postulated that NAD+ and cellular O-GlcNAc levels may be coordinately regulated. 34950703 13 64 dep deprivation 2151:2161 arg1 increase 2171:2178 induced increase 2163:2178 induced increase in O-GlcNAc 2163:2190 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 8 65 theme metabolite 1287:1296 arg1 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 cADPR 1317:1321 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 8 65 theme metabolite 1287:1296 arg1 ADP-ribose 1305:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose 1278:1314 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) 1278:1322 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 6 66 theme cell 999:1002 arg1 line 1004:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 11 67 attach linked 1874:1879 arg2 mechanism 1863:1871 a potential common mechanism 1844:1871 a potential common mechanism 1844:1871 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 11 67 attach linked 1874:1879 arg1 levels 1895:1900 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1884:1900 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1884:1900 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 6 68 theme human 981:985 arg1 line 1004:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 an immortalized human ventricular cell line 965:1007 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 11 69 theme ER 1789:1790 arg1 stress 1792:1797 ER stress 1789:1797 ER stress 1789:1797 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 3 70 theme regulating 651:660 arg1 levels 671:676 regulating O-GlcNAc levels 651:676 regulating O-GlcNAc levels 651:676 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 6 71 theme O-GlcNAc 1070:1077 arg1 levels 1079:1084 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 1061:1084 cellular O-GlcNAc levels 1061:1084 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 4 72 theme unstressed 715:724 arg1 cardiomyocytes 726:739 unstressed cardiomyocytes 715:739 unstressed cardiomyocytes 715:739 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 0 73 theme Deprivation-Induced 78:96 arg1 Increases 98:106 Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases 70:106 Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress 70:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 6 74 theme extracellular 1039:1051 arg1 NAD+ 1053:1056 extracellular NAD+ 1039:1056 extracellular NAD+ 1039:1056 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 4 75 theme exogenous 741:749 arg1 NAD+ 751:754 exogenous NAD+ 741:754 exogenous NAD+ 741:754 We have previously reported that in unstressed cardiomyocytes exogenous NAD+ resulted in a time and dose dependent decrease in O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 9 76 theme NAD+ 1534:1537 arg1 effects 1523:1529 the effects 1519:1529 the effects of NAD+ 1519:1537 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 2 77 theme O-GlcNAc 316:323 arg1 importance 302:311 the importance 298:311 the importance of O-GlcNAc in mediating cellular function 298:354 Despite the importance of O-GlcNAc in mediating cellular function our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc levels is limited. 34950703 8 78 theme ER 1360:1361 arg1 stress 1363:1368 ER stress 1360:1368 ER stress 1360:1368 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 7 79 theme glucose 1214:1220 arg1 deprivation 1222:1232 glucose deprivation 1214:1232 glucose deprivation 1214:1232 We found that NAD+ completely blocked the increase in O-GlcNAc induced by glucose deprivation and suppressed the activation of ER stress. 34950703 12 80 theme glucose 2041:2047 arg1 deprivation 2049:2059 glucose deprivation 2041:2059 glucose deprivation 2041:2059 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 3 81 theme O-GlcNAc 471:478 arg1 levels 480:485 protein O-GlcNAc levels 463:485 protein O-GlcNAc levels 463:485 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 1 82 link O-linked 182:189 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 191:211 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 182:211 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 182:222 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 1 82 link O-linked 182:189 arg1 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 O-GlcNAc 214:221 The modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes. 34950703 8 83 theme common 1383:1388 arg1 mechanism 1401:1409 a common underlying mechanism 1381:1409 a common underlying mechanism 1381:1409 The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) had similar effects on O-GlcNAc and ER stress suggesting a common underlying mechanism. 34950703 2 84 theme O-GlcNAc 406:413 arg1 levels 415:420 O-GlcNAc levels 406:420 O-GlcNAc levels 406:420 Despite the importance of O-GlcNAc in mediating cellular function our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc levels is limited. 34950703 6 85 dep presence 1107:1114 arg1 the 1103:1105 the 1103:1105 the 1103:1105 Using glucose deprivation as a model system in an immortalized human ventricular cell line, we examined the influence of extracellular NAD+ on cellular O-GlcNAc levels and ER stress in the presence and absence of glucose. 34950703 10 86 theme ER 1654:1655 arg1 responses 1664:1672 O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses 1641:1672 O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation 1641:1695 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 0 87 theme Calcium-Dependent 30:46 arg1 Link 48:51 a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link 22:51 a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress 22:147 The Identification of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Link Between NAD+ and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Increases in Protein O-GlcNAcylation and ER Stress. 34950703 11 88 theme ER/SR 1884:1888 arg1 levels 1895:1900 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1884:1900 ER/SR Ca2+ levels 1884:1900 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 9 89 dep and 1456:1458 arg1 caffeine 1465:1472 caffeine 1465:1472 caffeine 1465:1472 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 9 89 dep and 1456:1458 arg1 both 1505:1508 both 1505:1508 both 1505:1508 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 10 90 theme glucose 1677:1683 arg1 deprivation 1685:1695 glucose deprivation 1677:1695 glucose deprivation 1677:1695 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 3 91 theme deficient 545:553 arg1 states 555:560 nutrient deficient states 536:560 nutrient deficient states such as ischemia 536:577 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 3 91 theme deficient 545:553 arg1 ischemia 570:577 ischemia 570:577 ischemia 570:577 One factor known to regulate protein O-GlcNAc levels is nutrient availability; however, the fact that nutrient deficient states such as ischemia increase O-GlcNAc levels suggests that other factors also contribute to regulating O-GlcNAc levels. 34950703 13 92 theme glucose 2143:2149 arg1 deprivation 2151:2161 glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress 2143:2204 deprivation 2151:2161 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 12 93 theme plasma 1966:1971 arg1 TRPM2 1957:1961 TRPM2 1957:1961 TRPM2 1957:1961 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 12 93 theme plasma 1966:1971 arg1 channel 1989:1995 a plasma membrane cation channel 1964:1995 a plasma membrane cation channel 1964:1995 Moreover, we showed that TRPM2, a plasma membrane cation channel was necessary for the cellular responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 13 94 theme Ca2+-dependent 2107:2120 arg1 mechanism 2122:2130 a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism 2099:2130 a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress 2099:2204 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 10 95 theme SERCA 1540:1544 arg1 inhibition 1546:1555 SERCA inhibition 1540:1555 SERCA inhibition 1540:1555 SERCA inhibition, which also reduces ER/SR Ca2+ levels had similar effects to both NAD+ and cADPR on O-GlcNAc and ER stress responses to glucose deprivation. 34950703 13 96 theme induced 2163:2169 arg1 increase 2171:2178 induced increase 2163:2178 induced increase in O-GlcNAc 2163:2190 Collectively, these findings support a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism underlying glucose deprivation induced increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress. 34950703 11 97 theme potential 1846:1854 arg1 mechanism 1863:1871 a potential common mechanism 1844:1871 a potential common mechanism 1844:1871 The observation that NAD+, cADPR, and caffeine all attenuated the increase in O-GlcNAc and ER stress in response to glucose deprivation, suggests a potential common mechanism, linked to ER/SR Ca2+ levels, underlying their activation. 34950703 9 98 theme ryanodine 1423:1431 arg1 RyR 1443:1445 RyR 1443:1445 RyR 1443:1445 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34950703 9 98 theme ryanodine 1423:1431 arg1 receptor 1433:1440 ryanodine receptor 1423:1440 a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+ 1421:1537 cADPR is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist and like caffeine, which also activates the RyR, both mimicked the effects of NAD+. 34348917 2 0 theme RUNX1 614:618 arg1 level 620:624 RUNX1 level 614:624 RUNX1 level 614:624 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 9 1 dep modified 1332:1339 arg1 enhanced 1383:1390 enhanced 1383:1390 is enhanced in a high glucose environment 1380:1420 RUNX1 can be modified by O-GlcNAc, and that the modification is enhanced in a high glucose environment. 34348917 1 2 theme O-GlcNAc-driven 454:468 arg1 proliferation 470:482 the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 438:482 proliferation 470:482 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 3 theme cell 655:658 arg1 growth 660:665 cell growth 655:665 cell growth 655:665 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 2 4 dep DESIGN 518:523 arg1 analysis 550:557 Western blot analysis 537:557 Western blot analysis 537:557 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 10 5 theme HRMECs 1624:1629 arg1 migration 1611:1619 migration 1611:1619 migration 1611:1619 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 5 theme HRMECs 1624:1629 arg1 proliferation 1593:1605 proliferation 1593:1605 proliferation 1593:1605 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 7 6 theme O-GlcNAc 1152:1159 arg1 modification 1161:1172 O-GlcNAc modification 1152:1172 O-GlcNAc modification 1152:1172 Hence, O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 7 theme glucose 183:189 arg1 condition 191:199 high glucose condition 178:199 high glucose condition 178:199 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 8 theme glucose 1471:1477 arg1 condition 1479:1487 high glucose condition 1466:1487 high glucose condition 1466:1487 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 9 theme RUNX1 1813:1817 arg1 mechanism 1800:1808 the mechanism 1796:1808 the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy 1796:1841 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 2 10 theme O-GlcNAc 582:589 arg1 level 604:608 the O-GlcNAc modification level 578:608 the O-GlcNAc modification level 578:608 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 1 11 theme O-linked 213:220 arg1 O-GlcNAc 243:250 O-GlcNAc 243:250 O-GlcNAc 243:250 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 11 theme O-linked 213:220 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 222:240 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 213:240 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 205:264 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 3 12 theme tube 798:801 arg1 formation 803:811 tube formation 798:811 tube formation 798:811 Then, cell migration and tube formation were investigated by scratch-wound assay, Transwell assay, and tube-forming assay. 34348917 4 13 theme structure 919:927 arg1 changes 900:906 The changes 896:906 The changes of retinal structure 896:927 The changes of retinal structure were detected by H&E staining. 34348917 10 14 dep proliferation 1593:1605 arg1 the 1589:1591 the 1589:1591 the 1589:1591 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 15 theme diabetic 1822:1829 arg1 retinopathy 1831:1841 diabetic retinopathy 1822:1841 diabetic retinopathy 1822:1841 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 3 16 theme tube-forming 876:887 arg1 assay 889:893 tube-forming assay 876:893 tube-forming assay 876:893 Then, cell migration and tube formation were investigated by scratch-wound assay, Transwell assay, and tube-forming assay. 34348917 1 17 theme glucose 442:448 arg1 proliferation 470:482 the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 438:482 proliferation 470:482 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 6 18 theme pan-cellular 1063:1074 arg1 modification 1085:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 19 theme Western 537:543 arg1 analysis 550:557 Western blot analysis 537:557 Western blot analysis 537:557 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 4 20 theme H&E 946:948 arg1 staining 950:957 H&E staining 946:957 H&E staining 946:957 The changes of retinal structure were detected by H&E staining. 34348917 2 21 theme immunofluorescence 744:761 arg1 staining 763:770 immunofluorescence staining 744:770 immunofluorescence staining 744:770 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 1 22 theme human 313:317 arg1 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 22 theme human 313:317 arg1 cells 353:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 313:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) 313:366 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 23 theme cells 1526:1530 arg1 function 1537:1544 retinal endothelial cells (EC) function 1506:1544 retinal endothelial cells (EC) function 1506:1544 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 3 24 theme Transwell 855:863 arg1 assay 865:869 Transwell assay 855:869 Transwell assay 855:869 Then, cell migration and tube formation were investigated by scratch-wound assay, Transwell assay, and tube-forming assay. 34348917 6 25 dep RESULTS 1032:1038 arg1 increases 1053:1061 increases 1053:1061 increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs 1053:1142 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 26 theme retinal 1506:1512 arg1 EC 1533:1534 EC 1533:1534 EC 1533:1534 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 26 theme retinal 1506:1512 arg1 cells 1526:1530 retinal endothelial cells 1506:1530 retinal endothelial cells (EC) function 1506:1544 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 0 27 theme retinal 87:93 arg1 cells 121:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 1 28 theme Runt-related 380:391 arg1 factor 407:412 Runt-related transcription factor 1 380:414 Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) 380:422 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 28 theme Runt-related 380:391 arg1 RUNX1 417:421 RUNX1 417:421 RUNX1 417:421 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 29 from retinopathy 1831:1841 arg1 mechanism 1800:1808 the mechanism 1796:1808 the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy 1796:1841 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 6 30 dep proliferation 1106:1118 arg1 the 1102:1104 the 1102:1104 the 1102:1104 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 0 31 theme endothelial 109:119 arg1 cells 121:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 1 32 theme retinal 319:325 arg1 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 32 theme retinal 319:325 arg1 cells 353:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 313:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) 313:366 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 33 theme kit-8 696:700 arg1 assay 702:706 cell counting kit-8 assay 682:706 cell counting kit-8 assay 682:706 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 5 34 theme O-GlcNAc 964:971 arg1 modification 973:984 The O-GlcNAc modification 960:984 The O-GlcNAc modification of RUNX1 960:993 The O-GlcNAc modification of RUNX1 was detected by immunoprecipitation. 34348917 2 35 theme cell 682:685 arg1 assay 702:706 cell counting kit-8 assay 682:706 cell counting kit-8 assay 682:706 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 7 36 theme HRMECs 1225:1230 arg1 migration 1212:1220 migration 1212:1220 migration 1212:1220 Hence, O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 7 36 theme HRMECs 1225:1230 arg1 proliferation 1194:1206 proliferation 1194:1206 proliferation 1194:1206 Hence, O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 9 37 theme high 1397:1400 arg1 environment 1410:1420 a high glucose environment 1395:1420 a high glucose environment 1395:1420 RUNX1 can be modified by O-GlcNAc, and that the modification is enhanced in a high glucose environment. 34348917 2 38 theme RESEARCH 509:516 arg1 DESIGN 518:523 RESEARCH DESIGN 509:523 RESEARCH DESIGN 509:523 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 8 39 dep proliferation 1280:1292 arg1 the 1248:1250 the 1248:1250 the 1248:1250 RUNX1 mediates the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration in HRMECs. 34348917 0 40 theme glucose 22:28 arg1 proliferation 50:62 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 22:62 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 22:62 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 1 41 theme microvascular 327:339 arg1 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 41 theme microvascular 327:339 arg1 cells 353:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 313:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) 313:366 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 42 used used 563:566 arg2 DESIGN 518:523 RESEARCH DESIGN 509:523 RESEARCH DESIGN 509:523 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 2 42 used used 563:566 arg2 METHODS 529:535 METHODS 529:535 METHODS 529:535 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 0 43 theme O-GlcNAc-driven 34:48 arg1 proliferation 50:62 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 22:62 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 22:62 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 1 44 theme cells 353:357 arg1 migration 300:308 migration 300:308 migration 300:308 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 44 theme cells 353:357 arg1 proliferation 282:294 the proliferation 278:294 the proliferation 278:294 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 9 45 mod modified 1332:1339 arg3 O-GlcNAc 1344:1351 O-GlcNAc 1344:1351 O-GlcNAc 1344:1351 RUNX1 can be modified by O-GlcNAc, and that the modification is enhanced in a high glucose environment. 34348917 9 45 mod modified 1332:1339 arg1 RUNX1 1319:1323 RUNX1 1319:1323 RUNX1 1319:1323 RUNX1 can be modified by O-GlcNAc, and that the modification is enhanced in a high glucose environment. 34348917 10 46 theme modification 1730:1741 arg1 level 1743:1747 its O-GlcNAc modification level 1717:1747 its O-GlcNAc modification level 1717:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 47 theme new 1767:1769 arg1 perspective 1771:1781 a new perspective 1765:1781 a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy 1765:1841 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 8 48 from migration 1298:1306 arg1 HRMECs 1311:1316 HRMECs 1311:1316 HRMECs 1311:1316 RUNX1 mediates the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration in HRMECs. 34348917 10 49 theme present 1439:1445 arg1 study 1447:1451 The present study 1435:1451 The present study 1435:1451 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 1 50 theme high 178:181 arg1 condition 191:199 high glucose condition 178:199 high glucose condition 178:199 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 8 51 from proliferation 1280:1292 arg1 HRMECs 1311:1316 HRMECs 1311:1316 HRMECs 1311:1316 RUNX1 mediates the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration in HRMECs. 34348917 1 52 theme HRMECs 501:506 arg1 migration 488:496 migration 488:496 migration 488:496 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 52 theme HRMECs 501:506 arg1 proliferation 470:482 the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 438:482 proliferation 470:482 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 53 dep CONCLUSIONS 1423:1433 arg1 reveals 1453:1459 reveals 1453:1459 reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function 1453:1544 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 53 dep CONCLUSIONS 1423:1433 arg1 critical 1576:1583 critical 1576:1583 critical 1576:1583 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 2 54 theme retina 639:644 arg1 tissues 646:652 retina tissues 639:652 retina tissues 639:652 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 3 55 theme cell 779:782 arg1 migration 784:792 cell migration 779:792 cell migration 779:792 Then, cell migration and tube formation were investigated by scratch-wound assay, Transwell assay, and tube-forming assay. 34348917 10 56 theme high 1466:1469 arg1 condition 1479:1487 high glucose condition 1466:1487 high glucose condition 1466:1487 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 1 57 theme dynamic 205:211 arg1 modification 253:264 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 205:264 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 205:264 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 8 58 theme glucose 1252:1258 arg1 proliferation 1280:1292 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 1252:1292 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 1252:1292 RUNX1 mediates the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration in HRMECs. 34348917 1 59 theme N-acetylglucosamine 222:240 arg1 modification 253:264 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 205:264 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 205:264 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 8 60 theme O-GlcNAc-driven 1264:1278 arg1 proliferation 1280:1292 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 1252:1292 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 1252:1292 RUNX1 mediates the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration in HRMECs. 34348917 4 61 theme retinal 911:917 arg1 structure 919:927 retinal structure 911:927 retinal structure 911:927 The changes of retinal structure were detected by H&E staining. 34348917 2 62 theme cell 709:712 arg1 proliferation 714:726 cell proliferation 709:726 cell proliferation 709:726 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 6 63 theme O-GlcNAc 1076:1083 arg1 modification 1085:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 64 theme modification 591:602 arg1 level 604:608 the O-GlcNAc modification level 578:608 the O-GlcNAc modification level 578:608 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 3 65 theme scratch-wound 834:846 arg1 assay 848:852 scratch-wound assay 834:852 scratch-wound assay 834:852 Then, cell migration and tube formation were investigated by scratch-wound assay, Transwell assay, and tube-forming assay. 34348917 0 66 theme human 81:85 arg1 cells 121:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 10 67 from mechanism 1800:1808 arg1 retinopathy 1831:1841 diabetic retinopathy 1822:1841 diabetic retinopathy 1822:1841 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 6 68 theme High 1040:1043 arg1 glucose 1045:1051 High glucose 1040:1051 High glucose 1040:1051 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 69 theme endothelial 1514:1524 arg1 EC 1533:1534 EC 1533:1534 EC 1533:1534 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 10 69 theme endothelial 1514:1524 arg1 cells 1526:1530 retinal endothelial cells 1506:1530 retinal endothelial cells (EC) function 1506:1544 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 0 70 theme microvascular 95:107 arg1 cells 121:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 81:125 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 5 71 theme RUNX1 989:993 arg1 modification 973:984 The O-GlcNAc modification 960:984 The O-GlcNAc modification of RUNX1 960:993 The O-GlcNAc modification of RUNX1 was detected by immunoprecipitation. 34348917 10 72 from RUNX1 1813:1817 arg1 retinopathy 1831:1841 diabetic retinopathy 1822:1841 diabetic retinopathy 1822:1841 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 1 73 link O-linked 213:220 arg1 O-GlcNAc 243:250 O-GlcNAc 243:250 O-GlcNAc 243:250 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 73 link O-linked 213:220 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 222:240 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 213:240 dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 205:264 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 0 74 theme cells 121:125 arg1 migration 68:76 migration 68:76 migration 68:76 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 0 74 theme cells 121:125 arg1 proliferation 50:62 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 22:62 glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation 22:62 RUNX1 can mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. 34348917 1 75 theme transcription 393:405 arg1 factor 407:412 Runt-related transcription factor 1 380:414 Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) 380:422 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 75 theme transcription 393:405 arg1 RUNX1 417:421 RUNX1 417:421 RUNX1 417:421 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 6 76 theme HRMECs 1137:1142 arg1 migration 1124:1132 migration 1124:1132 migration 1124:1132 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 6 76 theme HRMECs 1137:1142 arg1 modification 1085:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 6 76 theme HRMECs 1137:1142 arg1 proliferation 1106:1118 proliferation 1106:1118 proliferation 1106:1118 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 77 theme blot 545:548 arg1 analysis 550:557 Western blot analysis 537:557 Western blot analysis 537:557 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 7 78 dep proliferation 1194:1206 arg1 the 1190:1192 the 1190:1192 the 1190:1192 Hence, O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 79 dep INTRODUCTION 128:139 arg1 aims 152:155 aims 152:155 aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs 152:506 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 2 80 theme counting 687:694 arg1 assay 702:706 cell counting kit-8 assay 682:706 cell counting kit-8 assay 682:706 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blot analysis was used to detect the O-GlcNAc modification level and RUNX1 level in cells and retina tissues, cell growth was studied by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. 34348917 10 81 theme O-GlcNAc 1551:1558 arg1 modification 1560:1571 O-GlcNAc modification 1551:1571 O-GlcNAc modification 1551:1571 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 9 82 theme glucose 1402:1408 arg1 environment 1410:1420 a high glucose environment 1395:1420 a high glucose environment 1395:1420 RUNX1 can be modified by O-GlcNAc, and that the modification is enhanced in a high glucose environment. 34348917 1 83 theme endothelial 341:351 arg1 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 HRMECs 360:365 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 1 83 theme endothelial 341:351 arg1 cells 353:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells 313:357 human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) 313:366 INTRODUCTION This study aims to determine whether high glucose condition and dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification can promote the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and whether Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) could mediate the glucose and O-GlcNAc-driven proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 10 84 theme O-GlcNAc 1721:1728 arg1 level 1743:1747 its O-GlcNAc modification level 1717:1747 its O-GlcNAc modification level 1717:1747 CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that high glucose condition directly affects retinal endothelial cells (EC) function, and O-GlcNAc modification is critical for the proliferation and migration of HRMECs, RUNX1 may take part in this mechanism, and maybe the function of RUNX1 is related to its O-GlcNAc modification level, which provides a new perspective for studying the mechanism of RUNX1 in diabetic retinopathy. 34348917 6 85 mod modification 1085:1096 arg3 O-GlcNAc 1076:1083 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification 1063:1096 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34348917 6 85 mod modification 1085:1096 arg1 HRMECs 1137:1142 HRMECs 1137:1142 HRMECs 1137:1142 RESULTS High glucose increases pan-cellular O-GlcNAc modification and the proliferation and migration of HRMECs. 34188844 4 0 theme infection 885:893 arg1 load 895:898 infection load 885:898 infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership 885:1021 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 1 theme immune 1026:1031 arg1 responses 1033:1041 immune responses 1026:1041 immune responses 1026:1041 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 3 2 theme existing 546:553 arg1 assays 555:560 existing assays 546:560 existing assays 546:560 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 7 3 theme higher 1410:1415 arg1 concentrations 1421:1434 higher IgG concentrations 1410:1434 higher IgG concentrations 1410:1434 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 9 4 theme fitness-relevant 1887:1902 arg1 effects 1904:1910 fitness-relevant effects 1887:1910 fitness-relevant effects of these responses 1887:1929 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 3 5 theme fecal 759:763 arg1 IgA 788:790 total IgA 782:790 total IgA 782:790 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 5 theme fecal 759:763 arg1 immunoglobulins 765:779 fecal immunoglobulins 759:779 fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) 759:802 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 6 theme adaptive 584:591 arg1 responses 600:608 innate and adaptive immune responses 573:608 innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), 573:745 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 9 7 from parasites 1812:1820 arg1 mammals 1868:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 3 8 theme innate 573:578 arg1 responses 600:608 innate and adaptive immune responses 573:608 innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), 573:745 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 1 9 theme host-parasite 174:186 arg1 interactions 188:199 host-parasite interactions 174:199 host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts 174:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 9 10 theme responses 1921:1929 arg1 effects 1904:1910 fitness-relevant effects 1887:1910 fitness-relevant effects of these responses 1887:1929 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 2 11 from Research 384:391 arg1 interactions 410:421 host-parasite interactions 396:421 host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals 396:456 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 9 12 from responses 1844:1852 arg1 mammals 1868:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 4 13 theme immune 1080:1085 arg1 responses 1087:1095 immune responses 1080:1095 immune responses during early life 1080:1113 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 14 from investment 1066:1075 arg1 responses 1087:1095 immune responses 1080:1095 immune responses during early life 1080:1113 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 3 15 theme total 793:797 arg1 IgG 799:801 total IgG 793:801 total IgG 793:801 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 16 theme gastrointestinal 626:641 arg1 mucosa 643:648 the gastrointestinal mucosa 622:648 the gastrointestinal mucosa 622:648 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 7 17 dep had 1406:1408 arg1 whereas 1457:1463 whereas 1457:1463 whereas 1457:1463 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 3 18 theme O-linked 820:827 arg1 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 18 theme O-linked 820:827 arg1 oligosaccharides 829:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides 808:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin) 808:852 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 19 theme Crocuta 668:674 arg1 hyena 661:665 spotted hyena 653:665 spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces 653:689 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 19 theme Crocuta 668:674 arg1 crocuta 676:682 Crocuta crocuta 668:682 Crocuta crocuta 668:682 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 1 20 theme immune 130:135 arg1 defenses 137:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 1 20 theme immune 130:135 arg1 components 160:169 important components 150:169 important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts 150:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 9 21 theme noninvasive 1716:1726 arg1 methods 1728:1734 noninvasive methods 1716:1734 noninvasive methods 1716:1734 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 5 22 theme Ancylostoma 1271:1281 arg1 load 1287:1290 Ancylostoma egg load 1271:1290 Ancylostoma egg load 1271:1290 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with Ancylostoma egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. 34188844 3 23 theme total 808:812 arg1 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 23 theme total 808:812 arg1 oligosaccharides 829:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides 808:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin) 808:852 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 6 24 theme mucin 1356:1360 arg1 concentrations 1362:1375 higher mucin concentrations 1349:1375 higher mucin concentrations 1349:1375 Females had higher mucin concentrations than males. 34188844 3 25 theme hyena 661:665 arg1 feces 685:689 spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces 653:689 spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces 653:689 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 25 theme hyena 661:665 arg1 assays 730:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays 702:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) 702:744 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 4 26 theme spotted 1155:1161 arg1 hyenas 1163:1168 individually known spotted hyenas 1136:1168 individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 1136:1209 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 5 27 theme IgG 1241:1243 arg1 concentrations 1218:1231 Fecal concentrations 1212:1231 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin 1212:1254 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with Ancylostoma egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. 34188844 0 28 theme wild 81:84 arg1 carnivore 86:94 a wild carnivore 79:94 a wild carnivore 79:94 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 1 29 theme essential 358:366 arg1 processes 373:381 other essential life processes 352:381 other essential life processes 352:381 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 4 30 from effect 875:880 arg1 responses 1033:1041 immune responses 1026:1041 immune responses 1026:1041 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 8 31 attach linked 1585:1590 arg1 longevity 1603:1611 reduced longevity 1595:1611 reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load 1595:1674 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 8 31 attach linked 1585:1590 arg2 concentrations 1535:1548 High IgA concentrations 1526:1548 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life 1526:1578 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 4 32 theme host 970:973 arg1 age 975:977 host age 970:977 host age 970:977 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 2 33 theme large 426:430 arg1 mammals 450:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 4 34 theme clan 1007:1010 arg1 membership 1012:1021 clan membership 1007:1021 clan membership 1007:1021 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 9 35 theme gastrointestinal 1795:1810 arg1 parasites 1812:1820 gastrointestinal parasites 1795:1820 gastrointestinal parasites 1795:1820 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 8 36 theme High 1526:1529 arg1 concentrations 1535:1548 High IgA concentrations 1526:1548 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life 1526:1578 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 0 37 theme immune 23:28 arg1 responses 30:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses 0:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses 0:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 2 38 theme noninvasive 502:512 arg1 assays 514:519 verified noninvasive assays 493:519 verified noninvasive assays 493:519 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 2 39 theme wild 445:448 arg1 mammals 450:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 1 40 theme resources 311:319 arg1 allocation 297:306 increased allocation 287:306 increased allocation of resources to immune responses 287:339 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 9 41 theme host 1826:1829 arg1 responses 1844:1852 host local immune responses 1826:1852 host local immune responses 1826:1852 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 9 42 from knowledge 1749:1757 arg1 relationship 1774:1785 the complex relationship 1762:1785 the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals 1762:1874 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 2 43 from interactions 410:421 arg1 mammals 450:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 9 44 theme local 1831:1835 arg1 responses 1844:1852 host local immune responses 1826:1852 host local immune responses 1826:1852 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 7 45 contain had 1406:1408 arg2 concentrations 1421:1434 higher IgG concentrations 1410:1434 higher IgG concentrations 1410:1434 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 7 45 contain had 1406:1408 arg1 females 1398:1404 Juvenile females 1389:1404 Juvenile females 1389:1404 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 0 46 theme parasite 56:63 arg1 infections 65:74 current parasite infections 48:74 current parasite infections in a wild carnivore 48:94 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 1 47 theme immune 324:329 arg1 responses 331:339 immune responses 324:339 immune responses 324:339 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 7 48 theme IgG 1489:1491 arg1 concentrations 1493:1506 lower IgG concentrations 1483:1506 lower IgG concentrations 1483:1506 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 4 49 theme high 1061:1064 arg1 investment 1066:1075 high investment 1061:1075 high investment in immune responses during early life 1061:1113 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 5 50 theme Fecal 1212:1216 arg1 concentrations 1218:1231 Fecal concentrations 1212:1231 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin 1212:1254 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with Ancylostoma egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. 34188844 9 51 theme wild 1857:1860 arg1 mammals 1868:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 8 52 theme life 1575:1578 arg1 year 1567:1570 the first year 1557:1570 the first year of life 1557:1578 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 3 53 theme enzyme-linked 702:714 arg1 ELISAs 738:743 ELISAs 738:743 ELISAs 738:743 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 53 theme enzyme-linked 702:714 arg1 assays 730:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays 702:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) 702:744 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 7 54 contain had 1479:1481 arg2 concentrations 1493:1506 lower IgG concentrations 1483:1506 lower IgG concentrations 1483:1506 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 7 54 contain had 1479:1481 arg1 females 1471:1477 adult females 1465:1477 adult females 1465:1477 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 7 55 theme adult 1465:1469 arg1 females 1471:1477 adult females 1465:1477 adult females 1465:1477 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 0 56 attach linked 104:109 arg1 longevity 114:122 longevity 114:122 longevity 114:122 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 0 56 attach linked 104:109 arg2 responses 30:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses 0:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses 0:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 1 57 theme fitness 251:257 arg1 consequences 259:270 fitness consequences 251:270 fitness consequences for hosts 251:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 6 58 contain had 1345:1347 arg2 concentrations 1362:1375 higher mucin concentrations 1349:1375 higher mucin concentrations 1349:1375 Females had higher mucin concentrations than males. 34188844 6 58 contain had 1345:1347 arg1 Females 1337:1343 Females 1337:1343 Females 1337:1343 Females had higher mucin concentrations than males. 34188844 8 59 theme reduced 1595:1601 arg1 longevity 1603:1611 reduced longevity 1595:1611 reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load 1595:1674 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 8 60 theme egg 1667:1669 arg1 load 1671:1674 Ancylostoma egg load 1655:1674 Ancylostoma egg load 1655:1674 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 7 61 theme juvenile 1441:1448 arg1 males 1450:1454 juvenile males 1441:1454 juvenile males 1441:1454 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 4 62 theme load 895:898 arg1 effect 875:880 the effect 871:880 the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses 871:1041 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 7 63 theme IgG 1417:1419 arg1 concentrations 1421:1434 higher IgG concentrations 1410:1434 higher IgG concentrations 1410:1434 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 9 64 theme immune 1837:1842 arg1 responses 1844:1852 host local immune responses 1826:1852 host local immune responses 1826:1852 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 1 65 theme interactions 188:199 arg1 defenses 137:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 1 65 theme interactions 188:199 arg1 components 160:169 important components 150:169 important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts 150:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 3 66 dep IgA 788:790 arg1 IgG 799:801 total IgG 793:801 total IgG 793:801 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 7 67 theme Juvenile 1389:1396 arg1 females 1398:1404 Juvenile females 1389:1404 Juvenile females 1389:1404 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 3 68 theme immune 593:598 arg1 responses 600:608 innate and adaptive immune responses 573:608 innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), 573:745 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 4 69 theme early 1104:1108 arg1 life 1110:1113 early life 1104:1113 early life 1104:1113 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 3 70 theme total 782:786 arg1 IgA 788:790 total IgA 782:790 total IgA 782:790 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 70 theme total 782:786 arg1 immunoglobulins 765:779 fecal immunoglobulins 759:779 fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) 759:802 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 1 71 contain have 246:249 arg1 interactions 188:199 host-parasite interactions 174:199 host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts 174:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 1 71 contain have 246:249 arg2 consequences 259:270 fitness consequences 251:270 fitness consequences for hosts 251:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 5 72 theme mucin 1250:1254 arg1 concentrations 1218:1231 Fecal concentrations 1212:1231 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin 1212:1254 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with Ancylostoma egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. 34188844 1 73 theme Host 125:128 arg1 defenses 137:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 1 73 theme Host 125:128 arg1 components 160:169 important components 150:169 important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts 150:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 4 74 theme costly 920:925 arg1 Ancylostoma 937:947 Ancylostoma 937:947 Ancylostoma 937:947 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 74 theme costly 920:925 arg1 hookworm 927:934 an energetically costly hookworm 903:934 an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma) 903:948 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 75 theme known 1149:1153 arg1 hyenas 1163:1168 individually known spotted hyenas 1136:1168 individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 1136:1209 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 3 76 theme spotted 653:659 arg1 hyena 661:665 spotted hyena 653:665 spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces 653:689 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 76 theme spotted 653:659 arg1 crocuta 676:682 Crocuta crocuta 668:682 Crocuta crocuta 668:682 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 9 77 theme methods 1728:1734 arg1 use 1709:1711 the use 1705:1711 the use of noninvasive methods 1705:1734 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 1 78 theme infection 228:236 arg1 outcome 217:223 the outcome 213:223 the outcome of infection 213:236 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 3 79 theme fecal 814:818 arg1 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 79 theme fecal 814:818 arg1 oligosaccharides 829:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides 808:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin) 808:852 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 6 80 theme higher 1349:1354 arg1 concentrations 1362:1375 higher mucin concentrations 1349:1375 higher mucin concentrations 1349:1375 Females had higher mucin concentrations than males. 34188844 1 81 theme other 352:356 arg1 processes 373:381 other essential life processes 352:381 other essential life processes 352:381 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 1 82 theme important 150:158 arg1 defenses 137:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses 125:144 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 1 82 theme important 150:158 arg1 components 160:169 important components 150:169 important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts 150:280 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 2 83 theme assays 514:519 arg1 lack 485:488 a lack 483:488 a lack of verified noninvasive assays 483:519 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 1 84 theme life 368:371 arg1 processes 373:381 other essential life processes 352:381 other essential life processes 352:381 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 4 85 theme parasite 951:958 arg1 richness 960:967 parasite richness 951:967 parasite richness 951:967 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 0 86 from infections 65:74 arg1 carnivore 86:94 a wild carnivore 79:94 a wild carnivore 79:94 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 9 87 theme complex 1766:1772 arg1 relationship 1774:1785 the complex relationship 1762:1785 the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals 1762:1874 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 0 88 theme measured 14:21 arg1 responses 30:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses 0:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses 0:38 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 8 89 theme IgA 1531:1533 arg1 concentrations 1535:1548 High IgA concentrations 1526:1548 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life 1526:1578 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 3 90 link O-linked 820:827 arg1 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 mucin 847:851 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 90 link O-linked 820:827 arg1 oligosaccharides 829:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides 808:844 total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin) 808:852 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 5 91 theme egg 1283:1285 arg1 load 1287:1290 Ancylostoma egg load 1271:1290 Ancylostoma egg load 1271:1290 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with Ancylostoma egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. 34188844 2 92 theme host-parasite 396:408 arg1 interactions 410:421 host-parasite interactions 396:421 host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals 396:456 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 1 93 theme increased 287:295 arg1 allocation 297:306 increased allocation 287:306 increased allocation of resources to immune responses 287:339 Host immune defenses are important components of host-parasite interactions that affect the outcome of infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. 34188844 0 94 theme current 48:54 arg1 infections 65:74 current parasite infections 48:74 current parasite infections in a wild carnivore 48:94 Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity. 34188844 2 95 theme verified 493:500 arg1 assays 514:519 verified noninvasive assays 493:519 verified noninvasive assays 493:519 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 8 96 theme first 1561:1565 arg1 year 1567:1570 the first year 1557:1570 the first year of life 1557:1578 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 2 97 theme free-ranging 432:443 arg1 mammals 450:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 large free-ranging wild mammals 426:456 Research on host-parasite interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. 34188844 7 98 theme adult 1513:1517 arg1 males 1519:1523 adult males 1513:1523 adult males 1513:1523 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 Ancylostoma 937:947 Ancylostoma 937:947 Ancylostoma 937:947 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 age 975:977 host age 970:977 host age 970:977 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 sex 980:982 sex 980:982 sex 980:982 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 hookworm 927:934 an energetically costly hookworm 903:934 an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma) 903:948 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 membership 1012:1021 clan membership 1007:1021 clan membership 1007:1021 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 richness 960:967 parasite richness 951:967 parasite richness 951:967 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 4 99 theme sampling 993:1000 arg1 year 985:988 year 985:988 year of sampling 985:1000 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 3 100 theme immunosorbent 716:728 arg1 ELISAs 738:743 ELISAs 738:743 ELISAs 738:743 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 100 theme immunosorbent 716:728 arg1 assays 730:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays 702:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) 702:744 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 4 101 from hyenas 1163:1168 arg1 Tanzania 1202:1209 Tanzania 1202:1209 Tanzania 1202:1209 We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (Ancylostoma), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. 34188844 3 102 link enzyme-linked 702:714 arg1 ELISAs 738:743 ELISAs 738:743 ELISAs 738:743 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 3 102 link enzyme-linked 702:714 arg1 assays 730:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays 702:735 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) 702:744 We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) feces, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O-linked oligosaccharides (mucin). 34188844 7 103 theme lower 1483:1487 arg1 concentrations 1493:1506 lower IgG concentrations 1483:1506 lower IgG concentrations 1483:1506 Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. 34188844 9 104 theme large 1862:1866 arg1 mammals 1868:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 wild large mammals 1857:1874 Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses. 34188844 8 105 theme Ancylostoma 1655:1665 arg1 load 1671:1674 Ancylostoma egg load 1655:1674 Ancylostoma egg load 1655:1674 High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and Ancylostoma egg load. 34188844 5 106 theme IgA 1236:1238 arg1 concentrations 1218:1231 Fecal concentrations 1212:1231 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin 1212:1254 Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with Ancylostoma egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. 34568080 8 0 theme control 1065:1071 arg1 groups 1073:1078 control groups 1065:1078 control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65% 1065:1129 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 13 1 theme aeria 1697:1701 arg1 elevation 1645:1653 significant elevation 1633:1653 significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1633:1701 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 14 2 theme gut 2085:2087 arg1 microbiome 2089:2098 the gut microbiome 2081:2098 the gut microbiome 2081:2098 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 11 3 theme colonic 1486:1492 arg1 fungus 1494:1499 colonic fungus 1486:1499 colonic fungus 1486:1499 There was a strong correlation between colonic fungus and sugar metabolism. 34568080 6 4 theme Food 743:746 arg1 intake 748:753 Food intake 743:753 Food intake 743:753 Food intake, the colonic fungal microbiome, the feces metabolome, and appetite regulators were monitored. 34568080 6 5 theme appetite 813:820 arg1 regulators 822:831 appetite regulators 813:831 appetite regulators 813:831 Food intake, the colonic fungal microbiome, the feces metabolome, and appetite regulators were monitored. 34568080 5 6 theme 32°C 634:637 arg1 2°C 641:643 32°C ± 2°C 634:643 32°C ± 2°C 634:643 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 15 7 theme further 2178:2184 arg1 studies 2186:2192 extensive further studies 2168:2192 extensive further studies 2168:2192 The mechanisms involved in these associations require extensive further studies. 34568080 8 8 theme 25°C 1094:1097 arg1 2°C 1101:1103 25°C ± 2°C 1094:1103 25°C ± 2°C 1094:1103 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 13 9 theme characteristic 1662:1675 arg1 aeria 1697:1701 the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1658:1701 the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1658:1701 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 2 10 theme Most 260:263 arg1 humans 265:270 Most humans 260:270 Most humans 260:270 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 6 11 theme feces 791:795 arg1 metabolome 797:806 the feces metabolome 787:806 the feces metabolome 787:806 Food intake, the colonic fungal microbiome, the feces metabolome, and appetite regulators were monitored. 34568080 12 12 theme cadaverine 1582:1591 arg1 metabolites 1536:1546 some metabolites 1531:1546 some metabolites of cholesterol, tromethamine, and cadaverine 1531:1591 In fimo some metabolites of cholesterol, tromethamine, and cadaverine were significantly increased. 34568080 13 13 theme gut 1835:1837 arg1 bacteria 1839:1846 gut bacteria 1835:1846 gut bacteria 1835:1846 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 2 14 theme high 304:307 arg1 HTHH 340:343 HTHH 340:343 HTHH 340:343 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 2 14 theme high 304:307 arg1 temperature 309:319 high temperature 304:319 high temperature 304:319 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 8 15 theme relative 1109:1116 arg1 humidity 1118:1125 relative humidity 1109:1125 relative humidity 1109:1125 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 13 16 theme significant 1633:1643 arg1 elevation 1645:1653 significant elevation 1633:1653 significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1633:1701 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 5 17 theme 95 664:665 arg1 % 666:666 % 666:666 % 666:666 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 12 18 theme tromethamine 1564:1575 arg1 metabolites 1536:1546 some metabolites 1531:1546 some metabolites of cholesterol, tromethamine, and cadaverine 1531:1591 In fimo some metabolites of cholesterol, tromethamine, and cadaverine were significantly increased. 34568080 5 19 theme relative 646:653 arg1 humidity 655:662 relative humidity 646:662 relative humidity 95% 646:666 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 10 20 theme O-linked 1312:1319 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 1321:1341 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1312:1341 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1312:1341 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 0 21 theme Mycobiota 81:89 arg1 Dysbiosis 91:99 Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis 73:99 Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions 73:156 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 7 22 theme pathway 882:888 arg1 Components 849:858 Components 849:858 Components of the interleukin 17 pathway 849:888 Components of the interleukin 17 pathway were also examined. 34568080 12 23 theme cholesterol 1551:1561 arg1 metabolites 1536:1546 some metabolites 1531:1546 some metabolites of cholesterol, tromethamine, and cadaverine 1531:1591 In fimo some metabolites of cholesterol, tromethamine, and cadaverine were significantly increased. 34568080 10 24 theme PYY 1304:1306 arg1 levels 1294:1299 The expression levels 1279:1299 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1279:1341 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 9 25 theme p 1214:1214 arg1 hypothalamus 1200:1211 the hypothalamus 1196:1211 the hypothalamus (p < 0.05) 1196:1222 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 9 25 theme p 1214:1214 arg1 < 1216:1216 p < 0.05 1214:1221 p < 0.05 1214:1221 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 8 26 theme body 953:956 arg1 weight 958:963 body weight 953:963 body weight 953:963 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 7 27 theme interleukin 867:877 arg1 pathway 882:888 the interleukin 17 pathway 863:888 the interleukin 17 pathway 863:888 Components of the interleukin 17 pathway were also examined. 34568080 13 28 theme interleukin 1744:1754 arg1 activation 1778:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation 1744:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts 1744:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 5 29 theme artificial 687:696 arg1 box 706:708 an artificial climate box 684:708 an artificial climate box 684:708 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 13 30 from activation 1778:1787 arg1 hosts 1809:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 0 31 theme Colonic 73:79 arg1 Dysbiosis 91:99 Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis 73:99 Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions 73:156 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 13 32 theme receptor 1759:1766 arg1 activation 1778:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation 1744:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts 1744:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 2 33 theme HTHH 362:365 arg1 environments 367:378 HTHH environments 362:378 HTHH environments 362:378 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 0 34 theme Appetite 0:7 arg1 Suppression 9:19 Appetite Suppression 0:19 Appetite Suppression 0:19 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 10 35 theme p 1376:1376 arg1 tissues 1367:1373 colonic tissues 1359:1373 colonic tissues (p < 0.05) 1359:1384 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 10 35 theme p 1376:1376 arg1 < 1378:1378 p < 0.05 1376:1383 p < 0.05 1376:1383 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 9 36 theme NYP 1229:1231 arg1 expression 1238:1247 NYP gene expression 1229:1247 NYP gene expression 1229:1247 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 14 37 theme endocrine 1947:1955 arg1 system 1957:1962 the hypothalamus endocrine system 1930:1962 the hypothalamus endocrine system 1930:1962 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 13 38 from suppression 1728:1738 arg1 hosts 1809:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 0 39 theme Signaling 49:57 arg1 Activation 59:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 8 40 theme fecal 1009:1013 arg1 metabolome 1015:1024 fecal metabolome 1009:1024 fecal metabolome 1009:1024 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 6 41 theme colonic 760:766 arg1 microbiome 775:784 the colonic fungal microbiome 756:784 the colonic fungal microbiome 756:784 Food intake, the colonic fungal microbiome, the feces metabolome, and appetite regulators were monitored. 34568080 8 42 dep 2°C 1101:1103 arg1 % 1129:1129 65% 1127:1129 65% 1127:1129 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 2 43 theme high 325:328 arg1 humidity 330:337 high humidity 325:337 high humidity 325:337 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 9 44 theme p 1268:1268 arg1 < 1270:1270 p < 0.05 1268:1275 p < 0.05 1268:1275 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 13 45 theme fungi 1677:1681 arg1 aeria 1697:1701 the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1658:1701 the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1658:1701 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 2 46 theme fungal 386:391 arg1 growth 393:398 fungal growth 386:398 fungal growth 386:398 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 3 47 theme HTHH 492:495 arg1 conditions 497:506 HTHH conditions 492:506 HTHH conditions 492:506 Therefore, we hypothesized that the colonic mycobiota may affect the host's appetite under HTHH conditions. 34568080 10 48 theme interleukin 1391:1401 arg1 expression 1406:1415 interleukin 17 expression 1391:1415 interleukin 17 expression 1391:1415 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 11 49 theme sugar 1505:1509 arg1 metabolism 1511:1520 sugar metabolism 1505:1520 sugar metabolism 1505:1520 There was a strong correlation between colonic fungus and sugar metabolism. 34568080 5 50 theme HTHH 616:619 arg1 environment 621:631 an HTHH environment 613:631 an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days 613:740 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 11 51 theme strong 1459:1464 arg1 correlation 1466:1476 a strong correlation 1457:1476 a strong correlation between colonic fungus and sugar metabolism 1457:1520 There was a strong correlation between colonic fungus and sugar metabolism. 34568080 4 52 theme autoimmune 554:563 arg1 diseases 565:572 autoimmune diseases 554:572 autoimmune diseases 554:572 Changes in humidity are also associated with autoimmune diseases. 34568080 3 53 theme colonic 437:443 arg1 mycobiota 445:453 the colonic mycobiota 433:453 the colonic mycobiota 433:453 Therefore, we hypothesized that the colonic mycobiota may affect the host's appetite under HTHH conditions. 34568080 13 54 theme fungi 1852:1856 arg1 disturbance 1820:1830 disturbance 1820:1830 disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi 1820:1856 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 13 54 theme fungi 1852:1856 arg1 suppression 1728:1738 appetite suppression 1719:1738 appetite suppression 1719:1738 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 13 54 theme fungi 1852:1856 arg1 activation 1778:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation 1744:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts 1744:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 2 55 theme reduced 280:286 arg1 appetites 288:296 reduced appetites 280:296 reduced appetites 280:296 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 15 56 theme extensive 2168:2176 arg1 studies 2186:2192 extensive further studies 2168:2192 extensive further studies 2168:2192 The mechanisms involved in these associations require extensive further studies. 34568080 8 57 theme experimental 917:928 arg1 groups 930:935 the experimental groups 913:935 the experimental groups 913:935 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 10 58 theme expression 1283:1292 arg1 levels 1294:1299 The expression levels 1279:1299 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1279:1341 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 2 59 theme temperature 309:319 arg1 conditions 346:355 high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions 304:355 high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions 304:355 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 8 60 theme ± 1099:1099 arg1 2°C 1101:1103 25°C ± 2°C 1094:1103 25°C ± 2°C 1094:1103 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 8 61 theme food 937:940 arg1 intake 942:947 food intake 937:947 food intake 937:947 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 14 62 theme hypothalamus 1934:1945 arg1 system 1957:1962 the hypothalamus endocrine system 1930:1962 the hypothalamus endocrine system 1930:1962 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 14 63 theme indispensable 2042:2054 arg1 role 2056:2059 an indispensable role 2039:2059 an indispensable role 2039:2059 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 0 64 theme High 133:136 arg1 Humidity 138:145 High Humidity 133:145 High Humidity 133:145 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 13 65 theme bacteria 1839:1846 arg1 disturbance 1820:1830 disturbance 1820:1830 disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi 1820:1856 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 13 65 theme bacteria 1839:1846 arg1 suppression 1728:1738 appetite suppression 1719:1738 appetite suppression 1719:1738 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 13 65 theme bacteria 1839:1846 arg1 activation 1778:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation 1744:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts 1744:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 1 66 theme human 199:203 arg1 physiology 205:214 human physiology 199:214 human physiology 199:214 It is known that the microbiome affects human physiology, emotion, disease, growth, and development. 34568080 5 67 theme % 666:666 arg1 humidity 655:662 relative humidity 646:662 relative humidity 95% 646:666 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 9 68 theme appetite-related 1136:1151 arg1 proteins 1153:1160 The appetite-related proteins 1132:1160 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC 1132:1174 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 5 69 theme ± 639:639 arg1 2°C 641:643 32°C ± 2°C 634:643 32°C ± 2°C 634:643 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 13 70 theme susceptible 1797:1807 arg1 hosts 1809:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 13 71 from disturbance 1820:1830 arg1 hosts 1809:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 some susceptible hosts 1792:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 14 72 theme microbiome 2089:2098 arg1 stability 2068:2076 the stability 2064:2076 the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity 2064:2111 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 10 73 link O-linked 1312:1319 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 1321:1341 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1312:1341 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1312:1341 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 5 74 theme climate 698:704 arg1 box 706:708 an artificial climate box 684:708 an artificial climate box 684:708 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 13 75 theme signaling 1768:1776 arg1 activation 1778:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation 1744:1787 interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts 1744:1813 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 0 76 theme Dysbiosis 91:99 arg1 Suppression 9:19 Appetite Suppression 0:19 Appetite Suppression 0:19 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 0 76 theme Dysbiosis 91:99 arg1 Activation 59:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 14 77 theme important 1912:1920 arg1 role 1922:1925 an important role 1909:1925 an important role 1909:1925 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 14 78 theme gut-brain 2008:2016 arg1 axis 2018:2021 the gut-brain axis 2004:2021 the gut-brain axis 2004:2021 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 5 79 theme current 582:588 arg1 study 590:594 the current study 578:594 the current study 578:594 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 0 80 dep Temperature 117:127 arg1 Conditions 147:156 Conditions 147:156 Conditions 147:156 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 9 81 dep downregulated 1253:1265 arg1 < 1270:1270 p < 0.05 1268:1275 p < 0.05 1268:1275 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 5 82 dep 2°C 641:643 arg1 humidity 655:662 relative humidity 646:662 relative humidity 95% 646:666 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 14 83 theme appetite 1980:1987 arg1 regulation 1989:1998 appetite regulation 1980:1998 appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis 1980:2021 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 14 84 theme immunity 2104:2111 arg1 stability 2068:2076 the stability 2064:2076 the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity 2064:2111 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 10 85 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 1321:1341 arg1 levels 1294:1299 The expression levels 1279:1299 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1279:1341 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 0 86 theme Interleukin 25:35 arg1 Activation 59:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 8 87 theme colonic 987:993 arg1 mycobiota 995:1003 the colonic mycobiota 983:1003 the colonic mycobiota 983:1003 In the experimental groups food intake and body weight were reduced, and the colonic mycobiota and fecal metabolome were substantially altered compared to control groups maintained at 25°C ± 2°C and relative humidity 65%. 34568080 5 88 dep environment 621:631 arg1 2°C 641:643 32°C ± 2°C 634:643 32°C ± 2°C 634:643 In the current study mice were fed in an HTHH environment (32°C ± 2°C, relative humidity 95%) maintained via an artificial climate box for 8 hours per day for 21 days. 34568080 13 89 theme appetite 1719:1726 arg1 suppression 1728:1738 appetite suppression 1719:1738 appetite suppression 1719:1738 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34568080 0 90 theme Receptor 40:47 arg1 Activation 59:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation 25:68 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 9 91 theme gene 1233:1236 arg1 expression 1238:1247 NYP gene expression 1229:1247 NYP gene expression 1229:1247 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 10 92 theme colonic 1359:1365 arg1 tissues 1367:1373 colonic tissues 1359:1373 colonic tissues (p < 0.05) 1359:1384 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 10 92 theme colonic 1359:1365 arg1 < 1378:1378 p < 0.05 1376:1383 p < 0.05 1376:1383 The expression levels of PYY and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine were altered in colonic tissues (p < 0.05), and interleukin 17 expression was upregulated in the colon. 34568080 0 93 theme High 112:115 arg1 Temperature 117:127 High Temperature 112:127 High Temperature 112:127 Appetite Suppression and Interleukin 17 Receptor Signaling Activation of Colonic Mycobiota Dysbiosis Induced by High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions. 34568080 4 94 from Changes 509:515 arg1 humidity 520:527 humidity 520:527 humidity 520:527 Changes in humidity are also associated with autoimmune diseases. 34568080 6 95 theme fungal 768:773 arg1 microbiome 775:784 the colonic fungal microbiome 756:784 the colonic fungal microbiome 756:784 Food intake, the colonic fungal microbiome, the feces metabolome, and appetite regulators were monitored. 34568080 2 96 theme humidity 330:337 arg1 conditions 346:355 high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions 304:355 high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions 304:355 Most humans exhibit reduced appetites under high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions, and HTHH environments favor fungal growth. 34568080 9 97 dep proteins 1153:1160 arg1 POMC 1171:1174 POMC 1171:1174 POMC 1171:1174 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 9 97 dep proteins 1153:1160 arg1 LEPT 1162:1165 LEPT 1162:1165 LEPT 1162:1165 The appetite-related proteins LEPT and POMC were upregulated in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and NYP gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). 34568080 14 98 theme gut 1889:1891 arg1 mycobiota 1893:1901 the gut mycobiota 1885:1901 the gut mycobiota 1885:1901 The results indicate that the gut mycobiota plays an important role in the hypothalamus endocrine system with respect to appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, and also plays an indispensable role in the stability of the gut microbiome and immunity. 34568080 13 99 theme Solicoccozyma 1683:1695 arg1 aeria 1697:1701 the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1658:1701 the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria 1658:1701 There was significant elevation of the characteristic fungi Solicoccozyma aeria, and associated appetite suppression and interleukin 17 receptor signaling activation in some susceptible hosts, and disturbance of gut bacteria and fungi. 34435655 12 0 theme signaling 2088:2096 arg1 pathways 2098:2105 MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways 2066:2105 MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways 2066:2105 These findings indicated that O‑GlcNAcylation regulates IH‑induced vascular dysfunction, at least partly by modulating MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways. 34435655 6 1 theme OGT 1245:1247 arg1 blockade 1249:1256 OGT blockade 1245:1256 OGT blockade 1245:1256 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 10 2 theme Ang II‑induced 1716:1729 arg1 responses 1743:1751 Ang II‑induced contractile responses 1716:1751 Ang II‑induced contractile responses 1716:1751 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 12 3 theme MAPK 2066:2069 arg1 pathways 2098:2105 MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways 2066:2105 MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways 2066:2105 These findings indicated that O‑GlcNAcylation regulates IH‑induced vascular dysfunction, at least partly by modulating MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways. 34435655 7 4 theme arteries 1419:1426 arg1 responses 1406:1414 the relaxation responses 1391:1414 the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments 1391:1481 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 11 5 theme inhibitory 1908:1917 arg1 effects 1919:1925 the inhibitory effects 1904:1925 the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors 1904:1944 OGT inhibition significantly blocked contractile responses to Ang II and abolished the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors. 34435655 4 6 theme incubation 824:833 arg1 3 h 817:819 3 h 817:819 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions 817:859 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 2 7 theme IH 431:432 arg1 effects 414:420 the vascular effects 401:420 the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) 401:459 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 3 8 theme mesenteric 552:561 arg1 segments 563:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments 537:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments 537:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 4 9 theme normoxic 841:848 arg1 conditions 850:859 normoxic conditions 841:859 normoxic conditions 841:859 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 1 10 theme intracellular 302:314 arg1 signaling 316:324 intracellular signaling 302:324 intracellular signaling 302:324 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 10 11 theme inhibitor‑treated 1795:1811 arg1 groups 1813:1818 the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups 1783:1818 the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups 1783:1818 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 4 12 dep control 780:786 arg1 rats 796:799 rats 796:799 rats 796:799 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 4 13 attach isolated 766:773 arg1 CIH 792:794 CIH 792:794 CIH 792:794 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 4 13 attach isolated 766:773 arg2 arteries 757:764 arteries 757:764 arteries isolated from control and CIH rats 757:799 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 4 13 attach isolated 766:773 arg2 Meanwhile 746:754 Meanwhile 746:754 Meanwhile 746:754 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 4 13 attach isolated 766:773 arg1 control 780:786 control 780:786 control 780:786 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 2 14 theme present 331:337 arg1 study 339:343 The present study 327:343 The present study 327:343 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 1 15 theme O‑GlcNAc 226:233 arg1 ylation 235:241 O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation 194:241 O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation 194:241 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 12 16 theme vascular 2014:2021 arg1 dysfunction 2023:2033 IH‑induced vascular dysfunction 2003:2033 IH‑induced vascular dysfunction 2003:2033 These findings indicated that O‑GlcNAcylation regulates IH‑induced vascular dysfunction, at least partly by modulating MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways. 34435655 6 17 theme p38 MAPK 1208:1215 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 1165:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 17 theme p38 MAPK 1208:1215 arg1 phosphorylation 1189:1203 the phosphorylation 1185:1203 the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII 1185:1234 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 18 theme opposite 1266:1273 arg1 effects 1275:1281 the opposite effects 1262:1281 the opposite effects 1262:1281 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 5 19 theme OGT 1013:1015 arg1 expression 969:978 the expression 965:978 the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT 965:1015 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 7 20 theme acetylcholine‑induced 1309:1329 arg1 relaxation 1331:1340 acetylcholine‑induced relaxation 1309:1340 acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries 1309:1356 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 3 21 theme O‑GlcNAc 619:626 arg1 OGT 641:643 OGT 641:643 OGT 641:643 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 3 21 theme O‑GlcNAc 619:626 arg1 transferase 628:638 O‑GlcNAc transferase 619:638 O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor 619:654 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 6 22 contain had 1258:1260 arg2 effects 1275:1281 the opposite effects 1262:1281 the opposite effects 1262:1281 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 22 contain had 1258:1260 arg1 blockade 1249:1256 OGT blockade 1245:1256 OGT blockade 1245:1256 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 0 23 theme MAPKs 102:106 arg1 modulation 88:97 modulation 88:97 modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways 88:130 O‑GlcNAcylation contributes to intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction via modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways. 34435655 1 24 theme vascular 168:175 arg1 dysfunction 177:187 vascular dysfunction 168:187 vascular dysfunction 168:187 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 4 25 theme arterial 918:925 arg1 reactivity 927:936 arterial reactivity 918:936 arterial reactivity 918:936 Meanwhile, arteries isolated from control and CIH rats were exposed to 3 h of incubation under normoxic conditions using DMSO, OGA or OGT as an inhibitor, before assessing arterial reactivity. 34435655 8 26 theme acetylcholine 1511:1523 arg1 dilation 1525:1532 acetylcholine dilation 1511:1532 acetylcholine dilation 1511:1532 However, the impairment of acetylcholine dilation in CIH mesenteric arteries was improved. 34435655 10 27 theme p38 MAPK 1668:1675 arg1 Blockade 1656:1663 Blockade 1656:1663 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 1656:1686 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 3 28 theme aortic 541:546 arg1 segments 563:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments 537:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments 537:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 11 29 theme inhibitors 1935:1944 arg1 effects 1919:1925 the inhibitory effects 1904:1925 the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors 1904:1944 OGT inhibition significantly blocked contractile responses to Ang II and abolished the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors. 34435655 8 30 from impairment 1497:1506 arg1 arteries 1552:1559 CIH mesenteric arteries 1537:1559 CIH mesenteric arteries 1537:1559 However, the impairment of acetylcholine dilation in CIH mesenteric arteries was improved. 34435655 3 31 dep conditions 685:694 arg1 either 662:667 either 662:667 either 662:667 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 3 31 dep conditions 685:694 arg1 AIH 681:683 AIH 681:683 AIH 681:683 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 9 32 theme CIH 1575:1577 arg1 contraction 1586:1596 CIH artery contraction 1575:1596 CIH artery contraction 1575:1596 CIH artery contraction was increased following angiotensin II (Ang II) exposure. 34435655 7 33 theme OGA 1284:1286 arg1 inhibition 1288:1297 OGA inhibition 1284:1297 OGA inhibition 1284:1297 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 8 34 theme mesenteric 1541:1550 arg1 arteries 1552:1559 CIH mesenteric arteries 1537:1559 CIH mesenteric arteries 1537:1559 However, the impairment of acetylcholine dilation in CIH mesenteric arteries was improved. 34435655 2 35 theme IH 452:453 arg1 effects 414:420 the vascular effects 401:420 the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) 401:459 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 2 36 theme Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent 482:506 arg1 CaMKII 519:524 CaMKII 519:524 CaMKII 519:524 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 2 36 theme Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent 482:506 arg1 kinase II 508:516 Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II 482:516 Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) 482:525 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 10 37 theme ERK1/2 1681:1686 arg1 Blockade 1656:1663 Blockade 1656:1663 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 1656:1686 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 0 38 theme hypoxia‑associated 44:61 arg1 dysfunction 72:82 intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction 31:82 intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction 31:82 O‑GlcNAcylation contributes to intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction via modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways. 34435655 5 39 theme O‑GlcNAc 992:999 arg1 protein 1001:1007 vascular O‑GlcNAc protein 983:1007 vascular O‑GlcNAc protein 983:1007 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 2 40 theme MAPK 473:476 arg1 pathways 527:534 the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways 469:534 the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways 469:534 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 5 41 theme phosphorylated 1103:1116 arg1 levels 1125:1130 phosphorylated CaMKII levels 1103:1130 phosphorylated CaMKII levels 1103:1130 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 9 42 theme angiotensin II 1622:1635 arg1 exposure 1646:1653 angiotensin II (Ang II) exposure 1622:1653 angiotensin II (Ang II) exposure 1622:1653 CIH artery contraction was increased following angiotensin II (Ang II) exposure. 34435655 10 43 theme CIH 1756:1758 arg1 arteries 1760:1767 CIH arteries 1756:1767 CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups 1756:1818 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 3 44 theme Rat 537:539 arg1 segments 563:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments 537:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments 537:570 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 1 45 theme vascular 256:263 arg1 reactivity 265:274 vascular reactivity 256:274 vascular reactivity 256:274 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 2 46 theme vascular 405:412 arg1 effects 414:420 the vascular effects 401:420 the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) 401:459 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 3 47 dep either 662:667 arg1 normoxic 669:676 normoxic 669:676 normoxic 669:676 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 7 48 theme AIH 1468:1470 arg1 treatments 1472:1481 AIH treatments 1468:1481 AIH treatments 1468:1481 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 10 49 attach isolated 1769:1776 arg2 arteries 1760:1767 CIH arteries 1756:1767 CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups 1756:1818 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 10 49 attach isolated 1769:1776 arg1 groups 1813:1818 the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups 1783:1818 the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups 1783:1818 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 6 50 theme OGA 1133:1135 arg1 inhibition 1137:1146 OGA inhibition 1133:1146 OGA inhibition 1133:1146 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 51 theme CaMKII 1229:1234 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 1165:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 51 theme CaMKII 1229:1234 arg1 phosphorylation 1189:1203 the phosphorylation 1185:1203 the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII 1185:1234 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 7 52 theme normoxic 1434:1441 arg1 conditions 1443:1452 normoxic conditions 1434:1452 normoxic conditions 1434:1452 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 3 53 theme arterial 709:716 arg1 function 718:725 arterial function 709:725 arterial function 709:725 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 6 54 theme ERK1/2 1218:1223 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 1165:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 54 theme ERK1/2 1218:1223 arg1 phosphorylation 1189:1203 the phosphorylation 1185:1203 the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII 1185:1234 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 6 55 theme global 1158:1163 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 1165:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 global O‑GlcNAcylation 1158:1179 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 7 56 theme relaxation 1395:1404 arg1 responses 1406:1414 the relaxation responses 1391:1414 the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments 1391:1481 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 7 57 dep preserved 1299:1307 arg1 whereas 1359:1365 whereas 1359:1365 whereas 1359:1365 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 11 58 theme OGT 1821:1823 arg1 inhibition 1825:1834 OGT inhibition 1821:1834 OGT inhibition 1821:1834 OGT inhibition significantly blocked contractile responses to Ang II and abolished the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors. 34435655 1 59 theme O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine 194:223 arg1 ylation 235:241 O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation 194:241 O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation 194:241 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 12 60 theme IH‑induced 2003:2012 arg1 dysfunction 2023:2033 IH‑induced vascular dysfunction 2003:2033 IH‑induced vascular dysfunction 2003:2033 These findings indicated that O‑GlcNAcylation regulates IH‑induced vascular dysfunction, at least partly by modulating MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways. 34435655 7 61 theme OGT 1367:1369 arg1 blockade 1371:1378 OGT blockade 1367:1378 OGT blockade 1367:1378 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 1 62 theme Intermittent 133:144 arg1 IH 155:156 IH 155:156 IH 155:156 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 1 62 theme Intermittent 133:144 arg1 hypoxia 146:152 Intermittent hypoxia 133:152 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) 133:157 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 6 63 dep increased 1148:1156 arg1 whereas 1237:1243 whereas 1237:1243 whereas 1237:1243 OGA inhibition increased global O‑GlcNAcylation and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CaMKII, whereas OGT blockade had the opposite effects. 34435655 11 64 theme contractile 1858:1868 arg1 responses 1870:1878 contractile responses 1858:1878 contractile responses to Ang II 1858:1888 OGT inhibition significantly blocked contractile responses to Ang II and abolished the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors. 34435655 3 65 theme transferase 628:638 arg1 inhibitor 646:654 O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor 619:654 O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor 619:654 Rat aortic and mesenteric segments were incubated with DMSO, O‑GlcNAcase (OGA) or O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor under either normoxic or AIH conditions for 3 h, and arterial function was then assessed. 34435655 7 66 theme AIH 1345:1347 arg1 arteries 1349:1356 AIH arteries 1345:1356 AIH arteries 1345:1356 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 5 67 contain had 1085:1087 arg1 it 1082:1083 it 1082:1083 it 1082:1083 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 5 67 contain had 1085:1087 arg2 effects 1092:1098 no effects 1089:1098 no effects 1089:1098 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 2 68 theme kinase II 508:516 arg1 pathways 527:534 the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways 469:534 the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways 469:534 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 0 69 theme CaMKII 116:121 arg1 pathways 123:130 CaMKII pathways 116:130 modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways 88:130 O‑GlcNAcylation contributes to intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction via modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways. 34435655 8 70 theme dilation 1525:1532 arg1 impairment 1497:1506 the impairment 1493:1506 the impairment of acetylcholine dilation in CIH mesenteric arteries 1493:1559 However, the impairment of acetylcholine dilation in CIH mesenteric arteries was improved. 34435655 5 71 theme OGA 1066:1068 arg1 levels 1070:1075 OGA levels 1066:1075 OGA levels 1066:1075 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 7 72 from relaxation 1331:1340 arg1 arteries 1349:1356 AIH arteries 1345:1356 AIH arteries 1345:1356 OGA inhibition preserved acetylcholine‑induced relaxation in AIH arteries, whereas OGT blockade attenuated the relaxation responses of arteries under normoxic conditions or undergoing AIH treatments. 34435655 8 73 theme CIH 1537:1539 arg1 arteries 1552:1559 CIH mesenteric arteries 1537:1559 CIH mesenteric arteries 1537:1559 However, the impairment of acetylcholine dilation in CIH mesenteric arteries was improved. 34435655 2 74 theme acute 425:429 arg1 AIH 435:437 AIH 435:437 AIH 435:437 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 2 74 theme acute 425:429 arg1 IH 431:432 acute IH 425:432 acute IH (AIH) 425:438 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 0 75 theme intermittent 31:42 arg1 dysfunction 72:82 intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction 31:82 intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction 31:82 O‑GlcNAcylation contributes to intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction via modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways. 34435655 1 76 theme signaling 316:324 arg1 modulation 288:297 the modulation 284:297 the modulation of intracellular signaling 284:324 Intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to vascular dysfunction, and O‑linked‑β‑N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc)ylation may regulate vascular reactivity through the modulation of intracellular signaling. 34435655 9 77 theme artery 1579:1584 arg1 contraction 1586:1596 CIH artery contraction 1575:1596 CIH artery contraction 1575:1596 CIH artery contraction was increased following angiotensin II (Ang II) exposure. 34435655 2 78 theme chronic 444:450 arg1 CIH 456:458 CIH 456:458 CIH 456:458 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 2 78 theme chronic 444:450 arg1 IH 452:453 chronic IH 444:453 chronic IH (CIH) 444:459 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 0 79 theme vascular 63:70 arg1 dysfunction 72:82 intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction 31:82 intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction 31:82 O‑GlcNAcylation contributes to intermittent hypoxia‑associated vascular dysfunction via modulation of MAPKs but not CaMKII pathways. 34435655 5 80 theme vascular 983:990 arg1 protein 1001:1007 vascular O‑GlcNAc protein 983:1007 vascular O‑GlcNAc protein 983:1007 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 5 81 theme protein 1001:1007 arg1 expression 969:978 the expression 965:978 the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT 965:1015 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 5 82 theme CaMKII 1118:1123 arg1 levels 1125:1130 phosphorylated CaMKII levels 1103:1130 phosphorylated CaMKII levels 1103:1130 CIH was found to increase the expression of vascular O‑GlcNAc protein and OGT, phosphorylate p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, and decrease OGA levels, but it had no effects on phosphorylated CaMKII levels. 34435655 2 83 theme O‑GlcNAc 363:370 arg1 modifications 372:384 O‑GlcNAc modifications 363:384 O‑GlcNAc modifications 363:384 The present study hypothesized that O‑GlcNAc modifications contributed to the vascular effects of acute IH (AIH) and chronic IH (CIH) through the MAPK and Ca2+/calmodulin‑dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways. 34435655 12 84 theme CaMKII 2080:2085 arg1 pathways 2098:2105 MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways 2066:2105 MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways 2066:2105 These findings indicated that O‑GlcNAcylation regulates IH‑induced vascular dysfunction, at least partly by modulating MAPK, but not CaMKII, signaling pathways. 34435655 10 85 theme contractile 1731:1741 arg1 responses 1743:1751 Ang II‑induced contractile responses 1716:1751 Ang II‑induced contractile responses 1716:1751 Blockade of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not CaMKII, attenuated Ang II‑induced contractile responses in CIH arteries isolated from the non‑OGT inhibitor‑treated groups. 34435655 11 86 theme MAPK 1930:1933 arg1 inhibitors 1935:1944 MAPK inhibitors 1930:1944 MAPK inhibitors 1930:1944 OGT inhibition significantly blocked contractile responses to Ang II and abolished the inhibitory effects of MAPK inhibitors. 33737747 5 0 theme purified 759:766 arg1 MUC5B 768:772 natively purified MUC5B 750:772 natively purified MUC5B 750:772 Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. 33737747 2 1 theme oral 367:370 arg1 mutans2 405:411 Streptococcus mutans2 391:411 Streptococcus mutans2 391:411 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 1 theme oral 367:370 arg1 pathogens 372:380 oral pathogens 367:380 oral pathogens 367:380 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 8 2 theme host 1334:1337 arg1 strategy 1339:1346 a host strategy 1332:1346 a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them 1332:1423 Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them. 33737747 8 2 theme host 1334:1337 arg1 O-glycans 1319:1327 mucin O-glycans 1313:1327 mucin O-glycans 1313:1327 Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them. 33737747 7 3 theme associated 1134:1143 arg1 suppressors 1180:1190 potent suppressors 1173:1190 potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation 1173:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 3 theme associated 1134:1143 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 8 4 theme pathogenic 1378:1387 arg1 microorganisms 1389:1402 potentially pathogenic microorganisms 1366:1402 potentially pathogenic microorganisms 1366:1402 Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them. 33737747 3 5 theme saliva 591:596 arg1 functions 578:586 the protective functions 563:586 the protective functions of saliva 563:596 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 7 6 theme O-linked 1145:1152 arg1 suppressors 1180:1190 potent suppressors 1173:1190 potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation 1173:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 6 theme O-linked 1145:1152 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 3 7 theme protective 567:576 arg1 functions 578:586 the protective functions 563:586 the protective functions of saliva 563:596 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 3 8 theme bacterial 513:521 arg1 binding2-4 523:532 bacterial binding2-4 513:532 bacterial binding2-4 513:532 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 7 9 theme genetic 1214:1220 arg1 transformation 1222:1235 genetic transformation 1214:1235 genetic transformation 1214:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 5 10 theme competence 847:856 arg1 peptide 870:876 the competence stimulating peptide 843:876 the competence stimulating peptide 843:876 Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. 33737747 1 11 theme pathogenic 199:208 arg1 colonization1 210:222 pathogenic colonization1 199:222 pathogenic colonization1 199:222 Mucus barriers accommodate trillions of microorganisms throughout the human body while preventing pathogenic colonization1. 33737747 0 12 theme genetic 53:59 arg1 transformation 61:74 genetic transformation 53:74 genetic transformation 53:74 Mucin O-glycans suppress quorum-sensing pathways and genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans. 33737747 5 13 theme pathways 821:828 arg1 expression 792:801 the expression 788:801 the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5 788:907 Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. 33737747 2 14 theme Streptococcus 391:403 arg1 mutans2 405:411 Streptococcus mutans2 391:411 Streptococcus mutans2 391:411 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 5 15 theme quorum-sensing 806:819 arg1 pathways 821:828 quorum-sensing pathways 806:828 quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5 806:907 Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. 33737747 6 16 theme genetic 998:1004 arg1 transformation 1006:1019 natural genetic transformation 990:1019 natural genetic transformation 990:1019 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 6 16 theme genetic 998:1004 arg1 process 1024:1030 a process 1022:1030 a process that is activated through quorum sensing 1022:1071 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 1 17 theme Mucus 101:105 arg1 barriers 107:114 Mucus barriers 101:114 Mucus barriers 101:114 Mucus barriers accommodate trillions of microorganisms throughout the human body while preventing pathogenic colonization1. 33737747 5 18 theme sigX-inducing 886:898 arg1 peptide5 900:907 the sigX-inducing peptide5 882:907 the sigX-inducing peptide5 882:907 Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. 33737747 0 19 theme Mucin 0:4 arg1 O-glycans 6:14 Mucin O-glycans 0:14 Mucin O-glycans 0:14 Mucin O-glycans suppress quorum-sensing pathways and genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans. 33737747 4 20 theme virulence 712:720 arg1 MUC5B 677:681 MUC5B 677:681 MUC5B 677:681 Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. 33737747 4 20 theme virulence 712:720 arg1 inhibitor 689:697 an inhibitor 686:697 an inhibitor of microbial virulence 686:720 Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. 33737747 0 21 theme quorum-sensing 25:38 arg1 pathways 40:47 quorum-sensing pathways 25:47 quorum-sensing pathways 25:47 Mucin O-glycans suppress quorum-sensing pathways and genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans. 33737747 3 22 dep extent 543:548 arg1 the 539:541 the 539:541 the 539:541 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 3 23 theme agglutinin 489:498 arg1 activity 500:507 selective agglutinin activity 479:507 selective agglutinin activity 479:507 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 7 24 theme quorum 1195:1200 arg1 sensing 1202:1208 quorum sensing 1195:1208 quorum sensing 1195:1208 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 25 theme MUC5B 1109:1113 arg1 effect 1099:1104 the effect 1095:1104 the effect of MUC5B 1095:1113 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 4 26 theme ex 638:639 arg1 model 653:657 an ex vivo saliva model 635:657 an ex vivo saliva model 635:657 Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. 33737747 7 27 theme potent 1173:1178 arg1 suppressors 1180:1190 potent suppressors 1173:1190 potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation 1173:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 27 theme potent 1173:1178 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 2 28 theme soft 321:324 arg1 tissue 326:331 soft tissue 321:331 soft tissue 321:331 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 5 29 theme stimulating 858:868 arg1 peptide 870:876 the competence stimulating peptide 843:876 the competence stimulating peptide 843:876 Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. 33737747 7 30 link O-linked 1145:1152 arg1 suppressors 1180:1190 potent suppressors 1173:1190 potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation 1173:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 30 link O-linked 1145:1152 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 8 31 theme mucin 1313:1317 arg1 strategy 1339:1346 a host strategy 1332:1346 a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them 1332:1423 Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them. 33737747 8 31 theme mucin 1313:1317 arg1 O-glycans 1319:1327 mucin O-glycans 1313:1327 mucin O-glycans 1313:1327 Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them. 33737747 2 32 dep mucins 267:272 arg1 mucins 267:272 the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 263:287 the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 263:287 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 32 dep mucins 267:272 arg1 MUC7 284:287 MUC7 284:287 MUC7 284:287 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 32 dep mucins 267:272 arg1 MUC5B 274:278 MUC5B 274:278 MUC5B 274:278 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 6 33 theme natural 990:996 arg1 transformation 1006:1019 natural genetic transformation 990:1019 natural genetic transformation 990:1019 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 6 33 theme natural 990:996 arg1 process 1024:1030 a process 1022:1030 a process that is activated through quorum sensing 1022:1071 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 3 34 theme selective 479:487 arg1 activity 500:507 selective agglutinin activity 479:507 selective agglutinin activity 479:507 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 4 35 theme microbial 702:710 arg1 virulence 712:720 microbial virulence 702:720 microbial virulence 702:720 Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. 33737747 3 36 theme Salivary 414:421 arg1 mucin 423:427 Salivary mucin 414:427 Salivary mucin 414:427 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 6 37 theme resistance 971:980 arg1 acquisition 942:952 the acquisition 938:952 the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance 938:980 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 7 38 theme transformation 1222:1235 arg1 suppressors 1180:1190 potent suppressors 1173:1190 potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation 1173:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 38 theme transformation 1222:1235 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 4 39 dep ex 638:639 arg1 vivo 641:644 vivo 641:644 vivo 641:644 Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. 33737747 1 40 theme microorganisms 141:154 arg1 trillions 128:136 trillions 128:136 trillions of microorganisms 128:154 Mucus barriers accommodate trillions of microorganisms throughout the human body while preventing pathogenic colonization1. 33737747 6 41 theme antimicrobial 957:969 arg1 resistance 971:980 antimicrobial resistance 957:980 antimicrobial resistance 957:980 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 3 42 theme functions 578:586 arg1 basis 554:558 basis 554:558 basis 554:558 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 3 42 theme functions 578:586 arg1 extent 543:548 extent 543:548 extent 543:548 Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. 33737747 2 43 theme oral 232:235 arg1 cavity 237:242 the oral cavity 228:242 the oral cavity 228:242 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 44 dep tissue 326:331 arg1 the 317:319 the 317:319 the 317:319 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 45 contain containing 252:261 arg1 saliva 245:250 saliva 245:250 saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 245:287 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 45 contain containing 252:261 arg2 MUC7 284:287 MUC7 284:287 MUC7 284:287 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 45 contain containing 252:261 arg2 mucins 267:272 the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 263:287 the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 263:287 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 2 45 contain containing 252:261 arg2 MUC5B 274:278 MUC5B 274:278 MUC5B 274:278 In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. 33737747 4 46 theme saliva 646:651 arg1 model 653:657 an ex vivo saliva model 635:657 an ex vivo saliva model 635:657 Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. 33737747 1 47 theme human 171:175 arg1 body 177:180 the human body 167:180 the human body 167:180 Mucus barriers accommodate trillions of microorganisms throughout the human body while preventing pathogenic colonization1. 33737747 6 48 theme quorum 1058:1063 arg1 sensing 1065:1071 quorum sensing 1058:1071 quorum sensing 1058:1071 Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. 33737747 7 49 theme sensing 1202:1208 arg1 suppressors 1180:1190 potent suppressors 1173:1190 potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation 1173:1235 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 49 theme sensing 1202:1208 arg1 glycans 1154:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 its associated O-linked glycans 1130:1160 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33737747 7 50 theme mucin 1265:1269 arg1 backbone 1271:1278 the mucin backbone 1261:1278 the mucin backbone 1261:1278 Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. 33305565 4 0 theme catalytic 900:908 arg1 performance 910:920 The catalytic performance 896:920 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, 896:973 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 6 1 theme cm-2 1724:1727 arg1 density 1705:1711 a current density 1695:1711 a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 1695:1727 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 9 2 theme MPc-based 2254:2262 arg1 materials 2285:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 6 3 theme efficiency 1422:1431 arg1 % 1442:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 3 theme efficiency 1422:1431 arg1 product 1404:1410 CO product 1401:1410 CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) 1401:1543 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 4 with % 1442:1442 arg1 densities 1463:1471 high current densities 1450:1471 high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1450:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 7 5 theme Cu 1918:1919 arg1 nodes 1921:1925 Cu nodes 1918:1925 Cu nodes 1918:1925 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 8 6 theme lower 2077:2081 arg1 energies 2094:2101 lower activation energies 2077:2101 lower activation energies 2077:2101 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 9 7 theme framework 2275:2283 arg1 materials 2285:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 7 8 theme phthalocyanine 1898:1911 arg1 role 1865:1868 the dominant catalytic role 1842:1868 the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes 1842:1925 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 3 9 theme Cu 771:772 arg1 nodes 774:778 Cu nodes 771:778 Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 771:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 6 10 theme -17.3 1479:1483 arg1 mA 1485:1486 mA 1485:1486 mA 1485:1486 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 1 11 theme electrochemical 208:222 arg1 reduction 224:232 the electrochemical reduction 204:232 the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products 204:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 3 12 theme analogs 642:648 arg1 use 608:610 the use 604:610 the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 604:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 1 13 theme atomic 436:441 arg1 precision 443:451 atomic precision 436:451 atomic precision 436:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 3 14 theme systematic 620:629 arg1 analogs 642:648 four systematic structural analogs 615:648 four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 615:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 6 15 theme current 1455:1461 arg1 densities 1463:1471 high current densities 1450:1471 high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1450:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 1 16 theme dioxide 244:250 arg1 reduction 224:232 the electrochemical reduction 204:232 the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products 204:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 8 17 theme intermediate 2132:2143 arg1 formation 2110:2118 the formation 2106:2118 the formation of carboxyl intermediate 2106:2143 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 6 18 theme % 1746:1746 arg1 FECO 1736:1739 a FECO 1734:1739 a FECO of 79% 1734:1746 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 9 19 theme CO2 2339:2341 arg1 reduction 2343:2351 efficient CO2 reduction 2329:2351 efficient CO2 reduction 2329:2351 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 6 20 theme 1:1 1529:1531 arg1 ratio 1538:1542 1:1 mass ratio 1529:1542 1:1 mass ratio 1529:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 1 21 theme value-added 255:265 arg1 products 267:274 value-added products 255:274 value-added products 255:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 7 22 theme catalytic 1855:1863 arg1 role 1865:1868 the dominant catalytic role 1842:1868 the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes 1842:1925 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 4 23 theme MOFs 929:932 arg1 performance 910:920 The catalytic performance 896:920 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, 896:973 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 3 24 theme 10-3 821:824 arg1 conductivities 796:809 electrical conductivities 785:809 electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 785:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 25 theme conductive 653:662 arg1 MOFs 711:714 MOFs 711:714 MOFs 711:714 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 25 theme conductive 653:662 arg1 frameworks 699:708 conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks 653:708 conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 653:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 6 26 theme black 1520:1524 arg1 carbon 1513:1518 carbon black 1513:1524 carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1513:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 1 27 with materials 421:429 arg1 precision 443:451 atomic precision 436:451 atomic precision 436:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 9 28 theme strategic 2361:2369 arg1 engineering 2378:2388 strategic ligand engineering 2361:2388 strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability 2361:2423 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 4 29 theme X 1184:1184 arg1 O 1188:1188 X = O 1184:1188 X = O 1184:1188 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 29 theme X 1184:1184 arg1 subunits 1174:1181 these subunits 1168:1181 these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1168:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 3 30 theme frameworks 699:708 arg1 analogs 642:648 four systematic structural analogs 615:648 four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 615:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 31 theme CO2 885:887 arg1 reduction 872:880 the electrochemical reduction 852:880 the electrochemical reduction of CO2 852:887 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 2 32 theme electrical 554:563 arg1 conductivities 565:578 their poor electrical conductivities 543:578 their poor electrical conductivities 543:578 However, the tunable functional performance of such systems is still largely hampered by their poor electrical conductivities. 33305565 8 33 theme higher 2165:2170 arg1 activities 2172:2181 their higher activities 2159:2181 their higher activities 2159:2181 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 4 34 theme heteroatomic 1133:1144 arg1 cross-linkers 1146:1158 the heteroatomic cross-linkers 1129:1158 the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1129:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 5 35 theme metal 1258:1262 arg1 choice 1248:1253 the choice 1244:1253 the choice of metal within MPcs 1244:1274 The activity and selectivity are dominated by the choice of metal within MPcs and are further modulated by the heteroatomic linkages. 33305565 3 36 theme 10-1 836:839 arg1 cm-1 843:846 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 829:846 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 829:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 0 37 theme Dioxide 65:71 arg1 Reduction 73:81 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 42:81 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 42:81 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 1 38 theme chemical 375:382 arg1 features 399:406 chemical and structural features 375:406 chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision 375:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 1 39 theme reticular 181:189 arg1 materials 191:199 reticular materials 181:199 reticular materials 181:199 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 1 40 theme structural 388:397 arg1 features 399:406 chemical and structural features 375:406 chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision 375:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 7 41 theme dominant 1846:1853 arg1 role 1865:1868 the dominant catalytic role 1842:1868 the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes 1842:1925 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 9 42 theme ligand 2371:2376 arg1 engineering 2378:2388 strategic ligand engineering 2361:2388 strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability 2361:2423 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 0 43 theme Two-Dimensional 100:114 arg1 Frameworks 158:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 9 44 theme tunability 2414:2423 arg1 levels 2404:2409 multiple levels 2395:2409 multiple levels of tunability 2395:2423 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 6 45 theme low 1550:1552 arg1 overpotential 1554:1566 a low overpotential 1548:1566 a low overpotential of -0.63 V. 1548:1578 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 8 46 link O-linked 2058:2065 arg1 MOFs 2067:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 0 47 theme Based 138:142 arg1 Frameworks 158:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 1 48 theme materials 421:429 arg1 features 399:406 chemical and structural features 375:406 chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision 375:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 7 49 theme MOF 1820:1822 arg1 analogs 1824:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 2 50 theme systems 506:512 arg1 performance 486:496 the tunable functional performance 463:496 the tunable functional performance of such systems 463:512 However, the tunable functional performance of such systems is still largely hampered by their poor electrical conductivities. 33305565 9 51 with engineering 2378:2388 arg1 levels 2404:2409 multiple levels 2395:2409 multiple levels of tunability 2395:2423 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 0 52 theme Hierarchical 0:11 arg1 Tuning 13:18 Hierarchical Tuning 0:18 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 0:81 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 7 53 theme metal-free 1794:1803 arg1 analogs 1824:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 6 54 theme current 1697:1703 arg1 density 1705:1711 a current density 1695:1711 a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 1695:1727 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 2 55 theme functional 475:484 arg1 performance 486:496 the tunable functional performance 463:496 the tunable functional performance of such systems 463:512 However, the tunable functional performance of such systems is still largely hampered by their poor electrical conductivities. 33305565 1 56 theme catalytic 327:335 arg1 performance 337:347 the catalytic performance 323:347 the catalytic performance 323:347 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 4 57 theme important 1021:1029 arg1 subunit 1101:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 57 theme important 1021:1029 arg1 identity 1117:1124 the identity 1113:1124 the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1113:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 57 theme important 1021:1029 arg1 factors 1042:1048 two important structural factors 1017:1048 two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1017:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 6 58 theme highest 1374:1380 arg1 selectivity 1382:1392 the highest selectivity 1370:1392 the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) 1370:1543 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 0 59 theme Performance 27:37 arg1 Tuning 13:18 Hierarchical Tuning 0:18 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 0:81 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 9 60 theme study 2220:2224 arg1 results 2204:2210 The results 2200:2210 The results of this study 2200:2224 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 0 61 theme Electrochemical 42:56 arg1 Reduction 73:81 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 42:81 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 42:81 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 7 62 theme Mechanistic 1749:1759 arg1 studies 1761:1767 Mechanistic studies 1749:1767 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1749:1830 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 3 63 with nodes 774:778 arg1 conductivities 796:809 electrical conductivities 785:809 electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 785:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 64 theme metallophthalocyanine 725:745 arg1 ligands 753:759 metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands 725:759 metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 725:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 4 65 dep O 1188:1188 arg1 NH 1193:1194 NH 1193:1194 NH 1193:1194 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 8 66 theme CoPc-based 2043:2052 arg1 MOFs 2067:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 4 67 dep factors 1042:1048 arg1 subunit 1101:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 67 dep factors 1042:1048 arg1 identity 1117:1124 the identity 1113:1124 the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1113:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 67 dep factors 1042:1048 arg1 factors 1042:1048 two important structural factors 1017:1048 two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1017:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 9 68 theme 2D 2251:2252 arg1 materials 2285:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 6 69 theme FECO 1433:1436 arg1 % 1442:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 69 theme FECO 1433:1436 arg1 product 1404:1410 CO product 1401:1410 CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) 1401:1543 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 8 70 theme O-linked 2058:2065 arg1 MOFs 2067:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 6 71 theme mA 1721:1722 arg1 cm-2 1724:1727 -9.5 mA cm-2 1716:1727 -9.5 mA cm-2 1716:1727 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 9 72 theme conductive 2264:2273 arg1 materials 2285:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2251:2293 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 6 73 theme Faradaic 1413:1420 arg1 % 1442:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 73 theme Faradaic 1413:1420 arg1 product 1404:1410 CO product 1401:1410 CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) 1401:1543 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 1 74 theme tunable 304:310 arg1 control 312:318 tunable control 304:318 tunable control of the catalytic performance 304:347 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 9 75 theme great 2301:2305 arg1 promise 2307:2313 great promise 2301:2313 great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability 2301:2423 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 8 76 contain have 2072:2075 arg2 energies 2094:2101 lower activation energies 2077:2101 lower activation energies 2077:2101 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 8 76 contain have 2072:2075 arg1 MOFs 2067:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs 2043:2070 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 3 77 theme electrical 785:794 arg1 conductivities 796:809 electrical conductivities 785:809 electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 785:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 9 78 theme materials 2285:2293 arg1 use 2244:2246 the use 2240:2246 the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials 2240:2293 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 6 79 theme mA 1485:1486 arg1 cm-2 1488:1491 -17.3 mA cm-2 1479:1491 -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1479:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 8 80 theme theory 1947:1952 arg1 calculations 1954:1965 Density-functional theory calculations 1928:1965 Density-functional theory calculations 1928:1965 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 8 81 theme activation 2083:2092 arg1 energies 2094:2101 lower activation energies 2077:2101 lower activation energies 2077:2101 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 3 82 theme structural 631:640 arg1 analogs 642:648 four systematic structural analogs 615:648 four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 615:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 83 dep two-dimensional 664:678 arg1 2D 681:682 2D 681:682 2D 681:682 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 6 84 dep cm-2 1488:1491 arg1 up 1473:1474 up 1473:1474 up 1473:1474 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 4 85 theme catalytic 1091:1099 arg1 subunit 1101:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 85 theme catalytic 1091:1099 arg1 factors 1042:1048 two important structural factors 1017:1048 two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1017:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 3 86 theme × 819:819 arg1 10-3 821:824 2.73 × 10-3 814:824 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 814:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 1 87 theme carbon 237:242 arg1 dioxide 244:250 carbon dioxide 237:250 carbon dioxide to value-added products 237:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 7 88 theme metal 1885:1889 arg1 role 1865:1868 the dominant catalytic role 1842:1868 the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes 1842:1925 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 5 89 dep activity 1202:1209 arg1 The 1198:1200 The 1198:1200 The 1198:1200 The activity and selectivity are dominated by the choice of metal within MPcs and are further modulated by the heteroatomic linkages. 33305565 3 90 theme two-dimensional 664:678 arg1 MOFs 711:714 MOFs 711:714 MOFs 711:714 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 90 theme two-dimensional 664:678 arg1 frameworks 699:708 conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks 653:708 conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 653:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 6 91 theme high 1450:1453 arg1 densities 1463:1471 high current densities 1450:1471 high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1450:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 92 theme conductive 1598:1607 arg1 additives 1609:1617 any conductive additives 1594:1617 any conductive additives 1594:1617 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 8 93 theme carboxyl 2123:2130 arg1 intermediate 2132:2143 carboxyl intermediate 2123:2143 carboxyl intermediate 2123:2143 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 7 94 with tests 1783:1787 arg1 analogs 1824:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 3 95 theme × 834:834 arg1 cm-1 843:846 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 829:846 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 829:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 1 96 contain has 276:278 arg1 use 174:176 The use 170:176 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products 170:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 1 96 contain has 276:278 arg2 potential 284:292 the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision 280:451 the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision 280:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 4 97 theme = 1186:1186 arg1 O 1188:1188 X = O 1184:1188 X = O 1184:1188 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 97 theme = 1186:1186 arg1 subunits 1174:1181 these subunits 1168:1181 these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1168:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 3 98 theme metal-organic 685:697 arg1 MOFs 711:714 MOFs 711:714 MOFs 711:714 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 3 98 theme metal-organic 685:697 arg1 frameworks 699:708 conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks 653:708 conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 653:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 6 99 theme V. 1577:1578 arg1 overpotential 1554:1566 a low overpotential 1548:1566 a low overpotential of -0.63 V. 1548:1578 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 4 100 theme cross-linkers 1146:1158 arg1 subunit 1101:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 100 theme cross-linkers 1146:1158 arg1 identity 1117:1124 the identity 1113:1124 the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1113:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 100 theme cross-linkers 1146:1158 arg1 factors 1042:1048 two important structural factors 1017:1048 two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1017:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 0 101 theme Reduction 73:81 arg1 Performance 27:37 the Performance 23:37 the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 23:81 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 6 102 from ratio 1538:1542 arg1 carbon 1513:1518 carbon black 1513:1524 carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1513:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 2 103 theme poor 549:552 arg1 conductivities 565:578 their poor electrical conductivities 543:578 their poor electrical conductivities 543:578 However, the tunable functional performance of such systems is still largely hampered by their poor electrical conductivities. 33305565 6 104 theme electrode 1656:1664 arg1 material 1666:1673 an electrode material 1653:1673 an electrode material 1653:1673 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 3 105 theme S 841:841 arg1 cm-1 843:846 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 829:846 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO 829:893 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 0 106 theme Conductive 89:98 arg1 Frameworks 158:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 9 107 theme multiple 2395:2402 arg1 levels 2404:2409 multiple levels 2395:2409 multiple levels of tunability 2395:2423 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 1 108 theme materials 191:199 arg1 use 174:176 The use 170:176 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products 170:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 8 109 link NH-linked 2024:2032 arg1 analogs 2034:2040 the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs 2005:2040 the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs 2005:2040 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 0 110 theme Metallophthalocyanine 116:136 arg1 Frameworks 158:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 1 111 theme features 399:406 arg1 modulation 361:370 the modulation 357:370 the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision 357:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 4 112 dep MPc 1072:1074 arg1 Co 1081:1082 M = Co 1077:1082 M = Co 1077:1082 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 112 dep MPc 1072:1074 arg1 Ni 1087:1088 Ni 1087:1088 Ni 1087:1088 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 6 113 theme CoPc-Cu-O 1631:1639 arg1 able 1679:1682 able 1679:1682 able 1679:1682 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 113 theme CoPc-Cu-O 1631:1639 arg1 use 1624:1626 the use 1620:1626 the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material 1620:1673 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 3 114 theme electrochemical 856:870 arg1 reduction 872:880 the electrochemical reduction 852:880 the electrochemical reduction of CO2 852:887 This work demonstrates the use of four systematic structural analogs of conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made of metallophthalocyanine (MPc) ligands linked by Cu nodes with electrical conductivities of 2.73 × 10-3 to 1.04 × 10-1 S cm-1 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. 33305565 0 115 theme Metal-Organic 144:156 arg1 Frameworks 158:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks 89:167 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 1 116 theme framework 411:419 arg1 materials 421:429 framework materials 411:429 framework materials with atomic precision 411:451 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 7 117 theme phthalocyanine 1805:1818 arg1 analogs 1824:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1794:1830 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 1 118 from use 174:176 arg1 reduction 224:232 the electrochemical reduction 204:232 the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products 204:274 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 2 119 theme such 501:504 arg1 systems 506:512 such systems 501:512 such systems 501:512 However, the tunable functional performance of such systems is still largely hampered by their poor electrical conductivities. 33305565 6 120 theme CO 1401:1402 arg1 % 1442:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 120 theme CO 1401:1402 arg1 product 1404:1410 CO product 1401:1410 CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) 1401:1543 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 7 121 theme comparison 1772:1781 arg1 tests 1783:1787 comparison tests 1772:1787 comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs 1772:1830 Mechanistic studies by comparison tests with metal-free phthalocyanine MOF analogs supported the dominant catalytic role of the central metal of the phthalocyanine over Cu nodes. 33305565 6 122 theme mass 1533:1536 arg1 ratio 1538:1542 1:1 mass ratio 1529:1542 1:1 mass ratio 1529:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 9 123 theme efficient 2329:2337 arg1 reduction 2343:2351 efficient CO2 reduction 2329:2351 efficient CO2 reduction 2329:2351 The results of this study indicate that the use of 2D MPc-based conductive framework materials holds great promise for achieving efficient CO2 reduction through strategic ligand engineering with multiple levels of tunability. 33305565 4 124 theme metal 1055:1059 arg1 subunit 1101:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 124 theme metal 1055:1059 arg1 factors 1042:1048 two important structural factors 1017:1048 two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1017:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 2 125 theme tunable 467:473 arg1 performance 486:496 the tunable functional performance 463:496 the tunable functional performance of such systems 463:512 However, the tunable functional performance of such systems is still largely hampered by their poor electrical conductivities. 33305565 8 126 theme Density-functional 1928:1945 arg1 calculations 1954:1965 Density-functional theory calculations 1928:1965 Density-functional theory calculations 1928:1965 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 1 127 theme performance 337:347 arg1 control 312:318 tunable control 304:318 tunable control of the catalytic performance 304:347 The use of reticular materials in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products has the potential to enable tunable control of the catalytic performance through the modulation of chemical and structural features of framework materials with atomic precision. 33305565 8 128 theme NiPc-based 2009:2018 arg1 analogs 2034:2040 the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs 2005:2040 the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs 2005:2040 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 6 129 with composite 1498:1506 arg1 carbon 1513:1518 carbon black 1513:1524 carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio 1513:1542 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 0 130 theme Carbon 58:63 arg1 Reduction 73:81 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 42:81 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction 42:81 Hierarchical Tuning of the Performance of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Conductive Two-Dimensional Metallophthalocyanine Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. 33305565 8 131 theme NH-linked 2024:2032 arg1 analogs 2034:2040 the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs 2005:2040 the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs 2005:2040 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 4 132 theme structural 1031:1040 arg1 subunit 1101:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit 1051:1107 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 132 theme structural 1031:1040 arg1 identity 1117:1124 the identity 1113:1124 the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1113:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 4 132 theme structural 1031:1040 arg1 factors 1042:1048 two important structural factors 1017:1048 two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH) 1017:1195 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 8 133 with line 2149:2152 arg1 selectivity 2187:2197 selectivity 2187:2197 selectivity 2187:2197 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 8 133 with line 2149:2152 arg1 activities 2172:2181 their higher activities 2159:2181 their higher activities 2159:2181 Density-functional theory calculations further suggested that, compared with the NiPc-based and NH-linked analogs, CoPc-based and O-linked MOFs have lower activation energies in the formation of carboxyl intermediate, in line with their higher activities and selectivity. 33305565 4 134 theme = 1079:1079 arg1 Co 1081:1082 M = Co 1077:1082 M = Co 1077:1082 The catalytic performance of the MOFs, including the activity and selectivity, is found to be hierarchically governed by two important structural factors: the metal within the MPc (M = Co vs Ni) catalytic subunit and the identity of the heteroatomic cross-linkers between these subunits (X = O vs NH). 33305565 5 135 theme heteroatomic 1309:1320 arg1 linkages 1322:1329 the heteroatomic linkages 1305:1329 the heteroatomic linkages 1305:1329 The activity and selectivity are dominated by the choice of metal within MPcs and are further modulated by the heteroatomic linkages. 33305565 6 136 theme = 1438:1438 arg1 % 1442:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85% 1413:1442 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33305565 6 136 theme = 1438:1438 arg1 product 1404:1410 CO product 1401:1410 CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) 1401:1543 Among these MOFs, CoPc-Cu-O exhibited the highest selectivity toward CO product (Faradaic efficiency FECO = 85%) with high current densities up to -17.3 mA cm-2 as a composite with carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V. Without using any conductive additives, the use of CoPc-Cu-O directly as an electrode material was able to achieve a current density of -9.5 mA cm-2 with a FECO of 79%. 33168911 12 0 contain carrying 1774:1781 arg2 mutation 1785:1792 a mutation 1783:1792 a mutation 1783:1792 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 12 0 contain carrying 1774:1781 arg1 eNOS 1769:1772 His-tagged human eNOS 1752:1772 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 1752:1813 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 14 1 from Differences 2003:2013 arg1 conditions 2026:2035 culture conditions 2018:2035 culture conditions 2018:2035 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 1 2 theme activity 274:281 arg1 regulation 283:292 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 8 3 theme rat 1028:1030 arg1 aorta 1041:1045 rat thoracic aorta 1028:1045 rat thoracic aorta 1028:1045 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 13 4 theme glucose 1982:1988 arg1 deprivation 1990:2000 glucose deprivation 1982:2000 glucose deprivation 1982:2000 Conversely, in His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866, O-GlcNAcylation was unaffected by glucose deprivation. 33168911 10 5 theme Ser1177 1479:1485 arg1 site 1503:1506 the Ser1177 phosphorylation site 1475:1506 the Ser1177 phosphorylation site 1475:1506 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 8 6 link O-linked 1156:1163 arg1 phosphorylation 1172:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation 1156:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues 1156:1208 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 2 7 attach presence 367:374 arg2 sites 401:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 379:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 379:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 7 attach presence 367:374 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 343:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 7 attach presence 367:374 arg2 deprivation 323:333 glucose deprivation 315:333 glucose deprivation 315:333 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 7 attach presence 367:374 arg2 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 4 8 theme eNOS 689:692 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 694:708 their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 683:708 their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 683:708 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 9 9 theme transferase 1299:1309 arg1 expression 1317:1326 increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression 1280:1326 increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression 1280:1326 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 15 10 theme novel 2276:2280 arg1 site 2298:2301 a novel O-GlcNAcylation site 2274:2301 a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation 2274:2358 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 15 10 theme novel 2276:2280 arg1 Thr866 2264:2269 Thr866 2264:2269 Thr866 2264:2269 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 8 11 theme low 1048:1050 arg1 activation 1071:1080 low glucose-associated activation 1048:1080 low glucose-associated activation of eNOS 1048:1088 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 6 12 theme Novel 840:844 arg1 eNOS 871:874 eNOS 871:874 eNOS 871:874 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 6 12 theme Novel 840:844 arg1 sites 862:866 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 840:866 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 840:874 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 1 13 theme major 219:223 arg1 modification 181:192 an energy-sensitive post-translational modification 142:192 an energy-sensitive post-translational modification 142:192 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 1 13 theme major 219:223 arg1 role 225:228 a major role 217:228 a major role 217:228 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 4 14 theme glucose 659:665 arg1 deprivation 667:677 glucose deprivation 659:677 glucose deprivation 659:677 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 0 15 theme sites 132:136 arg1 identification 94:107 identification 94:107 identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites 94:136 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 0 15 theme sites 132:136 arg1 synthase 58:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 33:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation 33:88 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 2 16 theme glucose 315:321 arg1 deprivation 323:333 glucose deprivation 315:333 glucose deprivation 315:333 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 11 17 theme marked 1575:1580 arg1 increase 1582:1589 A marked increase 1573:1589 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation 1573:1608 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 12 18 theme human 1763:1767 arg1 eNOS 1769:1772 His-tagged human eNOS 1752:1772 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 1752:1813 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 1 19 theme nitric 245:250 arg1 eNOS 268:271 eNOS 268:271 eNOS 268:271 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 1 19 theme nitric 245:250 arg1 synthase 258:265 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 233:265 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 12 20 theme Immunoblot 1712:1721 arg1 analysis 1723:1730 Immunoblot analysis 1712:1730 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 1712:1813 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 13 21 theme His-tagged 1895:1904 arg1 eNOS 1912:1915 His-tagged human eNOS 1895:1915 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866 1895:1945 Conversely, in His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866, O-GlcNAcylation was unaffected by glucose deprivation. 33168911 12 22 theme glucose 1859:1865 arg1 deprivation 1867:1877 glucose deprivation 1859:1877 glucose deprivation 1859:1877 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 12 23 from increase 1828:1835 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1840:1854 O-GlcNAcylation 1840:1854 O-GlcNAcylation 1840:1854 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 1 24 theme post-translational 162:179 arg1 modification 181:192 an energy-sensitive post-translational modification 142:192 an energy-sensitive post-translational modification 142:192 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 1 24 theme post-translational 162:179 arg1 role 225:228 a major role 217:228 a major role 217:228 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 11 25 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1646:1660 arg1 sites 1662:1666 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 1640:1666 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation 1640:1709 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 8 26 theme eNOS 1085:1088 arg1 activation 1071:1080 low glucose-associated activation 1048:1080 low glucose-associated activation of eNOS 1048:1088 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 0 27 from Regulation 0:9 arg1 identification 94:107 identification 94:107 identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites 94:136 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 0 27 from Regulation 0:9 arg1 synthase 58:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 33:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation 33:88 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 9 28 theme increased 1280:1288 arg1 expression 1317:1326 increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression 1280:1326 increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression 1280:1326 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 15 29 theme AMPK-OGT 2230:2237 arg1 pathway 2239:2245 the AMPK-OGT pathway 2226:2245 the AMPK-OGT pathway 2226:2245 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 2 30 theme glucose 421:427 arg1 deprivation 429:439 glucose deprivation 421:439 glucose deprivation 421:439 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 5 31 theme pull-down 786:794 arg1 assay 796:800 pull-down assay 786:800 pull-down assay 786:800 eNOS and transfected eNOS were purified by pull-down assay and immunoprecipitation respectively. 33168911 8 32 theme elevated 1109:1116 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1118:1132 elevated O-GlcNAcylation 1109:1132 elevated O-GlcNAcylation 1109:1132 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 7 33 theme labeling 998:1005 arg1 method 1007:1012 isotope labeling method 990:1012 isotope labeling method 990:1012 eNOS activity was detected by Elisa and isotope labeling method. 33168911 10 34 theme Immunoblot 1365:1374 arg1 analysis 1376:1383 Immunoblot analysis 1365:1383 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site 1365:1506 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 2 35 theme eNOS 410:413 arg1 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 35 theme eNOS 410:413 arg1 sites 401:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 379:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 379:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 4 36 theme Bovine 579:584 arg1 BAECs 612:616 BAECs 612:616 BAECs 612:616 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 4 36 theme Bovine 579:584 arg1 cells 605:609 Bovine aortic endothelial cells 579:609 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) 579:617 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 10 37 theme wild-type 1416:1424 arg1 eNOS 1432:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 0 38 theme O-GlcNAcylation 14:28 arg1 Regulation 0:9 Regulation 0:9 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 0:137 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 11 39 contain contained 1630:1638 arg2 sites 1662:1666 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 1640:1666 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation 1640:1709 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 11 39 contain contained 1630:1638 arg1 eNOS 1625:1628 eNOS 1625:1628 eNOS 1625:1628 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 4 40 theme endothelial 593:603 arg1 BAECs 612:616 BAECs 612:616 BAECs 612:616 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 4 40 theme endothelial 593:603 arg1 cells 605:609 Bovine aortic endothelial cells 579:609 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) 579:617 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 0 41 theme endothelial 33:43 arg1 synthase 58:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 33:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation 33:88 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 10 42 contain carrying 1452:1459 arg1 eNOS 1432:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 10 42 contain carrying 1452:1459 arg2 mutation 1463:1470 a mutation 1461:1470 a mutation 1461:1470 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 14 43 theme unpaired 2116:2123 arg1 Student 2125:2131 unpaired Student's 2116:2133 unpaired Student's t-test 2116:2140 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 10 44 theme human 1441:1445 arg1 eNOS 1447:1450 human eNOS 1441:1450 human eNOS 1441:1450 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 3 45 theme deprivation 507:517 arg1 effects 488:494 the effects 484:494 the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 484:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 0 46 theme oxide 52:56 arg1 synthase 58:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 33:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation 33:88 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 8 47 theme serine 1165:1170 arg1 phosphorylation 1172:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation 1156:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues 1156:1208 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 11 48 from increase 1582:1589 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1594:1608 O-GlcNAcylation 1594:1608 O-GlcNAcylation 1594:1608 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 3 49 from effects 488:494 arg1 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 3 49 from effects 488:494 arg1 sites 564:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 542:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 542:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 3 49 from effects 488:494 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 522:536 O-GlcNAcylation 522:536 O-GlcNAcylation 522:536 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 1 50 theme oxide 252:256 arg1 eNOS 268:271 eNOS 268:271 eNOS 268:271 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 1 50 theme oxide 252:256 arg1 synthase 258:265 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 233:265 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 14 51 theme one-way 2097:2103 arg1 ANOVA 2105:2109 one-way ANOVA 2097:2109 one-way ANOVA 2097:2109 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 4 52 theme Sprague-Dawley 623:636 arg1 rats 638:641 Sprague-Dawley rats 623:641 Sprague-Dawley rats 623:641 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 9 53 theme post-translational 1227:1244 arg1 modification 1246:1257 this post-translational modification 1222:1257 this post-translational modification 1222:1257 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 3 54 theme novel 542:546 arg1 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 3 54 theme novel 542:546 arg1 sites 564:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 542:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 542:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 2 55 theme novel 379:383 arg1 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 55 theme novel 379:383 arg1 sites 401:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 379:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 379:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 8 56 theme thoracic 1032:1039 arg1 aorta 1041:1045 rat thoracic aorta 1028:1045 rat thoracic aorta 1028:1045 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 10 57 from increase 1521:1528 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1533:1547 O-GlcNAcylation 1533:1547 O-GlcNAcylation 1533:1547 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 10 58 theme phosphorylation 1487:1501 arg1 site 1503:1506 the Ser1177 phosphorylation site 1475:1506 the Ser1177 phosphorylation site 1475:1506 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 3 59 theme eNOS 573:576 arg1 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 3 59 theme eNOS 573:576 arg1 sites 564:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 542:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 542:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 3 59 theme eNOS 573:576 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 522:536 O-GlcNAcylation 522:536 O-GlcNAcylation 522:536 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 2 60 from presence 367:374 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 343:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 9 61 theme O-GlcNAc 1290:1297 arg1 OGT 1312:1314 OGT 1312:1314 OGT 1312:1314 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 9 61 theme O-GlcNAc 1290:1297 arg1 transferase 1299:1309 O-GlcNAc transferase 1290:1309 increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression 1280:1326 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 15 62 theme eNOS 2344:2347 arg1 activation 2349:2358 glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation 2315:2358 glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation 2315:2358 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 8 63 theme glucose-associated 1052:1069 arg1 activation 1071:1080 low glucose-associated activation 1048:1080 low glucose-associated activation of eNOS 1048:1088 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 13 64 theme human 1906:1910 arg1 eNOS 1912:1915 His-tagged human eNOS 1895:1915 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866 1895:1945 Conversely, in His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866, O-GlcNAcylation was unaffected by glucose deprivation. 33168911 6 65 theme O-GlcNAcylation 846:860 arg1 eNOS 871:874 eNOS 871:874 eNOS 871:874 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 6 65 theme O-GlcNAcylation 846:860 arg1 sites 862:866 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 840:866 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 840:874 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 2 66 theme eNOS 338:341 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 343:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 14 67 theme variance 2079:2086 arg1 analysis 2067:2074 two-way analysis 2059:2074 two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2059:2094 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 14 67 theme variance 2079:2086 arg1 ANOVA 2105:2109 one-way ANOVA 2097:2109 one-way ANOVA 2097:2109 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 14 67 theme variance 2079:2086 arg1 t-test 2135:2140 unpaired Student's t-test 2116:2140 unpaired Student's t-test 2116:2140 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 14 67 theme variance 2079:2086 arg1 ANOVA 2089:2093 ANOVA 2089:2093 ANOVA 2089:2093 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 12 68 theme His-tagged 1752:1761 arg1 eNOS 1769:1772 His-tagged human eNOS 1752:1772 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 1752:1813 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 11 69 theme glucose 1691:1697 arg1 deprivation 1699:1709 glucose deprivation 1691:1709 glucose deprivation 1691:1709 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 2 70 theme deprivation 323:333 arg1 effects 304:310 effects 304:310 effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 304:357 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 70 theme deprivation 323:333 arg1 presence 367:374 the presence 363:374 the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation 363:439 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 5 71 theme transfected 752:762 arg1 eNOS 764:767 transfected eNOS 752:767 transfected eNOS 752:767 eNOS and transfected eNOS were purified by pull-down assay and immunoprecipitation respectively. 33168911 15 72 theme mediated 2335:2342 arg1 activation 2349:2358 glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation 2315:2358 glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation 2315:2358 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 1 73 theme endothelial 233:243 arg1 eNOS 268:271 eNOS 268:271 eNOS 268:271 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 1 73 theme endothelial 233:243 arg1 synthase 258:265 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 233:265 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 6 74 theme eNOS 871:874 arg1 eNOS 871:874 eNOS 871:874 eNOS 871:874 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 6 74 theme eNOS 871:874 arg1 sites 862:866 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 840:866 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 840:874 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 12 75 theme cells 1735:1739 arg1 analysis 1723:1730 Immunoblot analysis 1712:1730 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 1712:1813 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Ser738 and Ser867 confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 9 76 theme AMPK 1349:1352 arg1 knockdown 1354:1362 AMPK knockdown 1349:1362 AMPK knockdown 1349:1362 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 14 77 theme culture 2018:2024 arg1 conditions 2026:2035 culture conditions 2018:2035 culture conditions 2018:2035 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 0 78 theme glucose 70:76 arg1 deprivation 78:88 glucose deprivation 70:88 glucose deprivation 70:88 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 9 79 from Changes 1211:1217 arg1 modification 1246:1257 this post-translational modification 1222:1257 this post-translational modification 1222:1257 Changes in this post-translational modification were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression and were reversed by AMPK knockdown. 33168911 1 80 theme energy-sensitive 145:160 arg1 modification 181:192 an energy-sensitive post-translational modification 142:192 an energy-sensitive post-translational modification 142:192 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 1 80 theme energy-sensitive 145:160 arg1 role 225:228 a major role 217:228 a major role 217:228 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 2 81 from effects 304:310 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 343:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 338:357 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 11 82 theme novel 1640:1644 arg1 sites 1662:1666 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 1640:1666 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation 1640:1709 A marked increase in O-GlcNAcylation indicated that eNOS contained novel O-GlcNAcylation sites that were activated by glucose deprivation. 33168911 10 83 theme glucose 1552:1558 arg1 deprivation 1560:1570 glucose deprivation 1552:1570 glucose deprivation 1552:1570 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 13 84 contain carrying 1917:1924 arg1 eNOS 1912:1915 His-tagged human eNOS 1895:1915 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866 1895:1945 Conversely, in His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866, O-GlcNAcylation was unaffected by glucose deprivation. 33168911 13 84 contain carrying 1917:1924 arg2 mutation 1928:1935 a mutation 1926:1935 a mutation 1926:1935 Conversely, in His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866, O-GlcNAcylation was unaffected by glucose deprivation. 33168911 10 85 theme cells 1388:1392 arg1 analysis 1376:1383 Immunoblot analysis 1365:1383 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site 1365:1506 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 0 86 theme O-GlcNAcylation 116:130 arg1 sites 132:136 its O-GlcNAcylation sites 112:136 its O-GlcNAcylation sites 112:136 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 14 87 theme two-way 2059:2065 arg1 analysis 2067:2074 two-way analysis 2059:2074 two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2059:2094 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 14 87 theme two-way 2059:2065 arg1 ANOVA 2089:2093 ANOVA 2089:2093 ANOVA 2089:2093 Differences in culture conditions were identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and unpaired Student's t-test. 33168911 15 88 theme eNOS 2205:2208 arg1 activity 2193:2200 activity 2193:2200 activity 2193:2200 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 15 88 theme eNOS 2205:2208 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2173:2187 O-GlcNAcylation 2173:2187 O-GlcNAcylation 2173:2187 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 4 89 theme aortic 586:591 arg1 BAECs 612:616 BAECs 612:616 BAECs 612:616 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 4 89 theme aortic 586:591 arg1 cells 605:609 Bovine aortic endothelial cells 579:609 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) 579:617 Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by glucose deprivation and their eNOS O-GlcNAcylation was subjected to immunoblotting. 33168911 10 90 theme human 1426:1430 arg1 eNOS 1432:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 7 91 theme isotope 990:996 arg1 method 1007:1012 isotope labeling method 990:1012 isotope labeling method 990:1012 eNOS activity was detected by Elisa and isotope labeling method. 33168911 10 92 theme His-tagged 1405:1414 arg1 eNOS 1432:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 His-tagged wild-type human eNOS 1405:1435 Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing His-tagged wild-type human eNOS and human eNOS carrying a mutation at the Ser1177 phosphorylation site confirmed an increase in O-GlcNAcylation by glucose deprivation. 33168911 2 93 theme sites 401:405 arg1 effects 304:310 effects 304:310 effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation 304:357 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 93 theme sites 401:405 arg1 presence 367:374 the presence 363:374 the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation 363:439 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 0 94 theme nitric 45:50 arg1 synthase 58:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 33:65 endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation 33:88 Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glucose deprivation and identification of its O-GlcNAcylation sites. 33168911 8 95 theme O-linked 1156:1163 arg1 phosphorylation 1172:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation 1156:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues 1156:1208 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 15 96 theme O-GlcNAcylation 2282:2296 arg1 site 2298:2301 a novel O-GlcNAcylation site 2274:2301 a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation 2274:2358 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 15 96 theme O-GlcNAcylation 2282:2296 arg1 Thr866 2264:2269 Thr866 2264:2269 Thr866 2264:2269 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 8 97 from residues 1201:1208 arg1 phosphorylation 1172:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation 1156:1186 O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues 1156:1208 In BAECs and rat thoracic aorta, low glucose-associated activation of eNOS was accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation, which did not affect O-linked serine phosphorylation at 1179/1177 residues. 33168911 13 98 gly O-GlcNAcylation 1948:1962 arg1 eNOS 1912:1915 His-tagged human eNOS 1895:1915 His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866 1895:1945 Conversely, in His-tagged human eNOS carrying a mutation at Thr866, O-GlcNAcylation was unaffected by glucose deprivation. 33168911 2 99 theme O-GlcNAcylation 385:399 arg1 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 eNOS 410:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 2 99 theme O-GlcNAcylation 385:399 arg1 sites 401:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 379:405 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 379:413 However, effects of glucose deprivation on eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and the presence of novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS under glucose deprivation remain unknown. 33168911 15 100 theme Glucose 2143:2149 arg1 deprivation 2151:2161 Glucose deprivation 2143:2161 Glucose deprivation 2143:2161 Glucose deprivation increases O-GlcNAcylation and activity of eNOS, potentially by the AMPK-OGT pathway, suggesting that Thr866 is a novel O-GlcNAcylation site involved in glucose-deprivation mediated eNOS activation. 33168911 6 101 dep HPLC-MS 894:900 arg1 Ion 912:914 Ion 912:914 Ion 912:914 Novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS were predicted by HPLC-MS and MS/MS Ion and determined by immunoblotting. 33168911 3 102 theme glucose 499:505 arg1 deprivation 507:517 glucose deprivation 499:517 glucose deprivation 499:517 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 1 103 theme synthase 258:265 arg1 regulation 283:292 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation 233:292 As an energy-sensitive post-translational modification, O-GlcNAcylation plays a major role in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity regulation. 33168911 3 104 theme O-GlcNAcylation 548:562 arg1 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 eNOS 573:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 3 104 theme O-GlcNAcylation 548:562 arg1 sites 564:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites 542:568 novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS 542:576 Hence, we aim to determine the effects of glucose deprivation on O-GlcNAcylation and novel O-GlcNAcylation sites of eNOS. 33168911 7 105 theme eNOS 950:953 arg1 activity 955:962 eNOS activity 950:962 eNOS activity 950:962 eNOS activity was detected by Elisa and isotope labeling method. 33903632 4 0 from optimization 601:612 arg1 format 647:652 an Fc-fusion protein format 626:652 an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties 626:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 5 1 theme N-linked 783:790 arg1 mutagenesis 811:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 5 2 theme Fc 765:766 arg1 technology 768:777 knob-into-hole Fc technology 750:777 knob-into-hole Fc technology 750:777 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 5 3 theme glycosylation 792:804 arg1 mutagenesis 811:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 8 4 dep new 1263:1265 arg1 therapeutic 1267:1277 therapeutic 1267:1277 therapeutic 1267:1277 Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability. 33903632 1 5 theme weight 163:168 arg1 loss 170:173 weight loss 163:173 weight loss 163:173 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 4 6 from characterization 580:595 arg1 format 647:652 an Fc-fusion protein format 626:652 an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties 626:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 6 7 theme mutations 929:937 arg1 set 922:924 a set 920:924 a set of mutations 920:937 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 6 7 theme mutations 929:937 arg1 mutations 929:937 mutations 929:937 mutations 929:937 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 2 8 theme obesity 275:281 arg1 treatment 262:270 the treatment 258:270 the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases 258:319 Due to its function, GDF15 has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. 33903632 3 9 theme physicochemical 355:369 arg1 properties 371:380 the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties 331:380 the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 331:389 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 7 10 theme loss 1178:1181 arg1 efficacy 1183:1190 improved weight loss efficacy 1162:1190 improved weight loss efficacy 1162:1190 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 6 11 theme binding 1003:1009 arg1 affinity 1011:1018 increased GFRAL binding affinity 987:1018 increased GFRAL binding affinity 987:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 4 12 from design 572:577 arg1 format 647:652 an Fc-fusion protein format 626:652 an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties 626:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 1 13 theme TGF-β 117:121 arg1 member 130:135 a distant TGF-β family member 107:135 a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss 107:173 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 1 13 theme TGF-β 117:121 arg1 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 7 14 theme p-ERK 1122:1126 arg1 activity 1138:1145 p-ERK signaling activity 1122:1145 p-ERK signaling activity 1122:1145 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 5 15 theme protease 872:879 arg1 resistance 881:890 protease resistance 872:890 protease resistance 872:890 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 5 16 gly glycosylation 792:804 arg2 site 806:809 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 5 16 gly glycosylation 792:804 arg2 mutagenesis 811:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 8 17 theme new 1263:1265 arg1 format 1279:1284 a new therapeutic format 1261:1284 a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability 1261:1363 Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability. 33903632 5 18 link N-linked 783:790 arg1 mutagenesis 811:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 3 19 theme pharmacokinetic 335:349 arg1 properties 371:380 the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties 331:380 the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 331:389 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 7 20 theme signaling 1128:1136 arg1 activity 1138:1145 p-ERK signaling activity 1122:1145 p-ERK signaling activity 1122:1145 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 7 21 theme improved 1162:1169 arg1 loss 1178:1181 improved weight loss 1162:1181 improved weight loss efficacy 1162:1190 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 5 22 theme knob-into-hole 750:763 arg1 technology 768:777 knob-into-hole Fc technology 750:777 knob-into-hole Fc technology 750:777 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 3 23 theme GDF15 385:389 arg1 properties 371:380 the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties 331:380 the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 331:389 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 2 24 theme metabolic 302:310 arg1 diseases 312:319 its associated metabolic diseases 287:319 its associated metabolic diseases 287:319 Due to its function, GDF15 has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. 33903632 4 25 theme therapeutic 668:678 arg1 properties 680:689 improved therapeutic properties 659:689 improved therapeutic properties 659:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 0 26 theme Fc-GDF15 0:7 arg1 glyco-engineering 9:25 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering 0:25 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering 0:25 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering and receptor binding affinity optimization for body weight regulation. 33903632 6 27 theme GFRAL 997:1001 arg1 affinity 1011:1018 increased GFRAL binding affinity 987:1018 increased GFRAL binding affinity 987:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 2 28 theme associated 291:300 arg1 diseases 312:319 its associated metabolic diseases 287:319 its associated metabolic diseases 287:319 Due to its function, GDF15 has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. 33903632 4 29 theme improved 659:666 arg1 properties 680:689 improved therapeutic properties 659:689 improved therapeutic properties 659:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 0 30 theme receptor 31:38 arg1 affinity 48:55 receptor binding affinity 31:55 receptor binding affinity 31:55 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering and receptor binding affinity optimization for body weight regulation. 33903632 6 31 theme increased 987:995 arg1 affinity 1011:1018 increased GFRAL binding affinity 987:1018 increased GFRAL binding affinity 987:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 5 32 theme structure-based 700:714 arg1 approach 728:735 a structure-based engineering approach 698:735 a structure-based engineering approach 698:735 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 5 33 theme engineering 716:726 arg1 approach 728:735 a structure-based engineering approach 698:735 a structure-based engineering approach 698:735 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 1 34 theme distant 109:115 arg1 member 130:135 a distant TGF-β family member 107:135 a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss 107:173 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 1 34 theme distant 109:115 arg1 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 3 35 theme short 468:472 arg1 half-life 474:482 a short half-life 466:482 a short half-life 466:482 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 5 36 theme site 806:809 arg1 mutagenesis 811:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis 783:821 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 3 37 theme aggregation 490:500 arg1 propensity 502:511 high aggregation propensity 485:511 high aggregation propensity 485:511 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 4 38 theme protein 639:645 arg1 format 647:652 an Fc-fusion protein format 626:652 an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties 626:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 0 39 theme binding 40:46 arg1 affinity 48:55 receptor binding affinity 31:55 receptor binding affinity 31:55 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering and receptor binding affinity optimization for body weight regulation. 33903632 6 40 theme GDF15 971:975 arg1 GDF15 971:975 GDF15 971:975 GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity 971:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 6 40 theme GDF15 971:975 arg1 site 963:966 the receptor binding site 942:966 the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity 942:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 7 41 theme single 1085:1090 arg1 mutation 1098:1105 a single point mutation 1083:1105 a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo 1083:1198 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 5 42 theme improved 848:855 arg1 solubility 857:866 improved solubility 848:866 improved solubility 848:866 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 4 43 theme Fc-fusion 629:637 arg1 format 647:652 an Fc-fusion protein format 626:652 an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties 626:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 3 44 theme several 399:405 arg1 challenges 407:416 several challenges 399:416 several challenges for its development 399:436 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 3 44 theme several 399:405 arg1 therapeutic 443:453 therapeutic 443:453 therapeutic 443:453 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 4 45 with format 647:652 arg1 properties 680:689 improved therapeutic properties 659:689 improved therapeutic properties 659:689 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 3 46 theme high 485:488 arg1 propensity 502:511 high aggregation propensity 485:511 high aggregation propensity 485:511 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33903632 5 47 theme half-life 827:835 arg1 extension 837:845 half-life extension 827:845 half-life extension 827:845 Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. 33903632 7 48 theme point 1092:1096 arg1 mutation 1098:1105 a single point mutation 1083:1105 a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo 1083:1198 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 1 49 theme family 123:128 arg1 member 130:135 a distant TGF-β family member 107:135 a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss 107:173 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 1 49 theme family 123:128 arg1 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 98:102 GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. 33903632 6 50 theme significant 1031:1041 arg1 extension 1053:1061 significant half-life extension 1031:1061 significant half-life extension 1031:1061 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 6 51 theme binding 955:961 arg1 GDF15 971:975 GDF15 971:975 GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity 971:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 6 51 theme binding 955:961 arg1 site 963:966 the receptor binding site 942:966 the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity 942:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 7 52 theme weight 1171:1176 arg1 loss 1178:1181 improved weight loss 1162:1181 improved weight loss efficacy 1162:1190 We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. 33903632 8 53 from GDF15 1252:1256 arg1 format 1279:1284 a new therapeutic format 1261:1284 a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability 1261:1363 Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability. 33903632 2 54 theme diseases 312:319 arg1 treatment 262:270 the treatment 258:270 the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases 258:319 Due to its function, GDF15 has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. 33903632 6 55 theme half-life 1043:1051 arg1 extension 1053:1061 significant half-life extension 1031:1061 significant half-life extension 1031:1061 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 0 56 theme weight 79:84 arg1 regulation 86:95 body weight regulation 74:95 body weight regulation 74:95 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering and receptor binding affinity optimization for body weight regulation. 33903632 8 57 theme improved 1338:1345 arg1 manufacturability 1347:1363 improved manufacturability 1338:1363 improved manufacturability 1338:1363 Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability. 33903632 4 58 theme GDF15 617:621 arg1 optimization 601:612 optimization 601:612 optimization 601:612 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 4 58 theme GDF15 617:621 arg1 characterization 580:595 characterization 580:595 characterization 580:595 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 4 58 theme GDF15 617:621 arg1 design 572:577 design 572:577 design 572:577 Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. 33903632 0 59 theme body 74:77 arg1 regulation 86:95 body weight regulation 74:95 body weight regulation 74:95 Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering and receptor binding affinity optimization for body weight regulation. 33903632 6 60 theme receptor 946:953 arg1 GDF15 971:975 GDF15 971:975 GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity 971:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 6 60 theme receptor 946:953 arg1 site 963:966 the receptor binding site 942:966 the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity 942:1018 In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. 33903632 8 61 dep better 1304:1309 arg1 potential 1324:1332 potential 1324:1332 potential 1324:1332 Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability. 33903632 8 61 dep better 1304:1309 arg1 efficacy 1311:1318 efficacy 1311:1318 efficacy 1311:1318 Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability. 33903632 3 62 theme protease 518:525 arg1 susceptibility 527:540 protease susceptibility 518:540 protease susceptibility 518:540 However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. 33889548 6 0 theme mass 1101:1104 arg1 spectrometry 1106:1117 mass spectrometry 1101:1117 mass spectrometry 1101:1117 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 2 1 theme crucial 360:366 arg1 N-glycosylation 339:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 2 1 theme crucial 360:366 arg1 process 395:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process 358:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism 358:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 8 2 from HPT/HPTR 1373:1380 arg1 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 1348:1390 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 1 3 theme pathological 259:270 arg1 examinations 272:283 imaging and pathological examinations 247:283 imaging and pathological examinations 247:283 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 10 4 dep glycopeptides 1605:1617 arg1 H5N4S2 1634:1639 H5N4S2 1634:1639 H5N4S2 1634:1639 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 10 4 dep glycopeptides 1605:1617 arg1 HAN253WTLTPLK 1619:1631 HAN253WTLTPLK 1619:1631 HAN253WTLTPLK 1619:1631 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 5 5 used used 875:878 arg2 ELISA 857:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 4 6 link N-linked 596:603 arg1 glycopeptides 612:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides 590:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 590:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 11 7 from Variations 1766:1775 arg1 glycosylation 1785:1797 PON1 glycosylation 1780:1797 PON1 glycosylation 1780:1797 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 4 8 with glycopeptides 612:624 arg1 MW 649:650 MW 649:650 MW 649:650 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 8 with glycopeptides 612:624 arg1 weight 641:646 molecular weight 631:646 molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 631:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 6 9 theme AFP-negative 1190:1201 arg1 HCC 1203:1205 AFP-negative HCC 1190:1205 AFP-negative HCC 1190:1205 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 11 10 theme PON1 1780:1783 arg1 glycosylation 1785:1797 PON1 glycosylation 1780:1797 PON1 glycosylation 1780:1797 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 1 11 theme HCC 199:201 arg1 diagnosis 153:161 The diagnosis 149:161 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) 149:228 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 0 12 theme Hepatocellular 123:136 arg1 Carcinoma 138:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 1 13 theme hepatocellular 204:217 arg1 HCC 199:201 AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC 166:201 AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) 166:228 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 1 13 theme hepatocellular 204:217 arg1 carcinoma 219:227 hepatocellular carcinoma 204:227 hepatocellular carcinoma 204:227 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 11 14 theme potential 1872:1880 arg1 Variations 1766:1775 Variations 1766:1775 Variations in PON1 glycosylation 1766:1797 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 11 14 theme potential 1872:1880 arg1 biomarkers 1897:1906 potential glycomic-based biomarkers 1872:1906 potential glycomic-based biomarkers 1872:1906 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 4 15 gly glycopeptides 612:624 arg2 glycopeptides 612:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides 590:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 590:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 16 theme liver 739:743 arg1 LC 756:757 LC 756:757 LC 756:757 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 16 theme liver 739:743 arg1 cirrhosis 745:753 liver cirrhosis 739:753 liver cirrhosis (LC) 739:758 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 5 17 theme liver 940:944 arg1 n 956:956 n = 56 956:961 n = 56 956:961 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 17 theme liver 940:944 arg1 diseases 946:953 liver diseases 940:953 liver diseases (n = 56) 940:962 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 18 from difference 895:904 arg1 n 956:956 n = 56 956:961 n = 56 956:961 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 18 from difference 895:904 arg1 PON1 932:935 serum PON1 926:935 serum PON1 926:935 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 18 from difference 895:904 arg1 diseases 946:953 liver diseases 940:953 liver diseases (n = 56) 940:962 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 6 19 theme PON1 1029:1032 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides 989:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 989:1032 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 11 20 theme AFP-negative 1923:1934 arg1 HCC 1936:1938 AFP-negative HCC 1923:1938 AFP-negative HCC 1923:1938 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 6 21 theme N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 arg1 alteration 975:984 the alteration 971:984 the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 971:1032 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 22 theme HCC 731:733 arg1 patients 760:767 AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients 718:767 AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients 718:767 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 6 23 theme site-specific 989:1001 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides 989:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 989:1032 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 24 theme quantification 786:799 arg1 methodology 801:811 label-free quantification methodology 775:811 label-free quantification methodology 775:811 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 6 25 theme LC 1212:1213 arg1 patients 1215:1222 LC patients 1212:1222 LC patients 1212:1222 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 5 26 from glycosylation 909:921 arg1 PON1 932:935 serum PON1 926:935 serum PON1 926:935 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 9 27 theme negative 1524:1531 arg1 AFP 1533:1535 negative AFP 1524:1535 negative AFP 1524:1535 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 6 28 dep using 1066:1070 arg1 based 1119:1123 based 1119:1123 based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64) 1119:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 2 29 theme biological 419:428 arg1 functions 430:438 many biological functions 414:438 many biological functions in an organism 414:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 0 30 theme Alpha-Fetoprotein 96:112 arg1 Carcinoma 138:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 9 31 with reactivity 1475:1484 arg1 LCA 1499:1501 LCA 1499:1501 LCA 1499:1501 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 5 32 theme = 958:958 arg1 n 956:956 n = 56 956:961 n = 56 956:961 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 32 theme = 958:958 arg1 diseases 946:953 liver diseases 940:953 liver diseases (n = 56) 940:962 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 3 33 theme inflammatory 502:513 arg1 carcinoma 573:581 hepatocellular carcinoma 558:581 hepatocellular carcinoma 558:581 Alteration of N-glycosylation correlates with inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. 33889548 3 33 theme inflammatory 502:513 arg1 diseases 515:522 inflammatory diseases 502:522 inflammatory diseases 502:522 Alteration of N-glycosylation correlates with inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. 33889548 0 34 theme Serum 12:16 arg1 Paraoxonase 18:28 Serum Paraoxonase 1 12:30 Serum Paraoxonase 1 12:30 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 4 35 theme molecular 631:639 arg1 MW 649:650 MW 649:650 MW 649:650 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 35 theme molecular 631:639 arg1 weight 641:646 molecular weight 631:646 molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 631:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 5 36 theme lens 827:830 arg1 LCA 852:854 LCA 852:854 LCA 852:854 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 36 theme lens 827:830 arg1 agglutin 842:849 lens culinaris agglutin 827:849 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 9 37 theme cirrhosis 1577:1585 arg1 patients 1587:1594 cirrhosis patients 1577:1594 cirrhosis patients 1577:1594 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 7 38 theme dedicated 1304:1312 arg1 engine 1321:1326 a dedicated search engine pGlyco 1302:1333 a dedicated search engine pGlyco 1302:1333 Totally 195 glycopeptides were identified using a dedicated search engine pGlyco. 33889548 5 39 theme agglutin 842:849 arg1 ELISA 857:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 6 40 theme labeling 1144:1151 arg1 method 1168:1173 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method 1125:1173 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64) 1125:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 41 theme N-linked 596:603 arg1 glycopeptides 612:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides 590:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 590:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 8 42 theme AFP-negative 1422:1433 arg1 HCC 1435:1437 AFP-negative HCC 1422:1437 AFP-negative HCC 1422:1437 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 11 43 theme AFP-negative 1822:1833 arg1 HCC 1835:1837 AFP-negative HCC 1822:1837 AFP-negative HCC 1822:1837 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 7 44 gly glycopeptides 1266:1278 arg2 glycopeptides 1266:1278 Totally 195 glycopeptides 1254:1278 Totally 195 glycopeptides 1254:1278 Totally 195 glycopeptides were identified using a dedicated search engine pGlyco. 33889548 6 45 theme 16O/18O 1125:1131 arg1 labeling 1144:1151 16O/18O C-terminal labeling 1125:1151 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64) 1125:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 10 46 theme HCC 1722:1724 arg1 patients 1726:1733 AFP-negative HCC patients 1709:1733 AFP-negative HCC patients 1709:1733 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 2 47 theme post-translation 368:383 arg1 N-glycosylation 339:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 2 47 theme post-translation 368:383 arg1 process 395:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process 358:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism 358:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 9 48 theme HCC 1506:1508 arg1 patients 1510:1517 HCC patients 1506:1517 HCC patients with negative AFP 1506:1535 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 0 49 theme Mass 38:41 arg1 Spectrometry 43:54 Mass Spectrometry 38:54 Mass Spectrometry 38:54 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 8 50 from PON1 1387:1390 arg1 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 1348:1390 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 1 51 theme -negative 189:197 arg1 HCC 199:201 AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC 166:201 AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) 166:228 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 1 51 theme -negative 189:197 arg1 carcinoma 219:227 hepatocellular carcinoma 204:227 hepatocellular carcinoma 204:227 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 9 52 from reactivity 1475:1484 arg1 patients 1510:1517 HCC patients 1506:1517 HCC patients with negative AFP 1506:1535 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 4 53 theme = 702:702 arg1 n 700:700 n = 40 700:705 n = 40 700:705 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 53 theme = 702:702 arg1 set 695:697 a discovery set 683:697 a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients 683:767 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 0 54 with Patients 82:89 arg1 Carcinoma 138:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 10 55 theme LC 1753:1754 arg1 patients 1756:1763 LC patients 1753:1763 LC patients 1753:1763 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 3 56 theme hepatocellular 558:571 arg1 carcinoma 573:581 hepatocellular carcinoma 558:581 hepatocellular carcinoma 558:581 Alteration of N-glycosylation correlates with inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. 33889548 6 57 theme = 1247:1247 arg1 n 1245:1245 n = 64 1245:1250 n = 64 1245:1250 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 6 57 theme = 1247:1247 arg1 set 1240:1242 a validation set 1227:1242 a validation set (n = 64) 1227:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 58 theme discovery 685:693 arg1 n 700:700 n = 40 700:705 n = 40 700:705 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 58 theme discovery 685:693 arg1 set 695:697 a discovery set 683:697 a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients 683:767 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 10 59 theme AFP-negative 1709:1720 arg1 patients 1726:1733 AFP-negative HCC patients 1709:1733 AFP-negative HCC patients 1709:1733 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 5 60 gly glycosylation 909:921 arg1 PON1 932:935 serum PON1 926:935 serum PON1 926:935 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 9 61 theme PON1 1489:1492 arg1 elevated 1555:1562 elevated 1555:1562 elevated 1555:1562 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 9 61 theme PON1 1489:1492 arg1 reactivity 1475:1484 the reactivity 1471:1484 the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP 1471:1535 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 6 62 theme validation 1229:1238 arg1 n 1245:1245 n = 64 1245:1250 n = 64 1245:1250 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 6 62 theme validation 1229:1238 arg1 set 1240:1242 a validation set 1227:1242 a validation set (n = 64) 1227:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 63 theme cirrhosis 745:753 arg1 patients 760:767 AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients 718:767 AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients 718:767 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 0 64 theme Lectin 60:65 arg1 Immunoassay 67:77 Lectin Immunoassay 60:77 Lectin Immunoassay 60:77 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 5 65 theme glycosylation 909:921 arg1 difference 895:904 the difference 891:904 the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56) 891:962 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 9 66 from elevated 1555:1562 arg1 addition 1461:1468 addition 1461:1468 addition 1461:1468 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 5 67 theme serum 926:930 arg1 PON1 932:935 serum PON1 926:935 serum PON1 926:935 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 6 68 theme intact 1003:1008 arg1 N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides 989:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 989:1032 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 9 69 with patients 1510:1517 arg1 AFP 1533:1535 negative AFP 1524:1535 negative AFP 1524:1535 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 10 70 gly glycopeptides 1605:1617 arg2 H5N4S1 1647:1652 H5N4S1 1647:1652 H5N4S1 1647:1652 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 10 70 gly glycopeptides 1605:1617 arg2 glycopeptides 1605:1617 The two glycopeptides 1597:1617 The two glycopeptides 1597:1617 The two glycopeptides HAN253WTLTPLK (H5N4S2) and (H5N4S1) corresponding to PON1 were significantly increased in AFP-negative HCC patients, as compared with LC patients. 33889548 4 71 theme AFP-negative 718:729 arg1 HCC 731:733 AFP-negative HCC 718:733 AFP-negative HCC 718:733 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 5 72 from PON1 932:935 arg1 difference 895:904 the difference 891:904 the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56) 891:962 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 4 73 theme label-free 775:784 arg1 methodology 801:811 label-free quantification methodology 775:811 label-free quantification methodology 775:811 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 2 74 theme Protein 331:337 arg1 N-glycosylation 339:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 2 74 theme Protein 331:337 arg1 process 395:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process 358:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism 358:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 0 75 theme Negative 114:121 arg1 Carcinoma 138:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma 96:146 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 2 76 theme many 414:417 arg1 functions 430:438 many biological functions 414:438 many biological functions in an organism 414:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 2 77 theme related 403:409 arg1 N-glycosylation 339:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 2 77 theme related 403:409 arg1 process 395:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process 358:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism 358:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 0 78 theme Paraoxonase 18:28 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 0:147 Analysis of Serum Paraoxonase 1 Using Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Immunoassay in Patients With Alpha-Fetoprotein Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. 33889548 8 79 gly glycopeptides 1348:1360 arg1 HPT/HPTR 1373:1380 HPT/HPTR 1373:1380 HPT/HPTR 1373:1380 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 8 79 gly glycopeptides 1348:1360 arg1 PON1 1387:1390 PON1 1387:1390 PON1 1387:1390 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 8 79 gly glycopeptides 1348:1360 arg1 APOH 1367:1370 APOH 1367:1370 APOH 1367:1370 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 8 79 gly glycopeptides 1348:1360 arg2 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 1348:1390 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 7 80 theme search 1314:1319 arg1 engine 1321:1326 a dedicated search engine pGlyco 1302:1333 a dedicated search engine pGlyco 1302:1333 Totally 195 glycopeptides were identified using a dedicated search engine pGlyco. 33889548 5 81 theme Quantitative 814:825 arg1 ELISA 857:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 1 82 theme valuable 299:306 arg1 markers 322:328 valuable and practical markers 299:328 valuable and practical markers 299:328 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 11 83 theme glycomic-based 1882:1895 arg1 Variations 1766:1775 Variations 1766:1775 Variations in PON1 glycosylation 1766:1797 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 11 83 theme glycomic-based 1882:1895 arg1 biomarkers 1897:1906 potential glycomic-based biomarkers 1872:1906 potential glycomic-based biomarkers 1872:1906 Variations in PON1 glycosylation may be associated with AFP-negative HCC and might be helpful to serve as potential glycomic-based biomarkers to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis. 33889548 5 84 theme culinaris 832:840 arg1 LCA 852:854 LCA 852:854 LCA 852:854 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 5 84 theme culinaris 832:840 arg1 agglutin 842:849 lens culinaris agglutin 827:849 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA 814:861 Quantitative lens culinaris agglutin (LCA) ELISA was further used to confirm the difference of glycosylation on serum PON1 in liver diseases (n = 56). 33889548 1 85 theme practical 312:320 arg1 markers 322:328 valuable and practical markers 299:328 valuable and practical markers 299:328 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33889548 6 86 theme quantification 1153:1166 arg1 method 1168:1173 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method 1125:1173 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64) 1125:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 87 theme intact 605:610 arg1 glycopeptides 612:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides 590:624 serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 590:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 8 88 from APOH 1367:1370 arg1 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides 1348:1360 glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 1348:1390 Among them, glycopeptides from APOH, HPT/HPTR, and PON1 were significantly changed in AFP-negative HCC as compared to LC. 33889548 9 89 from addition 1461:1468 arg1 elevated 1555:1562 elevated 1555:1562 elevated 1555:1562 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 9 89 from addition 1461:1468 arg1 reactivity 1475:1484 the reactivity 1471:1484 the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP 1471:1535 In addition, the reactivity of PON1 with LCA in HCC patients with negative AFP was significantly elevated than that in cirrhosis patients. 33889548 6 90 theme C-terminal 1133:1142 arg1 labeling 1144:1151 16O/18O C-terminal labeling 1125:1151 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64) 1125:1251 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 4 91 theme kDa 662:664 arg1 MW 649:650 MW 649:650 MW 649:650 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 4 91 theme kDa 662:664 arg1 weight 641:646 molecular weight 631:646 molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa 631:664 Here, serum N-linked intact glycopeptides with molecular weight (MW) of 40-55 kDa were analyzed in a discovery set (n = 40) including AFP-negative HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) patients using label-free quantification methodology. 33889548 3 92 theme infectious 528:537 arg1 diseases 539:546 infectious diseases 528:546 infectious diseases 528:546 Alteration of N-glycosylation correlates with inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. 33889548 3 92 theme infectious 528:537 arg1 carcinoma 573:581 hepatocellular carcinoma 558:581 hepatocellular carcinoma 558:581 Alteration of N-glycosylation correlates with inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. 33889548 2 93 from functions 430:438 arg1 organism 446:453 an organism 443:453 an organism 443:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 3 94 theme N-glycosylation 470:484 arg1 Alteration 456:465 Alteration 456:465 Alteration of N-glycosylation 456:484 Alteration of N-glycosylation correlates with inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. 33889548 6 95 gly N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 arg1 PON1 1029:1032 PON1 1029:1032 PON1 1029:1032 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 6 95 gly N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 arg2 N-glycopeptides 1010:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides 989:1024 site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 989:1032 Then, the alteration of site-specific intact N-glycopeptides of PON1 was comprehensively assessed by using Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry based 16O/18O C-terminal labeling quantification method to distinguish AFP-negative HCC from LC patients in a validation set (n = 64). 33889548 2 96 theme modifying 385:393 arg1 N-glycosylation 339:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation 331:353 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 2 96 theme modifying 385:393 arg1 process 395:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process 358:401 a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism 358:453 Protein N-glycosylation is a crucial post-translation modifying process related to many biological functions in an organism. 33889548 1 97 theme imaging 247:253 arg1 examinations 272:283 imaging and pathological examinations 247:283 imaging and pathological examinations 247:283 The diagnosis of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)-negative HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) mostly relies on imaging and pathological examinations, and it lacks valuable and practical markers. 33863420 7 0 theme 397 1559:1561 arg1 phosphoproteins 1563:1577 397 phosphoproteins 1559:1577 397 phosphoproteins 1559:1577 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 4 1 theme digests 1044:1050 arg1 mixture 1052:1058 digests mixture 1044:1058 digests mixture 1044:1058 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 2 2 theme sequential 639:648 arg1 elution 650:656 sequential elution 639:656 sequential elution 639:656 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 7 3 gly glycopeptides 1469:1481 arg2 glycopeptides 1469:1481 141 N-linked glycopeptides 1456:1481 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins 1456:1577 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 7 4 theme 141 N-linked 1456:1467 arg1 glycopeptides 1469:1481 141 N-linked glycopeptides 1456:1481 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins 1456:1577 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 4 5 theme enrichment 1141:1150 arg1 method 1175:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 6 6 theme endogenous 1286:1295 arg1 phosphopeptides 1297:1311 4 endogenous phosphopeptides 1284:1311 4 endogenous phosphopeptides 1284:1311 4 endogenous phosphopeptides and 20 phosphopeptides were trapped from human serum and non-fat milk tryptic digest respectively. 33863420 1 7 theme composite 224:232 arg1 framework 214:222 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 158:232 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 158:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 8 theme brain 1449:1453 arg1 digest 1435:1440 tryptic digest 1427:1440 tryptic digest of rat brain 1427:1453 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 4 9 theme sequential 1156:1165 arg1 method 1175:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 6 10 dep serum 1360:1364 arg1 digest 1391:1396 tryptic digest 1383:1396 tryptic digest 1383:1396 4 endogenous phosphopeptides and 20 phosphopeptides were trapped from human serum and non-fat milk tryptic digest respectively. 33863420 1 11 theme @ 250:250 arg1 10-NH2 267:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 12 theme dependable 1686:1695 arg1 candidate 1697:1705 a dependable candidate 1684:1705 a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples 1684:1814 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 7 13 theme tryptic 1427:1433 arg1 digest 1435:1440 tryptic digest 1427:1440 tryptic digest of rat brain 1427:1453 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 3 14 dep sensitivity 824:834 arg1 1 fmol μL-1 837:847 1 fmol μL-1 837:847 1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG 837:873 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 1 15 theme @ 255:255 arg1 10-NH2 267:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 16 from enrichment 1730:1739 arg1 samples 1808:1814 intricate biological samples 1787:1814 intricate biological samples 1787:1814 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 3 17 theme IgG 809:811 arg1 ratio 800:804 1:50 M ratio 793:804 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 6 18 theme human 1354:1358 arg1 serum 1360:1364 human serum 1354:1364 human serum 1354:1364 4 endogenous phosphopeptides and 20 phosphopeptides were trapped from human serum and non-fat milk tryptic digest respectively. 33863420 7 19 theme Zr-Ti-MOF 1661:1669 arg1 10-NH2 1671:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 0 20 theme specific 85:92 arg1 enrichments 94:104 highly specific enrichments 78:104 highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 78:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 1 21 theme magnetic 180:187 arg1 framework 214:222 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 158:232 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 158:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 22 theme biological 1797:1806 arg1 samples 1808:1814 intricate biological samples 1787:1814 intricate biological samples 1787:1814 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 7 23 theme @ 1659:1659 arg1 10-NH2 1671:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 1 24 theme metal-organic 200:212 arg1 framework 214:222 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 158:232 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 158:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 25 theme @ 1654:1654 arg1 10-NH2 1671:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 2 26 theme NH2 574:576 arg1 groups 578:583 abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups 553:583 abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups 553:583 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 27 theme abundant 553:560 arg1 groups 578:583 abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups 553:583 abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups 553:583 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 7 28 gly glycoproteins 1504:1516 arg1 glycoproteins 1504:1516 127 glycoproteins 1500:1516 127 glycoproteins 1500:1516 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 3 29 dep ratio 770:774 arg1 ratio 800:804 1:50 M ratio 793:804 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 3 29 dep ratio 770:774 arg1 BSA 813:815 BSA 813:815 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 3 29 dep ratio 770:774 arg1 BSA 788:790 BSA 788:790 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 0 30 theme Dual-functionalized 0:18 arg1 framework 54:62 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 0:72 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 0:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 4 31 from IgG 1040:1042 arg1 phosphopeptides 985:999 29 phosphopeptides 982:999 29 phosphopeptides 982:999 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 4 31 from IgG 1040:1042 arg1 glycopeptides 1008:1020 24 glycopeptides 1005:1020 24 glycopeptides 1005:1020 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 3 32 dep capacity 886:893 arg1 80 mg g-1 896:904 80 mg g-1 896:904 80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG 896:940 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 0 33 gly glycopeptides 129:141 arg2 glycopeptides 129:141 glycopeptides 129:141 glycopeptides 129:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 34 theme Ti-O 473:476 arg1 clusters 478:485 Ti-O clusters 473:485 Ti-O clusters 473:485 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 35 theme clusters 460:467 arg1 coexistence 440:450 the coexistence 436:450 the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters 436:485 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 0 36 theme bimetallic 29:38 arg1 framework 54:62 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 0:72 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 0:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 4 37 from α-casein 1027:1034 arg1 phosphopeptides 985:999 29 phosphopeptides 982:999 29 phosphopeptides 982:999 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 4 37 from α-casein 1027:1034 arg1 glycopeptides 1008:1020 24 glycopeptides 1005:1020 24 glycopeptides 1005:1020 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 2 38 theme great 503:507 arg1 hydrophilicity 509:522 great hydrophilicity 503:522 great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides 503:540 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 1 39 theme layer-by-layer 326:339 arg1 technique 350:358 a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique 317:358 a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique 317:358 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 3 40 theme great 742:746 arg1 selectivity 748:758 great selectivity 742:758 great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA) 742:816 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 3 40 theme great 742:746 arg1 ratio 770:774 1:2000 M ratio 761:774 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 5 41 theme biological 1264:1273 arg1 samples 1275:1281 intricate biological samples 1254:1281 intricate biological samples 1254:1281 Furthermore, the composite was successfully applied to the analysis of intricate biological samples. 33863420 4 42 gly glycopeptides 1008:1020 arg1 α-casein 1027:1034 α-casein 1027:1034 α-casein 1027:1034 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 4 42 gly glycopeptides 1008:1020 arg2 glycopeptides 1008:1020 24 glycopeptides 1005:1020 24 glycopeptides 1005:1020 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 4 42 gly glycopeptides 1008:1020 arg1 IgG 1040:1042 IgG 1040:1042 IgG 1040:1042 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 2 43 theme strong 394:399 arg1 affinity 401:408 strong affinity 394:408 strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters 394:485 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 7 44 gly glycopeptides 1770:1782 arg2 glycopeptides 1770:1782 glycopeptides 1770:1782 glycopeptides 1770:1782 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 2 45 gly glycopeptides 681:693 arg2 glycopeptides 681:693 glycopeptides 681:693 glycopeptides 681:693 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 46 theme glycopeptides 681:693 arg1 elution 650:656 sequential elution 639:656 sequential elution 639:656 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 46 theme glycopeptides 681:693 arg1 enrichment 624:633 enrichment 624:633 enrichment 624:633 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 4 47 theme elution 1167:1173 arg1 method 1175:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 3 48 theme β-casein 779:786 arg1 selectivity 748:758 great selectivity 742:758 great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA) 742:816 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 3 48 theme β-casein 779:786 arg1 ratio 770:774 1:2000 M ratio 761:774 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 4 49 dep α-casein 1027:1034 arg1 mixture 1052:1058 digests mixture 1044:1058 digests mixture 1044:1058 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 2 50 theme phosphopeptides 661:675 arg1 elution 650:656 sequential elution 639:656 sequential elution 639:656 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 50 theme phosphopeptides 661:675 arg1 enrichment 624:633 enrichment 624:633 enrichment 624:633 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 6 51 theme tryptic 1383:1389 arg1 digest 1391:1396 tryptic digest 1383:1396 tryptic digest 1383:1396 4 endogenous phosphopeptides and 20 phosphopeptides were trapped from human serum and non-fat milk tryptic digest respectively. 33863420 1 52 theme Fe3O4 245:249 arg1 10-NH2 267:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 53 theme rat 1445:1447 arg1 brain 1449:1453 rat brain 1445:1453 rat brain 1445:1453 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 4 54 theme single-step 1129:1139 arg1 method 1175:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method 1127:1180 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 3 55 theme 1:50 M 793:798 arg1 ratio 800:804 1:50 M ratio 793:804 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 6 56 theme non-fat 1370:1376 arg1 milk 1378:1381 non-fat milk 1370:1381 non-fat milk 1370:1381 4 endogenous phosphopeptides and 20 phosphopeptides were trapped from human serum and non-fat milk tryptic digest respectively. 33863420 1 57 theme SiO2 251:254 arg1 10-NH2 267:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 58 theme digest 1435:1440 arg1 0.5 mg 1417:1422 0.5 mg 1417:1422 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain 1417:1453 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 7 59 link 141 N-linked 1456:1467 arg1 glycopeptides 1469:1481 141 N-linked glycopeptides 1456:1481 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins 1456:1577 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 7 60 theme intricate 1787:1795 arg1 samples 1808:1814 intricate biological samples 1787:1814 intricate biological samples 1787:1814 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 1 61 theme dual-functionalized 160:178 arg1 framework 214:222 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 158:232 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 158:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 62 theme SiO2 1655:1658 arg1 10-NH2 1671:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 4 63 theme elution 964:970 arg1 strategy 972:979 sequential elution strategy 953:979 sequential elution strategy 953:979 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 3 64 theme good 819:822 arg1 sensitivity 824:834 good sensitivity 819:834 good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG) 819:874 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 0 65 theme phosphopeptides 109:123 arg1 enrichments 94:104 highly specific enrichments 78:104 highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 78:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 1 66 theme bimetallic 189:198 arg1 framework 214:222 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 158:232 a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 158:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 67 theme Fe3O4 1649:1653 arg1 10-NH2 1671:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 1645:1676 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 0 68 theme glycopeptides 129:141 arg1 enrichments 94:104 highly specific enrichments 78:104 highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 78:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 3 69 theme good 881:884 arg1 capacity 886:893 good capacity 881:893 good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG) 881:941 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 2 70 theme hydrophilic 562:572 arg1 groups 578:583 abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups 553:583 abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups 553:583 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 7 71 theme glycopeptides 1770:1782 arg1 enrichment 1730:1739 the simultaneously enrichment 1711:1739 the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples 1711:1814 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 1 72 theme Zr-Ti-MOF 257:265 arg1 10-NH2 267:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 245:272 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 4 73 theme sequential 953:962 arg1 strategy 972:979 sequential elution strategy 953:979 sequential elution strategy 953:979 By using sequential elution strategy, 29 phosphopeptides and 24 glycopeptides from α-casein and IgG digests mixture could be simultaneously enriched and respectively detected through a single-step enrichment and sequential elution method. 33863420 0 74 theme magnetic 20:27 arg1 framework 54:62 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 0:72 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 0:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 75 gly glycopeptides 528:540 arg2 glycopeptides 528:540 glycopeptides 528:540 glycopeptides 528:540 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 7 76 theme phosphopeptides 1750:1764 arg1 enrichment 1730:1739 the simultaneously enrichment 1711:1739 the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples 1711:1814 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 2 77 theme clusters 478:485 arg1 coexistence 440:450 the coexistence 436:450 the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters 436:485 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 0 78 theme metal-organic 40:52 arg1 framework 54:62 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 0:72 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 0:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 2 79 theme Zr-O 455:458 arg1 clusters 460:467 Zr-O clusters 455:467 Zr-O clusters 455:467 The composite not only exhibited strong affinity for phosphopeptide due to the coexistence of Zr-O clusters and Ti-O clusters, but also owned great hydrophilicity for glycopeptides relying on abundant hydrophilic NH2 groups, meeting the demand for simultaneously enrichment and sequential elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 0 80 theme composite 64:72 arg1 framework 54:62 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite 0:72 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides 0:141 Dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite for highly specific enrichments of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. 33863420 1 81 theme facial 319:324 arg1 technique 350:358 a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique 317:358 a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique 317:358 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 1 82 theme assembly 341:348 arg1 technique 350:358 a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique 317:358 a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique 317:358 In this work, a dual-functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal-organic framework composite denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 was ingeniously designed and fabricated by a facial layer-by-layer assembly technique. 33863420 7 83 theme trace 1744:1748 arg1 phosphopeptides 1750:1764 trace phosphopeptides 1744:1764 trace phosphopeptides 1744:1764 From 0.5 mg of tryptic digest of rat brain, 141 N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 127 glycoproteins and 918 phosphopeptides corresponding to 397 phosphoproteins were enriched simultaneously and identified respectively, proving the Fe3O4@SiO2@(Zr-Ti-MOF)10-NH2 to be a dependable candidate for the simultaneously enrichment of trace phosphopeptides and glycopeptides in intricate biological samples. 33863420 3 84 theme synthesized 713:723 arg1 composite 725:733 the synthesized composite 709:733 the synthesized composite 709:733 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 5 85 theme intricate 1254:1262 arg1 samples 1275:1281 intricate biological samples 1254:1281 intricate biological samples 1254:1281 Furthermore, the composite was successfully applied to the analysis of intricate biological samples. 33863420 3 86 theme 1:2000 M 761:768 arg1 selectivity 748:758 great selectivity 742:758 great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA) 742:816 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 3 86 theme 1:2000 M 761:768 arg1 ratio 770:774 1:2000 M ratio 761:774 1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA 761:815 As expected, the synthesized composite showed great selectivity (1:2000 M ratio of β-casein:BSA; 1:50 M ratio of IgG:BSA), good sensitivity (1 fmol μL-1 for both α-casein and IgG), and good capacity (80 mg g-1 for α-casein and 200 mg g-1 for IgG). 33863420 5 87 theme samples 1275:1281 arg1 analysis 1242:1249 the analysis 1238:1249 the analysis of intricate biological samples 1238:1281 Furthermore, the composite was successfully applied to the analysis of intricate biological samples. 35499042 7 0 used used 982:985 arg2 immunofluorescence 958:975 immunofluorescence 958:975 immunofluorescence 958:975 Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect protein expression and stability. 35499042 7 0 used used 982:985 arg2 blotting 945:952 Western blotting 937:952 Western blotting 937:952 Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect protein expression and stability. 35499042 5 1 theme Pregnant 739:746 arg1 models 754:759 Pregnant mouse models 739:759 Pregnant mouse models 739:759 Pregnant mouse models were established to verify molecular expression. 35499042 12 2 dep increased 1571:1579 arg1 regulate 1715:1722 regulate 1715:1722 regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells 1715:1771 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 14 3 theme elevated 1935:1942 arg1 AQP3 1944:1947 elevated AQP3 1935:1947 elevated AQP3 1935:1947 Unexpectedly, elevated AQP3 also increased glucose uptake via GLUT1. 35499042 12 4 theme glucose 1581:1587 arg1 uptake 1589:1594 glucose uptake 1581:1594 glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways 1581:1698 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 6 5 theme implantation 891:902 arg1 efficiency 904:913 embryo implantation efficiency 884:913 embryo implantation efficiency 884:913 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 1 6 theme nuclear 296:302 arg1 proteins 336:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 12 7 theme glucose 1600:1606 arg1 transporter 1608:1618 glucose transporter 1 1600:1620 glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow 1600:1662 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 12 7 theme glucose 1600:1606 arg1 GLUT1 1623:1627 GLUT1 1623:1627 GLUT1 1623:1627 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 17 8 theme Overall 2315:2321 arg1 Conclusion 2304:2313 Conclusion Overall 2304:2321 Conclusion Overall 2304:2321 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 3 9 theme glucose 568:574 arg1 metabolism 576:585 glucose metabolism 568:585 glucose metabolism 568:585 Furthermore, whether O-GlcNAcylation is involved in orchestrating glucose metabolism to influence endometrial cell physiological functions was investigated. 35499042 16 10 theme transcription 2092:2104 arg1 SP1 2113:2115 the transcription factor SP1 2088:2115 the transcription factor SP1 2088:2115 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 17 11 theme O-GlcNAcylation 2324:2338 arg1 metabolism 2358:2367 O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism 2324:2367 O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells 2324:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 3 12 theme physiological 617:629 arg1 functions 631:639 endometrial cell physiological functions 600:639 endometrial cell physiological functions 600:639 Furthermore, whether O-GlcNAcylation is involved in orchestrating glucose metabolism to influence endometrial cell physiological functions was investigated. 35499042 17 13 theme glucose 2350:2356 arg1 metabolism 2358:2367 O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism 2324:2367 O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells 2324:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 11 14 theme endometrial 1481:1491 arg1 function 1498:1505 endometrial cell function 1481:1505 endometrial cell function 1481:1505 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 3 15 theme endometrial 600:610 arg1 functions 631:639 endometrial cell physiological functions 600:639 endometrial cell physiological functions 600:639 Furthermore, whether O-GlcNAcylation is involved in orchestrating glucose metabolism to influence endometrial cell physiological functions was investigated. 35499042 1 16 theme single 236:241 arg1 O-GlcNAc 243:250 a single O-GlcNAc 234:250 a single O-GlcNAc 234:250 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 8 17 used used 1108:1111 arg2 immunoprecipitation 1076:1094 chromatin immunoprecipitation 1066:1094 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) 1066:1101 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 8 17 used used 1108:1111 arg2 assay 1056:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 8 17 used used 1108:1111 arg2 ChIP 1097:1100 ChIP 1097:1100 ChIP 1097:1100 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 11 18 theme embryo 1511:1516 arg1 implantation 1518:1529 embryo implantation 1511:1529 embryo implantation 1511:1529 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 11 19 theme biosynthetic 1377:1388 arg1 HBP 1399:1401 HBP 1399:1401 HBP 1399:1401 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 11 19 theme biosynthetic 1377:1388 arg1 pathway 1390:1396 endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 1354:1396 endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) 1354:1402 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 1 20 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 140:162 arg1 modification 175:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 20 theme β-D-N-acetylglucosamine 140:162 arg1 modification 212:223 a post-translational modification 191:223 a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes 191:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 12 21 theme cells 1767:1771 arg1 reprogramming 1738:1750 the metabolic reprogramming 1724:1750 the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells 1724:1771 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 1 22 theme O-GlcNAc 165:172 arg1 modification 175:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 22 theme O-GlcNAc 165:172 arg1 modification 212:223 a post-translational modification 191:223 a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes 191:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 0 23 theme cell 69:72 arg1 glycolysis 74:83 endometrial cell glycolysis 57:83 endometrial cell glycolysis 57:83 O-GlcNAc modification mediates aquaporin 3 to coordinate endometrial cell glycolysis and affects embryo implantation. 35499042 12 24 theme metabolic 1728:1736 arg1 reprogramming 1738:1750 the metabolic reprogramming 1724:1750 the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells 1724:1771 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 2 25 from role 440:443 arg1 implantation 474:485 embryo implantation 467:485 embryo implantation 467:485 Objectives In the present study, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation was evaluated. 35499042 13 26 theme AQP3 1915:1918 arg1 regulation 1901:1910 regulation 1901:1910 regulation of AQP3 1901:1918 Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation mediated the intracellular transport of glycerol to support and compensate for glycolysis through regulation of AQP3. 35499042 16 27 theme AQP3 2250:2253 arg1 stability 2206:2214 its stability 2202:2214 its stability 2202:2214 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 16 27 theme AQP3 2250:2253 arg1 regulation 2236:2245 transcriptional regulation 2220:2245 transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 2220:2301 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 0 28 theme embryo 97:102 arg1 implantation 104:115 embryo implantation 97:115 embryo implantation 97:115 O-GlcNAc modification mediates aquaporin 3 to coordinate endometrial cell glycolysis and affects embryo implantation. 35499042 8 29 theme transcription 1135:1147 arg1 factor 1149:1154 the binding transcription factor 1123:1154 the binding transcription factor 1123:1154 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 11 30 theme implantation 1457:1468 arg1 window 1447:1452 the window 1443:1452 the window of implantation 1443:1468 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 9 31 theme bioenergy 1187:1195 arg1 analyzer 1197:1204 bioenergy analyzer 1187:1204 bioenergy analyzer 1187:1204 Glycolysis was detected using bioenergy analyzer, and metabolites were analyzed using isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS. 35499042 1 32 theme physiological 378:390 arg1 processes 392:400 physiological processes 378:400 physiological processes 378:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 0 33 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 modification 9:20 O-GlcNAc modification 0:20 O-GlcNAc modification 0:20 O-GlcNAc modification mediates aquaporin 3 to coordinate endometrial cell glycolysis and affects embryo implantation. 35499042 13 34 theme glycerol 1843:1850 arg1 transport 1830:1838 the intracellular transport 1812:1838 the intracellular transport of glycerol to support and compensate for glycolysis through regulation of AQP3 1812:1918 Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation mediated the intracellular transport of glycerol to support and compensate for glycolysis through regulation of AQP3. 35499042 12 35 theme pentose 1673:1679 arg1 pathways 1691:1698 the pentose phosphate pathways 1669:1698 the pentose phosphate pathways 1669:1698 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 1 36 theme Introduction 118:129 arg1 modification 175:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 36 theme Introduction 118:129 arg1 modification 212:223 a post-translational modification 191:223 a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes 191:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 11 37 theme endometrial 1354:1364 arg1 HBP 1399:1401 HBP 1399:1401 HBP 1399:1401 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 11 37 theme endometrial 1354:1364 arg1 pathway 1390:1396 endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 1354:1396 endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) 1354:1402 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 16 38 theme factor 2106:2111 arg1 SP1 2113:2115 the transcription factor SP1 2088:2115 the transcription factor SP1 2088:2115 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 1 39 theme mitochondrial 322:334 arg1 proteins 336:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 16 40 theme promoter 2148:2155 arg1 region 2157:2162 the AQP3 promoter region 2139:2162 the AQP3 promoter region 2139:2162 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 2 41 from Objectives 403:412 arg1 study 429:433 the present study 417:433 the present study 417:433 Objectives In the present study, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation was evaluated. 35499042 16 42 theme SP1 2299:2301 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2280:2294 O-GlcNAcylation 2280:2294 O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 2280:2301 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 9 43 theme isotope 1243:1249 arg1 LC-MS 1263:1267 isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS 1243:1267 isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS 1243:1267 Glycolysis was detected using bioenergy analyzer, and metabolites were analyzed using isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS. 35499042 10 44 theme Metabolic-related 1270:1286 arg1 genes 1288:1292 Metabolic-related genes 1270:1292 Metabolic-related genes 1270:1292 Metabolic-related genes were determined using RNA sequencing. 35499042 12 45 theme metabolic 1649:1657 arg1 flow 1659:1662 glucose metabolic flow 1641:1662 glucose metabolic flow 1641:1662 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 8 46 theme luciferase 1036:1045 arg1 assay 1056:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 1 47 link O-linked 131:138 arg1 modification 175:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 47 link O-linked 131:138 arg1 modification 212:223 a post-translational modification 191:223 a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes 191:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 17 48 from metabolism 2358:2367 arg1 cells 2384:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 4 49 theme Methods 659:665 arg1 tissues 689:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues 659:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues 659:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. 35499042 17 50 theme new 2431:2433 arg1 insights 2435:2442 new insights 2431:2442 new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation 2431:2504 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 6 51 theme aquaporin 835:843 arg1 knockdown 854:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown 810:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown 810:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 6 52 used used 869:872 arg2 knockdown 854:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown 810:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown 810:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 16 53 theme SP1 2188:2190 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2169:2183 O-GlcNAcylation 2169:2183 O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 2169:2190 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 8 54 theme chromatin 1066:1074 arg1 ChIP 1097:1100 ChIP 1097:1100 ChIP 1097:1100 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 8 54 theme chromatin 1066:1074 arg1 immunoprecipitation 1076:1094 chromatin immunoprecipitation 1066:1094 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) 1066:1101 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 4 55 theme endometrial 677:687 arg1 tissues 689:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues 659:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues 659:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. 35499042 6 56 theme transferase 819:829 arg1 knockdown 854:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown 810:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown 810:862 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 15 57 theme endometrial 2051:2061 arg1 physiology 2063:2072 endometrial physiology 2051:2072 endometrial physiology 2051:2072 These processes maintained higher metabolic requirements for endometrial physiology. 35499042 5 58 theme mouse 748:752 arg1 models 754:759 Pregnant mouse models 739:759 Pregnant mouse models 739:759 Pregnant mouse models were established to verify molecular expression. 35499042 17 59 from Conclusion 2304:2313 arg1 cells 2384:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 6 60 theme embryo 884:889 arg1 efficiency 904:913 embryo implantation efficiency 884:913 embryo implantation efficiency 884:913 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 1 61 theme post-translational 193:210 arg1 modification 175:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 61 theme post-translational 193:210 arg1 modification 212:223 a post-translational modification 191:223 a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes 191:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 11 62 theme cell 1493:1496 arg1 function 1498:1505 endometrial cell function 1481:1505 endometrial cell function 1481:1505 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 3 63 theme cell 612:615 arg1 functions 631:639 endometrial cell physiological functions 600:639 endometrial cell physiological functions 600:639 Furthermore, whether O-GlcNAcylation is involved in orchestrating glucose metabolism to influence endometrial cell physiological functions was investigated. 35499042 7 64 theme Western 937:943 arg1 blotting 945:952 Western blotting 937:952 Western blotting 937:952 Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect protein expression and stability. 35499042 17 65 theme regulated 2340:2348 arg1 metabolism 2358:2367 O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism 2324:2367 O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells 2324:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 5 66 theme molecular 788:796 arg1 expression 798:807 molecular expression 788:807 molecular expression 788:807 Pregnant mouse models were established to verify molecular expression. 35499042 1 67 dep serine 264:269 arg1 residues 284:291 residues 284:291 residues 284:291 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 12 68 theme elevated 1546:1553 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1555:1569 elevated O-GlcNAcylation 1546:1569 elevated O-GlcNAcylation 1546:1569 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 1 69 from threonine 274:282 arg1 proteins 336:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 16 70 theme AQP3 2143:2146 arg1 region 2157:2162 the AQP3 promoter region 2139:2162 the AQP3 promoter region 2139:2162 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 12 71 theme endometrial 1755:1765 arg1 cells 1767:1771 endometrial cells 1755:1771 endometrial cells 1755:1771 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 17 72 theme endometrial 2372:2382 arg1 cells 2384:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 1 73 from serine 264:269 arg1 proteins 336:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 74 theme O-linked 131:138 arg1 modification 175:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 118:186 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 74 theme O-linked 131:138 arg1 modification 212:223 a post-translational modification 191:223 a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes 191:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 11 75 theme elevated 1411:1418 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1420:1434 elevated O-GlcNAcylation 1411:1434 elevated O-GlcNAcylation 1411:1434 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 8 76 theme binding 1127:1133 arg1 factor 1149:1154 the binding transcription factor 1123:1154 the binding transcription factor 1123:1154 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 6 77 theme O-GlcNAc 810:817 arg1 AQP3 848:851 AQP3 848:851 AQP3 848:851 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 6 77 theme O-GlcNAc 810:817 arg1 transferase 819:829 O-GlcNAc transferase 810:829 O-GlcNAc transferase 810:829 O-GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. 35499042 15 78 theme higher 2017:2022 arg1 requirements 2034:2045 higher metabolic requirements 2017:2045 higher metabolic requirements for endometrial physiology 2017:2072 These processes maintained higher metabolic requirements for endometrial physiology. 35499042 16 79 theme transcriptional 2220:2234 arg1 regulation 2236:2245 transcriptional regulation 2220:2245 transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 2220:2301 Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O-GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O-GlcNAcylation of SP1. 35499042 14 80 theme glucose 1964:1970 arg1 uptake 1972:1977 glucose uptake 1964:1977 glucose uptake 1964:1977 Unexpectedly, elevated AQP3 also increased glucose uptake via GLUT1. 35499042 17 81 from compensation 2409:2420 arg1 cells 2384:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 endometrial cells 2372:2388 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 1 82 theme processes 392:400 arg1 variety 367:373 a variety 365:373 a variety of physiological processes 365:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 1 82 theme processes 392:400 arg1 processes 392:400 physiological processes 378:400 physiological processes 378:400 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 2 83 theme O-GlcNAcylation 448:462 arg1 role 440:443 the role 436:443 the role of O-GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation 436:485 Objectives In the present study, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation was evaluated. 35499042 1 84 theme cytoplasmic 305:315 arg1 proteins 336:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins 296:343 Introduction O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. 35499042 11 85 theme pathway 1390:1396 arg1 Activation 1340:1349 Activation 1340:1349 Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) 1340:1402 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 15 86 theme metabolic 2024:2032 arg1 requirements 2034:2045 higher metabolic requirements 2017:2045 higher metabolic requirements for endometrial physiology 2017:2072 These processes maintained higher metabolic requirements for endometrial physiology. 35499042 7 87 theme protein 997:1003 arg1 expression 1005:1014 protein expression 997:1014 protein expression 997:1014 Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect protein expression and stability. 35499042 11 88 theme hexosamine 1366:1375 arg1 HBP 1399:1401 HBP 1399:1401 HBP 1399:1401 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 11 88 theme hexosamine 1366:1375 arg1 pathway 1390:1396 endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 1354:1396 endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) 1354:1402 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 35499042 2 89 theme present 421:427 arg1 study 429:433 the present study 417:433 the present study 417:433 Objectives In the present study, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation was evaluated. 35499042 0 90 theme endometrial 57:67 arg1 glycolysis 74:83 endometrial cell glycolysis 57:83 endometrial cell glycolysis 57:83 O-GlcNAc modification mediates aquaporin 3 to coordinate endometrial cell glycolysis and affects embryo implantation. 35499042 12 91 theme phosphate 1681:1689 arg1 pathways 1691:1698 the pentose phosphate pathways 1669:1698 the pentose phosphate pathways 1669:1698 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 2 92 theme embryo 467:472 arg1 implantation 474:485 embryo implantation 467:485 embryo implantation 467:485 Objectives In the present study, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation was evaluated. 35499042 13 93 theme intracellular 1816:1828 arg1 transport 1830:1838 the intracellular transport 1812:1838 the intracellular transport of glycerol to support and compensate for glycolysis through regulation of AQP3 1812:1918 Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation mediated the intracellular transport of glycerol to support and compensate for glycolysis through regulation of AQP3. 35499042 17 94 theme AQP3-mediated 2395:2407 arg1 compensation 2409:2420 AQP3-mediated compensation 2395:2420 AQP3-mediated compensation 2395:2420 Conclusion Overall, O-GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O-GlcNAcylation. 35499042 9 95 theme 13C-labeled 1251:1261 arg1 LC-MS 1263:1267 isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS 1243:1267 isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS 1243:1267 Glycolysis was detected using bioenergy analyzer, and metabolites were analyzed using isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS. 35499042 12 96 theme glucose 1641:1647 arg1 flow 1659:1662 glucose metabolic flow 1641:1662 glucose metabolic flow 1641:1662 Specifically, elevated O-GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. 35499042 8 97 theme Dual 1031:1034 arg1 assay 1056:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 4 98 theme Different 667:675 arg1 tissues 689:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues 659:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues 659:695 Methods Different endometrial tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. 35499042 10 99 theme RNA 1316:1318 arg1 sequencing 1320:1329 RNA sequencing 1316:1329 RNA sequencing 1316:1329 Metabolic-related genes were determined using RNA sequencing. 35499042 8 100 theme reporter 1047:1054 arg1 assay 1056:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay 1031:1060 Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. 35499042 11 101 dep Results 1332:1338 arg1 caused 1404:1409 caused 1404:1409 caused 1404:1409 Results Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O-GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. 34306413 7 0 theme significant 1339:1349 arg1 decrease 1351:1358 a statistically significant decrease 1323:1358 a statistically significant decrease 1323:1358 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 1 theme SP 351:352 arg1 method 354:359 an immunohistochemical SP method 328:359 an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA] 328:498 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 1 theme SP 351:352 arg1 [O-GlcNAc 470:478 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 5 2 theme O-GlcNAc 1101:1108 arg1 related 1122:1128 related 1122:1128 related 1122:1128 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 2 theme O-GlcNAc 1101:1108 arg1 expression 1087:1096 the positive expression 1074:1096 the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1074:1116 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 11 3 theme expression 1983:1992 arg1 level 1994:1998 the increased expression level 1969:1998 the increased expression level of OGA 1969:2005 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 3 4 theme O-GlcNAc 701:708 arg1 Meanwhile 665:673 Meanwhile 665:673 Meanwhile 665:673 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 4 theme O-GlcNAc 701:708 arg1 OGT 720:722 OGT 720:722 OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 720:770 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 4 theme O-GlcNAc 701:708 arg1 OGA 711:713 OGA 711:713 OGA 711:713 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 4 theme O-GlcNAc 701:708 arg1 levels 691:696 the expression levels 676:696 the expression levels of O-GlcNAc 676:708 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 5 5 theme OGT 1114:1116 arg1 related 1122:1128 related 1122:1128 related 1122:1128 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 5 theme OGT 1114:1116 arg1 expression 1087:1096 the positive expression 1074:1096 the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1074:1116 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 11 6 theme O-GlcNAc 1948:1955 arg1 levels 1938:1943 decreased expression levels 1917:1943 decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1917:1963 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 1 7 theme expression 187:196 arg1 level 198:202 the expression level 183:202 the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 183:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 6 8 theme HIF-1α 1193:1198 arg1 Expression 1179:1188 ③ Expression 1177:1188 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues 1177:1232 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 4 9 from expression 864:873 arg1 OSCC 925:928 OSCC 925:928 OSCC 925:928 RESULTS ① The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins in OSCC was reported at an increased level. 34306413 9 10 theme proteins 1716:1723 arg1 expression 1667:1676 The expression 1663:1676 The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 1663:1723 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 0 11 theme carcinoma 128:136 arg1 glycosylation 92:104 the glycosylation 88:104 the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma 88:136 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 11 12 theme expression 1927:1936 arg1 levels 1938:1943 decreased expression levels 1917:1943 decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1917:1963 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 1 13 theme factor-1α 225:233 arg1 level 198:202 the expression level 183:202 the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 183:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 6 14 from Expression 1179:1188 arg1 tissues 1226:1232 OSCC tissues 1221:1232 OSCC tissues 1221:1232 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 8 15 from decrease 1601:1608 arg1 content 1621:1627 the OGT content 1613:1627 the OGT content 1613:1627 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 16 theme positive 972:979 arg1 expression 981:990 ② The positive expression 966:990 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α 966:1000 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 9 17 dep CONCLUSIONS 1651:1661 arg1 increases 1769:1777 increases 1769:1777 increases proportionally with tumor volume 1769:1810 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 9 17 dep CONCLUSIONS 1651:1661 arg1 increases 1725:1733 increases 1725:1733 increases in OSCC 1725:1741 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 8 18 theme P 1640:1640 arg1 time 1634:1637 time 1634:1637 time (P < 0.05) 1634:1648 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 8 18 theme P 1640:1640 arg1 < 1642:1642 P < 0.05 1640:1647 P < 0.05 1640:1647 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 19 theme tissues 553:559 arg1 cases 539:543 30 cases 536:543 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020 536:662 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 20 dep METHODS 307:313 arg1 conducted 318:326 conducted 318:326 conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020 318:662 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 3 21 theme inhibitor 755:763 arg1 PX-478 765:770 the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 744:770 the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 744:770 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 7 22 theme μM 1430:1431 arg1 dose 1419:1422 a dose 1417:1422 a dose of 25 μM PX-478 1417:1438 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 23 theme O-GlcNAc 505:512 arg1 transferase 514:524 O-GlcNAc transferase 505:524 O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT 505:529 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 11 24 theme increased 1973:1981 arg1 level 1994:1998 the increased expression level 1969:1998 the increased expression level of OGA 1969:2005 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 5 25 theme positive 1078:1085 arg1 related 1122:1128 related 1122:1128 related 1122:1128 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 25 theme positive 1078:1085 arg1 expression 1087:1096 the positive expression 1074:1096 the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1074:1116 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 0 26 theme factor-1α 73:81 arg1 level 46:50 the expression level 31:50 the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 31:81 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 5 27 theme patients 1053:1060 arg1 age 1026:1028 age 1026:1028 age 1026:1028 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 27 theme patients 1053:1060 arg1 size 1040:1043 tumor size 1034:1043 tumor size 1034:1043 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 3 28 theme OSCC 819:822 arg1 line 829:832 human OSCC cell line 813:832 the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line) 809:847 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 28 theme OSCC 819:822 arg1 line 843:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 4 29 theme HIF-1α 878:883 arg1 proteins 913:920 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 878:920 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 878:920 RESULTS ① The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins in OSCC was reported at an increased level. 34306413 12 30 theme expression 2064:2073 arg1 level 2075:2079 the expression level 2060:2079 the expression level of OGT 2060:2086 PX-478 can affect Tca8113 glycosylation by reducing the expression level of OGT. 34306413 2 31 dep method 354:359 arg1 detect 364:369 detect 364:369 to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 361:438 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 5 32 theme OSCC 1151:1154 arg1 patients 1156:1163 OSCC patients 1151:1163 OSCC patients (P < 0.05) 1151:1174 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 32 theme OSCC 1151:1154 arg1 < 1168:1168 P < 0.05 1166:1173 P < 0.05 1166:1173 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 6 33 theme OGT 1214:1216 arg1 Expression 1179:1188 ③ Expression 1177:1188 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues 1177:1232 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 7 34 theme OGT 1410:1412 arg1 levels 1387:1392 the expression levels 1372:1392 the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1372:1412 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 4 35 theme O-glycosylation-related 889:911 arg1 proteins 913:920 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 878:920 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 878:920 RESULTS ① The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins in OSCC was reported at an increased level. 34306413 9 36 theme tumor 1799:1803 arg1 volume 1805:1810 tumor volume 1799:1810 tumor volume 1799:1810 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 1 37 theme oral 270:273 arg1 carcinoma 289:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma 270:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 270:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 37 theme oral 270:273 arg1 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 5 38 theme tumor 1034:1038 arg1 size 1040:1043 tumor size 1034:1043 tumor size 1034:1043 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 1 39 gly glycosylation 253:265 arg1 carcinoma 289:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma 270:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 270:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 39 gly glycosylation 253:265 arg1 HIF-1α 236:241 HIF-1α 236:241 HIF-1α 236:241 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 39 gly glycosylation 253:265 arg1 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 39 gly glycosylation 253:265 arg1 factor-1α 225:233 hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 207:233 hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 207:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 3 40 theme Tca8113 835:841 arg1 line 829:832 human OSCC cell line 813:832 the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line) 809:847 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 40 theme Tca8113 835:841 arg1 line 843:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 7 41 dep occurred 1360:1367 arg1 < 1443:1443 P < 0.05 1441:1448 P < 0.05 1441:1448 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 42 theme expression 375:384 arg1 levels 386:391 the expression levels 371:391 the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 371:438 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 1 43 theme squamous 275:282 arg1 carcinoma 289:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma 270:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 270:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 43 theme squamous 275:282 arg1 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 5 44 theme HIF-1α 995:1000 arg1 expression 981:990 ② The positive expression 966:990 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α 966:1000 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 0 45 gly glycosylation 92:104 arg1 carcinoma 128:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 0 45 gly glycosylation 92:104 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 0:137 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 7 46 theme significant 1472:1482 arg1 increase 1484:1491 a statistically significant increase 1456:1491 a statistically significant increase 1456:1491 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 47 theme O-linked 441:448 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 450:468 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 441:468 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 48 theme proteins 431:438 arg1 levels 386:391 the expression levels 371:391 the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 371:438 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 6 49 theme = 1286:1286 arg1 0.550 1288:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 1 50 theme carcinoma 289:297 arg1 glycosylation 253:265 the glycosylation 249:265 the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 249:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 6 51 dep correlated 1249:1258 arg1 0.550 1288:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 1 52 with factor-1α 225:233 arg1 glycosylation 253:265 the glycosylation 249:265 the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 249:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 6 53 theme φcorrelation 1261:1272 arg1 0.550 1288:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 5 54 theme P 1063:1063 arg1 < 1065:1065 P < 0.05 1063:1070 P < 0.05 1063:1070 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 7 55 theme expression 1376:1385 arg1 levels 1387:1392 the expression levels 1372:1392 the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1372:1412 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 4 56 theme increased 949:957 arg1 level 959:963 an increased level 946:963 an increased level 946:963 RESULTS ① The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins in OSCC was reported at an increased level. 34306413 2 57 theme immunohistochemical 331:349 arg1 method 354:359 an immunohistochemical SP method 328:359 an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA] 328:498 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 57 theme immunohistochemical 331:349 arg1 [O-GlcNAc 470:478 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 0 58 theme expression 35:44 arg1 level 46:50 the expression level 31:50 the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 31:81 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 0 59 with Analysis 0:7 arg1 glycosylation 92:104 the glycosylation 88:104 the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma 88:136 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 2 60 theme HIF-1α 396:401 arg1 proteins 431:438 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 396:438 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 396:438 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 5 61 dep associated 1006:1015 arg1 < 1065:1065 P < 0.05 1063:1070 P < 0.05 1063:1070 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 3 62 theme expression 680:689 arg1 levels 691:696 the expression levels 676:696 the expression levels of O-GlcNAc 676:708 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 63 located detected 777:784 arg2 Meanwhile 665:673 Meanwhile 665:673 Meanwhile 665:673 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 63 located detected 777:784 arg2 OGA 711:713 OGA 711:713 OGA 711:713 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 63 located detected 777:784 arg2 OGT 720:722 OGT 720:722 OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 720:770 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 63 located detected 777:784 arg2 levels 691:696 the expression levels 676:696 the expression levels of O-GlcNAc 676:708 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 63 located detected 777:784 arg1 line 843:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 63 located detected 777:784 arg1 line 829:832 human OSCC cell line 813:832 the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line) 809:847 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 7 64 theme HIF-1α 1304:1309 arg1 inhibition 1311:1320 HIF-1α inhibition 1304:1320 HIF-1α inhibition 1304:1320 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 11 65 theme HIF-1α 1882:1887 arg1 inhibition 1889:1898 HIF-1α inhibition 1882:1898 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 1882:1908 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 11 66 theme decreased 1917:1925 arg1 levels 1938:1943 decreased expression levels 1917:1943 decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1917:1963 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 6 67 theme OSCC 1221:1224 arg1 tissues 1226:1232 OSCC tissues 1221:1232 OSCC tissues 1221:1232 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 9 68 theme HIF-1α 1681:1686 arg1 proteins 1716:1723 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 1681:1723 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 1681:1723 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 0 69 theme cell 123:126 arg1 carcinoma 128:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 1 70 theme level 198:202 arg1 correlation 168:178 the correlation 164:178 the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 164:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 9 71 theme O-glycosylation-related 1692:1714 arg1 proteins 1716:1723 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 1681:1723 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 1681:1723 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 7 72 theme P 1510:1510 arg1 OGA 1505:1507 OGA 1505:1507 OGA (P < 0.05) 1505:1518 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 7 72 theme P 1510:1510 arg1 < 1512:1512 P < 0.05 1510:1517 P < 0.05 1510:1517 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 1 73 theme hypoxia-inducible 207:223 arg1 HIF-1α 236:241 HIF-1α 236:241 HIF-1α 236:241 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 73 theme hypoxia-inducible 207:223 arg1 factor-1α 225:233 hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 207:233 hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 207:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 7 74 theme P 1441:1441 arg1 < 1443:1443 P < 0.05 1441:1448 P < 0.05 1441:1448 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 6 75 theme ③ 1177:1177 arg1 Expression 1179:1188 ③ Expression 1177:1188 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues 1177:1232 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 12 76 theme OGT 2084:2086 arg1 level 2075:2079 the expression level 2060:2079 the expression level of OGT 2060:2086 PX-478 can affect Tca8113 glycosylation by reducing the expression level of OGT. 34306413 5 77 theme patients 1156:1163 arg1 size 1143:1146 the tumor size 1133:1146 the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05) 1133:1174 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 8 78 theme PX-478 1543:1548 arg1 action 1533:1538 the action 1529:1538 the action of PX-478 1529:1548 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 3 79 theme human 813:817 arg1 line 829:832 human OSCC cell line 813:832 the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line) 809:847 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 79 theme human 813:817 arg1 line 843:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 2 80 theme OSCC 548:551 arg1 tissues 553:559 OSCC tissues 548:559 OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020 548:662 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 81 from January 638:644 arg1 pathology 607:615 pathology 607:615 pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020 607:662 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 81 from January 638:644 arg1 hospital 624:631 our hospital 620:631 our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020 620:662 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 5 82 theme P 1166:1166 arg1 patients 1156:1163 OSCC patients 1151:1163 OSCC patients (P < 0.05) 1151:1174 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 5 82 theme P 1166:1166 arg1 < 1168:1168 P < 0.05 1166:1173 P < 0.05 1166:1173 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 3 83 theme PX-478 765:770 arg1 action 734:739 the action 730:739 the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 730:770 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 0 84 theme hypoxia-inducible 55:71 arg1 factor-1α 73:81 hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 55:81 hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 55:81 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 3 85 theme cell 824:827 arg1 line 829:832 human OSCC cell line 813:832 the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line) 809:847 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 3 85 theme cell 824:827 arg1 line 843:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Tca8113 line 835:846 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 4 86 theme proteins 913:920 arg1 expression 864:873 The expression 860:873 The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins in OSCC 860:928 RESULTS ① The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins in OSCC was reported at an increased level. 34306413 9 87 theme expression 1752:1761 arg1 level 1763:1767 the expression level 1748:1767 the expression level 1748:1767 CONCLUSIONS The expression of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins increases in OSCC, and the expression level increases proportionally with tumor volume. 34306413 5 88 theme tumor 1137:1141 arg1 size 1143:1146 the tumor size 1133:1146 the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05) 1133:1174 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 3 89 theme HIF-1α 748:753 arg1 PX-478 765:770 the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 744:770 the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 744:770 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 5 90 theme OSCC 1048:1051 arg1 patients 1053:1060 OSCC patients 1048:1060 OSCC patients 1048:1060 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 0 91 theme squamous 114:121 arg1 carcinoma 128:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 2 92 link O-linked 441:448 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 450:468 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 441:468 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 3 93 theme Western 789:795 arg1 blotting 797:804 Western blotting 789:804 Western blotting 789:804 Meanwhile, the expression levels of O-GlcNAc, OGA, and OGT under the action of the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were detected by Western blotting in the human OSCC cell line (Tca8113 line). 34306413 8 94 theme significant 1577:1587 arg1 decrease 1601:1608 a statistically significant and gradual decrease 1561:1608 a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content 1561:1627 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 95 dep January 638:644 arg1 July 654:657 July 654:657 July 654:657 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 95 dep January 638:644 arg1 to 651:652 to 651:652 to 651:652 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 12 96 theme Tca8113 2026:2032 arg1 glycosylation 2034:2046 Tca8113 glycosylation 2026:2046 Tca8113 glycosylation 2026:2046 PX-478 can affect Tca8113 glycosylation by reducing the expression level of OGT. 34306413 0 97 theme oral 109:112 arg1 carcinoma 128:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 oral squamous cell carcinoma 109:136 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 8 98 theme gradual 1593:1599 arg1 decrease 1601:1608 a statistically significant and gradual decrease 1561:1608 a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content 1561:1627 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 99 theme transferase 514:524 arg1 [OGT 526:529 O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT 505:529 O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT 505:529 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 11 100 theme OGA 2003:2005 arg1 level 1994:1998 the increased expression level 1969:1998 the increased expression level of OGA 1969:2005 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 2 101 dep [O-GlcNAc 470:478 arg1 [OGA 494:497 O-GlcNAcase [OGA 482:497 O-GlcNAcase [OGA 482:497 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 102 theme N-acetylglucosamine 450:468 arg1 method 354:359 an immunohistochemical SP method 328:359 an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA] 328:498 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 102 theme N-acetylglucosamine 450:468 arg1 [O-GlcNAc 470:478 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc 441:478 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 0 103 theme correlation 16:26 arg1 Analysis 0:7 Analysis 0:7 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 0:137 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 1 104 theme cell 284:287 arg1 carcinoma 289:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma 270:297 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 270:304 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 1 104 theme cell 284:287 arg1 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OSCC 300:303 OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 34306413 8 105 theme OGT 1617:1619 arg1 content 1621:1627 the OGT content 1613:1627 the OGT content 1613:1627 ⑤ Under the action of PX-478, there was a statistically significant and gradual decrease in the OGT content over time (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 106 theme O-glycosylation-related 407:429 arg1 proteins 431:438 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 396:438 HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins 396:438 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 6 107 theme coefficient 1274:1284 arg1 0.550 1288:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550 1261:1292 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 7 108 theme O-GlcNAc 1397:1404 arg1 levels 1387:1392 the expression levels 1372:1392 the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1372:1412 ④ Under HIF-1α inhibition, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT at a dose of 25 μM PX-478 (P < 0.05), but a statistically significant increase occurred in OGA (P < 0.05). 34306413 2 109 theme O-GlcNAcase 482:492 arg1 [OGA 494:497 O-GlcNAcase [OGA 482:497 O-GlcNAcase [OGA 482:497 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 110 from pathology 607:615 arg1 January 638:644 January 638:644 January 638:644 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 2 110 from pathology 607:615 arg1 hospital 624:631 our hospital 620:631 our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020 620:662 METHODS We conducted an immunohistochemical SP method to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α and O-glycosylation-related proteins (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine [O-GlcNAc], O-GlcNAcase [OGA], and O-GlcNAc transferase [OGT]) in 30 cases of OSCC tissues that were surgically removed and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. 34306413 6 111 theme O-GlcNAc 1201:1208 arg1 Expression 1179:1188 ③ Expression 1177:1188 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues 1177:1232 ③ Expression of HIF-1α, O-GlcNAc and OGT in OSCC tissues was positively correlated (φcorrelation coefficient = 0.550). 34306413 0 112 theme level 46:50 arg1 correlation 16:26 the correlation 12:26 the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α 12:81 Analysis of the correlation of the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α with the glycosylation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 34306413 11 113 theme OGT 1961:1963 arg1 levels 1938:1943 decreased expression levels 1917:1943 decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT 1917:1963 HIF-1α inhibition by PX-478 led to decreased expression levels of O-GlcNAc and OGT but the increased expression level of OGA. 34306413 5 114 dep age 1026:1028 arg1 the 1022:1024 the 1022:1024 the 1022:1024 ② The positive expression of HIF-1α was associated with the age and tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05); the positive expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT was related to the tumor size of OSCC patients (P < 0.05). 34306413 10 115 theme O-GlcNAc 1838:1845 arg1 Expression 1813:1822 Expression 1813:1822 Expression of HIF-1α and O-GlcNAc and OGT 1813:1853 Expression of HIF-1α and O-GlcNAc and OGT was positively correlated. 34306413 10 116 theme HIF-1α 1827:1832 arg1 Expression 1813:1822 Expression 1813:1822 Expression of HIF-1α and O-GlcNAc and OGT 1813:1853 Expression of HIF-1α and O-GlcNAc and OGT was positively correlated. 34668190 9 0 theme OGT-mediated 1639:1650 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1652:1666 OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1639:1666 OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65 1639:1673 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 6 1 theme NF-κB 1139:1143 arg1 pathway 1145:1151 the NF-κB pathway 1135:1151 the NF-κB pathway 1135:1151 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. 34668190 3 2 theme skeletal 710:717 arg1 muscle 719:724 mouse skeletal muscle 704:724 mouse skeletal muscle 704:724 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 8 3 contain had 1507:1509 arg2 effect 1524:1529 the opposite effect 1511:1529 the opposite effect 1511:1529 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 8 3 contain had 1507:1509 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1491:1505 decreased O-GlcNAcylation 1481:1505 decreased O-GlcNAcylation 1481:1505 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 1 4 from hypothermia 243:253 arg1 metabolism 284:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 6 5 theme Enhanced 1112:1119 arg1 activation 1121:1130 Enhanced activation 1112:1130 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway 1112:1151 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. 34668190 3 6 theme cold 738:741 arg1 conditions 752:761 acute cold exposure conditions 732:761 acute cold exposure conditions 732:761 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 5 7 theme interleukin-6 1036:1048 arg1 levels 1057:1062 global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels 997:1062 global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels 997:1062 Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. 34668190 4 8 theme mild 897:900 arg1 hypothermia 902:912 mild hypothermia 897:912 mild hypothermia 897:912 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 11 9 theme mice 1947:1950 arg1 muscle 1937:1942 mouse skeletal muscle 1922:1942 mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions 1922:1977 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 1 10 theme cold 200:203 arg1 regions 205:211 cold regions 200:211 cold regions of the world 200:224 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 8 11 theme enhanced 1423:1430 arg1 activity 1432:1439 enhanced activity 1423:1439 enhanced activity 1423:1439 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 6 12 theme mild 1186:1189 arg1 hypothermia 1191:1201 mild hypothermia 1186:1201 mild hypothermia 1186:1201 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. 34668190 5 13 theme global 997:1002 arg1 glycosylation 1018:1030 global OGT-dependent glycosylation 997:1030 global OGT-dependent glycosylation 997:1030 Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. 34668190 1 14 theme Cold 112:115 arg1 exposure 117:124 Cold exposure 112:124 Cold exposure 112:124 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 1 14 theme Cold 112:115 arg1 challenge 155:163 an unavoidable and severe challenge 129:163 an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world 129:224 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 4 15 theme blot 871:874 arg1 analysis 876:883 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis 844:883 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis 844:883 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 11 16 theme cold 1963:1966 arg1 conditions 1968:1977 cold conditions 1963:1977 cold conditions 1963:1977 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 12 17 theme nuclear 2069:2075 arg1 translocation 2077:2089 nuclear translocation 2069:2089 nuclear translocation 2069:2089 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 5 18 theme glycosylation 1018:1030 arg1 levels 1057:1062 global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels 997:1062 global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels 997:1062 Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. 34668190 0 19 theme p65 62:64 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 43:57 O-GlcNAcylation 43:57 O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle 43:89 OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. 34668190 3 20 theme myogenic 616:623 arg1 expression 630:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 1 21 theme unavoidable 132:142 arg1 exposure 117:124 Cold exposure 112:124 Cold exposure 112:124 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 1 21 theme unavoidable 132:142 arg1 challenge 155:163 an unavoidable and severe challenge 129:163 an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world 129:224 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 8 22 theme p65 1470:1472 arg1 expression 1400:1409 IL-6 expression 1395:1409 IL-6 expression 1395:1409 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 8 22 theme p65 1470:1472 arg1 activity 1432:1439 enhanced activity 1423:1439 enhanced activity 1423:1439 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 8 22 theme p65 1470:1472 arg1 translocation 1453:1465 nuclear translocation 1445:1465 nuclear translocation 1445:1465 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 0 23 theme mouse 69:73 arg1 muscle 84:89 mouse skeletal muscle 69:89 mouse skeletal muscle 69:89 OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. 34668190 5 24 theme mild 1094:1097 arg1 hypothermia 1099:1109 mild hypothermia 1094:1109 mild hypothermia 1094:1109 Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. 34668190 1 25 theme severe 148:153 arg1 exposure 117:124 Cold exposure 112:124 Cold exposure 112:124 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 1 25 theme severe 148:153 arg1 challenge 155:163 an unavoidable and severe challenge 129:163 an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world 129:224 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 12 26 theme cold 2223:2226 arg1 exposure 2228:2235 cold exposure 2223:2235 cold exposure 2223:2235 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 1 27 theme protein 314:320 arg1 synthesis 322:330 protein synthesis 314:330 protein synthesis 314:330 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 2 28 theme stress 508:513 arg1 receptor 515:522 a stress receptor and nutrient sensor 506:542 receptor 515:522 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 0 29 from O-GlcNAcylation 43:57 arg1 muscle 84:89 mouse skeletal muscle 69:89 mouse skeletal muscle 69:89 OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. 34668190 0 30 theme cold 97:100 arg1 exposure 102:109 cold exposure 97:109 cold exposure 97:109 OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. 34668190 7 31 theme C2C12 1294:1298 arg1 cells 1300:1304 C2C12 cells 1294:1304 C2C12 cells 1294:1304 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 2 32 theme proteins 442:449 arg1 function 423:430 function 423:430 function 423:430 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 2 32 theme proteins 442:449 arg1 activity 410:417 activity 410:417 activity 410:417 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 12 33 theme mouse 2194:2198 arg1 muscle 2209:2214 mouse skeletal muscle 2194:2214 mouse skeletal muscle 2194:2214 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 9 34 theme increased 1545:1553 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1555:1569 increased O-GlcNAcylation 1545:1569 increased O-GlcNAcylation 1545:1569 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 7 35 used used 1231:1234 arg2 Alloxan 1204:1210 Alloxan 1204:1210 Alloxan 1204:1210 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 7 35 used used 1231:1234 arg2 G 1224:1224 Thiamet G 1216:1224 Thiamet G 1216:1224 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 10 36 theme skeletal 1689:1696 arg1 mice 1727:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 We generated skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice and exposed them to cold at 4°C for 3 h per day for 1 week. 34668190 0 37 theme myogenic 16:23 arg1 IL-6 25:28 myogenic IL-6 16:28 myogenic IL-6 16:28 OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. 34668190 7 38 theme OGT 1266:1268 arg1 levels 1284:1289 global OGT glycosylation levels 1259:1289 global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells 1259:1304 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 2 39 theme biological 472:481 arg1 processes 483:491 multiple biological processes 463:491 multiple biological processes 463:491 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 6 40 located observed 1162:1169 arg1 response 1174:1181 response 1174:1181 response to mild hypothermia 1174:1201 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. 34668190 6 40 located observed 1162:1169 arg2 activation 1121:1130 Enhanced activation 1112:1130 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway 1112:1151 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. 34668190 3 41 theme energy 656:661 arg1 metabolism 663:672 energy metabolism 656:672 energy metabolism 656:672 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 8 42 theme significant 1367:1377 arg1 upregulation 1379:1390 significant upregulation 1367:1390 significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65 1367:1472 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 1 43 theme systemic 275:282 arg1 metabolism 284:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 9 44 theme increased 1605:1613 arg1 metabolism 1623:1632 significantly increased glucose metabolism 1591:1632 significantly increased glucose metabolism 1591:1632 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 9 45 gly O-GlcNAcylation 1555:1569 arg1 addition 1535:1542 addition 1535:1542 addition 1535:1542 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 8 46 theme expression 1400:1409 arg1 upregulation 1379:1390 significant upregulation 1367:1390 significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65 1367:1472 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 10 47 theme OGT 1714:1716 arg1 mice 1727:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 We generated skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice and exposed them to cold at 4°C for 3 h per day for 1 week. 34668190 3 48 theme mouse 704:708 arg1 muscle 719:724 mouse skeletal muscle 704:724 mouse skeletal muscle 704:724 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 11 49 theme nuclear 1853:1859 arg1 translocation 1861:1873 nuclear translocation 1853:1873 nuclear translocation 1853:1873 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 3 50 theme survival 692:699 arg1 promotion 679:687 promotion 679:687 promotion of survival 679:699 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 3 50 theme survival 692:699 arg1 regulation 642:651 regulation 642:651 regulation of energy metabolism 642:672 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 3 50 theme survival 692:699 arg1 expression 630:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 1 51 from changes 264:270 arg1 metabolism 284:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 9 52 theme p65 1671:1673 arg1 metabolism 1623:1632 significantly increased glucose metabolism 1591:1632 significantly increased glucose metabolism 1591:1632 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 9 52 theme p65 1671:1673 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1652:1666 OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation 1639:1666 OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65 1639:1673 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 6 53 theme pathway 1145:1151 arg1 activation 1121:1130 Enhanced activation 1112:1130 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway 1112:1151 Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. 34668190 3 54 theme acute 732:736 arg1 conditions 752:761 acute cold exposure conditions 732:761 acute cold exposure conditions 732:761 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 12 55 theme IL-6 2122:2125 arg1 upregulation 2106:2117 the upregulation 2102:2117 the upregulation 2102:2117 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 11 56 theme OGT 1792:1794 arg1 deficiency 1796:1805 OGT deficiency 1792:1805 OGT deficiency 1792:1805 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 4 57 dep transferase 932:942 arg1 expression 972:981 expression 972:981 expression 972:981 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 12 58 theme cell 2177:2180 arg1 survival 2182:2189 cell survival 2177:2189 cell survival 2177:2189 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 3 59 theme exposure 743:750 arg1 conditions 752:761 acute cold exposure conditions 732:761 acute cold exposure conditions 732:761 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 2 60 theme nutrient 528:535 arg1 sensor 537:542 a stress receptor and nutrient sensor 506:542 sensor 537:542 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 8 61 theme activity 1432:1439 arg1 upregulation 1379:1390 significant upregulation 1367:1390 significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65 1367:1472 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 11 62 theme skeletal 1928:1935 arg1 muscle 1937:1942 mouse skeletal muscle 1922:1942 mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions 1922:1977 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 8 63 theme nuclear 1445:1451 arg1 translocation 1453:1465 nuclear translocation 1445:1465 nuclear translocation 1445:1465 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 12 64 theme p65 2052:2054 arg1 activity 2056:2063 p65 activity 2052:2063 p65 activity 2052:2063 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 5 65 theme OGT-dependent 1004:1016 arg1 glycosylation 1018:1030 global OGT-dependent glycosylation 997:1030 global OGT-dependent glycosylation 997:1030 Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. 34668190 3 66 theme IL-6 625:628 arg1 expression 630:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 4 67 theme Western 863:869 arg1 analysis 876:883 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis 844:883 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis 844:883 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 4 68 theme C2C12 797:801 arg1 cells 803:807 C2C12 cells 797:807 C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression 797:981 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 0 69 theme skeletal 75:82 arg1 muscle 84:89 mouse skeletal muscle 69:89 mouse skeletal muscle 69:89 OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. 34668190 8 70 theme decreased 1481:1489 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1491:1505 decreased O-GlcNAcylation 1481:1505 decreased O-GlcNAcylation 1481:1505 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 12 71 theme p65 2039:2041 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 2020:2034 O-GlcNAcylation 2020:2034 O-GlcNAcylation of p65 2020:2041 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 5 72 theme hypothermia 1099:1109 arg1 induction 1081:1089 induction 1081:1089 induction of mild hypothermia 1081:1109 Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. 34668190 4 73 theme Total 764:768 arg1 protein 770:776 Total protein 764:776 Total protein 764:776 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 1 74 theme synthesis 322:330 arg1 inhibition 300:309 inhibition 300:309 inhibition of protein synthesis 300:330 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 1 74 theme synthesis 322:330 arg1 hypothermia 243:253 hypothermia 243:253 hypothermia 243:253 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 1 74 theme synthesis 322:330 arg1 changes 264:270 drastic changes 256:270 drastic changes in systemic metabolism 256:293 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 4 75 theme O-GlcNAc 923:930 arg1 OGT 945:947 OGT 945:947 OGT 945:947 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 4 75 theme O-GlcNAc 923:930 arg1 transferase 932:942 O-GlcNAc transferase 923:942 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 923:948 Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. 34668190 8 76 theme opposite 1515:1522 arg1 effect 1524:1529 the opposite effect 1511:1529 the opposite effect 1511:1529 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 11 77 dep O-GlcNAcylation 1822:1836 arg1 the 1818:1820 the 1818:1820 the 1818:1820 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 7 78 theme glycosylation 1270:1282 arg1 levels 1284:1289 global OGT glycosylation levels 1259:1289 global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells 1259:1304 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 2 79 theme target 435:440 arg1 proteins 442:449 target proteins 435:449 target proteins involved in multiple biological processes 435:491 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 8 80 theme Increased 1321:1329 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1331:1345 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 1321:1345 Increased O-GlcNAcylation 1321:1345 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 7 81 theme global 1259:1264 arg1 levels 1284:1289 global OGT glycosylation levels 1259:1289 global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells 1259:1304 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 12 82 theme skeletal 2200:2207 arg1 muscle 2209:2214 mouse skeletal muscle 2194:2214 mouse skeletal muscle 2194:2214 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 11 83 theme mouse 1922:1926 arg1 muscle 1937:1942 mouse skeletal muscle 1922:1942 mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions 1922:1977 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 1 84 from inhibition 300:309 arg1 metabolism 284:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 systemic metabolism 275:293 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 1 85 theme drastic 256:262 arg1 changes 264:270 drastic changes 256:270 drastic changes in systemic metabolism 256:293 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 34668190 2 86 theme multiple 463:470 arg1 processes 483:491 multiple biological processes 463:491 multiple biological processes 463:491 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 11 87 theme IL-6 1914:1917 arg1 downregulation 1896:1909 downregulation 1896:1909 downregulation of IL-6 1896:1917 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 2 88 dep activity 410:417 arg1 the 406:408 the 406:408 the 406:408 O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. 34668190 10 89 theme knockout 1718:1725 arg1 mice 1727:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 We generated skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice and exposed them to cold at 4°C for 3 h per day for 1 week. 34668190 9 90 theme glucose 1615:1621 arg1 metabolism 1623:1632 significantly increased glucose metabolism 1591:1632 significantly increased glucose metabolism 1591:1632 In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. 34668190 3 91 theme metabolism 663:672 arg1 promotion 679:687 promotion 679:687 promotion of survival 679:699 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 3 91 theme metabolism 663:672 arg1 regulation 642:651 regulation 642:651 regulation of energy metabolism 642:672 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 3 91 theme metabolism 663:672 arg1 expression 630:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 myogenic IL-6 expression 616:639 Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. 34668190 8 92 theme IL-6 1395:1398 arg1 expression 1400:1409 IL-6 expression 1395:1409 IL-6 expression 1395:1409 Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. 34668190 10 93 theme muscle-specific 1698:1712 arg1 mice 1727:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice 1689:1730 We generated skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice and exposed them to cold at 4°C for 3 h per day for 1 week. 34668190 7 94 from levels 1284:1289 arg1 cells 1300:1304 C2C12 cells 1294:1304 C2C12 cells 1294:1304 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 7 95 theme Thiamet 1216:1222 arg1 G 1224:1224 Thiamet G 1216:1224 Thiamet G 1216:1224 Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. 34668190 12 96 theme energy 2145:2150 arg1 homeostasis 2152:2162 energy homeostasis 2145:2162 energy homeostasis 2145:2162 Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure. 34668190 11 97 theme p65 1878:1880 arg1 translocation 1861:1873 nuclear translocation 1853:1873 nuclear translocation 1853:1873 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 11 97 theme p65 1878:1880 arg1 activity 1839:1846 activity 1839:1846 activity 1839:1846 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 11 97 theme p65 1878:1880 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1822:1836 O-GlcNAcylation 1822:1836 O-GlcNAcylation 1822:1836 OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. 34668190 1 98 theme world 220:224 arg1 regions 205:211 cold regions 200:211 cold regions of the world 200:224 Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. 33609441 3 0 theme peracetylated 337:349 arg1 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 3 0 theme peracetylated 337:349 arg1 GalNAc 378:383 a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc 335:383 a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc 335:383 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 1 1 theme O-linked 162:169 arg1 glycosylation 171:183 mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 151:183 mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 151:183 There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. 33609441 7 2 theme -80 932:934 arg1 % 935:935 % 935:935 % 935:935 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 3 3 theme C-2 351:353 arg1 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 3 3 theme C-2 351:353 arg1 GalNAc 378:383 a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc 335:383 a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc 335:383 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 4 4 theme cultured 426:433 arg1 leukocytes 435:444 cultured leukocytes 426:444 cultured leukocytes 426:444 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 1 5 theme glycosylation 171:183 arg1 inhibitors 137:146 small-molecule inhibitors 122:146 small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 122:183 There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. 33609441 5 6 theme Tn-antigen 766:775 arg1 stage 796:800 the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage 762:800 the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage 762:800 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 7 7 theme X 973:973 arg1 expression 975:984 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression 950:984 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression 950:984 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 7 8 theme flow 1027:1030 arg1 conditions 1032:1041 flow conditions 1027:1041 flow conditions 1027:1041 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 7 9 theme 50 929:930 arg1 % 931:931 % 931:931 % 931:931 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 3 10 theme unmet 400:404 arg1 need 406:409 this unmet need 395:409 this unmet need 395:409 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 4 11 theme cell-surface 502:513 arg1 binding 519:525 cell-surface VVA binding 502:525 cell-surface VVA binding 502:525 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 5 12 theme HL-60 647:651 arg1 promyelocytes 653:665 HL-60 promyelocytes 647:665 HL-60 promyelocytes 647:665 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 8 13 from active 1077:1082 arg1 mouse 1087:1091 mouse 1087:1091 mouse 1087:1091 Ac5GalNTGc was pharmacologically active in mouse. 33609441 9 14 theme inflammation 1141:1152 arg1 inflammation 1141:1152 inflammation 1141:1152 inflammation 1141:1152 It reduced neutrophil infiltration to sites of inflammation by ∼60%. 33609441 9 14 theme inflammation 1141:1152 arg1 sites 1132:1136 sites 1132:1136 sites of inflammation 1132:1152 It reduced neutrophil infiltration to sites of inflammation by ∼60%. 33609441 5 15 theme GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr 778:793 arg1 stage 796:800 the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage 762:800 the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage 762:800 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 5 16 theme promyelocytes 653:665 arg1 Cytometry 588:596 Cytometry 588:596 Cytometry 588:596 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 5 16 theme promyelocytes 653:665 arg1 spectrometry 604:615 mass spectrometry 599:615 mass spectrometry 599:615 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 5 16 theme promyelocytes 653:665 arg1 blot analysis 630:642 western blot analysis 622:642 western blot analysis 622:642 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 7 17 theme L-/P-selectin-mediated 990:1011 arg1 rolling 1013:1019 L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling 990:1019 L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling 990:1019 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 4 18 theme VVA 515:517 arg1 binding 519:525 cell-surface VVA binding 502:525 cell-surface VVA binding 502:525 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 5 19 theme 50-80 μM 685:692 arg1 Ac5GalNTGc 694:703 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc 685:703 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc 685:703 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 6 20 theme compound 821:828 arg1 small 870:874 small 870:874 small 870:874 The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. 33609441 6 20 theme compound 821:828 arg1 effect 807:812 The effect 803:812 The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids 803:864 The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. 33609441 0 21 theme Efficient 0:8 arg1 inhibition 10:19 Efficient inhibition 0:19 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis 0:44 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc. 33609441 7 22 theme sialyl-Lewis 960:971 arg1 X 973:973 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X 950:973 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression 950:984 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 7 23 from reduction 937:945 arg1 expression 975:984 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression 950:984 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression 950:984 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 7 23 from reduction 937:945 arg1 rolling 1013:1019 L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling 990:1019 L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling 990:1019 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 7 24 theme Glycan 877:882 arg1 inhibition 884:893 Glycan inhibition 877:893 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc 877:915 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 4 25 theme prostate 465:472 arg1 cells 474:478 prostate cells 465:478 prostate cells 465:478 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 0 26 theme O-glycan 24:31 arg1 biosynthesis 33:44 O-glycan biosynthesis 24:44 O-glycan biosynthesis 24:44 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc. 33609441 10 27 theme diverse 1192:1198 arg1 applications 1200:1211 diverse applications 1192:1211 diverse applications 1192:1211 Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation. 33609441 10 27 theme diverse 1192:1198 arg1 inhibitor 1225:1233 a potent inhibitor 1216:1233 a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation 1216:1252 Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation. 33609441 1 28 link O-linked 162:169 arg1 glycosylation 171:183 mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 151:183 mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 151:183 There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. 33609441 5 29 theme western 622:628 arg1 blot analysis 630:642 western blot analysis 622:642 western blot analysis 622:642 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 1 30 theme critical 97:104 arg1 need 106:109 a critical need 95:109 a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 95:183 There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. 33609441 5 31 theme O-glycans 745:753 arg1 % 736:736 30%-60% 730:736 30%-60% of the O-glycans 730:753 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 5 31 theme O-glycans 745:753 arg1 O-glycans 745:753 the O-glycans 741:753 the O-glycans 741:753 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 2 32 from concentrations 276:289 arg1 effective 247:255 effective 247:255 effective 247:255 The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. 33609441 2 33 theme best-known 190:199 arg1 reagent 201:207 The best-known reagent 186:207 The best-known reagent 186:207 The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. 33609441 2 33 theme best-known 190:199 arg1 benzyl-GalNAc 222:234 benzyl-GalNAc 222:234 benzyl-GalNAc 222:234 The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. 33609441 0 34 theme biosynthesis 33:44 arg1 inhibition 10:19 Efficient inhibition 0:19 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis 0:44 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc. 33609441 0 35 theme hexosamine 56:65 arg1 Ac5GalNTGc 74:83 the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc 52:83 the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc 52:83 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc. 33609441 10 36 theme potent 1218:1223 arg1 applications 1200:1211 diverse applications 1192:1211 diverse applications 1192:1211 Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation. 33609441 10 36 theme potent 1218:1223 arg1 inhibitor 1225:1233 a potent inhibitor 1216:1233 a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation 1216:1252 Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation. 33609441 5 37 theme % 732:732 arg1 % 736:736 30%-60% 730:736 30%-60% of the O-glycans 730:753 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 5 37 theme % 732:732 arg1 O-glycans 745:753 the O-glycans 741:753 the O-glycans 741:753 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 4 38 theme biosynthesis 574:585 arg1 truncation 551:560 truncation 551:560 truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis 551:585 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 4 39 theme O-glycan 565:572 arg1 biosynthesis 574:585 O-glycan biosynthesis 565:585 O-glycan biosynthesis 565:585 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 5 40 theme % 736:736 arg1 elaboration 715:725 elaboration 715:725 elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans 715:753 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 4 41 theme breast 447:452 arg1 cells 454:458 breast cells 447:458 breast cells 447:458 When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. 33609441 5 42 theme mass 599:602 arg1 spectrometry 604:615 mass spectrometry 599:615 mass spectrometry 599:615 Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. 33609441 1 43 theme small-molecule 122:135 arg1 inhibitors 137:146 small-molecule inhibitors 122:146 small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 122:183 There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. 33609441 7 44 theme leukocyte 950:958 arg1 X 973:973 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X 950:973 leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression 950:984 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 2 45 theme millimolar 265:274 arg1 concentrations 276:289 millimolar concentrations 265:289 millimolar concentrations 265:289 The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. 33609441 7 46 theme % 935:935 arg1 reduction 937:945 50%-80% reduction 929:945 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions 929:1041 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 33609441 6 47 from effect 807:812 arg1 glycosphingolipids 847:864 glycosphingolipids 847:864 glycosphingolipids 847:864 The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. 33609441 6 47 from effect 807:812 arg1 N-glycans 833:841 N-glycans 833:841 N-glycans 833:841 The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. 33609441 3 48 theme sulfhydryl-substituted 355:376 arg1 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 Ac5GalNTGc 323:332 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 3 48 theme sulfhydryl-substituted 355:376 arg1 GalNAc 378:383 a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc 335:383 a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc 335:383 This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. 33609441 8 49 from mouse 1087:1091 arg1 active 1077:1082 active 1077:1082 active 1077:1082 Ac5GalNTGc was pharmacologically active in mouse. 33609441 9 50 theme neutrophil 1105:1114 arg1 infiltration 1116:1127 neutrophil infiltration 1105:1127 neutrophil infiltration 1105:1127 It reduced neutrophil infiltration to sites of inflammation by ∼60%. 33609441 10 51 theme O-glycosylation 1238:1252 arg1 applications 1200:1211 diverse applications 1192:1211 diverse applications 1192:1211 Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation. 33609441 10 51 theme O-glycosylation 1238:1252 arg1 inhibitor 1225:1233 a potent inhibitor 1216:1233 a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation 1216:1252 Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation. 33609441 0 52 theme analog 67:72 arg1 Ac5GalNTGc 74:83 the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc 52:83 the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc 52:83 Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac5GalNTGc. 33609441 1 53 theme mucin-type 151:160 arg1 glycosylation 171:183 mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 151:183 mucin-type O-linked glycosylation 151:183 There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. 33609441 7 54 theme % 931:931 arg1 reduction 937:945 50%-80% reduction 929:945 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions 929:1041 Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. 34705256 8 0 theme IHC 924:926 arg1 assay 937:941 IHC staining assay 924:941 IHC staining assay 924:941 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 14 1 theme knockdown-induced 1721:1737 arg1 injury 1745:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury 1717:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice 1717:1773 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 12 2 theme mice 1427:1430 arg1 tissues 1404:1410 brain tissues 1398:1410 brain tissues of I/R-induced mice 1398:1430 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 8 3 from level 847:851 arg1 tissues 883:889 brain tissues 877:889 brain tissues 877:889 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 15 4 theme I/R 1838:1840 arg1 injury 1842:1847 cerebral I/R injury 1829:1847 cerebral I/R injury 1829:1847 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 1 5 theme environmental 267:279 arg1 stresses 281:288 environmental stresses 267:288 environmental stresses 267:288 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 12 6 theme caspase-3 1379:1387 arg1 level 1389:1393 cleaved caspase-3 level 1371:1393 cleaved caspase-3 level 1371:1393 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 3 7 theme mouse 413:417 arg1 model 419:423 The mouse model 409:423 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury 409:448 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 1 8 theme cell 243:246 arg1 survival 248:255 cell survival 243:255 cell survival 243:255 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 13 9 theme Drp1 1591:1594 arg1 translocation 1596:1608 Drp1 translocation 1591:1608 Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria 1591:1645 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 7 10 theme TUNEL 821:825 arg1 assay 836:840 TUNEL staining assay 821:840 TUNEL staining assay 821:840 Neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues was evaluated by TUNEL staining assay. 34705256 12 11 theme brain 1398:1402 arg1 tissues 1404:1410 brain tissues 1398:1410 brain tissues of I/R-induced mice 1398:1430 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 6 12 theme staining 752:759 arg1 assay 761:765 TTC staining assay 748:765 TTC staining assay 748:765 The infarct volume was assessed by TTC staining assay. 34705256 1 13 theme increased 173:181 arg1 level 223:227 increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level 173:227 increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level 173:227 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 12 14 theme neuronal 1348:1355 arg1 apoptosis 1357:1365 neuronal apoptosis 1348:1365 neuronal apoptosis 1348:1365 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 13 15 theme Drp1 1572:1575 arg1 level 1506:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level 1479:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1479:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 1 16 theme N-acetylglucosamine 192:210 arg1 level 223:227 increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level 173:227 increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level 173:227 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 2 17 theme cerebral 365:372 arg1 injury 401:406 cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury 365:406 cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury 365:406 This study aimed to explore the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. 34705256 9 18 theme critical 962:969 arg1 OPA1 1025:1028 OPA1 1025:1028 OPA1 1025:1028 The expression of critical proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, including OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2, as well as Mff and Drp1 was detected by Western blot and IHC, respectively. 34705256 9 18 theme critical 962:969 arg1 proteins 971:978 critical proteins 962:978 critical proteins 962:978 The expression of critical proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, including OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2, as well as Mff and Drp1 was detected by Western blot and IHC, respectively. 34705256 5 19 theme scoring 697:703 arg1 system 705:710 a modified scoring system 686:710 a modified scoring system 686:710 Neurological deficit was evaluated using a modified scoring system. 34705256 14 20 theme inhibitor 1676:1684 arg1 mdivi-1 1686:1692 the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 1658:1692 the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 1658:1692 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 13 21 theme fission 1529:1535 arg1 Drp1 1572:1575 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 12 22 theme ogt 1311:1313 arg1 Meanwhile 1300:1308 Meanwhile 1300:1308 Meanwhile 1300:1308 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 12 22 theme ogt 1311:1313 arg1 knockdown 1315:1323 ogt knockdown 1311:1323 ogt knockdown 1311:1323 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 3 23 with model 419:423 arg1 injury 443:448 cerebral I/R injury 430:448 cerebral I/R injury 430:448 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 14 24 theme specific 1662:1669 arg1 mdivi-1 1686:1692 the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 1658:1692 the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 1658:1692 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 13 25 theme dynamin-related 1545:1559 arg1 Drp1 1572:1575 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 9 26 theme mitochondrial 992:1004 arg1 fission 1006:1012 mitochondrial fission 992:1012 mitochondrial fission 992:1012 The expression of critical proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, including OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2, as well as Mff and Drp1 was detected by Western blot and IHC, respectively. 34705256 13 27 theme phosphorylation 1490:1504 arg1 level 1506:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level 1479:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1479:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 10 28 theme ogt 1141:1143 arg1 expression 1127:1136 The expression 1123:1136 The expression of ogt during cerebral I/R injury 1123:1170 The expression of ogt during cerebral I/R injury was significantly upregulated. 34705256 10 29 theme I/R 1161:1163 arg1 injury 1165:1170 cerebral I/R injury 1152:1170 cerebral I/R injury 1152:1170 The expression of ogt during cerebral I/R injury was significantly upregulated. 34705256 15 30 theme potential 1922:1930 arg1 ogt 1909:1911 ogt 1909:1911 ogt 1909:1911 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 15 30 theme potential 1922:1930 arg1 target 1944:1949 a potential therapeutic target 1920:1949 a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury 1920:1973 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 1 31 link O-linked 183:190 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 192:210 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 183:210 increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level 173:227 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 1 31 link O-linked 183:190 arg1 O-GlcNAc 213:220 O-GlcNAc 213:220 O-GlcNAc 213:220 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 8 32 theme cleaved 856:862 arg1 caspase-3 864:872 cleaved caspase-3 856:872 cleaved caspase-3 856:872 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 11 33 theme neurological 1241:1252 arg1 score 1254:1258 neurological score 1241:1258 neurological score 1241:1258 Ogt knockdown significantly increased neurological score and infarct volume in I/R-induced mice. 34705256 2 34 theme ischemia/reperfusion 374:393 arg1 injury 401:406 cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury 365:406 cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury 365:406 This study aimed to explore the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. 34705256 0 35 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 OGT 22:24 OGT 22:24 OGT 22:24 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Protects Cerebral Neurons from Death During Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury by Modulating Drp1 in Mice. 34705256 0 35 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 Transferase 9:19 O-GlcNAc Transferase 0:19 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) 0:25 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Protects Cerebral Neurons from Death During Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury by Modulating Drp1 in Mice. 34705256 4 36 theme ogt 538:540 arg1 expression 524:533 The expression 520:533 The expression of ogt in brain tissues 520:557 The expression of ogt in brain tissues was detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining assay. 34705256 7 37 theme Neuronal 768:775 arg1 apoptosis 777:785 Neuronal apoptosis 768:785 Neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues 768:802 Neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues was evaluated by TUNEL staining assay. 34705256 4 38 theme brain 545:549 arg1 tissues 551:557 brain tissues 545:557 brain tissues 545:557 The expression of ogt in brain tissues was detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining assay. 34705256 3 39 theme I/R 439:441 arg1 injury 443:448 cerebral I/R injury 430:448 cerebral I/R injury 430:448 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 4 40 from expression 524:533 arg1 tissues 551:557 brain tissues 545:557 brain tissues 545:557 The expression of ogt in brain tissues was detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining assay. 34705256 3 41 theme cerebral 472:479 arg1 MCAO/R 511:516 MCAO/R 511:516 MCAO/R 511:516 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 3 41 theme cerebral 472:479 arg1 occlusion/reperfusion 488:508 middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion 465:508 middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) 465:517 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 0 42 theme Cerebral 36:43 arg1 Neurons 45:51 Cerebral Neurons 36:51 Cerebral Neurons from Death 36:62 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Protects Cerebral Neurons from Death During Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury by Modulating Drp1 in Mice. 34705256 8 43 theme Western 907:913 arg1 blot 915:918 Western blot 907:918 Western blot 907:918 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 15 44 theme cerebral 1955:1962 arg1 injury 1968:1973 cerebral I/R injury 1955:1973 cerebral I/R injury 1955:1973 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 14 45 theme mice 1770:1773 arg1 injury 1745:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury 1717:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice 1717:1773 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 0 46 from Drp1 119:122 arg1 Mice 127:130 Mice 127:130 Mice 127:130 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Protects Cerebral Neurons from Death During Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury by Modulating Drp1 in Mice. 34705256 9 47 theme Western 1087:1093 arg1 blot 1095:1098 Western blot 1087:1098 Western blot 1087:1098 The expression of critical proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, including OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2, as well as Mff and Drp1 was detected by Western blot and IHC, respectively. 34705256 12 48 theme I/R-induced 1415:1425 arg1 mice 1427:1430 I/R-induced mice 1415:1430 I/R-induced mice 1415:1430 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 8 49 theme staining 928:935 arg1 assay 937:941 IHC staining assay 924:941 IHC staining assay 924:941 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 14 50 theme brain 1739:1743 arg1 injury 1745:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury 1717:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice 1717:1773 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 15 51 theme cerebral 1829:1836 arg1 injury 1842:1847 cerebral I/R injury 1829:1847 cerebral I/R injury 1829:1847 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 14 52 theme ogt 1717:1719 arg1 injury 1745:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury 1717:1750 ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice 1717:1773 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 2 53 theme transferase 340:350 arg1 role 323:326 the role 319:326 the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury 319:406 This study aimed to explore the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. 34705256 7 54 from apoptosis 777:785 arg1 tissues 796:802 brain tissues 790:802 brain tissues 790:802 Neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues was evaluated by TUNEL staining assay. 34705256 12 55 theme cleaved 1371:1377 arg1 level 1389:1393 cleaved caspase-3 level 1371:1393 cleaved caspase-3 level 1371:1393 Meanwhile, ogt knockdown significantly enhanced neuronal apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 level in brain tissues of I/R-induced mice. 34705256 11 56 theme I/R-induced 1282:1292 arg1 mice 1294:1297 I/R-induced mice 1282:1297 I/R-induced mice 1282:1297 Ogt knockdown significantly increased neurological score and infarct volume in I/R-induced mice. 34705256 13 57 theme protein 1561:1567 arg1 Drp1 1572:1575 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 7 58 theme staining 827:834 arg1 assay 836:840 TUNEL staining assay 821:840 TUNEL staining assay 821:840 Neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues was evaluated by TUNEL staining assay. 34705256 6 59 theme TTC 748:750 arg1 assay 761:765 TTC staining assay 748:765 TTC staining assay 748:765 The infarct volume was assessed by TTC staining assay. 34705256 1 60 theme O-linked 183:190 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 192:210 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 183:210 increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level 173:227 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 1 60 theme O-linked 183:190 arg1 O-GlcNAc 213:220 O-GlcNAc 213:220 O-GlcNAc 213:220 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 15 61 theme Drp1 1879:1882 arg1 function 1867:1874 the function 1863:1874 the function of Drp1 in mice 1863:1890 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 2 62 theme O-GlcNAc 331:338 arg1 OGT 353:355 OGT 353:355 OGT 353:355 This study aimed to explore the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. 34705256 2 62 theme O-GlcNAc 331:338 arg1 transferase 340:350 O-GlcNAc transferase 331:350 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 331:356 This study aimed to explore the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. 34705256 5 63 theme modified 688:695 arg1 system 705:710 a modified scoring system 686:710 a modified scoring system 686:710 Neurological deficit was evaluated using a modified scoring system. 34705256 13 64 theme mitochondrial 1515:1527 arg1 Drp1 1572:1575 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 0 65 from Death 58:62 arg1 Neurons 45:51 Cerebral Neurons 36:51 Cerebral Neurons from Death 36:62 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Protects Cerebral Neurons from Death During Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury by Modulating Drp1 in Mice. 34705256 9 66 theme proteins 971:978 arg1 expression 948:957 The expression 944:957 The expression of critical proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, including OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2, as well as Mff and Drp1 944:1069 The expression of critical proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, including OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2, as well as Mff and Drp1 was detected by Western blot and IHC, respectively. 34705256 5 67 theme Neurological 645:656 arg1 deficit 658:664 Neurological deficit 645:664 Neurological deficit 645:664 Neurological deficit was evaluated using a modified scoring system. 34705256 14 68 theme Drp1 1671:1674 arg1 mdivi-1 1686:1692 the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 1658:1692 the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 1658:1692 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 13 69 theme protein 1537:1543 arg1 Drp1 1572:1575 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1515:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 11 70 theme Ogt 1203:1205 arg1 knockdown 1207:1215 Ogt knockdown 1203:1215 Ogt knockdown 1203:1215 Ogt knockdown significantly increased neurological score and infarct volume in I/R-induced mice. 34705256 13 71 theme 637 1486:1488 arg1 level 1506:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level 1479:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1479:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 10 72 theme cerebral 1152:1159 arg1 injury 1165:1170 cerebral I/R injury 1152:1170 cerebral I/R injury 1152:1170 The expression of ogt during cerebral I/R injury was significantly upregulated. 34705256 0 73 theme Ischemia/Reperfusion 71:90 arg1 Injury 98:103 Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury 71:103 Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury 71:103 O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Protects Cerebral Neurons from Death During Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury by Modulating Drp1 in Mice. 34705256 1 74 theme Previous 133:140 arg1 studies 142:148 Previous studies 133:148 Previous studies 133:148 Previous studies have demonstrated that increased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) level could promote cell survival following environmental stresses. 34705256 11 75 theme infarct 1264:1270 arg1 volume 1272:1277 infarct volume 1264:1277 infarct volume 1264:1277 Ogt knockdown significantly increased neurological score and infarct volume in I/R-induced mice. 34705256 14 76 theme I/R-stimulated 1755:1768 arg1 mice 1770:1773 I/R-stimulated mice 1755:1773 I/R-stimulated mice 1755:1773 Moreover, the specific Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 effectively attenuated ogt knockdown-induced brain injury of I/R-stimulated mice in vivo. 34705256 3 77 theme cerebral 430:437 arg1 injury 443:448 cerebral I/R injury 430:448 cerebral I/R injury 430:448 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 15 78 dep potential 1922:1930 arg1 therapeutic 1932:1942 therapeutic 1932:1942 therapeutic 1932:1942 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 13 79 theme serine 1479:1484 arg1 level 1506:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level 1479:1510 serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) 1479:1576 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 7 80 theme brain 790:794 arg1 tissues 796:802 brain tissues 790:802 brain tissues 790:802 Neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues was evaluated by TUNEL staining assay. 34705256 8 81 theme caspase-3 864:872 arg1 level 847:851 The level 843:851 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues 843:889 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 8 82 theme brain 877:881 arg1 tissues 883:889 brain tissues 877:889 brain tissues 877:889 The level of cleaved caspase-3 in brain tissues was detected by Western blot and IHC staining assay. 34705256 13 83 theme ogt 1446:1448 arg1 knockdown 1450:1458 ogt knockdown 1446:1458 ogt knockdown 1446:1458 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 3 84 theme artery 481:486 arg1 MCAO/R 511:516 MCAO/R 511:516 MCAO/R 511:516 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 3 84 theme artery 481:486 arg1 occlusion/reperfusion 488:508 middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion 465:508 middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) 465:517 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 4 85 theme Western 584:590 arg1 blot 592:595 Western blot 584:595 Western blot 584:595 The expression of ogt in brain tissues was detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining assay. 34705256 15 86 theme I/R 1964:1966 arg1 injury 1968:1973 cerebral I/R injury 1955:1973 cerebral I/R injury 1955:1973 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 34705256 6 87 theme infarct 717:723 arg1 volume 725:730 The infarct volume 713:730 The infarct volume 713:730 The infarct volume was assessed by TTC staining assay. 34705256 3 88 theme middle 465:470 arg1 MCAO/R 511:516 MCAO/R 511:516 MCAO/R 511:516 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 3 88 theme middle 465:470 arg1 occlusion/reperfusion 488:508 middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion 465:508 middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) 465:517 The mouse model with cerebral I/R injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). 34705256 13 89 from cytosol 1619:1625 arg1 translocation 1596:1608 Drp1 translocation 1591:1608 Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria 1591:1645 In addition, ogt knockdown markedly decreased serine 637 phosphorylation level of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and promoted Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 34705256 15 90 from function 1867:1874 arg1 mice 1887:1890 mice 1887:1890 mice 1887:1890 Our study revealed that OGT protects against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the function of Drp1 in mice, suggesting that ogt may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury. 32236627 1 0 from worldwide 237:245 arg1 cancer 138:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 1 0 from worldwide 237:245 arg1 type 164:167 the most common type 148:167 the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide 148:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 6 1 theme modification 851:862 arg1 roles 837:841 the precise roles 825:841 the precise roles of this modification on the development of malignancy 825:895 However, the precise roles of this modification on the development of malignancy are yet to be elucidated. 32236627 2 2 theme mitochondrial 375:387 arg1 proteins 389:396 nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 350:396 nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 350:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 12 3 theme largest 2013:2019 arg1 decrease 2021:2028 the largest decrease 2009:2028 the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT 2009:2069 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 4 4 theme O‑GlcNAc 627:634 arg1 addition 615:622 the addition 611:622 the addition of O‑GlcNAc 611:634 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 9 5 theme quantitative 1442:1453 arg1 proteomics 1455:1464 gel‑free quantitative proteomics 1433:1464 gel‑free quantitative proteomics 1433:1464 Furthermore, gel‑free quantitative proteomics was performed to identify the proteins affected by a reduction of O‑GlcNAc. 32236627 12 6 from decrease 2021:2028 arg1 expression 2033:2042 expression 2033:2042 expression following knockdown of OGT 2033:2069 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 8 7 theme O‑GlcNAc 1252:1259 arg1 levels 1261:1266 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels 1241:1266 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT 1241:1312 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 6 8 theme precise 829:835 arg1 roles 837:841 the precise roles 825:841 the precise roles of this modification on the development of malignancy 825:895 However, the precise roles of this modification on the development of malignancy are yet to be elucidated. 32236627 7 9 theme secondary 1190:1198 arg1 reseeding 1179:1187 reseeding 1179:1187 reseeding (secondary growth) 1179:1206 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 9 theme secondary 1190:1198 arg1 growth 1200:1205 secondary growth 1190:1205 secondary growth 1190:1205 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 1 10 theme cancer 172:177 arg1 cause 191:195 cancer and leading cause 172:195 cause 191:195 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 12 11 theme ribonucleoprotein 1975:1991 arg1 Sm D1 1993:1997 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 1961:1997 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 1961:1997 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 11 12 theme cellular 1785:1792 arg1 localization 1794:1805 cellular localization 1785:1805 cellular localization 1785:1805 Notably, 100 proteins involved in cellular metabolism, cellular localization, stress responses and gene expression were significantly altered in the reseeding condition. 32236627 1 13 theme leading 183:189 arg1 cause 191:195 cancer and leading cause 172:195 cause 191:195 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 8 14 theme interfering 1280:1290 arg1 RNA 1296:1298 small interfering (si)RNA 1274:1298 small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT 1274:1312 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 1 15 from cause 191:195 arg1 worldwide 237:245 women worldwide 231:245 women worldwide 231:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 10 16 theme siSC 1709:1712 arg1 cells 1723:1727 the siScamble (siSC) treated cells 1694:1727 the siScamble (siSC) treated cells 1694:1727 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 13 17 theme O‑GlcNAcylation 2314:2328 arg1 expression 2346:2355 O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression 2314:2355 O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression 2314:2355 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 13 18 theme study 2280:2284 arg1 results 2257:2263 the results 2253:2263 the results of the present study 2253:2284 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 0 19 from metastasis 90:99 arg1 cells 124:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 10 20 theme >1.5 1643:1646 arg1 expression 1604:1613 the expression 1600:1613 the expression of 162 proteins 1600:1629 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 10 20 theme >1.5 1643:1646 arg1 fold 1648:1651 altered >1.5 fold 1635:1651 altered >1.5 fold 1635:1651 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 8 21 theme si 1293:1294 arg1 RNA 1296:1298 small interfering (si)RNA 1274:1298 small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT 1274:1312 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 7 22 theme cancer 1039:1044 arg1 cells 1046:1050 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 1026:1050 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 1026:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 1 23 theme mortality 218:226 arg1 cause 191:195 cancer and leading cause 172:195 cause 191:195 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 12 24 theme small 1961:1965 arg1 ribonucleoprotein 1975:1991 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 1961:1991 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 1961:1997 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 4 25 theme previous 508:515 arg1 study 517:521 our previous study 504:521 our previous study 504:521 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 10 26 theme 162 1618:1620 arg1 proteins 1622:1629 162 proteins 1618:1629 162 proteins 1618:1629 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 11 27 theme reseeding 1879:1887 arg1 condition 1889:1897 the reseeding condition 1875:1897 the reseeding condition 1875:1897 Notably, 100 proteins involved in cellular metabolism, cellular localization, stress responses and gene expression were significantly altered in the reseeding condition. 32236627 7 28 theme MCF‑7 1026:1030 arg1 cells 1046:1050 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 1026:1050 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 1026:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 1 29 theme Breast 131:136 arg1 cancer 138:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 1 29 theme Breast 131:136 arg1 type 164:167 the most common type 148:167 the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide 148:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 7 30 theme different 1058:1066 arg1 conditions 1076:1085 different culture conditions 1058:1085 different culture conditions 1058:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 5 31 theme cancer 802:807 arg1 cells 809:813 breast cancer cells 795:813 breast cancer cells 795:813 Moreover, O‑GlcNAcylation was required for resistance to anoikis and the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells. 32236627 2 32 theme O‑linked 248:255 arg1 modification 334:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification 305:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 305:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 32 theme O‑linked 248:255 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 32 theme O‑linked 248:255 arg1 glucosaminylation 266:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation 248:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) 248:300 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 13 33 dep invasion 2436:2443 arg1 the 2432:2434 the 2432:2434 the 2432:2434 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 7 34 theme metastatic 1221:1230 arg1 process 1232:1238 the metastatic process 1217:1238 the metastatic process 1217:1238 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 35 theme O‑GlcNAc 982:989 arg1 effects 960:966 the effects 956:966 the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 956:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 8 36 theme cell 1341:1344 arg1 viability 1346:1354 cell viability 1341:1354 cell viability 1341:1354 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 0 37 theme MCF‑7 104:108 arg1 cells 124:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 13 38 theme MCF‑7 2470:2474 arg1 cells 2490:2494 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 2470:2494 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 2470:2494 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 0 39 theme cancer 117:122 arg1 cells 124:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 8 40 from reduction 1328:1336 arg1 viability 1346:1354 cell viability 1341:1354 cell viability 1341:1354 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 13 41 theme cancer 2483:2488 arg1 cells 2490:2494 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 2470:2494 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 2470:2494 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 6 42 from roles 837:841 arg1 development 871:881 the development 867:881 the development of malignancy 867:895 However, the precise roles of this modification on the development of malignancy are yet to be elucidated. 32236627 0 43 theme Quantitative 0:11 arg1 analysis 23:30 Quantitative proteomic analysis 0:30 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 0:129 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 8 44 theme resistant 1384:1392 arg1 conditions 1408:1417 anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions 1376:1417 anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions 1376:1417 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 4 45 theme responsible 595:605 arg1 enzyme 588:593 an enzyme 585:593 OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc 580:634 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 13 46 theme altered 2330:2336 arg1 expression 2346:2355 O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression 2314:2355 O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression 2314:2355 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 8 47 theme reseeding 1398:1406 arg1 conditions 1408:1417 anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions 1376:1417 anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions 1376:1417 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 10 48 theme treated 1666:1672 arg1 cells 1674:1678 the siOGT treated cells 1656:1678 the siOGT treated cells 1656:1678 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 13 49 theme particulary 2410:2420 arg1 processes 2399:2407 the metastatic processes 2384:2407 the metastatic processes 2384:2407 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 10 50 from fold 1648:1651 arg1 cells 1674:1678 the siOGT treated cells 1656:1678 the siOGT treated cells 1656:1678 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 3 51 theme O‑GlcNAcylation 440:454 arg1 status 456:461 abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status 431:461 abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status 431:461 Mounting evidence suggests that abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status is associated with cancer malignancy. 32236627 7 52 theme spheroid 1158:1165 arg1 growth 1167:1172 spheroid growth 1158:1172 spheroid growth 1158:1172 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 52 theme spheroid 1158:1165 arg1 resistance 1146:1155 anoikis resistance 1138:1155 anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) 1138:1173 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 12 53 theme mTOR 2165:2168 arg1 expression 2170:2179 mTOR expression 2165:2179 mTOR expression 2165:2179 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 12 53 theme mTOR 2165:2168 arg1 protein 2184:2190 a protein 2182:2190 a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression 2182:2234 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 11 54 theme gene 1829:1832 arg1 expression 1834:1843 gene expression 1829:1843 gene expression 1829:1843 Notably, 100 proteins involved in cellular metabolism, cellular localization, stress responses and gene expression were significantly altered in the reseeding condition. 32236627 7 55 theme present 941:947 arg1 study 949:953 the present study 937:953 the present study 937:953 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 13 56 theme cells 2490:2494 arg1 invasion 2436:2443 invasion 2436:2443 invasion 2436:2443 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 13 56 theme cells 2490:2494 arg1 growth 2460:2465 reattached growth 2449:2465 reattached growth 2449:2465 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 7 57 theme anoikis 1138:1144 arg1 growth 1167:1172 spheroid growth 1158:1172 spheroid growth 1158:1172 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 57 theme anoikis 1138:1144 arg1 resistance 1146:1155 anoikis resistance 1138:1155 anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) 1138:1173 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 2 58 theme proteins 389:396 arg1 glucosaminylation 266:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation 248:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) 248:300 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 58 theme proteins 389:396 arg1 modification 334:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification 305:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 305:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 8 59 from invasiveness 1360:1371 arg1 viability 1346:1354 cell viability 1341:1354 cell viability 1341:1354 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 9 60 theme gel‑free 1433:1440 arg1 proteomics 1455:1464 gel‑free quantitative proteomics 1433:1464 gel‑free quantitative proteomics 1433:1464 Furthermore, gel‑free quantitative proteomics was performed to identify the proteins affected by a reduction of O‑GlcNAc. 32236627 7 61 theme primary 1121:1127 arg1 monolayer 1110:1118 monolayer 1110:1118 monolayer (primary growth) 1110:1135 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 61 theme primary 1121:1127 arg1 growth 1129:1134 primary growth 1121:1134 primary growth 1121:1134 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 8 62 theme Decreasing 1241:1250 arg1 levels 1261:1266 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels 1241:1266 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT 1241:1312 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 0 63 from O‑GlcNAcylation 70:84 arg1 cells 124:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 12 64 theme nuclear 1967:1973 arg1 ribonucleoprotein 1975:1991 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 1961:1991 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 1961:1997 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 12 65 from reduction 2081:2089 arg1 expression 2094:2103 expression 2094:2103 expression 2094:2103 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 2 66 theme post‑translational 315:332 arg1 glucosaminylation 266:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation 248:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) 248:300 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 66 theme post‑translational 315:332 arg1 modification 334:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification 305:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 305:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 1 67 theme cause 191:195 arg1 cancer 138:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 1 67 theme cause 191:195 arg1 type 164:167 the most common type 148:167 the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide 148:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 12 68 theme Sm D1 1993:1997 arg1 levels 1951:1956 the levels 1947:1956 the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 1947:1997 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 8 69 theme small 1274:1278 arg1 RNA 1296:1298 small interfering (si)RNA 1274:1298 small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT 1274:1312 Decreasing O‑GlcNAc levels using small interfering (si)RNA targeting OGT resulted in a reduction in cell viability and invasiveness in anoikis resistant and reseeding conditions. 32236627 10 70 theme altered 1635:1641 arg1 expression 1604:1613 the expression 1600:1613 the expression of 162 proteins 1600:1629 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 10 70 theme altered 1635:1641 arg1 fold 1648:1651 altered >1.5 fold 1635:1651 altered >1.5 fold 1635:1651 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 10 71 theme siScamble 1698:1706 arg1 cells 1723:1727 the siScamble (siSC) treated cells 1694:1727 the siScamble (siSC) treated cells 1694:1727 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 1 72 theme cancer‑associated 200:216 arg1 mortality 218:226 cancer‑associated mortality 200:226 cancer‑associated mortality 200:226 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 11 73 theme cellular 1764:1771 arg1 metabolism 1773:1782 cellular metabolism 1764:1782 cellular metabolism 1764:1782 Notably, 100 proteins involved in cellular metabolism, cellular localization, stress responses and gene expression were significantly altered in the reseeding condition. 32236627 10 74 theme proteins 1622:1629 arg1 expression 1604:1613 the expression 1600:1613 the expression of 162 proteins 1600:1629 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 10 74 theme proteins 1622:1629 arg1 fold 1648:1651 altered >1.5 fold 1635:1651 altered >1.5 fold 1635:1651 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 7 75 theme culture 1068:1074 arg1 conditions 1076:1085 different culture conditions 1058:1085 different culture conditions 1058:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 76 theme cells 1046:1050 arg1 transformation 1008:1021 the malignant transformation 994:1021 the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 994:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 13 77 theme present 2272:2278 arg1 study 2280:2284 the present study 2268:2284 the present study 2268:2284 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 11 78 theme stress 1808:1813 arg1 responses 1815:1823 stress responses 1808:1823 stress responses 1808:1823 Notably, 100 proteins involved in cellular metabolism, cellular localization, stress responses and gene expression were significantly altered in the reseeding condition. 32236627 7 79 theme breast 1032:1037 arg1 cells 1046:1050 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 1026:1050 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 1026:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 7 80 from effects 960:966 arg1 transformation 1008:1021 the malignant transformation 994:1021 the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 994:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 5 81 theme breast 795:800 arg1 cells 809:813 breast cancer cells 795:813 breast cancer cells 795:813 Moreover, O‑GlcNAcylation was required for resistance to anoikis and the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells. 32236627 2 82 theme N‑acetyl 257:264 arg1 modification 334:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification 305:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 305:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 82 theme N‑acetyl 257:264 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 82 theme N‑acetyl 257:264 arg1 glucosaminylation 266:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation 248:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) 248:300 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 4 83 theme cancer 664:669 arg1 tissues 671:677 breast cancer tissues 657:677 breast cancer tissues 657:677 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 9 84 theme O‑GlcNAc 1532:1539 arg1 reduction 1519:1527 a reduction 1517:1527 a reduction of O‑GlcNAc 1517:1539 Furthermore, gel‑free quantitative proteomics was performed to identify the proteins affected by a reduction of O‑GlcNAc. 32236627 12 85 theme OGT 2067:2069 arg1 knockdown 2054:2062 knockdown 2054:2062 knockdown of OGT 2054:2069 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 5 86 theme anchorage‑independent 763:783 arg1 growth 785:790 the anchorage‑independent growth 759:790 the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells 759:813 Moreover, O‑GlcNAcylation was required for resistance to anoikis and the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells. 32236627 5 87 theme cells 809:813 arg1 growth 785:790 the anchorage‑independent growth 759:790 the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells 759:813 Moreover, O‑GlcNAcylation was required for resistance to anoikis and the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells. 32236627 5 87 theme cells 809:813 arg1 resistance 733:742 resistance 733:742 resistance to anoikis 733:753 Moreover, O‑GlcNAcylation was required for resistance to anoikis and the anchorage‑independent growth of breast cancer cells. 32236627 4 88 dep OGT 580:582 arg1 enzyme 588:593 an enzyme 585:593 OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc 580:634 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 12 89 theme expressed 1927:1935 arg1 proteins 1937:1944 these differentially expressed proteins 1906:1944 these differentially expressed proteins 1906:1944 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 7 90 theme malignant 998:1006 arg1 transformation 1008:1021 the malignant transformation 994:1021 the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions 994:1085 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 1 91 theme common 157:162 arg1 cancer 138:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer 131:143 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 1 91 theme common 157:162 arg1 type 164:167 the most common type 148:167 the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide 148:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 4 92 theme O‑GlcNAc 558:565 arg1 OGT 580:582 OGT 580:582 OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc 580:634 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 4 92 theme O‑GlcNAc 558:565 arg1 transferase 567:577 O‑GlcNAc transferase 558:577 O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) 558:635 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 2 93 link O‑linked 248:255 arg1 modification 334:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification 305:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 305:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 93 link O‑linked 248:255 arg1 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑GlcNAcylation 285:299 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 93 link O‑linked 248:255 arg1 glucosaminylation 266:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation 248:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) 248:300 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 0 94 theme breast 110:115 arg1 cells 124:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 104:128 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 1 95 from type 164:167 arg1 worldwide 237:245 women worldwide 231:245 women worldwide 231:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 2 96 theme dynamic 307:313 arg1 glucosaminylation 266:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation 248:282 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) 248:300 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 96 theme dynamic 307:313 arg1 modification 334:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification 305:345 a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 305:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 3 97 theme Mounting 399:406 arg1 evidence 408:415 Mounting evidence 399:415 Mounting evidence 399:415 Mounting evidence suggests that abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status is associated with cancer malignancy. 32236627 4 98 theme breast 657:662 arg1 tissues 671:677 breast cancer tissues 657:677 breast cancer tissues 657:677 In our previous study, it was reported that O‑GlcNAc and O‑GlcNAc transferase (OGT; an enzyme responsible for the addition of O‑GlcNAc) were upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cells. 32236627 7 99 theme inhibiting 971:980 arg1 O‑GlcNAc 982:989 inhibiting O‑GlcNAc 971:989 inhibiting O‑GlcNAc 971:989 Therefore, in the present study, the effects of inhibiting O‑GlcNAc on the malignant transformation of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells under different culture conditions were determined, using monolayer (primary growth), anoikis resistance (spheroid growth) and reseeding (secondary growth) to mimic the metastatic process. 32236627 13 100 theme breast 2476:2481 arg1 cells 2490:2494 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 2470:2494 MCF‑7 breast cancer cells 2470:2494 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 0 101 theme proteomic 13:21 arg1 analysis 23:30 Quantitative proteomic analysis 0:30 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 0:129 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 3 102 theme abnormal 431:438 arg1 status 456:461 abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status 431:461 abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status 431:461 Mounting evidence suggests that abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status is associated with cancer malignancy. 32236627 12 103 theme tumor 2207:2211 arg1 growth 2213:2218 tumor growth 2207:2218 tumor growth 2207:2218 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 3 104 theme cancer 482:487 arg1 malignancy 489:498 cancer malignancy 482:498 cancer malignancy 482:498 Mounting evidence suggests that abnormal O‑GlcNAcylation status is associated with cancer malignancy. 32236627 12 105 from decrease 2139:2146 arg1 levels 2155:2160 the levels 2151:2160 the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression 2151:2234 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 13 106 theme reattached 2449:2458 arg1 growth 2460:2465 reattached growth 2449:2465 reattached growth 2449:2465 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 0 107 theme association 39:49 arg1 analysis 23:30 Quantitative proteomic analysis 0:30 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 0:129 Quantitative proteomic analysis of the association between decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation and metastasis in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 12 108 theme significant 2127:2137 arg1 decrease 2139:2146 a significant decrease 2125:2146 a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression 2125:2234 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 10 109 theme siOGT 1660:1664 arg1 cells 1674:1678 the siOGT treated cells 1656:1678 the siOGT treated cells 1656:1678 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 6 110 theme malignancy 886:895 arg1 development 871:881 the development 867:881 the development of malignancy 867:895 However, the precise roles of this modification on the development of malignancy are yet to be elucidated. 32236627 2 111 theme cytoplasmic 359:369 arg1 proteins 389:396 nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 350:396 nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 350:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 2 112 theme nuclear 350:356 arg1 proteins 389:396 nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 350:396 nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins 350:396 O‑linked N‑acetyl glucosaminylation (O‑GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post‑translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins. 32236627 1 113 theme women 231:235 arg1 worldwide 237:245 women worldwide 231:245 women worldwide 231:245 Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. 32236627 13 114 theme protein 2338:2344 arg1 expression 2346:2355 O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression 2314:2355 O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression 2314:2355 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 13 115 theme metastatic 2388:2397 arg1 processes 2399:2407 the metastatic processes 2384:2407 the metastatic processes 2384:2407 Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that decreasing O‑GlcNAcylation altered protein expression, and ultimately influenced the metastatic processes, particulary regarding the invasion and reattached growth of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. 32236627 10 116 theme proteins 1557:1564 arg1 total 1544:1548 A total 1542:1548 A total of 317 proteins 1542:1564 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32236627 12 117 theme expression 2170:2179 arg1 levels 2155:2160 the levels 2151:2160 the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression 2151:2234 Among these differentially expressed proteins, the levels of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 exhibited the largest decrease in expression following knockdown of OGT, and this reduction in expression was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of mTOR expression, a protein which promotes tumor growth and progression. 32236627 10 118 theme treated 1715:1721 arg1 cells 1723:1727 the siScamble (siSC) treated cells 1694:1727 the siScamble (siSC) treated cells 1694:1727 A total of 317 proteins were identified and compared, and the expression of 162 proteins was altered >1.5 fold in the siOGT treated cells compared with the siScamble (siSC) treated cells. 32119511 2 0 theme essential 394:402 arg1 modification 404:415 this essential modification 389:415 this essential modification 389:415 Strategies for selectively increasing O-GlcNAc levels on a target protein in cells would accelerate studies of this essential modification. 32119511 10 1 theme broader 1797:1803 arg1 array 1805:1809 a broader array 1795:1809 a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells 1795:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 5 2 from elevation 1020:1028 arg1 cell 1056:1059 the cell 1052:1059 the cell 1052:1059 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 6 3 theme chemical 1075:1082 arg1 proteomics 1084:1093 Quantitative chemical proteomics 1062:1093 Quantitative chemical proteomics 1062:1093 Quantitative chemical proteomics confirmed the increase in O-GlcNAc to the target protein by nanobody-OGT(4). 32119511 3 4 theme proximity-directing 545:563 arg1 nanobody 531:538 a nanobody 529:538 a nanobody 529:538 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 3 4 theme proximity-directing 545:563 arg1 agent 565:569 a proximity-directing agent 543:569 a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 543:605 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 10 5 from selection 1674:1682 arg1 cells 1725:1729 cells 1725:1729 cells 1725:1729 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 10 6 from modifications 1833:1845 arg1 cells 1850:1854 cells 1850:1854 cells 1850:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 10 7 theme modifications 1833:1845 arg1 array 1805:1809 a broader array 1795:1809 a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells 1795:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 9 8 theme O-GlcNAc 1593:1600 arg1 proteome 1602:1609 the O-GlcNAc proteome 1589:1609 the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future 1589:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 4 9 dep JunB 848:851 arg1 e.g. 842:845 e.g. 842:845 e.g. 842:845 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 1 10 theme essential 178:186 arg1 role 188:191 an essential role 175:191 an essential role 175:191 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 4 11 theme nanobody-OGT 743:754 arg1 constructs 756:765 nanobody-OGT constructs 743:765 nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62) 743:869 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 9 12 theme OGT 1581:1583 arg1 engineering 1566:1576 further engineering 1558:1576 further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future 1558:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 7 13 gly glycosite 1256:1264 arg2 glycosite 1256:1264 a similar glycosite profile 1246:1272 a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62 1246:1309 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 6 14 theme Quantitative 1062:1073 arg1 proteomics 1084:1093 Quantitative chemical proteomics 1062:1093 Quantitative chemical proteomics 1062:1093 Quantitative chemical proteomics confirmed the increase in O-GlcNAc to the target protein by nanobody-OGT(4). 32119511 9 15 from future 1618:1623 arg1 engineering 1566:1576 further engineering 1558:1576 further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future 1558:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 4 16 theme nanobody 620:627 arg1 Fusion 608:613 Fusion 608:613 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT 608:733 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 4 17 theme nanobody 661:668 arg1 Fusion 608:613 Fusion 608:613 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT 608:733 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 5 18 from Truncation 872:881 arg1 OGT 928:930 OGT 928:930 OGT 928:930 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 4 19 theme four-amino 690:699 arg1 EPEA 715:718 the four-amino acid sequence EPEA 686:718 the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) 686:726 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 4 19 theme four-amino 690:699 arg1 nEPEA 721:725 nEPEA 721:725 nEPEA 721:725 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 0 20 theme Selective 58:66 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 76:90 Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation 58:90 Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells 58:99 Engineering a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells. 32119511 5 21 from domain 915:920 arg1 OGT 928:930 OGT 928:930 OGT 928:930 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 3 22 theme O-GlcNAc 580:587 arg1 transferase 589:599 O-GlcNAc transferase 580:599 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 580:605 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 3 22 theme O-GlcNAc 580:587 arg1 OGT 602:604 OGT 602:604 OGT 602:604 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 10 23 from array 1805:1809 arg1 cells 1850:1854 cells 1850:1854 cells 1850:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 3 24 theme selected 489:496 arg1 proteins 505:512 selected target proteins 489:512 selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 489:605 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 9 25 theme additional 1519:1528 arg1 proteins 1530:1537 additional proteins 1519:1537 additional proteins 1519:1537 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 6 26 theme target 1137:1142 arg1 protein 1144:1150 the target protein 1133:1150 the target protein 1133:1150 Quantitative chemical proteomics confirmed the increase in O-GlcNAc to the target protein by nanobody-OGT(4). 32119511 7 27 theme glycosite 1256:1264 arg1 profile 1266:1272 a similar glycosite profile 1246:1272 a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62 1246:1309 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 1 28 theme O-Linked 102:109 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 111:131 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 102:131 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) 102:142 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 1 28 theme O-Linked 102:109 arg1 monosaccharide 149:162 a monosaccharide 147:162 a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells 147:275 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 1 28 theme O-Linked 102:109 arg1 O-GlcNAc 134:141 O-GlcNAc 134:141 O-GlcNAc 134:141 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 10 29 gly glycosylation 1688:1700 arg1 proteins 1713:1720 desired proteins 1705:1720 desired proteins 1705:1720 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 1 30 theme cellular 196:203 arg1 signaling 205:213 cellular signaling 196:213 cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells 196:275 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 9 31 theme further 1558:1564 arg1 engineering 1566:1576 further engineering 1558:1576 further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future 1558:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 10 32 theme substrate 1664:1672 arg1 selection 1674:1682 OGT substrate selection 1660:1682 OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells 1660:1729 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 8 33 theme HEK293T 1416:1422 arg1 cells 1424:1428 HEK293T cells 1416:1428 HEK293T cells 1416:1428 Finally, we demonstrate the ability to selectively target endogenous α-synuclein for O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 32119511 0 34 theme O-GlcNAc 33:40 arg1 Transferase 42:52 a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase 12:52 a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells 12:99 Engineering a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells. 32119511 10 35 theme post-translational 1814:1831 arg1 modifications 1833:1845 post-translational modifications 1814:1845 post-translational modifications in cells 1814:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 10 36 theme generalizable 1756:1768 arg1 strategy 1770:1777 a generalizable strategy 1754:1777 a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells 1754:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 9 37 from proteome 1602:1609 arg1 future 1618:1623 future 1618:1623 future 1618:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 9 38 theme first 1437:1441 arg1 constructs 1466:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs 1431:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs 1431:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 0 39 theme Proximity-Directed 14:31 arg1 Transferase 42:52 a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase 12:52 a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells 12:99 Engineering a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells. 32119511 9 40 theme OGT 1462:1464 arg1 constructs 1466:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs 1431:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs 1431:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 9 41 theme flexible 1487:1494 arg1 strategy 1496:1503 a flexible strategy 1485:1503 a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future 1485:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 5 42 theme levels 1042:1047 arg1 elevation 1020:1028 global elevation 1013:1028 global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell 1013:1059 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 2 43 theme target 337:342 arg1 protein 344:350 a target protein 335:350 a target protein in cells 335:359 Strategies for selectively increasing O-GlcNAc levels on a target protein in cells would accelerate studies of this essential modification. 32119511 9 44 theme proximity-directed 1443:1460 arg1 constructs 1466:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs 1431:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs 1431:1475 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 7 45 theme similar 1248:1254 arg1 profile 1266:1272 a similar glycosite profile 1246:1272 a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62 1246:1309 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 1 46 theme nucleocytoplasmic 230:246 arg1 proteome 248:255 the nucleocytoplasmic proteome 226:255 the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells 226:275 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 4 47 theme proteins 832:839 arg1 series 808:813 a series 806:813 a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62) 806:869 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 8 48 from α-synuclein 1381:1391 arg1 cells 1424:1428 HEK293T cells 1416:1428 HEK293T cells 1416:1428 Finally, we demonstrate the ability to selectively target endogenous α-synuclein for O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 32119511 3 49 theme target 498:503 arg1 proteins 505:512 selected target proteins 489:512 selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 489:605 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 4 50 theme target 825:830 arg1 proteins 832:839 tagged target proteins 818:839 tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62) 818:869 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 9 51 from engineering 1566:1576 arg1 future 1618:1623 future 1618:1623 future 1618:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 0 52 theme Protein 68:74 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 76:90 Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation 58:90 Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells 58:99 Engineering a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells. 32119511 10 53 theme proteins 1713:1720 arg1 glycosylation 1688:1700 glycosylation 1688:1700 glycosylation of desired proteins 1688:1720 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 0 54 from O-GlcNAcylation 76:90 arg1 Cells 95:99 Cells 95:99 Cells 95:99 Engineering a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells. 32119511 8 55 theme endogenous 1370:1379 arg1 α-synuclein 1381:1391 endogenous α-synuclein 1370:1391 endogenous α-synuclein for O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells 1370:1428 Finally, we demonstrate the ability to selectively target endogenous α-synuclein for O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. 32119511 3 56 from proteins 505:512 arg1 cells 517:521 cells 517:521 cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 517:605 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 5 57 theme tetratricopeptide 890:906 arg1 domain 915:920 the tetratricopeptide repeat domain 886:920 the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT 886:930 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 3 58 theme generalizable 436:448 arg1 strategy 450:457 a generalizable strategy 434:457 a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 434:605 Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). 32119511 5 59 theme global 1013:1018 arg1 elevation 1020:1028 global elevation 1013:1028 global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell 1013:1059 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 9 60 theme proteome 1602:1609 arg1 engineering 1566:1576 further engineering 1558:1576 further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future 1558:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 5 61 theme repeat 908:913 arg1 domain 915:920 the tetratricopeptide repeat domain 886:920 the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT 886:930 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 7 62 theme full-length 1221:1231 arg1 OGT 1233:1235 full-length OGT 1221:1235 full-length OGT 1221:1235 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 6 63 from increase 1109:1116 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1121:1128 O-GlcNAc 1121:1128 O-GlcNAc 1121:1128 Quantitative chemical proteomics confirmed the increase in O-GlcNAc to the target protein by nanobody-OGT(4). 32119511 5 64 theme domain 915:920 arg1 Truncation 872:881 Truncation 872:881 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) 872:933 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 9 65 from OGT 1581:1583 arg1 future 1618:1623 future 1618:1623 future 1618:1623 These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. 32119511 10 66 theme desired 1705:1711 arg1 proteins 1713:1720 desired proteins 1705:1720 desired proteins 1705:1720 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 2 67 theme O-GlcNAc 316:323 arg1 levels 325:330 O-GlcNAc levels 316:330 O-GlcNAc levels 316:330 Strategies for selectively increasing O-GlcNAc levels on a target protein in cells would accelerate studies of this essential modification. 32119511 5 68 theme target 965:970 arg1 protein 972:978 the target protein 961:978 the target protein 961:978 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 10 69 theme nanobody 1639:1646 arg1 use 1630:1632 The use 1626:1632 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells 1626:1729 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 4 70 theme acid 701:704 arg1 EPEA 715:718 the four-amino acid sequence EPEA 686:718 the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) 686:726 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 4 70 theme acid 701:704 arg1 nEPEA 721:725 nEPEA 721:725 nEPEA 721:725 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 7 71 theme target 1281:1286 arg1 protein 1288:1294 the target protein JunB and Nup62 1277:1309 protein 1288:1294 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 1 72 theme eukaryotic 260:269 arg1 cells 271:275 eukaryotic cells 260:275 eukaryotic cells 260:275 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 7 73 from profile 1266:1272 arg1 protein 1288:1294 the target protein JunB and Nup62 1277:1309 protein 1288:1294 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 7 73 from profile 1266:1272 arg1 Nup62 1305:1309 Nup62 1305:1309 Nup62 1305:1309 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 5 74 theme O-GlcNAc 1033:1040 arg1 levels 1042:1047 O-GlcNAc levels 1033:1047 O-GlcNAc levels 1033:1047 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 4 75 theme tagged 818:823 arg1 proteins 832:839 tagged target proteins 818:839 tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62) 818:869 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 10 76 theme OGT 1660:1662 arg1 selection 1674:1682 OGT substrate selection 1660:1682 OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells 1660:1729 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 4 77 theme sequence 706:713 arg1 EPEA 715:718 the four-amino acid sequence EPEA 686:718 the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) 686:726 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 4 77 theme sequence 706:713 arg1 nEPEA 721:725 nEPEA 721:725 nEPEA 721:725 Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). 32119511 5 78 from OGT 928:930 arg1 Truncation 872:881 Truncation 872:881 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) 872:933 Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. 32119511 1 79 theme cells 271:275 arg1 proteome 248:255 the nucleocytoplasmic proteome 226:255 the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells 226:275 O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. 32119511 10 80 from cells 1850:1854 arg1 array 1805:1809 a broader array 1795:1809 a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells 1795:1854 The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells. 32119511 7 81 dep protein 1288:1294 arg1 JunB 1296:1299 JunB 1296:1299 JunB 1296:1299 Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. 32119511 2 82 theme modification 404:415 arg1 studies 378:384 studies 378:384 studies of this essential modification 378:415 Strategies for selectively increasing O-GlcNAc levels on a target protein in cells would accelerate studies of this essential modification. 32119511 2 83 from protein 344:350 arg1 cells 355:359 cells 355:359 cells 355:359 Strategies for selectively increasing O-GlcNAc levels on a target protein in cells would accelerate studies of this essential modification. 32092718 11 0 with glycosylation 1615:1627 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 1643:1663 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1634:1663 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1634:1663 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 11 1 from CONCLUSIONS 1445:1455 arg1 hearts 1473:1478 non-diabetic hearts 1460:1478 non-diabetic hearts 1460:1478 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 11 2 theme arrhythmia 1685:1694 arg1 susceptibility 1696:1709 arrhythmia susceptibility 1685:1709 arrhythmia susceptibility 1685:1709 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 9 3 theme glucose 1288:1294 arg1 elevation 1275:1283 the elevation 1271:1283 the elevation of glucose 1271:1294 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 8 4 theme action 1134:1139 arg1 potentials 1141:1150 triggered action potentials 1124:1150 triggered action potentials 1124:1150 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 2 5 with hearts 359:364 arg1 contraction 383:393 non-uniform contraction 371:393 non-uniform contraction 371:393 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 11 6 theme transient 1510:1518 arg1 elevation 1520:1528 transient elevation 1510:1528 transient elevation of glucose 1510:1539 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 8 7 theme glucose 1055:1061 arg1 elevation 1042:1050 the elevation 1038:1050 the elevation of glucose 1038:1061 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 7 8 theme glucose 964:970 arg1 elevation 951:959 the elevation 947:959 the elevation of glucose 947:970 Besides, the elevation of glucose increased the CaMKII activity. 32092718 9 9 theme peptide 1227:1233 arg1 presence 1173:1180 the presence 1169:1180 the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine 1169:1268 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 6 10 dep 400 807:809 arg1 to 804:805 to 804:805 to 804:805 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 9 11 theme diazo-5-oxonorleucine 1248:1268 arg1 presence 1173:1180 the presence 1169:1180 the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine 1169:1268 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 0 12 with Trabeculae 87:96 arg1 Contraction 115:125 Non-Uniform Contraction 103:125 Non-Uniform Contraction 103:125 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 3 13 theme solution 592:599 arg1 jet 574:576 a jet 572:576 a jet of paralyzing solution 572:599 Non-uniform contraction was produced by a jet of paralyzing solution. 32092718 0 14 theme Non-Uniform 103:113 arg1 Contraction 115:125 Non-Uniform Contraction 103:125 Non-Uniform Contraction 103:125 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 9 15 theme triggered 1327:1335 arg1 potentials 1344:1353 triggered action potentials 1327:1353 triggered action potentials 1327:1353 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 5 16 theme Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent 705:729 arg1 CaMKII 749:754 CaMKII 749:754 CaMKII 749:754 The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) was measured. 32092718 5 16 theme Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent 705:729 arg1 kinaseII 739:746 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII 705:746 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) 705:755 The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) was measured. 32092718 6 17 theme Ca2+waves 843:851 arg1 number 861:866 the number 857:866 the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation 857:935 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 6 17 theme Ca2+waves 843:851 arg1 velocity 831:838 the velocity 827:838 the velocity of Ca2+waves 827:851 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 3 18 theme Non-uniform 532:542 arg1 contraction 544:554 Non-uniform contraction 532:554 Non-uniform contraction 532:554 Non-uniform contraction was produced by a jet of paralyzing solution. 32092718 9 19 theme action 1337:1342 arg1 potentials 1344:1353 triggered action potentials 1327:1353 triggered action potentials 1327:1353 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 1 20 with patients 155:162 arg1 syndrome 184:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 1 20 with patients 155:162 arg1 hyperglycemia 201:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 8 21 theme μmol/L 1024:1029 arg1 KN-93 1031:1035 1 μmol/L KN-93 1022:1035 1 μmol/L KN-93 1022:1035 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 2 22 theme arrhythmia 317:326 arg1 susceptibility 328:341 arrhythmia susceptibility 317:341 arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction 317:393 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 1 23 theme stress 194:199 arg1 syndrome 184:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 1 23 theme stress 194:199 arg1 hyperglycemia 201:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 4 24 theme electrical 644:653 arg1 stimulation 655:665 electrical stimulation 644:665 electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o) 644:686 Ca2+waves and arrhythmias were induced by electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o). 32092718 4 24 theme electrical 644:653 arg1 o 685:685 2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o 668:685 2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o 668:685 Ca2+waves and arrhythmias were induced by electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o). 32092718 2 25 from hearts 524:529 arg1 trabeculae 504:513 trabeculae 504:513 trabeculae from rat hearts 504:529 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 9 26 theme related 1208:1214 arg1 peptide 1227:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 7 27 theme CaMKII 986:991 arg1 activity 993:1000 the CaMKII activity 982:1000 the CaMKII activity 982:1000 Besides, the elevation of glucose increased the CaMKII activity. 32092718 3 28 theme paralyzing 581:590 arg1 solution 592:599 paralyzing solution 581:599 paralyzing solution 581:599 Non-uniform contraction was produced by a jet of paralyzing solution. 32092718 8 29 theme Ca2+waves 1096:1104 arg1 number 1114:1119 the number 1110:1119 the number of triggered action potentials 1110:1150 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 8 29 theme Ca2+waves 1096:1104 arg1 velocity 1084:1091 the velocity 1080:1091 the velocity of Ca2+waves 1080:1104 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 2 30 theme non-uniform 371:381 arg1 contraction 383:393 non-uniform contraction 371:393 non-uniform contraction 371:393 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 8 31 theme triggered 1124:1132 arg1 potentials 1141:1150 triggered action potentials 1124:1150 triggered action potentials 1124:1150 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 0 32 theme Transient 0:8 arg1 Elevation 10:18 Transient Elevation 0:18 Transient Elevation of Glucose 0:29 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 9 33 theme 50 1238:1239 arg1 μmol/L 1241:1246 μmol/L 1241:1246 μmol/L 1241:1246 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 8 34 dep KN-93 1031:1035 arg1 the 1006:1008 the 1006:1008 the 1006:1008 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 8 34 dep KN-93 1031:1035 arg1 presence 1010:1017 presence 1010:1017 presence 1010:1017 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 0 35 theme Glucose 23:29 arg1 Elevation 10:18 Transient Elevation 0:18 Transient Elevation of Glucose 0:29 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 9 36 theme inhibitory 1216:1225 arg1 peptide 1227:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 9 37 theme μmol/L 1187:1192 arg1 peptide 1227:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 2 38 theme membrane 468:475 arg1 potential 477:485 membrane potential 468:485 membrane potential 468:485 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 11 39 theme Ca2+waves 1567:1575 arg1 velocity 1555:1562 the velocity 1551:1562 the velocity of Ca2+waves 1551:1575 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 2 40 dep Ca2+ 449:452 arg1 [Ca2+ 454:458 [Ca2+ 454:458 [Ca2+ 454:458 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 6 41 theme electrical 914:923 arg1 stimulation 925:935 electrical stimulation 914:935 electrical stimulation 914:935 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 2 42 theme non-diabetic 346:357 arg1 hearts 359:364 non-diabetic hearts 346:364 non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction 346:393 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 11 43 theme non-uniform 1485:1495 arg1 contraction 1497:1507 non-uniform contraction 1485:1507 non-uniform contraction 1485:1507 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 6 44 from mg/dL 811:815 arg1 elevation 774:782 An elevation 771:782 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL 771:815 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 0 45 theme Arrhythmia 41:50 arg1 Susceptibility 52:65 Arrhythmia Susceptibility 41:65 Arrhythmia Susceptibility 41:65 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 2 46 theme rat 520:522 arg1 hearts 524:529 rat hearts 520:529 rat hearts 520:529 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 11 47 link O-linked 1634:1641 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 1643:1663 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1634:1663 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1634:1663 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 5 48 theme protein 731:737 arg1 CaMKII 749:754 CaMKII 749:754 CaMKII 749:754 The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) was measured. 32092718 5 48 theme protein 731:737 arg1 kinaseII 739:746 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII 705:746 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) 705:755 The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) was measured. 32092718 6 49 theme potentials 890:899 arg1 number 861:866 the number 857:866 the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation 857:935 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 6 49 theme potentials 890:899 arg1 velocity 831:838 the velocity 827:838 the velocity of Ca2+waves 827:851 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 9 50 theme potentials 1344:1353 arg1 number 1317:1322 the number 1313:1322 the number of triggered action potentials 1313:1353 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 5 51 theme kinaseII 739:746 arg1 activity 693:700 The activity 689:700 The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) 689:755 The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) was measured. 32092718 6 52 theme action 883:888 arg1 potentials 890:899 spontaneous action potentials 871:899 spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation 871:935 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 6 53 theme spontaneous 871:881 arg1 potentials 890:899 spontaneous action potentials 871:899 spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation 871:935 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 11 54 theme O-linked 1634:1641 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosamine 1643:1663 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1634:1663 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine 1634:1663 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 1 55 theme non-diabetic 142:153 arg1 patients 155:162 non-diabetic patients 142:162 non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia 142:213 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 11 56 theme glucose 1533:1539 arg1 elevation 1520:1528 transient elevation 1510:1528 transient elevation of glucose 1510:1539 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 9 57 theme μmol/L 1241:1246 arg1 diazo-5-oxonorleucine 1248:1268 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine 1238:1268 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine 1238:1268 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 2 58 dep [Ca2+ 454:458 arg1 i 460:460 i 460:460 i 460:460 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 2 59 theme glucose 301:307 arg1 elevation 288:296 transient elevation 278:296 transient elevation of glucose 278:307 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 9 60 theme autocamtide-2 1194:1206 arg1 peptide 1227:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide 1185:1233 In addition, in the presence of 1 μmol/L autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide or 50 μmol/L diazo-5-oxonorleucine, the elevation of glucose did not increase the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 1 61 from BACKGROUND 128:137 arg1 patients 155:162 non-diabetic patients 142:162 non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia 142:213 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 8 62 theme potentials 1141:1150 arg1 number 1114:1119 the number 1110:1119 the number of triggered action potentials 1110:1150 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 8 62 theme potentials 1141:1150 arg1 velocity 1084:1091 the velocity 1080:1091 the velocity of Ca2+waves 1080:1104 In the presence of 1 μmol/L KN-93, the elevation of glucose did not increase the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of triggered action potentials. 32092718 11 63 theme non-diabetic 1460:1471 arg1 hearts 1473:1478 non-diabetic hearts 1460:1478 non-diabetic hearts 1460:1478 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 6 64 theme glucose 787:793 arg1 elevation 774:782 An elevation 771:782 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL 771:815 An elevation of glucose from 150 to 400 mg/dL increased the velocity of Ca2+waves and the number of spontaneous action potentials triggered by electrical stimulation. 32092718 1 65 theme coronary 175:182 arg1 syndrome 184:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 1 65 theme coronary 175:182 arg1 hyperglycemia 201:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 11 66 with CONCLUSIONS 1445:1455 arg1 contraction 1497:1507 non-uniform contraction 1485:1507 non-uniform contraction 1485:1507 CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction, transient elevation of glucose increases the velocity of Ca2+waves by activating CaMKII,probably through glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, thereby increasing arrhythmia susceptibility. 32092718 0 67 theme Rat 83:85 arg1 Trabeculae 87:96 Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae 70:96 Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction 70:125 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 1 68 theme acute 169:173 arg1 syndrome 184:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 acute coronary syndrome 169:191 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 1 68 theme acute 169:173 arg1 hyperglycemia 201:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 stress hyperglycemia 194:213 BACKGROUND In non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, stress hyperglycemia occasionally occurs and is related to their mortality. 32092718 2 69 from susceptibility 328:341 arg1 hearts 359:364 non-diabetic hearts 346:364 non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction 346:393 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 4 70 theme [Ca2+ 679:683 arg1 stimulation 655:665 electrical stimulation 644:665 electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o) 644:686 Ca2+waves and arrhythmias were induced by electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o). 32092718 4 70 theme [Ca2+ 679:683 arg1 o 685:685 2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o 668:685 2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o 668:685 Ca2+waves and arrhythmias were induced by electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o). 32092718 0 71 theme Non-Diabetic 70:81 arg1 Trabeculae 87:96 Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae 70:96 Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction 70:125 Transient Elevation of Glucose Increases Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic Rat Trabeculae With Non-Uniform Contraction. 32092718 2 72 theme transient 278:286 arg1 elevation 288:296 transient elevation 278:296 transient elevation of glucose 278:307 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 10 73 theme glucose 1386:1392 arg1 elevation 1373:1381 the elevation 1369:1381 the elevation of glucose by adding L-glucose 1369:1412 Furthermore, the elevation of glucose by adding L-glucose did not increase their number. 32092718 2 74 theme intracellular 435:447 arg1 Ca2+ 449:452 intracellular Ca2+ 435:452 intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) 435:461 Whether transient elevation of glucose affects arrhythmia susceptibility in non-diabetic hearts with non-uniform contraction was examined.Methods and Results:Force, intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i), and membrane potential were measured in trabeculae from rat hearts. 32092718 4 75 theme mmol/L 672:677 arg1 stimulation 655:665 electrical stimulation 644:665 electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o) 644:686 Ca2+waves and arrhythmias were induced by electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o). 32092718 4 75 theme mmol/L 672:677 arg1 o 685:685 2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o 668:685 2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o 668:685 Ca2+waves and arrhythmias were induced by electrical stimulation (2.0 mmol/L [Ca2+]o). 31924761 5 0 theme inducible 566:574 arg1 deletion 576:583 inducible deletion 566:583 inducible deletion of adipose OGT 566:598 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 1 1 theme unhealthy 167:175 arg1 obesity 177:183 metabolically unhealthy obesity 153:183 metabolically unhealthy obesity 153:183 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 9 2 from role 1060:1063 arg1 homeostasis 1091:1101 adipose tissue homeostasis 1076:1101 adipose tissue homeostasis 1076:1101 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 4 3 theme O-GlcNAc 447:454 arg1 OGT 469:471 OGT 469:471 OGT 469:471 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. 31924761 4 3 theme O-GlcNAc 447:454 arg1 transferase 456:466 O-GlcNAc transferase 447:466 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) 447:472 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. 31924761 7 4 theme enhanced 911:918 arg1 lipolysis 920:928 enhanced lipolysis 911:928 enhanced lipolysis 911:928 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 3 5 theme O-linked 395:402 arg1 moieties 437:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 3 6 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 404:424 arg1 moieties 437:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 4 7 theme moieties 516:523 arg1 addition 497:504 the addition 493:504 the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins 493:542 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. 31924761 6 8 theme O-GlcNAcylation 742:756 arg1 level 733:737 a high level 726:737 a high level of O-GlcNAcylation 726:756 Mechanistically, visceral fat maintains a high level of O-GlcNAcylation during fasting. 31924761 7 9 theme PLIN1 885:889 arg1 phosphorylation 891:905 elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation 876:905 elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation 876:905 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 4 10 theme GlcNAc 509:514 arg1 moieties 516:523 GlcNAc moieties 509:523 GlcNAc moieties 509:523 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. 31924761 3 11 link O-linked 395:402 arg1 moieties 437:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 4 12 theme target 528:533 arg1 proteins 535:542 target proteins 528:542 target proteins 528:542 O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. 31924761 1 13 theme Excessive 88:96 arg1 factor 142:147 a primary risk factor 127:147 a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases 127:204 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 1 13 theme Excessive 88:96 arg1 accumulation 111:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 7 14 theme elevated 876:883 arg1 phosphorylation 891:905 elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation 876:905 elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation 876:905 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 1 15 theme related 189:195 arg1 diseases 197:204 related diseases 189:204 related diseases 189:204 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 1 16 theme visceral 98:105 arg1 factor 142:147 a primary risk factor 127:147 a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases 127:204 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 1 16 theme visceral 98:105 arg1 accumulation 111:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 6 17 theme high 728:731 arg1 level 733:737 a high level 726:737 a high level of O-GlcNAcylation 726:756 Mechanistically, visceral fat maintains a high level of O-GlcNAcylation during fasting. 31924761 0 18 theme O-GlcNAc 0:7 arg1 transferase 9:19 O-GlcNAc transferase 0:19 O-GlcNAc transferase 0:19 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits visceral fat lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 5 19 theme visceral 672:679 arg1 fat 681:683 visceral fat 672:683 visceral fat 672:683 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 5 20 theme rapid 609:613 arg1 loss 628:631 a rapid visceral fat loss 607:631 a rapid visceral fat loss 607:631 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 1 21 theme fat 107:109 arg1 factor 142:147 a primary risk factor 127:147 a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases 127:204 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 1 21 theme fat 107:109 arg1 accumulation 111:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 8 22 theme adipose 941:947 arg1 overexpression 953:966 adipose OGT overexpression 941:966 adipose OGT overexpression 941:966 Moreover, adipose OGT overexpression inhibits lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 0 23 theme visceral 30:37 arg1 lipolysis 43:51 visceral fat lipolysis 30:51 visceral fat lipolysis 30:51 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits visceral fat lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 5 24 theme visceral 615:622 arg1 loss 628:631 a rapid visceral fat loss 607:631 a rapid visceral fat loss 607:631 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 5 25 theme fat 624:626 arg1 loss 628:631 a rapid visceral fat loss 607:631 a rapid visceral fat loss 607:631 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 3 26 theme O-GlcNAc 427:434 arg1 moieties 437:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 395:444 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 8 27 theme OGT 949:951 arg1 overexpression 953:966 adipose OGT overexpression 941:966 adipose OGT overexpression 941:966 Moreover, adipose OGT overexpression inhibits lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 9 28 theme unique 1118:1123 arg1 potential 1125:1133 a unique potential 1116:1133 a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity 1116:1194 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 6 29 theme visceral 703:710 arg1 fat 712:714 visceral fat 703:714 visceral fat 703:714 Mechanistically, visceral fat maintains a high level of O-GlcNAcylation during fasting. 31924761 0 30 theme fat 39:41 arg1 lipolysis 43:51 visceral fat lipolysis 30:51 visceral fat lipolysis 30:51 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits visceral fat lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 7 31 theme droplet-associated 821:838 arg1 perilipin 840:848 lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 815:850 lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1) 815:858 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 7 31 theme droplet-associated 821:838 arg1 PLIN1 853:857 PLIN1 853:857 PLIN1 853:857 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 3 32 theme Nutrient 289:296 arg1 flux 298:301 Nutrient flux 289:301 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 289:342 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 9 33 theme obesity 1188:1194 arg1 treatment 1175:1183 the treatment 1171:1183 the treatment of obesity 1171:1194 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 7 34 theme perilipin 840:848 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 796:810 O-GlcNAcylation 796:810 O-GlcNAcylation 796:810 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 3 35 theme biosynthetic 323:334 arg1 pathway 336:342 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 308:342 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 308:342 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 0 36 theme diet-induced 66:77 arg1 obesity 79:85 diet-induced obesity 66:85 diet-induced obesity 66:85 O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits visceral fat lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 5 37 theme adipose 588:594 arg1 OGT 596:598 adipose OGT 588:598 adipose OGT 588:598 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 1 38 theme primary 129:135 arg1 factor 142:147 a primary risk factor 127:147 a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases 127:204 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 1 38 theme primary 129:135 arg1 accumulation 111:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 9 39 theme adipose 1076:1082 arg1 homeostasis 1091:1101 adipose tissue homeostasis 1076:1101 adipose tissue homeostasis 1076:1101 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 7 40 theme lipid 815:819 arg1 perilipin 840:848 lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 815:850 lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1) 815:858 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 7 40 theme lipid 815:819 arg1 PLIN1 853:857 PLIN1 853:857 PLIN1 853:857 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 31924761 2 41 theme nutrients 278:286 arg1 availability 253:264 the availability 249:264 the availability of external nutrients 249:286 The visceral fat is highly susceptible to the availability of external nutrients. 31924761 5 42 theme OGT 596:598 arg1 deletion 576:583 inducible deletion 566:583 inducible deletion of adipose OGT 566:598 Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. 31924761 1 43 theme risk 137:140 arg1 factor 142:147 a primary risk factor 127:147 a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases 127:204 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 1 43 theme risk 137:140 arg1 accumulation 111:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation 88:122 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 9 44 theme tissue 1084:1089 arg1 homeostasis 1091:1101 adipose tissue homeostasis 1076:1101 adipose tissue homeostasis 1076:1101 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 3 45 theme hexosamine 312:321 arg1 pathway 336:342 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 308:342 the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway 308:342 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 2 46 theme visceral 211:218 arg1 fat 220:222 The visceral fat 207:222 The visceral fat 207:222 The visceral fat is highly susceptible to the availability of external nutrients. 31924761 2 46 theme visceral 211:218 arg1 susceptible 234:244 susceptible 234:244 susceptible 234:244 The visceral fat is highly susceptible to the availability of external nutrients. 31924761 2 47 theme external 269:276 arg1 nutrients 278:286 external nutrients 269:286 external nutrients 269:286 The visceral fat is highly susceptible to the availability of external nutrients. 31924761 9 48 theme O-GlcNAc 1149:1156 arg1 signaling 1158:1166 O-GlcNAc signaling 1149:1166 O-GlcNAc signaling 1149:1166 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 3 49 theme protein 353:359 arg1 modification 379:390 protein posttranslational modification 353:390 protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 353:444 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 8 50 theme diet-induced 1000:1011 arg1 obesity 1013:1019 diet-induced obesity 1000:1019 diet-induced obesity 1000:1019 Moreover, adipose OGT overexpression inhibits lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. 31924761 3 51 theme posttranslational 361:377 arg1 modification 379:390 protein posttranslational modification 353:390 protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties 353:444 Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. 31924761 9 52 theme essential 1050:1058 arg1 role 1060:1063 an essential role 1047:1063 an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis 1047:1101 These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity. 31924761 1 53 theme metabolically 153:165 arg1 obesity 177:183 metabolically unhealthy obesity 153:183 metabolically unhealthy obesity 153:183 Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. 31924761 7 54 theme OGT 782:784 arg1 Loss 774:777 Loss 774:777 Loss of OGT 774:784 Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. 32681751 2 0 theme congenital 607:616 arg1 ALG13-CDG 651:659 ALG13-CDG 651:659 ALG13-CDG 651:659 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 2 0 theme congenital 607:616 arg1 disorder 618:625 a congenital disorder 605:625 a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) 605:648 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 4 1 theme homology 906:913 arg1 modeling 915:922 Structural homology modeling 895:922 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, 895:977 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 3 2 theme ALG13-CDG 694:702 arg1 cases 704:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases 662:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases 662:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 6 3 theme clinical 1278:1285 arg1 data 1287:1290 molecular and clinical data 1264:1290 molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13 1264:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 5 4 theme growth 1199:1204 arg1 defect 1206:1211 the observed growth defect 1186:1211 the observed growth defect 1186:1211 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 6 5 theme molecular 1264:1272 arg1 data 1287:1290 molecular and clinical data 1264:1290 molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13 1264:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 7 6 theme cases 1407:1411 arg1 number 1391:1396 the number 1387:1396 the number of known cases 1387:1411 This more than doubles the number of known cases. 32681751 4 7 theme Structural 895:904 arg1 modeling 915:922 Structural homology modeling 895:922 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, 895:977 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 4 8 theme recurrent 931:939 arg1 p.A81T 959:964 p.A81T 959:964 p.A81T 959:964 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 4 8 theme recurrent 931:939 arg1 variants 949:956 two recurrent de novo variants 927:956 two recurrent de novo variants 927:956 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 4 8 theme recurrent 931:939 arg1 p.N107S 970:976 p.N107S 970:976 p.N107S 970:976 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 6 9 theme de 1337:1338 arg1 variants 1345:1352 de novo variants 1337:1352 de novo variants in ALG13 1337:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 5 10 theme ALG13-deficient 1059:1073 arg1 strain 1081:1086 a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain 1043:1086 a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain 1043:1086 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 2 11 theme essential 550:558 arg1 role 560:563 its essential role 546:563 its essential role in glycosylation 546:580 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 1 12 dep nonredundant 230:241 arg1 X-linked 262:269 X-linked 262:269 X-linked 262:269 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 12 dep nonredundant 230:241 arg1 conserved 251:259 conserved 251:259 conserved 251:259 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 3 13 theme CDG 771:773 arg1 forms 762:766 most forms 757:766 most forms of CDG 757:773 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 1 14 theme N-linked 409:416 arg1 glycosylation 418:430 proper N-linked glycosylation 402:430 proper N-linked glycosylation 402:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 9 15 theme continued 1692:1700 arg1 treatment 1711:1719 continued epilepsy treatment 1692:1719 continued epilepsy treatment 1692:1719 Among these, the initial epileptic spasms best responded to adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone, while clobazam and felbamate showed promise for continued epilepsy treatment. 32681751 8 16 theme vast 1438:1441 arg1 majority 1443:1450 a vast majority 1436:1450 a vast majority of the individuals 1436:1469 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 10 17 theme individuals 1797:1807 arg1 treatment 1778:1786 the treatment 1774:1786 the treatment of these individuals 1774:1807 A ketogenic diet seems to play an important role in the treatment of these individuals. 32681751 5 18 theme yeast 1113:1117 arg1 ALG13 1119:1123 yeast ALG13 1113:1123 yeast ALG13 1113:1123 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 2 19 theme encephalopathy 504:517 arg1 form 470:473 a form 468:473 a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36 468:533 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 8 20 theme individuals 1459:1469 arg1 majority 1443:1450 a vast majority 1436:1450 a vast majority of the individuals 1436:1469 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 3 21 theme glycosylation 815:827 arg1 defects 829:835 the anticipated glycosylation defects 799:835 the anticipated glycosylation defects 799:835 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 0 22 theme ALG13 62:66 arg1 deficiency 68:77 ALG13 deficiency 62:77 ALG13 deficiency 62:77 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 3 23 theme altered 860:866 arg1 glycosylation 880:892 altered transferrin glycosylation 860:892 altered transferrin glycosylation 860:892 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 4 24 dep de 941:942 arg1 novo 944:947 novo 944:947 novo 944:947 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 1 25 theme lipid 359:363 arg1 precursor 388:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 0 26 dep description 89:99 arg1 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants 0:37 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 1 27 link Asparagine-linked 169:185 arg1 glycosylation 187:199 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 27 link Asparagine-linked 169:185 arg1 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 296:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 228:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 228:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 28 theme oligosaccharide 372:386 arg1 precursor 388:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 29 link linked 365:370 arg1 precursor 388:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 0 30 theme Predominant 0:10 arg1 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants 0:37 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 5 31 theme hotspot 1161:1167 arg1 variants 1169:1176 the highly conserved hotspot variants 1140:1176 the highly conserved hotspot variants 1140:1176 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 4 32 theme ALG13 1030:1034 arg1 function 1018:1025 the function 1014:1025 the function of ALG13 1014:1034 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 0 33 theme novel 16:20 arg1 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants 0:37 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 1 34 theme diphosphate 279:289 arg1 glycosylation 187:199 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 34 theme diphosphate 279:289 arg1 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 296:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 228:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 228:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 2 35 theme infantile 484:492 arg1 encephalopathy 504:517 early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 478:517 early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36 478:533 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 8 36 theme other 1522:1526 arg1 types 1532:1536 other CDG types 1522:1536 other CDG types 1522:1536 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 2 37 dep De 433:434 arg1 novo 436:439 novo 436:439 novo 436:439 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 2 38 theme De 433:434 arg1 variants 441:448 De novo variants 433:448 De novo variants in ALG13 433:457 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 1 39 theme UDP 292:294 arg1 glycosylation 187:199 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 39 theme UDP 292:294 arg1 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 296:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 228:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 228:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 9 40 theme epileptic 1564:1572 arg1 spasms 1574:1579 the initial epileptic spasms 1552:1579 the initial epileptic spasms 1552:1579 Among these, the initial epileptic spasms best responded to adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone, while clobazam and felbamate showed promise for continued epilepsy treatment. 32681751 3 41 theme reported 685:692 arg1 cases 704:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases 662:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases 662:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 8 42 theme key 1416:1418 arg1 finding 1420:1426 A key finding 1414:1426 A key finding 1414:1426 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 6 43 from data 1287:1290 arg1 individuals 1320:1330 29 previously unreported individuals 1295:1330 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13 1295:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 2 44 from variants 441:448 arg1 ALG13 453:457 ALG13 453:457 ALG13 453:457 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 2 45 from role 560:563 arg1 glycosylation 568:580 glycosylation 568:580 glycosylation 568:580 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 3 46 theme de 714:715 arg1 variants 722:729 de novo variants 714:729 de novo variants 714:729 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 5 47 theme observed 1190:1197 arg1 defect 1206:1211 the observed growth defect 1186:1211 the observed growth defect 1186:1211 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 9 48 theme adrenocorticotropic 1599:1617 arg1 hormone 1619:1625 adrenocorticotropic hormone 1599:1625 adrenocorticotropic hormone 1599:1625 Among these, the initial epileptic spasms best responded to adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone, while clobazam and felbamate showed promise for continued epilepsy treatment. 32681751 0 49 with individuals 45:55 arg1 deficiency 68:77 ALG13 deficiency 62:77 ALG13 deficiency 62:77 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 10 50 theme ketogenic 1724:1732 arg1 diet 1734:1737 A ketogenic diet 1722:1737 A ketogenic diet 1722:1737 A ketogenic diet seems to play an important role in the treatment of these individuals. 32681751 6 51 with individuals 1320:1330 arg1 variants 1345:1352 de novo variants 1337:1352 de novo variants in ALG13 1337:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 2 52 theme glycosylation 630:642 arg1 ALG13-CDG 651:659 ALG13-CDG 651:659 ALG13-CDG 651:659 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 2 52 theme glycosylation 630:642 arg1 disorder 618:625 a congenital disorder 605:625 a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) 605:648 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 10 53 theme important 1756:1764 arg1 role 1766:1769 an important role 1753:1769 an important role 1753:1769 A ketogenic diet seems to play an important role in the treatment of these individuals. 32681751 1 54 theme Asparagine-linked 169:185 arg1 glycosylation 187:199 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 54 theme Asparagine-linked 169:185 arg1 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 296:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 228:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 228:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 7 55 theme known 1401:1405 arg1 cases 1407:1411 known cases 1401:1411 known cases 1401:1411 This more than doubles the number of known cases. 32681751 3 56 theme most 757:760 arg1 forms 762:766 most forms 757:766 most forms of CDG 757:773 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 0 57 theme biochemical 120:130 arg1 analysis 132:139 biochemical analysis 120:139 biochemical analysis 120:139 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 1 58 theme proper 402:407 arg1 glycosylation 418:430 proper N-linked glycosylation 402:430 proper N-linked glycosylation 402:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 4 59 theme de 941:942 arg1 p.A81T 959:964 p.A81T 959:964 p.A81T 959:964 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 4 59 theme de 941:942 arg1 variants 949:956 two recurrent de novo variants 927:956 two recurrent de novo variants 927:956 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 4 59 theme de 941:942 arg1 p.N107S 970:976 p.N107S 970:976 p.N107S 970:976 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 6 60 theme unreported 1309:1318 arg1 individuals 1320:1330 29 previously unreported individuals 1295:1330 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13 1295:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 1 61 theme glycosylation 418:430 arg1 synthesis 346:354 the synthesis 342:354 the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 342:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 6 62 dep de 1337:1338 arg1 novo 1340:1343 novo 1340:1343 novo 1340:1343 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 9 63 theme epilepsy 1702:1709 arg1 treatment 1711:1719 continued epilepsy treatment 1692:1719 continued epilepsy treatment 1692:1719 Among these, the initial epileptic spasms best responded to adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone, while clobazam and felbamate showed promise for continued epilepsy treatment. 32681751 0 64 theme treatment 146:154 arg1 suggestions 156:166 treatment suggestions 146:166 treatment suggestions 146:166 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 5 65 theme corresponding 1045:1057 arg1 strain 1081:1086 a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain 1043:1086 a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain 1043:1086 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 1 66 link N-linked 409:416 arg1 glycosylation 418:430 proper N-linked glycosylation 402:430 proper N-linked glycosylation 402:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 2 67 theme epileptic 494:502 arg1 encephalopathy 504:517 early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 478:517 early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36 478:533 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 8 68 theme West 1485:1488 arg1 syndrome 1490:1497 West syndrome 1485:1497 West syndrome 1485:1497 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 8 68 theme West 1485:1488 arg1 feature 1502:1508 a feature 1500:1508 a feature shared with other CDG types 1500:1536 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 3 69 contain had 710:712 arg2 variants 722:729 de novo variants 714:729 de novo variants 714:729 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 3 69 contain had 710:712 arg1 cases 704:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases 662:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases 662:708 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 0 70 theme Clinical 80:87 arg1 description 89:99 Clinical description 80:99 Clinical description 80:99 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 3 71 theme transferrin 868:878 arg1 glycosylation 880:892 altered transferrin glycosylation 860:892 altered transferrin glycosylation 860:892 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 4 72 theme variants 949:956 arg1 modeling 915:922 Structural homology modeling 895:922 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, 895:977 Structural homology modeling of two recurrent de novo variants, p.A81T and p.N107S, suggests both are likely to impact the function of ALG13. 32681751 3 73 theme anticipated 803:813 arg1 defects 829:835 the anticipated glycosylation defects 799:835 the anticipated glycosylation defects 799:835 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 1 74 theme linked 365:370 arg1 precursor 388:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor 359:396 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 0 75 from variants 30:37 arg1 individuals 45:55 29 individuals 42:55 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency 42:77 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 1 76 theme precursor 388:396 arg1 synthesis 346:354 the synthesis 342:354 the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 342:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 6 77 from variants 1345:1352 arg1 ALG13 1357:1361 ALG13 1357:1361 ALG13 1357:1361 We present molecular and clinical data on 29 previously unreported individuals with de novo variants in ALG13. 32681751 5 78 theme yeast 1075:1079 arg1 strain 1081:1086 a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain 1043:1086 a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain 1043:1086 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 0 79 theme de 22:23 arg1 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants 0:37 variants 30:37 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 1 80 theme uridine 271:277 arg1 glycosylation 187:199 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 80 theme uridine 271:277 arg1 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 296:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 228:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 228:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 8 81 theme CDG 1528:1530 arg1 types 1532:1536 other CDG types 1522:1536 other CDG types 1522:1536 A key finding is that a vast majority of the individuals presents with West syndrome, a feature shared with other CDG types. 32681751 3 82 dep de 714:715 arg1 novo 717:720 novo 717:720 novo 717:720 Twenty-four previously reported ALG13-CDG cases had de novo variants, but surprisingly, unlike most forms of CDG, ALG13-CDG did not show the anticipated glycosylation defects, typically detected by altered transferrin glycosylation. 32681751 2 83 theme early 478:482 arg1 encephalopathy 504:517 early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 478:517 early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36 478:533 De novo variants in ALG13 underlie a form of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as EIEE36, but given its essential role in glycosylation, it is also considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), ALG13-CDG. 32681751 1 84 dep glycosylation 187:199 arg1 homolog 204:210 homolog 204:210 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 84 dep glycosylation 187:199 arg1 ALG13 213:217 ALG13 213:217 ALG13 213:217 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 9 85 theme initial 1556:1562 arg1 spasms 1574:1579 the initial epileptic spasms 1552:1579 the initial epileptic spasms 1552:1579 Among these, the initial epileptic spasms best responded to adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisolone, while clobazam and felbamate showed promise for continued epilepsy treatment. 32681751 5 86 theme conserved 1151:1159 arg1 variants 1169:1176 the highly conserved hotspot variants 1140:1176 the highly conserved hotspot variants 1140:1176 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 32681751 0 87 dep de 22:23 arg1 novo 25:28 novo 25:28 novo 25:28 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 0 88 theme biomarker 102:110 arg1 status 112:117 biomarker status 102:117 biomarker status 102:117 Predominant and novel de novo variants in 29 individuals with ALG13 deficiency: Clinical description, biomarker status, biochemical analysis, and treatment suggestions. 32681751 1 89 theme nonredundant 230:241 arg1 glycosylation 187:199 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) 169:218 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 1 89 theme nonredundant 230:241 arg1 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 296:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 228:327 a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation 228:430 Asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog (ALG13) encodes a nonredundant, highly conserved, X-linked uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for the synthesis of lipid linked oligosaccharide precursor and proper N-linked glycosylation. 32681751 5 90 theme glycosylation 1226:1238 arg1 abnormality 1240:1250 its glycosylation abnormality 1222:1250 its glycosylation abnormality 1222:1250 Using a corresponding ALG13-deficient yeast strain, we show that expressing yeast ALG13 with either of the highly conserved hotspot variants rescues the observed growth defect, but not its glycosylation abnormality. 33964586 8 0 theme rate-limiting 1149:1161 arg1 dehydrogenase 1122:1134 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1102:1134 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) 1102:1142 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 0 theme rate-limiting 1149:1161 arg1 enzyme 1163:1168 the rate-limiting enzyme 1145:1168 the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway 1145:1201 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 6 1 theme reduced 868:874 arg1 size 884:887 reduced infarct size 868:887 reduced infarct size 868:887 Our results showed that HA attenuated oxidative stress and reduced infarct size in the I/R hearts. 33964586 5 2 theme adult 574:578 arg1 mice 580:583 Male adult mice 569:583 Male adult mice 569:583 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 10 3 theme G6PDH 1807:1811 arg1 modification 1791:1802 O-GlcNAc modification 1782:1802 O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH 1782:1811 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 3 theme G6PDH 1807:1811 arg1 target 1830:1835 a therapeutic target 1816:1835 a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease 1816:1861 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 9 4 theme post-I/R 1446:1453 arg1 damage 1455:1460 post-I/R damage 1446:1460 post-I/R damage 1446:1460 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 8 5 theme pentose 1177:1183 arg1 pathway 1195:1201 the pentose phosphate pathway 1173:1201 the pentose phosphate pathway 1173:1201 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 6 from upregulation 1220:1231 arg1 heart 1313:1317 the heart 1309:1317 the heart 1309:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 1 7 theme cardiovascular 203:216 arg1 system 218:223 cardiovascular system 203:223 cardiovascular system 203:223 Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is detrimental to cardiovascular system. 33964586 7 8 theme inflammatory 1047:1058 arg1 stimulation 1060:1070 inflammatory stimulation 1047:1070 inflammatory stimulation 1047:1070 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 9 9 theme cultured 1480:1487 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1489:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 4 10 theme acclimation 494:504 arg1 impact 476:481 the impact 472:481 the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s) 472:566 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 8 11 theme redox 1288:1292 arg1 homeostasis 1294:1304 redox homeostasis 1288:1304 redox homeostasis in the heart 1288:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 5 12 theme I/R 695:697 arg1 injury 699:704 cardiac I/R injury 687:704 cardiac I/R injury 687:704 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 7 13 theme O-linked 977:984 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 7 13 theme O-linked 977:984 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 986:1004 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 969:1004 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 969:1028 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 7 14 link O-linked 977:984 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 7 14 link O-linked 977:984 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 986:1004 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 969:1004 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 969:1028 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 7 15 theme modification 1017:1028 arg1 elevation 956:964 an elevation 953:964 an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation 953:1070 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 10 16 theme ischemic 1840:1847 arg1 disease 1855:1861 ischemic heart disease 1840:1861 ischemic heart disease 1840:1861 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 1 17 theme Ischemia-reperfusion 151:170 arg1 injury 178:183 Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury 151:183 Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury 151:183 Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is detrimental to cardiovascular system. 33964586 2 18 theme adaptive 295:302 arg1 Alteration 226:235 Alteration 226:235 Alteration in glucose metabolism 226:257 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 2 18 theme adaptive 295:302 arg1 response 304:311 an important adaptive response 282:311 an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions 282:336 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 9 19 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1529:1543 arg1 augmentation 1513:1524 augmentation 1513:1524 augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation 1513:1543 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 20 from role 1597:1600 arg1 effects 1672:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 5 21 theme anterior 726:733 arg1 artery 755:760 left anterior descending coronary artery 721:760 left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days 721:806 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 8 22 from enhancement 1273:1283 arg1 heart 1313:1317 the heart 1309:1317 the heart 1309:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 0 23 theme ischemia-reperfusion 82:101 arg1 injury 103:108 ischemia-reperfusion injury 82:108 ischemia-reperfusion injury 82:108 Hypoxic acclimation improves cardiac redox homeostasis and protects heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation. 33964586 8 24 from heart 1313:1317 arg1 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart 1273:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 24 from heart 1313:1317 arg1 upregulation 1220:1231 an upregulation 1217:1231 an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples 1217:1267 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 4 25 theme antioxidative 541:553 arg1 s 565:565 the antioxidative mechanism(s) 537:566 the antioxidative mechanism(s) 537:566 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 9 26 theme central 1589:1595 arg1 role 1597:1600 a central role 1587:1600 a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1587:1678 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 4 27 theme I/R 522:524 arg1 injury 526:531 cardiac I/R injury 514:531 cardiac I/R injury 514:531 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 0 28 theme Hypoxic 0:6 arg1 acclimation 8:18 Hypoxic acclimation 0:18 Hypoxic acclimation 0:18 Hypoxic acclimation improves cardiac redox homeostasis and protects heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation. 33964586 9 29 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1351:1365 arg1 suppression 1336:1346 Pharmacological suppression 1320:1346 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation 1320:1365 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 8 30 dep GSH/GSSG 1252:1259 arg1 couples 1261:1267 couples 1261:1267 couples 1261:1267 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 10 31 theme promising 1727:1735 arg1 strategy 1746:1753 a promising anti-I/R strategy 1725:1753 a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart 1725:1767 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 31 theme promising 1727:1735 arg1 HA 1719:1720 HA 1719:1720 HA 1719:1720 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 32 mod modification 1791:1802 arg1 G6PDH 1807:1811 G6PDH 1807:1811 G6PDH 1807:1811 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 32 mod modification 1791:1802 arg3 O-GlcNAc 1782:1789 O-GlcNAc modification 1782:1802 O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH 1782:1811 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 0 33 theme redox 37:41 arg1 homeostasis 43:53 cardiac redox homeostasis 29:53 cardiac redox homeostasis 29:53 Hypoxic acclimation improves cardiac redox homeostasis and protects heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation. 33964586 9 34 from balance 1434:1440 arg1 hearts 1469:1474 the hearts 1465:1474 the hearts 1465:1474 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 34 from balance 1434:1440 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1489:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 35 theme antioxidative 1637:1649 arg1 effects 1672:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 36 theme HA 1402:1403 arg1 influence 1389:1397 the influence 1385:1397 the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes 1385:1502 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 8 37 theme glucose-6-phosphate 1102:1120 arg1 dehydrogenase 1122:1134 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1102:1134 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) 1102:1142 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 37 theme glucose-6-phosphate 1102:1120 arg1 enzyme 1163:1168 the rate-limiting enzyme 1145:1168 the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway 1145:1201 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 37 theme glucose-6-phosphate 1102:1120 arg1 G6PDH 1137:1141 G6PDH 1137:1141 G6PDH 1137:1141 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 9 38 theme cardioprotective 1655:1670 arg1 effects 1672:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 2 39 theme glucose 240:246 arg1 metabolism 248:257 glucose metabolism 240:257 glucose metabolism 240:257 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 10 40 theme O-GlcNAc 1782:1789 arg1 modification 1791:1802 O-GlcNAc modification 1782:1802 O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH 1782:1811 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 40 theme O-GlcNAc 1782:1789 arg1 target 1830:1835 a therapeutic target 1816:1835 a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease 1816:1861 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 9 41 from damage 1455:1460 arg1 hearts 1469:1474 the hearts 1465:1474 the hearts 1465:1474 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 41 from damage 1455:1460 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1489:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 42 theme redox 1428:1432 arg1 balance 1434:1440 redox balance 1428:1440 redox balance 1428:1440 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 6 43 theme infarct 876:882 arg1 size 884:887 reduced infarct size 868:887 reduced infarct size 868:887 Our results showed that HA attenuated oxidative stress and reduced infarct size in the I/R hearts. 33964586 2 44 from Alteration 226:235 arg1 metabolism 248:257 glucose metabolism 240:257 glucose metabolism 240:257 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 5 45 theme oxygen 627:632 arg1 [O2 634:636 10% oxygen [O2 623:636 10% oxygen [O2 623:636 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 5 45 theme oxygen 627:632 arg1 chamber 614:620 a hypoxic chamber 604:620 a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day 604:650 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 2 46 theme hypoxic 319:325 arg1 conditions 327:336 hypoxic conditions 319:336 hypoxic conditions 319:336 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 6 47 theme oxidative 847:855 arg1 stress 857:862 oxidative stress 847:862 oxidative stress 847:862 Our results showed that HA attenuated oxidative stress and reduced infarct size in the I/R hearts. 33964586 8 48 theme NADPH/NADP+ 1236:1246 arg1 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart 1273:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 48 theme NADPH/NADP+ 1236:1246 arg1 upregulation 1220:1231 an upregulation 1217:1231 an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples 1217:1267 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 5 49 theme coronary 746:753 arg1 artery 755:760 left anterior descending coronary artery 721:760 left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days 721:806 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 8 50 theme phosphate 1185:1193 arg1 pathway 1195:1201 the pentose phosphate pathway 1173:1201 the pentose phosphate pathway 1173:1201 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 51 theme GSH/GSSG 1252:1259 arg1 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart 1273:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 51 theme GSH/GSSG 1252:1259 arg1 upregulation 1220:1231 an upregulation 1217:1231 an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples 1217:1267 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 10 52 theme therapeutic 1818:1828 arg1 modification 1791:1802 O-GlcNAc modification 1782:1802 O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH 1782:1811 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 52 theme therapeutic 1818:1828 arg1 target 1830:1835 a therapeutic target 1816:1835 a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease 1816:1861 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 9 53 dep activity 1418:1425 arg1 the 1408:1410 the 1408:1410 the 1408:1410 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 7 54 theme cardioprotective 913:928 arg1 effect 930:935 This cardioprotective effect 908:935 This cardioprotective effect 908:935 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 5 55 theme cardiac 687:693 arg1 injury 699:704 cardiac I/R injury 687:704 cardiac I/R injury 687:704 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 8 56 from homeostasis 1294:1304 arg1 heart 1313:1317 the heart 1309:1317 the heart 1309:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 10 57 theme heart 1849:1853 arg1 disease 1855:1861 ischemic heart disease 1840:1861 ischemic heart disease 1840:1861 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 7 58 theme N-acetylglucosamine 986:1004 arg1 modification 1017:1028 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 969:1028 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 969:1028 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 6 59 theme I/R 896:898 arg1 hearts 900:905 the I/R hearts 892:905 the I/R hearts 892:905 Our results showed that HA attenuated oxidative stress and reduced infarct size in the I/R hearts. 33964586 3 60 theme biological 352:361 arg1 benefits 363:370 the biological benefits 348:370 the biological benefits underlying this metabolic phenotype 348:406 However, the biological benefits underlying this metabolic phenotype remain to be elucidated. 33964586 8 61 theme homeostasis 1294:1304 arg1 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement 1273:1283 enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart 1273:1317 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 8 61 theme homeostasis 1294:1304 arg1 upregulation 1220:1231 an upregulation 1217:1231 an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples 1217:1267 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33964586 4 62 from impact 476:481 arg1 injury 526:531 cardiac I/R injury 514:531 cardiac I/R injury 514:531 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 4 62 from impact 476:481 arg1 s 565:565 the antioxidative mechanism(s) 537:566 the antioxidative mechanism(s) 537:566 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 7 63 theme protein 969:975 arg1 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 O-GlcNAc 1007:1014 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 7 63 theme protein 969:975 arg1 N-acetylglucosamine 986:1004 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine 969:1004 protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification 969:1028 This cardioprotective effect is coupled with an elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification partially due to inflammatory stimulation. 33964586 4 64 theme hypoxic 486:492 arg1 HA 507:508 HA 507:508 HA 507:508 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 4 64 theme hypoxic 486:492 arg1 acclimation 494:504 hypoxic acclimation 486:504 hypoxic acclimation (HA) 486:509 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 5 65 theme left 721:724 arg1 artery 755:760 left anterior descending coronary artery 721:760 left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days 721:806 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 2 66 theme important 285:293 arg1 Alteration 226:235 Alteration 226:235 Alteration in glucose metabolism 226:257 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 2 66 theme important 285:293 arg1 response 304:311 an important adaptive response 282:311 an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions 282:336 Alteration in glucose metabolism has been recognized as an important adaptive response under hypoxic conditions. 33964586 3 67 theme metabolic 388:396 arg1 phenotype 398:406 this metabolic phenotype 383:406 this metabolic phenotype 383:406 However, the biological benefits underlying this metabolic phenotype remain to be elucidated. 33964586 5 68 theme descending 735:744 arg1 artery 755:760 left anterior descending coronary artery 721:760 left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days 721:806 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 4 69 theme mechanism 555:563 arg1 s 565:565 the antioxidative mechanism(s) 537:566 the antioxidative mechanism(s) 537:566 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 9 70 from influence 1389:1397 arg1 activity 1418:1425 G6PDH activity 1412:1425 G6PDH activity 1412:1425 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 70 from influence 1389:1397 arg1 balance 1434:1440 redox balance 1428:1440 redox balance 1428:1440 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 70 from influence 1389:1397 arg1 damage 1455:1460 post-I/R damage 1446:1460 post-I/R damage 1446:1460 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 10 71 from target 1830:1835 arg1 disease 1855:1861 ischemic heart disease 1840:1861 ischemic heart disease 1840:1861 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 4 72 theme cardiac 514:520 arg1 injury 526:531 cardiac I/R injury 514:531 cardiac I/R injury 514:531 This study was designed to investigate the impact of hypoxic acclimation (HA) on cardiac I/R injury and the antioxidative mechanism(s). 33964586 0 73 theme O-GlcNAcylation 134:148 arg1 upregulation 118:129 upregulation 118:129 upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation 118:148 Hypoxic acclimation improves cardiac redox homeostasis and protects heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation. 33964586 9 74 theme Pharmacological 1320:1334 arg1 suppression 1336:1346 Pharmacological suppression 1320:1346 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation 1320:1365 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 5 75 theme % 625:625 arg1 [O2 634:636 10% oxygen [O2 623:636 10% oxygen [O2 623:636 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 5 75 theme % 625:625 arg1 chamber 614:620 a hypoxic chamber 604:620 a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day 604:650 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 0 76 theme cardiac 29:35 arg1 homeostasis 43:53 cardiac redox homeostasis 29:53 cardiac redox homeostasis 29:53 Hypoxic acclimation improves cardiac redox homeostasis and protects heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation. 33964586 5 77 theme hypoxic 606:612 arg1 [O2 634:636 10% oxygen [O2 623:636 10% oxygen [O2 623:636 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 5 77 theme hypoxic 606:612 arg1 chamber 614:620 a hypoxic chamber 604:620 a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day 604:650 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 9 78 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1605:1619 arg1 role 1597:1600 a central role 1587:1600 a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1587:1678 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 5 79 theme artery 755:760 arg1 ligation 709:716 ligation 709:716 ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days 709:806 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 9 80 theme HA-initiated 1624:1635 arg1 effects 1672:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects 1624:1678 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 81 from activity 1418:1425 arg1 hearts 1469:1474 the hearts 1465:1474 the hearts 1465:1474 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 9 81 from activity 1418:1425 arg1 cardiomyocytes 1489:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 cultured cardiomyocytes 1480:1502 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 5 82 theme Male 569:572 arg1 mice 580:583 Male adult mice 569:583 Male adult mice 569:583 Male adult mice were acclimated in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen [O2]) for 8 h/day for 14 days, and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 7 days. 33964586 10 83 theme anti-I/R 1737:1744 arg1 strategy 1746:1753 a promising anti-I/R strategy 1725:1753 a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart 1725:1767 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 10 83 theme anti-I/R 1737:1744 arg1 HA 1719:1720 HA 1719:1720 HA 1719:1720 These findings, therefore, identified HA as a promising anti-I/R strategy for the heart and proposed O-GlcNAc modification of G6PDH as a therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. 33964586 9 84 theme G6PDH 1412:1416 arg1 activity 1418:1425 G6PDH activity 1412:1425 G6PDH activity 1412:1425 Pharmacological suppression of O-GlcNAcylation totally abolished the influence of HA on the G6PDH activity, redox balance and post-I/R damage in the hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes, whereby augmentation of O-GlcNAcylation further enhanced the benefits, suggesting a central role of O-GlcNAcylation in HA-initiated antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 33964586 8 85 from enzyme 1163:1168 arg1 pathway 1195:1201 the pentose phosphate pathway 1173:1201 the pentose phosphate pathway 1173:1201 Hyperglycosylation activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in an upregulation of NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG couples and enhancement of redox homeostasis in the heart. 33140951 3 0 theme fragmentation 535:547 arg1 pattern 549:555 the complex fragmentation pattern 523:555 the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments 523:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 9 1 theme group 1458:1462 arg1 site 1417:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 9 1 theme group 1458:1462 arg1 bond 1436:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 10 2 contain containing 1699:1708 arg1 peptides 1690:1697 peptides 1690:1697 peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine 1690:1733 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 10 2 contain containing 1699:1708 arg2 arginine 1726:1733 ADP-ribosylated arginine 1710:1733 ADP-ribosylated arginine 1710:1733 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 3 3 from pattern 549:555 arg1 experiments 584:594 MS/MS experiments 578:594 MS/MS experiments 578:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 4 theme MS/MS 578:582 arg1 experiments 584:594 MS/MS experiments 578:594 MS/MS experiments 578:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 4 5 theme spectra 697:703 arg1 analysis 640:647 a comprehensive analysis 624:647 a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 624:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 3 6 theme ADP-ribose 564:573 arg1 pattern 549:555 the complex fragmentation pattern 523:555 the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments 523:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 6 theme ADP-ribose 564:573 arg1 nature 497:502 the labile nature 486:502 the labile nature of the linkage 486:517 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 5 7 theme peptide 885:891 arg1 backbone 893:900 the peptide backbone 881:900 the peptide backbone 881:900 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 11 8 from losses 1825:1830 arg1 ions 1858:1861 peptide ions 1850:1861 peptide ions 1850:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 4 9 theme dissociation 678:689 arg1 spectra 697:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra 652:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 652:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 11 10 theme peptide 1850:1856 arg1 ions 1858:1861 peptide ions 1850:1861 peptide ions 1850:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 2 11 theme acids 349:353 arg1 identification 265:278 The identification 261:278 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids 261:353 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids remains a major challenge. 33140951 9 12 theme ADP-ribosylated 1500:1514 arg1 carbodiimide 1516:1527 ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide 1500:1527 ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide 1500:1527 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 5 13 theme amino 944:948 arg1 chains 960:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 4 14 theme HCD 692:694 arg1 spectra 697:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra 652:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 652:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 10 15 theme larger 1673:1678 arg1 number 1680:1685 a considerably larger number 1658:1685 a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine 1658:1733 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 11 16 theme most 1878:1881 arg1 cases 1883:1887 most cases 1878:1887 most cases 1878:1887 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 0 17 from Losses 82:87 arg1 Searches 123:130 Database Searches 114:130 Database Searches 114:130 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 9 18 theme ornithine 1536:1544 arg1 formation 1487:1495 the formation 1483:1495 the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine 1483:1574 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 5 19 theme side 955:958 arg1 chains 960:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 6 20 theme ADP-ribosylated 1054:1068 arg1 arginine 1070:1077 ADP-ribosylated arginine 1054:1077 ADP-ribosylated arginine 1054:1077 We focused on gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations. 33140951 11 21 theme diagnostic 1802:1811 arg1 ions 1813:1816 diagnostic ions 1802:1816 diagnostic ions 1802:1816 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 2 22 theme ADP-ribosylated 283:297 arg1 proteins 299:306 ADP-ribosylated proteins 283:306 ADP-ribosylated proteins 283:306 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids remains a major challenge. 33140951 9 23 theme modified 1558:1565 arg1 arginine 1567:1574 modified arginine 1558:1574 modified arginine 1558:1574 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 11 24 theme fragments 1835:1843 arg1 losses 1825:1830 losses 1825:1830 losses of fragments from peptide ions 1825:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 1 25 theme proteins 201:208 arg1 modification 185:196 a reversible post-translational modification 153:196 a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes 153:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 1 25 theme proteins 201:208 arg1 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 4 26 theme aspartic 800:807 arg1 acid 809:812 aspartic acid 800:812 aspartic acid 800:812 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 11 27 theme losses 1825:1830 arg1 presence 1790:1797 the presence 1786:1797 the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions 1786:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 2 28 theme acceptor 334:341 arg1 acids 349:353 their acceptor amino acids 328:353 their acceptor amino acids 328:353 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids remains a major challenge. 33140951 1 29 theme reversible 155:164 arg1 modification 185:196 a reversible post-translational modification 153:196 a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes 153:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 1 29 theme reversible 155:164 arg1 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 10 30 theme ADP-ribosylated 1710:1724 arg1 arginine 1726:1733 ADP-ribosylated arginine 1710:1733 ADP-ribosylated arginine 1710:1733 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 7 31 theme major 1242:1246 arg1 site 1257:1260 the major cleavage site 1238:1260 the major cleavage site 1238:1260 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 7 31 theme major 1242:1246 arg1 linkage 1163:1169 The O-glycosidic linkage 1146:1169 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid 1146:1232 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 6 32 theme O-linked 1118:1125 arg1 ADP-ribosylations 1127:1143 other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1112:1143 other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1112:1143 We focused on gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations. 33140951 10 33 theme peptides 1690:1697 arg1 number 1680:1685 a considerably larger number 1658:1685 a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine 1658:1733 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 0 34 theme Gas-Phase 0:8 arg1 Fragmentation 10:22 Gas-Phase Fragmentation 0:22 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 0:131 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 4 35 theme acid 794:797 arg1 residues 835:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 7 36 theme aspartic 1220:1227 arg1 acid 1229:1232 aspartic acid 1220:1232 aspartic acid 1220:1232 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 6 37 theme ADP-ribosylated 1085:1099 arg1 serine 1101:1106 ADP-ribosylated serine 1085:1106 ADP-ribosylated serine 1085:1106 We focused on gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations. 33140951 0 38 theme Peptides 43:50 arg1 Fragmentation 10:22 Gas-Phase Fragmentation 0:22 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 0:131 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 9 39 theme cleavage 1408:1415 arg1 site 1417:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 9 39 theme cleavage 1408:1415 arg1 bond 1436:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 0 40 theme Arginine-Specific 53:69 arg1 Losses 82:87 Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses 53:87 Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses 53:87 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 11 41 theme ADP-ribosylated 1913:1927 arg1 residues 1949:1956 ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues 1913:1956 ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues 1913:1956 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 9 42 theme inner 1430:1434 arg1 site 1417:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 9 42 theme inner 1430:1434 arg1 bond 1436:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 4 43 theme comprehensive 626:638 arg1 analysis 640:647 a comprehensive analysis 624:647 a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 624:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 4 44 theme lysine 828:833 arg1 residues 835:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 8 45 from stable 1391:1396 arg1 contrast 1325:1332 contrast 1325:1332 contrast 1325:1332 In contrast, the bond between ADP-ribose and arginine was relatively stable. 33140951 10 46 theme peptide 1584:1590 arg1 ions 1601:1604 peptide fragment ions 1584:1604 peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage 1584:1642 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 3 47 theme complex 527:533 arg1 pattern 549:555 the complex fragmentation pattern 523:555 the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments 523:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 9 48 theme guanidine 1448:1456 arg1 group 1458:1462 the guanidine group 1444:1462 the guanidine group 1444:1462 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 7 49 theme modification 1292:1303 arg1 sites 1305:1309 these modification sites 1286:1309 these modification sites 1286:1309 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 10 50 theme specific 1626:1633 arg1 cleavage 1635:1642 this specific cleavage 1621:1642 this specific cleavage 1621:1642 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 6 51 link O-linked 1118:1125 arg1 ADP-ribosylations 1127:1143 other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1112:1143 other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1112:1143 We focused on gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations. 33140951 2 52 theme amino 343:347 arg1 acids 349:353 their acceptor amino acids 328:353 their acceptor amino acids 328:353 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids remains a major challenge. 33140951 7 53 theme O-glycosidic 1150:1161 arg1 site 1257:1260 the major cleavage site 1238:1260 the major cleavage site 1238:1260 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 7 53 theme O-glycosidic 1150:1161 arg1 linkage 1163:1169 The O-glycosidic linkage 1146:1169 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid 1146:1232 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 7 54 theme glutamic 1202:1209 arg1 acid 1211:1214 glutamic acid 1202:1214 glutamic acid 1202:1214 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 11 55 from ions 1858:1861 arg1 fragments 1835:1843 fragments 1835:1843 fragments from peptide ions 1835:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 11 55 from ions 1858:1861 arg1 losses 1825:1830 losses 1825:1830 losses of fragments from peptide ions 1825:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 2 56 theme major 365:369 arg1 challenge 371:379 a major challenge 363:379 a major challenge 363:379 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids remains a major challenge. 33140951 5 57 theme backbone 893:900 arg1 fragmentation 864:876 the fragmentation 860:876 the fragmentation of the peptide backbone 860:900 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 6 58 theme gas-phase 1000:1008 arg1 fragmentations 1010:1023 gas-phase fragmentations 1000:1023 gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1000:1143 We focused on gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations. 33140951 0 59 from Implication 99:109 arg1 Searches 123:130 Database Searches 114:130 Database Searches 114:130 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 4 60 theme collisional 666:676 arg1 spectra 697:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra 652:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 652:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 1 61 theme biological 239:248 arg1 processes 250:258 many biological processes 234:258 many biological processes 234:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 7 62 theme cleavage 1248:1255 arg1 site 1257:1260 the major cleavage site 1238:1260 the major cleavage site 1238:1260 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 7 62 theme cleavage 1248:1255 arg1 linkage 1163:1169 The O-glycosidic linkage 1146:1169 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid 1146:1232 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 5 63 theme ADP-ribosylated 928:942 arg1 chains 960:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 5 64 theme acid 950:953 arg1 chains 960:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 924:965 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 4 65 theme arginine 767:774 arg1 residues 835:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 2 66 theme proteins 299:306 arg1 identification 265:278 The identification 261:278 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids 261:353 The identification of ADP-ribosylated proteins and particularly of their acceptor amino acids remains a major challenge. 33140951 8 67 from contrast 1325:1332 arg1 stable 1391:1396 stable 1391:1396 stable 1391:1396 In contrast, the bond between ADP-ribose and arginine was relatively stable. 33140951 8 67 from contrast 1325:1332 arg1 bond 1339:1342 the bond 1335:1342 the bond between ADP-ribose and arginine 1335:1374 In contrast, the bond between ADP-ribose and arginine was relatively stable. 33140951 5 68 theme various 903:909 arg1 cleavages 911:919 various cleavages 903:919 various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 903:965 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 3 69 theme attachment 386:395 arg1 difficult 427:435 difficult 427:435 difficult 427:435 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 69 theme attachment 386:395 arg1 sites 397:401 The attachment sites 382:401 The attachment sites of the modification 382:421 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 69 theme attachment 386:395 arg1 modification 410:421 the modification 406:421 the modification 406:421 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 4 70 theme ADP-ribosylated 719:733 arg1 peptides 735:742 ADP-ribosylated peptides 719:742 ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 719:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 11 71 theme ions 1813:1816 arg1 presence 1790:1797 the presence 1786:1797 the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions 1786:1861 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 11 72 theme arginine 1929:1936 arg1 residues 1949:1956 ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues 1913:1956 ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues 1913:1956 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 33140951 0 73 theme Database 114:121 arg1 Searches 123:130 Database Searches 114:130 Database Searches 114:130 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 3 74 theme modification 410:421 arg1 difficult 427:435 difficult 427:435 difficult 427:435 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 74 theme modification 410:421 arg1 sites 397:401 The attachment sites 382:401 The attachment sites of the modification 382:421 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 74 theme modification 410:421 arg1 modification 410:421 the modification 406:421 the modification 406:421 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 10 75 theme database 1754:1761 arg1 searches 1763:1770 database searches 1754:1770 database searches 1754:1770 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 1 76 theme many 234:237 arg1 processes 250:258 many biological processes 234:258 many biological processes 234:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 4 77 theme acid 809:812 arg1 residues 835:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 5 78 theme chains 960:965 arg1 cleavages 911:919 various cleavages 903:919 various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains 903:965 In addition to the fragmentation of the peptide backbone, various cleavages of the ADP-ribosylated amino acid side chains were investigated. 33140951 6 79 theme other 1112:1116 arg1 ADP-ribosylations 1127:1143 other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1112:1143 other O-linked ADP-ribosylations 1112:1143 We focused on gas-phase fragmentations that were specific either to ADP-ribosylated arginine or to ADP-ribosylated serine and other O-linked ADP-ribosylations. 33140951 4 80 theme serine 777:782 arg1 residues 835:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 0 81 theme ADP-Ribosylated 27:41 arg1 Peptides 43:50 ADP-Ribosylated Peptides 27:50 ADP-Ribosylated Peptides 27:50 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 4 82 theme glutamic 785:792 arg1 acid 794:797 glutamic acid 785:797 glutamic acid 785:797 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 9 83 theme main 1403:1406 arg1 site 1417:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site 1399:1420 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 9 83 theme main 1403:1406 arg1 bond 1436:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 the inner bond 1426:1439 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 9 84 theme carbodiimide 1516:1527 arg1 formation 1487:1495 the formation 1483:1495 the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine 1483:1574 The main cleavage site was the inner bond of the guanidine group, which resulted in the formation of ADP-ribosylated carbodiimide and of ornithine in place of modified arginine. 33140951 1 85 attach linked 224:229 arg2 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 1 85 attach linked 224:229 arg2 modification 185:196 a reversible post-translational modification 153:196 a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes 153:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 1 85 attach linked 224:229 arg1 processes 250:258 many biological processes 234:258 many biological processes 234:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 3 86 theme labile 490:495 arg1 nature 497:502 the labile nature 486:502 the labile nature of the linkage 486:517 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 0 87 theme Side-Chain 71:80 arg1 Losses 82:87 Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses 53:87 Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses 53:87 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 3 88 theme mass 452:455 arg1 MS 471:472 MS 471:472 MS 471:472 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 88 theme mass 452:455 arg1 spectrometry 457:468 mass spectrometry 452:468 mass spectrometry (MS) 452:473 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 89 from nature 497:502 arg1 experiments 584:594 MS/MS experiments 578:594 MS/MS experiments 578:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 1 90 theme post-translational 166:183 arg1 modification 185:196 a reversible post-translational modification 153:196 a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes 153:258 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 1 90 theme post-translational 166:183 arg1 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation 133:148 ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins that has been linked to many biological processes. 33140951 4 91 theme tyrosine 815:822 arg1 residues 835:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 767:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 3 92 theme linkage 511:517 arg1 pattern 549:555 the complex fragmentation pattern 523:555 the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments 523:594 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 3 92 theme linkage 511:517 arg1 nature 497:502 the labile nature 486:502 the labile nature of the linkage 486:517 The attachment sites of the modification are difficult to localize by mass spectrometry (MS) because of the labile nature of the linkage and the complex fragmentation pattern of the ADP-ribose in MS/MS experiments. 33140951 0 93 dep Fragmentation 10:22 arg1 Losses 82:87 Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses 53:87 Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses 53:87 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 0 93 dep Fragmentation 10:22 arg1 Implication 99:109 Their Implication 93:109 Their Implication in Database Searches 93:130 Gas-Phase Fragmentation of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides: Arginine-Specific Side-Chain Losses and Their Implication in Database Searches. 33140951 7 94 theme sites 1305:1309 arg1 localization 1270:1281 localization 1270:1281 localization of these modification sites 1270:1309 The O-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and serine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid was the major cleavage site, making localization of these modification sites difficult. 33140951 4 95 theme higher-energy 652:664 arg1 spectra 697:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra 652:703 higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues 652:842 In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra acquired from ADP-ribosylated peptides which were modified on arginine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, or lysine residues. 33140951 10 96 theme fragment 1592:1599 arg1 ions 1601:1604 peptide fragment ions 1584:1604 peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage 1584:1642 Taking peptide fragment ions resulting from this specific cleavage into account, a considerably larger number of peptides containing ADP-ribosylated arginine were identified in database searches. 33140951 11 97 theme serine 1942:1947 arg1 residues 1949:1956 ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues 1913:1956 ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues 1913:1956 Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic ions and of losses of fragments from peptide ions allowed us, in most cases, to distinguish between ADP-ribosylated arginine and serine residues. 32981324 9 0 theme dramatic 1215:1222 arg1 changes 1224:1230 dramatic changes 1215:1230 dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus 1215:1307 Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. 32981324 7 1 link O-linked 1009:1016 arg1 α-2,3-sialosides 1018:1033 O-linked α-2,3-sialosides 1009:1033 O-linked α-2,3-sialosides 1009:1033 We also observed age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides. 32981324 8 2 theme lower 1139:1143 arg1 rates 1155:1159 the lower clearance rates 1135:1159 the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals 1135:1184 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 6 3 theme weaned 945:950 arg1 animals 961:967 newly weaned and aged animals 939:967 newly weaned and aged animals 939:967 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 8 4 theme viral 1087:1091 arg1 clearance 1093:1101 viral clearance 1087:1101 viral clearance 1087:1101 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 13 5 theme influenza 1750:1758 arg1 infection 1762:1770 influenza A infection 1750:1770 influenza A infection 1750:1770 Overall, our results may help explain the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age. 32981324 7 6 theme age-dependent 987:999 arg1 loss 1001:1004 age-dependent loss 987:1004 age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides 987:1033 We also observed age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides. 32981324 4 7 theme glycomic 478:485 arg1 function 557:564 a function 555:564 a function of age-dependent severity 555:590 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 7 theme glycomic 478:485 arg1 response 487:494 the host glycomic response 469:494 the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 469:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 12 8 theme pneumonia 1657:1665 arg1 development 1642:1652 the delayed development 1630:1652 the delayed development of pneumonia observed 1630:1674 However, the response was delayed, in line with the delayed development of pneumonia observed. 32981324 11 9 theme adult 1519:1523 arg1 animals 1525:1531 adult animals 1519:1531 adult animals 1519:1531 High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. 32981324 11 10 theme aged 1565:1568 arg1 population 1570:1579 the aged population 1561:1579 the aged population 1561:1579 High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. 32981324 9 11 from changes 1224:1230 arg1 population 1267:1276 a population 1265:1276 a population severely impacted by the virus 1265:1307 Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. 32981324 9 11 from changes 1224:1230 arg1 glycomes 1239:1246 the glycomes 1235:1246 the glycomes of aged animals 1235:1262 Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. 32981324 12 12 with line 1620:1623 arg1 development 1642:1652 the delayed development 1630:1652 the delayed development of pneumonia observed 1630:1674 However, the response was delayed, in line with the delayed development of pneumonia observed. 32981324 5 13 theme glycomic 701:708 arg1 response 710:717 glycomic response 701:717 glycomic response to infection 701:730 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 6 14 theme uninfected 841:850 arg1 ferrets 852:858 adult uninfected ferrets 835:858 adult uninfected ferrets 835:858 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 11 15 theme High 1449:1452 arg1 mannose 1454:1460 High mannose 1449:1460 High mannose 1449:1460 High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. 32981324 11 15 theme High 1449:1452 arg1 glycan 1465:1470 a glycan 1463:1470 a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals 1463:1531 High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. 32981324 9 16 theme aged 1251:1254 arg1 animals 1256:1262 aged animals 1251:1262 aged animals 1251:1262 Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. 32981324 1 17 theme responses 157:165 arg1 spectrum 145:152 a spectrum 143:152 a spectrum of responses 143:165 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 0 18 theme Disease 99:105 arg1 Severity 107:114 Disease Severity 99:114 Disease Severity 99:114 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 6 19 theme adult 835:839 arg1 ferrets 852:858 adult uninfected ferrets 835:858 adult uninfected ferrets 835:858 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 3 20 theme molecular 382:390 arg1 drivers 392:398 the molecular drivers 378:398 the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes 378:420 Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. 32981324 13 21 theme A 1760:1760 arg1 infection 1762:1770 influenza A infection 1750:1770 influenza A infection 1750:1770 Overall, our results may help explain the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age. 32981324 6 22 theme higher 873:878 arg1 levels 880:885 higher levels 873:885 higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals 873:967 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 0 23 theme Glycomic 14:21 arg1 Response 23:30 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response 0:30 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 0:72 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 9 24 theme animals 1256:1262 arg1 population 1267:1276 a population 1265:1276 a population severely impacted by the virus 1265:1307 Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. 32981324 9 24 theme animals 1256:1262 arg1 glycomes 1239:1246 the glycomes 1235:1246 the glycomes of aged animals 1235:1262 Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. 32981324 13 25 theme age 1811:1813 arg1 function 1799:1806 a function 1797:1806 a function of age 1797:1813 Overall, our results may help explain the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age. 32981324 2 26 theme disease 288:294 arg1 severity 296:303 disease severity 288:303 disease severity 288:303 Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. 32981324 5 27 theme lectin 632:637 arg1 technology 650:659 our dual-color lectin microarray technology 617:659 our dual-color lectin microarray technology 617:659 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 0 28 theme Age-Dependent 0:12 arg1 Response 23:30 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response 0:30 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 0:72 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 4 29 theme influenza 522:530 arg1 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 29 theme influenza 522:530 arg1 virus 534:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus 499:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 499:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 10 30 theme weaned 1377:1382 arg1 animals 1384:1390 the newly weaned animals 1367:1390 the newly weaned animals 1367:1390 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 10 31 theme significant 1326:1336 arg1 alterations 1338:1348 no significant alterations 1323:1348 no significant alterations 1323:1348 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 5 32 gly glycosylation 683:695 arg1 models 766:771 models 766:771 models for young children and the elderly 766:806 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 5 32 gly glycosylation 683:695 arg1 weaned 741:746 weaned 741:746 weaned 741:746 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 5 32 gly glycosylation 683:695 arg1 animals 757:763 aged animals 752:763 aged animals 752:763 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 1 33 theme mild 173:176 arg1 symptoms 187:194 mild coldlike symptoms 173:194 mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death 173:234 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 3 34 theme influenza 345:353 arg1 pathogenesis 355:366 influenza pathogenesis 345:366 influenza pathogenesis 345:366 Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. 32981324 4 35 theme pandemic 513:520 arg1 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 35 theme pandemic 513:520 arg1 virus 534:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus 499:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 499:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 7 36 theme O-linked 1009:1016 arg1 α-2,3-sialosides 1018:1033 O-linked α-2,3-sialosides 1009:1033 O-linked α-2,3-sialosides 1009:1033 We also observed age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides. 32981324 0 37 with Association 82:92 arg1 Severity 107:114 Disease Severity 99:114 Disease Severity 99:114 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 5 38 theme aged 752:755 arg1 animals 757:763 aged animals 752:763 aged animals 752:763 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 1 39 theme coldlike 178:185 arg1 symptoms 187:194 mild coldlike symptoms 173:194 mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death 173:234 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 5 40 theme young 777:781 arg1 children 783:790 young children 777:790 young children 777:790 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 7 41 theme α-2,3-sialosides 1018:1033 arg1 loss 1001:1004 age-dependent loss 987:1004 age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides 987:1033 We also observed age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides. 32981324 13 42 theme differential 1719:1730 arg1 susceptibility 1732:1745 the differential susceptibility 1715:1745 the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age 1715:1813 Overall, our results may help explain the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age. 32981324 4 43 theme severity 583:590 arg1 function 557:564 a function 555:564 a function of age-dependent severity 555:590 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 43 theme severity 583:590 arg1 response 487:494 the host glycomic response 469:494 the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 469:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 0 44 theme 2009 39:42 arg1 Pandemic 44:51 Pandemic 44:51 Pandemic 44:51 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 4 45 theme A 532:532 arg1 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 45 theme A 532:532 arg1 virus 534:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus 499:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 499:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 10 46 located observed 1355:1362 arg1 contrast 1313:1320 contrast 1313:1320 contrast 1313:1320 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 10 46 located observed 1355:1362 arg1 animals 1384:1390 the newly weaned animals 1367:1390 the newly weaned animals 1367:1390 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 10 46 located observed 1355:1362 arg2 alterations 1338:1348 no significant alterations 1323:1348 no significant alterations 1323:1348 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 3 47 theme influenza 403:411 arg1 outcomes 413:420 influenza outcomes 403:420 influenza outcomes 403:420 Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. 32981324 4 48 theme ferret 597:602 arg1 model 604:608 a ferret model 595:608 a ferret model 595:608 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 3 49 theme outcomes 413:420 arg1 drivers 392:398 the molecular drivers 378:398 the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes 378:420 Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. 32981324 5 50 theme baseline 674:681 arg1 glycosylation 683:695 baseline glycosylation 674:695 baseline glycosylation 674:695 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 6 51 theme aged 956:959 arg1 animals 961:967 newly weaned and aged animals 939:967 newly weaned and aged animals 939:967 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 1 52 theme severe 199:204 arg1 illness 218:224 severe respiratory illness 199:224 severe respiratory illness 199:224 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 0 53 theme H1N1 53:56 arg1 Virus 68:72 the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 35:72 the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 35:72 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 6 54 theme α-2,6-sialosides 890:905 arg1 levels 880:885 higher levels 873:885 higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals 873:967 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 5 55 theme dual-color 621:630 arg1 technology 650:659 our dual-color lectin microarray technology 617:659 our dual-color lectin microarray technology 617:659 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 10 56 theme moderate 1412:1419 arg1 responses 1421:1429 mild to moderate responses 1404:1429 mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09 1404:1446 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 0 57 with Response 23:30 arg1 Severity 107:114 Disease Severity 99:114 Disease Severity 99:114 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 10 58 dep moderate 1412:1419 arg1 to 1409:1410 to 1409:1410 to 1409:1410 In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. 32981324 0 59 theme Pandemic 44:51 arg1 Virus 68:72 the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 35:72 the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 35:72 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 3 60 theme critical 328:335 arg1 role 337:340 a critical role 326:340 a critical role 326:340 Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. 32981324 11 61 from marker 1497:1502 arg1 animals 1525:1531 adult animals 1519:1531 adult animals 1519:1531 High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. 32981324 1 62 theme Influenza 117:125 arg1 viruses 129:135 Influenza A viruses 117:135 Influenza A viruses 117:135 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 4 63 theme H1N1 503:506 arg1 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 H1N1pdm09 541:549 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 63 theme H1N1 503:506 arg1 virus 534:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus 499:538 the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 499:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 5 64 theme microarray 639:648 arg1 technology 650:659 our dual-color lectin microarray technology 617:659 our dual-color lectin microarray technology 617:659 Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. 32981324 12 65 theme delayed 1634:1640 arg1 development 1642:1652 the delayed development 1630:1652 the delayed development of pneumonia observed 1630:1674 However, the response was delayed, in line with the delayed development of pneumonia observed. 32981324 1 66 theme A 127:127 arg1 viruses 129:135 Influenza A viruses 117:135 Influenza A viruses 117:135 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 1 67 theme respiratory 206:216 arg1 illness 218:224 severe respiratory illness 199:224 severe respiratory illness 199:224 Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. 32981324 8 68 theme charged 1061:1067 arg1 groups 1069:1074 these highly charged groups 1048:1074 these highly charged groups 1048:1074 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 2 69 theme host 247:250 arg1 age 269:271 age 269:271 age 269:271 Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. 32981324 2 69 theme host 247:250 arg1 factors 252:258 Intrinsic host factors 237:258 Intrinsic host factors 237:258 Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. 32981324 8 70 theme groups 1069:1074 arg1 loss 1040:1043 The loss 1036:1043 The loss of these highly charged groups 1036:1074 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 8 71 theme clearance 1145:1153 arg1 rates 1155:1159 the lower clearance rates 1135:1159 the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals 1135:1184 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 6 72 from levels 880:885 arg1 animals 961:967 newly weaned and aged animals 939:967 newly weaned and aged animals 939:967 Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. 32981324 2 73 theme Intrinsic 237:245 arg1 age 269:271 age 269:271 age 269:271 Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. 32981324 2 73 theme Intrinsic 237:245 arg1 factors 252:258 Intrinsic host factors 237:258 Intrinsic host factors 237:258 Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. 32981324 8 74 theme aged 1173:1176 arg1 animals 1178:1184 aged animals 1173:1184 aged animals 1173:1184 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 4 75 theme age-dependent 569:581 arg1 severity 583:590 age-dependent severity 569:590 age-dependent severity 569:590 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 0 76 theme Influenza 58:66 arg1 Virus 68:72 the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 35:72 the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus 35:72 Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. 32981324 4 77 theme host 473:476 arg1 function 557:564 a function 555:564 a function of age-dependent severity 555:590 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 4 77 theme host 473:476 arg1 response 487:494 the host glycomic response 469:494 the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) 469:550 In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. 32981324 8 78 located observed 1161:1168 arg2 rates 1155:1159 the lower clearance rates 1135:1159 the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals 1135:1184 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 8 78 located observed 1161:1168 arg1 animals 1178:1184 aged animals 1173:1184 aged animals 1173:1184 The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. 32981324 11 79 theme severity 1507:1514 arg1 marker 1497:1502 a marker 1495:1502 a marker of severity in adult animals 1495:1531 High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. 32863962 3 0 theme transcription 321:333 arg1 factor 335:340 a transcription factor 319:340 a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors 319:463 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 3 0 theme transcription 321:333 arg1 homolog 299:305 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 278:307 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) 278:314 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 4 1 from carcinoma 586:594 arg1 similar 560:566 similar 560:566 similar 560:566 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 1 from carcinoma 586:594 arg1 role 487:490 the role 483:490 the role of SIX1 483:498 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 1 from carcinoma 586:594 arg1 mechanisms 518:527 the molecular mechanisms 504:527 the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity 504:554 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 7 2 theme Mass 936:939 arg1 spectrometry 941:952 Mass spectrometry 936:952 Mass spectrometry 936:952 Mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to confirm the O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1. 32863962 8 3 theme transcription 1110:1122 arg1 factor 1124:1129 the key transcription factor 1102:1129 the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer 1102:1169 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 8 3 theme transcription 1110:1122 arg1 SIX1 1096:1099 SIX1 1096:1099 SIX1 1096:1099 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 10 4 mod modified 1387:1394 arg1 SIX1 1366:1369 SIX1 1366:1369 SIX1 1366:1369 Importantly, we found that SIX1 was also highly modified by O-GlcNAcylation and that O-GlcNAcylation inhibited the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1. 32863962 10 4 mod modified 1387:1394 arg3 O-GlcNAcylation 1399:1413 O-GlcNAcylation 1399:1413 O-GlcNAcylation 1399:1413 Importantly, we found that SIX1 was also highly modified by O-GlcNAcylation and that O-GlcNAcylation inhibited the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1. 32863962 8 5 from effect 1154:1159 arg1 cancer 1164:1169 cancer 1164:1169 cancer 1164:1169 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 13 6 theme novel 1766:1770 arg1 loop 1781:1784 a novel feedback loop 1764:1784 a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation 1764:1812 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 10 7 theme ubiquitination 1454:1467 arg1 degradation 1469:1479 the ubiquitination degradation 1450:1479 the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1 1450:1487 Importantly, we found that SIX1 was also highly modified by O-GlcNAcylation and that O-GlcNAcylation inhibited the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1. 32863962 5 8 from levels 694:699 arg1 tissues 775:781 HCC tissues 771:781 HCC tissues 771:781 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 6 9 used used 863:866 arg2 formation 819:827 colony formation 812:827 colony formation 812:827 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 6 9 used used 863:866 arg2 CCK8 805:808 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 6 9 used used 863:866 arg2 assays 851:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 6 10 theme Kit 798:800 arg1 CCK8 805:808 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 13 11 theme SIX1 1789:1792 arg1 loop 1781:1784 a novel feedback loop 1764:1784 a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation 1764:1812 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 4 12 from similar 560:566 arg1 carcinoma 586:594 hepatocellular carcinoma 571:594 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 571:600 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 12 from similar 560:566 arg1 HCC 597:599 HCC 597:599 HCC 597:599 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 6 13 theme Counting 789:796 arg1 CCK8 805:808 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 5 14 link O-linked 713:720 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 751:765 O-GlcNAcylation 751:765 O-GlcNAcylation 751:765 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 5 14 link O-linked 713:720 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 722:748 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 713:748 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 713:766 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 11 15 theme SIX1 1625:1628 arg1 effect 1615:1620 the protumor effect 1602:1620 the protumor effect of SIX1 1602:1628 In addition, site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) decreased the O-GlcNAcylation level and reversed the protumor effect of SIX1. 32863962 3 16 theme Sine 278:281 arg1 oculis 283:288 Sine oculis 278:288 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) 278:314 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 6 17 theme Cell 784:787 arg1 CCK8 805:808 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) 784:809 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 13 18 theme SIX1 1847:1850 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1828:1842 O-GlcNAcylation 1828:1842 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 1828:1850 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 13 18 theme SIX1 1847:1850 arg1 way 1868:1870 an important way 1855:1870 an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression 1855:1925 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 5 19 theme O-linked 713:720 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 751:765 O-GlcNAcylation 751:765 O-GlcNAcylation 751:765 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 5 19 theme O-linked 713:720 arg1 β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 722:748 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 713:748 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) 713:766 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 6 20 theme model 845:849 arg1 assays 851:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 3 21 theme oculis 283:288 arg1 homolog 299:305 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 278:307 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) 278:314 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 3 21 theme oculis 283:288 arg1 SIX1 310:313 SIX1 310:313 SIX1 310:313 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 3 21 theme oculis 283:288 arg1 factor 335:340 a transcription factor 319:340 a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors 319:463 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 13 22 theme feedback 1772:1779 arg1 loop 1781:1784 a novel feedback loop 1764:1784 a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation 1764:1812 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 6 23 theme tumor 839:843 arg1 assays 851:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 5 24 theme β-N-acetylglucosaminylation 722:748 arg1 levels 694:699 the levels 690:699 the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues 690:781 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 8 25 theme Warburg 1146:1152 arg1 effect 1154:1159 the Warburg effect 1142:1159 the Warburg effect in cancer 1142:1169 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 8 26 theme key 1106:1108 arg1 factor 1124:1129 the key transcription factor 1102:1129 the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer 1102:1169 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 8 26 theme key 1106:1108 arg1 SIX1 1096:1099 SIX1 1096:1099 SIX1 1096:1099 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 6 27 theme HCC 921:923 arg1 processes 925:933 HCC processes 921:933 HCC processes 921:933 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 11 28 theme site-directed 1503:1515 arg1 mutagenesis 1517:1527 site-directed mutagenesis 1503:1527 site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) 1503:1551 In addition, site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) decreased the O-GlcNAcylation level and reversed the protumor effect of SIX1. 32863962 3 29 theme effect 448:453 arg1 regulation 422:431 the regulation 418:431 the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors 418:463 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 0 30 theme SIX1 19:22 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation 0:14 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 0:22 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation. 32863962 7 31 theme SIX1 1054:1057 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1035:1049 the O-GlcNAcylation 1031:1049 the O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 1031:1057 Mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to confirm the O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1. 32863962 6 32 theme mouse 833:837 arg1 assays 851:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 mouse tumor model assays 833:856 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 3 33 theme important 400:408 arg1 role 410:413 an important role 397:413 an important role 397:413 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 6 34 theme O-GlcNAcylation 902:916 arg1 role 885:888 the role 881:888 the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes 881:933 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 3 35 theme homeobox 290:297 arg1 homolog 299:305 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 278:307 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) 278:314 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 3 35 theme homeobox 290:297 arg1 SIX1 310:313 SIX1 310:313 SIX1 310:313 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 3 35 theme homeobox 290:297 arg1 factor 335:340 a transcription factor 319:340 a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors 319:463 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 2 36 theme cancer 191:196 arg1 cells 198:202 cancer cells 191:202 cancer cells 191:202 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor proliferation is largely unknown. 32863962 4 37 theme further 614:620 arg1 investigation 622:634 further investigation 614:634 further investigation 614:634 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 5 38 theme HCC 771:773 arg1 tissues 775:781 HCC tissues 771:781 HCC tissues 771:781 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 9 39 theme modification 1302:1313 arg1 levels 1272:1277 the levels 1268:1277 the levels of a posttranslational modification called O-GlcNAcylation 1268:1336 Furthermore, we revealed that SIX1 could also enhance the levels of a posttranslational modification called O-GlcNAcylation. 32863962 7 40 theme site-directed 979:991 arg1 mutagenesis 993:1003 site-directed mutagenesis 979:1003 site-directed mutagenesis 979:1003 Mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to confirm the O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1. 32863962 3 41 theme Warburg 440:446 arg1 effect 448:453 the Warburg effect 436:453 the Warburg effect 436:453 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 4 42 theme SIX1 495:498 arg1 similar 560:566 similar 560:566 similar 560:566 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 42 theme SIX1 495:498 arg1 role 487:490 the role 483:490 the role of SIX1 483:498 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 42 theme SIX1 495:498 arg1 mechanisms 518:527 the molecular mechanisms 504:527 the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity 504:554 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 5 43 theme Western 646:652 arg1 blotting 654:661 Western blotting 646:661 Western blotting 646:661 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32863962 6 44 theme colony 812:817 arg1 formation 819:827 colony formation 812:827 colony formation 812:827 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 11 45 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1567:1581 arg1 level 1583:1587 the O-GlcNAcylation level 1563:1587 the O-GlcNAcylation level 1563:1587 In addition, site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) decreased the O-GlcNAcylation level and reversed the protumor effect of SIX1. 32863962 11 46 from position 1532:1539 arg1 mutagenesis 1517:1527 site-directed mutagenesis 1503:1527 site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) 1503:1551 In addition, site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) decreased the O-GlcNAcylation level and reversed the protumor effect of SIX1. 32863962 8 47 theme HCC 1181:1183 arg1 growth 1185:1190 HCC growth 1181:1190 HCC growth 1181:1190 Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. 32863962 4 48 theme molecular 508:516 arg1 similar 560:566 similar 560:566 similar 560:566 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 48 theme molecular 508:516 arg1 mechanisms 518:527 the molecular mechanisms 504:527 the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity 504:554 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 6 49 from role 885:888 arg1 processes 925:933 HCC processes 921:933 HCC processes 921:933 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 2 50 theme tumor 238:242 arg1 proliferation 244:256 tumor proliferation 238:256 tumor proliferation 238:256 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor proliferation is largely unknown. 32863962 1 51 theme aberrant 132:139 arg1 metabolism 141:150 aberrant metabolism 132:150 aberrant metabolism 132:150 It is universally accepted that aberrant metabolism facilitates tumor growth. 32863962 13 52 theme glucose 1886:1892 arg1 metabolism 1894:1903 glucose metabolism 1886:1903 glucose metabolism 1886:1903 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 12 53 theme HCC 1721:1723 arg1 proliferation 1725:1737 HCC proliferation 1721:1737 HCC proliferation 1721:1737 Conclusions: We conclude that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes HCC proliferation. 32863962 9 54 theme posttranslational 1284:1300 arg1 modification 1302:1313 a posttranslational modification 1282:1313 a posttranslational modification called O-GlcNAcylation 1282:1336 Furthermore, we revealed that SIX1 could also enhance the levels of a posttranslational modification called O-GlcNAcylation. 32863962 13 55 theme O-GlcNAcylation 1798:1812 arg1 loop 1781:1784 a novel feedback loop 1764:1784 a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation 1764:1812 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 12 56 theme SIX1 1680:1683 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1661:1675 O-GlcNAcylation 1661:1675 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 1661:1683 Conclusions: We conclude that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes HCC proliferation. 32863962 10 57 theme SIX1 1484:1487 arg1 degradation 1469:1479 the ubiquitination degradation 1450:1479 the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1 1450:1487 Importantly, we found that SIX1 was also highly modified by O-GlcNAcylation and that O-GlcNAcylation inhibited the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1. 32863962 2 58 theme glucose 215:221 arg1 metabolism 223:232 glucose metabolism 215:232 glucose metabolism 215:232 However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor proliferation is largely unknown. 32863962 4 59 theme hepatocellular 571:584 arg1 carcinoma 586:594 hepatocellular carcinoma 571:594 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 571:600 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 4 59 theme hepatocellular 571:584 arg1 HCC 597:599 HCC 597:599 HCC 597:599 However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. 32863962 0 60 theme Carcinoma 75:83 arg1 Proliferation 85:97 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation 60:97 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation 60:97 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation. 32863962 13 61 theme important 1858:1866 arg1 O-GlcNAcylation 1828:1842 O-GlcNAcylation 1828:1842 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 1828:1850 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 13 61 theme important 1858:1866 arg1 way 1868:1870 an important way 1855:1870 an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression 1855:1925 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 1 62 theme tumor 164:168 arg1 growth 170:175 tumor growth 164:175 tumor growth 164:175 It is universally accepted that aberrant metabolism facilitates tumor growth. 32863962 13 63 theme tumor 1909:1913 arg1 progression 1915:1925 tumor progression 1909:1925 tumor progression 1909:1925 Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression. 32863962 0 64 theme Hepatocellular 60:73 arg1 Proliferation 85:97 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation 60:97 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation 60:97 O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation. 32863962 11 65 theme protumor 1606:1613 arg1 effect 1615:1620 the protumor effect 1602:1620 the protumor effect of SIX1 1602:1628 In addition, site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) decreased the O-GlcNAcylation level and reversed the protumor effect of SIX1. 32863962 3 66 from regulation 422:431 arg1 tumors 458:463 tumors 458:463 tumors 458:463 Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. 32863962 6 67 theme SIX1 893:896 arg1 role 885:888 the role 881:888 the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes 881:933 Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. 32863962 5 68 theme SIX1 704:707 arg1 levels 694:699 the levels 690:699 the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues 690:781 Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. 32851890 6 0 theme doxorubicin 1160:1170 arg1 combinations 1144:1155 the combinations 1140:1155 the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment 1140:1263 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 3 1 from issues 721:726 arg1 treatment 735:743 the treatment 731:743 the treatment of prostate cancer 731:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 9 2 theme increased 1752:1760 arg1 apoptosis 1762:1770 increased apoptosis 1752:1770 increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells 1752:1795 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 11 3 theme effective 2071:2079 arg1 management 2081:2090 effective management 2071:2090 effective management of cancer 2071:2100 This finding provides important insight regarding alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer. 32851890 2 4 theme literature 298:307 arg1 points 318:323 literature evidence points 298:323 literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 298:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 4 5 theme drug-induced 880:891 arg1 death 898:902 drug-induced cell death 880:902 drug-induced cell death 880:902 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 3 6 theme prostate 748:755 arg1 cancer 757:762 prostate cancer 748:762 prostate cancer 748:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 3 7 dep way 706:708 arg1 resolve 713:719 resolve 713:719 to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer 710:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 10 8 theme elevated 1849:1856 arg1 level 1862:1866 the elevated OGT level 1845:1866 the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone 1845:1981 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 9 9 theme cancer 1784:1789 arg1 cells 1791:1795 prostate cancer cells 1775:1795 prostate cancer cells 1775:1795 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 6 10 theme cell 1229:1232 arg1 death 1234:1238 cell death 1229:1238 cell death 1229:1238 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 1 11 theme therapy 189:195 arg1 failure 197:203 therapy failure 189:203 therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules 189:281 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 2 12 contain has 428:430 arg1 plethora 286:293 A plethora 284:293 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 284:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 2 12 contain has 428:430 arg2 implications 439:450 direct implications 432:450 direct implications 432:450 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 3 13 theme combination 616:626 arg1 approach 628:635 the combination approach 612:635 the combination approach of anticancer drugs 612:655 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 3 13 theme combination 616:626 arg1 way 706:708 an alternative way 691:708 an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer 691:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 11 14 theme important 2006:2014 arg1 insight 2016:2022 important insight 2006:2022 important insight regarding alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer 2006:2100 This finding provides important insight regarding alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer. 32851890 0 15 from Cytotoxicity 81:92 arg1 Cells 113:117 PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 97:117 Cells 113:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 7 16 theme prostate 1473:1480 arg1 cells 1489:1493 prostate cancer cells 1473:1493 prostate cancer cells 1473:1493 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 8 17 contain has 1583:1585 arg1 OSMI-1 1576:1581 OSMI-1 1576:1581 OSMI-1 1576:1581 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 8 17 contain has 1583:1585 arg2 potential 1587:1595 potential 1587:1595 potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly 1587:1631 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 11 18 theme cancer 2095:2100 arg1 management 2081:2090 effective management 2071:2090 effective management of cancer 2071:2100 This finding provides important insight regarding alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer. 32851890 9 19 from apoptosis 1762:1770 arg1 cells 1791:1795 prostate cancer cells 1775:1795 prostate cancer cells 1775:1795 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 4 20 theme resazurin 952:960 arg1 assay 962:966 resazurin assay 952:966 resazurin assay 952:966 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 3 21 theme drugs 651:655 arg1 approach 628:635 the combination approach 612:635 the combination approach of anticancer drugs 612:655 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 3 21 theme drugs 651:655 arg1 way 706:708 an alternative way 691:708 an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer 691:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 1 22 from failure 197:203 arg1 patients 208:215 patients 208:215 patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules 208:281 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 5 23 theme enzyme 986:991 arg1 level 993:997 OGT enzyme level 982:997 OGT enzyme level 982:997 Reduction in OGT enzyme level was evaluated using ELISA kit. 32851890 6 24 theme apoptosis 1085:1093 arg1 induction 1095:1103 apoptosis induction 1085:1103 apoptosis induction 1085:1103 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 10 25 theme PC-3 1918:1921 arg1 cells 1923:1927 PC-3 cells 1918:1927 PC-3 cells 1918:1927 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 2 26 with interaction 535:545 arg1 factors 562:568 oncogenic factors 552:568 oncogenic factors 552:568 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 2 27 theme oncogenic 552:560 arg1 factors 562:568 oncogenic factors 552:568 oncogenic factors 552:568 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 0 28 from Impact 18:23 arg1 Cytotoxicity 81:92 Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity 46:92 Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 46:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 4 29 from Effect 814:819 arg1 synergism/antagonism 908:927 synergism/antagonism 908:927 synergism/antagonism 908:927 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 4 29 from Effect 814:819 arg1 death 898:902 drug-induced cell death 880:902 drug-induced cell death 880:902 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 1 30 theme cytotoxicity 157:168 arg1 terms 148:152 terms 148:152 terms of cytotoxicity 148:168 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 4 31 with combination 824:834 arg1 OSMI-1 870:875 OSMI-1 870:875 OSMI-1 870:875 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 0 32 theme PC-3 97:100 arg1 Cells 113:117 PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 97:117 Cells 113:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 6 33 theme fluorescence 1042:1053 arg1 assay 1055:1059 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay 1030:1059 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay 1030:1059 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 0 34 theme WPMY-1 106:111 arg1 Cells 113:117 PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 97:117 Cells 113:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 2 35 theme direct 432:437 arg1 implications 439:450 direct implications 432:450 direct implications 432:450 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 5 36 from Reduction 969:977 arg1 level 993:997 OGT enzyme level 982:997 OGT enzyme level 982:997 Reduction in OGT enzyme level was evaluated using ELISA kit. 32851890 10 37 theme cells 1923:1927 arg1 sensitivity 1903:1913 sensitivity 1903:1913 sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone 1903:1981 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 6 38 theme PC-3 1108:1111 arg1 cells 1113:1117 PC-3 cells 1108:1117 PC-3 cells 1108:1117 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 8 39 dep WPMY-1 1564:1569 arg1 comparison 1550:1559 comparison 1550:1559 comparison 1550:1559 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 10 40 theme OGT 1858:1860 arg1 level 1862:1866 the elevated OGT level 1845:1866 the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone 1845:1981 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 10 41 with Combination 1798:1808 arg1 OSMI-1 1830:1835 OSMI-1 1830:1835 OSMI-1 1830:1835 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 10 42 from doxorubicin 1936:1946 arg1 comparison 1951:1960 comparison 1951:1960 comparison to doxorubicin alone 1951:1981 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 7 43 theme doxorubicin 1392:1402 arg1 value 1383:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value 1348:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin 1348:1402 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 3 44 theme alternative 694:704 arg1 approach 628:635 the combination approach 612:635 the combination approach of anticancer drugs 612:655 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 3 44 theme alternative 694:704 arg1 way 706:708 an alternative way 691:708 an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer 691:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 4 45 theme docetaxel 855:863 arg1 combination 824:834 combination 824:834 combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 824:875 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 11 46 theme alternative 2034:2044 arg1 strategies 2056:2065 alternative treatment strategies 2034:2065 alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer 2034:2100 This finding provides important insight regarding alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer. 32851890 0 47 theme OGT 28:30 arg1 Inhibition 32:41 OGT Inhibition 28:41 OGT Inhibition 28:41 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 2 48 theme chemotherapy 518:529 arg1 outcomes 506:513 clinical outcomes 497:513 clinical outcomes of chemotherapy 497:529 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 10 49 theme doxorubicin 1813:1823 arg1 Combination 1798:1808 Combination 1798:1808 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 1798:1835 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 7 50 theme growth 1365:1370 arg1 value 1383:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value 1348:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin 1348:1402 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 8 51 theme elevated 1517:1524 arg1 levels 1526:1531 elevated levels 1517:1531 elevated levels of OGT enzyme 1517:1545 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 2 52 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 353:373 arg1 transferase 375:385 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 344:385 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 2 52 theme β-N-acetylglucosamine 353:373 arg1 OGT 388:390 OGT 388:390 OGT 388:390 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 9 53 theme enzyme 1710:1715 arg1 level 1717:1721 OGT enzyme level 1706:1721 OGT enzyme level 1706:1721 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 6 54 theme inhibitor 1180:1188 arg1 combinations 1144:1155 the combinations 1140:1155 the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment 1140:1263 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 4 55 theme doxorubicin 839:849 arg1 combination 824:834 combination 824:834 combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 824:875 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 1 56 theme first-line 246:255 arg1 molecules 273:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 1 57 with chemotherapy 228:239 arg1 molecules 273:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 2 58 link O-linked 344:351 arg1 transferase 375:385 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 344:385 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 2 58 link O-linked 344:351 arg1 OGT 388:390 OGT 388:390 OGT 388:390 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 1 59 theme drug 268:271 arg1 molecules 273:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 7 60 from effective 1317:1325 arg1 terms 1330:1334 terms 1330:1334 terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin 1330:1402 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 2 61 theme evidence 309:316 arg1 points 318:323 literature evidence points 298:323 literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 298:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 7 62 from terms 1330:1334 arg1 effective 1317:1325 effective 1317:1325 effective 1317:1325 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 6 63 theme concomitant 1243:1253 arg1 treatment 1255:1263 concomitant treatment 1243:1263 concomitant treatment 1243:1263 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 9 64 with combination 1669:1679 arg1 doxorubicin 1686:1696 doxorubicin 1686:1696 doxorubicin 1686:1696 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 3 65 theme research 587:594 arg1 aim 575:577 The aim 571:577 The aim of this research 571:594 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 9 66 theme prostate 1775:1782 arg1 cells 1791:1795 prostate cancer cells 1775:1795 prostate cancer cells 1775:1795 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 6 67 theme death 1234:1238 arg1 mechanism 1216:1224 the mechanism 1212:1224 the mechanism of cell death 1212:1238 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 9 68 dep reduces 1698:1704 arg1 accompanied 1737:1747 accompanied 1737:1747 reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells 1698:1795 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 3 69 theme cancer 757:762 arg1 treatment 735:743 the treatment 731:743 the treatment of prostate cancer 731:762 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 10 70 theme drastic 1883:1889 arg1 increase 1891:1898 a drastic increase 1881:1898 a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone 1881:1981 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 6 71 theme Caspase-3/7 1030:1040 arg1 assay 1055:1059 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay 1030:1059 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay 1030:1059 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 4 72 theme cell 893:896 arg1 death 898:902 drug-induced cell death 880:902 drug-induced cell death 880:902 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 8 73 theme enzyme 1540:1545 arg1 levels 1526:1531 elevated levels 1517:1531 elevated levels of OGT enzyme 1517:1545 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 7 74 theme cancer 1482:1487 arg1 cells 1489:1493 prostate cancer cells 1473:1493 prostate cancer cells 1473:1493 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 3 75 theme anticancer 640:649 arg1 drugs 651:655 anticancer drugs 640:655 anticancer drugs 640:655 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 4 76 theme combination 824:834 arg1 Effect 814:819 Effect 814:819 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism 814:927 Effect of combination of doxorubicin and docetaxel with OSMI-1 on drug-induced cell death and synergism/antagonism was investigated using resazurin assay. 32851890 5 77 theme OGT 982:984 arg1 level 993:997 OGT enzyme level 982:997 OGT enzyme level 982:997 Reduction in OGT enzyme level was evaluated using ELISA kit. 32851890 7 78 theme synergistic 1451:1461 arg1 effect 1463:1468 synergistic effect 1451:1468 synergistic effect 1451:1468 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 0 79 theme Docetaxel-Induced 63:79 arg1 Cytotoxicity 81:92 Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity 46:92 Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 46:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 3 80 theme OGT 665:667 arg1 inhibitor 669:677 an OGT inhibitor 662:677 an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) 662:686 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 3 80 theme OGT 665:667 arg1 OSMI-1 680:685 OSMI-1 680:685 OSMI-1 680:685 The aim of this research was to evaluate the combination approach of anticancer drugs with an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) as an alternative way to resolve issues in the treatment of prostate cancer and assess the benefits offered by this approach. 32851890 7 81 theme combination 1286:1296 arg1 approach 1298:1305 combination approach 1286:1305 combination approach 1286:1305 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 5 82 theme ELISA 1019:1023 arg1 kit 1025:1027 ELISA kit 1019:1027 ELISA kit 1019:1027 Reduction in OGT enzyme level was evaluated using ELISA kit. 32851890 2 83 theme points 318:323 arg1 plethora 286:293 A plethora 284:293 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 284:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 8 84 theme OGT 1608:1610 arg1 enzyme 1612:1617 OGT enzyme 1608:1617 OGT enzyme 1608:1617 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 10 85 from increase 1891:1898 arg1 sensitivity 1903:1913 sensitivity 1903:1913 sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone 1903:1981 Combination of doxorubicin with OSMI-1 reduced the elevated OGT level which led to a drastic increase in sensitivity of PC-3 cells toward doxorubicin in comparison to doxorubicin alone. 32851890 2 86 theme clinical 497:504 arg1 outcomes 506:513 clinical outcomes 497:513 clinical outcomes of chemotherapy 497:529 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 8 87 theme OGT 1536:1538 arg1 enzyme 1540:1545 OGT enzyme 1536:1545 OGT enzyme 1536:1545 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 1 88 from Reduction 120:128 arg1 terms 148:152 terms 148:152 terms of cytotoxicity 148:168 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 1 88 from Reduction 120:128 arg1 sensitivity 133:143 sensitivity 133:143 sensitivity 133:143 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 2 89 theme cancer 470:475 arg1 development 455:465 development 455:465 development of cancer 455:475 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 0 90 theme Inhibition 32:41 arg1 Impact 18:23 the Impact 14:23 the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 14:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 6 91 with treatment 1125:1133 arg1 combinations 1144:1155 the combinations 1140:1155 the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment 1140:1263 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 7 92 theme inhibition 1372:1381 arg1 value 1383:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value 1348:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin 1348:1402 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 11 93 theme treatment 2046:2054 arg1 strategies 2056:2065 alternative treatment strategies 2034:2065 alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer 2034:2100 This finding provides important insight regarding alternative treatment strategies for effective management of cancer. 32851890 0 94 theme Doxorubicin- 46:57 arg1 Cytotoxicity 81:92 Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity 46:92 Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells 46:117 Investigating the Impact of OGT Inhibition on Doxorubicin- and Docetaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC-3 and WPMY-1 Cells. 32851890 7 95 theme half-maximum 1352:1363 arg1 value 1383:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value 1348:1387 the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin 1348:1402 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 8 96 theme PC-3 1496:1499 arg1 cells 1501:1505 PC-3 cells 1496:1505 PC-3 cells 1496:1505 PC-3 cells exhibited elevated levels of OGT enzyme in comparison to WPMY-1, and OSMI-1 has potential to inhibit OGT enzyme significantly. 32851890 2 97 theme transferase 375:385 arg1 level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 400:426 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 9 98 theme OGT 1706:1708 arg1 level 1717:1721 OGT enzyme level 1706:1721 OGT enzyme level 1706:1721 Data show that OSMI-1 alone and in combination with doxorubicin reduces OGT enzyme level significantly accompanied by increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 2 99 theme O-linked 344:351 arg1 transferase 375:385 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase 344:385 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 2 99 theme O-linked 344:351 arg1 OGT 388:390 OGT 388:390 OGT 388:390 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 6 100 theme OGT 1176:1178 arg1 inhibitor 1180:1188 OGT inhibitor 1176:1188 OGT inhibitor 1176:1188 Caspase-3/7 fluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptosis induction in PC-3 cells after treatment with the combinations of doxorubicin and OGT inhibitor to further understand the mechanism of cell death by concomitant treatment. 32851890 1 101 theme anticancer 257:266 arg1 molecules 273:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 first-line anticancer drug molecules 246:281 Reduction in sensitivity in terms of cytotoxicity is responsible for therapy failure in patients undergoing chemotherapy with first-line anticancer drug molecules. 32851890 2 102 theme enzyme 393:398 arg1 level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 400:426 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation 344:426 A plethora of literature evidence points out that increased O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) enzyme level/hyper-O-GlcNAcylation has direct implications in development of cancer and interferes with clinical outcomes of chemotherapy via interaction with oncogenic factors. 32851890 7 103 contain has 1447:1449 arg1 approach 1298:1305 combination approach 1286:1305 combination approach 1286:1305 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 32851890 7 103 contain has 1447:1449 arg2 effect 1463:1468 synergistic effect 1451:1468 synergistic effect 1451:1468 Studies reveal that combination approach is indeed effective in terms of reducing the half-maximum growth inhibition value of doxorubicin when concomitantly treated with OSMI-1 and has synergistic effect in prostate cancer cells. 34256474 17 0 theme protein 2530:2536 arg1 complex 2538:2544 1 down-regulated protein complex 2513:2544 1 down-regulated protein complex 2513:2544 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 6 1 theme years 722:726 arg1 age 712:714 an average age 701:714 an average age of 44 years 701:726 The LACC-HGT group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 44 years. 34256474 14 2 theme collagen 1673:1680 arg1 chain 1697:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 12 3 theme one-way 1383:1389 arg1 analysis 1391:1398 one-way analysis 1383:1398 one-way analysis of variance 1383:1410 The qRT-PCR data were compared pairwise by one-way analysis of variance. 34256474 8 4 theme expressed 887:895 arg1 proteins 897:904 the differentially expressed proteins 868:904 the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups 868:927 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 5 5 theme average 606:612 arg1 age 614:616 an average age 603:616 an average age of 53 years 603:628 The LACC group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 53 years. 34256474 16 6 theme kinase 2328:2333 arg1 pathway 2342:2348 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 7 7 theme fresh 762:766 arg1 tissue 774:779 fresh tumor tissue 762:779 fresh tumor tissue 762:779 Primary cells were cultured from fresh tumor tissue. 34256474 12 8 theme qRT-PCR 1344:1350 arg1 data 1352:1355 The qRT-PCR data 1340:1355 The qRT-PCR data 1340:1355 The qRT-PCR data were compared pairwise by one-way analysis of variance. 34256474 17 9 theme complex 2435:2441 arg1 analysis 2454:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis 2427:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis 2427:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 2 10 dep Methods 241:247 arg1 study 263:267 Experimental study 250:267 Methods: Experimental study. 241:268 Methods: Experimental study. 34256474 18 11 theme genes 2636:2640 arg1 C 2885:2885 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C 2692:2885 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 11 theme genes 2636:2640 arg1 proteins 2673:2680 tumor-related proteins 2659:2680 tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2659:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 6 12 theme average 704:710 arg1 age 712:714 an average age 701:714 an average age of 44 years 701:726 The LACC-HGT group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 44 years. 34256474 1 13 theme cystic 179:184 arg1 carcinoma 186:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 156:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) 156:201 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 1 13 theme cystic 179:184 arg1 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 13 14 located detected 1476:1483 arg1 study 1493:1497 this study 1488:1497 this study 1488:1497 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 13 14 located detected 1476:1483 arg2 total 1424:1428 A total 1422:1428 A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins 1422:1469 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 16 15 theme extracellular 2354:2366 arg1 proteoglycans 2375:2387 extracellular matrix proteoglycans 2354:2387 extracellular matrix proteoglycans 2354:2387 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 18 16 dep chain 2718:2722 arg1 member 2878:2883 an Ras homolog family member 2856:2883 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 16 17 theme mitogen-activated 2302:2318 arg1 kinase 2328:2333 mitogen-activated protein kinase 2302:2333 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 15 18 theme analysis 1850:1857 arg1 results 1859:1865 Gene ontology analysis results 1836:1865 Gene ontology analysis results 1836:1865 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 19 theme matrix 2103:2108 arg1 composition 2110:2120 extracellular matrix composition 2089:2120 extracellular matrix composition 2089:2120 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 20 theme processes 2179:2187 arg1 regulation 2075:2084 the regulation 2071:2084 the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes 2071:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 16 21 theme signal 2411:2416 arg1 pathway 2418:2424 signal pathway 2411:2424 signal pathway 2411:2424 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 17 22 theme up-regulated 2478:2489 arg1 complexes 2499:2507 4 up-regulated protein complexes 2476:2507 4 up-regulated protein complexes 2476:2507 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 15 23 theme Gene 1836:1839 arg1 ontology 1841:1848 Gene ontology 1836:1848 Gene ontology analysis results 1836:1865 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 24 theme composition 2110:2120 arg1 regulation 2075:2084 the regulation 2071:2084 the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes 2071:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 14 25 theme subunit 1652:1658 arg1 alpha 1660:1664 hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 1641:1666 hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 1641:1666 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 1 26 theme high-grade 208:217 arg1 HGT 235:237 HGT 235:237 HGT 235:237 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 1 26 theme high-grade 208:217 arg1 transformation 219:232 high-grade transformation 208:232 high-grade transformation (HGT) 208:238 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 3 27 theme paraffin 283:290 arg1 samples 299:305 8 paraffin tissue samples 281:305 8 paraffin tissue samples 281:305 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 18 28 theme differential 2570:2581 arg1 proteins 2583:2590 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins 2558:2590 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2558:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 targets 3649:3655 potential targets 3639:3655 potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study 3639:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 EML4 3547:3550 EML4 3547:3550 EML4 3547:3550 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 ITIH4 3553:3557 ITIH4 3553:3557 ITIH4 3553:3557 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 NDRG2 3560:3564 NDRG2 3560:3564 NDRG2 3560:3564 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 RhoC 3576:3579 RhoC 3576:3579 RhoC 3576:3579 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 29 used used 3631:3634 arg2 OGN 3567:3569 OGN 3567:3569 OGN 3567:3569 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 14 30 theme protein 1810:1816 arg1 pseudogene 1822:1831 ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 1800:1833 ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 1800:1833 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 20 31 theme qRT-PCR 2964:2970 arg1 results 2972:2978 The qRT-PCR results 2960:2978 The qRT-PCR results 2960:2978 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 18 32 theme chain 2718:2722 arg1 RhoC 2888:2891 RhoC 2888:2891 RhoC 2888:2891 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 32 theme chain 2718:2722 arg1 C 2885:2885 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C 2692:2885 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 5 33 theme years 624:628 arg1 age 614:616 an average age 603:616 an average age of 53 years 603:628 The LACC group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 53 years. 34256474 14 34 theme subunit 1627:1633 arg1 beta 1635:1638 hemoglobin subunit beta 1616:1638 hemoglobin subunit beta 1616:1638 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 13 35 theme HGT-related 1437:1447 arg1 proteins 1462:1469 105 HGT-related differential proteins 1433:1469 105 HGT-related differential proteins 1433:1469 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 1 36 theme expression 130:139 arg1 differences 141:151 the protein expression differences 118:151 the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT) 118:238 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 20 37 from LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 37 from LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 37 from LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 14 38 theme ribosomal 1800:1808 arg1 pseudogene 1822:1831 ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 1800:1833 ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 1800:1833 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 4 39 theme pathological 414:425 arg1 examination 427:437 pathological examination 414:437 pathological examination 414:437 According to pathological examination, the samples were divided into the LACC group and the LACC-HGT group, with 4 cases in each group. 34256474 10 40 theme mRNA 1162:1165 arg1 data 1178:1181 mRNA microarray data 1162:1181 mRNA microarray data 1162:1181 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 15 41 from cytoplasm 1941:1949 arg1 proteins 1905:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 41 from cytoplasm 1941:1949 arg1 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 13 42 theme proteins 1462:1469 arg1 total 1424:1428 A total 1422:1428 A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins 1422:1469 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 23 43 dep Ophthalmol 3695:3704 arg1 531-539 3717:3723 531-539 3717:3723 531-539 3717:3723 (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 531-539). 34256474 20 44 from LACC-2 3088:3093 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 44 from LACC-2 3088:3093 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 44 from LACC-2 3088:3093 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 3 45 theme samples 299:305 arg1 total 272:276 A total 270:276 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples 270:305 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 18 46 theme homolog 2863:2869 arg1 member 2878:2883 an Ras homolog family member 2856:2883 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 21 47 theme primary 3373:3379 arg1 LACC-1 3381:3386 primary LACC-1 3373:3386 primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) 3373:3398 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 21 47 theme primary 3373:3379 arg1 1.00±0.13 3389:3397 1.00±0.13 3389:3397 1.00±0.13 3389:3397 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 14 48 theme up-regulated 1585:1596 arg1 proteins 1598:1605 The significantly up-regulated proteins 1567:1605 The significantly up-regulated proteins 1567:1605 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 8 49 theme bioinformatics 934:947 arg1 analysis 949:956 bioinformatics analysis 934:956 bioinformatics analysis 934:956 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 10 50 dep quantitative 1188:1199 arg1 real-time 1201:1209 real-time 1201:1209 real-time 1201:1209 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 1 51 theme gland 165:169 arg1 carcinoma 186:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 156:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) 156:201 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 1 51 theme gland 165:169 arg1 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 20 52 from LACC-1 3080:3085 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 52 from LACC-1 3080:3085 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 52 from LACC-1 3080:3085 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 53 theme expression 3005:3014 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 53 theme expression 3005:3014 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 53 theme expression 3005:3014 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 3 54 theme University 341:350 arg1 Hospital 356:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 3 55 dep December 370:377 arg1 January 387:393 January 387:393 January 387:393 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 3 55 dep December 370:377 arg1 to 384:385 to 384:385 to 384:385 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 21 56 theme LACC-HGT-1 3278:3287 arg1 cells 3329:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 5 57 theme male 563:566 arg1 samples 568:574 2 male samples 561:574 2 male samples 561:574 The LACC group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 53 years. 34256474 18 58 theme collagen 2692:2699 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 58 theme collagen 2692:2699 arg1 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin (OGN) 2838:2854 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 58 theme collagen 2692:2699 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 58 theme collagen 2692:2699 arg1 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 58 theme collagen 2692:2699 arg1 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP like 4 (EML4) 2735:2752 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 15 59 theme other 2162:2166 arg1 processes 2179:2187 other biological processes 2162:2187 other biological processes 2162:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 3 60 theme Tianjin 325:331 arg1 Hospital 356:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 19 61 theme main 2899:2902 arg1 movement 2921:2928 movement 2921:2928 movement 2921:2928 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 19 61 theme main 2899:2902 arg1 function 2904:2911 The main function 2895:2911 The main function 2895:2911 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 6 62 theme LACC-HGT 635:642 arg1 group 644:648 The LACC-HGT group 631:648 The LACC-HGT group 631:648 The LACC-HGT group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 44 years. 34256474 15 63 theme acid 2006:2009 arg1 binding 2011:2017 organic acid binding 1998:2017 organic acid binding 1998:2017 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 21 64 theme COL14A1 3259:3265 arg1 higher 3353:3358 higher 3353:3358 higher 3353:3358 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 21 64 theme COL14A1 3259:3265 arg1 expression 3245:3254 the relative expression 3232:3254 the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3232:3333 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 20 65 theme primary 3072:3078 arg1 LACC-1 3080:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 0 66 theme [Proteomic 0:9 arg1 analysis 11:18 [Proteomic analysis 0:18 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation 0:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 18 67 theme Ras 2859:2861 arg1 member 2878:2883 an Ras homolog family member 2856:2883 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 5 68 theme LACC 541:544 arg1 group 546:550 The LACC group 537:550 The LACC group 537:550 The LACC group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 53 years. 34256474 8 69 theme relative 800:807 arg1 techniques 837:846 relative and absolute quantification techniques 800:846 relative and absolute quantification techniques 800:846 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 18 70 theme type 2701:2704 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 70 theme type 2701:2704 arg1 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin (OGN) 2838:2854 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 70 theme type 2701:2704 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 70 theme type 2701:2704 arg1 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 70 theme type 2701:2704 arg1 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP like 4 (EML4) 2735:2752 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 4 71 from cases 516:520 arg1 group 530:534 each group 525:534 each group 525:534 According to pathological examination, the samples were divided into the LACC group and the LACC-HGT group, with 4 cases in each group. 34256474 22 72 from study 3680:3684 arg1 targets 3649:3655 potential targets 3639:3655 potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study 3639:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 72 from study 3680:3684 arg1 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 20 73 dep different 3148:3156 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 73 dep different 3148:3156 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 73 dep different 3148:3156 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 8 74 theme absolute 813:820 arg1 techniques 837:846 relative and absolute quantification techniques 800:846 relative and absolute quantification techniques 800:846 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 15 75 theme vesicle 1952:1958 arg1 cavity 1960:1965 vesicle cavity 1952:1965 vesicle cavity 1952:1965 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 22 76 theme expressed 3480:3488 arg1 proteins 3490:3497 differentially expressed proteins 3465:3497 differentially expressed proteins 3465:3497 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 18 77 theme alpha 2710:2714 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 77 theme alpha 2710:2714 arg1 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin (OGN) 2838:2854 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 77 theme alpha 2710:2714 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 77 theme alpha 2710:2714 arg1 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 77 theme alpha 2710:2714 arg1 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP like 4 (EML4) 2735:2752 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 0 78 theme gland 32:36 arg1 carcinoma 53:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 23:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation 23:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 14 79 theme down-regulated 1722:1735 arg1 proteins 1737:1744 the significantly down-regulated proteins 1704:1744 the significantly down-regulated proteins 1704:1744 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 20 80 from ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 80 from ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 80 from ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 cells 3123:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 80 from ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 LACC-1 3080:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 21 81 theme primary 3270:3276 arg1 cells 3329:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 13 82 theme down-regulated 1542:1555 arg1 proteins 1557:1564 55 down-regulated proteins 1539:1564 55 down-regulated proteins 1539:1564 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 6 83 theme female 680:685 arg1 samples 687:693 2 female samples 678:693 2 female samples 678:693 The LACC-HGT group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 44 years. 34256474 0 84 theme cystic 46:51 arg1 carcinoma 53:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 23:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation 23:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 12 85 theme variance 1403:1410 arg1 analysis 1391:1398 one-way analysis 1383:1398 one-way analysis of variance 1383:1410 The qRT-PCR data were compared pairwise by one-way analysis of variance. 34256474 20 86 from EML4 3035:3038 arg1 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 86 from EML4 3035:3038 arg1 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 86 from EML4 3035:3038 arg1 cells 3123:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 86 from EML4 3035:3038 arg1 LACC-1 3080:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 17 87 theme protein 2491:2497 arg1 complexes 2499:2507 4 up-regulated protein complexes 2476:2507 4 up-regulated protein complexes 2476:2507 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 18 88 theme inhibitor 2775:2783 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 88 theme inhibitor 2775:2783 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 88 theme inhibitor 2775:2783 arg1 ITIH4 2800:2804 ITIH4 2800:2804 ITIH4 2800:2804 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 88 theme inhibitor 2775:2783 arg1 member 2820:2825 NDRG family member 2 2808:2827 NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2) 2808:2835 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 89 theme heavy 2785:2789 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 89 theme heavy 2785:2789 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 89 theme heavy 2785:2789 arg1 ITIH4 2800:2804 ITIH4 2800:2804 ITIH4 2800:2804 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 89 theme heavy 2785:2789 arg1 member 2820:2825 NDRG family member 2 2808:2827 NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2) 2808:2835 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 22 90 theme potential 3639:3647 arg1 targets 3649:3655 potential targets 3639:3655 potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study 3639:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 90 theme potential 3639:3647 arg1 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 10 91 theme spectrum 1126:1133 arg1 data 1135:1138 The mass spectrum data 1117:1138 The mass spectrum data 1117:1138 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 20 92 theme OGN 3055:3057 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 92 theme OGN 3055:3057 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 92 theme OGN 3055:3057 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 93 from COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 93 from COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 93 from COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 cells 3123:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 93 from COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 LACC-1 3080:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 11 94 theme independent 1313:1323 arg1 test 1334:1337 the independent sample t test 1309:1337 the independent sample t test 1309:1337 Proteomics and microarray data were compared using the independent sample t test. 34256474 9 95 theme LACC-HGT 1093:1100 arg1 cells 1110:1114 LACC-HGT primary cells 1093:1114 LACC-HGT primary cells 1093:1114 Microarray was used to screen differentially expressed mRNAs between LACC and LACC-HGT primary cells. 34256474 14 96 theme alpha 1689:1693 arg1 chain 1697:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 15 97 theme carrier 2033:2039 arg1 activity 2041:2048 molecular carrier activity 2023:2048 molecular carrier activity 2023:2048 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 20 98 from levels 3016:3021 arg1 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 LACC-HGT-1 3096:3105 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 98 from levels 3016:3021 arg1 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 LACC-2 3088:3093 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 98 from levels 3016:3021 arg1 cells 3123:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 98 from levels 3016:3021 arg1 LACC-1 3080:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 primary LACC-1 3072:3085 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 17 99 theme down-regulated 2515:2528 arg1 complex 2538:2544 1 down-regulated protein complex 2513:2544 1 down-regulated protein complex 2513:2544 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 18 100 theme mRNA 2613:2616 arg1 genes 2636:2640 mRNA chip differential genes 2613:2640 mRNA chip differential genes 2613:2640 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 19 101 dep movement 2921:2928 arg1 the 2917:2919 the 2917:2919 the 2917:2919 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 19 102 theme tumor 2947:2951 arg1 cells 2953:2957 tumor cells 2947:2957 tumor cells 2947:2957 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 14 103 theme type 1682:1685 arg1 chain 1697:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 20 104 dep F=1 3159:3161 arg1 P<0.01 3210:3215 all P<0.01 3206:3215 all P<0.01 3206:3215 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 105 theme RhoC 3064:3067 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 105 theme RhoC 3064:3067 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 105 theme RhoC 3064:3067 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 18 106 theme inter-alpha-trypsin 2755:2773 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 106 theme inter-alpha-trypsin 2755:2773 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 106 theme inter-alpha-trypsin 2755:2773 arg1 ITIH4 2800:2804 ITIH4 2800:2804 ITIH4 2800:2804 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 106 theme inter-alpha-trypsin 2755:2773 arg1 member 2820:2825 NDRG family member 2 2808:2827 NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2) 2808:2835 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 13 107 theme up-regulated 1513:1524 arg1 proteins 1526:1533 50 up-regulated proteins 1510:1533 50 up-regulated proteins 1510:1533 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 21 108 from expression 3245:3254 arg1 cells 3329:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 16 109 theme matrix 2368:2373 arg1 proteoglycans 2375:2387 extracellular matrix proteoglycans 2354:2387 extracellular matrix proteoglycans 2354:2387 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 15 110 theme inflammation 2133:2144 arg1 regulation 2075:2084 the regulation 2071:2084 the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes 2071:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 17 111 theme Protein 2427:2433 arg1 analysis 2454:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis 2427:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis 2427:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 15 112 theme immunity 2123:2130 arg1 regulation 2075:2084 the regulation 2071:2084 the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes 2071:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 11 113 theme t 1332:1332 arg1 test 1334:1337 the independent sample t test 1309:1337 the independent sample t test 1309:1337 Proteomics and microarray data were compared using the independent sample t test. 34256474 16 114 theme protein 2320:2326 arg1 kinase 2328:2333 mitogen-activated protein kinase 2302:2333 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 7 115 theme tumor 768:772 arg1 tissue 774:779 fresh tumor tissue 762:779 fresh tumor tissue 762:779 Primary cells were cultured from fresh tumor tissue. 34256474 1 116 theme adenoid 171:177 arg1 carcinoma 186:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 156:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) 156:201 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 1 116 theme adenoid 171:177 arg1 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 22 117 theme important 3593:3601 arg1 role 3603:3606 an important role 3590:3606 an important role 3590:3606 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 17 118 theme prediction 2443:2452 arg1 analysis 2454:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis 2427:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis 2427:2461 Protein complex prediction analysis screened out 4 up-regulated protein complexes and 1 down-regulated protein complex. 34256474 18 119 theme LACC-HGT 2561:2568 arg1 proteins 2583:2590 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins 2558:2590 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2558:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 5 120 theme female 582:587 arg1 samples 589:595 2 female samples 580:595 2 female samples 580:595 The LACC group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 53 years. 34256474 16 121 theme signal 2335:2340 arg1 pathway 2342:2348 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 1 122 theme carcinoma 186:194 arg1 differences 141:151 the protein expression differences 118:151 the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT) 118:238 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 9 123 used used 1030:1033 arg2 Microarray 1015:1024 Microarray 1015:1024 Microarray 1015:1024 Microarray was used to screen differentially expressed mRNAs between LACC and LACC-HGT primary cells. 34256474 15 124 theme ontology 1841:1848 arg1 results 1859:1865 Gene ontology analysis results 1836:1865 Gene ontology analysis results 1836:1865 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 125 theme extracellular 2089:2101 arg1 composition 2110:2120 extracellular matrix composition 2089:2120 extracellular matrix composition 2089:2120 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 126 contain had 1994:1996 arg1 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 126 contain had 1994:1996 arg2 binding 2011:2017 organic acid binding 1998:2017 organic acid binding 1998:2017 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 126 contain had 1994:1996 arg1 proteins 1905:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 126 contain had 1994:1996 arg2 activity 2041:2048 molecular carrier activity 2023:2048 molecular carrier activity 2023:2048 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 21 127 theme LACC-HGT-2 3306:3315 arg1 cells 3329:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3270:3333 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 21 128 theme LACC-1 3381:3386 arg1 cells 3423:3427 primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells 3373:3427 primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05) 3373:3440 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 21 128 theme LACC-1 3381:3386 arg1 P<0.05 3434:3439 all P<0.05 3430:3439 all P<0.05 3430:3439 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 7 129 theme Primary 729:735 arg1 cells 737:741 Primary cells 729:741 Primary cells 729:741 Primary cells were cultured from fresh tumor tissue. 34256474 11 130 theme microarray 1273:1282 arg1 data 1284:1287 microarray data 1273:1287 microarray data 1273:1287 Proteomics and microarray data were compared using the independent sample t test. 34256474 14 131 theme hemoglobin 1641:1650 arg1 alpha 1660:1664 hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 1641:1666 hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 1641:1666 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 14 132 theme L39 1818:1820 arg1 pseudogene 1822:1831 ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 1800:1833 ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 1800:1833 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 3 133 theme tissue 292:297 arg1 samples 299:305 8 paraffin tissue samples 281:305 8 paraffin tissue samples 281:305 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 15 134 from located 1926:1932 arg1 cytoplasm 1941:1949 the cytoplasm 1937:1949 the cytoplasm 1937:1949 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 134 from located 1926:1932 arg1 cavity 1960:1965 vesicle cavity 1952:1965 vesicle cavity 1952:1965 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 134 from located 1926:1932 arg1 matrix 1986:1991 extracellular matrix 1972:1991 extracellular matrix 1972:1991 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 18 135 theme family 2871:2876 arg1 member 2878:2883 an Ras homolog family member 2856:2883 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 2 136 theme Experimental 250:261 arg1 study 263:267 Experimental study 250:267 Methods: Experimental study. 241:268 Methods: Experimental study. 34256474 1 137 theme protein 122:128 arg1 differences 141:151 the protein expression differences 118:151 the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT) 118:238 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 20 138 theme EML4 3035:3038 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 138 theme EML4 3035:3038 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 138 theme EML4 3035:3038 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 10 139 theme microarray 1167:1176 arg1 data 1178:1181 mRNA microarray data 1162:1181 mRNA microarray data 1162:1181 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 0 140 theme high-grade 68:77 arg1 transformation 79:92 high-grade transformation 68:92 high-grade transformation 68:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 14 141 theme hemoglobin 1616:1625 arg1 beta 1635:1638 hemoglobin subunit beta 1616:1638 hemoglobin subunit beta 1616:1638 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34256474 13 142 theme differential 1449:1460 arg1 proteins 1462:1469 105 HGT-related differential proteins 1433:1469 105 HGT-related differential proteins 1433:1469 Results: A total of 105 HGT-related differential proteins were detected in this study, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. 34256474 15 143 theme apoptosis 2147:2155 arg1 regulation 2075:2084 the regulation 2071:2084 the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes 2071:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 144 from matrix 1986:1991 arg1 proteins 1905:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 144 from matrix 1986:1991 arg1 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 20 145 theme ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 145 theme ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 145 theme ITIH4 3041:3045 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 146 from cells 3123:3127 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 146 from cells 3123:3127 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 146 from cells 3123:3127 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 22 147 theme further 3672:3678 arg1 study 3680:3684 further study 3672:3684 further study 3672:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 16 148 theme signal 2278:2283 arg1 pathway 2342:2348 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway 2302:2348 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 16 148 theme signal 2278:2283 arg1 pathways 2285:2292 signal pathways 2278:2292 signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway 2278:2424 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 16 148 theme signal 2278:2283 arg1 proteoglycans 2375:2387 extracellular matrix proteoglycans 2354:2387 extracellular matrix proteoglycans 2354:2387 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 16 148 theme signal 2278:2283 arg1 metabolism 2400:2409 glycan metabolism 2393:2409 glycan metabolism 2393:2409 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 20 149 theme relative 2996:3003 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 149 theme relative 2996:3003 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 149 theme relative 2996:3003 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 1 150 theme lacrimal 156:163 arg1 carcinoma 186:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 156:194 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) 156:201 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 1 150 theme lacrimal 156:163 arg1 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 LACC 197:200 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 4 151 theme LACC-HGT 493:500 arg1 group 502:506 the LACC-HGT group 489:506 the LACC-HGT group 489:506 According to pathological examination, the samples were divided into the LACC group and the LACC-HGT group, with 4 cases in each group. 34256474 10 152 theme quantitative 1188:1199 arg1 PCR 1217:1219 quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR 1188:1219 quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR 1188:1219 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 15 153 from cavity 1960:1965 arg1 proteins 1905:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 153 from cavity 1960:1965 arg1 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 18 154 theme family 2813:2818 arg1 member 2820:2825 NDRG family member 2 2808:2827 NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2) 2808:2835 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 154 theme family 2813:2818 arg1 NDRG2 2830:2834 NDRG2 2830:2834 NDRG2 2830:2834 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 154 theme family 2813:2818 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 1 155 with differences 141:151 arg1 HGT 235:237 HGT 235:237 HGT 235:237 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 1 155 with differences 141:151 arg1 transformation 219:232 high-grade transformation 208:232 high-grade transformation (HGT) 208:238 Objective: To analyze the protein expression differences of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) with high-grade transformation (HGT). 34256474 16 156 dep pathway 2342:2348 arg1 pathway 2418:2424 signal pathway 2411:2424 signal pathway 2411:2424 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 20 157 theme COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 F=1 3159:3161 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 157 theme COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 levels 3016:3021 the relative expression levels 2992:3021 the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells 2992:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 20 157 theme COL14A1 3026:3032 arg1 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 different 3148:3156 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 3 158 theme Eye 352:354 arg1 Hospital 356:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 16 159 theme Pathway 2190:2196 arg1 analysis 2198:2205 Pathway analysis 2190:2205 Pathway analysis 2190:2205 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 10 160 dep real-time 1201:1209 arg1 qRT 1212:1214 qRT 1212:1214 qRT 1212:1214 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 15 161 theme organic 1998:2004 arg1 binding 2011:2017 organic acid binding 1998:2017 organic acid binding 1998:2017 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 3 162 theme Medical 333:339 arg1 Hospital 356:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 325:363 A total of 8 paraffin tissue samples were collected in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from December 2012 to January 2019. 34256474 4 163 theme LACC 474:477 arg1 group 479:483 the LACC group 470:483 the LACC group 470:483 According to pathological examination, the samples were divided into the LACC group and the LACC-HGT group, with 4 cases in each group. 34256474 15 164 theme differential 1892:1903 arg1 proteins 1905:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 164 theme differential 1892:1903 arg1 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 18 165 theme NDRG 2808:2811 arg1 member 2820:2825 NDRG family member 2 2808:2827 NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2) 2808:2835 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 165 theme NDRG 2808:2811 arg1 NDRG2 2830:2834 NDRG2 2830:2834 NDRG2 2830:2834 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 165 theme NDRG 2808:2811 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 8 166 theme expressed 995:1003 arg1 proteins 1005:1012 the differentially expressed proteins 976:1012 the differentially expressed proteins 976:1012 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 18 167 theme differential 2623:2634 arg1 genes 2636:2640 mRNA chip differential genes 2613:2640 mRNA chip differential genes 2613:2640 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 8 168 theme Isobaric 782:789 arg1 tags 791:794 Isobaric tags 782:794 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques 782:846 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 18 169 theme XIV 2706:2708 arg1 chain 2718:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain 2692:2722 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1) 2692:2732 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 169 theme XIV 2706:2708 arg1 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin 2838:2848 osteoglycin (OGN) 2838:2854 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 169 theme XIV 2706:2708 arg1 chain 2791:2795 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 2755:2797 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) 2755:2805 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 169 theme XIV 2706:2708 arg1 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 COL14A1 2725:2731 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 169 theme XIV 2706:2708 arg1 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP 2735:2738 EMAP like 4 (EML4) 2735:2752 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 0 170 theme lacrimal 23:30 arg1 carcinoma 53:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 23:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation 23:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 21 171 theme LACC-2 3404:3409 arg1 cells 3423:3427 primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells 3373:3427 primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05) 3373:3440 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 21 171 theme LACC-2 3404:3409 arg1 P<0.05 3434:3439 all P<0.05 3430:3439 all P<0.05 3430:3439 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 15 172 theme extracellular 1972:1984 arg1 matrix 1986:1991 extracellular matrix 1972:1991 extracellular matrix 1972:1991 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 6 173 theme male 661:664 arg1 samples 666:672 2 male samples 659:672 2 male samples 659:672 The LACC-HGT group included 2 male samples and 2 female samples, with an average age of 44 years. 34256474 16 174 theme differential 2232:2243 arg1 proteins 2245:2252 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 2219:2252 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 2219:2252 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 0 175 theme adenoid 38:44 arg1 carcinoma 53:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma 23:61 lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation 23:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 18 176 theme tumor-related 2659:2671 arg1 C 2885:2885 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C 2692:2885 collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2692:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 18 176 theme tumor-related 2659:2671 arg1 proteins 2673:2680 tumor-related proteins 2659:2680 tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) 2659:2892 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 22 177 theme LACC-HGT 3660:3667 arg1 targets 3649:3655 potential targets 3639:3655 potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study 3639:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 22 177 theme LACC-HGT 3660:3667 arg1 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 COL14A1 3538:3544 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 9 178 theme expressed 1060:1068 arg1 mRNAs 1070:1074 differentially expressed mRNAs 1045:1074 differentially expressed mRNAs between LACC and LACC-HGT primary cells 1045:1114 Microarray was used to screen differentially expressed mRNAs between LACC and LACC-HGT primary cells. 34256474 0 179 theme carcinoma 53:61 arg1 analysis 11:18 [Proteomic analysis 0:18 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation 0:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 18 180 theme chip 2618:2621 arg1 genes 2636:2640 mRNA chip differential genes 2613:2640 mRNA chip differential genes 2613:2640 There were 15 LACC-HGT differential proteins that overlapped with mRNA chip differential genes, of which 6 were tumor-related proteins including collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain (COL14A1), EMAP like 4 (EML4), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), NDRG family member 2 (NDRG2), osteoglycin (OGN) an Ras homolog family member C (RhoC). 34256474 8 181 theme quantification 822:835 arg1 techniques 837:846 relative and absolute quantification techniques 800:846 relative and absolute quantification techniques 800:846 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 19 182 theme cells 2953:2957 arg1 movement 2921:2928 movement 2921:2928 movement 2921:2928 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 19 182 theme cells 2953:2957 arg1 migration 2934:2942 migration 2934:2942 migration 2934:2942 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 19 182 theme cells 2953:2957 arg1 function 2904:2911 The main function 2895:2911 The main function 2895:2911 The main function was the movement and migration of tumor cells. 34256474 16 183 theme glycan 2393:2398 arg1 metabolism 2400:2409 glycan metabolism 2393:2409 glycan metabolism 2393:2409 Pathway analysis showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly involved in signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and glycan metabolism signal pathway. 34256474 22 184 from targets 3649:3655 arg1 study 3680:3684 further study 3672:3684 further study 3672:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 8 185 used used 853:856 arg2 tags 791:794 Isobaric tags 782:794 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques 782:846 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the differentially expressed proteins. 34256474 21 186 theme relative 3236:3243 arg1 higher 3353:3358 higher 3353:3358 higher 3353:3358 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 21 186 theme relative 3236:3243 arg1 expression 3245:3254 the relative expression 3232:3254 the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells 3232:3333 For example, the relative expression of COL14A1 in primary LACC-HGT-1 (16.09±0.51) and LACC-HGT-2 (9.96±0.34) cells was significantly higher than that in primary LACC-1 (1.00±0.13) and LACC-2 (0.67±0.08) cells (all P<0.05). 34256474 15 187 theme biological 2168:2177 arg1 processes 2179:2187 other biological processes 2162:2187 other biological processes 2162:2187 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 0 188 with carcinoma 53:61 arg1 transformation 79:92 high-grade transformation 68:92 high-grade transformation 68:92 [Proteomic analysis of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with high-grade transformation]. 34256474 10 189 theme mass 1121:1124 arg1 data 1135:1138 The mass spectrum data 1117:1138 The mass spectrum data 1117:1138 The mass spectrum data were intersected with mRNA microarray data, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR was performed to verify the results. 34256474 22 190 from LACC-HGT 3660:3667 arg1 study 3680:3684 further study 3672:3684 further study 3672:3684 Conclusion: There are differentially expressed proteins between LACC-HGT and LACC, among which COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC may play an important role in LACC-HGT and can be used as potential targets of LACC-HGT in further study. 34256474 15 191 theme molecular 2023:2031 arg1 activity 2041:2048 molecular carrier activity 2023:2048 molecular carrier activity 2023:2048 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 20 192 theme LACC-HGT-2 3112:3121 arg1 cells 3123:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 LACC-HGT-2 cells 3112:3127 The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of COL14A1, EML4, ITIH4, NDRG2, OGN, and RhoC in primary LACC-1, LACC-2, LACC-HGT-1, and LACC-HGT-2 cells were significantly different (F=1 675.98, 38.53, 27.37, 16.47, 13.38, 25.22, all P<0.01). 34256474 11 193 theme sample 1325:1330 arg1 test 1334:1337 the independent sample t test 1309:1337 the independent sample t test 1309:1337 Proteomics and microarray data were compared using the independent sample t test. 34256474 9 194 theme primary 1102:1108 arg1 cells 1110:1114 LACC-HGT primary cells 1093:1114 LACC-HGT primary cells 1093:1114 Microarray was used to screen differentially expressed mRNAs between LACC and LACC-HGT primary cells. 34256474 15 195 located located 1926:1932 arg1 cytoplasm 1941:1949 the cytoplasm 1937:1949 the cytoplasm 1937:1949 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 195 located located 1926:1932 arg1 cavity 1960:1965 vesicle cavity 1952:1965 vesicle cavity 1952:1965 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 195 located located 1926:1932 arg2 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 located 1926:1932 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 195 located located 1926:1932 arg2 proteins 1905:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 the LACC-HGT differential proteins 1879:1912 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 15 195 located located 1926:1932 arg1 matrix 1986:1991 extracellular matrix 1972:1991 extracellular matrix 1972:1991 Gene ontology analysis results showed that the LACC-HGT differential proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm, vesicle cavity, and extracellular matrix, had organic acid binding and molecular carrier activity, and participated in the regulation of extracellular matrix composition, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. 34256474 14 196 theme Ⅵ 1687:1687 arg1 chain 1697:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain 1673:1701 The significantly up-regulated proteins included hemoglobin subunit beta, hemoglobin subunit alpha 1, and collagen type Ⅵ alpha 2 chain; the significantly down-regulated proteins included Cereblon, adenosylhomocysteinase like 2, and ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5. 34734627 0 0 theme STT3B-dependent 78:92 arg1 site 103:106 an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 75:106 an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 75:106 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 7 1 theme redox 1172:1176 arg1 conditions 1178:1187 the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions 1146:1187 the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions 1146:1187 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 3 2 theme secretory 507:515 arg1 translocation 525:537 secretory protein translocation 507:537 secretory protein translocation 507:537 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 2 3 gly occupancy 381:389 arg2 sites 417:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 6 4 theme efficient 940:948 arg1 glycosylation 950:962 efficient glycosylation 940:962 efficient glycosylation at this site 940:975 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 7 5 theme conditions 1178:1187 arg1 role 1138:1141 the important role 1124:1141 the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy 1124:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 3 6 theme protein 517:523 arg1 translocation 525:537 secretory protein translocation 507:537 secretory protein translocation 507:537 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 0 7 theme site 103:106 arg1 N-glycosylation 56:70 efficient N-glycosylation 46:70 efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 46:106 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 7 8 theme endoplasmic 1150:1160 arg1 reticulum 1162:1170 the endoplasmic reticulum 1146:1170 the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions 1146:1187 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 7 9 gly glycosylation 1192:1204 arg2 occupancy 1211:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 7 9 gly glycosylation 1192:1204 arg2 site 1206:1209 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 0 10 gly N-glycosylation 56:70 arg1 site 103:106 an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 75:106 an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 75:106 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 2 11 theme temporal 295:302 arg1 relationship 304:315 a temporal relationship 293:315 a temporal relationship 293:315 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 0 12 theme acceptor 94:101 arg1 site 103:106 an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 75:106 an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 75:106 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 4 13 theme membrane-impermeable 775:794 arg1 agent 805:809 a membrane-impermeable reducing agent 773:809 a membrane-impermeable reducing agent 773:809 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 4 14 gly glycosylation 630:642 arg1 hemopexin 647:655 hemopexin 647:655 hemopexin 647:655 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 3 15 used used 433:436 arg2 we 430:431 we 430:431 we 430:431 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 6 16 theme STT3A- 1041:1046 arg1 glycosylation 1068:1080 both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation 1036:1080 both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation 1036:1080 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 2 17 gly glycosylation 403:415 arg2 sites 417:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 5 18 theme acceptor 845:852 arg1 site 854:857 a hypoglycosylated acceptor site 826:857 a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide 826:924 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 5 18 theme acceptor 845:852 arg1 adjacent 867:874 adjacent 867:874 adjacent 867:874 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 3 19 theme folding 540:546 arg1 stages 497:502 the initial stages 485:502 the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation 485:564 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 4 20 theme cytosolic 701:709 arg1 pathway 721:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 2 21 theme sites 417:421 arg1 occupancy 381:389 the occupancy 377:389 the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites 377:421 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 7 22 theme redox 1252:1256 arg1 conditions 1258:1267 redox conditions 1252:1267 redox conditions 1252:1267 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 4 23 theme agent 805:809 arg1 addition 761:768 the addition 757:768 the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent 757:809 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 1 24 theme essential 181:189 arg1 modification 191:202 an essential modification 178:202 an essential modification required for protein stability and function 178:246 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 24 theme essential 181:189 arg1 glycosylation 118:130 N-linked glycosylation 109:130 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway 109:173 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 0 25 theme cytosolic 2:10 arg1 pathway 22:28 A cytosolic reductase pathway 0:28 A cytosolic reductase pathway 0:28 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 7 26 theme important 1128:1136 arg1 role 1138:1141 the important role 1124:1141 the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy 1124:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 6 27 theme reductive 1008:1016 arg1 pathway 1018:1024 the cytosolic reductive pathway 994:1024 the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation 994:1080 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 2 28 theme specific 394:401 arg1 sites 417:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 6 29 theme STT3B-dependent 1052:1066 arg1 glycosylation 1068:1080 both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation 1036:1080 both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation 1036:1080 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 3 30 theme redox 580:584 arg1 conditions 586:595 defined redox conditions 572:595 defined redox conditions 572:595 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 4 31 theme robust 678:683 arg1 pathway 721:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 4 32 theme reducing 796:803 arg1 agent 805:809 a membrane-impermeable reducing agent 773:809 a membrane-impermeable reducing agent 773:809 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 4 33 theme NADPH-dependent 685:699 arg1 pathway 721:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 6 34 theme cytosolic 998:1006 arg1 pathway 1018:1024 the cytosolic reductive pathway 994:1024 the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation 994:1080 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 7 35 theme reticulum 1162:1170 arg1 conditions 1178:1187 the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions 1146:1187 the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions 1146:1187 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 3 36 theme defined 572:578 arg1 conditions 586:595 defined redox conditions 572:595 defined redox conditions 572:595 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 0 37 theme reductase 12:20 arg1 pathway 22:28 A cytosolic reductase pathway 0:28 A cytosolic reductase pathway 0:28 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 1 38 gly glycosylation 118:130 arg1 proteins 135:142 proteins 135:142 proteins entering the secretory pathway 135:173 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 39 theme N-linked 109:116 arg1 modification 191:202 an essential modification 178:202 an essential modification required for protein stability and function 178:246 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 39 theme N-linked 109:116 arg1 glycosylation 118:130 N-linked glycosylation 109:130 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway 109:173 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 4 40 theme hemopexin 647:655 arg1 glycosylation 630:642 glycosylation 630:642 glycosylation of hemopexin 630:655 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 7 41 theme site 1206:1209 arg1 occupancy 1211:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 7 42 theme further 1103:1109 arg1 insight 1111:1117 further insight 1103:1117 further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy 1103:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 5 43 theme short-range 904:914 arg1 disulfide 916:924 a short-range disulfide 902:924 a short-range disulfide 902:924 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 3 44 theme translation 450:460 arg1 system 462:467 an in vitro translation system 438:467 an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions 438:595 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 3 45 theme in 441:442 arg1 system 462:467 an in vitro translation system 438:467 an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions 438:595 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 0 46 theme efficient 46:54 arg1 N-glycosylation 56:70 efficient N-glycosylation 46:70 efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site 46:106 A cytosolic reductase pathway is required for efficient N-glycosylation of an STT3B-dependent acceptor site. 34734627 6 47 from site 972:975 arg1 glycosylation 950:962 efficient glycosylation 940:962 efficient glycosylation at this site 940:975 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 7 48 theme glycosylation 1288:1300 arg1 efficiency 1302:1311 glycosylation efficiency 1288:1311 glycosylation efficiency 1288:1311 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 3 49 dep in 441:442 arg1 vitro 444:448 vitro 444:448 vitro 444:448 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 5 50 theme hypoglycosylated 828:843 arg1 site 854:857 a hypoglycosylated acceptor site 826:857 a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide 826:924 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 5 50 theme hypoglycosylated 828:843 arg1 adjacent 867:874 adjacent 867:874 adjacent 867:874 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 7 51 theme glycosylation 1192:1204 arg1 occupancy 1211:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 4 52 theme reductive 711:719 arg1 pathway 721:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway 676:727 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 1 53 theme proteins 135:142 arg1 modification 191:202 an essential modification 178:202 an essential modification required for protein stability and function 178:246 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 53 theme proteins 135:142 arg1 glycosylation 118:130 N-linked glycosylation 109:130 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway 109:173 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 3 54 theme glycosylation 552:564 arg1 stages 497:502 the initial stages 485:502 the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation 485:564 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 7 55 from role 1138:1141 arg1 occupancy 1211:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 glycosylation site occupancy 1192:1219 Our results provide further insight into the important role of the endoplasmic reticulum redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency. 34734627 3 56 theme initial 489:495 arg1 stages 497:502 the initial stages 485:502 the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation 485:564 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 2 57 dep protein 325:331 arg1 folding 333:339 folding 333:339 folding 333:339 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 5 58 gly hypoglycosylated 828:843 arg1 site 854:857 a hypoglycosylated acceptor site 826:857 a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide 826:924 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 5 58 gly hypoglycosylated 828:843 arg1 adjacent 867:874 adjacent 867:874 adjacent 867:874 We identified a hypoglycosylated acceptor site that is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short-range disulfide. 34734627 3 59 theme translocation 525:537 arg1 stages 497:502 the initial stages 485:502 the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation 485:564 Here, we used an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. 34734627 2 60 theme glycosylation 403:415 arg1 sites 417:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 specific glycosylation sites 394:421 Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. 34734627 1 61 link N-linked 109:116 arg1 modification 191:202 an essential modification 178:202 an essential modification required for protein stability and function 178:246 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 61 link N-linked 109:116 arg1 glycosylation 118:130 N-linked glycosylation 109:130 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway 109:173 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 62 dep protein 217:223 arg1 stability 225:233 stability 225:233 stability 225:233 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 1 63 theme secretory 157:165 arg1 pathway 167:173 the secretory pathway 153:173 the secretory pathway 153:173 N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential modification required for protein stability and function. 34734627 6 64 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg1 site 972:975 this site 967:975 this site 967:975 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 6 64 gly glycosylation 950:962 arg2 site 972:975 this site 967:975 this site 967:975 We show that efficient glycosylation at this site is influenced by the cytosolic reductive pathway acting on both STT3A- and STT3B-dependent glycosylation. 34734627 4 65 theme glycosylation 630:642 arg1 dependent 661:669 dependent 661:669 dependent 661:669 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34734627 4 65 theme glycosylation 630:642 arg1 efficiency 616:625 the efficiency 612:625 the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin 612:655 We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could be mimicked by the addition of a membrane-impermeable reducing agent. 34149168 6 0 theme G2/M 865:868 arg1 arrest 876:881 G1 and G2/M phase arrest 858:881 G1 and G2/M phase arrest 858:881 Cell cycle analysis showed that violacein induced G1 and G2/M phase arrest. 34149168 7 1 located observed 911:918 arg1 day 928:930 day 1 928:932 day 1 928:932 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 7 1 located observed 911:918 arg2 arrest 900:905 the G1 arrest 893:905 the G1 arrest 893:905 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 6 2 theme G1 858:859 arg1 arrest 876:881 G1 and G2/M phase arrest 858:881 G1 and G2/M phase arrest 858:881 Cell cycle analysis showed that violacein induced G1 and G2/M phase arrest. 34149168 7 3 theme enhanced 1037:1044 arg1 production 1050:1059 the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production 1015:1059 the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production 1015:1059 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 2 4 theme effective 243:251 arg1 approach 253:260 an effective approach 240:260 an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture 240:307 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 2 4 theme effective 243:251 arg1 control 229:235 Cell cycle control 218:235 Cell cycle control 218:235 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 5 5 from violacein 655:663 arg1 culture 687:693 a 14-day fed-batch culture 668:693 a 14-day fed-batch culture 668:693 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 8 6 theme increased 1089:1097 arg1 expression 1107:1116 the increased protein expression 1085:1116 the increased protein expression 1085:1116 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 3 7 contain has 374:376 arg1 Violacein 310:318 Violacein 310:318 Violacein 310:318 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 3 7 contain has 374:376 arg1 pigment 338:344 a purple-colored pigment 321:344 a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms 321:371 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 3 7 contain has 374:376 arg2 properties 396:405 diverse bioactive properties 378:405 diverse bioactive properties 378:405 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 10 8 theme production 1459:1468 arg1 enhancer 1470:1477 a mAb production enhancer 1453:1477 a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells 1453:1490 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 10 8 theme production 1459:1468 arg1 promise 1442:1448 promise 1442:1448 promise 1442:1448 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 8 9 theme metabolic 1166:1174 arg1 rates 1176:1180 nutrient metabolic rates 1157:1180 nutrient metabolic rates 1157:1180 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 10 10 theme cell 1347:1350 arg1 cycle 1352:1356 the cell cycle 1343:1356 the cell cycle of CHO cells 1343:1369 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 2 11 theme mAb 274:276 arg1 production 278:287 mAb production 274:287 mAb production 274:287 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 1 12 theme industrial 169:178 arg1 production 206:215 industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production 169:215 industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production 169:215 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 5 13 theme specific 763:770 arg1 rate 783:786 the specific production rate 759:786 the specific production rate 759:786 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 1 14 theme antibody 191:198 arg1 production 206:215 industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production 169:215 industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production 169:215 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 8 15 theme IgG 1144:1146 arg1 mRNA 1148:1151 IgG mRNA 1144:1151 IgG mRNA 1144:1151 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 1 16 theme hamster 116:122 arg1 cells 159:163 host cells 154:163 host cells 154:163 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 16 theme hamster 116:122 arg1 cells 136:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 2 17 theme cycle 223:227 arg1 approach 253:260 an effective approach 240:260 an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture 240:307 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 2 17 theme cycle 223:227 arg1 control 229:235 Cell cycle control 218:235 Cell cycle control 218:235 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 5 18 theme maximum 709:715 arg1 concentration 721:733 the maximum IgG concentration 705:733 the maximum IgG concentration 705:733 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 5 19 theme production 772:781 arg1 rate 783:786 the specific production rate 759:786 the specific production rate 759:786 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 10 20 theme cells 1365:1369 arg1 cycle 1352:1356 the cell cycle 1343:1356 the cell cycle of CHO cells 1343:1369 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 0 21 theme hamster 87:93 arg1 cells 101:105 Chinese hamster ovary cells 79:105 Chinese hamster ovary cells 79:105 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 9 22 theme charge 1230:1235 arg1 profiles 1245:1252 charge variant profiles 1230:1252 charge variant profiles 1230:1252 N-Linked glycosylation and charge variant profiles were barely affected by violacein treatment. 34149168 4 23 from control 534:540 arg1 cells 614:618 CHO cells 610:618 CHO cells 610:618 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 3 24 theme bioactive 386:394 arg1 properties 396:405 diverse bioactive properties 378:405 diverse bioactive properties 378:405 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 3 25 theme purple-colored 323:336 arg1 Violacein 310:318 Violacein 310:318 Violacein 310:318 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 3 25 theme purple-colored 323:336 arg1 pigment 338:344 a purple-colored pigment 321:344 a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms 321:371 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 4 26 theme violacein 509:517 arg1 potency 498:504 the potency 494:504 the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells 494:618 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 8 27 with line 1075:1078 arg1 expression 1107:1116 the increased protein expression 1085:1116 the increased protein expression 1085:1116 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 0 28 theme recombinant 19:29 arg1 production 35:44 recombinant IgG production 19:44 recombinant IgG production 19:44 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 10 29 from enhancer 1470:1477 arg1 cells 1486:1490 CHO cells 1482:1490 CHO cells 1482:1490 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 4 30 theme cell 523:526 arg1 control 534:540 cell cycle control 523:540 cell cycle control 523:540 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 6 31 theme Cell 808:811 arg1 analysis 819:826 Cell cycle analysis 808:826 Cell cycle analysis 808:826 Cell cycle analysis showed that violacein induced G1 and G2/M phase arrest. 34149168 10 32 theme mAb 1455:1457 arg1 enhancer 1470:1477 a mAb production enhancer 1453:1477 a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells 1453:1490 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 10 32 theme mAb 1455:1457 arg1 promise 1442:1448 promise 1442:1448 promise 1442:1448 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 11 33 theme production 1624:1633 arg1 technologies 1635:1646 advanced, effective mAb production technologies 1600:1646 advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures 1600:1670 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 11 34 theme violacein 1525:1533 arg1 utilization 1535:1545 violacein utilization 1525:1545 violacein utilization 1525:1545 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 3 35 theme industrial 441:450 arg1 applications 452:463 various industrial applications 433:463 various industrial applications 433:463 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 4 36 theme recombinant 561:571 arg1 production 596:605 recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production 561:605 recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production 561:605 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 10 37 theme CHO 1482:1484 arg1 cells 1486:1490 CHO cells 1482:1490 CHO cells 1482:1490 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 11 38 theme cell 1658:1661 arg1 cultures 1663:1670 CHO cell cultures 1654:1670 CHO cell cultures 1654:1670 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 11 39 theme mAb 1561:1563 arg1 manufacturing 1565:1577 industrial mAb manufacturing 1550:1577 industrial mAb manufacturing 1550:1577 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 8 40 theme mRNA 1148:1151 arg1 levels 1134:1139 the expression levels 1119:1139 the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates 1119:1180 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 6 41 theme phase 870:874 arg1 arrest 876:881 G1 and G2/M phase arrest 858:881 G1 and G2/M phase arrest 858:881 Cell cycle analysis showed that violacein induced G1 and G2/M phase arrest. 34149168 4 42 theme G 588:588 arg1 production 596:605 recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production 561:605 recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production 561:605 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 5 43 theme IgG 717:719 arg1 concentration 721:733 the maximum IgG concentration 705:733 the maximum IgG concentration 705:733 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 7 44 theme IgG 1046:1048 arg1 production 1050:1059 the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production 1015:1059 the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production 1015:1059 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 7 45 theme violacein-induced 1019:1035 arg1 production 1050:1059 the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production 1015:1059 the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production 1015:1059 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 4 46 theme CHO 610:612 arg1 cells 614:618 CHO cells 610:618 CHO cells 610:618 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 11 47 theme advanced 1600:1607 arg1 technologies 1635:1646 advanced, effective mAb production technologies 1600:1646 advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures 1600:1670 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 7 48 theme G2/M 994:997 arg1 arrest 999:1004 G2/M arrest 994:1004 G2/M arrest 994:1004 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 1 49 theme host 154:157 arg1 cells 159:163 host cells 154:163 host cells 154:163 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 49 theme host 154:157 arg1 cells 136:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 8 50 theme protein 1099:1105 arg1 expression 1107:1116 the increased protein expression 1085:1116 the increased protein expression 1085:1116 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 8 51 theme nutrient 1157:1164 arg1 rates 1176:1180 nutrient metabolic rates 1157:1180 nutrient metabolic rates 1157:1180 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 5 52 theme 0.9 μM 648:653 arg1 violacein 655:663 0.9 μM violacein 648:663 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture 648:693 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 8 53 theme rates 1176:1180 arg1 levels 1134:1139 the expression levels 1119:1139 the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates 1119:1180 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 5 54 theme cell 792:795 arg1 longevity 797:805 cell longevity 792:805 cell longevity 792:805 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 8 55 theme expression 1123:1132 arg1 levels 1134:1139 the expression levels 1119:1139 the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates 1119:1180 Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. 34149168 5 56 theme fed-batch 677:685 arg1 culture 687:693 a 14-day fed-batch culture 668:693 a 14-day fed-batch culture 668:693 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 4 57 theme production 596:605 arg1 improvement 546:556 improvement 546:556 improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells 546:618 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 4 57 theme production 596:605 arg1 control 534:540 cell cycle control 523:540 cell cycle control 523:540 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 5 58 theme 14-day 670:675 arg1 culture 687:693 a 14-day fed-batch culture 668:693 a 14-day fed-batch culture 668:693 Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. 34149168 7 59 theme G2/M 941:944 arg1 arrest 946:951 G2/M arrest 941:951 G2/M arrest 941:951 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 1 60 theme Chinese 108:114 arg1 cells 159:163 host cells 154:163 host cells 154:163 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 60 theme Chinese 108:114 arg1 cells 136:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 61 theme ovary 124:128 arg1 cells 159:163 host cells 154:163 host cells 154:163 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 61 theme ovary 124:128 arg1 cells 136:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 2 62 theme Cell 218:221 arg1 approach 253:260 an effective approach 240:260 an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture 240:307 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 2 62 theme Cell 218:221 arg1 control 229:235 Cell cycle control 218:235 Cell cycle control 218:235 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 1 63 theme CHO 131:133 arg1 cells 159:163 host cells 154:163 host cells 154:163 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 63 theme CHO 131:133 arg1 cells 136:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 64 used used 146:149 arg2 cells 136:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells 108:140 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 64 used used 146:149 arg2 cells 159:163 host cells 154:163 host cells 154:163 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 4 65 from improvement 546:556 arg1 cells 614:618 CHO cells 610:618 CHO cells 610:618 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 0 66 theme Chinese 79:85 arg1 cells 101:105 Chinese hamster ovary cells 79:105 Chinese hamster ovary cells 79:105 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 9 67 theme N-Linked 1203:1210 arg1 glycosylation 1212:1224 N-Linked glycosylation 1203:1224 N-Linked glycosylation 1203:1224 N-Linked glycosylation and charge variant profiles were barely affected by violacein treatment. 34149168 0 68 theme ovary 95:99 arg1 cells 101:105 Chinese hamster ovary cells 79:105 Chinese hamster ovary cells 79:105 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 10 69 theme CHO 1361:1363 arg1 cells 1365:1369 CHO cells 1361:1369 CHO cells 1361:1369 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 9 70 theme variant 1237:1243 arg1 profiles 1245:1252 charge variant profiles 1230:1252 charge variant profiles 1230:1252 N-Linked glycosylation and charge variant profiles were barely affected by violacein treatment. 34149168 7 71 theme G1 897:898 arg1 arrest 900:905 the G1 arrest 893:905 the G1 arrest 893:905 However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. 34149168 1 72 theme monoclonal 180:189 arg1 mAb 201:203 mAb 201:203 mAb 201:203 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 1 72 theme monoclonal 180:189 arg1 antibody 191:198 monoclonal antibody 180:198 industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production 169:215 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. 34149168 10 73 theme IgG 1385:1387 arg1 production 1389:1398 IgG production 1385:1398 IgG production 1385:1398 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 0 74 theme IgG 31:33 arg1 production 35:44 recombinant IgG production 19:44 recombinant IgG production 19:44 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 4 75 theme cycle 528:532 arg1 control 534:540 cell cycle control 523:540 cell cycle control 523:540 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 3 76 theme various 433:439 arg1 applications 452:463 various industrial applications 433:463 various industrial applications 433:463 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 9 77 theme violacein 1278:1286 arg1 treatment 1288:1296 violacein treatment 1278:1296 violacein treatment 1278:1296 N-Linked glycosylation and charge variant profiles were barely affected by violacein treatment. 34149168 6 78 theme cycle 813:817 arg1 analysis 819:826 Cell cycle analysis 808:826 Cell cycle analysis 808:826 Cell cycle analysis showed that violacein induced G1 and G2/M phase arrest. 34149168 3 79 theme diverse 378:384 arg1 properties 396:405 diverse bioactive properties 378:405 diverse bioactive properties 378:405 Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. 34149168 10 80 theme product 1417:1423 arg1 quality 1425:1431 product quality 1417:1431 product quality 1417:1431 Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. 34149168 11 81 theme mAb 1620:1622 arg1 technologies 1635:1646 advanced, effective mAb production technologies 1600:1646 advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures 1600:1670 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 0 82 theme cells 101:105 arg1 cycle 70:74 the cell cycle 61:74 the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells 61:105 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 11 83 dep advanced 1600:1607 arg1 effective 1610:1618 effective 1610:1618 effective 1610:1618 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 0 84 theme cell 65:68 arg1 cycle 70:74 the cell cycle 61:74 the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells 61:105 Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. 34149168 2 85 theme cell 296:299 arg1 culture 301:307 the cell culture 292:307 the cell culture 292:307 Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. 34149168 4 86 theme immunoglobulin 573:586 arg1 IgG 591:593 IgG 591:593 IgG 591:593 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 4 86 theme immunoglobulin 573:586 arg1 G 588:588 immunoglobulin G 573:588 recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production 561:605 In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. 34149168 11 87 theme CHO 1654:1656 arg1 cultures 1663:1670 CHO cell cultures 1654:1670 CHO cell cultures 1654:1670 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34149168 11 88 theme industrial 1550:1559 arg1 manufacturing 1565:1577 industrial mAb manufacturing 1550:1577 industrial mAb manufacturing 1550:1577 The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures. 34098523 4 0 theme controls 850:857 arg1 samples 800:806 placenta samples 791:806 placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls 791:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 8 1 theme present 1665:1671 arg1 study 1673:1677 The present study 1661:1677 The present study 1661:1677 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 7 2 theme pathway 1450:1456 arg1 analysis 1458:1465 pathway analysis 1450:1465 pathway analysis 1450:1465 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 6 3 dep DEGs 1309:1312 arg1 under-expressed 1332:1346 under-expressed 1332:1346 under-expressed 1332:1346 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 7 4 theme EnrichR 1484:1490 arg1 library 1492:1498 EnrichR library 1484:1498 EnrichR library 1484:1498 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 4 5 theme preeclampsia 816:827 arg1 samples 800:806 placenta samples 791:806 placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls 791:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 6 6 theme expressed 1194:1202 arg1 DEGs 1211:1214 DEGs 1211:1214 DEGs 1211:1214 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 6 6 theme expressed 1194:1202 arg1 genes 1204:1208 1234 differentially expressed genes 1174:1208 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 1174:1215 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 6 6 theme expressed 1194:1202 arg1 overexpressed 1253:1265 overexpressed 1253:1265 overexpressed 1253:1265 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 6 6 theme expressed 1194:1202 arg1 genes 1291:1295 356 under-expressed genes 1271:1295 356 under-expressed genes 1271:1295 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 2 7 theme genetic 292:298 arg1 expression 323:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 7 theme genetic 292:298 arg1 imprinting 339:348 imprinting 339:348 imprinting 339:348 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 7 theme genetic 292:298 arg1 factors 300:306 genetic factors 292:306 genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting) 292:349 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 1 8 theme pregnancy-related 184:200 arg1 disorder 215:222 a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder 182:222 a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder 182:222 Preeclampsia (PE) is categorized as a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder and is a serious concern in pregnancies. 34098523 1 8 theme pregnancy-related 184:200 arg1 Preeclampsia 146:157 Preeclampsia 146:157 Preeclampsia (PE) 146:162 Preeclampsia (PE) is categorized as a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder and is a serious concern in pregnancies. 34098523 7 9 theme Comprehensive 1410:1422 arg1 enrichment 1435:1444 Comprehensive functional enrichment 1410:1444 Comprehensive functional enrichment 1410:1444 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 2 10 theme gene 318:321 arg1 expression 323:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 10 theme gene 318:321 arg1 factors 300:306 genetic factors 292:306 genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting) 292:349 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 6 11 with genes 1204:1208 arg1 method 1231:1236 in-house method 1222:1236 in-house method 1222:1236 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 3 12 theme study 583:587 arg1 aim 564:566 The main aim 555:566 The main aim of the present study 555:587 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 8 13 theme candidate 1719:1727 arg1 markers 1737:1743 candidate genetic markers 1719:1743 candidate genetic markers 1719:1743 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 1 14 theme serious 233:239 arg1 concern 241:247 a serious concern 231:247 a serious concern in pregnancies 231:262 Preeclampsia (PE) is categorized as a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder and is a serious concern in pregnancies. 34098523 8 15 theme therapeutic 1883:1893 arg1 molecules 1907:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 8 16 theme markers 1737:1743 arg1 database 1707:1714 a novel database 1699:1714 a novel database 1699:1714 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 6 17 theme in-house 1222:1229 arg1 method 1231:1236 in-house method 1222:1236 in-house method 1222:1236 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 6 18 dep pipeline 1114:1121 arg1 INMEX 1137:1141 INMEX 1137:1141 INMEX 1137:1141 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 6 18 dep pipeline 1114:1121 arg1 in-house 1124:1131 in-house 1124:1131 in-house 1124:1131 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 8 19 theme molecules 1907:1915 arg1 identification 1837:1850 the identification 1833:1850 the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1833:1915 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 4 20 from datasets 779:786 arg1 samples 800:806 placenta samples 791:806 placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls 791:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 5 21 theme available 927:935 arg1 data 948:951 fourteen publicly available microarray data 909:951 fourteen publicly available microarray data 909:951 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 2 22 dep factors 300:306 arg1 expression 323:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 22 dep factors 300:306 arg1 imprinting 339:348 imprinting 339:348 imprinting 339:348 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 22 dep factors 300:306 arg1 factors 300:306 genetic factors 292:306 genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting) 292:349 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 23 theme Several 265:271 arg1 factors 273:279 Several factors 265:279 Several factors 265:279 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 23 theme Several 265:271 arg1 factors 438:444 the environmental factors 420:444 the environmental factors 420:444 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 23 theme Several 265:271 arg1 factors 300:306 genetic factors 292:306 genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting) 292:349 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 23 theme Several 265:271 arg1 stress 362:367 oxidative stress 352:367 oxidative stress 352:367 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 23 theme Several 265:271 arg1 response 392:399 the inaccurate immune response 370:399 the inaccurate immune response of the mother 370:413 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 5 24 theme gene 876:879 arg1 meta-analysis 892:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis 860:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease 860:975 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 0 25 theme regulated 95:103 arg1 pathways 105:112 differentially regulated pathways 80:112 differentially regulated pathways 80:112 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 7 26 theme signal 1574:1579 arg1 transduction 1581:1592 signal transduction 1574:1592 signal transduction 1574:1592 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 8 27 theme biological 1749:1758 arg1 pathways 1760:1767 biological pathways 1749:1767 biological pathways 1749:1767 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 7 28 theme Nef 1566:1568 arg1 " 1593:1593 "Nef and signal transduction" 1565:1593 "Nef and signal transduction" 1565:1593 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 0 29 theme late-onset 121:130 arg1 preeclampsia 132:143 the late-onset preeclampsia 117:143 the late-onset preeclampsia 117:143 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 8 30 theme PE 1798:1799 arg1 development 1801:1811 PE development 1798:1811 PE development 1798:1811 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 6 31 theme meta-analysis 1100:1112 arg1 pipeline 1114:1121 two different meta-analysis pipeline 1086:1121 two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) 1086:1142 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 0 32 theme Comprehensive 0:12 arg1 mining 28:33 Comprehensive transcriptome mining 0:33 Comprehensive transcriptome mining 0:33 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 5 33 theme data 948:951 arg1 meta-analysis 892:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis 860:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease 860:975 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 7 34 theme most 1640:1643 arg1 terms 1654:1658 the most enriched terms 1636:1658 the most enriched terms 1636:1658 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 4 35 theme ArrayExpress 714:725 arg1 databases 727:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases 693:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases 693:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 5 36 theme preeclampsia 956:967 arg1 disease 969:975 preeclampsia disease 956:975 preeclampsia disease 956:975 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 4 37 theme placenta 791:798 arg1 samples 800:806 placenta samples 791:806 placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls 791:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 7 38 theme Homo 1550:1553 arg1 sapiens 1555:1561 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens 1516:1561 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 5 39 theme responsible 1033:1043 arg1 pathways 1056:1063 responsible biological pathways 1033:1063 responsible biological pathways 1033:1063 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 2 40 theme PE 466:467 arg1 development 469:479 PE development 466:479 PE development 466:479 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 3 41 theme expression 613:622 arg1 signature 624:632 the gene expression signature 604:632 the gene expression signature in placenta tissue 604:651 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 2 42 theme oxidative 352:360 arg1 stress 362:367 oxidative stress 352:367 oxidative stress 352:367 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 0 43 theme expression 55:64 arg1 signature 66:74 the gene expression signature 46:74 the gene expression signature 46:74 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 7 44 theme N-linked 1527:1534 arg1 sapiens 1555:1561 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens 1516:1561 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 4 45 theme gene 763:766 arg1 datasets 779:786 gene expression datasets 763:786 gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls 763:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 5 46 theme gene 1003:1006 arg1 signature 1019:1027 gene expression signature 1003:1027 gene expression signature 1003:1027 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 7 47 link N-linked 1527:1534 arg1 sapiens 1555:1561 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens 1516:1561 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 6 48 dep identified 1152:1161 arg1 Using 1080:1084 Using 1080:1084 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) 1080:1142 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 2 49 theme inaccurate 374:383 arg1 response 392:399 the inaccurate immune response 370:399 the inaccurate immune response of the mother 370:413 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 4 50 theme normotensive 837:848 arg1 controls 850:857 the normotensive controls 833:857 the normotensive controls 833:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 3 51 theme disease 664:670 arg1 mechanisms 681:690 disease etiology mechanisms 664:690 disease etiology mechanisms 664:690 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 2 52 theme placenta 309:316 arg1 expression 323:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 52 theme placenta 309:316 arg1 factors 300:306 genetic factors 292:306 genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting) 292:349 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 6 53 theme genes 1204:1208 arg1 total 1165:1169 a total 1163:1169 a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls 1163:1407 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 3 54 from signature 624:632 arg1 tissue 646:651 placenta tissue 637:651 placenta tissue 637:651 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 6 55 theme under-expressed 1275:1289 arg1 genes 1291:1295 356 under-expressed genes 1271:1295 356 under-expressed genes 1271:1295 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 8 56 theme diagnostic 1855:1864 arg1 molecules 1907:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 3 57 theme main 559:562 arg1 aim 564:566 The main aim 555:566 The main aim of the present study 555:587 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 1 58 theme hypertensive 202:213 arg1 disorder 215:222 a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder 182:222 a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder 182:222 Preeclampsia (PE) is categorized as a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder and is a serious concern in pregnancies. 34098523 1 58 theme hypertensive 202:213 arg1 Preeclampsia 146:157 Preeclampsia 146:157 Preeclampsia (PE) 146:162 Preeclampsia (PE) is categorized as a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder and is a serious concern in pregnancies. 34098523 7 59 theme system 1622:1627 arg1 " 1628:1628 "immune system" 1614:1628 "immune system" 1614:1628 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 7 60 theme functional 1424:1433 arg1 enrichment 1435:1444 Comprehensive functional enrichment 1410:1444 Comprehensive functional enrichment 1410:1444 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 5 61 dep responsible 1033:1043 arg1 biological 1045:1054 biological 1045:1054 biological 1045:1054 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 8 62 theme prognostic 1867:1876 arg1 molecules 1907:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 3 63 theme present 575:581 arg1 study 583:587 the present study 571:587 the present study 571:587 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 8 64 theme novel 1701:1705 arg1 database 1707:1714 a novel database 1699:1714 a novel database 1699:1714 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 2 65 theme pathogenesis 520:531 arg1 mechanism 503:511 the exact mechanism 493:511 the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis 493:531 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 8 66 theme informative 1895:1905 arg1 molecules 1907:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules 1855:1915 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 7 67 theme Hemostasis 1597:1606 arg1 " 1607:1607 "Hemostasis" 1596:1607 "Hemostasis" 1596:1607 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 1 68 from concern 241:247 arg1 pregnancies 252:262 pregnancies 252:262 pregnancies 252:262 Preeclampsia (PE) is categorized as a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder and is a serious concern in pregnancies. 34098523 8 69 theme genetic 1729:1735 arg1 markers 1737:1743 candidate genetic markers 1719:1743 candidate genetic markers 1719:1743 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 4 70 theme GEO 697:699 arg1 databases 727:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases 693:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases 693:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 6 71 theme healthy 1392:1398 arg1 controls 1400:1407 healthy controls 1392:1407 healthy controls 1392:1407 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 5 72 theme comprehensive 862:874 arg1 meta-analysis 892:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis 860:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease 860:975 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 7 73 theme transduction 1581:1592 arg1 " 1593:1593 "Nef and signal transduction" 1565:1593 "Nef and signal transduction" 1565:1593 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 8 74 theme pathways 1760:1767 arg1 database 1707:1714 a novel database 1699:1714 a novel database 1699:1714 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 5 75 theme expression 881:890 arg1 meta-analysis 892:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis 860:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease 860:975 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 5 76 theme disease 969:975 arg1 meta-analysis 892:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis 860:904 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease 860:975 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 0 77 theme preeclampsia 132:143 arg1 pathways 105:112 differentially regulated pathways 80:112 differentially regulated pathways 80:112 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 0 77 theme preeclampsia 132:143 arg1 signature 66:74 the gene expression signature 46:74 the gene expression signature 46:74 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 8 78 theme critical 1781:1788 arg1 role 1790:1793 a critical role 1779:1793 a critical role 1779:1793 The present study sets out to explain a novel database of candidate genetic markers and biological pathways that play a critical role in PE development, which might aid in the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic informative molecules. 34098523 2 79 theme exact 497:501 arg1 mechanism 503:511 the exact mechanism 493:511 the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis 493:531 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 0 80 theme transcriptome 14:26 arg1 mining 28:33 Comprehensive transcriptome mining 0:33 Comprehensive transcriptome mining 0:33 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 7 81 theme immune 1615:1620 arg1 system 1622:1627 immune system 1615:1627 "immune system" 1614:1628 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 5 82 theme microarray 937:946 arg1 data 948:951 fourteen publicly available microarray data 909:951 fourteen publicly available microarray data 909:951 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 6 83 theme different 1090:1098 arg1 pipeline 1114:1121 two different meta-analysis pipeline 1086:1121 two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) 1086:1142 Using two different meta-analysis pipeline (in-house and INMEX) we have identified a total of 1234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with in-house method, including 713 overexpressed and 356 under-expressed genes whereas 272 DEGs (131 over and 141 under-expressed) have identified with INMEX, across PEs and healthy controls. 34098523 4 84 theme PubMed 702:707 arg1 databases 727:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases 693:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases 693:735 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34098523 2 85 theme immune 385:390 arg1 response 392:399 the inaccurate immune response 370:399 the inaccurate immune response of the mother 370:413 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 7 86 theme enriched 1645:1652 arg1 terms 1654:1658 the most enriched terms 1636:1658 the most enriched terms 1636:1658 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 2 87 theme environmental 424:436 arg1 factors 438:444 the environmental factors 420:444 the environmental factors 420:444 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 0 88 theme gene 50:53 arg1 signature 66:74 the gene expression signature 46:74 the gene expression signature 46:74 Comprehensive transcriptome mining identified the gene expression signature and differentially regulated pathways of the late-onset preeclampsia. 34098523 3 89 theme gene 608:611 arg1 signature 624:632 the gene expression signature 604:632 the gene expression signature in placenta tissue 604:651 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 2 90 theme mother 408:413 arg1 expression 323:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 placenta gene expression 309:332 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 90 theme mother 408:413 arg1 factors 438:444 the environmental factors 420:444 the environmental factors 420:444 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 90 theme mother 408:413 arg1 stress 362:367 oxidative stress 352:367 oxidative stress 352:367 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 90 theme mother 408:413 arg1 factors 300:306 genetic factors 292:306 genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting) 292:349 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 90 theme mother 408:413 arg1 imprinting 339:348 imprinting 339:348 imprinting 339:348 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 2 90 theme mother 408:413 arg1 response 392:399 the inaccurate immune response 370:399 the inaccurate immune response of the mother 370:413 Several factors, including genetic factors (placenta gene expression, and imprinting), oxidative stress, the inaccurate immune response of the mother, and the environmental factors are responsible for PE development, but still, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis has remained unknown. 34098523 7 91 theme sapiens 1555:1561 arg1 " 1562:1562 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 7 92 theme glycosylation 1536:1548 arg1 sapiens 1555:1561 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens 1516:1561 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 3 93 theme placenta 637:644 arg1 tissue 646:651 placenta tissue 637:651 placenta tissue 637:651 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 7 94 theme Asparagine 1516:1525 arg1 sapiens 1555:1561 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens 1516:1561 "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens" 1515:1562 Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis was performed by EnrichR library, whic revealed "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation Homo sapiens", "Nef and signal transduction", "Hemostasis", and "immune system" among the most enriched terms. 34098523 5 95 theme expression 1008:1017 arg1 signature 1019:1027 gene expression signature 1003:1027 gene expression signature 1003:1027 A comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis of fourteen publicly available microarray data of preeclampsia disease has performed to identify gene expression signature and responsible biological pathways and processes. 34098523 3 96 theme etiology 672:679 arg1 mechanisms 681:690 disease etiology mechanisms 664:690 disease etiology mechanisms 664:690 The main aim of the present study is to identify the gene expression signature in placenta tissue, to unveil disease etiology mechanisms. 34098523 4 97 theme expression 768:777 arg1 datasets 779:786 gene expression datasets 763:786 gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls 763:857 The GEO, PubMed, and ArrayExpress databases have selected to identify gene expression datasets on placenta samples of both preeclampsia and the normotensive controls. 34026840 7 0 theme forming 1141:1147 arg1 tissue 1156:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 0 1 theme discus 153:158 arg1 Abalone 135:141 the Pacific Abalone 123:141 the Pacific Abalone 123:141 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 0 1 theme discus 153:158 arg1 hannai 160:165 Haliotis discus hannai 144:165 Haliotis discus hannai 144:165 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 5 2 from present 897:903 arg1 HdhCA 908:912 HdhCA II 908:915 HdhCA II 908:915 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 10 3 from report 1540:1545 arg1 abalone 1574:1580 the Pacific abalone 1562:1580 the Pacific abalone 1562:1580 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 3 4 theme complete 484:491 arg1 bp 524:525 1,169 bp 518:525 1,169 bp 518:525 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 3 4 theme complete 484:491 arg1 sequence 493:500 The complete sequence 480:500 The complete sequence of HdhCA II 480:512 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 4 5 dep % 670:670 arg1 identities 692:701 sequence identities 683:701 sequence identities 683:701 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 0 6 theme Molecular 0:8 arg1 Characterization 10:25 Molecular Characterization 0:25 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 0:166 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 10 7 theme study 1607:1611 arg1 results 1591:1597 the results 1587:1597 the results of this study 1587:1611 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 1 8 theme Carbonic 168:175 arg1 family 200:205 a family 198:205 a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 198:343 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 8 theme Carbonic 168:175 arg1 CAs 189:191 CAs 189:191 CAs 189:191 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 8 theme Carbonic 168:175 arg1 anhydrases 177:186 Carbonic anhydrases 168:186 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) 168:192 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 5 9 attach present 897:903 arg1 HdhCA 908:912 HdhCA II 908:915 HdhCA II 908:915 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 5 9 attach present 897:903 arg2 bond 892:895 intramolecular disulfide bond 867:895 intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II 867:915 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 6 10 theme tuberculata 1056:1066 arg1 CA 1028:1029 CA II 1028:1032 CA II of H. gigantea and H. tuberculata 1028:1066 The phylogenetic analysis indicated that HdhCA II was placed in a gastropod clade and robustly clustered with CA II of H. gigantea and H. tuberculata. 34026840 0 11 theme Shell 104:108 arg1 Formation 110:118 Shell Formation 104:118 Shell Formation 104:118 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 4 12 with % 670:670 arg1 CA 708:709 CA II 708:712 CA II 708:712 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 7 13 theme highest 1073:1079 arg1 level 1081:1085 The highest level 1069:1085 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression 1069:1113 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 0 14 theme Pacific 127:133 arg1 Abalone 135:141 the Pacific Abalone 123:141 the Pacific Abalone 123:141 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 0 14 theme Pacific 127:133 arg1 hannai 160:165 Haliotis discus hannai 144:165 Haliotis discus hannai 144:165 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 4 15 theme predicted 640:648 arg1 protein 650:656 The predicted protein 636:656 The predicted protein 636:656 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 2 16 theme mantle 442:447 arg1 tissue 449:454 the mantle tissue 438:454 the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone 438:477 In the present study, a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) was sequenced and characterized from the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone. 34026840 7 17 theme shell 1135:1139 arg1 tissue 1156:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 1 18 theme present 302:308 arg1 CO2/HCO3 277:284 CO2/HCO3 - 277:286 CO2/HCO3 - 277:286 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 9 19 theme mantle 1415:1420 arg1 cells 1395:1399 the epithelial cells 1380:1399 the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell 1380:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 4 20 with tuberculata 748:758 arg1 CA 708:709 CA II 708:712 CA II 708:712 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 6 21 theme phylogenetic 922:933 arg1 analysis 935:942 The phylogenetic analysis 918:942 The phylogenetic analysis 918:942 The phylogenetic analysis indicated that HdhCA II was placed in a gastropod clade and robustly clustered with CA II of H. gigantea and H. tuberculata. 34026840 2 22 theme Pacific 463:469 arg1 abalone 471:477 the Pacific abalone 459:477 the Pacific abalone 459:477 In the present study, a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) was sequenced and characterized from the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone. 34026840 0 23 theme Potential 68:76 arg1 Involvement 78:88 Its Potential Involvement 64:88 Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai 64:165 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 2 24 dep CA 370:371 arg1 designated 377:386 designated 377:386 designated as HdhCA II 377:398 In the present study, a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) was sequenced and characterized from the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone. 34026840 4 25 theme sequence 683:690 arg1 identities 692:701 sequence identities 683:701 sequence identities 683:701 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 7 26 theme mRNA 1099:1102 arg1 expression 1104:1113 HdhCA II mRNA expression 1090:1113 HdhCA II mRNA expression 1090:1113 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 5 27 link N-linked 788:795 arg1 motifs 811:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 8 28 theme formation 1251:1259 arg1 stage 1261:1265 larval shell formation stage 1238:1265 larval shell formation stage 1238:1265 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 2 29 theme present 353:359 arg1 study 361:365 the present study 349:365 the present study 349:365 In the present study, a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) was sequenced and characterized from the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone. 34026840 7 30 theme HdhCA 1090:1094 arg1 expression 1104:1113 HdhCA II mRNA expression 1090:1113 HdhCA II mRNA expression 1090:1113 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 5 31 theme intramolecular 867:880 arg1 bond 892:895 intramolecular disulfide bond 867:895 intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II 867:915 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 6 32 theme gastropod 984:992 arg1 clade 994:998 a gastropod clade 982:998 a gastropod clade 982:998 The phylogenetic analysis indicated that HdhCA II was placed in a gastropod clade and robustly clustered with CA II of H. gigantea and H. tuberculata. 34026840 4 33 theme Haliotis 717:724 arg1 gigantea 726:733 Haliotis gigantea 717:733 Haliotis gigantea 717:733 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 10 34 theme first 1534:1538 arg1 report 1540:1545 the first report 1530:1545 the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone 1530:1580 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 10 34 theme first 1534:1538 arg1 This 1522:1525 This 1522:1525 This 1522:1525 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 1 35 from eukaryotes 334:343 arg1 present 302:308 present 302:308 present 302:308 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 8 36 theme highest 1279:1285 arg1 level 1298:1302 the highest expression level 1275:1302 the highest expression level 1275:1302 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 0 37 theme Anhydrase 39:47 arg1 Characterization 10:25 Molecular Characterization 0:25 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 0:166 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 1 38 theme CO2/HCO3 277:284 arg1 interconversion 258:272 the reversible interconversion 243:272 the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 243:343 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 39 from prokaryotes 318:328 arg1 present 302:308 present 302:308 present 302:308 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 3 40 theme amino 558:562 arg1 acids 564:568 349 amino acids 554:568 349 amino acids 554:568 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 9 41 dep hybridization 1317:1329 arg1 results 1331:1337 results 1331:1337 results 1331:1337 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 8 42 located detected 1209:1216 arg2 mRNA 1188:1191 the mRNA 1184:1191 the mRNA of HdhCA II 1184:1203 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 8 42 located detected 1209:1216 arg1 stages 1225:1230 all stages 1221:1230 all stages 1221:1230 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 6 43 theme gigantea 1040:1047 arg1 CA 1028:1029 CA II 1028:1032 CA II of H. gigantea and H. tuberculata 1028:1066 The phylogenetic analysis indicated that HdhCA II was placed in a gastropod clade and robustly clustered with CA II of H. gigantea and H. tuberculata. 34026840 3 44 theme NH2-terminal 577:588 arg1 peptide 597:603 a NH2-terminal signal peptide 575:603 a NH2-terminal signal peptide 575:603 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 9 45 theme layer 1502:1506 arg1 formation 1478:1486 the formation 1474:1486 the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell 1474:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 3 46 theme architectural 614:626 arg1 domain 628:633 a CA architectural domain 609:633 a CA architectural domain 609:633 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 7 47 located detected 1119:1126 arg1 tissue 1156:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 7 47 located detected 1119:1126 arg2 level 1081:1085 The highest level 1069:1085 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression 1069:1113 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 1 48 theme metalloenzymes 210:223 arg1 family 200:205 a family 198:205 a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 198:343 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 48 theme metalloenzymes 210:223 arg1 anhydrases 177:186 Carbonic anhydrases 168:186 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) 168:192 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 7 49 theme mantle 1149:1154 arg1 tissue 1156:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 the shell forming mantle tissue 1131:1161 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 9 50 theme in 1309:1310 arg1 hybridization 1317:1329 The in situ hybridization 1305:1329 The in situ hybridization results 1305:1337 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 4 51 theme Haliotis 739:746 arg1 tuberculata 748:758 Haliotis tuberculata 739:758 Haliotis tuberculata 739:758 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 3 52 theme HdhCA 505:509 arg1 bp 524:525 1,169 bp 518:525 1,169 bp 518:525 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 3 52 theme HdhCA 505:509 arg1 sequence 493:500 The complete sequence 480:500 The complete sequence of HdhCA II 480:512 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 5 53 theme putative 779:786 arg1 motifs 811:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 4 54 with % 681:681 arg1 CA 708:709 CA II 708:712 CA II 708:712 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 4 55 theme gigantea 726:733 arg1 gigantea 726:733 Haliotis gigantea 717:733 Haliotis gigantea 717:733 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 4 55 theme gigantea 726:733 arg1 % 670:670 98.57% 665:670 98.57% 665:670 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 4 55 theme gigantea 726:733 arg1 % 681:681 68.59% 676:681 68.59% 676:681 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 4 55 theme gigantea 726:733 arg1 tuberculata 748:758 Haliotis tuberculata 739:758 Haliotis tuberculata 739:758 The predicted protein shared 98.57% and 68.59% sequence identities with CA II of Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis tuberculata, respectively. 34026840 9 56 theme HdhCA 1352:1356 arg1 expression 1366:1375 the HdhCA II mRNA expression 1348:1375 the HdhCA II mRNA expression 1348:1375 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 10 57 theme HdhCA 1550:1554 arg1 report 1540:1545 the first report 1530:1545 the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone 1530:1580 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 10 57 theme HdhCA 1550:1554 arg1 This 1522:1525 This 1522:1525 This 1522:1525 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 5 58 theme N-linked 788:795 arg1 motifs 811:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 9 59 theme mRNA 1361:1364 arg1 expression 1366:1375 the HdhCA II mRNA expression 1348:1375 the HdhCA II mRNA expression 1348:1375 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 9 60 from shell 1515:1519 arg1 formation 1478:1486 the formation 1474:1486 the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell 1474:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 2 61 theme abalone 471:477 arg1 tissue 449:454 the mantle tissue 438:454 the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone 438:477 In the present study, a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) was sequenced and characterized from the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone. 34026840 7 62 theme expression 1104:1113 arg1 level 1081:1085 The highest level 1069:1085 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression 1069:1113 The highest level of HdhCA II mRNA expression was detected in the shell forming mantle tissue. 34026840 5 63 theme cysteine 826:833 arg1 residues 835:842 two cysteine residues 822:842 two cysteine residues 822:842 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 5 64 gly glycosylation 797:809 arg2 motifs 811:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 9 65 dep in 1309:1310 arg1 situ 1312:1315 situ 1312:1315 situ 1312:1315 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 0 66 theme Haliotis 144:151 arg1 Abalone 135:141 the Pacific Abalone 123:141 the Pacific Abalone 123:141 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 0 66 theme Haliotis 144:151 arg1 hannai 160:165 Haliotis discus hannai 144:165 Haliotis discus hannai 144:165 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 9 67 theme epithelial 1384:1393 arg1 cells 1395:1399 the epithelial cells 1380:1399 the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell 1380:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 9 68 theme pallial 1422:1428 arg1 area 1434:1437 an area 1431:1437 an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell 1431:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 9 68 theme pallial 1422:1428 arg1 mantle 1415:1420 the dorsal mantle pallial 1404:1428 the dorsal mantle pallial 1404:1428 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 8 69 theme HdhCA 1196:1200 arg1 mRNA 1188:1191 the mRNA 1184:1191 the mRNA of HdhCA II 1184:1203 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 5 70 theme glycosylation 797:809 arg1 motifs 811:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs 775:816 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 3 71 with polypeptide 539:549 arg1 domain 628:633 a CA architectural domain 609:633 a CA architectural domain 609:633 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 3 71 with polypeptide 539:549 arg1 peptide 597:603 a NH2-terminal signal peptide 575:603 a NH2-terminal signal peptide 575:603 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 9 72 theme dorsal 1408:1413 arg1 area 1434:1437 an area 1431:1437 an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell 1431:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 9 72 theme dorsal 1408:1413 arg1 mantle 1415:1420 the dorsal mantle pallial 1404:1428 the dorsal mantle pallial 1404:1428 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 0 73 theme Involvement 78:88 arg1 Characterization 10:25 Molecular Characterization 0:25 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 0:166 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 5 74 theme present 897:903 arg1 bond 892:895 intramolecular disulfide bond 867:895 intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II 867:915 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 9 75 from layer 1502:1506 arg1 shell 1515:1519 the shell 1511:1519 the shell 1511:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 10 76 theme abalone 1681:1687 arg1 formation 1668:1676 the shell formation 1658:1676 the shell formation of abalone 1658:1687 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 8 77 theme shell 1245:1249 arg1 stage 1261:1265 larval shell formation stage 1238:1265 larval shell formation stage 1238:1265 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 0 78 theme Carbonic 30:37 arg1 Anhydrase 39:47 Carbonic Anhydrase II 30:50 Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) 30:58 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 0 78 theme Carbonic 30:37 arg1 CA 53:54 CA II 53:57 CA II 53:57 Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA II) and Its Potential Involvement in Regulating Shell Formation in the Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. 34026840 1 79 theme reversible 247:256 arg1 interconversion 258:272 the reversible interconversion 243:272 the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 243:343 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 5 80 theme disulfide 882:890 arg1 bond 892:895 intramolecular disulfide bond 867:895 intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II 867:915 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II. 34026840 9 81 from formation 1478:1486 arg1 shell 1515:1519 the shell 1511:1519 the shell 1511:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 8 82 theme larval 1238:1243 arg1 stage 1261:1265 larval shell formation stage 1238:1265 larval shell formation stage 1238:1265 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 3 83 theme acids 564:568 arg1 polypeptide 539:549 a polypeptide 537:549 a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain 537:633 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 10 84 theme shell 1662:1666 arg1 formation 1668:1676 the shell formation 1658:1676 the shell formation of abalone 1658:1687 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 2 85 theme a 368:368 arg1 CA 370:371 a CA II 368:374 a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) 368:399 In the present study, a CA II (designated as HdhCA II) was sequenced and characterized from the mantle tissue of the Pacific abalone. 34026840 1 86 from present 302:308 arg1 eukaryotes 334:343 eukaryotes 334:343 eukaryotes 334:343 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 86 from present 302:308 arg1 prokaryotes 318:328 prokaryotes 318:328 prokaryotes 318:328 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 3 87 theme signal 590:595 arg1 peptide 597:603 a NH2-terminal signal peptide 575:603 a NH2-terminal signal peptide 575:603 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 8 88 theme expression 1287:1296 arg1 level 1298:1302 the highest expression level 1275:1302 the highest expression level 1275:1302 During ontogenesis, the mRNA of HdhCA II was detected in all stages, with larval shell formation stage showing the highest expression level. 34026840 1 89 attach present 302:308 arg1 eukaryotes 334:343 eukaryotes 334:343 eukaryotes 334:343 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 89 attach present 302:308 arg1 prokaryotes 318:328 prokaryotes 318:328 prokaryotes 318:328 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 1 89 attach present 302:308 arg2 CO2/HCO3 277:284 CO2/HCO3 - 277:286 CO2/HCO3 - 277:286 Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of metalloenzymes that can catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO2/HCO3 -, ubiquitously present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 34026840 9 90 theme nacreous 1493:1500 arg1 layer 1502:1506 a nacreous layer 1491:1506 a nacreous layer in the shell 1491:1519 The in situ hybridization results detected the HdhCA II mRNA expression in the epithelial cells of the dorsal mantle pallial, an area known to express genes involved in the formation of a nacreous layer in the shell. 34026840 3 91 theme CA 611:612 arg1 domain 628:633 a CA architectural domain 609:633 a CA architectural domain 609:633 The complete sequence of HdhCA II was 1,169 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with a NH2-terminal signal peptide and a CA architectural domain. 34026840 10 92 theme Pacific 1566:1572 arg1 abalone 1574:1580 the Pacific abalone 1562:1580 the Pacific abalone 1562:1580 This is the first report of HdhCA II in the Pacific abalone, and the results of this study indicate that this gene might play a role in the shell formation of abalone. 34026840 5 93 from HdhCA 908:912 arg1 present 897:903 present 897:903 present 897:903 Two putative N-linked glycosylation motifs and two cysteine residues could potentially form intramolecular disulfide bond present in HdhCA II.